gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Amino Acid Crystallization Processes:  <scp>l</scp>-Glutamic Acid (2007)

Amino acids are widely used in food, chemical, agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Crystallization is one of the key steps in their manufacturing processes. However, for a complex multicomponent system with solvates and compounds, it is not clear how to recover a specific amino acid or its salt. To address this issue, this article proposes a general framework for the conceptual design of amino acid crystallization processes. It is based on the representation and experimental determination of solid−liquid equilibrium (SLE) phase diagrams. Glutamic acid and its sodium salt, monosodium glutamate, are chosen as a model system to illustrate this framework. SLE experiments were performed to estimate the location of the boundaries between different crystallization compartments in each of which a single component can be recovered.
FreePDK: An Open-Source Variation-Aware Design Kit (2007)

This paper discusses an open source, variation aware Process Design Kit (PDK), based on Scalable CMOS design rules, down to 45nm, for use in VLSI research, education and small businesses. This kit includes all the necessary layout design rules and extraction command decks to capture layout dependent systematic variation and perform statistical circuit analysis. The kit also includes a standard cell and pad library with the necessary support files to enable full chip place and route and verification for System on Chip designs. Test chips designed with this PDK are designed in such a way so that they can be fabricated by fabrication facilities allowing validation of the design rules so that the rules may be used in future multi-project runs and design contests.
Notes on Reproductive Biology of Some Serpulid Polychaetes at Sesoko Island, Okinawa, with Brief Accounts of Setal Morphology of Three Species of Salmacina and Filograna implexa. (1993)

On the vertical walls of an aquarium and shells of Streptopinna saccata, 20 serpulid species were observed. Among them, 7 species perform brooding, 7 did asexual reproduction. Brooding was separated into 3 types, branchial-brooding, brood pouch-incubation and tube incubation. Asexual reproduction of them is terminal and single, bud completes their external morphology within 5 to 8 days. Descriptions of specialized collar setae of Filograna implexa and 3 species of Salmacina were given.
Ferrochelatase activity and protoporphyrin IX utilization in Haemophilus influenzae (1995)

Previous research showed that the heme-requiring human pathogen Haemophilus influenzae lacks the first six of the seven enzymes required for heme synthesis, starting with the precursor, 5-amino levulinic acid. In this study, I demonstrated either directly or by reasonable inference that all 57 strains of H. influenzae examined, including 2 unable to grow on protoporphyrin IX, possess ferrochelatase, which catalyzes heme formation by insertion of Fe2+ into the protoporphyrin IX nucleus and which is the last enzyme in the heme synthetic pathway. Further, I showed that this enzyme can also function in the reverse direction, releasing Fe2+ from heme.
Various shape memory effects of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymers (2013)

One-step dual-shape memory polymers (SMPs) recover their original (permanent) shape upon small variation of environmental conditions such as temperature, electric field, light, magnetic field, and solvent/chemicals. For advanced applications such as aerospace and medical devices, complicated, multiple-step, spatially controllable, and two-way shape memory effects (SMEs) are required. In the past decade, researchers have devoted great effort to improve the versatility of the SME of SMPs to meet the needs of advanced applications. This paper is intended to review the up-to-date research endeavors on advanced SMEs. The problems facing the various SMPs are discussed. The challenges and opportunities for future research are discussed. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Failure, repair and replacement analysis of a navy subsystem: case study of a pump (1997)

An age-replacement policy may be used to minimize the cost of replacement and repair of a system whose rate of repairable failures increases with age. In this paper we model the failure times before replacement of one such system—a pump used on a submarine—by a non-homogeneous Poisson process having log-linear hazard rate which is a function of age. Maximum likelihood is used to estimate model parameters. A renewal–reward process is used to obtain estimates of log-run average costs of age-replacement policies. It should be noted that the policy obtained does not recognize possible between-submarine differences but does acknowledge that noise from a submarine pump is not to be tolerated. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel N , N ′-Bis-(1,2,4-Triazin-4-Yl)Dicarboxylic Acid Amides and Some Fused Rings with 1,2,4-Triazine Ring (2002)

