gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perforated hollow-core optical waveguides for on-chip atomic spectroscopy and gas sensing (2016)

A hollow-core waveguide structure for on-chip atomic spectroscopy is presented. The devices are based on Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguides and may be used for a wide variety of applications which rely on the interaction of light with gases and vapors. The designs presented here feature short delivery paths of the atomic vapor into the hollow waveguide. They also have excellent environmental stability by incorporating buried solid-core waveguides to deliver light to the hollow cores. Completed chips were packaged with an Rb source and the F = 3 ≥ F' = 2, 3, 4 transitions of the D2 line in <sup>85</sup>Rb were monitored for optical absorption. Maximum absorption peak depths of 9% were measured.
Spreading dynamics in complex networks (2013)

Searching for influential spreaders in complex networks is an issue of great significance for applications across various domains, ranging from the epidemic control, innovation diffusion, viral marketing, social movement to idea propagation. In this paper, we first display some of the most important theoretical models that describe spreading processes, and then discuss the problem of locating both the individual and multiple influential spreaders respectively. Recent approaches in these two topics are presented. For the identification of privileged single spreaders, we summarize several widely used centralities, such as degree, betweenness centrality, PageRank, k-shell, etc. We investigate the empirical diffusion data in a large scale online social community -- LiveJournal. With this extensive dataset, we find that various measures can convey very distinct information of nodes. Of all the users in LiveJournal social network, only a small fraction of them involve in spreading. For the spreading processes in LiveJournal, while degree can locate nodes participating in information diffusion with higher probability, k-shell is more effective in finding nodes with large influence. Our results should provide useful information for designing efficient spreading strategies in reality.
Dynamic Changes in Prolactin Promoter Activation in Individual Living Lactotrophic Cells (1998)

The firefly luciferase gene has become widely used as a convenient reporter for studies of gene promoter regulation. Very recently, the development of ultralow-light imaging cameras has enabled the quantitative digital imaging of light signals resulting from luciferase activation in the presence of luciferin substrate. We have applied this technology to the study of PRL promoter activation in individual pituitary tumor cells to study the temporal and spatial characteristics of the expression of a well-characterized pituitary hormone gene. Rat pituitary GH3 cells were transfected by lipofection with a luciferase reporter gene linked to 5000 bp from the human PRL gene 5'-flanking region. A series of stably transfected cell clones were generated, and one of these was chosen for detailed study on the basis of appropriate regulation of high-level luciferase expression by a series of known stimuli including TRH, forskolin, the calcium channel agonist Bay K8644, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These cells were subjected to direct imaging of luciferase activity using a Hamamatsu photon-counting camera linked to a Zeiss Axiovert microscope with an Argus-50 image processor. Cells were exposed to 1 mM luciferin, and images were integrated over 30-min periods for up to 72 h. The total photon count over a given field settled to steady levels within 10 h and then remained constant for over 55 h. Addition of forskolin, TRH, or bFGF increased the total photon count of fields of 20-100 cells by 2- to 4-fold consistent with previous data from transient expression assays using the human PRL promoter. Individual cells, on the other hand, showed marked marked temporal and spatial heterogeneity and variability of luciferase expression when studied at 3-h intervals. Unstimulated cells showed variable luciferase expression with up to 40-fold excursions in photon counts per single cell area within 12-h periods. Stimulation of cells with either TRH, forskolin, or bFGF resulted in smooth increases in photon output over fields of 20-100 cells, but again individual cell responses differed widely, with some cells showing slow progressive rises in photon output, others showing phasic or transient responses, and yet others showing no response. In conclusion, we found a surprising degree of heterogeneity and temporal variability in the level of gene expression in individual living pituitary tumor cells over long periods of time, with markedly divergent responses to hormonal or intracellular stimulation. The use of stably transfected clonal cell lines with extended periods of reporter gene imaging offers a valuable insight into control of gene expression in living cells in real time.
The Mechanism of RNA Replication (1968)

The discovery of the RNA-containing coliphage f2 by Loeb and Zinder (1961) was rapidly followed by the isolation of related phages such as MS2 (Strauss and Sinsheimer, 1963), R17 (Paranchych and Graham, 1962) and others. The armamentarium of techniques accumulated during several decades of T-phage technology thus became available to those concerned with RNA viruses. Because some of the difficulties and disadvantages inherent in the use of plant and animal systems could not be easily obviated, a number of laboratories turned their attentions to the bacterial systems.
A New Approach in Solar Cell Module Interconnection Technique Resulting in 5-10% Higher PV Module Power Output (2006)

