gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Responses of pial arterioles after prolonged hypercapnia and hypoxia in the awake rabbit (1979)

The changes in the responsiveness of pial arterioles to CO2 and in the composition of cortical cerebrospinal fluid bathing these vessels were studied in the awake rabbit before and after 6 days exposure to hypercapnia (7% CO2) or hypoxia (10% O2). The vasodilator response of pial arterioles to inhalation of 3--10% CO2 was diminished after prolonged hypercapnia and enhanced after prolonged hypoxia. After both hypoxia and hypercapnia, pial arteriolar responsiveness to CO2 was immediately returned toward control levels by washing the brain surface with normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The bicarbonate concentration of cerebrospinal fluid bathing the pial vasculature showed a significant decrease after hypoxia and a significant increase after hypercapnia, whereas CSF pH remained unaltered. We conclude that the alteration in responsiveness of pial arterioles to CO2 is due to a change in the chemical composition of the CSF bathing these vessels, involving an adjustment in the concentration of bicarbonate ions.
A Snapshot of the Emerging Tomato Genome Sequence (2009)

The genome of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is being sequenced by an international consortium of 10 countries (Korea, China, the United Kingdom, India, the Netherlands, France, Japan, Spain, Italy, and the United States) as part of the larger “International Solanaceae Genome Project (SOL): Systems Approach to Diversity and Adaptation” initiative. The tomato genome sequencing project uses an ordered bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) approach to generate a high‐quality tomato euchromatic genome sequence for use as a reference genome for the Solanaceae and euasterids. Sequence is deposited at GenBank and at the SOL Genomics Network (SGN). Currently, there are around 1000 BACs finished or in progress, representing more than a third of the projected euchromatic portion of the genome. An annotation effort is also underway by the International Tomato Annotation Group. The expected number of genes in the euchromatin is ∼40,000, based on an estimate from a preliminary annotation of 11% of finished sequence. Here, we present this first snapshot of the emerging tomato genome and its annotation, a short comparison with potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) sequence data, and the tools available for the researchers to exploit this new resource are also presented. In the future, whole‐genome shotgun techniques will be combined with the BAC‐by‐BAC approach to cover the entire tomato genome. The high‐quality reference euchromatic tomato sequence is expected to be near completion by 2010.
New molecular tools and optical technologies to dissect CXCR4 function in breast cancer (2006)

Background Epidemiological studies have shown that only about 20% of the familial clustering of breast cancer is explained by the known highly penetrant mutations in BRCA1 and BCRA2. We have set out to search for the genes for the remaining 80%. Twin studies indicate a predominant role of shared genes rather than a shared environment; the patterns of occurrence of breast cancer in families are consistent with a major polygenic component. Methods We have assembled a population based set of 5,000 breast cancer cases and 5,000 controls from the East Anglian population. We have simple clinical and epidemiological information, including family history, and samples of blood and paraffin embedded tumour. We have used association studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms, first with candidate genes and then in a genome-wide scan of 266,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms, to search for the putative predisposing genes. We have as yet searched only for common variants (frequency >5%).
A predictive model of work-related fatigue based on hours-of-work (1997)

RESEARCH over several decades has implicated shiftwork as a major cause of work-·related fatigue and decreased health and safety. However, discriminating between different rosters in terms of fatigue has been difficult. This is partially due to the large number of different rosters currently worked as well as the significant costs associated with laboratory-based roster assessments. Due to difficulties with traditional laboratory-based methods of modelling rosters, it is the authors' aim to develop a quantitative approach based only on the timing and duration of work periods. The potential applications of quantitative fatigue modelling in monitoring health and safety outcomes are also discussed. Specific examples are given for quantifying fatigue in road transport. In conclusion, this model provides a simple, straightforward approach to quantifying fatigue. It also enables organisations to model the relationship between hours of work and health and safety outcomes or to model the implications of proposed roster changes.
Capacity of packetized voice services over time-shared wireless packet data channels (2005)

