gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the classical limit of quantum thermodynamics in finite time (1992)

The finite time performance of quantum heat engines has been examined with emphasis on the classical, high temperature, limit. Two basic engine models were studied, differing by their consistency of working fluid: the harmonic engine, consisting of noninteracting harmonic oscillators, and the spin-j engine, consisting of noninteracting spin-j subsystems. The two models represent two distinct types of engines, with bounded vs unbounded Hamiltonians, and with creation and annihilation operators of the Fermionic vs the Bosonic type. The analysis is based on the time derivatives of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Explicit relations linking quantum observables to thermodynamic quantities are utilized. The dynamics of the engines was modeled by the semigroup approach. The engines were optimized with respect to various target functions: power, entropy production, and efficiency, while subject to finite cycle duration. The main strategy of optimization was based on the Euler–Lagrange equation, and is similar to that previously applied by Salamon and Nitzan for the investigation of Newtonian engines [J. Chem. Phys. 74, 3546 (1981)]. The optimal cycles obtained at the classical limit are not of the Curzon–Ahlborn type, i.e., the internal temperature along the thermal branches is not constant. This result is in conflict with Newtonian thermodynamics, where the optimal cycles are of the Curzon–Ahlborn type. Nonetheless, some of the main features of Newtonian thermodynamics, such as the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency at maximum power, are reproduced at the classical limit. This makes it possible to establish a ‘‘thermodynamic correspondence principle.’’ This principle asserts that the phenomenological Newtonian thermodynamic approach provides an asymptote of a theory based upon the more fundamental semigroup quantum approach. It is argued that the asymptotic nature of Newtonian thermodynamics is twofold since its validity is restricted by two demands: that of high temperatures and that of proximity to equilibrium.
A Sentiment-Based Approach to Twitter User Recommendation. (2013)

Nowadays, the emerging popularity of Social Web raises new application areas for recommender systems. The aim of a social user recommendation is to suggest new friends having similar interests. In order to identify such interests, current recommender algorithms exploit social network information or the similarity of user-generated content. The rationale of this work is that users may share similar interests but have different opinions on them. As a result, considering the contribution of user sentiments, can yield benefits in recommending possible friends to follow. In this paper we propose a user recommendation technique based on a novel weighting function, we named sentimentvolume-objectivity (SVO) function, which takes into account not only user interests, but also his sentiments. Such function allows us to build richer user profiles to employ in the recommendation process than other content-based approaches. Preliminary results based on a comparative analysis show the benefits of the advanced approach in comparison with some state-of-the-art user recommender systems.
Reduced common-mode modulation strategies for cascaded multilevel inverters (2003)

This paper presents modulation strategies for cascaded multilevel inverters that substantially eliminate common-mode voltage on the output phases. The paper begins by developing generic multilevel inverter reference waveforms that use only "allowed" space vectors to achieve reduced common-mode voltage. A graphical technique is then proposed that allows various carrier disposition modulation strategies for a diode-clamped inverter to be converted to equivalent modulation of a cascaded inverter for any fundamental reference waveform. This graphical technique is confirmed for both alternative phase opposition disposition and phase disposition equivalent modulation of a cascaded inverter, and is then used to create reduced common-mode modulation strategies for cascaded inverters from their equivalent counterparts for diode-clamped inverters under both continuous and discontinuous switching conditions. The strategies have been confirmed by both simulation and experimental results obtained using a cascaded five-level inverter.
Single-source PPG-based local pulse wave velocity measurement: a potential cuffless blood pressure estimation technique (2017)

A reliable system for cuffless BP measurement and local estimation of arterial wall properties.
Highest measured anodic stability in aqueous solutions: graphenic electrodes from the thermolyzed asphalt reaction (2012)

