gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
10-GHz All-Optical Gate Based on a III–V/SOI Microdisk (2010)

We demonstrate an ultrafast and low-power all-optical gate in pump-probe configuration based on free-carrier- induced refractive index modulation in a 5-μm radius InP-InGaAsP microdisk heterogeneously integrated onto a silicon-on-insulator waveguide circuit. High-speed gating is obtained by extracting the carriers from the microdisk active layer by applying a reverse bias. Measured transient responses show that this gate is capable of working up to 20 GHz.
Effects of a Potent Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor on Bone Resorption in Organ Culture* (1988)

We have examined the effects of a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA), 5-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)2-thiophenesulfonamide (HTS), and compared them with the effects of acetazolamide (AZ) and ethoxzolamide (EX) on bone resorption in organ cultures in fetal rat long bones under control unstimulated conditions and in response to PTH, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3], and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The relative potencies of HTS, EX, and AZ for inhibition of CA and bone resorption were similar. HTS inhibited control resorption at 10(-5) to 3 X 10(-5) M, while EX at 10(-4) M inhibited and AZ was ineffective. In the presence of PTH, the inhibitory effect of HTS was seen at concentrations as low as 3 X 10(-6) M and was maximal at 3 X 10(-5) M. EX was inhibitory at 10(-5) M and maximal at 10(-4) M, while AZ at 10(-4) M only partially inhibited PTH-stimulated bone resorption. The responses to PGE2 (10(-7) M), 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10(-9) M), and IL-1 (50 U/ml) were inhibited by HTS at 10(-5) M, while AZ at 10(-4) M was ineffective against PGE2 and 1,25-(OH)2D3. The effect of HTS did not appear to be due to nonspecific toxicity, since after 2 days of treatment at 3 X 10(-5) M and 3 days of recovery, the bone resorptive response to PTH was completely restored. Moreover, HTS at 3 X 10(-5) M did not inhibit the incorporation of labeled proline or thymidine into fetal rat long bones. HTS was more potent as an inhibitor when the CO2 concentration in the gas phase was reduced from 5% to 2% and the pH was increased from 7.2 to 7.5, consistent with an effect on CA-mediated hydrogen ion generation.
A new scheduling algorithm for dynamic task and fault tolerant in heterogeneous grid systems using Genetic Algorithm (2010)

In this paper with studying of all parameters in grid environment a new scheduling algorithm for independent task is introduced according to Genetic Algorithm. This algorithm can be more efficient and more dependable than similar previous algorithms. The simulated results and reasons for reaching to better makespan and more efficiency in the grid environment. In the grids with high fault with high fault rate for fault tolerant is used from check point method that has more efficiency that other methods such as retry, migration and replication. This method maintains effective efficiency in these situations. So the servicing quality increases in various grid environments and also the average time of task recoveries decreases considerably The main purpose of this paper is reducing the repeating of the generations in Genetic Algorithm for reaching higher speed and also considering the communications costs (available in fitness function) with maintaining the fitness efficiency. The simulations are done with Gridsim for showing the created improvement at proposed algorithm rather than previous algorithms.
Retroreflectance from a dense distribution of spherical particles (1984)

The backscattered intensity from a dense distribution of latex microspheres is measured near the retroreflection direction. It is shown that a sharp peak appears in the retroreflection direction when the volume density is above 1%. The angular width of this peak is much smaller than (wavelength)/(particle size) and cannot be explained by Mie theory, double-passage effects, or radiative-transfer theory. When the particle size D is less than the wavelength λw, a small peak appears at the retroreflection direction. When D is 2–4 times greater than λw, the peak becomes large as the density increases. When D is many times greater than λw, the sharp peak at the retroreflection direction is superimposed upon the Mie-scattering pattern. The angular width of the peak is of the order of (a wavelength)/(a mean free path).
Magnetic-Actuated Stainless Steel Scanner for Two-Photon Hyperspectral Fluorescence Microscope (2014)

