gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TLR4 Is a Novel Determinant of the Response to Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer (2013)

Overexpression of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in human tumors often correlates with chemoresistance and metastasis. We found that TLR4 is overexpressed in the majority of clinical breast cancer samples and in 68% of the examined breast cancer lines. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other ligands including the widely used drug paclitaxel. LPS is frequently used to show a tumor-promoting role of TLR4 although this bacterial component is unlikely to be found in the breast cancer environment. We reasoned that paclitaxel-dependent activation of TLR4 is more relevant to breast cancer chemoresistance that could be mediated by activation of the NF-κB pathway leading to upregulation of prosurvival genes. To test this hypothesis, we correlated TLR4 expression with resistance to paclitaxel in two modified breast cancer lines with either depleted or overexpressed TLR4 protein. Depletion of TLR4 in naturally overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells downregulated prosurvival genes concomitant with 2- to 3-fold reduced IC(50) to paclitaxel in vitro and a 6-fold decrease in recurrence rate in vivo. Conversely, TLR4 overexpression in a negative cell line HCC1806 significantly increased expression of inflammatory and prosurvival genes along with a 3-fold increase of IC(50) to paclitaxel in vitro and enhanced tumor resistance to paclitaxel therapy in vivo. Importantly, both tumor models showed that many paclitaxel-upregulated inflammatory cytokines were coinduced with their receptors suggesting that this therapy induces autocrine tumor-promoting loops. Collectively, these results show that paclitaxel not only kills tumor cells but also enhances their survival by activating TLR4 pathway. These findings suggest that blocking TLR4 could significantly improve response to paclitaxel therapy.
Process characterization and analysis of sealed vacuum microelectronic devices (1994)

Cold-cathode microdiodes with tungsten and heavily doped polycrystalline silicon emitters have been fabricated using silicon planar processing and solid-state surface micromachining techniques. This work has focused on building reliability into vacuum microelectronic devices and eliminating the need for external vacuum pumping as commonly used in these devices. The following technology advances have been incorporated into sealed microdiode devices: (1) recessed cavities with lateral chemical etch delivery channels, (2) electron beam-evaporated vacuum enclosures, (3) the use of atomic force microscopy to analyze the fine grain emitter surface structure, (4) the use of soft x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine surface chemical composition of cathode and anode surfaces, and (5) the use of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy to measure as-processed work function.
Optimal configuring of multiple scan chains (1993)

To reduce the high test time for serial scan designs, the use of multiple scan chains has been proposed. In this paper, the authors consider the problem of optimally constructing the multiple scan chains to minimize the overall test time. Rather than follow the traditional practice of using equal length chains, the authors allow the chains to be of different lengths and show that this cap lead to lower test times. The main idea in this approach is to place those scan elements that are more frequently accessed in shorter scan chains as this tends to reduce the overall test time. Given a design with N scan elements and given that if scan chains need to be used for applying tests, the authors present an algorithm of complexity O(kN/sup 2/) for constructing the specified number of chains such that the overall test application time is minimized. By analyzing a range of different circuit topologies, the authors demonstrate test time reductions as large as 40% over equal length chains.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improved performance of carbon-doped GaAs base heterojunction bipolar transistors through the use of InGaP (1992)

Carbon-doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) typically exhibit severe leakage at the base-emitter interface which limits their utility for low-current applications. Furthermore, the device breakdown voltage, and hence power handling capability, is limited due to the band gap of the GaAs collector material. In this letter we will demonstrate for the first time that both of these limitations can be overcome through the use of InGaP. Since InGaP is not readily doped with carbon, it does not suffer from compensation due to carryover of carbon from the GaAs base. Hence, the ideality factor of the base-emitter junction improves from 1.3 to 1.09 when the conventional n-AlGaAs emitter layer is replaced with n-InGaP. Moreover, InGaP eliminates the crossover of the base and collector currents typically observed in heavily carbon doped GaAs HBTs. This results in the maintenance of gain even at very low collector currents. As a collector material, we have found that InGaP produces significantly higher breakdown voltage than GaAs (19 V vs 12 V) of the same thickness and doping, due to its larger band gap. As in the emitter, InGaP collectors exhibit excellent ideality factors of ∼1.05.
Hybrid Scheme of Electricity Metering in Smart Grid (2014)

The hybrid scheme of electricity metering combining time- and event-driven approaches makes visible events. It enables the detection, understanding, and management of nonstationary flows of electricity as they vary by real-life processes. We use the internal metering data to supply electric values and additional meta-information being elicited, e.g., scalar values characterizing variations of power flows and their timing. The capability to recognize events and their sequences produces new information flows in smart grids. We discuss how to exploit the process knowledge in the grid's control.
Algebraic-geometric codes and multidimensional cyclic codes: a unified theory and algorithms for decoding using Grobner bases (1995)

