gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate distance estimation using camera orientation compensation technique for vehicle driver assistance system (2012)

This paper proposes a camera orientation compensation technique to help compensating unwanted camera orientation so as to accurately estimate the distance of a preceding vehicle in a vehicle driver assistance system. We propose a method in computing a homography to compensate the unwanted camera orientation misalignment. Distance between the preceding vehicle and the digital camera can then be accurately estimated. We will demonstrate that this approach be most suitable for vehicle driver assistance systems, and it also further expands the extent of automobile safety.
Scalable embedded zero tree wavelet packet audio coding (2002)

Multimedia transmission over the Internet is getting popular and increasingly important. In particular, scalable coding is desirable for a heterogeneous network with varied bandwidths. We propose a scalable embedded zero tree wavelet packet (scalable EZWP) audio coding system that is a scalable audio compression system using wavelet packet decomposition and embedded zero-tree coding. We focus on multilayer low-bitrate coding which delivers high perceptual quality. In the base layer, the overlapped audio segment is first transformed by the wavelet packet. Then the local significant coefficients are extracted, quantized, and coded by variable length coding. In the enhancement layer and the full band layer, the residual signal that is the difference between the original and the output of the previous layer is coded via EZW with a psychoacoustic model and arithmetic coding. The target bit rates for three layers are 16, 32, and 64 Kbit/s, respectively. The performance of the proposed coding system is only slightly inferior to MPEG-1 layer 3 at 64 Kbit/s while it provides bitrate scalability that is suitable for multimedia distribution over the Internet with heterogeneous networks.
Proximity Neighbor Selection in Tree-Based Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlays (2003)

Structured peer-to-peer (p2p) overlay networks provide a useful substrate for building distributed applications. They assign object keys to overlay nodes and provide a primitive to route a message to the node responsible for a key. Proximity neighbor selection (PNS) can be used to achieve both low delay routes and low bandwidth usage but it introduces high overhead. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of PNS and heuristic approximations. We describe a new heuristic called constrained gossiping (PNS-CG) and show that it achieves performance similar to perfect PNS with low overhead. We also compare constrained gossiping with previous heuristics and show that it achieves better performance with lower overhead.
Two-Dimensional Sensor System for Automotive Crash Prediction (2013)

This paper focuses on the use of magnetoresistive and sonar sensors for imminent collision detection in cars. The magnetoresistive sensors are used to measure the magnetic field from another vehicle in close proximity, to estimate relative position, velocity, and orientation of the vehicle from the measurements. First, an analytical formulation is developed for the planar variation of the magnetic field from a car as a function of 2-D position and orientation. While this relationship can be used to estimate position and orientation, a challenge is posed by the fact that the parameters in the analytical function vary with the type and model of the encountered car. Since the type of vehicle encountered is not known a priori, the parameters in the magnetic field function are unknown. The use of both sonar and magnetoresistive sensors and an adaptive estimator is shown to address this problem. While the sonar sensors do not work at very small intervehicle distance and have low refresh rates, their use during a short initial time duration leads to a reliable estimator. Experimental results are presented for both a laboratory wheeled car door and for a full-scale passenger sedan. The results show that planar position and orientation can be accurately estimated for a range of relative motions at different oblique angles.
Rhenium-Catalyzed Deoxydehydration of Glycols by Sulfite (2010)

Methyltrioxorhenium and sodium perrhenate catalyze the deoxydehydration of glycols and deoxygenation of epoxides to olefins in moderate yields with sulfite as the reductant.
32GHz resonant-fin transistors in 14nm FinFET technology (2018)

