gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional optical learnable neural networks for OEIC (1991)

A novel configuration of an optical bidirectional learnable neural network is proposed, in which the recall and learning processes can be done by transmitting lights of synaptic weight and error signal, respectively, in the opposite direction between two facing OEICs (optoelectronic integrated circuits). Thus, both vector-matrix operation for recall and outer-product for modifying synaptic weights are optically performed bidirectionally. This compact configuration is especially suitable for neurochips. The feasibility of a three-dimensional neurochip is experimentally investigated based on a learning experiment using a 2*2 optical neuro-breadboard.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LLNL Capabilities in Underground Coal Gasification (2006)

Underground coal gasification (UCG) has received renewed interest as a potential technology for producing hydrogen at a competitive price particularly in Europe and China. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) played a leading role in this field and continues to do so. It conducted UCG field tests in the nineteen-seventies and -eighties resulting in a number of publications culminating in a UCG model published in 1989. LLNL successfully employed the ''Controlled Retraction Injection Point'' (CRIP) method in some of the Rocky Mountain field tests near Hanna, Wyoming. This method, shown schematically in Fig.1, uses a horizontally-drilled lined injection well where the lining can be penetrated at different locations for injection of the O{sub 2}/steam mixture. The cavity in the coal seam therefore gets longer as the injection point is retracted as well as wider due to reaction of the coal wall with the hot gases. Rubble generated from the collapsing wall is an important mechanism studied by Britten and Thorsness.
Fluorescence Quenching of Dyes by Tryptophan:  Interactions at Atomic Detail from Combination of Experiment and Computer Simulation (2003)

Fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation are combined to characterize the interaction of two organic fluorescent dyes, rhodamine 6G (R6G) and an oxazine derivative (MR121), with the amino acid tryptophan in aqueous solution. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching experiments reveal the formation of essentially nonfluorescent ground-state dye/Trp complexes. The MD simulations are used to elucidate the molecular interaction geometries involved. The MD-derived probability distribution of the distance r between the centers of geometry of the dye and quencher ring systems, P(r), extends to higher distances for R6G than for MR121 due to population in the R6G/Trp system of fluorescent interaction geometries between Trp and the phenyl ring and ester group of the dye. The consequence of this is the experimental finding that under the conditions used in the simulations about 25% of the R6G dye is fluorescent in comparison with 10% of the MR121. Combining the above findings allows determination of the "quenching distance", r, above which no quenching occurs. r is found to be very similar (approximately 5.5 A) for both dye/Trp systems, corresponding to close to van der Waals contact. Both experimental dynamic Stern-Volmer analysis and the MD trajectories demonstrate that the main determinant of the fluorescence intensity is static quenching. The approach presented is likely to be useful in the structural interpretation of data obtained from fluorescent conjugates commonly used for monitoring the binding and dynamics of biomolecular systems.
Targeted expression of a dominant-negative EGF-R in the kidney reduces tubulo-interstitial lesions after renal injury (2000)

The role of EGF in the evolution of renal lesions after injury is still controversial. To determine whether the EGF expression is beneficial or detrimental, we generated transgenic mice expressing a COOH-terminal-truncated EGF-R under the control of the kidney-specific type 1 gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase promoter. As expected, the transgene was expressed exclusively at the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells. Under basal conditions, transgenic mice showed normal renal morphology and function. Infusion of EGF to transgenic animals revealed that the mutant receptor behaved in a dominant-negative manner and prevented EGF-signaled EGF-R autophosphorylation. We next evaluated the impact of transgene expression on the development of renal lesions in two models of renal injury. After 75% reduction of renal mass, tubular dilations were less severe in transgenic mice than in wild-type animals. After prolonged renal ischemia, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were reduced in transgenic mice as compared with wild-type mice. The beneficial effect of the transgene included a reduction of tubular cell proliferation, interstitial collagen accumulation, and mononuclear cell infiltration. In conclusion, functional inactivation of the EGF-R in renal proximal tubular cells reduced tubulo-interstitial lesions after renal injury. These data suggest that blocking the EGF pathway may be a therapeutic strategy to reduce the progression of chronic renal failure.
On crossbar switch and multiple bus interconnection networks with overlapping connectivity (1992)

Multiprocessor interconnection networks are proposed which have the characteristic that each processor or memory module can connect to a group of its near neighbors and adjacent directly connected groups include some of the same processors or memories. These overlapping connectivity networks are attractive especially for a very large number of processors which cannot be provided with full connectivity but need to operate by communication between processors. Applications for overlapping connectivity networks include neural computers and dataflow computers. Bandwidth formulas are derived using a probabilistic approach, including when intermediate processors are used in the interconnection path. A general cell design is presented capable of representing various overlapping connectivity networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving long range prediction for nonlinear process modelling through combining multiple neural networks (2003)

