gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for coronavirus discontinuous transcription (1994)

Coronavirus subgenomic mRNA possesses a 5'-end leader sequence which is derived from the 5' end of genomic RNA and is linked to the mRNA body sequence. This study examined whether coronavirus transcription involves a discontinuous transcription step; the possibility that a leader sequence from mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) genomic RNA could be used for MHV subgenomic defective interfering (DI) RNA transcription was examined. This was tested by using helper viruses and DI RNAs that were easily distinguishable. MHV JHM variant JHM(2), which synthesizes a subgenomic mRNA encoding the HE gene, and variant JHM(3-9), which does not synthesize this mRNA, were used. An MHV DI RNA, DI(J3-9), was constructed to contain a JHM(3-9)-derived leader sequence and an inserted intergenic region derived from the region preceding the MHV JHM HE gene. DI(J3-9) replicated efficiently in JHM(2)- or JHM(3-9)-infected cells, whereas synthesis of subgenomic DI RNAs was observed only in JHM(2)-infected cells. Sequence analyses demonstrated that the 5' regions of both helper virus genomic RNAs and genomic DI RNAs maintained their original sequences in DI RNA-replicating cells, indicating that the genomic leader sequences derived from JHM(2) functioned for subgenomic DI RNA transcription. Replication and transcription of DI(J3-9) were observed in cells infected with an MHV A59 strain whose leader sequence was similar to that of JHM(2), except for one nucleotide substitution within the leader sequence. The 5' region of the helper virus genomic RNA and that of the DI RNA were the same as their original structures in virus-infected cells, and the leader sequence of DI(J3-9) subgenomic DI RNA contained the MHV A59-derived leader sequence. The leader sequence of subgenomic DI RNA was derived from that of helper virus; therefore, the genomic leader sequence had a trans-acting property indicative of a discontinuous step in coronavirus transcription.
Mitoprotection preserves the renal vasculature in porcine metabolic syndrome (2018)

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) induces intrarenal microvascular disease, which may involve mitochondrial injury. The mitochondrial cardiolipin-targeting peptide elamipretide (ELAM) improves the microcirculation in post-stenotic kidneys, but its ability to attenuate MetS-induced renal vascular damage is unknown. We hypothesized that chronic treatment with ELAM would decrease renal vascular remodelling and function in swine MetS. Pigs were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated for the last 4 weeks with daily injections of ELAM (0.1 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> ), and lean control (Lean) animals (n = 6 each). Single-kidney regional perfusion, blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were measured with multi-detector computed tomography (CT). Peritubular capillary (PTC) endothelial cell (EC) mitochondrial density and cardiolipin content were assessed in situ, as were PTC-EC apoptosis and oxidative stress. The spatial density of PTCs (Haematoxylin and Eosin staining) and renal microvessels (micro-CT), and renal artery endothelial function (organ bath) were characterized. Regional perfusion and serum creatinine were preserved in MetS pigs, but renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were higher compared with Lean. Mitochondrial density and cardiolipin content were diminished in MetS PTC-ECs, but improved in ELAM-treated pigs, as did PTC density. Elamipretide also attenuated PTC-EC oxidative stress and apoptosis. Furthermore, ELAM improved renal microvascular density, decreased microvascular remodelling and restored endothelial nitric oxide expression and endothelium-dependent relaxation of renal artery segments. In conclusion, MetS-induced mitochondrial alterations might contribute to renal PTC and microvascular loss and might impair renal artery endothelial function in pigs. Mitoprotection with ELAM preserved a hierarchy of renal vessels, underscoring its potential to ameliorate renal vascular injury in MetS.
A Study of the Reproducibility of Muscle Testing and Certain Other Aspects of Muscle Scoring* (1954)

