gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Post-PKS Tailoring Steps of the Spiramycin Macrolactone Ring in Streptomyces ambofaciens (2013)

Spiramycins are clinically important 16-member macrolide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. Biosynthetic studies have established that the earliest lactonic intermediate in spiramycin biosynthesis, the macrolactone platenolide I, is synthesized by a type I modular polyketide synthase (PKS). Platenolide I then undergoes a series of post-PKS tailoring reactions yielding the final products, spiramycins I, II, and III. We recently characterized the post-PKS glycosylation steps of spiramycin biosynthesis in S. ambofaciens. We showed that three glycosyltransferases, Srm5, Srm29, and Srm38, catalyze the successive attachment of the three carbohydrates mycaminose, forosamine, and mycarose, respectively, with the help of two auxiliary proteins, Srm6 and Srm28. However, the enzymes responsible for the other tailoring steps, namely, the C-19 methyl group oxidation, the C-9 keto group reduction, and the C-3 hydroxyl group acylation, as well as the timing of the post-PKS tailoring reactions, remained to be established. In this study, we show that Srm13, a cytochrome P450, catalyzes the oxidation of the C-19 methyl group into a formyl group and that Srm26 catalyzes the reduction of the C-9 keto group, and we propose a timeline for spiramycin-biosynthetic post-PKS tailoring reactions.
FACET: PC-parallel architecture for cost-efficient telemetry processing (2002)

NASA's Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) is planning to launch the Earth Observing System (EOS) starting in 1998. The large number of planned remote sensing satellites will bring 500 Gigabytes of information per day. The EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is responsible for ingesting and archiving this data. One important component of the EOSDIS system is the data operation, which involves extracting the packets and reconstructing and archiving the original remotely sensed data products. Due to transmission errors, the way data is sampled from the different sensors encoded, packets typically arrive out of order and perhaps with some of them missing or repeated. Many special hardware solutions have been proposed to solve this real-time problem. In this paper, we demonstrate a commercial off the shelf (COTS) solution. The hardware capitalizes on the progress made in the area of network of workstations (NOW), particularly PC-clusters. The software and algorithm exploit the data characteristics and parallelism in the telemetry stream to make use of load balancing and efficient parallel processing. It is shown that this solution can provide high-performance to cost and programmability.
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (2009)

The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is defined by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with recurrent venous or arterial thromboembolism or pregnancy morbidity. Anti-thrombotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment given the high risk of recurrent thromboembolism that characterizes this condition. Despite the prothrombotic nature of APS, thrombocytopenia is present in a proportion of patients. which can complicate management and limit the use of antithrombotic therapy. The mechanism of APS-associated thrombocytopenia is multifactorial and its relation to thrombotic risk poorly characterized. However, the presence of thrombocytopenia does not appear to reduce thrombotic risk in patients with APS, who can develop thromboembolic complications necessitating antithrombotic treatment. In these cases, treatment of the thrombocytopenia may be necessary to facilitate administration of antithrombotic agents. Clinical trials have demonstrated that patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thromboembolism should be treated with vitamin K antagonists (warfarin); that ischemic stroke may be treated with aspirin or warfarin; and that women with recurrent pregnancy loss should receive prophylactic-dose heparin and aspirin. However, application of these trial results to patients with APS-associated thrombocytopenia can be challenging since there are limited data on the optimal use of antithrombotic agents in this setting. Issues such as determining the platelet threshold at which antithrombotic agents can be safely used and managing patients with both bleeding and thromboembolic complications remain unresolved. Ultimately the risks and benefits of antithrombotic therapy, balanced against the severity of the thrombocytopenia and its potential bleeding risks, need to be assessed using an individualized patient approach.
Genetic Risk Assessment and <i>BRCA</i> Mutation Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility: Recommendation Statement (2005)

This statement summarizes the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on genetic risk assessment and BRCA mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility, along with the supporting scientific evidence. The complete information on which this statement is based, including evidence tables and references, is included in the evidence synthesis available through the USPSTF Web site (http://www.preventiveservices.ahrq.gov). The recommendation is also posted on the Web site of the National Guideline Clearinghouse (http://www.guideline.gov).
The interaction between two antioxidants, sodium ascorbate and gallic acid: radical intensity and apoptosis induction. (1996)

ESR spectroscopy revealed that both the radical intensity and degradation rate of sodium ascorbate were increased with increasing pH. Gallic acid significantly reduced the radical intensity of sodium ascorbate, which in turn reduced the radical intensity of gallic acid. Sodium ascorbate inhibited the apoptosis-inducing activity of gallic acid, and gallic acid inhibited the intracellular incorporation of ascorbic acid. These data suggest that interaction between sodium ascorbate and gallic acid might modify their biological activity.
100 h II-VI blue-green laser diode (1996)

