gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patient-Centered Medicine: Transforming the Clinical Method (1995)

Preface. About the authors. List of contributors. Acknowledgments. Part one: overview. Introduction. The evolution of clinical method. Part two: the four components of the patient-centered clinical method. Introduction. The first component: exploring health, disease and the illness experience. 'I don't want to die': case illustrating component 1. 'I should write a letter to the editor!': case illustrating component. The second component: understanding the whole person. Part 1: individual and family. Trauma, tragedy, trust and triumph: case illustrating component 2. The second component: understanding the whole person. Part 2: context. Mary T: case illustrating component 2. 'Doctor, I need you to give me a test to check if I am a lesbian': case illustrating component 2. The third component: finding common ground. 'I'd sooner take my chances!': case illustrating component 3. The fourth component: enhancing the patient-clinician relationship. When we first saw eye to eye: case illustrating component 4. The flag for undefined pain: case illustrating component 4. Part 3: learning and teaching the patient-centered clinical method. Introduction. Becoming a physician: the human experience of medical education. A messenger: case illustrating becoming a physician. Learner-centered teaching. Being there: case illustrating being learner-centered. Challenges in learning and teaching the patient-centered clinical method. Teaching the patient-centered clinical method - practical tips. The case report as a teaching tool for patient-centered care. Margaret L: case illustrating a patient-centered case report. Part 4: the health care context and patient-centered care. Introduction. Team-centered approach: how to build and sustain a team. The team was the container for her story: case illustrating a team-centered approach. Health care costs and patient-centered care. Part 5: research on patient-centered care. Introduction. Using qualitative methodologies to illuminate patient-centered care. Evidence on the impact of patient-centered care. Measuring patient perceptions of patient-centeredness. Measuring patient-centeredness. Conclusions. References. Index.
MLSE for an unknown channel .I. Optimality considerations (1996)

The problem of performing joint maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation of a digital sequence and unknown dispersive channel impulse response is considered starting from a continuous-time (CT) model. Previous investigations of this problem have not considered the front-end (FE) processing in detail; rather, a discrete-time signal model has been assumed. We show that a fractionally-spaced whitened matched filter, matched to the known data pulse, provides a set of sufficient statistics when a tapped delay line channel model is assumed, and that the problem is ill-posed when the channel impulse response is generalized to a CT, finite-length model. Practical approximations are considered that circumvent this ill-posed condition. Recursive computation of the joint-ML metric is developed. Together, the FE processing and metric recursion provide a receiver structure which may be interpreted as the theoretical foundation for the previously introduced technique of per-survivor processing, and they lead directly to generalizations. Several FE processors representative of those suggested in the literature are developed and related to the practically optimal FE.
Electroluminescence of strained SiGe/Si selectively grown above the critical thickness for plastic relaxation (1998)

Electroluminescence of strained Si0.80Ge0.20/Si(001) pin diodes has been investigated experimentally and by quantitative modeling. The key aspect of this investigation was that by selective epitaxial growth the experimental critical thickness for plastic relaxation (80 nm at Tepi=700 °C and large areas) could be increased in finite pads. SiGe layers with thickness of 60, 72 or 370 nm have been grown within the intrinsic i region of pin structures. Samples free of misfit dislocations revealed electroluminescence with the SiGe no-phonon peak and its transversal optical–phonon replica corresponding to interband transitions. It was found that by increasing the thickness of the SiGe layer the drop in the electroluminescence with increasing temperature could be shifted to higher temperature, so that for the 370 nm thick SiGe sample the emission was observed to persist still at 300 K. Modeling based on drift-diffusion and carrier recombination equations was used to simulate the current–voltage characteristics of the pin diodes and their band gap electroluminescence. It was found that the modeling results can account for the temperature and thickness dependence of the electroluminescence. Hole and electron Shockley–Read–Hall recombination times could be evaluated.
Biodegradable Cellulose Block Copolymers (1976)

Abstract Biodegradable polymers can be prepared by the incorporation of cellulose oligomeric blocks into the polymer backbone. Block copolymers prepared by reacting equimolar amounts of depolymerized cellulose triacetate (CTA) with MDI or TDI and block terpolymers prepared by reacting the CTA oligomer with poly (propylene glycol) capped with MDI or TDI were deacetylated and incubated with cellulysin at pH 5 and 50 °C. The intrinsic viscosity of each copolymer decreased substantially even after 10 hr incubation time. There was negligible acid hydrolysis. Cellulose showed a smaller decrease at the same incubation time-probably due to its lower accessibility. Methods for incorporating cellulose oligomeric blocks and other biodegradable blocks into different types of polymers are discussed.
L1 Antisense Promoter Drives Tissue‐Specific Transcriptionof Human Genes (2006)

Transcription of transposable elements interspersed in the genome is controlled by complex interactions between their regulatory elements and host factors. However, the same regulatory elements may be occasionally used for the transcription of host genes. One such example is the human L1 retrotransposon, which contains an antisense promoter (ASP) driving transcription into adjacent genes yielding chimeric transcripts. We have characterized 49 chimeric mRNAs corresponding to sense and antisense strands of human genes. Here we show that L1 ASP is capable of functioning as an alternative promoter, giving rise to a chimeric transcript whose coding region is identical to the ORF of mRNA of the following genes: KIAA1797, CLCN5, and SLCO1A2. Furthermore, in these cases the activity of L1 ASP is tissue-specific and may expand the expression pattern of the respective gene. The activity of L1 ASP is tissue-specific also in cases where L1 ASP produces antisense RNAs complementary to COL11A1 and BOLL mRNAs. Simultaneous assessment of the activity of L1 ASPs in multiple loci revealed the presence of L1 ASP-derived transcripts in all human tissues examined. We also demonstrate that L1 ASP can act as a promoter in vivo and predict that it has a heterogeneous transcription initiation site. Our data suggest that L1 ASP-driven transcription may increase the transcriptional flexibility of several human genes.
Protein kinase A type I: a target for cancer therapy. (2002)

The mechanism of action of the two isoforms of the PKA,[2][1] defined PKAI and PKAII, respectively, has been the object of study for almost 25 years. However, only during the past decade, experimental evidences have started to confer distinct functions to PKAI and PKAII and have demonstrated that
Novel low-voltage RF-MEMS switch: Design and simulation (2014)

This paper presents a novel design of a low-voltage radio frequency (RF) micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch with its electro-mechanical and microwave characteristics' simulation, as well as its virtual fabrication process. The RF-MEMS switch employs a shunt capacitive structure. There are eight beams supporting a rectangular membrane to suspend over a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. The outer four crab-leg beams are used to bypass the signal line to the ground by the coupling capacitance and via when switch is actuated; and the inner four serpentine beams are used to supply the DC actuation voltage to the membrane. The developed RF-MEMS switch has a very low pull-in voltage of 3.53V; and the maximum von Mises stress under actuated condition is 13.1808MPa. The capacitance ratio of the switch is 218.5, with switch-on capacitance of 68fF. The switch's microwave characteristics are obtained by AWR Design Environment 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> simulation; its insertion loss and isolation is -1.7532dB and -18.394dB respectively at 20GHz; and at frequency of 60GHz, the insertion loss is -7.2499dB and isolation is -27.293dB. A simple low-cost three-mask process with photoresist (PR-S1800) as sacrifice layer to release the membrane is proposed in this design; and a virtual fabricated device is simulated using IntelliFab v8.7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> software.
Identification of a Novel Cytotoxic Protein, Cry45Aa, from<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>A1470 and Its Selective Cytotoxic Activity against Various Mammalian Cell Lines (2005)

