gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single mode, high power GaAlAs/GaAs lasers (1984)

A new channeled-substrate narrow stripe laser with double current confinement and large optical cavity has been developed. This laser incorporates symmetrical waveguiding layers to form the large cavity and additional reverse biased p-n junction to confine the current. Light output up to 60 mW with stable single longitudinal and spatial modes is obtained in cw operation at room temperature. Threshold current as low as 15 mA and differential quantum efficiency as high as 70% are achieved. Furthermore, high quality beam with far-field angle of 32°×10° (full width at half-maximum) is maintained throughout the whole power range.
Quantitative Molecular Representation of Asphaltenes and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Their Aggregation (2009)

We have developed a computer algorithm to generate quantitative molecular representations (QMRs) of asphaltenes based on experimental data. First, we generate molecular representations using a Monte Carlo method. For this purpose, we use an extensive set of aromatic and aliphatic building blocks, which are sampled randomly from the corresponding distribution and then linked together using a connection algorithm. The building blocks can be taken from a predefined inventory or generated during run time. Manually prefabricated blocks ensure model flexibility, while automatically generated blocks allow us to build large aromatic sheets. We allow for both archipelago and peri-condensed structures to be generated. Then, we use a nonlinear optimization procedure to select a small subset of molecules that gives the best match with experimental data. These experimental data consist of molecular weight (MW), elemental analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, including both 1H and13C data. First, we validate the method by testing a number of single model compounds. Then, we use a real asphaltene data set available in the literature. Different values of the MW were used as input parameters. We tested two specific values of the MW in detail, representing the peri-condensed and archipelago structure, respectively: MW = 750 and 4190. For both MWs, we generated 10 sets of 5000 samples each. The samples were then optimized with respect to the experimental objective function. Then, we calculate the value of the objective function as an average over all of the simulation runs. It turns out that the value of the objective function is significantly smaller for MW = 750 than for MW = 4190. This means that the lower MW of 750 provides the best match with the experimental data. As an example, one of the optimized QMR asphaltene structures generated was then used as input in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the formation of nanoaggregates.
Down‐regulation of NR4A1 in follicular thyroid carcinomas is restored following lithium treatment (2008)

NR4A1 is under-expressed in most of FTCs. The loss of expression of both NR4A1 and the Wnt pathway gene FOSB was correlated with malignancy. This is consistent with the hypothesis that its loss of expression is part of the transformation process of FTCs, either as a direct or indirect consequence of Wnt pathway alterations. Lithium restores NR4A1 expression, induces apoptosis and reduces cell growth. These findings may explain a possible molecular mechanism of lithium's therapeutic action.
Preventing farm land price inflation in the midwest (1945)

Both a recollection of the disastrous consequences of the inflationary land prices following World War I and recognition o f the possibility of a recurrence have stimulated public interest in information about the current farm real estate situation. This report has been prepared by the North Central Regional Land Tenure Committee for the purpose of presenting an appraisal of the current situation, stimulating discussion of the problems, and outlining the various possible lines of action most often suggested for curbing undesirable developments.\nThe North Central Regional Land Tenure Committee came into existence as the result o f an informal conference sponsored by the Farm Foundation in the spring of 1939 for land economists from the agricultural experiment stations in the Midwest. As an outgrowth of this and subsequent meetings, the director of each station appointed one of his staff to the Regional Land Tenure Committee which also includes representatives from the United States Department of Agriculture.\nThe major function of the committee is to develop an integrated long-time program of research that will lead to the improvement of farm tenure in the region. This report pertaining to land price inflation in the Midwest is the committee’s second formal publication. The first was entitled “Improving Farm Tenure in the Midwest” and was published as Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 502. The present bulletin is based not only on reports collected from sample counties but on observation and study of the situation by at least one representative from each of the participating states. It is impractical to cite specific land market material published by the several cooperating institutions, but such information is available upon request to the participating agencies.
Automatic processing proper names in texts (1995)

This paper shows first the problems raised by proper names in natural language processing. Second, it introduces the knowledge representation structure we use based on conceptual graphs. Then it explains the techniques which are used to process known and unknown proper names. At last, it gives the performance of the system and the further works we intend to deal with.
Mercaptopyridine Surface-Functionalized CdTe Quantum Dots with Enhanced Raman Scattering Properties (2008)

We report that 3 nm diameter CdTe quantum dots can generate enhanced Raman scattering. The Raman signal of 4-mercaptopyridine (4-Mpy) adsorbed on CdTe quantum dots shows a 104 enhancement compared with that of bulk 4-Mpy. The enhanced phenomenon based on CdTe quantum dots also provides new insight to help understand the enhancement mechanism. A charge-transfer mechanism is most likely responsible for the observed enhancement, since plasmon resonances are ruled out. This study points to the possibility of using quantum dots, with chemisorption in some important practical systems, such as the application of quantum dots as nanosized building blocks and markers in biological imaging.
Design of bulk micromachined suspensions (1998)

