gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalysis by polyoxometalates (2002)

Series Preface. Preface to Volume 2. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Scope and definitions. 1.2 Nomenclature. 1.3 Historical background. 1.4 Introduction to catalysis by polyoxometalates. References. 2. Properties of Polyoxometalates. 2.1 Structures of polyoxometalates. 2.2 Crystal structure of heteropoly compounds. 2.3 Thermal stability. 2.4 Solubility. 2.5 Formation and state in solution. 2.6 Acid properties. 2.7 Redox properties. References. 3. Synthesis of Polyoxometalates. 3.1 General methods of synthesis. 3.2 Keggin polyoxometalates. 3.3 Wells-Dawson polyoxometalates. 3.4 Sandwich-type polyoxometalates. 3.5 Peroxo polyoxometalates. 3.6 Polyoxometalate catalysts. References. 4. Acid Catalysis by Heteropoly Compounds. 4.1 General overview. 4.2 Homogeneous acid catalysis. 4.3 Acid-catalysed reactions in biphasic liquid-liquid systems. 4.4 Heterogeneous acid catalysts. 4.5 Deactivation and regeneration of solid heteropoly acid catalysts. References. 5. Polyoxometalates as Catalysts for Selective Oxidation. 5.1 Liquid-phase oxidation. 5.2 Gas-phase oxidation. References. 6. Miscellaneous Catalytic Applications of Polyoxometalates. 6.1 Hydrogenation, carbonylation and related reactions. 6.2 Polyanion-stabilised clusters. 6.3 Polyoxometalates as catalyst precursors. References. 7. Catalysis by Polyoxometalates in Industry. 7.1 Acid catalysis. 7.2 Selective oxidation. References. 8. Other Applications of Polyoxometalates. 8.1 Analytical chemistry. 8.2 Separation. 8.3 Corrosion-resistant coatings. 8.4 Polyoxometalates as additives to inorganic and organic matrices. 8.5 Membranes. 8.6 Polyoxometalates in medicine: antiviral and antitumoral activity. References. Index.
Actinomycin D and Gemcitabine Synergistically Sensitize Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells to Apo2L/TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis (2001)

The cytotoxic efficacy and kinetics involved in sensitization of Apo2L/TRAIL-resistant, androgen-independent prostate cancer cells to Apo2L/TRAIL or tumor necrosis factor-alpha or Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis were tested using subclinical concentrations of actinomycin D, paclitaxel, cisplatinum, gemcitabine, and radiation in CL-1, LNCaP, DU-145, and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. CL-1 cells expressed all four Apo2L/TRAIL receptors and were resistant to Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis (1-5,000 ng/mL) and to the sensitizers when given alone. Pretreatment with actinomycin D followed by Apo2L/TRAIL or tumor necrosis factor-alpha or anti-Fas CH-11 monoclonal antibody, but not in the reverse order, induced apoptosis in all cell lines. Synergistic sensitization in CL-1 cells was shown also with gemcitabine but not with cisplatinum, VP-16, paclitaxel, or radiation. Incubating the Apo2L/TRAIL-resistant CL-1, LNCaP, DU-145, and PC3 cell lines with 100 ng/mL actinomycin D for 4 hours followed by Apo2L/TRAIL for 24 hours resulted in 45.4 +/- 10.3%, 58.8 +/- 3.6%, 53.4 +/- 1.4%, and 84.2 +/- 8.4% apoptosis, respectively. Prolonging the sensitization time to 24 hours followed by 20 hours of incubation with Apo2L/TRAIL further enhanced the killing activity against CL-1 cells to 89 +/- 1% (delta = 60%, synergistic ratio = 3.1). This killing has a biphasic pattern that was contributed to by apoptosis (83%) and necrosis (17%) at 10 hours (peak) and 40% and 60%, respectively, at 20 hours. These results suggest that prostate cancer cells' resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis can be reversed and synergy is achieved by sensitization of tumor cells with subclinical concentrations of actinomycin D or gemcitabine and may be useful clinically for the treatment of metastatic hormone- and drug-refractory prostate cancer.
Fabrication Technologies for III-V Compound Semiconductor Photonic and Electronic Devices (1989)

