gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicted Performance of Neutron Spectrometers Using Scintillating Fibers (2000)

One class of neutron spectrometers is devices that provide a measure of the neutron spectrum by using moderating and absorbing materials together with thermal-neutron detectors. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed scintillating fibers that are sensitive to thermal neutrons. Because these fibers are thin, they present an enabling technology for several applications, including highly efficient neutron spectroscopy. The underlying concept is to arrange the fibers in an array of layers separated by materials whose characteristics have been chosen to optimize the instrument function for the application. Monte Carlo experiments have been performed to characterize the conceptual design and to determine the value of the concept as a tool for research and other applications.
Retrovirus vector-targeted inducible expression of human β-interferon gene to B-cells (1990)

We have introduced the human beta-interferon gene with its promoter region into murine B-cell and fibroblast cell lines via a Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) vector and have studied the inducible expression of the beta-interferon gene as a function of the various retroviral vector designs. By deleting the enhancer within the 3' viral long terminal repeat (LTR), inserting the human beta-interferon gene, and varying placement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer, we were able to construct vectors which yielded proviruses with various cell type-specific regulation. One of the vectors (pT154) led to a greater than 21-fold increase in beta-interferon protein synthesis after viral infection in the two B-cell lines analyzed, while no inducibility was seen in the fibroblast cells. The data show that inducible beta-interferon expression within a MuLV vector was highly dependent on the absence of the viral enhancer region in the long terminal repeat and the orientation of the beta-interferon gene within the proviral transcriptional unit; the insertion of the immunoglobulin enhancer elevated both constitutive and (or) inducible expression of beta-interferon in B-cells but inhibited constitutive expression of this gene in fibroblasts.
Experimental Determination of the Frequency Ratio of Optical Harmonics (1962)

The frequency ratio of the fundamental 6940-Å radiation from a pulsed ruby optical maser and the second harmonic generated in piezoelectric crystals has been investigated by comparing the wavelengths of the first and second harmonics with known thorium spectral lines on photographs taken with a 15 000 lines-per-inch grating spectrometer. Two piezoelectric crystals, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and quartz, and one ferroelectric crystal, triglycine sulfate, were used to generate the second harmonic. In each case the generated second harmonic is twice the frequency of the primary radiation to within the limits imposed by the linewidth of the primary radiation and the resolution of the instrument. These restrictions limit the accuracy of the experiment to ±3 parts per million (ppm) for KDP, ±6 ppm for quartz, and ±4 ppm for TGS. Some spectral characteristics of high-energy pulses from the ruby optical maser as they might affect this experiment are given.
Polymerization. III. An Examination of Low Molecular Weight Products from the Reaction of Amylsodium with Dienes (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymerization. III. An Examination of Low Molecular Weight Products from the Reaction of Amylsodium with DienesAvery A. Morton, Malcolm L. Brown, and Eugene MagatCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 1, 161–167Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01193a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01193a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Primate genomics (2018)

Since the completion of the human genome project, numerous nonhuman primate genomes have been sequenced and assembled. As a result, we are beginning to understand how primate genome content, structure, and function differ across species, and how these genomic differences relate to morphological, physiological, and behavioral differences among taxa from across the Order Primates. Genomic data have also been used to more accurately infer population history and patterns of genetic diversity within primate species. Primate genomics is therefore an important tool for the study of primate ecology, evolution, and behavior, as well as a valuable resource in biomedical research where some primates are used as models for human disease. The power and potential of primate genomics is rapidly increasing as technologies improve and the cost of genomic data acquisition and analysis drops, and therefore holds great promise for biological anthropology as a whole.
Elicited hippocampal theta rhythm: a screen for anxiolytic and procognitive drugs through changes in hippocampal function? (2007)

Hippocampal damage produces cognitive deficits similar to dementia and changes in emotional and motivated reactions similar to anxiolytic drugs. The gross electrical activity of the hippocampus contains a marked 'theta rhythm'. This is a relatively high voltage sinusoidal waveform, resulting from synchronous phasic firing of cells, variation in which correlates with behavioural state. Like the hippocampus, theta has been linked to both cognitive and emotional functions. Critically, it has recently been shown that restoration of theta-like rhythmicity can restore lost cognitive function. We review the effects of systemic administration of drugs on hippocampal theta elicited by stimulation of the reticular formation. We conclude that reductions in the frequency of reticular-elicited theta provide what is currently the best in-vivo means of detecting antianxiety drugs. We also suggest that increases in the power of reticular-elicited theta could detect drugs useful in the treatment of disorders, such as dementia, that involve memory loss. We argue that these functionally distinct effects should be seen as indirect and that each results from a change in a single form of cognitive-emotional processing that particularly involves the hippocampus.
A new symbolic program package for the interactive design of analog circuits (2002)

