gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of ionic salts on the processing of poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid) nanofibers (2005)

Abstract We studied the effect of nanofiber uniformity on electrospinning due to the charging of added ionic salts, as compared to the droplet current nonadded ionic salts and the charge‐to‐mass ratio of a highly conducting liquid. Various ionic salt concentrations were investigated. For an ionic salt concentration of 0.01 mol %, an applied electric field of 15 kV, and a spinning distance of 15 cm, the experimental results show that uniform nanofibers that did not contain any beads were synthesized with an optimal ionic salt concentration, when the convective current was two orders of magnitude higher than the nonadded ionic salt droplet current. The obtained fibers were uniform, with diameters of around 70 nm. We were able to produce these uniform nanofibers by controlling the balance between two opposing factors during electrospinning, by increasing the number of charge carriers and decreasing the viscosity of the solution. The effect of the ionic salts on the morphology of the electrospun nanofibers was investigated with field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1388–1393, 2005
The Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein/α2-Macroglobulin Receptor Regulates Cell Surface Plasminogen Activator Activity on Human Trophoblast Cells (1998)

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha2-macroglobulin receptor (LRP/alpha2MR) mediates the internalization of numerous ligands, including prourokinase (pro-UK) and complexes between two-chain urokinase (tc-u-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1). It has been suggested that through its ability to internalize these ligands, LRP/alpha2MR may regulate the expression of plasminogen activator activity on cell surfaces; this hypothesis, however, has not been experimentally confirmed. To address this issue, we assessed the ability of LRP/alpha2MR to regulate plasminogen activator activity on human trophoblast cells, which express both LRP/alpha2MR and the urokinase receptor (uPAR). Trophoblasts internalized and degraded exogenous 125I-pro-UK (primarily following its conversion to tc-u-PA and incorporation into tc-u-PA.PAI complexes) in an LRP/alpha2MR-dependent manner, which was inhibited by the LRP/alpha2MR receptor-associated protein. Receptor-associated protein also caused a approximately 50% reduction in cell surface plasminogen activator activity and delayed the regeneration of unoccupied uPAR by cells on which uPAR were initially saturated with pro-UK. Identical effects were caused by anti-LRP/alpha2MR antibodies. These results demonstrate that LRP/alpha2MR promotes the expression of cell surface plasminogen activator activity on trophoblasts by facilitating the clearance of tc-u-PA.PAI complexes and regeneration of unoccupied cell surface uPAR.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence of co-deposited copper(<scp>i</scp>) complexes: cost-effective emitters for highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (2017)

TADF copper(<sc>i</sc>) complexes were made by co-depositing carboline derivatives and copper iodide. δ-Carboline derivative-based OLEDs showed 6 times higher efficiency than α-carboline derivative-based ones.
Stimulation of Human Spermatozoa with Progesterone Gradients to Simulate Approach to the Oocyte (2004)

Progesterone is present at micromolar concentrations in the cumulus matrix, which surrounds mammalian oocytes. Exposure of human spermatozoa to a concentration gradient of progesterone (0-3 microM) to simulate approach to the oocyte induced a slowly developing increase in [Ca(2+)](i) upon which, in many cells, slow oscillations were superimposed. [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations often started at very low progesterone (<10 nm), and their frequency did not change during the subsequent rise in concentration. Oscillations also occurred, but in a much smaller proportion of cells, in response to stepped application of progesterone (3 microM). When progesterone was removed, [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations often persisted or quickly resumed. Superfusion with low-Ca(2+) bathing medium (no added Ca(2+)) did not prevent [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations, but they could be abolished by addition of EGTA or La(3+). Inhibitors of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases or inositol trisphosphate signaling had no effect on [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations, but pharmacological manipulation of ryanodine receptors affected both their frequency and amplitude. Staining of live spermatozoa with BODIPY FL-X ryanodine showed localization of ryanodine binding primarily to the caudal part of the head and mid-piece. [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations did not induce acrosome reaction, but in cells generating oscillations, the flagellar beat mode alternated in synchrony with the oscillation cycle. Flagellar bending and lateral movement of the sperm head during [Ca(2+)](i) peaks were markedly increased compared with during [Ca(2+)](i) troughs. This alternating pattern of activity is likely to facilitate zona penetration. These observations show that progesterone initiates unusual and complex store-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) signaling in human spermatozoa and identify a previously unrecognized effect of progesterone in regulating sperm "behavior" during fertilization.
Design of an explainable machine learning challenge for video interviews (2017)