Some of novel N , N '-bis-(1,2,4-triazin-4-yl)dicarboxylic acid amides ( 2-5 ) and thiadiazolo[2,3- b ][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl carboxylic acid derivatives ( 6 , 7 ) were prepared by heating 4-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-3-thioxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazine ( 1 ) with different dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, malonic, fumaric, maleic, succinic, and phthalic acids respectively) in POCl 3 . Refluxing 1 with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in DMF yielded 3-methyl-6-nitro-10 H -benzo[1,2,4]thiadiazino[2,3- c ][1,2,4]triazin-4-one ( 8 ). Condensation of 1 with 2,4-pentandione in refluxing acetic acid furnished 6-methyl-4-(1-methyl-3-oxobut-1-enylamino)-3-thioxo-3,4-dihydro-2 H -[1,2,4]triazin-5-one ( 9 ). 3,8-D imethyl[1,2,4] triazino[3,4- b ][1,3,4]thiadiazine-4,7-dione ( 11 ) was prepared by refluxing 1 with 2-bromopropionyl bromide in anhydrous benzene to afford the corresponding N -acetylated derivative 10 , which was cyclized by using triethylamine. Also, some triazinylquinazolinones 13a , b were obtained by fusion of 1 with 6-bromo(and/or 6,8-dibromo)-2-methyl-3,1-benzoxazin-4 H -ones.
ORGANIC DYE SOLUTION LASER (1966)

The operation and characteristics of liquid lasers with a purely organic medium are described. A giant-pulse ruby laser is used to pump solutions of organic dyes in various organic solvents in concentrations ranging from 10−3 to 10−6 moles/liter. The solutions are contained in plane-parallel cuvettes acting as laser cavities. Wavelengths from 730 to 870 nm, megawatt peak powers and beam divergence angles of 5 mrad have been observed. The laser wavelength of each dye is tunable over a great part of its fluorescence band, e.g. by a change in concentration.
Liver-Specific <i>igf-1</i> Gene Deletion Leads to Muscle Insulin Insensitivity (2001)

Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) mediate a variety of signals involved in mammalian development and metabolism. To study the metabolic consequences of IGF-I deficiency, we used the liver IGF-I-deficient (LID) mouse model. The LID mice show a marked reduction (approximately 75%) in circulating IGF-I and elevated growth hormone (GH) levels. Interestingly, LID mice show a fourfold increase in serum insulin levels (2.2 vs. 0.6 ng/ml in control mice) and abnormal glucose clearance after insulin injection. Fasting blood glucose levels and those after a glucose tolerance test were similar between the LID mice and their control littermates. Thus, the high levels of circulating insulin enable the LID mice to maintain normoglycemia in the presence of apparent insulin insensitivity. Insulin-induced autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor and tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 were absent in muscle, but were normal in liver and white adipose tissue of the LID mice. In contrast, IGF-I-induced autophosphorylation of its cognate receptor and phosphorylation of IRS-1 were normal in muscle of LID mice. Thus, the insulin insensitivity seen in the LID mice is muscle specific. Recombinant human IGF-I treatment of the LID mice caused a reduction in insulin levels and an increase in insulin sensitivity. Treatment of the LID mice with GH-releasing hormone antagonist, which reduces GH levels, also increased insulin sensitivity. These data provide evidence of the role of circulating IGF-I as an important component of overall insulin action in peripheral tissues.
Roles of the TRAF2/3 Binding Site in Differential B Cell Signaling by CD40 and Its Viral Oncogenic Mimic, LMP1 (2009)

The EBV protein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), is a functional mimic of the cellular receptor CD40, but signals to B lymphocytes in an amplified and sustained manner compared with CD40. LMP1 contributes to the development of B cell lymphoma in immunosuppressed patients, and may exacerbate flares of certain autoimmune diseases. The cytoplasmic domain of LMP1 binds the signaling adaptor TRAF2 with lower avidity than the cytoplasmic domain of CD40, and TRAF2 is needed for CD40-mediated degradation of TRAFs 2 and 3. LMP1 doesn't induce TRAF degradation, and employs TRAF3 as a positive mediator of cell signaling, whereas CD40 signals are inhibited by TRAF3. We thus tested the hypothesis that relative affinity for TRAF2, and/or distinct sequence differences in the TRAF2/3 binding sites of CD40 vs LMP1, controls the disparate ways in which CD40 and LMP1 use TRAFs 2 and 3, and their distinct signaling characteristics. CD40 and LMP1 mutants in which the TRAF binding site sequences were swapped were examined, testing TRAF binding and degradation, and induction of B cell activation. Results revealed that TRAF binding affinity and TRAF binding site sequence dictate a distinct subset of CD40 vs LMP1 signaling properties. Examination of TRAF binding, degradation, cytokine production, IgM secretion, and the activation of c-Jun kinase and NF-kappaB revealed that some events are dictated by TRAF binding site sequences, others are partially regulated, and still others are independent of the TRAF binding site sequence.
Uranyl Precipitation by<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>via Controlled Polyphosphate Metabolism (2004)

