gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The adaptive nature of human categorization. (1991)

A rational model of human categorization behavior is presented that assumes that categorization reflects the derivation of optimal estimates of the probability of unseen features of objects. A Bayesian analysis is performed of what optimal estimations would be if categories formed a disjoint partitioning of the object space and if features were independently displayed within a category. This Bayesian analysis is placed within an incremental categorization algorithm. The resulting rational model accounts for effects of central tendency of categories, effects of specific instances, learning of linearly nonseparable categories, effects of category labels, extraction of basic level categories, base-rate effects, probability matching in categorization, and trial-by-trial learning functions. Although the rational model considers just I level of categorization, it is shown how predictions can be enhanced by considering higher and lower levels. Considering prediction at the lower, individual level allows integration of this rational analysis of categorization with the earlier rational analysis of memory (Anderson & Milson, 1989). Anderson (1990) presented a rational analysis ot 6 human cognition. The term rational derives from similar rational-man analyses in economics. Rational analyses in other fields are sometimes called adaptationist analyses. Basically, they are efforts to explain the behavior in some domain on the assumption that the behavior is optimized with respect to some criteria of adaptive importance. This article begins with a general characterization ofhow one develops a rational theory of a particular cognitive phenomenon. Then I present the basic theory of categorization developed in Anderson (1990) and review the applications from that book. Since the writing of the book, the theory has been greatly extended and applied to many new phenomena. Most of this article describes these new developments and applications.
International biorefinery systems (2007)

Abstract The development of biorefineries represents the key for access to an integrated production of food, feed, chemicals, materials, goods, and fuels of the future [1]. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies of the biogenic raw materials with those of intermediates and final products. The main focus is directed on the precursor carbohydrates, lignins, oils, and proteins, and the combination between biotechnological and chemical conversion of substances. Currently, the lignocellulosic feedstock (LCF) biorefinery, green biorefinery, whole-crop biorefinery, and the so-called two-platform concept are favored in research, development, and industrial implementation.
Thin film GaAs solar cells on glass substrates by epitaxial liftoff (1996)

In this work, the authors describe the fabrication and operating characteristics of GaAs/AlGaAs thin-film solar cells using the epitaxial liftoff (ELO) technique. This technique allows the transfer of these solar cells onto nonabsorbing glass substrates, and makes possible light-trapping operation. The enhanced performance of the lifted-off solar cell is demonstrated by means of electrical measurements under both dark and illuminated conditions.
1.2.2 FTTCA - Gasanalyse mit thermisch modulierten Wärmeleitfähigkeits-Sensoren mit Fourier-Analyse des Messsignals (2012)

Temperature Modulated Thermal Conductivity Analysis is a fairly new method in gas analysis. Classical thermal conductivity analysis is limited to binary gas mixtures, whereas this new approach opens the way for the analysis of three, four and more gas components. It makes use of both a physical effect and of the availability of new types of Thermal Conductivity Analysis (TCA-) sensors. The sensor is a miniaturized TC-sensor with an extremely low thermal mass. It allows a sinusoidal temperature variation of ±40….±70°C within the fraction of a second. The physical effect lies in the differences of the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of various gases. Reliable theoretical or experimental data for this temperature dependence are not available. The application of fast Fourier-Transform algorithm to the sensor signal and subsequent establishing of a calibration matrix make the analysis of three- and four-component gas mixtures feasible.
Phase Conductor on Multi-layered Attentions for Machine Comprehension (2017)

Attention models have been intensively studied to improve NLP tasks such as machine comprehension via both question-aware passage attention model and self-matching attention model. Our research proposes phase conductor (PhaseCond) for attention models in two meaningful ways. First, PhaseCond, an architecture of multi-layered attention models, consists of multiple phases each implementing a stack of attention layers producing passage representations and a stack of inner or outer fusion layers regulating the information flow. Second, we extend and improve the dot-product attention function for PhaseCond by simultaneously encoding multiple question and passage embedding layers from different perspectives. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model PhaseCond on the SQuAD dataset, showing that our model significantly outperforms both state-of-the-art single-layered and multiple-layered attention models. We deepen our results with new findings via both detailed qualitative analysis and visualized examples showing the dynamic changes through multi-layered attention models.
Inhibitory effects of formoterol and terbutaline on the development of late phase skin reactions (1992)

