gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retention of Intrinsic Electronic Properties of Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes after a Significant Degree of Sidewall Functionalization by the Bingel Reaction (2007)

Sidewalls of acid-treated, shortened single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with long alkyl chains at the open ends and defect sites have been functionalized by Bingel reaction to examine the structures and spectroscopic properties in detail for the first time. The microwave-assisted Bingel reaction has been successfully applied to the sidewall functionalization of which the reaction rate is ca. 50 times faster than that under the conventional conditions. The degree of the sidewall functionalization (one diester unit per 75−300 carbon atoms of SWNTs) was found to be controllable by changing the output power of the microwave under the same temperature. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed the progressive exfoliation of the SWNT bundles by the double chemical modification. Resonant Raman and UV−vis−NIR absorption spectroscopies revealed that the electronic properties of SWNT are largely retained after a significant degree of sidewall modification by the Bingel reaction without apparent selective reactivity for metallic and semiconducting SWNTs. This is in remarkable contrast with the conventional sidewall functionalization of SWNTs leading to the loss of their electronic properties (one functional group per 10−100 carbon atoms on the sidewall). Thus, our covalent functionalization methodology can provide SWNT materials with both excellent solubility and inherent electronic properties which are highly desirable in solution-phase processing for the fabrication of SWNT-based molecular devices.
Biosolar cells: global artificial photosynthesis needs responsive matrices with quantum coherent kinetic control for high yield (2015)

This contribution discusses why we should consider developing artificial photosynthesis with the tandem approach followed by the Dutch BioSolar Cells consortium, a current operational paradigm for a global artificial photosynthesis project. We weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a tandem converter against other approaches, including biomass. Owing to the low density of solar energy per unit area, artificial photosynthetic systems must operate at high efficiency to minimize the land (or sea) area required. In particular, tandem converters are a much better option than biomass for densely populated countries and use two photons per electron extracted from water as the raw material into chemical conversion to hydrogen, or carbon-based fuel when CO2 is also used. For the average total light sum of 40 mol m(-2) d(-1) for The Netherlands, the upper limits are many tons of hydrogen or carbon-based fuel per hectare per year. A principal challenge is to forge materials for quantitative conversion of photons to chemical products within the physical limitation of an internal potential of ca 2.9 V. When going from electric charge in the tandem to hydrogen and back to electricity, only the energy equivalent to 1.23 V can be stored in the fuel and regained. A critical step is then to learn from nature how to use the remaining difference of ca 1.7 V effectively by triple use of one overpotential for preventing recombination, kinetic stabilization of catalytic intermediates and finally generating targeted heat for the release of oxygen. Probably the only way to achieve this is by using bioinspired responsive matrices that have quantum-classical pathways for a coherent conversion of photons to fuels, similar to what has been achieved by natural selection in evolution. In appendix A for the expert, we derive a propagator that describes how catalytic reactions can proceed coherently by a convergence of time scales of quantum electron dynamics and classical nuclear dynamics. We propose that synergy gains by such processes form a basis for further progress towards high efficiency and yield for a global project on artificial photosynthesis. Finally, we look at artificial photosynthesis research in The Netherlands and use this as an example of how an interdisciplinary approach is beneficial to artificial photosynthesis research. We conclude with some of the potential societal consequences of a large-scale roll out of artificial photosynthesis.
A novel architecture enabling the visual implementation of web of Things applications (2013)

The concept of Internet of Things is becoming one of the key aspects for the future Internet, where embedded devices will be responsible for collecting data from the surrounding environment and making them available to useful mash-up applications. In order to guarantee a high feasibility of this scenario, it would be appropriate to have a flexible and intuitive architecture for the implementation of such applications without knowing specific details about the constrained hardware and operating system. Therefore, in this work, a software system for the graphical development of mash-up applications, dedicated to Wireless Sensor Networks, was designed and implemented. It is based on a Constrained Application Protocol application server, called Actinium, and on a graphical editor, called ClickScript. Especially the latter one has been substantially modified in order to communicate with Actinium and to interact with the constrained resources made available by the WSN. The effectiveness of the proposed solution has been tested through a real use case that has demonstrated the validity of the whole system.
Status of radioiodine control for nuclear fuel reprocessing plants (1983)

