gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistics of fracture strength and fluid‐induced microseismicity (2007)

In this paper we develop an approach for estimating the strength of rocks by analyzing fluid‐induced microseismicity. The strength corresponds to the value of critical pressure in the pore space that must be exceeded in order to activate preexisting fractures, i.e., to trigger earthquakes. We assume that during hydraulic injection experiments in boreholes, microseismicity is mainly triggered by a diffusive process of pore pressure perturbation. An analytical solution can be applied to find time‐dependent pore pressure perturbations in rocks caused by fluid injections. Characteristics of the spatiotemporal evolution of microseismic clouds can be then used to estimate minimum and maximum pressures necessary to trigger earthquakes. Moreover, we present a method for reconstruction of the full spectrum of rock strength; that is, we show how to estimate the probability density function of the critical pressure. We verify the approach using numerical data and apply it to real data of injection‐induced microseismicity from two Hot Dry Rock tests in crystalline rocks and one hydraulic fracturing experiment in a sedimentary rock. The results show that such an analysis of microseismicity is able to provide us with a completely new feature of natural fractured rocks in situ, namely, the statistics of their strength. We find that very low critical pressures, in the range 0.001–1 MPa, characterize the strength of preexisting cracks for all data sets analyzed. The range of critical pressures is broadly distributed within 3 to 4 orders of magnitude. However, the probability density functions of critical pressure change very quickly from the zero level to significant values and from significant values to the zero level at the lower and upper limits of their nonvanishing value ranges, respectively. The lower bound of critical pressure is possibly defined by the magnitude of tidal‐induced stresses, permanently occurring and relaxing in the Earth.
A novel method for collective dimming of high intensity discharge lamps (2011)

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps take up a large percentage of the power consumption in the lighting. It is common to operate the HID lamps in 100% lighting state due to the difficulty of dimming control. This paper proposes a simple dimming method for them and manages to dim the lamp group collectively. A frequency control device is inserted between the power supply and the HID magnetic ballast. Because of the use of inductor in the magnetic ballast, its impedance increases with the frequency. Therefore, by changing the output frequency, the current flowing through HID lamps can be decreased/increased with the voltage being kept constant. Also, the generated waveforms of the frequency control device is discussed in this paper. Both simulation and experimental results are given to prove the dimming effect.
A respiratory chain controlled signal transduction cascade in the mitochondrial intermembrane space mediates hydrogen peroxide signaling (2015)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) govern cellular homeostasis by inducing signaling. H2O2 modulates the activity of phosphatases and many other signaling molecules through oxidation of critical cysteine residues, which led to the notion that initiation of ROS signaling is broad and nonspecific, and thus fundamentally distinct from other signaling pathways. Here, we report that H2O2 signaling bears hallmarks of a regular signal transduction cascade. It is controlled by hierarchical signaling events resulting in a focused response as the results place the mitochondrial respiratory chain upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn, Lyn upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase SYK (Syk), and Syk upstream of numerous targets involved in signaling, transcription, translation, metabolism, and cell cycle regulation. The active mediators of H2O2 signaling colocalize as H2O2 induces mitochondria-associated Lyn and Syk phosphorylation, and a pool of Lyn and Syk reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Finally, the same intermediaries control the signaling response in tissues and species responsive to H2O2 as the respiratory chain, Lyn, and Syk were similarly required for H2O2 signaling in mouse B cells, fibroblasts, and chicken DT40 B cells. Consistent with a broad role, the Syk pathway is coexpressed across tissues, is of early metazoan origin, and displays evidence of evolutionary constraint in the human. These results suggest that H2O2 signaling is under control of a signal transduction pathway that links the respiratory chain to the mitochondrial intermembrane space-localized, ubiquitous, and ancient Syk pathway in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells.
Protein Density Gradients on Surfaces (2002)

Gradients of biologically active proteins can be obtained by applying photochemical reactions. A photosensitive polysaccharide-based polymer (OptoDex) is used to covalently immobilize proteins on surfaces. Gradients of proteins are generated by varying the dose of light during the photoimmobilization. Probe proteins conserve their catalytic activity or immunological binding characteristics when linked to surfaces exemplified by silicon nitride or polystyrene. Heterogeneous immunoreactions between photoimmobilized antigens and antibodies showed an optimum binding efficiency at an antigen density of approximatly 1.3 ng/mm2.
Mutations E44D and V118I in the Reverse Transcriptase of HIV-1 Play Distinct Mechanistic Roles in Dual Resistance to AZT and 3TC (2003)

