gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A polylogarithmic approximation algorithm for the group Steiner tree problem (1998)

Given a weighted graph with some subsets of vertices called groups, the group Steiner tree problem is to find a minimum-weight subgraph which contains at least one vertex from each group. We give a randomized algorithm with a polylogarithmic approximation guarantee for the group Steiner tree problem. The previous best approximation guarantee was O(i 2 k 1/i ) in time O(n i k 2i ) (Charikar, Chekuri, Goel, and Guha). Our algorithm also improves existing approximation results for network design problems with location-based constraints and for the symmetric generalized traveling salesman problem.
Algorithms for automatic modulation recognition of communication signals (1998)

This paper introduces two algorithms for analog and digital modulations recognition. The first algorithm utilizes the decision-theoretic approach in which a set of decision criteria for identifying different types of modulations is developed. In the second algorithm the artificial neural network (ANN) is used as a new approach for the modulation recognition process. Computer simulations of different types of band-limited analog and digitally modulated signals corrupted by band-limited Gaussian noise sequences have been carried out to measure the performance of the developed algorithms. In the decision-theoretic algorithm it is found that the overall success rate is over 94% at the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 15 dB, while in the ANN algorithm the overall success rate is over 96% at the SNR of 15 dB.
Using Machine Learning To Develop A Fully Automated Soybean Nodule Acquisition Pipeline (SNAP) (2020)

Abstract Nodules form on plant roots through the symbiotic relationship between soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) roots and bacteria ( Bradyrhizobium japonicum ), and are an important structure where atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) is fixed into bio-available ammonia (NH 3 ) for plant growth and developmental. Nodule quantification on soybean roots is a laborious and tedious task; therefore, assessment is done on a less informative qualitative scale. We report the Soybean Nodule Acquisition Pipeline (SNAP) for nodule quantification that combines RetinaNet and UNet deep learning architectures for object (i.e., nodule) detection and segmentation. SNAP was built using data from 691 unique roots from diverse soybean genotypes, vegetative growth stages, and field locations; and has a prediction accuracy of 99%. SNAP reduces the human labor and inconsistencies of counting nodules, while acquiring quantifiable traits related to nodule growth, location and distribution on roots. The ability of SNAP to phenotype nodules on soybean roots at a higher throughput enables researchers to assess the genetic and environmental factors, and their interactions on nodulation from an early development stage. The application of SNAP in research and breeding pipelines may lead to more nitrogen use efficient soybean and other legume species cultivars, as well as enhanced insight into the plant- Bradyrhizobium relationship.
PLANT SUCCESSION ON SICILIAN TERRACES (2007)

189 phytosociological relev&eacute;s have been made in five areas of Sicily, three on volcanic substrates and two on limestones, to study plant community succession trends within abandoned terraced vineyards and cereal fields. Disturbance status and abandonment age was recorded for each sample plot. DCA of these relev&eacute;s suggests that four are the most important factors driving succession, i.e. geological substrate, bioclimate, age of abandonment and disturbance. In most cases - if there are some dispersal centres near the old fields - undisturbed and less disturbed terraces evolve quite rapidly towards the local potential &ldquo;climax&rdquo; community. Different trends have been recorded on the areas which underwent and still undergo frequent and severe disturbance: succession is biased or even blocked in a steady state, so that grassland, garrigue, mantle or herb-dominated communities prevail. The species composition of the plant communities subject to disturbance seems to be strongly connected with the time gap between abandonment and first disturbance occurrence. The &ldquo;mixed&rdquo; ecological-structural-phytosociological approach here adopted to describe plant communities was quite effective to interpret abandoned terraces communities and their dynamism.
An exploration into supporting artwork orientation in the user interface (1999)

Rotating a piece of paper while drawing is an integral and almost subconscious part of drawing with pencil and paper. In a similar manner, the advent of lightweight pen-based computers allow digital artwork to be rotated while drawing by rotating the entire computer. Given this type of manipulation we explore the implications for the user interface to support artwork orientation. First we describe an exploratory study to further motivate our work and characterize how artwork is manipulated while drawing. After presenting some possible UI approaches to support artwork orientation, we define a new solution called a rotating user interface (RUIs). We then discuss design issues and requirements for RUIs based on our exploratory study.
Prospective study of the safety and financial benefit of ketoconazole as adjunctive therapy to cyclosporine after heart transplantation. (1991)

