gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nurse health (2021)

Amanda Perkins is an Associate Professor of Nursing at Vermont Tech in Randolph, Vt., and a Nursing made Incredibly Easy! Editorial Board Member. The author has disclosed no financial relationships related to this article.
Regulation of the frontocortical sodium pump by Na<sup>+</sup> in Alzheimer's disease: difference from the age‐matched control but similarity to the rat model (2002)

The Na+ and K+ dependence of the frontocortical Na,K-ATPase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was compared with that in human control (Co) and rat AD model. In AD, the relationship between the Na/K ratio and the Na,K-ATPase activity showed noticeable left-shift with three-fold increase in the enzyme affinity for Na+ (K(0.5)=10 and 30 mM in AD and Co, respectively). The Na+ dependence of the enzyme in AD showed two different Hill coefficients (n(H)), 1.1 and 0.3, whereas the Co value of n(H) was higher (1.4). The rat AD model generated by ibotenic acid revealed a Na+ dependence similar to AD. The K+ dependence of the Na,K-ATPase showed no significant difference in AD and Co. Compared with Co, AD produced a shift in the break of the Na,K-ATPase Arrhenius plot, suggesting remarkable alterations in the enzyme lipid environment. Our findings support the hypothesis that dysfunction of the Na,K-ATPase in AD is provoked by altered Na+ dependence of the enzyme. An impairment of the pump functionality might serve as an early mechanism of AD that should be interrupted by selective pharmacological agents.
A defined molecular-weight distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid after extensive sonication (1978)

Concentrated solutions of low-molecular-weight DNA (Mw=35000) with a known molecular-weight distribution can be prepared in several hours, and require no additional fractionation procedures. This is achieved by sonication of the DNA in 1.0 M-NaCl at high power at 0--2 degrees C. No denaturation of the DNA is detectable, even after 8h of continuous sonication. After 2h, the molecular-weight distribution of the total DNA sample is that of the most probably Schulz distribution, described by-Mn:-Mw:-Mz ...=1:2:3 ...etc. Such a molecular-weight distribution is expected for a random break-up of indefinitely long macromolecules and indicates that the sonication process is essentially by random double-strand scission. DNA was also sonicated in the presence of ligands capable of modifying the DNA tertiary structure. The results support the idea that inflexibility of the DNA is required for efficient sonic degradation.
Cellular Communication through Light (2009)

Information transfer is a fundamental of life. A few studies have reported that cells use photons (from an endogenous source) as information carriers. This study finds that cells can have an influence on other cells even when separated with a glass barrier, thereby disabling molecule diffusion through the cell-containing medium. As there is still very little known about the potential of photons for intercellular communication this study is designed to test for non-molecule-based triggering of two fundamental properties of life: cell division and energy uptake. The study was performed with a cellular organism, the ciliate Paramecium caudatum. Mutual exposure of cell populations occurred under conditions of darkness and separation with cuvettes (vials) allowing photon but not molecule transfer. The cell populations were separated either with glass allowing photon transmission from 340 nm to longer waves, or quartz being transmittable from 150 nm, i.e. from UV-light to longer waves. Even through glass, the cells affected cell division and energy uptake in neighboring cell populations. Depending on the cuvette material and the number of cells involved, these effects were positive or negative. Also, while paired populations with lower growth rates grew uncorrelated, growth of the better growing populations was correlated. As there were significant differences when separating the populations with glass or quartz, it is suggested that the cell populations use two (or more) frequencies for cellular information transfer, which influences at least energy uptake, cell division rate and growth correlation. Altogether the study strongly supports a cellular communication system, which is different from a molecule-receptor-based system and hints that photon-triggering is a fine tuning principle in cell chemistry.
Conformationally Restricted Dipyrromethene Boron Difluoride (BODIPY) Dyes: Highly Fluorescent, Multicolored Probes for Cellular Imaging (2008)

