gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High efficiency switching-mode amplifiers for wireless communication systems (2008)

Switching-mode amplifiers represent attractive possibilities for RF wireless communication systems because their high efficiency can potentially extend the battery life time for portable devices, lower the cost of heat-sinking equipment and increase the device reliability. The reason such circuits are not widely used at present is the difficulty in maintaining the signal fidelity required for the modern complex modulation formats such as EDGE (Enhanced Data dates for GSM Evolution), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) or OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) signals. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate and analyze options for circuits and system configurations based on switching-mode amplifiers and as a result provide insight for use of switching amplifiers in modern wireless communication systems to achieve high linear amplification as well as high efficiency. First, a current-mode class-D amplifier which is designed to achieve high efficiency at RF frequencies was investigated and the loss mechanisms were analyzed. Two current-mode class-D amplifiers based on GaAs HBTs with different novel on-chip inductor implementations were designed, fabricated and measured. The results achieved efficiencies up to 78% (in nonlinear operation) at 700MHz were compared to demonstrate the circuit performance. The counterpart of current-mode class -D amplifier, the voltage-mode class-D amplifier was also analyzed. The loss mechanisms were expressed in formulations which can be used to estimate the amplifier efficiency based on circuit parameters. A voltage-mode class-D was built in CMOS technology. A measured drain efficiency of 62% was achieved at 800MHz. Based on the designed voltage-mode class-D amplifiers, several approaches for the implementation of linear amplifier were developed for CDMA signals, including digitally-driven outphasing amplifier systems and delta-sigma amplifier systems. The outphasing technique was shown to provide amplification with adequate linearity to achieve the ACPR specifications along with efficiency of 48% for CDMA signals. The limitation of the efficiency enhancement via using the Chireix structure was addressed based on the loss analysis results derived for voltage-mode class-D amplifiers. The delta-sigma modulation approach was also investigated using the voltage-mode class-D amplifiers. The delta-sigma modulated signals were first generated to provide good noise shaping and linearity with CDMA signals. The switching amplifier systems based on the delta-sigma signals was then built and measured. The results show the linearity specification was achieved along with efficiency of 33%. Tradeoffs of efficiency and signals fidelity were analyzed for this architecture. Finally, a new digital modulation scheme, digital polar modulation, was presented. The linearity of new modulation scheme was demonstrated by two-tone signals. The system was able to show high efficiency of 54% along with good linearity (with IM3 below -39dBc). The results illustrate the promise of this approach for future digital RF transmitter systems
TAS‐120 Cancer Target Binding: Defining Reactivity and Revealing the First Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) Irreversible Structure (2019)

1-[(3S)-3-[4-Amino-3-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethynyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-propen-1-one (TAS-120) is an irreversible inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, and is currently under phase I/II clinical trials in patients with confirmed advanced metastatic solid tumours harbouring FGFR aberrations. This inhibitor specifically targets the P-loop of the FGFR tyrosine kinase domain, forming a covalent adduct with a cysteine side chain of the protein. Our mass spectrometry experiments characterise an exceptionally fast chemical reaction in forming the covalent complex. The structural basis of this reactivity is revealed by a sequence of three X-ray crystal structures: a free ligand structure, a reversible FGFR1 structure, and the first reported irreversible FGFR1 adduct structure. We hypothesise that the most significant reactivity feature of TAS-120 is its inherent ability to undertake conformational sampling of the FGFR P-loop. In designing novel covalent FGFR inhibitors, such a phenomenon presents an attractive strategy requiring appropriate positioning of an acrylamide group similarly to that of TAS-120.
Motion correction for improved target localization with on-board cone-beam computed tomography (2005)

On-board imager (OBI) based cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become available in radiotherapy clinics to accurately identify the target in the treatment position. However, due to the relatively slow gantry rotation (typically about 60 s for a full 360 degrees scan) in acquiring the CBCT projection data, the patient's respiratory motion causes serious problems such as blurring, doubling, streaking and distortion in the reconstructed images, which heavily degrade the image quality and the target localization. In this work, we present a motion compensation method for slow-rotating CBCT scans by incorporating into image reconstruction a patient-specific motion model, which is derived from previously obtained four-dimensional (4D) treatment planning CT images of the same patient via deformable registration. The registration of the 4D CT phases results in transformations representing a temporal sequence of three-dimensional (3D) deformation fields, or in other words, a 4D model of organ motion. The algorithm was developed heuristically in two-dimensional (2D) parallel-beam geometry and extended to 3D cone-beam geometry. By simulations with digital phantoms capable of translational motion and other complex motion, we demonstrated that the algorithm can reduce the motion artefacts locally, and restore the tumour size and shape, which may thereby improve the accuracy of target localization and patient positioning when CBCT is used as the treatment guidance.
Polyelectrolyte–Surfactant Complex as a Template for the Synthesis of Zeolites with Intracrystalline Mesopores (2012)

Mesoporous zeolite silicalite-1 and Al-ZSM-5 with intracrystalline mesopores were synthesized with polyelectrolyte-surfactant complex as the template. Complex colloids were first formed by self-assembly of the anionic polymer poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in basic solution. During the synthesis procedure, upon the addition of the silica source, microporous template (tetrapropylammonium hydroxide), and NaCl, these PAA/CTA complex colloids underwent dissociation and gave rise to the formation of hollow silica spheres with mesoporous shells templated by CTAB micelles and PAA domains as the core. Under hydrothermal treatment, the hollow silica spheres gradually merged together to form larger particles with the PAA domains embedded as the space occupant, which acted as a template for intracrystalline mesopores during the crystallization of the zeolite framework. Amphiphilic organosilane was used to enhance the connection between the PAA domain and the silica phase during the synthesis. After calcination, single crystal-like zeolite particles with intracrystalline mesopores of about 5-20 nm were obtained, as characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and N(2) adsorption measurements. With the addition of an aluminum source in the synthesis, mesoporous zeolite Al-ZSM-5 with intracrystalline mesopores was also synthesized, and enhanced catalytic property was observed with mesoporous Al-ZSM-5 in acetalization of cyclohexanone with methanol.
A Tomographic Image Reconstruction from Limited View Angle Projection Data (1988)

Abstract This paper discusses the tomographic reconstruction processing from the incomplete projection data with limited projection angle, based on the estimation of the missing data by extrapolation. Essentially, there is a kind of correlation, called consistency condition, among the projection data of different directions. Mathematically, it is possible to reconstruct the image by estimating the missing data from the measured data utilizing this correlation. The algorithm proposed in this paper is based on such a mathematical principle. In this kind of inverse problem, however, the measurement noise and the computational error are greatly amplified. By applying the constrained extrapolation, which combines the known information concerning the smoothness of the object image, the processing is stabilized. As a result of the simulation experiment using a model image, it was demonstrated that the proposed method is more useful and practical for this problem, from the viewpoints of the quality of the reconstructed image, the computational complexity, and the stability against the measurement noise.
Upper cervical spine surgery in rheumatoid arthritis: retrospective study of 30 patients followed for two years or more after Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. (2000)

Cervical instrumentation and bone grafting seems to provide functional and neurological gains in carefully selected RA patients with atlantoaxial instability and spinal cord compression. Long term follow-up suggests that the benefits are sustained and that morbidity is low.
Abstract 17407: Right Ventricular Systolic Function in Subjects with HFpEF: A Community Based Study (2011)

