gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning (1979)

Poisoning by hydrogen sulfide has been recognized as an occupational hazard for at least two centuries. The development of alternative sources of energy in North America may increase the incidence of this medical emergency in the future. Until recently, no specific antidote to sulfide was recognized. We have compared sulfide poisoning to cyanide poisoning and documented recent findings that indicate many similarities between the two. The therapeutic induction of methemoglobinemia, as by the intravenous administration of sodium nitrite, has both protective and antidotal effects against sulfide as well as against cyanide in laboratory animals. This procedure has been used successfully in at least one severe human case of sulfide poisoning. Industries at risk should be prepared to initiate this form of therapy in addition to the usual measures for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. No evidence exists to suggest that sulfide poisoning results in an impairment of the oxygen transport capability of blood. On the other hand, some victims of hydrogen sulfide poisoning exhibit frank cyanosis, suggesting that the respiratory tract obstruction is more common in this condition than is generally recognized. Suction of the upper tract and the administration of oxygen may be important ancillary procedures to the administration of sodium nitrite.
Mitochondrial disease associated with the T8993G mutation of the mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene: a clinical, biochemical, and molecular study in six families (1997)

Although the measurement of ATP hydrolysis in cultured fibroblasts was a reliable, and sometimes instrumental, means to identify T8993G positive patients, the relation between the mutation and the oxidative phosphorylation defect is probably very complex, and its understanding requires more complex biochemical analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Catalysts for Asymmetric Reduction of Carbonyl Groups (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Where Will the Next Generation of Stroke Treatments Come From? (2010)

Remarkable progress has occurred over the last two decades in stroke interventions. Many have been developed on the basis of their efficacy in other disorders. This "inheritance" approach should continue, but two areas where completely novel therapeutic targets might emerge are the stimulation of neuroplasticity and unraveling the genetic code of stroke heterogeneity (Table 2). For the former, the next steps are to identify small-molecule, nontoxic compounds that most effectively enhance plasticity in animal models, and then subject them to clinical trial in humans. For the latter, more and larger-scale cooperative GWASs in carefully phenotyped stroke populations are required to better understand the polygenic nature of cerebrovascular disease. Then, the physiological relevance of genetic abnormalities can be determined in in vitro and in vivo systems before candidate compounds are developed.
KAT6A, a Chromatin Modifier from the 8p11-p12 Amplicon is a Candidate Oncogene in Luminal Breast Cancer (2014)

The chromosome 8p11-p12 amplicon is present in 12% to 15% of breast cancers, resulting in an increase in copy number and expression of several chromatin modifiers in these tumors, including KAT6A. Previous analyses in SUM-52 breast cancer cells showed amplification and overexpression of KAT6A, and subsequent RNAi screening identified KAT6A as a potential driving oncogene. KAT6A is a histone acetyltransferase previously identified as a fusion partner with CREB binding protein in acute myeloid leukemia. Knockdown of KAT6A in SUM-52 cells, a luminal breast cancer cell line harboring the amplicon, resulted in reduced growth rate compared to non-silencing controls and profound loss of clonogenic capacity both in mono-layer and in soft agar. The normal cell line MCF10A, however, did not exhibit slower growth with knockdown of KAT6A. SUM-52 cells with KAT6A knockdown formed fewer mammospheres in culture compared to controls, suggesting a possible role for KAT6A in self-renewal. Previous data from our laboratory identified FGFR2 as a driving oncogene in SUM-52 cells. The colony forming efficiency of SUM-52 KAT6A knockdown cells in the presence of FGFR inhibition was significantly reduced compared to cells with KAT6A knockdown only. These data suggest that KAT6A may be a novel oncogene in breast cancers bearing the 8p11-p12 amplicon. While there are other putative oncogenes in the amplicon, the identification of KAT6A as a driving oncogene suggests that chromatin-modifying enzymes are a key class of oncogenes in these cancers, and play an important role in the selection of this amplicon in luminal B breast cancers.
Microwave sintering and mechanical properties of PM copper steel (2001)