This report summarizes the status of radioiodine control in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant with respect to capture, fixation, and disposal. Where possible, we refer the reader to a number of survey documents which have been published in the last four years. We provide updates where necessary. Also discussed are factors which must be considered in developing criteria for iodine control. For capture from gas streams, silver mordenite and a silver nitrate impregnated silica (AC-6120) are considered state-of-the-art and are recommended. Three aqueous scrubbing processes have been demonstrated: Caustic scrubbing is simple but probably will not give an adequate iodine retention by itself. Mercurex (mercuric nitrate-nitric acid scrubbing) has a number of disadvantages including the use of toxic mercury. Iodox (hyperazeotropic nitric acid scrubbing) is effective but employs a very corrosive and hazardous material. Other technologies have been tested but require extensive development. The waste forms recommended for long-term storage or disposal are silver iodide, the iodates of barium, strontium, or calcium, and silver loaded sorbents, all fixed in cement. Copper iodide in bitumen (asphalt) is a possibility but requires testing. The selection of a specific form will be influenced by the capture process used.
Extended Pie Menus for Immersive Virtual Environments (2013)

Pie menus are a well-known technique for interacting with 2D environments and so far a large body of research documents their usage and optimizations. Yet, comparatively little research has been done on the usability of pie menus in immersive virtual environments (IVEs). In this paper we reduce this gap by presenting an implementation and evaluation of an extended hierarchical pie menu system for IVEs that can be operated with a six-degrees-of-freedom input device. Following an iterative development process, we first developed and evaluated a basic hierarchical pie menu system. To better understand how pie menus should be operated in IVEs, we tested this system in a pilot user study with 24 participants and focus on item selection. Regarding the results of the study, the system was tweaked and elements like check boxes, sliders, and color map editors were added to provide extended functionality. An expert review with five experts was performed with the extended pie menus being integrated into an existing VR application to identify potential design issues. Overall results indicated high performance and efficient design.
Active site-specific immunoassays (1990)

This study describes a process by which serine proteases that contain an S-1 arginine subsite and active site histidine may be inactivated and subsequently quantitated using a combination of peptidyl chloromethylketone chemistry and immune recognition technology. Active site labeling and inactivation of proteases is attained by modification of the active site histidine with a peptidyl chloromethylketone. In the specific illustrations demonstrated, we used the compound biotinyl- epsilon-aminocaproyl-phenylalanylprolylarginyl chloromethylketone. This reagent reacts quantitatively and specifically with the active site histidine of a wide variety of proteases that are elaborated in the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. The inactivated enzyme(s) may be quantitated by combinations of antiprotein antibodies and avidin binding technology using the biotin moiety on the peptide inhibitor. We have demonstrated the capability of capture of inactivated enzyme products directly on to solid-phase avidin with subsequent quantitation of bound protein using specific antibodies. In the converse system we have captured specific proteases using antiprotein antibodies in the solid phase and have quantitated bound enzyme by using avidin. Subsequent detection and quantitation has been achieved using the enzymatic activity of horseradish peroxidase conjugated either to the antibody or to avidin. Both types of assays are feasible, with avidin capture being the preferred mode when enzyme is evaluated in the presence of excess zymogen, as would be common in the evaluation of most blood-clotting enzymes. Assays are illustrated for tissue plasminogen activator, plasmin, thrombin, factor Xa, and activated protein C, which can measure protease concentrations as low as 50 pmol/L. Specific applications of the assays are provided in studies of the activation of prothrombin by the prothrombinase complex and of factor X with Russell's viper venom factor X activator. These assays measure the mass of active site present in the reaction mixture and are relatively independent of subspecies of enzyme or the environment in which the activity is generated. These assay systems provide powerful tools for elucidating product-precursor relationships in multienzyme feedback reactions involving zymogen activation.
Ripple Analysis in Ferret Primary Auditory Cortex. 1. Response Characteristics of Single Units to Sinusoidally Rippled Spectra (1994)

Abstract : We compared the response properties of single units to tones and sinusoidally rippled spectral stimuli in the primary auditory cortex (Al) of the barbiturate-anesthetized ferret. Using two-tone stimuli, we determined the response area of each cell and parameterized it in terms of best frequency (BF), the bandwidth of the excitatory responses at 20dB above threshold (BW20), and an asymmetry index measuring the balance of inhibition and excitation around the BF. Using frequency-modulated (FM) tones, we also determined a directional sensitivity index for the cell. Using broadband stimuli (1-20 kHz) with sinusoidally modulated spectral envelopes (ripples), we measured the response magnitude of each cell as a function of ripple frequency (omega) and ripple phase (phi), and then reconstructed the magnitude and phase of a ripple transfer function. Most cells (approximately 90%) were tuned to a specific ripple frequency, denoted as a characteristic ripple frequency (omegao) Most cells also exhibited a linear ripple phase as a function of omega.
Low Saturation Intensities in Two-Photon Ultracold Collisions (1998)

