gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Resurgence Of Measles In The United States, 1989-1990 (1992)

After almost a decade of relatively few reported cases, a major resurgence of measles occurred in the United States in 1989-1990. The increase primarily involved unvaccinated racial and ethnic minority children less than five years of age residing in inner-city areas. Outbreaks of measles among vaccinated school-aged children continued to occur but had less impact than outbreaks among preschool-aged children. Efforts to prevent measles must be aimed at improving age-specific measles vaccination coverage among preschool-aged children, and implementation of a two-dose measles strategy among school-aged children.
CWR Longitudinal Force of Cable-stayed Bridge of High-speed Railway (2012)

The beam element with rigid arm was used to simulate the bridge,the nonlinear springs were used to simulate the longitudinal resistances of rail and the bridge-track interactions were verified with reference to the experimental results specified in relevant Documents.On the above basis,the tower-cable-rail-beam-pier-pile finite element model of the cable-stayed bridge was established.The(32+80+112) m U-sharp section and single-tower cable-stayed bridge of the Shanghai-Kunming High-speed Railway was taken for case-study: The transmission law of CWR(continuously welded rail) longitudinal forces on the cable-stayed bridge was analyzed;the impact of the longitudinal forces on the cable and tower was calculated;the influence of the design parameters such as the bridge section,the longitudinal resistance model of rail,the restraint plan of the cable-stayed bridge,the temperature variations of the main beam and cable,wind pressures,the rail expansion regulator positions and so on on was studied;recommendations were made for determination of related values.
Picibanil (OK-432) in the treatment of head and neck lymphangiomas in children. (2012)

Intracystic injection of Picibanil is an effective and safe treatment for macrocystic LMs in pediatric patients and may represent the treatment of choice in such cases, especially where surgical excision is associated with the risk of functional/cosmetic side effects.
Addressing medical coding and billing part II: a strategy for achieving compliance. A risk management approach for reducing coding and billing errors. (2002)

Medical practice today, more than ever before, places greater demands on physicians to see more patients, provide more complex medical services and adhere to stricter regulatory rules, leaving little time for coding and billing. Yet, the need to adequately document medical records, appropriately apply billing codes and accurately charge insurers for medical services is essential to the medical practice's financial condition. Many physicians rely on office staff and billing companies to process their medical bills without ever reviewing the bills before they are submitted for payment. Some physicians may not be receiving the payment they deserve when they do not sufficiently oversee the medical practice's coding and billing patterns. This article emphasizes the importance of monitoring and auditing medical record documentation and coding application as a strategy for achieving compliance and reducing billing errors. When medical bills are submitted with missing and incorrect information, they may result in unpaid claims and loss of revenue to physicians. Addressing Medical Audits, Part I--A Strategy for Achieving Compliance--CMS, JCAHO, NCQA, published January 2002 in the Journal of the National Medical Association, stressed the importance of preparing the medical practice for audits. The article highlighted steps the medical practice can take to prepare for audits and presented examples of guidelines used by regulatory agencies to conduct both medical and financial audits. The Medicare Integrity Program was cited as an example of guidelines used by regulators to identify coding errors during an audit and deny payment to providers when improper billing occurs. For each denied claim, payments owed to the medical practice are are also denied. Health care is, no doubt, a costly endeavor for health care providers, consumers and insurers. The potential risk to physicians for improper billing may include loss of revenue, fraud investigations, financial sanction, disciplinary action and exclusion from participation in government programs. Part II of this article recommends an approach for assessing potential risk, preventing improper billing, and improving financial management of the medical practice.
Emergence of a new epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in South America. (1995)

One of the most important questions in arbovirology concerns the origin of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses; these viruses caused periodic, extensive epidemics/epizootics in the Americas from 1938-1973 (reaching the United States in 1971) but had recently been presumed extinct. We have documented the 1992 emergence of a new epidemic/epizootic VEE virus in Venezuela. Phylogenetic analysis of strains isolated during two outbreaks indicated that the new epidemic/epizootic virus(es) evolved recently from an enzootic VEE virus in northern South America. These results suggest continued emergence of epizootic VEE viruses; surveillance of enzootic viruses and routine vaccination of equines should therefore be resumed.
Growth hormone and erythropoietin differentially activate DNA-binding proteins by tyrosine phosphorylation. (1994)

