gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autonomous guidance and navigation based on the COLREGs rules and regulations of collision avoidance (2010)

”Automatic steering is a most valuable invention if properly used. It can lead to disaster when it is left to look after itself while vigilance is relaxed. It is on men that safety at sea depends and they cannot make a greater mistake than to suppose ...” The statement was made by the Justice Cairns with respect to a collision that had occurred due to the fault in the automatic pilot system when the British cargo ship ”Trentbank” was overtaking the Portu-guese tanker ”Fogo”’ in the Mediterranean in Sep-tember 1964 (Cockcroft and Lameijer (2001)). The verdict not just shows the importance of the AGN systems in ocean navigations but also of the human vigilance of its capabilities and requirements for fur-ther developments. The automatic pilot systems are primary level de-velopments units of the Autonomous Guidance and Navigation (AGN) Systems and their applications have been in the dreams of ship designers in several decades. The development of computer technology, satellite communication systems, and electronic de-vices, including high-tech sensors and actuators, have turned these dreams into a possible reality when designing the next generation ocean AGN sys-tems. The initial step of the AGN system, which made the foundation for applied control engineering, was formulated around 1860 to 1930 with the invention of the first automatic ship steering mechanism by Sperry (1922). Sperry’s work was based on replica-tion of the actions of an experienced helmsman that was formulated as a single input single output sys-tem (SISO). Similarly, the research work done by Minorski (1922) is also regarded as the key contribution to the development of AGN Systems. His initial work was based on the theoretical analysis of automated ship steering system with respect to a second order ship dynamic model. The experiments were carried out by Minorski on New Mexico in cooperation with the US Navy in 1923 and reported in 1930 (Bennett, 1984). Hence both works done by Sperry and by Minor-ski are considered as the replication of non-linear behavior of an experienced helmsman (Roberts et al. (2003)) in ocean navigation. From Sperry’s time to present, much research has been done and consider-able amount of literature has been published on AGN systems with respect to the areas of marine vessel dynamics, navigation path generations, and controller applications, environmental disturbance rejections and collision avoidance conditions. The functionalities of the Multipurpose Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) systems are summa-rized by Fossen (1999) on a paper that focuses not only on course-keeping and course-changing maneu-vers (Conventional auto pilot system) but also inte-gration of digital data (Digital charts and weather data), dynamic position and automated docking sys-tems.
Extending the color gamut and dynamic range of an <i>sRGB</i> image using a residual image (2003)

Abstract Image sources, such as digital camera captures and photographic negatives, typically have more information than can be reproduced on a photographic print or a video display. The information that is lost during the tone/color rendering process relates to both the extended dynamic range and color gamut of the original scene. In conventional photographic systems, most of this additional information is archived on the photographic negative and can be accessed by adjusting the way the negative is printed. However, most digital imaging systems have traditionally archived only a rendered video RGB image. As a result, it is not possible to make the same sorts of image manipulations that historically have been possible with conventional photographic systems. This suggests that there would be an advantage to storing images using an extended dynamic range/color gamut color encoding. However, because of file compatibility issues, digital imaging systems that store images using color encoding other than a standard video RGB representation (e.g., sRGB ) would be significantly disadvantaged in the marketplace. In this article, we describe a solution that has been developed to maintain compatibility with existing file formats and software applications, while simultaneously retaining the extended dynamic range and color gamut information associated with the original scenes. With this approach, the input raw digital camera image or film scan is first transformed to the scene‐referred ERIMM RGB color encoding. Next, a rendered sRGB image is formed in the usual way and stored in a conventional image file (e.g., a standard JPEG file). A residual image representing the difference between the original extended dynamic range image and the final rendered image is formed and stored in the image file using proprietary metadata tags. This provides a mechanism for archiving the extended dynamic range/color gamut information, which is normally discarded during the rendering process, without sacrificing interoperability. Appropriately enabled applications can decode the residual image metadata and use it to reconstruct the ERIMM RGB image, whereas applications that are not aware of the metadata will ignore it and only have access to the sRGB image. The residual image is formed such that it will have negligible pixel values for those portions of the image that lie within the sRGB gamut, and will therefore be highly compressible. Tests on a population of 950 real customer images have demonstrated that the extended dynamic range scene information can be stored with an average file size overhead of about 8% compared to the sRGB images alone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 251–266, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10160
Ozone ensemble forecast with machine learning algorithms (2009)

