gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEUTRONS IN HYDROGENOUS MEDIA CONTAINING BISMUTH, LEAD, AND IRON (1947)

The spatial distributions of thermal neutrons (as measured by dysprosium detectors) and of resonance neutrons (indium detectors protected by cadmium) have been investigated in several media, consisting of water and heavy elements in a heterogeneous arrangement, with two different neutron sources (Ra-α-Be and Ra-γ-Be). The experimental results are summarized in tables where the values of the mean square distances from the source of neutrons are given, for the various media, detectors, and sources used. It was found that among all the media investigated, a mixture of water and iron is the most efficient shield for neutron generating machines such as piles and cyclotrons.
Intermolecular Mizoroki–Heck Reaction of Aliphatic Olefins with High Selectivity for Substitution at the Internal Position (2012)

Neuer Ligand für alte Reaktion: Die Titelreaktion von Aryltriflaten mit aliphatischen Olefinen führt mit hoher Selektivität zur Substitution an der internen Position. Das Verhältnis des gewünschten Isomers (siehe Schema) zur Summe der anderen Isomere ist größer als 10:1. Entscheidend ist der verwendete Ferrocen-Bisphosphan-Ligand (R=1-Naphthyl). Der Reaktionsmaßstab kann vergrößert werden, und die ungewünschten Isomere können chromatographisch abgetrennt werden.
Relevance and Rigor in International Business Teaching: Using the CSA-FSA Matrix (2011)

We advance three propositions in this paper. First, teaching international business (IB) at any level needs to be theoretically driven, using mainstream frameworks to organize thinking. Second, these frameworks need to be made relevant to the experiences of the students; for example, by using them in case studies. Third, these parameters of rigor and relevance need to be seamlessly integrated. We then demonstrate these principles using Rugman's CSA-FSA matrix, describing both the theoretical and practical value of the framework.
A Local Random Variability Detector With Complete Digital On-Chip Measurement Circuitry (2009)

The pronounced impact of process uncertainties on the power-performance characteristics of systems has necessitated characterization and design efforts that aim to maximize the parametric yield of the design. This paper describes a completely digital on-chip technique to measure local random variation of FET current. The measurement circuit consists of a series connection of an array of independently selectable devices and a single common load device. The voltage at the intermediate node indicates the variation from device to device, and is digitized by a voltage-controlled oscillator and on-chip frequency counters. This eliminates analog current measurements and enables very rapid, all-digital measurement of single FET variability, which can also be carried out in the field. The effectiveness of the technique is illustrated using measurements results from a test chip designed in a 45-nm SOI process.
New ophthalmic lasers for the evaluation and treatment of retinal disease. (1993)

Ophthalmic lasers are used as diagnostic as well as therapeutic modalities in patients with retinal diseases. Recent advances in laser technology have allowed more convenient selection of wavelength and a wide variety of delivery systems is available to deliver the laser energy to the retina. In addition, newer lasers that disrupt and cut tissue will become available for use in patients with retinal diseases. The use of imaging lasers and lasers in combination with dyes selectively to enhance their effects have become useful in diagnosis and understanding of pathophysiology of diseases. These lasers will also be therapeutically useful. This manuscript delineates the new types of diagnostic and therapeutic lasers, new imaging dyes and techniques as they apply to retinal diseases as well as the principles of laser-tissue interaction as applied to the retina. This should allow the ophthalmologist who treats patients with retinal diseases to make more intelligent decisions regarding the use and acquisition of laser systems.
Pulsed Laser Deposited Dysprosium‐Doped Gadolinium–Vanadate Thin Films for Noncontact, Self‐Referencing Luminescence Thermometry (2016)

Lanthanide-doped vanadate thin films offer (i) a promising platform for luminescence-based noncontact temperature sensing; (ii) ratiometric/self-referencing absolute measurements; (iii) exceptional repeatability and reversibility for multirun uses and a long life cycle; (iv) 2% K(-1) maximum temperature sensitivity (among the highest recorded for inorganic nanothermometers); (v) a temperature resolution greater than 0.5 K; and (vi) the potential for high-resolution 2D temperature mapping.
Quantitative Analysis of Patch-Based Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Tissue Segmentation on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2019)

Accurate brain tissue segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has attracted the attention of medical doctors and researchers since variations in tissue volume and shape permit diagnosing and monitoring neurological diseases. Several proposals have been designed throughout the years comprising conventional machine learning strategies as well as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) approaches. In particular, in this paper, we analyze a sub-group of deep learning methods producing dense predictions. This branch, referred in the literature as fully CNN (FCNN), is of interest as these architectures can process an input volume in less time than CNNs. Our study focuses on understanding the architectural strengths and weaknesses of literature-like approaches. We implement eight FCNN architectures inspired by robust state-of-the-art methods on brain segmentation related tasks and use them within a standard pipeline. We evaluate them using the IBSR18, MICCAI2012, and iSeg2017 datasets as they contain infant and adult data and exhibit different voxel spacing, image quality, number of scans, and available imaging modalities. The discussion is driven in four directions: comparison between 2D and 3D approaches, the relevance of multiple imaging sequences, the effect of patch size, and the impact of patch overlap as a sampling strategy for training and testing models. Besides the aforementioned analysis, we show that the methods under evaluation can yield top performance on the three data collections. A public version is accessible to download from our research website to encourage other researchers to explore the evaluation framework.
Elevated Plasma Levels of the Atherogenic Mediator Soluble CD40 Ligand in Diabetic Patients (2003)

This study provides new evidence that individuals with type 1 or 2 diabetes have a proinflammatory state as indicated by elevated levels of plasma sCD40L. Troglitazone treatment of type 2 diabetic patients diminishes sCD40L levels, suggesting a novel antiinflammatory mechanism for limiting diabetes-associated arterial disease.
Electric field mapping system with nanosecond temporal resolution (1995)

The electric field dependence of the absorption coefficient in semi-insulating GaAs at the absorption edge was measured in a high-voltage pulsed experiment. Pulse duration was kept below 50 ns in order to avoid thermal effects. A GaAs laser diode was used as a probe light source with wavelength varied from 902 to 911 nm. For fields up to 40 kV/cm the absorption coefficient increased from 3 to 17 cm−1 at 902 nm, with smaller absolute increases evident at the longer wavelengths. Calculation from theory was consistent with this behavior. The spatial variation of the electric field was also recorded with a CCD camera. This method was used as a diagnostic technique to study the field distribution during the switching cycle of a high-power photoconductive switch. The described system could be used as a simple electric field probe with temporal resolution of 100 ps, or as a field mapping system with spatial resolution approaching 1 μm.
High-Level Expression, Single-Step Immunoaffinity Purification and Characterization of Human Tetraspanin Membrane Protein CD81 (2008)

The study of membrane protein structure and function requires their high-level expression and purification in fully functional form. We previously used a tetracycline-inducible stable mammalian cell line, HEK293S-TetR, for regulated high-level expression of G-protein coupled receptors. We here report successfully using this method for high-level expression of de novo oligo-DNA assembled human CD81 gene. CD81 is a member of the vital tetraspanin membrane protein family. It has recently been identified as the putative receptor for the Hepatitis C Virus envelope E2 glycoprotein (HCV-E2). In this study we used a single-step rho-1D4-affinity purification method to obtain >95% purity from HEK293S-TetR-inducible stable cell lines. Using ELISA assay we determined that the affinity of the purified CD81 receptor for HCV-E2 protein is 3.8+/-1.2 nM. Using fluorescent confocal microscopy we showed that the inducibly overexpressed CD81 receptor in HEK293S-TetR cells is correctly located on the plasma membrane. We demonstrated that the combination of high-level expression of CD81 with efficient single-step immunoaffinity purification is a useful method for obtaining large quantities of CD81 membrane receptor suitable for detailed structural analyses of this elusive tetraspanin protein. Furthermore, this simple single-step immunoaffinity purification to high purity of membrane protein could be useful broadly for other membrane protein purifications, thus accelerating the determination of structures for large numbers of difficult-to-obtain membrane proteins.
Antifungal activity of propolis on different species of <i>Candida</i> (2001)

Propolis is a resinous material collected by bees from the buds or other parts of plants. It is known for its biological properties, having antibacterial, antifungal and healing properties. The antifungal activity of propolis was studied in sensitivity tests on 80 strains of Candida yeasts: 20 strains of Candida albicans, 20 strains of Candida tropicalis, 20 strains of Candida krusei and 15 strains of Candida guilliermondii. The yeasts showed a clear antifungal activity with the following order of sensitivity: C. albicans > C. tropicalis > C. krusei > C. guilliermondii. Patients with full dentures who used a hydroalcoholic propolis extract showed a decrease in the number of Candida.
Automatic speech recognition using dynamic bayesian networks with both acoustic and articulatory variables (2000)

Current technology for automatic speech recognition (ASR) uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) that recognize spoken speech using the acoustic signal. However, no use is made of the causes of the acoustic signal: the articulators. We present here a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model that utilizes an additional variable for representing the state of the articulators. A particular strength of the system is that, while it uses measured articulatory data during its training, it does not need to know these values during recognition. As Bayesian networks are not used often in the speech community, we give an introduction to them. After describing how they can be used in ASR, we present a system to do isolated word recognition using articulatory information. Recognition results are given, showing that a system with both acoustics and inferred articulatory positions performs better than a system with only acoustics.
Visualization of expanding laser-ablation plume by a proposed frequency up-converted infrared spectroscopic imaging (2003)

Observing temporal and spatial distribution of infrared (IR) radiation is restricted by the lack of a fast-gated IR detector. To overcome this problem, frequency up-conversion detection of IR radiation in a nonlinear crystal has been developed by several investigators. We have proposed the frequency up-conversion imaging of an IR degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) signal. DFWM produce a coherent signal, so that the frequency up-conversion process is easily applied, which permits the remote detection and easy elimination of background noise. Also the sensitivity of DFWM in the infrared region is greater than other laser spectroscopy techniques such as LIF. To exhibit the capability of this scheme, we observed the laser ablated Cs plume.
Lensfree on-chip imaging using nanostructured surfaces (2010)

We introduce the use of nanostructured surfaces for lensfree on-chip microscopy. In this incoherent on-chip imaging modality, the object of interest is directly positioned onto a nanostructured thin metallic film, where the emitted light from the object plane, after being modulated by the nanostructures, diffracts over a short distance to be sampled by a detector-array without the use of any lenses. The detected far-field diffraction pattern then permits rapid reconstruction of the object distribution on the chip at the subpixel level using a compressive sampling algorithm. This imaging modality based on nanostructured substrates could especially be useful to create lensfree fluorescent microscopes on a compact chip.
Acylated Flavonol Glycosides from Leaves of<i>Stenochlaena palustris</i> (1998)

From the leaves of Stenochlaena palustris five new O-acylated flavonol glycosides, stenopalustrosides A-E (1-5), have been isolated along with five known compounds, kaempferol 3-O-(3' '-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-(6' '-O-E-feruloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol 3-O-(3' ',6' '-di-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), kaempferol 3-O-(3' '-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), kaempferol 3-O-(6' '-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9); and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 1-4 showed significant antibacterial activities against Gram-positive strains. The structural difference between the isolated antibacterial and nonantibacterial compounds is discussed.
Allosteric Activation of cGMP-Specific, cGMP-Binding Phosphodiesterase (PDE5) by cGMP (2002)

The effects of cGMP binding on the catalytic activity of cGMP-specific, cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase (PDE5) are unclear because cGMP interacts with both allosteric and catalytic sites specifically. We studied the effects of cGMP on the hydrolysis of a fluorescent substrate analogue, 2'-O-anthraniloyl cGMP, by PDE5 partially purified from rat cerebella. The preparation contained PDE5 as the major cGMP-PDE activity and was not contaminated with cAMP- or cGMP-dependent protein kinases. The Hill coefficients for hydrolysis of the analogue substrate were around 1.0 in the presence of cGMP at concentrations <0.3 microM, while they increased to 1.5 at cGMP concentrations >1 microM, suggesting allosteric activation by cGMP at concentrations close to the bulk binding constant of the enzyme. Consistent with an allosteric activation, increasing concentrations of cGMP enhanced the hydrolysis rate of fixed concentrations of 2'-O-anthraniloyl cGMP, which overcame competition between the two substrates. Such activation was not observed with cAMP, cyclic inosine 3',5'-monophosphate, or 2'-O-monobutyl cGMP, indicating specificity of cGMP. These results demonstrate that cGMP is a specific and allosteric activator of PDE5, and suggest that in cells containing PDE5, such as cerebellar Purkinje cells, intracellular cGMP concentrations may be regulated autonomously through effects of cGMP on PDE5.
Aeroelastic instability problems for wind turbines (2007)

Abstract This paper deals with the aeroelastic instabilities that have occurred and may still occur for modern commercial wind turbines: stall‐induced vibrations for stall‐turbines, and classical flutter for pitch‐regulated turbines. A review of previous works is combined with derivations of analytical stability limits for typical blade sections that show the fundamental mechanisms of these instabilities. The risk of stall‐induced vibrations is mainly related to blade airfoil characteristics, effective direction of blade vibrations and structural damping; whereas the blade tip speed, torsional blade stiffness and chordwise position of the center of gravity along the blades are the main parameters for flutter. These instability characteristics are exemplified by aeroelastic stability analyses of different wind turbines. The review of each aeroelastic instability ends with a list of current research issues that represent unsolved aeroelastic instability problems for wind turbines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
《德国收藏东方学文献目录》〈前言〉及〈文献描写〉 (2001)

前 言在德国图书馆、博物馆和个人收藏中存有 6 0 ,0 0 0件东方手抄本。它们以自己所代表的知识的深度和所涉及范围的广度 ,而成为最珍贵的财富。遗憾的是它们尚未得到足够的评价。虽然它们的数量在 1 8世纪时还很小 ,但从那时开始直到 2 0世纪 ,东方手抄本以不断增长的规模来到德国。在这些收藏中领衔的是柏林普鲁士国家图书馆和慕尼黑的巴伐利亚国家图书馆。前者在 1 91 8年和 1 93 9年间所获得的成千件东方手抄本主要属于近东地区范围。这些手抄本很自然地首先传授着东方学中所有领域中的重要信息 ;它们同时也对别的研究领域具有重要意义。尤其值得提出的是这些手抄本中的许多文献通过它们的装订方
A service with bounded degradation in quality-of-service networks (2002)

Many network applications that require quality-of-service (QoS) support, such as transmission of digital voice and video, tolerate a certain level of service degradation. In this study, a novel network service, referred to as service with bounded degradation (BD service), is presented that can take advantage of the delay tolerance of applications. Different from previous proposals for similar services, the BD service can guarantee hard lower bounds of the service degradation. This is achieved by strictly limiting the amount of traffic that is subject to service degradation. To implement a BD service, network traffic is partitioned into components with different delay requirements. Policing of the traffic components is achieved by multi-level leaky buckets. A novel scheduler, referred to as EDD-BD (earliest deadline due-bounded degradation) scheduler, performs switching of packets. Properties of the EDD-BD scheduler are presented and analyzed.
The Carboxylation of Phenol Derivatives. III. (1967)

In a previous report, the synthesis of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid from alkali phenoxides and carbon dioxide in aprotic-polar solvents was reported. In the present study, the effects of reaction conditions on the yields and the rule of orientation under atmospheric pressure were examined in a typical aprotic-polar solvent, N, N-dimethylfomamide. Stabilities of the alkali salts of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid in the solvent were also tested. It was found that the potassium and sodium salicylates were rather stable, whereas the salts of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, except its dipotassium salt, were rather unstable and readily decomposed into phenol and carbon dioxide.
Relationship Between Loss of Pedal Sensibility, Balance, and Falls in Patients With Peripheral Neuropathy (2004)

