gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Actin and major sperm protein in spermatids and spermatozoa of the parasitic nematodeHeligmosomoides polygyrus (1996)

Nematode spermatozoa are amoeboid cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum, previous studies have reported that sperm motility does not involve actin, but, instead, requires a specific cytoskeletal protein, namely major-sperm-protein (MSP). In Heligmosomoides polygyrus, a species with large and elongate spermatids and spermatozoa, cell organelles are easily identified even with light microscopy. Electrophoresis of Heligmosomoides sperm proteins indicates that the main protein band has a molecular weight of about 15 kDa, as MSP in other nematodes, and is specifically labelled by an anti-MSP antibody raised against C. elegans MSP. A minor band at 43 kDa was specifically labelled by an anti-actin antibody. Reaction of anti-actin and anti-MSP antibodies is specific to, and restricted to, their respective targets. Actin and MSP localisation, studied by indirect immunofluorescence in male germ cells of Heligmosomoides polygyrus, are similar: spermatids show rows of dots, corresponding to the fibrous bodies, around an unlabelled central longitudinal core; spermatozoa are labelled strictly in an anterior crescent-shaped cap, at the opposite pole to the nucleus, which contains fibres of the MSP cytoskeleton. Phalloidin labelling shows that F-actin is present in spermatids, but absent in spermatozoa. Tropomyosin shows a distinct pattern in spermatids, but is located in the MSP and actin-containing cap in spermatozoa. It is hypothesized that actin plays a role in the shaping of the cell and in the arrangement of its organelles during nematode spermiogenesis, when MSP is present, in an inactive state, in the fibrous bodies. The concentration of actin and tropomyosin in the anterior cap is not compatible with previous theories about the MSP cytoskeleton, which is supposed to act in the absence of actin.
Investigating Quality Attributes and Consumer Acceptance of Uncured, No‐Nitrate/Nitrite‐Added Commercial Hams, Bacons, and Frankfurters (2007)

Increasing demands for natural, organic, and/or preservative-free foods have resulted in the consumer availability of uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added processed meat and poultry products. A comprehensive understanding about the quality and sensory attributes of commercially available uncured products is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if quality and sensory differences exist between uncured and cured meat products. Five different commercial brands (Brands A to E; 4 uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added, and 1 nitrite-added) of 3 product types (hams, frankfurters, and bacons) were obtained from retail supermarkets. The samples were evaluated for color, pigment content, pH, lipid oxidation, residual nitrate and nitrite content, and consumer acceptance. All brands from all product types evaluated, except for 1 bacon (Brand B), had cured color, aroma, and flavor attributes similar to the nitrite-added control (Brand E). All product types and brands contained residual nitrate and residual nitrite except for Brands B and D bacons (< 1 ppm nitrite). Lipid oxidation as measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances revealed a large variation in the occurrence of lipid oxidation both between and within product types, with frankfurters reporting the highest levels. Color measurements indicated the majority of the brands within each product type were similar to the control. Consumer sensory ratings for surface/lean color, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance determined that variation existed. Brand E (nitrite-added control) and 1 uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added brand for each product type were not different (P > 0.05) for overall acceptance and received higher scores (P < 0.05) than all other brands within each product type.
Use of diuretics in chronic renal failure. (1997)

Patients with chronic renal failure retain Na+ and H2O, and they retain K- and acid. This disordered homeostasis results in hypertension, edema, hyperkalemia and acidosis. Diuretics may be used to favorably modify these disturbances. However, because of the limited filtered load of water and electrolytes, and the low renal blood flow, measures need to be taken to maximize the response to diuretics. These measures include: (a) the use of the most bioavailable drug, torasemide, when using the oral route; (b) the use of the drug with the least hepatic elimination, furosemide, when using the intravenous route; (c) the use of combinations of loop- and distal tubule-acting diuretics; (d) the use of the maximum effective diuretic dose; and (e) the use of repeated doses or constant infusion. In benefiting hypertension, vascular congestion and hyperkalemia diuretics appear to exert their effects not only on the kidneys but also on extrarenal sites, such as the vascular tree and the gastrointestinal tract. The use of diuretics, however, is not without complications, which include: intravascular volume depletion and azotemia, ototoxicity (when using loop-acting diuretics), hyperlipidemia, acute pancreatitis, hyperkalemia (when using K(+)-sparing agents), and acidosis (when using carbonic anhydrase inhibitors).
Engineering endomorphin drugs: state of the art (2012)

Aside from alleviating pain, EM analogues open new horizons in the treatment of medical syndromes involving neural reward mechanisms and extraneural regulation effects on homeostasis. Highly selective MOR antagonists may be promising to reduce inflammation, attenuate addiction to drugs and excess consumption of high-caloric food, ameliorate alcoholism, affect the immune system and combat opioid bowel dysfunction.
MicroRNA-125b is a novel negative regulator of p53 (2009)

The p53 transcription factor is a key tumor suppressor and a central regulator of the stress response. To ensure a robust and precise response to cellular signals, p53 gene expression must be tightly regulated from the transcriptional to the post-translational levels. Computational predictions suggest that several microRNAs are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of p53. Here we demonstrate that miR-125b, a brain-enriched microRNA, is a bona fide negative regulator of p53 in both zebrafish and humans. miR-125b-mediated down-regulation of p53 is strictly dependent on the binding of miR-125b to a microRNA response element in the 3' untranslated region of p53 mRNA. Overexpression of miR-125b represses the endogenous level of p53 protein and suppresses apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells and human lung fibroblast cells. In contrast, knockdown of miR-125b elevates the level of p53 protein and induces apoptosis in human lung fibroblasts and in the zebrafish brain. This phenotype can be rescued significantly by either an ablation of endogenous p53 function or ectopic expression of miR-125b in zebrafish. Interestingly, miR-125b is down-regulated when zebrafish embryos are treated with gamma-irradiation or camptothecin, corresponding to the rapid increase in p53 protein in response to DNA damage. Ectopic expression of miR-125b suppresses the increase of p53 and stress-induced apoptosis. Together, our study demonstrates that miR-125b is an important negative regulator of p53 and p53-induced apoptosis during development and during the stress response.
Introduction Hal Draper: A Biographical Sketch (1999)

Abstract Hal Draper was born in Brooklyn in 1914, to East European Jewish immigrant parents. In 1932 he became active in the Student League for Industrial Democracy and the Socialist Party youth section, the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL). A leader of the Student Strikes Against War, he became an associate editor of Socialist Appeal in 1934. In 1937, the socialist youth, led by Draper and Ernest Erber, voted to support the Fourth International after Trotsky's followers entered the Socialist Party (SP). Draper opposed the subsequent split in the SP, which Trotsky and James P. Cannon deliberately provoked, but left with the Trotskyists and became the national secretary of the Socialist Workers’ Party's youth group, a member of its first National Executive, and the secretary of the party's National Education Department. Irving Howe, a YPSL comrade, later recalled his admiration. Draper was, ‘genuinely learned in Marxism, with a mind that marched from one theorem to another as if God were clearing his way’, a youth leader who ‘would speak for us with a razored lucidity’ in debate with the Stalinists. Draper was part of the minority when the SWP split in 1940 over two issues, the ‘Russian question’ and the ‘bureaucratic conservatism’ of James P. Cannon's internal party regime. Draper became a founder member of the Workers’ Party (WP) , led by Max Shachtman, which developed an analysis of the Soviet Union as neither a ‘workers’ state’ nor state capitalist but a new form of exploiting class society, bureaucratic collectivism. The WP refused to ‘defend the Soviet Union’ and developed a distinctive democratic revolutionary Marxism, summed up by the slogan, ‘Neither Washington nor Moscow but the Third Camp of Independent Socialism!’. And, in reaction to Cannon's monolithic conception of the party, the WP developed a highly democratic internal political culture marked by ‘an atmosphere of genuine tolerance’ unceasing internal debate carried in the public press, and untrammelled rights for minorities.
Modelling the Response of FOXO Transcription Factors to Multiple Post-Translational Modifications Made by Ageing-Related Signalling Pathways (2010)

FOXO transcription factors are an important, conserved family of regulators of cellular processes including metabolism, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis and stress resistance. They are required for the efficacy of several of the genetic interventions that modulate lifespan. FOXO activity is regulated by multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) that affect its subcellular localization, half-life, DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Here, we show how a mathematical modelling approach can be used to simulate the effects, singly and in combination, of these PTMs. Our model is implemented using the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML), generated by an ancillary program and simulated in a stochastic framework. The use of the ancillary program to generate the SBML is necessary because the possibility that many regulatory PTMs may be added, each independently of the others, means that a large number of chemically distinct forms of the FOXO molecule must be taken into account, and the program is used to generate them. Although the model does not yet include detailed representations of events upstream and downstream of FOXO, we show how it can qualitatively, and in some cases quantitatively, reproduce the known effects of certain treatments that induce various single and multiple PTMs, and allows for a complex spatiotemporal interplay of effects due to the activation of multiple PTM-inducing treatments. Thus, it provides an important framework to integrate current knowledge about the behaviour of FOXO. The approach should be generally applicable to other proteins experiencing multiple regulations.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE CONVERSION OF ALDOXIMES INTO NITRILES WITH ZEOLITES (1989)

(1989). A NEW METHOD FOR THE CONVERSION OF ALDOXIMES INTO NITRILES WITH ZEOLITES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 230-232.
A hybrid DCT codec: performance at low bit-rates and in the presence of transmission errors (2003)

Two codecs previously developed and implemented in the framework of the European Project Eureka EU 256, the main goal of which is the transmission of TV and HDTV signals for contribution applications, are considered. The codecs have demonstrated inherent flexibility in terms of operative bit rate and applications. Further optimization is required for operation at lower transmission rates, and particular attention must be given to performance in the presence of severe transmission errors. An update is given on the developments and standardization activities for these codecs, and future developments are outlined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Gas–liquid two‐phase flow through packed beds in microgravity (2003)

Abstract Experimental data on flow pattern transitions, pressure drop, and flow characteristics for cocurrent gas–liquid flow through packed columns in microgravity is analyzed. The pulse flow regime exists over a wider range of gas and liquid flow rates under microgravity conditions. Furthermore, maps used to predict transition boundaries in normal gravity do not apply in microgravity. The flow regime data are compared to the widely used Talmor map and a new transition criterion between bubble and pulse flow in microgravity is proposed. The pressure‐drop data clearly show that interfacial effects can increase the pressure drop by as much as 300% compared to those predicted by the single‐phase Ergun equation. A two‐phase friction factor is correlated to the superficial gas and liquid Reynolds numbers and the Suratman number. New data are also presented on the influence of gravity on the pulse amplitude and frequency.
Starved Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells Have the Capacity to Support Internal Initiation of Translation (1999)

Internal initiation of translation, whereby ribosomes are directed to internal AUG codon independently of the 5' end of the mRNA, has been observed rarely in higher eucaryotes and has not been demonstrated in living yeast. We report here that starved yeast cells are capable of initiating translation of a dicistronic message internally. The studied element that functions as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is hardly functional or not functional at all in logarithmically growing cells. Moreover, during the logarithmic growth phase, this element seems to inhibit translation reinitiation when placed as an intercistronic spacer or to inhibit translation when placed in the 5'-untranslated region of a monocistronic message. Inhibition of translation is likely due to the putative strong secondary structure of the IRES that interferes with the cap-dependent scanning process. When cells exit the logarithmic growth phase, or when artificially starved for carbon source, translation of the IRES-containing messages is substantially induced. Our findings imply that the capacity to translate internally is a characteristic of starved rather than vegetatively growing yeast cells.
Calculation of Z Factors For Natural Gases Using Equations of State (1975)

Abstract The generalized Starling equation of state has been fitted to the Standing and Katz Z-factor correlation and a computer program is presented for the ge11eration of Z factors by means of this equation. A comparison is made of the performance of the Hall and Yarborough, Dranchuk et al. and above-mentioned methods, and the results are discussed. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS have been calculated by means of computer for almost twenty-five years(1). During this period, the techniques available for effecting such calculations have been gradually improved and refined. In the recent past, experimental data have been fitted with various equations of state and these fitted equations have been used to generate Z factors(2,3,4,5). These equations represent a significant step forward in that they may be used as algebraic expressions for Z in dealing with its functions. As most of these fittings have been made using the Standing and Katz correlation or data in the same region, their application would appear to be restricted to that region. However, there are occasions when Z is required outside this region. Consequently, the object of this study was to examine the extent to which these equations could be extrapolated and to try modified fittings which would extend the region of application. Preliminary examination showed that the Redlich Kwong equation could not be generally compared with the Standing and Katz correlation, because it is not expressed in reduced form. Furthermore, this equation could not be tested against experimental data where critical properties rather than gas analyses are reported. In view of these problems, this equation was eliminated from further study. It was observed that the Hankinson et al. fitting of the BWR equation was restricted to the region 1.1 ≤ Tr ≤3.0 and that the manner of fitting was such that errors in Z in the fitted region were considerably higher than those produced by either the Hall and Yarborough or Dranchuk et al. methods. On the basis of this observation, the Hankinson et al. fitting was eliminated from further examination. A comparison of the Hall and Yarborough fitting of the Starling-Carnahan equation of state and the Dranchuk et al. fitting of the BWR with each other and with experimental data showed that both are reasonably accurate when extrapolated to Pr values in excess of 20. However, neither equation is valid at Tr = 1.0 in the vicinity of the critical, and both show marked error increases when extrapolated into the region of Tr &lt; 1.0. The Starling equation of state may be written as (Equation in full paper) and may be generalized and rearranged to express the Z factor as (Equation in full paper) This equation has been shown to be valid in the extended regions for pure components and has been recommended for mixtures(7). In view of this and the equation"s similarity to the BWR equation used in the Dranchuk et at fitting, it was decided to fit Equation (2) to the 1500 data points used in the Dranchuk et al. fitting.
A graphical approach to sequentially rejective multiple test procedures (2008)

For clinical trials with multiple treatment arms or endpoints a variety of sequentially rejective, weighted Bonferroni-type tests have been proposed, such as gatekeeping procedures, fixed sequence tests, and fallback procedures. They allow to map the difference in importance as well as the relationship between the various research questions onto an adequate multiple test procedure. Since these procedures rely on the closed test principle, they usually require the explicit specification of a large number of intersection hypotheses tests. The underlying test strategy may therefore be difficult to communicate. We propose a simple iterative graphical approach to construct and perform such Bonferroni-type tests. The resulting multiple test procedures are represented by directed, weighted graphs, where each node corresponds to an elementary hypothesis, together with a simple algorithm to generate such graphs while sequentially testing the individual hypotheses. The approach is illustrated with the visualization of several common gatekeeping strategies. A case study is used to illustrate how the methods from this article can be used to tailor a multiple test procedure to given study objectives.
Spheroid cell culture on PDMS hydrophobic surfaces and integration into microfludic devices (2011)

We report successful non-adherent spheroid culture of cancer cells on hydrophobic surfaces, formed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and its extension to high-throughput culture within an integrated microfluidic device. The surface hydrophobicity was characterized by observing the contact angle of deionized water droplets. Various cell types were grown on the hydrophobic designs (circular, triangular, square, and honeycomb), but only the honeycomb hydrophobic design was capable of maintaining hydrophobicity to prevent cell adhesion. With the honeycomb hydrophobic surface, cancer spheroids were grown in suspension starting from single cancer stem cells both in macro-scale wells and in integrated microfluidic microwells.
Enhanced GP training – goals and aspirations (2013)

To produce the case for enhancing and extending GP training, the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) sought evidence and submissions from a wide range of professionals, patients and organizations. This evidence was collated and reviewed by an expert group to identify the priority challenges for future general practice, resulting in the identification of a number of key outcomes where future GP training needs to be improved. These outcomes are based on the core roles of the GP in the modern NHS and form the goals and aspirations of enhanced GP training.
Hydrogen-doped high conductivity ZnO films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (2004)

Hydrogen-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:H) films were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering as transparent conductive films. The resistivity of ZnO:H film was significantly reduced by the addition of H2 in Ar during rf sputtering. The electrical resistivity of ZnO:H films reached 2×10−4Ωcm. The carrier concentration increased with increasing H2 concentration during deposition. X-ray diffraction results showed that the d0002 interplanar spacing increased with increasing H2 concentrations. The carrier concentration was significantly reduced in two orders of magnitude by increasing the substrate temperature from 150 to 250 °C during deposition. Both results suggested that the increase of carrier concentration by adding H2 during sputtering was due to the hydrogen donor rather than the oxygen vacancies in ZnO films, consistent with the theoretical predictions by Van de Walle. UV–visible spectroscopy further showed that the transmittance is high up to 100% in the visible range. The band gap determined by optical absorption increased with increasing H2 composition. The phenomenon is interpreted as the filling of conduction band by electrons in n-type semiconductor.
Impulse Noise Protection for Multicarrier Communication Systems (2006)

Impulse noise in multicarrier communication systems behaves effectively as a modulating signal that controls the first moment of the background Gaussian noise. The composite noise, which is the aggregate of the Gaussian noise and impulse noise, has a probability density function that is conditionally Gaussian with non-zero average, hence referred to as biased-Gaussian. The BER-equivalent power of the composite noise source is defined as the power of a pure Gaussian noise source that yields the same bit-error rate (BER). The BER-equivalent noise for a biased-Gaussian noise is simply the amplified version of the underlying Gaussian noise source. The amplification factor is derived from the characteristics of the impulse interference. Any bit-loading algorithm designed for Gaussian noise sources is also applicable to biased-Gaussian noise sources provided that the BER-equivalent SNR is used in place of the measured SNR.