Microsuspensions are very useful mechanical structures in microelectromechanical systems. The fabrication processes of microsuspensions, including front-side etching and back-side etching processes, have been studied extensively. Due to the restriction of the undercutting process, the front-side etching approach offers only limited patterns of microsuspension. The present study intends to develop a method to predict the possibility of fabricating microsuspensions on a (100) substrate through the front-side etching process. Microsuspensions with arbitrary shapes can be designed easily according to the proposed method. It is found that the formation of the microsuspensions predicted by the proposed technique agrees well with the experimental observation.
PACS-UB, a protocol for the unlicensed spectrum (2002)

A set of radio air interface protocols is described which is intended to operate in the 1920 to 1930 MHz unlicensed PCS (UPCS) frequency band for isochronous operation, intended for voice and data circuit based communications. The Personal Access Communications System-Unlicensed B, or PACS-UB protocol is based on the PACS radio air interface protocol which is to operate in the licensed spectrum between 1850 and 1990 MHz. PACS-UB conforms to the new FCC Part 15, Subpart D, etiquette and is compliant with the rules of the FCC Memorandum Opinion and Order, June 9, 1994. PACS-UB could be used for wireless Centrex, or PBX applications as well as private residential applications. A dual-mode handset could provide private and public access using network intelligence to locate users.
Genome-Wide Screening for Genetic Alterations in Esophageal Cancer by aCGH Identifies 11q13 Amplification Oncogenes Associated with Nodal Metastasis (2012)

These findings suggest that genomic gain of 11q13 is the major mechanism contributing to the amplification. Novel oncogenes identified within the 11q13 amplicon including FGF19 and SHANK2 may play important roles in ESCC tumorigenesis.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients (2007)

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common hospital-acquired infection among pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Empiric therapy for VAP accounts for approximately 50% of antibiotic use in pediatric ICUs. VAP is associated with an excess of 3 days of mechanical ventilation among pediatric cardiothoracic surgery patients. The attributable mortality and excess length of ICU stay for patients with VAP have not been defined in matched case control studies. VAP is associated with an estimated $30,000 in attributable cost. Surveillance for VAP is complex and usually performed using clinical definitions established by the CDC. Invasive testing via bronchoalveolar lavage increases the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis. The pathogenesis in children is poorly understood, but several prospective cohort studies suggest that aspiration and immunodeficiency are risk factors. Educational interventions and efforts to improve adherence to hand hygiene for children have been associated with decreased VAP rates. Studies of antibiotic cycling in pediatric patients have not consistently shown this measure to prevent colonization with multidrug-resistant gram-negative rods. More consistent and precise approaches to the diagnosis of pediatric VAP are needed to better define the attributable morbidity and mortality, pathophysiology, and appropriate interventions to prevent this disease.
HDAC6 regulates aggresome‐autophagy degradation pathway of α‐synuclein in response to MPP<sup>+</sup>‐induced stress (2011)

Increasing evidence suggests that the ubiquitin-binding histone deacetylase-6 (HDAC6) plays an important role in the clearance of misfolded proteins by autophagy. In this study, we treated PC-12 cells over-expressing human mutant (A53T) α-synuclein (α-syn) and SH-SY5Y cells with MPP(+). It was found that HDAC6 expression significantly increased and mainly colocalized with α-syn in the perinuclear region to form aggresome-like bodies. HDAC6 deficiency blocked the formation of aggresome-like bodies and interfered with the autophagy in response to MPP(+)-induced stress. Moreover, misfolded α-syn accumulated into the nuclei, resulting in its reduced clearance, and finally, the number of apoptotic cells significantly increased. Taken together, HDAC6 participated in the degradation of MPP(+)-induced misfolded α-syn aggregates by regulating the aggresome-autophagy pathway. Understanding the mechanism may disclose potential therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease.
On the use of amplitude shaping pulses as windows for harmonic analysis (2001)

In this paper, we propose the use of shaping pulses as flat top windows for accurate amplitude and phase estimation from periodic signals in power systems. The intention is to eliminate the amplitude correction required to compensate the short-range leakage produced by nonflat-mainlobe windows in case of asynchronous sampling. The performance of the standard rise cosine filter, a generalized raised-cosine filter and a Hanning window, all of them with the same bandwidth, is compared in the simulation results. It is concluded that the accuracy of the estimates provided by the shaping pulses without amplitude compensation in the asynchronous case is relatively better than that of the amplitude compensated estimates obtained with the Hanning window. The generalized raised-cosine filter can achieve lower sidelobe levels but it does not improve the accuracy of the amplitude estimates of the standard raised-cosine filter.
In Situ Detection of β-Galactosidase in Lenses of Transgenic Mice with a γ-Crystallin/ <i>lacZ</i> Gene (1987)

Transgenic mice carrying the gamma 2-crystallin promoter fused to the coding region of the bacterial lacZ gene were generated. The offspring of three founder mice expressed high levels of the enzyme solely in the central nuclear fiber cells of the lens as measured by an in situ assay for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity. These results suggest that gamma 2-crystallin sequences between -759 to +45 contain essential information required for appropriate tissue-specific and temporal regulation of the mouse gamma 2-crystallin gene. In a broader context, this study also demonstrates the utility of beta-galactosidase hybrid gene constructs for monitoring the activity of gene regulatory elements in transgenic mice.
Analysis of HLA‐B*44 alleles encoded on extended HLA haplotypes by direct automated sequencing (1994)

We developed a PCR-based approach to sequence exons 2 and 3 of HLA-B44 alleles from genomic DNA. We applied this method to determine the B44 alleles encoded on extended HLA-A, B, DRB1, DQB1 haplotypes and the degree of mismatching for B44 alleles among marrow transplant patients and their unrelated donors (URD). A total of 81 samples was studied and included 38 patients, 42 donors and the cell "FMB"; the 80 clinical samples were comprised of 8 unpaired patients, 12 unpaired donors, and 30 URD-recipient pairs. Three alleles encoding B44 were identified, B*4402 (N = 51), 4403 (N = 32) and a new allele designated B*44KB and named B*4405 (N = 4). Of the 27 patients for whom family study was available, there were 13 different B*4402, 7 different B*4403 and 2 new B*4405 haplotypes. HLA-A2, Cw*0501, B*4402, DRB1*0401, DQB1*0301 (n = 2); A2, Cw*0501, B*4402, DRB1*1501, DRB5*0101, DQB1*0602 (n = 2); and HLA-A29, Cw*1601, B*4403, DRB1*0701, DQB1*0201 (n = 5) comprised the most common patient haplotypes. Of 30 URD-recipient transplant pairs studied, 27 were HLA-A, B serologically matched and DRB1, DRB3, DRB5, DQB1 allele matched, and 3 pairs were DRB1-mismatched. All B44 allele mismatching (N = 3) occurred among the 27 matched pairs. The novel B*4402-variant sequence, HLA-B*4405, was identified in 4 individuals, and in each case was associated with an HLA-B44, Cw*02022, DRB1*0101, DQB1*0501 haplotype. HLA-B*4405 and B*4402 are identical in exon 2; in exon 3 however, B*4405 encodes T instead of G at nucleotide position 75 which translates to a substitution of tyrosine for aspartic acid at codon 116.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Estrogen Inhibits Glucocorticoid Action via Protein Phosphatase 5 (PP5)-mediated Glucocorticoid Receptor Dephosphorylation (2009)

Although glucocorticoids suppress proliferation of many cell types and are used in the treatment of certain cancers, trials of glucocorticoid therapy in breast cancer have been a disappointment. Another suggestion that estrogens may affect glucocorticoid action is that the course of some inflammatory diseases tends to be more severe and less responsive to corticosteroid treatment in females. To date, the molecular mechanism of cross-talk between estrogens and glucocorticoids is poorly understood. Here we show that, in both MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells, estrogen inhibits glucocorticoid induction of the MKP-1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1) and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase genes. Estrogen did not affect glucocorticoid-induced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation but reduced ligand-induced GR phosphorylation at Ser-211, which is associated with the active form of GR. We show that estrogen increases expression of protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), which mediates the dephosphorylation of GR at Ser-211. Gene knockdown of PP5 abolished the estrogen-mediated suppression of GR phosphorylation and induction of MKP-1 and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase. More importantly, after PP5 knockdown estrogen-promoted cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by glucocorticoids. This study demonstrates cross-talk between estrogen-induced PP5 and GR action. It also reveals that PP5 inhibition may antagonize estrogen-promoted events in response to corticosteroid therapy.
Molecular characterization of blaNDM-1 in an Acinetobacter baumannii strain isolated in Germany in 2007 (2011)

The metallo-β-lactamase gene bla(NDM-1) in this A. baumannii strain was integrated in the chromosome on a new transposon structure composed of two copies of insertion sequence ISAba125. The variability of the genetic environment of bla(NDM-1) likely facilitates the rapid dissemination of this gene within many Gram-negative bacterial species.
Human B Cell Biology (1997)

