gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene in mammalian cells. (1976)

The mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and 15 of its derivatives, which included phenols, the benzo[a]yrene-4,5-epoxide (the K-region epoxide), dihydrodiols, two isomeric 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides, a 6-methyl derivative, and a 6-hydroxymethyl derivative, were tested with Chinese hamster V79 cells in order to identify the mutagenic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. Mutations were characterized by resistance to ouabain or 8-azaguanine. Since V79 cells do not metabolize polycyclic hydrocarbons, mutagenesis was tested both in the presence and absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing normal golden hamster cells. All the tested phenols, 4,5-diols, trans-9,10-diol, 6-methyl, and 6-hydroxymethyl derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene showed little or no mutagenicity for both genetic markers. The (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8;9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and K-region 4,5-epoxide exhibited similar and moderate mutagenicity in the absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing cells, but the (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]-pyrene showed a 2000- and 270-fold higher mutation frequency for ouabain and 8-azaguanine resistance, respectively, than did the K-region 4,5-epoxide. The trans-7,8-diol which was not mutagenic in the absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing cells was more mutagenic than benzo[a]pyrene after metabolism and mutagenesis by trans-7,8-diol in these cells was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed-function oxidases. Metabolically formed trans-7,8-diol was isolated and incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of co-factors. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the major metabolite of trans-7,8-diol is 7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The results indicate that the latter compound is metabolically formed and the major mutagenic intermediate of benzo[a]yrene metabolism.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Epitaxial Ferroelectric Pb(Zr, Ti)O<sub>3</sub> Films on Si(100) Substrate (1996)

Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PZT)/ SrTiO 3 /TiN trilayered films were grown heteroepitaxially on Si(100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition. The TiN layer was employed as a bottom electrode for the PZT capacitor and the thin SrTiO 3 layer was used as a seed layer for epitaxial growth of PZT. Good crystallinity and sharp interfaces of the structure were verified by X-ray diffraction analysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry, respectively. Polarization-electric field ( P-E ) curve showed a remanent polarization of 12 µ C/ cm 2 and a coercive field of 130 kV/cm for a PZT film of 400 nm thickness. Leakage current at E =400 kV/cm was less than 10 -7 A/cm 2 .
Parallel computing with vertical data (1960)

A novel technique called Vertical Data Processing (VDP) for the manipulation of data in digital computers is presented. Multiple data are processed simultaneously one bit at a time using Boolean operations. Many classes of problems appear adaptable to this technique.
Effect of Bubbles on Liquid Nitrogen Breakdown in Plane-Plane Electrode Geometry From 100–250 kPa (2010)

Liquid nitrogen (LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) is used as the cryogen and dielectric for many high temperature superconducting, high voltage applications. When a quench in the superconductor occurs, bubbles are generated which can affect the dielectric breakdown properties of the LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . Experiments were performed using plane-plane electrode geometry where bubbles were introduced into the gap through a pinhole in the ground electrode. Bubbles were generated using one or more kapton heaters producing heater powers up to 30 W. Pressure was varied from 100-250 kPa. Breakdown strength was found to be relatively constant up to a given heater power and pressure at which the breakdown strength drops to a low value depending on the pressure. After the drop the breakdown strength continues to drop gradually at higher heater power. This is particularly illustrated at 100 kPa. After the drop in breakdown strength the breakdown is believed to be due to the formation of a vapor bridge. Also the heater power at which the breakdown strength changes from that of LN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> to that of gaseous nitrogen increases with increasing pressure. The data can provide design constraints for high temperature superconducting fault current limiters (FCLs) so that the formation of a vapor bridge can be suppressed or avoided.
Single-mode guided-wave optical gate matrix switch using Mach-Zehnder interferometer gates (1987)

A 4 × 4 optical gate matrix switch is fabricated from high-silica single-mode guided-wave optical circuits. Mach-Zehnder interferometer circuits operated by electrical heating are used as optical gates. The switch has a 400 Mbit/s switching bandwidth.
Decreased sodium influx and abnormal red cell membrane lipids in a patient with familial plasma lecithin:Cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency (1984)

Red cell membrane metabolism in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency was investigated. The family presented here is the third case discovered in Japan. An increase of free cholesterol was observed in the red cell membranes, concomitant with increased phosphatidyl choline. Osmotic fragility of the patient's red cells was diminished rather than increased. Red cell survival (51Cr T1/2) was shortened (15 days). Sodium influx was markedly decreased, although sodium efflux, both ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive, was normal. The activity of acetyl-cholinesterase as a marker of the outer leaflet of the red cell membranes was decreased, while the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a marker of the inner leaflet was normal. No abnormalities of adenosine triphosphatases in red cell membranes were observed. These results suggest that the alteration of cholesterol metabolism in the plasma of LCAT deficiency increases the red cell membrane cholesterol and affects the functions of the red cell membranes, especially of the outer leaflet, which may result in decreased sodium influx.
Ion beam crystallography of InGaAs epitaxial layers on InP substrates (1986)

