gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in PKC isoforms in human alveolar macrophages compared with blood monocytes (1998)

Alveolar macrophages play an important role in host defense and in other types of inflammatory processes in the lung. These cells exhibit many alterations in function compared with their precursor cells, blood monocytes. To evaluate a potential mechanism for these differences in function, we evaluated expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. We found an increase in Ca2+-dependent PKC isoforms in monocytes compared with alveolar macrophages. We also found differential expression of the Ca2+-independent isoforms in alveolar macrophages compared with monocytes. One consequence of the activation of PKC can be increased expression of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Therefore, we also evaluated activation of the MAP kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). PMA activated ERK2 kinase in both alveolar macrophages and monocytes; however, monocytes consistently showed a significantly greater activation of ERK2 kinase by PMA compared with alveolar macrophages. Another known consequence of the activation of PKC and subsequent activation of ERK kinase is activation of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). We evaluated the activation of AP-1 by PMA in both monocytes and macrophages. We found very little detectable activation of AP-1, as assessed in a gel shift assay, in alveolar macrophages, whereas monocytes showed a substantial activation of AP-1 by PMA. These studies show that the differential expression of PKC isoforms in alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes is associated with important functional alterations in the cells.
Evidence for DNA phosphate backbone alkylation and cleavage by pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles: small molecules capable of causing base-pair-specific phosphodiester bond hydrolysis. (1995)

This report presents evidence that a reduced pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole (PBI) cleaves DNA as a result of phosphate alkylation followed by hydrolysis of the resulting phosphate triester. The base-pair specificity of the phosphate alkylation results from Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonding of the reduced PBI in the major groove at only A.T and G.C base pairs. Alkylated phosphates were detected by 31P NMR and the cleavage products were detected by 1H NMR and HPLC. Evidence is also presented that a reduced PBI interacts with DNA in the major groove rather than in the minor groove or by intercalation.
Impedance of off-centered stripline fed series slot (1978)

Theoretical and experimental results on the variation of the impedance characteristics of displaced series slots in the ground plane of a stripline are presented.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Agents (2001)

Considerable progress has been made recently in developing effective antiretroviral combination therapy that can suppress viral replication and delay disease progression in individuals infected with HIV. A range of up to 15 approved antiretroviral agents is now available, which target two different viral enzymes, while several agents are in clinical development. The rapid development and approval of antiretroviral agents, driven by the urgency of clinical need as well as the complexity of possible combinations, has precluded the extensive comparative clinical testing of regimens, which is necessary to establish the relative efficacy of various different agents. The lack of an appropriate animal model for HIV disease also increases reliance on in vitro measures. Several different in vitro and in vivo parameters have been defined in an attempt to quantify the effectiveness of antiretroviral agents, most importantly the 50% inhibitory and effective concentrations (IC50 and EC50). However, the clinical relevance of these measures is uncertain. Additionally, considerable variation exists in the usage of the terms 'IC50' and 'EC50' in recent publications in the literature. These issues pose interpretation problems to clinicians seeking information on the relative clinical efficacy of the agents. In this brief review, we attempt to clarify the different measures available and their potential utility for clinical decision-making, focusing particularly on the example of HIV protease inhibitors. There are many different quantifiable parameters that give information regarding the effectiveness of an antiviral drug. These include: inhibition of the viral target enzyme (inhibition constant, Ki); selectivity for viral versus host enzymes; inhibition of viral replication in cell culture (IC50); ratio of efficacy to cytotoxicity in vitro (therapeutic index); inhibition of viral replication or symptoms in an appropriate animal model of the disease (EC50); and the effect on surrogate markers, such as viral load or CD4 cell count, after administration to humans (in vivo EC50). Each of these different parameters gives valid information about the properties of an antiretroviral agent, which can help to build up a picture of its potential clinical utility relative to other drugs. However, to gain meaningful results, it is important to apply this information intelligently, understanding the limitations of each parameter.
Assembling p-type molecules on single wall carbon nanotubes for photovoltaic devices (2009)

We report the design and synthesis of an oligothiophene molecule that noncovalently functionalizes carbon nanotubes to create a hybrid material for photovoltaic devices.
Pore Structure Characterization of Indiana Limestone and Pink Dolomite from Pore Network Reconstructions (2015)

