gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis: achievements and challenges to current knowledge. (2002)

Over the past 10 years, molecular methods have become available with which to strain-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They have allowed researchers to study certain important but previously unresolved issues in the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB). For example, some unsuspected microepidemics have been revealed and it has been shown that the relative contribution of recently acquired disease to the TB burden in many settings is far greater than had been thought. These findings have led to the strengthening of TB control. Other research has demonstrated the existence and described the frequency of exogenous reinfection in areas of high incidence. Much recent work has focused on the phenotypic variation among strains and has evaluated the relative transmissibility, virulence, and immunogenicity of different lineages of the organism. We summarize the recent achievements in TB epidemiology associated with the introduction of DNA fingerprinting techniques, and consider the implications of this technology for the design and analysis of epidemiological studies.
Theory of answering queries using views (2000)

The problem of answering queries using views is to find efficient methods of answering a query using a set of previously materialized views over the database, rather than accessing the database relations. The problem has recently received significant attention because of its relevance to a wide variety of data management problems, such as query optimization, the maintenance of physical data independence, data integration and data warehousing. This article surveys the theoretical issues concerning the problem of answering queries using views.
Large area high efficiency broad bandwidth 800 nm dielectric gratings for high energy laser pulse compression (2009)

We have demonstrated broad bandwidth large area (229 mm x 114 mm) multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings for the efficient compression of high energy 800 nm laser pulses at high average power. The gratings are etched in the top layers of an aperiodic (Nb0.5Ta0.5)2O5-SiO2 multilayer coating deposited by ion beam sputtering. The mean efficiency of the grating across the area is better than 97% at the center wavelength and remains above 96% at wavelengths between 820 nm and 780 nm. The gratings were used to compress 5.5 J pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser with an efficiency above 80 percent.
Quantitative resolution of fused chromatographic peaks in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuantitative resolution of fused chromatographic peaks in gas chromatography/mass spectrometryMuhammad Abdallah. Sharaf and Bruce R. KowalskiCite this: Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 8, 1291–1296Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00245a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00245a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views144Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A distributed diffusive heuristic for clustering a virtual P2P supercomputer (2010)

For the management of a virtual P2P supercomputer one is interested in subgroups of processors that can communicate with each other efficiently. The task of finding these subgroups can be formulated as a graph clustering problem, where clusters are vertex subsets that are densely connected within themselves, but sparsely connected to each other. Due to resource constraints, clustering using global knowledge (i. e., knowing (nearly) the whole input graph) might not be permissible in a P2P scenario, e. g., because collecting the data is not possible or would consume a high amount of resources. That is why we present a distributed heuristic using only limited local knowledge for clustering static and dynamic graphs. Based on disturbed diffusion, our algorithm DIDIC implicitly optimizes cut-related quality measures such as modularity. It thus settles between distributed clustering algorithms for other quality measures (e. g., energy efficiency in the field of ad-hoc-networking) and graph clustering algorithms optimizing cut-related measures with global knowledge. Our experiments with graphs resembling a virtual P2P supercomputer show the promising potential of the new approach: Although each node starts with a random cluster number, may communicate only with its direct neighbors within the graph, and requires only a small amount of additional memory space, the solutions computed by DIDIC converge to clusterings that are comparable in quality to those computed by the established non-distributed graph clustering library mcl, whose main algorithm uses global knowledge.
Development and evaluation of the second version of scrub nurse robot (SNR) for endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery (2007)

The shortage of nurses in large hospitals of developed countries has become a major problem. Especially, the shortage of scrub nurses, who assist operating surgeons exchange surgical instruments, has been chronically severe. To compensate for this shortage, we have been proposing the scrub nurse robot (SNR) system that is capable of functioning as a skilled human scrub nurse in endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery. We developed the 2nd version of SNR, and achieved smooth and wide movement of its arms each with 4 DOF. The 2nd SNR is able to speak several sentences and recognize some words as well as the names of surgical instruments, and is also capable of recognizing a surgeon's intraoperative actions by its real-time visual recognition system (RTVRS). The RTVRS is basically composed of both a commercially-available 3D position tracking system and the algorithm that we developed to recognize surgeons' actions during exchange of instruments from the above-mentioned positional data. In this paper, we evaluated how quickly and timely the RTVRS-driven SNR helped surgeon's stand-ins exchange instruments in a laboratory, in comparison with human scrub nurses in real surgical operations. We found two problems about the current RTVRS-driven SNR: one is its response time and the other is chiefly related to the design and mechanism of the part storing the surgical instruments. 1) Concerning the first problem, the RTVRS-driven SNR took 2.11 sec until it finished holding out its hand with an instrument after it had detected a surgeon's stand-in's motions observed during extraction of a surgical instrument. However, a skilled real surgeon took 1.90 sec until he got the requested instrument in the clinical cases although he had to wait for as long as 1.24 sec until receiving it. Therefore, we must speed up the SNR's performance at least by 0.2 sec to assist the real surgeon as human scrub nurses did. Especially, since 0.68 sec out of the 2.11 sec was spent in data processing within the current RTVRS, we conclude that the performance of the RTVRS must be improved rather than speed-up of its arm movement. 2) The other problem was highlighted by measurement of the time during which the stand-ins and the real surgeon had to take their eyes from the monitor displaying the operative field within the abdomen. We termed this period of time 'eyes-off time. The existence of 'eyes-off' time observed during his actions of returning an instrument after use and of waiting for the next instrument was regarded as unfavorable. The 'eyes-off' time was 2.34 sec in the laboratory whereas it was 0.19 sec in the clinical cases. The much longer 'eyes-off' time in the laboratory was partly due to inexperienced stand-ins' performances, but mainly because of the design and mechanism of the part storing the instruments (a tool changer). To overcome these two problems, we are now developing the next version of SNR.
Risk of Infection with Intravenous Indwelling Catheters: Effect of Application of Antibiotic Ointment (1969)

Journal Article Risk of Infection with Intravenous Indwelling Catheters: Effect of Application of Antibiotic Ointment Get access S. H. Zinner, S. H. Zinner From the Thorndike Memorial and Channing Laboratories, Harvard Medical Unit, and Department of Medical Microbiology, Boston City Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. C. Denny-Brown, B. C. Denny-Brown From the Thorndike Memorial and Channing Laboratories, Harvard Medical Unit, and Department of Medical Microbiology, Boston City Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. Braun, P. Braun From the Thorndike Memorial and Channing Laboratories, Harvard Medical Unit, and Department of Medical Microbiology, Boston City Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. P. Burke, J. P. Burke From the Thorndike Memorial and Channing Laboratories, Harvard Medical Unit, and Department of Medical Microbiology, Boston City Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. Toala, P. Toala From the Thorndike Memorial and Channing Laboratories, Harvard Medical Unit, and Department of Medical Microbiology, Boston City Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. H. Kass E. H. Kass From the Thorndike Memorial and Channing Laboratories, Harvard Medical Unit, and Department of Medical Microbiology, Boston City Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 120, Issue 5, November 1969, Pages 616–619, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/120.5.616 Published: 01 November 1969 Article history Received: 25 July 1969 Revision received: 08 August 1969 Published: 01 November 1969
A Massively Parallel, Micro-grained VLSI Architecture (2005)

This paper describes the design and implementation,al aspects of a high performance micro-grained architecture with enhanced communication capability. This architecture is capable of teraops performance. The architecture is organized as a semi-systolic array of processors. A prototyping system for the architecture which will provide control, I/O, and an interface to a host system for the micro-grained architecture is specified. Beyond the research outlined here, the prototyping system can be used as a ‘?est-bed” for various clnss/siirdent VLSI design projects. This architecture will be useful for solaing a number of important problems, such as: edge detection, locating connected components, two-dimensional signal and image processing, sorting elements, and performing element permut a t i o 71.s.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations (1998)

Transformations that occur with complete atom economy minimize utilization of raw material and produce no waste and thus represent an upper limit of synthetic efficiency. Transition metal catalyzed cycloisomerizations represent a major class of atom economical reactions. Examples of the myriad of reaction types involving transition metal catalyses that comprise this class of chemical transformations are presented herein.
Scaling Analysis of the Electromagnetic Powder Deposition (EPD) Gun (1997)

Abstract The electromagnetic powder deposition (EPD) system employs high velocity gas flow to accelerate powder material to conditions required for high strength plating. The gas flow, however, is not continuous; rather it consists of bursts generated by an electromagnetic railgun and pulsed power system. Each gas burst is created by a high pressure plasma arc which fills a transverse section of the gun. This current carrying arc is driven by the railgun Lorentz force (magnetic pressure) and acts much like a piston, which via a snowplow process accelerates and compresses an ambient gas column to the flow speed required to accelerate powder particles. Analysis of the total system was carried out to provide scaling relations which give guidance in design of the system. Plating considerations define a desired powder velocity; this combined with the choice of working gas and ambient pressure determines the velocity and duration of each gas burst. Selection of gun geometry completes the definition of the pulsed power system requirements. An outline of the analysis is presented along with the physical models used.
MOUTHGUARD FOR PREVENTING ORAL INJURIES IN CHILDREN (2005)

Dentofacial trauma can result in tooth fracture, avulsion, facial bone fracture. The Unites states and Japan mandated the use of mouthguards for contact sports. But, Korean didn't. Mouthguards divided into ready-made type and custom-made type. Mouthguards protect the lips, intraoral soft tissues, teeth and provide the mandible with resilient support to prevent jaw fracture and dislocations. Sports-related accidents have been reported to be one of the most common causes of dentofacial trauma. Sports trauma of involving teeth with incomplete root formation cause long chair time, multiple visit, economic considerations, additional dental services. So, mouthguards can offer considerable protection against sports-related trauma.
Synthesis of coumarin or ferrocene labeled nucleosides via Staudinger ligation (2006)

New coumarin and ferrocene labeled nucleosides were prepared via intermolecular Staudinger ligation. This reaction joins the fluorescent coumarin and biospecific nucleoside to the new molecule with promising fluorescent and electrochemical properties. The isolated yields of products depend on the structure of azidonucleoside and carboxylic acids. A detailed study of the kinetics of the Staudinger ligation with nucleoside substrates is in progress.
VDAC1 Is a Transplasma Membrane NADH-Ferricyanide Reductase (2004)

Porin isoform 1 or VDAC (voltage-dependent anion-selective channel) 1 is the predominant protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane. We demonstrated previously that a plasma membrane NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity becomes up-regulated upon mitochondrial perturbation, and therefore suggested that it functions as a cellular redox sensor. VDAC1 is known to be expressed in the plasma membrane; however, its function there remained a mystery. Here we show that VDAC1, when expressed in the plasma membrane, functions as a NADH-ferricyanide reductase. VDAC1 preparations purified from both plasma membrane and mitochondria fractions exhibit NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity, which can be immunoprecipitated with poly- and monoclonal antibodies directed against VDAC(1). Transfecting cells with pl-VDAC1-GFP, which carries an N-terminal signal peptide, directs VDAC1 to the plasma membrane, as shown by confocal microscopy and FACS analysis, and significantly increases the plasma membrane NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity of the transfected cells. This novel enzymatic activity of the well known VDAC1 molecule may provide an explanation for its role in the plasma membrane. Our data suggest that a major function of VDAC1 in the plasma membrane is that of a NADH(-ferricyanide) reductase that may be involved in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis.
Integrated approach to geopressure detection in the X-field, Onshore Niger Delta (2013)

Geopressured sedimentary formations are common within the more prolific deeper hydrocarbon reserves in the Niger Delta basin. While overpressured zones could serve as tools for hydrocarbon prospectivity evaluation, they are significant safety concern during drilling. Post-drill pore pressure prediction using wireline log and mudlog was carried out in the X-field, Onshore Niger Delta basin to predict the depth of abnormal pressure occurrence, estimate the amount of pore pressure encountered and its trend within the field. The results obtained from the compaction trend analysis method reveal that overpressures in this field are associated with simple rollover structures bounded by normal faults, and are caused mainly by undercompaction of Akata shale. The depth to top of mild overpressures (<0.71 psi/ft) in this field ranges from 8,000 to 11,000 ft. Similarly, the depth to top of severe overpressures (>7.10 psi/ft) ranges from about 12,000 to over 13,000 ft. Post-depositional faulting is believed to have controlled the configuration of the overpressure surface and has played later roles in modifying the present day depth to top of overpressures. Abnormal pressure trend within this field is observed to be trending towards the N–E direction.
A Multi-Domain Approach to Completion and Stimulation Design in the Marcellus Shale (2013)

Summary URTeC 1579690 We will present a methodology that can be used to optimize the completion and stimulation design for horizontal wells. This technique relies on integrating data from all relevant domains to accurately model complex fracture geometries.
Simple Device for Continuous Measurement of Fluorescent Anions and Cations in the Rat Kidney in situ (1994)

A simple device for fluorescence measurements on kidney surface in situ (FKS) is described. The device consists of (1) an illuminating unit, (2) a detector, (3) an evaluation unit. The device was developed for measurement of tissue content of anionic sulfofluorescein and cationic 4(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP) during its secretion by proximal renal tubular cells.
The response of the 22A strain of scrapie agent to microwave irradiation compared with boiling (1996)

The 22A strain of scrapie agent was exposed to boiling or microwave irradiation. Subsequent bioassay in IM and VM mice showed that neither treatment had inactivated the agent. Although IM and VM mice are homozygous for the p7 allele of the Sinc gene which controls the incubation period of scrapie in mice, the incubation period for unheated 22A was 22 days longer in IM compared with VM mice. This suggests that other unidentified genes can have a more minor effect on incubation period. The difference between the IM and VM incubation period with microwave-irradiated 22A was much the same as for the unheated control but was increased to 68 days after boiling. The conclusion is that the agent is modified in some way by boiling but not by microwave irradiation such that it is more subject to the influence of genes other than Sinc which affect incubation period.
ACB-PCR measurement of K-ras codon 12 mutant fractions in livers of Big Blue(R) rats treated with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (2006)

K-ras codon 12 GGT-->GAT and GGT-->GTT mutations are the most frequently observed K-ras point mutations in human and rodent tumors and therefore are implicated in carcinogenesis for many tissues. Measurement of these mutations in rat models and human tissue could facilitate a more logical extrapolation of rodent tumorigenesis data to human disease. We have developed allele-specific competitive blocker PCR (ACB-PCR) assays for rat K-ras codon 12 GGT-->GTT and GGT-->GAT mutations that parallel the already published assays for human K-ras codon 12 mutations. Liver K-ras codon 12 mutant allele fractions were measured in vehicle-treated and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF)-treated Big Blue rats. The average K-ras codon 12 GGT-->GTT mutant fraction (MF) for four control rats was 50 x 10(-6) (95% CI: 27 x 10(-6), 95 x 10(-6)) and for four treated rats was 165 x 10(-6) (95% CI: 87 x 10(-6), 312 x 10(-6)), indicating a 3.3-fold increase with treatment (95% CI: 1.3-8.1). The average MF of K-ras codon 12 GGT-->GAT for control rats was 1320 x 10(-6) (95% CI: 498 x 10(-6), 3500 x 10(-6)) and for treated rats was 8450 x 10(-6) (95% CI: 3180 x 10(-6), 22 400 x 10(-6)), indicating a 6.4-fold increase with treatment (95% CI: 1.6-25.4). These transgenic rats were part of a study that included analysis of liver lacI mutations. Although data from lacI determinations show that this compound induces mostly G-->T mutations, using the ACB-PCR method both K-ras codon 12 GGT-->GTT and GGT-->GAT MFs were significantly increased in treated rats versus control rats. This data raises the possibility that N-OH-AAF may not only induce mutations by a genotoxic mechanism, but also by amplification of both de novo and pre-existing K-ras mutation.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase <i>Tb</i> PTP1: a molecular switch controlling life cycle differentiation in trypanosomes (2006)

Differentiation in African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei) entails passage between a mammalian host, where parasites exist as a proliferative slender form or a G0-arrested stumpy form, and the tsetse fly. Stumpy forms arise at the peak of each parasitaemia and are committed to differentiation to procyclic forms that inhabit the tsetse midgut. We have identified a protein tyrosine phosphatase (TbPTP1) that inhibits trypanosome differentiation. Consistent with a tyrosine phosphatase, recombinant TbPTP1 exhibits the anticipated substrate and inhibitor profile, and its activity is impaired by reversible oxidation. TbPTP1 inactivation in monomorphic bloodstream trypanosomes by RNA interference or pharmacological inhibition triggers spontaneous differentiation to procyclic forms in a subset of committed cells. Consistent with this observation, homogeneous populations of stumpy forms synchronously differentiate to procyclic forms when tyrosine phosphatase activity is inhibited. Our data invoke a new model for trypanosome development in which differentiation to procyclic forms is prevented in the bloodstream by tyrosine dephosphorylation. It may be possible to use PTP1B inhibitors to block trypanosomatid transmission.