Binding of growth hormone (GH) and erythropoietin (EPO) to their respective receptors results in receptor clustering and activation of tyrosine kinases that initiate a cascade of events resulting not only in the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins but also in the induction of early-response genes. In this report, we show that GH and EPO induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins with molecular masses of 93 kDa and of 91 and 84 kDa, respectively, and that these proteins form DNA-binding complexes which recognize an enhancer that has features in common with several rapidly induced genes such as c-fos. Assembly of the protein complexes required tyrosine phosphorylation, which occurred within minutes after addition of ligand. The activated complexes translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The protein activated by GH is antigenically similar to p91, a protein common to several transcription complexes that are activated by interferons and other cytokines. In contrast, the proteins activated by EPO are distinct from p91. These findings establish the outlines for a cytokine-induced intracellular signaling pathway, which begins with ligand-induced receptor clustering that activates one or more tyrosine kinases. These data are the first to demonstrate that GH- and EPO-activated tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins can specifically recognize a well-defined enhancer and therefore provide a mechanism for rapidly transducing signals from the membrane to the nucleus.
Optical Transverse Injection in Laser-Plasma Acceleration (2013)

Laser-wakefield acceleration constitutes a promising technology for future electron accelerators. A crucial step in such an accelerator is the injection of electrons into the wakefield, which will largely determine the properties of the extracted beam. We present here a new paradigm of colliding-pulse injection, which allows us to generate high-quality electron bunches having both a very low emittance (0.17 mm·mrad) and a low energy spread (2%), while retaining a high charge (~100 pC) and a short duration (3 fs). In this paradigm, the pulse collision provokes a transient expansion of the accelerating bubble, which then leads to transverse electron injection. This mechanism contrasts with previously observed optical injection mechanisms, which were essentially longitudinal. We also specify the range of parameters in which this new type of injection occurs and show that it is within reach of existing high-intensity laser facilities.
Interaction of Ouabain and Propranolol in the Central Nervous System (1982)

The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) ouabain alone and after pretreatment with i.c.v. (+/-)-propranolol, (+)-propranolol, UM-272 (a quaternary analogue of propranolol) and lignocaine, on arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac rhythm was investigated in chloralose anesthetized, vagotomized cats. Ouabain elicited an increase in BP and HR followed by cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular origin. Pretreatment with (+/-)-propranolol, (+)-propranolol or UM-272 attenuated/prevented the cardiovascular effects of ouabain whereas lignocaine did not modify the response appreciably. Since UM-272, which lacks local anesthetic activity and beta-blocking activity also shared the antagonism with (+/-)-and (+)-propranolol, it is deduced that neither beta-blocking nor local anesthetic activity of propranolol could be responsible for this antagonism. This is supported by the fact that lignocaine which has a comparable local anesthetic effect of propranolol failed to modify significantly the cardiovascular response to ouabain. The antagonism appears to be a direct neural depressant effect independent of local anesthetic action. The neural depressant effect may be due to an interference in depolarization process and/or a neurone-blocking effect.
Comparison of Quantitative Cytomegalovirus Real-time PCR in Whole Blood and pp65 Antigenemia Assay: Clinical Utility of CMV Real-time PCR in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients (2009)

Successful preemptive therapy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in transplant patients depends on the availability of sensitive, specific, and timely diagnostic tests for CMV infection. Although the pp65 antigenemia assay has been widely used for this purpose, real-time quantification of CMV DNA has recently been recognized as an alternative diagnostic approach. However, the guidelines for antiviral therapy based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) have yet to be established. From November 2004 to March 2005, a total of 555 whole blood samples from 131 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients were prospectively collected. RQ-PCR was conducted using an Artus CMV LC PCR kit (QIA-GEN). Both qualitative and quantitative correlations were drawn between the two methods. Exposure to the antiviral agent influenced the results of the two assays. Additionally, the discrepancy was observed at low levels of antigenemia and CMV DNA load. Via ROC curve analysis, the tentative cutoff value for preemptive therapy was determined to be approximately 210 4 copies/mL (sensitivity, 80.0%; specificity, 50.0%) in the high risk patients, and approximately 310 4 copies/mL (sensitivity, 90.0%; specificity, 70.0%) in the patients at low risk for CMV disease. Further study to validate the optimal cutoff value for the initiation of preemptive therapy is currently underway.
Polarization of Scattered Light (2009)