In traditional CDMA wireless networks, real-time services, such as circuit-switched voice, are transported over the air via synchronous channels because of their stringent delay requirements. In the third generation networks (3G), IxEV-DV [A.Soong et al., 2003] and HSDPA [E. Dahlman et al., 1998], an additional time shared channel was introduced on the forward link to support data services for which delay requirements are less stringent. The IxEV-DO [P. Bender et al., 2000] standard provides a single time-shared forward link channel and no synchronous channels since it was designed primarily for data services. It has recently been suggested that certain voice services (e.g.. Voice over IP (VoIP) and push-to-talk (PTT)), can be efficiently transported over such time-shared channels since they have less stringent delay requirements compared to circuit-switched voice. In this paper we investigate the capacity of VoIP users over these time-shared channels and investigate the sensitivity to various base station (BS) and mobile station (MS) design parameters, algorithms and features. Note that detailed simulations of each standard is not provided but rather a comparative approach is used whereby we investigate specific features of each standard. Our focus is on the forward channel since code division multiplexing is performed in the reverse link and hence comparable user capacities are achieved.
Photovoltaics technical information guide (1985)

Background on the history and current technical status of photovoltaics is provided, covering such topics as cell theory and designs, cell materials, photovoltaic modules and arrays, balance of systems, applications, performance and reliability, economics, and other issues. This is followed by a catalog of current research centers, information sources and design tools. (LEW)
Human Dual Specificity Phosphatase VHR Activates Maturation Promotion Factor and Triggers Meiotic Maturation in Xenopus Oocytes (1995)

Bacterially expressed, dual specificity phosphatase VHR protein induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes, albeit with slower kinetics than that observed in progesterone- or insulin-induced maturation. A mutant VHR protein missing an essential cysteine residue for its in vitro phosphatase activity completely lacked activity in injected oocytes. VHR injection done in conjunction with progesterone or insulin treatment resulted in highly synergized GVBD responses showing much faster kinetics than that produced by VHR or either hormone alone. The delayed kinetics of VHR-induced GVBD and the synergistic responses obtained in the presence of hormones suggested that this protein may be promoting G2/M transition by weakly mimicking the action of cdc25, the dual specificity phosphatase that physiologically activates the maturation promotion factor. Various experimental observations are consistent with such a role for the injected VHR in oocytes: 1) as opposed to hormone-treated oocytes, histone H1 kinase activation is not preceded by MAPK activation in the process of GVBD in VHR-injected oocytes; 2) incubation of purified VHR with highly concentrated cell-free extracts of untreated oocytes resulted in activation of histone H1 kinase activity in the lysates; 3) coinjection of VHR with activated Ras proteins resulted in synergized responses, faster than those produced by either protein alone; 4) coinjection of VHR with the purified amino-terminal SH2 domain of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (which blocks insulin-induced GVBD) does not affect VHR-induced maturation. The biological actions of VHR in oocytes clearly distinguish it from other dual specificity phosphatases, which have shown inhibitory effects when tested in oocytes. We speculate that VHR may represent a dual specificity phosphatase responsible for activation of cdk-cyclin complex(es) at a still undetermined stage of the cell cycle.
A study on adaptive noise cancellation for enhancement of digital speech articulation (2007)

Today, we can use radio communication device anywhere-anytime. Sometimes, we use the device in acoustic noise environment. The acoustic noise makes many problems in communication system. In acoustic noise environment, speaker cannot send clear information to receiver, because the received signal includes both speech signal and noise signal. A digital filter is useful to remove noise to get desired signal. One of methods is the adaptive digital filter using the adaptive noise canceller that automatically adjust filter parameters. This thesis addresses articulation algorithms against actual acoustic noises by means of two adaptive filtering methods. One is the adaptive noise canceller with two input channels and another is the spectral subtraction filter with one input channel. The experimental result from the proposed filter shows that the adaptive noise canceller is useful to reduce the non-stationary noises, while the spectral amplitude filter is effective for stationary noises.
The Effects of Preparation Conditions for a BaNbO<sub>2</sub>N Photocatalyst on Its Physical Properties (2014)

