gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PDGFR expression in differential diagnosis between KIT‐negative gastrointestinal stromal tumours and other primary soft‐tissue tumours of the gastrointestinal tract (2005)

Immunostaining with PDGFR-alpha is a helpful marker in discriminating between KIT-negative GISTs and other gastrointestinal mesenchymal lesions: all KIT-negative GISTs were positive for PDFGR-alpha, while none of the other gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumours analysed, except a small subset of desmoids, was reactive with anti-PDGFRs. These preliminary data demonstrate the suitability of commercially available antibodies to detect immunohistochemically the mutually exclusive expression of KIT and PDGFR-alpha previously reported in GISTs by molecular biological techniques. Since PDGFR exists in the form of a homodimer (alphaalpha, betabeta) or heterodimer (alphabeta) and two of the KIT-negative GISTs coexpressed both PDGFR isoforms, further investigations are required to elucidate the role of PDGFR-beta in GISTs.
A Heuristic Model of Mental Depression Derived from Basic and Applied Research on Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (1998)

Recent clinical reports have shown that intrathecal administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) can induce 2 to 3 day remissions of major depression more reliably than i.v. administration. Although clinically impractical, these remissions are rapid, occur within hours, and they survive at least one night's sleep. TRH and related peptides have regulatory effects in the limbic forebrain. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in rats induces synthesis of TRH in multiple subcortical limbic and frontal cortical regions, which are known in humans to be involved in both depression and in sleep. The increases in TRH and related peptides are regionally specific. The quantitative TRH increases in individual limbic regions have been correlated with the amount of forced-swimming done by the individual animal after ECS. Intraperitoneal TRH also gives a positive response in this test, as do all effective antidepressants. This article provides a heuristic framework for interdisciplinary neuroscientific study of the interrelated fields of depression and sleep, with a focus on TRH. Preclinical data suggest that glutamatergic, subcortical limbic circuits contain TRH and related peptides as inhibitory cotransmitters that may normally restrain glutamatergic hyperactivity. It is suggested that, in depression, pathologically overdriven glutamatergic circuits escape inhibitory regulation by TRH. This escape is especially pronounced during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and these phenomena may explain the prolonged latency of antidepressant treatment.
High Performance Materials Containing Nitrile Groups (2003)

The objective of the research described in this thesis has been to improve the toughness of phenolic networks while maintaining flame resistance. A four step synthetic scheme has been developed to prepare 4,4Â¡Â¦-Bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)biphenyl(biphenoxyphthalonitrile). A 700 g mol-1 novolac oligomer was cured with relatively low concentrations of this reagent (~20 wt %) into high Tg (~190 Â¢XC) networks. The curing reaction was attrubuted to nucleophilic attack of the phenolic hydroxyl on the nitrile groups of the phthalonitrile resulting in the formation of heterocylic rings. TGA and cone calorimetry demonstrated that these networks have excellent thermo-oxidative stability. \nFurther goals were to develop halogen-free, flame retardant monomers for improving the thermo-oxidative resistance of polystyrene and dimethylacrlyate/styrene(vinyl ester) networks. 4-Vinylphenoxyphthalonitrile, a phthalonitrile derivative of styrene, was synthesized. FTIR has been utilized to demonstrate this new monomer co-cured into vinyl ester networks in free radical thermosetting polymerizations. Upon post-curing the networks between 200-260 Â¢XC for ~1.5 h, the nitrile groups reacted to form heterocyclic crosslinks. TGA and cone calorimetry demonstrated that the 4-vinylphenoxyphthalonitrile substantially improved the flame resistance of vinyl ester networks.\nCopolymerizations of styrene and 4-vinylphenoxyphthalonitrile were conducted at 75 Â¢XC for 24 h using 0.5 wt % AIBN in chlorobenzene. Dynamic TGA at 10 Â¢XC min-1 in air showed that copolymers containing 10 and 25 mole % of 4-vinylphenoxyphthalonitrile had increased initial weight loss temperatures in air by (~50 Â¢XC higher) and increased the char yield between 400-600 Â¢XC.\nHigh molecular weight nitrile-functional, (hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol based aromatic poly(arylene ether)s with pendent sulfonic acid groups were prepared by nucleophilic step copolymerization of 4,4Â¡Â¦-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, and 3,3Â¡Â¦-disulfonate-4,4Â¡Â¦-dichlorodiphenylsulfone under basic conditions in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone at 200 â aC. A series of these materials with systematically varied concentrations of the sulfonic acid moieties showed increased glass transition temperatures, proton conductivities, and hydrophilicities as a function of disulfonation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that the acidified copolymer with 35 mole % of disulfonated units was phase separated into a co-continuous morphology of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains.
Do Better Schools Matter? Parental Valuation of Elementary Education (1999)

