gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of nonlinear refractive-index coefficients using time-resolved interferometry: Application to optical materials for high-power neodymium lasers (1976)

An improved time-resolved interferometric method for measuring intensity-dependent changes in the refractive index of optical materials is described. An intense 125-ps pulse from a 1064-nm Nd : YAG laser-glass amplifier system is propagated throguh the sample which is placed in one arm of a modified Michelson interferometer. The nonlinear refractive-index coefficient is measured from the time-dependent fringe formed at the output of the interferometer. Values are reported for several low-index optical glasses (BK-7, FC-5, FK-51), fused silica, a silicate laser glass (ED-2), a Faraday rotator glass (FR-5), and a nonlinear crystal (KH2PO4). Possible sources of error in using this approach are discussed.
Shear Patterning of Microdominos: A New Class of Procedures for Making Micro‐ and Nanostructures (2004)

A simple technique for fabricating complex, repetitive 3D microstructures, and the application of this procedure to the generation of arrays of nanoscale (in-plane) features is described. This technique, which involves the use of shearing forces, is capable of fabricating regular, 3D arrays of microstructures that are difficult or impossible to obtain by other methods (see picture). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z53009_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
High-Risk Children and Adolescents: Family and Community Environments (1993)

Developmental factors, family problems such as substance abuse, and other environmental variables, including violence, greatly affect the adjustment and coping of children and youth. Such variables can result in inaccurate assessments and diagnoses when young people are viewed in isolation from their situations and environments and when adult-oriented diagnostic tools are utilized. The authors describe the use of clinical interviews to provide more accurate diagnoses and strengths-oriented assessments for children and youth who receive case-management services from mental health centers. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed.
Free Carrier Profile Synthesis in MOCVD Grown GaAs by `Atomic-Plane' Doping (1984)

Synthesis of free carrier profiles in GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is realized by `atomic-plane' doping, in which growth is suspended while doping gas is introduced. Silicon, which stays on the surface even without GaAs growth, is used as a dopant for the `atomic-plane' doping.
Stimulation of Tear Secretion and Treatment of Dry-Eye Disease With 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1991)

We examined the effect of topically applied 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), a known secretagogue, on tear secretion and dry-eye disease in a clinical study. We found that IBMX produced a dose-dependent decrease in tear film osmolarity that was significant at 3.0 mmol/L (P less than .0005) in patients with dry-eye disease. This effect was not blocked by prior administration of proparacaine hydrochloride (P less than .05). Throughout a 4-week, open-label, vehicle-controlled study, IBMX decreased tear film osmolarity significantly, whereas vehicle alone did not. After 4 weeks, mean (+/- SEM) osmolarity in IBMX-treated eyes decreased from 325 +/- 3.2 mOsm/L to 312 +/- 1.8 mOsm/L but remained unchanged in vehicle-treated eyes (323 +/- 4.4 mOsm/L vs 320 +/- 4.2 mOsm/L). In our study, IBMX was significantly more effective than vehicle alone in decreasing rose bengal staining (P less than .02). Hence, topical IBMX stimulated tear secretion and decreased ocular surface disease in patients with dry-eye disease.
Stability of attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in baits targeted to wild foxes under operational conditions. (2001)

The viability of an attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in a bait targeted to red foxes was examined under various operational conditions in a series of experiments in Ontario. The virus was relatively stable over a 28-day period in the field, losing a mean 0.5, s = 0.2 log10 of virus titer. The micro-environment into which the bait was placed (open cultivated field, grassy meadow, wooded grove, sun or shade) did not make an appreciable difference in the viability of the virus. There was no significant difference (P < or = 0.05) between mean ambient temperatures and the temperature of fluids in blister packs of baits placed in sun or shade. Sixty-three percent of foxes fed baits exposed to sun and shade conditions for 21 days (titer 10(6.2) tissue culture infective doses per 1 mL) developed rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies. Storage of vaccine baits at -30 degrees C prior to bait distribution was important in maintaining virus viability.
An Empirical Analysis of Deep Learning for Cardinality Estimation (2019)

