gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of an Organic Lateral Resolution Test Device for Imaging Mass Spectrometry (2014)

An organic lateral resolution test device has been developed to measure the performance of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) systems. The device contains periodic gratings of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lipid bars covering a wide range of spatial frequencies. Microfabrication technologies were employed to produce well-defined chemical interfaces, which allow lateral resolution to be assessed using the edge-spread function (ESF). In addition, the design of the device allows for the direct measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF) to assess image quality. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) were used to characterize the device. TOF-SIMS imaging was used to measure the chemical displacement of biomolecules in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix crystals. In a proof-of-concept experiment, the platform was also used to evaluate MALDI matrix application methods, specifically aerosol spray and sublimation methods.
Low-Power, Adaptive Neuromorphic Systems: Recent Progress and Future Directions (2018)

In this paper, we present a survey of recent works in developing neuromorphic or neuro-inspired hardware systems. In particular, we focus on those systems which can either learn from data in an unsupervised or online supervised manner. We present algorithms and architectures developed specially to support on-chip learning. Emphasis is placed on hardware friendly modifications of standard algorithms, such as backpropagation, as well as novel algorithms, such as structural plasticity, developed specially for low-resolution synapses. We cover works related to both spike-based and more traditional non-spike-based algorithms. This is followed by developments in novel devices, such as floating-gate MOS, memristors, and spintronic devices. CMOS circuit innovations for on-chip learning and CMOS interface circuits for post-CMOS devices, such as memristors, are presented. Common architectures, such as crossbar or island style arrays, are discussed, along with their relative merits and demerits. Finally, we present some possible applications of neuromorphic hardware, such as brain-machine interfaces, robotics, etc., and identify future research trends in the field.
A Microwave Push-Push VCO with Enhanced Power Efficiency in GaInP/GaAs HBT Technology (2007)

This paper presents a new push-push VCO technique that extracts a second harmonic output signal from a capacitive commonnode in a negativegm oscillator topology. The generation of the harmonics is accounted for by the nonlinear current-voltage characteristic of the emitter-base junction diode causing; 1) significant voltage clipping and 2) different rising and falling time during the switching operation of core transistors. Comparative investigations show the technique is more power efficient in the high-frequency region that a conventional push-push technique using an emitter common node. Prototype 12GHz and 17GHz MMIC VCO were realized in GaInP/GaAs HBT technology. They have shown nominal output power of -4.3dBm and -5dBm, phase noise of -108 dBc/Hz and -110.4 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset, respectively. The phase noise results are also equivalent to a VCO figure-of-merit of -175.8 dBc/Hz and -184.3 dBc/Hz, while dissipate 25.68mW(10.7mA/2.4V) and 13.14mW(4.38mA/3.0V), respectively.
Crop Processing and Chop Length of Corn Silage: Effects on Intake, Digestion, and Milk Production by Dairy Cows (2000)

Effects of corn silage crop processing and chop length on intake, digestion, and milk production were evaluated. Corn silage treatments were harvested at one-half milkline stage of maturity (65% whole-plant moisture content) and at 0.95-cm theoretical length of cut without processing (control) or 0.95-, 1.45-, or 1.90-cm theoretical length of cut with processing at a 1-mm roll clearance. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows averaging 71 d in milk at trial initiation were in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods; one square was comprised of ruminally cannulated cows for rumen measurements. Corn silage treatments were fed in total mixed rations containing 50% forage (67% corn silage and 33% alfalfa silage) and 50% corn and soybean meal based concentrate (dry matter basis). Dry matter intake (25.9 vs. 25.3 kg/d) and milk (46.0 vs. 44.8 kg/ d) and fat (1.42 vs. 1.35 kg/d) yields were higher for the processed corn silage treatments compared with the control corn silage. Within the processed corn silage treatments, there were no chop length effects on intake, milk production, or milk composition. Chewing activity was not different among the four corn silage treatments averaging 12 h/d. Total tract digestion of dietary starch was lower for control corn silage (95.1%) compared with fine, medium, and coarse processed corn silage treatments, which averaged 99.3%. Total tract digestion of dietary NDF was reduced for fine-processed corn silage compared with control corn silage and coarse-processed corn silage (28.4% vs. 33.9 and 33.7%, respectively). Processing corn silage improved dry matter intake, starch digestion, and lactation performance. Under the conditions of this study and with theoretical lengths of cut ranging from 0.95 to 1.90 cm, length of chop effects were minimal in processed corn silage.
Cisplatin induces production of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase activation in human prostate cancer cells (2011)

