gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Hepatic Receptors Cooperate to Eliminate Secretory Mucins Aberrantly Entering the Bloodstream: Are Circulating Cancer Mucins the “Tip of the Iceberg”? (2006)

Hollow organs lined by columnar epithelial cells normally secrete mucins and their proteolytic fragments vectorially into the lumen. These heterogeneously O-glycosylated molecules are known to aberrantly enter the bloodstream in the setting of epithelial carcinomas and possibly during injury or inflammation. We have recently shown that carcinoma mucin fragments can trigger the rapid formation of platelet-rich microthrombi in vivo. Thus, mechanisms to clear such aberrantly secreted mucins must exist. Indeed, we found that i.v. injected carcinoma mucin fragments had an approximately 1 minute half-life in mice, which was primarily due to rapid clearance by hepatic reticuloendothelial cells. Inhibition of known glycan-recognizing hepatic clearance receptors showed involvement of multiple partially overlapping clearance systems. Studies of genetically deficient mice and incomplete competition between different mucins confirmed this result. Thus, multiple hepatic clearance receptors cooperate to eliminate secretory mucins entering the circulation, limiting potential pathology. This may also explain why mucin-type clustered O-glycosylation is rare on plasma proteins. Notably, small subsets of injected carcinoma mucins remained unrecognized by clearance systems, had a much longer half-life, and carried highly sialylated O-glycans. Similar circulating mucins were found in tumor-bearing mice despite lack of saturation of hepatic clearance mechanisms. Thus, circulating cancer mucins currently used as clinical diagnostic markers likely represent only the clearance-resistant "tip of the iceberg." Such aberrantly circulating mucins could play pathologic roles not only in cancer but also during injury or inflammation of hollow organs and in liver disease.
Realization of a Knill-Laflamme-Milburn controlled-NOT photonic quantum circuit combining effective optical nonlinearities (2011)

Quantum information science addresses how uniquely quantum mechanical phenomena such as superposition and entanglement can enhance communication, information processing, and precision measurement. Photons are appealing for their low-noise, light-speed transmission and ease of manipulation using conventional optical components. However, the lack of highly efficient optical Kerr nonlinearities at the single photon level was a major obstacle. In a breakthrough, Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn (KLM) showed that such an efficient nonlinearity can be achieved using only linear optical elements, auxiliary photons, and measurement [Knill E, Laflamme R, Milburn GJ (2001) Nature 409:46-52]. KLM proposed a heralded controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate for scalable quantum computation using a photonic quantum circuit to combine two such nonlinear elements. Here we experimentally demonstrate a KLM CNOT gate. We developed a stable architecture to realize the required four-photon network of nested multiple interferometers based on a displaced-Sagnac interferometer and several partially polarizing beamsplitters. This result confirms the first step in the original KLM "recipe" for all-optical quantum computation, and should be useful for on-demand entanglement generation and purification. Optical quantum circuits combining giant optical nonlinearities may find wide applications in quantum information processing, communication, and sensing.
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: New Targets in Cancer Therapy? (2006)

Early detection and treatment of cancers have increased survival and improved clinical outcome. The development of metastases is often associated with a poor prognostic of survival. Finding early markers of metastasis and developing new therapies against their development is a great challenge. Since a few years, there is more evidence that ionic channels are involved in the oncogenic process. Among these, voltage-gated sodium channels expressed in non-nervous or non-muscular organs are often associated with the metastatic behaviour of different cancers. The aim of this review is to describe the current knowledge on the functional expression of voltage-gated sodium channels and their biological roles in different cancers such as prostate, breast, lung (small cells and non-small cells) and leukaemia. In the conclusion, we develop conceptual approaches to understand how such channels can be involved in the metastatic process and conclude that blockers targeted toward these channels are promising new therapeutic solutions against metastatic cancers.
Multisensor integration for sensor guided robots (2002)

Most industrial robot plants possess only insufficient opportunities of integrating external sensor data into robot controls. For that reason robot plants react extremely inflexibly to varying geometrical relations between workpiece and tool. This effect occurs in both machining technologies and assembly. To obtain detailed sensor information, highly sophisticated single sensor systems may occasionally be used. However, these problems can be solved in most cases by a fast and cheap multisensor extension. The expenditure for configuration and set-up of sensor systems as well as multisensor systems should be as low as possible, because it represents an essential cost factor in production. On the foundation of an existing system for sensor data integration into robot controls, a concept for flexible multisensor fusion and integration is designed and implemented. By means of three applications of different complexity the efficiency of the software system is indicated. The system consists of a hierarchic structure with three levels and can be divided into the two main modules: control and sensing. By configuration of the topology, the methods and the parameters of these main modules the user can easily adapt the system for different applications in production. Thus the expenditure for installation, setting up and conversion of the multisensor system is reduced to a minimum.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Early activation of PBMC and appearance of antiviral CD8<sup>+</sup> cells influence the prognosis of SIV‐induced disease in rhesus macaques (1994)