Parasporal inclusion proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis strain A1470 exhibit strong cytotoxicity against human leukemic T cells when activated by protease treatment. One of the cytotoxic proteins was separated by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography and designated Cry45Aa. Its gene was then expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli, in which the Cry45Aa precursor was accumulated in an inclusion body. It was solubilized in sodium carbonate buffer and processed with proteinase K, and cytotoxic activities of the protein against various mammalian cell lines were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide assay. The protein exhibited high cytotoxic activity against CACO-2, Sawano, MOLT-4, TCS, and HL60 cells and moderate activity against U-937 DE-4, PC12, and HepG2 cells. On the other hand, the EC50 values against Jurkat, K562, HeLa, A549, Vero, COS-7, NIH3T3, CHO, and four normal tissue cells (human primary hepatocyte cells, UtSMC, MRC-5, and normal T cells) were >2 microg/mL.
Developments in the design and synthesis of calpain inhibitors. (2005)

Calpains are Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases that play an important role in cell differentiation and in apoptosis/necrosis. The overactivation of calpain is connected with a number of diseases, including cataracts and traumatic brain injury, making calpain an attractive drug target. The development of selective inhibitors of calpain has, however, proved difficult, due to a lack of detailed structural information on the protein. This difficulty has been somewhat alleviated with recent reports on the X-ray crystal structures of engineered calpains and improved biochemical characterization of the protein. This review describes properties and X-ray crystal structures of calpain, and the synthesis and binding affinities of novel calpain inhibitors.
A simple synthesis of oxazolidine and thiazolidine derivatives of hydroxymethylglyceraldehyde acetonide (1976)

Starting from mannitol diacetonide, a simple, high yield preparation of the title compounds is described.
Geostatistics and Geographic Information Systems in Applied Insect Ecology (1993)

With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More
Fine-grained fault tolerance using device checkpoints (2013)

Recovering faults in drivers is difficult compared to other code because their state is spread across both memory and a device. Existing driver fault-tolerance mechanisms either restart the driver and discard its state, which can break applications, or require an extensive logging mechanism to replay requests and recreate driver state. Even logging may be insufficient, though, if the semantics of requests are ambiguous. In addition, these systems either require large subsystems that must be kept up-to-date as the kernel changes, or require substantial rewriting of drivers. We present a new driver fault-tolerance mechanism that provides fine-grained control over the code protected. Fine-Grained Fault Tolerance (FGFT) isolates driver code at the granularity of a single entry point. It executes driver code as a transaction, allowing roll back if the driver fails. We develop a novel checkpointing mechanism to save and restore device state using existing power management code. Unlike past systems, FGFT can be incrementally deployed in a single driver without the need for a large kernel subsystem, but at the cost of small modifications to the driver. In the evaluation, we show that FGFT can have almost zero runtime cost in many cases, and that checkpoint-based recovery can reduce the duration of a failure by 79% compared to restarting the driver. Finally, we show that applying FGFT to a driver requires little effort, and the majority of drivers in common classes already contain the power-management code needed for checkpoint/restore.
Ambient Electromagnetic wireless energy harvesting using multiband planar antenna (2012)

Ambient Electromagnetic (EM) energy harvester using multiband planar antenna and broadband radio frequency (RF) to direct current (DC) circuit is presented. The wireless EM harvester consists of a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) planar antenna and RF to DC circuit using schottky diodes and passive components for impedance matching. Measured and simulated S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> and gain for various resonant frequencies of the multiband antenna are presented. Average open circuit voltage and efficiency of the broadband RF to DC circuit from 800 MHz to 2 GHz is 0.45 V and 8 % respectively at −10 dBm input power. It is shown in this work that using a single multiband antenna and broadband RF to DC circuit, the performance of an EM wireless harvester can be enhanced by harvesting energy from different ambient EM frequencies in its operating band at the same time.
Replacing Soil in the Root Zone of Mature Trees for Better Growth (1996)

Soils were replaced in various patterns within the root zone of mature landscape trees as an alternative to surface mulching. Care was taken to minimize the damage to the root systems, through careful positioning of the excavations, or use of hydraulic excavation procedures. Tree roots grew better in the new soil mixes than in the original site soil, exhibiting up to a 320% increase in fine root density and up to a 68% increase in rooting depth. Declining annual growth rate trends were reversed by the treatment in Tilia and Platanus. Soil replacement has potential as another useful tool for treating declining trees.
Automatic extraction and incorporation of purpose data into PurposeNet (2010)

