gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Status of Developments and Applications of Micro-CT (2011)

Use of microscopic computed-tomography (micro-CT) scanning continues to grow in biomedical research. Laboratory-based micro-CT scanners, laboratory-based nano-CT scanners, and integrated micro-CT/SPECT and micro-CT/PET scanners are now manufactured for "turn-key" operation by a number of commercial vendors. In recent years a number of technical developments in X-ray sources and X-ray imaging arrays have broadened the utility of micro-CT. Of particular interest are photon-counting and energy-resolving detector arrays. These are being explored to maximize micro-CT image grayscale dynamic range and to further increase image contrast by utilizing the unique spectral attenuation characteristics of individual chemical elements. X-ray phase-shift images may increase contrast resolution and reduce radiation exposure. Although radiation exposure is becoming a concern with the drive for increased spatial and temporal resolution, especially for longitudinal studies, gated scans and limited scan-data-set reconstruction algorithms show great potential for keeping radiation exposure to a minimum.
Lipophilicity and biological acitivity. Drug transport and drug distribution in model systems and in biological systems. (1979)

Different equilibrium and non-equilibrium models are used to simulate drug transport and drug distribution. The percentage of absorbed drug, the rate constants of drug absorption and the drug concentrations in the different compartments of the models can be described quantitatively by the bilinear model, e.g., log ci = a log P-b log (betaP + 1) + c. A nearly perfect fit is obtained for the simulated data from this model. Drug absorption and distribution in biological systems can be explained and described by the model-derived equations. Examples from the literature include buccal absorption, gastric and intestinal in situ and in vitro absorption, colonic absorption, renal clearance, and absorption through the skin and the blood-brain barrier; in all those cases the bilinear model gives an excellent fit of the experimental data. Combination of the pH-partition theory with the bilinear model leads to a simple quantitative model for the precise description of the relationships between lipophilicity, degree of ionization, and absorption, distribution and biological activity of drugs.
Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3 (2018)

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a novel virus associated with acute PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)-like clinical signs identified by metagenomic sequencing from swine. Its high occurrence may pose a potential threat to the swine industry worldwide. The processes resulting in the emergence and spread of PCV3 remain poorly understood. Herein, the possible origin, genotypes, and evolutionary dynamics of PCV3 based on available genomic sequences are determined. The closest ancestor of PCV3 is found to be within the clade 1 bat CVs. Using different phylogenetic methods, two major genotypes are identified, PCV3a and PCV3b. It is found that the effective population size of PCV3 increased rapidly during late 2013 to early 2014 and this is associated with the diversification of PCV3a and PCV3b. A relatively high effective reproductive number (Re) value and higher evolutionary rate were found compared to other single-stranded DNA viruses, and positive selection on codons 122 and 320 (24 of ORF2) is identified. It is hypothesized that this, together with the prediction of a potential change of an antigenic epitope at position 320, might have allowed PCV3 to escape from the host immune response. Overall, this study has important implications for understanding the ongoing PCV3 cases worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures.
Targeted Disruption of Adrenomedullin and αCGRP Genes Reveals Their Distinct Biological Roles (2003)

Adrenomedullin (AM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) share common structural characteristics and receptors and belong to the same peptide family. Both peptides show a diverse set of biological effects including vasodilation. Recent establishment of gene-knockout mice has revealed the physiological importance of these two peptides. AM -/- mice demonstrated defective vascular formation during embryogenesis and did not survive beyond midgestation. AM +/- heterozygous mice showed high blood pressure and susceptibility to tissue injury. On the other hand, alphaCGRP -/- mice demonstrated elevated peripheral vascular resistance and high blood pressure caused by increased peripheral sympathetic activity. Thus, AM and CGRP have distinct physiological roles. AM is indispensable for normal embryonic development, regulation of blood pressure and tissue protection against injury, whereas alphaCGRP contributes to the regulation of cardiovascular function through inhibitory modulation of sympathetic nervous activity.
Generalized defuzzification strategies and their parameter learning procedures (1996)