We report the first direct measurements of the strain in a series of In1−xGaxAs/InP structures by ion beam crystallography. A compression strain of 0.0152±0.0008 was obtained for an In0.47Ga0.53As epitaxial layer on an InP substrate compared with an expansion strain of 0.0126±0.0010 for an In0.58Ga0.42As layer structure. The method used allows quantitative strain measurements to be performed without the need for computer simulations.
Ransomware deployment methods and analysis: views from a predictive model and human responses (2019)

Ransomware incidents have increased dramatically in the past few years. The number of ransomware variants is also increasing, which means signature and heuristic-based detection techniques are becoming harder to achieve, due to the ever changing pattern of ransomware attack vectors. Therefore, in order to combat ransomware, we need a better understanding on how ransomware is being deployed, its characteristics, as well as how potential victims may react to ransomware incidents. This paper aims to address this challenge by carrying out an investigation on 18 families of ransomware, leading to a model for categorising ransomware behavioural characteristics, which can then be used to improve detection and handling of ransomware incidents. The categorisation was done in respect to the stages of ransomware deployment methods with a predictive model we developed called Randep. The stages are fingerprint, propagate, communicate, map, encrypt, lock, delete and threaten. Analysing the samples gathered for the predictive model provided an insight into the stages and timeline of ransomware execution. Furthermore, we carried out a study on how potential victims (individuals, as well as IT support staff at universities and SMEs) detect that ransomware was being deployed on their machine, what steps they took to investigate the incident, and how they responded to the attack. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results shed an interesting light into the most common attack methods, the most targeted operating systems and the infection symptoms, as well as recommended defence mechanisms. This information can be used in the future to create behavioural patterns for improved ransomware detection and response.
rRNA synthesis inhibitor, CX-5461, activates ATM/ATR pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, arrests cells in G2 phase and induces apoptosis (2015)

Ribosome biogenesis is a fundamental cellular process and is elevated in cancer cells. As one of the most energy consuming cellular processes, it is highly regulated by signaling pathways in response to changing cellular conditions. Many of the regulators of this process are aberrantly activated in various cancers. Recently two novel rRNA synthesis inhibitors, CX-5461 and BMH-21, have been shown to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Here, we tested the effectiveness of pre-rRNA synthesis inhibitor CX-5461 on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells with different cytogenetic abnormalities. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells are more sensitive to rRNA synthesis inhibition compared to normal bone marrow cells. CX-5461 treated cells undergo caspase-dependent apoptosis independent of their p53 status. More-over, CX5461, activates checkpoint kinases and arrests cells in G2 phase of cell cycle. Finally, overcoming this G2 arrest by inhibiting ATR kinase leads to robust cell killing. These results show that CX-5461 can be even more potent in combination with ATR inhibitors.
Therapeutic Use of Selected Herbs (2000)

An increasing number of people in the United States are using herbs for health promotion and specific symptom management. Herbs are used to initiate healing through synergistic responses unlike the specific properties of pharmaceuticals. Anecdotal data comprise much of the popular information available about herbs. Scientific studies of the efficacy and safety of herbs, although on the rise, are less available than other drug trials. Clinicians need an appropriate knowledge base for dealing with patients who take herbal preparations as well as the ability to confidently include herbal preparations in their formulary. In this article, five common herbs are reviewed. The effects, clinical studies, side effects, and dosing regimens for aloe vera, arnica, black cohosh, evening primrose oil, and saw palmetto are described.
H.F. FIELDS AND PLASMA ACCELERATORS (1966)

Nullbasic was used to further define the complex mechanisms involved in the Rev-dependent nuclear export of the 9 kb and 4 kb viral RNAs. All together, these data indicate that DDX1 can be sequestered by Nullbasic leading to destabilization of the Rev nucleocytoplasmic transport complex and decreased levels of Rev-dependent viral transcripts. The outcomes support a role for DDX1 in maintenance of a Rev nuclear complex that transports viral RRE-containing mRNA to the cytoplasm. To our knowledge Nullbasic is the first anti-HIV protein that specifically targets the cellular protein DDX1 to block Rev's activity. Furthermore, our research raises the possibility that wild type Tat may play a previously unrecognized but very important role in Rev function.
Robust Features for Effective Speech and Music Discrimination (2008)

