gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Segmentation Using a Hybrid Dense Network Integrated With an 3D-Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling Module for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging (2020)

Computed tomography (CT) with a contrast-enhanced imaging technique is extensively proposed for the assessment and segmentation of multiple organs, especially organs at risk. It is an important factor involved in the decision making in clinical applications. Automatic segmentation and extraction of abdominal organs, such as thoracic organs at risk, from CT images are challenging tasks due to the low contrast of pixel values surrounding other organs. Various deep learning models based on 2D and 3D convolutional neural networks have been proposed for the segmentation of medical images because of their automatic feature extraction capability based on large labeled datasets. In this paper, we proposed a 3D-atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module integrated with a proposed 3D DensNet encoder-decoder network for volumetric segmentation to segment abdominal organs from CT. The proposed network used a 3D-ASPP block to capture spatial information in multiscale input feature maps from the decoder side. We also proposed a 3D-ASPP block with a 3D DensNet network for automatically processing 3D medical volumetric images. The proposed hybrid network was named 3D-ASPPDN for volumetric segmentation via CT medical imaging. We tested our proposed approach on a public dataset, Thoracic Organs at Risk (SegTHOR) 2019. The proposed solution showed excellent performance in comparison with other existing state-of-the-art DL methods. The proposed method achieved Dice scores 97.89% on the SegTHOR dataset. Results presented that 3D-ASPPDN exhibited enhanced performance in volumetric biomedical segmentation. The proposed model could be used for volumetric segmentation in clinical applications to diagnose problems in multi class organs.
A 1 V Phase Locked Loop with Leakage Compensation in 0.13  m CMOS Technology (2006)

In deep sub-micrometer CMOS process, owing to the thin gate oxide and small subthreshold voltage, the leakage current becomes more and more serious. The leakage current has made the impact on phase-locked loops (PLLs). In this paper, the compensation circuits are presented to reduce the leakage current on the charge pump circuit and the MOS capacitor as the loop filter. The proposed circuit has been fabricated in 0.13-μm CMOS process. The power consumption is 3 mW and the die area is 0.27 x 0.3 mm 2 .
Correlative Light Electron Microscopy: Connecting Synaptic Structure and Function (2016)

Many core paradigms of contemporary neuroscience are based on information obtained by electron or light microscopy. Intriguingly, these two imaging techniques are often viewed as complementary, yet separate entities. Recent technological advancements in microscopy techniques, labeling tools, and fixation or preparation procedures have fueled the development of a series of hybrid approaches that allow correlating functional fluorescence microscopy data and ultrastructural information from electron micrographs from a singular biological event. As correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) approaches become increasingly accessible, long-standing neurobiological questions regarding structure-function relation are being revisited. In this review, we will survey what developments in electron and light microscopy have spurred the advent of correlative approaches, highlight the most relevant CLEM techniques that are currently available, and discuss its potential and limitations with respect to neuronal and synapse-specific applications.
Gabapentin (neurontin) and <b>S</b>‐(+)‐3‐isobutylgaba represent a novel class of selective antihyperalgesic agents (1997)

1. Gabapentin (neurontin) is a novel antiepileptic agent that binds to the alpha 2 delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. The only other compound known to possess affinity for this recognition site is the (S)-(+)-enantiomer of 3-isobutylgaba. However, the corresponding (R)-(-)-enantiomer is 10 fold weaker. The present study evaluates the activity of gabapentin and the two enantiomers of 3-isobutylgaba in formalin and carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain models. 2. In the rat formalin test, S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba (1-100 mg kg-1) and gabapentin (10-300 mg kg-1) dose-dependently inhibited the late phase of the nociceptive response with respective minimum effective doses (MED) of 10 and 30 mg kg-1, s.c. This antihyperalgesic action of gabapentin was insensitive to naloxone (0.1-10.0 mg kg-1, s.c.). In contrast, the R-(-)-enantiomer of 3-isobutylgaba (1-100 mg kg-1) produced a modest inhibition of the late phase at the highest dose of 100 mg kg-1. However, none of the compounds showed any effect during the early phase of the response. 3. The s.c. administration of either S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba (1-30 mg kg-1) or gabapentin (10-100 mg kg-1), after the development of peak carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, dose-dependently antagonized the maintenance of this response with MED of 3 and 30 mg kg-1, respectively. Similar administration of the two compounds also blocked maintenance of carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia with MED of 3 and 10 mg kg-1, respectively. In contrast, R-(-)-3-isobutylgaba failed to show any effect in the two hyperalgesia models. 4. The intrathecal administration of gabapentin dose-dependently (1-100 micrograms/animal) blocked carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. In contrast, administration of similar doses of gabapentin into the inflamed paw was ineffective at blocking this response. 5. Unlike morphine, the repeated administration of gabapentin (100 mg kg-1 at start and culminating to 400 mg kg-1) over 6 days did not lead to the induction of tolerance to its antihyperalgesic action in the formalin test. Furthermore, the morphine tolerance did not cross generalize to gabapentin. The s.c. administration of gabapentin (10-300 mg kg-1), R-(-) (3-100 mg kg-1) or S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba (3-100 mg kg-1) failed to inhibit gastrointestinal motility, as measured by the charcoal meal test in the rat. Moreover, the three compounds (1-100 mg kg-1, s.c.) did not generalize to the morphine discriminative stimulus. Gabapentin (30-300 mg kg-1) and S-(+)-isobutylgaba (1-100 mg kg-1) showed sedative/ataxic properties only at the highest dose tested in the rota-rod apparatus. 6. Gabapentin (30-300 mg kg-1, s.c.) failed to show an antinociceptive action in transient pain models. It is concluded that gabapentin represents a novel class of antihyperalgesic agents.
The Dynamics of Backfilling: Solving the Mystery of Why Increased Inaccuracy May Help (2006)

Parallel job scheduling with backfilling requires users to provide runtime estimates, used by the scheduler to better pack the jobs. Studies of the impact of such estimates on performance have modeled them using a "badness factor" f ges 0 in an attempt to capture their inaccuracy (given a runtime r, the estimate is uniformly distributed in [r, (f + 1) middot r]). Surprisingly, inaccurate estimates (f > 0) yielded better performance than accurate ones (f = 0). We explain this by a "heel and toe" dynamics that, with f > 0, cause backfilling to approximate shortest-job first scheduling. We further find the effect of systematically increasing f is V-shaped: average wait time and slowdown initially drop, only to rise later on. This happens because higher fs create bigger "holes" in the schedule (longer jobs can backfill) and increase the randomness (more long jobs appear as short), thus overshadowing the initial heel-and-toe preference for shorter jobs. The bottom line is that artificial inaccuracy generated by multiplying (real or perfect) estimates by a factor is (1) just a scheduling technique that trades off fairness for performance, and is (2) ill-suited for studying the effect of real inaccuracy. Real estimates are modal (90% of the jobs use the same 20 estimates) and bounded by a maximum (usually the most popular estimate). Therefore, when performing an evaluation, "increased inaccuracy" should translate to increased modality. Unlike multiplying, this indeed worsens performance as one would intuitively expect
Identification and characterization of a 14 kDa human protein as a novel parvulin‐like peptidyl prolyl <i>cis</i>/<i>trans</i> isomerase (1999)

A second member of the parvulin family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases was identified in a human lung cDNA library. The gene encoded a protein named hPar14 that has 131 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 13676 Da. Sequence comparison showed 34.5% identity to E. coli Par10 and 34% identity to human Pin1 (hPar18) within a C-terminal region of 87 or 120 amino acid residues, respectively. In comparison to the E. coli Par10, hPar14 possesses a N-terminal extension of 41 amino acid residues. This extension does not contain a polyproline II helix-binding motif typical of the known eukaryotic parvulins. The hPar14 does not accelerate the cis to trans interconversion of oligopeptides with side chain-phosphorylated Ser(Thr)-Pro moieties as hPin1 did. In contrast, it showed preference of an arginine residue adjacent N-terminal to proline. Northern blot analysis revealed expression of the gene within various human tissues like heart, placenta, liver, kidney and pancreas.
Strong conservation of non-coding sequences during vertebrates evolution: potential involvement in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (1993)

Comparison of nucleotide sequences from different classes of vertebrates that diverged more than 300 million years ago, revealed the existence of highly conserved regions (HCRs) with more than 70% similarity over 100 to 1450 nt in non-coding parts of genes. Such a conservation is unexpected because it is much longer and stronger than what is necessary for specifying the binding of a regulatory protein. HCRs are relatively frequent, particularly in genes that are essential to cell life. In multigene families, conserved regions are specific of each isotype and are probably involved in the control of their specific pattern of expression. Studying HCRs distribution within genes showed that functional constraints are generally much stronger in 3'-non-coding regions than in promoters or introns. The 3'-HCRs are particularly A + T-rich and are always located in the transcribed untranslated regions of genes, which suggests that they are involved in post-transcriptional processes. However, current knowledge of mechanisms that regulate mRNA export, localisation, translation, or degradation is not sufficient to explain the strong functional constraints that we have characterised.
The Design Warrior's Guide to FPGAs: Devices, Tools and Flows (2004)

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are devices that provide a fast, low-cost way for embedded system designers to customize products and deliver new versions with upgraded features, because they can handle very complicated functions, and be reconfigured an infinite number of times. In addition to introducing the various architectural features available in the latest generation of FPGAs, The Design Warriors Guide to FPGAs also covers different design tools and flows.This book covers information ranging from schematic-driven entry, through traditional HDL/RTL-based simulation and logic synthesis, all the way up to the current state-of-the-art in pure C/C++ design capture and synthesis technology. Also discussed are specialist areas such as mixed hardward/software and DSP-based design flows, along with innovative new devices such as field programmable node arrays (FPNAs). Clive Max Maxfield is a bestselling author and engineer with a large following in the electronic design automation (EDA)and embedded systems industry. In this comprehensive book, he covers all the issues of interest to designers working with, or contemplating a move to, FPGAs in their product designs. While other books cover fragments of FPGA technology or applications this is the first to focus exclusively and comprehensively on FPGA use for embedded systems. * First book to focus exclusively and comprehensively on FPGA use in embedded designs* World-renowned best-selling author* Will help engineers get familiar and succeed with this new technology by providing much-needed advice on choosing the right FPGA for any design project
Galanin receptor in plasma membrane of canine small intestinal circular muscle (1994)

High-affinity binding sites for galanin were identified and characterized in plasma membrane of circular muscle from canine small intestine using 125I-radioiodinated synthetic porcine galanin. Scatchard analysis indicated a high-affinity binding site on plasma membrane with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.58 nM and a binding capacity of 389 fmol/mg. Unlabeled galanin or NH2-terminal galanin fragments competitively inhibited the binding of 125I-galanin in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment was inactive. Computer analysis of competitive binding data suggested a two-site model with a high-affinity (inhibitor constant, Ki = 0.01 nM) and a low-affinity (Ki = 2.8 nM) binding site. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) enhanced the dissociation of bound 125I-galanin. Cholera toxin (CTX) and GTP gamma S abolished the activity of the high-affinity binding site, leaving the low-affinity binding site. We conclude that galanin may act as an neurotransmitter to inhibit canine small intestinal smooth muscle contraction by interaction with a CTX-sensitive G protein-coupled specific receptor on muscle membrane. This receptor showed different G protein coupling from a synaptosomal receptor previously described in the same tissue preparations.
Thin-Film Optical Filters (2010)

Written by a world-renowned authority of optical coatings, Thin-Film Optical Filters, Fourth Edition presents an introduction to thin-film optical filters for both manufacturers and users. The preeminent author covers an assortment of design, manufacture, performance, and application topics. He also includes enough of the basic mathematics of optic
Breadth-first manipulation of very large binary-decision diagrams (1993)

The paper presents an efficient method for manipulating very large shared binary decision diagrams (SBDDs) which are too large to be stored within main memory. In contrast that the conventional depth-first algorithm causes random access of memory, the proposed method is intended to cause sequential access of memory. The main idea of our method is level-by-level manipulation of shared quasi-reduced BDD's (SQBDD's) upon a breadth-first algorithm. A garbage collection algorithm based on sliding type compaction is also introduced in order to reduce page faults in succeeding manipulation. We implemented and evaluated the proposed method on the workstation Sun SPARC Station 10 and 64 Mbyte main memory and a 1 Gbyte hard disk drive. As a result it took only 5.6 h to obtain an SQBDD of more than 12 million nodes, which represents all the primary outputs of a 15-bit multiplier, from its circuit description. If we use the conventional SBDD manipulator instead, it is estimated that it would take about 1900 h.
A polymorphic L1 retroposon insertion in the centromere of the human Y chromosome (2000)

We have identified a novel polymorphic L1 retroposon insertion, designated LY1, in the centromeric alphoid array of the human Y chromosome. The element belongs to the transpositionally active Ta subset and its presence is compatible with normal centromere function. It was found at highest frequency in China, where it accounts for 23% of the Han sample, and was present at low frequencies in the surrounding areas, but was not found at all outside Asia. Chromosomes carrying LY1 show considerable microsatellite diversity, suggesting an ancient origin for the lineage at approximately 10 000 years ago (with wide confidence limits), but only limited subsequent migration.
A simulated annealing algorithm for energy efficient virtual machine placement (2012)

Improving energy efficiency has become increasingly important in data centers in recent years to reduce the rapidly growing tremendous amounts of electricity consumption. The power dissipation of the physical servers is the root cause of power usage of other systems, such as cooling systems. Many efforts have been made to make data centers more energy efficient. One of them is to minimize the total power consumption of these servers in a data center through virtual machine consolidation, which is implemented by virtual machine placement. The placement problem is often modeled as a bin packing problem. Due to the NP-hard nature of the problem, heuristic solutions such as First Fit and Best Fit algorithms have been often used and have generally good results. However, their performance leaves room for further improvement. In this paper we propose a Simulated Annealing based algorithm, which aims at further improvement from any feasible placement. This is the first published attempt of using SA to solve the VM placement problem to optimize the power consumption. Experimental results show that this SA algorithm can generate better results, saving up to 25 percentage more energy than First Fit Decreasing in an acceptable time frame.
Remarkable Stereoselectivity in the Inhibition of α‐Galactosidase from Coffee Bean by a New Polyhydroxypyrrolidine Inhibitor (1994)

A potent inhibitor is easily accessible. The pyrrolidine derivative 1 effectively inhibits α-galactosidase (Ki = 5 × 10−8 M), since it mimics the transition state structure of the cleavage of the glycosidic bond. Compound 1 can be prepared by chemical (see below) and chemoenzymatic routes.
Molecularly targeted therapies for malignant gliomas: advances and challenges (2007)

The identification of molecular markers associated with tumor but not with normal tissue has allowed the development of highly specific, targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer. Over the last several years, tremendous advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular changes involved in the progression of malignant gliomas have triggered a large effort in the development of targeted therapies to treat these tumors. However, to date only a modest clinical benefit, limited to subsets of patients, has been demonstrated. Furthermore, despite a high degree of target selectivity, the use of targeted therapies often has systemic toxicity. The reasons behind this limited clinical success are complex and include the intricacy of the signaling pathways in gliomas and the heterogeneity of the disease process, compounded by existing limitations in assessing the efficacy of these novel agents when conventional end points and clinical trial designs are utilized. However, despite these difficulties targeted therapies remain a very attractive avenue of treatment for malignant gliomas. Three basic approaches are needed to overcome the hurdles associated with targeted therapies: first, further development of genetic profiling techniques will help to better determine the genetic changes and molecular pathways involved in gliomas and will potentially allow the design of individualized therapies based on the genetic and molecular signature of each tumor. Second, there is a need for the development of better combination strategies (complementary targeted agents or targeted agents with chemotherapy drugs) directed towards disease heterogeneity. Third, we need to optimize the design of preclinical and clinical trials to obtain the maximum amount of information in the shortest period of time.
A Field Study of "Blaxploitation" Films (1981)

This field study by high school youth utilized Alvin Poussaint's construct of what has come to be known as "blaxploitation" films. The racist exploitation of Black actors and actresses involved in the production of these films, combined with the derogatory effect of these movies on the Black populace, provides the genesis of the word "blaxploitation." Being the result of Hollywood's quest to improve profits in the late 1960's, these films substituted the positive images associated with the Black liberation movement for the images of violence, degeneracy, and es capism that characterized the themes of these movies. Acting as researchers as well as subjects, the stu dents involved with the project found that the themes of these movies either glorified the lumpen elements of the Black community or put forth fantastically unrealistic solutions to genuine problems. They found that the films attracted millions of Blacks to the theatre and resulted in detrimental effects on the psychology of the entire Black community, the moral training in the Black family, the religious values of Black people, and the educational aspirations of Black youth.
Threshold current of single quantum well lasers: The role of the confining layers (1986)

The threshold current density of single quantum well (SQW) GaAs/GaAlAs lasers is calculated, taking into account the carrier populations of the confining layer. We find that these populations are significant when compared to those of the quantum well. This effect explains the better performance of the graded-index separate confinement SQW laser when compared to the separate confinement heterostructure laser, as well as the T0 performance of such lasers.
Remote laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for non‐proximate analysis of biological tissues (2014)

Remote LAESI is an ambient non-proximate sampling technique, proven to detect metabolites in biological tissues. When combined with optical microscopy, remote LAESI allows for the simultaneous acquisition of morphological and chemical information. This technique has important implications for histology, where chemical information for specific locations within a tissue is critical.
The Zinc Sensing Receptor, ZnR/GPR39, in Health and Disease (2018)

A distinct G-protein coupled receptor that senses changes in extracellular Zn<sup>2+</sup>, ZnR/GPR39, was found in cells from tissues in which Zn<sup>2+</sup> plays a physiological role. Most prominently, ZnR/GPR39 activity was described in prostate cancer, skin keratinocytes, and colon epithelial cells, where zinc is essential for cell growth, wound closure, and barrier formation. ZnR/GPR39 activity was also described in neurons that are postsynaptic to vesicular Zn<sup>2+</sup> release. Activation of ZnR/GPR39 triggers Gαq-dependent signaling and subsequent cellular pathways associated with cell growth and survival. Furthermore, ZnR/GPR39 was shown to regulate the activity of ion transport mechanisms that are essential for the physiological function of epithelial and neuronal cells. Thus, ZnR/GPR39 provides a unique target for therapeutically modifying the actions of zinc in a specific and selective manner.