gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Designing E-Commerce User Interfaces (2011)

E-commerce is growing rapidly. In the United States (US) from 2002 to 2007 online sales increased at a rate of over 23% each year (US Census Bureau, 2009) and annual e-commerce sales are now about $204 billion (Nielsen, 2008b). The percentage of US retail sales that are made online also increased from 2.8% to 3.2% (US Census Bureau, 2009). By 2012, US e-commerce annual sales are expected to be $229 billion (Poggi, 2009). Worldwide, 85% of people with Internet connections have made an online purchase, representing a 40% increase in the past two years (Nielsen, 2008a). More than half of Internet users now purchase from an e-commerce site at least once a month (Nielsen, 2008a). In 2012, almost $1 trillion may be spent annually worldwide on e-commerce purchases (BuddeComm, 2008). By providing quick, convenient access to products, product information, and prices, the Web is turning products into commodities. The ease of use of e-commerce sites is a way to increase customer satisfaction, differentiate a site, increase market share, and enhance a brand (Manning, McCarthy, & Souza, 1998; Tsai, 2009a). Seventy-nine percent of users named easy navigation as the most important characteristic of an e-commerce site (Lake, 2000). Poor navigation and a long and confusing checkout process were some of the reasons people gave for abandoning their shopping carts (Global Millenia Marketing, 2002). When an e-commerce site is easy to use, sales can increase. For example, after improving usability, a major retailer got a US$3,000,000 improvement in annual revenue (Spool, 2009), IBM got a 400% increase in sales on IBM.com (Battey, 1999; Tedeschi, 1999), and Digital Equipment Corporation reported an 80% increase in revenue (Wixon & Jones, 1992). By making the products easier to access, removing unnecessary graphics, and making product information easier to scan, Liz Claiborne’s Elisabeth.com tripled the rate at which lookers became buyers (Tedeschi, 2002a). Competing sites are only a click away. An e-commerce site that is easy to use can build consumer loyalty (Najjar, 1999). Loyalty is essential. Two of every three online sales are made by consumers who knew where they wanted to make their purchases (ActivMedia Research, 2000). Sixty percent of users mostly buy from the same e-commerce site (Nielsen, 2008a). For example, on Zappos.com, 75% of purchases are from returning customers (Wroblewski, 2009). Once users start buying online, they increase the amount of their purchases each year (ePaynews, 2003a, 2003b; Hansell, 2002).
Connectionless service for public ATM networks (1994)

The interconnection of connectionless LANs and MANs over a connection-oriented B-ISDN presents a dilemma with regard to efficient interoperability. In order to provide solutions to this dilemma, there have been many techniques proposed. We describe and evaluate the architectural and conceptual alternatives available for the implementation of a connectionless service for public ATM networks. We also suggest a scheme through which best-effort connectionless service may be provided in public ATM networks using connectionless servers and hop-by-hop flow control. There is as yet no consensus on issues such as bandwidth management, address resolution, connectionless server forwarding modes, or connectionless server topology, and therefore much of the area remains open for research. These research issues must be addressed, however, in order to realize the interoperability, and thereby the acceptance, of ATM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>IFRS FOR SMEs</i>: THE IASB'S DUE PROCESS (2013)

This study explores the role of the International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) due process in developing its International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium‐sized Entities (IFRS or SMEs) standard. There were tensions between the IASB's desire to minimise divergence from full IFRS and preserve recognition and measurement principles, and the primary reasons for undertaking the project – to meet the needs of users of financial statements of SMEs and to reduce the financial reporting burden on SMEs. Examination of events during the development of the project reveals much that was not apparent from material in the public domain. Most significantly, the IASB recognised that the final title of the standard, IFRS for SMEs, does not necessarily describe the scope of the standard. This paper also shows that the due process followed in the case of the IFRS for SMEs project barely reflected the ‘will of people’ but was more inclined towards acting as a communicative function for the IASB without any commitment to change its stance on the SME standard.
Generalized concept of load adaptive fixed timing control for zero-voltage-transition inverters (2002)

In zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) inverters, the variable timing control scheme is a conventional approach used to realize soft-switching operation with reduced circulating energy in the auxiliary circuit. However, it requires complicated control implementation for the gate signals of the auxiliary switches. Besides, high resolution load current sensing is mandatory. A new concept of load adaptive fixed timing soft-switching control is generalized in this paper. By applying the concept to typical ZVT inverters, a simple soft-switching control scheme is derived for each inverter without need of any load current information.
A Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method for Screening Disulfide Tethering Fragments (2017)

