gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Weighted closed-form estimators for blind source separation (2002)

This paper investigates a novel closed-form estimation class, so-called weighted estimator (WE), for blind source separation in the basic two-signal problem. The proper combination of previously proposed estimators yields consistent estimates of the separation parameters under general conditions. In the real-mixture case, we determine analytic expressions for the WE asymptotic (large-sample) variance and the source-dependent weight value of the most efficient estimator in the class. By means of the bicomplex-number formalism, the WE is extended to the complex-mixture scenario, for which Cramer-Rao bounds are also derived. Simulations compare the WE with other methods, demonstrating its potential.
Attosecond-resolution measurement of polarization mode dispersion in short sections of optical fiber (1993)

A new technique is presented for the measurement of the differential group delay (DGD) between principal states of polarization of an optical device, with a demonstrated accuracy and resolution of roughly 50 attoseconds (50 × 10−18 s). Accuracy was directly assessed by measurement of a crystal-quartz DGD Standard. This permits what is to the author's knowledge the first complete measurement of the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of straight, submeter lengths of optical fiber. PMD can be reliably measured only when the fiber is straight, since spooling of the fiber changes its PMD by introducing additional mode coupling. Measurement of four fiber samples revealed correlation between DGD and fiber core ovality.
Nuclear shielding of trapped xenon obtained by proton-enhanced, magic-angle spinning xenon-129 NMR spectroscopy (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNuclear shielding of trapped xenon obtained by proton-enhanced, magic-angle spinning xenon-129 NMR spectroscopyJohn A. RipmeesterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 1, 289–290Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00365a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00365a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views364Altmetric-Citations155LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Family of Similarity Measures Between Two Strings (1979)

We present a class of similarity measures for quantitatively comparing two strings, that is, two linearly ordered sets of elements. The strings can be of different lengths, the elements come from a single alphabet, and an element may appear any number of times. The limiting values of each measure are 0, when two completely different strings are compared, and 1, when the two strings are identical. Applications of similarity measures are numerous in nonnumerical computations, such as in heuristic search processes in associative networks, in pattern recognition and classification, in game playing programs, and in music and text analysis. We offer a number of feasible measures from among which some are discarded on plausibility grounds. One can select the measure most adequate for one's needs on the basis of a few characteristic examples of strings compared and by considering the specific requirements of the application at hand.
Co-cultures of multiple cell types mimic pulmonary cell communication in response to urban PM<sub>10</sub> (2008)

The current authors evaluated whether a system of co-cultures of relevant cells (pneumocytes (A549), macrophages (THP-1), mast cells (HMC-1) and endothelial cells (EAHY926)) would mimic the responses to particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 microm (PM(10)) previously reported in vivo. The role of mast cells was considered of special interest. Single cultures, bicultures (A549 + HMC-1 in a 10:1 ratio; THP-1 + HMC-1 in a 2:1 ratio) and tricultures (A549 + THP-1 + HMC-1 in a 10:2:1 ratio) were exposed to urban PM(10) (24 h at 0, 10, 30 or 100 microg x cm(-2)). Additionally, EAHY926 cells were introduced in inserts above the tricultures. The released cytokines were evaluated with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter array system. THP-1 + HMC-1 bicultures and the tricultures released more granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and MIP-1alpha in response to PM(10) than the sum of the single cultures. Tricultures with EAHY926 released more G-CSF, MIP-1alpha, IL-8 and MIP-1beta than the EAHY926 single culture. The bicultures, tricultures and tricultures with EAHY926 provide results that are consistent with the local and systemic effects previously described for particulate matter effects, i.e. inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and bone marrow cell mobilisation. Mast cells seem to play a significant role in the co-culture responses.
The longest telomeres: a general signature of adult stem cell compartments (2008)