The evaluation of numerous school reforms requires an understanding of the value of better schools. Given the difficulty of calculating the relationship between school quality and student outcomes, I turn to another method and use house prices to infer the value parents place on school quality. I look within school districts at houses located on attendance district boundaries; houses then differ only by the elementary school the child attends. I thereby effectively remove the variation in neighborhoods, taxes, and school spending. I find that parents are willing to pay 2.5 percent more for a 5 percent increase in test scores. This finding is robust to a number of sensitivity checks.
Mild Conditions for Pd-Catalyzed Carboamination of <i>N</i>-Protected Hex-4-enylamines and 1-, 3-, and 4-Substituted Pent-4-enylamines. Scope, Limitations, and Mechanism of Pyrrolidine Formation (2008)

The use of the weak base Cs2CO3 in Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions of N-protected gamma-aminoalkenes with aryl bromides leads to greatly increased tolerance of functional groups and alkene substitution. Substrates derived from (E)- or (Z)-hex-4-enylamines are stereospecifically converted to 2,1'-disubstituted pyrrolidine products that result from suprafacial addition of the nitrogen atom and the aryl group across the alkene. Transformations of 4-substituted pent-4-enylamine derivatives proceed in high yield to afford 2,2-disubstituted products, and cis-2,5- or trans-2,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines are generated in good yield with excellent diastereoselectivity from N-protected pent-4-enylamines bearing substituents at C1 or C3. The reactions tolerate a broad array of functional groups, including esters, nitro groups, and enolizable ketones. The scope and limitations of these transformations are described in detail, along with models that account for the observed product stereochemistry. In addition, deuterium labeling experiments, which indicate these reactions proceed via syn-aminopalladation of intermediate palladium(aryl)(amido)complexes regardless of degree of alkene substitution or reaction conditions, are also discussed.
High- and Low-mobility Populations of HP1 in Heterochromatin of Mammalian Cells (2004)

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is a conserved nonhistone chromosomal protein with functions in euchromatin and heterochromatin. Here we investigated the diffusional behaviors of HP1 isoforms in mammalian cells. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) we found that in interphase cells most HP1 molecules (50-80%) are highly mobile (recovery halftime: t(1/2) approximately 0.9 s; diffusion coefficient: D approximately 0.6-0.7 microm(2) s(-1)). Twenty to 40% of HP1 molecules appear to be incorporated into stable, slow-moving oligomeric complexes (t(1/2) approximately 10 s), and constitutive heterochromatin of all mammalian cell types analyzed contain 5-7% of very slow HP1 molecules. The amount of very slow HP1 molecules correlated with the chromatin condensation state, mounting to more than 44% in condensed chromatin of transcriptionally silent cells. During mitosis 8-14% of GFP-HP1alpha, but not the other isoforms, are very slow within pericentromeric heterochromatin, indicating an isoform-specific function of HP1alpha in heterochromatin of mitotic chromosomes. These data suggest that mobile as well as very slow populations of HP1 may function in concert to maintain a stable conformation of constitutive heterochromatin throughout the cell cycle.
Structural and enzymatic characterization of human recombinant GDP‐<scp>D</scp>‐mannose‐4,6‐dehydratase (1999)

GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD) is the key enzyme in the 'de novo' pathway of GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis. The reported cDNA sequences for human GMD predict three forms of different length, whose 'in vivo' occurrence and molecular properties are completely undefined. Here, we report the expression in Escherichia coli and the properties of each native recombinant GMD form. Only the 42 kDa long GMD (L-GMD) and the 40.2 kDa (M-GMD) forms were recovered as soluble functional proteins, while the 38.7 kDa form, short GMD (S-GMD), lacking an N-terminal domain critical for dinucleotide binding, was inactive and formed a precipitate. Both L-GMD and M-GMD are homodimers and contain 1 mol of tightly bound NADP+. Their kinetic properties (Km, Kcat) are apparently identical and both forms are non-competitively feedback-inhibited by GDP-L-fucose to a similar extent. M-GMD is the predominant enzyme form expressed in several human cell lines. These data seem to suggest that modulation of the 'de novo' pathway of GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis involves mechanisms other than differential 'in vivo' expression of GMD forms.
Measurements of voidage near the wall of a circulating fluidized bed riser (1990)

Quantitative, time-dependent, non-intrusive capacitance measurements of voidage in the wall region of a circulating fluidized bed of cracking catalyst are reported. The data confirm the presence of a denser annulus of solids near the wall, which exhibits a vertical voidage profile similar to that observed for the average cross-sectional voidage. A statistical analysis shows that the average wall voidage in the dense lower region of the bed is nearly independent of the total solid flux, that it expands linearly with superficial gas velocity, and that its fluctuations are limited to low frequencies.
The Amine Degradation of Network Polyurethanes (1977)

Amine degradation was studied for the network polyurethanes (PPG-TDI-BD) and model compounds of allophanate, urethane, and urea linkages (1,3-diphenyl methylallophanate, 4-methyl-m-phenylenedicarbamate, and 1,3-diphenylurea) in DMSO at a low temperature below 70℃. Among the model compounds, only the allophanate reacted with an equimolar amount of aliphatic primary amine to give urea and urethane. However, the other compounds did not react. It was found that the concentration of allophanate groups is determined by using H2S04-MeOH solution and bromphenol blue. By this method crosslinking densities of the network polyurethanes were determined and compared with those estimated from stoichiometric calculation and from rubber elasticity. The crosslinking densities determined by the amine degradation of po!yurethanes cured under air atmosphere were 22～48% of those estimated stoichiometrically. In contrast, both values of polyurethane cured under nitrogen atmosphere were in good agreement.
<i>In vivo</i> dosimeters for HDR brachytherapy: A comparison of a diamond detector, MOSFET, TLD, and scintillation detector (2007)

The large dose gradients in brachytherapy necessitate a detector with a small active volume for accurate dosimetry. The dosimetric performance of a novel scintillation detector (BrachyFOD) is evaluated and compared to three commercially available detectors, a diamond detector, a MOSFET, and LiF TLDs. An 192Ir HDR brachytherapy source is used to measure the depth dependence, angular dependence, and temperature dependence of the detectors. Of the commercially available detectors, the diamond detector was found to be the most accurate, but has a large physical size. The TLDs cannot provide real time readings and have depth dependent sensitivity. The MOSFET used in this study was accurate to within 5% for distances of 20 to 50 mm from the 192Ir source in water but gave errors of 30%-40% for distances greater than 50 mm from the source. The BrachyFOD was found to be accurate to within 3% for distances of 10 to 100 mm from an HDR 192Ir brachytherapy source in water. It has an angular dependence of less than 2% and the background signal created by Cerenkov radiation and fluorescence of the plastic optical fiber is insignificant compared to the signal generated in the scintillator. Of the four detectors compared in this study the BrachyFOD has the most favorable combination of characteristics for dosimetry in HDR brachytherapy.
Kinetics of the interaction between anti‐FVIII antibodies and FVIII from therapeutic concentrates, with and without von Willebrand factor, assessed by surface plasmon resonance (2012)

