gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Phase-Contrast Imaging Experimental System Under the Incoherent Condition With Conventional X-Ray Tubes (2009)

Hard X-ray phase-contrast imaging provides high sensitivity of weakly absorbing low-Z objects in medicine, biology and materials science. The traditional viewpoint is that coherent X-rays and coherent measurements are essential to hard X-ray phase-contrast imaging. In this paper, a differential phase-contrast imaging experimental system is introduced to obtain refraction-angle images based on the theory of infinite fringe moire deflectometry under the incoherent condition with weakly coherent X-rays from the conventional X-ray tube without Talbot effect. The experiments on material and biological samples prove that differential phase-contrast imaging can be realized under more relaxed condition.
Novel ceramic bone replacement material CeraBall<sup>®</sup> seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (2009)

CeraBall scaffolds show good biocompatibility in vitro for hMSCs. This opens the way for in vivo applications.
Protein Folding and Protein Association (1984)

Abstract The biosynthesis of proteins leads to linear chain molecules with a well‐defined amino acid sequence that is unambiguously determined by a corresponding polynucleotide sequence at the level of the gene. The underlying mechanism of transcription and translation is based upon the complementarity of pyrimidine and purine bases, on the one hand, and the genetic code, on the other. As indicated by denaturation/renaturation experiments, the one‐dimensional structural information encoded in the polypeptide chain generates a unique three‐dimensional structure. In consequence, one would expect a “folding code” to exist which governs the spontaneous acquisition of the thermodynamically stable “native” structure of a given protein. The rate of folding (in vivo as well as in vitro) is fast, despite the astronomically high number of potential conformations. The mechanism of folding must therefore be kinetically controlled. Whether the native structure represents the “global” or a “local” minimum on the energy hyperspace is an open question. Above a critical size, protein molecules tend to be organized as assemblies made up of identical or non‐identical subunits. The observed uniformity of a given “quaternary structure” requires a close correlation of folding and association as well as a high specificity of subunit recognition. Both are corroborated by in vitro reconstitution experiments.
A role for adeno-associated viral vectors in gene therapy (2008)

Gene therapy constitutes a therapeutic intervention based on modification of the genetic material of living cells, by correcting genetic defects or overexpressing therapeutic proteins. The success of gene therapy protocols depends on the availability of therapeutically suitable genes, appropriate gene delivery systems and proof of safety and efficacy. Recent advances on the development of gene delivery systems, particularly on viral vectors engineering and improved gene regulatory systems, have led to marked progress in this field. Although the available vector systems can successfully transfer genes into cells, the ideal delivery vehicle has not been found. In this context, adeno-associated virus vectors (AAV) are arising as a promising tool for a wide range of applications, due to a combination of characteristics such as lack of pathogenicity and immunogenicity, wide range of cell tropism and long-term gene expression. Since its isolation, the biological properties of the adeno-associated virus have been increasingly understood, improving our ability to manipulate and use it as a safe and efficient gene therapy vector of wide spectrum. In this work, we review the bases of gene therapy, main types of gene transfer systems and basic properties and use of AAV vectors.
Mass Spectrometry-Based Structural Proteomics (2012)

Structural proteomics is the application of protein chemistry and modern mass spectrometric techniques to problems such as the characterization of protein structures and assemblies and the detailed determination of protein-protein interactions. The techniques used in structural proteomics include crosslinking, photoaffinity labeling, limited proteolysis, chemical protein modification and hydrogen/deuterium exchange, all followed by mass spectrometric analysis. None of these methods alone can provide complete structural information, but a "combination" of these complementary approaches can be used to provide enough information for answering important biological questions. Structural proteomics can help to determine, for example, the detailed structure of the interfaces between proteins that may be important drug targets and the interactions between proteins and ligands. In this review, we have tried to provide a brief overview of structural proteomics methodologies, illustrated with examples from our laboratory and from the literature.
Homogeneous barrier modulation of TaO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> bilayers for ultra-high endurance three-dimensional storage-class memory (2014)

