gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Second-Harmonic Generation in Resonant Nonlinear Metasurfaces Based on Lithium Niobate (2020)

Lithium niobate is an excellent and widely used material for nonlinear frequency conversion due to its strong optical nonlinearity and broad transparency region. Here, we report the fabrication and experimental investigation of resonant nonlinear metasurfaces for second-harmonic generation based on thin-film lithium niobate. In the fabricated metasurfaces, we observe pronounced Mie-type resonances leading to enhanced second-harmonic generation in the direction normal to the metasurface. We find the largest second-harmonic generation efficiency for the resonance dominated by the electric contributions because its specific field distribution enables the most efficient usage of the largest element of the lithium niobate nonlinear susceptibility tensor. This is confirmed by polarization-resolved second-harmonic measurements, where we study contributions from different elements of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor to the total second-harmonic signal. Our work facilitates establishing lithium niobate as a material for resonant nanophotonics.
Analysis of human and animal fecal microbiota for microbial source tracking (2010)

Microbial compositions of human and animal feces from South Korea were analyzed and characterized. In total, 38 fecal samples (14 healthy adult humans, 6 chickens, 6 cows, 6 pigs and 6 geese) were analyzed by 454 pyrosequencing of the V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Four major phyla, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, were identified in the samples. Principal coordinate analysis suggested that microbiota from the same host species generally clustered, with the exception of those from humans, which exhibited sample-specific compositions. A network-based analysis revealed that several operational taxonomic units (OTUs), such as Lactobacillus sp., Clostridium sp. and Prevotella sp., were commonly identified in all fecal sources. Other OTUs were present only in fecal samples from a single organism. For example, Yania sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. were identified specifically in chicken and human fecal samples, respectively. These specific OTUs or their respective biological markers could be useful for identifying the sources of fecal contamination in water by microbial source tracking.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Betaine on a Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Mouse Model (2012)

The effects of betaine supplementation on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model mice were examined by measuring the accumulation of fat in the livers of NASH model mice compared to a control. Betaine from sugar beets was provided to the model mice as a dietary supplement. After 3 wk of dietary supplementation, there were no significant differences in body weight or liver weight between the groups. However, the liver to body weight ratio in the high-fat diet with betaine (HFB) group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the high-fat diet (HF) group. There were no differences in serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations, AST and ALT activities, or hepatic glutathione concentrations between the groups. Hepatic TG level in the HFB group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in the HF group. Hepatic cells obtained from the HF group showed increased occurrence of explosive puff and necrosis as compared with those in the HFB group. Betaine supplementation had an inhibitory effect on fat accumulation in the liver: the Oil red-positive area in the HFB group (0.82 ± 0.85%) was significantly (p<0.001) smaller than that in the HF group (9.06 ± 2.24%). These results indicate the potential of betaine to serve as an agent for amelioration of hepatic steatosis in NASH model mice.
Biological and integrated chemical–biological treatment of PCB congeners in soil/sediment‐containing systems (1995)

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted on the integrated chemical–biological treatment of 14 C‐labelled polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in soil/sediment‐containing systems. The hydroxyl radicals, generated by Fenton's reagent (1% (v/v) H 2 O 2 , 1 mmol dm −3 FeSO 4 ), followed by inoculation with Pseudomonas sp., strain LB400, and Alcaligenes eutrophus , strain H850, increased the overall extent of 2‐chlorobiphenyl mineralisation in slurries of contaminated manufactured gas plant soil and sediment by 2·9 and 7·4 times, respectively, compared with biodegradation alone. In uncontaminated topsoil slurries the effect of chemical pretreatment was not observed. In the systems amended with 2,2′,4,4′‐tetrachlorobiophenyl, the application of Fenton's reagent increased the overall extent of mineralisation by 2·4 times, compared with the biological treatment alone, but had no effect in the slurries of contaminated soil and sediment. The increased level of radioactivity in the liquid phase of experimental systems suggests that intermediates produced in the process of chemical oxidation are less hydrophobic than parent polychlorinated biphenyls and therefore more available for further biodegradation.
Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Cranial Electrostimulation (1995)

