gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ribavirin disposition in high-risk patients for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (1987)

Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that has in vitro activity against human immunodeficiency virus. To determine the kinetics of ribavirin, 17 symptom-free homosexual men with lymphadenopathy were studied. Single doses of ribavirin, 600, 1200, or 2400 mg, were given orally or intravenously. The plasma ribavirin concentration-time profiles were well fitted by a three-compartment open model. Ribavirin followed linear kinetics over the dose range studied. The mean 1-hour postinfusion concentrations after intravenous ribavirin, 600, 1200, and 2400 mg, were 8.0, 19.7, and 37.1 mumol/L, respectively. The mean +/- SD plasma beta-phase half-life, terminal-phase (gamma) half-life, and volume of distribution at steady state were 2.0 +/- 1.1 hours, 35.5 +/- 14.0 hours, and 647 +/- 258 L, respectively. The mean ribavirin renal clearance and total body clearance were 99 +/- 30 and 283 +/- 37 ml/min, respectively. After an oral dose of 600, 1200, and 2400 mg, the mean peak plasma ribavirin concentrations (which occurred 1.5 hours after administration) were 5.1, 9.9, and 12.6 mumol/L, respectively. The mean absorption half-life and bioavailability of ribavirin were 0.5 hour and 45%. Ribavirin had no plasma protein binding and the drug accumulated within red blood cells. In conclusion, ribavirin is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its renal excretion accounts for approximately one third of the drug's elimination, and drug accumulation (greater than threefold) will result with repetitive dosing at the 6- to 8-hour dosing interval currently used.
Two-level message clustering for topic detection in Twitter (2014)

This paper presents our approach to the topic detection challenge organized by the 2014 SNOW workshop. The applied approach utilizes a document-pivot algorithm for topic detection, i.e. it clusters documents and treats each cluster as a topic. We modify a previous version of a common document-pivot algorithm by considering specific features of tweets that are strong indicators that particular sets of tweets belong to the same cluster. Additionally, we recognize that the granularity of topics is an important factor to consider when performing topic detection and we also take advantage of this when ranking topics.
AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy in the Guanylate Cyclase (RetGC1/RetGC2) Double Knockout Mouse Model of Leber Congenital Amaurosis (2012)

Mutations in GUCY2D are associated with recessive Leber congenital amaurosis-1 (LCA1). GUCY2D encodes photoreceptor-specific, retinal guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1). Reports of retinal degeneration in LCA1 are conflicting; some describe no obvious degeneration and others report loss of both rods and cones. Proof of concept studies in models representing the spectrum of phenotypes is warranted. We have previously demonstrated adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated RetGC1 is therapeutic in GC1ko mice, a model exhibiting loss of cones only. The purpose of this study was to characterize AAV-mediated gene therapy in the RetGC1/RetGC2 double knockout (GCdko) mouse, a model lacking rod and cone function and exhibiting progressive loss of both photoreceptor subclasses. Use of this model also allowed for the evaluation of the functional efficiency of transgenic RetGC1 isozyme. Subretinal delivery of AAV8(Y733F) vector containing the human rhodopsin kinase (hGRK1) promoter driving murine Gucy2e was performed in GCdko mice at various postnatal time points. Treatment resulted in restoration of rod and cone function at all treatment ages and preservation of retinal structure in GCdko mice treated as late as 7 weeks of age. Functional gains and structural preservation were stable for at least 1 year. Treatment also conferred cortical- and subcortical-based visually-guided behavior. Functional efficiency of transgenic RetGC1 was indistinguishable from that of endogenous isozyme in congenic wild-type (WT) mice. This study clearly demonstrates AAV-mediated RetGC1 expression restores function to and preserves structure of rod and cone photoreceptors in a degenerative model of retinal guanylate cyclase deficiency, further supporting development of an AAV-based vector for treatment of LCA1.
Electric fields and losses in lumped element resonators for ESR spectroscopy (1987)

