gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Characterization of Wavefront Distortion for Analysis of Ultrasound Diffraction Measurements Made Through an Inhomogeneous Medium (1985)

Abstmct-A three-dimensional model of scattering which describes the scattered wave amplitude in terms of a Fourier transform of wave speed variations within a scattering volume has been extended to characterize a form of wavefront distortion by an inhomogeneous intervening medium. The analysis assumes that the phase of the wavefront is perturbed by the medium prior to illuminating the scattering region and also by the medium during propagation from the scattering region to the point of observation. Then the Fourier transform expression for the scattered wave amplitude contains a phase factor, i.e. distortion function, that weights the medium speed variations. The analysis also modifies the Fourier transform relation that exists between the mean square value of the scattered wave amplitude and the correlation function of the medium speed variations. The result includes a weighting of the correlation function of the medium variations by the correlation function of phase transmission to and from the scattering region. Diffraction patterns of a regular array of dots with a Gaussian amplitude weighting are calculated for sinusoidal and for Gaussian phase distortion limited to the incident wave. This limitation permits the distortion to be transferred to the diffracting object and allows a Fourier transform implementation of the diffraction calculation. The calculated results agree with theoretical predictions and demonstrate the effects of two classes of wavefront distortion functions on the observation of diffraction for an improved understanding of scattering measurements when an inhomogeneous medium surrounds the scattering region.
Suppression of roll-off characteristics of organic light-emitting diodes by narrowing current injection/transport area to 50 nm (2015)

Using e-beam nanolithography, the current injection/transport area in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was confined into a narrow linear structure with a minimum width of 50 nm. This caused suppression of Joule heating and partial separation of polarons and excitons, so the charge density where the electroluminescent efficiency decays to the half of the initial value (J0) was significantly improved. A device with a narrow current injection width of 50 nm exhibited a J0 that was almost two orders of magnitude higher compared with that of the unpatterned OLED.
An attachment for high-temperature single-crystal X-ray work (1956)

This attachment to an X-ray goniometer permits single-crystal or powder photographs to be taken using copper radiation at up to 900° C. A cylindrical heating element of nickel foil is used, and serves also as a β-filter.
Liquid Coordination Complexes Formed by the Heterolytic Cleavage of Metal Halides (2013)

Confused complexes: Reaction of a range of donor molecules with AlCl3 or GaCl3, gives mobile liquids with very high metal contents. They contain statistically distributed mixtures of anionic, cationic, and neutral complexes in equilibrium. These liquid coordination complexes (LCCs), have high conductivity, tunable Lewis acidity, and low vapor pressure. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
DNA Sequence Variants in PPARGC1A, a Gene Encoding a Coactivator of the ω-3 LCPUFA Sensing PPAR-RXR Transcription Complex, Are Associated with NV AMD and AMD-Associated Loci in Genes of Complement and VEGF Signaling Pathways (2013)

Ligands and co-activators of the ω-3 LCPUFA sensing PPAR-RXR axis may influence retinal angiogenesis in NV AMD via the complement and VEGF signaling systems. We have linked the co-activator of a lipid-sensing transcription factor (PPARG co-activator 1 alpha, PPARGC1A) to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and AMD-associated genes.
Object oriented assessment of damage due to natural disaster using very high resolution images (2007)

A building damage assessment method applied to the case of the earthquake of Bam is proposed in this paper. It uses two very high resolution images and focuses on the footprints of the buildings. The need of an accurate registration of the buildings is demonstrated; a registration method that improved the damage assessment is proposed. It allows a classification performance of the buildings among four damage grades up to 78%. The impact of a lower accuracy of the buildings roofs segmentation is evaluated; we show that it mainly leads to a decrease of the capacity to identify the partial damage on buildings.
Flexible independent component analysis (2002)

We present a flexible independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm which can separate mixtures of sub- and super-Gaussian source signals with self-adaptive nonlinearities. A flexible ICA algorithm, in the framework of natural Riemannian gradient, is derived using the parametrized generalized Gaussian density model. The nonlinear function in the flexible ICA algorithm is self-adaptive and is controlled by Gaussian exponent. Computer simulation results confirm the validity and high performance of the proposed algorithm.
Conformational specificity in allosteric signaling: high‐throughput measurement of modular secondary structural changes within human Eg5 kinesin (2009)

The motor domain of human Eg5 kinesin (HsEg5) displays an allosteric pocket at the extracellular surface; binding of monastrol or S‐trityl‐L‐cysteine (STC) to this allosteric site, created by the L5 loop, and subsequent distal conformational changes impairs ATP hydrolysis and cellular function. We examined the roles of E116 and E118 in the L5 loop in allosteric signaling. First, there is a positional correlation on the outcome of amino acid substitutions, irrespective of its nature. Single‐site substitution of E118 increased basal ATP hydrolysis rates of Eg5, whereas substitution of E116 resulted in lower ATPase rates. Thus, sequence variation at residues 116 and 118 of kinesin L5 loop can drive upregulation and downregulation of ATP hydrolysis , respectively. From high‐throughput measurements of the secondary structure composition of proteins in solution, vibrational signatures from upregulated proteins were distinct from the net changes measured from downregulated proteins. Moreover, spectral changes found for E116 variants were similar to those of wildtype Eg5 with monastrol or STC. Therefore, allosteric inhibition by amino acid substitution or by small molecules both result in convergent steady‐state changes to the secondary structure of the Eg5 motor domain in solution, and these rapid methods will provide insight into how long‐range structural changes impact motor function.
Chromogranin A in children with neuroblastoma. Serum concentration parallels disease stage and predicts survival. (1990)

Chromogranin A is an acidic protein costored and coreleased with catecholamines from storage vesicles. Its serum concentration is elevated in patients with peptide-producing endocrine neoplasia. We measured serum chromogranin A at the time of diagnosis in 34 children with all stages of neuroblastoma. With a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 100%, serum chromogranin A emerged as a useful diagnostic tool for neuroblastoma, comparable to or better than other measurements such as neuron-specific enolase, ferritin, or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Mean serum chromogranin A correlated with disease stage (r = 0.76, P less than 0.01). The relationship of prognosis (progression-free survival) to baseline serum chromogranin A, age, and disease stage was determined in 34 patients at risk for relapse, with a median followup period of 18 mo (range, 1-48 mo). The survival rate for patients with lower serum chromogranin A levels (less than 190 ng/ml at the time of diagnosis) was 69%, whereas it was 30% for those with higher chromogranin A levels (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, when subjects were additionally stratified by either age or stage, chromogranin A was an effective prognostic tool in patients who either were older than 1 yr (P less than 0.005) or had more advanced disease (stage III or IV; P less than 0.05). We conclude that serum chromogranin A in neuroblastoma is (a) a valuable (sensitive and specific) diagnostic tool, (b) a correlate of tumor burden, and (c) a useful predictor of survival.
Evaluation of mattresses using interface pressure mapping (2003)

Objective: To compare the ranking of mattresses using several different performance indices, calculated from interface pressure-mapping data. Method: Five mattresses were compared using interface pressure-mapping on 10 healthy volunteers. Mattresses were ranked in order, on the basis of several different specified performance indices. Results: Different performance indices ranked the mattresses in different orders. Conclusion: Elaborate performance indices should be used with care, since it is possible to construct a ‘tailor-made’ performance index to make any chosen mattress rank as the best. Care should be taken to ensure that a performance index is validated, preferably by some demonstrated link to clinical outcomes. Declaration of interest: This work was paid for by a grant from Huntleigh Technology Plc.
Horror fiction (2015)

The Victorian age was a period of extraordinary fertility for writers of horror fiction, a genre with roots in the Gothic tradition of the eighteenth century. Important developments in the literature of fear during the nineteenth century include the rise of the “penny dreadfuls,” as well as the emergence of the ghost story as a modern form. The fin de siècle years were particularly significant for the development of the modern horror story, with influential works appearing by authors such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, Arthur Machen, and H. G. Wells.
Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on small intestinal blood flow distribution (1975)

The relative blood flow distribution within the small intestine of anesthetized cats was investigated during resting conditions and when superior mesenteric blood flow was increased 15--85% by the intravenous infusion of secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), or isoproterenol. Radioactive microspheres of 15 mum diameter were injected into the superior mesenteric artery and shortly thereafter intestinal segments were removed and dissected into mucosal, submucosal, and muscularis fractions. Tissue weights and the radioactivity of each were determined. During secretin-induced mesenteric vasodilatation there was a significant redistribution of blood away from the jejunal mucosa to the submucosa. During CCK and isoproterenol infusions there were significant increases in mucosal and decreases in submucosal blood flow. No significant changes were observed in muscularis flow. There was no apparent relationship between the percent increase in SMBF and the relative blood flow distribution changes observed. The results indicate that while secretin, CCK, and isoproterenol increase superior mesenteric blood flow, they also affect blood flow distribution within the mucosa and submucosa.
A novel dual GLP-1 and GIP incretin receptor agonist is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease by reducing chronic inflammation in the brain (2016)

The incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are growth factors. GLP-1 mimetics are on the market as treatments for type 2 diabetes. Both GLP-1 and GIP mimetics have shown neuroprotective properties in previous studies. In addition, the GLP-1 mimetic exendin-4 has shown protective effects in a clinical trial in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Novel GLP-1/GIP dual-agonist peptides have been developed to treat diabetes. Here, we report the neuroprotective effects of a novel dual agonist (DA-JC1) in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. MPTP was injected once daily (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for 7 days and the dual agonist was coinjected once daily (50 nmol/kg intraperitoneally). We found that the drug reduced most of the MPTP-induced motor impairments in the rotarod, open-field locomotion, and muscle strength test. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum was reduced by MPTP and increased by DA-JC1. Synapse numbers (synaptophysin expression) were reduced in the substantia nigra and the striatum by MPTP and DA-JC1 reversed this effect. The activation of a chronic inflammation response by MPTP was considerably reduced by the dual agonist (DA) (astroglia and microglia activation). Therefore, dual agonists show promise as a novel treatment of PD.
Applications of low‐light imaging to life sciences (1994)

Photon imaging is a new technique for the quantitative analysis of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence and can be performed both at the macro and micro levels. The high sensitivity and spatial resolution of photon-counting cameras have resulted in the development of new applications in the life sciences. At the macro level, imaging is a valuable tool for the rapid identification of biological samples emitting long-lasting glows in assays using microtitre plates or filter formats (immunoassays, DNA probes, phagocytosis, gene expression, metabolite and drug analysis) and also for in vivo studies of promoter activity. At the micro level, low-light imaging can be used for analysing multiple analytes on micro sensors) and for advanced cell analysis (immunocytology, in situ hybridization, identification of cells or tissues expressing the luciferase gene, intracellular or intercellular protein traffic, metabolite analysis and imaging of Ca2+ flux and phosphorylation reactions). Two-dimensional photon-counting instrumentation is a versatile and powerful research tool for imaging and is complementary to conventional luminometers. The main applications to the life sciences involve many types of luminescence assays and can be performed on multiple samples in standard and non-standard formats. Photon-counting coupled to imaging is very helpful in selecting microorganisms or cells expressing bioluminescent genes. Measurements can be made in vitro and in vivo with a sensitivity comparable to that of phototube luminometers.
Creatine-dextrose and protein-dextrose induce similar strength gains during training (2001)

We concluded that postexercise supplementation with PRO-CHO resulted in similar increases in strength after a resistance exercise training program as compared with CR-CHO. However, the greater gains in total mass for the CR-CHO group may have implications for sport-specific performance.
Protective Effect of Crocin against Blue Light– and White Light–Mediated Photoreceptor Cell Death in Bovine and Primate Retinal Primary Cell Culture (2006)

These results show that blue and white light selectively induce rod and cone cell death in an in vitro model. Crocin protects retinal photoreceptors against light-induced cell death.
Quantitative structure-activity relationships of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (2003)

A review is presented of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) of different categories of carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, which are basically benzenesulfonamides, heterocyclic sulfonamides and aliphatic sulfonamides. The review shows that in all categories, the inhibition potency depends largely on the electronic properties of the sulfonamide group, which can be affected by the electronic characteristics of the substituents present on the nucleus (benzene or heterocyclic ring) of the sulfonamide molecules. Substituents themselves can be involved, along with the nucleus, in some dispersion interaction with the enzyme. Based on this review, a schematic model is presented to represent the interaction of sulfonamides with the CA.
Approximate similarity search in metric spaces (2002)

There is an urgent need to improve the efficiency of similarity queries. For this reason, this thesis investigates approximate similarity search in the environment of metric spaces. Four different approximation techniques are proposed, each of which obtain high performance at the price of tolerable imprecision in the results. Measures are defined to quantify the improvement of performance obtained and the quality of approximations. The proposed techniques were tested on various synthetic and real-lifefiles. The results of the experiments confirm the hypothesis that high quality approximate similarity search can be performed at a much lower cost than exact similarity search. The approaches that we propose provide an improvement of efficiency of up to two orders of magnitude, guaranteeing a good quality of the approximation.The most promising of the proposed techniques exploits the measurement of the proximity of ball regions in metric spaces. The proximity of two ball regions is defined as the probability that data objects are contained in their intersection. This probability can be easily obtained in vector spaces but is very difficult to measure in generic metric spaces, where only distance distribution is available and data distribution cannot be used. Alternative techniques, which can be used to estimate such probability inmetric spaces, are thus also proposed, discussed, and validated in the thesis.
Intrinsic air stability mechanisms of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide surfaces: basal versus edge oxidation (2017)

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are being considered as a promising alternative channel material in ultra-thin and low power nanoelectronics, due to the significant tunability of their electronic properties via mechanisms such as mechanical strain, control of the material thickness, application of an external field, impurities, doping, alloying, or altering the substrate nature. Initially, monolayer TMDs as counterparts to graphene captured the attention of the scientific community owing to their semiconductor nature with sizable band gaps. However, certain physical and chemical properties of TMDs, such as their oxygen reactivity and stability in air need to be more completely understood in order to crystallize the promising superior performance of TMD-based electronic devices. Here, a comparative analysis of the stability of various TMDs (MX2: , W; , Se) in air is performed using density-functional theory (DFT) as well as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We find that the surface chemistry of the basal plane of sulfides and selenides is relatively stable in air although for completely different reasons, which can be explained by investigating oxygen dissociative adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. On the contrary, the edge of MX2 nanoribbons shows strong driving forces towards O2 dissociation and chemisorption. Our combined theoretical and experimental investigation reveals that the air stability of TMDs should not be placed in the same footing that other 2D materials, like graphene. Thus, this work highlights the importance of having controlled oxygen environment during crystal exfoliation/growth and defect passivation in order to provide high quality uniform materials for TMD-based device fabrication.
NEAT1 Long Noncoding RNA and Paraspeckle Bodies Modulate HIV-1 Posttranscriptional Expression (2013)

Most of the human genome is transcribed into protein-noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including small ncRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs). Over the past decade, rapidly emerging evidence has increasingly supported the view that lncRNAs serve key regulatory and functional roles in mammal cells. HIV-1 replication relies on various cell functions. To date, while the involvement of host protein factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the HIV-1 life cycle has been extensively studied, the relationship between lncRNAs and HIV-1 remains uncharacterized. Here, we have profiled 83 disease-related lncRNAs in HIV-1-infected T cells. We found NEAT1 to be one of several lncRNAs whose expression is changed by HIV-1 infection, and we have characterized its role in HIV-1 replication. We In the abstract, added definition of INS OK, or should "cis-acting" be added?report here that the knockdown of NEAT1 enhances virus production through increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm export of Rev-dependent instability element (INS)-containing HIV-1 mRNAs. IMPORTANCE Long protein-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play roles in regulating gene expression and modulating protein activities. There is emerging evidence that lncRNAs are involved in the replication of viruses. To our knowledge, this report is the first to characterize a role contributed by an lncRNA, NEAT1, to HIV-1 replication. NEAT1 is essential for the integrity of the nuclear paraspeckle substructure. Based on our findings from NEAT1 knockdown, we have identified the nuclear paraspeckle body as another important subcellular organelle for HIV-1 replication.
Reaction of N-Aminopyridinium Derivatives. V. Syntheses of 1-(N-Methylacetamido) alkylpyridinium Salts and Their Reaction with Cyanide Ion. (1966)

1-(N-Methylacetamido) alkylpyridinium salt was also quite reactive to cyanide ion at its 4-position as showed in the reaction of N-methylacetamidopyridinium salt. In this paper, was reported syntheses of various N-amino derivatives of alkylpyridines and the results of the reaction of them with cyanide ion. By utilizing this reaction, it would be possible to obtain various 4-cyanoalkylpyridines without by-producing 2- or 6-cyanoalkylpyridines.
Targeting Nrf2 to Suppress Ferroptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration (2018)

Ferroptosis is a newly described form of regulated cell death, distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis and other forms of cell death. Ferroptosis is induced by disruption of glutathione synthesis or inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4, exacerbated by iron, and prevented by radical scavengers such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, and endogenous vitamin E. Ferroptosis terminates with mitochondrial dysfunction and toxic lipid peroxidation. Although conclusive identification of ferroptosis <i>in vivo</i> is challenging, several salient and very well established features of neurodegenerative diseases are consistent with ferroptosis, including lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial disruption and iron dysregulation. Accordingly, interest in the role of ferroptosis in neurodegeneration is escalating and specific evidence is rapidly emerging. One aspect that has thus far received little attention is the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This transcription factor regulates hundreds of genes, of which many are either directly or indirectly involved in modulating ferroptosis, including metabolism of glutathione, iron and lipids, and mitochondrial function. This potentially positions Nrf2 as a key deterministic component modulating the onset and outcomes of ferroptotic stress. The minimal direct evidence currently available is consistent with this and indicates that Nrf2 may be critical for protection against ferroptosis. In contrast, abundant evidence demonstrates that enhancing Nrf2 signaling is potently neuroprotective in models of neurodegeneration, although the exact mechanism by which this is achieved is unclear. Further studies are required to determine to extent to which the neuroprotective effects of Nrf2 activation involve the prevention of ferroptosis.
Prologue: The Epochs of 3-D (2012)

The introductory Prologue defines four separate eras for the evolution of stereoscopic cinema. A prior volume examined the Novelty Period for 3D films. The present volume considers the three subsequent epochs of stereo cinema with 1) the Era of Convergence, 2) the Age of Immersion and 3) Digital 3D cinema.