gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Wellbore Heat Losses in Directional Wells Under Changing Injection Conditions (1991)

Abstract Although many analytical wellbore heat loss models have been presented, none has addressed the problems associated with (i) directional wells and (ii) changing injection conditions. Today, more and more wells are drilled directionally. Moreover, the injection rate, pressure, temperature and steam quality seldom remain constant throughout the injection period. This paper presents a semi-analytical model which can determine heat losses from directional wells (deviated or horizontal wells) under changing injection conditions. To model directional wells, the well is divided into a number of segments whose inclination angle can be varied with depth. The energy and pressure equations are coupled and solved iteratively for each segment. The changes in injection variables (rate, pressure, temperature and steam quality) are approximated by step functions and the method of superposition is used. A new empirical expression is used to determine the transient heat loss to the formation. This simple expression is valid for all times and gives results closer to the exact solution than the more commonly used long time asymptotic solution. The sample calculations in this paper illustrate the differences in heat losses between vertical and directional wells and demonstrate that the assumption of constant wellhead conditions may give unsatisfactory results in cases where the injection conditions vary.
Differentiation of primordial germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells of primary ovarian insufficiency (2015)

Not applicable.
Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction (2015)

Most questions in social and biomedical sciences are causal in nature: what would happen to individuals, or to groups, if part of their environment were changed? In this groundbreaking text, two world-renowned experts present statistical methods for studying such questions. This book starts with the notion of potential outcomes, each corresponding to the outcome that would be realized if a subject were exposed to a particular treatment or regime. In this approach, causal effects are comparisons of such potential outcomes. The fundamental problem of causal inference is that we can only observe one of the potential outcomes for a particular subject. The authors discuss how randomized experiments allow us to assess causal effects and then turn to observational studies. They lay out the assumptions needed for causal inference and describe the leading analysis methods, including matching, propensity-score methods, and instrumental variables. Many detailed applications are included, with special focus on practical aspects for the empirical researcher
Development of NIR-II fluorescence image-guided and pH-responsive nanocapsules for cocktail drug delivery (2015)

Nanocapsule-based targeted delivery and stimulus-responsive release can increase drug effectiveness, while reducing the side effects of the drug. However, difficulties in the scale-up synthesis, fast burst release, and low degradability, could hamper the translation of drug nanocapsules from lab to clinic. Here we have controllably functionalized the biodegradable and widely available polysuccinimide, in order to obtain an amphiphilic poly(amino acid). Using this polymer, we designed nanocapsules (< 100 nm) for hydrophobic drug delivery, which could facilitate tumor targeting, hydrogen bond-based pH-responsive release, and real-time fluorescence tracking, in the second near-infrared region. This method is versatile, eco-friendly, and easy to scale up at low costs. In addition, this system can carry a cocktail of drugs, obtained by loading multiple anticancer drugs to the same vehicle. Our nanocapsules were observed to be stable in blood vessels (pH = 7.4), and the pH-responsive release (pH = 5.0 in lysosome) was sustained. The chemotherapy results in tumor-xenografted mice suggested that our nanocapsule was safe and efficient, and may be a useful tool for drug delivery.
Maximum signal-to-noise ratio array processing for space-time coded systems (2002)

We consider the design of an array processor for space-time coded multi-antenna systems. As an alternative to the previously proposed zero-forcing method, in this paper, the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) criterion is used to obtain a balance between interference suppression and noise enhancement. Although the same in concept, this work differs from the conventional minimum mean-squared error method in that there is more than one desired signal dimension each corresponding to one of the space-time coded streams. It is shown that the number of linear filters required by the maximum SNR array processor is no more than the dimension of the signal space or the number of collaborating transmit antennas. The advantages of this design are highly improved performance and reduced decoding complexity.
Aluminum Film Thickness Dependence of Surface Plasmon Resonance in the Far- and Deep-ultraviolet Regions (2017)

Aluminum film thickness dependence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the far- and deep-ultraviolet regions (170–300 nm) was revealed using an attenuated total reflectance spectrometer. In the far-ultraviolet region (<200 nm), films of thicknesses 23 and 9 nm showed strong SPR excitations in air and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, which were reproduced by simulations based on the Fresnel equations, respectively. Therefore, Al-SPR sensors are expected to work both in air and in liquids by controlling the film thickness. Aluminum film thickness dependence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the far- and deep-ultraviolet regions (170–300 nm) was revealed using an attenuated total reflectance spectrometer. In the far-ultraviolet region (<200 nm), 23 and 9 nm thickness films showed strong SPR excitations in air and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, which were reproduced by simulations based on the Fresnel equations, respectively.
Extragalactic radio spectrum (1972)

