gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solution Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Bioimaging Applications of Silicon Nanocrystals (2014)

Understanding and unlocking the potential of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is important for future applications ranging from biomedical imaging contrast agents to the next generation of solar cells and LEDs. Silicon NCs (Si NCs) have key advantages compared with other semiconductor NCs due to silicon's high natural abundance, low toxicity and strong biocompatibility, and unique size, and surface dependent optical properties. In this Account, we review and discuss the synthesis, surface modification, purification, optical properties, and applications of Si NCs. The synthetic methods used to make Si NCs have improved considerably in the last 5-10 years; highly monodisperse Si NCs can now be produced on the near gram scale. Scaled-up syntheses have allowed scientists to drive further toward the commercial utilization of Si NCs. The synthesis of doped Si NCs, through addition of a simple elemental precursor to a reaction mixture or by the production of a single source precursor, has shown great promise. Doped Si NCs have demonstrated unique or enhanced properties compared with pure Si NCs, for example, magnetism due to the presence of magnetic metals like Fe and Mn. Surface reactions have reached a new level of sophistication where organic (epoxidation and diol formation) and click (thiol based) chemical reactions can be carried out on attached surface molecules. This has led to a wide range of biocompatible functional groups as well as a degree of emission tuneability. The purification of Si NCs has been improved through the use of size separation columns and size selective precipitation. These purification approaches have yielded highly monodisperse and pure Si NCs previously unachieved. This has allowed scientists to study the size and surface dependent properties and toxicity and enabled the use of Si NCs in biomedical applications. The optical properties of Si NCs are complex. Using a combination of characterization techniques, researchers have explored the relation between the optical properties and the size, surface functionalization, and preparation method. This work has led to a greater fundamental understanding of the unique optical properties of Si NCs. Si NCs are being studied for a wide range of important applications, including LEDS with tunable electroluminescence ranging from NIR to yellow, the encapsulation of Si NCs within micelles terminated with proteins to allow targeted in vivo imaging of cells, Si NC-polymer hybrid solar cells, and the use of Si NCs in battery anodes with high theoretical capacity and good charge retention.
Pain and Fatigue after Concentric and Eccentric Muscle Contractions (1983)

1. Normal subjects performed a step test in which the quadriceps of one leg contracted concentrically while the contralateral muscle contracted eccentrically. 2. Maximal voluntary force and the force: frequency relationship were altered bilaterally as a result of the exercise, the changes being greater in the muscle which had contracted eccentrically. Recovery occurred over 24 h. 3. Electromyographic studies using three sites on each muscle showed an increase in electrical activation during the exercise only in the muscle which was contracting eccentrically. Recovery followed a time course similar to that of the contractile properties. 4. Pain and tenderness developed only in the muscle which had contracted eccentrically. Pain was first noted approximately 8 h after exercise and was maximal at approximately 48 h after exercise, at which time force generation and electrical activation had returned to pre-exercise values. 5. Eccentric contractions cause more profound changes in some aspects of muscle function than concentric contractions. These changes cannot be explained in simple metabolic terms, and it is suggested that they are the result of mechanical trauma caused by the high tension generated in relatively few active fibres during eccentric contractions.
Vector wave imagery using a birefringent lens (1998)

The imaging characteristics of a birefringent lens sandwiched between two polarizers is studied analytically. If the optic axis of the birefringent crystal is perpendicular to the lens axis, the system behaves as a bifocal lens for proper orientations of the polarizers. It is shown that the proposed system can be adapted either for apodization or for superresolution simply by rotating either of the two polarizers. It has greater depth of focus than conventional systems, as is evident from the results obtained. Expressions are obtained for the point spread function of such a system. Some specific cases are illustrated graphically.
Total synthesis of prostaglandins. Synthesis of the pure dl-E1, -F(sub 1.alpha.), -F(sub 1.beta.), -A1, and -B1 hormones (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of prostaglandins. Synthesis of the pure dl-E1, -F(sub 1.alpha.), -F(sub 1.beta.), -A1, and -B1 hormonesElias J. Corey, Niels H. Andersen, Robert M. Carlson, Joachim Paust, Edwin Vedejs, Isidoros Vlattas, and Rudolph E. K. WinterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 12, 3245–3247Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01014a053RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1904Altmetric-Citations158LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (411 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Drug resistance among infantile enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated in the United Kingdom. (1982)

Two hundred and thirty-two strains of Escherichia coli belonging to infantile enteropathogenic serotypes isolated in the United Kingdom during 1980 and 1981 were tested for resistance to 10 antimicrobial drugs. Resistance to one or more drugs was found in 134 (57.8%) of the strains, with resistance to sulphonamides, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin occurring most commonly. Resistance was transferable in 65 out of 104 resistant strains. These findings are a cause for concern because they indicate that the choice of treatment for severe illness is limited and suggest that a large pool of drug-resistant organisms exists in the community.
An integrated approach to characterize liquid leakage through metal contact seal : Launcher Technology (2003)

Static seal is of major concern in spatial technology and because of severe thermodynamic conditions, direct metal/metal contact is often used. This work is a contribution to the study of liquid leakage through a rough metal contact resulting from the tightening of two machined surfaces. Our approach is based on experimental measurements of leak-rates on a model configuration close to a real design on the one hand and on theoretical developments for predictive estimates of leakage on the other hand. Experiments are performed on turned metal samples reproducing the contact surface of a real metal seal. The sample is pressed against a sapphire surface under a controlled contact pressure using a specific experimental set-up. Leak tests are carried out with a liquid and leak-rate is measured versus liquid pressure and contact load using gas chromatography. Starting from the initial topology of the surface, elastic and plastic deformations are computed applying contact pressures corresponding to the ones used in the experiment. Computed deformed surfaces are further employed to form the aperture field on a representative part of the contact on which flow computation is performed. Assuming the flow to be exclusively pressure driven, the equivalent permeability of the contact is computed using the local Reynolds approximation classically employed for flow in fracture with slowly varying aperture. Experimental results are commented and compared to predictions.
Remote Sensing for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops (2017)

This paper reviews the literature on applications of remote sensing for monitoring soil- and crop- water status for irrigation purposes. The review is organized into two main sections: (1) sensors and platforms applied to irrigation studies and (2) remote sensing approaches for precision irrigation to estimate crop water status, evapotranspiration, infrared thermography, soil and crop characteristics methods. Recent literature reports several remote sensing (RS) approaches to monitor crop water status in the cultivated environment. Establishing the right amount of water to supply for different irrigation strategies (maximization of yield or water use efficiency (WUE)) for a large number of crops is a problem that remains unresolved. For each crop, it will be necessary to create a stronger connection between crop-water status and crop yield.
Pulsed UV laser Raman spectroscopy of silane in a linear-flow chemical vapor deposition reactor (1983)

For the first time, spatially resolved relative concentrations of silane inside a chemical vapor deposition reactor have been measured with spontaneous Raman spectroscopy using the third harmonic of a Q-switched neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Concentration profiles were obtained under both atmospheric and low total pressure conditions. Considerable depletion of silane in the gas phase was observed.
RAPA: a novel <i>in vitro</i> method to evaluate anti‐bacterial skin cleansing products (2009)

Development of efficacious anti-bacterial skin cleansing products has been limited by the availability of a pre-clinical (in vitro) method to predict clinical efficacy adequately. We report a simple and rapid method, designated as rapid agar plate assay (RAPA), that uses the bacteriological agar surface as a surrogate substrate for skin and combines elements of two widely used in vivo (clinical) methods (Agar Patch and Cup Scrub). To simulate the washing of the human hand or forearm skin with the test product, trypticase soy agar plates were directly washed with the test product and rinsed under running tap water. After air-drying the washed plates, test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli) were applied and the plates were incubated at 37 degrees C for 18-24 h. Using S. aureus as the test organism, anti-bacterial bar soap containing triclocarbanilide showed a strong linear relationship (R(2) = 0.97) between bacterial dose and their per cent reduction. A similar dose-response relationship (R(2) = 0.96) was observed for anti-bacterial liquid hand soap against E. coli. RAPA was able to distinguish between anti-bacterial products based on the nature and level of actives in them. In limited comparative tests, results obtained by RAPA were comparable with the results obtained by clinical agar patch and clinical cup scrub methods. In conclusion, RAPA provides a simple, rugged and reproducible in vitro method for testing the relative efficacy of anti-bacterial skin cleansing products with a likelihood of comparable clinical efficacy. Further testing is warranted to improve the clinical predictability of this method.
Nanoscale Cellulose Films with Different Crystallinities and Mesostructures—Their Surface Properties and Interaction with Water (2009)

A systematic study of the degree of molecular ordering and swelling of different nanocellulose model films has been conducted. Crystalline cellulose II surfaces were prepared by spin-coating of the precursor cellulose solutions onto oxidized silicon wafers before regeneration in water or by using the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique. Amorphous cellulose films were also prepared by spin-coating of a precursor cellulose solution onto oxidized silicon wafers. Crystalline cellulose I surfaces were prepared by spin-coating wafers with aqueous suspensions of sulfate-stabilized cellulose I nanocrystals and low-charged microfibrillated cellulose (LC-MFC). In addition, a dispersion of high-charged MFC was used for the buildup of polyelectrolyte multilayers with polyetheyleneimine on silica with the aid of the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. These preparation methods produced smooth thin films on the nanometer scale suitable for X-ray diffraction and swelling measurements. The surface morphology and thickness of the cellulose films were characterized in detail by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry measurements, respectively. To determine the surface energy of the cellulose surfaces, that is, their ability to engage in different interactions with different materials, they were characterized through contact angle measurements against water, glycerol, and methylene iodide. Small incidence angle X-ray diffraction revealed that the nanocrystal and MFC films exhibited a cellulose I crystal structure and that the films prepared from N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), LiCl/DMAc solutions, using the LS technique, possessed a cellulose II structure. The degree of crystalline ordering was highest in the nanocrystal films (approximately 87%), whereas the MFC, NMMO, and LS films exhibited a degree of crystallinity of about 60%. The N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/LiCl film possessed very low crystalline ordering (<15%). It was also established that the films had different mesostructures, that is, structures around 10 nm, depending on the preparation conditions. The LS and LiCl/DMAc films are smooth without any clear mesostructure, whereas the other films have a clear mesostructure in which the dimensions are dependent on the size of the nanocrystals, fibrillar cellulose, and electrostatic charge of the MFC. The swelling of the films was studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. To understand the swelling properties of the films, it was necessary to consider both the difference in crystalline ordering and the difference in mesostructure of the films.
Enhancing the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon-Nanotube-Based Transparent Conductive Films Using Functionalized Few-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Decorated with Palladium Nanoparticles as Fillers (2011)

This work demonstrates the processing and characterization of the transparent and highly electrically conductive film using few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs) decorated with Pd nanoparticles as fillers. The approach included functionalizing the FWCNTs, immersing them in an aqueous solution of palladate salts, and subsequently subjecting them to a reduction reaction in H(2). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images showed that the functionalized FWCNTs (f-FWCNTs) were decorated with uniform and homogeneous Pd nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5 nm. A shift of the G-band to a higher frequency in the Raman spectra of the Pd-decorated f-FWCNTs (Pd@f-FWCNTs) illustrates that the p-type doping effect was enhanced. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that PdCl(2) was the primary decoration compound on the f-FWCNTs prior to the reduction reaction and that Pd nanoparticles were the only decorated nanoparticles after H(2) reduction. The contact resistance between the metallic materials and the semiconducting CNTs in FWCNTs, controlled by the Schottky barrier, was significantly decreased compared to the pristine FWCNTs. The decrease in contact resistance is attributed to the 0.26 eV increase of the work function of the Pd@f-FWCNTs. Extremely low sheet resistance of 274 ohm/sq of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates coated with Pd@f-FWCNTs was attained, which was 1/25 the resistance exhibited by those coated with FWCNTs, whereas the same optical transmittance of 81.65% at a wavelength of 550 nm was maintained.
Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Replication by Thymidine (1974)

Replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was impeded in KB cells which were blocked in their capacity to synthesize DNA by 2 mM thymidine (TdR). The degree of inhibition was dependent upon the concentration of TdR. In marked contrast, HSV-1 is able to replicate under these conditions. The failure of HSV-2 to replicate is probably due to the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis; there was a marked reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis as well as the total amount of HSV-2 DNA made in the presence of 2 mM TdR. We postulated that the effect of TdR on viral replication occurs at the level of ribonucleotide reductase in a manner similar to KB cells. However, unlike KB cells, an altered ribonucleotide reductase activity, highly resistant to thymidine triphosphate inhibition, was found in extracts of HSV-2-infected KB cells. This activity was present in HSV-2-infected cells incubated in the presence or absence of TdR. Ribonucleotide reductase activity in extracts of HSV-1-infected KB cells showed a similar resistance to thymidine triphosphate inhibition. These results suggest that the effect of TdR on HSV-2 replication occurs at a stage of DNA synthesis other than reduction of cytidine nucleotides to deoxycytidine nucleotides.
Magnetic Levitation (2015)

The article covers the principles and methods of magnetic levitation, including the use of superconductors. Selected applications that are discussed include maglev ground transport, clean‐room applications, air and space launch, magnetic bearings, and levitation melting.
Exposing HPC services in the Cloud: the CloudLightning Approach (2016)

Nowadays we are noticing important changes in the way High Performance Computing (HPC) providers are dealing with the demand. The growing requirements of modern data- and compute-intensive applications ask for new models for their development, deployment and execution. New approaches related with Big Data, peta- and exa-scale computing are going to dramatically change the design, development and exploitation of highly demanding applications, such as the HPC ones. Due to the increased complexity of these applications and their outstanding requirements which cannot be supported by the classical centralized cloud models, novel approaches, inspired by autonomic computing, are investigated as an alternative. In this paper, we offer an overview of such an approach, undertaken by the CloudLightning initiative. In this context, a novel cloud delivery model that offers the capabilities to describe and deliver dynamic and tailored services is being considered. This new delivery model, based on a self-organizing and self-managing approach, will allow provisioning and delivery of coalitions of heterogeneous cloud resources, built on top of the resources hosted by a cloud service provider.
High‐dose chemotherapy followed by locoregional irradiation improves the outcome of patients with international neuroblastoma staging system Stage II and III neuroblastoma with <i>MYCN</i> amplification (2004)

Postoperative intensification treatment with HDC, SCR, and locoregional RT resulted in higher survival rates when compared with standard treatment alone and should be considered in the treatment plan for children who are diagnosed with Stage II or III NB and MYCN amplification.
Crowdsourcing GUI Tests (2013)

Graphical user interfaces are difficult to test: automated tests are hard to create and maintain, while manual tests are time-consuming, expensive and hard to integrate in a continuous testing process. In this paper, we show that it is possible to crowdsource GUI tests, that is, to outsource them to individuals drawn from a large pool of workers on the Internet, by instantiating virtual machines (VMs) running the system under test and letting testers access the VMs through their web browsers. This enables semi-automated continuous testing of GUIs and usability experiments with large numbers of participants at low cost. Several large experiments on the Amazon Mechanical Turk demonstrate that our approach is technically feasible and sufficiently reliable.
Home-centric visualization of network traffic for security administration (2004)

Today's system administrators, burdened by rapidly increasing network activity, must quickly perceive the security state of their networks, but they often have only text-based tools to work with. These tools often provide no overview to help users grasp the big-picture. Our interviews with administrators have revealed that they need visualization tools; thus, we present VISUAL (Visual Information Security Utility for Administration Live), a network security visualization tool that allows users to see communication patterns between their home (or internal) networks and external hosts. VISUAL is part of our Network Eye security visualization architecture, also described in this paper.
The Fundamental Code Unit of the Brain: Towards a New Model for Cognitive Geometry (2018)

This paper discusses the problems arising from the multidisciplinary nature of cognitive research and the need to conceptually unify insights from multiple fields into the phenomena that drive cognition. Specifically, the Fundamental Code Unit (FCU) is proposed as a means to better quantify the intelligent thought process at multiple levels of analysis. From the linguistic and behavioral output, FCU produces to the chemical and physical processes within the brain that drive it. The proposed method efficiently model the most complex decision-making process performed by the brain.
A Simple Low-Vacuum Environmental Cell (2003)

The environmental cell device discussed in this paper provides a modest low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM) capability to a standard SEM without requiring additional pumping. This environmental cell confines a volume of low vacuum in contact with the sample surface using a container that has an aperture for admitting the primary electron beam. The aperture is large enough to permit a limited field of view of the sample, and small enough to limit the outflow of gas into the SEM chamber to that which can be accommodated by the standard SEM pumping system. This environmental cell also functions as a gaseous detector device.
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBODIES TO OUABAIN (1991)

Two monoclonal antibodies (249F8 and 278A9) to ouabain were produced by somatic cell fusion. They reacted in dose-dependent manners with ouabain and digoxin. These antibodies were supposed to recognize the partial structure important for cardiac compounds to show their pharmacological activity, Na+, K(+)-ATPase inhibition in a competitive mode against K+. These monoclonal antibodies may be useful for the immunochemical isolation, the structural elucidation, and the quantitative measurement of putative endogenous digoxin-like factors.