gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Transition Metal Nitrides for Superconducting Device Applications (2019)

Epitaxial integration of superconductors with semiconductors is expected to enable new device architectures and to increase electronic circuit and system functionality and performance in diverse fields, including sensing and quantum computing. Herein, radiofrequency plasma molecular‐beam epitaxy is used to epitaxially grow 3–200 nm‐thick metallic NbN x and TaN x thin films on hexagonal SiC substrates. Single‐phase cubic δ‐NbN and hexagonal TaN x films are obtained when the starting substrate temperature is ≈800 and ≈900 °C, respectively, and the active N to Nb or Ta ratio is ≈2.5–3. The films are characterized using in‐situ reflection high‐energy electron diffraction and ex‐situ atomic force microscopy, contactless sheet resistance, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion‐mass spectrometry, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy, and low‐temperature electrical measurements. Smooth, epitaxial, low‐resistivity films of cubic δ‐NbN and hexagonal TaN x on SiC are demonstrated for films at least ≈50 nm‐thick, and their superconducting properties are reported. Epitaxy of AlN and GaN on δ‐NbN is also demonstrated, as well as integration of an epitaxial NbN x superconducting electrode layer under GaN high‐electron mobility transistors. These early demonstrations show the promise of direct epitaxial integration of superconducting transition metal nitrides with group III‐N semiconductors.
The <i>cis</i>/<i>trans</i> interconversion of the calcium regulating hormone calcitonin is catalyzed by cyclophilin (1993)

The cytosolic peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase cyclophilin from pig kidney can accelerate catalytically the cis/trans isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds. One- and two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to prove that the polypeptide hormone calcitonin is a substrate for cyclophilin. Isomerization of only one of the two prolyl peptide bonds is catalyzed significantly. The efficiency of catalysis was calculated by lineshape analysis and NOESY spectroscopy. Cyclosporin A completely blocks the effect of the enzyme on the conformational dynamics of the polypeptide.
Direct Detection of Pathogens in Bloodstream During Sepsis: Are We There Yet? (2018)

Significant strides have been made in the detection of pathogens directly from blood. A number of hurdles, however, remain before this technology can be adapted for routine use.
Applications of dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'- d]pyrroles and its analogues to conjugated materials (2014)

The promise of semiconducting materials with tunable electronic and optical properties that share the same mechanical flexibility, low production costs and ease of processing displayed by traditional polymers fuels the intense interest seen in developing devices employing conjugated polymers (CPs). Many examples of ?-conjugated systems have been studied and reported in the literature, of which Rasmussen and coworkers have advanced the field with their work involving N-alkyl, N-aryl, and N-acyl-dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrroles (DTPs). Using DTP as a template current investigations are targeting two analogues: pyrrolo[3,2-d:4,5-d?]bisthiazole (PBTz) and difuro[3,2-b:2?,3?-d]pyrroles (DFP). In comparison to polymers of DTP, the electron-deficient nature of thiazoles is known to stabilize HOMO levels of PBTz-based polymers. Furan-based oligomers exhibit many of the properties displayed by DTPs and it is a reasonable assumption that the properties of DFPs would be comparable to DTPs. The synthesis and characterization of PBTz and DFPs and a comparison to DTP-based materials will be presented.
A Comprehensive Feature Comparison Study of Open-Source Container Orchestration Frameworks (2019)

(1) Background: Container orchestration frameworks provide support for management of complex distributed applications. Different frameworks have emerged only recently, and they have been in constant evolution as new features are being introduced. This reality makes it difficult for practitioners and researchers to maintain a clear view of the technology space. (2) Methods: we present a descriptive feature comparison study of the three most prominent orchestration frameworks: Docker Swarm, Kubernetes, and Mesos, which can be combined with Marathon, Aurora or DC/OS. This study aims at (i) identifying the common and unique features of all frameworks, (ii) comparing these frameworks qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to genericity in terms of supported features, and (iii) investigating the maturity and stability of the frameworks as well as the pioneering nature of each framework by studying the historical evolution of the frameworks on GitHub. (3) Results: (i) we have identified 124 common features and 54 unique features that we divided into a taxonomy of 9 functional aspects and 27 functional sub-aspects. (ii) Kubernetes supports the highest number of accumulated common and unique features for all 9 functional aspects; however, no evidence has been found for significant differences in genericity with Docker Swarm and DC/OS. (iii) Very little feature deprecations have been found and 15 out of 27 sub-aspects have been identified as mature and stable. These are pioneered in descending order by Kubernetes, Mesos, and Marathon. (4) Conclusion: there is a broad and mature foundation that underpins all container orchestration frameworks. Likely areas for further evolution and innovation include system support for improved cluster security and container security, performance isolation of GPU, disk and network resources, and network plugin architectures.
High-intensity focused ultrasound: past, present, and future in neurosurgery (2018)

Since Lynn and colleagues first described the use of focused ultrasound (FUS) waves for intracranial ablation in 1942, many strides have been made toward the treatment of several brain pathologies using this novel technology. In the modern era of minimal invasiveness, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) promises therapeutic utility for multiple neurosurgical applications, including treatment of tumors, stroke, epilepsy, and functional disorders. Although the use of HIFU as a potential therapeutic modality in the brain has been under study for several decades, relatively few neuroscientists, neurologists, or even neurosurgeons are familiar with it. In this extensive review, the authors intend to shed light on the current use of HIFU in different neurosurgical avenues and its mechanism of action, as well as provide an update on the outcome of various trials and advances expected from various preclinical studies in the near future. Although the initial technical challenges have been overcome and the technology has been improved, only very few clinical trials have thus far been carried out. The number of clinical trials related to neurological disorders is expected to increase in the coming years, as this novel therapeutic device appears to have a substantial expansive potential. There is great opportunity to expand the use of HIFU across various medical and surgical disciplines for the treatment of different pathologies. As this technology gains recognition, it will open the door for further research opportunities and innovation.
Pyridon‐, Pyrazol‐ und Pyrimidin‐Derivate aus 3,5‐Diacyl‐4‐pyronen (1979)

Abstract Die 3,5‐Diacyl‐4‐pyrone 7a und 7b wurden mit Ammoniumacetat, Benzylamin, Hydrazin und Hydrazin‐Derivaten sowie Benzamidin umgesetzt. Dabei entstanden Pyridon‐, Pyrazol‐, Dipyrazolyl‐keton‐, Pyrazolyl‐pyrazol‐, Pyrimidin‐, Pyrazolyl‐pyrimidin‐ und Pyrazolyl‐pyrimidinyl‐keton‐Derivate.
Nervous Control of the Pulmonary Circulation (1980)

Dr. Bayliss' statement implied that responses to adrenaline may be taken as sufficient evidence for sympathetic innervation and hence for autonomic control of the pulmonary vessels. In the ensuing decades detailed anatomi· cal studies of the pulmonary nerve supply clearly demonstrated that the pulmonary vascular bed is indeed well innervated by a variety of fiber types. But their contribution, if any, to regulation of blood flow through the lungs has proved difficult to establish. Even more elusive has been convincing evidence for neural control during normal physiological adjustments. Sen­ sory systems that might be involved in any postulated feedback system have been difficult to identify.
Pulse-diverse radar/sonar FSK-PSK waveform design to emphasize/de-emphasize designated Doppler-delay sectors (2002)

This paper explores how pulse-diverse modulation of an FSK-PSK modulated pulse train enhances the flexibility to shape the size and distribution of the pulse train's ambiguity volume on the Doppler-delay plane. Pulse-diverse modulation compresses each pulse in the pulse train differently. Based on a priori information of the relative criticality of various Doppler-delay regions (e.g., the presence of strong clutter or jamming in a certain Doppler-delay sector would mean that the ambiguity function should ideally be small in that Doppler-delay sector) a cost function is formed to identify via a genetic algorithm the near-optimal FSK-PSK modulated pulse compression sequence for the entire pulse train.
The role of nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium antagonists in stable angina pectoris (1988)

Numerous controlled studies have shown that nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium antagonists are effective in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and hemodynamic effects of these agents are different, and thus combination therapy offers additive improvement and also counterbalancing of the undesirable side effects of each drug. The choice of therapy depends on the severity of symptoms, associated diseases, compliance, side effects, and status of left ventricular function. The main mechanism of improvement is a decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption, though an increase in coronary blood flow is another potential reason for the use of calcium blockers. This review considers the properties of these drugs, their mechanism of action, and the results of randomized studies.
Titelbild: Angew. Chem. 12/2002 (2002)

Das Titelbild zeigt eine Bilderserie zum thermisch induzierten Formgedächtniseffekt für ein Polymernetzwerk. Der Kunststoff wird in seiner temporären Form (Würfel, oben) von Raumtemperatur auf 70°C erhitzt. Innerhalb von 60 Sekunden geht das Polymer in seine gespeicherte, permanente Form eines nahezu planaren Films über (Bilderfolge im Uhrzeigersinn). Die Änderung der optischen Eigenschaften des Materials von opak nach transparent ist auf das Aufschmelzen von Kristalliten des Schaltsegments zurückzuführen. Bemerkenswert an diesem Beispiel ist die präzise Wiederherstellung der permanenten Form trotz der drastischen Deformation des Materials an den Kanten des Würfels. Das dargestellte Polymernetzwerk basierend auf Poly(ε-caprolacton)dimethacrylat als Makromonomer gehört zu einem Polymersystem, das gezielt für Anwendungen im biomedizinischen Bereich entwickelt wurde. Das Schema in der Bildmitte veranschaulicht den molekularen Mechanismus des Formgedächtniseffekts. Die Netzpunkte (schwarz) fixieren die permanente Form, die Kristallite (blau) stabilisieren die temporäre Form. Mehr zum aktuellen Stand und zum Potenzial dieser Technik erfahren Sie im Aufsatz von A. Lendlein und S. Kelch auf S. 2138 ff.
Electrical Properties of Poly-Copper Phthalocyanine (1960)

Hall effect and electrical resistivity measurements as a function of temperature to ∼450°C have been carried out on a polymer of copper phthalocyanine. From the Hall effect data it is concluded that intrinsically the polymer of copper phthalocyanine is P type. Two states of this polymer have been determined, one has an activation energy of 0.26 ev and a carrier density ∼1016/cm3 (the carrier concentration varying with temperature), a second, a heat-treated polymer, also shows P type conductivity but the carrier density is ∼1018/cm3 and is constant in the range of temperature measured. The mobility in the heat-treated polymer is found to increase with increasing temperature. N type conductivity observed on the first structure is believed to be a consequence of impurities.
The use of the Smart Braingames System for children with ADHD: A grant proposal (2009)

The purpose of this project was to introduce an intervention, identify potential funding sources, and write a grant to fund a program that would provide a much needed resource to children in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). An extensive literature review increased knowledge about ADHD as well as introduce a NASA created biofeedback device which would help children with ADHD learn to self-regulate the core symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. A search for potential funding sources via the Internet and a grant database resulted in the selection of the Bank of America Charitable Foundation. A grant was then written to support a program which would purchase the device for its use in a chosen site within the LAUSD.
R-MOSFET structure based on current division (1993)

A parallel-path combination of resistors and MOSFETs is proposed for use in integrated continuous-time filters and other circuits. The technique allows continuous incremental tuning while maintaining significantly better linearity than MOSFET-only structures.
Cooling Catheters for Selective Brain Hypothermia (2016)

We read with interest “Endovascular Cooling Catheter for Selective Brain Hypothermia: An Animal Feasibility Study of Cooling Performance” by Cattaneo et al.[1][1] The authors achieved mild brain hypothermia by using a novel indwelling cooling catheter. We appreciate the authors' acknowledgment
High frequency copolymer ultrasonic transducer array of size-effective elements (2017)

A layer-by-layer deposition method for producing dual-layer ultrasonic transducers from piezoelectric copolymers has been developed. The method uses a combination of customized and standard processing to obtain 2D array transducers with electrical connection of the individual elements routed directly to the rear of the substrate. A numerical model was implemented to study basic parameters effecting the transducer characteristics. Key elements of the array were characterized and evaluated, demonstrating its viability of 2D imaging. Signal reproducibility of the prototype array was studied by characterizing the variations of the center frequency (≈42 MHz) and bandwidth (≈25 MHz) of the acoustic. Object identification was also tested and parameterized by acoustic-field beamwidth as well as proper scan step size. Simple tests to illustrate a benefit of multi-element scan on lowering the inspection time were conducted. Structural imaging of the test structure underneath multi-layered wave media (glass plate and distilled water) was also performed. The prototype presented in this work is an important step towards realizing an inexpensive, compact array of individually operated copolymer transducers that can serve in a fast/volumetric high frequency (HF) ultrasonic scanning platform.
Chronic restraint stress induces severe disruption of the T‐cell specific response to tetanus toxin vaccine (2001)

Chronic stress is known to induce immunological disorders. In the present study we examined the consequences of chronic restraint stress on the immune response to tetanus toxin in mice. We investigated the repartition of subsets of lymphoid cells in blood and spleen, the functional ability of lymphocytes to proliferate and to produce cytokines, and antibody titres against tetanus toxin following stress. We report discordance of the stimulation index of lymphocytes in the restraint group: the proliferating rate severely decreased following stimulation with a relevant antigen, whereas it increased with mitogen. Thus, we report a decrease in cytokine production with relevant antigen (interferon-gamma and interleukin-10), without a T helper type 1 and 2 secretion imbalance. Moreover, we observed an alteration in the humoral response, including a delay in isotype maturation and an immunoglobulin G1/G2a imbalance.
Activation of TLR2 and TLR6 by Dengue NS1 Protein and Its Implications in the Immunopathogenesis of Dengue Virus Infection (2015)

Dengue virus (DV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease and its manifestation has been shown to be contributed in part by the host immune responses. In this study, pathogen recognition receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR6 were found to be up-regulated in DV-infected human PBMC using immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. Using ELISA, IL-6 and TNF-α, cytokines downstream of TLR2 and TLR6 signaling pathways were also found to be up-regulated in DV-infected PBMC. IL-6 and TNF-α production by PBMC were reduced when TLR2 and TLR6 were blocked using TLR2 and TLR6 neutralizing antibodies during DV infection. These results suggested that signaling pathways of TLR2 and TLR6 were activated during DV infection and its activation contributed to IL-6 and TNF-α production. DV NS1 protein was found to significantly increase the production of IL-6 and TNF-α when added to PBMC. The amount of IL-6 and TNF-α stimulated by DV NS1 protein was reduced when TLR2 and TLR6 were blocked, suggesting that DV NS1 protein is the viral protein responsible for the activation of TLR2 and TLR6 during DV infection. Secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter assay was used to further confirm activation of TLR2 and TLR6 by DV NS1 protein. In addition, DV-infected and DV NS1 protein-treated TLR6-/- mice have higher survivability compared to DV-infected and DV NS1 protein-treated wild-type mice. Hence, activation of TLR6 via DV NS1 protein could potentially play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of DV infection.
Estimation of the charged particle environment for earth orbits (1990)

A description of the charged particle environment seen in earth orbit by spacecraft is presented. This includes the effects of trapped protons and electrons, solar protons, and galactic cosmic rays. A methodology for ensuring that satellite systems can withstand the effects of these particles is proposed, and the methods and the computer tools developed to predict the effects of charged particles on spacecraft systems are given. 13 refs.
Plaque formation by virulent Shigella flexneri (1985)

An in vitro tissue culture plaque assay was developed to investigate the intracellular replication and intercellular spread of virulent shigellae. Shigella plaques were formed in HeLa cell monolayers in the presence of an agarose overlay containing tissue culture medium and gentamicin, which eliminated extracellular bacterial growth. Microscopically, the plaques were characterized by a central area of dead host cells surrounded by cells infected with shigellae. Cells further away from the plaque center were uninfected. Inclusion of chloramphenicol or nalidixic acid in the overlay completely abolished plaque formation. Plaque formation was completely inhibited when infected monolayers were shifted from 37 to 30 degrees C. Shifting infected monolayers from 30 degrees C, where plaques do not form, to 37 degrees C resulted in the formation of plaques. Cultures of Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei (form I), and all six serotypes of Shigella flexneri produced plaques. Shigellae isolated from plaques were Sereny test positive, contained a 140-megadalton plasmid, and were gentamicin sensitive. Noninvasive shigellae did not form plaques.
Aggregation via set partitioning for natural language generation (2006)

The role of aggregation in natural language generation is to combine two or more linguistic structures into a single sentence. The task is crucial for generating concise and readable texts. We present an efficient algorithm for automatically learning aggregation rules from a text and its related database. The algorithm treats aggregation as a set partitioning problem and uses a global inference procedure to find an optimal solution. Our experiments show that this approach yields substantial improvements over a clustering-based model which relies exclusively on local information.
Mechanism of Action of Guinea Pig Liver Transglutaminase (1971)

Abstract The reaction of α-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-nitroacetophenone (BHNA) with transglutaminase in the presence of CaCl2 (25 mm) produces a catalytically inactive labeled protein in which the phenacyl group is covalently attached to the active site —SH. The spectral properties of this group attached to the enzyme are consistent with that of the group in a hydrophobic region of the molecule. Addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate results in a shift of the spectrum toward shorter wave lengths, indicative of a more polar environment for this —SH in the absence of Ca++. Attachment of the phenacyl group to positions in the enzyme other than the active —SH by reaction with BHNA in the absence of Ca++ results in losses in transferase activity, but essentially no loss in esterase activity. The spectrum of the groups bound to enzyme in the absence of Ca++ is identical with that of the phenacyl group in water. This spectrum is unchanged by subsequent addition of Ca++. In the catalytically inactive forms of transglutaminase, produced by the reaction of d and l forms of methyl N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylacetyl)-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoate (PACK) and 1-chloro-4-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylacetyl)amidobutan-2-one (PBCK) with enzyme in the presence of Ca++, the phenolic reporter group is attached covalently to the enzyme's active —SH. The rapid rate of inactivation by l-PACK compared to d-PACK and PBCK implies that l-PACK, by virtue of its structural similarity to transglutaminase substrates, is properly oriented at the substrate-binding site of enzyme prior to the covalent reaction. The pKa of the phenolic group in the acyl protion of each of these inactivators is shifted towards that of a weaker acid in the reporter-labeled enzyme proteins. The identical changes in pKa with each inactivator suggest that the phenylacetyl side chain in each case is positioned in the same manner within the matrix of the calcium-activated enzyme derivative. Addition of EDTA results in a shift in pKa of the phenolic group in each enzyme derivative back to that of the parent inactivator. This, together with the findings with BHNA, forms the basis for a suggestion that the active —SH is located at or near the surface in the unactivated enzyme, i.e., in the absence of Ca++. Active site titration procedures for transglutaminase are described. A rate assay procedure utilizing either BHNA or l-PACK was found to give results in excellent agreement with those of a direct spectrophotometric method carried out with the use of BHNA. The latter titration is based on the differences in the absorption spectrum of the phenacyl group bound to the enzyme's active —SH and that of this group attached to other positions on the enzyme molecule.
The path towards Gb/s wireless LANs (2012)

Enabling Gb/s throughputs in wireless LAN systems require significant upgrades to the 802.11 standard. which in turn brings new challenges for the radio designers. This paper describes some of these challenges and potential solutions.
Defect tolerance and yield for a wafer scale FFT processor system (2002)

A wafer scale system for frame-by-frame computation of the fast Fourier-transform (FFT) is described. It is based on an eight-point FFT wafer design, which uses two types of cells, a multiply-subtract-add (MSA) cell and a coefficient ROM cell. Systematic repetition of these cells and the interconnect forms the physical wafer. The cells are designed for high performance and testability. For successive 512-point frames, the throughput is estimated at 20 million samples/s. Innovations in preplacement have reduced the traffic in the interconnect channels while enhancing the reconfigurability in the presence of defects. Estimates of wafer yield using a new model for harvesting probability are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>