We report the refinement of a high-throughput, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based screening method for the identification of covalent small-molecule binders to proteins. Using a custom library of 1600 disulfide-capped fragments targeting surface cysteine residues, we optimize sample preparation, chromatography, and ionization conditions to maximize the reliability and flexibility of the approach. Data collection at a rate of 84 s per sample balances speed with reliability for sustained screening over multiple, diverse projects run over a 24-month period. The method is applicable to protein targets of various classes and a range of molecular masses. Data are processed in a custom pipeline that calculates a percent bound value for each compound and identifies false positives by calculating significance of detected masses (signal significance). An example pipeline is available through Biovia's ScienceCloud Protocol Exchange. Data collection and analysis methods for the screening of covalent adducts of intact proteins are now fast enough to screen the largest covalent compound libraries in 1 to 2 days.
Differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatins in processed products via sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques (2012)

Gelatin is widely used in food and pharmaceutical products. However, the addition of gelatin especially in food products becomes a controversial issue among Muslims due to its animal origin. Thus, the present study was aimed to detect and differentiate the origin of gelatin added in processed foods using a combination method of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Porcine gelatin had exhibited 11 prominent polypeptides compared to bovine gelatin with 2 prominent polypeptides. Polypeptides of both gelatin sources at molecular weight ranged from 53 to 220 kDa can be used to differentiate between porcine and bovine gelatins using PCA. The efficiency in extracting gelatin from processed foods by different solutions was also evaluated. Extraction of gelatin in processed foods by cold acetone and deionised water had exhibited a similar polypeptide patterns, suggesting both solutions are suitable. The study indicated that approach of a simple gelatin extraction combined with SDS-PAGE and PCA, may provide robust information for gelatin species differentiation of processed foods.
Catalytic hydrogenation and asphaltene conversion of athabasca bitumen (1983)

Abstract Bitumen from the Athabasca Oil Sand deposits was hydrogenated using three MoO 3 ‐CoO catalysts having markedly different median pore diameters. The results were interpreted in terms of the reaction rates being controlled by the rate of pore diffusion of asphaltene micelles. Catalysts with larger pore diameters produced higher conversions per unit surface area. However, the accessible catalyst surface area per unit volume of reactor decreased as the catalyst pore diameter increased. The decreasing surface area was responsible for the general decrease in conversion with increasing pore diameter. Higher conversions are obtained with higher surface area catalysts having smaller pores, even though pore diffusion controls the rate of reaction.
Computer Aided Fraud Prevention and Detection: A Step by Step Guide (2009)

Praise for Computer-Aided Fraud Prevention and Detection: A Step-by-Step GuideA wonderful desktop reference for anyone trying to move from traditional auditing to integrated auditing. The numerous case studies make it easy to understand and provide a how-to for those?seeking to implement automated tools including continuous assurance. Whether you are just starting down the path or well on your way, it is a valuable resource. -Kate M. Head, CPA, CFE, CISA Associate Director, Audit and Compliance University of South FloridaI have been fortunate enough to learn from Dave's work over the last fifteen years, and this publication is no exception. Using his twenty-plus years of experience, Dave walks through every aspect of detecting fraud with a computer from the genesis of the act to the mining of data for its traces and its ultimate detection. A complete text that first explains how one prevents and detects fraud regardless of technology and then shows how by automating such procedures, the examiners' powers become superhuman. -Richard B. Lanza, President, Cash Recovery Partners, LLCComputer-Aided Fraud Prevention and Detection: A Step-by-Step Guide helps management and auditors answer T. S. Eliot's timeless question, 'Where is the knowledge lost in information?' Data analysis provides a means to mine the knowledge hidden in our information. Dave Coderre has long been a leader in educating auditors and others about Computer Assisted Audit Techniques. The book combines practical approaches with unique data analysis case examples that compel the readers to try the techniques themselves. -Courtenay Thompson Jr. Consultant, Courtenay Thompson & Associates
Where algebra meets signal processing: Generating SW/HW implementations of algorithms (2009)

I introduce SPIRAL (www.spiral.net), a generator of libraries of linear signal processing algorithms like linear transforms, including the discrete Fourier transform, the discrete cosine transform, filters, or wavelets, as well as applications lke JPEG2000, Viterbi decoding, and SAR image formation algorithms. SPIRAL is a new breed of intelligent compilers that couples domain knowledge, computer architecture modeling, machine learning methodologies, and compiler technology to generate automatically highly tuned SW codes and very efficient HW IP cores. SPIRAL produces automatically C code with embedded vector and parallel instructions for multicore or multiprocessor architectures, or netlists for FPGA implementations. SPIRAL can optimize for or trade among a range of criteria including runtime, power/energy, accuracy, or area. SPIRAL has been benchmarked against expert hand tuned implementations and has been licensed as a tool by INTEL.
Glycosidic bond specificity of glucansucrases: on the role of acceptor substrate binding residues (2012)

