gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in New York Dairy Herds (2000)

As part of our long-term objective of assessing risk for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. in dairy herds, we carried out a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of the two organisms. The study population consisted of a sample of dairy herds enrolled in the Quality Milk Promotion Services at Cornell during the period of April 1998 to March 1999. The sample was stratified by geographical region to assure representation. Four hundred and four dairy farms were enrolled in the study. In-line milk filters were collected from each farm for bacteriological examination of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. Four hypothesized risk factors were evaluated for their association with the likelihood of the presence of each of the two organisms using logistic regression analysis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 51 (12.6%) of the milk filters. We found region-specific differences in the rate of farms with positive milk filters for this pathogen. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 6 (1.5%) milk filters. One isolate was confirmed as Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT 104. There was no significant association between any of the hypothetical risk factors and the likelihood of Salmonella spp. isolation. Our study demonstrated that both L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were prevalent in milk filters in New York dairy herds and that Salmonella was isolated at a significantly lower rate then L. monocytogenes.
Generalized delay optimization of resistive interconnections through an extension of logical effort (2002)

The resistance of VLSI interconnections is significant. Previous studies have proposed optimal repeater schemes using simple buffers for delay optimization of the interconnection. A more general approach that handles arbitrary logic gates as well as buffers is proposed. The methodology is based on an extension of the concept of logical effort. The optimization yields proper spacing of the given logic gates, additional repeaters (buffers) required for a given RC line, and sizing of all the gates. This approach is applicable to design situations where existing CMOS logic gates must be considered in the overall repeater scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>SIGLEC16</i> encodes a DAP12‐associated receptor expressed in macrophages that evolved from its inhibitory counterpart <i>SIGLEC11</i> and has functional and non‐functional alleles in humans (2008)

Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglec) are important components of immune recognition. The organization of Siglec genes in different species is consistent with rapid selection imposed by pathogens. We studied SIGLEC11 genes in human, rodent, dog, cow and non-human primates. The lineages of SIGLEC11 genes in these species have undergone dynamic gene duplication and conversion, forming a potential inhibitory (SIGLEC11)/activating (SIGLEC16) receptor pair in chimpanzee and humans. A cDNA encoding human Siglec-16, currently classed as a pseudogene in the databases (SIGLECP16), is expressed in various cell lines and tissues. A polymorphism screen for the two alleles (wild type and four-base pair deletion, 4bpDelta) of SIGLEC16 found their frequencies to be 50% amongst the UK population. A search for donor sequences for SIGLEC16 revealed a subfamily of activating Siglec with charged transmembrane domains predicted to associate with ITAM-encoding adaptor proteins. In support of this, Siglec-16 was expressed at the cell surface in the presence of DAP12, but not the FcRgamma chain. Using antisera specific to the cytoplasmic tail of Siglec-16, we identified Siglec-16 expression in CD14(+) tissue macrophages and in normal human brain, cancerous oesophagus and lung. This is the first activating human Siglec receptor found to have functional and non-functional alleles within the population.
Bound vortex boundary layer control with application to V/STOL airplanes (1988)

Effectiveness of the bound vortex boundary layer control is assessed with reference to airfoils modified with a leading edge rotating cylinder. Results of the test program and the numerical models suggest the following:
Isolation of Lysosomes from Tissues and Cells by Differential and Density Gradient Centrifugation (2000)

Abstract This unit covers the use of Percoll, Nycodenz, and iodixanol for purification of lysosomes from a light mitochondrial pellet or postnuclear supernatant. The first protocol describes isolation of lysosomes from rat liver using a Percoll gradient; it includes some comments on using brain and kidney tissue as source material. Alternatively, this protocol can be modified to enhance the separation of lysosomes by organelle density perturbation. Another alternative uses a discontinuous gradient of Nycodenz to purify lysosomes from a rat liver light mitochondrial pellet. A continuous iodixanol gradient, which can be used to purify other organelles in the light mitochondrial fraction, is yet another alternative for purifying lysosomes. Lysosomes can also be isolated from some of the more commonly used cultured cells. The unit also includes assays for common lysosome marker enzymes.
Rational Design of Sulfonated A<sub>3</sub> Adenosine Receptor-Selective Nucleosides as Pharmacological Tools To Study Chronic Neuropathic Pain (2013)

(N)-Methanocarba(bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane)adenosine derivatives were probed for sites of charged sulfonate substitution, which precludes diffusion across biological membranes, e.g., blood-brain barrier. Molecular modeling predicted that sulfonate groups on C2-phenylethynyl substituents would provide high affinity at both mouse (m) and human (h) A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), while a N(6)-p-sulfophenylethyl substituent would determine higher hA3AR vs mA3AR affinity. These modeling predictions, based on steric fitting of the binding cavity and crucial interactions with key residues, were confirmed by binding/efficacy studies of synthesized sulfonates. N(6)-3-Chlorobenzyl-2-(3-sulfophenylethynyl) derivative 7 (MRS5841) bound selectively to h/m A3ARs (Ki(hA3AR) = 1.9 nM) as agonist, while corresponding p-sulfo isomer 6 (MRS5701) displayed mixed A1/A3AR agonism. Both nucleosides administered ip reduced mouse chronic neuropathic pain that was ascribed to either A3AR or A1/A3AR using A3AR genetic deletion. Thus, rational design methods based on A3AR homology models successfully predicted sites for sulfonate incorporation, for delineating adenosine's CNS vs peripheral actions.
The programme (2010)

A qualified Deaf BSL tutor taught Christopher a conventional (Signature Level 1) BSL class once a month for a year, concentrating on the core grammatical properties of the language. Over twelve months, there were accordingly twelve hours of formal teaching, which was supplemented by conversation with a native (Deaf) signer, who went over the same material in a less formal context between classes.
The Effects of External Motivation (2012)

The purpose of this experiment was to see if external motivation would encourage participants to attempt to increase their speed of task completion. It was hypothesized that the high motivation groups would attempt to increase their speed, whereas the low motivation groups may feel no need to perform the task quickly, as they have not been motivated to do so. 40 participants were used in this study. Materials included a letter of information, a consent form, a word jumble task with two parts, and a debriefing form. The results of the experiment did not support the hypothesis, as there was no main effect of motivation, no main effect of sex, and no interaction. There were some issues with control of extraneous variables in this experiment, such as the age of participants being limited, and the fact that there was no controlled circumstance identical for all participants.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA) PITS EXTRACTS AND ITS ROLE IN REDUCING THE SIDE EFFECT OF METHYL PREDNISOLONE ON SOME NEUROTRANSMITTER CONTENT IN THE BRAIN, HORMONE TESTOSTERONE IN ADULTHOOD (2010)

ISHS IV International Date Palm Conference ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA) PITS EXTRACTS AND ITS ROLE IN REDUCING THE SIDE EFFECT OF METHYL PREDNISOLONE ON SOME NEUROTRANSMITTER CONTENT IN THE BRAIN, HORMONE TESTOSTERONE IN ADULTHOOD
HMGB1 Contributes to Kidney Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (2010)

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear factor released extracellularly as an inflammatory cytokine, is an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). TLR4 activation mediates kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), but whether HMGB1 contributes to IRI is unknown. Here, treating wild-type mice with neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibody protected them against kidney IRI, evidenced by lower serum creatinine and less tubular damage than untreated mice. Mice treated with anti-HMGB1 had significantly less tubulointerstitial infiltration by neutrophils (day 1) and macrophages (day 5) and markedly reduced apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, anti-HMGB1 antibody-treated IRI kidneys had significantly lower levels of IL-6, TNFα, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1). mRNA, which are downstream of HMGB1. Conversely, administration of rHMGB1 after reperfusion exacerbated kidney IRI in wild-type mice. TLR4 deficient (TLR4(-/-)) mice were protected against kidney IRI; administration of neither anti-HMGB1 antibody nor rHMGB1 affected this renoprotection. In conclusion, endogenous HMGB1 promotes kidney damage after IRI, possibly through the TLR4 pathway. Administration of a neutralizing antibody to HMGB1 either before or soon after ischemia-reperfusion affords significant protection, suggesting therapeutic potential for acute kidney injury.
Semantic clipboard: semantically enriched data exchange between desktop applications (2006)

Abstract. The operating system clipboard is used to copy and paste data between applications even if the applications are from different vendors. Current clipboards only support the transfer of data or formatted data between applications. The semantics of the data, however, is lost in the transfer. The Semantic Web, on the other hand, provides a common framework that allows data to be shared across application boundaries while preserving the semantics of the data. In this paper we introduce the concept of a Semantic Clipboard and present a prototype implementation that can be used to copy and paste RDF meta-data between desktop applications. The Semantic Clipboard is based on a flexible plugin architecture that enables the easy extension of the clipboard to new ontology vocabularies and target applications. Furthermore, we show how the Semantic Clipboard is used to copy and paste the meta-data from semantically annotated Web pages to a user’s desktop application. 1
Influence of rare-earth metals on the high-temperature strength of Ni3Al-based alloys (2011)

The influence of the content of reaction- and surface-active alloying elements (rare-earth metals (REMs)) and the method of their introduction into cast high-temperature γ′-Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloys, which are thermally stable natural eutectic composites, on their structure-phase state and the mechanical properties is studied. The life of low-alloy heterophase γ′ + γ cast high-temperature light Ni3Al-based alloys is shown can be increased at temperatures exceeding 0.8T m (T m is the melting temperature of Ni3Al) due to additional stabilization of the single-crystal structure of these alloys with submicron and nanometer-sized particles of the phases formed by refractory and active REMs. It is also shown that stage-by-stage fractional introduction of all components into alloys during vacuum induction melting with allowance for their reaction activities (most refractory metals are introduced in the form of low-melting-point master alloys at the first stage of vacuum induction melting, and lanthanum is introduced with a master alloy in the optimal contents of 0.1–2 wt % into the charge of VKNA-1V and VKNA-25 alloys at the final stage) leads to the formation of a modified structure stabilized by nanoprecipitates of nickel and aluminum lanthanides and the phases formed by refractory metals. This method increases the life of VKNV-1V-type alloys (0.5 wt % Re) at 1000–1200°C by a factor of ∼1.7 and that of VKNA-25-type alloys (1.2 wt % Re and Co) by a factor of ∼3.
Information Provided on Humic Substances by E4/E6 Ratios (1977)

Abstract The ratio of optical densities or absorbances of dilute, aqueous humic and fulvic acid solutions at 465 and 665 nm (E 4 /E 6 ) is widely used by soil scientists for the characterization of these materials. While it has been suggested that the E 4 /E 6 ratio is related to the degree of condensation of the aromatic carbon network, carbon content, and molecular weight of humic substances, little rigorous experimental evidence is available in the literature to confirm these hypotheses. The results of this investigation show that the E 4 /E 6 ratio of humic and fulvic acid is: (i) mainly governed by the particle size (or particle or molecular weight); (ii) affected by pH; (iii) correlated with the free radical concentration, contents of O, C, CO 2 H and total acidity in as far as these parameters are also functions of the particle size or particle or molecular weight; (iv) apparently not directly related to the relative concentration of condensed aromatic rings; (v) independent of humic acid and fulvic acid concentrations, at least in the 100–500 ppm range. Our data show, in agreement with M. M. Kononova (1966), that E 4 /E 6 ratios for humic and fulvic acids should be determined between pH 7 and 8. This can best be done by dissolving the humic material in 0.05 N NaHCO 3 solution at concentrations of 200–400 ppm.
Effects of Exercise Training on Antitumor Efficacy of Doxorubicin in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Xenografts (2005)

These studies are essential to fully understand the safety and application of exercise as a supportive intervention in cancer control.
Generation of cDNA libraries : methods and protocols (2003)

With the decoding of the human genome and the potential application of its information to gene chips, the ability to generate cDNA libraries for functional assays of specific gene sequences has become critical in gene manipulation and genetic research. In Generation of cDNA Libraries: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers and inventors in the field describe their own proven techniques for generating cDNA/mRNA libraries to identify the functions of specific decoded gene sequences. A wide variety of techniques is presented for enhancing the generation of complete and full-length libraries, and for confirming the quality of the cDNAs generated. Among the applications detailed are electrophoresis, Northern blotting, single-cell microarray analysis, subtractive hybridization, subtractive cloning, gene cloning, and peptide library generation. Each method includes background information, step-by-step instructions, a list of reagents, operational tips, and notes on instrumentation. A background tutorial provides essential information: the definition of a cDNA library, the various types of cDNA libraries, the differences between methods for cDNA library generation using either conventional approaches or novel strategies, and the quality of cDNA libraries. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Generation of cDNA Libraries: Methods and Protocols provides a variety of powerful and readily reproducible techniques for the generation of the entire range of complete, full-length cDNA/mRNA libraries needed in today's forefront genetic research
Phase history decomposition for efficient scatterer classification in SAR imagery (2011)

Abstract : A new theory and algorithm for scatterer classification in SAR imagery is presented. The automated classification process is operationally efficient compared to existing image segmentation methods requiring human supervision. The algorithm reconstructs coarse resolution subimages from subdomains of the SAR phase history. It analyzes local peaks in the subimages to determine locations and geometric shapes of scatterers in the scene. Scatterer locations are indicated by the presence of a stable peak in all subimages for a given subaperture, while scatterer shapes are indicated by changes in pixel intensity. A new multi-peak model is developed from physical models of electromagnetic scattering to predict how pixel intensities behave for different scatterer shapes. The algorithm uses a least squares classifier to match observed pixel behavior to the model. Classification accuracy improves with increasing fractional bandwidth and is subject to the high-frequency and wide-aperture approximations of the multi-peak model. For superior computational efficiency, an integrated fast SAR imaging technique is developed to combine the coarse resolution subimages into a final SAR image having fine resolution. Finally, classification results are overlaid on the SAR image so that analysts can deduce the significance of the scatterer shape information within the image context.
R-spondin-1 Is a Novel β-Cell Growth Factor and Insulin Secretagogue (2010)

R-spondin-1 (Rspo1) is an intestinal growth factor known to exert its effects through activation of the canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling pathway and subsequent expression of cWnt target genes. We have detected Rspo1 mRNA in murine islets and the murine MIN6 and betaTC beta-cell lines, and Rspo1 protein in MIN6 beta-cells. Rspo1 activated cWnt signaling in MIN6 beta-cells by increasing nuclear beta-catenin and c-myc, a cWnt target gene. Rspo1 also induced insulin mRNA expression in MIN6 cells. Analysis of MIN6 and mouse beta-cell proliferation by [(3)H]thymidine and BrdU incorporation, respectively, revealed that Rspo1 stimulated cell growth. Incubation of MIN6 and mouse beta-cells with cytokines (IL1beta/TNFalpha/interferon-gamma) significantly increased cellular apoptosis; this increase was abolished by pretreatment with Rspo1. Rspo1 also stimulated insulin secretion in a glucose-independent fashion. We further demonstrated that the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin4 (EX4), stimulated Rspo1 mRNA transcript levels in MIN6 cells in a glucose-, time-, dose-, and PI3-kinase-dependent fashion. This effect was not limited to this beta-cell line, as similar time-dependent increases in Rspo1 were also observed in the betaTC beta-cell line and mouse islets in response to EX4 treatment. Together, these studies demonstrate that Rspo1 is a novel beta-cell growth factor and insulin secretagogue that is regulated by EX4. These findings suggest that Rspo1 and the cWnt signaling pathway may serve as a novel target to enhance beta-cell growth and function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Targeting Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) Overexpression by Use of Small Molecule Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) (2012)

High grade astrocytomas (grade III and IV tumors) are the most common and aggressive brain tumors that carry a bleak prognosis with an average survival of less than 15 months despite multimodal therapy. Therefore, there is a great need for new therapies to target grade III and grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme, GBM) astrocytomas. Recent studies have shown epigenetic regulation of chromatin plays a key role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Chromatin remodeling enzymes like histone deactylase (HDAC), DNA methyltransferase, and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) are involved in silencing tumor suppressor gene (TSG) expression and contribute towards cellular transformation. PRMT5 contributes towards transcriptional inhibition of several regulatory genes by symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues on histone proteins (histone 4 arginine residue 3 (H4R3) and H3R8) and works more efficiently when associated with other co-repressor enzymes. Our lab has shown that epigenetic processes driven by over expression of PRMT5 are important in regulation of oncogenic pathways operative in GBM. Our studies have shown that the amount of PRMT5 over expression inversely correlates with the survival of GBM patients and correlates directly with proliferation of these cancerous astrocytes. Our lab developed small RNA molecules (siRNA) that inhibit PRMT5 expression which leads to loss of symmetric dimethyl H4R3 and transcriptional de-repression and translation of tumor suppressor and immune modulatory genes. PRMT5 knockdown in GBM cells by this siRNA leads GBM cells to undergo cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of cell migration, and sensitization to the anti-tumor effects of temazolomide, a drug used in therapy for GBM patients. Because therapy using siRNA is still in the experimental stage, there was a need to look for small molecule compounds that could inhibit PRMT5 in a similar way. Using a computational modeling system, our lab identified several compounds that looked promising. Two compounds were identified as selective inhibitors of PRMT5 activity (CMP5 and BLL54). Both compounds were able to selectively inhibit the methylation of histone 4 arginine 3. This knockdown led GBM cells to undergo cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. When used in combination with other inhibitors, we saw de-repression of transcriptional activity and restoration of protein expression of the chemokine CXCL10 which was identified as a potential target of PRMT5. Both compounds were able to induce these effects, but BLL54 showed to be more potent. These findings identify these small molecule PRMT5 inhibitors as a new potential drug regimen for patients afflicted with this cancer.
Immunochemiluminometric assay for hepatitis B surface antigen. (1981)

A novel "sandwich" immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen monitored by chemiluminescence is described. The method involves use of an antibody-coated microtitration plate and requires 100 micro L of test specimen. The antigen binds to the antibody during the first 2-h incubation and, after an intermediate wash step, the sandwich is completed by 2-h incubation with antibody to antigen that has been labeled with an isoluminol derivative. A final wash step follows. A luminometer, built in-house, adds "microperoxidase" and peroxide, to initiate chemiluminescence, and provides automated readout at 10-s intervals. Results compare well in specificity and sensitivity with those of a comparison radioimmunoassay procedure. Within- and between-assay variability (CV) is 7 to 13% (n = 6). All reagents are stable at 4 degrees C for at least several months. Use of a non-radioisotopic label in this assay avoids the stability problems and inconvenience associated with radioactivity.
Antibacterial Activity of Ultrashort Cationic Lipo-β-Peptides (2009)

Previously reported D,L-lipo-alpha-peptides and their lipo-beta-peptide counterparts (C16-KGGK, C16-KAAK, C16-KKKK, and C12-KLLK) were studied, and the lipo-beta-peptides were found to retain antimicrobial activity. Likewise, no significant changes in antimicrobial activity were found upon activity comparisons with D,L-amino acid-based lipopeptides or any L-amino acid lipopeptides. As a defined amphipathic structure is unlikely to form with such short molecules and as similar activities were obtained from all lipopeptides, we suspect that the action of membrane permeation is retained.
TITAC: design of a quasi-delay-insensitive microprocessor (1994)

TITAC is an asynchronous version of an 8-bit von Neumann microprocessor based on the delay-insensitive model incorporating the isochronic-forks assumption. In its two-phase, event-driven design scheme, a working phase and an idle phase alternate to execute control and data transfer. The data path design uses a two-rail, multilevel AND-OR scheme with a binary decision diagram structure for efficient signal generation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>