We present a fluorescence two-photon laser scanning microscope that uses a soft-magnetic stainless steel microscanner to generate a 2-D Lissajous scanning pattern. The wide-scanning low-voltage driven gimbaled torsional stainless steel microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) scanner is designed and then fabricated using electrical discharge machining. This technology offers unique advantages by allowing larger mirror surface areas (4 mm \(\times5\) mm) to enhance the fluorescence collection efficiency at low incoming signal level, and providing a rapid prototyping and low-cost alternative to silicon-based MEMS devices, particularly when large displacements and large field of view are required. A maximum total optical scan angle (TOSA) of 20.6° at 112 Hz for a drive power of 200 mW is required for the slow-scan movement, whereas the fast-scan movement occurs at the resonance frequency of 1268 Hz and has a TOSA of 26.6° using a drive power of 400 mW. The soft-magnetic microscanner incorporated in the two-photon hyperspectral fluorescence microscope demonstrates its applicability in two-photon hyperspectral imaging of circulating cancer cells, stem cells, and biological tissue with extrinsic fluorophores.
Oxygen isotope ratios in authigenic magnetites from the Belden Formation, Colorado (1998)

Authigenic magnetites from the Belden Formation at Bassam Park, Colorado, were analyzed for their 18 O/ 16 O composition using secondary ion mass spectrometry. The δ 18 O values of magnetite‐rimmed pyrite (MagPy) grains averaged −8.5‰ (versus VSMOW). Small (25–50 μm) iron oxide grains had a range of δ 18 O values from −9.7‰ to −5.5‰, consistent with a variably hematized magnetite population having a δ 18 O value of around −9‰ for magnetite. The δ 18 O results suggest that the magnetite rims and grains formed in contact with a water having δ 18 O of near 0‰ or less, implying a meteoric or connate source rather than a highly evolved orogenic or basinal fluid. This supports paleomagnetic results that suggest the formation of authigenic magnetites under Mesozoic burial conditions at some Belden Formation localities, rather than in response to orogenic fluid migration driven by Early Tertiary tectonic uplift. The δ 18 O results also support the observation that chemical remanent magnetizations related to authigenic magnetite formation cannot be universally applied to the dating of fluid migration events associated with orogenic deformation.
Kerdock Codes for Limited Feedback Precoded MIMO Systems (2009)

Codebook based limited feedback is a practical way to obtain partial channel state information at the transmitter in a precoded multiple-input multiple-output wireless system. In this correspondence, we propose a systematic codebook design. The proposed Kerdock codebook consists of multiple mutually unbiased unitary basis matrices with quaternary alphabet and the identity matrix. We propose to derive the beamforming and precoding codebooks from this base codebook, eliminating the requirement to store multiple codebooks. Furthermore, we show that quaternary alphabet facilitates efficient codebook storage and codeword search. We derive the chordal distance for two and four antenna codebooks, showing that the proposed codebooks compare favorably with prior designs. Monte Carlo simulations compare achievable rates and error rates for different codebooks sizes.
Rearrangement. IV. Pyrolysis and Acetolysis of Some Sulfonic Esters (1966)

Abstract The pyrolysis of cyclohexanemethyl methanesulfonate and 1-methylcyclohexanemethyl p-toluenesulfonate has been investigated, yielding predominantly rearranged cycloalkenes, with lesser amounts of cycloalkanes. The experiments support the suggestion that the pyrolysis may proceed, at least in part, through a free radical process. The methanesulfonic ester, on acetolysis in a 50% aqueous acetic acid solution, gave rearranged-unrearranged cycloalkenes and alcohols, and an unrearranged acetate, whereas the p-toluenesulfonic ester gave exclusively rearranged cycloalkenes, alcohols and acetates.
Scintillation properties of lead sulfate (1992)

