gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resistive Random Access Memory Enabled by Carbon Nanotube Crossbar Electrodes (2013)

We use single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) crossbar electrodes to probe sub-5 nm memory domains of thin AlOx films. Both metallic and semiconducting CNTs effectively switch AlOx bits between memory states with high and low resistance. The low-resistance state scales linearly with CNT series resistance down to ∼10 MΩ, at which point the ON-state resistance of the AlOx filament becomes the limiting factor. Dependence of switching behavior on the number of cross-points suggests a single channel to dominate the overall characteristics in multi-crossbar devices. We demonstrate ON/OFF ratios up to 5 × 10(5) and programming currents of 1 to 100 nA with few-volt set/reset voltages. Remarkably low reset currents enable a switching power of 10-100 nW and estimated switching energy as low as 0.1-10 fJ per bit. These results are essential for understanding the ultimate scaling limits of resistive random access memory at single-nanometer bit dimensions.
Microwave surface resistance of YBa2Cu3O6.9 superconducting films (1988)

The microwave surface resistance of an YBa2Cu3O6.9 superconducting thick film was measured over the range 7.0–16.7 GHz at 77 K. This was done by placing a sample in a TE01n wavemeter cavity and observing the change in selectivity of the cavity. The material’s surface resistance is of the same order of magnitude as that of silver at 77 K from 8 to 12 GHz and improves about another order at 4.2 K. The power-law behavior of surface resistance with frequency is probably close to quadratic. This is similar to the behavior of low critical temperature superconductors.
Serial block processing for multi-code WCDMA frequency domain equalization (2005)

This paper presents an efficient implementation of a frequency domain linear equalizer for WCDMA systems. A significant complexity reduction with respect to traditional equalizers can be achieved by means of frequency domain block processing. After deriving the analytical formulation of the equalizer coefficients, it is shown that the performance of the frequency domain equalizer (FDE) is substantially equivalent to that of the classical time domain equalizer (TDE) over a wide range of operating conditions so that no penalty has to be paid for the complexity reduction. Starting from a pure parallel implementation of the FDE, it is shown that block processing for multi-code downlink WCDMA can be conveniently performed in a serial fashion, through properly reusing small processing elements while exploiting the pipeline in order to reduce the subsequent latency overhead.
Image Separation Radioisotope Scanning (1963)

Discrimination of an image from its background in radioisotope scanning depends on many factors. Photoscanning (1, 2) is a useful means of increasing contrast. Discrimination also depends on how well the image contours may be separated from others in the background, and improvement should be possible, in some instances, by separation of images of radioactivity according to their depths in the body. We have sought to accomplish this by exploring the application of principles of stereoradiography and body-section radiography to radioisotope scanning. Rectilinear Scanning The rectilinear scanning pattern is most commonly employed; that is, an area of the body is scanned in a sequence of straight parallel strips (Fig. 1). With rectilinear scanning, images from all levels in the body are superimposed on the recording. As a consequence of this overlapping, the contours of a tumor image may be lost in a confusion of patterns resulting from overlying or underlying radioactivity. The characteristics of ordinary rectilinear scanning were demonstrated with a laboratory scanner to furnish a base line against which the results of other scanning modes could be compared. The instrument was assembled from the mechanical drive of a milling machine and equipped with an oscilloscope photorecording device. A shielded scintillation detector with a NaI(Tl) crystal 3 inches in diameter and 2 inches in thickness was used. The 31-hole focused collimator had a 3-inch focal length and provided approximately 1/4-inch radius of view at the focus. Pulse-height analysis was employed in counting to exclude all but the 364-kv photopeak pulses from I131. Scanning speed was 0.40 cm. per second and the line spacing was 0.5 cm. A Masonite phantom was constructed, approximately the size of a human head (Fig. 2). Twelve radioactive cylinders were distributed in three different planes within the phantom. Each cylinder measured 2 cm. in width and height, and each contained 5 microcuries of I131. For rectilinear scanning, the mechanical drive moved the detector back and forth across the entire top area of the phantom. At the same time, the spot of a cathode ray oscilloscope was moved back and forth in a rectilinear raster, synchronized with the position of the scanning detector by a potentiometer circuit geared to the traversing mechanism. The oscilloscope beam brightness was electronically modulated by the count rate. An oscilloscope camera with open shutter recorded the scanning pattern on film by photographic integration from the screen. The rectilinear scanning pattern which resulted is shown in Figure 3. In this recording, the sources on all planes are superimposed without depth discrimination. Some images are hidden by those above and the pattern of radioactivity on any particular plane cannot be distinguished from that on any other plane.
Smectic-<i>C</i>‘‘chevron,’’ a planar liquid-crystal defect: Implications for the surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid-crystal geometry (1988)

The recent discovery of ``chevron'' structured smectic-C (SC) layers in surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid-crystal (SSFLC) cells [T. P. Rieker, N. A. Clark, G. S. Smith, D. S. Parmar, E. B. Sirota, and C. R. Safinya, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2568 (1987)] enables the understanding of many commonly observed features of SSFLC director and layer structure. We present the full three-dimensional layer structure of zigzag walls, the predominant SSFLC defect, which we find to mediate change in chevron direction. We show that stabilization of the director field in SC chevron cells occurs at the chevron interface, so that SC chevron cells behave as two nearly independent cells optically and electrically in series.
Control of wound contraction. Basic and clinical features. (2000)

Although a substantial amount of molecular and cellular data have been generated in an effort to understand the process of wound contraction and scar contracture formation, questions remain. What seems apparent is that the myofibroblast is not the only cell that generates contractile forces within wounds, but it does appear to be intrinsically linked to the development of hypertrophic scars. The supposition that the formation of scar contractures is solely the result of a continuation of wound contraction is an oversimplification. Figure 4 provides a model of the possible evolution of contractile forces during the wound healing process and their role in the development of scar contractures. Migration of fibroblasts into and through the extracellular matrix during the initial phase of wound healing, prior to the expression of alpha-SMA, appears to be a fundamental component of wound contraction. During this migration, the pulling of collagen fibrils into a streamlined pattern in their wake, and the associated production of collagenase, may facilitate a more normal arrangement of collagen. Once the wound has been repopulated and the chemotactic gradient that was established by inflammatory cells is decreased, fibroblast migration will cease. It is at this point that myofibroblasts appear and play a key role in the production of hypertrophic scars, given that their prolonged presence and over-representation are hallmarks of this pathology. One of the pivotal differences between wounds that proceed to normal scar compared with those that develop hypertrophic scars and scar contractures may be a lack (or late induction) of myofibroblast apoptotic cell death. The combined contribution of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts to abnormal extracellular matrix protein production results in an excessive and rigid scar. The isometric application of contractile forces by myofibroblasts probably contributes to the formation of the whorls, nodules, and scar contractures characteristic of hypertrophic scars. Because the prolonged presence of myofibroblasts, producing an imbalance in extracellular matrix proteins and proteases, probably exacerbates hypertrophic scars and wound contraction, accelerating the rate of apoptotic cell death to reduce the cell number to that seen in normal scar may be a useful strategy for providing effective and efficient treatment of scar contracture.
An Improved Full-Bridge Zero-Voltage Switching PWM Converter Using a Two-Inductor Rectifier (1995)

An improved full-bridge ZVS PWM using a two- inductor rectifier dc/dc converter is presented in this paper. For this improved topology, the main devices are switched on under zero-voltage (ZVS) conditions using the energy stored in the secondary filter inductors. In addition, it utilizes the low leakage inductance of a coaxial winding transformer to reset the currents in the rectifier diodes and eliminate the secondary voltage spike. The two-inductor rectifier has only one diode conduction drop in addition to frequency doubling in the output capacitor. The secondary filter size in the proposed topology is rather small. The advantages of the new topology include a wide load range with ZVS, no lost duty cycle due to diode recovery, no secondary voltage spikes, in addition to high power density and high efficiency.
Small molecule inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (2003)

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) protein is a multifunctional protein involved in a myriad of biological activities including extracellular matrix degradation and cell invasion. Active uPA is a 411 amino acid protein consisting of 3 domains, each of which confers a particular biological function to the overall protein. The amino terminal domain or growth factor domain (GFD), comprised of amino acid residues 1 – 48, is involved in uPA interaction with its cell surface receptor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (UPAR). The interaction of uPA with UPAR promotes, in part, cell adhesion, migration and invasion. A second domain is the kringle domain, comprising amino acid residues 49 – 135. Initially thought to bind heparin, the kringle domain has more recently been shown to possess antiangiogenic activity. A third domain comprising amino acid residues 159 – 411, the serine protease domain, is involved in the proteolytic activation of plasminogen to plasmin. The production of plasmin by uPA begins a cascade of events manifested by extracellular matrix degradation. The recent patent literature describes small molecule compounds, which inhibit the interaction of uPA with UPAR, inhibit the proteolytic activity of the uPA serine protease domain and inhibit the interaction of uPA with its natural inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Small peptides encompassing residues 19 – 31 of the GFD have been developed which exhibit potent inhibition of the uPA–UPAR interaction and show efficacy in tumour-bearing animal models. Small molecules have been disclosed by Corvas, which are reported to be inhibitors of PAI-1. Finally, two approaches toward the development of inhibitors of the uPA serine protease domain have been described in the recent patent literature. The first approach describes non-covalent peptidederived inhibitors discovered by phage display techniques, which bind in the substrate-binding groove of the uPA active site. An alternative approach describes non-covalent small molecule inhibitors, which bind in the enzyme active site in a slightly different binding mode than the peptide-derived inhibitors. These small molecule non-peptide analogues inhibit the uPA proteolytic activity quite effectively and are reported to possess excellent enzyme selectivity and highly improved oral activity. The clinical utility of small molecule uPA enzyme inhibitor analogues awaits the results of a preliminary clinical evaluation of compounds described by Wilex.
Stimulation of Poliovirus Synthesis in a HeLa Cell-Free In Vitro Translation-RNA Replication System by Viral Protein 3CD <sup>pro</sup> (2005)

The plus-strand RNA genome of poliovirus serves three distinct functions in the life cycle of the virus. The RNA is translated and then replicated, and finally the progeny RNAs are encapsidated. These processes can be faithfully reproduced in a HeLa cell-free in vitro translation-RNA replication system that produces viable poliovirus. We have previously observed a stimulation of virus synthesis when an mRNA, encoding protein 3CD(pro), is added to the translation-RNA replication reactions of poliovirus RNA. Our aim in these experiments was to further define the factors that affect the stimulatory activity of 3CD(pro) in virus synthesis. We observed that purified 3CD(pro) protein also enhances virus synthesis by about 100-fold but has no effect on the translation of the polyprotein. Optimal stimulation is observed only when 3CD(pro) is present early in the incubation period. The stimulation, however, is abolished by a mutation either in the RNA binding domain of 3CD(pro), 3C(pro)R84S/I86A, or by each of two groups of complementary mutations R455A/R456A and D339A/S341A/D349A at interface I in the 3D(pol) domain of 3CD(pro). Surprisingly, virus synthesis is strongly inhibited by the addition of both 3C(pro) and 3CD(pro) at the beginning of incubation. We also examined the effect of other viral or cellular proteins on virus synthesis in the in vitro system. No enhancement of virus synthesis occurred with viral proteins 3BC, 3ABC, 3BCD, 3D(pol), and 3C(pro) or with cellular protein PCBP2. These results suggest that 3CD(pro) has to be present in the reaction at the time the replication complexes are assembled and that both the 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) domains of the protein are required for its activity that stimulates virus production.
Metathesis (2005)

Abstract In organic synthesis and polymer science, the metathesis reaction consists of a unique metal‐catalyzed carbon skeleton redistribution in which a mutual exchange of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds takes place. The reaction is generally reversible and limited to an equilibrium. In its most common embodiment, alkenes serve as reagents. Hence, olefin metathesis constitutes a powerful catalytic method for both cleaving and forming CC double bonds. Alkyne metathesis and ene–yne metathesis are also important synthetic pathways. All three types of metathesis occur intra‐ or intermolecularly and numerous combinations thereof are possible (ring‐closing metathesis, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, cross‐metathesis, etc). Metathesis has opened up new routes to important petrochemicals, oleochemicals, polymers, and specialty chemicals. The transformation often gives access with remarkable atom economy to structures that are not available by any other means, or only via multistep painstaking procedures. Major industrial processes rely on metathesis for the production of olefins. They are usually based on inexpensive, ill‐defined, multicomponent catalytic systems derived from tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, or ruthenium salts. Research laboratory applications take advantage of well‐defined metal‐alkylidene complexes of molybdenum and ruthenium that combine high activities and ease of set‐up under reproducible conditions, albeit at the price of a higher cost.
Inhibiting avian influenza virus shedding using a novel RNAi antiviral vector technology: proof of concept in an avian cell model (2016)

Influenza A viruses pose significant health and economic threats to humans and animals. Outbreaks of avian influenza virus (AIV) are a liability to the poultry industry and increase the risk for transmission to humans. There are limitations to using the AIV vaccine in poultry, creating barriers to controlling outbreaks and a need for alternative effective control measures. Application of RNA interference (RNAi) techniques hold potential; however, the delivery of RNAi-mediating agents is a well-known obstacle to harnessing its clinical application. We introduce a novel antiviral approach using bacterial vectors that target avian mucosal epithelial cells and deliver (small interfering RNA) siRNAs against two AIV genes, nucleoprotein (NP) and polymerase acidic protein (PA). Using a red fluorescent reporter, we first demonstrated vector delivery and intracellular expression in avian epithelial cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated significant reductions in AIV shedding when applying these anti-AIV vectors prophylactically. These antiviral vectors provided up to a 10,000-fold reduction in viral titers shed, demonstrating in vitro proof-of-concept for using these novel anti-AIV vectors to inhibit AIV shedding. Our results indicate this siRNA vector technology could represent a scalable and clinically applicable antiviral technology for avian and human influenza and a prototype for RNAi-based vectors against other viruses.
A Virtual MIMO Path-Time Code for Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks (2012)

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) consisting of opportunistic links greatly elevate the networking throughput per bandwidth in future wireless communications. In this letter, we show that by encoding a data packet into several coded packets and transmitting in various time slots, the end-to-end transmission in the CRN can be equivalently formulated as a physical-layer multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication problem. Two coding schemes are proposed in such a virtual MIMO scenario to enhance the end-to-end communication reliability by exploiting the path diversity. The closed-form expression of the theoretical error rate analysis validates that the proposed path-time codes can significantly improve the error rate performance.
Stable, detyrosinated microtubules function to localize vimentin intermediate filaments in fibroblasts. (1995)

Separate populations of microtubules (MTs) distinguishable by their level of posttranslationally modified tubulin subunits and by their stability in vivo have been described. In polarized 3T3 cells at the edge of an in vitro wound, we have found a striking preferential coalignment of vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) with detyrosinated MTs (Glu MTs) rather than with the bulk of the MTs, which were tyrosinated MTs (Tyr MTs). Vimentin IFs were not stabilizing the Glu MTs since collapse of the IF network to a perinuclear location, induced by microinjection of monoclonal anti-IF antibody, had no noticeable effect on the array of Glu MTs. To test whether Glu MTs may affect the organization of IFs we regrew MTs in cells that had been treated with nocodazole to depolymerize all the MTs and to collapse IFs; the reextension of IFs into the lamella lagged behind the rapid regrowth of Tyr MTs, but was correlated with the slower reformation of Glu MTs. Similar realignment of IFs with newly formed Glu MTs was observed in serum-starved cells treated with either serum or taxol to induce the formation of Glu MTs. Next, we microinjected affinity purified antibodies specific for Glu tubulin (polyclonal SG and monoclonal 4B8) and specific for Tyr tubulin (polyclonal W2 and monoclonal YL1/2) into 3T3 cells. Both injected SG and 4B8 antibodies labeled the subset of endogenous Glu MTs; W2 and YL1/2 antibodies labeled virtually all of the cytoplasmic MTs. Injection of SG or 4B8 resulted in the collapse of IFs to a perinuclear region. This collapse was comparable to that observed after complete MT depolymerization by nocodazole. Injection of W2, YL1/2, or nonspecific control IgGs did not result in collapse of the IFs. Taken together, these results show that Glu MTs localize IFs in migrating 3T3 fibroblasts and suggest that detyrosination of tubulin acts as a signal for the recruitment of vimentin IFs to MTs.
Replacement of whole crop wheat by grass silage in the diet of dairy cows (1991)

Previous studies with whole crop wheat (WCW) fed to dairy cows (Hill and Leaver, 1990) showed that high intakes were achieved relative to liveweight when offered as the sole forage, but there appeared to be a poor utilisation of the ME intake. The reasons for this have not been clarified, but the very high intake of ammonia could be a predisposing cause. The place for WCW is therefore likely to be as a proportion of the total forage. The high pH should make it an ideal complement for silage. The objective of this experiment was to replace part of the WCW intake with grass silage.
The Solubility of Peptide Intermediates in Organic Solvents. Solubilizing Potential of Hexafluoro-2-propanol (1988)

Abstract The solubility of peptides to be insoluble in EtOH, MeOH, DMF, DMA, NMP, DMSO, and HMPA was examined in HFIP, sulfolane, TMP, PC, and a mixture of 5–10% HFIP–CH2Cl2 (v/v). HFIP has the highest solubilizing potential, followed by HMPA and DMSO, while the solubilizing potential of sulfolane, TMP, and PC is lower than that of HMPA, DMSO, DMF, and NMP and is close to that of MeOH and EtOH. The solubility of the peptides in the mixture of HFIP–CH2Cl2 marvelously is as high as that in HFIP alone. The solvent-titration study in CH2Cl2–polar solvents clearly indicated that the solubility of peptides having a β-sheet structure in organic solvents was independent of the polarity of the solvents but was strongly dependent on their hydrogen donating and accepting ability. The conformation of the peptides in the mixture of HFIP–CH2Cl2 and in HFIP alone was examined using the IR and CD spectroscopies, respectively.
Statistical phrases for vector-space information retrieval (poster abstract) (1999)

No abstract available.
Improved Performances and Control of Beer Fermentation Using Encapsulated α-Acetolactate Decarboxylase and Modeling (2000)

The use of the enzyme alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase allows the acceleration of beer fermentation/maturation because it shunts diacetyl formation, whose elimination is the rate-limiting step of the process. To obtain a cost reduction by using this exogenous enzyme, we propose a new process involving recoverable encapsulated alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase. The performance of traditional and new processes was investigated by a modeling approach. A simple model, focused on alpha-acetolactate and diacetyl profiles during beer fermentation, was set up. The simulated profiles are consistent with literature data. This study shows also that encapsulated alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase allows the acceleration of beer fermentation as efficiently as free alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase. The advantage of immobilized alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase versus free enzyme is that it is recoverable and reusable, which means a process cost reduction.