gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Function of the Subunits of Citramalate Lyase and Formation of Hybrids with the Subunits of Citrate Lyase (1977)

1. The enzyme complex citramalate lyase from Clostridium tetanomorphum , composed of six copies of three different proteins, has been dissociated into its protein components and these were isolated in an enzymically active state. Citramalate lyase has been reconstituted from the isolated subunits. 2. The enzyme complex consists of an acyl carrier protein and two different enzymes, the α and β subunits. The isolated enzymes were active if acetyl‐thio‐acyl carrier protein and (3 S )‐citramalyl‐thio‐acyl carrier protein were substituted for the corresponding acyl‐CoA derivatives. 3. The α subunit in the presence of (3 S )‐citramalyl‐CoA and acetate catalyzed the formation of acetyl‐CoA and citramalate. The β subunit catalyzed the cleavage of (3 S )‐citramalyl‐CoA to acetyl‐CoA and pyruvate. This reaction was dependent on Mg 2+ and was abolished if EDTA was added in excess. It was concluded from these results that the α subunit represents an acetyl‐thio‐acyl carrier protein: citramalate acyl carrier protein transferase within the native complex, and the β subunit a (3 S )‐citramalyl‐thio‐acyl carrier protein lyase. 4. Results similar to those given above have previously been obtained with the enzyme complex citrate lyase from Klebsiella aerogenes , but with citrate, (3 S )‐citryl‐thio‐acyl carrier protein or (3 S )‐citryl‐CoA instead of citramalate and its corresponding derivatives. Thus, not only molecular weight, subunit composition and chemical events during substrate turnover are nearly identical in the two different enzyme complexes but also the functions of the individual subunits. 5. The close relationship between the two different enzymes from the two different microorganisms was confirmed by cross reactions between the isolated subunits of each enzyme complex producing a hybrid enzyme complex.
Induction and Catabolite Repression of Chondroitinase in Batch and Chemostat Cultures of Proteus vulgaris (1974)

SUMMARY: Chondroitinase was induced in Proteus vulgaris by chondroitin sulphate or by N-acetylgalactosamine. With batch cultures growing on chondroitin sulphate or N-acetylgalactosamine the differential rate of chondroitinase synthesis increased throughout the exponential growth phase. Induction of chondroitinase by chondroitin sulphate was prevented by glucose, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate or succinate. The rate of uptake of chondroitin sulphate by Proteus vulgaris suspensions was not altered by the presence of glucose. With steady state chemostat cultures, limited either by the supply of chondroitin sulphate or nicotinic acid, the specific activity of chondroitinase was maximal at diffusion coefficient (D) = 0·18h−1. Addition of glucose to nicotinic acid-limited chemostat cultures resulted in an exponential reduction in chondroitinase specific activity; this could be partially prevented by the simultaneous addition of 5 mm-adenosine cyclic-3′,5′-monophosphate.
Strategies for pTesla Field Detection Using Magnetoresistive Sensors With a Soft Pinned Sensing Layer (2015)

The detection of low-intensity and low-frequency signals requires magnetic sensors with enhanced sensitivity, low noise levels, and improved field detection at low operating frequencies. Two strategies to improve the detectivity levels of devices based on tunnel magnetoresistive sensors are demonstrated: 1) a large number of sensors connected in series or 2) an individual sensor with a large sensing area and integrated magnetic flux guides. State-of-the-art MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions with a soft pinned sensing layer were used in this paper. For 952 sensors in series a sensitivity of 29.3%/mT and a detection level of 455 pT/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> were obtained at 100 Hz, whereas the integration of magnetic flux guides in a single sensor yielded a sensitivity of 138.3%/mT and a detection level of 576 pT/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> at the same frequency. These two strategies imply a large device footprint, being suitable when a high spatial resolution is not an application requirement.
Accuracy of Needle Placement into the Intra- Articular Space of the Knee in Osteoarthritis Patients for Viscosupplementation (2016)

Study showed that the accuracy of needle placement was higher through Lateral midpatellar than the Anterolateral portal.
A study on the luminescence characterization of red long persistent phosphors by the $B_2O_3$ addition (2008)

Red long persistent phosphors of : Pr was synthesized by a solid reaction method. were used as hosting materials and Pr was doped as luminescence center element, and was used as flux. The XRD pattern confirmed crystalline phase of the phosphor, and photoluminescence investigation showed emission spectrum at . Phosphor samples were synthesized with flux concentration of 1, 5, 10%, and luminescent peak of maximum intensity at 494 nm was obtained for 1% . Luminescent peak of red color at 620 nm was of highest intensity for 10% .
Head-centered orientation strategies in animate vision (2002)

The authors consider orienting, that is, establishing and maintaining a spatial relation between a motorized pair of cameras (the eye-head system) and a static or a moving object tracked over time. Motivated by physiological evidence, they propose a simple set of vision-based strategies aimed to perform head, eye, and body movements in a complex environment. Fixation is shown to be an essential feature in visual servoing, and is used to decouple control on head rotational degrees of freedom, making possible a metric-less approach to the orientation problem. An implementation of these strategies, using a binocular camera system mounted on a PUMA 700 robotic system, demontrated the effectiveness of the approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Endoscopic hologram interferometry using fiber optics (1981)

Basic and practical problems on the formation of fringes in endoscopic hologram interferometry using fiber optics have been studied in connection with medical diagnosis of living body cavities, nondestructive testing of inner parts of machines, etc. It is pointed out that fiber bundles instead of single fibers can be used to transmit high power laser light for object illumination to prevent the light path break induced by the high power density of concentrated laser light. The effects of extended source illumination by the fiber bundle, image transmission through the ordered fiber bundle, and fiber bundle movement on the fringe visibility were investigated.
Low Risk Synthesis of Energetic Poly(3‐Azidomethyl‐3‐Methyl Oxetane) from Tosylated Precursors (2006)

Abstract Azidated oxetanic polymers such as poly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane), are under investigation as “energetic” binder to be used as an alternative to polybutadiene in solid rocket propellants. The classic synthetic route for the production of the polymer is through an azidated monomer where the N 3 − functionality has been previously introduced by nucleophilic displacement of a suitable, usually a halogen, leaving group. However, this could involve critical steps with manipulation of a highly unstable liquid monomer. Here it is shown that the azidation can be performed as the final step of the preparation by substitution of the tosyl group in a preformed polymer. The procedure assures good yield and purity of the product and satisfactory rate of reaction, being the energetic functionality always kept in a safe form, which shows low shock and friction sensitivity. Poly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) was prepared by azidation of poly(3‐tosyloxymethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) in dimethylsulfoxide, testing several operating conditions. Moreover, hypothesizing a second order kinetics, the rate constant and the activation energy for the azidation step have been estimated.
Optoacoustic<sup>13</sup>C-breath test analyzer (2010)

The composition and concentration of exhaled volatile gases reflects the physical ability of a patient. Therefore, a breath analysis allows to recognize an infectious disease in an organ or even to identify a tumor. One of the most prominent breath tests is the <sup>13</sup>C-urea-breath test, applied to ascertain the presence of the bacterium helicobacter pylori in the stomach wall as an indication of a gastric ulcer. In this contribution we present a new optical analyzer that employs a compact and simple set-up based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. It consists of two identical photoacoustic cells containing two breath samples, one taken before and one after capturing an isotope-marked substrate, where the most common isotope <sup>12</sup>C is replaced to a large extent by <sup>13</sup>C. The analyzer measures simultaneously the relative CO<sub>2</sub> isotopologue concentrations in both samples by exciting the molecules on specially selected absorption lines with a semiconductor laser operating at a wavelength of 2.744 μm. For a reliable diagnosis changes of the <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of 1% in the exhaled breath have to be detected at a concentration level of this isotope in the breath of about 500 ppm.
Chemical Thinning of Peach Fruits with CGA 15281 and CGA 178561 (1978)

Abstract Beta-chloroethyl-methyl-bis-benzyloxy-silane (CGA 15281) was applied to 6 Eastern U.S. grown peach ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) cultivars. Thinning response varied considerably with cultivar, timing, concentration and year. Unpredictable and commercially unacceptable leaf abscission occurred with most cultivars during the three-year period. Adequate thinning was achieved without excessive leaf abscission (10% or less) with only one treatment on 3 cultivars (‘Redhaven’, ‘Loring’, and ‘Sunhigh’) during the 3-year period. Reproducibility between years was not good. Unpruned trees or long 2-year-old limbs lost a greater portion of fruit at the base of shoots and on the interior of the trees than trees pruned to a uniform shoot length. The thinning response to CGA 17856 (an analogue of CGA 15281) was compared to the same rate of CGA 15281 on 5 cultivars. A tendency to greater leaf abscission was observed with CGA 17856.
Speech based text correction tool for the visually impaired (2015)

In this modern age of revolutionary smart devices, technology reigns supreme. Visually impaired users are a part of this modern world. They deserve to taste the beauty of this technology. However, they require assistive technology which is the concern of HCI (Human Computer Interaction). In this paper, we present a text correction tool that is entirely designed for the visually impaired. Instead of having to use traditional keyboard or mouse, they can write or edit text using speech only. The text can be read to the user using speech synthesizer. The user will be notified of different events through audio feedback and the user will be able to write text entirely using speech. Different voice commands have been designed to interact with this tool. Also, important modes can be activated using a single click on a mouse button. Since clicking either of the mouse button may not be very difficult for the visually impaired, we can use this option for flexibility. Existing speech based tools offer fast writing method, higher accuracy, but they are not optimized for the people with low or no vision. Text editing is a basic way to communicate with the computer. Providing a clear and efficient solution regarding this matter will obviously open a new door for the disabled which is in this case visual impairment. Five participants evaluated the system and the feedback was more than satisfactory.
Syntheses of Isocyanide Dihalides (1967)

Abstract The methods for the preparation of isocyanide dihalides, and particularly of isocyanide dichlorides, are described. The scopes and courses of the various processes are critically discussed.
Collective Knowledge Composition in a P2P Network (2005)

Today’s data and information management tools enable massive accumulation and storage of knowledge that is produced through scientific advancements, personal and corporate experiences, communications, interactions, and so forth. In addition, the increase in the volume of this data and knowledge continues to accelerate. The willingness and the ability to share and use this information are key factors for realizing the full potential of this knowledge scattered over many distributed computing devices and human beings. By correlating these isolated islands of knowledge, individuals can gain new insights, discover new relations (Sheth, Arpinar & Kashyap, 2003), and produce more knowledge. Despite the abundance of information, knowledge starvation still exists because most of the information cannot be used effectively for decision-making and problem-solving purposes. This is in part due to the lack of easy to use knowledge sharing and collective discovery mechanisms. Thus, there is an emerging need for knowledge tools that will enable users to collectively create, share, browse, and query their knowledge.
Optimizing non‐Pb radiation shielding materials using bilayers (2009)

Depending on the x-ray quality, appropriate choices of two complementary metal-embedded elastomer layers can decrease the weight of radiation shielding garments by up to 25% compared to Pb-based elastomer garments while providing equivalent attenuation.
DBAASP v.2: an enhanced database of structure and antimicrobial/cytotoxic activity of natural and synthetic peptides (2015)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are anti-infectives that may represent a novel and untapped class of biotherapeutics. Increasing interest in AMPs means that new peptides (natural and synthetic) are discovered faster than ever before. We describe herein a new version of the Database of Antimicrobial Activity and Structure of Peptides (DBAASPv.2, which is freely accessible at http://dbaasp.org). This iteration of the database reports chemical structures and empirically-determined activities (MICs, IC50, etc.) against more than 4200 specific target microbes for more than 2000 ribosomal, 80 non-ribosomal and 5700 synthetic peptides. Of these, the vast majority are monomeric, but nearly 200 of these peptides are found as homo- or heterodimers. More than 6100 of the peptides are linear, but about 515 are cyclic and more than 1300 have other intra-chain covalent bonds. More than half of the entries in the database were added after the resource was initially described, which reflects the recent sharp uptick of interest in AMPs. New features of DBAASPv.2 include: (i) user-friendly utilities and reporting functions, (ii) a 'Ranking Search' function to query the database by target species and return a ranked list of peptides with activity against that target and (iii) structural descriptions of the peptides derived from empirical data or calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The three-dimensional structural data are critical components for understanding structure-activity relationships and for design of new antimicrobial drugs. We created more than 300 high-throughput MD simulations specifically for inclusion in DBAASP. The resulting structures are described in the database by novel trajectory analysis plots and movies. Another 200+ DBAASP entries have links to the Protein DataBank. All of the structures are easily visualized directly in the web browser.
A simulation study of IC layout effects on thermal management of die attached GaAs ICs (2000)

Power management and thermal characterization of integrated power amplifiers is crucial to the development of a number of advanced technologies including portable wireless applications. Reduction and or optimization of device operating temperatures and thermal characteristics is needed to control temperature activated failure phenomena. This paper presents the use of PATRAN, a three-dimensional (3-D) model builder and finite element method (FEM) solver as means of understanding the heat flow in integrated devices and optimizing the layout for thermal operation. The approach taken is to assume a priori knowledge of the heat generation region and decouple the semiconductor transport equations. This allows for solution of the heat equation over a sufficiently large region to be correct. After verifying the correctness of the assumption of the device temperature being relatively insensitive to the depth, thickness and shape of the heat generation region, the optimization of heat spreaders in a GaAs HBT process is presented. This optimization is performed as an example of how both the maximum temperature and temperature variation across the emitter can reduced by careful design of the emitter metallization. Finally, the use of PATRAN is presented for extracting a three resistor thermal model for two devices in close proximity.
Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: A report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer's Association (2013)

Positron emission tomography (PET) of brain amyloid b is a technology that is becoming more available, but its clinical utility in medical practice requires careful definition. To provide guidance to dementia care practitioners, patients, and caregivers, the Alzheimer's Association and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging convened the Amyloid Imaging Taskforce (AIT). The AIT considered a broad range of specific clinical scenarios in which amyloid PET could potentially be used appropriately. Peer-reviewed, published literature was searched to ascertain available evidence relevant to these scenarios, and the AIT developed a consensus of expert opinion. Although empirical evidence of impact on clinical outcomes is not yet available, a set of specific appropriate use criteria (AUC) were agreed on that define the types of patients and clinical circumstances in which amyloid PET could be used. Both appropriate and inappropriate uses were considered and formulated,and are reported and discussed here. Because both dementia care and amyloid PET technology are in active development, these AUC will require periodic reassessment. Future research directions are also outlined, including diagnostic utility and patient-centered outcomes.
PARTICIPATION OF ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (hANP) LEVELS AND ARGININE VASOPRESSIN (AVP) IN AGED PERSONS WITH NOCTURIA (1995)

The increase in body fluid and elevation of hANP over the time between evening and night, and the decrease in AVP accompanying these increases were considered to lead to the increase in urine volume during the night, and this increase is considered to be a factor in nocturia.
Great impact of RFC technology on fast recovery diode towards 600 V for low loss and high dynamic ruggedness (2012)

In the fast recovery operation of Free-wheeling Diode (FWD), to reduce voltage surge “snap-off”, we propose the Relaxed Field of Cathode (RFC)-planar anode diode in the range of 600 V to 1700 V. RFC effect is described by the parallel connection of pin diode and pnp transistor in as a single chip solution. Its structure is realized by our thin wafer process technology utilizing the backside lithography to make p/n alternating pattern after thining the wafer. As the result, our RFC diode up to 1700 V has the following three advantages comparing with the conventional one: (a) 40% lower recovery loss (EREC), 30% lower forward voltage drop (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</sub> ), (b) a large recovery Safe Operating Area (SOA) with the high peak power density of 1.4W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and (c) easiness to adjust a lower crosspoint below rated current density in the output I-V. Therefore, the proposed RFC diode has a great potential as the next generation Si FWD in the all voltage range.
Nonvolatile quantum dot memory (NVQDM) in floating gate configuration: device and circuit modeling (2004)

In this paper, we describe the physical and circuit models of a nonvolatile memory cell comprising of CdSe nanocrystals in a floating gate configuration. The floating gate voltage is computed from the ratio of capacitances between the floating gate and control gate. Threshold voltage for the 0.07 /spl mu/m channel length MOSFET is calculated using various device parameters including the effect of charge on nanocrystal quantum dots. Current voltage characteristics are obtained using BSIM3v3. The gate current is modeled based on direct tunneling between the channel and nanocrystals. Results for a 70 nm channel length device are presented.
Methylation-Mediated Proviral Silencing Is Associated with MeCP2 Recruitment and Localized Histone H3 Deacetylation (2001)

The majority of 5-methylcytosine in mammalian DNA resides in endogenous transposable elements and is associated with the transcriptional silencing of these parasitic elements. Methylation also plays an important role in the silencing of exogenous retroviruses. One of the difficulties inherent in the study of proviral silencing is that the sites in which proviruses randomly integrate influence the probability of de novo methylation and expression. In order to compare methylated and unmethylated proviruses at the same genomic site, we used a recombinase-based targeting approach to introduce an in vitro methylated or unmethylated Moloney murine leukemia-based provirus in MEL cells. The methylated and unmethylated states are maintained in vivo, with the exception of the initially methylated proviral enhancer, which becomes demethylated in vivo. Although the enhancer is unmethylated and remodeled, the methylated provirus is transcriptionally silent. To further analyze the repressed state, histone acetylation status was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses, which revealed that localized histone H3 but not histone H4 hyperacetylation is inversely correlated with proviral methylation density. Since members of the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) family of proteins recruit histone deacetylase activity, these proteins may play a role in proviral repression. Interestingly, only MBD3 and MeCP2 are expressed in MEL cells. ChIPs with antibodies specific for these proteins revealed that only MeCP2 associates with the provirus in a methylation-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that MeCP2 recruitment to a methylated provirus is sufficient for transcriptional silencing, despite the presence of a remodeled enhancer.
Reliability of a Manual Procedure for Marking the EZ Endpoint Location in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (2016)

For clinical studies, the EZ endpoints can be marked by hand if a training procedure, including a manual, is used. The endpoint confidence intervals, well under ±2.0°, are considerably smaller than the 6° spacing for the typically used static visual field.
A General RLC Synthesis Procedure (1954)

Any physically realizable RLC transfer function-impedance, admittance, or dimensionless ratio-can be realized within a multiplicative constant by the synthesis procedures presented in this paper. The form of network achieved is a lattice with these significant features: (a) it may have any desirable termination; (b) it contains no mutual inductance; (c) every inductance in the network appears with an associated series resistance so that, in building the network, low-Q coils may be used. In addition, the lattice arms are of so simple a form relative to each other that many of the achieved lattices are amenable to reduction to unbalanced networks. Further, in case of a transfer admittance, reduction can be achieved with the use at most of real transformers i.e., transformers with winding resistance, finite magnetizing inductance, and a coupling coefficient smaller than one.