gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
E-RNN: Design Optimization for Efficient Recurrent Neural Networks in FPGAs (2019)

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are becoming increasingly important for time series-related applications which require efficient and real-time implementations. The two major types are Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks. It is a challenging task to have real-time, efficient, and accurate hardware RNN implementations because of the high sensitivity to imprecision accumulation and the requirement of special activation function implementations. Recently two works have focused on FPGA implementation of inference phase of LSTM RNNs with model compression. First, ESE uses a weight pruning based compressed RNN model but suffers from irregular network structure after pruning. The second work C-LSTM mitigates the irregular network limitation by incorporating block-circulant matrices for weight matrix representation in RNNs, thereby achieving simultaneous model compression and acceleration. A key limitation of the prior works is the lack of a systematic design optimization framework of RNN model and hardware implementations, especially when the block size (or compression ratio) should be jointly optimized with RNN type, layer size, etc. In this paper, we adopt the block-circulant matrixbased framework, and present the Efficient RNN (E-RNN) framework for FPGA implementations of the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) application. The overall goal is to improve performance/energy efficiency under accuracy requirement. We use the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) technique for more accurate block-circulant training, and present two design explorations providing guidance on block size and reducing RNN training trials. Based on the two observations, we decompose E-RNN in two phases: Phase I on determining RNN model to reduce computation and storage subject to accuracy requirement, and Phase II on hardware implementations given RNN model, including processing element design/optimization, quantization, activation implementation, etc. 1 Experimental results on actual FPGA deployments show that E-RNN achieves a maximum energy efficiency improvement of 37.4× compared with ESE, and more than 2× compared with C-LSTM, under the same accuracy.
Closed-loop guided directional drilling: Fundamentals, concepts and simulations (1996)

This paper introduces the fundamentals of directional drilling with a closed-loop control. In the discussion of different signal flow concepts a surface controlled system is identified as the original approach to automatic directional drilling. The success of the directional drilling operation depends on the proper layout of the controller in the control loop. A control method is introduced which anticipates direction changes on the planned path. The algorithm is tested by applying computer simulation techniques. The simulator is based on a mathematical model of a directional drilling system with an adjustable stabilizer. Coupling this model with a rock/bit interaction model yields a non-linear differential equation system for the drilling trajectory. The equations can be solved numerically. The simulation results prove the importance of anticipation in the control algorithm.
Power-Line Impedance Estimation at FCC Band Based on Intelligent Home Appliances Status Detection Algorithm Through Their Individual Energy and Impedance Signatures (2014)

Power-line communication (PLC) systems use the existing power line as a communication channel between the nodes. Understanding the high-frequency behavior of the power line and loads at the PLC frequency band is essential for designing the PLC system to achieve the desired performance. Based on the impedance behavior of the channel, PLC transceivers can adaptively adjust their operating behaviors to operate more effectively and efficiently. Tracking the impedance variation would also enable smart-grid systems to implement channel health monitoring. In this research, an s-domain home power-line impedance model estimation method at the Federal Communications Commission band based on impedance signatures of the loads and cables as well as the load schedules is developed. The model contains the amplitude and phase characteristics of the impedance at the FCC band. The presented home appliance signature contains an s-domain impedance model and complex power consumption at the power-line frequency. Measurements have been made for nine different appliances and a standard cable with proper lengths is typically used in US homes in order to define their high-frequency impedance signatures. The performance of the status detection algorithm is tested for five different scenarios. Based on the experimental tests, we found that the method we proposed for detecting the working status of the appliances and the method for estimating PLC channel impedance works very accurately.
Towards a better understanding of the substrate specificity of the UDP-<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine C4 epimerase WbpP (2005)

