gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Chicken Crop as a Source of Salmonella Contamination for Broiler Carcasses (1995)

Much previously published research has focused on the role of cecal and intestinal Salmonella contamination of poultry carcasses within commercial processing plants. Presently, we have evaluated the persistence of experimentally inoculated Salmonella enteritidis in the crops and ceca of commercial broiler chickens during the last week of growth (Weeks 6 to 7) and the presence of crop and cecal Salmonella in 7-wk-old broilers in a commercial processing plant. When broilers were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu S. enteritidis at 6 wk of age by oral gavage, the incidence of crop and cecal contamination was equivalent 2d after challenge (30%), with only 1 of 29 crops contaminated and 0 of 29 ceca contaminated at 7 d following challenge. When broilers were inoculated with 1 x 10(8) cfu S. enteritidis at 6 wk of age by oral gavage, 2 d after challenge the crops and ceca were observed to be 57 and 67% positive for S. enteritidis, respectively. Seven days after inoculation with 1 x 10(8) S. enteritidis, the crops and ceca were 37 and 57% positive, respectively, for the challenge organism. At a commercial broiler processing plant, 286 of 550 crops from three flocks were Salmonella-positive, whereas only 73 of 500 ceca from these flocks were contaminated. Furthermore, data from this plant indicated that the crops were far more likely to rupture than ceca (86-fold) during processing, increasing the possibility of carcass contamination with Salmonella derived from crop contents. The results of these studies suggest that the crop may serve as a source of carcass contamination with Salmonella within some processing plants.
Colorimetric Methods of Analyses (1950)

Colorimetric methods of analysis , Colorimetric methods of analysis , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Maker Principles and Technologies in Teacher Education: A National Survey (2017)

Broadly speaking, the maker movement is characterized by people who engage in the construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of physical artifacts, and who share both the process of making and their physical products with the broader community of makers. There is growing sentiment that elements of the maker movement have the capability of positively impacting student outcomes in K-12 environments. This study reports on the extent to which teacher education programs in the United States have begun to integrate maker principles and technologies, and explores the factors which contribute to their decisions to include or not to include maker elements into their programs. Results indicate that approximately half of teacher education programs have at least some opportunities for undergraduates and graduates to learn about teaching and learning with maker technologies and principles, and there is desire among programs to increase these opportunities, as well as their maker technology infrastructure. There is less institutional-level interest in supporting research agendas related to maker education, however. Therefore, this study calls for a corresponding increase in research on the role of maker principles and technologies in teacher education.
Direct MDCT Domain Psychoacoustic Modeling (2007)

We extend the recently proposed spectral integration based psychoacoustic model for sinusoidal distortions to the MDCT domain. The estimated masking threshold additionally depends on the sub-band spectral flatness measure of the signal which accounts for the non- sinusoidal distortion introduced by masking. The expressions for masking threshold are derived and the validity of the proposed model is established through perceptual transparency test of audio clips. Test results indicate that we do achieve transparent quality reconstruction with the new model. Performance of the model is compared with MPEG psychoacoustic models with respect to the estimated perceptual entropy (PE). The results show that the proposed model predicts a lower PE than other models.
Spectroscopy of Nd3+ and Yb3+ codoped fluoroindogallate glasses (2001)

The Nd–Nd and Nd–Yb energy transfer processes are studied in lead fluoroindogallate glasses with the following molar composition: 30PbF2–20GaF3–15InF3–15ZnF2–(20–X)CaF2–XNdF3 (with X=0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 5), 30PbF2–20GaF3–15InF3–15ZnF2–(20–X)CaF2–XYbF3 (with X=0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5), and 30PbF2–20GaF3–15InF3–15ZnF2–(19–X)CaF2–XYbF3–1NdF3 (with X=0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5.5). The Dexter, Yokota–Tanimoto, and Holstein formalisms were used to treat the experimental data. The following microparameters of energy transfer were obtained: CDD(Nd–Nd)≈7×10−40, CDA(Nd–Nd)=2.5×10−40, and CDA(Nd–Yb)≈3×10−40 cm6/s. It was also shown that the energy migration between Nd ions depends on the third power of temperature (T3) up to a saturation value of about 80 K. This behavior was attributed to the site to site energy migration. The Yb doped samples presented no nonradiative losses for the Yb3+ emission at 969 nm.
Abnormalities in serum lipids and leukocyte superoxide dismutase and associated cataract formation in patients with atopic dermatitis (1994)

