gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous Solid and Yolk–Shell Titania Microspheres as Touchless Colorimetric Sensors with High Responsivity and Ultrashort Response Times (2021)

Touchless user interfaces offer an attractive pathway toward hygienic, remote, and interactive control over devices. Exploiting the humidity generated from fingers or human speech is a viable avenue for realizing such technology. Herein, titania microspheres including solid and yolk-shell structures with varying microstructural characteristics were demonstrated as high-performance, ultrafast, and stable optical humidity sensors aimed for touchless control. When water molecules enter the microporous network of the microspheres, the effective refractive index of the microsphere increases, causing a detectable change in the light scattering behavior. The microstructural properties of the microspheres, namely, the pore characteristics, crystallinity, and particle size, were examined in relation to the humidity-sensing performance, establishing optimum structural conditions for realizing humidity-responsive wavelength shifts above 100 nm, near full-scale relative humidity (RH) responsivity, ultrashort response times below 30 ms, and prolonged lifetimes. These optimized microspheres were used to demonstrate a colorimetric touchless sensor that responds to humidity from a finger and a microcontroller-based detector that translates the moisture pattern from human speech to electrical signals in real time. These results provide practical strategies for enabling humidity-based touchless user interfaces.
Photon pair generation in multimode optical fibers via intermodal phase matching (2016)

A single optical fiber may support the propagation of several spatial modes. It is shown how one could take advantage of intermodal phase matching to engineer a flexible source of photon pairs, in this manner offering a way to produce multiple wavelength-tunable pure single photons.
Coumarin congeners as antidepressants. (1992)

3-Carboethyl coumarin (I) was converted to coumarin 3-acid hydrazide (II). This on reaction with appropriate aldehyde yielded 3-arylidino amino coumarin (III). Compound III on diazotisation and reaction with ferric chloride yielded the corresponding formazans viz. 3-substituted phenyl azoarylidino, amido coumarins (IVa1-a10) and oxadiazoles viz. 2-aryl-5-(3-coumarinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (Va1-a3), respectively. Simultaneously 3-carboethyl coumarin on hydrolysis gave 3-carboxy coumarin (VI) which on reaction with aryl amine in methylene chloride yielded 3-(N-aryl)amido coumarin (VIIa1-a3). The compounds were screened for their antidepressant activity against a tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine). Compounds IVa4, IVa5 and IVa9 exhibited activity better than imipramine with no toxicity (ALD50 greater than 1000 mg/kg) but IVa5 showed some side effects.
A continuous acetie acid system for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of gliadins and other prolamines (1988)

Abstract A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system buffered by acetic acid alone was developed for electrophoresis of prolamines. When applied to gliadin electrophoresis, the acetic acid system produces more bands than does a conventional aluminum lactate‐lactic acid system (using 12 % acrylamide gels). The acetic acid system is relatively simple, requiring a single buffer component that is universally available in high purity.
Metallization of Epitaxial VO<sub>2</sub> Films by Ionic Liquid Gating through Initially Insulating TiO<sub>2</sub> Layers (2016)

Ionic liquid gating has been shown to metallize initially insulating layers formed from several different oxide materials. Of these vanadium dioxide (VO2) is of especial interest because it itself is metallic at temperatures above its metal-insulator transition. Recent studies have shown that the mechanism of ionic liquid gated induced metallization is entirely distinct from that of the thermally driven metal-insulator transition and is derived from oxygen migration through volume channels along the (001) direction of the rutile structure of VO2. Here we show that it is possible to metallize the entire volume of 10 nm thick layers of VO2 buried under layers of rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) up to 10 nm thick. Key to this process is the alignment of volume channels in the respective oxide layers, which have the same rutile structure with clamped in-plane lattice constants. The metallization of the VO2 layers is accompanied by large structural expansions of up to ∼6.5% in the out-of-plane direction, but the structure of the TiO2 layer is hardly affected by gating. The TiO2 layers become weakly conducting during the gating process, but in contrast to the VO2 layers, the conductivity disappears on exposure to air. Indeed, even after air exposure, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies show that the VO2 films have a reduced oxygen content after metallization. Ionic liquid gating of the VO2 films through initially insulating TiO2 layers is not consistent with conventional models that have assumed the gate induced carriers are of electrostatic origin.
Rare earth metal induced modification of<i>γ</i>-M<sub>2</sub>C,<i>γ</i>-M<sub>6</sub>C, and<i>γ</i>-MC eutectics in as cast M2 high speed steel (1999)

AbstractThe effects of rare earth metals on the morphology of γ-M2 C, γ-M6 C, and γ-MC eutectics of as cast M2 high speed steel were investigated. The solidification of the specimens was monitored by conventional and differential thermal analysis and the characterisation of the microstructures was performed through optical and scanning electron microscopy. Rare earth metals favoured the formation of the M6 C eutectic, at the expense of the M2 C eutectic, and promoted the formation of the duplex M2 C/MC and M6 C/MC eutectics. The formation of these duplex eutectics was attributed to the decrease in the MC eutectic temperature.
Co‐action of temperature and phosphate in inducing turion formation in <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> (Great duckweed)* (2002)

Abstract Increased phosphate concentration, higher temperature and addition of glucose all increased the number of fronds and turions of the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza formed under in vitro conditions. Increasing the number of turions by increasing the plant biomass does not mean that the developmental process (switch of the programme of the primordia from vegetative fronds toward resting turions) has been specifically influenced. The specific turion yield (STY; number of turions formed by one frond) and the time of onset of turion formation have been used as more specific measures of turion induction. At more than 30 µ m initial phosphate the STY was increased by lower temperature (15 °C) and became independent of the phosphate concentration. Between 10 and 30 µ m and at higher temperatures (25 °C) the STY was increased by lower phosphate levels. The stimulatory effect of lower temperature was more pronounced than that of lower phosphate concentrations. Decreased phosphate concentration highly accelerated the formation of the first turions. The influence of low temperature was small at lower phosphate concentration but became dominant at higher concentrations (especially in autotrophic cultures). Low phosphate levels (e.g. 10 µ m ) and low temperatures (e.g. 15 °C) both represent specific turion‐inducing factors having significant interactive effects. In S. polyrhiza , these signals may replace the interactive effects of photoperiods and low temperature known from other hydrophytes in turion induction under natural conditions.
Modular Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel PV Inverter With Distributed MPPT for Grid-Connected Applications (2014)

This paper presents a modular cascaded H-bridge multilevel photovoltaic (PV) inverter for single- or three-phase grid-connected applications. The modular cascaded multilevel topology helps to improve the efficiency and flexibility of PV systems. To realize better utilization of PV modules and maximize the solar energy extraction, a distributed maximum power point tracking control scheme is applied to both single- and three-phase multilevel inverters, which allows independent control of each dc-link voltage. For three-phase grid-connected applications, PV mismatches may introduce unbalanced supplied power, leading to unbalanced grid current. To solve this issue, a control scheme with modulation compensation is also proposed. An experimental three-phase seven-level cascaded H-bridge inverter has been built utilizing nine H-bridge modules (three modules per phase). Each H-bridge module is connected to a 185-W solar panel. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Selection for high immunogenicity in drug-resistant sublines of murine lymphomas demonstrated by plaque assay. (1975)

The immunogenicity of lymphoma L1210 and three L1210 sublines, resistant to methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), 4,4'-diacetyldiphenylurea bis(guanylhydrazone), or guanazole (L1210/GZL), respectively, was evaluated. Syngeneic DBA/2J mice were given a single i.p. injection of serially diluted suspension of irradiated cells from L1210 or L1210 sublines. Five days later spleen cells from the immunized mice were tested for the presence of plaque-forming cells using the immunizing lymphoma cell lines as target. Sera collected from the animals were examined for cytolytic antibody activity by lysis in gel using the same target cells. For comparison, the H-2 immunogenicity of L1210 and its sublines was investigated in H-2-incompatible allogeneic mice. The following results were obtained. (a) All the sublines showed increased immunogenicity and susceptibility to lysis as compared to L1210 cells. The number of plaque-forming cells/spleen ranged from 100 for L1210 to 4450 for L1210/GZL, the most immunogenic subline, and the antibody titer ranged from 1/8 for L1210 to 1/128 for L1210/GZL. (b) All the sublines carried common tumor-associated antigens that apparently made primary contributions to the increased immunogenicity. (c) The common tumor-associated antigens were also expressed on L1210 cells, although in a lesser defree, as evidenced by the definite, albeit low, capacity of L1210 cells to absorb DBA/2J anti-L1210/GZL antibodies. (d) Spleen and thymus cells of DBA/2J mice as well as unrelated murine ascites tumor cells did not cause significant absorption of these antibodies. (e) Only a partial inverse relationship could be demonstrated between tumor-associated antigens but the lowest for H-2. The above results would seem compatible with the hypothesis that the increased immunogenicity of drug-resistant L1210 sublines is attributable to the selection of preexisting highly immunogenic cells during immunosuppression by treatments selecting for drug resistance.
Morphological influence of functionalized and non-functionalized α,ω-dicarboxylates on calcite crystallization (1990)

The influence of a range of α,ω-dicarboxylates on the morphology of calcite crystals grown from supersaturated bicarbonate solutions was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. At Ca/malonate ≈ 3, spindle-shaped crystals elongated along the c axis and with curved {1text-decoration:overline10} prismatic faces were formed. This effect was reduced with increasing chain length. The unsaturated derivative, maleate, was intermediate in potency compared with the saturated malonate and succinate compounds. In contrast, the trans isomer, fumarate, had minimal morphological effect. Functionalization of the lower chain acids had a marked influence on crystal morphology. Crystals grown in the presence of aspartate (α-aminosuccinate) exhibited well defined {1text-decoration:overline10} prismatic faces at Ca/additive = 17, whilst γ-carboxyglutamate had a pronounced effect at ratios as high as 85. The stabilization of the {1text-decoration:overline10} faces of calcite by αω-dicarboxylate binding is described in terms of electrostatic, geometric and stereochemical recognition at the crystal/additive interface.
Tissue Factor Overexpression in Rat Arterial Neointima Models Thrombosis and Progression of Advanced Atherosclerosis (2000)

These results suggest that tissue factor plays a direct role in neointimal development by coagulation-dependent and -independent pathways.
Paper and toner three-dimensional fluidic devices: programming fluid flow to improve point-of-care diagnostics (2013)

We present a new method for fabricating three-dimensional paper-based fluidic devices that uses toner as a thermal adhesive to bond multiple layers of patterned paper together. The fabrication process is rapid, involves minimal equipment (a laser printer and a laminator) and produces complex channel networks with dimensions down to 1 mm. The devices can run multiple diagnostic assays on one or more samples simultaneously, can incorporate positive and negative controls and can be programmed to display the results of the assays in a variety of patterns. The patterns of the results can encode information, which could be used to identify counterfeit devices, identify samples, encrypt the results for patient privacy or monitor patient compliance.
Desketoneoenactin-Siderophore Conjugates for <i>Candida</i> : Evidence of Iron Transport-Dependent Species Selectivity (2004)

We investigated the inhibitory activity of synthetic isocyanurate-based as well as linear mono- and trihydroxamate siderophore-drug conjugates against Candida spp. The conjugated drug was 13C-desketoneoenactin (DE). The MICs of siderophore-drug conjugates were determined in the absence and presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl to restrict iron availability. The ability of various siderophore types to promote growth in an iron-restricted medium was also assayed. Addition of a siderophore portion to the drug strongly impaired the inhibitory activity of DE. However, the activity of the drug conjugates was increased by up to 16-fold in iron-depleted medium for species having their growth strongly promoted by most hydroxamate-type siderophores (C. albicans, C. stellatoidea, and C. pseudotropicalis). The uptake of (55)Fe from ferrichrome and from two siderophore-drug conjugates was improved when C. albicans cells were grown in a low-iron medium. In the same assay, unlabeled ferrichrome was able to compete with the uptake of (55)Fe from both conjugates, indicating a common mechanism of uptake. A C. albicans strain lacking the siderophore transporter CaSit1/CaArn1 was not able to use ferrichrome or the synthetic ornithine-based trihydroxamate siderophore for growth promotion and was much less susceptible to the siderophore-drug conjugates than its isogenic parent strain. In summary, the ability of some Candida spp. to use ferrichrome-like siderophores for growth promotion explains the selective activity of hydroxamate-drug conjugates, and this activity seems to be related to the presence, in C. albicans, of the siderophore transporter CaSit1/CaArn1. New conjugate designs are necessary to fully restore or improve the initial DE activity.
DCPIB is a novel selective blocker of <b><i>I</i></b><sub>Cl,swell</sub> and prevents swelling‐induced shortening of guinea‐pig atrial action potential duration (2001)

1. We identified the ethacrynic-acid derivative DCPIB as a potent inhibitor of I(Cl,swell), which blocks native I(Cl,swell) of calf bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells with an IC(50) of 4.1 microM. Similarly, 10 microM DCPIB almost completely inhibited the swelling-induced chloride conductance in Xenopus oocytes and in guinea-pig atrial cardiomyocytes. Block of I(Cl,swell) by DCPIB was fully reversible and voltage independent. 2. DCPIB (10 microM) showed selectivity for I(Cl,swell) and had no significant inhibitory effects on I(Cl,Ca) in CPAE cells, on chloride currents elicited by several members of the CLC-chloride channel family or on the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (hCFTR) after heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes. DCPIB (10 microM) also showed no significant inhibition of several native anion and cation currents of guinea pig heart like I(Cl,PKA), I(Kr), I(Ks), I(K1), I(Na) and I(Ca). 3. In all atrial cardiomyocytes (n=7), osmotic swelling produced an increase in chloride current and a strong shortening of the action potential duration (APD). Both swelling-induced chloride conductance and AP shortening were inhibited by treatment of swollen cells with DCPIB (10 microM). In agreement with the selectivity for I(Cl,swell), DCPIB did not affect atrial APD under isoosmotic conditions. 4. Preincubation of atrial cardiomyocytes with DCPIB (10 microM) completely prevented both the swelling-induced chloride currents and the AP shortening but not the hypotonic cell swelling. 5. We conclude that swelling-induced AP shortening in isolated atrial cells is mainly caused by activation of I(Cl,swell). DCPIB therefore is a valuable pharmacological tool to study the role of I(Cl,swell) in cardiac excitability under pathophysiological conditions leading to cell swelling.
Removal of water turbidity by the electrocoagulation method. (2008)

In an era when environmental phenomena attract a great attention, electrocoagulation methods can be said to be a promising cleaning and purifying method for water treatment.
Diagnosis and management of male breast enlargement in patients with HIV/AIDS. (2000)

There have been several recent reports describing gynecomastia in HIV-1-seropositive patients treated with HAART. However, the etiology of gynecomastia in this setting is far from clear. In this article, we describe the main issues in diagnosis and treatment of gynecomastia and stress the importance of differentiating between "true" gynecomastia and "lipomastia" (pseudogynecomastia), characterized by subcutaneous fat deposition. The importance of switching antiretroviral drugs is also discussed. In addition, newer medical therapies are highlighted.
System simulation of adaptive I/Q mismatch compensation method using SystemC-AMS (2010)

Insufficient image-rejection due to I/Q mismatch considerably degrades the performance of modern wireless communication systems. This paper presents a SystemC-AMS front-to back-end modeling approach in a Low-IF receiver system with a digital adaptive filter for I/Q mismatch compensation. With the proposed approach, the non-ideal behavioral of the analog building blocks concerning I/Q imbalance is mapped and the performance of compensation filter based on LMS algorithm can be verified efficiently during the system simulation. Simulation results confirmed the feasibility of the implementation of such a compensation filter for increasing the image rejection performance of the Low-IF receiver front end.
A 100&amp;#181;V 120ns strobed comparator (1979)

A monolithic voltage comparator which allows the sign determination of signals down to the 100μV region, which are preceded by large amplitudes of opposite sign, will be discussed. The circuit is capable of indicating settling times in the neighborhood of 100ns.
“SHIFT-MATE” A Fuel Efficiency Monitor (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The SHIFT-MATE is a dashboard mounted computer based device that cues a truck driver to shift more efficiently. Through electronic circuitry, key vehicle parameters are monitored, computed, then via graphic display, instructs the driver when to shift for improved fuel economy. The theory of operation is described in the text.</div>
Securing smart grid: cyber attacks, countermeasures, and challenges (2012)

Smart grid has emerged as the next-generation power grid via the convergence of power system engineering and information and communication technology. In this article, we describe smart grid goals and tactics, and present a threelayer smart grid network architecture. Following a brief discussion about major challenges in smart grid development, we elaborate on smart grid cyber security issues. We define a taxonomy of basic cyber attacks, upon which sophisticated attack behaviors may be built. We then introduce fundamental security techniques, whose integration is essential for achieving full protection against existing and future sophisticated security attacks. By discussing some interesting open problems, we finally expect to trigger more research efforts in this emerging area.
The <i>fimA</i> gene encoding the type‐1 fimbrial subunit of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1984)

The nucleotide sequence was determined of a region of 1450 base pairs encompassing the fimA gene for the subunit of type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli as well as flanking regions containing potential regulator sequences. The 'translated' protein contains a 23-residue signal peptide; the processed fimbrial subunit consists of 158 amino acid residues yielding a relative molecular mass of 15706. The elucidated sequence shows significant homology with those of other E. coli fimbrial proteins.
Multiscale Evaluation of Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors on Ni- and Ga-Modified ZSM-5 (2016)

Metal-impregnated (Ni or Ga) ZSM-5 catalysts were studied for biomass pyrolysis vapor upgrading to produce hydrocarbons using three reactors constituting a 100 000x change in the amount of catalyst used in experiments. Catalysts were screened for pyrolysis vapor phase upgrading activity in two small-scale reactors: (i) a Pyroprobe with a 10 mg catalyst in a fixed bed and (ii) a fixed-bed reactor with 500 mg of catalyst. The best performing catalysts were then validated with a larger scale fluidized-bed reactor (using ~1 kg of catalyst) that produced measurable quantities of bio-oil for analysis and evaluation of mass balances. Despite some inherent differences across the reactor systems (such as residence time, reactor type, analytical techniques, mode of catalyst and biomass feed) there was good agreement of reaction results for production of aromatic hydrocarbons, light gases, and coke deposition. Relative to ZSM-5, Ni or Ga addition to ZSM-5 increased production of fully deoxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons and light gases. In the fluidized bed reactor, Ga/ZSM-5 slightly enhanced carbon efficiency to condensed oil, which includes oxygenates in addition to aromatic hydrocarbons, and reduced oil oxygen content compared to ZSM-5. Ni/ZSM-5, while giving the highest yield of fully deoxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons, gave lower overall carbon efficiency to oil but with the lowest oxygen content. Reaction product analysis coupled with fresh and spent catalyst characterization indicated that the improved performance of Ni/ZSM-5 is related to decreasing deactivation by coking, which keeps the active acid sites accessible for the deoxygenation and aromatization reactions that produce fully deoxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons. The addition of Ga enhances the dehydrogenation activity of the catalyst, which leads to enhanced olefin formation and higher fully deoxygenated aromatic hydrocarbon yields compared to unmodified ZSM-5. Catalyst characterization by ammonia temperature programmed desorption, surface area measurements, and postreaction temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) also showed that the metal-modified zeolites retained a greater percentage of their initial acidity and surface area, which was consistent between the reactor scales. These results demonstrate that the trends observed with smaller (milligram to gram) catalyst reactors are applicable to larger, more industrially relevant (kg) scales to help guide catalyst research toward application.
Simulation of the shielding of dust particles in low pressure glow discharges (1993)

The dynamics of the shielding of particulates (‘‘dust’’) in low pressure glow discharges have been investigated with a pseudoparticle-in-cell simulation for electrons and ions in the vicinity of a dust particle. The potential of the dust particle, and the orbital nature of ions around the dust particle, depend on the collisionality of the ions. Collisions of orbiting ions effectively increase the ion flux collected by the particle, thereby increasing its potential to more positive values. Electron and ion momentum transfer and collection cross sections for scattering from the dust particle are presented.