gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonmuscle myosin II isoform and domain specificity during early mouse development (2010)

Nonmuscle myosins (NMs) II-A and II-B are essential for embryonic mouse development, but their specific roles are not completely defined. Here we examine the isoforms and their domain specifically in vivo and in vitro by studying mice and cells in which nonmuscle myosin heavy chain (NMHC) II-A is genetically replaced by NMHC II-B or chimeric NMHC IIs that exchange the rod and head domains of NM II-A and II-B. In contrast with the failure of visceral endoderm formation resulting in embryonic day (E)6.5 lethality of A(-)/A(-) mice, replacement with NM II-B or chimeric NM IIs restores a normal visceral endoderm. This finding is consistent with NM II's role in cell adhesion and also confirms an essential, isoform-independent requirement for NM II in visceral endoderm function. The knock-in mice die between E9.5 and 12.5 because of defects in placenta formation associated with abnormal angiogenesis and cell migration, revealing a unique function for NM II-A in placenta development. In vitro results further support a requirement for NM II-A in directed cell migration and focal adhesion formation. These findings demonstrate an isoform-specific role for NM II-A during these processes, making replacement by another isoform, or chimeric NM II isoforms, less successful. The failure of these substitutions is not only related to the different kinetic properties of NM II-A and II-B, but also to their subcellular localization determined by the C-terminal domain. These results highlight the functions of the N-terminal motor and C-terminal rod domains of NM II and their different roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
Artificial Site Shielding for Communications Satellite Earth Stations (1970)

A method of reducing the possibilities of interference between earth stations and microwave radio-relay stations by the use of pit shielding has been investigated. A pit was constructed containing a 32-foot diameter antenna. Measurements are reported which indicate a shielding advantage of at least 25 dB. A siting example under actual conditions is given.
A new molecular breast cancer subclass defined from a large scale real-time quantitative RT-PCR study (2007)

The analysis of the expression of 47 genes in 199 primary breast tumours allowed classifying them into a series of molecular subgroups. The subgroup 7, which has been highlighted by our study, was remarkable as it gathered tumours with specific bioclinical features including a low rate of recurrence. Although this finding should be confirmed by using a larger tumour cohort, it suggests that gene expression profiling using a minimal set of genes may allow the discovery of new subclasses of breast cancer that are characterized by specific molecular signatures and exhibit specific bioclinical features.
The ecology of commerce: a declaration of sustainability (1994)

Based on his Paul Hawken's article Ecology of Commerce which appeared in the April 1992 issue of Inc. magazine, this book presents the argument that business is the only mechanism powerful enough to reverse global environmental and social degradation. Hawken's argument rests on the principles of restorative economics - the reconstruction and repair of social and environmental wounds. Restorative economics involves three major components: redesigning and manufacturing products in innovative ways; transforming and re-educating the consumer; and restoring the relationship between business and government. Hawken explores why, until now, business has been unable to sustain the environment, and offers clean and practical methods to solve the dilemma. The book is a practical blueprint that lays a foundation for a prosperous, sustainable future, and the only environmental programme that enhances both business and nature. Paul Hawken is the author of Growing a Business, Next Economy and Seven Tomorrows: Toward a Voluntary History.
Phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4‐bromo‐2,6‐dimethylphenol in the presence of either 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol or 4‐<i>tert</i>‐butyl‐2,6‐dimethylphenol (1991)

Abstract The synthesis of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) with one 2,6‐dimethylphenol chain end (PPO–OH) and with well‐defined molecular weight by phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4‐bromo‐2,6‐dimethylphenol ( 20 ) in the presence of either 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol ( 1 ) or 4‐ t ‐butyl‐2,6‐dimethylphenol ( 1 ′) as chain initiators is described. The range of controllable molecular weights and the mechanism of molecular weight control are discussed based on the differences between the reactivities of 20 , 1 , and 1 ′ and of the corresponding reactive species. The PPO–OH synthesized from 20 / 1 ′ has structural units derived from 1 ′ attached only at the chain end. PPO–OH synthesized from 20 / 1 contains structural units derived from 1 both internally and at the chain ends. Structural units derived from side reactions were identified by 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy. A reaction mechanism is proposed to account for their formation.
Review mining for music digital libraries (2006)

We continue our work on the automatic mining of user-created music reviews towards the goal of connecting user opinions to music objects in Music Digital Libraries (MDL). We demonstrate an experimental system which automatically discovered the key descriptive patterns that differentiated positive from negative reviews which helps us to better understand our successful Phase I results. Comparison to an earlier study indicates an important consistency across projects that warrants further investigation.
Integrated Flood Risk Management in England and Wales (2003)

The flooding system includes the physical process of flooding, the inhabitants of floodplains, their infrastructures and ecosystems, and the people and organizations in the public and private sector that influence or are subject to flooding and its impacts. Flooding systems are continuously changing because of natural and socioeconomic processes, as well as activities that are intended to reduce flood risk. Flood risk management is the process of data and information gathering, risk assessment, appraisal of options, and making, implementing, and reviewing decisions to reduce, control, accept, or redistribute risks of flooding. Integrated flood risk management explicitly recognizes the interrelationships between all risk management measures, and their analysis, costs, and effectiveness, within changing social, economic, and environmental contexts. It can be helped by improving access to data and models, sharing and communicating risk analyses, involving a wider range of stakeholders, and coordinating risk management actions. Flood risk management in England and Wales is rapidly changing. This paper explains these changes in terms of their contribution to integrated flood risk management and describes further developments that are required to enable the difficult task of integrated flood risk management to be realized in practice.
Behavior of Copper Removal by CMP and Its Correlation to Deposit Structure and Impurity Content (2007)

Knowledge of the removal behaviors of various electroplated copper films during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is important for thickness control and defect generation. In this paper, we investigate the effect of current density and impurities incorporated in blanket and pattern wafer by potentiodynamic polarization method, X-ray diffraction, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Defect count was decided by the optical scan method and scanning electron microscopy reviewing. Removal rate and corroded pits were found to decrease with increasing (111)/(200) ratio because (111), the close-packed plane of the face-centered cubic structure, has strong chemical resistance during polishing. Furthermore, incorporated impure atoms, such as carbon, chloride, and sulfur, tend to weaken grain boundaries to generate more corroded pits but do not affect removal rate. Besides, geometric constraint induces concentrated impurities to restrict copper grain growth and induce fast oxide growth rate, resulting in high dishing performance. © 2007 The Electrochemical Society.
Low-shot visual object recognition. (2016)

Low-shot visual learning - the ability to recognize novel object categories from very few examples - is a hallmark of human visual intelligence. Existing machine learning approaches fail to generalize in the same way. To make progress on this foundational problem, we present a novel protocol to evaluate low-shot learning on complex images where the learner is permitted to first build a feature representation. Then, we propose and evaluate representation regularization techniques that improve the effectiveness of convolutional networks at the task of low-shot learning, leading to a 2x reduction in the amount of training data required at equal accuracy rates on the challenging ImageNet dataset.
Amination of Arenes with Electron-Deficient Azodicarboxylates (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmination of Arenes with Electron-Deficient AzodicarboxylatesHelen Mitchell and Yves LeblancCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3, 682–687Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00082a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00082a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1517Altmetric-Citations73LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Medical Applications of Calciumphosphate Bioceramics (1991)

We discuss various methods to produce bulk apatites, plasmasprayed coatings of apatite and other calciumphosphates onto metallic substrates, and composites of calciumphosphate powders with polylactic acid. In animal studies it has been shown that the interfaces of these bioceramics with bone is characterized by a bioactive behaviour, meaning that bone bonds to surfaces of implants covered with calciumphosphate. Clinically, it has been found that bulk ceramics are suitable for small, unloaded implants to replace or augment bone, while plasmaspraying of metallic implants results in both bioactive behaviour of the surface and sufficient mechanical strength of the bulk of the implant. Composites of calciumphosphate ceramics and polylactic acid are promising and need further investigations. Currently, Hydroxylapatite (HA) coatings as developed by our laboratories are used in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved hip joints.
Physiological activity of newly differentiated olfactory receptor neurons correlated with morphological recovery from olfactory nerve section in the salamander (1981)