Graphenic material synthesized by the University of Idaho Thermolyzed Asphalt Reaction (GUITAR) was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Despite morphological similarities, GUITAR maintains distinct characteristics as an electrode material versus graphene, graphite, pyrolytic graphite and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Specifically, GUITAR possesses a combination of (i) facile electron transfer with redox species (ii) very high anodic corrosion potentials. Cyclic voltammetric ΔEp studies of Ru(NH3)63+/2+ (71 mV) and Fe(CN)63−/4− (80 mV) in 1 M KCl (aq) indicate facile electron transfer kinetics. This is unlike HOPG and graphene electrodes which have a barrier to heterogeneous electron transfer. The anodic limit of GUITAR is 2.7 V vs. SHE at 200 μA cm−2 in 1 M H2SO4 and demonstrates anodic stability greater than boron doped diamond electrodes. In this characteristic, GUITAR exceeds the corrosion potential of all other sp2-hydribized carbon materials by 700 mV in 1 M H2SO4. Hypotheses on the origins for these distinctive characteristics along with preliminary studies of GUITAR's performance as a dimensionally stable anode with methylene blue electro-oxidation are presented.
Progress in the Development of Cryocooled Digital Channelizing RF Receivers (2009)

HYPRES is developing a class of digital receivers featuring direct digitization at radio frequency. The complete system, consisting of a cryopackaged Nb superconductor all-digital receiver (ADR) chip followed by room-temperature interface electronics and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based post-processing module, has been developed. Depending on the targeted application the ADR chip comprised either a low-pass delta with phase modulation-demodulation architecture or X-band band-pass sigma-delta modulators together with digital in-phase and quadrature mixer and a pair of digital decimation filters. The chips were fabricated using a 4.5-kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> HYPRES process and were cryopackaged using a commercial-off-the-shelf cryocooler. Recently, with significant improvements in chip cryopackage, room-temperature electronics and FPGA programming we were able to achieve stable operation of a low-pass ADR at 28.16 GHz and X-band ADR at 30.72 GHz clock frequencies. Experimental results are presented and discussed.
Microbial Communities in Contaminated Sediments, Associated with Bioremediation of Uranium to Submicromolar Levels (2008)

Microbial enumeration, 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, and chemical analysis were used to evaluate the in situ biological reduction and immobilization of uranium(VI) in a long-term experiment (more than 2 years) conducted at a highly uranium-contaminated site (up to 60 mg/liter and 800 mg/kg solids) of the U.S. Department of Energy in Oak Ridge, TN. Bioreduction was achieved by conditioning groundwater above ground and then stimulating growth of denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, and sulfate-reducing bacteria in situ through weekly injection of ethanol into the subsurface. After nearly 2 years of intermittent injection of ethanol, aqueous U levels fell below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water and groundwater (<30 microg/liter or 0.126 microM). Sediment microbial communities from the treatment zone were compared with those from a control well without biostimulation. Most-probable-number estimations indicated that microorganisms implicated in bioremediation accumulated in the sediments of the treatment zone but were either absent or in very low numbers in an untreated control area. Organisms belonging to genera known to include U(VI) reducers were detected, including Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, Anaeromyxobacter, Desulfosporosinus, and Acidovorax spp. The predominant sulfate-reducing bacterial species were Desulfovibrio spp., while the iron reducers were represented by Ferribacterium spp. and Geothrix spp. Diversity-based clustering revealed differences between treated and untreated zones and also within samples of the treated area. Spatial differences in community structure within the treatment zone were likely related to the hydraulic pathway and to electron donor metabolism during biostimulation.
Effects of Hemoglobin Concentration, Skull Thickness, and the Area of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Layer on Near-infrared Spectroscopy Measurements (2007)

rSO2 values were affected by hemoglobin concentration, a-CSFL, and t-skull, but TOI values were not affected by individual factors.
Silhouette Extraction with Random Pattern Backgrounds for the Volume Intersection Method (2007)