To clarify the diverse published results of cranial electrostimulation (CES) efficacy, we conducted an extensive literature review that identified 18 of the most carefully conducted randomized controlled trials of CES versus sham treatment. For the 14 trials that had sufficient data, we used the techniques of meta-analysis to pool the published results of treating each of four conditions: anxiety (eight trials), brain dysfunction (two trials), headache (two trials), and insomnia (two trials). Because studies utilized different outcome measures, we used an effect size method to normalize measures which we then pooled across studies within each condition. The meta-analysis of anxiety showed CES to be significantly more effective than sham treatment (p < .05). Pooling did not affect results that were individually positive (headache and pain under anesthesia) or negative (brain dysfunction and insomnia). Most studies failed to report all data necessary for meta-analysis. Moreover, in all but two trials, the therapist was not blinded and knew which patients were receiving CES or sham treatment. We strongly recommend that future trials of CES report complete data and incorporate therapist blinding to avoid possible bias.
Estimation of total systemic arterial compliance in humans (1990)

Systemic arterial compliance, a major component of aortic input impedance, was determined in 10 patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 11 age-matched control subjects found free of detectable cardiovascular disease. Total arterial compliance was determined from high-fidelity ascending aortic pressure and velocity recordings using 1) the traditional monoexponential aortic diastolic pressure decay and 2) the direct solution of the equation, which describes the three-element windkessel model of the arterial system. Resting values for total arterial compliance (x10(-3) cm5/dyn) derived from method 1 were significantly correlated with compliance derived from method 2 (r = 0.89, P less than 0.01). However, method 1 values (control mean 1.15 +/- 0.27, heart failure mean 1.18 +/- 0.54) were consistently and significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than method 2 values (control mean 1.59 +/- 0.50, heart failure mean 1.38 +/- 0.60). Resting total arterial compliance in heart-failure patients was not significantly different from control subjects. Total arterial compliance did not significantly change with exercise in either group despite increases in arterial pressure. However, nitroprusside administration in the heart-failure group increased total arterial compliance both at rest and on exercise compared with the unmedicated state. These different methodological approaches to the estimation of total arterial compliance in humans resulted in significantly different absolute values for compliance, although both methods provided concordant results with respect to the response of arterial compliance to physiological and pharmacological interventions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
USING CITRIC ACID TO CLEAN CONCRETE (2001)

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, has been used in the metal cleaning industry for years. This material is also commonly used as a masonry cleaner and as an etching agent for concrete, but can pose health and safety as well as environmental risks. Using citric acid instead of muriatic acid to prepare concrete substances for coating and lining applications offers a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternative. This article discusses the benefits and limitations of using citric acid, and provides some sample production rates of citric acid cleaning vs. mechanical and abrasive blasting methods used to prepare concrete for coating applications.
The Hampton Experience as a New Model for Youth Civic Engagement (2006)

SUMMARY A commitment to engaging young people in civic life and public decision-making in Hampton, Virginia has inspired a model for youth civic engagement. The article presents two ingredients for successfully engaging youth: creation of a system of multiple engagement opportunities, and systematic efforts to address adult attitudes that fail to recognize young people as resources to their communities. The author analyzes the lessons learned from working within a system of youth civic engagement, and presents preliminary findings of the benefits of engaging young people in the civic life of a city.
Lipid membrane templates the ordering and induces the fibrillogenesis of Alzheimer's disease amyloid‐β peptide (2008)

The lipid membrane has been shown to mediate the fibrillogenesis and toxicity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide. Electrostatic interactions between Abeta40 and the phospholipid headgroup have been found to control the association and insertion of monomeric Abeta into lipid monolayers, where Abeta exhibited enhanced interactions with charged lipids compared with zwitterionic lipids. To elucidate the molecular-scale structural details of Abeta-membrane association, we have used complementary X-ray and neutron scattering techniques (grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, and neutron reflectivity) in this study to investigate in situ the association of Abeta with lipid monolayers composed of either the anionic lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (DPPG), the zwitterionic lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), or the cationic lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl 3-trimethylammonium propane (DPTAP) at the air-buffer interface. We found that the anionic lipid DPPG uniquely induced crystalline ordering of Abeta at the membrane surface that closely mimicked the beta-sheet structure in fibrils, revealing an intriguing templated ordering effect of DPPG on Abeta. Furthermore, incubating Abeta with lipid vesicles containing the anionic lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (POPG) induced the formation of amyloid fibrils, confirming that the templated ordering of Abeta at the membrane surface seeded fibril formation. This study provides a detailed molecular-scale characterization of the early structural fluctuation and assembly events that may trigger the misfolding and aggregation of Abeta in vivo. Our results implicate that the adsorption of Abeta to anionic lipids, which could become exposed to the outer membrane leaflet by cell injury, may serve as an in vivo mechanism of templated-aggregation and drive the pathogenesis of AD.
Polyphenylene Dendrimers: From Three‐Dimensional to Two‐Dimensional Structures (1997)

An elegant route to aromatic hydrocarbon dendrimers, such as 1 with pentaphenylbenzene units, and to extremely large polybenzenoid hydrocarbons is based on Diels–Alder cycloadditions of 3,4-bis-[4-(triisopropylsilylethynyl)phenyl]-2, 5-diphenylcyclopenta-2,4-dienone and aromatic oligoethynyl compounds such as 3,3′,5,5′-tetraethynylbiphenyl. The type of linkage and the high packing density of the benzene rings facilitate the cyclodehydrogenation of appropriate dendrimeric subunits to yield planar disks.
Taxonomic re-evaluation of whorl-forming Streptomyces (formerly Streptoverticillium) species by using phenotypes, DNA–DNA hybridization and sequences of gyrB, and proposal of Streptomyces luteireticuli (ex Katoh and Arai 1957) corrig., sp. nov., nom. rev. (2003)

The taxonomic status of 64 strains of whorl-forming Streptomyces (formerly Streptoverticillium) species was re-evaluated and strains were reclassified on the basis of their phenotypes, DNA-DNA hybridization data and partial sequences of gyrB, the structural gene of the B subunit of DNA gyrase. These strains, which consisted of 46 species and eight subspecies with validly published names and 13 species whose names have not been validly published [including 10 strains examined by the International Streptomyces Project (ISP)], were divided into two groups, namely typical and atypical whorl-forming Streptomyces species, based on their phenotypes and gyrB gene sequences. The typical whorl-forming species (59 strains) were divided into six major clusters of three or more species, seven minor clusters of two species and five single-member clusters, based on the threshold value of 97 % gyrB sequence similarity. Major clusters were typified by Streptomyces abikoensis, Streptomyces cinnamoneus, Streptomyces distallicus, Streptomyces griseocarneus, Streptomyces hiroshimensis and Streptomyces netropsis. Phenotypically, members of each cluster resembled each other closely except for the S. distallicus cluster, which was divided phenotypically into the S. distallicus and Streptomyces stramineus subclusters, and the S. netropsis cluster, which was divided into the S. netropsis and Streptomyces eurocidicus subclusters. Strains in each minor cluster closely resembled each other phenotypically. DNA-DNA relatedness between the representative species and others in each major cluster and/or subcluster, and between strains in the minor clusters, was >70 %, indicating that the major clusters and/or subclusters and the minor clusters each comprise a single species. It was concluded that 59 strains of typical whorl-forming Streptomyces species consisted of the following 18 species, including subjective synonym(s): S. abikoensis, Streptomyces ardus, Streptomyces blastmyceticus, S. cinnamoneus, S. eurocidicus, S. griseocarneus, S. hiroshimensis, Streptomyces lilacinus, 'Streptomyces luteoreticuli', Streptomyces luteosporeus, Streptomyces mashuensis, Streptomyces mobaraensis, Streptomyces morookaense, S. netropsis, Streptomyces orinoci, S. stramineus, Streptomyces thioluteus and Streptomyces viridiflavus.
Differential effects of agarose and poly(lactic‐<i>co</i>‐glycolic acid) on dendritic cell maturation (2006)

