gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Entity set expansion in opinion documents (2011)

Opinion mining has been an active research area in recent years. The task is to extract opinions expressed on entities and their attributes. For example, the sentence, "I love the picture quality of Sony cameras," expresses a positive opinion on the picture quality attribute of Sony cameras. Sony is the entity. This paper focuses on mining entities (e.g., Sony). This is an important problem because without knowing the entity, the extracted opinion is of little use. The problem is similar to the classic named entity recognition problem. However, there is a major difference. In a typical opinion mining application, the user wants to find opinions on some competing entities, e.g., competing or relevant products. However, he/she often can only provide a few names as there are too many of them. The system has to find the rest from a corpus. This implies that the discovered entities must be of the same type/class. This is the set expansion problem. Classic methods for solving the problem are based on distributional similarity. However, we found this method is inaccurate. We then employ a learning-based method called Bayesian Sets. However, directly applying Bayesian Sets produces poor results. We then propose a more sophisticated way to use Bayesian Sets. This method, however, causes two major problems: entity ranking and feature sparseness. For entity ranking, we propose a re-ranking method to solve the problem. For feature sparseness, we propose two methods to re-weight features and to determine the quality of features. These methods help improve the mining results substantially. Additionally, like any learning algorithm, Bayesian Sets requires the user to engineer a set of features. We design some generic features based on part-of-speech tags of words for learning, which thus does not need to engineer features for each specific domain. Experimental results using 10 real-life datasets from diverse domains demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Molecular Evolution of Aromatic Polyketides and Comparative Sequence Analysis of Polyketide Ketosynthase and 16S Ribosomal DNA Genes from Various <i>Streptomyces</i> Species (2002)

A 613-bp fragment of an essential ketosynthase gene from the biosynthetic pathway of aromatic polyketide antibiotics was sequenced from 99 actinomycetes isolated from soil. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates clustered into clades that correspond to the various classes of aromatic polyketides. Additionally, sequencing of a 120-bp fragment from the gamma-variable region of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and subsequent comparative sequence analysis revealed incongruity between the ketosynthase and 16S rDNA phylogenetic trees, which strongly suggests that there has been horizontal transfer of aromatic polyketide biosynthesis genes. The results show that the ketosynthase tree could be used for DNA fingerprinting of secondary metabolites and for screening interesting aromatic polyketide biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, the movement of the ketosynthase genes suggests that traditional marker molecules like 16S rDNA give misleading information about the biosynthesis potential of aromatic polyketides, and thus only molecules that are directly involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites can be used to gain information about the biodiversity of antibiotic production in different actinomycetes.
<i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients (2008)

A decrease in the abundance and biodiversity of intestinal bacteria within the dominant phylum Firmicutes has been observed repeatedly in Crohn disease (CD) patients. In this study, we determined the composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota of CD patients at the time of surgical resection and 6 months later using FISH analysis. We found that a reduction of a major member of Firmicutes, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, is associated with a higher risk of postoperative recurrence of ileal CD. A lower proportion of F. prausnitzii on resected ileal Crohn mucosa also was associated with endoscopic recurrence at 6 months. To evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of F. prausnitzii we analyzed the anti-inflammatory effects of F. prausnitzii in both in vitro (cellular models) and in vivo [2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced] colitis in mice. In Caco-2 cells transfected with a reporter gene for NF-kappaB activity, F. prausnitzii had no effect on IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activity, whereas the supernatant abolished it. In vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation by F. prausnitzii led to significantly lower IL-12 and IFN-gamma production levels and higher secretion of IL-10. Oral administration of either live F. prausnitzii or its supernatant markedly reduced the severity of TNBS colitis and tended to correct the dysbiosis associated with TNBS colitis, as demonstrated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. F. prausnitzii exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on cellular and TNBS colitis models, partly due to secreted metabolites able to block NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 production. These results suggest that counterbalancing dysbiosis using F. prausnitzii as a probiotic is a promising strategy in CD treatment.
Association of Lactoferrin with Lysozyme in Granules of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (1972)

Lactoferrin is contained in cytoplasmic granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Upon centrifugation, it sediments in a band of granules that also contain 50% of the lysozyme activity. This granule class is distinct from others associated with alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. The granules are latent for lactoferrin as only lysed granules have the capacity specifically to inhibit antigen binding by anti-lactoferrin serum.
Development of a high resolution whole-body DOI PET system (2007)

High spatial resolution Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging provides functional data about a patient’s body and provides us with a range of new possibilities, including medicine development, new diagnostic methods, and others. The use of Depth of Interaction (DOI) detectors is one effective technique for the improvement of whole-body PET imaging, as is evident in the fact that most small animal PET images are taken using a DOI system. In this study, we developed a prototype whole-body DOI- equipped PET system and evaluated its performance. This scanner’s DOI detectors consist of dual-layer (front and rear) 9×10 array of GSO/GSO crystals, a light guide and two rectangular double-anode photo multiplier tubes (PMTs). The DOI layers are discriminated according to decay time differences, which are controlled by Ce concentrations. The DOI detectors are arranged in a circular detector ring, with a diameter of 664 mm. In order to avoid parallax errors, coincidental events, including rear layer detection, were addressed to the nearest neighbor LOR front-layer coincidence pair. To evaluate the spatial resolution of this PET system at various radial positions, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sup> Na point sources at 1, 10, 20, and 25 cm offset from the center were reconstructed, both with and without DOI information. Results showed that spatial resolution degradation at 25 cm improved from 195 % to 154 % as a result of using DOI data. During a visual evaluation using a Derenzo phantom, image reconstruction using DOI data clarified the image and corrected hot rod shapes. The results presented here show that DOI detectors were useful in creating an effective whole-body PET system.
C-Miner: Mining Block Correlations in Storage Systems (2004)

Block correlations are common semantic patterns in storage systems. These correlations can be exploited for improving the effectiveness of storage caching, prefetching, data layout and disk scheduling. Unfortunately, information about block correlations is not available at the storage system level. Previous approaches for discovering file correlations in file systems do not scale well enough to be used for discovering block correlations in storage systems. In this paper, we propose C-Miner, an algorithm which uses a data mining technique called frequent sequence mining to discover block correlations in storage systems. C-Miner runs reasonably fast with feasible space requirement, indicating that it is a practical tool for dynamically inferring correlations in a storage system. Moreover, we have also evaluated the benefits of block correlation-directed prefetching and data layout through experiments. Our results using real system workloads show that correlation-directed prefetching and data layout can reduce average I/O response time by 12-25 % compared to the base case, and 7-20 % compared to the commonly used sequential prefetching scheme. 1
Pre-transfer Editing by Class II Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase (2006)

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the attachment of cognate amino acids to specific tRNA molecules. To prevent potential errors in protein synthesis caused by misactivation of noncognate amino acids, some synthetases have evolved editing mechanisms to hydrolyze misactivated amino acids (pre-transfer editing) or misacylated tRNAs (post-transfer editing). In the case of post-transfer editing, synthetases employ a separate editing domain that is distinct from the site of amino acid activation, and the mechanism is believed to involve shuttling of the flexible CCA-3' end of the tRNA from the synthetic active site to the site of hydrolysis. The mechanism of pre-transfer editing is less well understood, and in most cases, the exact site of pre-transfer editing has not been conclusively identified. Here, we probe the pre-transfer editing activity of class II prolyl-tRNA synthetases from five species representing all three kingdoms of life. To locate the site of pre-transfer editing, truncation mutants were constructed by deleting the insertion domain characteristic of bacterial prolyl-tRNA synthetase species, which is the site of post-transfer editing, or the N- or C-terminal extension domains of eukaryotic and archaeal enzymes. In addition, the pre-transfer editing mechanism of Escherichia coli prolyl-tRNA synthetase was probed in detail. These studies show that a separate editing domain is not required for pre-transfer editing by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The aminoacylation active site plays a significant role in preserving the fidelity of translation by acting as a filter that selectively releases non-cognate adenylates into solution, while protecting the cognate adenylate from hydrolysis.
Constructing Strong Interfacial Interactions under Mild Conditions in MOF-Incorporated Mixed Matrix Membranes for Gas Separation (2021)

Although mixed matrix membranes (MMM) possess remarkably improved gas separation performance compared to traditional polymeric membranes, membrane stability including CO2 plasticization and aging is still a serious issue due to the existence of interfacial defects. In this work, we report an efficient and less destructive route to cross-link the MOFs/polyimide (PI) MMM, where amine group-functionalized MOF (NH2-UiO-66) nanoparticles are thermally cross-linked with a carboxylic acid-functionalized PI (COOH-PI) matrix to form an amide bond at the interface at 150 °C under vacuum condition. Such a chemical cross-linking strategy conducted at a relatively mild condition improves membrane stability greatly while ensuring that the membrane structure is not destroyed. The resulting cross-linked MMM achieves enhanced mechanical strength with higher Young’s modulus than a pristine polymer membrane. The CO2 antiplasticization pressure of the MMM after cross-linking is enhanced by 200% from ∼10 to >30 bar and the CO2 permeability of MMM only drops slightly from 995 to 735 Barrer after 450 days. At the same time, the separation performance of H2/CH4 gas pair surpasses the 2008 upper bound and that of CO2/CH4 gas pair nearly approaches the 2008 upper bound. The cross-linking strategy used herein provides a feasible and effective route for improving membrane stability and membrane performance in the MMM system for gas separation.
Rapid diagnostic methods in respiratory infections (1993)

Rapid diagnostic methods are important in managing respiratory tract infections and in identifying epidemics at an early stage. In viral infections, diagnosis may be obtained in 1 to 5 hours by the detection of viral antigens or nucleic acids directly in the clinical specimen. During the past year, excellent reports have been published on the use of such methods for diagnosis of the influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial, rhino-, and adenoviruses. Polymerase chain reaction and sensitive immunoassays can also be used to detect other agents not normally present in the airways, ie, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella, and Pneumocystis organisms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the management of bacterial pneumonia, however, gram stain of sputum with an assessment of sputum quality and bacterial numbers is still very useful because the mere presence of the commonly causative bacteria does not imply a causative diagnosis. Detection of soluble pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen may give supplementary information, especially in patients treated with antibiotics and in those unable to produce a representative sputum specimen. Broncho-scopically obtained material is preferred when possible, both for bacterial culture and for a rapid diagnostic test.
Some instabilities of a completely ionized plasma (1954)

Abstract Two cases of equilibrium for a highly conducting plasma are investigated for their stability. In the first case, a plasma is supported against gravity by the pressure of a horizontal magnetic field. This equilibrium is found unstable, in close correspondence to the classical case of a heavy fluid supported by a light one. The second case refers to the so-called pinch effect. Here a plasma is kept within a cylinder by the pressure of a toroidal magnetic field which in turn is caused by an electric current within the plasma. This equilibrium is found unstable against lateral distortions.
Gestion en pro de resultados : seguimiento a cargo de la sociedad civil en la Republica Dominicana (2005)

Despite being one of the fastest growing economies in Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1990s, a series of unfortunate events drove the Dominican Republic in 2003, to a rapid decline in its socioeconomic conditions. Fraud and mismanagement at the Baninter Bank, one of the country's biggest commercial banks, weakened the economy, and triggered a financial, and economic crises sector-wide in the country. These crises also coincided with the 2004 presidential elections, with intensified socio-political pressures worsening the situation. Within this background, the Bank supported a multi-sector program responsive to the social needs, particularly those related to education, health, and social assistance. The note looks at the results management in the midst of social problems, seeking to prod a responsible civil society in the country. As shown, the program and reforms were a success, responsive to the basic needs of the poor, and strengthened as well the institutional framework of social sectors.
Economic Evaluation of LED Luminaires for Tunnel Interior Zones (2013)

There has been a need for the systematic evaluation of the economic efficiency between conventional fluorescent lamp lighting systems that have been used in tunnels and LED lighting systems. This study has evaluated basic tunnel lighting between the conventional fluorescent lighting systems and the LED lighting system using the evaluation tool of tunnel lighting by Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and using the economic efficiency evaluation method. In addition, the unit discount rate of the LED lighting system and the estimated increase in the price of electricity have made the estimated cost of LCC the same if two luminaires were used in the basic part of the tunnel.
The Arabidopsis <i>ref2</i> Mutant Is Defective in the Gene Encoding CYP83A1 and Shows Both Phenylpropanoid and Glucosinolate Phenotypes (2002)

The Arabidopsis ref2 mutant was identified in a screen for plants having altered fluorescence under UV light. Characterization of the ref2 mutants showed that they contained reduced levels of a number of phenylpropanoid pathway-derived products: sinapoylmalate in leaves, sinapoylcholine in seeds, and syringyl lignin in stems. Surprisingly, positional cloning of the REF2 locus revealed that it encodes CYP83A1, a cytochrome P450 sharing a high degree of similarity to CYP83B1, an enzyme involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Upon further investigation, ref2 mutants were found to have reduced levels of all aliphatic glucosinolates and increased levels of indole-derived glucosinolates in their leaves. These results show that CYP83A1 is involved in the biosynthesis of both short-chain and long-chain aliphatic glucosinolates and suggest a novel metabolic link between glucosinolate biosynthesis, a secondary biosynthetic pathway found only in plants in the order Capparales, and phenylpropanoid metabolism, a pathway found in all plants and considered essential to the survival of terrestrial plant species.
Preparation of α,α‐difluoromethylene functionalized sulfones (1992)

Abstract Sulfination of bromodifluoroacetate or acetamide 1 with sodium dithionite gives the corresponding sulfinates 2a , and 2b , respectively, which upon cuprous bromidc catalyzed allylation afford the allylsulfonyl‐difluoroacetate and acetamides. Phenyl‐ or alkylsulfonyldifluoroacetates and acetamides can be readily prepared from reaction of 1 with thiolates, followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide.
Optimization of peptide linker length in production of MHC class II/peptide tetrameric complexes increases yield and stability, and allows identification of antigen-specific CD4+T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (2002)

Reliable, efficient systems for producing soluble HLA-DR molecules, suitable for multimerization and use as staining reagents, have proved elusive. We found that the addition of a flexible linker between peptide and N terminus of the DRB1*0101-chain (Crawford, F., Kozono, H., White, J., Marrack, P. and Kappler, J., Immunity 1998. 8: 675–682.), results in greater in vitro foldingefficiency of Escherichia coli-expressed α- and β-chains, and increases both the yield and stability of the DRA1*0101/DRB1*0101/peptide complexes. Although a 10-amino acid linker functioned efficiently for a 20mer epitope from HIV p24, a longer linker was required to produce a DR1 MHC class II tetramer with the influenza hemagglutinin epitope (HA306–318). The DR1-HA tetramer was able to stain positively over 98% of a specific clone (HA 1.7) with only a brief 30-min incubation. The tetrameric complexes detected clone cells diluted into PBMC, with high sensitivity, coupled with low background staining in CD4+ cells. It was possible to detect antigen-specific CD4+ T cells within a population of PBMC stimulated with the HA peptide. This demonstrates the potential to monitor CD4+ T cell responses in peripheral blood in a number of clinical scenarios.
The magnetic response of paramagnetic Fe at high energy transfers (1985)

Previous measurements in paramagnetic iron using polarized neutrons with polarization analysis revealed strong forward magnetic scattering. By contrast, the scattering at large wavevectors, was observed to be very weak. We report on additional measurements near the zone boundary, which extend to energy transfers of about 2 Tc (∼ 200 meV). A value of 1.7 μ 2B is obtained, and the resulting integrated Fe moment is 1.55 μB. These results confirm that, in 3d metals, correlations which are inherent to the itinerant nature of the 3d electrons occur.
Dehydrator Bulb Onion Production in California (1999)

Bulb onions for dehydrator processing are produced from the southern-to the northern-most borders of California, with main production areas in Imperial, Kern, and Fresno Counties, and the Tulelake Basin of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties. Dehydrator onions are planted from September through January in southern and central California and during the month of April in the Tulelake Basin. Harvest begins in May and is usually completed in October. More than 75 percent of US dehydrator onion production is in
Preliminary Studies with L-Asparaginase Bound to Implantable Bovine Collagen Heterografts: A Potential Long-Term, Sustained Dosage, Antitumor Enzyme Therapy System (1977)

In this study, L-Asparaginase has been bound to collagen heterografts derived from carotid bovine arteries. The immobilization procedure utilizes both non-covalent and covalent interactions to fix the enzyme. Binding of the enzyme to the graft material was shown to be pH dependent, with optimum binding occurring at pH 6.0 and pH 8.5. Amidohydrolysis by the bound enzyme exhibited zero-order kinetic behavior at substrate saturating conditions. Total apparent asparaginase activity expressed by the grafts as a function of the number of repeated in vitro assay trials demonstrated that over a span of 3 months of intermittent storage and use, the enzyme-grafts retained as much as 62% of their initial activities. Implantation of 4 asparaginase-collagen grafts in various locations of the thoracic and abdominal aorta resulting in prolonged reductions of plasma asparagine levels in 3 of the 4 implants. Presence of plasma asparaginase was checked in one of the four implants and determined to be less than 2 × 10−4 I.U./ml. Removal of grafts from 3 of the 4 animal subjects showed reductions in the apparent asparaginase activity expressed by the grafts of 7 to 70 percent after in vivo contact times which varied from 6 to 15 days.
A comprehensive scoring system for evaluating noonan syndrome (1981)

A multidisciplinary team assessed 23 patients with various manifestations of the Noonan syndrome, including pulmonary valve stenosis (with leaflet dysplasia), "typical" facial appearance (including hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, flat nasal bridge, and apparently low-set ears), short stature, and mental retardation. Seven patients had a family history of the syndrome. A comprehensive scoring system was devised on the basis of frequency and severity of manifestations and results of invasive and noninvasive tests in these patients and those reported in the literature. The scoring system was condensed into a score card for clinical use and validated by "blind" application to patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis or suspected Noonan syndrome. Use of a scoring system to diagnose a syndrome for which there is no specific diagnostic test facilitates accuracy and decreases observer bias. In the case of unusual congenital disorders it is particularly valuable for a pediatrician in general practice.
Spot size expansion for laser-to-fiber coupling using an integrated multimode coupler (1993)

Efficient coupling of light from a semiconductor waveguide to an optical fiber is difficult to achieve due to the inherent differences in the spot sizes. The problem is particularly severe in the vertical dimension. The use of a uniform, untapered, intermediate coupler structure which consists of a multimode waveguide is proposed. This structure has potential for integrating with the semiconductor waveguide. The basic design rules for this coupler are worked out using coupled-mode theory, and the detailed designs are based on direct calculation of the mode profiles in the coupler. A range of realistic examples is examined, and it is shown that the butt coupling efficiency from a typical semiconductor laser to an optical fiber can be improved by up to 5 dB. The dependence of performance on fabrication tolerances is also studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>