Different methods for combining multiple neural networks in order to improve model long range prediction performance are compared in this paper. It is shown that combining multiple non-perfect neural networks can improve model predictions, especially long range predictions. Among the different approaches, the principal component regression based approaches generally give very good performance. Selective combination is also very beneficial to the improvement of model predictions.
Majority and Minority Network Synthesis With Application to QCA-, SET-, and TPL-Based Nanotechnologies (2007)

In this paper, we present a methodology for efficient majority/minority network synthesis of arbitrary multiout- put Boolean functions. Many emerging nanoscale technologies, such as quantum cellular automata (QCA), single electron tunneling (SET), and tunneling phase logic (TPL), are capable of implementing majority or minority logic very efficiently. The main purpose of this paper is to lay the foundation for research on the development of synthesis methodologies and tools to generate optimized majority/minority networks for these emergent technologies. Functionally correct QCA-, SET-, and TPL-based majority/ minority gates have been successfully demonstrated. However, there exists no comprehensive methodology or design automation tool for general multilevel majority/minority network synthesis. We have built the first such tool, majority logic synthesizer, on top of an existing Boolean logic synthesis tool. Experiments with 40 Microelectronics Center of North Carolina benchmarks were performed. They indicate that up to 68.0% reduction in gate count is possible when utilizing majority/minority logic, with the average reduction being 21.9%, compared to traditional logic synthesis, in which two-input and/or gates in the circuit are converted to majority/minority gates.
Pain Pathways and Parabrachial Circuits in the Rat (2002)

This review presents a schematic attempt to classify the major pain pathways, based on the results of recent studies in our laboratory, with a special emphasis on the parabrachial system. Our view is based on results from experiments in the rat, using very small iontophoretic injections of anterograde tracers. As illustrated in this report, we have found a very dramatic difference between ascending projections originating from deep laminae compared with those arising from lamina I of the dorsal horn. We propose three main pain systems and discuss their functional-anatomical relationships. The first system is centred on the projection from deep laminae to three caudal reticular areas - the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) and the gigantocellular lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei (NGc) - and the parabrachial internal lateral subnucleus (PBil). The second system is centred on the projection from lamina I to the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL), the ventral posteromedial (VPM), the posterior nuclear group (Po) and triangular posterior nucleus (PoT) of the thalamus. The third system is centred on the projection from lamina I to the lateral parabrachial area. We also present the four main projections from the latter area to the extended amygdala, the hypothalamus, the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), and the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), and their involvement in emotional and autonomic (homeostatic) aspects of pain.
Structural Analysis Uncovers Lipid-Binding Properties of Notch Ligands (2013)

The Notch pathway is a core cell-cell signaling system in metazoan organisms with key roles in cell-fate determination, stem cell maintenance, immune system activation, and angiogenesis. Signals are initiated by extracellular interactions of the Notch receptor with Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 (DSL) ligands, whose structure is highly conserved throughout evolution. To date, no structure or activity has been associated with the extreme N termini of the ligands, even though numerous mutations in this region of Jagged-1 ligand lead to human disease. Here, we demonstrate that the N terminus of human Jagged-1 is a C2 phospholipid recognition domain that binds phospholipid bilayers in a calcium-dependent fashion. Furthermore, we show that this activity is shared by a member of the other class of Notch ligands, human Delta-like-1, and the evolutionary distant Drosophila Serrate. Targeted mutagenesis of Jagged-1 C2 domain residues implicated in calcium-dependent phospholipid binding leaves Notch interactions intact but can reduce Notch activation. These results reveal an important and previously unsuspected role for phospholipid recognition in control of this key signaling system.
Proteomic Profiling of Exosomes Leads to the Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer (2013)

Identification of exosomal proteins using high performance LC-FTMS resulted in the discovery of PDCD6IP, FASN, XPO1 and ENO1 as new candidate biomarkers for prostate cancer.
Numerical Model of a Tandem Reciprocating Hydraulic Rod Seal (2008)

A numerical model of a tandem reciprocating hydraulic rod seal, consisting of two elastomeric U cup seals, has been constructed. It is applicable to cases in which the stroke length is significantly larger than the seal width. The model consists of coupled steady state fluid mechanics, deformation mechanics, and contact mechanics analyses, with an iterative computational procedure. The behaviors of the two seals are coupled through the pressure∕density in the interseal region and through flow continuity. Results for a typical tandem seal are compared to those of a single seal and a double lip seal.
Theory of self-excited mechanical oscillations of helicopter rotors with hinged blades (1958)

