gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window (2008)

The ability to image the cerebral vasculature (from large vessels to capillaries) and record blood flow dynamics in the intact brain of living rodents is a powerful technique. Using in vivo 2-photon microscopy through a cranial window it is possible to image fluorescent dyes injected intravenously. This permits one to image the cortical vasculature and also to obtain measurements of blood flow. This technique was originally developed by David Kleinfeld and Winfried Denk. The method can be used to study blood flow dynamics during or after cerebral ischemia, in neurodegenerative disorders, in brain tumors, or in normal brain physiology. For example, it has been used to study how stroke causes shifts in blood flow direction and changes in red blood cell velocity or flux in and around the infarct. Here we demonstrate how to use 2-photon microscopy to image blood flow dynamics in the neocortex of living mice using fluorescent dyes injected into the tail vein.
Optimization of Hedging Rules for Reservoir Operations (2007)

Reservoir operations play an important role in water resources planning and management. During periods of drought, when inflows to the reservoir are low, it may not be possible to satisfy the target delivery (planned demand), and shortage occurs. Reservoir hedging rules, which include a set of rule curves and rationing factors, are used to guide the operation under such a situation. In particular, hedging rules are employed to balance the current shortage in supply with future storage to avoid severe water shortages in the future. In general, hedging rules are determined at the planning stage, or at the early stage of a reservoir’s operating life. However, after years of operation, the reservoir system, as well as the demand characteristics, may change. Hence, it becomes necessary to reevaluate and update the existing hedging rules to incorporate changes that have taken place. The purpose of this paper is to devise new hedging rules for an existing multireservoir system. An original mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is transformed to a mixed-integer quadratic programming model. A multireservoir system in southern Taiwan is used as a case study to demonstrate the utility of the model. The results show that the optimized new hedging rules improve the efficiency of reservoir operations of the water distribution system.
Reversible Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids: Controlling Wettability and Minimizing Formation Damage (1999)

Abstract Novel emulsifiers in reversible invert emulsion drilling fluids offer a unique opportunity for operators to control the wettability properties of the mud. Reversibility of the invert emulsion will provide economic advantages in drilling and completion and increased productivity. Optimal drilling performance and formation damage control are usually achievable by oil wetting the drill solids, formation and drillstring. On the other hand, optimal completion of a well - filtercake removal and cement bonding -- and disposal of drilled cuttings are best achieved by maintaining all surfaces water-wet. Filtercake removal is especially critical in the completion of horizontal openhole wells. The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluids can be readily and reversibly converted from a water-in-oil emulsion to an oil-in-water emulsion and back to a water-in-oil emulsion using an acid-base chemical switch. This drilling fluid system is simple and easy to run without any drastic changes in current invert-emulsion technology. A novel surfactant package forms an invert emulsion in the presence of lime and a direct emulsion in the presence of acid. Reversible emulsion technology uses new emulsifiers that allow the drilling fluid to cycle between oil-wetting and water-wetting as frequently as one desires. Protonation and deprotonation of the surfactant is used to control the emulsion phase without drastic and uncontrollable viscosity swings. The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid has been successfully run in a North Sea well. The paper presents field data illustrating the economic benefits of this system and discussion on how the ability to change wettability can influence drilling and completion performance.
Craniosynostosis in <i>Twist</i> heterozygous mice: A model for Saethre‐Chotzen syndrome (2002)

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a common autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the sutures of the calvarial bones of the skull. Most Saethre-Chotzen syndrome cases are caused by haploinsufficiency for the TWIST gene. Mice heterozygous for a null mutation of the Twist gene replicate certain features of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, but have not been reported to exhibit craniosynostosis. We demonstrate that Twist heterozygous mice exhibit fusions of the coronal suture and other cranial suture abnormalities, indicating that Twist heterozygous mice constitute a better animal model for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome than was previously appreciated.
SARS CoV subunit vaccine: antibody-mediated neutralisation and enhancement. (2012)

