gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determining the camera response from images: What is knowable? (2003)

An image acquired by a camera consists of measured intensity values which are related to scene radiance by a function called the camera response function. Knowledge of this response is necessary for computer vision algorithms which depend on scene radiance. One way the response has been determined is by establishing a mapping of intensity values between images taken with different exposures. We call this mapping the intensity mapping function. In this paper, we address two basic questions. What information from a pair of images taken at different exposures is needed to determine the intensity mapping function? Given this function, can the response of the camera and the exposures of the images be determined? We completely determine the ambiguities associated with the recovery of the response and the ratios of the exposures. We show all methods that have been used to recover the response break these ambiguities by making assumptions on the exposures or on the form of the response. We also show when the ratio of exposures can be recovered directly from the intensity mapping, without recovering the response. We show that the intensity mapping between images is determined solely by the intensity histograms of the images. We describe how this allows determination of the intensity mapping between images without registration. This makes it possible to determine the intensity mapping in sequences with some motion of both the camera and objects in the scene.
Prospective : un Monde de 9 milliards d'humains ? (2010)

Cet article est la traduction en anglais du texte "Prospective : un Monde de 9 milliards d’humains ?" publié en français
Dereplication and Partial Identification of Natural Products (1998)

Since the “Golden Age of Antibiotics” in the 1950s, natural products chemists have faced the steadily increasing problem of how to maximize the discovery of new compounds and minimize the re-evaluation of natural products already described in the literature. If a compound has been isolated, identified, and reported, it should be possible to use the published information to identify the compound when it appears again, without having to repeat the entire isolation and structure-determination process. In addition, in many instances, the questions being asked in a study can be answered simply by partial identification of the unknown structure. These complementary processes of rapid identification of known compounds from a partially purified mixture and identification of enough of an unknown structure to prioritize or conclude an isolation, have come to be termed “dereplication” by the natural products community.
Diagnosis of Coronary Embolism: A Review<sup>1</sup> (1983)

Coronary embolism is an uncommon but distinct clinical entity. It can be diagnosed clinically, and should be suspected when acute myocardial infarction occurs in association with an underlying condition which predisposes to embolism. The most common are valvular heart disease, a prosthetic heart valve, infective endocarditis, cardiomyopathy with mural thrombus and arrhythmia. The diagnosis may be obscured by atypical symptoms and transient ECG changes. The diagnosis is supported by the demonstration of normal coronary arteries by selective coronary arteriography. Treatment with long-term anticoagulants may prevent further emboli. Additional antiplatelet drugs are also necessary in patients with prosthetic heart valves.
Threshold Analysis of Human Faces under Different Spectral & Lighting Conditions (2005)

The threshold analysis has become an important technique in image processing of grayscale images whether it relates to segmentation or defect tracking. The present paper discusses an efficient and fast technique of automatic thresholding of human faces under different lighting conditions and skin spectral reflectance parameters for eye and face detection systems. The results in form of threshold histograms determine the optimal level and analysis of effect of various light conditions on the image features
A study of interferometric distance measurement systems on a prototype rapid tunnel reference surveyor and the effects of reference network errors at the International Linear Collider (2009)

The International Linear Collider (ILC) aims to collide electrons and positrons with a centre of mass energy of 500GeV and a luminosity of 2×10<sup>34</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. To achieve this luminosity, the nominal final emittance of the electron and positron beams have to be below 10μm.rad horizontally and 0.04μm.rad vertically. To prevent the emittance from becoming too large, the main linacs will require alignment at an unprecedented level. The ILC main linacs will be aligned with respect to a reference network which runs along the entire length of the tunnel. The Linear Collider Alignment and Survey (LiCAS) Rapid Tunnel Reference Surveyor (RTRS) is the prototype of a device proposed to survey the ILC reference network. The LiCAS RTRS has several measurement systems; its Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI) measurement system is studied in this thesis. The FSI system has three distinct sub-systems: the reference interferometers, the external FSI measurement system and the internal FSI measurement system. The errors on the length of the reference interferometers are shown to be of the order of 1.1μm (0.3ppm). The external FSI measurement system is shown to measure distances close to 0.42m with errors of &pm;1.9μm stat &pm;0.16μm syst and the internal FSI measurement system is shown to measure distances close to 4.2m with errors of &pm;0.24μm stat &pm;1.6μm syst. A survey of the ILC reference network using laser trackers is simulated without taking account of systematic measurement errors from refraction in the tunnel air. The simulated networks are used to misalign the simulated accelerators in Dispersion Matched Steering (DMS) simulations. The DMS simulations show that only 30% of the simulated accelerators produce an acceptable final corrected vertical emittance. It is further shown that the introduction of long range distance measurements between primary reference markers (PRMs) using GPS, reduces the long range error growth in the network, and that 95% of simulated accelerators give acceptable performance. A simplified network simulation model, which is capable of simulating reference networks surveyed by conventional and novel devices, is produced and compares favorably to full simulations.
Glycolysis Controls Plasma Membrane Glucose Sensors To Promote Glucose Signaling in Yeasts (2014)