We apply machine learning algorithms to perform sequential aggregation of ozone forecasts. The latter rely on a multimodel ensemble built for ozone forecasting with the modeling system Polyphemus. The ensemble simulations are obtained by changes in the physical parameterizations, the numerical schemes, and the input data to the models. The simulations are carried out for summer 2001 over western Europe in order to forecast ozone daily peaks and ozone hourly concentrations. On the basis of past observations and past model forecasts, the learning algorithms produce a weight for each model. A convex or linear combination of the model forecasts is then formed with these weights. This process is repeated for each round of forecasting and is therefore called sequential aggregation. The aggregated forecasts demonstrate good results; for instance, they always show better performance than the best model in the ensemble and they even compete against the best constant linear combination. In addition, the machine learning algorithms come with theoretical guarantees with respect to their performance, that hold for all possible sequences of observations, even nonstochastic ones. Our study also demonstrates the robustness of the methods. We therefore conclude that these aggregation methods are very relevant for operational forecasts.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances the rate of desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in cultured mouse muscle cells. (1988)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that coexists with acetylcholine in spinal cord motoneurons. The effects of CGRP on the functional properties of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) were examined by electrophysiological methods. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and a mouse cell line derived from soleus muscle, we found that CGRP produces a progressive and reversible enhancement of the rapid-decay phase of AcChoR desensitization. Single-channel data further show that CGRP decreases acetylcholine-activated channel opening frequency. This decrease occurs when CGRP and acetylcholine are applied on different cell-surface areas and thus is likely mediated by a second-messenger system. CGRP is also shown to increase cAMP accumulation in this cell line. The effects of CGRP on macroscopic acetylcholine-activated currents are mimicked by external application of forskolin (10 microM) or by internal perfusion of the cell with cAMP (1 microM). In both these cases, further application of CGRP produces no additional enhancement of AcChoR desensitization. These results suggest that, on mouse muscle cells, CGRP regulates AcChoR desensitization by a mechanism that involves, at least in part, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the AcChoR.
Reduction of intestinal mucosal immune function in heat-stressed rats and bacterial translocation (2012)

Heat stress damages rat intestinal mechanical and mucosal immune barriers, and reduces immune function of the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymphoid tissues, leading to bacterial translocation.
Chemiluminescent activation of the antiviral activity of hypericin: a molecular flashlight. (1994)

Hypericin is a naturally occurring photosensitizer that displays potent antiviral activity in the presence of light. The absence of light in many regions of the body may preclude the use of hypericin and other photosensitizers as therapeutic compounds for the treatment of viral infections in vivo. The chemiluminescent oxidation of luciferin by the luciferase from the North American firefly Photinus pyralis was found to generate sufficiently intense and long-lived emission to induce antiviral activity of hypericin. Light-induced virucidal activity of hypericin was demonstrated against equine infectious anemia virus, a lentivirus structurally, genetically, and antigenically related to the human immunodeficiency virus. The implications for exploiting chemiluminescence as a "molecular flashlight" for effecting photodynamic therapy against virus-infected cells and tumor cells are discussed.
Small-molecule CB002 restores p53 pathway signaling and represses colorectal cancer cell growth (2017)

