gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computational photography (2008)

Computational photography combines plentiful computing, digital sensors, modern optics, many varieties of actuators, probes and smart lights to escape the limitations of traditional film cameras and enables novel imaging applications. Unbounded dynamic range, variable focus, resolution, and depth of field, hints about shape, reflectance, and lighting, and new interactive forms of photos that are partly snapshots and partly videos, performance capture and interchangeably relighting real and virtual characters are just some of the new applications emerging in Computational Photography. The computational techniques encompass methods from modification of imaging parameters during capture to sophisticated reconstructions from indirect measurements.We will bypass basic and introductory material presented in earlier versions of this course (Computational Photography 2005, 6, 7) and expand coverage of more recent topics. Emphasizing more recent work in computational photography and related fields (2006 or later) this course will give more attention to advanced topics only briefly touched before, including tomography, heterodyning and Fourier Slice applications, inverse problems, gradient illumination, novel optics, emerging sensors and social impact of computational photography. With this deeper coverage, the course offers a diverse but practical guide to topics in image capture and manipulation methods for generating compelling pictures for computer graphics and for extracting scene properties for computer vision, with several examples.
Supramolecular Liquid Crystals with Hydrogen-Bonding Self-Assembled T-Shaped Mesogens (2001)

Abstract A new class of supramolecular liquid crystals with T-shaped mesogens are obtained by doubly hydrogen-bonded self-assembly of 2,6-bis(4-hexyloxybenzoylamino)pyridine and benzoic acid derivatives.
An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling (1996)

We present an extensive empirical comparison of several smoothing techniques in the domain of language modeling, including those described by Jelinek and Mercer (1980), Katz (1987), and Church and Gale (1991). We investigate for the first time how factors such as training data size, corpus (e.g., Brown versus Wall Street Journal), and n-gram order (bigram versus trigram) affect the relative performance of these methods, which we measure through the cross-entropy of test data. In addition, we introduce two novel smoothing techniques, one a variation of Jelinek-Mercer smoothing and one a very simple linear interpolation technique, both of which outperform existing methods.
Data Communication Analysis and Algorithm for the Efficiency of Data Distribution in High Performance Computing (2008)

To alleviate the data transfer communication cost among the processor elements, many of the hardware interconnects enable data transfer to be performed at the same time as computation. The assignment of tasks to processors problem is well known to be NP-complete except in a few special cases. To improve the overall performance of high performance computing (HPC), this paper develops a scheme of HPC code generator and presents a data partitioning algorithm for the efficiency of data distribution. The algorithm generates a efficient data partitions, from which the optimized assignments can be selected for reducing the processor element communications, and the complexity is greatly reduced from exponential to polynomial. The algorithm is tested and integrated in HPC tools running on CRAY-T3E, YMP, IBM Regatta, and SGI workstation.
Rainbow-trapping absorbers: Broadband, perfect and asymmetric sound absorption by subwavelength panels with ventilation (2017)

Perfect, broadband and asymmetric sound absorption is theoretically, numerically and experimentally reported by using subwavelength thickness panels in a transmission problem. The panels are composed of a periodic array of varying cross-section waveguides, each of them being loaded by an array of Helmholtz resonators (HRs) with graded dimensions. The low cut-off frequency of the absorption band is fixed by the resonance frequency of the deepest HR, that reduces drastically the transmission. The preceding HR is designed with a slightly higher resonance frequency with a geometry that allows the impedance matching to the surrounding medium. Therefore, reflection vanishes and the structure is critically coupled. This results in perfect sound absorption at a single frequency. We report perfect absorption at 300 Hz for a structure whose thickness is 40 times smaller than the wavelength. Moreover, this process is repeated by adding HRs to the waveguide, each of them with a higher resonance frequency than the preceding one. Using this frequency cascade effect, we report quasi-perfect sound absorption over almost two frequency octaves ranging from 300 to 1000 Hz for a panel composed of 9 resonators with a total thickness of 11 cm, i.e., 10 times smaller than the wavelength at 300 Hz.
Peroxidase activity of an antibody-heme complex (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPeroxidase activity of an antibody-heme complexAndrea G. Cochran and Peter G. SchultzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 25, 9414–9415Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00181a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00181a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views367Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Development of ganglion cell topography in ferret retina (1988)

