gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The development of the Edinburgh modular arm system (2001)

Modularity has not been investigated in any significant way in the development of upper-limb prostheses. The components currently available are the results of different research programmes conducted at different times by a variety of academic and commercial teams. The result is a historical hodge-podge of systems which are largely mutually exclusive in terms of compatibility. The Edinburgh work seeks to solve this problem by designing components which are neutral in structural terms so that left- and right-handed prostheses can be configured from the same basic parts. Currently, child and adult components are separate items; this does not need to be the case and the design presented here allows adult elbow parts to be used as children's shoulders. This paper will cover the rationale behind the design values and the technical aspects of the development.
<i>CARAGANA</i>FABR. PROMOTES REVEGETATION AND SOIL REHABILITATION IN SALINE-ALKALI WASTELAND (2012)

To determine how plantations of Caragana microphylla shrubs affect saline-alkali soil amelioration and revegetation, we investigated the vegetation and sampled soils from saline-alkali wasteland (SAW), perennial Caragana forestland (PCF), Caragana forest after fire disturbance (CFF). Results showed that with the development of Caragana Fabr., highly dominant species of Poaceae family, including Elymus dahuricus, Thermopsis lanceolata, Stipa tianschanica, died out in PCF. Moreover, Papilionaceaefamily, including Lespedeza indica, Oxytropis psammocharis, and Astragalus scaberrimus, was established both in PCF and CFF. Phytoremediation of saline-alkali wasteland (SAW) was achieved by plantation, resulting in the reduced soil pH, sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, salinity, and Na+ concentration around Caragana shrubs. Greater amounts of soil organic, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were observed in PCF topsoil than in SAW topsoil The concentration of mineralized N in PCF soil was significantly lower than that in SAW soil at all sampled depths, indicating that Caragana shrubs were just using N and therefore less measured in soils. Fire disturbance resulted in decreased soil pH and salinity, but increased organic content, total nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen. The improved soil parameters and self-recovery of shrubs indicated that Caragana shrubs were well established after burning event.
Solar thermophotovoltaics: Progress, challenges, and opportunities (2019)

Solar thermophotovoltaics (STPV), which utilizes the full spectrum of solar energy, possesses a high theoretical system efficiency of 85.4% that well beats the Shockley-Queisser limit of traditional photovoltaics. However, the experimental efficiency reported so far is still less than 10% due to a variety of optical and/or thermal losses. Based on the system efficiency analysis, we first summarize the key components of ideal STPV, which can be divided into the material/structure level and system level. We then introduce new types of solar powered thermophotovoltaics and hybrid STPV systems integrated with other energy conversion systems. A perspective is provided at the end to discuss the challenges and opportunities.
Current techniques in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures (1988)

Subtrochanteric fractures have been prone to nonunion and implant failure following internal fixation due in part to the high level of stress applied regularly to that area of the femur. A classification of these fractures based on current treatment options is offered. The use of intramedullary nails is encouraged for treatment of subtrochanteric fractures whenever possible. Recent studies have demonstrated improved results with the use of intramedullary nails when the fracture pattern will allow.
Symmetric source implementation for the ADI-FDTD method (2005)

The alternating-direction-implicit finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD) method has been introduced to overcome the Courant limit present in the standard FDTD scheme. However, the ADI-FDTD scheme may produce small asymmetries in the field distributions according to the source implementation. In this communication, we compare different source implementation strategies and show that ADI-FDTD scheme has no asymmetry errors up to the numerical noise level, and can be implemented most accurately if the excitation is directly incorporated within the tridiagonal matrix and if the time discretization of the source is done appropriately within each full time step.
Bacterial and archaeal communities in the deep-sea sediments of inactive hydrothermal vents in the Southwest India Ridge (2016)

Active deep-sea hydrothermal vents harbor abundant thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms. However, microbial communities in inactive hydrothermal vents have not been well documented. Here, we investigated bacterial and archaeal communities in the two deep-sea sediments (named as TVG4 and TVG11) collected from inactive hydrothermal vents in the Southwest India Ridge using the high-throughput sequencing technology of Illumina MiSeq2500 platform. Based on the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene, sequence analysis showed that bacterial communities in the two samples were dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Furthermore, archaeal communities in the two samples were dominated by Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Comparative analysis showed that (i) TVG4 displayed the higher bacterial richness and lower archaeal richness than TVG11; (ii) the two samples had more divergence in archaeal communities than bacterial communities. Bacteria and archaea that are potentially associated with nitrogen, sulfur metal and methane cycling were detected in the two samples. Overall, we first provided a comparative picture of bacterial and archaeal communities and revealed their potentially ecological roles in the deep-sea environments of inactive hydrothermal vents in the Southwest Indian Ridge, augmenting microbial communities in inactive hydrothermal vents.
Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Increase Calcium Retention in Cottage Cheese Curd (1988)

ABSTRACT The effect of several alternative methods including addition of rennet, addition of carrageenan and use of 2:1 (v/v) preconcentrated skim milk by ultrafiltration (UF) upon calcium retention, yield, composition and sensory properties of dry curd cottage cheese was investigated. Although each of the processing methods resulted in the manufacture of dry curd cottage cheese with different compositions and properties, none of them was satisfactory for increasing calcium retention. Added carrageenan bound additional whey proteins, added rennet interfered with curd syneresis and whey expulsion during cooking and use of UF preconcentrated skim milk resulted in an increase in yield, total solids and protein of the curd.
Overproduction of recombinant human VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. (2008)

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are a family of proteins that mediate angiogenesis. VEGF165 is a VEGF-A isoform and has been extensively studied owing to its potential use in therapeutic angiogenesis. This study established Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing recombinant human VEGF165 (rhVEGF165) protein. The production rate of the established CHO cells was over 80 mg/l of rhVEGF165 protein from a 7-day batch culture process using a 7.5-l bioreactor with a 5-l working volume and serum-free medium. The rhVEGF165 protein was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant using a two-step chromatographic procedure that resulted in a 48% recovery rate. The purified rhVEGF165 protein was a glycosylated homodimeric protein with a higher molecular weight (MW) than the protein expressed from insect cells, suggesting that the glycosylation of the rhVEGF165 protein in CHO cells differed from that in insect cells. The purified rhVEGF165 protein in this study was functionally active with a half-maximal effective concentration of 3.8 ng/ ml and specific activity of 2.5 x 105 U/mg.
Enzymatic synthesis of medium‐chain triacylglycerols by alcoholysis and interesterification of copra oil using a crude papain lipase preparation (2004)

Abstract We have examined the possibility of producing analogs of medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) from copra oil, i.e. a triacylglycerol mixture with a high content of medium‐chain fatty acid moieties (C 6 –C 10 ). A two‐step enzymatic process was used in which copra triacylglycerols were first split with papain lipase by alcoholysis with an alkyl alcohol and then subjected to interesterification with the alkyl esters recovered using papain lipase. Effects of temperature, water activity content, substrate ratio, biocatalyst amount, and alcohol chain length were also investigated. On the one hand, the sn ‐3 stereoselectivity of the lipase in the alcoholysis of copra oil with butanol has permitted a direct enrichment of caproic, caprylic and capric moieties in the synthesized butyl esters. Thus, in the batch reactor, the reaction led to about 31% conversion of the oil after 24 h, and the content of C 6 –C 10 acids in the synthesized esters increased from about 16% in the starting oil to almost 42%. A similar enzymatic alcoholysis in a packed‐bed column bioreactor gave 31% conversion of the oil after 120 min of reactor residence time. The reaction was also very selective because the C 6 –C 10 fatty acyl groups represented about half of the newly formed butyl esters, whereas they accounted for only 16% of total fatty acids in the starting oil. On the other hand, the transesterification of the alkyl esters recovered (highly enriched in C 6 –C 10 fatty acyl groups) with native copra oil directly led to an increase in the content of MCT in the oil, from 18 mol‐% at the beginning of the reaction to 61 mol‐% of MCT after a time period of 72 h in the batch reactor.
Treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer: Controversies and questions (2012)

Rectal cancers extending through the rectal wall, or involving locoregional lymph nodes (T3/4 or N1/2), have been more difficult to cure. The confines of the bony pelvis and the necessity of preserving the autonomic nerves makes surgical extirpation challenging, which accounts for the high rates of local and distant relapse in this setting. Combined multimodality treatment for rectal cancer stage II and III was recommended from National Institute of Health consensus. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation using fluoropyrimidine-based regimen prior to surgical resection has emerged as the standard of care in the United States. Optimal time of surgery after neoadjuvant treatment remained unclear and prospective randomized controlled trial is ongoing. Traditionally, 6-8 wk waiting period was commonly used. The accuracy of studies attempting to determine tumor complete response remains problematic. Currently, surgery remains the standard of care for rectal cancer patients following neoadjuvant chemoradiation, whereas observational management is still investigational. In this article, we outline trends and controversies associated with optimal pre-treatment staging, neoadjuvant therapies, surgery, and adjuvant therapy.
Experimental Cholera in the Rabbit Intestinal Loop: Fluid Accumulation and Sodium Pump Inhibition (1967)