Carbon sequestration in deep underground saline aquifers holds significant promise for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). However, challenges remain in predicting the long term migration of injected CO2. Addressing these challenges requires an understanding of pore-scale transport of CO2 within existing brine-filled geological reservoirs. Studies on the transport of fluids through geological porous media have predominantly focused on oil-bearing formations such as sandstone. However, few studies have considered pore-scale transport within limestone and other carbonate formations, which are found in potential storage sites. In this work, high-resolution micro-Computed Tomography (microCT) was used to obtain pore-scale structural information of two model carbonates: Indiana Limestone and Pink Dolomite. A modified watershed algorithm was applied to extract pore network from the reconstructed microCT volumetric images of rock samples and compile a list of pore-scale characteristics from the extracted networks. These include statistical distributions of pore size and radius, pore-pore separation, throat radius, and network coordination. Finally, invasion percolation algorithms were applied to determine saturation-pressure curves for the rock samples. The statistical distributions were comparable to literature values for the Indiana Limestone. This served as validation for the network extraction approach for Pink Dolomite, which has not been considered previously. Based on the connectivity and the pore-pore separation, formations such as Pink Dolomite may present suitable storage sites for carbon storage. The pore structural distributions and saturation curves obtained in this study can be used to inform core- and reservoir-scale modeling and experimental studies of sequestration feasibility.
Theophylline bioavailability: a comparison of the oral absorption of a theophylline elixir and two combination theophylline tablets to intravenous aminophylline. (1977)

The bioavailability of theophylline from single doses of an elixir (Elixophyllin) and two different tablet formulations, as compared to intravenous aminophylline, was studied with a crossover design in 12 normal volunteers. Both tablet formulations (Marax and Tedral) contain ephedrine. Marax contains hydroxyzine hydrochloride, and Tedral contains phenobarbital. The absorption of theophylline was most rapid from the elixir, whereas that from Marax was faster than that from Tedral. The peak concentrations of theophylline after administration of the 3 oral dosage forms were in the order, elixir greater than Marax greater than Tedral, however, the time to achieve peak concentration was highly variable and did not differ significantly among the 3 products. On the basis of area under the serum concentration-time curves, the absorption of theophylline from the elixir and from Marax was essentially complete. The area under the serum concentration curve after administration of Tedral was significantly less than that after intravenous aminophylline, elixir, and Marax; however, when the individual areas under the concentration curves were adjusted for intrasubject variation in elimination rate constant, the mean area under the concentration curve after Tedral no longer differed significantly from those of the intravenous and other two oral products. A large degree of intersubject variation in the oral absorption of theophylline was observe din this study. Therefore, in addition to the well-documented, large individual variation in the serum clearance of theophylline, intersubject differences in the absorption of the drug is another factor that complicates proper adjustment of the dose in oral theophylline therapy.
Novel Membrane Reactor with Filamentous Catalytic Bed for Propane Dehydrogenation (2001)

A novel membrane reactor with two zones containing structured filamentous catalytic beds was proposed for propane nonoxidative dehydrogenation. Catalytic filaments with a ∼7-μm diameter consist of silica covered by porous alumina with 0.5% Pt/1% Sn. These filaments were placed in parallel in a tubular membrane reactor. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the reactor correspond to the properties of a multichannelled microreactor with laminar flow, a low pressure drop, and a narrow residence time distribution. A propane conversion of 0.34 at 823 K was reached, instead of the 0.24 equilibrium value. The catalyst demonstrated a suitable stability under periodic regeneration in oxidative atmosphere.
Gamma aminobutyric acid regulates glucosensitive neuropeptide Y neurons in arcuate nucleus via A/B receptors (2005)

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is localized in neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). We examined regulation of ARC NPY neurons by GABA. Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry confirmed that GABA-containing nerve terminals contacted NPY-containing neurons in the ARC. Lowering glucose (1 mM) increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in isolated ARC neurons that were immunoreactive to NPY. The [Ca2+]i increases were inhibited by GABA, the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAA) agonist muscimol and the gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABAB) agonist baclofen. Neither the GABAA antagonist bicuculline nor the GABAB antagonist CGP35348 counteracted the GABA inhibition when applied alone, but did so when applied together. These results indicate that GABA regulates ARC glucose-sensitive NPY neurons via GABAA and GABAB receptors, which could function to attenuate the orexigenic NPY pathway when it is not beneficial.
Hydrodynamics in a vessel stirred by simple and double helical ribbon impellers (2012)

Abstract The present paper treats the agitation of shear thinning fluids in a cylindrical unbaffled vessel with a flat-bottom. Two kinds of impellers have been used: simple and double helical ribbons. This work is achieved with the help of CFD package (CFX-12.0), which is based on the finite volume method to solve the continuity and momentum equations. The effect of impeller rotational speed, fluid rheology, impeller size, impeller clearance from the tank bottom on the flow fields and power consumption have been investigated. Finally, a comparison between the two impellers is made. It was found that the best performance is obtained with double helical ribbon impeller placed at the middle of the tank, with moderate blade size and operating at Re g > 20. Our results have been compared with those of other literatures and a satisfactory agreement is observed.
Some application cases and related manufacturing techniques for optically functional microstructures on large areas (2004)

