gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Teachers' Perspectives on the Family Backgrounds of Children at Risk. (2001)

ABSTRACT. This paper focuses on a qualitative study that investigated beliefs held by four teachers in high poverty communities about the family backgrounds of children they considered to be at risk for failure in school and later in life. Results indicated that the presence of child abuse in the home, alcoholism, and single or absent parents were the most frequently mentioned family risks thought by the teachers to be affecting specific children in their classrooms. However, the teachers also expressed uncertainty about the level of their understanding of families and about the nature of cause-and-effect relationships between familial factors and outcomes. Further, while the teachers saw familial difficulties as risks for children, they also highlighted the importance of systemic problems such as the lack of support for families in poverty and the differential responsiveness of schools to the more affluent and powerful parents. They also seemed to empathize with single parents, and believed that the cultural backgrounds of Indian and Metis students were a source of strength for Aboriginal children when they were at risk.

	 RESUME. Cet article decrit une etude qualitative sur les croyances qu'entretiennent quatre enseignants de collectivites tres pauvres relativement aux antecedents familiaux des enfants qu'ils jugent «a risque», a savoir en voie d'echec a l'ecole, puis dans la vie active, et plus tard dans la vie. Les resultats demontrent que, parmi les facteurs familiaux de risque affectant des eleves de leur propre classe, les enseignants mentionnent le plus frequemment l'alcoolisme, les sevices subis par les enfants au foyer familial, l'absence d'un parent voire des deux parents. Toutefois, les enseignants reconnaissent leurs incertitudes quant au niveau de comprehension qu'ils ont des familles et quant a la nature des relations causales entre les facteurs familiaux et les resultats scolaires. Par ailleurs, meme si les professeurs considerent que les difficultes familiales sont des facteurs pour les enfants, ils soulignent egalement l'importance de problemes systemiques comme le non-soutien des familles pauvres et la receptivite differente des ecoles face aux parents plus influents et puissants. Ils semblent egalement empathiser avec les parents celibataires et sont d'avis que les antecedents culturels des eleves indiens et metis sont une source de dynamisme pour les enfants autochtones a risque.
Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae 395 (Ogawa) (1982)

The chemical structure and biological properties of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae 395 (Ogawa), isolated by the phenol-water procedure, were studied. Upon acid hydrolysis, the LPS was split into its polysaccharide and lipid A moieties. The polysaccharide contained both neutral (glucose, heptose, fructose) and amino (glucosamine, quinovosamine) sugars. The LPS contained the acid-labile amino sugar, 4-amino-arabinose, which was absent in the Inaba serotype of V. cholerae. The LPS differed from the LPSs of Enterobacteriaceae by the absence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and the presence of fructose. Analysis of the methylated polysaccharide by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that it had a branched structure with glucose and heptose residues primarily appearing at the nonreducing-end groups. Interactions with lectins, concanavalin A. and wheat germ agglutinin suggested that terminal glucose residues were alpha linked, whereas terminal glucosamine residues were connected by alpha-1,3 linkages. The major fatty acids of the LPS were C14:0, C16:0, C12h:0, and C14h:0 compounds, of which only the C14h:0 were amide linked, the remainder being ester linked to the backbone. Biological studies showed that the LPS possessed endotoxic properties such as lethality, pyrogenicity, limulus lysate gelation, and ability to induce non-specific resistance to infection. Thus, the LPS from V. cholerae 395 (Ogawa) possessed both common and distinct features as compared with the LPSs from the Enterobacteriaceae.
From Pedlars to Textile Barons. The Economic Development of a Jewish Minority Group in the Netherlands (1989)