Microwave processing has gained worldwide acceptance as a novel method for heating and sintering a variety of materials from food to rubber to specialty ceramics, as it offers specific advantages in terms of speed, energy efficiency, process simplicity, novel and improved properties, finer microstructures, and lower environmental hazards. In the present paper, microwave sintering of modulus of rupture (MOR) bar samples of PM copper steel (MPIF FC-0208 composition) and the comparative evaluation of the mechanical properties using both microwave and conventional sintering techniques has been reported.The starting powder characteristics and the processing details of copper steel bar samples sintered in a conventional furnace and in an in house modified commercial microwave oven has been covered at length. In this study, the sintering temperature used typically ranged between 1100 and 1300°C, soaking time ranged from 5 to 20 min, and the atmosphere was controlled using flowing forming gas (mixture of 95% N2 + 5% H2). Microwave sintering resulted in higher sintered density, higher Rockwell hardness (HRB), and higher flexural strength as compared with conventional sintering. The improved mechanical properties of microwave sintered samples can be mainly attributed to the evolution of distinct porosity distribution, primarily consisting of small, rounded, and uniformly distributed pores as against large, angular and non-uniformly distributed pores observed in the case of conventional sintering.
IspH Protein of<i>Escherichia</i><i>c</i><i>oli</i>:  Studies on Iron−Sulfur Cluster Implementation and Catalysis (2004)

The ispH gene of Escherichia coli specifies an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate into a mixture of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) in the nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. The implementation of a gene cassette directing the overexpression of the isc operon involved in the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters into an Escherichia coli strain engineered for ispH gene expression increased the catalytic activity of IspH protein anaerobically purified from this strain by a factor of at least 200. For maximum catalytic activity, flavodoxin and flavodoxin reductase were required in molar concentrations of 40 and 12 microM, respectively. EPR experiments as well as optical absorbance indicate the presence of a [3Fe-4S](+) cluster in IspH protein. Among 4 cysteines in total, the 36 kDa protein carries 3 absolutely conserved cysteine residues at the amino acid positions 12, 96, and 197. Replacement of any of the conserved cysteine residues reduced the catalytic activity by a factor of more than 70 000.
Overexpression of<i>hns</i>in the plant growth-promoting bacterium<i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>UW5 increases root colonization (2009)

A better understanding of the genes involved in plant colonization will contribute to the development of PGPR that can compete more effectively in agricultural soils.
A Survey of Technologies for Climbing Robots Adhesion to Surfaces (2008)

Climbing robots are being developed for applications ranging from cleaning to inspection of difficult to reach constructions. These machines should be capable of travelling on different types of surfaces (such as floors, walls, ceilings) and to walk between such surfaces. Furthermore, these machines should adapt and reconfigure for various environment conditions and should be self-contained. Regarding the adhesion to the surface, they should be able to produce a secure gripping force using a light-weight mechanism. Bearing these facts in mind, this paper presents a survey of different technologies used for climbing robots adhesion to surfaces.
Fault detection algorithm based on a discrete-time observer residual generator - a GPS application (2007)

The aim of this paper is to present a design methodology for an observer-based fault detection filter. This approach allows to compute a filter gain such that both fault detection and disturbance attenuation requirements are accomplished. The developments are based on H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</sub> optimization type methods in the discrete-time framework. The existence conditions for the observer-based detection filter are expressed in terms of feasibility of some matrix inequalities. An important advantage of the described approach is the possibility to extend the results to other classes of systems (as sampled-data systems, stochastic systems with Markovian jumps and corrupted with multiplicative white noise, etc.) for which disturbance attenuation type results expressed in terms of feasibility of appropriate Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) systems, are available. In order to illustrate the derived theoretical results, a case study concerning the problem of Global Positioning System (GPS) integrity monitoring is considered.
Chloro Half-Sandwich Osmium(II) Complexes:  Influence of Chelated N,N-Ligands on Hydrolysis, Guanine Binding, and Cytotoxicity (2007)

