gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A low cost and residue-free abrasive-free copper CMP process with low dishing, erosion and oxide loss (2001)

Traditional slurry copper (Cu) CMP processes have disadvantages in terms of dishing, erosion, Cu and oxide losses, micro-scratches and cost due in part to the presence of abrasive particles during polishing. A stable abrasive-free (AF) Cu CMP process and a low-abrasive barrier removal process have been developed. With these processes it has been possible to repeatably demonstrate metal-residue free wafers with low dishing, low erosion, low metal and oxide losses, over-polishing insensitivity, and low cost.
Artificial Sense of Slip—A Review (2013)

Slip sensing is important in robotic dexterous manipulation and in advanced upper limb prosthetics because it provides useful information for conveniently adapting manipulation forces. In this paper the physical phenomena involved in slip occurrence are briefly examined, as well as the physiological bases of the human “sense of slip.” Transduction principles and technological approaches, exploited over the years for reproducing the “artificial sense of slip,” are analyzed, with the final aim of identifying the most relevant open issues, as well as research trends.
Simultaneous identification of tire cornering stiffnesses and vehicle center of gravity (2008)

INS, GPS measurements are used to simultaneously estimate the location of the center of gravity of a vehicle and the tire cornering stiffnesses. The developed method uses kinematic as well as dynamic equations of a lateral vehicle model to eliminate the bias in the yaw rate and lateral acceleration measurements. An approximation of the moment of inertia is used to combine the dynamic equations of a bicycle model and thereby estimate the tire cornering stiffnesses. The chief advantage of this method is its determinate formulation which eliminates the constraint on persistency of excitation during vehicle testing. It is shown using simulations that the accuracy of the proposed method is affected by measurement noise.
Exact and efficient three-pass 3-D time migration for vertically inhomogeneous media (1992)

There are two basic categories of 3-D time migration from the implementation point of view: one-pass and two-pass 3-D migration. Two-pass 3-D migration, whereby individual lines are migrated in one direction, sorted, and then migrated in the orthogonal direction, is generally preferred over one-pass 3-D migration because of its efficiency and convenience of implementation. A disadvantage of the conventional two-pass approach, however, is its failure to accurately image reflections dipping beyond 40 to 45 degrees for all azimuths in media with typical vertical velocity variations. So a common understanding has been that an exact 3-D migration might be accomplished only by one-pass methods, even though they are much more expensive .
Glycine Supplementation to Low Protein, Amino Acid-Supplemented Diets Supports Optimal Performance of Broiler Chicks (2006)