Human B lymphocytes share one major distinctive feature with B cells of other higher animals, namely the ability to generate and secrete immunoglobulins. These highly specialized proteins are capable of tremendous diversity, and thereby account for much of our immune protection against invading organisms. Despite the great potential diversity possible in the specificities of immunoglobulin molecules, however, the binding of antibody to antigen initiates a limited spectrum of biologically important effector functions, such as complement activation and/or adherence of the immune complex to receptors on leukocytes. A variety of mechanisms have been elucidated that account for this, not all of which are shared by the different types of animals capable of making these proteins. The purpose of this chapter is to review the genetic, developmental, and physiologic mechanisms critical for human B cell expression of immunoglobulin.
Preparation of Hybrid Hydrogel Containing Ag Nanoparticles by a Green in Situ Reduction Method (2012)

In this Article, large and uniform Ag nanoparticle-containing hybrid hydrogels were prepared by in situ reduction of Ag ions in cross-linked tapioca dialdehyde starch (DAS)-chitosan hydrogels. In the hybrid hydrogels, chitosan was chosen as a macromolecular cross-linker because of its abundant source and good biocompatibility. The hybrid hydrogel showed good water-swelling properties, which could be controlled by varying the ratio of chitosan to tapioca DAS in the hydrogel. The reductive aldehyde groups in the cross-linked hydrogels could be used to reduce Ag ions to Ag nanoparticles without any additional chemical reductants. Interestingly, by controlling the reduction conditions such as the tapioca DAS concentration, aqueous AgNO(3) concentration, reaction time, and aqueous ammonium concentration, Ag nanoparticles with different sizes and morphologies were obtained. Because of their biocompatibility, degradable constituents, mild reaction conditions, and controlled preparation of Ag nanoparticles, these tapioca DAS-chitosan/Ag nanoparticle hybrid hydrogels show promise as functional hydrogels.
T helper cell type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 responses to myelin basic protein and disease activity in multiple sclerosis (2008)

Autoreactive T cells are thought to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the stimulatory effect of human myelin basic protein (MBP) on mononuclear cell (MNC) cultures from 22 patients with MS and 22 sex-matched and age-matched healthy individuals, and related the patient responses to disease activity, as indicated by magnetic resonance imaging. The MBP induced a dose-dependent release of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) by patient-derived MNCs. The patients' cells produced higher amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and lower amounts of IL-10, than cells from healthy controls (P<0.03 to P<0.04). Five patients with MS and no controls, displayed MBP-induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation. These high-responders exhibited enhanced production of IL-17, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-4 upon challenge with MBP, as compared with the remaining patients and the healthy controls (P<0.002 to P<0.01). A strong correlation was found between the MBP-induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation and production of IL-17, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-4 (P<0.0001 to P<0.01) within the patient group, and the production of IL-17 and IL-5 correlated with the number of active plaques on magnetic resonance images (P=0.04 and P=0.007). These data suggest that autoantigen-driven CD4+ T-cell proliferation and release of IL-17 and IL-5 may be associated with disease activity. Larger studies are needed to confirm this.
Infancia Salvatoris (2014)

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Effect of pore diffusion limitation on dextrin hydrolysis by immobilized glucoamylase (1980)

Data reported here and previously indicate that when dextrin is hydrolyzed in the presence of immobilized glucoamylase, use of a larger average molecular weight substrate leads to lower overall rates of hydrolysis, while the maltose concentration during the bulk of the reaction and the maximum glucose concentration are lower than when the soluble form of the enzyme is employed under the same conditions. Computer simulation of the system demonstrated that all three observations were caused by pore diffusion limitation: the first by slow diffusion of substrate, the second by slow diffusion of intermediates, and the third by slow diffusion of glucose. Follow-up experiments with glucoamylase immobilized to particles of different sizes confirmed this finding, as results with the smallest beads were identical to those with soluble glucoamylase.
Slice Image Overlay System for MRI Guided Surgery (2009)

Currently, MRI is used not only for diagnosis but also for intraoperative surgical treatment. The surgeon determines the position of the disease region by comparing the MRI image and the patient's condition during the operation. Therefore, the predicted spatial position of the diseased part is based mainly on the surgeon's knowledge and experience, and surgeons do not fully utilize the information obtained from the MRI image. We have developed a prototype of a slice image overlay system, comprising an MRI-compatible display for open-type MRI systems and image registration and visualization software to acquire appropriate MRI slice images that are precisely correlated to the position of an MRI gantry. In this paper, we present the design of a fully MRI-compatible display device consisting of an optical fiber bundle, a lens system, and a half mirror, as well as the registration method used. We have achieved an image resolution of 1.0 mm/pixel. Phantom experiments have been performed to evaluate the MRI compatibility and image overlay accuracy of the device. Use of this device in the MRI gantry resulted in an S/N decay of 0.7% in the image and a target registration error of less than 1.2 ± 0.5 mm around the center of the display. It has been shown that the proposed system has adequate MRI compatibility and can function as a new vision system for open-type MRI systems and assist surgeons in minimally invasive surgeries.