The capacity of the beta 2-agonist terbutaline and the longer-acting beta 2-agonist formoterol to suppress the development of late phase skin reactions to anti-human IgE was evaluated in 17 healthy volunteers. Anti-IgE injected intradermally per se induced an early weal and flare reaction, followed by a progressively increasing induration, the LCR, with a duration of greater than or equal to 24 hr. The LCR was inhibited by 40% when the weal was infiltrated with formoterol 250 ng 30 min after challenge (n = 9, P less than 0.01). The same anti-LCR effect was achieved by compensating for the shorter duration of action of terbutaline with repeated drug infiltration in 12.5 micrograms doses of the weal produced by anti-IgE up to 3 1/2 hr after challenge (n = 8). The data support the hypothesis that beta 2-agonists, both short- and long-acting, inhibit IgE-dependent LCRs by preferentially interacting with inflammatory events after the initial mast cell degranulation.
Rational Syntheses, Structure, and Properties of the First Bismuth(II) Carboxylate (2004)

Bismuth(II) trifluoroacetate (1), the first inorganic salt of bismuth in oxidation state +2, has been obtained in its pure, unstabilized form. Several synthetic routes suggested for the isolation of the new compound include (i) mild oxidation of elemental bismuth with some metal trifluoroacetates, e.g., Ag(I) and Hg(II); (ii) mild reduction of bismuth(III) trifluoroacetate with metals, such as Zn; (iii) comproportionation reaction between Bi and Bi(O(2)CCF(3))(3). The last approach gives the title compound 1 in quantitative yield as a sole product. Bismuth(II) trifluoroacetate has been characterized by NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic study reveals the dinuclear paddle-wheel structure for diamagnetic molecules Bi(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4). The Bi-Bi bond distances in dimetal units of 1 are averaged to 2.9462(3) A, and there are no axial intermolecular contacts between these units in the solid state. The compound is volatile and exists in vapor phase up to 220 degrees C when it disproportionates back to Bi(0) and Bi(III) species, i.e., by the reverse of the synthetic route iii. In contrast, the solution chemistry is quite limited: the bismuth(II) trifluoroacetate is decomposed by the majority of common solvents, but it can be stabilized by aromatic systems. The dibismuth unit has been shown to be preserved in the latter solvents and can be crystallized out in a form of pi-adducts with arenes. Two such adducts, Bi(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4).(C(6)H(5)Me) (2) and Bi(2)(O(2)CCF(3))(4).(1,4-C(6)H(4)Me(2))(2) (3), have been isolated as single crystals and characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. In the structures of both 2 and 3, the bismuth(II) centers exhibit weak eta(6)-coordination to aromatic rings.
Optimal Design of Water Desalination Systems Involving Waste Heat Recovery (2017)

Water desalination appears as an attractive alternative to provide fresh water in several parts of the world. However, this process is very expensive due to the high-energy consumption, and as consequence, significant pollution is produced due to the burning of fossil fuels that yield huge emissions of CO2. Furthermore, most of the desalination processes yield a lot of waste heat at low temperature, which can be recovered. Therefore, this paper presents an optimization approach for designing water desalination systems involving heat integration and waste heat recovery to reduce the desalination cost, energy consumption, and overall greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed approach accounts for the optimal selection of existing and emerging desalination technologies based on the heating and cooling requirements and incorporating waste heat recovery systems. The integration of the proposed systems provides power and thermal energy to the desalination task. Also, the proposed approach includes the optimal selection of fossil fuels, biofuels, and solar energy as energy sources. The proposed approach was applied to a case study, and the results show that the system that involves the multiple-effect distillation and thermal membrane distillation shows the best economic and environmental benefits involving water sales, power production, and energy savings.
Tactile ground surface indicators in public places (2008)

Visual information is essential in traffic: traffic lights tell us when to cross the street. Zebra crossings signalise visually street sections where car drivers have to pay special attention to pedestrians. Children are taught to look to the left and to the right before crossing the street. Motorists are aware of the problems and hazards occurring by darkness, rain, snow or fog when range of sight is decreased. A lot of accident avoidance deals with the issue to see and to be seen, e.g., the failure of motorists to detect and recognise motorcycles in traffic was regarded as the predominating cause of motorcycle accidents [1].
Inhibitors for Aluminium in Acid Solutions (1960)

Corrosion rates and inhibitor efficiencies have been determined for commercial aluminium in hydrochloric acid with the following inhibitors: nicotinic acid; dextrin; thiourea; and tannic acid. Polarisation studies have been made with thiourea and the mechanism of corrosion inhibition is herein discussed.
Shock Simulation and Testing in Weapons Development (1986)

A large number and variety of shock/transient acceleration loading cases are encountered in the service lives of weapon systems. The realistic, cost effective simulation of cases ranging from handling through launch to terminal impact presents many problems, but is essential to guarantee performance, safety and reliability of individual systems and components. This paper shows how relatively simple air gun techniques used in conjunction with a safe test cell can significantly enhance the realism, scope and scale of simulation. Developments in the techniques have resulted particularly from the use of modular construction methods, and the application of modern microcomputer and instrumentation methods. In practice, the techniques described have evolved over many years at the author's company, driven by requirements from a wide range of weapons projects. Typical examples of applications from direct experience are given, including rocket motor launch simulation, flight retarder load simulation, pyrotechnic separation shock simulation, multiple ejection and angled impact.
TRACKING PHENOMENA WITH SENSOR NETWORKS (2005)