Six experiments were conducted to determine the effects of low CP in diets for broilers and to evaluate limiting essential and nonessential amino acids (AA) in these diets. All experiments were conducted with Ross x Ross broilers in brooder batteries from 0 to 17 or 18 d posthatch. Treatments were replicated with 6 pens of either 5 or 6 broilers each. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to 16.18, 17.68, 19.18, 20.68, or 22.18% CP. The 22.18% CP diet provided 1.23% Lys and 0.89% TSAA, met or exceeded all nutrient requirements of young broilers, and served as the positive control (PC) diet in all experiments. Increasing dietary CP linearly increased final BW, daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) (P < 0.005). In Exp. 2, additions of crystalline essential (EAA) or nonessential AA (NEAA) were added to the low CP diet to simulate the AA profile of the PC. Daily gain, final BW, and G:F were decreased (P < 0.01) when CP was reduced, but the addition of the NEAA increased final BW, ADG, and G:F (P < 0.07) to the level of broilers fed the PC. Addition of EAA alone was without effect. In Exp. 3, chicks fed diets with supplemental Glu, Ala, Asp, or Pro had reduced daily feed intake (ADFI), ADG, and final BW (P < 0.05) compared with the PC diet. Addition of Gly or the combination of Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, and Pro to the low CP diet increased G:F (P < 0.01) compared with chicks fed PC, and ADG was not different from that of broilers fed the PC diet. In Exp. 4, chicks were fed either the PC diet, the low CP diet with Gly + Ser concentrations of 1.23, 1.35, 1.47, 1.59, 1.71, 1.83, 1.95, or 2.07%, or a 10th diet that contained 1.23% Gly + Ser and with Glu to equal the N concentration of the 2.07% Gly + Ser diet. Final BW, ADG, and G:F were increased linearly (P < 0.001) as the concentration of dietary Gly + Ser was increased. Chicks fed the low CP diet with 2.07% Gly + Ser had growth performance that was not different from that of chicks fed the PC. The addition of Glu to the low CP diet was without effect. In Exp. 5, chicks were fed the PC with additions of 0, 0.15, or 0.30% Gly or the low CP diet containing 1.60, 1.72, 1.84, 1.96, 2.08, 2.20, or 2.32% Gly + Ser. Glycine addition to the PC had no effect, but Gly addition to the low CP diet increased G:F linearly (P < 0.001). Growth performance of chicks fed the low CP diet with 2.32% Gly + Ser was equal to that of chicks fed the PC diet. In Exp. 6, chicks were fed the PC or the low CP diet containing 1.80, 1.95, 2.10, 2.25, 2.40, 2.55, 2.70, 2.85, or 3.00% Gly + Ser. Glycine addition to the low CP diet increased G:F linearly (P < 0.001). In summary, low CP diets result in optimal growth of broilers with Gly + Ser levels of 2.44%.
No matter of course: Ionic liquids as SO2-selective gas absorbers (2013)

Under the perspective of potential technical off-gas recovery and recycling, a series of ionic liquids (ILs) was compared and screened for their applicability as environmentally benign solvents for absorbing sulfur dioxide (So 2 ). New molten salts based on imidazolium cations, combined with the 2-formylbenzenesulfonate anion were developed and identified as unique, regenerative scrubbing agents for So 2 . In particular, the room temperature ILs 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-formylbenzenesulfonate (BMIM oFBS) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-formylbenzenesulfonate (AMIM oFBS) were compared to already known So 2 -absorbing systems. In their entirety of required properties for absorb-ing and desorbing So 2 , the newly introduced systems are superior to all IL-based scrubbing media described so far: These innovative taskspecific ILs exhibit low hygroscopicity, good recyclability and, most notably, a remarkable selectivity between the sour gases So 2 and Co 2 , even in the state of ambient moisture saturation. As such, the compounds are providing a high application potential for pressure or temperature swing absorption cycles. The presented primary results substantiate the advantage of the sheer number of compositional possibilities in developing ionic liquids for special purposes.
Knowledge coupling, medical education and patient care. (1986)

Medical education and the acquisition of professional credentials do not guarantee that medical knowledge (information that is taught, apart from the reality of practice, or gleaned from the literature) will be coupled rigorously to the decision-making process of everyday clinical practice. The limitations of the unaided human mind in a memory-based educational system must be forthrightly acknowledged by those who would be responsible for curriculum reform, so the need for new premises and new tools will be recognized and implemented. Because of their knowledge of the many variables that are unique to them, the patients themselves must be given a much more central role in the process of medical care and medical education. Weaknesses of specialization and credentialing in the present obsolete system are analyzed. The behavior of a well-defined system of education and medical care, and the function of the performers within it, are described. Causes of resistance to curricular reform founded on new premises and use of new tools, such as computers, are considered. New computer tools, as components of a problem-solving decision support system (knowledge couplers, knowledge networks, the coupler editor and documentation system, and the computerized patient record), are described. How these might be incorporated into a new type of medical education curriculum is presented. Finally, new goals, within the context of the new premises being implemented into a new system of education and medical care, are outlined.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Effects in the Aggregation Behavior of a Poly(ethylene glycol-<i>b-</i>propylene sulfide-<i>b</i>-ethylene glycol) <i>ABA</i> Triblock Copolymer (2005)