Much effort is currently focused on the p53 pathway. p53 is a key tumor suppressor, which is mutated or lost in many human cancers. Restoration of the p53 pathway holds the potential to induce selective cell death in tumor cells without harming normal cells that have intact p53 pathways. Most tumor cells express mutated p53 or suppress p53 by overexpression of MDM2. In this study, a compound referred to as CB002 with one closely related compound from the Chembridge library were evaluated for tumor cytotoxicity without affecting normal cells by restoration of the p53 pathway. A decrease of mutant p53 protein expression, restoration of inactivated p53, or some activation of p73 are candidate mechanisms this agent could cause tumor cell apoptosis and growth arrest. We further show that CB002 activates p53 pathway signaling in part via p73 in p53 mutant cancer cell lines. However, it is important to note that we have not established a role for p73 in the anti-tumor effect of CB002 or R1. CB002 causes tumor cell death with synergistic effects with traditional chemotherapeutics CPT-11 and 5-FU.
Self-limiting oxidation for fabricating sub-5 nm silicon nanowires (1994)

The ability to control structural dimensions below 5 nm is essential for a systematic study of the optical and electrical properties of Si nanostructures. A combination of electron beam lithography, NF3 reactive ion etching, and dry thermal oxidation has been successfully implemented to yield 2-nm-wide Si nanowires with aspect ratio of more than 100 to 1. With a sideview transmission electron microscopy technique, the oxidation progression of Si nanowires was characterized over a range of temperature from 800 to 1200 °C. A previously reported self-limiting oxidation phenomenon was found to occur only for oxidation temperatures below 950 °C. A preliminary model suggests that increase in the activation energy of oxidant diffusivity in a highly stressed oxide may be the main mechanism for slowing down the oxidation rate in the self-limiting regime.
Function and Regulation of Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes (2007)

The five known somatostatin receptors serve unique biological roles by virtue of their tissue-specific expression and particular biochemical properties. However, the function of any individual receptor in its normal physiological milieu is not understood. Studies to address this problem have been difficult because tissues and cell lines often express multiple somatostatin receptors and, in the absence of receptor-selective somatostatin analogues, the actions of individual receptors cannot be identified. Moreover, the biological and biochemical actions of somatostatin receptors depend on their cellular environment, so that the behaviour of a receptor expressed in heterologous cells does not necessarily mimic that of endogenous receptors. We have developed two approaches to examine somatostatin receptors which circumvent these problems. Using a biotinylated somatostatin analogue for affinity purification, we isolated somatostatin receptors together with associated G proteins. Subsequent analysis of the purified complex with G protein-specific antibodies showed that the somatostatin receptors in AR42J cells preferentially couple with two pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins: Gi alpha 1 and Gi alpha 3. To examine individual receptor types, we developed receptor-specific antibodies and used them to show that both sstr1 and sstr2 proteins were present in the GH4C1 pituitary cell line whereas AR42J cells contained sstr2 but not sstr1. Immunoprecipitation of receptor-G protein complexes with GH4C1 cells showed that sstr1 and sstr2 are both coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, in contrast to the results observed when these receptors are overexpressed in some non-endocrine cells. We also showed that the somatostatin receptors in GH4C1 cells are subject to both homologous and heterologous hormonal regulation. The mechanisms involved in the regulation of different receptor types are now being characterized using the receptor-specific antibodies to isolate the individual receptor proteins. Elucidating signal transduction by endogenous somatostatin receptors as well as their hormonal regulation will be critical for understanding the functions of these receptors in the different physiological targets of somatostatin.
Multicomponent T2 relaxation of in vivo skeletal muscle (1999)