Many lactic acid bacteria produce extracellular α-glucan polysaccharides using a glucansucrase and sucrose as glucose donor. The structure and the physicochemical properties of the α-glucans produced are determined by the nature of the glucansucrase. Typically, the α-glucans contain two types of α-glycosidic linkages, for example, (α1-2), (α1-3), (α1-4) or (α1-6), which may be randomly or regularly distributed. Usually, the α-glucan chains are also branched, which gives rise to an additional level of complexity. Even though the first crystal structure was reported in 2010, our current understanding of the structure–function relationships of glucansucrases is not advanced enough to predict the α-glucan specificity from the sequence alone. Nevertheless, based on sequence alignments and site-directed mutagenesis, a few amino acid residues have been identified as being important for the glycosidic bond specificity of glucansucrases. A new development in GH70 research was the identification of a cluster of α-glucan disproportionating enzymes. Here, we discuss the current insights into the structure–function relationships of GH70 enzymes in the light of the recently determined crystal structure of glucansucrases.
Processing the plastics from urban refuse (1972)

In conjunction with its research program on the separation, recovery, and recycling of metal, mineral, and energy-based materials in urban refuse, the Bureau of Mines is developing means to reuse and recycle plastics discarded in raw municipal waste. Experimental work on plastic waste from a community collection has produced some guidelines for systematic methods of processing, including air classification, cleaning, separation, and use or disposal. Sink-float methods are a practical means of separation into types. Methods for final disposition of the plastic waste include refabrication, thermal decomposition, and incineration.
Planning as satisfiability (1992)

We develop a formal model of planning based on satisfiability rather than deduction. The satisfiability approach not only provides a more flexible framework for stating different kinds of constraints on plans, but also more accurately reflects the theory behind modern constraint-based planning systems. Finally, we consider the computational characteristics of the resulting formulas, by solving them with two very different satisfiability testing procedures. 1 Introduction Planning has traditionally been formalized as deduction [Green, 1969; McCarthy and Hayes, 1986; Rosenschein, 1981; Pednault, 1988; Allen, 1991]. Although the details of the different formalisms vary, all use axioms which state that the effects of an action are implied by the occurrence of the action when its preconditions hold. Planning is then formalized as the process of finding a deductive proof of a statement that asserts that the initial conditions together with a sequence of actions imply the goal conditions. Th...
An APL interface to the open systems interconnection for large scale application systems (1984)

Large scale applications require the integration of logical and physical resources (i.e. systems) to be mainly operated by non programmers. In many cases this integration is obtained by gathering in a computer network the different systems which are part of the application itself. The Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) provides a common basis for the coordination of standards developments for the systems interconnection. APL can be profitably used as end-user interface language to access the services provided by a distributed application implemented following the OSI Reference Model.
Safety evaluation of large external fixation clamps and frames in a magnetic resonance environment (2006)

Large orthopedic external fixation clamps and related components were evaluated for force, torque, and heating response when subjected to the strong electromagnetic fields of magnetic-resonance (MR) imaging devices. Forces induced by a 3-Tesla (T) MR scanner were compiled for newly designed nonmagnetic clamps and older clamps that contained ferromagnetic components. Heating trials were performed in a 1.5 and in a 3 T MR scanner with two assembled external fixation frames. Forces of the newly designed clamps were more than a factor 2 lower as the gravitational force on the device whereas, magnetic forces on the older devices showed over 10 times the force induced by earth acceleration of gravity. No torque effects could be found for the newly designed clamps. Temperature measurements at the tips of Schanz screws in the 1.5 T MR scanner showed a rise of 0.7 degrees C for a pelvic frame and of 2.1 degrees C for a diamond knee bridge frame when normalized to a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2 W/kg. The normalized temperature increases in the 3 T MR scanner were 0.9 degrees C for the pelvic frame and 1.1 degrees C for the knee bridge frame. Large external fixation frames assembled with the newly designed clamps (390 Series Clamps), carbon fiber reinforced rods, and implant quality 316L stainless steel Schanz screws met prevailing force and torque limits when tested in a 3-T field, and demonstrated temperature increase that met IEC-60601 guidelines for extremities. The influence of frame-induced eddy currents on the risk of peripheral nerve stimulation was not investigated.
Silicone tube and gutter in advanced glaucoma. (1985)