We explore the effects of preparation protocol on the morphology and stability of aggregates from a poly(ethylene glycol-b-propylene sulfide-b-ethylene glycol) triblock copolymer, PEG44−PPS76−PEG44. Fluorescence spectra and excimer formation of the probe molecule pyrene elucidated the various stages of aggregate formation, and cryo-TEM yielded insight into aggregate morphology. When prepared by direct hydration of polymer films, an extraordinary variety of morphologies was formed, ranging from spherical micelles to wormlike micelles, Y-junctions, blackberry micelles, and vesicles. Aging produced more uniform structural ensembles, including wormlike micelles with undulations and eventually spherical micelles, indicating the nonequilibrium nature of the system as initially formed. On the contrary, preparation by dilution from organic solvent yielded only structures that were closer to equilibrium distributions.
Combined overlay, focus and CD metrology for leading edge lithography (2011)

As leading edge lithography moves to 22-nm design rules, low k1 technologies like double patterning are the new resolution enablers, and system control and setup are the new drivers to meet remarkably tight process requirements. The way of thinking and executing setup and control of lithography scanners is changing in four ways. First, unusually tight process tolerances call for very dense sampling [1], which in effect means measurements at high throughput combined with high order modeling and corrections to compensate for wafer spatial fingerprint. Second, complex interactions between scanner and process no longer allow separation of error sources through traditional metrology approaches, which are based on using one set of metrology tools and methods for setup and another for scanner performance control. Moreover, setup and control of overlay is done independently from CD uniformity, which in effect leads to independent and conflicting adjustments for the scanner. Third, traditional CD setup and control is based on the focus and dose calculated from their CD response and not from measurement of their effect on pattern profile, which allows a clean and orthogonal de-convolution of focus and dose variations across the wafer. Fourth, scanner setup and control has to take into consideration the final goal of lithography, which is the accurate printing of a complex pattern describing a real device layout. To this end we introduce a new setup and control metrology step: measuring-to-match scanner 1D and 2D proximity. In this paper we will describe the strategy for setup and control of overlay, focus, CD and proximity based on the YieldStar<sup>TM</sup> metrology tool and present the resulting performance. YieldStar-200 is a new, high throughput metrology tool based on a high numerical aperture scatterometer concept. The tool can be used stand-alone as well as integrated in a processing track. It is suitable for determining process offsets in X,Y and Z directions through Overlay and Focus measurements respectively. In addition CD profile information can be measured enabling proximity matching applications. By using a technique [2][3][4] to de-convolve dose and focus based on the profile measurement of a well-characterized process monitor target, we show that the dose and focus signature of a high NA 193nm immersion scanner can be effectively measured and corrected. A similar approach was also taken to address overlay errors using the diffraction based overlay capability [5] of the same metrology tool. We demonstrate the advantage of having a single metrology tool solution, which enables us to reduce dose, focus and overlay variability to their minimum non-correctable signatures. This technique makes use of the high accuracy and repeatability of the YieldStar tool and provides a common reference of scanner setup and user process. Using ASML's YieldStar in combination with ASML scanners, and control solutions allows for a direct link from the metrology tool to the system settings, ensuring that the appropriate system settings can be easily and directly updated.
Beckmann Rearrangement of Oximes under Very Mild Conditions (2002)

A variety of ketoximes, easily prepared from the corresponding ketones, undergo the Beckmann rearrangement upon treatment with 2,4,6-trichloro[1,3,5]triazine in N,N-dimethylformamide at room temperature in excellent yields. This procedure can be applied to aldoximes for obtaining the corresponding nitriles.
p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 sensitizes human SNU-C4 colon cancer cells to exisulind-induced apoptosis (2006)

Sulindac sulfone (exisulind), is a promising anticancer agent because of its ability to induce apoptosis in a variety of malignant cell types and its minimal toxicity to normal cells. The induction of apoptosis is thought to account for the growth inhibitory effect of exisulind. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis in response to exisulind. With human SNU-C4 colon cancer cells that were much more resistant to exisulind than other colon cancer cells, in this study, we investigated whether the modulation of MAPK activity by using selective MAPK inhibitors can contribute to sensitizing SNU-C4 cells to exisulind. Exisulind (400 and 600 microM) slightly increased the phosphorylation of pERK1/2 but pretreatment with the pERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 did not significantly change the apoptotic response of SNU-C4 cells. The same doses of exisulind increased the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, and pretreatment with the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 significantly potentiated growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by exisulind in SNU-C4 cells. We further found that apoptosis induced by a combination of exisulind and SB203580 was mediated through caspase activation. Collectively, our findings indicate that selective p38MAPK inhibitors potentiate apoptosis induction by exisulind in SNU-C4 cells. Such combinations may provide a more effective and less toxic strategy for the prevention or treatment of colon cancer.
NGtrans IPv6 DNS operational requirements and roadmap (2002)

This document describes IPv6 DNS operational requirements and
deployment roadmap. It is the result of discussion from members of the
IPv6, NGtrans, DNSops and DNSext working groups. The DNS is looked as
a critical part of the Internet infrastructure and is used for much
more purposes than name to address resolution. Thus a smooth operation
of the DNS is critical in the IPv6 transition. Discussion of this
memo should happen in the NGtrans mailling list.
Recovery of Pituitary‐Gonadal Function in Male Rats after Long‐Term Suppression Induced by a Single Injection of Microcapsules of LH‐RH Antagonist Cetrorelix (SB‐75) (1993)

The clinical utility of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogs can be greatly enhanced by a sustained delivery system, which could maintain elevated peptide levels in the blood for prolonged periods of time, up to several weeks. Recently, we developed long-acting microcapsules and microgranules of the LH-RH antagonist SB-75. In this study, we examined the suppressive effects of a single injection of microcapsules of antagonist SB-75 on gonadotropin and testosterone secretion, as well as on fertility, in male rats and the reversibility of those effects. Serum SB-75 levels were measured by RIA. A dose of 20 mg of microcapsules/rat containing 3.58 mg of antagonist in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), administered intramuscularly produced SB-75 levels higher than 20 ng/ml for approximately 24 days, and a significant elevation was maintained until day 90. Serum testosterone was decreased to castration values for 164 days and LH levels were suppressed below the detection limit of the RIA for a period of 102 days. Serum FSH was suppressed by more than 90%, as compared to control animals, for a period of 58 days and remained significantly decreased until day 164 after the injection. This treatment also caused a significant decrease in the weights of the testes, seminal vesicles, and ventral prostate 30 days after peptide administration. The histology of the testes from the treated rats showed that spermatogenesis was totally depressed. No mature elongated or round spermatids were found in the seminiferous tubules, spermatocytes being the most advanced germ cell form in 99.5% of the testicular tubules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Beneficial Effect on Mood in Partial Epilepsy Patients Treated with Gabapentin (1999)

GBP treatment is associated with mood improvement as measured by the CDRS. This improvement was not accounted for by seizure improvement.
Markets: Continuity and Change in the International Diamond Market (2006)

The international diamond cartel, which presides over the production side of the industry, may be the most successful and longest-lasting cartel in the world. The dominant company in the industry, DeBeers, has been around since 1880 and has been controlled by a single South African family, the Oppenheimers, since 1925. Eight countries produce the bulk of the world's gem diamonds, and most of the producing entities within these countries conform to a set of rules. This conformity is the product of over a century of careful planning and negotiation, in which DeBeers has undertaken largely successful efforts to control the diamond trade and maximize its long-term prospects. The past decade has seen the end of apartheid in South Africa, the fall of communism in Russia, the opening of major mines in Canada, and the emergence of a worldwide movement against so-called “blood” or “conflict” diamonds. While, these developments have pummeled the diamond industry and forced its central players—most notably DeBeers—to change the nature of their trade, these changes have not affected the core dynamic of the global diamond market. It remains an industry dominated by a single firm and an industry in which, perhaps uniquely, all of the major players understand the extent to which their long-term livelihood depends on the fate and actions of the others.
Extremely Low On-Resistance and High Breakdown Voltage Observed in Vertical GaN Schottky Barrier Diodes with High-Mobility Drift Layers on Low-Dislocation-Density GaN Substrates (2010)

