gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of<i>p</i>-Nitrophenylazoles by Phase Transfer Catalysis Without Solvent (1993)

Abstract Several N-p-nitrophenylazoles have been synthesized by direct arylation of the corresponding azole with p-fluoronitrobenzene (FNB) using phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) without solvent.
Multicomponent origin of cytomegalovirus lytic-phase DNA replication (1991)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) lytic-phase DNA replication requires both trans-acting factors, such as the virus-coded DNA polymerase, and a previously undefined cis-acting element, the origin, within which initiation occurs. We have located a candidate origin of CMV lytic-phase DNA replication, oriLyt, in both simian and human strains by assessing the ability of cloned restriction fragments to mediate phosphonoformic acid-sensitive DNA replication after transfection into human fibroblasts when required trans-acting factors were supplied by infection. In initial experiments the simian CMV-like strain Colburn EcoRI D fragment directed DNA replication; this fragment contains all of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein gene (dbp) and about 7 kbp of upstream sequence. A larger region upstream of human CMV dbp also mediated replication in transient assays. Subsequent subcloning and deletion analyses defined a CMV strain Colburn region sufficient for origin function, spanning about 1,300 bp in the apparently noncoding region upstream of dbp. The nucleotide sequence of this region revealed four distinct domains, containing (i) a 9-bp repeated sequence, (ii) an A+T-rich segment, (iii) an 11-bp direct repeat, and (iv) a 47-bp direct repeat. At least some part of each of these domains was required for origin function. Therefore, like the Epstein-Barr virus lytic-phase origin of DNA replication, CMV oriLyt appears to be structurally complex.
The Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen (2015)

First described in 1843, Rumen protozoa with their striking appearance were assumed to be important for the welfare of their host. However, despite contributing up to 50% of the bio-mass in the rumen, the role of protozoa in rumen microbial ecosystem remains unclear. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA libraries generated from the rumen of cattle, sheep, and goats has revealed an unexpected diversity of ciliated protozoa although variation in gene copy number between species makes it difficult to obtain absolute quantification. Despite repeated attempts it has proven impossible to maintain rumen protozoa in axenic culture. Thus it has been difficult to establish conclusively a role of ciliate protozoa in rumen fiber degradation. The development of techniques to clone and express ciliate genes in λ phage, together with bioinformatic indices to confirm the ciliate origin of the genes has allowed the isolation and characterization of fibrolytic genes from rumen protozoa. Elimination of the ciliate protozoa increases microbial protein supply by up to 30% and reduces methane production by up to 11%. Our recent findings suggest that holotrich protozoa play a disproportionate role in supporting methanogenesis whilst the small Entodinium are responsible for much of the bacterial protein turnover. As yet no method to control protozoa in the rumen that is safe and practically applicable has been developed, however a range of plant extract capable of controlling if not completely eliminating rumen protozoa have been described.
Predictors of Volumetric Growth and Auditory Deterioration in Vestibular Schwannomas Followed in a Wait and Scan Policy (2010)

Hypointensity on T2-weighted image of the affected labyrinth will result in a significant faster deterioration of hearing. Hearing loss was more profound, and hearing will deteriorate significantly faster in patients presenting with complaints of hearing loss. Significant growth during the first year of FU predicts further growth during FU. Sequential MRI cannot be substituted by audiologic examinations solely because increase in VS volume does not correlate with audiologic deterioration significantly.
A digital 'snake' implementation of the back-propagation neural network (2003)

A digital implementation of a multilayer neural network model that has backpropagation as its learning algorithm is presented. This architecture is characterized by a set of elementary processors (neurons) and has the form of a linear sequence, where every processor communicates only with its two nearest neighbors. A sophisticated control of data exchange among neurons, by means of two data buses, ensures full pipelining in the forward mode. The proposed architecture is very flexible since, having only local connections, it can be easily expanded by simply adjoining more processors to it. Moreover, it can be programmed in terms of number and width of layers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of Air pressure and substrate bias on magnetic properties and microstructure in amorphous TbCo sputtered films (1985)

Effects of Ar pressure and negative substrate bias voltage on magnetic properties and micro-structure in amorphous TbCo sputtered films are investigated. Magnetic properties, especially perpendicular anisotropy, depend strongly on Ar pressure and substrate bias. A perpendicular anisotropy of the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> erg/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> with a rectangular hysteresis loop is induced in the films deposited at 10 mTorr of Ar pressure without bias or in the films deposited with 100-150 V negative bias. In these films, the ordered fiber structure developed perpendicular to the film plane is observed, which is due to the moderate bombardment of energetic species. The large perpendicular anisotropy is associated with the ordered fiber structure.
A CMOS model for computer-aided circuit analysis and design (1989)

An equivalent circuit model to simulate the current-voltage behavior of CMOS transistors is discussed. This model can simulate the full range of complementary MOSFET operation and can handle latchup at the circuit analysis level. Using effective injection efficiencies a switching criterion and a method of solution for a four parasitic bipolar transistor system have been developed and incorporated. The configuration of the CMOS device is computed from data submitted by the user. This includes well depth, MOSFET separation, doping levels, minority-carrier lifetime, substrate bypass resistors, the option to float either or both substrates, and bias conditions. The model can be used alone or incorporated into existing computer-aided-design programs for analysis of circuits which contain CMOS components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Random field estimation approach to robot dynamics (1990)

It is known that the difference equations of Kalman filtering and smoothing recursively factor and invert the covariance of the output of a linear state-space system driven by a white-noise process. It is shown that similar recursive techniques factor and invert the inertia matrix of a multibody robot system. The random field models are based on the assumption that all of the inertial (D'Alembert) forces in the system are represented by a spatially distributed white-noise model. They are easier to describe than the models based on classical mechanics, which typically require extensive derivation and manipulation of equations of motion for complex mechanical systems. With the spatially random models, more primitive locally specified computations result in a global collective system behavior equivalent to that obtained with the deterministic models. The primary goal in investigating robot dynamics from the point of view of random field estimation is to provide a concise analytical foundation for solving robot control and motion planning problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Versatile Colorant Syntheses by Multiple Condensations of Acetyl Anilines with Perylene Anhydrides (2015)

We report a key step forward in rylene chemistry: the transformation of rylenes into novel chromophore families. The imidization of rylene anhydrides with 2-acetyl anilines could be controlled by the choice of the solvent, thus causing a transformation into either a 4-hydroxyquinoline (4-HQ) or a 4-oxoquinoline (4-OQ) unit. The 4-OQ motif contains an aminoenone group formed by intramolecular aldol condensation and is the first vinylogous rylene imide. The concept of vinylogy was further developed by utilizing 2,6-diacetyl aniline leading to an 3a-aza-1,6-phenalenedione-extended rylene skeleton fully embracing the nitrogen atom. By functionalization of the aminoenone motifs, for example, malononitrile addition at the carbonyl groups, the optical and electronic properties could be further tuned.
Silver(i) and copper(i) complexes supported by fully fluorinated 1,3,5-triazapentadienyl ligands (2011)

Synthesis of the perfluorinated 1,3,5-triazapentadiene [N{(CF(3))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)]H and the use of its conjugate base as a supporting ligand for the isolation of silver(i) and copper(i) complexes are reported. Some of the related chemistry involving [N{(C(3)F(7))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)](-) (that has bulkier -C(3)F(7) groups on the 1,3,5-triazapentadienyl ligand backbone) is also presented. X-ray crystallographic data show a wide variety of structures ranging from intermolecular, hydrogen-bonded chain structure for [N{(CF(3))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)]H with a twisted W-shaped N(3)C(2) core, monomeric [N{(CF(3))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)]Ag(CN(t)Bu)(2) and [N{(C(3)F(7))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)]Ag(CN(t)Bu)(2) where the κ(1)-bonded triazapentadienyl ligand bonding to the metal fragment via the central nitrogen atom, monomeric [N{(CF(3))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)]Ag(PPh(3))(2) and [N{(C(3)F(7))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)]Ag(PPh(3))(2) that feature κ(1)-bonded triazapentadienyl ligand bonding to the metal fragment via one of the terminal nitrogen atoms, to that of the monomeric [N{(CF(3))C(C(6)F(5))N}(2)]Cu(CN(t)Bu)(2) containing a κ(2)-bonded triazapentadienyl ligand and a U-shaped NCNCN ligand backbone. The isocyanide adducts show relatively high ν(CN) values in the IR spectra.
Induction of humoral and cellular anti-idiotypic immunity by intradermal injection of naked DNA encoding a human variable region gene sequence of an immunoglobulin heavy chain in a B cell malignancy. (1996)

The idiotypic determinants of a B cell neoplasia could provide a tumor-specific target for vaccinating patients against their B cell tumors. Several approaches for inducing idiotype-specific immunization have been reported, but their major theoretical focus was related to the induction of humoral immunity. We have investigated an immunization procedure with naked DNA encoding human variable region gene sequences of an immunoglobulin heavy chain (VH), which may generate both humoral and cellular immune responses against the idiotype of a B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, we investigated heavy chain variable region genes obtained from an ALL patient and whether they could induce humoral and cellular immune responses in DBA/2 mice. The VH sequence was cloned into a mammalian expression vector for intradermal DNA vaccination and into a bacterial expression vector to obtain VH protein for Western blotting. The mammalian expression vector encoding the VH gene was injected into mice three times at 7-day intervals and was transduced into P1HTR which is a syngeneic tumor of DBA/2, to serve as target cells to detect cellular immunity. Spleen cells from the inoculated mice exhibited a significant cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to the target cells. By Western blotting, we could also detect trace levels of anti-VH antibodies in all mice serum. This approach for the induction of cellular immunity by intradermal injection is easy and variable region-specific, and may be used as vaccines after chemotherapy treatment of B cell malignancies.
Real time dispatch gets real time results (2002)