This paper reviews and discusses research advances on “explainable machine learning” in computer vision. We focus on a particular area of the “Looking at People” (LAP) thematic domain: first impressions and personality analysis. Our aim is to make the computational intelligence and computer vision communities aware of the importance of developing explanatory mechanisms for computer-assisted decision making applications, such as automating recruitment. Judgments based on personality traits are being made routinely by human resource departments to evaluate the candidates' capacity of social insertion and their potential of career growth. However, inferring personality traits and, in general, the process by which we humans form a first impression of people, is highly subjective and may be biased. Previous studies have demonstrated that learning machines can learn to mimic human decisions. In this paper, we go one step further and formulate the problem of explaining the decisions of the models as a means of identifying what visual aspects are important, understanding how they relate to decisions suggested, and possibly gaining insight into undesirable negative biases. We design a new challenge on explainability of learning machines for first impressions analysis. We describe the setting, scenario, evaluation metrics and preliminary outcomes of the competition. To the best of our knowledge this is the first effort in terms of challenges for explainability in computer vision. In addition our challenge design comprises several other quantitative and qualitative elements of novelty, including a “coopetition” setting, which combines competition and collaboration.
Intermediate Layers in Tandem Organic Solar Cells (2011)

Abstract Tandem structures can boost the efficiency of organic solar cell to more than 15%, compared to the 10% limit of single layer bulk heterojunction devices. Design and fabricating of intermediate layers plays a very important role to achieve high device performance. This article will review the main experimental progresses of tandem organic solar cells, and focus on the intermediate layers (charge recombination layers) in both thermal evaporated and solution processed organic tandem solar cell devices.
Domain-Specific Ontology Merging for the Semantic Web (2005)

Natural language understanding is needed to intelligently handle the large volumes of information that are processed by computers. Most of the data handled by computers is text; the data exists in emails, on Web pages, and in databases. The data is semi-structured; it is not rigorously, unambiguously organized, and constrained. Ontologies may help with analyzing and understanding text. Ontologies provide a capability to represent objects, concepts and other entities and the relationships between them. Ontologies may be used as a tool for finding possible meanings of words in text, and meanings of text in general. We need to be able to merge ontologies from different, sometimes unrelated, sources. Ontologies may be inconsistent, incomplete or imprecise. We consider how to potentially merge two domain-specific ontologies. We assume that both ontologies contain concepts and instances, and both ontologies are large. We suggest to use the information available on the Web using search engines, as well as other methods, such as lexical, semantic and heuristics, to merge two ontologies.
TLC and <sup>31</sup>P‐NMR Analysis of Low Polarity Phospholipids (2008)

High-performance TLC and (31)P-NMR were assessed as methods of observing the presence of numerous low polarity phospholipids: bis-phosphatidic acid (BPA), semi-lyso bis-phosphatidic acid (SLBPA), N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-butyl)-phosphatidylethanolamine (diacetone adduct of PE, DOBPE), N-acetyl PE, phosphatidylmethanol (PM), phosphatidylethanol (PEt), phosphatidyl-n-propanol (PP), phosphatidyl-n-butanol (PB). Both techniques are non-discriminative and do not require the prior isolation of individual lipids. It appears that 2D TLC is superior to (31)P NMR in the analysis of low polarity phospholipids. All phosphatidylalcohols were well separated by 2D TLC. However, some compounds which can present difficulty in separation by 2D-TLC (e.g., SLBPA and NAPE; or DOBPE and N-acetyl PE) were easily distinguished using (31)P NMR so the methods are complimentary. A disadvantage of 2D TLC is that Rf values can vary with different brands and batches of TLC plates. The chemical shifts of (31)P NMR were less variable, and so a library of standards may not be necessary for peak identification. Another advantage of (31)P NMR is the ease of quantification of phospholipids. The applicability of the methods was tested on natural extracts of fish brain and cabbage stem.
Charge-state measurements of collectively accelerated heavy ions (1983)

Thomson spectrometer measurements of the charge states of collectively accelerated light and heavy ions (H, D, He, N, Ne, Ar) are reported. Within experimental error, all charge states are accelerated to the same peak energy for each ion specie. Relative ion flux densities for these ion species are also presented.
Generating uniformly distributed random latin squares (1996)