This study aimed to examine the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cisplatin treatment of human prostate cancer cells; hormone-sensitive LNCaP and hormone-refractory PC3 and DU145 cells. Intracellular levels of ROS and H(2)O(2) were measured and visualized using specific fluorescent probes. NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity was detected by lucigenin chemiluminescence assay. Expression levels of NOX isoforms were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Cisplatin treatment increased the intracellular levels of ROS and H(2)O(2) in three prostate cancer cell lines. The increase was transient and robust in hormone-sensitive LNCaP cells compared with hormone-refractory PC3 and DU145 cells. Consistent with these findings, the NOX activity induced by cisplatin was higher in LNCaP cells than in PC3 and DU145 cells. Expression pattern of NOX isoforms varied among three cell lines and the NOX activity was independent of NOX expression. Taken together, we have shown that cisplatin induces production of ROS and H(2)O(2) via NOX activation in human prostate cancer cell lines, which is most prominent in hormone-sensitive LNCaP cells.
Monolithic and multilayer Cr/CrN, Cr/Cr2N, and Cr2N/CrN coatings on hard and soft substrates (1998)

Using controlled low-energy ion bombardment, CrN and Cr2N films were reactively sputtered from a Cr target in a mixed Ar-N2 discharge. Various Cr-N based coating architectures were developed in this work to provide better substrate accommodation than is currently available using monolithic CrN or Cr2N, as well as to build in “load support” for the hard surface layers on more compliant substrates. A series of monolithic and multilayer structures were deposited at low temperatures (&lt;200 °C) to examine the advantages and disadvantages of various coating architectures and ion energies on three substrates: A2 tool steel, 52100 stainless steel, and 2024-aluminum. The optimal operating point for deposition of stoichiometric CrN and Cr2N coatings was determined from analysis of the target state, and supported by in situ ellipsometric measurement of the optical properties of the films during growth. Films were characterized using X-ray, scanning electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Their properties have been evaluated by microhardness, scratch adhesion, and pin-on-disk wear testing. Many of the multilayer coatings gave microhardness values in excess of 2000 HK, often having better adhesion than the single layer films. This was reflected in the wear performance of these films on both A2 and 2024-Al, where no measurable wear was observed in severe dry sliding wear over sliding distances of more than 9000 m against a WC ball. Thus, wear-resistant Cr-N film architectures can be used on some temperature- sensitive and/or compliant substrates to significantly enhance their surface properties.
A simple scheme for unity power-factor rectification for high frequency AC buses (1990)

A simple scheme is proposed for offline unity power factor rectification for high-frequency AC buses (20 kHz). A bandpass filter of the series-resonant type, centered at the line frequency, is inserted between the line and the full-wave rectified load. The Q=Z/sub 0//R/sub L/ formed by the load and the characteristic impedance of the tank circuit determines the power factor, the boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes, the peak stresses, and the transient response of the rectifier. It is shown that for Q>2/ pi the rectifier operates in continuous conduction mode and the output voltage is independent of the load. Also, it is shown that for Q>2 the line current is nearly sinusoidal with less than 5% third-harmonic distortion and the power factor is essentially unity. An increase in Q causes an increase in the peak voltages of the tank circuit and a slower transient response of the rectifier circuit. The DC, small-signal, and transient analyses of the rectifier circuit are carried out, and the results are in good agreement with simulation and experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Delay in the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus following treatment with the immunomodulator AS101: association with IL-10 inhibition and increase in TNF-alpha levels (1997)

It has recently been found that in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by autoantibody production and decreased cellular immune response, increased spontaneous production of IL-10 occurs. The immunomodulator AS101 (ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-0,0')tellurate) was previously shown to significantly decrease IL-10 levels in cancer patients and in murine models. This study shows that AS101 inhibits the development of SLE-related autoimmune pathological manifestations. AS101 decreased the spontaneous IL-10 production by mononuclear cells from SLE patients in vitro. In vivo, systemic injection of AS101 to SCID mice transplanted with mononuclear cells from SLE patients significantly decreased serum human IL-10 levels. There was also a decrease in all serum human Ig isotypes, in anti-dsDNA, and in anti-Sm Igs. In the New Zealand Black/New Zealand White/F1 model, AS101 significantly increased serum TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma while decreasing IL-10 levels; these changes were accompanied by a rapid decrease in anti-dsDNA and anti-ssDNA Igs. More importantly, continuous treatment of New Zealand Black/New Zealand White/F1 mice with AS101 for 6 mo led to the development of proteinuria in 30% of the treated mice compared with 100% in PBS-treated mice (p < 0.001). AS101 treatment reduced the level of immmune complex deposition in the glomeruli, prevented glomerular hypercellularity and mesangial expansion and led to a much smaller mean glomerular volume in treated mice (185 +/- 6 vs 428 +/- 47.103 microm3; p < 0.01). We suggest that treatment with a nontoxic immunomodulator such as AS101, previously used in phase II trials on cancer patients, may be an effective therapeutic approach for controlling SLE.
Automatic Tuning of File Descriptors in P2P File-Sharing Systems (2006)

Peer-to-peer file-sharing systems have poor search performance for rare or poorly described files. These files lack a quality or variety of metadata making them hard to match with queries. A server can alleviate this problem by gathering the descriptors used by peers via what we call probe queries, and use these descriptors to improve its own. We consider probe query triggering mechanisms and criteria for selecting a file for which to probe in this work. Experimental results indicate that probe queries are effective in improving search performance.
MIC 7-to-11-GHz frequency discriminator (1976)

A broadband (7 to 11 GHz) frequency discriminator was developed that is highly linear and suitable for either CW or pulse RF input signals. Microwave integrated circuit (MIC) techniques were used in the construction of the discriminator. Microstrip is chosen for the RF circuits to minimize the discriminator's size and, eventually, cost of production. The discriminator is of the conventional line discriminator type and consists of two 3-dB quadrature hybrids, a delay line, and two detectors. The difference between the two detector outputs is the desired output voltage, which is close to a linear function of the incoming signal. Interaction between imperfect subcomponents and higher harmonics that are generated in the detector diodes causes undesirable ripples in the frequency-response characteristic. A computer analysis program was written to determine error sources and to develop subcomponent specifications that must be maintained to obtain a given linearity specification. The development of high-performance microstrip quadrature hybrids, 3-dB attenuators, terminations, and detectors is described.
Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to malignant glioma (2011)

Glioblastomas (World Health Organisation (WHO) grade IV) and anaplastic gliomas (astrocytomas, oligoastrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas) (WHO grade III) are collectively referred to as malignant gliomas. The diagnosis of malignant glioma may be suspected based on clinical history and neuroimaging findings, but histological confirmation remains the diagnostic “gold standard”. Molecular markers such as 1p/19q codeletion and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation provide important diagnostic and prognostic information. O–methylguanylmethyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation is another favourable prognostic marker and predicts benefit from alkylating agent chemotherapy in glioblastoma. Additionally, the extent of neurosurgical resection is a prognostic factor. Radiotherapy of the involved brain region or chemotherapy using the alkylating agent, temozolomide, are common therapeutic options for patients with anaplastic glioma. In contrast, temozolomide plus radiotherapy is the standard of care for most patients with glioblastoma. The increasing population of elderly patients with glioblastoma represents a particular challenge, with surgery followed by radiotherapy as the standard of care. Contemporary clinical studies focus on the role of angiogenesis. Specifically, pivotal phase III studies exploring the antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bevacizumab, and the αvβ3/5 antagonist, cilengitide, in the management of newly diagnosed glioblastoma have completed enrolment. Moreover, a broad spectrum of other experimental treatment approaches, including immunotherapy with vaccines against glioma-associated antigens, are currently being explored in phase I/II clinical trials.
Sulfide ores may ease minerals shortage (1982)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTSulfide ores may ease minerals shortageMetallic sulfide deposits, found along active rifts in the ocean floor, offer source of strategic minerals within territorial water of U.S.JOSEPH HAGGINView Author Information C&EN, ChicagoCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1982, 60, 1, 21–23Publication Date (Print):January 4, 1982Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 4 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v060n001.p021https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v060n001.p021newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1982 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views6Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Minerals,Sulfides Get e-Alerts
Current views on the role of Notch signaling and the pathogenesis of human leukemia (2011)