Retroviral resistance to AZT and 3TC has been associated with two different mechanisms. The M184V mutation in the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) diminishes the incorporation of 3TC-monophosphate (3TC-MP), whereas AZT resistance-conferring mutations were shown to facilitate the phosphorolytic excision of incorporated AZT-MP in the presence of ATP. Both mechanisms show a certain degree of incompatibility; however, previous clinical data revealed that mutations E44D and V118I, when present in a background of classical AZT mutations (M41L, D67N, L210W, and T215Y), confer dual resistance to AZT and 3TC. We have purified RT enzymes that contain E44D and V118I either alone or in a background of different combinations of AZT mutations to study the underlying biochemical mechanisms. We found that enzymes containing E44D in a background of these latter mutations increase the efficiency of excision of 3TC-MP. Unexpectedly, V118I-containing enzymes show dramatic reductions in rates of incorporation of AZT-MP and 3TC-MP. The V118I mutant is also associated with diminished rates of ATP-dependent primer unblocking. The additional presence of mutations M41L, D67N, L210W, and T215Y can partially neutralize this deficit, which helps to explain the concurrent presence of these changes in resistant isolates. These biochemical data make clear that mutations E44D and V118I play distinct mechanistic roles in dual resistance to AZT and 3TC. Our findings are consistent with an increasing number of clinical studies suggesting that the V118I cluster constitutes a novel pathway for HIV resistance to multiple nucleotide analogue RT inhibitors.
TE/sub 11/ to TM/sub 11/ compact mode converter for circular waveguide (2002)

A compact, low cost, circular waveguide TE/sub 11/ to TM/sub 11/ mode converter has been designed and built using a scattering optimization method. A far field radiation pattern measurement indicates 98.1% of the output power to be in TM/sub 11/, which is very close to the theoretical efficiency of 98.84% for the mode converter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prospects for the development of probiotics and prebiotics for oral applications (2009)

There has been a paradigm shift towards an ecological and microbial community-based approach to understanding oral diseases. This has significant implications for approaches to therapy and has raised the possibility of developing novel strategies through manipulation of the resident oral microbiota and modulation of host immune responses. The increased popularity of using probiotic bacteria and/or prebiotic supplements to improve gastrointestinal health has prompted interest in the utility of this approach for oral applications. Evidence now suggests that probiotics may function not only by direct inhibition of, or enhanced competition with, pathogenic micro-organisms, but also by more subtle mechanisms including modulation of the mucosal immune system. Similarly, prebiotics could promote the growth of beneficial micro-organisms that comprise part of the resident microbiota. The evidence for the use of pro or prebiotics for the prevention of caries or periodontal diseases is reviewed, and issues that could arise from their use, as well as questions that still need to be answered, are raised. A complete understanding of the broad ecological changes induced in the mouth by probiotics or prebiotics will be essential to assess their long-term consequences for oral health and disease.
<title>Micromachined silicon cantilever beam accelerometer incorporating an integrated optical waveguide</title> (1993)

A micromachined cantilever beam accelerometer is described in which beam deflection is determined optically. A diving board structure is anisotropically etched into a silicon wafer. This diving board structure is patterned from the wafer backside so as to leave a small gap between the tip of the diving board and the opposite fixed edge on the front side of the wafer. In order to sense a realistic range of accelerations, a foot mass incorporated onto the end of the beam is found to provide design flexibility. A silicon nitride optical waveguide is then deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) onto the sample. Beam deflection is measured by the decrease of light coupled across the gap between the waveguide sections. In order to investigate sensor response and simulate deflection of the beam, we utilized a separate beam and waveguide section which could be displaced from one another in a precisely controlled manner. Measurements were performed on samples with gaps of 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 micron and the variation of the fraction of light coupled across the gap as a function of displacement and gap spacing was found to agree with overlap integral calculations.
Induced systemic resistance in wounded rice plants (1998)

Summary Wounding of one leaf of young rice plants caused a strong and transient accumulation of non‐conjugated (–)‐JA, followed by induction of a number of pathogenesis‐related genes, in the treated leaf. The non‐treated leaf of wounded plants that emerged after the treatment was more resistant to challenge infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. The systemic leaf also showed a transient, but delayed accumulation of jasmonic acid. Unlike the wounded leaf, there was no accumulation of pathogenesis‐related mRNAs or proteins in the systemically protected leaf. Local application of jasmonic acid, the putative signal of the wound response, resulted in a similar degree of systemic disease resistance as wounding. The results suggest the operation of systemic, wound‐related signalling processes in rice that induce systemic disease resistance.
Mining meiosis and gametogenesis with DNA microarrays (2003)

