gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analytical Techniques for Measuring Concentrations of Therapeutic Drugs in Biological Fluids (2007)

Different types of assays are used in clinical laboratories for determination of concentrations of various drugs in biological fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring. Historically, concentrations of various anticonvulsants such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and primidone in serum or plasma were measured using gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography. Later, these assays were replaced by immunoassays because of automation as well as need for faster turnaround time. Minimal or no specimen pretreatment is needed for analysis of various drugs in sera using immunoassays. However, immunoassays are not available for all drugs monitored in clinical laboratories, for example lamotrigine, protease inhibitors, and new generation of anticonvulsants. For analysis of these drugs, GC, HPLC, or HPLC combined with tandem mass spectrometric techniques are used.
Retargetable cache simulation using high level processor models (2002)

During processor design, it is often necessary to evaluate multiple cache configurations. This paper describes the design and implementation of a retargetable on-line cache simulator. The cache simulator has been implemented using a retargetable instruction set simulator from the Sim-nML processor description language. The retargetability helps in cache simulation and evaluation much before the actual processor design.
Optical techniques for tracking multiple myeloma engraftment, growth, and response to therapy (2011)

Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematological malignancy, initiates from a single site and spreads via circulation to multiple sites in the bone marrow (BM). Methods to track MM cells both in the BM and circulation would be useful for developing new therapeutic strategies to target MM cell spread. We describe the use of complementary optical techniques to track human MM cells expressing both bioluminescent and fluorescent reporters in a mouse xenograft model. Long-term tumor growth and response to therapy are monitored using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), while numbers of circulating tumor cells are detected by in-vivo flow cytometry. Intravital microscopy is used to detect early seeding of MM cells to the BM, as well as residual cancer cells that remain in the BM after the bulk of the tumor is eradicated following drug treatment. Thus, intravital microscopy provides a powerful, albeit invasive, means to study cellular processes in vivo at the very early stage of the disease process and at the very late stage of therapeutic intervention when the tumor burden is too small to be detected by other imaging methods.
High power semiconductor devices (2005)

A brief historical account of the development of high-power semiconductor devices is followed by a description of the existing state of the art. We present a discussion of the interplay between the needs of the circuit engineer and the problems which beset the device designer in meeting these needs, and conclude with a brief look at some of the newer developments in the power semiconductor device field.
Quasars as probes of the intergalactic medium. (1984)

Spectral energy distributions for 10 high red shift quasars in the wavelength range 1250 to 10,000 A were obtained by IUE. A pronounced steepening is detected shortward of 1200 A, which correlates well with quasar red shift, but poorly with luminosity. The observed slope change is explained by Lyman continuum absorption from the strongest 5% of the Lyman alpha forest lines, identified with the low column density metal containing systems. Reddening may also contribute to the steepening, but a much lower neutral gas to dust ratio than that found in the Galaxy is required. Optically thick Lyman limit discontinuities are seen with zabs zem. These systems are metal containing, constant in comoving density with epoch, and require in L* galaxy to have a cross section of 5 to 10 Holmberg radii.
ApproxMA (2015)

Motivated by the inherent error-resilience of emerging recognition, mining, and synthesis (RMS) applications, approximate computing techniques such as precision scaling has been advocated for achieving energy-efficiency gains at the cost of small accuracy loss. Most existing solutions, however, focus on the approximation of on-chip computations without considering that of off-chip data accesses, whose energy consumption may contribute to a significant portion of the total energy. In this work, we propose a novel approximate memory access technique for dynamic precision scaling, namely ApproxMA. To be specific, by taking both runtime data precision constraints and error-resilient capabilities of the application into consideration, ApproxMA determines the precision of data accesses and loads scaled data from off-chip memory for computation. Experimental results with mixture model-based clustering algorithms demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology.
The Remarkable Stable Emerald Green C60F15[CBr(CO2Et)2]3: The First [60]Fullerene That Is also the First [18]Trannulene (2001)

It is both an [18]trannulene and a [60]fullerene. It is aromatic and a hexa-substituted benzene. It is formed by the first proven example of an SN 2' reaction in a fullerene. It is intensely colored and stable. It is C60 F15 [CBr(CO2 Et)2 ]3 , the first example of a new class of fullerene derivatives (see Schlegel diagram).
Compression strength perpendicular to grain in cross-laminated timber (CLT) (2010)

