gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of cell death (apoptosis) in preneoplastic and neoplastic liver cells. A sequential study. (1984)

A sequential study was performed to investigate the occurrence of cell death in preneoplastic and neoplastic liver cells of F-344 rats. The animals were administered a single initiator dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and were then subjected to a liver carcinogenesis promotion regimen, consisting of a diet containing 1% orotic acid. Cell death, morphologically similar to that described as apoptosis, was evident in foci of preneoplastic hepatocytes at 10 weeks after orotic acid feeding. An increased frequency of apoptotic bodies was observed in nodules, but not in the surrounding liver, 20 weeks after starting the dietary regimen, and in hepatocellular carcinomas that developed after 1 year of continuous promotion. Occurrence of this type of cell death was also observed in liver foci of rats subjected to two other promoting regimens, suggesting, thus, a possible relevance of apoptosis to the carcinogenic process in the liver.
Cellular Pharmacology of the Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Agent β-<scp>l</scp>-2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-Dideoxy-N<sup>4</sup>-Hydroxycytidine: Relevance for Activation in HepG2 Cells (2009)

Beta-l-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (l-Hyd4C) was demonstrated to be an effective and highly selective inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in HepG2.2.15 cells (50% effective dose [ED(50)] = 0.03 microM; 50% cytotoxic dose [CD(50)] = 2,500 microM). In the present study, we investigated the intracellular pharmacology of tritiated l-Hyd4C in HepG2 cells. l-[(3)H]Hyd4C was shown to be phosphorylated extensively and rapidly to the 5'-mono-, 5'-di-, and 5'-triphosphate derivatives. Other metabolites deriving from a reduction or removal of the NHOH group of l-Hyd4C could not be detected, although both reactions were described as the primary catabolic pathways of the stereoisomer ss-d-N(4)-hydroxycytidine in HepG2 cells. Also, the formation of liponucleotide metabolites, such as the 5'-diphosphocholine derivative of l-Hyd4C, as described for some l-deoxycytidine analogues, seems to be unlikely. After incubation of HepG2 cells with 10 microM l-[(3)H]Hyd4C for 24 h, the 5'-triphosphate accumulated to 19.4 +/- 2.7 pmol/10(6) cells. The predominant peak belonged to 5-diphosphate, with 43.5 +/- 4.3 pmol/10(6) cells. The intracellular half-life of the 5'-triphosphate was estimated to be 29.7 h. This extended half-life probably reflects a generally low affinity of 5'-phosphorylated l-deoxycytidine derivatives for phosphate-degrading enzymes but may additionally be caused by an efficient rephosphorylation of the 5'-diphosphate during a drug-free incubation. The high 5'-triphosphate level and its extended half-life in HepG2 cells are consistent with the potent antiviral activity of l-Hyd4C.
Inert Gases as Alternative Blowing Agents for Extruded Low-Density Polystyrene Foam (1995)

A 1.25" segmented single screw extruder was custom designed and used for foaming polystyrene with physical blowing agent such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon. The type of gas, the pressure, nucleating agents, and the extrusion conditions were found to be of significant importance affecting density cell size, cell size distribution, and foam stability. The lowest density achieved was3 lbs/cu.ft. Melt pressure oscillation was found to be a problem, which could be addressed by the addition of talc or endothermic nucleating agents.
Numerical Study on Dynamic Programming Applied to Optimization of Running Profile of a Train (2005)

An algorithm optimizing train running profile with Bellman's Dynamic Programming (DP) is investigated in this paper. Optimal running trajectory of a train which minimizes amount of total energy consumption has been produced under fixed origin and destination, stipulated running time and various track profile. Many previous works on this area adopt the numerical techniques of calculus of variations, Pontryagin's maximum principle, and so on. But these methods often meet some difficulties accounting for complicated actual train running preconditions, e.g. complicated functions which describe electrical motive/brake torque, local constraints of the state variable as speed limitations, non-linear running resistance and variable grade profiles. Basic numerical DP algorithm can cope with such comlicated conditions and give the globally optimal solution. But this method consumes too large computation time for practical uses. We have made the improvements for shorter calculation time of whole optimization process and reducing the numerical error. The confined state space and irregular lattice play most important role for them. Dynamic meshing and effective utilization of system memory also realize shorter computation time. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using various complicated running conditions.
The memory of Spanish Gypsies: Scholarship, oral history, and archive research (2020)

This study explores avenues of research pertaining to the lives and experiences of Gitanos or Cale (Spanish Gypsies) during the Spanish Civil War and General Francisco Franco’s dictatorship. The es...
MRI anatomy of the rat kidney at 1.5 T in different states of hydration (1995)

