gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoreactors for Aqueous RAFT-Mediated Polymerizations (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTNanoreactors for Aqueous RAFT-Mediated PolymerizationsCarl N. Urbani and Michael J. Monteiro*View Author Information Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Brisbane, Australia*To whom correspondence should be addressed: e-mail [email protected]Cite this: Macromolecules 2009, 42, 12, 3884–3886Publication Date (Web):May 7, 2009Publication History Received9 April 2009Published online7 May 2009Published inissue 23 June 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma900771uhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma900771urapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2728Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Monomers,Nanodevices,Polymerization,Styrenes,Thermoresponsive polymers Get e-Alerts
Immunology (8th ed.) (2012)

Immunology, 8th Edition makes it easy for you to learn all the basic and clinical concepts you need to know for your courses and USMLEs. This medical textbook's highly visual, carefully structured approach makes immunology simple to understand and remember.
Calculated and Measured Pressure Fields for an Aircraft Designed for Sonic-boom Alleviation (2004)

An aircraft configuration designed to alleviate sonic boom was tested in the NASA Langley 4’ x 4’ Unitary Tunnel. The test was conducted at a free stream Mach number of 2.0. Pressure fields were measured with a model translating/fixed pressure probe 18 inches below a 15.6 inch (1/100 scale) long aircraft model Prior to the test, computations were made using Lockheed Martin’s Splitflow CFD code of the pressure field below the aircraft. Splitflow computes the flow-field with an automatically generated unstructured solution adaptive grid. The solution adaptive grid capability of this code enabled better resolution of the shockwaves in the aircraft pressure field. The pressure fields calculated on cylinders at 4.2 and 6.6 inch radii from the model were input to LMboom, a Lockheed Martin developed sonic boom propagation code, using the method from AIAA-91-3275. The pressure waves were propagated to the 18 inch radius below the model at which the measurements were made. Good comparison was demonstrated between the computed and measured flow-field pressures.
Quantization Bounds on Grassmann Manifolds and Applications to MIMO Communications (2008)

The Grassmann manifold G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n,p</sub> (L) is the set of all p-dimensional planes (through the origin) in the n-dimensional Euclidean space L <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> , where L is either R or C. This paper considers the quantization problem in which a source in G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n,p</sub> (L) is quantized through a code in G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n,q</sub> (L), with p and q not necessarily the same. The analysis is based on the volume of a metric ball in G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n,p</sub> (L) with center in G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n,q</sub> (L), and our chief result is a closed-form expression for the volume of a metric ball of radius at most one. This volume formula holds for arbitrary n, p, q, and L, while previous results pertained only to some special cases. Based on this volume formula, several bounds are derived for the rate-distortion tradeoff assuming that the quantization rate is sufficiently high. The lower and upper bounds on the distortion rate function are asymptotically identical, and therefore precisely quantify the asymptotic rate-distortion tradeoff. We also show that random codes are asymptotically optimal in the sense that they achieve the minimum possible distortion in probability as n and the code rate approach infinity linearly. Finally, as an application of the derived results to communication theory, we quantify the effect of beamforming matrix selection in multiple-antenna communication systems with finite rate channel state feedback.
Capsule Expression and Genotypic Differences among <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Isolates from Patients with Chronic or Acute Osteomyelitis (2009)

There is ample evidence that Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide (CP) promotes virulence. Loss of capsule expression, however, may lead to S. aureus persistence in a chronically infected host. This study was conducted to determine the relative prevalence of nonencapsulated S. aureus in patients with chronic and acute osteomyelitis. Only 76/118 (64%) S. aureus isolates from patients with osteomyelitis expressed CP, whereas all 50 isolates from blood cultures of patients with infections other than osteoarticular infections expressed CP (P = 0.0001). A significantly higher prevalence of nonencapsulated S. aureus was found in patients with chronic osteomyelitis (53%) than in those with acute osteomyelitis (21%) (P = 0.0046). S. aureus isolates obtained from multiple specimens from five of six patients with chronic osteomyelitis exhibited phenotypic (expression of CP, alpha-hemolysin, beta-hemolysin, slime, and the small-colony variant phenotype) and/or genotypic (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa typing) differences. Nonencapsulated S. aureus was recovered from at least one specimen from each chronic osteomyelitis patient. Fourteen isolates obtained from two patients with acute osteomyelitis were indistinguishable from each other within each group, and all produced CP5. In conclusion, we demonstrated that nonencapsulated S. aureus is more frequently isolated from patients with chronic osteomyelitis than from those with acute osteomyelitis, suggesting that loss of CP expression may be advantageous to S. aureus during chronic infection. Our findings on multiple S. aureus isolates from individual patients allow us to suggest that selection of nonencapsulated S. aureus is likely to have occurred in the patient during long-term bone infection.
Cost/Benefits of Horizontal Wells (2003)

