gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and electrical characterization of a pore–cavity–pore device (2010)

We present a solid state nanopore device structure comprising two nanopores which are stacked above each other and connected via a pyramidal cavity of 10 fl volume. The process of fabrication of the pore-cavity-pore device (PCP) relies on the formation of one pore in a Si(3)N(4) membrane by electron beam lithography, while the other pore is chemically etched into the Si carrier by a feedback controlled process. The dimensions of the two nanopores as well as the cavity can be adjusted independently, which is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The PCP device is characterized with respect to its electrical properties, including noise analysis and impedance spectroscopy. An equivalent circuit model is identified and resistance, capacitance, and dielectric loss factors are obtained. Potential and electric field distributions inside the electrically biased device are simulated by finite element methods. The low noise characteristics of the PCP device (comparable to a single solid state nanopore) make it suitable for the stochastic sensing of single molecules; moreover, the pore-cavity-pore architecture allows for novel kinds of experiments including the trapping of single nano-objects and single molecule time-of-flight measurements.
Enhanced platelet/endothelial activation in depressed patients with acute coronary syndromes (2003)

Platelets play a key role in the progression of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Clinical depression alone is also associated with enhanced platelet activation. The purpose of this study was to compare concentrations of established biomarkers of enhanced platelet/endothelial activation in clinically depressed versus non-depressed patients enrolled in recent clinical trials for ACS. Two hundred and eighty-one baseline plasma samples from patients with acute myocardial infarction (ASSENT-2; n = 41), with ACS (PRONTO; n = 126) and with clinical depression plus previous acute coronary syndrome within 6 months (SADHART; n = 64), and from normal healthy controls (n = 50) were analyzed. Blood was drawn before applying any therapeutic strategies including interventions, thrombolytics, infusions, and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, P-selectin, thromboxane, prostacyclin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by a single core laboratory. Patients with ACS exhibited a higher degree of platelet activation than controls independently of the presence of depression. Plasma levels of P-selectin, thromboxane, prostacyclin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were the highest in the acute myocardial infarction group when compared with ACS despite the presence or absence of clinical depression. Surprisingly, patients with ACS and depression exhibited the highest levels of platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, and platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 when compared with myocardial infarction or angina patients without clinical depression. E-selectin plasma level was constantly elevated compared with controls but did not differ among the groups dependent on the incidence of depression. The depressed plus ACS group had higher plasma levels of all biomarkers compared with the non-depressed patients. Retrospective analysis of the data from several clinical trials reveals that clinical depression is associated with enhanced activation of platelet/endothelial biomarkers even above the level expected in ACS. These findings may contribute to the unfavorable outcome associated with clinical depression in patients with ACS.
Design of binary phase filters for depth-of-focus extension via binarization of axisymmetric aberrations (2017)

We present a novel design approach for a binary phase mask with depth-of-focus (DoF) extension ability. Our method considers that the binarized version of an axisymmetric continuous phase pupil generates twin-intensity profiles that are symmetric with respect to the focal plane, each of which resembles the focal behavior of its continuous original. The DoF extension is realized by repositioning and coherently summing the twin foci to achieve an elongated focus along the axial direction. The shift of the two foci towards the focal plane can be handled by superimposing the defocus term in the continuous pupil function. We demonstrate our proposed design approach for two representative axisymmetric aberration functions, i.e., defocused phase axicon and spherical aberration. The manipulation of topological parameters in the phase axicon and spherical aberration, along with the defocus strength, enables the multiple binary phase-filter designs of DoF extension of 3.2-7.1 fold with a phase axicon and 2.8-14.8 fold with a spherical aberration, compared to the case with a clear aperture.
Understanding Consumers' Online Shopping and Purchasing Behaviors (2004)

Scope and Method of Study: The purpose of this study was to examine individuals that had completed an Internet purchase and compared them to other Internet shoppers and browsers.
A phase Ib trial of Bcl-2 inhibitor obatoclax in combination with carboplatin and etoposide for previously untreated patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) (2009)

3576 Background: Obatoclax (Ob) is a small-molecule antagonist of all the Bcl-2 prosurvival proteins. In vitro it enhances the effects of the drugs cisplatin and etoposide. Bcl-2 family proteins are frequently expressed in SCLC, and SCLC cell lines are sensitive to Ob. Methods: This study was designed to find the maximal tolerated doses (MTD) of oOb when given on a 21 day (D) cycle together with carboplatin (AUC 5 D1) and etoposide (100 mg/m2 D1–3), in separate dose escalations using Ob as a 3-hr infusion D1–3 and as a 24-hr infusion D1–3. Eligible patients had ES-SCLC, measurable disease, ≤1 prior therapy, ECOG PS ≤1, and adequate hematological, renal and hepatic function. 3- 6 patients were enrolled into ascending dose cohorts with standard DLT rules evaluating safety in C1 to determine dose escalation. Results: 24 patients were enrolled into 5 dosing cohorts (14 males; median age 67). A total of 66 cycles (C) have been administered to date. There were no DLTs in the initial cohorts using Ob 15 mg over 3 hr or Ob 30 mg over 24 hr. Two DLTs occurred in the Ob 30 mg over 3 hr cohort - both due to myelosuppression in previously treated patients. As a result, the trial was amended to exclude previously treated patients. 5 previously untreated patients receiving Ob 30 over 3 hr had no DLTs. There were no DLTs in the Ob 45 mg over 24 hr cohort but 2 patients in the Ob 24-hr infusion cohorts had infusion pump malfunctions while at home. There were 2 DLTs in the Ob 45 mg over 3 hr cohort (somnolence, euphoria, & disorientation) establishing MTD of Ob 30 mg over 3 hr daily x 3. After C2 the 6 previously untreated patients on Ob 24-hr infusion cohorts had 3 PRs, 1 SD, 1 PD, and 1 Unk; the 2 previously treated patients had PRs. After C2 all 7 previously-untreated patients at 15 or 30 mg in the 3-hr infusion cohorts have PR; the 3 previously treated patients had SD. Conclusions: Ob can be combined with carboplatin and etoposide using either a 3-hr or a 24-hr infusion, and both regimens are associated with high early response rates in ES-SCLC, perhaps due to inhibition of mcl-1. Due to practical issues with the 24-hr infusion arm, the 3-hr 30 mg MTD dose will be utilized in a randomized phase II versus carboplatin and etoposide alone. [Table: see text]
A scalable system for consistently caching dynamic Web data (1999)

This paper presents a new approach for consistently caching dynamic Web data in order to improve performance. Our algorithm, which we call data update propagation (DUP), maintains data dependence information between cached objects and the underlying data which affect their values in a graph. When the system becomes aware of a change to underlying data, graph traversal algorithms are applied to determine which cached objects are affected by the change. Cached objects which are found to be highly obsolete are then either invalidated or updated. The DUP was a critical component at the official Web site for the 1998 Olympic Winter Games. By using DUP, we were able to achieve cache hit rates close to 100% compared with 80% for an earlier version of our system which did not employ DUP. As a result of the high cache hit rates, the Olympic Games Web site was able to serve data quickly even during peak request periods.
Dipeptidylpeptidase IV Activities in Prostatic Secretions (2005)

Evaluation of DPP IV activities in expressed prostatic secretions indicates that the peripheral zone of the human prostate is a predominant source of DPP IV in prostatic secretions. Although, DPP IV activities are higher in prostate cancer tissues, there was not a statistically significant association of DPP IV activities in prostatic secretions and cancer as determined by biopsy.
Ligniculture et regonflage en forêt de gascogne (1976)

International audience
Structure and Bonding of Two Modifications of CsSnI3 by Means of Powder X-Ray Diffraction, 127I NQR, and DTA (1989)

Abstract A first-order phase transition accompanied by a color change from green to black was observed for CsSnI3 at about 425 K. These two modifications showed quite different 127I NQR spectra suggesting drastic structural change. High temperature modification has a perovskite structure with semi-metallic electric conductivity. The anion structure and bonding for the two modifications have been discussed on the basis of 127I NQR and X-ray diffraction data.
Formation of Crystal Nuclei in Liquid Metals (1950)

The known facts about nucleation phenomena in liquid metals are interpreted satisfactorily on the basis of the critical size and interfacial energy concepts. In large continuous masses nucleation is almost always catalyzed by extraneous interfaces. However, in very small droplets the probability that a catalytic inclusion is present is so much less that their minimum nucleation frequencies are reproducible and form a consistent set of values. Interfacial energies, σ, between crystal nuclei and the corresponding liquids have been calculated from nucleation frequencies of small droplets on the basis of the theory of homogeneous nucleation. Energies of interfaces, σg, one atom thick and containing N atoms were calculated from the σ's. The ratio of σg to the gram atomic heat of fusion, ΔHf, was approximately 0.45 for most metals but ∼0.32 for H2O, Bi, Sb, and Ge. The effect of relative complexity of crystal structure upon the supercooling behavior of pure metals apparently is a reflection of its effect upon ΔHf.
Analysis of Human Tau in Cerebrospinal Fluid (2010)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by two major hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) formed from hyperphosphorylated versions of the tau-protein, and neuritic plaques (NP) containing mostly beta-amyloid peptides (A beta) that are formed from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by enzymatic cleavage. Despite much progress in recent years, the causes of sporadic (i.e., nonfamiliar) AD are still unclear and its valid diagnosis still relies on autopsy. Clinically used biomarkers present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that is, unphosphorylated or phosphorylated tau and A beta-peptides of different lengths, lack the necessary specificity and sensitivity. Here, we describe a novel strategy to characterize tau versions present in CSF with respect to their molecular mass and isoelectric point. Aliquots of 1 mL CSF (i.e., 700 to 1300 pg tau) from nondemented persons and histopathologically confirmed AD cases were depleted for six dominant proteins, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and then electro-transferred onto PVDF-membranes. Tau was detected with monoclonal antibody (mAb) HT7 conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In this way, a complex tau pattern was identified in CSF that was very similar to the tau preparations from autopsy brain samples. The presented strategy enables the analysis of the phosphorylation and processing status of tau in CSF samples from healthy people and patients diagnosed with different neurological disorders. This more-detailed information on circulating tau versions and their clearance rates may facilitate the development of new diagnostic tools.
Modeling inductively coupled plasmas: The coil current boundary condition (1991)

In modeling inductively coupled plasmas, the boundary condition for the electromagnetic field equations can be treated by specifying either the current in the induction coil or the total power dissipated in the plasma. This paper presents a method for using the coil current boundary condition. An advantage of using the coil current boundary condition is that coil current, unlike plasma power dissipation, is easily measured; in this approach the plasma power dissipation is an outcome of the calculation. The results of sample calculations are presented, covering a range of coil currents from 59 to 110 A. The conditions of the calculations correspond to experimental argon plasmas at atmospheric pressure and at 3.0 MHz frequency. The calculated isotherms are in good qualitative agreement with photographs of the laboratory plasmas.
Position-sensitive propagation of information on social media using social physics approach (2017)

The excitement and convergence of tweets on specific topics are well studied. However, by utilizing the position information of Tweet, it is also possible to analyze the position-sensitive tweet. In this research, we focus on bomb terrorist attacks and propose a method for separately analyzing the number of tweets at the place where the incident occurred, nearby, and far. We made measurements of position-sensitive tweets and suggested a theory to explain it. This theory is an extension of the mathematical model of the hit phenomenon.
The Mechanisms of Androgen Effects on Body Composition: Mesenchymal Pluripotent Cell as the Target of Androgen Action (2003)

Testosterone supplementation increases muscle mass primarily by inducing muscle fiber hypertrophy; however, the mechanisms by which testosterone exerts its anabolic effects on the muscle are poorly understood. The prevalent view is that testosterone improves net muscle protein balance by stimulating muscle protein synthesis, decreasing muscle protein degradation, and improving the reutilization of amino acids. However, the muscle protein synthesis hypothesis does not adequately explain testosterone-induced changes in fat mass, myonuclear number, and satellite cell number. We postulate that testosterone promotes the commitment of pluripotent stem cells into the myogenic lineage and inhibits their differentiation into the adipogenic lineage. The hypothesis that the primary site of androgen action is the pluripotent stem cell provides a unifying explanation for the observed reciprocal effects of testosterone on muscle and fat mass.
Crystallization behavior of the Li2S–P2S5 glass electrolyte in the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 positive electrode layer (2018)

Sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium batteries are a next-generation power source composed of the inorganic solid electrolytes which are incombustible and have high ionic conductivity. Positive electrode composites comprising LiNi<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>Co<sub>1/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NMC) and 75Li<sub>2</sub>S·25P<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub> (LPS) glass electrolytes exhibit excellent charge-discharge cycle performance and are promising candidates for realizing all-solid-state batteries. The thermal stabilities of NMC-LPS composites have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which indicated that an exothermal reaction could be attributed to the crystallization of the LPS glass. To further understand the origin of the exothermic reaction, in this study, the precipitated crystalline phase of LPS glass in the NMC-LPS composite was examined. In situ TEM observations revealed that the β-Li<sub>3</sub>PS<sub>4</sub> precipitated at approximately 200 °C, and then Li<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub> and Li<sub>2</sub>S precipitated at approximately 400 °C. Because the Li<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub> and Li<sub>2</sub>S crystalline phases do not precipitate in the single LPS glass, the interfacial contact between LPS and NMC has a significant influence on both the LPS crystallization behavior and the exothermal reaction in the NMC-LPS composites.
Power Spectral Density of Digital Pulse Streams in the Presence of Timing Jitter (1996)

The spectral occupancy and composition of a chosen digital signaling technique when the data pulse stream is nonideal, due for instance to implementation imperfections, are important considerations in the design of a practical communication system. One source of imperfection is timing jitter where the rising and falling transitions do not occur at the nominal data transition time instants; nevertheless, the time instants are ofiset by random amounts relative to the nominal one. The amount of timing shift per transmission interval is random and typically is characterized by a discrete random process (independent of the data sequence) with known statistical properties. The purpose of this article is to characterize the power spectral density (PSD) of baseband signaling schemes in the presence of arbitrary timing jitter. Although general PSD results are flrst obtained for arbitrary timing jitter statistics, speciflc results are then given for the cases of practical interest, namely, uniform and Gaussian distributed jitter. Examples of an uncorrelated data pulse stream, an independent identically distributed data stream, and Markov sources are given. Interesting results emerge when the generating sequencefang is uncorrelated. For generating sequences fang that are nonzero mean, timing jitter has the efiect of widening the main lobe of the spectrum and increasing the side lobes. When the generating sequence is zero mean and uncorrelated, a rather surprising result is that the timing jitter does not afiect the PSD. Simulation results are also presented to verify the analysis. I. Introduction The spectral occupancy and composition of a chosen digital signaling technique are important considerations in the design of a communication system. These spectral properties can be derived from knowledge of the technique’s power spectral density (PSD), which in the general case consists of both continuous and discrete components. Evaluation of the PSD for ideal synchronous data pulse streams (a baseband data waveform with a flxed transmission interval and flxed transmission epochs where the underlying data sequence has known statistical properties and the transmitted waveform is a single known pulse shape) is well documented in the literature (see [1, Chapter 2], for example). Most often the data sequence that generates the pulse stream is either wide sense stationary (WSS) or, more generally, wide sense cyclostationary (WSCS), both of which result in a pulse stream that is a WSCS process.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Iodination of Unactivated CH Bonds under Mild Conditions (2005)

Specific, asymmetric, and mild: Oxazoline (Oxa), a removable chelating chiral auxiliary, assists in the asymmetric activation of C(sp3)H bonds at the β position and C(sp2)H bonds at the γ position. Pd(OAc)2 is an effective catalyst for the selective and asymmetric iodination of methyl, cyclopropyl, and aryl groups at room temperature (see formulae). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z462884_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Tarso-metatarsal joint injuries in head-on collisions (1974)

The preservation of both life and limb is a sacred tenet of the medical profession. More dramatic is the preservation of life. And less dramatic is the preservation of limb. Much of the effort generated in the past decades toward the preservation of life, particularly with automotive safety, has proved more or less successful. One is now frequently confronted with a survivor of a head-on road crash handicapped by disturbing limb disabilities, a problem which has received meager attention in the past. Such disabilities are disturbing not only from the aspect of severity and residual disability, but just how such a crash can produce such an injury. The purpose of this paper is to describe a certain type of foot injury which occurs with remarkable similarity in head-on collisions. The specific foot injury involves disruption (fracture-dislocation) of the tarso-metatarsal joint complex. The tarso-metatarsal joint represents the anatomical connection of the forefoot to the mid-foot. Held securely by ligaments and reinforced on the plantar aspect by the muscles of the arch of the foot, this joint complex is nevertheless vulnerable to certain forces applied to the foot. Two anatomical features bear considerable importance, however. Firstly the unique anatomical arrangement of the base of the second metatarsal -that is, it is firmly locked in a mortise formed by all the cuneiform bones. Because the base of this metatarsal is not in the same curvilinear plane as the remainder of the tarso-metatarsal joints it is easily fractured, and, in fact, becomes the sentinel injury of such a disruption. Secondly, the tarso-metatarsal joint complex is poorly reinforced dorsally by soft tissue structures, and, forming part of a convex arch, is vulnerable on the dorsal aspect. Should such forces be applied to the foot to disrupt the tarso-metatarsal joint, a specific injury pattern occurs including any or all of the following: a)fracture of the base of the second metatarsal; b)fracture of the cuboid; and c)fracture of necks, shafts, or bases of the metatarsals. We present 30 cases of tarso-metatarsal joint disruptions. All of these cases occurred in head-on auto collisions. With two exceptions, all patients were occupants of the front seat. It would appear that such an injury may occur when the foot is directed forward into the sloping toe-pan or the firewall at time of impact. Although such an injury may have minor status relative to more serious injuries to head, chest, or abdomen, late results of this injury may involve major residual disability.
Multistage mode decision for intraprediction in H.264 codec (2004)

A multistage mode decision method to reduce the complexity of Intra prediction in H.264/JVT is proposed in this work. The rate-distortion optimized (RDO) mode decision is adopted by H.264 to achieve the optimal coding gain at the cost of a very high computational complexity. Our research goal is to reduce the complexity of intra prediction without significant RD performance loss. The proposed fast intra prediction algorithm uses two features, i.e. the sum of absolute residual coefficients (SATD) and the sum of absolute gradients (SAG), and a simplified RDO method to determine the best mode for 4x4 blocks. It incorporates an early termination mechanism at various intermediate decision steps to avoide unnecessary computations when a good decision can be made at an earlier stage. It is demonstrated by experimental results that the proposed scheme performs approximately 10 to 30 times faster than the current RDO mode decision (JM7.3a) with little degradation in the coding gain.