gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perfluorinated Surfactants and the Environmental Implications of Their Use in Fire-Fighting Foams (2000)

The recent identification of one class of fluorinated surfactants in groundwater impacted by fire-fighting activity has created an awareness of the potential environmental issues resulting from the use of aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) agents. Aqueous film forming foams are used to extinguish hydrocarbon-fuel fires and their repeated usage, particularly at military sites, has led to AFFF-contaminated groundwater. Formulations of AFFF agents include fluorinated surfactants, which are an important class of specialty chemicals that have physio-chemical properties that differentiate them from hydrocarbon surfactants. Little is known about the occurrence, transport, biodegradation, and toxicity of fluorinated surfactants in the environment. The fact that fluorinated surfactants, as well as other AFFF components, co-occur with priority pollutants (e.g., jet fuel components and chlorinated solvents) complicates studies on their fate and effect in the environment. Research is needed to sufficiently identify those fluorinated surfactants present in commercial AFFF products and environmental samples and to characterize their environmental properties. Additionally, the environmental behavior of the AFFF mixtures and complex AFFF-wastewaters needs to be investigated.
The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research (2004)

The aim of the present mini review is to describe the laboratory rabbit, an animal that has been widely used for the study of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of mortality in Western society. Due to the fact that the rabbit exhibits hypercholesterolaemia within a few days of an administration of a high cholesterol diet, it is very sensitive to the inducement of atheromatic lesions. The administration of different types of diets can cause different types of lesions. Although these lesions do not develop as tissue plaques, a great number of researchers use this animal model to test the effectiveness of drugs because of their similarity to human fatty streaks. The generation over recent years of transgenic rabbits with alterations in specific genes is expected to help with the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the initial and developmental stages of the disease. The laboratory rabbit is significantly broadening our understanding on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Characterizing the software process: a maturity framework (1988)

A description is given of a software-process maturity framework that has been developed to provide the US Department of Defense with a means to characterize the capabilities of software-development organizations. This software-development process-maturity model reasonably represents the actual ways in which software-development organizations improve. It provides a framework for assessing these organizations and identifying the priority areas for immediate improvement. It also helps identify those places where advanced technology can be most valuable in improving the software-development process. The framework can be used by any software organization to assess its own capabilities and identify the most important areas for improvement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Joint detection-estimation of directional channel parameters using the 2-D frequency domain SAGE algorithm with serial interference cancellation (2003)

In this paper, the serial interference cancellation (SIC) technique and the frequency domain SAGE (FD-SAGE) algorithm are jointly used to detect and estimate the radio channel parameters of interest. The implementation of the SAGE algorithm in the frequency domain is novel. Furthermore, the parallel interference cancellation (PIC) technique in the standard SAGE algorithm is replaced by the SIC technique. The SIC technique demonstrates more stable performance especially in a multipath rich environment. The two-dimensional (2-D) FD-SAGE algorithm and the SIC technique are introduced and their performance demonstrated by using real indoor channel measurement data to jointly estimate the number of multipath components (MPCs), their time-of-arrivals (TOAs), angle-of-arrivals (AOAs) and complex amplitudes. Their performance is evaluated and compared using synthetic data and results using 2-D unitary ESPRIT (another form of super-resolution algorithm).
Computational scanner wafer mark alignment (2017)

In the process nodes of 10nm and below, the patterning complexity, along with multiple pattern processing and the advance materials required, has in turn resulted in a need to optimize wafer alignment mark simulation capabilities in order to achieve the required precision and accuracy for wafer alignment performance. <br/> <br/> ASML’s Design for Control (D4C) application for wafer alignment mark design has been extended to support the computational prediction of alignment mark performance for the latest alignment sensor on the TwinScan NXT:1980Di platform and beyond. Additional new simulation functionality will also be introduced to enable aberration sensitivity matching between the alignment mark and the device cell patterns. As a result, the design of more robust alignment marks is achieved, extending simulation capabilities for the design of wafer alignment marks and the recommendation of alignment recipe settings.
Hydrophobicity development, alkane oxidation, and crude-oil emulsification in a <i>Rhodococcus</i> species (2002)

The relationship between the phenomena alkane oxidation, extreme hydrophobicity of the cell surface, and crude-oil emulsification in Rhodococcus sp. strain 094 was investigated. Compounds that induce the emulsifying ability simultaneously induced the cytochrome P450-containing alkane oxidizing system and the transition from low to high cell-surface hydrophobicity. Exposed to inducers of crude-oil emulsification, the cells developed a strong hydrophobic character during exponential growth, which was rapidly lost when entering stationary phase. The loss in hydrophobicity coincided in time with the crude-oil emulsification, indicating that the components responsible for the formation of cell-surface hydrophobicity act as excellent emulsion stabilisers only after release from the cells. Rhodococcus sp. strain 094 possessed three distinct levels of cell-surface hydrophobicity. One level of low hydrophobicity was characteristic of cells in late stationary phase and was independent of growth substrate. A second and more hydrophobic level was observed for cells in exponential phase grown on water-soluble substrates, while a third level, characterised by extreme cell hydrophobicity, was observed for cells in exponential phase cultivated on hydrophobic substrates such as hexadecane. The production of the oil-emulsifying agents seems to require external sources of nitrogen and phosphate.
Gaussian Process Model Predictive Control of An Unmanned Quadrotor (2017)

The Model Predictive Control (MPC) trajectory tracking problem of an unmanned quadrotor with input and output constraints is addressed. In this article, the dynamic models of the quadrotor are obtained purely from operational data in the form of probabilistic Gaussian Process (GP) models. This is different from conventional models obtained through Newtonian analysis. A hierarchical control scheme is used to handle the trajectory tracking problem with the translational subsystem in the outer loop and the rotational subsystem in the inner loop. Constrained GP based MPC are formulated separately for both subsystems. The resulting MPC problems are typically nonlinear and non-convex. We derived 15 a GP based local dynamical model that allows these optimization problems to be relaxed to convex ones which can be efficiently solved with a simple active-set algorithm. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with an existing unconstrained Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC). Simulation results show that the two approaches exhibit similar trajectory tracking performance. However, our approach has the advantage of incorporating constraints on the control inputs. In addition, our approach only requires 20% of the computational time for NMPC.
SIMS investigation of the influence of Ge pre‐deposition on the interface quality between SiC and Si (2004)

Abstract SiC/Si(111) heterostructures formed by using an alternative method for stress relaxation were investigated by SIMS and AES. The applied stress reduction method is based on a theoretical approach, which predicts an improvement of the SiC layer quality if Group IV elements are incorporated into the interface between SiC and Si. Germanium was chosen to test this approach. The incorporation of Ge into the heterointerface was carried out by depositing different amounts of Ge prior to the SiC growth process and varying the Ge deposition temperature. SIMS investigations revealed that Ge remains near the SiC/Si interface independently of the pre‐deposited amount of Ge. In the case of two monolayers (ML) Ge coverage (with respect to the silicon surface) a surface segregation was observed. This indicates a limited transport of Ge to the SiC surface through the growing SiC layer due to grain boundary diffusion. At Ge coverages between 0.5 ML and 2 ML a sharper interface between the SiC and Si was observed. In this case the tail of the carbon distribution remains within the region occupied by the Ge distribution. The incorporation of Ge at the interface suppresses the out‐diffusion of Si from the substrate to the surface of the growing SiC layer and, therefore, impedes the formation of voids at the SiC/Si interface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and in Prototype Implementation of Fire Detection and Intelligent Alarm System (2015)

The design has been developed since the social and economic cost of natural disasters which has increased in recent years due to population growth, change in land use patterns, migration and unplanned urbanization, environmental degradation and global climate change. Catastrophic disasters include fires, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones, floods, and droughts. Fire considered being natural or manmade, thus the management shall provide safety of the building occupant. The design consists of five major circuits to compensate the system operation. It includes Detection and Initiating Devices (DEADS), Notification Devices (NODES), Central Station Monitor (CSM), Annunciation Devices (ANODES) and the Suppression Circuitry. The DEADS is composed of a smoke detector and smoke ionization sensors which transmit initiated signal to CSM. The NODES are active devices like smoke alarms, and speakers attached to every room designed to give alarms to the room occupants. The Central Station Monitor designed with Arduino Uno as the Microcontroller served as the brain of the system interfaced with PHP & MySQL. The ANODES works once fire cannot be suppressed by the system itself, thereby when the fire department and other incident team needs to be contacted. The suppressor composed of robotic-arm connected to the water supply, fire hydrants, and sprinkler heads.
在ASP.NET应用中实现单点登录和单点登出 WindowsIdentityFoundation提供了被动单点登录和单点登出的功能 (2011)

基于浏览器的联合（被动联合）依赖于HTTPGET和POST、浏览器重定向以及cookie。从而实现WS．Federation（Web服务联合）说明书所描述的联合身份验证的目的。身份联合两个重要的功能就是单点登录和单点登出。
Noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary hypertension by a pulsed Doppler technique. (1983)

We used a pulsed Doppler technique to examine the flow velocity pattern in the right ventricular outflow tract in 33 adults. In the patients with normal pulmonary artery pressure (mean pressure less than 20 mm Hg, 16 patients), ejection flow reached a peak level at midsystole (137 +/- 24 msec, mean +/- SD), producing a domelike contour of the flow velocity pattern during systole. In contrast, the flow velocity pattern in patients with pulmonary hypertension (mean pressure greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg, 17 patients) was demonstrated to accelerate rapidly and to reach a peak level sooner (97 +/- 20 msec, p less than .01); in 10 of the pulmonary hypertensive patients a secondary slower rise in flow velocity was observed during a deceleration, resulting in the midsystolic notching. The time to peak flow (acceleration time, AcT) and right ventricular ejection time (RVET) were measured from the flow velocity pattern. Either AcT or AcT/RVET decreased with increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure, and a very high correlation (r = -.90) was found between AcT/RVET and log10 (mean pulmonary artery pressure). The use of this technique permitted the noninvasive estimation of the pulmonary artery pressure.
Properties of diamond-like carbon film and its application as a protective layer in thin-film magnetic recording disks (1993)

Wear rate of diamond-like carbon (DLC) protective layer deposited by a radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method has been evaluated by continuous sliding tests using spherical sapphire pins. The influence of each property such as microstructure and microhardness on wear durability of the film is discussed. It has been found that the wear durability of the DLC film is several times superior to that of conventional sputtered carbon film.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structurally controlled polymerizations of methacrylates and acrylates (2000)

Progress in the structure control of polymethacrylates and polyacrylates through stereospecific living polymerization are described. Three types of stereospecific living polymerizations have been developed for methacrylate polymerization: isotactic with t-C4H9MgBr, syndiotactic with ­t-C4H9Li/R3Al, and heterotactic with t-C4H9Li/bis(2,6-di-t-butylphenoxy)methylaluminium [MeAl(ODBP)2]. The last initiator system has been proved effective for monomer-selective living copolymerization of methacrylates. The living nature of these polymerizations allows extensive use for the syntheses of stereoregular block polymers and copolymers, and end-functionalized polymers such as macromonomers. Through stereospecific polymerizations and copolymerizations of macromonomers, comb polymers and graft copolymers with defined stereoregularities in the main chain and side chains could be obtained. Some properties of these stereoregular polymers are also described, including stereocomplex formation and solution viscosity. Stereospecific polymerizations of crotonates leading to diisotactic, diheterotactic and disyndiotactic polymers are also discussed. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has been proven to be useful for isolating uniform polymers from stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) with narrow molecular weight distribution. Uniform end-functionalized polymers have been used to construct more elaborate uniform polymer architectures such as stereoblock, star, and comb polymers, and copolymers. The uniform polymers have been proven quite useful for the studies of the relationship between structures and properties such as glass transition temperature, melting temperature and solution viscosity. Particularly interesting is the use of isotactic and syndiotactic uniform PMMAs for the understanding of stereocomplex formation in certain solvents such as acetone. Furthermore, a uniform stereoblock PMMA was found to undergo intramolecular complexation in addition to intermolecular complexation in acetone. Uniform star and comb PMMAs were also prepared and found useful for discussing the effect of branching on the solution viscosity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Textures and morphologies of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond (1991)

The textures, surface morphologies, structural perfection, and properties of diamond films grown by activated chemical vapor deposition (CVD) vary greatly with the growth conditions. The evolution of two commonly observed polycrystalline morphologies, which give rise to <110> textures, will be described as well as the development of four films grown to produce <100>, <111>, and near <100>'' textures with various combinations of growth facets. These films were grown to test models of texture development. Films free of twins, microtwins, and stacking faults are deposited when only (100) facets are permitted to grow. In polycrystalline materials, special conditions must be met to avoid the formation of planar defects at the peripheries of individual crystallites. The planar defects grow from (111) or mixed microfaceted surfaces. Twinning plays an important role in growth of (111) faceted surfaces. The films have been characterized with Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical methods. 13 refs., 7 figs.
An Alpha Rooting Based Hybrid Technique for Image Enhancement (2011)

The conventional transform domain image enhancement technique of alpha rooting has long been used for enhancing high contrast edge information and sharp features in images. However the alpha rooting technique is constrained by problems like overall graying, tonal changes and noisy artifacts. This paper explores a new method by which alpha rooting can be used for enhancing even low contrast images. In this paper we advocate complementing the transform domain technique with appropriate spatial domain techniques to eliminate the limitations of the conventional transform domain technique, thus improving the image enhancement process. We suggest an alpha rooting based Hybrid Technique by combining the gray level transformation algorithms, such as logarithmic transform and power law transform, with alpha rooting algorithm for contrast enhancement. The new technique which ensures control over the contrast of the image to the desired degree is inherently simple in theory and implementation and is well suited for enhancement of a variety of images.
A Hybrid Wireless Network Approach to Support QoS Data Transmission (2006)

Wireless sensor networks are emerging as popular research issue and tool for many applications. However, nodes in a sensor network are severely constrained by energy, storage capacity and computing power. In this paper, we propose an integrated network environment (sensor and ad hoc network) with IEEE 802.15.4a, ultra-wideband (UWB) and Two-Tier Data Dissemination (TTDD) routing protocol. We wish that sensor network can support fast dynamic location-tracking, information gathering and response. And base station will use theses information to compute an optimal path for ad hoc mobile devices to offer good QoS level and reliable data transmission according to different requests.
Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. (1995)

We investigated the cellular mechanisms of the unique disorder of insulin action found in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Approximately 50% of PCOS women (PCOS-Ser) had a significant increase in insulin-independent beta-subunit [32P]phosphate incorporation (3.7-fold, P < 0.05 vs other groups) in skin fibroblast insulin receptors that was present in serine residues while insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation was decreased (both P < 0.05 vs other groups). PCOS skeletal muscle insulin receptors had the same abnormal phosphorylation pattern. The remaining PCOS women (PCOS-n1) had basal and insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation similar to control. Phosphorylation of the artificial substrate poly GLU4:TYR1 by the PCOS-Ser insulin receptors was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to control and PCOS-n1 receptors. The factor responsible for excessive serine phosphorylation appeared to be extrinsic to the receptor since no insulin receptor gene mutations were identified, immunoprecipitation before autophosphorylation corrected the phosphorylation defect and control insulin receptors mixed with lectin eluates from affected PCOS fibroblasts displayed increased serine phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that increased insulin receptor serine phosphorylation decreases its protein tyrosine kinase activity and is one mechanism for the post-binding defect in insulin action characteristic of PCOS.
I. Role of the Pineal Gland in Multiple Sclerosis: A Hypothesis (1997)

Despite intensive research over the past several decades, the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remain elusive. The last 20 years have seen only meager advances in the treatment of the disease in part because too much attention has been devoted to the process of demyelination and its relationship to the neurologic symptoms and recovery of the disease. A host of biological phenomena associated with the disease involving interactions among genetic, environmental, immunologic, and hormonal factors, cannot be explained on the basis of demyelination and, therefore, require refocusing attention on alternative explanations, one of which implicates the pineal gland as the pivotal mover of the disease. This review summarizes the evidence linking dysfunction of the pineal gland with the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and course of the disease. The pineal hypothesis of MS also provided the impetus for the development of a novel and highly effective therapeutic modality, one that involves the transcranial application of AC pulsed electromagnetic fields in the picotesla flux density.
A preliminary study to understand tacit knowledge and visual routines of medical experts through gaze tracking. (2010)

Many decisions made by medical experts are based on scans from advanced imaging technologies. Interpreting a medical image is a trained, systematic procedure and an excellent target for identifying potential visual routines through image informatics. These visual routines derived from experts contain many clues about visual knowledge and its representation. This study uses an inexpensive webcam-based gaze tracking method to collect data from multiple technologists' survey of medical and non-medical images. Through computational analysis of the results, we expect to provide insight into the behaviors and properties related to medical visual routines. Discovering the visual processes associated with medical images will help us recognize and understand the tacit knowledge gained from extensive experience with medical imagery. These expert routines could potentially be used to reduce medical error, train new experts, and provide an understanding of the human visual system in medicine.
New benzopsoralen derivatives: T2 phage inactivation. (1995)

The inactivation by a number of benzo and tetrahydrobenzopsoralen derivatives has been studied both by UVA irradiation and by simple incubation in the dark. Upon UVA irradiation the most active compounds appeared to be the 4-hydroxymethyl derivatives. After 3 hours of incubation in the dark all derivatives affected T2 infectivity. This dark effect could be related to a damage to the sensitive phage receptors necessary for its absorption on the bacterial surface.