<h3>Background and Design:</h3> Because lipid peroxides are believed to play a role in cataract formation, we examined serum lipid and lipid peroxide levels in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) complicated by cataract formation in comparison with AD patients without cataracts and patients with other forms of dermatitis, taking into account any treatment with corticosteroids. Since reactive oxygen species play an important role in lipid peroxide formation, the induction of leukocyte superoxide dismutase, which scavenges reactive oxygen species and inhibits lipid peroxidation, was also examined. Most of the patients with AD and cataract were older than 13 years, and had severe, treatment-resistant dermatitis. <h3>Results:</h3> Serum levels of chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein, and lipid peroxide levels were increased, and superoxide dismutase activity was markedly less inducible in patients with cataracts. These abnormalities demonstrated were irrespective of previ- ous topical corticoid treatment. Although AD patients without cataracts also showed significant abnormalities in all of the parameters measured, these were less marked than in the AD patients with cataracts. In contrast, these findings were not observed in patients with other forms of dermatitis who had been receiving prolonged topical corticosteroid therapy. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> High levels of serum lipids and decreased superoxide dismutase inducibility thus appear to be correlated with AD and also independently with attendant cataract formation. From the observation that most of the patients originated from areas of high environmental pollution whose products are known to produce great amounts of reactive oxygen species, excessive lipid peroxide formation, perhaps in part environmentally induced, seems to correlate to severe, adult-type AD with cataract formation. (Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:1387-1392)
Cathode priming of a relativistic magnetron (2004)

A cathode priming technique of a relativistic magnetron is analyzed via a three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. By imposing a threefold azimuthal variation on the emitting cathode of a six-cavity relativistic magnetron, the electrons are prebunched at birth. This leads to fast startup of the pi mode with three electron spokes. Suppression of unwanted modes during startup is observed in the simulation.
Safety and efficacy of ghrelin agonist TZP-101 in relieving symptoms in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study (2010)

TZP-101 appears to be safe, well-tolerated, and effective at acutely addressing several gastroparesis symptoms.
Differences in Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis and Cancer-Specific Survival by Race and Ethnicity in the United States (2015)

Among US women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer, the likelihood of diagnosis at an early stage, and survival after stage I diagnosis, varied by race and ethnicity. Much of the difference could be statistically accounted for by intrinsic biological differences such as lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and triple-negative behavior of tumors.
Upconversion nanoparticles and their composite nanostructures for biomedical imaging and cancer therapy (2012)

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), particularly lanthanide-doped nanocrystals, which emit high energy photons under excitation by the near-infrared (NIR) light, have found potential applications in many different fields, including biomedicine. Compared with traditional down-conversion fluorescence imaging, the NIR light excited upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging relying on UCNPs exhibits improved tissue penetration depth, higher photochemical stability, and is free of auto-fluorescence background, which promises biomedical imaging with high sensitivity. On the other hand, the unique upconversion process of UCNPs may be utilized to activate photosensitive therapeutic agents for applications in cancer treatment. Moreover, the integration of UCNPs with other functional nanostructures could result in the obtained nanocomposites having highly enriched functionalities, useful in imaging-guided cancer therapies. This review article will focus on the biomedical imaging and cancer therapy applications of UCNPs and their nanocomposites, and discuss recent advances and future prospects in this emerging field.
Concept boundary detection for speeding up SVMs (2006)

