gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel surfactants for ultralow interfacial tension in a wide range of surfactant concentration and temperature (2006)

Abstract This work investigates the possibility of injecting dilute aqueous solutions of novel surfactants into the Yibal field (Sultanate of Oman). This was accomplished through an experimental protocol based on the following criteria: (i) compatibility of the surfactants with the high‐saline reservoir water (∼200 g/L); (ii) low interfacial tension (IFT) between crude oil and reservoir water (less than 10 −2 mN m −1 ); and (iii) maintaining the low IFT behaviour during the entire surfactant flooding. Novel surfactants selected in this study consist of a series of ether sulfonates (AES‐205, AES‐128, AES‐506, and 7–58) and an amphoteric surfactant (6–105). These surfactants were found to be compatible with reservoir water up to 0.1% surfactant concentration, whereas 6–105 and 7–58 showed compatibility within the full range of surfactant concentration investigated (0.001–0.5%). All surfactant systems displayed dynamic IFT behavior, in which ultralow transient minima were observed in the range 10 −4 –10 −3 mN m −1 , followed by an increase in the IFT to equilibrium values in the range 10 −3 –10 −1 mN m −1 . The results also showed that with respect to concentration (0.05–0.5%) and temperature (45–80°C), AES‐205 and 7–58 surfactants exhibit a wide range of applicability, with the IFT remaining below 10 −2 mN m −1 , as required for substantial residual oil recovery. In addition, ultralow IFT were obtained at surfactant concentrations as low as 0.001%, making the use of these surfactants in enhanced oil recovery extremely cost‐effective.
Exemplar-based Image Inpainting base on Structure Construction (2008)

Image inpainting technique is that repairs damaged area or remove areas in an image. In order to deal with this kind of problems, not only a robust image inpainting algorithm should be used, technique of structure generation is also needs to adopt in inpainting procedure. In this paper, we extend an exemplar-based image inpainting method by incorporating Bezier curves to construct missing edge information. Before we apply our inpainting procedure to a damaged image, mean shift segmentation is used to extract contours of each region. After the structure information of an image is determined, destroyed contours will be connected in curve fitting process and damaged regions will be inpainted by using exemplar-based inpainting method. The experimental results show that our proposed method could deal with several kinds of pictures well.
<title>Hierarchical video summarization for medical data</title> (2001)

To provide users with an overview of medical video content at various levels of abstraction which can be used for more efficient database browsing and access, a hierarchical video summarization strategy has been developed and is presented in this paper. To generate an overview, the key frames of a video are preprocessed to extract special frames (black frames, slides, clip art, sketch drawings) and special regions (faces, skin or blood-red areas). A shot grouping method is then applied to merge the spatially or temporally related shots into groups. The visual features and knowledge from the video shots are integrated to assign the groups into predefined semantic categories. Based on the video groups and their semantic categories, video summaries for different levels are constructed by group merging, hierarchical group clustering and semantic category selection. Based on this strategy, a user can select the layer of the summary to access. The higher the layer, the more concise the video summary; the lower the layer, the greater the detail contained in the summary.
Cobalt–Carbon Nanoparticles with Silica Support for Uptake of Cationic and Anionic Dyes from Polluted Water (2021)

Silica-supported hierarchical graphitic carbon sheltering cobalt nanoparticles Co-HGC@SiO<sub>2</sub> (1) were prepared by pyrolysis at 850 °C of [Co(phen)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]SO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O complex with silica in the presence of pyrene as a carbon source under nitrogen atmosphere. Nanocomposites (2) and (3) were obtained by acid treatment of (1) with HCl and HF acid, respectively. The nanocomposites showed rough hierarchical carbon microstructures over silica support decorated with irregular cobalt nanospheres and nanorods 50 to 200 nm in diameter. The nanoparticles consist of graphitic shells and cobalt cores. SEM, EDAX and TEM elemental mapping indicate a noticeable loss of cobalt in the case of (2) and loss of cobalt and silica in the case of (3) with an increase in porosity. Nanocomposite (3) showed the highest BET surface area 217.5 m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>-1</sup>. Raman spectrum shows defect D-band and graphitic G-band as expected in carbon nanostructures. PXRD reveals the presence of cobalt(0) nanoparticles. XPS indicates the presence of Co(II) oxides and the successful doping of nitrogen in the nanocomposites. Moreover, TEM elemental mapping provides information about the abundance of Si, Co, C, N and S elements in zones. Nanocomposite (1) showed maximum uptake capacity of 192.3 and 224.5 mg/g for crystal violet CV and methyl orange MO dyes, respectively. Nanocomposite (2) showed a capacity of 94.1 and 225.5 mg/g for CV and MO dyes, respectively. Nanocomposite (4) obtained after treatment of (1) with crystal violet proved successful adsorption of CV. Co-HGC (5) prepared without addition of silica has a capacity for CV equal to 192 mg/g, while it is 769.2 mg/g with MO. Electrostatics and π-π interactions of graphite and cobalt species in the nanocomposites with aromatic rings of cationic and anionic dyes are responsible for the adsorption. Yan et al. was the best model to describe column kinetics. The thomas column adsorption model showed that the maximum uptake capacity of (1) was 44.42 mg/g for CV and 32.62 mg/g for MO. for a column packed with 0.5 gm of (1) and dye concentration of 100 mg/L at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The column was recycled three times with no noticeable clogging or degradation of nanocomposites. Thus, Co-HGC@SiO<sub>2</sub> adsorbents can be used efficiently to treat water contaminated with cationic and anionic dyes.
Optoelectronic microwave switching (1985)

The basic physics and the various methods of optoelectronic microwave switching are reviewed. To achieve a clearly arranged presentation, the diverse techniques known to date are reported in the light of a trisection classification scheme according to three basic principles: the optical control of a photosensitive transmission path in CW-fed two-port devices, the optical control of charged-line pulsers or normally CW-operated solid-state oscillators, and the electrical control of photosensitivity in optically coupled microwave switching devices.
Dual-Polarized Sinuous Antennas on Extended Hemispherical Silicon Lenses (2012)

This paper examines the performance of dual-linear sinuous antennas on silicon extended hemispherical silicon dielectric lenses. A theoretical impedance of 106 Ω is identified based on the analysis of an ideal self-complementary structure, and this result compares well with simulations and measurements. The radiation properties of a linearly polarized sinuous antenna are simulated using Method of Moments software coupled to a GO/PO code, and also agree well with measurements. The results indicate that the sinuous antenna is an excellent wideband planar feed for a silicon lens, with cross-polarization levels below -17 dB, and polarization variations of ±5° over two octaves in frequency. The application areas are millimeter-wave, wideband, dual-polarized radio-astronomy receivers.
Ring-Based Multiprocessors (1993)

Ring interconnection networks provide an attractive medium for use in large-scale multiprocessor systems. They require simple interfaces and allow transmission at high clock rates. They can be easily organized into racefree networks, which facilitates implementation of consistency protocols. The paper examines the key features of ring networks and considers some practical examples of their use.
Stereoselective Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Valnoctamide, a CNS-Active Chiral Amide Analogue of Valproic Acid, in Dogs, Rats, and Mice (2000)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of valnoctamide (VCD) in dogs, rats, and mice; which are the most common animal models for pharmacokinetic, pharmacologic, and toxicologic evaluation; and to compare it with previously published human data. Racemic VCD (mixture of four stereoisomers) was administered intravenously to six mongrel dogs and to rats (five rats per time-point), and intraperitoneally to mice (five mice per time-point). Plasma concentrations of the individual stereoisomers were measured by a stereospecific gas chromatography assay. In dogs, (2S,3R)-VCD had a larger clearance (0.33 L/h x kg) and a larger volume of distribution (0.79 L/kg) than its two diastereomers (0.24-0.25 L/h x kg and 0.65 L/kg, respectively). A tendency toward slightly higher clearance and volume of distribution values for (2S,3R)-VCD was observed in rats and mice as well. Consequently, in all three animal species the half-life (t1/2) of (2S,3R)-VCD was not different from the t1/2 of the other three VCD stereoisomers. The stereoselective pharmacokinetics of VCD as observed in dogs, rats, and mice is in line with the stereoselectivity previously observed in healthy subjects and epileptic patients.
Directed <i>meta</i>‐Metalation Using Alkali‐Metal‐Mediated Zincation (2006)

