gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Three <i>O</i>-Methyltransferases Involved in Noscapine Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy  (2012)

Noscapine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid produced in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and other members of the Papaveraceae. It has been used as a cough suppressant and more recently was shown to possess anticancer activity. However, the biosynthesis of noscapine in opium poppy has not been established. A proposed pathway leading from (S)-reticuline to noscapine includes (S)-scoulerine, (S)-canadine, and (S)-N-methylcanadine as intermediates. Stem cDNA libraries and latex extracts of eight opium poppy cultivars displaying different alkaloid profiles were subjected to massively parallel pyrosequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Comparative transcript and metabolite profiling revealed the occurrence of three cDNAs encoding O-methyltransferases designated as SOMT1, SOMT2, and SOMT3 that correlated with the accumulation of noscapine in the eight cultivars. SOMT transcripts were detected in all opium poppy organs but were most abundant in aerial organs, where noscapine primarily accumulates. SOMT2 and SOMT3 showed strict substrate specificity and regiospecificity as 9-O-methyltransferases targeting (S)-scoulerine. In contrast, SOMT1 was able to sequentially 9- and 2-O-methylate (S)-scoulerine, yielding (S)-tetrahydropalmatine. SOMT1 also sequentially 3'- and 7-O-methylated both (S)-norreticuline and (S)-reticuline with relatively high substrate affinity, yielding (S)-tetrahydropapaverine and (S)-laudanosine, respectively. The metabolic functions of SOMT1, SOMT2, and SOMT3 were investigated in planta using virus-induced gene silencing. Reduction of SOMT1 or SOMT2 transcript levels resulted in a significant decrease in noscapine accumulation. Reduced SOMT1 transcript levels also caused a decrease in papaverine accumulation, confirming the selective roles for these enzymes in the biosynthesis of both alkaloids in opium poppy.
Standardizing Characterization of Electromagnetic Water Content Sensors: Part 1. Methodology (2005)

Performance differences in the growing number of electromagnetic (EM) sensors designed to estimate soil water content from a variety of indirect measurements (e.g., from measured travel time, capacitance, frequency shift) suggests the need for a standardized sensor characterization methodology. We suggest that characterization and evaluation of EM sensors, which currently lack citable standards, be performed in a homogeneous fluid of known permittivity rather than in a porous medium of unknown permittivity. Our objectives were to (i) develop a methodology for evaluating EM sensor measurement attributes referencing sensor‐specific characteristics and targeted soil properties and (ii) suggest standards for characterization and comparison of sensors. Criteria for qualitative assessment of sensors include determination of effective measurement frequency; susceptibility to variations in salinity, dielectric relaxation, and temperature; and a look at spatial variation in sensor sampling area. Measurement frequencies for broadband sensors can be inferred from correlated network analyzer and sensor measurements or from manufacturer suggestions. Fluids were selected to provide surrogate soil‐related effects such as relaxation occurring both within and outside of the effective measurement frequency range of common sensors. Test conditions included dielectrically relaxing (R) and nonrelaxing (NR) as well as electrically conducting (C) and nonconducting (NC) liquids and combinations thereof (e.g., NR‐C). No suitable combination of relaxing and conducting (R‐C) dielectric fluid was found in this study, but this remains a goal of future work because it represents a difficult and often common condition for EM sensor measurements in soils containing contributors to relaxation (e.g., clays, organic matter). Standards are based on fluids of known (based on Cole–Cole parameters) or measurable (using a network analyzer) frequency dependent permittivity that provide a reproducible homogeneous system for immersion of EM sensors. The methodology described here was applied using seven different EM sensing systems, and results are given in a companion paper.
Research on multi-drive synchronization control based on ring coupling strategy (2011)

Multi-motor synchronization control strategies are studied in this paper.To reduce the complexity of control structure and the difficulty in determining the compensation law of commonly used cross coupling control strategy when the number of motors is large,a ring couphng strategy based on the thought of the parallel control with error compensation is presented.The control method with the ring coupling strategy is proved.The proposed strategy is applied to the control of a four-motor system,and simulation results show that the proposed control strategy has higher synchronization accuracy and better dynamic performance compared with that of master-slave control strategy.
Associated Petroleum Gas Conversion into Liquid Hydrocarbons in Barrier Discharge Plasma (2008)

Abstract Experimental data on natural gas hydrocarbons conversion in the low-temperature plasma are provided. The impact of different process parameters (pulse rate, volumetric gas throughput) upon gas hydrocarbons conversion degree is examined. In order to increase the liquid hydrocarbon output and decrease reactor size, the multitubular composition of plasma-chemical reactor was applied. Positive results demonstrated the possibility of using multitubular reactors when working with high frequencies (200 Hz and higher) in order to obtain higher hydrocarbons from lower methane homologs.
Effect of mechanical treatment on properties of zeolites with chabazite structure (2017)

