gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of a Novel Cyclohexene Version of Carbovir. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
[Review: Segmentation and classification methods of 3D medical images]. (2002)

This paper presents a survey of recent publications (published in 1990 or later) concerning segmentation and classification of medical images. These methods will be classified into six types: cluster (threshold), statistics methods, deformable contour, region growing, mathematics morphology, nonlinear methods (fuzzy segmentation, neural networks, genetic algorithm) and 3D model. Each of the major classes of image segmentation and classification techniques and several specific examples of each class of algorithm are described respectively in detail. At last, the developing trend of 3D medical image is also discussed.
Exercise causes blood glutathione oxidation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevention by O<sub>2</sub> therapy (1996)

The aim of the present study was to determine whether glutathione oxidation occurs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients who perform exercise and whether this could be prevented. Blood glutathione red-ox ratio [oxidized-to-reduced glutathione (GSSG/ GSH)] was significantly increased when patients performed exercise for a short period of time until exhaustion. Their resting blood GSSG/GSH was 0.039 +/- 0.008 (SD) (n = 5), whereas after exercise it increased to 0.085 +/- 0.019, P < 0.01. Glutathione oxidation associated with exercise was partially prevented by oxygen therapy (resting value: 0.037 +/- 0.014, n = 5; after exercise: 0.047 +/- 0.016, n = 5, P < 0.01). We conclude that light exercise causes an oxidation of glutathione in COPD patients, which can be partially prevented by oxygen therapy.
Metal-Binding Characteristics of the Gamma-Glutamyl Capsular Polymer of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> ATCC 9945 (1990)

The metal-binding affinity of the anionic poly-gamma-d-glutamyl capsule of Bacillus licheniformis was investigated by using Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Cu. Purified capsule was suspended in various concentrations of the chloride salts of the various metals, and after dialysis the bound metals were analyzed either by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy or by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Exposure of purified capsule to excess concentrations of Na revealed it to contain 8.2 mumol of anionic sites per mg on the basis of Na binding. This was confirmed by titration of the capsule with HCl and NaOH. Other metal ions were then added in ionic concentrations equivalent to 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, and 400% of the available anionic sites. The binding characteristics varied with the metal being investigated. Addition of Cu, Al, Cr, or Fe induced flocculation. These metal ions showed the greatest affinity for B. licheniformis capsule in competitive-binding experiments. Flocculation was not seen with the addition of other metal ions. With the exception of Ni and Fe all capsule-metal-binding sites readily saturated. Ni had low affinity for the polymer, and its binding was increased at high metal concentrations. Fe binding resulted in the development of rust-colored ferrihydrite which itself could bind additional metal. Metal-binding characteristics of B. licheniformis capsule appear to be influenced by the chemical and physical properties of both the capsule and the metal ions.
Review : Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Biomedical Applications (1986)

The recent advances in the preparation, characterization and biomedical appli cations of novel polymeric materials obtained by complexing polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions are reviewed. A broad definition of a "polymeric complex" was adopted that includes not only stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric poly electrolyte complexes but also some colloids and dispersions based on polymeric materials. The use of interpolymer complexes for modifying enzymes, for mak ing special membranes, for stabilizing dispersions and for drug delivery is in cluded.
Oscillating search algorithms for feature selection (2002)

A new sub-optimal subset search method for feature selection is introduced. As opposed to other subset selection methods the oscillating search is not dependent on pre-specified direction of search (forward or backward). The generality of the oscillating search concept allowed us to define several different algorithms suitable for different purposes. We can specify the need to obtain good results in very short time, or let the algorithm search more thoroughly to obtain near-optimum results. In many cases the oscillating search out-performed all the other tested methods. The oscillating search may be restricted by a preset time-limit, this makes it usable in real-time systems.
Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain Analysis (2005)

Abstract The finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD ) solution of Maxwell's equations is a robust and popular computational technique in science and engineering for modeling electromagnetic wave interactions with complex material structures. This article reviews key elements of the foundation of FDTD analysis as well as selected recent and emerging FDTD application areas.
Spatial pattern representation and transformation in monkey somatosensory cortex. (1988)