We have observed violet photon emission resulting from energy-pooling collisions between ultracold Rb atoms illuminated by two colors of near-resonant infrared laser light. We have used this emission as a probe of doubly excited state ultracold collision dynamics. We have observed the lowest saturation intensity for light-induced ultracold collisions seen to date which we identify as due to depletion of incoming ground state flux. We have also varied the detuning of the lasers which allows us to clearly identify the effect of spontaneous emission and optical shielding.
A Low-voltage, Fully-integrated (1.5-6) GHz Low-Noise Amplifier in E-mode pHEMT Technology for Multiband, Multimode Applications (2008)

This paper describes the design and implementation of a fully-integrated MMIC low-voltage, low-noise amplifier (LNA) for use in multimode, multiband receivers using 0.25 um enhancement-mode GaAs pHEMT technology. The LNA has two cascaded gain stages and is fully usable down to 0.8 V supply voltage and 5 mA total current drain. Power supply inductors, bypass capacitor and interstage matching are integrated on the die. An external inductor can be added to improve input match and gain. At 1.4 V supply, it achieves broadband (1.5-6)GHz gain of 17.5 dB and typical noise figure of 1.5 dB while consuming 18 mA of total current. Gain variation is typically less than 1.5 dB. Input IP3 is better than -4 dBm across the band. The complete chip occupies an area of 1.1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
A multiresolution frequency domain method for estimating affine motion parameters (2002)

A novel approach to motion estimation is presented. The scheme employs a multiresolution model of 2-D motion, in which the motion within local regions at different scales is described in terms of a six parameter affine model. A frequency domain method is used to estimate the local affine motion parameters and a coarse-fine tracking algorithm is used to determine the global motion field. Results of experiments performed on synthetic and natural image sequences illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
EAM with improved switching performance by self cascading (2004)

The self cascading of an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) with commercially available components improves the switching performance of a single electroabsorption modulator. The improved performance is demonstrated in 160 to 40 Gbit/s demultiplexing experiments and 40 GHz pulse generation.
Growth and antibacterial activity of Lentinula edodes in liquid media supplemented with agricultural wastes (2005)

Antibacterial activity of Lentinula edodes against Bacillus subtilis was evaluated in cell-free filtrates obtained after growth in 14 different culture media. The highest B. subtilis growth inhibition was promoted by filtrates of growth media supplemented with rice bran, vermiculite or molasses. L. edodes dry mycelial biomass in liquid culture with 0.5% added rice bran was 3.2 mg/ml, after growth for 30 days at 25oC without shaking, and 4.3 mg/ml under orbital shaking (150 rpm). However, antibacterial activity, detected between 20 and 24 days of incubation of stationary cultures, was absent in filtrates of aerated cultures. Temperatures of 20-25oC enhanced both growth and antibacterial activity. Optimum pH for L. edodes mycelial growth was 3.0-3.5, while for production of antibacterial substance(s) it was 4.5. Our results indicated that incubation conditions that enhance mycelial growth are quite different from those necessary for production of antibacterial substance(s) by L. edodes.
A factorial power variation of Fermat's equation (2012)

We consider a variant of Fermat's well-known equation xn+yn=zn. T his variant replaces the usual powers with the factorial powers defined by xn=x(x-1)...(x-(n-1)). For n=2 we characterize all possible integer solutions of the equation. For n=3 we show that there exist infinitely many non-trivial solutions to the equation. Finally we show there exists no maximum n for which xn+yn = zn has a non-trivial solution.
Management of metastatic breast cancer (1994)

