gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on aluminum-induced cerebral damage in Alzheimer's disease rat model (2015)

The protein expressions of neurotrophic factors can be enhanced by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation in the brain. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the protective effect of LIPUS stimulation against aluminum-induced cerebral damage in Alzheimer's disease rat model. LIPUS was administered 7 days before each aluminum chloride (AlCl3) administration, and concomitantly given with AlCl3 daily for a period of 6 weeks. Neurotrophic factors in hippocampus were measured by western blot analysis. Behavioral changes in the Morris water maze and elevated plus maze were examined in rats after administration of AlCl3. Various biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the extent of brain damages. LIPUS is capable of prompting levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rat brain. AlCl3 administration resulted in a significant increase in the aluminum concentration, acetylcholinesterase activity and beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in AlCl3 treated rats. LIPUS stimulation significantly attenuated aluminum concentration, acetylcholinesterase activity, Aβ deposition and karyopyknosis in AlCl3 treated rats. Furthermore, LIPUS significantly improved memory retention in AlCl3-induced memory impairment. These experimental results indicate that LIPUS has neuroprotective effects against AlCl3-induced cerebral damages and cognitive dysfunction.
Source Localization Precision of the Superconducting Imaging-Surface MEG System (2001)

A unique whole-head Magnetoencephalography (MEG) system incorporating a superconducting imaging surface (SIS) has been designed and built at Los Alamos with the goal of dramatically improving source localization accuracy while mitigating limitations of current systems (e.g. low signal-to-noise, cost, bulk). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the weak magnetic fields emanating from the brain as a direct consequence of the neuronal currents resulting from brain function[1]. The extraordinarily weak magnetic fields are measured by an array of SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) sensors. The position and vector characteristics of these neuronal sources can be estimated from the inverse solution of the field distribution at the surface of the head. In addition, MEG temporal resolution is unsurpassed by any other method currently used for brain imaging. Although MEG source reconstruction is limited by solutions of the electromagnetic inverse problem, constraints used for source localization produce reliable results. The Los Alamos SIS-MEG system[2] is based on the principal that fields from nearby sources measured by a SQUID sensor array while the SIS shields the sensor array from distant noise fields. In general, Meissner currents flow in the surface of superconductors, preventing any significant penetration of magnetic fields. A hemispherical SIS with a brim, or helmet, more » surrounds the SQUID sensor array largely sheilding the SQUIDs from sources outside the helmet while measuring fields from nearby sources within the helmet. We have implemented a finite element model (FEM) description of the SIS using the exact as-built geometry to accurately describe how the SIS impacts the forward physics of source models. The FEM is used to calculate the distribution of Meissner currents in the complicated surface geometry of the SIS such that B{perpendicular} = 0 at the surface. This model of the forward physics is described elsewhere in these proceedings [3]. In this paper, we present the results of localizing well characterized phantom sources using the SIS-MEG system, the SIS forward model, and a simple inverse method. « less
Optical bandpass filters for detector arrays’ modulation transfer function estimation by means of laser speckle (1996)

Two apertures, a square slit (SS) and a diamond slit (DS), both zero’th-order magnitude transparencies with bandpass filters in their optical transfer functions (OTFs), are designed and optimized for the purpose of modulation transfer function (MTF) evaluation of detector arrays by means of laser speckle. The SS and DS apertures are compared to an existing design, the extended frequency aperture (EFA), and show, respectively, improvements of 464% and 58% in filter magnitude; improvements of 213.4% (a compromise) and 17% in bandwidth; and improvements of 627% and 423% in throughput, implying a greatly reduced laser power requirement. As a result, they should significantly enhance detector arrays’ MTF evaluations and at a greatly reduced cost. The DS aperture possesses identical OTFs in both the horizontal and vertical directions, enabling MTF evaluation using the bandpass filters in those directions from the same speckle data frame—previously not possible. The DS aperture can be further modified to yield filter magnitude and bandwidth improvements of 111% and 40%, respectively; although becoming easier to fabricate, this modification would be at a lower throughput improvement of 310% over the existing design.
Sellers' problems in human computation markets (2010)

"Tools for human computers" is an underexplored design space in human computation research, which has focused on techniques for buyers of human computation rather than sellers. We characterize the sellers in one human computation market, Mechanical Turk, and describe some of the challenges they face. We list several projects developed to approach these problems, and conclude with a list of open questions relevant to sellers, buyers, and researchers.
CFI-Stream (2006)