Relatively little is known about the kinetics or the pharmacological potential of organometallic complexes of osmium compared to its lighter congeners, iron and ruthenium. We report the synthesis of seven new complexes, [(eta6-arene)Os(NN)Cl]+, containing different bidentate nitrogen (N,N) chelators, and a dichlorido complex, [(eta6-arene)Os(N)Cl2]. The X-ray crystal structures of seven complexes are reported: [(eta6-bip)Os(en)Cl]PF6 (1PF6), [(eta6-THA)Os(en)Cl]BF4 (2BF4), [(eta6-p-cym)Os(phen)Cl]PF6 (5PF6), [(eta6-bip)Os(dppz)Cl]PF6 (6PF6), [(eta6-bip)Os(azpy-NMe2)Cl]PF6 (7PF6), [(eta6-p-cym)Os(azpy-NMe2)Cl]PF6 (8PF6), and [(eta6-bip)Os(NCCH3-N)Cl2] (9), where THA = tetrahydroanthracene, en = ethylenediamine, p-cym = p-cymene, phen = phenanthroline, bip = biphenyl, dppz = [3,2-a: 2',3'-c]phenazine and azpy-NMe2 = 4-(2-pyridylazo)-N,N-dimethylaniline. The chelating ligand was found to play a crucial role in enhancing aqueous stability. The rates of hydrolysis at acidic pH* decreased when the primary amine N-donors (NN = en, t1/2 = 0.6 h at 318 K) are replaced with pi-accepting pyridine groups (e.g., NN = phen, t1/2 = 9.5 h at 318 K). The OsII complexes hydrolyze up to 100 times more slowly than their RuII analogues. The pK*a of the aqua adducts decreased with a similar trend (pK*a = 6.3 and 5.8 for en and phen adducts, respectively). [(eta6-bip)Os(en)Cl]PF6/BF4 (1PF6/BF4) and [(eta6-THA)Os(en)Cl]BF4 (2BF4) were cytotoxic toward both the human A549 lung and A2780 ovarian cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 6-10 microM, comparable to the anticancer drug carboplatin. 1BF4 binds to both the N7 and phosphate of 5'-GMP (ratio of 2:1). The formation constant for the 9-ethylguanine (9EtG) adduct [(eta6-bip)M(en)(9EtG)]2+ was lower for OsII (log K = 3.13) than RuII (log K = 4.78), although the OsII adduct showed some kinetic stability. DNA intercalation of the dppz ligand in 6PF6 may play a role in its cytotoxicity. This work demonstrates that the nature of the chelating ligand can play a crucial role in tuning the chemical and biological properties of [(eta6-arene)Os(NN)Cl]+ complexes.
Worldwide Variations in Colorectal Cancer (2009)

Previous studies have documented significant international variations in colorectal cancer rates. However, these studies were limited because they were based on old data or examined only incidence or mortality data. In this article, the colorectal cancer burden and patterns worldwide are described using the most recently updated cancer incidence and mortality data available from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The authors provide 5-year (1998-2002), age-standardized colorectal cancer incidence rates for select cancer registries in IARC's Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, and trends in age-standardized death rates by single calendar year for select countries in the World Health Organization mortality database. In addition, available information regarding worldwide colorectal cancer screening initiatives are presented. The highest colorectal cancer incidence rates in 1998-2002 were observed in registries from North America, Oceania, and Europe, including Eastern European countries. These high rates are most likely the result of increases in risk factors associated with "Westernization," such as obesity and physical inactivity. In contrast, the lowest colorectal cancer incidence rates were observed from registries in Asia, Africa, and South America. Colorectal cancer mortality rates have declined in many longstanding as well as newly economically developed countries; however, they continue to increase in some low-resource countries of South America and Eastern Europe. Various screening options for colorectal cancer are available and further international consideration of targeted screening programs and/or recommendations could help alleviate the burden of colorectal cancer worldwide.
A Single Sublingual Dose of an Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Protects against Lethal Ebola Challenge in Mice and Guinea Pigs (2011)