An attempt was made to build a model for the observed continuous emission from extragalactic radio sources. The data, measured by RAE spacecraft, are compared to deduced measurements. The difference between the two is taken as the model for observed emission. Data also cover spectra for the anticenter, north halo minimum region, RAE low frequency observations, and ground based high frequency observations.
Biological Basis and Possible Physiological Implications of Melatonin Receptor- Mediated Signaling in the Rat Epididymis (2000)

The mammalian epididymis plays an important role in sperm maturation, an important process of male reproduction. Specific high-affinity 2-[(125)I]iodomelatonin binding sites, satisfying the pharmacokinetic properties of specific receptors, have been found in the rat corpus epididymis, suggesting a direct melatonin action on epididymal physiology. Subsequent molecular and cell biology studies have identified these 2-[(125)I]iodomelatonin binding sites to be mt(1) (MEL(1A)) and MT(2) (MEL(1B)) melatonin receptor subtypes. Changes in the binding characteristics of these receptors in the rat corpus epididymis in response to castration and steroid hormones like testosterone and hydrocortisone indicated that these membrane melatonin receptors are biologically functional receptors, whose activities are differentially regulated by testosterone and hydrocortisone. These melatonin receptors are coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G(i) protein and probably participate in androgenic and adrenergic regulation of rat corpus epididymal epithelial cell functions. Furthermore, rat corpus epididymal epithelial cell proliferation was stimulated by melatonin, whose action was dependent on the concentration and duration of exposure to the hormone. Interestingly, an MT(2) receptor ligand (4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline, 4-P-PDOT) induced a stimulatory effect on epididymal epithelial cell proliferation similar to that produced by melatonin. In contrast, a nuclear melatonin receptor agonist (1-[3-allyl-4-oxo-thiazolidine-2-ylidene]-4-methyl-thiosemi-car bazone , CGP52608) and 8-bromo-cAMP inhibited epididymal epithelial cell proliferation. Taken together, our data lead us to postulate that one of the possible physiological functions of melatonin on the rat epididymis is the stimulation of mt(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors resulting in the inhibition of cAMP signaling and an increase in epithelial cell proliferation.
Visualizing Message Patterns in Object-Oriented Program Executions (1996)

The dynamic behavior of object-oriented programs is difficult to design, implement, and modify. Understanding the interactions between classes and objects is necessary to create efficient designs and make safe modifications. This work seeks to identify, visualize, and analyze recurring message patterns in object-oriented program executions as a means for understanding and examining dynamic behavior. Our visualizations focus on supporting design recovery, validation, and reengineering tasks. Keywords: software visualization, object-oriented programs, program understanding, software reengineering 1 Addressing Problems of OO Dynamics The importance of dynamic behavior in the design and implementation of object-oriented (OO) systems cannot be over-emphasized. Object-oriented analysis and design techniques (OOA/D) that evolve around object models created from static problem statements or object decomposition of real-world systems must not avoid the dynamic issues. Usage-scenario based a...
Photodynamic therapy in oncology (2001)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality that is based on the administration of a photosensitiser, which is retained in tumour tissues more than in normal tissues, followed by illumination of the tumour with visible light in a wavelength range matching the absorption spectrum of the photosensitiser. The photosensitiser absorbs light energy and induces the production of reactive oxygen species in the tumour environment, generating a cascade of events that kills the tumour cells. The first generation photosensitiser, Photofrin (porfirmer sodium), has been approved for oesophageal and lung cancer in the US and has been under investigation for other malignant and non-malignant diseases. Sub-optimal light penetration at the treatment absorption peak of Photofrin and prolonged skin photosensitivity in patients are limiting factors for this preparation. Several new photosensitisers have improved properties, especially absorption of longer wavelength light which penetrates deeper into tissue and faster clearance from normal tissue. This paper reviews the current use of first- and second-generation photosensitisers in oncology. The use of PDT in oncology has been restricted to certain cancer indications and has not yet become an integral part of cancer treatment in general. The main advantage of PDT is that the treatment can be repeated multiple times safely, without producing immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive effects and can be administered even after surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The current work on new photosensitisers and light delivery equipment will address some of the present shortcomings of PDT. Much has been learned in recent years about the mechanisms of cellular and tissue responses to PDT and protocols designed to capitalise on this knowledge showed lead to additional improvements.
Assessment of liver function: the current situation. (1995)

Hepatologists continue to search for a safe, accurate, and reliable method to quantify hepatic function similar in principle to the creatinine clearance for renal disease or spirometry for pulmonary disease. When evaluating patients with advanced decompensated chronic liver disease, there is little need for such tests and a decision for or against liver transplantation is all that is required. However, in patients with chronic compensated liver disease, an estimate of hepatic function based on objective criteria would be most valuable in establishing a prognosis and in determining a treatment plan. The best methods currently available for this purpose consist of the use of model drugs which are metabolized exclusively by the liver by cytochromes P-450 enzyme systems. The alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e., clearance rate of the parent compound or formation rate of one of its metabolites, etc.) produced as a result of liver disease can be quantitated. The results obtained can be utilized as a measure of hepatic function. The two drugs most commonly utilized for this purpose are lidocaine and caffeine. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these two drugs as probes of hepatic function are herein reviewed.
Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas (2006)

