gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of bile acids in drug formulation and delivery (2013)

Bile acids are naturally produced in humans and are known to provide human health benefits through their endocrinological, microfloral, metabolic and other åffects that are still to be elucidated. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using bile acids as absorption enhancers for drug delivery. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules with a unique ability to facilitate and promote drug permeation through biological membranes. The role of bile acids in promoting drug permeation has been experimentally illustrated in various pharmaceutical formulations including oral, nasal, ocular, buccal, pulmonary and rectal delivery as well as through the blood–brain barrier. Recently, bile acids have drawn attention in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to act as a drug carrier system in the form of mixed micelles, bilosomes and chemical conjugates with drug molecules. Bile acids have demonstrated a unique ability to enhance the epithelial transport of hydrophilic drugs through the paracellular route and that of hydrophobic compounds through both paracellular and transcellular routes. The aim of this review is to discuss various chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of BAs and their potential applications in drug formulation and delivery.
Ru catalysts supported on Al–SBA-15 with high aluminum content and their bifunctional catalytic performance in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (2013)

Highly ordered mesoporous Al–SBA-15 materials with high Al/Si ratios (0.2, 0.5 and 1.0) have been synthesized by a modified “pH-adjusting” method, and ruthenium catalysts supported on the Al–SBA-15 were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and tested in a fixed bed reactor at high temperature (250 °C) in order to study their bifunctional catalytic performance in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The samples were characterized by ICP-AES, XRD, 27Al MAS NMR, N2 physisorption, NH3-TPD, TEM, TPR and IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. The results showed that the selectivities of hydrocarbons were significantly influenced by Al/Si ratio in the support. The 4Ru(1.0) catalyst with Al/Si ratio of 1.0 exhibited typical bifunctional properties in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, lower selectivity (24.9%) of heavy hydrocarbons (C13+) and much higher selectivities of olefins and iso-paraffins were found in the products.
만2세 영아와 교사 간 비언어적 의사소통의 의미 탐구 (2018)

본 연구는 영아반 교실에서 나타나는 영아와 교사의 비언어적 의사소통의 특성과 그 의미를 보다 풍요롭고 깊이 있게 들여다봄으로써 비언어를 통한 영아 교사 간 의사소통 경험의 질적 측면을 고찰하고자 하였다 자료 수집을 위하여 시의 영아전담 어린이집 만 세반의 영아 명을 개월 동안 총 회기에 걸쳐 비참여 관찰하고 담임교사와 회의 비형식적 면담을 실시하였다...
Isotopic Analysis of Atmospheric Formaldehyde by Gas Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (2006)

Little is known about the isotopic composition of formaldehyde in the atmosphere, a chemical intermediate in hydrocarbon oxidation. Here, we present a promising new method to analyze the carbon (delta 13C) and hydrogen (delta D) isotopic composition of atmospheric formaldehyde. The direct isotopic analytical technique described uses continuous-flow gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, which provides flexibility for either isotopic analysis without correction for derivative functional groups. Current levels of precision of measurement are +/-1.1 and +/-50 per thousand (1 sigma) for delta 13C and delta D analyses, respectively. Concentration of formaldehyde in ambient air is also determined, coincident with isotopic measurement, to a precision of +/-15%. The method has the required sensitivity for analyses of formaldehyde in urban air on relatively small volume grab samples of whole air (10-70L STP), potentially providing high temporal resolution. This is particularly advantageous for studying formaldehyde given its short lifetime and large variability in the atmosphere.
The Behavior of Various Inorganic Ions in the Separation of Calcium Carbonate from a Bicarbonate Solution (1962)

