gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intact transmembrane isoforms of the neural cell adhesion molecule are released from the plasma membrane (1993)

Three soluble neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polypeptide classes of M(r) values 190,000 (NCAM-s1), 135,000 (NCAM-s2) and 115,000-110,000 (NCAM-s3) have been demonstrated in rat brain and cerebrospinal fluid [Krog, Olsen, Dalseg, Roth and Bock (1992) J. Neurochem. 59, 838-847]. NCAM-s3 is known to arise from released glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked NCAM [He, Finne and Goridis (1987) J. Cell. Biol. 105, 2489-2500] as well as from extracellularly cleaved transmembrane NCAM isoforms [Nybroe, Linnemann and Bock (1989) J. Neurochem. 53, 1372-1378]. In this study the origin of NCAM-s1 and NCAM-s2 and the function of soluble NCAM forms were investigated. It was shown that all three soluble forms could be released from brain membranes with M(r) values identical to the three major membrane-associated forms: the large transmembrane 190,000-M(r) form (NCAM-A), the smaller transmembrane 135,000-M(r) form (NCAM-B) and the GPI-anchored 115,000-110,000-M(r) form (NCAM-C). A polyclonal antibody, directed against transmembrane and cytoplasmic epitopes common to NCAM-A and NCAM-B, was shown to react with NCAM-s1 and NCAM-s2. Furthermore, NCAM-B was shown to be shed in a presumably intact soluble form from membranes of cells transfected with this isoform. Thus, NCAM-s1 and NCAM-s2 probably represent intact released transmembrane NCAM-A and NCAM-B. The soluble transmembrane forms are likely to exist in vivo, as NCAM-s1 and NCAM-s2 were readily demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid. By density-gradient centrifugation it was shown that shed transmembrane NCAM-B was present in fractions of high, as well as low, density, indicating that a fraction of the shed NCAM is associated with minor plasma membrane fragments. Finally, it was shown that isolated soluble NCAM inhibited cell binding to an immobilized NCAM substratum, attributing a pivotal role to soluble NCAM in vivo as a modulator of NCAM-mediated cell behaviour.
High-resolution eye-safe time-of-flight laser rangefinding (2000)

In this paper, a digital time of flight laser range finder is presented. This measurement method has been simulated and experimentally evaluated using an eye-safe (class IIIA) laser range finder based on a passively Q-switched microchip laser as emitter and an avalanche photodiode as receiver. This new concept of measurement overcomes instability of classical time of flight laser range finder versus the reflectivity of the target, the atmospheric transmittance and the photoelectric noise. Classical laser range finder uses analog techniques to measure the time elapsed between the start and stop laser pulses: start time and stop time are defined by analog thresholds, therefore accuracy is greatly affected by the SNR in the receiver and associated electronics. This SNR is also dependent on emitter and receiver geometric configuration. Therefore the power seen by the receiver as a function of the distance measurement has been estimated theoretically and observed in experiments in order to optimize SNR over a chosen range. A new technique to overcome this lack of accuracy has been implemented using a fast digitizer with an acquisition rate of 10 GS/s and digital signal processing algorithms. Accuracy of about +/- 5 mm for a single shot without averaging and +/- 0.5 mm for averaging 20 shots have been demonstrated from 10 meters to 250 meters using only one photodetector for the start and stop pulse. Such a system will have an interest in the area of 3D vision laser ranging where there is a need of high accuracy measurements.
Ultra-broadband high-directivity directional coupler design (2003)

The theory and design of ultrabroadband high-directivity tapered-line directional couplers are discussed. Causes of imperfect directivity are examined from both a theoretical and experimental standpoint. This includes the effects of nonunity VSWR terminations and internal connections, unequal even-mode and odd-mode velocities, and unequal even-mode and odd-mode attenuation constants. Practical considerations in the design of asymmetrical tapered couplers are discussed. A design example is presented which displays a bandwidth that is believed to be approximately 1.7 octaves greater than any other coupler of comparable directivity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Implementation of ultrafast widely-tunable burst-mode 10 Gbit/s transceiver (2002)

A tunable 10 Gbit/s transceiver, 300-pin MSA compatible, for optical burst-switching applications, is presented. Fast tuning (<50 ns) between 80 channels over the entire C-band together with a fast locking (<100 ns) burst-mode receiver are demonstrated.
Active Noise Control in Finite Duct by the FIR Filter Modelling Considering the Stuructural Characteristics (1992)

Recently, the problem which actively control the unwanted noise propagated from the technical structure by the generated secondary sound has become considerable topic from the environmental preservation point of view. In most of these studies, active noise control deals with a plane wave propagation at low frequency using adaptive filtering techniques. On the other hand, in real acoustic systems are mostly short due to the limitation of geometric configuration. In this case, the acoustic properties such as reflections and resonances inside the acoustic system should be considered. In this paper, the acoustic modeling method for short length duct was introduced using the transfer matrix method, and the active noise control problem was investigated with \implementation of FIR filter for the transfer function of control system derived from this modeling method. The identification methods for the acoustic model of actual control system was proposed by numerical computation technique based on the estimation of optimal FIR filter coefficients. The acceptable attenuation on the real acoustic system and stability of the controller are predicted in this computational simulation.
Tolerances in automatic landing: an analysis of the effect of equipment tolerances, changes in aircraft configuration and variations in wind conditions (1965)

To ensure that production systems will perform an automatic landing with consistent accuracy, it is necessary to analyse the variations that may be expected in the landing performance. The system discussed is the B.L.E.U. single channel automatic landing system which utilizes ground-based radio aids to provide aircraft position information to the autopilot.The critical landing parameters are discussed, together with the factors which contribute to variations in these parameters. The methods used to determine the errors are analysed and the criteria needed to assess whether or not the errors are acceptable are established.It is found that variations in wind conditions make a significant contribution to the total errorsand that changes in the aircraft configuration also add to the overall variation. The effect of equipment tolerances varies widely with the landing parameter under consideration so that it is not necessarily possible to improve performance significantly by tightening equipment specifications.Should it be necessary to reduce the probability of an unacceptable performance, restrictions on the allowable wind conditions and on the aircraft weight and centre of gravity position must be considered.
Novel Plant Transformation Vectors Containing the Superpromoter (2007)

We developed novel plasmids and T-DNA binary vectors that incorporate a modified and more useful form of the superpromoter. The superpromoter consists of a trimer of the octopine synthase transcriptional activating element affixed to the mannopine synthase2' (mas2') transcriptional activating element plus minimal promoter. We tested a superpromoter-beta-glucuronidaseA fusion gene in stably transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and maize (Zea mays) plants and in transiently transformed maize Black Mexican Sweet protoplasts. In both tobacco and maize, superpromoter activity was much greater in roots than in leaves. In tobacco, superpromoter activity was greater in mature leaves than in young leaves, whereas in maize activity differed little among the tested aerial portions of the plant. When compared with other commonly used promoters (cauliflower mosaic virus 35S, mas2', and maize ubiquitin), superpromoter activity was approximately equivalent to those of the other promoters in both maize Black Mexican Sweet suspension cells and in stably transformed maize plants. The addition of a maize ubiquitin intron downstream of the superpromoter did not enhance activity in stably transformed maize.
AT<sub>1</sub> receptor blockers prevent sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension by chronic ouabain and hypertonic saline (2001)

Sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension caused by chronic treatment with ouabain or sodium-rich artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) can be prevented by central administration of an angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptor blocker. In the present study, we assessed whether, in Wistar rats, chronic peripheral treatment with the AT(1) receptor blockers losartan and embusartan can exert sufficient central effects to prevent these central effects of ouabain and sodium. Losartan or embusartan (both at 100 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) were given subcutaneously once daily. Ouabain (50 microg/day) was infused subcutaneously, and sodium-rich aCSF (1.2 M Na(+), 5 microl/h) was infused intracerebroventricularly, both by osmotic minipump for 13-14 days. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest and in response to air stress and intracerebroventricularly injection of guanabenz (75 microg/7.5 microl), ANG II (30 ng/3 microl), and ouabain (0.5 microg/2 microl) were then measured. In control rats, chronic treatment with ouabain subcutaneously and hypertonic saline intracerebroventricularly both increased baseline MAP by 20-25 mmHg and enhanced twofold the pressor responses to air stress and depressor responses to the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist guanabenz. Simultaneous treatment with losartan or embusartan fully prevented hypertension, maintained normal responses to air stress and guanabenz, and attenuated pressor responses to acute intracerebroventricular injection of ANG II and ouabain. We concluded that peripheral administration of losartan as well as embusartan can cause sufficient central effects to prevent the sympathetic hyperactivity and hypertension induced by chronic peripheral ouabain and central sodium.
Assessing the Safety of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivatives for Clinical Applications (2017)

Pluripotent stem cells may acquire genetic and epigenetic variants during culture following their derivation. At a conference organized by the International Stem Cell Initiative, and held at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, October 2016, participants discussed how the appearance of such variants can be monitored and minimized and, crucially, how their significance for the safety of therapeutic applications of these cells can be assessed. A strong recommendation from the meeting was that an international advisory group should be set up to review the genetic and epigenetic changes observed in human pluripotent stem cell lines and establish a framework for evaluating the risks that they may pose for clinical use.
Characteristic Impedance and Phase Velocity of a Dielectric-Supported Air Strip Transmission Line with Side Walls (1970)

The characteristic impedance and phase velocity of a dielectric-supported air strip transmission line with side walls and with center conductors having zero thickness have been obtained by means of the variational method. Green's functions are used for setting up the variational expression. Using a 22-term expansion for the charge distribution on the center conductors, the Rayleigh-Ritz method is then applied in the calculation of the characteristic impedance and phase velocity of the strip transmission line. Design curves are presented and a correction factor is derived that can be applied when the thickness of the center conductors is not zero. The design curves are quite general and apply equally well to any isotropic dielectric material that is used as a support, regardless of its dielectric constant. The experimental data presented verifies the theoretical results.
A knowledge plane for the internet (2003)

We propose a new objective for network research: to build a fundamentally different sort of network that can assemble itself given high level instructions, reassemble itself as requirements change, automatically discover when something goes wrong, and automatically fix a detected problem or explain why it cannot do so.We further argue that to achieve this goal, it is not sufficient to improve incrementally on the techniques and algorithms we know today. Instead, we propose a new construct, the Knowledge Plane, a pervasive system within the network that builds and maintains high-level models of what the network is supposed to do, in order to provide services and advice to other elements of the network. The knowledge plane is novel in its reliance on the tools of AI and cognitive systems. We argue that cognitive techniques, rather than traditional algorithmic approaches, are best suited to meeting the uncertainties and complexity of our objective.
Absorption cycles for air-cooled solar air conditioning (1976)

If residential solar heating and cooling is to be universally usable across the country, air-cooled solar air conditioners must be developed in addition to present water-cooled systems. Absorption cycles that are suitable for air-cooled operation with solar heat at temperatures ranging from below 200 F to close to 400 F are reviewed. The most practical systems are expected to require solar heat in the 300 F to 400 F range. The effect of boiler temperature on the efficiency of the basic absorption cycles is discussed. Modifications of the circuits used on present absorption air conditioners can result in coefficients of performance up to the 1.0 range.
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) as a new target for obesity treatment (2010)

Abstract: Recently, we serendipitously discovered that mice with the deficiency of the enzyme prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) have elevated α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) levels which lead to decreased food intake and weight loss. This suggests that PRCP is an endogenous inactivator of α-MSH and an appetite stimulant. Since a modest weight loss can have the most profound influence on reducing cardiovascular risk factors, the inhibitors of PRCP would be emerging as a possible alternative for pharmacotherapy in high-risk patients with obesity and obesity-related disorders. The discovery of a new biological activity of PRCP in the PRCP-deficient mice and studies of α-MSH function indicate the importance and complexity of the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system in altering food intake. Identifying a role for PRCP in regulating α-MSH in the brain may be a critical step in enhancing our understanding of how the brain controls food intake and body weight. In light of recent findings, the potential role of PRCP in regulating fuel homeostasis is critically evaluated. Further studies of the role of PRCP in obesity are much needed. Keywords: prolylcarboxypeptidase, melanocyte-stimulating harmone, appetite, weight loss, cardiovascular risk, obesity
IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing-Title (2007)

The following topics are dealt with: software engineering; program maintenance; teaching and learning; software configuration management system; online learning environment; logic programming; domain specific visual language meta tool; visual interactive programming; end user programming evaluations; nonhierarchical visualization component; formal method; incremental specification; end-user Web development.
Raman Amplification in Multimode Fiber (2007)

We demonstrate that the Raman gain of the fundamental mode in graded-index multimode fiber (MMF) is comparable to that of standard single-mode fiber using the same pump power. Moreover, we show that mode-selective gain is significantly enhanced by the radial dependence of the GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> concentration in these fibers. The mode-selective gain is also shown, via impulse responses and eye diagrams, to reduce the intersymbol interference for near center-launch excitations and thereby enhance high-speed MMF link performance
Programmable protein–DNA hybrid hydrogels for the immobilization and release of functional proteins (2014)

A modular approach for the precise assembly of multi-component hydrogels consisting of protein and DNA building blocks is described for the first time. Multi-arm DNA is designed for crosslinking and stepwise, non-covalent assembly of active proteins inside the hydrogel.
Genomic signature induced by pregnancy in the human breast (2006)

We have postulated that the lifetime protective effect of an early pregnancy against breast cancer is due to the complete differentiation of the mammary gland characterized by a specific genomic signature imprinted by the physiological process of pregnancy. For demonstrating this hypothesis we compared the genomic profile of the epithelium and the stroma of normal breast tissues from reduction mammoplasties performed in postmenopausal parous and nulliparous women. The epithelium and the stroma were separately dissected using laser capture microdissection (LCM) and the RNA of each compartment and each sample was isolated, amplified using PCR methodology, and hybridized to cDNA glass-microarrays containing 40,000 human cDNA features. The separation of the epithelial compartment from the interlobular stroma of Lob 1 using LCM allowed us to determine that the epithelial component contained 4,828 genes that were equally expressed in both nulliparous and parous women. There were 73 known genes that included immune-modulation-, DNA repair-, programmed cell death-, chromatin remodeling- and transcription-related genes, whereas in the breast of nulliparous women there were 20 different known genes that were upregulated. Our data provide evidence that breast tissues of postmenopausal parous women express in both the epithelial and the stromal compartments numerous genes that differ significantly from those present in breast tissues of post-menopausal nulliparous women, which could be important contributors to the genomic signature induced by an early full term pregnancy.
Zika Virus: Immune Evasion Mechanisms, Currently Available Therapeutic Regimens, and Vaccines (2017)

The sudden emergence of infectious pathogens such as Zika virus (ZIKV) holds global health concerns. Recent dissemination of ZIKV from Pacific to Americas with an upsurge of congenital anomalies and Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) in adults has created an alarming situation. High-throughput studies are in progress to understand ZIKV's mode of pathogenesis and mechanism of immune escape, yet the pathogenesis remains obscure. Mainly ZIKV's envelope (E) protein and nonstructural proteins (mainly NS1 and NS5) manipulate host cell to support viral immune escape by modulation of the interferon pathway and complement antagonism. The development of direct therapeutics for ZIKV infection is required to overcome the rapidly evolving viral threat. Currently, the existing strategies for ZIKV treatment are only supportive. Although, there is no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine presently available, however, recent efforts have brought up ZIKV vaccines into clinical trial phase 1. This review presents the highlights of recent advances in understanding immune evasion strategies adapted by ZIKV and existing therapies against the virus.
Improved empirical models for extraction of tissue optical properties from reflectance spectra (2012)

The use of empirical models for the extraction of optical and physiological properties from reflectance spectra is a relatively new approach, as compared to other techniques such as those based on the diffusion theory and inverse Monte Carlo algorithms. Empirical models are appealing for their ease of implementation and applicability to conditions for which analytical models are limited. Thus far, however, empirical models have been limited to only a handful of specific probe geometries. In this work, the relationship between reflectance and optical property values is explored for a wide range of geometry and tissue conditions. The influence of variation in scattering phase function, and numerical aperture of the optical fibers are investigated and incorporated into the empirical relationships for the first time. Reflectance data used in this work was simulated using an improved Monte Carlo model designed to run on a graphics processing unit (GPU). Improvements include a Modified Henyey-Greenstein and a Mie theory-based phase function in place of the conventional Henyey-Greenstein phase function, and assignment of probe-specific reflectivity conditions to better model the tissue-probe tip interface. These improvements are particularly important for probe geometries with small sourcedetector separations. Probe geometries that offer the most stable relationships between reflectance and optical property values, and hence, the best accuracy and reliability in extraction of physiological properties from tissue, are presented.
Immunogenicity of Antigen Adjuvanted with AS04 and Its Deposition in the Upper Respiratory Tract after Intranasal Administration (2020)

Adjuvant system 04 (AS04) is in injectable human vaccines. AS04 contains two known adjuvants, 3-<i>O</i>-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and insoluble aluminum salts. Data from previous studies showed that both MPL and insoluble aluminum salts have nasal mucosal vaccine adjuvant activity. The present study was designed to test the feasibility of using AS04 as an adjuvant to help nasally administered antigens to induce specific mucosal and systemic immunity as well as to evaluate the deposition of antigens in the upper respiratory tract when adjuvanted with AS04. Alhydrogel, an aluminum (oxy)hydroxide suspension, was mixed with MPL to form AS04, which was then mixed with ovalbumin (OVA) or 3× M2e-HA2, a synthetic influenza virus hemagglutinin fusion protein, as an antigen to prepare OVA/AS04 and 3× M2e-HA2/AS04 vaccines, respectively. In mice, AS04 enabled antigens, when given intranasally, to induce specific IgA response in nasal and lung mucosal secretions as well as specific IgG response in the serum samples of the immunized mice, whereas subcutaneous injection of the same vaccine induced specific antibody responses only in the serum samples but not in the mucosal secretions. Splenocytes isolated from mice intranasally immunized with the OVA/AS04 also proliferated and released cytokines (<i>i.e.</i>, IL-4 and IFN-γ) after <i>in vitro</i> stimulation with the antigen. In the immunogenicity test, intranasal OVA/AS04 was not more effective than intranasal OVA/MPL at the dosing regimens tested. However, when compared to OVA/MPL, OVA/AS04 showed a different atomized droplet size distribution and more importantly a more favorable OVA deposition profile when atomized into a nasal cast that was 3-D printed based on the computer tomography scan of the nose of a child. It is concluded that AS04 has mucosal adjuvant activity when given intranasally. In addition, there is a reason to be optimistic about using AS04 as an adjuvant to target an antigen of interest to the right region of the nasal cavity in humans for immune response induction.