Report presenting vibrations of rotary-wing aircraft, which may derive their energy from the rotation of the rotor rather than from the air forces. The theory includes the effects of unequal stiffness of the pylon for deflections in different directions and the effect of damping in the hinges and in the pylon. Some areas of further investigation include polar symmetry and two blade cases.
Using Genomic Resources to Guide Research Directions. The Arabinogalactan Protein Gene Family as a Test Case (2002)

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are extracellular hydroxyproline-rich proteoglycans implicated in plant growth and development. The protein backbones of AGPs are rich in proline/hydroxyproline, serine, alanine, and threonine. Most family members have less than 40% similarity; therefore, finding family members using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches is difficult. As part of our systematic analysis of AGP function in Arabidopsis, we wanted to make sure that we had identified most of the members of the gene family. We used the biased amino acid composition of AGPs to identify AGPs and arabinogalactan (AG) peptides in the Arabidopsis genome. Different criteria were used to identify the fasciclin-like AGPs. In total, we have identified 13 classical AGPs, 10 AG-peptides, three basic AGPs that include a short lysine-rich region, and 21 fasciclin-like AGPs. To streamline the analysis of genomic resources to assist in the planning of targeted experimental approaches, we have adopted a flow chart to maximize the information that can be obtained about each gene. One of the key steps is the reformatting of the Arabidopsis Functional Genomics Consortium microarray data. This customized software program makes it possible to view the ratio data for all Arabidopsis Functional Genomics Consortium experiments and as many genes as desired in a single spreadsheet. The results for reciprocal experiments are grouped to simplify analysis and candidate AGPs involved in development or biotic and abiotic stress responses are readily identified. The microarray data support the suggestion that different AGPs have different functions.
Real-time path planning for virtual agents in dynamic environments (2008)

We present a novel approach for real-time path planning of multiple virtual agents in complex dynamic scenes. We introduce a new data structure, Multi-agent Navigation Graph (MaNG), which is constructed from the first- and second-order Voronoi diagrams. The MaNG is used to perform route planning and proximity computations for each agent in real time. We compute the MaNG using graphics hardware and present culling techniques to accelerate the computation. We also address undersampling issues for accurate computation. Our algorithm is used for real-time multi-agent planning in pursuit-evasion and crowd simulation scenarios consisting of hundreds of moving agents, each with a distinct goal.
Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Inhibitors during Typhoid Fever (1994)

Cytokines and inhibitors in plasma were measured in 44 patients with typhoid fever. Ex vivo production of the cytokines was analyzed in a whole blood culture system with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Acute phase circulating concentrations of cytokines (+/- SD) were as follows: interleukin (IL)-1 beta, < 140 pg/mL; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), 130 +/- 50 pg/mL; IL-6, 96 +/- 131 pg/mL; and IL-8, 278 +/- 293 pg/mL. Circulating inhibitors were elevated in the acute phase: IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was 2304 +/- 1427 pg/mL and soluble TNF receptors 55 and 75 were 4973 +/- 2644 pg/mL and 22,865 +/- 15,143 pg/mL, respectively. LPS-stimulated production of cytokines was lower during the acute phase than during convalescence (mean values: IL-1 beta, 2547 vs. 6576 pg/mL; TNF alpha, 2609 vs. 6338 pg/mL; IL-6, 2416 vs. 7713 pg/mL). LPS-stimulated production of IL-1RA was higher in the acute than during the convalescent phase (5608 vs. 3977 pg/mL). Inhibited production of cytokines during the acute phase may be due to a switch from a proinflammatory to an antiinflammatory mode.
Unraveling the Evolution of Cytokinin Signaling     (2009)

The conquest of the land by plants required dramatic morphological and metabolic adaptations. Complex developmental programs under tight regulation evolved during this process. Key regulators of plant development are phytohormones, such as cytokinins. Cytokinins are adenine derivatives that affect various processes in plants. The cytokinin signal transduction system, which is mediated via a multistep variant of the bacterial two-component signaling system, is well characterized in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To understand the origin and evolutionary pattern of this signaling pathway, we surveyed the genomes of several sequenced key plant species ranging from unicellular algae, moss, and lycophytes, to higher land plants, including Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa), for proteins involved in cytokinin signal transduction. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hormone-binding receptor and a class of negative regulators first appeared in land plants. Other components of the signaling pathway were present in all species investigated. Furthermore, we found that the receptors evolved under different evolutionary constraints from the other components of the pathway: The number of receptors remained fairly constant, while the other protein families expanded.
Impact of Accelerated Hydrothermal Aging on Structure and Performance of Cu-SSZ-13 SCR Catalysts (2015)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this contribution, nuanced changes of a commercial Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst with hydrothermal aging, which have not been previously reported, as well as their corresponding impact on SCR functions, are described. In particular, a sample of Cu-SSZ-13 was progressively aged between 550 to 900°C and the changes of performance in NH<sub>3</sub> storage, oxidation functionality and NOx conversion of the catalyst were measured after hydrothermal exposure at each temperature. The catalysts thus aged were further characterized by NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD, XRD and DRIFTS techniques for structural changes. Based on the corresponding performance and structural characteristics, three different regimes of hydrothermal aging were identified, and tentatively as assigned to “mild”, “severe” and “extreme” aging. Progressive hydrothermal aging up to 750°C decreased NOx conversion to a small degree, as well as NH<sub>3</sub> storage and oxidation functions. However, an unexpected increase in oxidation performance was observed upon further aging at 800 and 850°C. This phenomenon was probed and explained based on the changes in the nature of copper species in the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst. Further aging above 850°C eventually resulted in catalyst structure collapse, leading to the loss of all the catalyst functions.</div></div>
Could the energy cost of using supercritical fluids be mitigated by using CO2 from carbon capture and storage (CCS)? (2011)

This article explores the possibility of utilising supercritical CO2 obtained from carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a solvent and examines the hydrogenation of isophorone to 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone using supercritical CO2 with added N2, CO or H2O to emulate the contaminants expected in CO2 from CCS. None of the impurities appear to cause insuperable problems in the hydrogenation of isophorone when present at concentrations likely to be found in CO2 from CCS. N2 introduces modest changes in phase behaviour at some pressures, while CO and H2O reduce the activity of the catalyst. However, the activity can be largely regained by increasing the reaction temperature.
Computer simulation of protective relay designs for evaluating their performance [in power systems] (2002)

This paper describes techniques for computer simulation of protective relays so that their performance can be evaluated for a variety of situations without their actual use. Procedures for modeling microprocessor-based relay components, such as A/D converters and relay software, are discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed modeling is illustrated by simulating three designs of an overcurrent relay. Experimental results obtained from a frequency relay are compared with those from its computer simulation. A comparison of these results indicate that it is possible to accurately simulate the relay designs using a computer.
Overexpression and Mislocalization of the Chromosomal Segregation Protein Separase in Multiple Human Cancers (2009)

These results further strengthen our hypothesis that Separase might be an oncogene, whose overexpression induces tumorigenesis, and indicates that Separase overexpression and aberrant nuclear localization are common in many tumor types and may predict outcome in some human cancers.
A novel mutation P112H in the TARDBP gene associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration without motor neuron disease and abundant neuritic amyloid plaques (2015)

TARDBP mutation screening should be considered in familial frontotemporal dementia cases, even without signs or symptoms of motor neuron disease, especially when other more frequent causes of genetic frontotemporal dementia (i.e. GRN, C9ORF72, MAPT) have been excluded and when family history is complex and includes parkinsonism, motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia. Further investigations in this family may provide insight into the physiological functions of TARDBP.
Wavelength Translation Across 210 nm in the Visible Using Vector Bragg Scattering in a Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber (2010)

Wideband optical wavelength translation across a record range from the near-infrared to the visible based on the Bragg scattering four-wave-mixing process has been demonstrated in birefringent photonic crystal fiber. The process was vectorial in nature, where the pumps and the signal and idler fields were polarized on orthogonal axes. Bragg scattering is a theoretically noiseless process (and thus is termed translation), although the signal and idler channels are often contaminated by Raman generated by the pumps. Vector Bragg scattering has the potential to be less contaminated by Raman noise than scalar (copolarized) Bragg scattering.
Comparison of the Methods for the Determination of Surface Acidity of Solid Catalysts (1974)

Abstract The concept of surface acidity was originally introduced with the aim of justifying the presence of some substances formed in catalytic chemical reactions, not as a consequence of suppositions about the nature of surface-active sites of solid catalysts. The formation of such substances in some reactions (e.g., cracking, isomerization, or polymerization) can be better explained by admitting the formation of reaction intermediates having the structure of a carbonium ion, which can be formed by interaction between the reacting substance (hydrocarbon) and an acid center. As an example, in the cracking of alkylaromatics catalyzed by decationated zeolites, the following reaction mechanism is generally accepted: