gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review of Mechanical and Electromechanical Properties of Piezoelectric Nanowires (2012)

Piezoelectric nanowires are promising building blocks in nanoelectronic, sensing, actuation and nanogenerator systems. In spite of great progress in synthesis methods, quantitative mechanical and electromechanical characterization of these nanostructures is still limited. In this article, the state-of-the art in experimental and computational studies of mechanical and electromechanical properties of piezoelectric nanowires is reviewed with an emphasis on size effects. The review covers existing characterization and analysis methods and summarizes data reported in the literature. It also provides an assessment of research needs and opportunities. Throughout the discussion, the importance of coupling experimental and computational studies is highlighted. This is crucial for obtaining unambiguous size effects of nanowire properties, which truly reflect the effect of scaling rather than a particular synthesis route. We show that such a combined approach is critical to establish synthesis-structure-property relations that will pave the way for optimal usage of piezoelectric nanowires.
Distribution of Corn Roots in Sandy Soil with a Declining Water Table<sup>1</sup> (1974)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to relate the distribution of corn ( Zea mays L.) roots to depth of a declining water table in a sandy soil association. Knowledge of root response to declining water tables is important for proper crop production management. Roots from 10 monoliths (91 cm deep), centered over and perpendicular to the corn row, were obtained at about full silk (August 26) from corn growing in 91‐cm rows. Water table depths ranged from 1.33 to 2.64 m at silking after declining at the rate of about 1.3 cm/day since July 1. About 20% of the evapotranspiration was supplied by natural precipitation with the remaining 80% from soil water depletion and the water table for the period from July 1 to September 16 (final harvest). Shoot growth was maximum at intermediate water table depths. An equation describing root distribution was obtained from a regression fit of root depth (Y) as a function of water table depth (X 1 ) and cumulative root weight (X 2 ). A similar fit was made using root length as X 2 . In no case was more than 10% of the total measured root weight or more than 20% of the total measured root length below 75 cm. The distribution of roots with depth indicates water requirements for corn in these sandy soils must be supplied to a root zone with maximum depth of about 100 cm. Retarded root growth was observed where soil oxygen diffusion rate (O.D.R.) was less than 26 g/cm 2 /10 8 min. Such O.D.R. values were obtained at depths greater than 30 cm at the shallow water table site. Apparent normal root development occurred when O.D.R. values were greater than 30 g/cm 2 /10 8 min and matric suctions were about 100 mb.
IMMU-130, a unique antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) of SN-38 targeting CEACAM5 antigen: Preclinical basis for clinical activity in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). (2015)

625 Background: IMMU-130 is a CEACAM5-targeted ADC, labetuzumab-SN-38, with the drug being the active form of the topoisomerase I inhibitor, CPT-11, and substituted at 7-8 moles/mole of IgG. This agent is in phase I/II clinical trials in patients with relapsed mCRC (NCT01270698; NCT01605318). Methods: Therapy experiments were conducted in female athymic nude mice (n=5-10 per group), 4-6 weeks of age, bearing s.c. LS174T human colon carcinoma xenografts of ~0.2 cm 3 size, or 2 weeks after lung metastases were generated by i.v. injection of GW-39 human colon carcinoma cells. Untreated controls, including a non-targeting ADC, were included. Biodistribution was examined in the s.c model using a single 12.5-mg/kg dose of the ADC or unconjugated labetuzumab, each spiked with 111 In-labeled substrate. Tolerability studies were conducted in white New Zealand rabbits. Results: In the metastatic model, fractionated dosing of a total of 50 mg/kg of ADC showed that 2 × the schedules of twice-weekly × 2 weeks with 1 week off and once-weekly × 2 weeks with 1 week off doubled the median survival vs. untreated mice, and were better than a 25-mg/kg dose given on days 1 and 15 (p < 0.0474; log-rank). Pre-dosing with as much as twice the dose of labetuzumab as the ADC dose in the metastatic model did not affect median survival (p > 0.15). Therapy experiments in the s.c. model revealed that IMMU-130, with 50% of drug released in ~20 h, was superior to the conjugate with an ultrastable linker, that the ADC was better than an MTD of 5FU/leucovorin chemotherapy (p < 0.0001), and that the ADC could be combined with bevacizumab for improved efficacy (p < 0.031). Significantly better efficacy for the specific ADC vs. nonspecific ADC was observed. Pharmacokinetics in mice indicated ~25% longer half-life for the unconjugated MAb vs. ADC, but with minimal impact on tumor uptake. A tolerability study in rabbits showed the NOAEL to be the human equivalent dose of 40-60 mg/kg, given as two doses. Conclusions: Preclinical data show an excellent therapeutic window for IMMU-130, which appears to be translated into the clinical experience thus far. The potential for combination therapy is also indicated.
A sub-Kelvin cryogen-free EPR system (2017)

We present an EPR instrument built for operation at Q band below 1K. Our cryogen-free Dewar integrates with a commercial electro-magnet and bridge. A description of the cryogenic and RF systems is given, along with the adaptations to the standard EPR experiment for operation at sub-Kelvin temperatures. As a first experiment, the EPR spectra of powdered Cr<sub>12</sub>O<sub>9</sub>(OH)<sub>3</sub> [Formula: see text] were measured. The sub-Kelvin EPR spectra agree well with predictions, and the performance of the sub-Kelvin system at 5K is compared to that of a commercial spectrometer.
cw operation of distributed feedback Pb1−<i>x</i>Sn<i>x</i>Te lasers (1977)

Distributed feedback Pb1−xSnxTe double-heterostructure lasers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy with cw operation up to 50 K are reported. The grating of 1.1-μm periodicity operates in the first Bragg order near 800 cm−1 (12.5 μm). Single-mode operation is obtained over a wide range of diode current and heat-sink temperature. Continuous current tuning of mode frequency up to 7 cm−1 is obtained, and by varying both diode current and heat-sink temperature complete coverage of the range 795–806.5 cm−1 is demonstrated.
Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide-Doped Silica Microspheres (2001)

We report the synthesis of silica nanoparticles and microspheres doped with Pr3+ and Er3+. Acetic acid is used to catalyze the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of LnCl3·6H2O. The particles are spherical and discrete with particle sizes and size distributions controllable by variation of the reactant concentrations and reaction time. The relative standard deviation of particle diameters can be as low as 10%. The particles exhibit bright room-temperature luminescence when excited by an argon ion laser at 488 nm.
Transmission eigenchannels in a disordered medium (2011)

While the distribution of the transmission eigenvalues of a disordered medium is well understood in the context of random-matrix theory, the properties of eigenchannels have remained unexplored. In this study, we have solved electromagnetic wave propagation through a disordered medium using the finite-difference time-domain method, we numerically constructed a transmission matrix in an optical regime, and we obtained its eigenchannels as well as its eigenvalues. We observe that open eigenchannels enhance the energy stored inside the disordered medium. From mode decomposition, we prove that eigenchannels contribute to a single-channel optimizing mode, which is realized in recent experiments by I. M. Vellekoop et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett 101, 120601 (2008)], in proportion to their eigenvalues. Our study will pave the way for experimental approaches to finding open eigenchannels and their potential use for imaging through turbid media and random lasers.
Sequence Determination of the P Gene of Simian virus 41: Presence of Irregular Deletions Near the RNA-Editing Sites of Paramyxoviruses (1993)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the P gene of simian virus 41 (SV41) was determined. The gene was found to be 1406 nucleotides long and to contain a relatively small open reading frame encoding a cysteine-rich V protein with a calculated M(r) of 24076. We have demonstrated that RNA-editing events occur in SV41 P gene transcripts and that the ratio of edited mRNAs to faithfully copied mRNA (P-mRNA:V-mRNA) is about 1:5 at either 24 or 40 h post-infection. The mRNA with two G insertions was capable of encoding a P protein of 395 amino acids with a predicted M(r) of 41,992. A kinetic study of P and V proteins by Western blot analysis showed that in virus-infected cells the amounts of both proteins were almost equal although the V-mRNA was considerably more abundant than the P-mRNA. Alignment of the SV41 P and V proteins with those of nine other paramyxoviruses demonstrated that irregular gaps were present around the RNA-editing sites.
Injectable, Guest–Host Assembled Polyethylenimine Hydrogel for siRNA Delivery (2016)

While siRNA has tremendous potential for therapeutic applications, advancement is limited by poor delivery systems. Systemically, siRNAs are rapidly degraded, may have off-target silencing, and necessitate high working concentrations. To overcome this, we developed an injectable, guest-host assembled hydrogel between polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) for local siRNA delivery. Guest-host modified polymers assembled with siRNAs to form polyplexes that had improved transfection and viability compared to PEI. At higher concentrations, these polymers assembled into shear-thinning hydrogels that rapidly self-healed. With siRNA encapsulation, the assemblies eroded as polyplexes which were active and transfected cells, observed by Cy3-siRNA uptake or GFP silencing in vitro. When injected into rat myocardium, the hydrogels localized polyplex release, observed by uptake of Cy5.5-siRNA and silencing of GFP for 1 week in a GFP-expressing rat. These results illustrate the potential for this system to be applied for therapeutic siRNA delivery, such as in cardiac pathologies.
Preparation and Photodynamic Activities of Silicon(IV) Phthalocyanines Substituted with Permethylated β‐Cyclodextrins (2011)

A series of silicon(IV) phthalocyanines linked to two permethylated β-cyclodextrin moieties through different spacers at the axial positions have been synthesized and characterized. The effects of these spacers on the photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic activities have also been examined. Having two bulky hydrophilic substituents, all of these compounds are soluble and essentially nonaggregated in DMF and even in aqueous media. The fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields in DMF are lower for the analogue with the shortest separation between the amino group in the spacer and the phthalocyanine ring. The fluorescence quantum yield of this compound increases in water probably due to protonation of the amino group, which inhibits the reductive quenching process. This series of compounds also exhibit photocytotoxicity toward HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells with IC(50) values in the range of 0.04-1.32 μM. The analogue with an α,ω-aminohydroxypentyl linker shows the highest potency, which can be ascribed to its high cellular uptake and high efficiency in generating intracellular reactive oxygen species. This compound also shows preferential localization in the lysosome, induces cell death mainly through apoptosis, and inhibits the growth of tumor in vivo. The results suggest that it is a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
Encoding of Affine Motion Vectors (2007)

An affine motion model provides better motion representation than a translational motion model. Therefore, it is a good candidate for advanced video compression algorithms, requiring higher compression efficiency than current algorithms. One disadvantage of the affine motion model is the increased number of motion vector parameters, therefore increased motion vector bit rate. We develop and analyze several simulation based approaches of entropy coding for orthonormalized affine motion vector (AMV) coefficients, by considering various context-types and coders. In our work we expand the traditional idea of a context type by introducing four new context types. We compare our method of contexts-type and coder selection with context quantization. The best of our contexts-type and coder solutions produces 4% to 15% average AMV bit-rate reductions over the original VLC approach. For more difficult content AMV bit rate reduction up to 26% is reported.
Suppression of inducible nitric oxide generation by agmatine aldehyde: Beneficial effects in sepsis (2001)

Abstract The induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) serves an important immuno‐protective function in inflammatory states, but ungoverned nitric oxide (NO) generation can contribute to a number of pathologic consequences. Delineation of the mechanisms that can downregulate iNOS‐generated NO in inflammation could have therapeutic relevance. Here we show that agmatine, a metabolite of arginine, inhibits iNOS mediated nitric oxide generation in cytokine stimulated cell culture preparations. This effect was not cell type specific. Increased diamine oxidase (DAO) and decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) activities are also representative of inflammatory settings. Increasing the conversion of agmatine to an aldehyde form by addition of purified DAO or suppression of aldehyde breakdown by inhibition of AldDH activity increases the inhibitory effects of agmatine in an additive fashion. Inhibitors of DAO, but not monoamine oxidase (MAO), decreased the inhibitory effects of agmatine, as did the addition of AldDH or reacting aldehydes with phenylhydrazine. We examined rats given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the potential effects of agmatine in vivo. Endotoxic rats administered agmatine prevented the decreases in blood pressure and renal function normally associated with sepsis. Agmatine treatment also increased the survival of LPS treated mice. Our data demonstrate the capacity of agmatine aldehyde to suppress iNOS mediated NO generation, and indicate a protective function of agmatine in a model of endotoxic shock. How agmatine may aid in coordinating the early NO phase and the later repair phase responses in models of inflammation is discussed. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostaglandin Analogs as Inhibitors of Tumor Cell DNA Synthesis (1981)

Analogs of the A and E series prostaglandins were screened in vitro for their chemotherapeutic potential against Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 amelanotic melanoma cells, since in vivo studies had demonstrated that PGA1 and an analog of PGE2 inhibited tumor growth. DNA synthesis by collagenase-dispersed tumor cells was evaluated at timed intervals after exposure to the 16, 16-dimethyl analogs of PGA1, PGA2, PGE1, and PGE2. In general, the PGA derivatives were more potent than the PGE analogs. However, the maximum effect was achieved with combined PGA and PGE treatment. These findings demonstrate that A and E series prostaglandin analogs inhibit DNA synthesis in two unrelated tumor types and thus may be potent inhibitors of tumor growth. These effects were not due to tumor cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that these compounds may prove useful as cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
Highlights and prospects of potyvirus molecular biology (1992)

The potyvirus group [named after its type member, potato virus Y (PVY)] is the largest of the 34 plant virus groups and families currently recognized (Ward & Shukla, 1991). It contains at least 180 definitive and possible members (or 30% of all known plant viruses) which cause significant losses in agricultural, pasture, horticultural and ornamental crops (Ward & Shukla, 1991). These viruses are unique in the diversity of inclusion bodies that are formed during the infection cycle (see Lesemann, 1988). A feature shared by all potyviruses is the induction of characteristic pinwheel or scroll-shaped inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the infected cells (Edwardson, 1974). These cylindrical inclusion (CI) bodies are formed by a virus-encoded protein and can be considered as the most important phenotypic criterion for assigning viruses to the poty-virus group (Milne, 1988; Shukla et al., 1989; Ward & Shukla, 1991).
Implementing Ethernet in the industrial environment (2002)

It is pointed out that Ethernet or IEEE Std 802.3 CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) network technology has migrated from the research lab to the office to the factory floor. The factory floor challenges the integrity of this LAN (local area network) standard with high levels of noise, interference, and other environmental hazards. It is argued that, with careful planning, implementation, and documentation, Ethernet can succeed on the factory floor when using the right equipment for the application is used. In the present work, the different types of media for 802.3 network systems are compared to determine their applicability to the industrial environment. Emphasis is placed on the media characteristics, the equipment required, the topologies, and the installation considerations and costs for the available media types. Using the comparison results, different configurations of the network are examined to determine the advantages and disadvantages for each configuration, primarily noise susceptibility, reliability, and cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tandemly duplicated upstream control sequences mediate copper-induced transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae copper-metallothionein gene. (1986)

Transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae copper-metallothionein gene, CUP1, inducible by copper. By analyzing deletion and fusion mutants in the CUP1 5'-flanking region, we identified two closely related, tandemly arranged copper regulatory elements. A synthetic version of one of these elements conferred efficient copper induction on a heterologous promoter when present in two tandem copies.
Paradoxical reflex bradycardia after epinephrine infusion for arrhythmia induction in the electrophysiology laboratory (2018)

