gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of induced endochondral bone development in caffeine‐treated rats (1993)

We have addressed questions raised by the observation in fetal rats of delayed ossification induced by caffeine at maternal doses above 80 mg/kg body weight per day. The effect of caffeine on endochondral bone development and mineralization has been studied in an experimental model system of bone formation which involves implantation of demineralized bone particles (DBP) in subcutaneous pockets of young growing rats. Caffeine's effects on cellular events associated with endochondral ossification were examined directly by quantitating cellular mRNA levels of chondrocyte and osteoblast growth and differentiation markers in DBP implants from caffeine-treated rats harvested at specific stages of development (day 7 through day 15). Oral caffeine administration to rats implanted with DBP resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of the formation of cartilage tissue in the implants. Histologic examination of the implants revealed a decrease in the number of cells which were transformed to chondrocytes compared to control implants. Those cartilaginous areas that did form, however, proceeded through the normal sequelae of calcified cartilage and bone formation. At the 100 mg/kg dose, cellular levels of mRNA for histone, collagen type II, and TGF beta were all reduced by greater than 40% of control implants consistent with the histological findings. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the implants and mRNA levels for proteins reflecting the hypertrophic chondrocyte and bone phenotype, collagen type I and osteocalcin were markedly decreased compared to controls. Lower doses of 50 and 12.5 mg/kg caffeine also resulted in decreased cellular proliferation and transformation to cartilage histologically and reflected by significant inhibition of type II collagen mRNA levels (day 7). The effects of caffeine on gene expression observed in vivo during the period of bone formation (day 11 to day 15) in the DBP model were similar to the inhibited expression of H4, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin found in fetal rat calvarial derived osteoblast cultures following 24 hour exposure of the cultures to 0.4 mM caffeine. Thus the observed delayed mineralization in the fetal skeleton associated with caffeine appears to be related to an inhibition of endochondral bone formation at the early stages of proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to cartilage specific cells as well as at later stages of bone formation.
Hypolipidemic Effect and Mechanism of Palmatine from<i>Coptis chinensis</i>in Hamsters Fed High-Fat diet (2015)

Palmatine (PAL) is one of the main alkaloids in Coptis chinensis. The present aim was to investigate the hypolipidemic effect and mechanism of palmatine in hamsters fed with high-fat diet (HFD). PAL treatment decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, as well as increased fecal excretion of TC and total bile acids (TBA) in hyperlipidemic hamsters. Furthermore, PAL treatment up-regulated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA and protein expression and down-regulated apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT) mRNA and protein expression. These results demonstrated that PAL as a potential natural cholesterol lowering agent works by up-regulating LDLR and CYP7A1 mRNA and protein expression, down-regulating ASBT mRNA and protein expression, as well as enhancing fecal excretion of TC and TBA. The findings in our study suggest that palmatine could be a potential natural agent for treating hyperlipidemia.
Solving the Sparsity Problem in Recommendations via Cross-Domain Item Embedding Based on Co-Clustering (2019)

Session-based recommendations recently receive much attentions due to no available user data in many cases, e.g., users are not logged-in/tracked. Most session-based methods focus on exploring abundant historical records of anonymous users but ignoring the sparsity problem, where historical data are lacking or are insufficient for items in sessions. In fact, as users' behavior is relevant across domains, information from different domains is correlative, e.g., a user tends to watch related movies in a movie domain, after listening to some movie-themed songs in a music domain (i.e., cross-domain sessions). Therefore, we can learn a complete item description to solve the sparsity problem using complementary information from related domains. In this paper, we propose an innovative method, called Cross-Domain Item Embedding method based on Co-clustering (CDIE-C), to learn cross-domain comprehensive representations of items by collectively leveraging single-domain and cross-domain sessions within a unified framework. We first extract cluster-level correlations across domains using co-clustering and filter out noise. Then, cross-domain items and clusters are embedded into a unified space by jointly capturing item-level sequence information and cluster-level correlative information. Besides, CDIE-C enhances information exchange across domains utilizing three types of relations (i.e., item-to-context-item, item-to-context-co-cluster and co-cluster-to-context-item relations). Finally, we train CDIE-C with two efficient training strategies, i.e., joint training and two-stage training. Empirical results show CDIE-C outperforms the state-of-the-art recommendation methods on three cross-domain datasets and can effectively alleviate the sparsity problem.
Fracture Toughness of Vinyl Ester Composites Reinforced with Sawdust and Postcured in Microwaves (2012)

A commercial vinyl ester resin supplied by Hetron Chemical Pty. was reinforced with varying percentages by weight of sawdust. The sawdust particles were sieved into 3 different sizes, which were <300 μ m, 300–425 μ m, and 425–1180 μ m, respectively, with a view to increase its fracture toughness for civil and structural applications. The sawdust used varied from 0% w/t to 15% w/t in step of 5% w/t. For higher w/t% of sawdust, the mixture would be too sticky to be mixed and cast. The cast composites were cured in ambient conditions and then postcured in microwave irradiation. They were then tested for fracture toughness using short bar tests. The values of fracture toughness of the composites increased with increasing particulate size, and this is due to the size distribution of the filler. It was found that the optimum amount of sawdust (425–1180 μ m) was 15% w/t, with which the increase in fracture toughness was 126% as compared to neat resin and the reduction in cost was 15%. Furthermore, the optimum amount of sawdust (300–425 μ m) was also 15% w/t, with which the increase in fracture toughness was 28.3% as compared to neat resin and the reduction in cost was again 15%.
Decreased intratumoral Foxp3 Tregs and increased dendritic cell density by neoadjuvant chemotherapy associated with favorable prognosis in advanced gastric cancer. (2014)

Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has been increasingly used to improve the outcome of advanced gastric cancer (GC) for decades, its precise efficacy has been difficult to evaluate yet. Abundant studies have investigated the predictive factors that represent the effect of NACT on advanced GC. In the present study, the intratumoral infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and dendritic cells (DCs) response to NACT in advanced GC and their correlation with prognosis were evaluated. Infiltration of Tregs (marked by Foxp3) and DCs (marked by S-100) in 102 advanced GC specimens with or without NACT was measured using immunohistochemical method. Intratumoral infiltration of Foxp3 Tregs was significantly lower and DC density was significantly higher in NACT group than that in nNACT group (P=0.007, P=0.002, respectively). Infiltration of Foxp3 Tregs was significantly associated with tumor invasion depth (P<0.001). The DC density was significantly correlated with histopathologic type (P=0.035), invasion depth (P=0.002), TNM stage (P=0.018), and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). There was no significant difference of patient's OS between NACT and nNACT groups (P=0.452); however, patients treated with NACT had longer OS with lower infiltration of Foxp3 Tregs (P<0.001) and higher infiltration of DCs (P=0.010). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that infiltration of Foxp3 Tregs and DCs were independent prognostic factors (P=0.002, P=0.003, respectively). The results demonstrated that NACT could decrease intratumoral Foxp3 Tregs infiltration and increase DCs density, and that infiltration of Foxp3 Tregs and DCs may serve as novel prognostic biomarkers of human GC.
Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum Composite by Powder Extrusion Process (2007)

This paper describes a fabrication process of Al/CNT composites and measurement of their mechanical properties. It is a very useful reinforcement for composites since CNT has very high strength and very high Young's modulus. However, it is very difficult to distribute CNT in the metal matrix. Natural rubber, Al powder and CNT precursors were used to improve the distribution of the CNT in Al matrix. CNT distributed mixture with Al powder were obtained using the precursors produced by heat treatment in N2 atmosphere. The Al/CNT mixed powder filled up into Al alloy billets were encapsulated in vacuum atmosphere. Then, the billets were extruded with different extrusion ratios of 5, 10 and 20 at 673K. The composites were observed by optical microscope and FE-SEM. The mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers hardness and tensile tests. We succeeded in achieving fully densified and finely extruded rod of Al/CNT composites by hot extrusion process. Observation of micro structures after hot extrusion revealed that CNT aligned along the extrusion direction. Vickers hardness and tensile strength obtained were about twice compared to pure Al.
A new in vivo assay of the reactions of microencapsulated human tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. (1993)

A new cell culture modality had already been established in our laboratory. Using this model, living KB and GBM 8401 tumor cells grew and proliferated exponentially in semipermeable microcapsules, implanted in vivo. The culture method was designed as a modality for a predictive anticancer drug sensitivity test. Its advantages included providing a three-dimensional growth and in vivo supply of nutrients. Tumor cell sensitivity to drugs can be assessed in vivo. The assay is applicable to virtually all histological types of human tumor cells. Using this technique, anticancer drug sensitivity tests of KB and GBM 8401 cells were evaluated. The results showed that such encapsulated cells grew and proliferated rapidly. In addition, the proliferation of KB cells was more rapid than that of GBM 8401 cells under conventional monolayer and in vivo microcapsule culture states. They were very sensitive to adriamycin and fluorouracil, and relatively resistant to cyclophosphamide while cultured in vitro. The viability percentage of microencapsulated KB cells cultured in vivo for two weeks was around 80-90%, roughly similar to that of the same cells conventionally cultured in vitro. However, the proliferation rates of encapsulated KB and GBM 8401 cells in vivo were significantly inhibited by all the drugs tested, with KB cells inhibited more significantly than GBM 8401. These results also suggest that some anticancer drugs needing to be bioactivated in vivo had better test results by this technique, and thus false negative results could be excluded. Also, the good repair capacity of microcapsules implanted in vivo, for damaged tumor cells previously incubated with chemotherapeutic drugs, appears to provide a much better environment for cell growth because much essential nourishment can be supplied. The inhibition percentage of fluorouracil to encapsulated cancer cells from patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon was also tested; they were 69.8% in vivo and 76.5% in vitro. This fast, relatively inexpensive in vivo model can be used to screen various anticancer drugs and help clinical oncologists to select the most effective agents for individual patients.
Property ownership and the legal personhood of artificial intelligence (2020)

This paper adds to the discussion on the legal personhood of artificial intelligence by focusing on one area not covered by previous works on the subject – ownership of property. The author discusses the nexus between property ownership and legal personhood. The paper explains the prevailing misconceptions about the requirements of rights or duties in legal personhood, and discusses the potential for conferring rights or imposing obligations on weak and strong AI. While scholars have discussed AI owning real property and copyright, there has been limited discussion on the nexus of AI property ownership and legal personhood. The paper discusses the right to own property and the obligations of property ownership in nonhumans, and applying it to AI. The paper concludes that the law may grant property ownership and legal personhood to weak AI, but not to strong AI.
Integrating GIS with Cellular Automaton Model for Railway Transportation Safety System (2009)

The railway transportation safety system is a complex dynamic system with spatio-temporal characteristics. However, currently commercial geographical information system (GIS) lacks these capabilities for spatio-temporal analysis and modeling. Cellular automaton (CA) model can provides GIS with a bottom-to-top spatio-temporal modeling frame. The simplicity and flexibility make CA able to simulate a variety of behaviors of complex systems. In order to meet the needs of spatio-temporal simulation of the railway transportation safety system, we propose a new CA model -- a safety system model for railway (SSM-R) -- to simulate the railway safety and put forward the integrated GIS and CA framework. Based on the integration method, a simulation experiment is carried out with ArcGIS Engine 9.1 and Dot Net. The results show that the model can interpret the evolutional law of the railway transportation safety system and GIS-CA integration can simulate realistic railway transportation safety system.
Significant Enhancement of the Stille Reaction with a New Combination of Reagents—Copper(<scp>I</scp>) Iodide with Cesium Fluoride (2005)

The combination of copper(I) iodide and cesium fluoride significantly enhances the Stille reaction. After extensive optimisation, a variety of electronically unfavourable and sterically hindered substrates were coupled in very high yields under mild conditions.
Effect of carbon nanotubes on developing zebrafish (<i>Danio Rerio</i>) embryos (2007)

The impact of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the aquatic environment was investigated by examining the properties of raw CNTs under several environmental conditions and using developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The agglomerate size for single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) was significantly larger at pH 11 or greater and was stable at temperatures from 4 to 40 degrees C and salinities from 0 to 30 ppt. Exposure to SWCNTs induced a significant hatching delay in zebrafish embryos between 52 to 72 h postfertilization (hpf) at concentrations of greater than 120 mg/L, but 99% of the exposed embryos hatched by 75 hpf. Double-walled CNTs also induced a hatching delay at concentrations of greater than 240 mg/L, but carbon black did not affect hatching at the concentrations tested. Molecular and cellular analysis showed that the embryonic development of the exposed embryos up to 96 hpf was not affected at SWCNT concentrations of up to 360 mg/L. Scanning-electron microscopic inspection showed that the size of the pores on the embryo chorion was nanoscaled and that the size of SWCNT agglomerates was microscaled or larger, indicating that the chorion of zebrafish embryos was an effective protective barrier to SWCNT agglomerates. The hatching delay observed in this study likely was induced by the Co and Ni catalysts used in the production of SWCNTs that remained at trace concentrations after purification. This study suggests that materials associated with raw SWCNTs (perhaps metal contaminants) have the potential to affect aquatic life when released into the aquatic environment.
Supporting the analytical reasoning process in information visualization (2008)

This paper presents a new information visualization framework that supports the analytical reasoning process. It consists of three views - a data view, a knowledge view and a navigation view. The data view offers interactive information visualization tools. The knowledge view enables the analyst to record analysis artifacts such as findings, hypotheses and so on. The navigation view provides an overview of the exploration process by capturing the visualization states automatically. An analysis artifact recorded in the knowledge view can be linked to a visualization state in the navigation view. The analyst can revisit a visualization state from both the navigation and knowledge views to review the analysis and reuse it to look for alternate views. The whole analysis process can be saved along with the synthesized information. We present a user study and discuss the perceived usefulness of a prototype based on this framework that we have developed.
Prevalence of swine Torque teno virus in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-PMWS-affected pigs in Spain (2006)

The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of swine Torque teno virus (TTV) in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-affected Spanish swine. Nested PCR (nPCR) assays to detect two distinct TTV genogroups were applied. A significantly higher prevalence of TTV infection was found in sera from PMWS-affected animals (97 %) than in sera from non-PMWS-affected animals (78 %). Whilst PMWS-affected pigs (91 %) were more likely to be infected with TTV from genogroup 2 than non-PMWS-affected swine (72 %), no such difference was observed with genogroup 1. Nucleotide sequences of nPCR products were 91-99 % identical between strains within a genogroup. In contrast, inter-genogroup sequence identities were 49-58 %. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that genogroups form different clusters without association with PMWS or porcine circovirus type 2 infection status of the animals. These results indicate a high prevalence of both swine TTV genogroups in Spain, being present more frequently in PMWS-affected animals than in non-PMWS-affected animals.
Concentrations of Nicotine and Tobacco Smoke in Public Places (1975)

PUBLIC interest has focused on health effects to the large numbers of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke in public places. Recent regulations in a few cities have banned smoking in public places, or have restricted smoking in the manner of United States commercial aircraft.Two studies1 , 2 indicated that in crowded private rooms concentrations of tobacco smoke often exceed 260 μg per cubic meter, the federal air-quality standard for paniculate matter that is not to be exceeded more than one day per year. Hoegg1 estimated that in residences, meeting rooms, or private automobiles, the nonsmoker inhales in one hour the equivalent . . .
Supplementary eye field contrasted with the frontal eye field during acquisition of conditional oculomotor associations (1995)

1. The companion paper reported that a substantial proportion of cells in the supplementary eye field (SEF) of macaque monkeys show significant evolution of neuronal activity as subjects learn new and arbitrary stimulus-saccade associations. The purpose of the present study was to compare and contrast the activity of the SEF and the frontal eye field (FEF) during such conditional oculomotor learning. 2. In both SEF and FEF, we observed learning-dependent and learning-selective activity, defined as significant evolution of task-related activity as monkeys learned which of four saccades was instructed by a novel stimulus. By definition, in addition to changes as the monkeys learned the instructional significance of a novel instruction stimulus, learning-dependent activity also showed task-related modulation for trials instructed by familiar stimuli, whereas learning-selective activity did not. Of the 186 SEF neurons adequately tested, 81 (44%) showed one of these two categories of learning-related change. By contrast, of the 90 FEF neurons adequately tested, only 14 (16%) showed similar properties. This difference was highly statistically significant (chi 2 = 21.1; P < 0.001). 3. We also observed persistent differences in activity for trials with familiar versus novel instruction stimuli, which we termed learning-static effects. In some cases, the learning-static effect coexisted with learning-dependent or learning-selective changes in activity, although in others it did not. In the former cases, activity changed systematically during learning, but reached a level that differed from that for familiar stimuli instructing the same saccade. In the latter cases, the activity did not change significantly as the monkey learned new conditional oculomotor associations, but did show a significant difference depending upon whether a novel or familiar stimulus instructed a given saccade. Overall, 66 of 186 (35%) cells in the SEF and 17 of 90 (19%) cells in the FEF showed learning-static effects in one or more task periods. This difference was statistically significant (chi 2 = 7.9; P < 0.005). 4. The significant difference in the properties of SEF and FEF cells suggests a functional dissociation of the two areas during conditional oculomotor learning. In this respect, the FEF resembles the primary motor cortex, whereas the SEF resembles the premotor cortex.
Searching for intellectual turning points: Progressive knowledge domain visualization (2004)

This article introduces a previously undescribed method progressively visualizing the evolution of a knowledge domain's cocitation network. The method first derives a sequence of cocitation networks from a series of equal-length time interval slices. These time-registered networks are merged and visualized in a panoramic view in such a way that intellectually significant articles can be identified based on their visually salient features. The method is applied to a cocitation study of the superstring field in theoretical physics. The study focuses on the search of articles that triggered two superstring revolutions. Visually salient nodes in the panoramic view are identified, and the nature of their intellectual contributions is validated by leading scientists in the field. The analysis has demonstrated that a search for intellectual turning points can be narrowed down to visually salient nodes in the visualized network. The method provides a promising way to simplify otherwise cognitively demanding tasks to a search for landmarks, pivots, and hubs.