gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of similarity measures for the task of template matching of masses on serial mammograms (2005)

We conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of twelve different similarity measures in matching the corresponding masses on temporal pairs of current and prior mammograms. To perform this comparison we implemented each of the twelve similarity measures in the final stage of our multistage registration technique for automated registration of breast lesions in serial mammograms. The multistage technique consists of three stages. In the first stage an initial fan-shape search region was estimated on the prior mammogram based on the geometrical position of the mass on the current mammogram. In the second stage, the location of the fan-shape region was refined by warping, based on an affine transformation and simplex optimization. A new refined search region was defined on the prior mammogram. In the third stage, a search for the best match between the lesion template from the current mammogram and a structure on the prior mammogram was carried out within the search region. Our data set consisted of 318 temporal pairs. We performed three experiments, using a different subset of the 318 temporal pairs for each experiment. In each experiment we further tested how the performance of the similarity measures varied as the size of the search region increased or decreased. We evaluated the twelve similarity measures based on four criteria. The first criterion was the mean Euclidean distance, which was the average distance of the true location of the mass to the location detected by the similarity measure. The second criterion was the percentage of temporal pairs that were aligned so that 50% or more of the lesion area overlapped. The third criterion was the percentage of pairs that were aligned so that 75% or more of the lesion area overlapped. The fourth and final criterion was the robustness of the similarity measure. Our results showed that three of the similarity measures, Pearson's correlation, the cosine coefficient, and Goodman and Kruskal's Gamma coefficient, provide significantly higher accuracy (p < 0.05) in the task of matching the corresponding masses on serial mammograms than the other nine similarity measures.
Network control method and human-machine interface design for ISDN multimedia terminals (1990)

A human-machine interface has been created for an integrated services digital network (ISDN) network control unit (I-NUU). I-NUI is a sophisticated terminal device that allows a voice communication channel and two data channels to be connected through an ISDN I-series interface. ISDN communication functions and network control operations were analyzed to determine the required characteristics of I-NCU. I-NCU features the minimum number of control buttons and a liquid crystal display. Visual and audible information are used to keep the operator fully informed about the state of the communication channels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS RESURFACE BUSY FREEWAY (1989)

An 8-lane Interstate rehabilitation project is underway in Houston, Texas. I-610 is being rehabilitated under a $13.2 million contract. Work started in 1988 and will be completed in the fall of 1990. The project calls for about 320,000 sq yd of 4-in.-thick roadway overlays and 60,000 sq yd of 2-in.-thick bridge deck overlays. The project is divided into four consective stages of work, each 8000 to 9000 ft long, to limit restrictions in traffic flow. Each stage has two or more phases as both sides of the freeway are being rehabilitated concurrently. This article describes the construction methods and equipment used in resurfacing a typical bridge deck and in the preparation and placing of an overlay on a continuously reinforced concrete pavement.
A dual channel 20 bit current-input A/D converter for photo-sensor applications (2002)

A dual channel 20 bit current-input A/D converter is implemented in a 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS process with a single 5 V supply for use in direct photo-sensor digitization. Continuous charge integration is achieved through the use of a double switched capacitor integrator at each channel input. The front end provides a programmable full-scale input charge range from 50 pC to 1000 pC while also converting the input current to a voltage output. The voltage output of the switched integrator is then digitized by a high dynamic range delta-sigma converter that multiplexes between the two input channels. This current-input A/D converter achieves 3 ppm RMS noise and 1 ppm linearity with low level inputs.
Context-Aware Power Management (2006)

I, the undersigned, declare that this work has not previously been submitted to this or any other University, and that unless otherwise stated, it is entirely my own work.
Structure and binding of alkanethiolates on gold and silver surfaces: implications for self-assembled monolayers (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and binding of alkanethiolates on gold and silver surfaces: implications for self-assembled monolayersHarrell Sellers, Abraham Ulman, Yitzhak Shnidman, and James E. EilersCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 21, 9389–9401Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00074a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00074a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5020Altmetric-Citations883LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhanced Brightness and Efficiency in Organic Light-Emitting Devices Using an LiF-Doped Electron-injecting Layer with Aluminium Cathode (2000)

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with enhanced brightness and efficiency were developed using an LiF-doped organic layer as an electron-injecting layer besides the aluminium cathode. The typical device structure is glass substrate/indium-tin-oxide/N, N'-bis (3-methyphenyl)-N, N'-diphenylbenzidize/8-tris-hydroxyquinoline aluminium (Alq3) /LiF-doped Alq3/Al. An optimized device with an LiF-doped Alq3 layer showed brightness over 15300 cd/m2, while the device without the LiF-doped Alq3 layer exhibited only 3200 cd/m2. Also, the luminance efficiency of the former was 4-5 times as that of the latter. This is another way to improve the OLEDs performance, especially in applications of OLEDs with a large active area.
Synthesis and Characterization of RGD Peptide Grafted Poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>b</i>-Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lactide)-<i>b</i>-Poly(<scp>l</scp>-glutamic acid) Triblock Copolymer (2006)

Advances in tissue engineering require biofunctional scaffolds that can provide not only physical support for cells but also chemical and biological cues needed in forming functional tissues. To achieve this goal, a novel RGD peptide grafted poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(L-glutamic acid) (PEG-PLA-PGL/RGD) was synthesized in four steps (1) to prepare diblock copolymer PEG-PLA-OH and to convert its -OH end group into -NH(2) (to obtain PEG-PLA-NH(2)), (2) to prepare triblock copolymer PEG-PLA-PBGL by ring-opening polymerization of NCA (N-carboxyanhydride) derived from benzyl glutamate with diblock copolymer PEG-PLA-NH(2) as macroinitiator, (3) to remove the protective benzyl groups by catalytic hydrogenation of PEG-PLA-PBGL to obtain PEG-PLA-PGL, and (4) to react RGD (arginine-glycine-(aspartic amide)) with the carboxyl groups of the PEG-PLA-PGL. The structures of PEG-PLA-PGL/RGD and its precursors were confirmed by (1)H NMR, FT-IR, amino acid analysis, and XPS analysis. Addition of 5 wt % PEG-PLA-PGL/RGD into a PLGA matrix significantly improved the surface wettability of the blend films and the adhesion and proliferation behavior of human chondrocytes and 3T3 cells on the blend films. Therefore, the novel RGD-grafted triblock copolymer is expected to find application in cell or tissue engineering.
High Concentrations of Plasma Immunoreactive Inhibin during Normal Pregnancy in Women (1990)

The plasma inhibin concentrations in 190 normal pregnant women at 5-40 weeks gestation and in 4 puerperal women were measured by a specific RIA for human inhibin. The average plasma inhibin concentrations in pregnant women throughout pregnancy (minimum, 2.25 +/- 0.48 IU/mL at 17 weeks gestation; maximum, 24.15 +/- 6.99 IU/mL at 39 weeks gestation) were much higher than those in nonpregnant women with a normal menstrual cycle (0.46 +/- 0.04 IU/mL in the midfollicular phase and 2.02 +/- 0.47 IU/mL in the midluteal phase). The inhibin concentrations were already high at 5 weeks gestation (7.54 +/- 1.10 IU/mL) and rose to peak at 8-10 weeks gestation. The concentrations then decreased and remained relatively low during 14-30 weeks gestation, but rose again during the third trimester. The inhibin concentrations decreased to undetectable levels after delivery. Immunoreactive inhibin was demonstrated in the corpus luteum and term placental extracts, and the dose-response curves were parallel to an inhibin preparation from human follicular fluid. Immunoreactive inhibin concentrations were also high in both the umbilical vein and artery (7.77 +/- 0.80 and 7.84 +/- 0.78 IU/mL, respectively). These observations suggest that both the corpus luteum and placenta are likely sources of inhibin.
Aerogel Templated ZnO Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2008)

Atomic layer deposition is employed to conformally coat low density, high surface area aerogel films with ZnO. The ZnO/aerogel membranes are incorporated as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells, which exhibit excellent power efficiencies of up to 2.4% under 100 mW cm−2 light intensity. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2008/adma200702781_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Influence of Cation Substitution and Activator Site Exchange on the Photoluminescence Properties of Eu<sup>3+</sup>-Doped Quaternary Pyrochlore Oxides (2013)

Stannate-based pyrochlore-type red phosphors CaGd(1-x)SnNbO7:xEu(3+), Ca(1-y)Sr(y)Gd(1-x)SnNbO7:xEu(3+), and Ca(0.8-x)Sr0.2GdSnNbO(7+δ): xEu(3+) were prepared via conventional solid-state method. Influence of cation substitution and activator site control on the photoluminescence properties of these phosphors are elucidated using powder X-ray diffraction, Rietveld analysis, Raman spectrum analysis, and photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra. The Eu(3+) luminescence in quaternary pyrochlore lattice exemplifies as a very good structural probe for the detection of short-range disorder in the lattice, which otherwise is not detected by normal powder X-ray diffraction technique. The Eu(3+) emission due to magnetic dipole transition ((5)D0-(7)F1 MD) is modified with the increase in europium concentration in the quaternary pyrochlore red phosphors. (5)D0-(7)F1 MD transition splitting is not observable for low Eu(3+) doping because of the short-range disorder in the pyrochlore lattice. Appearance of narrow peaks in Raman spectra confirms that short-range disorder in the crystal lattice disappears with progressive europium doping. By using Sr as a network modifier ion in place of Ca we were able to increase the f-f transition intensities and europium quenching concentration. The influence of effective positive charge of the central Eu(3+) ions when it replaces a metal ion having lower oxidation state such as Ca(2+) was also investigated. The relative intensities of A1g (∼500 cm(-1)) and F2g (∼330 cm(-1)) Raman vibrational modes get inverted when Eu(3+) ions replaces Ca(2+) ions instead of Gd(3+) as trivalent europium ions can attract the electron cloud of oxygen ions strongly in comparison with divalent calcium ions. The influence of positive charge effect of Eu(3+) in Ca0.7Sr0.2GdSnNbO7+δ:0.1Eu(3+) phosphor is greatly strengthened the charge transfer band and (7)F0-(5)L6 transition intensities than that of the Ca0.8Sr0.2Gd0.9SnNbO7:0.1Eu(3+) phosphor. Our results suggest that the photoluminescence properties can be enhanced by simple compositional adjustments in the quaternary pyrochlore-type red phosphors.
Stimulation of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compounds (1991)

summary The effects of flavonoid compounds on VA mycorrhiza root colonization and growth of white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) plants under growth chamber conditions are reported. The isoflavonoids, formononetin and biochanin A, previously identified from clover roots, stimulated colonization and growth of clover, while several other flavonoid compounds were inactive when tested at concentrations of 5 mg 1 −1 . The flavone, chrysin, when applied at concentrations higher than those tested for formononetin and biochanin A, also increased root colonization and plant growth. The stimulatory effects of the isoflavonoids on plant growth were mediated by VA mycorrhizal fungi and were dependent on concentration, period of growth and soil spore density. Maximum responses were found when 5 mg 1 −1 solutions were applied to soil containing 2 to 4 VA mycorrhiza spores g −1 of soil. These results may provide insights on the molecular mechanisms of host‐fungus interaction and for the development of technology to exploit the potential of the indigenous VA mycorrhizal fungi in field soil.
Cognitive evoked potentials as modulatory processes in human memory formation and retrieval. (1987)

The complex experiential nature of human cognitive memories implies that their formation and retrieval result from neural activity that is widespread and patterned. This integration of widespread activity into coherently patterned gestalts is accompanied by event related brain potentials (ERPs). ERP component N4, reflecting associative activation, declines as words or faces become more familiar. ERP component P3, reflecting cognitive closure, generally grows larger with familiarity. Similar changes in the N4/P3 are seen to familiarity in remote semantic memory. The N4/P3 may be generated directly by the multitude of specific neuronal interactions that constitute associative activation and contextual closure. Alternatively, the N4/P3 may be generated by diffuse modulatory pathways exerting non-specific control over these same interactions. In any case, the N4 and P3 appear to be generated simultaneously in several neocortical and subcortical structures, including the medial temporal lobe (MTL), where lesions are known to produce a profound deficit in learning new cognitive material. The MTL in the dominant hemisphere is necessary for the extratemporal N4/P3 generators to alter their response to words that are familiar in context. The mechanism whereby the MTL controls cortical activation is unknown. However, some hippocampal neurons are activated by particular words, suggesting that the MTL contributes specific information to the cortex during memory retrieval. These properties of the N4/P3 bear a close similarity to modulatory processes which have been found to aid formal associative networks in creating patterns that best represent current input in light of past experience. These modulatory processes consist of an initial generalized activation that encourages partially specified widespread elements to emerge as a network, followed by inhibition that focuses the emerging pattern into a coherent gestalt.
Synthesis and Lipase-Catalyzed Resolution of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-ones:  Masked Glycerol Analogs as Potential Building Blocks for Pharmaceuticals (1996)

(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-ones from mandelic and lactic acids and 1,5,5-trimethyl-3-phenyloxazolidin-2-one from mandelamide were α-alkylated using benzyl chloromethyl ether. Reductive debenzylation of the products of alkylation unmasked the hydroxymethyl groups. The compounds obtained in this fashion were subsequently subjected to lipase-catalyzed resolution in organic media. Depending on the lipase and substrate employed, enantiomeric ratios up to E = 200 were observed. The obtained optically pure compounds can be considered as masked 2-substituted glycerol equivalents, which could be used for the preparation of tertiary (aryloxy)propanolamines, compounds having potential β-blocking activity.
Piezoresistive accelerometers for MCM package (2002)

Describes the first steps carried out for the integration of piezoresistive accelerometers in an MCM-D (D-type multichip modules with flip-chip interconnection) package. The bulk micromachined accelerometer technology and its modification to comply with MCM-D packaging technology requirements are presented. The accelerometer technology is based on BESOI (Bond and Etch Back Silicon-On-Insulator) wafers. The main characteristic of this technology is the use of the buried silicon oxide layer as an etch stop and as a sacrificial layer. In addition, over-range protection and self-test systems are defined without any additional photolithographic step or process. The flip chip attachment requires solderable metals in the bump pads. In addition, a sealing ring has been defined around the movable parts of the sensors to protect them from the underfill used during the final packaging process. Cantilever beam accelerometers with a self-test system are presented as example of the combined technology. The design, simulation, fabrication and characterization of the devices prior to the MCM-D packaging are presented as well.
Inhibition of Dengue Virus by Targeting Viral NS4B Protein (2011)

We report a novel inhibitor that selectively suppresses dengue virus (DENV) by targeting viral NS4B protein. The inhibitor was identified by screening a 1.8-million-compound library using a luciferase replicon of DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2). The compound specifically inhibits all four serotypes of DENV (50% effective concentration [EC(50)], 1 to 4 μM; and 50% cytotoxic concentration [CC(50)], >40 μM), but it does not inhibit closely related flaviviruses (West Nile virus and yellow fever virus) or nonflaviviruses (Western equine encephalomyelitis virus, Chikungunya virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus). A mode-of-action study suggested that the compound inhibits viral RNA synthesis. Replicons resistant to the inhibitor were selected in cell culture. Sequencing of the resistant replicons revealed two mutations (P104L and A119T) in the viral NS4B protein. Genetic analysis, using DENV-2 replicon and recombinant viruses, demonstrated that each of the two NS4B mutations alone confers partial resistance and double mutations confer additive resistance to the inhibitor in mammalian cells. In addition, we found that a replication defect caused by a lethal NS4B mutation could be partially rescued through trans complementation. The ability to complement NS4B in trans affected drug sensitivity when a single cell was coinfected with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant viruses. Mechanistically, NS4B was previously shown to interact with the viral NS3 helicase domain; one of the two NS4B mutations recovered in our resistance analysis-P104L-abolished the NS3-NS4B interaction (I. Umareddy, A. Chao, A. Sampath, F. Gu, and S. G. Vasudevan, J. Gen. Virol. 87:2605-2614, 2006). Collectively, the results suggest that the identified inhibitor targets the DENV NS4B protein, leading to a defect in viral RNA synthesis.
Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles (1993)

This concise introduction to probability theory for undergraduate electrical engineers offers a logical organization which stresses the fundamentals of the subject. The topics have been chosen to flow logically from simple to advanced. Examples and applications illustrating the theory are featured throughout the book, including discussions of noise figures and noise and random signals in systems, and over 800 exercises are included. This edition has added coverage of poisson random processes, measurement of power spectra, and computer generation of random variables. It has added several new fully-worked examples and exercises at the end of chapters.
Caratuberside A2: A New Pregnane from<i>Caralluma Tuberculata</i> (1993)

Abstract A medicinal herb, Caralluma tuberculata (Asclepiadaceae), furnished a pregnane type compound, caratuberside A2. The sugar linkage was at C-14 which is a rare site of substitution. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic means, including COSY-45, J-resolved, HMBC, HMQC, C-H correlation experiments and derivatization.
Oral Insulin Supplementation Attenuates Atherosclerosis Progression in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice (2003)

Objective— The role of insulin in atherosclerosis progression in diabetes is uncertain. We examined the effects of oral insulin supplementation on atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (E 0 ) mice. Methods and Results— One-month-old male E 0 mice were orally supplemented with human insulin (0.1, 0.5, and 1 U/mL) or placebo for 3 months. At the end of the study, serum and macrophage oxidative stress and atherosclerosis progression were studied. Insulin reduced lesion size by 22% to 37% ( P <0.05) in all study groups. Lipid peroxides serum levels were 18% lower ( P <0.01), and serum paraoxonase activity was 30% higher ( P <0.01) in mice supplemented with 1.0 U/mL insulin compared with controls. Insulin reduced mouse peritoneal macrophage (MPM) lipid peroxides content and superoxide anion release by up to 44% and 62%, respectively ( P <0.01). In addition, oral insulin reduced MPM cholesterol content and cholesterol biosynthesis by up to 36% and 53%, respectively ( P <0.01). In vitro incubation of E 0 mice MPM with increasing insulin concentrations (0 to 100 μU/mL) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of cholesterol synthesis by up to 66% ( P <0.05). Conclusions— In E 0 mice, oral insulin supplementation attenuates the atherosclerotic process. This may be attributable to insulin-mediated reduction of oxidative stress in serum and macrophages as well as reduction in macrophage cholesterol content.
The stochastic multicommodity flow problem (1990)

Abstract This paper formulates and classifies some multicommodity flow problems (MFP) on “stochastic networks.” Here, the arc attributes are not necessarily deterministic, but, rather, are allowed to be probabilistic. Some special cases of the stochastic multicommodity flow problems (SMFP) are considered where the resultant formulations are solvable by existing algorithms for MFP. Specifically, we consider the following problems: SMFP‐FLOW INDEPENDENT, where the arc travel attributes are random but not dependent on the flows in the network, and SMFP‐FLOW DEPENDENT, where the stochasticity of arc travel attributes is either due to random demands or due to arc free‐flow travel attributes being probabilistic. The scenario where the cost function c(w) , of travel attribute w , is linear is fully explored‐for both the above problems. Also, some special cases of the problems are studied when c(w) is exponential or quadratic in w . As an illustrative application, some traffic assignment problems on stochastic networks are formulated and solved as SMFPs.