Since the on-line dispatch system is the primary method of prioritizing and directing the flow of work through a paperless fab, it makes sense that we place high demands on a dispatching tool. The demands were met by ASI's RTD system. The flexibility and customizability that RTD offers allows us to execute dispatch logic using real-time factory systems data. We can apply unique rules to accommodate unique tool requirements. With constantly evolving computer technology, we believe dispatching holds promising implications for the continuous improvement of wafer fabrication performance.
A Novel Cluster based Routing Algorithm for Hybrid Mobility Model in VANET (2010)

This paper proposes a new approach for cluster based routing algorithm for hybrid mobility model to regulating the vehicular traffic. Our approach uses a new hybrid mobility model combining randomwaypoint and group mobility model using static and dynamic sources and a novel cluster based routing algorithm. To transmit the real time updated information and maintain long link duration to improve the data delivery ratio, we propose Location based Multipath Flooding (LMF) algorithm, which is suitable for vehicles with variable mobility. The scenario and the network are modeled and investigated through extensive simulations using Ns2 simulator to study the performance in terms of cluster construction.
Context-aware content adaptation in access point (2012)

Instead of traditional content adaptation at servers or clients, we propose context-aware content adaptation at the Access Point (AP). We show that because of the special characteristics of the AP such as: being the last node at the edge of the network, no power constraint, and powerful computing capabilities, it can be the best candidate for context-aware content adaptation in high dynamic wireless mobile networks. In fact, it can adapt content more accurately and faster in a high diverse and dynamic context. Content adaptation at the application and MAC layers of the AP is introduced in this paper.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Alexa Fluor 680-Bombesin[7–14]NH<sub>2</sub> Peptide Conjugate, a High-Affinity Fluorescent Probe with High Selectivity for the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (2007)

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors are overexpressed on several types of human cancer cells, including breast, prostate, small cell lung, and pancreatic cancers. Bombesin (BBN), a 14-amino acid peptide that is an analogue of human GRP, binds to GRP receptors with very high affinity and specificity. The aim of this study was to develop a new fluorescent probe based on BBN having high tumor uptake and optimal pharmacokinetics for specific targeting and optical imaging of human breast cancer tissue. In this study, solid-phase peptide synthesis was used to produce H(2)N-glycylglycylglycine-BBN[7-14]NH(2) peptide with the following general sequence: H(2)N-G-G-G-Q-W-A-V-G-H-L-M-(NH(2)). This conjugate was purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by electrospray-ionization mass spectra. The fluorescent probe Alexa Fluor 680-G-G-G-BBN[7-14]NH(2) conjugate was prepared by reaction of Alexa Fluor 680 succinimidyl ester to H(2)N-G-G-G-BBN[7-14]NH(2) in dimethylformamide (DMF). In vitro competitive binding assays, using (125)I-Tyr(4)-BBN as the radiolabeling gold standard, demonstrated an inhibitory concentration 50% value of 7.7 +/- 1.4 nM in human T-47D breast cancer cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of Alexa Fluor 680-G-G-G-BBN[7-14]NH(2) in human T-47D breast cancer cells indicated specific uptake, internalization, and receptor blocking of the fluorescent bioprobe in vitro. In vivo investigations in SCID mice bearing xenografted T-47D breast cancer lesions demonstrated the ability of this new conjugate to specifically target tumor tissue with high selectivity and affinity.
Porphyrin-based sensor nanoarchitectonics in diverse physical detection modes (2014)

Porphyrins and related families of molecules are important organic modules as has been reflected in the award of the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry in 1915, 1930, 1961, 1962, 1965, and 1988 for work on porphyrin-related biological functionalities. The porphyrin core can be synthetically modified by introduction of various functional groups and other elements, allowing creation of numerous types of porphyrin derivatives. This feature makes porphyrins extremely useful molecules especially in combination with their other interesting photonic, electronic and magnetic properties, which in turn is reflected in their diverse signal input-output functionalities based on interactions with other molecules and external stimuli. Therefore, porphyrins and related macrocycles play a preeminent role in sensing applications involving chromophores. In this review, we discuss recent developments in porphyrin-based sensing applications in conjunction with the new advanced concept of nanoarchitectonics, which creates functional nanostructures based on a profound understanding of mutual interactions between the individual nanostructures and their arbitrary arrangements. Following a brief explanation of the basics of porphyrin chemistry and physics, recent examples in the corresponding fields are discussed according to a classification based on physical modes of detection including optical detection (absorption/photoluminescence spectroscopy and energy and electron transfer processes), other spectral modes (circular dichroism, plasmon and nuclear magnetic resonance), electronic and electrochemical modes, and other sensing modes.
Neurofibromin GTPase-activating Protein-related Domains Restore Normal Growth in Nf1−/− Cells (2001)

Members of the Ras superfamily of signaling proteins modulate fundamental cellular processes by cycling between an active GTP-bound conformation and an inactive GDP-bound form. Neurofibromin, the protein product of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene, and p120GAP are GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for p21(Ras) (Ras) and negatively regulate output by accelerating GTP hydrolysis on Ras. Neurofibromin and p120GAP differ markedly outside of their conserved GAP-related domains (GRDs), and it is therefore unknown if the respective GRDs contribute functional specificity. To address this question, we expressed the GRDs of neurofibromin and p120GAP in primary cells from Nf1 mutant mice in vitro and in vivo. Here we show that expression of neurofibromin GRD, but not the p120GAP GRD, restores normal growth and cytokine signaling in three lineages of primary Nf1-deficient cells that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Furthermore, utilizing a GAP-inactive mutant NF1 GRD identified in a family with NF1, we demonstrate that growth restoration is a function of NF1 GRD GAP activity on p21(Ras). Thus, the GRDs of neurofibromin and p120GAP specify nonoverlapping functions in multiple primary cell types.
CERASPECT: a brain-dedicated SPECT system. Performance evaluation and comparison with the rotating gamma camera (1993)

Physical parameters and performance of a new brain-dedicated tomograph (CERASPECT) were measured and compared to those of a state-of-the-art single-headed rectangular rotating gamma camera. Spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, contrast, uniformity and image quality of the two systems were evaluated using the same radioactive source geometry. The CERASPECT's spatial resolution was 23% higher and its sensitivity was three times greater than those of the gamma camera. The contrast measured with a 15 mm cold lesion was 60% for the CERASPECT and 45% for the gamma camera. Tomographic nonuniformities were measured as the percentage integral and differential uniformity of a cylindrical uniform phantom. At low-statistics counts per slice the integral uniformity was comparable and at high-statistics counts per slice it was equal to 11% and 20% for CERASPECT and the gamma camera, respectively. Image quality is generally superior with the dedicated brain system. The use of new devices with improved physical performance allows more accurate quantitative SPECT functional brain studies.
Ranking Mechanisms for Image Retrieval based on Coordinates, Perspective, and Area (2010)

Image retrieval is becoming increasingly relevant as the size of image collections, and amount of image types grow. One of these types is aerial photography, unique in that it can be represented by its spatial content, and through this, be combined with digital maps. Finding good ways of describing this image type with regard to performing queries and ranking results is therefore an important task, and what this study is about.Existing systems already combine maps and imagery, but does not take the spatial features found within each image into consideration. Instead, more traditional external metadata, e.g. file name, author, and date are used when performing retrieval operations on the objects involved.A set of requirements for an image retrieval system on aerial photography using spatial features, were suggested. This described the image- and query types one can expect such a system to handle, and how the information found within these could be represented. A prototype was developed based on these requirements, evaluating the performance of single coordinate queries and a relevance calculation using the coverage, perspective, and areas of interest found in each picture.The prototype evaluation shows that the different characteristics found in aerial photography makes it very difficult to represent and rank all these images in the same way. Especially images taken horizontally, i.e. where the horizon is showing, have other properties than images looking straight down on an area. The evaluation also shows problems related to manual registration of spatial features for images covering large areas, where inaccuracies introduced here can have a damaging effect on ranking.Suggestions for future work with spatial image retrieval are mentioned, proposing alternatives to the spatial features used in the prototype, improvements for calculating relevance, as well as technologies that might help the feature extraction process.
Channel estimation methods for MIMO-OFDM system: time domain versus frequency domain (2004)

This paper presents a simplified channel estimation technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) antenna structure. The estimation technique is presented both in the frequency and time domains. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation technique is used to modulate the transmitted data. To ensure low computational complexity, time domain estimated channel information is considered to evaluate the performance of the OFDM system in terms of symbol error rate (SER). For both channel estimation and performance evaluation, simulation results are presented for two-transmit and one-receive antenna configuration in the two-ray Rayleigh fading channel environment. The simulation results validate the analysis and justify the approximations made therein.