gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Backscattered electron effects in a high-angle EDXS (1989)

The performance of a high take-off angle energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDXS) on a 200 keV STEM has been investigated. A simple modification to the multichannel analyser (MCA) was used to extend the energy range beyond 200 keV to confirm that high energy, backscattered electrons were entering the detector. Up to 50% of the total count rate was observed to be due to these electrons. The spectrometer performance was determined both with and without a carbon filter which was used to stop the backscattered electrons entering the detector. It is shown that these electrons reduce the resolution and increase the dead-time and background noise in the X-ray spectra. The performance of the high take-off angle detector is compared with that of a horizontally mounted detector on a similar 200 keV STEM and a 300 keV STEM.
A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans (2004)

The etiology of acute respiratory tract illnesses is sometimes unclear due to limitations of diagnostic tests or the existence of as-yet-unidentified pathogens. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a not previously recognized coronavirus obtained from an 8-mo-old boy suffering from pneumonia. This coronavirus replicated efficiently in tertiary monkey kidney cells and Vero cells, in contrast to human coronaviruses (HCoV) 229E and OC43. The entire cDNA genome sequence of the previously undescribed coronavirus was determined, revealing that it is most closely related to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and HCoV 229E. The maximum amino acid sequence identity between ORFs of the newly discovered coronavirus and related group 1 coronaviruses ranged from 43% to 67%. Real-time RT-PCR assays were designed to test for the prevalence of the previously undescribed coronavirus in humans. Using these tests, the virus was detected in four of 139 individuals (3%) who were suffering from respiratory illness with unknown etiology. All four patients suffered from fever, runny nose, and dry cough, and all four had underlying or additional morbidity. Our data will enable the development of diagnostic tests to study the prevalence and clinical impact of this virus in humans in more detail. Moreover, it will be important to discriminate this previously undescribed coronavirus from HCoV 229E and OC43 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
Essential contribution of caspase 3/CPP32 to apoptosis and its associated nuclear changes (1998)

Caspases are fundamental components of the mammalian apoptotic machinery, but the precise contribution of individual caspases is controversial. CPP32 (caspase 3) is a prototypical caspase that becomes activated during apoptosis. In this study, we took a comprehensive approach to examining the role of CPP32 in apoptosis using mice, embryonic stem (ES) cells, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient for CPP32. CPP32(ex3-/-) mice have reduced viability and, consistent with an earlier report, display defective neuronal apoptosis and neurological defects. Inactivation of CPP32 dramatically reduces apoptosis in diverse settings, including activation-induced cell death (AICD) of peripheral T cells, as well as chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of oncogenically transformed CPP32(-/-) MEFs. As well, the requirement for CPP32 can be remarkably stimulus-dependent: In ES cells, CPP32 is necessary for efficient apoptosis following UV- but not gamma-irradiation. Conversely, the same stimulus can show a tissue-specific dependence on CPP32: Hence, TNFalpha treatment induces normal levels of apoptosis in CPP32 deficient thymocytes, but defective apoptosis in oncogenically transformed MEFs. Finally, in some settings, CPP32 is required for certain apoptotic events but not others: Select CPP32(ex3-/-) cell types undergoing cell death are incapable of chromatin condensation and DNA degradation, but display other hallmarks of apoptosis. Together, these results indicate that CPP32 is an essential component in apoptotic events that is remarkably system- and stimulus-dependent. Consequently, drugs that inhibit CPP32 may preferentially disrupt specific forms of cell death.
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides. A New Concept Concerning the Mode of Action and Release of Prostaglandins (1974)

Methods were developed for quantitative determination of the three major metabolites of arachidonic acid in human platelets, i.e., 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12L-dihydroxy-5,10-heptadecadienoic acid (PHD). Aggregation of washed platelets by thrombin was accompanied by release of 1163-2175 ng/ml of HETE, 1129-2430 ng/ml of HHT, and 998-2299 ng/ml of PHD. The amount of PGG(2) (prostaglandin G(2)) produced as calculated from the sum of the amounts of its metabolites (HHT and PHD) was 2477-5480 ng/ml. In contrast, the amounts of PGE(2) (prostaglandin E(2)) and PGF(2alpha) (prostaglandin F(2alpha)) released were approximately two orders of magnitude lower. In this system, the prostaglandins thus exert their biological action through the endoperoxides, which are almost exclusively metabolized to nonprostanoate structures and only to a small extent to the classical prostaglandins. Platelets from subjects given aspirin produced less than 5% of the above mentioned amounts of HHT and PHD, whereas the production of HETE was stimulated about 3-fold. This provides additional evidence for our earlier proposal [Hamberg, M., Svensson, J., Wakabayashi, T. & Samuelsson, B. (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 345-349] that the anti-aggregating effect of aspirin is through inhibition of PGG(2) formation.
IV. Paneth cell antimicrobial peptides and the biology of the mucosal barrier (1999)

The hypothesis that epithelial cells release preformed antibiotic peptides as components of mucosal innate immunity has gained experimental support in recent years. In the mammalian small intestine, Paneth cells secrete granules that are rich in alpha-defensins and additional antimicrobial peptides into the lumen of the crypt. The alpha-defensins are homologues of peptides that function as mediators of nonoxidative microbial cell killing in phagocytic leukocytes, and they are potent microbicidal agents in in vitro assays. Because certain mouse alpha-defensins stimulate cultured epithelial cells to secrete chloride ion, those peptides appear to be capable of interacting directly with the apical membranes of neighboring cells and perhaps influencing crypt physiology. In instances of crypt disruption or induced Paneth cell deficiency, crypt intermediate cells appear to compensate by accumulating and secreting Paneth cell antimicrobial peptides. Challenges for the future will be to understand the mechanisms of this epithelial plasticity and to show that Paneth cells contribute directly to innate immunity in the crypt microenvironment.
PARACEST Properties of a Dinuclear Neodymium(III) Complex Bound to DNA or Carbonate (2009)

A dinuclear Nd(III) macrocyclic complex of 1 (1,4-bis[1-(4,7,10-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane]-p-xylene) and mononuclear complexes of 1,4,7-tris-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, 2, and 1,4,7-tris[(N-N-diethyl)carbamoylmethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, 3, are prepared. Complexes of 1 and 2 give rise to a PARACEST (paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer) peak from exchangeable amide protons that resonate approximately 12 ppm downfield from the bulk water proton resonance. The dinuclear Nd(III) complex is promising as a PARACEST contrast agent for MRI applications, because it has an optimal pH of 7.5 and the rate constant for amide proton exchange (2700 s(-1)) is nearly as large as it can be within slow exchange conditions with bulk water. Dinuclear Ln(2)(1) complexes (Ln(III) = Nd(III), Eu(III)) bind tightly to anionic ligands including carbonate, diethyl phosphate, and DNA. The CEST amide peak of Nd(2)(1) is enhanced by certain DNA sequences that contain hairpin loops, but decreases in the presence of diethyl phosphate or carbonate. Direct excitation luminescence studies of Eu(2)(1) show that double-stranded and hairpin-loop DNA sequences displace one water ligand on each Eu(III) center. DNA displaces carbonate ion despite the low dissociation constant for the Eu(2)(1) carbonate complex (K(d) = 15 microM). Enhancement of the CEST effect of a lanthanide complex by binding to DNA is a promising step toward the preparation of PARACEST agents containing DNA scaffolds.
Some Physical Evidence of AgI and Liquid Propane Seeding Effects on Utah's Wasatch Plateau (1997)

A series of cloud seeding experiments were conducted on Utah's Wasatch Plateau during the winter of 1994-95.  Their purpose was to permit physical assessment of the effects of both silver iodide and liquid propane seeding, particularly at only slightly supercooled temperatures.  Seeding materials were released in 1-hour pulses from a location well up the plateau's windward slope.  The terrain often channeled the seeding plumes to an observing site, or target, located at a canyon head on the plateau top's upwind edge.  Snow particles were detected at the target with a vane-mounted 2D-C optical array probe whose strobing speed was governed by an anemometer.  AgI nuclei were detected there by an NCAR ice nucleus counter to confirm the prescence and successful targeting of seeding materials.  Seeding with AgI under cold conditions produced obvious large increases in ice particle concentrations and measurable increases in precipitation at the ground during one experiment.  Seeding with AgI under only slightly supercooled conditions, in which the contact-freezing mechanism is not expected to be effective, typically produced a negligible ice particle supplement.  A forced condensation-freezing mechanism may have been operable during two experiments, producing detectable enhancements in the particle concentrations, but further verification is needed.  Liquid propane seeding produced measurable increases in ice particle concentrations in some experiments, showing it to be an alternative to AgI at only slightly supercooled termperatures.
Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge (2010)

This fully revised and updated edition of Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge recognizes that the future of economic well being in today's knowledge and information society rests upon the effectiveness of schools and corporations to empower their people to be more effective learners and knowledge creators. Novak’s pioneering theory of education presented in the first edition remains viable and useful. This new edition updates his theory for meaningful learning and autonomous knowledge building along with tools to make it operational ─ that is, concept maps, created with the use of CMapTools and the V diagram. The theory is easy to put into practice, since it includes resources to facilitate the process, especially concept maps, now optimised by CMapTools software. CMapTools software is highly intuitive and easy to use. People who have until now been reluctant to use the new technologies in their professional lives are will find this book particularly helpful. Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge is essential reading for educators at all levels and corporate managers who seek to enhance worker productivity.
Synthesis of Simple Quinoline Alkaloids. A Novel Quinazoline Synthesis. (1988)