In a prospective study of the relative safety and potential benefit of concomitant ketoconazole and cyclosporine after heart transplantation, 15 transplant recipients were followed up for up to 1 year (mean, 10.7 months) after ketoconazole was added to their immunosuppressive regimen of cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine, and these patients were compared with a matched cohort over the same time. There was an 88% reduction in the mean (+/- SD) dose of cyclosporine, from 394 (115) mg/day to 47 (21) mg/day (p less than 0.0005) in the ketoconazole group, compared with an insignificant change in the control group. The projected annual cost of cyclosporine was reduced by 88%, with a 72% reduction in the projected cost of immunosuppressive drugs and prophylactic antifungal therapy, from a mean of $6800 to $1862 per year per transplant recipient in the ketoconazole-treated group. Other beneficial effects found over the study period included a significant reduction in the mean and diastolic systemic arterial pressure and a significant reduction in serum cholesterol. The mean total serum cholesterol fell from 265 (44) to 204 (38) mg/dl in the ketoconazole group but did not change significantly in the control group (p less than 0.005). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol also fell from a mean of 167 (32) mg/dl to 112 (28) mg/dl (p less than 0.005). Renal function was not significantly affected by ketoconazole when compared with the control group. Ketoconazole and other drugs of potential use in organ transplant recipients should be evaluated for financial as well as for other potential clinical benefits in the long-term management of these patients.
Many nurses are apathetic (2002)

At the risk of playing devil’s advocate, the answer seems obvious; remarkably few people recognise nursing as an academic discipline. Some will an academic discipline. Some will express amazement that it merits any funding.
Fabrication of Large-Area Ferromagnetic Arrays Using Etched Nanosphere Lithography (2004)

Nanosphere lithography (NSL) is a simple, cost-effective, and powerful technique capable of producing large-area arrays of ferromagnetic nanostructures with dimensions below 100 nm. These properties make NSL an attractive process for the fabrication of arrays of magnetic elements with applications in magnetic data storage. The main disadvantage with conventional NSL is that the monolayer of spheres always contains imperfections that are transferred to the resulting nanostructures. This can significantly affect the structural and magnetic properties of the fabricated array. In this paper we present a novel adaptation of NSL that reduces the effect of such defects on the resulting nanostructures. The technique also offers excellent control over the diameter, aspect ratio, and pitch of the fabricated elements. These properties are demonstrated through the fabrication of arrays of Ni elements of 210 nm diameter and arrays of Co elements with diameters between 200 and 320 nm.
POC testing: Is it right for everyone? (2001)

Point-of-care testing takes select specimen analysis out of the laboratory and to the patient's bedside. To ensure its success, nurse managers must consider the method's appropriateness, staff support, and follow-up.
Telepathology in France. Justifications and developments. (1995)

Since 1985, the French National Association ADICAP (Association for the promotion of computer use in Cytology and Anatomic Pathology) has been active in the creation a microscope workstation for developing a bank of digitized images to be used for diagnostic and educational purposes. In 1989 one of the authors (P. Dusserre) has created a first telepathology network using this workstation. Since then, 32 workstations have been set up in private and public Departments of Pathology. Two of them are located overseas, in the Martinique and Guadeloupe islands. In this paper, the authors describe this system, called Transpath, which is a multi-purpose and modulable workstation. 3-years experience and several accuracy tests have shown that the quality of transmitted images ensure a reliable diagnosis in more than 95% of cases. It has been decided to extend this service to other French overseas territories and to develop a group of experts. The images bank will also be developed and recorded on CD-ROM. The authors intend to participate in a future European project (PILOT project, i.e. Pathology International and Local Operational Telematics), with the purpose of establishing real intercommunication between European and other networks on a worldwide basis.
Selective Oxidation of Key Functional Groups in Cyanotoxins during Drinking Water Ozonation (2007)

