gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gold-Colored Organic Crystals Formed from an Azobenzene Derivative (2010)

The azobenzene derivative 4,4'-bis{1-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)]ethoxy}azobenzene has been found to form gold-colored plate-like crystals. The thin film obtained by accumulating the crystals has a maximum specular reflectance of ca. 15% for visible light. To investigate the structure of the gold-colored crystals, UV-vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and IR analyses were performed. UV-vis measurements show that the molecules in the crystal produce J-aggregates. Furthermore, XRD measurements estimated the long-range d-spacing for the crystal as 1.51 nm. These results indicate that the azobenzene moieties are oriented diagonally against the crystal surfaces. When the crystals are placed in a desiccator (humidity 40%) for 1 d, their color changes from gold to yellow. IR measurements show that the gold-colored crystals contain crystallized water, while there are no water molecules in the yellow crystals, in which the structure of the J-aggregates is disrupted. These results show that the crystallized water molecules are essential for the formation of the J-aggregates and the resultant gold luster.
Base dependent DNA–carbon nanotube interactions: activation enthalpies and assembly–disassembly control (2009)

We quantify the base dependent interactions between single stranded DNA and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in solution. DNA/SWNT hybrids hold the promise of applications ranging from nanoscale electronics and assembly of nanotube based materials, to drug delivery and DNA sequencing. These applications require control over the hybrid assembly and disassembly. Our analytical assay reveals the order of nucleobase binding strengths with SWNTs as G>C>A>T. Furthermore, time dependent fixed temperature experiments that probe the kinetics of the dissociation process provide values for the equilibrium constants and dissociation enthalpies that underlie the microscopic interactions. Quantifying the base dependency of hybrid stability shows how insight into the energetics of the component interactions facilitates control over hybrid assembly and disassembly.
An integrated testbed for locally monitoring SCADA systems in smart grids (2018)

A testbed for evaluating if and how process-aware monitoring may increase the security of decentralized SCADA networks in power grids is presented. The testbed builds on the co-simulation framework Mosaik, and co-simulates in an integrated way, the power distribution network on different voltage levels, as well as the control network (Modbus/TCP). The existing simulators were extended to allow topology changes, and a controller (RTU) simulator connected to a SCADA server enabling remote control was implemented. Using the developed testbed, a recently proposed local monitoring approach was investigated. The results show that for so-called interlocks the proposed monitoring approach prevents the execution of 33.3% of the commands, that would result in an unsafe state of the power distribution grid. Furthermore, it is shown that unsafe transformer tap positions can also be avoided. To illustrate the relevance and importance of the proposed testbed, a detailed comparison of related work on process-aware intrusion detection approaches and testbeds combining (parts of) the control network and the power grid is provided.
The Interrelation between Transketolase and Dihydroxyacetone Synthase Activities in the Methylotrophic Yeast Candida boidinii (1981)

Crude extracts of Candida boidinii grown on glucose, xylose or ethanol gave single peaks of classical transketolase activity following chromatography, on columns of hydroxylapatite; the enzyme was heat-stable and showed no appreciable activity with formaldehyde as acceptor in place of ribose 5-phosphate. Extracts of methanol-grown cells showed two peaks of transketolase activity following chromatography on both hydroxylapatite and DEAE-cellulose. One peak was identified with that found for the cells grown on substrates other than methanol; the other peak showed dihydroxyacetone synthase activity in addition to transketolase activity. Both activities in the latter peak were very unstable and have been ascribed to one enzyme on the basis of identical rates of denaturation at all temperatures tested between 0 and 40 degrees C. It is suggested that this enzyme is a special transketolase synthesized only during methylotrophic growth of the yeast and in contrast to classical transketolase, is capable of using equally well either formaldehyde or ribose 5-phosphate as glycolaldehyde acceptor. A method based on heat treatment has been suggested for the simultaneous assay of both transketolases present in crude extracts of a methylotrophically grown yeast.
Exploratory Visualization of Surgical Training Databases for Improving Skill Acquisition (2012)

A new visualization system analyzes multidimensional surgical performance databases of information collected via emerging surgical robot and simulator technologies. In particular, it has visualized force, position, rotation, and synchronized video data from 300 bimanual laparoscopic surgery tasks performed by more than 50 surgeons. To explore data, the system uses a multiple-coordinated-views framework. It provides techniques to select and filter multivariate time series data, visualize animated force plots in conjunction with contextual videos, encode multivariate bimanual tool trace data in 3D visualizations, and link visualizations to a database management system via a new generalizable data model. Insights and feedback from an interdisciplinary iterative design process and use case studies support the utility of visualization in this emerging area of data-driven surgical training.
Modeling of the spatial structure of eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylases (1995)

We used sequence and structural comparisons to determine the fold for eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase, which we found is related to alanine racemase. These enzymes have no detectable sequence identity with any protein of known structure, including three pyridoxal phosphate-utilizing enzymes. Our studies suggest that the N-terminal domain of ornithine decarboxylase folds into a beta/alpha-barrel. Through the analysis of known barrel structures we developed a topographic model of the pyridoxal phosphate-binding domain of ornithine decarboxylase, which predicts that the Schiff base lysine and a conserved glycine-rich sequence both map to the C-termini of the beta-strands. Other residues in this domain that are likely to have essential roles in catalysis, substrate, and cofactor binding were also identified, suggesting that this model will be a suitable guide to mutagenic analysis of the enzyme mechanism.
Cost-optimal code motion (1998)

We generalize Knoop et al.'s Lazy Code Motion (LCM) algorithm for partial redundancy elimination so that the generalized version also performs strength reduction. Although Knoop et al. have themselves extended LCM to strength reduction with their Lazy Strength Reduction algorithm, our approach differs substantially from theirs and results in a broader class of candidate expressions, stronger safety guarantees, and the elimination of the potential for performance loss instead of gain. Also, our general framework is not limited to traditional strength reduction, but rather can also handle a wide variety of optimizations in which data-flow information enables the replacement of a computation with a less expensive one. As a simple example, computations can be hoisted to points where they are constant foldable. Another example we sketch is the hoisting of polymorphic operations to points where type analysis provides leverage for optimization. Our general approach consists of placing computations so as to minimize their cost, rather than merely their number. So long as the cost differences between flowgraph nodes obey a certain natural constraint, a cost-optimal code motion transformation that does not unnecessarily prolong the lifetime of temporary varibles can be found using techniques completely analogous to LCM. Specifically, the cost differences can be discovered using a wide variety of forward data-flow analyses in a manner which we describe.
Innovative multilayered millimetre-wave antennas for multi-dimensional scanning and very small footprint applications (2012)

This paper presents and overviews the state-of-the-art of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) techniques in the design and realization of innovative, low-cost, low-profile and low-loss (L3) millimeter-wave antenna elements and arrays for various wireless applications. New classes of multilayered antenna systems are proposed to exploit the vertical dimension of planar structures to overcome certain limitations in standard two-dimensional (2-D) topologies. These structures meet the requirement for developing inexpensive, compact millimeterwave antennas antenna systems. Different structures and architectures are theoretically and experimentally studied and discussed for specific space- and ground-based applications. Practical issues such as high-density integration and high-volume manufacturability are also addressed.
Qualitative Portrait Classification. (2007)

Due to recent advances in high-quality digital photography, taking a large series of images is very inexpensive. Especially in portrait situations, this results in a possible advantage because subjects often feel uncomfortable during acquisition. Selecting from a larger set of images increases the chance of a more satisfying outcome. However, the selection process is not easy and time consuming as only a small number of images is typically considered as aesthetically pleasing. In this work, we propose a machine learning approach to mimic the selection process of a human subject. After a short training period, a large set of images can be classified instantly into two categories, good or bad. With the proposed automatic pre-selection, the advantage of digital photography for portrait images is brought to a new level.
Overload Protection for IEEE 802.11 Cells (2006)

This paper presents a distributed admission control for the distributed coordination function of IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs that limits the risk of congestion collapse due to a high arrival rate of flows. This control scheme requires no modification to the current distributed coordination function; it works by performing a short, non-disturbing probe that estimates the MAC service time. The flow is admitted if the estimate is below a threshold. We show how the threshold may be adjusted dynamically to maintain an average packet loss rate below a configurable limit. We show via extensive simulations that the admission control avoids congestion due to flow arrivals and that it maintains the loss probability below the given threshold regardless of the offered load or number of stations. Our simulations also analyze the main drawback of our scheme: a reduction in the link utilization. The admission control efficiently protects cells from overload and it may offer soft QoS guarantees to multimedia flows without the need for scheduling or polling mechanisms in IEEE 802.11
Compressive loading on bone surfaces from muscular contraction: an in vivo study in the miniature pig,Sus scrofa (1998)