Syntheses a partir de la chloration du nitro-2 benzaldoxime suivie de cycloaddition avec des composes acetyleniques et de reduction des isoxazoles formes
Imaging of the airways : functional and radiologic correlations (2005)

Written by recognized authorities on thoracic imaging, this volume is the first to examine all modalities - both noninvasive and invasive - for visualizing the airways. Emphasis is placed on correlating CT images with bronchoscopy, to aid in interpreting CT findings and in performing interventional bronchoscopic procedures. After a review of airway imaging techniques and anatomy, the book presents correlating CT and bronchoscopic images for a wide range of pathologic entities. Detailed chapters examine the trachea and central bronchi, the diagnosis of bronchiectasis, and the use of CT in diagnosing small airway disease. A chapter on functional imaging of the airways is also included.
Contention based fast beam switching scheme in millimeter-wave cellular systems (2015)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular system has recently been introduced as an attractive approach for 5G mobile broadband communications. In the mmWave beamforming cellular systems, the user equipment (UE) can experience frequent service disruptions due to frequent switching among a plurality of beams if the UE follows the network controlled LTE handover procedures. In this paper, we shows how the mmWave beamforming cellular system can operate and which kind of new handovers UEs can experience. And we propose UE controlled beam switching mechanism based on contention based uplink channels. In this mechanism, UEs switch the serving beam to the target beam without random access delay using the pre-acquired contention based channels.
Identification and characterization of bacteriophages specific to the catfish pathogen,<i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i> (2008)

This is the first report of bacteriophages specific to Edw. ictaluri, an important fish pathogen affecting farm-raised channel catfish. Initial characterization of these bacteriophages has demonstrated their potential use as biotherapeutic and diagnostic agents associated with ESC.
The Cost of Regulation (1997)

Advocates of regulatory benefit-cost analysis are right in theory, albeit somewhat impractical. In a sense, they have put the cart before the horse. Right now we cannot satisfactorily estimate the costs of government regulation, let alone its benefits. We must understand what drives cost before we can make satisfactory cost estimates. But, first of all, we need good cost measures to figure out what drives cost. We don't now measure the costs of regulation. Accurate measurement of the cost of regulation is, therefore, the first step to better regulatory practice. This means accounting for the regulatory burdens on firms and subordinate governments and allocating those burdens to the regulatory policies that induced them.
The Potential of Cucurbit[<i>n</i>]urils in Drug Delivery (2011)

Abstract In this paper we review cucurbit[ n ]urils (CB[ n ]), a relatively new family of macrocycles that has shown potential in improving drug delivery. Encapsulation of drugs within the homologues CB[6], CB[7], or CB[8] can impart enhanced chemical and physical stability, improve drug solubility, and control drug release. The formulation of CB[ n ] into a dosage form suitable for clinical use is a non‐trivial task, because the free macrocycle and its host‐drug complex generally exhibit pseudo‐polymorphism in the solid state. Despite this, cucurbiturils have been included in tablets for oral delivery and inserts for nasal delivery. Here we examine the potential use of cucurbiturils in drug delivery in the context of getting a new drug into clinical trials and discuss what further research is needed in this area.
New Jaccard-Distance Based Support Vector Machine Kernel for Handwritten Digit Recognition (2008)

This paper proposes a new negative Jaccard distance- based kernel for Support Vector Machines (SVM). The Jaccard distance is based on shape comparison between data, which could have a particular importance for handwritten character recognition where each class has its own shape form. So, it seems more proficient than Euclidian distance that is used with conventional kernels. The performance of negative Jaccard kernel is evaluated comparatively to standard SVM kernels for handwritten digit recognition. Experiments are conducted on both One-Against-All (OAA) and One-Against-One (OAO) multi-class SVM implementations using samples taken from USPS database. The results obtained showed that Jaccard Negative Distance kernel outperforms other kernels in most cases.
Clinical production, stability studies and PET imaging with 16-alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES) in ER positive breast cancer patients. (2007)

An improved automated synthesis of [18F]FES has been developed and the integrity of this product has been validated by long term stability studies and clinical PET imaging studies in ER+ breast cancer patients. A lack of concordance between FES and FDG uptake in a patient with metastatic breast cancer suggests specificity of the FES for tumors expressing estrogen receptors.
Sidewinding with minimal slip: Snake and robot ascent of sandy slopes (2014)