Identification of adult stem cells and their location (niches) is of great relevance for regenerative medicine. However, stem cell niches are still poorly defined in most adult tissues. Here, we show that the longest telomeres are a general feature of adult stem cell compartments. Using confocal telomere quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (telomapping), we find gradients of telomere length within tissues, with the longest telomeres mapping to the known stem cell compartments. In mouse hair follicles, we show that cells with the longest telomeres map to the known stem cell compartments, colocalize with stem cell markers, and behave as stem cells upon treatment with mitogenic stimuli. Using K15-EGFP reporter mice, which mark hair follicle stem cells, we show that GFP-positive cells have the longest telomeres. The stem cell compartments in small intestine, testis, cornea, and brain of the mouse are also enriched in cells with the longest telomeres. This constitutes the description of a novel general property of adult stem cell compartments. Finally, we make the novel finding that telomeres shorten with age in different mouse stem cell compartments, which parallels a decline in stem cell functionality, suggesting that telomere loss may contribute to stem cell dysfunction with age.
The chemical origins of life and its early evolution: an introduction (2011)

Can we look at contemporary biology and couple this with chemical insight to propose some plausible mechanisms for the origin of life on the planet? In what follows, we examine some promising chemical reactions by which the building blocks for nucleic acids might have been created about a billion years after the Earth formed. This could have led to self-assembling systems that were based on an all-RNA metabolism, where RNA is both catalytic and informational. We consider the breadth of RNA enzymes presently existing in biology, and to what extent these might have covered a wider range of chemistry in the RNA world. Ultimately, the RNA world would probably have given way to protein-based life quite quickly, and the origins of peptidyl transferase activity are discussed below.
A switched-opamp with fast common mode feedback (2003)

In this paper a switched-opamp with a fast common mode feedback (CMFB) circuit is presented. The fully differential two stage amplifier needs CMFB only for the second stage, and thus a fast and simple passive CMFB-circuit may be used. The amplifier is capable of 1 volt operation and has no limitation on the maximum supply voltage.
In healthy subjects without knee osteoarthritis, the peak knee adduction moment influences the acute effect of shoe interventions designed to reduce medial compartment knee load (2007)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate shoe sole material stiffness changes and angle changes that are intended to reduce the peak knee adduction moment during walking. Fourteen physically active adults were tested wearing their personal shoes (control) and five intervention pairs, two with stiffness variations, two with angle variations, and a placebo shoe. The intervention shoes were evaluated based on how much they reduced the peak knee adduction moment compared to the control shoe. An ANOVA test was used to detect differences between interventions. Linear regression analysis was used to determine a relationship between the magnitude of the knee adduction moment prior to intervention and the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing the peak knee adduction moment. Peak knee adduction moments were reduced for the altered stiffness and altered angle shoes (p < 0.010), but not for the placebo shoe (p = 0.363). Additionally, linear regression analysis showed that subjects with higher knee adduction moments prior to intervention had larger reductions in the peak knee adduction moment (p < 0.010). These results demonstrate that shoe sole stiffness and angle interventions can be used to reduce the peak knee adduction moment and that subjects with initially higher peak knee adduction moments have higher reductions in their peak knee adduction moments.
Charge pump with perfect current matchingcharacteristics in phase-locked loops (2000)

Conventional CMOS charge pump circuits have some current mismatching characteristics. The current mismatch of the charge pump in the PLLs generates a phase offset, which increases spurs in the PLL output signals. In particular, it reduces the locking range in wide range PLLs with a dual loop scheme. A new charge pump circuit with perfect current matching characteristics is proposed. By using an error amplifier and reference current sources, one can achieve a charge pump with good current matching characteristics. It shows nearly perfect current matching characteristics over the whole VCO input range, and the amount of the reference spur is < –75 dBc in the PLL output signal. The charge pump circuit is implemented in a 0.25 µm CMOS process.
Automatic Parallel Parking in Tiny Spots: Path Planning and Control (2014)

This paper presents automatic parallel parking for a passenger vehicle, with highlights on a path-planning method and on experimental results. The path-planning method consists of two parts. First, the kinematic model of the vehicle, with corresponding geometry, is used to create a path to park the vehicle in one or more maneuvers if the spot is very narrow. This path is constituted of circle arcs. Second, this path is transformed into a continuous-curvature path using clothoid curves. To execute the generated path, control inputs for steering angle and longitudinal velocity depending on the traveled distance are generated. Therefore, the traveled distance and the vehicle pose during a parking maneuver are estimated. Finally, the parking performance is tested on a prototype vehicle.
E-BIST: enhanced test-per-clock BIST architecture (2002)

