gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Episome-carried Surface Antigen K88 of <i>Escherichia coli</i> II. Isolation and Chemical Analysis (1967)

The K88 antigen was carried by episomal transfer to D282, a nonmotile Escherichia coli strain without K antigen. D520, obtained by this episomal transfer, was used for the extraction of K88 antigen. It was shown by the agar gel precipitation technique that some K88 antigen was released from D520 into suspending aqueous medium. The amount of liberated material was increased by gentle heating (60 C) or treatment in a Waring Blendor. The antigen was obtained from the extracts in a purified form by making use of its insolubility between pH 3.5 and 5.5 and of its high sedimentation rate (S(0) (20,w) = 36.7S). The homogeneity of the material was demonstrated by agar gel precipitation with D520 antiserum, by analytical ultracentrifugation, and by moving-boundary electrophoresis. Chemical analysis revealed that K88 is a pure protein containing all the common amino acids with the exception of cysteine-cystine. Purified K88 selectively precipitated the K88 antibodies from D520 antiserum and was shown to be immunogenic in rabbits.
Cell biology and physiology of the uroepithelium (2009)

The uroepithelium sits at the interface between the urinary space and underlying tissues, where it forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute, and water flux, as well as pathogens. However, the uroepithelium is not simply a passive barrier; it can modulate the composition of the urine, and it functions as an integral part of a sensory web in which it receives, amplifies, and transmits information about its external milieu to the underlying nervous and muscular systems. This review examines our understanding of uroepithelial regeneration and how specializations of the outermost umbrella cell layer, including tight junctions, surface uroplakins, and dynamic apical membrane exocytosis/endocytosis, contribute to barrier function and how they are co-opted by uropathogenic bacteria to infect the uroepithelium. Furthermore, we discuss the presence and possible functions of aquaporins, urea transporters, and multiple ion channels in the uroepithelium. Finally, we describe potential mechanisms by which the uroepithelium can transmit information about the urinary space to the other tissues in the bladder proper.
Mesoporous Silica: An Alternative Diffusion Controlled Drug Delivery System (2008)

Mesoscopically ordered mesoporous silica materials have attracted a wide interest since their discovery in the early 1990’s due to their diverse potential applications areas; including catalysis, filtration and chromatography. Supramolecular surfactant aggregates are used as structure directing agents for inorganics during condensation, leading to mesoscopically ordered surfactant-inorganic composites. Porosity can be induced in the inorganic part by removal of the surfactant portion through thermal or chemical means. By controlling the synthesis conditions and choice of structure directing agents, the system can be engineered to fit numerous functions of preference. As the purely siliceous mesoporous materials have been shown to be biocompatible, or sometimes even bioactive, there is an increasing interest in this class of materials for applications in the field of bioceramics, especially as bone substitute materials. Furthermore, the highly organized porous silica matrix could be used as a potential controlled drug release system. Another attractive advantage is that amorphous silica is degradable in an aqueous solution, and thus problems related to the removal of the material after use can be avoided. In this article, a few of the most common forms of drug delivery mechanism from ceramic drug carrier systems are investigated. Furthermore, some examples are given on different mesoporous silica systems as drug delivery devices and how factors such as pore size, pore connectivity and surface affect the drug loading and the release (diffusion) rate.
Conclusion and Future Outlook (2016)

In this chapter, we will present directions for potential significant future breakthroughs in the young field of phase-aware signal processing. A brief review of the renaissance of phase-aware processing, with its decline in the past and the renewed interest within recent years, is provided. We point out the series of relevant events involving the phase-aware signal processing research field that reflect the renewed interest of researchers in the field of speech communication, and which eventually motivated the writing this book. The range of applications where phase processing may be successfully be incorporated in the future is considered. In particular, we describe potential applications within two categories: (i) related research disciplines and the possible extension of the techniques and concepts learned in this book for single-channel phase-aware processing to multi-channel or other speech processing applications not fully covered here, and (ii) we consider the neighboring signal processing domains involving signals other than speech (e.g., image, video, and biomedical signals) that could benefit from phase-aware processing.
Differential current-sensing for on-chip interconnects (2004)

This paper presents a differential current-sensing technique as an alternative to existing circuit techniques for on-chip interconnects. Using a novel receiver circuit, it is shown that, delay-optimal current-sensing is a faster (20% on an average) option as compared to the delay-optimal repeater insertion technique for single-cycle wires. Delay benefit for current-sensing increases with an increase in wire width. Unlike repeaters, current-sensing does not require placement of buffers along the wire, and hence, eliminates any placement constraints. Inductive effects are negligible in differential current-sensing. Current-sensing also provides a tighter bound on delay with respect to process variations. However, current-sensing has some drawbacks. It is power inefficient due to the presence of static-power dissipation. Current-sensing is essentially a low-swing signaling technique, and hence, it is sensitive to full swing aggressor noise.
Testing of System Performance for Different Aerator Configuration Using Venturi (2018)

