gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of T-cell responses in self-limiting versus progressive visceral Leishmania donovani infections in golden hamsters (1989)

Leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters was studied as a model for human kala-azar. After intradermal inoculation of L. donovani amastigotes, hamsters developed positive skin reactions (delayed-type hypersensitivity [DTH]) to parasite antigens and lymphoid cells from these hamsters proliferated to parasite antigens in vitro and transferred DTH reactivity to normal recipients. In contrast, hamsters infected by the intracardial route developed progressive visceral infections and failed to respond to skin test antigens. Spleen cells, lymph node cells, and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from these hamsters were unresponsive to parasite antigens in vitro, and spleen cells failed to transfer DTH to normal recipients. Spleen cells, but not PBLs, displayed depressed responses to T-cell mitogens and also suppressed the proliferative response of cells from hamsters inoculated intradermally. Removal of adherent cells restored the capacity of spleen cells, but not PBLs, to respond to parasite antigens. The nonadherent population of these spleen cells also transferred DTH to normal recipients. The adherent suppressor cells, which have the characteristics of macrophages, appear to be localized to the spleen and are apparently not responsible for the failure of peripheral lymphoid cells to respond to antigen. These studies suggest that hamsters with visceral infections develop a population of antigen-reactive cells and that in the absence of suppression these cells may express functional activities, including the capacity to elicit DTH responses.
5G OS: Control and Orchestration of Services on Multi-Domain Heterogeneous 5G Infrastructures (2018)

A heterogeneous 5G infrastructure includes physical and virtual computation, storage, and networking resources, exploiting different technologies and spanning across several administrative domains. These resources can be combined into end-to-end slices that can host different services. Services consist of virtual or physical elements and have different requirements, e.g., in terms of resource demands, latency, performance guarantees. The underlying resources need to be efficiently allocated to the slices and their corresponding services. To abstract away the complexities of the underlying 5G infrastructure and to provide the common functionalities required for efficient and flexible service and slice management and orchestration, we propose 5G Operating System (5G OS). We describe the requirements of such a system, present the high-level architecture of 5G OS, and describe the design challenges for different interfaces within 5G OS. Our proposed architecture includes scalable hierarchies of multi-domain and domain-specific slice and service orchestrators, software-defined network controllers, and network function virtualization management and orchestration frameworks.
EGF activates intracellular and intercellular calcium signaling by distinct pathways in tumor cells (2004)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated Ca2+ signaling in multiple cell lines derived from human gliomas and in the A431 epidermoid carcinoma cell line was observed using fluorescence videomicroscopy. Bath application of EGF evoked an oscillatory increase in [Ca2+]i in 4 different human glioma cell lines as well as the A431 cell line. This effect was blocked by the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib, as well as by the EGFR antibody cetuximab. In addition to this acute Ca2+ signaling response, transient exposure to EGF also potentiated subsequent Ca2+ signaling responses to other stimuli. Tumor cells transiently exposed to EGF (5 minutes), showed a sustained increase in propagation of intercellular Ca2+ waves, which have been previously shown to involve release of ATP and activation of purinergic receptors. Cells transiently exposed to EGF also showed a sustained potentiation of the Ca2+ signaling response to ATP. In contrast to the acute Ca2+ signaling response to EGF, this sustained potentiation of purinergic intercellular signaling was not blocked by gefitinib or erlotinib, while it was blocked by cetuximab. These results indicate that while the acute Ca2+ signaling response requires tyrosine kinase activation, the sustained potentiation of intercellular signaling occurs via a distinct pathway. Distinct intra- and intercellular Ca2+ signaling pathways may be mechanisms by which EGF modulates the growth and migration of tumor cells.
An Improved Method for Locating and Extracting the Eye in Human Face Images (1996)