This paper describes process technologies for fabricating III-V photonic and high-speed electronic devices. The major processes involved are contact metallization, dielectric film deposition, wet and dry etching, diffusion, implantation, photolithography, wafer separation, and die bonding. For the photonic devices, the emphasis is on those long-wavelength devices that are fabricated with the InP/InGaAsP material system. In contrast, for the high-speed electronic devices, we discuss the fabrication of field-effect transistors with the GaAs/AlGaAs system. We present representative examples in detail and, where possible, identify commonalities and contrasts in their processing and in the process criticality. We review specific constraints that determine the processing technique, and give examples of how processing influences device performance and reliability. Finally, we assess the current trends in process development that are relevant to III-V device fabrication.
Power supply for wireless sensor systems (2008)

The power supply of wireless sensor systems is an issue of growing importance since replacement of batteries is expensive over the sensor lifetime. We will present an energy harvesting system which generates electrical energy from flowing media without any rotating parts. Available energy densities in flowing media are in the range of 256 W/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in air at a flow velocity of 10 m/s and 1600 kW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in water at 2 m/s, respectively. The generator consists of piezoelectric bimorph cantilevers with very low maintenance requirements. The cantilevers are oscillating in a von Karmanpsilas vortex street induced by a flow disturbance. Modeling and analytical calculations give parameters for a design optimization which have been verified by a finite element simulation. The working principle has been proved using a functional model of the generator. Maximum voltages of 0.83 V have been achieved at air flow velocities of 35 m/s. The cantilevers delivered up to 108 muW at a velocity of 45 m/s.
Detection of HIV antigen and specific antibodies to HIV core and envelope proteins in sera of patients with HIV infection (1987)

The sera of well-characterized populations were examined for three markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; HIV antigen (HIV Ag), and antibodies to HIV envelope (gp41) and core (p24) proteins. Of 563 serum samples tested, 251 were from HIV-infected patients diagnosed as having AIDS manifested by opportunistic infections (AIDS-OI), AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), or AIDS-related complex (ARC). One hundred seventy-six specimens tested were from asymptomatic high-risk individuals, and 136 were from heterosexual control subjects or patients with non-AIDS-related disease. None of the 136 control individuals tested had HIV Ag or HIV antibodies to either p24 or gp41. Of the 427 HIV-seropositive individuals, 99% to 100% were positive for gp41 antibodies to HIV. In contrast, the seroprevalence of p24 antibodies to HIV varied from 23% to 83% and appeared to be inversely associated with the severity of the patients' clinical symptoms. When specimens were analyzed for the presence of HIV Ag, in seropositive individuals the prevalence rate for this marker was lowest (1.4%) in asymptomatic individuals and highest (50%) in the AIDS-OI diagnosed group. Also, 240 cases with AIDS-KS, AIDS-OI, and ARC and the group of asymptomatic high-risk individuals were analyzed for T helper/T lymphocytes (T4) cell number and T4/T8 ratio; only one (2.0%) HIV Ag-positive case showed a T4 cell number greater than 400 and a normal T4/T8 ratio. These studies appear to demonstrate a direct correlation between the presence of HIV Ag and the severity of clinical complications of HIV infection.
Ecological and Landscape Rehabilitation of a Quarry Site in Hong Kong (2001)

Abstract Quarrying for granite in Hong Kong, mainly for construction aggregates, has left huge and unsightly scars on the landscape. Recent government policy demands rehabilitation of the disturbed lands and restoration of the landscape adopting the ecological approach. At an active quarry, a method was tested for controlled restoration: blasting of the vertical rocky production faces to pile up the debris and to form artificial slopes that mimic those of the environs in a landform replication approach. On the scree blast piles, a soil cap of fine‐earth materials with organic amendments was installed to grow mainly tropical leguminous trees. The restoration trial largely failed, with extensive death or poor performance of most plants. The inability of the soil and the site to support vegetation was investigated. The main physical problems are shallow solum, large cavities in the bouldery substrate, high stone content, excessively coarse texture, compaction, and limited available‐moisture storage. The main chemical problems are the lack of nitrogen and phosphorus related to the meager organic‐matter content, low cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Suggestions are made to ameliorate habitat conditions for plant growth in a comprehensive ecosystem‐reconstitution package that encompasses the landform, hydrology, microclimate, soil, and plant assemblage. Recommendations are given on the application of organic amendments to establish and maintain soil structure, restore decomposition regime, and raise nutrient and moisture storage capacities for a modified approach that could overcome the site difficulties.
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid. III. The Cardol Component of Indian Cashew Nut Shell Liquid with Reference to the Liquid's Vesicant Activity<sup>1</sup> (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCashew Nut Shell Liquid. III. The Cardol Component of Indian Cashew Nut Shell Liquid with Reference to the Liquid's Vesicant Activity1David Wasserman and Charles R. DawsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 11, 3675–3679Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01191a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01191a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views362Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Near fields of the constant current thin circular loop antenna of arbitrary radius (1996)

Assuming a known (constant) current distribution on the thin circular loop antenna of arbitrary radius in free space, an exact integration of the vector potential is performed without recourse to approximations. The only restrictions on the solution variables are that the observation point distance must be greater than the loop radius and that the polar angle must run between 0 and /spl pi/. The resulting vector potential infinite series solution possesses a real part composed of linear combinations of complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind and an imaginary part composed of elementary functions. Thus, it is possible to obtain an exact solution which is valid everywhere that r>a and 0/spl les//spl theta//spl les//spl pi/. The electromagnetic field components of the constant current circular loop antenna are then determined by direct series differentiation. These solutions are valid in the near and induction fields, converging rapidly there, and are also valid in the far field, although many terms of the series are needed for convergence.
Understanding the threats to DNS and how to secure it (2015)

Essentially the address book of the Internet, the Domain Name System (DNS) is a mission-critical infrastructure used by all organisations and without which they cannot function. Yet, despite its importance, it remains a vulnerable network component that is frequently used as an attack vector by cyber-criminals, and is inadequately protected by traditional security solutions. The Domain Name System (DNS) is a mission-critical infrastructure that all organisations use and can't function without. But it is a highly vulnerable network component. External DNS servers may be subject to attacks such as DNS DDoS, exploits and reconnaissance, but threats may not always be outside an organisation's firewall. Chris Marrison of Infoblox discusses the importance of securing external DNS from cyber-attacks, as well as securing internal DNS from infrastructure attacks, APTs and malware that exploit DNS, and data exfiltration via DNS.
A self-stabilizing distributed branch-and-bound algorithm (2002)

The branch-and-bound algorithm is fundamental for a variety of applications in combinatorial optimization. Known distributed algorithms for this problem do not tolerate faults. This paper presents the first distributed self-stabilizing branch-and-bound algorithm. This algorithm is inherently tolerant to transient faults and can recover from transmission errors between nodes.
Convex Optimization: Algorithms and Complexity (2015)

This monograph presents the main complexity theorems in convex optimization and their corresponding algorithms. Starting from the fundamental theory of black-box optimization, the material progresses towards recent advances in structural optimization and stochastic optimization. Our presentation of black-box optimization, strongly influenced by Nesterov’s seminal book and Nemirovski’s lecture notes, includes the analysis of cutting plane methods, as well as (accelerated) gradient descent schemes. We also pay special attention to non-Euclidean settings (relevant algorithms include Frank-Wolfe, mirror descent, and dual averaging) and discuss their relevance in machine learning. We provide a gentle introduction to structural optimization with FISTA (to optimize a sum of a smooth and a simple non-smooth term), saddle-point mirror prox (Nemirovski’s alternative to Nesterov’s smoothing), and a concise description of interior point methods. In stochastic optimization we discuss stochastic gradient descent, minibatches, random coordinate descent, and sublinear algorithms. We also briefly touch upon convex relaxation of combinatorial problems and the use of randomness to round solutions, as well as random walks based methods.
On the Problem of Comparing Rates or Apparent Quantum Yields in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis (2010)

Breaking the impasse: Earlier this year Maschmeyer and Che outlined an approach for normalizing and comparing the apparent quantum yields (AQY) for hydrogen photogeneration catalyzed by semiconductor powders. In the plot of photocatalyst concentration versus AQY they proposed that the linear region was the most appropriate region for comparison. In his Correspondence Kisch refutes this proposal and states that the area at the onset of the plateau region (B) in a plot of catalyst concentration versus reaction rate is relevant. Maschmeyer and Che explain their rationale and conclude that the discussion has arisen because of different emphases in studying photocatalysis.
Radical Carboxyarylation Approach to Lignans. Total Synthesis of (−)-Arctigenin, (−)-Matairesinol, and Related Natural Products (2004)

[reaction: see text] Total syntheses of seven biologically important lignan natural products, including (-)-arctigenin, (-)-matairesinol, and (-)-alpha-conidendrin, by way of a highly stereoselective domino radical sequence is presented. The reported stereochemistry of the natural product 7-hydroxyarctigenin is shown to be erroneous; a diastereoisomeric structure is assigned to the natural product.
SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systems (2019)

