gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Camel Milk: An Important Natural Adjuvant (2017)

One humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) breeds, indigenous to India, have been shown to have good genetic potential to produce milk. Camel milk not only is cost-effective in terms of feed conversion but also has additional advantage of longer lactation period and unique adaptation mechanisms for warm arid and semiarid regions. The key features of camel milk in comparison with other milk are low fat with high content of unsaturated and long-chain fatty acid. The proteins are rich in lactoferrin and lysozymes, but deficient in β-lactoglobulin. It has higher percentage of total salts, free calcium, protective proteins and vitamin C, and some of the microminerals, viz iron, copper and zinc. Physicochemical properties of camel milk are also unique and useful for food processing. The shelf life of raw camel milk is 8–9 h, which can be extended up to 18–20 h through activation of camel lactoperoxidase system. Heat stability of camel milk is shown to be highest at pH 6.8, and it ferments relatively slowly compared to the cattle milk. The camel milk is successfully processed for producing a variety of products, such as fermented milk (‘lassi’), soft cheese, flavored milk and ‘kulfee’ (a kind of ice cream). Camel milk has been traditionally used in different regions of the world as natural adjuvant for managing a variety of human diseases.
Expression of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase gene in normal and leukemic cells: regulation of the transcript by granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (1990)

The levels of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) messenger RNA (mRNA) are evaluated in B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and this transcript is found to be present only in PMNs. Precursors of the myelomonocytic pathway, represented by leukemic cells isolated from several cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in its stable and blastic phase and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), are devoid of LAP transcript. These data support the notion that LAP is a marker of the granulocyte terminal differentiation. Despite the absence of LAP mRNA in both the myeloid and the lymphoid precursors, nuclear run-on experiments show constitutive transcription of the LAP gene in leukemic cells obtained from AML, CML, as well as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). In CML and in chronic myelo-monocytic leukemia (CMML) PMNs, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) specifically accumulates LAP mRNA without showing a substantial increase in the rate of transcription of the LAP gene. Once increased by G-CSF, LAP mRNA is very stable, showing a half-life of more than 4 hours in the presence of actinomycin-D. G-CSF is suggested to play a pivotal role in the modulation of LAP transcript in PMNs.
Selective memoization (2003)

We present a framework for applying memoization selectively. The framework provides programmer control over equality, space usage, and identification of precise dependences so that memoization can be applied according to the needs of an application. Two key properties of the framework are that it is efficient and yields programs whose performance can be analyzed using standard techniques.We describe the framework in the context of a functional language and an implementation as an SML library. The language is based on a modal type system and allows the programmer to express programs that reveal their true data dependences when executed. The SML implementation cannot support this modal type system statically, but instead employs run-time checks to ensure correct usage of primitives.
Depletion of Lymphocytes and Diminished Cytokine Production in Mice Infected with a Highly Virulent Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Isolated from Humans (2000)

Previously, we observed that several virulent influenza A (H5N1) viruses which caused severe or fatal disease in humans were also lethal in BALB/c mice following dissemination of the virus to solid organs, including the brain. In contrast, one particular human H5N1 virus was nonlethal in mice and showed no evidence of systemic spread. To compare H5N1 viruses of varying pathogenicity for their ability to alter the mammalian immune system, mice were infected with either influenza A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK/483) (lethal) or A/Hong Kong/486/97 (HK/486) (nonlethal) virus and monitored for lymphocyte depletion in the blood, lungs, and lymphoid tissue. Intranasal infection with HK/483 resulted in a significant decrease in the total number of circulating leukocytes evident as early as day 2 postinfection. Differential blood counts demonstrated up to an 80% drop in lymphocytes by day 4 postinfection. In contrast, nonlethal HK/486-infected mice displayed only a transient drop of lymphocytes during the infectious period. Analysis of lung and lymphoid tissue from HK/483-infected mice demonstrated a reduction in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and reduced synthesis of the cytokines interleukin-1beta and gamma interferon and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein compared with HK/486-infected mice. In contrast, the cytokine and chemokine levels were increased in the brains of mice infected with HK/483 but not HK/486. Evidence of apoptosis in the spleen and lung of HK/483-infected mice was detected in situ, suggesting a mechanism for lymphocyte destruction. These results suggest that destructive effects on the immune system may be one factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of H5N1 viruses in mammalian hosts.
A History of Luminescence from the Earliest Times Until 1900 (1958)

A History of Luminescence from the Earliest Times until 1900 Get access A History of Luminescence from the Earliest Times until 1900. Harvey E. Newton. 692 pgs., illus. American Philosophical Society, Memoirs Volume 44, Philadelphia, Pa. ( 1957) $6.00 Rogers McVaugh Rogers McVaugh University of Michigan. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AIBS Bulletin, Volume 8, Issue 2, April 1958, Page 49, https://doi.org/10.2307/1291956 Published: 01 April 1958
Three-dimensional optical phantom and its application in photodynamic therapy (1997)

The proposed technique allows one to produce a stable three-dimensional phantom with accurately predictable optical properties.
Probe sialidase substrate specificity using chemoenzymatically synthesized sialosides containing C9-modified sialic acid (2012)

A library of α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialyl galactosides containing C9-modified sialic acids was synthesized from C6-modified mannose derivatives using an efficient one-pot three-enzyme system. These sialosides were used in a high-throughput sialidase substrate specificity assay to elucidate the importance of C9-OH in sialidase recognition.
First Results From the High-Resolution mouseSPECT Annular Scintillation Camera (2005)

High-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging in small animals tends to use long imaging times and large injected doses due to the poor sensitivity of single pinhole gamma cameras. To increase sensitivity while maintaining spatial resolution, we designed and constructed a multipinhole collimator array to replace the parallel hole collimators of a Ceraspect human SPECT brain scanner. The Ceraspect scanner is composed of an annular NaI(TI) crystal within which the eight pinhole collimators (1-mm-diameter holes) rotate while projecting nonoverlapping images of the object onto the stationary annular crystal. In this manner, only one-eighth of a collimator rotation is required to acquire a full circle orbit tomographic data set. The imaging field of view (FOV) has a diameter of 25.6 mm in the transverse direction, which is sufficient to encompass a mouse in the transverse direction. The axial FOV is 25.6 mm at the center of the FOV and 13.9 mm at the edge of the transverse FOV. Data are currently acquired in step-and-shoot mode; however, the system is capable of list mode acquisition with the collimator continuously rotating. Images are reconstructed using a cone-beam ordered subsets expectation maximization method. The reconstructed spatial resolution of the system is 1.7 mm and the sensitivity at the center of the FOV is 13.8 cps/microCi. A whole-body bone scan of a mouse injected with [Tc-99 m]MDP clearly revealed skeletal structures such as the ribs and vertebral bodies. These preliminary results suggest that this approach is a good tradeoff between resolution and sensitivity and, with further refinement, may permit dynamic imaging in living animals.
Robust gut-specific gene expression in transgenic <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes (2000)

Genetic modification of the vectorial capacity of mosquito vectors of human disease requires promoters capable of driving gene expression with appropriate tissue and stage specificity. We report on the characterization in transgenic Aedes aegypti of two mosquito gut-specific promoters. A 1.4-kb DNA fragment adjacent to the 5' end of the coding region of the Ae. aegypti carboxypeptidase (AeCP) gene and a corresponding 3.4-kb DNA fragment at the 5' end of the Anopheles gambiae carboxypeptidase (AgCP) gene were linked to a firefly luciferase reporter gene and introduced into the Ae. aegypti germ line by using Hermes and mariner (Mos1) transposons. Six independent transgenic lines were obtained with the AeCP construct and one with the AgCP construct. Luciferase mRNA and protein were abundantly expressed in the guts of transgenic mosquitoes in four of the six AeCP lines and in the AgCP line. Expression of the reporter gene was gut-specific and reached peak levels at about 24 h post-blood ingestion. The AeCP and AgCP promoters can be used to drive the expression of genes that hinder parasite development in the mosquito gut.
A Deduction of Key Work for Service Guide of Construction Managerin Construction Project (2011)

최근 국내 건설산업에서의 건설사업관리제도(CM: Construct Management)는 발주자의 관리능력의 보완 및 건설사업의 종합적 관리를 통한 사업 효율성 제고의 수단으로서 인지되고 있으며, 적용이 확대되고 있다. 기 제정 및 개정된 건설사업관리 업무지침은 수행업무에 대한 범위 및 절차의 내용이 각 업무의 정의 수준에 머물러있고, 세부 업무에 대한 구체성이 미흡하여 세부업무에 대한 수행계획을 세우는데 효과적이지 못하다는 문제점과 기 수행된 건설사업관리 사례에 대한 조사에 따르면 각 건설사업관리 용역사 별, 프로젝트별에 따라 별도의 업무지침에 따라 업무가 계획 수행되고 있다는 점에서 효과적이고 효율적인 건설사업관리를 위해서는 구체화, 표준화된 업무지침서 및 절차서의 필요성이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 관련 문헌 및 국 내외에서 수행된 건설사업 사례의 업무지침서와 절차서를 바탕으로 건설사업관리자의 주요업무를 도출하고, 설문조사를 통해 얻은 결과를 분석하여 핵심업무를 도출함으로써 향후 건설사업관리 계약 및 업무 수행에서 실질적인 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. Recently, the Construction Management service of domestic construction environment has being extended because that is an effective means to supplement owner's management and improve a total management of construction. But existing CM service guide is staying simply defined level about a work scope and procedure. So the standard CM guide needs to set a detailed plan of the project. Therefore, the key works were deducted by doing survey after the main work of CM service based on CM case studies and an existing CM service guide. That is expected to use CM contract and do service.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Derived Lentivirus Vectors Pseudotyped with Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Ross River Virus and Semliki Forest Virus (2004)

Ross River virus (RRV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) are two alphaviruses that have a high degree of amino acid homology, as well as a very broad host range. We show here that envelope glycoproteins derived from both viruses can pseudotype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-derived lentivirus vectors. Both RRV and SFV glycoproteins considerably expand the host range of the lentivirus vector, and vectors can be efficiently concentrated by ultracentrifugation. A systematic analysis comparing the alphaviral glycoproteins to the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) revealed that lentivirus vectors incorporate RRV glycoproteins with an efficiency comparable to that of VSV-G. Both pseudotypes have comparable physical titers, but infectious titers with the RRV pseudotype are lower than with VSV-G. Incorporation of SFV glycoproteins into lentivirus vector is less efficient, leading to decreased physical and infectious titers. The transduction rates with VSV-G-, RRV-, and SFV-pseudotyped lentivirus vectors into adherent cell lines can be significantly increased by using a combination of Polybrene and plates coated with CH-296 recombinant fibronectin fragments. Together, our data suggest that RRV and SFV glycoproteins might be suitable as alternatives to VSV-G for pseudotyping lentivirus vectors.
A Self‐Charging Power Unit by Integration of a Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerator and a Flexible Lithium‐Ion Battery for Wearable Electronics (2015)

A novel integrated power unit realizes both energy harvesting and energy storage by a textile triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-cloth and a flexible lithium-ion battery (LIB) belt, respectively. The mechanical energy of daily human motion is converted into electricity by the TENG-cloth, sustaining the energy of the LIB belt to power wearable smart electronics.
Enzyme-alterable alkylating agents. I. Synthesis, chemical properties, and toxicities of sulfur mustards containing enzyme-susceptible amide bonds (1962)

HOUGH tumors are not known to possess T any enzymes not present in normal tissue, frequently patterns of enzyme activity differing widely from that of normal tissue are found.26Some striking demonstrations of these differences in the case of acid phosphata~e,~B esterase,g phosphamidase,24 and other enzymes47 have been reported.For example, it was shown -by the use of 8-naphthyl acetate, which is converted to p-naphthol by esterase at the enzyme site, which in turn is converted to an insoluble azo dye by an appropriate coupling agent-that alcohol-fixed carcinoma cells exhibited much less esterase activity than did similarly treated vital normal epithelial cells.gIt occurred to Seligman and his associates in 194g47 that a similar technique might be useful in developing antitumor agents.Taking a lead from the principle that colorless chromogenic substrates can be designed that have the inherent capability of producing color when
Vapor Lubrication of Graphite Sliding Contacts (1956)

A fundamental study of graphite sliding contacts shows that atmospheric concentrations of only a few parts per million of the larger organic molecules are sufficient to prevent the severe wear of graphite which occurs in a dry atmosphere. The experimental results suggest roughly the empirical rule that the minimum relative ``humidity'' of a vapor for effective lubrication decreases logarithmically with chain length in the region 5 to 15 A.
Intellectual property: In principle (2004)

Provides a succinct contemporary account of the essential principles of all forms of intellectual property recognised in Australian law and incorporates recent international developments and numerous legislative amendments from recent years. Intended for use primarily in undergraduates law courses.
Volatile organic acids generated from kerogen during laboratory heating. (1986)

Low molecular weight organic acids were studied in the course of pyrolysis experiments (200-400 degrees C, 2-1,000 h) of kerogen (Green River Formation and Monterey Formation) with and without the presence of water and minerals (montmorillonite, illite and calcite). C1-C10 aliphatic acids and benzoic acid were identified in the pyrolysis products of kerogen. Their distribution is characterized by a dominance of acetic acid followed by formic and propionic acids with an even/odd preference in the range of C4-C10. Total concentrations of these acids amounted to 0.3% of initial kerogen, indicating that kerogen has a good potential for producing organic acids. Geochemical implications of these organic acids are; (1) they are possible intermediates from kerogen to natural gas (CO2, H2, CH4, C2H6, etc.) by decarboxylation, and (2) they may be important and potential contributors to the generation of secondary porosity by dissolving minerals.
Control Transfer in Operating System Kernels (1994)

Control transfer is the fundamental activity in an operating system kernel. The resource management Functionality and application programmer interfaces of an operating system may be delegated to other system components, but the kernel must manage control transfer. The current trend towards increased modularity in operating systems only increases the importance of control transfer. My thesis is that a programming language abstraction, continuations, can be adapted for use in operating system kernels to achieve increased flexibility and performance for control transfer. The flexibility that continuations provide allows the kernel designer when necessary to choose implementation performance over convenience, without affecting the design of the rest of the kernel. The continuation abstraction generalizes existing operating system control transfer optimizations. This dissertation also makes two practical contributions, an interface for machine-independent control transfer management inside the kernel and a recipe for converting an existing operating system kernel to use continuations. The control transfer interface exposes enough functionality to let continuation-using code be machine-independent without sacrificing performance. It provides more functionality than the current state of the art, while still hiding the machine-dependent details of control transfer, such as switching register state and changing address spaces. The recipe provides a set of techniques and advice for converting existing code and writing new code with continuations. Taken together, these contributions form a blueprint for putting continuations into practice. I have implemented continuations in the Mach 3.0 kernel from Carnegie Mellon University. This dissertation reports the performance improvements observed in that environment.
A formal method for attack modelling and detection (2006)

This paper presents a formal methodology for attack modeling and detection for networks. Our approach has three phases. 

First, we extend the basic attack tree approach 1 to capture 
(i) the temporal dependencies between components, and 
(ii) the expiration of an attack. 

Second, using the enhanced attack trees (EAT) we build a tree automaton that accepts a sequence of actions from input stream if there is a traverse of an attack tree from leaves to the root node. 

Finally, we show how to construct an enhanced parallel automaton (EPA) that has each tree automaton as a subroutine and can process the input stream by considering multiple trees simultaneously. As a case study, we show how to represent the attacks in IEEE 802.11 and construct an EPA for it.
MECHANISTIC STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE INHIBITION OF WILD TYPE AND MUTANT HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE BY CARBOVIR-TRIPHOSPHATE (2001)

Abacavir (1592U89) has recently been approved by the FDA for treatment of HIV infection. Transient kinetic studies were carried out to better understand the interaction of the active metabolite of Abacavir (Carbovir-triphosphate) with wild type and mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Some of the data is summarized and used as a basis for discussion of inhibition by CBVTP and previously studied nucleoside analogs.
History and Politics (2004)

This chapter contains section titled: Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? Bottom's Up
Misconception regarding use of transformer resonators in monolithic oscillators (2006)

A misrepresentation prevalent in the recent literature concerning the selectivity of an integrated transformer resonator compared to an inductor equivalent, i.e. an inductor resonator constructed from the same metal windings, is clarified.
The Scar‐in‐a‐Jar: studying potential antifibrotic compounds from the epigenetic to extracellular level in a single well (2009)

This novel screening system supersedes current in vitro fibroplasia models, as a fast, quantitative and non-destructive technique. This method distinguishes a reduction in collagen I deposition, excluding collagen cross-linking, and allows full evaluation of inhibitors of C-proteinase/BMP-1 and other matrix metalloproteinases.
Observation of a kinetic slow transition in monomeric glucokinase (1990)

Rat liver glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) is a monomeric enzyme with positive cooperativity for glucose phosphorylation for which several kinetic mechanisms have been proposed. We have observed a slow kinetic transition when the enzyme is assayed in the presence of 30% glycerol. When the enzyme had been preincubated or stored in 50 mM glucose, the initially rapid activity decayed, via a first-order process, to a new steady-state velocity. The glucose-induced process is reversible since if the enzyme is preincubated without glucose, an initially low activity accelerates over minutes to the same steady-state velocity. This final velocity is independent of the preincubation conditions and is determined solely by the glucose and ATP concentrations in the assay. Possible artifacts which might cause nonlinear progress curves have been ruled out. The transition has a half-time of 2-10 min depending on glucose and ATP concentrations and temperature. In the steady-state kinetics, positive cooperativity occurs with glucose with a Hill coefficient (nH) = 1.3 at high ATP concentrations, approaching unity as the ATP concentration decreases. This pattern is similar to that seen in the linear velocities in the absence of glycerol. Similarly, negative cooperativity with MgATP is seen in the steady-state velocities at low glucose concentrations with the Hill coefficient approaching 1 as the glucose concentrations approach saturation. The initial velocity for enzyme preincubated in high glucose concentration was either Michaelis-Menten as a function of glucose at high MgATP concentration or heterogeneous (nH less than 1, negatively cooperative) at low MgATP concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Preparation of reduced graphene oxide by infrared irradiation induced photothermal reduction (2013)

We present a green and scalable route toward the formation of reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) by photothermal reduction induced by infrared (IR) irradiation, utilizing a bathroom IR lamp as the source of IR light. Thermogravimetric analysis, Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the reduction of r-GO by IR light. Ultraviolet-visible-infrared spectra indicate that adsorption of IR light by original GO films is less than that of UV and visible light; but when GO is exposed to IR light, its adsorption of IR light increases very rapidly with time. The influence of the power density of the IR light on the structure and properties of r-GO was investigated. At high IR power density, the reduction reaction was so fierce that r-GO became highly porous due to the rapid degassing and exfoliation of GO sheets. The r-GO powder revealed good performance as the anode material for lithium ion batteries. At relatively low IR power density, the reduction process was found to be mild but relatively slow. Crack-free and uniform conductive r-GO thin films with a volume conductivity of 1670 S m−1 were then prepared by two-step IR irradiation, i.e. first at low IR power density and then at high IR power density. Moreover, the r-GO films were also observed to exhibit obvious and reversible IR light-sensing behavior.