gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional time and frequency-domain theory of femtosecond x-ray pulse generation through Thomson scattering (2004)

The generation of high intensity, ultrashort x-ray pulses enables exciting new experimental capabilities, such as femtosecond pump-probe experiments used to temporally resolve material structural dynamics on atomic time scales. Thomson backscattering of a high intensity laser pulse with a bright relativistic electron bunch is a promising method for producing such high-brightness x-ray pulses in the 10--100 keV range within a compact facility. While a variety of methods for producing subpicosecond x-ray bursts by Thomson scattering exist, including compression of the electron bunch to subpicosecond bunch lengths and/or colliding a subpicosecond laser pulse in a side-on geometry to minimize the interaction time, a promising alternative approach to achieving this goal while maintaining ultrahigh brightness is the production of a time-correlated (or chirped) x-ray pulse in conjunction with pulse slicing or compression. We present the results of a complete analysis of this process using a recently developed 3D time and frequency-domain code for analyzing the spatial, temporal, and spectral properties an x-ray beam produced by relativistic Thomson scattering. Based on the relativistic differential cross section, this code has the capability to calculate time and space dependent spectra of the x-ray photons produced from linear Thomson scattering for both bandwidth-limited and chirped incident laser pulses. Spectral broadening of the scattered x-ray pulse resulting from the incident laser bandwidth, laser focus, and the transverse and longitudinal phase space of the electron beam were examined. Simulations of chirped x-ray pulse production using both a chirped electron beam and a chirped laser pulse are presented. Required electron beam and laser parameters are summarized by investigating the effects of beam emittance, energy spread, and laser bandwidth on the scattered x-ray spectrum. It is shown that sufficient temporal correlation in the scattered x-ray spectrum to produce sub-100 fs temporal slice resolution can be produced from state-of-the-art, high-brightness electron beams without the need to perform longitudinal compression on the electron bunch.
Theoretical and experimental comparisons of quadrupole mass analyzers with round and hyperbolic field-forming surfaces (1970)

Theoretical and experimental performance studies of quadrupole mass analyzers with round and hyperbolic field forming surfaces, noting resolving power superiority of hyperbolic rods
Synthesis and secretion of a Bacillus circulans WL-12 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase in Escherichia coli (1990)

The synthesis and secretion of a 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase were studied in different strains of Escherichia coli transformed with plasmids carrying the Bacillus circulans WL-12 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase structural gene. This gene (named BGC) is contained within a 1.9-kilobase BamHI-HindIII fragment and directs the synthesis in E. coli of an enzyme that specifically degrades lichenan. Only one active form of the enzyme was found when the gene was expressed in different E. coli strains. The electrophoretic pattern of this protein showed a molecular weight that was approximately the same as that of the mature beta-glucanase secreted from B. circulans WL-12, suggesting that the processing of this protein may be similar in both species. As deduced from maxicell experiments, the Bacillus parental promoter directs the synthesis in E. coli. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the protein may be cotranslationally processed.
A novel clock distribution system for CMOS VLSI (2002)

A novel all-digital clock distribution system for CMOS VLSI, capable of generating small-skew, four-phase, and non-overlap clock signals when supplied with only a one-phase clock signal, is described. The frequency of the input clock signal can be decreased by 75% without a phase-locked loop (PLL) by adopting this system. The key concept of this system is to extract phase-adjusted multi-phase clock signals from a Multi-tapped Variable Delay Line (MVDL). With the use of a 28-MHz input reference clock, this system has been applied to a 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS gate array to produce four-phase 28-MHz clock signals with 12.5% duty cycle. Using the measured delay time of the components, clock skew and delay time variations between phases are estimated to be /spl plusmn/0.6 ns and /spl plusmn/0.5 ns, respectively. Both of these values can be decreased to /spl plusmn/0.2 ns with the adoption of an alternative circuit configuration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 1024-bit MNOS RAM using avalanche-tunnel injection (1975)

MNOS memory cells which consist of one MNOS transistor and two MOS transistors are incorporated into a fully decoded 1024-word by 1-bit random access memory (RAM) with nonvolatility. The features of the present nonvolatile RAM are: 1) by introducing a novel mode of write operation, electrical isolators, such as p-n junction isolation between the memory cells and the other circuits are not required, 2) stored data can last more than one year without any kind of external power supply, 3) the chip size of the memory is 3.60/spl times/3.61 mm/SUP 2/, 4) the read-access time is 600 ns and the write cycle time is 10 /spl mu/s-100 /spl mu/s.
Reducing MapReduce Abstraction Costs for Text-centric Applications (2014)