1. A SARS vaccine was produced based on recombinant native full-length Spike-protein trimers (triSpike) and efficient establishment of a vaccination procedure in rodents. 2. Antibody-mediated enhancement of SARS-CoV infection with anti-SARS-CoV Spike immune-serum was observed in vitro. 3. Antibody-mediated infection of SARS-CoV triggers entry into human haematopoietic cells via an FcγR-dependent and ACE2-, pH-, cysteine-protease-independent pathways. 4. The antibody-mediated enhancement phenomenon is not a mandatory component of the humoral immune response elicited by SARS vaccines, as pure neutralising antibody only could be obtained. 5. Occurrence of immune-mediated enhancement of SARS-CoV infection raises safety concerns regarding the use of SARS-CoV vaccine in humans and enables new ways to investigate SARS pathogenesis (tropism and immune response deregulation).
Synaptic Neurotransmitter-Gated Receptors (2012)

Since the discovery of the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and their receptors in the brain, many have deliberated over their likely structures and how these may relate to function. This was initially satisfied by the determination of the first amino acid sequences of the Cys-loop receptors that recognized acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, and glycine, followed later by similar determinations for the glutamate receptors, comprising non-NMDA and NMDA subtypes. The last decade has seen a rapid advance resulting in the first structures of Cys-loop receptors, related bacterial and molluscan homologs, and glutamate receptors, determined down to atomic resolution. This now provides a basis for determining not just the complete structures of these important receptor classes, but also for understanding how various domains and residues interact during agonist binding, receptor activation, and channel opening, including allosteric modulation. This article reviews our current understanding of these mechanisms for the Cys-loop and glutamate receptor families.
Click scaffolds for the inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation. (2012)

Periodontitis and its systemic sequelae remain a major public health problem and developing a cost-efficient therapy will benefit healthcare worldwide. Adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to Streptococcus gordonii facilitates colonization of the oral cavity by P. gingivalis and contributes to development of periodontal disease. It has been demonstrated that synthetic peptides (BAR-peptides) inhibit this interaction and the formation of P. gingivalis biofilms. However, peptides are susceptible to proteolytic degradation thereby precluding their use as therapeutic agents. Consequently, rationallydesigned small-molecule peptidomimetics of BAR will potently inhibit P. gingivalis adherence to S. gordonii and represent viable therapeutic compounds. In terms of inhibitor design, a small molecule "click" strategy was employed whereby the azidebearing partner constitutes a trisubstituted oxazole framework and the terminal acetylene partner constitutes a 5-ethynylmethylene-l ,3-diaminotriazine framework. The design, synthesis and chemistry of the coupling partners in both the acetylenic and azido series have been developed, and the use of these compounds as therapeutic agents is discussed.
Valuations and Metrics on Partially Ordered Sets (2009)

We extend the definitions of upper and lower valuations on partially ordered sets, and consider the metrics they induce, in particular the metrics available (or not) based on the logarithms of such valuations. Motivating applications in computational linguistics and computational biology are indicated.
Raman and infrared spectra of graphite-Al<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cl</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1980)

Raman and infrared spectra on well-staged graphite-Al${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ are reported for compounds with stages $n=1, 2, 4, \mathrm{and} 8$. Of significance is the absence of infrared-active modes for stage-1 graphite-Al${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ and the presence in stages 2, 4, and 8 of three infrared-active modes in the vicinity of the graphite ${E}_{1u}$ mode. The Raman-active modes in graphite-Al${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ behave similarly to the corresponding bounding-layer and interiorlayer graphitic modes in graphite-Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ with regard to the stage dependence of the peak frequencies and relative intensities.
Metal Matrix Composites for High Temperature Turbine Blades. (1974)

