gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[The bioavailability of orally administered drugs with special regard to the liver as a filter for foreign matter]. (1980)

A survey of the various aspects of the concept of bioavailability of orally administered drugs is presented. Oral bioavailability may be less than complete as a result of one of three main situations: incomplete absorption due to very slow and/or incomplete dissolution of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract, incomplete absorption due to poor permeability of the drug through the intestinal epithelia, and biotransformation of the drug during its first passage through the liver. This latter so-called first-pass effect is discussed in details. The main clinical concern of a substantial first-pass effect lies in the frequently observed large interindividual variability of the effect. This results in unduly variable drug-concentrations in the blood of patients treated by the same oral standard dosage. The mechanism of this phenomenon is outlined and referred to a shift of the drug metabolising reactions in the liver from first-order type to Michaelis-Menten type during the absorption phase. As to the significance of the oral bioavailability of a drug in human pharmacotherapy, the clinical impact of bioavailability should not be overemphasized. It should rather be judged and considered in the light of the different aspects of the pharmacodynamic potency of the drug. This, however, implies that the physician is acquainted with the main mechanisms involved in the impairment of oral availability.
Improved low complexity fully parallel thinning algorithm (2003)

A fully parallel iterative thinning algorithm called MB2 is presented. It favourably competes with the best known algorithms regarding homotopy, mediality, thickness, rotation invariance and noise immunity, while featuring a speed improvement by a factor of two or more owing to a smaller number of operations to perform. MB2 is grounded on a simple physics-based thinning principle that conveys both quality, efficiency and conceptual clarity. It is particularly suited to data parallel execution.
Dynamic simulation of autonomous legged locomotion (1990)

Accurate simulation of Newtonian mechanics is essential for simulating realistic motion of joined figures. Dynamic simulation requires, however, a large amount of computation when compared to kinematic methods, and the control of dynamic figures can be quite complex. We have implemented an efficient forward dynamic simulation algorithm for articulated figures which has a computational complexity linear in the number of joints. In addition, we present a strategy for the coordination of the locomotion of a six-legged figure - a simulated insect - which has two main components: a gait controller which sequences stepping, and motor programs which control motions of the figure by the application of forces. The simulation is capable of generating gait patterns and walking phenomena observed in nature, and our simulated insect can negotiate planar and uneven terrain in a realistic manner. The motor program techniques should be generally applicable to other control problems.
CHAPTER X (2014)

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Mechanisms Regulating LDL Metabolism in Subjects on Peroral and Transdermal Estrogen Replacement Therapy (2000)

To study the mechanisms of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering by peroral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 79 hysterectomized postmenopausal women aged 48 to 62 years were randomized in a double-blind double-dummy trial to receive either peroral estradiol valerate (2 mg/d) or transdermal estradiol gel (1 mg/d) for 6 months. Plasma LDL cholesterol decreased from 4. 19+/-0.83 (mean+/-SD) to 3.39+/-0.78 mmol/L (P<0.001) in the peroral group and from 4.11+/-0.86 to 3.72+/-0.78 mmol/L (P<0.001) in the transdermal estrogen group. Peroral estrogen did, but transdermal treatment did not, enhance the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and production of LDL apolipoprotein B (apoB). However, the decrease of LDL cholesterol was related to an increase in FCR for LDL apoB on both peroral and transdermal ERT (r=-0.645, P<0.001 and r=-0.627, P<0.001, respectively). These changes were associated with changes in the serum estrogen level. Both therapies reduced absorption of dietary cholesterol by 6% to 10% (P<0.05). The effects of estrogen were not modified by the polymorphisms of apoE and apoB or cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. In conclusion, the ERT-induced LDL cholesterol-lowering effect is related to changes in estrogen level, which presumably enhance LDL receptor activity, which is manifested as an increase in FCR for LDL apoB. The small decrease in the absorption efficiency of dietary cholesterol does not seem to contribute largely to the cholesterol lowering on either transdermal or peroral ERT.
Error states and synchronization recovery for variable length codes (1994)

An efficient technique for obtaining a variable length code (VLC) resistant to synchronization loss due to channel errors is proposed. Bit errors in the channel lead to incorrect decoding of a VLC and result in error states for continuous codewords. In this paper first a precise value is found for assessing the ability of a VLC to recover synchronization from the error states. Next a new transformation for converting a code into another of the same efficiency (equivalent transformation) is introduced, and several VLCs with an identical efficiency are compared through estimation of synchronization recovery in order to find an error-resistant VLC. Based on the equivalent transformation, an efficient method for finding an error-resistant VLC with high recovery performance from among multiple VLCs is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Induction of the unfolded protein response by cigarette smoke is primarily an activating transcription factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein mediated process (2011)

Purpose: Cigarette smoke is the major risk factor associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recent studies propose a link between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and emphysema, demonstrated by increased ER stress markers under smoking conditions. Here, we investigate whether cigarette smoke-induced ER stress is cell specific and correlates with acute and chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Methods: Gene and protein expression changes in human primary lung cell cultures following cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure were monitored by qPCR and Western blot analysis. Mice and guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke and ER stress markers examined in whole lung homogenates. Inflammatory cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 10 days smoke exposed mice were also examined. Results: Cigarette smoke induced a trend increase in the ER stress response through an activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mediated induction of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in primary small airway epithelial cells. Bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages responded similarly to CSE. Wild-type mice and guinea pigs exposed to acute levels of cigarette smoke exhibited increased levels of CHOP but not at significant levels. However, after long-term chronic cigarette smoke exposure, CHOP expression was reduced. Interestingly, inflammatory cells from smoke exposed mice had a significant increase in CHOP/ATF4 expression. Conclusion: A trend increase in CHOP levels appear in multiple human lung cell types following acute cigarette smoke exposure in vitro. In vivo, inflammatory cells, predominately macrophages, demonstrate significant cigarette smoke-induced ER stress. Early induction of CHOP in cigarette smoke may play a pivotal role in early induction of lung disease, however in vivo long-term cigarette smoke exposure exhibited a reduction in the ER stress response. Keywords: COPD, ER stress, cigarette smoke, CHOP
Key Management and Distribution for Authenticating Group Communication (2006)

In network communication, security is essential to prevent intruder's attack; Where Authentication plays a vital role so as to ensure the right participant in communication. To authenticate a group of users and to hold confidentiality between them a new approach of key management is handled in this paper. This key management presentation is a group key used for cryptography process that provides security with less computation complexity, which leads to fast and easy authentication. Here, a tree based key management scheme has been designed through which the key distribution among the users involves authentication with less storage complexity too. This paper describes the dynamic membership authentication, which states the communication or transaction between user and required server with a new different instant key that is formed from a group of members who are currently participating in transaction or communication. Releasing or joining a user from the group or to the group is possible so that the key gets changed instantly whenever there is an alteration in current participation of users in communication. With the help of each user's hidden key an `instant key' can be computed. As the entire user's hidden keys are used for obtaining an instant key, it can ensure the authentication among the valid users during communication. So an intruder cannot interrupt any communication between users as the key gets varied often. Thus it supports clear authentication and provides security among group communication
Regulation and genetic enhancement of glucoamylase and pullulanase production in Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum (1985)

We studied the general mechanism for regulation of glucoamylase and pullulanase synthesis in Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. These amylases were expressed only when the organism was grown on maltose or other carbohydrates containing maltose units. Amylase synthesis was more severely repressed by glucose than by xylose. Catabolite repression-resistant mutants were isolated by using nitrosoguanidine treatment, enrichment on 2-deoxyglucose, and selection of colonies with large clear zones on iodine-stained glucose-starch agar plates. Amylases were produced in both wild-type and mutant strains when starch was added to cells growing on xylose but not when starch was added to cells growing on glucose. In both wild-type and mutant strains, glucoamylase and pullulanase were produced at high levels in starch-limited chemostats but not in glucose- or xylose-limited chemostats. Therefore, we concluded that amylase synthesis in C. thermohydrosulfuricum was inducible and subject to catabolite repression. The mutants produced about twofold more glucoamylase and pullulanase, and they were catabolite repression resistant for production of glucose isomerase, lactase, and isomaltase. The mutants displayed improved starch metabolism features in terms of enhanced rates of growth, ethanol production, and starch consumption.
Green Fluorescent Protein as a Real Time Quantitative Reporter of Heterologous Protein Production (1998)

Since its cloning and commercial availability, applications of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene have become prevalent in many aspects of science. The attributes of GFP could also be applied to the area of heterologous protein production. The work described here represents the first experiments to use GFP as a generic tool to monitor protein production in bioprocess development. We have constructed a plasmid containing an operon fusion of the two reporter genes GFP and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). CAT served as a "model" recombinant protein product to demonstrate the in situ quantifiable reporting mechanism of GFP. Our results indicate there is a direct correlation between the fluorescence intensity of GFP and the functional activity of the downstream CAT protein. In addition, there is a quantitative relationship between the level of CAT protein concentration and GFP fluorescence. These experiments provide the groundwork for using GFP as an in situ reporter gene for scale-up and process optimization of recombinant protein production.
New passive polarization scrambler for lightwave systems (1991)

Many lightwave applications involve polarization-dependent processing of a received signal with an arbitrary state of polarization (SOP). Methods previously used to overcome the resulting signal fading include polarization diversity1 and dynamic polarization scrambling, in which the SOP is forced to undergo extreme changes during a bit period.2
Distribution of OX2 antigen and OX2 receptor within retina. (2001)

