gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Versatile multiplexed super-resolution imaging of nanostructures by Quencher-Exchange-PAINT (2018)

The optical super-resolution technique DNA-PAINT (Point Accumulation Imaging in Nanoscale Topography) provides a flexible way to achieve imaging of nanoscale structures at ∼10-nanometer resolution. In DNA-PAINT, fluorescently labeled DNA “imager” strands bind transiently and with high specificity to complementary target “docking” strands anchored to the structure of interest. The localization of single binding events enables the assembly of a super-resolution image, and this approach effectively circumvents photobleaching. The solution exchange of imager strands is the basis of Exchange-PAINT, which enables multiplexed imaging that avoids chromatic aberrations. Fluid exchange during imaging typically requires specialized chambers or washes, which can disturb the sample. Additionally, diffusional washout of imager strands is slow in thick samples such as biological tissue slices. Here, we introduce Quencher-Exchange-PAINT—a new approach to Exchange-PAINT in regular open-top imaging chambers—which overcomes the comparatively slow imager strand switching via diffusional imager washout. Quencher-Exchange-PAINT uses “quencher” strands, i.e., oligonucleotides that prevent the imager from binding to the targets, to rapidly reduce unwanted single-stranded imager concentrations to negligible levels, decoupled from the absolute imager concentration. The quencher strands contain an effective dye quencher that reduces the fluorescence of quenched imager strands to negligible levels. We characterized Quencher-Exchange-PAINT when applied to synthetic, cellular, and thick tissue samples. Quencher-Exchange-PAINT opens the way for efficient multiplexed imaging of complex nanostructures, e.g., in thick tissues, without the need for washing steps.
Phase Diagrams and Conductivity Characterization of Some  PEO  ‐ LiX Electrolytes (1986)

systems have been characterized by x‐ray diffraction and optical microscopy, and the resulting phase diagrams are taken into account for the interpretation of ac impedance measurements. Eutectic reactions and multiple‐intermediate‐compound formation are characteristic of most systems. Simple phenomenological models do not explain the overall conductivity behavior. The activation energy of ion transport is independent of the anion, and remains mainly constant at 0.7 eV over the concentration range studied for . Ion‐pair formation seems to occur at low salt concentration.
Tracheal Gas Insufflation Augments CO <sub>2</sub> Clearance during Mechanical Ventilation (1993)

A technique that improves the efficiency of alveolar ventilation should decrease the pressure required and reduce the potential for lung injury during mechanical ventilation. Alveolar ventilation may be improved by replacing a portion of the anatomic dead space with fresh gas via an intratracheal catheter. We studied the effect of intratracheal gas insufflation as an adjunct to volume cycled ventilation in eight sedated, paralyzed patients with a variety of lung disorders. Continuous flows of 2, 4, and 6 L/min were delivered through a catheter positioned 1 or 10 cm above the carina. Carbon dioxide production, inspiratory minute ventilation, and peak and mean airway pressures did not change over the range of flows tested. PaCO2 and dead space volume/tidal volume decreased significantly as joint functions of catheter flow and position (p < 0.001). The highest catheter flow (6 L/min) and most distal catheter position (1 cm above the carina) were the most effective combination tested, averaging a 15% reduction in PaCO2 (range 9 to 23%). Certain characteristics of the expiratory capnogram were helpful in predicting the observed reduction in PaCO2. Tracheal gas insufflation may eventually prove a useful adjunct to a pressure-targeted strategy of ventilatory management (in either volume-cycled or pressure controlled modes), particularly when the total dead space is heavily influenced by its anatomic component.
Proline-rich sequences mediate the interaction of the Arg protein tyrosine kinase with Crk. (1996)

Arg is a ubiquitously expressed member of the Abelson family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases. Defining the Arg sequences that mediate its interaction with other proteins is essential to elucidating its role in cellular signaling. In this report we demonstrate that Arg associates with c-Crk, an adaptor protein composed of an SH2 domain and two SH3 domains, and examine the molecular mechanism of the interaction. In vitro experiments revealed that three proline-rich sequences with distinct specificities for SH3 domains are located in the Arg C-terminal domain, just C-terminal to the kinase domain, and that two of these sequences bind to the Crk N-terminal SH3 domain. These two sequences conform to the PxLPxK/R motif that has been observed in other proteins that bind the Crk N-terminal SH3 domain. The interaction of Arg with c-Crk in living cells was confirmed by the detection of coimmunoprecipitation in coinfected Sf9 cells. In addition, increased phosphorylation of c-Crk was observed in cotransfected COS cells, indicating that Crk is an Arg substrate. The site of c-Crk phosphorylation by Arg was identified as tyrosine 221, a residue whose modification has been shown to result in an intramolecular SH2 interaction and a folded conformation. These experiments extend the known Arg protein interacting motifs to include SH3 binding sites and suggest that Arg may function as an effector as well as a regulator of Crk activity.
The effect of CXCL1 on human fetal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (2007)

Chemokine CXCL1 is abundantly present in proliferative zones during brain development and in regions of remyelination, suggesting that it influences development of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPC) in these regions. We studied in vitro the effects and possible mechanisms by which CXCL1 acts on human fetal OPC. In organotypic slice cultures of human fetal cortical ventricular/subventricular (VZ/SVZ) zones, blocking of CXCL1 signaling reduced significantly the proliferation of OPC. Moreover, exogenously added CXCL1 induced increase of OPC proliferation. Treatments of purified OPC cultures and cell depletion experiments demonstrated that this effect of CXCL1 was mainly indirect, mediated through astrocytes. We identified that CXCL1 acted through the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway, activated primarily in astrocytes. In vitro, astrocytes stimulated with CXCL1 released several cytokines, but only the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was completely blocked by inhibition of ERK1/2 pathway. When released IL-6 was neutralized in slices, a decrease in OPC proliferation was demonstrated, while addition of IL-6 was able to return OPC proliferation in astrocyte-depleted slices to the control level. These results suggest that in the human fetal brain CXCL1 promotes proliferation of early OPC, acting in part through an ERK1/2-dependent pathway and release of IL-6 from astrocytes.
Radiometric and Spectrophotometric Analysis of Third Generation Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Light-Curing Units (2007)

Despite limitations LED technology appears to be an effective alternative for curing of light-activated esthetic restorative materials. Additional advantages associated with LED curing lights include ergonomic handling capabilities, negative heat generation, and minimal maintenance concerns.
The Kinetics of Mucosal Herpes Simplex Virus–2 Infection in Humans: Evidence for Rapid Viral-Host Interactions (2011)

HSV-2 shedding episodes are notable for rapid expansion and decay and extreme heterogeneity of duration and viral production. The net effect of these dynamic episodes is frequent shedding at high copy numbers.
From Spin Transition to Display and Memory Devices (1993)

Abstract After a presentation of a user-friendly and reliable optical technique to characterize the spin transition phenomenon in iron II derivatives, this paper describes the first realization of a thermally addressed display. This new technology, still at the beginning of its development, is promising for further recording or display applications.
A distributed CAD system for control system design (2002)

The authors discuss a new type of CAD (computer-aided design) system for control system design based on a distributed system which uses several computers by a computer network environment. MVC (model view controller) models are also available in the distributed system for event-driven programming. Using these environments, one can develop excellent CAD systems which serve the flexible programming environment and extension capability and allow one to use a lot of hardware and software resources in several computers. The authors explain the concept of the distributed system and the developing environment for the network and the MVC model. A calculation package named La++ written in C++ is introduced. The outline of a distributed system for control system design is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of distance maps from fast GRE MRI as a tool to study the knee joint space (2003)

A new three-dimensional (3D) method of evaluating the joint space from fast GRE MRI has been developed that allows the reconstruction of the two dimensional (2D) distance map between the femur and the tibia bone plates. This method uses the MRI data, an automated 3D segmentation, and an unsupervised joint space extraction algorithm that identify the medial and lateral compartments of the knee joint. The extracted medial and lateral compartments of the tibia-femur joint space were analyzed by 2D distance maps, where visual as well quantitative information was extracted. This method was applied to study the dynamic behavior of the knee joint space under axial load. Three healthy volunteers' knees were imaged using fast GRE sequences in a clinical scanner under unloaded (normal) conditions and with an axial load that mimics the person's standing load. Furthermore, one volunteer's knee was imaged at four regular time intervals while the load was applied and at four regular intervals without load. The results show that changes of 50 microns in the average distance between bones can be measured and that normal axial loads reduce the joint space width significantly and can be detected by this method.
Novel anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation device reduces slippage (2013)

Clinically significant laxity occurs in 10%-30% of knees after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Graft slippage and tension loss at the hamstring graft tibial fixation site during and after reconstruction surgery contribute to postoperative joint laxity and are detrimental to long-term knee stability and graft properties. Limiting graft slippage will reduce associated complications. We sought to compare the in vitro mechanical properties and in vivo joint stabilization, postoperative limb use, and graft incorporation of the novel GraftGrab™ (GG) device designed to reduce hamstring graft tibial fixation slippage with the commercially available bioabsorbable Bio-Post™ and spiked washer (BP). Mechanical testing was performed on canine tibia-hamstring graft constructs to quantify initial fixation properties. In vivo joint stabilization, postoperative limb use and graft incorporation of hamstring graft reconstructions were determined in a canine model. Outcomes included tibial translation and ground reaction forces preoperatively and 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, three-dimensional graft and bone tunnel dimensions at the latter two time points, and graft-bone microstructure, as well as mechanical properties 8 weeks after implantation. Immediately after fixation, all grafts slipped from the BP constructs versus about 30% of GG constructs. In vivo limb use remained low, and tibial translation increased with time in the BP cohort. These results together confirm that initial graft slippage is lower with GG versus BP extracortical hamstring graft tibial fixation. In addition, postoperative recovery and joint stability are more consistent with the GG. This information supports the GG as an alternative to extracortical tibial hamstring graft fixation that has procedural advantages over current implants and reduces graft failure from slippage.
Neues aus der Chemie der organischen Ringsysteme mit Urotropin(Adamantan)‐Struktur (1962)

Abstract Seit der zusammenfassenden Darstellung [1] des Themas im Jahre 1954 wuchs die Chemie der organischen Verbindungen mit Urotropin‐Struktur durch eigene Arbeiten und die Arbeiten anderer Arbeitskreise erheblich an Umfang und Bedeutung. Die Zahl der bekannten Ringsysteme dieser Struktur ist seit 1954 von 13 auf 22 gestiegen. Im gleichen Zeitraum hat sich die Zahl der bekannten Verbindungen mit Urotropin‐Struktur mehr als verdreifacht. Es erscheint gerechtfertigt, die neuen Ergebnisse zusammenfassend darzustellen. Wie in der 1954 gegebenen Zusammenfassung wurde auf eine lückenlose Darstellung besonderer Wert gelegt.
Synthesis of a Glyoxalase I Inhibitor from <i>Streptomyces griseosporeus</i> N<scp>IIDA</scp><i>et</i> O<scp>GASAWARA</scp> (1985)

Abstract The pseudolactones 6 and 12 were prepared in a straightforward way from methyl α‐ D ‐glucopyranoside and methyl α‐ D ‐mannopyranoside, respectively. The pseudolactone 6 reacted with tert ‐butyl lithioacetate to give the protected, trihydroxylated cyclohexenone carboxylate 7 (51 %). The sterically hindered, L‐ ribo ‐configurated pseudolactone 12 reacted with diethyl ethylphosphonate and dimethyl methylphosphonate to give the protected trihydroxycyclohexenones 17 (49 %) and 18 (62 %), respectively. The hydroxymethylated cyclohexenone 21 was obtained from 18 by treatment with Me 2 AlSPh and then formaldehyde, oxidation of the product 19 , and elimination. Deprotection of 21 gave 2 , identical with KD16‐Ul. Esterification of 2 gave 1 , identical with the title compound. Alternatively, 1 was obtained in higher yields by esterification of 21 , followed by deprotection of the hydroxy groups. This synthesis gave 1 and 2 from methyl α‐ D ‐mannopyranoside in an overall yield of 18 and 20 %, respectively, confirming their absolute configuration.
Images can be regenerated from quantized biometric match score data (2004)

We address the possibility of regenerating sample images from stored biometric data, specifically from automatic face recognition algorithms. Such algorithms calculate a match score from comparison of a newly acquired image of a person to a template calculated from previously captured images. Although several vendors of biometric algorithms claim that an image of a person cannot be regenerated from the template, it has been shown that, in general, such regeneration can be performed with a "hill climbing attack". In order to defend against this attack, it is recommended that biometric algorithms emit only quantized match scores. In this paper, we show that it is still possible to regenerate biometric images even if this recommendation is implemented. Each iteration of the algorithm is applied to a quadrant of the sample image. Before each calculation, noise is added to the image in the opposite quadrant, in order to force the match score to a value just below the quantization threshold, providing useful information. Results show this algorithm successfully regenerates images which compare at high match scores for reasonable values of the quantization level. We conclude that the quantization of match score values does not, by itself, protect against the regeneration of images from stored biometric data.
Optical characterization of a SCISSOR device (2011)

Here, we report on the design, fabrication and characterization of single-channel (SC-) and dual-channel (DC-) side-coupled integrated spaced sequences of optical resonators (SCISSOR) with a finite number (eight) of microring resonators using submicron silicon photonic wires on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. We present results on the observation of multiple resonances in the through and the drop port signals of DC-SCISSOR. These result from the coupled resonator induced transparency (CRIT) which appears when the resonator band (RB) and the Bragg band (BB) are nearly coincident. We also observe the formation of high-Q (> 23000) quasi-localized modes in the RB of the drop transmission which appear when the RB and BB are well separated from each other. These multiple resonances and quasi-localized modes are induced by nanometer-scale structural disorders in the dimension of one or more rings. Finally, we demonstrate the tunability of RB (and BB) and localized modes in the DC-SCISSOR by thermo-optical or free-carrier refraction.
Fluorescent Polymer Sensor Array for Detection and Discrimination of Explosives in Water (2010)

A fluorescent polymer sensor array (FPSA) was made from commercially available fluorescent polymers coated onto glass beads and was tested to assess the ability of the array to discriminate between different analytes in aqueous solution. The array was challenged with exposures to 17 different analytes, including the explosives trinitrotoluene (TNT), tetryl, and RDX, various explosive-related compounds (ERCs), and nonexplosive electron-withdrawing compounds (EWCs). The array exhibited a natural selectivity toward EWCs, while the non-electron-withdrawing explosive 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) produced no response. Response signatures were visualized by principal component analysis (PCA), and classified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). RDX produced the same response signature as the sampled blanks and was classified accordingly. The array exhibited excellent discrimination toward all other compounds, with the exception of the isomers of nitrotoluene and aminodinitrotoluene. Of particular note was the ability of the array to discriminate between the three isomers of dinitrobenzene. The natural selectivity of the FPSA toward EWCs, plus the ability of the FPSA to discriminate between different EWCs, could be used to design a sensor with a low false alarm rate and an excellent ability to discriminate between explosives and explosive-related compounds.
Bypass aware instruction scheduling for register file power reduction (2006)

Since register files suffer from some of the highest power densities within processors, designers have investigated several architectural strategies for register file power reduction, including "On Demand RF Read" where the register file is read only if the operand value is not available from the bypasses. However, we show in this paper that significant additional reductions in the register file power consumption can be obtained by scheduling instructions so that they transfer the operands via bypasses, rather than reading from the register file. Such instruction scheduling requires the compiler to be cognizant of the bypasses in the processor pipeline. In this paper, we develop several bypass aware instruction scheduling heuristics varying in time complexity, and study their effectiveness on the Intel XScale processor pipeline running MiBench benchmarks. Our experimental results show additional power consumption reductions of up to 26% and on average 12% over and above the register file power reduction achieved through existing techniques.
Membrane-bound respiratory system of Enterobacter cloacae strain HO1 grown anaerobically with chromate (1991)

