gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OCCOM-efficient computation of observability-based code coverage metrics for functional verification (2001)

Functional simulation is still the primary workhorse for verifying the functional correctness of hardware designs. Functional verification is necessarily incomplete because it is not computationally feasible to exhaustively simulate designs. It is important, therefore, to quantitatively measure the degree of verification coverage of the design. Coverage metrics proposed for measuring the extent of design verification provided by a set of functional simulation vectors should compute statement execution counts (controllability information) and check to see whether effects of possible errors activated by program stimuli can be observed at the circuit outputs (observability information). Unfortunately, the metrics proposed thus far either do not compute both types of information or are inefficient, i.e., the overhead of computing the metric is very large. In this paper, we provide the details of an efficient method to compute an observability-based code coverage metric that can be used while simulating complex hardware description language (HDL) designs. This method offers a more accurate assessment of design verification coverage than line coverage and is significantly more computationally efficient than prior efforts to assess observability information because it breaks up the computation into two phases: functional simulation of a modified HDL model followed by analysis of a flowgraph extracted from the HDL model. Commercial HDL simulators can be directly used for the time-consuming first phase and the second phase can be performed efficiently using concurrent evaluation techniques.
Graphene-enabled hybrid architectures for multiprocessors: Bridging nanophotonics and nanoscale wireless communication (2012)

Due to their out-standing performance (huge bandwidth and high signal quality), optical communications have become the standardized technologies suited for long reach and high bit-rate communication systems. Nevertheless, the traditional incompatibility of CMOS with the optical technology, and the difficulty for all-optical implementation of some key functions such as buffering and header processing, have been hindering the application of optical communications for short-range communications. However, the advent of nanophotonics is paving the way for such approach by enabling CMOS compatibility and the possibility of building out micro-and nanoscale optical components. In this paper, we do a first overview of the state-of-the-art in graphene and silicon nanophotonics, and its utilization for on-chip communication in multicore processors, to then propose a hybrid wireless/optical-wired architecture based on both a photonic Network-on-Chip (NoC) and a wireless NoC. The former for transferring heavy flows of data, the latter for supporting the control plane of the whole network, and carrying light data flows.
Effect of optical phonons on femtosecond pulse propagation in coplanar striplines (1990)

A full-wave analysis of the dispersion in coplanar-type transmission lines is made including the effect of material dispersion arising from a frequency-dependent complex dielectric constant such as due to optical phonon resonances in the substrate. The results are used to examine the distortion of femtosecond electrical pulses propagating in coplanar striplines made on ultrathin as well as thick GaAs substrates. A new closed-form dispersion formula for coplanar lines is also reported, valid for complex dielectric constants and all values of frequency and line dimensions.
Complications of Hair Restoration Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis (2014)

Thorough preoperative evaluation, skillful surgical techniques, good communication and postoperative follow-up go a long way in giving satisfactory outcome with fewer complications in HRS.
A Bioluminescent Whole-Cell Reporter for Detection of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenol in Soil (2000)

A bioreporter was made containing a tfdRP(DII)-luxCDABE fusion in a modified mini-Tn5 construct. When it was introduced into the chromosome of Ralstonia eutropha JMP134, the resulting strain, JMP134-32, produced a sensitive bioluminescent response to 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at concentrations of 2.0 microM to 5.0 mM. This response was linear (R(2) = 0.9825) in the range of 2.0 microM to 1.1 x 10(2) microM. Saturation occurred at higher concentrations, with maximal bioluminescence occurring in the presence of approximately 1.2 mM 2,4-D. A sensitive response was also recorded in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenol at concentrations below 1.1 x 10(2) microM; however, only a limited bioluminescent response was recorded in the presence of 3-chlorobenzoic acid at concentrations below 1.0 mM. A significant bioluminescent response was also recorded when strain JMP134-32 was incubated with soils containing aged 2,4-D residues.
A Generalization of the Divide-Sort-Merge Strategy for Sorting Networks (1971)

