gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Performance Ge p-n Photodiode Achieved With Preannealing and Excimer Laser Annealing (2015)

A germanium (Ge) n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> /p shallow junction photodiode fabricated by a combination of low-temperature preannealing and excimer laser annealing of the phosphorus-implanted p-type Ge is demonstrated. The Ge photodiode shows a high responsivity of 0.48 A/W at the 1.55-μm wavelength and an extremely low leakage current density of 1 pA/μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at room temperature, over two orders of magnitude lower than that of diodes formed by the rapid thermal annealing process. In addition, the reverse leakage current is close to the theoretical limitation of Ge diodes dominated by the ideal carrier diffusion model. The well-controlled dopant profile of the Ge shallow junction should be beneficial for improving the performance of the diodes, which may also be used in making the source and drain of scaled Ge nMOSFET.
[<sup>14</sup>C]GLUTAMATE UPTAKE AND COMPARTMENTATION IN GLIA OF RAT DORSAL SENSORY GANGLION (1974)

Abstract— The characteristics of the uptake of l ‐[U‐ 14 C] glutamate into rat dorsal sensory ganglia were investigated. The uptake was mediated by two distinct kinetic systems, with apparent K m values of the order of 10 −3 M (low affinity) and 10 −5 m (high affinity). The high affinity uptake system was strongly dependent upon temperature and sodium ion concn, and was depressed by a number of metabolic inhibitors. Following uptake, [ 14 C] glutamate was extensively metabolized, primarily to glutamine, although this was not so with cultured ganglia, where in addition to an increased uptake of [ 14 C] glutamate, the specific radioactivity of glutamate was increased and that of glutamine decreased. The labelled substrates [U‐ 14 C]pyruvate and [U‐ 14 C] acetate were used to investigate this phenomenon and the results are discussed in relation to current knowledge of metabolic compartmentation in nervous tissue.
GPU Accelerated Generation of Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs for 2-D/3-D Image Registration (2012)

Recent advances in programming languages for graphics processing units (GPUs) provide developers with a convenient way of implementing applications which can be executed on the CPU and GPU interchangeably. GPUs are becoming relatively cheap, powerful, and widely available hardware components, which can be used to perform intensive calculations. The last decade of hardware performance developments shows that GPU-based computation is progressing significantly faster than CPU-based computation, particularly if one considers the execution of highly parallelisable algorithms. Future predictions illustrate that this trend is likely to continue. In this paper, we introduce a way of accelerating 2-D/3-D image registration by developing a hybrid system which executes on the CPU and utilizes the GPU for parallelizing the generation of digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). Based on the advancements of the GPU over the CPU, it is timely to exploit the benefits of many-core GPU technology by developing algorithms for DRR generation. Although some previous work has investigated the rendering of DRRs using the GPU, this paper investigates approximations which reduce the computational overhead while still maintaining a quality consistent with that needed for 2-D/3-D registration with sufficient accuracy to be clinically acceptable in certain applications of radiation oncology. Furthermore, by comparing implementations of 2-D/3-D registration on the CPU and GPU, we investigate current performance and propose an optimal framework for PC implementations addressing the rigid registration problem. Using this framework, we are able to render DRR images from a 256×256×133 CT volume in ~24 ms using an NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX and in ~2 ms using NVidia GeForce GTX 580. In addition to applications requiring fast automatic patient setup, these levels of performance suggest image-guided radiation therapy at video frame rates is technically feasible using relatively low cost PC architecture.
Performance of Mixed Proppant Sizes (2014)

Abstract Many well stimulation designs in the Bakken Petroleum system of the Williston Basin include hybrid treatments in which multiple fluid types and proppant types are incorporated into the pumping schedule. The industry at the present time is generally focused on cost competitiveness and efficiency. Given the changing trend, a convergence of well stimulation techniques might be expected, however stimulation design and strategies among operators have diverged (figure 1) relative to fluid choices, proppant, and pump rates [Robart et al 2013]. This paper presents an investigation that was conducted to ascertain the potential effect of the mixed proppant sizes relative to fracture conductivity. It is common in hybrid completion designs to mix various sizes of proppant based on stimulation design assumptions and criteria. It is expected that a high concentration of the least conductive proppant is likely to dominate the overall fracture conductivity, but to what degree and to what extent was the question. Also, proppant size distribution is likely to vary throughout the fracture. Depending on the treatment fluids, viscosity, and expected settling rates, proppant may be segregated by tail-in, evenly blended, or blended with dominant concentrations of one particular size. These potential scenarios were simulated in conductivity cell experiments to gain an understanding from laboratory results. The results include a number of interesting conclusions regarding the selection of tail-in proppants and the performance relative to smaller sizes of sand and light weight ceramic.
Artemisinin enhances the anti-tumor immune response in 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo (2019)

ART supplementation hindered 4T1 tumor growth in vivo by promoting T cell activation and quelling immunosuppression from Tregs and MDSCs in the tumor.
Auxin, Ethylene and Brassinosteroids: Tripartite Control of Growth in the Arabidopsis Hypocotyl (2005)

Dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings develop an apical hook by differential cell elongation and division, a process driven by cross-talk between multiple hormones. Auxins, ethylene and gibberellins interact in the formation of the apical hook. In the light, a similar complexity of hormonal regulation has been revealed at the level of hypocotyl elongation. Here, we describe the involvement of brassinosteroids (BRs) in auxin- and ethylene-controlled processes in the hypocotyls of both light- and dark-grown seedlings. We show that BR biosynthesis is necessary for the formation of an exaggerated apical hook and that either application of BRs or disruption of BR synthesis alters auxin response, presumably by affecting auxin transport, eventually resulting in the disappearance of the apical hook. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethylene-stimulated hypocotyl elongation in the light is largely controlled by the same mechanisms as those governing formation of the apical hook in darkness. However, in the light, BRs appear to compensate for the insensitivity to ethylene in hls mutants, supporting a downstream action of BRs. Hence, our results indicate that HLS1, SUR1/HLS3/RTY1/ALF1 and AMP1/HPT/COP2/HLS2/PT act on the auxin-ethylene interaction, rather than at the level of BRs. A model for the tripartite hormone interactions is presented.
Motivation for primary health care in Machinga district (1987)

Introduction People h~ve the right and duty to participate in planning and implementation of their health care. Health care is not only everyone's right, but everyone's responsibility. Basic Health Care should not be delivered but encouraged. All Primary Health Care workers will agree with these sentences. It always has been difficult, however, to motivate people on real participation and self-help. Media like radio, posters and lecturing type of teaching are prone to fail. We want to report about a very positive experience we gained by using the. theatre for development approach as a tool for motivating and educating our target population in Machinga district. The cooperation with the lectures and students of the theatre for development group at Chancellor College proved to be fruitful for all parties concerned, villagers, PHC workers and students.
Multiple-Filled Skutterudites: High Thermoelectric Figure of Merit through Separately Optimizing Electrical and Thermal Transports (2011)

Skutterudites CoSb(3) with multiple cofillers Ba, La, and Yb were synthesized and very high thermoelectric figure of merit ZT = 1.7 at 850 K was realized. X-ray diffraction of the densified multiple-filled bulk samples reveals all samples are phase pure. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirm that multiple guest fillers occupy the nanoscale-cages in the skutterudites. The fillers are further shown to be uniformly distributed and the Co-Sb skutterudite framework is virtually unperturbed from atomic scale to a few micrometers. Our results firmly show that high power factors can be realized by adjusting the total filling fraction of fillers with different charge states to reach the optimum carrier density, at the same time, lattice thermal conductivity can also be significantly reduced, to values near the glass limit of these materials, through combining filler species of different rattling frequencies to achieve broad-frequency phonon scattering. Therefore, partially filled skutterudites with multiple fillers of different chemical nature render unique structural characteristics for optimizing electrical and thermal transports in a relatively independent way, leading to continually enhanced ZT values from single- to double-, and finally to multiple-filled skutterudites. The idea of combining multiple fillers with different charge states and rattling frequencies for performance optimization is also expected to be valid for other caged TE compounds.
c-<i>jun</i> inhibits transcriptional activation by the insulin enhancer, and the insulin control element is the target of control (1994)