Abstract This is a summary of state of the art horizontal well technology and a review of the economic benefits of horizontal wells. The paper describes various reservoir applications of horizontal wells from primary recovery to EOR applications. The paper includes field examples of different applications. Although horizontal wells have been drilled as early as 1927, the major thrust of drilling horizontal wells started in 1980. Initial wells were short length wells (about 250 ft. long wells). In 1985, the first medium radius horizontal well was drilled using a down-hole mud motor. Since then, using horizontal wells has become a common practice. Today, the medium radius drilling technique is the most commonly used drilling method. In the U.S., the majority of applications are in low permeability, naturally fractured, carbonate reservoirs. However, in California, Alaska and Gulf of Mexico most of the wells are drilled in clastic reservoirs. Similarly, outside the U.S., most of the horizontal wells are drilled in clastic reservoirs. Horizontal wells have been used to produce thin zones, fractured reservoirs, formations with water and gas coning problems, waterflooding, heavy oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs, and in EOR methods such as thermal and CO2 flooding. The paper includes field examples with cost benefit analysis for various applications.
Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Nanotubes (2005)

Single‐phase silicon carbide (SiC) nanotubes were successfully synthesized by the reaction of carbon nanotubes with silicon powder at 1200°C for 100 h. X‐ray diffraction patterns indicated that most of the carbon from the carbon nanotubes that were reacted with silicon at 1200°C for 100 h was transformed to SiC. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that both single‐phase SiC nanotubes and C–SiC coaxial nanotubes, which are carbon nanotubes sheathed with a SiC layer, were synthesized after 100 h of reaction. The ratio of single‐phase SiC nanotubes to C–SiC nanotubes increased with heat treatment at 600°C in air for 1 h because the remaining carbon was removed .
Named entity recognition and disambiguation using linked data and graph-based centrality scoring (2012)

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a subtask of information extraction and aims to identify atomic entities in text that fall into predefined categories such as person, location, organization, etc. Recent efforts in NER try to extract entities and link them to linked data entities. Linked data is a term used for data resources that are created using semantic web standards such as DBpedia. There are a number of online tools that try to identify named entities in text and link them to linked data resources. Although one can use these tools via their APIs and web interfaces, they use different data resources and different techniques to identify named entities and not all of them reveal this information. One of the major tasks in NER is disambiguation that is identifying the right entity among a number of entities with the same names; for example "apple" standing for both "Apple, Inc." the company and the fruit. We developed a similar tool called NERSO, short for Named Entity Recognition Using Semantic Open Data, to automatically extract named entities, disambiguating and linking them to DBpedia entities. Our disambiguation method is based on constructing a graph of linked data entities and scoring them using a graph-based centrality algorithm. We evaluate our system by comparing its performance with two publicly available NER tools. The results show that NERSO performs better.
A semi-automatic enzymic method for estimating urinary oxalate. (1980)

A two-enzyme method is presented for estimating urinary oxalate by continuous-flow analysis. Oxalate is decarboxylated, yielding formate, which is subsequently oxidized in the presence of NAD+, yielding NADH. The NADH, measured colorimetrically, is proportional to the amount of oxalate originally present in the sample. Urine is pretreated by precipitation of the oxalate and extraction of the precipitate in citrate buffer. A correction factor for the extraction efficiency is given by the recovery of [U-14C]oxalic acid added to aliquots of the 24-h urine specimen. The normal range obtained by this method was 0.20 to 0.52 mmol/24h (18 to 47 mg/24h) with a mean value of 0.37 mmol/24 h (33 mg/24h). The between-assay CV was 7.6% (n = 12), within-assay CV 3.2% (N = 25). Unlabeled oxalate (0.5 and 1.0 mol/L) added to 28 urine samples gave a mean analytical recovery of 95% (SD 10%).
An active-passive capacitor-commutated converter for HVDC systems with a three-phase voltage-source PWM converter (2005)