Zeolites are a valuable material having a wide variety of applications. We have examined the effect of mechanical activation on physical-chemical properties of commercial brands zeolite SAPO-34 and SCT-323. It has been shown that the amount of amorphous phase and the specific surface area depends on mechanical treatment. Specific surface area of the zeolites decreases strongly during the grinding process in mills. With the increase of milling time the particles size of zeolites decreased. An increase in amorphisation was observed. Specific surface area of zeolites after mechanical activation in a tumbling ball during 96 hours and annealing up to 800 degrees C with an isothermal holding time of 1 hour does not lead to marked changes and decreases strongly after annealing at 1000 degrees C/h. It has been shown that the milling time of ball milling is a powerful method to obtain the necessary specific surface.
The role of insulin‐like growth factor‐I and its binding proteins in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes (2009)

This review addresses the possible role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-axis in normal glucose homoeostasis and in the etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. IGF-I, a peptide hormone, shares amino acid sequence homology with insulin and has insulin-like activity; most notably, the promotion of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. Type 2 diabetes as well as pre-diabetic states, including impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, are associated cross-sectionally with altered circulating levels of IGF-I and its binding proteins (IGFBPs). Administration of recombinant human IGF-I has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals as well as in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Further, IGF-I may have beneficial effects on systemic inflammation, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and on pancreatic beta-cell mass and function. There is considerable inter-individual heterogeneity in endogenous levels of IGF-I and its binding proteins; however, the relationship between these variations and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes has not been extensively investigated. Large prospective studies are required to evaluate this association.
<title>Superresolution structure for optical data storage by near-field optics</title> (1998)

A new proposal for near-field data storage and the basic experiment under a high speed disk rotation are described. Using the thermally nonlinear property of an Antimony thin film and an intermediate layer of SiN with a thickness of 20 nm, less than 100 nm sized marks were recorded and retrieved in an optical phase change film beyond the diffraction limit, with a wavelength of 680nm and a lens NA of 0.6.
Using Intel SGX to Protect Authentication Credentials in an Untrusted Operating System (2018)

An important principle in computational security is to reduce the attack surface, by maintaining the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) small. Even so, no security technique ensures full protection against any adversary. Thus, sensitive applications should be designed with several layers of protection so that, even if a layer might be violated, sensitive content will not be compromised. In 2015, Intel released the Software Guard Extensions (SGX) technology in its processors. This mechanism allows applications to allocate enclaves, which are private memory regions that can hold code and data. Other applications and even privileged code, like the OS kernel and the BIOS, are not able to access enclaves' contents. This paper presents a novel password file protection scheme, which uses Intel SGX to protect authentication credentials in the PAM authentication framework, commonly used in UNIX systems. We defined and implemented an SGX-enabled version of the pam_unix.so authentication module, called UniSGX. This module uses an SGX enclave to handle the credentials informed by the user and to check them against the password file. To add an extra security layer, the password file is stored using SGX sealing. A threat model was proposed to assess the security of the proposed solution. The obtained results show that the proposed solution is secure against the threat model considered, and that its performance overhead is acceptable from the user point of view. The scheme presented here is also suitable to other authentication frameworks.
Optoelectronic Electricity Meter for High-Voltage Lines (1973)

A new method has been developed for measuring the power on high-voltage lines. It involves determining the power directly on the high-voltage line and transmitting the measured values to the ground potential side by the aid of infrared light pulses. Two electromechanical counters at ground side, one for each direction of energy flow, record the transported electrical energy. The measuring error of the device is of the order of 0.2 percent. The small number of active electronic components should result in satisfactory reliability.
Evaluation of Isoprenoid Conformation in Solution and in the Active Site of Protein-Farnesyl Transferase Using Carbon-13 Labeling in Conjunction with Solution- and Solid-State NMR (2000)

The enzyme protein-farnesyl transferase (FTase) catalyzes the farnesylation of the Ras protein and other key signal transduction proteins, using farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as the prenyl source. Inhibitors of FTase are thus of great interest as potential novel anticancer agents. The design of such agents would be informed by a detailed knowledge of the solution conformation of FPP, as well as its conformation in the active site of FTase. Four bis-13C-labeled derivatives of farnesol and geranylgeraniol have been synthesized and used to prepare the corresponding FPP and GGPP derivatives. The labeled farnesyl and geranylgeranyl derivatives 2−7 were utilized in conjunction with solution 13C NMR to probe the conformation of the prenyl chain in a variety of different solvents. These studies, along with molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrate that the prenyl chain exists primarily in an extended conformation. Surprisingly, this preference for the extended conformation is solvent-insensitive; no significant change in conformation is seen with all six solvents investigated, including water. The [6,15-bis 13C]FPP analogue 8 was complexed with mammalian FTase, and this complex was utilized in conjunction with rotational resonance MAS NMR to investigate the prenyl chain conformation when bound in the active site of this enzyme. The conformation determined from these experiments is in good agreement with the structure determined from crystallographic studies on the FPP−FTase complex. Thus, the isoprenyl chain of FPP exhibits a strong preference for an extended conformation, both in a variety of solvents of different polarities and in the active site of mammalian FTase.
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Quality Assessment of Meat and Fish: A Review on Basic Principles, Measurement Methods, and Recent Advances (2017)

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as an effective analytical technique for electrochemical system, has shown a wide application for food quality and safety assessment recently. Individual differences of livestock cause high variation in quality of raw meat and fish and their commercialized products. Therefore, in order to obtain the definite quality information and ensure the quality of each product, a fast and on-line detection technology is demanded to be developed to monitor product processing. EIS has advantages of being fast, nondestructive, inexpensive, and easily implemented and shows potential to develop on-line detecting instrument to replace traditional methods to realize time, cost, skilled persons saving and further quality grading. This review outlines the fundamental theories and two common measurement methods of EIS applied to biological tissue, summarizes its application specifically for quality assessment of meat and fish, and discusses challenges and future trends of EIS technology applied for meat and fish quality assessment.
Fast Generation of Hologram Sub-Lines Based on Field Programmable Gate Array (2009)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text P. W. M. Tsang, J. P. Liu, T. C. Poon, and K. W. K. Cheung, "Fast Generation of Hologram Sub-Lines Based on Field Programmable Gate Array," in Advances in Imaging, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optica Publishing Group, 2009), paper DWC2. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
An Extended $4 \times 4$ Butler Matrix With Enhanced Beam Controllability and Widened Spatial Coverage (2017)

A new beam-switching array system, capable of providing four sets of switchable beams, is proposed and demonstrated. The core building block for fulfilling the design is the phase reconfigurable synthesized transmission line (PRSTL), whose electrical length is switched between two states as a 1-bit phase shifter. By cascading the PRSTLs to the outputs of a standard Butler matrix, the progressive phase shifts between adjacent antenna elements can be controlled in a variety of fashions. The new design aims to provide a low-complexity solution to expand the beam controllability as well as spatial coverage of a conventional beam-switching system. As a demonstration, an extended 4 × 4 Butler matrix, with 16 switchable beams, is realized using microstrip technology. The average transmission loss of the feed network is acceptable as 1.7 dB. In the measurement, the linear array shows an equivalent half-power beamwidth of 118°, covered by 13 beams, with the peak gain varying from 7 to 10 dBi. The gain ripple within the equivalent beamwidth is less than 0.9 dB. The output 1-dB compression point (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1 dB</sub> ) is measured as 29.5 dBm, and the dc power consumption is very low (microwatts) in all switching states.
Anti-semaphorin 3A Antibodies Rescue Retinal Ganglion Cells from Cell Death following Optic Nerve Axotomy (2002)

Damage to the optic nerve in mammals induces retrograde degeneration and apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) bodies. The mechanisms that mediate the response of the neuronal cells to the axonal injury are still unknown. We have previously shown that semaphorins, axon guidance molecules with repulsive cues, are capable of mediating apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells (Shirvan, A., Ziv, I., Fleminger, G., Shina, R., He, Z., Brudo, I., Melamed, E., and Brazilai, A. (1999) J. Neurochem. 73, 961-971). In this study, we examined the involvement of semaphorins in an in vivo experimental animal model of complete axotomy of the rat optic nerve. We demonstrate that a marked induction of type III semaphorin proteins takes place in ipsilateral retinas at early stages following axotomy, well before any morphological signs of RGC apoptosis can be detected. Time course analysis revealed that a peak of expression occurred after 2-3 days and then declined. A small conserved peptide derived from semaphorin 3A that was previously shown to induce neuronal death in culture was capable of inducing RGC loss upon its intravitreous injection into the rat eye. Moreover, we demonstrate a marked inhibition of RGC loss when axotomized eyes were co-treated by intravitreous injection of function-blocking antibodies against the semaphorin 3A-derived peptide. Marked neuronal protection from degeneration was also observed when the antibodies were applied 24 h post-injury. We therefore suggest that semaphorins are key proteins that modulate the cell fate of axotomized RGC. Neutralization of the semaphorin repulsive function may serve as a promising new approach for treatment of traumatic injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system or of ophthalmologic diseases such as glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy that induce apoptotic RGC death.
The interferon signaling network and transcription factor C/EBP-beta. (2007)

Cytokines like interferons (IFNs) play a central role in regulating innate and specific immunities against the pathogens and neoplastic cells. A number of signaling pathways are induced in response to IFN in various cells. One classic mechanism employed by IFNs is the JAK-STAT signaling pathway for inducing cellular responses. Here we describe the non-STAT pathways that participate in IFN-induced responses. In particular, we will focus on the role played by transcription factor C/EBP-beta in mediating these responses.
CRIUS (2010)

Non-technical users are increasingly adding structures to their data. This gives rise to the need for database design. However, traditional database design is deliberate and heavy-weight, requiring technical expertise that everyday users may not possess. For this reason, we propose that users of personal data management applications should be able to create and refine data structures in an ad-hoc way over time, thereby "organically" growing their schemas. For this purpose, we develop a spreadsheet-like direct manipulation interface. We show how integrity constraints can still provide value, even in this scenario of frequent schema and data modifications. We also develop a back-end database implementation to support this interface, with a design that permits schema changes at a low cost. We have folded these ideas into a system, called CRIUS, which supports a nested data model and a graphical user interface. From the user's perspective, the chief advantages of CRIUS are its support for simple schema definition and modification through an intuitive drag-and-drop interface, as well as its guidance towards user data entry based on incrementally updated data integrity. We have evaluated CRIUS by means of user studies and performance studies. The user studies indicate that 1) CRIUS makes it much easier for users to design a database, as compared to state-of-the-art GUI database design tools, and 2) CRIUS makes user data entry more efficient and less error-prone. The performance experiments show that 1) the incremental integrity update in CRIUS is very efficient, making the data entry guidance applicable and 2) the backend database implementation in CRIUS significantly improves the performance of schema update tasks, without a significant impact on other operations.
A multicenter study of outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. ii. (1982)

Causes of death were examined for 1,103 systemic lupus erythematosus patients who were followed from 1965 to 1978 at 9 centers that participated in the Lupus Survival Study Group. A total of 222 patients (20%) died. Lupus-related organ system involvement (mainly active nephritis) and infection were the most frequent primary causes of death. Causes of death were similar throughout the followup period. Hemodialysis had little impact on the length of survival for patients with nephritis. Active central nervous system disease and myocardial infarction were infrequent causes of death. There were no deaths from malignancy.
Synthesis of 2-Arylfuro[3,2-c]pyridines and Their Derivatives (1996)

A series of 2-arylfuro[3,2- c ]pyridines was synthesized. 3-(5-Aryl-2-furyl)propenoic acids 1a-1h were converted to the acid azides 2a-2h , which in turn were cyclized to give 2-arylfuro[3,2- c ]pyridine-4(5 H )-ones 4a-4h by heating in Dowtherm. The pyridones 4a-4f were aromatized with phosphorus oxychloride to the 2-aryl-4-chlorofuro[3,2- c ]pyridines 5a-5f , which were reduced with zinc and acetic acid to the title compounds 6a-6f . Reacted with phosphorus(V) sulfide, the pyridones 4a-4f yielded the corresponding thiones 7a-7f .
Suppression of 5′-Nucleotidase Enzymes Promotes AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Phosphorylation and Metabolism in Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle (2011)

The 5'-nucleotidase (NT5) family of enzyme dephosphorylates non-cyclic nucleoside monophosphates to produce nucleosides and inorganic phosphates. We hypothesized that gene silencing of NT5 enzymes to increase the intracellular availability of AMP would increase AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and metabolism. We determined the role of cytosolic NT5 in metabolic responses linked to the development of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Using siRNA to silence NT5C2 expression in cultured human myotubes, we observed a 2-fold increase in the AMP/ATP ratio, a 2.4-fold increase in AMPK phosphorylation (Thr(172)), and a 2.8-fold increase in acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation (Ser(79)) (p < 0.05). siRNA silencing of NT5C2 expression increased palmitate oxidation by 2-fold in the absence and by 8-fold in the presence of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribofuranoside. This was paralleled by an increase in glucose transport and a decrease in glucose oxidation, incorporation into glycogen, and lactate release from NT5C2-depleted myotubes. Gene silencing of NT5C1A by shRNA injection and electroporation in mouse tibialis anterior muscle reduced protein content (60%; p < 0.05) and increased phosphorylation of AMPK (60%; p < 0.05) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (50%; p < 0.05) and glucose uptake (20%; p < 0.05). Endogenous expression of NT5C enzymes inhibited basal lipid oxidation and glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Reduction of 5'-nucleotidase expression or activity may promote metabolic flexibility in type 2 diabetes.