BaNbO2 N is a semiconductor photocatalyst active for water oxidation under visible-light irradiation up to λ=740 nm. It is important to understand the nitridation processes of precursor materials to form BaNbO2 N to tune the physical properties and improve the photocatalytic activity. Comprehensive experiments and analyses of temperatures, durations, ammonia flow rates, and barium/niobium ratios in the precursor during the nitridation process reveals that faster ammonia flow rates and higher barium/niobium ratios in the precursors help to suppress reduction of pentavalent niobium ions in the nitridation products and that the use of a precursor prepared by a soft-chemistry route allows the production of BaNbO2 N at lower temperatures in shorter times than the use of physical mixtures of BaCO3 and Nb2 O5 because the niobium species is dispersed among the barium species. BaNbO2 N prepared by the soft-chemistry route exhibits comparatively higher activity than that prepared from physical mixtures of BaCO3 and Nb2 O5 , probably because of lower nitridation temperatures, which suppress excessive dissociation of ammonia, and thereby reduce pentavalent niobium ions, and intimate interaction of niobium and barium sources, which lowers the densities of mid-gap states associated with defects.
Mobile Router Tunneling Protocol (2002)

This document describes how to support mobile networks with Mobile IP
or Mobile IPv6. It provides this support with no modifications to
Mobile IP or routing protocol signaling. It also describes two
scenarios of mobile router support, consumer mode, and fully enabled
mode. In the former, the mobile router is not allowed to use routing
protocol signaling with the home agent, but performs routing for
subnet(s) assigned to it. In the latter mode, both the home agent and
the mobile router use a routing protocol in the same manner as fixed
routers. Contents
컴퓨터 보조 학습을 통한 멀티미디어 어휘교육의 효율성 (2011)

본 연구의 목적은 어휘 학습의 측면에서 컴퓨터 보조 학습을 통한 컴퓨터 기술의 효과와 유용성을 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 컴퓨터 기술을 통한 멀티미디어 수업은 네 가지 (듣기, 말하기, 일기, 쓰기의) 언어기술과 관련하여 다양한 언어학습방법을 제공한다. 한국인 영어 언어 학습자는 주입식 교육에 익숙해져 왔으며, 단어를 습득하는데 있어 반복적인 어휘 암기방법을 활용한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 세 가지 연령 그룹을 대상으로 설문 조사와 교육용 멀티미디어 학습실험이 이루어져있다. 본 연구는 오프라인에서의 어휘학습과 다르게 교사는 컴퓨터 멀티미디어프로그램을 응용하여 교실 수준에 적합한 어휘 학습 응용 프로그램을 어떻게 효과적으로 개선 할 수 있는지 밝히고자 한다.
Inhibitory effects of pyrimidine, barbituric acid and pyridine derivatives on 5-fluorouracil degradation in rat liver extracts. (1987)

The inhibitory effects of about 30 compounds, mainly pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives, on 5-fluorouracil degradation catalyzed by dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (DHU dehydrogenase) were investigated. The inhibitory activities of 5-substituted uracil derivatives decreased time-dependently during preincubation with liver extracts, indicating that these compounds are substrates of DHU dehydrogenase. During preincubation, 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine derivatives were found to be converted to barbituric acid derivatives, which have stronger activities. The inhibitory activity of 2,4-dihydroxypyridine (3-deazauracil), which was stronger than that of uracil, did not change during preincubation, indicating that this compound is not a substrate but is an inhibitor of DHU dehydrogenase, and suggesting that 2,6-dihydroxypyridine (1-deazauracil) could be a potent inhibitor. In the light of these findings, we examined various derivatives of barbituric acid, 2,4-dihydroxypyridine and 2,6-dihydroxypyridine. Among these compounds, 3-cyano-2,6-dihydroxypyridine and 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine were the strongest inhibitors with Ki values for DHU dehydrogenase of 2.3 X 10(-7) M and 3.6 X 10(-7) M, respectively.
A High Resolution Color Image Restoration Algorithm for Thin TOMBO Imaging Systems (2009)

