gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In‐vivo and in‐vitro digestibility of starch in autoclaved pea and potato products (1992)

Abstract The digestibility of starch in homogenized/autoclaved pea plus potato products was studied in vitro and in vivo . The products were a canned infant purée based on peas and potatoes and products prepared in the laboratory by repeated autoclaving and cooling of either homogenized potatoes or homogenized peas. Small‐intestinal digestibility was evaluated through balance experiments in rats treated with an antibiotic (Nebacitin) to supress microbial activity in the hind gut. Parallel experiments in normal rats were performed to study the fermentability of undigested starch. The small‐intestinal digestibility was 93, 82 and 70% of tolal starch in the potato product, infant purée and pea product, respectively. Consequently, significant amounts of starch left the small intestine undigested, particularly with pea‐based products. The major portion of the undigested starch consisted of a fraction which resisted amylases in vitro unless solubilized in alkali, ie retrograded amylose. The fermentability of starch reaching the hind gut was high, about 90%. In‐vitro digestibility figures varied depending on the method used and were in the ranges 91–93, 76–86 and 71–77% in the potato product, infant purée and pea product, respectively. One of the methods allowed simultaneous and accurate determination of the in‐vivo resistant retrograded amylose fraction.
Extreme Structural Heterogeneity Among the Members of a Maize Retrotransposon Family (1998)

A few families of retrotransposons characterized by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs) have amplified relatively recently in maize and account for >50% of the genome. Surprisingly, none of these elements have been shown to cause a single mutation. In contrast, most of the retrotransposon-induced mutations isolated in maize are caused by the insertion of elements that are present in the genome at 2-50 copies. To begin to understand what limits the amplification of this mutagenic class of LTR-retrotransposons, we are focusing on five elements previously identified among 17 mutations of the maize waxy gene. One of these elements, Stonor, has sustained a deletion of the entire gag region and part of the protease domain. Missing sequences were recovered from larger members of the Stonor family and indicate that the deletion probably occurred during retrotransposition. These large elements have an exceptionally long leader of 2 kb that includes a highly variable region of approximately 1 kb that has not been seen in previously characterized retrotransposons. This region serves to distinguish each member of the Stonor family and indicates that no single element has yet evolved that can attain the very high copy numbers characteristic of other element families in maize.
Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiling of the Steady-State Response of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> to Hydrogen Peroxide (2005)

The steady-state response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the oxidative-stress-generating agent hydrogen peroxide was analyzed by PAO1 transcriptome profiling. In total, 694, 411, and 237 genes were upregulated and 668, 576, and 468 genes were downregulated in P. aeruginosa strains TB, 892, and PAO1, respectively. The expression profiles of the two variants of the TB clone were significantly more related to each other than the expression profile of either strain was to that of PAO1. Exposure to H(2)O(2) activated by more than 10-fold the expression of the cyoABCD operon, which is key for aerobic respiration, and of oxidative-stress response elements such as the catalase KatB, the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase AhpF, and the thioredoxin reductase 2 operon. Genes for iron and sulfur homeostasis were upregulated. Most enzymes necessary for the conversion of amino acids into the citric acid cycle were globally downregulated at the transcriptional level. Nitrate respiration and arginine fermentation were shut off in the clone TB strains and attenuated in the PAO strain. The transcriptional profiles indicate that the two clone TB strains are more proficient in coping with H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidative stress than the reference strain PAO. According to this data, we recommend study of the transcriptome of strain PAO1 in parallel with those of at least two strains of another clone in order to differentiate common responses from clone- and strain-specific responses and to minimize overinterpretations of microarray data.
Cloud-based smart metering system (2013)

Nowadays a number of large enterprises leading in energy service are working on developments targeting the so-called e-energy topic area. E-energy establishes the energy marketplace of the future using cutting-edge information and communication technology and allows consumers to become active participants in the market by controlling their consumption. The increasing popularity of cloud computing has begun the development of cloud technology based energy management applications. This paper demonstrates the potential of smart meters and cloud-based technology to propagate the e-energy services.
Regulation of T-Type Calcium Channels in the Peripheral Pain Pathway (2007)