The objective of this study was to determine correlation between structural anatomy and surface coil spin-echo MR imaging of the rat kidney and the effect of hydration state on MR signal intensities of the cortex and medulla. Twelve rats were studied in a pilot study with a 3-inch surface coil in a 1.5 T magnet under five different states of hydration. Serum and urine osmolality measurements were obtained immediately prior to each scan. Signal intensity measurements were made from both T1- and T2-weighted images of the cortex and medulla of both kidneys in each state of hydration. Gross and histological anatomy of the rat kidneys was correlated with the MR images. Four distinct layers were detected in vivo on MRI images of the rat kidney; these correlated with the histological layers. T1-weighted cortico-medullary differentiation was most pronounced at 48 h dehydration; T2 cortico-medullary differentiation was greatest at 72 h of dehydration. We concluded that different parts of the mammalian nephron can be identified by MR imaging and that cortico-medullary differentiation is affected by the hydration state of the animal.
Spelling Correction as a Foreign Language (2017)

In this paper, we reformulated the spell correction problem as a machine translation task under the encoder-decoder framework. This reformulation enabled us to use a single model for solving the problem that is traditionally formulated as learning a language model and an error model. This model employs multi-layer recurrent neural networks as an encoder and a decoder. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this model using an internal dataset, where the training data is automatically obtained from user logs. The model offers competitive performance as compared to the state of the art methods but does not require any feature engineering nor hand tuning between models.
Four-wave parametric interactions in a strongly driven two-level system (1981)

We present an analysis of four-wave parametric amplification resulting from the nonlinear response of a two-level atomic system. The atomic dipole moment induced by weak optical fields at frequencies ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{4}$ in the presence of an optical field of arbitrary intensity at frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}+{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{4}=2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$, is obtained by solving the density-matrix equations of motion with phenomenological damping constants. The resulting nonlinear polarization can induce loss or three-photon gain in either weak wave and can act to parametrically couple these waves. The spatial evolution of the weak-field amplitudes is obtained by finding approximate solutions to the Helmholtz wave equations using the nonlinear polarization for the source terms. These solutions predict large gain for either or both of the weak waves under experimentally attainable conditions. Depending on the circumstance, this gain can be attributed solely to the three-photon gain, solely to the parametric coupling, or to an interplay between these effects. In addition, the solutions show an enhancement in the gain when $|{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}|=|{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{4}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}|={\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the generalized Rabi frequency associated with the driving of the atoms by the wave at frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$.
The Preparation of Furil (1933)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of FurilW. W. Hartman and J. B. DickeyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 3, 1228–1229Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1933Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1933https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01330a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01330a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views360Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An Integrated Low-Noise Sensing Circuit With Efficient Bias Stabilization for CMOS MEMS Capacitive Accelerometers (2011)

A sensing circuit in 0.35 μm CMOS technology for CMOS MEMS capacitive accelerometers has been designed in this work with emphasis on managing noise, sensor offset, and the dc bias at input terminals. The issue of dc bias is particularly addressed and an efficient method is proposed. An example of integrating surface micromachined sensors and the designed sensing circuits on the same chip is demonstrated. Experimental results showed that the proposed circuit led to good noise performance, the random offset in the sensors was efficiently compensated, and the input dc bias voltage was well maintained. The sensitivity of the accelerometer is 457 mV/g. The output noise floor is 54 μg/√Hz, which corresponds to an effective capacitance noise floor of 0.0162 aF/√Hz. The total area of the dual-axis surface micromachined accelerometer chip is 5.66 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and the current consumption is 1.56 mA under a 3.3 V voltage supply.
A di/dt Feedback-Based Active Gate Driver for Smart Switching and Fast Overcurrent Protection of IGBT Modules (2013)

This paper presents an active gate driver (AGD) for IGBT modules to improve their overall performance under normal condition as well as fault condition. Specifically, during normal switching transients, a di/dt feedback controlled current source and current sink is introduced together with a push–pull buffer for dynamic gate current control. Compared to a conventional gate drive strategy, the proposed one has the capability of reducing the switching loss, delay time, and Miller plateau duration during turn-on and turn-off transient without sacrificing current and voltage stress. Under overcurrent condition, it provides a fast protection function for IGBT modules based on the evaluation of fault current level through the di/dt feedback signal. Moreover, the AGD features flexible protection modes, which overcomes the interruption of converter operation in the event of momentary short circuits. A step-down converter is built to evaluate the performance of the proposed driving schemes under various conditions, considering variation of turn-on/off gate resistance, current levels, and short-circuit fault types. Experimental results and detailed analysis are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.
The Association Between Blood Pressure and Incident Alzheimer Disease (2011)

Based on existing epidemiologic research, we cannot determine whether there is a causal association between BP and Alzheimer disease. Selection bias and reverse causation may account for the suggested inverse association between late-life hypertension on Alzheimer disease, but, given the expected direction of these biases, they are less likely to account for the suggestion that midlife hypertension increases risk. We advocate continuing systematic review; the AlzRisk database entry on this topic (www.alzrisk.org), which was completed in parallel with this work, will be updated as new studies are published.
The mechanism of the microbial hydroxylation of steroids. Part 4. The C-6 β hydroxylation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and related compounds by <i>Rhizopus</i><i>arrhizus</i> ATCC 11145 (1978)

The steroid analogue 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-2(3H)-naphthalenone was hydroxylated at C-8α, C-8β, and C-4a by Rhizopusarrhizus. Similar products were obtained by peracid oxidation of the corresponding enol ethers: hydroxylation of estr-4-ene-3,17-dione by the same fungus occurred at the analogous C-6 and C-10 positions. These results are consistent with a mechanism of microbial hydroxylation involving the enol form of the Δ 4 -3-ketone. Data from the incubations with R. arrhizus of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione specifically labelled with deuterium at C-4, C-6α, or C-6β and from those of other deuterium labelled substrates have been interpreted in terms of a mechanism of C-β hydroxylation involving a rate-determining step before enolization of the ketone, followed by rapid enolization and oxidation of the enol to give the 6β-hydroxy-Δ 4 -3-ketone. The kinetic isotope effect, k H /k D , for the hydroxylation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione at C-6β has been found to be 1.2 ± 0.1.
Estimations of Pathway Contributions to Glucose Metabolism and the Transaldolase Reactions (1966)

A model for the estimation of pathway contributions has been extended to include the effect of the transaldolase reactions on the randomization of 14C of specifically labeled glucoses. With glucose-2-14C as substrate, the contribution of the pentose cycle to glucose metabolism and the extent of isomerization of fructose 6-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate in a tissue represented by the model can be estimated solely from the distribution of 14C in the 6 carbon atoms of glucose 6-phosphate or a derivative. Data for adipose, adrenal, and thyroid tissue support the adequacy of this approach. In these tissues, the transaldolase exchange reaction, as well as the reaction of the pentose cycle catalyzed by transaldolase, appears to introduce 14C from glucose-2-14C into carbon atoms 4, 5, and 6 of hexose-6-P. The maximum rate of the transaldolase exchange reaction can be estimated. The transaldolase reactions do not affect estimates of pentose cycle contributions with glucose-1-14C and -6-14C when triose-P derivatives are employed, but do alter the relative specific activities in carbon atoms 1 to 6 of hexose-6-P derivatives.
Circularity and Gaussianity Detection Using the Complex Generalized Gaussian Distribution (2009)

Knowing the statistical properties of a complex-valued signal is important in many signal processing applications by providing the necessary information for choosing the appropriate algorithm. In this paper, we provide generalized likelihood ratio tests (GLRT), based on the complex generalized Gaussian distribution (CGGD), for detecting two important signal properties: 1) the circularity of a complex random variable, not constrained to the Gaussian case and 2) whether a complex random variable is complex Gaussian. These tests can be combined to statistically determine if a complex random variable is, the often assumed, circular Gaussian. Simulations are used to quantify the performance of the detectors followed by application to communication signals and actual radar data.
Inhibition of IRF-3 Activation by VP35 Is Critical for the High Level of Virulence of Ebola Virus (2008)

Zaire ebolavirus causes a rapidly progressing hemorrhagic disease with high mortality. Identification of the viral virulence factors that contribute to the severity of disease induced by Ebola virus is critical for the design of therapeutics and vaccines against the disease. Given the rapidity of disease progression, virus interaction with the innate immune system early in the course of infection likely plays an important role in determining the outcome of the disease. The Ebola virus VP35 protein inhibits the activation of IRF-3, a critical transcription factor for the induction of early antiviral immunity. Previous studies revealed that a single amino acid change (R312A) in VP35 renders the protein unable to inhibit IRF-3 activation. A reverse-genetics-generated, mouse-adapted, recombinant Ebola virus that encodes the R312A mutation in VP35 was produced. We found that relative to the case for wild-type virus containing the authentic VP35 sequence, this single amino acid change in VP35 renders the virus completely attenuated in mice. Given that these viruses differ by only a single amino acid in the IRF-3 inhibitory domain of VP35, the level of alteration of virulence is remarkable and highlights the importance of VP35 for the pathogenesis of Ebola virus.
Programming in pictures. (2014)

Programming in conventional languages is awkward because the resulting programs are quite far from how we like to think about them, both conceptionally and representationally. By representing programs as semantically suggestive graphical images we can shorten the cap between mind and medium and thereby make more pleasant, efficient and less error-prone. A rich graphical interface can also aid naive programmers by making abstract concepts concrete.
In this thesis we examine the use of pictures in programming. We point out the salient characteristics of pictures vs. text. In particular, the concreteness, random access nature, high transfer rate, namelessness, multi-dimensionality, and possibilities for animation render pictures well qualified for representing programs. We discuss in more detail the best form of a pictorial program display, and arrive at a solution based on data structures as the primary displayed aspect. We also assign other program aspects, like control and hierarchy, to picture dimensions, obtaining a unified view that allows the representation of programs as a single object instead of a series of different views. We develop techniques for reading and writing programs through sequences of pointing actions animated on top of the data structure display, mimicking the way people informally explain programs through handwaving on data structure illustrations.
We describe a concrete implementation of our ideas about in pictures. The system is based on a functional model. It allows the creation of functions where the data types of input and output objects are illustrated by the user. The user inputs pictures related to the application domain and inserts them in an algorithmic framework supplied by the system. We show how our style of leads us to a version by example.
Finally, we examine what audience would benefit the most from a pictorial system, and what kind of applications these people would be interested in. We define the term programming as the creation of small programs by naive or casual users, and identify this as a useful application area of in pictures.
(Copies available exclusively from Micrographics Department, Doheny Library, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089.)
The generation of macrophages with anti-inflammatory activity in the absence of STAT6 signaling (2015)

Macrophages readily change their phenotype in response to exogenous stimuli. In this work, macrophages were stimulated under a variety of experimental conditions, and phenotypic alterations were correlated with changes in gene expression. We identified 3 transcriptionally related populations of macrophages with immunoregulatory activity. They were generated by stimulating cells with TLR ligands in the presence of 3 different "reprogramming" signals: high-density ICs, PGE2, or Ado. All 3 of these cell populations produced high levels of transcripts for IL-10 and growth and angiogenic factors. They also secreted reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. All 3 macrophage phenotypes could partially rescue mice from lethal endotoxemia, and therefore, we consider each to have anti-inflammatory activity. This ability to regulate innate-immune responses occurred equally well in macrophages from STAT6-deficient mice. The lack of STAT6 did not affect the ability of macrophages to change cytokine production reciprocally or to rescue mice from lethal endotoxemia. Furthermore, treatment of macrophages with IL-4 failed to induce similar phenotypic or transcriptional alterations. This work demonstrates that there are multiple ways to generate macrophages with immunoregulatory activity. These anti-inflammatory macrophages are transcriptionally and functionally related to each other and are quite distinct from macrophages treated with IL-4.
Comparison of bend angle measurements in fresh cryopreserved cartilage specimens after electromechanical reshaping (2010)

Cryopreservation of cartilage has been investigated for decades and is an established protocol. However, the reliability and application of cryopreservation of cartilage for use in electromechanical reshaping (EMR) has not been studied exclusively. A system to cryopreserve large amounts of tissue provides a steady source of similar quality cartilage for future experimentation. This will reduce error that may arise from different cartilage stock, and have the potential to maximize efficiency under time constraints. Our study utilizes a unique methodology to cryopreserve septal cartilage for use in electromechanical reshaping studies. Septal cartilages were extracted and placed in one of three solutions (Saline, PBS, and 10% DMSO by volume in PBS) for four hours in a cold room. Then, each cartilage specimen was vacuumed and sealed in an anti-frost plastic bag and placed in freezer for 1 to 3 week durations. EMR was performed using 2 volts for 2 minutes to create a bend. Bend angle measurements of the cryopreserved cartilage specimens were compared to the bend angles of fresh cartilage which underwent EMR using the same parameters. Results demonstrate that Saline, PBS, and DMSO were effective in cryopreservation, and indicated no significant differences in bend angle measurements. Our methodology to cyropreserve cartilage specimens provides a successful approach for use in electromechanical reshaping studies.
Core-based RNS ALU with customized instructions (1990)

Summary form only given. Residue number systems (RNSs) provide a means of implementing high-speed integer arithmetic. The core function provides an easily implemented and efficient means of performing the traditionally difficult residue operations of sign detection, magnitude comparison, overflow detection, integer division, and decoding. Besides these, the core function can also be applied to evaluating a very broad class of functions in a very efficient manner. A description is given of a general-purpose arithmetic logic unit (ALU) based on core evaluations. Its instruction set can be dynamically altered to fit the algorithm and the application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>