We implement and evaluate deep learning for cardinality estimation by studying the accuracy, space and time trade-offs across several architectures. We find that simple deep learning models can learn cardinality estimations across a variety of datasets (reducing the error by 72% - 98% on average compared to PostgreSQL). In addition, we empirically evaluate the impact of injecting cardinality estimates produced by deep learning models into the PostgreSQL optimizer. In many cases, the estimates from these models lead to better query plans across all datasets, reducing the runtimes by up to 49% on select-project-join workloads. As promising as these models are, we also discuss and address some of the challenges of using them in practice.
Bone Shape, Structure, and Density as Determinants of Osteoporotic Hip Fracture (2005)

This pilot study shows how bone shape and structure can complement BMD measurements for investigations of fracture risk.
Proteomic and Phospho-Proteomic Profile of Human Platelets in Basal, Resting State: Insights into Integrin Signaling (2009)

During atherogenesis and vascular inflammation quiescent platelets are activated to increase the surface expression and ligand affinity of the integrin alphaIIbbeta3 via inside-out signaling. Diverse signals such as thrombin, ADP and epinephrine transduce signals through their respective GPCRs to activate protein kinases that ultimately lead to the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of the integrin alphaIIbbeta3 and augment its function. The signaling pathways that transmit signals from the GPCR to the cytosolic domain of the integrin are not well defined. In an effort to better understand these pathways, we employed a combination of proteomic profiling and computational analyses of isolated human platelets. We analyzed ten independent human samples and identified a total of 1507 unique proteins in platelets. This is the most comprehensive platelet proteome assembled to date and includes 190 membrane-associated and 262 phosphorylated proteins, which were identified via independent proteomic and phospho-proteomic profiling. We used this proteomic dataset to create a platelet protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and applied novel contextual information about the phosphorylation step to introduce limited directionality in the PPI graph. This newly developed contextual PPI network computationally recapitulated an integrin signaling pathway. Most importantly, our approach not only provided insights into the mechanism of integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation in resting platelets but also provides an improved model for analysis and discovery of PPI dynamics and signaling pathways in the future.
Progress in 1m-class lightweight CFRP composite mirrors for the ULTRA Telescope (2006)

Presented are results of continuing optical mirror development program for the NSF ULTRA Telescope. Development of a 16-inch f/4.0 parabolic mirror has been undertaken to adequately define scale-up fabrication procedures for 1m and 1.4m mirrors. 16-inch mirrors have been produced to λ/15 rms ( λ=633nm) in the wavefront. These mirrors have been used to produce astronomical images in a Newtonian telescope and yielded quality optical images. Presented will be results of the fabrication of the 1m, f/3 parabolic primary mirror mandrel for the 1m ULTRA Telescope. Also presented will be lab test data and astronomical mages produced under the 16-inch program as well as test data from the replications from the f/3 1m parabola.
Safe Drinking Water Act (1989)

This book covers drinking water regulations such as disinfectant by-products, synthetic organics, inorganic chemicals, microbiological contaminants, volatile organic chemicals, radionuclides, fluoride, toxicological approaches to setting new national drinking water regulations, and trihalomethanes. Gives organic and inorganic compounds scheduled to be regulated in 1989 and candidates for the 1990s regulations.
New Bifunctional Chelating Phosphine Ligands for Immobilization of Metal Complexes on Oxidic Supports (2001)

The immobilization of transition metal complexes by bifunctional phosphines containing ethoxysilane groups is of widespread interest. Especially desirable are chelating phosphines, since they can reduce leaching of the metal complexes. Easy syntheses of the bifunctional chelating ethoxysilane phosphines Ph2PCH2CH[OSi(OEt)3]CH2PPh2, and Ph2P(CH2)xPPh(CH2)ySi(OEt)3 (x = 2, 3; y = 2, 3), and the nickel derivative (CO)2Ni[Ph2P(CH2)2PPh(CH2)2Si(OEt)3] are reported. The ethoxysilane groups present convenient handles for immobilization on oxidic supports.
Neurotoxicity and Memory Deficits Induced by Soluble Low-Molecular-Weight Amyloid- 1-42 Oligomers Are Revealed In Vivo by Using a Novel Animal Model (2012)