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) suffer from an O(n2) training cost, where n denotes the number of training instances. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to select boundary instances as training data to substantially reduce n. Our proposed algorithm is motivated by the result of (Burges, 1999) that, removing non-support vectors from the training set does not change SVM training results. Our algorithm eliminates instances that are likely to be non-support vectors. In the concept-independent preprocessing step of our algorithm, we prepare nearest-neighbor lists for training instances. In the concept-specific sampling step, we can then effectively select useful training data for each target concept. Empirical studies show our algorithm to be effective in reducing n, outperforming other competing downsampling algorithms without significantly compromising testing accuracy.
Effects of Metal Particle Dopant on Acoustic Attenuation Properties of Silicone Rubber Lens for Medical Echo Array Probe (2005)

A low-acoustic-attenuation silicone rubber lens was developed by using a nanometer-size fine metal powder as a dopant for silicone rubber. Ten-nanometer-platinum (Pt)-powder-doped silicone rubber material showed not only a low sound velocity of 0.858 km/s, but also low acoustic attenuation properties, 0.84 dB/mmMHz with an acoustic impedance of 1.37 MRalys. By virtue of its low sound velocity and low attenuation, the Pt-doped silicone rubber provides a better figure of merit (attenuation x sound velocity) for the acoustic lens material of medical array probes than does silicone-rubber doped with conventional inorganic powders, namely, SiO 2 , TiO 2 , or Al 2 O 3 . The Pt-doped silicone lens material provides increased sensitivity for the high-frequency, 5 to 10-MHz-probe application because it can be used to realize a thinner lens than conventionally used.
Theoretical model of gain-saturated semiconductor optical amplifiers in cross-phase modulation wavelength converters (2002)

In order to obtain high conversion speed and strong nonlinearity, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) in wavelength converters are operated with large bias currents and high optical powers. Therefore, the SOAs are strongly gain-saturated. For modeling wavelength converters based on cross-phase modulation (XPM) in SOAs, the effect of saturation on the optical phase needs to be considered. In this paper, we report a simple formula to calculate the optical phase for XPM in SOAs. The model is used to simulate a XPM wavelength converter using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The theoretical results are in good agreement with published experimental data.
Text detection in natural and computer-generated images (2018)

Text detection is one of the most challenging and commonly dealt applications in computer vision. Detecting text regions is the first step of the text recognition systems called Optical Character Recognition. This process requires the separation of text region from non-text region. In this paper, we utilize Maximally Stable Extremal Regions to acquire very first text region candidates. Then these possible regions are reduced in quantity by using geometric and stroke width properties. Candidate regions are joined to obtain text groups. Finally, Tesseract Optical Character Recognition engine is utilized as the last step to eliminate non-text groups. We evaluated the proposed system on KAIST and ICDAR datasets for both natural images and computer-generated images. For natural images 82.7% precision and 52.0% f-accuracy; for computer-generated images 64.0% precision and 65.2% f-accuracy is achieved.
Laser Ablation of a Sample In Liquid—LASIL (2011)