Vertical GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were fabricated on freestanding GaN substrates with low dislocation density. High quality n-GaN drift-layer with an electron mobility of 930 cm2 V-1 s-1 was obtained by optimizing the growth conditions by reducing the intensity of yellow luminescence using conventional photoluminescence measurements. The specific on-resistance (RonA) and the breakdown voltage (VB) of the SBDs were 0.71 mΩ cm2 and over 1100 V, respectively. The figure of merit (VB2/RonA) was 1.7 GW/cm2, which is the highest value among previously reported SBDs for both GaN and SiC.
Prediction Equations Relating High Velocity Jet Cutting Performance to Stand Off Distance and Multipasses (1979)

A previously derived equation for continuous jet penetration of solids (1) is combined with empirical equation for jet spreading and velocity decay in air. These equations are used to study the effects of stand off distance and multipasses on cutting depth, volume removal and specific energy. Predicted trends are compared with limited published experimental data for wood, limestone and coal. Predicted cutting depths for single and multipass cutting are in reasonable agreement with measurements. Volume removal predictions are lower than measured values because other mechanisms such as brittle fracture and reverse jet flow not included in the present penetration model contribute to total material removal by widening of the kerf beyond the effective jet width. The equations confirm the existence of optimum stand off distance and the benefits of multipasses for certain combinations of jet, material and cutting speed parameters. Numerical values of the governing nondimensional groups for optimum performance are identified for conditions encountered in typical industrial applications.
Assessment of a multigrasp myoelectric control approach for use by transhumeral amputees (2012)

The authors have previously developed a multigrasp myoelectric controller, and assessed the ability of healthy subjects to control the configuration of a multigrasp hand prosthesis using musculature on the anterior and posterior aspects of the forearm, as would be representative of controller use by a transradial amputee population. In this paper, the authors conduct a similar study, this time to assess the capability of a transhumeral amputee to control a multigrasp hand from residual musculature on the upper arm. Specifically, experiments are conducted on five healthy subjects, comparing their ability to obtain one of seven hand postures in a virtual prosthesis from EMG measurement of the respective biceps and triceps musculature. The ability to control the virtual hand prosthesis is compared with their ability to do so with their intact hand, as measured by a dataglove. Results indicate an average transition time using the EMG controller on the biceps and triceps of 1.86 seconds, relative to 0.82 seconds with the dataglove.
Iron Overload Hepatotoxicity: A Postulated Pathogenesis (1971)

(1971). Iron Overload Hepatotoxicity: A Postulated Pathogenesis. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 579-583.
Controller Area Network (CAN) schedulability analysis: Refuted, revisited and revised (2007)

Controller Area Network (CAN) is used extensively in automotive applications, with in excess of 400 million CAN enabled microcontrollers manufactured each year. In 1994 schedulability analysis was developed for CAN, showing how worst-case response times of CAN messages could be calculated and hence guarantees provided that message response times would not exceed their deadlines. This seminal research has been cited in over 200 subsequent papers and transferred to industry in the form of commercial CAN schedulability analysis tools. These tools have been used by a large number of major automotive manufacturers in the design of in-vehicle networks for a wide range of cars, millions of which have been manufactured during the last decade. This paper shows that the original schedulability analysis given for CAN messages is flawed. It may provide guarantees for messages that will in fact miss their deadlines in the worst-case. This paper provides revised analysis resolving the problems with the original approach. Further, it highlights that the priority assignment policy, previously claimed to be optimal for CAN, is not in fact optimal and cites a method of obtaining an optimal priority ordering that is applicable to CAN. The paper discusses the possible impact on commercial CAN systems designed and developed using flawed schedulability analysis and makes recommendations for the revision of CAN schedulability analysis tools.