gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Synthesis of 2‘-Modified 2‘-Deoxy-4‘-thiocytidines from <scp>d</scp>-Glucose<sup>1</sup> (1997)

Novel 2'-deoxycytidine antimetabolites, specifically several 2'-modified 2'-deoxy-4'-thiocytidines, were synthesized as potential new antineoplastic agents. Methyl 3-O-benzylxylofuranoside was converted to a 1,4-anhydro-4-thioarabitol 24. Protection of the primary alcohol of 24 gave a common intermediate (15) which was useful for the synthesis of various 2'-modified 2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides. Oxidation of the secondary hydroxyl group of 15, followed by the Wittig reaction or treatment with (diethylamido)sulfur trifluoride (DAST) produced 2-deoxy-2-methylene (26) and 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro (34) derivatives, respectively. Unique Pummerer-type glycosylation between the corresponding sulfoxides and trimethylsilylated N(4)-acetylcytosine produced 2'-deoxy-2'-methylene- (10) and 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluoro-4'-thiocytidines (11). On the other hand, treatment of 15 with DAST introduced a fluorine atom with retention of the 2'-stereochemistry, yielding 40. In contrast, the Mitsunobu reaction of 3-O-benzoyl derivative 53 which was obtained from 15 in five steps, using diphenylphosphoryl azide gave azide derivative 54 with inverted stereochemistry. These derivatives were converted to the corresponding 1-O-acetyl derivatives via the usual Pummerer rearrangement, which were in turn used to synthesize 4'-thiocytidines 12 and 58. Among the 2'-modified 4'-thiocytidines obtained, 2'-methylene (10) and 2'-fluoro (12) derivatives were found to have potent antineoplastic properties in vitro.
Three-Dimensional Structure of ATP:Corrinoid Adenosyltransferase from <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> in Its Free State, Complexed with MgATP, or Complexed with Hydroxycobalamin and MgATP<sup>,</sup> (2000)

In Salmonella typhimurium, formation of the cobalt-carbon bond in the biosynthetic pathway for adenosylcobalamin is catalyzed by the product of the cobA gene which encodes a protein of 196 amino acid residues. This enzyme is an ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase which transfers an adenosyl moiety from MgATP to a broad range of co(I)rrinoid substrates that are believed to include cobinamide, its precursor cobyric acid and probably others as yet unidentified, and hydroxocobalamin. Three X-ray structures of CobA are reported here: its substrate-free form, a complex of CobA with MgATP, and a ternary complex of CobA with MgATP and hydroxycobalamin to 2.1, 1.8, and 2.1 A resolution, respectively. These structures show that the enzyme is a homodimer. In the apo structure, the polypeptide chain extends from Arg(28) to Lys(181) and consists of an alpha/beta structure built from a six-stranded parallel beta-sheet with strand order 324516. The topology of this fold is very similar to that seen in RecA protein, helicase domain, F(1)ATPase, and adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide guanylyltransferase where a P-loop is located at the end of the first strand. Strikingly, the nucleotide in the MgATP.CobA complex binds to the P-loop of CobA in the opposite orientation compared to all the other nucleotide hydrolases. That is, the gamma-phosphate binds at the location normally occupied by the alpha-phosphate. The unusual orientation of the nucleotide arises because this enzyme transfers an adenosyl group rather than the gamma-phosphate. In the ternary complex, the binding site for hydroxycobalamin is located in a shallow bowl-shaped depression at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet of one subunit; however, the active site is capped by the N-terminal helix from the symmetry-related subunit that now extends from Gln(7) to Ala(24). The lower ligand of cobalamin is well-ordered and interacts mostly with the N-terminal helix of the symmetry-related subunit. Interestingly, there are few interactions between the protein and the polar side chains of the corrin ring which accounts for the broad specificity of this enzyme. The corrin ring is oriented such that the cobalt atom is located approximately 6.1 A from C5' of the ribose and is beyond the range of nucleophilic attack. This suggests that a conformational change occurs in the ternary complex when Co(III) is reduced to Co(I).
Antibody delivery and effector cell activation in a phase II trial of recombinant gamma-interferon and the murine monoclonal antibody CO17-1A in advanced colorectal carcinoma. (1988)

