gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ordered‐Mesoporous‐Carbon‐Confined Pb/PbO Composites: Superior Electrocatalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction (2020)

CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction has gained significant interest. However, fabricating cost-effective nonprecious-metal electrocatalysts that can selectively convert CO<sub>2</sub> to a specific product remains highly challenging. Herein, Pb-based materials consisting of Pb<sup>0</sup> and PbO confined in ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) (Pb/PbO@OMC) were constructed for CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction to CO. Interestingly, the activity and selectivity of the Pb/PbO@OMC varied with the molar ratio of Pb<sup>0</sup> /PbO. The material calcined at 800 °C (Pb/PbO@OMC-800) with a Pb<sup>0</sup> /PbO ratio of 0.58 provided the best result with CO as the only carbon-based product, and the Faradaic efficiency of CO reached 98.3 % at a high current density of 41.3 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> . Detailed studies indicated that Pb<sup>0</sup> , PbO, and OMC co-operated well to enhance the performance of Pb/PbO@OMC-800, which mainly originated from the good interface between Pb<sup>0</sup> and PbO, higher electrochemical active surface area, and faster electron transfer to form the CO<sub>2</sub> <sup>⋅-</sup> intermediate.
Performance of a new hand-held device for exhaled nitric oxide measurement in adults and children (2006)

The hand-held device (NIOX MINO) and the stationary system (NIOX) are in clinically acceptable agreement both when the mean of three measurements and the first approved measurement (NIOX MINO) is used. The hand-held device shows good repeatability, and it can be used successfully on adults and most children. The new hand-held device will enable the introduction of exhaled NO measurements into the primary health care.
Quantum functional devices: resonant-tunneling transistors, circuits with reduced complexity, and multiple valued logic (1989)

Recent advances in the area of quantum functional devices are discussed. After a discussion of the functional device concept, resonant-tunneling bipolar transistors (RTBTs) with a double barrier in the base region are described. Design considerations for RTBTs with ballistic injection and the first observation of minority-electron ballistic RT are presented. RTBTs using thermionic injection and exhibiting a high peak-to-valley ratio at room temperature in the transfer characteristics are also described. Multiple-state RTBTs and their DC and microwave performance are then discussed. Circuit applications of RTBTs also are discussed. It is shown that RTBTs allow the implementation of many analog and digital circuit functions with a greatly reduced number of transistors and show considerable promise for multiple-valued logic. Experimental results on frequency multipliers and parity bit generators are presented. Analog-to-digital converters are memory circuits are also discussed. Two novel superlattice-base transistors are reported. Negative transconductance is achieved by suppression of injection into minibands. Gated quantum-well RT transistors are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Relationship between T-antigen and tumor-specific transplantation antigen in simian virus 40-transformed cells (1979)

The simian virus 40 (sv40) tumor antigen (T-antigen) and tumor-specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) have been partially purified and studied to clarify their relationship. The T-antigen and the TSTA were partially purified from nuclei of SV AL/N cells, and SV40-transformed mouse embryo fibroblast line, by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on DEAE- and DNA-cellulose. The T-antigen was assayed by complement fixation, and the TSTA was assayed by its ability to immunize mice against SV40-containing ascites tumor cells. When T-antigen- and TSTA-containing preparations were sedimented through sucrose gradients, each antigen had a major peak of activity at a sedimentation coefficient of 6.7 and minor peaks in other regions. Antiserum against T-antigen (from tumor-bearing hamsters) immunoprecipitated the TSTA activity. A preparation of T-antigen from human SV80 cells, which exhibited only one protein band after sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had TSTA activity when as little as 0.6 microgram of protein per mouse was used for immunization. These experiments demonstrate that the T-antigen, the product of the SV40 early A gene is capable of inducing specific immunity against transplantation of SV40-transformed tumor cells in mice.
Current concepts on the virulence mechanisms of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2012)

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are prevalent bacterial pathogens that cause both health care and community-associated infections. Increasing resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics has made MRSA a serious threat to public health throughout the world. The USA300 strain of MRSA has been responsible for an epidemic of community-associated infections in the US, mostly involving skin and soft tissue but also more serious invasive syndromes such as pneumonia, severe sepsis and endocarditis. MRSA strains are particularly serious and potentially lethal pathogens that possess virulence mechanisms including toxins, adhesins, enzymes and immunomodulators. One of these is Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a toxin associated with abscess formation and severe necrotizing pneumonia. Earlier studies suggested that PVL was a major virulence factor in community-associated MRSA infections. However, some recent data have not supported this association while others have, leading to controversy. Therefore, investigators continue to search for additional mechanisms of pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological basis of MRSA virulence and explore future directions for research, including potential vaccines and antivirulence therapies under development that might allow clinicians to more successfully treat and prevent MRSA infections.
Adsorption Characteristics of Pentane, Hexane, and Heptane: Comparison of Hydrophobic Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Adsorbent with Activated Carbon (2012)

