gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<sup>11</sup>C-Acetate PET/CT in Localized Prostate Cancer: A Study with MRI and Histopathologic Correlation (2012)

(11)C-acetate PET/CT demonstrates higher uptake in tumor foci than in normal prostate tissue; however, (11)C-acetate uptake in tumors is similar to that in benign prostate hyperplasia nodules. Although (11)C-acetate PET/CT is not likely to have utility as an independent modality for evaluation of localized PCa, the high uptake in tumors may make it useful for monitoring focal therapy when tissue damage after therapy may limit anatomic imaging methods.
A relation between the active input impedance and the active element pattern of a phased array (2003)

It is well known that the active element pattern of a phased array, obtained by driving a single radiating element of the array while all other elements are match terminated, can be expressed in terms of the scattering matrix parameters of the array. It is shown how this relationship can be inverted so that the scattering parameters for all elements of a phased array can be obtained from the active element patterns of the array. In addition, it is also possible to obtain the active input impedance of any element in the fully excited array, at any scan angle, from active element pattern data. The theory is developed for linear and planar arrays and an example is presented for a linear array of slot antenna elements.
Electron Resists for Microcircuit and Mask Production (1969)

The properties of poly‐(methyl methacrylate), a new electron resist developed at IBM Research, are presented in comparison to commercial photoresists under electron beam exposure. It is shown that methacrylate resist, with suitable processing, presents a means for submicron device fabrication with reasonable speed. Transistors with one‐ and half‐micron emitter stripe widths have been fabricated using this resist as a medium for diffusion masking with . Also, a method for producing high‐resolution, defect‐free masks through methacrylate resist is presented.
Bacterial synthesis gas (syngas) fermentation (2013)

Acetogenic bacteria employing the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway can be used as biocatalysts in syngas fermentation for the production ofbiofuels such as ethanol or butanol as well as biocommodities such as acetate, lactate, butyrate, 2,3 butanediol, and acetone. The potential of such processes can be projected by the global syngas output, which was 70,817 megawatts thermal in 2010 and is expected to increase up to 72% in 2016. To date, different acetogens are used as commercial production strains for industrial syngas fermentations in pilot or demonstration plants (Coskata, INEOS Bio, LanzaTech) and first commercial units are expected to launch operation in the near future (INEOS Bio, LanzaTech). Considerations on potential yields are quite promising for fermentative production. New methods for metabolic engineering were established to construct novel recombinant acetogenic biocatalysts. Synthetic biology will certainly play a major role in constructing strains for commercial operations. This way, a cheap and abundant carbon source most probably replace, processes based on crude oil or sugar in the near future.
Photovoltaic properties of Au–merocyanine–TiO2 sandwich cells. I. Dark electrical properties and transient effects (1982)

The electrical properties of thin films (200–3000 Å) of merocyanine photosensitizing dye sandwiched between a TiO2 single crystal doped n type and a thin (200 Å) Au metal layer has been studied. Dark current voltage measurements revealed that the current is space-charge limited at high current densities with an electron trapping density of ∼1017 cm−3. This was determined by using TiO2 as an electron injecting contact. Interpretation of the kinetics of rise and decay of the photocurrent suggests that the mobility of holes, the majority carriers in merocyanine, is dependent on traps, the dominant trapping level having a depth of 0.11 eV. The decay of the photocurrent is monomolecular at short times and dominated by bimolecular recombination kinetics for long times of the order of seconds. The high series resistance in the merocyanine prevents any band bending in the TiO2, as the entire built-in voltage in the junction falls across the merocyanine film. This is supported by capacitance voltage data showing a complete absence of mobile charge carriers in the junction region.
Cancer immunotherapy: how low-level ionizing radiation can play a key role (2017)

