gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recovering implicit information (1986)

This paper describes the SDC PUNDIT, (Prolog UNDerstands Integrated Text), system for processing natural language messages. 1 PUNDIT, written in Prolog, is a highly modular system consisting of distinct syntactic, semantic and pragmatics components. Each component draws on one or more sets of data, including a lexicon, a broad-coverage grammar of EngLish, semantic verb decompositions, rules mapping between syntactic and semantic constituents, and a domain model. This paper discusses the communication between the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic modules that is necessary for making implicit linguistic information explicit. The key is letting syntax and semantics recognize missing linguistic entities as implicit entities, so that they can be labelled as such, and referenee resolution can be directed to find specific referents for the entities. In this way the task of making implicit linguistic information explicit becomes a subset of the tasks performed by reference resolution. The success of this approach is dependent on marking missing syntactic constituents as elided and missing semantic roles as ESSENTIAL so that reference resolution can know when to look for referents.
Joint LDPC decoding and timing recovery using code constraint feedback (2006)

Timing recovery and channel decoding are traditionally performed independently. However, we show here that the information generated during the iterative decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded data can be fed back to the timing recovery circuit to enable accurate estimation of frequency and phase errors without the need for any pilot symbols. We describe a method capable of handling large offsets with complexity that grows linearly with offset size. Combining the LDPC constraint node observations with a properly calibrated phase locked loop allows successful tracking of a constant time delay, a frequency offset and a random phase walk.
Immediate Stimulation of Protein Metabolism in Burned Rats by Total Parenteral Nutrition Enriched in Branched‐Chain Amino Acids (1989)

The effects of two kinds of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on energy and protein metabolism were examined in rats subjected to 15% full-thickness scald burns in the absence of septic complications. One type of TPN was enriched in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), especially leucine (45% BCAA content), and the other was conventional TPN (21% BCAA content). Burned rats received isocaloric and isonitrogeneous TPN solutions for 48 hr after resuscitation by saline infusion for 24 hr. Liver and rectus abdominis muscle were removed from the rats at 7, 24, 48, and 72 hr. The concentrations of adenine nucleotides, RNA, protein, glucose-6-phosphate, hepatic glycogen, muscle phosphocreatine, and 3-methylhistidine were determined. Metabolic alterations occurred during the period of saline resuscitation (0-24 hr). At 48 hr the RNA and protein levels were significantly more improved in the BCAA-TPN group than in the conventional TPN group. At 72 hr, however, the results for the two groups were similar in most metabolite levels. Thus, BCAA-TPN enriched in leucine rapidly stimulated protein synthesis in the liver and muscle. This rapid effect may make it useful during the initial nutritional management of severe trauma patients.
Neutron-sensing scintillating glass optical fiber detectors (1994)

Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) has developed and tested the highest-transmission neutron-sensing glass fibers reported in the open literature to date. By developing glass compositions specifically for fiber drawing and by using superior oxidationstate controls and rapid quenching, PNL produces, fiber with useful lengths in excess of 200 cm. These long fibers can be used in detectors. Test results on the fibers used as a form-fitting detector around a small storage container containing neutron and gamma ray sources are reported. Excellent neutron-gamma ray discrimination has been achieved. These neutron-sensing glass optical fibers provide for new methods for monitoring the inventory of, preventing the diversion of, and detecting the unauthorized transport of sensitive nuclear materials. As such, it represents a significant potential element in countering the threat of nuclear terrorism.
An adaptive high and low impedance fault detection method (1994)