We studied 15 macaques inoculated with SIV and identified three phases of infection. Phase 1 was characterized by activated lymphocytes in blood and infected cells in the CSF. In phase 2, activated cells were not detected but virus was recovered from mitogen-stimulated PBMC, while in phase 3, virus was recovered from mitogen-stimulated PBMC only after depletion of CD8+ lymphocytes, indicating effective control of the virus in peripheral blood. Early development of phase 3 status correlated with a longer period of clinical normalcy.
Difluoromethylation Reactions of Organic Compounds (2017)

The relevance of the -CF<sub>2</sub> H moiety has attracted considerable attention from organic synthetic and medicinal chemistry communities, because this group can act as a more lipophilic isostere of the carbinol, thiol, hydroxamic acid, or amide groups. Being weakly acidic, the CF<sub>2</sub> H moiety can establish hydrogen-bonding interactions to improve the binding selectivity of biologically active compounds. Therefore, the hydroxyl, amino, and thio substituents of lead structures are routinely replaced by a CF<sub>2</sub> H motif in drug discovery, with great benefits in the pharmacological activity of drugs and drug candidates and agrochemicals. Consequently, the late-stage introduction of CF<sub>2</sub> H is a sought-after strategy in designing bioactive compounds. Secondly, but nonetheless relevant and meaningful, is the study of synthetic pathways to introduce a CF<sub>2</sub> -Y moiety (Y≠H, F) into organic substrates because compounds that contain a CF<sub>2</sub> -Y functionality have also found vast applications in medicinal chemistry and in other areas, such as that of fungicides, insecticides, etc., and thus, this functionality deserves special attention. Although emphasis is made on difluoromethylation strategies to functionalize different families of organic compounds, three main methodological protocols will be presented in this review article for the late-stage introduction of a CF<sub>2</sub> H or CF<sub>2</sub> Y moieties into organic substrates: i) a metal-photoredox catalysis; ii) through transition metal-catalyzed thermal protocols; and iii) from transition-metal-free strategies.
Edge detection using neural networks (2002)

Neural networks can be a useful tool for edge detection. Since a neural network edge detector is a nonlinear filter, it can have a built-in thresholding capability. Thus the filtering, thresholding operation of edge detection is a natural application for neural network processing. An edge-detection neural network can be trained with backpropagation using relatively few training patterns. The most difficult part of any neural network training problem is defining the proper training set. A simple method is given for the edge detection training problem. Not only can neural networks be trained to detect edges, they can also be designed from scratch, without the necessity for training. The weights of the network can be selected to match the characteristics of your favorite linear edge detection filter. The addition of a bias, and a sigmoid non-linearity on the output produces an "engineered" neural network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dielectric breakdown of shock-loaded PZT 65/35 (1973)

The dependence of dielectric breakdown in shock-loaded ferroelectric ceramics on both the shock amplitude and the electric field strength was investigated by employing shock reverberation techniques. In these experiments thick projectile disks were impacted on relatively thin specimens of hot-pressed PZT 65/35 [Pb0.99Nb0.02(Zr0.65Ti0.35)0.98 O3] poled to 10, 20, and 30 μC/cm2. The principal results of this investigation are: (i) dielectric breakdown is not explicitly a function of stress for stress values in the region of this study (&lt;23 kbar), (ii) breakdown is not instantaneous, (iii) for fields greater than the breakdown threshold (≈5 kV/mm) the time between introduction of the shock into the ferroelectric and onset of breakdown decreases rapidly with increasing electric field, (iv) electric fields generated by 10-kbar shocks in specimens poled to 30 μC/cm2 are sufficient to cause breakdown, and (v) axial release waves can travel at a velocity as much as 15% faster than the initial stress wave.
The 2<sup><i>k</i></sup>—<sup><i>p</i></sup>Fractional Factorial Designs (1961)

“Cats is dogs and dogs is dogs and rabbits is dogs, and squirrels in cages is parrots ….”
Formulations of the Basic Vector Network Analyzer Error Model including Switch-Terms (1997)

This paper explores details of the relationship between two expressions of the basic error model describing a two-port vector network analyzer (VNA). One of these formulations is the conventional twelve-term formulation; the other is in terms of error boxes. The paper focuses on the role of the switch terms. By fully detailing the relationship between the two formulations, the paper arrives at several significant new results, including an explicit constraint on the parameters of the twelve-term model.
Antioxidants and Anti-obesity Activities of Hot Water and Ethanolic Extracts from Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) (2011)

