gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2008)

SUMMARY Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of dried and roasted leaves from Morinda citrifolia L. intended to be used for the preparation of infusions. After cutting, the leaves of M. citrifolia are subjected to drying and roasting steps. The steps are standard procedures commonly applied in food production and do not give rise to concern. Compositional data on various batches of dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves from French Polynesia have been provided. The information presented does not indicate detrimental nutritional effects to be expected from the consumption of tea infusions made from dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves. Under the applied analytical conditions none of the anthraquinones rubiadin, alizarin and lucidin could be detected in dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves (detection limits 0.25, 0.025 and 0.4 mg/kg) and in infusions (detection limits 1.04, 0.1 and 1.67 µg/l), respectively. 5,15-Dimethylmorindol, an anthraquinone previously isolated from the fruits of M. citrifolia, was shown to be present in dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves at concentrations ranging from 11.3 to 42.6 mg/kg. In infusions from dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves contents of 5,15-dimethylmorindol ranging between 5.8 and 20.9 µg/l were determined. On the basis of an average 5,15-dimethylmorindol content of 26.5 ± 11.75 mg/kg in dried and roasted leaves and an average extraction efficiency of 34 %, a total of approximately 9 ± 4 µg 5,15-dimethylmorindol is expected to be present per cup of tea (100 ml). Roasting of M. citrifolia leaves causes 80 and 77 % decreases of the concentrations of the glycosides rutin and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoysyl-(1-6)-s-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, and 2- and 2.9-fold increases of the corresponding aglycones, quercetin and 1 For citation purposes: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the
Revisiting Stein's paradox: multi-task averaging (2014)

We present a multi-task learning approach to jointly estimate the means of multiple independent distributions from samples. The proposed multi-task averaging (MTA) algorithm results in a convex combination of the individual task's sample averages. We derive the optimal amount of regularization for the two task case for the minimum risk estimator and a minimax estimator, and show that the optimal amount of regularization can be practically estimated without cross-validation. We extend the practical estimators to an arbitrary number of tasks. Simulations and real data experiments demonstrate the advantage of the proposed MTA estimators over standard averaging and James-Stein estimation.
Brassinosteroid-Insensitive Dwarf Mutants of Arabidopsis Accumulate Brassinosteroids (1999)

Seven dwarf mutants resembling brassinosteroid (BR)-biosynthetic dwarfs were isolated that did not respond significantly to the application of exogenous BRs. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that these were novel alleles of BRI1 (Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1), which encodes a receptor kinase that may act as a receptor for BRs or be involved in downstream signaling. The results of morphological and molecular analyses indicated that these represent a range of alleles from weak to null. The endogenous BRs were examined from 5-week-old plants of a null allele (bri1-4) and two weak alleles (bri1-5 and bri1-6). Previous analysis of endogenous BRs in several BR-biosynthetic dwarf mutants revealed that active BRs are deficient in these mutants. However, bri1-4 plants accumulated very high levels of brassinolide, castasterone, and typhasterol (57-, 128-, and 33-fold higher, respectively, than those of wild-type plants). Weaker alleles (bri1-5 and bri1-6) also accumulated considerable levels of brassinolide, castasterone, and typhasterol, but less than the null allele (bri1-4). The levels of 6-deoxoBRs in bri1 mutants were comparable to that of wild type. The accumulation of biologically active BRs may result from the inability to utilize these active BRs, the inability to regulate BR biosynthesis in bri1 mutants, or both. Therefore, BRI1 is required for the homeostasis of endogenous BR levels.
Association between pH-Weighted Endogenous Amide Proton Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI and Tissue Lactic Acidosis during Acute Ischemic Stroke (2011)

The ischemic tissue becomes acidic after initiation of anaerobic respiration, which may result in impaired tissue metabolism and, ultimately, in severe tissue damage. Although changes in the major cerebral metabolites can be studied using magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy (MRS)-based techniques, their spatiotemporal resolution is often not sufficient for routine examination of fast-evolving and heterogeneous acute stroke lesions. Recently, pH-weighted MR imaging (MRI) has been proposed as a means to assess tissue acidosis by probing the pH-dependent chemical exchange of amide protons from endogenous proteins and peptides. In this study, we characterized acute ischemic tissue damage using localized proton MRS and multiparametric imaging techniques that included perfusion, diffusion, pH, and relaxation MRI. Our study showed that pH-weighted MRI can detect ischemic lesions and strongly correlates with tissue lactate content measured by (1)H MRS, indicating lactic acidosis. Our results also confirmed the correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient and lactate; however, no significant relationship was found for perfusion, T(1), and T(2). In summary, our study showed that optimized endogenous pH-weighted MRI, by sensitizing to local tissue pH, remains a promising tool for providing a surrogate imaging marker of lactic acidosis and altered tissue metabolism, and augments conventional techniques for stroke diagnosis.
Phase‐based arterial input function measurements in the femoral arteries for quantification of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI and comparison with DCE‐CT (2011)

Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI is useful for diagnosis, treatment monitoring and follow-up of prostate cancer. However, large differences have been reported in the parameter range of the transfer constant K(trans) , making longitudinal studies and comparison of DCE-MRI findings between studies difficult. Large part of this inconsistency in K(trans) values can be attributed to problems with the accurate measurement of the arterial input function (AIF) from the magnitude signal (AIF(MAG) (N) ). Phase-based AIF measurements (AIF(PHASE) ) have been proposed as a more robust alternative to AIF(MAG) (N) measurements. This study compares AIF(PHASE) with AIFs measured with DCE-CT (AIF(CT) ), and the corresponding K(trans) maps in 12 prostate cancer patients. The shape of AIF(PHASE) and AIF(CT) are similar, although differences in the peak height and peak width exist as a result of differences in injection protocol. No significant differences in K(trans) values were found between the DCE-MRI and DCE-CT exams, with median K(trans) values of 0.10 and 0.08 min(-1) for healthy peripheral zone tissue and 0.44 and 0.36 min(-1) for regions suspected of tumor respectively. Therefore, robust quantification of K(trans) values from DCE-MRI exams in the cancerous prostate is feasible with the use of AIF(PHASE) .
The PHD Type Zinc Finger Is an Integral Part of the CBP Acetyltransferase Domain (2002)

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) such as CBP and p300 are regarded as key regulators of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription, but the critical structural features of their HAT modules remain ill defined. The HAT domains of CBP and p300 are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved putative plant homeodomain (PHD) (C4HC3) type zinc finger, which is part of the functionally uncharacterized cysteine-histidine-rich region 2 (CH2). Here we show that this region conforms to the PHD type zinc finger consensus and that it is essential for in vitro acetylation of core histones and the basal transcription factor TFIIE34 as well as for CBP autoacetylation. PHD finger mutations also reduced the transcriptional activity of the full-length CBP protein when tested on transfected reporter genes. Importantly, similar results were obtained on integrated reporters, which reflect a more natural chromatinized state. Taken together, our results indicate that the PHD finger forms an integral part of the enzymatic core of the HAT domain of CBP.
Neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamine release in response to cardiopulmonary bypass in man. (1982)

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) alters systemic hemodynamics and affects several biochemical systems involved in cardiovascular regulation. We investigated the changes in levels of circulating epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) and related them to events during CPB. Twenty-eight patients undergoing various surgical procedures were studied. Plasma E and NE were determined by radioenzymatic assay at eight stages of the operation. A ninefold increase in arterial E (from 75 +/- 13 to 708 +/- 117.3 pg/ml) occurred from prebypass (stage 1) measurements to the end of aortic cross-clamping (stage 4). The values at stage 4 were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than at all other stages. E decreased rapidly, to 360 +/- 84.3 pg/ml, after myocardial and pulmonary reperfusion (stage 5). Arterial NE increased twofold from stage 1 to stage 4 (from 426 +/- 66.9 to 825 +/- 84.2, p less than 0.05). The increase in NE from initial CPB values (stage 2) to 30 minutes of aortic cross-clamping (stage 3) was associated with an increase in mean blood pressure (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). The peak increases in catecholamines occurred when the heart and lungs were excluded from the circulation, which suggests that either or both contributed to the increase. Because the increase in E was markedly greater than that in NE, the predominant humoral response to CPB appears to be adrenomedullary release of E. This significant increase in catecholamines could jeopardize myocardial protective measures during CPB.
Nickel(II) Phosphate VSB-5: A Magnetic Nanoporous Hydrogenation Catalyst with 24-Ring Tunnels (2001)

Nanoporosity, good thermal stability, antiferromagnetic ordering, and hydrogenation with basic catalytic character are four important properties of the large-pore (24MR), zeolitic nickel(II) phosphate, VSB-5 (Ni<sub>20</sub> [(OH)<sub>12</sub> (H<sub>2</sub> O)<sub>6</sub> ][(HPO<sub>4</sub> )<sub>8</sub> (PO<sub>4</sub> )<sub>4</sub> ]⋅12 H<sub>2</sub> O), which has been prepared under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. The structure of VSB-5 is depicted: NiO<sub>6</sub> octahedra: green; PO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedra: red.
INVERSION METHODS FOR τ‐<i>p</i> MAPS OF NEAR OFFSET DATA—LINEAR INVERSION* (1985)