Speech and music discrimination is one of the most important issues for multimedia information retrieval and efficient coding. While many features have been proposed, seldom of which show robustness under noisy condition, especially in telecommunication applications. In this paper two novel features based on real cepstrum are presented to represent essential differences between music and speech: Average Pitch Density (APD), Relative Tonal Power Density (RTPD). Separate histograms are used to prove the robustness of the novel features. Results of discrimination experiments show that these features are more robust than the commonly used features. The evaluation database consists of a reference collection and a set of telephone speech and music recorded in real world.
Investigation of Transient CFD Methods Applied to a Transonic Compressor Stage (2011)

Understanding unsteady flow phenomena in compressor stages often requires the use of time-accurate CFD simulations. Due to the inherent differences in blade pitch between adjacent blade rows, the flow conditions at any given instant in adjacent blade rows differ. Simplified computation of the stage represented by a single blade in each row and simple periodic boundary conditions is therefore not possible. Depending on the blade counts, it may be necessary to model the entire annulus of the stage; however, this requires considerable computational time and memory resources. Several methods for modeling the transient flow in turbomachinery stages which require a minimal number of blade passages per row, and therefore reduced computational demands, have been presented in the literature. Recently, some of these methods have become available in commercial CFD solvers. This paper provides a brief description of the methods used, and how they are applied to a transonic compressor stage. The methods are evaluated and compared in terms of computational efficiency and storage requirements, and comparison is made to steady stage simulations. Comparisons to overall performance data and two-dimensional LDV measurements are used to assess the predictive capabilities of the methods. Computed flow features are examined, and compared with reported measurements.
Efficacy of new ruthenium complexes against chemically induced autochthonous colorectal carcinoma in rats. (1989)

SD rats bearing acetoxymethylmethylnitrosamine-induced colorectal carcinomas were treated by i.v. administration of trans-imidazolium-bisimidazoletetrachlororuthenate (III) ImH(RuIm2Cl4), bisbenzimidazolium-benzimidazolepentachlororuthenate (III) (BzImH)2(RuBzImCl5) and trans-indazolium-bisindazoletetrachlororuthenate (III) In-dH(ruInd2Cl4). The dose levels used were 0.022 mmol/kg body weight administered twice weekly over ten weeks for all compounds and, additionally, 0.015 mmol/kg for ImH(RuIm2Cl4). All compounds caused a tumor growth inhibition exceeding 90%; differences were found with regard to toxicity: ImH(RuIm2Cl4 and (BzImH)2(RuBzImCl5) caused dose-related decreases in body weight and increases in mortality as shown by 21% and 29% body weight loss compared to controls as well as 10% and 45% mortality for the two dosages of the first compound, and 9% body weight loss compared to controls as well as 7% mortality for the latter compound. In contrast, equimolar administration of IndH(RuInd2Cl4) was not related to any symptoms of toxicity as evidenced by 2% body weight gain compared to controls as well as 0% mortality. Since this latter drug obviously showed remarkable activity in a highly resistant type of tumor at negligible toxicity, it certainly deserves special attention.
Mining Concept Sequences from Large-Scale Search Logs for Context-Aware Query Suggestion (2011)

Query suggestion plays an important role in improving usability of search engines. Although some recently proposed methods provide query suggestions by mining query patterns from search logs, none of them models the immediately preceding queries as context systematically, and uses context information effectively in query suggestions. Context-aware query suggestion is challenging in both modeling context and scaling up query suggestion using context. In this article, we propose a novel context-aware query suggestion approach. To tackle the challenges, our approach consists of two stages. In the first, offline model-learning stage , to address data sparseness, queries are summarized into concepts by clustering a click-through bipartite. A concept sequence suffix tree is then constructed from session data as a context-aware query suggestion model. In the second, online query suggestion stage , a user’s search context is captured by mapping the query sequence submitted by the user to a sequence of concepts. By looking up the context in the concept sequence suffix tree, we suggest to the user context-aware queries. We test our approach on large-scale search logs of a commercial search engine containing 4.0 billion Web queries, 5.9 billion clicks, and 1.87 billion search sessions. The experimental results clearly show that our approach outperforms three baseline methods in both coverage and quality of suggestions.
32 × 32 Crossbar Array Resistive Memory Composed of a Stacked Schottky Diode and Unipolar Resistive Memory (2012)