Murine monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin G2a isotype interact with human effector cells to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed against malignant cells which express antigens recognized by these antibodies. gamma-Interferon enhances these effects in vitro. In a Phase I trial of murine monoclonal antibody CO17-1A and recombinant gamma-interferon (rIFN-gamma), we demonstrated that low doses of rIFN-gamma were superior to high doses in augmenting ADCC mediated by treated patients' monocytes. These results formed the basis for a Phase II trial of CO17-1A combined with low dose rIFN-gamma. Nineteen patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma were treated with four consecutive daily infusions of 1.0 X 10(6) IU/m2 rIFN-gamma, with 150 mg of CO17-1A administered on days 2, 3, and 4. Therapy was tolerated well. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified from patient samples obtained at baseline and at 1, 4, or 24 h following the start of the first rIFN-gamma infusion and were tested for their ability to lyse 111In-labeled cells of the SW1116 colorectal line. Enhancement of monocyte ADCC was seen by 24 h, while lymphocyte ADCC and natural killer activity directed against K562 cells were enhanced to a lesser extent. Nonspecific lysis of SW1116 cells by effectors was not seen at the time points examined. While CO17-1A antigen expression was observed in most biopsies, 131I-labeled CO17-1A imaged positively in less than one-half of the organs known to harbor metastases, and therapeutic antibody delivery was not always demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining techniques of tissue obtained following therapy. In antigen-positive lesions, tissue pO2 levels appear to identify lesions which would image positively. No objective responses were seen. Our findings suggest that prolonged therapy with low doses of rIFN-gamma potentiates ADCC but that physiological obstacles to therapeutic antibody delivery are significant. In order to evaluate the validity of this therapeutic approach, measures to enhance antibody delivery are needed, starting with systematic evaluations of therapy with escalating doses of CO17-1A combined with low dose rIFN-gamma therapy.
Quantum Cryptography beyond Key Distribution (2023)

This book offers an accessible and engaging introduction to quantum cryptography, assuming no prior knowledge in quantum computing. Essential background theory and mathematical techniques are introduced and applied in the analysis and design of quantum cryptographic protocols. The title explores several important applications such as quantum key distribution, quantum money, and delegated quantum computation, while also serving as a self-contained introduction to the field of quantum computing. With frequent illustrations and simple examples relevant to quantum cryptography, this title focuses on building intuition and challenges readers to understand the basis of cryptographic security. Frequent worked examples and mid-chapter exercises allow readers to extend their understanding, and in-text quizzes, end-of-chapter homework problems, and recommended further reading reinforce and broaden understanding. Online resources available to instructors include interactive computational problems in Julia, videos, lecture slides, and a fully worked solutions manual.
Corner detection and curve representation using cubic B-splines (1986)

In this paper, we propose to use B-Splines to represent digital curves. We have developed an efficient algorithm to locate corners and at the same time encode curve segments between them using B-Splines. Used in conjunction with our subpixel edge detector, [1], it allows us to obtain accurate position of the corners, as needed in many registration problems such as stereo matching and motion parameter estimation. In addition to corners, we detect points of significant curvature between them. The resulting representation is a good approximation of the original, in the sense that it makes interesting points explicit, and achieves significant data compression.
Modeling human lymphoid precursor cell gene therapy in the SCID-hu mouse (1994)

Gene therapy of human T-lymphocyte disorders, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), would be greatly facilitated by the development of an in vivo system in which transduced human hematopoietic stem cells can be used to reconstitute the T-lymphoid compartment. Here we use the SCID-hu mouse as a recipient for human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced in vitro with a retroviral vector carrying the neomycin resistance gene (neoR). The transduced cells engraft and reconstitute the lymphoid compartments of the human thymus implant with as few as 5 x 10(4) CD34+ cells. The neoR gene was expressed at low levels in human thymocytes and there was no apparent effect on thymocyte differentiation as a result of vector transduction. Thus, this SCID-hu mouse system is the first in vivo model showing human thymopoiesis after transduction of exogenous vectors, and should allow preclinical testing of gene therapeutic reagents designed to function in human cells of the T-lymphoid lineage. Because human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection induces depletion of human thymocytes in SCID-hu mice, this system may be particularly valuable in evaluating efficacy of gene therapies to combat AIDS.
Multilevel Phase Structures For Array Generation (1989)

Array generators are optical systems which split a single beam from a laser source into a one- or two-dimensional array of beams. We are interested in the generation of spot arrays for illuminating two-dimensional arrays of optical logic devices in an optical digital computer. A variety of solutions to this problem has been offered, among them the use of computer generated diffraction gratings [1,2,3], holographically produced lenslet arrays [4] and phase contrast methods based on spatial filtering [5]. Binary Dammam gratings and arrays of lenslets have also been employed by Veldkamp et al. [6,7] for the inverse task of coherent coupling of the output beams of several laser diodes. In the following, we want to discuss two different techniques for array generation. The first one is an extension of the theory of binary phase gratings to multilevel phase gratings. The use of multiple phase levels helps to increase the efficiency of the array illuminator. The second method employs lenslet arrays. However, as opposed to the method described in reference [4] in which the lenslets simply focus an extended laser beam down to many small spots, we perform an optical Fourier transformation of the lenslet array. This technique offers the possibility to generate very small spots because the full aperture is used. It also helps to reduce the problem with the nonuniformity of the array due to the effect of the spatially nonuniform intensity profile of the illuminating laser beam. Both techniques will be discussed in more detail in sections 3 and 4. First, we start with a short description of the fabrication of multilevel phase structures.
Phosphorylation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase at Ser<sup>847</sup> by CaM-KII in the Hippocampus of Rat Brain after Transient Forebrain Ischemia (2002)

The authors previously demonstrated that Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaM-KIIalpha) can phosphorylate neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) at Ser847 and attenuate NOS activity in neuronal cells. In the present study, they established that forebrain ischemia causes an increase in the phosphorylation of nNOS at Ser847 in the hippocampus. This nNOS phosphorylation appeared to be catalyzed by CaM-KII: (1) it correlated with the autophosphorylation of CaM-KIIalpha; (2) it was blocked by the CaM-KII inhibitor, KN-93; and (3) nNOS and CaM-KIIalpha were found to coexist in the hippocampus. Examination of the spatial relation between nNOS and CaM-KIIalpha in the brain revealed coexistence in the hippocampus but not in the cortex during reperfusion, with a concomitant increase in autophosphorylation of CaM-KIIalpha. The phosphorylation of nNOS at Ser847 probably takes place in nonpyramidal hippocampal neurons, which increased after 30 minutes of reperfusion in the hippocampus, whereas no significant increase was detected in the cortex. An intraventricular injection of KN-93 significantly decreased the phosphorylation of nNOS in the hippocampus. These results point to CaM-KII as a protein kinase, which by its colocalization may attenuate the activity of nNOS through its Ser847 phosphorylation, and may thus contribute to promotion of tolerance to postischemic damage in hippocampal neurons.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Instrument Design And Application In Air And Vacuum (1988)

The scanning tunneling microscope(STM) has the capability of mapping the topography of a surface with unprecedented resolution in both vertical and lateral directions. STM has been used to obtain real space images of individual atoms on a surface. In this paper we review the principles and technical aspects of STM, and give some examples of its applications both in air and vacuum. These include images of graphite, silicon, and indium on silicon. Several techniques of digital image processing developed to facilitate the analysis of STM data are also described.
Micro-mechanical single-mode fiber switches and their applications (2002)

