gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of N<SUP>1</SUP>-(5-Halogenopyrimidinyl) sulfanilamide Derivatives (1972)

A series of 5-halogenopyrimidinylsulfanilamides (I), possessing methyl, alkoxy, and/or alkylthio groups in the pyrimidine ring, were prepared from the corresponding N4-acetyl derivatives (II) by alkaline hydrolysis. Most of II were prepared from N4-acetyl-pyrimidinylsulfanilamide derivatives by halogenation with NBS or NCS, and the effect of substituents in the pyrimidine ring upon the halogenation reaction was clarified.
Clay-Polymer Interactions: Summary and Perspectives (1982)

Abstract The adsorption of uncharged polymers by clays is largely “entropy-driven.” Polymer conformation changes from a random coil in solution to an extended form at the surface in which adsorbed polymer segments or trains alternate with loops and tails extending away from the surface. Although the net interaction energy, ε , per segment-surface contact is small (~1 kT unit), the total energy of adsorption is large because the fraction of train segments, p , is commonly between 0.3 and 0.5. The adsorption isotherms are typically of the high-affinity type, and there is an apparent lack of desorption on dilution. Positively charged polymers (polycations) are adsorbed largely through electrostatic interactions between the cationic groups of the polymer and the negatively charged sites at the clay surface. Here ε ≫ 1 kT unit and p > 0.7, leading to an almost complete collapse of the polymer chain onto the surface. Indeed, beyond a given level of adsorption charge reversal can occur in that the clay-polycation system effectively behaves as an anion exchanger. Little adsorption occurs with negatively charged polymers (polyanions) due to initial charge repulsion between the polymer and the clay surface. Acid pH, a high ionic strength, and the presence of polyvalent cations in the system enhance and promote polyanion adsorption. Uncharged polymers and polycations can enter the interlayer space of expanding 2:1 type layer silicates but polyanions generally fail to intercalate. The interactions of clays with biopolymers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, can be rationalized in similar terms. When intercalation occurs, the interlayer biopolymer is further stabilized against microbial (enzymatic) degradation giving rise to practical applications of clay-polymer complexes as flocculants and soil conditioners. Polyanions are effective as flocculants because of their large “grappling distance,” whereas uncharged polymers are better suited as soil conditioners because they can spread over adjacent clay/soil particle surfaces like a coat of paint.
The Constitutive, Glucose-Repression-Insensitive Mutation of the Yeast <i>MAL4</i> Locus Is an Alteration of the <i>MAL43</i> Gene (1987)

Mutations resulting in constitutive production of maltase have been identified at each of the five MAL loci of Saccharomyces yeasts. Here we examine a dominant constitutive, glucose-repression-insensitive allele of the MAL4 locus (MAL4-C). Our results demonstrate that MAL4-C is an alteration in the MAL43 gene, which encodes the positive regulator of the MAL structural genes, and that its product is trans-acting. The MAL43 gene from the MAL4-C strain was cloned and integrated into a series of nonfermenting strains lacking a functional regulatory gene but carrying copies of the maltose permease and maltase structural genes. Expression of the maltase structural gene was both constitutive and insensitive to glucose repression in these transformants. The MAL4-C allele also results in constitutive expression of the unlinked MAL12 gene (encoding maltase) in this strain. In addition, the cloned MAL43 gene was shown to be dominant to the wild-type MAL63 gene. We also show that most of the glucose repression insensitivity of strains carrying the MAL4-C allele results from alteration of MAL43.
IDDM in the Province of Pavia, Italy, From a Population-Based Registry: A descriptive study (1995)

Our data indicate the concordance of IDDM incidence rates with the North-Italian rates and a possible association of the disease with environmental factors. These factors might enhance the susceptibility to IDDM in genetically predisposed individuals.
Graphene/Phase Change Material Nanocomposites: Light-Driven, Reversible Electrical Resistivity Regulation via Form-Stable Phase Transitions (2015)

