gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell proliferation and outcome following doxorubicin plus CMF regimens in node‐positive breast cancer (2000)

At the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, a randomised adjuvant chemotherapy trial was carried out from 1982 to 1990 to compare alternating with sequential regimens of doxorubicin and CMF in 403 patients with more than 3 positive axillary nodes. Tumour proliferative activity was determined in 71% (285 cases) of women entering the clinical study. We investigated the relation between proliferative rate, determined as the [(3)H]thymidine labelling index (TLI) on tumour specimens obtained at diagnostic surgery, and clinical outcome following the 2 regimens, in which the same drugs were administered at the same dose intensity but with a different schedule. A high TLI was significantly associated with 12-year overall relapse (P = 0.009), distant metastasis (P = 0.001), and death (P = 0.002), even in the presence of information provided by tumour size, lymph node involvement, oestrogen receptors, and treatment regimen. The highest relapse-free survival (RFS) probability (45%, 95% CI 34-55%) was observed for patients with tumour TLI <5% and subjected to the sequential treatment. The lowest RFS probability (11%, 95% CI 0-26%) was observed for patients with tumour TLI >9% following the alternating regimen. Intermediate RFS probabilities, ranging from 23% to 34%, were observed for the other kinetic subgroups following the 2 treatment regimens. The benefit of sequential administration of doxorubicin and CMF was evident mainly in patients with tumours at low to intermediate proliferation.
Assessment of Surface Infiltration Performance and Maintenance of Two Permeable Pavement Systems in Louisville, Kentucky (2017)

This study presents the infiltration performance of two permeable pavement systems installed in the parking lanes of an urban neighborhood. Both systems were subject to large (12.9 and 9.8) impermeable drainage ratios and high sediment loadings from the surrounding environment. The surface infiltration performance of each system was monitored by conducting surface infiltration measurements and analysis of data collected using an array of embedded time domain reflectometers. The results indicated progression of clogging from the upgradient edge toward the downgradient edge on the surface of the permeable pavements, which limited the infiltration performance of the systems. This study conducted three different maintenance methods to restore the surface infiltration performance of the clogged permeable pavements. The developed monitoring techniques were used to ascertain the short-term and long-term efficiency of each surface maintenance treatment. The most effective maintenance treatment was determined to be a combination of hydro pressure washing and vacuuming to clean the permeable pavement surfaces. The research results indicate that the infiltration performance of permeable pavement systems, even those subjected to high hydraulic loadings and unsuitable environments, can be maintained with frequent application of a proper surface-maintenance method.
Ga&lt;inf&gt;1-x&lt;/inf&gt;Al&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt;Sb avalanche photodiodes: Resonant impact ionization with very high ratio of ionization coefficients (1981)

The liquid-phase epitaxy and device fabrication of p-n and p-i-n Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Sb avalanche photodiodes is described. Breakdown voltages up to 95 V and dark currents of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> have been obtained. With p-i-n diodes we have measured the impact ionization coefficients α (electrons) and β (holes) with different composition and temperature. A resonant enhancement of the hole ionization coefficient is found for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x = 0.065</tex> (300 K) where the ratio <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\beta/\alpha</tex> exceeds values of 20. This effect is attributed to impact ionization initiated by holes from the split-off valence band: if the spin orbit splitting Δ is equal to the bandgap energy E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> , the threshold energy for hole initiated impact ionization reaches the smallest possible value ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E_{i} = E_{g}</tex> ) and the ionization process occurs with zero momentum. This leads to a strong increase of β at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta/E_{g} = 1</tex> . The experimentally determined dependence of ionization coefficients on threshold energy is compared with theoretical expectations.
Undoped high mobility two-dimensional hole-channel GaAs∕AlxGa1−xAs heterostructure field-effect transistors with atomic-layer-deposited dielectric (2007)

The authors have fabricated undoped p-channel GaAs∕AlxGa1−xAs heterostructure field-effect transistors with nearly ideal drain current-voltage characteristics, using atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 as the dielectric, and measured their transport properties. At 0.3K, the densities and mobilities of the two dimensional holes can be tuned up to 2.9×1011∕cm2 and 6.4×105cm2∕Vs, respectively. The variable density high mobility two-dimensional hole system provides a large parameter space for the study of two-dimensional physics.
Public health re-energised: what the new White Paper will mean. (2011)

The Coalition Government has set out its intended strategy for public health in England in the White Paper "Healthy Lives, Healthy People" (November 2010). This aims to tackle high levels of "lifestyle" health problems such as obesity, alcohol misuse and smoking, and to reduce health inequalities. Policies will be evidence-based and the emphasis will be on outcomes rather than targets. The focus will be local and will include wider dimensions of public health such as tobacco control and transport. Mental health will have greater prominence. Local government will play a major part, with Directors of Public Health and public health budgets transferring from Primary Care Trusts to Local Authorities. Public health funding will be ring-fenced. A dedicated public health service, Public Health England, will be established in the Department of Health, to provide disease control and support local innovation. There will be greater investment in the early years of life, and an increase in health visitor numbers and Family Nurse Partnerships. The public health role of school nurses is likely to increase under a forthcoming review of school nursing.
Validation Studies of the Site-Directed Docking Program LibDock (2007)

The performance of the site-features docking algorithm LibDock has been evaluated across eight GlaxoSmithKline targets as a follow-up to a broad validation study of docking and scoring software (Warren, G. L.; Andrews, W. C.; Capelli, A.; Clarke, B.; Lalonde, J.; Lambert, M. H.; Lindvall, M.; Nevins, N.; Semus, S. F.; Senger, S.; Tedesco, G.; Walls, I. D.; Woolven, J. M.; Peishoff, C. E.; Head, M. S. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 5912-5931). Docking experiments were performed to assess both the accuracy in reproducing the binding mode of the ligand and the retrieval of active compounds in a virtual screening protocol using both the DJD (Diller, D. J.; Merz, K. M., Jr. Proteins 2001, 43, 113-124) and LigScore2 (Krammer, A. K.; Kirchoff, P. D.; Jiang, X.; Venkatachalam, C. M.; Waldman, M. J. Mol. Graphics Modell. 2005, 23, 395-407) scoring functions. This study was conducted using DJD scoring, and poses were rescored using all available scoring functions in the Accelrys LigandFit module, including LigScore2. For six out of eight targets at least 30% of the ligands were docked within a root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of 2.0 A for the crystallographic poses when the LigScore2 scoring function was used. LibDock retrieved at least 20% of active compounds in the top 10% of screened ligands for four of the eight targets in the virtual screening protocol. In both studies the LigScore2 scoring function enhanced the retrieval of crystallographic poses or active compounds in comparison with the results obtained using the DJD scoring function. The results for LibDock accuracy and ligand retrieval in virtual screening are compared to 10 other docking and scoring programs. These studies demonstrate the utility of the LigScore2 scoring function and that LibDock as a feature directed docking method performs as well as docking programs that use genetic/growing and Monte Carlo driven algorithms.
An approach to 2,3-dihydropyrroles and β-iodopyrroles based on 5-endo-dig cyclisations (2002)

A representative series of homopropargylic sulfonamides 19 and 22b have been found to undergo smooth 5-endo-dig cyclisation upon exposure to excess iodine in acetonitrile containing potassium carbonate. The resulting 4-iodo-2,3-dihydropyrroles 23 readily react with two equivalents of DBU in DMF at 20 °C to give the corresponding β-iodopyrroles 24 and 26 in excellent yields by the elimination of toluene-p-sulfinic acid. Use of less than two equivalents of base results in some loss of iodine. The iodo-2,3-dihydropyrroles 23 can be used in palladium-catalysed coupling reactions as shown by the efficient formation of the Sonogashira product 29 under mild conditions.
<title>Dynamic IR scene projection using the Hughes liquid crystal light valve</title> (1992)

This paper reviews recent development and application of the infrared version of the liquid crystal light valve (LCLV). We describe delivered IR image projectors for advanced end-to- end laboratory testing of IR seeker and sensor systems. System performance characteristics are given. A newly developed version of the device has much higher contrast with low IR background image capability.
Bacterial Iron Transport Related to Virulence (2004)

We examined the efficacy of a new, fixed-bed, uncoated charcoal device in experimentally intoxicated dogs and in drug-intoxicated as well as chemically poisoned patients. In the animal studies, 4 h of hemoperfusion resulted in a significant decrease in the blood level of phenobarbital, salicylate, pentobarbital and glutethimide. The drug clearances varied between 97 ± 10 and 129 ± 6 ml/min. However, the total amount of drug removed was higher for phenobarbital and salicylate which have a small apparent volume of distribution (AVD) than for pentobarbital and glutethimide which have an AVD greater than total body water. We next treated 14 patients suffering from a wide variety of intoxications. Patients intoxicated with phenobarbital, methsuximide, chlordane and Amanita muscaria all showed a significant improvement in their clinical status. Patients intoxicated with ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, methaqualone, podophylhn and fluoroacetamide did not improve. Charcoal hemoperfusion may be useful in patients poisoned with drugs characterized by an AVD smaller than total body water. No major complications were encountered during the hemoperfusions.
Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in powdered infant formula by phage-PCR and confirmed by culture (2015)

Surveys from different parts of the world have reported that viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) can be cultured from approximately 2% of samples of retail pasteurised milk samples. Pasteurised milk is used for the production of powdered infant formula (PIF) and therefore there is a concern that MAP may also be present in these products. Several studies have previously reported the detection of MAP in PIF using PCR-based assays. However, culture-based surveys of PIF have not detected viable MAP. Here we describe a phage amplification assay coupled with PCR (page-PCR) that can rapidly detect viable MAP in PIF. The results of a small survey showed that the phage-PCR assay detected viable MAP in 13% (4/32) of PIF samples. Culture detected viable MAP in 9% (3/32) PIF samples, all of which were also phage-PCR positive. Direct IS900 PCR detected MAP DNA in 22% (7/32) of PIF samples. The presence of viable MAP in PIF indicates that MAP either survived PIF manufacturing or that post-production contamination occurred. Irrespective of the route of MAP contamination, the presence of viable MAP in PIF is a potential public health concern.
Experience With a Metered-Dose Inhaler With a Spacer in the Pediatric Emergency Department (1989)

Studies of adults suggest that metered-dose inhalers with spacers are as effective as hand-held nebulizers for bronchodilator delivery. We studied 13 children with acute asthma. They received two puffs every 2 minutes from metered-dose inhalers with spacers (range, 4 to 14 puffs) titrated until improvement stopped. Peak expiratory flow increased 34% for metered-dose inhalers with spacers after the first 2 puffs and increased 87% for metered-dose inhalers with spacers after dose titration. After titration, respiratory rate decreased by 12%, heart rate increased by 2%, and breath sounds improved in 92% of the patients. We concluded that the metered-dose inhalers with spacers are an effective device for the treatment of asthma in the pediatric emergency department and that the use of metered-dose inhalers with spacers with titration can achieve significant bronchodilation in the treatment of patients with acute asthma.
Amine‐quinone polyurethanes. I. Preparation of polyurethane block copolymers containing 2,5–bis(<i>N</i>‐2‐hydroxyethyl‐<i>N</i>‐methylamino)‐1,4–benzoquinone diol monomer (1995)

Abstract The amine‐quinone monomer, 2,5–bis(N‐2‐hydroxyethyl‐N‐methylamino)‐1,4‐benzoqui‐none (AQM‐1), was prepared by the multiple‐step condensation of 2‐(N‐methylam‐ino)ethanol with benzoquinone in the presence of oxygen. This crystalline monomer was used to prepare a series of amine‐quinone polyurethanes by condensation polymerization, either in the melt or in solution (THF or DMF), with a diisocyanate (MDI, TDI, or IPDI) and an oligomeric diol [poly(caprolactone) or poly(1,2‐butylene glycol)]. The amine‐quinone functional group was stable under the polymerization conditions, and was incorporated into the main chain, giving red‐brown polyurethanes that had molecular weights in the range of 11,000–90,000 and were soluble in THF, MEK, DMF, and DMSO. The thermal properties were consistent with a two‐phase morphology with an amorphous soft segment, containing the oligomeric diol, and a microcrystalline hard segment, containing AQM‐1. The polymers having a low hard segment content (<50%) were rubbery (soft segment T g <−25°C); polymers having a high hard segment content (>50%) were thermoplastic (hard segment T g >150°C). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION OF AROMATIC THIOLS TO CONJUGATED CYCLOALKENONES, CATALYZED BY CHIRAL β‐HYDROXY AMINES. A MECHANISTIC STUDY OF HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS (1981)

Abstract Der Mechanismus der Reaktionen der Thiole (I) mit den Cycloalkenonen (II) bzw. (IV) in Gegenwart chiraler Basen als Katalysatoren unter Bildung optisch aktiver Addukte (III) bzw. (V) wird detailliert untersucht.
Cellular responses regulated by rho-related small GTP-binding proteins (1993)

Rho-related proteins are members of the ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Their function in fibroblasts has been analysed using microinjection of living cells. Rho appears to link plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibres. The closely related protein rac, on the other hand, links receptors to the polymerization of actin at the plasma membrane to form membrane ruffles and pinocytotic vesicles. In phagocytic cells, rac has been shown to be required for activation of a membrane-bound NADPH oxidase in response to receptor activation. These systems provide the basis for a working model for the mechanism of action of the rho family of small GTPases.
Design of an Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Prototype Subsystem for the Treatment of Spacecraft Wastewaters (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Long duration missions in space will require regenerative processes to recover water for crew reuse. Membrane processes are attractive as a primary processor in water recovery systems (WRS) because of their design simplicity, low specific energy requirements, small size, and high water recovery. However, fouling has historically been regarded as a disadvantage of membrane-based processes. This fouling is often caused by micelle buildup on the membrane surface by high-molecular-weight organics (e.g., from soaps and laundry detergents).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes a two-stage fouling-resistant ultrafiltration (UF)/reverse osmosis (RO) prototype subsystem, which was designed and constructed for a WRS in the Life Support Systems Integration Facility (LSSIF) at NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA/JSC). The first stage of the subsystem is a tube-side-feed hollow-fiber UF module that removes contaminants that tend to foul spiral-wound modules. The unique flow patterns in this module minimize the build-up of foulants on the membrane surface and allows the use of innovative system designs and operating modes that prevent fouling. The second stage is a spiral-wound RO module that removes the remaining contaminants.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">During testing, the prototype subsystem performed as designed, processing 92 liters (202 lb) of wastewater in 8 hours or less, at a water recovery of 94%. The prototype subsystem produced a permeate with less than 20 ppm total organic carbon (TOC).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The design of the prototype UF/RO subsystem, the process flow diagram, and the control strategy used to obtain long term, reliable performance are described. Also, performance data for the UF/RO subsystem are presented.</div>
Dialog (June 2004) (2004)

Dialog - Discussion/Reply. No abstract available.
Focal adhesion kinase and p53 signal transduction pathways in cancer (2010)

Human cancer is characterized by a process of tumor cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. One of the critical tyrosine kinases that is linked to these processes of tumor invasion and survival is the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK). Our laboratory was the first to isolate FAK from human tumors, and we had demonstrated that FAK mRNA was up-regulated in invasive and metastatic human breast and colon cancer samples. We have cloned FAK promoter and have found that FAK promoter contains p53 binding sites, and that p53 inhibits FAK transcription and regulates its expression in tumor samples. In addition, we have found a high correlation between FAK overexpression and p53 mutations in 600 population-based series of breast cancer patients. found that N-myc binds FAK promoter and induces FAK transcription in neuroblastoma cells. Thus, this review will be focused on FAK and p53 signal transduction pathways in cancer.
Investigation of soil displacements caused by the press-in process for close-ended model piles using an imaging technique (2020)