<p>The work presented involved testing of the compression strength of square specimens made from threelayer CLT. In one of the test set-ups a uniform compression over the complete square face of the specimen was used - similar to what is defined in the current European test standard for glued-laminated timber. In addition, several other test set-ups involving loading of only parts of the specimens’ square surface by line loads was investigated. The use of line loads aimed at investigating the effect of load distribution within the test specimen, and also to investigate possible boundary effects when the line load is applied close to the specimen edge. In practical design, the line load used in the tests, would correspond to the load transfer from a wall structure clamping a CLT-slab. During testing, apart from registering the load and deformation by conventional gauges, a contact-free deformation measurement system was used.</p><p>The results show that the compression strength – defined according to Eurocode 5 as the load at which a 1% permanent set is obtained – is indeed dependent on the relative size of the load application area, its orientation relative to the surface grain direction and its distance to the edge of the specimen. Other conclusions are that test methods, test evaluation methods as well as design criteria for compression perpendicular to grain in CLT should be revisited.</p>
Empirical electronic polarizabilities of ions for the prediction and interpretation of refractive indices: Oxides and oxysalts (2016)

An extensive set of refractive indices determined at λ = 589.3 nm (nD) from ~2600 measurements on 1200 minerals, 675 synthetic compounds, ~200 F-containing compounds, 65 Cl-containing compounds, 500 non-hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl-containing compounds, and ~175 moderately strong hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl-containing compounds and 35 minerals with very strong H-bonded hydroxides was used to obtain mean total polarizabilities. These data, using the Anderson-Eggleton relationship
Molecular mechanism of preconditioning (2008)

During the last 20 years, since the appearance of the first publication on ischemic preconditioning (PC), our knowledge of this phenomenon has increased exponentially. PC is defined as an increased tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion induced by previous sublethal period ischemia. This is the most powerful mechanism known to date for limiting the infract size. This adaptation occurs in a biphasic pattern (i) early preconditioning (lasts for 2-3 h) and (ii) late preconditioning (starting at 24 h lasting until 72-96 h after initial ischemia). Early preconditioning is more potent than delayed preconditioning in reducing infract size. Late preconditioning attenuates myocardial stunning and requires genomic activation with de novo protein synthesis. Early preconditioning depends on adenosine, opioids and to a lesser degree, on bradykinin and prostaglandins, released during ischemia. These molecules activate G-protein-coupled receptor, initiate activation of K(ATP) channel and generate oxygen-free radicals, and stimulate a series of protein kinases, which include protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase, and members of MAP kinase family. Late preconditioning is triggered by a similar sequence of events, but in addition essentially depends on newly synthesized proteins, which comprise iNOS, COX-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, and possibly heat shock proteins. The final mechanism of PC is still not very clear. The present review focuses on the possible role signaling molecules that regulate cardiomyocyte life and death during ischemia and reperfusion.
Limiting Step Involved in the Thermal Growth of Silicon Oxide Films on Silicon Carbide (2002)

Thermal growth of silicon oxide films on silicon carbide in O2 was investigated using oxygen isotopic substitution and narrow resonance nuclear reaction profiling. This investigation was carried out in parallel with the thermal growth of silicon oxide films on Si. Results demonstrate that the limiting steps of the thermal oxide growth are different in these two semiconductors, being diffusion limited in the case of Si and reaction limited in the case of SiC. This fact renders the growth kinetics of SiO2 on SiC very sensitive to the reactivity of the interface region, whose compositional and structural changes can affect the electrical properties of the structure.
Oxygen Reduction Activity of Carbon-Supported Pt−M (M = V, Ni, Cr, Co, and Fe) Alloys Prepared by Nanocapsule Method (2007)

Monodispersed Pt and Pt-M (M = V, Cr, Fe, Co, and Ni) alloy nanoparticles supported on carbon black (denoted as Pt/CB and Pt-M/CB) were prepared by the simultaneous reduction of platinum acetylacetonate and the second metal acetylacetonate within nanocapsules formed in diphenyl ether in the presence of carbon black. For the Pt/CBs, the average Pt diameters measured by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) or X-ray diffraction (XRD) ranged from 2.0 to 2.5 nm, regardless of the catalyst-loading level from 10 to 55 wt % on CB. The alloy composition was found to be well-controlled to the projected value among the supported particles. The activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at Nafion-coated catalysts in O2-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 solution were evaluated by using a channel flow electrode (CFE) cell at 30 degrees C. The area-specific ORR activities at Pt-M/CB were found to be 1.3 to 1.8 times higher than that at Pt/CB. The ORR activity increased in the order Pt/CB < Pt-Ni/CB < Pt-Fe/CB < Pt-Co/CB < Pt-V/CB < Pt-Cr/CB.
Practical compression for multi-alignment genomic files (2013)

Genomic sequence data is being generated in massive quantities, and must be stored in compressed form. Here we examine the combined challenge of storing such data compactly, yet providing bioinformatics researchers with the ability to extract particular regions of interest without needing to fully decompress multi-gigabyte data collections. We focus on data produced in SAM format, which is particularly voluminous in nature, and describe storage techniques that have the desired blend of attributes.
Preparation of ultra high molecular weight amorphous poly(1-hexene) by a Ziegler-Natta catalyst (2016)

High molecular weight polymers such as poly (α-olefin)s play a key role as drag-reducing agents which are commonly used in pipeline industry. Heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst system of MgCl2.nEtOH/TiCl4/donor was prepared using a spherical MgCl2 support and utilized in synthesis of poly(1-hexene)s with a viscosity average molecular weight (Mv) up to 3.5 × 103 kDa. The influence of effective parameters including Al/Ti ratio, polymerization temperature, monomer concentration, effect of alkylaluminus type on the productivity, and molecular weight of the products was evaluated. It was suggested that the reactivity of the Al-R group and the bulkiness of the cocatalyst were correlated to the performance of the Ziegler–Natta catalyst at different polymerization time and temperatures, affecting the catalyst activity and Mv of polymers. Moreover, bulk polymerization method leads to higher viscosity average molecular weights, revealing the remarkable effect of polymerization method on the chain microstructure. Fourier transform infrared, 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and DSC thermogram of the prepared polymers confirmed the formation of poly(1-hexene). The properties of the polymers measured by vortex test showed that these polymers could be used as a drag-reducing agent. Drag-reducing behaviors of the polymers exhibited a dependence on the Mv of the obtained polymers that was changed by variation in polymerization parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermotropic mesomorphism of cholesteryl myristate. An electron diffraction study. (1985)

Electron diffraction measurements on heated or cooled microcrystals of cholesteryl myristate, which are grown from solution or epitaxially, on benzoic acid, provide further structural information about its mesomorphic behavior. At subambient temperatures (less than -65 degrees C), a new crystal form is observed which doubles the unit cell axes in the (001) plane. At the major crystalline in equilibrium with smectic endotherm at 70 degrees C, evidence is found for the existence of a pretransition crystal packing. The smectic phase, which coexists with this pretransition crystal form, is composed of relatively well-ordered layers, probably with a monolayer-type packing. Cooling the cholesteric phase to the crystalline form causes a rotational disorder which is not yet understood.
A QoS-configurable failure detection service for internet applications (2016)

Unreliable failure detectors are a basic building block of reliable distributed systems. Failure detectors are used to monitor processes of any application and provide process state information. This work presents an Internet Failure Detector Service (IFDS) for processes running in the Internet on multiple autonomous systems. The failure detection service is adaptive, and can be easily integrated into applications that require configurable QoS guarantees. The service is based on monitors which are capable of providing global process state information through a SNMP MIB. Monitors at different networks communicate across the Internet using Web Services. The system was implemented and evaluated for monitored processes running both on single LAN and on PlanetLab. Experimental results are presented, showing the performance of the detector, in particular the advantages of using the self-tuning strategies to address the requirements of multiple concurrent applications running on a dynamic environment.
Meldepflicht von Erbkrankheiten (1941)

ZusammenfassungJede Person, die an einer Erbkrankheit oder schwerem Alkoholismus leidet, ist vom behandelnden Arzt an das zuständige Gesundheitsamt zu melden, auch wenn es sich um nichtfortpflanzungsfähige Erbkranke handelt oder Zweifel über die Vererbung der Krankheit bestehen. Frauen, die über das fortpflanzungsfähige Alter hinaus sind, brauchen nicht gemeldet zu werden.
(<i>S</i>)-ABOC: A Rigid Bicyclic β-Amino Acid as Turn Inducer (2012)

In order to investigate the ability of the (S)-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylic acid 1 (H-(S)-ABOC-OH) to induce reverse turns into peptides, two model tripeptides, in which this bicyclic unit was incorporated into the second position, were synthesized and analyzed by FT-IR, CD, NMR, and X-ray studies.
<i>In Vitro</i>Characterization of Small‐Molecule Kinase Inhibitors (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Optimization of a Biochemical Kinase Assay Measuring the Binding Affinity and Residence Time of Unusual Kinase Inhibitors Addressing ADME Issues of Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Early Drug Discovery References
On the design of long T-shaped acoustic resonators (2004)

In this work we present a more general mathematical model for the calculation of resonance frequencies for long, T-shaped acoustic resonators. The method is based upon wave propagation and, unlike previous theories, no constraints on the geometry of the resonator are imposed. In addition, a new end-correction model based upon Rayleigh’s end corrections is proposed and evaluated. The theory is used to develop a plane-wave multimodal-based design theory, which permits higher-order 1-dimensional modes of the T-shaped acoustic absorber to be used for absorbing high-frequency noise within enclosures. A series of experiments are conducted on round and square cross section resonators to validate the theory, evaluate the end correction models, and demonstrate design examples.
Merlin Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth in the CNS (2010)