Defuzzification is a procedure of crucial importance for fuzzy systems because a final crisp output (control) action is required in many theoretical and practical applications. The choice of defuzzification strategy, therefore, can directly affect the success of such applications. Among the existing strategies, neither the center of area (COA) nor the mean of maximum (MOM) emerges as the better defuzzification strategy. A compromise strategy that combines the two methods may offer a synergetic solution. In this paper, the authors introduce two new objective defuzzification strategies, Gaussian distribution transformation-based defuzzification (GTD) and polynomial transformation-based defuzzification (PTD), which are based on a discrete universe of discourse. Both strategies can perform better than the existing strategies and the PTD strategy offers a generalized defuzzification tool for a wide class of practical problems. Both strategies include the COA and MOM strategies as special cases, and both are based on parameter learning processes using the extended Kalman filter as their iterative improvement algorithms on sample database containing fuzzy sets and the associate defuzzified values. The proposed parameter learning procedures are capable of either off-line or on-line processing.
Functionalized Polymer Microgel Particles Enable Customizable Production of Label-Free Sensor Arrays (2015)

Probe molecule immobilization onto surfaces is a critical step in the production of many analytical devices, including labeled and label-free microarrays. New methods to increase the density and uniformity of probe deposition have the potential to significantly enhance the ultimate limits of detection and reproducibility. Hydrogel-based materials have been employed in the past to provide a 3D protein-friendly surface for deposition of antibodies and nucleic acids. However, these methods are susceptible to variation during polymerization of the hydrogel scaffold and provide limited opportunities for tuning deposition parameters on an antibody-by-antibody basis. In this work, a versatile hydrogel nanoparticle deposition method was developed for the production of label-free microarrays and tested in the context of antibody-antigen binding. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanoparticles (PNIPAM) were conjugated to antibodies using an avidin/biotin system and deposited onto surfaces using a noncontact printing system. After drying, these gel spots formed uniform and thin layers <10 nm in height. The conjugates were characterized with dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. We tested this format in the context of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) detection via arrayed imaging reflectometry (AIR), a label-free protein microarray method. This method of probe molecule deposition should be generally useful in the production of microarrays for label-free detection.
Synchronization and Arbitration in Digital Systems (2007)

Todays networks of processors on and off chip, operating with independent clocks, need effective synchronization of the data passing between them for reliability. When two or more processors request access to a common resource, such as a memory, an arbiter has to decide which request to deal with first. Current developments in integrated circuit processing are leading to an increase in the numbers of independent digital processing elements in a single system. With this comes faster communications, more networks on chip, and the demand for more reliable, more complex, and higher performance synchronizers and arbiters. Written by one of the foremost researchers in this area of digital design, this authoritative text provides in-depth theory and practical design solutions for the reliable working of synchronization and arbitration hardware in digital systems. The book provides methods for making real reliability measurements both on and off chip, evaluating some of the common difficulties and detailing circuit solutions at both circuit and system levels. Synchronization and Arbitration in Digital Systems also presents: mathematical models used to estimate mean time between failures in digital systems; a summary of serial and parallel communication techniques for on-chip data transmission; explanations on how to design a wrapper for a locally synchronous cell, highlighting the issues associated with stoppable clocks; an examination of various types of priority arbiters, using signal transition graphs to show the specification of different designs (from the simplest to more complex multi-way arbiters) including ways of solving problems encountered in a wide range of applications; essential information on systems composed of independently timed regions, including a discussion on the problem of choice and the factors affecting the time taken to make choices in electronics. With its logical approach to design methodology, this will prove an invaluable guide for electronic and computer engineers and researchers working on the design of digital electronic hardware. Postgraduates and senior undergraduate students studying digital systems design as part of their electronic engineering course will struggle to find a resource that better details the information given inside this book
Examining Strategies for Implementing Best Practices in Home Healthcare (2009)

Home healthcare agencies frequently strive to improve quality of care through the use of guidelines to promote best practices. A significant challenge is implementing new practices once they have been identified. Drawing on literature and interviews, this article reviews the effectiveness and feasibility of strategies used to disseminate evidence and how these interact with characteristics of the desired change and characteristics of the organization seeking to implement the change. Based on this review, suggestions are made about how agencies can promote the implementation of guidelines and how the use of best practices can be supported throughout the industry.
Update on Tissue-Engineered Biological Dressings (2006)

Tissue-engineered biological dressings offer promise in the treatment of burns, chronic ulcers, donor site and other surgical wounds, and a variety of blistering and desquamating dermatologic conditions. For example, the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers ranges from 4.4% to 10.5% of diabetics, resulting in 82,000 lower extremity amputations annually; venous leg ulcers affect 0.18% to 1.35% of the population; and pressure ulcers are found in 5.0% to 8.8% of institutionalized patients and 14.8% of patients in acute care facilities. Despite the large number of potential beneficiaries, cellular tissue-engineered products have suffered setbacks in recent years and have garnered considerably lower market share than commercial promoters anticipated. The mechanism of action of these products is not universally agreed upon, but delivery of growth factors and extracellular matrix components to the wound is thought to be important; graft "take" is not usually considered to occur. These "engineered" products do not specifically match a treatment modality to an underlying pathology. Clinical effect is often modest, and sometimes not justi- fiable from a cost-benefit perspective. Nevertheless, clinical reports in the literature of uses of tissueengineered biological dressings continue to mount, indicating that these products are finding niche applications where clinical utility is high and the cost can be defended. Despite commercial setbacks, the first-approved products, Dermagraft, Apligraf, and Cultured Epidermal Autograft (Epicel) are still being marketed, and new ones, such as OrCel, continue to be developed. The major indications for these products are summarized and a brief review of the available clinical literature is offered.
Interaction of effecting ligands with lac repressor and repressor-operator complex (1975)

The equilibrium association constants for the binding of a wide variety of effecting ligands of the lac repressor were measured by equilibrium dialysis. Also, detailed investigations of the apparent rate of dissociation of repressor-operator comples as a function of ligand concentration were carried out for several inducers and anti-inducers. The affinity of repressor-ligand comples for operator DNA was evaluated from the specific rate constants at saturating concentrations of effecting ligand. By fitting the experimental data depicting the functional dependence of the rate of dissociation upon ligand concentrations to calculated curves, assuming simple models of the induction mechanism, the equilibrium association constant for the binding of effecting ligand to repressor-operator comples was determined. Inducers reduce the affinity of lac repressor for operator DNA by a factor of approximately 1000 under standard conditions; the extent of destabilization depends on Mg2+ ion concentration. Anti-inducers increase the affinity of repressor for operator at most a factor of five. Only one neutral ligand, which binds to repressor without altering the stability of repressor-operator comples, was found. No homotropic or heterotropic interactions in the binding of effecting ligands either to repressor or to repressor-operator complex are evident.
Selective Deposition of Conducting Polymers on Hydroxyl-Terminated Surfaces with Printed Monolayers of Alkylsiloxanes as Templates (1997)

This paper describes the use of patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in area-selective deposition of conducting polymers (polypyrrole and polyaniline) on insulating, hydroxyl-terminated surfaces such as Si/SiO2 and glass. Patterned SAMs of octadecylsiloxane were generated on the hydroxyl-terminated surfaces using microcontact printing; they defined and directed the deposition of conducting polymers. The rate of deposition on the hydrophobic surface is higher than that on the hydrophilic surface: immersion of a substrate patterned with a methyl-terminated SAM in an appropriate aqueous polymerization bath produced a "positive" pattern of the conducting polymer on the surface. The conducting polymer deposited on the hydrophobic region of a surface completely covered by the polymer could be readily removed by transferring it to adhesive tape to form a "positive" pattern on the tape, leaving a "negative" pattern on the surface of the substrate. The conducting polymer deposited on the hydrophobic surface had a more extended conformation, and thus a higher conductivity (approximately 3 orders of magnitude in difference), than that formed on the hydrophilic surface. The smallest features of conducting polymers generated using these procedures were ∼2 μm in lateral dimension. The edge roughness of these patterns was ∼0.5 μm. These patterned microstructures of conducting polymers were conductive; they have been used as electrodes in display devices based on polymer dispersed liquid crystals.
Automated Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Protected Tumor‐Associated Antigen and Blood Group Determinant Oligosaccharides (2004)

Speedy synthesis: The development of a novel linker and monitoring each glycosylation reaction during automated solid-phase synthesis allows the rapid assembly of three Lewis-type cell-surface oligosaccharides. The synthesis of the protected tumor-marker Ley–Lex (see structure; Bn=benzyl, Piv=pivaloyl, TCA=trichloroacetyl) from monosaccharide building blocks was achieved in just 23 h, while the syntheses of Lewis X and Lewis Y required only 12 and 14 h, respectively. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z52539_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Vehicular Inter-Networking via Named Data (2013)

In this paper we apply the Named Data Networking, a newly proposed Internet architecture, to networking vehicles on the run. Our initial design, dubbed V-NDN, illustrates NDN's promising potential in providing a unifying architecture that enables networking among all computing devices independent from whether they are connected through wired infrastructure, ad hoc, or intermittent DTN. This paper describes the prototype implementation of V-NDN and its preliminary performance assessment.
Recent progress in the development of μTAS for clinical analysis (2003)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
ANOMALOUSLY HIGH ``MOBILITY'' IN SEMICONDUCTORS (1971)