PurposeNet is a knowledge base of objects and actions in which the knowledge is organized around purpose. Such knowledge also connects with language — namely, verbs for related actions. It can be used with an embedded reasoner, resulting in an effective system for QA, topic-listing, summarization and other tasks. However, extracting PurposeNet related data manually is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. This paper describes a framework for automatic purpose data extraction, given a corpus. It identifies a set of lexico-syntactic patterns that are easily recognizable, that occur frequently and across text genre boundaries, and that indisputably indicate the lexical relation of purpose data. It also deals with the subsequent automatic incorporation of this data into the PurposeNet resource. The results are used to augment and critique the structure of a large hand-built resource. The cases where purpose data is incomplete has also been analyzed. The extent of success, in terms of richness of the resource, achieved in the process is also discussed.
Characterization of a Tomato Polyphenol Oxidase and Its Role in Browning and Lycopene Content (2005)

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from five Sicilian varieties of tomato fruit [Pizzutello, Naomi (Hazera), F1 PS212 (Peto seed), Rosa Maletto, and PO228] and assayed with a method using 3-methylbenzothyazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) as chromophore coupling agent. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was chosen for tomato PPO activity determination. The tomato PPO had maximum activity at pH 4.8. The pH of juice in ripe fruits is between 4.1 and 4.4, a range in which PPO relative activity is between 74 and 87%. The optimum temperature of activity for tomato PPO was 40 degrees C; the enzyme showed a good relative activity (55% of the maximum) at cold-storage temperature (4 degrees C). PPO retained 82% relative activity at an NaCl concentration of 0.1 M; at higher concentrations the PPO became gradually inactivated. The commercial variety Naomi is more susceptible to enzymatic browning than the local varieties Pizzutello, Rosa Maletto and PO228, due to higher PPO activity levels. This result confirms the suitability of these local tomato varieties to national markets. Results from storage tests seem to relate PPO activity with color changes associated with browning and lycopene degradation, because lycopene is an antioxidant agent that reconstitutes the polyphenols oxidized by the action of PPO.
A dyad of lymphoblastic lysosomal cysteine proteases degrades the antileukemic drug l-asparaginase (2009)

l-Asparaginase is a key therapeutic agent for treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). There is wide individual variation in pharmacokinetics, and little is known about its metabolism. The mechanisms of therapeutic failure with l-asparaginase remain speculative. Here, we now report that 2 lysosomal cysteine proteases present in lymphoblasts are able to degrade l-asparaginase. Cathepsin B (CTSB), which is produced constitutively by normal and leukemic cells, degraded asparaginase produced by Escherichia coli (ASNase) and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP), which is overexpressed predominantly in high-risk subsets of ALL, specifically degraded ASNase. AEP thereby destroys ASNase activity and may also potentiate antigen processing, leading to allergic reactions. Using AEP-mediated cleavage sequences, we modeled the effects of the protease on ASNase and created a number of recombinant ASNase products. The N24 residue on the flexible active loop was identified as the primary AEP cleavage site. Sole modification at this site rendered ASNase resistant to AEP cleavage and suggested a key role for the flexible active loop in determining ASNase activity. We therefore propose what we believe to be a novel mechanism of drug resistance to ASNase. Our results may help to identify alternative therapeutic strategies with the potential of further improving outcome in childhood ALL.
A Laboratory and Field Evaluation of the CO2 Huff ’n’ Puff Process for Light-Oil Recovery (1988)

Summary Cyclic CO2 injection for enhanced recovery of light crude oil is investigated. Results from watered-out Berea corefloods and 14 field tests demonstrate that first and second cycles recover waterflood residual oil. Factors that may improve performance include larger reservoir slug volume, soak period, thicker interval, and lower prior water cut.
Delineating the possibilities for intramolecular interception of the squarate ester cascade through the use of metalated enecarbamates (2000)