Gametogenesis is a key developmental process that involves complex transcriptional regulation of numerous genes including many that are conserved between unicellular eukaryotes and mammals. Recent expression-profiling experiments using microarrays have provided insight into the co-ordinated transcription of several hundred genes during mitotic growth and meiotic development in budding and fission yeast. Furthermore, microarray-based studies have identified numerous loci that are regulated during the cell cycle or expressed in a germ-cell specific manner in eukaryotic model systems like Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus as well as Homo sapiens. The unprecedented amount of information produced by post-genome biology has spawned novel approaches to organizing biological knowledge using currently available information technology. This review outlines experiments that contribute to an emerging comprehensive picture of the molecular machinery governing sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.
Exploiting EPR in Polymer Drug Conjugate Delivery for Tumor Targeting (2006)

Treatment of tumor tissue without affecting normal cells has always been formidable task for drug delivery scientists and this task is effectively executed by polymer drug conjugate (PDC) delivery. The novelty of this concept lies in the utilization of a physical mechanism called enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) for targeting tumors. EPR is a physiological phenomenon that is customary for fast growing tumor and solves the problem of targeting the miscreant tissue. PDCs offer added advantages of reduced deleterious effects of anticancer drugs and augmentation of its formulation capability (e.g. Solubility). There are now at least eleven PDCs that have entered phase I/II/III clinical trial as anticancer drugs. PDCs once entered into the tumor tissue, taking advantage of EPR, are endocytosed into the cell either by simple or receptor mediated endocytosis. Various polymeric carriers have been used with hydrolyzable linker arm for conjugation with bioactive moiety. The hydrolyzable linkages of PDC are broken down by acid hydrolyses of lysosomes and releases the drug. High concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agent are maintained near the nucleus, the target site. Passive targeting by PDCs is due to the physiological event of EPR, which is becoming one of the major thrust areas for targeting solid tumors.
On the Hardness of Finding Optimal Multiple Preset Dictionaries (2004)

We show that the following simple compression problem is NP-hard: given a collection of documents, find the pair of Huffman dictionaries that minimizes the total compressed size of the collection, where the best dictionary from the pair is used to compress each document. We also show the NP-hardness of finding optimal multiple preset dictionaries for LZ'77-based compression schemes. Our reductions make use of the catalog segmentation problem, a natural partitioning problem. Our results justify heuristic attacks used in practice.
A Position Stepping Method for Predicting Performances of Switched Reluctance Motor Drives (2007)

This paper presents a novel numerical method, which will be referred as the position stepping method (PSM), to predict the performances of switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives. The 2D bicubic spline is employed to generate the finite rectangular elements. The 2D bilinear spline is used to model the nonlinear magnetic characteristics in SRMs. Consequently, the conventional nonlinear first-order differential voltage equation for describing the performances of SRM drives can be simplified into an analytical expression in terms of the current with respect to the rotor position. Furthermore, the position stepping algorithm is developed according to the boundary and continuity conditions, to accurately and rapidly compute the current from the proposed current expression. Simulated and measured current waveforms are reported to validate the developed PSM. The CPU execution time required by the PSM compares very favorably with that of the analytical method. Overall, this paper provides an accurate and speedy approach to predict the currents and torques of SRM drives.
Three wave mixing test of hyperelasticity in sedimentary rocks (2008)

We report measurements of 3-wave mixing amplitudes on solids whose 3rd order elastic constants have also been measured by means of the elasto-acoustic effect. Because attenuation and diffraction are important aspects of our measurement technique we analyze our results using a frequency domain version of the KZK equation, modified to accommodate an arbitrary frequency dependence to the attenuation. We find that the value of β so deduced for polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) agrees quite well with that predicted from the stress-dependent sound speed measurements, establishing that PMMA may be considered a hyperelastic solid, in this context. The β values of sedimentary rocks, though they are typically two orders of magnitude larger than e.g. PMMA's, are still a factor 3-10 less than those predicted from the elasto-acoustic effect. Moreover, these samples exhibit significant heterogeneity on a centimeter scale, which heterogeneity is not apparent from a measurement of the position dependent sound speed.
Inductive power coupling for an electric highway system (1978)

