gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of model based etch bias retarget for OPC (2010)

Model based Optical proximity correction is usually used to compensate for the pattern distortion during the microlithography process. Currently, almost all the lithography effects, such as the proximity effects from the limited NA, the 3D mask effects due to the shrinking critical dimension, the photo resist effects, and some other well known physical process, can all be well considered into modeling with the OPC algorithm. However, the micro-lithography is not the final step of the pattern transformation procedure from the mask to the wafer. The etch process is also a very important stage. It is well known that till now, the etch process still can't be well explained by physics theory. As we all know, the final critical dimension is decided by both the lithography and the etch process. If the etch bias, which is the difference between the post development CD and the post etch CD, is a constant value, it will be simple to control the final CD. But unfortunately this is always not the case. For advanced technology nodes with shrinking critical dimension, the etch loading effect is the dominate factor that impacts the final CD control. And some people tried to use the etch-based model to do optical proximity correction, but one drawback is the efficiency of the OPC running will be hurt. In this paper, we will demonstrate our study on the model based etch bias retarget for OPC.
Secretory Microneme Proteins Induce T-Cell Recall Responses in Mice Chronically Infected with Toxoplasma gondii (2019)

Microneme (MIC) proteins play important roles in the recognition, adhesion, and invasion of host cells by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Previous studies have shown that MIC proteins are highly immunogenic in the mouse and recognized by human serum antibodies. Here we report that <i>T. gondii</i> antigens MIC1, MIC3, MIC4, and MIC6 were capable of inducing memory responses leading to production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) by T cells from <i>T. gondii</i>-infected mice. Production of IFN-γ was demonstrated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay and also intracellular cytokine staining. All four MIC antigens displayed very high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (86 to 100%) for detecting chronic infection. Interestingly, IFN-γ was produced by both CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in BALB/c mice but primarily by CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in C57BL/6 mice. Phenotypic characterization of IFN-γ-producing CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in BALB/c mice and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in C57BL/6 mice revealed effector memory T cells (CD44<sup>hi</sup> CD62L<sup>lo</sup>) as the predominant cells that contributed to IFN-γ production in response to MIC antigens. Effector memory responses were seen in mice of different major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) haplotypes, suggesting that MIC antigens contain epitopes that are broadly recognized.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Current diagnosis of toxoplasmosis relies almost exclusively on antibody detection, and while detection of IgG provides a useful estimate of prior infection, it does not alone indicate immune status. In contrast, detection of IFN-γ responses to <i>T. gondii</i> antigens has been used to monitor immune responsiveness in HIV-infected patients, thus providing valuable predictions about the potential for disease reactivation. However, specific <i>T. gondii</i> antigens that can be used in assays to detect cellular immunity remain largely undefined. In this study, we examined the diagnostic potential of microneme antigens of <i>T. gondii</i> using IFN-γ detection assays. Our findings demonstrate that MIC antigens (MIC1, MIC3, MIC4, and MIC6) elicit IFN-γ responses from memory T cells in chronically infected mice. Monitoring IFN-γ production by T cells stimulated with MIC antigens provided high sensitivity and specificity for detection of <i>T. gondii</i> infection in mice. Taken together, these studies suggest that microneme antigens might be useful as an adjunct to serological testing to monitor immune status during infection.
Comparison of Host−Guest Langmuir−Blodgett Multilayer Formation by Two Different Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTComparison of Host−Guest Langmuir−Blodgett Multilayer Formation by Two Different Amphiphilic CyclodextrinsDennis P. Parazak, Abdul R. Khan, Valerian T. D'Souz, and Keith J. StineView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Electronics, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, University of MissouriSt. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 Cite this: Langmuir 1996, 12, 16, 4046–4049Publication Date (Web):August 7, 1996Publication History Received16 February 1996Revised24 April 1996Published online7 August 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la960144khttps://doi.org/10.1021/la960144kbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views299Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Macrocyclic compounds,Molecules,Monolayers,Oligosaccharides,Thin films Get e-Alerts
Anomaly Detection in Unmanned Vehicles: Thesis (2010)

