gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of NKT cells by a-Galactosylceramide treatment licenses lamina propria dendritic cells to abrogate the oral tolerance (42.10) (2007)

Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) play critical roles in Ag presentation and induction of immunity or tolerance. In previous our study, treatment of agonistic anti-CD40 mAb at that time of oral OVA did not abolish the oral tolerance induction whereas injection of α-galactosylceramide (αGC) blocked the oral tolerance. We demonstrate that treatment of αGC but not anti-CD40 mAb resulted in the full maturation of DC in lamina propria of small intestine (SI-LP) at early time window. This phenomenon caused by activated NKT cells which reside in SI-LP. DC in SI-LP (sLP-DC) from αGC-treated mice exhibited a stronger stimulator against allogeneic T cells than those cells from anti-CD40 mAb-treated mice. Ag presentation capability was also increased in sLP-DC by αGC. Importantly, maturated sLP-DC by αGC induced to differentiate of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th1- and Th2 cells toward intestinal OVA. In contrast, sLP-DC by anti-CD40 mAb treatment failed to generate Th differentiation but were involved in the generation of more numbers of Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells than those from αGC-treated group. On the other hand, the fact that recognition of intestinal Ag of naïve CD4+ T cells occurs in MLN, indicating MLN are privileged in triggering the interactions of sLP-DC and CD4+ T cells. Taken together, systemic treatment of αGC resulted in maturation of sLP-DC by NKT cells in the SI-LP and licensed DC educate CD4+ T cells in MLN, which can abrogate oral tolerance.
Introducing Augmented Reality to Optical Coherence Tomography in Ophthalmic Microsurgery (2015)

Augmented Reality (AR) in microscopic surgery has been subject of several studies in the past two decades. Nevertheless, AR has not found its way into everyday microsurgical workflows. The introduction of new surgical microscopes equipped with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) enables the surgeons to perform multimodal (optical and OCT) imaging in the operating room. Taking full advantage of such elaborate source of information requires sophisticated intraoperative image fusion, information extraction, guidance and visualization methods. Medical AR is a unique approach to facilitate utilization of multimodal medical imaging devices. Here we propose a novel medical AR solution to the long-known problem of determining the distance between the surgical instrument tip and the underlying tissue in ophthalmic surgery to further pave the way of AR into the surgical theater. Our method brings augmented reality to OCT for the first time by augmenting the surgeon's view of the OCT images with an estimated instrument cross-section shape and distance to the retinal surface using only information from the shadow of the instrument in intraoperative OCT images. We demonstrate the applicability of our method in retinal surgery using a phantom eye and evaluate the accuracy of the augmented information using a micromanipulator.
The Arterivirus Nsp4 Protease Is the Prototype of a Novel Group of Chymotrypsin-like Enzymes, the 3C-like Serine Proteases (1996)

The replicase of equine arteritis virus, an arterivirus, is processed by at least three viral proteases. Comparative sequence analysis suggested that nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4) is a serine protease (SP) that shares properties with chymotrypsin-like enzymes belonging to two different groups. The SP was predicted to utilize the canonical His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad found in classical chymotrypsin-like proteases. On the other hand, its putative substrate-binding region contains Thr and His residues, which are conserved in viral 3C-like cysteine proteases and determine their specificity for (Gln/Glu) downward arrow(Gly/Ala/Ser) cleavage sites. The replacement of the members of the predicted catalytic triad (His-1103, Asp-1129, and Ser-1184) confirmed their indispensability. The putative role of Thr-1179 and His-1199 in substrate recognition was also supported by the results of mutagenesis. A set of conserved candidate cleavage sites, strikingly similar to junctions cleaved by 3C-like cysteine proteases, was identified. These were tested by mutagenesis and expression of truncated replicase proteins. The results support a replicase processing model in which the SP cleaves multiple Glu downward arrow(Gly/Ser/Ala) sites. Collectively, our data characterize the arterivirus SP as a representative of a novel group of chymotrypsin-like enzymes, the 3C-like serine proteases.
Evaluation of the Size, Shape, and Consistency of the Liver (1990)