Journal Article A Study of the Reproducibility of Muscle Testing and Certain Other Aspects of Muscle Scoring Get access Abraham M. Lilienfeld, M.D., M.P.H., Abraham M. Lilienfeld, M.D., M.P.H. 1Abraham M. Lilienfeld, M.D., M.P.H., Consultant to CDC, and Director, National Gamma Globulin Evaluation Center; Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Miriam Jacobs, B.A., Miriam Jacobs, B.A. 2Miriam Jacobs, Instructor, Physical Therapy, D. T. Watson School of Physiatrics, Leetsdale, Pennsylvania. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Myron Willis, M.A. Myron Willis, M.A. 3Myron Willis, Statistician, Epidemiology Branch, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Physical Therapy, Volume 34, Issue 6, 1 June 1954, Pages 279–289, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/34.6.279 Published: 01 June 1954
A compensative driving method for common‐electrode voltage distortions in TFT‐LCDs (1993)

Abstract— The results of the investigation and analysis of common‐electrode (counter‐electrode) voltage distortions in TFT‐LCDs are described. The distortions are mainly caused by voltage changes in signal bus‐lines and lead to horizontal crosstalk and degradation of the contrast ratio. A new driving method, in which an ac voltage is applied independently to the storage‐capacitor bus‐lines, is proposed to compensate for the distortions. The effect has been confirmed by comparing it with a conventional driving method by waveform observation, horizontal‐crosstalk observation, and signal‐voltage‐light‐transmission characteristics in both common‐dc and common‐ac drives. It has been further confirmed that the new method can compensate for another distortion of voltages across the liquid‐crystal layer, which does not occur for the common‐dc drive.
Smart parking solutions for urban areas (2013)

Finding a parking place in a busy city centre is often a frustrating task for many drivers; time and fuel are wasted in the quest for a vacant spot and traffic in the area increases due to the slow moving vehicles circling around. In this paper, we present the results of a survey on the needs of drivers from parking infrastructures from a smart services perspective. As smart parking systems are becoming a necessity in today's urban areas, we discuss the latest trends in parking availability monitoring, parking reservation and dynamic pricing schemes. We also examine how these schemes can be integrated forming technologically advanced parking infrastructures whose aim is to benefit both the drivers and the parking operators alike.
Micropatterning of Block Copolymer Solutions (2002)

Submicron patterns of block copolymers were generated using an elastomeric mold against solutions of block copolymers. To prevent the swelling of the elastomeric mold by the solvent used in the block copolymer solution, a thin layer of amorphous fluorinated polymer was coated on the surface of the mold. The comparison of patterns generated using an unmodified mold with those generated using a modified mold is also reported. Coupled with their microphase separation at nanometer scale, these block copolymer patterns can be applied in nanofabrication as nanotemplates.
Iron mobilization from ferritin using <i>α</i>-oxohydroxy heteroaromatic chelators (1986)

Several alpha-oxohydroxy heteroaromatic chelators have been shown to mobilize iron from horse spleen ferritin. Although the reactions were slow, taking up to 3 days to reach completion, the amounts of iron mobilized were higher than those reported for other chelators. These results increase the prospects for the clinical use of alpha-oxohydroxy chelators in the treatment of iron overload.
A personal identity annotation overlay system using a wearable computer for augmented reality (2003)

There is surely no doubt that computers play an important role in our life. The use of computers ranges from convenient tools like calculators to various lives saving equipment. They help to save a great amount of human effort in many areas. To accomplish special tasks in different workplaces, it would be of great advantage to develop proper devices and to use wearable computers to meet the goals successfully. That is why we use the support of different kinds of computers such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), personal digital assistant (PDA), digital bar code reader, etc. Using a portable or wearable computer, we can work outside our offices or even in bed. Thus, our work environment has changed considerably. In many new environments, computers can help us to increase our perception and interaction abilities. Augmented reality (AR) is a good example of a tool used to enhance a human's perception and interaction abilities. AR provides a natural method for presenting computer-generated information by overlaying graphics into a view of the real world. This paper describes a personal identity annotation system using a wearable computer for an AR environment, which allows its user to recognize unknown persons. For implementing, the proposed system uses skin-color pixels coupled with shape and face features to detect and track faces in images taken by a wearable camera. Faces in a view are detected by searching for connected regions of skin color pixels. For each region big enough, an elliptic area is determined with the highest image gradient magnitude around the perimeter and the highest number of enclosed skin color pixels. The face regions enclosed by the determined ellipses are then used by the system to recognize multiple faces based on the face similarity. Experimental results show that the proposed system has both quality and performance to be used as a guiding system for visitors in various equipments.
Relationship Between the Level of Serum Adiponectin and Insulin Resistance of Children Aged 1-36 Months Born Small for Gestational Age (2011)

Objective
To investigate the relationship between the level of serum adiponectin and insulin resistance(IR) in children aged 1-36 months born small for gestational age (SGA).


Methods
A total of 71 children born SGA and 31 children born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) with the same age were assigned to SGA group (n= 71) and AGA group(n= 31). The concentration of serum adiponectin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and fasting insulin (FINS) were measured in these two groups. Anthropometric indicators were also obtained at the same time. Insulin sensitivity index and IR index both were calculated. Those who had congenital diseases, metabolism diseases, cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, tuberculosis, hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome and some other chronic diseases are excluded from this study. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.


Results
① Among the 71 subjects in SGA group, 25 were eliminated for some kinds of reason. Finally 46 children corresponded the conclusion and exclusion standard. ②There were no difference in gender and age between SGA and AGA groups(χ2=0.377, P>0.05; χ2=0.064,P>0.05). In addition, there were no difference in the feeding after birth and complication (P>0.05). ③The weight, weight Z score, height, height Z score and chest circumference were found significant difference between two groups (P 0.05). ⑤ There was a negative correlation between the level of serum adiponectin and BMI(R=—0.304, P 0.05). ⑥The level of serum adiponectin in SGA group was lower than that in AGA group and statistically significant difference was showed (P < 0.05). ⑦ Multiple linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between the level of serum adiponectin and BMI (R=-0.304, P<0.05), BMI was the influencing factor of serum adiponectin (R= 0.336, R2= 0.113).


Conclusion
Children of SGA who aged 1-36 months did not achieve IR yet. There was a negative correlation between serum adiponectin and BMI. The level of serum adiponectin is reduced. Children of SGA had higher risk to develop IR than AGA infants.


Key words: 
small for gestational age; catch-up growth; insulin resistance; adiponectin; insulin
Variability of cardiac output over time in medical intensive care unit patients (1994)

Objectives To determine the amount of spontaneous variability of cardiac output over time in critically ill patients, and to determine the effect of mechanical ventilation on cardiac output variability over time. Design Case series. Setting Medical intensive care unit in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients Twenty-two patients with indwelling pulmonary artery flotation catheters were studied. Two patients were studied twice. Interventions During a 1-hr time period in which no interventions were required or made, thermodilution cardiac output was determined at baseline and then every 15 mins for 1 hr. At each time point, five individual cardiac output measurements were made and a mean was computed. The covariables of heart rate, respiration rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, and temperature were also recorded at each time point. Measurements and Main Results The variability of the five cardiac output measurements made at each time point was expressed by calculating for each patient a coefficient of variation of the measurements. The overall mean coefficient of variation of the measurements was 5.8%. The variability of the cardiac output measurements over time was expressed by calculating for each patient a coefficient of variation over time. The overall mean coefficient of variation over time was 7.7%. A subgroup of 15 “covariable stable‘’ patients (defined as those patients with covariables within ±5% of the mean covariable values during the hour) had a mean coefficient of variation over time of 6.4%, whereas “covariable unstable‘’ patients (with >±5% changes in any covariable) had a mean coefficient of variation over time of 9.9% (p < .05). Patients breathing spontaneously had a mean coefficient of variation over time of 10.1%, whereas mechanically ventilated patients had a mean coefficient of variation over time of 6.3% (p < .05). Conclusions The spontaneous variability of cardiac output should be considered when interpreting two cardiac output determinations made at separate times. Due to spontaneous variability alone, a patient with a baseline cardiac output of 10.0 L/min would be expected (95% confidence interval) to have a cardiac output range of 9.2 to 10.8 L/min if covariables were stable, and a range of at least 8.8 to 11.2 L/min if covariables were unstable. Patients who were mechanically ventilated displayed less variability than patients who were breathing spontaneously. (Crit Care Med 1994; 22:225–232)
Analyses of Genotypic Diversity among North, South, and Central American Isolates of<i>Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus</i>: Evidence for Colombian Origins and for Intraspecific Spatial Phylogenetic Variation (2002)