Tea leaves produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading pathogens including insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These metabolites include polyphenolic compounds, the six so-called catechins, and the methyl-xanthine alkaloids caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. Postharvest inactivation of phenol oxidases in green tea leaves prevents oxidation of the catechins, whereas postharvest enzyme-catalyzed oxidation (fermentation) of catechins in tea leaves results in the formation of four theaflavins as well as polymeric thearubigins. These substances impart the black color to black teas. Black and partly fermented oolong teas contain both classes of phenolic compounds. A need exists to develop a better understanding of the roles of polyphenolic tea compounds in food and medical microbiology. This overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of activities of tea flavonoids and teas against foodborne and other pathogenic bacteria, virulent protein toxins produced by some of the bacteria, virulent bacteriophages, pathogenic viruses and fungi. Also covered are synergistic, mechanistic, and bioavailability aspects of the antimicrobial effects. Further research is suggested for each of these categories. The herein described findings are not only of fundamental interest, but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and animal and human health.
Epitaxial growth of Pr2O3 on Si(111) and the observation of a hexagonal to cubic phase transition during postgrowth N2 annealing (2001)

We demonstrate the epitaxial growth of hexagonal Pr2O3(001) on Si(111), with x-ray ω-scan full width at half maximum values as low as 0.06°, which is comparable with Si substrates. We find that a phase transition takes place during the anneal of the as-grown films in N2 below the growth temperature. The annealed films display a cubic structure isomorphic to manganese oxide, (111) oriented but 180° rotated about the Si(111) surface normal. The phase transition can be due to nitrogen incorporation.
Analysis of Theaflavins and Thearubigins from Black Tea Extract by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Black tea contains two major groups of pigments, theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigins (TRs). TFs contain a bis-flavan substituted 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-benzotropolone moiety. Unlike the TFs, TRs have not yet been characterized. The chemical structure of the TRs remains a mystery. The present paper reports our effort to study the structure of TFs and TRs using delayed pulsed ion extraction of ions generated via the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) technique, on line with a Linear time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Spectra of standard TFs show not only pseudomolecular ions but also ions resulting from fragmentation. The analysis of MALDI-TOF spectra of black tea fractions shows the structure of some TRs, which are similar to those of TFs because the same loss of mass is observed.
Abnormal Hemostasis and Coagulopathy in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia (1992)

University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi Supported in part by the Vicksburg Hospital Medical Foundation. Correspondence: Kenneth G. Perry, Jr., MD. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505.
Applications of Multi-Resolution Neural Networks to Mammography (1998)

We have previously presented a coarse-to-fine hierarchical pyra-mid/neural network (HPNN) architecture which combines multi-scale image processing techniques with neural networks. In this paper we present applications of this general architecture to two problems in mammographic Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD). The first application is the detection of microcalcifications. The &lt;:oarse-to-fine HPNN was designed to learn large-scale context in-formation for detecting small objects like microcalcifications. Re-ceiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis suggests that the hierarchical architecture improves detection performance of a well established CAD system by roughly 50 %. The second application is to detect mammographic masses directly. Since masses are large, extended objects, the coarse-to-fine HPNN architecture is not suit-able for this problem. Instead we construct a fine-to-coarse HPNN architecture which is designed to learn small-scale detail structure associated with the extended objects. Our initial results applying the fine-to-coarse HPNN to mass detection are encouraging, with detection performance improvements of about 36 %. We conclude that the ability of the HPNN architecture to integrate information across scales, both coarse-to-fine and fine-to-coarse, makes it well suited for detecting objects which may have contextual clues or detail structure occurring at scales other than the natural scale of the object. 1
The first asymmetric total synthesis of lycoposerramine-R (2015)

The first asymmetric total synthesis of lycoposerramine-R, a Lycopodium alkaloid possessing a novel skeleton, was accomplished by a strategy featuring the stereoselective intramolecular aldol cyclization giving a cis-fused 5/6 bicyclic skeleton and a new method for the construction of the pyridone ring via the aza-Wittig reaction.
Gene sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of the motA protein, a membrane-associated protein required for flagellar rotation in Escherichia coli (1984)

The motA and motB gene products of Escherichia coli are integral membrane proteins necessary for flagellar rotation. We determined the DNA sequence of the region containing the motA gene and its promoter. Within this sequence, there is an open reading frame of 885 nucleotides, which with high probability (98% confidence level) meets criteria for a coding sequence. The 295-residue amino acid translation product had a molecular weight of 31,974, in good agreement with the value determined experimentally by gel electrophoresis. The amino acid sequence, which was quite hydrophobic, was subjected to a theoretical analysis designed to predict membrane-spanning alpha-helical segments of integral membrane proteins; four such hydrophobic helices were predicted by this treatment. Additional amphipathic helices may also be present. A remarkable feature of the sequence is the existence of two segments of high uncompensated charge density, one positive and the other negative. Possible organization of the protein in the membrane is discussed. Asymmetry in the amino acid composition of translated DNA sequences was used to distinguish between two possible initiation codons. The use of this method as a criterion for authentication of coding regions is described briefly in an Appendix.
Human β-globin second intron highly enhances expression of foreign genes from murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (2005)

To develop a highly efficient mammalian expression vector, a series of vectors were constructed based on the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) immediate-early (IE) promoter and human β-globin second intron. The resulting MCMV promoter was several-fold stronger than the HCMV promoter in various mammalian cell lines, such as the NIH3T3, Neuro-2a, 293T, and HT1080 cell lines, and was only slightly weaker than the HCMV promoter in HeLa and CHO cells. The inclusion of the human β-globin second intron behind the MCMV promoter or HCMV promoter markedly enhanced the promoter activity in various mammalian cell lines, and the resultant MCMV/Glo-I expression system was stronger than the HCMV promoter from 4.7- to 11.2-fold in every cell line tested. Also, the MCMV/Glo-I promoter induced a higher level of the VSV-G protein in a transiently transfected 293T cell line, which is useful for the production of recombinant retrovirus and lentivirus vectors.
Application of Yamamoto-Itoh coding scheme to discrete memoryless broadcast channels (2017)

The Yamamoto-Itoh (YI) scheme is a simple two phase coding scheme for discrete memoryless channels with noiseless feedback, which can attain the so-called Burnashev error-exponent. In this paper, we show how we can apply the YI scheme to discrete memoryless broadcast channels, and derive the achievable error-exponents region of the YI scheme for given coding rates.
The Marlim Field: Incorporating 4D Seismic in Reservoir-Management Decisions (2008)

Distinguished Author Series articles are general, descriptive representations that summarize the state of the art in an area of technology by describing recent developments for readers who are not specialists in the topics discussed. Written by individuals recognized as experts in the area, these articles provide key references to more definitive work and present specific details only to illustrate the technology. Purpose: to inform the general readership of recent advances in various areas of petroleum engineering. Abstract Many brownfields have had 4D-seismic technology applied successfully to optimize reservoir production and recovery. This paper describes how 4D-seismic results were incorporated into the geological model and illustrates applications in reservoir- management decisions, thereby mitigating drilling risks in Marlim deepwater turbidite heavy-oil field. It highlights the repositioning of many planned wells and the improvement in the history match by use of the updated geological model. The Marlim field is off the eastern Brazilian coast in water depths varying from 2,000 to 3,600 ft (Fig. 1). The field is the largest producing oil field in Brazil. Three seismic surveys cover the Marlim field. The first was acquired in 1986 and the others in 1997 and 2005. The most recent survey was acquired specifically for reservoir-characterization and -monitoring purposes. Introduction The Marlim field was discovered in 1985. The reservoir is an Oligocene/Miocene turbidite with excellent rock characteristics. Relative permeabilities are favorable to water injection, and well productivities are very high (Pinto et al. 2001). The field area is 56 sq miles. The oil gravity ranges from 18 to 24°API, the reservoir-oil viscosity is between 4 and 8 cp, the original pressure was 4,082 psi, and the saturation pressure was 3,769 psi. Initial oil production from the Marlim field was in March 1991. Water injection started in 1994. Currently, oil production is approximately 390,000 B/D, water injection is 705,000 B/D, and the actual recovery factor is 25%. The water production is 252,000 B/D (bottom sludge and water=39%). A total of 205 wells were drilled in the Marlim field, of which 125 wells are operating—81 producers and 44 injectors. The production peak (615,000 B/D) in Marlim field was achieved in early 2002. Three seismic surveys cover the field. The appraisal survey was acquired in 1986. A reservoir-characterization survey was acquired in 1997. The most recent survey, in 2005, was acquired specifically for reservoir-monitoring and -characterization purposes (Johann et al. 2006). The initial development phase ended in 2002, and a new phase of complementary development is under way. This new phase is characterized by projects of border wells and infill-drilling wells. The 4D seismic was identified as the best technology to minimize risk and optimize the new projects, mainly the infill-drilling projects. A new seismic acquisition, for monitoring purposes, is planned for 2009.