Monolithic integration of microelectromechanical resonators in IC technology has been explored extensively over the past few decades in the effort to achieve on-chip clocks, RF filters, and physical, chemical, and biological sensors. Various approaches for resonator integration, actuation, and sensing have been proposed and demonstrated, targeting high Q and high frequency performance [1]. These include the “MEMS-last” approach with low temperature materials deposited on complete CMOS chips [2,3], and “MEMS-in-the-middle” in which resonators are defined with post-processing of the front end and back end materials of the IC stack [4]. These methods require additional processing and packaging steps that make frequency scaling challenging and may limit resonator Q. Meanwhile, in the case of monolithically integrated MEMS resonators, transistor sensing can be used to enhance transduction efficiency and reduce parasitics, which can prohibit 2-port detection for high frequency resonance [5]. In this work, we introduce the Resonant Fin Transistor (RFT) fabricated in GLOBALFOUNDRIES 14nm FinFET technology, leveraging the vertical 3D geometry of FinFETs (Fig. 21.3.1) to efficiently confine, drive, and sense acoustic vibrations in the solid (unreleased) CMOS stack with no post-processing or custom packaging. We demonstrate 32GHz resonators with Q~49,000.
Antimicrobial activity of arginine‐ and tryptophan‐rich hexapeptides: the effects of aromatic clusters, <scp>d</scp>‐amino acid substitution and cyclization (2004)

Many antimicrobial peptides bear arginine (R)- and tryptophan (W)-rich sequence motifs. Based on the sequence Ac-RRWWRF-NH2, sets of linear and cyclic peptides were generated by changes in the amino acid sequence, L-D-amino acid exchange and naphthylalanine substituted for tryptophan. Linear RW-peptides displayed moderate activity towards Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis (15 < MIC < 31 microm) and were inactive against Gram-negative Escherichia coli at peptide concentrations < 100 microm. Cyclization induced high antimicrobial activity. The effect of cyclization was most pronounced for peptides with three adjacent aromatic residues. Incorporation of d-amino acid residues had minor influence on the biological activity. The haemolytic activity of all RW-peptides at 100 microm concentration was low (< 7% lysis for linear R/W-rich peptides and < 28% for the cyclic analogues). Introduction of naphthylalanine enhanced the biological activities of both the linear and cyclic peptides. All peptides induced permeabilization of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) composed of lipids of the membrane of B. subtilis and erythrocytes, but surprisingly had no effect on LUVs composed of lipids of the E. coli inner membrane. The profiles of peptide activity against B. subtilis and red blood cells correlated with the permeabilizing effects on the corresponding model membranes and were related to hydrophobicity parameters as derived from reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results underlined the importance of amphipathicity as a driving force for cell lytic activity and suggest that conformational constraints and an appropriate position of aromatic residues allowing the formation of hydrophobic clusters are highly favourable for antimicrobial activity and selectivity.
Generative and Discriminative Voxel Modeling with Convolutional Neural Networks (2016)

When working with three-dimensional data, choice of representation is key. We explore voxel-based models, and present evidence for the viability of voxellated representations in applications including shape modeling and object classification. Our key contributions are methods for training voxel-based variational autoencoders, a user interface for exploring the latent space learned by the autoencoder, and a deep convolutional neural network architecture for object classification. We address challenges unique to voxel-based representations, and empirically evaluate our models on the ModelNet benchmark, where we demonstrate a 51.5% relative improvement in the state of the art for object classification.
Leaky-mode buried-heterostructure AlGaAs injection lasers (1977)

Leaky-mode buried-heterostructure injection lasers are fabricated and operated successfully under pulse bias at room temperature. The lasers consist of a thin active layer confined by parallel n- and p-AlxGa1−xAs layers with a high mole fraction of AlAs (x=0.4) and perpendicular p−-AlyGa1−yAs layers with a low mole fraction of AlAs (y=0.25). It is shown that most of the laser power can be coupled out into the low-loss perpendicular layers and emitted from the end facets, resulting in highly collimated beams with a beam divergence of about 1°.
Achievable information rates on digital subscriber loops: limiting information rates with crosstalk noise (1992)