Innovative photoresponsive materials are needed to address the complexity of optical control systems. Here, we report a new type of photoresponsive nanomaterial composed of graphene and a form-stable phase change material (PCM) that exhibited a 3 orders of magnitude change in electrical resistivity upon light illumination while retaining its overall original solid form at the macroscopic level. This dramatic change in electrical resistivity also occurred reversibly through the on/off control of light illumination. This was attributed to the reversible phase transition (i.e., melting/recrystallization) behavior of the microscopic crystalline domains present in the form-stable PCM. The reversible phase transition observed in the graphene/PCM nanocomposite was induced by a reversible temperature change through the on/off control of light illumination because graphene can effectively absorb light energy and convert it to thermal energy. In addition, this graphene/PCM nanocomposite also possessed excellent mechanical properties. Such photoresponsive materials have many potential applications, including flexible electronics.
Latex allergy from glove powder ‐ an unintended risk with the switch from talc to cornstarch? (1997)

The present study aimed to investigate to what extent glove powders of different origins and brands bind and release latex allergens. One mineral talc and five cornstarch powders were used. The allergenic material was sap of Hevea brasiliensis. The powders were incubated together with the natural rubber latex sap, and four series of experiments were performed. The talc showed the highest tendency to bind isotope-labeled proteins. When incubated with a latex allergen solution, it reduced free allergen from 100 to 2 units/ml compared to a reduction to 70-98 units/ml for the cornstarch powders. In contrast to the nonstable binding of allergen to cornstarch, the binding to talc was irreversible. The allergen bound to talc was allergenically intact and, when incubated with serum, reduced the concentration of free IgE antibody to latex to 10% of the initial level. Mineral talc had a high capacity to bind latex allergens firmly. In contrast, cornstarch captured the latex allergen, but the binding seemed less pronounced and was unstable. The replacement of talc by cornstarch as glove-donning powder has coincided with the rapid increase in latex allergy. Mineral talc is heavy and only transiently airborne. Could this difference between talc and cornstarch in latex-allergen-binding pattern and the tendency of the latter to be airborne play an important role in the bioavailability of latex allergen and thus in the epidemic of latex sensitization.
Application-aware prefetch prioritization in on-chip networks (2012)

Data prefetching is an effective technique for hiding memory latency. When issued prefetches are inaccurate, performance can degrade. Prior research provided solutions to deal with inaccurate prefetches at the cache and memory levels, but not in the interconnect of a large-scale multiprocessor system. This work introduces application-aware prefetch prioritization techniques to mitigate the negative effects of prefetching in a network-on-chip (NoC) based multicore system. The idea is to rank prefetches from different applications based on their potential utility for the application and propensity to cause interference to other applications. Our evaluation shows that this approach provides significant performance improvements over a baseline that does not distinguish between prefetches from different applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Properties of SrAl<sub>4‐x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub>, BaAl<sub>4‐x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub>, and EuAl<sub>4‐x</sub>Ge<sub>x</sub> (x ≈ 0.3—0.4) — Rare Examples of Electron‐Rich Phases with the BaAl<sub>4</sub> Structure Type. (2013)

Abstract EuAl 4 , EuAl 3.68 Ge 0.32 , SrAl 3.59 Ge 0.41 , and BaAl 3.66 Ge 0.34 are synthesized from the elements using Al as a flux (Nb tubes, 1100 °C for 5 min and 800 °C for 20 min).
miR-222 regulates the cell biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting PUMA (2014)

Previous reports have shown that low expression of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and abnormal expression patterns of a number of miRNAs may be associated with poor prognosis in various types of human malignancies. As a member of the oncomiRs, miR-222 has been found to be upregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We hypothesized that there was an important relationship between miR-222 and PUMA in OSCC based on the prediction of the target genes of miR-222. In the present study, Pre-miR-222, As-miR-222 and the empty vector, were used to treat OSCC cells, respectively. Using the non-transfected cells as blank control, the expression levels of miR-222 and the PUMA gene were evaluated by RT-PCR and western blotting. Cell proliferation and migration abilities were analyzed by MTT and Transwell assays. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated that, when compared with the blank control group, OSCC cells in the Pre-miR-222 transfection group showed increased expression of miR-222 and decreased expression of PUMA, enhanced proliferation and invasion abilities, and decreased apoptosis. In contrast, the above indices in the As-miR-222 transfection group confirmed the opposite results when compared with those in the Pre-miR-222 transfection group. In addition, no significant differences between the empty vector transfection group and the control group were noted. Our results suggest that miR-222 targets the expression of PUMA in OSCC cells and affects cell growth, invasive and apoptotic abilities. Thus, PUMA may be a possible new target for the treatment of OSCC.
The role of dolutegravir in the management of HIV infections (2015)

Dolutegravir is the most recent integrase strand transfer inhibitor approved for HIV-1 infection in both treatment-naïve and experienced patients. As a tricyclic carbamoyl pyridone analog, dolutegravir is rapidly absorbed and distributes through the cerebrospinal fluid. It is hepatically metabolized by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1; no inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes is noted. As a substrate of CYP 3A4, dolutegravir is affected by rifampin, efavirenz, tipranavir/ritonavir, fosamprenavir/ritonavir, and dose increase is required. Dolutegravir inhibits the organic cation transporter 2, resulting in decreased creatinine clearance with no apparent decrease in renal function. Other adverse effects are minimal but include diarrhea, headache, and nausea. Clinical trials in treatment-naïve and experienced patients are ongoing and will be presented in this text.
Retroviral Constitutive Transport Element Evolved from Cellular TAP(NXF1)-Binding Sequences (2001)

The constitutive transport element (CTE) of type D retroviruses serves as a signal of nuclear export of unspliced viral RNAs. The human TAP(NXF1) protein, a cellular mRNA export factor, directly binds to CTE and mediates nuclear export of CTE-containing RNAs. Here, we use genomic SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) to show that the human genome encodes a family of high-affinity TAP ligands. These TAP-binding elements (TBE) are 15-bp minisatellite repeats that are homologous to the core TAP-binding sites in CTE. The repeats are positioned similarly in the RNA secondary structures of CTE and TBE. Like CTE, TBE is an active nuclear export signal. CTE elements of different species share sequence similarities to TBE in the regions that are neutral for CTE function. This conservation points to a possible common ancestry of the two elements, and in fact, TBE has properties expected from a primordial CTE. Additionally, a molecular fossil of a TBE-like minisatellite is found in the genome of a modern retroelement. These findings constitute direct evidence of an evolutionary link between TBE-related minisatellites and CTE.
Canavan Gene Therapy Protocol (1996)

Letters from: 

[ Robert J. Levine ][1] 

[ Editor ][1] 

In his 15 March News & Comment article “New Zealand's leap into gene therapy,” Eliot Marshall states that I, the chairperson of the Yale Human Investigation Committee, first learned of the Canavan gene therapy project “from a local paper” ([p. 1489][2]). Matthew During, the project's principal investigator, in his letter “Gene therapy in New Zealand” ([26 Apr., p. 467][3]) protests that he made me aware of the project very early in the course of its development. Both accounts are correct.

Marshall asked me if a story he had heard—that I had first learned of the Canavan project by reading a local newspaper—was true. I replied with words to the effect: Yes, but that's not the whole story. As soon as I read that newspaper article, I continued, I phoned During to inquire about the project. He told me that the story was premature and exaggerated in its suggestion that he was close to being able to treat people with Canavan disease; that he had nothing to do with the story (it was instigated by relatives of the patients who wished to raise funds for his basic research); and that as soon as he could foresee any possibility of extending his work to involve human subjects, he would contact me promptly.

During honored his commitment to contact me promptly when it appeared that he could proceed with studies involving human subjects. The Yale committee approved the Canavan gene therapy protocol on 21 December 1995.

To my knowledge, there was no attempt on the part of During to evade his responsibilities to various oversight committees and regulatory agencies.

# {#article-title-2}

Response : The chronology sketched by Levine suggests that During's assessment of the research changed abruptly. Although During told Levine in June 1995 that he did not foresee any possibility of a human trial, he appealed to Levine's panel 5 months later, on 21 November, for accelerated approval of such a trial. During and the other authors of this “therapeutic” protocol, as they called it, sought quick action from the panel because “We, the investigators, as well as the families[,] feel that with each passing day, the likelihood of success is diminished.” They wrote that a full federal review would be “inappropriate … in view of the urgency of the need of these 2 children [the patients].” The Yale panel gave a green light in December. After two delays, New Zealand regulators gave approval in March 1996.—

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.272.5265.1083d
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.272.5267.1489
 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.272.5261.467a
Women heterozygous forNALP7/NLRP7 mutations are at risk for reproductive wastage: report of two novel mutations (2007)

Familial recurrent hydatidiform moles are a rare recessive condition in which molar tissues have biparental contribution to their genome. One maternal locus responsible for this condition has been mapped to 19q13.4 and the causative gene, NALP7, identified (HUGO-approved nomenclature is now NLRP7). Here we report a first stop codon, c.295G>T (p.Glu99X) and a missense mutation, c.1970A>T (p.Asp657Val) in NLRP7 in two sisters with RHMs. We found these two mutations and a previously reported one, c.2078G>C (p.Arg693Pro) in a homozygous state, in males with normal reproductive outcomes. This suggests that NLRP7 is not required for normal spermatogenesis. The mother of the patients is heterozygous for Glu99X and had one stillbirth and three normal pregnancies. Our data on this new family and on heterozygous women from previously reported families indicate that women heterozygous for NLRP7 mutations are at risk for reproductive wastage without the manifestation of molar phenotype.
Breast carcinoma mortality rates and screening (1997)

Changes in the incidence of and mortality from breast carcinoma have been observed in Malmö, Sweden, coinciding with the introduction of screening. However, the separate effects of screening and other factors on mortality are difficult to distinguish. See also pages 69–74.
Bronchodilation by an inhaled VPAC2 receptor agonist in patients with stable asthma (2003)

One must be prudent when selecting potential saccadic targets because the eyes can only move to one location at a time, yet movements must occur quickly enough to permit interaction with a rapidly changing world. This process of efficiently acquiring relevant targets may be aided by advanced planning of a movement toward an upcoming target whose location is gathered via environmental cues or situational experience. We studied how saccadic reaction times (SRTs) and early pretarget neuronal activity covaried as a function of saccadic probability. Monkeys performed a saccadic task in which the probability of the required saccade being directed into the response field of a neuron varied systematically between blocks of trials. We recorded simultaneously the early pretarget activity of saccade-related neurons in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. We found that, as the likelihood of the saccade being generated into the response field of the neuron increased, the level of neuronal activity preceding target presentation also increased. Our data suggest that this early activity codes motor preparation because its activity was related to not only the metrics but also the timing of the saccade, with 94% (29/31) of the neurons tested having significant negative correlations between discharge rate and SRT. This view is supported by cases in which exceptionally high levels of pretarget activity were associated with anticipatory saccades into the response field of a neuron that occurred in advance of the target being presented. This study demonstrates how situational experience can expedite motor behavior via the advanced preparation of motor programs.
Evolution toward reconfigurable user equipment (2001)

To date, research into reconfigurable mobile communications has predominantly focused on the software radio concept, and specifically on the hardware technologies required to move physical layer processing into a programmable environment. Although an interesting and necessary challenge, this only represents a fraction of the overall support and technology required to realize the potential of the concept. Other necessary developments include network/terminal cooperation for seamless interstandard handoff, QoS management, a secure software download mechanism, terminal software architecture supporting reconfiguration, configuration management, capability negotiation, and so on. Summarizing results from early project deliverables from a European Research project, IST-TRUST (Transparently Reconfigurable Ubiquitous Terminal), this article describes the likely overall system environment and the key technical challenges to be researched for realizing a reconfigurable terminal to meet the needs of users within that environment.
Improvement of high-temperature endurance of C/C composites by double coating with SiC and glass materials. (1996)

Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites are useful engineering materials because they have a high strength to weight ratio and good creep resistance at high temperature. They are stable up to very high temperatures in inert or vacuum environments, but have a serious drawback of reaction with oxidizing atmospheres at temperatures as low as 773 K.In this study, the effects of double coating of SiC and glass materials on the oxidation resistance of C/C composites were investigated. The first coating of SiC was made by pack cementation in a graphite crucible with metallic silicon, and the second coating of glass materials was applied with ceramics mixtures in order to seal cracks in the SiC layer. The components of the mixtures were m-Si (metallic Si), Al2O3, B4C, SiC and ZrSi2. SiC/Si-B4C-SiC-ZrSi2 coatings were found to provide very effective oxidation resistance at 1773 K in air for 10 hrs. Furthermore, the effects of seven kinds of silicide additive on oxidation resistance of C/C composites were also studied. It was found that ZrSi2 and HfSi2 were very effective on the resistance compared with other silicides.
<title>Electron density tomography with Compton-scattered radiation</title> (1993)

A tomographical imaging system capable of reproducing electron density distributions of an irradiated object plane via measurement of the Compton scattered radiation is presented as a potential contender for portal imaging. The method which imposes minimal constraints on the measurement apparatus unlike most scanning methods is capable of density reconstruction with limited projections of scattered photon energy spectra acquired under conditions of wide angle source and detector collimation. As such, density reconstruction becomes a nonlinear inverse problem. This problem is presented along with a discussion on potential solution strategies to confine the impact of solution instability.
Association of Plasma Natriuretic Peptide Levels With Metabolic Risk Factors in Ambulatory Individuals (2007)

Having several metabolic risk factors is associated with low circulating natriuretic peptide levels, even after adjustment for body mass index. These findings raise the possibility that reduced natriuretic peptide activity is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, which may have important clinical and pathophysiological implications.
Learning how to Active Learn: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach (2017)

Active learning aims to select a small subset of data for annotation such that a classifier learned on the data is highly accurate. This is usually done using heuristic selection methods, however the effectiveness of such methods is limited and moreover, the performance of heuristics varies between datasets. To address these shortcomings, we introduce a novel formulation by reframing the active learning as a reinforcement learning problem and explicitly learning a data selection policy, where the policy takes the role of the active learning heuristic. Importantly, our method allows the selection policy learned using simulation on one language to be transferred to other languages. We demonstrate our method using cross-lingual named entity recognition, observing uniform improvements over traditional active learning.
Boric Acid Bait Kills Adult Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) (2003)

The toxicity of boric acid solutions to adult Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, Culex nigripalpus Theobald, and Aedes albopictus Skuse was evaluated in the laboratory. Median lethal concentrations (LC50 in %) at 24-h exposure for male and female An. quadrimaculatus were 0.317 and 0.885, respectively; for Cx. nigripalpus, 0.273 and 0.560, respectively; and for Ae. albopictus, 0.174 and 0.527, respectively. The LC50 values at 48-h exposure for male and female An. quadrimaculatus were 0.101 and 0.395, respectively; for Cx. nigripalpus, 0.098 and 0.255, respectively; and for Ae. albopictus, 0.078 and 0.244, respectively. In laboratory tests, access for 48 h to sucrose (10%) water containing 1% boric acid (boric acid bait) resulted in 98% mortality in blood fed, gravid, and parous Ae. albopictus. When offered a choice between boric acid bait and sucrose water, 52% of male and 33% of female Ae. albopictus ingested sufficient boric acid bait in 24 h to cause death; after 48 h, respective percent mortalities were 88 and 58%. In outdoor tests, in a walk-in screened cage (156 m3) containing 1,250 female Ae. albopictus, mosquito biting rates on the exposed forearm of a human subject in 3-min exposure were reduced ≥78% for the boric acid bait treatment, compared with a sucrose water control.