gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conditional targeting of <i>Ispd</i> using paired Cas9 nickase and a single DNA template in mice (2014)

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a highly promising genome editing tool in the mouse, potentially overcoming the costs and time required for more traditional gene targeting methods in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Recently, compared to the wildtype nuclease, paired Cas9 nickase (Cas9n) combined with single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecules has been found to enhance the specificity of genome editing while reducing off-target effects. Paired Cas9n has been shown to be as efficient as Cas9 for generating insertion and deletion (indel) mutations by non-homologous end joining and targeted deletion in the genome. However, an efficient and reliable approach to the insertion of loxP sites flanking critical exon(s) to create a conditional allele of a target gene remains an elusive goal. In this study, we microinjected Cas9n RNA with sgRNAs together with a single DNA template encoding two loxP sites flanking (floxing) exon 2 of the isoprenoid synthase containing domain (Ispd) into the pronucleus and cytoplasm of C57BL/6NCr one-cell stage zygotes. After surgical transfer, one F0 mouse expressing a conditional allele was produced (at a frequency of ∼8% of live pups born). The floxed allele was transmitted through the germline to F1 progeny, and could be successfully recombined using Cre recombinase. This study indicates that conditional targeting can be accomplished effectively using paired Cas9n and a single DNA template.
Control of myoelectric prosthetic hand based on surface EMG (2011)

In this paper, a robot hand with two fingers, thumb and index finger, aiming at application to a myoelectric prosthetic hand was built to implement fundamental motions, such as grasping and holding, required in daily life. In order to control each finger of the developed robot hand independently, an identifier which recognizes the finger motions based on the surface EMG using the neural networks was constructed, and recognition rate of the finger motions was examined. Experiment for online finger operation of the built robot hand was carried out using the identifier, and fingers of the robot hand were able to be operated as intended.
Least squares stationary optimal control and the algebraic Riccati equation (1971)

The optimal control of linear systems with respect to quadratic performance criteria over an infinite time interval is treated. Both the case in which the terminal state is free and that in which the terminal state is constrained to be zero are treated. The integrand of the performance criterion is allowed to be fully quadratic in the control and the state without necessarily satisfying the definiteness conditions which are usually assumed in the standard regulator problem. Frequency-domain and time-domain conditions for the existence of solutions are derived. The algebraic Riccati equation is then examined, and a complete classification of all its solutions is presented. It is finally shown how the optimal control problems introduced in the beginning of the paper may be solved analytically via the algebraic Riccati equation.
Intensity Dependent Index Of Refraction In Organic Materials (1985)

Because of the large variety of materials and material forms available, organic materials are attractive candidates for ultrafast nonlinear optical signal processing systems based on the intensity-dependent index of refraction, i.e., the change of index of refraction with a change in applied optical intensity. As an example, we consider an organic polymeric system, the polydi-acetylenes. Through molecular engineering (organic synthesis and Langmuir-Blodgett film growth combined with monolayer deposition techniques), the polydiacetylene was prepared in the technologically important format of a planar waveguide on a grating. By measuring the change in the angle that the incident laser radiation couples into the guided-wave mode (via the grating) with the change in intensity of the laser radiation, we determined the intensity-dependent index of refraction to be 10-6 (MW/cm2)-1 in the transparent region of the material. Implications of this reseach for future work related to signal processing applications are discussed.
Stimulus-Responsive Targeted Nanomicelles for Effective Cancer Therapy (2009)

Emerging nanotechnology has already developed various innovative nanomedicines. Nanomicelles, self-assemblies of block copolymers, are promising nanomedicines for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Stimulus-responsive targeted nanomicelles are designed to release drugs based on stimuli such as pH, temperature, redox potential, magnetism and ultrasound. This article will focus on recent advancements in the design of stimulus-responsive targeted nanomicelles loaded with anticancer drugs to fulfill the challenges associated with cancer cells (e.g., multidrug resistance) for the effective treatment of cancer. The significant toxicity issues and a possible future perspective associated with nanomicelles are also discussed here.
A service-oriented routing scheme with load balancing in wireless mesh networks (2008)

Wireless mesh networks will play an important role in the next-generation wireless communication systems as it can provide wide coverage and scalable broadband Internet access services. However, congestion in such networks may lead to throughput degradation, packet loss and longer transmission delay. Therefore, routing and traffic forwarding schemes which are aware of the congestion status of a wireless network can efficiently improve network performance. In this paper, we propose a new congestion-aware routing scheme which may direct different paths for different services types, according to network congestion status. The goal of this routing scheme is to use traffic load metric for choosing a high throughput path for each mesh client towards the most appropriate Internet gateway so that load balancing is achieved among gateways. Simulations based on ns2 are conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, considering both UDP and TCP traffic classes. We observe that the proposed scheme outperforms the legacy routing scheme in the simulated scenarios.
Increase of amylose content of sweetpotato starch by RNA interference of the starch branching enzyme II gene (IbSBEII) (2006)