Recent evidence strongly suggests that both central and peripheral T-type Ca(2+) channels enhance somatic and visceral nociceptive inputs, as well as that regulation of T-type Ca(2+) channel function can result in significant changes of pain threshold in a variety of animal models. Therefore, T-type Ca(2+) channels in peripheral and central pain pathways, although previously unrecognized, may have great importance as targets for developing new therapies against pain. This is particularly critical in cases in which currently available treatments are limited due to serious side effects or are not consistently effective (e.g., chronic neuropathic pain). In this review, we summarize recent studies of the regulation of T-type channels in peripheral sensory neurons by means of redox agents and neuroactive steroids, as well as studies of the function of these channels in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain.
Induction of thermogenic adipocytes: molecular targets and thermogenic small molecules (2017)

Adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ that controls energy homeostasis of the whole body. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess energy in the form of triglycerides, whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy in the form of heat through mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). A newly identified adipose tissue called 'beige fat' (BAT-like) is produced through a process called WAT browning. This tissue mainly resides in WAT depots and displays intermediate characteristics of both WAT and BAT. Since the recent discovery of BAT in the human body, along with the identification of molecular targets for BAT activation, stimulating energy expenditure has been considered as a great strategy to treat human obesity and metabolic diseases. Here we summarize recent findings regarding molecular targets and thermogenic small molecules that can stimulate BAT and increase energy expenditure, with an emphasis on possible therapeutic applications in humans.
GMM-based Classifiers for the Automatic Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2013)

The aim of automatic pathological voice detection systems is to serve as tools, to medical specialists, for a more objective, less invasive and improved diagnosis of diseases. In this respect, the gold standard for those system include the usage of a optimized representation of the spectral envelope, either based on cepstral coefﬁcients from the mel-scaled Fourier spectral envelope (Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefﬁcients) or from an all-pole estimation (Linear Prediction Coding Cepstral Coefﬁcients) forcharacterization, and Gaussian Mixture Models for posterior classiﬁcation. However, the study of recently proposed GMM-based classiﬁers as well as Nuisance mitigation techniques, such as those employed in speaker recognition, has not been widely considered inpathology detection labours. The present work aims at testing whether or not the employment of such speaker recognition tools might contribute to improve system performance in pathology detection systems, speciﬁcally in the automatic detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. The testing procedure employs an Obstructive Sleep Apnea database, in conjunction with GMM-based classiﬁers looking for a better performance. The results show that an improved performance might be obtained by using such approach.
Kinetics and mechanism of the alkali‐catalysed addition of formaldehyde to dihydroxydiphenyl methanes (1968)

Abstract The kinetics of the alkali‐catalysed addition of formaldehyde to dihydroxydiphenyl methanes (DPMs) has been studied by quantitative paper chromatography. The order of reactivity of the three DPMs is found to be o.p ′‐ > p.p ′‐ > o.o ′‐DPM. The low reactivity of o.o ′‐DPM is explained on the basis of formation of a chelate ring in its singly ionised form, resulting in the fixation of the negative charge on the O. Equimolecular quantities of p.p ′‐DPM and formaldehyde (concentrations 0.04 M ) react in presence of NaOH (0.006 M ) to give 3‐methylol‐4.4′‐DPM. Under similar conditions o.p ′‐DPM gave 3‐methylol‐2.4′‐DPM, 5‐methylol‐2.4′‐DPM and 3‐methylol‐2′.4‐DPM and o.o ′‐DPM gave 3‐methylol‐2.2′‐DPM and 5‐methylol‐2.2′‐DPM. The individual rate of formation of each of the products is determined. These rates are compared with those of other reactions in the phenol‐formaldehyde reaction, and their relative importance in the overall reaction is discussed.
Nanostructured Rutile TiO<sub>2</sub>for Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols to Aldehydes in Water (2008)

