gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amino Acids, Glucose Metabolism and Clinical Relevance for Phenylketonuria Management (2015)

It is general knowledge that glycaemia is affected by digested nutrients. Amino acids intake appears to be an important regulator in this regard. Many questions need to be answered, such as the real mediators of this response and the mechanisms underlying this metabolic behavior. Studies have been undertaken in order to investigate the role of amino acids on metabolic parameters. Their main fndings suggest that the ingestion of free amino acids have a pivotal role in avoiding glycaemia excursions, improving glucose tolerance. In parallel, several important molecules for glucose metabolism have been exploited. Insulin and glucagon-like peptide - 1 (GLP-1) release seem to be the main triggers of this response. This insulinogenic effect is attributed to some amino acids, particularly the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine). GLP-1 may exert its effects by activating its receptor in pancreas and enhancing insulin release by β-cells or through its extrapancreatic actions. The mechanisms that may justify the aforementioned effects remain to be answered, being the mTOR pathway activation a possible key. These metabolic effects may have a special interest within the nutritional management of Phenylketonuria (PKU), an inborn metabolic disease of phenylalanine (Phe) catabolism. Since a Phe restricted diet is the mainstay of PKU treatment, a chronic supplementation with a Phe-free amino acid mixture is used. Although scientifc evidence is scarce, it is hypothesized whether this chronic ingestion may modulate glycaemia.
Properties of the Upper Airway during Sleep (1993)

Research efforts to date have identified that both anatomic and physiologic variables may contribute to the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea. Whether specific factors within either of these two categories will be shown to predominate remains to be seen. Surely, experience with sleep apnea patients teaches us that different variables are important in different OSA patients. In the area of anatomy, investigators are just beginning to try surgical approaches designed specifically for the pharyngeal site of obstruction found in a given patient. Possible new physiologic and pharmacologic treatments are being explored. Hopefully, such treatments will be as effective and more convenient than continuous positive airway pressure.
An Integrated Framework for Privacy-Preserving Based Anomaly Detection for Cyber-Physical Systems (2019)

Protecting Cyber-physical Systems (CPSs) is highly important for preserving sensitive information and detecting cyber threats. Developing a robust privacy-preserving anomaly detection method requires physical and network data about the systems, such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), for protecting original data and recognising cyber-attacks. In this paper, a new privacy-preserving anomaly detection framework, so-called PPAD-CPS, is proposed for protecting confidential information and discovering malicious observations in power systems and their network traffic. The framework involves two main modules. First, a data pre-processing module is suggested for filtering and transforming original data into a new format that achieves the target of privacy preservation. Second, an anomaly detection module is suggested using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Kalman Filter (KF) for precisely estimating the posterior probabilities of legitimate and anomalous events. The performance of the PPAD-CPS framework is assessed using two public datasets, namely the Power System and UNSW-NB15 dataset. The experimental results show that the framework is more effective than four recent techniques for obtaining high privacy levels. Moreover, the framework outperforms seven peer anomaly detection techniques in terms of detection rate, false positive rate, and computational time.
Immune predispositions for cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS. The HNRC Group. (1995)

CMV retinitis develops in approximately 28-35% of all AIDS patients at later stages of disease, often leading to blindness. To determine whether the subset of AIDS patients who developed CMV retinitis (CMV-R) were immunologically predisposed, T cell proliferation responses to CMV were examined prospectively in an HIV infected, HLA typed, longitudinal study population. Individuals who developed CMV-R had significantly lower T cell proliferation responses to CMV, both early and late in disease, compared to CD4 matched controls who have not developed CMV-R. Since HLA proteins influence T-cell recognition, phenotypes of 21 CMV-R patients were examined to determine whether certain HLA alleles were associated with low immune response and predisposed AIDS patients to CMV-R. HLA DR7 and B44 were at increased (nearly twice the expected) frequency in those with CMV-R. The combined association of either B44, 51 or DR7 with CMV-R was highly significant (P = .008, relative risk of CMV-R = 15) with correction for multiple comparisons. Low immune responses were twice as frequent in those with (61%) compared to those without (30%) predisposing alleles. Thus, AIDS patients with immunogenetically related hyporesponsiveness to CMV antigens may be at increased risk of retinitis.
Genetic heterogeneity among patients with methylcobalamin deficiency. Definition of two complementation groups, cblE and cblG. (1988)

