gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbonation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash and the Impact on Metal Mobility (2003)

Fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is considered as hazardous waste that calls for a robust, reliable, and reasonable treatment technique. This investigation aims to assess the impact of CO2 partial pressure, water addition, time, and temperature on the stabilization of MSWI fly ash with particular emphasis on Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr. Carbonation and element mobility were studied by applying thermal analysis and leaching assays on fly ash samples treated according to a 24 factorial design. The relationship between the factors and the response variables was evaluated using partial least squares modeling. Chemical equilibrium calculations were performed so as to complement the experimental findings. Decalcification of carbonated fly ash in a typical Swedish landfill was estimated at 0.13mm⋅yr-1 Treatment through carbonation reduced the availability of Pb and Zn about 100 times and also the carbonate alkalinity of 7.4eq⋅(kg⋅FS)-1 (FS represents the fixed solids) was remedied successfully. However, shortcomings that need to be resolved are the remobilization of Cr with time and the mobilization of Cd.
Ultrastructure of malaria-infected erythrocytes. (1990)

Knobs, caveolae, caveola-vesicle complexes, cytoplasmic clefts, and electron-dense material are five major ultrastructural changes found in the membrane skeleton and cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with species of primate malaria. Knobs are electron-dense, conical evaginations of the erythrocyte surface, which are believed to mediate cytoadherence and sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Caveolae and caveola-vesicle complexes are flask-shaped invaginations of the membrane skeleton, which may be involved in the uptake or export of host- or parasite-derived substances. Cytoplasmic clefts are flattened or circular membranous structures found in the erythrocyte cytoplasm between the intracellular parasite and the host cell surface. The clefts are variable in length and bounded by two or more membranes. Fine, granular electron-dense material is often found on the cytoplasmic face of clefts or in amorphous packets in the erythrocyte cytoplasm. Immunocytochemistry has demonstrated that all of these ultrastructural changes are associated with the trafficking and interaction of specific malarial antigens with the host erythrocyte.
Parallel Asynchronous Hungarian Methods for the Assignment Problem (1993)

In this paper, we discuss the parallel asynchronous implementation of the Hungarian method for solving the classical assignment problem. Multiple augmentations and price rises are simultaneously attempted starting from several unassigned sources and using possibly outdated price and assignment information. The results are then merged asynchronously subject to rather weak compatibility conditions. We show the validity of this algorithm and we demonstrate computationally that an asynchronous implementation is often faster than its synchronous counterpart. INFORMS Journal on Computing, ISSN 1091-9856, was published as ORSA Journal on Computing from 1989 to 1995 under ISSN 0899-1499.
Improve tcp performance in ad hoe network by TCP-RC (2004)

Standard TCP reduce its performance by misinterpreting mobility losses due to node motion as congestion losses in ad hoc network. By far, there were some approaches proposed to improve TCP performance in ad hoc network. In general, they freeze TCP connection temporarily when route is failed, and resume TCP transmission from the original frozen state when route is reconstructed. In this paper, we propose a new approach, TCP-RC, which re-compute cwnd and ssthresh for the TCP connection after route is reconstructed, thus it can adjust the TCP transmission rate adaptively according to current capacity of TCP connection. Consequently, TCP-RC lowers possibility of bursty traffic and avoids invoking congestion control under situation of high network load. Analyses and simulations show that TCP-RC had achieved better TCP performance than Reno in ad hoc network.
Detecting double compression of audio signal (2010)

MP3 is the most popular audio format nowadays in our daily life, for example music downloaded from the Internet and file saved in the digital recorder are often in MP3 format. However, low bitrate MP3s are often transcoded to high bitrate since high bitrate ones are of high commercial value. Also audio recording in digital recorder can be doctored easily by pervasive audio editing software. This paper presents two methods for the detection of double MP3 compression. The methods are essential for finding out fake-quality MP3 and audio forensics. The proposed methods use support vector machine classifiers with feature vectors formed by the distributions of the first digits of the quantized MDCT (modified discrete cosine transform) coefficients. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. To the best of our knowledge, this piece of work is the first one to detect double compression of audio signal.
<title>Cryogenic infrared multilayer filters: the origin of low-temperature shift of the pass-band edge</title> (1999)

The design, manufacture and optimum performance of a cut-on IR for the 8-14 micrometers is discussed. The filter is composed of PbTe/ZnS symmetrical stacks deposited on tow sides of a ZnSe(ZnS) substrate. The refractive index of PbTe was found to 5.6 and that of ZnS 2.15. In order to obtain the required pass/stop band profile the principal filter was composed of ten basic periods. The transparent in the mean IR-range multilayer coatings are stable of thermal cycling from 300 up to 8 K with steady optical characteristics in this temperature range. The average transmittance of filters was 75 percent in the desired spectral regions and was constant in the temperature interval 300-8 K. The effect of cooling on the position of the pass band edge of the interference multilayer thin-film coating is experimentally revealed. A model is suggested which explains the origin of low- temperature shift of the pass-band edge within the scope of variation in the optical thickness of a layer with the high refractive index. The result of the carried out numerical analysis are in well agreement with the experimental data and may be used for cryocorrection of the interference IR multilayer thin-film.
Structure, organization and expression of the mouse ornithine decarboxylase antizyme gene (1997)

Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme is a protein that participates in the regulation of cellular polyamine levels. In this study we have isolated and sequenced the mouse gene encoding antizyme protein. Transfection of various cell lines with a 5.5 kb genomic fragment containing the antizyme locus resulted in the production of a 29 kDa antizyme protein, confirming that this locus contained a functional gene. Comparison of the mouse gene with the corresponding rat gene [Miyazaki, Matsufuji and Hayashi, (1992) Gene 113, 191-197] revealed an identical exon/intron organization and high level of nucleotide sequence conservation that was 89% for the entire transcription unit. Protein-coding regions of the two genes exhibited 97% nucleotide sequence identity and there were only four amino acid differences between the 227-residue antizyme protein sequences of the mouse and rat. The promoter of the antizyme gene was functional in mouse (N2A and NIH/3T3) and hamster (CHO) cell lines. The presence of 0.1 mM spermidine in culture medium increased the amount of immunoreactive antizyme protein in cells transfected with the antizyme gene or antizyme cDNA, possibly owing to facilitated frameshifting in the translation of antizyme mRNA. Recombinant antizyme protein was also produced in Escherichia coli and used to raise specific polyclonal antibodies in rabbits and to devise immunological methods for the measurement of antizyme concentration.
Mise en oeuvre en temps réel d'un récepteur hybride GPS-GALILEO (2008)

Le début du 21e siècle marque un tournant au niveau de la radionavigation par satellite. Parmi les événements importants, mentionnons l'avènement de Galileo, le tout nouveau système de positionnement de l'Union européenne, ainsi que la modernisation du GPS {Global Positioning System) des États-Unis. On prévoit que ces systèmes, regroupés sous l'acronyme GNSS {Global Navigation Satellite System), mettront à la disposition des utilisateurs civils une très grande quantité de signaux vers les années 2015, ceci permettant un positionnement d'une précision et d'une fiabilité sans précédent. Or, tout ce potentiel ne sera obtenu que par l'intégration des signaux GNSS, une tâche pouvant s'avérer très complexe compte tenu des technologies limitées de recherche et de développement (R&D)actuellement employées par l'industrie.\n\nCe mémoire présente la mise en oeuvre en temps réel d'un récepteur de navigation par satellite GNSS hybride (GPS et Galileo). Ce projet, basé sur un FPGA {Field-Programmable Gâte Array), constitue une avance technologique face aux procédés actuellement employés par l'industrie, qui sont coûteux et peu flexibles. Ceci pennettrait donc d'offrir une solution intéressante aux problèmes d'intégration des signaux GNSS.\n\nLe récepteur de navigation a été développé afin de démoduler les signaux GPS et Galileo en bande de fréquence Ll (1575,42 MHz). L'architecture système demeure toutefois très flexible et permettrait bientôt de démoduler des signaux en bande L2 (1227,6 MHz) et L5 (1176,45 MHz), par exemple. Le récepteur a été mis en oeuvre via l'élaborafion de trois principales sections, soit la tête radiofréquence (RF), les canaux de démodulation en fréquence intermédiaire (IF) et la solufion de navigation en bande de base. \n\nL'architecture, principalement numérique, a été judicieusement développée de manière à permettre l'intégration de plus de 50 canaux de démodulation au sein d'un même FPGA. De plus, l'utilisation d'un ordinateur personnel (PC) afin de calculer la solufion de navigation a permis d'obtenir des performances encore jamais égalées, permettant une fréquence de mise à jour de la posifion de 1 kHz en temps réel.\n\nLe récepteur développé a été validé de plusieurs façons, que ce soit par simulation en temps réel à l'aide d'un simulateur de constellation GNSS, ou encore directement à l'extérieur grâce à de vrais signaux GPS et Galileo. Les performances du récepteur ont aussi été étudiées, ce qui a permis de déterminer une précision de 2,2 m RMS horizontalement et de 4,5 m RMS verticalement au niveau du positionnement à l'aide du GPS seulement. De plus, un temps de démarrage de moins de 16 s a pu être mesuré ainsi qu'une capacité de poursuivre les signaux jusqu'à un ratio C/No de 30 dB Hz. Or, toutes ces caractéristiques sont similaires aux récepteurs de navigation que l'on retrouve présentement sur le marché, ce qui indique un très bon fonctionnement pour un premier prototype.
Peripheral nerve stimulation‐optimal gradient waveform design (2014)

Including PNS-limits in the gradient waveform design can shorten the duration of gradient trajectories, thereby reducing associated artifacts.
The endothelin axis in cancer: the promise and the challenges of molecularly targeted therapyThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the special issue (part 2 of 2) on Forefronts in Endothelin. (2008)

The endothelin (ET) axis, which includes ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, and 2 G protein-coupled receptor subtypes, ET AR and ET BR, promotes growth and progression of a variety of tumors, such as prostatic, ovarian, renal, pulmonary, colorectal, cervical, breast, lung, bladder, endometrial carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, brain tumors, and melanoma. Acting on selective receptors, ET-1 regulates mitogenesis, cell survival, angiogenesis, bone remodeling, stimulation of nociceptors, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastatic dissemination. At the molecular level, endothelin receptor antagonists, besides providing ideal tools for dissecting the ET axis, have demonstrated their potential in developing novel therapeutic strategies. Emerging experimental and clinical data demonstrate that interfering with endothelin receptors provides an opportunity for the development of rational combinatorial approaches using endothelin receptor antagonists in combination with chemotherapy or molecularly targeted therapy.
Is posterior fusion necessary with laminectomy in the cervical spine? (2012)

Although the short-term results of cervical laminectomy versus laminectomy and fusion are similar, there appear to be more complications associated with performing laminectomy alone over the long term. Here, we reviewed the pros and cons of posterior cervical decompression alone versus decompression with fusion/instrumentation to treat cervical pathology, highlighting the complications associated with each surgical alternative.
CD27 cooperates with the pre-T cell receptor in the regulation of murine T cell development. (1996)

CD27 is a lymphocyte-specific member of the TNF receptor family and has a TNF-related transmembrane ligand, CD70. The CD27/CD70 receptor-ligand pair cooperates with the TCR in the regulation of the peripheral T cell response. The study presented here reveals that CD27 may play a similar role in thymic pre-T cell development. We have previously cloned the cDNA encoding murine CD27, prepared specific mAbs and observed that murine CD27 is expressed on virtually all thymocytes, with the exception of a subpopulation of CD4-8- precursor T cells. It is shown here that induction of murine CD27 expression occurs at the transition from the CD4-8-25+ to the CD4-8-25- precursor T cell stage and is regulated by the pre-TCR. Therefore, we investigated whether CD27 contributes to pre-TCR-mediated thymocyte development. Pre-TCR function was mimicked by the induction of CD3 signaling in thymocytes of recombination activating gene (RAG)-deficient mice. This in vivo anti-CD3 epsilon mAb treatment induces an about fifty fold numerical expansion of CD4-8-25+ thymocytes and their differentiation to the CD4+8+25- stage. Co-injection of anti-CD27 mAb inhibited the CD3-mediated expansion and differentiation of the CD4-8-25+ precursor population. Also, injection of anti-CD27 mAb in TCR alpha-/- mutant mice led to a reduction in the absolute number of CD4+8+25- thymocytes. We present evidence that in these in vivo systems, anti-CD27 mAb inhibits CD27-ligand interaction. Therefore, we conclude that CD27 may contribute to normal murine T cell development by synergizing with the pre-TCR-mediated signal.
Rapid Apoptosis Induced by Shiga Toxin in HeLa Cells (2003)

Apoptosis was induced rapidly in HeLa cells after exposure to bacterial Shiga toxin (Stx1 and Stx2; 10 ng/ml). Approximately 60% of HeLa cells became apoptotic within 4 h as detected by DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and electron microscopy. Stx1-induced apoptosis required enzymatic activity of the Stx1A subunit, and apoptosis was not induced by the Stx2B subunit alone or by the anti-globotriaosylceramide antibody. This activity was also inhibited by brefeldin A, indicating the need for toxin processing through the Golgi apparatus. The intracellular pathway leading to apoptosis was further defined. Exposure of HeLa cells to Stx1 activated caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9, as measured both by an enzymatic assay with synthetic substrates and by detection of proteolytically activated forms of these caspases by Western immunoblotting. Preincubation of HeLa cells with substrate inhibitors of caspases 3, 6, and 8 protected the cells against Stx1-dependent apoptosis. These results led to a more detailed examination of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by Stx1 was accompanied by damage to mitochondrial membranes, measured as a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria at 3 to 4 h. Bid, an endogenous protein known to permeabilize mitochondrial membranes, was activated in a Stx1-dependent manner. Caspase-8 is known to activate Bid, and a specific inhibitor of caspase-8 prevented the mitochondrial damage. Although these data suggested that caspase-8-mediated cleavage of Bid with release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-9 were responsible for the apoptosis, preincubation of HeLa cells with a specific inhibitor of caspase-9 did not protect against apoptosis. These results were explained by the discovery of a simultaneous Stx1-dependent increase in endogenous XIAP, a direct inhibitor of caspase-9. We conclude that the primary pathway of Stx1-induced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells is unique and includes caspases 8, 6, and 3 but is independent of events in the mitochondrial pathway.
Fatal Outcomes from Liposuction: Census Survey of Cosmetic Surgeons (2000)

Troubling reports of adverse outcomes after liposuction prompted a census survey of aesthetic plastic surgeons. All 1200 actively practicing North American boardcertified ASAPS members were polled by facsimile, then mail, regarding deaths after liposuction. Patient initials together with case summaries precluded data replication yet assured patient anonymity and preserved surgeon privacy. Incomplete returns or ambiguous findings were authenticated, where feasible, by direct follow-up. Total number of lipoplasties performed by plastic surgeons was interpolated from the ASPRS procedure database for the survey time frame of 1994 to mid-1998. Lacking reliable annual case volume estimates, deaths from lipoplasties performed by non-ABPS surgeons were excluded from the actual mortality rate computation but were included in cause-of-death ranking statistics. Responding aesthetic plastic surgeons (917 of 1200) reported 95 uniquely authenticated fatalities in 496,245 lipoplasties. In this census survey, the mortality rate computed to 1 in 5224, or 19.1 per 100,000. A virtually identical 20.3 per 100,000 mortality rate was obtained in a 1997 random survey commissioned by the parent society. Pulmonary thromboembolism remains as the major killer (23.4 ± 2.6 percent); lacking consistent medical examiners' toxicology data, the putative role of high-dose lidocaine cardiotoxicity could not be ascertained. Where so stated, many deaths occurred during the first night after discharge home; prudence suggests vigilant observation for residual “hangover” from sedative/anesthetic drugs after lengthy procedures. Taken together, these two independent surveys peg the late 1990s mortality rate from liposuction at about 20 per 100,000, or 1 in every 5000 procedures. Set beside the 16.4 per 100,000 fatality rates of U.S. motor vehicle accidents, liposuction is not an altogether benign procedure. We do not have comparable mortality data for lipoplasties performed by non-ABPS-certified physicians. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 436, 2000.)
Space avionics stellar-inertial subsystem (2002)

Draper Laboratory has developed a space avionics system for attitude determination and control of small low-power microsatellites. The goal is to determine microsatellite attitude to better than 0.1 deg with a minimum power expenditure. The revolutionary, enabling technologies that make this happen include an electron-bombarded Charge-Coupled Device (EBCCD) star camera that can detect dim stars (Magnitude=8) and a MEMS 3-axis inertial rate sensor module. The performance of the two enabling sensors (EBCCD and MEMS) depends on the early amplification and digital conversion of the optical and inertial signals, respectively, to a digital format. The amplification of the optical signal in the EBCCD star camera removes the effect of the CCD detector noise and the effect of the read-out noise. The digital conversion of the inertial sensor data at the preamplifier stage eliminates the subsequent effect of the noise and drift error terms. The immediate NASA application is microsatellites in LEO NASA science missions that often require 20 rpm spinning microsatellites. This paper describes some of the design features of the Draper Low-Power Avionics Sensor Suite (LoPASS) approach, including the digital processing of the EBCCD and MEMS data. Examples of the LoPASS sensor's digital processing include: use of the UTMC 69R000 microcontroller to implement the digital processing; measuring star centroids on a discrete CCD array with high accuracy; providing digital temperature compensation for the MEMS gyros; application of a simple Kalman filter to optimize the attitude solution; low-power operation with radhard sensors and processor. The result is a space avionics stellar-inertial subsystem that weighs approximately 1 kg and has an average power of approximately 2 W. The optical camera, inertial sensors, and the microcontroller are all radhard. The star camera is turned on every 5 min with a 3-second star sighting to update the MEMS gyro drift and achieve the 0.1-deg attitude knowledge requirement.
How anonymous is ‘anonymous’? Some suggestions towards a coherent universal coding system for genetic samples (2012)

So-called 'anonymous' tissue samples are widely used in research. Because they lack externally identifying information, they are viewed as useful in reconciling conflicts between the control, privacy and confidentiality interests of those from whom the samples originated and the public (or commercial) interest in carrying out research, as reflected in 'consent or anonymise' policies. High level guidance documents suggest that withdrawal of consent and samples and the provision of feedback are impossible in the case of anonymous samples. In view of recent developments in science and consumer-driven genomics the authors argue that such statements are misleading and only muddle complex ethical questions about possible entitlements to control over samples. The authors therefore propose that terms such as 'anonymised', 'anonymous' or 'non-identifiable' be removed entirely from documents describing research samples, especially from those aimed at the public. This is necessary as a matter of conceptual clarity and because failure to do so may jeopardise public trust in the governance of large scale databases. As there is wide variation in the taxonomy for tissue samples and no uniform national or international standards, the authors propose that a numeral-based universal coding system be implemented that focuses on specifying incremental levels of identifiability, rather than use terms that imply that the reidentification of research samples and associated actions are categorically impossible.
Modeling Cryogenic Spray Temperature and Evaporation Rate Based on Single-Droplet Analysis (2000)

Cryogenic sprays are of interest in dermatology for cooling human skin during pulsed laser treatment of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks. In the present study, a Phase Doppler Interferometer (PDI) was used to obtain preliminary measurements of mean diameters and mean velocities of tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) spray droplets, generated by an atomizing nozzle of a commercial dermatological instrument. Our measurements show significantly smaller diameters than those theoretically predicted for water sprays (by at least one order of magnitude), indicating a high evaporation rate due to the low boiling temperature of the cryogen at atmospheric pressure (Tb=-26 o C). Using these preliminary measurements, along with a single-droplet evaporation model, we estimate the mean spray temperature, Tcryo, as a function of distance from the nozzle (z). In the model, we assume that a droplet decreases in diameter in accordance with the D 2 -law. We further consider deceleration of the droplet due to the drag force. To compute Tcryo(z), we incorporate the instantaneous droplet velocity and diameter into a phase-change heat transfer balance, which includes heat convection with the surrounding air. The Tcryo(z) predicted by our single-droplet model are in reasonable agreement with the mean temperatures obtained experimentally using a straight-tube nozzle, similar to the commercial atomizing nozzle, in the measured range of z = 1.8-12.5 cm. Further studies are underway and will be presented in future papers.