gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NATURAL MOTION - AIM OR ORIGIN FOR FUTURE FOOTWEAR DESIGN (2006)

Influenced by the fitness and running boom in the last three decades, athletic footwear established from simple shoes to a high tech product. New designs, manufacturing techniques and materials were introduced into the construction of technical athletic shoes. This development was further influenced by biomechanical and orthopedic research which supported the establishment of functional concepts and designs. Functional factors (comfort, performance and injury prevention) and also less-functional factors (e.g. price, fashion, and durability) are relevant for the design of athletic footwear.
Millions of people are involved in court activities, running and jogging activities. From the runners, it is reported that between 37-56% are injured during the period of one year. Pre injuries, excessive training volume, training mistakes, excessive forces, excessive pronation or excessive knee joint moments (adduction-abduction moments, external rotation moments) have been proposed as major reasons for the development of overuse injuries. Footwear and sport surface were assumed to influence forces, foot pronation and knee joint moments. Ankle sprains are one the most frequent acute injuries in sports related activities. It was speculated that appropriate footwear is capable to reduce the risk of over-supination and injuries of the ankle joint complex. Concepts of impact cushioning and motion were developed, and strategies were studied to reduce potentially the forces and foot pronation through appropriate athletic footwear, shoe inserts, and sport surface designs. However, results of recent studies challenged the proposed association between forces, foot pronation, and running injuries.
A critically review of injury frequency, injury location and severeness of injuries does not support that the developed technical strategies have been adequate to decrease the risk of injuries in sports through footwear. Probably the concepts did not fit at all or the basic consideration to decrease the amplitude of forces applied to the biological structures or to align the skeleton are principally wrong and thus failed. One can speculate that the purpose of footwear to control foot motion, to align the skeleton and to modify the forces acting of the biological structures should be the improper strategy to decrease the frequency of sport related injuries and/or to enhance performance.
One can also speculate that a deviation from a preferred or natural joint motion, muscle activation and thus force application through footwear may not be benefit able for the joint health and lower extremity performance potential.
Effect of Povidone-Iodine Irrigation on the Preoperative Chemical Preparation of the Eye (1992)

Preoperative eyes which had been treated with gentamicin for one-half day were subjected to one of two povidone-iodine (PI) preparations. The control eye was prepared using a previously described 5% PI one-drop technique, while the paired eye was irrigated with a 0.02% PI solution. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were taken of each eye before and after PI applications. Statistical analysis of the data indicates that both techniques were equally effective in reducing surface colonization of the anaerobic cocci and bacilli, the viridans streptococci and micrococci. Both methods were also equally ineffective in reducing the numbers of coagulase-negative staphylococci from the surface of the eye. With the apparent emergence of gentamicin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci the potential for staphylococcal endophthalmitis is increasing.
Human MSH2 binds to trinucleotide repeat DNA structures associated with neurodegenerative diseases (1997)

The expansion of trinucleotide repeat sequences is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanism of this expansion is unknown but may involve slipped-strand structures where adjacent rather than perfect complementary sequences of a trinucleotide repeat become paired. Here, we have studied the interaction of the human mismatch repair protein MSH2 with slipped-strand structures formed from a triplet repeat sequence in order to address the possible role of MSH2 in trinucleotide expansion. Genomic clones of the myotonic dystrophy locus containing disease-relevant lengths of (CTG)n x (CAG)n triplet repeats were examined. We have constructed two types of slipped-strand structures by annealing complementary strands of DNA containing: (i) equal numbers of trinucleotide repeats (homoduplex slipped structures or S-DNA) or (ii) different numbers of repeats (heteroduplex slipped intermediates or SI-DNA). SI-DNAs having an excess of either CTG or CAG repeats were structurally distinct and could be separated electrophoretically and studied individually. Using a band-shift assay, the MSH2 was shown to bind to both S-DNA and SI-DNA in a structure-specific manner. The affinity of MSH2 increased with the length of the repeat sequence. Furthermore, MSH2 bound preferentially to looped-out CAG repeat sequences, implicating a strand asymmetry in MSH2 recognition. Our results are consistent with the idea that MSH2 may participate in trinucleotide repeat expansion via its role in repair and/or recombination.
Amphiphilic Janus Gold Nanoparticles via Combining “Solid-State Grafting-to” and “Grafting-from” Methods (2008)

Despite the great efforts that have been made toward obtaining Janus architectures, synthesizing sub-10 nanometer Janus nanoparticles (NPs) modified with different types of polymers remains a challenging task. In this Communication, "solid-state grafting-to" and "grafting-from" methods were combined to obtain Janus gold NPs (AuNPs) modified with two types of polymer chains on the opposite sides of the NP. We used functionalized polymer single crystals as the solid substrates to immobilize AuNPs. We then used atom transfer radical polymerization to grow polymer chains on the "free" side of the AuNPs. Amphiphilic polyethylene oxide (PEO)-Au-poly(methyl methacrylate), PEO-Au-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) and hydrophilic PEO-Au-poly(acrylic acid) were synthesized. The Janus nature was demonstrated using a platinum-nanoparticle-decoration method. Using polymer single crystals as the reaction substrates is advantageous because they afford higher throughput compared with self-assembled monolayers. Dissolution of the single crystal also leads to NPs with defined polymer patches. We anticipate that our approach could serve as a generic method for synthesizing polymer-functionalized, sub-10 nm Janus NPs. This unique system holds promises for achieving controlled assembly and tunable optic and electronic properties of NPs.
Crystal oscillator circuits (1983)

A new harmonic oscillator circuit (which is the best in its class) and a new bridge oscillator circuit have been added to this edition; both circuits are of outstanding performance. This practical treatise also places all types of oscillator circuits in a common framework to explain their design and analyze their performance. Actual working circuits are given for all the basic types, and comparisons are made between them. The entire frequency range is covered, from 1 kHz to 100 mHz.
Multiview Face Retrieval in Surveillance Video by Active Training Sample Collection (2014)

For multiview face retrieval of certain person in surveillance video, a key challenge is the lack of training samples. Generally, the law enforcement agencies usually have only one frontal view face image of the target person, however, the faces of the target person in the surveillance video could be in different orientation, and it is impossible for a classifier trained on only frontal view face to retrieve the faces under other orientation. This paper proposes an active training sample collection method for multiview face retrieval in surveillance video. First, the front view face image is used to train a classifier to retrieve the target person's front view face in videos. As the video is continuous, we can track the face and obtain side view faces of the target person. Then these selected side view faces are combined with the frontal view face to form a new training data set. The classifier is updated based on the new training data set, and can retrieve multiview faces of the target people. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Preconditioning in Cardiomyocytes Protects by Attenuating Oxidant Stress at Reperfusion (2000)

Cardiomyocyte death after ischemia/reperfusion correlates with oxidant stress, and antioxidants confer protection in that model. Preconditioning (PC) with hypoxia or adenosine also confers protection, leading us to hypothesize that PC protects by attenuating oxidant generation during subsequent ischemia/reperfusion. Chick cardiomyocytes were preconditioned with 10 minutes of hypoxia or adenosine (100 micromol/L), followed by 1 hour of simulated ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Adenosine PC decreased cell death from 50+/-3% to 18+/-4% and enhanced the return of contractions during reperfusion, as observed previously with hypoxic PC. A transient burst of dichlorofluorescein (sensitive to H2O2 oxidation that was significantly attenuated by PC initiated by hypoxia or adenosine was seen at reperfusion. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Go-6976 and the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoate each abolished protection and abrogated the PC-induced attenuation of reperfusion oxidant stress. By contrast, when given only at reperfusion, the K(+) channel opener pinacidil or the antioxidants 2-mercaptopropionylglycine and 1,10-phenanthroline decreased oxidant stress at reperfusion and improved survival and return of contractions. Thus, PC protection is associated with an attenuation of the oxidant burst at reperfusion, regardless of the method by which PC is triggered. Loss of PC protection associated with PKC inhibition or K(ATP) channel inhibitors is associated with a restoration of that oxidant stress. These results suggest a mechanism for PC protection and reveal a functional link between PKC activation and K(ATP) channel activation in that pathway.
N-arginine dibasic convertase, a metalloendopeptidase as a prototype of a class of processing enzymes. (1994)

N-Arg dibasic convertase is a metalloendopeptidase from rat brain cortex and testis that cleaves peptide substrates on the N terminus of Arg residues in dibasic stretches. By using both an oligonucleotide and antibodies to screen a rat testis cDNA library, a full-length cDNA was isolated. The sequence contains an open reading frame of 1161 codons corresponding to a protein of 133 kDa that exhibits 35% and 48% similarity with Escherichia coli protease III (pitrilysin, EC 3.4.99.44) and rat or human insulinase (EC 3.4.99.45), respectively. Moreover, the presence of the HXXEH amino acid signature (XX = FL) clearly classifies N-Arg dibasic convertase as a member of the pitrilysin family of zinc-metalloendopeptidases. In addition, a Cys residue that may be responsible for the thiol sensitivity of the insulinase and N-Arg dibasic convertase was proposed. The protein sequence contains a distinctive additional feature consisting of a stretch of 71 acidic amino acids. We hypothesize that this metalloendopeptidase may be a member of a distinct class of processing enzymes.
A Novel Method for Decentralised Peer-to-Peer Software License Validation Using Cryptocurrency Blockchain Technology (2015)

Protecting software copyright has been an issue since the late 1970’s, and software license validation has been a primary method employed in an attempt to minimise software piracy and protect software copyright. This paper presents a novel method for decentralised peer-topeer software license validation using cryptocurrency blockchain technology to ameliorate software piracy, and to provide a mechanism for all software developers to protect their copyrighted works.
Pathogenic<i>GRM7</i>Mutations Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders Impair Axon Outgrowth and Presynaptic Terminal Development (2021)

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) is an inhibitory heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptor that modulates neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity at presynaptic terminals in the mammalian central nervous system. Recent studies have shown that rare mutations in glutamate receptors and synaptic scaffold proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, the role of presynaptic mGlu7 in the pathogenesis of NDDs remains largely unknown. Recent whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies in families with NDDs have revealed that several missense mutations (c.1865G>A:p.R622Q; c.461T>C:p.I154T; c.1972C>T:p.R658W and c.2024C>A:p.T675K) or a nonsense mutation (c.1757G>A:p.W586X) in the <i>GRM7</i> gene may be linked to NDDs. In the present study, we investigated the mechanistic links between <i>GRM7</i> point mutations and NDD pathology. We find that the pathogenic GRM7 I154T and R658W/T675K mutations lead to the degradation of the mGlu7 protein. In particular, the GRM7 R658W/T675K mutation results in a lack of surface mGlu7 expression in heterologous cells and cultured neurons isolated from male and female rat embryos. We demonstrate that the expression of mGlu7 variants or exposure to mGlu7 antagonists impairs axon outgrowth through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway during early neuronal development, which subsequently leads to a decrease in the number of presynaptic terminals in mature neurons. Treatment with an mGlu7 agonist restores the pathologic phenotypes caused by mGlu7 I154T but not by mGlu7 R658W/T675K because of its lack of neuronal surface expression. These findings provide evidence that stable neuronal surface expression of mGlu7 is essential for neural development and that mGlu7 is a promising therapeutic target for NDDs.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) affect brain development and function by multiple etiologies. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) is a receptor that controls excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Since accumulating evidence indicates that the <i>GRM7</i> gene locus is associated with NDD risk, we analyzed the functional effects of human <i>GRM7</i> variants identified in patients with NDDs. We demonstrate that stable neuronal surface expression of mGlu7 is essential for axon outgrowth and presynaptic terminal development in neurons. We found that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling and subsequent cytoskeletal dynamics are defective because of the degradation of mGlu7 variants. Finally, we show that the defects caused by mGlu7 I154T can be reversed by agonists, providing the rationale for proposing mGlu7 as a potential therapeutic target for NDDs.
Thermochemical cycles for energy storage: Thermal decomposition of ZnCO sub 4 systems (1992)

The overall objective of our research has been to develop thermochemical cycles that can be used for energy storage. A specific cycle involving ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH{sub 4}HSO{sub 4}) has been proposed. Each reaction in the proposed cycle has been examined experimentally. Emphasis has been placed on the basic chemistry of these reactions. In the concluding phase of this research, reported herein, we have shown that when NH{sub 4}HSO{sub 4} is mixed with ZnO and decomposed, the resulting products can be released stepwise (H{sub 2}A{sub (g)} at {approximately}163{degrees}C, NH{sub 3(g)} at 365--418{degrees}C, and a mixture of SO{sub 2(g)} and SO{sub 3(g)} at {approximately}900{degrees}C) and separated by controlling the reaction temperature. Side reactions do not appear to be significant and the respective yields are high as would be required for the successful use of this energy storage reaction in the proposed cycle. Thermodynamic, kinetic, and other reaction parameters have been measured for the various steps of the reaction. Finally we have completed a detailed investigation of one particular reaction: the thermal decomposition of zinc sulfate (ZnSO{sub 4}). We have demonstrated that this reaction can be accelerated and the temperature required reduced by the addition of excess ZnO, V{sub 2}A{sub 5} and possibly other metal oxides.
Electrospun Nanofibers as Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering (2014)

Abstract Polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds have the potential to interact and regulate specific regenerative events at molecular level to restore the damaged tissues. Nanofibers can be fabricated using various techniques like electrospinning, phase separation, self–assembly, etc. Electrospinning is the most widely employed method to fabricate nanofibers for applications in tissue engineering. The electrospun ultrafine fibers can be tuned to exhibit desired pore distribution, high surface area–to–volume ratio, cell adhesion and proliferation due to their structural resemblance to the native extracellular matrix. Electrospun polymeric nanofibers possess various advantages as skin substitutes because they can prevent fluid and proteins loss from the wound area, help in the removal of exudates, inhibit microbial infection, exhibit excellent anti–adhesion properties and guide endogenous cells to proliferate and remodel. Nanofibrous scaffolds are currently being fabricated in combination with growth factors and / or cells to accelerate orchestrated wound healing. The use of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering is detailed in this review. Further, recent advances in fabricating biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds, electrospinning-coupled electrospraying of cells and stem cells for skin tissue engineering are also highlighted. Keywords: Polymersnanofiberselectrospinningtissue engineeringwound healingstem cells
Protection of Rhesus Macaques from Vaginal Infection by Vaginally Delivered Maraviroc, an Inhibitor of HIV‐1 Entry via the CCR5 Co‐Receptor (2010)

An effective vaginal microbicide could reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission to women. Among microbicide candidates in clinical development is Maraviroc (MVC), a small-molecule drug that binds the CCR5 co-receptor and impedes HIV-1 entry into cells. Delivered systemically, MVC reduces viral load in HIV-1-infected individuals, but its ability to prevent transmission is untested. We have now evaluated MVC as a vaginal microbicide with use of a stringent model that involves challenge of rhesus macaques with a high-dose of a CCR5-using virus, SHIV-162P3. Gel-formulated, prescription-grade MVC provided dose-dependent protection, half-maximally at 0.5 mM (0.25 mg/mL). The duration of protection was transient; the longer the delay between MVC application and virus challenge, the less protection (half life of approximately 4 h). As expected, MVC neither protected against challenge with a CXCR4-using virus, SHIV-KU1, nor exacerbated postinfection viremia. These findings validate MVC development as a vaginal microbicide for women and should guide clinical programs.
Urinary Creatinine Excretion Is not Stable: A New Method for Assessing Urinary Toxic Substance Concentrations (1989)

Urinary concentrations of toxic substances require correction to adjust for the misleading effects of varying states of hydration. The most common method in current use involves calculation of substance-to-creatinine concentration ratios. For accuracy, this method assumes creatinine excretion rates to be stable despite varying rates of urinary flow. However, this underlying assumption has been challenged in recent studies. Our evaluation of separate data regarding individual voids confirmed that creatinine excretion rate depends significantly (p less than .0001) on urinary flow. We calculated a logarithmic regression model identical to one reported previously. The partial correlation coefficient for log flow was .21 after adjusting for inter-individual differences in creatinine excretion rates. We propose a simple method to correct creatinine concentrations in "spot" urine samples for the effects of varying hydration. The new method retains many benefits of the classical correction by substance-creatinine ratios.
Frequency response of fiber-optic hydrophone with a novel mechanical anti-aliasing filter of side cavities (2009)

We demonstrate a novel fiber-optic hydrophone with a mechanical anti-aliasing filter of side cavities. The amplitude and phase frequency response properties are presented with an acoustic equivalent circuit. Theoretical results show that the hydrophone has very flat low frequency response, and can greatly attenuate high frequency sound. The response curve has three resonant frequencies and an inverse resonant frequency, which is induced by the side cavities and contributes much to the high frequency attenuation. The hydrophone is tested in a standing-wave tube filled with water, and the measured frequency responses accord well with the theoretical results.
The MECANO Project: Comprehensive and Integrated Support for Model-Based Interface Development. (1996)

Model-based interface development works on the following central premise: given a declarative interface model that defines all the relevant characteristics of a user interface, then comprehensive, automated, user-interface development environments can be built around such model. Yet, the high potential of this technology has not been realised because all interface models built so far are partial representations of interfaces, cannot be readily modified by developers, are implicitly tied to their associated development environment, or, importantly, are not publicly available to the HCI community. The MECANO Project is a research effort that aims to overcome such limitations. It encompasses two phases: (1) The development of a comprehensive interface model available as a resource to the HCI community, and (2) the implementation of a open model-based development environment based on such an interface model. In this paper, we report on the first phase of the project. We present the MECANO Interface Model (MIM), and its associated interface modelling language (MIMIC). We describe a metalevel paradigm for interface modelling that overcomes problems of flexibility and completeness. The paradigm is also unique in that it not only models the user interface but also models explicitly the design process of the interface. This allows the construction of software tools that operate on the design process as well as on the interface elements. MIM has been validated via a variety of paper-based interfaces.
Ins and outs of glucose transport systems in eubacteria (2008)

Glucose is the classical carbon source that is used to investigate the transport, metabolism, and regulation of nutrients in bacteria. Many physiological phenomena like nutrient limitation, stress responses, production of antibiotics, and differentiation are inextricably linked to nutrition. Over the years glucose transport systems have been characterized at the molecular level in more than 20 bacterial species. This review aims to provide an overview of glucose uptake systems found in the eubacterial kingdom. In addition, it will highlight the diverse and sophisticated regulatory features of glucose transport systems.
Synthesis and properties of two new series of isomeric liquid crystalline polyesters with conjugated double bonds (1989)

Abstract Two homologous series of flexible main chain liquid crystalline polyesters with isomeric mesogenic groups containing conjugated double bonds, were synthesized and studied by differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. One series (S1) has the p ‐phenylene‐diacryloyloxydibenzoyl moiety as a mesogenic unit. The other (S2) has the terephtaloyl dioxydicinnamoyl moiety as a mesogenic unit. The reactivity of the conjugated double bonds of the p ‐phenylenediacryloxy unit, at the temperature of mesophase formation, impedes the stability of liquid crystalline mesophases of polymers of series (S1). Two low molecular weight analogues of polymers were also prepared and their properties compared with those of polymers of similar structure. The two model compounds form stable smectic mesophases over a wide range of temperatures, which shows the high mesomorphogenic ability of both mesogenic units.