gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE OF SEALED DOUBLE-GLAZING UNITS. (1962)

The document covers problems arising from condensation between the panes of double-pane windows and mechanical difficulties arising from such constructions.
Introduction. (2010)

This chapter discusses the definitions and scope of conservation tourism, its significance, context, as well the different models and mechanisms by which tourism could potentially contribute to conservation, including through private reserves and community conservancies. Social and geopolitical challenges to conservation tourism are also briefly discussed, before introducing the methodological approach of the book.
Recognition of Speech in Noise with New Hearing Instrument Compression Release Settings Requires Explicit Cognitive Storage and Processing Capacity (2007)

Evidence suggests that cognitive capacity predicts the ability to benefit from specific compression release settings in non-linear digital hearing instruments. Previous studies have investigated the predictive value of various cognitive tests in relation to aided speech recognition in noise using compression release settings that have been experienced for a certain period. However, the predictive value of cognitive tests with new settings, to which the user has not had the opportunity to become accustomed, has not been studied. In the present study, we compare the predictive values of two cognitive tests, reading span and letter monitoring, in relation to aided speech recognition in noise for 32 habitual hearing instrument users using new compression release settings. We found that reading span was a strong predictor of speech recognition in noise with new compression release settings. This result generalizes previous findings for experienced test settings to new test settings, for both speech recognition in noise tests used in the present study, Hagerman sentences and HINT. Letter monitoring, on the other hand, was not found to be a strong predictor of speech recognition in noise with new compression release settings.
Lysosomal calcium regulates autophagy (2015)

Recent evidence has indicated that the lysosome is able to act as a signaling organelle that senses nutrient availability and generates an adaptive response that is important for cellular homeostasis. We recently discovered another example of lysosomal signaling where lysosomal calcium release activates the master autophagy regulator TFEB via the phosphatase calcineurin.
Molecular Mimicry of Carbohydrates by Peptides (2002)

The use of carbohydrates as drugs and vaccines has several limitations. Molecular mimics of carbohydrates provide an alternative source of compounds to target pathways involving protein-carbohydrate interactions. In recent years, immunological studies have demonstrated the ability of certain peptides to act as molecular mimics of carbohydrates, in that they are able to induce an anti-carbohydrate immune response. Carbohydrate-mimetic peptides that bind to enzymes and lectins have also been discovered. The nature of this mimicry at the molecular level is currently the subject of investigation. Structural data regarding the origin of mimicry are reviewed, and their implications for drug and vaccine design are presented.
Inledning (2021)

Kriterium - kvalitetsgranskning och publicering av vetenskapliga böcker Open Access Kriterium är en plattform för granskning, publicering och spridning av högkvalitativa vetenskapliga böcker. Kriterium är ett sätt att kvalitetsmärka vetenskapliga böcker med en certifiering som ska säkerställa och visa att en vetenskaplig bok genomgått en kontrollerad peer review-process. Kriterium-märkningen innebär också att boken ska finnas fritt digitalt tillgänglig, Open Access.
Share or Not? Learning to Schedule Language-Specific Capacity for Multilingual Translation (2021)

Using a mix of shared and language-specific (LS) parameters has shown promise in multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT), but the question of when and where LS capacity matters most is still under-studied. We offer such a study by proposing conditional language-specific routing (CLSR). CLSR employs hard binary gates conditioned on token representations to dynamically select LS or shared paths. By manipulating these gates, it can schedule LS capacity across sub-layers in MNMT subject to the guidance of translation signals and budget constraints. Moreover, CLSR can easily scale up to massively multilingual settings. Experiments with Transformer on OPUS-100 and WMT datasets show that: 1) MNMT is sensitive to both the amount and the position of LS modeling: distributing 10%-30% LS computation to the top and/or bottom encoder/decoder layers delivers the best performance; and 2) one-to-many translation benefits more from CLSR compared to many-to-one translation, particularly with unbalanced training data. Our study further verifies the trade-off between the shared capacity and LS capacity for multilingual translation. We corroborate our analysis by confirming the soundness of our findings as foundation of our improved multilingual Transformers. Source code and models are available at https://github.com/bzhangGo/zero/tree/iclr2021_clsr.\nCode Of Ethics: I acknowledge that I and all co-authors of this work have read and commit to adhering to the ICLR Code of Ethics\nOne-sentence Summary: We investigate and improve parameter-sharing strategies in multilingual Transformers by utilizing conditional computation.
Surfactant Protein D as a Biomarker for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2012)

Clinical research in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been hampered by the lack of validated blood biomarkers. The ideal COPD biomarker would have the following characteristics: (1) it would be a lung specific protein that could be assayed in blood; (2) it would change with disease severity or during exacerbations; (3) it would be specific for COPD; and would be responsive to change with effective treatments. One such candidate is the lung specific protein surfactant protein D (SP-D). In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting SP-D as a COPD biomarker.
ObServer: A Storage System for Object-Oriented Applications (1990)

ObServer is a storage system designed to support object-oriented applications such as computer-aided design systems, interactive programming environments and object-oriented databases. For these systems to be used effectively, the underlying storage server must support interactive transactions, provide share access to objects and perform efficiently in a distributed workstation environment. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of ObServer, consider its limitations and discuss areas of current and future research. We also provide performance statistics obtained from three types of example databases.
The CMU rover (1982)

An advanced camera-equipped mobile robot is being built at the CMU Robotics Institute to support research in control, perception, planning and related issues. It will be used initially to continue and extend visual navigation work (the Cart Project) completed in 1981 at Stanford's Al Lab. but is designed with mechanical, sensor and controller flexibility which should permit it to support a wide variety of other efforts.
Microvessel density counting in breast cancer. Slides vs. digital images. (2001)

We demonstrated the functionality and usefulness of our program in performing MVD evaluation. Considering the capabilities of the program to store all images and microvessel marks and the reliability of MVD evaluation based on digital images, we consider this program the first step toward fully automated MVD assessment.
Gender-Linked Brain Injury in Experimental Stroke (1998)

We conclude that endogenous estrogen improves stroke outcome during vascular occlusion by exerting both neuroprotective and flow-preserving effects.
Synthesis of main group, rare-earth, and d{sup 0} metal complexes containing beta-hydrogen (2013)

A series of organometallic compounds containing the tris(dimethylsilyl)methyl ligand are described. The potassium carbanions KC(SiHMe2)3 and KC(SiHMe2})3TMEDA are synthesized by deprotonation of the hydrocarbon HC(SiHMe2)3 with potassium benzyl. KC(SiHMe2)3TMEDA crystallizes as a dimer with two types of three-center-two-electron KH- Si interactions. Homoleptic Ln(III) tris(silylalkyl) complexes containing β-SiH groups M{C(SiHMe2)3}3 (Ln = Y, Lu, La) are synthesized from salt elimination of the corresponding lanthanide halide and 3 equiv. of KC(SiHMe2)3. The related reactions with Sc yield bis(silylalkyl) ate-complexes containing either LiCl or KCl. The divalent calcium and ytterbium compounds M{C(SiHMe2)3}2L (M = Ca, Yb; L = THF2 or TMEDA) are prepared from MI2 and 2 equiv of KC(SiHMe2)3. The compounds M{C(SiHMe2)3}2L (M = Ca, Yb; L = THF2 or TMEDA) and La{C(SiHMe2)3}3 react with 1 equiv of B(C6F5)3 to give 1,3- disilacyclobutane {Me2Si-C(SiHMe2)2}2 and MC(SiHMe2)3HB(C6F5)3L, and La{C(SiHMe2)3}2HB(C6F5)3, respectively. The corresponding reactions of Ln{C(SiHMe2)3}3 (Ln = Y, Lu) give the β-SiH abstraction product [{(Me2HSi)3C}2LnC(SiHMe2)2SiMe2][HB(C6F5)3] (Ln = Y, Lu), but the silene remains associated with the Y or Lu center. The abstraction reactions of M{C(SiHMe2)3}2L (M = Ca, Yb; L = THF2or TMEDA) and Ln{C(SiHMe2)3}3 (Ln = Y, Lu, La) and 2 equiv of B(C6F5)3 give the expected dicationic M{HB(C6F5)3}2L (M = Ca, Yb; L = THF2 or TMEDA) and dicationic mono(silylalkyl) LnC(SiHMe2)3{HB(C6F5)3}2 (Ln = Y, Lu, La), respectively. Salt metathesis reactions of Cp2(NR2)ZrX (X = Cl, I, OTf; R = t-Bu, SiHMe2) and lithium hydrosilazide ultimately afford hydride products Cp2(NR2)ZrH that suggest unusual β-hydrogen elimination processes. A likely intermediate in one of these reactions, Cp2Zr[N(SiHMe2)t-Bu][N(SiHMe2)2], is isolated under controlled synthetic conditions. Addition of alkali metal salts to this zirconium hydrosilazide compound produces the corresponding zirconium hydride. However as conditions are varied, a number of other pathways are also accessible, including C-H/Si-H dehydrocoupling, γ-abstraction of a CH, and β-abstraction of a SiH. Our observations suggest that the conversion of (hydrosilazido)zirconocene to zirconium hydride does not follow the classical four-center β- elimination mechanism.
An H1-like protein from the macronucleus of Euplotes eurystomus. (1987)

An H1-like protein has been purified from the macronucleus (MAC) of the hypotrichous ciliated protozoan, Euplotes eurystomus. It is present in amounts comparable to the inner histones and is extracted by treatment with 5% perchloric acid or 0.65 M NaCl, but not by 0.35 M NaCl. Treatment of soluble MAC chromatin with the ionic exchange resin AG 50W-X2 in 80 mM NaCl removes MAC H1 and yields H1-depleted chromatin. Mac H1 is lysine-rich and deficient in acidic amino acids. The stoichiometry of the H1 protein is reduced in mononucleosome preparations, consistent with its postulated interaction with linker DNA regions. Thermal denaturation and circular dichroism studies reveal that H1-depleted chromatin contains a larger portion of destabilized DNA than control chromatin. The molecular weight of Euplotes MAC H1 is significantly smaller than most reported H1 proteins. Comparisons are made with extracts of macronuclei from other hypotrichous ciliated protozoa and published reports of other lower eukaryotes.
국외여행인솔자 자격제도의 개선방안 (2020)

여행업은 유형의 관광자원과 전문성을 갖춘 여행업종사원의 인적 서비스가 결합한 산업이다. 업무와 관련하여 자격을 갖출 것을 요하는 여행업종사원은 고객에게 직접적인 인적서비스를 제공하여 여행급부의 품질을 결정짓게 하는 종사원으로 여행 행정업무와 여행지 안내 업무를 담당하는 종사원이다.
국외여행인솔자에 대하여 「관광진흥법」은 제13조에서 규정하고 있다. 국외여행인솔자는 내국인의 국외여행을 실시할 경우 여행소비자의 안전 및 편의제공을 위하여 당해 여행을 인솔하며 출국에서 귀국까지의 여행일정을 동행하여 제반업무를 수행하는 총괄 책임자이다. 국외여행인솔자의 인솔업무를 여행업자의 재량에 의한 임의규정으로 되어 있어 그로 인한 고용문제와 전문성을 갖춘 국외여행인솔자 양성에 어려움이 있다.
국외여행인솔자를 전문성을 갖춘 권한있는 총괄책임자로서의 여행업종사원으로 양성하고 여행소비자의 법익보호를 위해서 국외여행인솔자의 권한과 의무에 대한 기준을 마련할 필요가 있다. 또한, 전문성과 실무능력을 구비한 국외여행인 솔자 양성을 위한 자격시험의 개편과 인솔업무를 강행규정으로 하는 법령의 개정도 필요하다.
이 연구는 여행업종사원 중 국외여행인솔자의 제도상 문제점과 개선방안으로 한정하여 연구하였다. 여행업종사원으로서 안정적인 고용보장에 의해 전문성을 갖춘 국외여행인솔자의 양성과, 법적 책임에 대한 법령 개정이 필요하다는 점에 대해 고찰하였다.
Paucity of beta 2-microglobulin expression on small cell lung cancer, bronchial carcinoids and certain other neuroendocrine tumors. (1986)

