gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel Multiscale Gauss-Newton-Krylov Methods for Inverse Wave Propagation (2002)

One of the outstanding challenges of computational science and engineering is large-scale nonlinear parameter estimation of systems governed by partial differential equations. These are known as inverse problems, in contradistinction to the forward problems that usually characterize large-scale simulation. Inverse problems are significantly more difficult to solve than forward problems, due to ill-posedness, large dense ill-conditioned operators, multiple minima, space-time coupling, and the need to solve the forward problem repeatedly. We present a parallel algorithm for inverse problems governed by time-dependent PDEs, and scalability results for an inverse wave propagation problem of determining the material field of an acoustic medium. The difficulties mentioned above are addressed through a combination of total variation regularization, preconditioned matrix-free Gauss-Newton-Krylov iteration, algorithmic checkpointing, and multiscale continuation. We are able to solve a synthetic inverse wave propagation problem though a pelvic bone geometry involving 2.1 million inversion parameters in 3 hours on 256 processors of the Terascale Computing System at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.
Serotonergic innervation of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and photic regulation of circadian rhythms (1997)

Converging lines of evidence have firmly established that the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a light-entrainable circadian oscillator in mammals, critically important for the expression of behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms. Photic information essential for the daily phase resetting of the SCN circadian clock is conveyed directly to the SCN from retinal ganglion cells via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCN also receives a dense serotonergic innervation arising from the mesencephalic raphe. The terminal fields of retinal and serotonergic afferents within the SCN are co-extensive, and serotonergic agonists can modify the response of the SCN circadian oscillator to light. However, the functional organization and subcellular localization of 5HT receptor subtypes in the SCN are just beginning to be clarified. This information is necessary to understand the role 5HT afferents play in modulating photic input to the SCN. In this paper, we review evidence suggesting that the serotonergic modulation of retinohypothalamic neurotransmission may be achieved via at least two different cellular mechanisms: 1) a postsynaptic mechanism mediated via 5HT1A or 5ht7 receptors located on SCN neurons; and 2) a presynaptic mechanism mediated via 5HT1B receptors located on retinal axon terminals in the SCN. Activation of either of these 5HT receptor mechanisms in the SCN by specific 5HT agonists inhibits the effects of light on circadian function. We hypothesize that 5HT modulation of photic input to the SCN may serve to set the gain of the SCN circadian system to light.
A Survey of Text Games for Reinforcement Learning Informed by Natural Language (2022)

Abstract Reinforcement Learning has shown success in a number of complex virtual environments. However, many challenges still exist towards solving problems with natural language as a core component. Interactive Fiction Games (or Text Games) are one such problem type that offer a set of safe, partially observable environments where natural language is required as part of the Reinforcement Learning solution. Therefore, this survey’s aim is to assist in the development of new Text Game problem settings and solutions for Reinforcement Learning informed by natural language. Specifically, this survey: 1) introduces the challenges in Text Game Reinforcement Learning problems, 2) outlines the generation tools for rendering Text Games and the subsequent environments generated, and 3) compares the agent architectures currently applied to provide a systematic review of benchmark methodologies and opportunities for future researchers.
Glycohistochemistry: The Why and How of Detection and Localization of Endogenous Lectins (2001)

The central dogma of molecular biology limits the downstream flow of genetic information to proteins. Progress from the last two decades of research on cellular glycoconjugates justifies adding the enzymatic production of glycan antennae with information-bearing determinants to this famous and basic pathway. An impressive variety of regulatory processes including cell growth and apoptosis, folding and routing of glycoproteins and cell adhesion/migration have been unravelled and found to be mediated or modulated by specific protein (lectin)-carbohydrate interactions. The conclusion has emerged that it would have meant missing manifold opportunities not to recruit the sugar code to cellular information transfer. Currently, the potential for medical applications in anti-adhesion therapy or drug targeting is one of the major driving forces fuelling progress in glycosciences. In histochemistry, this concept has prompted the introduction of carrier-immobilized carbohydrate ligands (neoglycoconjugates) to visualize the cells' capacity to be engaged in oligosaccharide recognition. After their isolation these tissue lectins will be tested for ligand analysis. Since fine specificities of different lectins can differ despite identical monosaccharide binding, the tissue lectins will eventually replace plant agglutinins to move from glycan profiling and localization to functional considerations. Namely, these two marker types, i.e. neoglycoconjugates and tissue lectins, track down accessible binding sites with relevance for involvement in interactions in situ. The documented interplay of synthetic organic chemistry and biochemistry with cyto- and histochemistry nourishes the optimism that the application of this set of innovative custom-prepared tools will provide important insights into the ways in which glycans can act as hardware in transmitting information during normal tissue development and pathological situations.
Time-optimal control of higher-order systems (1961)