The presence of VWF in plasma-derived FVIII (pdFVIII/VWF) products has been pointed out as a key difference with recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) products with regard to immunogenicity. A Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) study was designed to characterize in detail the interaction between anti-FVIII (IgGs) from a severe haemophilia A patient, and FVIII from concentrates of different sources. Full-length rFVIII (preincubated or not with purified VWF), B domain-deleted (BDD)-rFVIII and pdFVIII/VWF were analysed. To ensure reproducible conditions for accurate determination of kinetic constants, a capture-based assay format was developed using protein G surfaces for specific and reversible coupling of endogenous anti-FVIII antibodies. Concentration ranges (nm) of FVIII products tested were 9-0.03 (rFVIII) and 6-0.024 (pdFVIII/VWF). The association with antibodies was monitored for 3-5 min, whereas dissociation of the complex was followed for 5-20-240 min. A strong interaction of rFVIII and BDD-rFVIII with patient's IgG was detected with the K (D) values in the low picomolar range (5.9 ± 3.0 and 12.7 ± 6.9 pm, respectively) and very slow dissociation rates, while pdFVIII/VWF showed only marginal binding signals. The VWF complexed rFVIII displayed reduced binding signals compared with uncomplexed rFVIII, but the K (D) was still in the picomolar range (4.1 ± 1.9 pm) indicating insufficient complex formation. rFVIII, alone or bound to exogenously added VWF, showed high affinity for anti-FVIII IgGs from a severe haemophilia A patient whereas pdFVIII/VWF did not. These results are in agreement with those studies that point towards rFVIII concentrates to be more immunogenic than pdFVIII concentrates.
Experimental Characterization of Chain-Aggregate Aerosol by Electrooptic Scattering (1991)

A technique combining the electric field-induced alignment and the transient light scattering was applied to characterize Fe2O3 chain-aggregate aerosols. Particles were exposed to a pulsed square electric field with strengths up to 2.S kV/cm. Rotational diffusion constants of the particles were obtained from the decay rate of the relative change in light scattering intensity due to orientation of particles after the removal of electric field. Using a model for rodlike aerosols, average particle length was obtained from the electrooptic scattering data and was compared with the electron microscope analysis of the aggregates sampled with an aerosol centrifuge. The good agreement of the results obtained from the two independent methods demonstrates the applicability of the technique to the in-situ measurement of the fibrous aerosols.
Experimental modeling of anxiety and depression (2004)

Anxiety and depression have dramatic impact on human and animal behaviors. We take an interdisciplinary approach and review the existing experimental models of anxiety and depression in order to promote further understanding of neurobiological aspects of anxiety and depression.
The physics and technology of tennis (2004)

Helping coaches and players streamline their learning systems, improve their performance, and further their understanding and enjoyment of the game, this book provides an entertaining and enlightening look at the physics behind how to use a racquet to change the speed and direction of a tennis ball. Distinguishing the science from the folklore and myth, it makes the physics of tennis understandable to players of all skill levels. Important issues such as the role of string tension, the meaning of power, the importance of swing weight, and the relevance of the various sweet spots are addressed. Athletes are shown how to play better tennis by obeying the laws of the universe, optimizing equipment for ultimate performance, and understanding the dynamics of tennis events. From speed-to-spin ratios and shock vibration scales to choosing string on a moist day, this guide covers it all.
A novel method of complete activation by carbonyldiimidazole: application to ester synthesis (1988)

The activation of carboxylic groups by carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) results in the presence of excess CDI; it is shown that this reacts rapidly with the target hydroxyl groups under acylation conditions, thus preventing the desired acylation even when an excess of reagent is present and resulting in poor yields. The methods described result in rapid, complete, and convenient removal of the excess CDI. This procedure thus permits the use of sufficient excess of CDI to effect complete activation of the acid to the imidazolide. The imidazolides prepared in this manner, when used in limiting amounts, can be quantitatively converted to esters or amides; when used in slight excess, these imidazolides result in the quantitative acylation of target groups.
Evaluation of 4" InP(Fe) substrates for production of HBTs (2002)