With surface-relief structures, optical functions that are required for radiation power management such as antireflection, light trapping, or light distribution and redirection can be obtained for new applications in solar energy systems and in displays. There, structures with submicrometer features must be distributed over large areas homogeneously. We address the design and the whole experimental process chain from the microstructure origination on large areas to the replication and the system integration in the specific application. Topics are antireflective surfaces for solar systems and displays, light trapping in polymer solar cells, sun protection systems for facades, and diffusers for projection displays and in glazing. For the microstructure origination we investigate the suitability of holographic recording in photoresist using a large-scale interferometer. We use an argon ion laser as a coherent light source at a wavelength of 364 nm. Periodic and stochastic interference patterns are recorded in positive photoresist with the interferometer setup. In the case of periodic structures, grating periods between 200 nm and 20 µm are realized. By carefully modeling the resulting resist profiles it is possible to originate even prismatic surface-relief profiles. Structures with good homogeneity are originated on areas of up to 4800 cm2 by optimizing the interferometer setup and the photoresist processing.
Increasing the Production From Marginal Gas Wells (2006)

Abstract A large number of gas production wells in Europe are mature and are virtually incapable of lifting liquid, which has built up over time, out of the well. A well in a gas field was suffering from these liquid loading problems. The gas pressure was insufficient to unload the well for an extended period of time. A proprietary computer model, developed by Baker Petrolite and specifically designed to identify wells which will respond to chemical treatment, was used to determine whether a foamer product could help unload the gas well. Removal of the water would also help to reduce downhole corrosion. The application of the foamer also had to take into account the different gas well operating standards in Europe compared to those of some other parts of the world. Subsequent selection of the foamer was achieved by the use of the computer model and by laboratory test work using actual well fluids. Consequently the chemical was applied downhole by continuous injection via capillary tubing. The maximum production rate achieved during the trial was 0.1 MMSCMD. The volume of gas production was increased five-fold. No problems were encountered with downstream processing. The use of this foamer technology was of considerable value to the gas producer in this marginal field. It was shown that the rapid and methodical use of these unique services can help alleviate the loss in gas production shown by wells suffering from liquid loading.
Identification and Characterization of a Porcine Torovirus (1998)

ABSTRACT A porcine torovirus (PoTV) was identified and characterized; it is a novel member of the genus Torovirus (family Coronaviridae , order Nidovirales ), closely related to but clearly distinct from the already recognized equine torovirus (ETV) and bovine torovirus (BoTV) representatives. Immunoelectron microscopy of feces from piglets revealed elongated, 120- by 55-nm particles which were recognized by a torovirus-specific antiserum. Amplification by reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR with primers designed to detect conserved regions (on the basis of the genomes of BoTV strain Breda and ETV strain Berne) resulted in the identification of the 489-bp nucleocapsid gene, encoding a 18.7-kDa protein. The sequence identity in this region between PoTV and both ETV and BoTV was only about 68%, whereas the latter two show 81% identity. Neutralizing antibodies directed against ETV were found in sera of adult and young pigs. In all 10 herds sampled, seropositive animals were present, and 81% of randomly selected adult sows possessed antibodies. A longitudinal study with RT PCR showed that piglets shed virus in the feces for 1 or more days, starting 4 to 14 days after weaning.
Dual role for the latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein in storage of latent TGF-beta in the extracellular matrix and as a structural matrix protein. (1995)

The role of the latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP) is unclear. In cultures of fetal rat calvarial cells, which form mineralized bonelike nodules, both LTBP and the TGF-beta 1 precursor localized to large fibrillar structures in the extracellular matrix. The appearance of these fibrillar structures preceded the appearance of type I collagen fibers. Plasmin treatment abolished the fibrillar staining pattern for LTBP and released a complex containing both LTBP and TGF-beta. Antibodies and antisense oligonucleotides against LTBP inhibited the formation of mineralized bonelike nodules in long-term fetal rat calvarial cultures. Immunohistochemistry of fetal and adult rat bone confirmed a fibrillar staining pattern for LTBP in vivo. These findings, together with the known homology of LTBP to the fibrillin family of proteins, suggest a novel function for LTBP, in addition to its role in matrix storage of latent TGF-beta, as a structural matrix protein that may play a role in bone formation.
A novel oxamide rearrangement (1980)

