gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One-Pot Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of an Organo-Modified Saponite Clay (2011)

An organo-saponite clay containing intercalated cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA(+)) cations was synthesized by an efficient one-step hydrothermal method and was compared with a CTA-exchanged saponite prepared by a classical postsynthesis intercalation route. In both hybrid samples, surfactant loading up to 10% was achieved. A comparative investigation of the physicochemical properties of both solids was carried out by a multidisciplinary approach, by using a combination of spectroscopic, structural, and thermal characterization tools. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) data indicated that the one-pot-prepared solid showed that the presence of CTA(+) molecules in the synthesis gel did not affect the clay structure. In addition, thermal analysis suggested that the inorganic layers play an active role in stabilizing and protecting the surfactant molecules by increasing their thermal stability. A different arrangement of intercalated CTA(+) ions in the two hybrid clays was observed by solid state NMR in combination with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and assigned to a different all-trans/gauche conformation ratio of the surfactant depending on the synthetic method used to prepare the two final materials. The surfactant organization is also influenced by the lamellae charge density, which is different in the two organo-modified materials as found by (27)Al and (29)Si MAS NMR experiments.
Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Activity of 4-Halocolchicines and Their Pro-drugs Activated by Cathepsin B (2011)

Novel colchicine derivatives possessing various substituents at the C4 position were prepared. Among them, 4-halo derivatives 3-6 were found to exhibit higher activity against cancer cell lines (A549, HT29, HCT116) as well as on mice transplanted with the HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cell line than colchicine (1). Further, utilizing the 4-substituted colchicines, we prepared pro-drugs having a dipeptide side chain and demonstrated that these pro-drugs were activated by cathepsin B, an enzyme overexpressed in tumor cells, and exhibited selective toxicity to the tumor cells.
Oxidative Grafting of a Redox‐Molecule‐Based Ionic Liquid onto an Electrode Surface: Anion Exchange within a Layer (2014)

Abstract The surface modification of carbon electrodes using an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid bearing a redox functionality is investigated. Electrochemical oxidation of N ‐(2‐ a minoethyl)‐ N ‐(4‐nitrophenylethylimidazolium) bromide onto a glassy carbon electrode leads to the immobilization of nitrophenyl‐imidazolium layers. The presence of this layer is evidenced by following the electrochemical signal of the attached redox moieties. Furthermore, the modified electrode behavior is studied in the presence of redox probes, from which it is concluded that the generated layer is very thin and/or less dense, probably due to the specific arrangement of the positively charged imidazolium. In addition, we investigate the capability of performing anion exchange within the immobilized layer by simple immersion of the electrode in the ionic liquid. X‐ray photoelectron analyses evidence the occurrence of the exchange within the layer and confirm the presence of attached nitrophenyl‐imidazolium.
North American Carbon Sink (1999)

S. Fan et al. ([1][1]) suggest that 1.4 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year−1) is taken up by the forests in North America, in contrast to 0.1 Pg C year−1 taken up in Eurasia. Fan et al . invoke reforestation and regrowth, fertilization by anthropogenic N deposition, global warming,
Oral Antipyretic Therapy: Evaluation of Ibuprofen (1976)

The capacity of ibuprofen to reduce fever in children was compared with that of aspirin, paracetamol, aminophenazone and indomethacin. The series of cases studied consisted of 79 patients in the age range 3 months to 13 years and with a rectal temperature above 38.5 degrees C. Temperatures were recorded at 15 and 30 minutes, and 1,2,4 and 6 hours after challenge with the drug. The antipyretic effect of ibuprofen with a dose of 6 mg/kg was optimal and twice that of aspirin or paracetamol and similar to that of aminophenazone. The antipyretic effect of indomethacin was about 12 times that of ibuprofen. This ratio is almost the same as what is said to occur between the antirheumatic effects between these drugs. Ibuprofen with a dose of 6 mg/kg would thus appear to be a useful antipyretic drug when both antipyretic and antirheumatic effects are needed.
Neurodevelopmental care in the NICU (2002)

Neurodevelopmental care, which is any NICU intervention undertaken to improve neurodevelopmental outcome, includes NICU design, nursing routines, nursing care plans, management of pain, feeding methods and, most importantly, encouraging parental involvement with their NICU infant. Recognition that sensory stimulation can overwhelm preterm infants and increase physiologic signs of stress led to attempts to reduce sensory input. More recent approaches judiciously add back soothing sensory input (e.g., therapeutic touch, soft music). Circadian light/dark cycles and physical activity improve preterm growth. Attention to infant positioning and handling affects physiologic variables and joint mobility, if not functional motor abilities. A highly organized system of care for NICU infants is Als' NIDCAP (i.e., Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program). Although NIDCAP may reduce need for respiratory support and hospital length of stay, it does not significantly influence neurodevelopmental outcome at 2-3 years. Pain management includes benign interventions (e.g., nonnutritive sucking, oral glucose), but the prolonged use of narcotics must be balanced against the consequences of sedation and dependency. The foremost challenge for NICUs remains parent disenfranchisement. Kangaroo care, which involves parent/infant skin-to-skin contact, improves preterm growth, decreases nosocomial infections and may shorten hospital length of stay. A great deal of work needs to be done to identify and demonstrate efficacy of specific interventions and changes that humanize the NICU, encourage parental involvement, support infant development and optimize preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Expression of an enzymically active glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored form of neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) in Cos-1 cells (1994)

Neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11, NEP) is a type-II integral membrane protein found in a wide variety of cell types. We previously produced a secreted form of the enzyme by deletion of the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains and in-frame fusion of the cleavable signal peptide of pro-opiomelanocortin [Lemay, Waksman, Roques, Crine and Boileau (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 15620-15623]. Here we have used this secreted form of NEP and fused to it the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor attachment signal of decay-accelerating factor to produce a GPI-anchored form. Expression of this chimeric form in Cos-1 cells resulted in cell-surface activity. This activity could be released from the cell surface by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and radiolabelling studies showed that the protein could incorporate [3H]ethanolamine, indicating that the enzyme was GPI-anchored. The Km value, using [D-Ala2,Leu5]enkephalin as substrate, of GPI-anchored NEP (62 +/- 5 microM) was comparable with that of wild-type NEP (70 +/- 4 microM), as were the sensitivities to the inhibitors phosphoramidon and thiorphan. However, pulse-chase studies showed that the biosynthesis and cell-surface delivery of GPI-anchored NEP was delayed compared with that of the wild-type transmembrane form of NEP. These results suggest a lower rate of biosynthesis and/or cellular transport for GPI-anchored NEP compared with its transmembrane counterpart.
<i>I</i> <i>n</i> <i>s</i> <i>i</i> <i>t</i> <i>u</i> overgrowth on GaAs patterned by focused-ion-beam-assisted Cl2 etching (1991)

I n situ pattern formation of GaAs by focused-ion-beam (FIB)-assisted Cl2 etching followed by overgrowth by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) has been studied. In situ Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements of the etched samples showed that preferential sputtering of As, which was observed on a GaAs surface processed by ion sputtering, did not take place on a GaAs surface processed by FIB-assisted Cl2 etching. The surface morphology of the overgrown AlGaAs layer on the in situ patterned substrates were excellent. Observations of the cross-sectional view in the etched region of an overgrowth sample showed that the interface between the etched surface and the overgrown layer was flat, and that no undulations caused by etching were observed. A 1-μm linewidth with a 2-μm pitch line-and-space pattern of GaAs covered with an AlGaAs layer was obtained by a combination of FIB-assisted Cl2 etching and subsequent MBE overgrowth.
Betahistine hydrochloride in Méniére's disease (1976)

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical trial was performed to assess the effect of betahistine hydrochloride (Serc) in Ménière's disease. The diagnosis was based on paroxysmal attacks of rotational vertigo, with tinnitus, and a fluctuating sensori-neural deafness, together with the results of auditory and vestigular tests. Twenty-eight patients were admitted to the trial over 3 years. Twenty-two patients completed the trial. In total, they received betahistine 32 mg daily, for a period of 16 weeks, and placebo also for the same length of time, preceded in every case by a 4-week pre-treatment period. Daily symptom score cards were kept. There was a statistically significant improvement in favour of the drug with regard to vertigo, tinnitus and deafness. Vertigo was the most responsive symptom. No adverse reactions were observed.
The Synthesis of 4-Oxo-2-pentenoic Esters by Wittig Reaction Using α-Oxoesters (1987)

The reaction of stabilized ylides with α-oxoesters gives high yields of 4-oxo-2-pentenoic esters. By suitable substitution of each reactant, highly substituted and hindered enones can be prepared in quantity, with excellent geometric selectivity.
Distribution of immunoglobulin isotypes including IgA subclasses in adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis (1989)

The plasma cell population in gingival biopsies from 3 groups of patients with adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis was characterized with respect to the distribution of individual immunoglobulin isotypes, including IgA subclasses, by paired immunofluorescence staining. The median ratios of IgG:IgA plasma cells in gingival connective tissue from the 3 groups were 2.7 (range 2.0-6.5), 3.0 (1.4-6.2), and 2.0 (1.2-4.0), respectively. Cells staining for intracellular IgM were found in low numbers in all biopsies (range 0.3-6.3% of all plasma cells). No statistically significant differences were observed between the 3 patient groups. In all 3 groups, the IgA plasma cell population was predominantly of the IgA1 isotype. One function of IgA seems to be to dampen inflammatory side-effects of other immune effector systems. The demonstrated predominance of IgA1 plasma cells indicates that the majority of IgA produced locally in gingivae of patients with periodontal diseases is susceptible to the IgA1-specific proteases excreted by important members of the disease-associated subgingival microflora. This may be an important factor in the apparently uncontrolled inflammation and tissue degradation taking place in the marginal periodontium during active periodontal disease.
Acquisition of prosody in American Sign Language (2012)

The focus of this work is on the prosodic acquisition of native Deaf children acquiring American Sign Language (ASL). Discussion of the acquisition is centered on prosodic elements: phrase-final sign duration lengthening, phrase-final transition duration lengthening, blinks, eyebrow behavior, head tilts, body tilts, and drop hands. Data was acquired from four adult signers, five older children (7;8-8;5) and two younger children (5;0-5;3) naturally acquiring ASL. The task was to retell, in ASL, a Sylvester and Tweety cartoon. The results demonstrate that there is a varied profile of acquisition across the cues. The younger children are already using all cues to some degree, but the adult-like patterns of use are not acquired until later. Patterns of acquisition in this data support that generally the cues start to emerge at the utterance boundaries before the I-phrase boundary. Head tilts are a very early acquired cue. Sign duration lengthening, transition lengthening, and blinks are mostly acquired by the older children. However, brow behavior, body tilts and drop hands are all relatively later acquired. The patterns reflect spoken language patterns of some cues being relatively early acquired while others are later acquired (Dankovicova , 2004; Patel & Brayton, 2009; Wells et al., 2004).
Clusterization of Nanoparticles During Their Interaction with Living Cells (2007)

Specific targeting using a monoclonal antibody as a vector increases the concentration of nanoparticles on the surface of target cells compared with nonspecific nanoparticle accumulation. In turn, an increased concentration of nanoparticles on the target surface yields larger nanoparticle clusters inside the cells due to endocytosis. Photothermal and scattering microscopy were found to be the most sensitive methods for imaging nanoparticle clusters in living cells.
Monitoring the enrichment and isolation of sulfate-reducing bacteria by using oligonucleotide hybridization probes designed from environmentally derived 16S rRNA sequences (1993)

A fluorescently labeled version of a population-specific oligonucleotide hybridization probe was used to monitor the enrichment and isolation of a sulfate-reducing bacterium from a multispecies anaerobic bioreactor. The organism was originally identified as a molecular isolate that was phylogenetically related to Desulfovibrio vulgaris by amplification and sequencing of part of its 16S rRNA sequence. The sequence, in turn, was used to design a population-specific probe. The anaerobic medium used for the organism's enrichment and isolation was based on the physiological properties of the its closest relatives as identified by sequence comparisons. Of 30 isolates examined, only 3 hybridized with the probe. Nearly complete 16S rRNA sequences determined for each of these three isolates (i) had no mismatches with the probe target site, (ii) were identical to the amplified partial sequence of about 500 nucleotides and to one another in all other positions, and (iii) were 93.9% similar to that of D. vulgaris. In addition, one isolate chosen for further study (strain PT-2) had a substrate specificity comparable to that of D. vulgaris. These results confirmed that polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rRNA sequences from environmental samples can be accurate and can also provide phylogenetic information from which aspects of a population's physiology can be inferred.
Origin of the perpendicular anisotropy in amorphous<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Fe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>82</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>12</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>ribbons (1981)

The magnetic anisotropy in amorphous ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{82}$${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{6}$ (METGLAS \textregistered{} 2605S) has been studied by the determination of both surface and bulk properties using M\"ossbauer, x-ray, and density measurements. Upon annealing above 650 K, a substantial anisotropy with an easy direction perpendicular to the ribbon plane develops. It is proposed that the origin of this out-of-plane anisotropy, also observed for other amorphous ribbons, is a compressive stress from the formation of higher-density crystalline surface layers. The compressive stress produces the perpendicular anisotropy in the ribbon bulk through positive magnetostriction.
Integrative Recombination of Bacteriophage  : In Vitro Study of the Intermolecular Reaction (1979)

The integrative recombination of bacteriophage λ is the best-characterized recombination reaction known. The reaction has been extensively studied through genetic analysis (Gottesman and Weisberg 1971; Weisberg et al. 1977). More recently, an in vitro system has been developed and used to obtain further biochemical and molecular biological information which was difficult to obtain through in vivo studies (Nash, 1977). We now also know the structure of the sites on DNA involved in the reaction (attachment sites; attP is the attachment site on the phage genome and attB is that on the host bacterial chromosome) down to the level of base sequence (Landy and Ross 1977).
S100 Calgranulin Proteins S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are Expressed in the Inflamed Gastric Mucosa of<i>Helicobacter Pylori</i>-Infected Children (2008)

The expression of the inflammatory S100 calgranulin proteins (S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12) in normal and Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa of children were examined. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12, which were virtually absent in normal gastric mucosa, were highly expressed in H pylori-infected mucosa. This expression correlated with the severity of gastritis (r=0.9422, P<0.05). S100 calgranulins may be involved in bacterial-induced gastritis and may limit bacterial growth.
In Situ Investigations on the Electrochemical Polymerization and Properties of Polyaniline Thin Films by Surface Plasmon Optical Techniques (2002)

The combination of in situ surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPS) and surface plasmon field-enhanced light scattering (SPLS) with an electrochemical method was used to simultaneously investigate the optical and electrochemical properties of polyaniline films on a planar gold electrode. First, the electropolymerization process of aniline and then the doping−dedoping process of the resulting polyaniline film were investigated using SPS and SPLS. The electropolymerization of aniline was achieved by applying a cycling potential known from cyclic voltammetry. Potential cycling resulted in distinct oscillations sensitively monitored with both techniques. Information was obtained on the change of the dielectric constant of the film and of the film thickness, corresponding to morphology transitions of the polyaniline film. The time-differential SPS kinetic reflectivity curve was correlated with cyclic voltammetry. SPLS was also applied in a reversed attenuated total reflection configuration to obtain more correlation with the electrochemical behavior and optical properties of the polyaniline film. Thus, this combination of experimental approaches allows for the simultaneous elucidation of optical and electrochemical properties of an ultrathin conducting polymer film.
Giant colloidal silver crystals for low-loss linear and nonlinear plasmonics (2015)

The development of ultrasmooth, macroscopic-sized silver (Ag) crystals exhibiting reduced losses is critical to fully characterize the ultimate performance of Ag as a plasmonic material, and to enable cascaded and integrated plasmonic devices. Here we demonstrate the growth of single-crystal Ag plates with millimetre lateral sizes for linear and nonlinear plasmonic applications. Using these Ag crystals, surface plasmon polariton propagation lengths beyond 100 μm in the red wavelength region are measured. These lengths exceed the predicted values using the widely cited Johnson and Christy data. Furthermore, they allow the fabrication of highly reproducible plasmonic nanostructures by focused ion beam milling. We have designed and fabricated double-resonant nanogroove arrays using these crystals for spatially uniform and spectrally tunable second-harmonic generation. In conventional 'hot-spot'-based nonlinear processes such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering and second-harmonic generation, strong enhancement can only occur in random, localized regions. In contrast, our approach enables uniform nonlinear signal generation over a large area.
Complex Capacitance Analysis of Porous Carbon Electrodes for Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (2004)

A new analytical methodology, complex capacitance analysis, is developed for porous carbons that are employed as electric double-layer capacitor EDLC electrodes. Based on the transmission line model, the imaginary capacitance profiles (C im vs. log f) are theoretically derived for a cylindrical pore and further extended to multiple pore systems. The theoretical derivation illustrates that two important electrochemical parameters in EDLCs can be estimated from the peak-shaped imaginary capacitance plots: total capacitance from the peak area and rate capability from the peak position. The usefulness of this analysis in estimating EDLC parameters is demonstrated by applying to two sets of practical porous carbon electrodes. In addition, the penetrability distribution curves that are derived from the experimental imaginary capacitance data using the log-normal assumption and discrete Fourier transform allow us to estimate the pore structure of carbon electrodes.
El imaginario republicano escolar. Un estudio del caso en el siglo XIX colombiano (2002)

Se trata de un analisis acerca de la formacion de los lideres radicales liberales, tomando como soporte la epoca de su formacion como estudiantes del Colegio republicano. Son interpretados los diversos conceptos imaginarios que se ponen en escena durante los desfiles patrioticos de mediados del siglo XIX en Bogota, especificamente los que tienen que ver con los mitos, los emblemas y las representaciones.
Fatigue Characterization of 3D Printed Elastomer Material (2012)

The Objet PolyJet 3D Printing process provides the ability to print graded materials featuring both stiff and elastomeric polymers. This capability allows for a variety of new design possibilities for additive manufacturing such as living hinges, shock absorbing casings, and integrated gaskets. Such design features typically rely upon the ability of traditional elastomers to experience large and repeated strains without permanent deformation or damage. However, voids and other flaws inherent to many Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes can have a significant negative impact on the fatigue life of elastomeric AM materials. In this paper, the authors seek to fill a gap in the literature by characterizing the fatigue life of a direct 3D printed elastomer, and the multi-material interface. Based on the results, the authors offer advice for improving fatigue life of printed elastomeric components.