Highly functionalized and annulated 2,4-cyclooctadienones are formed in a stereoselective manner by sequential treatment of squarate esters with a lithiated enecarbamate (six-membered ring or larger) and a cycloalkenyl- or 1-alkenyllithium reagent. The mechanistic details of this multistep process are presented. Particular attention is drawn to the step that involves intramolecular nucleophilic attack by a proximal oxido anion at the carbamate carbonyl and results in redirection of the cascade. This step is thwarted when five-membered cyclic enecarbamates are employed because of the excessive buildup of ring strain in the associated transition state.Key words: squarate esters, enecarbamates, conrotatory ring opening, intramolecular acylation, alkenyllithium reagents.
Value-added products from beekeeping (1996)

Value-added products from beekeeping , Value-added products from beekeeping , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
A General Approach to the Asymmetric Synthesis of Unsaturated Lipidic α-Amino Acids. The First Synthesis of α-Aminoarachidonic Acid (1998)

This research was supported by the DGICYT (PB92-0489, PB95-0751) of Spain, the Human Capital and Mobility Program (ERBCHRXCT93- 0288) of the European Community, and the Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes del Gobierno de\nCanarias. J.M.P. and T.M. thank the Gobierno Autónomo de Canarias, for a fellowship.
Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen 1-mediated Adhesion Stability Is Dynamically Regulated through Affinity and Valency during Bond Formation with Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (2005)

Neutrophil rolling and transition to arrest on inflamed endothelium are dynamically regulated by the affinity of the beta(2) integrin CD11a/CD18 (leukocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)) for binding intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Conformational shifts are thought to regulate molecular affinity and adhesion stability. Also critical to adhesion efficiency is membrane redistribution of active LFA-1 into dense submicron clusters where multimeric interactions occur. We examined the influences of affinity and dimerization of LFA-1 on LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding by engineering a cell-free model in which two recombinant LFA-1 heterodimers are bound to respective Fab domains of an antibody attached to latex microspheres. Binding of monomeric and dimeric ICAM-1 to dimeric LFA-1 was measured in real time by fluorescence flow cytometry. ICAM-1 dissociation kinetics were measured while LFA-1 affinity was dynamically shifted by the addition of allosteric small molecules. High affinity LFA-1 dissociated 10-fold faster when bound to monomeric compared with dimeric ICAM-1, corresponding to bond lifetimes of 25 and 330 s, respectively. Downshifting LFA-1 into an intermediate affinity state with the small molecule I domain allosteric inhibitor IC487475 decreased the difference in dissociation rates between monomeric and dimeric ICAM-1 to 4-fold. When LFA-1 was shifted into the low affinity state by lovastatin, both monomeric and dimeric ICAM-1 dissociated in less than 1 s, and the dissociation rates were within 50% of each other. These data reveal the respective importance of LFA-1 affinity and proximity in tuning bond lifetime with ICAM-1 and demonstrate a nonlinear increase in the bond lifetime of the dimer versus the monomer at higher affinity.
Counting and Integrating Readout for Direct Conversion X-Ray Imaging - Concept, Realization and First Prototype Measurements (2006)

A novel signal processing concept for X-ray imaging with directly converting pixelated semiconductor sensors is presented. The novelty of this approach compared to existing concepts is the combination of charge integration and single photon counting in every single pixel. Simultaneous operation of both signal processing chains extends the dynamic range beyond the limits of the individual schemes and allows determination of the mean photon energy. Medical applications such as X-ray computed tomography can benefit from this additional spectral information through improved contrast and the ability to determine the hardening of the tube spectrum due to attenuation by the scanned object. A prototype chip in 0.35-micrometer technology was successfully tested. The pixel electronics are designed using a low-noise differential current mode logic and provide configurable feedback modes, leakage current compensation and various test circuits. This paper will discuss measurement results of the prototype structures and give details on the circuit design