gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-frequency transducer assembly for nonlinear ultrasonic measurements (1993)

This letter provides more detail on a multi-frequency transducer assembly used in our nonlinear image enhancement experiments [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88, 2852 (1990)]. In these experiments, high-intensity ultrasonic waves were launched into the medium and second harmonic signals or the sum-frequency signals were detected. Therefore, a transducer assembly was needed to operate at two different frequencies separated approximately by an octave. The signals in the lower frequency band were much stronger than the nonlinear signals in the higher band which were the signals of interest. The signals in both bands are coaxial and the much weaker signals in the higher band had to be extracted from the stronger background. The heart of the transducer assembly was an acoustic beam separator. The principle of the beam separator was based on the total transmission of the acoustic waves through a thin isotropic solid layer in a fluid medium. The beam separator served both functions of beam relocation and acoustic filtering. The filtering was accomplished by using both the total transmission phenomenon and the Fabry–Pérot interference phenomenon.
The Weak Hydrogen Bond: Applications to Structural Chemistry and Biology(International Union of Crystallography (1999)

Book ReviewThe Weak Hydrogen Bond: Applications to StructuralChemistry and Biology(International Union of CrystallographyMonographs on Crystallography, 9). By Gautam R. Desiraju(grdch@uohyd.ernet.in, University of Hyderabad) and ThomasSteiner (steiner@chemie.fu-berlin.de, Freie Universitat Berlin).Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. 1999. 507pp. $ 150. ISBN0-19-850252-4.
Non- testing of aspherical surfaces by using a Shack-Hartmann sensor (2000)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text J. Pfund, N. Lindlein, and J. Schwider, "Non-null testing of aspherical surfaces by using a Shack-Hartmann Sensor," in Optical Fabrication and Testing, OSA Technical Digest (Optica Publishing Group, 2000), paper OTuC5. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Feasibility Study of Using Infrared Radiation Heating as a Sustainable Tomato Peeling Method (2009)

Lye peeling technique is putting both environmental and economic pressure on California tomato processing industry due to its associated salinity issues and wastewater disposal problems. This study is aimed at developing alternative peeling methods with reduced or no caustic usage to produce high quality peeled tomatoes. The studied five peeling methods were lye peeling, Infrared (IR) peeling, lye-IR peeling, enzymatic peeling and enzyme-IR peeling. Peeling performance and peeled tomato quality of three tomato cultivars were determined. The peeling performance was evaluated based upon peelability, peeling easiness, and peeling weight loss. The color and texture of peeled tomatoes were measured as quality indicators. The study showed that IR peeling resulted in a similar peeling easiness but yielded lower peeling loss and firmer peeled product compared to regular lye peeling method when IR peeling used the same or slightly longer time than lye peeling. Pretreatment with low concentration of lye or pectinase enzyme solution prior to IR treatment did not show any advantages over IR peeling alone. It is, therefore, concluded that IR-peeling has a good potential as an alternative to the current lye peeling method used in the tomato industry.
Specific induction of fibronectin binding activity by hemoglobin in Candida albicans grown in defined media (1996)

Fibronectin (FN) is a major component of host extracellular matrix that may play an important role in the initiation and dissemination of Candida albicans infections. Expression of FN binding requires growth of C albicans blastoconidia in complex medium, and the regulation of FN receptor expression is poorly understood. We now demonstrate that hemoglobin is a potent and specific inducer of FN receptor expression and describe a defined medium supplemented with hemoglobin that greatly and stably enhances the binding activity of C. albicans for soluble FN. Enhancement of FN binding by hemoglobin in strain 44807 was concentration dependent and was maximal at 0.1% hemoglobin with 20- to 80-fold enhancement. The hemoglobin-induced FN binding to C. albicans was saturable, with a Kd of 2.7 X 10(-8) M. Enhancement required growth of C. albicans in hemoglobin-containing medium, since simply exposing blastoconidia to hemoglobin in a nongrowing status did not enhance binding. Induction was reversible following removal of hemoglobin from the growth medium and not associated with germination. Inorganic or protein-bound iron was not sufficient for the induction, since other iron-containing proteins or inorganic iron salts were inactive. Growth in the simple medium yeast nitrogen base supplemented with hemoglobin increased cell adhesion to immobilized FN and to cultured monolayers of bovine corneal endothelial cells. These data suggest that hemoglobin may be an important regulator of FN binding activity in C. albicans and thus may play a role in its pathogenesis.
Effects of NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine and L‐arginine on regional cerebral blood flow in the cat. (1992)

1. We studied the effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA), a potent inhibitor of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway, and L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, on regional cerebral blood flow, electrocortical activity and ex vivo cerebrovascular reactivity in the cat. Flow was measured via radiolabelled microspheres, and vascular responses were studied by measuring isometric tension of isolated middle cerebral arterial rings. 2. NOLA (30 mg kg-1 bolus followed by 1 mg kg-1 min-1 infusion) caused an approximately 40 mmHg elevation in the mean arterial blood pressure, a regionally heterogenous increase of the regional cerebrovascular resistance and a decrease in the regional cerebral blood flow 15 and 40 min after the start of its administration. In contrast L-arginine (30 mg kg-1 bolus followed by 10 mg kg-1 min-1 infusion) did not alter blood pressure, cerebrovascular resistance nor regional cerebral blood flow 15 min after the start of its administration. The NOLA-induced changes in tissue flow were the most pronounced in the cerebellum, pituitary and medulla oblongata, whereas there was no decrease in the flow of the cortex and white matter. 3. NOLA caused characteristic changes in total fronto-occipital EEG power and in power spectra which were unlikely to have been due to cerebral ischaemia. In addition, the ex vivo reactivity of the middle cerebral arteries showed signs of impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthesis: there were enhanced noradrenaline-induced contractions and N-ethoxycarbonyl-3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1)-induced relaxations and markedly attenuated acetylcholine- and ATP-induced relaxations after NOLA treatment. 4. The present data indicate that resting cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular resistance are regulated by nitric oxide derived from L-arginine in a regionally heterogenous way and that exogenous L-arginine availability is not a limiting factor in this nitric oxide generation. Possibly, both the vascular endothelium and the neurons contribute to this basal nitric oxide release.
Air trenches for sharp silica waveguide bends (2002)

Air trench structures for reduced-size bends in low-index contrast waveguides are proposed. To minimize junction loss, the structures are designed to provide adiabatic mode shaping between low- and high-index contrast regions, which is achieved by the introduction of "cladding tapers." Drastic reduction in effective bend radius is predicted. We present two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain/effective index method simulations of bends in representative silica index contrasts. We also argue that substrate loss, while present, can be controlled with such air trenches and reduced to arbitrarily low levels limited only by fabrication capabilities. The required trench depth, given an acceptable substrate loss, is calculated in three dimensions using an approximate equivalent current sheet method and also by a numerical solver for full-vector leaky modes. A simple, compact waveguide T-splitter using air trench bends is presented.
Radiation Stimulation During the Early Stationary Growth Phase in Synechococcus Lividus and Its Correlation With Photooxidative Stress Occurring Before the Stationary Phase (1987)

The effects of chronic gamma radiation at dose rates ranging from 0.058 mGy d-1 on growth rate calculated during the early stationary phase were studied. A stimulatory effect occurred for all doses and for all phases of the cells selected for use in the inoculation of the medium. During the same period, the rate of nucleic acid synthesis was increased in irradiated cultures compared to control cultures. The stimulating effect always occurred in cultures irradiated from the inoculation to the eighteenth day only. This result led us to conclude that the stimulation mechanism depended upon the events occurring at the end of the exponential phase in the deceleration period. Studies on cell metabolism showed that cells presented features of photooxidative stress in this period. Increases in superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were observed in irradiated cultures. It was assumed that irradiation at very low doses could help cells to better defend against photooxidative stress by increasing oxidants that activate the glucose metabolism and C5-sugars production and nucleic acid synthesis.
A persistent class store for Choices (2003)

There has been much work undertaken on persistent stores in recent years, some of which has been in general object stores. One of the latter stores exists currently in the Choices operating system. This store permits persistent storage containers to be created and persistent objects to be inserted into these containers. In addition security and garbage collection facilities are provided. The paper illustrates an approach being undertaken to augment the Choices persistent storage mechanisms by implementing separate class stores for persistent objects using many of the basic mechanisms provided by the Choices persistent store, but permitting multiple persistent stores to coexist with objects containing references between stores. In addition it incorporates many of the database ideas for optimising the accesses by clustering the data using the locality of the data in the backing store, and providing support for a query language facility. Currently the design only includes a single store however the extension of this store to a distributed persistent store is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An adaptive learning solution to the keyboard optimization problem (1991)

The authors consider the problem of assigning more than one symbol of a finite alphabet A to the same key on a keyboard. Since multiple symbols of the alphabet A reside on the same key, the representations of all the words in a finite dictionary H need not be unique. The problem is one of optimally assigning the symbols of the alphabet to the keys of a given keyboard with a view to minimize the total number of words that have ambiguous representation. The problem is proven to be NP-hard. After presenting the only reported solution to the problem, a fast learning-automaton-based solution to this problem is reported. Experimental results demonstrating the power of this solution are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Control of Three-Phase Inverter for AC Motor Drive With Small DC-Link Capacitor Fed by Single-Phase AC Source (2013)

If a small dc-link capacitor is used in the dc link fed by a single-phase ac source, then the dc-link voltage severely fluctuates at twice of the source frequency. To handle this fluctuation, the concept of “average voltage constraint” is proposed in this study. On the basis of this concept, a flux-weakening scheme, generating the d-axis current reference (i <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ds</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sup> *) for the interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine, is devised. The q-axis current reference (i <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">qs</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sup> *) is modified for the unity power factor operation in the viewpoint of an ac source without an additional sensor. The proposed scheme has been applied to the inverter-driven 1-kW compressor of an air conditioner. From the experimental results, it has been verified that the compressor operates well at the required operating condition, regardless of the severe fluctuation of dc-link voltage, because of the reduced dc-link capacitance. The frequency spectrum of the ac source current reveals that the harmonics of the source current meet the regulation of IEC 61000-3-2 Class A and that the overall power factor is above 96% without any additional circuit, such as an input filter and a power factor correction circuit.
Detailed Assessment of the Kinetics of Hg-Cell Association, Hg Methylation, and Methylmercury Degradation in Several Desulfovibrio Species (2012)

The kinetics of inorganic Hg [Hg(II)(i)] association, methylation, and methylmercury (MeHg) demethylation were examined for a group of Desulfovibrio species with and without MeHg production capability. We employed a detailed method for assessing MeHg production in cultures, including careful control of medium chemistry, cell density, and growth phase, plus mass balance of Hg(II)(i) and MeHg during the assays. We tested the hypothesis that differences in Hg(II)(i) sorption and/or uptake rates drive observed differences in methylation rates among Desulfovibrio species. Hg(II)(i) associated rapidly and with high affinity to both methylating and nonmethylating species. MeHg production by Hg-methylating strains was rapid, plateauing after ∼3 h. All MeHg produced was rapidly exported. We also tested the idea that all Desulfovibrio species are capable of Hg(II)(i) methylation but that rapid demethylation masks its production, but we found this was not the case. Therefore, the underlying reason why MeHg production capability is not universal in the Desulfovibrio is not differences in Hg affinity for cells nor differences in the ability of strains to degrade MeHg. However, Hg methylation rates varied substantially between Hg-methylating Desulfovibrio species even in these controlled experiments and after normalization to cell density. Thus, biological differences may drive cross-species differences in Hg methylation rates. As part of this study, we identified four new Hg methylators (Desulfovibrio aespoeensis, D. alkalitolerans, D. psychrotolerans, and D. sulfodismutans) and four nonmethylating species (Desulfovibrio alcoholivorans, D. tunisiensis, D. carbinoliphilus, and D. piger) in our ongoing effort to generate a library of strains for Hg methylation genomics.
Standardization of body surface area calculations (2002)

Purpose. Antineoplastic agents have a narrow therapeutic index and therefore require the greatest degree of dose individualization. In choosing a body surface area (BSA) for‘mula, the challenge remains in obtaining consensus among prescribers. The objective of this review is to assess the various formulae available for calculating BSA and to adopt a standard formula within an institution. Methods. Retrospective review of medication orders containing the patient’s height and weight as well as BSA calculated by the outpatient clinic staff within the Cross Cancer Institute (CCI) from 7 to 15 July 1998. Four BSA calculating devices, in current use by the clinical staff, were also tested to determine the formula currently utilized by prescribers. Results. Thirty-three orders sent to the pharmacy containing the patient’s height, weight, and BSA were reviewed. Ninety-four per cent of the BSA calculated by the clinic staff differed from pharmacy’s calculations by 0% to 4%. One BSA calculation differed by 8% and another differed by 14%. With respect to the available BSA calculating devices, all appeared to be based on the Du Bois formula. Conclusion. Of the various formulae available for estimating BSA, we concluded that the Mosteller equation is the most acceptable based on both BSA calculation accuracy and ease of use. Based on this determination, the CCI approved the adoption of the Mosteller equation as the institutional standard. This equation was later standardized throughout the entire Alberta Cancer Board. Other methods of dose determination are emerging, including therapeutic drug monitoring and PMT dosing. Further investigation is required as to whether these methods will lead to better standardization of dose.
Large scale ultraviolet-based nanoimprint lithography (2003)

Limits in resolution and accuracy of large scale ultraviolet (UV)-based nanoimprint lithography using rigid quartz molds and spin coated UV curable resists are presented. The resolution and precision parameters are closely followed from pattern in the mold through imprints in the resist and finally compared with structures transferred into silicon by special etching processes. Specific attention is paid to the simultaneous patterning of nano and microscale structures. The applicability for functional nanoelectronic components is demonstrated by the fabrication of an NMOS transistor based on SOI, whose channel width is reduced to 50 nm.
Optimal achromatic wave retarders using two birefringent wave plates (2013)

This reply attempts to cast some more light on the achromatic systems composed by wave plates, in particular to the calculus of the overall retardation and the use of the Jones matrix equivalence theorem. An equivalent expression for the overall retardation of the system in terms of the trace is also given.
Metabolism of 4‐<i>O</i>‐Methyl‐<i>N</i>‐acetylneuraminic Acid a Synthetic Sialic Acid (1980)

1. 4-O-Methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid shows a strong positive periodate-thiobarbiturate reaction. The mechanism of dye formation in this test for sialic acids is discussed in view of the studies already published. 2. An efficient preparation of a tritium-labelled 4-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, with high specific radioactivity, by an oxymercuration-demercuration procedure is presented. 3. Sialytransferase activities in microsomal fractions of equine liver using desialylated fetuin are studied. The enzyme activity, assayed in a radioactive procedure, shows an apparent Km value for CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid of 0.7 mM, whereas this value is 3.4 mM for CMP-4-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid. Differences are also observed in the maximal velocity for the two substrates. 4. The equine liver system can be used to prepare substantial amounts of fetuin containing radioactive N-acetylneuraminic acid or 4-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid. The isolated reaction products show similar sialic acid release by treatments with acid or fowl-plague virus neuraminidase. In contrast, 4-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid-fetuin displays a marked resistance to desialylation by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. 5. Free 4-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid is completely resistant to the action of acylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase. It does not inhibit the enzymic cleavage reaction of N-acetylneuraminic acid. 6. The influence of a substitution at C-4 neuraminic acid on the enzymatic reaction mechanisms is discussed.
Oxidation of nanopores in a silicon membrane: self-limiting formation of sub-10 nm circular openings (2014)

We describe a simple but reliable approach to shrink silicon nanopores with nanometer precision for potential high throughput biomolecular sensing and parallel DNA sequencing. Here, nanopore arrays on silicon membranes were fabricated by a self-limiting shrinkage of inverted pyramidal pores using dry thermal oxidation at 850 °C. The shrinkage rate of the pores with various initial sizes saturated after 4 h of oxidation. In the saturation regime, the shrinkage rate is within ± 2 nm h(-1). Oxidized pores with an average diameter of 32 nm were obtained with perfect circular shape. By careful design of the initial pore size, nanopores with diameters as small as 8 nm have been observed. Statistics of the pore width show that the shrinkage process did not broaden the pore size distribution; in most cases the distribution even decreased slightly. The progression of the oxidation and the deformation of the oxide around the pores were characterized by focused ion beam and electron microscopy. Cross-sectional imaging of the pores suggests that the initial inverted pyramidal geometry is most likely the determining factor for the self-limiting shrinkage.
Status of molten carbonate fuel cell technology (1981)

A molten carbonate fuel cell integrated with a coal gasification power plant is one of the most promising coal-using technologies because of its high efficiency, acceptable cost, and environmental acceptability. The high-temperature heat available from the fuel cell may be used in a bottoming cycle and/or industrial cogeneration applications. However, for the molten carbonate system to achieve these goals, continued developmental work is required which must take account of the operating conditions of the application. The progress made in improving cell performance and life and in producing inexpensive cell components is discussed. Performance is enhanced by alternate electrolytes and electrode compositions and increased pressures; life by control of contaminants, electrode-electrolyte behavior, and electrolyte loss; and cost by multicell stack designs and new means of fabricating components, the electrolyte tile, and substrate materials. The status, direction, and priority of future research and engineering efforts is also discussed.
Secure Microcontroller with On-Chip Hierarchical Code Validator for Firmware Authentication (2014)

A secure microcontroller architecture has been proposed to protect the chip-level intrusion by injecting invalid firmware. The safe execution of the embedded firmware in microcontrollers is becoming important for applications requiring safety-critical operations, such as a safety-critical automotive controller, human-interactive interface. The chip-level instruction injection to bypass the original execution flow is a powerful method to acquire the privileged authority of firmware-controlled embedded systems. A code memory integrity validation accelerator for firmware authentication is proposed to provide fast hierarchical identification. The proposed validator, which is based on sector-segmented padding information, is integrated as a co-processor with the main CPU. The cyclic-redundancy code (CRC) as a fingerprint of the original code is inserted into the on-chip fab-programmed secure region to provide the sector-segmented code validation in long-range address space. The error-correcting code to identify invalid region in detail are applied to 64KB flash memory. The customized 8051-based microcontroller with the proposed accelerator is synthesized with 25,000 2-input NAND gates on 0.18um CMOS embedded-flash process.