Nowadays solar panel cell interconnection technique still suffers from profound technological drawbacks: high cell breakage, bowing and worst of all its impact on module fill factor which is substantially decreased. If cell breakage appears during lamination the module is normally discarded. Despite the fact that existing stringing technology is used for decades major improvements have not been reliably established yet. In this paper we present a novel cell interconnection technique which is able to deal with all the drawbacks of nowadays module technology. Modules consisting out of 36 and 48 6 inch cells were produced to show the superior performance and feasibility compared to standard stringing technology. Outdoor performance of one module with cracked cells showed that homogenous cell wiring keeps module performance even if cells break. Measurements up to 2.9 suns were carried out which showed a very low module efficiency drop for Day4 modules compared to standard modules
Review on carbon-based composite materials for capacitive deionization (2015)

Carbon-based composite electrode materials, including carbon–carbon, carbon–metal oxide, carbon–polymer and carbon–polymer–metal oxide for efficient capacitive deionization are summarized.
Synthesis and properties of polycarbonate‐poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers by polycondensation of macromonomers (2001)

Abstract Polycarbonates (PCs) having poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) as graft chains were prepared by the polycondensation of PC oligomers bearing chloroformate groups as the end groups with dicarboxyl‐terminated PMMA macromonomers, which were prepared by the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of thiomalic acid as a chain transfer. The resulting PC‐PMMA graft copolymers were transparent in comparison with PC/PMMA blend polymers, and had higher Vickers hardness than blend polymers when both of them had the same PMMA content. According to the results of multiple regression analysis, the improvement of Vickers hardness was conducive to length (46%) and number (37%) of PMMA branches. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2670–2675, 2001
Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2015)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by abnormal hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and hepatocyte dysfunction. Importantly, it is also closely linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD predisposes susceptible individuals to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cardiovascular disease. Although the precise signals remain poorly understood, NAFLD pathogenesis likely involves actions of the different hepatic cell types and multiple extrahepatic signals. The complexity of this disease has been a major impediment to the development of appropriate metrics of its progression and effective therapies. Recent clinical data place increasing importance on identifying fibrosis, as it is a strong indicator of hepatic disease-related mortality. Preclinical modeling of the fibrotic process remains challenging, particularly in the contexts of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Future studies are needed to define the molecular pathways determining the natural progression of NAFLD, including key determinants of fibrosis and disease-related outcomes. This review covers the evolving concepts of NAFLD from both human and animal studies. We discuss recent clinical and diagnostic methods assessing NAFLD diagnosis, progression, and outcomes; compare the features of genetic and dietary animal models of NAFLD; and highlight pharmacological approaches for disease treatment.
Calculation of Inviscid Flows over an Oscillating 3-D Wing Using an Unstructured Implicit Parallel Solver (2000)

Three-dimensional computations are performed for steady and unsteady transonic flows over a F-5 wing using a parallel implicit solver. The numerical scheme is based on a cell-centered finite-volume method with implicit Gauss-Seidel time integration and Roe's flux-difference splitting. For parallel computation, local sub-domains are decomposed using MeTiS library Considering the balance of the number of cells. Parallel implementation is made using MPI library. Steady computation of a F-5 wing is performed to validate the capability of Parallel computation. A case of an oscillating F-5 wing is also compared with experimental data for the validation of time accurate computations.
[Experiment study on the estrogen-like effect of compounds of mercury, chromium and manganese]. (2005)

Mercury Chloride exhibited the estrogenicity through binding and activating ER; Chromium Chloride, Chromium trioxide and Manganese Sulfate did not show any estrogenicity.
Local Structural Investigations, Defect Formation, and Ionic Conductivity of the Lithium Ionic Conductor Li<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub> (2016)

Glassy, glass–ceramic, and crystalline lithium thiophosphates have attracted interest in their use as solid electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries. Despite similar structural motifs, including PS43–, P2S64–, and P2S74– polyhedra, these materials exhibit a wide range of possible compositions, crystal structures, and ionic conductivities. Here, we present a combined approach of Bragg diffraction, pair distribution function analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the underlying crystal structure of Li4P2S6. In this work, we show that the material crystallizes in a planar structural arrangement as a glass ceramic composite, explaining the observed relatively low ionic conductivity, depending on the fraction of glass content. Calculations based on density functional theory provide an understanding of occurring diffusion pathways and ionic conductivity of this Li+ ionic conductor.
Chemistry of Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Adulteration, Oxidative Stability, and Antioxidants (2010)

Much analytical work has been published on the chemistry of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as a basis for the detection and quantitative analyses of the type and amount of adulteration with cheaper vegetable oils and deodorized olive oils. The analysis and authentication of EVOO represent very challenging analytical chemical problems. A significant amount of literature on EVOO adulteration has depended on sophisticated statistical approaches that require analyses of large numbers of samples. More effort is needed to exploit reliable chemical and instrumental methods that may not require so much statistical interpretation. Large assortments of methods have been used to determine lipid oxidation and oxidative stability and to evaluate the activity of the complex mixtures of phenolic antioxidants found in EVOO. More reliable chemical methods are required in this field to obviate excessive dependence on rapid antiradical methods that provide no information on the protective properties of antioxidants. The extensive literature on olive oil sensory tests, using many descriptors varying in different countries, should be supplemented by more precise gas chromatographic analyses of volatile compounds influencing the odor and flavors of EVOO.
NEW GEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS, CASTERTON AREA, OTWAY BASIN, VICTORIA (1965)

The Casterton area of the north-west margin of the Otway Basin contains thick Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments along a shoreline composed of Cambro-Ordovician metamorphics and associated intrusives. Subsurface and structural information has been gained from two deep wells and a structure drilling programme, and from reflection and refraction seismic work. A large structure has been outlined which is at present being drilled by a third deep well, Casterton No. 1. The Mesozoic sediments are represented by an Upper Cretaceous unnamed sand unit overlying the Paaratte Formation and by the Lower Cretaceous Merino Group. The Merino sediments have been divided into seven lithological units in the Heathfield No. 1 well, the upper four of which can be correlated with intervals in the Tullich No. 1 well. Below Unit 4 is an unconformity apparent from dipmeter surveys. The Merino Group consists of mudstones, siltstones, sandstones and shales. The coarser sediments vary from lithic sandstone, through lithic greywacke to calcareous sandstone, and also include some replacement limestone. They contain considerable volcanic detritus, as well as lithic grains derived from adjacent basement areas. Plant fragments and carbonaceous materials are common. The sediments were deposited in a near-shore, shallow-water, marginal marine environment. Structurally the area has been influenced mainly by vertical tectonics. Structure drilling and refraction seismic show that this faulting is not responsible for the Kanawinka escarpment in the Casterton area. Large basement faults with a throw of up to 6,000 feet exist to the north-east of the Kanawinka escarpment.
Effects of various lipids on the acrosome reaction and fertilizing capacity of guinea pig spermatozoa with special reference to the possible involvement of lysophospholipids in the acrosome reaction (1981)

Abstract The effects of lipids on the survival, acrosome reaction, and fertilizing capacity of guinea pig spermatozoa were studied by incubating the spermatozoa in media containing various concentrations of the lipids. Lipids tested were: phosphatidyl‐choline (PC), ‐ethanolamine (PE), ‐inositol (PI), ‐serine (PS), sphingomyelin (S), cholesterol (C), lysophosphatidyl‐choline (LC), ‐ethanolamine (LE), ‐inositol (LI), ‐serine (LS), and glyceryl monooleate (M). When spermatozoa were incubated in a regular medium (containing 2 mM Ca 2+ ) with M, the majority underwent the acrosome reaction within 1 hour. None of the other lipids were as effective as M, and some were totally ineffective under the same conditions. However, when spermatozoa were preincubated in Ca 2+ ‐free medium containing LC, LE, or LI, they gained the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction. One hour of preincubation in Ca 2+ ‐free medium with LC, LE, or LI was enough to render the vast majority of spermatozoa capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction in response to Ca 2+ . The optimum concentrations for LC, LE, and LI were approximately 85 μg/ml, 210 μg/ml, and 140 μg/ml, respectively. Spermatozoa that had undergone the acrosome reaction by pretreatment with LC, LE, or LI remained actively motile and were capable of fertilizing eggs. LS was totally ineffective in rendering the spermatozoa capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction, and in fact it inhibited the acrosome reaction by itself and also inhibited the LC‐, LE‐, or LI‐mediated acrosome reaction. LS did not prevent acrosome‐reacted spermatozoa from penetrating the zona pellucida, but did prevent sperm‐egg fusion. Based on these findings, it is suggested that lysophospholipids are intricately involved in the sperm acrosome reaction and perhaps in sperm‐egg fusion.
DETERMINATION OF THE SITE OF ORAL RABIES VACCINATION (1975)

Foxes developed serum neutralizing antibodies to rabies only after oral administration of an attenuated rabies vaccine, and not when a similar vaccine dose was introduced into the stomach. These results emphasize the need for a bait that assures delivery of a vaccine dose orally.
Chagas’ Disease (2015)

The infection of millions of people with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is a public health concern. Treatments for Chagas' disease remain marginally effective. Cardiac and gastrointestinal complications dominate the clinical picture.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy (2015)

Article Tools UNDERSTANDING THE PATHWAY Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.60.3449 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print April 20, 2015 PMID: 25897155 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy Kevin J. CurranxKevin J. CurranSearch for articles by this author , Renier J. BrentjensxRenier J. BrentjensSearch for articles by this author Show More Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.3449 First Page Full Text PDF Figures and Tables © 2015 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Impact of Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension on Quality of Life (1991)

In an experimental study, 150 general practitioners studied 468 apparently healthy subjects whose blood pressure (BP) level was unknown or had not been measured for 1 year. The study lasted for 10 weeks. If BP was greater than 95 mm Hg on the first two visits, subjects were randomized into two experimental groups for 8 weeks, with cross-over from betaxolol to placebo and vice versa after 4 weeks. Quality of life was measured at visits 1, 3 (2 weeks), 5 (6 weeks), and 7 (10 weeks) in five ways: well-being, physical state, sexual functioning, sleep, and cognitive acuity. BP level appeared to be effectively controlled by betaxolol as compared with placebo. The results show that no effects on quality of life could be detected by labeling subjects as hypertensives. Equally, almost no effects of active treatment could be established. Learning effects on the two cognitive acuity measurements used were attenuated by betaxolol, however. Apparently, in a carefully controlled study, the effects of increased medical attention and care outweight the potentially negative effects of labeling and treatment.
Reactive oxygen species induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cell (1997)

Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) plays an important role in the genesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis. In order to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species in the induction of VSMC apoptosis, rat VSMCs were treated with glucose oxidase/glucose (GO/G) or diethylmaleate (DEM). The results showed that GO/G and DEM led to VSMC death. Administration of catalase, superoxide dismutase and deferoxamine revealed that H2O2 was the major reactive oxygen species causing cell death, and H2O2O exerted its effect by formation of hydroxyl radical (.OH). GO/G- and DEM-induced VSMC death occurred by apoptosis characterized by "DNA ladders", condensation of nuclei, positive to in situ nick-end labeling and increases in histone-associated DNA fragmentation. This study suggests that H2O2 and its derived form .OH might be related to apoptosis of VSMC in atherosclerosis and restenosis.
The advent of trusted computer operating systems (1980)

The need to trust a computer system processing sensitive information has existed since the earliest uses of computers. As the effectiveness of computer systems has improved, the desire to utilize them in increasingly more important and consequently more sensitive information processing applications has grown rapidly. Sensitive information must be protected from unauthorized access or modification. But without trusted internal access control mechanisms, the computer has to be treated as a device operating at a single sensitivity level.
Accurate coronary modeling procedure using 2D calibrated projections based on 2D centerline points on a single projection (2004)

For the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, accurate quantitative analysis of the coronary arteries is important. In coronary angiography, a number of projections is acquired from which 3D models of the coronaries can be reconstructed. A signifcant limitation of the current 3D modeling procedures is the required user interaction for defining the centerlines of the vessel structures in the 2D projections. Currently, the 3D centerlines of the coronary tree structure are calculated based on the interactively determined centerlines in two projections. For every interactively selected centerline point in a first projection the corresponding point in a second projection has to be determined interactively by the user. The correspondence is obtained based on the epipolar-geometry. In this paper a method is proposed to retrieve all the information required for the modeling procedure, by the interactive determination of the 2D centerline-points in only one projection. For every determined 2D centerline-point the corresponding 3D centerline-point is calculated by the analysis of the 1D gray value functions of the corresponding epipolarlines in space for all available 2D projections. This information is then used to build a 3D representation of the coronary arteries using coronary modeling techniques. The approach is illustrated on the analysis of calibrated phantom and calibrated coronary projection data.
Low magnetostrictive amorphous Fe-Nb-Si-B alloys (1984)

Magnetostriction and magnetic core loss at high frequency up to 50 kHz were investigated together with saturation magnetization, Curie temperature, and crystallization temperature for amorphous (Fe1−xNbx)83Si5B12 alloys. Magnetostriction decreases with Nb content, and becomes 1×10−6 for x=0.115. Magnetostriction was shown not to be proportional to the square of saturation magnetization unlike many Fe-based amorphous alloys. Iron loss at high frequency was measured on the core before and after resin molding. Iron loss increase due to resin molding was reduced as magnetostriction decreases. The incremental rate of the loss due to resin molding was increased as frequency decreases.
Electric-field-induced changes in the two-photon absorption spectrum of multiple-quantum-well structures (1990)

We have measured two-photon absorption spectra of quantum-well structures in static electric fields for photon energies close to half the band-gap energy, and found drastic static-field-induced changes in the spectra. Our experimental results agree with a theory based on an infinite-level model, the validity of which was previously established at zero bias, except that a field-induced growth of the two-photon absorption peak at half the lowest light-hole excitation energy is more drastic than the theoretical prediction. At high bias fields the peak height approaches a large value predicted by another simplified theory based on a two-level model.