gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear self-modulation: An exactly solvable model (1988)

The cubic Schr\"odinger equation (CSE) (${\mathrm{iu}}_{t}$+${u}_{\mathrm{xx}}$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ensuremath{\Vert}u${\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{2}$u=0) is a generic model equation used in the study of modulational problems in one spatial dimension. The CSE is exactly solvable using inverse-scattering techniques. Periodic solutions of the focusing CSE (``+'' sign in the above equation) are also well known to be subject to modulational instabilities. This unique mixture of solvability and instability allows the development of a complete and explicit analytical theory for the long-time behavior of the instabilities. Among the results to be discussed are (i) a method for calculating the growth rates of instabilities around (spatially nonuniform) initial states, (ii) a discussion of recurrence phenomena for systems with finite spatial period, and (iii) a method for calculating the recurrence time.
Biosynthesis of Defensins and Other Antimicrobial Peptides (2007)

Defensins are small (about 30 amino acid residues) cationic antimicrobial peptides with a conserved framework of six disulphide-linked cysteines. Human defensin HNP-1 and the closely related HNP-3 are amphiphilic dimers that act in part by permeabilizing cell membranes. Defensin mRNAs, abundant in neutrophilic promyelocytes, certain non-human macrophages and Paneth cells, encode 94-100 amino acid prepropeptides. PreproHNP-1 is post-translationally processed to inactive proHNP-1 then to mature HNP-1 stored in granules. Bactenecin Bac-5 and perhaps other related neutrophil peptides are also synthesized as prepropeptides but are stored in granules as inactive propeptides. Their conserved cathelin-like propiece inhibits the cysteine protease, cathepsin L, and is removed only during granule release. Charge neutralization of mature peptide by the propiece is seen in both probactenecins and prodefensins. In contrast the propiece of cecropins is very short and proceropins are microbicidal. The pathways that convert myeloid preprodefensins to defensins are specific to myeloid cells but the signal for targeting to granules also functions in non-myeloid granulated cells. The truncation of the anionic propiece by deletion mutagenesis dramatically reduces defensin synthesis, suggesting that the propiece may assist in peptide stabilization, folding or subcellular transport. Despite some similarities in the mechanism of action of the various families of antimicrobial peptides, their precursors differ greatly, presumably owing to differing functions of the propieces.
Cs<sup>+</sup> Ion Exchange Kinetics in Complex Electrolyte Solutions Using Hydrous Crystalline Silicotitanates (1997)

TAM-5 is a hydrous crystalline sodium silicotitanate inorganic ion exchanger with a high selectivity for Cs+. The kinetics of Cs+−Na+ ion exchange using TAM-5 in multicomponent electrolyte solutions were determined using batch experiments. For the powder, which is composed of crystals, a single-phase, homogeneous model fit the data best. For the granules, which were prepared from the powder, a two-phase, heterogeneous model resulted in an excellent fit of the data. Macropore and crystal diffusivities were determined by fitting the model to experimental data collected on the powder and the granules. Intracrystalline diffusivities were concentration dependent and were on the order of 10-19 m2/s. Macropore diffusivities were on the order of 10-10 m2/s. Resistance to diffusion in the macropores was not significant for granules with diameters less than 15 μm. A two-phase, homogeneous model, where liquid within the pores is in equilibrium with the solid, was also evaluated for the granules. Surprisingly, for the granules, an excellent fit of the data was obtained; however, the effective macropore diffusivity was 1.1 × 10-11 m2/s, an order of magnitude smaller than the macropore diffusivity found using the two-phase, heterogeneous model.
Context-dependent BLSTM models. Application to offline handwriting recognition (2014)

The BLSTM model has been recently introduced for sequence labeling tasks and provides state-of-the-art performance for handwriting recognition. Its recurrent connections integrate the context at the feature level over a long range. Nevertheless, this context is not explicitly modeled at the label level. Explicit context-modeling strategies have been applied to HMMs with improvement of the recognition rate. In this paper, we study the effect of context modeling on the performance of the BLSTM model. The baseline BLSTM, with context-independent character label, is compared with two context-dependent BLSTM, one modeling the left context and the other the right context. The results show that context-dependent models provide an improvement of the recognition rate, and demonstrate the ability of the BLSTM model to deal with a large number of models, without clustering. We tested our models on the RIMES database of Latin script documents.
Size Matters: Variation in Personal Network Size, Personality and Effect on Information Transmission (2009)

In the last decade, there has been a massive increase in network research across both the social and physical sciences. In Physics and Mathematics, there have been extensive work on phenomenological models and generative models concerning large networks with applications tobiology and social networks. In the social sciences, on the other hand, much attention has been devoted to the study of personal networks (PN) which examine the ties an individual has with others and their social characteristics and dynamics. In this paper, we seek to bridge the gap between social and mathematical sciences by exploring how variation in personal network size influences information flow through a complete network. We find that there is a significant negative correlation between a particular combination of personality traits and personal network size. A simulation modelling information flow through a complete network reveals that a mixture of small and large personal networks produces the optimal relative convergence rate at which information disseminates through the networks.
Lubrication Requirements of the Mack Heavy-Duty Power Divider (1965)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A full-scale test procedure was developed utilizing the Mack differential power divider for the evaluation of gear lubricants. Test results indicate the superiority of MIL-L-2105B gear lubricants for heavy-duty rear axle carrier lubrication.</div>
Flagellin Is Not a Major Defense Elicitor in <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> Cells or Extracts Applied to <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2004)

The phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum requires motility for full virulence, and its flagellin is a candidate pathogen-associated molecular pattern that may elicit plant defenses. Boiled extracts from R. solanacearum contained a strong elicitor of defense-associated responses. However, R. solanacearum flagellin is not this elicitor, because extracts from wild-type bacteria and fliC or flhDC mutants defective in flagellin production all elicited similar plant responses. Equally important, live R. solanacearum caused similar disease on Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0, regardless of the presence of flagellin in the bacterium or the FLS2-mediated flagellin recognition system in the plant. Unlike the previously studied flg22 flagellin peptide, a peptide based on the corresponding conserved N-terminal segment of R. solanacearum, flagellin did not elicit any response from Arabidopsis seedlings. Thus recognition of flagellin plays no readily apparent role in this pathosystem. Flagellin also was not the primary elicitor of responses in tobacco. The primary eliciting activity in boiled R. solanacearum extracts applied to Arabidopsis was attributable to one or more proteins other than flagellin, including species purifying at approximately 5 to 10 kDa and also at larger molecular masses, possibly due to aggregation. Production of this eliciting activity did not require hrpB (positive regulator of type III secretion), pehR (positive regulator of polygalacturonase production and motility), gspM (general secretion pathway), or phcA (LysR-type global virulence regulator). Wild-type R. solanacearum was virulent on Arabidopsis despite the presence of this elicitor in pathogen extracts.
Improving Knowledge Discovery in Document Collections through Combining Text Retrieval and Link Analysis Techniques (2007)

In this paper, we present Concept Chain Queries (CCQ), a special case of text mining in document collections focusing on detecting links between two topics across text documents. We interpret such a query as finding the most meaningful evidence trails across documents that connect these two topics. We propose to use link-analysis techniques over the extracted features provided by Information Extraction Engine for finding new knowledge. A graphical text representation and mining model is proposed which combines information retrieval, association mining and link analysis techniques. We present experiments on different datasets that demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. Specifically, the algorithm generates ranked concept chains and evidence trails where the key terms representing significant relationships between topics are ranked high.
P4-ATPases as Phospholipid Flippases—Structure, Function, and Enigmas (2016)

P4-ATPases comprise a family of P-type ATPases that actively transport or flip phospholipids across cell membranes. This generates and maintains membrane lipid asymmetry, a property essential for a wide variety of cellular processes such as vesicle budding and trafficking, cell signaling, blood coagulation, apoptosis, bile and cholesterol homeostasis, and neuronal cell survival. Some P4-ATPases transport phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine across the plasma membrane or intracellular membranes whereas other P4-ATPases are specific for phosphatidylcholine. The importance of P4-ATPases is highlighted by the finding that genetic defects in two P4-ATPases ATP8A2 and ATP8B1 are associated with severe human disorders. Recent studies have provided insight into how P4-ATPases translocate phospholipids across membranes. P4-ATPases form a phosphorylated intermediate at the aspartate of the P-type ATPase signature sequence, and dephosphorylation is activated by the lipid substrate being flipped from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflet similar to the activation of dephosphorylation of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase by exoplasmic K(+). How the phospholipid is translocated can be understood in terms of a peripheral hydrophobic gate pathway between transmembrane helices M1, M3, M4, and M6. This pathway, which partially overlaps with the suggested pathway for migration of Ca(2+) in the opposite direction in the Ca(2+)-ATPase, is wider than the latter, thereby accommodating the phospholipid head group. The head group is propelled along against its concentration gradient with the hydrocarbon chains projecting out into the lipid phase by movement of an isoleucine located at the position corresponding to an ion binding glutamate in the Ca(2+)- and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases. Hence, the P4-ATPase mechanism is quite similar to the mechanism of these ion pumps, where the glutamate translocates the ions by moving like a pump rod. The accessory subunit CDC50 may be located in close association with the exoplasmic entrance of the suggested pathway, and possibly promotes the binding of the lipid substrate. This review focuses on properties of mammalian and yeast P4-ATPases for which most mechanistic insight is available. However, the structure, function and enigmas associated with mammalian and yeast P4-ATPases most likely extend to P4-ATPases of plants and other organisms.
Vitamin B <sub>12</sub> and iron colimitation of phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea (2007)

Primary production in the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas in the Southern Ocean, has previously been shown to be seasonally limited by iron. In two of three bottle incubation experiments conducted in the austral summer, significantly higher chlorophyll a (Chl a ) concentrations were measured upon the addition of iron and B 12 , relative to iron additions alone. Initial bacterial abundances were significantly lower in the two experiments that showed phytoplankton stimulation upon addition of B 12 and iron relative to the experiment that did not show this stimulation. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the bacteria and archaea in the upper water column are an important source of B 12 to marine phytoplankton. The addition of iron alone increased the growth of Phaeocystis antarctica relative to diatoms, whereas in an experiment where iron and B 12 stimulated total phytoplankton growth, the diatom Pseudonitzschia subcurvata went from comprising approximately 70% of the phytoplankton community to over 90%. Cobalt additions, with and without iron, did not alter Chl a biomass relative to controls and iron additions alone in the Ross Sea. Iron and vitamin B 12 plus iron treatments caused reductions in the DMSP (dimethyl sulfoniopropionate) : Chl a ratio relative to the control and B 12 treatments, consistent with the notion of an antioxidant function for DMSP. These results demonstrate the importance of a vitamin to phytoplankton growth and community composition in the marine environment.
Mask data processing in the era of multibeam writers (2014)

Mask writers’ architectures have evolved through the years in response to ever tightening requirements for better resolution, tighter feature placement, improved CD control, and tolerable write time. The unprecedented extension of optical lithography and the myriad of Resolution Enhancement Techniques have tasked current mask writers with ever increasing shot count and higher dose, and therefore, increasing write time. Once again, we see the need for a transition to a new type of mask writer based on massively parallel architecture. These platforms offer a step function improvement in both dose and the ability to process massive amounts of data. The higher dose and almost unlimited appetite for edge corrections open new windows of opportunity to further push the envelope. These architectures are also naturally capable of producing curvilinear shapes, making the need to approximate a curve with multiple Manhattan shapes unnecessary.
Multiple differential detection of continuous phase modulation signals (1993)

A sequence estimation algorithm for the differential detection of the continuous phase modulation (CPM) signals, yielding significant gains in BER performance and with considerable resistivity to fading, is introduced. These advantages, along with the reduced hardware complexity, low cost, and fast synchronization which characterize the differential detector, make the proposed receiver useful for land mobile radio and mobile-satellite communications. The new receiver is based on multiple differential detection. The multiple differential detection strategy provides the decoder with more information regarding the transmitted data and applies a noise decorrelation process on the received signal, useful to the sequence estimation. The algorithm is derived in a general form, and can be applied on any CPM scheme, with any degree of complexity. The authors have evaluated the receiver for two of the most popular CPM schemes, the tamed frequency modulation (TFM) and Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) (with B/sub 1/T=0.25), in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rician fading. The BER performance evaluation results indicated significant gains and considerable reduction of error floors. In AWGN improvements close to 9 dB have been verified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Instream Water Rights: Impact on Small Hydroelectric Plants (1985)

Instream flow requirements for navigation, fishery preservation, aesthetics, and general recreation purposes are protected by a variety of methods, including federal permits, water court decrees, and state permits. These instream water rights impose basic flow demands which can impact the feasibility of proposed small hydroelectric plants. The use of instream water rights for aquatic life protection and recreation has grown in recent years. The impact on other water rights is sometimes significant. Administration of instream water rights is similar in some ways to that for water rights which utilize a stream diversion. Examples of instream water right appropriations and potential conflicts with hydroelectric development are useful in evaluating new projects.
A Generative Model for Generating Relevance Labels from Human Judgments and Click-Logs (2014)

Lack of high quality relevance labels is a common challenge in the early stage of search engine development. In media search, due to the high recruiting and training cost, the labeling process is usually conducted by a small number of human judges. Consequently, the generated labels are often limited and biased. On the contrary, the click data that is extracted from a large population of real users is massive and less biased. However, the click data also contains considerable noise. Therefore, more and more researchers have begun to focus on combining those two resources to generate a better ground-truth approximation. In this paper, we present a novel method of generating the relevance labels for media search. The method is based on a generative model that considers human judgment, position, and click status as observations generated from a hidden relevance with multinomial prior. The model considers the position bias with a requirement that the click status depends on both the hidden relevance and the position. We infer the model parameters by using a Gibbs sampling procedure with hyper-parameter optimization. From experiments on the Xbox's data, the newly inferred relevance labels significantly increase the data volume for ranker training and have demonstrated superior performance compared to using the limited human labels only, the click-through-rates only, and the heuristic combination of the two.
Context-sensitive interprocedural points-to analysis in the presence of function pointers (1994)

This paper reports on the design, implementation, and empirical results of a new method for dealing with the aliasing problem in C. The method is based on approximating the points-to relationships between accessible stack locations, and can be used to generate alias pairs, or used directly for other analyses and transformations.
Two-stage and one-group two-dimensional guillotine cutting problems with defects: a CP-based algorithm and ILP formulations (2021)

We address two variants of the two-dimensional guillotine cutting problem that appear in different manufacturing settings that cut defective objects. Real-world applications include the production of flat glass in the glass industry and the cutting of wooden boards with knotholes in the furniture industry. These variants assume that there are several defects in the object, but the items cut should be defective-free; the cutting pattern is limited to two guillotine stages; and the maximum number of copies per item type in the pattern can be limited. The first variant deals with exact 2-stage patterns, while the second with exact 1-group patterns. To effectively solve these problems, we propose a Constraint Programming (CP) based algorithm as well as different Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulations. The first presented formulations are extensions of the modelling approach of [Martin, M., E. G. Birgin, R. D. Lobato, R. Morabito, and P. Munari. 2020. “Models for the Two-Dimensional Rectangular Single Large Placement Problem with Guillotine Cuts and Constrained Pattern.” International Transactions in Operational Research 27: 767–793. doi:10.1111/itor.12703] for the case with defects, while the others are novel and more elaborate formulations based on the relative position of the items. We evaluate these three approaches with computational experiments using a set of benchmark instances from the literature. The results show that the approaches find optimal and near-optimal solutions in short processing times for several types of problem instances.
Visible light communications for entertainment networking (2012)

Visible light communications is an attractive new approach for many entertainment networking scenarios. We discuss applications in theme park environments with high device densities, and introduce toy networking using LED communications with simple network protocols.
Blind identification of terrestrial microwave radio channels (2002)

In microwave radio links applications blind equalization is useful to limit communication outages caused by severe selective fading. Recently, a new approach was proposed that combines blind identification and equalization. The resulting algorithm converges globally, can resolve the nonminimum phase zeros of the channel transfer function, is robust with respect to timing recovery, and uses only second-order statistics. In this paper we assess, by combining analysis and simulation, the applicability of this new method to the equalization of digital radio links affected by selective fading. Our results show that this algorithm outperforms standard blind equalization in terms of convergence speed; however, its properties depend critically on certain assumptions stemming from our a priori knowledge of the channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Autocalibration of a projector-camera system (2005)

This paper presents a method for calibrating a projector-camera system that consists of multiple projectors (or multiple poses of a single projector), a camera, and a planar screen. We consider the problem of estimating the homography between the screen and the image plane of the camera or the screen-camera homography, in the case where there is no prior knowledge regarding the screen surface that enables the direct computation of the homography. It is assumed that the pose of each projector is unknown while its internal geometry is known. Subsequently, it is shown that the screen-camera homography can be determined from only the images projected by the projectors and then obtained by the camera, up to a transformation with four degrees of freedom. This transformation corresponds to arbitrariness in choosing a two-dimensional coordinate system on the screen surface and when this coordinate system is chosen in some manner, the screen-camera homography as well as the unknown poses of the projectors can be uniquely determined. A noniterative algorithm is presented, which computes the homography from three or more images. Several experimental results on synthetic as well as real images are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Modeling of radial microstrip bends (2002)

Equivalent curved waveguide and lumped circuit models are presented and used to compute the transmission characteristics of radial microstrip bend discontinuities. The calculated results are compared with both transmission and resonance measurements to validate the accuracy of the models. The conductor and radiation losses for the bend discontinuity are included in the model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects and Characteristics of Cushion Covering Membranes (1976)

The present paper reports a portion of a rather comprehensive study of the transmission of forces to the human body through pads of various types and specifications (Chow, 1974). The basic objective of such pads is, of course, to impart the necessary forces without causing damage to the human tissue. Problems commonly arise in the case of handicapped individuals who are unable to shift their bodies so as to alter the force distribution with sufficient frequency to prevent tissue damage in the form of decubitus ulcers. Although the force transmission problem was considered in a general and fundamental way, particular attention was given to the special case of transmitting body weight to a seat cushion.