The adult ferret has approximately 90,000 retinal ganglion cells, arranged in a prominent area centralis and visual streak. The role of differential cell generation, cell death, and retinal growth in the control of adult retinal ganglion cell number and distribution was evaluated by examining basic aspects of retinogenesis, including growth in retinal area, developmental changes in the number, size, and distribution of retinal ganglion cells (identification aided by retrograde transport of HRP), and the incidence of degenerating cells in the ganglion cell layer. Retinal development in the ferret was also compared to retinal development in the cat (which has an even more differentiated area centralis) to determine what alterations of developmental parameters are most closely associated with this species difference in adult morphology. The area of the retina increases linearly from birth (12 mm2) to postnatal day 24 (54 mm2), reaching an eventual adult value of 64 mm2. Ganglion cell numbers peak at 155,000 (approximately twice the adult number) on postnatal day 3, and fall to adult numbers by postnatal day 6. The remaining cells of the ganglion cell layer, principally displaced amacrine cells, reach their peak number on postnatal day 10 (approximately 280,000), falling to 200,000 by adulthood. Degenerating cells are abundant in the ganglion cell layer in the immediate postnatal period. A difference in the incidence of degenerating cells in the presumptive area centralis versus that in the retinal periphery was not observed postnatally, though there were other striking spatial nonuniformities, suggesting that differential cell loss might contribute to other features of retinal topographic organization. Ganglion cell density is virtually uniform across the retina at birth. Cell density is first reduced in the dorsal retina, resulting in a dorsal-to-ventral gradient in cell density that persists until day 10, when ganglion cell number has stabilized. By postnatal day 24, an area centralis and visual streak has emerged, but not of adult magnitude. Because ganglion cell number has stabilized long before the area centralis and visual streak emerge, we conclude that differential retinal growth is the principal mechanism producing this feature of retinal topography. Comparison with the cat suggests that the proportionately greater nonuniform growth of the cat's eye accounts for the greater differentiation of its area centralis.
Recent Chemical Approaches for Site‐Specific Conjugation of Native Antibodies: Technologies toward Next‐Generation Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2019)

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which consist of three components, antibody, linker, and payload, can function as "magic bullets". These conjugates offer the ability to target drug delivery to specific cells, based on cell-specific recognition and the binding of an antigen by a monoclonal antibody (mAb). In particular, by delivering a cytotoxic payload to cancer cells, ADCs are expected to provide a breakthrough in oncology treatments by providing a way to increase efficacy and decrease toxicity, in comparison with traditional chemotherapeutic treatments. The development of ADC therapeutics has dramatically progressed in the past decade and two ADCs have been approved and used as anticancer drugs in the clinic. However, several critical issues regarding the performance of ADCs are still being discussed and investigated. Indeed, in the past few years, several groups have reported that, changing the number and position of the drug payloads in the ADCs, affects the pharmacokinetics, drug release rates, and biological activity. The use of conventional heterogeneous conjugation methods for ADC preparation results in the drug/antibody ratio and connecting position of the payload having stochastic distributions. Therefore, it is important to investigate how these potential problems can be circumvented through site-specific conjugation. Herein, various site-specific chemical conjugation strategies with native mAbs that are currently used for the production of ADCs, including residue-selective labeling for generating ADCs, disulfide rebridging, and affinity-peptide-mediated site-specific chemical conjugation technologies, are reviewed and described.
Electromagnetic interference with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators from low-frequency electromagnetic fields in vivo (2012)

Magnetic fields with intensities as high as those used in this study are rare even in industrial working environments. In most cases, employees can return to work after implantation of a bipolar pacemaker or an ICD, after an appropriate risk assessment. Pacemakers programmed to unipolar configurations can cause danger to their users in environments with high electromagnetic fields, and should be avoided, if possible.
A Reliable Low-area Low-power PUF-based Key Generator (2016)

