gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyse et modélisation de la tenue à l'électromigration des interconnexions en régime dynamique (1998)

De plus en plus etroites, les interconnexions des circuits integres, sont soumises a des densites de courant de plus en plus importantes. Leur fiabilite est alors considerablement limitee par les phenomenes d electro migration, transport de matiere induit par le passage d'un courant electrique. Actuellement des regles de. Dessin, etablies a partir d'essais en regime continu, sont beaucoup trop severes et !mutent la reduction des dimensions. Pour pallier a cette difficulte, les concepteurs sont demandeurs de regles de dessin deduites de tests d’electro migration en regimes pulses, plus proches des conditions reelles de fonctionnement. L'etude de la degradation des lignes en regime dynamique a ete realisee a l'aide de deux bancs de mesure utilisant la methode ~u test de duree de, vie. Ces bancs permettent d'appliquer des signaux carres unidirectionnels jusqu’a 1 MHz pour l'un et bidirectionnels jusqu'a 10 MHz pour l'autre. Un modele thermique base sur un systeme a une constante de temps permet de decrire l'evolution de la temperature de la ligne au cours du test. Il permet d'extraire, en fonction de la frequence et du rapport cyclique, l'amplitude du cyclage thermique et des temperatures d'analyse propres au regime dynamique. B Les resultats experimentaux obtenus sur des structures NIST de largeurs 3 ou 4f1m valident Je modele du courant moyen pour des frequences superieures a 100Hz et le « On-Time Mode!» pour la frequence de 1Hz. Ils mettent en evidence la meme cinetique de defaillance en regime dynamique et en regime continu avec une importante proportion de defaillances dues aux gradients thermiques. Les phenomenes de depletion et d'accumulation de matiere sont plus prononces en regime pulse unidirectionnel qu'en regime continu en raison des durees de vie plus longues. De plus, les defaillances sont differentes pour des motifs avec amenees de courant par vias en tungstene et son localisees essentiellement a l'aplomb des vias en entre d'electrons. En regime bidirectionnel avec des courants positif et negatif de meme amplitude, les durees de vie sont considerablement prolongees. Meme si les defaillances sont de meme type qu'en regimes continu et unidirectionnel, elles n'apparaissent plus au niveau des vias en tungstene, situant une forte divergence du flux de matiere, mais dans la ligne de test. Le comportement des structures soumises a des sigaux fortement asymetriques se rapproche de celui obtenu en regime unidirectionnel en raison de 1; forte amplitude du cyclage thermique entre les alternances positives et negatives.
Localization of the gD-Binding Region of the Human Herpes Simplex Virus Receptor, HveA (2001)

During virus entry, herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD) binds to one of several human cellular receptors. One of these, herpesvirus entry mediator A (HveA), is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, and its ectodomain contains four characteristic cysteine-rich pseudorepeat (CRP) elements. We previously showed that gD binds the ectodomain of HveA expressed as a truncated, soluble protein [HveA(200t)]. To localize the gD-binding domain of HveA, we expressed three additional soluble forms of HveA consisting of the first CRP [HveA(76t)], the second CRP [HveA(77-120t)], or the first and second CRPs [HveA(120t)]. Biosensor and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies showed that gD bound to HveA(120t) and HveA(200t) with the same affinity. However, gD did not bind to HveA(76t) or HveA(77-120t). Furthermore, HveA(200t) and HveA(120t), but not HveA(76t) or HveA(77-120t), blocked herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry into CHO cells expressing HveA. We also generated six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against HveA(200t). MAbs CW1, -2, and -4 bound linear epitopes within the second CRP, while CW7 and -8 bound linear epitopes within the third or fourth CRPs. None of these MAbs blocked the binding of gD to HveA. In contrast, MAb CW3 recognized a discontinuous epitope within the first CRP of HveA, blocked the binding of gD to HveA, and exhibited a limited ability to block virus entry into cells expressing HveA, suggesting that the first domain of HveA contains at least a portion of the gD binding site. The inability of gD to bind HveA(76t) suggests that additional amino acid residues of the gD binding site may reside within the second CRP.
A systematic method to design a fuzzy data mining model (2003)

Based on the available transaction records, we use AprioriTid model to derive the association rules from large database. We then exploit association rules to establish an initial fuzzy inference model. A novel tuning method is proposed to adjust the fuzzy model such that every association rule from data mining model can in turn help us recommend the most appropriate products to the prospective customers. By combining the Larsen's inference method and gradient descent method, we derive a systematic approach to refine the fuzzy model. Thus, a new adjusting method, i.e., Larsen-like, is proposed in this paper. How to derive the association rules from large database, how to apply the derived rules to establishing a fuzzy inference model, and how to optimize the fuzzy model are illustrated by simple examples.
Mobile Edge Cloud System: Architectures, Challenges, and Approaches (2017)

