gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of intensity variations in functional MR images using rotated principal components (1996)

In functional MRI (fMRI), the changes in cerebral haemodynamics related to stimulated neural brain activity are measured using standard clinical MR equipment. Small intensity variations in fMRI data have to be detected and distinguished from non-neural effects by careful image analysis. Based on multivariate statistics we describe an algorithm involving oblique rotation of the most significant principal components for an estimation of the temporal and spatial distribution of the stimulated neural activity over the whole image matrix. This algorithm takes advantage of strong local signal variations. A mathematical phantom was designed to generate simulated data for the evaluation of the method. In simulation experiments, the potential of the method to quantify small intensity changes, especially when processing data sets containing multiple sources of signal variations, was demonstrated. In vivo fMRI data collected in both visual and motor stimulation experiments were analysed, showing a proper location of the activated cortical regions within well known neural centres and an accurate extraction of the activation time profile. The suggested method yields accurate absolute quantification of in vivo brain activity without the need of extensive prior knowledge and user interaction.
Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa (1987)

Mortality and morbidity from malaria were measured among 3000 children under the age of 7 years in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Using a post-mortem questionnaire technique, malaria was identified as the probable cause of 4% of infant deaths and of 25% of deaths in children aged 1 to 4 years. The malaria mortality rate was 6.3 per 1000 per year in infants and 10.7 per 1000 per year in children aged 1 to 4 years. Morbidity surveys suggested that children under the age of 7 years experienced about one clinical episode of malaria per year. Calculation of attributable fractions showed that malaria may be responsible for about 40% of episodes of fever in children. Although the overall level of parasitaemia showed little seasonal variation, the clinical impact of malaria was highly seasonal; all malaria deaths and a high proportion of febrile episodes were recorded during a limited period at the end of the rainy season.
A VLSI design of a high-speed Reed-Solomon decoder (2002)

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes have been widely used in a variety of communication systems to protect digital data against errors occurred in the transmission process. This paper presents a VLSI implementation of a high-speed 8-error correcting, RS(255,239) decoder architecture using a modified Euclidean algorithm for communication systems. The RS decoder has been designed and implemented with a 0.16-/spl mu/m CMOS standard cell technology with a supply voltage of 1.5 V. The results show that the proposed RS decoder operates at a clock frequency of 670 MHz and has a data processing rate of 5.36 Gbit/s.
A 2.4&#x2013;5.4-GHz Wide Tuning-Range CMOS Reconfigurable Low-Noise Amplifier (2008)

A 2.4-5.4-GHz CMOS reconfigurable low-noise amplifier (LNA) is designed. It consists of two stages: a broadband input stage for a steady input matching and noise performance, and a reconfigurable band-selective stage which provides a wide-range frequency tuning from 2.4 to 5.4 GHz and a 12-dB stepped gain with linearity adjustment. The frequency tuning is conducted by a multitapped switching inductor and varactors. Careful design of the switching inductor achieves consistent performance among frequency configurations. The stepped gain and linearity adjustment are provided by a size-switchable transistor with a variable biasing. Fabricated in 0.13 mum CMOS technology this LNA exhibits performance including up to 25 dB power gain, 2.2-3.1 dB noise figure and less than 5 mW power consumption under 1 V power supply.
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide Ribonucleoside Induces G1/S Arrest and Nanog Downregulation via p53 and Enhances Erythroid Differentiation (2011)

Molecular mechanisms of how energy metabolism affects embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency remain unclear. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator for controlling energy metabolism, is activated in response to ATP-exhausting stress. We investigated whether cellular energy homeostasis is associated with maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency in mouse ESCs (mESCs) by using 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) as an activator of AMPK. We demonstrate that AICAR treatment activates the p53/p21 pathway and markedly inhibits proliferation of R1 mESCs by inducing G(1) /S-phase cell cycle arrest, without influencing apoptosis. Treatment with AICAR also significantly reduces pluripotent stem cell markers, Nanog and stage-specific embryonic antigen-1, in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor, without affecting expression of Oct4. H9 human ESCs also responded to AICAR with induction of p53 activation and repression of Nanog expression. AICAR reduced Nanog mRNA levels in mESCs transiently, an effect not due to expression of miR-134 which can suppress Nanog expression. AICAR induced Nanog degradation, an effect inhibited by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Although AICAR reduced embryoid body formation from mESCs, it increased expression levels of erythroid cell lineage markers (Ter119, GATA1, Klf1, Hbb-b, and Hbb-bh1). Although erythroid differentiation was enhanced by AICAR, endothelial lineage populations were remarkably reduced in AICAR-treated cells. Our results suggest that energy metabolism regulated by AMPK activity may control the balance of self-renewal and differentiation of ESCs.
Clinical and treatment factors determining long‐term outcomes for adult survivors of childhood low‐grade glioma: A population‐based study (2016)

The course of PLGG is associated with excellent long-term survival, but this is hampered by increased delayed mortality in patients receiving upfront radiotherapy. These observations should be considered when treatment options are being weighed for these patients.
한국 대형교회 복지사역의 현황 및 발전적 역할 모색 (2011)

본 연구는 한국교회 복지사역의 현실을 진단하고, 향후 대형교회가 한국교회 복지사역 발전을 위해 해야 할 바람직한 역할을 모색하고자 이루어졌다. 이를 위하여 한국교회 복지사역의 전반적 현황 및 대형교회 복자사역의 특성을 살펴보고, 대표적인 10개 대형교회의 홈페이지를 통하여 대형교회 복지사역의 현황을 파악하였으며, 관련 전문가 7명과 초점집단면접을 실시하여 그 내용을 분석하였다. 초점집단면접의 결과, ``한국교회 복지사역의 현실`` 영역에서 ``맥락``, ``인식``, ``수준``의 3개 범주, 총 7개 개념이 도출되었고, ``대형교회 복지사역의 역할`` 영역에서 ``토대 구축``. ``교회에 대한 기여``. ``사회에 대한 기여``의 3개 범주, 총 6개 개념이 도출되었다. 연구결과를 토대로 한국 교회 복지사역 발전을 위하여 대형교회가 앞으로 어떠한 방향으로 나아가고, 어떻게 기여해야 할 지에 대해 논의하였다.
Hillock Reduction in Ion‐Implanted Metal (1987)

The elimination or reduction of hillocks in thin aluminum alloy films by ion implantation is discussed. The reduced susceptibility of thermally stressed films to form hillocks after implantation is shown to be strongly dependent on the implanted specie and not on ion‐induced damage in the film. This dependency extends, not only to the behavior of implanted films during a single thermal cycle, but also to the hillocking observed after multiple cycles. Various ions, Ar+, As+, O+, and Al+ were used in the investigation, The self‐ion (Al+) was used to decouple the effects of implant damage from chemical effects which arise from implanting dissimilar ions into Al. Also, the dependency of hillock formation on energy and dose of Ar+ ions is discussed.
Prospective Assessment of Presenting Serum Markers for Cardiac Risk Stratification (1996)

Isolated serum myoglobin and CK-MB levels obtained at patient ED presentation were not strongly associated with the 48-hour risk for LEs, LIs, or the use of IV nitroglycerin. Future studies of risk stratification should address the merits of serial serum marker measurements that extend up to 12 hours beyond patient symptom onset.
What is the real difference between males and females? (1996)

Abstract What determines the sexual differences between male and female mammals? It is now clear that sexual differentiation is a sequential process. The first step involves the establishment of genetic sex at fertilization. The presence of a particular ‘sex determining gene’ on the Y chromosome then controls the development of the testes. In its absence, ovaries develop. The final steps involve the testes secreting hormones which control the development of the male reproductive tract. In the absence of the testes, the female tract develops. Hormones secreted by the testes or ovaries then control the development of all the other anatomical and phenotypic features characteristic of each sex. This sequential process usually finally produces either males or females with unambiguous sexual characteristics. Occasionally, the normal sequence of events can break down. Depending an where in the sequence the breakdown occurs, different abnormalities in sexual characteristics are produced. Keywords: Sex determinationSexual differentiationSex chromosomes
On wave Field synthesis and electro-acoustic Music - State of the Art 2007. (2007)

Wave Field Synthesis is a spatialisation technique, which in recent years has reached a state of usability for live performance in concerts. This paper gives an overview of the technology available, several works created so far on these systems, and discusses aesthetic perspectives of the technology.
[Comparison of rheologic properties between Ca-alginate hydrogel microspheres suspension and whole blood]. (2013)

Starting from the form of red blood cells and the hematocrit (Hct, about 45 vol% of whole blood), we tried to prepare a kind of microspheres suspension to imitate non-Newtonian fluid property of whole blood, exploring its potentiality to be applied in blood viscosity quality control substance. In our study, we produced Ca-alginate hydrogel microspheres using emulsion polymerization, then we suspended the microspheres in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution to obtain a kind of liquid sample with the microspheres taking 45% volume. Then we used two types of viscometers to measure and analyse the changes of sample viscosity at different shear rate. We observed the forms of Ca-alginate hydrogel microspheres with microscope, and found them to be relatively complete, and their diameters to be normally distributed. Diameters of about 90% of the microspheres were distributed in a range from 6 to 22 micron. The samples were examined with viscometer FASCO-3010 and LG-R-80c respectively, both of which have shown a shear-thinning effect. After 5-week stability test, the CV of viscosity results corresponding to the two instruments were 7.3% to 13.8% and 8.9% to 14.2%, respectively. Although some differences existed among the results under the same shear rate, the general variation trends of the corresponding results were consistent, so the sample had the potentiality to be widely used in calibrating a different type of blood viscometer.
Specific cytotoxicity of a human immunoglobulin-directed Fab'-ricin A chain conjugate. (1980)

The toxic A chain of ricin and the Fab' fragment of antibody directed against human immunoglobulin (Ig) have been disulfide linked via their intrinsic sulfhydryl groups. This Fab'-A chain conjugate retained the activities of its component parts. It produced effective inhibition of protein synthesis in a cellfree rabbit reticulocyte lysate system and bound tightly ti Ig determinants on human cells. Attachment of the intact molecule to the cell surface was revealed by using fluorescein-labeled antibodies directed against both its Fab' and A chain halves. The Fab'-A chain conjugate was evaluated for cytotoxicity by using human, surface Ig positive target cells and surface Ig negative control cells. In vitro toxicity was entirely selective since the conjugate produced inhibition of de novo protein synthesis, impedence of growth, as well as death and lysis, only for cells possessing surface Ig determinants. Moreover, the effects on Ig positive cells were abrogated by the addition of free human IgG that competitively blocked the Fab' combining site of this conjugate and prevented cell surface binding. Addition of lactose, which inhibits binding of whole ricin, did not influence the action of the Fab'-A chain conjugate. These results verified that the specific binding site on the antibody half of the molecule could function as a directional carrier that facilitates A chain entry into the cytoplasm. Expression of cytotoxic effects was thereby restricted exclusively to cells bearing the appropriate target site. This new conjugate molecule thus possessed both the absolute specificity of the antibody and the potent lethality of its parent toxin.
Effect of lipid derivatives on invasion in vitro and on surface glycoproteins of three rodent cell types (1987)

The antiinvasive activity on MO4 mouse cells of the following lipid derivatives was tested in vitro: an alkyl-lysophospholipid derivative (ET-18-OCH3), a thioether-phospholipid derivative (BM 41.440), an alkyl-linked lipoidal amine (CP-46,665) and a naturally occurring ester-linked phospholipid (2-LPC). In this test, BM 41.440 had the same antiinvasive potency as ET-18-OCH3, whereas CP-46,665 and 2-LPC had no effect on invasion. Comparison of the antiinvasive effect of ET-18-OCH3 on three types of cells showed the following ranking: 12R1C-RK rat kidney adenovirus type 12 transfected cells greater than MO4 mouse cells greater than LLC-H61 Lewis lung carcinoma cells. This ranking was not reflected in ET-18-OCH3-induced changes of cell surface exposed glycopeptides derived from the three types of cells metabolically labeled with radioactive fucose. The present and previous experiments suggested that changes in invasion caused by lipid derivatives depended upon relative cell surface fucosyl-glycopeptide alterations in both the invasive cells and the normal tissue.
Thickness modes of vibration of contoured SBTC-cut quartz plates (2002)