The polyphosphate kinase gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was overexpressed in its native host, resulting in the accumulation of 100 times the polyphosphate seen with control strains. Degradation of this polyphosphate was induced by carbon starvation conditions, resulting in phosphate release into the medium. The mechanism of polyphosphate degradation is not clearly understood, but it appears to be associated with glycogen degradation. Upon suspension of the cells in 1 mM uranyl nitrate, nearly all polyphosphate that had accumulated was degraded within 48 h, resulting in the removal of nearly 80% of the uranyl ion and >95% of lesser-concentrated solutions. Electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) suggest that this removal was due to the precipitation of uranyl phosphate at the cell membrane. TRLFS also indicated that uranyl was initially sorbed to the cell as uranyl hydroxide and was then precipitated as uranyl phosphate as phosphate was released from the cell. Lethal doses of radiation did not halt phosphate secretion from polyphosphate-filled cells under carbon starvation conditions.
Aggregation of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Cry1A Toxins upon Binding to Target Insect Larval Midgut Vesicles (1999)

During sporulation, Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystalline inclusions comprised of a mixture of delta-endotoxins. Following ingestion by insect larvae, these inclusion proteins are solubilized, and the protoxins are converted to toxins. These bind specifically to receptors on the surfaces of midgut apical cells and are then incorporated into the membrane to form ion channels. The steps required for toxin insertion into the membrane and possible oligomerization to form a channel have been examined. When bound to vesicles from the midguts of Manduca sexta larvae, the Cry1Ac toxin was largely resistant to digestion with protease K. Only about 60 amino acids were removed from the Cry1Ac amino terminus, which included primarily helix alpha1. Following incubation of the Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac toxins with vesicles, the preparations were solubilized by relatively mild conditions, and the toxin antigens were analyzed by immunoblotting. In both cases, most of the toxin formed a large, antigenic aggregate of ca. 200 kDa. These toxin aggregates did not include the toxin receptor aminopeptidase N, but interactions with other vesicle components were not excluded. No oligomerization occurred when inactive toxins with mutations in amphipathic helices (alpha5) and known to insert into the membrane were tested. Active toxins with other mutations in this helix did form oligomers. There was one exception; a very active helix alpha5 mutant toxin bound very well to membranes, but no oligomers were detected. Toxins with mutations in the loop connecting helices alpha2 and alpha3, which affected the irreversible binding to vesicles, also did not oligomerize. There was a greater extent of oligomerization of the Cry1Ac toxin with vesicles from the Heliothis virescens midgut than with those from the M. sexta midgut, which correlated with observed differences in toxicity. Tight binding of virtually the entire toxin molecule to the membrane and the subsequent oligomerization are both important steps in toxicity.
Solution-based synthetic strategies for one-dimensional metal-containing nanostructures (2010)

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoribbons, have attracted significant attention stemming from the plethora of interesting size-dependent and, more importantly, structure-related properties resulting from confinement effects. In particular, the novel properties of 1D nanostructures of metals and metal oxides (binary and ternary) render them as prime candidates for a wide range of applications including the fabrication of nanoscale devices associated with solar cells, energy storage, fuel cells, molecular computing and information storage, medical imaging, diagnosis and detection, drug delivery, sensors and catalysis. Thus, it has been simultaneously necessary and critical to create synthetic protocols for the production of these materials which not only are reliable and reproducible, but also can generate compositionally pure, monodisperse, highly crystalline products of a desired 1D morphology. Solution-based methodologies have demonstrated significant advantages over other approaches, as they are facile, simple, flexible, 'green' by nature, and can be applied to a wide range of nanomaterials with diverse chemical compositions. Moreover, these methods can often be scaled so as to produce large quantities of products which are advantageous from an applications' standpoint. Herein, we present synthetic advances associated with solution-based approaches. Specifically solvothermal/hydrothermal, molten salt, electrospinning, template-directed, solution/one-pot, and sol-gel methodologies are discussed with the primary goal of achieving the reproducible synthesis of 1D motifs of metals, binary metal oxides, and ternary metal oxide systems.
Putative cancer stem cells in malignant pleural mesothelioma show resistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed (2010)

