gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insights into the Heck Reaction with PCP Pincer Palladium(II) Complexes (2004)

[reaction: see text] The Heck reaction of phenyl halides with styrene using a series of related PCP pincer palladium(II) complexes was studied in order to evaluate the effect of ligand structure and electronics on the catalytic activity and to investigate the nature of the catalyst species. We suggest these pincer complexes are precatalysts for highly active forms of metallic palladium. This conclusion is based on kinetic studies (induction periods, sigmoidal kinetics), Hg drop tests, quantitative poisoning experiments, and NMR studies.
Coherent terahertz spin-wave emission associated with ferrimagnetic domain wall dynamics (2017)

We theoretically study the dynamics of ferrimagnetic domain walls in the presence of a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. We find that an application of a dc magnetic field can induce terahertz spin-wave emission by driving ferrimagnetic domain walls, which is not possible for ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic domain walls. The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is shown to facilitate terahertz spin-wave emission in a wide range of the net angular momentum by increasing the Walker breakdown field. Moreover, we show that spin-orbit torque combined with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction also drives fast ferrimagnetic domain wall motion by emitting terahertz spin waves in a wide range of the net angular momentum.
Relationship between Serum Free Fatty Acids and Thyroid Hormone Binding Inhibitor in Nonthyroid Illnesses* (1985)

We measured the serum concentration and relative distribution of various free fatty acids (FFA) by gas/liquid chromatography in normal subjects and nonthyroid illness (NTI) patients with or without detectable serum thyroid-hormone binding inhibitor (THBI). The mean serum concentration of total FFA was 0.72 +/- 0.08 (SE) mM in eight normal subjects; it was similar (0.63 +/- 0.12) in eight THBI-negative NTI patients, but was significantly higher (3.1 +/- 1.0; P less than 0.05) in eight THBI-positive NTI patients (THBI index, 3.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.05 in normal subjects). Relative distribution of FFA in THBI-negative patients did not differ significantly from that in normal subjects. In THBI-positive patients, however, serum concentrations of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic acids were significantly above normal. Among fatty acids with appreciable THBI activity, oleic acid was most abundant in THBI-positive patients; its concentration of 1.3 +/- 0.32 mM in patients was about 6-fold higher than the corresponding normal value (0.21 +/- 0.02; P less than 0.005). The serum concentration of THBI correlated significantly with levels of both total FFA (r = 0.69; P less than 0.005) and oleic acid (r = 0.80; P less than 0.001). Addition of 0.33 mM oleic acid to THBI-negative NTI serum or 0.66 mM oleic acid to normal serum increased THBI activity to a level greater than 2 SD above the normal mean, i.e. 1.6. The various data suggest that 1) circulating FFA contribute importantly to THBI activity in sera of NTI patients; 2) oleic acid contributes more to THBI activity of NTI sera than do other FFA.
<title>Highly efficient optical parametric oscillators</title> (1991)

An eyesafe source (1.61 micrometers ) with 1.1% wallplug efficiency, is demonstrated using a Nd:YAG pumped KTP optical parametric oscillator with peak-power conversion efficiencies of 70%. Joule-level scaling, kHz repetition-rates, and ns pulselengths are now accessible using this technology.
Photostability of sunscreen products influences the efficiency of protection with regard to UV-induced genotoxic or photoageing-related endpoints (2004)

These data demonstrate that the loss of absorbing efficiency within the UVA wavelength domain due to photoinstability may have detrimental consequences on cell function and lead to impairments that have been implicated in genotoxic events as well as in the photoageing process.
Understanding end-to-end Internet traffic dynamics (2002)

An investigative tool for the direct study of end-to-end Internet traffic is presented, featuring a hybrid timing mechanism allowing high resolution time-stamping of packet departures in a UNIX environment. A method for the elimination of timing artifacts due to variations in clock rates, essential for the study of delay, is also presented. A preliminary report is gives on the detailed structure of end-to-end delay and loss processes using the tool. A number of consistent properties of interest are found including long range dependence in delay and a very simple structure for loss.
Reservoir geochemistry : methods, applications and opportunities (1994)

Abstract- Petroleum reservoirs often contain compositionally heterogeneous p troleum, water and sometimes gas columns which can be interpreted in geologically useful ways. Kilometre-scale lateral compositional heterogeneities n fluid columns suggest petroleum emplacement directions, directions of water flow in biodegraded oilfields and the presence of major barriers to fluid flow within reservoirs. Vertical fluid column heterogeneities on a 10 m scale suggest that reservoirs are vertically compartmentalized. These data can be used as a tool in reservoir descrip-tion and are thus relevant o many aspects of reservoir appraisal and development. The data supplement those generated by reservoir geologists and engineers, and can be obtained immediately after drilling, at reasonable cost. Much recent work has focused on polar nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) containing compounds such as quinolines, carbazoles and phenols. These compounds interact relatively strongly with water, rock minerals and each other, and may significantly influence the viscosity and pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties of petroleum, and also reservoir wettability. There are obvious links here between reservoir geochemistry and the more traditional disciplines of petroleum and reservoir engineering which we xpect o be exploited in the coming years.
AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Topics in US (2003)

Techniques of Doppler ultrasonography (US) have been available to clinicians for nearly 40 years. The Doppler effect as developed by sound propagation in human tissues and with the velocities observed for the human vasculature produces shifts in the frequencies of returning echo signals. These signals can be processed in a manner that allows the observer to determine the condition of the blood flow. The instrumentation for Doppler US has evolved to accommodate the expanding clinical use of US. Each development (eg, pulsed-wave Doppler US, color flow imaging) has been motivated by a desire to provide more clinical information about flow in the body. The algorithms used are complex, but increasingly powerful microelectronics have made these methods a reality at a reasonable cost. Users of Doppler US techniques must be aware of the complicated aspects of flow in the body, especially with regard to detection of disease in the human vasculature. The continuing development of US equipment aims to provide a greater understanding of hemodynamics and the relationship between blood flow and various disease processes.
Psychological Impact of Significantly Short Stature (1991)

These baseline data confirm that many children with significantly short stature are vulnerable to diverse developmental, social and educational problems, and substantiate the importance of a multidisciplinary treatment approach that includes a comprehensive psychological and medical assessment. The psychological assessment should focus on the early detection of problems in academic achievement and psychosocial development, in order that appropriate educational and counselling interventions can be provided. The paediatrician can also foster a positive relationship with patients and their families to facilitate treatment compliance and improve overall outcome in several ways. These include a simple explanation of the aetiology of the child's short stature and how the diagnosis was made, a review of the treatment protocol that includes information about potential side-effects and suggestions for minimizing conflicts about injections, and an open discussion of prognosis to help families develop realistic expectations. It is further suggested that paediatricians stress that treatment outcome should be assessed in psychological terms, such as increased responsibility, as well as physical growth. These anticipatory interventions will help to ensure that the eventual outcome of comprehensive treatment is an optimally functioning young adult.
The Molecular Architecture of Axonemes Revealed by Cryoelectron Tomography (2006)

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are built on a 9 + 2 array of microtubules plus >250 accessory proteins, forming a biological machine called the axoneme. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of rapidly frozen axonemes from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm, using cryoelectron tomography and image processing to focus on the motor enzyme dynein. Our images suggest a model for the way dynein generates force to slide microtubules. They also reveal two dynein linkers that may provide "hard-wiring" to coordinate motor enzyme action, both circumferentially and along the axoneme. Periodic densities were also observed inside doublet microtubules; these may contribute to doublet stability.
A Mild Deprotection Strategy for Allyl-Protecting Groups and Its Implications in Sequence Specific Dendrimer Synthesis (2002)

A mild deprotection strategy for allyl ethers under basic conditions in the presence of a palladium catalyst is described. Under these conditions, aryl allyl ethers can be cleaved selectively in the presence of alkyl allyl ethers. These conditions are also effective in the deprotection of allyloxycarbonyl groups. The utility of the current methodology in sequence specific dendrimer synthesis is demonstrated.
Pipeline architecture for DCT/IDCT (2002)

In this paper, a unified sequential architecture for 8-point discrete cosine transform and its inverse is described. The architecture is based on rescheduled constant geometry algorithms, which are mapped onto a one-dimensional structure with the aid of vertical projection. The resulting modular architecture can be efficiently pipelined since arithmetic units are removed from the critical path. In addition, the complexity of the architecture is compared to other previously reported architectures operating over sequential data.
The <i>arcelin-5</i> Gene of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>Directs High Seed-Specific Expression in Transgenic<i>Phaseolus acutifolius</i> and Arabidopsis Plants1 (1999)

The regulatory sequences of many genes encoding seed storage proteins have been used to drive seed-specific expression of a variety of proteins in transgenic plants. Because the levels at which these transgene-derived proteins accumulate are generally quite low, we investigated the utility of the arcelin-5 regulatory sequences in obtaining high seed-specific expression in transgenic plants. Arcelin-5 is an abundant seed protein found in some wild common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Seeds of Arabidopsis and Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) plants transformed with arcelin-5 gene constructs synthesized arcelin-5 to levels of 15% and 25% of the total protein content, respectively. To our knowledge, such high expression levels directed by a transgene have not been reported before. The transgenic plants also showed low plant-to-plant variation in arcelin expression. Complex transgene integration patterns, which often result in gene silencing effects, were not associated with reduced arcelin-5 expression. High transgene expression was the result of high mRNA steady-state levels and was restricted to seeds. This indicates that all requirements for high seed-specific expression are cis elements present in the cloned genomic arcelin-5 sequence and trans-acting factors that are available in Arabidopsis and Phaseolus spp., and thus probably in most dicotyledonous plants.
Semi-automated segmentation of dual echo MR images (2002)

