gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth, structure, electronic, and magnetic properties of MgO/Fe(001) bilayers and Fe/MgO/Fe(001) trilayers (2001)

Single-crystal epitaxial MgO thin films were grown directly onto high-quality Fe single crystal and Fe whisker substrates and covered with Fe/Au layers. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction patterns and scanning tunneling microscopy images showed that the growth of MgO proceeded pseudomorphically in a nearly layer-by-layer mode up to six monolayers. A misfit dislocation network is formed for MgO layers thicker than six monolayers. The thin MgO films were characterized electrically by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The tunneling barrier in MgO was found to depend on the MgO layer thickness, starting from 2.5 eV at two monolayer thickness to the expected full barrier of MgO of 3.6 eV at six monolayers. A small fraction of the scanned area showed randomly placed spikes in the tunneling conductance. Tunneling I-$V$ curves at the defects showed a lower tunneling barrier than that in the majority of the MgO film. The total tunneling current integrated over areas of $100\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}100 {\mathrm{nm}}^{2},$ however, was not dominated by spikes of higher conductance. These local defects in the MgO barrier were neither related to atomic steps on the Fe substrates nor to individual misfit dislocations. Magnetic anisotropies and exchange coupling in Fe/MgO(001) and Fe/MgO/Fe(001) structures were studied using ferromagnetic resonance and Brillouin light scattering.
A survey of feature selection and feature extraction techniques in machine learning (2014)

Dimensionality reduction as a preprocessing step to machine learning is effective in removing irrelevant and redundant data, increasing learning accuracy, and improving result comprehensibility. However, the recent increase of dimensionality of data poses a severe challenge to many existing feature selection and feature extraction methods with respect to efficiency and effectiveness. In the field of machine learning and pattern recognition, dimensionality reduction is important area, where many approaches have been proposed. In this paper, some widely used feature selection and feature extraction techniques have analyzed with the purpose of how effectively these techniques can be used to achieve high performance of learning algorithms that ultimately improves predictive accuracy of classifier. An endeavor to analyze dimensionality reduction techniques briefly with the purpose to investigate strengths and weaknesses of some widely used dimensionality reduction methods is presented.
What could be possible with mature biofuels technologies? (2009)

Abstract Biofuels scenarios offer significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Multivariate Graphics (2005)

Abstract This extensive tour of multivariate graphics leads into methods that can be applied to biostatistics. Basic design issues and techniques, such as smoothing and density estimation, are considered. Issues of choice of color, depth, and structure are discussed. Multivariate representations basically fall into a few classes: glyph plots, linked plots, nested plots, conditioned plots, geometric section plots, series plots, and composite plots. Each of these classes is described in detail. Once the graphics are created, important considerations of viewing the graphics in terms of dimensionality, cognostics, and projection pursuit arise. Ways of handling these issues by starting from low‐dimensional plots and seeing what happens through cognostics or projection pursuit, and sectioning are pursued. The ongoing challenges of producing graphics from massive datasets is also considered.
Maintenance strategies to improve sootblower availability (1996)

Sootblowers are electromechanical devices used for removal of ash and slag deposits from boiler tube surfaces. By directing steam, air, or water cleaning medium through a nozzle to remove deposits from boiler tubes, boilers are kept on-line for longer periods of time reducing the need for outages to clean the boiler by mechanical means. Fuel must be burned efficiently to minimize stagging and fouling of the heat transfer surfaces. Tuning the boiler to maximize combustion efficiency should not be limited to optimizing fuel conditions, air-fuel ratios, firing rates, excess air, and over-fire air, but should also include the use of sootblowers. The goal is to know when to clean, and if the cleaning cycle has effectively removed the deposit and increased heat transfer. Today, boiler cleaning technology not only focuses on the impact of the sootblowing system on overall boiler performance, but it also focuses on design improvements that impact an individual sootblower`s performance. Proper sootblower maintenance is an integral part of making existing designs and new designs work. Existing computer technologies provide a viable means of documenting and trending sootblower performance data and maintenance history. The personal computer and the availability of spreadsheet and database software make the taskmore » of quantifying sootblower performance data and maintenance history easier to achieve. The difficult task is gathering the proper data to make decisions about sootblowing operations and maintenance. The balance of this paper will discuss typical maintenance practices, and improvements that can be achieved by documenting sootblowing system inspections and maintenance activity using a personal computer database.« less
BLOCKADE OF VERY LATE ANTIGEN-4 INTEGRIN BINDING TO FIBRONECTIN IN ALLOGRAFT RECIPIENTS (1998)

CS1 peptide-facilitated blockage of alpha4beta1-FN interactions prevents the development of chronic rejection and depresses the expression of key T cell- and macrophage-associated cytokines/chemoattractants. Hence, local synthesis of FN is an ongoing feature of, and adhesive FN-alpha4beta1 associations are critical for, the development of chronic transplant rejection.
THE RATE OF LOSS OF WOEMS (STRONGYLOIDES RATTI) IN RATS12 (1937)

Journal Article THE RATE OF LOSS OF WOEMS (STRONGYLOIDES RATTI) IN RATS Get access A. J. SHELDON A. J. SHELDON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 26, Issue 2, September 1937, Pages 352–354, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118353 Published: 01 September 1937 Article history Received: 17 June 1937 Published: 01 September 1937
Sharp Metal-Insulator Transition in a Random Solid (1980)

Zero-temperature metallic conductivities have been measured above and below Mott's minimum value ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{min}$ in bulk crystals of P-doped Si. Conductivities below ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{min}$ increase by over ${10}^{3}$ as the density is raised by less than 1%, and do not rule out a discontinuous transition. However, over a wider density range the data can be fitted with a scaling form with a characteristic length that tends to diverge with the same exponent in the metal and insulator.
Structural Analysis of Asunaprevir Resistance in HCV NS3/4A Protease (2014)

Asunaprevir (ASV), an isoquinoline-based competitive inhibitor targeting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease, is very potent in vivo. However, the potency is significantly compromised by the drug resistance mutations R155K and D168A. In this study three crystal structures of ASV and an analogue were determined to analyze the structural basis of drug resistance susceptibility. These structures revealed that ASV makes extensive contacts with Arg155 outside the substrate envelope. Arg155 in turn is stabilized by Asp168, and thus when either residue is mutated, the enzyme's interaction with ASV's P2* isoquinoline is disrupted. Adding a P1-P3 macrocycle to ASV enhances the inhibitor's resistance barrier, likely due to poising the inhibitor to its bound conformation. Macrocyclic inhibitors with P2* extension moieties avoiding interaction with the protease S2 residues including Arg155 must be chosen for future design of more robust protease inhibitors.
Silver-Catalyzed Oxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide in a Microreaction System (2002)

Ethylene oxide synthesis has been chosen as a benchmark case to evaluate the performance of a microreaction system in comparison to an existing industrial process. This reaction was selected because microreaction technology provides equipment with very good mass- and heat-transfer conditions, which avoids hot spots inside the reactor channels that are known problems for the partial oxidation of ethylene. Furthermore, because the microstructured reactors are inherently safe with respect to explosions, gas compositions within the explosion limits are attainable and can be handled safely. For example, 15% ethylene in pure oxygen, which is in the middle of the explosive regime and far away from typical compositions for industrial processes, could be used. Space time yields of 0.14−0.78 tons h-1 m-3 calculated on the basis of the channel volume, in comparison to the values of 0.13−0.26 tons h-1 m-3 for an industrial reactor calculated on the basis of the reactor volume, have been achieved by using the microreactor.
TrkB Activation by Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Inhibits the G Protein-gated Inward Rectifier Kir3 by Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Channel (2000)

G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir3) are widely expressed throughout the brain, and regulation of their activity modifies neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. In this study, we show that the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), through activation of TrkB receptors, strongly inhibited the basal activity of Kir3. This inhibition was subunit dependent as functional homomeric channels of either Kir3.1 or Kir3.4 were significantly inhibited, whereas homomeric channels composed of Kir3.2 were insensitive. The general tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein, Gö 6976, and K252a but not the serine/threonine kinase inhibitor staurosporine blocked the BDNF-induced inhibition of the channel. BDNF was also found to directly stimulate channel phosphorylation because Kir3.1 immunoprecipitated from BDNF-stimulated cells showed enhanced labeling by anti-phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies. The BDNF effect required specific tyrosine residues in the amino terminus of Kir3.1 and Kir3.4 channels. Mutations of either Tyr-12, Tyr-67, or both in Kir3.1 or mutation of either Tyr-32, Tyr-53, or both of Kir3. 4 channels to phenylalanine significantly blocked the BDNF-induced inhibition. The insensitive Kir3.2 was made sensitive to BDNF by adding a tyrosine (D41Y) and a lysine (P32K) upstream to generate a phosphorylation site motif analogous to that present in Kir3.4. These results suggest that neurotrophin activation of TrkB receptors may physiologically control neuronal excitability by direct tyrosine phosphorylation of the Kir3.1 and Kir3.4 subunits of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels.
A method for testing magnets of simple shape in quantity (1962)