Cell lines established from small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a neuroendocrine tumor, have low or absent expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens. To determine whether this phenomenon occurs also in vivo, 244 routine paraffin-embedded tumors including 32 SCLC and 79 non-SCLC (NSCLC) lung cancers were studied for expression of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) by an avidin-biotin coupled immunoperoxidase technique. The majority of SCLC tumors lacked beta 2m expression, while some had weak, focal expression. In contrast, most NSCLC expressed beta 2m, often strongly. The difference between SCLC and NSCLC was highly significant statistically, suggesting that beta 2m can be used as a clinical immunodiagnostic marker for distinguishing NSCLC from SCLC. In addition, certain other neuroendocrine tumors (neuroblastoma, bronchial and midgut carcinoid tumors) lacked beta 2m expression, whereas some (pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and peripheral neuroectodermal tumors) usually stained positively. Such non-neuroendocrine tumors as colon, breast, and prostate carcinomas showed moderate to high expression of beta 2m. Selective absence of beta 2m expression by certain neuroendocrine tumors appears to be a phenomenon of biological and diagnostic importance.
Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry:  Self-Assembling Dendrimers Using the DDA·AAD (GC-like) Hydrogen Bonding Motif (2002)

Heterocyclic unit 2 containing complementary donor-donor-acceptor (DDA) and acceptor-acceptor-donor (AAD) hydrogen bonding arrays at an angle of about 60 degrees was designed to self-assemble into a hexamer. To investigate whether this unit could self-assemble dendrimers, the 2,8-diamino-2-N-ethylpyrimido-(4,5-b)(1,8)naphthyridine-3H-4-one subunit was synthesized with a first (2a), second (2b), and third generation (2c) Fréchet-type dendron attached to the 8-amino group. The synthesis of 2a-c was accomplished in 11 steps beginning with 2,6-diaminopyridine and the corresponding dendron bromide. Studies using (1)H NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) support the cooperative formation of cyclic hexamers in apolar solvents. The stability of the self-assembled dendrimers is dependent on the size of the attached dendron, and mixing studies with 2a-c indicate their usefulness in constructing dynamic combinatorial libraries.
Pharmacy Council elections - a piece of my mind : editorial comment (2013)

Fifty pharmacists have been nominated for election to the Pharmacy Council. This is not many in the scheme of things. There are more than 12 500 on the register. It's a considerable number when you consider that only nine pharmacists will be elected.
Replication of simian herpesvirus SA8 and identification of viral polypeptides in infected cells (1984)

The replication of the simian herpesvirus SA8 in Vero cells was examined. The time course of replication of the simian herpesvirus SA8 was found to be similar to that of the herpes simplex viruses. Infectious progeny virions were first detectable by 6 h postinfection and were readily released into the extracellular fluids beginning at 9 h postinfection. All cell lines tested, with the exception of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, were permissive for SA8. Analysis of SA8-infected cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed over 40 infected cell polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 158,000 to less than 10,000. Of these proteins, 23 were present in virions. Three classes of infected cell polypeptides could be identified based on the kinetics of their synthesis. Post-translational processing of several SA8-induced proteins was also observed in pulse-chase experiments. Six distinct SA8-specific glycoproteins ranging from 118,000 to 19,500 daltons were also identified in infected cells. Of these glycoproteins, five were present in virions.
SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND CALCIUM SULFATE ION‐PAIRS IN SEAWATER AT 25C1 (1969)

The stoichiometric association constant of CaSO 4 0 ion‐pairs, K* CaSO4 = [CaSO 4 0 ]/[Ca 2+ ]× [SO 4 2− ], was found to be 10.8 ± 0.7 at 25C at an effective ionic strength of 0.67 and at 1‐atm pressure. The percentages of free and ion‐paired species in seawater were calculated from the experimentally determined association constants of NaSO 4 − , MgSO 4 0 , and CaSO 4 0 ion‐pairs. The results were used to calculate the effective ionic strength of seawater and to account for the difference in activity coefficients in seawater and in single‐salt solutions.
Transmission of Diverse Oral Bacteria to Murine Placenta: Evidence for the Oral Microbiome as a Potential Source of Intrauterine Infection (2010)