It is proved that any algebraic-geometric (AG) code can be expressed as a cross section of an extended multidimensional cyclic code. Both AG codes and multidimensional cyclic codes are described by a unified theory of linear block codes defined over point sets: AG codes are defined over the points of an algebraic curve, and an m-dimensional cyclic code is defined over the points in m-dimensional space. The power of the unified theory is in its description of decoding techniques using Grobner bases. In order to fit an AG code into this theory, a change of coordinates must be applied to the curve over which the code is defined so that the curve is in special position. For curves in special position, all computations can be performed with polynomials and this also makes it possible to use the theory of Grobner bases. Next, a transform is defined for AG codes which generalizes the discrete Fourier transform. The transform is also related to a Grobner basis, and is useful in setting up the decoding problem. In the decoding problem, a key step is finding a Grobner basis for an error locator ideal. For AG codes, multidimensional cyclic codes, and indeed, any cross section of an extended multidimensional cyclic code, Sakata's algorithm can be used to find linear recursion relations which hold on the syndrome array. In this general context, the authors give a self-contained and simplified presentation of Sakata's algorithm, and present a general framework for decoding algorithms for this family of codes, in which the use of Sakata's algorithm is supplemented by a procedure for extending the syndrome array.
ADTS: an array defect-tolerance scheme for wafer scale gate arrays (2002)

Current attempts at wafer scale integration all involve restructuring the circuits on the wafer following fabrication to purge out the effects of manufacturing defects. This requires expensive restructuring techniques, and only works for regular designs such as memories and processor arrays. Here we propose a novel low cost approach for defect tolerance in gate array based systems, which does not require restructuring, and is not limited to array structures. Our proposed approach takes advantage of the fact that gate array implementations typically do not use all the available gates in the array. The idea is to first test all the base wafers and obtain a defect map for each wafer, listing the faulty gates. Then only those wafers are used to implement a given design whose defective gates map to unused gates in the design. We show that with a novel use of redundancy in the physical gate array, we can ensure a high probability of finding a compatible wafer for a given design. Furthermore, wafers that are unsuitable for one design can be used for a different design with a different pattern of unused gates. The analysis presented here suggests, for example, that for gate arrays containing 20 defects, (which can be expected to be an order of magnitude larger in area than current die sizes) a pool of a hundred different designs is sufficient to ensure that virtually all the wafers manufactured will be utilized. Thus our proposed new approach holds out the promise of low cost WSI gate array systems for low volume special purpose applications, with no restrictions on the system architecture. This does not appear possible from any of the other WSI strategies being currently pursued.
Using Consensus-Shape Clustering To Identify Promiscuous Ligands and Protein Targets and To Choose the Right Query for Shape-Based Virtual Screening (2011)

Ligand-based shape matching approaches have become established as important and popular virtual screening (VS) techniques. However, despite their relative success, many authors have discussed how best to choose the initial query compounds and which of their conformations should be used. Furthermore, it is increasingly the case that pharmaceutical companies have multiple ligands for a given target and these may bind in different ways to the same pocket. Conversely, a given ligand can sometimes bind to multiple targets, and this is clearly of great importance when considering drug side-effects. We recently introduced the notion of spherical harmonic-based "consensus shapes" to help deal with these questions. Here, we apply a consensus shape clustering approach to the 40 protein-ligand targets in the DUD data set using PARASURF/PARAFIT. Results from clustering show that in some cases the ligands for a given target are split into two subgroups which could suggest they bind to different subsites of the same target. In other cases, our clustering approach sometimes groups together ligands from different targets, and this suggests that those ligands could bind to the same targets. Hence spherical harmonic-based clustering can rapidly give cross-docking information while avoiding the expense of performing all-against-all docking calculations. We also report on the effect of the query conformation on the performance of shape-based screening of the DUD data set and the potential gain in screening performance by using consensus shapes calculated in different ways. We provide details of our analysis of shape-based screening using both PARASURF/PARAFIT and ROCS, and we compare the results obtained with shape-based and conventional docking approaches using MSSH/SHEF and GOLD. The utility of each type of query is analyzed using commonly reported statistics such as enrichment factors (EF) and receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) plots as well as other early performance metrics.
Spectral Imaging of Chromogenic Dyes in Cytological Specimens (1997)

Abstract Recently, spectral imaging has been successfully applied to 24-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and it has evolved into a new powerful method for the analysis of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations on metaphase spreads (spectral karyotyping) For cytological specimens it is often impossible to use fluorescence microscopy because of (fixation-induced) auto-fluorescence or prior cytological staining. Also, re-examination of archived fluorescent specimens is hampered by fading. However, the need for multi-parameter cytochemical analysis remains when rare or unique material is to be studied in research or clinical diagnosis. Multi-color bright-field microscopy using enzyme precipitates has become feasible for in situ hybridization as well as immunohistochemical detection. Conventional transmission microscopy optics have allowed up to three targets to be detected simultaneously. In parallel to 24-color FISH, we explored the potential of spectral imaging to increase the number of parameters to be analyzed in bright-field microscopy.
Parasitic coplanar three-element dielectric resonatorantenna subarray (1996)