WbpP is the only genuine UDP-GlcNAc (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) C4 epimerase for which both biochemical and structural data are available. This represents a golden opportunity to elucidate the molecular basis for its specificity for N-acetylated substrates. Based on the comparison of the substrate binding site of WbpP with that of other C4 epimerases that convert preferentially non-acetylated substrates, or that are able to convert both acetylated and non-acetylated substrates equally well, specific residues of WbpP were mutated, and the substrate specificity of the mutants was determined by direct biochemical assays and kinetic analyses. Most of the mutations tested were anticipated to trigger a significant switch in substrate specificity, mostly towards a preference for non-acetylated substrates. However, only one of the mutations (A209H) had the expected effect, and most others resulted in enhanced specificity of WbpP for N-acetylated substrates (Q201E, G102K, Q201E/G102K, A209N and S143A). One mutation (S144K) totally abolished enzyme activity. These data indicate that, although all residues targeted in the present study turned out to be important for catalysis, determinants of substrate specificity are not confined to the substrate-binding pocket and that longer range interactions are essential in allowing proper positioning of various ligands in the binding pocket. Hence prediction or engineering of substrate specificity solely based on sequence analysis, or even on modelling of the binding pocket, might lead to incorrect functional assignments.
Magnetic resonance imaging and radiological findings of familial sacral agenesis: a report of 6 cases (2014)

The clinical characteristics and radiological data of 6 cases of sacral agenesis in one single family were analyzed and a literature review was performed. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), all of them presented with a partial absence of sacral vertebra, including associations with lumbar abnormalities (n=2) and sacral agenesis (n=2). One case presented with fourth/fifth lumbar vertebra bone fusion and fifth lumbar/first sacral vertebra bone fusion. On radiology, 4 cases had concurrent scoliosis. None of them had tethered cord, diastematomyelia or meningocele. The understanding of sacral agenesis may be improved after reviewing and summarizing clinical features and radiological findings.


Key words: 
Dysostoses, sacrum; Magnetic resonance imaging
Review: New perspectives in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2008)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most frequent idiopathic interstitial pneumonia with a prevalence ranging from 5 to 15 per 100,000 persons, and above 175 per 100,000 in the older population. IPF is a relentlessly progressive fibrotic lung disorder leading to death within a median duration of 3 years. It was hypothesized in the 1970s that pulmonary fibrosis initiates as an "alveolitis" progressing to interstitial fibrosis with connective tissue deposition, derangement of the lung architecture and functional impairment. However, in vitro studies indicated that alveolar/bronchiolar injured epithelial cells can drive the fibrotic process in the absence of macrophages and with minimal inflammation. This, together with the inability of classic immunosuppressive therapy to cure IPF, generated new pathogenesis paradigms and intense research into the role of the lack or the excessive production of anti-fibrotic or profibrotic mediators, oxidant injury, exaggerated coagulation, thus leading to investigate new treatment strategies. Preliminary results of some of such trials have shown significant reductions in lung function decline, disease exacerbation and mortality.
Calmodulin Binding Peptide Comprising α-Casein Exorphin Sequence (1997)

Although not homologous to any known calmodulin binding sequences, αs1-casein 90−109 (RYLGYLEQLLRLKKYKVPQL), the initial seven residues corresponding to α-casein exorphin sequence, seems to be endowed with the molecular feature characteristic of this class of peptides: a higher proportion of basic and hydrophobic residues. αs1-Casein 90−109 was synthesized, and its calmodulin binding was examined. αs1-Casein 90−109 reduced the calmodulin-induced cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activation at the comparable concentration to that previously reported for endogenous opioid peptides such as β-endorphin and dynorphin. αs1-Casein 90−109 as well as the endogenous opioid peptides shares the common structural motif matching for the interacting domains of calmodulin in the previously proposed complex model, suggesting that these opioid peptides may interact with calmodulin in a similar manner. Keywords: Calmodulin; casein; exorphin; complex model; opioid peptide
Improved Separation in Gas Chromatography by Temperature Programming. Application to Mercaptans and Sulfides (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImproved Separation in Gas Chromatography by Temperature Programming. Application to Mercaptans and SulfidesJ. H. Sullivan, J. T. Walsh, and Charles. MerrittCite this: Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 11, 1826–1828Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60155a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60155a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views188Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Modeling Crowd and Trained Leader Behavior during Building Evacuation (2006)

This article considers animating evacuation in complex buildings by crowds who might not know the structure's connectivity, or who find routes accidentally blocked. It takes into account simulated crowd behavior under two conditions: where agents communicate building route knowledge, and where agents take different roles such as trained personnel, leaders, and followers.
Fulvestrant is an effective and well-tolerated endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results from clinical trials (2004)

