gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic problems of low income farmers in Iowa (2017)

The basic economic and social maladjustments confronting American agriculture during the preceding two decades have stimulated a variety of studies and a variety of programs intended to correct the discrepancies in income. At first they were centered around methods of raising prices to farmers, often by placing a barrier between domestic and foreign prices, under the assumption that such price changes would correct the major portion of the unfavorable income position of the farm economy. As the programs and researches expanded and proliferated there was a growing realization that such broad, industry-wide approaches did very little to change the distribution of income within agriculture and was at least as likely to increase the range as to narrow it.\nIn consequence an increasing number of special problem groups became the focus for a small coterie of workers; farmers on poor land, in drouth areas, migratory laborers and part-time farmers are a few examples of focal problems. Gradually these separate studies are being integrated into a study of disadvantaged classes of farmers-farmers at the lower end of the income scale. This reorientation promises to have much greater analytical significance since it focuses directly on the problem- low income-and attempts to discover the reasons or series of reasons for their income position, rather than orienting the whole study around one hypothesis.
Safer Electrolytes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: State of the Art and Perspectives (2015)

Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly important for electrifying the modern transportation system and, thus, hold the promise to enable sustainable mobility in the future. However, their large-scale application is hindered by severe safety concerns when the cells are exposed to mechanical, thermal, or electrical abuse conditions. These safety issues are intrinsically related to their superior energy density, combined with the (present) utilization of highly volatile and flammable organic-solvent-based electrolytes. Herein, state-of-the-art electrolyte systems and potential alternatives are briefly surveyed, with a particular focus on their (inherent) safety characteristics. The challenges, which so far prevent the widespread replacement of organic carbonate-based electrolytes with LiPF6 as the conducting salt, are also reviewed herein. Starting from rather "facile" electrolyte modifications by (partially) replacing the organic solvent or lithium salt and/or the addition of functional electrolyte additives, conceptually new electrolyte systems, including ionic liquids, solvent-free, and/or gelled polymer-based electrolytes, as well as solid-state electrolytes, are also considered. Indeed, the opportunities for designing new electrolytes appear to be almost infinite, which certainly complicates strict classification of such systems and a fundamental understanding of their properties. Nevertheless, these innumerable opportunities also provide a great chance of developing highly functionalized, new electrolyte systems, which may overcome the afore-mentioned safety concerns, while also offering enhanced mechanical, thermal, physicochemical, and electrochemical performance.
A parametric study of part distortions in fused deposition modelling using three-dimensional finite element analysis (2008)

A finite element analysis (FEA) model was previously developed by the current authors to simulate the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process. The model considered coupled thermal and mechanical phenomena and incorporated an element activation function to mimic the additive nature of FDM. Due to repetitive heating and cooling in the FDM process, residual stresses accumulate in a part during deposition. In this study, an FEA model is used to evaluate the distortions of a part. A parametric study, with three factors and three levels, is performed to evaluate the effects of the deposition parameters on residual stresses and part distortions. Prototype models with larger sizes are fabricated, measured, and compared with the simulations. The simulation results are summarized as follows. First, the scan speed is the most significant factor affecting part distortions, followed by the layer thickness. Second, the road width alone is insignificant. However, the interaction between the road width and the layer thickness is significant as well. Third, there are other two-way and three-way interactions that are of secondary significance. In general, residual stresses in FDM parts increase with the layer thickness. Residual stresses also increase with the road width, but to a lesser extent, although largely affected by the layer thickness. The FDM part distortions from the experiment show a similar trend as concluded in the simulations, but without quantitative correlation.
The effect of sampling jitter in a digitized signal (2002)

The effect of sampling jitter on the reconstructed spectrum of the digitized signal is studied. The inaccuracy in measuring the sampling instants degrades the quality of spectrum reconstruction and imposes a limit on the highest frequency for which the spectrum can be effectively calculated. Uniform and additive random sampling sequences are analysed at frequencies below the Nyquist frequency limit in terms of their susceptibility to sampling jitter. Additive random sampling's susceptibility to sampling jitter is analysed at frequencies significantly above the Nyquist frequency limit.
Use of negative permeability metamaterials to improve signal impedance (2006)

Signal integrity is an important issue in signal interface circuits. Impedance mismatches between different discontinuities can cause significant signal distortion. However, sometimes this cannot be easily avoided due to the tendency of package interconnects to have higher impedance than other parts of the system. To mitigate this problem it would be advantageous to design the dielectric to achieve desired signal impedance without changing materials from the current inexpensive material set. A means to achieve this is by using so called "metamaterials". Metamaterials can be designed to achieve desired dielectric properties even to the point of non-positive values of permittivity or permeability for a specific frequency range. By adjusting the dielectric properties in this way, better interconnect impedance can be achieved
Approaches to Radar Signal Processing (1983)

The goal of modern radar signal processing is to improve the accuracy and dependability of detection and measurement in radar systems. In addition to the desired signals, radar systems receive interference and noise signals, many of which can be quite strong. The receiver and associated elements also generate noise. Signals that are desirable in one system may interfere in another. Digital processors are used for accuracy and resolution. 10 references.
Automated Verification for Secure Messaging Protocols and Their Implementations: A Symbolic and Computational Approach (2017)

Many popular web applications incorporate end-toend secure messaging protocols, which seek to ensure that messages sent between users are kept confidential and authenticated, even if the web application's servers are broken into or otherwise compelled into releasing all their data. Protocols that promise such strong security guarantees should be held up to rigorous analysis, since protocol flaws and implementations bugs can easily lead to real-world attacks. We propose a novel methodology that allows protocol designers, implementers, and security analysts to collaboratively verify a protocol using automated tools. The protocol is implemented in ProScript, a new domain-specific language that is designed for writing cryptographic protocol code that can both be executed within JavaScript programs and automatically translated to a readable model in the applied pi calculus. This model can then be analyzed symbolically using ProVerif to find attacks in a variety of threat models. The model can also be used as the basis of a computational proof using CryptoVerif, which reduces the security of the protocol to standard cryptographic assumptions. If ProVerif finds an attack, or if the CryptoVerif proof reveals a weakness, the protocol designer modifies the ProScript protocol code and regenerates the model to enable a new analysis. We demonstrate our methodology by implementing and analyzing a variant of the popular Signal Protocol with only minor differences. We use ProVerif and CryptoVerif to find new and previously-known weaknesses in the protocol and suggest practical countermeasures. Our ProScript protocol code is incorporated within the current release of Cryptocat, a desktop secure messenger application written in JavaScript. Our results indicate that, with disciplined programming and some verification expertise, the systematic analysis of complex cryptographic web applications is now becoming practical.
QoS aware wireless bandwidth aggregation (QAWBA) by integrating cellular and ad-hoc networks (2004)

Some mobile devices are beginning to support both cellular and IEEE 802.11 based network interfaces. Although rates are increasing, current cellular networks provide relatively low bandwidth that do not meet the QoS requirements of many high-demanding multimedia applications. In this paper, we propose an integrated network architecture that utilizes both wireless interfaces to provide better QoS support by QoS aware wireless bandwidth aggregation (QAWBA). Via QAWBA, mobile nodes form a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) using their IEEE 802.11 interfaces to share their cellular link capacity. Some mobile nodes act as proxies to contribute their idle cellular links to support a QoS request that may exceed the available bandwidth of any individual mobile node. A K-path proxy discovery algorithm is proposed for fast and efficient proxy discovery. Simulation results show that QAWBA can significantly improve network utilization and the admission rate of QoS requests.
Detection and suppression of impulsive noise in speech communication systems (1990)

In the paper a method is presented for the removal of impulsive disturbances from noisy speech and musical signals. The algorithm is based on a detection-interpolation scheme. The design of the impulsive noise detector subsystem is motivated by the observation that linear prediction systems are quite adequate for the modelling of speech signals whereas they can not model impulsive disturbances. It is shown that transforming the speech signal to the glottal excitation may result in significant reduction of the scale of the speech signal to almost that of the excitation signal whereas the scale of impulsive noise does not decrease. This can lead to a significant improvement in the detectability of the noise pulses. Further improvement may be obtained by the application of a matched filter to the noisy excitation signal. The signal samples that are obliterated by impulsive noise are discarded and interpolated. The interpolation method produces a least squared error estimate of the missing samples using speech samples in the vicinity of the missing block and an estimate of the LPC model of the signal. It is shown that the performance of the interpolation system improves significantly when the LPC model incorporates long term correlation structure in addition to the usual short term correlation parameters.
Sounding out sediment transport: observations and modelling of ripple-generated vortices (2006)

The TOFE lymphoid cell line from normal human bone marrow is susceptible to infection by a hepatitis C virus (HCV) serum strain. A sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of HCV before and after long-term in vitro infection revealed one base substitution at position -158 (C > T) of the 5' UTR. We performed the direct sequencing of 5' UTR polymerase chain reaction-amplified sequences of the HCV genome: a) from the original serum-derived strain; b) from TOFE cell extracts 6 months post infection. This base substitution in the regulatory elements of the 5' UTR might be related to the ability of the virus to grow in cell culture.
Experiments with the Noise Analysis Method of Loudspeaker Measurement (1942)

The determination of the frequency response of a loudspeaker by analysis of the acoustic output resulting from a continuous-frequency spectrum electrical input has been described in the literature. It has been claimed that this method obliterates errors due to standing waves, thus permitting the true response of a loudspeaker to be measured in almost any acoustic environment. The present paper compares measurements made by the above method in a room suitable for listening tests with measurements made by the warble-tone method in the same room, and with free-space measurements using an input of slowly gliding frequency. Automatic, continuous recording was employed in all cases. In the noise analysis measurements with the usual narrow-band heterodyne analyzer the recorded irregularities due to standing waves were of the order of 15 db, and below 1000 cycles the curve bore little resemblance to the free-space response. When the analyzer band-width was increased sufficiently to smooth the standing wave peaks, irregularities actually present in the loudspeaker response also were obliterated. It is concluded that the noise analysis method possesses no peculiar advantage over other time averaging artifices in discriminating against standing wave effects.
Gigabit SFP transceiver with integrated optical time domain reflectometer for ethernet access services (2013)

An SFP transceiver with integrated OTDR is used with a commercial Ethernet network termination unit and the OTDR functionality evaluated. We show length measurement readings within 90 m of those obtained from a dedicated commercial OTDR tester. The use of OTDR can reduce network downtime by quick reliable location of faults.
Electrochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction to Electrochemical Theories Potentiometric Applications in Environmental Analysis Voltammetric Applications in Environmental Analysis References Questions and Problems
Silicon diode detectors used in radiological physics measurements. Part I: Development of an energy compensating shield (1977)

Silicon diode detectors have the advantages of high resolution, large signal, and fast response, but lack the flat energy response of the Farmer ion chamber. A study was undertaken to develop a compensating shield for a diode which would make it suitable for use in the spectrum of energies produced by a high-energy radiation beam at depth in a phantom. The energy response of the unshielded diode was quantitated over a range of energies from 18.5 keV to 8 MeV. Shields of different thickness, density, and design were tested experimentally. A partial shield of high-Z material over a diode with miniaturized contacts produced a probe which duplicated the relative dose measurements of the Farmer chamber with less than 1% variation. Typical central axis depth-dose curves and a beam profile, measured with the chamber and the shielded and unshielded probe, are illustrated.
XML based text TV (2002)

Text TV is one of the most important services of the forthcoming digital television. In this article, we discuss how text TV can be implemented using XML. The content is defined using XML, while the spatial and procedural relationships of the media elements are defined using XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) and ECMAScript (European Computer Manufacturers' Association Scripting language), respectively. This approach allows the display of the text TV content in an XML browser. Since digital television set-top boxes (i.e. receivers) won't have a XML browser in the near future, a separate Java application was also designed to display the content. The spatial and procedural relationships of the media component are then pre-defined within the Java application. Our approach allows the development of the text TV content using XML and its display in both the Internet and the digital TV environment.
VISCOUS JET BREAKUP: NONSINUSOIDAL DISTURBANCES (1991)

Abstract The surface tension-driven breakup of viscous jets is observed when the jet's exit velocity is modulated with a nonsinusoidal disturbance. The disturbance is generated by the addition of a sine wave and a harmonic. The merge direction, the merge time of potential satellite droplets, and the breakup length are controlled by the phase angle between the fundamental and harmonic component. The thin filament equation is modified to account for asymmetric disturbances and predicts the shape of the jet at breakup and the breakup time. A model is developed to estimate the merge time and direction of the potential satellite droplet. KEYWORDS: Droplet productionJet breakupSatellite dropletsThin filament equation Additional informationNotes on contributorsD. W. BOUSFIELD To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Identification of key residues involved in adrenomedullin binding to the <scp>AM<sub>1</sub></scp> receptor (2013)

This study localizes the main binding epitope of AM22-52 to its C-terminal amino acids and distinguishes essential residues involved in this binding. This will inform the development of improved AM receptor antagonists.
Refrigerated Storage of Washed Red Cells (1991)

Red cells washed and stored in a citrate-phosphate-glucose-adenine solution at pH 7.4-7.6 demonstrate excellent maintenance of adenosine triphosphate, elevation of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate well above normal levels for more than 6 weeks, reduced hemolysis and 24-hour in vivo survival comparable to that of cells stored in ADSOL. These results can be attributed in part to a chloride shift in which the washout of intracellular chloride is associated with an influx of OH^-, which increases intracellular pH and thereby increases the rate of glycolysis. The phosphate functions primarily as a buffer to maintain both extra- and intracellular pH. Reducing the effective osmolality of the storage solution reduces hemolysis and improves cell morphology.
Plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of HfO2 and ZrO2 high-k thin films (2005)

A plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process was developed to deposit high-k dielectric constant materials using alternative metal t-butoxide and oxygen plasma exposures. The deposited thickness increased linearly with an increasing number of precursor/oxygen plasma cycles, and the growth rates of HfO2 and ZrO2 were determined to be 1.1 and 2.8Å∕cycle, respectively. The as-deposited films were determined to be fully oxidized and amorphous by the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The PEALD films were found to have high concentrations of bridging oxygen bonds with metals (M–O–M) as the film thickness increased, in contrast to the high concentrations of M–O–H in the films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The M–O–M bonds in the PEALD films were further increased upon annealing at 250 °C in atmosphere with a corresponding decrease in M–O–H concentrations, suggesting the elimination of hydroxyl groups upon annealing. The PEALD HfO2 and ZrO2 films showed higher dielectric constants (25, 22) than those of PECVD deposited films (21, 19), likely due to the enhanced ionic contribution from the M–O–M bonds in the PEALD films. The smallest equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 13 Å was achieved by PEALD HfO2 with a leakage current density of 0.2A∕cm2, several orders of magnitude below that of thermally grown SiO2 films with the same EOT.
스포츠산업, 경영 : 스키소비자 유형별 리조트 선택속성과 재구매 의도 (2001)

본 연구는 스키리조트 소비자 유형에 따른 리조트 선택속성과 재구매 의도와의 관계를 규명하기 위하여 유충집략 무선표집법을 이용하여 3개 스키리조트를 선정한 다음, 스키리조트 내장객 600명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 스키리조트 선택속성에 관한 설문지는 McCarty의 분류인 product, place, rice, promotion의 마케팅 믹스를 기준으로 신우성(2000)등 선행 참고자료를 이용하여 본 연구의 목적에 부합하도륵 설문지 초안이 작성되었다. 작성된 설문지 초안은 전문가의 자문과 예비검사를 통하여 설문내용의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증한 후 본 연구를 위한 설문지로 사용하였다. 신뢰계수 α는 .612∼.862사이에 위치함으로써 측정도구로서 비교적 무난한 것으로 나타났다. 자료분석을 위한 통계기법은 빈도분석, 요인분석, 일원변량분석(Scheffe 사후검증), 중다회귀분석 등을 사용하였다.
이와 같은 연구방법 및 절차를 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.
첫째, 스키리조트 선택속성에 대하여 요인분석을 실시한 결과 프로모션, 장소(접근의 용이성), 가격, 시설요인 등 4개의 하위요인이 도출되었다.
둘째, 스키리조트 소비자의 리조트 선택속성 요인에 대한 지각정도는 시설, 장소, 프로모션, 가격요인 등의 순으로 나타났다.
셋째, 스키리조트 소비자 유형에 따른 스키리조트 선택속성간의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 변량분석을 실시한 결과 시설, 장소, 프로모션, 가격 등 모든 요인에서 유의한 차가 있는 것으로 나타났다.
넷째, 스키리조트 선택속성 요인 중 프로모션과 시설요인은 재구매 의도에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 장소와 가격요인은 재구매 의도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.
이상과 같이 전체적으로 스키리조트 소비자 유형에 따른 선택속성요인 간에는 유의한 차가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 시설 및 프로모션 요인은 향후 재구매 의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.
따라서 금후 스키리조트 소비자들의 재구매 의도를 중진하기 위해서는 다양한 프로그램 및 질 높은 강사진의 배치, 그리고 이벤트 행사를 통한 다양한 판촉활동 및 홍보활동이 중요하며, 다양한 부대시설 및 슬로프 시설 보완 및 개선이 소비자 요구에 부응되도록 새로운 마케팅 전략수립이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.
Implementing quantum algorithms on temporal photonic cluster states (2018)

Implementing quantum algorithms is essential for quantum computation. We study the implementation of three quantum algorithms on a two-dimensional temporal continuous-variable cluster state. We first review the generation of temporal cluster states and the implementation of gates using the measurement-based model. Alongside this we discuss methods to introduce non-Gaussianity into the cluster states. The first algorithm we consider is Gaussian boson sampling in which only Gaussian unitaries need to be implemented. Taking into account the fact that input states are also Gaussian, the errors due to the effect of finite squeezing can be partially corrected and a high fidelity can be achieved, provided a moderate amount of online squeezing is available. This helps to construct a large Gaussian boson sampling machine. The second algorithm is the continuous-variable instantaneous quantum polynomial circuit in which one needs to implement non-Gaussian gates, such as the cubic phase gate. We discuss several methods of implementing the cubic phase gate and fit them into the temporal cluster state architecture. The third algorithm is the continuous-variable version of Grover's search algorithm, the main challenge of which is the implementation of the inversion operator. We propose a method to implement the inversion operator by injecting a resource state into a teleportation circuit. The resource state is simulated using the Strawberry Fields quantum software package.
Enhanced relaxivity of Gd<sup>III</sup>-complexes with HP-DO3A-like ligands upon the activation of the intramolecular catalysis of the prototropic exchange (2021)

The simple modification of the hydroxypropyl arm in Gd(HP-DO3A) complex allows to achieve an increased relaxivity by the activation of the intramolecular catalysis of the proton exchange process.
A novel tite buffered Cu-GeSbTe/SiO<inf>2</inf> electrochemical resistive memory (ReRAM) (2010)

A novel solid-electrolyte based electrochemical induced conductive bridge (CB) resistive memory (ReRAM) is fabricated and characterized. The new device consists of a Cu-doped GeSbTe ion source, a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> memory layer, and a TiTe ion buffer layer. The ion-buffer layer separates the Cu conducting path from the Cu-ion supply layer thus greatly increases the stability. This tri-layer device greatly improves reliability, yet maintains both low thermal budget BEOL processing and excellent electrical properties.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain in Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis (2014)

Although the measurement of CSF KFLC is a rapid and quantitative easy to standardize tool, it is almost equal but not superior to OCB with regard to diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in patients with early MS.