A simple method is described for testing large numbers of block or cylindrically-shaped permanent magnets with flat parallel ends. During the test the magnet, which may be of any size, is sandwiched between a pair of identical soft iron plates. It is shown that an estimate of the unit permeance value of the working point of the magnet can be made from the dimensions of the magnet and the plates. Only the size and shape of the plates need be adjusted to vary this value over a wide range.
Description, Performance, and Wavelengths of Iodine Stabilized Lasers (1973)

A description is given of lasers stabilized to components of the (129)I(2) spectrum in the region of the 633-nm laser lines for (3)He-(20)Ne and (3)He-(22)Ne. Relationships between operational characteristics such as power output, peak size, and peak width are shown, along with their relationships to some of the controllable parameters such as excitation level, iodine absorption, and iodine pressure. We found an iodine pressure broadening of about 13 MHz/Torr with a 2.6-MHz zero-pressure intercept. The frequency shift associated with iodine pressure is roughly 2 x 10(-9) nu/Torr to the red. Power broadening and power shifts are small, about a 10% increase in width and about 2 x 10(-11) nu variation in frequency for a fivefold to sixfold increase in power. These lasers exhibit a frequency stability for 10-sec sampling time of about 2 x 10(-12) nu and a resetability of about 1 x 10(-10) nu. The absolute vacuum wavelength for one iodine component has been measured against the (86)Kr standard-(3)He-(20)Ne:(129)I(2), kappa lambda = 632 991.2670 +/- 0.0009 pm. The wavelengths of several other iodine components have been determined by measuring the frequency difference between them and the (129)I(2), kappa component. Among these are (3)He-(20)Ne:(129)I(2), i lambda = 632 990.0742 +/- 0.0009 pm: and (3)He-(20)Ne:(127)I(2), i lambda = 632 991.3954 +/-0.0009 pm. These results were obtained using the Rowley-Hamon model for asymmetry in the krypton line and assume that the defined value for the standard is axssociated with the center of gravity of the line profile. The indicated uncertainties are statistical. No allowance has been included for imperfect realization of the krypton standard or for uncertainty in the asymmetry model.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteoglycans Produced by Cultured Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells (1984)

The nature of the proteoglycan(s) (PG) found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) layer produced by cultured bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells is analyzed. The PG(s) account for approximately 5 to 6% of the dry weight of the ECM, regardless of the amount of extracellular soluble PG available in the medium. A 4 M guanidinium chloride (GuCl) extract of ECM was separated on a dissociative cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient (1.25 g/cm3 starting density). Results showed one main peak of PG substance(s) comprising 91% of the total labelled substance and uronic acid, banding at a specific buoyant density of 1.29 g/cm3. The molecular weight of this major PG(s) as estimated by gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 X 10(6). Further chemical analysis of the main PG(s) band revealed a protein moiety accounting for 45% of the weight and carbohydrates-glycosaminoglycans (GAG) accounting for the remaining 55%. Analysis of the GAG chains (over the entire gradient) showed a composition, based on the susceptibility of the PG substance(s) to degrading enzymes, of 50% heparan sulfate, 43.5% dermatan sulfate, and 6.5% chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfate chains. BCE cell cultures grown in the presence of beta-D-xyloside produced an ECM lacking more than 90% of the GAG content found in the control ECM. The medium-soluble GAG chains, produced in vast excess in cultures grown in the presence of beta-D-xyloside, are composed mainly of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates.
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent macromolecule methyltransferases: potential targets for the design of chemotherapeutic agents (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTS-Adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent macromolecule methyltransferases: potential targets for the design of chemotherapeutic agentsRonald T. BorchardtCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1980, 23, 4, 347–357Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00178a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00178a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views351Altmetric-Citations134LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Complete Structures of Three Rice Sucrose Synthase Isogenes and Differential Regulation of Their Expressions (1996)

By cloning and sequencing cDNA and genomic DNA and transcription initiation site mapping, the total structures including at least 1 kb of putative regulatory sequences upstream of the transcription initiation sites of three genes encoding rice sucrose synthase isoprotomers were either newly established or amended. The third type of SS gene, RSus3, has not been found in other plants. The structures of the three genes and the gene products were compared and their evolutionary sequence was proposed. Specific probes for the three SS mRNA's were developed and used for analyzing their steady state levels at different organs and under some physiological stress conditions. It appears that RSus2 is a house-keeping gene, RSus3 is highly specific to the grain, and the expression of RSus1 shows a tendency to complement that of RSus3. A possible cause of the presence of the third rice SS gene was discussed. We also reported a novel method to synthesize single-stranded DNA for S1 mapping of a transcription initiation site associated with extended secondary structures.
Protein X of Borna Disease Virus Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Viral Persistence in the Central Nervous Systems of Newborn-Infected Rats (2009)

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic member of the order Mononegavirales with noncytolytic replication and obligatory persistence in cultured cells and animals. Here we show that the accessory protein X of BDV represents the first mitochondrion-localized protein of an RNA virus that inhibits rather than promotes apoptosis induction. Rat C6 astroglioma cells persistently infected with wild-type BDV were significantly more resistant to death receptor-dependent and -independent apoptotic stimuli than uninfected cells or cells infected with a BDV mutant expressing reduced amounts of X. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that X colocalizes with mitochondria and expression of X from plasmid DNA rendered human 293T and mouse L929 cells resistant to apoptosis induction. A recombinant virus encoding a mutant X protein unable to associate with mitochondria (BDV-X(A6A7)) failed to block apoptosis in C6 cells. Furthermore, Lewis rats neonatally infected with BDV-X(A6A7) developed severe neurological symptoms and died around day 30 postinfection, whereas all animals infected with wild-type BDV remained healthy and became persistently infected. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) staining revealed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the brain of BDV-X(A6A7)-infected animals, whereas the numbers of CD3(+) T lymphocytes were comparable to those detected in animals infected with wild-type BDV. Our data thus indicate that inhibition of apoptosis by X promotes noncytolytic viral persistence and is required for the survival of cells in the central nervous system of BDV-infected animals.
Lead Bioavailability - Dissolution Kinetics under Simulated Gastric Conditions (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLead Bioavailability - Dissolution Kinetics under Simulated Gastric ConditionsMichael V Ruby, Andy Davis, J. Houston Kempton, John W. Drexler, and Paul D BergstromCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 6, 1242–1248Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online25 July 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es50002a614https://doi.org/10.1021/es50002a614research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views660Altmetric-Citations135LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Precise calibration of linear camera equipped with cylindrical lenses using a radial basis function-based mapping technique (2015)

The linear camera equipped with cylindrical lenses has prominent advantages in high-precision coordinate measurement and dynamic position-tracking. However, the serious distortion of the cylindrical lenses limits the application of this camera. To overcome this obstacle, a precise two-step calibration method is developed. In the first step, a radial basis function-based (RBF-based) mapping technique is employed to recover the projection mapping of the imaging system by interpolating the correspondence between incident rays and image points. For an object point in 3D space, the plane passing through the object point in camera coordinate frame can be calculated accurately by this technique. The second step is the calibration of extrinsic parameters, which realizes the coordinate transformation from the camera coordinate frame to world coordinate frame. The proposed method has three aspects of advantage. Firstly, this method (black box calibration) is still effective even if the distortion is high and asymmetric. Secondly, the coupling between extrinsic parameters and other parameters, which is normally occurred and may lead to the failure of calibration, is avoided because this method simplifies the pinhole model and only extrinsic parameters are concerned in the simplified model. Thirdly, the nonlinear optimization, which is widely used to refine camera parameters, is better conditioned since fewer parameters are needed and more accurate initial iteration value is estimated. Both simulative and real experiments have been carried out and good results have been obtained.