A bstract Conventional velocity analysis, based on the ideas of rms velocity and hyperbolic reflection events in the x‐t domain, is restricted in validity to near vertical incidence. Thus analysis of near‐offset datasets usually requires the muting of wide‐angle reflections from shallow interfaces before the rms velocities are determined. The ray‐theoretical integral for the delay time τ, which depends on the slowness p and the velocity function, is valid for all angles. The wide‐angle reflections can be used to improve the accuracy of the derived velocity function in the near surface region, if the recorded x‐t data are mapped into the τ‐p domain. By representing the velocity function between reflectors as a series of gradient zones, i.e. regions with a uniform increase in velocity with depth, the recovery of the velocities may be posed as a matrix linear inverse problem for the slopes of the gradient zones. In order to convert the problem to a linear one, the velocity discontinuities at the reflecting interfaces must be fixed in advance. Their positions are based on the behaviour of the τ‐ p map of the data. Finding a stable velocity model may require several iterations with the reflecting interfaces at different positions. An understanding of the workings of the inversion algorithm allied with an analysis of the causes of instability aids the search for a stable model.
Drosophila muscleblind Codes for Proteins with One and Two Tandem Zinc Finger Motifs (2012)

Muscleblind-like proteins, Muscleblind (Mbl) in Drosophila and MBNL1-3 in vertebrates, are regulators of alternative splicing. Human MBNL1 is a key factor in the etiology of myotonic dystrophy (DM), a muscle wasting disease caused by the occurrence of toxic RNA molecules containing CUG/CCUG repeats. MBNL1 binds to these RNAs and is sequestered in nuclear foci preventing it from exerting its normal function, which ultimately leads to mis-spliced mRNAs, a major cause of the disease. Muscleblind-proteins bind to RNAs via N-terminal zinc fingers of the Cys(3)-His type. These zinc fingers are arranged in one (invertebrates) or two (vertebrates) tandem zinc finger (TZF) motifs with both fingers targeting GC steps in the RNA molecule. Here I show that mbl genes in Drosophila and in other insects also encode proteins with two TZF motifs, highly similar to vertebrate MBNL proteins. In Drosophila the different protein isoforms have overlapping but possibly divergent functions in vivo, evident by their unequal capacities to rescue the splicing defects observed in mbl mutant embryos. In addition, using whole transcriptome analysis, I identified several new splicing targets for Mbl in Drosophila embryos. Two of these novel targets, kkv (krotzkopf-verkehrt, coding for Chitin Synthase 1) and cora (coracle, coding for the Drosophila homolog of Protein 4.1), are not muscle-specific but expressed mainly in epidermal cells, indicating a function for mbl not only in muscles and the nervous system.
The Role of the Lumbar Multifidus in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Review (2010)

Low back pain (LBP), a highly prevalent problem in society, is often a recurrent condition. Recent advances in the understanding of the biomechanics of LBP have highlighted the importance of muscular stabilization of the "neutral zone" range of motion in the low back. The lumbar multifidus muscles (LMM) are important stabilizers of this neutral zone, and dysfunction in these muscles is strongly associated with LBP. The dysfunction is a result of pain inhibition from the spine, and it tends to continue even after the pain has resolved, likely contributing to the high recurrence rate of LBP. Persisting LMM dysfunction is identified by atrophic replacement of multifidus muscle with fat, a condition that is best seen on magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle training directed at teaching patients to activate their LMM is an important feature of any clinical approach to the LBP patient with demonstrated LMM dysfunction or atrophy.
Pipeline implementation of the 128-bit block cipher CLEFIA in FPGA (2009)

The article presents a pipeline implementation of the block cipher CLEFIA. The article examines three known methods of implementing a single encryption round and proposes a new fourth method. The article proposes the implementation of a key scheduler, which is highly compatible with pipeline encryption. The article contains a detailed analysis of the data processing path for the 128-bit key version of the algorithm and verifies its operation on two FPGA cards in practice. On the basis of one of these cards, the article proposes a prototype of an effective supercomputer-compatible hardware accelerator (High Performance Computing Application).
Activity of Nitric Oxide Is Dependent On, But Is Partially Required for Function of, Salicylic Acid in the Signaling Pathway in Tobacco Systemic Acquired Resistance (2001)

When tobacco plants were treated by injection with nitric oxide (NO)-releasing compounds, the sizes of lesions caused by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) on the treated leaves and on upper nontreated leaves were significantly reduced. The reduction in TMV lesion size was caused by NO released from the NO-releasing compounds; the byproduct formed after release of NO from the NO-releasing compound NOC-18, diethylenetriamine, did not itself alter lesion size. Treatment of tobacco plants with inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or an NO scavenger attenuated but did not abolish the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by salicylic acid (SA). In NahG transgenic tobacco plants, NO had no effect on lesion size following TMV infection. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that NO plays an important role in SAR induction in tobacco and that NO is required for the full function of SA as an SAR inducer. The activity of NO is fully dependent on the function of SA in the SAR signaling pathway in tobacco.
Analysis of mutations in the integration function of Moloney murine leukemia virus: effects on DNA binding and cutting (1990)