The liver is the largest organ in the human body. During development, liver size increases with increasing age, averaging 5 cm span at 5 years and attaining adult size by age 15. The size depends on several factors: age, sex, body size and shape, as well as the particular examination technique utilized (e.g., palpation versus percussion versus radiographic). By percussion, the mean liver size is 7 cm for women and 10.5 cm for men (Table 94.1). A liver span 2 to 3 cm larger or smaller than these values is considered abnormal. The liver weighs 1200 to 1400 g in the adult woman and 1400 to 1500 g in the adult man.Most if not all of the normal liver is concealed by the right rib cage and is beyond the feel of the examiner's hand (Figures 94.1, 94.2). The normal liver is smooth, with no irregularities. When the liver can be felt, it is usually due to: (1) increased diaphragmatic descent; (2) presence of a palpable caudate or Riedel's lobe; (3) presence of emphysema with an associated depressed diaphragm; (4) thin body habitus with narrow thoracic cage; (5) fatty infiltration (enlarged with rounded edge); (6) active hepatitis (enlarged and tender); (7) cirrhosis (enlarged with nodular irregularity); or (8) hepatic neoplasm (enlarged with rock-hard or nodular consistency).
Impacts of PEGylation on the gene and oligonucleotide delivery system (2013)

ABSTRACT Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most widely used polymer and also the gold standard in the field of drug delivery. Therapeutic oligonucleotides, for example, are modified with PEG at the terminus to increases nuclease resistance and the circulating half‐lives. The surface of nanoparticle such as micelle and liposome has been also modified with PEG. At present, one PEGylated therapeutic oligonucleotide has been approved for the market and several more PEGylated products including oligonucleotide and liposome are being tested in clinical settings. This review summarizes the methods and effects of PEGylation on gene delivery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40293.
Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride: Structure and Mechanical Behavior (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPlasticized Polyvinyl Chloride: Structure and Mechanical BehaviorTurner Alfrey, Norman Wiederhorn, Richard Stein, and Arthur TobolskyCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1949, 41, 4, 701–703Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1949https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50472a010Request reuse permissionsArticle Views462Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (562 KB) Get e-Alerts
52.1: <i>Invited Paper</i> : A 254‐ppi Full‐color Video Rate TFT‐LCD Based on Field Sequential Color and FLC Display (2000)

Abstract We introduce a high‐resolution full‐color video rate FLC display that is based on field sequential color with an amorphous Si TFT array. Research on particular polarization switching properties provided us with the technology for quick switching FLCs using amorphous silicon TFT technology. We created a prototype and confirmed that it is capable of providing a gray scale, fast response time, excellent color purity, and a wide viewing angle. Our prototype demonstrated that producing a high‐resolution full‐color video rate display is possible based on this technology.
Spur reduction by self-injection loop in a fractional-N PLL (2017)

This paper presents a method for spur noise reduction in a fractional-N PLL. First, we applied our proposed model of the response to an external injection in oscillators to the liner model of the PLL. It was found that the self-injection that injects an appropriately delayed oscillator output into its own oscillator could reduce the current fluctuation caused by operation of the fractional-N PLL. We designed and fabricated a testchip to verify our analysis in a 0.18-pm CMOS process. We examined the effect of the self-injection by applying the injection to a simple fractional-N PLL while adjusting the timing and the strength of the injection. According to the measurement results, the level of the fractional spur can be reduced by 1.5 dB. This result indicates effective control of the PLL loop bandwidth by self-injection.
Perinatal clinical epidemiology (1993)

A literature search of personal files, the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Medline, and the Research Update databases, identified 19 perinatal trials published between October 1991 and September 1992. Included were only those trials in which the efficacy or effectiveness of an antenatal intervention was assessed by a neonatal outcome. A quality assessment of each study was performed. Quality scores ranged from 0.25 to 0.80 (maximum possible score, 1.00). Most trials did not show a statistically significant change in the primary outcome measure, because of an overestimate of the treatment effect on which the sample size had been based. Thus, clinically important treatment effects often may be overlooked. None of these trials on their own showed beyond doubt whether the intervention under study did more good than harm. There is a need to base sample size calculations on more realistic, but still clinically important, event rate differences to show the effectiveness of perinatal interventions aimed at improving neonatal outcomes. To do so usually requires a large sample size, necessitating multicenter trials with national and international cooperation.
The Prediction Error of Bornhuetter/Ferguson (2008)

Together with the Chain Ladder (CL) method, the Bornhuetter/Ferguson (BF) method is one of the most popular claims reserving methods. Whereas a formula for the prediction error of the CL method has been published already in 1993, there is still nothing equivalent available for the BF method. On the basis of the BF reserve formula, this paper develops a stochastic model for the BF method. From this model, a formula for the prediction error of the BF reserve estimate is derived. Moreover, the model gives important advice on how to estimate the parameters for the BF reserve formula. E.g. it turns out that the appropriate BF development pattern is different from the CL pattern. This is a nice add-on as it makes BF to a standalone reserving method which is fully independent from CL. The other parameter required for the BF reserve is the well-known initial estimate for the ultimate claims amount. Here the stochastic model clearly shows what has to be meant with ‘initial’. In order to apply the formula for the prediction error, the actuary must assess his uncertainty about both sets of parameters, about the development pattern and about the initial ultimate claims estimates. But for both, much guidance can be drawn from the estimates itself and from the run-off data given. Finally, a numerical example shows how the resulting prediction error compares to the one of the CL method.
Tissue distribution of sulfolipids in the rat. Restricted location of sulfatoxygalactosylacylalkylglyerol (1981)

Eleven rat tissues (excluding brain) have been assayed for their ability to synthesize sulfatoxygalactosylacylalkylglycerol (SGG) from Na235SO4 in vivo. These tissues were also assayed for the presence of SGG by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure using rabbit anti-SGG and frozen tissue sections. By both procedures SGG was found to be restricted to the testis; several novel sulfolipids were detected during this study.
3D-Printing: A promising technology to design three-dimensional microsystems (2016)

System miniaturization remains an important challenge in the field of microrobotics. Several works have been raised in this context. Maybe the most known and widespread are MEMS devices based on clean room technologies. Although they give option to design small systems with mico/nano features, such technologies are limited to planar structures with two or three degrees of freedom (DOF). To tackle this limitation, a new approach is proposed in this paper. Instead of planar construction, we proposed here to design three-dimensional micro-systems by taking advantages of additive manufacturing technology, namely 3D printing. The final objective consists to design a monolithic structure in one operation without assembly. Then functionalization could be achieved by equipping the structure with actuators and sensors. Starting from the fact that any complex structure could be decomposed into basic elements such as articulations or flexures, this paper will focus on how articulations could be fabricated without assembly using 3D printing facilities. Combining those articulations which are considered as fundamental bricks will make possible to design complex monolithic structures. As an illustration, a pivot articulation is experimentally demonstrated using 3D printing.
[Approaches for SNP genotyping]. (2006)

With the completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP), typing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) has become one of the main tasks in the post-genome era. Consequently, a robust, flexible and cost-effective technique for SNP typing is essential to analyze a large number of SNPs. The latest genotyping technologies and the relative detection platforms were introduced systematically. The principle of SNP typing was described in detail in respect of allele-specific hybridization, restriction enzyme digestion, primer extension and oligonucleotide ligation assay, as well as the genotyping platforms of plate readers, genechips, bead array and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the way to the high-throughput genotyping in the future was briefly discussed.
Abstract A226: Mechanism of action of iniparib: Stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in an iniparib-sensitive breast cancer cell line. (2011)

Abstract Iniparib (BSI-201) holds substantial promise as an anti-cancer agent, and knowledge about its mechanism of bioactivity is evolving. While PARP inhibition has been proposed as iniparib's primary mechanism of action, the low potency of iniparib against PARP observed in a number of assays and models suggests that other mechanisms account for its bioactivity. These mechanisms are likely to include metabolic conversion of iniparib to a bioactive species. Here, we present an integrated analysis of profiling experiments (transcriptional and proteomic) and synergy screens (bioactive compound and shRNA) designed to identify the pathways associated with iniparib bioactivity. Proteomic and transcriptional profiling in MDA-MB-453 cells indicate that, at concentrations close to its in vitro potency as a cytotoxic agent, iniparib induces activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor, a known mediator of cellular anti-oxidant/anti-xenobiotic defense. Furthermore, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) comparing iniparib's transcriptional profile to drugs with known mechanism of action reveals similarity between iniparib and inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Bioactive compound and shRNA synergy screens also identify both Nrf2 and the components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain as genes required for maximum iniparib bioactivity. Cell-based imaging studies indicate that iniparib stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, these results are consistent with a mechanism in which a component of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response and/or the mitochondrial electron transport chain converts iniparib to its putative active metabolite, and this metabolite uncouples electron transport from oxidative phosphorylation, leading to the production of ROS at cytotoxic levels. The results of the integrated analysis may assist in the discovery of biomarkers for iniparib sensitivity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A226.
Mining behavior models from enterprise web applications (2013)

Today's enterprise web applications demand very high release cycles---and consequently, frequent tests. Automating these tests typically requires a behavior model: A description of the states the application can be in, the transitions between these states, and the expected results. Furthermore one needs scripts to make the abstract actions (transitions) in the model executable. As specifying such behavior models and writing the necessary scripts manually is a hard task, a possible alternative could be to extract them from existing applications. However, mining such models can be a challenge, in particular because one needs to know when two states are equivalent, as well as how to reach that state. We present ProCrawl (PROcess CRAWLer), a generic approach to mine behavior models from (multi-user) enterprise web applications. ProCrawl observes the behavior of the application through its user interface, generates and executes tests to explore unobserved behavior. In our evaluation of three non-trivial web applications (an open-source shop system, an SAP product compliance application, and an open-source conference manager), ProCrawl produces models that precisely abstract application behavior and which can be directly used for effective model-based regression testing.
Oil-in-Oil Emulsions: A Unique Tool for the Formation of Polymer Nanoparticles (2008)

Polymer latex particles are nanofunctional materials with widespread applications including electronics, pharmaceuticals, photonics, cosmetics, and coatings. These materials are typically prepared using waterborne heterogeneous systems such as emulsion, miniemulsion, and suspension polymerization. However, all of these processes are limited to water-stable catalysts and monomers mainly polymerizable via radical polymerization. In this Account, we describe a method to overcome this limitation: nonaqueous emulsions can serve as a versatile tool for the synthesis of new types of polymer nanoparticles. To form these emulsions, we first needed to find two nonmiscible nonpolar/polar aprotic organic solvents. We used solvent mixtures of either DMF or acetonitrile in alkanes and carefully designed amphiphilic block and statistical copolymers, such as polyisoprene- b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PI- b-PMMA), as additives to stabilize these emulsions. Unlike aqueous emulsions, these new emulsion systems allowed the use of water-sensitive monomers and catalysts. Although polyaddition and polycondensation reactions usually lead to a large number of side products and only to oligomers in the aqueous phase, these new conditions resulted in high-molecular-weight, defect-free polymers. Furthermore, conducting nanoparticles were produced by the iron(III)-induced synthesis of poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in an emulsion of acetonitrile in cyclohexane. Because metallocenes are sensitive to nitrile and carbonyl groups, the acetonitrile and DMF emulsions were not suitable for carrying out metallocene-catalyzed olefin polymerization. Instead, we developed a second system, which consists of alkanes dispersed in perfluoroalkanes. In this case, we designed a new amphipolar polymeric emulsifier with fluorous and aliphatic side chains to stabilize the emulsions. Such heterogeneous mixtures facilitated the catalytic polymerization of ethylene or propylene to give spherical nanoparticles of high molecular weight polyolefins. These nonaqueous systems also allow for the combination of different polymerization techniques to obtain complex architectures such as core-shell structures. Previously, such structures primarily used vinylic monomers, which greatly limited the number of polymer combinations. We have demonstrated how nonaqueous emulsions allow the use of a broad variety of hydrolyzable monomers and sensitive catalysts to yield polyester, polyurethane, polyamide, conducting polymers, and polyolefin latex particles in one step under ambient reaction conditions. This nonpolar emulsion strategy dramatically increases the chemical palette of polymers that can form nanoparticles via emulsion polymerization.
Graded Donor‐Acceptor Heterojunctions for Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells (2010)

Graded donor-acceptor heterojunctions for efficient organic photovoltaic cells are fabricated using boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc) and C60. The graded heterojunction significantly increases the exciton diffusion efficiency relative to a planar architecture, and improves the charge collection efficiency relative to a uniformly mixed architecture. A power conversion efficiency of (4.2 ± 0.1)% is realized in a graded heterojunction OPV at 100 mW cm−2 AM1.5G illumination intensity.
A Horn Consisting of Manifold Exponential Sections (1938)

The expressions for the throat impedance of a horn with two rates of exponential flare have been derived. This expression is applicable to any number of sections by considering two sections at a time. The impedance-frequency characteristic of specific multiple horns shows the possibility of obtaining a large variety of impedance characteristics suitable for improving the efficiency characteristic over that possible with a single rate of flare. The efficiency of a horn type of loud speaker having a horn with three rates of flare shows an efficiency within a few per cent of the ultimate efficiency.
Intraoperative apical ventricular septal defect closure using a modified Rashkind double umbrella. (1996)

Apical ventricular septal defects can be closed safely and effectively with intraoperative use of a modified Rashkind umbrella.