gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Structural Proliferation of 2,6‐Difluoropyridine through Organometallic Intermediates (2004)

Abstract Contrary to a literature claim, 2,6‐difluoropyridine‐3‐carboxaldehyde can be readily prepared by consecutive treatment of 2,6‐difluoropyridine with lithium diisopropylamide and N , N ‐dimethylformamide. Regioselective displacements of fluorine from the aldehyde by nucleophiles were carried out. To demonstrate the versatility of the organometallic approach, some two dozens of further 2,6‐difluoropyridine derivatives were prepared applying a combination of modern organometallic methods such as site selective hydrogen/metal and halogen/metal permutations and deprotonation‐triggered heavy halogen migrations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI): Instrument Overview and Early On-Orbit Performance (2015)

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission that uses measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a core observatory as reference standards to unify and advance precipitation estimates made by a constellation of research and operational microwave sensors. The GPM core observatory was launched on February 27, 2014 at 18:37 UT in a 65° inclination nonsun-synchronous orbit. GPM focuses on precipitation as a key component of the Earth's water and energy cycle, and has the capability to provide near-real-time observations for tracking severe weather events, monitoring freshwater resources, and other societal applications. The GPM microwave imager (GMI) on the core observatory provides the direct link to the constellation radiometer sensors, which fly mainly in polar orbits. The GMI sensitivity, accuracy, and stability play a crucial role in unifying the measurements from the GPM constellation of satellites. The instrument has exhibited highly stable operations through the duration of the calibration/validation period. This paper provides an overview of the GMI instrument and a report of early on-orbit commissioning activities. It discusses the on-orbit radiometric sensitivity, absolute calibration accuracy, and stability for each radiometric channel.
노년남성의 체형분류에 관한 연구 (2003)

The purpose of this study was to classify body type of elderly male aged between 60 and 80. 40 direct items and 22 indexes were measured. The result were as follows. First, through the facter analysis of indexes, 8 factors were extracted upon factor scores, 4 clusters represented characteristics of elderly male`s body type. Type 1 indicates flat and bend-forward type. Type 2 indicates fat and bend-forward type. Type 3 indicates lean-back type and is a little bit fat and the waist is round. Type 4 indicates a straight type in which the chest and the hip are developed. Second, drop was needed to discriminate elderly male`s body type. 3 types of drop were extracted. The body type with big drop is Y type in which the drop distance is between 14 and 22㎝. The body type with standard drop is A type in which the drop distance is between 6 and 14㎝. The body type with small drop is B type in which the drop distance is between -4 and 6㎝. Third, when the types of appearance rate were combined, 7 body types of elderly male showed high appearance rate; A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, A4, B4. According to the above result, flat and bended-forward type with drop A was dominant body type of elderly male.
Design and Implementation of a smart chair system for IoT (2016)

We present the design and implementation of a Smart IoT Chair system for Internet of Things (IoT) that combines an embedded IoT device and a chair with separated seating pads. The proposed Smart IoT Chair records and visualizes user's posture through a smartphone application to help the users correct their unbalanced posture. It uses custom designed sensors for pressure and tilt sensing, and also uses iBeacon and Bluetooth communication to transmit data with low-power consumption. We implemented a prototype of Smart IoT chair combining six custom sensors, an Arduino, a Bluetooth module and a chair. Preliminary results show that our Smart IoT Chair combined with our case-study smartphone application can accurately detect various user postures.
Collateral Casualties of Consumerism (2007)

Collateral victims of consumerism are the ‘flawed consumers’ - lacking resources that socially approved consumer activity requires. Collateral damages refer to the new frailty of inter-human bonds resulting from the transfer of consumerist patterns upon relations between humans. Collateral casualties of consumerism are all men and women affected by either of these and thereby confronted by a series of unfamiliar challenges difficult or impossible to cope with.
Active UWB Reflector for RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks (2013)

In this paper, we present an active ultra-wideband (UWB) reflector for radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor applications. The tag is composed of a receiver UWB antenna connected to a broadband amplifier. Its output is connected to a cross-polarized transmit antenna. In order to increase the battery lifetime, an UHF link is used to wake up the microcontroller. It modulates the radar cross section of the tag by turning the amplifier bias on and off. The amplitude of the reflected UWB pulse sent by the UWB reader is modulated as a result. The basic theory of operation of ultra-wideband radio identification systems is explained in this paper. A proof of concept using commercial components and experimental results obtained with an ultra-wideband radar are presented.
Automatic topological structural synthesis algorithm of planar simple joint kinematic chains (2016)

Structural synthesis of kinematic chains is one of the most important and challenging mathematical problems in the field of conceptual design stage of mechanisms. In this article, an automatic topological structural synthesis algorithm has been proposed for planar simple joint kinematic chains. At first, the planar simple joint kinematic chains can be represented by single-color topological graph and corresponding link-joint incident matrix. Then, the corresponding incident matrices of planar simple joint kinematic chains with special input parameters can be formed with the single kinematic chain adding method with the help of isomorphic identification. Finally, based on the procedure for the single-color topological graph automatic drawing, an automatic topological structural synthesis algorithm of planar simple joint kinematic chains with specified degree of freedom F and number of links n can be synthesized in batch, while there are several examples to show the effectiveness of this method.
Lattice Reduction (2011)

Lattice reduction is a powerful concept for solving diverse problems involving point lattices. Signal processing applications where lattice reduction has been successfully used include global positioning system (GPS), frequency estimation, color space estimation in JPEG pictures, and particularly data detection and precoding in wireless communication systems. In this article, we first provide some background on point lattices and then give a tutorial-style introduction to the theoretical and practical aspects of lattice reduction. We describe the most important lattice reduction algorithms and comment on their performance and computational complexity. Finally, we discuss the application of lattice reduction in wireless communications and statistical signal processing. Throughout the article, we point out open problems and interesting questions for future research.
15‐Methyl‐1,2‐hexadecanediol, a major constituent of hamster surface wax (1978)

Long chain 1,2-alkanediol diesters comprise about 15-20% of the acetone soluble skin surface wax of golden Syrian hamsters. The constituent 1,2-alkanediols, obtained through acidic methanolysis, were fractionated by preparative gas liquid chromatography of their isopropylidene derivatives. The major component (57%) was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry as 15-methyl-1,2-hexadecanediol.
Identification and Characterization of Murine SCARA5, a Novel Class A Scavenger Receptor That Is Expressed by Populations of Epithelial Cells (2006)

Epithelia are positioned at a critical interface to prevent invasion by microorganisms from the environment. Pattern recognition receptors are important components of innate immunity because of their ability to interact with specific microbe-associated structures and initiate immune responses. Several distinct groups of receptors have been recognized. One of these, the scavenger receptors, has been classified into at least eight separate classes. The class A scavenger receptors are characterized by the presence of a collagen-like domain and include macrophage scavenger receptor type A (SR-A1 I/II, SCARA1) and MARCO (SCARA2). These receptors are known to make important contributions to host defense. Here, we identify a novel murine scavenger receptor, SCARA5, which has a structure typical of this class. The cDNA encodes 491 amino acids, which predict a type II protein that contains C-terminal intracellular, transmembrane, extracellular spacer, collagenous, and N-terminal scavenger receptor cysteine rich domains. Expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells confirmed that the receptor assembles as a homotrimer and is expressed at the plasma membrane. SCARA5-transfected cells bound Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but not zymosan, in a polyanionic-inhibitable manner. Unlike other class A scavenger receptors, the receptor was unable to endocytose acetylated or oxidized low density lipoprotein. Quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrate SCARA5 has a tissue and cellular distribution unique among class A scavenger receptors. Because of the restriction of SCARA5 transcripts to populations of epithelial cells, we propose that this receptor may play important roles in the innate immune activities of these cells.
Relative Importance of Rehabilitation Therapy Characteristics on Functional Outcomes for Persons With Stroke (2004)

Unlike previous studies using raw functional gains, therapies accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in residual functional change. The results support studies suggesting that both content and amount of therapy are important aspects.
Adaptive Spoken Dialogue Systems (2005)

Adaptive systems cover a broad range of interactive systems which adjust to new tasks, situations, users or expressions. These systems identify and classify relevant features to develop over time, adjusting their behaviour to different users and situations. The topic of this paper is adaptation in spoken dialogue systems based on features in the dialogue. These systems automatically extract dialogue features to make intelligible inferences about its user in order to adapt dynamically over time. The paper discusses the utility of adaptation in spoken dialogue system including user modelling, basic techniques for user modelling and evaluation of adaptive systems. 1
Verified lifting of stencil computations (2016)

This paper demonstrates a novel combination of program synthesis and verification to lift stencil computations from low-level Fortran code to a high-level summary expressed using a predicate language. The technique is sound and mostly automated, and leverages counter-example guided inductive synthesis (CEGIS) to find provably correct translations. Lifting existing code to a high-performance description language has a number of benefits, including maintainability and performance portability. For example, our experiments show that the lifted summaries can enable domain specific compilers to do a better job of parallelization as compared to an off-the-shelf compiler working on the original code, and can even support fully automatic migration to hardware accelerators such as GPUs. We have implemented verified lifting in a system called STNG and have evaluated it using microbenchmarks, mini-apps, and real-world applications. We demonstrate the benefits of verified lifting by first automatically summarizing Fortran source code into a high-level predicate language, and subsequently translating the lifted summaries into Halide, with the translated code achieving median performance speedups of 4.1X and up to 24X for non-trivial stencils as compared to the original implementation.
Family Ties and Socio-Economic Outcomes in High vs Low Income Countries (2016)

Alesina and Giuliano illustrate that strong family ties lead to lower geographical mobility and reduced labour force participation of young and female individuals. We extend their analysis by arguing that the effect of strong family ties on economic outcomes depends on a country’s level of economic and institutional development. This cross-country heterogeneity arises because strong family ties not only foster traditional family values (which have disruptive effects on economic outcomes), but also provide economically valuable social networks – especially in societies characterised by weak institutions and limited market access. Empirical evidence using the European and World Value Surveys (EVS/WVS) are supportive of our theoretical argument.
A servo-controlled roller pump for cardiovascular research (1980)

This paper describes a servo-controlled roller pump system that can be applied to a variety of experimental situations that require either flow or pressure control. The roller pump employs a special race design that nearly eliminates the outflow pulsations inherent in conventional roller pumps. This pump simplifies servo-system design because the outflow rate is related to rotor speed by a fixed constant throughout a pump cycle. The system can control either speed or, with an appropriate feedback signal from an external transducer and preamplifier, the pressure on the output side of the pump. The time constant of the step response under speed control is less than 0.01 s, whereas that for pressure control is less than 0.2 s. System operation in the speed mode is independent of pump loading. In the pressure control mode, system operation is optimized for particular loading conditions by a single gain control. The pump can control pressure in loads ranging from a blind-ended tube through loads accepting up to 1 l/min.
The generation of human dendritic and NK cells from hemopoietic progenitors induced by interleukin-15 (1999)

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that induces the generation and differentiation of lymphoid cells and shares many biological activities with IL-2. We have shown here the development of dendritic cells (DC) from human CD34+ hemopoietic precursor cells cultured for 2-4 weeks with IL-15 alone. DC generated with IL-15 have typical morphological, immunocytochemical, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of mature DC. Dual flow cytometry analysis performed weekly demonstrated increasing co-expression of CD1a or CD83 with HLA-DR, CD80, CD86, IL-2R alpha, beta, and gamma. Two populations of cells were distinguished among CD34+ progeny. Small and medium-size cells were mainly natural killer (NK) cells (72.6-85.2% CD56+) and low numbers of DC (9.1-21.3% CD1a+). Large cells were mostly DC (75.4-95.4% CD1a+). Isolated CD34+ cells did not express IL-2R subunits but after 2-3 days in culture with IL-15, they were found to express IL-2Rgamma. Induced expression of IL-2Rgamma on CD34+ cells may explain the primary mechanism of IL-15-regulated differentiation of hemopoietic precursor cells. Thus, our data suggest that IL-15 stimulates CD34+ cells to differentiate into NK and DC and may represent a new growth and survival factor for lymphoid DC.
Engineering Galanin Analogues That Discriminate between GalR1 and GalR2 Receptor Subtypes and Exhibit Anticonvulsant Activity following Systemic Delivery (2010)

Galanin modulates seizures in the brain through two galanin receptor subtypes, GalR1 and GalR2. To generate systemically active galanin receptor ligands that discriminate between GalR1 and GalR2, the GalR1-preferring analogue Gal-B2 (or NAX 5055) was rationally redesigned to yield GalR2-preferring analogues. Systematic truncations of the N-terminal backbone led to [N-Me,des-Sar]Gal-B2, containing N-methyltryptophan. This analogue exhibited 18-fold preference in binding toward GalR2, maintained agonist activity, and exhibited potent anticonvulsant activity in mice following intraperitoneal administration.
Ferroelectric Schottky Diode (1994)

A Schottky contact consisting of a semiconducting ferroelectric material and a high work function metal shows a bistable conduction characteristic. An on/off ratio of about 2 orders of magnitude was obtained in a structure consisting of a 0.2 \ensuremath{\mu}m ferroelectric PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ film, a Au Schottky contact, and a ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}$Co${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ Ohmic bottom electrode. The observations are explained by a model in which the depletion width of the ferroelectric Schottky diode is determined by the polarization dependence of the internal electric field at the metal-ferroelectric interface.
Catalytic C−C Coupling via Transfer Hydrogenation:  Reverse Prenylation, Crotylation, and Allylation from the Alcohol or Aldehyde Oxidation Level (2007)