The recent emergence of the sensor networks technology is significantly impacting the capabilities for automated distributed monitoring of environments.The large deployments of sensors for fine-grained data gathering makes it practically infeasible to transport all data to a central site for processing.Thus, effective localized communication and computation mechanisms need to be designed.Aggregation trees covering complete terrains have been shown to be an effective way of performing computation and communication in sensor networks.This thesis presents a reactive approach to constructing localized aggregation trees, limited to the regions of activity, wherein the sensors within close proximity that sense some phenomenon construct a local aggregation tree for their localized computational use, send the conclusion to the base station, and then the tree structure may be discarded.Four characteristics of a mobile phenomenon, namely geographical contour, location, velocity and predicted direction, were computed using this tree, which are used for tracking purposes.The working of the algorithms were shown through software simulations and effectiveness of the suggested approach was demonstrated.First and foremost, I would like to thank my mom, who has not only been a responsible parent but has also been a friend, guide, philosopher and what not.I would like to thank the rest of my family for being such a supportive hand in times of joy and sorrow.I express my sincerest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Raj Bhatnagar for his guidance, help and educational insights during the course of my education at University of Cininnati.His continued teaching, constructive ideas and counseling helped in shaping
Constant-Round MPC with Fairness and Guarantee of Output Delivery. (2015)

We study the round complexity of multiparty computation with fairness and guaranteed output delivery, assuming existence of an honest majority. We demonstrate a new lower bound and a matching upper bound. Our lower bound rules out any two-round fair protocols in the standalone model, even when the parties are given access to a common reference string (CRS). The lower bound follows by a reduction to the impossibility result of virtual black box obfuscation of arbitrary circuits. Then we demonstrate a three-round protocol with guarantee of output delivery, which in general is harder than achieving fairness (since the latter allows the adversary to force a fair abort). We develop a new construction of a threshold fully homomorphic encryption scheme, with a new property that we call “flexible” ciphertexts. Roughly, our threshold encryption scheme allows parties to adapt flexible ciphertexts to the public keys of the non-aborting parties, which provides a way of handling aborts without adding any communication.
Functional SNPs in vascular endothelial growth factor (<i>VEGF-A</i>) and overall survival (OS) in bevacizumab-treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). (2012)

3594 Background: Functional SNPs in VEGF-A are prognostic for OS in several malignancies, but not described definitively in mCRC. In bevacizumab-treated patients with advanced breast cancer, VEGF -2578AA and -1154A were predictive of OS—the latter SNP reported in a recent mCRC series as well. We examined the association between five functional VEGF-A SNPs and OS in a large cohort of bevacizumab-treated patients with mCRC. Methods: 403 patients with mCRC treated from 2004-2010 were included in a retrospective analysis. DNA extraction, genotyping, and SNP evaluation were performed according to standard protocols. Survival was calculated from the time of Stage IV diagnosis until death. Data were censored as of 12/31/2010. Results: There were 279 deaths in this group of 403 patients (69%). Median age was 55.7 (24-86 y), and 54% of patients were male. Age, sex, race, tumor grade, chemotherapies, and curative surgery (metastatectomy to negative margins) were considered. Significant clinical predictors of OS in univariate Cox modeling were cetuximab treatment [HR=1.46; 95% CI 1.13-1.88; p=0.0014], irinotecan treatment [HR=2.10; 1.32-3.35; p<0.001], and curative surgery [HR=0.36; 0.25-0.75; p<0.001]. Significant negative interaction was found between both cetuximab and irinotecan and curative surgery, and in modeling that included this interaction, only surgery remained predictive. In multivariate analysis, no association was found between VEGF-A and OS (Table). Conclusions: There was no association between five functional VEGF-A SNPs and OS in this large bevacizumab-treated mCRC cohort. [Table: see text]
Feature interactions in telecommunications systems (1993)

The problems of defining features, services, and feature interactions in telecommunication systems are discussed. Several ways of classifying feature interactions are surveyed. Existing approaches for solving the feature-interaction problem are reviewed. It is seen that no full approach exists; they are all partial solutions. The approaches are divided into three classes: avoidance, detection, and resolution. Avoidance looks at ways to prevent undesired feature interactions. Detection assumes that feature interactions will be present, and determines methods for identifying and locating them. Resolution assumes that feature interactions will be present and detected, and looks at mechanisms for minimizing their potential adverse effects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Comparison of seminal vitamin B12, folate, reactive oxygen species and various sperm parameters between fertile and infertile males]. (2001)

Vitamin B12(VB12), folate and reactive oxygen species(ROS) in human semen from both fertile and infertile males, and their relationships with other parameters were observed. Semen samples from 44 infertile and 176 fentile control subjects were collected and measured based on the guidelines issued by WHO. The results showed that no significant differences on semen VB12 and folate were observed between fertile and infertile groups(P > 0.05). However, the levels of ROS in infertile group were significantly higher than those in fertile group(P < 0.01). The morphological defects and low motility of sperm in infertile group was significantly higher than those in fertile group(P < 0.01). A positive relation was observed between the levels of ROS production and the morphological defect of sperm(P < 0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of VB12, folate and ROS(P < 0.01) in semen. It is interesting to note that the values of ROS also show a significantly positive correlation with sperm motility (P < 0.01). A significant differences of ROS levels between fertile and infertile group with negative white blood cells in sperm was also observed. It is concluded that the increase of ROS on the morphological defect of sperm is one of the most important factors related to poor sperm quality and human infertility.
Two Novel DOA Estimation Approaches for Real-Time Assistant Calibration Systems in Future Vehicle Industrial (2015)

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) of industrial systems have played an important role in Internet of things (IOT). The assistant calibration system (ACS) of vehicles is an emerging technology, which services the driver to drive the vehicle safely. To solve some existing problems in ACS such as frequency pairing, vehicle localization judgment, and driving in the curve road, two direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation-based approaches are proposed to resolve these problems. However, the performance of most conventional DOA estimation algorithms is affected by the mutual coupling among the elements. The special structure of the mutual coupling matrix of the uniform linear array is applied to eliminate the effect of mutual coupling. Then, a novel on-grid DOA estimation algorithm based on compressive sensing (CS) strategies is proposed in the presence of unknown mutual coupling. In order to compensate the aperture loss of discarding information that the array receives, the array aperture is extended by the vectorization operator. In order to deal with the effect of grid mismatch, an off-grid DOA estimation algorithm based on sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) is proposed in this paper. The temporal correlation between the neighboring snapshot numbers is considered in the off-grid algorithm. The computer simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Coupled Resonator Filters for W-CDMA Duplexer Application (2008)

This work presents the design and the measured performances of a duplexer based on bulk acoustic wave coupled resonator filter (BAW CRF) for W-CDMA application. This device is dedicated to be integrated in a RF module for cellular phone. A co-simulation methodology between a 1D acoustic model (Mason-type) and an electromagnetic solver is developed to allow a good prediction of the filter response on a large frequency range. The minimum insertion loss for the Tx and Rx filter is better than -3 dB and the isolation between Tx and Rx ports is greater than 60 dB. The rejection of the Tx filter is better than -50 dB in the Rx frequency range and is up to -67 dB in the Tx frequency range. The CRFs handle up to 27 dBm at Tx center frequency.
Antiarrhythmic Activity of Amiloride (1991)

We have previously shown that amiloride suppresses the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia both in dogs late following myocardial infarction and in patients. In those studies the only electrophysiologic correlate of amiloride's antiarrhythmic activity observed was prolongation of ventricular effective refractory period at the zone bordering the infarct. The purpose of this study was to assess the pharmacologic effects of amiloride associated with antiarrhythmic efficacy. However, amiloride has multiple pharmacologic effects, including inhibition of the slow inward calcium current (ICa), inhibition of the sodium-calcium and sodium-hydronium ion exchangers, acidification of intracellular pH resulting in partial inhibition of the inwardly rectifying potassium current (IK1), and increase in serum potassium and magnesium. The approach used in this study was to use selective pharmacologic probes to produce the known components of amiloride's pharmacologic effects. The selective agents consisted of verapamil (partial blockade of ICa), 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil (partial inhibition of the Na-Ca exchanger), 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (partial inhibition of the Na-H exchanger), the combination of these congeners, KCl infusions to increase serum potassium, MgSO4 infusions to increase serum magnesium, the combination of KCl and MgSO4 infusions, barium (partial block of IK1), ryanodine (partial blockade of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release), and placebo. In this study only barium produced antiarrhythmic and electrophysiologic effects similar to those of amiloride. However, amiloride prolongs border zone refractoriness selectively, whereas barium prolongs refractoriness diffusely throughout the myocardium. Blockade of ICa by verapamil, increases in serum magnesium and potassium alone or in combination, and partial blockade of sarcoplasmic reticulum by ryanodine were not antiarrhythmic in this model. Monotherapies that produced partial blockade of the Na-Ca and Na-H exchangers separately did not produce antiarrhythmic activity. However, the combination of these amiloride congeners reproduced the antiarrhythmic activity of amiloride but did not prolong border zone refractoriness. From these studies we conclude that the antiarrhythmic activity of amiloride relates to (a) selective blockade of IK1 in the border zone and/or (b) combined inhibition of sodium-calcium and sodium-hydronium ion exchangers.