Selective photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols to aldehydes was performed in water in the presence of TiO2 rutile photocatalysts that exhibited a low degree of crystallinity. The nanostructured rutile samples, prepared ex TiCl4 at very low temperature, ensured a selectivity toward the aldehyde 3 to 4-fold higher than the commercial rutile tested (Sigma-Aldrich).
3D Surface-Related Multiple Elimination: Some Techniques (2006)

Summary Complex 3D multiples are a pervasive problem affecting data sets from a variety of geographic areas. 3D surfacerelated multiple elimination (SRME) is a powerful method capable of attenuating a large class of even the most complex 3D multiples. 3D-SRME dose not make any assumptions about the subsurface and is a data-driven procedure. Surface-related multiple attenuation consists of two steps. The first step is the prediction of the multiples from the data. The second step is the adaptive subtraction of the predicted multiples from the data containing the actual multiples. The multiples can be predicted using iteration-based formula. Data-driven SRME techniques are attractive solutions for predicting multiples in complex geologi c settings. They do not require any a priori knowledge of the subsurface. However, these methods require one shot location for each receiver position, and this is not the case for most 3D acquisition geometries, where in lies the main difficulty for thei r 3D implementation. One solution to this problem requires the use of existing data only, and then extrapolation of the available multiple contributions. A second solution requires interpolation of the input data, thus creating the missing streamers and sho t lines for the required convolutional process. Adaptive multiple subtractions are often posed as a least squares minimization problem that minimizes the energy difference between the original input traces and the modeled multiple traces. Adaptive subtraction can be done effectively by using a digital adaptive noise cancellation system. Another important technique for 3DSRME is beamforming which can be effectively applied even for low S/N data. Beamforming attenuates multiples without signal distortion very well at both near and far offsets. It has been shown that multiples can be effectively removed using the proposed 3D SRME techniques.
Quantitative imaging of complex structures from dense wide‐aperture seismic data by multiscale traveltime and waveform inversions: a case study (2004)

ABSTRACT An integrated multiscale seismic imaging flow is applied to dense onshore wide‐aperture seismic data recorded in a complex geological setting (thrust belt). An initial P‐wave velocity macromodel is first developed by first‐arrival traveltime tomography. This model is used as an initial guess for subsequent full‐waveform tomography, which leads to greatly improved spatial resolution of the P‐wave velocity model. However, the application of full‐waveform tomography to the high‐frequency part of the source bandwidth is difficult, due to the non‐linearity of this kind of method. Moreover, it is computationally expensive at high frequencies since a finite‐difference method is used to model the wave propagation. Hence, full‐waveform tomography was complemented by asymptotic prestack depth migration to process the full‐source bandwidth and develop a sharp image of the short wavelengths. The final traveltime tomography model and two smoothed versions of the final full‐waveform tomography model were used as a macromodel for the prestack depth migration. In this study, wide‐aperture multifold seismic data are used. After specific preprocessing of the data, 16 frequency components ranging from 5.4 Hz to 20 Hz were inverted in cascade by the full‐waveform tomography algorithm. The full‐waveform tomography successfully imaged SW‐dipping structures previously identified as high‐resistivity bodies. The relevance of the full‐waveform tomography models is demonstrated locally by comparison with a coincident vertical seismic profiling (VSP) log available on the profile. The prestack depth‐migrated images, inferred from the traveltime, and the smoothed full‐waveform tomography macromodels are shown to be, on the whole, consistent with the final full‐waveform tomography model. A more detailed analysis, based on common‐image gather computations, and local comparison with the VSP log revealed that the most accurate migrated sections are those obtained from the full‐waveform tomography macromodels. A resolution analysis suggests that the asymptotic prestack depth migration successfully migrated the wide‐aperture components of the data, allowing medium wavelengths in addition to the short wavelengths of the structure to be imaged. The processing flow that we applied to dense wide‐aperture seismic data is shown to provide a promising approach, complementary to more classical seismic reflection data processing, to quantitative imaging of complex geological structures.
Tropical Soda Apple (<i>Solanum viarum</i>): A New Weed Threat in Subtropical Regions (1993)