In this paper, we present a novel approach for extracting silhouettes by using a particular pattern that we call the random pattern. The volume intersection method reconstructs the shapes of 3D objects from their silhouettes obtained with multiple cameras. With the method, if some parts of the silhouettes are missed, the corresponding parts of the reconstructed shapes are also missed. When colors of the objects and the backgrounds are similar, many parts of the silhouettes are missed. We adopt random pattern backgrounds to extract correct silhouettes. The random pattern has many small regions with randomly-selected colors. By using the random pattern backgrounds, we can keep the rate of missing parts below a specified percentage, even for objects of unknown color. To refine the silhouettes, we detect and fill in the missing parts by integrating multiple images. From the images captured by multiple cameras used to observe the object, the object's colors can be estimated. The missing parts can be detected by comparing the object's color with its corresponding background's color. In our experiments, we confirmed that this method effectively extracts silhouettes and reconstructs 3D shapes.
Ultraviolet-excited fluorescence in optical fibers and performs (1981)

Germanium-doped optical fibers and preforms are found to fluoresce at a wavelength near 420 nm when excited by UV radiation at a wavelength below 350 nm. The UV absorption spectrum of a preform sample was measured and found to exhibit a strong and relatively broad peak in the vicinity of 240 nm. Experimental results of the application of this effect to the refractive-index profiling of multimode optical fiber preforms is presented. In this application the preform is excited transversely to its axis by a He-Cd laser emitting at a wavelength of 325 nm. The resulting fluorescent radiation is detected by a video camera to give the concentration profile directly. The effects of boron and phosphorous dopants on the profile are also shown.
The p57Kip2 cyclin kinase inhibitor is expressed by a restricted set of amacrine cells in the rodent retina (2000)

Amacrine cells in the vertebrate retina can be grouped according to morphology into distinct types, which are organized into characteristic mosaics. Each type is believed to perform a unique role in visual signal processing. Neurotransmitters and calcium binding proteins have served as important markers for amacrine cell populations, yet many types remain to be characterized at the molecular level. We have found that a cyclin kinase inhibitor, p57Kip2, is expressed in a restricted group of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the rodent retina. Whole-mount antibody staining revealed that the p57Kip2 amacrine cells are evenly distributed across the retina with a density of 1654 +/- 63 cells/mm(2) in the INL and 994 +/- 26 cells/mm(2) in the GCL. These amacrine cells accumulate the major inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) but do not accumulate high levels of glycine. In addition, p57Kip2 immunoreactivity does not colocalize with any of the previously identified amacrine cell markers including calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, choline acetyltransferase, and tyrosine hydroxylase. To determine whether the p57Kip2 population of amacrine cells is organized into a regular or a random mosaic, nearest neighbor analysis was performed for both the INL and GCL populations. Results from this analysis demonstrated that the p57Kip2-immunoreactive amacrine cells are randomly organized and therefore they are likely to constitute two or more distinct populations. This new molecular marker will serve as a useful tool for future studies on the development and function of amacrine cells in the vertebrate retina.
Current Status of Fecal Occult Blood Testing in Screening for Colorectal Cancer (1982)

patients"men and women aged 40 and older"there are subgroups in the popu lation at increased risk for colorectat can cer (Table These include patients with: prior cured colorectal cancer prior adenomas ulcerative colitis, lasting more than seven years, involving the entire colon history of female genital cancer family history of one of the polyposis syndromes or one of the nonpolyposis, inherited colon cancer syndromes.2 Although much work needs to be done to further clarify these high-risk subgroups, especially those with familial factors, a much clearer picture exists today of those who are at increased risk for colorectal cancer compared with the average-risk population. Technological advances have also occurred recently: new methods for fecal occult blood testing, flexible sig moidoscopy, colonoscopy, and refinement of the double-contrast barium enema.
Visualizing water molecule distribution by atomic force microscopy (2010)

Hydration structures at biomolecular surfaces are essential for understanding the mechanisms of the various biofunctions and stability of biomolecules. Here, we demonstrate the measurement of local hydration structures using an atomic force microscopy system equipped with a low-noise deflection sensor. We applied this method to the analysis of the muscovite mica/water interface and succeeded in visualizing a hydration structure that is site-specific on a crystal. Furthermore, at the biomolecule/buffer solution interface, we found surface hydration layers that are more packed than those at the muscovite mica/water interface.
Spinal 5-HT3 receptor-mediated antinociception: possible release of GABA (1991)