High-performance thickness-shear quartz resonators use trapped energy modes of vibration since these modes exhibit reduced mounting losses and possible reflections of anharmonic overtones from the electrode or plate boundaries. Trapped energy modes of vibration are obtained by appropriate contouring or beveling of the plate surfaces. The effect of contouring on energy trapping depends strongly on the crystalline orientation and the selected thickness harmonic mode of vibration. The earlier work of D. S. Stevens and H. F. Tiersten (1986) on the analysis of the SC-cut contoured quartz resonators for the C-mode of vibration is extended to obtain results for any of the three thickness (A-, B-, or C-) modes of vibration of any doubly-rotated cut of quartz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unique Thermal Behaviors of Ionic Liquids (2013)

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) constitute a new class of liquids that attract much attention because of their characteristic properties and potential utilities as functional liquids. Unique properties are remarkably manifested in their thermal behaviors such as low melting point despite being salts, hardness in crystallization, premelting over a wide temperature range, excessive supercooling, and the existence of complex thermal histories. In addition, we found peculiar thermal behaviours at the phase changes of imidazolium-based RTILs, namely ‘rhythmic melting and crystallization’, ‘intermittent crystallization’ in the premelting regions and ultraslow phase changes. These unique thermal behaviours of imidazolium-based RTILs are attributed to conformational changes and flexibility of alkyl chains bonding to the imidazolium ring.
A Systematic Method of Interconnection Optimization for Dense‐Array Concentrator Photovoltaic System (2013)

This paper presents a new systematic approach to analyze all possible array configurations in order to determine the most optimal dense-array configuration for concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems. The proposed method is fast, simple, reasonably accurate, and very useful as a preliminary study before constructing a dense-array CPV panel. Using measured flux distribution data, each CPV cells' voltage and current values at three critical points which are at short-circuit, open-circuit, and maximum power point are determined. From there, an algorithm groups the cells into basic modules. The next step is I-V curve prediction, to find the maximum output power of each array configuration. As a case study, twenty different I-V predictions are made for a prototype of nonimaging planar concentrator, and the array configuration that yields the highest output power is determined. The result is then verified by assembling and testing of an actual dense-array on the prototype. It was found that the I-V curve closely resembles simulated I-V prediction, and measured maximum output power varies by only 1.34%.
A distributed and efficient power control algorithm for wireless networks (2008)

In the well-known distributed target-SIR tracking power control algorithm, when the target-SIR requirements are not reachable for all users, all non-supported users (those who do not reach their target SIRs) transmit at their maximum power. Such users inefficiently consume their energies, and introduce unnecessary interference to others, which in turn unnecessarily increases the number of non-supported users. To deal with this, the smallest number of users should be removed due to infeasibility of the system (gradual removal problem). We present a new distributed constrained power control (DCPC) algorithm to address the gradual removal problem. The basic idea is that any transmitting user whose required transmit power for reaching its target-SIR exceeds its maximum power is temporarily removed. Each temporarily removed user resumes its transmission if its required transmit power for reaching its target-SIR goes below a given threshold (lower than its maximum power). This threshold is determined by each removed user in a distributed manner using only local information. We will show that our proposed algorithm has at least one-fixed point (i.e., its convergence can be guaranteed), and at the equilibrium where the algorithm converges, all transmitting users (the users whose transmit powers are greater than zero) reach their target SIRs consuming the minimum aggregate transmit power. Furthermore, in contrast to the existing DCPC algorithms, no user is unnecessarily removed in our proposed scheme, i.e., it is efficient. Our simulation results confirm our analytic developments and show that our scheme outperforms the existing DCPCs in addressing the gradual removal problem, in terms of convergence, outage probability and power consumption.
Two Distinct Osteoblast-Specific <i>cis</i>-Acting Elements Control Expression of a Mouse Osteocalcin Gene (1995)

