gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scavenging for Energy: A Rectenna Design for Wireless Energy Harvesting in UHF Mobile Telephony Bands (2016)

The development of distributed and ubiquitous electronic devices is an achievement of modern technology that has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of human life. Such electronic devices are being employed not only in consumer areas like home automation, intelligent transportation systems, and personal entertainment but also for health-care applications, such as noninvasive biomedical parameter monitoring, as well as industrial and military applications. A novel WEH for commercial telephony frequencies in the UHF band has been presented. The system, being based on a broadband slot antenna and a thin flexible substrate, weighs fewer than 15 g, which is far below the competition requirements and makes the harvester particularly appealing for realistic scenarios. Thanks to the proper design of the rectifier and the matching network, an excellent performance has been verified over the whole band, with a rectenna conversion efficiency of up to 60% and an EFoM equal to 37.6 dB for 2 μW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of incident power density.
Future trends in pain research (1985)

In the future we shall need to modify the classical view that nerve impulses which signal the presence of injury are reliably transmitted by specified and automatic relay cells. We must investigate at least four different modifying mechanisms that are likely to generate chronic intractable pains. With a latency of milliseconds, combinations of afferent signals and of descending controls operate a rapid and powerful gate control. With a latency of minutes, impulses in C fibres change the excitability of peripheral endings and of spinal cord circuits. With a latency of days, chemical transport in C fibres from areas of damage further modifies cord connectivity with a disappearance of inhibitions and an expansion of receptive fields. With a latency of weeks and months, anatomical degeneration produces secondary changes in deafferented cells with atrophy, sprouting and abnormal firing patterns.
Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (2020)

There is overwhelming evidence that inhalation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major transmission route for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is an urgent need to harmonize discussions about modes of virus transmission across disciplines to ensure the most effective control strategies and provide clear and consistent guidance to the public. To do so, we must clarify the terminology to distinguish between aerosols and droplets using a size threshold of 100 µm, not the historical 5 µm (1). This size more effectively separates their aerodynamic behavior, ability to be inhaled, and efficacy of interventions.
Refractory testicular germ cell tumors are highly sensitive to the second generation DNA methylation inhibitor guadecitabine (2016)

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common cancers of young males. A substantial portion of TGCT patients are refractory to cisplatin. There are no effective therapies for these patients, many of whom die from progressive disease. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) are the stem cells of TGCTs. In prior in vitro studies we found that EC cells were highly sensitive to the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza deoxycytidine (5-aza). Here, as an initial step in bringing demethylation therapy to the clinic for TGCT patients, we evaluated the effects of the clinically optimized, second generation demethylating agent guadecitabine (SGI-110) on EC cells in an animal model of cisplatin refractory testicular cancer. EC cells were exquisitely sensitive to guadecitabine and the hypersensitivity was dependent on high levels of DNA methyltransferase 3B. Guadecitabine mediated transcriptional reprogramming of EC cells included induction of p53 targets and repression of pluripotency genes. As a single agent, guadecitabine completely abolished progression and induced complete regression of cisplatin resistant EC xenografts even at doses well below those required to impact somatic solid tumors. Low dose guadecitabine also sensitized refractory EC cells to cisplatin in vivo. Genome-wide analysis indicated that in vivo antitumor activity was associated with activation of p53 and immune-related pathways and the antitumor effects of guadecitabine were dependent on p53, a gene rarely mutated in TGCTs. These preclinical findings suggest that guadecitabine alone or in combination with cisplatin is a promising strategy to treat refractory TGCT patients.
Understanding Paramagnetic Relaxation Phenomena for Water-Soluble Gadofullerenes (2007)

Water-soluble, endohedral gadofullerenes exhibit considerably higher relaxivities than clinically used Gd3+-chelates and are currently explored as potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. The relaxivities of Gd@C60(OH)x (x ≈ 27) and Gd@C60[C(COOHyNa1-y)2]10 were previously found to vary with pH because of pH-dependent aggregation. By relaxometric measurements, we proved that aggregation can be suppressed by salt addition (75−100 equiv of sodium phosphate). In the aim of better understanding paramagnetic relaxation mechanisms in water-soluble gadofullerenes, we recorded variable-temperature and multiple-field 17O and 1H relaxation rates for Gd@C60(OH)x and Gd@C60[C(COOHyNa1-y)2]10 in both aggregated and disaggregated state (monomers). In the aggregated solutions, the 17O T1 and T2 values are very different. This proves the confinement of water molecules in the interstices of the aggregates which is more important for the OH than for the malonate derivative. The rapid exchange of these water molecules with bulk contributes to the high relaxivity of the aggregated gadofullerenes. After disruption of the aggregates into distinct gadofullerene molecules, the temperature-dependent proton relaxivities could be described as the sum of an outer-sphere and an inner-sphere-like mechanism. The inner-sphere-like term originates from proton exchange between the bulk and protonated OH or COOH sites. The relaxivity peak observed between 10 and 300 MHz in the nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profile evidences that the malonate groups are at least partially protonated at pH 7.4. The rotational correlation times are long (∼1.2 ns) and identical for the two gadofullerenes. The larger relaxivity of Gd@C60(OH)x as compared to Gd@ C60[C(COOHxNa1-x)2]10 at frequencies above 20 MHz is related to the larger number of protonated sites.
Pasture Node State Specification (2012)

<sup>18</sup>F-FDG uptake in neck lymph nodes is common in children and is frequently due to reactive lymph nodes, especially when the SUVmax is <3.2. The frequency of malignant cervical lymph nodes is higher in PTLD patients compared with other groups.
Synthesis and Properties of the Phthalocyanines Containing Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-Methoxyphenol) (1999)

New metal-free and metallophthalocyanines (M=Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II)) substituted with eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) from 1,2-dicyano-4-nitrobenzen are described. Cyclotetramerization of the substituted phthalonitrile leads to a product very soluble in common organic solvents. The characterization of the compounds was accomplished by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and UV-VIS spectral data.
A high prevalence of antimicrobial resistant<i>Escherichia coli</i>isolated from pigs and a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistant<i>E. coli</i>from cattle and sheep in Great Britain at slaughter (2008)

The incidence of antimicrobial resistance and expressed and unexpressed resistance genes among commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy farm animals at slaughter in Great Britain was investigated. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among the isolates varied according to the animal species; of 836 isolates from cattle tested only 5.7% were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, while only 3.0% of 836 isolates from sheep were resistant to one or more agents. However, 92.1% of 2480 isolates from pigs were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Among isolates from pigs, resistance to some antimicrobials such as tetracycline (78.7%), sulphonamide (66.9%) and streptomycin (37.5%) was found to be common, but relatively rare to other agents such as amikacin (0.1%), ceftazidime (0.1%) and coamoxiclav (0.2%). The isolates had a diverse range of resistance gene profiles, with tet(B), sul2 and strAB identified most frequently. Seven out of 615 isolates investigated carried unexpressed resistance genes. One trimethoprim-susceptible isolate carried a complete dfrA17 gene but lacked a promoter for it. However, in the remaining six streptomycin-susceptible isolates, one of which carried strAB while the others carried aadA, no mutations or deletions in gene or promoter sequences were identified to account for susceptibility. The data indicate that antimicrobial resistance in E. coli of animal origin is due to a broad range of acquired genes.
Regulation of a Segmentation Stripe by Overlapping Activators and Repressors in the <i>Drosophila</i> Embryo (1991)

Gene expression stripes in Drosophila melanogaster embryos provide a model for how eukaryotic promoters are turned on and off in response to combinations of transcriptional regulators. Genetic studies suggested that even-skipped (eve) stripe 2 is controlled by three gap genes, hunchback (hb), Kruppel (Kr), and giant (gt), and by the maternal morphogen bicoid (bcd). A direct link is established between binding sites for these regulatory proteins in the stripe 2 promoter element and the expression of the stripe during early embryogenesis. The bcd and hb protein binding sites mediate activation, whereas neighboring gt and Kr protein sites repress expression and establish the stripe borders. The stripe 2 element has the properties of a genetic on-off switch.
P53 in human melanoma fails to regulate target genes associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle and may contribute to proliferation (2011)

These results indicate that P53 target genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation are aberrantly expressed in melanoma and that this aberrant functional activity of P53 may contribute to the proliferation of melanoma.
Interactions of spermatozoa with the female reproductive tract: inspiration for assisted reproduction (2006)

Artificial insemination with sexed semen, in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection have been used to reproduce animals, but often not as successfully as natural mating. Learning more about how spermatozoa normally interact with the female tract can provide inspiration for developing improvements in assisted reproduction. The present review focuses on Bos taurus, because more is known about this species than others. At coitus, bull spermatozoa are deposited into the anterior vagina, where they rapidly enter the cervix. Cervical mucus quickly filters out seminal plasma from spermatozoa, unlike most assisted reproduction protocols. Spermatozoa that reach the uterus may require certain cell surface proteins to swim through the uterotubal junction. Shortly after passing through the junction, most spermatozoa are trapped in a storage reservoir by binding to oviducal epithelium, in the case of cattle via bovine seminal plasma (BSP) proteins coating the sperm head. As ovulation approaches, spermatozoa capacitate and shed BSP proteins. This reduces sperm binding to the epithelium and releases them from storage. Motility hyperactivation assists spermatozoa in leaving the storage reservoir, swimming through oviducal mucus and the cumulus oophorus, and penetrating the oocyte zona pellucida. Chemotactically regulated switching between asymmetrical (i.e. hyperactivated) and symmetrical flagellar beating may also guide spermatozoa to the oocyte.
Evaluation of cyclocytidine in children with advanced acute leukemia and solid tumors. (1979)

Cyclocytidine, a slow-release form of cytosine arabinoside, was evaluated in 69 children with advanced acute leukemia and solid tumors. One child with acute lymphocytic leukemia attained a complete remission. This child had received intrathecal cytosine arabinoside prior to the cyclocytidine. Eighteen of the 31 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia/acute undifferentiated leukemia who did not respond received two or more courses of the drug. There were no responses in 15 children with acute myelogenous leukemia, in 11 children with neuroblastoma, or in 11 children with various solid tumors of childhood. A dose of 600 ng/m2/day for 10 consecutive days is tolerated in children.
Fullerene nanotubes in electric fields (1995)

The electronic properties of fullerene nanotubes in strong electric fields are investigated using a density-functional cluster method. It is shown that the energy difference between the open-ended and the closed configurations decreases with increasing field. The field-induced stabilization is, however, not sufficient to make the energy of the open configuration lower than the energy of the capped structure. Nanotubes, including those with a finite band gap, are found to screen large external electric fields as do perfect conductors.
Urinary Stone Formation After Spinal Cord Injury: Risk and Risk Factors (2003)

Presumably because of immobilization and susceptibility to urinary tract infection, persons after spinal cord injury (SCI) are at increased risk for urinary stones. Analyzing data from the Model SCI Care Systems, a series of studies has been conducted to document the incidence and recurrence rate of kidney and bladder stones and to identify potential contributing factors, with an emphasis on environmental exposures. This article reviews these reports in comparison with general population data and discusses the plausibility of these findings in light of current knowledge about causal pathways to stone formation. The need for an effective prevention program is also addressed.
Organic Surface Analysis by Two-Laser Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. 2. Improved Desorption/Photoionization Configuration (1998)

