gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Structural Stability and Solvent Denaturation of Proteins (1970)

Abstract The effects of the water-miscible straight chain and branched alcohols and glycols on the native conformation of sperm whale myoglobin, cytochrome c, and α-chymotrypsinogen have been investigated by spectral, difference spectral, and optical rotatory dispersion methods. Based on the midpoints of the denaturation transitions, that is, the amount of alcohol or glycol required to produce 50% denaturation at 25°, it is concluded that the effectiveness of the alcohols as protein denaturants increases with increasing chain length or hydrocarbon content, in conformance of what is expected of the disorganization of the hydrophobic interior of these proteins revealed by their detailed three-dimensional x-ray structure. As a rule, branching of the hydrocarbon portion of the alcohols tends to reduce their effectiveness as protein denaturants. The glycols are found to be less effective than the corresponding alcohols, suggesting that increased polarity or hydrogen-bonding capacity is of secondary importance when compared with the effects of increasing hydrocarbon content. The theories of Peller and Flory, used to account for the effects of denaturants and salts on the temperature transition of proteins and polypeptides, were extended to the analysis of isothermal denaturation data, with appropriate binding and Setschenow parameters based on free energy of transfer data taken from the literature or calculated from N-acetyl-l-tryptophan ethyl ester solubilities. The denaturation midpoints, Sm, based on the assumption of a hydrophobic mechanism of alcohol-protein side chain interactions, are found to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimentally obtained Sm values. Both the increased hydrophobicity with increasing chain length and the somewhat reduced effectiveness of the alcohols on branching are in most cases correctly predicted. For the straight chain alcohols, fairly satisfactory agreement with the experimental data is also obtained with binding constants based on estimates of free energies of hydrophobic bond formation, obtained by Scheraga and associates using the Nemethy and Scheraga theory of hydrophobic bonding.
The relationship between clinical outcomes and medication adherence in difficult-to-control asthma: Table 1 (2012)

Medication non-adherence and the clinical implications in difficult-to-control asthma were audited. Prescription issue data from 115 patients identified sub-optimal adherence (<80%) in 65% of patients on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) or combined ICS/long-acting β2 agonist (LABA). In those using separate ICS and LABA, adherence to LABA (50%) was significantly better than to ICS (14.3%). Patients with sub-optimal ICS adherence had reduced FEV(1) and higher sputum eosinophil counts. Adherence ratio was an independent predictor of previous ventilation for acute severe asthma (p=0.008). The majority of patients with difficult-to-control asthma are non-adherent with their asthma medication. Non-adherence is correlated with poor clinical outcomes.
In-situ measurements of residential energy performance using electric co-heating (1980)

An experimental technique is presented, called electric co-heating, for measuring the net efficiency of heating and cooling systems in residential buildings. In this technique, constant temperature is maintained inside the test building by thermostated, portable electric heaters. The net heat gain from any heating system in the building is measured by the reduction in electric heating needed to maintain constant indoor temperature. The method is illustrated with actual efficiency tests of a central gas fired heating system, an open fireplace, and a central air conditioner. Other capabilities of the electric co-heating technique illustrated here are the measurement of heat load caused by air infiltration and the measurement of an equivalent conductance of the building envelope. The in-situ characteristic of the method is stressed: actual, net heat gains, and cooling and heating loads are measured, reflecting the interaction between the tested appliance and the building containing it. In this context heating efficiency improvements of a heating system can be measured whether they stem from bettered combustion efficiency or from insulation of heating ducts.
Melt spinning of β‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) yarns with and without a conductive core (2010)

Abstract When poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is to be used as a piezoelectric material, the processing must include the formation of polar β‐phase crystallites, as well as the application of electrically conducting charge collectors, that is, electrodes. In this article, results from the melt spinning of PVDF yarns and a novel bicomponent PVDF‐yarn with a conductive carbon black/polypropylene (CB/PP) core are presented. Melt spinning has been done under conditions typical for industrial large‐scale fiber production. The effects on the resulting crystalline structure of varying the spinning velocity, draw rate, and draw temperature are discussed. The results show that, for maximum α‐to‐β phase transformation, cold drawing should take place at a temperature between 70 and 90°C, and both the draw ratio and the draw rate should be as high as possible. It was observed that the cold drawing necessary to form β‐phase crystallinity simultaneously leads to a decrease in the core conductivity of the bicomponent yarns. In this work, the melt spinning of bicomponent fibers with high‐β‐phase PVDF in the sheath and a CB/PP core was successfully accomplished. The core material remained electrically conductive, paving the way for the use of a CB‐polymer compound as inner electrode in the melt spinning of piezoelectric bicomponent fibers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Prick test: evolution towards automated reading (2016)

The prick test is one of the most common medical methods for diagnosing allergies, and it has been carried out in a similar and laborious manner over many decades. In an attempt to standardize the reading of the test, many researchers have tried to automate the process of measuring the allergic reactions found by developing systems and algorithms based on multiple technologies. This work reviews the techniques for automatic wheal measurement with the aim of pointing out their advantages and disadvantages and the progress in the field. Furthermore, it provides a classification scheme for the different technologies applied. The works discussed herein provide evidence that significant challenges still exist for the development of an automatic wheal measurement system that not only helps allergists in their medical practice but also allows for the standardization of the reading and data exchange. As such, the aim of the work was to serve as guideline for the development of a proper and feasible system.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Formulations of Norovirus Vaccine Candidate in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial (2017)

NCT02038907.
Heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides (2015)

The structural, electronic, optical, and photocatalytic properties of out-of-plane and in-plane heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides are investigated by (hybrid) first principles calculations. The out-of-plane heterostructures are found to be indirect band gap semiconductors with type-II band alignment. Direct band gaps can be achieved by moderate tensile strain in specific cases. The excitonic peaks show blueshifts as compared to the parent monolayer systems, whereas redshifts occur when the chalcogen atoms are exchanged along the series S-Se-Te. Strong absorption from infrared to visible light as well as excellent photocatalytic properties can be achieved.
Murine Pro-B Cells Require IL-7 and Its Receptor Complex to Up-Regulate IL-7Rα, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyltransferase, and cμ Expression (2000)

Phenotypic analysis of bone marrow cells from IL-7 knockout (KO) mice revealed that B cell development is blocked precisely at the transition between pro-B cells and pre-B cells. In contrast, the generation of pre-pro-B cells and pro-B cells appeared to be normal, as judged by total cell numbers, proliferative indexes, D-JH and V-DJH gene rearrangements, and mRNA for recombinase-activating gene-1 (RAG-1), RAG-2, TdT, Ig mu, lambda 5, and VpreB. However, upon closer inspection, several abnormalities in pro-B cell development were identified that could be corrected by injection of rIL-7 in vivo. These included the absence of the subset of late pro-B cells that initiates cmu expression for pre-B cell Ag receptor (BCR) formation, and the failure of pro-B cells to up-regulate TdT and the IL-7R alpha (but not the common gamma-chain) chain. Similar defects were present in common gamma-chain and Jak3 KO mice, but not in lambda 5 or (excluding cytoplasmic Ig mu heavy chain (c mu)) RAG-1 KO mice, all of which also arrest at the late pro-B cell stage. Consequently, up-regulation of TdT and IL-7R alpha expression requires signaling through the high affinity IL-7R, but does not require cmu expression or a functional pre-BCR. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-7 and its receptor complex are essential for 1) up-regulating the expression of TdT and IL-7R alpha, 2) initiating the production of cmu and 3) promoting the formation of a functional pre-BCR in/on pro-B cells. These key events, in turn, appear to be prerequisite both for differentiation of pro-B cells to pre-B cells and for proliferation of these cell subsets upon continued stimulation with IL-7.
New<i>Drosophila</i>introns originate by duplication (1998)

We have analyzed the phylogenetic distribution of introns in the gene coding for xanthine dehydrogenase in 37 species, including 31 dipterans sequenced by us. We have discovered three narrowly distributed novel introns, one in the medfly Ceratitis capitata, the second in the willistoni and saltans groups of Drosophila, and the third in two sibling species of the willistoni group. The phylogenetic distribution of these introns favors the "introns-late" theory of the origin of genes. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicates that all three introns have arisen by duplication of a preexisting intron, which is pervasive in Drosophila and other dipterans (and has a homologous position as an intron found in humans and other diverse organisms).
A Novel Zeolite Coating for Protection of Concrete Sewers from Biological Sulfuric Acid Attack (2008)

Microbial growth inhibition and resistance to biological deterioration of concrete specimens coated with silver-loaded zeolite was evaluated by measuring the time course of bacterial growth, biological sulfur oxidation, and sulfate production using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans as a corrosive agent. Live bacterial cells declined from an initial inoculum concentration of 1.1 × 104 cell ml-1 to zero in 10 days, during which only 0.5–1% of the initial sulfur concentration of 10 g l-1 was biologically oxidized, corresponding to sulfate production rates of 35–42 mg SO 4 2 − g − 1 S − 1 . Leaching coefficients of calcium and silicon in the specimens coated with silver-loaded zeolite of 1.6 × 10 − 4 to 4.6 × 10 − 2 cm 2 d − 1 respectively, were only 0.8% and 1% of the uncoated specimens.
Successful Wide Hybridization and Introgression Breeding in a Diverse Set of Common Peppers (Capsicum annuum) Using Different Cultivated Ají (C. baccatum) Accessions as Donor Parents (2015)

Capsicum baccatum, commonly known as ají, has been reported as a source of variation for many different traits to improve common pepper (C. annuum), one of the most important vegetables in the world. However, strong interspecific hybridization barriers exist between them. A comparative study of two wide hybridization approaches for introgressing C. baccatum genes into C. annuum was performed: i) genetic bridge (GB) using C. chinense and C. frutescens as bridge species; and, ii) direct cross between C. annuum and C. baccatum combined with in vitro embryo rescue (ER). A diverse and representative collection of 18 accessions from four cultivated species of Capsicum was used, including C. annuum (12), C. baccatum (3), C. chinense (2), and C. frutescens (1). More than 5000 crosses were made and over 1000 embryos were rescued in the present study. C. chinense performed as a good bridge species between C. annuum and C. baccatum, with the best results being obtained with the cross combination [C. baccatum (♀) × C. chinense (♂)] (♀) × C. annuum (♂), while C. frutescens gave poor results as bridge species due to strong prezygotic and postzygotic barriers. Virus-like-syndrome or dwarfism was observed in F1 hybrids when both C. chinense and C. frutescens were used as female parents. Regarding the ER strategy, the best response was found in C. annuum (♀) × C. baccatum (♂) crosses. First backcrosses to C. annuum (BC1s) were obtained according to the crossing scheme [C. annuum (♀) × C. baccatum (♂)] (♀) × C. annuum (♂) using ER. Advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are discussed in relation to their application to breeding programmes. These results provide breeders with useful practical information for the regular utilization of the C. baccatum gene pool in C. annuum breeding.
Thermoelectric figure of merit of impurity doped and hot-pressed magnesium silicide elements (2002)

Intermetallic magnesium compounds and their solid solutions have been known as potentially promising thermoelectric materials for the middle temperature power generation application. Spark plasma sintering and subsequent hot-pressing were used to make the impurity doped Mg/sub 2/Si thermoelectric elements. The temperature dependence of thermoelectric properties such as the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity was measured to clarify the optimum performance of sintered Mg/sub 2/Si elements. Moreover, the semiconducting properties such as Hall mobility and carrier concentration were measured by the van der Pauw method. In the case of 0.6 at%Sb doped n-type sintered elements the maximum power factor was obtained 3.0/spl times/10/sup -3/ W/mK/sup 2/ at 773 K and the figure of merit was 0.87/spl times/10/sup -3/ K/sup -1/ and dimensionless figure of merit ZT was 0.67. Concerning p-type Mg/sub 2/Si elements, silver doped, sintered Mg/sub 2/Si was made by the same procedure as n-type antimony doped sintered elements. The junction of a Mg/sub 2/Si element with the electrode was also studied to check the junction resistance between the thermoelectric element and the electrode. It was found that Fe was suitable as an electrode.
HEMOPHILIA. II. SOME PROPERTIES OF A SUBSTANCE OBTAINED FROM NORMAL HUMAN PLASMA EFFECTIVE IN ACCELERATING THE COAGULATION OF HEMOPHILIC BLOOD (1937)

In previous studies (1) it was observed that citrated normal plasma rendered free of cellular elements by Berkefeld filtration, contained a sub- stance which accelerated the clotting time of hemophilic blood. A preliminary report (2) in- dicated that the clot-promoting substance was as- sociated with a saline soluble globulin fraction, as demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies with hemophilic blood. The present report de- scribes in detail the nature of the latter observa- tions.
Investigation and Physicochemical Characterization of Vinpocetine-Sulfobutyl Ether .BETA.-Cyclodextrin Binary and Ternary Complexes (2003)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactions between vinpocetine (VP), sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBEbetaCD) and the water-soluble polymers polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The water-soluble polymers were shown to improve the complexation efficiency of SBEbetaCD, and thus less SBEbetaCD was needed to prepare solid VP-SBEbetaCD complexes in the presence of the polymers. The interactions between VP and SBEbetaCD, with or without PVP or HPMC, were thoroughly investigated in aqueous solutions using the phase-solubility method as well as in the solid state. The amount of VP solubilized in water or aqueous polymer solution increased linearly with increasing SBEbetaCD concentration, demonstrating A(L)-type plots. We estimated the apparent stability constant (K(c)) at room temperature of VP-SBEbetaCD binary complex to be 340 M(-1) and this value increased to 490 M(-1) or 390 M(-1), respectively, with the addition of PVP and HPMC, assuming a 1 : 1 VP-SBEbetaCD molar ratio. Improvement in the K(c) values for ternary complexes clearly confirmed the benefit of the addition of water-soluble polymers to promote higher complexation efficiency. Solid VP-SBEbetaCD binary and ternary systems were prepared by physical mixing, kneading, coevaporation, and lyophilization methods and fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffractometry. The results obtained suggest that coevaporation and lyophilization methods yield a higher degree of amorphous entities and indicated formation of VP-SBEbetaCD binary and ternary complexes.
Application of knowledge management technology in customer relationship management (2003)

Abstract Given the important role being played by knowledge management (KM) systems in the current customer‐centric business environment, there is a lack of a simple and overall framework to integrate the traditional customer relationship management (CRM) functionalities with the management and application of the customer‐related knowledge, particularly in the context of marketing decisions. While KM systems manage an organization's knowledge through the process of creating, structuring, disseminating and applying knowledge to enhance organizational performance and create value, traditional CRM have focused on the transactional exchanges to manage customer interactions. True CRM is possible only by integrating them with KM systems to create knowledge‐enabled CRM processes that allow companies to evaluate key business measures such as customer satisfaction, customer profitability, or customer loyalty to support their business decisions. Such systems will help marketers address customer needs based on what the marketers know about their customers, rather than on a mass generalization of the characteristics of customers. We address this issue in this paper by proposing an integrated framework for CRM through the application of knowledge management technology. The framework can be the basis for enhancing CRM development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Experience in Compressor-Noise Reduction (1966)

This paper summarizes the Company's research and development activity in studies of compressor noise and means for its reduction. Correlation between theory, small-scale-rig tests, and full-scale-engine data are discussed. Special rig and instrumentation systems helpful for diagnosis of compressor noise are described, and illustrations are given of several techniques for reducing noise and the extent to which these techniques worked in rigs and engines. The paper concludes with a discussion of the noise characteristics of possible future high bypass ratio turbofan engines.
Fabrication of Resonance Tunnel Diode by γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Si Multiple Heterostructures (2002)

Fabrication of epitaxial γ-Al2O3(111)/Si(111) heterostructures with smooth surfaces for resonance tunnel diode structures is presented in this study. γ-Al2O3 layers were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and Si layers were fabricated by a mini e-beam evaporator. Epitaxial growth and surface morphology of these layers were studied by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained root mean square (RMS) values of the surface roughness of these layers were 0.39 nm for γ-Al2O3 (3 nm) on Si(111)-substrate and 0.65 nm for Si (4 nm) on γ-Al2O3/Si(111)-substrate. Conduction band offset of the γ-Al2O3/Si heterostructure was studied by Fowler-Nodheim tunneling current measurement, and the conduction band offset (ΔEc) value of 2.2 eV was obtained. Then, resonant tunneling diode (RTD) structures with double and triple barriers were fabricated using this γ-Al2O3(111)/Si(111) heterostructure. Electrical properties of these RTDs were studied to find negative differential resistance (NDR). The NDR at room temperature was observed in both structures for the first time with a peak to valley (P/V) current ratio of 3.0 for the double barrier RTD, and 4.5 for the triple barrier RTD.
Food-Borne Infections and Intoxications. (1953)

This reference book deals with sanitation problems, food-borne diseases, and food poisoning caused by bacterial toxins and by metals. It is a supplement to the discussions in the authors' "Microbiology of Foods," published in 1944. The format is good, there are relatively few typographic errors, and a good index is included. A comprehensive review of the literature is presented indiscriminately, leaving the reader to draw his own conclusions. The evidence obtained from human feeding experiments with heat-killed cultures of Salmonella has failed to support the theory that heat-stabile toxins of Salmonella may cause illness when eaten by man. In spite of this the authors consider heat-stabile products of Salmonella a cause of illness in man. The book is useful as a historical review of the literature but is not too valuable for the clinician.
Telephone versus print delivery of an individualized motivationally tailored physical activity intervention: Project STRIDE. (2007)

Results suggest that both telephone and print enhance the adoption of physical activity among sedentary adults; however, print interventions may be particularly effective in maintaining physical activity in the longer term.
A novel shape prior based level set method for liver segmentation from MR Images (2008)

Liver segmentation in MR Image is the foundational work for further research in our lab. Traditional Level Set methods and active contours were often used to segment the liver, but the results were not always promising due to noise and the low gradient response on the liver boundary. In this paper we propose a novel level set based variational approach that incorporates shape prior knowledge into the improved Chan-Vese’s model [1] which can overcome the leakage and over-segmentation problems. Some statistical methods are used to get the prior shape, and the training process allows the prior shape not exactly at the location of desired object. Experiments are taken on abdomen MRI series and the results reveal that our improved level set based shape prior method can segment liver shape precisely and a refined liver perfusion curve without respiration affection can be achieved.