ABSTRACT We have analyzed the genotypic diversity of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) collected from North, South, and Central America by fingerprinting assays and selective cDNA cloning and sequencing. One group of isolates from Colombia, designated the C-population, has been identified as residing at the root node between a separable superpopulation structure of SCYLV and other members of the family Luteoviridae , indicating that the progenitor viruses of the North, South, and Central American isolates of the SCYLV superpopulation most likely arose from a C-population structure. From a model of intrafamilial evolution (F. Moonan et al., Virology 269:156–171, 2000), a prediction could be made that within the SCYLV species, the capacity of genomic sequence divergence would range from lowest in the capsid protein open reading frame 3 (ORF 3) to highest in a region spanning across the carboxy-terminal end of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ORF. We have demonstrated the validity and applicability of this intrafamilial model for the prediction of intraspecies SCYLV diversity. Analysis of spatial phylogenetic variation (SPV) within the SCYLV isolates could not be assessed by application of a “partial likelihoods assessed through optimization” (PLATO)-derived intraspecies model alone. However, application of a PLATO-derived intrafamilial model with the intraspecies-derived model allowed distinction of three forms of SPV. Two of the SPV forms identified correspond to the extremes in a continuum of sequence evolution displayed in a SCYLV superpopulation structure, and the third form was diagnostic of a C-population structure. The application of these types of models has value in terms of predicting the types of SCYLV intraspecies diversity that may exist worldwide, and in general, may be useful in application for more informed design of transgenes for use in the elicitation of homology-dependent virus resistance mechanisms in transgenic plants.
Biosynthesis, asymmetric synthesis, and pharmacology, including cellular targets, of the pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole marine alkaloids (2011)

The pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole (P-2-AI) alkaloids are a growing family of marine alkaloids, now numbering well over 150 members, with high topographical and biological information content. Their intriguing structural complexity, rich and compact stereochemical content, high N to C ratio (~1 : 2), and increasingly studied biological activities are attracting a growing number of researchers from numerous disciplines world-wide. This review surveys advances in this area with a focus on the structural diversity, biosynthetic hypotheses with increasing, but still rare, verifying experimental studies, asymmetric syntheses, and biological studies, including cellular target receptor isolation studies, of this stimulating and exciting alkaloid family.
Evidence for anti-tubulin autoantibodies in the form of immune complexes in human sera. (1988)

Anti-tubulin antibodies were studied in normal human serum either maintained at neutral pH to measure the free antibody activity (FAA) or treated at pH 2.8 to measure the total antibody activity (TAA): FAA + the antibody activity in the form of immune complexes (ICAA). Anti-tubulin antibody activities were assessed by measurements of the capacity of serum immunoglobulins to bind pure 125I-labelled tubulin in a liquid phase radioimmune assay or to immunoprecipitate unlabelled tubulin revealed by Western blot using anti-alpha- or anti-beta-tubulin monoclonal antibodies. Acid buffer-treated serum and untreated serum at a 1:200 dilution immunoprecipitated about 35% and 4% of labelled tubulin, respectively. TAA was therefore 8- to 10-fold higher than FFA. Anti-tubulin antibody titres corresponding to TAA and FAA were about 1:20,000 and 1:500, respectively. The Western blot analysis confirmed that the acid buffer-treatment of the serum dramatically increased the capacity of serum immunoglobulins to immunoprecipitate tubulin. TAA was studied in patients with Graves' disease with elevated FAA. TAA of the sera of control subjects and patients with Graves' disease were not significantly different, so an increase of FAA was related to a decrease of ICAA. These results indicate that (a) normal human serum contains high levels of anti-tubulin antibodies in the form of immune complexes which are dissociated by an acid buffer treatment, (b) these immune complexes exist in the presence of a small excess of free anti-tubulin antibodies, (c) the equilibrium between free and immune complex-bound anti-tubulin antibodies could be altered in patients with autoimmune diseases.
Micro-RNAs as regulators and possible diagnostic bio-markers in inflammatory bowel disease (2011)