We performed a new drainage operation in 20 cases of advanced glaucoma. A silicone tube was inserted into the anterior chamber and its outer end buried under an encircling gutter. After a mean follow up of 10 months, in 13 cases (65 per cent) the eye was comfortable, the intraocular pressure less than 25 mm Hg, and the tube was in a satisfactory anatomical position. The authors recommend this procedure rather than destructive operations in eyes with advanced uncontrolled glaucoma.
"Streptomyces avermitilis" mutants defective in methylation of avermectins (1987)

"Streptomyces avermitilis" mutants defective in the methylation of the avermectins have been isolated and characterized. Four mutant strains, CR-1, CR-2, CR-3, and CR-4, were unable to methylate the oxygen at C5 of the macrolide moiety and produced essentially only the avermectin B components. These four strains lack avermectin B2 O-methyltransferase (B2OMT) activity. Two mutant strains were unable to methylate the oleandrose moiety at the oxygens at C3' and C3'' and produced essentially only demethylavermectin components. One of these mutants, strain CR-5 (derived from wild-type "S. avermitilis"), produced demethylavermectin A and B components and possessed normal B2OMT levels. The other mutant, strain CR-6 (derived from strain CR-1, which lacks B2OMT activity), produced only demethylavermectin B components. Reaction of 3"-O-demethylavermectin B2a and S-adenosylmethionine with either cell extracts or purified B2OMT resulted in the methylation of the oxygen at C5 of the macrolide moiety and yielded only 3''-O-demethylavermectin A2a as the product. These experiments indicate that different enzymes are required for methylation of the macrolide (the oxygen at C5) and the oleandrose (oxygen at C3) and that methylation of the oleandrose occurs before attachment to the macrolide ring.
Majorana fermions in ferromagnetic chains on the surface of bulk spin-orbit coupled s-wave superconductors (2015)

Majorana fermion (MF) excitations in solid state system have non-Abelian statistics which is essential for topological quantum computation. Previous proposals to realize MF, however, generally requires fine-tuning of parameters. Here we explore a platform which avoids the fine-tuning problem, namely a ferromagnetic chain deposited on the surface of a spin-orbit coupled s-wave superconductor. We show that it generically supports zero-energy topological MF excitations near the two ends of the chain with minimal fine-tuning. Depending on the strength of the ferromagnetic moment in the chain, the number of MFs at each end, n, can be either one or two, and should be revealed by a robust zero-bias peak (ZBP) of height 2 ne(2)/h in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements which would show strong (weak) signals at the ends (middle) of the chain. The role of an approximate chiral symmetry which gives an integer topological invariant to the system is discussed.
A Point Mutation Leading to Hepatitis C Virus Escape from Neutralization by a Monoclonal Antibody to a Conserved Conformational Epitope (2008)

A challenge in hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine development is defining conserved protective epitopes. A cluster of these epitopes comprises an immunodominant domain on the E2 glycoprotein, designated domain B. CBH-2 is a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody to a domain B epitope that is highly conserved. Alanine scanning demonstrated that the epitope involves residues G523, G530, and D535 that are also contact residues for E2 binding to CD81, a coreceptor required for virus entry into cells. However, another residue, located at position 431 and thus at a considerable distance in the linear sequence of E2, also contributes to the CBH-2 epitope. A single amino acid substitution at this residue results in escape from CBH-2-mediated neutralization in a genotype 1a virus. These results highlight the challenges inherent in developing HCV vaccines and show that an effective vaccine must induce antibodies to both conserved and more invariant epitopes to minimize virus escape.
Preprogramming Complex Hydrogel Responses using Enzymatic Reaction Networks (2017)

The creation of adaptive matter is heavily inspired by biological systems. However, it remains challenging to design complex material responses that are governed by reaction networks, which lie at the heart of cellular complexity. The main reason for this slow progress is the lack of a general strategy to integrate reaction networks with materials. Herein we use a systematic approach to preprogram the response of a hydrogel to a trigger, in this case the enzyme trypsin, which activates a reaction network embedded within the hydrogel. A full characterization of all the kinetic rate constants in the system enabled the construction of a computational model, which predicted different hydrogel responses depending on the input concentration of the trigger. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with experimental findings. Our methodology can be used to design new, adaptive materials of which the properties are governed by reaction networks of arbitrary complexity.
Splitting CO2 into CO and O2 by a single catalyst (2021)

The metal complex [(tpy)(Mebim-py)RuII(S)]2+ (tpy = 2,2′ : 6′,2′′-terpyridine; Mebim-py = 3-methyl-1-pyridylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene; S = solvent) is a robust, reactive electrocatalyst toward both water oxidation to oxygen and carbon dioxide reduction to carbon monoxide. Here we describe its use as a single electrocatalyst for CO2 splitting, CO2 → CO + 1/2 O2, in a two-compartment electrochemical cell.