gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sample Size Planning for Statistical Power and Accuracy in Parameter Estimation (2007)

This review examines recent advances in sample size planning, not only from the perspective of an individual researcher, but also with regard to the goal of developing cumulative knowledge. Psychologists have traditionally thought of sample size planning in terms of power analysis. Although we review recent advances in power analysis, our main focus is the desirability of achieving accurate parameter estimates, either instead of or in addition to obtaining sufficient power. Accuracy in parameter estimation (AIPE) has taken on increasing importance in light of recent emphasis on effect size estimation and formation of confidence intervals. The review provides an overview of the logic behind sample size planning for AIPE and summarizes recent advances in implementing this approach in designs commonly used in psychological research.
Influence of steaming time on site of digestion of flaked corn in steers. (1990)

Four crossbred steers (395 kg) with cannulas in the rumen, proximal duodenum and distal ileum were used to evaluate effects of steaming time of corn on characteristics of digestion. The basal diet contained (DM basis) 12% forage-and 75% corn. The corn portion of the diet was provided as either dry-rolled (DR) or steam-flaked (SF), which had been exposed to steam for 34, 47 or 67 min prior to flaking to a mean density of .34 kg/liter. Longer steaming times linearly increased in vitro reactivity of corn starch to amyloglucosidase. Steaming time had a quadratic effect (P less than .05) on ruminal starch digestion. Ruminal starch digestibility of corn steamed for 47 min was 7% less than for corn steamed for 34 or 67 min. Longer steaming time linearly increased (P less than .05) flow of non-ammonia N to the small intestine with the principal increase (5.4%) between 34 and 47 min steaming time. Steaming time did not influence (P greater than .10) small intestinal or total tract digestibility of OM, starch or N. Compared with DR, SF increased (P less than .01) ruminal, small intestinal and total tract digestibility of starch 21.9, 75.1 and 9.2%, respectively. Although SF resulted in marked improvements in digestibility over DR, steaming times greater than 34 min were not beneficial.
Chemical structural requirement in gingerol derivatives for potentiation of prostaglandin F2.ALPHA.-induced contraction in isolated mesenteric veins of mice. (1989)

We have previously reported that (+/-)-[6]- and (+/-)-[8]-gingerols potentiate prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha-induced muscle contraction, and that other gingerol-related derivatives do not necessarily produce the same effect. The moiety necessary for potentiation was therefore investigated. 1) (+/-)-[8]-Gingerol potentiated PGF2 alpha-induced contraction to a greater extent than (+/-)-[6]-gingerol and (+/-)-hexahydrocurcumine (HHC), but [6]-shogaol produced inhibition; 2) Noradrenaline (NA)-induced contraction was inhibited in the following order: [6]-shogaol greater than (+/-)-[8]-gingerol greater than [6]-gingerdione greater than (+/-)-[6]-gingerol greater than S-(+)-[6]-gingerdiacetate (GDA) greater than [6]-dehydrogingerdione (DHG), whereas (+/-)-HHC had no significant inhibitory action; 3) [6]-gingerdione had different effects on PGF2 alpha-induced contraction, indicating inhibition just after preparation of the solution, no effect apparent after 2 h, and potentiation after 5 h; 4) [6]-gingerdione showed a change in its chemical structure after 5 h as measured by the FeCl3 reaction, and ultraviolet and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. It was concluded that the aliphatic hydroxyl group present in gingerol derivatives is necessary for potentiation of PGF2 alpha- and the keto group for inhibition of NA-induced contraction.
A modular approach for the construction and modification of glyco-SAMs utilizing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (2008)

We report the synthesis of a broad variety of functionalized molecules for assembly on gold, allowing the formation of biologically relevant SAMs by a modular approach: either utilizing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes and azides in solution or by 'click on SAM'. Extensive studies into the various parameters of SAM formation and stability have been carried out, leading us to deduce reliable conditions under which glyco-decorated self-assembled monolayers can be formed and studied such as in SPR-supported binding assays.
A deep learning and RSSI based approach for indoor positioning (2018)

Indoor positioning and navigation systems are getting popular nowadays. There are different types of products in the way of accuracy, cost and power consumption in the field. Especially in the last couple of years, RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) based positioning algorithms have studied but the results are not sufficient and there is no exact way decided to overcome this problem. In this paper, we will explain a method that combines Deep Learning and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) Fingerprinting method to get better accurate results.
Bioavailability of new formulations of amoxicillin in relation to its absorption kinetics. (1987)