A number of patients with megaloblastic anemia and homocystinuria associated with low levels of methylcobalamin synthesis in cultured cells have been recognized. Methionine biosynthesis by intact cells, as determined by incorporation of label from 5-[14C]methyl-tetrahydrofolate into acid-precipitable material, was deficient in cultured skin fibroblasts that were derived from all of these patients. In one group of patients, activity of the methylcobalamin-dependent enzyme, methionine synthase, in cell extracts was within the normal range when the enzyme was assayed under standard conditions. In a second group of patients, methionine synthase activity was decreased under the same assay conditions. Genetic complementation analysis demonstrated the existence of two complementation classes that corresponded to these two groups of patients. The designation cblE has previously been proposed for normal methionine synthase activity. We propose the designation cblG for the mutation in those patients with methylcobalamin deficiency and decreased synthase activity. The results of these studies suggest that the products of at least two loci are required for cobalamin-dependent methionine biosynthesis in mammalian cells.
Design and structure of a novel Neurokinin A receptor antagonist cyclo(-Met<sup>1</sup>-Asp<sup>2</sup>-Trp<sup>3</sup>-Phe<sup>4</sup>-Dap<sup>5</sup>-Leu<sup>6</sup>-)cyclo(2β-5β) (1995)

We report here the rational design, synthesis and structural characterization in the solid state and in solution of the most potent and selective peptide-based Neurokinin A (NKA) antagonist, thus far described. We predicted the bioactive conformation of the known NKA antagonist cyclo(-Met1-Gln2-Trp3-Phe4-Gly5-Leu6-) by comparison with the known structures of other cyclohexapeptides. On this basis we designed a highly constrained peptide molecule corresponding to a bicyclic hexapeptide containing two rings of 14 atoms, namely cyclo(-Met1-Asp2-Trp3-Phe4-Dap5-Leu6-)cyclo(2β-5β). It was synthesized efficiently, using a combined solution and solid phase strategy. We fully characterized this molecule in the solid state by X-ray diffraction and we show that it adopts an almost identical conformation in acetonitrile solution by NMR spectroscopy. This structure fully confirms our hypothetical model. Its structure and conformational rigidity in solution explain the high potency and selectivity and the resistance to proteolytic degradation. Therefore the structural requirements for NKA antagonistic activity are clarified.
A simple algorithm to construct a consistent extension of a partially oriented graph (1992)

A Partially directed acyclic graph, (pdag), is a graph which contains both directed and undirected edges, with no directed cycle in its directed subgraph. An oriented extension of a pdag G is a fully directed acyclic graph (dag) on the same underlying set of edges, with the same orientation on the directed subgraph ofG and the same set of vee-structures. A vee-structure is formed by two edges, directed toward a common head, while their tails are nonadjacent. A simple polynomial-time algorithm is presented, to solve the following problem: Given a pdag, does it admit an oriented extension? The problem was stated by Verma and Pearl, while studying the existence of causal explanation to a given set of observed independencies.
Structure of oregonin, a natural diarylheptanoid xyloside (1974)

J. J. Karchesy, M. L. Laver, D. F. Barofsky and E. Barofsky, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1974, 649 DOI: 10.1039/C39740000649
Syntactic neural networks for text-phonetics translation (1991)

It is shown how syntactic neural networks can be applied to the problem of translating orthographic strings to phonetics strings, and vice versa, due to the symmetry of the model. This is unusual in text-phonetics translation systems; most systems have to be trained to operate in a single direction. Another novel feature is the lack of supervision required during training. The only requirement is that one have whole-word orthographic/phonetic symbol-string pairs. To test the system the authors have formed a lexicon of (6000, single-syllable) such pairs in English by extracting the relevant information from the machine-readable Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Results are presented for cases where the training set varies between 10 and 2000 words. In each case, the trained nets are tested on the training set and an equal-size (disjoint) test set. Present results are poor compared to conventional translation systems, but most of the errors may be due to the system's immaturity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Management of holding patterns: A potential ADS-B application (2008)

Holding in the national airspace system (NAS) is a necessity in the management of air traffic into the major airports in the system. The necessity follows from the desire not to waste any landing slots at the airport in the face of system uncertainties. Holding patterns maintain a ready reservoir of aircraft nearby the airport to provide a steady flow of aircraft. At the same time that this strategy provides an effective mechanism for providing pressure on the airport, it is workload intensive and inefficient in flowing aircraft uniformly to the airport. This document provides evidence of the amount of holding that is experienced for the New York airports and introduces a concept of using automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B) information to reduce the controller workload and increase the uniformity of the flow of aircraft out of the holding patterns. Estimates of the expected benefits are also presented as well as the next steps to be taken.
Resting and activated T cells display different requirements for CD8 molecules. (1994)

