gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dyed sensitized solar cells: A technically and economically alternative concept to p-n junction photovoltaic devices (2011)

Nanocrystalline dyed sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are photo-electrochemical cells based on principles similar to the processes in natural photosynthesis. They are based on photo sensitization of nanocrystalline semiconductor electrodes by absorbed dyes. The DSSC provides a technically and economically credible alternative concept to present day p–n junction photovoltaic devices. The DSSC work on a different principle, whereby the processes of light absorption and charge separation are differentiated. This is in contrast to the conventional systems where the semiconductor assumes both the task of light absorption and charge carrier transport. In the DSSC, the bulk of the semiconductor is used solely for charge transport; the photoelectrons are provided from a separatephotosensitive dye. Charge separation occurs at the surfaces between the dye, semiconductor and electrolyte. This paper introduces the structure and operating principles of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The key components including the semiconductor oxides, conducting substrates, the dye sensitizers, the electrolytes and the counter electrodes used in dye sensitized solar cell was reviewed in details. The result of various researches done especially to improve the performance and the conversion efficiency of the dye cell was presented. Hence this paper reviews the progress which has been made and the mechanism involved in the operation of dye sensitized solar cell.

	 

	Key words: Dye sensitized solar cell, nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor, counter electrodes, electrolytes, dyes.
The Endothelium and Lipoproteins: Insights from Recent Cell Biology and Animal Studies (2000)

Both lipoproteins and the endothelium play critical roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. An understanding of the interactions between lipoproteins and the endothelium facilitates our understanding of atherogenesis and could suggest new therapeutic targets. Lipoproteins have important effects on endothelial cells. Atherogenic lipoproteins such as remnants, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and oxidized LDL act on endothelial cells to cause upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules and selectins, promotion of oxygen radicals, increased apoptosis, and reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation. Antiatherogenic lipoproteins such as HDL protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis and reduce adhesion molecule expression. Conversely, the endothelium has major effects on lipoprotein metabolism and function. Several lipases, including lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, endothelial lipase, and secretory phospholipase A2, are bound to the endothelial cell matrix and have the ability to hydrolyze lipoprotein triglycerides and phospholipids. Furthermore, endothelial cells express a variety of lipoprotein receptors including the VLDL receptor, scavenger receptor A, SR-BI, CD36, and LOX-1, although little is known about their function on endothelial cells. Although a great deal is known about endothelial-lipoprotein interactions, more research is needed in this important area.
Simple RF matching for NMR coils in ENDOR spectrometers (1981)

In order to avoid reflections of RF power from the probe circuit to the power amplifier, the authors have used a circuit which preserves a constant resistive impedance during the frequency sweep.
Light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin: number of phosphorylation sites (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLight-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin: number of phosphorylation sitesUrsula Wilden and Hermann KuehnCite this: Biochemistry 1982, 21, 12, 3014–3022Publication Date (Print):June 8, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 8 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00541a032https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00541a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views265Altmetric-Citations337LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The transmembrane helical segment but not the invariant lysine is required for the kinase activity of the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10). (1992)

The large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) is a chimera consisting, at the amino terminus, of a Ser/Thr protein kinase (PK) with features of a signal peptide and a transmembrane (TM) helical segment, and at the carboxy-terminus, of the ribonucleotide reductase (Chung et al., 1989, 1990). Membrane immunofluorescence of ICP10 transformed cells with antibodies to synthetic peptides located upstream or downstream of the TM indicates that ICP10 is a membrane-spanning protein. Site-directed and deletion mutants were used to further characterize ICP10-PK. Mutation of Gly106 in catalytic motif I or of the invariant Lys in catalytic motif II, and deletion of both motifs (amino acids 106-178) did not eliminate kinase activity. PK activity was retained by the invariant Lys mutant expressed in bacteria and following protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transfer to membrane filters. Both ICP10 and the invariant Lys mutant bound 14C-labeled rho-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl 5'-adenosine, an ATP affinity analog. The deletion mutant had 4-fold lower kinase activity than ICP10-PK, and it was insensitive to Mn2+, suggesting that these motifs are involved in Mn2+ activation of kinase activity. PK activity was lost by deletion of the TM segment (amino acid residues 85-106).
Ionization constants of the six dichloroanilines and the six dichlorophenols in aqueous solution at 25 ÃƒÆ’Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â°C (1964)