The cancer immunoediting hypothesis assumes that the immune system guards the host against the incipient cancer, but also "edits" the immunogenicity of surviving neoplastic cells and supports remodeling of tumor microenvironment towards an immunosuppressive and pro-neoplastic state. Local irradiation of tumors during standard radiotherapy, by killing neoplastic cells and generating inflammation, stimulates anti-cancer immunity and/or partially reverses cancer-promoting immunosuppression. These effects are induced by moderate (0.1-2.0 Gy) or high (>2 Gy) doses of ionizing radiation which can also harm normal tissues, impede immune functions, and increase the risk of secondary neoplasms. In contrast, such complications do not occur with exposures to low doses (≤0.1 Gy for acute irradiation or ≤0.1 mGy/min dose rate for chronic exposures) of low-LET ionizing radiation. Furthermore, considerable evidence indicates that such low-level radiation (LLR) exposures retard the development of neoplasms in humans and experimental animals. Here, we review immunosuppressive mechanisms induced by growing tumors as well as immunomodulatory effects of LLR evidently or likely associated with cancer-inhibiting outcomes of such exposures. We also offer suggestions how LLR may restore and/or stimulate effective anti-tumor immunity during the more advanced stages of carcinogenesis. We postulate that, based on epidemiological and experimental data amassed over the last few decades, whole- or half-body irradiations with LLR should be systematically examined for its potential to be a viable immunotherapeutic treatment option for patients with systemic cancer.
Discovery of the Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor 2-[(<i>R</i>)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1<i>H</i>-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide (ABT-888) for the Treatment of Cancer (2008)

We have developed a series of cyclic amine-containing benzimidazole carboxamide PARP inhibitors with a methyl-substituted quaternary center at the point of attachment to the benzimidazole ring system. These compounds exhibit excellent PARP enzyme potency as well as single-digit nanomolar cellular potency. These efforts led to the identification of 3a (2-[(R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide, ABT-888), currently in human phase I clinical trials. Compound 3a displayed excellent potency against both the PARP-1 and PARP-2 enzymes with a K(i) of 5 nM and in a C41 whole cell assay with an EC(50) of 2 nM. In addition, 3a is aqueous soluble, orally bioavailable across multiple species, and demonstrated good in vivo efficacy in a B16F10 subcutaneous murine melanoma model in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) and in an MX-1 breast cancer xenograft model in combination with either carboplatin or cyclophosphamide.
Candidate's Thesis: The Application of Sentinel Node Radiolocalization to Solid Tumors of the Head and Neck: A 10‐Year Experience (2003)

In head and neck tumors that spread via the lymphatics, it appears that sentinel node radiolocalization biopsy can be performed with a high success rate. This technique has a low false-negative rate and can be performed through a small incision. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the histological appearance of the sentinel node does appear to reflect the regional nodal status of the patient.
From Active Learning to Dedicated Collaborative Interactive Learning (2016)

Active learning (AL) is a machine learning paradigm where an active learner has to train a model (e.g., a classifier) which is in principle trained in a supervised way. AL has to be done by means of a data set where a low fraction of samples (also termed data points or observations) are labeled. To obtain labels for the unlabeled samples, the active learner has to ask an oracle (e.g., a human expert) for labels. In most cases, the goal is to maximize some metric assessing the task performance (e.g., the classification accuracy) and to minimize the number of queries at the same time. In this article, we first briefly discuss the state-of-the-art in the field of AL. Then, we propose the concept of dedicated collaborative interactive learning (D-CIL) and describe some research challenges. With D-CIL, we will overcome many of the harsh limitations of current AL. In particular, we envision scenarios where the expert may be wrong for various reasons. There also might be several or even many experts with different expertise who collaborate, the experts may label not only samples but also supply knowledge at a higher level such as rules, and we consider that the labeling costs depend on many conditions. Moreover, human experts may even profit by improving their own knowledge when they get feedback from the active learner.
Expert workstation for information systems development (2002)

