gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tacaribe Virus but Not Junin Virus Infection Induces Cytokine Release from Primary Human Monocytes and Macrophages (2011)

The mechanisms underlying the development of disease during arenavirus infection are poorly understood. However, common to all hemorrhagic fever diseases is the involvement of macrophages as primary target cells, suggesting that the immune response in these cells may be of paramount importance during infection. Thus, in order to identify features of the immune response that contribute to arenavirus pathogenesis, we have examined the growth kinetics and cytokine profiles of two closely related New World arenaviruses, the apathogenic Tacaribe virus (TCRV) and the hemorrhagic fever-causing Junin virus (JUNV), in primary human monocytes and macrophages. Both viruses grew robustly in VeroE6 cells; however, TCRV titres were decreased by approximately 10 fold compared to JUNV in both monocytes and macrophages. Infection of both monocytes and macrophages with TCRV also resulted in the release of high levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, while levels of IFN-α, IFN-β and IL-12 were not affected. However, we could show that the presence of these cytokines had no direct effect on growth of either TCRV of JUNV in macrophages. Further analysis also showed that while the production of IL-6 and IL-10 are dependent on viral replication, production of TNF-α also occurs after exposure to UV-inactivated TCRV particles and is thus independent of productive virus infection. Surprisingly, JUNV infection did not have an effect on any of the cytokines examined indicating that, in contrast to other viral hemorrhagic fever viruses, macrophage-derived cytokine production is unlikely to play an active role in contributing to the cytokine dysregulation observed in JUNV infected patients. Rather, these results suggest that an early, controlled immune response by infected macrophages may be critical for the successful control of infection of apathogenic viruses and prevention of subsequent disease, including systemic cytokine dysregulation.
Development of Manganese-Based Nanoparticles as Contrast Probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2012)

MRI is one of the most important imaging tools in clinics. It interrogates nuclei of atoms in a living subject, providing detailed delineation with high spatial and temporal resolutions. To compensate the innate low sensitivity, MRI contrast probes were developed and widely used. These are typically paramagnetic or superparamagnetic materials, functioning by reducing relaxation times of nearby protons. Previously, gadolinium(Gd)-based T(1) contrast probes were dominantly used. However, it was found recently that their uses are occasionally associated with nephrogenic system fibrosis (NSF), which suggests a need of finding alternatives. Among the efforts, manganese-containing nanoparticles have attracted much attention. By careful engineering, manganese nanoparticles with comparable r(1) relaxivities can be yielded. Moreover, other functionalities, be a targeting motif, a therapeutic agent or a second imaging component, can be loaded onto these nanoparticles, resulting in multifunctional nanoplatforms.
Speech recognition with continuous-parameter hidden Markov models (2003)

The acoustic-modelling problem in automatic speech recognition is examined from an information theoretic point of view. This problem is to design a speech-recognition system which can extract from the speech waveform as much information as possible about the corresponding word sequence. The information extraction process is factored into two steps: a signal-processing step which converts a speech waveform into a sequence of informative acoustic feature vectors, and a step which models such a sequence. The authors are primarily concerned with the use of hidden Markov models to model sequences of feature vectors which lie in a continuous space. They explore the trade-off between packing information into such sequences and being able to model them accurately. The difficulty of developing accurate models of continuous-parameter sequences is addressed by investigating a method of parameter estimation which is designed to cope with inaccurate modeling assumptions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Further Investigation of the Effects of Intensity upon the Pitch of Pure Tones (1961)

Typical methods for observing pitch changes with intensity for pure tones consist of varying the frequency of one tone of fixed intensity (the comparison tone) so as to match the pitch of a second tone of fixed frequency (the tone under test) when the latter is set at different intensities. Differences between the comparison and test-tone frequencies, when equated in pitch under these conditions, are ascribed to their intensity differences and used as a measure of the pitch intensity shifts for the test tone. The comparison and test tones may differ in frequency, however, even when they are matched in pitch under equal intensity conditions. These frequency differences, called pitch-matching errors, may be identical to those noted above for comparable conditions and consequently nullify the apparent pitch-intensity shifts. This possibility was studied in two experiments which sought to reproduce the pitch intensity relationship as defined by the data of Stevens and Snow. In more than half the comparisons made under various frequency and intensity conditions, apparent pitch shifts for 50, 75, 100, 200, 400, 700, 1500, and 6000 cps were found to be not significantly different from pitch-matching errors. When averaged, the remaining shifts followed the directions of Stevens' curves but were small (2% or less). Pitch-intensity functions for the lower frequency tones were particularly variable and generally bore little relationship to Snow's functions for such tones.
Serving Learning Disabled Students in Postsecondary Settings. (1989)

This study investigates whether sweep rowers activate their low back muscles asymmetrically when exercising on a rowing ergometer. Given that indoor rowing imposes equal loading demands to left and right back muscles, any side differences in activation are expected to reflect asymmetric adaptations resulting from sweep rowing. In addition to trunk kinematics, surface electromyograms (EMGs) were sampled from multiple skin locations along the lumbar spine of six elite, sweep rowers. The distribution of EMG amplitude along the spine was averaged across strokes and compared between sides. Key results indicate a significant effect of trunk side on EMG amplitude and on the low back region where EMG amplitude was greatest. Such side differences were unlikely because of trunk lateral inclination and rotation, which were smaller than 5° for all rowers tested. Moreover, asymmetries manifested differently between participants; there was not a clear predominance of greater EMG amplitude toward the right/left side in portside/starboard rowers. These results suggest that (a) even during indoor rowing, sweep rowers activate asymmetrically their low back muscles; (b) factors other than rowing side might be associated with low back asymmetries; (c) spatial distribution of surface EMG amplitude is sensitive to bilateral changes in back muscles' activation.
One Sulfonate and Three Sulfate Electrolyte Additives Studied in Graphite/LiCoO<sub>2</sub>Pouch Cells (2015)

The effectiveness of three cyclic sulfate additives, ethylene sulfate (or 1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD)), trimethylene sulfate (or 1,3,2-dioxathiane 2,2-dioxide (TMS)) and propylene sulfate (or 4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (PLS)) and one sulfonate additive, methylene methane disulfonate (1,5,2,4-dioxadithiane-2,2,4,4-tetraoxide (MMDS)) were studied in graphite/LiCoO2 (LCO) pouch cells. The additives were studied singly and in combination with 2% vinylene carbonate (VC) using high precision coulometry, AC impedance spectroscopy, volume change to infer gas evolution and open circuit storage experiments. During formation, TMS can significantly reduce the irreversible capacity and gas evolution while PLS and DTD cannot. When added alone, cells with DTD, TMS or PLS perform much worse than cells with 2% VC in all of coulombic efficiency, charge endpoint capacity slippage and voltage drop during storage. When combined with 2% VC, cells with TMS and VC provide similar performance to cells with 2% VC alone, cells with VC + MMDS are better and cells with VC + DTD and VC + PLS are worse. The trends found here are different from the results obtained using the same additives in graphite/Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC) pouch cells where cells with VC + DTD and VC + MMDS were found to provide benefit compared to VC alone. It is hard to distinguish any difference between 2% VC and 2%VC + 1% TMS in both graphite/LCO cells and graphite/NMC cells, suggesting that TMS is nearly "inert" in the presence of VC in these cells.
Effects of Tryptic Peptide Esterification in MALDI Mass Spectrometry (2005)

The effect of esterification on MALDI ion yield is investigated by using alcohols having different aliphatic chain lengths. For peptides whose ionization yields increase with derivatization, more hydrophobic alcohols tend to yield greater peak enhancements. The completeness of the reaction increases from propanol to methanol. Undesired solvolysis of the amide group in the side chain of Asn or Gln leads to unexpected ester products. Ethanol is suggested as the optimal alcohol for esterification in proteomics experiments since it yields almost complete esterification without substantial solvolysis. Ethanol esterification was employed to facilitate the identification of gel-separated proteins.
Acousto-optic frequency shifting in birefringent fiber (1984)

Single-sideband frequency shifting has been accomplished using traveling acoustic waves to couple the orthogonal polarizations of birefringent fiber. The light coupled from one polarization to the other is shifted in frequency by the frequency of the acoustic wave. An upper sideband is produced in one polarization, a lower sideband in the other. Both surface and bulk acoustic waves have been used. Sideband suppression of better than 30 dB and carriersuppression of better than 20 dB below the desired sideband have been achieved.
Identification of Type 1 Diabetes–Associated DNA Methylation Variable Positions That Precede Disease Diagnosis (2011)

Monozygotic (MZ) twin pair discordance for childhood-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is ∼50%, implicating roles for genetic and non-genetic factors in the aetiology of this complex autoimmune disease. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the genetics of T1D in recent years, the non-genetic component has remained poorly defined. We hypothesized that epigenetic variation could underlie some of the non-genetic component of T1D aetiology and, thus, performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) for this disease. We generated genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of purified CD14+ monocytes (an immune effector cell type relevant to T1D pathogenesis) from 15 T1D-discordant MZ twin pairs. This identified 132 different CpG sites at which the direction of the intra-MZ pair DNA methylation difference significantly correlated with the diabetic state, i.e. T1D-associated methylation variable positions (T1D-MVPs). We confirmed these T1D-MVPs display statistically significant intra-MZ pair DNA methylation differences in the expected direction in an independent set of T1D-discordant MZ pairs (P = 0.035). Then, to establish the temporal origins of the T1D-MVPs, we generated two further genome-wide datasets and established that, when compared with controls, T1D-MVPs are enriched in singletons both before (P = 0.001) and at (P = 0.015) disease diagnosis, and also in singletons positive for diabetes-associated autoantibodies but disease-free even after 12 years follow-up (P = 0.0023). Combined, these results suggest that T1D-MVPs arise very early in the etiological process that leads to overt T1D. Our EWAS of T1D represents an important contribution toward understanding the etiological role of epigenetic variation in type 1 diabetes, and it is also the first systematic analysis of the temporal origins of disease-associated epigenetic variation for any human complex disease.
The ABCA5 Protein: A Urine Diagnostic Marker for Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (2007)

The data indicate that ABCA5 might be a specific urine marker for diagnosis of patients with HGPIN.
Thermal expansion of graphite-epoxy between 116 K and 366 K (1982)

A Priest laser interferometer was developed to measure the thermal strain of composite laminates. The salient features of this interferometer are that: (1) it operates between 116 K and 366 K; (2) it is easy to operate; (3) minimum specimen preparation is required; (4) coefficients of thermal expansion in the range of 0-5 micro epsilon/K can be measured; and (5) the resolution of thermal strain is on the order of micro epsilon. The thermal response of quasi-isotropic, T300/5208, grahite-epoxy composite material was studied with this interferometer. The study showed that: (1) for the material tested, thermal cycling effects are negligible; (2) variability of thermal response from specimen to specimen may become significant at cryogenic temperatures; and (3) the thermal response of 0.6 cm and 2.5 cm wide specimens are the same above room temperature.
EP4-mediated prostanoid signalling promotes oral cancer progression (2010)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is upregulated in oral cancer (OSCC), where it catalyses PGE 2 synthesis. We have shown previously that PGE 2 promotes integrin-dependent OSCC invasion (1). PGE 2 has four receptors (EP1-4), each coupled to different intracellular signaling pathways. We therefore investigated the role of EP receptor signaling in the invasive process.
The Evolutionary Fate and Consequences of Duplicate Genes (2000)

Gene duplication has generally been viewed as a necessary source of material for the origin of evolutionary novelties, but it is unclear how often gene duplicates arise and how frequently they evolve new functions. Observations from the genomic databases for several eukaryotic species suggest that duplicate genes arise at a very high rate, on average 0.01 per gene per million years. Most duplicated genes experience a brief period of relaxed selection early in their history, with a moderate fraction of them evolving in an effectively neutral manner during this period. However, the vast majority of gene duplicates are silenced within a few million years, with the few survivors subsequently experiencing strong purifying selection. Although duplicate genes may only rarely evolve new functions, the stochastic silencing of such genes may play a significant role in the passive origin of new species.
Actin-Sequestering Ability of Thymosin β<sub>4</sub>, Thymosin β<sub>4</sub>Fragments, and Thymosin β<sub>4</sub>-Like Peptides as Assessed by the DNase I Inhibition Assay (1993)

Thymosin beta 4 containing 43 amino-acid residues belongs to a family of highly homologous peptides present at high concentrations in various species, cells, and tissues. Safer et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 266, 4029-4032 (1991)] have shown that thymosin beta 4 is an actin-sequestering peptide. Because DNase I is inhibited by G-actin and not by F-actin we employed this enzymatic assay to determine the actin sequestering properties of 4 other thymosin beta 4-like peptides and fragments of thymosin beta 4 generated by enzymatic digestions. Thymosin beta 4 sequesters G-actin at a 1 to 1 ratio an thereby inhibits its polymerisation to F-actin in high salt solution. The oxidation of the single methionine residue at position 6 does not abolish its actin-sequestering properties. However neither thymosin beta 4 24-43 nor thymosin beta 4 13-43 inhibit the polymerisation of G-actin. We conclude from this that some structural features in the amino-acid sequence of thymosin beta 4 before position 13 are obligatory for its biological function. Oxidized thymosin beta 4 (beta 4-sulfoxide) as well as four other thymosin beta 4-like peptides were shown to be actin-sequestering peptides like thymosin beta 4.
Sodium and Lithium Interactions with the Na+/Dicarboxylate Cotransporter (1998)

The two-electrode voltage clamp was used to study the currents associated with transport of succinate by the cloned Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC-1, expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The presence of succinate induced inward currents which were dependent on the concentrations of succinate and sodium, and on the membrane potential. At -50 mV, the K0.5succinate was 180 microM and the K0.5Na+ was 19 mM. The Hill coefficient was 2.3, which is consistent with a transport stoichiometry of 3 Na+:1 divalent anion substrate. Currents were induced in NaDC-1 by a range of di- and tricarboxylates, including citrate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, and tricarballylate. Although Na+ is the preferred cation, Li+ was also able to support transport. The K0.5succinate was approximately 10-fold higher in Li+ compared with Na+. In the presence of Na+, however, Li+ was a potent inhibitor of transport. Millimolar concentrations of Li+ resulted in decreases in apparent succinate affinity and in the Imaxsuccinate. Furthermore, lithium inhibition under saturating sodium concentrations showed hyperbolic kinetics, suggesting that one of the three cation binding sites in NaDC-1 has a higher affinity for Li+ than Na+. We conclude that NaDC-1 is an electrogenic anion transporter that accepts either Na+ or Li+ as coupling cations. However, NaDC-1 contains a single high affinity binding site for Li+ that, when occupied, results in transport inhibition, which may account for its potent inhibitory effects on renal dicarboxylate transport.
One-pot synthesis of nanosheet-assembled hierarchical MoSe<sub>2</sub>/CoSe<sub>2</sub> microcages for the enhanced performance of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution (2015)

Nanosheet-assembled tube-like hierarchical MoSe<sub>2</sub>/CoSe<sub>2</sub> microcages, synthesized <italic>via</italic> a facile one-pot hydrothermal method, show enhanced HER activity with a much lower onset overpotential, larger cathodic current, and a smaller Tafel slope.
Prevalence and characterisation of size and sequence-based microvariant alleles at nine autosomal STR markers in the Central Indian population (2021)