By simulating an ergodic Markov chain whose stationary distribution is uniform over the space of n × n Latin squares, we can obtain squares that are (approximately) uniformly distributed; we offer two such chains. The central issue is the construction of “moves” that connect the squares. Our first approach uses the fact that an n × n Latin square is equivalent to an n × n × n contingency table in which each line sum equals 1. We relax the nonnegativity condition on the table's cells, allowing “improper” tables that have a single—1-cell. A simple set of moves connects this expanded space of tables [the diameter of the associated graph is bounded by 2(n − 1)3], and suggests a Markov chain whose subchain of proper tables has the desired uniform stationary distribution (with an average of approximately n steps between proper tables). By grouping these moves appropriately, we derive a class of moves that stay within the space of proper Latin squares [with graph diameter bounded by 4(n − 1)2]; these may also be used to form a suitable Markov chain. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Moxifloxacin inhibits cytokine-induced MAP kinase and NF-κB activation as well as nitric oxide synthesis in a human respiratory epithelial cell line (2005)

Moxifloxacin inhibits intracellular signalling, iNOS expression and NO secretion in a lung epithelial cell line. Future studies may uncover a primary site of quinolone immunomodulation, either upstream or at the cell membrane. Eventually, this quinolone might become an important therapy for inflammatory lung diseases.
Current progress in the chemistry, medicinal chemistry and drug design of artemisinin based antimalarials. (1999)

This review covers developments in relation to artemisinin-based antimalarial agents. Topics covered include a brief introduction to the history and treatment of malaria, and more recently, drug resistant malaria; the discovery of the naturally occurring novel peroxidic antimalarial artemisinin; artemisinin biosynthesis, metabolism and biotransformations; the diversity of proposed mechanisms of action; pharmacokinetics; the insight into structure-toxicity relationships; the total syntheses and the progress made in the syntheses of its analogs; and, ultimately the contribution of these efforts towards rational drug design in order to access potent, non-toxic antimalarial drugs based on artemisinin.
Limitation of stunning in dog myocardium by nucleoside and nucleotide mixture, OG-VI (1993)

OG-VI has a positive inotropic action, and its infusion results in a marked cardioprotective effect in stunned myocardium associated with the restoration of tissue ATP level.
Microwave Analog Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer (RTSA) Based on the Spectral–Spatial Decomposition Property of Leaky-Wave Structures (2009)

A novel analog real-time spectrum analyzer (RTSA) for the analysis of complex nonstationary signals (such as radar, security and instrumentation, and electromagnetic interference/compatibility signals) is presented, demonstrated, and characterized. This RTSA exploits the space-frequency mapping (spectral-spatial decomposition) property of the composite right/left-handed (CRLH) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) to generate the real-time spectrograms of arbitrary testing signals. Compared to digital RTSAs, it exhibits the advantages of instantaneous acquisition, low computational cost, frequency scalability, and broadband or ultra-wideband operation. The system is demonstrated both theoretically by a commercial full-wave simulator and an efficient Green's function approach and experimentally by a parallel-waveguide prototype including a metal-insulator-metal CRLH LWA, 16 patch antenna probe detectors circularly arranged around the LWA, and a digital oscilloscope performing analog/digital conversion and time-domain acquisition before the postprocessing and displaying of the spectrogram. The system is tested for a large diversity of nonstationary signals and generates, in all cases, spectrograms that are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The fundamental tradeoff between time and frequency resolutions inherent to all RTSA systems is also discussed, and an interchangeable multi-CRLH LWA solution is proposed to handle signals with different time durations.
Microencapsulation As A Potential Control Technique Against Sabellid Worms In Abalone Culture (1998)

We have developed a novel application for lipid-walled microcapsules (LWMs) in the potential control of sabellid infestations in abalone aquaculture. The use of LWMs takes advantage of the filter-feeding nature of the worms, versus the herbivory of the host abalone. Initial observations indicated that the pest was capable of feeding on particles ranging from 3-30 mu m in size. Lipid-walled microcapsules were prepared using different combinations of lipids (tristearin, tripalmitin, and fish oil) to encapsulate water-based solutions. Feeding experiments using worm-infested shells indicated that in a relatively short time (30-60 min) most of the worms (80-95%) fed on the LWMs and that large numbers of LWMs were ingested. Fecal pellets containing LWMs were observed in the rectums of worms within 15-30 min. Feeding efficiency was examined using different concentrations of LWMs. The sabellid worm was an efficient feeder. At low particle densities (2.6 x 10(4) particles/mL), 66.7% of the worms had eaten modest levels of LWMs. An asymptote in particle density in relation to feeding occurred at 2.6 x 10(5) particles/mL, with 83% of the worms feeding on large numbers of particles. In separate observations, LWMs composed of tripalmitin and fish oil were observed in various stages of digestion in the stomach, rectum, and fecal pellets of the worms. Microcapsules were also observed in the digestive tract of mud worms, Polydora spp. that were also inhabiting abalone shell. The utility of LWMs for delivery of toxins to the sabellid pest holds much promise in ridding the industry of this nuisance species.
Combining functional magnetic resonance imaging with transcranial electrical stimulation (2013)