Explicit abstraction levels are used to organize decision making in information system analysis and design. These levels partition the concerns of a system analyst/designer at particular points in time. A methodology for the information system analysis/design is seen as a series of multiple systems specifications on different description levels. An ongoing investigation of a set of formalized techniques that support the production of such description levels for an information system is presented. New methodologies can be created and new analysis/design styles can be developed by providing appropriately chosen sets of transformation rules governing the transitions between the levels. To test these ideas, the authors are in the process of developing a prototype of an expert workstation for analysis/design of information systems. The workstation is being used to experiment with different methodologies for information system analysis and design. The goal is to propose the generic methodology, and to identify the relationships between generic analysis/design activities, to develop a taxonomy of information systems applications, to build reusable skeletal systems for applications in each class, and to develop a library of design cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Makrocyclen aus Alanin und Phenoxathiin, Synthese und Konformation in Lösung (1989)

Abstract Die Synthese von dimeren und monomeren Cyclopeptiden 2 bzw. 3 aus Alanin und der Pseudoaminosäure 6‐(Aminomethyl)‐2,8‐dimethyl‐4‐phenoxathiinessigsäure‐10,10‐dioxid ( 1 ) wird beschrieben. Phthalimid‐ oder Boc‐geschützte Derivate von 1 erhält man in vier bzw. fünf Stufen ausgehend von 2,8‐Dimethylphenoxathiin. Lineare Zwischenstufen aus 1 und Alanin werden durch Standardpeptidreaktionen gebildet; Azid‐Cyclisierung führt in geringer Ausbeute dann zu den Cyclen 2 und 3 , deren Konformation durch ein‐ und zweidimensionale NMR‐Methoden bestimmt wird. Die Verbindung 3 ist in Lösung ein Gemisch zweier Konformerer, die jeweils eine cis ‐ und eine trans ‐Amidbindung im Ring enthalten. 2 liegt in Dimethylsulfoxid in einer gestreckten Konformation vor, jedoch sind permanente, intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken nicht nachzuweisen. Zusätzlich werden in Chloroform bei tiefen Temperaturen Konformationsgleichgewichte beobachtet.
Haplotypes in Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Cluster on Chromosome 11q22 Contribute to the Risk of Lung Cancer Development and Progression (2006)

The observed multiple cancer-associated genetic variants suggested that the MMP1-MMP3-MMP12 gene cluster plays important roles in lung cancer development and progression.
Retroviral transduction of a mutant methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene into human CD34 cells confers resistance to <i>O</i> <sup>6</sup> -benzylguanine plus 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (1996)

Human CD34 cells express low levels of the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) and are sensitive to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Gene transfer of the AGT gene, methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), results in only modest BCNU resistance. Recently, an AGT inhibitor, O6-benzylguanine (BG), entered clinical trials. In preclinical studies, BG potentiated the cytotoxic effect of BCNU in tumors but increased toxicity to normal CD34 cells. We transferred a mutant MGMT containing a glycine-to-alanine mutation at position 156, resulting in marked resistance to BG, into Chinese hamster cells; the K562 cell line and human CD34 cells used the retroviral backbone MFG. In each instance, cells expressed increased AGT and were much more resistant to the combination of BG and BCNU than the parental cells or cells transduced with wild-type MGMT. Furthermore, the transduction efficiency in human CD34 cells was in excess of 70%, and the proportion of CD34 transduced cells resistant to the combination was > 30%. Thus, retroviral-mediated transduction of a mutant MGMT into CD34 cells appears to be an effective way to induce selective resistance to a drug combination designed to overcome a significant resistance mechanism to nitrosoureas in tumors.
Environmental acquisition (1996)

The class of an object is not necessarily the only determiner of its runtime behaviour. Often it is necessary to have an object behave differently depending upon the other objects to which it is connected. However, as it currently stands, object-oriented programming provides no support for this concept, and little recognition of its role in common, practical programming situations. This paper investigates a new programming paradigm, environmental acquisition in the context of object aggregation , in which objects acquire behaviour from their current containers at runtime. The key idea is that the behaviour of a component may depend upon its enclosing composite(s). In particular, we propose a form of feature sharing in which an object " inherits " features from the classes of objects in its environment. By examining the declaration of classes, it is possible to determine which kinds of classes may contain a component, and which components must be contained in a given kind of composite. These relationships are the basis for language constructs that supports acquisition. We develop the theory of acquisition that includes topics such as the kinds of links along which acquisition may occur, and the behaviour of routine (methods) and attribute features under acquisition. The proposed model for acquisition as a hierarchical abstraction mechanism is a strongly typed model that allows static type checking of programs exploiting this mechanism. We compare it to several other mechanisms including inheritance and delegation, and show that it is significantly different than these.
Comprehensive defect analysis and testability of current-mode logic circuits (2000)

This paper presents comprehensive defect analysis of digital CML circuits using detailed defect models at the device level. The circuits are based on Nortel's BiCMOS technology. A defect model macro has been used to analyze fourteen physical defects for each bipolar transistor and where all defects are being qualified as hard or soft. Defects are activated individually within CML gates which are exhaustively simulated and the responses compared to the response of equivalent gold circuits. Extracted data allow us to obtain both defect and fault coverages, and to generate statistics to assess the effectiveness of a given testing approach. For the CML gates studied, logical testing alone is not adequate as the coverage remained between 33% and 79%. By using combined testing the coverage was increased to 100%.
Synthesis of Nucleophilic Adducts of Thiols (I). Addition of Cysteine to $\beta$-Nitrostyrene Derivatives (1981)

The addition reactions of cysteine without blocking amino and carboxyl groups to substituted and unsubstituted -nitro-styrene derivatives were investigated. -Nitrostyrene(1a), p-methyl--nitrostyrene(1b), 3,4,5-trimethoxy- -nitrostyrene(1c), -3,4-methylenedioxy- -nitrostyrene(1d), o-, m- and p-chloro- -nitrostyrene (1e, 1f, 1g) and o-, m- and p-methoxy--nitrostyrene (1h, 1i, 1j) easily undergo addition reactions with cysteine to form S-(2-nitro-1-phenylethyl)-L-cysteine(3a), S-[2-nitro-1-(p-methyl)phenyl-ethyl]-L-cysteine(3b), S-[2-nitro-1-(3',4',5'-trimethoxy) phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3c), S-[2-nitro-1-( -3',4'-methylenedioxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3d), S-[2-nitro-1-(o-chloro)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3e), S-[2-nitro-1-(m-chloro)-phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3f), S-[2-nitro-1-(p-chloro)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3g), S-[2-nitro-1-(o-methoxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3h), S-[2-nitro-1-(m-methoxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3i) and S-[2-nitro-1-(p-methoxy)phenylethyl]-L-cysteine(3j), respectively. The structure of adducts were confirmed by means of UV-spectrum, IR-spectrum, molecular weight measurement and elemental analysis. The various factors effecting the yield of cysteine adducts to -nitrostyrene derivatives were also studied.
Temperature effects on the trophic stages of perennial rye grass anaerobic digestion (2011)

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs), operated in batch mode, were used to evaluate the feasibility of psychrophilic (low temperature) digestion of perennial rye grass in a long term experiment (150 days) for the first time. The reactors were operated in parallel at 3 different temperatures, 10, 15 and 37 degrees C. Hydrolysis, acidification and methanogenesis were assessed by VS degradation, by soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production, and by methane production, respectively. Hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step at all temperatures and the rates and extent of hydrolysis were considerably lower at 15 and 10 degrees C, than at 37 degrees C. The total VS degradation was 53%, 34% and 19% at 37, 15 and 10 degrees C, respectively. Acidification was not affected by temperature and VFA production and consumption was balanced in all cases, except at 10 degrees C. Methane yields were 0.215 m3 CH4 kg(-1) VS(-1) added, 0.160 m3 CH4 kg(-1) VS(-1) added and 0.125 m3 CH4 kg(-1) VS(-1) added at 37, 15 and 10 degrees C, respectively. Methanogenesis was not strongly affected at 15 C but it became rate-limiting at 10 degrees C. Overall, the solid degradation and methane production performance under psychrophilic conditions was encouraging and greater than previously reported. Considering the non-acclimated, mesophilic nature of the inoculum, there are grounds to believe that low-temperature anaerobic digestion of grass could be feasible if coupled to efficient hydrolysis of the biomass.
A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks (2010)

Abstract Leakage in water distribution systems is an important issue which is affecting water companies and their customers worldwide. It is therefore no surprise that it has attracted a lot of attention by both practitioners and researchers over the past years. Most of the leakage management related methods developed so far can be broadly classified as follows: (1) leakage assessment methods which are focusing on quantifying the amount of water lost; (2) leakage detection methods which are primarily concerned with the detection of leakage hotspots and (3) leakage control models which are focused on the effective control of current and future leakage levels. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the above methods with the objective to identify the current state-of-the-art in the field and to then make recommendations for future work. The review ends with the main conclusion that despite all the advancements made in the past, there is still a lot of scope and need for further work, especially in area of real-time models for pipe networks which should enable fusion of leakage detection, assessment and control methods. Keywords: distribution systemleakage assessmentleakage controlleakage detectionpipe networkwater distribution systemsleakage model, pressure-dependent leakage Acknowledgements The first author would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Estonian Science Foundation (ETF7646).
Radon-222 in potable water supplies in Maine: the geology, hydrology, physics and health effects. Completion report (1979)

For the past year, a team of researchers has been studying the content of naturally-occurring radioactive gas 222Rn in the potable water supplies in Maine. The objectives of the studies have been: (1) to obtain up to 2000 samples of groundwater and to measure them using a new inexpensive liquid scintillatim technique; (2) to collect 350 samples of water from drilled wells, private user supplies, and some public water supplies with the purpose being to determine their physical, chemical and geological characteristics in order to describe the geographic distribution of areas of high radon; (3) to determine the levels of radon gas in the home environment of 10 sample homes, describe the type of housing and level of radon in their respective water supplies; (4) to prepare a map showing the distribution of sample points with radon levels; (5) to calculate the statistical association of radon with cancer; (6) to provide a scientific basis for setting a State drinking water standard for radon; and (7) to make recommendations for further study.
New Paradigms in Drug Design and Discovery (2002)

The new millennium has ushered in an era of science that will revolutionize a great majority of our daily activities. That revolution is being experienced by a growing number of the population who are pushing the average life expectancy closer to the 80-year mark. The primary reason for this increase is the changes we have made in the last 2-3 decades both in how we live our lives as well as how we treat our maladies when they arise. The advent of new techniques in diagnostics and surgery have allowed many to survive debilitating illnesses when their chances would have been slim only a few years ago. In addition, several new therapeutic agents have been developed in the latter part of the 20th century that have improved our quality of life and increased our overall survival time. New medicines to treat cardiovascular, degenerative, infectious, and neoplastic diseases are rapidly being discovered in an effort to further lengthen our lifetimes. The processes used by academic and industrial scientist to discover new drugs has recently experienced a true renaissance with many new and exciting techniques being developed in only the past 5-10 years. In this review, we will attempt to outline these latest protocols that chemists and biomedical scientist are currently employing to rapidly bring new drugs to the clinic.
What Are Writers For in a Destitute Time?: Judith Wright and the Search for Australia (2007)

The poetry of Judith Wright is discussed in the light of one of Heidegger's essays, 'What Are Poets For? Judith Wright's place in the 'Australian tradition' is also discussed.
Simultaneous Chirality Sensing of Multiple Amines by <sup>19</sup>F NMR (2015)

The rapid detection and differentiation of chiral compounds is important to synthetic, medicinal, and biological chemistry. Palladium complexes with chiral pincer ligands are demonstrated to have utility in determining the chirality of various amines. The binding of enantiomeric amines induces distinct (19)F NMR shifts of the fluorine atoms appended on the ligand that defines a chiral environment around palladium. It is further demonstrated that this method has the ability to evaluate the enantiomeric composition and discriminate between enantiomers with chiral centers several carbons away from the binding site. The wide detection window provided by optimized chiral chemosensors allows the simultaneous identification of as many as 12 chiral amines. The extraordinary discriminating ability of this method is demonstrated by the resolution of chiral aliphatic amines that are difficult to separate using chiral chromatography.