Background: Pulmonary hypertension is common in HFpEF and is associated with increased mortality. Pulmonary hypertension can lead to right ventricular systolic dysfunction. However, the magnitude and prognostic significance of RV dysfunction in the HFpEF population are unclear. Hypothesis: RV systolic dysfunction is common in HFpEF and is associated with increased mortality. Methods: RV size and systolic function were assessed qualitatively (as normal or abnormal) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was estimated using echocardiography in 548 consecutive HFpEF subjects (Framingham criteria and EF ≥50%) from a prospective population based study (Olmsted County, Minnesota). Control group was a retrospectively identified random sample of age and sex matched hypertensive (N=360) and normotensive subjects (N=168) from Olmsted County. HFpEF group was followed for up to 5 years (median follow up 4.4 years). Results: See table and figure. RV enlargement and systolic dysfunction were more prevalent in HFpEF compared with age and sex matched hypertensive and normotensive controls. In HFpEF subjects with PASP above the median, RV systolic dysfunction was associated with poor survival compared with normal RV function. RV systolic dysfunction was a significant predictor of mortality even after adjustment for age and PASP in a Cox regression model (Hazard Ratio=1.4, p=0.02). Conclusions: In the community, RV systolic dysfunction is common in HFpEF and is associated with higher mortality. Although quantitative assessment of RV function is difficult owing to its complex geometry, qualitative assessment is feasible on the majority of subjects and provides significant prognostic information.
Routing protocol enhancements for power state engineering of green network elements (2012)

A routing protocol is enhanced to advertise the power state of node interfaces for wavelength switched optical networks to allow tuning the power consumption according to the data traffic demands. By engineering the different power states, GMPLS controlled nodes are configured to preserve the QoS of incoming traffic volumes such as reliability as well as the constraints of carrier grade networks, such as stability and operation costs. For variable incoming traffic reference models, more than half of the total power consumption required for an European optical networks without any power saving capabilities can be saved from powering the optoelectronic interfaces column.
A Spatiotemporal Four-Primary Color LCD With Quantum Dots (2014)

A four-primary liquid crystal display (LCD) by hybrid color processing in spatial and temporal domains is presented. By integrating with quantum dots, the number of LED can be reduced and the emission spectrum optimized. This approach exhibits following advantages over conventional three-primary LCDs: 1) it has 1.5X higher spatial resolution and 2X higher light efficiency; 2) it can achieve 130% color gamut in CIE 1931 and 155% in CIE 1976 color space; and 3) it has a more relaxed LC response time requirement and can be readily integrated into commercial LCD products.
Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline copper and nickel (2004)

AbstractAbstractThe present review paper traces the development of nanocrystalline copper (Nc-Cu) and nanocrystalline nickel (Nc-Ni) and their mechanical properties. The objective is to summarise the various results available in the literature. The mechanical properties discussed are elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, hardness, yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, strain/elongation to failure, superplasticity, creep, fatigue and fracture properties. The review is limited to bulk nanocrystalline materials. Shortcomings and limitations of the various studies that have been conducted are also highlighted. The present compilation is expected to be useful for researchers engaged in experimental work and computer modelling in this area.Keywords: MECHANICAL PROPERTIESNANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALSNC-COPPERNC-NICKEL
Umlagerungsreaktionen von Cumarinen als Folge einer intermediären Öffnung des Lactonringes / Rearrangements of Coumarins, Caused by an Intermediate Cleavage of the Lactone (1971)

The condensation of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate is investigated. Rearrangement for the obtained naphthopyranyl-ethyl-cyanoacetate (5) is reported, yielding 5,6-benzocoumarin-carbonitrile and naphthopyranyl-aminoacrylate (6). Enamine-lactone-rearrangement of 6 leads to chromene-carboxylic acid (7). By hydrolysis of the benzopyranyl-ethyl-cyanoacetate (8) and addition of cyanoaceticacid derivatives to 3-cyanocoumarin or 3-carboxyamido-coumarin resp., the benzopyrano-pyridines 12 are obtained.
High-Speed Hybrid Superconductor-to-Semiconductor Interface Circuit With Ultra-Low Power Consumption (2012)

Superconductor electronics for high-performance computing and high-speed analog-to-digital converters requires multi-channel digital data links. Most difficult is the amplification of the weak signals from the superconductor circuit to the volt level of semiconductor electronics. We developed a hybrid digital interface based on a Josephson latching driver, the so-called Suzuki stack, and a clocked CMOS comparator. The input can be directly triggered by a single flux quantum pulse and the output provides a 1 V CMOS-level signal. In contrast to existing systems, our interface is optimized for ultra-low-power consumption to enable its application for parallel multi-bit data interfaces. We provide evaluation of various types of Suzuki stacks and various CMOS comparators. We present experimental data on the delay of the overall hybrid interface and the total power consumption. The bit-error rate has been measured to be below 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> . We will discuss the trade-off among circuit robustness, speed, and power consumption.
An investigation and application of the contrawound helix (1959)

An investigation of the contrawound helix and the determination of its characteristics has been completed. By means of a hollow-beam traveling-wave tube and perturbation methods, the fundamental and minus-one space harmonics impedances have been measured and a number of space harmonics of the symmetric and antisymmetric modes identified. The fundamental impedance was measured to be equal or greater than the sheath-helix impedance depending, however, upon the thickness and width of the helix tape. The minus-one space harmonic impedance was measured to be larger than the fundamental impedance for ka > 0.65. The contrawound helix has been employed as a high-power X-band amplifier (8.5-9.5 kmc). The characteristics of the tube described are 25-db gain, power out > 1 kw, efficiency 7-10 per cent.
A thermal conductivity apparatus for solid and molten polymers (1975)

An apparatus for measuring the conductivity of solid and molten polymers from room temperature to 250 degrees C is described. 'Edge effects' are eliminated by enclosing the heat source and samples inside the heat sink, hence guard rings are not used. The heat flow is three dimensional and the conductivity is obtained by a numerical calculation. Two disc shaped samples 48 mm diameter by 2 mm thick are required. Some typical results are given.
Immunomodulators and Wound Healing (1987)

The synthetic immunomodulators muramyl dipeptide (MDP), thymopoietin pentapeptide (TP5), and CP-46,665 were examined for their effects on wound healing in mice. We found no differences in wound disruption strength between immunomodulator-treated animals and saline controls on days 11, 14, and 21. The only exception was with high-dose CP-46,665, which produced weakened wounds on day 14 (p less than 0.05) and 21 (p less than 0.01). CP-46,665 was further studied by injecting high and low doses 48 hours before or after wounding. No differences were seen for these groups compared to controls at 11 and 21 days. Finally, to simulate a common clinical situation, mice were subjected to a 10% total body surface area (TBSA) burn to the right paraspinal region. Twenty-four hours later, a left paraspinal incision was performed with simultaneous injection of saline, Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum), or low-dose TP-5, MDP, or CP-46,665. At 11 days, no detriment in wound healing was found for burned control or any of the immunomodulator-treated animals except in the C. parvum-treated mice, with significantly weakened skin strips (p less than 0.001). While C. parvum may be detrimental to wound healing, the synthetic modulators tested appear to have little effect on wound healing.
Multi-phased development of a real-time control system and its validation through real-time simulation (2003)

In this paper we describe a multi-phased development method for a real-time system based on the TMO (time-triggered message-triggered object) model and its validation by using the real-time simulation technique. Through multiple development phases, the system/subsystem model based on the TMO model is applied. In each phase, real-time simulation is performed to validate the model developed in the phase. In order to examine the effectiveness of our approach, we have applied the approach to the development of the SIS (safety injection system) simulator and it shows the same functionality and timing behaviors as the SIS simulator currently used in the KEPRI (Korea Electric Power Research Institute).
Enhanced emission from BaMgAl_10O_17:Eu^2+ by localized surface plasmon resonance of silver particles (2010)

The visible emission of BaMgAl(10)O(17):Eu(2+) used for White LED and ACPDPs was enhanced by coupling electric transition with the localized surface plasmon oscillation of nanoscaled Ag particles. Phosphor films including Ag particles were prepared by the spin-coating method. Up to a 36% enhancement of the peak intensity, which was dependent on the morphology and concentration of Ag particles, was obtained. It was verified that the spectral overlap between the LSP energy of metal particle and the emission spectra of phosphor materials decided between the enhancement and quenching of the emission. It was indicated that localized field enhancement due to the LSPR of metal nanoparticles could improve the emission intensity of phosphor doped rare earth ions.
CPW-fed folded slot dipole antenna for mobile handset applications (2011)

A folded slot dipole antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide for mobile handset applications is proposed. By folding up the uniplanar CPW-fed dual-band slot dipole antenna over to the other plane and using six via holes to connect the upper and lower metal plates, the total antenna area can be reduced with a small height and additional resonant modes generated. The proposed antenna including the ground plane has a total size of 95 × 55 × 2.2 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . The bandwidths of this antenna can cover the GSM900/1800/1900/GPS/WCDMA/WLAN 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. Moreover, this antenna has symmetrical structure, mainly slot resonant modes, and omni-directional radiation patterns in the horizontal planes, which are very desirable for mobile applications.
Process Influences on Laser-beam Melting of the Magnesium Alloy AZ91 (2016)

Magnesium's great lightweight potential and high biocompatibility render laser-beam melting of this metal increasingly interesting. Despite recent research activities in this field, the properties thereby achieved are still inadequate for industrial or medical use. Low surface quality caused by powder sintered to parts' boundaries is one of the main problems. This effect is discussed theoretically and examined on single tracks of the magnesium alloy AZ91. Welding-penetration depth and width was measured on a magnesium plate with and without a powder layer. For the derivation of suitable process parameters, structures with incrementally increasing hatch distances were built and microscopically analyzed. The influence on defect percentage and hardness of the parts was determined based on specimens manufactured with different layer thicknesses. The influence of the oxygen content on solids was analyzed by varying the process atmosphere.
Salmonella typhimurium prfA mutants defective in release factor 1 (1991)

Mutations have been characterized that map in the prfA gene of Salmonella typhimurium. These weak amber suppressors show increased readthrough of UAG but not UAA or UGA codons. Some hemA mutants exhibit a similar suppressor activity due to transcriptional polarity on prfA. All of the suppressors mapping in prfA are recessive to the wild type. Two mutant prfA genes were cloned onto plasmids, and their DNA sequences were determined. A method was devised for transferring the sequenced mutant alleles back to their original location in S. typhimurium via an Escherichia coli recD strain that carries the entire S. typhimurium hemA-prfA operon as a chromosomal insertion in trp. This reconstruction experiment showed that the mutations sequenced are sufficient to confer the suppressor phenotype.
Surface Finishing of the Biodegradable Stent (2015)

The objective of this research was to develop a mechanical finishing method for biodegradable magnesium alloy (AZ61) stent using Magnetic Assisted Finishing (MAF), where the workpiece is not directly fixed, and the finishing process was conducted by micron level particles. After the finishing equipment is initially designed and fabricated, several experiments were conducted on AZ61 tubes and stents to find the proper finishing condition.
Comparison of Collision Avoidance Systems and Applicability to Rail Transport (2007)

The paper presents an overview of the state of the art in collision avoidance related with transportation systems like the automatic identification system (AIS) for maritime transportation, traffic alert and collision avoidance system/automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (TCAS/ADS-B) for aircraft, and the car-2-car communication system (C2C) for road transportation. The examined systems rely on position detection and direct communication among vehicles. Alike a collision avoidance system for railway transportation "RCAS" is introduced. Focussing on the communication aspects, possible applicability of the examined state of the art systems to RCAS is studied. The analysis are performed at different communication system layers, namely application (APP) layer, media access control (MAC) layer and physical layer (PHY), which are the most relevant for a single hop network broadcast system as favorized in RCAS. Since multihop and addressed communication are not foreseen in a first RCAS approach, the network layer is not taken into account.