Introduction. Peddling and Trading in the Dutch Republic: The Jews in Their Upward Struggle. The Special Significance of the Textile Industry for The Netherlands in the 19th Century. From Pedlars to Textile Entrepreneurs: The Development of Jewish Entrepreneurship in the First Half of the 19th Century. From Trading to Textile Manufacturing: The Jews and the Industry During the Second Half of the 19th Century. Epilogue: From Pedlars to Textile Barons. Appendices: The Development of the Jewish Textile Enterprises: Their Case Histories. Some Notes on the Activities of the Jews in the Domestic Dutch Textile Trade in the 19th Century. Some Notes on the Activities of the Jews in the Dutch Ready-Made Clothing Trade and Industry. Two Groups of Immigrant Textile Merchants: Jewish Pedlars and Roman Catholic Tjudden. Archive Sources. Bibliography. Registers.
Deficiency in core circadian protein <i>Bmal1</i> is associated with a prothrombotic and vascular phenotype (2010)

Aging is associated with both the disturbances of circadian rhythms and a prothrombotic phenotype. It remains poorly understood how the circadian system regulates thrombosis, a critical outcome of aging-related cardiovascular disease. Using multiple in vivo models, we now show that mice with genetic ablation of the core clock gene Bmal1, which display pre-mature aging, have a dramatic prothrombotic phenotype. This phenotype is mechanistically linked to changes in the regulation of key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. These include circulating vWF, fibrinogen, and PAI-1, all of which are significantly elevated in Bmal1(-/-) mice. We also show that major circadian transcriptional regulators CLOCK and Bmal1 directly regulate the activity of vWF promoter and that lack of Bmal1 results in upregulation of vWF both at mRNA and protein level. Here we report a direct regulation of vWF expression in endothelial cells by biological clock gene Bmal1. This study establishes a mechanistic connection between Bmal1 and cardiovascular phenotype.
CALCIUM‐DEPENDENT RELEASE OF EXOGENOUSLY LOADED γ‐AMINO‐[U‐<sup>14</sup>C]BUTYRATE FROM SYNAPTOSOMES: TIME COURSE OF STIMULATION BY POTASSIUM, VERATRIDINE, AND THE CALCIUM IONOPHORE, A23187 (1976)

Abstract —Synaptosomes which had taken up [ 14 C]GABA were applied to a filter and rapidly perfused with various solutions in order to study the time course of release of this putative transmitter and the characteristics of its release. Depolarization of the synaptosomes with veratridine or 56mM‐K + or pretreatment with the Ca 2+ ionophore, A23187, increased the calcium‐dependent efflux of [ 14 C]GABA. Release of [ 14 C]GABA was increased by Ca 2+ within 0.3 s of exposure, and the maximal release rate was not maintained for longer than 0.6 s. The reduction in the rate of release was not attributable to a decrease in calcium influx, but rather appeared to reflect fatigue at some subsequent stage in release. Stimulation by 56mM‐K + also elicited a calcium‐independent increase in the efflux of radioactive GABA, which appeared to arise in part from subcellular particles other than synaptosomes.
Unusual metal coordination chemistry from an amino-amide derivative of 4-nitrophenol, a surprising ligand (2009)

The simple ligand N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzamide () exhibits several coordination modes depending on the reaction conditions, acting as a zwitterion on its own or being ionic in the presence of acid and depending on the concentration of metal present in a reaction, it can coordinate to the metal in either a 1:1 or a 1:2 metal:ligand mode. Furthermore, the role of solvent plays an important role in these complexation reactions with both four and six coordinate copper complexes being obtained using water as solvent but only six coordinate copper complexes obtained using acetonitrile as solvent.
Rapid, complex adaptation of transmitted HIV-1 full-length genomes in subtype C-infected individuals with differing disease progression (2012)

There was rapid virus adaptation following transmission, predominantly driven by CTL pressure, with most changes occurring during high viremia. Rapid escape and complex escape pathways provide further challenges for vaccine protection.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and other blood-borne viruses in Pygmies and neighbouring Bantus in southern Cameroon (1995)

