gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TrussFormer (2018)

We present TrussFormer, an integrated end-to-end system that allows users to 3D print large-scale kinetic structures, i.e., structures that involve motion and deal with dynamic forces. TrussFormer builds on TrussFab, from which it inherits the ability to create static large-scale truss structures from 3D printed connectors and PET bottles. TrussFormer adds movement to these structures by placing linear actuators into them: either manually, wrapped in reusable components called assets, or by demonstrating the intended movement. TrussFormer verifies that the resulting structure is mechanically sound and will withstand the dynamic forces resulting from the motion. To fabricate the design, TrussFormer generates the underlying hinge system that can be printed on standard desktop 3D printers. We demonstrate TrussFormer with several example objects, including a 6 legged walking robot and a 4m tall animatronics dinosaur with 5 degrees of freedom.
Role of Lung Apolipoprotein A-I in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Antiinflammatory and Antifibrotic Effect on Experimental Lung Injury and Fibrosis (2010)

Alterations of several inflammatory and antiinflammatory proteins in the lungs may be related to the pathogenesis of IPF, and local treatment with Apo A-I is very effective against the development of experimental lung injury and fibrosis.
Molecular evolution and mosaic structure of alpha, beta, and gamma intimins of pathogenic Escherichia coli (1999)

Two types of pathogenic Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), cause diarrheal disease by disrupting the intestinal environment through the intimate attachment of the bacteria to the intestinal epithelium. This process is mediated by intimin, an outer membrane protein that is homologous to the invasins of pathogenic Yersinia. The intimin (eae) gene is part of a pathogenicity island, a 35-kb segment of DNA that has been acquired independently in different groups of pathogens. Nucleotide sequences of eae of three EPEC and four EHEC strains representing distinct clonal lineages revealed an exceptionally high level of divergence (15%) in the amino acid sequences of alpha, beta, and gamma intimin molecules, most of which is concentrated in the C-terminal region. The gamma intimin sequences from E. coli strains with serotypes O157:H7, O55:H7, and O157:H- are virtually identical, supporting the hypothesis that these bacteria belong to a single clonal lineage. Sequences of beta intimin of EPEC strains of serotypes O111:H2 and O128:H2 show substantial differences from alpha and gamma intimins, indicating that these strains have evolved independently. Strong nonrandom clustering of polymorphic sites indicates that the intimin genes are mosaics, suggesting that protein divergence has been accelerated by recombination and diversifying selection.
A sensorless approach to control of a turbodynamic left ventricular assist system (2001)

A fuzzy logic controller for a rotary, turbodynamic left ventricular assist system was developed to optimize the delivery of blood flow without inducing suction in the ventricle. The controller is based on the pulsatility in blood flow through the pump and assumes that the natural heart is still able to produce some pumping action. To avoid the use of flow transducers, which are not reliable for long term use, the controller estimates flow using a model of the assist device. The controller was tested in computer simulation, a mock circulatory system, and in animal experiments. Simulation studies suggest that the fuzzy logic controller is more robust to parameter changes than a traditional proportional-integral controller. Experimental results in animals showed that the controller is able to provide satisfactory flows at adequate perfusion pressures while avoiding suction in the left ventricle.
A mild, chemical conversion of cellulose to hexene and other liquid hydrocarbon fuels and additives (1995)

Biomass fermentations and high temperature and pressure pyrolysis processes that produce gas or liquid fuels are legion. They all have drawbacks. For example, the theoretical limit of ethanol production is 67% due to the loss of 1/3 of the available carbon as carbon dioxide gas during the fermentation. Pyrolytic reactions usually lose carbon as char and gases and may achieve about 80% carbon conversion. Furthermore, pyrochemical processes usually require nearly dry feedstocks. Obviously, there remains a need for a variety of fuels from many sources, especially conventional liquid fuels. To resolve this fuel problem and to use a renewable resource, a strategy was selected to prepare valuable hydrocarbons from biomass by a chemical process. Our initial goal was to develop an efficient multistep chemical process for the conversion of the principle components of biomass, cellulose and hemicellulose, into hydrocarbon fuels. Separation of these components and/or the use of selective reactions might allow for 100% carbon conversion by keeping the carbon chain intact. Furthermore, if initial reactions could be conducted in an aqueous medium, then the use of wet feedstocks would be possible. Overall, a six carbon sugar polymer, cellulose, would afford a single pure hydrocarbon product such as hexene. Thismore » is precisely what we have developed, a novel chemical process.« less
Novel deposit/spin waveguide interconnection (DSWI) technique for semiconductor integrated optics (1982)

We propose an efficient and simple optical interconnection between active semiconductor components by deposition and spin coating. The demonstration shows a low-threshold (2.0 kA/cm2) and high-coupling (81%) operation of a laser-polyimide/SiO2 slab waveguide integrated on a GaInAsP/InP chip.
CO2 fixation by anaerobic non-photosynthetic mixotrophy for improved carbon conversion (2016)

Maximizing the conversion of biogenic carbon feedstocks into chemicals and fuels is essential for fermentation processes as feedstock costs and processing is commonly the greatest operating expense. Unfortunately, for most fermentations, over one-third of sugar carbon is lost to CO<sub>2</sub> due to the decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and limitations in the reducing power of the bio-feedstock. Here we show that anaerobic, non-photosynthetic mixotrophy, defined as the concurrent utilization of organic (for example, sugars) and inorganic (for example, CO<sub>2</sub>) substrates in a single organism, can overcome these constraints to increase product yields and reduce overall CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. As a proof-of-concept, Clostridium ljungdahlii was engineered to produce acetone and achieved a mass yield 138% of the previous theoretical maximum using a high cell density continuous fermentation process. In addition, when enough reductant (that is, H<sub>2</sub>) is provided, the fermentation emits no CO<sub>2</sub>. Finally, we show that mixotrophy is a general trait among acetogens.
Dioxin induces transforming growth factor-alpha in human keratinocytes (1991)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a widespread environmental toxicant, is a tumor promoter that induces hyperplasia in epithelial cells. Exposure of cultured human keratinocytes to TCDD, resulted in a time-dependent dioxin-specific Ah receptor-mediated release of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) into the culture medium. Cultures exposed to TCDD showed a rate of TGF-alpha secretion into the medium of about 30 fmol/ml/day, as well as a 3- to 6-fold increase in TGF-alpha mRNA expression. Increased production of TGF-alpha in human keratinocytes exposed to TCDD demonstrates a modulation of autocrine regulation in those cells. These results suggest that induction of TGF-alpha could be an important part of the mechanism of dioxin-mediated toxicity and tumor promotion.
[Cell differentiation and its regulation during genetic transformation in bacteria]. (1997)

Mechanisms determining cell differentiation at the intracellular and intercellular levels during genetic transformation of certain bacterial species are reviewed. The "predetermination" both of cell outer layers and of chromosomal DNA to transformation before interaction with the transforming DNA is discussed.
Selective Extraction of G‐Quadruplex Ligands from a Rationally Designed Scaffold‐Based Dynamic Combinatorial Library (2008)

Fishing for ligands: The power of dynamic combinatorial chemistry in drug discovery is boosted by a design principle allowing multiple scaffold substituents. Library analysis is furthermore assisted by taking advantage of the UV/Vis spectra of the scaffolds, and an active compound is extracted from the mixture with high selectivity over less active compounds (see figure).
Spatiotemporal Patterns on Electrode Arrays (1996)

Experiments were carried out with arrays of iron electrodes in sulfuric acid solution under conditions in which slow active−passive relaxation oscillations occur. The arrays consisted of a number of small disks which were made by exposing the ends of wires embedded in an insulator. Three array geometries were used: (a) 2 × 8 which approximates a one-dimensional geometry, (b) 4 × 4 square array, and (c) 61 electrodes in a hexagonal pattern. The experiments were done potentiostatically, and the current in each electrode was measured independently; therefore, the spatiotemporal patterns which occurred were directly determined. For the oscillatory conditions, which occur at potentials above the Flade potential, a wave moves from the center of the electrode to the edge during the activation phase and another moves in the opposite direction, from edge to center, during the passivation. The velocities of these waves depend on array size and applied potential; the activation velocities are much faster than those of passivation. Both the activation and passivation wave fronts accelerate as they propagate along the array. As the potential is lowered, a spatiotemporal period doubling occurs. Long-range coupling plays an important role in the dynamics of such electrochemical reactions; the arrays of electrodes behave qualitatively similar to single electrodes of the same total surface area. The arrays can thus be used to gather information on the rate of reaction at various sites on a reacting surface.
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SELF-BONDED SILICON CARBIDE (1961)

Dense self-bonded silicon carbide, prepared by impregnating with silicon pressed mixtures of silicon carbide and graphite, has been improved by attention to grading and composition. Treatment at 2000°C for ½ h has given a much greater degree of self-bonding. Porous self-bonded silicon carbide with a dense surface has also been prepared.
π-Acceptors in discotic columnar liquid crystals; an octasubstituted bis(diphenylethane-1,2-dithiol)nickel complex (1989)

Bis[1,2-bis(3′,4′-di-n-decyloxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-dithiol]nickel, the reduction potential of which is –0.06 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode in CH2Cl2), has a hexagonal disordered columnar mesophase (Dhd) at 84–112°C.
The nomenclature of Russula species and the Sydney rules (1986)

A recent paper by Th. W. Kuyper &amp; M.van Vuure shows general agreementwith an earlier paper by Singer &amp; Machol onmany nomenclatural problems and on the number of Russula species affected by the new starting point rules. A few minor disagreements with regard to contradiction between Arts. 13.1 and 63 are mentioned, and those regarding R. delica, R. nitida and R. atropurpurea are ex-plained. We conclude (contrary to Kuyper &amp; van Vuure’s conclusions) that their statements confirm that Art. 13.1 as it now stands is detrimental to stability in nomenclature of Basidiomycetes, and unsettling as well as burdensome to the working taxonomist, and should be changed according toProposal 42 now before the Nomenclature Committee.
Gamma-Ray Sterilization of Mars Analog Rocks and Minerals (1998)

In typical patients presenting to a RACPC, those with a BNP < or =20 pg/ml were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with cardiac pain. Near-patient BNP testing may have a role as a 'rule out test' for angina in patients presenting to a RACPC.
An integrated and adaptive decision-support framework for high-tech manufacturing and service networks (2005)

This article describes the results of one of the ten pilot programmes under the integrated manufacturing and service systems (IMSS) initiative pursued by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR) in Singapore. The objective of this particular programme is to investigate how design, analysis, enhancement and implementation of critical business processes in a manufacturing and service network can be realised using one single simulation/application framework. The overall architecture of the framework outlines how commercial simulation packages and Web-service based business process application components would have to be connected through a commercial application framework to achieve maximum leverage and re-usability of the applications involved. In the pilot phase of this programme, research issues were also addressed with regard to mechanisms for interoperation between commercial simulation packages, symbiotic interaction between simulation-based decision support components and physical systems, and simulation speed-up through multi-objective optimal computing budget allocation techniques on a grid infrastructure.
Influence of second-order Doppler effect on optical Ramsey fringe profiles (1981)

Resolution sufficient to resolve second-order Doppler broadening (3.9 kHz) has been obtained for the Ca (1)S(0)-(3)P(1) transition (657 nm) by using an atomic beam and optical Ramsey fringe techniques. Laser-beam separations up to 21 cm yield Ca linewidths (HWHM) as narrow as 1 kHz. As resolution is increased to approach, then exceed the second-order linewidth, large asymmetries, shifts, and shape changes occur in the Ramsey fringe profile.
Controlling Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Stem Cells via Mechanical Cues (2012)

The control of stem cell response in vitro, including self-renewal and lineage commitment, has been proved to be directed by mechanical cues, even in the absence of biochemical stimuli. Through integrin-mediated focal adhesions, cells are able to anchor onto the underlying substrate, sense the surrounding microenvironment, and react to its properties. Substrate-cell and cell-cell interactions activate specific mechanotransduction pathways that regulate stem cell fate. Mechanical factors, including substrate stiffness, surface nanotopography, microgeometry, and extracellular forces can all have significant influence on regulating stem cell activities. In this paper, we review all the most recent literature on the effect of purely mechanical cues on stem cell response, and we introduce the concept of "force isotropy" relevant to cytoskeletal forces and relevant to extracellular loads acting on cells, to provide an interpretation of how the effects of insoluble biophysical signals can be used to direct stem cells fate in vitro.
The dry carbonate process: Carbon dioxide recovery from power plant flue gas (2009)

RTI’s Dry Carbonate Process, a solid sorbent CO2 capture approach, has been developed as a retrofit technology for existing power plants. The process is based on the reversible reaction between sodium carbonate, CO2, and water vapor to form sodium bicarbonate. Concentrated CO2 is recovered by a thermal-swing process. Field testing of a prototype Dry Carbonate Process has been completed with a total of 235 h of operation using natural gas- and coal-derived flue gases. The Dry Carbonate demonstrated >90% CO2 capture and minimal adverse effects of exposure to SO2. Current R&D efforts are focussing on improving the process configuration and sorbent material to scale-up the process to a pilot unit capable of capturing 1 ton of CO2 per day.
Near-Infrared Optical Imaging and Wound Segmentation in Lower Extremity Ulcers (2016)

Near-Infrared (NIR) optical imaging can reveal tissue oxygenation of the wound, complementing the visual inspection of the surface granulation. Herein, graph cuts algorithm is applied to segment NIR images of the wound from its peripheries.
Commercialising genetically engineered animal biomedical products (2007)

Research over the past two decades has increased the quality and quantity of tools available to produce genetically engineered animals. The number of potentially viable biomedical products from genetically engineered animals is increasing. However, moving from cutting-edge research to development and commercialisation of a biomedical product that is useful and wanted by the public has significant challenges. Even early stage development of genetically engineered animal applications requires consideration of many steps, including quality assurance and quality control, risk management, gap analysis, founder animal establishment, cell banking, sourcing of animals and animal-derived material, animal facilities, product collection facilities and processing facilities. These steps are complicated and expensive. Biomedical applications of genetically engineered animals have had some recent successes and many applications are well into development. As researchers consider applications for their findings, having a realistic understanding of the steps involved in the development and commercialisation of a product, produced in genetically engineered animals, is useful in determining the risk of genetic modification to the animal nu. the potential public benefit of the application.
Modeling and implementation of an innovative micro proximity sensor using micromachining technology (2002)

The modeling and implementation of an innovative micro capacitive proximity sensor using micromachining technology are described. The proximity sensor works on the principle of fringing capacitance. The target object to be measured does not need to be part of the measuring system and can be either a conductor or a nonconductor. By selecting a set of geometrical parameters, this sensor is capable of precise measurement of proximity in the range from micrometers to millimeters. The capacitance change is quite significant for such small sensing structures, though it is only a fraction of a picofarad. The micro size of the sensor makes it possible to mount it in many space-constrained places.
Space-efficient static trees and graphs (1989)

Data structures that represent static unlabeled trees and planar graphs are developed. The structures are more space efficient than conventional pointer-based representations, but (to within a constant factor) they are just as time efficient for traversal operations. For trees, the data structures described are asymptotically optimal: there is no other structure that encodes n-node trees with fewer bits per node, as N grows without bound. For planar graphs (and for all graphs of bounded page number), the data structure described uses linear space: it is within a constant factor of the most succinct representation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Time-domain simulation of electron diffraction in crystals (2011)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) simulations are performed by propagating electron wave packets in real space and real time. The method accurately describes electron scattering in solids for high ($>$200 keV) and low (20--200 eV) energies. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by calculating TEM images and LEED intensities of silicon and graphene.
Exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Concentration, Purification, and Characterization of Exotoxin A (1973)

Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-l03) could be concentrated readily by precipitation with zinc acetate and ammonium sulfate. The toxin was purified by column chromatography with use of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The final product contained about 8,000 mouse ld50/mg of protein. The toxin has a sedimentation constant of 3.35 S, and the molecular weight is estimated to be in the range of 50,000. The toxin is readily inactivated by trypsin and by heating at 70 C for 30 min. It can also be inactivated by incubation with sodium deoxycholate but not by similar treatment with sodium glycocholate, sodium cholate, or lauryl sulfate. Efforts to convert this toxin to toxoid so far have been unsuccessful.
Electrochemical Behavior of PEDOT/Lignin in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes: Suitable Cathode/Electrolyte System for Sodium Batteries (2017)

Biomass-derived polymers, such as lignin, contain quinone/ hydroquinone redox moieties that can be used to store charge. Composites based on the biopolymer lignin and several conjugated polymers have shown good charge-storage properties. However, their performance has been only studied in acidic aqueous media limiting their applications mainly to supercapacitors. Here, we show that PEDOT/lignin (PEDOT: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) biopolymers are electroactive in aprotic ionic liquids (ILs) and we move a step further by assembling sodium full cell batteries using PEDOT/lignin as electrode material and IL electrolytes. Thus, the electrochemical activity and cycling of PEDOT/lignin electrodes was investigated in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMPyrTFSI), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (BMPyrFSI), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMImTFSI) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMImFSI) IL electrolytes. The effects of water and sodium salt addition to the ILs were investigated to obtain optimum electrolyte systems for sodium batteries. Finally, sodium batteries based on PEDOT/lignin cathode with imidazolium-based IL electrolyte showed higher capacity values than pyrrolidinium ones, reaching 70 mAhg<sup>-1</sup> . Our results demonstrate that PEDOT/lignin composites can serve as low cost and sustainable cathode materials for sodium batteries.
The Use of Computers in Editing and Composition (1970)

The modern digital computer is rapidly permeating all areas of our highly industrialized society-from agriculture to education-from process control to zoology. Printing and publishing and allied fields involved in graphic communications have been changing rapidly in this decade as the digital computer and associated peripheral devices have made rapid inroads in the graphic communications process. This paper describes the nature of the impact which the digital computer has had, and is making, upon today's graphic communications, particularly upon the editing and composition functions. A prediction of future impact is also presented.
Contour Stencils: Total Variation along Curves for Adaptive Image Interpolation (2011)

Image interpolation is the problem of increasing the resolution of a given image. An important aspect of interpolation is accurate estimation of edge orientations. This work introduces contour stencils, a new method for estimating the image contours based on total variation along curves. Contour stencils are able to distinguish lines of different orientations, curves, corners, and other geometric features with a computationally efficient formula. Contour stencils are applied in designing an edge directed color interpolation method. The method incorporates an efficient approximation of deconvolution. Although most interpolation methods that involve deconvolution require either solving a large linear system or running many iterations, this method has linear complexity in the number of pixels and can be computed in one or a small number of passes through the image. Comparisons show that the proposed interpolation is competitive with existing methods.