Three-dimensional vertical resistive-switching random access memory (VRRAM) is the most anticipated candidate for fulfilling the strict requirements of the disruptive storage-class memory technology, including low bit cost, fast access time, low-power nonvolatile storage,and excellent endurance. However, an essential self-selecting resistive-switching cell that satisfies these requirements has yet to be developed. In this study, we developed a TaOx/TiO2 double-layer V-RRAM containing numerous highly desired features, including: (1) a self-rectifying ratio of up to 10³ with a sub-μA operating current, (2) little cycle-to-cycle and layer-to-layer variation, (3) a steep vertical sidewall profile for high-density integration, (4) forming-free and self-compliance characteristics for a simple peripheral circuit design, and (5) an extrapolated endurance of over 10¹⁵ cycles at 100 °C. Furthermore, the switching and self-rectifying mechanisms were successfully modeled using oxygen ion migration and homogeneous barrier modulation. We also suggest the new possibility of monolithically integrating working and storage memory by exploiting a unique tradeoff between retention time and endurance.
Photocurable Organic Gate Insulator for the Fabrication of High‐Field Effect Mobility Organic Transistors by Low Temperature and Solution Processing (2007)

A new organic gate insulator in OTFT devices, which satisfies the requirements for the fabrication of a practical TFT array, such as a good chemical resistance, a low moisture uptake, a low temperature process, and a good film surface smoothness, is introduced. Since this gate insulator film is formed by photo-curing after spincasting on the top of the gate electrode, the process does not require high temperatures.
Sleep-Related Myoclonus in Rheumatic Pain Modulation Disorder (Fibrositis Syndrome) and in Excessive Daytime Somnolence (1984)

We describe a new syndrome, Rheumatic Pain Modulation Disorder (RPMD) ("fibrositis syndrome") with sleep-related myoclonus (involuntary periodic leg movements). Measures of sleepiness, fatigue and pain, before and after sleep, and aspects of sleep of nine subjects (Ss) with RPMD and sleep-related myoclonus were compared to nine subjects with excessive daytime somnolence and sleep-related myoclonus. In eight of the RPMD with sleep-related myoclonus and three of those with daytime sleepiness, an alpha (7.5-11 Hz) EEG Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep disorder was demonstrated. The RPMD with sleep-related myoclonus group contained a greater number of women, more pain, morning fatigue, and disturbances in sleep (more stage changes and alpha EEG sleep prior to leg myoclonus); but in comparison to the sleep-related myoclonus, daytime somnolent group, there were no differences in evening and morning sleepiness, number of limb movements, movement arousals, awakenings after sleep onset, sleep duration, and percent sleep stages.
Field testing driver night vision devices (2007)

This paper summarizes the available methodologies to field test driver night vision devices ranging from vehicle mounted cameraÂs to head-mounted NVGÂs. As in flight trials, a formidable challenge is to collect meaningful performance measures. Night vision systems for land and air systems show many similarities. The technology is similar and the primary goals are the same, namely to aid navigation, obstacle avoidance, and target detection. Good situation awareness and acceptable workload are key. Land testing differs from flight testing in the environment & test routes and the mission & operator. Standardization of land vehicle testing is aided by the possibility to lay out a track, highly narrowing down the path to follow. The absence of external reference points makes Âair tracksÂ harder to achieve. Aircraft testing by necessity contains some degree of free flight, the pilot determining the path to follow, while vehicle race tracks can pin-down the route to follow. Quantitative data regarding position and speed are therefore easier to interpret on the ground than in the air. Regarding the mission & operator, driving tends to be the sole task while multi-tasking is the norm in flight. Compared to test flights, driving is relatively safe and cheap. A series of systematic performance measures have through the years been developed and validated for track driving and highway driving. These performance measures can be split in two categories, visual perception measures and driving performance (vehicle handling). The visual perception measures include distance perception, geometric judgements, object detection while driving, and situation awareness. The driving measures include dynamic geometric control tasks, navigation, and obstacle avoidance. A particular challenge in The Netherlands is to collect meaningful driving performance measures in (off-road) terrain. Night time driving trials must by law take place on an enclosed area, limiting the available choices to just a few military camps, familiar to each military driver. Off the road subjective judgements therefore remain a primary source of information.The literature provides well described protocols to field-test a night vision device in a vehicle on flat terrain. Less information is available how to set up systematic field-tests in accidented terrain. This paper provides a starting point for those planning to field-test a night vision device in a land vehicle.
2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene tetrahydrate: a new form of an important starting material for supramolecular chemistry and covalent organic frameworks (2011)