Continued development and evaluation of fiber-reinforced FeCrAlY composites, intended for gas turbine engine application at temperatures above 2000F, is described in this report. Resistance of W-1ThO2/FeCrAlY and Mo-TZM/FeCrAlY composites to thermal cycling over the temperature ranges 85-2000F and 85-2200F was determined. The W-1ThO2-reinforced system sustained 1000 cycles at the higher peak temperature cycle without damage. Mo-TZM/FeCrAlY composites sustained 1000 cycles of Tmax = 2000F and 100 cycles Tmax= 2200F without damage but failed in the 1000 cycle Tmax = 2200F test. Times-to-rupture of over 300 hours at 2100F and 35 ksi were observed for W-1ThO2/FeArCrAlY composites at the 40-45 volume percent reinforcement. On a specific strength (density normalized) basis, these data represent substantial strength improvements over current D.S. eutectic systems. Additionally, relatively low creep strains were observed for the W/FeCrAlY system compared to other candidate materials.
Synthesis of arylthioacetamidoximes as potential antidepressants (1981)

Reactions of thiophenol and 16 of its derivatives with chloroacetonitrile afforded arylthioacetonitriles IVb-XXb which were treated with hydroxylamine and gave arylthioacetamidoximes IVa-XXa . Compounds VIIa-IXa, XIIa, XVIa and XVIIIa exhibited antireserpine activity in the test of ptosis in mice and compounds IXa and XVIIa in the test of reserpine hypothermia in mice.
Crossregulation and Functional Redundancy between the Splicing Regulator PTB and Its Paralogs nPTB and ROD1 (2007)

Among the targets of the repressive splicing regulator, polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) is its own pre-mRNA, where PTB-induced exon 11 skipping produces an RNA substrate for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). To identify additional PTB-regulated alternative splicing events, we used quantitative proteomic analysis of HeLa cells after knockdown of PTB. Apart from loss of PTB, the only change was upregulation of the neuronally restricted nPTB, resulting from decreased skipping of nPTB exon 10, a splicing event that leads to NMD of nPTB mRNA. Compared with knockdown of PTB alone, simultaneous knockdown of PTB and nPTB led to larger changes in alternative splicing of known and newly identified PTB-regulated splicing events. Strikingly, the hematopoietic PTB paralog ROD1 also switched from a nonproductive splicing pathway upon PTB/nPTB knockdown. Our data indicate crossregulation between PTB and its paralogs via nonproductive alternative splicing and a large degree of functional overlap between PTB and nPTB.
Synthetic Creatinine Receptor:  Imprinting of a Lewis Acidic Zinc(II)cyclen Binding Site to Shape Its Molecular Recognition Selectivity (2004)

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) from polymerizable Lewis acidic zinc(II)cyclen complexes and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate have been prepared. For the imprinting process the template molecule creatinine is reversibly coordinated to the zinc atom. The high strength of this interaction allows analyte binding to the MIP from aqueous solution with high affinity. Its pH dependence is used for controlled guest release with nearly quantitative analyte recovery rate. The binding capacity and selectivity profile of the MIP remains constant through several pH controlled binding and release cycles. MIPs missing a suitable metal binding site showed no significant affinity for thymine or creatinine. Flavin adsorbs nonspecifically to all polymers. The imprinting process reverses the binding selectivity of zinc(II)cyclen for creatinine and thymine from 1:34 in homogeneous solution to 3.5:1 in the MIP. Scatchard plot analysis of creatinine binding isotherms reveals uniform binding of the imprint, with fits indicating a one-site model; however, similar analysis for thymine indicate high and low affinity sites. This corresponds to unrestricted coordination sites freely accessible for thymine, e.g., at the polymer surface, and misshaped imprinted sites, which still can accommodate thymine. More than 50% of all binding sites exclusively bind creatinine and are not accessible to thymine. The binding properties of a copolymer of polymerizable zinc(II)cyclen and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate missing the creatinine template, which match the binding selectivity of the complex in solution, confirm that the origin of altered selectivities is the imprinting process. With binding ability at physiological pH, the MIPs are applicable for tasks in medicinal diagnostics or biotechnology. Imprinted zinc(II)cyclen complexes provide, like a metalloenzyme binding motif, high binding affinity by reversible coordination while the surrounding macromolecule determines binding selectivity.
Intervertebral Disc-Derived Stem Cells (2012)