Recent studies suggested that Cheonnyuncho is a significant source of bioactive phenolic compounds, comparable to phytochemicals, including green tea and onion. In this study, the hot-water and 80% ethanolic extracts of Cheonnyuncho were assessed as to their total phenol content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity (DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power), and anti-obesity activity. The results showed that the total phenol contents of the hot water extract and the 80% ethanolic extract were and mg GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoids content was detected only in the 80% ethanolic extract, however, with a 778.08 catechin equivalents/g content. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power of the 80% ethanolic extract from Cheonnyuncho was significantly higher than those of the water extract (p (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ), and its target gene, aP2 (adipocyte protein 2). These results indicate that Cheonnyuncho extracts can inhibit adipogenesis through a mechanism that involves direct down regulation of gene expression or via modulation of ROS production associated with radical-scavenging activities.
A Secure Multiparty Computation Solution to Healthcare Frauds and Abuses (2011)

Medical facilities are vital ingredients which can make or break lives. In such critical matters, proper management of Private Health Information (PHI) of each individual is very necessary. In many foreign countries, Information Technology has made a revolutionary impact in the medical sector too, providing with absolute paperless hospitals. Several emergency facilities are available, and doctors too use a tablet PC or a palmtop for complete patient's record retrieval and for diagnosis and treatment. No more files needs to be managed for individual patients. Thus, the hospital server is most vulnerable to all the threats pertaining to information thefts, frauds, unauthorized modification or any other crime. In such a scenario, the server and its information safety is a crucial concern for all the hospital management, as any invalid access can cost a life or even more.
A Seismic Resistant Design Algorithm for Laying and Shielding of Optical Fiber Cables (2017)

This paper considers a long-haul optical fiber cable, connecting two points on the Earth's surface that passes through earthquake-prone or other sensitive areas. Different segments of the cable are characterized by different protection levels, where a higher level through shielding represents a more costly and more resilient segment. This leads to a multi-objective optimization problem, where the two objectives are 1) the total cost of the cable and 2) the total number of potential repairs along the cable likely to be caused by earthquakes. As a measure of seismic risk, we use the concept of cable repair rate used in the civil engineering community. In our models, ground motion intensity data are used to estimate the cable repair rate, and a graph of a triangulated irregular network is used to represent the Earth's surface. We formulate this optimization problem as a multi-objective shortest path problem and solve it by a variant of the label setting algorithm. Two approximate algorithms, an interval-partition-based label-setting algorithm and an evolutionary algorithm, are also presented as methods of computational cost reduction for large-scale cases, and their results are compared. The solution leads to a Pareto front or an approximate Pareto front that enables us to choose the path and protection of the cable to either minimize cost for a given risk level or minimize risk for a given budget.
Multiple sclerosis rebound following herpes zoster infection and suspension of fingolimod (2012)

Fingolimod, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, is highly effective in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS).[1][1],[2][2] However, fatal cases of herpes infection have occurred in 2 patients on fingolimod therapy, 1 of whom presented with a primary disseminated varicella-zoster virus (
Design of a Novel Mobility Interface for Infants on a Mobile Robot by Kicking (2010)

Many infants with special needs, such as with Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, and autism have delayed independent mobility due to weak musculature and/or poor coordination. Children with mobility impairments often do not use powered chairs until the age of five, as per current medical practice. Consequently, these children spend considerably less time moving independently around in their environment compared with typically developing children of the same age. Lack of independent mobility may result in delays in their cognitive, perceptual, social, and emotional development, which are well correlated with locomotion. This paper describes a novel mobility interface for the robot to explore the environment when infants are placed in a prone position. Infants can maneuver the robot through a drive interface that utilizes a camera to detect the motion of markers attached to their legs. We expect that infants will learn to drive the device by swinging their legs. Specifically, this paper demonstrates feasibility of this drive interface using data from two infants. Future studies will determine how infants can be trained to drive a robot purposefully and how such self-generated locomotion affects their long-term development.
A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human serum paraoxonase concentration (2000)

Serum paraoxonase (PON) is associated with plasma high density lipoproteins, and prevents the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins. We have developed a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using two monoclonal antibodies against PON, to measure serum PON concentration. The concentration of PON in healthy Japanese subjects was 59.3 +/- 1.3 microgram/mL (mean +/- SEM; n = 87). Serum PON concentrations in relation to the PON 192 genetic polymorphism were: 69.5 +/- 2.9 microgram/mL in the QQ genotype; 63.0 +/- 1.9 microgram/mL in the QR genotype; and 52.8 +/- 1.7 microgram/mL in the RR genotype. Concentrations were significantly lower in the RR than in the QQ genotype (P < 0.01). Serum paraoxonase specific activity was higher in RR than in QQ subjects (18.6 +/- 0.40 vs. 2. 56 +/- 0.05 nmol/min/microgram, P < 0.01), but arylesterase specific activity was unrelated to genotype. PON concentration was positively associated (P < 0.001) with both serum arylesterase activity and, after adjusting for the effect of the position 192 polymorphism, with serum paraoxonase activity. Subjects with angiographically verified coronary heart disease had significantly lower PON concentrations than the healthy controls (52.0 +/- 2.3 microgram/mL; n = 35, P < 0.01). This association was independent of the position 192 genotype. Our new ELISA should be of value for epidemiologic and clinical studies of serum PON concentration. immunosorbent assay for human serum paraoxonase concentration.
Protein S-thiolation targets glycolysis and protein synthesis in response to oxidative stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2003)

The irreversible oxidation of cysteine residues can be prevented by protein S-thiolation, a process by which protein SH groups form mixed disulphides with low-molecular-mass thiols such as glutathione. We report here the target proteins which are modified in yeast cells in response to H(2)O(2). In particular, a range of glycolytic and related enzymes (Tdh3, Eno2, Adh1, Tpi1, Ald6 and Fba1), as well as translation factors (Tef2, Tef5, Nip1 and Rps5) are identified. The oxidative stress conditions used to induce S-thiolation are shown to inhibit GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), enolase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities, whereas they have no effect on aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase or aldehyde dehydrogenase activities. The inhibition of GAPDH, enolase and alcohol dehydrogenase is readily reversible once the oxidant is removed. In addition, we show that peroxide stress has little or no effect on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, the enzymes that catalyse NADPH production via the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus the inhibition of glycolytic flux is proposed to result in glucose equivalents entering the pentose phosphate pathway for the generation of NADPH. Radiolabelling is used to confirm that peroxide stress results in a rapid and reversible inhibition of protein synthesis. Furthermore, we show that glycolytic enzyme activities and protein synthesis are irreversibly inhibited in a mutant that lacks glutathione, and hence cannot modify proteins by S-thiolation. In summary, protein S-thiolation appears to serve an adaptive function during exposure to an oxidative stress by reprogramming metabolism and protecting protein synthesis against irreversible oxidation.
Dynamics of Diastolic Sounds Caused by Partially Occluded Coronary Arteries (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The aim of this project is to improve the detection of coronary occlusions using an approach based on the recording and analysis of isolated diastolic heart sounds associated with turbulent blood flow in occluded coronary arteries. The nonlinear dynamic analysis method based on approximate entropy has been proposed for the analysis of diastolic heart sounds. A commercially available electronic stethoscope was used to record the diastolic heart sounds from patients diagnosed with or without coronary artery disease (CAD) based on their coronary angiography examination. The nonlinear dynamical analysis (approximate entropy) measures of the diastolic heart sounds recorded from 30 patients with coronary occlusions and ten normal subjects were estimated. Results suggest the presence of the high nonlinear (approximate entropy) values of diastolic heart sounds associated with CAD ( <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$p ≪ \hbox{0.05}$</tex></formula>). This approach led to a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 80%, and an overall accuracy of 78%. As a summary, 23 out of 30 abnormal patients and eight out of ten normal patients were correctly detected. </para>
The molecular initiation and subsequent acquisition of disease resistance in plants (2003)

  Interactions between disease resistance (R) genes in plants and their corresponding pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes are the key determinants of whether a plant is susceptible or resistance to a pathogen attack. Evidence has emerged that these gene-for-gene interactions in the perception of pathogenic invasions and development of acquired resistance in plants involve different molecular and hormonal transduction pathways, which are still poorly understood. It has become apparent that plants actively produce several phytohormones such as ethylene, jasmonate, salicylic acid, and reactive oxygen intermediates prior to upregulation of R genes. The physiological role of these molecules in plant resistance to pathogens is beginning to attract attention. The use of transgenic plants in recent attempts, including development of mutants with altered R genes, has provided new insights into the mechanisms involved in pathogen perception, signal transduction and subsequent resistance to disease in plants. This review tries to summarize current knowledge of pathogen-related genes in plants, and how they can be use to improve disease resistance in agronomically valuable plants. It also describes the molecular basis of defense mechanisms in plants under pathogen attack.   Key words: Avr, resistance gene, hypersensitivity, pathogenesis-related proteins, transgenic, plant-defense.
Achromatic retarders using quartz and mica (1995)

Two plates of different birefringent materials with properly chosen thicknesses can be combined to produce an achromatic retarder. An inexpensive design for such an achromatic retarder using quartz and mica is described.