In the title compound, C(18)H(12)O(6)·4H(2)O, the 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene molecule is located on a twofold axis and two water molecules occupy general positions. The compound forms (4,4) two-dimensional nets via hydrogen bonds between neighbouring hexahydroxytriphenylene molecules, somewhat similar to the cyclopentanone solvates but distinctively different from the monohydrate form. Hydrogen bonds to water molecules connect these layers to form a complicated three-dimensional net, supported also by strong π-π stacking.
Ubiquitin Is Covalently Attached to the p6 <sup>Gag</sup> Proteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and to the p12 <sup>Gag</sup> Protein of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (1998)

Host proteins are incorporated into retroviral virions during assembly and budding. We have examined three retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV), for the presence of ubiquitin inside each of these virions. After a protease treatment to remove exterior viral as well as contaminating cellular proteins, the proteins remaining inside the virion were analyzed. The results presented here show that all three virions incorporate ubiquitin molecules at approximately 10% of the level of Gag found in virions. In addition to free ubiquitin, covalent ubiquitin-Gag complexes were detected, isolated, and characterized from all three viruses. Our immunoblot and protein sequencing results on treated virions showed that approximately 2% of either HIV-1 or SIV p6Gag was covalently attached to a single ubiquitin molecule inside the respective virions and that approximately 2 to 5% of the p12Gag in Mo-MuLV virions was monoubiquitinated. These results show that ubiquitination of Gag is conserved among these retroviruses and occurs in the p6Gag portion of the Gag polyprotein, a region that is likely to be involved in assembly and budding.
Made to measure (2003)

Hundreds of men in Scotland have taken advantage of a new service tailored to their specific needs. Kay Smith meets the nurses behind it
Analgesic Effect of Capsaicin in Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia (1992)

Twelve informed and consenting patients were studied to determine the influence of capsaicin, the pungent component of the red pepper, on trigeminal neuralgia. All of these patients had idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. These patients were followed up for 1 yr after the topical application over the painful area of 1.0 g of capsaicin three times a day for several days. Six patients had complete and four patients had partial relief of pain; the remaining two patients had no relief of pain. Of the 10 patients who were responsive to therapy, four had relapses of pain in 95-149 days. There were no relapses following the second therapy for the remainder of the year. We conclude that the topical application of capsaicin is frequently successful in relieving the pain from trigeminal neuralgia.
Fluctuation Effects on the Superconducting Transition of Tin Whisker Crystals (1972)

We report the results of measurements of the resistive transitions of clean one-dimensional superconductors (pure tin whiskers) at currents of \ensuremath{\sim} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ A. Comparison with the McCumber-Halperin theory, including consideration of the current-dependent terms necessary at these current levels, yields good agreement with no adjustment of the attempt frequency. We conjecture, however, that precise conclusions concerning the magnitude of the attempt frequency cannot yet be drawn. Rather, we present arguments which suggest that a meaningful fit to the data in the top portion of the transition must await an improved theory, and that adjustments of the attempt frequency such as those used by Lukens, Warburton, and Webb (in fitting lower-current data) may not be meaningful.
Specification Sensitivities in Right-Tailed Unit Root Testing (2011)

Published in Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12026
Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids and Related Compounds. VII. A Total Synthesis of the Stereoisomeric Mixture of Magnolamine (1966)

The diamide (IX) was prepared from the 2, 4'-oxy-4, 5-bisbenzyloxydibenzoic acid (VII) and 3-methoxy-4-benzyloxyphenethylamine by Arndt-Eistert reaction. Cyclization of IX gave the dihydroisoquinoline (X); reduction of the dimethiodide (XI) with sodium borohydride, followed by hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid-ethanol (1 : 1), gave the stereoisomeric mixture of magnolamine (I).
Physics For Dummies (2005)

