gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gate-Defined Quantum Dots in Intrinsic Silicon (2007)

We report the fabrication and measurement of silicon quantum dots with tunable tunnel barriers in a narrow-channel field-effect transistor. Low-temperature transport spectroscopy is performed in both the many-electron ( approximately 100 electrons) regime and the few-electron ( approximately 10 electrons) regime. Excited states in the bias spectroscopy provide evidence of quantum confinement. These results demonstrate that depletion gates are an effective technique for defining quantum dots in silicon.
JAK-STAT signaling in asthma (2002)

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the prevalence of asthma worldwide (1). Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by variable airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway inflammation and remodeling. Histological studies show that airways of asthmatic patients contain a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. This infiltrate is usually accompanied by desquamation of the bronchial epithelial layer, goblet cell hyperplasia, and thickening of the submucosa. In most cases, the asthmatic inflammatory process results from inappropriate immune responses to common environmental antigens in a genetically susceptible individual (2). These inappropriate immune responses are orchestrated by a subset of CD4+ T helper cells termed T helper 2 (Th2) cells.

Cytokines play a pivotal role in the development of asthma by regulating the expansion of Th2 cells and by mediating many of the Th2 effector functions that underlie the pathogenic events of an asthmatic response. Much effort has recently been placed in elucidating the pathways used by cytokines to mediate their actions. These studies have revealed that cytokine-mediated signals are primarily transduced by the Jak-Stat signaling cascade (3). In this review we will highlight the recent advances made in dissecting the roles of this signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of asthma.
Concurrent error correction in systolic architectures (1988)

It is shown how two features of systolic arrays in which the cells retain partial results rather than pass them on can be used to facilitate testing and fault localization with no modification of the systolic design; the monitoring is performed either by software in the host processor or by hardware following the system output. One feature is the ability to enter identical sequences of inputs into two adjacent processor elements; the other is the resemblance of the data flow to that of a scan design. In particular, a one-dimensional systolic architecture of interest is described and applied to a finite-impulse response filter. Both the error detection and correction coverages are considered in detail for the FIR filter. The concurrent error-correction technique is applicable only to operational reliability, but the concurrent error-detection technique is equally applicable to manufacturing tests, incoming tests, and periodic maintenance tests. A hardware implementation of the error-detection-and-correction technique is presented. The architecture is extended to a two-dimensional processor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Statistical delay calculation with Multiple Input Simultaneous Switching (2011)

The increasing process variations which goes along with the continuing CMOS technology shrinking necessitate accurate statistical timing analysis. Multiple Input Simultaneous Switching (MISS) is simplified to Single Input Switching (SIS) in most of the recent approaches, which introduces significant errors in Statistical Static Timing Analysis (SSTA). Hence, we propose a new modeling and statistical analysis method to capture statistical gate delay variations, able to accurately handle MISS. Experiment results obtained with a 45 nm technology show that our approach accurately obtains not only mean and standard deviation, but also the third moment, skewness.
Highly Efficient Production of Nootkatone, the Grapefruit Aroma from Valencene, by Biotransformation (2005)

Nootkatone, the most important and expensive aromatic of grapefruit, decreases the somatic fat ratio, and thus its demand is increasing in the cosmetic and fiber sectors. A sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, (+)-valencene, which is cheaply obtained from Valencia orange, was biotransformed by the green algae Chlorella species and fungi such as Mucor species, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Botryodiplodia theobromae to afford nootkatone in high yield.
Recent advances in the discovery and development of anti-influenza drugs (2004)

Influenza is a regularly recurring infectious disease associated with significant medical and economic impact across the world. Influenza virus spreads from person to person via the aerosol route, which is generally highly efficient and difficult to control. Genetic variability related to error-prone RNA replication and the unique ability of individual gene reassortment leads to constant and unpredictable changes in antigenic profiles. Recent outbreaks of avian influenza in Asia, Europe and North America have shown that transmission of highly pathogenic influenza viruses to humans is a realistic threat to human health. New antiviral medicines have broad cross-strain efficacy and allow rapid treatment of infected persons independent of vaccine effectiveness. Since the recent approval of the first neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir (Relenza®, Biota/GlaxoSmithKline) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu®, Gilead/Roche) for the treatment of influenza Type A and B infection, and oseltamivir for chemoprophylaxis, further drug discovery efforts have concentrated on the development of either more potent or longer-lasting neuraminidase inhibitors, as well as new compounds with different mechanisms of antiviral action.
Develop Systems for Manufacturing 100,000,000 Doses of an Emergency Pharmaceutical (e.g. Vaccine or Monoclonal Antibody) Within 2 Months of Product Identification (2006)