An integrated high impedance fault (HIF) and low impedance fault (LIF) detection method is proposed in his paper. For a HIF detection, the proposed technique is based on a number of characteristics of the HIF current. These characteristics are: fault current magnitude; magnitude of the 3rd harmonic current; magnitude of the 5th harmonic current; the angle of the third harmonic current; the angle difference between the third harmonics current and the fundamental voltage; and the negative sequence current of HIF. These characteristics are identified by modeling the distribution feeders in EMTP. Apart from these characteristics, the above ambient (average) negative sequence current is also considered. An adjustable block out region around the average load current is provided. The average load current is calculated at every 18000 cycles (5 minutes) interval. This adaptive feature will not only make the proposed scheme more sensitive to low fault current, but it will also prevent the relay from tripping during the normal load current. In this paper, the logic circuit required for implementing the proposed HIF detection method is also included. With minimal modifications, the logic developed for the HIF detection can be applied to low impedance fault detection. A complete logic circuit which detects both the HIF and LIF is proposed. Using this combined logic, the need of installing separate devices for HIF and LIF detection can be eliminated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diagnosis using Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) (2007)

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an emergent approach to industrial control that accompanies new industrial paradigms in the response to the continuously changing socio-economic challenges posed to modern and future enterprises. Maximizing the profit under adverse market conditions is also a matter of cost cut and the use of distributed and intelligent devices with efficient diagnosis mechanisms can help improving equipment's uptime either by reacting before a breakdown or recovering gracefully from failures.
New Classification and Treatment for Myotonic Disorders (2005)

Myotonia is repetitive firing of muscle action potentials causing prolonged muscle contractions even after mechanical stimulations to the muscles have ceased. Most common myotonic disorder is myotonic dystrophy which is now termed DM1, myotonic dystrophy type 1. In Japan, proximal myotonic myopathy, which is now called DM2 has not been reported. Both DM1 and DM2 have Cl channel abnormality which causes myotonia. Less commonly we encounter Thomsen's disease, and autosomal recessive generalized myotonia (Becker type) which also have a Cl channel abnormality. There are other myotonic disorders related to Na channelopathy which include three disorders: paramyotonia congenita, adynamia episodica hereditaria, and myotonia fluctuans. Myotonia has been treated by various Na channel blockers, mexiletine, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, but they were originally developed for cardiac arrhythmia, or seizure disorders and they have undesirable side effects, weakness. Comprehensive treatment includes myotonia control without reducing the strength, and care for systemic manifestations of DM1.
Ion charge state distributions of pulsed vacuum arcs-interpretation of their temporal development (1998)

Ion charge states of vacuum arcs are enhanced at the beginning of each arc pulse. The ion charge states drop with time and become steady-state after about 100 /spl mu/s, with some dependence on the cathode material. A reduction of ion charge states has been observed at the end of each are pulse. In this note it is shown that the charge-state-dependent ion drift velocity in the plasma expansion zone contributes to the effect measured by the time-of-flight method, although it is not solely responsible for it. A quantitative evaluation as well as literature data of other measuring methods prove the physical significance of the effects observed.
Structure and hydrogen content of polymorphous silicon thin films studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry and nuclear measurements (2004)

The dielectric functions of amorphous and polymorphous silicon films prepared under various plasma conditions have been deduced from UV-visible spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. The measured spectra have been first simulated by the use of the Tauc-Lorentz dispersion model and then the compositions of the films have been obtained by the use of the tetrahedron model combined with the Bruggeman effective medium approximation. This approach allows us to determine the hydrogen content, the crystalline fraction, and the void fraction of the films. This is particularly important in the case of polymorphous films in which the low crystalline fraction (below 10%) can only be detected when an accurate description of the effects of hydrogen on the dielectric function through the tetrahedron model is considered. The hydrogen content and film porosity deduced from the analysis of the spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements are in excellent agreement with the hydrogen content and film density deduced from combined elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, despite their high hydrogen content (\ensuremath{\sim}15%--20%) with respect to hydrogenated amorphous silicon films deposited at the same temperature (8%), polymorphous silicon films have a high density, which is related to their very low void fraction.
Amplification of genomic sequences flanking transposable elements in host and heterologous plants: a tool for transposon tagging and genome characterization (1990)

The isolation of sequences flanking integrated transposable elements is an important step in gene tagging strategies. We have demonstrated that sequences flanking transposons integrated into complex genomes can be simply and rapidly obtained using the polymerase chain reaction. Amplification of such sequences was established in a model system, a transgenic tobacco plant carrying a single Ac element, and successfully applied to the cloning of a specific Spm element from a maize line carrying multiple Spm hybridizing sequences. The described utilization of methylation sensitive restriction enzymes (including those with degenerate recognition sequences) in the generation of templates for amplification will simplify the cloning and mapping of genomic sequences adjacent to transposable elements.
Phosphorescent Cationic Au<sub>4</sub>Ag<sub>2</sub> Alkynyl Cluster Complexes for Efficient Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (2015)

Cationic Au 4 Ag 2 heterohexanuclear aromatic acetylides cluster complexes supported by bis(2‐diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine (dpep) are prepared. The Au 4 Ag 2 cluster structure originating from the combination of one anionic [Au(C≡CR) 2 ] − with one cationic [Au 3 Ag 2 (dpep) 2 (C≡CR) 2 ] 3+ through the formation of Ag−acetylide η 2 ‐bonds is highly stabilized by Au–Ag and Au–Au contacts. The Au 4 Ag 2 alkynyl cluster complexes are moderately phosphorescent in the fluid CH 2 Cl 2 solution, but exhibit highly intense phosphorescent emission in solid state and film. As revealed by theoretical computational studies, the phosphorescence is ascribable to significant 3 [π (aromatic acetylide) → s/p (Au)] 3 LMCT parentage with a noticeable Au 4 Ag 2 cluster centered 3 [d → s/p] triplet state. Taking advantage of mCP and OXD‐7 as a mixed host with 20 wt% dopant of phosphorescent Au 4 Ag 2 cluster complex in the emitting layer, solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) exhibit highly efficient electrophosphorescence with the maximum current, power, and external quantum efficiencies of 24.1 cd A −1 , 11.6 lm W −1 , and 7.0%, respectively. Introducing copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) as a hole‐transporting layer onto the PEDOT:PSS hole‐injecting layer through the orthogonal solution process induces an obvious improvement of the device performance with lower turn‐on voltage and higher electroluminescent efficiency.
Deposition method for moving ribbon liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer interfaces (1981)

The improved aerosol liquid deposition device developed for liquid chromatographs (LC) and mass spectrometers (MS) interface constructed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory can handle enhanced solvent flows. Besides this, analyses using the PNL LC-MS system have demonstrated improved peak shapes and transfer efficiencies for the more volatile compounds. These advantages are a direct result of the deposition method which results in very rapid evaporation without direct heating of the ribbon. Since this system is not equipped with a solids inlet probe, an absolute measure of transfer efficiency is not possible; however, significant improvements in the transfer of volatile compounds have been noted. Compounds with boiling points of approximately less than 180/sup 0/C, which are difficult to detect with conventional deposition-evaporation techniques, are readily observed by using aerosol deposition. The aerosol deposition method for moving ribbon LC-MS interfaces is clearly superior to existing practice. The method can be easily and inexpensively added to existing moving ribbon interfaces and results in improved liquid evaporation, LC-MS peak shapes, and transfer efficiency.
<i>Agrobacterium</i> Ti plasmid indoleacetic acid gene is required for crown gall oncogenesis (1982)

A gene (iaaP) necessary for virulence and indoleacetic acid (IAA) production has been located on a nopaline Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. iaaP function was established by using transformation to insert nopaline or octopine Ti plasmids into an avirulent, Ti plasmid-free mutant 1D1293-3 that was defective in IAA synthesis (iaaC(-)). The resulting transformants produced increased levels of IAA and virulence was restored. When these transformants were cured of their Ti plasmid, virulence and high IAA production levels were concomitantly lost. A Tn5 mutagenized TiC58 plasmid, deficient in the ability to direct increased synthesis of IAA, was inserted by transformation into mutant 1D1293-3. The resulting transformants 1D1293-3 (TiC58::Tn5) remained avirulent and iaaP(-). Restriction analysis of the TiC58::Tn5 plasmid DNA identified the iaaP gene at 20.9 kilobases to the left of the T-DNA. A major aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase is coded by the iaaC gene, but not by the iaaP gene. The possible reasons for the iaaP locus to be situated outside the T-DNA region are discussed.
A review of digital microfluidics as portable platforms for lab-on a-chip applications (2016)