A slot-coupled rectangular dielectric resonator antenna in the parasitic coplanar configuration is investigated experimentally. The measured results for impedance and radiation patterns are presented for the three-element case. It is found that by using a suitable choice of the dimensions and offset distance of each dielectric resonator the impedance bandwidth can be as high as three times that of the single-element structure.
Alternative expression of secreted and membrane forms of immunoglobulin <i>mu</i> -chain is regulated by transcriptional termination in stable plasmacytoma transfectants. (1988)

During B cell differentiation the mu H chain of IgM is produced initially as a cell surface (m) and later as a secreted (s) form. Production of either the secreted (microseconds) or the membrane (micron) mRNA results from selection of either the promoter proximal (microseconds) or distal (micron) poly(A)/cleavage site. We have transfected lymphoid cell lines of disparate developmental stages with productively rearranged Ig mu-chain constructs to determine the mechanism by which alternative 3' end selection is achieved. Stable transfectants of lymphomas (early stage, microseconds less than or equal to micron) and a plasmacytoma (late stage, microsecond much greater than micron) produce the anticipated levels of microsecond and micron mRNA. Transcription termination between the microsecond and micron poly(A) sites occurs only in the plasmacytoma transfectants, and appears to be the rate-limiting step in the production of the final steady state microsecond/micron mRNA ratio. We propose that as the B cell becomes terminally committed to secretion, the mechanism responsible for the regulation of the steady state microsecond/micron mRNA ratio shifts from exclusively post-transcriptional to predominantly transcriptional termination.
Modification of guanine bases by nucleoside phosphoramidite reagents during the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides (1985)

Nucleoside 3'-phosphoramidite and chlorophosphite reagents have been found to react with the lactam function of guanine. This reaction caused unsatisfactory results when oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a large number of guanine bases were prepared in an automated solid phase synthesizer. The guanine modification is unstable, and leads to depurination and chain cleavage. This side reaction can be eliminated by protecting the O6-position. A new O6-p-nitrophenylethyldeoxyguanosine phosphoramidite derivative, 8, was used to prepare sequences containing up to 24 guanine bases with greatly improved results. A hexatriacontanucleotide, d(CGCGGGGTGGAGCAGCCTGGTAGCTCGTCGGGCTCA), was also prepared using O6-protected deoxyguanosine nucleosides.
18‐1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Ultra‐High‐Brightness 2K x 2K Full‐Color OLED Microdisplay Using Direct Patterning of OLED Emitters (2017)

The performance details of a full‐color 2K x 2K resolution OLED microdisplay with a brightness of 5,000 cd/m 2 will be presented. The microdisplay was built on a CMOS‐based silicon backplane using direct patterning of the primary‐color OLED emitters. Additionally, the color gamut of the microdisplays were increased to meet sRGB requirements. Such microdisplays will be ideally suited for wearable VR (virtual reality) and AR (augmented reality) applications.
Transits of Venus and Mercury: Patterns of occurrence, and near-resonance phenomena (2004)

Transits of Venus occur in pairs 8 yr apart, the pairs separated by intervals of either 112 or 130 yr, because of the pattern of approximate orbital resonances. Transits of Mercury show a different pattern, partly because of the more eccentric orbit, and also because the structure of the approximate resonances is different. The near-resonance in Venus' axial rotation strongly suggests a tidal link with the Earth.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Use of the Canopy Chlorophyl Content Index (CCCI) for Remote Estimation of Wheat Nitrogen Content in Rainfed Environments (2011)

Estimation of canopy N content in rainfed environments early in the growing season and across different locations is challenging due to differences in canopy structure, canopy cover, and soil reflectance. The hypothesis of this study was that the combination of the remotely sensed Canopy Content Chlorophyll Index (CCCI) and the Canopy Nitrogen Index (CNI) allows for the estimation of canopy N status directly from remote measurements, independently of cultivar and site. The aims of this study were to (i) estimate canopy N content from CCCI and CNI in two rainfed environments and on two different wheat cultivars; (ii) study the effects of different ways of deriving the CCCI on the estimation of canopy N content. Data were collected from two rainfed sites cropped to wheat, one in Italy (Foggia) and the other in Australia (Horsham, Victoria). Studies were conducted during the growing seasons 2006–2007 (December–June) and 2007 (June–December) for the Italian and Australian sites, respectively. The use of the CCCI in combination with the CNI show that it is possible to estimate canopy N content early in the season (DC 30), ( y = 0.94 x + 0.15; r 2 = 0.97; RMSE = 0.20 g N m −2 ) when farmers make their N fertilization decisions. Future research is needed to further validate such approach on independent locations with different growing season rainfall; and to study the robustness of the CCCI boundaries on different environments and different crop types and develop a method to estimate biomass under chronic and acute water stress.
Cell-type specific organization of glycine receptor clusters in the mammalian spinal cord (1997)