In this paper, the head boundary is first located in a head-and-shoulders image. The approximate positions of the eyes are estimated by means of average anthropometric measures. Corners, the salient features of the eyes, are detected. The corner detection scheme introduced in this paper can provide accurate information about the corners. The shape of the eye is then extracted by a new scheme, based on snakes and on the deformable template. This new representation is in a form similar to snakes, but the energy functional to be minimised is based on some new energy terms and those terms used by the deformable template. A fast algorithm based on the greedy algorithm for active contour modelling is presented for the optimisation step. Experiments show that the execution time required for the whole procedure to extract the eye features is less than one second on a Sun workstation.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF HYPERACUTE XENOGRAFT REJECTION IN A SWINE-TO-PRIMATE MODEL (1991)

Hyperacute rejection is the inevitable consequence of the transplantation of vascularized organs between phylogenetically distant species. The nature of the incompatibility and the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to hyperacute xenograft rejection are incompletely understood. We investigated these issues by the immunopathological analysis of tissues from swine renal and cardiac xenografts placed in rhesus monkeys. Hyperacute rejection was associated with deposition of recipient IgM and classic but not alternative complement pathway components along endothelial surfaces, the formation of platelet and fibrin thrombi, and the infiltration of neutrophils. In animals from which natural antibody was temporarily depleted by organ perfusion, rejection was observed at 3 days to 5 days posttransplant. The immunopathology of rejection in these tissues revealed focal vascular changes similar to those observed in hyperacute rejection. A xenograft functioning for a prolonged period in a recipient temporarily depleted of circulating natural antibody contained recipient IgM along endothelial surfaces but no evidence for significant deposition of complement, formation of platelet and fibrin thrombi, or infiltration of neutrophils. These results suggest that rhesus IgM contributes significantly to the development of hyperacute rejection in the swine to Rhesus model and that the fixation of complement is a critical factor in the recruitment of the coagulation cascade and platelet aggregation--and possibly in the adherence and infiltration of PMN.
Impaired Differentiation of Osteoclasts in TREM-2–deficient Individuals (2003)

TREM-2 is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor associated with DAP12/KARAP that activates monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Recently, it has been shown that genetic defects of human DAP12/KARAP and TREM-2 result in a rare syndrome characterized by bone cysts and presenile dementia called Nasu-Hakola disease. This observation suggests that TREM-2 may function in myeloid cells other than DCs, most probably osteoclasts (OCs) and microglial cells, which are involved in bone modeling and brain function. Consistent with this prediction, here we show that OC differentiation is dramatically arrested in TREM-2-deficient patients, resulting in large aggregates of immature OCs that exhibit impaired bone resorptive activity. These results demonstrate a critical role for TREM-2 in the differentiation of mononuclear myeloid precursors into functional multinucleated OCs.
What have we learnt from using real parallel machines to solve real problems? (1988)

We briefly review some key scientific and parallel processing issues in a selection of some 84 existing applications of parallel machines. We include the MIMD hypercube transputer array, BBN Butterfly, and the SIMD ICL DAP, Goodyear MPP and Connection Machine from Thinking Machines. We use a space-time analogy to classify problems and show how a division into synchronous, loosely synchronous and asynchronous problems is helpful. This classifies problems into those suitable for SIMD or MIMD machines and isolates the asynchronous class as that for which major uncertainties as to possible parallelism exist. Interestingly about half of the scientific applications run excellently on SIMD machines with the other half able to take especial advantage of the MIMD architecture.
A convergent confined-flow focusing system for millimeter wave tubes (1983)

A convergent confined-flow PPM focusing system for use in a millimeter-wave coupled-cavity TWT has been designed and tested. In this paper, the design procedures that were followed to produce the electron gun and its associated magnetic circuit will be discussed. A solenoid-focused tube and a PPM beam test module were built to demonstrate the validity of the design. Test data on the beam transmission achieved in the PPM module are presented.
Differential Localization of the Vacuolar H+ Pump with G Subunit Isoforms (G1 and G2) in Mouse Neurons (2002)