Embossed letters, used previously in pattern recognition experiments in humans, were used to study the spatial patterns of neural activity evoked in peripheral fibers and cortical neurons in areas 3b and 1 of the primary somatosensory cortex of alert rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. The object was to investigate the representation and transformation of spatial information during the early stages of peripheral and cortical neural processing. Our method consisted of sweeping each letter of the alphabet across the skin repeatedly and constructing a two-dimensional plot (called a spatial event plot) of the action potentials evoked in afferent fibers and cortical neurons. By using this method, slowly and rapidly adapting primary afferents were shown to transmit isomorphic neural images of the letters. Although the slowly adapting images were more spatially acute, both populations conveyed images of sufficient quality to account for human psychophysical performance. In the cortical areas studied, the slowly adapting neurons of area 3b stood out for the acuity, complexity, and variety of their responses. Some of the spatial event plots for these neurons were isomorphic and at least as acute as those obtained from any primary afferent. Others were highly structured but nonisomorphic. The quality and variety of responses in area 3b slowly adapting neurons suggest that they play an important role in the processing of information underlying tactual pattern recognition. The rapidly adapting neurons of area 3b and all types of neurons in area 1 yield much less structured and differentiated responses.
Resistance to Antiviral Drugs of Herpes Simplex Virus Isolated from a Patient Treated with Acyclovir (1982)

SEVERAL drugs that inhibit the replication of herpesvirus in vitro are now being evaluated for the prevention or treatment of infections with herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus.1 2 3 Two of these drugs, acyclovir or 9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)-methyl]guanine and the thymidine analogue E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′deoxyuridine (BVDU), are the most efficient inhibitors of herpes simplex virus Type 1 plaque formation yet described.4 5 6 To inhibit the growth of herpes simplex virus and presumably that of varicella zoster virus, acyclovir and BVDU must first be phosphorylated to the respective monophosphates by virus-specified thymidine kinase and must then be converted by cellular enzymes to the respective triphosphates, . . .
Cellulosomes: Highly Efficient Nanomachines Designed to Deconstruct Plant Cell Wall Complex Carbohydrates (2010)

Cellulosomes can be described as one of nature's most elaborate and highly efficient nanomachines. These cell bound multienzyme complexes orchestrate the deconstruction of cellulose and hemicellulose, two of the most abundant polymers on Earth, and thus play a major role in carbon turnover. Integration of cellulosomal components occurs via highly ordered protein:protein interactions between cohesins and dockerins, whose specificity allows the incorporation of cellulases and hemicellulases onto a molecular scaffold. Cellulosome assembly promotes the exploitation of enzyme synergism because of spatial proximity and enzyme-substrate targeting. Recent structural and functional studies have revealed how cohesin-dockerin interactions mediate both cellulosome assembly and cell-surface attachment, while retaining the spatial flexibility required to optimize the catalytic synergy within the enzyme complex. These emerging advances in our knowledge of cellulosome function are reviewed here.
Tin-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions: A Review (2012)

The recent increase in the world biofuels demand, along with the need to reduce costs while improving the environmental sustainability of the biodiesel production, have led to the search for catalysts that should be economically viable, efficient, and environmentally friendly. This paper reviews recent research and development of organic and inorganic tin catalysts; focusing on kinetic properties and catalytic activity in two key reactions for biodiesel production: free fatty acids (FFA) esterification and triglycerides (TG) transesterification. First the basic knowledge of homogeneous tin catalysts in esterification reactions of different carboxylic acids is provided. Second, main advances obtained in the study of FFA esterification reactions catalyzed by tin chloride are covered. The effect of the principal parameters of reaction on the yield and rate of alkyl esters production is described. Kinetic measurements allowed the determination of the activation energy (46.79 kJ mol −1 ) and a first-order dependence in relation to both FFA and tin chloride catalyst concentration. Aspects related to recycling of the tin chloride catalyst in phase homogeneous are discussed. Third the advances obtained in the development of homogeneous catalysts based on tin complexes in transesterification reactions are summarized. Finally, results obtained from the use of tin organometallics compounds in reactions of vegetable oils transesterification reactions are concisely presented. The optimization of processes catalytic homogeneous utilized in the transesterification reactions can contribute to the improvement of the technology biodiesel production.
Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer (2007)

