gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of evergreen broad-leaf forest on acid rain (1999)

Averaged emergency frequency of acid rain in the research area was 20.65%. the water from crown canopy of evergreen broad-leaf forest and trunck made pH value of precipitation change. pH values of total runoff and surface runoff were higher than those in opening. Soil acidity in forest was higher than that outside forest and Surface soil was acider than lower soils.
Metal‐Ceramic Interactions: II, Metal‐Oxide Interfacial Reactions at Elevated Temperatures (1953)

Interfacial reactions of various metals (Be, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ti, and Zr) with dense oxide specimens (Al 2 O 3 , BeO, MgO, ThO 2 , and TiO 2 ) were investigated at temperatures up to 1800°C. The reactions in general occurred in the same order as thermodynamic stabilities indicated. Four general types of behavior were observed. There was little or no reaction at 1400°C., but considerable reaction took place in many systems at 1800°C.
Characterization of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Expression and Functional Activity in the Human Male Lower Urinary Tract (2009)

The highest expression and biological activity of PDE5 was found in bladder. However, a consistent PDE5 expression and activity was also found in prostatic urethra. In contrast, the prostate gland showed the lowest PDE5 abundance and cultures derived from this tissue were less sensitive to vardenafil.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the epitaxial and polycrystalline Tin oxide films prepared by the excimer laser-assisted metal organic deposition (2007)

Epitaxial and polycrystalline SnO2 thin films were prepared by the excimer laser annealing of amorphous SnO2 films on TiO2 (001) and MgO (001) substrates. The amorphous SnO2 film was prepared by a metal organic deposition (MOD) using di-n-butylbis (2, 4-pentanedionate) tin at 300°C. The crystallinity and orientation of the product films were investigated by the XRDΘ—2Θ, pole figure and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. At 200 mJ/cm2, the (002) oriented SnO2 films were obtained by KrF laser irradiation. Using the XRD φ scanning measurement and TEM, it was found that the oriented SnO2 films were epitaxially grown on the (001) TiO2 substrate. On the other hand, the polycrystalline SnO2 film was obtained on the MgO (001) substrate. It was found that the grain size of the SnO2 film on the MgO substrate near the surface is larger than that of the near substrate based on crosssectional bright field TEM micrographs.
Optimization of Laser Cutting Quality with Design of Experiments (2014)

Abstract Laser cut quality is strongly influenced by the cutting process parameters. In this study, 5 mm mild steel is cut with a high brightness 2.5 kW diode laser. The process parameters are optimized using systematic design of experiment (DOE) to obtain burr free laser cuts with minimal cut edge surface roughness. Varied factors include cutting speed, gas pressure, focus position, nozzle diameter and nozzle distance. The goal of this work is to relate these factors to burr formations and cut edge surface roughness. The relationship is generated and validated with help of a mathematical model, which is then used to predict and minimize burr heights and cut edge surface roughness.
Hydrostannation of C–C multiple bonds with Bu3SnH prepared in situ from Bu3SnCl and Et3SiH in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts (1998)

A number of alkynes 5, allene 11 and alkene 13 smoothly underwent hydrostannation with tributyltin hydride 1, prepared in situ from tributylchlorostannane 6 and triethylsilane 7 in the presence of catalytic amounts of Lewis acids.
Interleukin-23 acts as antitumor agent on childhood B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (2010)

Interleukin (IL)-23 is a proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-12 superfamily. The antitumor activity of IL-23 is controversial, and it is unknown whether or not the cytokine can act directly on tumor cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential direct antitumor activity of IL-23 in pediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells and to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we show, for the first time, that IL-23R is up-regulated in primary B-ALL cells, compared with normal early B lymphocytes, and that IL-23 dampens directly tumor growth in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The latter finding is related to IL-23-induced up-regulation of miR15a expression and the consequent down-regulation of BCL-2 protein expression in pediatric B-ALL cells. This study demonstrates that IL-23 possesses antileukemic activity and unravels the underlying mechanisms. Thus, IL-23 may be a candidate novel drug for the treatment of B-ALL patients unresponsive to current therapeutic standards.
Multidirectional UV Lithography for Complex 3-D MEMS Structures (2006)

Various three-dimensionally (3-D) complex MEMS structures are fabricated using multidirectional ultraviolet (UV) lithography, which includes reverse-side exposure through a UV-transparent substrate, inclined exposure with or without simultaneous substrate rotation, and the combination of these processes. A reverse-side exposure scheme through UV-transparent substrates (e.g., glass, sapphire, or quartz) has been exploited for implementing high-aspect-ratio structures (greater than 20:1), repeatable self-alignment photoresist patterning with subsequent metallization on a BST/sapphire substrate, and unconventional patterning using substrate optics such as proximity patterning or integrated lens techniques. Inclined exposure has been applied to a SU-8 substrate with differing inclination angles and incidence directions. The refractive index of SU-8 is experimentally determined to be 1.68 by means of test structures fabricated using this approach. Implemented structures using the inclined exposure include vertical screen structures, inclined tubes, and conical shape structures. Dynamic mode operation, in which the substrate is continuously rotated and tilted during exposure is also discussed. Examples of achievable 3-D structures using dynamic mode operation are presented.1581
Robust Face Tracking via Collaboration of Generic and Specific Models (2008)

Significant appearance changes of objects under different orientations could cause loss of tracking, "drifting." In this paper, we present a collaborative tracking framework to robustly track faces under large pose and expression changes and to learn their appearance models online. The collaborative tracking framework probabilistically combines measurements from an offline-trained generic face model with measurements from online-learned specific face appearance models in a dynamic Bayesian network. In this framework, generic face models provide the knowledge of the whole face class, while specific face models provide information on individual faces being tracked. Their combination, therefore, provides robust measurements for multiview face tracking. We introduce a mixture of probabilistic principal component analysis (MPPCA) model to represent the appearance of a specific face under multiple views, and we also present an online EM algorithm to incrementally update the MPPCA model using tracking results. Experimental results demonstrate that the collaborative tracking and online learning methods can handle large pose changes and are robust to distractions from the background.
Two Pore Channel 2 (TPC2) Inhibits Autophagosomal-Lysosomal Fusion by Alkalinizing Lysosomal pH (2013)

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), one of the most potent Ca(2+) mobilizing messengers, elicits Ca(2+) release from lysosomes via the two pore channel 2 (TPC2) in many cell types. Here we found that overexpression of TPC2 in HeLa or mouse embryonic stem cells inhibited autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion, thereby resulting in the accumulation of autophagosomes. Treatment of TPC2 expressing cells with a cell permeant-NAADP agonist, NAADP-AM, further induced autophagosome accumulation. On the other hand, TPC2 knockdown or treatment of cells with Ned-19, a NAADP antagonist, markedly decreased the accumulation of autophagosomes. TPC2-induced accumulation of autophagosomes was also markedly blocked by ATG5 knockdown. Interestingly, inhibiting mTOR activity failed to increase TPC2-induced autophagosome accumulation. Instead, we found that overexpression of TPC2 alkalinized lysosomal pH, and lysosomal re-acidification abolished TPC2-induced autophagosome accumulation. In addition, TPC2 overexpression had no effect on general endosomal-lysosomal degradation but prevented the recruitment of Rab-7 to autophagosomes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TPC2/NAADP/Ca(2+) signaling alkalinizes lysosomal pH to specifically inhibit the later stage of basal autophagy progression.
Bottlebrush Polymer Excipients Enhance Drug Solubility: Influence of End-Group Hydrophilicity and Thermoresponsiveness (2021)

Bottlebrush polymers have great potential as vehicles to noncovalently sequester, stabilize, and deliver hydrophobic small molecule actives. To this end, we synthesized a poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide-<i>stat</i>-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylacrylamide) bottlebrush copolymer using ring-opening metathesis polymerization and developed a facile method to control the thermoresponsive properties using postpolymerization modification. Six increasingly hydrophilic end-groups were installed, yielding cloud point temperature control over a range of 22-42 °C. Solubility enhancement of the antiseizure medication, phenytoin, increased significantly with the hydrophilicity of the end-group moiety. Notably, carboxylated bottlebrush copolymers solubilized formulations with higher drug loadings than linear copolymers because they exist as unimolecular nanoparticles with a synthetically defined density of polymer chains that are more stable in solution. This work provides the first investigation of bottlebrush polymers for hydrophobic noncovalent sequestration and solubilization of pharmaceuticals.
Adaptation of Orbital Bleeding Technic to Rapid Serial Blood Studies (1960)

SummaryAdaptation of orbital bleeding procedure to rapid, serial blood sampling of mice and other small laboratory animals has been made. Blood (0.2 ml) is collected in disposable, heparinized micropipettes by rupturing the fragile opthalmic venous plexus with tip of blood collection tube. The tube may be sealed and centrifuged for hematocrit determination and plasma separation for enzyme or other biochemical studies. Bleeding procedure for a mouse requires less than 30 seconds, and 100 mice can be bled and processed by a technician in about 1I/2 hours. Appropriate illustrations demonstrate technical details of procedure.
Evaluation of several phonetic similarity algorithms on the task of cognate identification (2006)

We investigate the problem of measuring phonetic similarity, focusing on the identification of cognates, words of the same origin in different languages. We compare representatives of two principal approaches to computing phonetic similarity: manually-designed metrics, and learning algorithms. In particular, we consider a stochastic transducer, a Pair HMM, several DBN models, and two constructed schemes. We test those approaches on the task of identifying cognates among Indoeuropean languages, both in the supervised and unsupervised context. Our results suggest that the averaged context DBN model and the Pair HMM achieve the highest accuracy given a large training set of positive examples.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin induced IL‐5 stimulation as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of atopic disease: the hygiene hypothesis in reverse? (2003)

Given the central role of IL-5-driven eosinophilia in progression from mild atopy to severe disease, these findings provide a plausible mechanism for the AEDS-promoting effects of staphylococcal SAg. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B may also have a similar role in atopic respiratory disease.
Microarchitectural synthesis of performance-constrained, low-power VLSI designs (2002)

New portable signal-processing applications such as mobile telephony, wireless computing, and personal digital assistants place stringent power consumption limits on their constituent components. Substantial power servings can be realized if 5 V designs are translated to use the new lower supply voltage standards. This conversion, however is not achieved easily: a design originally targeted for implementation in a 5 V technology will typically require significant re-work to meet timing and throughput requirements at the lower operating voltage. We describe a high-level synthesis system which assists the designer in performing this task, minimizing the need for manual re-design. Techniques employed in this work include pipelining and a new approach to module selection which minimizes power consumption subject to timing constraints. Using these and other high-level synthesis techniques to target designs to 3.3 V libraries, we show that it is possible to reduce power consumption by as much as 56% as compared to the original 5 V implementation, while meeting specified minimum throughput and maximum latency constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Land application of spent gypsum from ditch filters: phosphorus source or sink? (2011)

Agricultural drainage ditches can provide a direct connection between fields and surface waters, and some have been shown to deliver high loads of phosphorus (P) to sensitive water bodies. A potential way to reduce nutrient loads in drainage ditches is to install filter structures containing P sorbing materials (PSMs) such as gypsum to remove P from ditch flow. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of land-application of gypsum removed from such filters on soil P forms and concentrations. Gypsum was saturated at two levels on a mass basis of P and applied to two soils of contrasting texture, a silt loam and a sandy loam and applied at both a high and low rate. The treated soils were incubated in the laboratory at 25oC, and samples were collected at 1, 7, and 119 days after initiation. Soil type, time after application, gypsum rate, and P saturation level all had a significant impact on soil P forms and concen-trations. However, it appears that land application of spent filter gypsum at realistic rates would have little effect on soluble P concentrations in amended soils.
Controllable Co‐segregation Synthesis of Wafer‐Scale Hexagonal Boron Nitride Thin Films (2013)

A facile and scalable co-segregation method is used to grow hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) thin films from B- and N-containing metals. By annealing the sandwiched metal substrates in vacuum, sub-monolayer h-BN flakes, monolayer h-BN films, and multilayer h-BN thin films of varying thickness are successfully prepared. This approach follows an underneath-growth mode and exhibits good thickness- and location-control.
Carbon Nanotubes: A Review of Their Properties in Relation to Pulmonary Toxicology and Workplace Safety (2006)

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are an important new class of technological materials that have numerous novel and useful properties. The forecast increase in manufacture makes it likely that increasing human exposure will occur, and as a result, CNT are beginning to come under toxicological scrutiny. This review seeks to set out the toxicological paradigms applicable to the toxicity of inhaled CNT, building on the toxicological database on nanoparticles (NP) and fibers. Relevant workplace regulation regarding exposure is also considered in the light of our knowledge of CNT. CNT could have features of both NP and conventional fibers, and so the current paradigm for fiber toxicology, which is based on mineral fibers and synthetic vitreous fibers, is discussed. The NP toxicology paradigm is also discussed in relation to CNT. The available peer-reviewed literature suggests that CNT may have unusual toxicity properties. In particular, CNT seem to have a special ability to stimulate mesenchymal cell growth and to cause granuloma formation and fibrogenesis. In several studies, CNT have more adverse effects than the same mass of NP carbon and quartz, the latter a commonly used benchmark of particle toxicity. There is, however, no definitive inhalation study available that would avoid the potential for artifactual effects due to large mats and aggregates forming during instillation exposure procedures. Studies also show that CNT may exhibit some of their effects through oxidative stress and inflammation. CNT represent a group of particles that are growing in production and use, and therefore, research into their toxicology and safe use is warranted.
Adversarial Threshold Neural Computer for Molecular <i>de Novo</i> Design (2018)

In this article, we propose the deep neural network Adversarial Threshold Neural Computer (ATNC). The ATNC model is intended for the de novo design of novel small-molecule organic structures. The model is based on generative adversarial network architecture and reinforcement learning. ATNC uses a Differentiable Neural Computer as a generator and has a new specific block, called adversarial threshold (AT). AT acts as a filter between the agent (generator) and the environment (discriminator + objective reward functions). Furthermore, to generate more diverse molecules we introduce a new objective reward function named Internal Diversity Clustering (IDC). In this work, ATNC is tested and compared with the ORGANIC model. Both models were trained on the SMILES string representation of the molecules, using four objective functions (internal similarity, Muegge druglikeness filter, presence or absence of sp<sup>3</sup>-rich fragments, and IDC). The SMILES representations of 15K druglike molecules from the ChemDiv collection were used as a training data set. For the different functions, ATNC outperforms ORGANIC. Combined with the IDC, ATNC generates 72% of valid and 77% of unique SMILES strings, while ORGANIC generates only 7% of valid and 86% of unique SMILES strings. For each set of molecules generated by ATNC and ORGANIC, we analyzed distributions of four molecular descriptors (number of atoms, molecular weight, logP, and tpsa) and calculated five chemical statistical features (internal diversity, number of unique heterocycles, number of clusters, number of singletons, and number of compounds that have not been passed through medicinal chemistry filters). Analysis of key molecular descriptors and chemical statistical features demonstrated that the molecules generated by ATNC elicited better druglikeness properties. We also performed in vitro validation of the molecules generated by ATNC; results indicated that ATNC is an effective method for producing hit compounds.
Detailed comparison of two popular variant calling packages for exome and targeted exon studies (2014)

The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) is commonly used for variant calling of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) from short-read sequencing data aligned against a reference genome. There have been a number of variant calling comparisons against GATK, but an equally comprehensive comparison for VarScan not yet been performed. More specifically, we compare (1) the effects of different pre-processing steps prior to variant calling with both GATK and VarScan, (2) VarScan variants called with increasingly conservative parameters, and (3) filtered and unfiltered GATK variant calls (for both the UnifiedGenotyper and the HaplotypeCaller). Variant calling was performed on three datasets (1 targeted exon dataset and 2 exome datasets), each with approximately a dozen subjects. In most cases, pre-processing steps (e.g., indel realignment and quality score base recalibration using GATK) had only a modest impact on the variant calls, but the importance of the pre-processing steps varied between datasets and variant callers. Based upon concordance statistics presented in this study, we recommend GATK users focus on "high-quality" GATK variants by filtering out variants flagged as low-quality. We also found that running VarScan with a conservative set of parameters (referred to as "VarScan-Cons") resulted in a reproducible list of variants, with high concordance (>97%) to high-quality variants called by the GATK UnifiedGenotyper and HaplotypeCaller. These conservative parameters result in decreased sensitivity, but the VarScan-Cons variant list could still recover 84-88% of the high-quality GATK SNPs in the exome datasets. This study also provides limited evidence that VarScan-Cons has a decreased false positive rate among novel variants (relative to high-quality GATK SNPs) and that the GATK HaplotypeCaller has an increased false positive rate for indels (relative to VarScan-Cons and high-quality GATK UnifiedGenotyper indels). More broadly, we believe the metrics used for comparison in this study can be useful in assessing the quality of variant calls in the context of a specific experimental design. As an example, a limited number of variant calling comparisons are also performed on two additional variant callers.
Analysis and Exact Synthesis of Cascaded Commensurate Transmission-Line C-Section All-Pass Networks (1966)

An analysis of cascaded commensurate transmission-line C-section all-pass networks is presented. The analytical form of the transmission coefficient is found to have a very simple form, intimately related to the reflection coefficient of the stepped-impedance transformer prototype of the cascaded C-section. The phase function of cascaded commensurate transmission-line C-sections is investigated and found to be the arctangent of a reactance function in tan /spl theta/. Last, general, exact synthesis procedures for designing cascaded commensurate transmission-line C-section all-pass networks to have prescribed phase characteristics are presented, and two design examples are given. One of the examples is the exact design of a 3-section Schiffman 90/spl deg/ phase shifter, which has not been previously reported in the literature.
Photoshop 7: Tips and Techniques (2002)

From the Publisher:
Improve your use of Photoshop in Web and print design. Prepare and plan for Web page development and print output, then skillfully apply the latest design and production techniques. Perform simple adjustments as well as complex tasks -- optimize photographic imagery, build animation, add rollovers, adjust images to achieve perfect skin tones and transparent drop shadows, make appropriate color adjustments, create duotones, and more. Geared toward designers of all levels looking for exciting visual solutions, Photoshop 7 Tips & Techniques demystifies the complicated but enormously powerful features of Photoshop.