The MapReduce framework has become widely popular for programming large clusters, even though MapReduce jobs may use underlying resources relatively inefficiently. There has been substantial research in improving MapReduce performance for applications that were inspired by relational database queries, but almost none for text-centric applications, including inverted index construction, processing large log files, and so on. We identify two simple optimizations to improve MapReduce performance on text-centric tasks: frequency-buffering and spill-matcher. The former approach improves buffer efficiency for intermediate map outputs by identifying frequent keys, effectively shrinking the amount of work that the shuffle phase must perform. Spill-matcher is a runtime controller that improves parallelization of MapReduce framework background tasks. Together, our two optimizations improve the performance of text-centric applications by up to 39.1%. We demonstrate gains on both a small local cluster and Amazon's EC2 cloud service. Unlike other MapReduce optimizations, these techniques require no user code changes, and only small changes to the MapReduce system.
Crystal and Magnetic Structure of Conducting Double Perovskite Sr<sub><b>2</b></sub>FeMoO<sub><b>6</b></sub> (2000)

We have investigated, crystal and magnetic structure of conducting double perovskite transition metal oxide, Sr 2 FeMoO 6 , which has been grown by the floating-zone method. The resisitvity shows T 2 -dependence in a wide temperature range (50–350 K), perhaps due to magnon scattering. We further have determined the crystal and magnetic structure in the ferrimagnetic state by means of synchrotron radiation X-ray powder measurements as well as neutron powder diffraction experiments.
Unique features of a pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide that improves the transfection efficiency of cationic liposomes (2005)

The unique features of GALA to mediate improved transfection efficiencies were identified.
Chemical Inducers of Autophagy That Enhance the Clearance of Mutant Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2010)

Many of the neurodegenerative diseases that afflict people are caused by intracytoplasmic aggregate-prone proteins. These include Parkinson disease, tauopathies, and polyglutamine expansion diseases such as Huntington disease. In Mendelian forms of these diseases, the mutations generally confer toxic novel functions on the relevant proteins. Thus, one potential strategy for dealing with these mutant proteins is to enhance their degradation. This can be achieved by up-regulating macroautophagy, which we will henceforth call autophagy. In this minireview, we will consider the reasons why autophagy up-regulation may be a powerful strategy for these diseases. In addition, we will consider some of the drugs and associated signaling pathways that can be used to induce autophagy with these therapeutic aims in mind.
Development of motion instruction system with interactive robot suit HAL (2009)

This paper proposes motion instruction system with the interactive robot suit HAL (hybrid assistive limb) for supporting physically challenged persons, enhancing and expanding the human ability. HAL consists of external frames, actuators, various sensors, and a control PC with ethernet device and has not only been developed to assist the motion of wearer's body, but also can be applied to motion instruction between the doctor and the patient in rehabilitation by building the unilateral/bilateral master-slave system with two HALs. In order to realize the motion instruction system, it is required to transfer the information of motion to each other. We performed fundamental experiments for unilateral/bilateral motion instruction between HALs to verify whether the system satisfies the required basic specification, and could confirm the effectiveness of the suggested system.
Role of Dynamin in the Formation of Transport Vesicles from the Trans-Golgi Network (1998)

Dynamin guanosine triphosphatases support the scission of clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasmalemma during endocytosis. By fluorescence microscopy of cultured rat hepatocytes, a green fluorescent protein-dynamin II fusion protein localized with clathrin-coated vesicles at the Golgi complex. A cell-free assay was utilized to demonstrate the role of dynamin in vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi. Addition of peptide-specific anti-dynamin antibodies to the assay mixture inhibited both constitutive exocytic and clathrin-coated vesicle formation. Immunodepletion of dynamin proteins also inhibited vesicle formation, and budding efficiency was restored upon readdition of purified dynamin. These data suggest that dynamin participates in the formation of distinct transport vesicles from the trans-Golgi network.
Syntheses of Analgesics. XXVII (1961)

Cyclohexanone was submitted to the Strecker reaction, 1-(1-methyl or -ethylamino)-cyclohexanecarbonitrile (I or II) so obtained was acylated (III to IX), and hydrolyzed with conc. sulfuric acid to form 1-(N-methyl- or -ethyl-acylamino)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (X to XVII). Their esters (XXVII to XXXI), esters of 2-(diethylamino- or -piperidino) ethanol (XXXII to XXXV), and amides (XXXVI to XLIII) were also prepared. Reaction of aminonitrlle (I) with haloacyl halides gave 1-[N-methyl-(2-haloacyl)amino] cyclohexanecarbonitrile (XVIII and XIX) which were reacted with dialkylamine, piperidine, morpholine, or N, N-diethyl-1, 3-propanediamines to form the corresponding 1-[N-methyl-(2-dialkylaminoacyl)amino] cyclohexanecarbonitriles (XX to XXVI).
Granular Computing: An Emerging Paradigm (2001)