: The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between balance and foot sensibility in a population of patients with impaired lower extremity sensation. The hypothesis was that increasing impairment of sensation correlates with impaired balance. To date, no report has investigated the relationship between loss of balance with the degree of sensibility in the foot in a population with neuropathy. Ten control subjects and 35 patients with sensory abnormalities and balance problems related to a neuropathy were evaluated. The MatScan Measurement System was used to measure their ability to stand still, maintaining their balance with their eyes open and then with their eyes shut. The degree to which the person moves while attempting to stand still is defined as "sway," which was recorded for normal and neuropathy patients. Sensibility of the foot was measured with the Pressure-Specified Sensory Device, which is noninvasive and nonpainful. The 1- and 2-point static touch thresholds are measured for the pulp of the big toe, medial heel, and the dorsum of the foot. Loss of 2- or 1-point sensation was recorded as sensibility score and compared with controls. Statistical analysis of data and their comparisons for the 2 groups was completed. There were 55% females in control and 64% in neuropathy patients, whereas average age was 50 and 62 years, respectively. Neuropathy was the result of diabetes in 64.5%, hypothyroidism in 19.3%, their combination in 13%, and of unknown etiology in the remaining 19% of patients. Controls had significantly lower mean sway than neuropathy patients (22.9 +/- 9% vs. 189.5 +/- 180%, P = 0.006). Likewise, sensibility score for normal and neuropathy patients was also significantly different (31.4 +/- 9% vs. 232.8 +/- 59%, P <0.0001). When compared with the controls, 99% upper limit of confidence, sensibility in the neuropathy group at the hallux pulp was abnormal at a level consistent with axonal loss in 52% and was completely absent in the remaining 48%. Similarly, at the heel, sensibility was normal in 6.5%, abnormal at a level consistent with axonal loss in 71%, and absent in the remaining 22.5%. The correlation coefficient between sway and sensibility score was 0.36. The results of this investigation for the first time document the intuitive relationship between increasing loss of foot sensibility and increasing loss of balance. These measurements can now be used prospectively to evaluate whether restoration of sensation to patients with neuropathy, through peripheral nerve decompression, can improve balance and reduce falls/fractures in this patient population.
Ambiguity in language networks (2015)

Abstract Human language defines the most complex outcomes of evolution. The emergence of such an elaborated form of communication allowed humans to create extremely structured societies and manage symbols at different levels including, among others, semantics. All linguistic levels have to deal with an astronomic combinatorial potential that stems from the recursive nature of languages. This recursiveness is indeed a key defining trait. However, not all words are equally combined nor frequent. In breaking the symmetry between less and more often used and between less and more meaning-bearing units, universal scaling laws arise. Such laws, common to all human languages, appear on different stages from word inventories to networks of interacting words. Among these seemingly universal traits exhibited by language networks, ambiguity appears to be a specially relevant component. Ambiguity is avoided in most computational approaches to language processing, and yet it seems to be a crucial element of language architecture. Here we review the evidence both from language network architecture and from theoretical reasonings based on a least effort argument. Ambiguity is shown to play an essential role in providing a source of language efficiency, and is likely to be an inevitable byproduct of network growth.
Partial ADAMTS13 deficiency in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (2013)

Complement dysregulation leads to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), while ADAMTS13 deficiency causes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. We investigated whether genetic variations in the ADAMTS13 gene partially explain the reduced activity known to occur in some patients with aHUS. We measured complement activity and ADAMTS13 function, and completed mutation screening of multiple complement genes and ADAMTS13 in a large cohort of aHUS patients. In over 50% of patients we identified complement gene mutations. Surprisingly, 80% of patients also carried at least 1 nonsynonymous change in ADAMTS13, and in 38% of patients, multiple ADAMTS13 variations were found. Six of the 9 amino acid substitutions in ADAMTS13 were common single nucleotide polymorphisms; however, 3 variants-A747V, V832M, and R1096H- were rare, with minor allele frequencies of 0.0094%, 0.5%, and 0.32%, respectively. Reduced complement and ADAMTS13 activity (<60% of normal activity) were found in over 60% and 50% of patients, respectively. We concluded that partial ADAMTS13 deficiency is a common finding in aHUS patients and that genetic screening and functional tests of ADAMTS13 should be considered in these patients.