A new built-in self-test architecture, E-BIST, suitable for a test-per-clock scheme, is proposed. The E-BIST architecture is based on STUMPS, which uses a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) as the test generator, a multiple input shift register (MISR) as the response compactor, and shift register latch (SRL) channels as multiple scan paths. In E-BIST a degenerate MISR structure is used for every SRL channel; this offers reduced area overheads and has less impact on performance than the STUMPS technique. It is also shown that the masking probability of the proposed SRL channel structure is 21−(N+L), where N and L are the number of test patterns and the length of the SRL channel, respectively. Results of the experiments on ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits show that this architecture is also suitable for robustly detecting path delay faults, with improved fault coverage, when the Hamming distance of the data in the SRL channel is considered.
On Appropriate Assumptions to Mine Data Streams: Analysis and Practice (2007)

Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of studies in stream mining, which aim at building an accurate model for continuously arriving data. Somehow most existing work makes the implicit assumption that the training data and the yet-to-come testing data are always sampled from the "same distribution", and yet this "same distribution" evolves over time. We demonstrate that this may not be true, and one actually may never know either "how" or "when" the distribution changes. Thus, a model that fits well on the observed distribution can have unsatisfactory accuracy on the incoming data. Practically, one can just assume the bare minimum that learning from observed data is better than both random guessing and always predicting exactly the same class label. Importantly, we formally and experimentally demonstrate the robustness of a model averaging and simple voting-based framework for data streams, particularly when incoming data "continuously follows significantly different" distributions. On a real streaming data, this framework reduces the expected error of baseline models by 60%, and remains the most accurate compared to those baseline models.
An Effect Model for the Assessment of Drug Benefit (1993)

An effect model is a function that defines the relationship between the clinical efficacy of a treatment and specific covariates. The simplest effect model defines the probability of failure in treated patients as a linear function of the probability for these patients if they received no treatment. We used this approach to explore the effects of Class I antiarrhythmic agents in patients after myocardial infarction. Evidence from one large trial, the Cardiac Arrhythmic Suppression Trial (CAST), and the pooling of data from several smaller trials suggests that these agents have harmful effects in postmyocardial infarction patients. The relevance of results from pooled data is dependent on the homogeneity of the trials and is assessed by a heterogeneity test that is dependent on the analytical method used, i.e., odds ratio or rate difference methods, which correspond to two different effect models. We have developed an effect model that considers both iatrogenic effects of these drugs, i.e., depression of ventricular function and arrhythmogenic effects. When applied to the data from 13 published trials (including CAST), we found that these drugs may be beneficial in high-risk patients (with a 1-year mortality rate of > or = 15%) and that the background lethal iatrogenic effect is likely to affect low- and very low-risk patients (1-year mortality rate of < or = 5%). The accuracy of the proposed model was confirmed with use of the results from the recent CAST II study.
Fade-in and fade-out detection in video sequences using histograms (2002)

There is an increased need to extract key information automatically from video for the purposes of indexing, fast retrieval, and scene analysis. To support this vision, reliable scene change detection algorithms must be developed. Several algorithms have been proposed for both sudden and gradual scene change detection in uncompressed and compressed video. In this paper we present an algorithm for fade-in and fade-out scene change detection in both uncompressed and compressed video sequences using histograms. We use the properties of the fading operation and extract these features in the luminance histogram. Results show that the proposed algorithm can be used in both uncompressed and compressed video to detect fade regions with a high reliability and less computations.
Separation of Acrolein and Its Possible Metabolites Using Different Modes of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (1994)

Abstract Ion-exclusion, reverse phase, anion exchange and partition chromatography were used to separate acroleinand related compounds including 3hydroxypropana1, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 1,3-propanediol, ally1 alcohol, acrylic acid, HCO3 −, glycerol, glycidol, oxalic acid, malonic acid, propionic acid, ethanol, and propanol. The ion-exclusion chromatogmphy employed an Interaction ORH-801 organic acid analysis column and wds capable of Separating these small and polar molecules. The reverse phase chromatography was used to resolve coeluting compounds on the ionexclusion column. The anion exchange and partition chromatography were used to separate organic acids and carbohydrates, respectively.
Trace detection in gases using phase fluctuation optical heterodyne spectroscopy (1980)

A very sensitive technique for detecting trace molecules in the gas phase is described. Refractive index changes of a gaseous sample, which result following V→R, T relaxation of trace molecules which have been excited by a laser, are detected by optical heterodyning in a Mach-Zender interferometer. Detection sensitivities of 10 ppb for SF6 in air and 40 ppb for CH3OH in helium, have been demonstrated using CO2 TEA laser excitation and a 20-MHz detection bandwidth.
Sequence of preprocaerulein cDNAs cloned from skin of Xenopus laevis. A small family of precursors containing one, three, or four copies of the final product. (1986)

From skin of Xenopus laevis, cDNA libraries were constructed and clones coding for the precursors of caerulein were isolated and sequenced. Using restriction endonuclease digestions, three different types of preprocaerulein cDNAs could be discerned. These were termed types I, III, and IV in accordance with the number of caerulein copies present in the sequence, the type III being the most abundant one. An incomplete copy of a fourth variant, termed type I', was also found. Besides deletions/insertions encompassing one or two caerulein sequences, these types also differ from each other by several point mutations. In the homologous precursor polypeptides deduced from the nucleotide sequence of these cloned cDNAs, the caerulein copies are flanked by complex processing sequences. These are Arg-Arg-Phe-Ala-Asp-Gly or Arg-Arg-Asp-Gly at the amino-terminal side and Gly-Arg-Arg at the carboxyl end. Between caerulein copies, highly homologous segments are present both at the polypeptide and cDNA level. This homology is evident both within a given precursor, where up to three such segments are present, and between the different types of precursors. We conclude that preprocaerulein cDNAs in the skin of X. laevis represent a small family, at least part of which is derived from different genes rather than being formed by alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs.
Examining Tasks that Facilitate the Experience of Incubation While Problem-Solving (2004)

The three studies presented here contrasted the problem-solving outcomes of university students when a break was provided or not provided during a problem-solving session. In addition, two studies explored the effect of providing hints (priming) and the placement of hints during the problem-solving session. First, the ability to solve a previously unsolved problem (incubation) was demonstrated. However, the incubation effect was dependent on the placement of the hint and the kind of hint provided. Incubation occurred with challenging word problems (paired-anagrams). Furthermore, the effect was facilitated when a break from study was provided and where a hint directing the student toward a solution was provided during the break. Verbal ability was not related to performance in problem-solving tasks involving paired-anagrams. In general, there are reliable interventions for promoting incubation in problem-solving situations. These interventions include attention to the task demands and the context of study.
Substrate Affinity of Oligotrophic Bacteria in Biofilm Reactors (1989)

Several biofilm reactors were operated to investigate the substrate affinity of oligotrophic bacteria in the biofilm reactor. The attached oligotrophs were removed from reactors, and substrate affinity was determined in dispersed form. The saturation constant (Ks) of attached oligotrophs for acetate was less than 10 µg-C/l. The apparent Ks (Ksa) values of reactors were also determined to evaluate the performance of reactors,and the effect of specific surface area of packed media on Ksa was investigated at a loading of 0.006 mg-C per cm3-apparent media volume per hour. Larger specific surface area led to smaller Ksa, and 6.9 µg-C/l of Ksa for acetate was obtained with the media having 340 cm2 -surface area per cm -apparent media volume of specific surface area. The bacterial flora in the oligotrophic biofilm was examined, and Pseudomonas was found to be dominant.
BioVenn – a web application for the comparison and visualization of biological lists using area-proportional Venn diagrams (2008)

BioVenn is an easy-to-use web application to generate area-proportional Venn diagrams from lists of biological identifiers. It supports a wide range of identifiers from the most used biological databases currently available. Its implementation on the World Wide Web makes it available for use on any computer with internet connection, independent of operating system and without the need to install programs locally. BioVenn is freely accessible at http://www.cmbi.ru.nl/cdd/biovenn/.
Extraordinarily Strong Interlayer Interaction in 2D Layered PtS<sub>2</sub> (2016)

Platinum disulfide (PtS2 ), a new member of the group-10 transition-metal dichalcogenides, is studied experimentally and theoretically. The indirect bandgap of PtS2 can be drastically tuned from 1.6 eV (monolayer) to 0.25 eV (bulk counterpart), and the interlayer mechanical coupling is almost isotropic. It can be explained by strongly interlayer interaction from the pz orbital hybridization of S atoms.