Novel fluorescent, conformationally restricted dipyrromethene boron difluoride (BODIPY) dyes have been prepared by introducing a naphthalenyl group at the meso position of the BODIPY core. These BODIPY dyes exhibit increased fluorescence quantum yields compared with dyes that have a meso-position phenyl group with internal rotation. The absorption and emission wavelengths of such conformationally restricted BODIPY dyes can be easily tuned to the near-IR range by derivatization through a condensation reaction with benzaldehyde derivatives. The two-photon absorption properties of these BODIPY dyes were also investigated and the results show that they exhibit increased two-photon excited fluorescence compared to analogue dyes that contain a phenyl group. The one- and two-photon fluorescence imaging of living cells by using selected BODIPY dyes has been successfully demonstrated.
Ushering In a New Age in the Study of Ancient Chinese Bronzes--A Note on The Great Bronze Age of China by Wen Fong and The Wonder of Chinese Bronzes by Li Xueqin (1979)

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标准、相关利益方与创新：全球知识经济下中国作用之演进 (2009)

今天，中国正在向实现2020年建成“创新社会”的目标大踏步地迈进。中国社会的这种过渡对未来全球信息通讯技术及其他高科技领域有着深远的影响。中国科技战略的核心是积极发展本土创新（或称“自主创新”）。技术标准的发展已是中国实现该宏伟目标不可分割的一部分。中国的标准政策现在已成为国际商界、学术界及中国许多主要贸易合作伙伴政策制定者高度关注的对象。
A VicRK Signal Transduction System in <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Affects <i>gtfBCD</i> , <i>gbpB</i> , and <i>ftf</i> Expression, Biofilm Formation, and Genetic Competence Development (2005)

Bacteria exposed to transient host environments can elicit adaptive responses by triggering the differential expression of genes via two-component signal transduction systems. This study describes the vicRK signal transduction system in Streptococcus mutans. A vicK (putative histidine kinase) deletion mutant (SmuvicK) was isolated. However, a vicR (putative response regulator) null mutation was apparently lethal, since the only transformants isolated after attempted mutagenesis overexpressed all three genes in the vicRKX operon (Smuvic+). Compared with the wild-type UA159 strain, both mutants formed aberrant biofilms. Moreover, the vicK mutant biofilm formed in sucrose-supplemented medium was easily detachable relative to that of the parent. The rate of total dextran formation by this mutant was remarkably reduced compared to the wild type, whereas it was increased in Smuvic+. Based on real-time PCR, Smuvic+ showed increased gtfBCD, gbpB, and ftf expression, while a recombinant VicR fusion protein was shown to bind the promoter regions of the gtfB, gtfC, and ftf genes. Also, transformation efficiency in the presence or absence of the S. mutans competence-stimulating peptide was altered for the vic mutants. In vivo studies conducted using SmuvicK in a specific-pathogen-free rat model resulted in significantly increased smooth-surface dental plaque (Pearson-Filon statistic [PF], <0.001). While the absence of vicK did not alter the incidence of caries, a significant reduction in SmuvicK CFU counts was observed in plaque samples relative to that of the parent (PF, <0.001). Taken together, these findings support involvement of the vicRK signal transduction system in regulating several important physiological processes in S. mutans.
The Effects of Monochromatic Illumination on Early Eye Development in Rhesus Monkeys (2014)

Illumination from long-wavelength light during early life could be a risk factor for the development of myopia in a small proportion of rhesus monkeys that are sensitive to L-cone stimulation.
Infestation with pathogen-free nymphs of the tick Ixodes scapularis induces host resistance to transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by ticks (1997)

Female BALB/c mice were infested four times with pathogen-free Ixodes scapularis nymphs prior to infestation with nymphs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi B31. Each infestation was separated by a 14-day tick-free period. Mean weights of fed ticks and percentage reaching repletion did not indicate development of acquired resistance. Only 16.7% of mice repeatedly infested with pathogen-free ticks prior to infected I. scapularis nymph challenge became positive for B. burgdorferi. One hundred percent of control mice infested only with infected ticks were culture positive for B. burgdorferi.
A fast response magnetic servo amplifier (1955)