A venturi tube or pipe part or device allows air bubbles to be inserted into flowing water from air inlet holes and so increases dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in water . Therefore, the aim of this paper is to evaluate system design and experimental results related to configuration of venturi tube in air vacuum and aeration process. Different aerator modules constructed using venturi tubes connected in either single or double in parallel (with single or double outlet pipe line) were evaluated and compared for their air flowrate, vacuum capacity, oxygen transfer coefficients (OTC), standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR), and standard oxygenation efficiency (SOE) determined by clean water tests. The experimental results indicated that the double parallel design (connected to a single outlet pipe line) generally performed better than the single and double parallel (connected to a double outlet pipe line) design in terms of transferring oxygen into water.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 2‐Hydroxybenzophenones with Corey—Chaykovsky Reagent. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Linear Smoothers and Additive Models (1989)

We study linear smoothers and their use in building nonparametric regression models. In the first part of this paper we examine certain aspects of linear smoothers for scatterplots; examples of these are the running-mean and running-line, kernel and cubic spline smoothers. The eigenvalue and singular value decompositions of the corresponding smoother matrix are used to describe qualitatively a smoother, and several other topics such as the number of degrees of freedom of a smoother are discussed. In the second part of the paper we describe how linear smoothers can be used to estimate the additive model, a powerful nonparametric regression model, using the "back-fitting algorithm." We show that backfitting is the Gauss-Seidel iterative method for solving a set of normal equations associated with the additive model. We provide conditions for consistency and nondegeneracy and prove convergence for the backfitting and related algorithms for a class of smoothers that includes cubic spline smoothers.
Flight investigation of insect contamination and its alleviation (1978)

An investigation of leading edge contamination by insects was conducted with a JetStar airplane instrumented to detect transition on the outboard leading edge flap and equipped with a system to spray the leading edge in flight. The results of airline type flights with the JetStar indicated that insects can contaminate the leading edge during takeoff and climbout. The results also showed that the insects collected on the leading edges at 180 knots did not erode at cruise conditions for a laminar flow control airplane and caused premature transition of the laminar boundary layer. None of the superslick and hydrophobic surfaces tested showed any significant advantages in alleviating the insect contamination problem. While there may be other solutions to the insect contamination problem, the results of these tests with a spray system showed that a continouous water spray while encountering the insects is effective in preventing insect contamination of the leading edges.
Numerical quadrature over smooth, closed surfaces (2016)

The numerical approximation of definite integrals, or quadrature, often involves the construction of an interpolant of the integrand and its subsequent integration. In the case of one dimension it is natural to rely on polynomial interpolants. However, their extension to two or more dimensions can be costly and unstable. An efficient method for computing surface integrals on the sphere is detailed in the literature (Reeger & Fornberg 2016 <i>Stud. Appl. Math.</i><b>137</b>, 174-188. (doi:10.1111/sapm.12106)). The method uses local radial basis function interpolation to reduce computational complexity when generating quadrature weights for any given node set. This article generalizes this method to arbitrary smooth closed surfaces.
Recent Advances in the Discovery of Small Molecules Targeting Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP (EPAC) (2013)

3',5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a pivotal second messenger that regulates numerous biological processes under physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation, and neurological disorders. In the past, all effects of cAMP were initially believed to be mediated by protein kinase A (PKA) and cyclic nucleotide-regulated ion channels. Since the discovery of exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (EPACs) in 1998, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the net cellular effects of cAMP are also regulated by EPAC. The pursuit of the biological functions of EPAC has benefited from the development and applications of a growing number of pharmacological probes targeting EPACs. In this review, we seek to provide a concise update on recent advances in the development of chemical entities including various membrane-permeable analogues of cAMP and newly discovered EPAC-specific ligands from high throughput assays and hit-to-lead optimizations.
Essential role of a kinesin-like protein in <i>Arabidopsis</i> trichome morphogenesis (1997)

Little is known about how cell shape is controlled. We are using the morphogenesis of trichomes (plant hairs) on the plant Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to study how cell shape is controlled. Wild-type Arabidopsis trichomes are large, single epidermal cells with a stalk and three or four branches, whereas in zwichel (zwi) mutants the trichomes have a shortened stalk and only two branches. To further understand the role of the ZWI gene in trichome morphogenesis we have cloned the wild-type ZWICHEL (ZWI) gene by T-DNA tagging, and report here that it encodes a member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule motor proteins. Kinesin proteins transport diverse cellular materials in a directional manner along microtubules. Kinesin-like proteins are characterized by a highly conserved "head" region that comprises the motor domain, and a nonconserved "tail" region that is thought to participate in recognition and binding of the appropriate cargo.
The Role of Hubs in the Adoption Process (2009)