Abstract The author has shown the effect of various inorganic ions on the polymorphic crystallization of calcium carbonate from a bicarbonate solution. No definite conclusion regarding the mechanism to give calcite, aragonite or vaterite can yet be made, but these data help to give a pattern of the influence of inorganic ionic species and the concentration of the mother solution on the polymorphic crystallization of calcium carbonate. (1) Alkali chlorides in the mother solution inhibited aragonite formation and favored calcite formation. The extent of the inhibition of the aragonite formation decreases in the sequence: ammonium chloride&gt;lithium chloride, sodium chloride&gt;potassium chloride &gt;rubidium chloride, &gt;cesium chloride (sodium nitrate). (2) (a) Sodium chloride and sodium nitrate in the mother solution inhibited aragonite formation, sodium chloride more strongly than sodium nitrate, (b) With a moderate increase in the amount of sodium bicarbonate (sodium carbonate) added to the mother solution, the percentage of aragonite formation increased to a maximum. With a further increase in the amount, however, the percentage began to decrease and reached zero, (c) When sodium hydroxide was added to the mother solution, only calcite was formed. Aragonite was never formed from the solution which had made alkaline with sodium hydroxide, (d) The presence of sulfate ions favored aragonite formation. (3) (a) Magnesium ions in the mother solution favored aragonite formation very strongly. The presence of magnesium chloride in the mother solution was more favorable to aragonite formation than that of magnesium bicarbonate or magnesium sulfate. Magnesium was not co-precipitated with calcium carbonate, (b) The presence of calcium chloride in the mother solution had no effect on the crystallization. (c) With an increase in the strontium concentration in the original solution, the percentage of aragonite formation increased to a maximum (optimum strontium content: approximately 2 mg./l). The percentage began to decrease with a further increase in strontium concentration. The strontium was always entrained in calcium carbonate precipitates, even when the strontium concentration was very low. (d) The presence of a small number of barium ions in the mother solution favored calcite formation. The presence of a large number of barium ions favored vaterite formation. Even at a low concentration in the mother solution, barium was always entrapped in the precipitates.
On the Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Homogeneous Hydrolysis of Furans (2013)

Furan affairs: Electronic structure calculations of the homogeneous Brønsted acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 2,5-dimethylfuran show that proton transfer to the β-position is rate-limiting and provides support that the hydrolysis follows general acid catalysis. By means of projected Fukui indices, we show this to be the case for unsubstituted, 2-, and 2,5-substituted furans with electron-donating groups.
All-fiber bidirectional optical parametric oscillator for precision sensing (2015)

We present the design and operation of an all-fiber, synchronously pumped, bidirectional optical parametric oscillator (OPO) for precision sensing applications. The fiber-based OPO (FOPO) generates two frequency combs with identical repetition rates but different carrier offset frequencies. A narrow beatnote was observed with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of <10 Hz when the two frequency combs were overlapped on a photodetector. The all-fiber design removes the need for free-space alignment and adjustment. In addition, an external delay line to overlap the two pulse trains in time on the detector is not needed since our unique design provides automatic delay compensation. We expect the novel FOPO to find important applications in precision measurements including rotation sensing with ultra-large sensing area and sensitivity.
Effect of prolonged beta-carotene or DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on ornithine decarboxylase activity in human atrophic stomach mucosa. (1995)

The effect of beta-carotene and DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (alpha-TAc) on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in human atrophic stomach mucosa and intestinal metaplasia (IM) was studied in a double-blind intervention trial. Persons (227) with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and/or atrophic gastritis (AG) were examined. It was found that ODC activity in the biopsies of antral mucosa increased gradually from normal mucosa (7.2 +/- 1.8 units) to superficial gastritis (22.7 +/- 5.9 units) and to AG (54.2 +/- 6.9 units). Enzyme activity in cases of IM did not differ from atrophic mucosa without IM (56.1 +/- 8.0 versus 51.4 +/- 5.6 units; P > 0.05). For the intervention trial, 3 groups of 20 patients with AG were studied. Patients were supplemented daily for 1 year with beta-C (20 mg; group 1), alpha-TAc (55 mg; group 2), or placebo (group 3). No significant change in ODC activity was observed in placebo-treated subjects during 1-year follow-up. During the first 3 months, beta-C supplementation resulted in about a 50% decrease in ODC activity in atrophic mucosa. A moderate decrease in ODC activity of approximately 18% was observed after 6 months supplementation with alpha-TAc. The possible role of ODC in gastric carcinogenesis is discussed.
Classification Framework for Graphene‐Based Materials (2014)

Graphing graphene: Because the naming of graphene-based materials (GBMs) has led to confusion and inconsistency, a classification approach is necessary. Three physical-chemical properties of GBMs have been defined by the GRAPHENE Flagship Project of the European Union for the unequivocal classification of these materials (see grid).
Improving energy and performance of data cache architectures by exploiting memory reference characteristics. (2001)

Minimizing power, increasing performance, and delivering effective memory bandwidth are today's primary microprocessor design goals for the embedded, high-end and multimedia workstation markets. In this dissertation, I will discuss three major data cache architecture design optimization techniques, each of which exploits the data memory reference characteristics of the applications written in high-level languages. Through a better understanding of the memory reference behavior, we can design a system that executes at higher performance, while consuming less energy, and delivering more effective memory bandwidth. The first part of this dissertation presents an in-depth characterization of data memory references, including analysis of semantic region accesses and behavior of data stores. This analysis leads to a new organization of the data cache hierarchy called Region-based Cachelets. Region-based Cachelets are capable of improving memory performance of embedded applications while significantly reducing dynamic energy consumption, resulting in a 50% to 70% improvement in energy-delay product efficiency using this approach. Following this, I will discuss a new cache-like structure, the Stack Value File (or SVF), which boosts performance of general purpose applications by routing stack data references to a separate storage structure optimized for the unique characteristics of the stack reference substream. By utilizing a custom structure for stack references, we are able to increase memory level parallelism, reduce memory latency, and reduce off-chip memory activity. The performance can be improved by 24% by implementing an 8KB SVF for a processor with a dual-ported L1 cache. Finally, I will address memory bandwidth issues by proposing a new write policy called Eager Writeback which can effectively improve overall system performance by shifting the writings of dirty cache lines from on-demand to times when the memory bus is less congested. It lessens the criticality of on-demand misses and improves performance by 6% to 16% for the 3D graphics geometry pipeline.
A Novel Nucleolar Protein, NIFK, Interacts with the Forkhead Associated Domain of Ki-67 Antigen in Mitosis (2001)

In a previous study, we demonstrated that the forkhead associated (FHA) domain of pKi-67 interacts with the novel kinesin-like protein, Hklp2 (Sueishi, M., Takagi, M., and Yoneda, Y. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 28888-28892). In this study, we report on the identification of a putative RNA-binding protein of 293 residues as another binding partner of the FHA domain of pKi-67 (referred to as NIFK for nucleolar protein interacting with the FHA domain of pKi-67). Human NIFK (hNIFK) interacted with the FHA domain of pKi-67 (Ki-FHA) efficiently in vitro when hNIFK was derived from mitotically arrested cells. In addition, a moiety of hNIFK was co-localized with pKi-67 at the peripheral region of mitotic chromosomes. The hNIFK domain that interacts with Ki-FHA was mapped in the yeast two-hybrid system to a portion encompassed by residues 226-269. In a binding assay utilizing Xenopus egg extracts, it was found that the mitosis-specific environment and two threonine residues within this portion of hNIFK (Thr-234 and Thr-238) were crucial for the efficient interaction of hNIFK and Ki-FHA, suggesting that hNIFK interacts with Ki-FHA in a mitosis-specific and phosphorylation-dependent manner. These findings provide a new clue to our understanding of the cellular function of pKi-67.
Beam conditioning multilayer optics for laboratory x-ray sources (2015)

Practically, all modern x-ray diffractometers, SAXS, TXRF systems and many other laboratory X-ray instruments are equipped with multilayer X-ray optics. It is due to a much higher flux these instruments have comparing with those having no optics or having a grazing incidence optics without multilayer coatings. There are variety of the multilayer optics designs – from one bounce collimating parabolic mirror to four corners double bounce focusing mirrors. Design of multilayer optics depends on application, X-ray source parameters, requirements on divergence, focal spot, available room for the optics, manufacturing capability and cost. Key characteristics of the optics, requirements on multilayers d-spacing accuracy, optics slope errors, and substrates surface roughness are discussed in the paper. Different optics designs are considered including recently developed optics for a laboratory topography system and a Hybrid optics combining multilayer and crystal optics for XRR and XRD.
Performance of an Integrated 2.1 GHz Analog Predistorter (2006)