Several authors have speculated that muscles contracting adjacent to bony surfaces may cause compressive loads against the bone and thus influence skull development. This study was undertaken to evaluate the premise of this argument. A flat, semiconductor pressure transducer was surgically placed on bony surfaces beneath muscle attachments. Pressures were recorded during normal mastication (n = 7) and while overlying muscles were stimulated in anesthetized pigs (n = 15). The transducer was highly specific; no pressure was recorded in quiescent or passively stretched muscles or when other muscles were stimulated. Contraction of the overlying muscles exerted high normal loads on the bone, always exceeding systolic blood pressure (16 kPa). Temporal fossa pressure during mastication followed temporalis electromyographic (EMG) signals with a lag period approximating the twitch contraction time. When three different sites were compared in anesthetized animals, compressive load was highest on the temporal fossa (111.4 +/- 56.5 kPa, n = 15), intermediate on the mandibular angle (58.4 +/- 28.3 kPa, n = 4), and lowest on the medial side of the zygomatic arch (37.2 +/- 19.7 kPa, n = 15). Pressure amplitudes were not related to body size or relative muscle size. Muscle complexity and compartmental constraints did appear to influence pressure. Disruption of the external aponeurosis of the masseter decreased pressure on the mandibular angle by 45%, confirming the importance of tendinous constraint in determining pressure production. Thus, contracting muscles exert substantial but site-specific compressive loads on adjacent bone surfaces.
Ultra-giant magnetoresistance in graphene-based spin valves with gate-controlled potential barriers (2019)

Abstract Pursuing larger tunnel magnetoresistance is a significant work to develop attractive spin-valve devices for high-performance read heads of hard disk drives, magnetic random access memories, and transistors. Here, we propose an ultra-giant magnetoresistance reaching higher than 40 000% at room temperature by using a spin valve of an armchair graphene nanoribbon with double gate-controlled potential barriers. The ultra-giant magnetoresistance approximately 60 times larger than that of traditional MgO-barrier spin valves is caused by an extraordinary current suppression in the antiparallel mode. Moreover, owing to the concept of the gate-voltage barrier, the proposed system provided not only lower complexity of the fabricating standard but also longer endurance of the operation than traditional spin-valve devices.
Unique Measuring Method of Indicator Diagrams Using Strain History of Head Bolts (1980)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">To get accurate indicator diagrams without the use of pressure transducers, the strain and the displacement of the various parts of engine structures that would have some relationship with the pressure variation in the cylinder were measured and analyzed mathematically.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">By measuring the strain of the cylinder head bolts, the horizontal displacement of the crank shaft end, and the vertical displacement of the intake valve stem, we realized that the indicator diagrams could be obtained easily without a passage from the interior to the outside of the combustion chamber.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Accurate indicator diagrams were estimated by applying the pressure-strain diagram obtained from the static pressure test in the cylinder to the strain variation in the cylinder head bolts. On this occasion, the accuracy of the estimated indicator diagrams could be improved by providing the cylinder head system with a one degree freedom vibration system. The propriety of this measuring method was examined and proved in the experiments.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This method can be applied not only for single cylinder engines, but also for multi-cylinder engines.</div>
Thermographic analysis and autonomic response in the hands of patients with leprosy (2016)

Thermography proved a potential tool to assist in the early detection of neuropathies, helping in the prevention of major nerve damage and the installation of deformities and disabilities that are characteristic of leprosy.
Multimodal Hyperspectral Imaging for the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Cervical Neoplasia (2001)

MHI detected cervical cancer precursors at a rate greater than that obtained by a simultaneously collected Pap smear.
Development and validation of a method to determine threshold values for effects of genetically modified plants on the habitat function of soils: Poster at the 13th SETAC Europe Annual Meeting, Hamburg, 27.4.-1.5.2003 (2003)

The safe cultivation of genetically modified plants (GMP) requires a comprehensive investigation of possible harmful soil changes - especially with respect to the natural habitat function of soils for soil organisms, as mentioned in §2 of the BBodSchG (Bundesbodenschutzgesetz; German Federal Soil Protection Act). This study outlines a concept for a multi-stage test that can be used to investigate the effect of transgenic active molecules on the habitat function of the soil. Moreover, the general feasibility of the approach is examined. Test strategy: Genetically modified plants can principally influence the soil via two major pathways. On the one hand gene products (e.g. proteins) encoded by foreign DNA may be secreted as root exudates by the living plant, while on the other hand either these gene products or the foreign DNA itself can reach the soil through the decomposition of plant material. The concept elaborated in the study is a stepwise approach to examine the effect of 1) the pure gene product, 2) the root exudates, and 3) the necromass of genetically modified plants on the habitat function of the soil, using Bt corn as an example. To determine any potential effects, standardized ecotoxicological methods will be used in combination with modern molecular biology techniques. So far, no limitations in the feasibility of the methods used have been detected. It was shown that the reproduction tests could be modified to take into account the use of dried plant material as a food source (increased exposure of the soil organisms). The material was accepted as food by the test animals and was sufficiently nutritive to yield reproducible results regarding survival and reproduction rates. At present, the selected test strategy seems to be suitable to assess the effects of transgenic active molecules on the habitat function of the soil.
Lethal Hepatitis After Gene Transfer of IL-4 in the Liver Is Independent of Immune Responses and Dependent on Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: A Rodent Model of IL-4-Induced Hepatitis (2001)

The putative role of IL-4 in human and animal models of hepatitis has not yet been directly determined. We now report that direct expression of IL-4 in the liver of rats or mice using recombinant adenoviruses coding for rat or mouse IL-4 (AdrIL-4 and AdmIL-4, respectively) results in a lethal, dose-dependent hepatitis. The hepatitis induced by IL-4 was characterized by hepatocyte apoptosis and a massive monocyte/macrophage infiltrate. IL-4-induced hepatitis was independent of T cell-mediated immune responses. Hepatitis occurred even after gene transfer of IL-4 into nude rats, CD8-depleted rats, cyclosporine A-treated rats, or recombinase-activating gene 2(-/-) immunodeficient mice. Peripheral depletion of leukocytes using high doses of cyclophosphamide, and/or the specific depletion of liver macrophages with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate in rats did not block lethal IL-4-induced hepatitis. Direct transduction of hepatocytes with adenoviruses was not essential, since injection of AdrIL-4 into the hind limb induced an identical hepatitis. Finally, primary rat hepatocytes in culture also showed apoptosis when cultured in the presence of rIL-4. IL-4-dependent hepatitis was associated with increases in the intrahepatic levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and Fas ligand. Administration of AdmIL-4 to IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha receptor type I, or TNF-alpha receptor type II knockout mice also resulted in lethal hepatitis, whereas a moderate protection was observed in Fas-deficient lpr mice. IL-4-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis could be abolished by treatment with caspase inhibitory peptides. Our results thus demonstrate that IL-4 causes hepatocyte apoptosis, which is only partially dependent on the activation of Apo-1-Fas signaling and is largely independent of any immune cells in the liver.
Cross Sections and Electron Affinity for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Ions From<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, CO, and C<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>by Electron Impact (1962)

Cross sections for the formation of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, CO, and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ have been measured using an electron beam experiment in which an attempt is made to eliminate kinetic energy and angular discrimination by collecting most of the positive and negative ions produced in the tube. The cross sections are independent of electron current, pressure, and magnetic field. The values of these cross sections at their peak are 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 6.7 eV in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 10.1 eV in CO, and 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 8.2 eV in C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exhibits a second smaller peak at 4.2 eV with a cross section of 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Kinetic-energy measurements on the ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion from ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are not compatible with the value for the electron affinity (1.465 eV) obtained from photodetachment experiments but yield an electron affinity of 2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV and so suggest the existence of excited states of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The experimental evidence from triatomic molecules ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$O, N${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, and S${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is reviewed and is consistent with the higher value for the electron affinity for oxygen.
Low-temperature decomposition of some halogenated hydrocarbons using metal oxide/porous carbon catalysts (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLow-temperature decomposition of some halogenated hydrocarbons using metal oxide/porous carbon catalystsSteven C. Petrosius, Russell S. Drago, Vaneica Young, and Gerald C. GrunewaldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 14, 6131–6137Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00067a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00067a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views563Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) for HER2-positive breast cancer (2013)

The trials of T-DM1 as a single agent and in combination with other chemotherapies have shown clinical activity and a favorable safety profile in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. There are ongoing studies of T-DM1 showing an increasing tendency towards moving the study of these agents to earlier stages of HER2-positive breast cancer.