gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of quantitative PCR-based saliva rinse screening of HPV for head and neck cancer (2005)

Human papilloma virus (HPV) 16 is likely to be an etiologic factor in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSC). We investigated the ability of a quantitative PCR-based assay to detect HPV 16 in salivary rinses as a screening method for HNSC. Real time quantitative PCR was applied to detect HPV16 E6 and E7 DNA level in 92 primary tumors and salivary rinses from patients with HNSC and 604 control subjects without HNSC. A total of 45.6% (42/92) of primary HNSC and 32.6% (30/92) of saliva rinse samples from HNSC patients had any detectable HPV 16 DNA, 30.4% (28/92) of tumors had HPV 16 levels >0.1 copies/cell. HPV16 was detected in 50% (confidence interval [CI] = 34.2-65.8%) (21/42) of the saliva rinse samples from HNSC patients with detectable HPV16 level in their tissue, 18% (CI = 8.4-30.9%) (9/50) of saliva rinse samples from patients with HPV 16 negative primary HNSC, in 2.8% (CI = 1.7-4.5%) (17/604) of the normal controls (p < 0.001). Using a cutoff of HPV 16 >0.001 copies/cell in saliva rinse yielded a sensitivity of 30.4% and a specificity of 98.3%. Nonsmokers had significant higher HPV 16 level than smokers in the cohort of cancer patients. HPV 16 DNA in saliva rinses can reflect HPV 16 status of primary HNSC. Quantitative analysis of HPV 16 DNA in salivary rinses allows for detection of HPV-related HNSC, however, specific limitations exist that prevent the application of this as a screening technique for a broad population.
Wireless propagation measurements in indoor multipath environments at 1.7 GHz and 60 GHz for small cell systems (2002)

Given the current interest being shown in the utilization of the frequency band around 1.7/1.8 GHz and 60 GHz, work has been undertaken to determine channel characteristics in these two ranges. The authors describe wideband measurements which have been conducted in a variety of indoor locations. RMS (root mean square) delay spreads were calculated and used to compare levels of multipath activity at the two frequencies. The levels of multipath measured at the two frequencies can be related to the size of the rooms involved and the measurement techniques. Any differences due to atmospheric absorption at 60 GHz were found to be negligible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis on Behavior of Tin on Aluminum Alloy Powder Surface during Heating. (1999)

Behavior of Tin and Magnesium on the surface of aluminum alloy powder during heating has been examined by in-situ analysis using XPS. Tin distributed in the aluminum alloy powder acts as a liquid state over 505K and is concentrated below the surface Al2O2 film which covers the powder. This phenomenon has no relation with Magnesium content in the powder. However, it is necessary to include Magnesium into the powder when Tin in the liquid state appears on the powder surface during heating. This is because Magnesium acts to deoxidize and destroy Al2O3 films. Therefore, the temperature of the appearance of Tin coincides with that of the appearance of the metallic aluminum after deoxidization of surface Al2O3 films, and it corresponds to the temperature range from 670K to 700K. The area of the exposed metallic aluminum at the particle surface decreases with increase in Tin content. This is because the liquid Tin is squeezed out from the reduced and cracked Al2O3 film and covers the particle surface.
Enhanced nucleation, smoothness and conformality of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) ultrathin films via tungsten interlayers (2006)

Abstract Extremely smooth (6 nm RMS roughness over 4 μm 2 ), thin (100 nm), and continuous ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films were synthesized by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition using a 10 nm tungsten (W) interlayer between the silicon substrate and the diamond film. These UNCD films possess a high content of sp 3 -bonded carbon. The W interlayer significantly increased the initial diamond nucleation density, thereby lowering the surface roughness, eliminating interfacial voids, and allowing thinner UNCD films to be grown. This structural optimization enhances the films’ properties and enables its integration with a wide variety of substrate materials.
Relationship among drug delivery behavior, degradation behavior and morphology of copolylactones derived from glycolide, <scp>l</scp>‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone (2002)

Abstract A series of copolylactones was synthesized by ring‐opening copolymerization of glycolide, L ‐lactide and ϵ‐caprolactone, using stannous octoate as catalyst. The in vitro degradation behaviors of them were studied and data demonstrated different degradation rates which mainly depended on the compositions. Investigation of the 5‐fluorouracil (5‐Fu) release from these copolylactones revealed that the composition, degradation rate and the morphology of the polymeric matrix played an important role on the drug release kinetics. A sustained 5‐Fu release without initial time lag was obtained from random poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide‐co‐caprolactone) (r‐PGLC) drug carrier, and it differed from the cases of polylactide (PLA) or random poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), which usually showed an initial time lag or biphasic drug release behavior. It was due to the low glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the r‐PGLC and the drug would diffuse faster in rubbery state under the experimental temperature. Furthermore, a significant change in the drug release behavior of r‐PGLC was observed when the temperatures were changed around the T g of the drug carrier, which implied that the drug release behavior could be regulated by adjusting the morphology of the drug carrier. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
William G. Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza receive the 2012 ASCI/Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award (2012)

