gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave heating principles and the application to the regeneration of granular activated carbon (1998)

The principles of microwave heating are discussed with reference to dielectric properties, heating phenomena and microwave equipment. Microwave regeneration of granular activated carbon for the carbon-in-pulp process is examined on a laboratory scale, with special attention being given to highlight the problem areas and specific considerations related to microwave heating. Results indicate that microwave regeneration of carbon with 40% moisture on a wet basis by heating to 650i?½C with steam addition regenerates the carbon to virgin carbon activity levels but with a higher abrasion resistance. A preliminary economic assessment showed that the capital cost for 120 kg/h microwave unit would be R540 000 with an annual operating cost of R 320/t carbon. These figures yield a return on investment of 12%. The aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to microwave heating and to illustrate its application to the microwave regeneration of granular activated carbon for the carbon-in-pulp (CIP) process.
Comments on spectral efficiency of VMSK (2002)

This article demonstrates that no ultra narrow band modulation (UNBM) method, which includes very minimum shift keying (VMSK) and VPSK, can have substantially greater efficiency than conventional methods, such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), in transmission in the same frequency band.
PLL-based BiCMOS on-chip clock generator for very high-speed microprocessor (1991)

Described is a phase-locked loop (PLL)-based BiCMOS on-chip clock generator (PCG), which is used to generate an internal clock synchronized to a reference clock from outside the chip. In order to obtain a very wide operation bandwidth, it is proposed that the PCG include a compensation circuit for voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) operation. The compensation circuit varies the oscillation bandwidth of the VCO according to the reference clock frequency, preventing the expected oscillation frequency from being outside the oscillation bandwidth. The PCG is designed and fabricated with 1.0 mu m BiCMOS technology, and it achieves an operation bandwidth of 3 to 90 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantum Monte Carlo Study of the Optical and Diffusive Properties of the Vacancy Defect in Diamond (2003)

Fixed-node diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DMC) calculations of the ground and excited state energetics of the neutral vacancy defect in diamond are reported. The multiplet structure of the defect is modeled using guiding wave functions of the Slater-Jastrow type with symmetrized multideterminant Slater parts. For the ground state we obtain the 1E state in agreement with experiment. The calculated energy of the lowest dipole allowed transition is consistent with the experimentally observed GR1 band, which has long been identified with the neutral vacancy in diamond, although no previous first-principles ab initio calculation of this transition exists. The calculated multiplet splitting of over 2 eV indicates the importance of a proper treatment of electron exchange and correlation in this system. DMC calculations of the formation and migration energy of the vacancy defect are presented.
Elastic Properties of C and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">z</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Composite Nanotubes (1998)

We present a comparative study of the energetic, structural, and elastic properties of carbon and composite single-wall nanotubes, including BN, ${\mathrm{BC}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{BC}}_{2}\mathrm{N}$ nanotubes, using a nonorthogonal tight-binding formalism. Our calculations predict that carbon nanotubes have a higher Young modulus than any of the studied composite nanotubes, and of the same order as that found for defect-free graphene sheets. We obtain good agreement with the available experimental results.
Integrated nanophotonics based on nanowire plasmons and atomically thin material (2014)

The continually increasing demands for higher-speed and lower-operating-power devices have resulted in the continued impetus to shrink photonic components. We demonstrate a primitive nanophotonic integrated circuit element composed of a single silver nanowire and single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flake. Using scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy, we find that nanowire plasmons can excite MoS2 photoluminescence and that MoS2 excitons can decay into nanowire plasmons. Finally, we show that the nanowire may serve the dual purpose of both exciting MoS2 photoluminescence via plasmons and recollecting the decaying exciton as nanowire plasmons. The potential for subwavelength light guiding and strong nanoscale light–matter interaction afforded by our device may facilitate compact and efficient on-chip optical processing.
Tagging and chunking with bigrams (2000)

In this paper we present an integrated system for tagging and chunking texts from a certain language. The approach is based on stochastic finite-state models that are learnt automatically. This includes biagram models or finite-state automata learnt using grammatical inference techniques. As the models involved in our system are learnt automatically, this is a very flexible and portable system.In order to show the viability of our approach we present results for tagging and chunking using bigram models on the Wall Street Journal corpus. We have achieved an accuracy rate for tagging of 96.8%, and a precision rate for NP chunks of 94.6% with a recall rate of 93.6%.
Application of classical cosine series window functions to full response signaling offset quadrature binary modulation systems (1993)

It is proposed that classical cosine series window functions be applied to finite symbol duration quadrature binary modulation systems as pulse shapes in the interest of increasing the spectral confinement of the resulting modulated signals. The respective modulation systems are analyzed in terms of modulated signal envelope uniformity, spectral confinement, and bit error rate in the presence of white Gaussian noise with varying degrees of modulated signal amplitude compression. Even in the presence of moderate modulated signal compression, classical cosine series window function pulse shapes offer spectral confinement for quadrature binary modulation systems that is equal to or better than that provided by the conventional pulse shapes corresponding to QPSK, MSK, SFSK, and DSFSK. It is shown that moderate levels of modulated signal compression have negligible effects on the system bit error rate. A system implementation using the sum of FSK modulated signal components to achieve spectral confinement based on the classical cosine series window functions is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Formation of Nanoarchitectures Including Subnanometer Palladium Clusters and Their Use as Highly Active Catalysts (2005)

Subnanometer Pd clusters stabilized within micelles of random copolymers were formed by direct immobilization of Pd(0) via ligand exchange. The clusters were estimated to contain approximately seven Pd atoms on average (cluster diameter approximately 0.7 nm). Several Pd-containing micelle morphologies could be obtained by polymer cross-linking. These micelles containing Pd clusters were demonstrated to be efficient catalysts for hydrogenations and Heck reactions.
Toward Intelligent Synthetic Neural Circuits: Directing and Accelerating Neuron Cell Growth by Self-Rolled-Up Silicon Nitride Microtube Array (2014)

In neural interface platforms, cultures are often carried out on a flat, open, rigid, and opaque substrate, posing challenges to reflecting the native microenvironment of the brain and precise engagement with neurons. Here we present a neuron cell culturing platform that consists of arrays of ordered microtubes (2.7-4.4 μm in diameter), formed by strain-induced self-rolled-up nanomembrane (s-RUM) technology using ultrathin (<40 nm) silicon nitride (SiNx) film on transparent substrates. These microtubes demonstrated robust physical confinement and unprecedented guidance effect toward outgrowth of primary cortical neurons, with a coaxially confined configuration resembling that of myelin sheaths. The dynamic neural growth inside the microtube, evaluated with continuous live-cell imaging, showed a marked increase (20×) of the growth rate inside the microtube compared to regions outside the microtubes. We attribute the dramatic accelerating effect and precise guiding of the microtube array to three-dimensional (3D) adhesion and electrostatic interaction with the SiNx microtubes, respectively. This work has clear implications toward building intelligent synthetic neural circuits by arranging the size, site, and patterns of the microtube array, for potential treatment of neurological disorders.
All digital frequency offset tracking loop in OFDM systems (2005)

In this paper based on early-late gate phase-locked loop a new frequency offset tracking algorithm is put forward. The study shows that under low SNR the performance of the proposed algorithm is better by several orders compared to the common frequency offset tracking methods, and it can track the first strong signal path in multipath fading channels at real time. So this algorithm has actually completed joint tracking of frequency and timing if the systems have not very strict requirement on timing tracking.
Stone impact damage to automotive paint finishes-a neural net analysis of electrochemical impedance data (2002)

Automotive car bodies are subject to impact by stones either lofted from tires or launched by other passing vehicles. Impact can result either in physical loss of paint and the possibility of failure at the metal/phosphate-polymer interface. A neural network (NN) analysis of electrochemical impedance data is presented. It is shown that electromechanical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a very sensitive post impact diagnostic probe to detect delamination at the metal-polymer boundary. Considering the noisy quality of data, the learning of the NN is good. It is shown that the NN is able to make predictions that are in agreement with independent experimental observations. Based on this preliminary work the future use of the NN as a predictive tool will rely on a comprehensive data set obtained under rigorous experimental conditions using stone projectiles, alternate treatments of impedance data, and also taking into account parameters such as stone shape, mass, and density.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A theoretical model of multielectrode DBR lasers (1988)

A theoretical model for two- and three-section tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers is presented. The static tuning properties are studied in terms of threshold current, linewidth, oscillation frequency, and output power. Regions of continuous tuning for three-section DBR lasers are presented. Different routes for continuous tuning, when the injection currents to the passive sections are varied, are discussed and the limitations on the continuous tuning range are clarified. By proper control of these currents, a tuning range of approximately 400 GHz is predicted at 1.55 mu m wavelength, which is in good agreement with the experimental results published thus far.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermal Boundary Resistance of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2003)

Molecular dynamics simulations of heat transfer between nanotubes in a bundle of 7 SWNTs were performed. Initially, whole system was kept at 300 K for 100 ps. Then, the temperature of only the center SWNT was suddenly heated up to 1000 K and temperature control was stopped. By monitoring the temperature of each SWNT, heat transfer from the center nanotube to surrounding nanotubes were calculated. We found that this heat transfer rate was well characterized by the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) between nanotubes. TBR value was estimated to be 1.0×(10)^<-7> m^2K/W. We have defined a length scale that can express the amount of TBR in comparison to the axial heat conduction. The estimated length was about 1μm.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Legacy of the First Two Decades (2014)

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their cellular signaling pathways play important roles in normal development and homeostasis. Aberrations in their activation or signaling leads to many pathologies, especially cancers, motivating the development of a variety of drugs that block RTK signaling that have been successfully applied for the treatment of many cancers. As the current field of RTKs and their signaling pathways are covered by a very large amount of literature, spread over half a century, I am focusing the scope of this review on seminal discoveries made before tyrosine phosphorylation was discovered, and on the early days of research into RTKs and their cellular signaling pathways. I review the history of the early days of research in the field of RTKs. I emphasize key early findings, which provided conceptual frameworks for addressing the questions of how RTKs are activated and how they regulate intracellular signaling pathways.
Efficient and consistent method for superellipse detection (2001)

Superellipses are a flexible representation for a variety of objects and the detection of such a primitive is an interesting issue in machine vision research. Least-mean-square fitting using an algebraic distance has been suggested to determine the parameters of a superellipse, but the computational cost is high and a high curvature bias problem is involved. An efficient, consistent and threshold-free scheme is derived for the estimation of superellipse parameters. The closed solutions for the centre, orientation and squareness parameters are obtained by using the zeroth harmonic of its Fourier description, the consistent symmetric axis method and the theorem of diagonal segment, respectively. Only the lengths of the major and the minor axes are repeatedly estimated by Powell's conjugate direction technique to reduce the sensitivity of noise. The proposed method is suitable for use on relatively complete, closed superellipse curves. Both convex and concave superellipses have been considered, and a compensation technique is suggested for concave superellipses. Experiments with complete and disjoint superellipses, defective superellipses and superellipses extracted from a photograph of a real object indicate the efficiency, accuracy and reliability of the proposed method, both theoretically and practically.
A multi-component coupling approach to benzo[b]furans and indoles (2001)

A single step access to multiply substituted benzo[b]furans and indoles has been developed.
Methionine Metabolism and Liver Disease (2008)

In the early 1930s, Banting and Best, the discoverers of insulin, found that choline could prevent the development of fatty liver disease (steatosis) in pancreatectomized dogs treated with insulin. Later work indicated that in rats and mice, diets deficient in labile methyl groups (choline, methionine, betaine, folate) produced fatty liver and that long-term administration of diets deficient in choline and methionine also caused hepatocellular carcinoma. These experiments not only linked steatosis and diabetes but also provided evidence, for the first time, of the importance of labile methyl group balance to maintain normal liver function. This conclusion is now amply supported by the observation of mice devoid of key enzymes of methionine and folate metabolism and in patients with severe deficiencies in these enzymes. Moreover, treatments with various methionine metabolites in experimental animal models of liver disease show hepatoprotective properties.
A new methodology for implementing interactive operations of MPEG-2 compressed video (2002)

We present an efficient approach for supporting interactive operations such as fast forward (FF) and fast rewind (FR) in MPEG-based interactive video on demand (IVoD) system. This approach is based on transmitting additional data of the same movie from the server to the digital storage device (DSD) at a client station. The special additional data consists of an elementary stream (ES) which has all I frames. The "interactive" data is generated from the storage at the server every n-th frame from the original MPEG-2 compressed video. During the appropriate procedure, the server can perform the FF/FR data in a group of pictures (GoP) structure in an independent fashion. Fast forward and fast rewind operations are supported using as much or a little more network bandwidth than is already allocated for normal playback. Assuming that the decoder consumes data at the constant rate of normal playback and the data is transferred over the network with the average bit rate, then the number of supported speedups we can achieve depends on the GoP lengths (N) and the recording ratio during normal play.
397. The structure of a cell-wall polysaccharide of Baker's yeast (1950)

D. J. Bell and D. H. Northcote, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 1944 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500001944
Activity of Fengycin and Iturin A Isolated From Bacillus subtilis Z-14 on Gaeumannomyces graminis Var. tritici and Soil Microbial Diversity (2021)

<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Z-14 can inhibit phytopathogenic fungi, and is used as a biocontrol agent for wheat take-all disease. The present study used the soil-borne fungus <i>Gaeumannomyces graminis</i> var. <i>tritici</i> (<i>Ggt</i>), which causes wheat take-all disease, and the soil microbial community as indicators, and investigated the antifungal effects of fengycin and iturin A purified from strain Z-14 using high performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The results showed that fengycin destroyed the internal structure of <i>Ggt</i> cells by digesting the cytoplasm and organelles, forming vacuoles, and inducing hyphal shrinkage and distortion. Iturin A induced cell wall disappearance, membrane degeneration, intracellular material shrinkage, and hyphal fragmentation. A biocontrol test demonstrated a 100% control effect on wheat take-all when wheat seedlings were treated with fengycin at 100 μg/ml or iturin A at 500 μg/ml. Iturin A and fengycin both reduced the relative abundance of <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Gibberella</i>. At the genus level, iturin A reduced the relative abundance of <i>Mortierella</i> and <i>Myrothecium</i>, while fengycin reduced that of <i>Fusarium.</i> Only fengycin treatment for 7 days had a significant effect on soil bacterial diversity.
Hormonal Contraception (1993)

The discovery that progesterone blocked ovulation and the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill in the 1950s were landmarks in the control of human fertility1,2. By providing women with a reliable method of regulating their fertility, the combined oral contraceptive has played an essential part in allowing them to participate fully in society. In spite of initial alarm that it would lead to sexual promiscuity and moral degeneration, the use of hormonal steroids rapidly became widespread and is the most popular method of contraception in most Western countries3.Methods of Hormonal ContraceptionHormonal contraceptive steroids are . . .
Commentary Soluble RAGE: a hot new biomarker for the hot joint? (2005)

The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) interacts with distinct ligand families linked to the inflammatory response. Studies in animal models suggest that RAGE is upregulated in the inflamed joint and that blockade of the receptor, using a ligand decoy soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE), attenuates joint inflammation and expression of inflammatory and tissuedestructive mediators. In this issue of Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy, Rille Pullerits and colleagues reported that plasma levels of sRAGE were reduced in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis compared with healthy controls or subjects with non-inflammatory joint disease. These findings suggest the possibility that levels of sRAGE might be a biomarker of inflammation. Not resolved by these studies, however, is the intriguing possibility that endogenously higher levels of sRAGE might be linked to a lower incidence of arthritis or to the extent of inflammation. Nevertheless, although ‘cause or effect ’ relationships may not be established in this report, fascinating insights into RAGE, inflammation and human arthritis emerge from these studies.
Scaffolds for Microtubule Inhibition through Extensive Modification of the Epothilone Template (2005)

The microtubule-stabilizing agent 1 was obtained through extensive modification (colored circles) of the structure of natural epothilone. Despite these structural differences, the biological potency of 1 is comparable with that of epothilone A and taxol! Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z501760_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A High Performance, Quasi-Monolithic 2 to 18 GHz Distributed GaAs FET Amplifier (1987)

Design, fabrication, and performance of a quasi-monolithic distributed GaAs FET amplifier is discussed. A gain of 20 dB and noise figure of 5.8 dB over 2 to 18 GHz are achieved. The amplifier circuits, using modified commercially available GaAs FET chips, are ideal for moderate volume (less than 5000), high performance applications.
Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Wood in Recovered Wood (2000)

Wood represents approximately 25% of the C&D waste stream, and a possible limitation to wood recycling is the presence of CCA-treated wood. Research was performed to measure the percentage of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood present in recovered wood stockpiles at construction and demolition (C&D) waste recycling facilities in Florida. Because of the elevated levels of chromium, copper, and arsenic in CCA-treated wood the presence of this material in C&D-recovered wood waste limits possible management options. Quantifying the fraction of C&D wood waste comprised of CCA-treated wood is a necessary first step in addressing this issue. Shredded wood samples were collected from the 12 C&D recycling facilities in Florida in an effort to quantify the fraction of recovered wood that was treated with the waterborne preservative CCA. The samples were further size reduced and mixed, and ultimately ashed at 550°C in a laboratory furnace. Copper and chromium concentrations in the ash were measured using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. These concentrations were used to calculate the amount of CCA-treated wood present in the original wood samples. The average percentage of 0.25-pcf standard retention, Type C, CCA-treated wood was estimated to be 6.5% based on copper and 5.9% based on chromium. In addition to providing needed measurements of CCA wood presence in C&D-recovered wood, this paper presents a methodology for estimating CCA wood amounts at other locations. Key words: Construction and demolition waste; CCA; chromium; copper; waste wood; recycling; treated wood; wood; solid waste