gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dysfunction and recovery of synapses in prion disease: implications for neurodegeneration (2010)

Synaptic dysfunction is a key early process in many neurodegenerative diseases, but how this ultimately leads to neuronal loss is not clear. In health, there is ongoing remodelling of synapses and spines in the adult brain: their elimination and formation are continual physiological processes fundamental to learning and memory. But in neurodegenerative disease, including prion disease, lost synapses are not replaced, and their loss is followed by neuronal death. These two processes are separately regulated, with mechanistic, spatial and temporal segregation of the respective death routines of synapses and cell bodies. Mice with prion disease can be cured at the stage of early synaptic dysfunction, when they have reversible impairments at neurophysiological, behavioural and morphological levels. Critically, reversing synaptic dysfunction at this stage of disease rescues neurons, preventing its otherwise inevitable progression to synapse loss and cell death. These findings call for a deeper analysis of the mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity at the synapse, and have important implications for the therapy of prion and other neurodegenerative disorders.
STABILITY OF THE SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT - EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE REFINEMENT (1982)

Resistivity to thermal degradation in repeated martensitic transformation is evaluated through optical reflectivity measurements. Any thermal ageing treatment before thermal loading does not improve the resistivity, but rapid decrease in Ms temperature. Grain size refinement gives better thermal resistivity.
Morphometry of pig coronary venous system (1994)

This is a third part of tripartite morphometric data of the pig coronary blood vessels, giving a complete quantitative description of the arterial tree [Kassab et al., Am. J. Physiol. 265 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 34): H350-H365, 1993], capillary network [Kassab and Fung, Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 36): H319-H325, 1994], and venous tree (this article). Together they provide the quantitative anatomic foundation for coronary hemodynamics. The coronary venules have a unique morphology. Unlike coronary arterioles, which have cylindrical cross sections and a fairly constant diameter in each segment, the venules have approximately elliptical cross sections, are usually wavy in the longitudinal direction, and often converge like fingers to a hand. Measurements were made with the silicone elastomer casting method on five pig hearts. Data on smaller vessels were obtained from histological specimens by optical sectioning. Data on larger vessels were obtained from vascular casts. Arcading veins and anastomoses on the epicardial surface have a unique topology. Data on the number of vessels in each order, the major and minor axes, length, connectivity matrix, and the fractions of the vessels of a given order connected in series in all orders of vessels of the sinusal and thebesian veins are presented. It is shown that of the blood in the coronary blood vessels of a pig heart 27.4% is in the arteries (> 200 microns), 37.1% is in veins (> 200 microns), and 35.5% is in microcirculation (< 200 microns), of which 89.4% is in the capillaries.
Varying Body Mass Index Cutoff Points to Describe Overweight Prevalence Among U. S. Adults: NHANES III (1988 to 1994) (1997)

Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) distributions are commonly reported in the scientific literature to describe weight for stature. These data are collected for various groups of subjects in local health and body composition studies, and comparisons with national distributions are often desirable. Tabular data for population prevalence estimates from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1994) at selected gender- and age-specific BMI levels ranging from < 18.0 to > 45.0 are presented and compared with various examples of BMI criteria reported in the scientific literature. NHANES III was a statistically representative national probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States in which height and weight were measured as part of a more comprehensive health examination. The implications of varying population prevalence estimates based on varying BMI cutoff points are briefly discussed for selected examples including World Health Organization over-weight/obesity criteria and the U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The median BMI for U.S. adults aged 20 years and older is 25.5 kg/m2. Median stature and weight for men are 175.5 cm and 80.0 kg and for women are 161.6 cm and 65.6 kg, respectively. The percentage of the population with BMI < 19.0 is 1.6% for men, 5.7% for women; BMI > or = 19.0 to < 25.0 is 39.0% for men, 43.6% for women; BMI > or = 25.0 is 59.4% for men, 50.7% for women. An estimated 97.1 million adults have a BMI > or = 25.0. Additional prevalence estimates based on other BMI cutoff points and ages are presented.
Pulsed magnetization transfer spin‐echo MR imaging (1993)

Cross relaxation between macromolecular protons and water protons is known to be important in biologic tissue. In magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequences, selective saturation of the characteristically short T2 macromolecular proton pool can produce contrast called magnetization transfer contrast, based on the cross-relaxation process. Selective saturation can be achieved with continuous wave irradiation several kilohertz off resonance or short, intense 0 degree pulses on resonance. The authors analyze 0 degree binomial pulses for T2 selective saturation, present design guidelines, and demonstrate the use of these pulses in spin-echo imaging sequences in healthy volunteers and patients. Using the phenomenologic Bloch equations modified for two-site exchange, the authors derive the analytic expressions for water proton relaxation under periodic pulsed saturation of the macromolecular protons. This relaxation is shown to be monoexponential, with a rate constant dependent on the saturation pulse repetition rate and the individual and cross-relaxation rates.
Silicon-modified carbohydrate surfactants VIII. Equilibrium wetting of perfluorinated solid surfaces by solutions of surfactants above and below the critical micelle concentration—surfactant distribution between liquid-vapour and solid-liquid interfaces (1999)