The adsorption isotherm data of light hydrocarbons (C5's–C7’s, pentane, hexane, and heptane), which are the main composition of gasoline vapor, onto hydrophobic hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (HY-1) were measured at temperatures ranging from (293 to 323) K and pressures up to 60 kPa and compared with granular activated carbon (NucharWV-A 1100). The experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) equations, respectively. The DA isotherms correlated with the experimental data within 1.85 % root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) and presented a better fitting than Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The experimental results indicated that HY-1 had good adsorption capacities for three hydrocarbon VOCs, which were about 85 % of those of NucharWV-A 1100. The average adsorption heats of three hydrocarbon VOCs onto HY-1 were smaller than those of NucharWV-A 1100, implying three hydrocarbon VOCs were adsorbed onto HY-1 more weakly and HY-1 could be regenerated more easily. Taken together, the hydrophobic hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (HY-1) would be a potential alternative to activated carbon adsorbent for the recovery of gasoline vapor.
Excessive caloric intake acutely causes oxidative stress, GLUT4 carbonylation, and insulin resistance in healthy men (2015)

Obesity-linked insulin resistance greatly increases the risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, together known as the metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome. How obesity promotes insulin resistance remains incompletely understood. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids and proinflammatory cytokines, endoplasmic reticulum ( ER) stress, and oxidative stress are all elevated in obesity and have been shown to induce insulin resistance. However, they may be late events that only develop after chronic excessive nutrient intake. The nature of the initial event that produces insulin resistance at the beginning of excess caloric intake and weight gain remains unknown. We show that feeding healthy men with ~6000 kcal/day of the common U.S. diet [~50% carbohydrate (CHO), ~ 35% fat, and ~15% protein] for 1 week produced a rapid weight gain of 3.5 kg and the rapid onset (after 2 to 3 days) of systemic and adipose tissue insulin resistance and oxidative stress but no inflammatory or ER stress. In adipose tissue, the oxidative stress resulted in extensive oxidation and carbonylation of numerous proteins, including carbonylation of GLUT4 near the glucose transport channel, which likely resulted in loss of GLUT4 activity. These results suggest that the initial event caused by overnutrition may be oxidative stress, which produces insulin resistance, at least in part, via carbonylation and oxidation-induced inactivation of GLUT4.
Molecular basis for the lack of bilirubin-specific and 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in Gunn rats. The two isoforms are encoded by distinct mRNA species that share an identical single base deletion. (1991)

Gunn rats lack UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activity toward bilirubin. In addition, a UDPGT isoform which is active toward 4-nitrophenol and is induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) in normal rats, is produced in a nonfunctional truncated form in Gunn rats due to the deletion of a single guanosine residue in the coding region of its mRNA. The hepatic concentration of bilirubin-UDPGT mRNA was lower in Gunn rats than in congeneic normal rats. However, bilirubin-UDPGT mRNA was of apparently normal length and was induced by clofibrate, a known inducer of bilirubin-UDPGT activity. 3' regions of bilirubin- and 3-MC-inducible UDPGT mRNAs have identical nucleotide sequences; the single base deletion in the 3-MC-inducible UDPGT in Gunn rats occurs within this region. Using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the identical and unique regions of the two mRNAs, and polymerase chain reaction, we amplified segments of mRNAs for the bilirubin- and 3-MC-inducible UDPGTs from normal and Gunn rat livers. Both amplified DNAs in Gunn rats lacked the restriction site for BstNI. Nucleotide sequence determination revealed that bilirubin- and 3-MC-inducible UDPGT mRNAs in Gunn rats contain an identical frame-shift deletion of a single guanosine residue within the common region of their coding sequences.
Zolpidem metabolism <i>in vitro</i>: responsible cytochromes, chemical inhibitors, and <i>in vivo</i> correlations (1999)

The incomplete dependence of zolpidem clearance on CYP3A activity has clinical implications for susceptibility to metabolic inhibition.
Optimal synthesis of smart measurement systems with adaptive correction of drifts and setting errors of the sensor's working point (1998)