The prevalences of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), human T lymphotrophic virus (anti-HTLV) and of hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) were determined in 168 subjects aged 12 years and over (108 Pygmies, 60 Bantus) living in south Cameroon. In 167 subjects, we found an estimated minimal anti-HCV prevalence of 13%. The prevalence was significantly higher in Bantus (31.7%) than in Pygmies (11.1%) and increased with age in both groups, albeit more rapidly in Bantus. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 7.2% and correlated with neither sex nor ethnic group. No association was found between anti-HCV and HbsAg prevalence rates. No subject was confirmed to be positive for HTLV or HIV. These findings confirm the high prevalence of HCV infection in south Cameroon and indicate that even secluded population groups are affected.
The use of intra-operative electrical auditory brainstem responses to predict the speech perception outcome after cochlear implantation (2009)

Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABR) were obtained intra-operatively from children receiving full insertion of Cochlear CI24 implant. The EABR waveform was quantified according to the presence or absence of waves (eII-eV). Each trace was scored from 0-3 providing a maximum score for all 22 electrodes of 66 in the monopolar mode. Speech perception scores were measured after one year in 245 children and after two years of cochlear implant use in 148 children. Significant differences in the EABR waveforms were found between those recipients who achieved scores of 4 or greater on the Melbourne scale and those recipients who only had a modest outcome. After two years, the outcome showed even greater differences. The group of 103 children who had outcomes of 4 or greater at one year improved from a mean score of 4.7 to 5.7. The group of 45 children who had outcomes of 3 or less at one year only improved from a mean score of 2.9 to 3.15. In this latter group, only four children showed any significant improvement.
Combining Color And Layout Features For The Identification Of Low-Resolution Documents (2008)

This paper proposes a method, combining color and layout features, for identifying documents captured from lowresolution handheld devices. On one hand, the document image color density surface is estimated and represented with an equivalent ellipse and on the other hand, the document shallow layout structure is computed and hierarchically represented. The combined color and layout features are arranged in a symbolic file, which is unique for each document and is called the document-s visual signature. Our identification method first uses the color information in the signatures in order to focus the search space on documents having a similar color distribution, and finally selects the document having the most similar layout structure in the remaining search space. Finally, our experiment considers slide documents, which are often captured using handheld devices.
Genomic RNA of an insect virus directs synthesis of infectious virions in plants. (1990)

Newly synthesized virions of flock house virus (FHV), an insect nodavirus, were detected in plant cells inoculated with FHV RNA. FHV was found in whole plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), chenopodium (Chenopodium hybridum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and Nicotiana benthamiana and in protoplasts derived from barley leaves. Virions produced in plants contained newly synthesized RNA as well as newly synthesized capsid protein. These results show that the intracellular environment in these plants is suitable for synthesis of a virus normally indigenous only to insects. Such synthesis involves, minimally, translation of viral RNA, RNA replication, and virion assembly. Inoculation of barley protoplasts with FHV virions resulted in synthesis of small amounts of progeny virions, suggesting that FHV virions are capable of releasing their RNA in plant cells. In N. benthamiana, virions resulting from inoculation with RNA were detected not only in inoculated leaves but also in other leaves of inoculated plants, suggesting that virions could move in this plant species. Such movement probably occurs by a passive transport through the vascular system rather than by an active transport involving mechanisms that have evolved for plant viruses.
Learning transliteration lexicons from the web (2006)

This paper presents an adaptive learning framework for Phonetic Similarity Modeling (PSM) that supports the automatic construction of transliteration lexicons. The learning algorithm starts with minimum prior knowledge about machine transliteration, and acquires knowledge iteratively from the Web. We study the active learning and the unsupervised learning strategies that minimize human supervision in terms of data labeling. The learning process refines the PSM and constructs a transliteration lexicon at the same time. We evaluate the proposed PSM and its learning algorithm through a series of systematic experiments, which show that the proposed framework is reliably effective on two independent databases.
Solid-core photonic bandgap fibers for cladding-pumped Raman amplification (2011)