In recent years, installing piles using the press-in method has gained popularity in urban areas. However, pushing piles into the ground squeezes the surrounding soils and consequently causes a disturbance or even damage to the underground structures and facilities close by. In order to investigate the squeezing effect incurred by press-in piling, a series of model tests were performed. The soil displacement field was captured using a non-contact technique called digital image correlation (DIC), and the horizontal soil stresses were measured by mini pressure cells. Analyses of the soil displacement fields showed that the pile press-in process caused different soil displacement paths at different depths and locations. The development of horizontal soil stresses correlated well with the horizontal and vertical displacements. A thin disturbance layer could be observed along the pile-soil interface and it was about 7.4-11.1 D50 in thickness (D50, median particle size). At the end, the soil displacements caused by pushing the model pile with different pile shoes were analyzed and compared, and the analyses showed that a greater shoe angle resulted in greater disturbance to the surrounding soils. However, the influence of the pile shoe angle became less substantial with the increase of the pile penetration depth.
Mutations in the Vasopressin Prohormone Involved in Diabetes Insipidus Impair Endoplasmic Reticulum Export but Not Sorting (1999)

Familial neurohypophysial diabetes insipidus is characterized by vasopressin deficiency caused by heterozygous expression of a mutated vasopressin prohormone gene. To elucidate the mechanism of this disease, we stably expressed five vasopressin prohormones with a mutation in the neurophysin moiety (NP14G-->R, NP47E-->G, NP47DeltaE, NP57G-->S, and NP65G-->V) in the neuroendocrine cell lines Neuro-2A and PC12/PC2. Metabolic labeling demonstrated that processing and secretion of all five mutants was impaired, albeit to different extents (NP65G-->V >/= NP14G-->R > NP47DeltaE >/= NP47E-->G > NP57G-->S). Persisting endoglycosidase H sensitivity revealed these defects to be due to retention of mutant prohormone in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutant prohormones that partially passed the endoplasmic reticulum were normally targeted to the regulated secretory pathway. Surprisingly, this also included mutants with mutations in residues involved in binding of vasopressin to neurophysin, a process implicated in targeting of the prohormone. To mimick the high expression in vasopressin-producing neurons, mutant vasopressin prohormones were transiently expressed in Neuro-2A cells. Immunofluorescence displayed formation of large accumulations of mutant prohormone in the endoplasmic reticulum, accompanied by redistribution of an endoplasmic reticulum marker. Our data suggest that prolonged perturbation of the endoplasmic reticulum eventually leads to degeneration of neurons expressing mutant vasopressin prohormones, explaining the dominant nature of the disease.
Performance of low loss, high speed interconnects for multi-GHz digital systems (2003)

Preliminary frequency-, time-, and digital-domain testing and electromagnetic simulations indicate that the striplines and microstrip lines of Honeywell's thin-film multilayer (TFML) technology are suitable for high-performance digital systems that require operation at frequencies greater than 1 GHz. The return loss was typically -20 dB, which indicates the ability to design and fabricate controlled impedance lines with Honeywell's TFML technology. The 1- and 2-GHz digital-domain test measurements did not appear to be affected significantly by the reflections. The insertion loss of approximately -2.5 dB/in. at 9 GHz is acceptable for relatively short signal interconnect lines which, in any event, are required to minimize interchip propagation delays in a functioning system. Predictions from the Mayo electromagnetic modeling package show excellent agreement with measured signal and crosstalk waveforms. The crosstalk between adjacent lines is less than -20 dB even when the coupled line length is very long (>6 in.). Vias and via pads show negligible effects on insertion and return losses up to a frequency of 9 GHz. Large impedance mismatches severely affect the return losses, and therefore should be avoided. Stubs in the interconnect must be kept smaller than 1/4 of the smallest wavelength within the signal bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>