gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive computing: Principles, architectures, and applications (2005)

This paper is a summary of the plenary presentation. The objectives of the presentation are threefold: a) to discuss conceptual foundations of cognitive computing, b) to demonstrate their impact on intelligent systems design, and c) to present a brief summary of relevant project experiences. An introduction to knowledgebased and cognitive systems, and the explanation of their origins and principles are given. Then, an agent metaphor is introduced as the basis for design of high autonomy, cognitive architectures. Examples of projects from both industry and research laboratories that leverage from the above concepts are discussed. Some recent work that focuses on decision making in complex, information rich environments, multi-agent gaming models, and implementation of symbolic representation techniques in highly flexible, reusable, object-oriented visualization systems is presented. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION Cognitive computing is an emerging approach that builds upon a wealth of research and development work in Artificial Intelligence (AI). It strives to provide methods to construct and operate systems that “know what they are doing” (Brachman 2002). From a perspective of practicing modelers and systems engineers, the primary motivation behind adopting cognitive methods is to better support the design and deployment of complex, intelligent systems. It is also the systems’ complexity that motivates us strongly to develop new integration techniques that help achieve high levels of autonomy and intelligence. As modelers and designers, we are excellent at constructing system modules and subcomponents. However, we often falter at the integration of those components not just in a structural, but also in a functional sense. For several years now, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has been driving an effort to build systems that are able to acquire and accumulate knowledge, reason, learn, explain themselves, and be aware of their own behavior (and be robust). Clearly, these are very highly sophisticated objectives and, realistically, there is currently no artificial system that can exhibit that kind of a complex, integrative behavior. From an engineering perspective, computer-aided support at the higher design level is urgently needed. Whereas excellent support exists at lower design levels — for instance, in circuit, or VLSI design — support for integrating hardware and software components at higher system levels is poor. Thus, our desire is to develop adequate modeling tools that support the development of complex heterogeneous systems, allow for reuse of models and modules, and help us in rapid prototyping. In the following sections, we examine how the cognitive techniques could help us accomplish those goals. We begin with a discussion of cognitive systems and their underlying AI paradigms.
A Unidirectional Traveling-Wave Optical Maser* (1962)

The basic ideas leading to a unidirectional traveling-wave optical maser are presented. Experimental data on the performance of pulsed ruby amplifying sections and high density PbO glass Faraday rotation isolators are given. Feasibility tests on a two-section device have been made and are in agreement with predictions. Some remarks are made concerning image definition, channel capacity, noise and pump power requirements.
Purification and Characterization of a Stable Cysteine Protease Ervatamin B, with Two Disulfide Bridges, from the Latex of<i>Ervatamia</i><i>c</i><i>oronaria</i> (2000)

Latex of the medicinal plant Ervatamia coronaria was found to contain at least three cysteine proteases with high proteolytic activity, called ervatamins. One of these proteases, named ervatamin B, has been purified to homogeneity using ion-exchange chromatography and crystallization. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 26 000 Da by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. The extinction coefficient (epsilon(1%)(280 nm)) of the enzyme was 20.5 with 7 tryptophan and 10 tyrosine residues per molecule. The enzyme hydrolyzed denatured natural substrates such as casein, azoalbumin, and azocasein with a high specific activity. In addition, it showed amidolytic activity toward N-succinyl-alanine-alanine-alanine-p-nitroanilide with an apparent K(m) and K(cat) of 6.6 +/- 0.5 mM and 1.87 x 10(2) s(-)(1), respectively. The pH optima was 6.0-6.5 with azocasein as substrate and 7.0-7.5 with azoalbumin as substrate. The temperature optimum was around 50-55 degrees C. The enzyme was basic with an isoelectric point of 9.35 and had no carbohydrate content. Both the proteolytic and amidolytic activity of the enzyme was strongly inhibited by thiol-specific inhibitors. Interestingly, the enzyme had only two disulfide bridges versus three as in most plant cysteine proteases of the papain superfamily. The enzyme was relatively stable toward pH, denaturants, temperature, and organic solvents. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the pure enzyme gave a single precipitin line in Ouchterlony's double immunodiffusion and typical color in ELISA. Other related proteases do not cross-react with the antisera to ervatamin B showing that the enzyme is immunologically distinct. The N-terminal sequence showed conserved amino acid residues and considerable similarity to typical plant cysteine proteases.
Nuclear lamins: building blocks of nuclear architecture (2002)

Nuclear lamins were initially identified as the major components of the nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous layer found at the interface between chromatin and the inner nuclear membrane (Fawcett 1966). Due to their position at the periphery of the nucleus, lamins were originally proposed to support the nuclear envelope and provide anchorage sites for chromatin. Recently, the nuclear lamins have also been found in the nucleoplasm (Fig. 1). In addition, experimental and genetic evidence suggest that nuclear lamins are involved in a number of other functions including nuclear envelope assembly, DNA synthesis, transcription, and apoptosis. Interestingly, mutations in nuclear lamins have been linked to human diseases. In this review, we describe what is known of the structure and function of lamins and their associated proteins. Further, we speculate about possible mechanisms through which mutations in nuclear lamins give rise to disease. Immunological and structural data originally suggested that the lamins were related to cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (IF) (Aebi et al. 1986; Goldman et al. 1986). The cloning and sequencing of lamin cDNAs confirmed that lamins have the typical domain structure of IF including an -helical coiled-coil domain flanked by nonhelical domains (Fisher et al. 1986; McKeon et al. 1986). Interestingly, analyses of lamin and cytoplasmic IF genomic sequences indicate that nuclear lamins are the progenitors of all IF, with cytoplasmic IF arising through gene duplication (Riemer et al. 2000).
The reflectance of dendritic-tungsten surfaces (1979)

The relatively low total optical reflectance measured from the surface of dendritic tungsten is quantitatively explained in terms of multiple reflections from the surface structure. A geometrical optical model is found to adequately describe the multiple reflections from dendrites which have an average spacing of about 5 μm. Coefficients representing the fraction of light reflected a given number of times are determined by analysis of the total reflectance of the dendritic surface on which an antireflective coating has been formed by anodization. At most wavelengths, second-order reflection (or light twice reflected) is found to dominate the reflectance of the dendritic surface for angles of incident light up to about 60° from normal, beyond which the first-order reflection becomes dominant. Based on the model, the reflectance of a geometrically characterized dendritic surface can be predicted for any type and thickness of antireflective coating.
Stable Encapsulation of Active Enzyme by Application of Multilayer Nanofilm Coatings to Alginate Microspheres (2005)

In an effort to improve the stability for long-term biosensor use, layer-by-layer self-assembly was explored as a potential technique to provide a diffusion barrier to encapsulated glucose oxidase inside alginate microspheres (<5 microm), fabricated using an emulsification technique. The total loss of encapsulated enzyme was reduced to less than 25 and 15% with the application of single PAH/PSS and crosslinked PAH/PAA coatings, respectively, in comparison to at least a 45% loss observed with uncoated and PDDA/PSS-coated microspheres. Furthermore, it was found that enzyme within PAH/PSS- and crosslinked PAH/PAA-coated spheres retained more than 84 and 60% of initial activity, respectively, after three months, whereas uncoated and PDDA/PSS-coated microspheres retained less than 20%.
Salicylic acid potentiates defence gene expression in tissue exhibiting acquired resistance to pathogen attack (1996)

Salicylic acid (SA) is absolutely required for establishment of acquired resistance in non‐infected tissues following localized challenge of other leaves with a necrotizing pathogen. Although not directly responsive to SA, or induced systemically following pathogen challenge, the expression of defence gene promoter fusions AoPR1—GUS and PAL‐3—GUS after wounding or pathogen challenge could be enhanced by pre‐treating tobacco plants hydroponically with SA, a phenomenon designated ‘potentiation’. Potentiation of AoPR1—GUS wound‐responsiveness was also demonstrated locally, but not systemically, in tobacco tissue exhibiting acquired resistance following infection with either viral or bacterial pathogens. Potentiation of wound‐responsive expression by prior wounding could not be demonstrated. In contrast, potentiation of pathogen‐responsive AoPR1—GUS expression was exhibited both locally and systemically in non‐infected tissue. The spatial and temporal exhibition of defence gene potentiation correlated directly with the acquisition of resistance in non‐infected tissue. Pathogen‐responsive potentiation was obtained at about 10‐fold lower levels of salicylic acid than wounding‐responsive potentiation in AoPR1—GUS tobacco plants prefed with salicylate. These results may explain the failure to observe systemic potentiation of the wound‐responsive defence gene expression. The data suggest a dual role for SA in terms of gene induction in acquired immunity: a direct one by induction of genes such as pathogenesis‐related proteins, and an indirect one by potentiation of expression of other local defence genes (such as PAL and AoPR1) which do not respond directly to SA but become induced on pathogen attack or wounding.
Silica-Supported Au Nanoparticles Decorated by TiO<sub>2</sub>:  Formation, Morphology, and CO Oxidation Activity (2006)

Au-TiO(2) interface on silica support was aimed to be produced in a controlled way by use of Au hydrosol. In method A, the Au colloids were modified by hydrolysis of the water-soluble Ti(IV) bis(ammoniumlactato)dihydroxide (TALH) precursor and then adsorbed on Aerosil SiO(2) surface. In method B, Au sol was first deposited onto the SiO(2) surface and then TALH was adsorbed on it. Regular and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM and HRTEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis allowed us to conclude that, in method A, gold particles were able to retain the precursor of TiO(2) at 1.5 wt % TiO(2) loading, but at 4 wt % TiO(2) content the promoter oxide appeared over the silica surface as well. With method B, titania was detected on silica at each TiO(2) concentration. In Au-TiO(2)/SiO(2) samples, the stability of Au particles against sintering was much higher than in Au/TiO(2). The formation of an active Au-TiO(2) perimeter was proven by the greatly increased CO oxidation activity compared to that of the reference Au/SiO(2).
Antioxidant activity changes during hot-air drying of Moringa oleifera leaves (2013)

Dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder in capsule is now a popular food supplement in Thailand. To investigate its health benefits, antioxidant activities of M. oleifera leaves (3 varieties: Num Phrae, Ang Thong and PKM1) during drying in hot-air oven at 50C and 100C were studied by 3 different methods, viz. ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical cation decolourisation, together with the determination of total phenolic content and browning pigment formation. It was found that the antioxidant activities and total phenolic content tend to decrease in the early stage of drying and then increase in the later stage, and that the dried leaves still have at least 60% of antioxidant activities compared to fresh leaves.
Recognition and Beautification of Multi-Stroke Symbols in Digital Ink. (2004)

Sketch-based user interfaces (UIs) provide a more direct and convenient way for interacting with computers, especially for performing graphical tasks. Most computer programs provide a mouse-and-palette-based UI for editing shapes, which can be cumbersome to use. In order to draw a shape, a user must first select the desired shape from a menu or from a hierarchy of menus, and then make a series of adjustments to the shape (i.e. rotation, scaling, horizontal/vertical flip, etc.). A more convenient approach to this task is to allow the user to sketch the desired shape directly and then replace it with a 'beautified' symbol with the correct transformation, all in one step. In this paper, we present a complete system for recognizing and beautifying sketched symbols. We have implemented this system as an interface to the Microsoft PowerPoint application to enable a user to sketch symbols directly onto a presentation slide.
<i>Castanea sativa</i>by-products: a review on added value and sustainable application (2014)

Castanea sativa Mill. is a species of the family Fagaceae abundant in south Europe and Asia. The fruits (chestnut) are an added value resource in producing countries. Chestnut economic value is increasing not only for nutritional qualities but also for the beneficial health effects related with its consumption. During chestnut processing, a large amount of waste material is generated namely inner shell, outer shell and leaves. Studies on chestnut by-products revealed a good profile of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and cardioprotective properties. These agro-industrial wastes, after valorisation, can be used by other industries, such as pharmaceutical, food or cosmetics, generating more profits, reducing pollution costs and improving social, economic and environmental sustainability. The purpose of this review is to provide knowledge about the type of chestnut by-products produced, the studies concerning its chemical composition and biological activity, and also to discuss other possible applications of these materials.
Organelle-specific phosphorylation. Identification of unique membrane phosphoproteins of the endoplasmic reticulum and endosomal apparatus. (1993)

Highly purified endoplasmic reticulum fractions from rat liver and dog pancreas harbor membrane-associated kinases that phosphorylate integral membrane proteins of 90, 56, 35, and 15 kDa with [gamma-32P]GTP and of 90, 56, and 35 kDa with [gamma-32P]ATP. Of these, only the 35-kDa phosphoprotein was N-glycosylated. Screening of Golgi fractions, endosomes, plasma membranes, lysosomes, and mitochondria revealed phosphoproteins unique to each organelle. In particular, endosomes were found to harbor a 48-kDa extrinsic membrane protein and two or more integral membrane phosphoproteins of 30-35 kDa. None of these were N-glycosylated as judged by their insensitivity to digestion by N-glycosidase F and a lack of binding to concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin. Since the 30-35 kDa membrane phosphoproteins present in Golgi-free endosomal fractions were not detected in endosome-free, highly purified Golgi fractions and were found exclusively in horseradish peroxidase-containing endosomes as determined by the diaminobenzidine shift protocol, then these membrane phosphoproteins are unique to endosomes. Since membrane phosphoproteins unique to the endoplasmic reticulum have been shown to have important functional significance in calcium binding and as a membrane chaperone(s) (Wada, I., Rindress, D., Cameron, P.H., Ou, W.-J., Doherty, J.-J., II, Louvard, D., Bell, A.W., Dignard, D., Thomas, D.Y., and Bergeron, J.J.M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 19599-19610; Ahluwalia, N., Bergeron, J.J.M., Wada, I., Degen, E., and Williams, D.B. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10914-10918), then the unique endosomal phosphoproteins may serve equally important functions in addition to serving as novel markers for the organelle.
Regulation of the Carnitine Pathway in <i>Escherichia coli</i> : Investigation of the <i>cai-fix</i> Divergent Promoter Region (1998)

The divergent structural operons caiTABCDE and fixABCX of Escherichia coli are required for anaerobic carnitine metabolism. Transcriptional monocopy lacZ fusion studies showed that both operons are coexpressed during anaerobic growth in the presence of carnitine, respond to common environmental stimuli (like glucose and nitrate), and are modulated positively by the same general regulators, CRP and FNR, and negatively by H-NS. Overproduction of the CaiF specific regulatory protein mediating the carnitine signal restored induction in an fnr mutant, corresponding to its role as the primary target for anaerobiosis. Transcript analysis identified two divergent transcription start points initiating 289 bp apart. DNase I footprinting revealed three sites with various affinities for the binding of the cAMP-CRP complex inside this regulatory region. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated that previously reported perfect CRP motif 1, centered at -41.5 of the cai transcriptional start site, plays a direct role in the sole cai activation. In contrast, mutation in CRP site 2, positioned at -69.5 of the fix promoter, caused only a threefold reduction in fix expression. Thus, the role of the third CRP site, located at -126.5 of fix, might be to reinforce the action of site 2. A critical 50-bp cis-acting sequence overlapping the fix mRNA start site was found, by deletion analysis, to be necessary for cai transcription. This region is thought to be involved in transduction of the signal mediated by the CaiF regulator.
Construction and Performance of an Experimental Phased Array Acoustic Imaging Transducer (1981)

A technique for electrically connecting to the PZT elements in a phased array transducer of a cardiac imaging probe is described. The transducer is a stack consisting of a PZT substrate with metallized faces and is bonded to an acoustic absorber across a thin alumina substrate of proper acoustic impedance. The PZT substrate is sawed into an array of elements and a metal foil with an integrally moulded acoustic lens is bonded to the tops of the elements to form the common ground connection. The transducer stack is enclosed in an alumina box and the electrical connection to the PZT elements is made by silk-screened metallic conductors on the sides of the box. The stack transducer module is enclosed in a two part linen bakelite case which is sealed by injecting silicone rubber. A technique that was used to prepare the surface of the acoustic absorber, which resulted in wide bandwidth transducers, is described. Finally, we show the pulse-echo response of the completed transducer imaging a point target in water.
Age-related changes in ATP-producing pathways in human skeletal muscle in vivo (2005)

Energy for muscle contractions is supplied by ATP generated from 1) the net hydrolysis of phosphocreatine (PCr) through the creatine kinase reaction, 2) oxidative phosphorylation, and 3) anaerobic glycolysis. The effect of old age on these pathways is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine whether age may affect ATP synthesis rates from these pathways during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC). Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess high-energy phosphate metabolite concentrations in skeletal muscle of eight young (20-35 yr) and eight older (65-80 yr) men. Oxidative capacity was assessed from PCr recovery after a 16-s MVIC. We determined the contribution of each pathway to total ATP synthesis during a 60-s MVIC. Oxidative capacity was similar across age groups. Similar rates of ATP synthesis from PCr hydrolysis and oxidative phosphorylation were observed in young and older men during the 60-s MVIC. Glycolytic flux was higher in young than older men during the 60-s contraction (P < 0.001). When expressed relative to the overall ATP synthesis rate, older men relied on oxidative phosphorylation more than young men (P = 0.014) and derived a smaller proportion of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis (P < 0.001). These data demonstrate that although oxidative capacity was unaltered with age, peak glycolytic flux and overall ATP production from anaerobic glycolysis were lower in older men during a high-intensity contraction. Whether this represents an age-related limitation in glycolytic metabolism or a preferential reliance on oxidative ATP production remains to be determined.
The craft of software testing: subsystem testing including object-based and object-oriented testing (1994)

1. Should You Read This Book? 2. An Overview of Subsystem Testing. I. THE BASIC TECHNIQUE. 3. The Specification. 4. Introduction to the SREADHEX Example. 5. Building the Test Requirement Checklist. 6. Test Specifications. 7. Test Drivers and Suite Drivers. 8. Inspecting the Code with the Question Catalog. 9. Using Coverage to Test the Test Suite. 10. Cleaning Up. 11. Miscellaneous Tips. II. ADOPTING SUBSYTEM TESTING. 12. Getting Going. 13. Getting Good. III. SUBSYSTEM TESTING IN PRACTICE. 14. Using More Typical Specifications (Including None at All). 15. Working with Large Subsystems. 16. Testing Bug Fixes and Other Maintenance Changes. 17. Testing Under Schedule Pressure. IV. EXAMPLES AND EXTENSIONS. 18. Syntax Testing. 19. A Second Complete Example: MAX. 20. Testing Persistent State. V. MULTIPLYING TEST REQUIREMENTS. 21. Simpler Test Requirement Multiplication. 22. Multiplying Operation Test Requirements. APPENDICES. A. Test Requirement Catalog (Student Version). B. Test Requirement Catalog (Standard Version). C. POSIX-Specific Test Requirement Catalog (Sample). D. A Question Catalog for Code Inspections. E. Requirements for Complex Booleans Catalog. F. Checklists for Test Writing. Glossary. Bibliography.
Characterizing the swimming tumble turn using acceleration data (2011)

Work detailed in this paper describes the development of a swimmer-worn, wireless sensor node capable of capturing real time acceleration data during all phases of swimming, i.e. the start, free swimming, and turns. Analysis of results focuses on the interpretation of these data for the tumble turn. Phases of the turn are characterized in the data enabling the contribution of each phase – approach, rotation, and glide – to be evaluated. A single subject, a triathlete, 400 m swim trial was used to capture acceleration data of multiple turns for analysis. Statistical process control (SPC) charts were used to present results and give an indication of whether correlation occurred between each of the turn phases and total turn time. Informal feedback from swimming professionals suggested that these presentation methods supply results in an easy-to-interpret manner, whereby outliers and variations in performance could be visually identified.