In vivo spin-spin (T2) relaxation measurements were acquired from the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) of 13 subjects. A standard imaging T2 measurement technique [number of points (N) = 6, TE = 18 msec, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximately equal to 300] yielded a single T2 value of 31 msec. A novel technique, projection presaturation combined with a CPMG sequence, was used to acquire data (N = 1000, TE = 1.2 msec, SNR 3500) from a cylindrical voxel (2 cm diameter, 5 cm length) within the FDP. All 13 subjects had at least four T2 components, at < 5, 21 +/- 4, 39 +/- 6, and 114 +/- 31 msec, with fractional areas of 11 +/- 2, 28 +/- 15, 46 +/- 12, and 11 +/- 5% respectively. The shortest and longest components have been observed in ex vivo muscle studies, probably corresponding to water associated with macromolecules and extracellular water, respectively. The middle T2 components are suggestive of an organization of in vivo intracellular water.
Scheduling in Real‐Time Systems (2002)

ISBN: 0-470-84766-2Hardcoveroctober 2002
Cellular heat shock factor 1 positively regulates human immunodeficiency virus-1 gene expression and replication by two distinct pathways (2011)

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to changes in cellular gene expression, which in turn tend to modulate viral gene expression and replication. Cellular heat shock proteins (HSPs) are induced upon heat shock, UV irradiation and microbial or viral infections. We have reported earlier Nef-dependent induction of HSP40 leading to increased HIV-1 gene expression; however, the mechanism of induction remained to be elucidated. As expression of HSPs is regulated by heat shock factors (HSFs), we have now studied the role of HSF1 not only in Nef-dependent HSP40 induction but also in HIV-1 gene expression. Our results show that HSF1 is also induced during HIV-1 infection and it positively regulates HIV-1 gene expression by two distinct pathways. First, along with Nef it activates HSP40 promoter which in turn leads to increased HIV-1 gene expression. Second, HSF1 directly interacts with newly identified HSF1 binding sequence on HIV-1 LTR promoter and induces viral gene expression and replication. Thus, the present work not only identifies a molecular basis for HSF1-mediated enhancement of viral replication but also provides another example of how HIV-1 uses host cell machinery for its successful replication in the host.
Influence of Gold on Ce-Zr-Co Fluorite-Type Mixed Oxide Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming (2012)

The effect of gold presence on carbon monoxide oxidation and ethanol steam reforming catalytic behavior of two Ce-Zr-Co mixed oxides catalysts with a constant Co charge and different Ce/Zr ratios was investigated. The Ce-Zr-Co mixed oxides were obtained by the pseudo sol-gel like method, based on metallic propionates polymerization and thermal decomposition, whereas the gold-supported Ce-Zr-Co mixed oxides catalysts were prepared using the direct anionic exchange. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, TPR, and EDXS-TEM. The presence of Au in doped Ce-Zr-Co oxide catalyst decreases the temperature necessary to reduce the cobalt and the cerium loaded in the catalyst and favors a different reaction pathway, improving the acetaldehyde route by ethanol dehydrogenation, instead of the ethylene route by ethanol dehydration or methane re-adsorption, thus increasing the catalytic activity and selectivity into hydrogen.
Joint Rain Detection and Removal via Iterative Region Dependent Multi-Task Learning. (2016)

In this paper, we address a rain removal problem from a single image, even in the presence of heavy rain and rain accumulation. Our core ideas lie in our new rain image models and a novel deep learning architecture. We first modify the commonly used model, which is a linear combination of a rain streak layer and a background layer, by adding a binary map that locates rain streak regions. Second, we create a model consisting of a component representing rain accumulation (where individual streaks cannot be seen, and thus visually similar to mist or fog), and another component representing various shapes and directions of overlapping rain streaks, which normally happen in heavy rain. Based on the first model, we develop a multi-task deep learning architecture that learns the binary rain streak map, the appearance of rain streaks, and the clean background, which is our ultimate output. The additional binary map is critically beneficial, since its loss function can provide additional strong information to the network. In many cases though, rain streaks can be dense and large in their size, thus to obtain the clean background, we need spatial contextual information. For this, we utilize the dilated convolution. To handle rain accumulation (again, a phenomenon visually similar to mist or fog) and various shapes and directions of overlapping rain streaks, we propose an iterative information feedback (IIF) network that removes rain streaks and clears up the rain accumulation iteratively and progressively. Overall, this multi-task learning and iterative information feedback benefits each other and constitutes a network that is end-to-end trainable. Our extensive evaluation on real images, particularly on heavy rain, shows the effectiveness of our novel models and architecture, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods significantly.
Image Segmentation Using a Genetic Algorithm (2003)

In this paper we present a genetic algorithm-based optimisation technique for an automatic selecting of the thresholds in image segmentation, considering in a combined way, the parameters of the segmentation and the parameters of the pre-processing and post-processing operators. The design of a database based on the most important image’s features to generate an accurate initial population for all the needed parameters is described. The obtained performances of the designed system are then shown qualitatively.
In Vivo Imaging of the Inflammatory Receptor CD40 After Cerebral Ischemia Using a Fluorescent Antibody (2008)

The study demonstrates that a CD40-targeted fluorescent antibody enables specific noninvasive detection of the inflammatory receptor CD40 after cerebral ischemia using optical techniques.
Increased substitution of phosphate groups in lipopolysaccharides and lipid A of the polymyxin‐resistant <i>pmrA</i> mutants of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>: a <sup>31</sup>P‐NMR study (1994)

De-O-acylated lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of three polymyxin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium pmrA mutants and their parent strains were analysed by 31P-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) in order to assess, in relation to polymyxin resistance, the types and degree of substitution of phosphates of the LPS and lipid A. In the pmrA mutant LPS phosphate diesters predominated over phosphate monoesters, whereas the latter were more abundant in the parent wild-type LPS. The increase in the proportion of phosphate diesters was traced to both the core oligosaccharide and the lipid A part. In the latter, the ester-linked phosphate at position 4' was to a large extent (79-88%) substituted with 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, whereas in the wild-type LPS the 4'-phosphate was mainly present as monoester. In each LPS, regardless of the pmrA mutation, the glycosidically linked phosphate of lipid A was largely unsubstituted.
Gas-Source CVD Growth of Atomic Layered WS2 from WF6 and H2S Precursors with High Grain Size Uniformity (2019)

Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides have attracted a considerable amount of attention because of their potential for post-silicon device applications, as well as for exploring fundamental physics in an ideal 2D system. We tested the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of WS<sub>2</sub> using the gaseous precursors WF<sub>6</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S, augmented by the Na-assistance method. When Na was present during growth, the process created triangle-shaped WS<sub>2</sub> crystals that were 10 μm in size and exhibited semiconducting characteristics. By contrast, the Na-free growth of WS<sub>2</sub> resulted in a continuous film with metallic behaviour. These results clearly demonstrate that alkali-metal assistance is valid even in applications of gas-source CVD without oxygen-containing species, where intermediates comprising Na, W, and S can play an important role. We observed that the WS<sub>2</sub> crystals grown by gas-source CVD exhibited a narrow size distribution when compared with crystals grown by conventional solid-source CVD, indicating that the crystal nucleation occurred almost simultaneously across the substrate, and that uniform lateral growth was dominant afterwards. This phenomenon was attributed to the suppression of inhomogeneous nucleation through the fast and uniform diffusion of the gas-phase precursors, supported by the Na-assisted suppression of the fast reactions between WF<sub>6</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S.
Scaled Physical Modeling of Steam-Injection Experiments (1991)

Summary Scaled model experiments are valuable aids to steamflood design and numerical simulation. Current scaling techniques, however, have limitations. Because the techniques require porous media and pressure conditions different from those in the field studied, pressure-dependent properties and porous media characteristics are not scaled accurately. This paper discusses scaling techniques that allow field porous media and pressure conditions to be used. The ability of scaling approaches to predict such parameters as oil production rate, temperature distribution, and pressure conditions is considered. The new approaches provide scaling options for steam processes that use additives (PVT properties must be scaled), that use pressure cycles (fluid compressibilities must be scaled), and that require use of the same porous medium as found in the field.