The capacity and cutoff rates for channels with linear intersymbol interference, power dependent crosstalk noise, and additive white noise are examined, focusing on high speed digital subscriber line data transmission. The effects of varying the level of additive white noise, crosstalk coupling gain, sampling rate, and input power levels are studied in detail for a set of simulated two-wire local loops. A closed-form expression for the shell constrained Gaussian cutoff rate on the crosstalk limited channel is developed and related to the capacity, showing that the relationship between these two rates is the same as on a channel without crosstalk noise. The study also projects achievable rates on a digital subscriber line, inside and outside of a carrier serving area, with a sophisticated but realizable receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Model calculations for enhanced fluorescence in photonic crystal phosphor (2012)

We propose a novel photonic structure, based on the photonic crystal (PC) effect, which simulations show results in an improved fluorescence efficiency from embedded phosphor. To be specific, the phosphor pumping efficiency can be significantly improved by tuning the pump photon energy to a photonic band-edge (PBE) of the PC phosphor. We have confirmed this theoretically by calculating optical properties of one-dimensional PC phosphor structures using the transfer-matrix method and plane-wave expansion method. For a particular model structure based on a quantum dot phosphor, the fluorescence enhancement factor was estimated to be as high as 6.9 for a monochromatic pump source and 2.2 for a broad bandwidth (20 nm) pump source.
Regulation of the herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) delayed-early 110-kilodalton promoter by HVS immediate-early gene products and a homolog of the Epstein-Barr virus R trans activator (1991)

We have reported previously the detection of two stable immediate-early (IE) transcripts that accumulate in cycloheximide-treated cells infected with herpesvirus saimiri (HVS). These are the 1.6-kb mRNA from the 52-kDa gene (which is homologous to the BSLF2-BMLF1 gene of Epstein-Barr virus) and the 1.3-kb mRNA from the HindIII-G fragment of virus DNA. In order to study the roles of the HVS IE gene products in the progression of a lytic infection, the promoter region of the delayed-early 110-kDa gene of HVS was sequenced, the transcription initiation site was mapped by RNase protection, and the promoter sequences were cloned upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Sequences between -447 and +37 (relative to the 110-kDa transcription initiation site) were sufficient for response to HVS superinfection of transfected cells, but the 110-kDa promoter was activated only poorly by the 52-kDa and HindIII-G IE (IE-G) proteins in cotransfection experiments. However, a distinct region of the genome, EcoRI-D (15 kbp), was able to activate 110-kDa-CAT expression relatively efficiently in similar experiments. A 4.7-kbp PstI fragment encoding this function was isolated and sequenced, and further subcloning identified the gene encoding the EcoRI-D trans activator. This gene, which we now designate HVS.R, is homologous to the BRLF1-encoded transcriptional effector of Epstein-Barr virus.
MAINTENANCE OF THE MOTILITY OF RAT EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOZOA IN THE PRESENCE OF MALE ACCESSORY SECRETIONS (1971)

Summary. The maintenance of motility and the survival of rat epididymal spermatozoa kept at 37° C have been investigated. While progressive motility of long duration was observed when the epididymal spermatozoa of the hamster, guinea-pig and rabbit were suspended in balanced salt solutions, rat epididymal spermatozoa became immotile within 1 to 2 hr. The factor missing from the salt solutions which can maintain the motility of rat spermatozoa was shown to be present in the secretion from the seminal vesicles, epididymis and coagulating gland of the rat. The most effective factor occurred in the secretion of the seminal vesicles of the hamster, and was found to be unstable, thermolabile and undialysable through the collodion bag filter which retains proteins of a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 to 100,000. By means of electrophoretic separation, three fractions with the low mobility of serum γ and β-globulins were detected in the fresh secretion of the seminal vesicles of the hamster. The motility of rat epididymal spermatozoa was better maintained in solutions containing protein, such as albumin, α-globulin, or peptides like glutathione or cysteine. It appears that a non-specific protein which is supplied by the seminal vesicles is necessary to maintain the motility of rat spermatozoa.
Multihop performance of geographic random forwarding for ad hoc and sensor networks (2004)