Glycinergic synapses play a major role in shaping the activity of spinal cord neurons. The spatial organization of postsynaptic receptors is likely to determine many functional parameters at these synapses and is probably related to the integrative capabilities of different neurons. In the present study, we have investigated the organization of gephyrin expression along the dendritic membranes of alpha- and gamma-motoneurons, Ia inhibitory interneurons, and Renshaw cells. Gephyrin is a protein responsible for the postsynaptic clustering of glycine receptors, and the features of gephyrin and glycine receptor alpha(1)-subunit immunofluorescent clusters displayed similar characteristics on ventral horn spinal neurons. However, the density of clusters and their topographical organization and architecture varied widely in different neurons and in different dendritic regions. For motoneurons and Ia inhibitory interneurons, cluster size and complexity increased with distance from the soma, perhaps as a mechanism to enhance the influence of distal synapses. Renshaw cells were special in that they displayed an abundant complement of large and morphologically complex clusters concentrated in their somas and proximal dendrites. Serial electron microscopy confirmed that the various immunoreactivity patterns observed with immunofluorescence accurately parallel the variable organization of pre- and postsynaptic active zones of glycinergic synapses. Finally, synaptic boutons from single-labeled axons of glycinergic neurons (Ia inhibitory interneurons) were also associated with postsynaptic receptor clusters of variable shapes and configurations. Our results indicate that mechanisms regulating receptor clustering do so primarily in the context of the postsynaptic neuron identity and localization in the dendritic arbor.
Extraction de caractéristiques non linéaire et discriminante : application à la classification de phonèmes (2007)

In this article, we propose to study a speech coding method applied to the recognition of phonemes. The proposed\nmodel (the Neural Predictive Coding, NPC) and its two declinations (NPC-2 and DFE-NPC) is a connectionist model\n(multilayer perceptron) based on the non linear prediction of the speech signal. We show that it is possible to improve\nthe discriminant capacities of such an encoder with the introduction of signal membership class information as from the\ncoding stage. As such, it fits in with the category of DFE encoders (Discriminant Features Extraction) already proposed in\nliterature. In this study we present a theoretical validation of the model in the hypothesis of unnoised signals and\ngaussian noised signals. NPC performances are compared to that obtained with traditional methods used to process\nspeech on the Darpa Timit an Ntimit speech bases. Simulations presented here show that the classification rates are\nclearly improved compared to usual methods, in particular regarding phonemes considered difficult to process. A small\nvocabulary word recognition experiment is provided to show how NPC features can be used in a more conventional\nspeech ANN-HMM based system approach.
Integrated frequency shifter in periodically poled lithium tantalate waveguide (2010)

A frequency shifting device is fabricated and tested in a ferroelectric waveguide in a low-photorefractivity crystal. Periodic poling for quasi-phase-matching and channels for operation in the near-infrared C-band were obtained in congruent lithium tantalate, demonstrating for the first time both wave confinement and two-stage parametric conversion in such waveguides.
Soybean Response to Inoculation with <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i> in the United States and Argentina (2017)

Core Ideas Soybean seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum enhances grain production. Greater inoculation response happens in Argentinean sites than in the United States. Several soil properties and crop management practices are related with the responses to inoculation. Although the relevance of biological N nutrition of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is recognized worldwide, inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum shows variable results and the benefit needs to be validated under current crop production practices. We conducted statistical analysis of soybean field trial data to provide insight into factors affecting the efficacy of soybean inoculation under contrasting crop production conditions. Most experimental sites, 187 trials in the United States and 152 trials in Argentina, were in soils with soybean history and naturalized B. japonicum strains. Yield increases were greater in Argentina (190 kg ha −1 equivalent to 6.39%) than in the United States (60 kg ha −1 equivalent to 1.67%). Tillage methods did not affect inoculant performance. In the United States, inoculation was more effective in soils with higher pH (>6.8) while in Argentina the greatest inoculation effect on crop production occurred in soils with a lower pH (<5.5). In the United States, where most of the trials were in rotation with corn ( Zea mays L), the greatest positive effect of inoculation was observed in late planted soybean crops and independent of soil organic matter (SOM). In Argentina, the inoculant had its greatest effect in soils with no soybean history, a relatively high SOM, higher levels of soil extractable P and S, and in areas with greater precipitation during early reproductive growing stages. In both regions, the yield increases due to B. japonicum inoculation support the regular use of this practice to help provide adequate conditions for soybean production.