By reducing the dark-spot density to <3 × 103 cm-2, device lifetime exceeding 100 h has been obtained for a ZnCdSe/ZnSSe/ZnMgSSe single quantum well separate-confinement heterostructure laser diode (LD) under room temperature continuous-wave operation with a constant light output power of 1 mW. The threshold current density is 533 A/cm2 and the lasing wavelength is 514.7 nm. Considering the dark-spot density, we have concluded that the failure of this LD is not caused by degradation from macroscopic defects such as stacking faults, but by recombination enhanced defect reaction.
Antiguiding index profiles in broad strip semiconductor lasers for high-power, single-mode operation (1988)

Solutions to the wave equations for a one-dimensional quadratic variation in the complex refractive index profile are used to calculate gain and field distributions for the lateral modes of broad-stripe semiconductor lasers. It is found that a large difference in gain between the fundamental mode and higher-order modes is obtained in profiles with strong real-index antiguiding and weak imaginary-index guiding. The effect of truncating the quadratic profile is explored. A criterion for comparing the tendency for single-mode operation in different index profiles is introduced and applied to quadratic, step, and array profiles. Based on the analysis, device structures for achieving high-power, single-mode operation are proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 30 ns 64 Mb DRAM with built-in self-test and repair function (2003)

A 64 Mw*1 b/16 Mw*4 b DRAM with 30-ns access time which uses a double-metal layer and 0.4- mu m CMOS technology is reported. The external power supply is 3 V, while memory cell arrays operate at 2.2 V. Key circuits for the 64-Mb DRAM are (1) a latched-sense, shared-sense circuit with open bit-line read-out and folded bit-line rewrite operations (LOF) to reduce inter-bit-line coupling noise, (2) alternatively activated and separately end-located word drivers and X decoders to reduce word-line selection delay, and (3) built-in self test and repair circuits using spare memory cells to reduce test costs and increase chip reliability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A General Method for the Isolation of Antibodies (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA General Method for the Isolation of AntibodiesS. J. Singer, John E. Fothergill, and John R. ShainoffCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 3, 565–571Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01488a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01488a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views274Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The fungal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis: richness, diversity, postoperative changes and patient outcomes (2014)

This is the first study to use a highly sensitive pyrosequencing technique to reveal the true diversity of fungi in the sinuses of CRS patients and postoperative changes in richness. The presence of Malassezia, a genus not previously described in the sinuses, is of great interest, and its potential as a disease modifier should see further investigation given its association with atopic disease.
Synergistic Stimulation of Antigen Presenting Cells via TLR by Combining CpG ODN and Poly(γ-glutamic acid)-Based Nanoparticles as Vaccine Adjuvants (2013)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) encapsulated poly(γ-glutamic acid)-graft-l-phenylalanine ethyl ester (γ-PGA-Phe) nanoparticles (NPs) employing polycations were prepared to develop vaccine delivery and adjuvant systems. The CpG ODN was stably encapsulated into the NPs when protamine was used as the polycation. The CpG ODN-encapsulated γ-PGA-Phe NPs were taken up by macrophages and CpG ODN which was encapsulated into the NPs internalized into endo/lysosomes, where the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, which recognizes CpG ODN, is expressed. The examination of release behavior in vitro revealed that the encapsulated CpG ODN into NPs was released when these NPs were immersed into the early endosomal environment. Interestingly, CpG ODN-encapsulated γ-PGA-Phe NPs synergistically activated macrophages. This may be due to the multiple stimulation of TLRs by γ-PGA-Phe NPs (TLR4 ligand) and CpG ODN (TLR9 ligand). We previously reported that γ-PGA-Phe NPs are excellent vaccine adjuvants for inducing potent innate and adaptive immune responses via TLR4. Moreover, coencapsulated CpG ODN and antigen in γ-PGA-Phe NPs induced potent antigen-specific cellular immunity at a higher level than the mixture of CpG ODN and antigen which is the conventional vaccine system. These findings suggest that the conjugation strategies of biologically derived adjuvant and polymeric NPs will aid the development of a novel approach for safe and effective vaccine delivery and adjuvant systems.
Constant-G/sub m/ rail-to-rail common-mode range input stage with minimum CMRR degradation (1993)

The inherent drawbacks associated with CMOS amplifiers with rail-to-rail input common-mode range (CMR) are addressed. It is shown how they impact on the amplifier and limit its performance. An input stage, suitable to be incorporated in the design of any amplifier topology with extended input range, is introduced. By controlling the bias current level as a function of the input common-mode voltage, the input stage provides simultaneously an almost constant total transconductance and over 18 dB of common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) improvement in comparison to the classical approach with just 5 V of total supply voltage. Experimental results obtained from the evaluation of a prototype chip fabricated in a standard CMOS p-well process with 2- mu m feature size are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of ion implanted waveguides in Nd:YAG (1991)