The newly developed amoxicillin (Flemoxin) formulations, a film-coated tablet (A) and an effervescent tablet (B) were tested for bioavailability against a commercial reference formulation (C). The content of amoxicillin in each formulation was 1000 mg. The cross-over study involved 12 healthy volunteers. Blood samples were taken at 10 time intervals after administration and plasma analysed for amoxicillin concentration by bio-assay. Numerically, the effervescent formulation had a superior mean bioavailability over both other formulations, but the difference failed to reach statistical significance due to quite large individual variations. A striking point emerging from a pharmacokinetic treatment of the data was the zero-order nature of the amoxicillin absorption. Re-evaluation of some published data on amoxicillin serum or plasma concentrations, with sufficient data points in the absorption phase, confirmed this observation. This absorption behaviour of amoxicillin is discussed. Assuming the same volume of distribution of amoxicillin for the three formulations, it could be calculated that the mean zero-order rate constant for the effervescent formulation B exceeded that for formulations A and C by a factor of 1.9 and 1.5, respectively. Thus, formulation B shows the most rapid absorption of amoxicillin in accordance with its administration in an already dissolved form.
A designed metal–organic framework based on a metal–organic polyhedron (2008)

A C(3) symmetric ligand with three 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate units has been used to construct a metal-organic framework with a (3,24)-connected network topology, where the nanometre-sized metal-organic cuboctahedra (MOCs) have been incorporated solely into a cubic close packing (CCP) arrangement, which led to superoctahedral and supertetrahedral cavities.
<title>MEMS structure: micromirror array</title> (2000)

The core of the project has been to design a moveable micro mirror array with the most optimal dependence of the optically active area, the deflection angles and the micro mirror power consumption, while keeping the cost of the chip as low as possible. The matrix of 20 X 20 micromirrors uses an electrostatically actuated principle. The array is designed using the Three Layer Polysilicon Surface Micro machining Process technology. Each micro mirror has two torsion springs and the size of the reflected plate is 70 X 70 micrometers . The penetration of the reflected micro mirror array is about 70 percent. The micro mirror array is addressed by 36 pads that are connected to the top and bottom electrodes. Potential connected between electrodes is used for the actuation of micro mirror. For the first step, we have designed 20 types of micromirrors, which differ in geometrical sizes and thickness of the micro mirror plates. The dilation angle of the micro mirror is 1.7 or 2.3 degrees defending on the type of the micro mirror.
Photon energy conversion and storage with a light-driven insertion reaction (1987)

Experiments are presented that demonstrate the possibility of photon energy conversion with a photoelectrochemical insertion reaction. The reaction is performed with the Cu+-conducting semiconductor copper thiophosphate (Cu3PS4; band-gap energy, Eg=2.3 eV) as the photocathode. The Cu3PS4 crystals were grown by chemical vapor transport with halogen as the transport agent. The thermodynamics of the photoinsertion reaction of copper into Cu3PS4 electrodes was investigated, determining a composition-voltage diagram in the dark and under illumination. In photoelectrochemical cells the kinetics of the photoinsertion reaction was studied. Energy-converting photoinsertion cells could be realized with suitable counterelectrodes. The principles of energy-storing photoinsertion cells are discussed together with efficiency limitations and electrode arrangements that may overcome these difficulties.
Wherefore heart thou? Embryonic origins of cardiogenic mesoderm (2002)

The developing heart in avian embryos has been examined extensively over the past several decades using classic embryologic and, more recently, molecular and genetic approaches. Still, conflicting reports arise as to the location and regulation of early heart progenitors in the embryo. In addition, a new source of cardiomyocytes has been identified recently that contributes to the outflow tract after the heart initially forms. The focus of this review is the examination of the tissue interactions, signaling molecules, and gene regulatory mechanisms that, together, control heart formation from primary and secondary heart forming fields of the embryo. Early studies of the induction and regulation of the secondary heart field indicate that at least some of the events of primary cardiomyogenesis are recapitulated when the conotruncal myocardium is recruited into the heart. The consideration of classic embryologic studies of the heart forming fields in terms of modern molecular and genetic tools provides reinforcing evidence for the location of cardiac progenitors in the embryo. The accurate definition of early cardiac regulatory events provides a necessary foundation for the generation of new therapeutic sources of cardiomyocytes.
Supporting Mobile Privacy and Security through Sensor-Based Context Detection (2010)

This position paper addresses challenges of data privacy and security support for mobile phones. We describe the system TreasurePhone [5] which implements a context-sensitive security model. Data privacy and security is realized by spheres, which represent the user’s context specific need for privacy. That is, users can create spheres and define which services and data are accessible in each sphere. Treasure-Phone integrates context information for supporting authentication and activation of spheres by locations and actions. Finally, we propose different approaches for advancing the concepts of TreasurePhone and context based privacy protection on mobile devices.
Nonferrous Materials for Projector Film Shoes (1962)

As an approach different from considerations of film lubrication and film properties which have been described in the past, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1–3</sup> some experiments have been made with materials other than steel. When used for projector film shoes, these materials prevent emulsion build-up and film “sticking.”
Transcend: Detecting Concept Drift in Malware Classification Models (2017)

Building machine learning models of malware behavior is widely accepted as a panacea towards effective malware classification. A crucial requirement for building sustainable learning models, though, is to train on a wide variety of malware samples. Unfortunately, malware evolves rapidly and it thus becomes hard—if not impossible—to generalize learning models to reflect future, previously-unseen behaviors. Consequently, most malware classifiers become unsustainable in the long run, becoming rapidly antiquated as malware continues to evolve. In this work, we propose Transcend, a framework to identify aging classification models in vivo during deployment, much before the machine learning model’s performance starts to degrade. This is a significant departure from conventional approaches that retrain aging models retrospectively when poor performance is observed. Our approach uses a statistical comparison of samples seen during deployment with those used to train the model, thereby building metrics for prediction quality. We show how Transcend can be used to identify concept drift based on two separate case studies on Android andWindows malware, raising a red flag before the model starts making consistently poor decisions due to out-of-date training.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation Techniques in Sigma&#x2013;Delta Analog-to-Digital Converters (2007)

Adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) techniques that extract a desired signal from background noise have many applications in different engineering disciplines. In ANC, the corrupted signal is passed through a filter that tends to suppress the noise while leaving the original signal unchanged. This paper demonstrates that the adaptive noise cancellation technique can be embedded in the digital signal postprocessing of a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter and effectively reduces the quantization noise as well as the thermal noise at the output of the converter. The combination of ANC and the noise-shaping technique enable high-resolution analog-to-digital conversion in wideband applications where noise shaping alone cannot provide enough suppression of quantization noise due to the low oversampling ratio.
Phase gratings with subwavelength structures (1995)

Polarization-selective gratings are designed by use of rigorous electromagnetic diffraction theory. The polarizing effects are attained by special surface-relief structures. We present a scheme for coding two different optical functions in one diffractive element. It is based on a combination of the scalar diffraction theory and the effective-medium theory. The diffractive element may be regarded as a combination of a phase element and a subwavelength grating.
The Role of p53 in Atherosclerosis (2006)

Although the role of the tumor suppressor gene p53 is well known in cancer, recent studies have highlighted a fundamental role for p53 in regulating cells in the advanced atherosclerotic plaque, the major cause of heart attacks and stroke. In particular, p53 is activated in the complex environment of the plaque, in part by DNA damage within the lesion, and regulates growth arrest, cell senescence and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The role of endogenous p53 has been determined using p53 knockout in mice developing advanced atherosclerosis, using bone marrow transplant to separate effects on blood cells from vessel wall cells. These studies have produced apparently contradictory and surprising results. In particular, recent studies have identified a role for endogenous p53 in protection of VSMCs from apoptosis, trans-differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into VSMCs in atherosclerosis, and altering the mode of cell death in the plaque.
Distinct properties of c-myc transcriptional elongation are revealed in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells and by template titration, 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), and promoter mutagenesis. (1993)

A block to c-myc transcription elongation has been observed in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells. Here, we show that the distribution of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes in the c-myc promoter proximal region in Xenopus oocytes is different from that observed previously in mammalian cells. Thus, there are major differences in the c-myc elongation block observed in the two systems. In addition, as first reported for a Xenopus tubulin gene (K. M. Middleton and G. T. Morgan, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:727-735, 1990). c-myc template titration experiments reveal the existence of two classes of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes in oocytes: one (at low template concentration) that is capable of reading through downstream sites of premature termination, and another (high template concentration) that does not. We show that these classes of polymerases are distinct from those previously identified by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), which distinguishes transcription complexes on the basis of transcribed distance, rather than on the basis of differential elongation through sites of premature termination. We also show that mutations that affect the efficiency of initiation of transcription from the c-myc P2 promoter can influence premature termination by at least two mechanisms: TATA box mutations function by the titration effect (decrease in transcription initiation results in a relative decrease in premature termination), while an upstream activator (E2F) site functions by contributing to the assembly of polymerase complexes competent to traverse the downstream sites of premature termination.
Lithium: Occurrence, Dietary Intakes, Nutritional Essentiality (2002)

Lithium is found in variable amounts in foods; primary food sources are grains and vegetables; in some areas, the drinking water also provides significant amounts of the element. Human dietary lithium intakes depend on location and the type of foods consumed and vary over a wide range. Traces of lithium were detected in human organs and fetal tissues already in the late 19th century, leading to early suggestions as to possible specific functions in the organism. However, it took another century until evidence for the essentiality of lithium became available. In studies conducted from the 1970s to the 1990s, rats and goats maintained on low-lithium rations were shown to exhibit higher mortalities as well as reproductive and behavioral abnormalities. In humans defined lithium deficiency diseases have not been characterized, but low lithium intakes from water supplies were associated with increased rates of suicides, homicides and the arrest rates for drug use and other crimes. Lithium appears to play an especially important role during the early fetal development as evidenced by the high lithium contents of the embryo during the early gestational period. The biochemical mechanisms of action of lithium appear to be multifactorial and are intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes, hormones and vitamins, as well as with growth and transforming factors. The available experimental evidence now appears to be sufficient to accept lithium as essential; a provisional RDA for a 70 kg adult of 1,000 microg/day is suggested.
Novel Formaldehyde-Activating Enzyme in <i>Methylobacterium extorquens</i> AM1 Required for Growth on Methanol (2000)

Formaldehyde is toxic for all organisms from bacteria to humans due to its reactivity with biological macromolecules. Organisms that grow aerobically on single-carbon compounds such as methanol and methane face a special challenge in this regard because formaldehyde is a central metabolic intermediate during methylotrophic growth. In the alpha-proteobacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, we found a previously unknown enzyme that efficiently catalyzes the removal of formaldehyde: it catalyzes the condensation of formaldehyde and tetrahydromethanopterin to methylene tetrahydromethanopterin, a reaction which also proceeds spontaneously, but at a lower rate than that of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Formaldehyde-activating enzyme (Fae) was purified from M. extorquens AM1 and found to be one of the major proteins in the cytoplasm. The encoding gene is located within a cluster of genes for enzymes involved in the further oxidation of methylene tetrahydromethanopterin to CO(2). Mutants of M. extorquens AM1 defective in Fae were able to grow on succinate but not on methanol and were much more sensitive toward methanol and formaldehyde. Uncharacterized orthologs to this enzyme are predicted to be encoded by uncharacterized genes from archaea, indicating that this type of enzyme occurs outside the methylotrophic bacteria.
Structural isomerism in CuSCN coordination polymers (2002)

CuSCN reacts with the angular ligand 2,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (dpt) to afford rare examples of coordination polymer structural isomers including a non-centrosymmetric three-dimensional framework with Cd(SO4) topology constructed from tetrahedral metal cations.
A Ratio-Recording Double Beam Infra-Red Spectrophotometer Using Phase Discrimination and a Single Detector (1950)

A simple modification is described for converting a Perkin-Elmer Infra-Red Spectrophotometer to double beam operation for direct recording of percent transmission versus wave-length. A phase discrimination system is used, requiring no changes in the optical system, and no sacrifice of versatility or ease of prism interchange. A complete spectrum over the rocksalt region may be obtained in 25 minutes with good resolution, and with no attention from an operator. Samples as small as 1×6 mm can be studied. The system is readily adaptable to other spectrophotometers, including those in the visual and ultraviolet range, the only limitation being sufficiently rapid response by the detector.
CT texture analysis using the filtration-histogram method: what do the measurements mean? (2013)

Analysis of texture within tumours on computed tomography (CT) is emerging as a potentially useful tool in assessing prognosis and treatment response for patients with cancer. This article illustrates the image and histological features that correlate with CT texture parameters obtained from tumours using the filtration-histogram approach, which comprises image filtration to highlight image features of a specified size followed by histogram analysis for quantification. Computer modelling can be used to generate texture parameters for a range of simple hypothetical images with specified image features. The model results are useful in explaining relationships between image features and texture parameters. The main image features that can be related to texture parameters are the number of objects highlighted by the filter, the brightness and/or contrast of highlighted objects relative to background attenuation, and the variability of brightness/contrast of highlighted objects. These relationships are also demonstrable by texture analysis of clinical CT images. The results of computer modelling may facilitate the interpretation of the reported associations between CT texture and histopathology in human tumours. The histogram parameters derived during the filtration-histogram method of CT texture analysis have specific relationships with a range of image features. Knowledge of these relationships can assist the understanding of results obtained from clinical CT texture analysis studies in oncology.