This paper deals with a problem in optimal synthesis of smart measurement systems. A nonlinear model of the sensor is introduced, and directly applied to the derivation of optimal algorithms for processing measurement data. The analysis is performed for systems with both noncompensatory and compensatory sensors. It is assumed that a measurement is performed in the presence of random disturbances and noise. The algorithms developed take into account the limited input-output range of the sensor as well as the influence of its internal noise on measurement quality. Simultaneously, they automatically and optimally correct errors in the initial setting of the sensor's working point, as well as those caused by its random drift.
The pH of brain extracellular fluid in the cat (1977)

1. The blood supply to the medulla was determined by the injection of indian ink via the vertebral arteries. Virtually the whole medulla was supplied by penetrating vessels from the ventral surface. The highest density of small arterioles and venules was found close to the roots of XII and on the ventrolateral surface. 2. The pH of extracellular fluid (pH e.c.f. ) was measured with pH microelectrodes of tip size 1‐3 μm in cortex and medulla in seventeen cats, anaesthetized with pentobarbitone or a chloralose—urethane mixture. Parallel measurements were made of the pH of c.s.f. and plasma, the DC potential between plasma and brain and ventilation or phrenic nerve discharge. 3. In the majority of tests under steady conditions, the pH of e.c.f. was found to be lower than that of c.s.f. by between 0·03 and 0·08 units. No systematic pH gradients could be found to a depth of 5 mm beneath the surface of either medulla or cortex. 4. When plasma P CO 2 was altered, pH e.c.f. changed with a latent period and speed of response related to the density of blood vessels. In vascular areas of the medulla and in the cortex, the latent period of 4 sec and the change of pH e.c.f. coincided with changes in ventilation. Changes in pH c.s.f. over the same areas were invariably slower. 5. CO 2 buffering capacities were in the order plasma > e.c.f. > c.s.f. Typical values were respectively, ‐2·2, ‐2·1 and ‐1·6. 6. The pH of e.c.f. was unaffected by the intravenous injection of H+ and only slowly by the injection of HCO 3 ‐. Only up to a depth of 1 mm beneath the surface was pH e.c.f. affected by superfusion of mock c.s.f. in the range 6·8‐8·0 units. This response had a latent period of 2‐3 min and was complete in 15 min. 7. The pH of e.c.f. fell with hypoxia after a latent period of > 1 min and if all vasosensory nerves had been cut, pH e.c.f. was markedly affected by changes of blood pressure. 8. These results indicate that even under steady conditions, the pH of e.c.f. and c.s.f. is not identical, that pH e.c.f. is more obviously affected by changes in P a, CO 2 than pH c.s.f. and that putative H+ sensors which drive respiratory neurones are likely to be similarly affected.
Lumbar Epidural Blockade for Management of Pain in Interstitial Cystitis (1993)

Thirteen patients with interstitial cystitis (IC), whose predominant symptom was pelvic or urethral pain, were treated with a series of lumbar epidural local anaesthetic blocks over an 18-month period. Response was evaluated by interview and with voiding diaries and visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain. Of the 55 injections given, immediate pain relief (lasting longer than 24 h) was obtained from 41 (75%). The duration of subsequent pain relief varied considerably, ranging from 2 to 75 days (mean 15.1). Pain relief was accompanied by significant improvement in sleep habit and quality of life. A good correlation was noted between verbally expressed pain and the recorded VAS pain scores. Urinary frequency and average voided volumes were unaffected by treatment. Two patients failed to obtain any relief. Apart from minor transient backache at the injection site, there were no complications from the procedure. Lumbar sympathetic epidural blockade is an excellent means of providing pain relief in interstitial cystitis.
Matrix infrared spectra of the products from photochemical reactions of tetraphosphorus with ozone and decomposition of tetraphosphorus hexoxide (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMatrix infrared spectra of the products from photochemical reactions of tetraphosphorus with ozone and decomposition of tetraphosphorus hexoxideZofia Mielke and Lester AndrewsCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1990, 29, 15, 2773–2779Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00340a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00340a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The 10-ps wave union TDC: Improving FPGA TDC resolution beyond its cell delay (2008)

There are two major issues in the delay chain based FPGA TDC due to uneven internal delay in the carry chain. (1) The bin widths are uneven and depend on temperature and power supply voltage, which must be calibrated as frequently as possible. The auto-calibration functional block developed in this work provides semi-continuous calibration that converts the TDC measurements from bins to picoseconds. (2) In many applications, the TDC resolution is limited by the “ultra-wide bins”, corresponding to the carry chain crossing at the boundaries of the logic array blocks. The apparent widths of these ultra-wide bins can be several times bigger than the average bin width. The “wave union launchers” described in this paper are designed to make multiple measurements with a single delay chain structure, effectively to sub-divide the ultra-wide bins in each raw measurement. Several TDC schemes with resolutions in 20 to10 picoseconds range implemented in today’s low cost FPGA have been tested.
Sandwich: Log Evaluation In Laminated Shaly Sands (1996)

SUMMARY Formation evaluation from well logs in laminated shaly sands has often suffered from lack of proper models, and in many cases led to underestimation of oil or gas in place. Shell Research have developed a technique that allows consistent analysis of formations with laminated, dispersed and structural shale, leading to better quantification of oil and gas volumes in place. Present research is concentrating on further calibration of the model input parameters by core and highresolution logs such as borehole imaging logs. The present paper shows results of application of the model to the oil fields in Sarawak Shell Berhad (SSB) in Malaysia. The results show increases in the hydrocarbon volumes of up to 40%, as compared to the previous conventional analysis. Higher increases were obtained in environments with higher amount of laminated shale. The main benefit of application of the SANDWICH model was the increased confidence in the volumes of oil and gas in place in laminated shaly sands. This was achieved through reduction of the uncertainty in the log derived inputs to volumetrics. As a result, the reduced uncertainty has helped to reconcile reservoir production with oil in place, and it will improve further development planning such as redevelopments and re-completions.
Abstract-Driven Pattern Discovery in Databases (1993)

New York University* In this paper, we study the problem of discovering interesting patterns in large volumes of data. Patterns can be expressed in user-defined terms and not only in terms of the database schema. The user-defined terminology is stored in a data dictionary that maps it into the language of the database schema. We define a pattern as a deductive rule expressed in user-defined terms that has a degree of certainty associated with it. We present methods of discovering interesting patterns based on abstracts which are summaries of the data expressed in the language of the user. 1
Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight (2020)

Aerosols represent a potential transmission route of COVID-19. This study examined effect of simulated sunlight, relative humidity, and suspension matrix on stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Simulated sunlight and matrix significantly affected decay rate of the virus. Relative humidity alone did not affect the decay rate; however, minor interactions between relative humidity and other factors were observed. Mean decay rates (± SD) in simulated saliva, under simulated sunlight levels representative of late winter/early fall and summer were 0.121 ± 0.017 min-1 (90% loss, 19 minutes) and 0.306 ± 0.097 min-1 (90% loss, 8 minutes), respectively. Mean decay rate without simulated sunlight across all relative humidity levels was 0.008 ± 0.011 min-1 (90% loss, 286 minutes). These results suggest that the potential for aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be dependent on environmental conditions, particularly sunlight. These data may be useful to inform mitigation strategies to minimize the potential for aerosol transmission.
Synthesis of 2-Substituted Dihydropyran 3-<i>O</i>-Carbamates via Combined Metalation−Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions (1998)

Treatment of 6-[(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (8) with t-BuLi followed by quench with a variety of electrophiles leads to 2-substituted products 9a−j (Table 2) in modest to good yields. The thereby obtained 2-boronic acid (11) and iodo (9j) derivatives undergo Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reactions to afford 2-aryl and -heteroaryl dihydropyran O-carbamates 12a−d in excellent yields.
DuReader: a Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension Dataset from Real-world Applications (2017)

This paper introduces DuReader, a new large-scale, open-domain Chinese ma- chine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset, designed to address real-world MRC. DuReader has three advantages over previous MRC datasets: (1) data sources: questions and documents are based on Baidu Search and Baidu Zhidao; answers are manually generated. (2) question types: it provides rich annotations for more question types, especially yes-no and opinion questions, that leaves more opportunity for the research community. (3) scale: it contains 200K questions, 420K answers and 1M documents; it is the largest Chinese MRC dataset so far. Experiments show that human performance is well above current state-of-the-art baseline systems, leaving plenty of room for the community to make improvements. To help the community make these improvements, both DuReader and baseline systems have been posted online. We also organize a shared competition to encourage the exploration of more models. Since the release of the task, there are significant improvements over the baselines.
Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries (1986)

Article Free Access Share on Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries: how to tell a pine cone from an ice cream cone Author: Michael Lesk Bell Communications Research, Morristown, NJ Bell Communications Research, Morristown, NJView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGDOC '86: Proceedings of the 5th annual international conference on Systems documentationJune 1986 Pages 24–26https://doi.org/10.1145/318723.318728Online:01 June 1986Publication History 861citation3,775DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations861Total Downloads3,775Last 12 Months247Last 6 weeks34 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF