gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prestorm Estimation of Hurricane Damage to Electric Power Distribution Systems (2010)

Hurricanes frequently cause damage to electric power systems in the United States, leading to widespread and prolonged loss of electric service. Restoring service quickly requires the use of repair crews and materials that must be requested, at considerable cost, prior to the storm. U.S. utilities have struggled to strike a good balance between over- and underpreparation largely because of a lack of methods for rigorously estimating the impacts of an approaching hurricane on their systems. Previous work developed methods for estimating the risk of power outages and customer loss of power, with an outage defined as nontransitory activation of a protective device. In this article, we move beyond these previous approaches to directly estimate damage to the electric power system. Our approach is based on damage data from past storms together with regression and data mining techniques to estimate the number of utility poles that will need to be replaced. Because restoration times and resource needs are more closely tied to the number of poles and transformers that need to be replaced than to the number of outages, this pole-based assessment provides a much stronger basis for prestorm planning by utilities. Our results show that damage to poles during hurricanes can be assessed accurately, provided that adequate past damage data are available. However, the availability of data can, and currently often is, the limiting factor in developing these types of models in practice. Opportunities for further enhancing the damage data recorded during hurricanes are also discussed.
CD38/Cyclic ADP‐ribose System: A New Player for Oxytocin Secretion and Regulation of Social Behaviour (2010)

Oxytocin is important for regulating a number of physiological processes. Disruption of the secretion, metabolism or action of oxytocin results in an impairment of reproductive function, social and sexual behaviours, and stress responses. This review discusses current views on the regulation and autoregulation of oxytocin release in the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system, with special focus on the activity of the CD38/cADP-ribose system as a new component in this regulation. Data from our laboratories indicate that an impairment of this system results in alterations of oxytocin secretion and abnormal social behaviour, thus suggesting new clues that help in our understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Evaluation of Latent Semantic Analysis-Based Measures of Team Communications Content (2003)

Team process is thought to mediate team member inputs and team performance. Among the team behaviors identified as process variables, team communications have been widely studied. We view team communications as a team behavior and also as team information processing, or team cognition. Within the context of a Predator Uninhabited Air Vehicle (UAV) synthetic task, we have developed several methods of communications content assessment based on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). These methods include: Communications Density (CD) which is the average task relevance of a team's communications, Lag Coherence (LC) which measures task-relevant topic shifting over UAV missions, and Automatic Tagging (AT) which categorizes team communications. Each method is described in detail. CD and LC are related to UAV team performance. AT-human is comparable to human-human agreement on content coding. The results are promising for the assessment of teams based on LSA applied to communication content.
Development of Magnesium-Ion-Selective Microelectrodes Based on a New Neutral Carrier ETHT 5504 (1998)

Two types of magnesium-selective microelectrodes based on a new synthetic neutral carrier ETHT 5504 are presented. One type of microelectrode is applicable to the determination of intracellular free Mg2+ molality without interference from alkaline or alkaline-earth metal ions versus a typical intracellular ion background of 10 mmol/L NaCl, 100 mmol/L KCl, and 1 μM CaCl2. The response function showed a slope of 28.6 ± 0.4 mV (1 SD per decade), and a detection limit at 10−5.1 ± 0.1 mol/L. A magnesium-selective electrode with different composition of the membrane cocktail has been employed for assays of both intracellular and extracellular Mg2+-activities, with improved discrimination of Ca2+ and other physiological cations compared to electrodes based on ETH 1117, ETH 5214 and ETH 7025, respectively. This is the first report where Mg2+-selective microelectrodes can be applied to extracellular Mg2+-measurements. The microelectrodes based on ETHT 5504 perfectly discriminate the physiological extracellular ion background. Electrodes with tip diameters of typically 1 μm have an average electrical resistance of 3.0 × 1010 Ω, and a response time, t90 %, of 3 s. The lifetime of the microelectrodes is longer than 1 week and the emf-drift after 1day conditioning period is ≤0.3 mV/h. An example of measurements of the Mg2+-molality in low volumes of specimen is described in this article for blood serum of rats.
Face Class Code Based Feature Extraction for Face Recognition (2006)

In face recognition, the goal is to assign a class label for a test image of a subject from N classes in the database, when binary classifiers are used, the commonly used method is the one-per-class (OPC) i.e., one classifier per subject. A drawback of the OPC method is that when the number of classes is large, it takes very long time to make a classification decision. In place of the computationally-demanding OPC method, we propose a new feature extraction method "face class code" (FCC) based on binary classifiers. For example, correlation filters and support vector machines can be used to generate feature vectors to deal with large number of classes. The FCC method encodes each class label into a binary string, and we design classifiers to discriminate '1' or '0' for each bit in the sequence, to determine the class label. Thus, we will need as few as [log/sub 2/(N)] binary classifiers to achieve an N-class recognition problem. This binary coding framework also opens the whole world of error control codes (ECC), which can be used to improve the recognition performance. The proposed method is verified through experiments on the PIE database and the AR database.
Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1a1 Null Mice Are Sensitive to Cholestatic Liver Injury (2012)

Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a1 (Oatp1a1) is predominantly expressed in livers of mice and is thought to transport bile acids (BAs) from blood into liver. Because Oatp1a1 expression is markedly decreased in mice after bile duct ligation (BDL). We hypothesized that Oatp1a1-null mice would be protected against liver injury during BDL-induced cholestasis due largely to reduced hepatic uptake of BAs. To evaluate this hypothesis, BDL surgeries were performed in both male wild-type (WT) and Oatp1a1-null mice. At 24 h after BDL, Oatp1a1-null mice showed higher serum alanine aminotransferase levels and more severe liver injury than WT mice, and all Oatp1a1-null mice died within 4 days after BDL, whereas all WT mice survived. At 24 h after BDL, surprisingly Oatp1a1-null mice had higher total BA concentrations in livers than WT mice, suggesting that loss of Oatp1a1 did not prevent BA accumulation in the liver. In addition, secondary BAs dramatically increased in serum of Oatp1a1-null BDL mice but not in WT BDL mice. Oatp1a1-null BDL mice had similar basolateral BA uptake (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and Oatp1b2) and BA-efflux (multidrug resistance-associated protein [Mrp]-3, Mrp4, and organic solute transporter α/β) transporters, as well as BA-synthetic enzyme (Cyp7a1) in livers as WT BDL mice. Hepatic expression of small heterodimer partner Cyp3a11, Cyp4a14, and Nqo1, which are target genes of farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and NF-E2-related factor 2, respectively, were increased in WT BDL mice but not in Oatp1a1-null BDL mice. These results demonstrate that loss of Oatp1a1 function exacerbates cholestatic liver injury in mice and suggest that Oatp1a1 plays a unique role in liver adaptive responses to obstructive cholestasis.
Diversity of bacterial manipulation of the host ubiquitin pathways (2014)

Ubiquitination is generally considered as a eukaryotic protein modification, which is catalysed by a three-enzyme cascade and is reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes. Ubiquitination directs protein degradation and regulates cell signalling, thereby plays key roles in many cellular processes including immune response, vesicle trafficking and cell cycle. Bacterial pathogens inject a series of virulent proteins, named effectors, into the host cells. Increasing evidence suggests that many effectors hijack the host ubiquitin pathways to benefit bacterial infection. This review summarizes the known functions and mechanisms of effectors from human bacterial pathogens including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Chlamydia and Legionella, highlighting the diversity in their mechanisms for manipulating the host ubiquitin pathways. Many effectors adopt the molecular mimicry strategy to harbour similar structures or functional motifs with those of the host E3 ligases and deubiquitinases. On the other hand, a few of effectors evolve novel structures or new enzymatic activities to modulate various steps of the host ubiquitin pathways. The diversity in the mechanisms enhances the efficient exploitation of the host ubiquitination signalling by bacteria.
Genetic Polymorphisms in Human Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Potential Uses of Reverse Genetics to Identify Genes of Toxicological Relevance (1997)

The human mind was engaged with fundamental questions on the nature of heredity long before the study of genetics became a scientific discipline. Many traits, such as height, eye color, blood pressure, or cancer susceptibility, have been known to run in families, although the genes or combination of genes that underlie these observable characteristics remain unknown in most cases. Differences in susceptibility to environmental agents in humans are likewise determined by variations in genetic background--genetic polymorphisms. In this article, we review the current status of studies on human polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and discuss various approaches to the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. We expect that in the near future, novel methods in genetic analysis of human populations will be likely to play a key role in the identification of genes of toxicological relevance.
A facile assay for direct colorimetric visualization of lipopolysaccharides at low nanomolar level (2012)

We report a facile assay for the rapid visual detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules down to the low nanomolar level by taking advantage of the electrostatic interaction between LPS molecules and cysteamine-modified gold nanoparticles (CSH-Au NPs). The large amount of negatively charged groups on the LPS molecules make LPS highly negatively charged. Thus, when modified with cysteamine, the positively charged gold nanoparticles can aggregate in the presence of trace amounts of LPS. The probe is simple, does not require any advanced instrumentation, and the limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be as low as 3.3 × 10−10 mol/L. To the best of our knowledge, it is the most sensitive synthetic LPS sensor reported so far.
Sequential regulation of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrin avidity by CC chemokines in monocytes: implications for transendothelial chemotaxis. (1996)

Leukocyte emigration possibly requires dynamic regulation of integrin adhesiveness for endothelial and extracellular matrix ligands. Adhesion assays on purified vascular cell adhension molecule (VCAM)-1, fibronectin, and fibronectin fragments revealed distinct kinetic patterns for the regulation of very late antigen (VLA)-4 (alpha 4 beta 1) and VLA-5 (alpha 5 beta 1) avidity by the CC chemokines monocyte inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted), or monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in monocytes. CC chemokines induced early activation and subsequent deactivation of VLA-4, whereas upregulation of VLA-5 avidity occurred later and persisted. Controlled detachment assays in shear flow suggested that adhesive strength of VLA-4 for VCAM-1 or the 40-kD fragment of fibronectin (FN40) is more rapidly increased and subsequently reduced by MCP-1 than by MIP-1 alpha, and confirmed late and sustained activation of the adhesive strength of VLA-5 for the 120-kD fragment of fibronectin (FN120). Mn2+ or the stimulating beta 1 mAb TS2/16 strongly and stably enhanced monocyte binding to VCAM-1 or fibronectin, and locked beta 1 integrins in a high avidity state, which was not further modulated by CC chemokines. Mn2+ and mAb TS2/16 inhibited CC chemokine-induced transendothelial migration, particularly chemotaxis across stimulated endothelium that involved VLA-4 and VCAM-1. VLA-4 on Jurkat cells is of constitutively high avidity and interfered with migration across barriers expressing VCAM-1. Low but not high site densities of VCAM-1 or FN40 promoted, while FN120 impaired, beta 1 integrin-dependent monocyte chemotaxis to MCP-1 across filters coated with these substrates. Thus, we show that CC chemokines can differentially and selectively regulate avidity of integrins sharing common beta subunits. Transient activation and deactivation of VLA-4 may serve to facilitate transendothelial diapedesis, whereas late and prolonged activation of VLA-5 may mediate subsequent interactions with the basement membrane and extracellular matrix.
Fuzzy inference and fuzzy inference processor (1993)

Fuzzy inference, a data processing method based on the fuzzy theory that has found wide use in the control field, is reviewed. Consumer electronics, which accounts for most current applications of this concept, does not require very high speeds. Although software running on a conventional microprocessor can perform these inferences, high-speed control applications require much greater speeds. A fuzzy inference date processor that operates at 200000 fuzzy logic inferences per second and features 12-b input and 16-b output resolution is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance Improvement of Very Low Head Cross Flow Turbine with Inlet Open Duct (2014)

The cross flow turbine is economical because of its simple structure. For remote rural region, there are needs for a more simple structure and very low head cross flow turbines. However, in this kind of locations, the water from upstream always flows into the turbine with some other materials such as sand and pebble. These materials will be damage to the runner blade and shorten the turbine lifespan. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new type of cross flow turbine for the remote rural region where there is availability of abundant resources. The new design of the cross flow turbine has an inlet open duct, without guide vane and nozzle to simplify the structure. However, the turbine with inlet open duct and very low head shows relatively low efficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to optimize the shape of the turbine inlet to improve the efficiency, and investigate the internal flow of a very low head cross flow turbine. There are two steps to optimize the turbine inlet shape. Firstly, by changing the turbine open angle along with changing the turbine inlet open duct bottom line (IODBL) location to investigate the internal flow. Secondly, keeping the turbine IODBL location at the maximum efficiency achieved at the first step, and changing the turbine IODBL angle to improve the performance. The result shows that there is a 7.4% of efficiency improvement by optimizing turbine IODBL location (open angle), and there is 0.3% of efficiency improvement by optimizing the turbine IODBL angle.
Magnetic Properties of Percolated Perpendicular FePt–MgO Films (2007)

Percolated perpendicular FePt-MgO films with a (Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">48</sub> Pt <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">52</sub> ) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">100-x</sub> -(MgO) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /Pt(001)/Cr(002) structure were prepared by conventional dc magnetron sputtering (x=0-6.13). Magnetic measurements demonstrate that the coercivity of the magnetic film drastically increases from 169 to 285 kA/m as the MgO content is increased from 0 to 0.15 vol.%. However, the grain sizes of the FePt phase do not significantly varying upon doping with MgO. MgO does not appear at the grain boundaries of the FePt phase, but is present as crystalline dots that are uniformly precipitated in the FePt matrix. The MFM images revealed that the domain structure transformed from extending to isolate when the MgO dots precipitated into the FePt grains. Consequently, the MgO dots serve as pinning sites of the domain wall and enhance perpendicular coercivity. Percolated perpendicular magnetic recording is thus regarded as a solution to the problem of thermal instability in ultrasmall grains
SINGLE-MOLECULE ANALYSIS OF RNA POLYMERASE TRANSCRIPTION (2006)

The kinetics and mechanisms of transcription are now being investigated by a repertoire of single-molecule techniques, including optical and magnetic tweezers, high-sensitivity fluorescence techniques, and atomic force microscopy. Single-molecule techniques complement traditional biochemical and crystallographic approaches, are capable of detecting the motions and dynamics of individual RNAP molecules and transcription complexes in real time, and make it possible to directly measure RNAP binding to and unwinding of template DNA, as well as RNAP translocation along the DNA during transcript synthesis.
Microglial proliferation in the nucleus gracilis and dorsal spinal cord following sciatic nerve transection in the adult rat (1995)

Microglial proliferation in the nucleus gracilis and dorsal spinal cord following sciatic nerve transection in the adult rat
<i>Trans-Cls-Trans</i>-<b>Phototropism of 2-Styrylpyridine Methiodide</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTrans-Cls-Trans-Phototropism of 2-Styrylpyridine MethiodideJ. L. R. WilliamsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 7, 1323Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00866a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00866a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Specific Issues in the Design and Implementation of an Efficacy Trial for a Lyme Disease Vaccine (1997)

Lyme disease is an emerging infection that has now become the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States. In the 20 years since its initial description, scientific and technological advances have led to candidate vaccines for the prevention of Lyme disease. Recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccines have been successful in protecting mice in tick-challenge experiments. A candidate OspA vaccine has been found to be safe and immunogenic in phase I and II studies. This article describes some of the lessons that were learned and some of the unique obstacles encountered in the design and implementation of a large phase III efficacy field trial. Pivotal trials of vaccines for Lyme disease can be a major investment of time and resources for subjects, investigators, and sponsors. If properly conducted, they also present unique opportunities to expand our knowledge of the disease.
Copolymerization of ethylene/α‐olefins using bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride metallocene catalyst: structural study of comonomer distribution (2010)

Abstract Catalysts have a major role in the polymerization of olefins and exert their influence in three ways: (1) polymerization behaviour, including polymerization activity and kinetics; (2) polymer particle morphology, including bulk density, particle size, particle size distribution and particle shape; and (3) polymer microstructure, including molecular weight regulation, chemical composition distribution and short‐ and long‐chain branching. By tailoring the catalyst structure, such as the creation of a bridge or introducing a substituent on the ligand, metallocene catalysts can play a major role in the achievement of desirable properties. Kinetic profiles of the metallocene catalyst used in this study showed decay‐type behaviour for copolymerization of ethylene/α‐olefins. It was observed that increasing the comonomer ratio in the feedstock affected physical properties such as reducing the melting temperature, crystallinity, density and molecular weight of the copolymers. It was also observed that the heterogeneity of the chemical composition distribution and the physical properties were enhanced as the comonomer molecular weight was increased. In particular, 2‐phenyl substitution on the indenyl ring reduced somewhat the melting point of the copolymers. In addition, the copolymer produced using bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl 2 ) catalyst exhibited a narrower distribution of lamellae (0.3–0.9 nm) than the polymer produced using bisindenylzirconium dichloride catalyst (0.5–3.6 nm). The results obtained indicate that the bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl 2 catalyst showed a good comonomer incorporation ability. The heterogeneity of the chemical composition distribution and the physical properties were influenced by the type of comonomer and type of substituent in the catalyst. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Radon Inversion via Deep Learning (2020)

The Radon transform is widely used in physical and life sciences, and one of its major applications is in medical X-ray computed tomography (CT), which is significantly important in disease screening and diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a novel reconstruction framework for Radon inversion with deep learning (DL) techniques. For simplicity, the proposed framework is denoted as iRadonMAP, i.e., inverse Radon transform approximation. Specifically, we construct an interpretable neural network that contains three dedicated components. The first component is a fully connected filtering (FCF) layer along the rotation angle direction in the sinogram domain, and the second one is a sinusoidal back-projection (SBP) layer, which back-projects the filtered sinogram data into the spatial domain. Next, a common network structure is added to further improve the overall performance. iRadonMAP is first pretrained on a large number of generic images from the ImageNet database and then fine-tuned with clinical patient data. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed iRadonMAP framework for Radon inversion.