gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cooperation between BDNF and glutamate in the regulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal development (2011)

Ample evidence supports a role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the survival and differentiation of selective populations of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous systems. In addition to its trophic actions, BDNF exerts acute effects on synaptic transmission and plasticity. In particular, BDNF enhances excitatory synaptic transmission through pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. In this regard, BDNF enhances glutamate release, the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), NMDA receptor activity and the phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunits. Our recent studies revealed a novel cooperative interaction between BDNF and glutamate in the regulation of dendritic development. Indeed, we found that the effects of BDNF on dendritic growth of cortical neurons require both the stimulation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by BDNF and the activation of the CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) by glutamate. Together, these studies highlight the importance of the cooperation between BDNF and glutamate in the regulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal development.
Unipolar and bipolar right atrial appendage electrodes: comparison of sensing characteristics. (1985)

To optimize atrial sensing and reject far-field signals (i.e., ventricular potentials seen in the atrium), the atrial amplitudes of electrograms (EGMs) should be as high as possible and the ventricular amplitudes as low as possible. To compare clinical sensing results obtained with unipolar and bipolar electrodes, endocardial EGMs were recorded on a high-speed multichannel recorder with a paper speed of 200 mm/second and frequency cutoffs at 0.1 and 2,000 Hz. Forty acute unipolar and 18 acute bipolar electrodes (in different patients), three matched pairs of unipolar and bipolar electrodes, and seven coronary sinus electrodes were measured. Unipolar and bipolar right atrial appendage (RAA) electrode EGMs were compared for 1) amplitude of EGM, 2) slew rate (dv/dt); and 3) amplitude of the ventricular EGM as measured through the RAA electrode. Unipolar RAA EGMs were compared with unipolar coronary sinus EGMs. Three bipolar leads were measured as unipolar and bipolar simultaneously. Bipolar atrial EGMs had equal amplitudes (unipolar, 4.2 +/- 2.1 mV, versus bipolar, 5.9 +/- 2.5; NS), higher slew rates (unipolar, 2.6 +/- 1.6 V/second, versus bipolar, 4.4 +/- 2.1; P less than 0.005), and lower ventricular (far-field) amplitudes (unipolar, 1.1 +/- 1.1 mV, versus bipolar, 0.7 +/- 0.6; P less than 0.02) when compared with unipolar RAA electrodes. This observation was confirmed in the measurement of the matched pairs atrial/ventricular amplitude ratio (unipolar, 4.7 +/- 2.2, versus bipolar, 8.7 +/- 2.0; P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stylized rendering of 3D scanned real world environments (2004)

This paper presents an interactive non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) system that stylizes and renders outdoor scenes captured by 3D laser scanning. In order to deal with the large size, complexity and inherent incompleteness of data obtained from outdoor scans, our system represents outdoor scenes using points instead of traditional polygons. Algorithms are then developed to extract, stylize and render features from this point representation. In addition to conveying various NPR styles, our system also promises consistency in animation by maintaining stroke coherence and density. We achieve NPR of large data at interactive rates by designing novel data structures and algorithms as well as leveraging new features of commodity graphics hardware.
The design of a high-performance file server (2003)

The Bullet server is a file server that outperforms traditional file servers by more than a factor of three. It achieves high throughput and low delay by a software design radically different from that of file servers currently in use. Whereas files are normally stored as a sequence of disk blocks, each Bullet server file is stored contiguously, both on disk and in the server's random access memory cache. Furthermore, it uses the concept of an immutable file to improve performance, to enable caching, and to provide a clean semantic model to the user. The authors describe the design and implementation of the Bullet server in detail, present measurements of its performance, and compare this performance to that of the SUN file server running on the same hardware.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adaptive Control Algorithms for Decentralized Optimal Traffic Engineering in the Internet (2004)

In this paper, we address the problem of optimal decentralized traffic engineering when multiple paths are available for each call. More precisely, given a set of possible paths for each call, we aim at distributing the traffic among the available paths in order to maximize a given utility function. To solve this problem, we propose a large family of decentralized sending rate control laws having the property that each of the members of this family "steers" the traffic allocation to an optimal operation point. The approach taken relies on the control theory concept of Sliding Modes. These control laws allow each ingress node to independently adjust its traffic sending rates and/or redistribute its sending rates among multiple paths. The only nonlocal information needed is binary feedback from each congested node in the path. The control laws presented are applicable to a large class of utility functions, namely, utility functions that can be expressed as the sum of concave functions of the sending rates. We show that the technique can be applied not only to usual rate adaptive traffic with multiple paths, but also to rate adaptive traffic with minimum service requirements and/or maximum allowed sending rate and to assured service with targeted rate guarantee, all allowing for multiple paths. It is also shown that these control laws are robust with respect to failures; i.e., they automatically reroute traffic if a link failure occurs. Finally, we provide some insight on how to choose the "right" control law. In particular, we provide a way of choosing a member of the family of control laws that reduces the sending rate oscillation caused by implementation constraints like delays and quantization. An example of application of the approach delineated in this paper is also presented. This example provides some insights on the implementation aspects and illustrates the robustness of the control laws developed in this paper.
The two subunits of the asialoglycoprotein receptor contain different sorting information. (1994)