Cells are able to sense the level of oxygen in their environment and can adapt by rapidly altering expression of various genes. This capacity has both positive and negative implications; following ischemic injury, it can help promote blood vessel growth and recovery, but in cancer, new vessel growth helps sustain developing and metastasizing tumors. In the 1990s, William Kaelin Jr. and Gregg Semenza (Figure ​(Figure1)1) revolutionized the understanding of cellular oxygen sensing by identifying many of the molecular players involved. Their continuing work in the field has led to the development of successful therapeutic strategies. In April, their contributions will be celebrated as they receive the 2012 ASCI/Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award. The JCI recently spoke to Kaelin and Semenza about their path to this prize.
New serum tests for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (2001)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has had a profound impact on the early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of prostate cancer, the most common malignancy in men. However, it is not only a marker for prostate cancer but is also often expressed in benign conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis and other inflammatory disorders. For early detection of prostate cancer, limitations of the use of PSA become obvious; its widespread use has led to extensive expensive and often unnecessary diagnostic procedures associated with significant morbidity. New serum tests derived from total PSA may play a key role in enhancing the accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis. The ratio of free to total PSA improves specificity while maintaining a high sensitivity for prostate cancer detection for men with a total PSA of 2.5-10 ng/ml who also have a normal digital rectal examination. Human glandular kallikrein 2 also has the potential to be a valuable tool in combination with both total and free PSA for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, the optimal clinical use of human glandular kallikrein 2 still remains to be clarified. Complex PSA seems to be a reliable tool and equivalent alternative to total PSA to improve specificity at high sensitivity levels in men with suspected prostate cancer, mainly for PSA levels below 4 ng/ml. Several newly discovered isoforms of free PSA (bPSA, [-2]pPSA and inactive intact PSA) may also impact the early detection of prostate cancer, with encouraging preliminary results that warrant further clinical investigation. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.
107. The preparation and diazotisation of p-aminomonomethylaniline (1944)

H. H. Hodgson and E. Marsden, J. Chem. Soc., 1944, 398 DOI: 10.1039/JR9440000398
Synthesis and biological activity of optimized belactosin C congeners (2011)

Successful biochemical studies of the natural products belactosin A and C as well as their more stable acylated derivatives have proved them to be powerful proteasome inhibitors and thereby potential candidates as pharmacologically relevant active compounds. In order to understand their structure-biological activity relations in detail and to find ways of improving their biological activity, four new modified belactosin congeners have been synthesized and tested. One of them (compound 6) turned out to be a more potent inhibitor against HeLa cells than the known proteasome inhibitor MG132.
Silicon Heat Pipe Array (2013)

Improved methods of heat dissipation are required for modern, high-power density electronic systems. As increased functionality is progressively compacted into decreasing volumes, this need will be exacerbated. High-performance chip power is predicted to increase monotonically and rapidly with time. Systems utilizing these chips are currently reliant upon decades of old cooling technology. Heat pipes offer a solution to this problem. Heat pipes are passive, self-contained, two-phase heat dissipation devices. Heat conducted into the device through a wick structure converts the working fluid into a vapor, which then releases the heat via condensation after being transported away from the heat source. Heat pipes have high thermal conductivities, are inexpensive, and have been utilized in previous space missions. However, the cylindrical geometry of commercial heat pipes is a poor fit to the planar geometries of microelectronic assemblies, the copper that commercial heat pipes are typically constructed of is a poor CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) match to the semiconductor die utilized in these assemblies, and the functionality and reliability of heat pipes in general is strongly dependent on the orientation of the assembly with respect to the gravity vector. What is needed is a planar, semiconductor-based heat pipe array that can be used for cooling of generic MCM (multichip module) assemblies that can also function in all orientations. Such a structure would not only have applications in the cooling of space electronics, but would have commercial applications as well (e.g. cooling of microprocessors and high-power laser diodes). This technology is an improvement over existing heat pipe designs due to the finer porosity of the wick, which enhances capillary pumping pressure, resulting in greater effective thermal conductivity and performance in any orientation with respect to the gravity vector. In addition, it is constructed of silicon, and thus is better suited for the cooling of semiconductor devices.
Skin Temperature Extraction Using Facial Landmark Detection and Thermal Imaging for Comfort Assessment (2019)