1. Extracellular unitary recordings were made from the olfactory epithelium of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, at numerous time points following olfactory nerve section. Unitary response properties were correlated with histological examination of the same tissues. 2. At 10 days following nerve section, unitary activity was rarely recorded in all regions of the epithelium. Histological examination indicated that virtually the entire mature olfactory receptor cell population had undergone retrograde degeneration. Transneuronal degeneration was not observed in the olfactory bulb, although the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers were substantially reduced in size. 3. At subsequent times, unitary impulse activity gradually returned, consisting of both spontaneous activity and odor-evoked discharges. Anatomical recovery of the olfactory epithelium preceded that of the olfactory bulb. A positive correlation was found between neuronal differentiation in the olfactory epithelium and the recovery of receptor cell function. 4. Patterns of spontaneous activity, odor specificities, intensity-response functions, and adaptive properties studied in newly differentiated olfactory receptor neurons were indistinguishable from those observed in control units. This indicated that these properties were intrinsic to the receptor neurons. 5. Spontaneously active and responsive units were encountered prior to olfactory nerve connection with the bulb. It is concluded that receptor neurons pass through two phases of functional maturity: the first independent of bulbar contact and the second dependent on presumed synaptic contact with bulbar neurons.
Cyclization and Fragmentation of <i>N</i>-Chloro Lactams. The Transannular Synthesis of Bicyclic Lactams with Bridgehead Nitrogen (1971)

High yield peroxide initiated and photochemical conversion of N-chloroazacyclooctanone to 5-chloroazacyclooctanone and of N-chloroazacyclononanone to a mixture of azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2-one and azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-9-one is described. N-Chloro-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one gave 4-chlorocyclohexylamine derivatives under similar conditions, while N-chloro-N-methylpentanoamide gave γ-valerolactone. An apparent ionic, silver ion, and base-catalyzed cyclization of N-chloroazacyclononanone was observed.
A Specificity Map for the PDZ Domain Family (2008)

PDZ domains are protein-protein interaction modules that recognize specific C-terminal sequences to assemble protein complexes in multicellular organisms. By scanning billions of random peptides, we accurately map binding specificity for approximately half of the over 330 PDZ domains in the human and Caenorhabditis elegans proteomes. The domains recognize features of the last seven ligand positions, and we find 16 distinct specificity classes conserved from worm to human, significantly extending the canonical two-class system based on position -2. Thus, most PDZ domains are not promiscuous, but rather are fine-tuned for specific interactions. Specificity profiling of 91 point mutants of a model PDZ domain reveals that the binding site is highly robust, as all mutants were able to recognize C-terminal peptides. However, many mutations altered specificity for ligand positions both close and far from the mutated position, suggesting that binding specificity can evolve rapidly under mutational pressure. Our specificity map enables the prediction and prioritization of natural protein interactions, which can be used to guide PDZ domain cell biology experiments. Using this approach, we predicted and validated several viral ligands for the PDZ domains of the SCRIB polarity protein. These findings indicate that many viruses produce PDZ ligands that disrupt host protein complexes for their own benefit, and that highly pathogenic strains target PDZ domains involved in cell polarity and growth.
Lens Ended Fiber-Fiber Connections For Power Laser Applications (1987)

Bulb-ended fiber to flat-ended fiber connections and bulb-ended fiber to bulb-ended fiber connections have been tested with large diameter core optical fibers in different filling conditions and different arrangements.The curves of coupling efficiency versus the longitudinal and transverse misalignments show that these kinds of connection can be useful in medium or high power laser application.
OPAL 2: Rapid optical simulation of silicon solar cells (2012)

The freeware program OPAL 2 computes the optical losses associated with the front surface of a Si solar cell. It calculates the losses for any angle of incidence within seconds, where the short computation time is achieved by decoupling the ray tracing from the Fresnel equations. Amongst other morphologies, OPAL 2 can be used to assess the random-pyramid texture of c-Si solar cells, or the `isotexture' of mc-Si solar cells, and to determine (i) the optimal thickness of an antireflection coating with or without encapsulation, (ii) the impact of imperfect texturing, such as non-ideal texture angles, over-etched isotexture, and flat regions, and (iii) the subsequent 1D generation profile in the Si. This paper describes the approach and assumptions employed by OPAL 2 and presents examples that demonstrate the dependence of optical losses on texture quality and incident angle.
More: the politics of economic growth in postwar America (2000)

James Carville famously reminded Bill Clinton throughout 1992 that it's the economy, stupid. Yet, for the last forty years, historians of modern America have ignored the economy to focus on cultural, social, and political themes, from the birth of modern feminism to the fall of the Berlin Wall. Now a scholar has stepped forward to place the economy back in its rightful place, at the center of his historical narrative. In More, Robert M. Collins reexamines the history of the United States from Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Bill Clinton, focusing on the federal government's determined pursuit of economic growth. After tracing the emergence of growth as a priority during FDR's presidency, Collins explores the record of successive administrations, highlighting both their success in fostering growth and its partisan uses. Collins reveals that the obsession with growth appears not only as a matter of policy, but as an expression of Cold War ideology-both a means to pay for the arms build-up and proof of the superiority of the United States' market economy. But under Johnson, this enthusiasm sparked a crisis: spending on Vietnam unleashed runaway inflation, while the nation struggled with the moral consequences of its prosperity, reflected in books such as John Kenneth Galbraith's The Affluent Society and Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. More continues up to the end of the 1990s, as Collins explains the real impact of Reagan's policies and astutely assesses Clinton's disciplined growthmanship, which combined deficit reduction and a relaxed but watchful monetary policy by the Federal Reserve. Writing with eloquence and analytical clarity, Robert M. Collins offers a startlingly new framework for understanding the history of postwar America.
Direct Observation and Structural Characterization of the Encounter Complex in Bimolecular Electron Transfers with Photoactivated Acceptors (1997)

The encounter complex between photoexcited quinones Q* and various aromatic donors (ArH) is observed directly by time-resolved ps spectroscopy immediately before it undergoes electron transfer to the ion-radical pair [Q•-, ArH•+]. The encounter complex (EC) is spectrally characterized by distinctive (near IR) absorption bands, and its temporal evolution is established by quantitative kinetics analysis. The structural characterization of the 1:1 encounter complex [Q*, ArH] identifies the cofacial juxtaposition of the donor and acceptor moieties for optimal overlap of their π-orbitals. Further comparisons of the (excited-state) encounter complex with the corresponding (ground-state) EDA complex of aromatic donors and quinones establish its charge-transfer character, which directly relates to electron transfer within the encounter complex. The mechanistic significance of the encounter complex to bimolecular electron transfer is discussed (Scheme 1).
Dimethylglycine (N,N-Dimethylglycine) (2003)

Dimethylglycine was discovered in 1943 (Tonda and Hart, 1992). It is found in some but not all formulations of pangamic acid (vitamin B15). Pangamic acid is not an identifiable substance because of the variety of products that have been marketed as such. One pangamic acid formulation that contains dimethylglycine is the “Russian formula,” which was patented in 1975 and contains 61.5% calcium gluconate and 38.5% dimethylglycine (Gray and Titlow, 1982a). This is not the same as the pangamic acid isolated by Krebs and associates in 1951, which was studied in the treatment of cardiovascular disease in the 1950s and is structurally distinct from dimethylglycine (Kemp, 1959). Pangamic acid has been sold as a dietary supplement in the United States at least since the late 1970s, when the lay press celebrated its benefits (Colman et al., 1980). Although pangamic acid is also known as vitamin B15, it is not actually a vitamin because no deficiency state has been identified, and it has no known nutritional value (Colman et al., 1980; Gray and Titlow, 1982a). FoodScience Laboratories was the original distributor of vitamin B15 in the United States, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) challenged the company in court in the early 1980s in an attempt to remove the product from the market (Gray and Titlow, 1982a). As a result of this litigation, dimethylglycine continued to be marketed, but the use of the terms “vitamin B15” and “pangamic acid” fell out of favor (Hoorn, 1989). Currently, however, products labeled as vitamin B15, pangamic acid, and diemthylglycine are available. Some Internet sites incorrectly use the terms pangamic acid and vitamin B15 as synonyms for dimethylglycine.
Nasotracheal Intubation (2002)

Although the incidence of bleeding in both groups was similar, severity of bleeding was reduced in the catheter-guided group during nasotracheal intubation. Use of a red-rubber catheter may reduce the trauma associated with nasotracheal intubation.
Intermediates in bacteriophage Mu lysogenization of Escherichia coli him hosts (1988)

Characterization of a putative intermediate in the Mu lysogenization pathway is possible in a variant Escherichia coli himD strain which exhibits greatly diminished lysogen formation. In this strain, most infecting Mu genomes form stable, transcribable, nonreplicating structures. Many of these genomes can be mobilized to form lysogens by a second Mu infection, which can be delayed by at least 100 min. This intermediate structure can be formed in the absence of Mu A or B function. We suggest that the inferred intermediate could be the previously reported protein-linked circular form of the Mu genome. Providing Mu B function from a plasmid enhances Mu lysogenization in this him strain, and the enhancement is much greater when both Mu A and B functions are provided.