gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry of Copper Complexes in Sea Water (1987)

The photochemistry of copper in seawater has been studied to assess the role sunlight plays in the speciation and redox chemistry of copper in the upper water column of the ocean. A variety of photochemically induced redox reactions involving Cu(I)/Cu(II) interconversion have been studied at elevated copper concentrations in the laboratory. To evaluate the net effect of these processes at natural copper levels, Cu(I) and [Cu(II)]free/[Cu(II)]total were measured as a function of sunlight irradiation and depth in the water column. The results indicate that sunlight has an important influence on copper speciation in the upper water column.
Label-Free Quantitative Detection of Protein Using Macroporous Silicon Photonic Bandgap Biosensors (2007)

A label-free biosensor was demonstrated using macroporous silicon (pore size >100 nm) one-dimensional photonic band gap structures that are very sensitive to refractive index changes. In this study, we employed Tir-IBD (translocated Intimin receptor-Intimin binding domain) and Intimin-ECD (extracellular domain of Intimin) as the probe and target, respectively. These two recombinant proteins comprise the extracellular domains of two key proteins responsible for the pathogenicity of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). The optical response of the sensor was characterized so that the capture of Intimin-ECD could be quantitatively determined. Our result shows that the concentration sensitivity limit of the sensor is currently 4 microM of Intimin-ECD. This corresponds to a detection limit of approximately 130 fmol of Intimin-ECD. We have also investigated the dependence of the sensor performance on the Tir-IBD probe molecule concentration and the effect of immobilization on the Tir-IBD/Intimin-ECD equilibrium dissociation constant. A calibration curve generated from purified Intimin-ECD solutions was used to quantify the concentration of Intimin-ECD in an E. coli BL21 bacterial cell lysate, and results were validated using gel electrophoresis. This work demonstrates for the first time that a macroporous silicon microcavity sensor can be used to selectively and quantitatively detect a specific target protein with micromolar dissociation constant (Kd) in a milieu of bacterial proteins with minimal sample preparation.
Roles of Shape and Size of Component Crystals in Semiconductor Gas Sensors (2008)

An attempt to derive a comprehensive theory on the roles of shape and size of component crystals in semiconductor gas sensors is described. Based on Poisson's equations, the depth profiles of the electric potential inside the component crystals under electron-depleted conditions are solved for each shape of plate, sphere, or column. By combining this electronic equilibrium with the gas adsorption equilibrium taking place outside, the reduced resistance of each sensor device can be expressed as a function of reduced adsorptive strength of the adsorbing gas for crystals that are different in shape and are of a reduced size . As an important phenomenon typically associated with small crystals, a new type of depletion (volume depletion) appears following the conventional one (regional depletion) on increasing , and the transition to volume depletion takes place at smaller as decreases. In the stage of volume depletion, is linear to , with a linearity constant inversely proportional to .
Automation Tools for Enhancing Ground-Operation Situation Awareness and Flow Efficiency (2002)

In view of the ever-increasing air traffic, much attention in air-traffic-management research has been given to improving arrival and departure efficiency. As air traffic begins and ends at the airport, the issues of taxi delays and ground-operation incursions become more pressing. This paper considers the surface-traffic problem at major airports and envisions a collaborative traffic and aircraft control environment where a surface traffic automation system will help coordinate surface traffic movements. A previous study has established the performance potential of advanced guidance and control of a transport aircraft to deliver high-precision taxi capability. Such an aircraft capability will provide the surface traffic automation system with the flexibility to issue taxi clearances with tight time margins, in an effort to reduce taxi delays. An example is the ability to clear taxiing aircraft to cross active runways within a precise time window, without the need for the aircraft to hold short of the runways and unnecessarily increase taxi delay while waiting for the opportunity to cross. This paper describes the development of a surface traffic automation system, known as Ground-Operation Situation Awareness and Flow Efficiency (GO-SAFE). The GO-SAFE system is designed to work with advanced surveillance and communications technologies, and anticipated air traffic automation systems under development. It includes tools to help the ground controller with predicted traffic information, functionality to manipulate taxi routes, and advanced capabilities to schedule runway usage to accommodate landing, takeoff, and crossing traffic. Some of the GO-SAFE functionality will be useful for current-day operations, and its advanced tools will provide maximum benefit when integrated with advanced aircraft taxi control capabilities.
Dephased MRI (2005)

In this work gradient dephasing is treated as a mechanism for manipulating contrast in otherwise conventional MR images. The paper provides a theoretical and experimental framework for this approach. It starts from the observation that dephasing gradients invoke a shift in k-space. From this it is inferred that the effects of in-plane and through-plane dephasing can be systematically explored in the context of any given imaging experiment by sampling k-space more widely and densely than dictated by the field of view (FOV) and the spatial resolution of the desired images. The oversampled k-space allows an ensemble of lower-resolution dephased images to be reconstructed in which the degree and direction of dephasing are determined by the off-center position of the reconstruction window. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated for standard gradient-echo acquisitions in a phantom. The results indicate the potential of the proposed methodology for evaluating 3D image data and optimizing gradient dephasing in applications that rely on the exploitation of partial volume and susceptibility effects (e.g., tracking interventional devices and tracing magnetically labeled substances).
Power margin improvement for OFDMA-PON using hierarchical modulation (2013)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a hierarchical modulation scheme to improve power margin for orthogonal frequency division multiple access-passive optical networks (OFDMA-PONs). In a PON system, under the same launched optical power, optical network units (ONUs) have different power margins due to unequal distribution fiber lengths. The power margin of the PON system is determined by the ONU with the lowest power margin. In our proposed scheme, ONUs with long and short distribution fibers are grouped together, and downstream signals for the paired ONUs are mapped onto the same OFDM subcarriers using hierarchical modulation. In a pair of ONUs, part of the power margin of the ONU with short distribution fiber is re-allocated to the ONU with long distribution fiber. Therefore, the power margin of the ONU with the longest distribution fiber can be increased, leading to the power margin improvement of the PON system. Experimental results show that the hierarchical modulation scheme improves the power margin by 2.7 dB for an OFDMA-PON system, which can be used to support more users or extend transmission distance.
Effects of High Water Temperature on Growth, Smoltification, and Predator Avoidance in Juvenile Sacramento RiverChinook Salmon (2004)

Abstract Intensive water management and frequent drought cycles can increase water temperatures, thereby decreasing habitat quality for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha inhabiting streams of California's Central Valley. We studied the incremental effects of chronic exposure (&gt;60 d; effects measured bimonthly) to three temperature regimes typical of the range of conditions experienced by Sacramento River fall-run Chinook salmon during juvenile rearing and smoltification (13–16°C, 17–20°C, and 21–24°C; diel fluctuations of 0.5–3°C were allowed within these limits). Our laboratory experiments demonstrated that Chinook salmon can readily survive and grow at temperatures up to 24°C. However, juveniles reared at 21–24°C experienced significantly decreased growth rates, impaired smoltification indices, and increased predation vulnerability compared with juveniles reared at 13–16°C. Fish reared at 17–20°C experienced similar growth, variable smoltification impairment, and higher predation vulnerability compared with fish reared at 13–16°C. These results improve our understanding of the range of juvenile Chinook salmon responses to elevated temperatures and should assist biologists and resource decision makers in coordinating water management and salmon conservation decisions.
Mutations Altering Initiation of Translation of Yeast Iso-1-cytochrome c ; Contrasts between the Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Initiation Process (1982)

INTRODUCTION Although the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a eukaryotic organism that has a greater genetic complexity than bacteria, it shares many of the technical advantages that permit rapid progress in determining fundamental mechanisms of biological processes. One of the major impacts of yeast in molecular biology is its use for investigating processes that are particularly amenable to genetic analysis and that are different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A systematic analysis of mutational alterations at the end of the CYC1 gene in the yeast S. cerevisiae has revealed the nucleotide sequences that effect initiation of translation. The analysis of these findings led us to suggest that certain essential features of the translational process may be fundamentally different from the analogous features in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we have suggested that these differences between yeast and E. coli reflect differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. These findings and conclusions concerning the initiation process are briefly reviewed in this paper. MUTATIONS OF THE AUG INITIATION CODON Protein analysis of mutationally altered forms of iso-1-cytochrome c , along with genetic analysis of the corresponding mutant strains, established that the primary structure of this mitochondrial protein is determined by the CYC1 gene (Sherman et al. 1966), which is located on the right arm of chromosome X (Lawrence et al. 1975). Over 400 independently derived cyc1 mutants that lack iso-1-cytochrome c or that contain nonfunctional iso-1-cytochrome c have been isolated by one of three following procedures: (1) a spectroscopic scanning procedure (Sherman 1964), (2) a benzidine staining procedure (Sherman...
Complexity in Language Acquisition (2013)

Learning theory has frequently been applied to language acquisition, but discussion has largely focused on information theoretic problems-in particular on the absence of direct negative evidence. Such arguments typically neglect the probabilistic nature of cognition and learning in general. We argue first that these arguments, and analyses based on them, suffer from a major flaw: they systematically conflate the hypothesis class and the learnable concept class. As a result, they do not allow one to draw significant conclusions about the learner. Second, we claim that the real problem for language learning is the computational complexity of constructing a hypothesis from input data. Studying this problem allows for a more direct approach to the object of study--the language acquisition device-rather than the learnable class of languages, which is epiphenomenal and possibly hard to characterize. The learnability results informed by complexity studies are much more insightful. They strongly suggest that target grammars need to be objective, in the sense that the primitive elements of these grammars are based on objectively definable properties of the language itself. These considerations support the view that language acquisition proceeds primarily through data-driven learning of some form.
<title>Self-aligned coupling of optical transmitter and receiver modules to board-integrated optical multimode waveguides</title> (2001)

A coupling concept for a self-aligning and passive assembly of optical transmitter and receiver modules to board-integrated multimode waveguides is presented. The coupling mechanism is based on a 90 degree(s) beam deflection provided by micro-mirrors which are part of the board-integrated waveguides. The alignment is obtained by a mechanical high precision interface consisting of alignment pins well known from MT connectors at the module side and corresponding holes which are part of the optical layer. As the production of the alignment holes is part of the manufacturing of the optical layer, the required accuracy can be achieved without noteworthy difficulties.
The importance of stretching the "X-Factor" in the downswing of golf: The "X-Factor Stretch" (2001)

The “X-Factor” is a popular term for the relative rotation of shoulders with respect to hips during the golf swing. A relatively large X-Factor at top of backswing is thought to facilitate high club head speed at impact. Little consideration, however, has been given to how the X-Factor changes early in the downswing. We tested the hypotheses that highly skilled golfers have a higher X-Factor at the top of the backswing and a greater increase in the X-Factor early in the downswing (“X-Factor Stretch”) than less skilled golfers. Multiple swings of 10 highly skilled (handicap 0 or better plus one long drive champion) and 9 less-skilled (handicap ≥ 15) golfers were captured with a SkillTec 3D-GolfTM swing analysis system (Skill Technologies Inc., Phoenix AZ). The X-Factor was measured at the top of backswing and at its maximum in the downswing. A contrast of the X-Factor means at the top of backswing showed no significant difference between the highly skilled and less skilled golfers, (t=1.017, p=0.326). Further, the effects of skill level (highly skilled and less skilled) and swing position (top and maximum) on the X-Factor were assessed using a two-factor ANOVA. The X-Factor averaged for both the top and maximum was 11% higher in highly skilled golfers than the less-skilled players, but this difference was not statistically significant (group main effect F1,17=1.93, p=.18). The X-Factor Stretch occurred during the early stages of the downswing for both highly skilled and less skilled golfers (swing position main effect F1,17=131.57, p<.001), but was significantly greater for the highly skilled players (19%) than the less skilled golfers (13%; group x swing position interaction F1,17=6.90, p=.02). This suggests X-Factor Stretch early in the downswing is more important to an effective swing than simply the X-Factor at the top of backswing.
Change in Flavor of Coffee Drink during Heating. (1998)

コーヒー飲料の加熱処理による香気変化について検討し,以下の結果を得た.1) ガスクロマトグラムでは,furfuryl acetate以外に顕著な差は認められず,コーヒー飲料の加熱処理による香気変化に大きく関与する成分は見いだせなかった.2) FD-クロマトグラムで,加熱処理により減少する2-furfurylthiol, methional, 3-mercapto-3-methyl-butyl formate,β-damascenoneおよびskatoleの5成分を見いだした.これらの香調および閾値を考え合わせた結果,コーヒー飲料の加熱処理による香気変化に,これら5つの香気寄与成分の減少が大きく関与していると推定した.3) 上記香気寄与成分を含むモデル実験から,コーヒー飲料中の香気寄与成分は加熱処理により一般に,酸化,熱分解,あるいは加水分解反応が起こった結果,減少すると考えられる.
Assay and digestion of <sup>14</sup>C-labelled condensed tannins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep (1994)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the fate of condensed tannins (CT) during digestion in sheep. CT were measured as extractable, protein-bound and fibre-bound fractions using the butanol-HCl procedure. In Expt 1, purified CT were added to digesta from different parts of the digestive tract obtained from a pasture-fed sheep. Recoveries of CT after 0 and 4 h of anaerobic incubation at 39 degrees averaged: rumen 78.9 and 57.5%; abomasum 50.9 and 49.0%; duodenum 64.4 and 46.0% and ileum 43.4 and 38.8%. In Expt 2, [14C]CT was given per abomasum over a 6.5 h period at 15 min intervals to a sheep previously fed on Lotus pedunculatus (which contains CT). The sheep was killed at the end of the period and 92.4% of the label was recovered. Virtually all of the label was in the digesta, and none was detected in the blood, so that the CT-carbon appeared not to be absorbed from the small intestine. In Expt 3, rumen, abomasal and ileal digesta and faeces samples from sheep fed on Lotus pedunculatus were analysed for CT and CT flow along the digestive tract calculated from reference to indigestible markers. Values were low in all digesta samples, indicating disappearance of CT across the rumen and small intestine, and CT recovery in faeces was only about 15% of intake. However, the 14C results from Expt 2 suggested that little if any CT-carbon was absorbed and the low recoveries in Expt 1 are considered to be a consequence of either conformational changes to the CT molecule such that it is no longer detectable by colorimetric methods, an inability of the analytical method to release bound CT for the butanol-HCl assay, or interference from other digesta constituents. It is concluded that the butanol-HCl method of CT analysis is appropriate for quantifying CT in herbages but not in digesta or faeces, and that a substantial part of CT released during protein digestion in the small intestine may not be detectable by normal CT analytical methods.
High Affinity, Stability, and Lactonase Activity of Serum Paraoxonase PON1 Anchored on HDL with ApoA-I (2005)

Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme exhibiting antiatherogenic properties. This study examined the interaction of recombinant PON1 with reconstituted HDL comprised of PC, cholesterol, and various apolipoproteins (apoA-I, -II, and -IV). The affinity, stability, and lactonase activity were strongly correlated, with apoA-I exhibiting the strongest effects, apoA-IV exhibiting weaker yet significant effects, and apoA-II having a negative effect relative to protein-free particles. We found that PON1 binds apoA-I HDL with sub-nanomolar affinities (K(d) << 10(-)(9) M) and slow dissociation rates (t(1/2) > 80 min), while binding affinity for other particles was dramatically lower. A truncated form of PON1 lacking the N-terminal helix maintains considerable binding to apoA-I HDL (K(d) = 1.2 x 10(-)(7) M), validating the structural model which indicates additional parts of the enzyme involved in HDL binding. Kinetic inactivation assays revealed the existence of an equilibrium between two forms of PON1 differing in their stability by a factor of 100. Various lipoproteins and detergent preparations shift this equilibrium toward the more stable conformation. Consistent with its highest affinity, only apoA-I HDL is capable of totally shifting the equilibrium toward the stable form. The paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were stimulated by HDL by 2-5-fold as previously reported, almost independently of the apoliporotein content. In contrast, only apoA-I is capable of stimulating the lactonase activity by <or=20-fold to k(cat)/K(M) values of 10(6)-10(7) M(-)(1) s(-)(1), while apoA-IV and apoA-II have almost no effect. Overall, the results indicate the high stability, selectivity, and catalytic proficiency of PON1 when anchored onto apoA-I HDL, toward lactone substrates, and lipophilic lactones in particular.
Design of quasi-ideal couplers using multilayer MMIC technology (2002)

Mode-related design equations not available to date are presented and discussed for quasi-ideal couplers using multilayer MMIC/MCM technology. The resulting couplers have close-to-zero reflection and near-perfect isolation over very large bandwidths. Several such couplers with varied coupling coefficients have been designed to demonstrate their realizability.
Accurate Measurement of Lens Thickness by Using White-Light Fringes (1975)

An interferometer for the measurement of thickness of a lens by the aid of white-light fringes to an accuracy of 1 µm was designed. The two end mirrors of the dispersion compensated Michelson interferometer were replaced by a lens L to be tested and a reference plane parallel plate R of the same kind of glass and of the same thickness. The interferometer was adjusted to give rise to the white-light Newton rings over the front surfaces of L and R, and then either of L or R was made to move until another white-light fringes appear at the rear surfaces. The translation relates directly to the thickness difference between L and R. Experimental results confirmed that the method is capable of being applied to the thickness measurement of precision single lenses.
Fundamentals of Crossflow Filtration (1990)

Abstract Traditional Crossflow Filtration and its Bottlenecks Crossflow filtration is a method applied mainly to hyper-and ultrafiltration as well as, to some extent, microfiltration. In crossflow filtration the solution or suspension fed to the filter flows parallel to the filter medium or membrane. Perhaps the name “parallel” or “tangential” filtration would be more illustrative than “crossflow.” The filtration product, i.e., the filtrate or permeate (depending on whether a suspension or solution is separated) leaves the filter channel at right angles to the medium. The crossflow method is just the opposite of the so called “dead-end” filtration used in almost all traditional filtering processes. In “dead-end” filtration the flow of suspension is directed at right angles to the medium and the filtrate leaves the medium in the same direction (Fig. 1.) This difference between parallel and perpendicular flow is significant because perpendicular flow entails cake formation, whereas crossflow is intended to prevent such cake build-up. Dead-end filtration is thus applied when the cake is to be collected, when the main purpose is the recuperation of suspended solids, or when relatively rapid cake formation cannot be avoided. The crossflow method is applied, on the other hand, when formation of the deposit on the medium is to be prevented as far as possible. This is the case for solutions and suspensions with very low solids content, such as liquids treated by reverse osmosis, ultra- and microfiltration. For these three kinds of processes there is the same flow pattern as well as very similar hardware.
Greening Coal: Breakthroughs and Challenges in Carbon Capture and Storage (2011)

Like it or not, coal is here to stay, for the next few decades at least. Continued use of coal in this age of growing greenhouse gas controls will require removing carbon dioxide from the coal waste stream. We already remove toxicants such as sulfur dioxide and mercury, and the removal of CO₂ is the next step in reducing the environmental impacts of using coal as an energy source (i.e., greening coal). This paper outlines some of the complexities encountered in capturing CO₂ from coal, transporting it large distances through pipelines, and storing it safely underground.