This paper reports the implementation of a lowarea low-power 128-bit PUF-based key generation module which exploits a novel Two-Stage IDentification (TSID) cell showing a higher noise immunity then a standard SRAM cell. In addition, the pre-selection technique introduced in [1] is applied. This results in a stable PUF response in spite of process and environmental variations thus requiring a low cost error correction algorithm in order to generate a reliable key. The adopted PUF cell array includes 1056 cells and shows a power consumption per bit of 4:2 W at 100MHz with an area per bit of 2:4 m2. In order to evaluate reliability and unpredictability of the generated key, extensive tests have been performed both on the raw PUF data and on the final key. The raw PUF data after pre-selection show a worst case intra-chip Hamming distance below 0:7%. After a total of more than 5 109 key reconstructions, no single fail has been detected.
Deep Learning for Accurate Diagnosis of Liver Tumor Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Data (2020)

<b>Background:</b> Early-stage diagnosis and treatment can improve survival rates of liver cancer patients. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI provides the most comprehensive information for differential diagnosis of liver tumors. However, MRI diagnosis is affected by subjective experience, so deep learning may supply a new diagnostic strategy. We used convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to develop a deep learning system (DLS) to classify liver tumors based on enhanced MR images, unenhanced MR images, and clinical data including text and laboratory test results. <b>Methods:</b> Using data from 1,210 patients with liver tumors (<i>N</i> = 31,608 images), we trained CNNs to get seven-way classifiers, binary classifiers, and three-way malignancy-classifiers (Model A-Model G). Models were validated in an external independent extended cohort of 201 patients (<i>N</i> = 6,816 images). The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were compared across different models. We also compared the sensitivity and specificity of models with the performance of three experienced radiologists. <b>Results:</b> Deep learning achieves a performance on par with three experienced radiologists on classifying liver tumors in seven categories. Using only unenhanced images, CNN performs well in distinguishing malignant from benign liver tumors (AUC, 0.946; 95% CI 0.914-0.979 vs. 0.951; 0.919-0.982, <i>P</i> = 0.664). New CNN combining unenhanced images with clinical data greatly improved the performance of classifying malignancies as hepatocellular carcinoma (AUC, 0.985; 95% CI 0.960-1.000), metastatic tumors (0.998; 0.989-1.000), and other primary malignancies (0.963; 0.896-1.000), and the agreement with pathology was 91.9%.These models mined diagnostic information in unenhanced images and clinical data by deep-neural-network, which were different to previous methods that utilized enhanced images. The sensitivity and specificity of almost every category in these models reached the same high level compared to three experienced radiologists. <b>Conclusion:</b> Trained with data in various acquisition conditions, DLS that integrated these models could be used as an accurate and time-saving assisted-diagnostic strategy for liver tumors in clinical settings, even in the absence of contrast agents. DLS therefore has the potential to avoid contrast-related side effects and reduce economic costs associated with current standard MRI inspection practices for liver tumor patients.
Cognitive Linguistics as the Underlying Framework for Semantic Annotation (2012)

In recent years many attempts have been made to design suitable sets of rules aimed at extracting the semantic meaning from plain text, and to achieve annotation, but very few approaches make extensive use of grammars. Current systems are mainly focused on extracting the semantic role of the entities described in the text. This approach has limitations: in such applications the semantic role is conceived merely as the meaning of the involved entities without considering their context. As an example, current semantic annotators often specify a date entity without any annotation regarding the kind of the date itself i.e. a birth date, a book publication date, and so on. Moreover, these systems use ontologies that have been developed specifically for the system's purposes and have reduced portability. Extensive use of both linguistic resources and semantic representations of the domain are needed in this scenario, the semantic representation of the domain addresses the semantic interpretation of the context, while NLP tools can help to solve some linguistic problems related to the semantic annotation, as synonymy, ambiguities, and co-references. A novel framework inspired to Cognitive Linguistics theories is proposed in this work that is aimed at facing the problem outlined above. In particular, our work is based on Construction Grammar (CxG). CxG defines a "construction" as a form-meaning couple. We use RDF triples in the domain ontology as the "semantic seeds" to build constructions. A suitable set of rules based on linguistic typology have been designed to infer semantics and syntax from the semantic seed, while combining them as the poles of constructions. A hierarchy of rules to infer syntactic patterns for either single words or sentences using Word Net and Frame Net has been designed to overcome the limitations when expressing the syntactic poles using solely the terms stated in the ontology. As a consequence, semantic annotation of plain text is achieved by computing all possible syntactic forms for the same meaning during the analysis of document corpora. The proposed framework has been finalized to semantic annotation of Wikipedia pages, the result is a system for automatic generation of Semantic Web wiki contents from standard Wikipedia pages, leading to a possible solution of the big challenge to make existing wiki sources semantic wikis.
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling (1990)

Current research efforts focus on providing more efficient and effective design methods for 3D modeling systems. In this paper a new deformation technique is presented. Among other things, arbitrarily shaped bumps can be designed and surfaces can be bent along arbitrarily shaped curves.The purpose of this research is to define a highly interactive and intuitive modeling technique for designers and stylists. A natural way of thinking is to mimic traditional trades, such as sculpturing and moulding.Furthermore, with this deformation technique, the modeling tool paradigm is introduced. The object is deformed with a user-defined deformation tool.This method is an extension of the Free-Form Deformation (FFD) technique proposed by Sederberg and Parry [17].
Activity of Edible Mushrooms Against the Growth of Human T<sub>4</sub>Leukemic Cancer Cells, HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells, and<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2000)

ABSTRACT Several edible Hymenomycete mushroom species have been screened as possible inhibitors of human T4 leukemic cancer cells, HeLa cervical cancer cells, Plasmodium falciparum (a pyrimethamine resistant malarial parasite), and six pathogenic microorganisms. Grifola frondosa, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, and Laetiporus sulphureus demonstrated activity against human T4 leukemic cancer cells. Grifola frondosa, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, and Lentinula aurantiacum demonstrated activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. Pofyporus umbellatus, Russula xerampelina, Ganoderma lucidum, Trametes versicolor, Lentinula aurantiacum, Laetiporus sulphureus, Boletus variipes. Boletus queletii, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinula edodes demonstrated activity against Plasmodium falciparum. No activity was observed against the pathogenic microorganisms.
Double-Deck Inverse Opal Photoanodes: Efficient Light Absorption and Charge Separation in Heterojunction (2014)

For the first time, double-deck WO3/BiVO4 inverse opal photoanodes (DDIO-WO3/BiVO4) were prepared by swelling–shrinking mediated polystyrene template synthetic routes, and the use of the photoanodes in photoelectrochemical cells under simulated solar light was investigated. The double-deck photoanodes represented the compact interface between WO3 and BiVO4, inheriting the periodically ordered macroporous nanostructure. More significantly, the DDIO-WO3/BiVO4 inverse opal photoanodes prepared from the optimized fabrication condition demonstrated a photocurrent that was ∼40 times higher than that of the pure inverse opal WO3 photoanodes at a bias of 1.23 V vs RHE. Even without an added catalyst, they produce an outstanding photocurrent density of ∼3.3 mA/cm2 at a bias of 1.23 V vs RHE, which profits from improving the poor charge carrier mobility of BiVO4 by combining it with a WO3 skeleton and a shrouded bilayer inverse opal structure with a large surface area and good contact with the electrolyte.
Frequency and Radiation Pattern Reconfigurability of a Multi-Size Pixel Antenna (2012)

Pixel reconfigurable apertures constitute one of the most adaptable structures regarding antenna reconfiguration, being capable to achieve frequency and pattern compound reconfiguration. However, pixel antennas require a large amount of switches (typically above 100) that severely impact the antenna efficiency, complexity, cost and reconfiguration time. This paper presents a novel technique to mitigate the inherent complexity of pixel antennas by including multiple sized pixels divided over driven and parasitic regions. The technique has been applied to a planar monopole architecture leading to a low-complexity prototype of small dimensions and requiring only 12 switches. Its reconfiguration properties have been fully characterized through exhaustive measurements. Frequency reconfiguration is achieved from 1 GHz to 6 GHz with simultaneous beam-steering capabilities, being capable of synthesizing at each frequency an omnidirectional pattern and up to 5 directive patterns steered towards directions covering an angular range of almost 180°.
<b>Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds.</b> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds.Albert. HenneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 4, 490Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00887a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00887a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts