gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Ellipsometry in the Study of Corrosion (1966)

Because corrosion processes are strongly affected by the presence of thin films, ellipsometry is an especially valuable tool in corrosion research because it allows observation of film formation, dissolution, or property changes while these phenomena actually are occurring on a metal surface immersed in any transparent environment. Experimentally the use of ellipsometry requires that light be reflected from the corroding or passive metal surface under study. Thus it allows other techniques such as electrochemical ones to be carried out simultaneously along with ellipsometric measurements. The following specific examples serve as a small sampling of the many ways in which ellipsometry has been applied to corrosion studies: (1) Determination of the nature and rate of growth of passive films on iron in inorganic inhibitor solutions. (2) Separation of different stages in the early growth process of films formed by potentiostatic anodic polarization on iron in neutral solutions. (3) Determination of the point in the corrosion of copper when a new phase begins to form in the corrosion product film.
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 9/2009 (2009)

Cover: Four new phenylacetylenes having two hydroxyl groups and an alkyl group with more than six C atoms were found to be suitable for helix‐sense‐selective polymerization. Other phenylacetylenes with shorter alkyl groups gave only insoluble polymers. The longer alkyl chains could stabilize a one‐handed helical structure in solution by effectively forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Further details can be found in the article by S. Hadano, T. Kishimoto, T. Hattori, D. Tanioka, M. Teraguchi, T. Aoki, * T. Kaneko, T. Namikoshi, and E. Marwanta on page 717.
Facilitating collaborative learning in distributed organizations (1997)

Increasingly, organizations are geographically distributed with activities coordinated and integrated through the use of information technology. Such organizations face constant change and the corresponding need for continual learning and renewal of their workers. In this paper we describe a system called PHelpS (Peer Help System) that facilitates workers in carrying out such "life long learning". When a worker runs into difficulty in carrying out a task, PHelpS provides a list of other workers who are ready, willing and able to help him or her. The worker then selects a particular helper with PHelpS supporting the subsequent help interaction. The PHelpS system acts as a facilitator to stimulate learning and collaboration, rather than as a directive agent imposing its perspectives on the workers.
Adverse Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Update of Gastrointestinal, Cardiovascular and Renal Complications (2014)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used chronically to reduce pain and inflammation in patients with arthritic conditions, and also acutely as analgesics by many patients. Both therapeutic and adverse effects of NSAIDs are due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. NSAIDs are classified as non-selective and COX-2-selective inhibitors (COXIBS) based on their extent of selectivity for COX inhibition. However, regardless of their COX selectivity, reports are still appearing on the GI side effect of NSAIDs particularly on the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the harmful role of their controlled release formulations. In addition, previously unpublished data stored in the sponsor's files, question the GI sparing properties of rofecoxib, a COXIB that has been withdrawn due to cardiovascular (CV) side effects. Presently, the major side effects of NSAIDs are the GI complications, renal disturbances and CV events. There is a tendency to believe that all NSAIDs are associated with renal and CV side effects, a belief that is not supported by solid evidence. Indeed, lower but still therapeutics doses of some NSAIDs may be cardioprotective. In this review, we briefly discuss the GI toxicity of the NSAIDs and assess their renal and CV adverse effects in more detail.
Temperature-sensitive Mutants of Sindbis Virus: Biochemical Correlates of Complementation (1967)

Temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus fail to grow at a temperature that permits growth of the wild type, but when certain pairs of these mutants, mixed together, infect cells at that temperature, viral growth (i.e., complementation) occurs. The yield from this complementation, however, is of the same order of magnitude as the infectivity in the inoculum. Since in animal virus infections the protein components of the virion probably enter the cell with the viral nucleic acid, it was necessary to demonstrate that the observed complementation required synthesis of new viral protein and nucleic acid rather than some sort of rearrangement of the structural components of the inoculum. To demonstrate that complementation does require new biosynthesis, three biochemical events of normal virus growth have been observed during complementation and correlated with the efficiency of viral growth seen in complementation. These events include: (i) entrance of parental viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) into a double-stranded form; (ii) subsequent synthesis of viral RNA; and (iii) synthesis and subsequent incorporation of viral protein(s) into cell membranes where they were detected by hemadsorption. Although the infecting single-stranded RNA genome of the wild type was converted to a ribonuclease-resistant form, the genome of a mutant (ts-11) incapable of RNA synthesis at a nonpermissive temperature was not so converted. However, during complementation with another mutant also defective in viral RNA synthesis, some of the RNA of mutant ts-11 was converted to a ribonuclease-resistant form, and total synthesis of virus-specific RNA was markedly enhanced. The virus-specific alteration of the cell surface, detected by hemadsorption, was also extensively increased during complementation. These observations support the view that complementation between temperature-sensitive mutants and replication of wild-type virus are similar processes.
Determination of 2,3-butanediol in high and low acetoin producers of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts by automated multiple development (AMD) (1996)

High performance thin layer chromatography with automated multiple development was used to determine 2,3-butanediol levels in wine produced by high and low acetoin-forming strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An inverse correlation between acetoin and 2,3-butanediol content was found suggesting a leaky mutation in acetoin reductase of the low 2,3-butanediol producing strains.
RNS representations with redundant residues (2001)

Residue number system (RNS) representations that contain redundant moduli have been extensively studied with regard to their error checking properties. A second form of redundancy in RNS, that of redundant residues, has been applied in certain application contexts to gain speed and cost benefits. Such applications are developed in an ad hoc manner and there does not exist a theoretical framework for the latter variety of redundant RNS. We develop a theory of RNS representations with redundant residues and show how representation parameters affect the speed and complexity of various arithmetic operations. The theory parallels that of redundant signed-digit representations in that at issue are choice of 'residue sets' (akin to digit sets), encoding of residue sets, conversions between residue sets with different degrees of redundancy, including none, and algorithms for arithmetic on redundant-residue operands.
Site and plant species are important determinants of the <i>Methylobacterium</i> community composition in the plant phyllosphere (2010)

The plant phyllosphere constitutes a habitat for numerous microorganisms; among them are members of the genus Methylobacterium. Owing to the ubiquitous occurrence of methylobacteria on plant leaves, they represent a suitable target for studying plant colonization patterns. The influence of the factor site, host plant species, time and the presence of other phyllosphere bacteria on Methylobacterium community composition and population size were evaluated in this study. Leaf samples were collected from Arabidopsis thaliana or Medicago truncatula plants and from the surrounding plant species at several sites. The abundance of cultivable Methylobacterium clearly correlated with the abundance of other phyllosphere bacteria, suggesting that methylobacteria constitute a considerable and rather stable fraction of the phyllosphere microbiota under varying environmental conditions. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was applied to characterize the Methylobacterium community composition and showed the presence of similar communities on A. thaliana plants at most sites in 2 consecutive years of sampling. A substantial part of the observed variation in the community composition was explained by site and plant species, especially in the case of the plants collected at the Arabidopsis sites (50%). The dominating ARISA peaks that were detected on A. thaliana plants were found on other plant species grown at the same site, whereas some different peaks were detected on A. thaliana plants from other sites. This indicates that site-specific factors had a stronger impact on the Methylobacterium community composition than did plant-specific factors and that the Methylobacterium-plant association is not highly host plant species specific.
Iron, lipocalin, and kidney epithelia (2003)

Brilliant new discoveries in the field of iron metabolism have revealed novel transmembrane iron transporters, novel hormones that regulate iron traffic, and iron's control of gene expression. An important role for iron in the embryonic kidney was first identified by Ekblom, who studied transferrin (Landschulz W and Ekblom P. J Biol Chem 260: 15580-15584, 1985; Landschulz W, Thesleff I, and Ekblom P. J Cell Biol 98: 596-601, 1984; Thesleff I, Partanen AM, Landschulz W, Trowbridge IS, and Ekblom P. Differentiation 30: 152- 158, 1985). Nevertheless, how iron traffics to developing organs remains obscure. This review discusses a member of the lipocalin superfamily, 24p3 or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalcin (NGAL), which induces the formation of kidney epithelia. We review the data showing that lipocalins transport low-molecular-weight chemical signals and data indicating that 24p3/NGAL transports iron. We compare 24p3/NGAL to transferrin and a variety of other iron trafficking pathways and suggest specific roles for each in iron transport.
Reinforcement Learning of Material Flow Control Logic Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation (2018)

In this paper the concept of reinforcement learning agent is presented, which can deduce the correct control policy of a plant by acting in its digital twin (the HiL simulation). This way the agent substitutes a real control system. By using reinforcement learning methods, a proof of concept application is presented for a simplistic material flow system, with the same type of access to the digital twin which a PLC controller-hardware would have. With the presented approach the agent is able to find the correct control policy.
Simple model for the XPS analysis of polysaccharide-coated surfaces (1998)

A simple model was developed for the interpretation of results stemming from the XPS analysis of polymer surfaces modified by polyethyleneimine adsorption followed by surface coupling of polysaccharides. Theoretical surface compositions were evaluated from the calculated XPS intensity arising from a layered structure composed of a surface oxidized polymer, an intermediate polyethyleneimine layer and a top polysaccharide layer. Results of calculations were compared to analytical data obtained from fixed-angle XPS analysis of polysaccharide-coated surfaces and to the performances of the latter in in vitro cell adhesion experiments. It is shown that the model can correctly predict the relationship between the experimental surface composition and the cell-resistant properties of polysaccharide-coated surfaces. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of interfacial dipole radiation on UXO target detection using 3-D Kirchhoff imaging (2002)

Ground penetrating radar radiation patterns are shown to effect array results on locating, and characterizing buried targets similar to those found in many unexploded ordnance scenarios. This is accomplished by comparing results obtained from physical experiments with theoretical dipole radiation patterns. Their experimental data uses 1.2 GHz mono-static resistively tapered dipole antennas precisely positioned in course rectangular grid over a 2- by 2by 1-m dirt filled box. The dirt fill is a silty river bank sand with a relative dielectric of 8.1. It contains a large number rocky inclusions. Buried at various depths are spherical and cylindrical bodies representing UXO and antipersonnel mines. These targers are a combination penetrable dielectric bodies and foil covered perfect reflectors. Their diameters range from 3 cm to roughly 7 cm. They apply mono-static 3D Kirchhoff migration to the data. Their results show that low contrast near surface targets including air filled, plastic, and metal targets can be resolved both vertically and horizontally when array coverage considers the dipole radiation pattern. Deeper cylindrical targets are also observed just above a bottom layer interface. Results from the deeper targets are less affected by individual antenna orientations.
Electronic transport in CdSe nanoplatelet based polymer fibres (2018)

One of the most significant objectives in the field of nanotechnology is the transfer of specific properties of smaller nanoparticle building blocks into larger units. In this way, nanoscopic properties can be linked to the macroscopic addressability of larger systems. Such systems might find applications in fields like photoelectrochemical sensing or solar energy harvesting. Our work reports on the novel synthesis of hybrid semiconductor/polymer fibres, which are based on stacks of 4 monolayer (ML) thick CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) encapsulated into a polymer shell. The polymer encapsulation not only enables the water transfer of the NPL stacks but also allows the preparation of photoelectrodes by linking the fibres to surface modified indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides. By applying electrochemical techniques like intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), it was possible to prove the motion of charge carriers inside the nanoplatelet stacks and by this the electronic addressibility of them.
A Polymer-Rich Re-deposition Technique for Non-volatile Etching By-products in Reactive Ion Etching Systems (2013)

Re-deposition is a non-volatile etching by-product in reactive ion etching systems that is well known to cause dirt on etching work. In this study, we propose a novel etching method called the polymer-rich re-deposition technique, used particularly for improving the etched sidewall where the re-deposition is able to accumulate. This technique works by allowing the accumulated re-deposition on the etched sidewall to have a higher polymer species than the new compounds in the non-volatile etching by-product. The polymer-rich re-deposition is easy to remove along with the photo-resist mask residual at the photo-resist strip step using an isopropyl alcohol-based solution. The traditional, additional cleaning process step used to remove the re-deposition material is not required anymore, so this reduces the overall processing time. The technique is demonstrated on an Al2O3-TiC substrate by C4F8 plasma, and the EDX spectrum confirms that the polymer re-deposition has C and F atoms as the dominant atoms, suggesting that it is a C—F polymer re-deposition.
Release of periplasmic proteins induced in <i>E. coli</i> by expression of an N‐terminal proximal segment of the phage fd gene 3 protein (1991)

We used the enzymes beta-lactamase and alkaline phosphatase to quantitatively evaluate the release of periplasmic proteins from E. coli cells transformed by plasmids harboring gene 3 of phage fd. Different deletion mutants of gene 3 released varying fractions of the enzymes. From these results we conclude that essentially the amino-terminal proximal part, upstream of the first glycine-rich region but not this region itself, is responsible for the excretion of periplasmic proteins in E. coli cells expressing the gene 3 protein of phage fd.
Band-structure calculations of the two-photon absorption coefficients of GaAs, InP, CdTe, and ZnSe (1981)

The two-photon absorption coefficients of crystalline GaAs, InP, CdTe, and ZnSe at 1.064 and 0.694 \ensuremath{\mu}m are calculated by means of a new model which combines the elements of second-order perturbation theory and band-structure calculations. A sufficient number of intermediate states are included to ensure adequate convergence. This calculational procedure is shown to represent a significant improvement over currently available theoretical models, and the results are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Traveling-Wave Tubes (1950)

In Chapter VI we have expressed the properties of a circuit in terms of its normal modes of propagation rather than its physical dimensions. In this chapter we shall use this representation in justifying the circuit equation of Chapter II and in adding to it a term to take into account the local fields produced by a-c space charge. Then, a combined circuit and ballistical equation will be obtained, which will be used in the following chapters in deducing various properties of traveling-wave tubes.
The Effects of Increased Doses of Bovine Hemoglobin on Hemodynamics and Oxygen Transport in Patients Undergoing Preoperative Hemodilution for Elective Abdominal Aortic Surgery (1998)

In two consecutive studies (Study A and Study B), we evaluated the effects of increasing doses of HBOC-201, a bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier, on hemodynamics and oxygen transport in patients undergoing preoperative hemodilution for elective abdominal aortic surgery. After the induction of anesthesia and the exchange of 1 L of blood for 1 L of lactated Ringer's solution, 24 patients (12 in each study) were randomly assigned to receive, within 30 min, a predetermined volume of either HBOC-201 or 6% hydroxyethyl starch (Study A 6.9 mL/kg; Study B 9.2 mL/kg). Monitored variables included systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, arterial and mixed venous blood gases, and calculations of cardiac index (CI), systemic (SVRI) and pulmonary (PVRI) vascular resistance indices, oxygen delivery index (Do2 I), oxygen consumption index (Vo2 I), and oxygen extraction ratio (O2 ER). In both studies, the infusion of HBOC-201 was associated with increases in SVRI (Study A 121%; Study B 71%) and PVRI (Study A 70%; Study B 53%) and with a decrease in CI (29% both studies). Hemodilution with HBOC-201 maintained the arterial oxygen content at levels higher than hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch, but the advantage of a greater oxygen-carrying capacity was offset by the increase in SVRI, with a resulting net decrease in both CI and Do2 I (Study A 30%; Study B 28%); Vo2 I was maintained by increased O2 ER. In terms of hemodynamics and oxygen transport, hemodilution with bovine hemoglobin in these doses provided no apparent benefit over hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch. Implications: Bovine hemoglobin in doses ranging between 55 and 97 g of hemoglobin increased vascular resistance and decreased cardiac output in anesthetized surgical patients. In terms of hemodynamics and oxygen transport, hemodilution with bovine hemoglobin in these doses provided no apparent benefit over hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch. (Anesth Analg 1998;87:284-91)
Reduction of soliton interactions by zigzag-sliding-frequency guiding filters (1995)

Reductions of the soliton interactions and jitter by the upsliding-frequency filter, the downsliding-frequency filter, and the zigzag-sliding-frequency filter are numerically studied. It is shown that the most effective filter for reducing the soliton interactions is the zigzag-sliding-frequency filter.
323. Coenzyme A. Part VIII. The synthesis of pantetheine 4′-phosphate (acetobacter stimulatory factor), a degradation product of the coenzyme (1953)

J. Baddiley and E. M. Thain, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 1610 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530001610
Sinovagal interaction in arterial pressure restoration after 10% hemorrhage (1979)

The summation between the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex system (CS system) and the vagally mediated reflex system (V system) was studied as they restore mean arterial pressure (MAP) after 10% quick hemorrhage in splenectomized conscious dogs chronically instrumented with catheters for pressure measurement and hemorrhage. The experiment was repeated under nerve-intact condition (intact), with cold block of the vagi ([V]), after carotid sinus denervation (CS), and CS plus [V] situations. MAP falls at 1.5 min after the hemorrhage were 7.2 in intact, 24.7 in [V], 36.0 in CS, and 67.6 in CS + [V] mmHg. When we calculated the open-loop gains of CS and V systems assuming a simply additive summation between them a self-contradiction occurred. To avoid this contradiction, it was necessary to assume that CS and V systems interact in a facilitatory manner. Mean open-loop gains calculated under this assumption were 1.64 for the CS system alone, 0.89 for the V system alone, and 6.59 for the interacting component between them. These intriguing results warrant further analysis of the summation between the two reflex systems.
Measurement uncertainty in pharmaceutical analysis and its application (2013)

The measurement uncertainty provides complete information about an analytical result. This is very important because several decisions of compliance or non-compliance are based on analytical results in pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this work was to evaluate and discuss the estimation of uncertainty in pharmaceutical analysis. The uncertainty is a useful tool in the assessment of compliance or non-compliance of in-process and final pharmaceutical products as well as in the assessment of pharmaceutical equivalence and stability study of drug products.
Effects of Pulse Length and Strength on Electroporation Efficiency (2003)

Electroporation is now a standard method of transfection and cell loading. There is a variety of commercial electroporation equipment, and many published and manufacturer-supplied protocols. Many of these protocols are results of trial and error. These empirical protocols are valuable guides for successful applications of electroporation.
Effect of EDTA on the bioavailability to rats of fortification iron used in Egyptian balady bread (1990)

The effectiveness of EDTA compounds on iron fortificants for potential use in Egyptian balady bread was tested in sixty Sprague-Dawley weanling male rats by the haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) method. To confirm HRE-derived findings, eight groups of ten animals were repleted with a modified American Institute of Nutrition (1977; AIN) 76A diet, fortified with ferric phosphate, electrolytic Fe, carbonyl Fe or ferrous sulphate, with and without ascorbic acid. Results without ascorbic acid were comparable to findings of a human study by Forbes et al. (1989). Bioavailability of EDTA-enhanced fortificants, FeSO4 + Na2EDTA and NaFe(III)EDTA, was compared with that of FeSO4 in six groups of ten animals repleted with a ground Egyptian bread meal or a casein-based AIN diet fortified with one of the three compounds. Addition of either EDTA compound significantly increased bioavailability of Fe in Egyptian balady bread. When present in the less inhibitory casein meal, however, FeSO4 + Na2EDTA fortification was significantly less effective than NaFe(III)EDTA or the reference FeSO4. Results indicate that NaFe(III)EDTA may be the fortificant of choice in a mixed diet. Further study of EDTA-enhanced Fe fortificants is needed.