Autonomy implies robustness. The use of unmanned (autonomous) vehicles is appealing for tasks which are dangerous or dull. However, increased reliance on autonomous robots increases reliance on their robustness. Even with validated software, physical faults can cause the controlling software to perceive the environment incorrectly, and thus to make decisions that lead to task failure. Anomaly detection can also be applied to medical monitors; alarms will be raised whenever the values of the measurements of the patient are anomalous with respect to the patient’s current condition. This anomaly detection is particularly useful for medical devices that monitor patients in recovery after a surgery, where the assigned nurses or physicians are not near to watch the monitor. Model-based diagnosis and fault-detection systems have been proposed to recognize failures. However, these rely on the capabilities of the underlying model, which necessarily abstracts away from the physical reality of the robot. We present two novel, model-free, domain independent approaches for detecting anomalies in unmanned autonomous vehicles, based on their sensor readings (internal and external). Both approaches use the familiar Mahalanobis Distance for the online anomaly detection. The first approach uses an offline training process. With this approach, we show the importance of a training process, which enables the Mahalanobis Distance to detect anomalies successfully. The second approach uses an online training process, in a way that is light-weight, and is able to take into account a large number of monitored sensors and internal measurements. These properties make the approach a “plug & play” anomaly detection mechanism for different robotic platforms. We demonstrate a specialization of the Mahalanobis Distance for robot use, and also show how it can be used even with very large dimensions, by online selection of correlated measurements for its use. We empirically evaluate these contributions in different domains: commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), a vacuum-cleaning robot, a high-fidelity flight simulator, and an electrical power system. We find that the online Mahalanobis distance technique, presented here, is superior to previous methods.
The Role of Zinc in Alzheimer′s Disease (2010)

Zinc, the most abundant trace metal in the brain, has numerous functions, both in health and in disease. Zinc is released into the synaptic cleft of glutamatergic neurons alongside glutamate from where it interacts and modulates NMDA and AMPA receptors. In addition, zinc has multifactorial functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Zinc is critical in the enzymatic nonamyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and in the enzymatic degradation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Zinc binds to Aβ promoting its aggregation into neurotoxic species, and disruption of zinc homeostasis in the brain results in synaptic and memory deficits. Thus, zinc dyshomeostasis may have a critical role to play in the pathogenesis of AD, and the chelation of zinc is a potential therapeutic approach.
The use of semi-automated EBV IgG avidity determination for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis (1998)

The diagnosis of acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is based frequently on the combination of positive viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM antibodies and negative EB viral nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) IgG antibodies. However, both VCA IgM and EBNA-1 IgG can provide false positive and false negative results. Therefore, situations in which the EBV serology remains unclear are not uncommon. Determination of EBV IgG avidity can clarify the EBV status in these patients. So far, mainly immunofluorescence assays have been used for this purpose. These tests are laborious, their evaluation is subjective, and automation is difficult. Therefore, two commercially available microtiter plate enzyme immunoassays (EIA) were compared for their usefulness for semi-automated EBV IgG avidity determination. One assay is based on a mixture of EBV antigens, the other assay uses a synthetic peptide of the VCA-complex. Patient sera of confirmed acute and past EBV infections were tested for avidity by both assays. The results with the antigen mixture assay proved to be highly sensitive (100%) and specific (100%). Avidity index calculations on the basis of one-point-quantification titers gave better results than calculations using OD values. Determination of EBV IgG avidity by the peptide assay was complicated by the fact that it was less sensitive than the antigen mixture assay for IgG detection in acute EBV infections. On the other hand, about 30% of the samples had to be retested with the peptide assay in a higher dilution because the IgG units in initial testing fell outside the range covered by the standard curve. Using OD values of the peptide EIA, the sensitivity was 99% but the specificity of detection of acute EBV infections was only 86%. Thus, while the peptide EBV avidity assay is unsuitable as a confirmatory assay, avidity testing with the antigen mixture assay is a useful tool to resolve equivocal EBV serologies. Avidity assays on the basis of EIA can be automated which should lead to wider use of this methodology.
Anesthetic Propofol Reduces Endotoxic Inflammation by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species-regulated Akt/IKKβ/NF-κB Signaling (2011)

These results suggest that propofol reduces LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages by inhibiting the interconnected ROS/Akt/IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathways.
Activation of the Clotting System: Heparin-Coated versus Non Coated Systems for Extracorporeal Circulation (1997)

The heparin coated system showed a distinct delay in clotting activation during the first six hours of ECMO. After six hours there were no more differences between the groups.
Amino(hetero)arylmethylation of Phenols with <i>N</i>-[α-Amino(hetero)arylmethyl]benzotriazoles (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmino(hetero)arylmethylation of Phenols with N-[α-Amino(hetero)arylmethyl]benzotriazolesAlan R. Katritzky, Ashraf A. A. Abdel-Fattah, Dmytro O. Tymoshenko, Sergei A. Belyakov, Ion Ghiviriga, and Peter J. SteelView Author Information Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, Guilford Pharmaceuticals, 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 16, 6071–6075Publication Date (Web):July 14, 1999Publication History Received1 March 1999Published online14 July 1999Published inissue 1 August 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9903609https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9903609research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views573Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Adducts,Aldehydes,Amines,Aromatic compounds,Hydrocarbons Get e-Alerts
Demyelination Induced in Aggregating Brain Cell Cultures by a Monoclonal Antibody Against Myelin/Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (1990)

A monoclonal antibody (8-18C5) directed against myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) induced demyelination in aggregating brain cell cultures. With increasing doses of anti-MOG antibody in the presence of complement, myelin basic protein (MBP) concentration decreased in a dose-related manner. A similar, albeit less pronounced, effect was observed on specific activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase. In the absence of complement, anti-MOG antibody did not induce detectable demyelination. In contrast to the effect of anti-MOG antibody and as expected, anti-MBP antibody did not demyelinate aggregating brain cell cultures in the presence of complement. These results provide additional support to the suggestion that MOG, a quantitatively minor myelin component located on the external side of the myelin membrane, is a good target antigen for antibody-induced demyelination. Indeed, they show that a purified anti-MOG antibody directed against a single epitope on the glycoprotein can produce demyelination, not only in vivo as previously shown, but also in cultures. Such an observation has not been made with polyclonal antisera raised against purified myelin proteins like MBP and proteolipid protein, the major protein components of the myelin membrane, or myelin-associated glycoprotein. These observations may have important implications regarding the possible role of anti-MOG antibodies in demyelinating diseases.
State truncation error in disk drive servo systems (2000)

Cost-effective fixed-point digital signal processors (DSP) are widely used in disk drive servo systems. However, the state truncation error (STE) of fixed-point DSP is by far an ignored source of the position error signal (PES). This paper identifies and models the STE as noise sources. Frequency domain analysis leads to some general methods to minimize the effect of STE in PES.
Overhead transmission lines - refurbishment and developments (1994)

This article summarises the position with regard to National Grid Company's transmission system and the changes to it to meet the rapidly changing demands of electricity generation and transmission in England and Wales. It then outlines NGC's principal objectives for developments relating to overhead lines and comments on how these relate to the latest thinking within countries active in CIGRE.
The measurement of sea-water velocities by electromagnetic induction (1947)

A description is given of a method of measuring the velocity of sea-water, using the fundamental law of electrodynamics, regarding the water as a conductor and measuring the e.m.f. generated when it moves relative to a magnetic field.Descriptions are given of an underwater unit for producing the magnetic field, apparatus for measuring the motive e.m.f. and experiments made with the unit in a flume in order to calibrate it. It is shown that the method is very convenient for comparing velocities and can be used for the measurement of water velocities due to swell, tidal current, etc.
Estimating Health Expenditure Growth Under Managed Competition (1995)

The estimated impact of health system reform proposals on health expenditures influences the health system reform debate. Health expenditure growth rate (HEGR) estimates are particularly critical because small differences in rates over time create large differences in health expenditures. There currently is no hard scientific basis for estimating the impact of managed care/managed competition legislation and market developments on the HEGR. For the 1994 health system reform debate, the two leading nonpartisan modelers developed qualitative scenarios about future health system developments in which managed care/managed competition would have little or no impact on the HEGR. We conclude that there are alternative plausible scenarios, based on current health system changes interacting with potential legislation, in which managed care/managed competition will substantially lower the HEGR. We recommend that simulation models should provide a range of estimates that better reflect both market trends and the profound uncertainty about the effects of health system reform.
Escherichia coli K12 regains its O antigen (1994)

Extant Escherichia coli K12 strains are phenotypically rough, their lipopolysaccharide having a complete core structure, but no O antigen. We used DNA hybridization and DNA sequencing to show that the rough phenotype of this strain is due to the presence of one of two independent mutations in the rfb gene cluster. The rfb-50 mutation, consisting of an IS5 insertion at the downstream end of rfb, is present in strain EMG2, which is representative of most K12 derivatives. The rfb-51 mutation is a deletion at the upstream end of rfb, and was found in strain WG1. A gene cloned from strain WG1 could complement the rfb-50 mutation in strain EMG2, and the complemented strain produced O antigen which was typed as O16 with cross reaction to O17.
The Reaction of Phenylpyruvic Acid and Related Compounds with Ammonia (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Phenylpyruvic Acid and Related Compounds with AmmoniaAlexander GalatCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 10, 4436–4439Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1950https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01166a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views206Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (511 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Vitamins, 13. Vitamin <scp> B <sub>12</sub> </scp> (Cobalamins) (2020)

The article contains sections titled: 1 Introduction 2 Physical and Chemical Properties 3 Biosynthesis and Genetics 4 Industrial Production 4.1 Production Strain 4.2 Fermentation Process and Product Isolation 5 Requirements, Deficiency Symptoms, and Therapeutic Application 5.1 Human 5.2 Animal Nutrition 6 Specifications and Toxicity 7 Analysis 8 Economic Aspects References
Homogeneous Catalytic Vinylation of Cyclic Imides and Lactams for the Synthesis of <i>N</i>‐Vinyl Monomers (1979)

A general synthesis of monomeric N-vinylimides and-lactams has been found in the homogeneously catalyzed recation with vinyl acetate. The recation proceeds in one step and gives high yeilds on use of Na2PdCl4 as catalyst.
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Caused By Acupuncture (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Acupuncture has been employed for centuries in Oriental countries. Generally, it has been considered to be harmless. We report an extremely rare case of cervical spinal cord injury caused by acupuncture and wish to warn of a danger in using some acupuncture treatments. <h3>Report of a Case.</h3> —A 48-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital on March 8, 1984, because of right eyelid ptosis and sensory impairment in the left leg. She was suffering from a stiff and painful shoulder for years. Therefore, she visited one acupuncture clinic in Yamaguchi prefecture. At the clinic, she received approximately 30 needles (maibotsushin technique) that were implanted subcutaneously in her cervical, shoulder, and lumbar areas. Next evening, she noticed impairment of pain and temperature sensations in her left leg and narrowing of the right palpebral fissure. She did not have headache, nausea, vertigo, or diplopia. On admission, general physical examination
Baculoviral Vector-Mediated Transient and Stable Transgene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2007)

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells as a renewable cell source have great prospective applications in both developmental biology research and regenerative medicine. To realize these potentials, the development of effective and safe genetic manipulation methods in hES cells is an obvious demand. We report here that baculoviral vectors were able to transduce hES cells efficiently. In transient transduction experiments, a recombinant baculoviral vector equipped with a human elongation factor 1-alpha promoter and a woodchuck hepatitis post-transcriptional regulatory element transduced up to 80% of cells in hES cell clumps and embryoid bodies. For prolonged transgene expression, hybrid baculoviral vectors that have incorporated a rep gene and inverted terminal repeat sequences from adeno-associated virus were produced. These hybrid vectors yielded stable transgene expression during the prolonged undifferentiated proliferation of hES cells and after differentiation. Baculoviral transduction did not affect the normal growth, phenotype, and pluripotency of hES cells. Thus, baculoviral vectors suitable for both transient overexpression and long-term stable expression are an attractive option for genetic manipulation of hES cells.