Large-scale fabrication of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) for digital wireless, cellular and fiber optic telecommunication systems is creating a need for high quality, large diameter semi-insulating InP(Fe) substrate crystals. The purpose of this paper is to review the evolution and current state of commercially available 4" InP(Fe) substrates, compared to smaller substrates (Bliss, 1999) and compared to specifications for GaAs(SI) on resistivity, EPD, thickness, flatness and orientation.
Pulsed power for a rep-rate, electron beam pumped KrF laser (2000)

A new type of pulsed power system has been designed and built for a rep-rate, electron beam, pumped KrF laser. The system consists of two independent 11.2-kJ generators, which operate continuously at 5 Hz and produce two opposing 500-kV, 110-kA, 100-ns flat-top electron beams. The system combines the spark gap prime switch/step-up transformer design from the AIRIX and DAHRT injectors, and the water pulse-forming lines/output switch/vacuum insulator design from the Nike 60-cm amplifier. The system is fully operational, with both sides operating together. One side has operated continuously at 5 Hz for 90000 shots. The paper describes the system and the results of initial tests, including electrode wear.
Knowledge-based biomedical word sense disambiguation: an evaluation and application to clinical document classification (2012)

We integrated our WSD system with MetaMap and the clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System, two popular biomedical natural language processing systems. All codes required to reproduce our results and all tools developed as part of this study are released as open source, available under http://code.google.com/p/ytex.
Resonator fiber optic gyro using digital serrodyne modulation: method to reduce the noise induced by the backscattering and closed-loop operation using digital signal processing (1999)

A Resonator Fiber Optic Gyro with digital serrodyne modulation is constructed, which includes schemes for reduction of backscattering-induced noise and closed-loop operation with digital signal processing. A high resolution beyond the earth-rotation rate is demonstrated.
New Local Path Replanning Algorithm for Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (2006)

A path planning scheme for unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) is developed for achieving optimal local path replanning under complicated air-battle environment. Constructing and searching an improved Voronoi diagram based on the locations and grades of the different threats, Dijkstra algorithm is implemented to find an initial threat-avoiding flight path to the target. For matching dynamic battlefield situations and tracking the changing status of suddenly appeared threats, switching linear dynamic system (SLDS) model based on mix-state dynamic Bayesian network (mix-state DBN) is exploited. Viterbi approximation algorithm is then used to estimate the location and the grade of the suddenly appeared threat. Based on the detected states of new threat, Dijkstra algorithm is used again to find the replanned path and further optimized by performing cubic spline and sequential quadratic processing. The Matlab simulation result demonstrates the path planning algorithm is effective
Dye Concentrations Measurement Using Mach–Zehner Interferometer Sensor and Modeled by ANFIS (2016)

In this paper, a reliable Mach-Zehner Interferometer (MZI) dye sensor is constructed by bridging two single mode fibres (SMF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> and SMF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) with a short (~20 mm), tapered multimode fibre (MMF). Three MMFs with diameters of 27.7, 23.2, and 19.5 μm are tested to analyze the sensitivity of the sensor. The sensor is immersed in a Remazol Black B solution of various concentrations (40-240 ppm) where the output intensity ratio of Remazol Black B to distilled water, I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RBB</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , and wavelength shift, Aλ, are both recorded for each concentration. These responses are mainly dependent on the diameter of the MMF and the concentration of the RBB dye solution. Response surface methodology is utilized to evaluate the interactions of few parameters simultaneously as well as to interpret the obtained results in statistic form. Furthermore, a modeling approach, adaptive neurofuzzy interference system is deployed to construct two empirical models with the given responses from the sensor, hence predicting the concentration of the RBB solution. The squared correlation coefficient (R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) between experimental and predicted results, mean absolute percentage error, and root mean square error is calculated to measure the accuracy of the models developed in the study. Finally, an additional experiment is conducted to validate the accuracy of the predictive models and the results obtained are encouraging.