Application of biomaterials in combination products in which the biomaterial is presented to the host with a biological component prompts the need for understanding the biomaterial-associated adjuvant effect in the immune response against antigens associated with such a product. We have previously demonstrated that a polymer commonly used in tissue engineering and vaccine delivery, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), exerts an adjuvant effect in vivo, which was supported by PLGA-induced dendritic cell (DC) maturation in vitro. In this study, the effects of agarose and PLGA on DC maturation were compared in vitro to establish differential biomaterial effects. Human monocyte-derived DCs were treated with agarose or PLGA microparticles or films, and their maturation effect was measured as expression of costimulatory and MHC class II molecules, allostimulatory capacity, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Direct comparison of DC maturation phenotype indicated that PLGA was a stronger stimulus of DC maturation than agarose, and this maturation was not affected by microparticle phagocytosis. However, agarose-treated DCs showed higher activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) 24 h after the initial stimulation of DCs. Taken together, these results demonstrate differential biomaterial effects on DC maturation, substantiating the maturation effect of PLGA, and provide screening methods for biomaterial adjuvant effect for applications in combination products.
The FIREBall fiber-fed UV spectrograph (2008)

FIREBall (Faint Intergalactic Redshifted Emission Balloon) had a successful first engineering flight in July of 2007 from Palestine, Texas. Here we detail the design and construction of the spectrograph. FIREBall consists of a 1m telescope coupled to a fiber-fed ultraviolet spectrograph flown on a short duration balloon. The spectrograph is designed to map hydrogen and metal line emission from the intergalactic medium at several redshifts below z=1, exploiting a small window in atmospheric oxygen absorption at balloon altitudes. The instrument is a wide-field IFU fed by almost 400 fibers. The Offner mount spectrograph is designed to be sensitive in the 195-215nm window accessible at our altitudes of 35-40km. We are able to observe Lyα, as well as OVI and CIV doublets, from 0.3 < z < 0.9. Observations of UV bright B stars and background measurements allow characterization of throughput for the entire system and will inform future flights.
Self-heated fiber Bragg grating sensors (2005)

This letter demonstrates an approach for tuning fiber Bragg grating sensors with optical energy carried in the same optical fiber. Optical energy carried in the optical fiber was used to heat in-fiber Bragg gratings in order to alter the grating’s optical response to surrounding media. The functional enhancement of optically heated Bragg gratings as sensor devices is demonstrated by a dual-function Bragg grating temperature and level sensing array for liquid at room and cryogenic temperatures.
Enduring civilisation, entangled histories: Indigenous Australia: Enduring Civilisation at the British Museum (2015)

With about 6200 artefacts, as well as photos and archival materials in its Australian collection, the British Museum (BM) is a rich mine for stories about Australia. However, while most of this collection can these days be seen online, it has featured little in the Museum’s headline stories of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilisations or been able to compete with its African galleries.
Location-based services (2008)

Evaluating user perceptions of location-tracking and location-awareness services.
Cystoid macular edema following anterior vitrectomy in pediatric cataract (2012)

Objective To evaluate the incidence of cystoid macular edema(CME) following lensectomy,anterior vitrectomy in pediatric cataract.Methods Extracapsular cataract extraction and anterior vitrectomy were performed in 16 pediatric cataract cases(27 eyes)by using a limhal scleral tunnel incision.And IOLs implantation were performed in 3 years old or above.At 2weeks,Jmonth,3months after surgery,the optical coherence tomography( OCT ) was carried out to observe the macular.The incidence of posterior capsule opacification(PCO) and other complications were recorded.Results 17 eyes were implanted with an intraocular lens.There was 2 eyes(7.4％ ) with after-cataract and mild corneal edema in4 eyes.CME was not detected in any eye.Conclusion Extracapsular cataract extraction and anterior vitrectomy can decrease the occurrence of after cataract; And would not induce CME in pediatric cataract patients.

Key words: 
Cataract,pediatric; Anterior vitrectomy; Cystoid macular edema
Selectivity Control of Products in Consecutive Hydrogenation of Diphenylacetylene with Chemisorbed Hydrogen (1999)

Selective hydrogenation of diphenylacetylene to cis‐stilbene plus traces of trans‐stilbene and to bibenzyl with atomic hydrogen, i.e. chemisorbed hydrogen, was carried out using a two‐compartment cell separated by a palladized sheet. The product selectivity was influenced by the electrolytic current for the production of chemisorbed hydrogen and the concentration of diphenylacetylene. A lower current and higher concentration led to cis‐ and trans‐stilbenes, while a higher current and lower concentration led to bibenzyl forms. This can be qualitatively explained on the basis of the number of supplied chemisorbed hydrogens or diphenylacetylene molecules per hydrogenation site on the palladized sheet. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
TL1A Both Promotes and Protects from Renal Inflammation and Injury (2008)

Death receptor 3 (DR3), a member of the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is induced in human renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) in response to injury. This study examined the expression and actions of TL1A, the principal ligand for DR3. In histologically normal tissue from biopsy or nephrectomy specimens of renal allografts, TL1A mRNA and protein were expressed in vascular endothelial cells but not in TEC. In specimens of acute or antibody-mediated allograft rejection, vascular endothelial cells and infiltrating leukocytes expressed increased TL1A mRNA and protein, but TEC expressed TL1A protein without mRNA, consistent with uptake of exogenous ligand. Addition of TL1A to organ cultures of human or mouse kidney caused activation of NF-kappaB, expression of TNFR2, activation of caspase-3, and apoptosis in TEC. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation increased TL1A-mediated caspase-3 activation and apoptosis of TEC, but it did not reduce the induction of TNFR2. In organ culture of DR3-deficient mouse kidneys, addition of TL1A induced TNFR2 but did not activate NF-kappaB and did not increase apoptosis of TEC. These data suggest that TL1A may contribute to renal inflammation and injury through DR3-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and caspase-3, respectively, but that an unidentified receptor may mediate the NF-kappaB-independent induction of TNFR2 in TEC.
Effect of atmospheres on arsenic diffusion into silicon from the doped oxide layer (1975)

The backscattering method is employed to investigate the effect of atmospheres on arsenic diffusion into silicon from the doped oxide layer. An effect of the coating of undoped silicon oxide and silicon nitride upon the surface of the doped oxide layer is also investigated. Arsenic atoms diffused more efficiently into silicon in oxygen atmosphere than in nitrogen atmosphere. An additional oxide layer was formed by oxidation of the silicon surface during the thermal diffusion in oxygen atmosphere and this layer exists between the doped oxide layer and the silicon substrate. It is considered that such an additional oxide layer may play an important role in the thermal diffusion of arsenic atoms into the silicon substrate.
SCS: Secure Cookie Sessions for HTTP (2006)

This document provides an overview of SCS, a cryptographic protocol
aimed at the protection of client-side HTTP sessions, i.e. sessions
in which the application state is held entirely on the client in the
form of cookies [10].
Synthesis of tactical plans for robotic excavation (1996)

This thesis describes an approach to synthesizing plans for robotic excavators. Excavation tasks range from loading a pile of soil to cutting a geometrically described volume of earth--- for a trench or foundation footing. The excavation task can be stated in terms familiar to researchers in robotics and artificial intelligence: Transform the world from its current state to another state. Two important characteristics, however, distinguish the excavation domain. First, soil is deformable, and, hence, a complete state-space description of terrain to be excavated requires a high-dimensional representation. But, for the state-based representations that traditional planners use, very large spaces are simply infeasible. Second, the response of soil varies immensely, and in general, it is not possible to analytically describe the mechanics of soil motion and its interaction with tools. A soil&apos;s shear strength depends not only on its physical and chemical makeup, but also on factors such as t...