gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shotgun crystallization strategy for structural genomics: an optimized two-tiered crystallization screen against the<i>Thermotoga maritima</i>proteome (2003)

As the field of structural genomics continues to grow and new technologies are developed, novel strategies are needed to efficiently crystallize large numbers of protein targets, thus increasing output, not just throughput [Chayen & Saridakis (2002). Acta Cryst. D58, 921-927]. One strategy, developed for the high-throughput structure determination of the Thermotoga maritima proteome, is to quickly determine which proteins have a propensity for crystal formation followed by focused SeMet-incorporated protein crystallization attempts. This experimental effort has resulted in over 320 000 individual crystallization experiments. As such, it has provided one of the most extensive systematic data sets of commonly used crystallization conditions against a wide range of proteins to date. Analysis of this data shows that many of the original screening conditions are redundant, as all of the T. maritima proteins that crystallize readily could be identified using just 23% of the original conditions. It also shows that proteins that contain selenomethionine and are more extensively purified often crystallize in distinctly different conditions from those of their native less pure counterparts. Most importantly, it shows that the two-tiered strategy employed here is extremely successful for predicting which proteins will readily crystallize, as greater than 99% of the proteins identified as having a propensity to crystallize under non-optimal native conditions did so again as selenomethionine derivatives during the focused crystallization trials. This crystallization strategy can be adopted for both large-scale genomics programs and individual protein studies with multiple constructs and has the potential to significantly accelerate future crystallographic efforts.
Role of Silicon in Diatom Metabolism. Messenger RNA and Polypeptide Accumulation Patterns in Synchronized Cultures of Cylindrotheca fusiformis (1985)

Patterns of in vitro translation products from isolated mRNA and in vivo polypeptide accumulation in synchronized cultures of Cylindrotheca fusiformis were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The way in which the availability of silicon, the specific cell cycle stage, or the illumination conditions affected the pattern of gene expression was distinguished by comparing the timing of polypeptide and mRNA accumulation in cultures synchronized by two different methods. A rapid and dramatic shift in the relative abundance of in vitro translation products from mRNA followed either the removal or the readdition of silicate to the media as well as the transition from dark to light. Eleven mRNAs appeared to be expressed specifically between mid-S phase and cell separation, as their increase was observed at this stage in both synchronies. In addition, three mildly acidic polypeptides from the soluble protein fraction of C. fusiformis, each representing about 0.05% of the total protein, increased several-fold between mid-S and cell separation. Thus, silicon appears to affect gene expression both directly and, due to its effect on cell cycle progression, indirectly. Both effects are primarily at a level before translation.
TREM2-mediated early microglial response limits diffusion and toxicity of amyloid plaques (2016)

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial receptor that recognizes changes in the lipid microenvironment, which may occur during amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rare TREM2 variants that affect TREM2 function lead to an increased risk of developing AD. In murine models of AD, TREM2 deficiency prevents microglial clustering around Aβ deposits. However, the origin of myeloid cells surrounding amyloid and the impact of TREM2 on Aβ accumulation are a matter of debate. Using parabiosis, we found that amyloid-associated myeloid cells derive from brain-resident microglia rather than from recruitment of peripheral blood monocytes. To determine the impact of TREM2 deficiency on Aβ accumulation, we examined Aβ plaques in the 5XFAD model of AD at the onset of Aβ-related pathology. At this early time point, Aβ accumulation was similar in TREM2-deficient and -sufficient 5XFAD mice. However, in the absence of TREM2, Aβ plaques were not fully enclosed by microglia; they were more diffuse, less dense, and were associated with significantly greater neuritic damage. Thus, TREM2 protects from AD by enabling microglia to surround and alter Aβ plaque structure, thereby limiting neuritic damage.
Embryo cloning in cattle: the use of <i>in vitro</i> matured oocytes (1993)

In vitro matured (IVM) bovine oocytes were examined to determine their potential viability in embryo cloning. Activation competence, as monitored by pronuclear formation, increased with oocyte age. Oocytes readily formed a pronucleus when challenged with an electrical pulse 30 h after the onset of maturation. Developmental competence of IVM oocytes tended to increase with oocyte age (P = 0.079). Selection of IVM oocytes on the basis of the presence of a polar body 24 h after the onset of maturation and the size of the follicle from which the oocyte was derived improved development of nuclear transfer embryos (polar body positive 25% versus polar body negative 10%, P < 0.05; large follicle oocytes 31% versus small follicle oocytes 14%, P < 0.05). When selected, IVM oocytes were compared with in vivo matured oocytes recovered from superovulated cows and heifers; no difference was detected for the frequency of embryos produced, pregnancies confirmed between days 50 and 60 of gestation, or the number of calves born. We conclude that selected IVM oocytes are equivalent to in vivo matured oocytes when used for bovine embryo cloning.
A torque sensor using magnetostrictive sleeve attached to the shaft by shrink-fit (2005)