Prevalence of microvariant alleles is rare in nature and is limited to 9 STR loci out of 31 STR loci tested in the central Indian population. The occurrence of microvariant alleles in a locus increases its forensic and paternity application.
The Power of Ensembles for Active Learning in Image Classification (2018)

Deep learning methods have become the de-facto standard for challenging image processing tasks such as image classification. One major hurdle of deep learning approaches is that large sets of labeled data are necessary, which can be prohibitively costly to obtain, particularly in medical image diagnosis applications. Active learning techniques can alleviate this labeling effort. In this paper we investigate some recently proposed methods for active learning with high-dimensional data and convolutional neural network classifiers. We compare ensemble-based methods against Monte-Carlo Dropout and geometric approaches. We find that ensembles perform better and lead to more calibrated predictive uncertainties, which are the basis for many active learning algorithms. To investigate why Monte-Carlo Dropout uncertainties perform worse, we explore potential differences in isolation in a series of experiments. We show results for MNIST and CIFAR-10, on which we achieve a test set accuracy of 90% with roughly 12,200 labeled images, and initial results on ImageNet. Additionally, we show results on a large, highly class-imbalanced diabetic retinopathy dataset. We observe that the ensemble-based active learning effectively counteracts this imbalance during acquisition.
A never ending hoax (2008)

For many years after the Second World War, even into the 1970s there were rumours circulating in Brisbane about a writer who might have been the basis of the Ern Malley hoax. His name - ironically, given the history of poets - was Jack Milton, and unfortunately he died not long before the infamous literary controversy in 1944.
An automatic acquisition of domain knowledge from list-structrued text in Baidu encyclopedia (2010)

We propose a novel method which can automatically extract new concepts and semantic relations between concepts, in order to support the domain ontology evolvement. We collect the corpus from a free Chinese encyclopedia called Baidu encyclopedia, which is similar to Wikipedia. We locate lists from the Baidu encyclopedia, and extract domain knowledge from the lists. Further more, we use a knowledge assessor to ensure the validity of extracted knowledge. In the experiments, we make a practical attempt to evolve the Chinese Law Ontology (CLO V0), and show that our method can improve the completeness and coverage of CLO V0.
[Nasolabial allergic reaction to intranasal administration of apomorphine in Parkinson disease]. (1992)

A patient is presented who used apomorphine, a potent dopamine agonist in the treatment of Parkinson patients. He suffered of severe dystonia of the legs, which did not respond to conservative treatment. The apomorphine was delivered bij intranasal spray. The patient developed an allergic reaction with swollen nose and lips, which disappeared within one day after discontinuation of the treatment. Subcutaneous administration caused no symptoms. Cutaneous challenge with apomorphine caused a positive reaction. We raise the hypothesis that the allergic reaction was due to the binding of apomorphine to certain proteins in cutis or nasal mucosa.
In Vivo Detection of Human TRPV6-Rich Tumors with Anti-Cancer Peptides Derived from Soricidin (2013)

Soricidin is a 54-amino acid peptide found in the paralytic venom of the northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) and has been found to inhibit the transient receptor potential of vallinoid type 6 (TRPV6) calcium channels. We report that two shorter peptides, SOR-C13 and SOR-C27, derived from the C-terminus of soricidin, are high-affinity antagonists of human TRPV6 channels that are up-regulated in a number of cancers. Herein, we report molecular imaging methods that demonstrate the in vivo diagnostic potential of SOR-C13 and SOR-C27 to target tumor sites in mice bearing ovarian or prostate tumors. Our results suggest that these novel peptides may provide an avenue to deliver diagnostic and therapeutic reagents directly to TRPV6-rich tumors and, as such, have potential applications for a range of carcinomas including ovarian, breast, thyroid, prostate and colon, as well as certain leukemia's and lymphomas.
Immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013)

COPD pathogenesis is complex with contributions from both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and the interaction of these cells with their environment mediates inflammation.