Vacuolar H(+)-ATPases (V-ATPases), a family of multimeric proton pumps, are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. We have identified two mouse genes, Atp6g1 and Atp6g2, encoding the G1 and G2 isoforms of the V-ATPase G subunit, respectively. G1 was distributed ubiquitously in the tissues examined, whereas G2 was specifically distributed in central nervous system neurons. G1 was expressed at an early embryonic stage, whereas G2 transcription was significantly induced at 10.5 days postcoitus (embryonic day 10.5, i.e. 2 days before axon outgrowth). Both G1 and G2 were strongly expressed in cortical and hippocampal neurons, cerebellar granule cells, and Purkinje cells. Immunohistochemistry with isoform-specific antibodies revealed that G2 was localized in cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. In addition, electron microscopy and subcellular fractionation indicated that G2 was localized in synaptic vesicles, whereas G1 was not detectable. G1 and G2 exhibit 62% identity, and both isoforms were immunoprecipitated with the c and A subunits of V-ATPase. G2 could complement the yeast deletion mutant Deltavma10, which lacks the G subunit. The V-ATPases containing the G1 and G2 isoforms, respectively, showed similar K(m)((ATP)) values and maximal velocity. These results indicate that G1 and G2 are bona fide subunits of V-ATPases and that the enzyme with the G2 isoform is involved in synaptic vesicle acidification.
Facing the cereals/flours future: sustainability and health concerns (2018)

Nowadays, sustainability and health are two of the main drivers of the food industry, and cereals and flours stakeholders are facing the same trends.
Fabrication of Hollow Metal Microcapsules with Mesoporous Shell Structure: Application as Efficient Catalysts Recyclable by Simple Magnetic Separation (2011)

Monodispersed porous NiO and <TEX>$Co_3O_4$</TEX> microcapsules with a hollow core were synthesized using SBA-16 silica sol and PS as a hard template. The porous hollow microcapsules were characterized by XRD, TEM and <TEX>$N_2$</TEX> adsorption/desorption analysis. After <TEX>$H_2$</TEX> reduction of metal oxide microspheres, they were conducted as an active catalyst in the reduction of chiral butylronitrile and cyanobenzene. The mesoporous metals having a hollow structure showed a higher activity than a nonporous metal powder and an impregnated metal on the carbon support.
In‐situ Crosslinking and n‐Doping of Semiconducting Polymers and Their Application as Efficient Electron‐Transporting Materials in Inverted Polymer Solar Cells (2011)

Abstract In this study, we demonstrate in‐situ n‐doping and crosslinking of semiconducting polymers as efficient electron‐transporting materials for inverted configuration polymer solar cells. The semiconducting polymers were crosslinked with bis(perfluorophenyl) azide (bis‐PFPA) to form a robust solvent‐resistant film, thereby preventing solvent‐induced erosion during subsequent solution‐based device processing. In addition, chemical n‐doping of semiconducting polymers with (4‐(1,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐benzoimidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)dimethylamine (N‐DMBI) substantially improved the power conversion efficiency of solar cells from 0.69% to 3.42%. These results open the way for progress on generally applicable polymeric interface materials, providing not only high device performance but also an effective fabrication method for solution‐processed multilayer solar cell devices.
Critical-depth Raman spectroscopy enables home-use non-invasive glucose monitoring (2018)

One of the most ambitious endeavors in the field of diabetes technology is non-invasive glucose sensing. In the past decades, a number of different technologies have been assessed, but none of these have found its entry into general clinical use. We report on the development of a table-top confocal Raman spectrometer that was used in the home of patients with diabetes and operated for extended periods of time unsupervised and without recalibration. The system is based on measurement of glucose levels at a 'critical depth' in the skin, specifically in the interstitial fluid located below the stratum corneum but above the underlying adipose tissue layer. The region chosen for routine glucose measurements was the base of the thumb (the thenar). In a small clinical study, 35 patients with diabetes analyzed their interstitial fluid glucose for a period of 60 days using the new critical-depth Raman (CD-Raman) method and levels were correlated to reference capillary blood glucose values using a standard finger-stick and test strip product. The calibration of the CD-Raman system was stable for > 10 days. Measurement performance for glucose levels present at, or below, a depth of ~250μm below the skin surface was comparable to that reported for currently available invasive continuous glucose monitors. In summary, using the CD-Raman technology we have demonstrated the first successful use of a non-invasive glucose monitor in the home.
Status and prospect of cryosurgery for lung cancer (2009)

In recent years,cryosurgery has benn increasingly used in the treatment of lung cancer,but the criteria of indication and contraindication have not been set up yet.The therapy has obtained distinct therapeutic effects in the near future following development of the performance,which can control pathogenetic condition,improve the general state of body,increase organism immunity.The keys of the development in future are tO identify the mechanisms of treating lung cancer,combine other treatments to enhance the therapeutic effect,and evaluate its prostecdtive efficacy.

Key words: 
Cryosurgery; Lung cancer; Comprehensive therapy
Robot workspace estimation and base placement optimisation techniques for the conversion of conventional work cells into autonomous flexible manufacturing systems (2010)

Abstract Robot arms are used in modern work cells and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) in handling work pieces and loading/unloading processes. The robot arm links may interfere with the bodies of the system components, which are considered as obstacles in the robot workspace. In order that the robot works in safe conditions, study of robot workspace in a free space and in the presence of obstacles should be investigated. The inverse problem of having an existing working space occupied with a number of CNC machines to which it is supposed to introduce a robot to serve is an interesting problem. This is a very common problem when trying to convert conventional work cells into autonomous systems. There are two main questions when studying this kind of problem: what type of robots is suitable to satisfy the existing working space? And where to place the base of this robot to efficiently serve the existing machines? The main objective of this article is trying to answer these two questions. A computational algorithm is developed to estimate the robot workspace. The optimisation of robot base placement is achieved using genetic algorithms. A comparative study of the suitability of different robots for a specified working area is also included. Finally, robot movement visualisation within a pre-defined FMS using solid edge modelling is presented to verify the proposed algorithm and simulate the robot path within the work cell. Keywords: industrial robotsworking spacerobot movement visualisationflexible manufacturing systemsautonomous systemsgenetic algorithms Acknowledgement The authors thank the Research Center of King Saud University and the Military factory 100 and its staff for their direct support and guidance in the implementation of the proposed technique on one of the work cells and the development of the visualisation technique presented in this article.
Neuropeptide Y phase shifts circadian rhythms in vivo via a Y2 receptor (1996)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) injected into the suprachiasmatic region 6 h before the onset of locomotor activity produces phase advances in circadian rhythms. The present study investigated whether the phase advances produced by NPY in Syrian hamsters are mediated by a Y1- or Y2-like NPY receptor by comparing the phase advancing effects of the Y1 agonist, [Leu31, Pro34]NPY, and the Y2 agonist, NPY(3-36), following their injection into the suprachiasmatic region. Microinjection of the Y2 agonist produced phase advances that were significantly greater than those produced by the microinjection of the Y1 agonist. These data support the hypothesis that the phase advancing effects of NPY in the suprachiasmatic region are mediated by a Y2-like NPY receptor, similar to results found in vitro.
Nickel-Based Superalloys for Advanced Turbine Engines: Chemistry, Microstructure and Properties (2006)

Peer Reviewed
HERG potassium channels are more frequently expressed in human endometrial cancer as compared to non-cancerous endometrium (2000)

