gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Path constrained trajectory optimization using sparse sequential quadratic programming (1991)

One of the most effective numerical techniques for the solution of trajectory optimization and optimal control problems is the direct transcription method. This approach combines a nonlinear programming algorithm with discretization of the trajectory dynamics. The resulting mathematical programming problem is characterized by matrices that are large and sparse. Constraints on the path of the trajectory are then treated as algebraic inequalities to be satisfied by the nonlinear program. This paper describes a nonlinear programming algorithm that exploits the matrix sparsity produced by the transcription formulation. Numerical experience is reported for trajectories with both state and control variable equality and inequality path constraints. T is well known that the solution of an optimal control or trajectory optimization problem can be posed as the solution of a two-point boundary value problem. This problem requires solving a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations; the first set defined by the vehicle dynamics and the second set (of adjoint differential equations) by the optimality conditions. Boundary conditions are imposed from the problem requirements as well as the optimality criteria. By discretizing the dynamic variables, this boundary value problem can be reduced to the solution of a set of nonlinear algebraic equations. This approach has been successfully utilized1'5 for applications without path constraints. Since the approach requires adjoint equations, it is subject to a number of difficulties. First, the adjoint equations are often very nonlinear and cumbersome to obtain for complex vehicle dynamics, especially when thrust and aerodynamic forces are given by tabular data. Second, the iterative procedure requires an initial guess for the adjoint variables, and this can be quite difficult because they lack a physical interpretation. Third, convergence of the iterations is often quite sensitive to the accuracy of the adjoint guess. Finally, the adjoint variables may be discontinuous when the solution enters or leaves an inequality path constraint. Difficulties associated with adjoint equations are avoided by the direct transcription or collocation methods.6'10 In this approach, the dynamic equations are discretized, and the optimal control problem is transformed into a nonlinear program, which can be solved directly. The nonlinear programming problem is large and sparse and a method for solving it is presented in Ref. 7. This paper extends the method of Ref. 7 to efficiently handle inequality constraints and presents a nonlinear programming algorithm designed to exploit the properties of the problem that results from direct transcription of the trajectory optimization application.
A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Lamellarins K and L by the Michael Addition/Ring‐Closure Reaction of Benzyldihydroisoquinoline Derivatives with Ethoxycarbonyl‐<i>β</i>‐nitrostyrenes (2004)

Alkaloid achievement: Lamellarins, a new class of potential nontoxic inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase that are also responsible for multidrug-resistance reversal in cancer cell lines, could be synthesized in three chemical steps and in 60 % overall yields from two simple starting materials (see scheme). The key step in the convergent synthetic approach involved the novel Michael addition/ring-closure reaction to give the pyrrole core and the ester group required for subsequent lactonization in one step. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z52043_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Interference Mitigation for LTE through Iterative Blanking (2011)

Interference cancellation will become more important in future wireless communication systems due to various co-channel deployment scenarios and denser frequency reuse. In this study, an interference cancellation receiver is proposed which can be used for single-carrier frequency-division multiple access based systems. In the proposed receiver, impact of dominant interference (DI) is mitigated by an iterative blanking algorithm. If the DI is detected on the desired band, overlapping DI spectrum is blanked, followed by demodulation and regeneration of the desired signal. Afterward, the blanked overlapping samples are replaced by the corresponding samples of the regenerated signal. In order to improve the performance, demodulation and regeneration stages can be repeated multiple times. Performance of the proposed approach is compared with those of interference coordination and no cancellation through link-level and system-level simulations.
Cyanogen Bromide-Induced Chemical Ligation: Mechanism and Optimization of the Reaction Conditions (1996)

Abstract Chemical ligation induced by BrCN in the presence of N-substituted morpholine has been studied in details. It has also been shown that the phosphate activation by BrCN can be used for the synthesis of nucleotide derivatives in aqueous solutions.
Evolution of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Asia (2005)

An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) has recently spread to poultry in 9 Asian countries. H5N1 infections have caused > or =52 human deaths in Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia from January 2004 to April 2005. Genomic analyses of H5N1 isolates from birds and humans showed 2 distinct clades with a nonoverlapping geographic distribution. All the viral genes were of avian influenza origin, which indicates absence of reassortment with human influenza viruses. All human H5N1 isolates tested belonged to a single clade and were resistant to the adamantane drugs but sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors. Most H5N1 isolates from humans were antigenically homogeneous and distinct from avian viruses circulating before the end of 2003. Some 2005 isolates showed evidence of antigenic drift. An updated nonpathogenic H5N1 reference virus, lacking the polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin gene, was produced by reverse genetics in anticipation of the possible need to vaccinate humans.
Semantic Inference on Clinical Documents: Combining Machine Learning Algorithms With an Inference Engine for Effective Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment (2017)

Clinical practice calls for reliable diagnosis and optimized treatment. However, human errors in health care remain a severe issue even in industrialized countries. The application of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) casts light on this problem. However, given the great improvement in CDSS over the past several years, challenges to their wide-scale application are still present, including: 1) decision making of CDSS is complicated by the complexity of the data regarding human physiology and pathology, which could render the whole process more time-consuming by loading big data related to patients; and 2) information incompatibility among different health information systems (HIS) makes CDSS an information island, i.e., additional input work on patient information might be required, which would further increase the burden on clinicians. One popular strategy is the integration of CDSS in HIS to directly read electronic health records (EHRs) for analysis. However, gathering data from EHRs could constitute another problem, because EHR document standards are not unified. In addition, HIS could use different default clinical terminologies to define input data, which could cause additional misinterpretation. Several proposals have been published thus far to allow CDSS access to EHRs via the redefinition of data terminologies according to the standards used by the recipients of the data flow, but they mostly aim at specific versions of CDSS guidelines. This paper views these problems in a different way. Compared with conventional approaches, we suggest more fundamental changes; specifically, uniform and updatable clinical terminology and document syntax should be used by EHRs, HIS, and their integrated CDSS. Facilitated data exchange will increase the overall data loading efficacy, enabling CDSS to read more information for analysis at a given time. Furthermore, a proposed CDSS should be based on self-learning, which dynamically updates a knowledge model according to the data-stream-based upcoming data set. The experiment results show that our system increases the accuracy of the diagnosis and treatment strategy designs.
Anomaly Detection Models for IoT Time Series Data (2018)

Insitu sensors and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become more and more popular in the last decade, due to their potential to be used in various applications of many different fields. As of today, WSNs are pretty much used by any monitoring system: from those that are health care related, to those that are used for environmental forecasting or surveillance purposes. All applications that make use of insitu sensors, strongly rely on their correct operation, which however, is quite difficult to guarantee. These sensors in fact, are typically cheap and prone to malfunction. Additionally, for many tasks (e.g. environmental forecasting), sensors are also deployed under potentially harsh weather condition, making their breakage even more likely. The high probability of erroneous readings or data corruption during transmission, brings up the problem of ensuring quality of the data collected by sensors. Since WSNs have to operate continuously and therefore generate very large volumes of data every day, the quality control process has to be automated, scalable and fast enough to be applicable to streaming data. The most common approach to ensure the quality of sensors data, consists in automated detection of erroneous readings or anomalous behaviours of sensors. In the literature, this strategy is known as anomaly detection and can be pursued in many different ways.
Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields (1982)

Extracellularly applied steady electric fields of 0.1 to 10 V/cm were found to have marked effects on the neurite growth of single dissociated Xenopus neurons in culture: (1) neurites facing the cathode showed accelerated growth, while the growth of those facing the anode was reduced. Neurites growing relatively perpendicular to the field axis were prompted to curve toward the cathode. (2) More neurites appeared to be initiate from the cathodal side of the cell. (3) The number of neurite-bearing neurons per culture and the average neurite length were increased. These effects are absent in cultures treated with electric fields of similar strength but alternating polarity and cannot be attributed either to a gradient of extracellular diffusible substances or to the flow of culture medium produced by the field. The field effects are reversible: (1) removal of the electric field resulted in the loss of neurite orientation in a few hours and (2) reversal of the polarity of the electric field led to a rapid reversal in the neurite orientation. To determine the cellular loci of these field effects, we treated the neurons with a number of pharmacological agents or altered their ionic environments. Incubation with concanavalin A (Con A) was found to abolish these filed effects completely. Since the binding of Con A to the neuronal surface was shown to prevent field-induced accumulation of the Con A receptors toward the cathodal side of these neurons, our finding is accumulation of the Con A receptors toward the cathodal side of these neurons, our finding is consistent with the notion that cathodal accumulation of growth-controlling surface glycoproteins by the field is the underlying mechanism of the field-induced orientation of neurite growth toward the cathode.
The effect of self-repair on judged quality of consecutive interpreting: attending to content, form and delivery (2019)

This paper investigates the correlations between self-repair and subjective assessments of student interpreters’ performance in consecutive interpreting(CI). Twelve interpretations from an interpreting contest in China are transcribed, with the self-repairs identified and annotated based on Levelt’s classification (1983), including both overt and covert repairs. In addition to the final scores awarded at the contest, different methods and raters are used to assess the comprising aspects of an overall quality, namely content, form and delivery. Statistical analysis shows that: (1)overt repairs have a strong positive correlation with content, and moderate negative correlations with form and delivery; (2) form and delivery are negatively correlated with covert repairs, in terms of the frequencies of repetitions and pauses, and the mean length of pauses;(3) the judges’ overall assessments are more closely correlated with content than self-repairs. Finally, pedagogical implications for CI training are discussed, as are suggestions for future research.
Voltage measurement using the scanning low energy electron probe (SLEEP) (1971)

The limits of sensitivity and accuracy with which the scanning low energy electron probe (SLEEP) can be used to make retarding field measurements of the distribution of voltage on the surface of a specimen have been investigated. Measurements were made by biasing the specimen at a high frequency 200 kHz and using a stroboscopic technique to determine the amplitude of the bias signal at the point where the electron beam reached the specimen. The information obtained from the stroboscopic measurement was extracted using a phase-sensitive detection system, and displayed in expanded scale form. Measurements have been made in this way with sensitivity of about 100 mu V and spatial resolution of around 25-50 mu m. Accuracies of a few per cent can be obtained depending on details of the specimen and of the voltage distribution.
AFTER‐STACK MULTICHANNEL FILTERS WITHOUT MIXING EFFECTS * (1974)

A bstract Several types of multichannel filters have been introduced in the past with the purpose of rejecting, in a seismic section, coherent noise having a slope different from that of the signal. These filters, generally, tend to introduce a certain amount of mixing and therefore the output trace shows increased horizontal coherence. This is due to the model on which these filters are based, since the hypothesis is posed that the reflectors are continuous. This may be dangerous since it could lead to mistaken interpretations, for example when small faults or breaks are made to disappear in the output section. Other problems that could arise in the application of multichannel filters after‐stack are space‐aliasing and high‐pass filtering. The former occurs when coherent noise is rejected with apparent Velocity V and frequency f a = V/X , where X is the distance between traces. In this case, the signal also is distorted since it is rejected in the same frequency range. The high pass filtering effect occurs when the multichannel filter is designed to remove low coherent noise with high apparent velocity. In the paper a family of multichannel filters is presented based on a model of the seismic section such that minimum mixing effects appear. The filters are designed to give good results even in the case of low frequency and high velocity coherent noise. Some practical examples are shown.
Isolation and Implantation of Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Fibrin Micro Beads to Repair a Critical-Size Bone Defect in Mice (2009)

Fibrin microbeads (FMBs) made using thermal treatment of fibrin drops in oil can efficiently isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow (BM) and other similar sources and culture them continuously in suspension culture. The pure mesenchymal profile of MSCs isolated using FMBs and their differentiation potency to different mesenchymal lineages were previously described in detail. In the current study, MSCs were isolated from the BM of (GFP+) C57/bl mice using FMBs. Addition of pro-osteogenic medium with 10 mM of ss-glycerolphosphate, 50 microg/mL of ascorbic acid, and 10(-8) M of dexamethasone for 1 month resulted in ossified bone-like solid cellular structures, as seen using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Such spontaneously formed structures were implanted in full-depth approximately 5-mm-diameter drilled defects in the skulls of wild-type c57/bl mice. Two months later, the excised upper parts of the skulls with the defects were viewed using fluorescence microscopy for green fluorescence protein of the cells in the defect and using SEM. They were also scanned using micro-computed tomography to visualize the formation of new hard tissue. Then the samples were processed and sectioned for hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Implanted FMBs loaded with (GFP+) MSCs formed partially mature, dense bone-like tissue using a residual moderate inflammatory process containing remnants of FMBs and neo-angiogenesis. The filled defect with bone-like tissue had a Ca/P ratio similar to that of native bone. Limited merging of the implant with the skull indicated that the induced bone regeneration derived from the MSCs that were delivered with the implant. No repair was seen in the control animals without implants or where the defect was filled with FMBs only. Repair scoring (on a 0-5 scale) was found to be 3.38+/-0.35 in the experimental arm, relative to 0 in the controls (p < 0.001).
The mode of action of dimeticone 4% lotion against head lice, Pediculus capitis (2009)

This work raises doubts that lice treated using dimeticone preparations die from anoxia despite blockage of the outer respiratory tract because movements can be observed for hours after exposure. However, the blockage inhibits water excretion, which causes physiological stress that leads to death either through prolonged immobilisation or, in some cases, disruption of internal organs such as the gut.
Haplotypes in the Lipoprotein Lipase Gene Influence Fasting Insulin and Discovery of a New Risk Haplotype (2006)

This study independently replicates our prior results of LPL haplotypes 1 and 4 as associated with measures of insulin sensitivity and resistance, respectively. Haplotype 4 may confer insulin resistance by increasing visceral fat. Haplotype 2 was identified as a new risk haplotype, suggesting the complex nature of LPL's effect on features of the insulin resistance syndrome.
Systematic study of different transitions in high operating temperature quantum dots in a well photodetectors (2010)

We report a systematic study of different transitions in quantum dots-in-a-well infrared photodetectors in order to optimize the signal to noise ratio of the detector. Bound to continuum transitions offer very high extraction probability for photoexcited electrons but poor absorption coefficient, while the bound to bound transitions have higher absorption but poorer extraction probability. Bound to quasibound transitions are optimum for intermediate values of electric fields with superior signal to noise ratio. The bound to quasibound device has the detectivity of 4×1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1 (3V, f/2 system) at 77 K and 7.4×108 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at 200 K, which is highest reported detectivity at 200 K for detector with long wave cutoff wavelength.
Segregation in Single‐Crystal Fully Stabilized Yttria‐Zirconia (1995)

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to study surface segregation in 9.5 mol% single‐crystal Y 2 O 3 ‐ZrO 2 which has been subjected to air anneals at temperatures ranging from 900° to 1500°C. The kinetics of segregation reveal an enrichment of Y, Si, Na, and Fe at short times; however, at longer times surface equilibrium is reached. The heats of segregation for Y, Si, Na and Fe, determined from Arrhenius plots, were 9.3 ± 3.0, 59.0 ± 7.0, –23.5 ± 11.5, –18.0 ± 6.0 kJ/mol, respectively. XPS analysis of the equilibrium states at all temperatures revealed a distinct surface layer which, given the positive heats of segregation for Si and Y, is quite stable.
Phytosequestration: Carbon Biosequestration by Plants and the Prospects of Genetic Engineering (2010)

Photosynthetic assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by land plants offers the underpinnings for terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration. A proportion of the C captured in plant biomass is partitioned to roots, where it enters the pools of soil organic C and soil inorganic C and can be sequestered for millennia. Bioenergy crops serve the dual role of providing biofuel that offsets fossil-fuel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sequestering C in the soil through extensive root systems. Carbon captured in plant biomass can also contribute to C sequestration through the deliberate addition of biochar to soil, wood burial, or the use of durable plant products. Increasing our understanding of plant, microbial, and soil biology, and harnessing the benefits of traditional genetics and genetic engineering, will help us fully realize the GHG mitigation potential of phytosequestration.
Safety Assessment of Bisabolol as Used in Cosmetics (2015)

The 2015 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D., Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Director is Lillian J. Gill, D.P.A. This safety assessment was prepared by Monice M. Fiume, Assistant Director/Senior Scientific Analyst.
Optimal Parallel Algorithms for Computing the Sum, the Prefix-Sums, and the Summed Area Table on the Memory Machine Models (2013)

The main contribution of this paper is to show optimal parallel algorithms to compute the sum, the prefix-sums, and the summed area table on two memory machine models, the Discrete Memory Machine (DMM) and the Unified Memory Machine (UMM). The DMM and the UMM are theoretical parallel computing models that capture the essence of the shared memory and the global memory of GPUs. These models have three parameters, the number p of threads, and the width w of the memory, and the memory access latency l. We first show that the sum of n numbers can be computed in $O({n\over w}+{nl\over p}+l\log n)$ time units on the DMM and the UMM. We then go on to show that $\Omega({n\over w}+{nl\over p}+l\log n)$ time units are necessary to compute the sum. We also present a parallel algorithm that computes the prefix-sums of n numbers in $O({n\over w}+{nl\over p}+l\log n)$ time units on the DMM and the UMM. Finally, we show that the summed area table of size $\sqrt{n}\times\sqrt{n}$ can be computed in $O({n\over w}+{nl\over p}+l\log n)$ time units on the DMM and the UMM. Since the computation of the prefix-sums and the summed area table is at least as hard as the sum computation, these parallel algorithms are also optimal.
Modelling of System Properties in a Modelica Framework (2011)

In order to improve the engineering processes and especially the corresponding verification and validation phases, this article deals with the modeling of system properties in a Modelica framework. The term "property" is intended here to be generic and refers to a system requirement or limitation as well as a validity domain of a model. The choice of the Modelica language is justified by a desire to use its equation-based feature to model system properties in an unambiguous and explicit way. Besides, choosing only one formalism to describe the system properties and the physical equations of the model should ease the expression of the model validity domains.