Selective transcription of the insulin gene in pancreatic beta cells is regulated by its enhancer, located between nucleotides -340 and -91 relative to the transcription start site. One of the principal control elements within the enhancer is found between nucleotides -100 and -91 (GCCATCTGCT, referred to as the insulin control element [ICE]) and is regulated by both positive- and negative-acting transcription factors in the helix-loop-helix (HLH) family. It was previously shown that the c-jun proto-oncogene can repress insulin gene transcription. We have found that c-jun inhibits ICE-stimulated transcription. Inhibition of ICE-directed transcription is mediated by sequences within the carboxy-terminal region of the protein. These c-jun sequences span an activation domain and the basic leucine zipper DNA binding-dimerization region of the protein. Both regions of c-jun are conserved within the other members of the jun family: junB and junD. These proteins also suppress ICE-mediated transcription. The jun proteins do not appear to inhibit insulin gene transcription by binding directly to the ICE. c-jun and junB also block the trans-activation potential of two skeletal muscle-specific HLH proteins, MyoD and myogenin. These results suggests that the jun proteins may be common transcription control factors used in skeletal muscle and pancreatic beta cells to regulate HLH-mediated activity. We discuss the possible significance of these observations to insulin gene transcription in pancreatic beta cells.
In vitro epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation in human adult epicardial cells is regulated by TGFβ-signaling and WT1 (2011)

Adult epicardial cells are required for endogenous cardiac repair. After myocardial injury, they are reactivated, undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and migrate into the injured myocardium where they generate various cell types, including coronary smooth muscle cells and cardiac interstitial fibroblasts, which contribute to cardiac repair. To understand what drives epicardial EMT, we used an in vitro model for human adult epicardial cells. These cells have an epithelium-like morphology and markedly express the cell surface marker vascular cell adhesion marker (VCAM-1). In culture, epicardial cells spontaneously undergo EMT after which the spindle-shaped cells now express endoglin. Both epicardial cells before and after EMT express the epicardial marker, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1). Adding transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) induces loss of epithelial character and initiates the onset of mesenchymal differentiation in human adult epicardial cells. In this study, we show that TGFβ-induced EMT is dependent on type-1 TGFβ receptor activity and can be inhibited by soluble VCAM-1. We also show that epicardial-specific knockdown of Wilms tumor-1 (WT1) induces the process of EMT in human adult epicardial cells, through transcriptional regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfrα), Snai1 and VCAM-1. These data provide new insights into the process of EMT in human adult epicardial cells, which might provide opportunities to develop new strategies for endogenous cell-based cardiac repair.
Rigid Rodlike Main Chain Polymers with Conformationally Restricted Nonlinear Optical Chromophores: Synthesis and Properties (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRigid Rodlike Main Chain Polymers with Conformationally Restricted Nonlinear Optical Chromophores: Synthesis and PropertiesC.-S. Kang, C. Heldmann, H.-J. Winkelhahn, M. Schulze, D. Neher, G. Wegner, R. Wortmann, C. Glania, and P. KraemerCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 21, 6156–6162Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00099a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00099a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Signal transduction pathways mediating astrocyte IL-6 induction by IL-1 <i>beta</i> and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. (1994)

One immune function of astrocytes is IL-6 production. Synthesis of IL-6 within the central nervous system (CNS) can produce several different responses, acting on glia, neurons, and lymphocytes infiltrating brain tissue, and some of these effects are associated with CNS autoimmune disease. IL-6 gene expression in astrocytes is regulated by cytokines, infectious agents, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, and most of these stimuli interact synergistically. To examine the integration of these diverse factors in the control of IL-6 production, we have studied the involvement of underlying signal transduction processes using neonatal rat astrocytes. We have focused on signal transduction related to the stimulation of IL-6 gene expression by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Our results indicate that stimuli related to protein kinase C (PKC), such as PMA and calcium ionophore A23187, increase IL-6 expression, whereas pharmacologic inhibitors of PKC inhibit IL-6 induction by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha stimulate PKC activity in astrocytes. Stimulators of the cAMP pathway, such as cholera toxin, forskolin, and dibutyryl cAMP, also induced astrocyte IL-6 gene expression. However, inhibition of the cAMP pathway effector, protein kinase A, did not reduce the induction of astrocyte IL-6 gene expression in response to IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, and an ELISA for cAMP detected only very small increases in cAMP synthesis in response to these cytokines. These data suggest that although cAMP does activate astrocyte IL-6 gene expression, it is the PKC pathway that plays a primary role in the stimulation of astrocyte IL-6 gene expression by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha.
Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings (2003)

The Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem acquired about 26,000 images of the Jupiter system as the spacecraft encountered the giant planet en route to Saturn. We report findings on Jupiter's zonal winds, convective storms, low-latitude upper troposphere, polar stratosphere, and northern aurora. We also describe previously unseen emissions arising from Io and Europa in eclipse, a giant volcanic plume over Io's north pole, disk-resolved images of the satellite Himalia, circumstantial evidence for a causal relation between the satellites Metis and Adrastea and the main jovian ring, and information on the nature of the ring particles.
Red fluorescent cAMP indicator with increased affinity and expanded dynamic range (2018)

cAMP is one of the most important second messengers in biological processes. Cellular dynamics of cAMP have been investigated using a series of fluorescent indicators; however, their sensitivity was sub-optimal for detecting cAMP dynamics at a low concentration range, due to a low ligand affinity and/or poor dynamic range. Seeking an indicator with improved detection sensitivity, we performed insertion screening of circularly permuted mApple, a red fluorescent protein, into the cAMP-binding motif of PKA regulatory subunit Iα and developed an improved cAMP indicator named R-FlincA (Red Fluorescent indicator for cAMP). Its increased affinity (K<sub>d</sub> = 0.3 μM) and expanded dynamic range (860% at pH 7.2) allowed the detection of subtle changes in the cellular cAMP dynamics at sub-μM concentrations, which could not be easily observed with existing indicators. Increased detection sensitivity also strengthened the advantages of using R-FlincA as a red fluorescent indicator, as it permits a series of applications, including multi-channel/function imaging of multiple second messengers and combinatorial imaging with photo-manipulation. These results strongly suggest that R-FlincA is a promising tool that accelerates cAMP research by revealing unobserved cAMP dynamics at a low concentration range.
Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus—associated dementia (1994)

The dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is poorly understood. Dementia is accompanied by infection and activation of macrophage lineage cells in the brain and production of toxic products by these cells has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of dementia. Eicosanoids are potential products of activated macrophages that can mediate cell injury. We measured the levels of prostaglandin E2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-positive individuals with dementia and/or myelopathy and compared these levels with those of HIV-negative patients with other neurological diseases and HIV-positive patients without dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid prostaglandin E2 levels were increased in dementia. This increase was associated with severity of dementia and correlated with cerebrospinal fluid levels of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin. Prostaglandins F2 alpha and thromboxane B2, additional products of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, were also elevated in dementia, but leukotriene C4, a product of the lipoxygenase pathway was not. Since synthesis of prostaglandins is regulated in part by the levels of inducible forms of cyclooxygenase, we measured the levels of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 mRNAs in the brains of HIV-positive individuals with and without dementia by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Levels of intact cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA were higher in the brains of demented individuals, but this did not reach statistical significance. These data demonstrate that prostaglandins are increased in the central nervous system in HIV-associated dementia and may play a role in the development of neurological dysfunction.
Strained n-Channel Transistors With Silicon Source and Drain Regions and Embedded Silicon/Germanium as Strain-Transfer Structure (2007)

We report the demonstration of 55 nm gate length strained n-channel field-effect transistors (n-FETs) having an embedded Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> structure that is beneath the Si channel region and which acts as a strain-transfer structure (STS). The Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> STS has lattice interactions with both the silicon source and drain regions and with the overlying Si channel region. This effectively results in a transfer of lateral tensile strain to the Si channel region for electron mobility enhancement. The mechanism of strain transfer is explained. Significant drive current I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> enhancement of 18% at a fixed off-state leakage I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> of 100 nA/mum is achieved, which is attributed to the strain-induced mobility enhancement. Furthermore, continuous downsizing of transistors leads to higher I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> enhancement in the strained n-FETs, which is consistent with the increasing transconductance G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> improvement when the gate length is reduced.