gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monte-Carlo-Based Channel Characterization for Underwater Optical Communication Systems (2012)

We consider channel characterization for underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems. We focus on the channel impulse response and, in particular, quantify the channel time dispersion for different water types, link distances, and transmitter/receiver characteristics, taking into account realistic parameters. We use the Monte Carlo approach to simulate the trajectories of emitted photons propagating in water from the transmitter towards the receiver. During their propagation, photons are absorbed or scattered as a result of their interaction with different particles present in water. To model angle scattering, we use the two-term Henyey–Greenstein model in our channel simulator. We show that this model is more accurate than the commonly used Henyey–Greenstein model, especially in pure sea waters. Through the numerical results that we present, we show that, except for highly turbid waters, the channel time dispersion can be neglected when working over moderate distances. In other words, under such conditions, we do not suffer from any inter-symbol interference in the received signal. Lastly, we study the performance of a typical UWOC system in terms of bit-error-rate using the simple on–off-keying modulation. The presented results give insight into the design of UWOC systems.
Prognostic significance of extranodal microscopic foci discontinuous with primary lesion in rectal cancer (1998)

In cases with extensive local rectal cancer spread, the nerve-sparing rectal resection that omits lateral dissection may be insufficient for local control because of incomplete removal of occult microscopic cancer, resulting in local recurrence. Presence of microscopic cancer correlates closely with large tumor nodules and metastatic lymph nodes. Intraoperative frozen section investigations may, thus, help in deciding on extent of location resection.
The development and use of Actiphage <sup>®</sup> to detect viable mycobacteria from bovine tuberculosis and Johne’s disease‐infected animals (2019)

Here, we describe the development of a method that exploits bacteriophage D29 as a lysis agent for efficient DNA extraction from low numbers of mycobacterial cells. This method (Actiphage<sup>®</sup> ) used in combination with PCR achieved rapid and sensitive (LOD ≤ 10 cell ml<sup>-1</sup> ) detection and identification of viable, pathogenic mycobacteria in blood samples within 6 h. We demonstrate that mycobacteriophage D29 can be used to detect a range of mycobacteria from clinical blood samples including both Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis without the need for culture and confirms our earlier observations that a low-level bacteraemia is associated with these infections in cattle. In a study of M. bovis-infected cattle (n = 41), the sensitivity of the Actiphage<sup>®</sup> method was 95 % (95 % CI; 0.84-0.99) and specificity was 100 % (95% CI; 0.92-1). We further used Actiphage<sup>®</sup> to demonstrate viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is present in the blood of Johne's infected cattle. This method provides a revolutionary new tool for the study of infections caused by these difficult to grow pathogens.
<i>Introduction</i>: Rethinking Learning: What Counts as Learning and What Learning Counts (2006)

One can hardly believe there has been a revolution in all history so rapid, so extensive, so complete. Through it the face of the earth is making over, even as to its physical forms; political boundaries are wiped out and moved about, as if they were indeed only lines on a paper map; population is hurriedly gathered into cities from the ends of the earth; habits of living are altered with startling abruptness and thoroughness; the search for the truths of nature is infinitely stimulated and facilitated, and their application to life made not on practicable, but commercially necessary. Even our moral and religious ideas and interests, the most conservative because the deepest-lying things in our nature, are profoundly affected. That this revolution should not affect education in some other than a formal and superficial fashion is inconceivable. (p. 9)
Polarised ketene dithioacetals. Part 50. Reactions of α-aroyl-α-bromoketene dithioacetals with hydrazine hydrate: formation of rearranged pyrazoles (1987)

The reactions of α-aroyl-α-bromoketene dithioacetals (2a–c) with hydrazine hydrate yields unexpected pyrazoles, i.e. 3(5)-aryl-5(3)-4-bis(alkylthio)pyrazoles (7), 3(5)-arylpyrazoles (8), and 4-amino-5(3)alkylthiopyrazoles (9) in varying yields. The corresponding S-ethyl-α-bromoketene dithioacetal (2d) gave only the bis(ethylthio)pyrazole (7d) and 4-amino-4(3)-ethylthiopyrazole (9d) under similar conditions. The reactions of cyclic α-bromo ketene dithioacetals (2e–g) with hydrazine hydrate on the other hand afforded only the [1,4]dithiinopyrazole derivatives (7e–g) in high yields. The probable mechanisms for the formation of the pyrazoles (7)–(9) have been suggested.
Compounds causing cork taint and the factors affecting their transfer from natural cork closures to wine – a review (2005)

The compounds causing cork taint and the factors affecting their transmission from cork to wine are discussed. These factors include: the solubilities of the taint compounds in wine, their affinity for the surface and the interior parts of the cork; their location on the surface of and within the closure; the rates at which they can migrate through the cork matrix; the volume of wine in contact with a closure(s); and whether taint transmission is taking place in bottled wine or with corks soaked in wine for screening purposes. 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) has been the primary topic of investigations reported in the general literature and is therefore the main focus of this article.
Hot Filament for In Situ Catalyst Supply in the Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Carbon Nanotubes (2002)

A simplified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is described for in situ synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The synthesis apparatus is similar to that used to deposit CVD diamond. However, an Fe–Cr wire is selected and coiled as the filament to grow nanotubes. The tubes grow because the filament acts as both a heat source for pyrolysis, and a source of metal for the catalyst. The evaporated metal atoms can be considered to catalyze the growth of carbon nanotubes. The system has the potential to inexpensively synthesize large amounts of nanotubes continuously by combining physical and chemical vapor deposition.
Enterobacter spp.: pathogens poised to flourish at the turn of the century (1997)

Knowledge of the genus Enterobacter and its role in human disease has expanded exponentially in recent years. The incidence of infection in the hospital and the community has increased. New clinical syndromes have been recognized. Enterobacter spp. have also been implicated as causes of other syndromes that traditionally have been associated almost exclusively with more easily treatable pathogens, such as group A streptococci and staphylococci. Rapid emergence of multiple-drug resistance has been documented in individual patients during therapy and in populations and environments with strong selective pressure from antimicrobial agents, especially the cephalosporins. Therapeutic options for patients infected with multiply resistant strains have become severely limited. Carbapenems or, alternatively, fluoroquinolones are the most predictively active options, although resistance to both classes has been observed on rare occasions. Enterobacter spp. appear well adapted for survival and even proliferation as the turn of the century approaches.
Power electronics applications in bulk power transmission over long distances (2010)

The transmission of bulk power over long distances is a very current topic. In fact, it allows the connection of remote power plants to the electrical system, a common situation in countries of continental dimensions - such as China, Russia, Brazil and Canada and also some regions in Europe and Asia - where hydroelectricity and other renewable energy resources are often far away from the large consumer areas. Another benefit by means of long transmission power corridors is the possibility of adding electrical and energetic benefits for the two interconnected power systems. Regarding solutions to transmitting bulk power over long distances, the High Voltage DC Transmission System (HVDC) and the Half-Wave Length Transmission System have been shown as adequate solutions, depending on the length of the transmission trunk. However, both HVDC and half-wave length transmission systems have some restrictions to derive fractional amount of power along the main power corridor, since they are intrinsically point-to-point transmission systems. In this sense, the paper presents some solutions to overcome this problem in HVDC systems, as well as in half-wavelength transmission systems by means of HVDC and HVAC tapping. Moreover, a FACTS device is presented as an alternative to provide fast response, active power flow control in the half-wavelength transmission system.
Primers for adhesive bonding to polyolefins (1993)

