gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
InfoBot: Transfer and Exploration via the Information Bottleneck (2019)

A central challenge in reinforcement learning is discovering effective policies for tasks where rewards are sparsely distributed. We postulate that in the absence of useful reward signals, an effective exploration strategy should seek out {\it decision states}. These states lie at critical junctions in the state space from where the agent can transition to new, potentially unexplored regions. We propose to learn about decision states from prior experience. By training a goal-conditioned policy with an information bottleneck, we can identify decision states by examining where the model actually leverages the goal state. We find that this simple mechanism effectively identifies decision states, even in partially observed settings. In effect, the model learns the sensory cues that correlate with potential subgoals. In new environments, this model can then identify novel subgoals for further exploration, guiding the agent through a sequence of potential decision states and through new regions of the state space.
Kinetics of bleaching and regeneration of rhodopsin in abnormal (RCS) and normal albino rats in vivo. (1978)

1. Rhodopsin concentration has been measured by the method of densitometry in retinae of rats with inherited retinal dystrophy (RCS) raised in darkness and compared with that of normal rats similarly reared. 2. In both RCS and normal rats the fraction of rhodopsin bleached is always directly proportional to the photon content of the light, I.t, where I is the light intensity in effective quanta (500 nm) cm-2 sec-1 and t is the duration of the bleaching exposure in seconds. 3. Rhodopsin photosensitivity for bleaching is slightly higher in RCS rats than in normals (2.3 (10)-16 cm2 chromophore-1 compared with 1.3 (10)-16 cm2 chromophore-1). 4. Rhodopsin regeneration in the dark in both RCS and normal rats cannot be described by the kinetics of a simple monomolecular chemical reaction. 5. Following 5 min bleaches, the regeneration rate becomes slower as the preceding bleach is made stronger. Regeneration in the dark is significantly faster in the RCS rats than in the normal ones. 6. In normal rats, after a full bleach, rhodopsin regenerates back to the dark-adapted level within 3--4 hr. In RCS rats rhodopsin regenerates to reach a plateau level, below the previous dark-adapted level, that lasts for several hours. 7. The faction of total rhodopsin that can regenerate gradually declines with age until in 70 days old RCS rats no rhodopsin regeneration can be measured by the ensitometer. However, total rhodopsin density (fully bleached-dark-adapted) is still close to normal.
Das Panik-Syndrom: Ein Syndrom der infektiösen Art (1996)

Haben Sie schon einmal mit einem Kollegen zusammengearbeitet, bei dem alles immer zu spät fertig war, Termine nie eingehalten wurden? Wo der Aufwand für nachträgliche Aufarbeitungen, für Diskussionen und für die schadensbegrenzenden Maßnahmen, die danach notwendig wurden, in keinem Verhältnis mehr stand zur noch zur Verfügung stehenden Zeit für effiziente Arbeit, ganz zu schweigen von Planungstätigkeiten? Da alles immer flexibel gehalten werden mußte, für die Katastrophenfälle, die sowieso immer dazwischenkamen, war jede planerische Aktivität reine Zeitverschwendung und landete garantiert in der Schublade. Unabhängig davon, was gerade gemacht wurde, es gab immer etwas Wichtigeres, was zu tun gewesen ware. Im Endeffekt beschuldigte jeder jeden, daß nichts rechtzeitig fertig wurde. Wenn Sie eine solche Situation selbst erlebt haben, kennen Sie das Panik-Syndrom aus eigener Erfahrung.
The cloning expression and tissue distribution of human PP2Cβ<sup>1</sup> (1998)

We have cloned a novel PP2Cbeta isoform from a human liver cDNA library which codes for a protein homologous to other mammalian PP2Cbetas at the N-terminus but with an extended C-terminus that is unique amongst the PP2Cs. The protein expressed in E. coli is indistinguishable from human recombinant PP2Calpha in its cation dependence and insensitivity to okadaic acid. Northern blot analysis of PP2Cbeta along with that of PP2Calpha shows that human PP2Cs are widely expressed and are most abundant in heart and skeletal muscle.
Demonstration that the TyrR Protein and RNA Polymerase Complex Formed at the Divergent P3 Promoter Inhibits Binding of RNA Polymerase to the Major Promoter, P1, of the <i>aroP</i> Gene of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1998)

In previous studies, we have identified three promoters (P1, P2, and P3) in the regulatory region of the Escherichia coli aroP gene (P. Wang, J. Yang, and A. J. Pittard, J. Bacteriol. 179:4206-4212, 1997). Both P1 and P2 can direct mRNA synthesis for aroP expression, whereas P3 is a divergent promoter which overlaps with P1. The repression of transcription from the major promoter, P1, has been postulated to involve the activation of the divergent promoter, P3, by the TyrR protein (P. Wang, J. Yang, B. Lawley, and A. J. Pittard, J. Bacteriol. 179:4213-4218, 1997). In the present study, we confirmed the proposed mechanism of P3-mediated repression of P1 transcription by studying the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoters P1 and P3 in vitro in the presence and absence of TyrR protein and its cofactors. Our results show that (i) only one RNA polymerase molecule can bind to the DNA fragment carrying the aroP regulatory region, (ii) RNA polymerase has a higher affinity for P1 than for either P2 or P3 and binds to P1 in the absence of TyrR protein, (iii) in the presence of TyrR protein and its cofactor, phenylalanine or tyrosine, RNA polymerase preferentially binds to P3, and (iv) RNA polymerase does not respond to the activation-defective mutant TyrR protein TyrR-RQ10 and remains bound to P1 in the presence of TyrR-RQ10 and either of the cofactors.
Characterization of a 100 cm2 Class Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell with Current Interruption (1998)

A current‐interrupter method has been employed to measure the potential relaxation from output to open‐circuit voltage (OCV). The relaxation process represents the voltage losses of molten‐carbonate fuel cells which are composed of ohmic loss (ηIR), reaction overpotential (ηRe), and Nernst loss (ΔEloss). The responses of current interruption for a 100 cm2 class Li‐Na carbonate fuel cell were measured as functions of temperature, gas utilization, and oxidant gas composition . The single cell showed three different relaxation patterns of time regions during potential decay to OCV; the shortest time region (less than 20 μs) is due to ηIR, an intermittent time region (20 μs to 150 ms) is due to ηRe, and the residual time region is due to ΔEloss. The further analysis of ηRe data is consistent with the argument that the oxygen reduction reaction in the single cell is controlled by a mixed diffusion process of superoxide ion and .
Gene Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Receptors in Neoplastic Prostate Tissues: Correlation with Clinico-pathological Parameters (2001)

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been shown to regulate prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and, possibly, in vivo. In this study we examined RNA expression of IGF ligands and their receptors in 23 paired benign and neoplastic prostate tissues. In addition to comparing gene expression of IGF ligands and receptors between benign and neoplastic tissue samples, we correlated IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFR-1, and IGFR-2 RNA levels in tumor samples with prognostic clinico-pathological parameters such as stage, grade, Gleason score, perineural or extraprostatic invasion. We found higher IGF-I RNA levels in benign vs. malignant tissues (p = 0.014), whereas IGF-II RNA expression was higher in tumors with high Gleason score (GS) (p = 0.045). Using the Spearman rank correlation test we also found a positive correlation between IGFR-2 RNA levels and GS (p = 0.01). No correlation was found between expression of IGF ligands and receptors and tumor grade, stage perineural invasion, or extraprostatic involvement. We conclude that differential expression of certain IGF system components may be important in the biology and clinical behavior of prostate cancer.
The Heck—Mizoroki Cross‐Coupling Reaction: A Mechanistic Perspective (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
On a micro-electro-mechanical nonvolatile memory cell (1990)

An integrated nonvolatile memory cell based on microelectromechanics is investigated. It consists of a thin micromachined bridge elastically deformed in such a way that it has two stable mechanical states to which the logical levels 0 and 1 are assigned. The state of the bridge can be changed using electrostatic forces and it may be read out by sensing the corresponding capacitance. The performance of such a device has been roughly estimated by a simple analytical model, and experimental samples have been fabricated using a slightly adapted MOS IC process. The memory cells occupy an area about 10 times larger than the cells of a conventional random access memory and are completely immune to electromagnetic fields and mechanical shocks, and the stored data are retained for an unlimited time. Switching voltages around 30 V have been achieved, and a huge number of write cycles with low read/write times are expected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sensing bacterial infections by NAIP receptors in NLRC4 inflammasome activation (2012)

The inflammasome is an emerging new pathway in innate immune defense against microbial infection or endogenous danger signals. The inflammasome stimulates activation of inflammatory caspases, mainly caspase-1. Caspase-1 activation is responsible for processing and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as for inducing macrophage pyroptotic death. Assembly of the large cytoplasmic inflammasome complex is thought to be mediated by members of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. While functions of most of the NLR proteins remain to be defined, several NLR proteins including NLRC4 have been shown to assemble distinct inflammasome complexes. These inflammasome pathways, particularly the NLRC4 inflammasome, play a critical role in sensing and restricting diverse types of bacterial infections. Here we review recent advances in defining the exact bacterial ligands and the ligand-binding receptors involved in NLRC4 inflammasome activation. Implications of the discovery of the NAIP family of inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus on future inflammasome and bacterial infection studies are also discussed.
1987 Ethics in Government Act: Financial Disclosure Provisions for Municipal Officials and Proposals for Reform (1991)

Floundering in the backwater of municipal ethics law reform, New York State has repeatedly adopted a government-bycrisis approach to ethics regulation, passing ethical standards primarily in response to scandal. 1 The resulting patchwork of laws has generated confusion and dissension among local government officials and the public, depriving officials of the guidance they deserve and citizens of the confidence they demand.
Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks (2007)

Advances in processing methods are not only improving the quality and yield of lubricant base stocks, they are also reducing the dependence on more expensive crude oil starting materials. Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry behind the processes involved in petroleum base stock p
Key factors must be weighed in FCC (fluid catalytic cracker) expander bypass selection (1980)

A discussion covers the function of the bypass, i.e., protection of the expander from excessive flue gas flow; factors influenced by the bypass selected, including the waste heat recovery system, the payoff period for power recovery and the makeup driver size and selection; the reliable expander operation experienced with single-stage expanders; Shell Development Co's. experience with third-stage separator power recovery; bypass capacity and style selection, including full-flow, 30, 5, and 0% bypass; and the advantages of using the Pullman Kellogg Ultra Orthoflow converter in preventing upsets, such as afterburning, flow reversal, and rapid coke burn.
Frank Bond: Gentleman Sheepherder of Northern New Mexico, 1883-1915 (1960)

Santa Fe had always been the commercial center of northern New Mexico, but after the republic of 1821 succeeded the viceroyalty, trade in that area began to build up. From an annual value of $15,000 in 1831 to about $1,750,000 in 1846, this overland trade eventually developed its own historical heritage and became known as the “Santa Fe Trade.” Since under the new administration merchants were permitted to bring their merchandise from the east, the effort involved in supporting this tremendous supply system became significant in itself, employing over 5,000 men, 1,500 wagons, and more than 17,200 horses, mules, and oxen. This uniquely American supply line was fed from Westport Landing, near Kansas City, from merchandise received by steamboat from St. Louis, then the gateway to the prairie. Pack trains of Pittsburg wagons which were popularly known as prairie schooners were supported by a number of merchants who banded together in the spring for protection against hostile Indians, and upon their midsummer arrival in Santa Fe these merchants would sell their goods in bulk to traders. By the early part of the nineteenth century this method of transportation was largely supplanted by rail transportation by the eastern markets, but the same principal prevailed.
Ray tracing 3D spectral scenes through human optics models (2019)