Mobile edge cloud (MEC) is a model for enabling on-demand elastic access to, or an interaction with a shared pool of reconfigurable computing resources such as servers, storage, peer devices, applications, and services, at the edge of the wireless network in close proximity to mobile users. It overcomes some obstacles of traditional central clouds by offering wireless network information and local context awareness as well as low latency and bandwidth conservation. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of MEC systems, including the concept, architectures, and technical enablers. First, the MEC applications are explored and classified based on different criteria, the service models and deployment scenarios are reviewed and categorized, and the factors influencing the MEC system design are discussed. Then, the architectures and designs of MEC systems are surveyed, and the technical issues, existing solutions, and approaches are presented. The open challenges and future research directions of MEC are further discussed.
Intelligent walkers for the elderly: Performance and safety testing of VA-PAMAID robotic walker (2003)

A walker that could help navigate and avoid collisions with obstacles could help reduce health costs and increase the quality of care and independence of thousands of people. This study evaluated the safety and performance of the Veterans Affairs Personal Adaptive Mobility Aid (VA-PAMAID). We performed engineering tests on the VA-PAMAID to determine safety factors, including stability, energy consumption, fatigue life, and sensor and control malfunctions. The VA-PAMAID traveled 10.9 km on a full charge and avoided obstacles while traveling at a speed of up to 1.2 m/s. No failures occurred during static stability, climatic, or fatigue testing. Some problems were encountered during obstacle climbing and sensor and control testing. The VA-PAMAID has good range, has adequate reaction time, and is structurally sound. Clinical trials are planned to compare the device to other low-technical adaptive mobility devices.
Platelets are necessary for airway wall remodeling in a murine model of chronic allergic inflammation (2003)

Asthma is associated with airway remodeling. Evidence of platelet recruitment to the lungs of asthmatics after allergen exposure suggests platelets participate in various aspects of asthma; although their importance is unknown in the context of airway remodeling, their involvement in atherosclerosis is established. Studies from our laboratory have shown a requirement for platelets in pulmonary leukocyte recruitment in a murine model of allergic lung inflammation. Presently, the effects of platelet depletion and corticosteroid administration on airway remodeling and lung function were examined. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice, exposed to aerosolized OVA for 8 weeks, demonstrated epithelial and smooth muscle thickening, and subepithelial reticular fiber deposition in the distal airways. The depletion of platelets via an immunologic (antiplatelet antisera) or nonimmunologic (busulfan) method, markedly reduced airway remodeling. In contrast, dexamethasone administration did not affect epithelial thickening or subepithelial fibrosis, despite significantly inhibiting leukocyte recruitment. Thus, pathways leading to certain aspects of airway remodeling may not depend on leukocyte recruitment, whereas platelet activation is obligatory. OVA-sensitized mice exhibited airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) compared with sham-sensitized mice following chronic OVA exposure. Neither platelet depletion nor dexamethasone administration inhibited chronic AHR; thus, mechanisms other than inflammation and airway remodeling may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic AHR.
Enhancement of MICA affinity for NKG2D by combining multiple rational design strategies (58.17) (2012)

Abstract We increased the affinity of MICA for the dominant immunoreceptor NKG2D by 50-fold using seven rationally designed mutations found through a stepwise process similar to affinity maturation. First we evaluated the stability of amino acid mutations in MICA located beneath the interface with NKG2D using RosettaDesign. These mutations were near a flexible region that folds when NKG2D binds. Sets of mutations predicted to mildly destabilize this region of MICA also increased its affinity for NKG2D as measured by surface plasmon resonance, with the best results from three mutations that increased affinity by 20-fold. The second design strategy optimized MICA residues that contact NKG2D. Ten single mutations proposed by RosettaDesign increased MICA-NKG2D affinity by 2-fold to 8-fold by SPR. Most combined surface mutants tested had subadditive effects on binding, but some enhanced binding through enthalpic stabilization. A combination of four of the five best single mutants increased affinity by 19-fold from wild-type. These sets of three and four mutations were combined in a MICA variant that bound NKG2D with 50 nM affinity. This variant in complex with NKG2D persisted through a size-exclusion column under conditions where the wild-type complex fell apart. These mutants were purified and tested in the context of undergraduate biochemistry courses in large quantities, so samples of purified recombinant high-affinity MICA are readily available for more tests.
Discussion: Supply Relationships in the South—What Have We Learned? (1986)

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Threshold behavior of (GaAl)As-GaAs lasers at low temperatures (1978)

The temperature dependence of the threshold current, differential quantum efficiency, and internal loss have been measured in the temperature range 10–293 °K. The threshold current increases relatively slowly with temperature above 100 °K and is independent of the impurity concentration. Theoretical calculation shows that this behavior is to be expected for a band-to-band transition that follows k selection. The threshold behavior at low temperatures (? 80 °K) depends strongly on the type and concentration of the impurity. The relatively fast decrease in threshold below 100 °K shows saturation for an active layer with n-type impurities or with high-concentration p-type impurities. The saturation is attributed to the carrier diffusion length becoming smaller than the active-layer thickness. The internal differential quantum efficiency is near unity and is independent of temperature. The internal loss, however, decreases with temperature due to reduction in free-carrier absorption.
Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy With LaBr<tex>$_3$</tex>:Ce Scintillator Readout by a Silicon Drift Detector (2006)

In this paper, the authors propose a gamma-ray spectrometer based on a LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce scintillator coupled to a silicon drift detector (SDD). The SDD is a photodetector characterized by a very low noise thanks to the low value of output capacitance independent from the active area. With respect to a PMT, the SDD offers a higher quantum efficiency which reduces the spread associated to the statistic of photoelectrons generation. Also with respect to an APD, the SDD offers a lower photoelectrons statistic contribution, which, in the APD, is worsened by the excess noise factor with respect to pure Poisson statistics. Moreover, the SDD has a stable behavior, less sensitive to temperature and bias drift. In the past years, good energy resolutions were measured using a SDD coupled to a CsI:Tl crystal. However, the long shaping time, to be used with this scintillator to prevent ballistic deficit, was too far to exploit the best noise performances achievable with a SDD obtained at shaping times in the order of 1 mus. On the contrary, this optimum shaping time is fully compatible with the short decay time of the LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce crystal (about 25 ns). The results of the experimental characterization of the LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :Ce-SDD gamma-ray spectrometer are presented in this work and are compared with the performances achieved with the same crystal coupled to a PMT and to a CsI(Tl) crystal coupled to the same SDD. The SDD has an active area of 30 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Antireflective coatings have been implemented. Good energy resolutions were measured at room temperature, thanks to the low leakage current of the detector: 2.7% at the <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">137 </sup> Cs 661.7 KeV line and 6.1% at the <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">57</sup> Co 122 KeV line. A resolution of 5.7% at 122 KeV line was measured at 0 degC
Intermolecular associations determine the dynamics of the circadian KaiABC oscillator (2010)

Three proteins from cyanobacteria (KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC) can reconstitute circadian oscillations in vitro. At least three molecular properties oscillate during this reaction, namely rhythmic phosphorylation of KaiC, ATP hydrolytic activity of KaiC, and assembly/disassembly of intermolecular complexes among KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. We found that the intermolecular associations determine key dynamic properties of this in vitro oscillator. For example, mutations within KaiB that alter the rates of binding of KaiB to KaiC also predictably modulate the period of the oscillator. Moreover, we show that KaiA can bind stably to complexes of KaiB and hyperphosphorylated KaiC. Modeling simulations indicate that the function of this binding of KaiA to the KaiB*KaiC complex is to inactivate KaiA's activity, thereby promoting the dephosphorylation phase of the reaction. Therefore, we report here dynamics of interaction of KaiA and KaiB with KaiC that determine the period and amplitude of this in vitro oscillator.
Topologies for three-element resonant converters (1992)

Many of the limitations of two-element resonant topologies can be overcome by adding a third reactive element. However, using three elements greatly increases the number of possible topologies, making it very difficult to explore this class of circuits on a trial-and-error basis. An orderly search procedure that exposes a large number of new topologies, many of which are resonant and have useful properties, is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Word level feature discovery to enhance quality of assertion mining (2012)

Automatic assertion generation methodologies based on machine learning generate assertions at bit level. These bit level assertions are numerous, making them unreadable and frequently unusable. We propose a methodology to discover word level features using static and dynamic analysis of the RTL source code. We use discovered word level features for the underlying learning algorithms to generate word level assertions. A post processing of assertions is employed to remove redundant propositions. Experimental results on Ethernet MAC, I2C, and OpenRISC designs show that the generated word level assertions have higher expressiveness and readability than their corresponding bit level assertions.
Trapping of Phenylacetaldehyde as a Key Mechanism Responsible for Naringenin’s Inhibitory Activity in Mutagenic 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]Pyridine Formation (2008)