This technical note describes the development of Laser Ablation of a Sample In Liquid (LASIL), a technique where the ablation occurs at a solid sample surface submerged in a liquid. LASIL can be performed in a 25 µl isolated, freestanding droplet that acts as a micro-laser cavity, to produce a suspended particulate that can be analysed either directly, or following in-droplet chemistry, by calibration against aqueous standards. The technique is robust and easy to implement being carried out in air, offline to the detection apparatus. The analytical characteristics of LASIL are its ease of quantification, containment of particles, the ease of generating suspended solids in solution from insoluble materials and the control over dissolution and dilution to generate measurable concentrations. NIST 611 (trace elements in glass) was employed as a test sample as it is a commonly used reference material in conventional Laser Ablation (LA) studies. Droplet LASIL allowed the quantification of trace elements in NIST 611 and also investigation of the particle sizes and shapes generated by the ablation process. Particle sizes were found to vary with laser fluence, with higher fluences producing a wider particle size distribution with greater variation in shape. The types of particles found were: jagged particles of 1–2 µm in diameter most probably created by micro-jet impingement, spherical nanometre sized particles from vapour condensation and melt ejection, and thin, string-like particles from particle agglomeration or liquid jet fragmentation. At lower fluences the particle morphology tended towards spherical shapes and formed agglomerates. At this small particle size (below 250 nm), Brownian motion ensures a very slow settling rate in the liquid medium yielding solutions that are stable for analysis over several days. Alternatively, as demonstrated here, post-ablation chemistry can be carried out in the droplet, e.g. acid dissolution, or clean up using micro-extraction techniques. The liquid droplet was analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with calibration against aqueous standards. The ablation yield from the sample was normalised using the found versus known concentration of uranium in the sample and ratioing measured elemental concentrations to this factor. LASIL on a sample immersed in liquid facilitated the study of the effect of the solution composition on the LASIL process.
Structure of the complex of Cdc42Hs with a peptide derived from p-21 activated kinase. (2000)

Cdc42Hs is a member of the Ras superfamily of GTPases and initiates a cascade that begins with the activation of several kinases, including p21-activated kinase (PAK). We have previously used a 46 amino acid fragment of PAK (PBD46) to define the binding surface on Cdc42Hs [Guo et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 14030−14037]. Here we describe the three-dimensional solution structure of the Cdc42Hs·GMPPCP−PBD46 complex. Heteronuclear NMR methods were used to assign resonances in the complex, and approximately 2400 distance and dihedral restraints were used to calculate a set of 20 structures using a combination of distance geometry, simulated annealing, and chemical shift and Ramachandran refinement. The overall structure of Cdc42Hs in the complex differs from the uncomplexed structure in two major aspects:  (1) the first α helix is reoriented to accommodate the binding of the peptide and (2) the regions corresponding to switch I and switch II are less disordered. As suggested by our previous work (Guo et al., ...
Posttraumatic hypothermia in the treatment of axonal damage in an animal model of traumatic axonal injury (1998)

The authors infer from these findings that early as well as delayed posttraumatic hypothermia results in substantial protection in TBI, at least in terms of the injured axons.
On Multi-tier Sentiment Analysis Using Supervised Machine Learning (2015)

Document management and Information Retrieval tasks have rapidly increased due to the availability of digital documents anytime, any place. The need for automatic extraction of document information has become prominent in information organization and knowledge discovery. Text Classification is one such solution, where in the natural language text is assigned to one or more predefined categories based on the content. This work focuses on sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining. It is a way of automatically extracting and analyzing the emotions and opinions, and not facts, of messages and posts. A multi-tier classification architecture is proposed, which consists of major modules such as data cleaning and pre-processing, feature selection, and classifier training that includes a multi-tier prediction model. The architecture and its components are carefully described. Four classifiers (Naïve Bayes, SVM, Random Forest, and SGD) are used in the experiments, which evaluate the performance of the proposed multi-tier architecture by analyzing the sentiments and opinions of 150,000 movie reviews. Results have shown that the multi-tier model is able to significantly improve prediction accuracy over the single-tier model by more than 10%, the improvement is significant when customized dictionary is used. We believe that the proposed multi-tier classification architecture, with the various feature selection techniques described and used, are significant, and are readily applicable to many other areas of sentiment analysis.
The 2‐Aminogluconate Isomer of <i>Rhizobium sin</i>‐1 Lipid A Can Antagonize TNF‐α Production Induced by Enteric LPS (2005)