Granular Computing is concerned with constructing and processing carried out at the level of information granules. Using information granules, we comprehend the world and interact with it, no matter which intelligent endeavor this may involve. The landscape of granular computing is immensely rich and involves set theory (interval mathematics), fuzzy sets, rough sets, random sets linked together in a highly synergetic environment. This volume is a first comprehensive treatment of this emerging paradigm and embraces its fundamentals, underlying methodological framework, and a sound algorithmic environment. The panoply of applications covered includes system identification, telecommunications, linguistics and music processing. Written by experts in the field, this volume will appeal to all developing intelligent systems, either working at the methodological level or interested in detailed system realization
Analysis of multi-energy spectral CT for advanced clinical, pre-clinical, and industrial applications (2015)

This work focuses on the different techniques of multi-energy CT and the possible clinical, pre-clinical, and industrial applications that take advantage of the spectral information. The main aim is to study the effectiveness of material decomposition techniques in distinguishing two or more materials in an object. The decomposed images are then used for various applications. Results from the applications show improvement in image quality and usability. In conclusion, multi-energy CT provides many advantages in clinical diagnostics, pre-clinical and industrial CT.
Modern SAW-based pulse compression systems for radar applications. I. SAW matched filters (1995)

Coherent radar systems provide information on a target which cannot be detected with basic pulse radar. Magnetrons are not suitable for such systems. The alternative is to use travelling wave tubes or solid-state amplifiers, but these have a limited peak output power. This problem can be overcome by using longer pulses to increase the pulse energy and subsequently compressing the pulse in a surface acoustic wave (SAW) matched filter. The paper reviews the need for pulse compression radar and describes basic SAW technology.
The Synthesis and Liquid Crystal Properties of Some 2,5-Disubstituted Pyridines (1988)

Abstract The synthesis is reported of fifteen three-ring 2,5-disubstituted pyridines and two pyridine-N-oxides where the pyridine rings carry a variety of alkyl, aryl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylethyl and fluorinated-aryl substituents. The mesomorphic transition temperatures for these compounds have been measured; all the compounds show enantiotropic phases. The different substituent effects are discussed and comparisons are made with previous work on analogous systems where the hetero-function is replaced by C-F.
[Changes in the immune reactivity of the body in cerebral arachnoiditis]. (1989)

The author evaluates the dynamics of immune reactivity of the body in patients with cerebral arachnoiditis with consideration of main clinical syndrome--hypertensive-hydrocephalic, epileptiform, autonomic-vascular dystonia syndromes in different variants of the course of the process. It is shown that regression of immune insufficiency did not depend on the leading clinical syndrome. The question of including immunomodulators for correction of immune insufficiency is discussed.
Pharmacogenomics in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2010)

In recent years, the benefits of early aggressive treatment paradigms for inflammatory bowel disease have emerged. Symptomatic improvement is no longer considered adequate; instead, the aim of treatment has become mucosal healing and altered natural history. Nonetheless, we still fail to achieve these end points in a large number of our patients. There are many reasons why patients fail to respond or develop toxicity when exposed to drugs used for inflammatory bowel disease, but genetic variation is likely to account for a significant proportion of this. Some examples, notably thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism in thiopurine treatment, are already established in clinical practice. We present a review of the expanding literature in this field, highlighting many interesting developments in pharmacogenomics applied to inflammatory bowel disease and, where possible, providing guidance on the translation of these developments into clinical practice.
A comparison of rotation- and blob-based system models for 3D SPECT with depth-dependent detector response (2004)

We compare two different implementations of a 3D SPECT system model for iterative reconstruction, both of which compensate for non-uniform photon attenuation and depth-dependent system response. One implementation performs fast rotation of images represented using a basis of rectangular voxels, whereas the other represents images using a basis of rotationally symmetric volume elements. In our simulations the blob-based approach was found to slightly outperform the rotation-based one in terms of the bias-variance tradeoff in the reconstructed images. Their difference can be significant, however, in terms of computational load. The rotation-based method is faster for many typical SPECT reconstruction problems, but the blob-based one can be better-suited to cases where the reconstruction algorithm needs to process one volume element at a time.
The Metabolic Theory of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2014)

Numerous molecular abnormalities have been described in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), complicating the translation of candidate therapies to patients because, typically, 1 treatment addresses only 1 abnormality. The realization that in addition to pulmonary artery vascular cells, other tissues and cells are involved in the syndrome of PAH (eg, immune cells, right ventricular cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle) further complicates the identification of optimal therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a metabolic theory that proposes that many apparently unrelated molecular abnormalities in PAH do have a common denominator; they either cause or promote a mitochondrial suppression (inhibition of glucose oxidation) in pulmonary vascular cells; in turn, the signaling downstream from this mitochondrial suppression can also explain numerous molecular events previously not connected. This integration of signals upstream and downstream of mitochondria has similarities to cancer and can explain many features of the PAH vascular phenotype, including proliferation and apoptosis resistance. This suppression of glucose oxidation (with secondary upregulation of glycolysis) also underlies the abnormalities in extrapulmonary tissues, suggesting a global metabolic disturbance. The metabolic theory places mitochondria at the center stage for our understanding of PAH pathogenesis and for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Current PAH therapies are each addressing 1 abnormality (eg, upregulation of endothelin-1) and were not developed specifically for PAH but for systemic vascular diseases. Compared with the available therapies, mitochondria-targeting therapies have the advantage of addressing multiple molecular abnormalities simultaneously (thus being potentially more effective) and achieving higher specificity because they address PAH-specific biology.
Dystrophin Point Mutation Screening Using a Multiplexed Protein Truncation Test (1997)

We report here the first use of a multiplexed protein truncation test for the high throughput screening of dystrophin point mutations. We have developed a substantially more robust and efficient procedure incorporating large savings in cost which uses muscle biopsy or lymphocyte total RNA as the template. The entire dystrophin open reading frame is screened in only five overlapping fragments using a long RT-PCR strategy to amplify dystrophin cDNA in excess of 3.7 kb. These five fragments are uniquely transcribed and translated in vitro in a single multiplexed reaction containing magnesium ions to reduce nonspecific internal initiation of translation. We have used this system to analyze mutations in 11 Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (10 unrelated) with previously uncharacterized mutations. A single truncating mutation was identified in all patients, which was confirmed at the genomic level. Multiplex PTT provides the most efficient method for point mutation screening in this large gene and has potential applications to several disease genes with a significant proportion of truncating mutations.
Microcasting (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Investment Casting Casting Alloys Investment Materials Cast Microparts and Their Properties Conclusions References
An efficient task allocation scheme for 2D mesh architectures (1997)

Efficient allocation of processors to incoming tasks in parallel computer systems is very important for achieving the desired high performance. It requires recognizing the free available processors with minimum overhead. In this paper, we present an efficient task allocation scheme for 2D mesh architectures. By employing a new approach for searching the mesh, our scheme can find the available submesh without scanning the entire mesh, unlike earlier designs. Comprehensive computer simulation reveals that the average allocation time and waiting delay are much smaller than earlier schemes of comparable performances, irrespective of the size of meshes and distribution of the shape of the incoming tasks.
THE GALACTOSE OPERON OF <i>E. COLI</i> K-12. II. A DELETION ANALYSIS OF OPERON STRUCTURE AND POLARITY (1969)

PREVIOUS genetic studies have conclusively established the order of the three structural genes in the galactose operon to be epimerase-transferasekinase (see Figure 1 ) ( ADLER and KAISER 1963; BUTTIN 1963b; ADLER and TEMPLETON 1963). The elegant work of ADLER and TEMPLETON (1963) and subsequently of KAYAJANIAN (1965), DAVISON, FRAME and BISHOP (1967), and PFEIFFER and OELLERMAN ( 1967) have demonstrated the feasibility of high-resolution deletion mapping of the kinase and transferase structural genes by the use of xdg transducing particles which carry partial galactose operons. However, because only transducing particles carrying an intact, active epimerase gene can be isolated and purified, they cannot be used to map the epimerase end of the operon. Both biochemical (MICHAELIS and STARLINGER 1968) and genetic (ADHYA and SHAPIRO 1969) data suggest that reading of the galactose operon proceeds from the epimerase end and that there exist one or more non-structural, regulatory elements in which mutations can lead to reduction or abolition of the activity of all three genes of the galactose operon. Hence, the need for a complete and detailed map of the galactose operon, in particular the epimerase gene, is clear. In this communication we shall present such a map based on the use of transducing phage and bacterial deletions. Our results confirm our previous conclusion on the epimerase to kinase polarity of the galactose operon and show that essential and ratelimiting regulatory elements are located at the epimerase end.
Decision feedback equalization in channels with signal-dependent media noise (2001)

Since maximum likelihood sequence detection in channels with media noise requires too many trellis states, it is advantageous to seek simpler detectors. This paper formulates the signal-dependent decision feedback equalizer (SD-DFE) for these channels. For the purpose of designing the feedforward equalizer, the channel is treated as linear and the noise as stationary. These assumptions guide the design of the minimum-mean-square-error feedforward equalizer. The feedback structure is derived using the autoregressive signal/noise model. In 90% jitter noise dominated channels, the SD-DFE performs as well as a 16-state signal-dependent Viterbi detector, at a fraction of the complexity. A drawback of this method is error propagation due to the feedback.