Despite the large share of energy consumption, current HVAC systems in buildings fail to meet their primary purpose of maintaining comfortable indoor conditions. Current "one size fits all" approach to control the thermal conditions in an environment lead to a high degree of occupant dissatisfaction. Advancements in Internet of Things and Machine Learning have opened the possibility of deploying different sensors at a wide scale to monitor environmental and physiological information and using collected sensor data to model individual comfort requirements. Thermal imaging has recently gained interest as one of the possible ways to monitor physiological information (skin temperature) for thermal comfort assessment. Previous studies have shown that skin temperatures from different regions of the face, such as forehead, nose, cheeks and ears can provide useful information for predicting thermal sensation at an individual level. However, existing approaches to process thermal images either rely on manual temperature extraction or use methods that are less reliable in accurately identifying different facial regions. One of the major challenges of using thermal imaging for monitoring skin temperatures in actual buildings is that occupants may move relative to the camera. It is not practical to expect building occupants to be oriented facing the cameras at all times, therefore, it is important to be able to extract as much information as possible from instances where it is feasible to extract relevant information. In this paper, we describe an approach to extract skin temperature by locating specific regions of the face in thermal images. The approach involves combining data from RGB images with thermal images and leveraging facial landmark detection in RGB images. We also evaluate our approach with existing approach of face detection used in previous studies. Our study demonstrates that facial landmark detection provides a more accurate calculation of different locations in the face compared to previous studies. We show an improvement in overall quantity and quality of temperature measurements extracted from thermal images compared to previous studies. More accurate temperature measurements from thermal images can improve the accuracy of thermal imaging for modeling and predicting thermal comfort.
Performance of DS/GMSK/PSK modem using four-phase correlator (2002)

Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) system has been extensively studied for land mobile communications because of the notable and attractive features such as its robustness and applicability to code division multiple access (CDMA). We propose a DS/SS modulation method which employs Gaussian-filtered minimum-shift-keying (GMSK) and permits simple code acquisition. The modulated signal can be demodulated by a four-phase correlator which can obtain the correlation value of the received signal even if a phase difference between the transmitter and the receiver exists. The bit error performance obtained by the hardware experiments ensures the validity of this modulation method.
A Methodology for Early Exploration of TSV Placement Topologies in 3D Stacked ICs (2012)

As planar scaling to achieve higher chip integration seems to be on the brink of saturation, three-dimensional (3D) integration has emerged as a promising technology. It is critical to have efficient early stage estimation methodologies to build high performance digital systems as well as to shorten design time. In this paper, a novel methodology is proposed which takes into account key physical effects and explores Through-Silicon-Via (TSV) placement topologies for a 2-tier 3D stack. It estimates the interconnect electrical performance and TSV area penalty across two TSV performance corners. The methodology offers flexibility in selection of the CMOS technology node and the 3D stacking level. A SystemC implementation provides for parameterizability and modeling with ease and also enables integration into a high-level system simulation framework. Using our methodology, TSV placement topologies were explored for a 7-port 3D router. Our results present optimal topologies for the router for typical 45 nm and 32 nm technology nodes. They also point out unreliable topologies and give important feedback for 3D system design.
Two-Factor Authentication Vulnerabilities (2018)

Corporative giants of the internet, such as Google, Facebook, Various Banks have being using the two-factor authentication technique to ensure security to its users. Although, this companies don’t make this kind operations by themselves, they hire third part companies to do so, integrating the API products for onwards delivery. Because of this, technique have serious breaches that can be explored by a ill-intentioned company. The third part companies stays between the client and the website being in a privileged place to attack any unsuspecting victim.
GaInAs-GaInNAs-GaInAs intermediate layer structure for long wavelength lasers (2002)

Proposes two new structures, the GaInAs-GaInNAs intermediate layer (IML) and the GaInN/sub x/As graded wells, which show better optical properties than the commonly used GaInNAs-GaAs rectangular quantum-wells. A 1240-nm emitting IML laser has been achieved with a low-threshold current density (200 A/cm/sup 2//well) and a relatively high characteristic temperature (T/sub o/=100 K). The IML structure is very promising for long wavelength GaAs-based laser applications.
Measuring the risk-based value of IT security solutions (2004)

Information security problems cost millions of dollars for US companies and billions for the overall US economy. Nowadays, the question is not whether organizations need more security, but how much to spend for added security. And yet investing in IT security has always been a hard sell for IT managers. Scores of security technologies are on the market and, if anything is certain, it is that none of them can guarantee security. Each choice involves risk. The problem is that security managers lack structured cost-benefit methods to evaluate IT security solutions in light of prevailing uncertainties. A framework can help evaluate the costs and benefits of IT security solutions using a company's risk profile. Using an unconventional concept, this framework bases benefit on avoided risk rather than increased productivity. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) uses this framework to help demonstrate to management and auditors that it is significantly less expensive to accept some damage from cyberattacks than to attempt to prevent all possible damages. This pragmatic approach continues to enable LBNL's cybersecurity staff to optimize security countermeasure investments and reduce spending without sacrificing protection. The framework described here uses a risk management approach that integrates risk profile with actual damages and implementation costs to determine the costs and benefits of information security solutions. This approach requires reasonably voluminous data and is thus well suited for organizations with extensive incident data or when the consequences of incidents are high enough to warrant extensive data gathering.
A Framework for Feature Selection in Clustering (2010)

We consider the problem of clustering observations using a potentially large set of features. One might expect that the true underlying clusters present in the data differ only with respect to a small fraction of the features, and will be missed if one clusters the observations using the full set of features. We propose a novel framework for sparse clustering, in which one clusters the observations using an adaptively chosen subset of the features. The method uses a lasso-type penalty to select the features. We use this framework to develop simple methods for sparse K-means and sparse hierarchical clustering. A single criterion governs both the selection of the features and the resulting clusters. These approaches are demonstrated on simulated data and on genomic data sets.
Members of the Insulin Receptor Family Contain Three Fibronectin Type III Domains (1999)

The insulin receptor is a large transmembrane dimer, comprised of several domains. Detailed 3D structural information is available for the L1-cys-rich-L2 domains in the extracellular region (ectodomain) and for the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain in the cytoplasmic portion of the receptor. In addition, previous sequence analyses have identified two fibronectin type III domains in the C-terminal half of each ectodomain monomer. In this report, evidence is provided to show that a third fibronectin type III module exists between the L2 domain and the two previously described fibronectin type III domains.
Metabolic evolution of type 2 diabetes: a 10‐year follow‐up from the time of diagnosis (1994)

Type 2 diabetes was characterized by progressive impairment of insulin response to glucose and this decline was associated with poor metabolic control of diabetes.
YBX1/YB-1 induces partial EMT and tumourigenicity through secretion of angiogenic factors into the extracellular microenvironment (2015)

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes a morphogenetic program which confers mesenchymal cell properties, such as reduced cell-cell contact and increased cell migration and invasion, to epithelial cells. Here we investigate the role of the pleiotropic transcription/splicing factor and RNA-binding protein nuclease-sensitive element-binding protein 1 (YBX1/YB-1) in increasing the oncogenic potential of epithelial MDCK cells. Characterization of MDCK cells expressing YBX1 (MDCKYBX1 cells) revealed a partial EMT phenotype, including cytosolic relocalization of E-cadherin, increased cell scattering, and anchorage-independent growth. Subcutaneous injection of parental MDCK cells into NOD/SCID mice did not form tumours. Critically, MDCKYBX1 cells established viable tumour xenografts, and immuno-histochemical staining indicated murine vascularization by CD31+ endothelial cells. We analysed the total secretome (containing soluble and extracellular vesicles) of MDCKYBX1 cells to investigate regulation of the tumour microenvironment. YBX1 expression elevated release of secreted factors known to enhance angiogenesis (TGF-β, CSF-1, NGF, VGF, ADAM9 and ADAM17), compared to MDCK cells. Importantly, treatment with MDCKYBX1 cell-derived secretome increased recipient 2F-2B endothelial cell motility. This defines YBX1 as an oncogenic enhancer that can regulate tumour angiogenesis via release of secreted modulators into the extracellular microenvironment.
Frequentist Consistency of Variational Bayes (2018)

A key challenge for modern Bayesian statistics is how to perform scalable inference of posterior distributions. To address this challenge, variational Bayes (VB) methods have emerged as a popular alternative to the classical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. VB methods tend to be faster while achieving comparable predictive performance. However, there are few theoretical results around VB. In this article, we establish frequentist consistency and asymptotic normality of VB methods. Specifically, we connect VB methods to point estimates based on variational approximations, called frequentist variational approximations, and we use the connection to prove a variational Bernstein–von Mises theorem. The theorem leverages the theoretical characterizations of frequentist variational approximations to understand asymptotic properties of VB. In summary, we prove that (1) the VB posterior converges to the Kullback–Leibler (KL) minimizer of a normal distribution, centered at the truth and (2) the corresponding variational expectation of the parameter is consistent and asymptotically normal. As applications of the theorem, we derive asymptotic properties of VB posteriors in Bayesian mixture models, Bayesian generalized linear mixed models, and Bayesian stochastic block models. We conduct a simulation study to illustrate these theoretical results. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.