The neurofibromatosis type 2 gene product merlin is known to provoke gliogenic tumors as a result of its mutagenic loss. Merlin's physiological anti-mitogenic function makes it unique among its ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family members. Although ERM proteins and merlin are known to be expressed in glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and CNS, the neuronal expression pattern and function of merlin have been less well investigated. We report here expression of merlin in developing and mature neurons of the murine CNS. Within cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), merlin was localized in the soma, sprouting dendrites and axons. Merlin expression in PCs was high during the period of initial dendrite regression and declined during later phases of dendrite elongation. Consistently, merlin expression in vivo was increased in Engrailed-2-overexpressing PCs, which are characterized by a reduced dendritic extension. Furthermore, overexpression of merlin in dissociated cerebellar cultures and in neurogenic P19 cells caused a significant decline in neurite outgrowth, while, conversely, inhibition of merlin expression increased process formation. This effect was dependent on phosphorylation of serine 518 and involved the inactivation of the growth-promoting GTPase Rac. We thus provide evidence that merlin plays a pivotal role in controlling the neuronal wiring in the developing CNS.
Development of optimized self-nanoemulsifying lyophilized tablets (SNELTs) to improve finasteride clinical pharmacokinetic behavior (2017)

Lyophilized tablets could be considered as a good alternative for conventional solid dosage forms especially when loaded with drug nanosystems.
Dimensionality Reduction via Euclidean Distance Embeddings (2011)

This report provides a mathematically thorough review and investigation of Metric Multidimensional scaling (MDS) through the analysis of Euclidean distances in input and output spaces. By combining a geometric approach with modern linear algebra and multivariate analysis, Metric MDS is viewed as a Euclidean distance embedding transformation that converts between coordinate and coordinate-free representations of data. In this work we link Mercer kernel functions, data in infinite-dimensional Hilbert space and coordinate-free distance metrics to a finite-dimensional Euclidean representation. We further set a foundation for a principled treatment of non-linear extensions of MDS as optimization programs on kernel matrices and Euclidean distances.
Solving Mixed Integer Programs Using Neural Networks (2020)

Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) solvers rely on an array of sophisticated heuristics developed with decades of research to solve large-scale MIP instances encountered in practice. Machine learning offers to automatically construct better heuristics from data by exploiting shared structure among instances in the data. This paper applies learning to the two key sub-tasks of a MIP solver, generating a high-quality joint variable assignment, and bounding the gap in objective value between that assignment and an optimal one. Our approach constructs two corresponding neural network-based components, Neural Diving and Neural Branching, to use in a base MIP solver such as SCIP. Neural Diving learns a deep neural network to generate multiple partial assignments for its integer variables, and the resulting smaller MIPs for un-assigned variables are solved with SCIP to construct high quality joint assignments. Neural Branching learns a deep neural network to make variable selection decisions in branch-and-bound to bound the objective value gap with a small tree. This is done by imitating a new variant of Full Strong Branching we propose that scales to large instances using GPUs. We evaluate our approach on six diverse real-world datasets, including two Google production datasets and MIPLIB, by training separate neural networks on each. Most instances in all the datasets combined have $10^3-10^6$ variables and constraints after presolve, which is significantly larger than previous learning approaches. Comparing solvers with respect to primal-dual gap averaged over a held-out set of instances, the learning-augmented SCIP is 2x to 10x better on all datasets except one on which it is $10^5$x better, at large time limits. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first learning approach to demonstrate such large improvements over SCIP on both large-scale real-world application datasets and MIPLIB.
Selective formation of γ-lactams via C–H amidation enabled by tailored iridium catalysts (2018)

Intramolecular insertion of metal nitrenes into carbon-hydrogen bonds to form γ-lactam rings has traditionally been hindered by competing isocyanate formation. We report the application of theory and mechanism studies to optimize a class of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium(III) catalysts for suppression of this competing pathway. Modulation of the stereoelectronic properties of the auxiliary bidentate ligands to be more electron-donating was suggested by density functional theory calculations to lower the C-H insertion barrier favoring the desired reaction. These catalysts transform a wide range of 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones, carbonylnitrene precursors easily accessible from carboxylic acids, into the corresponding γ-lactams via sp<sup>3</sup> and sp<sup>2</sup> C-H amidation with exceptional selectivity. The power of this method was further demonstrated by the successful late-stage functionalization of amino acid derivatives and other bioactive molecules.