Large-scale Internet services require a computing infrastructure that can beappropriately described as a warehouse-sized computing system. The cost ofbuilding datacenter facilities capable of delivering a given power capacity tosuch a computer can rival the recurring energy consumption costs themselves.Therefore, there are strong economic incentives to operate facilities as closeas possible to maximum capacity, so that the non-recurring facility costs canbe best amortized. That is difficult to achieve in practice because ofuncertainties in equipment power ratings and because power consumption tends tovary significantly with the actual computing activity. Effective powerprovisioning strategies are needed to determine how much computing equipmentcan be safely and efficiently hosted within a given power budget. In this paper we present the aggregate power usage characteristics of largecollections of servers (up to 15 thousand) for different classes ofapplications over a period of approximately six months. Those observationsallow us to evaluate opportunities for maximizing the use of the deployed powercapacity of datacenters, and assess the risks of over-subscribing it. We findthat even in well-tuned applications there is a noticeable gap (7 - 16%)between achieved and theoretical aggregate peak power usage at the clusterlevel (thousands of servers). The gap grows to almost 40% in wholedatacenters. This headroom can be used to deploy additional compute equipmentwithin the same power budget with minimal risk of exceeding it. We use ourmodeling framework to estimate the potential of power management schemes toreduce peak power and energy usage. We find that the opportunities for powerand energy savings are significant, but greater at the cluster-level (thousandsof servers) than at the rack-level (tens). Finally we argue that systems needto be power efficient across the activity range, and not only at peakperformance levels.
455. Thiadiazoles. Part III. 3-amino-5-arylamino- and 3 : 5-di(aralkylamino)-1 : 2 : 4-thiadiazoles (1956)

F. Kurzer, J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 2345 DOI: 10.1039/JR9560002345
Electrosurgical tissue resection: a numerical and experimental study (2003)

The optimization of electrosurgical procedures requires a rigorous understanding of the electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical events accompanying the ablation process. Modeling is indispensable and is needed to further advance this technology. This study introduces a novel tissue electrosurgical ablation model based on interstitial vapor nucleation and expansion. The model describes interstitial vapor nucleation and bubble growth using a homogeneous nulceation theory and Rayleigh equation. Electrosurgical incisions were made on beef muscle while equivalent electrical circuit patameters were monitored as a function of power settings and scalpel geometries. Thermal damage was measured using light and polarization microscopy. Results were compared with predictions produced by a numerical simulation, which modeled the tissue and electrosurgical scalpel interaction as a function of power settings and scalpel geometry.
Coordinated Responses to Oxygen and Sugar Deficiency Allow Rice Seedlings to Tolerate Flooding (2009)

Flooding is a widespread natural disaster that leads to oxygen (O(2)) and energy deficiency in terrestrial plants, thereby reducing their productivity. Rice is unusually tolerant to flooding, but the underlying mechanism for this tolerance has remained elusive. Here, we show that protein kinase CIPK15 [calcineurin B-like (CBL)-interacting protein kinase] plays a key role in O(2)-deficiency tolerance in rice. CIPK15 regulates the plant global energy and stress sensor SnRK1A (Snf1-related protein kinase 1) and links O(2)-deficiency signals to the SnRK1-dependent sugar-sensing cascade to regulate sugar and energy production and to enable rice growth under floodwater. Our studies contribute to understanding how rice grows under the conditions of O(2) deficiency necessary for growing rice in irrigated lowlands.
1.53 μm DFB lasers by mass transport (1984)

DFB lasers emitting at λ=1.53 μm made by mass transport have been demonstrated. Output power exceeding 5 mW/ facet was obtained when operated in CW at room temperature. Single-longitudinal-mode operation with a minimum threshold current of 26 mA was achieved. No degradation can be observed after aging at 5 mW continuous power at room temperature for more than 1000 h.
On the Performance of Round Trip Time Network Tomography (2006)

Network tomography is an appealing method for active measurement of link level characteristics such as delay and loss on end-to-end paths. Most network tomography techniques developed to date are based on one-way measurements requiring collaboration from both sending and receiving hosts which severely limits the scope of the paths over which these techniques can be used. We extend our previous work on Network Radar, a new tomographic inference method based on round trip time (RTT) measurements from TCP SYN/SYN-ACK packets. In this paper, our contributions are three-folded. (1) We extend our analytic framework for estimating delay variance on the shared network segment using Network Radar to include confidence estimates which enable measurement accuracy to be assessed - an important consideration for practical deployment. (2) We evaluate Network Radar in a series of experiments conducted in a controlled laboratory environment. These tests explore the boundaries of effectiveness of our RTT-based method, and show that it works well over a wide range of traffic conditions. (3) We evaluate Network Radar in a series of tests conducted in the wide area Internet. These tests show that RTT-based delay variance estimates can be used effectively to identify most likely network topology - a natural and verifyable application for RTT tomography. The performance results in this paper demonstrate that Network Radar can now be used for both research and operational purposes.
Surface 210 nm light emission from an AlN p–n junction light-emitting diode enhanced by A-plane growth orientation (2010)