Scientists and engineers have created computations and made measurements that characterize the first steps of seeing. ISETBio software integrates such computations and data into an open-source software package. The initial ISETBio implementations modeled image formation (physiological optics) for planar or distant scenes. The ISET3d software described here extends that implementation, simulating image formation for three-dimensional scenes. The software system relies on a quantitative computer graphics program that ray traces the scene radiance through the physiological optics to the retinal irradiance. We describe and validate the implementation for several model eyes. Then, we use the software to quantify the impact of several physiological optics parameters on three-dimensional image formation. ISET3d is integrated with ISETBio, making it straightforward to convert the retinal irradiance into cone excitations. These methods help the user compute the predictions of optics models for a wide range of spatially rich three-dimensional scenes. They can also be used to evaluate the impact of nearby visual occlusion, the information available to binocular vision, or the retinal images expected from near-field and augmented reality displays.
A Novel Strategy for Corneal Endothelial Reconstruction with a Bioengineered Cell Sheet (2006)

Cellular organization of foreign grafts constructed from cultivated cells is critical to successful graft-host integration and tissue repair. This study described a novel human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) therapeutic method, where cultivated adult HCEC sheet with uniform orientation was prepared and transplanted to a rabbit cornea. Having a correct morphology and intact barriers, the HCEC sheet was made by the temperature-modulated detachment of monolayered HCECs from thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-grafted surfaces and was delivered with proper polarity to the corneal posterior surface by a bioadhesive gelatin disc. Results of the in vivo studies, including the follow-up clinical observations and histological examinations, showed the laminated HCEC sheet was successfully integrated into rabbit cornea denuded with endothelial layer after the biodegradation of gelatin carrier. These data indicate the feasibility of the proposed procedure in cell therapy for corneal endothelial cell loss.
Treatment of Hepatitis C Infections with Interferon: A Historical Perspective (2010)

Interferons were first described in 1957, but it was not until 34 years after their discovery that sufficient quantities of it were available for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, Clinicians now have an excellent understanding of the basis for the effectiveness of interferon alpha (IFN-α) in the therapy of this disease. Treatment with IFN-α is more efficient when it complemented by the antiviral ribavirin and the IFN-α is conjugated with polyethylene glycol to form peginterferon. In the near future treatment of HCV with IFN-α may involve new anti-HCV agents that are currently under development.
On the stability of adaptive routing in the presence of congestion control (2003)

Efficient use of network resources has long been an important problem for large-scale network operators. To this end, several recent research efforts have proposed automated methods for optimizing routes based on traffic measurements. However, these efforts have not considered the stability of the dual feedback control mechanisms of adaptive routing and congestion control, when operating together. In this paper, we demonstrate that an important class of adaptive routing algorithms can yield stable optimal routes in the presence of congestion control, provided that either the congestion control mechanism is fair or the network workload behaves under reasonable constraints. We further show that one or the other of these assumptions is necessary for this class of adaptive routing algorithms -otherwise, unstable, sub-optimal routes may result in some pathological cases.
Pinning Effect of Mixed Cellulose Ester Membrane on Appearance of Cholesteric Blue Phases (2009)

Temperature range of cholesteric blue phase I (BP I) was expanded by infiltrating liquid crystal (LC) that exhibits BP I and BP II into a mixed cellulose ester membrane (MCEM). Cooling rate dependence of the BP I temperature range was investigated, which indicated that the expansion of BP temperature range upon infiltrating LC into MCEM was induced by the pinning effect at network surfaces in the MCEM. In particular, the temperature range of BP I infiltrated in 0.2-µm MCEM is eight times wider than that of pure BP LC compound. Pore size dependence of expansions was also investigated.
Rapid thermal processing of zirconia thin films produced by the sol-gel method (1991)

The kinetics of the amorphous-to-tetragonal transformation has been studied in sol-gel-derived thin films of zirconia deposited on alumina substrates. A rapid-thermal-annealing system was used which allowed good control of processing parameters such as temperature and heating rates. The effect of these two parameters on the transformation kinetics was studied and the experimental results were analyzed in terms of conventional nucleation and growth models. The use of two-step thermal processing cycles shows potential for the modification of the microstructural features of crystallized films and for a reduction in processing times.
Tracking deformed object and estimating motion parameters using point correspondence (2010)

There are many circular-shaped objects in our daily life. Most of these objects usually are deformed and move in both translational and rotational. Under prospective projection, a circle sometimes deformed into an ellipse. Some ellipse-based tracking algorithms can be used tracking the translation when the contour can be extracted automatically, but the rotation can not be extracted. In this paper, we propose an approach to tracking a deformed circular-shaped object with translation and rotation and estimating the motion parameters accurately. Our idea is to track some feature points on the object. Then we build the geometric relationship between the feature points and center of circle; Finally, we estimate the motion parameters by the geometric relation. We test the proposed approach using both simulated data and practical video of weight-lifting. For the simulated data, the average error for center of object is under 1.5 pixels, and the average error of rotation angle is under 0.50 degree. For the practical data, we can obtain the smoothing trajectory of center of disc. These experimental results show that the proposed approach is accurate and efficient.
Diversity and cold adaptation of microorganisms isolated from the Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica (2008)

We have investigated the feasibility of the PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA genes from eubacteria and Archea on samples collected on Whatman FTA filters from Schirmacher Oasis for the study of culture-independent analysis of the microbial diversity. Both conventional PCR and real-time Taqma<sup>TM</sup> PCR successfully amplified the targeted genes. A number of diverse groups of psychrotolerant microorganisms with various pigments have been isolated when cultured on agar medium. 16S rRNA gene analysis of these isolates helped us to identify closest taxonomic genus Pseudomonas, Frigoribacterium, Arthrobacter, Flavobacterium, and Janthinobacterium. It is possible that the pigments play protective role from solar UV radiation, which is prevalent in Antarctic continent especially during Austral summer months. Study of the expression of cold adaptive protein CapB and ice-binding protein IBP using western blots showed positive detection of both or either of these proteins in 6 out of 8 isolates. Since the CapB and IBP protein structure greatly varies in microorganisms, it is possible that the 2 isolates with negative results could have a different class of these proteins. The expression of the CapB and the IBP in these isolates suggest that these proteins are essential for the survival in the Antarctic cold and subzero temperatures and protect themselves from freeze-damage. The current study provided sufficient data to further investigate the rich and diverse biota of psychrotolerant extremophiles in the Antarctic Schirmacher Oasis using both culture-independent and culture-based approaches; and understand the mechanisms of cold tolerance.
Reverse Mutation in Myotonic Dystrophy (1993)

Myotonic dystrophy is a multisystem disorder that is transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion and is characterized by muscular weakness and atrophy, clinical and electromyographic evidence of myotonia, ocular cataract, and various other abnormalities, such as cardiac conduction disturbances, testicular atrophy in males, premature balding, increased risk from anesthesia, and mental retardation in cases with early onset1. It is the most common inherited muscular dystrophy of adulthood, with an incidence of approximately 1 per 7500 people. The clinical expression of myotonic dystrophy is variable, ranging from neonatal mortality to a complete absence of symptoms. Recently, the disorder has been . . .
Goodbye glitazars? (2006)

Glitazars are dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) alpha/gamma agonists that improve the lipid profile and exert an antidiabetic action — similar to a combination of a fibrate and a thiazolidinedione. In May 2006 the two glitazars most advanced in development, muraglitazar (Pargluva) and tesaglitazar (Galida) were discontinued. Muraglitazar was associated with an increased incidence of heart failure and tesaglitazar was associated with decreased glomerular filtration.