gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acceptable Fraud? How Falsities and Misstatements Can Escape the Scope of the New Fraud Standard, 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 410 (2011) (2011)

Accuracy is crucial to the trademark registration process. Registrants are required to submit truthful applications to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) or face fraud liability. Pursuant to the Lanham Act, fraud liability is initiated by the submission of “false or fraudulent” statements in a trademark application. This language presents a critical problem for registrants because the terms false and fraudulent are not synonymous, and it is unclear what actually triggers fraud liability. As a result, the requirements for fraud liability and the corresponding standards for fraud have been in fluctuation over the past ten years. In 2009, the Federal Circuit decided In re Bose and implemented a standard for fraud that allows the submission of false statements to the PTO. This comment examines the conflicting standards for fraud that arise from this inconsistent statutory language and proposes a way to reconcile these terms.
Finding the weakest link – exploring integrin-mediated mechanical molecular pathways (2012)

From the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, a network of molecular links connects cells to their environment. Molecules in this network transmit and detect mechanical forces, which subsequently determine cell behavior and fate. Here, we reconstruct the mechanical pathway followed by these forces. From matrix proteins to actin through integrins and adaptor proteins, we review how forces affect the lifetime of bonds and stretch or alter the conformation of proteins, and how these mechanical changes are converted into biochemical signals in mechanotransduction events. We evaluate which of the proteins in the network can participate in mechanotransduction and which are simply responsible for transmitting forces in a dynamic network. Besides their individual properties, we also analyze how the mechanical responses of a protein are determined by their serial connections from the matrix to actin, their parallel connections in integrin clusters and by the rate at which force is applied to them. All these define mechanical molecular pathways in cells, which are emerging as key regulators of cell function alongside better studied biochemical pathways.
Effect of different plasticizers on the properties of bio-based thermoplastic elastomer containing poly(lactic acid) and natural rubber (2014)

Bio-based thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) containing natural rubber and poly(lactic acid) were prepared by melt blending in an internal mixer. The blend ratio was 60% of natural rubber and 40% of poly(lactic acid). Dynamic vulcanization of natural rubber was performed with the sulfur system. The 2 mm -thick sheet samples were prepared by compression molding. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of plasticization of PLA on the mechanical and physical properties of the derived TPE. Four plasticizers were selected: tributyl acetyl citrate (TBAC), tributyl citrate (TBC), glycerol triacetate (GTA), and triethyl-2-acetyl citrate (TEAC). The investigated properties were the tensile properties, tear strength, thermal ageing and ozone resistance, hardness, resilience, tension set and compression set. All plasticizers increased the strain at break. TBAC and TBC increased the stress at break. All plasticizers decreased the tear strength, hardness and resilience, and slightly changed the tension and compression set. TBAC seemed to be the best plasticizer for the TPE. The presence of 4 pph (parts per hundred resin) of plasticizer provided the highest strength and tensile toughness and the strain at break increased with the increasing plasticizer content. The plasticizers decreased the T g and T cc of the PLA and did not affect the degree of crystallinity of PLA in the TPE.
Uric acid and anti-TNF antibody improve mitochondrial dysfunction in ob/ob mice (2006)

The mechanisms responsible for low mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activity in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are unknown. In this study, we examined the cause of this dysfunction in ob/ob mice. Forty-six mice were distributed in six groups: group I: C57BL/6J mice; group II: C57BL/6J Lep(-/-) mice (ob/ob); group III, ob/ob mice treated with manganese [III] tetrakis (5,10,15,20 benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP); group IV, ob/ob mice treated with IgG1 immunoglobulin; group V, ob/ob mice treated with anti-TNF antibody; group VI: ob/ob mice treated with uric acid. In liver tissue, we measured MRC activity, fatty acid beta-oxidation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 3-tyrosine-nitrated proteins, 3-tyrosine-nitrated mitochondrial proteins, including cytochrome c and ND4 subunit of complex I. MRC activity was decreased in ob/ob mice. TNF levels, iNOS protein expression, and tyrosine nitrated proteins were markedly increased in the liver of ob/ob mice. In these animals, mitochondrial proteins were markedly tyrosine nitrated, particularly the ND4 subunit of complex I and cytochrome c. Treatment of these animals with uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger, anti-TNF antibody, or MnTBAP decreased tyrosine nitrated proteins, improved the activity of MRC complexes, and led to a marked regression of hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In conclusion, MRC dysfunction and liver lesions found in ob/ob mice are likely to reflect the tyrosine nitration of mitochondrial proteins by peroxynitrite or a peroxynitrite-derivate radical. Increased hepatic TNF and iNOS expression might enhance peroxynitrite formation and inhibition of MRC complexes.
[A discussion over the safety of medical electrical systems]. (2005)

This essay explains several essential concepts which are closely related to the safety of medical electrical systems. It expounds the key problems of building up medical electrical systems based on safety requirements, and performing compliance tests. Therefore,it is of realistic significance when carrying out GB9706.15.
Global models for moving contact lines (2000)

We consider thin film flows driven by surface tension and gravity. Within the framework of the lubrication approximation, we study the contact line motion using global models where either precursor film or slip are allowed. We show that completely wetting films can be simulated under both conditions without requiring direct tracking of the contact line interface. We perform a comparative study of standard and positivity preserving numerical methods for these problems in one space dimension, with the ultimate goal of choosing the best method applicable to two-dimensional problems. We find a considerable computational advantage of the precursor film model over the slipping models.
Single‐lens theta microscopy — a new implementation of confocal theta microscopy (1997)

A new microscopical technique based on the principle of confocal theta microscopy (Stelzer, E.H.K., Lindek, S. & Pick, R. (1996) Konfokales Mikroskop . German Patent Office DE 43 26 473 (filed 6.8.1993, granted 6.12.1996)) is described. It uses a single objective lens in combination with a mirror unit to achieve the theta configuration that leads to axial and volume resolution improvements. In this paper we present technical details of possible microscopical set‐ups, and we discuss different versions of mirror units.
High pressure oxidation for isolation of high speed bipolar devices (1979)

High pressure oxidation has been applied to the oxide isolation of high speed bipolar LSI, with fully ion-implanted shallow junctions and multilevel metallization. A sorter oxidation time for the thick field oxide brought about a smaller redistribution of impurities of a buried collector, which resulted in almost 30 % higher breakdown voltage of devices and also a smaller base-collector capacitance (C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TC</inf> ). A propagation delay time of an ECL gate was improved approximately 10% at low power operation due to the small C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TC</inf> . A minimum delay time of 0.6 nsec/gate with power consumpation of 1.3 mW(0.8 pJ) was obtained. Oxidation induced defects were greatly influenced with high pressure oxidation temperature, and the optimum temperature was found to be around 1050°C. A master/slice ECL gate array including 900 internal gates was fabricated by utilizing high pressure oxidation technology. The device performance was characterized by the average propagation delay time of 0.9 nsec/gate(1.2 pJ) and chip power consumption of 1.5 watts.
Self-routing demonstration of a 320-Gbit/s packet switch prototype using wavelength routing techniques (2000)

Summary form only given.The current rapid growth of data traffic, such as Internet traffic, and the continuing development of WDM techniques show that large-capacity WDM transmission and intelligent IP routers are expected to be effectively combined. And thus large-scale packet switching nodes will have to have a total throughput of over 1 Tbit/s. A l0-Gbit/s and 32-wavelength-channel photonic packet switch has been developed. Practical electrical control circuits including 10-Gbit/s serial-I/O LSIs for packet-based self-routing operation were implemented into it as well as optical WDM circuits. Self-routing operation was successfully demonstrated.
THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS (2004)

Background ; Many of the menopausal manifestations resemble those attributed to thyroid hypofunction or evenhyperfunction. This study aimed at recognizing the role that might be played by the thyroid disturbances in suchsymptoms.Materials & Methods ; The study comprised 135 women with menopausal symptoms attending the gynecologicoutpatient clinic and the endocrinology outpatient clinic at Mansoura University hospitals. All women had serum TSH,T3 and T4 tested.Results ; Among the menopausal women in this study, II women (8.1%) sufferred thyroid dysfunction; 6 women(4.4%) with thyroid hypofunction suffered cognitive and moodal changes and neurological manifestations asparaesthesia and muscle cramps. The other 5 women (3.7%) with thyroid hyperfunction, mostly suffered hot flushesand depression. Nevertheless, all the differences were statistically insignificant.Conclusion ; From these preliminary results, it is believed that postmenopausal women with severe or resistantmenopausal symptoms should be offered TSH, T3 and T4 assays to rule out the thyroid disturbances before attemptinghormone replacement therapy.
Pathology of the liver in obese and diabetic ob/ob and db/db mice fed a standard or high-calorie diet (2011)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the commonest liver diseases in Western countries. Although leptin deficient ob/ob and db/db mice are frequently used as murine models of NAFLD, an exhaustive characterization of their hepatic lesions has not been reported to date, particularly under calorie overconsumption. Thus, liver lesions were characterized in 78 ob/ob and db/db mice fed either a standard or high-calorie (HC) diet, for one or three months. Steatosis, necroinflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis were assessed and the NAFLD activity score (NAS) was calculated. Steatosis was milder in db/db mice compared to ob/ob mice and was more frequently microvesicular. Although necroinflammation was usually mild in both genotypes, it was aggravated in db/db mice after one month of calorie overconsumption. Apoptosis was observed in db/db mice whereas it was only detected in ob/ob mice after HC feeding. Increased apoptosis was frequently associated with microvesicular steatosis. In db/db mice fed the HC diet for three months, fibrosis was aggravated while steatosis, necroinflammation and apoptosis tended to alleviate. This was associated with increased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate suggesting an adaptive stimulation of hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Nevertheless, one-third of these db/db mice had steatohepatitis (NAS ≥ 5), whereas none of the ob/ob mice developed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis under the same conditions. Steatosis, necroinflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis are modulated by calorie overconsumption in the context of leptin deficiency. Association between apoptosis and microvesicular steatosis in obese mice suggests common mitochondrial abnormalities. Enhanced hepatic FAO in db/db mice is associated with fibrosis aggravation.
Green’s Function for an Instantaneous Line Particle Source Diffusing in a Gravitational Field and Under the Influence of a Linear Shear Wind (1968)

By solving the convective form of Smoluchowski’s diffusion equation, the Green’s function for an instantaneous line particle source diffusing in a gravitational field under the influence of a linear shear wind is obtained. For the particularcase considered here, the form of Smoluchowski’s equation is a linear homogeneous second order partial differential equation with a variable coefficient associated with a second order differential coefficient. It is shown that the solution becomes a trivial matter if one transforms the original set of independent variables to an appropriate new set wherein the equation reduces to one involving variable coefficients which are at most functions of the variable associated with the first order differential coefficient. As it must, the solution reduces to the standard Green’s function when gravity and wind are removed.
π-Allyliron Carbonyl Complexes (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTπ-Allyliron Carbonyl ComplexesRichard F. Heck and Charles R. BossCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 13, 2580–2583Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01067a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01067a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views271Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxygen Therapeutics: Oxygen Delivery Without Blood (2006)

Nearly 14 million units of packed red blood cells are transfused in the United States each year. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, in 1999, 6% of hospitals reported a shortage of blood, resulting in the cancellation or postponement of surgical procedures. The many limitations and risks of transfusions of packed red blood cells in critically ill patients have facilitated interest in developing alternative agents for oxygen delivery. Over the past few decades, safe and effective substitutes have been in development. However, no currently approved agent provides both oxygen transport and volume in place of packed red blood cells. Oxygen therapeutic products have several advantages compared with packed red blood cells, including a prolonged shelf-life, lack of a cross-matching requirement, and minimal infectious risks or concerns about immunogenicity. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorocarbons are being developed. Two products are undergoing clinical trials. Polyheme is undergoing a phase III study in trauma patients, and Hemopure is being evaluated in a phase II study in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. A third product (Hemolink) was being evaluated in a phase III study in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery; however, the trial was suspended. In addition, several other hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers are in the preclinical stages. Oxygen therapeutics have several potential clinical applications in the management of perioperative blood loss, trauma, acute normovolemic hemodilution, traumatic brain injury, and blood requirements in patients who refuse or have contraindications to transfusions of red blood cells.
A Study of Vitality Measurements of the Natural Monuments - Focused Natural Monuments Zelkova in Kyongsangdo - (2005)

As a result of this study, vitality of natural monuments (large trees) looks relatively good but they require continuous management. Also, the management for condition recovery and condition maintenance, and minimum measures are needed at least to avoid natural calamity. Major points induced are as follows : The first, although most of natural monument large trees showed favorable growth environment, most of them are aged and have dense twigs with requirement for weed trimming to remove complicated and unnecessary branches. In addition, as most of large trees grow alone in a large space with potential natural calamity, thus, minimum measures are required at least. Secondly, change in electric resistance in surveyed large trees was relatively favorable, however, large trees with soil covering showed high electric resistance and were found to have low vitality. As shown, this study was conducted to find out the measurement techniques of natural monuments, Basic foundation is suggested through the measurement of electric resistance, and the vitality of natural monuments; more accurate investigation will be remained for further discussion.
THOMSON, Dale C., Alexander Mackenzie Clear Grit. The Macmillan Company of Canada, Toronto, 1960, pp. vii, 436. (1961)

THOMSON, Dale C., Alexander Mackenzie Clear Grit. The Macmillan Company of Canada, Toronto, 1960, pp. vii, 436.. Un article de la revue Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française (Volume 15, numéro 1, juin 1961, p. 3-159) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.
Balanced excitation and its effect on the fortuitous detection of dynamic defects (2004)

Dynamic defects are less likely to be fortuitously detected than static defects because they have more stringent detection requirements. We show that (in addition to more site observations) balanced excitation is essential for detection of these defects, and we present a metric for estimating this degree of balance. We also show that excitation balance correlates with the parameter /spl tau/ in the MPG-D defective part level model.
The PR55 and PR65 Subunits of Protein Phosphatase 2A from Xenopus laevis. Molecular Cloning and Developmental Regulation of Expression (1995)

cDNA clones encoding the 65-kDa (PR65) and 55-kDa (PR55) regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 2A from Xenopus laevis were isolated by homology screening with the corresponding human cDNAs, and used to analyze the developmental expression patterns of these genes. The PR65 subunit was found to be encoded by two genes, termed XPR65 alpha and XPR65 beta. The open reading frames of the alpha and beta cDNAs both span 1767 bp, and predict proteins of 64.4 kDa and 65.3 kDa, respectively, that are 87% identical. The predicted amino acid sequence of XPR65 alpha showed 95% and 84% identity with human PR65 alpha and PR65 beta proteins, respectively, whereas the identity of XPR65 beta with the same proteins was 87% and 86.5%, respectively. Only one type of Xenopus PR55 (XPR55) was isolated that showed 93% and 84% similarity to human PR55 alpha and PR55 beta, respectively. Analysis of the N-terminal region of XPR55 with the same regions of human PR55 alpha and PR55 beta, indicates that the XPR55 is the Xenopus homolog of the human PR55 alpha isoform. Despite the overall similarity with PR55 from other species, XPR55 has an N-terminal extention of at least 24 amino acids. In the ovary, a transcript of 2.8 kb, encoding the XPR65 beta, was predominantly expressed and these XPR65 beta mRNAs are present at a constant level during oogenesis until late embryogenesis. Expression of the 2.4-kb XPR65 alpha was low until the larval stage, then dramatically increased. In all adult tissues except ovary, the 2.4-kb alpha-specific mRNA was more abundant than the 2.8-kb beta transcript. Two transcripts of 2.4 kb and 2.5 kb, encoding the XPR55 subunit, were detected at a constant level throughout Xenopus oogenesis and during embryogenesis. Both transcripts were also expressed at similar levels in all adult tissues, but in a tissue-specific manner. Analysis of the XPR55 and XPR65 proteins using antibodies to recombinant proteins revealed that the overall levels of the two proteins were constant, in good agreement with mRNA data.
Alloantigen-Induced CD25+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Can Develop In Vivo from CD25−CD4+ Precursors in a Thymus-Independent Process (2004)

The capacity of naturally occurring autoreactive CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) to control immune responses both in vivo and in vitro is now well established. It has been demonstrated that these cells undergo positive selection within the thymus and appear to enter the periphery as committed CD25+CD4+ Treg. We have shown previously that CD25+CD4+ Treg with the capacity to prevent skin allograft rejection can be generated by pretreatment with donor alloantigen under the cover of anti-CD4 therapy. Here we demonstrate that this process does not require an intact thymus. Furthermore, generation of these Treg is not dependent on the expansion of CD25+CD4+ thymic emigrants, because depletion of CD25+ cells before pretreatment does not prevent Treg development, and Treg can be generated from CD25-CD4+ precursors. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that CD25+CD4+ Treg can be generated in the periphery from CD25-CD4+ precursors in a pathway distinct to that by which naturally occurring autoreactive CD25+CD4+ Treg develop. These observations may have important implications for the design of protocols, both experimental and clinical, for the induction of tolerance to autoantigens or alloantigens in adults with limited thymic function.
Relationship of Dietary Selenium to Selenium in Plasma and Milk from Dairy Cows (1980)

In a 13-wk trial Holstein cows in mid-lactation were fed four diets containing natural selenium alone or supplemented with .1, .2, or .5 mg of inorganic selenium per kilogram of diet. Dietary selenium concentration averaged .334, .385, .456, and .772 mg/kg. Selenium plasma in wk 7 averaged .112 mu/ml with no differences among treatments; milk selenium ranged from .040 to .046 mu/ml and was higher in the two higher selenium diets. In wk 13 selenium in plasma and milk averaged .119 and .054 with no treatment differences. The 7 and 13 wk concentrations were higher than pretrial .084 and .033 mu/ml for plasma and milk during which time dietary selenium concentration was .254 mg/kg. Selenium concentration increased linearly from about .08 to .120 mu/ml of plasma and about .030 to .055 mu/ml of milk as intake of selenium increased from about 2 to 6 mg/day. Increase in selenium intake from 6 to 12 mg/day resulted in little change in plasma and milk selenium. Moderate concentrations of dietary selenium (.3 to .7 mg/kg) do not result in toxic amounts of selenium in milk.