The thermodynamic ionization constants of the six dichloroanilines and the six dichlorophenols in aqueous solution at 25 °C have been determined by the spectrophotometric method. The <i>pK</i> values found are recorded in table 3. An approximately linear relation is found to exist between the <i>pK<sub>A</sub></i> value of a dichloroaniline and the <i>pK<sub>P</sub></i> value of the corresponding dichlorophenol. The relation is <DispFormula> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:msub><mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>9.047</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.401</mml:mn> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:msub><mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:math> </DispFormula> This equation yields <i>pK<sub>A</sub></i> values which differ from the observed by not more than 0.06 <i>pK</i> unit and, on the average, by 0.03 <i>pK</i> unit; it applies even when both substituents are in the ortho position.
Cloning, sequencing, expression, and Gq-independent activation of phospholipase C-beta 2. (1992)

cDNAs corresponding to a previously uncharacterized phospholipase C were isolated from an HL-60 cell cDNA library. The cDNAs encodes a putative polypeptide of 1181 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 133,700 daltons. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the predicted protein with those of five mammalian phospholipase C isoforms (PLC-beta 1, PLC-gamma 1, PLC-gamma 2, PLC-delta 1, and PLC-delta 2) revealed that the new enzyme is most closely related to PLC-beta 1 with an overall amino acid sequence identity of 48%. Thus, the new phospholipase C was named PLC-beta 2. The least similarity between PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 2 is apparent in the carboxyl-terminal 450 amino acids. Both PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 2 were purified from extracts of HeLa cells that had been transfected with vaccinia virus containing the corresponding cDNAs. Like other mammalian PLC isoforms, including PLC-beta 1, the catalytic activity of PLC-beta 2 was entirely dependent on Ca2+, and PLC-beta 2 preferred phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate to phosphatidylinositol as substrate. Recently, the alpha subunit of the pertussis toxin-insensitive G-protein alpha q has been shown to activate PLC-beta 1 but not PLC-gamma 1 and PLC-delta 1. When alpha q purified from bovine brain was reconstituted with PLC-beta 1 or PLC-beta 2, no stimulation of PLC-beta 2 was observed in the presence of either AlF4- or guanosine 5-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S), whereas PLC-beta 1 activity was enhanced markedly in the presence of AlF4- and less markedly but significantly in the presence of GTP gamma S. These results suggest that the receptor-dependent stimulation of PLC-beta 1 and that of PLC-beta 2 may require different G-protein alpha subunits. (see also accompanying article (Lee, C. H., Park, D., Wu, D., Rhee, S. G., and Simon, M. I. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16044-16047).
Bivalent ligand dissociation kinetics from receptor-bound immunoglobulin E: evidence for a time-dependent increase in ligand rebinding at the cell surface (1991)

The bivalent ligand N,N'-bis[[epsilon-[(2,4- dinitrophenyl)amino]caproyl]-L-tyrosyl]cystine [(DCT)2-Cys] binds and cross-links anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) immunoglobulin E (IgE)-receptor complexes on the cell surface of rat basophilic leukemia cells. The rate of dissociation of this bound ligand was monitored by using a fluorescence method under two different conditions. In one case the monovalent ligand DCT was added in large excess to prevent the dissociating ligand from rebinding to unoccupied antibody combining sites. Under these conditions, dissociation of the bivalent ligand from IgE-sensitized cells proceeds to completion with kinetics that are well described by two rate constants that are independent of the time of preincubation of the bivalent ligand with the cells. In the second case, dissociation of (DCT)2-Cys from cell-bound anti-DNP IgE was monitored in the presence of a large excess of anti-DNP IgE in solution that acts as a sink to absorb the dissociated ligand. Under these conditions, the bivalent ligand becomes more resistant to dissociation as the preincubation time of the bivalent ligand with the cells is increased. An increasing fraction of the bound ligand does not dissociate on a measurable time scale in the presence of this sink. The results indicate that cell-associated IgE-receptor complexes undergo a time-dependent change that facilitates the reformation of the cross-linked state when one end of the ligand dissociates to break up the existing cross-link. The possible physical basis and functional implications of these results are discussed.
Dual-fiber OCT measurements (2014)

