gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization Mode Dispersion of Installed Fibers (2006)

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD), a potentially limiting impairment in high-speed long-distance fiber-optic communication systems, refers to the distortion of propagating optical pulses due to random birefringences in an optical system. Because these perturbations (which can be introduced through manufacturing imperfections, cabling stresses, installation procedures, and environmental sensitivities of fiber and other in-line components) are unknowable and continually changing, PMD is unique among optical impairments. This makes PMD both a fascinating research subject and potentially one of the most challenging technical obstacles for future optoelectronic transmission. Mitigation and compensation techniques, proper emulation, and accurate prediction of PMD-induced outage probabilities critically depend on the understanding and modeling of the statistics of PMD in installed links. Using extensive data on buried fibers used in long-haul high-speed links, the authors discuss the proposition that most of the temporal PMD changes that are observed in installed routes arise primarily from a relatively small number of "hot spots" along the route that are exposed to the ambient environment, whereas the buried shielded sections remain largely stable for month-long time periods. It follows that the temporal variations of the differential group delay for any given channel constitute a distinct statistical distribution with its own channel-specific mean value. The impact of these observations on outage statistics is analyzed, and the implications for future optoelectronic fiber-based transmission are discussed
An involute gate-emitter configuration for thyristors and transistors (1973)

In power thyristors and transistors, it is important to inject or remove carriers uniformly and rapidly across the entire junction area. Among the reasons are: 1.) the switching losses are reduced, thus allowing a higher load current rating of the device, 2.) a thyristor becomes capable to turn-off the load current by gate control, thereby eliminating commutating components and their losses. Uniform carrier injection or withdrawal and other desirable side effects are accomplished by a gate (base) emitter interdigitation in the form of equidistant involutes of a circle.
Improved quality and reliability of ultrathin (1.4–2.3 nm) gate oxides by radical-assisted oxidation utilizing a remote ultraviolet ozone source (2004)

A low-temperature and high-purity radical-assisted oxidation (RAO) process for the growth of ultrathin (1.4–2.3 nm) gate oxides was successfully developed utilizing a remote ultraviolet ozone source. The metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors with RAO gate oxides showed improved device characteristics and oxide reliability, in comparison with the devices with non-RAO or standard furnace oxides. The RAO process in this study was proven to be an effective technique to make the oxide network robust and dense, without an increase of growth temperature.
Alginate gel microwell arrays using electrodeposition for three-dimensional cell culture (2013)

In this study, we developed a novel method for fabricating microwell arrays constructed from alginate gels, and the alginate gel microwells were used for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. The alginate gel microwells were fabricated on a patterned ITO electrode using alginate gel electrodeposition. Embryonic stem (ES) cells or hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were cultured in the alginate gel microwells containing 3T3 cells. During the culture, embryoid bodies (EBs) or HepG2 spheroids were successfully fabricated in the alginate gel microwells. The oxygen consumption of the EBs indicated that they were successfully cultured. Liver-specific gene expressions of the HepG2 spheroids apparently increased by performing 3D co-culture in the microwell arrays with 3T3 cells. These results show that the alginate gel microwells are a useful 3D culture system.
Overexpression of peptide deformylase in breast, colon, and lung cancers (2013)

This is the first report showing that PDF is over-expressed in breast, colon, and lung cancers, and the first evidence that the MEK/ERK pathway plays a role in regulating the expression of PDF and MAP1D. The over-expression of PDF in several cancers and the inhibition of cancer cell growth by a PDF inhibitor suggest this enzyme may act as an oncogene to promote cancer cell proliferation.
Field-evolved resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>toxins in transgenic maize (2014)

The widespread planting of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) places intense selective pressure on pest populations to evolve resistance. Western corn rootworm is a key pest of maize, and in continuous maize fields it is often managed through planting of Bt maize. During 2009 and 2010, fields were identified in Iowa in which western corn rootworm imposed severe injury to maize producing Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Subsequent bioassays revealed Cry3Bb1 resistance in these populations. Here, we report that, during 2011, injury to Bt maize in the field expanded to include mCry3A maize in addition to Cry3Bb1 maize and that laboratory analysis of western corn rootworm from these fields found resistance to Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A and cross-resistance between these toxins. Resistance to Bt maize has persisted in Iowa, with both the number of Bt fields identified with severe root injury and the ability western corn rootworm populations to survive on Cry3Bb1 maize increasing between 2009 and 2011. Additionally, Bt maize targeting western corn rootworm does not produce a high dose of Bt toxin, and the magnitude of resistance associated with feeding injury was less than that seen in a high-dose Bt crop. These first cases of resistance by western corn rootworm highlight the vulnerability of Bt maize to further evolution of resistance from this pest and, more broadly, point to the potential of insects to develop resistance rapidly when Bt crops do not achieve a high dose of Bt toxin.
Alternatives to Pyrethroids for Managing Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn, Seed Corn, Tomatoes and Peppers (2007)