Mining frequent closed itemsets provides complete and condensed information for non-redundant association rules generation. Extensive studies have been done on mining frequent closed itemsets, but they are mainly intended for traditional transaction databases and thus do not take data stream characteristics into consideration. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for mining closed frequent itemsets over data streams. It computes and maintains closed itemsets online and incrementally, and can output the current closed frequent itemsets in real time based on users' specified thresholds. Experimental results show that our proposed method is both time and space efficient, has good scalability as the number of transactions processed increases and adapts very rapidly to the change in data streams.
Hypolipidemic, Antiobesity, and Hypoglycemic-Hypoinsulinemic Effects of β,β′-Methyl-Substituted Hexadecanedioic Acid in Sand Rats (1988)

Treatment of male sand rats kept on a balanced laboratory chow diet ad libitum with beta,beta'-tetramethyl-substituted hexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16) resulted in a hypolipidemic effect accompanied by an extensive reduction in adiposity, with a concomitant hypoglycemic-hypoinsulinemic effect. The overall effect was sustained as long as the drug was administered. The hypolipidemic effect of MEDICA 16 consisted of a 70 and 40% decrease in plasma triacylglycerols and cholesterol, respectively, and resulted from inhibition of liver lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis. Adipose reduction by MEDICA 16 treatment or calorie restriction consisted of a 75-90% decrease in the perirenal, omental, epididymal, and subcutaneous fat, with a 50% decrease in liver neutral lipids. The reduction in adiposity was accounted for by a respective decrease in the lipid content of individual adipocytes, with a concomitant decrease in the number of adipocytes of selected adipose tissues. The decrease induced in adiposity by MEDICA 16 treatment could not be accounted for by anorectic or cathartic effects of the drug. The hypoglycemic-hypoinsulinemic effect of MEDICA 16 consisted of amelioration of the tolerance of glucose with normalization of plasma insulin. It was accompanied by an eightfold increase in the number of insulin receptors in epididymal adipocytes, which was, however, counteracted by a decrease in their affinity for insulin. The receptor and postreceptor effects exerted by MEDICA 16 were similar to those of calorie restriction. The overall effect of MEDICA 16 in sand rats may reflect the pharmacological potential of MEDICA compounds in pathological hyperlipidemic-obesity-diabetic syndromes.
A Tour of Trellis Graphics (1996)

This document leads you through Trellis graphics: it shows the functions in the Trellis library, it describes the common arguments that the functions share, and shows how Trellis displays are customized for various graphical devices. Other information is available about Trellis, including a user&apos;s manual and a journal article with data analysis examples. To find these and more, refer to the Trellis web page:
Remote vs. manual catheter navigation: a comparison study of operator performance using a 2D multi-path phantom (2009)

A remote catheter navigation system (RCNS) has been developed to permit fluoroscopic x-ray guidance of percutaneous catheters from a radiation-safe location. The RCNS employs a unique method to manipulate the remote catheter - namely, real-time motion sensing and motion replication of a local catheter. This maintains and utilizes the dexterous skills required for successful, conventional, bedside catheter navigation, while eliminating cumulative radiation exposure to the interventionalist. This paper presents a study investigating catheter navigation efficacy and learning effects during remote and manual catheter navigation. An operator, with no interventional experience, or experience with the RCNS, traversed 16 paths, containing 90 turns, in a custom-made, 2D multi-path phantom using conventional catheter manipulation and the RCNS. Each path was repeated 8 times in succession. Path success and navigation time were recorded for all trials. The operator successfully traversed all 16 paths and 90 turns using both navigation techniques. A mean increase of 12 seconds was observed using RCNS. Successive, repeated trials, of the same path, did not exhibit any learning trends. The operator successfully traversed all paths in the multi-path model using both navigation techniques, with only a slight increase in navigation time using the remote navigation system. This suggests that the RCNS, which requires minimal operator training, is comparable to, and as robust as, conventional bedside navigation.
Coastal seafloor observatory at Xiaoqushan in the East China Sea (2011)

因为它从时间的调查正在转变海洋的研究到长期的观察， seafloor 观察系统为海洋的研究正在成为重要基础结构。华东海沿海的 seafloor 天文台，在 30 之间定位了 ? 蟳???? 鳇妣 ?????? 咑？
Purine and pyrimidine metabolism: Convergent evidence on chronic antidepressant treatment response in mice and humans (2016)

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used drugs for the treatment of psychiatric diseases including major depressive disorder (MDD). For unknown reasons a substantial number of patients do not show any improvement during or after SSRI treatment. We treated DBA/2J mice for 28 days with paroxetine and assessed their behavioral response with the forced swim test (FST). Paroxetine-treated long-time floating (PLF) and paroxetine-treated short-time floating (PSF) groups were stratified as proxies for drug non-responder and responder mice, respectively. Proteomics and metabolomics profiles of PLF and PSF groups were acquired for the hippocampus and plasma to identify molecular pathways and biosignatures that stratify paroxetine-treated mouse sub-groups. The critical role of purine and pyrimidine metabolisms for chronic paroxetine treatment response in the mouse was further corroborated by pathway protein expression differences in both mice and patients that underwent chronic antidepressant treatment. The integrated -omics data indicate purine and pyrimidine metabolism pathway activity differences between PLF and PSF mice. Furthermore, the pathway protein levels in peripheral specimens strongly correlated with the antidepressant treatment response in patients. Our results suggest that chronic SSRI treatment differentially affects purine and pyrimidine metabolisms, which may explain the heterogeneous antidepressant treatment response and represents a potential biosignature.
Layered silicate polymer nanocomposites: new approach or illusion for fire retardancy? Investigations of the potentials and the tasks using a model system (2004)

