gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perceptually motivated automatic color contrast enhancement (2009)

We address the problem of contrast enhancement for color images. Methods directly derived from gray-level enhancement such as histogram equalization produce significant artifacts, including severe color shifts. Other enhancement techniques that are derived from the Retinex theory may suffer from strong `halo' effects. Our method to enhance images is inspired from the Retinex theory and tries to mimic human color perception. The method helps in achieving color constancy and also results in color contrast enhancement. We express the intensity as a product of illumination and reflectance and estimate these separately. Enhancement is then applied to the illuminant component only. Non-local means filter is used to estimate the illuminant and then the enhancement of the illumination is performed automatically without any manual intervention and multiplied back by the reflectance to obtain enhancement. We compare our results with those from other enhancement techniques and with results from commercial software packages such as PhotoFlair® that uses multi-scale retinex with color restoration (MSRCR) and Picasa¿ and observe that our results are consistently 'visually better'. Finally, we perform a statistical analysis of our results and quantitatively show that our approach produces effective and substantial image enhancement. This is validated by ratings from human observers.
Architectural timing verification and test for super scalar processors (2002)

We address the problem of verification and testing of super scalar processors, from the point of view of correctness of [Bprogram execution time. Trace-driven architectural si[Bmulation methods are commonly used in current industrial practice to estimate cycles-per-instruction performance of a candidate processor organization, prior to actual implementation. We present a novel set of strategies for testing the timing correctness of processors as represented in an architectural timing model ("timer"). We focus on two main aspects of the theory: (a) deriving architectural test sequences to cover possible failure modes, defined in the context of a pipeline flow state transition fault model; and (b) deriving loop test kernels to verify steady-state (periodic) behavior of pipeline flow, against analytically predicted signatures. We develop the theory in the context of an example super scalar processor and its timer model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A novel micro paramagnetic oxygen sensor based on an anisotropic magneto resistance-device (2010)

A novel gas sensor has been developed which makes use of the paramagnetic characteristics of oxygen in order to determine its concentration in a sample gas. The aim of this micro paramagnetic oxygen sensor, based on an anisotropic magneto resistance (AMR)-device, is to provide an accurate, reasonably priced and long-term stable solution for stationary and mobile oxygen measurement. The functional principle is to measure an oxygen concentration via its impact on an external magnetic field. The layout of the new micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensor is kept simple with no moving parts. First measurements of a prototype show a linear response to oxygen concentrations between 0 and 100%.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oximes (1999)

Abstract In an extremely fast, high efficient and novel method, the reaction of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with a number of aldehydes and ketones under solventless 'dry' condition gave oximes in quantitative yield
Type 2 and type 3 Gaucher disease: A morphological and biochemical study (1986)

Glucocerebroside levels were measured in the brains of patients with neuronopathic forms (types 2 and 3) of Gaucher disease and compared to those obtained from control brain. Nine separate brain regions (frontal, temporal, occipital, and cerebellar cortices; thalamus; corpus striatum; pons; medulla; and dentate nuclei) were analyzed. In all the Gaucher brains studied, the greatest glucocerebroside accumulation occurred within the occipital cortex, with lesser amounts in the temporal and frontal areas. The cerebellar cortex, corpus striatum, and thalamus in Gaucher brains had mildly increased levels of glucocerebroside, especially when the values were expressed as a percentage of total non-hydroxy fatty-acid cerebroside. Brainstem structures (pons and medulla) and dentate nuclei did not have increased glucocerebroside levels when compared to levels from similar control areas. However, when glucocerebroside concentration was expressed as a percentage of total non-hydroxy fatty-acid cerebroside, the type 2 Gaucher brainstem structures did show a slight increase in glucocerebroside levels over control levels. Neuropathological studies demonstrated the presence of Gaucher cells, gliosis, and microglial nodules within the type 2 brains. The neuropathological findings correlated with the glucocerebroside accumulation in the type 2 brains. Despite the similar pattern of glucocerebroside accumulation in the type 3 brain, no neuropathological abnormalities were seen. Thus, this study demonstrated that within several brain regions, both neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease have elevated glucocerebroside levels, and that in the type 2 brains, the glucocerebroside accumulation correlated positively with the neuropathological findings.
Inhibitory Effects of Etidronate on the Progression of Vascular Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients (2004)

The present study was designed to determine if etidronate inhibits the development of aortic calcification in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Eighteen Japanese HD patients were divided randomly into etidronate-treated or control groups. Etidronate was given orally at the dose of 200 mg just before sleep on the day of dialysis, which was performed three times per week. In the control group, the aortic calcification area (ACA) increased after 6 months. In the patients who received etidronate, however, when compared to the control group, increases in ACA were significantly suppressed. Serum Ca, P, and the Ca x P product did not change during etidronate treatment. These results suggest that etidronate inhibits the progression of vascular calcification without changes in serum Ca and P levels.
On <i>k</i>-Term DNF with the Largest Number of Prime Implicants (2008)