Osteoblasts are cells of mesodermal origin that play a pivotal role during bone growth and mineralization. The mechanisms governing osteoblast-specific gene expression are still unknown. To understand these mechanisms, we analyzed the cis-acting elements of mouse osteocalcin gene 2 (mOG2), the best-characterized osteoblast-specific gene, by DNA transfection experiments in osteoblastic and nonosteoblastic cell lines and by DNA-binding assays. 5' deletion analysis of an mOG2 promoter-luciferase chimeric gene showed that a region located between -147 and -34 contained most if not all of the regulatory elements required for osteoblast-specific expression. Three different binding sites, called A, B, and C, for factors present in nuclear extracts of osteoblasts were identified in this short promoter by DNase I footprint assays. In gel retardation assays, the A element, located between bp -64 and -47, bound a factor present only in nuclear extracts of osteoblastic cell lines and nonmineralizing primary osteoblasts. The B element, located between bp -110 and -83, bound a ubiquitously expressed factor. The C element, located between bp -146 and -132, bound a factor present only in nuclear extracts of osteoblastic cell lines and nonmineralizing and mineralizing primary osteoblasts. When cloned upstream of a minimum osteocalcin promoter or a heterologous promoter, multimers of the A element strongly increased the activities of these promoters in osteoblastic cell lines at two different stages of differentiation but in no other cell line; we named this element osteocalcin-specific element 1 (OSE1). Multimers of the C element increased the activities of these promoters predominantly in a differentiated osteoblastic cell line; we named this element OSE2. This study demonstrates that two distinct cis-acting elements are responsible for osteoblast expression of mOG2 and provides for the first time a functional characterization of osteoblast-specific cis-acting elements. We speculate that these two elements may be important at several stages of osteoblast differentiation.
Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist on telomerase activity, oxidative stress, longevity, and aging in mice (2010)

Both deficiency and excess of growth hormone (GH) are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. GH replacement in otherwise healthy subjects leads to complications, whereas individuals with isolated GH deficiency such as Laron dwarfs show increased life span. Here, we determined the effects of treatment with the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor antagonist MZ-5-156 on aging in SAMP8 mice, a strain that develops with aging cognitive deficits and has a shortened life expectancy. Starting at age 10 mo, mice received daily s.c. injections of 10 μg/mouse of MZ-5-156. Mice treated for 4 mo with MZ-5-156 showed increased telomerase activity, improvement in some measures of oxidative stress in brain, and improved pole balance, but no change in muscle strength. MZ-5-156 improved cognition after 2 mo and 4 mo, but not after 7 mo of treatment (ages 12, 14 mo, and 17 mo, respectively). Mean life expectancy increased by 8 wk with no increase in maximal life span, and tumor incidence decreased from 10 to 1.7%. These results show that treatment with a GHRH antagonist has positive effects on some aspects of aging, including an increase in telomerase activity.
ICT Risk Rating of e-commerce (2011)

Along with the introduction and widespread acceptance of social media, the reliability of the Internet society has been threatened in various ways. In the information world with characteristics of anonymity, users with insufficient self-defense knowledge are being targeted by criminal activities on the Internet, such as billing fraud and phishing. To help such users, we designed Web site risk evaluation (Risk Rating) system where the reliability evaluation of EC site is presented to the user in the form of a comprehensible score. We also conducted the verification experiment to evaluate the reliability of EC Web site using the system and prove that this method was effective for a reliability evaluation.
Depth resolved snapshot energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction using a conical shell beam (2017)

We demonstrate a novel imaging architecture to collect range encoded diffraction patterns from overlapping samples in a single conical shell projection. The patterns were measured in the dark area encompassed by the beam via a centrally positioned aperture optically coupled to a pixelated energy-resolving detector. We show that a single exposure measurement of 0.3 mAs enables d-spacing values to be calculated. The axial positions of the samples were not required and the resultant measurements were robust in the presence of crystallographic textures. Our results demonstrate rapid volumetric materials characterization and the potential for a direct imaging method, which is of great relevance to applications in medicine, non-destructive testing and security screening.