We previously described a two-laser ion trap mass spectrometer for molecular surface analysis of organic, biological, and polymeric surfaces (Kornienko, O.; et al. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1536−1542). We have made several improvements in this instrument: a new 118-nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization source and an improved desorption/ionization geometry in the ion trap. The improved surface analysis capabilities of this instrument are demonstrated on C18 alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers on silicon, polypeptide thin films, mixed polystyrene thin films, and ion beam-modified polystyrene films. The new instrumental configuration has submonolayer sensitivity and the capability to perform tandem mass spectrometry on monolayer samples. The advantages of VUV photoionization for surface analysis studies are demonstrated to be lower fragmentation and relatively nonselective ionization when compared with multiphoton ionization with ultraviolet light.
Fast algorithms for the electromagnetic simulation of planar structures (2002)

This paper reviews the state of the art in fast integral equation techniques for solving large scale electromagnetic radiation and compatibility problems. The fast multipole method (FMM) and its frequency and time domain derivatives are discussed. These techniques permit the rapid evaluation of fields due to known sources and hence accelerate the solution of boundary value problems arising in the analysis of a wide variety of electromagnetic phenomena. Specifically, the application of the steepest descent fast multipole method (SDFMM) and the thin stratified medium fast multipole algorithm (TSM-FMA) to the frequency domain analysis of radiation from microstrip structures residing on finite and infinite substrates and ground planes, respectively, is described. In addition, the extension of the FMM concept to plane wave time domain (PWTD) algorithms that permit the analysis of transient phenomena is outlined.
Multibreed genome wide association can improve precision of mapping causative variants underlying milk production in dairy cattle (2014)

Where QTL are segregating across breed, multibreed GWAS can refine these to reasonably small genomic intervals. However, such QTL appear to represent only a fraction of the genetic variation. Our results suggest a significant proportion of QTL affecting milk production segregate within rather than across breeds, at least for Holstein and Jersey cattle.
Hyperuricemic Nephropathy: Pathologic Features and Factors Influencing Urate Deposition (1975)

The three general types of renal pathology associated with hyperuricemia are reviewed. Factors influencing urate solubility are discussed, as well as the effect of uricosuric drugs on renal urate handling, with particular emphasis upon their efficacy in competing with urate for protein binding sites. In addition, a new experimental model of hyperuricemic nephropathy is described which could yield valuable data concerning the complex relationships between hyperuricemia, urate deposition and renal function.
Efficient Membrane and Adsorbent for Artificial Liver Support System (2000)

Guest Editor's Introduction: This paper was presented at the first congress of the International Society for Artificial Organs on August 26, 1977, Tokyo, Japan, and printed in the proceedings of the congress. ( Artificial Organs Volume 2, supplement, 1978, p. 269–272). This paper describes the first technical description of the Asahi hollow fiber plasma separator. This cellulose acetate membrane module was the first clinically effective plasma separator introduced by Asahi Medical, Inc., Japan (Asahi Chemical, Inc. at that time) and clinically applied by Z. Yamazaki and N. Inoue (Reprint 4). In addition to the plasma separator module, various types of adsorbent units are also described.
Methylotrophic Bacillus methanolicus Encodes Two Chromosomal and One Plasmid Born NAD+ Dependent Methanol Dehydrogenase Paralogs with Different Catalytic and Biochemical Properties (2013)

Bacillus methanolicus can utilize methanol as the sole carbon source for growth and it encodes an NAD(+)-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (Mdh), catalyzing the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Recently, the genomes of the B. methanolicus strains MGA3 (ATCC53907) and PB1 (NCIMB13113) were sequenced and found to harbor three different putative Mdh encoding genes, each belonging to the type III Fe-NAD(+)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases. In each strain, two of these genes are encoded on the chromosome and one on a plasmid; only one chromosomal act gene encoding the previously described activator protein ACT was found. The six Mdhs and the ACT proteins were produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. All Mdhs required NAD(+) as cosubstrate, were catalytically stimulated by ACT, exhibited a broad and different substrate specificity range and displayed both dehydrogenase and reductase activities. All Mdhs catalyzed the oxidation of methanol; however the catalytic activity for methanol was considerably lower than for most other alcohols tested, suggesting that these enzymes represent a novel class of alcohol dehydrogenases. The kinetic constants for the Mdhs were comparable when acting as pure enzymes, but together with ACT the differences were more pronounced. Quantitative PCR experiments revealed major differences with respect to transcriptional regulation of the paralogous genes. Taken together our data indicate that the repertoire of methanol oxidizing enzymes in thermotolerant bacilli is larger than expected with complex mechanisms involved in their regulation.
An approach to real-time position estimation at zero and low speed for a PM motor based on saliency (2002)

This paper presents a magnetic saliency based position estimation approach for a PM motor fed by a voltage-source PWM inverter. The proposed real-time estimation algorithm detects the motor current harmonics and calculates the inductance matrix including the rotor position information. The position estimation can be performed every period of pulse-width-modulation or carrier cycle. An experimental system using an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor has been constructed. Experimental results verify that the position estimation within 10 degrees in electrical angle is obtained at standstill and such an extremely low-speed as 1 r/min by the proposed approach.
Comparative Chemotherapeutic Activity of Amphotericin B and Amphotericin B Methyl Ester (1975)

The comparative efficacy of amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) against experimental histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and candidosis in mice was assessed by determining the effect of daily intraperitoneal therapy on 21-day survival and persistence of organisms in internal organs. AME, like amphotericin B, was effective against each of the experimental infections, but the efficacy was lower than the parent compound. For Histoplasma and Blastomyces infections the mean effective dose (ED(50)) of amphotericin B was 0.3 mg/kg, whereas the corresponding values for AME, respectively, were 2.4 and 2.8 mg/kg. For Cryptococcus infection the ED(50) for amphotericin B was 0.2 mg/kg compared with 2.0 mg/kg for AME. The ED(50) of amphotericin B for Candida infection was lower than 0.05 mg/kg and the value of AME was between 0.5 to 0.05 mg/kg. The colony counts from internal organs of the surviving animals after the therapeutic regimens were compatible with the data on survival.
Crosstie overlay slow-wave structure for broadband traveling-wave type electro-optical modulator (1987)

This paper proposes a new crosstie overlay slow-wave structure for a traveling-wave electro-optical modulator. This structure can be designed to satisfy the phase velocity and impedance matching conditions simultaneously over a broad spectral bandwidth. This idea can be applied to a number of electrode structures for broadband traveling-wave optical modulators.
Geopolymer - Synthetic Based Mud Hybrid Cements for Primary Cementing and Lost Circulation Control (2017)

Abstract Geopolymer, an aluminosilicate-based alkali-activated cementitious material, can be used as an alternative to Portland cement in oil and gas wells. While the current literature on geopolymers primarily focuses on the construction industry, this work was aimed at studying the potential use of novel geopolymers for well construction applications such as primary cementing and lost circulation control. It was recently discovered that hydroxide-activated geopolymers have the ability to solidify non-aqueous drilling fluids (NAFs, i.e. with synthetic or oil based muds) up to 60/40 geopolymer/mud ratio (by volume). The primary benefits of such a blend include better compatibility of the slurry with NAFs, reduced risk of poor cementation, inexpensive source material as well as an environmentally friendly on-site/in-situ disposal of NAFs. The rheological properties, short-term and long-term compressive strengths of the geopolymer/NAF blend can be tailored to any specific application. In this work, the effects of pressure, oil/water ratio variation and internal brine phase composition in the NAFs were systematically studied. Both liquid-form and solid-form sodium silicate activators were used to form silicate-activated geopolymers. The slurry design was targeted for specific applications. For lost circulation control, the geopolymer slurries were deliberately blended with non-aqueous drilling fluids to achieve rapid gelation and setting characteristics.