In Brief Study Design. An in vitro and in vivo evaluation of intervertebral disc (IVD)–derived stem/progenitor cells. Objective. To determine the chondrogenic, adipogenic, osteogenic, and neurogenic differentiation capacity of disc-derived stem/progenitor cells in vitro and neurogenic differentiation in vivo. Summary of Background Data. Tissue repair strategies require a source of appropriate cells that could be used to replace dead or damaged cells and tissues such as stem cells. Here we examined the potential use of IVD-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine approaches and neural repair. Methods. Nonchondrodystrophic canine IVD nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were used to generate stem/progenitor cells (NP progenitor cells [NPPCs]) and the NPPCs were differentiated in vitro into chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic lineages and in vivo into the neurogenic lineage. NPPCs were compared with bone marrow–derived mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells in terms of the expression of stemness genes. The expression of the neural crest marker protein 0 and the Brachyury gene were evaluated in NP cells and NPPCs. Results. NPPCs contain stem/progenitor cells and express “stemness” genes such as Sox2, Oct3/4, Nanog, CD133, Nestin, and neural cell adhesion molecule but differ from mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells in the higher expression of the Nanog gene by NPPCs. NPPCs do not express protein 0 or the Brachyury gene both of which are expressed by the totality of IVD NP cells. The percentage of NPPCs within the IVD is 1% of the total as derived by colony-forming assay. NPPCs are capable of differentiating along chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic lineages in vitro and into oligodendrocyte, neuron, and astroglial specific precursor cells in vivo within the compact myelin-deficient shiverer mouse. Conclusion. We propose that the IVD NP represents a regenerative niche suggesting that the IVD could represent a readily accessible source of precursor cells for neural repair and regeneration. Intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus progenitor cells (NPPCs) are pluripotential and differentiate into chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neural classes of cells in vitro. In vivo NPPCs differentiate into multiple neural cell lineages including oligodendrocyte precursors that form myelin basic protein. NPPCs could provide a unique source of stem cell for neural repair.
Water Intoxication and Women, Infants, and Children Program (1993)

<i>Sir</i>.—In his recent response<sup>1</sup>to the report of Keating et al<sup>2</sup>on water intoxication in infants in St Louis, Mo, Graham implies that the counseling provided by Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) nutritionists may be responsible for the striking increase in this serious syndrome. However, the article by Keating et al notes that the advice given by WIC nutritionists regarding water feedings has not changed since the program began in 1976; thus, such advice by itself could not account for the dramatic increase in water intoxication documented in their report. Graham<sup>1</sup>also states: "If many mothers 'presume that WIC provides everything the infant needs,' it is because the advocates and operators of the program have so implied." Yet, the Keating report notes that "The WIC workers emphasize the word<i>supplemental</i>in the program title, but they recognize that many mothers presume
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal hepatoblastoma (2019)

The case of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal hepatoblastoma is presented. A massive formation in liver at 31–32 weeks of gestation was found. At 38–39 weeks of gestation woman was admitted to the perinatal center for delivery. Ultrasound examination revealed an increase of liver formation. According to ultrasound data, the formation is interpreted as hepatoblastoma. After birth the diagnosis was confirmed. The child was sent for surgical treatment.
A General Approach for Identification of RNA-Protein Cross-linking Sites within Native Human Spliceosomal Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) (2000)

We describe a novel approach to identify RNA-protein cross-linking sites within native small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles from HeLa cells. It combines immunoprecipitation of the UV-irradiated particles under semi-denaturing conditions with primer extension analysis of the cross-linked RNA moiety. In a feasibility study, we initially identified the exact cross-linking sites of the U1 70-kDa (70K) protein in stem-loop I of U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) within purified U1 snRNPs and then confirmed the results by a large-scale preparation that allowed N-terminal sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of purified cross-linked peptide-oligonucleotide complexes. We identified Tyr(112) and Leu(175) within the RNA-binding domain of the U1 70K protein to be cross-linked to G(28) and U(30) in stem-loop I, respectively. We further applied our immunoprecipitation approach to HeLa U5 snRNP, as part of purified 25 S U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNPs. Cross-linking sites between the U5-specific 220-kDa protein (human homologue of Prp8p) and the U5 snRNA were located at multiple nucleotides within the highly conserved loop 1 and at one site in internal loop 1 of U5 snRNA. The cross-linking of four adjacent nucleotides indicates an extended interaction surface between loop 1 and the 220-kDa protein. In summary, our approach provides a rapid method for identification of RNA-protein contact sites within native snRNP particles as well as other ribonucleoprotein particles.
Private Insurance Premium Intakes Declined in 2016 (2017)