The authors explore the role of hubs (people with an exceptionally large number of social ties) in diffusion and adoption. Using data on a large network with multiple adoptions, they identify two types of hubs—innovative and follower hubs. Contrary to recent arguments, hubs tend to adopt earlier in the diffusion process, even though they are not necessarily innovative. Although innovative hubs have a greater impact on the speed of the adoption process, follower hubs have a greater impact on market size (total number of adoptions). Importantly, a small sample of hubs offers accurate success versus failure predictions early in the diffusion process.
Systematic review of the definition and measurement of anastomotic leak after gastrointestinal surgery (2001)

There is no universally accepted definition of anastomotic leak at any site. The definitions and values used to measure anastomotic failure vary extensively and preclude accurate comparison of rates between studies and institutions.
The Metadyne, and its application to electric traction (1939)

The term “Metadyne” is defined as including various forms of dynamo having additional brush-arms intermediate between the usual brush-arms.The first section of the paper explains the special properties of such machines, especially as sources and users of constant current, or in obtaining special relationships between the current supplied to a load and the voltage across it. The equations for the calculation of the currents and fluxes of such machines are given, and the functions of various stator windings are explained.The second section of the paper deals with some of the most important applications of the metadyne to traction problems. A number of equipments which have been installed are described in some detail, and schematic diagrams of connections for these equipments are given.
Monte Carlo computation of dosimetric amorphous silicon electronic portal images (2004)

This study develops and tests a method to compute dosimetric images for an amorphous silicon (a-Si) flat-panel detector so that an accurate quantitative comparison between measured and computed portal images may be made. An EGS4-based Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm is developed to efficiently tally the energy deposition through the use of a virtual detector dose-scoring methodology. The complete geometry of the a-Si imager is utilized in the MC calculation up to the imager rear housing, which is replaced with a uniform thickness material slab. The detector-mounting hardware is modeled as a uniform backscattering material. The amount of backscatter material required to reproduce the measured backscatter is 0.98 g/cm2 of water. A flood-field irradiation, performed in the measurement imaging session, is used to cross-calibrate the computed images with the measured images. Calibrated MC-computed images reproduce measured field-size dependencies of the electronic portal imaging device (EPID) response to within <1%, without the need for optical glare or other empirical corrections. A 10% dose difference between measured and computed images was observed outside the field edge for a 10 x 10 cm2 field that was entirely blocked by the multileaf collimator (MLC). However, this error corresponded with less than 0.15% of the open-field dose. For 10 x 10 cm2 fields produced by 5 and 20 mm dynamically sweeping MLC gaps, more than 98% of the points were found to have a gamma less than one with a 2%, 2 mm criteria. For an intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) patient test field, over 99% of the points were found to have a gamma less than one with a 2%, 2 mm criteria. This study demonstrates that MC can be an effective tool for predicting measured a-Si portal images and may be useful for IMRT EPID-based dosimetry.
Design and Implementation of a Wireless Gesture Controlled Robotic Arm with Vision (2013)

In today's world, in almost all sectors, most of the work is done by robots or robotic arm having different number of degree of freedoms (DOF's) as per the requirement. This paper deals with the Design and Implementation of a "Wireless Gesture Controlled Robotic Arm with Vision". The system design is divided into 3 parts namely: Accelerometer Part, Robotic Arm and Platform. It is basically an Accelerometer based system which controls a Robotic Arm wirelessly using a, small and low-cost, 3-axis (DOF's) accelerometer via RF signals. The Robotic Arm is mounted over a movable platform which is also controlled wirelessly by another accelerometer.
A 400 kb novel deletion unit centromeric to the BRCA1 gene in sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer. (1996)

Allelic deletions on chromosome 17q21 in sporadic ovarian cancer are common, suggesting that inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene(s) in that region may be important for the etiology of these tumors. The recently identified BRCA1 gene on 17q21, involved in the development of familial breast/ovarian cancer, could be a candidate. However, inactivating mutations on BRCA1 in sporadic ovarian cancer has been rarely described. Furthermore, the potential relationship of BRCA1 gene to ovarian tumors of borderline malignancy remains also unclear. We constructed a highly detailed deletion map of chromosome 17q21 based on PCR amplification of eight polymorphic tandem repeat markers in a 650 kb area including three BRCA1 intragenic markers. DNA from 52 sporadic ovarian cancers and 26 borderline tumors, together with their corresponding normal control tissues were used. Only one borderline tumor showed loss of heterozygosity at one marker, whereas 65% of invasive ovarian cancers displayed allelic loss in at least one of the markers studied. A common deletion unit, located approximately 60kb centromeric to BRCA1, was revealed. These results suggest that inactivation of the BRCA1 gene may not be responsible for the development of borderline ovarian tumors and that another tumor suppressor gene, located centromeric to the BRCA1 gene, may play a role in sporadic ovarian cancer development.
Exfoliation of graphene sheets via high energy wet milling of graphite in 2-ethylhexanol and kerosene (2017)