Neuronal and synaptic degeneration are the best pathological correlates for memory decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the accumulation of soluble low-molecular-weight amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers has been suggested to trigger neurodegeneration in AD, animal models overexpressing or infused with Aβ lack neuronal loss at the onset of memory deficits. Using a novel in vivo approach, we found that repeated hippocampal injections of small soluble Aβ(1-42) oligomers in awake, freely moving mice were able to induce marked neuronal loss, tau hyperphosphorylation, and deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory. The neurotoxicity of small Aβ(1-42) species was observed in vivo as well as in vitro in association with increased caspase-3 activity and reduced levels of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B. We found that the sequestering agent transthyretin is able to bind the toxic Aβ(1-42) species and attenuated the loss of neurons and memory deficits. Our novel mouse model provides evidence that small, soluble Aβ(1-42) oligomers are able to induce extensive neuronal loss in vivo and initiate a cascade of events that mimic the key neuropathological hallmarks of AD.
Exploring online social activities for adaptive search personalization (2010)

The web has largely become a very social environment and will continue to become even more so. People are not only enjoying their social visibility on the Web but also increasingly participating in various social activities delivered through the Web. In this paper, we propose to explore a user's public social activities, such as blogging and social bookmarking, to personalize Internet services. We believe that public social data provides a more acceptable way to derive user interests than more private data such as search histories and desktop data. We propose a framework that learns about users' preferences from their activities on a variety of online social systems. As an example, we illustrate how to apply the user interests derived by our system to personalize search results. Furthermore, our system is adaptive; it observes users' choices on search results and automatically adjusts the weights of different social systems during the information integration process, so as to refine its interest profile for each user. We have implemented our approach and performed experiments on real-world data collected from three large-scale online social systems. Over two hundred users from worldwide who are active on the three social systems have been tested. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our personalized search approach. Our results also show that integrating information from multiple social systems usually leads to better personalized results than relying on the information from a single social system, and our adaptive approach further improves the performance of the personalization solution.
A New Microresistivity Imaging Device for use in Non-Conductive and Oil-Based Muds (2003)

High resolution image logs are well-established tools of geologists and reservoir engineers used for comprehensive reservoir description, providing detailed structural, stratigraphical, and sedimentological data. In addition, the logs are used to help choose intervals for further formation testing and perforation zone selection. Non-conductive oil-based mud systems have hitherto provided an environment that precluded the use of microlateral imaging devices. Logs of limited quality have sometimes been obtained in mineral oil or synthetic oil-based mud systems when the mud conductivity has had a high but finite value. Economics and drilling considerations associated with using oil-based mud often outweigh the benefits gained by running microresistivity-imaging tools. Many wells in locations such as the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea cannot be drilled economically using water-based mud technology because of wellbore stability problems. Thus, it was imperative that new high resolution resistivity imaging technology be invented that works well in oil-based mud systems. This paper introduces a new microresistivity-imaging device that brings the well-accepted resolution and formation response characteristics of conventional microresistivity imaging devices to the oil-based mud environment. Appropriate technology is used to project the measure current beyond the non-conductive borehole and near-borehole invaded layers. The initial field data presented here demonstrate the instrument's functionality throughout the range of formation resistivity in wells drilled with non-conductive mud in a variety of geological environments and borehole conditions.
Biological Activity of Nasally Administered Insulin in Normal Subjects (1990)