In this paper we present a simple model for an inhomogeneous semiconductor which leads to an anomalously high apparent mobility. The model consists of a cylindrically symmetric van der Pauw measurement with a conducting inhomogeneity. This model is analyzed quantitatively and verified experimentally for several measurement configurations. The results cast doubt on the use of a high mobility as an indication of the quality of a semiconductor unless the homogeneity is unambiguously determined or the magnetic field dependence of the Hall constant is carefully examined.
<title>Patterned eutectic bonding with Al/Ge thin films for MEMS</title> (1995)

In this paper, we report our results using eutectic bonding with the aluminum/germanium alloy to create high quality bonds. The results of a series of experiments conducted to optimize eutectic alloy bonding for MEMS are described. Issues discussed include surface preparation, eutectic composition, bonding apparatus and bonding conditions (temperature and time).
Iterative k-t principal component analysis with nonrigid motion correction for dynamic three-dimensional cardiac perfusion imaging (2013)

Iterative k-t PCA with nonrigid motion correction permits correction of respiratory motion artifacts in three-dimensional first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging.
Biodegradable and biocompatible inorganic?organic hybrid materials. I. Synthesis and characterization (1997)

The hydroxyl or vinyl end-groups of linear or three-arm star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) chains have been derivatized into triethoxysilane groups reactive in the sol-gel process. New transparent hybrid materials that combine tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and PCL known for biodegradability and biocompatibility have accordingly been prepared. The sol-gel process is, however, limited by the early vitrification of the reactive system. However, thermal posttreatment can overcome these diffusional and/or kinetic limitations as assessed by a set of analytical methods. The thermal stability of PCL is improved by incorporation into the silica network. Conversely, the thermal stability of the ceramer depends on the effective PCL content. The extent of PCL incorporation into the silica network depends on PCL molecular weight, number, and reactivity of the PCL functional groups. IR spectroscopy has shown that hydrogen bonding occurs between the ester groups of PCL and residual OH groups of the silicate component. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2295–2309, 1997
CAPC: a collision avoidance power control MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks (2005)

The letter identifies a power control induced hidden terminal problem, named POINT problem, and proposes a collision avoidance power control (CAPC) MAC protocol to solve the POINT problem for wireless ad hoc networks. CAPC takes the interference range into consideration and uses the appropriate power to exchange Data/ACK, instead of the exact power in order to resist the interference of other stations. Simulation results verify that CAPC can effectively prevent the POINT problem.
Paramics (1994)

PARAMICS is a PARAllel MICroscopic Traffic Simulator which is, to our knowledge, the most powerful of its type in the world. The simulator can model around 200,000 vehicles on around 7,000 roads (taken from real road traffic network data) at faster than 'real-time' rates, making use of 16K processor TMC Connection Machine CM-200 for the simulation aspect. The project aims to make available to road network planners a new range of tools, and demonstrates that use of high performance computing in real applications is possible and worthwhile, while yielding important and interesting research results.
A New Approach to Fitting Linear Models in High Dimensional Spaces (2000)

This thesis presents a new approach to fitting linear models, called “pace regression”, which also overcomes the dimensionality determination problem. Its optimality in minimizing the expected prediction loss is theoretically established, when the number of free parameters is infinitely large. In this sense, pace regression outperforms existing procedures for fitting linear models. Dimensionality determination, a special case of fitting linear models, turns out to be a natural by-product. A range of simulation studies are conducted; the results support the theoretical analysis. \n\nThrough the thesis, a deeper understanding is gained of the problem of fitting linear models. Many key issues are discussed. Existing procedures, namely OLS, AIC, BIC, RIC, CIC, CV(d), BS(m), RIDGE, NN-GAROTTE and LASSO, are reviewed and compared, both theoretically and empirically, with the new methods. \n\nEstimating a mixing distribution is an indispensable part of pace regression. A measure-based minimum distance approach, including probability measures and nonnegative measures, is proposed, and strongly consistent estimators are produced. Of all minimum distance methods for estimating a mixing distribution, only the nonnegative-measure-based one solves the minority cluster problem, what is vital for pace regression.\n\nPace regression has striking advantages over existing techniques for fitting linear models. It also has more general implications for empirical modeling, which are discussed in the thesis.