Presents closed expressions for the electric field in lumped element resonators used for ESR spectroscopy and an evaluation of the frequency dependence of the dielectric losses. The dielectric losses depend on the type of resonator used and the results show that multi-gap resonators are very effective in reducing their effect. The comparison between magnetic and electric losses indicates that, for properly designed resonators and sample diameters of the order of 15-20 mm, the magnetic losses will predominate.
cGMP stimulates bile acid-independent bile formation and biliary bicarbonate excretion (1996)

The effect of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) on hepatic bile formation was studied in isolated perfused rat livers and rat hepatocytes. Studies in isolated perfused rat livers showed that infusion of 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcGMP, 3 micromol/min or 100 microM) 1) increased bile flow without affecting biliary excretion of simultaneously infused taurocholate, 2) increased biliary concentration and excretion of HCO3(-) but did not affect biliary excretion of glutathione, and 3) increased net perfusate H+ efflux without affecting hepatic O2 uptake. Studies in isolated rat hepatocytes showed that 1) 8-BrcGMP increased intracellular pH in the presence (but not in the absence) of extracellular HCO-3, and effect inhibited by 4,4' -diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and Na+ replacement, 2) 8-BrcGMP did not affect taurocholate uptake and intracellular [Ca2+], and 3) bile acids, like ursodeoxycholate and cholate, did not increase cellular cGMP. Taken together, these results indicate that cGMP stimulates bile acid-independent bile formation, in part by stimulating biliary HCO3- excretion. cGMP may increase HCO3- excretion by stimulating sinusoidal Na+ - HCO3- cotransport, but not Na+/H+ exchange. cGMP, unlike adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, may not regulate hepatic taurocholate transport, and bile acid-induced HCO3- rich choleresis may not be mediated via cGMP.
A Feedback Controller for the Maintenance of FRC during Tidal Liquid Ventilation: Theory, Implementation, and Testing (2000)

The necessity of controlling functional residual capacity (FRC) during tidal liquid ventilation has been recognized since the first description of this respiratory support technique by Kylstra et al in 1962. We developed a microcomputer feedback system that adjusts the inspired tidal volume (VT,I) of a liquid ventilator based on the end-expiratory quasi-static alveolar pressure (PA,EE), in order to maintain a stable FRC. The system consists of three subunits: (1) a tracheal pressure catheter to estimate breath by breath FRC changes, derived from PA,EE changes, and (2) a roller pump interfaced with (3) a personal computer in which a closed-loop control is implemented. The regulator sets the actual PA,EE against the corresponding desired value. Any discrepancy is offset by changes in VT,I and the required change in pump velocity is communicated to the roller pump. The size of any change in pump velocity is determined to both the observed and target or desired PA,EE (i.e., the error) and the (calibration) pressure-volume curve. To evaluate the efficacy of the controller, a set of laboratory bench tests were conducted under steady state and transient conditions. Closed-loop control was effective in keeping FRC and PA,EE near the desired level, with an acceptable oscillatory behaviour. The feedback controller successfully compensated for transient disturbances of PFC liquid balance. The steady state stability was confirmed during a five hour period of liquid ventilation in five preterm lambs.
A chemical synthesis of 11-methoxy mitragynine pseudoindoxyl featuring the interrupted Ugi reaction (2012)

A synthesis of 11-methoxy mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a new member of the mitragynine class of opioid agonists, from a derivative of the Geissman-Waiss lactone is described. An internal attack of an electron-rich aromatic ring on an electrophilic nitrilium ion and a late-stage construction of the functionalized piperidine ring by the method of reductive cyclization are the pivotal transformations; both ring annulations proceed in a highly diastereoselective fashion. The construction of substituted indoxyl frameworks by the interrupted Ugi method offers an attractive alternative to the strategy of oxidatively rearranging indoles.
Interaction of Metal Complexes with G‐Quadruplex DNA (2010)

Guanine-rich sequences of DNA can assemble into tetrastranded structures known as G-quadruplexes. It has been suggested that these secondary DNA structures could be involved in the regulation of several key biological processes. In the human genome, guanine-rich sequences with the potential to form G-quadruplexes exist in the telomere as well as in promoter regions of certain oncogenes. The identification of these sequences as novel targets for the development of anticancer drugs has sparked great interest in the design of molecules that can interact with quadruplex DNA. While most reported quadruplex DNA binders are based on purely organic templates, numerous metal complexes have more recently been shown to interact effectively with this DNA secondary structure. This Review provides an overview of the important roles that metal complexes can play as quadruplex DNA binding molecules, highlighting the unique properties metals can confer to these molecules.
An Angularly Stable Dual-Band FSS With Closely Spaced Resonances Using Miniaturized Unit Cell (2017)

A novel miniaturized-element dual-band frequency selective surface (FSS) with closely spaced resonance is presented in this letter. The proposed FSS comprises of meander lines printed on a single-layer dielectric substrate to provide dual stopband characteristic. Compared to previously published spatial filters, the proposed FSS has better miniaturization characteristic having the unit-cell size of 0.065λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> × 0.065λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , where λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> corresponds to free space wavelength of the lower resonance frequency. In addition, the operating bands are closely located exhibiting the frequency ratio as low as 1.29. The surface current distribution and the equivalent circuit model are illustrated to explain the resonance behavior of the designed FSS. Furthermore, the proposed structure is polarization-independent and angularly stable for both TE and TM polarizations. A prototype of the dual-band FSS is fabricated and measured, which validates the simulated responses under normal and oblique incidence.
Autodafé: an Act of Software Torture (2005)

Abstract. Automated vulnerability searching tools have led to a dramatic increase of the rate at which such flaws are discovered. One particular searching technique is fault injection – i.e. insertion of random data into input files, buffers or protocol packets, combined with a systematic monitoring of memory violations. Even if these tools allow to uncover a lot of vulnerabilities, they are still very primitive; despite their poor efficiency, they are useful because of the very high density of such vulnerabilities in modern software. This paper presents an innovative buffer overflow uncovering technique, which uses a more thorough and reliable approach. This technique, called fuzzing by weighting attacks with markers, is a specialized kind of fault injection, which does not need source code or special compilation for the monitored program. As a proof of concept of the efficiency of this technique, a tool called Autodafé has been developed. It allows to detect automatically an impressive number of buffer overflow vulnerabilities.
Exploring the complexities of information practices through arts‐based research (2013)

Abstract Within and beyond Library and Information Science (LIS), researchers are employing participatory, arts‐based research as one way of extending traditional research methods. The use of creative methods can enrich our understanding of complex information practices, particularly in multimedia information environments. This panel will provide an overview of arts‐involved practices of data collection, data analysis and knowledge exchange, including examples of specific applications within LIS research projects. We will discuss the ways creative arts may function socially and psychologically among researchers and research participants, as well as topics and populations with which arts‐involved methods may be especially enriching.
High-definition digital color image watermark algorithm based on QR code and DWT (2015)

A high-definition digital color image watermark algorithm based on QR code and DWT is studied in this paper. The basic concept, theoretical framework and the application domain of the digital watermark algorithm is introduced. From the simulation results, this algorithm can achieve better universality, and can be applied to most of the color images. Watermarked digital works can achieved better quality, and the embedded watermark is difficult to be detected. In addition, the extracted two-dimensional code image can achieve a high quality, and can be scanned through the electronic equipment and the information in it can be acquired.
Homolysis of <i>N</i>‐alkoxyamines: A Computational Study (2006)

During nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) in the presence of a nitroxide R2(R1)NO*, the reversible formation of N-alkoxyamines [P-ON(R1)R2] reduces significantly the concentration of polymer radicals (P*) and their involvement in termination reactions. The control of the livingness and polydispersity of the resulting polymer depends strongly on the magnitude of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the C-ON(R1)R2 bond. In this study, theoretical BDEs of a large series of model N-alkoxyamines are calculated with the PM3 method. In order to provide a predictive tool, correlations between the calculated BDEs and the cleavage temperature (Tc), and the dissociation rate constant (k(d)), of the N-alkoxyamines are established. The homolytic cleavage of the N-OC bond is also investigated at the B3P86/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d), level. Furthermore, a natural bond orbital analysis is carried out for some N-alkoxyamines with a O-C-ON(R1)R2 fragment, and the strengthening of their C-ON(R1)R2 bond is interpreted in terms of stabilizing anomeric interactions.
Isolation and characterisation of amphotericin B analogues and truncated polyketide intermediates produced by genetic engineering of Streptomyces nodosus (2010)

Amphotericin B is a powerful but toxic drug used against fungal infections and leishmaniases. These diseases would be treated more effectively if non-toxic amphotericin derivatives could be produced on a large scale at low cost. Genetic manipulation of the amphotericin B producer, Streptomyces nodosus, has previously led to the detection and partial characterisation of 8-deoxyamphotericin B, 16-descarboxyl-16-methyl-amphotericin B, 15-deoxy-16-descarboxyl-16-methyl-15-oxo-amphotericin B, 7-oxo-amphotericin B and pentaene analogues. Here we report improved production and purification protocols that have allowed detailed chemical analyses of these compounds. The polyketide synthase product 8-deoxy-16-descarboxyl-16-methyl-amphoteronolide B was identified for the first time. In addition, the ketoreductase 10 domain of the polyketide synthase was specifically inactivated by targeted gene replacement. The resulting mutants produced truncated polyketide intermediates as linear polyenyl-pyrones.
Analysis of RF imaging applications at frequencies over 100 GHz (2010)

There has been increased interest in applying radio frequency (RF) imaging to solving problems in surveillance, situational awareness, and security screening. This has been brought about by recent advances and new programs in component development from 100 GHz to 1 THz. While no new phenomenology has been uncovered in this region, the potential to finally realize systems that can begin to approach the resolution of optical imaging while operating under adverse conditions of weather and obscuration has prompted new investments. Several of the issues, beyond mere component availability, that must be considered when developing these systems are reviewed. Additionally, previous analysis of two applications proposed to operate in the region above 100 GHz is reviewed: a landing aid system and a standoff security screening imager, both of which are greatly influenced by atmospheric effects.
Duodenocutaneous fistula in rats as a model for "wound healing-therapy" in ulcer healing: the effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157, L-nitro-arginine methyl ester and L-arginine. (2015)

While very rarely reported, duodenocutanenous fistula research might alter the duodenal ulcer disease background and therapy. Our research focused on rat duodenocutaneous fistulas, therapy, stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, an anti-ulcer peptide that healed other fistulas, nitric oxide synthase-substrate L-arginine, and nitric oxide synthase-inhibitor L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The hypothesis was, duodenal ulcer-healing, like the skin ulcer, using the successful BPC 157, with nitric oxide-system involvement, the "wound healing-therapy", to heal the duodenal ulcer, the fistula-model that recently highlighted gastric and skin ulcer healing. Pressure in the lower esophageal and pyloric sphincters was simultaneously assessed. Duodenocutaneous fistula-rats received BPC 157 (10 μg/kg or 10 ng/kg, intraperitoneally or perorally (in drinking water)), L-NAME (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally), L-arginine (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) alone and/or together, throughout 21 days. Duodenocutaneous fistula-rats maintained persistent defects, continuous fistula leakage, sphincter failure, mortality rate at 40% until the 4(th) day, all fully counteracted in all BPC 157-rats. The BPC 157-rats experienced rapidly improved complete presentation (maximal volume instilled already at 7(th) day). L-NAME further aggravated the duodenocutaneous fistula-course (mortality at 70% until the 4(th) day); L-arginine was beneficial (no mortality; however, maximal volume instilled not before 21(st) day). L-NAME-worsening was counteracted to the control level with the L-arginine effect, and vice versa, while BPC 157 annulled the L-NAME effects (L-NAME + L-arginine; L-NAME + BPC 157; L-NAME + L-arginine + BPC 157 brought below the level of the control). It is likely that duodenocutaneous fistulas, duodenal/skin defect simultaneous healing, reinstated sphincter function, are a new nitric oxide-system related phenomenon. In conclusion, resolving the duodenocutanenous fistulashealing, nitric oxide-system involvement, should illustrate further wound healing therapy to heal duodenal ulcers.
Effect of different doses of Manuka honey in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats (2008)

To evaluate the effect of different doses of Manuka honey in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Adult Wistar rats of either sex were used (n = 30). Colitis was induced by a single intracolonic administration of TNBS dissolved in 35% ethanol. The rats (n = 30) were divided into five groups (n = 6) and were treated with vehicle (ethanol), TNBS, Manuka honey (5 g/kg, p.o.), Manuka honey (10 g/kg, p.o.) or sulfasalazine (360 mg/kg, p.o.) body weight for 14 days. After completion of treatment, the animals were killed and the following parameters were assessed: morphological score, histological score and different antioxidant parameters.Manuka honey at different doses provided protection against TNBS-induced colonic damage. There was significant protection with Manuka honey 5 g/kg as well as with 10 g/kg body weight compared with the control (p < 0.001). All the treated groups showed reduced colonic inflammation and all the biochemical parameters were significantly reduced compared with the control in the Manuka honey treated groups (p < 0.001). Manuka honey at different doses restored lipid peroxidation as well as improved antioxidant parameters. Morphological and histological scores were significantly reduced in the low dose Manuka honey treated group (p < 0.001). In the inflammatory model of colitis, oral administration of Manuka honey 5 g/kg and Manuka honey 10 g/kg body weight significantly reduced the colonic inflammation. The present study indicates that Manuka honey is efficacious in the TNBS-induced rat colitis model, but these results require further confirmation in human studies.
Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Volume 43 (1985)

This book discusses the recent developments made in chemistry of carbohydrates and biochemistry of cell membranes. The molecular structure of cell membranes is also discussed.
Carrier transport coefficients across GaAs–GaAlAs (100) interfaces (1979)

We present calculations of reflection and transmission coefficients for electrons and holes at (100) interfaces for the GaAs–Ga1–xAlxAs system. We consider semi-infinite crystals of the two semiconductors joined at an abrupt or compositionally graded interface. The calculations are performed using the empirical tight binding approximation. The transport coefficients were computed as a function of the components of the incident carrier wavevector normal and parallel to the interface. We have investigated the transport coefficients for incident states near various band minima into different final state channels. The transmission into states with qualitatively similar character to the incident state is found to be much greater than transmission into states of different character. For example, an electron near the X minimum normal to the interface in Ga1–xAlxAs transmits into the X valley of GaAs with much greater probability than it transmits into the Γ minimum of GaAs. We have investigated the dependence of the transport coefficients on alloy composition. The effect of compositional grading of the interface on the transport coefficients has also been investigated.
BCL-2 expression and mitochondrial activity in leukemic cells with different sensitivity to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis (1994)

The present study investigates the relationship between mitochondrial activity and the expression of the BCL-2 gene in a panel of six human and murine leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. The cell lines all contained normal glucocorticoid receptors but differed widely in sensitivity to dexamethasone, ranging from very sensitive S49 lymphoma to completely resistant HL-60 acute leukemia cells. In this panel, 10- to 15-fold differences in basal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/ATP ratio were correlated with up to fivefold differences in bcl-2 protein (in human cells) and approximately 25-fold difference in bcl-2 mRNA content (all cell lines). Moreover, ATP content and BCL-2 gene expression were inversely correlated with glucocorticoid sensitivity and cell cycle length. In resistant cell lines, sensitivity to dexamethasone was restored by the mitochondrial inhibitors rotenone and meta-iodobenzylguanidine. This sensitization was not accompanied by detectable reductions in bcl-2 mRNA or protein content, suggesting that the inhibitors were capable of overriding BCL-2-mediated inhibition of apoptosis. Increased mitochondrial activity and (overexpressed) BCL-2 appeared closely related properties of glucocorticoid-resistant cells, sharing common cellular targets in hormone-induced apoptosis.