To date, there are no reports of widespread failures of pyrethroid insecticides to control the corn earworm in midwestern North America. However, H. zea resistance to pyrethroids is a potential problem. If resistance compromises pyrethroid effectiveness, adopting or developing alternative management practices will be essential. This paper summarizes the current status of management alternatives for H. zea, specifically in commercial production of sweet corn, seed corn, tomatoes, and peppers. Accepted for publication 26 October 2006. Published 19 July 2007.
Molecular Structure and Stereochemistry of Silybin A, Silybin B, Isosilybin A, and Isosilybin B, Isolated from <i>Silybum </i><i>m</i><i>arianum</i> (Milk Thistle) (2003)

Two pairs of diastereoisomeric flavonolignans, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B, were successfully separated from Silybum marianum by sequential silica gel column chromatography, preparative reversed-phase HPLC, and recrystallization. Complete stereochemical assignments at C-2, C-3, C-7', and C-8' of these flavonolignans have been achieved. On the basis of X-ray crystallographic analysis and optical rotation data, coupled with comprehensive (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data interpretation including COSY, HMQC, and HMBC, the stereochemistry of these diastereoisomers was determined unambiguously as silybin A (4), 2R, 3R, 7'R, 8'R; silybin B (5), 2R, 3R, 7'S, 8'S; isosilybin A (6), 2R, 3R, 7'R, 8'R; and isosilybin B (7), 2R, 3R, 7'S, 8'S.
Genetical Engineering of Humanized Anti-keratin Antibodies with High Affinity (2003)

Objective 
To produce humanized anti-keratin antibodies with high affinity.


Methods 
Panning of phage antibody libraries against human epidermal keratin was conducted to select specific antibodies. Random mutation method and chain-shuffling technique for the gene of the antibodies were employed to improve antibody affinity. The binding activity, specificity and affinity of the obtained antibodies were determined and analyzed.


Results 
Four clones of either IgG or IgM anti-keratin antibodies were seleeted from semisynthetic or natural antibody libraries. One of them was seleeted to undergo affinity maturation. Random mutation method for the gene did not result in any improvement in antibody affinity. By chain-shuffling technique, however, affinity level was markedly increased and an antibody with affinity of 8×1010/M was isolated.


Conclusion 
It is feasible to generate humanized antikeratin antibodies using genetical engineering technique.


Key words: 
Keratin; Antibodies, monoclonal; Antibody affinity; Gene expression
New divinylidene compounds and their reaction with electron transfer reagents (1984)

Abstract Some new divinylidene compounds, 1,3‐bis[4‐(β‐styryl)phenyl]propane ( 2b ), 1,6‐bis[4‐(β‐styryl)phenyl]hexane ( 2d ), 2,6‐bis(β‐styryl)pyridine ( 1b ), and 1,5‐bis(β‐styryl)naphthalene ( 1c ), were prepared. Their reaction with electron transfer agents was investigated and compared with that of homologous divinylidene compounds. The cyclic oligomers formed after protonation were separated and characterized spectroscopically. In general, no preferential formation of isomers is observed. The cyclic dimer, however, is the main product of the electron transfer reaction of 1b and 1c .
Nucleosides and nucleotides. XXXXV. Facile deoxygenation of neplanocin A and nucleosides by the use of tri-n-butyltin hydride. (1983)

2'(R)-Halogeno-2'-deoxyneplanocin A's were hydrogenated with tri-n-butyltin hydride to yield 2'-deoxyneplanocin A. The same compound was obtained by reduction of the 2'-O-(1-imidazolyl) thiocarbonyl derivative of neplanocin A. This procedure was also applicable to the synthesis of 2'-deoxyadenosine and-guanosine from the corresponding ribosides. Treatment of a neplanocin 2', 3'-O-cyclic thiocarbonate with tri-n-butyltin hydride gave 3'-deoxyneplanocin selectively in high yield.
Edge State Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons (2018)

Zigzag edges of graphene nanoribbons, which are predicted to host spin-polarized electronic states, hold great promise for future spintronic device applications. The ability to precisely engineer the zigzag edge state is of crucial importance for realizing its full potential functionalities in nanotechnology. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate the zigzag edge states have energy splitting upon fusing manganese the phthalocyanine molecule with the short armchair graphene nanoribbon termini. Moreover, the edge state splitting can be reversibly switched by adsorption and desorption of a hydrogen atom on the magnetic core of manganese phthalocyanine. These observations can be explained by tuning the zigzag edge local doping through the charge transfer process, which provides a new route to functionalize graphene-based molecular devices.
The Practice of Attention (1990)

"Practices that strengthen the capacity for concentration or attention play a role in most great religious traditions. The importance of developing attention is most readily seen in the great traditions that arose in India, namely Hinduism and Buddhism." ~ from the article
EFFECTIVE SELECTION AND USE OF ADVANCED MEMBRANE ELECTRODE POWER ASSEMBLIES (1998)

In order to provide the highest power density power assembly, a second generation PRIMEA membrane electrode power assembly (series 5510) was introduced in 1997. Both series 5000 and 5510 power assemblies were designed for hydrogen/air applications. A third generation of PRIMEA membrane electrode power assemblies is now available for operations with reformate fuel streams. All Gore MEAs have been made available with complementary components such as integral gasketing and gas diffusion media, to maximize product performance and durability.
Half-open titanocene chemistry: coupling reactions of pentadienyl ligands with carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen multiple bonds (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHalf-open titanocene chemistry: coupling reactions of pentadienyl ligands with carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen multiple bondsThomas E. Waldman, Anne M. Wilson, Arnold L. Rheingold, Enrique M. Melendez, and Richard D. ErnstCite this: Organometallics 1992, 11, 10, 3201–3209Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00046a015https://doi.org/10.1021/om00046a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The ratio of circulating osteoprotegerin to RANKL in early rheumatoid arthritis predicts later joint destruction (2006)

This study in patients with early untreated RA is the first to confirm the findings in animal models of arthritis, that radiographic progression of the bone component of joint destruction is dependent on both inflammation (tESR) and osteoclast activation (the OPG:RANKL ratio).
GABA<sub>C</sub> Receptor Binding of Quantum-Dot Conjugates of Variable Ligand Valency (2010)

Highly fluorescent CdSe quantum dots (qdots) can serve as a platform for tethering multiple copies of a receptor-targeted ligand, affording study of how the level of multivalency affects receptor binding. We previously showed that qdots conjugated with long PEG chains terminated by muscimol, a known GABA(C) agonist, exhibit specific binding to the surface membrane of GABA(C) receptor-expressing Xenopus oocytes. The present report addresses the effect of varying the number, i.e., valency, of muscimol- (M-) terminated PEG chains attached to the qdot on binding of the resulting conjugate to GABA(C) receptors. M-PEG-qdots of differing muscimol valency were prepared by conjugating AMP-CdSe/ZnS qdots with muscimol-terminated and methylamine-terminated PEG chains in proportions designed to yield varying percentages of muscimol-terminated chains among the total approximately 150-200 chains bound to the qdot. The investigated valencies represented 0%, approximately 25%, approximately 50%, and 100% loading with muscimol (preparations termed M-PEG-qdot0, M-PEG-qdot25, M-PEG-qdot50, and M-PEG-qdot100, respectively. Binding of a given conjugate to surface membranes of GABA(C) receptor-expressing oocytes was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence microscopy following defined incubation with approximately 30 nM of the conjugate. With 5-20 min incubation, the fluorescence signal resulting from incubation with M-PEG-qdot25 exceeded, by approximately 6-fold, the fluorescence level obtained with M-PEG-qdot preparations that lacked muscimol-terminated chains (M-PEG-qdot0). M-PEG-qdot50 yielded a net signal roughly similar to that of M-PEG-qdot25, and that produced by M-PEG-qdot100 exceeded, by approximately 30-50%, those for M-PEG-qdot25 and M-PEG-qdot50. The time course of changes in oocyte surface membrane fluorescence resulting from the introduction of and removal of M-PEG-qdots in the medium bathing the oocyte indicated only a modest dependence of both binding and wash-out kinetics on muscimol valency. The results demonstrate a dependence of the binding activity of the M-PEG-qdot conjugates on muscimol valency, presumably reflecting higher GABA(C) avidity and/or affinity of the muscimol at high valency, and provide insight on the interactions of membrane receptor proteins with qdot conjugates containing multiple copies of a receptor-targeting ligand.
Neuroprotective Effect of Halophyte <i>Salicornia herbacea</i> L. Is Mediated by Activation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Mouse Hippocampal HT22 Cells (2017)