Clonotype-positive (1B2+) T cells from 2C T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice were used to define the role of CD8 molecules in the induction phase vs. the effector phase of the primary response to class I alloantigens. Three main findings are reported. First, in the presence of exogenous lymphokines, resting CD8+ 2C cells gave strong proliferative responses to two alloantigens, Ld and Kbm11. In the absence of added lymphokines, however, CD8+ 2C cells responded only to Ld and not to Kbm11; Ld stimulated both interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-2 receptor (R) synthesis, whereas Kbm11 elicited only IL-2R synthesis. The primary response of CD8+ 2C cells was thus helper-independent (HI) to Ld but helper-dependent (HD) to Kbm11, presumably reflecting that Ld is a stronger antigen than Kbm11. Second, in contrast to CD8+ cells, CD8- 2C cells mounted only an HD and not an HI response to the strong Ld antigen; conversely, selecting for a minor subset of CD8hi cells enabled 2C cells to mount an HI response to the weak Kbm11 antigen. These findings, together with experiments with heterozygous vs. homozygous stimulator cells, suggest that HI and HD responses reflect differences in the overall avidity of T antigen presenting cell (APC) interaction: high-avidity interaction leads to strong intracellular signaling and an HI response, whereas low-avidity interaction causes weak signaling and an HD response; high-avidity T/APC interaction is heavily dependent on CD8 expression. Third, CD8 expression was found to be less important for CTL activity than for primary proliferative responses. Thus, in contrast to HI proliferative responses, CTL responses of 2C cells to Ld were CD8 independent. However, 2C lysis of Ld targets became strongly CD8 dependent in the presence of limiting doses of anti-TCR (1B2) antibody. Collectively, the data suggest that, both for T cell induction and the expression of effector function, CD8 molecules play a decisive role in augmenting TCR-mediated signaling, either by promoting TCR contact with antigen or delivering kinases (p56lck) to the TCR/CD3 complex, or both.
Enlarged Processing Window of Plasticized Wheat Gluten Using Salicylic Acid (2006)

The temperature window for the extrusion of glycerol-plasticized wheat gluten was increased by the use of salicylic acid, a known scorch retarder and radical scavenger. It was possible to extrude 30 wt % glycerol-wheat gluten films with a die-head temperature as high as 135 degrees C, rather than 95 degrees C, by incorporating only 1 wt % salicylic acid. Small effects of shear-induced heating during extrusion at the higher temperatures suggested that the acid acted as a lubricant and viscosity reducer. The latter was suggested to originate primarily from the salicylic-acid-induced reduction in the degree of protein aggregation/cross-linking, as indicated by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography and chemiluminescence. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on extruded films indicated that the beneficial effect of salicylic acid was due to its radical scavenging effect. Tensile tests on extrudates revealed that the materials produced at the substantially higher processing temperature were still ductile. The complex shear modulus increased more slowly with increasing salicylic acid content above 110-120 degrees C, indicating that the aggregation/cross-linking rate was slower with salicylic acid, that is, that it did have a scorch-retarding effect, besides yielding a lower final degree/complexity of aggregation.
NEWSCRIPTS (1990)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTNEWSCRIPTSK.M. REESECite this: Chem. Eng. News 1990, 68, 21, 98Publication Date (Print):May 21, 1990Publication History Published online10 November 2010Published inissue 21 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v068n021.p098https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v068n021.p098newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1990 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views8Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Students Get e-Alerts
The RNA Degradation Pathway Regulates the Function of GAS5 a Non-Coding RNA in Mammalian Cells (2013)

Studies of various mRNAs have revealed that changes in the abundance of transcripts, through mRNA degradation, act as a critical step in the control of various biological pathways. Similarly, the regulation of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) levels is also considered to be important for their biological functions; however, far less is known about the mechanisms and biological importance of ncRNA turnover for the regulation of ncRNA functions. The growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) ncRNA accumulates during growth arrest induced by serum starvation and its transcript is degraded by the well characterized nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway. Historically, NMD was discovered as a RNA quality control system to eliminate aberrant transcripts; however, accumulating evidence shows that NMD also regulates the abundance of physiological transcripts. Interestingly, the GAS5 transcript has the ability to bind the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), resulting in the inhibition of its ligand-dependent association with DNA. The GR binds the promoters of various glucocorticoid-responsive genes, including apoptosis-related genes. In this study, we examined whether the RNA degradation pathway can regulate this function of GAS5. We measured the steady-state abundance and the decay rate of GAS5 in UPF1-depleted human cells using the 5'-bromo-uridine immunoprecipitation chase (BRIC) method, an inhibitor-free method for directly measuring RNA stability. We found that levels of the GAS5 transcript were elevated owing to prolonged decay rates in response to UPF1 depletion, and consequently the apoptosis-related genes, cIAP2 and SGK1, were down-regulated. In addition, serum starvation also increased the transcript levels of GAS5 because of prolonged decay rates, and conversely decreased levels of cIAP2 and SGK1 mRNA. Taken together, we found that the RNA degradation pathway can regulate the function of the GAS5 ncRNA in mammalian cells.
Mixed modes dielectric resonator filters (1994)