The human asialoglycoprotein receptor, an endocytic transport receptor of the basolateral surface of hepatocytes, is a hetero-oligomer of two homologous subunits H1 and H2. The cytoplasmic domain of H1 has been shown previously to contain a tyrosine-based signal for endocytosis and basolateral sorting. Here, we have investigated sorting determinants within subunit H2 and their contribution to the targeting of the hetero-oligomeric receptor complex. Despite extensive sequence homology, H2 expressed separately in fibroblast cells was endocytosed poorly, and mutation of phenylalanine 5 (corresponding to the critical tyrosine in H1) did not further reduce internalization. Consistent with this observation, ligand uptake by receptors composed of H1 lacking tyrosine 5 and H2 was inefficient. With respect to polarized transport in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, H2 could not be analyzed separately, because in the absence of H1 subunit H2 was completely degraded intracellularly. Coexpression of both subunits yielded ligand-binding receptors located specifically on the basolateral surface. The mutant H1(5A) (tyrosine 5 replaced by alanine) is approximately 55% apical in the absence of H2. In cells expressing H1(5A) together with H2, however, subunit H2 directed receptor complexes exclusively to the basolateral domain. Phenylalanine 5 is not essential for basolateral transport. Thus, whereas the endocytosis signal of the hetero-oligomeric asialoglycoprotein receptor resides exclusively in subunit H1, polarized transport to the basolateral domain of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells may involve two signals, only one of which is active for endocytosis.
Optical methods for monitoring physiological and biochemical variables (1986)

The use of optical methods for performing non-invasive physiological and biochemical monitoring has been investigated, with particular emphasis on the application of near-infrared spectrophotocetry for following changes in the redox state of cytochrome oxidase. Initial studies of the gross optical properties of <em>in vivo</em> tissue were made using an image intensifier. These demonstrated that some light is transmitted through biological tissues and that such material is very highly scattering.In order to investigate the feasibiity of non-invasively monitoring changes in the redox state of cytochrome oxidase <em>in vivo</em>. spectrophotometric and oxygen measurements were made on solutions containing the pure enzyme and yeast cell suspensions. These demonstrated the high affinity that the enzyme has for oxygen in such preparations, in contrast to the much lower apparent affinities <em>in vivo</em> that have been reported. These results were then modelled mathematically, and a possible-explanation for this anomaly suggested. Potential problems with applying this method are also presented. The interest in cytochrome oxidase is due to its importance in oxidative metabolism. However in performing this role it also assists in the prevention of oxidative damage, whose contribution to various disease states in paediatrics is briefly considered.Two instruments were also constructed, and used, firstly to measure the spectral characteristics of transmitted and reflected light <em>in vivo</em>. ana secondly to study the cardiac synchronous pulsatile component of this light (commonly referred to as the photoplethysmogram).
Synthesis of aluminium and gallium fluoroalkoxide compounds and the low pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of gallium oxide films (1999)

Aluminium and gallium fluoroalkoxide complexes of formula M(OR f ) 3 (HNMe 2 ) [M=Al or Ga; R f =CH(CF 3 ) 2 , CMe 2 (CF 3 ) or CMe(CF 3 ) 2 ] were prepared by reacting the corresponding metal dimethylamide complexes with fluorinated alcohols. The dimethylamine adducts reacted with 4-dimethylaminopyridine to give M(OR f ) 3 (4-Me 2 Npy) [M=Al or Ga; R f =CH(CF 3 ) 2 , CMe 2 (CF 3 ) or CMe(CF 3 ) 2 ]. Crystal structure analyses of Ga[OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ] 3 (4-Me 2 Npy), Ga[OCMe 2 (CF 3 )] 3 (4-Me 2 Npy) and Al[OCMe(CF 3 ) 2 ] 3 (4-Me 2 Npy) showed they have distorted tetrahedral geometries. Gallium oxide films were prepared from Ga[OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ] 3 (HNMe 2 ) and air by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition at substrate temperatures of 250-450 °C. Films deposited at 450 °C had a composition of Ga 2 O 3.1 by backscattering analysis, an optical band gap of 4.9 eV, and were >90% transmittant in the 300-820 nm region.
Analysis and tests of a dual three-phase 12-slot 10-pole permanent magnet motor (2009)