Abstract Polymeric nanocomposites are discussed as one of the most promising advanced materials whose nanoscale effects can be exploited for industry. Layered silicate polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride nanocomposites are investigated as a model to clarify the potential of such materials in terms of fire retardancy. The nanostructure is characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and shear viscosity. The fire behavior is characterized using different external heat fluxes in cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index and UL 94 classification. A comprehensive fire behavior characterization is presented which enables an assessment of the materials' potential with respect to different fire scenarios and fire tests. The influence of morphology and the active mechanisms are discussed, such as barrier formation and changed melt viscosity. To our knowledge, it is the first attempt to illuminate the concept's strengths, such as the reduction of flame spread, and weaknesses, such as the lack of influence on ignitability, in a clear, comprehensive and detailed manner. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
79. Syntheses of 2-phenylnaphthalenes (1940)

D. H. Hey and S. E. Lawton, J. Chem. Soc., 1940, 374 DOI: 10.1039/JR9400000374
From Discriminant to Complete: Reinforcement Searching-Agent Learning for Weakly Supervised Object Detection (2020)

Weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) is an interesting yet challenging task in the computer vision community. The core is to discover the image regions that contain the complete object instances under the image-level supervision. Existing works usually solve this problem via a proposal selection strategy, which selects the most discriminative box regions from the weakly labeled training images. However, these regions usually only contain the discriminative object parts rather than the complete object instances. To address this problem, this article proposes to learn a searching-agent to gradually mine desirable object regions under a region searching paradigm, where we formulate the searching process as a Markov decision process and learn the searching-agent under a deep reinforcement learning framework. To learn such a searching-agent under the weak supervision, we extract the pseudo-complete object regions and the corresponding local discriminative object parts and introduce the obtained pseudo-target-part training pairs into the reinforcement learning process of the search-agent. This learning strategy has twofold advantages: 1) it can mimic the searching process to reveal complete object regions from a certain discriminative part of the object under the weak supervision and 2) it will not suffer from the learning difficulty arise from the long-action sequence that happens when searching from the entire image range. Comprehensive experiments on benchmark data sets demonstrate that by integrating the learned searching-agent with the existing WSOD method, we can achieve better performance than the other state-of-the-art and baseline methods.
Optimal Black Start Allocation for Power System Restoration (2018)

Equipment failures, operator errors, natural disasters and cyber-attacks can and have caused extended blackouts of the electric grid. Even though such events are rare, preparedness for them is critical because extended power outages endanger human lives, compromise national security, or result in economic losses of billions of dollars. Since most of the generating units cannot restart without connecting to an energized grid, the system operator relies on a few units with the ability to start autonomously, called Black Start (BS) units, to restore the power system. Allocating and maintaining these units is costly and can severely impact the restoration security and time. We formulate an optimization problem to optimally allocate BS units in the grid, while simultaneously optimizing over the restoration sequence. We extend existing optimal allocation models by including grid considerations such as active power nodal balance, transmission switching, nodal reactive power support and voltage limits. In order to aid the branch and bound tree that solves the resulting large scale mixed integer program, we propose a randomized heuristic that is executed multiple times in parallel on a high-performance computing environment to find feasible solutions. We proceed to solve the IEEE-39, the IEEE-118, and a simplified WECC system with 225 nodes and 136 generators to near optimality.
Distortion‐Free Displacement Mapping (2019)

Abstract Displacement mapping is routinely used to add geometric details in a fast and easy‐to‐control way, both in offline rendering as well as recently in interactive applications such as games. However, it went largely unnoticed (with the exception of McGuire and Whitson [MW08]) that, when applying displacement mapping to a surface with a low‐distortion parametrization, this parametrization is distorted as the geometry was changed by the displacement mapping. Typical resulting artifacts are “rubber band”‐like distortion patterns in areas of strong displacement change where a small isotropic area in texture space is mapped to a large anisotropic area in world space. We describe a fast, fully GPU‐based two‐step procedure to resolve this problem. First, a correction deformation is computed from the displacement map. Second, two variants to apply this correction when computing displacement mapping are proposed. The first variant is backward‐compatible and can resolve the artifact in any rendering pipeline without modifying it and without requiring additional computation at render time, but only works for bijective parametrizations. The second variant works for more general parametrizations, but requires to modify the rendering code and incurs a very small computational overhead.
The Measurement of Eye Movement Using Double Magnetic Induction (1982)

This paper describes a new method for the accurate measurement of human eye movements. This eye-contact method is based on double magnetic induction and allows for a lead-free eye coil. The major characteristics of the method are a resolution of 8' of arc, a linearity of up to 150, and a frequency bandwidth of 3 kHz. The main advantages over methods based on single magnetic induction are pointed out. Further improvement of resolution is discussed based on theory and experiment. Results of measurements on human eye movements are presented. We conclude that our new technique considerably improves eye movement measurement with eye-contact methods, based on magnetic induction. The method is applicable to man and animal.
Lack of significant toxicity after mirtazapine overdose: A five-year review of cases admitted to a regional toxicology unit (2007)

Severe toxic features could be attributed to other co-ingested drugs or alcohol. The adverse clinical effects attributable to mirtazapine overdose appeared mild and predictable. Mirtazapine overdose appears to be associated with fewer features of severe toxicity than previously reported for other antidepressants.
Changes in the expression and/or activation of regulatory proteins in rat hearts adapted to chronic hypoxia. (2006)

Chronic intermittent high altitude (IHA) hypoxia results in long-term adaptation protecting the heart against acute ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not completely elucidated so far. The present study was aimed at investigation of a modulating effect of IHA hypoxia on the expression and/or activation of selected regulatory proteins, with particular emphasis on differential responses in the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV). Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to IHA hypoxia of 7000 m simulated in a hypobaric chamber (8 h/day, 25 exposures), and protein contents and activities in myocardial fractions were determined by Western blot analysis. In markedly hypertrophic RV of hypoxic rats, gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and protein levels of carbonic anhydrase IX (a marker of hypoxia) were significantly enhanced. Study of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) revealed no differences in the contents of total p38-MAPK in both ventricles between the IHA and normoxic control rats, whereas activation of p38-MAPK was decreased in the RV and moderately increased in the LV of IHA rats as compared to controls. Extracellular signal regulated kinase-2 (ERK-2) was partially up-regulated in the RV of IHA rats, and, in addition, expression of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), a potential activator of ERK cascade, was also significantly increased. In contrast, expression of ERKs in the LV as well as their activities in both ventricles, were not affected by IHA hypoxia. Differential effects of IHA hypoxia on c-Jun-N-terminal protein kinases (JNKs) in the RV and LV were also observed. As compared with the controls, total content of JNKs was increased in the RV of the IHA rats, while expression of JNKs in the LV was down-regulated. IHA hypoxia changed neither total levels of Akt kinase in both RV and LV, nor Akt kinase activity in the RV. However, increased levels of activated phospho-Akt kinase were found in the LV of IHA rats. The results demonstrate that adaptation of rat hearts to chronic IHA hypoxia is associated with disctinct changes in the levels and/or activation of several regulatory proteins in two ventricles. The latter could be attributed to both myocardial remodeling and cardioprotection induced by chronic hypoxia.
Chromatin and microtubule organization in the first cell cycle in rabbit parthenotes and nuclear transplant embryos (1993)

Abstract Artificial activation and nuclear transfer in rabbit oocytes have been used in past years in an attempt to develop viable techniques for cloning in cattle. The procedures established in our laboratory, using the rabbit as a model, consistently lead to high rates of development to the blastocyst stage. However, the rate of embryos developing to term is considerably lower. In the present study, we undertook a detailed immunocytochemical study of the patterns of both microtubules and chromatin during the first cell cycle of electrical pulse‐activated oocytes and of nuclear transfer embryos. Our goal was to investigate the responses of the cell to the different stimuli applied and to establish the sequence of events leading to first cleavage in the absence of normal fertilization. Our results show that, in both electrically activated oocytes and nuclear transfer embryos, although the initial development patterns are rather unusual, embryos become synchronized at the time of the formation of a pronuclear‐like structure, and then organize metaphase spindles and cleave. These spindles consistently present small defects, suggesting that problems in the formation of the mitotic apparatus during the first cell cycle may have a long‐term effect leading to embryo mortality. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheological Properties of Two Heat‐Induced Protein Gels (1982)

ABSTRACT Rheological properties of heat‐induced gels from egg albumen and bovine plasma proteins were measured using a mechanical loading device. Each protein was tested at 8% protein concentration and heated for 0–120 min at 80°C in an agitating water bath. After heating, the viscosity index, apparent elasticity and initial penetration force of the gels were evaluated. Bovine plasma protein dispersions exhibited a substantially higher viscosity index, apparent elasticity and initial penetration force than egg albumen gels. Bovine plasma proteins produced a gel structure which was strong and elastic. By comparison, heat‐induced gels of egg albumen proteins were fragile and somewhat brittle.