gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic algorithms in polymeric material production, design, processing and other applications: a review (2008)

AbstractGenetic algorithms (GAs) belong to the broader family of generic population based metaheuristic optimisation algorithms called evolutionary algorithms. These are one of the biology inspired computing techniques that emulate the basic Darwinian concept of natural selection. Because of their many positive attributes such as ease of use, versatility and robustness, GAs have become important in materials research very rapidly since their inception. Though going through a major stage of theoretical development, GAs have been successfully applied in many fields such as polymer production, polymer design, polymer processing, polymer laminates and other polymers, as well as non-polymer applications in recent times. The present review attempts to present the state of the art in this area. The review is broadly divided into three sections: fundamentals of GAs, the use of GAs in polymeric materials and the use of GAs in non-polymer applications. First, the fundamentals of GAs are presented to provide some glimpse of the technique; this is followed by presentations on applications of GAs in various polymeric fields, such as in polymer production, polymer scheduling, polymer design, polymer laminates and other polymer related applications and non-polymeric fields, e.g. metallic laminates and other metallic material applications. A thorough literature review and critical analysis of the review is provided and attempts have been made to portray how evolutionary optimisation techniques, GAs in particular, are used across a variety of applications.Keywords: GENETIC ALGORITHMEVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONPOLYMER PRODUCTIONPOLYMER DESIGNPOLYMER PROCESSINGPOLYMER LAMINATESPOLYMER APPLICATIONSOPTIMISATION
American Popular Culture's View of the Soviet Militia: The End of the Police State? (1992)

The now-defunct Soviet Union and the term "police state" have been synonymous for many years, at least from the Stalinist era until, possibly, the Gorbachev era.
Technological Applications of Structural Communication to Instruction (1997)

이 글은 교과전문가(교사)와 학생간의 학습 내용에 대한 성찰적 담론 기회를 제공해 주는 학습 환경을 소개하고, 그 교육적 활용 방안을 제안한다. 70년대 초Skinner의 직선형 프로그램 학습 방법에 대한 비판과 발전적인 대안으로 영국에서 등장한 ‘구조적 의사교류법(SC: s tructural communication)’은 최근 첨단 공학의 교육적 활용과 구성주의 학습이론 및 실제를 강조하는 시대적 상황에 부응하는 학습방법으로 재조명되고 있다. 이 방법은 교과 내용을 깊이 있고 포괄적으로 이해할수 있는 학습환경을 조성해 줌으로써, 다수의 참여자가 자신의 견해를 공유하는 과정을 통하여 문제해결을 위한 복합적인 관점을 갖게 해 주는 교육적 특성을 갖고있다. 기존의 인쇄물 중심의 SC 학습모듈 요소를 소개하고, 컴퓨터와 네트워크의 활용으로 새롭게 개선된 기능과 절차를 가진 ‘수정 SC 프로그램’을 화면 내용과 함께 구체적으로 설명한다. 특별히 ‘수정 SC 프로그램’은 쉘(shell) 학습 프로그램의 특성을 지니고 있는 것으로 평가되고 있다. 이 프로그램은 인터넷을 비롯한 각종 네트웍 환경에서 활용할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 다양한 멀티미디어 기능을 효과적으로 적용할 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있다.
Type 2 diabetes: Evidence for linkage on chromosome 20 in 716 Finnish affected sib pairs (1999)

We are conducting a genome scan at an average resolution of 10 centimorgans (cM) for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in 716 affected sib pairs from 477 Finnish families. To date, our best evidence for linkage is on chromosome 20 with potentially separable peaks located on both the long and short arms. The unweighted multipoint maximum logarithm of odds score (MLS) was 3.08 on 20p (location, chi = 19.5 cM) under an additive model, whereas the weighted MLS was 2.06 on 20q (chi = 57 cM, recurrence risk,lambda(s) = 1. 25, P = 0.009). Weighted logarithm of odds scores of 2.00 (chi = 69.5 cM, P = 0.010) and 1.92 (chi = 18.5 cM, P = 0.013) were also observed. Ordered subset analyses based on sibships with extreme mean values of diabetes-related quantitative traits yielded sets of families who contributed disproportionately to the peaks. Two-hour glucose levels in offspring of diabetic individuals gave a MLS of 2. 12 (P = 0.0018) at 9.5 cM. Evidence from this and other studies suggests at least two diabetes-susceptibility genes on chromosome 20. We have also screened the gene for maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1, hepatic nuclear factor 4-a (HNF-4alpha) in 64 affected sibships with evidence for high chromosomal sharing at its location on chromosome 20q. We found no evidence that sequence changes in this gene accounted for the linkage results we observed.
A new simple synthesis of 1,4‐benzodiazepines (1979)