A new program package which constitutes an environment for the interactive exploration and improvement of analog circuit topologies is presented in this paper. The environment is provided with functionalities which permit the graphical schematic entry of the circuit, the symbolic analysis, the approximation of the symbolic results, the use of an external numerical simulator and the graphical postprocessing of both the symbolic and numerical simulation results. These functionalities allow us to immediately evaluate the influence of both topology and component value changes on the circuit behavior. The result is useful for educational/training purposes and for the interactive synthesis of new high-performance analog circuits.
Cathepsin D Expression in Colorectal Cancer: From Proteomic Discovery through Validation Using Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry, and Tissue Microarrays (2012)

Despite recent advances in surgical techniques and therapeutic treatments, survival from colorectal cancer (CRC) remains disappointing with some 40-50% of newly diagnosed patients ultimately dying of metastatic disease. Current staging by light microscopy alone is not sufficiently predictive of prognosis and would benefit from additional support from biomarkers in order to stratify patients appropriately for adjuvant therapy. We have identified that cathepsin D expression was significantly greater in cells from invasive front (IF) area and liver metastasis (LM) than those from main tumour body (MTB). Cathepsin D expression was subsequently examined by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays from 119 patients with CRC. Strong expression in tumour cells at the IF did not correlate significantly with any clinico-pathological parameters examined or patient survival. However, cathepsin D expression in cells from the MTB was highly elevated in late stage CRC and showed significant correlation with subsequent distant metastasis and shorter cancer-specific survival. We also found that macrophages surrounding tumour cells stained strongly for cathepsin D but there was no significant correlation found between cathepsin D in macrophages at IF and MTB of CRC patient with the clinic-pathological parameters examined.
Targeting the renin-angiotensin system to improve cancer treatment: Implications for immunotherapy (2017)

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors (RASi)-widely prescribed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases-have considerable potential in oncology. The RAS plays a crucial role in cancer biology and affects tumor growth and dissemination directly and indirectly by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. We review clinical data on the benefit of RASi in primary and metastatic tumors and propose that, by activating immunostimulatory pathways, these inhibitors can enhance immunotherapy of cancer.
Correlation between psychological stress levels and the severity of overactive bladder symptoms (2015)

OAB patients reported psychological stress levels that were as high as IC/BPS patients, and significantly higher than healthy controls. There was a positive correlation between perceived stress levels and urinary incontinence symptoms, and its impacts on quality of life among OAB patients.
Induction of Mouse Anti‐melanoma Cytotoxic and Suppressor T Cells <i>in vitro</i> by an Artificial Antigen, GM3‐lactone (1990)

We investigated the ability of GM3-lactone liposomes to induce anti-melanoma T cell responses in mice. GM3-lactone liposomes, like murine B16 melanoma cells, induced anti-melanoma cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and also suppressor T cells (Ts). A small dose of GM3-lactone (0.0003 micrograms/ml) was enough to generate CTL in the in vitro primary response, whereas relatively large amounts of the antigen (0.03-0.3 microgram/ml) were required for anti-melanoma Ts induction. As the epitope for anti-melanoma Ts is NeuAc but not NeuGc residue on GM3, and anti-melanoma CTL are effectively induced by either GM3(NeuAc) or GM3(NeuGc)-lactone liposomes, GM3(NeuGc)-lactone or GM3(NeuGc) liposomes have potent activity as an artificial melanoma antigen to induce anti-melanoma CTL in vitro.
Impact of Systemic or Mucosal Immunity to Adenovirus on Ad-Based Ebola Virus Vaccine Efficacy in Guinea Pigs (2011)

Intranasal vaccination is an effective vaccine delivery route in the presence of systemic and, to a lower extent, mucosal preexisting immunity to the vaccine vector in guinea pigs.
Finger nail plate shape and size for personal identification – a possible low technology method for the developing world - Preliminary report (2005)

There is much documented information on abnormal fingernail shapes- acquired or congenital. There is a dearth of information on the shapes of the clinically healthy fingernail in medical textbooks and scientific journals. A study was carried out to determine the possible shapes of the healthy fingernails and the prevalence of each shape in the locality, i.e. in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria and to consider if there would be enough diversity in the shapes and sizes and their distribution on the different fingers to merit consideration for personal identification. The population included 496 consenting individuals, four family units and four sets of monozygotic twins. The latter two population samples were studied to assess the combinations possible within families and in monozygotic twins. Seven gross fingernail shapes were identified in the study population. Examination showed variations within members of the families i.e. no two members had identical shapes in the pair of hands. Examination of 4 sets of identical twins showed no difference in the shapes and sizes of the fingernails on each finger. It would appear that the finger nail plate shapes/sizes of the hands show diversities similar to finger prints and therefore can be considered and developed further for personal identification in developing countries such as Africa.
Magnetic, Electronic, and Structural Characterization of Nonstoichiometric Iron Oxides at the Nanoscale (2004)

