gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Rotational Twin Formation in Virtual GaP/Si(111) Substrates for III–V Nanowire Growth (2016)

Planar GaP epilayers on Si(111) are considered as virtual substrates for III–V-related optoelectronic devices such as high-efficiency nanowire-based tandem absorber structures for solar energy conversion, next generation LEDs, and fast photodetectors. Rotational twin domains in such heteroepitaxial epilayers are found to strongly impede vertical nanowire growth. We investigate the twin-induced defect density and surface morphology of B-type GaP/Si(111) virtual substrates in dependence on the GaP nucleation process by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. By employing quantitative high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD)), scanning electron and atomic force microscopy (SEM and AFM), we reveal the significant influence of nucleation temperature and substrate miscut direction on the formation of rotational twin domains during a two-step GaP growth approach. The epilayer defect density is drastically decreased by low temperature GaP nucleation on Si(111) misoriented 3° toward [1̅1̅2], where rotational twin domains are suppressed below 5% and the layers exhibit a smooth surface morphology. We demonstrate that these virtual substrates are highly suitable for vertical GaP nanowire growth.
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 18/2012 (2012)

Front Cover: Dithienopyrrole- and benzotriazole-bearing conjugated polymers were synthesized by incorporating 3-hexylthiophene and thiophene as π-bridges. Their electrochromic and optical properties were investigated. The polymers showed multichromism and different properties in terms of switching times, coloration efficiencies, and optical contrasts. Further details can be found in the article by N. A. Unlu, T. K. Deniz, M. Sendur, and A. Cirpan* on page 1885.
Electrical and optical properties of thin films consisting of tin-doped indium oxide nanoparticles (2003)

Electrical transport and optical properties were investigated in porous thin films consisting of ${\mathrm{In}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}:\mathrm{Sn}$ (indium tin oxide, ITO) nanoparticles with an initial crystallite size of $\ensuremath{\sim}16 \mathrm{nm}$ and a narrow size distribution. Temperature dependent resistivity was measured in the $77<t<300\mathrm{K}$ temperature interval for samples annealed at a temperature in the $573<~{t}_{\mathrm{A}}<~1073\mathrm{K}$ range. Samples annealed at $573<~{t}_{\mathrm{A}}<~923\mathrm{K}$ exhibited a semiconducting behavior with a negative temperature coefficient of the resistivity (TCR). These data were successfully fitted to a fluctuation induced tunneling model, indicating that the samples comprised large conducting clusters of nanoparticles separated by insulating barriers. Samples annealed at ${t}_{\mathrm{A}}=1073\mathrm{K}$ displayed a metallic behavior with no signs of insulating barriers; then the TCR was positive at $t>130\mathrm{K}$ and negative at $t<130\mathrm{K}.$ Effects of annealing on the ITO nanoparticles were investigated by analyzing the spectral optical reflectance and transmittance using effective medium theory and accounting for ionized impurity scattering. Annealing was found to increase both charge carrier concentration and mobility. The ITO nanoparticles were found to have a resistivity as low as $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\ensuremath{\Omega}\mathrm{cm},$ which is comparable to the resistivity of dense high quality ${\mathrm{In}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}:\mathrm{Sn}$ films. Particulate samples with a luminous transmittance exceeding 90% and a resistivity of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\Omega}\mathrm{cm}$ were obtained.
7.2: Determination Method of Pixel Values for Combined Single‐Line and Multi‐Line Scanning Method for 120‐Hz PDPs (2013)

Abstract A combined single‐line and multi‐line scanning method reduces the address period while maintaining image quality. This is important for realizing 4000 line TV displays. Peak signal to noise ratio of the test images exceeds 40 dB when the number of simultaneously scanned line is 2. When the number is 3, the image degradation is acceptable. Experiments with 120‐Hz frame rate PDPs verify that the method maintains image quality.
Code tracking architecture influence on GPS carrier multipath (2006)

It is well known that carrier-phase multipath is one of the limiting error sources in high-precision differential GPS (Global Positioning System) applications. A thorough understanding of carrier-phase multipath is the first step in the course of mitigating its impact in high precision applications. Complete characterization of carrier-phase multipath error requires a fundamental theoretical description and mathematical modeling. However, the theory and models must be validated with real data. This paper documents the results of a study of the influence of GPS receiver code tracking architecture (coherent and noncoherent) on the carrier-phase multipath error, and provides a thorough validation of carrier-phase multipath theory. Validation is carried out for wide and narrow correlator spacing within coherent and noncoherent code tracking architectures by comparing bench test data to theoretical predictions. Prior to this effort, scant attention had been given to validating carrier-phase multipath theory against GPS data (Townsend et al., 1995). In addition, data collected for non-zero multipath phase rates is presented. The impact of GPS receiver architecture on the mitigation of phase-rate multipath was discussed.
Controlled RAFT Polymerization and Zinc Binding Performance of Catechol-Inspired Homopolymers (2014)

Incorporation of catechols into polymers has long been of interest due to their ability to chelate heavy metals and their use in the design of adhesives, metal–polymer nanocomposites, antifouling coatings, and so on. This paper reports, for the first time, the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of a protected catechol-inspired monomer, 3,4-dimethoxystyrene (DMS), using commercially available trithiocarbonate, 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (DDMAT), as a chain transfer agent. Our identified RAFT system produces well-defined polymers across a range of molecular weights (5–50 kg/mol) with low molar mass dispersities (Đ, Mw/Mn < 1.3). Subsequent facile demethylation of poly(3,4-dimethoxystyrene) (PDMS) yields poly(3,4-dihydroxystyrene) (PDHS), a catechol-bearing polymer, in quantitative yields. Semiquantitative zinc binding capacity analysis of both polymers using SEM/EDXA has demonstrated that both PDMS and PDHS have considerable surface binding (65% and 87%, respectively), although the films deposited from PDMS are of a better quality and processability due to solubility and lower processing temperatures.
Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (2013)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.
Navy Navigation Satellite System status (2003)

The Navy navigation satellite system (TRANSIT) provides a global system for navigation, surveying, and time distribution. The author reviews the current status and future of the TRANSIT system. He gives a system overview, and then discusses the satellite constellation, the ground system, the users, and the geodetic reference system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Calibur: a tool for clustering large numbers of protein decoys (2010)

Calibur's ability to handle very large protein decoy sets makes it a useful tool for clustering decoys in ab initio protein structure prediction. As the number of decoys generated in these methods increases, we believe Calibur will come in important for progress in the field.
Transport properties of CexY1-xCu2.05Si2 a heavy fermion alloy system on the border towards valence fluctuation systems (2001)

We report results of electrical resistivity and thermopower measurements from 2 K to 300 K for the CexY1-xCu2.05Si2 alloy system. Both, the resistivity and thermopower, data show that the overall crystal field splitting, CF, does not depend of concentration and is the same as in the CexLa1-xCu2.05Si2 alloy system. The results are compared with pressure experiments on the CeCu2Si2 compound, with investigations of UxY1-xPd3 alloys and a recent analysis of the CexLa1-xCu2.05Si2 alloy system. We show that CexY1-xCu2.05Si2, a heavy fermion alloy system, evolves towards valence fluctuation systems.
Surfactant‐Directed Polypyrrole/CNT Nanocables: Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Electrical Properties (2004)

We describe here a new approach to the synthesis of size-controllable polypyrrole/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocables by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization directed by the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or the nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonylphenyl ether (Opi-10). When carbon nanotubes are dispersed in a solution containing a certain concentration of CTAB or Opi-10, the surfactant molecules are adsorbed and arranged regularly on the CNT surfaces. On addition of pyrrole, some of the monomer is adsorbed at the surface of CNTs and/or wedged between the arranged CTAB or Opi-10 molecules. When ammonium persulfate (APS) is added, pyrrole is polymerized in situ at the surfaces of the CNTs (core layer) and ultimately forms the outer shell of the nanocables. Such polypyrrole/CNT nanocables show enhanced electrical properties; a negative temperature coefficient of resistance at 77-300 K and a negative magnetoresistance at 10-200 K were observed.
On the thymus in the differentiation of "H-2 self-recognition" by T cells: evidence for dual recognition? (1978)

In the thymus, precursor T cells differentiate recognition structures for self that are specific for the H-2K, D, and I markers expressed by the thymic epithelium. Thus recognition of self-H-2 differentiates independently of the T cells H-2 type and independently of recognition of nonself antigen X. This is readily compatible with dual recognition by T cells but does not formally exclude a single recognition model. These conclusions derive from experiments with bone marrow and thymic chimeras. Irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow to form chimeras of (A X B)F1 leads to A type generate virus-specific cytotoxic T cells for infected targets A only. Therefore, the H-2 type of the host determines the H-2-restricted activity of killer T cells alone. In contrast, chimeras made by reconstituting irradiated A mice with adult spleen cells of (A X B)F1 origin generate virus-specific cytotoxic activity for infected A and B targets, suggesting that mature T cells do not change their self-specificity readily. (A X B)F1 leads to (A X C)F1 and (KAIA/DC) leads to (KAIA/DB) irradiation bone marrow chimeras responded against infected A but not B or C targets. This suggests that cytotoxicity is not generated against DC because it is abscent from the host's thymus epithelium and not against DB because it is not expressed by the reconstituting lymphoreticular system. (KBIB/DA) leads to (KCIC/DA) K, I incompatible, or completely H-2 incompatible A leads to B chimeras fail to generate any measurable virus specific cytotoxicity, indicating the necessity for I-specific helper T cells for the generation of killer T cells. Finally adult thymectomized, irradiated and bone marrow reconstituted (A X B)F1 mice, transplanted with an irradiated thymus of A origin, generate virus-specific cytotoxic T cells specific for infected A targets but not for B targets; this result formally demonstrates the crucial role of thymic epithelial cells in the differentiation of anti-self-H-2 specificities of T cells.
Semiconductor device physics and modelling. Part 1: Overview of fundamental theories and equations (1992)

The mathematical physics related to semiconductor materials and devices is reviewed, and its relevance and application to the commonly used semiconductor device equations and models is discussed. An overview is given to provide a methodical link between the fundamental theories and equations. The fundamental theories start from the wave and particle properties of electrons and the statistics of free carriers in semiconductors. This, together with the effective mass concept, leads to the energy band structure of semiconductors. Based on the principle of momentum conservation and the free-carrier statistics, we also derive the Boltzmann transport equation, which is considered the most fundamental equation for semiconductor device physics. The widely used drift-diffusion equations are then obtained from the Boltzmann transport equation by using several assumptions such as the relaxation-time approximation and that the semiconductor is isothermal. A summary of the basic equations used in classic device physics is also included.
Characterizing the attenuation of coaxial and rectangular microwave-frequency waveguides at cryogenic temperatures (2017)

Low-loss waveguides are required for quantum communication at distances beyond the chip-scale for any low-temperature solid-state implementation of quantum information processors. We measure and analyze the attenuation constant of commercially available microwave-frequency waveguides down to millikelvin temperatures and single photon levels. More specifically, we characterize the frequency-dependent loss of a range of coaxial and rectangular microwave waveguides down to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mn>0.005</mml:mn> <mml:mspace></mml:mspace> <mml:mtext>dB</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext></mml:math> using a resonant-cavity technique. We study the loss tangent and relative permittivity of commonly used dielectric waveguide materials by measurements of the internal quality factors and their comparison with established loss models. The results of our characterization are relevant for accurately predicting the signal levels at the input of cryogenic devices, for reducing the loss in any detection chain, and for estimating the heat load induced by signal dissipation in cryogenic systems.
Cationic photopolymerization of ambifunctional monomers (1995)

Abstract Certain metal‐catalyzed hydrosilations have been found to occur in a highly regioselective manner which makes them useful for the preparation of unique classes of ambifunctional monomers. These monomers bear two chemically different functional groups within the same molecule. By selection of the appropriate functional groups it is possible to design monomers in which the functional groups react independently, copolymerize, or polymerize by different mechanisms. This article describes some recent results of the synthesis and polymerization of several novel types of ambifunctional monomers.
Formation enthalpies by mixing GGA and GGA<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>U</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>calculations (2011)

Standard approximations to the density functional theory exchange-correlation functional have been extraordinary successful, but calculating formation enthalpies of reactions involving compounds with both localized and delocalized electronic states remains challenging. In this work we examine the shortcomings of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and GGA$+$$U$ in accurately characterizing such difficult reactions. We then outline a methodology that mixes GGA and GGA$+$$U$ total energies (using known binary formation data for calibration) to more accurately predict formation enthalpies. We demonstrate that for a test set of 49 ternary oxides, our methodology can reduce the mean absolute relative error in calculated formation enthalpies from approximately 7.7--21% in GGA$+$$U$ to under 2%. As another example we show that neither GGA nor GGA$+$$U$ alone accurately reproduces the Fe-P-O phase diagram; however, our mixed methodology successfully predicts all known phases as stable by naturally stitching together GGA and GGA$+$$U$ results. As a final example we demonstrate how our technique can be applied to the calculation of the Li-conversion voltage of LiFeF${}_{3}$. Our results indicate that mixing energies of several functionals represents one avenue to improve the accuracy of total energy computations without affecting the cost of calculation.
Urine osmolality and conductivity as indices of hydration status in athletes in the heat (1998)

The findings suggest that such an instrument could provide athletes with reliable information as to their hydration status from measurement of the first morning urine of the day and therefore provide a quick and easy method for achieving an approximation of hydration status from day-to-day.
Novel nanocomposite membrane based on Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TDI@TiO<sub>2</sub>–SO<sub>3</sub>H: hydration, mechanical and DMFC study (2018)

In this paper, a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/SO<sub>3</sub>H-functionalized magnetic-titania (SPEEK/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TDI@TiO<sub>2</sub>–SO<sub>3</sub>H) nanocomposite membrane is synthesized with the aim of reducing methanol permeability as well as improving the proton conductivity and selectivity of pristine polymer to be used instead of Nafion in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC).
Pyrazoloacridines, a new class of anticancer agents with selectivity against solid tumors in vitro. (1987)

A series of 2-aminoalkyl-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridines (pyrazoloacridines) was evaluated in vitro for activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines of breast, colon, or lung origin. Several pyrazoloacridines were found to possess solid tumor selectivity relative to their activity against murine leukemia L1210 cells as well as human lymphoblastoid cells. The superior compounds in this regard were also found to exhibit excellent activity against primary human tumors in stem cell clonogenic assays. In addition, many of the compounds tested were found to be selectively cytotoxic to hypoxic relative to oxic HCT-8 colon adenocarcinoma cells, a property that may be a consequence of the potentially reducible 5-nitro function. A number of pyrazoloacridines were also found to exhibit potency against noncycling Chinese hamster ovary cells comparable to that observed against actively dividing cultures. Consistent with their favorable activity against nondividing cells, further testing of the pyrazoloacridines revealed that generally less drug is required to inhibit RNA synthesis than DNA synthesis in L1210 cells. Collectively these data indicate that the pyrazoloacridines represent a novel class of antitumor agents which warrant further preclinical evaluation for their potential clinical usefulness in the treatment of solid tumors.
Ligand field information from charge-transfer spectra of substituted tris(1,3-diketonato)iron(III) chelates. Spectrochemical series for 1,3-diketones (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLigand field information from charge-transfer spectra of substituted tris(1,3-diketonato)iron(III) chelates. Spectrochemical series for 1,3-diketonesRichard L. Lintvedt and Lydia K. KernitskyCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1970, 9, 3, 491–494Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50085a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50085a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views532Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phosphate uptake by immobilizedAcinetobacter calcoaceticus cells in a full scale activated sludge plant (1995)

An in situ study of the P-uptake ability of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was carried out using the alginate immobilization technique. Immobilized A. calcoaceticus cells displayed a high P-uptake ability (> 97% P-accumulating cells) when immersed in the aerobic zone of an activated sludge system for 30-240 min. The overall P-accumulation pattern of the anaerobic zone depicted a typical P-release mechanism. However, limited P-accumulation was also observed at this stage. Growth and anaerobiosis were not prerequisites for P-uptake. The immobilized cell retention time in the anaerobic zone did not affect remarkably the inherent P-uptake ability of immobilized A. calcoaceticus when exposed to the aerobic stage. P-uptake and release were reversible and depended on the environmental conditions to which immobilized cells were exposed. Immobilization of A. calcoaceticus using alginate can be regarded as a reliable method of studying pure cultures in the activated sludge process.
Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscin storage in Siamese cats. (1974)

The clinico-pathological findings of a nervous disease in two mature Siamese cats are described. In one animal intermittent convulsions and mania over a period of three weeks terminated in death, while in the other irritability and hind leg weakness were the main clinical features. Neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions composed of a complex lipid material were detected microscopically. The ultrastructure and staining reactions of these inclusions in one cat were similar to the curvilinear bodies described in neurovisceral storage disease in humans and in a neuronal lipodystrophy of cattle. The deposit was considered likely to be related to ceroid-lipofuscin. No differences in brain lipid quantity or quality could be detected when compared to two control cats.