Ion implantation into Nd:YAG has been used to produce waveguides which are capable of supporting laser action. The refractive index profiles have been characterized as a function of ion dose and energy, implant temperature, and subsequent thermal annealing. Transmission losses down to 1.2 dB/cm have been obtained in the optimized waveguides. There is a temperature independent index enhancement of ∼0.15% in the electronic stopping (guiding) region. The nuclear collision damage is temperature dependent, and shows an initial index increase (∼0.3% for dose 1 × 1016 ions/cm2), but a subsequent decrease of up to several percent, which forms an optical barrier, as has been observed in many other crystalline materials. The best mode confinement and attenuation is obtained by utilizing the low dose nuclear index enhancement produced by several equally spaced implants (multiple energy) to give a broad well with Δn∼0.25%. Several unusual features of the profiles are reported and discussed.
Para- and perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness is associated with 24-hours mean diastolic blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects (2015)

This study shows a positive independent association between PUFT and mean 24-h diastolic blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects, suggesting a possible direct role of PUFT in increasing daily diastolic blood pressure.
Expression of RANTES by Normal Airway Epithelial Cells after Influenza Virus A Infection (1998)

The chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES), is a C-C chemokine and a potent chemoattractant for monocytes, T lymphocytes, basophils, and eosinophils. Its expression by human airway epithelium has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether RANTES is expressed by normal human airway epithelial cells after influenza viral infection and examined its bioactivity. Epithelial cells were obtained from bronchial tissue or nasal polyps of patients who had undergone lobectomy for lung cancer or polypectomy for nasal polyps. These cells were cultured by the outgrowth method. Cultured cells were infected with influenza virus A (subtype H3N2) after which the supernatants and the cells were collected 8 to 72 h after infection. RANTES mRNA (messenger RNA) was analyzed by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis of its product. Concentrations of RANTES in the supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RANTES protein and mRNA were not detected in the media of uninfected cells. PCR products for RANTES were clearly detected in nasal and bronchial epithelial cells 24 h after infection. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the PCR products were indeed specific for RANTES mRNA. Twenty-four to 72 h after infection, significant levels of RANTES protein were detected in culture media. We also investigated the chemotactic activity of the supernatant of cultured cells. The supernatant of the cells 48 h after infection had potent chemotactic activity for eosinophils, which was attenuated by the addition of anti-RANTES antibodies. These findings suggest that influenza virus infection may induce expression of bioactive RANTES by normal human bronchial and nasal epithelial cells.
Sulfur-containing Pyridine Derivatives. LVII (1958)

Synthesis of thianaphthenopyridines had heretofore been effected by the final formation of pyridine ring, starting from thianaphthene derivatives, ring closure by either Bischler-Napieralski or Pomeranz-Fritsch reaction, followed by dehydration, or treatment of the adduct of haloethylthianaphthenes with hexamethylenetetramine which was formed by Delépine reaction, with hydrochloric acid in ethanol. In the present series of work, this synthesis was attempted, starting from phenylthiopyridines and forming the thiophene ring in the last stage by Pschorr reaction by which thianaphtheno [3, 2-c] pyridines and 3-chlorothianaphtheno [2, 3-b] pyridine were successfully obtained.
Temporal evaluation of left ventricular remodeling and function in rats with chronic volume overload (1996)

The left ventricle (LV) significantly dilates and hypertrophies in response to chronic volume overload. However, the temporal responses in LV mass, volume, and systolic/diastolic function secondary to chronic volume overload induced by an infrarenal arteriovenous (A-V) fistula in rats have not been well characterized. To this end, LV end-diastolic pressure, size, and function (i.e., isovolumetric pressure-volume relationships in the blood-perfused isolated heart) were assessed at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 wk post-A-V fistula and compared with age-matched control animals. Progressive hypertrophy (192% at 8 wk), ventricular dilatation (172% at 8 wk), and a decrease in ventricular stiffness (257% at 8 wk) occurred in the fistula groups. LV end-diastolic pressure increased from a control value of 4.2 +/- 3.1 mmHg to a peak value of 15.7 +/- 3.6 mmHg after 3 wk of volume overload. A subsequent decline in LVEDP to 11.0 +/- 6.0 mmHg together with further LV dilation (169%) corresponded to a significant decrease in LV stiffness (222%) at 5 wk post-A-V fistula. Myocardial contractility, as assessed by the isovolumetric pressure-volume relationship, was significantly reduced in all A-V fistula groups; however, the compensatory remodeling induced by 8 wk of chronic biventricular volume overload tended to preserve systolic function.
Rock Typing in Gas Shales (2010)

Abstract Conventional methods of rock typing based on porosity-permeability cross-plots do not work in shales due to lack of dynamic range and difficulties involved in the direct measurements of most of the petrophysical parameters.. Here we present a methodology for rock typing in Barnett shale by integrating geological core description with porosity, total organic carbon (TOC), mineralogy and mercury injection capillary pressure which are relatively easy to measure. Petrophysical measurements were made on 800 plugs obtained from almost 1600 feet of core recovered from four wells from Newark East field, TX. Lithofacies of all the plugs were assigned using the stratigraphic columns developed by Singh (2008). From the petrophysical measurements, we observe three such groups or rock types. The three rock types so formed are termed as petrofacies ‘1’, ‘2’ and ‘3’. Each petrofacies was found to have distinct capillary pressure curve, and microstructure determined by ESEM. Cluster analysis of the petrophysica data set also indicates that rocks can be grouped into three clusters. Petrofacies 1 represents the best reservoir rock with high porosity, TOC and quartz content and low calcite content whereas petrofacies 3 represents the worst reservoir rock with high calcite content and low porosity and TOC. In order to verify that petrofacies 1 is indeed the best reservoir rock; we compared the thickness of the petrofacies with the overall gas production in two vertical wells. It is observed that the well with most continuous intervals of petrofacies 1, with minimum interference of petrofacies 2 and 3 over the perforated zone, produces better than the well with thick intervals of petrofacies 2 and 3 frequently separating petrofacies 1. This confirms that petrofacies 1 which is the best reservoir rock in a petrophysical sense is also a better gas producer.
Synthesis of 1,4-Dithiins from Pentathiepins (2006)

Fused aromatic and heterocyclic 1,2,3,4,5-pentathiepins react with triphenylphosphine and alkynes bearing electron-withdrawing groups to give the corresponding 1,4-dithiins in high yields. Unsymmetrical alkynes add regioselectively to afford products in agreement with the electron distribution in a proposed reaction intermediate. A mechanism for these reactions is proposed.
Log-Derived Evaluation of Gas-Bearing Cherokee, Red Fork, and Morrow Formations, Custer County, OK (1985)

ABSTRACT Medium to low porosity and rather tight Cherokee, Red Fork and Morrow sands, located in Oklahoma, contain significant hydrocarbon resources. To evaluate the commercial importance of wells drilled in Custer County, Oklahoma, an innovative digital shaly sand analysis approach (CLASS® – Epilog®) has been applied, which provides information on total and effective reservoir porosity, total and effective fluid distribution based on the Waxman-Smits equation, shaliness, clay typing, and reservoir productivity. Several field case examples are presented and discussed based on (1) open hole logging suite, consisting of induction, compensated density/neutron and SpectralogSM, (2) CLASS® analysis, (3) well completion and stimulation data, and (4) the resulting production test results.
Cell death in the developing vertebrate retina (2004)

Programmed cell death occurs naturally, as a physiological process, during the embryonic development of multicellular organisms. In the retina, which belongs to the central nervous system, at least two phases of cell death have been reported to occur during development. An early phase takes place concomitant with the processes of neurogenesis, cell migration and cell differentiation. A later phase affecting mainly neurons occurs when connections are established and synapses are formed, resulting in selective elimination of inappropriate connections. This pattern of cell death in the developing retina is common among different vertebrates. However, the timing and magnitude of retinal cell death varies among species. In addition, a precise regulation of apoptosis during retinal development has been described. Factors such as neurotrophins, among many others, and electrical activity influence the survival of retinal cells during the course of development. In this paper, we present a summary of these different aspects of programmed cell death during retinal development, and examine how these differ among different species.
An oral delivery system for recombinant subunit vaccine to fish. (2005)

Oral vaccination is considered as the most desirable method for immunizing fish because it is non-stressful, user-friendly and is capable of easy administration to large numbers of fish. However, many publications have indicated that the current oral vaccines still lack the desired efficacy. Here we reported on an oral vaccine method to deliver recombinant subunit vaccine based on the food chain of fish, in that live Artemia nauplii are encapsulated with recombinant bacteria containing the antigen. The feasibility and efficacy of this method for delivering protein antigen was tested in a zebrafish model, where immunisation took place through feeding Artemia encapsulated with recombinant E. coli. By this oral vaccine method the antigen could be delivered to the hindgut as confirmed by immuno-histochemistry, and its efficacy was demonstrated by the ability to protect vaccinated fish significantly from a direct injection of a native Pseudomonas exotoxin and bacterial pathogen. Combined with the recombinant technology for producing desired protein antigens, this oral vaccine delivery method provides the capacity to deliver a variety of different antigens, including the option for delivery of multivalent vaccines by the oral route.