In the storage roots of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Kokei 14), 10 to 20% of the starch is essentially unbranched linear amylose and the other major component is branched amylopectin. The starch branching enzymes, which are responsible for production of amylopectin to form α-1,6-linkages in the glucan can be divided into two classes, class A (e.g. potato and maize SBEII, pea SBEI) and class B (e.g. potato and maize SBEI, pea SBEII). On the bases of the registered cDNA of sweetpotato SBEII (IbSBEII) encoding class A branching enzyme, we constructed double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) interference vectors and introduced them into sweetpotato genome via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. We obtained eight independent transgenic plants by using two kinds of RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, encoding GBSSI 1st intron-spliced RNA or a GUS fragment-spliced RNA, respectively. All transgenic plants were confirmed not to express IbSBEII by RT-PCR and to have the starch with a higher amylose content than the non-transgenic control (up to 25% compared to 10% in the control). Both constructs induced the same level of silencing of IbSBEII in all transgenic plants. The morphological characters showed no significant differences between the transgenic and control plants. Starch yield of transgenic tubers was slightly lower than that of non-transgenic tubers. The starch granules of the transgenic plants were similar to those of typical sweetpotato starchs in shape and the distribution in granule size, but slightly different in grain structure.
THE SERUM HALF-LIFE OF SOMATOMEDIN ACTIVITY: EVIDENCE FOR GROWTH HORMONE DEPENDENCE (1976)

The serum half-life of somatomedin (SM) activity has been measured following the intravenous injection of SM activity into hypophysectomized rats. A [3H]thymidine incorporation assay in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) has been utilized to measure SM activity. Cell cycle analysis data obtained with the flow microfluorometer shows that the [3H]thymidine incorporation data reflects actual DNA synthesis. When normal rat serum was injected, a half-life for SM activity of approximately 3 h was determined. In marked contrast, when serum from hypophysectomized (hypox) rats acutely treated with growth hormone (GH) was used as the source of SM actively, the half-life of the SM actively was short, approximately 8 min. However, when serum from hypox rats chronically treated with GH was injected, the half-life was again long, approximately 4 h. SM activity has been separated from its binding proteins by boiling under acid conditions or chromatography on Sephadex G-50 in 1 N acetic acid. The half-life of this partially purified SM activity was short, in the range of 10-30 min finally, recombination of the partially purified sm activity with the large proteins in normal serum extended in half-life of the sm from 10-03 min to about 2 h. These data indicate that the serum half-life of SM activity is GH dependent and suggest that the serum binding protein, like SM itself, is under GH control.
Colorimetric Measurement of Glycosylated Protein in Whole Blood, Red Blood Cells, Plasma and Dried Blood (1984)

A colorimetric method for the measurement of whole-blood glycosylation (WBG), glycosylated haemoglobin in red blood cells (GHb), glycosylated plasma protein (GPP) and dried-blood glycosylation (DBG) is described which is rapid, inexpensive and precise. GHb correlated well with HbA1 measured by cation-exchange chromatography and was also correlated with WBG, DBG and GPP. DBG, which showed good correlation with GHb, could be measured on several drops of blood dried on filter paper treated with glucose oxidase. Filter papers are posted to the laboratory prior to clinic visits, and by having the DBG result available more rational diabetic management is possible. For DBG, the intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation at three levels is less than 6%. Reference values in non-diabetic children have been calculated and are compared with values obtained in 'good' clinical diabetic control and in 'fair' control. The filter-paper assay DBG method has a high degree of patient acceptance.
FlowRadar: a better NetFlow for data centers (2016)

NetFlow has been a widely used monitoring tool with a variety of applications. NetFlow maintains an active working set of flows in a hash table that supports flow insertion, collision resolution, and flow removing. This is hard to implement in merchant silicon at data center switches, which has limited per-packet processing time. Therefore, many NetFlow implementations and other monitoring solutions have to sample or select a subset of packets to monitor. In this paper, we observe the need to monitor all the flows without sampling in short time scales. Thus, we design FlowRadar, a new way to maintain flows and their counters that scales to a large number of flows with small memory and bandwidth overhead. The key idea of FlowRadar is to encode perflow counters with a small memory and constant insertion time at switches, and then to leverage the computing power at the remote collector to perform network-wide decoding and analysis of the flow counters. Our evaluation shows that the memory usage of FlowRadar is close to traditional NetFlow with perfect hashing. With FlowRadar, operators can get better views into their networks as demonstrated by two new monitoring applications we build on top of FlowRadar.
Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Healthy Turkish School Children (2011)

We estimate that the prevalence of CD is at least 0.47% in healthy Turkish school children. Screening for IgA-tTG plus EMA provided better results for diagnosis when compared with testing for IgA-tTG alone.
Histomorphological characteristics of gastric mucosa in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or autoimmune gastric atrophy: Role of gastrin and atrophying gastritis (2000)

The role of gastrin in the pathophysiology of two diseases affecting the human stomach, the Zollinger Ellison syndrome (ZES) and the pernicious anemia (PA), is reviewed. Both diseases present chronic hypergastrinemia but from different origins. The ZES is characterized by the occurrence of ectopic endocrine gastrin-secreting tumors and PA by a fundic atrophic gastritis leading to complete atrophy of fundus and resulting in achlorhydria. In PA, the lack of acid induces continuous gastrin cell activation and is responsible for the subsequent gastrin hypersynthesis and secretion. In ZES, hypergastrinemia causes hypertrophy of the oxyntic mucosa, which, in addition, displays hyperplasia of parietal and mucus cells. In both diseases, hypergastrinemia also induces the hyperproliferation of enterochromaffin-like endocrine cells in the fundic mucosa, which can offer all aspects from hyperplasia, then dysplasia, until true carcinoid tumor. The influence of antisecretory treatments and MEN 1 in the ZES as well as that of several other factors and antrectomy in PA on the behavior of the different gastric cells is evoked. Finally, the role that gastrin and its receptor play in the maintenance of the normal development of gastric mucosa and gastric acid secretion is emphasized by results observed in gene knockout models.
Ribavirin small-particle-aerosol treatment of influenza B virus infection (1988)

In a randomized double-blind trial of aerosolized ribavirin for the treatment of influenza B virus infection, no significant difference was found in the febrile course or symptom score of the ribavirin-treated versus placebo-treated patients. The apparent lack of efficacy in this study as compared with that in previous studies is unexplained.
Comparison of Nicotinamide, Ethylurea and Polyethylene Glycol as Carriers for Nifedipine Solid Dispersion Systems. (1997)

The most prevalent means for producing solid dispersions of nifedipine, a poorly water-soluble drug, are the solvent based processes that bring problems of environmental and health. We have investigated the preparation of solid dispersions of nifedipine (mp 173 degrees C) by the fusion method, using nicotinamide, ethylurea, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) as carriers. All these solid dispersions were obtained by cooling at room temperature after heating at 140 degrees C for 15 min. As a single carrier, nicotinamide, ethylurea and PEG were used because nifedipine dissolved in their fused liquids. Compared with the physical mixtures, the solid dispersions with ethylurea or PEG led to a higher dissolution rate of the drug, whereas the difference in drug release between the physical mixtures and the solid dispersions with nicotinamide was not clear. This peculiarity might be due to the high solubilizing effect of nicotinamide for the drug. The fused mixtures of nicotinamide-, ethylurea- or PEG-HPMC were utilized as combined carriers. HPMC dissolved in the fused liquids of nicotinamide or ethylurea, which was effective in forming the amorphous nifedipine in solid dispersions. This resulted in not only the enhanced dissolution rate but also the supersaturation behavior of nifedipine. Further, for the nicotinamide-HPMC system, the supersaturation level of nifedipine increased with an increase in the HPMC content of solid dispersions. Nicotinamide was more applicable than ethylurea and PEG for preparation of the fused dispersions of nifedipine.
An Interactive Clustering Methodology for High Dimensional Data Mining (2004)

This study develops an interactive clustering model and methodology for high dimensional data.The similarity index is calculated with proposed formulation for both continuous-scaled and nominal-scaled attributes.The associated similarity score values are constructed into a graph as clique partitioning problem, which can be reformulated into a form of unconstrained quadratic program model and then solved by a Tabu search heuristic incorporating strategic oscillation with a critical event memory.The complexities of high dimensional data mining are discussed from both mathematical modeling and computational algorithm points of view.
Adventures in Inner Space: Microflow Systems for Practical Organic Synthesis (2008)

This account presents an overview of our recent endeavors to achieve practical organic syntheses using a variety of microreaction devices. Herein are our achievements in ionic liquid-based catalytic reactions, photochemical transformation, and heterogenous hydrogenation reactions, where flow regime precisely controls residence time and product selectivity.
Project DEEP STEAM preliminary field test, Bakersfield, California (1981)

A successful field test of the DEEP STEAM technology has been conducted. A direct contact steam generator was operated in the Kern River reservoir in cooperation with Chevron USA. The objectives of the test were demonstration of long term operation of a downhole steam generator, investigation of reservoir response, and the environmental consequences of the technology. The test was extensively instrumented to provide data on generator performance and reservoir response. The results show that the system is capable of long term operation in the oil field. It was demonstrated that substantial environmental improvements over surface steam production can be expected from injection of combustion products with steam in the downhole steam concept. The reservoir character was not altered by the test injection and appeared the same as that for pure steam injection.
Unravel Programming Sessions with THRESHER: Identifying Coherent and Complete Sets of Fine-granular Source Code Changes (2017)