Conventional Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) probes usually require complex optics at their tips for focusing the incident light on the measured samples and for scattered light collection. Such complexity is not compatible with the common-path OCT architecture, in which the reference arm is replaced by partial reflection from the probe fiber-air interface. This necessitates close proximity between the measured sample and the fiber tip to have sufficient measurement depth inside the sample within the coherence length of the light. Indeed, separating the light injection and collection paths simplifies the design of the OCT heads and allows the easy integration of a MEMS scanner within the head. In this work, we propose a new OCT probe configuration that allows for such separation. To this end, a swept source OCT setup was built using a tunable laser connected to the single-mode fiber of the probe and the scattered light from the measured sample was collected using another Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF). The usage of the MMF in the reception enables higher power-collection efficiency and transfers the reference position to be at the first layer of the sample under test, which further extends the maximum depth analyzed by the OCT system and overcomes the restriction of the close proximity mentioned above. This simple concept is validated by experimental measurements carried out on 1 mm-thick sheets of glasses with and without an integrated MEMS scanner on-chip.
Sensitization of Ruthenium Nitrosyls to Visible Light via Direct Coordination of the Dye Resorufin: Trackable NO Donors for Light-Triggered NO Delivery to Cellular Targets (2008)

Three nitrosyl-dye conjugates, namely, [(Me 2bpb)Ru(NO)(Resf)] ( 1-Resf), [(Me 2bQb)Ru(NO)(Resf)] ( 2-Resf), and [((OMe) 2bQb)Ru(NO)(Resf)] ( 3-Resf) have been synthesized via direct replacement of the chloride ligand of the parent {Ru-NO} (6) nitrosyls of the type [(R 2byb)Ru(NO)(L)] with the anionic tricyclic dye resorufin (Resf). The structures of 1-Resf- 3-Resf have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The dye is coordinated to the ruthenium centers of these conjugates via the phenolato-O atom and is trans to NO. Systematic red shift of the d pi(Ru) --> pi*(NO) transition of the parent nitrosyls [(R 2byb)Ru(NO)(L)] due to changes in R and y in the equatorial tetradentate ligand R 2byb (2-) results in its eventual merge with the intense absorption band of the dye around 500 nm in 3-Resf. Unlike the UV-sensitive parent [(R 2byb)Ru(NO)(L)] nitrosyls, these dye-sensitized nitrosyls rapidly release NO when exposed to visible light (lambda >/= 465 nm). Comparison of the photochemical parameters reveals that direct coordination of the light-harvesting chromophore to the ruthenium center in the present nitrosyls results in a significantly greater extent of sensitization to visible light compared to nitrosyls with appended chromophore (linked via alkyl chains). 1-Resf has been employed as a "trackable" NO donor to promote NO-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells under the control of light. The results of this work demonstrate that (a) the d pi(Ru) --> pi*(NO) transition (photoband) of {Ru-NO} (6) nitrosyls can be tuned into visible range via careful alteration of the ligand frame(s) and (b) such nitrosyls can be significantly sensitized to visible light by directly ligating a light-harvesting chromophore to the ruthenium center. The potential of these photosensitive nitrosyl-dye conjugates as (i) biological tools to study the effects of NO in cellular environments and (ii) "trackable" NO donors in photodynamic therapy of malignancies (such as skin cancer) has been discussed.
9.2: Fabrication techniques for a THz EIK (2010)

To produce an EIK working at THz frequencies, departure from traditional fabrication techniques is required. This paper describes the investigation and results of various fabrication techniques and their suitability for application in a VED.
Reversal of Cognitive Decline: 100 Patients (2018)

Dale E Bredesen, Kenneth Sharlin, David Jenkins, Miki Okuno, Wes Youngberg, Sharon Hausman Cohen, Anne Stefani, Ronald L Brown, Seth Conger, Craig Tanio, Ann Hathaway, Mikhail Kogan, David Hagedorn, Edwin Amos, Amylee Amos, Nathaniel Bergman, Carol Diamond, Jean Lawrence, Ilene Naomi Rusk, Patricia Henry and Mary Braud-Reversal of Cognitive Decline: 100 Patients
[Serum and liver lipase activity in chickens during the 1st month of life]. (1975)

Method according to DIRSTINE (1968) was employed to study the activities of serum and liver lipase in White Leghorn cockerels during early post-incubation ontogenesis; as to serum lipase, two embryo intervals were also studied (the 13th and 20th day of incubation). From the average value of 4.4 ummol (13th day), serum lipase activity increased to the average value of 7.5 ummol (20th day). The first day after hatching the average value was 3.5 ummol which remained almost unchanged until the 9th day, with the exception of a slight drop the third day; an increase of activities was observed on the 13th day (4.9 ummol), 15th day (3.5 ummol), 21st day (7.6 ummol), 22nd day (5.5 ummol), and 24th day (8.8 ummol). The minimum average activity of 2.5 ummol was measured the 32nd day. Liver lipase activity was observed to drop from the first-day starting value of 20.6 ummol to 9.8 ummol (the second day), with a subsequent increase to 14.9 ummol (the 4th day). The maximum values were recorded the 13th day (26.2 ummol) and the 15th day (28.7 ummol) whereas the minimum average value was obtained the 32nd day (6.3 ummol). Liver lipase activity drop on the second day of age and serum lipase activity drop on the third day with subsequent increase are probably associated with the change from yolk-sac nutrition to feeding per os. Some stabilization of serum and liver lipase occurs the 32nd day; the values found in adult fowl were almost the same as the 32nd day values.
Cellulose dissolution in an alkali based solvent: influence of additives and pretreatments (2013)

The distinction between thermodynamic and kinetics in cellulose dissolution is seldom considered in the literature. Therefore, herein an attempt to discuss this topic and illustrate our hypotheses on the basis of simple experiments was made. It is well-known that cellulose can be dissolved in a aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH/H2O) solvent at low temperature but it is here shown that such an alkaline solvent can be considerably improved regarding solubility, stability and rheological properties as a whole if different additives (salts and amphiphilic molecules) are used in the dissolution stage. This work probes new aqueous routes to dissolve cellulose, thereby improving the potential to commercially dissolve cellulose in an inexpensive and environmentally friendly manner.
Diffusion characteristics of calcium alginate gels (1999)

The diffusivity of a protein solute (bovine serum albumin) within calcium alginate gels made from sodium alginate of different guluronic acid content was determined. It was found that protein diffusion within alginate gels, prepared to be isotropic in structure, was greatest for gels prepared from sodium alginate of low guluronic acid content as opposed to those prepared from sodium alginate of high guluronic acid content. This finding was explained in terms of the difference in flexibility of the polymer backbone of the two alginates. The greater the polymer backbone flexibility, the greater the solute diffusivity within the gel.
Auditory versus visual practice effects in the intelligibility of words in everyday sentences. (1986)

The improvement in speech reception from a TV screen was investigated in 15 young adults with normal audition (A) and vision (V) in the A-only and the V-only modes. Trial 1 consisted of 100 key words from Lists A, B, C, D of the Revised CID Everyday Sentences. S wrote down as much of the sentences as was perceived. In the A mode the speech and a white noise both at azimuth 0 degree were both at 65 db SPL. A and V modes were randomized across Ss. After 30 min, Trial 2 repeated Trial 1 exactly. The mean improvement in the A mode was 10.3 percentage points (words) (p less than .01), in the V mode 3.4 points (p less than .05). Improvement in the A mode was significantly (p less than .01) the greater. The r for individual change from Trial 1 to Trial 2 for the A vs the V mode was only +.13 (p much greater than .05). These practice-only effects are comparable to those reported for similar procedures in training (with feedback) in these modes, and call into question the interpretation of the efficacy of such training procedures, and question the advisability of generalizing the effects of training across essentially independent modalities.
Oxazole activation for azomethine ylide trapping: singly and doubly tethered substrates (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxazole activation for azomethine ylide trapping: singly and doubly tethered substratesEdwin Vedejs and David W. PiotrowskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 6, 1341–1348Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00058a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00058a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views462Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
[Wolman disease and cholesterol ester storage disease in adults. New means of study and diagnosis]. (1986)

Two clinical forms of lysosomal storage of neutral lipids with deficiency of acid lipase are known: the severe infantile form is called Wolman disease, whereas the more benign adult form is called "polycorie cholesterolique de l'adulte" or cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). We have developed several new tools for the study of hereditary enzymopathies and we report here their use in the study of genetic defects in lysosomal acid lipase. Lymphoid cell lines established by Epstein-Barr Virus transformation represent a new experimental model system in culture. The validity of such cell lines is demonstrated from the triple point of view of enzymology, metabolism and morphology (microscopic studies). Those lines are characterized by the deficiency in acid lipase whereas other lipases and carboxylesterases are not deficient. The study of lipid composition demonstrated the accumulation of neutral lipids (cholesterylesters and triglycerides). The use of fluorescent lipids for enzymatic studies and for diagnosing acid lipase deficiencies is reported and the reliability of these new substrates is demonstrated by comparison with currently used natural or synthetic substrates. For the enzymatic assays, these fluorescent substrates showed similar advantages as the radioactively labelled substrates, but not their disadvantages: thus, they can be easily used in the clinical laboratories. A new area in the field of research on lysosomal genetic diseases, is the experimental study of the metabolism in the intact living cell. The lipoproteins route is the best way to the lysosomal compartment and fluorescent lipids incorporated into lipoproteins allow to examine the lysosomal metabolism of these lipids simultaneously, by microscopic and biochemical techniques.