This paper describes the design, characteristics, and potential applications of compact latching-type single-mode fiber switches. To reduce the insertion loss and reflected light, index-matching oil is injected into the switches. The fabricated 1/spl times/2 switches exhibit a low insertion loss of 0.31 dB, a high return loss of 51 dB, a relatively fast switching time of <2 ms, and a low driving power of 9 mw. A practical 1/spl times/N single-mode switch was constructed using (N-1) 1/spl times/2 switches. The developed 1/spl times/2 and 1/spl times/8 switches are applicable to practical fiber-optic transmission systems and optical measurement systems; they will enhance the functionality and reliability of these systems.
Transient-to-Digital Converter for System-Level Electrostatic Discharge Protection in CMOS ICs (2009)

A new on-chip <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</i> -based transient detection circuit for system-level electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection is proposed, which can detect fast electrical transients during the system-level ESD test. A novel on-chip transient-to-digital converter composed of four <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</i> -based transient detection circuits and four different <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</i> filter networks has been successfully designed and verified in a 0.18- mum CMOS process with 3.3-V devices. The output digital thermometer codes of the proposed on-chip transient-to-digital converter correspond to different ESD voltages under system-level ESD tests. The proposed on-chip transient-to-digital converter can be further combined with firmware cooperation to provide an effective solution to solve the system-level ESD protection issue in microelectronic systems equipped with CMOS ICs.
Fast and reliable storage using a 5  bit, nonvolatile photonic memory cell (2018)

This is the final version. Available from Optical Society of America via the DOI in this record.
Germ‐line transformation of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) mediated by the <i>piggyBac</i> transposable element (2000)

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, is a world-wide pest of cultivated cotton. In certain growing regions populations are suppressed by a sterile release strategy. Efforts to improve the sterile insect technique as well as our understanding of lepidopteran biology could benefit greatly from a germ-line transformation system. We report transformation of pink bollworm with a piggyBac transposable element carrying the enhanced green flourescent protein (EGFP) marker gene. This vector-marker system resulted in recovery of transgenics at a rate of approximately 3.5%. Integration of the transforming construct that was typical of piggyBac was demonstrated by Southern analysis and sequence determination of transposon flanks. Expression of the EGFP marker was visualized by fluorescent microscopy and Western Blot analysis. Maintenance of transformed strains indicates that the transgene segregates in a Mendelian fashion and has been stable over fourteen generations to date.
SPE® Water Electrolyzers for Closed Environment Life Support (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In the late 1960's, the SPE water electrolyzer project was spun off from the SPE fuel cell project when the first chemically stable, long life, perfluorocarbon ion exchange membranes became available. Since that time a variety of SPE water electrolyzer products have been developed and put into production. One of these products was developed for the production of life support oxygen in nuclear submarines. Over 30 systems containing SPE water electrolyzers have been delivered to the U.K. Royal Navy. Successful U.S. Navy sea trials have recently been completed on the SPE water electrolyzer system and that system is about to go into production for the U.S. Navy nuclear submarine fleet. Overviews of these two programs will be provided.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The identical cell structure used in the nuclear submarine SPE water electrolyzer programs has recently been incorporated into a life support water electrolyzer for the Space Station Freedom microgravity application for the Boeing Aerospace and Electronics Company. This system design features microgravity liquid/gas static phase separators and the use of processed hygiene water as the feedstock. A top level system schematic will be provided along with details of the static phase separators and a summary of overall electrolyzer performance.</div>
Application of the ICRP Recommendations to Revised Secondary Radiation Protection Standards (1988)

In 1977, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued Publication No. 26 containing its recommendations for major changes in the conceptual basis for radiation protection. The new recommendations consider total risk (to the whole body) instead of controlling (critical-organ) risk. Subsequent publications and explanatory statements most useful for providing clarification of the intent of the new recommendations have not resolved practical problems encountered in attempting to apply them to either occupational or public exposures. Some of the problems that still exist in applying these recommendations for estimating doses to members of the public include the following: allowance for age differences within an exposed population group, definition of 50-y dose versus lifetime (70-y) dose, definition of negligible risk levels for individual and collective doses, and derivation of appropriate concentration guidelines. The United States is in the process of adopting the revised recommendations of the ICRP. In addition to adopting versions of the primary radiation protection standards, both the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the U.S. Department of Energy have developed draft secondary standards that are similar to the Derived Air Concentration values given by the ICRP. This paper presents a brief history of the development of these revised secondary standards, discusses their technical bases, provides a comparison of them, and discusses their limitations and potential misapplication.
Effect of iterative reconstruction techniques on image texture (2011)

Poster: ECR 2011 / C-1938 / Effect of iterative reconstruction techniques on image texture by: D. Mehta , B. Bayraktar, A. Dhanantwari; Highland Heights, OH/US
F<sub>2</sub>-laser-induced surface modification of iron thin films to obtain corrosion resistance (2014)

Rustproof, chemical-resistant pure-iron thin films were successfully fabricated by the 157 nm F 2 -laser-induced surface modification of 50-nm-thick iron thin films. An approximately 2-nm-thick Fe 3 O 4 layer underneath a native Fe 2 O 3 layer of approximately 0.6 nm in thickness was formed on the iron thin films after F 2 laser irradiation, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The anodic polarization measurement in a 3 wt % NaCl aqueous solution (quasi-seawater) was conducted; the F 2 -laser-irradiated samples showed high corrosion resistance to the quasi-seawater. Moreover, no rust was observed on the samples after the immersion test in quasi-seawater for 48 h and longer. The measurement also revealed that the F 2 -laser-irradiated samples showed high corrosion resistance to a HNO 3 aqueous solution. Thus, the micropatterning of iron thin films was demonstrated by the combination of F 2 laser irradiation and subsequent HNO 3 chemical etching.
A Low-Cost Digital Controller for a Switching DC Converter With Improved Voltage Regulation (2004)

A new control algorithm with improved regulation is presented for a switching dc buck converter. The controller is realized with hardware description language (HDL) and can be implemented in any process. The controller uses four decision levels, combines pulse frequency modulation (PFM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and uses dithering for improved regulation. The controller is prototyped on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and experimental results show good performance over input and load disturbances. Importantly, the controller does not require high resolution analog-to-digital conversion for signal processing, and also does not require fast digital clocking. This controller has significant potential to be widely used in industrial applications where cost and design time are of great concern.
Potassium-Ion Batteries: Key to Future Large-Scale Energy Storage? (2020)

The demand for large-scale, sustainable, eco-friendly, and safe energy storage systems are ever increasing. Currently, lithium-ion battery (LIB) is being used in large scale for various applications due to its unique features. However, its feasibility and viability as a long-term solution is under question due to the dearth and uneven geographical distribution of lithium resources. It is in this context that alternative energy storage systems become significant. Potassium-ion battery (KIB) is one of the latest entrants into this arena. Researchers have demonstrated that this technology has the potential to become a competing technology to the LIBs and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). This review summarizes the research progress achieved in this technology including electrode materials, electrolyte, and binders, etc., along with a brief discussion about the future prospects and opportunities.
Mitochondrial Metabolism and Insulin Action (2013)

The major disease epidemics of modern society are not those of contagion, but are the result of lifestyle imposed upon our genetic pre-disposition. Unrestricted access to calorie-dense food, along with a reduction in physical activity, has resulted in a rapid rise in metabolic disorders. One such condition, type 2 diabetes (T2D), has increased dramatically in recent times, with the International Diabetes Foundation estimating that 371 million people world‐ wide have T2D, with this number expected to increase to greater than 550 million by 2030 (http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/Update2012). T2D is characterized by fasting blood glucose levels higher than 7.0 mM or two-hour blood glucose levels higher than 11.1 mM after a glucose tolerance test. T2D rarely occurs in isolation and is frequently associated with a number of comorbidities, including obesity, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation, collectively referred to as the metabolic syndrome.