Graphene sheets have been exfoliated from bulk graphite using high energy wet milling in two different solvents that were 2-ethylhexanol and kerosene. The milling process was performed for 60 h using a planetary ball mill. Morphological characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). On the other hand, the structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and Raman spectrometry. The exfoliated graphene sheets have represented good morphological and structural characteristics with a valuable amount of defects and a good graphitic structure. The graphene sheets exfoliated in the presence of 2-ethylhexanol have represented many layers, large crystal size and low level of defects, while the graphene sheets exfoliated in the presence of kerosene have represented fewer number of layers, smaller crystal size and higher level of defects.
90 mm rewritable optical disk drive (1992)

A half-height-size 90 mm optical disk drive (ODD), including an embedded optical disk controller, was developed. Several advanced features, such as high-speed seek, compatibility for optical ROM, lower power dissipation, and SCSI-2 host computer interface, were implemented. Principal features of the 90 mm ODD, as well as several technical problems that were considered and solved during its development, are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Survey of Motion-Parallax-Based 3-D Reconstruction Algorithms (2004)

The task of recovering three-dimensional (3-D) geometry from two-dimensional views of a scene is called 3-D reconstruction. It is an extremely active research area in computer vision. There is a large body of 3-D reconstruction algorithms available in the literature. These algorithms are often designed to provide different tradeoffs between speed, accuracy, and practicality. In addition, even the output of various algorithms can be quite different. For example, some algorithms only produce a sparse 3-D reconstruction while others are able to output a dense reconstruction. The selection of the appropriate 3-D reconstruction algorithm relies heavily on the intended application as well as the available resources. The goal of this paper is to review some of the commonly used motion-parallax-based 3-D reconstruction techniques and make clear the assumptions under which they are designed. To do so efficiently, we classify the reviewed reconstruction algorithms into two large categories depending on whether a prior calibration of the camera is required. Under each category, related algorithms are further grouped according to the common properties they share.
Investigation of HTS CrossConductor Joints, Connectors, and Terminations (2017)

The high-temperature superconductor (HTS) CrossConductor (HTS CroCo) is a modified stacked-tape arrangement, aiming for high current density and easy long-length fabrication. It is intended to be used as a strand for a high current cable in industrial dc applications or large high-field magnets. In order to allow for an economical operation, terminations, joints, and connector parts need to be sufficiently low-resistive to minimize the heat generation and thus the cooling cost. On the other hand, industrial applicability requires reliable and easy-to-use concepts. In this paper, three approaches to fabricate soldered joints and terminations for HTS CroCos are presented and assessed based on resistance measurements at 77 K, self-field. Termination resistances of some tens of nano-Ohms were achieved for the best termination concepts. Additionally, four types of low-resistive HTS CroCo connectors with bending radii of less than 5 cm are introduced and assessed. For the best connector types, some tens of nano-Ohms were achieved giving rise to a heat generation of less than 1 W at operating conditions.
<i>Photorhabdus luminescens</i>PirAB-fusion protein exhibits both cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity (2014)

The binary toxin 'Photorhabdus insect-related' proteins (PirAB) produced by Photorhabdus luminescens have been reported to possess both injectable and oral activities against a range of insects. Here, PirAB-fusion protein was constructed by linking pirA and pirB genes with the flexible linker (Gly4 Ser)3 DNA encoding sequence and then efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli. To better understand the role of PirAB toxin played in the process of invasion, its cytotoxicity against insect midgut CF-203 cells was investigated. Application of purified PirAB-fusion protein as well as PirA/PirB mixture caused loss of viability of CF-203 cells after 24 h incubation. CF-203 cells treated by PirAB-fusion protein displayed morphological changes typical of apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, PirAB-fusion protein also exhibited injectable insecticidal activity against Spodoptera exigua larvae. The bodies of S. exigua fourth-instar larvae injected with PirAB-fusion protein turned completely black. Thus, we concluded that PirAB-fusion protein possessed similar biological activity (cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity) to PirA/PirB mixture, which would enable it to be used as an efficient agent for pest control.