Sensing of extracellular glucose is necessary for cells to adapt to glucose variation in their environment. In the respiratory yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, extracellular glucose controls the expression of major glucose permease gene RAG1 through a cascade similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf3/Rgt2/Rgt1 glucose signaling pathway. This regulation depends also on intracellular glucose metabolism since we previously showed that glucose induction of the RAG1 gene is abolished in glycolytic mutants. Here we show that glycolysis regulates RAG1 expression through the K. lactis Rgt1 (KlRgt1) glucose signaling pathway by targeting the localization and probably the stability of Rag4, the single Snf3/Rgt2-type glucose sensor of K. lactis. Additionally, the control exerted by glycolysis on glucose signaling seems to be conserved in S. cerevisiae. This retrocontrol might prevent yeasts from unnecessary glucose transport and intracellular glucose accumulation.
Evidence for a local immune response in atherosclerosis. CD4+ T cells infiltrate lesions of apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. (1996)

It has been suggested that immune responses are involved in the development of atherosclerosis. We have evaluated this possibility by analyzing immunocompetent cells in a murine model of the disease. Apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE -/-) mice are genetically hypercholesterolemic due to targeted disruption of the apolipoprotein E gene and develop severe atherosclerosis. Such mice were fed either standard pellets or a diet containing 1.25% cholesterol. Lesions were analyzed from mice at 9 and 16 weeks of age. Immunohistochemical staining of fatty streaks showed that CD4+ T cells were frequent, both in clusters and as single cells. In advanced atherosclerotic plaques, CD4+ T cells were prominent in the fibrous cap and subendotbelially, whereas CD8+ T cells were sparse. The CD25 subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor, which is a marker for activated T cells, was expressed in CD4-rich areas and the major histocompatibility complex class II antigen, I-A(b), which is induced by cytokines released from activated T cells, was also found in the lesions. These data indicate that CD4+ T cells participate in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in genetically hypercholesterolemic apoE -/- mice. They suggest that immune activation is part of the disease process, and we speculate that a direct link may exist between cholesterol accumulation and T cell activation, possibly by autoimmune responses to modified lipoproteins.
A CuAAC/Ullmann C–C Coupling Tandem Reaction: Copper-Catalyzed Reactions of Organic Azides with <i>N</i>-(2-Iodoaryl)propiolamides or 2-Iodo-<i>N</i>-(prop-2-ynyl)benzenamines (2012)

A novel copper-catalyzed tandem reaction was developed by utilizing two famous copper-catalyzed reactions, CuAAC and Ullmann coupling. The trapping of the C-Cu intermediate produced in CuAAC led to further formation of an aryl C-C bond through intramolecular Ullmann C-C coupling.
Design, Development, and Optimization of Dexibuprofen Microemulsion Based Transdermal Reservoir Patches for Controlled Drug Delivery (2017)

The aim of the study was to develop a reservoir-type transdermal patch for a controlled delivery of dexibuprofen and to evaluate its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in Albino Wistar rats. In order to develop these patches, six formulations of dexibuprofen microemulsion comprising ethyl oleate, Tween 80: PG (2 : 1), and water were prepared by simplex lattice design and characterized. The reservoir compartment was filled with these microemulsions and in vitro release and skin permeation were assessed. The optimized patch was obtained on the basis of the responses:<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">24</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>and flux. The impact of drug loading, surface area, membrane thickness, adhesive, and agitation speed on drug release and permeation was also studied. The skin sensitivity reaction and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of optimized patch were evaluated. Stability study at three different temperatures for three months was carried out. The result suggests that a membrane based patch with zero-order release rate,<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">24</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>of 79.13 ± 3.08%, and maximum flux of 331.17 µ g/cm 2 h can be obtained exhibiting suitable anti-inflammatory activity with no visible skin sensitivity reaction. The outcomes of stability study recommend storage of patches at 4°C having shelf-life of 6.14 months. The study demonstrates that the reservoir-type transdermal patch of dexibuprofen microemulsion has a potential of delivering drug across skin in controlled manner with required anti-inflammatory activity.
Fabrication and Electrical Properties of Textured Sr <sub>0.53</sub> Ba <sub>0.47</sub> Nb <sub>2</sub> O <sub>6</sub> Ceramics by Templated Grain Growth (2000)