We have investigated the structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of nonstoichiometric iron oxide nanocrystals prepared by decomposition of iron(II) and iron(0) precursors in the presence of organic solvents and capping groups. The highly uniform, crystalline, and monodisperse nanocrystals that were produced enabled a full structural and compositional survey by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The complex and metastable behavior of nonstoichiometric iron oxide (wüstite) at the nanoscale was studied by a combination of Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic characterization. Deposition from hydrocarbon solvents with subsequent self-assembly of iron oxide nanocrystals into superlattices allowed the preparation of continuous thin films suitable for electronic transport measurements.
The Biochemistry of 3'-End Cleavage and Polyadenylation of Messenger RNA Precursors (1992)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Novel device for calibration-free flow rate measurements in micro gas chromatographic systems (2010)

Accurate knowledge of flow rate is critical when quantifying analytes in a chromatographic separation. Using the flow rate, the area of a peak and the response factor of a detector one can calculate the total quantity of the analyte being examined. To date, this quantification has not been possible since no in situ method for flow rate detection within a detector existed. We have developed and tested a novel device and method for measuring the linear flow rate in a micro-gas chromatography (GC) system. Our design utilizes a high-sensitivity micro thermal conductivity detector (μTCD), which is capable of replacing a traditional TCD and requires no calibration for the precise measurement of flow rates. Furthermore, this measurement occurs exactly where the solute elutes from the GC separation column, the point at which knowledge of flow rate is most critical for analyte quantification. To the best of our knowledge, no other method of measuring the flow rate directly at the sensor currently exists.
Suppression of intensity fluctuation of a longitudinal mode in directly modulated GaInAsP/InP dynamic single-mode laser (1983)

The intensity fluctuation of a longitudinal mode in a modulated dynamic single-mode laser consisting of a 1.6 μm GaInAsP/InP buried-heterostructure laser with butt-jointed built-in distributed-Bragg-reflector (BH-BJB-DBR) was suppressed to 30 dB less than that of a conventional laser. The possibility of wideband single-mode-fibre communications in the 1.5–1.6 μm wavelength region without degradation of the bandwidth caused by mode partition noise is suggested.
c-Jun and Ets2 Proteins Regulate Expression of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase in T Cells (2012)

Effector T cells and T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) express increased levels of the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Syk binds to the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex and transduces the TCR-mediated signal in the cell more efficiently than the canonical CD3ζ chain. The reasons for the increased expression of Syk are unclear. In the present study, we found that Syk is regulated by the transcription factor c-Jun in cooperation with Ets2. c-Jun and Ets2 bound to the SYK promoter in close proximity and increased the promoter activity in a specific manner. Disruption of c-Jun and Ets2 expression by siRNA resulted in decreased expression of Syk. Overexpression of c-Jun but not Ets2 resulted in increase in Syk protein. c-Jun and Ets2 co-immunoprecipitated and had an additive effect on Syk expression. c-Jun-driven SYK promoter activation showed a similar pattern in B cells; however, as expected, basal promoter activity was much higher in B cells as compared with T cells. Overexpression of c-Jun led to increase in intracytoplasmic calcium flux following TCR stimulation. Moreover, we found that SLE T cells had increased levels of c-Jun at baseline and phosphorylated c-Jun upon activation. Finally, disruption of c-Jun and Ets2 in SLE T cells resulted in a decrease in calcium flux upon TCR stimulation. In conclusion, c-Jun in cooperation with Ets2 increases the expression of Syk and contributes to Syk-mediated heightened calcium responses in SLE T cells.
Display. Autostereoscopic 3D Displays using Image-Splitter Method. (1997)

We have improved our original image-splitter technology and developed new higher-performance autostereoscopic displays. The image-splitter is set between the LC panel and the backlight. In this new type, the backlight side of the image-splitter is made of reflective material and makes the lighting efficiency about 1.4 times that of the parallax barrier. Next we have developed a double image-splitter technology in which an image-splitter is set on each side of the LC panel. And by optimizing the arerture ratio of the image-splitters, we were able to create a moire-less autostereoscopic display and a autospereoscopic display with minimal crosstalk. These new autostereoscopic displays satisfy the demanding requirements of entertainment and medical use and will be suitable for many new applications.
Femtomolar Fab binding affinities to a protein target by alternative CDR residue co-optimization strategies without phage or cell surface display (2012)