Some of you are probably old enough (like me) to remember when polaroid sunglasses first became available. They were a sensation. Glare light is reduced by more than the background light with the result that you actually have better visionânot just less light in your eyes. They work best in situations where the sun is more or less in front of you and the combination of reflected light and near-specular scatter causes a bright glare that dominates your field of view. Because reflectance is a function polarization, the glare light (which has been reflected once) often has a horizontal polarization component that is much stronger than the vertical component. Normal background light (which has been reflected many times, at many angles) is more evenly divided between the two polarizations. Polaroid sunglasses simply discriminate against the horizontal component to reduce the fraction of glare light. If you look at the blue sky, which is a source of scattered light, through your sunglasses, you will find that rotating the glasses 90 degrees causes the sky to look dimmer (i.e., the sky has a strong vertical component). This effect is most strongly pronounced if you look in a direction perpendicular to the sun's rays. These two examples clearly demonstrate that scattering is polarization sensitive. When light is scattered, its polarization, as well as its amplitude and direction, is changed. The changes depend on the sample shape and material, as well as the polarization, amplitude, and direction of the incident beam. All three quantities must be considered to examine the effect of a sample on the reflected and transmitted light. A complete description of the polarization characteristics of an EM wave, before or after sample interaction, can be accomplished by straightforward measurements. Comparison of polarization amplitude and direction, before and after interaction with the sample, allows information about the sample material to be obtained. The trick is to relate the before-and-after changes to useful, or needed, sample characteristics. Chapters 3 and 4 discussed the relationship between smooth reflector topography and the resulting changes in the reflected light.
Cross-Point Memory Array Without Cell Selectors—Device Characteristics and Data Storage Pattern Dependencies (2010)

Cross-point memory architecture offers high device density, yet it suffers from substantial sneak path leakages, which result in large power dissipation and a small sensing margin. The parasitic resistance associated with the interconnects further degrades the output signal and imposes an additional limitation on the maximum allowable array size. In this paper, we study the device requirements of a resistive cross-point memory array under the worst-case write and read operations. We focus on the data pattern dependence of the memory array and compare the effect of the memory cell resistance values and resistance ratio for determining the maximum array size. The number of cells in the array can reach 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> with a signal swing > 50% of the reading voltage when R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> is beyond 3 M and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> /R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> is greater than 2. A large memory cell resistance value can further reduce the power consumption, obviate the need for a large R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> /R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> ratio, and avoid the inclusion of cell selection devices. The effect of the nonlinearity of the I -V characteristics of the memory cells is also investigated. The nonlinearity calls for a substantial tradeoff between the memory cell resistance values and the resistance ratio, and must be taken into consideration for the device design.
The Osteoclast-Associated Receptor (OSCAR) Is a Novel Receptor Regulated by Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Human Endothelial Cells (2011)

Cross talks between the vascular and immune system play a critical role in vascular diseases, in particular in atherosclerosis. The osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) is a regulator of osteoclast differentiation and dendritic cell maturation. Whether OSCAR plays a role in vascular biology and has an impact on atherogenic processes provoked by proinflammatory stimuli is yet unknown. We identified OSCAR on the surface of human primary endothelial cells. Stimulation of endothelial cells with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) caused a time- and dose-dependent induction of OSCAR, which was lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 and Ca(2+) dependent. OSCAR was transcriptionally regulated by oxLDL as shown by OSCAR promoter analysis. Specific inhibition of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway prevented the oxLDL-mediated increase of endothelial OSCAR expression. As assessed by EMSA, oxLDL induced binding of NFATc1 to the OSCAR promoter. Notably, in vivo-modified LDL from patients with diabetes mellitus stimulated OSCAR mRNA expression in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high-fat diet showed an enhanced aortic OSCAR expression associated with increased expression of NFATc1. In summary, OSCAR is expressed in vascular endothelial cells and is regulated by oxLDL involving NFATc1. Our data suggest that OSCAR, originally described in bone as immunological mediator and regulator of osteoclast differentiation, may be involved in cell activation and inflammation during atherosclerosis.
Recent Advances in Biological Tissue Imaging with Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Polyatomic Ion Sources, Sample Preparation, and Applications (2007)

Recent technological and methodological improvements have greatly enhanced the sensitivity of the Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), thus making this technique now very attractive in the field of molecular imaging of biological samples such as tissue sections or cells. This paper reviews the most recent advances in this field. After a short reminder of the basic physics involved, the instruments are described, as well as the primary ion sources, including the different cluster ion sources. The sample preparation methods are also described and compared, such as the matrix coating and the metal coating. The capabilities of the technique are finally illustrated with the most recent applications published in the last years. Keywords: Review, mass spectrometry, imaging, biological tissue, time-of-flight, secondary ion mass spectrometry, cluster ion source, sample preparation
Endothelial progenitor cell capture stents: will this technology find its niche in contemporary practice? (2010)

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have significantly reduced rates of restenosis; however, elution from their surface of cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs, together with the presence of non-erodable polymers, is associated with impaired endothelialization, allergic reactions, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, factors which have all been implicated in the most prominent safety concern with DES today —stent thrombosis (ST).1–3

The development of newer DES with polymers that are either more biocompatible, biodegradable, or completely absent, together with completely biodegradable stents has been an important step forward to minimize the potential risk of ST. Despite this, however, the rapid restoration of a functional endothelium appears, in theory at least, to be one of the most intuitive ways of minimizing the risk of ST and excessive neointimal proliferation.4 Therefore, it comes as no surprise that soon after the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs),5 a novel coronary stent, the Genous™ EPC capture stent (OrbusNeich, Florida, USA), was developed which had a proprietary coating that contained anti-human CD34 antibodies ( Figure 1 ). These antibodies were able to capture circulating EPCs, such that the EPC capture stent was considered a potential solution to many of the problems of coronary stenting.