A new configuration of dielectric loaded cavity filters is presented. The filter combines the superior spurious free performance of TE/sub 01/ mode ring dielectric resonators with the advantage of HE/sub 11/ dual-mode dielectric loading. Resonant frequency, field distributions and unloaded Q of each cavity are computed by rigorous mode-matching technique. The fields are used to compute the coupling between two similar cavities by small aperture approximation based on formulae modified by Levy, which are extended to the cases of dissimilar cavities. Design aspects of the filter are discussed. This filter is used to construct an L-band triplexer. Excellent experimental results verify the theory and show the advantage of this type of filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Small size X-pinch radiation source for application to phase-contrast X-ray radiography of biological specimens (2004)

The X pinch is a very small size radiation source in the 3-10 keV X-ray band. As such, it has been used successfully to obtain high resolution images of /spl les/2 min thick biological samples ranging from small bugs (flies, beetles, etc.) to a small piece of mouse intestine. The X pinch source size as a function of the X-ray energy is important because it directly determines the spatial resolution of the imaging system. Furthermore, a small source size can provide high spatial coherence of the imaging X-rays, enabling their use for imaging low absorption, low contrast objects with excellent spatial resolution by a method called phase-contrast imaging. In order to determine the source size, several structures have been micro-fabricated that involve gold on a membrane that is transparent to the X-rays. If these structures are imaged in point projection radiography, a finite source size will cause penumbral blurring. Therefore, the shape of the shadow image pattern depends on the source size of the X-rays, the energy band of the X-rays, the shape and material used for the structures, and the geometry of the experiment. The experimental results must be compared with wave-optics calculations for the expected image pattern as a function of all of the above parameters, but especially the source size. The several conditions for phase-contrast imaging are discussed. Examples of high-resolution images of biological objects are presented.
Oxygen Permeability of Ba<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.8</sub>Fe<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>5+δ</sub>Membrane after Surface Modification (2013)

The oxygen permeation fluxes of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O5+(BSCF) membranes coated by RBaCo2O5+ (R= Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) thin layer were investigated. The oxygen permeation fluxes of BSCF membranes with RBaCo2O5+ (R112)R112 coating layer can be enhanced remarkably. And it is found that the reaction of R112 with BSCF also have effect on the oxygen permeation fluxes. Impurity formed by the reaction of Pr112 with BSCF block oxygen permeation. While NdBaCo2O5+ and SmBaCo2O5+, especially GdBaCo2O5+ have no serious reaction with BSCF, they are desirable materials for coating layer of oxygen permeation membranes.
Timestep Selection During Streamline Simulation via Transverse Flux Correction (2003)

Abstract Streamline simulators have received increased attention because of their ability to effectively handle multimillion cell detailed geologic models and large simulation models. The efficiency of streamline simulation has relied primarily on their ability to take large time steps with fewer pressure solutions within an IMPES formulation. However, unlike conventional finite-difference simulators, no clear guidelines are currently available for the choice of time step for pressure and velocity updates. This has remained largely an uncontrolled approximation, either managed by engineering judgment, or by potentially time-consuming time step size sensitivity studies early in a project. This is clearly related to the lack of understanding of numerical stability and to the lack of error estimates during the solution. We propose a novel approach for time step selection during streamline simulation that is based on three elements. First, we reformulate the equations to be solved by a streamline simulator to include all of the three-dimensional flux terms – both aligned with and transverse to the flow directions. These transverse flux terms are totally neglected within the existing streamline simulation formulations. Second, we propose a simple grid-based corrector algorithm to update the saturation to account for the transverse flux. Third, we provide a discrete CFL (Courant-Fredrich-Levy) formulation for the corrector step that leads to a mechanism to ensure numerical stability via the choice of a stable time step for pressure updates. This discrete CFL formulation now provides us with the same tools for time step control as are available within conventional reservoir simulators. We demonstrate the validity and utility of our approach using a series of numerical experiments in homogeneous and heterogeneous !4 five-spot patterns at various mobility ratios. For these numerical experiments, we pay particular attention to favorable mobility ratio displacements, as they are known to be challenging to streamline simulation. Our results clearly demonstrate the impact of the transverse flux correction on the accuracy of the solution and on the appropriate choice of time step, across a range of mobility ratios. The proposed approach eliminates much of the subjectivity associated with streamline simulation, and provides a basis for automatic control of pressure time step within full field streamline applications.