Chemical kinetics were determined for the reactions of ozone and hydroxyl radicals with the three cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and anatoxin-a (ANTX). The second-order rate constants (k(O3)) at pH 8 were 4.1 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for MC-LR, approximately 3.4 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for CYN, and approximately 6.4 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) for ANTX. The reaction of ozone with MC-LR exhibits a k(O3) similar to that of the conjugated diene in sorbic acid (9.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) at pH 8. The pH dependence and value of k(O3) for CYN at pH > 8 (approximately 2.5 +/- 0.1 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) are similar to deprotonated amines of 6-methyluracil. The k(O3) of ANTX at pH > 9 (approximately 8.7 +/- 2.2 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) agrees with that of neutral diethylamine, and the value at pH < 8 (2.8 +/- 0.2 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) corresponds to an olefin. Second-order rate constants for reaction with OH radicals (*OH), k(OH) for cyanotoxins were measured at pH 7 to be 1.1 +/- 0.01 x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) for MC-LR, 5.5 +/- 0.01 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) for CYN, and 3.0 +/- 0.02 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) for ANTX. Natural waters from Switzerland and Finland were examined for the influence of variations of dissolved organic matter, SUVA254, and alkalinity on cyanotoxin oxidation. For a Swiss water (1.6 mg/L DOC), 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/L ozone doses were required for 95% oxidation of MC-LR, CYN, and ANTX, respectively. For the Finnish water (13.1 mg/L DOC), >2 mg/L ozone dose was required for each toxin. The contribution of hydroxyl radicals to toxin oxidation during ozonation of natural water was greatest for ANTX > CYN > MC-LR. Overall, the order of reactivity of cyanotoxins during ozonation of natural waters corresponds to the relative magnitudes of the second-order rate constants for their reaction with ozone and *OH. Ozone primarily attacks the structural moieties responsible for the toxic effects of MC-LR, CYN, and ANTX, suggesting that ozone selectively detoxifies these cyanotoxins.
Iron-Responsive Regulation of Biofilm Formation in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Involves Fur-Dependent and Fur-Independent Mechanisms (2005)

We have shown that Staphylococcus aureus biofilm production is induced in iron-restricted conditions and is repressed by iron via a Fur-independent mechanism, while Fur has both positive and negative regulatory roles in low iron. Furthermore, there is no significant increase in polymeric N-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide expression to account for induction of biofilms in low iron.
Metabolic Aspects of a Protein-Sparing Modified Fast in the Dietary Management of Prader-Willi Obesity (1977)

Four adolescents or young adults with the Prader-Willi syndrome (hypotonia, mental retardation, hypogonadism and obesity) received a protein-sparing modified fast consisting of 1.5 g of meat protein per kilogram of ideal body weight and meeting vitamin, mineral and fluid requirements. Evaluation of nitrogen and energy metabolism revealed the development of starvation ketosis and a positive nitrogen balance. Serial whole-body potassium measurements in two patients confirmed preservation of lean tissue despite continuing loss of weight. Clinical diabetes mellitus in two subjects was rapidly ameliorated by the regimen. Short-term weight loss greater than 18 kg occurred in three of the four subjects, and reduced weight persisted during observation periods of 26 to 44 months. This degree of outpatient diet adherence by mentally deficient subjects, who do not normally experience satiety, suggests that hunger is eliminated or at least reduced by modified, protein-sparing fasting.
α-2,3-Sialyltransferase Enhances<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>Survival during Experimental Murine Genital Tract Infection (2006)

The addition of host-derived sialic acid to Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide is hypothesized to be an important mechanism by which gonococci evade host innate defenses. This hypothesis is based primarily on in vitro assays of complement-mediated and phagocytic killing. Here we report that a nonpolar alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (lst) mutant of N. gonorrhoeae was significantly attenuated in its capacity to colonize the lower genital tract of 17-beta estradiol-treated female BALB/c mice during competitive infection with the wild-type strain. Genetic complementation of the lst mutation restored recovery of the mutant to wild-type levels. Studies with B10.D2-HC(o)H2(d)H(2)-T18c/OSN (C5-deficient) mice showed that attenuation of the lst mutant was not due to increased sensitivity to complement-mediated bacteriolysis, a result that is consistent with recently reported host restrictions in the complement cascade. However, Lst-deficient gonococci were killed more rapidly than sialylated wild-type gonococci following intraperitoneal injection into normal mice, which is consistent with sialylation conferring protection against killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). As reported for human PMNs, sialylated gonococci were more resistant to killing by murine PMNs, and sialylation led to reduced association with and induction of a weaker respiratory burst in PMNs from estradiol-treated mice. In summary, these studies suggest sialylation confers a survival advantage to N. gonorrhoeae in mice by increasing resistance to PMN killing. This report is the first direct demonstration that alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase contributes to N. gonorrhoeae pathogenesis in an in vivo model. This study also validates the use of experimental murine infection to study certain aspects of gonococcal pathogenesis.
<title>Bounded-Error Coding Of Cosine Transformed Images</title> (1979)

Cosine transform coding captures the major features of an image at bit rates as low as 0.5 bits per pixel (BPP). However, because the coding is done in transform space, spatial edge information is lost and the images appear soft even at 3BPP. Spatial techniques such as DPCM with entropy encoding preserve edges but fail, ungracefully, at about 2BPP. In this paper we combine the two. The reconstruction from transform coding is compared with the original and the spatial error signal is quantized and encoded. The results are compared with conventional DPCM and cosine transform encoding.
Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Different Brown and Red Spanish Edible Seaweeds (2010)

This article reports a study of the nutritional composition, total dietary fiber (TDF), mineral contents, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, polyphenolic concentration and antioxidant activity of three Spanish seaweeds: two brown seaweeds (Himanthalia elongata and Undaria pinnatifida) and one red (Porphyra umbilicalis). TDF and ash were the most abundant components in the brown seaweeds, while TDF and protein were the main components in the red one. In all seaweeds, the lipid contents were very low but the polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were high. Although the red seaweed contained significantly (p < 0.05) more protein content than the brown ones, all three contained all the essential amino acids at levels comparable to FAO/WHO requirements. The brown seaweeds contained significantly more minerals than the red one; they are a rich source of K, Na, Ca and Mg and present a beneficial Na/K ratio. Himanthalia elongata displayed remarkably high polyphenolic content, endowing it with appreciable antioxidant activity. These seaweeds offer considerable potential as functional food ingredients due to components like dietary fiber, minerals and trace elements, protein and lipids, which produce many different kinds of biological activities, and also to their high antioxidant capacity.
Evolution of the Insects (2005)

"This book chronicles, for the first time, the complete evolutionary history of insects: their living diversity, relationships, and 400 million years of fossils. Whereas other volumes have focused on either living species or fossils, this is the first comprehensive synthesis of all aspects of insect evolution. Current estimates of phylogeny are used to interpret the 400-million-year fossil record of insects, their extinctions, and radiations." "Evolution of the Insects is beautifully illustrated with more than 900 photo- and electron micrographs, drawings, diagrams, and field photographs, many in full color and virtually all original. The book will appeal to anyone engaged with insect diversity: professional entomologists and students, insect and fossil collectors, and naturalists."--BOOK JACKET.
Regulation of the Enzymatic Catalysis of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase by dsDNA, Polyamines, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Histones H<sub>1</sub> and H<sub>3</sub>, and ATP (2003)

