gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes- 2-Imino-4-oxo-5-thiazolidineacetic Acid and Its Derivatives (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes- 2-Imino-4-oxo-5-thiazolidineacetic Acid and Its DerivativesA Arakelian, H Dunn, Jr., L Grieshammer, and L ColemanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 3, 465–467Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1960Publication History Published online12 March 2003Published inissue 1 March 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01073a613https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01073a613research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views68Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of gaps on long range surface plasmon polaritons (1983)

We show that air gaps of 50 Å and less in a symmetric dielectric-metal film-dielectric structure lead to mode cutoff for long range surface plasmons. High index liquids are discussed as a solution to this problem for most cases.
Generalized Haar DWT and Transformations Between Decision Trees and Neural Networks (2006)

The core contribution of this paper is a three-fold improvement of the Haar discrete wavelet transform (DWT). It is modified to efficiently transform a multiclass- (rather than numerical-) valued function over a multidimensional (rather than low dimensional) domain, or transform a multiclass-valued decision tree into another useful representation. We prove that this multidimensional, multiclass DWT uses dynamic programming to minimize (within its framework) the number of nontrivial wavelet coefficients needed to summarize a training set or decision tree. It is a spatially localized algorithm that takes linear time in the number of training samples, after a sort. Convergence of the DWT to benchmark training sets seems to degrade with rising dimension in this test of high dimensional wavelets, which have been seen as difficult to implement. This multiclass multidimensional DWT has tightly coupled applications from learning "dyadic" decision trees directly from training data, rebalancing or converting preexisting decision trees to fixed depth boolean or threshold neural networks (in effect parallelizing the evaluation of the trees), or learning rule/exception sets represented as a new form of tree called an "E-tree", which could greatly help interpretation/visualization of a dataset.
Design of an FPGA based algorithm for real-time solutions of Statistics-Based Positioning (2008)

We report on the implementation of an algorithm and hardware platform to allow real-time processing of the previously described Statistics-Based Positioning (SBP) method for continuous miniature crystal element (cMiCE) detectors. The SBP method allows an intrinsic spatial resolution of ∼1.4 mm FWHM to be achieved using our cMiCE design. Previous SBP solutions have required a post-processing procedure due to the computation and memory intensive nature of SBP. This new implementation takes advantage of a combination of algebraic simplifications, conversion to fixed-point math, and a hierarchal search technique to greatly accelerate the algorithm. For the presented seven stage, 127×127 bin LUT implementation, these algorithm improvements result in a reduction from ≫7×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> floating-point operations per event for an exhaustive search to ≪5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> integer operations per event. Simulations show nearly identical FWHM positioning resolution for this accelerated SBP solution, and positioning differences of ≪0.1mm from the exhaustive search solution. A pipelined Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of this optimized algorithm is able to process events in excess of 250K events per second, which is greater than the maximum expected coincidence rate for an individual detector. In contrast to all detectors being processed at a centralized host, as in the current system, a separate FPGA is available at each detector thus dividing the computational load. These methods allow SBP results to be calculated in real-time and to be presented to the image generation components in real-time. A prototype hardware implementation has been tested, limited to 4 stages due to memory limitations of the initial prototyping board. A custom board is currently under development to allow implementation of the full seven stage algorithm.
Formation of three-dimensional microstructures by electrochemical etching of silicon (2001)

This letter describes the promising technique of micromachining using the properties of electrochemical etching of (100)-oriented n-type silicon in a hydrofluoric acid electrolyte. The technique is based on electropolishing of a wafer except for areas where vertical structures are needed and does not require a periodic pattern. Predefined steps of a few microns depth prior to the electrochemical etching define the shape and position of the structures. The three-dimensional microstructure width can be adjusted with the etching parameters, also enabling the formation of free-standing structures. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by forming high aspect ratio microneedles and tubes.
<tt>BLAT</tt>—The <tt>BLAST</tt>-Like Alignment Tool (2002)

Analyzing vertebrate genomes requires rapid mRNA/DNA and cross-species protein alignments. A new tool, BLAT, is more accurate and 500 times faster than popular existing tools for mRNA/DNA alignments and 50 times faster for protein alignments at sensitivity settings typically used when comparing vertebrate sequences. BLAT's speed stems from an index of all nonoverlapping K-mers in the genome. This index fits inside the RAM of inexpensive computers, and need only be computed once for each genome assembly. BLAT has several major stages. It uses the index to find regions in the genome likely to be homologous to the query sequence. It performs an alignment between homologous regions. It stitches together these aligned regions (often exons) into larger alignments (typically genes). Finally, BLAT revisits small internal exons possibly missed at the first stage and adjusts large gap boundaries that have canonical splice sites where feasible. This paper describes how BLAT was optimized. Effects on speed and sensitivity are explored for various K-mer sizes, mismatch schemes, and number of required index matches. BLAT is compared with other alignment programs on various test sets and then used in several genome-wide applications. http://genome.ucsc.edu hosts a web-based BLAT server for the human genome.
Dimethylglycine Deficiency and the Development of Diabetes (2015)

Experimental studies have suggested possible protective effects of dimethylglycine (DMG) on glucose metabolism. DMG is degraded to glycine through a DMG-dehydrogenase (DMGDH)-catalyzed reaction, and this is the only known pathway for the breakdown of DMG in mammals. In this study, we aimed to identify the strongest genetic determinant of circulating DMG concentration and to investigate its associations with metabolic traits and incident diabetes. In the cohort with full metabolomics data (n = 709), low plasma levels of DMG were significantly associated with higher blood glucose levels (P = 3.9E(-4)). In the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the discovery cohort (n = 5,205), the strongest genetic signal of plasma DMG was conferred by rs2431332 at the DMGDH locus, where the major allele was associated with lower DMG levels (P = 2.5E(-15)). The same genetic variant (major allele of rs2431332) was also significantly associated with higher plasma insulin (P = 0.019), increased HOMA insulin resistance (P = 0.019), and an increased risk of incident diabetes (P = 0.001) in the pooled analysis of the discovery cohort together with the two replication cohorts (n = 20,698 and n = 7,995). These data are consistent with a possible causal role of DMG deficiency in diabetes development and encourage future studies examining if inhibition of DMGDH, or alternatively, supplementation of DMG, might prove useful for the treatment/prevention of diabetes.
Cages, Baskets, Ladders, and Tubes:  Conformational Studies of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (2005)

The conformational flexibility of a series of cage, basket, ladder, and tube polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) has been examined using the Low Mode:Monte Carlo conformational search method in conjunction with the MM3/GBSA(CHCl3) surface. An ensemble of low energy structures was generated and used to explore the molecular shape and flexibility of each system. The results indicate that, except for the ladder molecule, the incompletely condensed systems that are studied are relatively rigid. Even in cases where the molecule is able to adopt numerous low energy conformations, the overall shape remains cage-like and the conformations differ only by small angles or substituent orientations. The ladder molecule is the most flexible and this ensemble clusters into two families: one that is cage-like and the other that is more open and ladder-like. The conformational flexibilities in the gas and solvent phases, as approximated using the GBSA continuum solvent model, are very similar.
Infusion (1984)

Good afternoon, and welcome to the College. As you have spent your first term out in the real world of industry and commerce I'm afraid you've missed the cream buns with the mayor in November, and the glass of wine with the Principal in October. As a matter of fact they're both in London today — a rate‐capping demo I understand. So we're going to start with the information skills module. That means me introducing the Librarian usually (but he's just taken early retirement) and the Library (and some of that looks life‐expired, I must say).
Robust nanogap electrodes by self-terminating electroless gold plating (2012)

Robust nanogap electrodes for nanodevices with a separation of 3.0 ± 1.7 nm were simultaneously mass-produced at a yield of 90% by a combination of electron beam lithography (EBL) and electroless gold plating (EGP). Nanogap electrodes demonstrated their robustness as they maintained their structure unchanged up to temperatures of 170 °C, during the isotropic oxygen plasma ashing removal of the amorphous carbon overlayer resulting from scanning electron microscopy observations, therefore maintaining their surface reactivity for EGP and formation of a self-assembled monolayer. A gold layer grows over the electrode surface during EGP, narrowing the separation between the electrodes; growth stops around 3 nm due to a self-termination phenomenon. This is the main factor in the high yield and reproducibility of the EGP process because it prevents contact between the electrodes. A 90% yield is achieved by also controlling the etching and physisorption of gold clusters, which is accomplished by reduction of triiodide ions and heat treatment of the EGP solution, respectively. A mixed self-assembled monolayer of octanethiol and decanedithiol can be formed at the surface of the nanogap electrodes after the oxygen plasma treatment, and decanethiol-protected Au nanoparticles were chemisorbed between the self-terminated nanogap electrodes via decanedithiol. Chemically assembled single-electron transistors based on the nanogap electrodes exhibit ideal, stable, and reproducible Coulomb diamonds.
Influence of isoproterenol and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on platelet-activating factor biosynthesis in the human neutrophil. (1993)