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a lethal cancer of the mesothelium with high chemotherapeutic resistance via unknown mechanisms. A prevailing hypothesis states that cancer stem cells (CSCs) persist in tumors causing relapse after chemotherapy, thus, rendering these cells as critical targets responsible for tumor resistance and recurrence. We selected candidate CSC markers based on expansion under hypoxic conditions, a hallmark for the selection of chemoresistant cells; and investigated the expression of CSC markers: CD133, Bmi-1, uPAR and ABCG2 in three MPM cell lines and normal mesothelial cells by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, we evaluated the chemotherapeutic resistance associated with each CSC marker by determining the change in CSC marker-mRNA levels as an index of drug-resistance following treatment with either cisplatin or pemetrexed. We demonstrate the expression of CSC markers: CD133, Bmi-1, uPAR and ABCG2 in both normal and MPM cell lines. Bmi-1+, uPAR+ and ABCG2+ cells show a distinct role in conferring chemoresistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed in the malignant setting. By contrast, these markers have no apparent participation in chemoresistance to drug treatments in normal mesothelial cells. Intriguingly, CD133 revealed chemoresistant properties in both normal mesothelial and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. This study provides evidence of putative CSCs conferring drug-resistance to cisplatin and pemetrexed in MPM cell lines. Specific targeting of these drug-resistant cells, while considering the functional heterogeneity of the MPM subtypes, may contribute to more focused and effective chemotherapeutic regimens for malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Introduction (2010)

This book consists of three parts, each of which is an introduction to a separate discipline: cognitive science, linguistics (a branch of cognitive science) and English grammar (a branch of linguistics).
Phase 1 Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of TH-302, a Hypoxia-Activated Prodrug, in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies (2011)

The MTD of TH-302 was 575 mg/m(2) weekly and 670 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks. Skin and mucosal toxicities were DLTs. On the basis of responses in metastatic melanoma and SCLC, further investigations in these indications were initiated.
Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11 to 13 weeks (2010)

First-trimester screening for GDM can be provided by a combination of maternal characteristics and biomarkers.
Digital Cash: Commerce on the Net (1997)

Introduction. Encryption. Cash Protocols. Flexible Cash. A Product Overview. First Virtual. HTTP and Cash. IBM's Ikp. Netcash and Netcheque. Cybercash. Checkfree. Open Market. CAFE. Digicash. Magic Money. Netbill. Microsoft's SET. Visa and Mastercard's Cash. Mondex. Rivest's Millicent. New Stuff from Crypto 96. Vaporware. EDI. Money Past. Future Cash. Card Trader 2010. Other Voices. Disk Contents. Digital Cash Patents. Internet Sources.
New Molecular Aluminum Chloride Amides [Cl<sub>2</sub>AlNEt<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and [HClAlNEt<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and their Boranate Analogues [(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>AlNEt<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> and [H(BH<sub>4</sub>)AlNEt<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> (2015)

Abstract New molecular aluminium chloride amides [Cl 2 AlNEt 2 ] 2 and [HClAlNEt 2 ] 2 were prepared by salt‐elimination reactions from lithium diethylamide and aluminium hydride dichloride diethyl‐etherate or aluminium chloride, respectively. With LiBH 4 in n‐hexane they form the new boranates [(BH 4 ) 2 AlNEt 2 ] 2 and [H(BH 4 )AlNEt 2 ] 2 . X‐ray single crystal structure analyses reveal dimeric molecules with non‐planar four‐membered Al 2 N 2 rings in the solid state ([Cl 2 AlNEt 2 ] 2 ( 1 ): Pnma , V = 1606.3(2) Å 3 , Z = 4; [HClAlNEt 2 ] 2 ( 2 ): Pnma , V = 1453.7(2) Å 3 , Z = 4; [(BH 4 ) 2 AlNEt 2 ] 2 ( 3 ): C 2/ c , V = 1810.8(2) Å 3 , Z = 4; [H(BH 4 )AlNEt 2 ] 2 ( 4 ): Pnma , V = 1540.8(3) Å 3 , Z = 4). Bond lengths and angles are in the usual range for such compounds and torsion angles within the Al 2 N 2 rings vary from 1° to 14°. The packings of the dimeric molecules in compounds 1 , 2 , and 4 resemble a distorted hexagonal closest packing. NMR spectra corroborate the molecular structures from the solid state. CVD experiments with [HClAlNEt 2 ] 2 ( 2 ) as a single‐source precursor yield thin aluminium layers. [H(BH 4 )AlNEt 2 ] 2 ( 4 ) is the first structurally characterized hydride tetrahydridoborate compound of aluminium.
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Virulent and Nonvirulent<i>Entamoeba</i>Species: Potential Implications for Amebic Pathogenesis (2005)

ABSTRACT Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes colitis and liver abscesses. Several Entamoeba species and strains with differing levels of virulence have been identified. E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS is a virulent strain, E. histolytica Rahman is a nonvirulent strain, and Entamoeba dispar is a nonvirulent species. We used an E. histolytica DNA microarray consisting of 2,110 genes to assess the transcriptional differences between these species/strains with the goal of identifying genes whose expression correlated with a virulence phenotype. We found 415 genes expressed at lower levels in E. dispar and 32 genes with lower expression in E. histolytica Rahman than in E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS. Overall, 29 genes had decreased expression in both the nonvirulent species/strains than the virulent E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS. Interestingly, a number of genes with potential roles in stress response and virulence had decreased expression in either one or both nonvirulent Entamoeba species/strains. These included genes encoding Fe hydrogenase (9.m00419), peroxiredoxin (176.m00112), type A flavoprotein (6.m00467), lysozyme (6.m00454), sphingomyelinase C (29.m00231), and a hypothetical protein with homology to both a Plasmodium sporozoite threonine-asparagine-rich protein (STARP) and a streptococcal hemagglutinin (238.m00054). The function of these genes in Entamoeba and their specific roles in parasite virulence need to be determined. We also found that a number of the non-long-terminal-repeat retrotransposons ( EhLINE s and EhSINE s), which have been shown to modulate gene expression and genomic evolution, had lower expression in the nonvirulent species/strains than in E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS. Our results, identifying expression profiles and patterns indicative of a virulence phenotype, may be useful in characterizing the transcriptional framework of virulence.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF PYRROLO(2,3‐B)PYRAZINES AND PYRAZINO(2,3‐B)INDOLE (1975)

Abstract Pyrazino‐hydrazin (I) reagiert mit Aldehyden und Ketonen beim Erhitzen ohne Katalysatorzusatz im Sinne der Fischer′schen Indolsynthese zu den Pyrrolopyrazinen (IV), von denen (IVg) mit Chloranil zum Pyrazino‐indol (V) dehydriert werden kann.
Variations on visibility (1987)

First, we propose a general framework that captures many of the variations on visibility found in the literature. Second, we investigate two specific variations: rectangular and square visibility.
An Efficient Code Compression Technique using Application-Aware Bitmask and Dictionary Selection Methods (2007)

Memory plays a crucial role in designing embedded systems. A larger memory can accommodate more and large applications but increases cost, area, as well as energy requirements. Code compression techniques address this problem by reducing the size of the applications. While early work on bitmask-based compression has proposed several promising ideas, many challenges remain in applying them to embedded system design. This paper makes two important contributions to address these challenges by developing application-specific bitmask selection and bitmask-aw are dictionary selection techniques. The authors applied these techniques for code compression of TI and MediaBench applications to demonstrate the usefulness of the approach
Inhibition of Late Vein Graft Neointima Formation in Human and Porcine Models by Adenovirus-Mediated Overexpression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 (2000)

Our results highlight the potential therapeutic benefit for TIMP-3 overexpression to reduce neointima formation associated with late vein graft failure.
Mechanism of transaminase action (1961)

lactone and phenyl N-acetylglucosaminide and of the corresponding galactosamine derivatives were measured. For each substance the value ob- tained with p-nitrophenyl N-acetylglucosaminide as substrate was almost the same as that obtained with p-nitrophenyl N-acetylgalactosaminide.
Antibodies to Heat Shock Proteins in Schizophrenic Patients: Implications for the Mechanism of the Disease (1999)

Since heat shock proteins are involved in diverse neuroprotective mechanisms, antibodies against heat shock proteins may inhibit neuroprotection. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for schizophrenia.