Salicornia herbacea L. (glasswort, tungtungmadi in Korean), a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and muddy seashores along the western coast of Korea, has been used as a seasoning vegetable and a folk medicine for intestinal ailments, nephropathy, and hepatitis. As the salt-tolerant herb was reported to contain antioxidants, including tungtungmadic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid, we hypothesized that the ethanolic extract of S. herbacea L. (SH extract) enriched with antioxidative compounds will have neuroprotective activity. The herbal extract and its methylene chloride (MC) fraction showed a strong protective effect against glutamate-induced cell death in murine hippocampal HT22 cells. In addition, SH extract and MC fraction not only scavenged reactive oxygen species efficiently but also caused nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and subsequently significant induction of antioxidant enzymes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and glutathione reductase. Inhibition of the antioxidant enzyme HO-1 by tin protoporphyrin abolished the neuroprotective effect of the SH extract, suggesting an important role of HO-1 in protection against glutamate-induced neural damage. Metabolite profiling for ethanolic extract and solvent fractions of the herb suggested that diosmetin and a few unidentified compounds were responsible for the neuroprotective effect. Taken together, SH extract and its MC fraction exhibited a neuroprotective effect through Nrf2-mediated induction of antioxidant enzymes, such as HO-1, and warrant further in vivo and clinical studies to confirm its effects and potentially develop a neuroprotective salt substitute or dietary supplement.
Natural products as anticancer agents (1994)

Cancer is perhaps one of the most active anti-human factor operating in the world today, and efforts are being made all over the scientific world to prevent and eradicate it. All possible avenues are being tapped; from the most obvious to the least probable sources are under study.
A Switch in Time: The Role of Switched Digital Video in Easing the Looming Bandwidth Crisis in Cable (2008)

Switched digital video technology, once considered little more than a wild-eyed science experiment by North American cable operators, has become mainstream. Indeed, we enter the summer of 2008 projecting that cable multiple- system operators - faced with ever-tightening bandwidth constraints as they seek to add more HDTV programming, niche programming, and other digital offerings - will cover more than half of the United States and Canada with switched digital installations by the end of the year and 75 percent or more of their cable footprint by the close of 2009. This article provides an industry analyst's perspective on the surge of interest in SDV and the implications of that surge for the future of the cable industry.
Evaluation of Heparin Immobilized Chitosan-Peg Microbeads for Charcoal Encapsulation and Endotoxin Removal (2000)

A technique is described to encapsulate activated charcoal for hemoperfusion to be used in an artificial liver support. Activated charcoal was encapsulated within chitosan-PEG matrix and subsequently surface modified with PGE1 or heparin (hep-AC-PEGCB) via the glutaraldehyde functionalities. This novel matrix was used as the supports for perfusion of endotoxin, under a flow rate of 30 ml/mt. Endotoxin adsorption was quantitatively measured by the method of Limulus Amebocyte lysate test. It seems, the hep-AC-PEGCB may be a good adsorbent system for the removal of toxic endotoxin, and the system may be useful for detoxification of blood. The hep-AC-PEGCB matrix had improved biocompatibility as demonstrated from their hemolytic potential and charcoal release. However, further studies are needed to determine their behaviour under clinical conditions.
Ice sheet motion and topography from radar interferometry (1996)

Both topography and motion information are present in repeat pass ERS-1 interferograms over ice sheets. The authors demonstrate that the topography is separable from the surface displacement field when a sequence of radar images are available. If the velocity field is constant over the time span of observation, the topography can be derived from differential interferograms formed from sequential observations. With this measurement, a pure displacement field can then be obtained by removal of the topographic contribution to the interferometric phase at each pixel. Further, they discuss how the vertical and horizontal components of displacement affect the interferometrically-derived motion field. They illustrate their approach with four successive (3-day repeat) ERS-1 images of a flow feature in northeastern Greenland.
Quantifying the World (2004)

The UN’s role in the development of international statistics.
Sentiment-Aware Deep Recommender System With Neural Attention Networks (2019)

With the advent of web technology, user-generated textual reviews are becoming increasingly accumulated on many e-commerce websites. These reviews contain not only the user comments on different aspects of the products but also the user sentiments associated with the aspects. Although these user sentiments serve as vital side information for improving the performance of recommender systems, most existing approaches ignore to fully exploit them in modeling the fine-grained user-item interaction for improving recommender system performance. Thus, this paper proposes a sentiment-aware deep recommender system with neural attention network (SDRA), which can capture both the aspects of products and the underlying user sentiments associated with the aspects for improving the recommendation system performance. Particularly, a semi-supervised topic model is designed to extract the aspects of the product and the associated sentiment lexicons from the user textual reviews, which are then incorporated into a long short term memory (LSTM) encoder via an interactive neural attention mechanism for better learning of the user and item sentiment-aware representation. Furthermore, a co-attention mechanism is introduced to better model the fine-grained user-item interaction for improving predictive performance. The extensive experiments on different datasets showed that our proposed <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SDRA</b> model can achieve better performance over the baseline approaches.