Journal Article Experimental Cholera in the Rabbit Intestinal Loop: Fluid Accumulation and Sodium Pump Inhibition Get access Gordon J. Leitch, Gordon J. Leitch From the Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William Burrows, William Burrows From the Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Loren C. Stolle Loren C. Stolle From the Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 117, Issue 3, June 1967, Pages 197–202, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/117.3.197 Published: 01 June 1967 Article history Received: 29 October 1966 Published: 01 June 1967
Image Description and Matching Scheme for Identical Image Searching (2009)

This paper presents image description and matching scheme for identical image searching. In the proposed extraction scheme, an image is described by spatial and statistical features, and these features are combined. The concentric square partition is used for spatial feature. And three-transforms are adapted for statistical feature. The spatial feature is formed to binary code by hashing and the statistical feature is formed into three-dimensional histogram. The matching schemes are designed hierarchically using proposed spatial and statistical features. When we adapt the proposed whole description and matching scheme to search identical image, overall performance become 98.63% in Correct Search Ratio (CSR).
Cloning, expression, and mutagenesis of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus: a potential staphylococcal virulence factor (1993)

Staphylococcus aureus secretes a phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) which is able to hydrolyze the membrane lipid PI and membrane protein anchors containing glycosyl-PI. The gene for PI-PLC (plc) was cloned from S. aureus into Escherichia coli. Oligonucleotide probes based on partial protein sequence and polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified protein were used to identify positive clones. E. coli transformed with a plasmid containing the plc gene expressed PI-PLC enzyme activity which was abolished by mutagenesis with a tetracycline resistance gene. The plc gene was present in all 15 S. aureus strains examined but not in any of 6 coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. The plc gene contained 984 bp and coded for a mature protein with a calculated molecular mass of 34,107 Da. Amino acid sequence comparisons indicated that the staphylococcal plc gene was similar (51 to 56%) to the PI-PLCs from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Listeria monocytogenes. The recombinant PI-PLC expressed in E. coli was purified and exhibited biochemical properties identical to those of the native PI-PLC from S. aureus. PI-PLC production was decreased in agr mutant strains of S. aureus. However, PI-PLC production by both agr+ and agr mutant strains exhibited a similar dependence on the type of medium used. These data suggested that PI-PLC production was regulated by both agr-dependent and agr-independent mechanisms.
Intrinsic interference-aware adaptive FBMC transmission with automatic modulation classification (2017)

This manuscript analyzes an adaptive filter bank multicarrier transmission system in which intrinsic interference arising from imperfect equalization is taken into account in the bit loading (BL) and automatic modulation classification (AMC) method. Designated for highly frequency-selective fading channels, a general filter design for a subcarrier-independent channel equalization is presented. Furthermore, this contribution investigates the influence of residual interference after multi-tap equalization on the signal-to-interference-and-noise power ratio in application to adaptive techniques such as BL and AMC which rely on the information about the subcarrier link quality. Simulation results for a typical indoor propagation setup reveal a considerable system performance improvement at high signal-to-noise power ratios (SNRs) when utilizing the information about the interference power in the considered BL and AMC method whereas a minor advantage is obtained at low SNRs.
Cryopreservation of enucleated human neutrophils (PMN cytoplasts) (1984)

Previously, we have shown that enucleated human neutrophils (PMN cytoplasts), when activated by particulate or fluid stimuli, generate superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at rates comparable (per unit area of plasma membrane) to those observed with intact neutrophils. Moreover, PMN cytoplasts also ingest and, to a certain extent, kill bacteria. We now report that PMN cytoplasts can be cryopreserved with maintenance of their functional activity. The PMN cytoplasts were frozen in a medium with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum and 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide, and stored at -70 degrees C. After thawing and washing, the recovery was 75%. The content of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, the consumption of oxygen and generation of hydrogen peroxide, and the rate of phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was the same for fresh and cryopreserved PMN cytoplasts. Identical values were obtained after preservation in liquid nitrogen. These results open possibilities to store neutrophil material, allowing longitudinal follow-up of patients, comparative studies between different patients, exchange of material between laboratories, and storage of reference material for experiments in series.
Diffusion and Electrical Properties of Boron and Arsenic Doped Poly‐Si and Poly‐ Ge x Si1 − x (x ∼ 0.3) as Gate Material for Sub‐0.25 μm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Applications (1997)

In this paper the texture, morphology, diffusion and electrical (de‐) activation of dopants in polycrystalline GexSi1-x and Si have been studied in detail. For gate doping B+,BF2+ and As+ were used and thermal budgets were chosen to be compatible with deep submicron CMOS processes. Diffusion of dopants is different for GeSi alloys, B diffuses significantly more slowly and As has a much faster diffusion in GeSi. For B doped samples both electrical activation and mobility are higher compared to poly‐Si. Also for the first time, BF2+ data of doped layers are presented, these show the same trend as the B doped samples but with an overall higher sheet resistance. For arsenic doping, activation and mobility are lower compared to poly‐Si, resulting in a higher sheet resistance. The dopant deactivation due to long low temperature steps after the final activation anneal is also found to be quite different. Boron‐doped GeSi samples show considerable reduced deactivation whereas arsenic shows a higher deactivation rate. The electrical properties are interpreted in terms of different grain size, quality and properties of the grain boundaries, defects, dopant clustering, and segregation, and the solid solubility of the dopants.
Annexin A1 restores Aβ<sub>1‐42</sub>‐induced blood–brain barrier disruption through the inhibition of RhoA‐<scp>ROCK</scp> signaling pathway (2016)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of brain capillary endothelial cells and has an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the brain separating the blood from the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS). It is widely known that disruption of the BBB occurs in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Annexin A1 (ANXA1), an anti-inflammatory messenger, is expressed in brain endothelial cells and regulates the BBB integrity. However, its role and mechanism for protecting BBB in AD have not been identified. We found that β-Amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42)-induced BBB disruption was rescued by human recombinant ANXA1 (hrANXA1) in the murine brain endothelial cell line bEnd.3. Also, ANXA1 was decreased in the bEnd.3 cells, the capillaries of 5XFAD mice, and the human serum of patients with AD. To find out the mechanism by which ANXA1 recovers the BBB integrity in AD, the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway was examined in both Aβ42-treated bEnd.3 cells and the capillaries of 5XFAD mice as RhoA was activated in both cases. RhoA inhibitors alleviated Aβ42-induced BBB disruption and constitutively overexpressed RhoA-GTP (active form of RhoA) attenuated the protective effect of ANXA1. When pericytes were cocultured with bEnd.3 cells, Aβ42-induced RhoA activation of bEnd.3 cells was inhibited by the secretion of ANXA1 from pericytes. Taken together, our results suggest that ANXA1 restores Aβ42-induced BBB disruption through inhibition of RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway and we propose ANXA1 as a therapeutic reagent, protecting against the breakdown of the BBB in AD.
Traffic Trace Artifacts due to Monitoring Via Port Mirroring (2007)

Port-mirroring techniques are supported by many of today's medium and high-end Ethernet switches. The ubiquity and low-cost of port mirroring has made it a popular method for collecting packet traces. Despite its wide-spread use little work has been reported on the impacts of this monitoring method upon the measured network traffic. In particular, we focus upon each of delay and jitter (tinting difference), packet-reordering, and packet-loss statistics. We compare the port-mirroring method with inserting a passive TAP (test access point), such as a fibre splitter, into a monitored link. Despite a passive TAP being transparent to monitored traffic, port-mirroring popularity arises from its limited set-up disruption, and (potentially) easier management This paper documents experimental comparison of traffic using the passive TAP and port-mirroring functionality, and shows that port-mirroring will introduce significant changes to the inter-packet timing, packet-reordering, and packet-loss - even at very low levels of utilisation.
Face Feature Extraction: A Complete Review (2017)

Feature extraction is vital for face recognition. In this paper, we focus on the general feature extraction framework for robust face recognition. We collect about 300 papers regarding face feature extraction. While some works apply handcrafted features, other works employ statistical learning methods. We believe that a general framework for face feature extraction consists of four major components: filtering, encoding, spatial pooling, and holistic representation. We analyze each component in detail. Each component could be applied in a task with multiple levels. Then, we provide a brief review of deep learning networks, which can be seen as a hierarchical extension of the framework above. Finally, we provide a detailed performance comparison of various features on LFW and FERET face database.
Impact of Dissociation Constant on the Detection Sensitivity of Polymerization-Based Signal Amplification Reactions (2013)

Many studies have demonstrated the concept of using free-radical polymerization reactions to provide signal amplification so that molecular recognition events indicative of disease states may be detected in a simple and low-cost manner. We provide the first systematic study of how the dissociation constant impacts detection sensitivity in these assays, having chosen a range of dissociation constants (nanomolar to picomolar) that is typical of those encountered in molecular diagnostic applications that detect protein-protein binding events. In addition, we use experimental results to validate a mass-action kinetic model that may be used to predict assay performance as an alternative or supplement to the empirical approach to developing new polymerization-based amplification assays that has characterized the field to date.