In this paper, we present a blind image restoration algorithm to reconstruct a high resolution (HR) color image from multiple, low resolution (LR), degraded and noisy images captured by thin (< 1mm) TOMBO imaging systems. The proposed algorithm is an extension of our grayscale algorithm reported in [1] to the case of color images. In this color extension, each Point Spread Function (PSF) of each captured image is assumed to be different from one color component to another and from one imaging unit to the other. For the task of image restoration, we use all spectral information in each captured image to restore each output pixel in the reconstructed HR image, i.e., we use the most efficient global category of point operations. First, the composite RGB color components of each captured image are extracted. A blind estimation technique is then applied to estimate the spectra of each color component and its associated blurring PSF. The estimation process is formed in a way that minimizes significantly the interchannel cross-correlations and additive noise. The estimated PSFs together with advanced interpolation techniques are then combined to compensate for blur and reconstruct a HR color image of the original scene. Finally, a histogram normalization process adjusts the balance between image color components, brightness and contrast. Simulated and experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm is capable of restoring HR color images from degraded, LR and noisy observations even at low Signal-to-Noise Energy ratios (SNERs). The proposed algorithm uses FFT and only two fundamental image restoration constraints, making it suitable for silicon integration with the TOMBO imager.
Simulation of field water use and crop yield (1978)

SWATR calculates the actual transpiration of a crop and CROPR calculates the actual growth rate of a crop
Manganese oxide based materials for supercapacitors (2008)

Manganese oxides, as an environmentally friendly material with various oxidation states, have a long history as an electrode material for batteries. Recently, a new energy storage system, supercapacitor, with its unique power density and energy density range, has been put in the focus. With a vast number of ongoing researches in exploring the MnOx as the electrode materials for supercapacitors, this article provides a comprehensive review on the recent findings in this area. Different approaches to synthesise and the electrochemical behaviours of various forms of pure and composite MnOx were presented. Important parameters that can influence the electrochemical behaviour of manganese oxides based materials are summarised. The state of the art of engineering of MnOx into composites or specific nanostructures with improved electrochemical performance is reviewed. A brief survey on the performance of symmetric and hybrid supercapacitors with MnOx as electrode material is given and appropriate cell configuration has been proven to be necessary for the optimisation of the capacitive performance. Moreover, the essential difference of charge storage mechanism between battery and supercapacitor for MnOx electrode is stated. Based on these literature findings, MnOx is believed to be a type of promising and competitive electrode material for applications in supercapacitors.
<b>Dynamic Multidetector CT of Breast Tumors:</b> Diagnostic Features and Comparison with Conventional Techniques (2003)

The features revealed on MDCT can help to distinguish benign lesions from carcinomas. MDCT can add to the data obtained with mammography or sonography in patients with suspected breast tumors.
Collection and use of cancer family history in primary care. (2007)

Although limited in generalizability, informants reporting their cancer family history have greater accuracy for relatives free of cancer than those with cancer. Reporting accuracy may vary among different cancer types. FHxTs varied in the extent of family enquiry depending on the tool's purpose. These tools were primarily developed as an integral part of risk assessment. The few tools that were evaluated performed well against both best and standard clinical practice. A number of RATs designed for primary care settings exist, but evidence is lacking of their effectiveness in promoting recommended clinical actions.
li bai dou jiu yuan you kao (1997)

李白斗酒缘由考罗文进李白喜酒豪饮，在诗中时有流露：“烹羊宰牛且为乐，会须一饮三百杯”（《将进酒》）；“百年三万六千日，一日须倾三百杯。遥看汉水鸭头绿，恰似葡萄新发醅。此江若变作春酒，垒曲便筑糟丘台”（《襄阳歌》）。品读这一类诗，无不让人惊诧李公之嗜酒...
Differential regulation of natriuretic peptide receptor activity in vascular cells. (1994)

