gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Relational Database Dictionary, Extended Edition (2008)

Chris Date, one of the founders of the relational model, has updated and expanded his relational database dictionary to be current with over 900 terms. What youll learn Over 900 relational database terms defined Precise and concise definitions, unlike those found on Wikipedia and other sources Clear examples used where appropriate Hyperlinks included in the eBook for easy reference Who is this book for? People who need to know something about databases, although it is not their main line of work, people new to databases, and noncomputer people looking to be conversant in databases Related Titles Date on Database: Writings 2000-2006 Beginning Database Design: From Novice to Professional Building a Data Warehouse: With Examples in SQL Server Applied Mathematics for Database Professionals Beginning Relational Data Modeling, Second Edition
Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defences. (1999)

Mitochondria are strongly involved in production of reactive oxygen species, considered today as the main pathogenic agent of many diseases. A vicious circle of oxidative stress and damage to cellular structures can lead to either cell death by apoptosis or to a cellular energetic decline and ageing. The early involvement of mitochondria in apoptosis includes expression of pro-apoptotic factors, release of cytochrome c from the inter-membrane space and opening of the permeability transition pore: cytochrome c release appears to precede pore opening. The mitochondrial theory of ageing considers somatic mutations (deletions) of mitochondrial DNA induced by oxygen radicals as the primary cause of energy decline; experimentally, Complex I appears to be mostly affected. We have developed the Pasteur effect (enhancement of lactate production by mitochondrial inhibition) as a bio-marker of mitochondrial bioenergetics in human platelets, and found it to be decreased in aged individuals. Cells counteract oxidative stress by antioxidants; among lipophilic antioxidants coenzyme Q is the only one of endogenous biosynthesis; exogenous coenzyme Q, however, may protect cells from oxidative stress in vivo.
A perfusion chamber developed to investigate platelet interaction in flowing blood with human vessel wall cells, their extracellular matrix, and purified components. (1983)

A flat perfusion chamber was developed to study the interaction of blood platelets in flowing blood with cultured human vessel wall cells, their connective tissue matrix, and isolated connective tissue components at defined shear rate conditions. A cover slip covered with endothelial cells or extracellular matrix components was introduced into the chamber. Laser-Doppler velocimetry showed a symmetrical flow profile at flow rates between 50 and 150 ml/min (wall shear rate 300 to 1100 sec-1). Platelet deposition was estimated by using blood platelets labeled with indium-111 or by a morphometric method. Blood platelets did not adhere to endothelial cells at wall shear rates of 765 sec-1 and the endothelial cells remained attached for at least 10 min of perfusion. In preconfluent cultures of endothelial cells, blood platelets adhered to extracellular material in areas between the cells. Removal of endothelial cells by treatment with 0.5% Triton X-100 induced increased platelet adherence with a preference for certain, as yet unidentified, fibrillar structures of the extracellular matrix. Platelet adherence to equine collagen was also studied after coating the cover slips by spraying of small collagen droplets followed by air drying. Platelet adherence and the subsequent platelet aggregate formation occurred predominantly along visible collagen fibers. These studies showed that this perfusion chamber has a laminar and symmetrical flow allowing qualitative and quantitative investigation of platelet interaction with endothelial cells, their extracellular matrix, and pure connective tissue components. A variety of wall shear rates and exposure times can be applied at controlled conditions without removing cells or extracellular material.
Convergence, electrostatic potential, and density measurements in a spherically convergent ion focus (1997)

Unique measurements of the basic plasma-flow characteristics in a low pressure (⩽53 mPa H2) spherically convergent ion focus are obtained using high-voltage (⩽5 kV) emissive and double probes. The radial plasma potential distribution agrees with a collisionless, recirculating, space-charge-limited current model. Flow convergence increases with voltage and neutral pressure and decreases with cathode grid wire spacing and current. Core radii within 4–5 times the ideal geometric limit are measured, and the observed core sizes are consistent with predictions from a multipass orbit model which includes asymmetries in the accelerating potential well. A virtual anode is observed in the converged core region, and no evidence for multiple potential well structures in the core is found. Measurements of the core ion density (nic∼1015 m−3) are consistent with simple flow convergence models.
Changes to water repellence of soil caused by the growth of white-rot fungi: studies using a novel microcosm system (2000)

A microcosm system is described which permits assessment of the progressive growth of filamentous fungi through soil. We report on its application to measure the effects of Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium upon the sorptivity and water repellence of a mineral soil, measured using a miniature infiltration device. Both fungal species caused moderate sub-critical repellence. Since the pore structure was unaffected, the repellence was probably due to hydrophobic substances of fungal origin. This is the first report of changes in soil repellence caused by the growth of potential xenobiotic bioremediating fungi. The potential consequences are discussed.
The Upstairs Market for Large-Block Transactions: Analysis and Measurement of Price Effects (1996)

Journal Article The Upstairs Market for Large-Block Transactions: Analysis and Measurement of Price Effects Get access Donald B. Keim, Donald B. Keim Address all correspondence to Donald Keim, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ananth Madhavan Ananth Madhavan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Financial Studies, Volume 9, Issue 1, January 1996, Pages 1–36, https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/9.1.1 Published: 03 June 2015
Optimizing and enhancing optical systems to meet the low k 1 challenge (2003)

Current roadmaps show that the semiconductor industry continues to drive the usable Rayleigh resolution towards the fundamental limit (for 50% duty cycle lines) at k<sub>1</sub>=0.25. This is being accomplished through use of various resolution enhancement technologies (RETs), extremely low aberration optics with stable platforms, and resists processes that have ever-increasing dissolution contrast and smaller diffusion lengths. This talk will give an overview of the latest optical mechanisms that can be used to improve the imaging system for low k<sub>1</sub> resolutions. We show 3 non-photoresist techniques to measure the optical parameters of a scanner: 1) a new fast phase measurement interferometer to measure aberrations is presented with an accuracy and repeatability of <3mλ, 2) we introduce a method to measure the illumination profile of the exposing source, and 3) a measurement system to monitor scattered light is presented with correlation to other techniques using a salted pellicle experiment to create controlled scattered light. The optimization of illumination and exposure dose is presented. We show the mechanism for customizing illumination based on specific mask layers. We show how this is done and compare process windows to other more conventional modes such as annular illumination or QUASAR. The optimum design is then implemented into hardware that can give extremely high optical efficiency. We also show how system level control mechanisms can be used to field-to-field and across-field exposure to compensate for lithography errors. Examples of these errors can include reticle CD deviations, wavefront aberrations, and across-field illumination uniformity errors. CD maps, facilitated by SEM and ELM, can give the prescribed changes necessary. We present a system that interfaces to new hardware to compensate these effects by active scanner corrections.
MR Fingerprinting with Chemical Exchange (MRF-X) for In Vivo Multi-Compartment Relaxation and Exchange Rate Mapping (2016)

MR Fingerprinting with Chemical Exchange (MRF-X) is presented for in vivo quantification of relaxation times, volume fraction, and exchange rate for tissues with two compartments. Data are presented in healthy volunteers in both brain and leg skeletal muscle and compared with previously reported measurements.
Phosphorylated Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases Are Significantly Increased in Malignant Mesothelioma (2006)

Tumorigenesis is associated with the activation of mitogenic signal transduction pathways. The expression of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) may play an important role in cell proliferation of malignant mesothelioma (MM). We compare the expression of p-ERK in 50 biopsy specimens of MM, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and normal lung tissue. We hypothesized that phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase is increased in MM. We stained the sections by immunohistochemistry for activated ERK-1 and -2 and performed the quantification of the stained nuclei. Quantitative analysis of p-ERK showed a high percentage score in MM (30.3 +/- 4.6%) as compared with NSCLC (12.2 +/- 2.1%) (p<0.01) and control lung tissue (6.4 +/- 1.3%) (p=0.0002). Furthermore, p-ERK was found significantly higher in poorly differentiated NSCLC (17.7 +/- 3.1%) as compared with well-differentiated NSCLC (5.4 +/- 1.2%) (p<0.01). Our data show that the nuclear quantification of p-ERK is significantly increased in MM and poorly differentiated NSCLC in comparison to well-differentiated NSCLC and normal lung tissue. These results corroborate previous experimental studies that suggest a critical role of p-ERK in cell proliferation of malignant disease and may represent new targets for therapeutic agents.
Fiber optical temperature and strain measurements for monitoring and quench detection of superconducting coils (2008)

It has been demonstrated that Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors can measure at very low temperatures in Helium cryostats. The intrinsic temperature sensitivity is very low but can be significantly enhance by the thermal expansion of polymer carriers. Temperature and mechanical strain changes can be measured quite accurately.
Resistance of Titanium to Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acids Inhibited by Ferric and Cupric Ions (1952)

Ferric and cupric ions are effective inhibitors for the corrosion of titanium in boiling 10 per cent sulfuric and boiling 10 per cent hydrochloric acids. The corrosion rates range from 3 to 55 mdd (0.001 to 0.012 ipy) for inhibitor concentrations from 0.03 to 0.005 M. Although the inhibitors are consumed as titanium corrodes, the consumption is moderate, particularly at the higher inhibitor concentrations corresponding to low corrosion rates. The primary mechanism, as indicated by potential measurements, is proposed as occurring through adsorption of Fe+++ or Cu++ on the metal surface with accompanying satisfaction of surface valences and formation of a dipole layer with negative charge outward accounting for a noble potential.
Modulo transforms - an alternative to lifting (2006)

This paper introduces a new paradigm for the construction of reversible transforms that map integers to integers. Transform matrices with integer entries are first considered, and the modular arithmetic properties of transform coefficients are studied. It is shown that these transform coefficients are redundant in modular arithmetic. Further, this redundancy can be exploited by quantizing transform coefficients critically so as to produce an effective scaled transformation with unit determinant. This forms the basis of a class of transforms referred to as modulo transforms that are reversible and unit determinant, conditions necessary for applications such as lossless compression and reversible image rotation. The theory of modulo transforms is examined in depth. Analysis based on modular arithmetic shows that two-dimensional rotations can be critically quantized, albeit with nonequal bin widths along axes. A construction procedure is derived for realizing a reversible transform with small or unit scaling factors, and a theorem is stated wherein certain Pythagorean triples can be scalar quantized to produce a reversible, normalized, scalefree transform matrix. Modulo transforms and lifting are compared and contrasted in theory, and in experiments. The computational aspects of modulo transforms are also discussed in this paper.
A Low Power Pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converter using Series Sampling Capacitors (2005)

A low power pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that employs sampling capacitors connected in series is presented. The series sampling capacitors minimize the size of the sampling capacitors to the kT/C limit without degrading the ADC's performance due to mismatch. Using this technique, a 10-bit 100 MHz pipelined ADC is designed and simulated. The ADC achieves 60 dB of signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) at 100 MHz while consuming 47 mW from 1.8-V supply in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
Endothelial Shear Stress and Platelet FcγRIIa Expression in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease (2021)

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) has been characterized by the degree of arterial stenosis and downstream hypoperfusion, yet microscopic derangements of endothelial shear stress at the luminal wall may be key determinants of plaque growth, vascular remodeling and thrombosis that culminate in recurrent stroke. Platelet interactions have similarly been a principal focus of treatment, however, the mechanistic basis of anti-platelet strategies is largely extrapolated rather than directly investigated in ICAD. Platelet FcγRIIa expression has been identified as a potent risk factor in cardiovascular disease, as elevated expression markedly increases the risk of recurrent events. Differential activation of the platelet FcγRIIa receptor may also explain the variable response of individual patients to anti-platelet medications. We review existing data on endothelial shear stress and potential interactions with the platelet FcγRIIa receptor that may alter the evolving impact of ICAD, based on local pathophysiology at the site of arterial stenosis. Current methods for quantification of endothelial shear stress and platelet activation are described, including tools that may be readily adapted to the clinical realm for further understanding of ICAD.
Using Ventricular Assist Devices as Long-term Therapy for Heart Failure (1998)

A MULTICENTER clinical trial will soon begin recruiting patients to see if ventricular assist devices (VADs) are an effective long-term treatment for patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF).
Detecting primary bladder cancer using delayed <sup>18</sup> F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging after forced diuresis (2012)

Our data suggest that delayed pelvic FDG-PET/CT imaging after forced detects more primary bladder tumors than standard FDG-PET/CT protocols. However, indeterminate bladder lesions on delayed PET/CT remain a problem and should be interpreted cautiously in order to avoid false positive results.
Synthesis of coherent two-port optical delay-line circuit with ring waveguides (1996)

A method has already been reported by the author and others for synthesizing coherent two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuits which have the same filter characteristics as finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters. This paper proposes a two-port circuit configuration with ring waveguides which can realize the same filter characteristics as infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters. It also describes a synthesis method for realizing arbitrary IIR filter characteristics with the circuit configuration. This method is based on scattering matrix factorization. Some synthesis examples are demonstrated including an elliptic filter, a Butterworth filter, an optical filter with maximally flat group-delay characteristics, a group-delay dispersion equalizer, and a multichannel selector.
GDS-based Mask Data Preparation Flow: Data Volume Containment by Hierarchical Data Processing (2002)

As the industry enters the development of the 65nm node the pressure on the data path and tapeout flow is growing. Design complexity and increased deployment of resolution enhancement techniques (RET) result in rapidly growing file sizes, which turns what used to be the relatively simple task of mask data preparation into a real bottleneck. This discussion introduces the data preparation scheme in the mask house and analyzes its evolution. Mask data preparation (MDP) has evolved from a flow that only needed to support a single mask lithography tool data format (MEBES) with minimal data alteration steps to one which requires the support of many mask lithography tool data formats and at the same time requires significant data alteration to support the increased precision necessary for today’s advanced masks.. However, the MDP flow developed around the MEBES format and it’s derivatives still exists. The design community has migrated towards the use of hierarchical data formats and processes to control file size and processing time. MDP, which from a file size and process complexity point of view is beginning to look more and more like the advanced RET operations performed on the data prior to mask manufacturing, is still standardized on a flat data format that is poorly optimized for a growing number of mask lithography tools. Based on examples it will be shown how this complicates the data handling further. An alternate data preparation flow accommodating the larger files and re-gaining flexibility for turnaround time (TAT) and throughput management is suggested. This flow utilizes the hierarchical GDS-II format as the exchange format for mask data preparation. It complements the existing flow for the most complex designs. The introduction of a hierarchical exchange format enables the transfer of a number of necessary data preparation steps into the hierarchical domain. Data processing strategies are discussed. The paper illustrates the benefit of hierarchical processing based on GDS-II files with experimental data on file size reduction and TAT improvement for direct format conversions vs. re-fracturing as well as other processing steps. The implications for the established data preparation approaches and potential alternatives for the communication between the mask manufacturer and the customer will be discussed. The potential for further enhancements by converting to a hierarchical format that has a more efficient data representation than the commonly used GDS-II format will be discussed and illustrated.
Comparison of parameters for Schottky and cold field emission sources (2006)

Total energy distribution (TED) measurements were carried out for point electron sources operating in the cold field (T=300K) and Schottky (T=1800K) emission regimes. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of the TED’s for both emission regimes were found to increase significantly above the respective theoretical values as the emitter radius (a) was decreased and as the angular current density (I′) was increased. This increase in the FWHM arises from the stochastic electron-electron interactions in the beam commonly known as the Boersch [Z. Phys. 139, 115 (1954)] effect. A method was devised to extract the magnitude of the Boersch effect from the experimental TED’s. The TED’s were investigated as a function of I′ and a. In addition, the reduced brightness for both emitters was calculated from the virtual source size and I′ values as a function of the FWHM values.
Gibberellins are required for embryo growth and seed development in pea (1997)

The gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis mutants lh‐1 and lh‐2 have been used to examine the physiological role of GAs in pea seed development. The LH protein is required for the three‐step oxidation of ent ‐kaurene to ent ‐kaurenoic acid early in the GA biosynthesis pathway. The allele‐specific interaction of lh‐1 and lh‐2 with chemical inhibitors of these three steps suggests that LH encodes the multi‐functional GA biosynthesis enzyme ent ‐kaurene oxidase. Unlike the lh‐2 mutation which reduces seed weight and decreases seed survival by ∼50% compared with wild‐type plants, the lh‐1 allele has a transient effect on embryo and seed growth and only slightly increases seed abortion. These seed phenotypes parallel the effects of the two mutant alleles on GA levels in young seeds. Detailed examination of the growth of lh‐1 seeds reveals homeostatic regulation of GA‐promoted embryo and seed growth. Although GA‐deficient seeds grow more slowly than WT seeds, decreased assimilate availability to the developing seeds is not the primary reason for the altered seed development. Instead, GAs act to promote some process(es) required for embryo and seed growth and only indirectly influence the distribution of assimilates. How GA deficiency causes seed abortion is not known but it may simply be a consequence of reduced seed or embryo growth rate. These results demonstrate that even relatively small changes in the levels of GAs in young seeds can alter seed development and suggest that the available GA‐related mutants may represent only a subset of all possible mutants with reduced GA levels or GA signalling.
Characteristics of Oilwell Cement Slurry Using CMC (2010)

Summary The effects of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) polymer with some other additives on Class G cement were investigated to design a slurry for a field in the south of Iran subject to tectonically induced horizontal in-situ stress. For a number of alternative slurries, characteristics such as compressive strength, permeability, free water, and fluid loss were examined. Fundamental theoretical studies and laboratory experiments were conducted using a system-based approach, endeavoring to minimize undesired properties progressively. The result was a cement slurry with specifications of early and high compressive strength, low permeability, suitable rheological properties, and a wide range of thickening time and suitable slurry for this case. Accordingly, the major contributions of this research lie in two aspects. First, a new package of additives is introduced to be used in similar cases in the oilwell-drilling industry. Second, a systematic experimental/theoretical approach for optimization of cement slurry in accordance with functional requirements is documented.
Residual stress anisotropy, stress control, and resistivity in post cathode magnetron sputter deposited molybdenum films (1988)

As part of the program to develop a large-area thin-film pulse heater for a lithium ion source, the residual stress in post cathode magnetron sputter deposited molybdenum films has been studied. It was found that in films prepared in the low-pressure sputtering regime, the residual film stress is very sensitive to the gas pressure during sputtering and that the film stresses are highly anisotropic. The transition pressure for changing from compressive to tensile residual stress, as defined by Thornton and Hoffman, depends on the relationship between the measurement direction in the film and the post cathode orientation. In order to deposit a nearly stress-free film a pressure cycling technique was developed which deposited alternate film layers containing tensile and compressive stresses. Film resistivity and thermal coefficient of resistivity measurements were made during the pulse heating of the molybdenum films.