The naturally occurring lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Rhizobium sin-1, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial species, can prevent the induction of the tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha induced by enteric LPS. The proximal saccharide moiety of R. sin-1 lipid A can exist in two forms, namely as a 2-aminogluconolactone or 2-aminogluconate. As it is unknown which of these forms is responsible for the antagonistic properties of R. sin-1 lipid A, compound 4 was prepared, and its inflammatory properties were studied. This compound contains a methyl ether at the C-5 hydroxyl, which prevents lactonization and therefore is ideally suited to determine whether the 2-aminogluconate possesses antagonistic properties. Compound 4 was synthesized by a highly convergent approach with a key disaccharide building block functionalized with a set of orthogonal protecting groups. The novel synthetic compound lacks proinflammatory properties, as indicated by an absence of TNF-alpha protein production. This compound was, however, able to antagonize the production of TNF-alpha induced by enteric LPS; this indicates that the 2-aminogluconate form of R. sin-1 lipid A is responsible for its biological properties.
Noncanonical Amino Acids in the Interrogation of Cellular Protein Synthesis (2011)

Proteins in living cells can be made receptive to bioorthogonal chemistries through metabolic labeling with appropriately designed noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). In the simplest approach to metabolic labeling, an amino acid analog replaces one of the natural amino acids specified by the protein's gene (or genes) of interest. Through manipulation of experimental conditions, the extent of the replacement can be adjusted. This approach, often termed residue-specific incorporation, allows the ncAA to be incorporated in controlled proportions into positions normally occupied by the natural amino acid residue. For a protein to be labeled in this way with an ncAA, it must fulfill just two requirements: (i) the corresponding natural amino acid must be encoded within the sequence of the protein at the genetic level, and (ii) the protein must be expressed while the ncAA is in the cell. Because this approach permits labeling of proteins throughout the cell, it has enabled us to develop strategies to track cellular protein synthesis by tagging proteins with reactive ncAAs. In procedures similar to isotopic labeling, translationally active ncAAs are incorporated into proteins during a "pulse" in which newly synthesized proteins are tagged. The set of tagged proteins can be distinguished from those made before the pulse by bioorthogonally ligating the ncAA side chain to probes that permit detection, isolation, and visualization of the labeled proteins. Noncanonical amino acids with side chains containing azide, alkyne, or alkene groups have been especially useful in experiments of this kind. They have been incorporated into proteins in the form of methionine analogs that are substrates for the natural translational machinery. The selectivity of the method can be enhanced through the use of mutant aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) that permit incorporation of ncAAs not used by the endogenous biomachinery. Through expression of mutant aaRSs, proteins can be tagged with other useful ncAAs, including analogs that contain ketones or aryl halides. High-throughput screening strategies can identify aaRS variants that activate a wide range of ncAAs. Controlled expression of mutant synthetases has been combined with ncAA tagging to permit cell-selective metabolic labeling of proteins. Expression of a mutant synthetase in a portion of cells within a complex cellular mixture restricts labeling to that subset of cells. Proteins synthesized in cells not expressing the synthetase are neither labeled nor detected. In multicellular environments, this approach permits the identification of the cellular origins of labeled proteins. In this Account, we summarize the tools and strategies that have been developed for interrogating cellular protein synthesis through residue-specific tagging with ncAAs. We describe the chemical and genetic components of ncAA-tagging strategies and discuss how these methods are being used in chemical biology.
Identification of Self through Olfaction (1989)

To study olfactory communication in humans, 100 undergraduates ranging from age 18 to 45 yr. wore freshly washed, identical T-shirts continuously for 24 hr. During this time, the participants did not bathe or shower or apply any scent producing substance to their bodies, i.e., deodorants, perfumes. Upon retrieval, each shirt was placed in an identical brown bag. In groups of 10, each participant attempted to identify the T-shirt he had worn the previous 24 hr. The task was administered separately for each individual so that no participants knew the choice by a previous colleague. Analysis shows that the participants were able to identify correctly their own shirts on the first try three-quarters of the time. Furthermore, sex, age, smoking habit of the participant, and menstrual cycle phase in the women were factors in successful outcomes.