Taking these results of the distribution of OX2 in normal and OX2R in inflamed retina with other functional data of OX2-OX2R interaction, it is suggested that the OX2-OX2R interaction has the potential to contribute to a novel pathway that suppresses and limits immunologic inflammatory damage within the retina.
Direct production of gratings on plastic substrates using 248-nm KrF laser radiation (1987)

A technique is described for the direct production of holographic diffraction gratings on polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide films by irradiation with interfering KrF laser beams. Surface relief type gratings with spatial frequencies of 630-2900 lines/mm have been produced and characterized as to their diffraction efficiency in both transmission and reflection modes. The resultant measurements are discussed in terms of predicted diffraction efficiencies and formation mechanisms involving ablation of the surface layer.
Cluster and Grid Computing: A Graduate Distributed-Computing Course (2007)

This article presents an overview of a Cluster and Grid Computing course offered as part of the Master of Engineering in Distributed Computing program at the University of Melbourne. It describes the operation of the course and its evolution to fulfil the demand for professionals in an emerging field of distributed computing.
Rate/distortion-based combination of multiple DCT transforms for video coding (2003)

This paper proposes some early results concerning the combination of discrete cosine transforms (DCTs) of multiple sizes in a video encoder. The main difficulty consists in finding a way to obtain a fair competition between several transforms. For that purpose, we derive that the quantization of all transformed coefficients regardless of the DCT size with the same uniform linear quantizer allows to obtain an equivalent level of distortion among all transforms. The selection of the best transform on a particular image area is then made by a rate/distortion framework, which jointly optimizes motion and residual signal coding. Systematic objective and subjective improvements are observed when compared to using a single DCT size.
An NMOS 12b monotonic 25&amp;#181;s A/D converter (1979)

This report will cover a 12b monotonic ADC utilizing a combination of a 4-bit resistor string and a 8-bit capacitor array. Fabricated with metal-gate NMOS technology, the circuit achieves a conversion time of 25μs without requiring external trimming or adjustments.
Eutectic Sn-Ag solder bump process for ULSI flip chip technology (2001)

A novel eutectic Pb-free solder bump process, which provides several advantages over conventional solder bump process schemes, has been developed. A thick plating mask can be fabricated for steep wall bumps using a nega-type resist with a thickness of more than 50 /spl mu/m by single-step spin coating. This improves productivity for mass production. The two-step electroplating is performed using two separate plating reactors for Ag and Sn. The Sn layer is electroplated on the Ag layer. Eutectic Sn-Ag alloy bumps can be easily obtained by annealing the Ag/Sn metal stack. This electroplating process does not need strict control of the Ag to Sn content ratio in alloy plating solutions. The uniformity of the reflowed bump height within a 6-in wafer was less than 10%. The Ag composition range within a 6-in wafer was less than /spl plusmn/0.3 wt.% Ag at the eutectic Sn-Ag alloy, analyzed by ICP spectrometry. SEM observations of the Cu/barrier layer/Sn-Ag solder interface and shear strength measurements of the solder bumps were performed after 5 times reflow at 260/spl deg/C in N/sub 2/ ambient. For the Ti(100 nm)/Ni(300 nm)/Pd(50 nm) barrier layer, the shear strength decreased to 70% due to the formation of Sn-Cu intermetallic compounds. Thicker Ti in the barrier metal stack improved the shear strength. The thermal stability of the Cu/barrier layer/Sn-Ag solder metal stack was examined using Auger electron spectrometry analysis. After annealing at 150/spl deg/C for 1000 h in N/sub 2/ ambient, Sn did not diffuse into the Cu layer for Ti(500 nm)/Ni(300 nm)/Pd(50 nm) and Nb(360 nm)/Ti(100 nm)/Ni(300 nm)/Pd(50 nm) barrier metal stacks. These results suggest that the Ti/Ni/Pd barrier metal stack available to Sn-Pb solder bumps and Au bumps on Al pads is viable for Sn-Ag solder bumps on Cu pads in upcoming ULSIs.
State Safe Bicycle Passing Laws. (2018)

(1) There were 840 bicyclist traffic deaths in 2016, the highest amount since 1991. (2) According to the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety, 45 percent of fatal bicycle crashes between 2008 and 2012 involved a vehicle hitting the bicyclist from behind or the side while traveling in the same direction. (3) Thirty-two states have a law requiring a motorist to provide at least 3 feet of space when passing a bicyclist.
Occurrence and behavior of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous film‐forming foam in groundwater systems (2018)