This paper introduces a new approach to the capacitor-commutated converters (CCCs) for HVDC systems. A small-rated three-phase voltage-source PWM converter is connected between a series commutation capacitor and thyristor converter through matching transformers. The PWM converter acts as auxiliary commutation-capacitor for the thyristor converter while the series passive capacitor acts as the main commutation capacitor. The capacitance, which is the sum of the small-rated active and series passive capacitors, is variable, so that stable commutation is obtained. In CCCs, commutation failure occurs when the AC bus voltage is recovered whereas the proposed combined commutation-capacitor can achieve successful commutation for both rapidly decreasing and increasing AC bus voltages. The basic principle of the proposed active–passive capacitor-commutated converter is discussed in detail. Then, constant margin angle control with a constant firing angle of the thyristor converter is proposed using a function generator block. Digital simulation demonstrates the novelty and effectiveness of the proposed active–passive capacitor-commutated converter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(1): 66–75, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20030
Coca-Cola Enterprises Optimizes Vehicle Routes for Efficient Product Delivery (2008)

In 2004 and 2005, Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE)—the world's largest bottler and distributor of Coca-Cola products—implemented ORTEC's vehicle-routing software. Today, over 300 CCE dispatchers use this software daily to plan the routes of approximately 10,000 trucks. In addition to handling nonstandard constraints, the implementation is notable for its progressive transition from the prior business practice. CCE has realized an annual cost saving of $45 million and major improvements in customer service. This approach has been so successful that Coca-Cola has extended it beyond CCE to other Coca-Cola bottling companies and beer distributors.
Limitations of proximity-effect corrections for electron-beam patterning of planar photonic crystals (2005)

We investigate the patterning accuracy limits of electron-beam lithography with different proximity-effect correction (PEC) methods applied to the fabrication of planar photonic crystal structures (PPCS). Energy-intensity distribution simulations reveal that conventional energy-equalization PEC techniques present a lower limit of the best attainable hole-radius variation of 1% for a generic PPCS, while a method proposed by Watson (midpoint-equalization PEC) should inherently account for beam broadening and theoretically can reach perfect accuracy. Simulation results are verified experimentally. Additionally, we introduce a new method to determine the beam-broadening parameter . We compare energy-equalization PEC and midpoint-equalization PEC regarding the impact of geometrical key parameters of PPCS on achievable patterning accuracy, and show that proximity effects impose severe limitations on the patterning of structures with large fill ratios and/or small lattice constants. Furthermore, we perform a sensitivity analysis of both PEC methods on the proximity parameters and show that overestimation of the backscatter efficiency can actually improve the lithographic accuracy of the energy-equalization method and mimic the midpoint-equalization PEC method to a certain degree.
Efficient distributed memory management with RDMA and caching (2018)

Recent advancements in high-performance networking interconnect significantly narrow the performance gap between intra-node and inter-node communications, and open up opportunities for distributed memory platforms to enforce cache coherency among distributed nodes. To this end, we propose GAM, an efficient distributed in-memory platform that provides a directory-based cache coherence protocol over remote direct memory access (RDMA). GAM manages the free memory distributed among multiple nodes to provide a unified memory model, and supports a set of user-friendly APIs for memory operations. To remove writes from critical execution paths, GAM allows a write to be reordered with the following reads and writes, and hence enforces partial store order (PSO) memory consistency. A light-weight logging scheme is designed to provide fault tolerance in GAM. We further build a transaction engine and a distributed hash table (DHT) atop GAM to show the ease-of-use and applicability of the provided APIs. Finally, we conduct an extensive micro benchmark to evaluate the read/write/lock performance of GAM under various workloads, and a macro benchmark against the transaction engine and DHT. The results show the superior performance of GAM over existing distributed memory platforms.
Formation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles:  Capping Action of Citrate (1999)