A Dual Mode Electric Transportation (DMET) system is under development in which energy is electromagnetically transferred from a powered roadway to moving vehicles. Energy from the roadway can be used for high-speed, long-range travel and for replenishing energy stored in the vehicle in batteries or flywheels. The stored energy is then available for short-range travel off the powered highway network. The power coupling between roadway and vehicle is functionally similar to a transformer. A source is embedded in the roadway flush with the surface. When the vehicle's pickup is suspended over the source, energy is magnetically coupled through the clearance air gap between pickup and roadway source. The electromagnetic coupling mechanism has been extensively studied through computer models, circuit analyses and by tests of a full-size physical prototype. The results of these tests are described.
<title>Illumination light pipe using micro-optics as diffuser</title> (1996)

A scattering light pipe has been designed for a non- conventional illumination system. The spatial distribution of the light is controlled by diffusers which are deposited on top of the pipe faces. The first realized samples have used a scattering paint as diffuser which has good optical properties but is unsuited to fabrication. Diffusers based on micro-optics have the potential to replace favorably classical Lambertian diffusers. Micro-optical diffusers (MODs) allow the generation of perfectly defined scattering distributions which are well adapted for the design of an optimized light pipe. A further advantage of such surface relief elements is their potential for cheap mass production. The strengths and limits of micro-prisms, micro- lenses, and gratings are evaluated in view of their use as diffusers. Finally a proposition for an optimized design of the illumination light pipe is presented.
Communication Avoiding Rank Revealing QR Factorization with Column Pivoting (2015)

In this paper we introduce CARRQR, a communication avoiding rank revealing QR factorization with tournament pivoting. We show that CARRQR reveals the numerical rank of a matrix in an analogous way to QR factorization with column pivoting (QRCP). Although the upper bound of a quantity involved in the characterization of a rank revealing factorization is worse for CARRQR than for QRCP, our numerical experiments on a set of challenging matrices show that this upper bound is very pessimistic, and CARRQR is an effective tool in revealing the rank in practical problems. Our main motivation for introducing CARRQR is that it minimizes data transfer, modulo polylogarithmic factors, on both sequential and parallel machines, while previous factorizations as QRCP are communication suboptimal and require asymptotically more communication than CARRQR. Hence CARRQR is expected to have a better performance on current and future computers, where communication is a major bottleneck that highly impacts the performance of an algorithm.
Carotenoids in Finnish foods: vegetables, fruits, and berries (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarotenoids in Finnish foods: vegetables, fruits, and berriesMarina I. Heinonen, Velimatti Ollilainen, Eeva K. Linkola, Pertti T. Varo, and Pekka E. KoivistoinenCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1989, 37, 3, 655–659Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00087a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00087a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1143Altmetric-Citations178LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SPQR: flexible automated design pattern extraction from source code (2004)

Previous automated approaches to discovering design patterns in source code have suffered from a need to enumerate static descriptions of structural and behavioral relationships, resulting in a finite library of variations on pattern implementation. Our approach, system for pattern query and recognition, or SPQR, differs in that we do not seek statically to encode each variant of the patterns that we wish to find. Our system finds pattern variants that were not explicitly defined, but instead are inferred dynamically during code analysis by a theorem prover, providing practical tool support for software construction, comprehension, maintenance, and refactoring. We use a logical inference system to reveal large numbers of patterns and their variations from a small number of definitions by encoding in a formal denotational semantics a small number of fundamental OO concepts (elemental design patterns), encode the rules by which these concepts are combined to form patterns (reliance operators), and encode the structural/behavioral relationships among components of objects and classes (rho-calculus). A chain of fully automated tools provides a path from source code to revealed patterns. We describe our approach in this paper with a concrete example to drive the discussion, accompanied by formal treatment of the foundational topics.
Infrastructure for a clinical-decision-intelligence system (2007)

Clinical decision intelligence (CDI) is an emerging area in health care, covering a broad range of subjects, from clinical data integration and data analysis to knowledge management and application development. The goal of CDI systems is to improve health-care quality and reduce costs through the discovery, management, and application of clinical intelligence from heterogeneous and rapidly expanding data sources. These sources include data from clinical practice, nursing, health-care management, health-care administration, and medical research. In this paper, we discuss the functional requirements and reference architecture for CDI systems and their clinical applications. This architecture includes an integrated framework for managing the entire CDI process, a standardized enterprise ontology management system, and a clinical knowledge representation platform. The CDI approach has the potential to transform the health-care management process through the integration of business intelligence, business rule management, and business process management in a clinical setting, and to help health-care organizations move closer to an on demand model.