With a few notable exceptions the best sorting networks known have employed a strategy. That is, the N inputs are divided into 2 groups - - normally of size $\lceil \frac{1}{2} N\rceil$ and $\lfloor \frac{1}{2} N\rfloor$ [Here $\lceil x\rceil$ denotes the smallest integer greater than or equal to x, whereas $\lfloor x\rfloor$ denotes the largest integer less than or equal to x] - - that are sorted independently and then together to form a single sorted sequence. An N-sorter network that uses this strategy consists of 2 smaller sorting networks followed by a merge network. The best merge networks known are also constructed recursively, using 2 smaller merge networks followed by a simple arrangement of $\lceil \frac{1}{2} N\rceil$ - 1 comparators. We consider a generalization of the divide-sort-merge strategy in which the N inputs are divided into g $\geq$ 2 disjoint groups that are sorted independently and then merged together. The merge network that combines these g sorted groups uses d $\geq$ 2 smaller merge networks as an initial subnetwork. The two parameters g and d together define what we call a strategy. A [g,d] N-sorter network consists of g smaller sorting networks followed by a [g,d] merge network. The initial portion of the [g,d] merge network consists of d smaller merge networks; the final portion, which we call the f-network, includes whatever additional comparators are required to complete the merge. When g = d = 2, the f-network is a simple arrangement of $\lceil \frac{1}{2} N\rceil$ - 1 comparators; however, for larger g,d the structure of the [g,d] f-network becomes increasingly complicated. In this paper we describe how to construct [g,d] f-networks for arbitrary g,d. For N < 8 the resulting [g,d] N-sorter networks are more economical than any previous networks that use the divide-sort-merge strategy; for N < 34 the resulting networks are more economical than previous networks of any construction. The [4,4] N-sorter network described in this paper requires $\frac{1}{4} N{(log_2 N)}^2 - \frac{1}{3} N(log_2 N) + O(N)$ comparators, which represents an asymptotic improvement of $\frac{1}{12} N(log_2 N)$ comparators over the best previous N-sorter. We indicate that special constructions (not described in this paper) have been found for [$2^r , 2^r$] f-networks, which lead to an N-sorter network that requires only .25 $N{(log_2 N)}^2 - .372 N(log_2 N) + O(N)$ comparators.
Ion exchange and liquid column chromatography (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIon exchange and liquid column chromatographyHarold F. WaltonCite this: Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 5, 15–27Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50055a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50055a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views276Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibition of ultraviolet C irradiation-induced AP-1 activity by aspirin is through inhibition of JNKs but not erks or P38 MAP kinase. (1998)

The exposure of mammalian cells to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to the activation of transcription factors, such as AP-1 and NFkB. We demonstrate that aspirin, a promising cancer chemopreventative agent, inhibited UVC-induced AP-1 activity in JB6 cells. In JB6 cells, UVC stimulated Erks, JNKs and P38 kinase activities; aspirin only inhibited activation of JNKs, but not the other MAP kinases. Since the transcription factor AP-1 is important for the process of tumor promotion, the inhibitory effect of aspirin on AP-1 activation suggests that it can be used as a chemopreventative agent against skin cancer.
In Vitro Effect of 1-β- <scp>d</scp> -Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Carboxamide (Virazole, ICN 1229) on Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid Viruses (1973)

Virazole (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a highly soluble new synthetic nucleoside having significant, reproducible activity against a broad spectrum of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid viruses in vitro. The drug inhibited viral cytopathogenic effects in monolayers of cells infected for 3 days with type 3 adeno, types 1 and 2 herpes, myxoma, cytomegalo, vaccinia, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, types 1A, 2, 8, 13, and 56 rhino, types 1 and 3 parainfluenza, vesicular stomatitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Semliki Forest, Newcastle disease, and measles viruses. Hemagglutinin production by influenza A(2), influenza B, and type 1 parainfluenza viruses in chicken embryo cells was reduced by Virazole treatment. Recoverable intra- and extracellular virus titers were reduced by the drug in experiments with type 1 herpes, vaccinia, type 3 parainfluenza, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Plaque formation by type 1 herpesvirus was also inhibited by exposure of the infected cells to Virazole. Pretreatment of cells with the compound, followed by its removal before addition of type 1 herpesvirus, severely lessened the antiviral activity; the compound was still moderately effective in reducing the viral effects on the cells when added as long as 22 hr after the virus. Parallel experiments, in which the antiviral activity of a number of known active drugs was compared, indicated Virazole to have at least a comparable degree of activity, and it was also active against a wider variety of viruses than any of these known active materials. The CCED(50) of Virazole to chicken embryo cells was approximately 1,000 mug/ml, although concentrations as low as 10 mug/ml caused slight (15%) inhibition in total cellular protein after 72 hr of incubation.
Protodecarboxylation of benzoic acids under radical conditions (2012)

A new approach to protodecarboxylation is described that enhances the substrate scope for benzoic acids. The reaction uses oxidative radical conditions to decarboxylate a variety of acids in acetonitrile.
High Efficiency Quantum Dot Heterojunction Solar Cell Using Anatase (001) TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets (2012)

This is the first report of using anatase TiO(2) nanosheets with exposed (001) facets in a high-efficiency PbS quantum dot/TiO(2) heterojunction solar cell. The TiO(2) nanosheets have higher conduction band, and surface energy compared to normal anatase (101) TiO(2) nanoparticles. This PbS QD/TiO(2) heterojunction solar cell produces power conversion efficiency of 4.7% which is one of the highest reported in literature.
Elevated-temperature tensile and creep properties of several ferritic stainless steels (1977)

The elevated-temperature mechanical properties of several ferritic stainless steels were determined. The alloys evaluated included Armco 18SR, GE 1541, and NASA-18T-A. Tensile and creep strength properties at 1073 and 1273 K and residual room temperature tensile properties after creep testing were measured. In addition, 1273 K tensile and creep tests and residual property testing were conducted with Armco 18SR and GE 1541 which were exposed for 200 hours to a severe oxidizing environment in automotive thermal reactors. Aside from the residual tensile properties for Armco 18SR, prior exposure did not affect the mechanical properties of either alloy. The 1273 K creep strength parallel to the sheet-rolling direction was similar for all three alloys. At 1073 K, NASA-18T-A had better creep strength than either Armco 18SR or GE 1541. NASA-18T-A possesses better residual properties after creep testing than either Armco 18SR or Ge 1541.
Implementation of distributed architecture based on CAN networks for unmanned forklift (2011)

Unmanned forklifts have a great potential to enhance the productivity of material handling in various applications because these forklifts can pick up and deliver loads without an operator and any fixed guide. There are, however, many technical difficulties in developing such forklifts including localization, map building, sensor fusion, control, and so on. Implementation, which is often neglected, is one of the practical issues in developing such an autonomous device. This is because the system requires numerous sensors, actuators, and controllers that need to be connected with each other, and the number of connections grows very rapidly as the number of devices grows. Another requirement on the integration is that the system should allow changes in the system design so that modification and addition of system components can be accommodated without too much effort. This paper presents a network-based distributed approach where system components are connected to a shared CAN network, and control functions are divided into small tasks that are distributed over a number of microcontrollers with a limited computing capacity.
Chirp compensation in a femtosecond direct space-to-time optical pulse shaper (2003)

Summary form only given. We report the first demonstration of dispersion control using the direct space-to-time (DST) pulse shaper. It is well known that dispersion can be controlled in the FT pulse shaper by varying the longitudinal position of one of the gratings; this is the basis of the pulse stretcher commonly used for chirped pulse amplification. As we show a different recipe is needed for dispersion control in the DST shaper.
Amorphous Ta–Si–N thin-film alloys as diffusion barrier in Al/Si metallizations (1990)

Amorphous Ta–Si–N thin films of a wide range of compositions were prepared by rf reactive sputtering of a Ta5Si3 target in a N2/Ar plasma. The relationship between films’ composition and resistivity is reported. All obtained films were tested as diffusion barriers between Al and Si. Backscattering spectrometry combined with cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the barrier effectiveness. It was found that aluminum can be melted on top of the Si/Ta–Si–N structure (675 °C for 30 min) without any evidence of metallurgical interactions between the layers.
The Spermatid Cell Membrane in Melanoplus differentialis (1957)

1. The cell membrane of the spermatid of the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis is shown to be composed of a double-layered membrane 10 mmicro thick. Closely applied to this is an additional outer covering 25 to 35 mmicro thick which has a regular geometrical pattern. 2. Models of cell membrane structure are discussed briefly. It is suggested that the pattern results from preferential adsorption of material onto a particular component of the double-layered membrane.
Acousto-Optic Photonic Switch: An Optical Crossbar Architecture (1990)

We describe a crossbar switch architecture based on acousto-optic beam deflection. The architecture has O(N) hardware complexity throughout, while exhibiting minimal insertion loss, low crosstalk, and fast reconfiguration. Because of the small amount of signal degradation imposed by this switch, it is suitable for nonregenerative applications within fiber-optic networks. By increasing hardware complexity, broadcasting can also be achieved within the framework of this architecture. We report experimental performance of a 1x4 switching element. Insertion loss ranges from 2 - 6 dB, worst-case signal-to-crosstalk ratios are in excess of 30 dB, and reconfiguration times are on the order of one microsecond.
Estrogen Modulates AT<sub>1</sub>Receptor Gene Expression In Vitro and In Vivo (1998)

This novel observation of estrogen-induced downregulation of AT1 receptor expression could explain the association of estrogen deficiency with hypertension and atherosclerosis, because activation of the AT1 receptor plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid homeostasis, and vascular cell growth.
Allosteric inhibition of Aurora-A kinase by a synthetic V <sub>NAR</sub> nanobody (2016)

Abstract The vast majority of clinically-approved protein kinase inhibitors target the ATP binding pocket directly. Consequently, many inhibitors have broad selectivity profiles and most have significant off-target effects. Allosteric inhibitors are generally more selective, but are difficult to identify because allosteric binding sites are often unknown or poorly characterized, and there is no clearly preferred approach to generating hit matter. Aurora-A is activated through binding of TPX2 to an allosteric site on the kinase catalytic domain, and this knowledge could be exploited to generate an inhibitor. However, it is currently unclear how to design such a compound because a small molecule or peptide mimetic of TPX2 would be expected to activate, not inhibit the kinase. Here, we generated an allosteric inhibitor of Aurora-A kinase based on a synthetic, V NAR single domain nanobody scaffold, IgNARV-D01. Biochemical studies and a crystal structure of the Aurora-A/IgNARV-D01 complex show that the nanobody overlaps with the TPX2 binding site. In contrast with the binding of TPX2, which stabilizes an active conformation of the kinase, binding of the nanobody stabilizes an inactive conformation, in which the αC-helix is distorted, the canonical Lys-Glu salt bridge is broken, and the regulatory (R-) spine is disrupted by an additional hydrophobic side chain from the activation loop. These studies illustrate how nanobodies can be used to characterize the regulatory mechanisms of kinases and provide a rational basis for structure-guided design of allosteric Aurora-A kinase inhibitors. Significance Protein kinases are commonly dysregulated in cancer and inhibitors of protein kinases are key therapeutic drugs. However, this strategy is often undermined by a lack of selectivity since the ATP binding pocket that kinase inhibitors usually target is highly conserved. Inhibitors that target allosteric sites are more selective but more difficult to generate. Here we identify a single domain antibody (nanobody) to target an allosteric pocket on the catalytic domain of Aurora-A kinase and demonstrate that the mechanism is antagonistic to a physiologically-relevant allosteric activator, TPX2. This work will enable the development of allosteric Aurora-A inhibitors as potential therapeutics, and provide a model for the development of tools to investigate allosteric modes of kinase inhibition.
Cellular self-organization by autocatalytic alignment feedback (2011)

Myoblasts aggregate, differentiate and fuse to form skeletal muscle during both embryogenesis and tissue regeneration. For proper muscle function, long-range self-organization of myoblasts is required to create organized muscle architecture globally aligned to neighboring tissue. However, how the cells process geometric information over distances considerably longer than individual cells to self-organize into well-ordered, aligned and multinucleated myofibers remains a central question in developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Using plasma lithography micropatterning to create spatial cues for cell guidance, we show a physical mechanism by which orientation information can propagate for a long distance from a geometric boundary to guide development of muscle tissue. This long-range alignment occurs only in differentiating myoblasts, but not in non-fusing myoblasts perturbed by microfluidic disturbances or other non-fusing cell types. Computational cellular automata analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of the self-organization process reveals that myogenic fusion in conjunction with rotational inertia functions in a self-reinforcing manner to enhance long-range propagation of alignment information. With this autocatalytic alignment feedback, well-ordered alignment of muscle could reinforce existing orientations and help promote proper arrangement with neighboring tissue and overall organization. Such physical self-enhancement might represent a fundamental mechanism for long-range pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis.
A comprehensive well to wheel analysis of plug-in vehicles and renewable energy resources from cost and emission viewpoints (2014)

In recent years, greenhouse gas emission has become a critical issue for the international community. In this regard, transportation and electricity industries as main sources of this pollution have been taken into consideration widely. Increase in equipment's efficiency and using and developing new technologies such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), EVs with vehicle-togrid capability, referred to as “gridable vehicles” (GVs), and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are recommended as solutions for solving the emission problem. Charging EVs from grid increases grid load, especially the peak load. This increase in load will consequently increase the amount of energy losses, fuel cost of power generation, need for initial investment, and power plant emissions. Thus, to any decision making, it is important to study and analyze all important effective factors simultaneously. In this paper, EVs and RESs penetration in power system is investigated in terms of economics/environment. A multi-objective optimization is applied to a ten-unit system to find the optimal cost and well to wheel emission simultaneously. In order to have a more accurate and close to realistic survey, an extended model of Wind Farm (WF) cost function is employed in power dispatch calculations.
Automatic insertion of scan structure to enhance testability of embedded memories, cores and chips (2002)

This paper describes a technology independent test synthesis framework to enhance the testability of embedded memories, cores and chips using extended LSSD boundary scan methodology. Extended LSSD boundary scan reuses functional storage elements and therefore introduces minimal test logic overhead and delay. Automatic insertion of this DFT methodology is particularly challenging since it involves identification and reconfiguration of the functional latches and logic transformations of I/O cells. Experimental results demonstrate the productivity gained using the proposed test synthesis framework as well as the overlead induced by the proposed DFT method.
鼻咽腔癌の放射線療法後再発のCT所見【JST・京大機械翻訳】 (2008)

由医用电器标准化技术委员会放射治疗和核医学设备分标委员会、中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会、北京医学会放射肿瘤专业委员会主办,中国人民解放军空军总医院、北京市医疗器械检验所承办的首届中国γ刀技术学术论坛于2007年10月26日至28日在北京成功举办。