The enzymatic mechanism of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) has been analyzed in two in vitro systems: (a) in solution and (b) when the acceptor histones were attached to a solid surface. In system (a), it was established that the coenzymatic function of dsDNAs was sequence-independent. However, it is apparent from the calculated specificity constants that the AT homopolymer is by far the most effective coenzyme and randomly damaged DNA is the poorest. Rates of auto(poly-ADP-ribosylation) with dsDNAs as coenzymes were nearly linear for 20 min, in contrast to rates with dcDNA, which showed product [(ADPR)n] inhibition. An allosteric activation of auto(poly-ADP-ribosylation) by physiologic cellular components, Mg2+, Ca2+, and polyamines, was demonstrated, with spermine as the most powerful activator. On a molar basis, histones H(1) and H(3) were the most effective PARP-1 activators, and their action was abolished by acetylation of lysine end groups. It was shown in system (b) that oligo(ADP-ribosyl) transfer to histone H(1) is 1% of that of auto(poly-ADP-ribosylation) of PARP-1, and this trans(ADP-ribosylation) is selectively regulated by putrescine (activator). Physiologic cellular concentrations of ATP inhibit PARP-1 auto(poly-ADP-ribosylation) but less so the transfer of oligo(ADP-ribose) to histones, indicating that PARP-1 auto(ADP-ribosylation) activity is dormant in bioenergetically intact cells, allowing only trans(ADP-ribosylation) to take place. The inhibitory mechanism of ATP on PARP-1 consists of a noncompetitive interaction with the NAD site and competition with the coenzymic DNA binding site. A novel regulation of PARP-1 activity and its chromatin-related functions by cellular bioenergetics is proposed that occurs in functional cells not exposed to catastrophic DNA damage.
Involvement of the RNA polymerase α subunit <i>C</i>‐terminal region in co‐operative interaction and transcriptional activation with OxyR protein (1993)

The role of the alpha subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in transcription activation by the OxyR protein was investigated using in-vitro-reconstituted RNA polymerase containing alpha subunits carrying C-terminal truncations or an amino acid substitution. Mutant RNA polymerases failed to respond to transcription activation of the E. coli OxyR-dependent promoters. DNase I footprinting analysis indicates that the OxyR protein exerts a co-operative effect on the binding of wild-type RNA polymerase, but not the mutant RNA polymerases, to the katG promoter. Together, these results suggest that direct protein-protein contact between the OxyR protein and the C-terminal contact site I region of the RNA polymerase alpha subunit plays an essential role in transcription activation at the OxyR-dependent promoters.
HOP DRYING (1943)

Signs of ripeness in hops are noted and reference is made to changes taking place in the cones during ripening. The process of Hop Drying is described; results of experiments made at the Institute of Brewing Experimental Kilns, Beltring, Paddock Wood, are embodied in the account:
Filmed Surfaces for Reflecting Optics* (1955)

This paper gives a survey of films and film combinations used for reflecting optics. The preparation and properties of unprotected mirror coatings, protective layers for front surface mirrors, reflection filters, and replica mirrors are discussed.
TCP transcription factors: architectures of plant form (2013)

After its initial definition in 1999, the TCP family of transcription factors has become the focus of a multiplicity of studies related with plant development at the cellular, organ, and tissue levels. Evidence has accumulated indicating that TCP transcription factors are the main regulators of plant form and architecture and constitute a tool through which evolution shapes plant diversity. The TCP transcription factors act in a multiplicity of pathways related with cell proliferation and hormone responses. In recent years, the molecular pathways of TCP protein action and biochemical studies on their mode of interaction with DNA have begun to shed light on their mechanism of action. However, the available information is fragmented and a unifying view of TCP protein action is lacking, as well as detailed structural studies of the TCP-DNA complex. Also important, the possible role of TCP proteins as integrators of plant developmental responses to the environment has deserved little attention. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the structure and functions of TCP transcription factors and analyze future perspectives for the study of the role of these proteins and their use to modify plant development.
Vector permeability (1947)

The principal magnetic properties of transformer core materials are generally expressed in terms of permeability and power loss per kilogramme. Another method, described in this paper, is to assign a complex value to the permeability (Sections 2 to 4). For many purposes this method possesses advantages; for example, very simple relations can be found (Sections 5 to 7) connecting the electrical characteristics of coils with the components of the vector permeability of their cores. Data for samples of nickel-iron and silicon-steel are given (Section 8) and, by way of an example of the use of the system, a simple method of securing the optimum design for a low-loss reactor is worked out (Section 9).