The 3' terminus of the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus encodes the integration (IN) protein, required for the establishment of the integrated provirus. A series of six linker insertion mutations and two single-base substitutions were generated within the region encoding the IN protein. Mutations were initially generated within an Escherichia coli plasmid expressing the IN protein, and the resulting variants were assayed for DNA-binding activity. Mutations which altered conserved cysteine residues within a potential DNA finger-binding motif resulted in lower or variable DNA binding, which appeared to be the result of variable protein folding. Upon renaturation, these proteins were able to nonspecifically bind DNA in a manner similar to that of the other mutant IN proteins and the parent. When reconstructed back into full-length virus, seven of the eight mutations were lethal. All mutants produced a stable IN protein in virions and mediated normal conversion of the retroviral RNA to its three DNA forms. Fine-structure analysis of the linear double-stranded viral DNA indicated that all seven lethal alterations within the IN protein blocked the formation of the 3' recessed termini that normally precedes integration.
THE GALACTOSIDE-SPECIFIC LECTIN FROM MISTLETOE AS BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIER (1992)

Experience with herbal extracts can guide the isolation of substances that effectively amend aspects of the host's defence system against tumor growth and spread. This capacity appears to be conferred to mistletoe (Viscum album) extract by a rather small dose range of the galactoside-specific lectin (VAA). It is a biochemically characterized dimer, consisting of a toxic subunit that acts as a RNA N-glycosidase (depurination of A-4324 in 28S rRNA) and a carbohydrate-binding B-chain. The binding of this subunit to galactose-exposing glycoligands on mononuclear cells elicits cytokine secretion in vitro and antitumoral/antimetastatic capacity in vivo in lymphosarcoma/sarcoma model systems. Increases in NK cell number, the activity of peritoneal macrophages and NK cells as well as the response of splenic T cells to mitogens are detectable. Immunophenotyping of blood samples from lectin-treated patients reveals increases in the number of helper/inducer T cells, NK cells and CD25-positive cells. Since the response to the treatment is assumed to be dependent on the presence of lectin-specific ligands on inflammatory host cells, histopathological monitoring of tumor specimens with labelled lectin is conceivable to be one factor of relevance to predict a response to the treatment in animal models or within clinical trials.
Function of Isolated Pancreatic Islets From Patients at Onset of Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin Secretion Can Be Restored After Some Days in a Nondiabetogenic Environment In Vitro (2015)

The understanding of the etiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains limited. One objective of the Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study was to collect pancreatic tissue from living subjects shortly after the diagnosis of T1D. Here we report the insulin secretion ability by in vitro glucose perifusion and explore the expression of insulin pathway genes in isolated islets of Langerhans from these patients. Whole-genome RNA sequencing was performed on islets from six DiViD study patients and two organ donors who died at the onset of T1D, and the findings were compared with those from three nondiabetic organ donors. All human transcripts involved in the insulin pathway were present in the islets at the onset of T1D. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was present in some patients at the onset of T1D, and a perfectly normalized biphasic insulin release was obtained after some days in a nondiabetogenic environment in vitro. This indicates that the potential for endogenous insulin production is good, which could be taken advantage of if the disease process was reversed at diagnosis.
Automatic identification and accurate temporal detection of inhalations in asthma inhaler recordings (2012)

Asthma is chronic airways disease characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing. Adherence to medication regimes is a common failing for asthmatic patients and there exists a requirement to monitor such patients' adherence. The detection of inhalations from recordings of inhaler use can provide empirical evidence about patients' adherence to their asthma medication regime. Manually listening to recordings of inhaler use is a tedious and time consuming process and thus an algorithm which can automatically and accurately carry out this task would be of great value. This study employs a recording device attached to a commonly used dry powder inhaler to record the acoustic signals of patients taking their prescribed medication. An algorithm was developed to automatically detect and accurately demarcate inhalations from the acoustic signals. This algorithm was tested on a dataset of 255 separate recordings of inhaler use in real world environments. The dataset was obtained from 12 asthma outpatients who attended a respiratory clinic over a three month period. Evaluation of the algorithm on this dataset achieved sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 94% and an accuracy of 89% in detecting inhalations compared to manual inhalation detection.
Metallic transmission screen for sub-wavelength focusing (2007)

A simple metallic transmission screen is proposed that is capable of focusing an incident plane wave into a sub-wavelength spot in the near field. The principle of operation is inspired by holographic concepts applied to the near-field. A corresponding design procedure is described and supporting full-wave simulation results are provided.