gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Iterative total-variation reconstruction versus weighted filtered-backprojection reconstruction with edge-preserving filtering (2013)

Iterative image reconstruction with the total-variation (TV) constraint has become an active research area in recent years, especially in x-ray CT and MRI. Based on Green's one-step-late algorithm, this paper develops a transmission noise weighted iterative algorithm with a TV prior. This paper compares the reconstructions from this iterative TV algorithm with reconstructions from our previously developed non-iterative reconstruction method that consists of a noise-weighted filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm and a nonlinear edge-preserving post filtering algorithm. This paper gives a mathematical proof that the noise-weighted FBP provides an optimal solution. The results from both methods are compared using clinical data and computer simulation data. The two methods give comparable image quality, while the non-iterative method has the advantage of requiring much shorter computation times.
Compact three-port optical two-dimensional photonic crystal-based circulator of W-format (2012)

A three-port optical circulator of W-format based on 2D photonic crystal is presented. This circulator is more compact as compared to the known one of the traditional Y-format. The W-circulator does not have rotational symmetry. As a consequence, the frequency responses for different port excitation are slightly different, as it is shown by symmetry analysis and by numerical simulations.
Washington, D. C. with Kids (2000)

Suggests sights and activities of interest to children and recommends hotels, restaurants, and parks.
Performance, intestinal microflora, and wall morphology of weanling pigs fed sodium butyrate1 (2007)

Adding organic acids to piglet diets is known to be helpful in overcoming postweaning syndrome, and butyric acid is known to be the main energy source for the epithelial cells of the large intestine and the terminal ileum. This study investigated the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on in vitro and in vivo swine microflora, piglet growth performance, and intestinal wall morphology. During a 24-h in vitro cecal fermentation, total gas production and maximal rate of gas production were reduced linearly by SB (P < 0.001). Ammonia in cecal liquor was increased linearly by SB after 4, 8, and 24 h of fermentation (P < 0.001). In the in vivo study, 48 piglets housed in individual crates were allotted to 4 treatment groups (12 animals per treatment) for 6 wk. Piglets received a basal diet with a) no addition (control), or with SB at b) 1,000 ppm, c) 2,000 ppm, or d) 4,000 ppm. After 6 wk, 6 animals per treatment were killed, and samples of intestinal content and mucosa were collected. Sodium butyrate did not improve the animal growth performance. In the cecum, SB increased pH and isobutyric acid concentration (linear, P < 0.05) and tended to increase ammonia concentration (P = 0.056). Intestinal counts of clostridia, enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria as well as intestinal mucosal morphology were not affected by feeding SB. This study showed that SB influenced the cecal microflora in an in vitro system, reducing the total gas production but increasing ammonia concentrations. When fed to piglets, SB did not improve the animal growth performance, increased cecal pH, and tended to increase cecal ammonia concentrations. Further studies will be needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects observed when SB is fed to piglets.
Construction of RNAi Vector of NtLS Gene and its Transformation in Tobacco (2011)

Axillary bud formation involves many regulatory genes,one of key factors belongs to the plant specific protein family GRAS.Mutation or function missing of these genes would affect the axillary formation.The tobacco NtLS gene(EU935581) was cloned by RACE technology in our lab.The sequences of NtLS are highly similar to those of LS/LAS/MOC1,which regulate the formation of axillary meristems.The interference fragments were chosen from NtLS and the RNAi expression vectors were constructed and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum W38 by agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc transformation methods,to form basis for further study of NtLS function.
Bioelectromagnetics in the Service of Medicine (1995)