Increasing cellular levels of cAMP inhibit eicosanoid production in the human neutrophil; however, little is known about the effects of cAMP on platelet-activating factor (PAF) biosynthesis in this cell. In the current study, the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, alone or in combination with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), was used to increase cAMP in neutrophils. The incorporation of [3H]acetate into PAF and the synthesis of leukotrienes in response to ionophore A23187 were significantly inhibited by 10 microM isoproterenol. The inhibitory effect on PAF was potentiated by the addition of 10 microM IBMX. The effects of IBMX were mimicked by rolipram, an inhibitor of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase IV. Mass spectrometric analysis of the PAF molecular species in stimulated neutrophils indicated that the combination of isoproterenol and IBMX inhibited (> 50%) ionophore- and fMLP-induced production of PAF. To better understand the mechanism involved in the inhibition of PAF formation, the major biosynthetic steps were examined in the presence and absence of a maximally effective concentration of isoproterenol and IBMX. Isoproterenol alone or in the presence of IBMX had no measurable effect on the ionomycin-induced increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, as assessed by fura-2 fluorescence. Treating intact neutrophils with a combination of isoproterenol and IBMX did not inhibit acetyltransferase activity when assayed in a subsequent broken cell preparation. Finally, increasing cellular cAMP with these drugs did not influence the ability of the neutrophil to catabolize PAF. Phospholipase A2-like activity was assayed in the whole cell by measuring the mobilization of phospholipase A2 products, PAF, lyso PAF, and arachidonic acid, from cellular phosphoglycerides. Treatment of neutrophils with isoproterenol and IBMX significantly reduced the production of lyso PAF and PAF from 1-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Similarly, increasing cellular levels of cAMP inhibited the cell's ability to mobilize arachidonic acid upon cell activation. These data suggest that increasing cellular levels of cAMP leads to the inhibition of PAF and leukotriene biosynthesis, at least in part, by regulation of phospholipase A2 activity.
Cell wall active antifungal agents (2001)

AbstractThe recent American approval of Cancidas™, a semi-synthetic echinocandin, for salvage treatment of aspergillosis has demonstrated that the cell wall is a clinically viable target for treating fungal infections. Recently, a variety of new, sulfated members of the echinocandin lipopeptide family have been reported, which, like other echinocandins, are glucan synthesis inhibitors. In addition, two new classes of lipopeptide glucan synthesis inhibitors, the aerothricin lipopeptidolactones and the Sankyo lipopeptides, have been identified, as well as a novel member of the papulacandin family of liposaccharide glucan synthesis inhibitors. The first new structural class of glucan synthesis inhibitors discovered in over 20 years, the so-called sterol glycosides, is reviewed. Five different structural types within this class have been characterised. Finally, several novel compounds with cell wall antifungal activity based on inhibition of chitin synthase are reviewed.Keywordsaerothricinantifungalarundafunginascosterocidecaspofungincatechincell wallchaetoatrosinchitincorynecandinechinocandinenfumafunginergokininglucanhyalodendrosidelipopeptidelipopeptidolactonepapulacandinsterol glycosidetriterpeneursolic acid
Dielectric properties of low-water-content tissues (1985)

The dielectric properties of two low-water-content tissues, bone marrow and adipose tissue, were measured from 1 kHz to 1 GHz. From 1 kHz to 13 MHz, the measurements were performed using a parallel-plate capacitor method. From 10 MHz to 1 GHz, a reflection coefficient technique using an open-ended coaxial transmission line was employed. The tissue water contents ranged from 1 to almost 70% by weight. The dielectric properties correlate well with the values predicted by mixture theory. Comparison with previous results from high-water-content tissues suggests that bone marrow and adipose tissues contain less motionally altered water per unit dry volume than do the previously studied tissues with lower lipid fractions. The high degree of structural heterogeneity of these tissues was reflected in the large scatter of the data, a source of uncertainty that should be considered in practical applications of the present data.
Dynamics of Exogenous Nitrogen Partitioning and Nitrogen Remobilization from Vegetative Organs in Pea Revealed by 15N in Vivo Labeling throughout Seed Filling (2005)

The fluxes of (1) exogenous nitrogen (N) assimilation and (2) remobilization of endogenous N from vegetative plant compartments were measured by 15N labeling during the seed-filling period in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Cameor), to better understand the mechanism of N remobilization. While the majority (86%) of exogenous N was allocated to the vegetative organs before the beginning of seed filling, this fraction decreased to 45% at the onset of seed filling, the remainder being directed to seeds. Nitrogen remobilization from vegetative parts contributed to 71% of the total N in mature seeds borne on the first two nodes (first stratum). The contribution of remobilized N to total seed N varied, with the highest proportion at the beginning of filling; it was independent of the developmental stage of each stratum of seeds, suggesting that remobilized N forms a unique pool, managed at the whole-plant level and supplied to all filling seeds whatever their position on the plant. Once seed filling starts, N is remobilized from all vegetative organs: 30% of the total N accumulated in seeds was remobilized from leaves, 20% from pod walls, 11% from roots, and 10% from stems. The rate of N remobilization was maximal when seeds of all the different strata were filling, consistent with regulation according to the N demand of seeds. At later stages of seed filling, the rate of remobilization decreases and may become controlled by the amount of residual N in vegetative tissues.
Ciao: a graphical navigator for software and document repositories (2002)

Programmers frequently have to retrieve and link information from various software documents to accomplish a maintenance task. Ciao is a graph-based navigator that helps programmers query and browse structural connections embedded in different software and document repositories. A repository consists of a collection of source documents with an associated database that describes their structure. Ciao supports repositories organized in an architecture style called Aero, which exploits the duality between a class of entity-relationship (ER) databases and directed attributed graphs (DAG). Database queries and graph analysis operators in Aero are plug-compatible because they all take an ER database and produce yet another ER database by default. Various presentation filters generate graph views, source views, and relational views from any compatible ER database. The architecture promotes the construction of successively more complex operators using a notion of virtual database pipelines. Ciao has been instantiated for C and C++ program databases, and program difference databases. The latter allows programmers to explore program structure changes by browsing and expanding graphs that highlight changed, deleted, and added entities and relationships. The unifying ER model under ciao also allows users to navigate different software repositories and make necessary connections. We have linked program difference databases and modification request (MR) databases so that users can investigate the connections between MRs and affected entities. Ciao has been applied to several large communications software projects and we report experiences and lessons learned from these applications.
Pressure Retarded Osmosis and Forward Osmosis Membranes: Materials and Methods (2013)

In the past four decades, membrane development has occurred based on the demand in pressure driven processes. However, in the last decade, the interest in osmotically driven processes, such as forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), has increased. The preparation of customized membranes is essential for the development of these technologies. Recently, several very promising membrane preparation methods for FO/PRO applications have emerged. Preparation of thin film composite (TFC) membranes with a customized polysulfone (PSf) support, electorspun support, TFC membranes on hydrophilic support and hollow fiber membranes have been reported for FO/PRO applications. These novel methods allow the use of other materials than the traditional asymmetric cellulose acetate (CA) membranes and TFC polyamide/polysulfone membranes. This review provides an outline of the membrane requirements for FO/PRO and the new methods and materials in membrane preparation.
Molecular Dynamics Analysis of High Electric Pulse Effects on Bilayer Membranes Containing DPPC and DPPS (2006)

A molecular dynamics simulator is used to analyze the electrically driven membrane effects in cells due to ultrashort pulses. Time dependence of nanopore formation at membranes in response to a high-intensity (~ 100 kV/cm), nanosecond electric pulse is probed. The results show that the nanosized pores could typically be formed in ~ 5-6 ns. Phosphatidylserine externalization is shown to occur as a pore-mediated event, rather than a translocation across an energy barrier. The predictions are in a very good agreement with the recent experimental data, including the preference for "anode-side" initiation. Finally, it is shown that the molecular system could potentially evolve from an initial multiple nanopore state to a system dominated by larger sized pores
All PDMA pneumatic balloon actuators for bidirectional motion of micro finger (2005)

This paper decribes design, fabrication, and characteristics of all PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) pneumatic balloon actuators for the bidirectional motion of the microfinger. The actuation mechanism of the balloon actuator is based on pressure-dependent swelling and saturation phenomena of two flexible diaphragms with different thicknesses. Two types of microfingers with balloon actuators are fabricated by the simple silicon molding process and pneumatically tested. From the pneumatic test result, it is confirmed that the out-of-plane motion of the microfinger depends on the thickness of the bottom diaphragm of pneumatic balloon actuators. When the applied pressure is 50 kPa, the generated force and the bending angle of type A finger are 0.17 mN and 59/spl deg/, respectively.
Antibody to virus components in volunteers experimentally infected with human coronavirus 229E group viruses (1981)

Antibody rises to various virus subcomponents were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the paired sera of volunteers experimentally infected with human coronavirus 229E group viruses. Most of the antibody made during infection was directed against the virus surface projections, with only small amounts of antibody made against membrane or ribonucleoprotein components.