The torque sensor is one of the most important sensors for the control of the mechanical system. When the applied torque twists the shaft, the magnetic anisotropy can be induced in the surface of the magnetostrictive shaft such as a steel shaft. By using magnetostrictive sleeve attached to the shaft, mechanical property of the shaft and the magnetic property of the sleeve can be optimized independently, thus giving more flexibility to the sensor design. Several methods for detecting torque exerted on the rotating shaft have been developed based on various uses of the interaction between the magnetic anisotropy and the magnetization process. The authors' group have developed a planar pickup coil system to make the Dahle type torque sensor compact in which two figure-of-eight coils are orthogonally coupled and the mutual inductance is made sensitive to the applied torque. In this paper, the shaft part of the torque sensor is investigated, in which a magnetostrictive sleeve is attached to the shaft by shrink-fit.
Computed Tomographic Patterns of Muscles in Neuromuscular Diseases (1984)

Computed tomographic (CT) scans of muscle in 35 patients with neuromuscular diseases showed distinct patterns in nerve and muscle diseases. Neural diseases first showed as muscle atrophy, with decreased density in the muscles occurring later in the course of disease. Primary muscle diseases showed early decreased density in the muscles, with atrophy occurring later. The CT scan allows objective assessment of muscle mass and may be used to help select muscles for biopsy.
Hexafluorophosphate-Based Solutions for Mg Batteries and the Importance of Chlorides (2017)

The selection of viable conventional magnesium salts in electrolyte solutions for Mg secondary batteries is very limited. Reversible magnesium deposition was demonstrated with only MgTFSI<sub>2</sub>, in ethereal solutions. A recent report has suggested that Mg can be reversibly deposited from a solution of Mg(PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile. In this paper, we dispute that claim and show that PF<sub>6</sub><sup>-</sup> anions passivate Mg anodes and completely inhibit any Mg deposition/dissolution process. We show that addition of chlorides suppresses the passivation phenomena and allows reversible Mg deposition/dissolution processes to commence. The Mg deposits have been examined via elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements, depicting a highly oriented, preferential Mg growth. This study evaluates the feasibility of employing PF<sub>6</sub>-based electrolytes for Mg batteries and exemplifies the aptitude of chlorides for suppressing passivation phenomena.
Retos ecológicos de la revolución sandinista (1987)

En este articulo se exponen, en primer lugar, algunas informaciones basicas sobre la division geografica de Nicaragua, la estructura tradicional de su agricultura y la evolucion historica de la misma. Luego se presentan, a traves de algunos ejemplos concretos, los problemas economicos y ecologicos. Finalmente, se senalan algunas de las transformaciones iniciadas por la revolucion sandinista.
Recent Trends in Indian English Fiction (2009)

Recent Indian English novels employ a variety of experimental narrative techniques to present a wide range of subject matter. The last decade has witnessed the rise of popular fiction depicting contemporary Indian society, written perhaps with an Indian readership in view, but acclaimed by an increasingly international audience.
The Role of Extracellular DNA in Autoimmunity in SLE (2009)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the expression of antibodies to DNA. These antibodies form immune complexes that can stimulate cytokine production as well as deposit in the tissues to incite inflammation and damage. For the formation of immune complexes, the availability of extracellular DNA in an immunologically relevant form is essential. While apoptosis has been implicated as the source of this nuclear material in SLE, as shown with in vitro or in vivo systems, extracellular DNA can originate from apoptotic as well as necrotic cells. In experimental models, the release of DNA occurs with the administration of cells induced to die, in vitro as well as the administration of agents to induce cell death in situ. This release can be influenced by the presence of inflammatory cells such as macrophages that can interact with dead and dying cells to modulate the translocation of DNA from the inside to the outside of cells. In vivo, both glucocorticoids and oestrogens can modify the extent of DNA release from the administration of dead and dying cells. Together, these findings indicate that the generation of extracellular DNA in SLE can result from cell death and that steps in this process represent potential targets for new therapies.
Prisoner's Dilemma (1993)

From the Publisher:
Should you watch public television without pledging?...Exceed the posted speed limit?...Hop a subway turnstile without paying? These questions illustrate the so-called dilemma, a social puzzle that we all face every day. Though the answers may seem simple, their profound implications make the prisoner's dilemma one of the great unifying concepts of science, an idea that has influenced leaders across the political spectrum and informed our views of conflicts ranging from the Cuban missile crisis to the Persian Gulf War. Watching players bluff in a poker game inspired John von Neumann--father of the modern computer and one of the sharpest minds of the century--to construct game theory, a mathematical study of conflict and deception. Game theory was readily embraced at the RAND Corporation, the archetypical think tank charged with formulating military strategy for the atomic age, and in 1950 two RAND scientists made a momentous discovery. Called the dilemma, it is a disturbing and mind-bending game where two or more people may betray the common good for individual gain. Introduced shortly after the Soviet Union acquired the atomic bomb, the prisoner's dilemma quickly became a popular allegory of the nuclear arms race. Intellectuals such as von Neumann and Bertrand Russell joined military and political leaders in rallying to the movement, which advocated a nuclear first strike against the Soviet Union. Though the Truman administration rejected preventive war the United States entered into an arms race with the Soviets and game theory developed into a controversial tool of public policy--alternately accused of justifying arms races and touted as the only hope of preventing them. A masterful work of science writing, Prisoner's Dilemma weaves together a biography of the brilliant and tragic von Neumann, a history of pivotal phases of the cold war, and an investigation of game theory's far-reaching influence on public policy t
Transmission of Square Wave Pressure Pulses through the Perilymphatic Fluid in Cats (1986)

The inner ear hydrodynamics have been studied in a series of experiments on cats. A detailed analysis has been made of the perilymphatic pressure response to square wave pressure pulses applied to the ear canal and middle ear. It was found that the initial pressure response was followed by a rebound pressure response of the opposite phase. It was also found that in most cases each phase of the pressure response could be expressed in terms of two time constants. When the cochlear aqueduct was patent, the perilymphatic pressure response showed almost equal positive and negative pressure changes. However, when the cochlear aqueduct was surgically blocked, the perilymphatic pressure response consisted almost exclusively of the first phase of the response, while the rebound phase disappeared almost completely. The possibility of influencing the inner ear fluid balance in Meniere's disease by external pressure changes is discussed in the light of the present experimental results.
Nucleotides. Part. XXXII. Synthesis of 2′–5′ Connected oligonucleotides. Prodrugs for antiviral and antitumoral nucleosides (1989)

Abstract The cytotoxically and antivirally active compounds bvU d ( 1 ), flU d ( 4 ), acyclovir ( 7 ), and A a ( 12 ) have chemically been combined with the appropriately protected (2′–5′)diadenylate 20 by the phosphotriester approach to give the 2′–5′ oligonucleotide trimers 21 – 24 . The deprotection of the various blocking groups by chemical means afforded the 2′–5′ trimers 25 – 28 , which can be regarded as new type of a potential prodrug form delivering nucleotides to the targets inside cells. In an analogous series of reactions, 9‐(3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxy‐β‐D‐xylofuranosyl)adenine was coupled with 7 to the 2′–5′ trimer 31 . The antiviral screening of the oligonucleotides 25–27 and 31 showed biological activities closely related to the parent nucleosides, possibly indicating their release by enzymatic cleavage of the oligomers.
Genome-Scale Screen for DNA Methylation-Based Detection Markers for Ovarian Cancer (2011)

We implemented an effective marker screening and verification strategy, leading to the identification of IFFO1-M as a blood-based candidate marker for sensitive detection of ovarian cancer. Serum levels of IFFO1-M displayed post-resection kinetics consistent with a reflection of disease burden. We anticipate that IFFO1-M and other candidate markers emerging from this marker development pipeline may provide disease detection capabilities that complement existing biomarkers.
Pyrolysis of tricyclic cyclobutane-fused sulfolanes as a route to cis-1,2-divinyl compounds and their Cope-derived products (1999)

Functionalisation of the double bond of 3-thiabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-ene 3, readily formed by hydrolysis of the [2+2] cycloadduct 1 of 3-sulfolene and maleic anhydride followed by oxidative bis-decarboxylation, gives tricyclic sulfones 5–7 and 9 with the bicyclo[3.3.0.02,4] skeleton. FVP of 3 results in stereospecific extrusion of SO2 to give Z-hexa-1,3,5-triene which undergoes electrocylisation to give cyclohexa-1,3-diene while reaction of 3 with LiAlH4 results in non-stereospecific extrusion to give Z- and E-hexa-1,3,5-triene. Upon FVP the tricyclic sulfones 5–7 and 9 lose SO2 to give 7-membered ring products 16–19 by Cope rearrangement of the initially formed cis-1,2-divinyl intermediates 15. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and a nitrone to the double bond of 3 gives tricyclic sulfones with the tricyclo[5.3.0.02,6] skeleton and a wider variety of these can be prepared by conventional reactions of 1. Upon FVP these lose SO2 to give stable cis-1,2-divinyl compounds 23, 24, 37–40 and 41–44. The Diels–Alder adducts 48 and 49 have been prepared from 3 and these behave differently upon FVP, losing SO2 and butadiene to give tetrasubstituted benzenes, in the latter case by way of an unexpected tetracyclic intermediate.
A dual polarized microstrip ring antenna with good isolation (2002)

This paper presents the experimental results of two dual linearly polarized aperture coupled microstrip ring antennas operating at 1.8 GHz. The use of multiple feeds has resulted in measured input isolation of -30 dB and cross polarization radiation levels of up to -25 dB down from the co-polarization.
Effect of Fluid Flow on Removal of Dissolution Products from Small Cavities (1984)

The effect of fluid flow on transport of reaction products from dissolving cavities was investigated theoretically in order to establish regions of parameter space where the solution within the cavity may be above, or below, the saturation concentration. Situations where such phenomena are important include etching of masked devices and pitting corrosion. Steady laminar convective transport was analyzed in smooth‐walled two‐dimensional cavities (trenches) of several shapes. The fluid flow patterns within the cavities were obtained in the Stokes flow region. The convective diffusion problem was solved for values of the Peclet number between 1 and 500. Two types of boundary conditions were investigated: (i) uniform dissolution of the cavity surface, and (ii) uniform concentration along the cavity surface. Numerical calculations were carried out with a commercial, general‐purpose finite element code. It was found that for, the entire cavity volume had a concentration in excess of 90% of the saturation value while for , the electrolyte within the cavity was substantially free of dissolution products.
The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (2004)

Aram V. Chobanian, MDGeorge L. Bakris, MDHenry R. Black, MDWilliam C. Cushman, MDLee A. Green, MD, MPHJoseph L. Izzo, Jr, MDDaniel W. Jones, MDBarry J. Materson, MD, MBASuzanne Oparil, MDJackson T. Wright, Jr, MD, PhDEdward J. Roccella, PhD, MPHand the National High BloodPressure Education ProgramCoordinating Committee
An Adaptive Arbitration Algorithm for SoC Bus (2007)

The bus in a SoC plays an important role and the arbiter is adopted to solve bus contentions. We propose a novel arbitration algorithm, adaptive arbitration algorithm, in this paper. The experimental results show that the novel algorithm meets both priority and equity in solving bus bandwidth allocation.
Intermittent and Fluid Catalytic Reforming of Naphthas (1951)

Hydroforming was the first catalytic naphtha-reforming process to be employed commercially. Eight plants built before and during World War II synthesized nitration grade toluene and aviation gasoline components. Operation is now for motor gasoline and/or aromatics. Continued research and development work have resulted in a fluid hydroforming process offering lower investment and operating costs and improved product distribution. As it is a regenerative process, it is truly continuous and can operate on cracked or virgin naphthas of any boiling range and crude source regardless of sulfur content. Another attribute lies in the very high octane numbers that are attainable.
Regulation of Aspartokinase in Bacillus subtilis (1971)

L-threonine and L-lysine
Separation and Determination of Tocopherols in Milk and Other Foods by Thin-Layer Chromatography (1968)

薄層クPマトグラフィーによるα-,β-,γ-およびδ-トコフェロールの分離定量法について述べた.この方法は油脂をピロガロールの存在下でけん化し,不けん化物をエーテルで抽出して,その中のトコフェロール以外の妨害物質を中性アルミナ処理およびフロリジルカラムクロマトグラフィーで除去した後,薄層クロマトグラフィーにかけ,分離した各トコフェロールをエタノールで抽出して,FeCl3-パソフェナントロリン法で比色定量するものである. けん化から比色に至る各過程の条件を細かく検討し,回収率と精度を上げることができた.この方法は乳脂肪のように,不けん化物中のトコフェロール含量が比較的少ない場合に適したものである.乳脂肪に添加した各トコフェロールの回収率は97%以上であった. この方法により,乳脂肪の中にα-トコフェロール以外に少量のγ-トコフェロールが含まれること,および卵黄中にα-,γ-トコフェロール以外に微量のδ-トコフェロールが存在することが認められた. トコフェロールを提供して下さったエーザイ株式会社開発研究所ビタミン研究室の貴島静正博士および中村哲也氏に深謝いたします.なお,本研究は生活科学研究会の費用により行なったもので,ここに謝意を表します.
Bandwidth capabilities of array-fed parabolic cylinders (1982)

The bandwidth of hybrid phased-array/reflector antennas, in which a large parabolic cylinder reflector is fed by a relatively small phased array, is investigated. Two types of array feeds are considered: one employs only phase-amplitude matching, the other employs amplitude and time-delay matching. In the case of phase-amplitude matching, the on-axis hybrid array/reflector designs are shown to have substantially higher bandwidth than pure phased arrays. A form of time-delay compensation is described which removes the bandwidth limitations of hybrid array/reflectors, but introduces interfering signals. This interference can be avoided by either locating the feed outside the caustic zone or by using off-axis array feeds.
Forms of Silicate Available for Colorimetric Determination (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTForms of Silicate Available for Colorimetric DeterminationD. Tung-Whei Chow and R. J. RobinsonCite this: Anal. Chem. 1953, 25, 4, 646–648Publication Date (Print):April 20, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 20 April 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60076a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60076a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts