gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rho-dependent transcription termination: more questions than answers. (2006)

Escherichia coli protein Rho is required for the factor-dependent transcription termination by an RNA polymerase and is essential for the viability of the cell. It is a homohexameric protein that recognizes and binds preferably to C-rich sites in the transcribed RNA. Once bound to RNA, it utilizes RNA-dependent ATPase activity and subsequently ATPase-dependent helicase activity to unwind RNA-DNA hybrids and release RNA from a transcribing elongation complex. Studies over the past few decades have highlighted Rho as a molecule and have revealed much of its mechanistic properties. The recently solved crystal structure could explain many of its physiological functions in terms of its structure. Despite all these efforts, many of the fundamental questions pertaining to Rho recognition sites, differential ATPase activity in response to different RNAs, translocation of Rho along the nascent transcript, interactions with elongation complex and finally unwinding and release of RNA remain obscure. In the present review we have attempted to summarize "the knowns" and "the unknowns" of the Rho protein revealed by the recent developments in this field. An attempt has also been made to understand the physiology of Rho in the light of its phylogeny.
A Cross-Coupling Reaction of Methylsulfinylarene (1989)

Abstract Cross-coupling product 2-(2-pyridyl)quinolines were obtained in the reaction of 2-(methylsulfinyl)quinolines and 2-(methylsulfinyl)pyridines with methylmagnesium bromide. Attempts of cross coupling in the reaction of other substrates were unsuccessful.
Analysis of Predominant Steviosides in<i>Stevia rebaudiana</i>Bertoni by Liquid Chromatography/ Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (2008)

Stevia reabudiana is gaining popularity especially in making diabetic food supplements in view of its non-nutritive glycosides. Steviosides profile in ex vitro and in vitro leaves and callus cultures of S. rebaudiana were investigated by HPLC analysis and further confirmed by MS using mass spectral fragmentation data obtained from LC-MS-ESI studies. The leaf samples (4 weeks old) and callus cultures (2 weeks old) were used for extraction and extracts were used for HPLC analysis. Predominantly, eight sweet diterpene glycosides were detected. The highest stevioside content of 6.48% Steviolbioside and 0.099% Rebaudioside-A on a dry weight basis were found in ex vitro and in vitro leaves, respectively. In callus and suspension cultures, the biosynthesis of steviosides was observed except for steviolbioside. The LC-MS-ESI based detection of different steviosides in Stevia cultures could be used for comprehensive qualitative evaluation of the samples.
Guided Transformer: Leveraging Multiple External Sources for Representation Learning in Conversational Search (2020)

Asking clarifying questions in response to ambiguous or faceted queries has been recognized as a useful technique for various information retrieval systems, especially conversational search systems with limited bandwidth interfaces. Analyzing and generating clarifying questions have been studied recently but the accurate utilization of user responses to clarifying questions has been relatively less explored. In this paper, we enrich the representations learned by Transformer networks using a novel attention mechanism from external information sources that weights each term in the conversation. We evaluate this Guided Transformer model in a conversational search scenario that includes clarifying questions. In our experiments, we use two separate external sources, including the top retrieved documents and a set of different possible clarifying questions for the query. We implement the proposed representation learning model for two downstream tasks in conversational search; document retrieval and next clarifying question selection. Our experiments use a public dataset for search clarification and demonstrate significant improvements compared to competitive baselines.
[Establishing the personal identity of the victims in aviation catastrophes]. (1999)

Algorithm of organization measures and expert investigations is proposed, based on experience gained in expert studies during liquidation of aircraft catastrophes. It permits effective classification, differentiation, and identification of victims and is based on traditional and high technological methods of investigation.
Thermal cycling and thermal radiation performances of novel thermal barrier coatings (2013)

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) play an important role in protecting the superalloy components from the hot gas stream in gas-turbine engines. Driven by the higher inlet temperature of modern gas turbine engines for higher efficiency and less harmful gas emission, exploration of TBC new materials and thermal radiation effects of TBCs have attracted more attentions recently. In this study, thermochemical compatibility of Gd2Zr2O7 (GZ) and yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) at 1300 ºC was investigated. Single, double and three ceramic-layered GZ based TBCs were prepared and their thermal cycling properties were performed under different thermal conditions. Thermochemical compatibility investigation showed that YSZ tended to transform into a solid solution with GZ structure but higher ZrO2 concentration compared to stoichiometric GZ due to the ion diffusion in the process of heat treatment, which would cause the volume change and thermal stress. Thermal cycling results showed that delamination usually occurred from the sample edge in YSZ layer close to the YSZ/thermally grown oxide (TGO) interface through a sequence of crack nucleation, propagation and coalescence events. The underlying motivation was the compression in the TGO around interface imperfections caused by TGO growth and thermal expansion misfit between the ceramic layer and the bond coat upon cooling. Sintering of GZ shrinked the ceramic layer, introduced the in-plane tensile stress and caused the vertical cracks. Failure of TBCs was accelerated by increasing the temperature and cycle frequency. The reflectance and transmittance spectra of YSZ and GZ coatings were measured and four-flux, two-flux and Kubelka-Munk models were deduced to determine the absorption and scattering coefficients. Results showed that scattering coefficients of GZ are higher than that of YSZ in low wavelength range indicating that GZ can reflect more thermal radiation energy to the hot gas stream and permit less radiation to penetrate the coating, which efficiently decreases the bond coat temperature and prolongs the life span of TBCs. To determine TBC absorption and scattering coefficients, Kubelka-Munk model is over simplified by neglecting the interface reflectivity, while the two-flux model can be used as a simplification of the four-flux model when the coating thickness is larger than ~200µm.
AHaH Computing–From Metastable Switches to Attractors to Machine Learning (2014)

Modern computing architecture based on the separation of memory and processing leads to a well known problem called the von Neumann bottleneck, a restrictive limit on the data bandwidth between CPU and RAM. This paper introduces a new approach to computing we call AHaH computing where memory and processing are combined. The idea is based on the attractor dynamics of volatile dissipative electronics inspired by biological systems, presenting an attractive alternative architecture that is able to adapt, self-repair, and learn from interactions with the environment. We envision that both von Neumann and AHaH computing architectures will operate together on the same machine, but that the AHaH computing processor may reduce the power consumption and processing time for certain adaptive learning tasks by orders of magnitude. The paper begins by drawing a connection between the properties of volatility, thermodynamics, and Anti-Hebbian and Hebbian (AHaH) plasticity. We show how AHaH synaptic plasticity leads to attractor states that extract the independent components of applied data streams and how they form a computationally complete set of logic functions. After introducing a general memristive device model based on collections of metastable switches, we show how adaptive synaptic weights can be formed from differential pairs of incremental memristors. We also disclose how arrays of synaptic weights can be used to build a neural node circuit operating AHaH plasticity. By configuring the attractor states of the AHaH node in different ways, high level machine learning functions are demonstrated. This includes unsupervised clustering, supervised and unsupervised classification, complex signal prediction, unsupervised robotic actuation and combinatorial optimization of procedures-all key capabilities of biological nervous systems and modern machine learning algorithms with real world application.
Preparation and Properties of One-Dimensional Magnetophotonic Crystals with Bi-Substituted YIG Films. (2000)

One-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals with bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet films were fabricated by a method that combines rf magnetron sputtering and pulsed-light annealing. The media exhibited significantly high transmittance and Faraday rotation at designated localized wavelengths of light in the photonic bandgap. These results coincide quantitatively with the theoretical prediction.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Lantibiotic Pep5 Biosynthetic Gene Cluster and Functional Analysis of PepP and PepC. Evidence for a Role of PepC in Thioether Formation (1995)

The biosynthesis of Pep5, a lanthionine-containing antimicrobial peptide, is directed by the 20-kbp plasmid pED503. We identified a 7.9-kbp DNA-fragment within this plasmid which covers the information for Pep5 synthesis in the homologous host Staphylococcus epidermidis 5 which has been cured of pED503. This fragment contained, in addition to the previously described structural gene pepA and the immunity gene pepl [Reis, M., Eschbach-Bludau, M., Iglesias-Wind, M. I., Kupke, T. & Sahl, H.-G. (1994) Appl. Env. Microbiol. 60, 2876–2883], a gene pepT coding for a translocator of the ABC transporter family, a gene pepP coding for a serine protease and two genes pepB and pepC coding for putative modification enzymes; the gene arrangement is pepTIAPBC. We analyzed the biosynthetic genes with respect to their function in Pep5 biosynthesis. Deletion of PepT reduced Pep5 production to about 10%, indicating that it can be partially replaced by other host-encoded translocators. Inactivation of PepP by site-directed mutagenesis of the active-site His residue resulted in production of incorrectly processed Pep5 fragments with strongly reduced antimicrobial activity. Deletion of pepB and pepC leads to accumulation of Pep5 prepeptide in the cells without excretion of processed peptide. A pepC-deletion clone did not excrete correctly matured Pep5 but it did produce fragments from which serine and threonine were absent. Only one of these fragments contained a single lanthionine residue out of three expected while the remaining, unmodified cysteine residues could be detected by reaction with Ellman's reagent. These results demonstrate that PepC is a thioether-forming protein and strongly suggest that PepB is responsible for dehydration of serine and threonine
A Novel Non-Invasive Estimation of Arterial Blood Pressure from Electrocardiography and Photoplethysmography Signals using Machine Learning (2020)

Arterial blood pressure (BP) is one of the most important vital signs of the cardiovascular system. There are currently invasive and non-invasive methods for measuring and/or estimating arterial blood pressure. In this study, artificial neural networks and support vector machines (SVM) are used to estimate systolic and diastolic pressures from electrocardiograms (ECG) and photoplethysmograms (PPG) via regression. The MIMIC II database with ECG, PPG and continuous arterial BP-data was used. Three models were tested for each automatic learning algorithm, for both systolic and diastolic BP, which were assessed according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standard. The best artificial neural network (ANN) scores of mean absolute error with standard deviation were 5.765 6.3891 [mmHg] and 3.0421 3.4764 [mmHg] for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. With SVM, they were 5.0893 6.4563 [mmHg] and 2.6861 3.6004 [mmHg] for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively.
Hydrogen Damage Detection by an NDT Technique (1989)

Abstract Hydrogen attack in steel components is a major problem in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants that operate under high temperatures. Hydrogen attack weakens the steel by decarburization and microcracking and can lead to unexpected catastrophic failure. To avoid this problem, the American Petroleum Institute (API) issued API Standard 941, however, recent failures of low-alloy steels from hydrogen damage has caused a reevaluation of the Standard. One approach to assess hydrogen attack in a plant is to use nondestructive ultrasonic testing (UT) techniques for inspection. This paper discusses three UT techniques based on velocity change, attenuation, and backscatter that can be applied to detect hydrogen attack. Actual hydrogen-damaged samples were examined from vessels and piping. It was found that ultrasonic velocity change and backscatter techniques could detect early stages of hydrogen attack.
Depression of Ammonia Uptake to Sulfuric Acid Aerosols by Competing Uptake of Ambient Organic Gases (2011)

The neutralization of acidic aerosols by ammonia has been studied through experiments which combine ambient air with laboratory generated sulfuric acid aerosol. Results indicated that acidic aerosol mixed with organic free air and ammonia was neutralized on a time scale<1 min, consistent with expectations. However, in the presence of ambient organic gases and ammonia, the rate of aerosol neutralization is significantly reduced. This reduction in ammonia uptake was concurrent with an increase in the amount of particle phase organics. A steady state in the NH4+/SO4(2-) in the presence of organic gases was established on time scales of 10 min to several hours, corresponding to NH3 uptake coefficients in the range of 4×10(-3)-2×10(-4). The degree to which neutralization was slowed was dependent upon the initial ammonia concentration and the organic mass added to the aerosols. These results suggest that inorganic equilibrium thermodynamic models may overestimate the rate of ammonia uptake and that ambient particles may remain acidic for longer than previously expected.
QoS-Aware Striping with Replication Model for Object-Based Multimedia Storage (2007)

This paper presents a QoS-aware striping with replication model for object-based multimedia storage and retrieval. The model takes consideration of both the availability and continuity requirements of multimedia application, and expresses these constraints as function of object size and replica number. With this model, optimal object size and replica number suitable for application requirements thus can be calculated and determined. Based on the model, this paper further proposes an adaptive replica-based parallel retrieval mechanism, which decides whether, how many and which replicas will participate in parallel transfer according to performance requirement. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can perform well for quality of service in terms of performance and availability.
A clip-free eyeglasses-based wearable monitoring device for measuring photoplethysmograhic signals (2012)

An eyeglasses-based device has been developed in this work to acquire photoplethysmogram (PPG) from the nose bridge. This device is aimed to provide wearable physiological monitoring without uncomfortable clips frequently used in PPG measurement from finger and ear. Switching control is applied on the LED and photo detector for power saving. An experiment involving postural change and treadmill jogging among 10 healthy young subjects was carried out to evaluate the performance of the device. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and PPG from finger, ear and nose were simultaneously recorded, from which heart rate (HR) and pulse transit time (PTT) were calculated. The results show that PPG measured from nose and ear are more resistant to motion than signal from finger during exercise. In addition, the difference between PTT measured from ear and nose indicates that local vasomotor activities may exist on ear and/or nose channel, and suggests that PPG from different sites should be used for cuff-less PTT-based BP estimation. We conclude that this wearable device has great potential to be used in the healthcare management in the future.
Protective role of mouse MBL-C on intestinal mucosa during Shigella flexneri invasion (2009)

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a C-type serum lectin, which is believed to play an important role in the innate immunity against a variety of pathogens. MBL can bind to sugar determinants of a wide variety of microorganisms, neutralize them and inhibit infection by complement activation through the lectin pathway and opsonization by collectin receptors. Given that small intestine is a predominant site of extrahepatic expression of MBL, here we addressed the question whether MBL is involved in mucosal innate immunity. The carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) genes of mouse MBL-C (mMBL-C) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant mMBL-C-CRD binds to Shigella flexneri 2a in a calcium-dependent manner and that interaction could be blocked by the anti-mMBL-C-CRD antibody. mMBL-C-CRD protein could inhibit the adhesion of S. flexneri 2a to intestinal mucosa, while administration of anti-mMBL-C-CRD antibody caused an increased level of bacteria adhesion in vitro. Administration of recombinant mMBL-C-CRD protein reduced the secretion of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 from primary intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with S. flexneri 2a. Furthermore, neutralization of MBL activity by anti-MBL-C-CRD resulted in a significant increase in the number of S. flexneri 2a that colonized the intestines of BALB/c mice and attenuated the severity of inflammation seen in the areas of bacterial invasion. These findings suggest that mMBL-C may protect host intestinal mucosa by directly binding to the bacteria.
The IL-27 p28 Subunit Binds Cytokine-Like Factor 1 to Form a Cytokine Regulating NK and T Cell Activities Requiring IL-6R for Signaling (2009)

IL-27 is formed by the association of a cytokine subunit, p28, with the soluble cytokine receptor EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3). The IL-27R comprises gp130 and WSX-1. The marked difference between EBI3(-/-) and WSX-1(-/-) mice suggests that p28 has functions independent of EBI3. We have identified an alternative secreted complex formed by p28 and the soluble cytokine receptor cytokine-like factor 1 (CLF). Like IL-27, p28/CLF is produced by dendritic cells and is biologically active on human NK cells, increasing IL-12- and IL-2-induced IFN-gamma production and activation marker expression. Experiments with Ba/F3 transfectants indicate that p28/CLF activates cells expressing IL-6Ralpha in addition to the IL-27R subunits. When tested on CD4 and CD8 T cells, p28/CLF induces IL-6Ralpha-dependent STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, p28/CLF inhibits CD4 T cell proliferation and induces IL-17 and IL-10 secretion. These results indicate that p28/CLF may participate in the regulation of NK and T cell functions by dendritic cells. The p28/CLF complex engages IL-6R and may therefore be useful for therapeutic applications targeting cells expressing this receptor. Blocking IL-6R using humanized mAbs such as tocilizumab has been shown to be beneficial in pathologies like rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The identification of a new IL-6R ligand is therefore important for a complete understanding of the mechanism of action of this emerging class of immunosuppressors.
Sodium imaging of human body organs and extremities in vivo. (1988)

In vivo sodium magnetic resonance (MR) images of various structures--such as the heart, chest wall, kidneys, spine, liver, gallbladder, breasts, knees, hands, and feet--were obtained at 1.9 T. Improved sensitivity relative to standard spin-echo imaging was achieved with use of a modified three-dimensional acquisition sequence with short repetition and gradient-echo times (45 and 6.4 msec, respectively) and with use of special cylindrical and planar radio-frequency coils. Imaging times of 2-30 minutes were sufficient to render good-quality images with high contrast sensitivity. Relatively strong sodium signals were found to emanate from such sources as cerebrospinal fluid, blood serum, interstitial fluid, joint fluid, and cartilage. It is concluded that sodium imaging of body organs and extremities is feasible and is potentially of clinical diagnostic value, as is the more extensively studied sodium imaging of the head.
The stance of South African trade (2016)

South African trade with the rest of the world has been making news headlines over the past months. The reasons for these headlines vary from the struggle to reach an agreement with the United States (US) regarding the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Agoa) to the poor performance of the local balance of trade. Agoa and the trade balance are, however, only small pieces in the larger trade puzzle that South Africa is involved in, and it is thus necessary to take a look at the bigger picture to fully grasp the effect of these factors.
Fast and Efficient Neural Conversion of Human Hematopoietic Cells (2014)

Neurons obtained directly from human somatic cells hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening. Available protocols rely on overexpression of transcription factors using integrative vectors and are often slow, complex, and inefficient. We report a fast and efficient approach for generating induced neural cells (iNCs) directly from human hematopoietic cells using Sendai virus. Upon SOX2 and c-MYC expression, CD133-positive cord blood cells rapidly adopt a neuroepithelial morphology and exhibit high expansion capacity. Under defined neurogenic culture conditions, they express mature neuronal markers and fire spontaneous action potentials that can be modulated with neurotransmitters. SOX2 and c-MYC are also sufficient to convert peripheral blood mononuclear cells into iNCs. However, the conversion process is less efficient and resulting iNCs have limited expansion capacity and electrophysiological activity upon differentiation. Our study demonstrates rapid and efficient generation of iNCs from hematopoietic cells while underscoring the impact of target cells on conversion efficiency.
A head-mounted eye movement tracking display and its image display method (1997)

As a visual image presentation device in virtual reality and telerobotics, the head-mounted display (HMD) is attracting attention. The basic principle of HMD is as follows. Two small displays are arranged in front of the two eyes, and present images with parallax, conveying a stereo feeling to the operator. The number of scan lines of the displays used in these conventional HMDs is generally limited. For that reason, it is difficult to construct a stereo feeling which will present sufficient images to cover the human view field while maintaining resolution, and this is an obstacle in presenting highly realistic images. For solving this problem, an eye-movement tracking type HMD which can present images with a wide view field and high resolution has been proposed. Human vision can observe objects with high resolution only near the gaze point. Paying attention to this visual characteristic, the eye-movement tracking type HMD is developed as a system which presents images of high resolution in a small region in the view-line direction and presents images of low resolution but wide view field in its surroundings, and thus equivalently presents images of wide view field and high resolution. In this paper, we will propose an image presentation scheme for the embodiment of an eye-movement tracking type HMD and will also describe efforts to confirm its appropriateness by experiments with simple images. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 28(7): 89–99, 1997