The volume of single premium payments (with long-run guarantees) almost halved in 2016. Positive effects of the tax reform were more than compensated by low interest rates, making private households increasingly shy away from contracts with long commitment periods. On the supply side, insurers were less willing to underwrite long-run guarantees. This caused premiums in the life insurance business to decline by 9 percent and the total premium intake to shrink by 1.8 percent. Robustly growing private health insurance (+4.7 percent) and a recovery in non-life and accident insurance (+1.7 percent) did not prevent a further drop of the insurance density to 4.9 percent of GDP. Forecasts for 2017 and 2018 expect that this development will continue, albeit at a slower pace. The first year of experience with Solvency II revealed some scope for interpretation across the member countries' supervisory bodies. Austrian insurers emerged from the stress test in 2016 with sufficient amounts of solvency capital.
Boosting Molecular Fluorescence with a Plasmonic Nanolauncher (2009)

Molecular emission enhancement is generally obtained by proper coupling with external resonances. Here we propose the idea of a plasmonic nanolauncher, i.e., a metamaterial-inspired ultranarrow channel at cutoff. Its peculiar operation provides uniform phase and drastic amplitude increase all over the channel, allowing high emission enhancement independent of the position of an individual or group of molecules along the channel, and of its length and geometry. This may provide a fascinating mechanism for efficient molecular detection and enhanced optical fluorescence.
Physical properties of ammonia‐rich ice: Application to Titan (2001)

We report simple measurements of the physical properties of frozen aqueous solutions of NH 3 down to 80 K. These measurements are relevant for the geophysics of icy satellites and Titan in particular. We find that the thermal conductivity of NH 3 ‐rich (∼10–30%) water ice is 1–2 Wm −1 K −1 , or 2–3 times lower than that of pure water ice. We find evidence for significant microwave absorptivity in NH 3 ‐rich ice—even at 100K—and that the electrical properties are very strongly temperature‐dependent. At around 100K the Young's Modulus for NH 3 ‐free and NH 3 ‐rich ice appears to be about the same, while at 160K the NH 3 ‐rich ice is 10x more compliant.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activity of an Mn(II) Complex Derived from 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(<i>N</i> <sup>4</sup>-methylthiosemicarbazone) (2013)

Transition metal complex [Mn(H2L)(H2O)2](CH3COO)2 (1), where H2L = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(N 4-methylthiosemicarba- zone), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 is depicted as a monomeric, seven-coordinated complex formed with one Mn(II) ion, one pentadentate N3S2 thiosemicarbazone ligand, and two oxygen atoms from two water molecules. Biological studies, carried out in vitro against K562 leukemia cells, have shown that the thiosemicarbazone moiety and its manganese(II) complex show distinctive differences in the biological property.
Receptor binding sites of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas and related [(acylamino)alkyl]benzoic acids (1984)

The blood glucose level lowering activity of [(acylamino)ethyl]benzoic acids, such as p-[2-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-benzamido)ethyl]benzoic acid (HB699, 2), is discussed in terms of binding at putative insulin-releasing receptor sites of pancreatic beta cells. The hypoglycemic potencies found for synthetic analogues of 2 indicate that high hypoglycemic activity is only found when a carboxyl group or a group that is readily oxidized to carboxyl in vivo, such as methyl, is attached to the aromatic ring of the phenethyl group. It is proposed that this carboxyl group is able to bind at the same receptor site as the SO2NHCONH group of the sulfonylurea drugs, such as tolbutamide (3). The role of the benzamide group in 2 was attributed to protein binding.