Systemic treatment almost certainly prolongs the median survival of women with metastatic breast cancer, and it may prolong the survival of a small number of patients substantially. Even with conventional therapy, 10% or more patients may live into the second decade after recurrence. However, the disease cannot be eradicated, and the primary goal of treatment remains palliation and improvement of the quality of life. Because of the great variability in the pattern and course of the disease from one patient to another, therapy should be selected judiciously to maximize response and minimize toxicity. In some clinical situations, such as pathologic fractures and brain metastases, local therapies alone, such as surgery or irradiation, are the treatments of choice. Patients who will respond to endocrine therapy are well defined, and all patients with the characteristics of an endocrine responder deserve a chance at palliation with this modality alone because of its limited toxicity. A number of new forms of endocrine therapy with more specific targets at estrogen and progesterone receptor sites are now in clinical trials. When used appropriately, chemotherapy significantly improves patient quality of life despite its toxicity. No drug combinations, schedules, or doses have been shown to prolong survival or provide better net palliation than classic CMF (oral cyclophosphamide with intravenous methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) or CAF (intravenous cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil). Treatment with these combinations in excess of 6 to 9 months provides only marginal additional benefits and no survival advantage. The role of high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation remains a promising area of investigation, but the available survival data are entirely compatible with the possibility that this modality will eventually prove inferior to conventional therapy. Many new cytotoxic agents with unique mechanisms of action are currently under investigation, including taxol, taxotere, Topotecan, and amonafide. Taxol may be the most promising therapy now available for patients whose disease has become refractory to doxorubicin. Biologic therapies using monoclonal antibodies against a specific oncogene or its product have entered clinical trials, and novel drug delivery systems using liposomes are under evaluation.
Sorption of Heavy Metals onto Selective Ion-Exchange Resins with Aminophosphonate Functional Groups (2001)

The ion-exchange equilibria for the exchange of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Co2+) and of Ca2+, Na+, and NH4+ ions by two commercially available chelating ion-exchange resins with aminophosphonate functional groups (Purolite S 940 and S 950) have been studied. From simple binary systems of the exchange of each of the species for H+ ions, the series of selectivity for these species were determined. Evaluation of the binary data by means of the surface complexation theory led to sets of binary equilibrium parameters that remain unchanged in multicomponent systems. By means of these parameter values, ternary and quaternary equilibria and equilibria with complexing-agent-bearing wastewaters from metal surface treatments were predicted and compared with experimental results. In all cases, very satisfactory agreement was found.
Diagnostic Testing for Degenerative Disc Disease (2012)

The diagnostic of degenerative disc disease should be reached with the help of various diagnostic studies. This article briefly review the information gained by the following tests: radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and discography. The article explains how each modality provides a piece of the diagnostic puzzle and how discography confirms the origin of the patient's pain.
3D Collaboration Method over HoloLens™ and Skype™ End Points (2015)

This paper describes a new Augmented Reality (AR) system called HoloLens developed by Microsoft, and the interaction model for supporting collaboration in this space with other users. Whereas traditional AR collaboration is between two or more head-mounted displays (HMD) users, we describe collaboration between a single HMD user and others who join the space by hitching on the view of the HMD user. The remote companions participate remotely through Skype-enabled devices such as tablets or PC's. The interaction is novel in the use of a 3D space with digital objects where the interaction by remote parties can be achieved asynchronously and reflected back to the primary user. We describe additional collaboration scenarios possible with this arrangement.
Transfer hydrogenative <i>para</i>-selective aminoalkylation of aniline derivatives with N-heteroarenes <i>via</i> ruthenium/acid dual catalysis (2018)

By ruthenium/acid dual catalysis, we present, for the first time, a transfer hydrogenative para-selective aminoalkylation of aniline derivatives with N-heteroarenes. Position-2 of the sterically less-hindered pyridine ring of the N-heteroarenes couples with various aniline derivatives at the site para to the amino group, affording a wide array of structurally modified anilines, a class of highly valuable compounds with the potential for discovery and further creation of functional molecules. The developed chemistry features operational simplicity, a readily available catalyst system, excellent functional group tolerance, and exclusive regioselectivity, which offers a significant basis to access novel aniline derivatives that are currently inaccessible or challenging to prepare with conventional approaches, and design new coupling reactions via a hydrogen transfer strategy.
Design and implementation of message-passing services for the Blue Gene/L supercomputer (2005)

The Blue Gene®/L (BG/L) supercomputer, with 65,536 dual-processor compute nodes, was designed from the ground up to support efficient execution of massively parallel message-passing programs. Part of this support is an optimized implementation of the Message Passing Interface (MPI), which leverages the hardware features of BG/L. MPI for BG/L is implemented on top of a more basic message-passing infrastructure called the message layer. This message layer can be used both to implement other higher-level libraries and directly by applications. MPI and the message layer are used in the two BG/L modes of operation: the coprocessor mode and the virtual node mode. Performance measurements show that our message-passing services deliver performance close to the hardware limits of the machine. They also show that dedicating one of the processors of a node to communication functions (coprocessor mode) greatly improves the message-passing bandwidth, whereas running two processes per compute node (virtual node mode) can have a positive impact on application performance.