This chapter reviews the history and efficacy of using pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) as a surgically noninvasive technology for treating bone injury or bone disease. The primary power distribution of PEMFs is in the extremely low frequency range, but the pulse pattern used diagnostically for promoting healing of fracture nonunion differs from that used for treating osteonecrosis. Although some of the local biomechanisms stimulated by PEMFs are understood, the physical mechanisms by which PEMFs are coupled to specific biological events remains elusive and requires further research. Possible applications of PEMFs to treat other skeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis, as well as nonskeletal disorders including soft tissue and nerve damage, adult-onset diabetes, and reperfusion injuries, are also discussed.
Evaluation of Alloy Anodes for Aluminum-Air Batteries: Corrosion Studies (1988)

Aluminum alloys containing small amounts of Zn, Bi, Te, ln, Ga, Pb, and TI, either individually or in various combinations, have been prepared and investigated as possible fuels for alkaline aluminum-air batteries. The binary alloys, containing generally &lt;1% of the alloying elements, exhibit corrosion rates in 4 M KOH at 50 C that are higher than that for pure aluminum in the same medium. Addition of two or more alloying elements can result in a sharp reduction in the open circuit corrosion rate to well below that for aluminum, and several alloys containing Ga, ln, TI, and P that appear promising as high performance fuels were identified. Mechanical processing [cold working (CW)] was found to have little reproducible effect on the corrosion rate, except for Al-0.5% Ga in which case the corrosion rate was found to pass through a minimum at 50% CW. The corrosion rate data also demonstrate that very low concentrations of the alloying elements are sufficient to achieve inhibition and that little is gained by exceeding the critical levels.
Whitewashing to Prevent Sunburn of ‘Crenshaw’ Melons1 (1971)

Abstract Sunburn of ‘Crenshaw’ melons ( Cucumis melo , L.) was greatly reduced by spraying the fruits with a suspension of finely ground aluminum silicate at a concn of 1 lb. per gal of water. An effective spreader-sticker and complete coverage were essential. The material was readily removable by washing or wet brushing. The whitewash reduced the max pulp temperature at 1 to 2 mm depth by 4°C and the surface temperature by 8°. Incidence of postharvest decay was not related to sunburn, and decay most frequently started at the stem end.
Integrating CALL Systems with Chatbots as Conversational Partners (2018)

Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) systems is used as a media to teach a language without the need for a classroom or a teacher. CALL systems include language lessons and exercises to enhance the learners’ vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills, and to provide learners with immediate feedback on their achievements. However, there is still a need to concentrate on practicing conversation where the computer plays the role of a conversational partner. Using language learning environments, dialogue systems, and chatbots will fill full this need. This paper presents CALL activities, CALL role, and limitations. The paper discusses the need to integrate CALL system with a conversational agent or a chatbot to enable learners to practice a language in a conversational manner. Different experiments and evaluations are illustrated in this paper which show an improvement in learning outcomes by using chatbot as a conversational partner. The paper concludes that such integration between CALL and chatbot will lead to better results for language learners.
<title>Exposure dose optimization for a positive resist containing polyfunctional photoactive compound</title> (1991)

Methods for optimizing the photolithographic process with respect to exposure dose are described. Various latent image gradients (the photoactive compound gradient, the dissolution rate gradient, and the log dissolution rate gradient) at the mask edge in the resist film are compared as a function of exposure dose. The relationship between the sequential photochemical decomposition of poly-diazonaphthoquinone photoactive compound, dissolution models and the dissolution selectivity parameter n is discussed. A methodology using full scale simulation to explore the effect of exposure sizing dose upon resist profile sidewall angle, exposure latitude, focus range, and linewidth variation with resist thickness (swing ratio) is described and compared to simpler models based upon the use of latent image gradients. Finally, the correspondence between simulation and experiment is explored.
A method for street number matching in Japanese address recognition (1999)

A method for street number matching in Japanese address recognition is presented. This method uses the knowledge about the number expression formats, which is represented by the expression patterns of street numbers. The expression patterns are composed of character class symbols which represent numerals and delimiter characters. By matching the expression patterns against the character candidates in the lattice which is the result of character recognition, the class symbol lattice is generated. In the class symbol lattice, the numeral and delimiter character candidates are replaced by the corresponding class symbol. An experiment using 6,136 expression patterns showed that 93% of street numbers on the test mail-pieces were correctly recognized.
The Human SepSecS-tRNA <sup>Sec</sup> Complex Reveals the Mechanism of Selenocysteine Formation (2009)