Chemical model reactions were carried out to investigate the mechanism of inhibition by a citrus flavonoid, naringenin, on the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), the most abundant mutagenic heterocyclic amine found in foods. GC-MS showed that naringenin dose dependently reduced the level of phenylacetaldehyde, a key intermediate on the pathway to the formation of PhIP. Subsequent LC-MS analyses of samples from a wide range of model systems consisting of PhIP precursors, including phenylalanine, glucose, and creatinine, suggested that naringenin scavenged phenylacetaldehyde via adduct formation. An isotope-labeling study showed that the postulated adducts contain fragment(s) of phenylalanine origin. Direct reaction employing phenylacetaldehyde and naringenin further confirmed the capability of naringenin to form adducts with phenylacetaldehyde, thus reducing its availability for PhIP formation. Two of the adducts were subsequently isolated and purified. Their structure was elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy as 8- C-( E-phenylethenyl)naringenin (1) and 6- C-( E-phenylethenyl)naringenin (2), respectively, suggesting that C-6 and C-8 are two of the active sites of naringenin in adduct formation. These two adducts were also identified from thermally processed beef models, highlighting phenylacetaldehyde trapping as a key mechanism of naringenin to inhibit PhIP formation.
Ligand-specificity of the rat GLP-I receptor recombinantly expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-) cells. (1994)

Glucagon-like peptide-I (GLP-I) is a potent incretin hormone and is considered as a new therapeutic tool in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to precisely characterize the binding behavior and activation of the recombinant GLP-I receptor against naturally occurring ligands of the glucagon/VIP/secretin peptide hormone family. CHO-cells were stably transfected with a plasmid containing a cDNA encoding for the rat GLP-I receptor. Northern blot analysis with this cDNA showed a single band of 2.7 kb in CHO cells, while in RINm5F cells, three bands of 2.7, 3.4, and 3.6 kb were specifically labelled. In receptor-binding studies 125I-GLP-I was displaced by GLP-I and weakly by PHI and oxyntomodulin but not by helodermin, helospectin I, helospectin II, secretin, VIP, and PACAP-38. Intracellular cAMP generation was stimulated by GLP-I, PHI, and oxyntomodulin. Helodermin, helospectin I, helospectin II, secretin, VIP, and PACAP-38 were not able to displace 125I-GLP-I from its receptor or to stimulate intracellular cAMP production. This data shows that the GLP-I receptor is characterized by a high ligand specificity.
Oxidized low density lipoproteins inhibit relaxations of porcine coronary arteries. Role of scavenger receptor and endothelium-derived nitric oxide. (1991)

Thus, oxidized LDL activates the scavenger receptor on endothelial cells and inhibits the receptor-operated nitric oxide formation in epicardial but not in intramyocardial coronary arteries. The mechanism is not related to dysfunction of a Gi protein but is related to a reduced intracellular availability of L-arginine. The reduced nitric oxide formation at sites of early atherosclerotic lesions may favor platelet aggregation and vasospasm, both of which are known clinical events in patients with coronary artery disease.
Tumor-penetration and antitumor efficacy of cetuximab are enhanced by co-administered iRGD in a murine model of human NSCLC (2016)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality, worldwide. For this reason, novel therapies are required for the treatment of this devastating disease. Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The therapeutic efficacy of cetuximab for NSCLC is limited to use as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy. The objective of the present study was to develop a novel strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cetuximab for NSCLC by a co-administration with the tumor-penetrating internalizing RGD peptide (iRGD). Human NSCLC subcutaneous xenograft models established with the A549 cell line in nude mice were treated with 30 mg/kg cetuximab, 4 mg/kg iRGD, cetuximab plus iRGD or phosphate-buffered saline. The tumor-penetration, <i>in vivo</i> therapeutic efficacy and involved mechanism were evaluated. The present study showed that the A549 xenograft model is sensitive to the co-administration of cetuximab and iRGD. Treatment with cetuximab plus iRGD resulted in a significant increase in the tumor-penetration of cetuximab and tumor reduction compared with cetuximab monotherapy. In conclusion, iRGD enhances the effects of co-administered cetuximab in an NSCLC model. The combined application of cetuximab and iRGD may be a novel strategy to enhance the clinical therapeutic efficacy of cetuximab for the treatment of NSCLC.
High-power industrial drives (1994)

After the classification and a short review of the evolution, the different drive systems which became important in industrial applications are described. It is shown how motor, converter, and controls form a drive system. The specific characteristics of each system are emphasized in order to show which system is best suited for which kind of applications. Based on the development potential the paper also gives a projection for the future. The systems discussed include synchronous motors fed by externally commutated current source converters, induction motors fed by current source converters, cycloconverter fed synchronous motors, voltage source inverters, and slip power controlled drives.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stress Corrosion and Static Fatigue of Glass (1970)

Stress corrosion cracking of six glasses was studied using fracture mechanics techniques. Crack velocities in water were measured as a function of applied stress intensity factor and temperature, and apparent activation energies for crack motion were obtained. Data were consistent with the universal fatigue curve for static fatigue of glass, which depended on glass composition. Of the glasses tested, silica glass was most resistant to static fatigue, followed by the low‐alkali aluminosilicate and borosilicate glasses. Sodium was detrimental to stress corrosion resistance. The crack velocity data could be explained by the Charles and Hillig theory of stress corrosion. It is probable that stress corrosion of glass is normally caused and controlled by a chemical reaction between the glass and water.