gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alternative Stimulation Fluids and Their Impact on Carbonate Acidizing (1998)

Abstract Acidizing treatments are commonly used to remove near-wellbore damage and create artificial flow channels in carbonate formations. Matrix acidizing treatments are most useful when fracture acidizing is undesirable, such as when a shale break or other natural boundary must be maintained to prevent water or gas production1 or where fracture acidizing is ineffective, such as in soft chalk formations.2 Unfortunately, matrix treatments often require low injection rates to prevent fracturing the formation rock. These treatments may also be required in heterogeneous formations with zones of low conductivity (which need stimulation the most) that accept acid at low rates. It is at these low injection rates that the problem of rapid acid spending severely limits the acid penetration distance. The injection of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into carbonate formations at low rates results in face dissolution, or complete dissolution of the carbonate matrix near the wellbore. This face dissolution consumes large volumes of acid and provides negligible increases in the conductivity of the formation. Various acid systems have been used to reduce the limitations of rapid acid spending at low injection rates. A few of the acids include: weak acids, such as acetic and formic acid, which have relatively low H+ concentrations and therefore react with carbonates at a slower rate than HCl3,4; chemically retarded acids, such as oil external microemulsion systems containing HCl, that retard acid diffusion to the carbonate surface and thus allow deeper penetration of live acid2; and foamed acids (nitrogen gas and aqueous HCl) that prevent acid from spending outside the primary dissolution channel, thereby promoting the growth of wormholes.5 Although retarded and foamed acid systems can stimulate carbonate formations at lower injection rates, strong acids such as HCl induce the precipitation of asphaltic sludge from crude oil. This sludge can plug the formation and restrict production after an acidizing treatment. When ferric ions are present, this problem is even more severe.6 Thus, adequate corrosion protection becomes more essential. Acetic acid (HAc), an iron chelating agent, does not reduce sludging tendencies in the presence of ferric and ferrous iron.6 A variety of acid additives (antisludging agents, corrosion inhibitors, and iron-reducing agents) have been used to prevent the sludging problem. However, their effectiveness is limited by the need to obtain a compatible combination of additives and a lack of understanding of the complex chemistries involved in the precipitation reactions. These limitations demonstrate the need for an alternative stimulation fluid that combines the ability to stimulate at low injection rates with fluid properties that are not conducive to asphaltic sludge precipitation or corrosion problems.
Synthèse, caractérisation et application aux huiles lubrifiantes d'additifs polymères phosphosoufrés améliorants de VI, antiusure et extrême pression (1997)

Des copolymères de méthacrylates d'alkyle (PMA) et un copolymère d'éthylène et de propylène (OCP), utilisables comme additifs améliorants d'indice de viscosité des huiles lubrifiantes, ont été préparés en leur incorporant des motifs fonctionnels anti-usure et extrême pression (AU-EP), sous la forme d'esters dithiophosphoriques ; les performances mécaniques des produits ont été pré-évaluées au moyen d'une machine quatre billes.
A pyramidal scheme for lattice vector quantization of wavelet transform coefficients applied to image coding (1992)

The image coding scheme involves two steps: biorthogonal wavelet transform of the image and pyramidal lattice vector quantization of wavelet coefficients. In order to obtain a compromise between minimum distortion and bit rate, one must truncate and scale the lattice suitably. To meet this goal, one needs to know how many lattice points lie within the truncated area. The case of Laplacian sources where surfaces of equal probability are spheres for the L/sub 1/ metric (pyramids) for arbitrary lattices is investigated. Explicit generating functions for the codebook sizes of the most useful lattices are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient Metastability-Containing Gray Code 2-Sort (2016)

It is well-established that unsynchronized communication across clock domains can result in metastable upsets and that this cannot be avoided deterministically. This, however, does not preclude the possibility that metastability can be contained deterministically, in the sense that meaningful and precise computations can be performed despite metastability of some bits. In this work, we provide evidence that this is not only possible, but can also be done efficiently. We propose a circuit of size O(B2) and depth O(B) that computes the minimum and maximum of two B-bit Gray code inputs, where each input may contain one metastable bit (introducing uncertainty regarding whether it encodes some value x or rather x + 1). This is achieved by combining the results of a recursive call on the (B - 1)-bit suffixes in a metastability-containing way. This overcomes the problem posed by possible metastability of the logic controlling the recursion, which must occur in some executions.
The development and implementation of a cell controller framework (2002)

National Semiconductor Corporation (NSC) was selected by SEMATECH as one of two semiconductor companies for pilot testing a cell control architecture that is referred to as the strategic cell controller (SCC) throughout this paper. SCC is an architecture for semiconductor equipment real time control, monitoring, and integration to the rest of the factory. SCC was developed with the objective of supplying the industry with a common framework for cell controllers. This paper describes the architecture framework of the SCC under the NSC fabrication automation context. The heart of SCC is the integrated tool architecture that provides a logical configuration and integration of software automation tools for real time control capabilities in a truly distributed processing and client/server manner. SCC also provides a generic layer of equipment interfaces named 'virtual factory equipment interfaces' (VFEI) that can accommodate many other industry standards for equipment interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MAP kinases from bovine brain: purification and characterization (1993)

We have purified 42- and 44-kilodalton (kDa) isoforms of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family from bovine brain. The kinases were assayed with myelin basic protein as the substrate and detected by anti-sea star p44mpk antibody. Purification was achieved using phenyl-Sepharose, polylysine-agarose, hydroxylapatite, and Mono-Q column chromatography. Both myelin basic protein and smooth muscle caldesmon, but not histone H1, served as good substrates. Based on chromatographic behaviors and specific activities toward myelin basic protein, it is likely that the 42-kDa brain isoform is similar to that of brain tau kinase. The 44-kDa enzyme, however, is a novel brain MAP kinase isoform not reported previously. Although it has been demonstrated that p44mpk can be activated in vitro through phosphorylation by the tyrosine kinase p56lck, neither of the brain kinases were significantly stimulated by the tyrosine kinases p56lck, p56lyn, or p59fyn. However, based on antibody cross-reactivity, a MAP kinase kinase is present in the crude brain extract. Both brain MAP kinases were capable of autophosphorylation which occurred, at least in part, on tyrosine residues. However, only the 44-kDa isoform showed a significant degree of coincident activation.
Determination of thermal conductivity and specific heat by a combined 3ω/decay technique (1993)

A technique is presented that allows measurement of both the thermal effusivity and diffusivity of the specimen. It employs the thermal excitation of a sample with a plane-surface heater at frequency ω and the observation of the 3ω thermal response of this metal element. In addition the temperature decay of the surface is observed, after the periodic heating current is switched off. Using this technique, the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity and the specific heat of fused silica have been determined over a wide temperature range. For measurements on electrically conducting solids a technique for preparation of a dielectric insulating magnesiumoxide (MgO) film has been developed. A theoretical model is discussed, that allows to investigate not only bulk materials, but layered structures, also. Applying this model, the thermal effusivity of the upper polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) layer of a PMMA-aluminum system and the effusivity of the substrate in a MgO stainless-steel system has been measured.
Digoxigenin-ampicillin conjugate for detection of penicillin-binding proteins by chemiluminescence (1994)

This paper describes a highly sensitive new method for the identification of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that is based on the use of an ampicillin-digoxigenin conjugate (DIG-AMP conjugate) which is detected by immunoblotting and chemiluminescence. The sensitivity of chemiluminescence permitted X-ray film exposure times to be decreased to minutes, as opposed to the days or weeks which are requisite when conventionally radiolabeled beta-lactams are used. Coupling of ampicillin to digoxigenin yielded a product containing digoxigenin (detected by chemiluminescence) which also was inhibitory for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Unconjugated digoxigenin at concentrations of up to 100 micrograms/ml was not inhibitory for either organism. For S. aureus the MICs of DIG-AMP (0.7 microgram of conjugated ampicillin per ml) and of free ampicillin (0.5 microgram/ml) were comparable, indicating that ampicillin retained its bioactivity when coupled to digoxigenin. However, for E. coli the MICs of DIG-AMP (70 micrograms of conjugated ampicillin per ml) and of free ampicillin (8 micrograms/ml) were widely disparate, suggesting that the DIG-AMP conjugate was too large and/or hydrophobic to traverse the E. coli outer membrane via porins. DIG-AMP binding assays with E. coli and S. aureus cell envelopes revealed profiles of PBPs similar to those detected with 125I-ampicillin or [3H]penicillin. DIG-AMP binding to PBPs was completely inhibited in competition experiments with free ampicillin or penicillin, supporting the specificity of the DIG-AMP conjugate for PBPs. DIG-AMP thus represents an advantageous alternative to radioactive beta-lactams for the identification and analysis of PBPs.
Real-Time Robust Automatic Speech Recognition Using Compact Support Vector Machines (2011)

In the last years, support vector machines (SVMs) have shown excellent performance in many applications, especially in the presence of noise. In particular, SVMs offer several advantages over artificial neural networks (ANNs) that have attracted the attention of the speech processing community. Nevertheless, their high computational requirements prevent them from being used in practice in automatic speech recognition (ASR), where ANNs have proven to be successful. The high complexity of SVMs in this context arises from the use of huge speech training databases with millions of samples and highly overlapped classes. This paper suggests the use of a weighted least squares (WLS) training procedure that facilitates the possibility of imposing a compact semiparametric model on the SVM, which results in a dramatic complexity reduction. Such a complexity reduction with respect to conventional SVMs, which is between two and three orders of magnitude, allows the proposed hybrid WLS-SVC/HMM system to perform real-time speech decoding on a connected-digit recognition task (SpeechDat Spanish database). The experimental evaluation of the proposed system shows encouraging performance levels in clean and noisy conditions, although further improvements are required to reach the maturity level of current context-dependent HMM-based recognizers.
Use of an alumina column in estimating total iron-binding capacity. (1980)

Abstract I describe a simple, rapid technique for saturating the transferrin in serum and then removing unbound (excess) iron. This technique involves use of an easily prepared column of basic chromatographic alumina and a saturating solution of ferric chloride in citric acid. This method, when compared with the magnesium carbonate method of Ramsay (Clin. Chim. Acta 2: 221, 1957) by regression analysis and tests of precision, showed a negative bias for results by the alumina technique with respect to the magnesium carbonate method.
Significant association of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (<i>TNFR2</i>) gene with human narcolepsy (2000)

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Grants‐in‐Aid from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan and by the grant provided by the Uehara Memorial Foundation. Abstract: We report on the association study of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 ( TNFR2 ) gene with human narcolepsy. A single‐nucleotide polymorphism in TNFR2 , which is involved in an amino acid substitution [methionine(M)/arginine(R)] at position 196, was investigated in 149 Japanese narcoleptic patients and 204 healthy individuals as controls. Results reveal that the frequency of the TNFR2–196R allele significantly increased in the patients as compared with that in the controls ( P =0.029), suggesting that TNFR2 is likely associated with the susceptibility to narcolepsy. In addition, the analyses of the relationship of TNFR2 and TNF‐α with the susceptibility to narcolepsy indicate the possibility that an additive effect on the susceptibility to the disorder lies between TNFR2–196R and TNF‐α(–857T) alleles.
Resonant MOEMS scanner design and dynamics (2003)

In scanning systems, the speed of scanning, scanner resolution, and power requirements can be substantially reduced by using high-Q resonant scanners. We discuss the scanner features and dynamic modeling of resonant scanners for display and imaging applications.
Intracellular Regeneration of Glucocorticoids by11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (11β-HSD)-1 Plays a KeyRole in Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Analysisof 11β-HSD-1-Deficient Mice**The Wellcome Trust supported this work through a program grant (to J.J.M. and J.R.S.) and a Career Development Fellowship (to M.C.H.). (2001)

11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11beta-HSDs) catalyze interconversion of active corticosterone and inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone, thus regulating glucocorticoid access to intracellular receptors in vivo. 11beta-HSD type 1 is a reductase, locally regenerating active glucocorticoids. To explore the role of this isozyme in the brain, we examined hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) regulation in mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the 11beta-HSD-1 gene. 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice showed elevated plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels at the diurnal nadir, with a prolonged corticosterone peak, suggesting abnormal HPA control and enhanced circadian HPA drive. Despite elevated corticosterone levels, several hippocampal and hypothalamic glucocorticoid-sensitive messenger RNAs were normally expressed in 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice, implying reduced effective glucocorticoid activity within neurons. 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice showed exaggerated ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint stress, with a delayed fall after stress, suggesting diminished glucocorticoid feedback. Indeed, 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice were less sensitive to exogenous cortisol suppression of HPA activation. Thus 11beta-HSD-1 amplifies glucocorticoid feedback on the HPA axis and is an important regulator of neuronal glucocorticoid exposure under both basal and stress conditions in vivo.
Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP (1974)

A chapter on Cyclic AMP and Drug Action has already been published in Annual Review of Pharmacology (1). In spite of its restrictive title, this paper covered most of the knowledge about the biochemical and biological effects of cAMP that was available in 1969. During the last four years, investigations of cAMP and cGMP have continued at an accelerated rate. Due to the restriction in the number of pages, the present review had to be selective and not exhaustive. We wanted to avoid a mere compilation of bibliographic references. The bibliography is therefore incomplete and only certain areas, which seemed to the author of special interest, have been described.
ZINC AND COPPER IN PREGNANCY. CORRELATIONS TO FETAL AND MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (1976)

Serum zinc and serum copper concentrations during early pregnancy in 84 consecutive primigravidae were correlated to other haematological factors and were also correlated to complications of labour and/or complications affecting the infant. In women with complications such as abnormal labour or atonic bleeding, serum zinc concentrations were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) during early pregnancy. Women who gave birth to immature infants also showed significantly lower serum zinc in early pregnancy (p less than 0.01). Women delivered in the 37th week or earlier or in the 43rd week or later showed significantly lower serum zinc during early pregnancy (p less than 0.005) compared to women delivered in the 40th week. One infant showed a congenital heart defect (ventricular septum defect and preductal coarctation of aorta). Her mother showed the lowest serum zinc concentration recorded in the 13th week, but no other abnormal findings. Compared to women with abnormal labours and/or immature infants, mothers with normal deliveries and normal deliveries and normal infants showed significantly higher serum zinc values (p less than 0.001) and significantly lower serum copper concentrations (p less than 0.025) during early pregnancy. A notably high incidence of complications affecting mothers and infants has been recorded among women with low serum zinc. Similarities to effects of experimental zinc deficiency in animals are striking. If a low serum zinc reflects a state of deficiency, and this seems to be the case, zinc deficiency is probably common.
Single camera multi-view anthropometric measurement of human height and mid-upper arm circumference using linear regression (2018)

Applying linear regression to distance measurements from photos of adults taken from multiple view angles has been shown to accurately estimate height and MUAC to within the accuracy required for nutrition assessment. Future work will focus on automating the landmark detection, and validating the methods on populations that include undernourished adults and children of all nutrition statuses. These future works will improve the practicality of this method as a potential tool for nutrition assessment by novice users.
Planning Forum Volume 03 (1997)

Table of Contents: Producing Space /by Avri Beard (p. 4) -- From Assembly to Innovation /by Michael Oden (p. 14) -- Crime & Development /by Joseph N. McRee (p. 31) -- Point/Counterpoint: The Renewal of ISTEA /by Keith Krum (p. 40) -- Imaginary Cities /by Charles Moore and Kevin Keim (p. 44) -- Horizontal Integration /by Mary Burns (p. 51) -- Perspectives: Dispute Resolution /by Ali Peet (p. 62) -- Are We There Yet Mom? /by Heyden Black Walker (p.68) -- Off the Shelf: Book Reviews /by Jim Walker (p. 72)
Syntheses and Characterization of AM<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub> (A = Ba, Sr, Pb; M = Nb, Ta) Vanadates with Centrosymmetric and Noncentrosymmetric Structures (2017)

Five isomorphous AM<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub> vanadates of niobium and tantalum, namely, BaNb<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub>, BaTa<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub>, SrNb<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub>, SrTa<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub>, and PbTa<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub>, were prepared by solid-state reactions and structurally characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. Barium and strontium compounds, respectively, have centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric types of layered structure, wherein [M<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>11</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> anionic layers are interleaved with A<sup>2+</sup> cations. Both types of layered structure are found for lead compound. The strontium and lead compounds are type I phase-matching materials with second-harmonic-generating efficiencies of 33-50% of LiNbO<sub>3</sub>, and their dielectric properties were evaluated. A three-dimensional structural variant was also identified for strontium compounds, which crystallize in noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic space group C222<sub>1</sub>.
Enhanced Gas Recovery – a Potential ‘U’ for CCUS in The Netherlands (2014)

Most of the gas fields in The Netherlands are approaching the end of their production. Within two decades, the production in the majority of offshore gas fields will have ceased. The preparation of the fields for any end-of-field-life measures to extend their lifetime and increase production needs to start as soon as possible. One such measure is Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR), which consists of injecting gas (CO2 or N2) to drive out the gas that remains after conventional production. This paper presents the results of a first study into the feasibility of EGR for two Dutch offshore fields. Injection scenarios (volumes, choice of injection wells, timing of the start of injection) were defined in close cooperation with the operators of these fields. The results suggest that the potential for EGR in these two fields is limited to about 1% of additional gas and condensate production. The highest recovery increases were obtained for EGR scenarios in which gas injection started after the end of regular production. The results strongly depend on the drive gas concentration limits in the produced gas, with higher tolerances leading to higher recoveries. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the EGR simulations suggest that some optimization of choice of injection wells, or even infill well placement, may lead to further increases. This will have to be further investigated. For the two cases considered, the additional gas production amounts to about 50% to 60% of the injected drive gas volume with little or no difference between the use of N2 or CO2. The amount of stored CO2 at end of life of the two studied fields is about 0.4 Mt. The rather modest increase in ultimate recovery may be too little to justify investment costs for most of the smaller fields, but may be economically interesting for some of the larger fields.