IN SERVOMECHANISMS used in military applications, one of the weakest links is the electronic amplifier. The electronic amplifier is undesirable primarily because of its fragility, maintenance requirements, low power efficiency, and often objectionable warm-up time. The magnetic amplifier is much more rugged, has a much longer life, has a greater power efficiency, requires much less maintenance, and has no warm-up time. Thus, one of the most obvious and potentially fruitful applications of magnetic amplifiers is in the control of 2-phase motors in servomechanisms.
Analysis of elbow-joints misalignment in upper-limb exoskeleton (2011)

This paper presents advantages of introducing elbow-joints misalignments in an exoskeleton for upper limb rehabilitation. Typical exoskeletons are characterized by axes of the device as much as possible aligned to the rotational axes of human articulations. This approach leads to advantages in terms of movements and torques decoupling, but can lead to limitations nearby the elbow singular configuration. A proper elbow axes misalignment between the exoskeleton and the human can improve the quality of collaborative rehabilitation therapies, in which a correct torque transmission from human articulations to mechanical joints of the device is required to react to torques generated by the patient.
A Multi-task Ensemble Framework for Emotion, Sentiment and Intensity Prediction (2018)

In this paper, through multi-task ensemble framework we address three problems of emotion and sentiment analysis i.e. "emotion classification & intensity", "valence, arousal & dominance for emotion" and "valence & arousal} for sentiment". The underlying problems cover two granularities (i.e. coarse-grained and fine-grained) and a diverse range of domains (i.e. tweets, Facebook posts, news headlines, blogs, letters etc.). The ensemble model aims to leverage the learned representations of three deep learning models (i.e. CNN, LSTM and GRU) and a hand-crafted feature representation for the predictions. Experimental results on the benchmark datasets show the efficacy of our proposed multi-task ensemble frameworks. We obtain the performance improvement of 2-3 points on an average over single-task systems for most of the problems and domains.
The polyphenol oxidase gene family in land plants: Lineage-specific duplication and expansion (2012)

Our survey identified PPOs in gene families of varying sizes in all land plants except in the genus Arabidopsis. While we found variation in intron numbers and positions, overall PPO gene structure is congruent with the phylogenetic relationships based on primary sequence data. The dynamic nature of this gene family differentiates PPO from other oxidative enzymes, and is consistent with a protein important for a diversity of functions relating to environmental adaptation.
High‐molecular intestinal alkaline phosphatase in chronic liver diseases (2007)

The presence of high-molecular intestinal alkaline phosphatase (HIALP) different from bone ALP detected in the alpha(2)beta region was recently clarified. In this study we used a novel method in which HIALP was detected after conversion to ALP(5) by protease to investigate the clinical significance of the appearance of HIALP in patients with chronic liver disease. The subjects were 241 patients with chronic liver disease. When a decrease in ALP(3) in the alpha(2)beta region and an increase in ALP(5) in the beta region were noted, the patient was judged HIALP-positive. In the patients with chronic liver disease, the total ALP activity (T-ALP) increased with progression of the pathology in the order of chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HIALP appeared in 22.4% and 49.3% of patients with CH and LC, respectively, but the positivity rate decreased to 30.4% in HCC. As autoimmune liver diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) were investigated. T-ALP was lower in PBC+AIH than in LC and HCC, but the HIALP-positive rate was high (44.4%). The HIALP-positive rate was dependent on ABO blood groups, and was high in blood groups B and O. In conclusion, the HIALP-positive rate was particularly high in patients with chronic liver disease, and was related to the pathological progression, which suggests that the method is clinically useful.
Dexamethasone can modulate the synthesis and organization of cytokeratins in cultured differentiating rat hepatocytes (1985)

Dexamethasone, added to suckling rat hepatocytes cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF), caused a selective dose-dependent increase in cytokeratin synthesis. The response was dependent on the initial hepatocyte density. At 5 X 10(4) hepatocytes/cm2 a concentration of 1 or 10 microM dexamethasone, in the presence of insulin, enhanced the synthesis of a 55 000 relative mass (Mr) cytokeratin and to a lesser degree a 49 000 Mr cytokeratin, whereas at 1 X 10(5) hepatocytes/cm2 10 microM dexamethasone preferentially stimulated a 51 000 Mr component. Preferential synthesis of the 51 000 Mr component also occurred when either 1 or 10 microM dexamethasone was added to cultures seeded at 2 X 10(5) hepatocytes/cm2. The inclusion of EGF along with dexamethasone and insulin in cultures at 2 X 10(5) cells/cm2 yielded a differential effect of dexamethasone concentration equivalent to that observed at the lower cell density in absence of EGF. Under conditions where increased cytokeratin synthesis was observed, the hepatocytes maintained a high production of albumin and lost their capacity to produce alpha-fetoprotein, a change in gene expression associated with the normal differentiation of suckling rat hepatocytes. In contrast, no enhancement of cytokeratin synthesis was observed in hepatocytes following addition of EGF and insulin only, a condition that promoted hepatocyte growth and the maintenance of alpha-fetoprotein production. The dexamethasone-induced enhancement of cytokeratin synthesis was still present at 3 days postseeding. At this time, morphological observations by phase-contrast and immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies against the 55 000 and 49 000 Mr components revealed that under growth-promoting conditions the hepatocytes were spread and the cytokeratin filaments were stretched, whereas under differentiation-promoting conditions the cultures constitute a compact monolayer of cells exhibiting highly ordered filaments. These data suggest a close relationship between synthesis and organization of cytokeratins and promotion of differentiation of suckling rat hepatocytes by glucocorticoids.
Progress in cerebrovascular disease: local cerebral blood flow by xenon enhanced CT. (1982)

A noninvasive technique for measuring local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) by xenon enhanced x-ray transmission computed tomography (CT) has been developed an reported quite extensively in recent years. In this method, nonradioactive xenon gas in inhaled and the temporal changes in radiographic enhancement produced by the inhalation are measured by sequential computed tomography. Time dependent xenon concentrations within various tissue segments in the brain are used to derive both local partition coefficient (lambda) and LCBF. An assessment of this method reveals that although it provides functional mapping of blood flow with excellent anatomic specificity, there are distinct limitations. The assumptions underlying this methodology are examined and problems associated with various potential applications of this technique are discussed.
Silica-based highly nonlinear fiber as platform for optical processings (2008)

Recent progresses on optical characteristics of silica‐based highly‐nonlinear fibers (HNLFs), such as dispersion unifomization of longitudinal zero‐dispersion wavelength and tailoring higher‐order chromatic dispersions are reported. Applications using evolved HNLFs such as broad or selective FWM‐based wavelength conversions and supercontinuum generation are also demonstrated.
Use of the critical chain project management technique at NASA, Langley Research Center (2002)

Although the term critical chain project management is relatively new, it is an evolutionary project management technique and not a revolutionary one. A CCPM schedule continues to rely upon the establishment of a PERT network, the assignment of duration and resources - people, equipment or funds - to each task in that network, as well as the creation of project calendars and a resource calendar for each assigned resource. What is different is the way CCPM-compliant scheduling software uses the principles of TOC to identify and resolve resource contentions prior to calculating task dates, and the way it mitigates schedule. The implementation of the CCPM technique across LaRC's wind tunnel test cycle has made such improvements to project schedule performance and team morale that other organizational units on the Center are now asking for training in the use of the CCPM technique.
Dynamic Changes of the Total Pore Area Available for Peritoneal Exchange in Children (2001)

The most important of the parameters that describe exchange across the peritoneal membrane is the total pore area over diffusion distance (A(0)/Deltax). It determines the rate of diffusion and mainly seems to reflect the number of capillaries available for exchange. In the present study, a simplified three-pore analysis was used to estimate A(0)/Deltax from peritoneal equilibration tests. Two groups of children (mean age, 9.5 yr) who were on chronic peritoneal dialysis underwent studies with peritoneal equilibration tests. In the first group of children, three levels of fill volumes were used in each patient. In the second group of patients, the effects of posture and dwell time were analyzed from four consecutive peritoneal dialysis samples obtained after 15, 30, 60, and 90 min. As the fill volume was raised from 800 to 1400 ml/m(2) BSA, the steady-state A(0)/Deltax increased significantly by 21%, i.e., from 19,900 +/- 1200 to 24,000 +/- 1450 cm(2)/cm per 1.73 m(2) (n = 8). A further increase to 2000 ml/m(2) did not result in any change of A(0)/Deltax. Moreover, steady-state A(0)/Deltax fell significantly when the patients were standing, 21,900 +/- 1400 compared with 29,400 +/- 1330 cm(2)/cm per 1.73m(2) (n = 6) obtained in the supine position. There was a transient (<30 min) increase in A(0)/Deltax initially during the dwell, probably reflecting vasodilation and recruitment of capillaries. It is concluded that factors such as the intraperitoneal fill volume, posture, and dwell time all dynamically affect the total pore area available for exchange.
Developing the community of practice in the AMEP (2007)