We study a novel forwarding technique based on the geographical location of the nodes involved and random selection of the relaying node via contention among receivers. We focus on the multihop performance of such a solution, in terms of average number of hops to reach a destination as a function of the distance and of the average number of available neighbors. An idealized scheme (in which the best relay node is always chosen) is discussed, and its performance is evaluated by means of both simulation and analytical techniques. A practical scheme to select one of the best relays is shown to achieve performance very close to that of the ideal case.
The blood volumes of the primary and secondary circulatory system in the Atlantic cod<i>Gadus morhua</i>L., using plasma bound Evans Blue and compartmental analysis (2003)

The volume of the primary (PCS) and secondary (SCS) circulatory system in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua was determined using a modified dye dilution technique. Cod (N=10) were chronically cannulated in the second afferent branchial artery with PE-50 tubing. Evans Blue dye was bound to harvested fish plasma at a concentration of 1 mg dye ml(-1) plasma, and injected at a concentration of 1 mg kg(-1) body mass. Serial sampling from the cannula produced a dye dilution curve, which could be described by a double exponential decay equation. Curve analysis enabled the calculation of the primary circulatory and total distribution volume. The difference between these volumes is assumed to be the volume of the SCS. From the dilution curve, it was also possible to calculate flow rates between and within the systems. The results of these experiments suggest a plasma volume in the PCS of 3.42+/-0.89 ml 100 g(-1) body mass, and in the SCS of 1.68+/-0.35 ml 100 g(-1) body mass (mean +/- S.D.) or approximately 50% that of the PCS. Flow rates to the SCS were calculated as 2.7% of the resting cardiac output. There was an allometric relationship between body mass and blood volumes. Increasing condition factor showed a tendency towards smaller blood volumes of the PCS, expressed as percentage body mass, but this was not evident for the volume of the SCS.
Bovine pulmonary surfactant: Chemical composition and physical properties (1983)

Bovine pulmonary surfactant was obtained by endotracheal lavage of lungs from newly slaughtered cows followed by differential centrifugation. Lipid extracts of bovine surfactant contained 3% neutral lipid, mainly as cholesterol and diacylglycerol and 97% phospholipid. Phosphatidylcholine (79%) and phosphatidylglycerol (11%) accounted for most of the phospholipids with smaller amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, lyso-bis-phosphatidic acid and sphingomyelin. Fatty acid analysis revealed high levels of palmitate in phosphatidylcholine and to a lesser extent phosphatidylglycerol, but not in the other diacylphospholipids. Phosphatidylcholine was 53% disaturated and phosphatidylglycerol was 23% disaturated. Monoenoic species accounted for the major proportion of the remaining lipid. The protein content was 10% as estimated by the Lowry procedure and 5% when determined by amino acid analysis. Extraction with chloroform/methanol removed ca. 90% of the protein but had no effect on the surfactant properties as evaluated by a pulsating bubble technique.
Diffusion Weighting by the Trace of the Diffusion Tensor within a Single Scan (1995)

The anisotropy of the water diffusion tensor inside brain causes contrast in diffusion images, which depends on the relative orientation of the diffusion gradients and the subject. Because the trace of a tensor is invariant upon rotation, measurement of this trace can reduce the orientation effect. A family of imaging pulse sequences is presented in which the signal intensity is weighted by the trace of the diffusion tensor in a single scan. The methods are demonstrated for chicken gizzard in several orientations with respect to the gradient frame of reference, and for ischemic injury in cat brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The sensitivity of the techniques to the presence of background gradients is measured and discussed in detail. As a result, pulse sequences are suggested that provide reliable diffusion constants in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous magnetic fields. The efficiency of the techniques for clinical application is also evaluated.
X-ray Photoelectron Study on the Adsorption of Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride onto Silicon Native Oxide (1997)

The adsorption of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (AHF) on the surfaces of silicon native oxide was investigated by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in order to understand the reaction between HF and the oxide films at room temperature. A significant amount of the component is located at 670.0 eV binding energy in the observed XPS spectra, and is most likely derived from HF molecules. Moreover, the surface density of F-Si bonds slowly increases with the AHF exposure. We also attempted to accelerate the etching of the native oxide without moisture, supplying the AHF gas with remote-plasma-excited Ar, and obtained the enhanced etch rate.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus in chickens (2012)

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important respiratory disease of chickens and annually causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry world-wide. ILT virus (ILTV) belongs to alphaherpesvirinae and the Gallid herpesvirus 1 species. The transmission of ILTV is via respiratory and ocular routes. Clinical and post-mortem signs of ILT can be separated into two forms according to its virulence. The characteristic of the severe form is bloody mucus in the trachea with high mortality. The mild form causes nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and reduced weight gain and egg production. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification were developed to detect ILTV samples from natural or experimentally infected birds. The PCR combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) can separate ILTVs into several genetic groups. These groups can separate vaccine from wild type field viruses. Vaccination is a common method to prevent ILT. However, field isolates and vaccine viruses can establish latent infected carriers. According to PCR-RFLP results, virulent field ILTVs can be derived from modified-live vaccines. Therefore, modified-live vaccine reversion provides a source for ILT outbreaks on chicken farms. Two recently licensed commercial recombinant ILT vaccines are also in use. Other recombinant and gene-deficient vaccine candidates are in the developmental stages. They offer additional hope for the control of this disease. However, in ILT endemic regions, improved biosecurity and management practices are critical for improved ILT control.
The Describing Function of Nuclear Reactors (1959)

The integro-differential equation of reactor dynamics is studied and approximated. It is found that a reactor can be represented by means of a linear system and a nonlinear system in cascade. The transfer function of the linear system is the classical low-power transfer function. The nonlinear system is a nonlinear amplifier with an exponential characteristic. The describing function is computed in the case of a water-moderated reactor and it is shown that the gain near resonance increases with the magnitude of a reactivity sinusoidal oscillation.
Additive Manufacturing of a lightweight rotor for a permanent magnet synchronous machine (2016)

Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a relatively new technology which enables the toolless production of components and entire assemblies directly from a CAD file. Today, the technology is still not widely used in industrial production. It is mainly limited to special applications, although it shows great potential. In this paper, first approaches are shown to apply AM to the production of rotors for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). The possibilities of a lightweight design with a low moment of inertia as well as the influence on the magnetic anisotropy for an improved sensorless control of PMSM are pointed out. The results clearly demonstrate the great potential of additive manufacturing in electrical engineering applications.
Performance of a multicomputer type DSP system 'NOVI' for motion picture coding (2003)

The architecture and performance of a multicomputer-type digital signal-processing (DSP) system are discussed. The NOVI system has been created to examine methods for organizing parallel DSP systems and developing parallel programs for a wide range of DSP applications. NOVI presently consists of 36 processing nodes, in each of which an INMOS Transputer is used as a CPU. Its parallel program debugging assistant system facilitates powerful debugging functions to observe all program states. A load-balancing technique using interframe prediction and layered large-grain data flow is proposed to achieve higher performance for data-dependent algorithms such as motion-picture coding. The expected performance of the NOVI system with the proposed technique is also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of Insulated Conductive Probes with Platinum Silicide Tips for Atomic Force Microscopy in Cell Biology (2004)

A microfabrication process of a multifunctional probe is introduced for atomic force microscopy and various electrochemical measurements on biological samples in buffer solution. The silicon nitride probes have a spring constant lower than 0.1 N/m and a conductive tip, which is tightly insulated except at the apex. The conductive core of the tip consists of Pt x Si y and shows a typical radius of curvature of 15 nm. A simultaneous measurement of topography and electrical current on graphite in air was demonstrated.