In therapeutic or diagnostic antibody discovery, affinity maturation is frequently required to optimize binding properties. In some cases, achieving very high affinity is challenging using the display-based optimization technologies. Here we present an approach that begins with the creation and clonal, quantitative analysis of soluble Fab libraries with complete diversification in adjacent residue pairs encompassing every complementarity-determining region position. This was followed by alternative recombination approaches and high throughput screening to co-optimize large sets of the found improving mutations. We applied this approach to the affinity maturation of the anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody adalimumab and achieved ~500-fold affinity improvement, resulting in femtomolar binding. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the in vitro engineering of a femtomolar affinity antibody against a protein target without display screening. We compare our findings to a previous report that employed extensive mutagenesis and recombination libraries with yeast display screening. The present approach is widely applicable to the most challenging of affinity maturation efforts.
Tai Chi Chuan Exercise Decreases A1C Levels Along With Increase of Regulatory T-Cells and Decrease of Cytotoxic T-Cell Population in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2007)

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic syndrome associated with chronic inflammation (1–3). Although exercise training has been proven beneficial in treatment of type 2 diabetes (4,5), this preventive and therapeutic modality remains underused (5). Recently, evidence (6) indicates that physical inactivity can increase proinflammatory burden independently of obesity, and exercise may induce anti-inflammatory mediators (7). Strenuous exercise has been shown to augment proinflammatory reaction (8,9) and compromise adaptive immunity with a higher risk of upper respiratory tract infections (9,10). Moreover, strenuous exercise might also potentiate hypoglycemia in elderly diabetic patients (11). In contrast, certain studies show that moderate exercise enhances T-cell function (12) and decreases respiratory infections (13), which suggests that the volume of exercise is a critical element of inducing a positive or negative immune response in diabetic patients. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) exercise, a traditional Chinese martial art that is classified as a moderate exercise because it does not demand >55% of maximal oxygen intake (14), can benefit balance and cardiovascular and respiratory function (14–16). We have previously shown (17) that a regular TCC exercise for 12 weeks significantly enhances functional mobility and regulatory T-cell function of normal adult volunteers; however, we could not assess the effect of TCC …
Characterization of an <i>a</i><i>beo</i>-Taxane:  Brevifoliol and Derivatives (2004)

Brevifoliol is a natural diterpene isolated from Taxus baccata Nutt. A series of brevifoliol 1 derivatives, 2-8 and 10, were prepared for characterization and semisynthesis purposes and included the introduction of acetyl, Troc, and TES groups at C-5 and C-13. Derivatives 16-20 of 5-acetylbrevifoliol 2 were obtained via esterification with cinnamic acid, with both 2S-(-)- and 2R-(+)-3-phenyllactic acid, and with N-benzoyl-(2'R,3'S)-3'-phenylisoserine at C-13. Brevifoliol compounds 12, 13, and 15 with either 2S-(-)-phenyllactate moieties at C-5 and C-13 or an N-benzoyl-(2'R,3'S)-3'-phenylisoserinyl at C-13 were also prepared. An abeo-taxane structure for 1 was clearly defined from the (13)C NMR analysis of the 5-acetyl-13-oxo derivative 8 and from the conversion of 1 into 10, a conformationally restrained compound having a C-13, C-15 oxygen bridge. The biological activity of each of these derivatives is being studied.
Lean Combustion and the Misfire Limit in Spark Ignition Engines (1974)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Low nitric oxide (NO) emissions and good fuel economy are obtainable at very lean mixtures. However, unstable operation caused by misfire and erratic combustion prevents present spark ignition engines from being operated very lean. A study was undertaken to understand what causes very lean mixtures to misfire in engines. The effects of mixture preparation, intake airflow, exhaust gas recirculation (simulated by N<sub>2</sub> dilution), compression ratio, intake mixture temperature, engine speed, number of spark plugs and spark plug locations were investigated at minimum advance for best torque (MBT) spark timing in single-cylinder engines. Propane and isooctane were the fuels used.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Results showed that leaner operation was possible with improved mixture preparation, increased airflow, decreased nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) dilution, increased compression ratio, increased mixture temperature, decreased engine speed, more central spark location, and multiple spark plugs. The dominant factors responsible for these effects were mixture homogeneity, charge dilution, and charge temperature. In most cases, at the lean limit the combustion duration (in crank angle degrees) reached a limiting value. The significance of these findings together with the exhaust emission and fuel consumption results are presented and discussed.</div>