Not fully defined pathophysiologic mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involve an array of genetic, epigenetic, infectious, physiological and immunological factors. Nowadays, an inadequate activation of the innate immune system to a luminal factor occurring in genetically predisposed subjects is the most widely accepted today. Micro-autoimmune diseases, a group of small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules act as potent negative gene regulators. Beyond cancer and various autoimmune diseases, their impact on IBD has recently been the focus of research. Differential expression of various micro-RNAs has been documented in active and inactive ulcerative colitis, while micro-RNA profile appears to differ between ileal and colonic Crohn's disease. Except for tissue samples, attempts have been made to estimate similar differences at patients' blood samples. Apart from offering new directions in related research, these molecules arise as useful diagnostic tools and potential therapeutic targets. This review focuses on micro-RNA alterations in IBD and their potential implication on immunologic deregulation.
Detailed Analysis of Skype Traffic (2008)

Skype is beyond any doubt the VoIP application in the current Internet application spectrum. Its amazing success has drawn the attention of telecom operators and the research community, both interested in knowing its internal mechanisms, characterizing its traffic, understanding its users' behavior. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of traffic streams generated by voice and video communications, and the signaling traffic generated by Skype. Our approach is twofold, as we make use of both active and passive measurement techniques to gather a deep understanding on the traffic Skype generates. From extensive testbed experiments, we devise a source model which takes into account: i) the service type, i.e., SkypeOut calls or calls between two Skype clients, ii) the selected source Codec, iii) the adopted transport layer protocol, and iv) network conditions. Leveraging on the use of an accurate Skype classification engine that we recently proposed, we study and characterize Skype traffic based on extensive passive measurements collected from our campus LAN.
Mechanical anisotropy of the human knee articular cartilage in compression (2003)

Articular cartilage exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties when subjected to tension. However, mechanical anisotropy of mature cartilage in compression is poorly known. In this study, both confined and unconfined compression tests of cylindrical cartilage discs, taken from the adult human patello-femoral groove and cut either perpendicular (normal disc) or parallel (tangential disc) to the articular surface, were utilized to determine possible anisotropy in Young's modulus, E, aggregate modulus, Ha, Poisson's ratio, v and hydraulic permeability, k, of articular cartilage. The results indicated that Ha was significantly higher in the direction parallel to the articular surface as compared with the direction perpendicular to the surface (Ha = 1.237 +/- 0.486 MPa versus Ha = 0.845 +/- 0.383 MPa, p = 0.017, n = 10). The values of Poisson's ratio were similar, 0.158 +/- 0.148 for normal discs compared with 0.180 +/- 0.046 for tangential discs. Analysis using the linear biphasic model revealed that the decrease of permeability during the offset compression of 0-20 per cent was higher (p = 0.015, n = 10) in normal (from 25.5 x 10(-15) to 1.8 x 10(-15) m4/N s) than in tangential (from 12.3 x 10(-15) to 1.3 x 10(-15) m4/N s) discs. Based on the results, it is concluded that the mechanical characteristics of adult femoral groove articular cartilage are anisotropic also during compression. Anisotropy during compression may be essential for normal cartilage function. This property has to be considered when developing advanced theoretical models for cartilage biomechanics.