gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase Separation in Biological Membranes: Integration of Theory and Experiment (2010)

Lipid bilayer model membranes that contain a single lipid species can undergo transitions between ordered and disordered phases, and membranes that contain a mixture of lipid species can undergo phase separations. Studies of these transformations are of interest for what they can tell us about the interaction energies of lipid molecules of different species and conformations. Nanoscopic phases (<200 nm) can provide a model for membrane rafts, specialized membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, which are believed to have essential biological functions in cell membranes. Crucial questions are whether lipid nanodomains can exist in stable equilibrium in membranes and what is the distribution of their sizes and lifetimes in membranes of different composition. Theoretical methods have supplied much information on these questions, but better experimental methods are needed to detect and characterize nanodomains under normal membrane conditions. This review summarizes linkages between theoretical and experimental studies of phase separation in lipid bilayer model membranes.
Inhibition of insulin amyloid formation by small stress molecules (2004)

Amyloidogenic proteins undergo an alternative folding pathway under stressful conditions leading to formation of fibrils having cross beta-sheet structure, which is the hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. As a means of surviving against external stress, on the other hand, many microorganisms accumulate small stress molecules to prevent abnormal protein folding and to contribute to protein stability, which hints at the efficacy of the solutes against amyloid formation. The current work demonstrates the effectiveness of small stress molecules such as ectoine, betaine, trehalose, and citrulline on inhibition of insulin amyloid formation in vitro. The inhibitory effects were analyzed by thioflavin T-induced fluorescence, circular dichroism, and atomic force microscopy. This report suggests that naturally occurring small molecules may serve a function that is typically fulfilled by protein chaperones, and it provides a hint for designing inhibitors against amyloid formation associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
In vitro study of pro-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties of microvesicles from bacterial cell wall of Pantoea agglomerans. (2008)

In the environment, Gram-negative bacteria are capable of producing large amounts of endotoxin-containing microvesicles - spherical structures measuring 30-50 nm in diameter, emerging by fragmentation of the outer membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Microvesicles are suspected of inducing inflammatory lung diseases, but possibly also of stimulating anti-tumour defence mechanisms. The present study was aimed at assessing the pro-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties of microvesicles in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 5 healthy volunteers were cultured for 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 5 days with microvesicles (MV) of Pantoea agglomerans at concentrations ranging from 0.48-1500 microg/ml. The following outcomes were measured: secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha (by ELISA and ELISpot), intensity of cell proliferation (LPT), expression of surface markers CD8, CD14, CD16, CD25, CD69, CD80, CD83, HLA-DR, and apoptosis markers (by flow cytometry). After 24 hours, a clear dose-dependent response to microvesicles was seen for IFN-gamma production, starting already at the lowest concentration of 0.48 microg/ml (p=0.04). A 2-fold increase in TNF-alpha production was seen after 3 days at the concentration of 1,500 microg/ml (p=0.05). A clear and significant dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation in response to MV was detectable after 5 days (p=0.001). A decrease in the percentage of CD14(+)CD83(+) monocytes was observed after 1 day of culture. We conclude that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha are triggered at different concentrations of microvesicles: at lower concentrations only IFN-gamma is upregulated, whereas at higher concentrations both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha are secreted.
Human Retroviruses: A Decade of Discovery and Link with Human Disease (1991)

Journal Article Human Retroviruses: A Decade of Discovery and Link with Human Disease Get access Robert C. Gallo Robert C. Gallo National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 164, Issue 2, August 1991, Pages 235–243, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/164.2.235 Published: 01 August 1991 Article history Received: 11 April 1991 Published: 01 August 1991
Methylotrophic yeast hansenula polymorpha as production organism for recombinant pharmaceuticals. (1996)

Since the onset of genetic engineering, yeasts belong to the preferred host cells for the production of heterologous proteins. They combine ease of genetic manipulation and cultivation with the ability to process and to modify the produced compounds according to a general eukaryotic scheme. Since yeasts do not contain pathogens, pyrogens or viral inclusions they constitute attractive production systems for proteins considered for therapeutic administration. At the beginning of gene technology the attention of biotechnologists focussed on the use of the best characterized species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Insulin and hepatitis B vaccines are examples for S. cerevisiae-derived therapeutics. In recent years alternative yeast have become accessible for the techniques of modern molecular genetics and thus for potential applications in biotechnology. In this respect the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha offers especially advantageous characteristics as host for the production of pharmaceutical proteins. As a consequence, production systems based on this yeast have been established for serum proteins, vaccines and other therapeutically important compounds. Some H. polymorpha-derived products are under preclinical or clinical trials at present and are expected to reach the market within the near future. In the following article the current status of this system is presented and discussed comparing it with other expression systems.
Extraction and Amplification of Genomic DNA from Human Blood on Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Membranes (2004)

Purification of genomic DNA from biological samples is a requisite initial step in the performance of many molecular diagnostic assays. Traditional purification methods based on phenol–chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation have been largely supplanted by adsorption and elution procedures based on silica and coated magnetic bead matrices. In most applications, the purified genomic DNA must be physically separated from the adsorption matrix before downstream processes such as amplification by PCR. Separation is done to reduce inhibitory effects of adsorption matrices on amplification processes, which may result from matrix interactions with enzymes and other reaction components (1). The requirement for separation necessitates the addition of a transfer step performed by either manual or robotic means.

To further streamline molecular diagnostic analyses, new purification matrices are needed. Specifically, a matrix capable of purification that does not inhibit amplification chemistries would open the path to development of instrumentation that performed purification, amplification, and detection in an integrated format. We have been investigating the properties of a commercially available porous aluminum oxide membrane (AOM) (2) for nucleic acid purification. Commercially available AOM, distributed under the trade names Anopore™ and Anodisc™ by Whatman, Inc., are manufactured with pore size options of 20, 100, and 200 nm and a membrane thickness of ∼60 μm. The membranes are rigid, with low autofluorescence and a porosity of 50%, allowing for high liquid flow rates. The membrane core component is aluminum oxide, which is relatively biologically inert but can be derivatized to display functional amine groups by silanization. In addition to standard filtration applications, AOM have been used as a support matrix for cell growth (3) and as a substrate for enzyme immobilization in biosensor applications (4). Here we describe conditions for AOM-based purification of genomic DNA (gDNA) from human blood in which blood is lysed and gDNA is …
Displaying the future: techno‐nationalism and the rise of the consumer in Postwar Japan (2003)

This paper explains how, in the aftermath of World War II, a type of techno‐nationalism emerged that linked being Japanese to science and technology and the increased consumption of electrical appliances. By closely examining official exhibitions, we can see how the state and private sector strongly encouraged this techno‐scientific dreaming. Dazzling displays highlighted how the peaceful atom would help lead the nation to achieve high economic growth. At the same time, through the judicious purchase of labor saving appliances, consumers could reconcile the need to spend with the need to save.
Emotions States Recognition Based on Physiological Parameters by Employing of Fuzzy-Adaptive Resonance Theory (2012)

This paper is an investigation on negative emotions states recognition by employing of Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory (Fuzzy-ART) considering the changes in activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Specific psychological experiments were designed to induce appropriate physiological responses on individuals in order to acquire a suitable database for training, validating and testing the proposed procedure. In this research, the three physiological applied signals are Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), Heart Rate (HR) and Respiration Rate (RR). The first experiment which is named Shock was designed to determine a criterion for the change of physiological signals of each individual. In the second one, a combination of two sets of questions has been asked from the subjects to induce their emotions. Finally, Physiological responses were analyzed by Fuzzy-ART to recognize which question excites the negative emotions. Detecting negative emotions from neutral is obtained with total accuracy of 94%.
ExtendedThumb: A Target Acquisition Approach for One-Handed Interaction With Touch-Screen Mobile Phones (2015)

In this paper, we propose ExtendedThumb, a virtual thumb proxy of a real thumb, to address the target selection problem caused by decreased thumb mobility in single-handed interaction. ExtendedThumb moves in the same direction as a real thumb with a longer moving distance on a touch screen. Users can adjust the direction of the virtual thumb by changing the dragging direction of the real thumb. The selection of a target is achieved by lifting the real thumb up from the screen when a red cross at the tip of the virtual thumb is placed on the target. The unique design of ExtendedThumb addresses common visual occlusion and low accuracy problems in one-handed interaction. We conducted an empirical user evaluation of ExtendedThumb with 36 participants who were asked to hold a mobile phone and click on targets with only one hand using three target acquisition methods, including direct touch, MagStick, and ExtendedThumb. Task completion time and error rates were analyzed using a 3 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance with factors of target acquisition methods and target size. Bonferroni post-hoc tests were carried out for multiple comparisons. ExtendedThumb significantly outperforms MagStick in target acquisition speed, perceived ease of use, perceived effectiveness, and overall satisfaction, while achieving a similar level of accuracy. ExtendedThumb also achieves significantly higher accuracy, perceived ease of use, perceived effectiveness, and overall satisfaction than direct touch. The findings provide both research and practical insights for one-handed interaction with mobile devices.
Using Molecular Iodine in Direct Oxidative Condensation of Aldoses with Diamines: An Improved Synthesis of Aldo-benzimidazoles and Aldo-naphthimidazoles for Carbohydrate Analysis (2008)

A practical method has been developed for conversion of unprotected and unmodified aldoses to aldo-benzimidazoles and aldo-naphthimidazoles. Using iodine as an oxidant or promoter in acetic acid solution, a series of mono-, di-, and trialdoses, including those containing carboxyl and acetamido groups, undergo an oxidative condensation reaction with o-phenylenediamine or 2,3-naphthalenediamine at room temperature to give the aldo-benzimidazole and aldo-naphthimidazole products in high yields. No cleavage of the glycosidic bond occurs under such mild reaction conditions. The composition analysis of saccharides is realized by the HPLC analysis of the fluorescent naphthimidazole derivatives.
Radical polymerization of muconic acid and ethyl muconate (1977)

Abstract Muconic acid (Mu‐acid) was found to polymerize to trans ‐1,4‐poly(Mu‐acid) with the use of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. Similarly, a muconic acid derivative, ethyl muconate (EMu), was readily polymerized through a trans ‐1,4 addition mechanism by the use of a radical or anionic catalyst, but did not polymerize when a cationic catalyst such as boron trifluoride etherate was used. Moreover, the copolymerization of Mu‐acid and EMu with various comonomers such as styrene, acryronitrile, and 2‐vinylpyridine was carried out and Q–e values of Mu‐acid and EMu are discussed. These substituted diene monomers always polymerized through trans ‐1,4 addition with all catalysts and any comonomers.
A Multiresolution Model of Auditory Excitation Pattern and Its Application to Objective Evaluation of Perceived Speech Quality (2006)

This paper proposes a multiresolution model of auditory excitation pattern and applies it to the problem of objective evaluation of subjective wideband speech quality. The model uses wavelet packet transform for time-frequency decomposition of the input signal. The selection of the wavelet packet tree is based on an optimality criterion formulated to minimize a cost function based on the critical band structure. The models of the different auditory phenomena are reformulated for the multiresolution framework. This includes the proposition of duration dependent outer and middle ear weighting, multiresolution spectral spreading, and multiresolution temporal smearing. As an application, the excitation pattern is used to define an objective measure of auditory distortion of a distorted speech signal compared to the undistorted one. The performance of this objective measure is evaluated with a database of various kinds of NOISEX-92 degraded wideband speech signals in predicting the subjective mean opinion score (MOS) and is compared with the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based ITU-T PESQ P.862.2 algorithm. The proposed measure is found to achieve comparable correlation between subjective MOS and objective MOS as PESQ P.862.2, with a trend suggesting better correlation for the nonstationary degradations compared to the stationary ones. Further refinement of the measure for distortion types other than additive noise is anticipated
An imaging magnetometer for bio-sensing based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond (2014)

We present a widefield microscopy system for imaging super-paramagnetic nanoparticles (SPNs), and propose to use it as a bio-sensing system wherein SPNs are used as tags. Potential advantages of magnetic tags over conventional fluorescent tags include the elimination of noise from auto-fluorescence, optical isolation of the biological system from the measurement apparatus, and the potential for magnetic removal of non-specifically bound material. The microscope magnetic sensing surface is composed of a thin layer of nitrogen-vacancy defect centers in the top 200 nm of a diamond substrate. Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have been shown to be suitable for use as highly sensitive magnetometers due to their long spin-coherence time at room temperature. Furthermore, spin-dependent photoluminescence allows for simple far-field optical readout of the spin state, which in turn allows for opticallydetected magnetic resonance measurements. We will present our results detecting a single, lithographically defined 50 nm diameter by 100 nm thick iron nanodot. With the current sensitivity of 9 μT⋅Hz<sup>-1/2</sup>, we expect to be able to detect single 20 nm magnetite SPNs, our proposed tags, in less than one minute. By further optimizing the sensor surface, we predict DC magnetic sensitivities as low as 1 μT⋅Hz<sup>-1/2</sup>.
OCTA‐ALKYL ZINC PHTHALOCYANINES: POTENTIAL PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR USE IN THE PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF CANCER (1995)

The synthesis, characterization and electronic spectra of a series of nine 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octa-alkyl zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc), potential photosensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of cancer, are described. The substituents on the phthalocyanine (Pc) macrocycle "red-shift" the absorbance maximum, in cyclohexane, of all nine members of this series to a value of 703 +/- 2 nm, with a corrected fluorescence emission maximum for the octadecyl derivative of 715 nm. The solubilities and degree of aggregation of six examples in cyclohexane have been measured. The highest homologue, the octadecyl derivative, remains essentially unaggregated to a concentration of 1.5 x 10(-4) mol dm-3. the photostability of this Pc has been examined and the compound shown to be sensitive to photooxidation processes which lead to its decomposition to 3,6-bis-decylphthalimide. Known singlet oxygen quenchers inhibit the photodecomposition. In a comparative study, the octadecyl ZnPc underwent a more rapid photodecomposition than the corresponding metal-free derivative.
Advanced polarimetric subsurface FM-CW radar (1998)

The subsurface radar suffers from two typical problems, i.e., strong clutter from surface and severe wave attenuation in the underground. This paper presents a unique countermeasure to these problems using a polarimetric FM-CW radar and an equivalent sensitivity time control (STC) technique. The authors apply the polarimetric filtering principle to suppress surface clutter either in the Co-pol channel or in the X-pol channel of synthetic aperture radar, yielding to polarimetric enhanced target image. This technique works when the surface clutter and target have different polarization properties. Moreover, they use an equivalent STC technique specially suited for FM-CW radar for a deep object sounding to compensate wave attenuation within the ground. These techniques contribute to a significant improvement of the radar performance and the detection image contrast, although the detection of the target is in general a much more complicated topic. The field experiments were carried out to show the usefulness of the method. Some detection results are presented.
Harmonic resonance structure and chaotic dynamics in the earth‐vibrator system<sup>1</sup> (1995)

Abstract Source‐generated energy in seismic vibrator records includes ultraharmonics, subharmonics, ultra‐subharmonics and possibly chaotic oscillatory behaviour. Nonlinear behaviours can be modelled using a ‘hard‐spring’ form of the Duffing equation. Modelling indicates that a qualitatively similar harmonic resonance structure is present for a broad range of possible mathematical descriptions. Qualitative global system behaviours may be examined without knowledge of actual earth parameters. Non‐linear resonances become stronger, relative to fundamental sweep frequencies, as the driving force increases or damping decreases. System response energy levels are highest when non‐linear resonances are strong. The presence of chaotic energy can indicate the highest energy state of a system reponse. Field data examples are consistent with behaviours predicted by modelling. Conventional correlation and stack uses a fraction of the energy produced in the earth‐vibrator system. A correlation and filtering process that uses a representation of the source dynamics based on the system response can reduce signal degradation due to non‐linear resonance.
Biology of Toxoplasma gondii (1993)

In conclusion, a large body of new information on the biology and immunology of T. gondii has accumulated in the past several years. Much of this is due to the advent of AIDS and the increased funding made available to researchers interested in opportunistic infections in this patient population. These scientific advances have led to a better understanding of the process by which Toxoplasma infects mammalian host cells, molecular biology and biochemistry of the parasite, antigenic structure and immune response to the infection and approaches to be adopted for drug design and therapeutic strategies. Thus, it is through such recognition of the importance of understanding the basic science of an opportunistic pathogen that such advances can be realized.
Cultured Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Derived from Patients with Acute Severe Asthma (“Status Asthmaticus”) Spontaneously Elaborate a Neutrophil Chemotactic Activity Distinct from Interleukin-8 (1991)

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from patients with acute severe asthma on the day of admission to hospital were cultured in vitro in serum-free medium in the absence of mitogenic stimulants for as long as 72 h. PBMC isolated from control groups (mild asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, normal subjects) were cultured in a similar fashion. After incubation, the culture supernatants were tested for neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) using a modified Boyden chamber technique. PBMC from patients with acute severe asthma elaborated significantly greater amounts of NCA into the culture supernatants as compared with all three control groups (p less than 0.01). The amounts of PBMC-derived NCA from the same patients after 7 days of hospital therapy and clinical improvement were reduced (p less than 0.01). A correlation was observed between the extent of reduction in spontaneous release of NCA by PBMC derived from patients with acute severe asthma and the degree of clinical improvement of their asthma (p less than 0.02). Both monocytes and lymphocytes, when cultured separately, released NCA in amounts sufficient to account for the total activity released by unfractionated PBMC. NCA in PBMC culture supernatants accumulated progressively with time, a process inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by cycloheximide. The amounts of NCA in culture supernatants did not correlate with the concentrations of histamine in lysates of the PBMC prepared just prior to culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Affinity Capture and Solid-Phase Sequencing of Biotinylated PCR Products (2003)

The time and labor required for generating nucleotide sequence information has been significantly reduced since the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR allows the production of sufficient amounts of DNA template in vitro, and consequently, the time-consuming cloning procedure to obtain large enough quantities of DNA for sequencingisavoided. The PCR has transformed nucleotide sequencing into a method that can be considered even in routine diagnostics for sequencing large numbers of individual samples.