Cladding-pumped solid-core photonic bandgap Raman fiber amplifiers are analyzed theoretically as possible candidates for power scaling. An example fiber design with a mode field diameter of 46 µm and a cladding diameter of 250 µm is calculated to exhibit 0.12 dB/km of confinement loss at the first Stokes wavelength and >10 dB/m at the second Stokes wavelength for a pump wavelength of 1.567 µm while maintaining low loss and large mode area in realistic coiling configurations. A Raman amplifier based on this fiber with 85 kW of output power, 78% optical conversion efficiency, a maximum heat load of 130 W/m, and a length of 235 m is simulated.
High performance symmetric double δ-doped GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic HFETs grown by MOCVD (1994)

High performance double /spl delta/-doped GaAs/In/sub 0.25/Ga/sub 0.75/ As/GaAs pseudomorphic HFETs grown by low pressure MOCVD are reported. An extrinsic transconductance as high as 390 mS/mm, and a saturation current density as high as 980 mA/mm along with broad transconductance plateau at 300 K with a 1.5 /spl mu/m gate length, are achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Treatment and Prevention of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (2003)

Eccentric exercise continues to receive attention as a productive means of exercise. Coupled with this has been the heightened study of the damage that occurs in early stages of exposure to eccentric exercise. This is commonly referred to as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). To date, a sound and consistent treatment for DOMS has not been established. Although multiple practices exist for the treatment of DOMS, few have scientific support. Suggested treatments for DOMS are numerous and include pharmaceuticals, herbal remedies, stretching, massage, nutritional supplements, and many more. DOMS is particularly prevalent in resistance training; hence, this article may be of particular interest to the coach, trainer, or physical therapist to aid in selection of efficient treatments. First, we briefly review eccentric exercise and its characteristics and then proceed to a scientific and systematic overview and evaluation of treatments for DOMS. We have classified treatments into 3 sections, namely, pharmacological, conventional rehabilitation approaches, and a third section that collectively evaluates multiple additional practiced treatments. Literature that addresses most directly the question regarding the effectiveness of a particular treatment has been selected. The reader will note that selected treatments such as anti-inflammatory drugs and antioxidants appear to have a potential in the treatment of DOMS. Other conventional approaches, such as massage, ultrasound, and stretching appear less promising.
Inhibition of protein synthesis by reduced K+ in cultured endothelial cells. (1997)

Total protein synthesis (as precipitable [3H] leucine incorporation) was determined under various experimental conditions to examine the relationship between cellular K+ and protein synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that under normal external K+ concentration (5 mM), total protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide and ouabain, with estimated values of IC50 of 0.41 microM and 0.60 mM, respectively. Cellular K+ concentrations were determined (102 +/- 4 mM for control cells) and found to be significantly increased (P < 0.01) by high external K+ (25 mM) and significantly decreased (P < 0.001) by low external K+ (0.5 mM) as well as by ouabain (2 mM). Under high external K+, total protein synthesis and the inhibitory responses of cycloheximide and ouabain were not altered. On the contrary, cellular K+ and protein synthesis were both further reduced by about half (P < 0.001) under low external K+. While ouabain further reduced cellular K+ by half (P < 0.001), protein synthesis was only slightly reduced (P < 0.05) under low external K+ and thus the relative reduction on protein synthesis was much less than that for cellular K+. These results indicate that while elevated intracellular K+ did not alter protein synthesis, reduced intracellular K+ correlated with a reduced cellular protein synthesis in HUVEC such that K+ may play a permissible role in the regulation of protein synthesis.
Recent Trends in Therapeutic Approaches for Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Update (2015)

Diabetes highlights a growing epidemic imposing serious social economic crisis to the countries around the globe. Despite scientific breakthroughs, better healthcare facilities, and improved literacy rate, the disease continues to burden several sections, especially middle and low income countries. The present trends indicate the rise in premature death, posing a major threat to global development. Scientific and technological advances have witnessed the development of newer generation of drugs like sulphonylureas, biguanides, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones with significant efficacy in reducing hyperglycemia. Recent approaches in drug discovery have contributed to the development of new class of therapeutics like Incretin mimetics, Amylin analogues, GIP analogs, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor as targets for potential drugs in diabetes treatment. Subsequently, the identification and clinical investigation of bioactive substances from plants have revolutionized the research on drug discovery and lead identification for diabetes management. With a focus on the emerging trends, the review article explores the current statistical prevalence of the disease, discussing the benefits and limitations of the commercially available drugs. Additionally, the critical areas in clinical diabetology are discussed, with respect to prospects of statins, nanotechnology, and stem cell technology as next generation therapeutics and why the herbal formulations are consistently popular choice for diabetes medication and management.
Serum Concentrations of Methanol After Inhalation at 200 ppm (1996)

Methanol has been proposed as an alternative automotive fuel to reduce pollution in the urban environment. Utilization of methanol will increase exposure to low levels of methanol vapors for the general public and in occupational settings. Information on absorption by inhalation and serum concentrations after low-level exposure would be important in evaluating the health impact of generalized methanol exposure. During a randomized double-blind study of the potential neurobehavioral effects of inhaled methanol at 200 ppm for 4 hours, 15 timed specimens from 22 subjects were obtained for methanol analysis by head-space gas chromatography. Methanol was rapidly absorbed by inhalation (absorption rate constant = 0.87 +/- 0.60 hours-1). Serum methanol concentrations were increased by more than fourfold at the end of the exposure period (6.5 +/- 2.7 vs 0.9 +/- 0.6 mg/L), as were urinary methanol excretion rates, although formate concentrations were not increased over background concentrations. The overall (n = 22) elimination half-life was 3.2 +/- 2.3 hours. Elimination from plasma fit a monoexponential model for only half of the subjects during the 4-hour postexposure follow-up period (mean half-life = 2.2 hours). Subjects with poor fits either showed greater variability or apparent slow (nonsignificant) declines in serum methanol concentrations, possibly because of the offsetting contributions of dietary intake or endogenous production, but more likely as a result of the limited number of sampling times and limited follow-up period.
Cationic polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether by benzylammonium salts (1995)

Abstract Novel cationic initiators, p‐substituted benzylanilinium SbF – 6 salts (1) , were synthesized from the corresponding benzylchloride and N,N‐dimethylaniline, where Cl – was exchanged with SbF – 6 . Their catalytic activities in the cationic polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE) were examined and compared to that of benzylpyridinium SbF – 6 salts (2) , latent thermal initiators previously reported by Endo et al. It was found that 1 acted as a latent thermal initiator in the cationic polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE) above 80°C for 10 min. Furthermore, 1 showed higher activity than 2 having the same p‐substituents, except for a p‐Cl group in the cationic polymerization of GPE. Both the GPE polymer structure and the benzyl group reactivity in 1 or 2 indicate that 1 generates benzyl cations that are active species for the cationic polymerization of GPE, and that in cationic polymerization using 2 , side reactions generating active species other than benzyl cations occur. magnified image © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recombinant human lactoferrin attenuates the progression of hepatosteatosis and hepatocellular death by regulating iron and lipid homeostasis in <i>ob</i>/<i>ob</i> mice (2020)

Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein, has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exert modulatory effects on lipid homeostasis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but our understanding of its regulatory mechanisms is limited and inconsistent. We used leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice as the rodent model of NAFLD, and administered recombinant human Lf (4 mg per kg body weight) or control vehicle by intraperitoneal injection to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Lf. After 40 days of treatment with Lf, insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice were significantly improved with the down-regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP2), indicating an improvement in hepatic lipid metabolism and function. We further explored the mechanism, and found that Lf may increase the hepatocellular iron output by targeting the hepcidin-ferroportin (FPn) axis, and then maintains the liver oxidative balance through a nonenzymatic antioxidant system, ultimately suppressing the death of hepatocytes. In addition, the cytoprotective role of Lf may be associated with the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, promotion of autophagy of damaged hepatocytes and induction of up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF-lα/VEGF) to facilitate liver function recovery. These findings suggest that recombinant human Lf might be a potential therapeutic agent for mitigating or delaying the pathological process of NAFLD.