Fulvestrant ('Faslodex') is a new type of endocrine treatment--an oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist that downregulates the ER and has no agonist effects. Early efficacy data from phase I/II trials have demonstrated fulvestrant to be effective and well tolerated. Two randomised phase III trials have compared the efficacy of fulvestrant and the aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole, in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer progressing on prior endocrine therapy. Fulvestrant (intramuscular injection 250 mg month(-1)) was found to be at least as effective as anastrozole (orally 1 mg day(-1)) for time to progression (5.5 vs 4.1 months, respectively (hazard ratio (HR): 0.95; 95.14% confidence interval (CI), 0.82-1.10; P=0.48)) and objective response 19.2 vs 16.5%, respectively; treatment difference 2.75%; 95.14% CI, -2.27 to 9.05%; P=0.31). More recently, fulvestrant has also been shown to be noninferior to anastrozole in terms of overall survival, with median time to death being 26.4 months in fulvestrant-treated patients and 24.2 months in those treated with anastrozole (HR: 0.97; 95% CI, 0.78-1.21; P=0.82). In a further randomised phase III trial, fulvestrant was compared with tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced disease in postmenopausal women. In the overall population, efficacy differences favoured tamoxifen and noninferiority of fulvestrant could not be ruled out. In the prospectively defined subset of patients with ER-positive and/or progesterone receptor-positive disease, there was no statistically significant difference between fulvestrant and tamoxifen. This paper reviews the efficacy and tolerability results from these trials.
Risk factors for local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery (2003)

Margin status, age, tumour multicentricity, and use of radiotherapy and adjuvant hormone therapy were important determinants of risk of local recurrence. With the exception of surgical margin, variables related to the quality of surgical management did not predict risk of local recurrence.
Engineered Hydrogels for Local and Sustained Delivery of RNA‐Interference Therapies (2016)

It has been nearly two decades since RNA-interference (RNAi) was first reported. While there are no approved clinical uses, several phase II and III clinical trials suggest the great promise of RNAi therapeutics. One challenge for RNAi therapies is the controlled localization and sustained presentation to target tissues, to both overcome systemic toxicity concerns and to enhance in vivo efficacy. One approach that is emerging to address these limitations is the entrapment of RNAi molecules within hydrogels for local and sustained release. In these systems, nucleic acids are either delivered as siRNA conjugates or within nanoparticles. A plethora of hydrogels has been implemented using these approaches, including both traditional hydrogels that have already been developed for other applications and new hydrogels developed specifically for RNAi delivery. These hydrogels have been applied to various applications in vivo, including cancer, bone regeneration, inflammation and cardiac repair. This review will examine the design and implementation of such hydrogel RNAi systems and will cover the most recent applications of these systems.
Introduction (2006)

Abstract This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the alliance between feminism and postmodernism in the US American academy. It discusses the emphatic anti-essentialism in the alliance between feminism and postmodernism. It then considers how both anti-essentialist feminists and their critics have addressed the problem of essentialism primarily as a problem of the one and the many.
Good value for money or “caveat emptor!”: self‐issue revisited (1997)

Bradford University Library was the first academic library in the United Kingdom to offer a self‐issue facility to its users. This article updates VINE 92 (September 1993) by tracing the development of the self‐issue facility at Bradford University Library during the last three years. It considers the possible implications for libraries and trends for future development.
Three-terminal current gain measurements of high-power thyristors (1972)

The current-gain values of the effective component transistors of a thyristor structure arc measured by a method originally due to Fulop (1963) and the technique is shown to be applicable to measurements on high-power thyristors, provided that certain precautions are taken with the measuring system.
Novel synthetic gluco‐disaccharide RSCL‐0409 – a lipopolysaccharide‐induced Toll‐like receptor‐mediated signalling antagonist (2010)

The regulation of cytokines and pro-inflammatory genes is an absolute essentiality to combat inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the effects of 4-O-chloroacetyl-2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-levulinoyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl]-(1-3)-1-O-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-deoxy-2-N-trichloroacetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (RSCL-0409), a novel small molecule Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling antagonist, and its mechanism of action in human monocytic (THP-1) cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells, RSCL-0409 suppressed LPS-induced production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 10.6 mum and mRNA expression of ICAM-1, Cox-2 and interleukin-8 with no evidence of cytotoxicity. RSCL-0409 also suppressed TNF-alpha production from LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Similar results were obtained in vivo in a murine model of LPS-induced inflammation, where pretreatment with RSCL-0409 resulted in significant inhibition of TNF-alpha. It is also noteworthy that RSCL-0409 suppressed the cytokine production induced by TLR2 and -4 ligands and not for any other TLR ligands. RSCL-0409 significantly inhibited p65 nuclear translocation induced by LPS. In conclusion, RSCL-0409, a novel small molecule, is the first of its kind in the category of carbohydrate-derived TLR signalling antagonists and could definitely be a promising therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases whose pathogenesis involves TLR2- or TLR4-mediated signalling processes.
Mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-II (2004)