Abstract An efficient, base‐induced rearrangement of 2‐[(1,2‐dioxo‐2‐(methylamino)ethyl)phenylamino]benzoic acid methyl ester ( 7a ) to the isomeric 2‐[(1,2‐dioxo‐2‐(phenylamino)ethyl)methylamino]benzoic acid methyl ester ( 27a ) is described. This novel rearrangement must proceed through a spiro intermediate wherein benzoate is acting as a Michael receptor. When 2‐[(1,2‐dioxo‐2‐(methylamino)ethyl)methylamino]benzoic acid methyl ester ( 28 )‐an oxamide which would produce a degenerate spiro intermediate — was subjected to rearrangement conditions, the product obtained was 1,3‐dimethyl‐2,4‐(1 H ,3 H )quinazolinedione ( 29 ). This latter transformation may have proceeded via a benzodiazepinetrione intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME NOVEL C(3)‐SUBSTITUTED CEPHALOTHIN DERIVATIVES (1981)

Abstract Ausgehend vom Diphenylmethylcarboxylat (I) wird über das nicht isolierte Diol (II) das Acetoxymethylderivat (IIIa) erhalten, das in die stabile freie Säure (IIIb) übergeführt wird.
A prognostic gene expression index in ovarian cancer—validation across different independent data sets (2009)

Ovarian carcinoma has the highest mortality rate among gynaecological malignancies. In this project, we investigated the hypothesis that molecular markers are able to predict outcome of ovarian cancer independently of classical clinical predictors, and that these molecular markers can be validated using independent data sets. We applied a semi-supervised method for prediction of patient survival. Microarrays from a cohort of 80 ovarian carcinomas (TOC cohort) were used for the development of a predictive model, which was then evaluated in an entirely independent cohort of 118 carcinomas (Duke cohort). A 300-gene ovarian prognostic index (OPI) was generated and validated in a leave-one-out approach in the TOC cohort (Kaplan-Meier analysis, p = 0.0087). In a second validation step, the prognostic power of the OPI was confirmed in an independent data set (Duke cohort, p = 0.0063). In multivariate analysis, the OPI was independent of the post-operative residual tumour, the main clinico-pathological prognostic parameter with an adjusted hazard ratio of 6.4 (TOC cohort, CI 1.8-23.5, p = 0.0049) and 1.9 (Duke cohort, CI 1.2-3.0, p = 0.0068). We constructed a combined score of molecular data (OPI) and clinical parameters (residual tumour), which was able to define patient groups with highly significant differences in survival. The integrated analysis of gene expression data as well as residual tumour can be used for optimized assessment of the prognosis of platinum-taxol-treated ovarian cancer. As traditional treatment options are limited, this analysis may be able to optimize clinical management and to identify those patients who would be candidates for new therapeutic strategies.
Human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition by diethyldithiocarbamic acid methanethiol mixed disulfide: a derivative of disulfiram (1985)

A derivative and possible physiological metabolite of disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamic acid methanethiol mixed disulfide, is shown here for the first time to inactivate the mitochondrial low-Km isozyme of human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3). By comparing inactivating effects of diethyldithiocarbamic acid mixed disulfides with thiols of increasing chain length evidence is provided that steric hindrance is the reason for lack of inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme by disulfiram in vitro. Since methanethiol is a normal metabolite [(1983) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52, 187-222] the results also suggest a mechanism by which aldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited by disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamic acid in vivo.
Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase by Hypercin (1984)

Hypericin from Hypericum perforatum was found to inhibit in vitro type A and B monoamine oxidase (MAO's) prepared by treating rat brain mitochondria with selective inhibitors. The inhibition of type A MAO by hypericin was higher than that of type B MAO. The inhibition was almost irreversible for both MAO types.
Automation in Railway Operations: Challenges, Perspectives and Experimented Effects on System Performance (2014)

The paper starts from definitions and concepts of “automation” and from an overview of present and future potential applications to railway operation field. The progressive migration process from “human managed” to “machine based” tasks fulfilment is analysed, as well as the present position along this process in various fields of railway traffic management. The historical basis of the migration are\nhighlighted in the macro-sectors of infrastructures, vehicles and operation and services and, inside them, the specific fields are qualified with an assessment of the respective maturity levels. The analysis is particularly focused on the automation contributions into the following macro-sectors: i) safety management, ii) dispatching, iii) train operation. The safety management field is in-depth investigated: principles and objectives, links between safety and traffic density, man to machine transfers of safety critical functions and their full automation state-of-the-art and perspectives are covered. The dispatching field is a key sector for automation implementation and is analysed with a similar approach: objectives and standards, links between capacity and punctuality, man to machine migration of dispatchers’ actions and further challenges of\nautomatic dispatching systems are managed. The automation of train operation is the premise to a full automated train control, which is today a consolidated framework for mass transit systems, with huge challenges in other fields of railway business (freight trains, marshalling terminals, etc.). Finally an overview of priorities in railway research identified at European level (EC Horizon 2020, ERRAC Roadmaps, etc.) are analysed: the standardisation and the large implementation of automatic operation in critical (for safety and quality of services) and massive functions are identified as the most fruitful investigation area towards the general increase of the performances of the railway system.