Practical extension of time-optimal control to systems of higher order than three has been limited primarily by difficulties in physically representing surfaces in a phase space of these higher dimensions. A method is presented here for obtaining the forcing function as a function of the state variables without requiring use of the phase space concept. On line solution of a set of transcendental equations is required. Results of a digital simulation of a fourth-order, real-root, single-degree-of-freedom system are presented. In a digital solution the system operates as a series of short open-loop control intervals. The effect of including derivatives of the input for prediction is shown for second-order model inputs.
Preparation of Primary Amines by the Alkylation of <i>O</i>-Sulfonyloximes of Benzophenone Derivatives with Grignard Reagents (1999)

Abstract Primary amines are prepared by the electrophilic amination of Grignard reagents with benzophenone O-sulfonyloxime derivatives. 4,4′-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzophenone O-sulfonyloximes react with alkyl Grignard reagents in the presence of a catalytic amount of CuCN in tetrahydrofuran-hexamethylphosphoric triamide to give N-alkylimines, which are readily hydrolyzed to primary amines. 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)benzophenone O-p-tolylsulfonyloxime is arylated to the corresponding N-arylimines with aryl Grignard reagents in ether–toluene, and hydrolysis of the resulting imines gives aniline derivatives.
Flip-chip packaging of piezoresistive barometric pressure sensors (2013)

To miniaturize piezoresistive barometric pressure sensors we have developed a package using flip-chip bonding. However, in a standard flip-chip package the different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of chip and substrate and strong mechanical coupling by the solder bumps would lead to stress in the sensor chip which is not acceptable for piezoresistive pressure sensors. To overcome this problem we have developed a new ultra low stress flip-chip packaging technology. In this new packaging technology for pressure sensors first an under bump metallization (UBM) is patterned on the sensor wafer. As the next step solder bumps are deposited. After wafer-dicing the chips are flip-chip bonded on copper springs within a ceramic cavity. As sources of residual stress we identified the copper springs, the UBM and the solder bumps on the sensor chip. Different CTEs of the silicon chip and the UBM/solder lead to creep strain in the aluminum metallization between UBM and chip. As a consequence a temperature hysteresis can be measured.
"Equator Ring" for Maintenance of the Completely Circular Contour of the Capsular Bag Equator After Cataract Removal (1991)

We designed an "equator ring," a flexible silicone rod with a groove on its inner surface, to maintain the circular contour of the capsular bag equator after cataract removal. After cataract extraction, the ring is inserted in the bag through a 5.0-mm circular capsulorhexis or 4.5-mm linear "dumbbell" opening. Then a conventional posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) is inserted, with the IOL loops in the groove. The ring not only allows complete maintenance of the circular contour of the capsular bag equator for most conventional PC-IOLs, but also may prevent invasion of metamorphosed lens epithelial cells into the posterior capsule.
Modal-based approach to tune and enhance the frequency and dielectric bandwidth of a UHF-RFID tag antenna mounted on a dielectric substrate (2015)

A methodology to design an RFID tag antenna is presented. The tag is explicitly designed to account for changes in the dielectric constant of a thin substrate supporting the antenna. The theory of Characteristic Modes (CM), a modal-based approach, is used to study the effect of the dielectric variation on the dominant modes. The outcome of the CM analysis provides valuable guidelines to design a tag antenna that not only exhibits a large frequency bandwidth but also insensitivity to changes in the dielectric constant. Measurements and simulations show fairly good agreement. The proposed tag antenna is shown to have superior performance compared to commercially available antennas as well as antennas reported in the literature.
Using FM Methods with Molecules in a High Finesse Cavity: A Demonstrated Path to <10<sup>-12</sup> Absorption Sensitivity (1999)

This paper represents an effort by the authors, as developers of ultrasensitive optical absorption techniques, to make these ideas and strategies available to the wider community, especially to those colleagues in whatever field who have real scientific problems which could be advanced if only they had available a higher level of absorption sensitivity. We have a few such scientific and/or applications areas in mind ourselves and, indeed, most of this work has been motivated by one of them: the dream of having a general method to produce a high performance frequency reference basically anywhere in the visible/near ir domain. For this, molecular overtones recommend themselves because of their generous spectral coverage, but it is only with the development of these ultrasensitive absorption measurement techniques that this application has been heading for fruition.
Caffeine content of beverages as consumed. (1976)