Abstract A convenient synthesis of 1,4‐benzodiazepines starting from secondary‐2‐aminobenzhydrols, which are easily obtained from secondary anilines and benzaldehydes, is described. 7‐Nitro‐1‐methyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepine 1d can be formed from 5‐nitro‐2‐methylaminomethylacylaminobenzo‐phenone 10b and c by using ammonium carbonate instead of ammonia, which gives only the Smiles‐rearranged product 11 .
A reconfigurable architecture mapping multilayer CNN paradigms (2002)

A digital VLSI implementation of linear template cellular neural nets (CNNs) is presented. A reconfigurable architecture is organized as 12 layers of 64/spl times/64 cells. The CNNs are reformulated introducing sets of generalized cloning templates to enucleate more sharply the structure of both intra- and inter-layer cooperative computations. In this way it is possible to develop CNN algorithms for complex vision machine tasks. Various applications are considered in edge and connected component detection and in texture segregation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SOLID SOLUTION FORMATION BETWEEN AMMONIUM NITRATE AND POTASSIUM NITRATE (1948)

X-ray investigations by means of powder photographs show that solid solution formation between potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate in simple admixture after grinding together may take place, and is considerably accelerated when the temperature is raised from ordinary temperatures to above 40 °C., at which NH 4 NO 3 III is stable (transition temperature 32 °C.). The preparation of homogeneous mixed crystals of ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate by co-crystallization of the salts from aqueous solution is described.
A conserved evolutionary mechanism permits Δ9 desaturation of very-long-chain fatty acyl lipids (2020)

Δ9 fatty acyl desaturases introduce a <i>cis</i>-double bond between C9 and C10 of saturated fatty acyl chains. From the crystal structure of the mouse stearoyl-CoA desaturase (mSCD1) it was proposed that Tyr-104, a surface residue located at the distal end of the fatty acyl binding pocket plays a key role in specifying 18C selectivity. We created mSCD1-Y104G to test the hypothesis that eliminating this bulky side chain would create an opening and permit the substrate's methyl end to protrude through the enzyme into the lipid bilayer, facilitating the desaturation of very-long-chain (VLC) substrates. Consistent with this hypothesis, Y104G acquired the ability to desaturate 24C and 26C acyl-CoAs while maintaining its Δ9-regioselectivity. We also investigated two distantly related very-long-chain fatty acyl (VLCFA) desaturases from Arabidopsis, ADS1.2 and ADS1.4, which have Ala and Gly, respectively, in place of the gatekeeping Tyr found in mSCD1. Substitution of Tyr for Ala and Gly in ADS1.2 and ADS1.4, respectively, blocked their ability to desaturate VLCFAs. Further, we identified a pair of fungal desaturase homologs which contained either an Ile or a Gly at this location and showed that only the Gly-containing desaturase was capable of very-long-chain desaturation. The conserved desaturase architecture wherein a surface residue with a single bulky side chain forms the end of the substrate binding cavity predisposes them to single amino acid substitutions that enable a switch between long- and very-long-chain selectivity. The data presented here show that such changes have independently occurred multiple times during evolution.
Computing rate-distortion optimized policies for streaming media to wireless clients (2003)

We consider the problem of streaming packetized media over the Internet from a server through a base station to a wireless client, in a rate-distortion optimized way. For error control, we employ an incremental redundancy scheme, in which the server can incrementally transmit parity packets in response to negative acknowledgements fed back from the client. Computing the optimal transmission policy for the server involves estimation of the probability that a single packet will be communicated in error as a function of the expected redundancy (or cost) used to communicate the packet. In this paper, we show how to compute this error-cost function, and thereby optimize the server's transmission policy, in this scenario.
A deep neural network approach to speech bandwidth expansion (2015)