( 11 2 ¯ 0 ) A-plane AlN p–n junction light-emitting diode (LED) with a wavelength of 210 nm is demonstrated. The electroluminescence from the A-plane LED is inherently polarized for the electric field parallel to the [0001] c-axis due to a negative crystal-field splitting energy. The polarization ratio (electric-field component ratio of parallel and perpendicular to c-axis) is as high as 0.9. The radiation pattern of the A-plane LED shows higher emission intensity along the surface normal, while that of a conventional (0001) C-plane LED shows lower emission intensity along the surface normal. The different radiation patterns can be explained by the polarization property.
Initial evaluation and comparison of plasma damage to atomic layer carbon materials using conventional and low <i>Te</i> plasma sources (2015)

The ability to achieve atomic layer precision is the utmost goal in the implementation of atomic layer etch technology. Carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are single atomic layers of carbon with unique properties and, as such, represent the ultimate candidates to study the ability to process with atomic layer precision and assess impact of plasma damage to atomic layer materials. In this work, the authors use these materials to evaluate the atomic layer processing capabilities of electron beam generated plasmas. First, the authors evaluate damage to semiconducting CNTs when exposed to beam-generated plasmas and compare these results against the results using typical plasma used in semiconductor processing. The authors find that the beam generated plasma resulted in significantly lower current degradation in comparison to typical plasmas. Next, the authors evaluated the use of electron beam generated plasmas to process graphene-based devices by functionalizing graphene with fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen to facilitate atomic layer deposition (ALD). The authors found that all adsorbed species resulted in successful ALD with varying impact on the transconductance of the graphene. Furthermore, the authors compare the ability of both beam generated plasma as well as a conventional low ion energy inductively coupled plasma (ICP) to remove silicon nitride (SiN) deposited on top of the graphene films. Our results indicate that, while both systems can remove SiN, an increase in the D/G ratio from 0.08 for unprocessed graphene to 0.22 to 0.26 for the beam generated plasma, while the ICP yielded values from 0.52 to 1.78. Generally, while some plasma-induced damage was seen for both plasma sources, a much wider process window as well as far less damage to CNTs and graphene was observed when using electron beam generated plasmas.
Technical report revision lecture (2015)

Specification for technical report, allocations (2015) mark scheme are at http://www.edshare.soton.ac.uk/14582\nA template for a technical report and other support materials are found at http://www.edshare.soton.ac.uk/14581
Lamellar Liquid Single Crystal Hydrogels:  Synthesis and Investigation of Anisotropic Water Diffusion and Swelling (2005)

The synthesis and characterization of anisotropic liquid single crystal hydrogels (LSCHs) via photoinduced radical polymerization of magnetically aligned samples in the lyotropic mesophase are reported, which are stable against tensile stresses in all three dimensions. The hydrogels exhibit a lamellar phase (Lα) in the swollen state. The high mechanical stability is achieved by using a new type of cross-linker. Monomer and cross-linker molecules have almost the same chemical constitution, varying only in the number of polymerizable groups. The cross-linker is incorporated perfectly into the liquid-crystalline phase structure of the lyotropic liquid-crystalline monomers, yielding a network which has covalent bridges between the lamellae. The anisotropic hydrogels are characterized by a variety of methods on micro- and macroscopic length scales. Swelling with the nonselective solvent toluene shows that cross-linking within the liquid-crystalline phase causes an anisotropic topology of the network, which shows a memory effect even in the isotropic phase. Time- and temperature-dependent pulsed field gradient diffusion NMR measurements yield a ratio of the order of 10:1 for the self-diffusion coefficients of D2O perpendicular and parallel to the layer normal. A step in the diffusivity across the lamellae at 312−314 K is interpreted by a disruption of the lamellae caused by elastic forces due to anisotropic network deformation as a function of temperature or by an increased porosity of the membranes in analogy to a lamellar-to-sponge transformation. Hygroelastic measurements, in which the length and width of the hydrogels are measured as a function of their controlled water sorption, show an anisotropic swelling behavior consistent with the structure of a lamellar phase. The isotropic-to-lamellar phase transformation upon increasing water concentration leads to a flattening of the polymer coil along the layer normal. Swelling with water in the lamellar phase is anisotropic.
Live-Cell Imaging of Enzyme-Substrate Interaction Reveals Spatial Regulation of PTP1B (2007)

Endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B terminates growth factor signal transduction by dephosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). But how PTP1B allows for RTK signaling in the cytoplasm is unclear. In order to test whether PTP1B activity is spatially regulated, we developed a method based on Förster resonant energy transfer for imaging enzyme-substrate (ES) intermediates in live cells. We observed the establishment of a steady-state ES gradient across the cell. This gradient exhibited robustness to cell-to-cell variability, growth factor activation, and RTK localization, which demonstrated spatial regulation of PTP1B activity. Such regulation may be important for generating distinct cellular environments that permit RTK signal transduction and that mediate its eventual termination.