In order to increase the fault tolerance of a motor drive, multiphase systems are adopted. Since custom solutions are expensive, machines with dual three-phase windings supplied by two parallel converters seem to be more convenient. In the event of fault, one of the two three-phase windings (the faulty winding) is disconnected and the motor is operated by means of the healthy winding only. A fractional-slot permanent magnet motor with 12-slot and 10-pole is considered with two different rotor topologies : the interior permanent magnet (IPM) rotor and the surface mounted permanent magnet (SPM) rotor. Various winding configurations of dual three-phase windings are taken into account, comparing average torque, torque ripple, mutual coupling among phases, overload capability and short-circuit behavior. Considerations are given regarding the winding arrangements so as to avoid excessive torque ripple and unbalanced radial forces in faulty operating conditions. An IPM motor prototype has been built and experimental results are carried out in order to verify the numerical predictions.
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Implants: Importance of the Interdevice Distance (2011)

Object. The implantation of interbody fusion cages allows for the restoration of disc height and the enlargement of the neuroforaminal space. The purpose of this study was to compare the extent of subsidence occurring after conventional cage placement compared to a novel wider cage placement technique. Methods. This study is a retrospective evaluation of radiographs of patients who underwent stand-alone single level anterior lumbar interbody fusion with lordotic titanium cages and rhBMP-2. Fifty-three patients were evaluated: 39 patients had wide cage placement (6 mm interdevice distance) and 14 had narrow cage placement (2 mm interdevice distance). Anterior and posterior intervertebral disc space heights were measured post-operatively and at follow-up imaging. Results. The decrease in anterior intervertebral disc space height was 2.05 mm versus 3.92 mm (P < .005) and 1.08 mm versus 3.06 mm in posterior disc space height for the wide cage placement and the narrow cage placement respectively. The proportion of patients with subsidence greater than 2 mm was 41.0% in the wide cage patients and 85.7% for the narrow cage patients (P < .005). Conclusions. The wider cage placement significantly reduced the amount of subsidence while allowing for a greater exposed surface area for interbody fusion.
Minimizing Manual Image Segmentation Turn-Around Time for Neuronal Reconstruction by Embracing Uncertainty (2012)

The ability to automatically segment an image into distinct regions is a critical aspect in many visual processing applications. Because inaccuracies often exist in automatic segmentation, manual segmentation is necessary in some application domains to correct mistakes, such as required in the reconstruction of neuronal processes from microscopic images. The goal of the automated segmentation tool is traditionally to produce the highest-quality segmentation, where quality is measured by the similarity to actual ground truth, so as to minimize the volume of manual correction necessary. Manual correction is generally orders-of-magnitude more time consuming than automated segmentation, often making handling large images intractable. Therefore, we propose a more relevant goal: minimizing the turn-around time of automated/manual segmentation while attaining a level of similarity with ground truth. It is not always necessary to inspect every aspect of an image to generate a useful segmentation. As such, we propose a strategy to guide manual segmentation to the most uncertain parts of segmentation. Our contributions include 1) a probabilistic measure that evaluates segmentation without ground truth and 2) a methodology that leverages these probabilistic measures to significantly reduce manual correction while maintaining segmentation quality.
Protective Sulphonate Coatings (1975)

Introduction The sulphonate molecule has become one of the most versatile surface active chemicals available to industry. Its value as rust or corrosion inhibitor in a variety of areas has been demonstrated many times over in field and laboratory tests. A review of these various applications has been published.
Porphyrin nanoparticles as supramolecular systems (2006)

Certain applications of supramolecular porphyrinic systems, such as molecular sieves and photonics, rely on precise nanoarchitectural control of the molecules and/or atoms; therefore they require self-assembled systems of discrete arrays and highly ordered crystals. Other applications, such as oxidation catalysts for simple substrates, may be affected by the use of self-organized materials with less supramolecular order. Colloidal porphyrin nanoparticles can be considered self-organized systems that are governed by the principles of supramolecular chemistry. The formation and potential applications of nanoparticles of these chromophores are discussed in this report with special emphasis on the parameters in the methods used to make these materials, and in terms of the supramolecular chemistry. These principles, concepts, and methodologies are applicable to a wide variety of organic dyes.
Nanomolecular resists with adamantane core for 193-nm lithography (2005)

To satisfy the upcoming demand of next generation lithography, new chemically amplified resist materials should be developed that can perform at the limit where the image feature size is on the order of molecular dimensions. Amorphous low-molecular-weight materials have several advantages over conventional polymeric systems. First, the limit of resolution can be enhanced since the building block of the image feature shrinks to the small molecule. Second, nanomolecular materials do not have chain entanglement due to the short chain length. Third, resist molecules that are free of intermolecular chain entanglement may decrease line edge roughness at very small feature sizes. Fourth, they can be coated on the silicon substrate by spin coating method because of their amorphous properties. Herein we studied several nanomolecular resists for 193-nm lithography. Adamantane was used as a core and two cholate derivatives were attached to adamantane.
Busy-idle profiles and compact task graphs: compile-time support for interleaved and overlapped scheduling of real-time tasks (1994)

A new task graph representation, namely the compact task graph (CTG) is developed to aid in the scheduling of a set of communicating periodic real-time tasks. This representation exposes the potential for parallelism across tasks as well as the idle times that may be encountered within a task. Therefore using a CTG a real-time scheduler can generate schedules that are able to meet deadlines by interleaving the execution of tasks on a single processor and/or overlapping the execution of tasks on multiple processors. The construction of a CTG is based upon the busy-idle execution profiles for the tasks generated by the compiler. The profiles are computed assuming that sufficient resources are available for parallel execution of all tasks. Thus, they expose all opportunities for overlapped and interleaved execution. The compiler analyzes the profiles to identify useful opportunities for interleaving and expresses them in the CTG without explicitly partitioning the tasks. The CTG is powerful because it expresses schedules that are not expressed by existing approaches for constructing task graphs. Schedules can be generated efficiently since a CTG's construction does not require the splitting of tasks. We also demonstrate the usefulness of our techniques by developing an approach for non-intrusive monitoring of real-time tasks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance and Control of Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separators (2010)

The feasibility of using liquid-liquid cylindrical cyclone (LLCC©) as a free-water knockout device for bulk separation of oil-water mixtures in the field strongly depends on the implementation of control systems due to its compactness, less residence time, and possible inlet flow variations. In this investigation, the LLCC control dynamics have been studied extensively both theoretically and experimentally. A linear model has been developed for the first time for LLCC separators equipped with underflow watercut control, which enables simulation of the system dynamic behavior. A unique “direct” control strategy is developed and implemented, capable of obtaining clear water in the underflow line and maintaining maximum underflow rate. Dedicated control system simulations are conducted using MATLAB/SIMULINK® software to simulate the real system dynamic behavior. Detailed experimental investigations are conducted to evaluate the system sensitivity and dynamic behavior of the proposed control strategy. The results demonstrate that the proposed control system is capable of controlling the underflow watercut around its set point by obtaining maximum free-water knockout for a wide range of flow conditions, namely, inlet water concentration of 40% to 95% and inlet mixture velocity of 0.2 m/s to 1.5 m/s.
A two-stage approach to domain adaptation for statistical classifiers (2007)

In this paper, we consider the problem of adapting statistical classifiers trained from some source domains where labeled examples are available to a target domain where no labeled example is available. One characteristic of such a domain adaptation problem is that the examples in the source domains and the target domain are known to follow different distributions. Thus a regular classification method would tend to overfit the source domains. We present a two-stage approach to domain adaptation, where at the first <generalization stage, we look for a set of features generalizable across domains, and at the second adaptation stage, we pick up useful features specific to the target domain. Observing that the exact objective function is hard to optimize, we then propose a number of heuristics to approximately achieve the goal of generalization and adaptation. Our experiments on gene name recognition using a real data set show the effectiveness of our general framework and the heuristics.
Scheduling large-scale parallel computations on networks of workstations (2002)

Workstation networks are an underutilized yet valuable resource for solving large-scale parallel problems. In this paper, we present "idle-initiated" techniques for efficiently scheduling large-scale parallel computations on workstation networks. By "idle-initiated", we mean that idle computers actively search out work to do rather than wait for work to be assigned. The idle-initiated scheduler operates at both the macro and the micro levels. On the macro level, a computer without work joins an ongoing parallel computation as a participant. On the micro level, a participant without work "steals" from some other participant of the same computation. We have implemented these scheduling techniques in Phish, a portable system for running dynamic parallel applications on a network of workstations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Experimental study on steam plume and temperature distribution for sonic steam jet (2009)

The sonic steam jet in subcooled water was investigated experimentally over a wide range of steam mass flux and water temperature conditions. Four different steam plume shapes were observed in present test conditions, and the condensation form was mainly controlled by the steam mass flux and water temperature. Moreover, the unstable jet was observed on the condition of low steam mass flux and high water temperature. The transition criterion of unstable-stable jet was also given. The temperature fields in the steam plume and in the surrounding water were measured. Axial temperature distributions represented the four typical steam plumes, and the fluctuation of axial temperature confirmed the existence of expansion and compression waves. Additionally, the radial temperature distributions were independent of water temperature for small radial distance at nozzle exit, and further the axial location was apart from the nozzle exit, longer the radial distance affected by the momentum diffusion.