Development teams bene t from version control systems, which manage shared access to code repositories and persist entire project histories for analysis or recovery. Such systems will be e cient if developers commit coherent and complete change sets. These best practices, however, are di cult to follow because multiple activities often interleave without notice and existing tools impede unraveling changes before committing them. We propose an interactive, graphical tool, calledThresher, that employs adaptable scripts to support developers to group and commit changes especially for ne-granular change tracking where numerous changes are logged even in short programming sessions. We implemented our tool in Squeak/Smalltalk and derived a foundation of scripts from ve refactoring sessions. We evaluated those scripts' precision and recall, which indicate a reduced manual e ort because developers can focus on project-speci c adjustments. Having such an interactive approach, they can easily intervene to accurately reconstruct activities and thus follow best practices.
A simple technique to overcome self-focusing, filamentation, supercontinuum generation, aberrations, depth dependence and waveguide interface roughness using fs laser processing (2017)

Several detrimental effects limit the use of ultrafast lasers in multi-photon processing and the direct manufacture of integrated photonics devices, not least, dispersion, aberrations, depth dependence, undesirable ablation at a surface, limited depth of writing, nonlinear optical effects such as supercontinuum generation and filamentation due to Kerr self-focusing. We show that all these effects can be significantly reduced if not eliminated using two coherent, ultrafast laser-beams through a single lens - which we call the Dual-Beam technique. Simulations and experimental measurements at the focus are used to understand how the Dual-Beam technique can mitigate these problems. The high peak laser intensity is only formed at the aberration-free tightly localised focal spot, simultaneously, suppressing unwanted nonlinear side effects for any intensity or processing depth. Therefore, we believe this simple and innovative technique makes the fs laser capable of much more at even higher intensities than previously possible, allowing applications in multi-photon processing, bio-medical imaging, laser surgery of cells, tissue and in ophthalmology, along with laser writing of waveguides.
Tuning the Chiral Cavity of Macrocyclic Receptor for Chiral Recognition and Discrimination (2008)

The size and shape of the chiral cavity of a macrocyclic receptor were tuned by the alteration of the binaphthyl moiety to improve the chiral recognition/discrimination ability. For example, host 3 with the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at the 3,3'-positions showed improved enantioselectivity for small molecules such as 2-chloropropionic acid and methyl lactate as evaluated by the binding constants. This host 3 also had an excellent ability as an NMR chiral solvating agent.
[Improvement of impaired memory in mice by huperzine A and huperzine B]. (1988)

Both huperzine A (Hup-A) and huperzine B(Hup-B) are new alkaloids isolated from Huperzia serrata (Thunb Trev). It has been shown in this laboratory that Hup-A and Hup-B are selective AChE inhibitors which exhibit larger therapeutic indices than does physostigmine (Phy). Using a step-down method, the effects of Hup-A and Hup-B on various forms of experimentally-produced impaired memory function in mice were examined. Mice received a single training trial on a passive avoidance task followed by a retention trial 24h later. Immediately after training, each adult mouse received one of the following amnestic treatments: maximal electroconvulsive shock (MES), or an injection of scopolamine (Scop), NaNO2 or cycloheximide (CXM). Step-down latency (SDL) and escape latency (EL) were measured and used as parameters of memory performance. In control mice. each amnestic treatment produced retrograde amnesia. However, Hup-A or Hup-B administered immediately after each of the amnestic treatments significantly reversed the MES, Scop, NaNO2- or CXM-induced disruptions of memory retention for passive avoidance tasks. Hup-A or Hup-B also markedly improved the retention of the learned task 24h later in aged mice. These improvements or normalization of impaired memory function were observed at doses of 1OO-150 yg/kg ip and 140-160 yg/kg ig (Hup-A) or of l.0-1.5 mg/kg ip and 2.4 mg/kg ig (Hup-B). Phy (0.125-0.175 mg/kg ip) for comparison, were active in all of the various experimental types of amnesia and had about 10 times the potency of Hup-B, but less than that of Hup-A.
Ventilation and entrainment of breathing during cycling and running in triathletes (1998)

In spite of some differences among protocols, triathletes showed significant E during incremental exercise tests. Spontaneous E appeared to slightly improve ventilatory efficiency during CE and increasing GRADE protocols.
Double-dwell serial-search PN code acquisition using a nonparametric detector in DS/CDMA systems (2003)

In this paper, we propose to use a nonparametric noncoherent detector for PN code acquisition in DS/CDMA systems. We compare two verification modes and show that type I performs better than type II. We also compare the type I double-dwell scheme using the proposed detector with that using the conventional detector. The PN code acquisition scheme with the proposed detector is robust and has better performance than that with the conventional detector when the estimation of the interference variance is not possible.