ABSTRACT Microbial infection of the intrauterine environment is a major cause of preterm birth. The current paradigm indicates that intrauterine infections predominantly originate from the vaginal tract, with the organisms ascending into the sterile uterus. With the improvements in technology, an increasing number of bacterial species have been identified in intrauterine infections that do not belong to the vaginal microflora. We have demonstrated previously that intrauterine infections can originate from the oral cavity following hematogenous transmission. In this study, we begin to systemically examine what proportion of the oral microbiome can translocate to the placenta. Pooled saliva and pooled subgingival plaque samples were injected into pregnant mice through tail veins to mimic bacteremia, which occurs frequently during periodontal infections. The microbial species colonizing the murine placenta were detected using 16S rRNA gene-based PCR and clone analysis. A diverse group of bacterial species were identified, many of which have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in humans although their sources of infection were not determined. Interestingly, the majority of these species were oral commensal organisms. This may be due to a dose effect but may also indicate a unique role of commensal species in intrauterine infection. In addition, a number of species were selectively “enriched” during the translocation, with a higher prevalence in the placenta than in the pooled saliva or subgingival plaque samples. These observations indicate that the placental translocation was species specific. This study provides the first insight into the diversity of oral bacteria associated with intrauterine infection.
Identifying Communication Patterns between Virtual Machines in Software-Defined Data Centers (2017)

Modern cloud data centers typically exploit management strategies to reduce the overall energy consumption. While most of the solutions focus on the energy consumption due to computational elements, the advent of the Software-Defined Network paradigm opens the possibility for more complex strategies taking into account the network traffic exchange within the data center. However, a network-aware Virtual Machine (VM) allocation requires the knowledge of data communication patterns, so that VMs exchanging significant amount of data can be placed on the same physical host or on low cost communication paths. In Infrastructure as a Service data centers, the information about VMs traffic exchange is not easily available unless a specialized monitoring function is deployed over the data center infrastructure. The main contribution of this paper is a methodology to infer VMs communication patterns starting from input/output network traffic time series of each VM and without relaying on a special purpose monitoring. Our reference scenario is a software-defined data center hosting a multi-tier application deployed using horizontal replication. The proposed methodology has two main goals to support a network-aware VMs allocation: first, to identify couples of intensively communicating VMs through correlation-based analysis of the time series; second, to identify VMs belonging to the same vertical stack of a multi-tier application. We evaluate the methodology by comparing different correlation indexes, clustering algorithms and time granularities to monitor the network traffic. The experimental results demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach to identify interacting VMs, even in a challenging scenario where the traffic patterns are similar in every VM belonging to the same application tier.
Variability of Glutathione Levels in Normal Breast Tissue and Subcutaneous Fat during the Menstrual Cycle: An in Vivo Study with Microdialysis Technique* (1997)

A small increase in the risk of breast cancer has been reported after long term use of combined estrogen-progestagen treatment. Free oxygen radicals and antioxidants such as glutathione are involved in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis and thereby in carcinogenesis. To study whether the glutathione levels are sex hormone dependent, we used the microdialysis technique to measure the in vivo concentrations of glutathione in breast tissue and sc fat during the menstrual cycle. Six healthy women (23-32 yr old) were investigated early in the follicular phase and the midluteal phase. Two 60-min fractions each were collected by microdialysis of periumbilical fat and breast tissue, respectively. The samples were stored at -70 C and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Glutathione concentrations increased in the midluteal phase compared to those in the follicular phase in both adipose tissue and breast tissue (P < 0.05). The variability of glutathione levels during the menstrual cycle, with higher levels late in the menstrual cycle, indicates that the antioxidant system could be sex hormone dependent. This may be of importance in breast cancer development.
The Effects of a Metal Ground Plane on RFID Tag Antennas (2006)

This paper presents measured antenna impedance and patterns of a horizontally oriented folded dipole as it is moved toward a metal ground plane. The 915 MHz measurements on different antennas provide rules-of-thumb for RFID link design and suggest that changing antenna thicknesses may make tags more resistant to on-object degradations