Abstract When polypropylene (PP) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) are coated with about 100 nm of triphenylphosphine (TPP) or cobalt acetylacetonate (CaAcac 2 ) primers, adhesive bonds can be made using ethyl cyanoacrylate (CA) adhesive. These bonds are sufficiently strong so that the bond strength exceeds the bulk shear strength of the polyolefin, and are sufficiently durable as to withstand immersion in boiling water for long periods of time. The dependence of adhesive bond performance on primer thickness, application solvent, aging of primed surface, and the durability of bond, are explained on the basis of a model where the primer dissolves in the polymer surface and facilitates interpenetration of the polyolefin and the monomeric CA. The primer catalyzes cure of the CA, resulting in entanglement of adhesive and adherend chains. This model is tested using infrared (IR) spectroscopic, x‐ray spectroscopic (XPS), and microscopic (SEM) analysis. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FOXO1 Regulates L-Selectin and a Network of Human T Cell Homing Molecules Downstream of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (2008)

In T cells, the PI3K pathway promotes proliferation and survival induced by Ag or growth factors, in part by inactivating the FOXO transcription factor 1. We now report that FOXO1 controls the expression of L-selectin, an essential homing molecule, in human T lymphocytes. This control is already operational in unprimed T cells and involves a transcriptional regulation process that requires the FOXO1 DNA-binding domain. Using transcriptional profiling, we demonstrate that FOXO1 also increases transcripts of EDG1 and EDG6, two sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors that regulate lymphocyte trafficking. Additionally, FOXO1 binds the promoter of the cell quiescence and homing regulator Krüppel-like factor 2 and regulates its expression. Together, these results reveal a new function of FOXO1 in the immune system and suggest that PI3K controls a coordinated network of transcription factors regulating both cell quiescence and homing of human T lymphocytes.
Natural Medicine:The Genus Angelica (2004)

More than 60 species of medicinal plants belong to the genus Angelica (Family: Apiaceae). Many of these species have long been used in ancient traditional medicine systems, especially in the far-east. Various herbal preparations containing Angelica species are available over-the-counter, not only in the far-eastern countries, but also in the western countries like USA, UK, Germany, etc. For centuries, many species of this genus, e.g. A. acutiloba, A. archangelica, A. atropupurea, A. dahurica, A. japonica, A. glauca, A. gigas, A. koreana, A. sinensis, A. sylvestris, etc., have been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant and diaphoretic, and remedy for colds, flu, influenza, hepatitis, arthritis, indigestion, coughs, chronic bronchitis, pleurisy, typhoid, headaches, wind, fever, colic, travel sickness, rheumatism, bacterial and fungal infections and diseases of the urinary organs. Active principles isolated from these plants mainly include various types of coumarins, acetylenic compounds, chalcones, sesquiterpenes and polysaccharides. This review evaluates the importance of the genus Angelica in relation to its traditional medicinal uses, alternative medicinal uses in the modern society and potential for drug development, and summarises results of various scientific studies on Angelica species or Angelica-containing preparations for their bioactivities including, antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumour, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, etc.
A 2GHz 65nm CMOS digitally-tuned BAW oscillator (2008)

The design of a 2GHz reference frequency oscillator in a 65nm CMOS process using a Bulk Acoustic Wave resonator is presented. The oscillator implements digital frequency control using a switched capacitor bank in parallel to the resonator. The tuning range is up to 4MHz with a minimum step of 1.6kHz. The oscillator core is designed to reach low phase noise (-128dBc/Hz at 100kHz offset) at low power consumption (0.9mW) using a differential topology. It is followed by a low noise divider for output at 500MHz with a phase noise of -140dBc/Hz at 100kHz offset.
Mixing Pesticide with Water Concurrently with Spraying12 (1973)

A need to mix insoluble, dry pesticides with water concurrently with spraying led to equipment design, fabrication, and testing. Results of laboratory and field valuations indicated that this equipment could be used instead of conventional sprayers. There were no significant differences between this and conventional equipment for controlling corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), on sweet corn.
Effect of an Inductive Hydrogel Composed of Urinary Bladder Matrix Upon Functional Recovery Following Traumatic Brain Injury (2013)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem with no effective clinical treatment. Use of bioactive scaffold materials has been shown to be a promising strategy for tissue regeneration and repair in a number of injury models. Of these scaffold materials, urinary bladder matrix (UBM) derived from porcine bladder tissue, has demonstrated desirable properties for supporting and promoting the growth of neural cells in vitro, suggesting its potential as a scaffold for brain tissue repair in the treatment of TBI. Herein we evaluate the biocompatibility of UBM within brain tissue and the effects of UBM delivery upon functional outcome following TBI. A hydrogel form of UBM was injected into healthy rat brains for 1, 3, and 21 days to examine the tissue response to UBM. Multiple measures of tissue injury, including reactive astrocytosis, microglial activation, and neuron degeneration showed that UBM had no deleterious effects on normal brain. Following TBI, the brains were evaluated histologically and behaviorally between sham-operated controls and UBM- and vehicle-treated groups. Application of UBM reduced lesion volume and attenuated trauma-induced myelin disruption. Importantly, UBM treatment resulted in significant neurobehavioral recovery following TBI as demonstrated by improvements in vestibulomotor function; however, no differences in cognitive recovery were observed between the UBM- and vehicle-treated groups. The present study demonstrated that UBM is not only biocompatible within the brain tissue, but also can exert protective effects upon injured brain.
Two Distinct Gamma Interferon-Inducible Promoters of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Transactivator Gene Are Differentially Regulated by STAT1, Interferon Regulatory Factor 1, and Transforming Growth Factor β (1999)

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator (CIITA) is the master regulatory factor required for appropriate expression of class II MHC genes. Understanding the expression of CIITA is key to understanding the regulation of class II MHC genes. This report describes the independent regulation of two distinct CIITA promoters by cytokines with opposing functions, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). A functional analysis of deletion mutations of the upstream promoter (promoter III) identified an IFN-gamma-responsive region located approximately 5 kb from the transcriptional start site. An in vivo DNase I hypersensitivity analysis detected a hypersensitive site in this area which supports the relevance of this region. When the downstream promoter (promoter IV) was studied by in vivo genomic footprinting, IFN-gamma-induced changes at putative binding sites for STAT1, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), and E-box proteins were seen. Gel shift and supershift analyses for IRF-1 confirmed the in vivo footprint results. The role of the IFN-gamma-inducible transcription factor STAT1 was examined functionally. Although both promoters were controlled by STAT1, promoter-specific regulation was exhibited. The IFN-gamma response of promoter III was completely dependent on STAT1 and not IRF-1, while promoter IV was partially activated by IRF-1 in the total absence of STAT1 expression. While both promoters were affected by TGF-beta, activation of promoter III by IFN-gamma was more severely diminished by TGF-beta treatment. The differential control of CIITA promoters by TGF-beta, IRF-1, and STAT1 may be important in refining regulation of class II MHC genes in different cell types and under different stimulatory conditions.
Endocrinological Disorders and Celiac Disease (2002)

Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to dietary gluten. Its well known features are abdominal symptoms, malabsorption of nutrients, and small-bowel mucosal inflammation with villous atrophy, which recover on a gluten-free diet. Diagnosis is challenging in that patients often suffer from subtle, if any, symptoms. The risk of clinically silent celiac disease is increased in various autoimmune conditions. The endocrinologist, especially, should maintain high suspicion and alertness to celiac disease, which is to be found in 2-5% of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or autoimmune thyroid disease. Patients with multiple endocrine disorders, Addison's disease, alopecia, or hypophysitis may also have concomitant celiac disease. Similar heredity and proneness to autoimmune conditions are considered to be explanations for these associations. A gluten-free diet is essential to prevent celiac complications such as anemia, osteoporosis, and infertility. The diet may also be beneficial in the treatment of the underlying endocrinological disease; prolonged gluten exposure may even contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. The diagnosis of celiac disease requires endoscopic biopsy, but serological screening with antiendomysial and antitissue transglutaminase antibody assays is an easy method for preliminary case finding. Celiac disease will be increasingly detected provided the close association with autoimmune endocrinological diseases is recognized.
High speed sequential decoder (1972)

Operation of sequential decoding of data at high rates using Fano algorithm is discussed. Actions followed by decoder in systematically searching branches are described. Technique of diagonal steps is explained and illustrated.
Suppression of boron TED by low temperature SPC anneal prior to dopant activation (2002)

The application of a low temperature solid phase crystallization (SPC) anneal to nonpreamorphized junctions prior to a high-temperature dopant activation anneal is proposed. The SPC anneal eliminates implantation-induced defects which give rise to transient enhanced diffusion (TED), and thus reduce both vertical and lateral boron diffusion by 16 nm and 24 nm, respectively, in a conventional CMOS process thermal budget. Improved short channel effect (SCE) immunity was demonstrated with sub-100 nm FETs.
High-Mobility Two-Dimensional Electron Gas from Delta-Doped Asymmetric Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>As/GaAs/Al<sub>y</sub>Ga<sub>1-y</sub>As Quantum Wells (1987)

A new delta (δ)-doped asymmetric Al x Ga 1- x As/GaAs/Al y Ga 1- y As quantum well structure is designed and grown by molecular beam epitaxy which provides a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas with µ = 3.2×10 5 cm 2 /Vs at 5 K. The key feature of the new structure is that no bound states for electrons are found in the asymmetric well if the width is smaller than the critical value. The undesired persistent photoconductivity effect due to deep donors in n-type Al x Ga 1- x As: Si does not exist in the structure. Important for high transconductances in field-effect transistor is the narrow spacing between the two-dimensional electron gas and the crystal surface.
Optimum Pore Size for Bone Cement Fixation (1987)

The interface shear properties of porous coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy embedded in bone cement were examined as a function of pore size. Cylindric Ti-6Al-4V alloy push-out specimens were coated with two layers of spheric powders having particle size ranges of 297-420 microns, 420-500 microns, 595-707 microns, and 850-1400 microns. Sintering resulted in mean pore sizes of 165, 285, 345, and 550 microns, respectively, and porosities in the range of 40%-44%. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean pore sizes obtained from the four particle size ranges. There were no differences between the mean porosities. The porous-coated specimens were embedded in bone cement and mechanical push-out testing was performed. Non-coated specimens having a satin surface finish were also embedded in bone cement and tested. The noncoated metal specimens displayed an interface shear strength of 4.2 +/- 0.4 MPa, whereas the shear strengths for the porous-coated specimens were significantly higher and increased as pore size increased. The mean interface shear strengths determined were 17.0 +/- 2.1 MPa (165 microns pore size), 18.1 +/- 2.3 MPa (285 micron pore size), 23.6 +/- 1.7 MPa (345 microns pore size), and 25.4 +/- 3.4 MPa (550 microns pore size). Significant differences in shear strength for the porous-coated specimens were found between the two smaller particle sizes and the two larger particle sizes. As pore size increased from 285 microns to 345 microns, a statistically significant increase in shear strength from 18.1 MPa to 23.6 MPa was observed.
Nonlinear filtering in object and Fourier space in a joint transform optical correlator: comparison and experimental realization (1995)

The use of different kinds of nonlinear filtering in a joint transform correlator are studied and compared. The study is divided into two parts, one corresponding to object space and the second to the Fourier domain of the joint power spectrum. In the first part, phase and inverse filters are computed; their inverse Fourier transforms are also computed, thereby becoming the reference in the object space. In the Fourier space, the binarization of the power spectrum is realized and compared with a new procedure for removing the spatial envelope. All cases are simulated and experimentally implemented by a compact joint transform correlator.
Analysis of voluntary movements for robotic control (2002)

This study focuses on the characterization and control of voluntary movements by analyzing motor command patterns, ensuing analysis from involuntary limb movements. As a result, a neuromuscular-like model with two muscle-reflex models is proposed, and motor command patterns are approximated identified from the experimental data. Based on the identified motor command patterns, a control strategy, muscle modulation control, is proposed for possible applications in robotic control using neuromuscular-like models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>