Quantitative analysis of beverages prepared at home by staff of the Addiction Research Foundation revealed a lower and much more variable caffeine content of both tea and coffee than had been reported in earlier studies, most of which were based on analysis of laboratory-prepared beverages. Median caffeine concentration of 37 home-prepared samples of tea was 27 mg per cup (range, 8 to 91 mg); for 46 coffee samples the median concentration was 74 mg per cup (range, 29 to 176 mg). If tea and coffee as drunk contain less caffeine than generally supposed, the potency of caffeine may be greater than commonly realized, as may the relative caffeine content of certain commercial preparations, including chocolate and colas. The substantial variation in caffeine content emphasizes the need to establish actual caffeine intake in clinical, epidemiologic and experimental investigations of caffeine effects.
A risk assessment methodology using intuitionistic fuzzy set in FMEA (2010)

Most current risk assessment methods use the risk priority number (RPN) value to evaluate the risk of failure. However, conventional RPN methodology has been criticised as having five main shortcomings as follows: (1) the assumption that the RPN elements are equally weighted leads to over simplification; (2) the RPN scale itself has some non-intuitive statistical properties; (3) the RPN elements have many duplicate numbers; (4) the RPN is derived from only three factors mainly in terms of safety; and (5) the conventional RPN method has not considered indirect relations between components. To address the above issues, an efficient and comprehensive algorithm to evaluate the risk of failure is needed. This article proposes an innovative approach, which integrates the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) approach on risk assessment. The proposed approach resolves some of the shortcomings of the conventional RPN method. A case study, which assesses the risk of 0.15 µm DRAM etching process, is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Finally, the result of the proposed method is compared with the listing approaches of risk assessment methods.
A novel floodless service discovery mechanism designed for Software-Defined Networking (2014)

The low-cost, self-configuration capability and "plug-and-play" feature of Ethernet establishes its dominant position in the local area networks (LAN). However, it is hard to extend to large scale because of the legacy broadcast-based service discovery mechanism. Therefore, to solve this problem, a new split network architecture named Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is introduced in this paper, and a novel floodless service discovery mechanism (FSDM) for SDN is designed. For the FSDM, the widespread broadcast messages for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) are considered especially, respectively. Then the DHCP relay and ARP proxy are proposed to handle DHCP broadcast messages and ARP broadcast messages, respectively. The proposed FSDM in this paper can eliminate flooding completely, reserve the auto-configuration characteristics. Particularly, there is no need to change the existing hardware, software and protocols of hosts for the proposed scheme. Finally, the simulation results are demonstrated to show that our proposed model allows redundant links existed in network and has the property of scalability, which can significantly reduce network traffic in data plane and control traffic in control plane, and decrease the overhead of control plane.
THE VALUE OF DUCK-EMBRYO VACCINE AND HIGH-EGG-PASSAGE FLURY VACCINE IN EXPERIMENTAL RABIES INFECTION IN GUINEA-PIGS. (1963)

The authors have compared the value of multiple doses of duck-embryo and HEP Flury vaccine with that of pooled 5% sheep-brain vaccine in experimental rabies infection in guinea-pigs. They found that the duck-embryo vaccine given in a dosage corresponding to 14 ml of 10% vaccine (the dosage recommended for human treatment), either alone or with antirabies serum, gave no protection and that, even when administered in a dosage corresponding to 140 ml of 5% pooled vaccine, both the duck-embryo and the HEP Flury vaccines, whether alone or with serum, conferred little protection. Pooled phenolized vaccine under identical conditions gave good results. The immunogenicity of duck-embryo and HEP Flury vaccines, given before infection, was also inferior to that of pooled vaccine; and the duck-embryo vaccine was found to be a poorer antigen than the pooled vaccine in mouse potency tests.The authors conclude that the dosage of duck-embryo vaccine recommended for human treatment is inadequate and that the HEP Flury vaccine in its present form is unsuitable for post-infection treatment.
Fourier Transform NMR Spectroscopy (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFourier Transform NMR SpectroscopyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 3, 442APublication Date (Print):March 1, 1985Publication History Published online29 May 2012Published inissue 1 March 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00280a772RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views68Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (160 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Identification of Lattice Vacancies on the Two Sublattices of SiC (2002)

The identification of atomic defects in solids is of pivotal interest for understanding atomistic processes and solid state properties. Here we report on the exemplary identification of vacancies on each of the two sublattices of SiC by making use of (i) electron irradiation, (ii) measurements of the positron lifetimes, (iii) coincident Doppler broadening studies of the positron-electron annihilation radiation, and (iv) a comparison of the experimental data with theoretical studies. After 0.3 MeV electron irradiation, carbon vacancies V(C) are identified, where, after 0.5 MeV electron irradiation, predomi-nantly silicon vacancies V(Si) are observed. After 2.5 MeV irradiation, divacancies V(Si)-V(Si) are detected. The present results are expected to be of general importance for reliable identification of defects and atomic processes in complex solids.
Quantification of LV function and mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: multi-center variability and consensus contours (2015)

A multi-center consensus dataset was established for the purposes of benchmarking and training. Achieving consensus on contour drawing protocol between centers before analysis, or bias correction after analysis, is required when collating multi-center results.
Biomechanical analysis of the accommodative apparatus in primates (2008)

The better understanding of the mechanisms and forces involved in the primate accommodative apparatus will assist with the development of accommodating IOLs and other methods to restore accommodation.
Synthesis and biological activity of DL-3-(5-benzimidazolyl)-2-methylalanine (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and biological activity of DL-3-(5-benzimidazolyl)-2-methylalanineNicolas Zenker, Victor H. Morgenroth III, and Jeremy WrightCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 11, 1223–1225Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00257a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00257a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quadratic nonlinear-optical properties of a new transparent and highly efficient organic–inorganic crystal: 2-amino-5-nitropyridinium-dihydrogen phosphate (2A5NPDP) (1992)

Linear and quadratic nonlinear-optical (NLO) properties of a new organic–inorganic crystal, 2-amino-5-nitro-pyridinium-dihydrogen phosphate (2A5NPDP), are reported. 2A5NPDP was designed to display high NLO efficiency by incorporating highly polarizable organic molecules arranged in a polar order between phosphate polyanion sheets. The material is transparent in the visible and the near-IR (from 0.42 to 2 μm) with favorable phase-matching (PM) conditions for second-harmonic generation in the 1-μm region. Crystal nonlinear coefficients responsible for PM were determined by the Maker fringe method, leading at 1.06 μm to d15 ≅ 7.2 pm/V and d24 ≅ 1.3 pm/V. The measured crystal coefficients significantly depart from oriented gas model calculations based on molecular hyperpolarizability values measured in an aprotic solution, thus suggesting important crystal-field effects and protonation contributions. Thermal sensitivity of the PM angle at 1.34 μm is found to be 155″/°C, which is considerably larger than typical values of inorganic NLO crystals and opens the way to efficient thermal tuning of phase-matched processes.
Trace Nucleotides in Certain Ribonucleic Acids from Yeast (1959)

A number of trace nucleotides are reported to be present in ribonucleic acids from various sources. Cohn (I) and Davis and Allen (2) have described a nucleotide in yeast ribonucleic acids, the nucleoside of which has recently been identified as 5ribosyluracil.’ Littlefield and Dunn (3) have found small amounts of thymine, 2-methyladenine, N6-methyladenine2 (6methylaminopurine), and Ne-dimethyladenine (6-dimethylaminopurine) in ribonucleic acids from yeast, several bacterial species, and wheat germ. The latter two bases were also found in the ribonucleic acids of rat liver microsomes. These bases were shown to have been present originally as nucleotides in 3’) 5’phosphodiester linkage in the ribonucleic acids of E. coli. Adler et cd. (4) have detected N6-methyladenine, N2-methylguanine (2methylamino-6-hydroxypurine) and one-methylguanine in acid hydrolysates of commercial preparations of yeast ribonuclcic acids, and Kemp and Allen (5) have described three unknown nucleotide components that are present in minor amounts in ribonucleic acids from dog pancreas. This paper reports the separation of four trace nucleotides, in addition to the one previously described (1, 2) from a yeast ribonucleic acid fraction that is soluble in 1 1% sodium chloride. This fraction is ordinarily discarded during the preparation of yeast ribonucleic acids by the procedure of Crestfield et al (6). The identity of three of the trace nucleotides, and certain characteristics of these nucleotides as well as of the ribonucleic acid fraction in which they are found, are reported.