In the last year, new models and methods for pretraining and transfer learning have driven striking performance improvements across a range of language understanding tasks. The GLUE benchmark, introduced a little over one year ago, offers a single-number metric that summarizes progress on a diverse set of such tasks, but performance on the benchmark has recently surpassed the level of non-expert humans, suggesting limited headroom for further research. In this paper we present SuperGLUE, a new benchmark styled after GLUE with a new set of more difficult language understanding tasks, a software toolkit, and a public leaderboard. SuperGLUE is available at https://super.gluebenchmark.com.
Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Polymers (1995)

The science and technology of second-order nonlinear optical polymers (NLOP) are briefly reviewed in an attempt to explain: (1) why these materials are important; (2) the origin of optical nonlinearity; (3) the strengths and weaknesses of various polymer topologies; (4) thin film processing techniques; (5) how to create and measure polar order (noncentrosymmetry); (6) stability issues; (7) fabrication of waveguides; and (8) useful devices that can be made from NLOP.
Structural effects on rates and equilibrium. XVII. Electronic effects of substituents on the stabilities of carbon-carbon double bonds (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural effects on rates and equilibrium. XVII. Electronic effects of substituents on the stabilities of carbon-carbon double bondsJack. Hine and Nancy W. FlachskamCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 4, 1179–1185Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00785a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00785a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel solution for transient control of WDM amplifiers using the combination of electrical feedforward and feedback (2003)

Summary form only given. We present a practical and low cost EDFA control solution in which both electrical feedforward and feedback are employed. We have demonstrated that with this automatic gain control technology the gain excursion happening in WDM systems can be drastically reduced.
Enhanced optical and electrical properties of ITO on a PET substrate by hydrogen plasma and HCl treatment (2013)

This study examined the optical and electrical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) films treated with a hydrogen plasma and a post-HCl solution. ITO films, 200 nm in thickness, were deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. The samples were then exposed to an inductively coupled hydrogen plasma and this was followed by HCl : DI solution treatment. The work function of the ITO surface was decreased from 4.94 to 4.61 eV without thermal annealing. The sheet resistance was decreased due to the formation of a high density of O–H bonds and oxygen vacancies. Although the transmittance of the hydrogen-plasma-treated sample was decreased drastically by the formation of In/Sn clusters, enhanced transmittance and increased optical band gap without a deterioration of the electrical properties could be achieved effectively by removing the In/Sn clusters using a HCl solution.
Airbag head restraint system (2000)

The function of a head restraint system is to prevent injurious hyperextension of the occupant's neck in the event of a road vehicle rear end impact, and thus it must have adequate stiffness to limit the movement of the head relative to the torso. Also, it should absorb the kinetic energy progressively so that the head does not sustain any injury and does not roll on the cushion. Practically, a well-designed head restraint will have an optimum balance of these features and thereby offer adequate protection for both the head and the neck. This paper presents some pioneering thinking on head restraint design and develops criteria for qualifying the systems. It presents an airbag head restraint system that has optimum stiffness and good potential for reducing head and neck injuries suffered through rear end collisions. It also presents the results of experimental tests conducted on this novel airbag head restraint system and on several randomly selected existing head restraints. Furthermore, analysis of energy absorption capabilities, head injury criterion (HIC) values and a new criterion, called the equivalent impact power criterion (EIPC), is developed in order to quantify the relation between the rate at which energy is imparted to the head during the impact cycle and injury severity. Current test results show that, the lower the EIPC, the better is the head restraint system and the less is the risk of whiplash and head injuries. Moreover, the work has quantified a number of variables, including the optimum stiffness, as the factors governing the severity of injury to the occupant in a rear impact scenario.
Broadband proton decoupling for in vivo brain spectroscopy in humans (2001)

A new decoupling sequence, PBAR, is described for broadband heteronuclear decoupling in vivo in humans at 1.5T. The sequence uses non-adiabatic, frequency- and amplitude-modulated inversion pulses designed to minimize decoupling sidebands at low applied gammaB(2) RF field levels and to cover only the narrow range of resonance offsets encountered in practice. The offset dependence of the decoupling efficiency of PBAR is demonstrated and compared to the conventional WALTZ-4 sequence. At the same average power levels, PBAR had slightly reduced bandwidth but significantly less intense decoupling sidebands. Applications of PBAR are shown in vivo in the human brain both for (31)P and natural abundance (13)C spectroscopy using volume decoupling coils. The PBAR sequence allows whole brain [(1)H]-[13]C decoupling to be performed at 1.5T with a standard head coil within FDA guidelines for RF power deposition. Magn Reson Med 45:226-232, 2001.