Our results reveal disturbances in children with trauma histories within the modulation of the default mode and central executive networks-but not the salience network-regardless of whether children also presented with posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Nucleotide sequence of the gene for human prothrombin (1987)

A human genomic DNA library was screened for the gene coding for human prothrombin with a cDNA coding for the human protein. Eighty-one positive lambda phage were identified, and three were chosen for further characterization. These three phage hybridized with 5' and/or 3' probes prepared from the prothrombin cDNA. The complete DNA sequence of 21 kilobases of the human prothrombin gene was determined and included a 4.9-kilobase region that was previously sequenced. The gene for human prothrombin contains 14 exons separated by 13 intervening sequences. The exons range in size from 25 to 315 base pairs, while the introns range from 84 to 9447 base pairs. Ninety percent of the gene is composed of intervening sequence. All the intron splice junctions are consistent with sequences found in other eukaryotic genes, except for the presence of GC rather than GT on the 5' end of intervening sequence L. Thirty copies of Alu repetitive DNA and two copies of partial KpnI repeats were identified in clusters within several of the intervening sequences, and these repeats represent 40% of the DNA sequence of the gene. The size, distribution, and sequence homology of the introns within the gene were then compared to those of the genes for the other vitamin K dependent proteins and several other serine proteases.
Gradient Noise Convolution (GNC): Smoothing Loss Function for Distributed Large-Batch SGD (2019)

Large-batch stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is widely used for training in distributed deep learning because of its training-time efficiency, however, extremely large-batch SGD leads to poor generalization and easily converges to sharp minima, which prevents naive large-scale data-parallel SGD (DP-SGD) from converging to good minima. To overcome this difficulty, we propose gradient noise convolution (GNC), which effectively smooths sharper minima of the loss function. For DP-SGD, GNC utilizes so-called gradient noise, which is induced by stochastic gradient variation and convolved to the loss function as a smoothing effect. GNC computation can be performed by simply computing the stochastic gradient on each parallel worker and merging them, and is therefore extremely easy to implement. Due to convolving with the gradient noise, which tends to spread along a sharper direction of the loss function, GNC can effectively smooth sharp minima and achieve better generalization, whereas isotropic random noise cannot. We empirically show this effect by comparing GNC with isotropic random noise, and show that it achieves state-of-the-art generalization performance for large-scale deep neural network optimization.
Booth folding encoding for high performance squarer circuits (2003)

Combined Booth encoding and folding techniques are proposed to design squarer circuits using either carry-save or Wallace tree addition techniques. The Booth-folded technique is compared with previous state of the art squarer architectures, showing that a remarkable improvement in timing, power and area performances can be gained both for carry-save and Wallace tree cases. Experimental results, that use built-in-self-test for measuring on chip squarer performance, are presented. The measurements confirm the advantages of the Booth-folded architecture.
Impact of sanitary measures on exports of fishery products from India: the case of Kerala (2004)

This study provides an overview of fish and fishery products exports from India as a whole before focusing on the fish and fishery products sector in Kerala. The food safety and other technical requirements facing Indian exporters of fish and fishery products are then reviewed. The remainder of the study explores experiences with food safety controls, in particular across Kerala's major export markets, examining the efforts made by the Indian government and the impact on the processing sector as a whole and the preprocessing sector in particular. Finally, the remaining challenges faced by the fish and fishery products sector in Kerala as well as India as a whole are assessed in the context of the manner in which both the government and exporters have responded to changes in food safety and other requirements in major export markets.