We studied the regulation of the individual natriuretic peptide receptor subtypes by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and forskolin in cultured bovine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In cultured endothelial cells, 10(-8) mol/L TPA caused a reduction in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor binding activity that was seen as early as 2 hours after the treatment and reached a maximum (88 +/- 3% of control) after 24 hours, whereas the inhibition of ANP-stimulated cyclic GMP (cGMP) accumulation peaked at 2 hours (62 +/- 13% of control) and returned to control levels after 12 hours. After 24 hours of forskolin (10(-4) mol/L) treatment, ANP binding activity fell to 47 +/- 6%, and cGMP accumulation was 52 +/- 11% of control. Northern blot analysis revealed that 10(-8) mol/L TPA suppressed natriuretic peptide C receptor transcript levels, and forskolin increased levels modestly after 24 hours of treatment. Natriuretic peptide A receptor transcript levels remained unchanged by either treatment. In cultured smooth muscle cells, 10(-8) mol/L TPA suppressed ANP binding activity and ANP-stimulated cGMP formation in a fashion similar to that seen in endothelial cells. TPA treatment also resulted in an inhibition of C-type natriuretic peptide-stimulated cGMP production (59 +/- 7% of control); however, this response persisted for as long as 24 hours after addition of the agonist. Treatment with 10(-4) mol/L forskolin produced a time-dependent inhibition of ANP binding activity and did not inhibit cGMP production stimulated by either ANP or C-type natriuretic peptide. In contrast to the effects seen with endothelial cells, TPA caused a dose-dependent stimulation of natriuretic peptide C receptor mRNA, whereas forskolin was inhibitory in smooth muscle cells. These results indicate that the effects of the kinase activators are a function of the individual receptor subtype as well as the cell in which it is expressed and imply a considerable degree of flexibility in the response to regulatory stimuli.
Effect of Aminopeptidase Activity of Thermophilic Lactobacilli on Emmental Cheese Characteristics (1994)

Cheeses were made with Lactobacillus helveticus strain L1, which has high aminopeptidase activity, and two clones (L2, L3), selected for their lack of aminopeptidase activity. Strains L2 and
Reactions to alteplase in patients with acute thrombotic stroke. (2000)

We thank William Chodirker for his informed comments. We recognize the distinction between true IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and non-IgE-mediated anaphylactoid reactions. However, Chodirker is correct that in the discussion section of our article[1][1] the distinction is blurred. To be clear, we do not
Readministration of Spironolactone in the Spironolactone-Intolerant Patient (1986)

We report a successful practical protocol for readministration of spironolactone in a patient with cirrhosis and severe ascites whose initial exposure to spironolactone resulted in erythema multiforme. Because salt and water restriction and other diuretics were ineffective, readministration of spironolactone was considered appropriate. In the absence of in vitro or in vivo diagnostic tests for drug allergy to spironolactone, serial increasing doses from 1 mg to 400 mg were administered over a 14 day period and tolerated uneventfully. A mild maculopapular rash appeared a month later but resolved despite continuation of spironolactone. The patient has now received spironolactone successfully for a total of 20 months without evidence of subsequent drug hypersensitivity. Although proven drug hypersensitivity attributable to spironolactone is very rare, when allergic manifestations have occurred in a patient who may require readministration of spironolactone, we believe that the suggested protocol for test-dosing be considered.
Cage Phosphinites: Ligands for Efficient Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrocyanation of 3-Pentenenitrile (2011)

The cage monophosphinites CgPOR {where CgP = 6-phospha-2,4,8-trioxa-adamantane and R = C6H5 (La); 2-C6H4CH3 (Lb); 2,4,6-C6H2(CH3)3 (Lc); 2,4-C6H3tBu2 (Ld); CH3 (Le); CH2CF3 (Lf)} and diphosphinites CgPZPCg {where ZH2 = 2,2′-biphenol (Lg) or 1,2-benzenedimethanol (Lh)} have been made from CgPBr and the corresponding alcohol or phenol. The cage phosphinites are remarkably stable to water. All the ligands La−h have been tested for nickel(0)-catalyzed hydrocyanation of 3-pentenenitrile in the presence of Lewis acids (ZnCl2, Ph2BOBPh2, or iBu2AlOAliBu2), and tentative structure−activity relationships are suggested. The hydrocyanation activities obtained with catalysts derived from monophosphinite Lf (with iBu2AlOAliBu2) and diphosphinite Lh (with ZnCl2) are comparable with the commercial catalyst based on P(OTol)3. The complexes trans-[PtCl2(L)2] where L = La (1a), Le (1e), and Lf (1f) and the chelate cis-[PtCl2(Lh)] (1h) are reported. From the νCO values for the complexes trans-[RhCl(CO)(La−f)2] (2a−f), it is concluded that ligand Lf is the most phosphite-like of the monophosphinites. Treatment of [Ni(cod)2] (cod = 1,5-cyclo-octadiene) with Lh leads to a mixture of products, one of which was characterized as the binuclear [Ni2(Lh)2(μ-cod)] (3h). The crystal structures of Lh, 1a, 1e, 1f, 1h·2CH2Cl2, and 3h·3C6H5CH3 are reported.