Nasally administered (IN) insulin has been advocated as a potentially useful alternative to subcutaneously administered regular insulin because of its more rapid onset and time to peak action and its shorter duration of action. This study further defines the pharmacodynamics of IN insulin by using a euglycemic clamp technique to determine the bioavailability of IN insulin as compared with intravenous (IV) insulin, and to ascertain whether multiple sequentially administered doses of IN insulin alter pharmacodynamics. Eight normal volunteers received 2 control doses of IV insulin (0.05 U/kg), and 3 high doses (0.7 U/kg) and 3 low doses (0.35 U/kg) of IN insulin with an absorption enhancer (tauro-24,25 dihydrofusidate) given sequentially over a 2 day period. A euglycemic clamp was performed with a Biostator (Ames) that infused dextrose to keep the subject's blood glucose at his fasting level. Analysis of dextrose infusion curves for the low and high doses of IN insulin revealed an onset of action of 9.4 +/- 0.4 and 10.5 +/- 0.3 minutes, time to peak action of 20.6 +/- 5.6 and 23.7 +/- 4.4 minutes and duration of action of 82.1 +/- 5.2 and 95 +/- 5.7 minutes respectively. Both the onset of action and time to peak action were slightly longer (P less than .05) for the high as compared with the low dose IN insulin, although this should not represent a clinically significant difference. The total dextrose requirement was 21.9 +/- 2.3 g for the low dose IN insulin and 34.1 +/- 3.3 g for the high dose IN insulin, the latter value being significantly greater (P less than .01) than the former.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Image dissector for size and position of statically suspended particles (1979)

The use of an image dissector to size and determine the coordinates of suspended particles is described. The device uses a laser light source and 90 degrees scattering. Volume scanning is accomplished using the internal x-y dissector scan and a mechanically stepped movement in z. Current application is toward the Atmospheric Cloud Physics Laboratory under development by NASA for a series of Space Shuttle experiments.
Cleaning of GaAs surfaces with low-damage effects using ion-beam milling (1983)

A low-damage ion-beam cleaning technique for GaAs surfaces is presented. The technique is utilized on GaAs/GaAlAs diode lasers, using the cleaved mirrors to analyze the milling performance. We found that (which also has been indicated by another author) nitrogen ions give no or very little surface damage. Contrarily, the commonly used argon ions are shown to create mirror surface damage detrimental to the laser diode performance. Auger depth profile of the GaAs oxygen contaminants reveals that 100-Å etch depth is sufficient to remove the native surface oxide. This etch depth is within the limits studied in this investigation.
The pharmacokinetics of epinephrine/adrenaline autoinjectors (2021)

Intramuscular injection with higher doses of epinephrine appears to lead to a higher C<sub>max</sub>. There is a dose dependent increase in plasma concentration and AUC<sub>0-20</sub>. Most investigators found two C<sub>max's</sub> with T<sub>max</sub> 5-10 min and 30-50 min, respectively. There is a need for conclusive trials to evaluate the differences between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections with the epinephrine delivery site confirmed with ultrasound.
Aspects of mass spectra of organic compounds. Part XI. Rearrangements in benzoylhydrazines (1973)

The mass spectra of N′-substituted N-benzoylhydrazines show abundant molecular ions and do not show skeletally rearranged ions. However, the diacylated hydrazine, NN′-dibenzoylphenylhydrazine, shows an unusual loss of 122 a.m.u. from the molecular ion, which involves skeletal rearrangement and loss of the elements of benzoic acid. A short study of the substituent effect on this rearrangement shows the complex competition between simple cleavage and rearrangement processes. Rearrangement of both aroyl groups is observed in some cases, which can be explained by formation of an intermediate imide, followed by 1,3-aroyl migration from nitrogen to oxygen and/or by a five-membered cyclic transition state. The mass spectra of other hydrazine derivatives showing possible 1,3-rearrangements from nitrogen to oxygen are reported, supplementing our earlier work. Some erroneous reports in the literature, where elemental compositions were incorrectly assumed, are corrected by determining them from high resolution data.
Bacterial mixture identification using Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman chemical imaging (2010)

Abstract The ability of normal Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to identify and detect bacteria has shown great success in recent studies. The addition of silver nanoparticles to bacterial samples not only results in an enhanced Raman signal, but it also suppresses the native fluorescence associated with biological material. In this report, Raman chemical imaging (RCI) was used to analyze individual bacteria and complex mixtures of spores and vegetative cells. RCI uses every pixel or a binned pixel group (BPG) of the Raman camera as an independent Raman spectrograph, allowing collection of spatially resolved Raman spectra. The advantage of this technique resides primarily in the analysis of samples in complex backgrounds without the need for physically isolating or purifying the sample. Using a chemical imaging Raman microscope, we compare normal RCI to SERS‐assisted chemical imaging of mixtures of bacteria. In both cases, we are able to differentiate single bacterium in the Raman microscope's field of view, with a 60‐fold reduction in image acquisition time and a factor of 10 increase in the signal‐to‐noise ratio for SERS chemical imaging over normal RCI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coronary artery bypass graft vs. percutaneous coronary angioplasty: CABG on the rebound? (2007)

In view of the evidence in favour of CABG, this article questions the justifiability of some trials of PCI vs. CABG, especially in diabetic patients and those with left main-stem CAD, and exhorts the need for a multidisciplinary team approach to the management of CAD as a minimum standard of care.
Extreme Polymorphism in a Vaccine Antigen and Risk of Clinical Malaria: Implications for Vaccine Development (2009)

Vaccines directed against the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria are intended to prevent the parasite from invading and replicating within host cells. No blood-stage malaria vaccine has shown clinical efficacy in humans. Most malaria vaccine antigens are parasite surface proteins that have evolved extensive genetic diversity, and this diversity could allow malaria parasites to escape vaccine-induced immunity. We examined the extent and within-host dynamics of genetic diversity in the blood-stage malaria vaccine antigen apical membrane antigen-1 in a longitudinal study in Mali. Two hundred and fourteen unique apical membrane antigen-1 haplotypes were identified among 506 human infections, and amino acid changes near a putative invasion machinery binding site were strongly associated with the development of clinical symptoms, suggesting that these residues may be important to consider in designing polyvalent apical membrane antigen-1 vaccines and in assessing vaccine efficacy in field trials. This extreme diversity may pose a serious obstacle to an effective polyvalent recombinant subunit apical membrane antigen-1 vaccine.
The 17α and 17β Isomers of Estradiol Both Induce Rapid Spine Synapse Formation in the CA1 Hippocampal Subfield of Ovariectomized Female Rats (2004)

Previous studies have demonstrated that estradiol-17beta and estradiol-17alpha both induce short-latency effects on spatial memory in rats, estradiol-17alpha being at least as potent as its 17beta isomer. To determine whether the mechanisms underlying these behavioral responses might include effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity, CA1 pyramidal spine synapse density (PSSD) was measured in ovariectomized rats within the first few hours after s.c. estrogen injection. PSSD increased markedly (by 24%) 4.5 h after the administration of 45 microg/kg estradiol-17beta. The PSSD response was significantly greater (44% above control) 30 min after estradiol-17beta injection and was markedly dose dependent; a 3-fold lower estradiol-17beta dose (15 microg/kg) did not significantly affect CA1 PSSD at either 30 min or 4.5 h. Estradiol-17alpha was a more potent inducer of PSSD than estradiol-17beta. Dose-response analysis determined an ED50 for the effect of estradiol-17alpha on PSSD of 8.92 +/- 1.99 microg/kg, with a maximal response at 15 microg/kg. These results demonstrate that high doses of estradiol induce rapid changes in CA1 PSSD. CA1 spine synapse formation appears to be more sensitive to estradiol-17alpha than to estradiol-17beta, paralleling previous data on the effects of these two steroids on spatial memory. Rapid remodeling of hippocampal synaptic connections may thus contribute to the enhancement of spatial mnemonic processing observed within the first few hours after estrogen treatment. The potency of estradiol-17alpha suggests that hormone replacement therapy using this steroid might be useful clinically in ameliorating the impact of low endogenous estrogen production on the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders involving the hippocampus.