In 1990, a broadleaf weed growing on a cattle ranch in Hendry County in southwest Florida was identified as tropical soda apple ( Solanum viarum Dunal), a species native to Argentina and Brazil (5) (Figure 1). Tropical soda apple (TSA) was apparently collected in Florida from Glades County in 1988 (University of Florida Herbarium) but was observed on the Hendry County ranch as early as 1987. Having foliage unpalatable to livestock, this noxious weed can infest a pasture or rangeland within one to two years resulting in lower stocking rates (animals per hectare). However, livestock and wildlife (feral hogs, deer, raccoons) will eat the fruit and disseminate the seed via feces. Fruit production occurs throughout the year (primarily September through May) thus providing high numbers (40000 to 50 000 per plant) of viable seed (75% germination) for seed dispersal. Our objectives are to alert those concerned with weed control of the presence of TSA in subtropical regions of the U.S., to discuss the ecology and taxonomy of this weed, and to indicate areas for future research.
Concatenated Coding Algorithm Based on LT Codes with Small Message Length (2014)

A concatenated scheme combining short length Luby transform(LT)codes with traditional error correcting codes is proposed for the requirement of short erasure correcting codes in real-time communication.Considering the complexity and overhead of the scheme,Reed solomon-convolution coding(RS-CC)is used to construct equivalent erasure channels,and the short LT codes are concatenated to correct erasure errors.A decoding algorithm is proposed for the short LT codes,and the degree distribution selection method is presented for small message length.Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the existing codes,the reliability of the concatenated scheme is enhanced with less overhead.
Impact of Siderophore Production on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Infections in Immunosuppressed Mice (2000)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces siderophores, pyoverdin and pyochelin, for high-affinity iron uptake. To investigate their contribution to P. aeruginosa infections, we constructed allelic exchange mutants from strain PAO1 which were deficient in producing one or both of the siderophores. When inoculated into the calf muscles of immunosuppressed mice, pyochelin-deficient and pyoverdin-deficient mutants grew and killed the animals as efficiently as PAO1. In contrast, the pyochelin- and pyoverdin-deficient (double) mutant did not show lethal virulence, although it did infect the muscles. On the other hand, when inoculated intranasally, all mutants grew in the lungs and killed immunosuppressed mice. Compared with PAO1, however, the pyoverdin-deficient mutant and the double mutant grew poorly in the lungs, and the latter was significantly attenuated for virulence. Irrespective of the inoculation route, the pyoverdin-deficient and doubly deficient mutants detected in the blood were significantly less numerous than PAO1. Additionally, in vitro examination demonstrated that the growth of the double mutant was extremely reduced under a free-iron-restricted condition with apotransferrin but that the growth reduction was completely canceled by supplementation with hemoglobin as a heme source. These results suggest that both pyoverdin and pyochelin are required for efficient bacterial growth and full expression of virulence in P. aeruginosa infection, although pyoverdin may be comparatively more important for bacterial growth and dissemination. However, the siderophores were not always required for infection. It is possible that non-siderophore-mediated iron acquisition, such as via heme uptake, might also play an important role in P. aeruginosa infections.
Comparison of Biomass-Derived Turbine Fuels with the Composition-Explicit Distillation Curve Method (2011)