Figure 1 
Schematic diagram illustrating the underlying principal behind the EPC capture stent. The CD-34 antigen on the EPC binds to the anti CD-34 antibody on the stent's surface to promote rapid endothelialisation.



Six years on, and Beijk et al. 6 report the 1-year outcomes of the TRIAS HR study, the first randomized study comparing the Genous™ EPC stent with a conventional DES (the Taxus Liberte stent). This study adds to the paucity of data already available on the EPC stent, and disappointingly reaffirms the disparity between technological promise and real-life clinical results. Prior to the completion of 1-year follow-up this single-centre study was transformed into … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +31 10 7035260, Fax: +31 10 4369154, Email: p.w.j.c.serruys{at}erasmusmc.nl
Evidence of a rutile-phase characteristic peak in low-energy loss spectra (2004)

Low-energy loss spectra (LELS) from electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope do not yield structural information as readily as do core loss spectra. In order to make LELS a more general technique, we have studied the 10--15 eV energy range in some $M{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ compounds in great detail and identified a characteristic peak of a specific structural unit. A comparison of experimental EELS spectra and ab initio density-functional theory calculations (WIEN2K code) is presented. A definite peak around 14 eV appears in the imaginary part of the dielectric functions of those structures containing rutile units. These rutile units are ${M}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{15}$ clusters made of edge- and corner-sharing octahedra, which when stacked lead to rutile structures, among others. The peak is present in rutile phases with $M=\mathrm{Ti},$ V, Cr, Mn, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. Other structures, such as Ramsdellite or high-pressure ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ phases, also contain the necessary structural unit and indeed present the same feature. The origin of the peak can be elucidated by means of band structure calculations and an analysis of the orbitals involved in the transition. The existence of such a peak, always visible around 14 eV whatever $M,$ shows its remarkable universality.
Encoding a triangulation as a permutation of its point set. (1997)

We present algorithms that given a straight edge triangulation of n points in the plane encode a triangulation as a permutation of the points. A first algorithm, of rather theoretical interest, realizes the encoding and decoding in O(n) time. We also present a more practical algorithm consuming O(n log n) time. As a byproduct of this work we get a new upper bound on the number of triangulations of planar point sets of at most 2 8:2n+O(log n) .
Frequency estimation with maximum entropy spectral estimators (1980)

The ability of a modified covariance method "maximum entropy" spectral estimator to estimate the frequencies of several sinusoids in additive white Gaussian noise is studied. Analytical expressions for the variance of the spectral estimate peak positions at high signal-to-noise ratios ate derived. The calculated variance is compared to the Cramer-Rao lower bound and to the results of similar variance calculations for the more familiar covariance method. It is shown that performance approaching the Cramer-Rao bound can be obtained. Simulations demonstrate substantial agreement with the analytical results over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios.
Magnetostriction of ternary Fe–Ga–X alloys (X=Ni,Mo,Sn,Al) (2002)

Investigations were made into the effect of small additions of Ni, Mo, Sn, as well as larger additions of Al on the magnetostriction of single crystal Fe100−xGax alloys (x≅13). The Fe–Ga and Fe–Al systems are seemingly unique among the Fe-based alloys in having very large magnetostrictions in spite of Ga and Al being nonmagnetic. In this paper, we show how additions of Ni, Mo, Sn, and Al affect λ100 and λ111 of the binary Fe–Ga alloys. We substituted small amounts of Ni into a binary Fe–Ga alloy in an attempt to reduce the magnitude of the negative λ111, as Ni does in Fe, in order to improve the magnetostriction of polycrystals. The measured λ111’s were reduced to a very small value, ∼3 ppm, but λ100 fell dramatically to +67 ppm for Fe86Ga11Ni3. Mo was substituted for Ga to determine the effect of a partially filled 4d shell on the magnetostriction. Here |λ111| is affected the most, increasing to a value greater than all known α-Fe-based alloys (λ111=−22 ppm for Fe85Ga10.2Mo4.8). We find that the addition of Sn, with its very large atomic radius, makes only small changes in both λ100 and λ111. For Fe86.1Ga12.4Sn1.5 at room temperature, λ100=+161 ppm and for Fe86.7Ga12.0Sn1.3, λ111=−15 ppm. The decrease of λ100 in Fe87(GayAl1−y)13 was approximately linear, going from 67 ppm at y=0 to 154 ppm at y=1.