For selected carbohydrate-modified Silicon surfactants of the siloxane, carbosilane, polysilane and silane type, the concentration dependences of the liquid/vapour and solid/liquid interfacial tensions under equilibrium conditions have been determined. Further, the Lifshitz–van der Waals and donor–acceptor contributions have been calculated. Below the critical micelle concentration (cmc) a steep increase in donor–acceptor contributions to both interfacial tensions was found. The Lifshitz–van der Waals contribution of the liquid/vapour interfacial tension shows a pronounced minimum. Calculations of the concentration-dependent surface coverage suggest that preferential adsorption to one of the interfaces does not take place. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WASPNET: a wavelength switched packet network (1999)

WASPNET is an EPSRC-funded collaboration between three British Universities: the University of Strathclyde, Essex University, and Bristol University, supported by a number of industrial institutions. The project which is investigating a novel packet-based optical WDM transport network-involves determining the management, systems, and devices ramifications of a new network control scheme, SCWP, which is flexible and simplifies optical hardware requirements. The principal objective of the project is to understand the advantages and potential of optical packet switching compared to the conventional electronic approach. Several schemes for packet header implementation are described, using subcarrier multiplexing, separate wave lengths, and serial transmission. A novel node design is introduced, based on wavelength router devices, which reduce loss, hence reducing booster amplifier gain and concomitant ASE noise. The fabrication of these devices, and also wavelength converters, are described. A photonic packet switching testbed is detailed which will allow the ideas developed within WASPNET to be tested in practice, permitting the practical problems of their implementation to be determined.
Shell redox desulfurization process stresses versatility (1987)

Shell Development Co. has developed a high-iron concentration, redox desulfurization process which has been installed at White Castle, La., to treat low-pressure natural gas. From the early 1970s, Shell sought an iron-redox desulfurization process that would have broad applications. In addition to H/sub 2/S selectivity, Shell wanted a redox process with high H/sub 2/S-removal capacity per unit, circulation, low chelate ligand degradation rate, and simple and compact process design. This development effort culminated in a 3-year, pilot-scale process demonstration, completed in early 1986, in a unit capable of handling up to 1.5 MMscfd of sour gas.
Fighting The Porn War (2001)

Earlier this year, an emailed jpg entitled ‘Dirty Bushes’ was intercepted in several US companies and found to be pornographic. Given the possible innuendo behind the name this probably doesn’t sound too surprising, until you realize that the image was in fact a portrait of George and Laura Bush.
Contact Is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Eye Contact Illusion (2019)

In a simple experiment, we demonstrate that you don't need to mindfully look at the eyes of your audience to be perceived as making eye contact during face-to-face conversation. Simply gazing somewhere around the face/head area will suffice. Or to borrow a term from Mareschal and colleagues, direct gaze will suffice. For those readers who experience anxiety when gazing specifically at another person's eyes, or when being gazed at, we expect this is welcome news.
Smart Electronic Yarns and Wearable Fabrics for Human Biomonitoring made by Carbon Nanotube Coating with Polyelectrolytes (2008)

The idea of electronic yarns and textiles has appeared for quite some time, but their properties often do not meet practical expectations. In addition to chemicallmechanical durability and high electrical conductivity, important materials qualifications include weavablity, wearability, light weight, and "smart" functionalities. Here we demonstrate a simple process of transforming general commodity cotton threads into intelligent e-textiles using a polyelectrolyte-based coating with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Efficient charge transport through the network of nanotubes (20 omega/cm) and the possibility to engineer tunneling junctions make them promising materials for many high-knowledge-content garments. Along with integrated humidity sensing, we demonstrate that CNT-cotton threads can be used to detect albumin, the key protein of blood, with high sensitivity and selectivity. Notwithstanding future challenges, these proof-of-concept demonstrations provide a direct pathway for the application of these materials as wearable biomonitoring and telemedicine sensors, which are simple, sensitive, selective, and versatile.
Identification of µ‐crystallin as an androgen‐regulated gene in human prostate cancer (2009)

