gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constructing biological knowledge bases by extracting information from text sources. (1999)

Recently, there has been much effort in making databases for molecular biology more accessible and interoperable. However, information in text form, such as MEDLINE records, remains a greatly underutilized source of biological information. We have begun a research effort aimed at automatically mapping information from text sources into structured representations, such as knowledge bases. Our approach to this task is to use machine-learning methods to induce routines for extracting facts from text. We describe two learning methods that we have applied to this task--a statistical text classification method, and a relational learning method--and our initial experiments in learning such information-extraction routines. We also present an approach to decreasing the cost of learning information-extraction routines by learning from "weakly" labeled training data.
Combinations of drugs (1996)

As a result of recent therapeutic trials, recombinant Interferon beta (rIFN beta)-Ib and -Ia as well as Copolymer I (COP I) and to some extent unspecific immunosuppressants have been accepted as partially efficient treatments of relapsing-remitting MS. In view of partially effective single treatments, the question arises if combination of two or even more-agents could improve efficacy without increasing side effects. The theoretical background of possible combinations is discussed. The selection of combination partners should be based on their proven efficacy as single treatment, on their mode of action and their distinct target in the pathogenetic cascade of events and on their specific side effect profile. Combination regimens selected in this way should undergo evaluation in short term early phase II studies and if the results are positive enter phase III studies. The use of surrogate markers (especially MRI-findings) may help to accelerate this process. Combinations that could enter phase II and III studies in the near future are rIFN beta with unspecific immunosuppressants, e.g. Azathioprine or Methotrexate and rIFN beta with COP I. Combinations including agents just entering phase I and II studies as a single treatment may be more promising for the future.
The Various Effects of Amiodarone on Thyroid Function (2001)

Amiodarone, a benzofuranic-derivative iodine-rich drug used mostly for tachyarrhythmias, often causes changes in the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones mainly due to the inhibition of 5'-deiodinase activity: an increase in serum thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine, and a decrease in serum triiodothyronine concentrations. Overt thyroid dysfunction, either amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) or amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH), occurring in 14% to 18% of patients receiving long-term treatment, may develop both in apparently normal thyroid glands and in glands with preexisting abnormalities. AIH is mainly due to the failure to escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect, and, in patients with thyroid autoimmune phenomena, to concomitant Hashimoto's thyroiditis. AIT is due to excess iodine-induced thyroid hormone synthesis (type I AIT) or to amiodarone-related destructive thyroiditis (type II AIT), although mixed forms often occur. Treatment of AIH consists of levothyroxine replacement therapy while continuing amiodarone therapy; alternatively, amiodarone can be discontinued, if possible, and the natural course toward euthyroidism can be accelerated by a short trial of potassium perchlorate. In type I AIT, the simultaneous administration of thionamides and potassium perchlorate is the treatment of choice, while in type II AIT steroids are the most useful therapeutic option. Mixed forms are best treated with a combination of thionamides, potassium perchlorate, and glucocorticoids. The low thyroidal 131I uptake usually makes radioiodine therapy not feasible, while thyroidectomy is a valid alternative in cases resistant to medical therapy.
Novel evaluation of intra-grain defects in polycrystalline silicon solar cells using light emission (2005)

The intra-grain defects in polycrystalline Si solar cells were detected for the first time by photographic surveying of light emission from the cell under reverse bias. Emission in visible wavelength region was induced by the hot carriers excited by high electric field surrounding the intra-grain defects. Size and distribution of the defects could be analyzed photographically. The distribution of the bright-spots in the emission photograph was corresponded to the dark areas (i.e. the intra-grain defects) observed by the conventional electron beam induced current (EBIC) and the laser beam induced current (LBIC) methods. The visible wavelength light with a broad spectrum was due to the intra- and inter-band radiative transitions. This photographic surveying method is readily effective to detect the electrically active defects such as the intra-grain defects without any probing tools.
Human Growth Hormone Immunoassay: Two-Antibody Method Using I-125 Tracer. (1966)

Immunoassay of human growth hormone with a 2-antibody method utilizing commercially prepared I-125 tracer provides a simple procedure for determining the concentration of human growth hormone in plasma. The method is sensitive to as little as 1 mμg.
Mobility Pattern Aware Routing for Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks (2008)

The intelligent transportation system (ITS), a worldwide initiative program utilizes novel information and communication technology for transport infrastructure and vehicles. Among extensive ITS components, efficient communication system is the most important role which connects numerous vehicles with roadside infrastructure and management center in the ITS program. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has been a cornerstone of the envisioned ITS without infrastructure. However, multihop data delivery through VANET is difficult by the fact that vehicular networks are highly mobile and frequently disconnected. Thus, traditional ad hoc routing protocols are not well suited for these high dynamic network. In this paper we propose a new heterogeneous vehicular network (HVN) architecture and a mobility pattern aware routing for HVN. HVN integrates wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) with VANET technology and reserves advantages of better coverage in WMAN and high data rate in VANET. Vehicles in HVN can communicate with each other and access Internet ubiquitously. We mainly focus on the routing issue for HVN, because the routing protocol for HVN is different from those used in MANET or VANET. With the WMAN infrastructure support in HVN, the mobility pattern aware routing protocol can adopt the whole information of the vehicular network and unique characteristics of vehicle mobility to establish a reliable route path in high dynamic vehicular network.
Comparative analysis of three different modalities for characterization of the seismocardiogram (2009)

We introduce and compare three different modalities to study seismocardiogram (SCG) and its correlation with cardiac events. We used an accelerometer attached to the subject sternum to get a reference measure. Cardiac events were then approximately identified using echocardiography. As an alternative approximation, we used consecutive Cine-MRI images of the heart to capture cardiac movements and compared them with the experimental SCG. We also employed an anatomically accurate, finite element base electromechanical model with geometry built completely from DT-MRI to simulate a portion of the cardiac cycle as observed in the SCG signal. The preliminary results demonstrate the usability of these newly proposed methods to investigate the mechanism of SCG waves and also demonstrate the usability of echocardiograph in interpretation of these results in terms of correlating them to underlying cardiac cycle events.
Reputation-Based Scheduling on Unreliable Distributed Infrastructures (2006)

This paper presents a design and analysis of scheduling techniques to cope with the inherent unreliability and instability of worker nodes in large-scale donation-based distributed infrastructures such as P2P and Grid systems. In particular, we focus on nodes that execute tasks via donated computational resources and may behave erratically or maliciously. We present a model in which reliability is not a binary property but a statistical one based on a node’s prior performance and behavior. We use this model to construct several reputation-based scheduling algorithms that employ estimated reliability ratings of worker nodes for efficient task allocation. Through simulation of a BOINC-like distributed computing infrastructure, we demonstrate that our algorithms can significantly improve throughput, while maintaining a very high success rate of task completion.
Tunable Diffractive Optical Elements Based on Shape-Memory Polymers Fabricated via Hot Embossing (2016)

We introduce actively tunable diffractive optical elements fabricated from shape-memory polymers (SMPs). By utilizing the shape-memory effect of the polymer, at least one crucial attribute of the diffractive optical element (DOE) is tunable and adjustable subsequent to the completed fabrication process. A thermoplastic, transparent, thermoresponsive polyurethane SMP was structured with diverse diffractive microstructures via hot embossing. The tunability was enabled by programming a second, temporary shape into the diffractive optical element by mechanical deformation, either by stretching or a second embossing cycle at low temperatures. Upon exposure to the stimulus heat, the structures change continuously and controllable in a predefined way. We establish the novel concept of shape-memory diffractive optical elements by illustrating their capabilities, with regard to tunability, by displaying the morphing diffractive pattern of a height tunable and a period tunable structure, respectively. A sample where an arbitrary structure is transformed to a second, disparate one is illustrated as well. To prove the applicability of our tunable shape-memory diffractive optical elements, we verified their long-term stability and demonstrated the precise adjustability with a detailed analysis of the recovery dynamics, in terms of temperature dependence and spatially resolved, time-dependent recovery.
Anomeric Effect (1993)

The dissemination within the carbohydrate community in the 50's of Hassel and Barton's ideas on conformational analysis is reviewed briefly. The superior stability of axial over equatorial electronegative groups at the anomeric position remained an anomaly, and required recognition of the operation of an additional factor, the anomeric effect.
Carbon Nanotubes Grown by Catalytic CVD on Silicon Based Substrates for Electronics Applications (2007)

To exploit the impressive electronic, mechanical and thermal properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in the nanoelectronics technology, the development of deposition methods enabling the synthesis of well ordered, properly located and reproducible CNTs structures, is strongly recommended. We have been developing catalytic CVD synthesis of CNTs in order to get aligned nanotubes for applications ranging from nuclear particle-position detectors and cold cathode emitters for storage devices, to interconnects, vias and CNT-FETs. In this paper, the significant achievements gained on CVD growth processes for the CNTs deposition are presented. Ni and Fe catalyst nanoparticles have been obtained starting from thin films evaporated on silicon based substrates. The growth of vertically aligned carpets of MWNTs and horizontally aligned SWNTs, having a diameter of about 1 nm and bridging between patterned catalyst islands, has been accomplished. The SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and AFM characterizations are discussed.
Putative Convertase Involved in the Proteolytic Conversion of Rat Proalbumin to Serum Albumin1 (1988)

We have found a proteolytic activity in Golgi membranes which efficiently converts [35S]methionine-labeled proalbumin, isolated from pulse-labeled rat hepatocytes in culture, to serum albumin in an in vitro assay system. The proalbumin-converting activity was dependent on Ca2+ and the maximum activity was observed at pH 5.5-6.0. Since the enzyme activity was found to be resistant not only to both leupeptin and E-64 but also to thiol-blocking reagents, it is unlikely that cathepsin B is involved in the proteolytic conversion of proalbumin occurring in the Golgi complex.
Analysing trade-offs in scan power and test data compression for systems-on-a-chip (2002)

The relationship is investigated between test data compression and power dissipation during scan testing. It is shown how combining a proposed symmetric coding scheme and a weighted scan latch reordering (W-SLR) algorithm allows efficient exploration of the scan power and test data compression solution space. This is achieved by reducing and balancing the transition activity in the scan-in and scan-out sequences. This will impact the test data compression, which depends only on the scan-in sequence, and the overall scan power dissipation, which depends on the scan-in and scan-out sequences. Trade-off analysis using ISCAS89 benchmark circuits shows that, by employing the proposed symmetric coding scheme and varying a weighting parameter in the W-SLR algorithm, the embedded core designer can easily and explicitly control the scan power and volume of test data. The proposed asymmetric/symmetric code transformation is equally applicable to (and thus it maintains its benefits) any asymmetric ‘run length’ coding scheme.
High-speed solid-state thermal switches based on vanadium dioxide (1968)

Using the phase transformation at 68°C found in materials based on vanadium dioxide, devices exhibiting an S-type current-voltage characteristic have been produced. The characteristic has an unstable differential negative-resistance region which leads to fast switching (20 ns). Devices have been made by the fusion of mixtures of vanadium pentoxide with other oxides on to thin wires in a reducing atmosphere, by depositing vanadium dioxide particles between conductors using a dilute varnish suspension, and by reactive sputtering of vanadium in low oxygen pressures to give thin films. Theoretical expectations based on a thermal explanation are in good agreement with the observed static and dynamic characteristics. A total cycle time of 700 ns has been obtained, most of which is derived from the turn-off time. On/off resistance ratios over 1000 have been observed.
Ultrasonic position measurement and its applications to human interface (2002)

This paper presents a position measuring method and its applications to human interface. It is based on the principle of ultrasonic position measurement by phase difference. In conventional method, position is computed with the absolute distance between sender and receiver, on the other hand, in our method, it is computed with the phase difference between the waves received by a pair of receivers. Any kinds of motor actions of users is available to screen pointing by the device, then it allows computer users various pointing styles including "mouse-like" and "pen-like" ones. Firstly, the principle and the formulae of ultrasonic position measurement by phase difference are introduced. Secondly, trial construction of the pointing system is described, and performance of the pointing system is investigated. Finally some examples of pointing devices with various pointing styles are realized, and experiments on the efficiency of pointing tasks with computer users are carried out to conclude that the pointing system is suitable for practical use.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and pesticidal activities of some new substituted 1,2,4-triazoles and their derivatives. (1980)

In a continued search for new potential pesticidal agents, two new substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives were synthesized. These were condensed with various substituted 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and N-chloroacetyl-N'-aryl urea derivatives. The compounds thus obtained were screened for their insecticidal and bactericidal activities. Most of these have been found to possess significant pesticidal activities. The relation between their pesticidal properties and chemical structure has been studied.
An Interaction-Oriented Model of Customer Behavior for the Simulation of Supermarkets (2010)

Since several years, great distribution firms implement more and more complex layout and shelf allocation strategies, so as to force empirical know-how to combine with Artificial Intelligence tools. Thus simulation has become an essential tool for designing efficient article layouts. Mathematical models based on statistical observations have been replaced by agent-based models. In this paper we argue that the modelling of individual behaviors of customers in a supermarket must be done through interaction-oriented approaches, in order to allow large-scale simulations and flexible models. Our model, based on our IODA methodology, is part of a ``Serious Game'' dedicated to vendor training. It takes into account the diversity of customer preferencies, the location of articles, and the side-effects of customer moves, so as to measure the consequence of management choices on the global outcomes of the supermarket.
Eye and Eyelid Abnormalities Are Common in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (2010)

Eye changes, in particular UER, are common in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Since thyroid stimulating hormone-receptor antibodies are not usually associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune mediated damage of the levator palpebrae superioris (eyelid) muscle cannot be due to these antibodies. Although eyelid abnormalities may be a minor problem for most patients, for some there are major cosmetic implications requiring surgical management.
Assessment of the antibody response to the immunosuppressive/immunodominant region of HIV gp41 in a 5‐year longitudinal study (1993)

The antibody response of HIV-infected individuals to the 581-609 amino acid (aa) region of HIV-1 gp41 containing the putative immunosuppressive and immunodominant sequences was examined. Sera collected every 5 to 6 months over a period of 5 years from 50 HIV-1-infected homosexual and bisexual men, 25 of whom progressed to AIDS during the collection period, were monitored for changes in ELISA reactivity against synthetic peptides encompassing aa581-609 of gp41. The data obtained in this blinded, historical prospective study were analyzed with respect to changes in mean ELISA absorbance over time and differences in absorbance between patient groups (those who progressed to AIDS and those who did not). No correlation was found between time or disease state and the presence of antibodies to the aa581-597 immunosuppressive sequence. In contrast, ELISA absorbance against the aa598-609 immunodominant sequence continued to increase over time in both the AIDS and non-AIDS groups. The rate of increase in absorbance was similar for both groups; however, the AIDS group had a significantly higher mean absorbance level at the outset of the study and maintained this difference throughout the study. This region of gp41 has been proposed to play a role in complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of infection.
Substitution of Foreign Protein Sequences into a Chimeric Toxin Composed of Transforming Growth Factor <i>a</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> Exotoxin (1991)

TGF alpha-PE40 is a chimeric toxin made by replacing domain Ia of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) with transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha). We have now replaced a portion of domain Ib of PE with different polypeptides or an extra domain III of PE in transforming growth factor alpha-PE40 and maintained cell killing. Thus, TGF alpha-PE40 can be used to transport foreign protein sequences into the cytosol of cells.
Highly Enantioselective Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction of 1,3‐Bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐dienes with Aldehydes Catalyzed by Chiral Disulfonimide (2012)

Bulking up with F: The title reaction proceeds using 1 mol % of the new perfluoroisopropyl chiral disulfonimide catalyst 1 to deliver several 2,6-disubstituted and 2,5,6-trisubstituted dihydropyrones in good yields and with excellent enantiomeric ratios. The utility of this methodology is illustrated with the first enantioselective synthesis of a potent aromatase inhibitor. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Evaluating Reinforcement Learning Algorithms in Observational Health Settings (2018)

Much attention has been devoted recently to the development of machine learning algorithms with the goal of improving treatment policies in healthcare. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a sub-field within machine learning that is concerned with learning how to make sequences of decisions so as to optimize long-term effects. Already, RL algorithms have been proposed to identify decision-making strategies for mechanical ventilation, sepsis management and treatment of schizophrenia. However, before implementing treatment policies learned by black-box algorithms in high-stakes clinical decision problems, special care must be taken in the evaluation of these policies. In this document, our goal is to expose some of the subtleties associated with evaluating RL algorithms in healthcare. We aim to provide a conceptual starting point for clinical and computational researchers to ask the right questions when designing and evaluating algorithms for new ways of treating patients. In the following, we describe how choices about how to summarize a history, variance of statistical estimators, and confounders in more ad-hoc measures can result in unreliable, even misleading estimates of the quality of a treatment policy. We also provide suggestions for mitigating these effects---for while there is much promise for mining observational health data to uncover better treatment policies, evaluation must be performed thoughtfully.
Some Rare Earth Activated Phosphors (1950)

Two classes of rare earth activated phosphors having interesting and unusual properties are described. The first series, consisting of alkaline earth silicates activated by divalent europium, shows a wide range of fluorescent colors when excited by 3650 Å radiation. Some of these compounds are characterized by the stability of their fluorescence at comparatively high temperatures.
Comunicação, relacionamento e cocriação de valor: um estudo sobre a proximidade entre empresa-cliente (2017)

Neste trabalho será abordada a importância da comunicação na cocriação de valor e em como esta pode ser aplicada junto ao público consumidor. Entender a importância da cocriação e sua relação com a criação de valores compartilhados entre organizações e público consumidor é de suma importância, visto que a agilidade contemporânea exige tomadas de decisões rápidas que envolvem o entendimento sobre os vários perfis de clientes. O processo de compra é cada vez mais complexo e mutável, envolvendo não só a usabilidade dos produtos, mas também as experiências que giram em torno do consumo. Em um cenário global no qual as ofertas de produtos e serviços se multiplicam de forma exponencial e o acirramento da concorrência é crescente, os paradigmas da comunicação e marketing traçados de dentro para fora das organizações não cabem mais. Assim, com base no levantamento bibliográfico de autores referências, será estudada a cocriação como uma importante ferramenta que contempla a natureza contínua dos relacionamentos, em um processo de produção conjunto entre empresas e consumidores. Desta forma, como principais resultados espera-se verificar a importância do relacionamento no cenário empresarial como ferramenta estratégica de proximidade com os clientes.