Quantitative analysis of MR images requires robust methods of segmentation. Further, it is important to be able to use standard clinical acquisition sequences to maximize the possible impact of these measures. We introduce a method of segmentation for use on conventional spin-echo MR acquisitions with two echoes. Linear combinations of proton density and T/sub 2/-weighted images enhance tissue types. These are then segmented using k-means clustering, an unsupervised classification algorithm. The segmentation occurs at two separate levels. The output of each level is combined to give a user-selected tissue type, i.e., grey matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), partial volume white/grey, and partial volume CSF/grey. The segmentation is reliable and has been tested on controls as well as patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
18.2 A Monolithic E-Mode GaN 15W 400V Offline Self-Supplied Hysteretic Buck Converter with 95.6% Efficiency (2020)

Due to superior figures-of-merit (FoMs), gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) offer a huge potential for high-voltage switching applications in power electronics. Recent developments show a trend from board level designs with discrete GaN HEMTs and separate silicon-based drivers [1]-[3] towards monolithic integration of GaN HEMT and driver in GaN-on-Silicon technology [4], [5]. This has led to even better control of parasitics along with significantly smaller solution size. While monolithic integration of high-voltage offline power converters has been demonstrated using silicon technology [6], the lack of any suitable p-type device [7] is a major challenge towards full integration including control loops and analog circuit blocks in GaN. Moreover, random crystal defect rates between 5 and 10 per μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> strongly affect the electron mobility [8] and thereby cause higher device mismatch than that of the state-of-the-art silicon processes. This paper presents the monolithic integration of an offline buck converter in a 650V enhancement-mode (e-mode) GaN process. In comparison with state-of-the-art solutions it offers high efficiency, high power density and low component count in one solution. The block diagram in Fig. 18.2.1 shows the fully integrated control loop and analog supporting blocks together with the gate driver and high-voltage power transistor on one GaN die. The buck converter operates in boundary conduction mode and uses cycle-by-cycle peak current sensing to control the average output current. The off-time is either limited by a zero current detection or by an RC-based max off timer (e.g., during startup).
Ladder Polymers: The new generation (1991)

Review: Polymers with high thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability based on a ladder‐type structure (see figure), have suffered in the past from insolubility or infusibility. A new strategy for the controlled synthesis of processible ladder polymers, based on Diels‐Alder polymerization is reviewed, and the polymers considered as precursors to graphite ribbons, materials predicted to have properties lying between graphite and single‐stranded polyacetylene. equation image
Preparation of zeolite filled glassy polymer membranes (1994)

Abstract The incorporation of zeolite particles in the micrometer range into polymeric matrices was investigated as a way to improve the gas separation properties of the polymer materials used in the form of membranes. The adhesion between the polymer phase and the external surface of the particles appeared to be a major problem in the preparation of such membranes when the polymer is in the glassy state at room temperature. Various methods were investigated to improve the internal membrane structure, that is, surface modification of the zeolite external surface, preparation above the glass‐transition temperature, and heat treatment. Improved structures were obtained as observed by scanning electron microscopy, but the influence on the gas separation properties was not in agreement with the observed structural improvements. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional role of L-type Ca <sub>v</sub> 1.3 Ca <sup>2+</sup> channels in cardiac pacemaker activity (2003)

The spontaneous activity of pacemaker cells in the sino-atrial node (SAN) controls the heart rhythm and rate under physiological conditions. Pacemaker activity in SAN cells is due to the presence of the diastolic depolarization, a slow depolarization phase that drives the membrane voltage from the end of an action potential to the threshold of a new action potential. SAN cells express a wide array of ionic channels, but we have limited knowledge about their functional role in pacemaker activity and we still do not know which channels play a prominent role in the generation of the diastolic depolarization. It is thus important to provide genetic evidence linking the activity of genes coding for ionic channels to specific alterations of pacemaker activity of SAN cells. Here, we show that target inactivation of the gene coding for alpha(1D) (Ca(v)1.3) Ca(2+) channels in the mouse not only significantly slows pacemaker activity but also promotes spontaneous arrhythmia in SAN pacemaker cells. These alterations of pacemaker activity are linked to abolition of the major component of the L-type current (I(Ca,L)) activating at negative voltages. Pharmacological analysis of I(Ca,L) demonstrates that Ca(v)1.3 gene inactivation specifically abolishes I(Ca,L) in the voltage range corresponding to the diastolic depolarization. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Ca(v)1.3 channels play a major role in the generation of cardiac pacemaker activity by contributing to diastolic depolarization in SAN pacemaker cells.
The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion: III. hybrids between diploid fibroblasts and other tumour cells (1971)

ABSTRACT Diploid fibroblasts were fused with cells of two highly malignant near euploid tumours, a sarcoma induced by polyoma virus and a spontaneous carcinoma; the resulting hybrid cells were tested for their ability to grow progressively in vivo. In the case of the sarcoma/fibroblast hybrids, 15 clonal populations, each derived from a separate primary fusion, were examined. Most of these populations already showed substantial losses of chromosomes by the time enough cells had been generated to permit chromosomal analysis; but a few clones were isolated with chromosomal constitutions approximating to the sum of the 2 parental chromosome sets. Those clones that had undergone substantial chromosomal losses were highly tumorigenic, but some of the clones that contained the complete, or almost complete, chromosome sets of both parent cells, showed a greatly reduced take incidence. Initially these clones produced very few tumours, but the take incidence rose as continued cultivation of the cells in vitro resulted in progressive loss of chromosomes. In the case of the carcinoma/fibroblast hybrids, clonal populations with very high chromosome numbers were selected for special study. These were also found to have a very low take incidence, comparable to that of the hybrids formed by the fusion of the tumour cells with L cell derivatives. None of the tumours produced by the injection of either the sarcoma/fibroblast or carcinoma/fibroblast hybrids were composed of cells containing chromosome complements corresponding to the sum of the 2 parental chromosome sets; all the tumours were formed by selective overgrowth of cells from which some chromosomes had been eliminated. These results indicate that the malignancy of the tumour cells can be suppressed by diploid fibroblasts as well as by the L cell derivatives, but that the rapid chromosome losses characteristic of hybrids between these tumour cells and diploid fibroblasts generate malignant segregants with much greater frequency. In the range of material examined in the present experiments malignancy thus behaves as if it were a recessive character.
High-Performance Sensorless PMSM Drive With Extended Kalman Filter (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a summary of a Honeywell collaborative IR&amp;D project for development of a high-performance sensorless method for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The parameters of a high speed 90kW industrial PMSM is employed for validating the proposed sensorless method through simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the sensorless PMSM drive can work satisfactorily over the whole speed range with full torque and speed control accuracy. With the proposed flux linkage estimator, the new sensorless PMSM drive exhibits robustness against machine parameter variations. Good performance is obtained even when the stator resistance is changed by 200%, or the flux linkage is weakened by 20%. Detailed design and modeling of the sensorless PMSM drive are described in this paper.</div>
GS15, a 15-Kilodalton Golgi SolubleN-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) Homologous to rbet1 (1997)

Bet1p plays an essential role in vesicular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi in yeast, and it functions as a vesicle soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein receptor (v-SNARE). A mammalian protein related to Bet1p has been reported previously and was referred to as rbet1. We have now identified a new mammalian protein that is homologous to rbet1 (28% amino acid identity). mRNA for this rbet1 homologue is widely expressed in rat tissues. Affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant protein specifically recognized a 15-kilodalton integral membrane protein highly enriched in Golgi membranes. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that this protein is specifically associated with the Golgi apparatus in diverse cell types. Biochemical characterization established that this protein behaves like a SNARE and was named GS15 (Golgi SNARE with a size of 15 kilodaltons). These properties raise the possibility that GS15 is a novel SNARE mediating a yet to be defined transport event associated with the Golgi apparatus.
Degradation of proteins microinjected into IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts. (1981)

Erythrocyte ghosts loaded with 125I-labeled proteins were fused with confluent monolayers of IMR-90 fibroblasts using polyethylene glycol. Erythrocyte-mediated microinjection of 125I-proteins did not seriously perturb the metabolism of the recipient fibroblasts as assessed by measurements of rates of protein synthesis, rates of protein degradation, or rates of cellular growth after addition of fresh serum. A mixture of cytosolic proteins was degraded after microinjection according to expected characteristics established for catabolism of endogenous cytosolic proteins. Furthermore, withdrawal of serum, insulin, fibroblast growth factor, and dexamethasone from the culture medium increased the degradative rates of microinjected cytosolic proteins, and catabolism of long-lived proteins was preferentially enhanced with little or no effect on degradation of short-lived proteins. Six specific polypeptides were degraded after microinjection with markedly different half-lives ranging from 20 to 320 h. Degradative rates of certain purified proteins (but not others) were also increased in the absence of serum, insulin, fibroblast growth factor, and dexamethasone. The results suggest that erythrocyte-mediated microinjection is a valid approach for analysis of intracellular protein degradation. However, one potential limitation is that some microinjected proteins are structurally altered by the procedures required for labeling proteins to high specific radioactivities. Of the four purified proteins examined in this regard, only ribonuclease A consistently showed unaltered enzymatic activity and unaltered susceptibility to proteolytic attack in vitro after iodination.