Introduction Part I: Putting Physics into Motion. Chapter 1: Using Physics to Understand Your World. Chapter 2: Understanding Physics Fundamentals. Chapter 3: Exploring the Need for Speed. Chapter 4: Following Directions: Which Way Are You Going? Part II: May the Forces of Physics Be with You. Chapter 5: When Push Comes to Shove: Force. Chapter 6: What a Drag: Inclined Planes and Friction. Chapter 7: Circling around Circular Motions and Orbits. Part III: Manifesting the Energy to Work. Chapter 8: Getting Some Work out of Physics. Chapter 9: Putting Objects in Motion: Momentum and Impulse. Chapter 10: Winding Up with Angular Kinetics. Chapter 11: Round and Round with Rotational Dynamics. Chapter 12: Springs-n-Things: Simple Harmonic Motion. Part IV: Laying Down the Laws of Thermodynamics. Chapter 13: Turning Up the Heat with Thermodynamics. Chapter 14: Here, Take My Coat: Heat Transfer in Solids and Gases. Chapter 15: When Heat and Work Collide: The Laws of Thermodynamics. Part V: Getting a Charge out of Electricity and Magnetism. Chapter 16: Zapping Away with Static Electricity. Chapter 17: Giving Electrons a Push with Circuits. Chapter 18: Magnetism: More than Attraction. Chapter 19: Keeping the Current Going with Voltage. Chapter 20: Shedding Some Light on Mirrors and Lenses. Part VI: The Part of Tens. Chapter 21: Ten Amazing Insights on Relativity. Chapter 22: Ten Wild Physics Theories. Glossary. Index.
An analysis of target preferences of <i>Escherichia coli</i> outer‐membrane endoprotease OmpT for use in therapeutic peptide production: efficient cleavage of substrates with basic amino acids at the P4 and P6 positions (2002)

The Escherichia coli outer-membrane endoprotease OmpT mainly cleaves peptide bonds between consecutive basic amino acids. The effect of adjacent residues on cleavage efficiency is currently unknown, except at positions P2 and P2'. Therefore we investigated the effects of amino acid residues upstream of the cleavage site on the ability of OmpT to cleave efficiently a fusion protein carrying human glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-37) in 4 M urea. The P1-P10 residues were replaced by Ala and each substrate was subjected to OmpT digestion. The replacement of Arg residue at P1 blocked the cleavage due to the loss of the cleavage site, and the replacement of Arg residue at P4 maximally reduced the cleavage rate. Conversely, cleavage efficiency increased on replacing Glu at P6. Substitution of the residues at P4 and P6 with several different amino acids showed that OmpT preferred basic residues at these positions, whereas acidic residues had a negative effect. This was also shown to be true with synthetic decapeptide substrates in the absence of urea. The k(cat)/ K(m) ratio increased with basic residues at P4 or P6, mainly due to a lower K(m) rather than an increase in k(cat). On the basis of these findings, we prepared a fusion protein carrying human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a drug for acute congestive heart failure. OmpT released mature ANP from the E. coli-expressed fusion protein. As expected, the introduction of an Arg residue at P4 and P6 enhanced the release of ANP.
ADAM8 expression is associated with increased invasiveness and reduced patient survival in pancreatic cancer (2007)