CRYM is a novel androgen-regulated gene whose expression is elevated in prostate cancer but down-regulated in castration therapy-resistant tumors.
The Chemistry of Carbanions. III. The Reaction of Organomagnesium Compounds with Saturated Ketones<sup>1a</sup> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Chemistry of Carbanions. III. The Reaction of Organomagnesium Compounds with Saturated Ketones1aHerbert O. House and Daniel D. TraficanteCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 2, 355–360Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1963https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01037a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views167Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (816 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Preparation, polymerization, and evaluation of blocked isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation, polymerization, and evaluation of blocked isocyanatoethyl methacrylateHarold G. Fravel Jr., Thomas W. Regulski, and Mary R. ThomasCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1984, 23, 4, 586–590Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i300016a014https://doi.org/10.1021/i300016a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views396Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
근로장려세제의 근로의욕 증진효과: 일반균형모형을 이용한 접근 (2008)

본 연구에서는 일반균형모형을 이용하여 근로장려세제 도입이 저소득 근로자의 노동공급에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 구축한 모형의 기본구조는 다소득계층 세대중복 모형으로서, 저소득층 가구가 직면하는 소득위험과 신용제약을 명시적으로 감안하고, 이들의 도덕적 해이 행위를 분석하기 위해 노동공급을 내생화한 모형이다. 본 모형에서 행한 정책시뮬레이션을 통해 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 2008년 도입된 근로장려세제가 저소득층 근로자의 노동공급에 미치는 효과는 매우 제한적일 것으로 예상된다. 현행의 근로장려세제의 도입이 저임금 근로자의 취업률을 높이는 효과가 있으나, 그 규모는 미미할 것으로 예상된다. 이는 현행의 국민기초생활보장제도가 높은 수준의 급여를 보장하고 있고, 실업보험과 국민기초생활보장제도 운영의 비효율성으로 인해 저소득 근로자의 도덕적 해이에 효과적으로 대응하지 못하는 점에 기인한다. 또한 점증율과 급여최대보장수준을 상향조정할 경우 거시경제변수와 고소득층의 노동공급에 큰 영향을 미치지 않고, 저소득 근로자에 상당히 큰 규모의 근로유인을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 국민기초생활보장급여의 하향조정과 국민기초생활보장제도와 실업보험제도의 운영관리의 효율성제고가 수반되면, 이러한 근로의욕 증진효과는 대폭적으로 확대되어 나타날 것을 예상된다.
Antibody Staining in <em>C. Elegans</em> Using &quot;Freeze-Cracking&quot; (2013)

To stain C. elegans with antibodies, the relatively impermeable cuticle must be bypassed by chemical or mechanical methods. "Freeze-cracking" is one method used to physically pull the cuticle from nematodes by compressing nematodes between two adherent slides, freezing them, and pulling the slides apart. Freeze-cracking provides a simple and rapid way to gain access to the tissues without chemical treatment and can be used with a variety of fixatives. However, it leads to the loss of many of the specimens and the required compression mechanically distorts the sample. Practice is required to maximize recovery of samples with good morphology. Freeze-cracking can be optimized for specific fixation conditions, recovery of samples, or low non-specific staining, but not for all parameters at once. For antibodies that require very hard fixation conditions and tolerate the chemical treatments needed to chemically permeabilize the cuticle, treatment of intact nematodes in solution may be preferred. If the antibody requires a lighter fix or if the optimum fixation conditions are unknown, freeze-cracking provides a very useful way to rapidly assay the antibody and can yield specific subcellular and cellular localization information for the antigen of interest.
Experimental Study About Removal of the Implanted Tined Polyurethane Ventricular Lead by Radiofrequency Waves Through the Lead (1991)

Polyurethane pacemaker leads are widely used nowadays. However, only a few studies have been done to investigate the fixation mechanism of polyurethane leads. To elucidate how pacemaker leads are fixed at the early phase after implantation, polyurethane-insulated tined ventricular leads were implanted in seven mongrel dogs. One to 4 months later, tips of the leads were anchored among the trabeculae and the distal part of the leads were encapsulated by whitish fibrous tissue. It was found that not organized thrombi, but cell reaction with various stages of inflammatory cells was responsible for forming the fibrous tissue. We attempted to remove the lead by delivering radiofrequency wave through the lead. However, no lead could be removed.
Spectroscopic rotating compensator ellipsometry in the infrared: retarder design and measurement (1997)

Rotating compensator ellipsometry (RCE) is an approach to ellipsometry that is superior to the widely used rotating analyser ellipsometry (RAE). An essential component in RCE is a retarder that generates a retardance close to . In contrast to RCE at a single wavelength, spectroscopic RCE requires a retarder that performs well over a wide range of the used spectrum. The designed retarder is capable of this and works on the principle of total internal reflection. Making use of this retarder, RCE is tested by measuring the optical characteristics of a Teflon-like layer on an aluminium substrate. The results show good agreement with similar RAE measurements, as well as data calculated from an ellipsometric model.
Semi‐Supervised Learning in Reconstructed Manifold Space for 3D Caricature Generation (2009)

Abstract Recently, automatic 3D caricature generation has attracted much attention from both the research community and the game industry. Machine learning has been proven effective in the automatic generation of caricatures. However, the lack of 3D caricature samples makes it challenging to train a good model. This paper addresses this problem by two steps. First, the training set is enlarged by reconstructing 3D caricatures. We reconstruct 3D caricatures based on some 2D caricature samples with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)‐based method. Secondly, between the 2D real faces and the enlarged 3D caricatures, a regressive model is learnt by the semi‐supervised manifold regularization (MR) method. We then predict 3D caricatures for 2D real faces with the learnt model. The experiments show that our novel approach synthesizes the 3D caricature more effectively than traditional methods. Moreover, our system has been applied successfully in a massive multi‐user educational game to provide human‐like avatars.
Coherency calculations in the presence of structural dip (1999)

Abstract We have used crosscorrelation, semblance, and eigenstructure algorithms to estimate coherency. The first two algorithms calculate coherency over a multiplicity of trial time lags or dips, with the dip having the highest coherency corresponding to the local dip of the reflector. Partially because of its greater computational cost, our original eigenstructure algorithm calculated coherency along an implicitly flat horizon. Although generalizing the eigenstructure algorithm to search over a range of test dips allowed us to image coherency in the presence of steeply dipping structures, we were somewhat surprised that this generalization concomitantly degenerated the quality of the fault images in flatter dip areas. Because it is a local estimation of reflector dip (including as few as five traces), the multidip coherency estimate provides an algorithmically correct, but interpretationally undesirable, estimate of the best apparent dip that explained the offset reflectors across a fault. We ameliorate this problem using two methods, both of which require the smoothing of a locally inaccurate estimate of regional dip. We then calculate our eigenstructure estimate of coherency only along the dip of the reflector, thereby providing maximum lateral resolution of reflector discontinuities. We are thus both better able to explain the superior results obtained by our earliest eigenstructure analysis along interpreted horizon slices, yet able to extend this resolution to steeply dipping reflectors on uninterpreted cubes of seismic data.
The distinct fate of smooth and rough<i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i>variants inside macrophages (2016)

Mycobacterium abscessus is a pathogenic, rapidly growing mycobacterium responsible for pulmonary and cutaneous infections in immunocompetent patients and in patients with Mendelian disorders, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Mycobacterium abscessus is known to transition from a smooth (S) morphotype with cell surface-associated glycopeptidolipids (GPL) to a rough (R) morphotype lacking GPL. Herein, we show that M. abscessus S and R variants are able to grow inside macrophages and are present in morphologically distinct phagosomes. The S forms are found mostly as single bacteria within phagosomes characterized by a tightly apposed phagosomal membrane and the presence of an electron translucent zone (ETZ) surrounding the bacilli. By contrast, infection with the R form leads to phagosomes often containing more than two bacilli, surrounded by a loose phagosomal membrane and lacking the ETZ. In contrast to the R variant, the S variant is capable of restricting intraphagosomal acidification and induces less apoptosis and autophagy. Importantly, the membrane of phagosomes enclosing the S forms showed signs of alteration, such as breaks or partial degradation. Although not frequently encountered, these events suggest that the S form is capable of provoking phagosome-cytosol communication. In conclusion, M. abscessus S exhibits traits inside macrophages that are reminiscent of slow-growing mycobacterial species.
Superresolution Parallel MRI (2007)

Parallel MRI reconstruction is formulated as a superresolution problem using coil sensitivities acquired with higher spatial resolution than the actual image. Array coils with a large number of small elements that present very localized and highly modulated sensitivity functions will form an encoding basis to estimate high k-space components from limited k-space acquisitions. The method is proposed for spatial resolution enhancement of intrinsic low-resolution modalities such as spectroscopic imaging and functional MRI where the coil sensitivities are varying withing the image voxel.
Model based emotional status simulation (2003)

The paper presents the structure, functioning principles and program implementation of a proposed Emotional Autonomous Agent Model. The model connects simulated touch-sensor inputs to an output graphic interface with emotion-expressing capabilities (both through facial expressions and emotion-labeling words). The model includes perception, motivational and emotional subsystems. For the emotional sub-system, the main parts are a Fuzzy Classifier of Primary Emotions and a Secondary and Mixed Emotional Statuses Interpolator. Simulation results obtained using the proposed model are presented.