It is known that a k-term DNF can have at most $2^k - 1$ prime implicants and that this bound is sharp. We determine all k-term DNF having the maximal number of prime implicants. It is shown that a DNF is maximal if and only if it corresponds to a nonrepeating decision tree with literals assigned to the leaves in a certain way. We also mention some related results and open problems.
Adaptive Immune Response of Vγ2Vδ2 <sup>+</sup> T Cells During Mycobacterial Infections (2002)

To examine the role of T cell receptor (TCR) in gammadelta T cells in adaptive immunity, a macaque model was used to follow Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell responses to mycobacterial infections. These phosphoantigen-specific gammadelta T cells displayed major expansion during Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection and a clear memory-type response after BCG reinfection. Primary and recall expansions of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells were also seen during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of naive and BCG-vaccinated macaques, respectively. This capacity to rapidly expand coincided with a clearance of BCG bacteremia and immunity to fatal tuberculosis in BCG-vaccinated macaques. Thus, Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells may contribute to adaptive immunity to mycobacterial infections.
Wanneer begint de termijn van artikel 4:192 BW aangaande aanvaarding of verwerping? (2013)

In een uitspraak van de Hoge Raad, 9 november 2012, LJN BX7468, werd geoordeeld over de vraag of en zo ja wanneer een door de kantonrechter gestelde termijn in de zin van artikel 4:192 BW begint te lopen als de inschrijving van de beschikking in het boedelregister ten onrechte is geschied, als geen betekening volgens de regels der wet heeft plaatsgevonden. De Hoge Raad oordeelt dat in dat geval de inschrijving ten onrechte heeft plaatsgevonden, zodat de termijn niet is gaan lopen. Het Besluit boedelregister eist dat ter griffie de onderliggende bescheiden worden bewaard zodat later kan worden nagegaan of aan alle wettelijke vereisten is voldaan.
Drug-Eluting Stent and Coronary Thrombosis (2007)

Although rare, stent thrombosis remains a severe complication after stent implantation owing to its high morbidity and mortality. Since the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES), most interventional centers have noted stent thrombosis up to 3 years after implantation, a complication rarely seen with bare-metal stents. Some data from large registries and meta-analyses of randomized trials indicate a higher risk for DES thrombosis, whereas others suggest an absence of such a risk. Several factors are associated with an increased risk of stent thrombosis, including the procedure itself (stent malapposition and/or underexpansion, number of implanted stents, stent length, persistent slow coronary blood flow, and dissections), patient and lesion characteristics, stent design, and premature cessation of antiplatelet drugs. Drugs released from DES exert distinct biological effects, such as activation of signal transduction pathways and inhibition of cell proliferation. As a result, although primarily aimed at preventing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration (ie, key factors in the development of restenosis), they also impair reendothelialization, which leads to delayed arterial healing, and induce tissue factor expression, which results in a prothrombogenic environment. In the same way, polymers used to load these drugs have been associated with DES thrombosis. Finally, DES impair endothelial function of the coronary artery distal to the stent, which potentially promotes the risk of ischemia and coronary occlusion. Although several reports raise the possibility of a substantially higher risk of stent thrombosis in DES, evidence remains inconclusive; as a consequence, both large-scale and long-term clinical trials, as well as further mechanistic studies, are needed. The present review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms and pathological findings of stent thrombosis in DES.
Pulmonary Complications in Lymphoma Patients Treated with High-Dose Therapy and Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation (1992)

To define the incidence and spectrum of pulmonary complications following autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we retrospectively reviewed the course of 77 consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who failed conventional therapy and underwent autologous BMT. Forty-five percent of the 77 patients developed respiratory complications with a mortality from pulmonary causes of 26%. A total of 38 episodes of respiratory compromise occurred in 35 patients. Infections accounted for 15 episodes (39%) and included bacterial (16%), Aspergillus (8%) cytomegalovirus (8%), Herpes simplex (3%), and other (5%) pneumonias. The spectrum of infections was similar to that reported following allogeneic BMT, but cytomegalovirus pneumonia was not as frequent a problem in those with autologous transplant. Mortality from pulmonary infections was 33%. Noninfectious disorders accounted for 23 episodes (61%) and included recurrent HD (18%), radiation/drug toxicity (16%), and acute respiratory failure thought secondary to pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage (26%). This latter entity developed acutely within 2 wk following BMT and was associated with use of thoracic radiation for treatment of malignant disease in the chest just prior to BMT (p < 0.05). It was not associated with the age of the patient or presence of thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, renal insufficiency or neutropenia (p NS). Mortality from noninfectious causes was 65%, but in those with pulmonary hemorrhage it was 100%. In conclusion, pulmonary complications are a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with HD and NHL undergoing autologous BMT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and episodic ataxia type 2: differences and similarities between two allelic disorders (2003)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is one of three allelic disorders caused by mutations of CACNA1A gene, coding for the pore-forming subunit of calcium channel type P/Q. SCA6 is associated with small expansions of a CAG repeat at the 3' end of the gene, while point mutations are responsible for its two allelic disorders (Episodic Ataxia type 2 and Familial Hemiplegic Migraine). Genetic, clinical, pathological and pathophysiological data of SCA6 patients are reviewed and compared to those of other SCAs with expanded CAG repeats as well as to those of its allelic channelopathies, with particular reference to Episodic Ataxia type 2. Overall SCA6 appears to share features with both types of disorders, and the question as to whether it belongs to polyglutamine disorders or to channelopathies remains unanswered at present.
Raw soya-bean flour increases cholecystokinin release in man (1987)

1. The aim of the present study was to determine whether oral ingestion of raw soya-bean flour, which contains trypsin inhibitors, alters the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) in man. 2. Eleven healthy volunteers ate two mixed meals: one with raw soya-bean flour and the other with soya-bean flour that had been heat-treated. The two flours inhibited 34 and 3 mg trypsin/g flour respectively. 3. CCK was measured in plasma using a bioassay based on the release of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) from dispersed rat pancreatic acini. 4. The peak CCK response was 16.8 (SE 8.1) pmol/l with raw soya-bean flour but 4.9 (SE 2.8) pmol/l with heat-treated flour (P less than 0.05). 5. We conclude that ingestion of raw soya-bean flour increases CCK release in man and that heat treatment which reduces the trypsin inhibitor content of the flour also diminishes its CCK-releasing effect.
Development and characterization of an enhanced nonviral expression vector for electroporation cancer treatment (2014)

Nonviral plasmid DNA gene therapy represents a promising approach for the treatment of many diseases including cancer. Intracellular delivery of DNA can be achieved with the application of electroporation, which facilitates the initial transport of exogenous DNA across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm. However, it does not guarantee further transport of the DNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus for subsequent mRNA expression, resulting in varying degrees of exogenous gene translation and a major limitation in comparison to viral approaches. To overcome these expression difficulties, we developed a proof-of-concept vector enhanced expression vector (EEV), which incorporates elements from viral systems including nuclear localization sequences and a viral replicase from the Semliki Forest virus. The replicase allows for cytoplasmic mRNA expression and bypasses the need for nuclear localization to generate high levels of gene expression. We have demonstrated that our EEV is capable of achieving high levels of expression in a variety of tissue types. Antitumor effects of pEEV were demonstrated by the delayed growth and increased survival of the nontherapeutic pEEV-treated CT26 tumor model. Using a novel endoscopic electroporation system, EndoVe, we demonstrate and compare, for the first time, both standard cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven plasmid and EEV gene expression in intraluminal porcine tissues. Our EEV plasmid displays reliable and superior expression capability, and due to its inherent induced oncolytic activity in transfected cells, it may enhance the efficacy and safety of several cancer immunogene therapy approaches.
Vector quantization of LSP parameters using moving average interframe prediction (1994)

Abstract This paper proposes a new method for vector quantization (VQ) of LSP parameters, using moving average (MA) interframe predictions. MA predictive VQ executes the prediction using the code vectors (codebook outputs) in the previous frames. Moreover, this method has the following features, compared to autoregressive (AR) predictive coding, which executes the prediction based on the previous quantized (decoded) values: (1) even if a bit error is produced in the transmission channel, its effect to the succeeding frames remains finite; and (2) the stored codes can be decoded from any time point. This paper discusses the quantization performance and the robustness against bit errors of the MA predictive VQ, as well as the training method for the codebook. Assuming an application to low‐bit‐rate speech coding, the configuration considered has a frame length of 40 ms, with each frame composed of four subframes. A method for further improvement of the efficiency is reported. As a result of evaluation using actual speech data, bit reductions of approximately 16 percent and 23 percent are achieved for the quantization for each 20 ms and 40 ms, respectively, compared to the conventional method which does not use interframe prediction.
A Study of Time-Dependent Operating Room Fees and How to save $100 000 by Using Time-Saving Products (2005)

Problem/Issue: Product costs are a portion of the annually increasing costs of medical care. With diligent analysis of product costs, including the cost of time to use the product, the surgeon can reduce these spiraling costs. The purpose of this study was to provide the surgeon with the necessary information to make informed decisions about time- and cost-efficient products. Materials and Methods: This study involved phoning, faxing, or e-mailing hospitals and anesthesia groups across the United States to obtain time-dependent costs in the hospital operating room. Operating room fees charged by the hospital and anesthesiologist professional fees are included. Various products were then relatively compared with the time needed to prepare, use, or apply the product. Time and cost factors were then compared in order to ascertain the most time- and cost-effective products. Findings: The findings revealed an average of $62 per minute (rounded to the closest dollar) for the hospital operating room fee (range $21.80–$133.12) and $4 per minute for the anesthesiologist professional fee (range $2.20–$6.10), with a total of $66 per minute. This figure represents a marked increase from the 1991 rate of $20 per minute. Generalizations from this study indicate that time-cost efficiency is seen more so in kits (trays) than in nonkits and more so in disposables than in durables. Products that require fewer people are more time-cost efficient than those that require more people, and products that require fewer steps are more time-cost efficient than those that require more steps. Specific findings included time and cost dominance for the following products: staples over sutures, direct-current cautery over alternating-current cautery, syringes over Dermajet or Madajet, MagneSplint over suturing the nasal septum, aluminum-Velcro or aluminumfoam Denver Splint and Xomed Bridgemaster over any of the polypropylene heat-sensitive splints, Rhino Rocket and Merocel over Vaseline gauze, Brennan RhinoCath over manual blood removal, 1-piece Biplane liposuction cannulas over any 2-piece type, Doyle ear-dressing kit over component parts, Dale nasal dressing over component parts, preformed implants over manual forming, and Denver Splint kits over component parts. Conclusions: Each hospital or private suite will have different charges, and the range of product choices for each surgeon will be different. However, the principle is the same: If you save time, you will save money. In addition to the monetary benefit, the patient will be safer and receive less anesthesia, and the surgeon will have more time for his or her own social or professional life. Each surgeon should analyze the product choices and choose those products that will deliver quality care in less time. To save more than $100 000, the surgeon has to save only approximately 7 minutes per case on 250 cases.
Homicide due to mental disorder in England and Wales over 50 years (2008)

Background It has been stated that rates of homicide due to mental disorder are constant over time. Aims To examine whether there were changes in the rates of homicide due to mental disorder over time, and whether changes in these rates were associated with changes in the rates of other homicides in England and Wales. Method Examination of four sets of official homicide statistics from England and Wales from 1946 to 2004. Results The rate of total homicide and the rate of homicide due to mental disorder rose steadily until the mid-1970s. From then there was a reversal in the rate of homicides attributed to mental disorder, which declined to historically low levels, while other homicides continued to rise. Conclusions The reasons for the rise and fall in homicides attributed to mental disorder are not clear. The earlier increase in such homicides may have been due to the same sociological factors that caused the increase in other homicides over that time. The subsequent decline may have been due to improvements in psychiatric treatments and service organisation. Another possibility is that there has been an informal change to the legal tests for the finding of homicide due to mental disorder.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of an Orally Available and Long-Acting Analgesic Peptide,<i>N</i><sup>α</sup>-Amidino-Tyr-<scp>d</scp>-Arg-Phe-MeβAla-OH (ADAMB) (2002)

A novel dermorphin tetrapeptide N(alpha)-amidino-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-MebetaAla-OH (ADAMB) was designed based on the structures of several dermorphin tetrapeptide analogues, including N(alpha)-amidino-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Gly-OH (ADA-DER), H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-betaAla-OH (TAPA), and H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Sar-OH (DAS-DER). These parent compounds were known to show a weak oral analgesic activity in animals and/or to possess a different mechanism of analgesia from other mu-opioid peptides. Six analogues of ADAMB were also synthesized to investigate the effect on potency of N-terminal amidination and N-methyl-beta-alanine (MebetaAla) substitution at position 4. Compounds were assessed using the tail pressure test in mice after subcutaneous and oral administration. Among the peptides tested, ADAMB showed the strongest oral antinociceptive activity, with an ED(50) of 5.8 vs 22.2 mg/kg for morphine, as well as a 38-fold stronger activity after subcutaneous administration. ADAMB also showed long-lasting antinociceptive activity, with 50% of the maximum effect persisting in the tail pressure test at 10 h after oral administration (10 mg/kg). In contrast, orally administered morphine (80 mg/kg) showed a rapid decrease of activity in the same test and its antinociceptive effect disappeared within 4 h. When the antinociceptive effect of ADAMB was compared with that of analogues possessing betaAla(4) (1) or Sar(4) (2), as well as analogues with N-substitution (3-6), it was found that both the N(alpha)-amidino substitution and the MebetaAla(4) were synergistically involved in creating ADAMB's exceptionally high antinociceptive activity.