HERG K(+)channels, besides contributing to regulate cardiac and neuronal excitability, are preferentially expressed in tumour cell lines of different histogenesis, where their role in the development and maintenance of the neoplastic phenotype is under study. We show here that both herg gene and HERG protein are expressed with high frequency in primary human endometrial cancers, as compared to normal and hyperplastic endometrium. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, using specific anti-HERG antibodies developed in our laboratory, were applied to tissue specimens obtained from 18 endometrial cancers and 11 non-cancerous endometrial tissues. herg RNA and HERG protein are expressed in 67% and 82%, respectively, of cancerous, while in only 18% of non-cancerous tissues. In particular, no expression was found in endometrial hyperplasia. Moreover, electrophysiological experiments confirmed the presence of functioning HERG channels on the plasma membrane of tumour cells. On the whole, these data are the first demonstration of the presence of HERG channels in primary human neoplasias, and could candidate HERG as a potential tool capable of marking cancerous versus hyperplastic endometrial growth.
Influence of decortication of the donor bone on guided bone augmentation (2000)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate if early access to the endosteal bone compartment by removal of the outer cortical bone plate will enhance bone augmentation in a secluded space. Two titanium cylinders were placed on the skull of each of 8 rabbits. Each cylinder was placed into a circular slit, secured to the skull bone via two mini‐screws and supplied with a titanium lid. On the test side, the outer plate of the cortical bone, demarcated by the slit, was removed.The subsequent bleeding resulted in blood fill of the cylinders to various degrees. On the control side, the cortical bone plate was left intact and no bleeding was observed at the time of the placement of the titanium lids. After 3 months, the animals were sacrificed to obtain histology and histomorphometry. No differences in the total amount of augmented bone tissue, in relation to the total experimental area (75.5%±10.9% at the test sites and 71.2%±13.5% at the control sites) or of the augmented mineralized bone tissue in relation to the total amount of augmented bone tissue, was revealed (17.8%±3.0% and 16.0%±4.9% respectively). There was no difference in the morphological appearance of the augmented bone between test and control sites and there were no obvious similarities in the appearance between the newly formed bone tissue and the donor bone. The augmented bone consisted of slender bone trabeculae, distributed in abundant marrow spaces. A conspicuous finding was that the bone trabeculae tended to climb along the inner walls of the titanium cylinder. It is concluded that decortication of the calvarial bone in the rabbit does not result in more bone formation beyond the skeletal envelope after a healing period of 3 months compared to no removal of the cortical bone plate inside a secluded experimental area.
Preparation, characterization, and in vivo biodistribution properties of synthetically cross-linked multivalent antitumor antibody fragments (1993)

Two new antibody forms of the general structure F(ab')n (n = 3 or 4) were prepared and tested in vivo as part of an ongoing search for antibody candidates with improved biodistribution properties for cancer immunotargeting applications. The novel multivalent antibody forms, called F(ab')3-x (tribody, 150 kDa, x = cross-linker) and F(ab')4-x (tetrabody, 200 kDa), were constructed through chemical cross-linking of Fab' subunits derived from murine CC49 IgG, a monoclonal antibody which recognizes the tumor-associated antigen TAG-72. Two new chemical reagents (trismaleimide 1 and tetramaleimide 2) were synthesized for use in cross-linking cysteine sulfhydryl groups present on the hinge region of Fab'. Homogeneous Fab' was prepared by mild reduction of F(ab')2 followed by selective reoxidation of interchain disulfide bonds, leaving a single hinge-region cysteine sulfhydryl group available for modification. For biodistribution studies, the parent F(ab')2 fragment was first radiolabeled via lysine amine modification using the isothiocyanate derivative of the 105Rh(BA-2,3,2-tet)Cl2 complex. Both new fragment forms were shown to retain antigen binding ability in vitro using a solid-phase immunoassay. Although isolated yields for F(ab')3-x and F(ab')4-x were low (18 and 4%, respectively), sufficient quantities were prepared for preliminary biodistribution studies in Balb/c mice and, in the case of F(ab')3-x, for a 5-day biodistribution study in tumor-bearing nude mice. A large proportion of the 105Rh-labeled F(ab')4-x was found to accumulate in the liver, possibly indicating an upper size limit for the in vivo use of cross-linked fragments. The biodistribution behavior of 105Rh-labeled F(ab')3-x in both Balb/c and nude mice was intermediate between that of IgG and F(ab')2 for all organs studied. Kidney localization was reduced, while blood circulation time and tumor accumulation were slightly increased, for the trivalent species compared with F(ab')2. The unique biodistribution profile of F(ab')3-x suggests the possible use of this multivalent fragment for in vivo tumor targeting applications.