gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synergisms between Compost and Biochar for Sustainable Soil Amelioration (2012)

resources, i.e. fossil fuels, fossil nutrients stocks and arable land, can be recognized.On the other hand, urbanization and growing population interconnected with an increased amount of waste output is responsible for environmental hazards and pollution.Therefore, composting became an efficient means of waste processing, soil amelioration and general environmental improvement.However, up to now reported C sequestration potential due to compost management is limited in terms of C use efficiency and long-term C preservation even combined with organic farming and no till management.Therefore, new concepts for C sequestration combating against further raise of atmospheric CO 2 emissions are urgently needed.One promising option is using the "terra preta concept" combining biochar and composting technologies.This concept could enhance quality and material properties of compost products leading to a higher added value and to a much better C sequestration potential due to the long-term stability of biochar.We hypothesize that composting of biochar together with other biogenous materials containing labile organic matter and nutrients can be an appropriate tool to produce a substrate with similar properties as terra preta such as enhanced soil fertility and C sequestration.Current available literature will be reviewed on these aspects.
An implementation of a knowledge recommendation system based on similarity among users' profiles (2003)

In this paper, we propose a recommendation system which can share individuals' knowledge and know-how for research activity. The system can recommend interesting document files to users by collaborative filtering. In the system, we employ local similarity between users and global similarity between groups. Using this system, users can find out necessary knowledge and reuse knowledge effectively.
New X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy Technique for the Study of Imperfections in Semiconductor Crystals (1965)

A novel x-ray technique and its application to semiconductor problems is described. The technique is capable of recording large-area transmission topographs of crystal slices as processed in modern semiconductor device technology. The technique is nondestructive and, therefore, crystal slices can be examined after each processing step. This technique and some of the results obtained are discussed, such as x-ray topographs of diffused transistor structures, recorded in the presence of elastic and/or frozen-in lattice deformations.
Characterization of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Bone Marrow of Rhesus Macaques (2005)

The isolation and characterization of embryonic and adult stem cells from higher-order mammalian species will enhance the understanding of the biology and therapeutic application of stem cells. The aim of this study was to purify rhesus mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult bone marrow and to characterize functionally their abilities to differentiate along diverse lineages. Adherent cells from adult rhesus macaque bone marrow were characterized for their growth characteristics, lineage differentiation, cell-surface antigen expression, telomere length, chromosome content, and transcription factor gene expression. Rhesus bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs) are very heterogeneous, composed of primarily long, thin cells and some smaller, round cells. The cells are capable of differentiating along osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages in vitro. The cell morphology and multipotential differentiation capabilities are maintained throughout extended culture. They express CD59, CD90 (Thy-1), CD105, and HLA-1 and were negative for hematopoietic markers such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD13, CD34, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31). BMSCs were also demonstrated to express the mRNA for important stem cell-related transcription factors such as Oct-4, Sox-2, Rex-1, and Nanog. Rhesus BMSCs have a normal chromosome content, and the shortening of telomeres is minimal during early passages. These data demonstrate that BMSCs isolated from rhesus macaques have a high degree of commonality with MSCs isolated from other species. Therefore, isolation of these cells provides an effective and convenient method for rapid expansion of pluripotent rhesus MSCs.
PRE and POST Herbicidal Activity of Monoterpenes against Barnyard Grass (<i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i>) (2015)

Monoterpenes, the major constituents of essential oils, are known for their diverse biological activities. This study was conducted to assess the herbicidal effect of six monoterpenes viz. ( R )-carvone, 1,8-cineole, cuminaldehyde, ( S )-fenchone, geraniol, ( S )-limonene, and ( R )-linalool on barnyardgrass under laboratory and glasshouse conditions with a view to explore the possibility of their utilization for future weed management. The effect of monoterpenes on chlorophyll contents and total phenolic compounds was also evaluated. The inhibitory effects of monoterpenes on seed germination and seedling growth were tested at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mM. The results showed that geraniol and ( R )-carvone caused greatest reduction of seed germination with complete inhibition at the concentrations > 2 mM. Similarly, these two compounds were the most potent inhibiters for root and shoot growth. In general, monoterpenes were less effective against seed germination than seedling growth. Furthermore, the inhibition of root growth by all compounds was greater than that of shoot growth. In foliar application treatments under glasshouse conditions, the monoterpenes reduced the fresh and dry weights, and shoot length of two-leaf stage barnyardgrass at concentrations of 1 and 2%. In addition, the tested monoterpenes caused phytotoxicity symptoms, mainly chlorosis and necrosis, followed by weed death. Complete weed control was observed in the treatments with 1 and 2% of geraniol, and 2% of cuminaldehyde. Further, a reduction of chlorophyll contents and total phenolic compounds of barnyardgrass leaves was noticed, indicating that the monoterpenes cause adverse effect on photosynthesis and weed metabolism. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the monoterpenes, particularly geraniol, ( R )-carvone, and cuminaldehyde, can be used as potential natural herbicides.
Polarization grating-based wavelength selective switches (2016)

Wavelength selective switches (WSS) play a key role in current optical networks, and are the core components of most reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADM), that enable fast, inexpensive, automated reconfiguration in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based systems. In a routing node, a WSS can selectively forward certain wavelengths at its outputs, allowing optical broadcasting or multicasting solutions, with variable bandwidth. In a 1×N configuration, the incoming WDM signal is angularly dispersed by a static grating onto a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)-based spatial light modulator (SLM), which independently directs and filters the different frequency channels to the N output ports. In most configurations, light travels twice through the diffractive grating, doubling the intrinsic losses; in addition, the input polarization state should be carefully controlled, and two WSSs are required in each ROADM for polarization-multiplexed transmission. We present two other WSS architectures, with larger efficiency, that act simultaneously as polarization beam splitter and frequency demultiplexer, using polarization gratings (PG), that periodically vary the polarization state of the input light. The PGs are used either to frequency and polarization disperse the input light into two sets of diffraction orders, with orthogonal polarization states, replacing the static grating. Otherwise, the LCoS array is used in a PG configuration, to steer the frequency channels for each state of polarization toward 2N output ports.
Towards automatic object annotations from global image labels (2013)

We present an approach for automatically devising object annotations in images. Thus, given a set of images which are known to contain a common object, our goal is to find a bounding box for each image which tightly encloses the object. In contrast to regular object detection, we do not assume any previous manual annotations except for binary global image labels. We first use a discriminative color model for initializing our algorithm by very coarse bounding box estimations. We then narrow down these boxes using visual words computed from HOG features. Finally, we apply an iterative algorithm which trains a SVM model based on bag-of-visual-words histograms. During each iteration, the model is used to find better bounding boxes which can be done efficiently by branch and bound. The new bounding boxes are then used to retrain the model. We evaluate our approach for several different classes of publicly available datasets and show that we obtain promising results.
Electrical Instability of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Transistors for Active-Matrix Liquid-Crystal Displays (1998)

We investigated the threshold voltage shifts (Δ V T ) of inverted-staggered hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) induced by steady-state (dc) and pulsed (ac) gate bias-temperature-stress (BTS) conditions. Our study showed that, for an equivalent effective-stress-time, Δ V T has an apparent pulse-width dependence under negative BTS conditions–the narrower the pulse width, the smaller the Δ V T . This gate-bias pulse-width dependence is explained by an effective-carrier-concentration model, which relates Δ V T for negative pulsed gate-bias stress to the concentration of mobile carriers accumulated in the conduction channel along the a-Si:H/gate insulator interface. In addition, our investigation of the methodology of a-Si:H TFT electrical reliability evaluation indicates that, instead of steady-state BTS, pulsed BTS should be used to build the database needed to extrapolate Δ V T induced by a long-term display operation. Using these experimental results, we have shown that a-Si:H TFTs have a satisfactory electrical reliability for a long-term active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD) operation.
<b>Carbonic anhydrase II in the cerebrospinal fluid: its value as a disease marker</b> (1997)

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) II is the predominant CA isoenzyme in the brain of mammals. We have recently developed a dual-label time-resolved immunofluorometric assay to quantify minute amounts of CA I and II in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The present study was aimed at elucidating the clinical value of such measurements in the case of neurological disorders. Lumbar CSF samples were obtained from 111 patients suffering from various neurological diseases and from 97 control patients with no specific signs of central nervous system diseases. The highest CA II concentrations were found in patients with brain infarction (median 66.5 micrograms L-1, n = 20), whereas the control patients had markedly lower values (median 7.8 micrograms L-1, n = 97). Relative to a reference range calculated from the control material (10.2 +/- 17.2 micrograms L-1), the sensitivity of CA II measurement in differentiating brain infarction was 100%. Patients with transient ischaemic attack (median 11.2 micrograms L-1, n = 9), multiple sclerosis (median 14.7 micrograms L-1, n = 18) or epilepsy (median 20.3 micrograms L-1, n = 17) usually had CA II concentrations within the normal range, but those with central nervous system infection (n = 14), dementia (n = 19) or trigeminal neuralgia (n = 6) tended to have higher CA II levels in their CSF, the median values being 39.1 micrograms L-1, 45.5 micrograms L-1 and 44.0 micrograms L-1 respectively. The findings indicate that the concentration of CA II in the CSF marks disease activity in patients with brain damage. This finding could provide a basis for further studies estimating the value of CA II measurement as a new laboratory marker of diseases affecting the brain.
A Comparison of the Interaction of Nitric Oxide with the Heteropolytungstic Acids H<sub>3</sub>PW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>, H<sub>0.5</sub>Cs<sub>2.5</sub>PW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>, HMgPW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>, H<sub>8</sub>SiW<sub>11</sub>O<sub>38</sub>, H<sub>4</sub>SiW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub>, and H<sub>10</sub>CoW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>42</sub> (2000)

The interaction between NO and the heteropolytungstic acids (HPAs) H3PW12O40 (HPW), H0.5Cs2.5PW12O40 (HCsPW), HMgPW12O40 (HMgPW), H8SiW11O38 (HSiW11), H4SiW12O40 (HSiW), and H10CoW12O42 (HCoW) in the presence of O2(g) was investigated. The tools employed were in situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and solid-state 1H NMR. It was determined that protons may either be present in the HPAs secondary structure as anhydrous protons or be bound to one or two water molecules as H3O+ or H5O2+, respectively. A previous investigation found that HPW sorbed NO into its bulk structure as NOH+, whereas the anhydrous potassium salt of HPW exhibited weak chemisorption of NO on its surface. In the present study, it was found that NO chemisorbed weakly on the surface of the anhydrous HCsPW. For HMgPW and HSiW, IR and NMR evidence suggests that water is present as H3O+, and the formation of surface-bound NOH+ was observed. Inclusion of NO into the secondary structure as NOH+ was observed for HPW, HSiW11, and HCoW. Literature data for HPW, as well as IR and NMR results reported here, indicate that these HPAs contain water as H5O2+. The presence of H5O2+ is, therefore, a prerequisite for NO incorporation as NOH+ in the HPA secondary structure. These HPAs exhibited two modes of NO bonding in the secondary structure: a strongly hydrogen-bound hydrated form, NOH+·H2O, and a more weakly bound anhydrous form, NOH+. Evidence suggests that it is the hydrated form that decomposes, yielding N2 upon rapid heating. Both NO-containing species interact with terminal and corner-sharing oxygen atoms of the Keggin ion. Anions that are held apart by terminal oxygen−hydrogen bonds have a larger lattice parameter than those held apart by terminal oxygen−hydrogen and corner-sharing oxygen−nitrogen bonds. The lattice contraction upon NO incorporation implies activation of NO by an intimate interaction with oxygen of the Keggin anion.
A low-cost and high performance ball-milled Si-based negative electrode for high-energy Li-ion batteries (2013)

A Si-based anode with improved performance can be achieved using high-energy ball-milling as a cheap and easy process to produce Si powders prepared from a coarse-grained material. Ball-milled powders present all the advantages of nanometric Si powders, but not the drawbacks. Milled powders are nanostructured with micrometric agglomerates (median size ∼10 μm), made of submicrometric cold-welded particles with a crystallite size of ∼10 nm. The micrometric particle size provides handling and non-toxicity advantages compared to nanometric powders, as well as four times higher tap density. The nanostructuration is assumed to provide a shortened Li+ diffusion path, a fast Li+ diffusion path along grain boundaries and a smoother phase transition upon cycling. Compared to non-milled 1–5 μm powders, the improved performance of nanostructured milled Si powders is linked to a strong lowering of particle disconnection at each charge, while the irreversibility due to SEI formation remains unchanged. An electrode prepared in acidic conditions with the CMC binder achieves 600 cycles at more than 1170 mA h per gram of the milled Si-based electrode, in an electrolyte containing FEC/VC SEI-forming additives, with a coulombic efficiency above 99%, compared to less than 100 cycles at the same capacity for an electrode containing nanometric Si powder.
Reflections and Multiple Rayleigh Backscattering in WDM Single-Fiber Loopback Access Networks (2009)

The optical gain of reflective optical network units (ONUs) may produce a critical amplifying feedback on the single-fiber transmission impairments. In this paper, its influence on the passive optical networks transmission with reflective-ONU is theoretically analyzed and experimentally confirmed. Analytical expressions for the optical crosstalk-to-signal ratio and the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> -parameter in presence of Rayleigh backscattering, reflection interferences and ASE noise are given. As a resulting design guideline, the ONU gain should be adjusted to about 3 dB below the total link loss; in addition, component return loss at the drop section must be higher than 30 dB. Experimental results with two basic types of reflective-ONUs, namely a loop structure formed by a Mach-Zehnder modulator and an optical amplifier, and another one employing a reflective-SOA, are in agreement with the theoretical approach.
A MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD APPROACH TO BLIND AUDIO DE-REVERBERATION (2004)

Blind audio de-reverberation is the problem of removing reverb from an audio signal without having explicit data regarding the system and/or the input signal. Blind audio de-reverberation is a more difficult signal-processing task than ordinary de-reverberation based on deconvolution. In this paper different blind de-reverberation algorithms derived from kurtosis maximization and a maximum likelihood approach are analyzed and imple-mented. 1.
Incremental compiler transformations for multiple instruction retry (1994)

Abstract Previous work on compiler‐based multiple instruction retry has utilized a series of compiler transformations, loop protection, node splitting, and loop expansion, to eliminate anti‐dependencies of length ≤ N in the pseudo register, the machine register, and the post‐pass resolver phases of compilation. 1 The results have provided a means of rapidly recovering from transient processor failures by rolling back N instructions. This paper presents techniques for improving compilation and run‐time performance in compiler‐based multiple instruction retry. Incremental updating enhances compilation time when new instructions are added to the program. Post‐pass code rescheduling and spill register reassignment algorithms improve the run‐time performance and decrease the code growth across the application programs studied. Branch hazards are shown to be resolvable by simple modifications to the incremental updating schemes during the pseudo register phase and to the spill register reassignment algorithm during the post‐pass phase.
Speckle in ultrasound B-mode scans (1978)

Ultrasound images obtained with a simple linear or sector scan show a granular appearance, called "speckle." This speckle is analyzed. The reduction in speckle that can be obtained with a compound scan with maximum amplitude writing is computed. The reduction in speckle is almost as large as can be obtained with averaging. It depends on the number of independent amplitude values that are measured. The condition for the independence of two amplitude values is derived, and thus a limit is given for the possible reduction in speckle.
The peripherally acting kappa-opiate agonist EMD 61753 and analogues: opioid activity versus peripheral selectivity. (1995)

EMD 61753 (N-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-phenyl-2-((3S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl) -ethyl ]- 2,2-diphenyl-acetamide hydrochloride) is a peripherally selective kappa-opiate agonist. It exhibits antihyperalgesic activity in animal models of inflammatory pain at doses which do not cause signs of central action. The structure of this compound was varied in different ways and the resulting derivatives were tested for affinity to the kappa-receptor. Furthermore, those compounds with binding values comparable to that of EMD 61753 were tested for central activity. This was done by measuring the extent to which the haloperidol-induced L-DOPA accumulation in the nucleus accumbens of the rat could be reversed after application of 10 mg/kg s.c. of the test compound. Structure-activity relationships revealed that none of the analogues or reference compounds tested is superior to the parent compound with regard to its favourable ratio between kappa-receptor affinity and peripheral selectivity.
Translinear frequency doubler (1978)

Abstract A sinusoidal frequency-doubling technique is described which exploits the translinear characteristics of bipolar junction transistor. The scheme, which uses as its basis a previously described squaring circuit, employs substantially fewer transistors than do other translinear frequency doublers. Results obtained from a practical circuit are presented and discussed.
Development of a Collector Ring Monitor for Sparking Detection on Generators (1983)

Continuous monitoring techniques are described for sparking detection of collector rings on generators.
The characterization of an acetic acid bacterium useful for producingbacterial cellulose in agitation cultures: The proposal of Acetobacter xylinum subsp. sucrofermentans subsp. nov. (1995)

The isolate BPR 2001, a potent cellulose producer in agitation cultures, was examined to determine its taxonomic characteristics. The isolate BPR 2001 was characterized by the formation of dihydroxyacetone from glycerol and by ubiquinone-10. The DNA homologies of the isolate BPR 2001 were estimated to be low (15.6 and 0.3%, respectively), when hybridized with the DNAs of the type strains of Acetobacter hansenii and Acetobacter pasteurianus. However, the DNA of the isolate BPR 2001 hybridized with that of the type strain of Acetobacter xylinum to some extent (58.2%). These data indicate that the isolate BPR 2001 should not be classified as A. hansenii, but as a subspecies in A. xylinum. The isolate BPR 2001 was distinguished phenotypically from the type strain of A. xylinum by growing on ethanol, glycerol, dulcitol, and sucrose, by acid formation from D-galactose, glycerol, meso-erythritol, sucrose, and trehalose, and by oxidation of glycerol, D-mannitol, and lactose. We here propose a new subspecies, Acetobacter xylinum subsp. sucrofermentans as a potent cellulose producer.
Effects of School Restructuring on the Achievement and Engagement of Middle-grade Students (1993)

This study examined the impact of attending restructured schools on the achievement and engagement of young adolescents.The restructuring movement is placed within the conceptual framework that favors the development of more communally organized schools, as opposed to the largely bureaucratic model of most American schools.Using a subsample of data from the base year of the National Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88), including 8,845 eighth graders in 377 public, Catholic, and independent middle-grade schools, the effects of school restructuring on student achievement, engagement with academic work, and the extent of at-risk behaviors are examined.The construct of restructuring is captured as less departmentalization, more heterogeneous grouping, rlre team teaching, and a composite index of restructuring.The study makes use of multilevel analytic models and includes statistical controls for characteristics of students and schools.Findings indicate that restructuring has modest but positive effects on both achievement and engagement and contributes to a more equitable distribution of these outcomes among students from different social backgrounds.Students attending schools with fewer eighth-grade peers also demonstrate more academic engagement and a more equitable distribution of achievement.Eight tables and 18 technical notes are included.Appendices include tables of hierarchical linear models.(98 references) (LMI)