Colloidal silver sols of long-time stability are formed in the γ-irradiation of 1.0 × 10-4 M AgClO4 solutions, which also contain 0.3 M 2-propanol, 2.5 × 10-2 M N2O, and sodium citrate in various concentrations. The reduction of Ag+ in these solutions is brought about by the 1-hydroxyalkyl radical generated in the radiolysis of 2-propanol; citrate does not act as a reductant but solely as a stabilizer of the colloidal particles formed. Its concentration is varied in the range from 5.0 × 10-5 to 1.5 × 10-3 M, and the size and size distribution of the silver particles are studied by electron microscopy. At low citrate concentration, partly agglomerated large particles are formed that have many imperfections. In an intermediate range (a few 10-4 M), well-separated particles with a rather narrow size distribution and little imperfections are formed, the size slightly decreasing with increasing citrate concentration. At high citrate concentrations, large lumps of coalesced silver particles are present, due to destabilization by the high ionic strength of the solution. These findings are explained by two growth mechanisms: condensation of small silver clusters (type-I growth), and reduction of Ag+ on silver particles via radical-to-particle electron transfer (type-II growth). The particles formed in the intermediate range of citrate concentration were studied by high-resolution electron microscopy and computer simulations. They constitute icosahedra and cuboctahedra.
Partial Constraint Satisfaction Problems and Guided Local Search (1996)

A largely unexplored aspect of Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is that of overconstrained instances for which no solution exists that satisfies all the constraints. In these problems, mentioned in the literature as Partial Constraint Satisfaction Problems (PCSPs), we are often looking for solutions which violate the minimum number of constraints. In more realistic settings, constraints violations incur different costs and solutions are sought that minimize the total cost from constraint violations and possibly other criteria. Problems in this category present enormous difficulty to complete search algorithms. In practical terms, complete search has more or less to resemble the traditional Branch and Bound taking no advantage of the efficient pruning techniques recently developed for CSPs. In this report, we examine how the stochastic search method of Guided Local Search (GLS) can be applied to these problems. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on instances of the Radio Link Frequency Assignment Problem (RLFAP), which is a real-world Partial CSP. Guided Local Search holds the best known solutions for many of the publicly available instances of RLFAP.
Unified projection of the performance and economics of radiation-initiated NO/sub x//SO/sub x/ emission control technologies. Final report (1985)

This report presents the results of a kinetic modeling study of advanced, radiation initiated, SO/sub 2//NO/sub x/ post-combustion control concepts. The concepts studied include: (1) high energy electron beam (e-beam) irradiation, (2) electrical discharge irradiation, and (3) laser or flashlamp irradiation of radical precursor additives. We have assessed performance limits for each of these concepts and evaluated the relative operating costs in terms of their energy efficiencies. These results lead us to recommendations for work that can help develop the e-beam processes to reduce operating costs. We conclude that none of the discharge or photon concepts considered is likely to be sufficiently energy efficient to be useful for post-combustion control. Our objective was to analyze the physical processes involved in each of these concepts, to evaluate technical limits and to understand the commonality and differences of these concepts. We have sought to explain the chemistry of SO/sub 2//NO/sub x/ removal in terms of the simplest, physically realistic mechanism. This can only be accomplished with confidence by evaluating the importance of a large number of reactions in a complex model incorporating all possibly important reactions to fit all available data.
Ketobemidone prodrugs for buccal delivery. (1991)

Various carboxylic acid and carbonate esters of the opioid analgesic ketobemidone were prepared and assessed as potential prodrugs with the aim of obtaining a ketobemidone formulation suitable for buccal or sublingual absorption. The chemical stability, enzymatic hydrolysis and lipophilicity characteristics of the esters were studied using HPLC assay procedures. All esters were rapidly hydrolyzed in human plasma, the half-lives ranging between 0.03 and 1.8 min. A marked enzymatic hydrolysis took place in whole human saliva, the half-lives of hydrolysis being in the range 3-295 min. All esters were more lipophilic than the parent ketobemidone, as determined by octanol-buffer partition experiments and by reversed-phase column chromatography. The relatively high resistance of the sterically hindered 3,3-dimethylbutyryl ester to undergo hydrolysis in saliva combined with its facile plasma-enzyme catalyzed conversion and high lipophilicity makes this ester the most promising prodrug candidate for buccal delivery.
Demonstration of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Persistently Infected, Clinically Normal Cattle (1987)

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBL) from cattle known to be persistently viraemic with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) following a foetal infection, were examined for the presence of viral antigens and cell-associated infectious virus. Using immunocytochemical techniques, physical separations of PBL subsets and virus isolation techniques (directly and by cocultivation) it was found that infection occurred in B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, and a group of cells designated null cells for lack of more specific classification. The latter three groups also supported viral replication, as infectious virus could be isolated from enriched cell populations. BVDV-like particles in cytoplasmic vesicles of PBL subsets were detected by electron microscopy.