Following the development of microfluidic systems, there has been a high tendency towards developing lab-on-a-chip devices for biochemical applications. A great deal of effort has been devoted to improve and advance these devices with the goal of performing complete sets of biochemical assays on the device and possibly developing portable platforms for point of care applications. Among the different microfluidic systems used for such a purpose, digital microfluidics (DMF) shows high flexibility and capability of performing multiplex and parallel biochemical operations, and hence, has been considered as a suitable candidate for lab-on-a-chip applications. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the DMF platforms, and evaluate the feasibility of developing multifunctional packages for performing complete sets of processes of biochemical assays, particularly for point-of-care applications. The progress in the development of DMF systems is reviewed from eight different aspects, including device fabrication, basic fluidic operations, automation, manipulation of biological samples, advanced operations, detection, biological applications, and finally, packaging and portability of the DMF devices. Success in developing the lab-on-a-chip DMF devices will be concluded based on the advances achieved in each of these aspects.
Uniform circular array pattern synthesis using second‐order cone programming (2015)

Here, the authors formulate second‐order cone programs (SOCPs) for synthesising complex weights for far‐field directional (single‐point mainbeam) patterns for narrowband arrays. These formulations, while constructed here with the uniform circular array (UCA) in mind, are actually quite general in that they control the arbitrary‐pol sidelobe level (SLL) and co‐pol signal‐to‐noise ratio loss relative to ideal by minimising either while upper bounding the other. The SLL can be addressed in either an L‐infinity sense or an L1 sense, and elements are assumed characterised by individual embedded complex patterns, modelled or measured, and so need not be identical. Conformal arrays are the obvious application, but we leave that for others and here instead apply the SOCPs to UCAs of directional elements. Design examples assume an antipodal Vivaldi element design with an embedded element pattern obtained through simulation using appropriate unit‐cell boundary conditions. Rotation and translation of that simulated pattern provides embedded element patterns for all elements of the circular array.
Polarization hole-burning in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with birefringence (1994)

In Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA), ASE polarized orthogonal to a saturating signal experiences more gain than ASE with the same polarization as the saturating signal.1 The accumulated enhancement of orthogonal ASE degrades the performance of long systems.1,2 This effect has been observed in single EDFAs using differential measurement techniques.3,4 A computer model of polarization hole-burning (PHB) has been presented.5 It postulates that each ion has an ellipsoid-like surface representing the emission and absorption cross-sections. The ratio of the major to minor cross-sections is the anisotropy parameter:
Ultrasonic Transducers with Flexurally Vibrating Diaphragms for Use in Air. II (1970)

Directional characteristics have been studied for the ultrasonic transducers reported in the previous paper (Japan. J. appl. Phys. 9 (1970) 235). Their experimental directional characteristics are in good agreement with theoretical ones. The sound pressure produced by each transducer is in good agreement with that calculated from the theoretical directional characteristics and the experimental efficiency. Also a simple theoretical method is presented which permits a rough estimation of the directional characteristics of the transducers.
The Role of the Transcription Factor Sp1 in Regulating the Expression of the WAF1/CIP1 Gene in U937 Leukemic Cells (1996)

The Waf1/Cip1 protein induces cell cycle arrest through inhibition of the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Expression of the WAF1/CIP1 gene is induced in a p53-dependent manner in response to DNA damage but can also be induced in the absence of p53 by agents such as growth factors, phorbol esters, and okadaic acid. WAF1/CIP1 expression in U937 human leukemic cells is induced by both phorbol ester, a protein kinase C activator, and by okaidaic acid, an inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A. Both of these agents induce the differentiation of these leukemic cells toward macrophages. We demonstrate that phorbol esters and okadaic acid stimulate transcription from the WAF1/CIP1 promoter in U937 cells. This transcription is mediated by a region of the promoter between -154 and +16, which contains two binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1. Deletion or mutation of these Sp1 sites reduces WAF1/CIP1 promoter response to phorbol ester and okadaic acid, while a reporter gene under the control of a promoter containing only multiple Sp1 binding sites and a TATA box is induced by phorbol ester and okadaic acid. The WAF1/CIP1 promoter is also highly induced by exogenous Sp1 in the Sp1-deficient Drosophila Schnieder SL 2 cell line. These results suggest that phorbol ester and okadaic acid activate transcription of the WAF1/CIP1 promoter through a complex of proteins that includes Sp1 and basal transcription factors.
Uncertainty and resolution analysis for anisotropic tomography using iterative eigendecomposition (2008)

Tomographic velocity model building has become an industry standard for depth migration. Anisotropy of the Earth challenges tomography because the inverse problem becomes severely ill‐posed. Singular value decomposition (SVD) of tomographic operators or, similarly, eigendecomposition of the corresponding normal equations, are well known as a useful framework for analysis of the most significant dependencies between model and data. However, application of this approach in velocity model building has been limited, primarily because of the perception that it is computationally prohibitively expensive, especially for the anisotropic case. In this paper, we extend our prior work (Osypov et al., 2008) to VTI tomography, modify the process of regularization optimization, and propose an updated way for uncertainty and resolution quantification using the apparatus of eigendecomposition. We demonstrate the simultaneous tomographic estimation of VTI parameters on a real dataset. Our approach provides extra capabilities for regularization optimization and uncertainty analysis in anisotropic model parameter space which can be further translated into the structural uncertainty within the image.
Fe3O4/Zeolite nanocomposites synthesized by microwave assisted coprecipitation and its performance in reducing viscosity of heavy oil (2014)

Fe3O4/Zeolite nanocomposites have been synthesized via microwave assisted coprecipitation method and show to be efficient in reducing viscosity of heavy oil compared to other Fe3O4/Zeolite nanocomposites prepared by conventional method. The following precursors such as FeCl3⋅6H2O⁠, FeSO4⋅7H2O⁠, NH4OH⁠, and natural zeolite of heulandite type were used in the sample preparation. In this study, the effect of Fe3O4 composition in the composite and microwave time heating were investigated. Fe3O4/Zeolite nanocomposites were then characterized to study the influence on crystal structures, morphology and physicochemical properties. The characterization techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen physisorption. The results show that by increasing the microwave heating time, the degree of nanocomposite intergrowth can be enhanced. The nanocomposite was tested in catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil at 200°C for 6 h and the Fe3O4/zeolite of 1 to 4 ratios performed the highest viscosity reduction of heavy oil reaching 92%.
Stable S/MAR-based episomal vectors are regulated at the chromatin level (2010)

Episomal vectors assembled from defined genetic components are a promising alternative to traditional gene therapy vectors that integrate in the host genome and may cause insertional mutations. The vector pEPI-eGFP is stably retained in the episomal state in cultured mammalian cells at low copy number for many generations without integration into the host genome. Although pEPI-eGFP is a fully engineered vector, little is known about how it interacts with the host genome and about the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for its transcriptional activity. We have analyzed the expression of the episomal reporter gene eGFP under conditions that affect the chromatin state of the genome. We have also constructed pEPI derivatives carrying a tandem array of lac operator sequences, which allows in vivo visualization and manipulation of the chromatin state of the episome. We show that changes in chromatin state of both the host and pEPI-eGFP induces changes in episomal gene activity and influences the episome's nuclear distributions. We conclude that episomal genes are subject to control systems of the host, similarly to their counterparts in the host genome.