Chromate has been demonstrated to be an electron acceptor in the respiratory chain of anaerobically grown Enterobacter cloacae strain HO1. By using potentiometric titration and low temperature spectroscopy, the spectral absorption of the anaerobic membrane vesicles of this organisms in the presence of chromate was resolved into six peaks at 548, 549, 550, 555, 556, and 558 nm in the α band of the reduced minus oxidized spectra. The spectra elicited by chromate are attributed to cytochromes c548, c549, c550, b555, and b558. Among these cytochromes, c548 was found to be specifically involved in electron transfer to chromate.
Effect of Si additions and heat treatment on the mechanical behaviour of an Al–5Mg casting alloy (2004)

AbstractAbstractAdding 1%Si to binary Al–5Mg alloy slightly increases the yield stress in comparison with the Si free alloy but dramatically reduces the ductility and tensile strength due to the formation of brittle eutectic Mg2Si and π–Al8FeMg3Si6 particles. Adding 3%Si slightly reduces the yield stress, presumably due to some of the Mg being tied up in the Mg2Si, and further reduces the ductility due to the increased volume fraction of intermetallics. Solution heat treatment at 436°C decreases the yield stress of both Si containing alloys, and slightly increases the ductility in the alloy with 3%Si. Subsequent ageing at 180°C has no further effects on the strength or ductility. The loss in strength of the heat treated alloys seems to be due to overageing of Mg2Si precipitates dispersed in the bulk of the alloy.Keywords: AL-MG CASTING ALLOYSTENSILE STRENGTHTENSILE DUCTILITY
An Actively Controlled Harmonic Force Generator (2003)

The electromagnetic shakers (also known as voice coil actuators) are commonly utilized for computer controlled force applications. When the force trace becomes harmonic, however, the devices which use rotating eccentric masses are more feasible to operate. If, on the other hand, one wishes to vary three descriptors, the amplitude, frequency and the phase angle of these harmonics the design and the operation of the structure become more challenging. A novel design and control are presented in this paper to achieve this objective with a very favorable ratio between the peak force and the weight. The variation in the force amplitude is taken from zero to Fmax, while the frequency range varies about ±10% around the nominal operating frequency. Indefinite variations of relative phase angle (i.e., zero to 2π) with respect to a given harmonic signal can be achieved using this new device. The transition from a set of the tree descriptors to another set is achieved under an open loop control of the device. On a prototype experimental setting we demonstrate a successful deployment of the control. Such a structure can be used in some cases for generating desired harmonic force excitations, and in some mission critical application, for canceling vibration caused by quasi static harmonic forcing.
High frequency operation of a megawatt voltage source inverter equipped with ETOs (2002)

The fast switching speed, snubberless turn-off capability and voltage controlled turn-off property enable the emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor the capability of high switching frequency-about 5-10 times as high as its GTO counterpart. A one-megawatt ETO-based voltage source inverter system is constructed with a switching frequency up to 3-5 kHz. Experimental results have shown that the ETO is a promising device for use in high frequency systems.
Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves (2013)

Recent advances in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) technologies have enabled various engineering applications with potential product implementation. WPT can be utilized to charge batteries in various pieces of equipment without the need for a wired connection. Energy can be harvested from ambient RF and microwave radiation and 1 million kW microwaves can be transmitted from space to the ground.This book covers all the theory and technologies of WPT, such as microwave generators with semi-conductors and microwave tubes, antennas, phased arrays, beam efficiency, and rectifiers (rectenna). The
General Method for the Isolation of Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1973)

Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ranging from 5 x 10(6) to 65 x 10(6) daltons may be isolated from chromosomal DNA by the preferential precipitation of the higher-molecular-weight chromosomal DNA in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate and a high concentration of NaCl.