Selenocysteine is the only genetically encoded amino acid in humans whose biosynthesis occurs on its cognate transfer RNA (tRNA). O-Phosphoseryl-tRNA:selenocysteinyl-tRNA synthase (SepSecS) catalyzes the final step of selenocysteine formation by a poorly understood tRNA-dependent mechanism. The crystal structure of human tRNA(Sec) in complex with SepSecS, phosphoserine, and thiophosphate, together with in vivo and in vitro enzyme assays, supports a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent mechanism of Sec-tRNA(Sec) formation. Two tRNA(Sec) molecules, with a fold distinct from other canonical tRNAs, bind to each SepSecS tetramer through their 13-base pair acceptor-TPsiC arm (where Psi indicates pseudouridine). The tRNA binding is likely to induce a conformational change in the enzyme's active site that allows a phosphoserine covalently attached to tRNA(Sec), but not free phosphoserine, to be oriented properly for the reaction to occur.
Visible photoluminescence in amorphous SiNx thin films prepared by reactive evaporation (2000)

Photoluminescence in the visible domain can be observed in amorphous silicon nitride (a-SiNx) alloys prepared by evaporation of silicon under a flow of nitrogen ions. A strong improvement of the photoluminescence intensity was obtained with annealing treatments in the range 500–1150 °C. Structural investigations were performed by infrared and Raman spectrometry experiments. The optical gap was obtained from transmission measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared range. The evolutions of the structure and the optical properties with annealing treatments are correlated to the evolution of the photoluminescence.
Genotoxic activity in human faecal water and the role of bile acids: a study using the alkaline comet assay (1997)

Human faecal waters from 35 healthy non-smoking volunteers (23 from England and 12 from Sweden) consuming their habitual diet were screened for genotoxicity by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay using a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (CACO-2) as the target. Hydrogen peroxide induced DNA damage was categorized as low, intermediate or high for tail moments greater than 5, 17 and 32, respectively: 11 samples were highly genotoxic, four were intermediate, one was low and 19 showed no activity. Endonuclease III treatment significantly increased DNA damage for all except the non-genotoxic faecal waters, suggesting that faecal water genotoxicity may be due, at least in part, to oxidative damage. Faecal water cytotoxicity has previously been attributed to the bile and fatty acid content. In the comet assay no DNA damage was induced by deoxycholate or lithocholate at normal physiological concentrations, suggesting that the genotoxicity of faecal water was due to other substances. Both bile acids induced DNA damage above 300 microM, levels often found in patients with colonic polyps and there was a significant increase in genotoxicity after endonuclease III treatment indicative of oxidative DNA damage.
Avant-propos (2012)

En 2009, l’École Normale Supérieure de Paris devenait un lieu d’échange et de discussions des picturalistes de France et de Suisse. Ce fut l’occasion d’un point sur la situation des peintures murales romaines découvertes et étudiées en France et en Suisse. La forte participation des membres de l’Association française pour la peinture murale antique (AFPMA) indiquait le grand intérêt rencontré par le thème proposé. Celui-ci permettait autant de reprendre d’anciens dossiers jamais ou seulement...
Fiber Optic Sensors for Monitoring Pipe Bending Due to Ground Movement (2006)

This paper describes an installation of fiber optic sensors designed to measure pipe bending due to ground movement at three sites on a 16” gas transmission line. The sour gas pipeline had failed in December, 2004 from excessive forces related to ground movement. As temporary mitigation the pipeline was daylighted to reduce the soil traction forces but a comprehensive monitoring program had to be developed before placing the pipeline back into conventional service. During the time when the section of pipeline was daylighted, three linear and three coiled fiber optic sensors were installed at each of three sites selected as part of a system designed to measure bending strains in the 0.01–1.0% range. The two types of sensors were placed in pairs approximately at the 12, 4, and 8 o’clock positions. Conventional vibrating wire (VW) strain gauges were also installed at the fiber optic sensor locations for comparison purposes. Slope inclinometers were installed at each of the instrumentation sites to correlate ground movement to pipe bending. Following pipeline re-coating, and back-filling, visits to the site were made at approximately monthly intervals to gather data at conveniently placed break-out boxes. The complete fiber optic sensor system functionality is described and results are presented that show how the raw strain data are transformed into bending using software that also serves as a secure database.
Step-change in high temperature steam electrolysis performance of perovskite oxide cathodes with exsolution of B-site dopants (2012)

B-site doped, A-site deficient perovskite oxide titanates with formula La0.4Sr0.4Mn+xTi1−xO3−γ−δ (M = Fe3+ or Ni2+; x = 0.06; γ = (4 − n)x/2) were employed as solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) cathodes for hydrogen production via high temperature steam electrolysis at 900 °C. A-site deficiency provided additional driving force for the exsolution of a proportion of B-site dopants at the surface in the form of metallic nanoparticles under reducing SOEC cathode operating conditions. In the case of La0.4Sr0.4Fe0.06Ti0.94O2.97, this represents the first time that Fe0 has been exsolved from a perovskite in such a way. Exsolution was due in part to the inability of the host lattice to accommodate vacancies (introduced (δ) oxygen vacancies () and fixed A-site () and inherent (γ) oxygen vacancies) beyond a certain limit. The presence of electrocatalytically active Fe0 or Ni0 nanoparticles and higher concentrations dramatically lowered the activation barrier to steam electrolysis compared to the parent material (x = 0). The use of defect chemistry to drive the exsolution of less reducible dopant cations could conceivably be extended to produce new catalytically active perovskites with unique properties.
Studies on the monocyte dependence of T-cell proliferation induced by monoclonal antibodies directed against regions I and II of the CD2 antigen. (1989)

We produced three murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against the human T-cell differentiation antigen CD2 (formerly T11) and analysed their epitope specificity by E-rosette inhibition, cross-blocking and proliferation-induction experiments. When added together, two mAb (both IgG1 kappa) were able to induce proliferation in peripheral blood T cells. This proliferation was found to be strictly dependent on the presence of monocytes. The polymorphism of Fc receptors (FcR) expressed on human monocytes for murine IgG1 antibodies, which is readily demonstrable in anti-CD3-induced T-cell activation, was not found in the anti-CD2-driven system. Moreover, mAb directed against the 40,000 MW FcRII were unable to inhibit proliferation induced by the mitogenic anti-CD2 combination. Still, F(ab')2 fragments of the mitogenic anti-CD2 antibody combination could not initiate T-cell mitogenesis, despite their ability to induce a rise in the free intracellular [Ca2+]. The contributions of monocytes and of antibody Fc moieties to T-cell proliferation, induced by combinations of anti-CD2 mAb, will be discussed.
A link between translation of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein and polymerase function; possible consequences for hyperphosphorylation of NS5A (2005)

Hyperphosphorylation of NS5A is thought to play a key role in controlling hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication. Using a tetracycline-regulable baculovirus delivery system to introduce non-culture-adapted HCV replicons into HepG2 cells, we found that a point mutation in the active site of the viral polymerase, NS5B, led to an increase in NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Although replicon transcripts lacking elements downstream of NS5A also had altered NS5A hyperphosphorylation, this did not explain the changes resulting from polymerase inactivation. Instead, two additional findings may be related to the link between polymerase activity and NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Firstly, we found that disabling polymerase activity, either by targeted mutation of the polymerase active site or by use of a synthetic inhibitor, stimulated translation from the replicon transcript. Secondly, when the rate of translation of non-structural proteins from replicon transcripts was reduced by use of a defective encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site, there was a substantial decrease in NS5A hyperphosphorylation, but this was not observed when non-structural protein expression was reduced by simply lowering replicon transcript levels using tetracycline. Therefore, one possibility is that the point mutation within the active site of NS5B causes an increase in NS5A hyperphosphorylation because of an increase in translation from each viral transcript. These findings represent the first demonstration that NS5A hyperphosphorylation can be modulated without use of kinase inhibitors or mutations within non-structural proteins and, as such, provide an insight into a possible means by which HCV replication is controlled during a natural infection.
An Unstable Haemoglobin with Reduced Oxygen Affinity: Haemoglobin Peterborough, (βiii (G13) Valine → Phenylalanine, its Interaction with Normal Haemoglobin and with Haemoglobin Lepore (1972)

Summary: A new unstable haemoglobin, Hb Peterborough, is described in father and son. In the former it was found with Hb A but in the latter with Hb Lepore, the mother being a heterozygote for Hb A and Hb Lepore Boston (or Washington). In this respect it differs from other unstable haemoglobins so far described which have been observed in heterozygotes together with normal adult haemoglobin. It was therefore possible to compare the clinical and biochemical interactions of Hbs A and Peterborough, A and Lepore, and Peterborough and Lepore. Hb Peterborough has been identified as βiii (G‐13) Val → Phe. It has a low oxygen affinity, but the Bohr effect and haem‐haem interaction appear to be normal.
Ultra-large library docking for discovering new chemotypes (2020)

Despite intense interest in expanding chemical space, libraries containing hundreds-of-millions to billions of diverse molecules have remained inaccessible. Here we investigate structure-based docking of 170 million make-on-demand compounds from 130 well-characterized reactions. The resulting library is diverse, representing over 10.7 million scaffolds that are otherwise unavailable. For each compound in the library, docking against AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC) and the D 4 dopamine receptor were simulated. From the top-ranking molecules, 44 and 549 compounds were synthesized and tested for interactions with AmpC and the D 4 dopamine receptor, respectively. We found a phenolate inhibitor of AmpC, which revealed a group of inhibitors without known precedent. This molecule was optimized to 77 nM, which places it among the most potent non-covalent AmpC inhibitors known. Crystal structures of this and other AmpC inhibitors confirmed the docking predictions. Against the D 4 dopamine receptor, hit rates fell almost monotonically with docking score, and a hit-rate versus score curve predicted that the library contained 453,000 ligands for the D 4 dopamine receptor. Of 81 new chemotypes discovered, 30 showed submicromolar activity, including a 180-pM subtype-selective agonist of the D 4 dopamine receptor.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Detection of Arsenic(III) at Gold Nanoparticle‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes Prepared by Electrodeposition in the Presence of Various Additives (2008)

Abstract The simple, fast and highly sensitive anodic stripping voltammetric detection of As(III) at a gold (Au) nanoparticle‐modified glassy carbon (GC) (nano‐Au/GC) electrode in HCl solution was extensively studied. The Au nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto GC electrode using chronocoulometric technique via a potential step from 1.1 to 0 V vs. Ag|AgCl|NaCl (sat.) in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 containing Na[AuCl 4 ] in the presence of KI, KBr, Na 2 S and cysteine additives. Surfaces of the resulting nano‐Au/GC electrodes were characterized with cyclic voltammetry. The performances of the nano‐Au/GC electrodes, which were prepared using different concentrations of Na[AuCl 4 ] (0.05–0.5 mM) and KI additive (0.01–1.0 mM) at various deposition times (10–30 s), for the voltammetric detection of As(III) were examined. After the optimization, a high sensitivity of 0.32 mA cm −2 μM −1 and detection limit of 0.024 μM (1.8 ppb) were obtained using linear sweep voltammetry.