The material properties of lead sulfate (PbSO/sub 4/) are attractive for use as a gamma radiation detector. In 99.998% pure PbSO/sub 4/ crystals at room temperature excited by 511-keV annihilation photons, the fluorescence decay lifetime contained significant fast components having 1.8-ns and 19-ns decay times, but with longer components having 95-ns and 425-ns decay times. The peak emission wavelength was 335 nm, which was transmitted by borosilicate glass window photomultiplier tubes. The total scintillation light output increased with decreasing temperature from 3200 photons/MeV at +45 degrees C to 4900 photons/MeV at room temperature and 68500 photons/MeV at -145 degrees C. In an imperfect, 3-mm cube of a naturally occurring mineral form of PbSO/sub 4/ (anglesite) at room temperature, a 511-keV photopeak was seen with a total light output of 60% that of BGO. There was significant sample-to-sample variation of the light output among anglesite samples.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of a Deepwater Subsea Well Intervention Package Control System (2010)

The paper describes the ongoing work, overall approach and process used to develop a deepwater subsea well intervention control system using structured risk and reliability principles and hardware based upon remotely operated vehicle (ROV) control technology. It discusses the selection of IEC61508 and IEC61511 as the governing standards for development of the controls architecture and certification of this deepwater well control system. It also presents the challenges that have to be addressed when using ROV hardware for well control and describes the methods implemented to overcome system deficiencies. The methods used are currently being vigorously applied throughout the control system's development stage to insure the entire control system and not just its components, will be highly reliable, manufactured, tested and certified in accordance with the principles of IEC60508/61511 to a Safety Integrity Level of 2 (SIL 2).Introduction. ROV system elements include mechanical, electronic, electrical and hydraulic components. These components have continually matured and improved in operations over more than 30 years. Today ROVs perform subsea tasks which were previously completed by surface operations from a support vessel. ROVs have now been imbedded with, and integrated into, many subsea installations because they have shown to be valuable and reliable tools. However reliable we all may perceive ROVs to be, component and assembly reliability, based on operational use and factory testing, has largely not been fully demonstrated or documented. One reason for the lack of usable reliability data has been due to the ROV operators who generally have not provided the necessary information to the ROV industry. Even if data was available, many ROV components have evolved over the years so operational history is not long enough to predict component life for many components used in those systems.
Adaptive context recognition based on audio signal (2008)

Auditory data provide many contextual cues about the crucial content of environments around. The goal of audio based context recognition is to equip the sensing devices with classification algorithms that can automatically classify the environments into pre-defined classes according to the extracted auditory features. In this paper, we first extract various features from the audio signals. We then perform a feature analysis to identify a feature ensemble to optimally classify different contexts. To achieve an efficient and timely online classification, a coarse-to-fine training scheme is adopted, where for each context three HMMs are trained by feature ensembles of different complexities. During online recognition, we start with coarse HMMs (with fewest numbers of features) and progressively apply finer models if necessary. Experiments show that this strategy results in significant saving in computational power with only negligible lose in context recognition accuracy.
Development and Functional Characterization of Insulin-releasing Human Pancreatic Beta Cell Lines Produced by Electrofusion (2011)

Three novel human insulin-releasing cell lines designated 1.1B4, 1.4E7, and 1.1E7 were generated by electrofusion of freshly isolated of human pancreatic beta cells and the immortal human PANC-1 epithelial cell line. Functional studies demonstrated glucose sensitivity and responsiveness to known modulators of insulin secretion. Western blot, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry showed expression of the major genes involved in proinsulin processing and the pancreatic beta cell stimulus-secretion pathway including PC1/3, PC2, GLUT-1, glucokinase, and K-ATP channel complex (Sur1 and Kir6.2) and the voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channel. The cells stained positively for insulin, and 1.1B4 cells were used to demonstrate specific staining for insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin together with insulin secretory granules by electron microscopy. Analysis of metabolic function indicated intact mechanisms for glucose uptake, oxidation/utilization, and phosphorylation by glucokinase. Glucose, alanine, and depolarizing concentrations of K(+) were all able to increase [Ca(2+)](i) in at least two of the cell lines tested. Insulin secretion was also modulated by other nutrients, hormones, and drugs acting as stimulators or inhibitors in normal beta cells. Subscapular implantation of the 1.1B4 cell line improved hyperglycemia and resulted in glucose lowering in streptozotocin-diabetic SCID mice. These novel human electrofusion-derived beta cell lines therefore exhibit stable characteristics reminiscent of normal pancreatic beta cells, thereby providing an unlimited source of human insulin-producing cells for basic biochemical studies and pharmacological drug testing plus proof of concept for cellular insulin replacement therapy.
DeconvolutionLab2: An open-source software for deconvolution microscopy (2017)