We propose a deep neural network (DNN) approach to speech bandwidth expansion (BWE) by estimating the spectral mapping function from narrowband (4 kHz in bandwidth) to wideband (8 kHz in bandwidth). Log-spectrum power is used as the input and output features to perform the required nonlinear transformation, and DNNs are trained to realize this high-dimensional mapping function. When evaluating the proposed approach on a large-scale 10-hour test set, we found that the DNN-expanded speech signals give excellent objective quality measures in terms of segmental signal-to-noise ratio and log-spectral distortion when compared with conventional BWE based on Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). Subjective listening tests also give a 69% preference score for DNN-expanded speech over 31% for GMM when the phase information is assumed known. For tests in real operation when the phase information is imaged from the given narrowband signal the preference comparison goes up to 84% versus 16%. A correct phase recovery can further increase the BWE performance for the proposed DNN method.
Evaluation of combination thrombolytic therapy and timing of cardiac catheterization in acute myocardial infarction. Results of thrombolysis and angioplasty in myocardial infarction--phase 5 randomized trial. TAMI Study Group. (1991)

Recent trials of myocardial reperfusion using single-agent thrombolytic therapy and sequential cardiac catheterization have supported a conservative approach to the patient with acute myocardial infarction. To evaluate combination thrombolytic therapy and the role of a previously untested strategy for the aggressive use of cardiac catheterization, we performed a multicenter clinical trial with a 3 x 2 factorial design in which 575 patients were randomly allocated to one of three drug regimens--tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) (n = 191), urokinase (n = 190), or both (n = 194) - and one of two catheterization strategies--immediate catheterization with angioplasty for failed thrombolysis (n = 287) or deferred predischarge catheterization on days 5-10 (n = 288). Patients with contraindications to thrombolytic therapy, cardiogenic shock, or age of more than 75 years were excluded. Global left ventricular ejection fraction was well preserved and almost identical at predischarge catheterization (54%), regardless of the catheterization or thrombolytic strategy used (p = 0.98). Combination thrombolytic therapy was associated with a less complicated clinical course, most clearly documented by a lower rate of reocclusion (2%) compared with urokinase (7%) and t-PA (12%) (p = 0.04) and a lower rate of recurrent ischemia (25%) compared with urokinase (35%) and t-PA (31%). When a composite clinical end point (e.g., death, stroke, reinfarction, reocclusion, heart failure, or recurrent ischemia) was examined, combination thrombolytic therapy was associated with greater freedom from any adverse event (68%) compared with either single agent (urokinase, 55%; t-PA, 60%) (p = 0.04) and with a less complicated clinical course when the composite clinical end points were ranked according to clinical severity (p = 0.024). Early patency rates were greater with combination therapy, although predischarge patency rates after considering interventions to maintain patency were similar among drug regimens. No difference in bleeding complication rates was observed with any thrombolytic regimen. The aggressive catheterization strategy led to an overall early patency rate of 96% and a predischarge patency rate of 94% compared with a 90% predischarge patency in the conservative strategy (p = 0.065). The aggressive strategy improved regional wall motion in the infarct region (-2.16 SDs/chord) compared with deferred catheterization (-2.49 SDs/chord) (p = 0.004). More patients treated with the aggressive strategy were free from adverse outcomes (67% versus 55% in the conservative strategy, p = 0.004), and the clinical course was less complicated when the adverse outcomes were ranked according to severity (p = 0.016). No significant increase in use of blood products resulted from the aggressive strategy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Distinction of mouse CD8+ suppressor effector T cell clones from cytotoxic T cell clones by cytokine production and CD45 isoforms (1993)

Mouse CD8+ T cell clones could be subdivided into two subgroups by the pattern of cytokine production and CD45 isoforms that exactly corresponded with the functionally assigned cytotoxic (CTL) and suppressor (Ts) subsets. All the Ts clones invariably produced IL-10 after stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3, whereas none of CTL clones expressed mRNA of IL-10 by the same stimulation. All the CTL clones were positive for CD45RA Ag, a product of exon 4 of CD45 gene, whereas none of the Ts clones were positive for this Ag. The results are analogous to the situation within CD4+ T cell clones in which Th1 and Th2 subtypes can be distinguished by CD45 isoforms and cytokines they produce. Ts clones could suppress the proliferative responses of both Th1 and Th2 type CD4+ clones by the production of two different cytokines, IL-10 and IFN gamma, respectively, but none of the CTL clones could suppress the proliferation of CD4+ T cells. The participation of an additional nonspecific molecule in the suppression of antibody response is suggested.
Improving the Dye Coverage of Immature Cotton Fibres by Treatment with Chitosan (1984)

A study has been made of the sorption by cotton of chitosan (a partially deacetylated poly(N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine)) which had been applied to fabric by pad and exhaust methods. Chitosan pretreatment increases the exhaustion of direct dyes and is also very effective in eliminating differences in colour between dyed immature and mature cotton fibres. Some reduction in dye fastness results from the chitosan pretreatment when the dyeings are aftertreated with a conventional cationic fixing agent. However, much higher levels of fastness are obtained by aftertreatment with fibre‐reactive quaternary ammonium compounds; in general, these compounds produce dyeings of similar fastness properties on both untreated and chitosan‐treated cotton.
Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis of Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons Involves Caspase-1-Like Proteases as Upstream Initiators and Increased Production of Superoxide as a Main Downstream Effector (1998)

We induced apoptosis in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by exposure to the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (30 nM, 24 hr). Treatment with the antioxidant (+/-)-alpha-tocopherol (100 microM) or the superoxide dismutase-mimetic manganese tetrakis (4-benzoyl acid) porphyrin (1 microM) significantly reduced staurosporine-induced cell death. Using hydroethidine-based digital videomicroscopy, we observed a significant increase in intracellular superoxide production that peaked 6-8 hr into the staurosporine exposure. This increase occurred in the absence of gross mitochondrial depolarization monitored with the voltage-sensitive probe tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester. We then prepared extracts from staurosporine-treated hippocampal neurons and monitored cleavage of acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aminomethyl-coumarin and acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-AMC, fluorogenic substrates for caspase-1-like and caspase-3-like proteases, respectively. Staurosporine caused a significant increase in caspase-1-like activity that preceded intracellular superoxide production and reached a maximum after 30 min. Caspase-3-like activity paralleled intracellular superoxide production, with peak activity seen after 8 hr. Treatment with the corresponding caspase-3-like protease inhibitor acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (10 microM) prevented the increase in caspase-3-like activity and staurosporine-induced nuclear fragmentation, but failed to prevent the rise in superoxide production and subsequent cell death. In contrast, treatment with caspase-1-like protease inhibitors reduced both superoxide production and cell death. Of note, antioxidants prevented superoxide production, caspase-3-like protease activity, and cell death even when added 4 hr after the onset of the staurosporine exposure. These results suggest a scenario of an early, caspase-1-like activity followed by a delayed intracellular superoxide production that mediates staurosporine-induced cell death of cultured rat hippocampal neurons.
Effects of low and high dose administration of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) on <i>fa/fa</i> Zucker rats (1996)

The fatty Zucker rat, characterized by obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and mild hyperglycemia, has been suggested as an animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The present study examined the chronic dose-dependent effect of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV), a potent insulin mimetic, in this animal model of diabetes. Chronic (6 weeks) oral administration of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (0.06 mmol.kg-1.day-1, low dose study) was effective in reducing the hyperinsulinemia associated with the fatty Zucker rat model (termination insulin: lean, 82.8 +/- 21.6; fatty, 732 +/- 89.4; fatty treated, 336 +/- 126.6 pmol/L; p < 0.05). Pancreatic perfusion data indicated a significant improvement in insulin secretory function in the fatty rats. The dose dependency of this relationship was observed in the high dose study (0.128 mmol.kg-1.day-1 for 14 weeks), wherein bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) treatment restored plasma insulin levels in the fatty rats to lean levels (termination insulin: lean, 199.2 +/- 17.4; fatty 660.6 +/- 12.6; fatty treated, 153.6 +/- 9.6 pmol/L; p < 0.05) and significantly improved insulin response to a glucose challenge. In addition, bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) treatment (high dose study) ameliorated the age-dependent increase in blood pressure observed in fatty Zucker rats (systolic blood pressure: lean, 127 +/- 10; fatty, 176 +/- 5; fatty treated, 156 +/- 9 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa)). These data indicate that chronic oral administration of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) in the drinking water was effective in reducing hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and hypertension in the fatty Zucker rat.
Pyrolysis of starch and its digestibility by enzymes. Characterization of indigestible dextrin. (1990)

We have studied digestibility of pyrodextrin and its function as dietary fiber. We have established a procedure to obtain a high amount of indigestible moiety content through the pyrolysis of starch and which made possible industrial-scale production. Then, we studied digestibility and absorption of these products in vivo. The time course of blood sugar and insulin level in normal adults after intake of these products suggests that the indigestible moiety of these products is hardly digestible and absorptive in the upper tract . The recovery in feces is 5 to 20% relative to intake and the rest, we assumed, are fermented by intestinal flora and are transformed into volatile fatty acids, etc. The results of these studies showed that dextrin is recognized as dietary fiber physiologically as well as in vitro.
Space Vector Modulated and Vector Controlled Vienna I Rectifier with Active Filter Function (2007)

Diode and thyristor converters are widely used in electric drive systems. These nonlinear loads produce current harmonics that reduce the power quality by distorting the supply network voltages. One possibility is to compensate the harmonics with a six-switch voltage source active power filter. In this paper the Vienna I rectifier operating in combined rectifying and active filtering mode is studied. The paper presents a novel adaptive space vector modulation method that improves the harmonic compensation capabilities of the space vector controlled Vienna I rectifier. The theoretical analysis is verified with simulations and measurements from laboratory prototype feeding 5 kW load.
Catalysis in Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

Abstract Catalysis is currently recognized as a potential field of application for carbon nanotubes, and throughout the past decade the number of publications and patents on this subject has been increasing exponentially. In most of these cases, the use of these nanomaterials as support structures facilitates better performances than conventional supports. To date, most of the research has focused on supported metal catalysts, in which the active phase is located on the external surface of the carbon nanotubes. The selective deposition of metallic nanoparticles in the inner cavity of nanotubes, which could allow the exploitation of advantageous confinement effects, has received much less attention. In this Minireview, the different strategies for the preparation of such nanocatalysts, as well as the benefits that could be expected from the resultant confinement effects are presented, with the aim of highlighting their potential use in catalysis.
A library for visualizing combinatorial structures (1994)

This paper describes ANIM3D, a 3D animation library targeted at visualizing combinatorial structures. In particular, we are interested in algorithm animation. Constructing a new view for an algorithm typically takes dozens of design iterations, and can be very time-consuming. Our library eases the programmer's burden by providing high-level constructs for performing animations, and by offering an interpretive environment that eliminates the need for recompilations. This paper also illustrates ANIM3D's expressiveness by developing a 3D animation of Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm in just 70 lines of code.
Outcome of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency after diagnosis (1999)

Undiagnosed, MCAD deficiency results in considerable mortality and morbidity. However, current management improves outcome, supporting the view that the disorder should be included in newborn screening programmes.
Leg Length Inequality in Total Hip Arthroplasty (2005)

Postoperative leg length inequality after total hip arthroplasty frequently leads to medical liability issues because no standard exists regarding the acceptable disparity. Modular stems allow control of offset, independent sizing of the distal femoral anatomy, as well as proximal medullary sizing. The authors compared the restoration of leg length in two cohort protocols. In the 2001 cohort, tapered stems were exclusively used, giving priority to fit and fill of the medullary canal. In the 2004 cohort, porous-tapered stems, or an S-ROM modular stem (DePuy Orthopaedics Inc., Warsaw, Ind) when needed, were used based on preoperative templating to restore the center of femoral head rotation. Prior to and after surgery, length from center measurements were taken (center of rotation of the femoral head to the top of the lesser trochanter) and the vertical vector to compare the difference in actual leg length. In the 2001 cohort, the mean increase of length from center was 9 mm (7 mm leg length). In the 2004 cohort, 25% of the hips were inappropriate for tapered stems. S-ROMs were used because a tapered stem would lengthen the leg. In the standard offset tapered stem, the mean increase of length from center was 6 mm (4 mm leg length). In the high offset tapered stem, the mean increase of length from center was 7 mm (5 mm leg length). In the S-ROM stem with varying offsets, the mean increase of length from center was 6 mm (4 mm leg length). Only the S-ROM consistently avoids overlengthening in the majority of patients.