This paper presents the structure and measured results of a RF predistorter IC fabricated in a 0.35mum SiGe BiCMOS process. The IC implements a 5th-degree polynomial predistorter which has been used to linearize a 2.1 GHz LDMOS power amplifier. The measurement setup and results are described. Up to 20 dB cancellation is achieved in 2-tone measurements and up to 8 dB with WCDMA data. The circuit includes also output for the squared envelope signal that can be used as a baseband injection signal to cancel 2nd order distortion components that typically cause memory effects
TREATMENT OF PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY WITH LHRH ANALOGUE IN COMBINATION WITH CYPROTERONE ACETATE—FURTHER EXPERIENCE (1984)

Six girls and one boy with precocious puberty were treated with a superactive LHRH analogue (D-TRP6-LHRH) for periods ranging from 1 year to 2 years and 3 months. In the first phase of the treatment it was administered in combination with cyproterone acetate (CyA) to counteract an early stimulatory effect until inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion was achieved. The gonadotrophin-dependent signs i.e. gonadarche, showed sustained arrest and even regression. Gonadal sex steroids decreased but the adrenal androgens were unaffected. In four patients who showed progression of the angrogen-dependent signs (adrenarche), despite suppression of gonadotrophins, increasing the dosage of the LHRH analogue was ineffective and combined therapy with CyA was reinstituted in three of them because of accelerated growth and bone maturation. It is concluded that at present the treatment of choice for precocious puberty is the daily administration of a superactive LHRH analogue such as D-TRP6-LHRH, together with CyA in the initial stage, and at a later state if adrenarche progresses too rapidly.
Characterization of a 16-channel optical/electronic selector for fast packet-switched WDMA networks (1994)

We report the demonstration of a 16-channel optical/electronic selector for applications in fast packet-switched wavelength division multi-access networks. The selector chip has four differential transimpedance amplifiers with each amplifier shared by four photodetectors, giving a total of 16 channels selected by two stages of MESFET switches. The channel switching time is approximately 10 ns. No appreciable crosstalk is observed from neighboring channels in the first-stage switches, and a 0.35 dB crosstalk penalty is measured through the second-stage switches at a BER of 10/sup -9/ with -20 dBm average optical power in the interference channel. The selector can also be reconfigured as an unswitched four-channel array receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple stress responses in Streptococcus mutans and the induction of general and stress-specific proteins (2000)

The authors have previously demonstrated that Streptococcus mutans shows an exponential-phase acid-tolerance response following an acid shock from pH 7.5 to 5.5 that enhances survival at pH 3.0. In this study the response of S. mutans H7 to acid shock was compared with the responses generated by salt, heat, oxidation and starvation. Prior induction of the acid-tolerance response did not cross-protect the cells from a subsequent challenge by the other stresses; however, prior adaptation to the other stresses, except heat (42 degrees C), protected the cells during a subsequent acid challenge at pH 3.5. Starvation by fivefold dilution of the basal medium (BM) plus fivefold reduction of its glucose content increased the numbers of survivors 12-fold, whereas elimination of glucose from fivefold-diluted BM led to a sevenfold enhancement compared to the control cells; this indicated a relationship between the acid and starvation responses. The stress responses were further characterized by comparing the 2D electrophoretic protein profiles of exponential-phase cells subjected to the various stress conditions. Cells were grown to exponential phase at pH 7.5 (37 degrees C) and then incubated for 30 min under the various stress conditions in the presence of 14C-labelled amino acids followed by cell extraction, protein separation by 2D gel electrophoresis and image analysis of the resulting autoradiograms. Using consistent twofold or greater changes in IOD % as a measure, oxidative stress resulted in the upregulation of 69 proteins, 15 of which were oxidation-specific, and in the downregulation of 24 proteins, when compared to the control cells. An acid shock from pH 7.5 to 5.5 enhanced synthesis of 64 proteins, 25 of them acid-specific, while 49 proteins exhibited diminished synthesis. The dilution of BM resulted in the increased formation of 58 proteins, with 11 starvation-specific proteins and 20 showing decreased synthesis. Some 52 and 40 proteins were enhanced by salt and heat stress, with 10 and 6 of these proteins, respectively, specific to the stress. The synthesis of a significant number of proteins was increased by more than one, but not all stress conditions; six proteins were enhanced by all five stress conditions and could be classified as general stress proteins. Clearly, the response of S. mutans to adverse environmental conditions results in complex and diverse alterations in protein synthesis to further cell survival.
Role of Alpha/Beta Interferons in the Attenuation and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Viruses Lacking NS Proteins (2003)

Alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) are not only a powerful first line of defense against pathogens but also have potent immunomodulatory activities. Many viruses have developed mechanisms of subverting the IFN system to enhance their virulence. Previous studies have demonstrated that the nonstructural (NS) genes of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) counteract the antiviral effects of IFN-alpha/beta. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to wild-type BRSVs, recombinant BRSVs (rBRSVs) lacking the NS proteins, and those lacking NS2 in particular, are strong inducers of IFN-alpha/beta in bovine nasal fibroblasts and bronchoalveolar macrophages. Furthermore, whereas the NS deletion mutants replicated to wild-type rBRSV levels in cells lacking a functional IFN-alpha/beta system, their replication was severely attenuated in IFN-competent cells and in young calves. These results suggest that the NS proteins block the induction of IFN-alpha/beta gene expression and thereby increase the virulence of BRSV. Despite their poor replication in the respiratory tract of young calves, prior infection with virus lacking either the NS1 or the NS2 protein induced serum antibodies and protection against challenge with virulent BRSV. The greater level of protection induced by the NS2, than by the NS1, deletion mutant, was associated with higher BRSV-specific antibody titers and greater priming of BRSV-specific, IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells. Since there were no detectable differences in the ability of these mutants to replicate in the bovine respiratory tract, the greater immunogenicity of the NS2 deletion mutant may be associated with the greater ability of this virus to induce IFN-alpha/beta.
Robust Single-Shot Spin Measurement with 99.5% Fidelity in a Quantum Dot Array (2017)

We demonstrate a new method for projective single-shot measurement of two electron spin states (singlet versus triplet) in an array of gate-defined lateral quantum dots in GaAs. The measurement has very high fidelity and is robust with respect to electric and magnetic fluctuations in the environment. It exploits a long-lived metastable charge state, which increases both the contrast and the duration of the charge signal distinguishing the two measurement outcomes. This method allows us to evaluate the charge measurement error and the spin-to-charge conversion error separately. We specify conditions under which this method can be used, and project its general applicability to scalable quantum dot arrays in GaAs or silicon.
Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF (2005)

In the early days of the Arpanet, each specification contained its own
definition of ABNF. This included the email specifications, RFC733 and
then RFC822 which have come to be the common citations for defining
ABNF. The current document separates out that definition, to permit
selective reference. Predictably, it also provides some modifications
and enhancements. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Fast and Highly Selective LC-MS/MS Screening for THC and 16 Other Abused Drugs and Metabolites in Human Hair to Monitor Patients for Drug Abuse (2013)

The method was fully validated, including the validation of the qualifier/quantifier ratios. The analysis of real hair samples proved the efficacy of the developed method for monitoring drug abuse. The results obtained by this method provide the physician or health-care professional with extensive information about actual drug abuse or relapse and can be used for patient-specific therapy.
Blind turbo equalization using a generalized LDPC decoder (2005)

The standard LDPC decoder is generalized to compute joint posterior conditional probabilities of arbitrary sets of codeword bits given the received data. This generalized decoder is applied to the problem of blind turbo equalization. Blind channel identification is formulated as an expectation maximization problem. The solution depends on first and second order statistics of the transmitted code bits. Marginal and pairwise joint probabilities computed by the generalized LDPC decoder are used to evaluate the first and second order statistics for channel identification. Channel estimates are used by a MAP equalizer. Information is exchanged between the MAP equalizer and the LDPC decoder in a turbo fashion. After each turbo iteration, the channel is re-estimated. Simulation results compare blind turbo equalization with channel informed turbo equalization.