Sublingual (SL) delivery, a noninvasive immunization method that bypasses the intestinal tract for direct entry into the circulation, was evaluated with an adenovirus (Ad5)-based vaccine for Ebola. Mice and guinea pigs were immunized via the intramuscular (IM), nasal (IN), oral (PO) and SL routes. SL immunization elicited strong transgene expression in and attracted CD11c(+) antigen presenting cells to the mucosa. A SL dose of 1 × 10⁸ infectious particles induced Ebola Zaire glycoprotein (ZGP)-specific IFN-γ⁺ T cells in spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage, mesenteric lymph nodes and submandibular lymph nodes (SMLN) of naive mice in a manner similar to the same dose given IN. Ex vivo CFSE and in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays confirmed that SL immunization elicits a notable population of effector memory CD8+ T cells and strong CTL responses in spleen and SMLN. SL immunization induced significant ZGP-specific Th1 and Th2 type responses unaffected by pre-existing immunity (PEI) that protected mice and guinea pigs from lethal challenge. SL delivery protected more mice with PEI to Ad5 than IM injection. SL immunization also reduced systemic anti-Ad5 T and B cell responses in naive mice and those with PEI, suggesting that secondary immunizations could be highly effective for both populations.
Rapid UV Light‐Triggered Macromolecular <i>Click</i> Conjugations via the Use of <i>o</i>‐Quinodimethanes (2011)

Shining a light on click chemistry: The use of UV-radiation as trigger signal provides a facile means to obtain spatial and temporal control over polymer conjugation reactions in addition to providing a further means of achieving orthogonality in click transformations. In the current contribution, UV-radiation was employed to induce a highly efficient Diels-Alder conjugation of polymeric building blocks via the photo-induced in situ formation of highly reactive cis-dienes from a 2-methylbenzophenone precursor.
Observers for induction motor rotor current estimation (2002)

The Kalman filter (KF) in its basic form is a state estimator and can be applied to the problem of estimating induction motor rotor currents in a vector control scheme. It is shown how this filter combines information from the plant model with output measurements to produce an optimal estimate of the unmeasured states. Because the KF can deal with a time-varying linear plant model, the rotor current can be estimated while the rotor speed is varying. The application of the extended Kalman filter algorithm induction motor drive is also described. Significant savings in computing requirements are obtained with a reduced-order model of the motor, in which measured, rather than computed, values of stator currents are used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Levels of exploration (2001)

Visualization of computational models is at the heart of educational software for computer science and related fields. In this paper we look at how generation of such visualizations and the visualization of the generation process itself increase exploration. Four approaches of increased exploration in formal language theory and compiler design are introduced and for each approach we discuss an educational system which implements it.
Stage scheduling: a technique to reduce the register requirements of a module schedule (1995)

Modulo scheduling is an efficient technique for exploiting instruction level parallelism in a variety of loops, resulting in high performance code but increased register requirements. We present a set of low computational complexity stage-scheduling heuristics that reduce the register requirements of a given modulo schedule by shifting operations by multiples of II cycles. Measurements on a benchmark suite of 1289 loops from the Perfect Club, SPEC-89, and the Livermore Fortran Kernels shows that our best heuristic achieves on overage 99% of the decrease in register requirements obtained by an optimal stage scheduler.
Fast Manhattan sketches in data streams (2010)

The L1-distance, also known as the Manhattan or taxicab distance, between two vectors x, y in Rn is ∑_{i=1}overn |xi-y_i|. Approximating this distance is a fundamental primitive on massive databases, with applications to clustering, nearest neighbor search, network monitoring, regression, sampling, and support vector machines. We give the first 1-pass streaming algorithm for this problem in the turnstile model with O*(1/ε2) space and O*(1) update time. The O* notation hides polylogarithmic factors in ε, n, and the precision required to store vector entries. All previous algorithms either required Ω(1/ε3) space or Ω(1/ε2) update time and/or could not work in the turnstile model (i.e., support an arbitrary number of updates to each coordinate). Our bounds are optimal up to O*(1) factors.
BAW Filters for 5G Bands (2018)

The number of frequency bands requiring BAW filters is expected to grow significantly with the launch of 5G mobile applications. BAW is in particular well suited to address the new radio bands below 6 GHz also referred to as nr-1. RF integration is the only path forward to achieve full connectivity in LTE + 5G wireless due to the complexity of the antenna systems and the resulting coexistence challenges. The article gives an overview and describes recent trends regarding BAW for high frequency bands, wide bandwidth filters, miniaturization and thermal management. Evolution of RF content and the challenges of developing complex RF modules are discussed.
Murine Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Gene (1999)

Knowledge about the regulation of cell lineage-specific expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases is limited. In the present work, the murine matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) gene was shown to contain 13 exons, and the 2.8-kilobase pair upstream region was found to contain several common promoter elements including a TATA box-like motif, three GC boxes, four AP-1-like binding sites, an AP-2 site, and three PEA3 consensus sequences that may be important for basic activity of the gene. In order to identify cell-specific regulatory elements, constructs containing varying lengths of the upstream region in front of a LacZ reporter gene were made and studied for expression in transgenic mice generated by microinjection into fertilized oocytes. Analyses of the mice revealed that the presence of sequences between -2722 and -7745 allowed for expression in osteoclasts and migrating keratinocytes, i. e. cells that have been shown to normally express the enzyme in vivo. The results represent the first in vivo demonstration of the location of cell-specific control elements in a matrix metalloproteinase gene and show that element(s) regulating most cell-specific activities of 92-kDa type collagenase are located in the -2722 to -7745 base pair region.
Moisture Absorption of Graphite/Polymer Composites Under 2000 Feet of Seawater (1989)

Studies were conducted to determine moisture absorption properties of a vinyl ester graphite fiber composite under 2000 feet of seawater pressure. The results were compared with moisture absorption curves generated on identical specimens soaking in seawater at the surface. After soaking, samples were tested for flexure strength. Results in dicate diffusion coefficients are the same in both cases, but higher equilibrium moisture contents were obtained on deep submergence samples. Also, samples subjected to pressure experienced a 15 % reduction in flexure strength and stiffness. It is proposed that higher moisture content and loss of strength and stiffness were due to the activation of damage dependent mechanisms in the composite under pressure.
QoE-aware Cross-Layer Adaptation for Delay-Constrained Video Transmission over Wireless Channels (2019)

In this paper a cross-layer adaptive scheme is presented for transmission of H.264 encoded video over wireless channels, under a specified delay constraint. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is considered at the physical layer, accompanied by type-I hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) at the link layer. The HARQ scheme is cognizant of the video characteristics. It prioritizes the important independent (I) frames at the cost of dependent (P) frames, maintaining the group of pictures (GOP) deadline boundaries. At the application layer, quantization parameter (QP) variation is carried out to control the rate and quality requirements. This multi-layer adaptive scheme is modelled analytically as a multivariate nested Markov chain (MC). The proposed approach takes into account both fading and shadowing effects of the wireless channel. Numerical results highlight performance benefits of the proposed model. Realistic simulation results indicate improved performance of the proposed approach over similar multi-layer adaptation schemes in terms of video quality metrics.
Analysis and Design of Boost DC-DC Converters for Intrinsic Safety (2006)

An improved boost DC-DC converter meeting the requirements of intrinsic safety is presented. The maximum values of output short-circuit discharged energy (OSDE) in CCM and DCM are analyzed, respectively. It is pointed out that the OSDE of a boost converter is the summation of the energy from the source and the inductor and the energy stored in the capacitor. It is proved that the maximal value of OSDE (MOSDE) in CCM is the largest within the total operating range. Once MOSDE is less than the minimum ignition discharged energy, the converter meets the requirement of output intrinsic safety. The design method of inductor and capacitor is proposed according to the requirement of output intrinsic safety and the desired output voltage ripple level within the total ranges of input voltage and the load. Experiment results are in positive with the analysis showing the feasibility of the described methods