ADAM8 belongs to a family of transmembrane proteins implicated in cell-cell interactions, proteolysis of membrane proteins, and various aspects of carcinogenesis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the expression and function of ADAM8 in pancreatic cancer. ADAM8 mRNA levels were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR and correlated to patient survival. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize ADAM8 in pancreatic tis-sues. Silencing of ADAM8 expression was carried out by transfection with specific siRNA oligonucleotides. Cell growth and invasion assays were used to assess the functional consequences of ADAM8 silencing. SELDI-TOF-MS was performed to detect the proteolytic activity of ADAM8 in pancreatic cancer cells. ADAM8 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) compared with normal pancreatic tissues (5.3-fold increase; P= 0.0008), and high ADAM8 mRNA and protein expression levels correlated with reduced survival time of PDAC patients (P= 0.048 and P= 0.065, respectively). Silencing of ADAM8 expression did not significantly influence pancreatic cancer cell growth but suppressed invasiveness. In addition, decreased proteolytic activity was measured in cell culture supernatants following silencing of ADAM8. In conclusion, ADAM8 is overexpressed in PDAC, influences cancer cell invasiveness and correlates with reduced survival, suggesting that ADAM8 might be a potential target in pancreatic cancer therapy.
Acoustic Emission From Corroding Electrodes (1979)

Acoustic emission measurements have been performed on unstressed Al alloys which were freely corroding or coupled to Cu, 4130 steel, Cd or Zn in 3.5% NaCl. The rate of acoustic emission is in qualitative agreement with the observed corrosion rates. The acoustic emission is probably a result of hydrogen bubble evolution in the acidified pits. The rate of acoustic emission of 4130 steel in HCl also follows the corrosion behavior, decreasing significantly with addition of organic corrosion inhibitor. Stainless steel Type 304 was studied freely corroding or at applied constant anodic or cathodic currents. The highest rates of acoustic emission were determined at cathodic currents; when an anodic current was applied, the acoustic emission rate was higher than for a freely corroding sample and showed wide fluctuations which continued for some time when anodic polarization was discontinued. For localized corrosion of Al alloys and stainless steel, the acoustic emission process seems to reflect the statistical nature of the pitting process.
Absolute stability of global pattern formation and parallel memory storage by competitive neural networks (1983)

Systems that are competitive and possess symmetric interactions admit a global Lyapunov function. However, a global Lyapunov function whose equilibrium set can be effectively analyzed has not yet been discovered. It remains an open question whether the Lyapunov function approach, which requires a study of equilibrium points, or an alternative global approach, such as the Lyapunov functional approach, which sidesteps a direct study of equilibrium points will ultimately handle all of the physically important cases.
Dual-mode ASR: Unify and Improve Streaming ASR with Full-context Modeling (2021)

Streaming automatic speech recognition (ASR) aims to emit each hypothesized word as quickly and accurately as possible, while full-context ASR waits for the completion of a full speech utterance before emitting completed hypotheses. In this work, we propose a unified framework, Dual-mode ASR, to train a single end-to-end ASR model with shared weights for both streaming and full-context speech recognition. We show that the latency and accuracy of streaming ASR significantly benefit from weight sharing and joint training of full-context ASR, especially with inplace knowledge distillation during the training. The Dual-mode ASR framework can be applied to recent state-of-the-art convolution-based and transformer-based ASR networks. We present extensive experiments with two state-of-the-art ASR networks, ContextNet and Conformer, on two datasets, a widely used public dataset LibriSpeech and a large-scale dataset MultiDomain. Experiments and ablation studies demonstrate that Dual-mode ASR not only simplifies the workflow of training and deploying streaming and full-context ASR models, but also significantly improves both emission latency and recognition accuracy of streaming ASR. With Dual-mode ASR, we achieve new state-of-the-art streaming ASR results on both LibriSpeech and MultiDomain in terms of accuracy and latency.
Anterior gradient-2 plays a critical role in breast cancer cell growth and survival by modulating cyclin D1, estrogen receptor-α and survivin (2010)

Transiently silencing AGR2 in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines inhibited cell growth and cell-cycle progression and induced cell death. Breast cancer drivers (ER and cyclin D1) as well as cancer-signaling nodes (pSrc, c-Myc, and survivin) were demonstrated to be downstream of AGR2. Collectively, the data presented support the utility of anti-AGR2 therapy in ER-positive breast cancers because of its impact on cancer-relevant pathways.
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF LASERS AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (1993)

Articles from the English literature concerning lasers and articular cartilage were reviewed. Different experimental methods and laser systems were analyzed. Many studies lacked scientific validity. Future investigations with sound biologic foundations are recommended.