Abstract : Based on the data we have generated in the first six months of the project, we believe we have exceeded the milestones for this project. Initial genetic constructs for the Herceptin IgG human antibody were made and transformed into Trichoderma reesei. These strains were screened for antibody production in shake flasks. A few of the strains were tested at the 14-liter fermentation scale. We have been able to produce over 3 g/L of full length IgG as determined by ELISA. We have produced 0.7 g/L of a non-glycosylated variant of the Herceptin IgG human antibody at 14L scale. A number of different genetic constructs have also been made to optimize the Kex2 cleavage site. Our best constructs show greater than 90% cleavage of the fusion proteins to products. Our data indicate that Trichoderma reesei is an efficient host for the production of antibodies.
Extraction of Freshwater and Energy from Atmosphere (2007)

Author offers and researches a new, cheap method for the extraction of freshwater from the Earth atmosphere. The suggected method is fundamentally dictinct from all existing methods that extract freshwater from air. All other industrial methods extract water from a saline water source (in most cases from seawater). This new method may be used at any point in the Earth except Polar Zones. It does not require long-distance freshwater transportation. If seawater is not utilized for increasing its productivity, this inexpensive new method is very environment-friendly. The author method has two working versions: (1) the first variant the warm (hot) atmospheric air is lifted by the inflatable tube in a high altitude and atmospheric steam is condenced into freswater: (2) in the second version, the warm air is pumped 20-30 meters under the sea-surface. In the first version, wind and solar heating of air are used for causing air flow. In version (2) wind and propeller are used for causing air movment. The first method does not need energy, the second needs a small amount. Moreover, in variant (1) the freshwater has a high pressure (>30 or more atm.) and can be used for production of energy such as electricity and in that way the freshwater cost is lower. For increasing the productivity the seawater is injected into air and solar air heater may be used. The solar air heater produces a huge amount of electricity as a very powerful electricity generation plant. The offered electricity installation in 100 - 200 times cheaper than any common electric plant of equivalent output. Key words: Extraction freshwater, method of getting freshwater, receiving energy from atmosphere, powerful renewal electric plant.
The Brucellae and Their Success as Pathogens (2007)

Brucellae are tiny, aerobic, slow growing, catalase and oxidase positive Gram negative coccobacilli or small rods, which may reach man through exposure to tissues of mammalian hosts via cuts or aerosols, or as food infections mostly through dairy products. As parasites brucellae are extraordinarily successful, causing very long-lasting infections in all mammalian social animals, such as ungulates, canids, and rodents; recently they have been found to also cause disease in pinnipeds and cetaceans. Brucellae as members of the alpha Proteobacteria, have suffered major losses of genomic material as they adapted to their facultative intracellular parasite role, and are able to initiate infection with minimal disturbance of the innate immune system, thus reaching a privileged intracellular niche where they multiply. Brucellae are likely to be among the toughest organisms to control through public health and agricultural policies, even involving detection-slaughter strategies.
Desferioxamine increases iron depletion and apoptosis induced by ara‐C of human myeloid leukaemic cells (1998)

We investigated whether changes in iron metabolism and the transferrin receptor (TRF-R) expression were involved in the antileukaemic effects of arabinoside cytosine (ara-C). Treatment with 100 nM ara-C for 48h reduced thymidine uptake and increased the surface expression of the TRF-R on leukaemic blasts derived from 13/16 (81%) patients and on the HL-60 and U-937 cell lines. Whereas intracellular non-haem iron was strongly depleted 24 h after ara-C addition, TRF-R up-regulation and recovery of intracellular non-haem iron concentration occurred together after a longer exposure of the cultured cells to the drug. Since iron is an essential regulator of cell proliferation we have evaluated the effects of the combination between ara-C and the iron chelator desferioxamine (DSF) on the growth of HL-60 and U-937 cells. We found that desferioxamine strongly potentiated the effects of ara-C on leukaemic cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. This is the first report of a positive interaction between ara-C and an iron chelator in terms of antileukaemic effects.
Ethanol Decreases Natural Killer Cell Activation but Only Minimally Affects Anatomical Distribution After Administration of Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid: Role in Resistance to B16F10 Melanoma (2003)

These results demonstrate that EtOH partially abrogates the poly I:C-induced enhancement of resistance to B16F10 cells and that decreased activation of NK cells in the lungs at a critical time early in the response to poly I:C may contribute to this effect. Other parameters could also contribute, but there was little support for an important role for changes in NK cell distribution.
Network access to visual information: a study of costs and uses (2000)

This paper summarizes a subset of the findings of a study of digital image distribution which focused on the Museum Educational Site Licensing Project (MESL) - the first large-scale multi-institutional project to explore digital delivery of art images and accompanying text/metadata from disparate sources. This Mellon Foundation sponsored study evaluated the costs, infrastructure, and efforts involved in implementing the MESL project, as well as user reaction to functionality. The study also examined costs of running analog slide libraries and compared these to costs and functionality associated with digital image distribution.
Analysis of emergency diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (2013)

Objective To study the clinical diagnosis and treatment outcomes of acute myocardial infarction(AMI). Methods A total of 80 cases of AMI were selected from the patients who were admitted to our hospital in recent years. These patients were randomly divided into experimental group(n=40) and control group(n=40). Patients of the experimental group were treated by urokinase thrombolytic therapy, and the patients of the control group received conventional treatment. Results The clinical outcomes of the experimental group were significantly better than the clinical outcomes of the control group(P0.05). Conclusion Timely and effective clinical intervention and treatment is crucial for patients with AMI. This type of treatment shows promise for clinical application.
Regulations Relevant to the Transport of Radioactive Materials in Switzerland (1996)

As is the case in many countries, the transport of radioactive materials in Switzerland is primarily regulated by the national regulations for the transport of dangerous goods. Currently these regulations, in the case of radioactive material, incorporate the 1985 IAEA Safety Series 6 Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (As amended 1990). However, as is also the case in some other countries, consignors, shippers and carriers of radioactive materials must also comply with additional laws when shipping radioactive materials. The most important of these other laws and their accompanying regulations are those concerned with radiation protection (import, export and carriers licences) and nuclear power (import, export, inland transport and transit licences). This paper sets out to describe the collective requirements resulting from all three of these sets of regulations.
Pseudo 3D Mapping Of Cancellous Bone-Strength By X-Ray Computed Tomography (1986)

The spatial distribution of ultimate bone strength in trabecular bone at the proximal tibial epiphysis was calculated from x-ray computed tomography (CT) images. The distribution obtained was displayed in pseudo 3D plots generated by a standard computer graphics routine. Clinical examples in normal and malaligned knees exhibit remodelling of bone strength in accordance with Wolffsl theorem. It is found that pseudo 3D plots of bone strength patterns may yield valuable informations in clinical practice as well as in basic biomechanical research.
Total Multi-Port Return Loss as a Figure of Merit for MIMO antenna systems (2010)

Total Multi-port Return Loss (TMRL) or, equivalently, Total Multi-port Reflectance is proposed as a relevant and simple Figure of Merit for multi-port (MIMO) antenna systems. TMRL is a straight-forward extension of the notion of Return Loss to multi-port antennas and suitable as the reference quantity on which to base a unique definition of the bandwidth of a MIMO antenna system. The meaning and application of the new parameter are discussed and quantitative examples for two-port MIMO antenna systems are given for illustration.
A Genome Walking Strategy for the Identification of Eukaryotic Nucleotide Sequences Adjacent to known Regions (2008)

Determination of nucleotide sequences adjacent to a known region is a recurring need in many genome scale studies. Various methods have been developed based on PCR techniques in order to fulfill this aim and overcome the time-consuming approach of screening genomic libraries. Usually these protocols rely on specific requirements and strategies, such as the presence of suitable nucleotide restriction sites and ligation of specific single- or double-strand linkers, thus limiting their application to a certain extent. In this paper we present an alternative PCR-based protocol, consisting of four main steps: (i) extension of a sequence-specific primer; (ii) 3'-tailing of extended single-strand DNA; (iii) PCR; and (iv) nested PCR amplifications. This method, which appears to be a valid alternative to the other PCR-based protocols, was used for the identification of sequences flanking the cDNA encoding region of the Lhcb 1.1 gene (one member of the multigene family coding for the light harvesting protein Lhcbl) in the spinach genome.
Solid Phase Derivatization Reactions in HPLC Polymeric Reductions for Carbonyl Compounds (1983)

Abstract Polymeric reducing agents, such as polymeric borohydride resins, can be successfully utilized in both the pre-and post-column modes, online, at ambient temperatures, in real-time, for the selective chemical reduction of a large number of aldehydes. Other classes of carbonyl derivatives, such as ketones, esters, amides, etc., are totally unreactive under these same polymeric reduction conditions. This particular reducing agent is fully compatible with conventional reversed phase HPLC columns and mobile phases, such as methanol/water, ethanol/water, and acetonitrile/water, in varying proportions. The approach to selective detection in HPLC described here utilizes conventional UV-VIS detection following pre-or post-column reductions that occur on-line. Alternative detection methods could just as readily be utilized. Overall reactions are rapid, quantitative, reproducible, and highly selective. In certain cases, it is possible to realize improved detection limits as a result of aldehyde reductions. Difference chromatography or changes in detector responses for unresolved reactant and product can be used to denote reactions that have occurred on the original analyte(s) of interest. Polymeric reduction columns can be slurry packed at fairly low pressures, and they are stable at elevated HPLC back pressures for prolonged periods of time and use. The use of polymeric reagents in HPLC is a totally general approach to improved specificity, selectivity, and detection limits in all types of organic and inorganic analyses.
Pump-wavelength-locked erbium-doped fibre amplifier employing novel external cavity for 0.98 μm laser diode (1992)

A novel external cavity configuration for a 0.98 μm strained quantum-well LD set in an erbium-doped fibre amplifier allows the pump wavelength to be locked to within 0.6 nm for LD temperatures from 18.5 to 39°C, and LD drive currents from 40 to 120 mA.
Antiproliferative activity and mechanism of action of DZ-3358, a novel pyrimidinyl pyrazole derivative. (2000)

The novel pyrimidinyl pyrazole derivative, 1-[5-methyl-1-(2-pyrimidinyl) -4-pyrazolyl]-3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-trans-propene hydrochloride (DZ-3358), was found through random screening to exhibit anti-proliferative activity against human and murine cancer cell lines. DZ-3358 induced the mitotic arrest of P388 murine leukemia cells at 0.4 microgram/ml in a time-dependent manner, and inhibited porcine tubulin polymerization. Furthermore, using immunofluorescence techniques, we observed microtubule formation in NUGC-3 human gastric cancer cells treated with DZ-3358. Microtubule formation was disordered, similar to that which occurred when such cells were treated with colchicine. These findings suggest that the mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect of DZ-3358 is the inhibition of mitosis due to the blocking of tubulin polymerization. The differential pattern of growth inhibitory concentrations of DZ-3358 against a series of cancer cell lines was compared with that of colchicine and vincristine, and no correlation was found with the pattern of these two drugs. DZ-3358 may be useful as a new type of tubulin inhibitor and anti-cancer drug.
Global analysis of proteasomal substrate specificity using positional-scanning libraries of covalent inhibitors (2001)

The proteasome is a large protease complex consisting of multiple catalytic subunits that function simultaneously to digest protein substrates. This complexity has made deciphering the role each subunit plays in the generation of specific protein fragments difficult. Positional scanning libraries of peptide vinyl sulfones were generated in which the amino acid located directly at the site of hydrolysis (P1 residue) was held constant and sequences distal to that residue (P2, P3, and P4 positions) were varied across all natural amino acids (except cysteine and methionine). Binding information for each of the individual catalytic subunits was obtained for each library under a variety of different conditions. The resulting specificity profiles indicated that substrate positions distal to P1 are critical for directing substrates to active subunits in the complex. Furthermore, specificity profiles of IFN-gamma-regulated subunits closely matched those of their noninducible counterparts, suggesting that subunit swapping may modulate substrate processing by a mechanism that does require a change in the primary sequence specificity of individual catalytic subunits in the complex. Finally, specificity profiles were used to design specific inhibitors of a single active site in the complex. These reagents can be used to further establish the role of each subunit in substrate processing by the proteasome.
Clinical trial of silicone-rubber gastric balloon to treat obesity. (1991)

A study was conducted to test the efficacy and safety of a 300 ml silicone-rubber gastric balloon for weight reduction. Eighty-six obese subjects were distributed into four groups: (1) gastric balloon only, (2) gastric balloon and prescribed 1000 kcal/day (239 kJ) diet, (3) 1000 kcal/day diet only, and (4) no treatment. The intervention period was 3 months. The balloon only group lost 3.2 kg +/- 0.9 (s.e.), the balloon and diet group lost 5.1 +/- 1.0 kg, the diet group lost 6.9 +/- 1.4 kg and the control group gained 0.6 +/- 0.5 kg. The three intervention groups each lost significantly more weight than the control group. The diet only group lost significantly more weight than the balloon only group. Body densitometry showed that the treatment groups lost a significant amount of body fat. Gastroscopy revealed three ulcers and two superficial erosions at balloon removal. The gastric balloons were well tolerated despite gastric spasms and nausea which abated after the initial 24-48 hours. Gastric capacity was determined in a subset of 19 subjects from the two balloon groups before the intervention by distending the stomach with a balloon and calculating the volume required to produce an increase in intragastric pressure of 5 cm H2O. Subjects with a smaller gastric capacity lost more weight with the balloon than subjects with a large capacity (r = 0.45, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that for improved efficacy, balloon volume may need to be larger than 300 ml or adjusted to the individual's gastric capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)