gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hole Transport Layers on the Characteristics of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (1999)

我々は, トリフェニルアミン誘導体である2種類の正孔輸送材料系, FTPD, OTPACの性質にっいて検討をfrった・FTPDは・硬直なフルオレン骨格を有している。FTPDは80℃以上のガラス転移温度を持ち, そのイオン化ポテンシャルは, FTPDのフェニル基に置換した置換基のハメット定数と相関があった。FTPDを用いた2層型の有機発光ダイオード (LED) の駆動電圧は, FTPDのイオン化ポテンシャルが大きくなるに従って高くなった・OTPACは・トリフェニルアミンがオリゴマー化した構造を有する。OTPACのガラス転移温度は, FTPDのそれよりも高かった。有機LEDの駆動電圧は, イオン化ポテンシャルと相関は見られなかったが・FTPDの場合と比べると低くなった。OTPACについては, 正孔輸送層のモルフォロジーがデバイスの性能に主として影響を与えていると考えられる。
Using fMRI to distinguish components of the multiple object tracking task (2009)

Multiple object tracking (MOT) has proven to be a powerful technique for studying sustained selective attention. However, surprisingly little is known about its underlying neural mechanisms. Previous fMRI investigations have identified several brain areas thought to be involved in MOT, but there were disagreements between the studies, none distinguished between the act of tracking targets and the act of attending targets, and none attempted to determine which of these brain areas interact with each other. Here we address these three issues. First, using more observers and a random effects analysis, we show that some of the previously identified areas may not play a specific role in MOT. Second, we show that the frontal eye fields (FEF), the anterior intraparietal sulcus (AIPS), the superior parietal lobule (SPL), the posterior intraparietal sulcus (PIPS) and the human motion area (MT+) are differentially activated by the act of tracking, as distinguished from the act of attention. Finally, by using an algorithm modified from the computer science literature, we were able to map the interactions between these brain areas.
Frequency domain iterative solver for elasticity with semi‐analytical preconditioner (2011)

A preconditioned iterative method for solving frequency domain elastic wave equations is presented. Our method is based on Krylov type linear solvers. Its distinctive feature is the use of a right preconditioner, obtained as a solution of the damped elastic wave equations in a vertically heterogeneous medium. We represent the actual differential operator as a perturbation of the preconditioner. As a result, a matrix‐by‐vector product of the preconditioned system is effectively evaluated via the fast Fourier transform in horizontal direction(s) followed by the solution of a number of systems of ordinary differential equations in the vertical direction. To solve these equations we introduce a piecewise constant 1D background medium and search for the exact solution in the 1D medium as a superposition of upgoing and downgoing P‐ and S‐ waves. The method has excellent dispersion properties because it does not use any finite‐difference approximation of derivatives and converges reasonably fast.
A Digital Intensive Fractional-N PLL and All-Digital Self-Calibration Schemes (2009)

A digital intensive PLL featuring a digital filter in parallel with an analog feed-forward path and a digital controlled oscillator (DCO) is presented. Digital loop filter replaces analog passive filter to reduce chip area and associated gate-leakage in advanced process. It also allows the PLL loop gain and DCO gain to be digitally calibrated to within 100 ppm within 50 mus. Such fine frequency resolution enables the PLL to accurately compensate for the loop parameter variation due to process, voltage and temperature (PVT). The analog feed-forward path is insensitive to quantization error of fractional-N divider and DCO nonlinearity. Direct modulating the DCO frequency and phase through the analog feed-forward path, and compensating the modulating signal digitally for the DCO gain variation are demonstrated. At 3.6 GHz all fractional spurs are under - 75 dBc. The phase noise at 400 kHz and 3 MHz are -115.6 dBc/Hz and -134.9 dBc/Hz, respectively. The chip is fabricated in a 0.13 mu m CMOS process, and occupies an active area of 0.85 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and draws 40 mA from a 1.5 V supply including all auxiliary circuitry.
Mammalian Argonaute-DNA binding? (2014)

When a field shares the consensus that a particular phenomenon does NOT occur, this may reflect extensive experimental investigations with negative outcomes, or may represent the "common sense" position based on current knowledge and established ways of thinking. The current consensus of the RNA field is that eukaryotic Argonaute (Ago) proteins employ RNA guides and target other RNAs. The alternative -- that eukaryotic Ago has biologically important interactions with DNA in vivo - has not been seriously considered, in part because the only role contemplated for DNA was as a guide strand, and in part because it did not seem plausible that any natural source of suitable DNAs exists in eukaryotic cells. However, eukaryotic Argonaute domains bind DNA in the test tube, and several articles report that small inhibitory double-stranded DNAs do have the ability to silence target RNAs in a sequence-dependent (though poorly characterized) manner. A search of the literature identified potential DNA binding partners for Ago, including (among others) single-stranded DNAs residing in extracellular vesicles, and cytoplasmic satellite-repeat DNA fragments that are associated with the plasma membrane and transcribed by Pol II. It is interesting to note that both cytoplasmic and extracellular vesicle DNA are expressed at greatly elevated levels in cancer cells relative to normal cells. In such a pathological scenario, if not under normal conditions, there may be appreciable binding of Ago to DNA despite its lower affinity compared to RNA. If so, DNA might displace Ago from binding to its normal partners (miRNAs, siRNAs and other short ncRNAs), disrupting tightly controlled post-transcriptional gene silencing processes that are vital to correct functioning of a normal cell. The possible contribution to cancer pathogenesis is a strong motivator for further investigation of Ago-DNA binding. More generally, this case underscores the need for better informatics tools to allow investigators to analyze the state of a given scientific question at a high-level and to identify possible new research directions.
Effects of anatomic variability on blood flow and pressure gradients in the pulmonary capillaries (1997)

A theoretical model is developed to simulate the flow of blood through the capillary network in a single alveolar septum. The objective is to study the influence of random variability in capillary dimension and compliance on flow patterns and pressures within the network. The capillary bed is represented as an interconnected rectangular grid of capillary segments and junctions; blood flow is produced by applying a pressure gradient across the network. Preferred flow channels are shown to be a natural consequence of random anatomic variability, the effect of which is accentuated at low transcapillary pressures. The distribution of pressure drops across single capillary segments widens with increasing network variability and decreasing capillary transmural pressure. Blockage of one capillary segment causes the pressure drop across that segment to increase by 60%, but the increase falls to < 10% at a distance of three segments. The factors that cause nonuniform capillary blood flow through the capillary network are discussed.
Influence of mother's intestinal microbiota on gut colonization in the infant (2011)

The aim here was to elucidate the mother-infant association in the gut colonization of 1-6 month-old infants and to establish whether probiotics can influence this process. Fecal samples from 80 mother-infant pairs were analyzed at 1 month (mothers and infants) and 6 months (infants) by real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess bacterial numbers. This double-blind placebo-controlled trial involved 2 different probiotic combinations (1. Lactobacillus rhamnosus + Bifidobacterium longum and 2. Lactobacillus paracasei + Bifidobacterium longum) given to the mothers 2 months prior to and 2 months after delivery. Bifidobacterium bifidum colonization in the mothers significantly increased the infants' probability of being colonized by B. bifidum and their bifidobacterial diversity indexes (DI) and the mother-infant similarity indexes (SI) both at 1 and 6 months of age. The counts of Bifidobacterium genus (at 1 month) and Bifidobacterium longum (at 6 months) correlated between mothers and infants. At 6 months, a significant effect of the probiotic intervention was found in the mother-infant association of fecal bifidobacterial counts but not in the colonization frequencies, DI or SI. In conclusion, a clear association between mother and infant was found in gut colonization by bifidobacteria. Maternal colonization by B. bifidum had the most consistent effects on the infant's bifidobacterial microbiota. Maternal probiotic treatment had little effect on this mother-infant association.
A connectionist approach to generating oblique decision trees (1999)

Neural networks and decision tree methods are two common approaches to pattern classification. While neural networks can achieve high predictive accuracy rates, the decision boundaries they form are highly nonlinear and generally difficult to comprehend. Decision trees, on the other hand, can be readily translated into a set of rules. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for generating oblique decision trees that capitalizes on the strength of both approaches. Oblique decision trees classify the patterns by testing on linear combinations of the input attributes. As a result, an oblique decision tree is usually much smaller than the univariate tree generated for the same domain. Our algorithm consists of two components: connectionist and symbolic. A three-layer feedforward neural network is constructed and pruned, a decision tree is then built from the hidden unit activation values of the pruned network. An oblique decision tree is obtained by expressing the activation values using the original input attributes. We test our algorithm on a wide range of problems. The oblique decision trees generated by the algorithm preserve the high accuracy of the neural networks, while keeping the explicitness of decision trees. Moreover, they outperform univariate decision trees generated by the symbolic approach and oblique decision trees built by other approaches in accuracy and tree size.
Barbarians at the Gateways (2013)

I am a former high-frequency trader. For a few wonderful years I led a group of brilliant engineers and mathematicians, and together we traded in the electronic marketplaces and pushed systems to the edge of their capability.
Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant brain tumors. (1999)

Malignant brain tumors are tough to treat. The plethora of novel technological advances and the multitude of experimental therapies are indicative of this reality. However, it becomes clear that no magical panacea will provide the cure, and only step-wise progression of research and improved technological advances to enhance the efficacy of surgical and adjuvant therapies will eventually improve the outcome of brain tumor patients.
Disruption of Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Mating in Large-scale Plots with Synthetic Sex Pheromone1 (1985)

Four 6–8 ha plots in almond orchards were treated with (Z, Z)-ll,13-hexadecadienal, a sex pheromone of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), to prevent mating, reduce populations, and reduce nut damage at harvest. Mating successrates of dealated females placed in plots were reduced 87.4, 65.2, 85.3, and 64.6% in the four tests. Nut damage at harvest was reduced by 27, 34, 12, and 22% in treated plots compared with control plots.
Error Awareness in a Multi-Layer Transport Network Operating System (2018)

Software-defined control based on a network operating system combined with flexible-bitrate optical transponders allows near zero-margin operation of optical networks to “squeeze” as much capacity out of a link as possible. Since their inception, optical transport networks have been designed with the assumption that operational optical links must essentially be error free after applying forward error correction. However, operating close to zero system margin increases the likelihood that error bursts may occur on a link. In this work, we explore the possibility of utilizing optical links with a low level of burst errors to carry error-tolerant services. This requires monitoring the amount of link errors so that new error-aware service-level agreements can be met. To determine acceptable error levels for a service, we introduce and demonstrate the measurement of service-specific performance maps, such as the flow-completion time map, based on physical-layer parameters such as the average bit-error ratio. This allows us to demonstrate error-aware intents in a multi-layer transport network operating system with service differentiation so that error-intolerant traffic can be migrated away from a link with errors while keeping the more error-tolerant traffic on the link. We specifically study the application of data-center interconnection as a service with potential tolerance to links with errors and measure the flow-completion times and ping-loss ratios for flows on such a link. On our testbed network, we show that the data-center interconnection throughput can be essentially doubled over a range of 7 orders of magnitude in bit-error ratio compared to the present mode of network operation.
Bilateral power conditioner (1973)

Modem high power spacecraft operating in near earth orbit require efficient switching regulation in both battery charge and discharge control. In the past, the charge and discharge functions have been performed by separate power conditioners with separate power inductors, power filter capacitors, as well as separate duty cycle control modulators. In an effort to reduce weight, complexity, cost, and improve efficiency, a unique bilateral power conditioner was conceived. This system effectively minimizes part count, weight, and complexity as well as increasing reliability by utilizing common filters and control circuits for both the charge and discharge functions. A description of the requirements, development, circuit operation, circuit comparisons, and performance of the system is presented in this paper.
Managing open source contributions for software project sustainability (2010)

The use of open source software has become a part of accepted business strategies. A primary strength of open source software is its leverage of outside innovation. All are free to take open source software and use it, evaluate it, repair it, and add new capabilities. One perceived risk of using open source software components in commercial systems is open source project sustainability. It would be expensive for the project supporting a critical open source component to fail midway through the life cycle of a commercial product. Many commercial organizations reduce this risk by contributing to the open source projects that they use. However, the for successful open source software projects is high, especially for commercial contributors. This barrier has technical and social components, both of which are exacerbated by minimal attention paid to good management practices. This paper proposes a process for managing open source software (source code and documentation change) contributions. By observation and by examination of current literature we identify key practices for patch creation, publication, discovery, review, and, application. An improved patch contribution process will lower the contribution barrier, helping to improve the sustainability of critical open source projects.
Hue-discrimination in normal colour-vision (1934)

Hue-discrimination curves have been obtained for five normal observers; the apparatus and method of observation are described and the results discussed. Two minima in the discrimination curve are found at about 0.60 μ. and 0.49 μ. and a secondary minimum at 0.45 μ. The curves are appreciably different from those normally reproduced in text-books, particularly at the red end of the spectrum where a secondary minimum has generally been shown. An analysis of the work of previous investigators, however, shows that the evidence for this secondary dip is very inconclusive.
Scanning tunneling microscope-induced modification of Ag films and nanowire arrays on Cu(100) surfaces (2001)

We demonstrate the ability to use scanning tunneling microscopy to create nanometer-scale pits on Ag films grown on Cu(100) substrates. Atomic resolution images show that the Ag structures are intact within these pits. We also demonstrate how we can selectively modify segments of Ag nanowire arrays grown on atomic nitrogen modified Cu(100) surfaces.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Individual Airborne Microparticles (1997)

An apparatus for real-time MS/MS analysis of individual airborne microparticles by laser ablation in an ion trap is described. The performance has been demonstrated by the detection of tributyl phosphate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate on silicon carbide and kaolin microparticles.
Alkylation and the Knoevenagel Condensation of Nitrobenzylic Sulfones and Nitriles.<sup>1</sup> (1986)

Abstract Nitrobenzylic sulfones and nitriles easily available via the vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen are readily alkylated in the catalytic two-phase systems, the latter enter also the Knoevenagel condensation with aldehydes.
A Circular Polarization Selective Surface Implemented on a Flexible Substrate (2014)

A new technique to realize a circular polarization selective surface (CPSS) implemented with Pierrot cells is proposed. This technique uses a folded flexible substrate, which enables the implementation of the 3D Pierrot cells on a single metal layer defined with precision printed circuit board techniques, without the need for metallized via holes. A left-hand CPSS is designed to illustrate the benefits of the proposed approach. For the fabricated prototype, the measured characteristics at normal incidence are in good agreement with simulations results obtained with HFSS. It is shown that compared to other Pierrot cell designs presented in the literature, this new approach simplifies the fabrication process while giving similar performance.
Design and performance verification of a SONET-to-DS3 desynchronizer (2002)

The design of a monolithic DS3 desynchronizer, which recovers DS3 clock and data from a SONET STS-1 (synchronous optical network synchronous transport signal) synchronous payload envelope, is discussed. A test method for the verification of the SONET jitter generation specification is also described. Jitter measurements for the various test cases are presented. In each case, the maximum allowable output jitter is 1.5 UI.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sketchpad (1963)

The Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between man and computers has been slowed down by the need to reduce all communication to written statements that can be typed; in the past, we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers. For many types of communication, such as describing the shape of a mechanical part or the connections of an electrical circuit, typed statements can prove cumbersome. The Sketchpad system, by eliminating typed statements (except for legends) in favor of line drawings, opens up a new area of man-machine communication.
Phosphorylation of Myosin Light Chain by a Protease‐Activated Kinase from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle (1982)

A protease-activated protein kinase that phosphorylates the P light chain of myosin in the absence of Ca2+ and calmodulin has been isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. The enzyme has properties similar to protease-activated kinase I from rabbit reticulocytes [S. M. Tahara and J. A. Traugh (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 11588-11564], which has been shown to phosphorylate the P light chain of myosin [P. T. Tuazon, J. T. Stull, and J. A. Traugh (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 108, 910-917]. The protease-activated kinase from skeletal muscle has been partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose and hydroxyapatite. The enzyme phosphorylates histone as well as the P light chain of myosin following activation by proteolysis. Stoichiometric phosphorylation of myosin light chain was observed with the protease-activated kinase and myosin light chain kinase. The sites phosphorylated by the protease-activated kinase and myosin light chain kinase were examined by two-dimensional peptide mapping following chymotryptic digestion. The phosphopeptides observed with the protease-activated kinase were different from those obtained with the Ca2+-dependent myosin light chain kinase, indicating that the two enzymes phosphorylated different sites on the P light chain of skeletal muscle myosin. When actomyosin from skeletal muscle was examined as substrate, the P light chain was phosphorylated following activation of the protease-activated kinase by limited proteolysis.
Two-photon absorption in semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (1999)

The nonlinear reflectivity of semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors has been investigated as a function of incident energy fluence. The presence of two-photon absorption in commonly used structures was confirmed via time-resolved differential reflectivity measurements. Theoretical calculations predict that two-photon absorption will expand the continuous-wave mode-locking stability regime against Q-switched mode-locking, yet may simultaneously induce multiple pulses in a laser cavity.
Phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor mediates the cardiac fight or flight response in mice (2010)

During the classic "fight-or-flight" stress response, sympathetic nervous system activation leads to catecholamine release, which increases heart rate and contractility, resulting in enhanced cardiac output. Catecholamines bind to β-adrenergic receptors, causing cAMP generation and activation of PKA, which phosphorylates multiple targets in cardiac muscle, including the cardiac ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel (RyR2) required for muscle contraction. PKA phosphorylation of RyR2 enhances channel activity by sensitizing the channel to cytosolic calcium (Ca²+). Here, we found that mice harboring RyR2 channels that cannot be PKA phosphorylated (referred to herein as RyR2-S2808A+/+ mice) exhibited blunted heart rate and cardiac contractile responses to catecholamines (isoproterenol). The isoproterenol-induced enhancement of ventricular myocyte Ca²+ transients and fractional shortening (contraction) and the spontaneous beating rate of sinoatrial nodal cells were all blunted in RyR2-S2808A+/+ mice. The blunted cardiac response to catecholamines in RyR2-S2808A+/+ mice resulted in impaired exercise capacity. RyR2-S2808A+/+ mice were protected against chronic catecholaminergic-induced cardiac dysfunction. These studies identify what we believe to be new roles for PKA phosphorylation of RyR2 in both the heart rate and contractile responses to acute catecholaminergic stimulation.