gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Process Variables on the Properties and Binder Distribution of Granules Prepared in a Fluidized Bed. (1997)

A lactose-cornstarch model system with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2910 (HPMC 3cP) as a binder was used to evaluate the effects of several process variables (moisture level, spray feed rate and drying air flow rate) on the particle size distribution of granules prepared in a fluidized bed using a dry mixing method of binder addition. Moisture levels were controlled via an infrared moisture sensor. The distribtuion of binder in different sized fractions of granules was also determined by measuring the contents of the methoxyl group. Moisture level was the most important factor for granule growth, and higher moisture levels increased the granule size. The time for which a given moisture level was maintained and the fluidizing air flow rate had little effect on granule size, size distribution, binder distribution or apparent density. This implies that mixing is efficient during fluidized bed granulation by the dry mixing method and that binder behavior is mainly determined by the moisture level of the wet mass. It was concluded that if a fixed moisture level is maintained during fluidized bed granulation with the dry mixing method of binder addition, variation of the other operational conditions should have little effect on the consistency of the product.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND ARCHITECTURE (1980)

Because computer-generated architectural drawings derive from common data bases, they can be more useful than those drawn manually. Beyond viewing functions, other operations (such as financial, spatial, and thermal analyses) can be applied to the computer-based model. The development of relevant input procedures and a coherent theory and methodology for computer aided design will make computer graphics more accessible to architects. This paper describes a continuing effort to accomplish such a development.
Oxidation of 1-Alkenes to 1,2-Epoxyalkanes by <i>Pseudomonas oleovorans</i> (1973)

Resting cells of Pseudomonas oleovorans PO-1R that had been grown on octane oxidized 1-alkenes containing 6 to 12 carbon atoms and 1,7-octadiene to their corresponding 1,2-epoxides. The microorganism was capable of growing on 1-octene but not on 1,7-octadiene as a sole carbon source. The optimal temperature, pH, and 1-octene concentration for 1,2-epoxyoctane production by the resting cells were 34 to 40 C, pH 7 to 8, and 1.5 mg of 1-octene per ml, respectively. Epoxide concentration reached a maximum after 150 min of incubation and subsequently declined. In the absence of 1-octene, the epoxide was metabolized readily by the resting cells. The amount of 1,2-epoxyoctane produced was dependent on the initial cell concentration. With larger cell populations, the amount of epoxide present after 60 min of incubation was less than the amount observed at lower population densities after the same time period. This relationship was attributed to the rapid depletion of 1-octene at high biomass concentrations and the resultant early initiation of epoxide degradation by the resting cells.
Self-aligned metal/IDP Si bipolar technology with 12-ps ECL and 45-GHz dynamic frequency divider (1997)

Ultra-high-speed operation using a self-aligned stacked metal/in situ doped poly-Si (IDP) (referred to as SMI) Si bipolar transistor technology that offers low base resistance while keeping collector capacitance low is demonstrated. This SMI technology provides a base electrode consisting of metal and in situ boron-doped poly-Si (IBDP). Here, metal is fully stacked on the IBDP by using selective tungsten CVD in the self-aligned manner, which means that the structure has low sheet resistance and the fabrication process has a small thermal budget. Thus, low base resistance and low collector capacitance can be achieved. Three types of base electrode, an IBDP, a partially stacked SMI, and a fully stacked SMI, were fabricated to investigate the usefulness of this SMI technology and the importance of the low base resistance. Using the SMI technology, the base resistance was reduced to about 40% and the maximum oscillation frequency was raised by about 30% with respect to the conventional poly-Si base electrode. This technology makes it possible to obtain ultra-high-speed operation with a 12-ps gate-delay emitter-coupled logic (ECL) circuit, and with 45-GHz-dynamic and 28-GHz-static frequency dividers, even when using a conventional ion-implanted base.
Materials chemistry: From glasses to liquid crystals to crystals through molecular symmetry and functionalization (1989)

The relationship between molecular architecture and three dimensional structure in condensed phases of macromolecules has been rarely addressed in a global sense. Efforts in this important area of materials chemistry have often considered very specific aspects of the subject, two popular themes have been crystallinity vs. stereoregularity of vinyl polymers and more recently molecular structure vs. the phase transitions of liquid crystals. A global study of the problem requires at the moment empirical observation of structure in carefully constructed homologous chains and their non-polymeric model compounds. In fact new synthetic methodologies are often necessary to accomplish the goal and in our highly compartmentalized community this has slowed down development of the area. The authors have undertaken a major effort in synthesis and structure determination which they hope will provide in time some insight for the development of theories on the subject.
A Comparison of Methods for Linear Cell-to-Cell Mapping and Application Example for Fault Detection and Isolation (2014)

In this paper, the Generalized Cell Mapping (GCM) method for a linear system is compared with a new stochastic method for novel cell-to-cell mapping. The authors presented the new stochastic method in a previous paper last year. The two methods are compared in an application example of a vehicle alternator. The alternator may experience three faults including belt slippage, a brokendiode, or incorrect controller reference voltage. Fault detection and isolation (FDI) is performed using the two cell-to-cell mapping methods. The results show that the new stochastic method is more computationally intensive but yields better isolation results than the GCM method
Mechanism of Polyphosphoric Acid and Phosphorus Pentoxide−Methanesulfonic Acid as Synthetic Reagents for Benzoxazole Formation (1997)

The mechanism of 2-phenylbenzoxazole formation from benzoic acid and o-aminophenol in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) is studied by NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Benzoic acid reacts with PPA to form benzoic−phosphoric anhydride and benzoic−polyphosphoric anhydride. The ratio of mixed anhydride to free carboxylic acid increases dramatically as the P2O5 content of PPA increases, but this ratio is independent of reaction temperature and time. When o-aminophenol dissolves in PPA, part of the hydroxyl group is converted to phosphate ester, and only protonated amine is detected. Benzoic acid, mixed anhydride, and PPA are in dynamic equilibrium, and so are PPA, o-aminophenol, and its phosphate ester. The mixed anhydride and o-aminophenol react to form 2-aminophenyl benzoate as the first reaction intermediate which undergoes rapid acyl migration to generate 2-hydroxybenzanilide. Ring closure of 2-hydroxybenzanilide to form 2-phenylbenzoxazole is acid catalyzed. The reactive components in phosphorus pentoxide−methanesulfonic acid (P2O5−MSA) which is a convenient alternative to PPA are very similar to those present in PPA. Benzoic acid is also converted into mixed anhydride in P2O5−MSA.
Haemodialysis without anticoagulant: haemostasis parameters, fibrinogen kinetic, and dialysis efficiency (1997)

In conclusion, although conventional haemostasis parameters remained unchanged during haemodialysis without anticoagulation, some degree of activation of coagulation system occurs, haemodialysis without anticoagulation was associated with greater decline in 125I-F half-life and greater fibrin deposition on dialyser membranes, but with no change in dialyser efficiency.
Computational Prediction of Genetic Drivers in Cancer (2016)

Abstract Cancer is a complex genetic disease driven by somatic mutations in the genomes of cancer cells. Distinguishing pathogenic ‘driver’ mutations from non‐pathogenic ‘passenger’ mutations is a central task for functionalising cancer genomics in patient care. With the outpouring of genomic information from next‐generation sequencing, predictive algorithms have become relevant to filter the outnumbered pathogenic driver mutations from non‐pathogenic passenger mutations. Computational approaches are available for predicting cancer drivers at mutation, gene and pathway levels. These algorithms use statistical approaches that have their advantages and drawbacks. The current trend is to use multiple and complementary methods for a more accurate prioritisation of cancer driver candidates available for targeted therapy at the clinical level. Key Concepts Cancer is a disease driven by mutations in the genome. Only a small fraction of mutations are drivers that are responsible for cancer initiation and progression. Distinguishing drivers from passengers is essential for genomic medicine. Computational prediction of drivers is challenging due to the complexity of biology and genomics. Statistical and machine learning approaches have been applied to discover the signature of drivers. A mutation can affect the function of multiple genes and pathways. The function of a mutation is context‐dependent and can vary in different diseases.
Antiangiogenic Activity of Selenium in Cancer Chemoprevention: Metabolite-Specific Effects (2001)

We review recent data that support a potential antiangiogenic effect of selenium (Se) in the chemoprevention of cancer and data that contrast two pools of Se metabolites, namely, methylselenol vs. hydrogen selenide, that differentially affect proteins and cellular processes crucial to tumor angiogenesis regulation. With regard to tumor angiogenesis, the chemopreventive effect of increased Se intake on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis has been associated with reduced intratumoral microvessel density and an inhibition of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. The in vitro data show that monomethyl Se potently inhibits cell cycle progression of vascular endothelial cells to the S phase, endothelial expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, and cancer epithelial expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with concentrations giving half-maximal inhibition that are within the plasma range of Se in US adults. The methyl Se-specific activities may therefore be physiologically pertinent for angiogenic switch regulation in early lesions in vivo in the context of cancer chemoprevention, which aims at retarding and blocking the growth and progression of early lesions. We argue for the antiangiogenic action of Se, especially the methyl Se pool of metabolites, as a primary mechanism for preventing avascular lesion growth. Contrary to the currently held paradigm, we speculate that there is a potential role for selenoproteins in regulating the growth and fate of transformed epithelial cells.
Fibre-polarimeter based on grating taps (2002)

The fabrication of novel tilted fibre Bragg gratings coupling light out of the fibre core into two different directions is demonstrated. These gratings in combination with a fibre based quarter waveplate are used to form a high-speed fibre polarimeter for real-time polarisation monitoring.
How regulations are reshaping LatAm banking (2014)

As regulations force US and European banks to focus on core business lines, local firms in Latin America are finding a new role in the market
Local AdaAlter: Communication-Efficient Stochastic Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rates (2019)

When scaling distributed training, the communication overhead is often the bottleneck. In this paper, we propose a novel SGD variant with reduced communication and adaptive learning rates. We prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm for smooth but non-convex problems. Empirical results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the communication overhead, which, in turn, reduces the training time by up to 30% for the 1B word dataset.
Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of indigenous vegetables in the southeast United States: Alabama Collaboration for Cardiovascular Equality Project (2008)

Collard greens, mustard greens, kale, okra, green onion, butter beans, butter peas, purple hull peas, rutabagas, and eggplant are frequently consumed by African Americans in the southeast United States. Sweet potato greens and purslane are two novel vegetables in this region. The objective of this study was to analyze total phenolics and antioxidant capacity in these indigenous vegetables. The total phenolic content was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and ranged from 7.4 to 53.5 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried sample. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed using the radical DPPH(•) scavenging capacity assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC). At a concentration of 10.0 mg dried vegetable equivalent/ml, the extract of these vegetables was able to quench 13.2-88.5% DPPH(•) radical in 30 min. The ORAC value ranged from 2.5 to 100.7 µmoles of trolox equivalents per gram of dried sample. The antioxidant capacity of the vegetable samples was highly related to their total phenolic content. The results suggest that these indigenous vegetables consumed by African Americans in the southeastern United States are good sources of the phenolic compounds, which might provide anti-oxidative protection against free radicals in the human body. Consumption of these vegetables might reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Analysis of triacylglycerols and whole oils by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (1999)

Since the introduction of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry the majority of research has focused on developing analytical methods for the qualitative determination of water soluble biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and oligonucleotides. This paper, however, reports the use of MALDI for the analysis of triacylglycerols and develops a new sample preparation method for nonpolar analytes. MALDI enables the rapid analyses of triacylglycerol (TAG) standards and mixtures of whole oils. The new method provides excellent shot to shot reproducibility, making quantification possible. Detection limits were in the mid femtomole range and the resolution was around 2000 which easily separated TAGs differing by one double bond. Sensitivity decreased with increasing molecular weight, causing biased results when analyzing complex mixtures with a significant range of molecular weight. In all cases only sodiated molecules and prompt losses of a fatty acid sodium salt were observed in the spectra. From this information it was possible to identify the three fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. Collision-induced dissociation was carried out on a triacylglycerol which proved to be useful for additional structural information, including the corroboration of the fatty acid components. With MALDI the percent compositions of TAGs in a standard olive oil was accurately determined. Finally, MALDI was used to examine the differences in lipid components between aged and fresh onion seeds, showing the potential of the technique for observing changes in lipid components in seeds.
Genetics and cardiomyopathy: where are we now? (2005)

Many cases of cardiomyopathy have a genetic component: 90% of cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are familial, and genetic factors may be responsible for 30% to 50% of cases of dilated cardiomyopathy. Clinical genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is becoming available, with significant implications for the clinician. This article gives an overview of how these genetic discoveries were made and how these new insights from genetics will affect clinical practice.
Analytics-as-a-Service (AaaS) Tool for Unstructured Data Mining (2014)

Analytics-as-a-Service (AaaS) has become indispensable because it affords stakeholders to discover knowledge in Big Data. Previously, data stored in data warehouses follow some schema and standardization which leads to efficient data mining. However, the "Big Data" epoch has witnessed the rise of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data, a trend that motivated enterprises to employ the NoSQL data storages to accommodate the high-dimensional data. In this paper, we introduce an AaaS tool that aims at accomplishing terms and topics extraction and organization from unstructured data sources such as NoSQL databases and textual contents (e.g., websites). The primary accomplishment in this paper is the detail justification of the architectural design of our proposed framework. This includes the proposed algorithms (e.g., concurrency search, linear search, etc.) and the performance of macro tasks such as filtering, tagging, and so on.
SYNTHESIS FILTER OPTIMIZATION AND CODING: APPLICATIONS TO CELP (1988)

The success of Code-Exclted Llnear Predlctron (CELP) for codlng speech signals depends on the accurate representatlon of the pltch structure and the formant structure of the Input speech In thls type of coder an excltatton waveform chosen from a dlctlonary of waveforms drlves a cascade of a pltch and a formant synthesis fllter Thls paper develops the methodology to allow for a Joint optlmlzatlon of the waveform selection process waveform scallng. and the pltch filter determlnatlon Methods to accommodate hlgh-pitch speakers (pltch lag smaller than the analysls frame slze) are given Addltlonally. the requlrements for codlng the synthesls parameters Into a bit stream at 4 8 kbis are discussed
Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1999)

Many Escherichia coli strains are covered in a layer of surface-associated polysaccharide called the capsule. Capsular polysaccharides represent a major surface antigen, the K antigen, and more than 80 distinct K serotypes result from structural diversity in these polymers. However, not all capsules consist of K antigen. Some are due to production of an extensive layer of a polymer structurally identical to a lipopolysaccharide O antigen, but distinguished from lipopolysaccharide by the absence of terminal lipid A-core. Recent research has provided insight into the manner in which capsules are organized on the Gram-negative cell surface, the pathways used for their assembly, and the regulatory processes used to control their expression. A limited repertoire of capsule expression systems are available, despite the fact that the producing bacteria occupy a variety of ecological niches and possess diverse physiologies. All of the known capsule assembly systems seen in Gram-negative bacteria are represented in E. coli, as are the majority of the regulatory strategies. Escherichia coli therefore provides a variety of working models on which studies in other bacteria are (or can be) based. In this review, we present an overview of the current molecular and biochemical models for capsule expression in E. coli. By taking into account the organization of capsule gene clusters, details of the assembly pathway, and regulatory features that dictate capsule expression, we provide a new classification system that separates the known capsules of E. coli into four distinct groups.
Chelirubine. (1978)

The structure of chelirubine (1c), one of the fully aromatized O5-benzo [c] phenanthridine alkaloiks, was unequivocally established by total synthesis using photocyclization of the enamide (27). On this basis, the formulae (36), (37), and (38) were proposed for chelilutine, sanguirubine, and sanguilutine, respectively.
The hepatitis C sequence database in Los Alamos (2007)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant public health threat worldwide. The virus is highly variable and evolves rapidly, making it an elusive target for the immune system and for vaccine and drug design. Presently, approximately 50 000 HCV sequences have been published. A central website that provides annotated sequences and analysis tools will be helpful to HCV scientists worldwide. The HCV sequence database collects and annotates sequence data, and provides them to the public via a website that contains a user-friendly search interface and a large number of sequence analysis tools, following the model of the highly regarded and widely used Los Alamos HIV database. The HCV website can be accessed via http://hcv.lanl.gov and http://hcv-db.org.
Multidimensional pareto optimization of touchscreen keyboards for speed, familiarity and improved spell checking (2012)

This paper presents a new optimization technique for keyboard layouts based on Pareto front optimization. We used this multifactorial technique to create two new touchscreen phone keyboard layouts based on three design metrics: minimizing finger travel distance in order to maximize text entry speed, a new metric to maximize the quality of spell correction by reducing tap ambiguity, and maximizing familiarity through a similarity function with the standard Qwerty layout. The paper describes the optimization process and resulting layouts for a standard trapezoid shaped keyboard and a more rectangular layout. Fitts' law modelling shows a predicted 11% improvement in entry speed without taking into account the significantly improved error correction potential and the subsequent effect on speed. In initial user tests typing speed dropped from approx. 21 wpm with Qwerty to 13 wpm (64%) on first use of our layout but recovered to 18 wpm (85%) within four short trial sessions, and was still improving. NASA TLX forms showed no significant difference on load between Qwerty and our new layout use in the fourth session. Together we believe this shows the new layouts are faster and can be quickly adopted by users.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM <i>trans</i>-DIAQUOTETRACHLORORHODATE(III) (1973)

Abstract The crystal structure of tetramethylammonium trans-diaquotetrachlororhodate(III) has been solved by X-ray diffraction using counter techniques. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with a=7.961 (7) Å, b=8.439(7) Å, and c=9.222(9) Å. The space group is D 2h 13-Pmmn. The measured density of 1.82(3) g-cm−3 agrees with that of 1.90(1) g-cm−3 calculated for two formula units in the unit cell. A total of 353 independent reflections, up to (sin Θ)/λ of 0.50, and having I ≥ 3[sgrave](I) was used in solving the structure which refined to a conventional R-factor of 0.051 and a weighted R-factor of 0.072. The RhCl4(H2O)2 − anion lies at a site of mm symmetry in the crystal as does the (CH3)4N+ cation. There is slightly distorted, octahedral coordination about the rhodium ion with Rh-Cl distances of 2.300(7), 2.330(4) and 2.357(6) Å, and a Rh-O distance of 2.032(10) Å. There is apparently extensive hydrogen bonding between the chloroaquorhodate(III) anions in the crystal, with sheets of these anions being interleaved with sheets of cations parallel to the ab crystal plane.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN THE FIELD OF NITROGEN HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. PART VI. NEW β‐ ‐ AND Γ‐PYRIDYL SUBSTITUTED PYRAZOLO(3,4‐B)PYRIDINE AND PYRAZOLO(1,5‐A)PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES (1983)

Abstract Während im sauren Milieu aus den Pyridoylacetaten (I) und den Pyrazolonen (II) die Pyrazolopyridine (III) entstehen, bilden sich in Gegenwart einer Base aus (I) und (IIa) die Pyrazolopyrimidine (IV).