We previously demonstrated that transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) exhibit several traits associated with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, including increased atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and IR. The skeletal muscle appeared to be the insulin-resistant tissue in the apoA-II transgenic mice. We now demonstrate a decrease in FA oxidation in skeletal muscle of apoA-II transgenic mice, consistent with reports that decreased skeletal muscle FA oxidation is associated with increased skeletal muscle triglyceride accumulation, skeletal muscle IR, and obesity. The decrease in FA oxidation is not due to decreased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, because oxidation of palmitate and octanoate were similarly decreased. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression demonstrated that the decrease in FA oxidation may be explained by a decrease in medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. We previously demonstrated that HDLs from apoA-II transgenic mice exhibit reduced binding to CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in FA metabolism. However, studies of combined apoA-II transgenic and CD36 knockout mice suggest that the major effects of apoA-II are independent of CD36. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly ameliorated IR in the apoA-II transgenic mice, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms of IR in this animal model may share common features with certain types of human IR.
Synergistic effect of combined intraperitoneal cisplatin and cytosine arabinoside in a murine ovarian cancer model. (1989)

The chemotherapeutic combination of cisplatin and cytosine arabinoside has synergy in vitro. We used a murine ovarian teratocarcinoma in C3HeB/FeJ mice to evaluate these drugs for synergy in vivo. Several dose-response schedules and various sequences were tested to determine the optimal delivery schedule. Survival of control mice injected with 10(4) murine ovarian teratocarcinoma was 28 days. Tumor-bearing mice treated with intraperitoneal cisplatin alone had significantly prolonged survival, whereas intraperitoneal cytosine arabinoside alone did not prolong survival. Repeated doses of cytosine arabinoside every 24 hours for 4 days resulted in minimal prolongation of survival. Simultaneous one-time administration of cisplatin and cytosine arabinoside resulted in synergy as measured by survival, with 50% of mice surviving at 80 days. Combined simultaneous administration of cisplatin and cytosine arabinoside daily for 3 days resulted in 100% survival at 120 days. Both cisplatin and cytosine arabinoside have an outstanding pharmacokinetic advantage when given intraperitoneally. A clinical trial of these drugs with a 3-day schedule is warranted.
Diffusion of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">He</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>quasiparticles in dilute<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>He solution confined in porous media (1990)

The diffusion of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ quasiparticles in dilute $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He solution confined in porous media is investigated theoretically, where porous media are supposed to constitute percolating networks. We emphasize, at first, that the chemical potential \ensuremath{\mu} of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ quasiparticles can be related to the percolation density p of the porous medium. It is found that the diffusion constant shows the universal critical behavior as a function of chemical potential at millikelvin temperatures.
Comprehensive Evaluation for Industry Economic Power of Mining Cities Based on Nonlinear Mathematical Model (2011)

Taking a Chinese north mining city as an example, through to systematic investigation and statistics for its economic data of 12 industry in recent 4 years, A complete set of index system for estimating economy status has been put forward, which comprises the profitability, debt paying ability and development foreground of difference industry. The author has developed a set of fuzzy neural network software system based on the nonlinear mathematical model. These software systems manage initial data through Access's data-base technology, and calculate subordination degree of assessment indices by fuzzy mathematics, as well as achieve industry economy status by virtue of artificial neural network which has been successfully trained. Result demonstration: The synthetic economy condition for the thermoelectricity production supply industry and the non-ferrous metal processing industry is "best" in 2006,the cement manufacturing industry and the coal selection industry is "better", but the transport vehicle manufacturing industry, the textile industry and the diet tobacco manufacturing industry's is relatively "bad". This appraisal achievement may provide reliable auxiliary decision-making for the bank credit.