Key Teaching Points•Recognize the potential for epinephrine to induce unwanted side effects, including reflex bradycardia and heart block due to heightened parasympathetic tone.•Understand that these effects are transient and due to normal physiological reflexes and not due to pathological damage to the atrioventricular node. This is especially important after ablation procedures if epinephrine is used to test for arrhythmia induction.•Understand that the mechanism of increased parasympathetic tone is a response to acute hypertension produced by the α-adrenergic effect of epinephrine. Acute hypertension activates carotid baroreceptors and myocardial stretch receptors. •Recognize the potential for epinephrine to induce unwanted side effects, including reflex bradycardia and heart block due to heightened parasympathetic tone.•Understand that these effects are transient and due to normal physiological reflexes and not due to pathological damage to the atrioventricular node. This is especially important after ablation procedures if epinephrine is used to test for arrhythmia induction.•Understand that the mechanism of increased parasympathetic tone is a response to acute hypertension produced by the α-adrenergic effect of epinephrine. Acute hypertension activates carotid baroreceptors and myocardial stretch receptors.
Biosynthesis, assembly and secretion of coagulation factor VIII. (1997)

We present a detailed analysis of the connection between chaos and the onset of thermalization in the spin-boson Dicke model. This system has a well-defined classical limit with two degrees of freedom, and it presents both regular and chaotic regions. Our studies of the eigenstate expectation values and the distributions of the off-diagonal elements of the number of photons and the number of excited atoms validate the diagonal and off-diagonal eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in the chaotic region, thus ensuring thermalization. The validity of the ETH reflects the chaotic structure of the eigenstates, which we corroborate using the von Neumann entanglement entropy and the Shannon entropy. Our results for the Shannon entropy also make evident the advantages of the so-called "efficient basis" over the widespread employed Fock basis when investigating the unbounded spectrum of the Dicke model. The efficient basis gives us access to a larger number of converged states than what can be reached with the Fock basis.
Telefetalcare: A first prototype of a wearable fetal electrocardiograph (2011)

Fetal heart rate monitoring is fundamental to infer information about fetal health state during pregnancy. The cardiotocography (CTG) is the most common antepartum monitoring technique. Abdominal ECG recording represents the most valuable alternative to cardiotocography, as it allows passive, non invasive and long term fetal monitoring. Unluckily fetal ECG has low SNR and needs to be extracted from abdominal recordings using ad hoc algorithms. This work describes a prototype of a wearable fetal ECG electrocardiograph. The system has flat band frequency response between 1-60 Hz and guarantees good signal quality. It was tested on pregnant women between the 30(th) and 34(th) gestational week. Several electrodes configurations were tested, in order to identify the best solution. Implementation of a simple algorithm for FECG extraction permitted the reliable detection of maternal and fetal QRS complexes. The system will allow continuative and deep screening of fetal heart rate, introducing the possibility of home fetal monitoring.
Determination of red cells, nucleic acid‐containing cells and platelets (RNP Determination) by a crossover analysis of emission DNA/RNA light (2008)

We developed a new flow cytometry analysis method using a crossover analysis of emission light from intracellular DNA/RNA. Both the RNA and the DNA content in each cell were new parameters obtained by fluorescence analysis using acridine orange supravital stain. With this method, two-dimensional diagrams produced by cellular RNA concentration (CRc) and cellular DNA concentration (CDc) enabled clear separation of red cells and platelets, and the diagram (RNP Diagram) also distinguished fluorescently stained blood cells and small particles derived from background dust of the reagent. This study assessed the capability of RNP Determination concerning reticulocyte count and accurate platelet count obtained by the ratio of red cells and platelets. The distance of each event between red cell distribution and platelet distribution was sufficiently large on the diagram, and the two regions did not overlap. Both reticulocyte count and platelet count showed excellent correlation with those obtained by their respective reference methods. In conclusion, this new assay, using RNP Determination, demonstrated great potential for detecting abnormalities of red cells and platelets.
Helicopter Tail-Boom Strakes (1986)

Yaw control and overall efficiency increased at hover and low speeds. Wind-tunnel investigation showed strake located on left side of tail boom has potential to reduce high adverse side loads on tail boom in hover and in sideward flight. Test demonstrated addition of single long strake to left side of tail boom most effective configuration for reducing left pedal requirements in right sideward flight.
Metal catalysis in oxidation by peroxides. 27. Anionic molybdenum-picolinate N-oxido-peroxo complex: an effective oxidant of primary and secondary alcohols in nonpolar solvents (1987)

Abstract