Move over directed ortho-metalation, here comes directed meta-metalation. The unprecedented meta-zincation of two anilides by a synergic mixed sodium/zinc dialkyl–amide base is presented. The orientation of the deprotonation of the anilides is remarkably switched to the meta site using this heterometallic mixed-metal system. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z600720_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Bootstrap and Cross-Validation Estimates of the Prediction Error for Linear Regression Models (1984)

Different estimates of the mean squared error of prediction for linear regression models are derived by the bootstrap and cross-validation approaches. A comparison is made under normal error distributions, especially by the biases and the mean square errors. The results indicate that the bias corrected bootstrap estimator is best unbiased and should be the first choice, while its simulated variant has approximately the same behaviour. On the other hand, if only a comparison between uncorrected estimators is made (with implications for nonlinear regression models in mind), then other variants of bootstrap estimates are preferable for a large or a small dimension of the model parameter. For a small dimension, the cross-validation estimate and sometimes grouped variants of it seem also to be acceptable if the model error is known to be small.
Remyelination of demyelinated rat axons by transplanted mouse oligodendrocytes (1991)

The injection of the gliotoxic agent ethidium bromide (EB) into spinal white matter produces a CNS lesion in which it is possible to investigate the ability of transplanted glial cells to reconstruct a glial environment around demyelinated axons. This study demonstrates that transplanted mouse glial cells can repopulate EB lesions in rats provided tissue rejection is controlled. In X-irradiated EB lesions in cyclosporin-A-treated rats, mouse oligodendrocytes remyelinated rat axons and, together with mouse astrocytes, re-established a CNS environment. When transplanted into nonirradiated EB lesions in nude rats, mouse glial cells modulated the normal host repair by Schwann cells to remyelination by oligodendrocytes. In both X-irradiated and non-irradiated EB lesions, transplanted mouse glial cells behaved similarly to isogenic rat glial cell transplants (Blakemore and Crang Dev Neurosci, 1988;10:1-10; J Neurocytol, 1989;18:519-528). These findings indicate that the cell-cell interactions involved in reconstruction of a glial environment are common to both mouse and rat.
Diffraction engineering in arrays of photonic crystal waveguides (2005)

Light propagation in uniform arrays of photonic crystal waveguides is studied. We demonstrate that, in stark contrast to the case of conventional waveguide arrays, diffraction can be tailored both in magnitude and sign by varying only the spacing between adjacent waveguides. Diffraction management in ultracompact arrays of straight photonic crystal waveguides is demonstrated by solving Maxwell's equations through the time-domain finite-element method.
ER stress and autophagy contribute to CsA-induced death of malignant glioma cells (2012)

Cyclosporine A (CsA), which revolutionized transplantology due to its ability to block the activation of lymphocytes and other immune system cells, triggers autophagy in malignant glioma cell lines via stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We also found that autophagy serves as a protective mechanism against CsA toxicity.
Identification of a novel cell attachment domain in the HIV-1 Tat protein and its 90-kDa cell surface binding protein. (1993)

The HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat is essential for viral gene expression and replication. Tat is taken up by cells and transactivates the HIV-LTR promoter in the cell nucleus. The present studies show that cells adhere to both synthetic and recombinant Tat, and, using synthetic peptides, we localize the binding site to a region spanning amino acid residues 49-57 (peptide Tat49-57). Tat49-57 also inhibited cell attachment to solid phase full-length Tat peptide and to recombinant Tat protein. Using Tat peptide affinity chromatography, we identified a 90-kDa cell surface protein that binds to Tat. The 90-kDa protein could be eluted from the Tat column using the Tat49-57 peptide. A 90-kDa cell surface Tat binding protein was also identified by coprecipitation with Tat after incubation with radiolabeled cell membrane preparations. Co-precipitation of the 90-kDa protein was inhibited by competition with a Tat49-65 peptide, but not with Tat55-86. Our findings suggest that cellular attachment to Tat is mediated through a 90-kDa cell surface protein that binds to a Tat domain between amino acids 49 and 57.
Production of a Doubly Chiral Compound, (4 <i>R</i> ,6 <i>R</i> )-4-Hydroxy-2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, by Two-Step Enzymatic Asymmetric Reduction (2003)

A practical enzymatic synthesis of a doubly chiral key compound, (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, starting from the readily available 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1,4-dione is described. Chirality is first introduced at the C-6 position by a stereoselective enzymatic hydrogenation of the double bond using old yellow enzyme 2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expressed in Escherichia coli, as a biocatalyst. Thereafter, the carbonyl group at the C-4 position is reduced selectively and stereospecifically by levodione reductase of Corynebacterium aquaticum M-13, expressed in E. coli, to the corresponding alcohol. Commercially available glucose dehydrogenase was also used for cofactor regeneration in both steps. Using this two-step enzymatic asymmetric reduction system, 9.5 mg of (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone/ml was produced almost stoichiometrically, with 94% enantiomeric excess in the presence of glucose, NAD(+), and glucose dehydrogenase. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the application of S. cerevisiae old yellow enzyme for the production of a useful compound.
An  2,3 sialyltransferase (ST3Gal I) is elevated in primary breast carcinomas (1999)

The MUC1 mucin is expressed on the luminal surface of most simple epithelial cells but in carcinomas, especially those of the breast and ovary, MUC1 is upregulated and aberrantly glycosylated. MUC1 contains a large amount of O-linked glycans which, in the mucin expressed by normal mammary epithelial cells, consist mainly of core 2 based structures carrying polylactosamine chains. However, the mucin expressed by breast carcinomas has shorter side-chains, often consisting of sialylated core 1 (Galbeta1-3GalNAc). in situ hybridization of primary breast tissue showed that a sialyltransferase (ST3Gal I), responsible for adding sialic acid to core 1 thereby terminating chain extension, is elevated in primary breast carcinomas when compared to normal or benign tissue. Furthermore, the level of mRNA expression encoding ST3Gal I is correlated to the intensity of staining seen with the antibody SM3, which specifically recognises underglycosylated, tumour associated MUC1. Thus, the aberrant glycosylation of MUC1 seen in breast carcinomas appears to be due, at least in part, to the elevation of ST3Gal I.
A robotic device for manipulating human stepping (2006)

This paper provides a detailed design description and technical testing results of a device for studying motor learning and rehabilitation of human locomotion. The device makes use of linear motors and a parallel mechanism to achieve a wide dynamic force bandwidth as it interacts with the leg during treadmill stepping.
Optimal Design of a Long Distance WDM Soliton Communication System with Lumped Amplifiers (1998)

The effects of Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and Four-Wave Mixing in a WDM soliton communication system with loss and lumped amplifiers are analyzed. The optimal design schemes are drawn up and several design examples are given in this paper.
Hereditary Disorders in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (Quebec, Canada) (1991)

Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean is a geographically isolated region located in northeastern Quebec. Opened to the white settlement in 1938, its immigrants mainly came from Charlevoix, another isolated region of Quebec. The prevalence and/or incidence of several autosomal dominant and recessive disorders are very high. The overall birth prevalence of the recessive disorders was calculated at 1/207 living births and the overall carrier rate at 1/7 inhabitants. This situation may be explained by migration and social factors.
Synthesis of silicon nanowires from carbothermic reduction of silica fume in RF thermal plasma (2014)

Silica fume, which is a by‐product of metallurgical‐grade silicon production, is a low cost material with high SiO 2 concentration and small particle size (<1 µm). These properties make it a good candidate for radio‐frequency (RF) thermal plasma processing. In this article, the use of silica fume as a reactant is promoted for the RF thermal plasma synthesis of high‐charge capacity, high cyclability anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. In order to obtain these materials, the carboreduction of silica fume is followed by an in‐flight growth of silicon nanowires in the plasma reactor. The impact of the addition of catalysts and the use of different plasma gases on the yield and the properties of the product has been investigated by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the addition of metal catalysts has a significant effect on the synthesis. It not only promoted the formation of silicon nanowires, but also improved the yield of the reaction upwards of 300%. An insight on the mechanisms leading to the silicon nanowires formation is also discussed in the results section.
Alteration of Metabolic Pathways in Osteoarthritis (2019)

Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism and first elucidated the biochemical basis of alkaptonuria over 100 years ago, suggested that inborn errors of metabolism were "merely extreme examples of variations of chemical behavior which are probably everywhere present in minor degrees, just as no two individuals of a species are absolutely identical in bodily structure neither are their chemical processes carried out on exactly the same lines", and that this "chemical individuality [confers] predisposition to and immunities from various mishaps which are spoken of as diseases". Indeed, with advances in analytical biochemistry, especially the development of metabolomics in the post-genomic era, emerging data have been demonstrating that the levels of many metabolites do show substantial interindividual variation, and some of which are likely to be associated with common diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA). Much work has been reported in the literature on the metabolomics of OA in recent years. In this narrative review, we provided an overview of the identified alteration of metabolic pathways in OA and discussed the role of those identified metabolites and related pathways in OA diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
An air-pressure-free elastomeric valve for integrated nucleic acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis (2015)

We present a new elastomeric valve for integrated nucleic acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis. The valve functions include metering to capture a designated volume of biological sample into a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chamber, sealing to preserve the sample during PCR cycling, and transfer of the PCR-products and on-chip formamide post-processing for the analysis of DNA fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis. This new valve differs from prior art polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) valves in that the valve is not actuated externally by air-pressure or vacuum so that it simplifies a DNA analysis system by eliminating the need for an air-pressure or vacuum source, and off-cartridge solenoid valves, control circuit boards and software. Instead, the new valve is actuated by a thermal cycling peltier assembly integrated within the hardware instrument that tightly comes in contact with a microfluidic cartridge for thermal activation during PCR, so that it spontaneously closes the valve without an additional actuator system. The valve has bumps in the designated locations so that it has a self-alignment that does not require precise alignment of a valve actuator. Moreover, the thickness of the new valve is around 600 μm with an additional bump height of 400 μm so that it is easy to handle and very feasible to fabricate by injection molding compared to other PDMS valves whose thicknesses are around 30–100 μm. The new valve provided over 95% of metering performance in filling the fixed volume of the PCR chamber, preserved over 97% of the sample volume during PCR, and showed very comparable capillary electrophoresis peak heights to the benchtop assay tube controls with very consistent transfer volume of the PCR-product and on-chip formamide. The new valve can perform a core function for integrated nucleic acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis.
Detection of thickness uniformity of film layers in semiconductor devices by spatially resolved ellipso-interferometry (1982)

New spatially resolved ellipso-interferometry has been developed on the basis of the principle that spatially and temporally coherent light reflected from the two surfaces of a thin solid film will interfere to form a two-dimensional fringe pattern which is directly related to the spatial distribution of the film thickness if the optical constants are uniformly distributed. This technique differs from the conventional ellipsometry and interferometry in that the new ellipso-interferometer can be used to map the thickness distribution of a whole thin film without involving the use of any scanning technique, and in that its spatial resolution is high and can reach the diffraction-limited resolution under certain conditions. In this paper the principle and the applications of this technique are described, and some experimental results are presented to demonstrate the use of this technique for checking the thickness uniformity of oxide layers in semiconductor devices. This new technique is nondestructive, and the time required for this kind of measurement is much less than that by any other conventional technique.