Images in fluorescence microscopy are inherently blurred due to the limit of diffraction of light. The purpose of deconvolution microscopy is to compensate numerically for this degradation. Deconvolution is widely used to restore fine details of 3D biological samples. Unfortunately, dealing with deconvolution tools is not straightforward. Among others, end users have to select the appropriate algorithm, calibration and parametrization, while potentially facing demanding computational tasks. To make deconvolution more accessible, we have developed a practical platform for deconvolution microscopy called DeconvolutionLab. Freely distributed, DeconvolutionLab hosts standard algorithms for 3D microscopy deconvolution and drives them through a user-oriented interface. In this paper, we take advantage of the release of DeconvolutionLab2 to provide a complete description of the software package and its built-in deconvolution algorithms. We examine several standard algorithms used in deconvolution microscopy, notably: Regularized inverse filter, Tikhonov regularization, Landweber, Tikhonov-Miller, Richardson-Lucy, and fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding. We evaluate these methods over large 3D microscopy images using simulated datasets and real experimental images. We distinguish the algorithms in terms of image quality, performance, usability and computational requirements. Our presentation is completed with a discussion of recent trends in deconvolution, inspired by the results of the Grand Challenge on deconvolution microscopy that was recently organized.
Bioinorganic Chemistry of Bismuth and Antimony:  Target Sites of Metallodrugs (2007)

The biocoordination chemistry of antimony and bismuth has been extensively investigated due to the historical use of these metals in medicine. Structures of bismuth antiulcer agents and interactions of Bi3+ with proteins and enzymes, such as transferrin and lactoferrin, the histidine-rich protein Hpn, and urease, have been characterized. Sb5+ is a prodrug and is bioreduced or activated to its active form Sb3+ intracellularly. Antimony binds to biomolecules, such as glutathione, trypanothione, and nucleotides, and forms binary and ternary complexes, which may allow it to be trafficked in cells. These studies have improved our understanding of the mechanism of action of bismuth and antimony drugs, which in turn allows the future design of drugs.
Moving object tracking within surveillance video sequences based on EDContours (2015)

We present a technique to track moving object in a video sequences created by still camera. Contours of each frame is detected using EDContours. Background model obtained with three point estimation technique is created from contour maps of video sequence. Differences between contour map of current frame and background model is our target frame. Post-processing operations are applied to the target frame to reduce noises and moving objects are revealed. Last, objects are inclosed with bounding box. Performance of our work is determined using with bounding boxes, considered as trackers.
High-Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (1983)

The high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope is being used in a growing number of laboratories. This article provides a general overview of the instrument and its capabilities for readers who are unfamiliar with it.
β‐Aminoisobutyric Acid Prevents Diet‐induced Obesity in Mice With Partial Leptin Deficiency (2008)

Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a thymine catabolite, increases fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in liver and reduces the gain of body fat mass in Swiss (lean) mice fed a standard chow. We determined whether BAIBA could prevent obesity and related metabolic disorders in different murine models. To this end, BAIBA (100 or 500 mg/kg/day) was administered for 4 months in mice totally deficient in leptin (ob/ob). BAIBA (100 mg/kg/day) was also given for 4 months in wild-type (+/+) mice and mice partially deficient in leptin (ob/+) fed a high-calorie (HC) diet. BAIBA did not limit obesity and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice, but reduced liver cytolysis and inflammation. In ob/+ mice fed the HC diet, BAIBA fully prevented, or limited, the gain of body fat, steatosis and necroinflammation, glucose intolerance, and hypertriglyceridemia. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate was increased, whereas expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 was augmented in liver and white adipose tissue. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase was more phosphorylated, and de novo lipogenesis was less induced in liver. These favorable effects of BAIBA in ob/+ mice were associated with a restoration of plasma leptin levels. The reduction of body adiposity afforded by BAIBA was less marked in +/+ mice. Finally, BAIBA significantly stimulated the secretion of leptin in isolated ob/+ adipose cells, but not in +/+ cells. Thus, BAIBA could limit triglyceride accretion in tissues through a leptin-dependent stimulation of FAO. As partial leptin deficiency is not uncommon in the general population, supplementation with BAIBA may help to prevent diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders in low leptin secretors.
Helical Twisting Power of Steroidal Solutes in Cholesteric Mesophases (1970)

Shifts in the nematic temperature of a compensated cholesteric liquid-crystal solvent, consisting of cholesteryl chloride and cholesteryl myristate, are caused by adding steroidal solutes. A helical twisting power P can be defined which is a molecular property; there is a linear dependence of the inverse of the solute concentration on the helical pitch. The method has the advantages of (1) allowing study of compounds which do not form mesophases themselves and (2) eliminating temperature effects. For a series of fatty acid esters of cholesterol, P decreases with decreasing number of carbon atoms in the ester chain, and shows a zigzag fine structure with P having higher values for odd-numbered carbon-atom chains. P, and therefore the helix, changes rotational senses if the ester chain is replaced by Cl, Br, or OH. Changes are also discussed associated with modification of the 17 side chain or the steroid ring system itself. A model is proposed attributing P to the molecular asymmetry at the 3β position of the steroid ring, which can cause macroscopic twist if two lever arms are present, one of which lacks rotational symmetry.
Conducting Polymers with Confined Dimensions: Track-Etch Membranes for Amperometric Biosensor Applications (2002)

Organic conducting polymers can be synthesized inside the pores of a track-etch membrane, and the resulting hollow tubules are shown to have enhanced electrical properties compared to their corresponding bulk materials. The polymerization of monomers (e.g., pyrrole, thiophenes) inside the confined space of these pores, combined with electrostatic interaction, ensures the alignment of the organic polymers on the interior, leading to higher conductivity. The application of these conducting tubes in the development of amperometric glucose sensors is discussed. Due to the special properties of conducting polymers inside a track-etch membrane, biosensors with a unique electron-transfer mechanism have been developed.
Identification of a Stage-Specific Permissive In Vitro Culture Environment for Follicle Growth and Oocyte Development1 (2006)

The availability of viable oocytes is the limiting factor in the development of new reproductive techniques. Many attempts have been made to grow immature oocytes in vitro during recent decades. Recently, a modified alginate-based three-dimensional culture system was designed to support the growth and maturation of multilayered secondary follicles. This system was able to produce oocytes that successfully completed meiosis, fertilization, and development to the blastocyst stage. Subsequent attempts to culture two-layered secondary follicles were unsuccessful under the original conditions. Herein, we investigated the effect of alginate consistency on two-layered follicle growth and oocyte developmental competence by encapsulating follicles into alginate scaffolds of various concentrations. Although there were no significant differences in survival rates, 0.25% and 0.5% alginate supported more rapid growth of follicles and antrum formation compared with 1.5% and 1.0% alginate after 8 days of culture. Alginate scaffold concentration also affected the proliferation and differentiation of somatic cells (theca and granulosa cells), measured in terms of morphological changes, steroid profiles (androstenedione, estradiol, and progesterone), and specific molecular markers (Fshr, Lhcgr, and Gja1). Theca cell proliferation and steroid production were hindered in follicles cultured in 1.5% alginate. In vitro fertilization and embryo culture revealed that oocytes obtained from 0.25% alginate retained the highest developmental competence. Overall, the present study showed that the alginate scaffold consistency affects folliculogenesis and oocyte development in vitro and that the alginate culture system can and should be tailored to maximally support follicle growth depending on the size and stage of the follicles selected for culture.