Textured Sr 0.53 Ba 0.47 Nb 2 O 6 ceramics with a relative density of >95% were fabricated using templated grain growth (TGG). Acicular KSr 2 Nb 5 O 15 template particles synthesized via a molten salt process were aligned by tape casting in a mixture of solid‐state‐synthesized SrNb 2 O 6 and BaNb 2 O 6 powders. The resulting ceramics possessed strong fiber texture along the polar axis ([001]) of the strontium barium niobate. Samples with 15.4 wt% templates attained a textured fraction of 0.82 after sintering at a temperature of 1450°C for 4 h. These materials showed peak dielectric constants of 7550 at 1 kHz, remanent polarizations of 13.2 μC/cm 2 , saturation polarizations of 21 μC/cm 2 (60%–85% of the single‐crystal value), piezoelectric strain coefficients of 78 pC/N (70%–85% of the single‐crystal value), and room‐temperature pyroelectric coefficients of 2.9 × 10 −2 μC·(cm 2 ·°C) −1 (52% of the single‐crystal value). These results show that TGG is a viable option for accessing single‐crystal properties in polycrystalline ceramics.
RESEARCH NOTE A Comparison of Paging and Scrolling for Changing Screen Contents by Inexperienced Users (1983)

Paging and scrolling were compared as to their relative suitability for determining which part of a body of information is to be displayed on a screen. Unpracticed subjects performed three different tasks (word reading, line searching, sorting) with both modes of operation. The subjects also rated the suitability of the two modes of operation for each task. Paging was preferred by inexperienced users and it resulted in better performance on the sorting task.
Expression of apoptosis-related markers and clinical outcome in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (2001)

The clinical relevance of bax and bcl-2 protein expression has been investigated in 84 patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer submitted to a chemotherapy regimen including methotrexate and fluorouracil/leucovorin. Cytoplasmic immunostaining of bax and bcl-2 was present in 65.5% and 38%, respectively, of the tumours. No association was found between bax and bcl-2 or between p53 and bax or bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, the biomarkers were unrelated to patient and tumour characteristics known to affect the clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients. In general, the apoptosis-related markers did not appear indicative of short- and long-term clinical response nor of prognosis. Bcl-2-negative lesions were more frequent among patients who reached an objective clinical response, which is in agreement with previously reported data regarding other tumour types. When the interrelationship between p53 and bax expression was examined, a better response rate (40%) was found for patients whose tumours did not express p53 and bax, and a better prognosis (2-year probability of overall survival 75%) for patients with p53-positive and bax-negative tumours. In the present series of patients with advanced colorectal cancer submitted to systemic chemotherapy we did not find a clear association between expression of apoptosis-related markers and clinical outcome, even in the subset of patients in which the apoptotic index as determined by the TUNEL approach was investigated.
Insomnia Is the Most Commonly Reported Symptom and Predicts Other Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. Service Members Returning From Military Deployments (2010)

This study retrospectively reviewed records from current members of the U.S. military who had completed the PTSD Checklist (PCL) at 0 and 3-months after returning from deployments. Insomnia was the most commonly reported symptom of PTSD on the PCL and had the highest average severity scores. At initial screen, 41% of those who had been to Iraq or Afghanistan reported sleep problems. Those who had initially reported any insomnia had significantly higher overall scores for PTSD severity at follow-up than did service members without such a complaint. These results show that insomnia is a particularly frequent, severe, and persistent complaint in service members returning from deployment. Such complaints merit particular attention in relation to the possibility of PTSD.
Diastereoselective Photochromism of an (<i>R</i>)-Binaphthol-Condensed Indolylfulgide (1996)

Two new thermally irreversible photochromic (R)-binaphthol-condensed indolylfulgides (with a 1-(1,2-dimethyl-3-indolyl)-2-methylpropylidene group and with a 1-(1,2-dimethyl-3-indolyl)butylidene group, 6 and 7, respectively) were synthesized. Because of rapid thermal equilibration between the conformational isomers of 7E at room temperature, photocyclization of a substantial portion of 7E occurred through (P)-7Eα to give (9aS)-7C selectively. On the other hand, as thermal equilibration requires a long time for 6E at room temperature, its photochromic interconversion occurs only between (P)-6Eα and (9aS)-6C, and the photocyclization-inert 6E remained unchanged. The thermal stability and fatigue resistivity toward the iterative photochromic interconversion of 7 have been proved to be excellent among the fulgide derivatives. The photochromic reactions were accompanied by large changes of specific rotation values. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of a visible-light-sensitive colored form, (9aS)-6C, was carried out.
Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatocarcinogenesis Following Sustained Virological Response in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection (2018)

Despite the success of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the number of cases of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expected to increase over the next five years. HCC develops over the span of decades and is closely associated with fibrosis stage. HCV both directly and indirectly establishes a pro-inflammatory environment favorable for viral replication. Repeated cycles of cell death and regeneration lead to genomic instability and loss of cell cycle control. DAA therapy offers >90% sustained virological response (SVR) rates with fewer side effects and restrictions than interferon. While elimination of HCV helps to restore liver function and reverse mild fibrosis, post-SVR patients remain at elevated risk of HCC. A series of studies reporting higher than expected rates of HCC development among DAA-treated patients ignited debate over whether use of DAAs elevates HCC risk compared to interferon. However, recent prospective and retrospective studies based on larger patient cohorts have found no significant difference in risk between DAA and interferon therapy once other factors are taken into account. Although many mechanisms and pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated, our understanding of drivers specific to post-SVR hepatocarcinogenesis is still limited, and lack of suitable in vivo and in vitro experimental systems has hampered efforts to examine etiology-specific mechanisms that might serve to answer this question more thoroughly. Further research is needed to identify risk factors and biomarkers for post-SVR HCC and to develop targeted therapies based on more complete understanding of the molecules and pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis.
A Comparison of Methods to Wash Liquid‐Stored Red Blood Cells and Red Blood Cells Frozen with High or Low Concentrations of Glycerol (1976)

The efficiency of washing liquid‐stored red blood cells and red blood cells frozen with high or low glycerol concentrations was evaluated by measuring the recovery of red blood cells in vitro , supernatant hemoglobin, extracellular potassium and red blood cell potassium levels, supernatant osmolality, residual, 25 I albumin, glycerol, hypoxanthine, and di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) levels. Four commercial washing systems were studied, three which used sodium chloride solutions with serial or continuous‐flow centrifugation and one which used sugar solutions and dilution/agglomeration. Washing was most efficient using sodium chloride solutions in the IBM Blood Processor, an automated serial centrifugation procedure and in the Fenwal Elutramatic, a continuous‐flow centrifugation procedure. Less efficient washing was achieved in the Haemonetics Processor 15, a continuous‐flow centrifugation procedure and the least efficient washing occurred using the original and modified dilution/agglomeration procedures. To achieve the most efficient washing, three principles must be utilized: concentration of the red blood cells to hematocrit values of 90 per cent, prior to washing or freezing. Liquid‐stored red blood cells concentrated to hematocrit values of 90V per cent should be diluted with hypertonic sodium chloride solutions prior to recovery and washing. Red blood cells containing 20 per cent or 40 per cent W/V glycerol should be diluted with hypertonic sodium chloride solutions before recovery and washing. Finally, on‐line dilution should be achieved in the washing systems that use continuous‐flow centrifugation.
Highly Efficient Copper–Zinc–Tin–Selenide (CZTSe) Solar Cells by Electrodeposition (2014)

Highly efficient copper-zinc-tin-selenide (Cu2ZnSnSe4 ; CZTSe) thin-film solar cells are prepared via the electrodepostion technique. A metallic alloy precursor (CZT) film with a Cu-poor, Zn-rich composition is directly deposited from a single aqueous bath under a constant current, and the precursor film is converted to CZTSe by annealing under a Se atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 600 °C. The crystallization of CZTSe starts at 400 °C and is completed at 500 °C, while crystal growth continues at higher temperatures. Owing to compromises between enhanced crystallinity and poor physical properties, CZTSe thin films annealed at 550 °C exhibit the best and most-stable device performances, reaching up to 8.0 % active efficiency; among the highest efficiencies for CZTSe thin-film solar cells prepared by electrodeposition. Further analysis of the electronic properties and a comparison with another state-of-the-art device prepared from a hydrazine-based solution, suggests that the conversion efficiency can be further improved by optimizing parameters such as film thickness, antireflection coating, MoSe2 formation, and p-n junction properties.
Toward a PeopleWeb (2007)

Important properties of users and objects will move from being tied to individual Web sites to being globally available.The conjunction of a global object model with portable user context will lead to a richer content structure and introduce significant shifts in online communities and information discovery.
An aptamer-functionalized hydrogel for controlled protein release: A modeling study (2011)

An analytical model is developed for predicting the controlled release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) from an aptamer-functionalized hydrogel. The release kinetics are determined by the equilibrium constant of aptamer–protein interactions, which significantly increases the characteristic release time scale. The reduction of the cumulative protein release can also be modulated by tuning the binding affinity of the aptamer. The analysis describes the underlying transport and reaction mechanisms for the controlled protein release well. Particularly, the non-Fickian release kinetics are represented by a self-similar release profile. The model is validated by experiments and direct numerical calculation. It can be applied to release kinetics involving multiple aptamers and proteins.