Abstract Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are fluorinated compounds and the active ingredient in aqueous film‐forming foam (AFFF). AFFF has been identified as a significant source of PFAS contamination in groundwater. PFAS are also present in many other industrial and consumer products and their manufacture and use has led to numerous contaminated sites. Human health risks have been identified with studies linking firefighter cancers to training facilities where AFFF was used. Given the widespread release of these compounds to the environment and their potential health risks, understanding their mobility characteristics is important. This article details the occurrence and behavior of these substances in groundwater systems to help guide the emerging fields of PFAS investigation and remediation. Background is presented on AFFF and PFAS source characteristics, including common industrial and consumer PFAS sources. In addition, chemical properties, sorption and retention parameters, and observed transformation properties of PFAS and related compounds are discussed. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified for future laboratory and field studies.
Contactless and Pose Invariant Biometric Identification Using Hand Surface (2010)

This paper presents a novel approach for hand matching that achieves significantly improved performance even in the presence of large hand pose variations. The proposed method utilizes a 3-D digitizer to simultaneously acquire intensity and range images of the user's hand presented to the system in an arbitrary pose. The approach involves determination of the orientation of the hand in 3-D space followed by pose normalization of the acquired 3-D and 2-D hand images. Multimodal (2-D as well as 3-D) palmprint and hand geometry features, which are simultaneously extracted from the user's pose normalized textured 3-D hand, are used for matching. Individual matching scores are then combined using a new dynamic fusion strategy. Our experimental results on the database of 114 subjects with significant pose variations yielded encouraging results. Consistent (across various hand features considered) performance improvement achieved with the pose correction demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed approach for hand based biometric systems with unconstrained and contact-free imaging. The experimental results also suggest that the dynamic fusion approach employed in this work helps to achieve performance improvement of 60% (in terms of EER) over the case when matching scores are combined using the weighted sum rule.
Insulin glulisine: a faster onset of action compared with insulin lispro (2007)

Glulisine shows a faster onset of action than lispro, independent of BMI and dose.
Free energy model for the analysis of bonding in <i>a</i>-Si<i>x</i>N<i>y</i>H<i>z</i> alloys (1991)

A free energy model (FEM) for the analysis of the bonding in amorphous covalent alloys is developed and applied to ternary a-SixNyHz alloys. The quasichemical approach to the thermodynamics of regular solutions is used to obtain the Gibbs free energy of mixing GM=HM−TSM for the alloys. The enthalpy of mixing HM is determined by the nearest-neighbor bond energies while the entropy of mixing SM is given by the number of possible bonding configurations in Si-centered tetrahedra. The concentrations of Si–N, Si–Si, Si–H, and N–H bonds have been determined as functions of temperature and composition by minimizing the free energy of the a-SixNyHz alloy. It is shown that chemical ordering (CO) in these alloys corresponds to a preference for Si–N and Si–H bonds at the expense of Si–Si and N–H bonds. The predictions of the FEM are shown to be in good agreement with experimentally determined bond concentrations in a-SixNyHz alloy films and it is demonstrated that, in general, neither the CO nor random bonding limits are valid.
The common network management information service element interfaces (2002)

The authors describe work aimed at developing a network management system to monitor, analyze, and manage the interactions between a network agent connected to an OSI (open systems interconnection) network and the OSI resources that are used by the agent. The results of the analysis are presented in a suitable format with complementary comments to aid the network manager in verifying the results obtained. In the experimental systems, all the parameters associated with the ISO stack (procedures) are readily accessible by the LCMISE (local common management information service element) (procedures). Thus, as the FTAM (file transfer access and management) client and server processes communicate through the ISO stack, operational parameters relating to the latter can be accessed or changed by the network manager via the NMAP (network manager application process), CMISE, and CMIP (common management information protocol).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Utilization of short-chain hydrocarbons and accumulation of methylketones by a gaseous hydrocarbon assimilating mold, Scedosporium sp. A-4. (1989)

Manyspecies of bacteria, yeasts and molds are able to utilize hydrocarbons for growth.1 ~3) But, few reports have appeared of molds that utilize short-chain hydrocarbons.4 ~7) For example, species of Acremonium, Allscheria, Fusarium, Graphium, Penicillium and Phialophora have been shownto utilize from ethane to ft-butane for growth. Weisolated a strain, Scedosporium sp. A-4, which grew on gaseous alkanes as sole sources of carbon and energy, from soil. The identification of this strain as a species of Scedosporium will be described elsewhere. Here, we report the utilization of short-chain hydrocarbons and related compounds, and the accumulation of methylketones by Scedosporium sp. A-4. The isolate was maintained on a M-3 agar slant (1.5% agar w/v) in a desiccator under an atmosphere of propane-N2-O2-CO2 (4:3:3:0.5, by volume) at 30C. M-3 medium consisted