The Notch signaling pathway is highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.Constitutive activation of Notch signaling has been shown to result in excessive cellular proliferation and a wide range of malignancies, including leukemia, glioblastoma and lung and breast cancers. Notch can also act as a tumor suppressor, and its inactivation has been associated with an increased risk of spontaneous squamous cell carcinoma. This minireview focuses on recent advances related to the mechanisms and roles of activated Notch1, Notch2, Notch3 and Notch4 signaling in human lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia and B cell lymphoma, as well as their significance, and recent advances in Notch-targeted therapies.
Meet the multifunctional and sexy glycoforms of glycodelin (2005)

Glycodelin, a human-secreted glycoprotein that appears in a small number of glycoforms, exhibits diverse biological activities, such as in contraception and immunosuppression. Moreover, different tissue-specific glycoforms appear to mediate diverse functions. Quite unusually, the glycodelin N-linked glycans differ between the male and female glycoforms. The fact that these glycans are fundamental for exerting the physiological activities of the different glycoforms, makes them an interesting target for glycobiology research. This review will focus on the involvement of the glycans in glycodelin activity and compare between the several glycoforms.
A technique based on the Schlieren principle for studying the free surface of a liquid (1963)

An optical system, based on the Schlieren principle, is developed which includes the free surface of flowing water as a mirror. Provided that the flow is barely turbulent small depressions in this surface, produced by vortices, are represented on the final photographic plate by either bright or dark rings.
Calcium chabazite adsorbent for the gas chromatographic separation of trace argon-oxygen mixtures (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCalcium chabazite adsorbent for the gas chromatographic separation of trace argon-oxygen mixturesPeter J. Maroulis and Charles G. CoeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 10, 1112–1117Publication Date (Print):May 15, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00185a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00185a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views186Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Safety measures in testing aircraft wheeled parts (2015)

Quality and integrity of equipment used in aircraft manufacturing determine safety in the aerospace field. An important part of manufacturing process is to ensure good quality testing platforms, able to give full image information about the tested parts. This article is based on testing aircraft wheeled parts, parts subject to wear and stress. In order to achieve this test, a gear testing mechanical stand (cogwheels) was built. Different tests were performed, including sequence of long time use, heavy torque and low quality oil. The results were both positive and negative and show the importance of continuous monitoring measures of different parameters in order to be able to preserve safety along manufacturing process.
Efficiency and rate of spontaneous emission in organic electroluminescent devices (2012)

We examine spontaneous emission in organic electroluminescent devices and investigate the influence of the local photonic mode density on the emissive properties of molecular emitters. Spontaneous emission in organic electroluminescent devices is modeled by means of an approximate closed-form solution for the exciton rate equation, which yields the efficiency of conversion of electrical charges into molecular excited states. The exciton decay rate and the efficiency of conversion of molecular excitation into far-field radiated photons are described using a state-of-the-art classical electromagnetic formalism suitable to model multilayered organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We present an in-depth analysis of the influence of optical microcavities and the corresponding resonant modes on the luminescent properties of organic molecules. Near-field coupling and coupling to metallic reflectors are demonstrated as the main effects responsible for environment-induced modifications of the rate and efficiency of spontaneous emission. The extent to which the excitonic decay rate is modified by the optical microcavity (Purcell effect) is shown to be strictly dependent on the intrinsic luminescence quantum yield of the molecular emitter. The modeling formalism is successfully validated against experimental results obtained on three series of small-molecule $p$-$i$-$n$ OLED samples, featuring phosphorescent or fluorescent molecular emitters, with a widely varying thickness of the optical microcavity. We demonstrate that, within its limits of validity, the theoretical treatment in this work provides a rigorous quantitative description of spontaneous emission in organic luminescent devices and allows for the identification of the factors determining the OLED internal and external quantum efficiencies.
Development of uranium metal targets for {sup 99}Mo production (1993)

A substantial amount of high enriched uranium (HEU) is used for the production of medical-grade {sup 99}Mo. Promising methods of producing irradiation targets are being developed and may lead to the reduction or elimination of this HEU use. To substitute low enriched uranium (LEU) for HEU in the production of {sup 99}Mo, the target material may be changed to uranium metal foil. Methods of fabrication are being developed to simplify assembly and disassembly of the targets. Removal of the uranium foil after irradiation without dissolution of the cladding is a primary goal in order to reduce the amount of liquid radioactive waste material produced in the process. Proof-of-concept targets have been fabricated. Destructive testing indicates that acceptable contact between the uranium foil and the cladding can be achieved. Thermal annealing tests, which simulate the cladding/uranium diffusion conditions during irradiation, are underway. Plans are being made to irradiate test targets.