Abstract Various array types of 1‐diode and 1‐resistor stacked crossbar array (1D1R CA) devices composed of a Schottky diode (SD) (Pt/TiO 2 /Ti/Pt) and a resistive switching (RS) memory cell (Pt/TiO 2 /Pt) are fabricated and their performances are investigated. The unit cell of the 1D1R CA device shows high RS resistance ratio (≈10 3 at 1.5 V) between low and high resistance state (LRS and HRS), and high rectification ratio (≈10 5 ) between LRS and reverse‐state SD. It also shows a short RS time of <50 ns for SET (resistance transition from HRS to LRS), and ≈600 ns for RESET (resistance transition from LRS to HRS), as well as stable RS endurance and data retention characteristics. It is experimentally confirmed that the selected unit cell in HRS (logically the “off” state) is stably readable when it is surrounded by unselected LRS (logically the “on” state) cells, in an array of up to 32 × 32 cells. The SD, as a highly non‐linear resistor, appropriately controls the conducting path formation during the switching and protects the memory element from the noise during retention.
Experimental plans for electronic identification field test. [National Livestock Electronic Identification System] (1979)

The first experiments of the electronic identification field test are under way with continuous temperature monitoring equipment. Scientists at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) have nearly completed a reference identification and temperature monitoring system that will be compared with commercial systems in a field situation. Purchase of commercial equipment has been delayed because of difficulty of manufacturers in meeting the performance specifications but those problems appear to be near resolution. Organization of the user group is proposed and planning of the first experiments to evaluate the costs and benefits of a National Electronic Identification System.
Nanoantennas for visible and infrared radiation (2012)

Nanoantennas for visible and infrared radiation can strongly enhance the interaction of light with nanoscale matter by their ability to efficiently link propagating and spatially localized optical fields. This ability unlocks an enormous potential for applications ranging from nanoscale optical microscopy and spectroscopy over solar energy conversion, integrated optical nanocircuitry, opto-electronics and density-of-states engineering to ultra-sensing as well as enhancement of optical nonlinearities. Here we review the current understanding of metallic optical antennas based on the background of both well-developed radiowave antenna engineering and plasmonics. In particular, we discuss the role of plasmonic resonances on the performance of nanoantennas and address the influence of geometrical parameters imposed by nanofabrication. Finally, we give a brief account of the current status of the field and the major established and emerging lines of investigation in this vivid area of research.
Impact of International Laser Safety Standards on Manufacturers. Part II (1991)

Manufacturers have an increasing concern about the need to satisfy different laser safety regulations as they market their products throughout the world. While the national and regional laser safety regulations are similar, the differences which exist do impact the product. The requirements may vary in measurement criteria and limits for classification, engineering features, and manuals and labels, as well as for reporting, testing, and certification. This paper discusses the impact of the primary differing requirements on specific product types and describes the manner in which the laser safety standards are being implemented.
Long-term outcomes after ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: an observational study over 6 years (2016)

CA for PeAF is safe with a low rate of complications. Over a follow-up period of up to 6 years, a large majority of patients experience significant symptomatic improvement but recurrence after the initial procedure is the norm rather than the exception. 2 years' follow-up is sufficient to observe 90% of AF recurrences, but recurrence can occur even after 5 years' remission.
Learning From Summaries: Supporting e-Learning Activities by Means of Document Summarization (2015)

e-Learning platforms allow users with different skills to explore large collections of electronic documents and annotate them with notes and highlights. Generating summaries of these document collections is potentially useful for gaining insights into teaching materials. However, most existing summarizers are general purpose. Thus, they do not consider neither annotations nor user skills during the document summarization process. This paper studies the application of a state-of-the-art summarization system, namely, the itemset-based summarizer (ItemSum), in an e-learning context. The summarizer produces an ordered sequence of key phrases extracted from a teaching document. The aim of this paper is threefold: 1) evaluate the usefulness of the generated summaries for supporting individual and collective learning activities in a real context; 2) understand to what extent document highlights, annotations, and user skill levels can be used to drive the summarization process; and 3) generate multiple summaries of the same document tailored to users with different skill levels. To accomplish task 1), a crowd-sourcing experience of evaluation of the generated summaries was conducted by involving the students of a B.S. course given by a technical university. The results show that the automatically generated summaries reflect, to a large extent, the students' expectations. Hence, they can be useful for supporting learning activities in university-level computer science courses. To address task 2), three extended versions of the ItemSum summarizer, driven by highlights, annotations, and user skill levels, respectively, have been proposed, and their performance improvements with respect to the baseline version have been validated on benchmark documents. Finally, to accomplish task 3), multiple summaries of the same benchmark documents have been generated by considering only the annotations made by the users with a different skill level. The results confirm that the summary content reflects the level of expertise of the targeted users.