Although 5-HT is clearly involved in spinal analgesia, its mode of action remains obscure, perhaps because it has multiple and often opposing effects mediated by its multiple receptor subtypes. This investigation uses selective agonists and antagonists directed at the most recently defined class of 5-HT receptors (5-HT3 receptors) in behavioral and electrophysiological studies of nociception in the spinal cord of rodents. The results demonstrate uniformly inhibitory effects of a selective 5-HT3 agonist on responses to noxious stimuli. Intrathecally administered 2-methyl 5-HT produced dose-dependent antinociception in the tail-flick test and inhibited behaviors elicited by intrathecally administered agonists for excitatory amino acid and neurokinin receptors, namely NMDA and substance P (SP). All 20 dorsal horn neurons we examined, which projected to the brain and responded to both noxious stimuli and NMDA, were inhibited in a current-related manner by this 5-HT3 agonist applied iontophoretically. Both the behavioral and electrophysiological effects were blocked not only by the 5-HT3 antagonists zacopride and ICS 205-930, but also by antagonists to the inhibitory amino acid GABA. Therefore, 5-HT via an action at 5-HT3 receptors may evoked release of GABA, which may in turn inhibit nociceptive transmission at a site postsynaptic to terminals of primary afferent fibers. If the descending serotonergic analgesic system in humans operates similarly, understanding it may enable the development of new nonopioid, nonaddictive analgesics.
Optical Image Subtraction Techniques, 1975 - 1985 (1986)

Real- and nonreal-time optical image subtraction (OIS) techniques are reviewed. Real-time OIS techniques include source encoding, polarization modulation, pseudocolor image difference detection, the holographic shear lens technique, and nonlinear optics. Included in the nonreal-time category are speckle diffuser encoding, speckle-pattern encoding, halftone screen encoding, and polarization-shifted encoding. It is concluded that the most useful techniques are the real-time operations. It is noted that some nonreal-time optical techniques can be applied directly while others may be converted into real-time ones through the use of advance real-time spatial light modulators or electrooptic devices.
APPROPRIATE METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION POLICY SCIENCE: SOME PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS (1980)

This article inquires into the appropriateness of scientific methods now used by a social science of communication for use by an emerging communication policy science. Toward this end, changes in the communication field leading to a policy science are considered, and some of the problems and possibilities in methods of inquiry are outlined. Questions of communication sciences and methods are then set in a multicultural historical perspective. The article concludes with suggestions on how uniquely appropriate methods might be developed for communication policy science.
A history of the invention of the transistor and where it will lead us (1997)

Fifty years ago, in November 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain discovered the transistor on the fourth floor of Building 1 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, NJ. Fifty years later, the authors are still working with silicon but it is a very different silicon effort. Currently with the silicon optical bench they are trying to integrate optical components the way transistors have been over the last 50 years. So, silicon technology is still progressing. When considering the invention of the transistor, the authors note that the work of Bardeen and Brattain was really a discovery not an invention. At the time they discovered transistor action, they were investigating the nature of surface states and ways to reduce their presence. It was only later that things really became clear as to what was going on. Fifty years later that discovery is celebrated, and the authors present a brief history of the major events and the key people involved.
Current use of anti-HIV drugs in AIDS (1993)

Since 1987 major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of infection and the possible inhibition of the HIV virus. Various drugs targeted to the different steps of viral replication have been selected, but drugs such as soluble CD4 or dextran derivatives aimed to inhibit or interfere with the GP120-CD4 attachment step have shown little or no clinical benefit. Protease inhibitors or interferons acting at the post-transcriptional level are currently under phase I to II investigation. The only group of compounds clinically active belong to the nucleosides analogues that act as DNA chain terminators and by inhibiting viral reverse transcriptase. Zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI) and dideoxycytidine (ddC) have been extensively studied, and used on a large clinical scale. Stavudine (D4T), deoxyfluorothymidine (FLT) and 3'thiacytidine (3TC) are entering phase I-II studies. Being the first nucleoside analogue discovered and used since early 1985, zidovudine remains the gold standard of anti-HIV therapy. Zidovudine is indicated at a dosage varying between 500 and 1000 mg in patients with AIDS and ARC, in asymptomatic patients with CD4 < 200/mm3 and in asymptomatic patients with CD4 between 200 and 500 cells/mm3 with a rapid decrease of CD4 cell count or a positive P24 circulating antigen. There is as yet no consensus concerning patients with more than 500 cell/mm3. ddI and ddC are currently indicated for patients intolerant to AZT or in those who have not responded (clinically or biologically) to AZT. Emergence of resistance to AZT has been reported in 30 to 80% of patients at various stages of the disease and after six to nine months of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Highly efficient excitation of optical near-field on an apertured fiber probe with an asymmetric structure (1997)

We propose and demonstrate a novel method to enhance the near-field optical intensity on the apertured probe with its foot removed asymmetrically by using a focused ion beam. The spatial distribution of the near-field optical intensity on the asymmetric probe was observed by scanning another sharpened symmetric probe over the aperture. The observed spatial distribution profile was in good agreement with a numerical result corresponding to the HE11 mode. Furthermore, compared with the symmetric apertured probe, a 10 times enhancement of the near-field optical intensity on the asymmetric apertured probe was observed.
The triple helix: 50 years later, the outcome (2008)

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides constitute an interesting DNA sequence-specific tool that can be used to target cleaving or cross-linking agents, transcription factors or nucleases to a chosen site on the DNA. They are not only used as biotechnological tools but also to induce modifications on DNA with the aim to control gene expression, such as by site-directed mutagenesis or DNA recombination. Here, we report the state of art of the triplex-based anti-gene strategy 50 years after the discovery of such a structure, and we show the importance of the actual applications and the main challenges that we still have ahead of us.
An experimental infection model to induce digital dermatitis infection in cattle (2012)

Bovine digital dermatitis (DD), also known as papillomatous digital dermatitis (foot warts), has been recognized as a major cause of lameness in cattle, with important economic and welfare consequences. The evaluation of therapeutic and preventive interventions aiming to control DD infections in dairy cattle is often challenged by the complex multifactorial etiology of the disease. An experimental infection model to induce acute DD lesions in a controlled environment is proposed. The goal was to provide a standard way of reproducing DD infections independent of external factors that could confound the natural course of the disease, such as management practices or infection pressure, resulting in transmission of DD between animals. A group of 4 yearling Holstein heifers free of any clinical evidence of hoof disease was recruited from a commercial dairy farm and housed in an experimental facility in 1 pen with slatted flooring. The hind feet were wrapped to mimic conditions of prolonged moisture (maceration) and reduced access to air (closure) and inoculated at the heel and dewclaw areas with a homogenate of a naturally occurring DD lesion skin biopsy or a culture broth of Treponema spp. After a period of 12 to 25 d, 4 of 6 and 1 of 4 dewclaw areas inoculated with biopsied DD lesion or a Treponema spp. culture, respectively, had gross lesions compatible with DD. Histopathology confirmed the gross diagnosis in the sites inoculated with tissue homogenate. In the site inoculated with Treponema spp. culture broth, histopathology revealed an incipient DD lesion. Treponema spp. were detected by PCR in both naturally occurring DD homogenate and Treponema spp. culture broth inoculation sites. An experimental infection model to induce acute DD in cattle was developed, which may be used to evaluate interventions to control DD and study the pathogenesis of this infectious hoof disease in a controlled manner.
Plasma homocysteine levels and risk of Alzheimer disease (2004)

High homocysteine levels were not associated with AD and were not related to a decrease in memory scores over time.