We report byproduct-free carbonyl reverse prenylation, crotylation, and allylation from the alcohol oxidation state via alcohol−allene hydrogen autotransfer. Specifically, exposure of alcohols 1a−6a to 1,1-dimethylallene, methylallene, and allene in the presence of [Ir(cod)(BIPHEP)]BARF (5−7.5 mol %) delivers reverse prenylation products 1c−6c, crotylation products 1d−3d, and allylation product 1e. Similarly, under the conditions of transfer hydrogenation employing isopropanol as terminal reductant, aldehydes 1b−6b are converted to the very same adducts 1c−6c, 1d−3d, and 1e. Isotopic labeling studies corroborate a mechanism involving hydrogen donation from the reactant alcohol or sacrificial alcohol (i-PrOH). The ability to achieve carbonyl addition directly from the alcohol oxidation level circumvents the redox manipulations so often required to convert alcohols to aldehydes. Further, through hydrogen autotransfer, there resides the potential to develop myriad byproduct-free carbonyl additions wherein alcohols and π-unsaturated compounds are exploited as coupling partners.
A CMOS R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter and its characterization (2002)

A digital-to-analog (D/A) converter based on the R-2R ladder is first analyzed in terms of the power consumption, to point out that the current-mode is the lowest power dissipation counter-part of the voltage-mode. The integral nonlinearity (INL) analysis and the characterization methods of the current-mode D/A converter are then presented to identify the error sources. The methods are applied to an 8-bit D/A converter fabricated using 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Measured results compared with INL analysis indicate that the dominant error source of a prototype converter is the resistance of the metal interconnect between the ladder and the bonding pad, and INL of the ladder itself is 1.2 LSB.
Determination of selenium in the environment and in biological material. (1981)

This paper reviews the following problems, sampling, decomposition procedures and most important analytical methods used for selenium determination, e.g., neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, and x-ray fluorescence. This review covers the literature mainly from 1975 to 1977.
Broadband localization by matched fields in range and bearing in shallow water (1994)

Data from a moving source received by three horizontally separated bottomed sensors in a shallow water environment are analyzed using a broadband matched-field approach to source localization. The water depth was approximately 150 m, and the low bottom loss in the area results in low spatial coherence of the broadband field. The modeled acoustic fields are constructed via a ray model. Localizations are made in the x-y plane. In a large search area the time evolution of the ambiguity surfaces produced from the data agree fairly well with simulated surfaces. Ambiguity surfaces are generated successively at intervals of about 1.6 s in small search areas with a fine spatial grid to test the possibility of tracking a source. Results of the source tracking are presented. The analysis also considers the effects of the sea floor on localization in the context of spatial coherence.
Differential Reactivity of Human Serums with Early Antigens Induced by Epstein-Barr Virus (1970)

Inoculation of 64-10 or Raji cultures with Epstein-Barr virus derived from the HRI-K clone of the P3J Burkitt's lymphoma line caused abortive infections in most of the lymphoblastoid cells with synthesis of "early antigens" but few, if any, capsids. Antibodies to early antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in serums of many patients with infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, or nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These antibodies were rarely present in other serums even though some of them showed high titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus when assayed on EB3 Burkitt tumor cells; they also prevented synthesis of early antigens, provided the serums were mixed with the virus prior to inoculation. Antibodies to early antigens possibly reflect current or recent disease processes that are associated with the virus.
Extracting semantics from audio-visual content: the final frontier in multimedia retrieval (2002)

Multimedia understanding is a fast emerging interdisciplinary research area. There is tremendous potential for effective use of multimedia content through intelligent analysis. Diverse application areas are increasingly relying on multimedia understanding systems. Advances in multimedia understanding are related directly to advances in signal processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, multimedia databases, and smart sensors. We review the state-of-the-art techniques in multimedia retrieval. In particular, we discuss how multimedia retrieval can be viewed as a pattern recognition problem. We discuss how reliance on powerful pattern recognition and machine learning techniques is increasing in the field of multimedia retrieval. We review the state-of-the-art multimedia understanding systems with particular emphasis on a system for semantic video indexing centered around multijects and multinets. We discuss how semantic retrieval is centered around concepts and context and the various mechanisms for modeling concepts and context.
qnr, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.: genetic environments and plasmid and chromosomal location (2012)

The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was detected for the first time in the chromosome, although a plasmidic location was the most frequently found, with differentiation of plasmids types in E. coli versus Klebsiella.