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a neuromodulatory method with promising potential for basic research and as a therapeutic tool. The most explored type of tES is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), but also transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) have been shown to affect cortical excitability, behavioral performance and brain activity. Although providing indirect measure of brain activity, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can tell us more about the global effects of stimulation in the whole brain and what is more, on how it modulates functional interactions between brain regions, complementing what is known from electrophysiological methods such as measurement of motor evoked potentials. With this review, we aim to present the studies that have combined these techniques, the current approaches and discuss the results obtained so far.
Robot Assisted Gait Training With Active Leg Exoskeleton (ALEX) (2008)

Gait training of stroke survivors is crucial to facilitate neuromuscular plasticity needed for improvements in functional walking ability. Robot assisted gait training (RAGT) was developed for stroke survivors using active leg exoskeleton (ALEX) and a force-field controller, which uses assist-as-needed paradigm for rehabilitation. In this paradigm undesirable gait motion is resisted and assistance is provided towards desired motion. The force-field controller achieves this paradigm by effectively applying forces at the ankle of the subject through actuators on the hip and knee joints. Two stroke survivors participated in a 15-session gait training study each with ALEX. The results show that by the end of the training the gait pattern of the patients improved and became closer to a healthy subject's gait pattern. Improvement is seen as an increase in the size of the patients' gait pattern, increased knee and ankle joint excursions and increase in their walking speeds on the treadmill.
Conductivity of nanometer-sized ion tracks in diamond-like carbon films (2003)

Amorphous diamond-like carbon films were irradiated with high-energy heavy ions like 1 GeV uranium or 340 MeV gold. The large energy deposition along the ion track leads to a transformation of the material from insulating diamond-like to conducting graphite-like carbon. The ion tracks form thin straight channels (nanowires) with a diameter of approximately 8 nm and a conductivity of the order of 1–10 S/cm. The conductivity in the tracks is up to eight orders of magnitude larger than in the surrounding material. The surface topography and the conduction properties of these channels were studied with an atomic force microscope.
The optimization of sawtooth gratings using RCWA and its fabrication on a slanted silicon substrate by fast atom beam etching (2008)

This paper presents scalar and vector analyses of sawtooth gratings with a period of 2.0 µm in terms of Fourier transformation and rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) and its fabrication on a slanted silicon substrate by a newly proposed fast atom beam (FAB) etching method. First, the optical and geometrical properties of sawtooth gratings were investigated and optimized under the phase-matching requirement, and the 1st diffraction efficiency for TM polarization and the scalar approximation, 73.0% and 100%, were estimated, respectively. Second, sawtooth gratings optimized by two diffraction analysis methods were successfully fabricated by the FAB etching method. Last, by a hot-embossing process suitable for mass production, 100 µm thick poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) material was replicated from a sawtooth-patterned silicon substrate, and its 1st diffraction efficiency for TM polarization, 63.0%, was measured from optical testing.
The effects of an advanced practice nurse-directed heart failure program (2001)

This study sought to determine if an inpatient heart failure program directed by an advanced practice nurse could affect length of hospital stay, mortality, readmission rates, and adherence to the recommended clinical regimen.
Acid-catalyzed dehydration and acetolysis of tertiary methyl- and tert-butylcarbinols. Empirical force field treatment of tert-butyl/methyl reactivity ratios in solvolysis reactions of alcohols and p-nitrobenzoates (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcid-catalyzed dehydration and acetolysis of tertiary methyl- and tert-butylcarbinols. Empirical force field treatment of tert-butyl/methyl reactivity ratios in solvolysis reactions of alcohols and p-nitrobenzoatesJohn S. Lomas, Pham Kim Luong, and Jacques Emile DuboisCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 10, 1647–1654Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01324a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01324a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Expert systems (1998)

Abstract Knowledge management is one of the hottest topics in organizations today. Much of what is being proposed and accomplished is not novel by any means. Techniques, tools, concepts, and methodologies can easily be borrowed from the expert systems and artificial intelligence disciplines. This paper emphasizes that expert systems need to be an integral part of knowledge management if knowledge management is to succeed, and not simply be a fad!
Tool integration, collaboration and user interaction issues in component-based software architectures (2002)

Component based software architectures are becoming increasingly popular solutions for use in a wide range of software applications. Particular areas in which these architectures may provide improved software development support include tool integration, distribution and collaborative work support, and human interaction and end user configuration. However, a number of open research issues exist to do with the deployment of component based solutions in these areas. We review our recent research experiences in deploying component based solutions in these problem domains, and overview potential research directions.