In recent years, civilian and military users of aviation kerosene have been interested in expanding the scope of fuel feed stocks to include nonpetroleum sources. The most well-known examples of such alternative sources of fuel are the Fischer−Tropsch fluids made from coal and natural gas. In addition to these feed stocks, there is great interest in biomass derived sources for aviation fuels. It is unlikely that a completely new, drop-in replacement fuel will be successful in the foreseeable future, but an intermediate goal is to extend or enhance present petroleum derived stocks. For this to be done on a rational basis, careful attention must be paid to fuel properties, one of the most important of which is the fluid volatility as expressed by the distillation curve. In this paper, we apply the composition explicit distillation curve method to examine three aviation fuels made from camelina (a genus within the flowering plant family Brassicaceae), from castor seed (Ricinus communis), and from plant isoprenoid feed stocks. We also use this method to compare the properties of these fluids with JP-8 and an earlier bio derived synthetic aviation kerosene made with reclaimed waste grease. We found that both the fuels derived from plant isoprenoids and from camelina vaporized at lower temperatures than did a typical JP-8 through the entire distillation curve. In contrast, the fuel derived from castor seed vaporized at higher temperatures than did the plant and camelina fuels, and also JP-8, through the entire curve. The distillation behavior of the plant isoprenoid fuel is most striking in that the distillation curve is rather more flat than the curve for a typical petroleum derived turbine fuel or for the alternatives we have examined. It is likely to be more suitable as a blending stock than a drop in replacement. More research will be needed to ensure that there would be no combustor operability issues as a result of the flat curve.
Mobile Phone Based Augmented Reality (2007)

Mobile phones are evolving into the ideal platform for Augmented Reality (AR). In this chapter we describe how augmented reality applications can be developed for mobile phones and the interaction metaphors that are ideally suited for this platform. Several sample applications are described which explore different interaction techniques. User study results show that moving the phone to interact with virtual content is an intuitive way to select and position virtual objects. A collaborative AR game is also presented with an evaluation study. Users preferred playing with the collaborative AR interface than with a non-AR interface and also found physical phone motion to be a very natural input method. This results discussed in this chapter should assist researchers in developing their own mobile phone based AR applications.
Bisphosphonate Inhibition of the Exopolyphosphatase Activity of the<i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>Soluble Vacuolar Pyrophosphatase (2005)

Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, contains a soluble, vacuolar pyrophosphatase, TbVSP1, not present in humans, which is essential for the growth of bloodstream forms in their mammalian host. Here, we report the inhibition of a recombinant TbVSP1 expressed in Escherichia coli by a panel of 81 bisphosphonates. The IC50 values were found to vary from approximately 2 to 850 microM. We then used 3D QSAR (comparative molecular field and comparative molecular similarity index; CoMFA and CoMSIA) methods to analyze the enzyme inhibition results. The R2 values for the experimental versus the QSAR-predicted activities were 0.78 or 0.61 for CoMFA and 0.79 or 0.68 for CoMSIA, for two different alignments. The root-mean-square (rms) pIC50 error for the best CoMFA model was 0.41 for five test sets of five activity predictions, which translates to a factor of approximately 2.6 error in IC50 prediction. For CoMSIA, the rms pIC50 error and error factors were 0.35 and 2.2, respectively. In general, the most active compounds contained both a single aromatic ring and a hydrogen bond donor feature. Thirteen of the more potent compounds were then tested in vivo in a mouse model of T. brucei infection. The most active compound in vivo provided a 40% protection from death with no apparent side effects, suggesting that further development of such compounds may be of interest.
Determination of the correlation between physical measurements of roughness, optical properties, and perception of frosted glass surfaces (2008)

Chemical frosting is used as a surface decorating method by many glass package producers. After immersion in an acid frosting bath, glass items present the desired frosted effect. The perception of this particular effect is due to the formation of a microscopic crystalline pattern on the glass surface, which scatters light passing through the glass surface. The chemical composition of the frosting bath influences these properties by modifying the surface roughness, the depth, and the average slopes of the crystalline pattern. Perception of the final aspect can be modified according to the chemical composition of the frosting bath. Different correlations between all these parameters exist and have been quantified.