Limbless organisms such as snakes can navigate nearly all terrain. In particular, desert-dwelling sidewinder rattlesnakes (Crotalus cerastes) operate effectively on inclined granular media (such as sand dunes) that induce failure in field-tested limbless robots through slipping and pitching. Our laboratory experiments reveal that as granular incline angle increases, sidewinder rattlesnakes increase the length of their body in contact with the sand. Implementing this strategy in a physical robot model of the snake enables the device to ascend sandy slopes close to the angle of maximum slope stability. Plate drag experiments demonstrate that granular yield stresses decrease with increasing incline angle. Together, these three approaches demonstrate how sidewinding with contact-length control mitigates failure on granular media.
Protection Planning and System Design to Reduce Arc-Flash Incident Energy in a Multi-Voltage-Level Distribution System to 8 $\hbox{cal}/\hbox{cm}^{2}$ (HRC 2) or Less—Part II: Analysis (2010)

This paper demonstrates that, in a multi-voltage-level (medium and low voltages) distribution system, the incident energy can be reduced to 8 cal/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (hazard risk category 2) or even less, so that a personal protective equipment outfit of greater than two is not required. This is achieved with the current state-of-the-art equipment and protective devices. It is recognized that, in the existing distribution systems, not specifically designed with this objective, it may not be possible to reduce the arc-Flash hazard to this low level, unless major changes in the system design and protection are made. A typical industrial distribution system is analyzed, and tables and time-coordination plots are provided to support the analysis. Unit protection schemes and practical guidelines for arc-Flash reduction are provided. The methodology of IEEE 1584 is used for the analyses. Reducing HRC also reduces the fault damage to the equipment.
Proteomic profile of osteoclast membrane proteins: Identification of Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchanger domain containing 2 and its role in osteoclast fusion (2008)

Osteoclast formation and bone resorption are multiple processes that involve the participation of specialized membrane structures and their associated proteins. In this study, we used an MS to analyze the profile of proteins associated with osteoclast membranes and focused on the function of channel proteins in osteoclast differentiation and function. We filtered out with a SEQUEST score greater than 10 and a peptide hit number of more than 2, resulting in the identification of 499 proteins that were commonly found in both macrophages and osteoclasts, 96 proteins selectively found in osteoclasts, and 179 proteins selectively found in macrophages. The proteins that were selectively found in osteoclasts were classified based on their localizations: plasma membrane (17%), ER/Golgi and lysosome/endosome (15%), mitochondrion (18%), nucleus (13%), cytosol (19%), and unknown (18%). Proteins associated with osteoclast function such as v-ATPase, IGF2R, TRAP, and cathepsin K were found in osteoclasts as previously shown. We found several ion channel proteins such as Ank and Nhedc2 and signaling molecules such as Dock5 and RAB-10 in osteoclasts. Inhibition of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger family by amiloride suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast fusion and bone resorption. In addition, shRNA for Nhedc2 inhibited osteoclast differentiation. Our results provide a proteomic profile of osteoclast membrane proteins and identify Nhedc2, which is probably associated with proton transport in osteoclasts, as a regulator of osteoclast function.
Zero-dispersion stochastic resonance in a model for a superconducting quantum interference device (1998)

It is demonstrated that the signal-to-noise ratio for a weak periodic signal in a superconductive loop with a Josephson junction (a superconducting quantum interference device, or SQUID) can be substantially enhanced, over a wide range of frequencies, by the addition of noise. This manifestation of zero-dispersion stochastic resonance (ZDSR) is shown to occur for a wide variety of loop parameters and signal frequencies. Unlike most earlier examples of stochastic resonance, ZDSR does not depend on fluctuational transitions between coexisting stable states. Rather, it exploits the noise-enhanced susceptibility that arises in underdamped nonlinear oscillators for which the oscillation eigenfrequency possesses one or more extrema as a function of energy. The phenomenon is investigated theoretically, and by means of analog and digital simulations. It is suggested that ZDSR could be used to enhance the sensitivity of radio-frequency SQUIDs and other SQUID-based devices. In the course of the work, two additional useful results were obtained: (a) an asymptotic expression describing ZDSR for the general case in the limit of weak dissipation; (b) a method for the numerical calculation of fluctuation spectra in bistable or multistable underdamped systems.
Pt Nanocrystals:  Shape Control and Langmuir−Blodgett Monolayer Formation (2004)

We report the synthesis of monodisperse Pt nanocrystals with three different shapes-cubes, cuboctahedra, and octahedra, selectively, with similar sizes of 9-10 nm by a modified polyol process. We found that addition of silver ion enhances the crystal growth rate along 100, and essentially determines the shape and surface structure of the Pt nanocrystals. After the reaction, the silver species can be easily removed by repetitive precipitation giving pure Pt nanoparticles. Two-dimensional arrays of the Pt nanocrystals were assembled by using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. The particles were evenly distributed on the entire substrate, and their surface coverage and density can be precisely controlled by tuning the surface pressure. The resulting Pt LB layers are potential candidates for 2-D model catalysts as a result of their high surface area and the structural uniformity of the metal nanocrystals.