gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunological assays of apolipoproteins in plasma: methods and instrumentation (1990)

A number of immunological techniques--radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), electroimmunoassay, radial immunodiffusion, and a variety of immunoprecipitin assays--have been used to quantify apolipoproteins in plasma. This paper outlines their technical details and discusses their major advantages and drawbacks. The most sensitive procedures, RIAs and ELISAS, are best suited to quantifying those apoproteins found in low concentration in plasma. Immunoturbidimetric assays, on the other hand, which are readily automated, are being widely used to quantify apolipoproteins A-I and B. Apolipoprotein quantification is complicated by the interaction of the proteins with lipids, which can often mask their antigenic determinants. This problem may be circumvented by pretreatment of the samples, by selection of appropriate standards, or by the use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that interact with permanently exposed epitopes on the lipoproteins' surfaces. Our proposed methods for measurement of the individual apolipoproteins give consideration to these approaches.
Comparison Of Optical Scatterometer And Profilometer Techniques For Characterizing Smooth Surfaces (1989)

Several techniques are available for characterizing the surface microstructure of smooth components. Often it is necessary to compare the results from two or more of these techniques. This can lead to problems unless it is understood that all measurement techniques are bandwidth limited, and each technique has a characteristic transfer function. We will discuss several techniques in this regard, including the optical profilometer (WYKO), the optical scatterometer (both angle-resolved and TIS), and the mechanical profilometer (Talystep). A number of samples having different microstructure properties were characterized using these techniques, and results will be discussed.
The Cotton Centromere Contains a Ty3-gypsy-like LTR Retroelement (2020)

The centromere is a repeat-rich structure essential for chromosome segregation; with the long-term aim of understanding centromere structure and function, we set out to identify cotton centromere sequences. To isolate centromere-associated sequences from cotton, (Gossypium hirsutum) we surveyed tandem and dispersed repetitive DNA in the genus. Centromere-associated elements in other plants include tandem repeats and, in some cases, centromere-specific retroelements. Examination of cotton genomic survey sequences for tandem repeats yielded sequences that did not localize to the centromere. However, among the repetitive sequences we also identified a gypsy-like LTR retrotransposon (Centromere Retroelement Gossypium, CRG) that localizes to the centromere region of all chromosomes in domestic upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, the major commercially grown cotton. The location of the functional centromere was confirmed by immunostaining with antiserum to the centromere-specific histone CENH3, which co-localizes with CRG hybridization on metaphase mitotic chromosomes. G. hirsutum is an allotetraploid composed of A and D genomes and CRG is also present in the centromere regions of other AD cotton species. Furthermore, FISH and genomic dot blot hybridization revealed that CRG is found in D-genome diploid cotton species, but not in A-genome diploid species, indicating that this retroelement may have invaded the A-genome centromeres during allopolyploid formation and amplified during evolutionary history. CRG is also found in other diploid Gossypium species, including B and E2 genome species, but not in the C, E1, F, and G genome species tested. Isolation of this centromere-specific retrotransposon from Gossypium provides a probe for further understanding of centromere structure, and a tool for future engineering of centromere mini-chromosomes in this important crop species.
Applications of Tagging and Mapping Insect Resistance Loci in Plants (2000)

This review examines how molecular markers can be used to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of plant resistance to insects and develop insect resistant crops. We provide a brief description of the types of molecular markers currently being employed, and describe how they can be applied to identify and track genes of interest in a marker-assisted breeding program. A summary of the work reported in this field of study, with examples in which molecular markers have been applied to increase understanding of the mechanistic and biochemical bases of resistance in potato and maize plant/pest systems, is provided. We also describe how molecular markers can be applied to develop more durable insect-resistant crops. Finally, we identify key areas in molecular genetics that we believe will provide exciting and productive research opportunities for those working to develop insect-resistant crops.
Diesel Exhaust Particles Activate p38 MAP Kinase to Produce Interleukin 8 and RANTES by Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells and <i>N</i> -Acetylcysteine Attenuates p38 MAP Kinase Activation (2000)

Air pollutants including diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have been shown to enhance allergic responses. DEPs stimulate airway epithelial cells to produce various cytokines; however, the intracellular signal transduction pathway and the involvement of reduction and oxidation (redox) control in DEP-activated signaling have not been determined. In the present study, we therefore examined the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in DEP-induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) and RANTES production by human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) in order to clarify the intracellular signal transduction pathway that regulates IL-8 and RANTES production. In addition, we also examined the effect of a thiol-reducing agent, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on DEP-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and cytokine production in order to clarify the redox control mechanism in DEP-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and IL-8 and RANTES production. The results showed that DEP induced IL-8 and RANTES production and the threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, reflecting the activation of p38 MAP kinase in BECs. SB 203580, as the specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase activity, inhibited DEP-induced IL-8 and RANTES production. NAC inhibited DEP-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and IL-8 and RANTES production. These results indicate that p38 MAP kinase plays an important role in the DEP-activated signaling pathway that regulates IL-8 and RANTES production by BECs and that the cellular redox state is critical for DEP-induced p38 MAP kinase activation leading to IL-8 and RANTES production.
The Qo site of the mitochondrial complex III is required for the transduction of hypoxic signaling via reactive oxygen species production (2007)

Mammalian cells increase transcription of genes for adaptation to hypoxia through the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein. How cells transduce hypoxic signals to stabilize the HIF-1alpha protein remains unresolved. We demonstrate that cells deficient in the complex III subunit cytochrome b, which are respiratory incompetent, increase ROS levels and stabilize the HIF-1alpha protein during hypoxia. RNA interference of the complex III subunit Rieske iron sulfur protein in the cytochrome b-null cells and treatment of wild-type cells with stigmatellin abolished reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at the Qo site of complex III. These interventions maintained hydroxylation of HIF-1alpha protein and prevented stabilization of HIF-1alpha protein during hypoxia. Antioxidants maintained hydroxylation of HIF-1alpha protein and prevented stabilization of HIF-1alpha protein during hypoxia. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide under normoxia prevented hydroxylation of HIF-1alpha protein and stabilized HIF-1alpha protein. These results provide genetic and pharmacologic evidence that the Qo site of complex III is required for the transduction of hypoxic signal by releasing ROS to stabilize the HIF-1alpha protein.
Tumor markers and colorectal cancer: Utility in management (2003)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Although genetic testing can screen for rare hereditary CRC syndromes, there is no ideal means of screening for sporadic forms of CRC. This review will focus on markers that are currently used in the management of sporadic CRC and their limitations, as well as possible future clinical applications.
Delta-Color Adjustment (DCA) for Spatial Modulated Color Backlight Algorithm on High Dynamic Range LCD TVs (2010)

A high-dynamic-range liquid crystal display (HDR-LCD) which studies as a dual-panel display can much enhance the contrast ratio of image and reduce the power consumption upon the locally controlled dynamic backlight. A simple modulated algorithm, Delta-Color Adjustment (DCA) method, was proposed to determine the RGB-LEDs backlight modulation for high image quality. By implementing the DCA method on a 37¿ HDR-LCD TV with 8 × 8 backlight zones, the contrast ratio of a high contrast image can reach ~ 40000:1 with clear image detail and 40% power reduction. Furthermore, by controlling the R, G, and B LEDs individually , the color gamut can be enlarged to 125% NTSC.
Procedure for Decellularization of Porcine Heart by Retrograde Coronary Perfusion (2012)

Perfusion-based whole organ decellularization has recently gained interest in the field of tissue engineering as a means to create site-specific extracellular matrix scaffolds, while largely preserving the native architecture of the scaffold. To date, this approach has been utilized in a variety of organ systems, including the heart, lung, and liver (1-5). Previous decellularization methods for tissues without an easily accessible vascular network have relied upon prolonged exposure of tissue to solutions of detergents, acids, or enzymatic treatments as a means to remove the cellular and nuclear components from the surrounding extracellular environment(6-8). However, the effectiveness of these methods hinged upon the ability of the solutions to permeate the tissue via diffusion. In contrast, perfusion of organs through the natural vascular system effectively reduced the diffusion distance and facilitated transport of decellularization agents into the tissue and cellular components out of the tissue. Herein, we describe a method to fully decellularize an intact porcine heart through coronary retrograde perfusion. The protocol yielded a fully decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix (c-ECM) scaffold with the three-dimensional structure of the heart intact. Our method used a series of enzymes, detergents, and acids coupled with hypertonic and hypotonic rinses to aid in the lysis and removal of cells. The protocol used a Trypsin solution to detach cells from the matrix followed by Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate solutions to aid in removal of cellular material. The described protocol also uses perfusion speeds of greater than 2 L/min for extended periods of time. The high flow rate, coupled with solution changes allowed transport of agents to the tissue without contamination of cellular debris and ensured effective rinsing of the tissue. The described method removed all nuclear material from native porcine cardiac tissue, creating a site-specific cardiac ECM scaffold that can be used for a variety of applications.
Video summarization based on user interaction (2011)

It is frequently the case that viewers want to watch sports in less time than a game takes to play. Computing a summarization of a game depends upon information about each play. In contrast with previous video summarization work this paper describes how the interactive behavior of prior viewers can be used to compute which plays are most interesting. This passive feedback is examined as a possible source for the degree of interest in a play. In addition, a mechanism is described for briefly showing the game action that was removed to create the summary. This helps to preserve the continuity of the game in the viewer's mind.
Meeting Future Drilling Planning and Decision Support Requirements: A New Drilling Simulator (2001)

Abstract Minimizing the cost of wells and the associated risk requires that construction techniques be optimized as rapidly as possible. This is a demanding task, particularly in an environment where fewer, higher value, more difficult wells will be drilled; it also necessitates a significant strengthening of drilling planning and decision support capabilities. This paper presents an automated process for integrating well planning and real-time decision support. The process is encapsulated in a prototype software drilling simulator and incorporates recently developed real-time wellbore stability1and rate of penetration optimization modules. The simulator has three key features: Allows drilling practices to be closely linked with geological models.Provides a framework which integrates previously standalone aspects of drilling planning and decision support.Uses visualization techniques to convey complex models and results simply; this is a known driver of improved drilling performance2. Examples illustrate the value of this integrated drilling planning and decision support tool.
Static amplidyne: A new high-capacity push - Pull power amplifier I - Resistive-inductive loads (1963)

A high-capacity static power amplifier with reversible d-c output is described. The circuit consists of six silicon-controlled rectifiers fed from a 3-phase 4-wire a-c supply. The gates are driven by differentially controlled half-wave magnetic amplifiers energized from the line to neutral voltages. The steady-state and the transient operations with resistive and inductive loads are described and static transfer characteristics are calculated for typical loads. A mechanism for the commutation of high inductive loads during output reversal transients is described. This mechanism eliminates altogether line-to-line short circuits and results in extremely fast speed of response.
GBF1-Arf-COPI-ArfGAP-mediated Golgi-to-ER Transport Involved in Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis (2011)

Eukaryotic cells store neutral lipids and cholesteryl esters in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs), which are generated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Accumulating lines of evidence have indicated that Golgi-to-ER-retrograde transport mediated by COPI-coated vesicles under the control of Arf small GTPases is implicated in LD formation and utilization. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the regulation of lipid homeostasis by COPI-dependent transport has been poorly understood. Here we show that LD deposition and the cellular triacylglycerol content are significantly increased by siRNA-mediated depletion of not only β-COP (a subunit of the COPI coat complex) but also GBF1 (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arfs), Arf4 and Arf5 (class II Arfs), and ArfGAP1-ArfGAP3 (GTPase-activating proteins for Arfs). Although a previous proteomic study suggested the presence of COPI subunits and Arfs on LDs, we have failed to show that components of the GBF1-Arf-COPI-ArfGAP retrograde transport machinery are directly associated with and closely apposed to LDs. Furthermore, although recent studies suggested that COPI-mediated transport and GBF1 participated in delivery of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) onto the LD surface, we have found that depletion of β-COP or GBF1 does not affect association of ATGL with LDs or ATGL-mediated lipolysis. On the basis of these results, we propose other mechanisms how the GBF1-Arf-COPI-ArfGAP transport machinery is implicated in the regulation of lipid homeostasis.
An example of enzyme hysteresis. The slow and tight interaction of some fully competitive inhibitors with small intestinal sucrase. (1981)

Of the fully competitive inhibitors of small intestinal sucrase investigated in this or in other papers, acarbose, nojirimycin, and deoxynojirimycin (Fig. 2) have the highest affinity for the enzyme, their Ki values being in the 10(-7)-10(-8) M range. Furthermore, thier interaction with the enzyme is slow, the steady state being reached in their presence in a matter of minutes. Their overall "on" and "off" constants are small, which indicates that a conformational change accompanies the interaction of these substances with the active site of intestinal sucrase. The structure of these inhibitors, as well as the pH dependence of their Ki values, agrees with and allows additions to be made to the catalytic mechanism earlier suggested for this enzyme (Cogoli, A., and Semenza, G. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7802-7809). None of these inhibitors of sucrase has any sizeable effect on the small intestinal Na+-dependent D-glucose transport system.
A Processor-In-Memory Architecture for Multimedia Compression (2007)

This paper presents the design and development of a novel, low-complexity processor-in-memory (PIM) architecture for image and video compression. By integrating a novel-processing element with SRAM, bandwidth is improved and latency is greatly reduced. This paper also presents PIM design techniques for reduced power, area, and complexity for rapid deployment and reduced cost. A design methodology is presented and followed by an analysis of the processing element performance and capabilities. The proposed datapath solution delivers between 2 to 40 times higher performance compared to other presented solutions. The architecture executes a discrete cosine and wavelet transforms achieving up to 40% higher throughput per watt and occupying as little as 0.9% area compared to a commercial digital signal processing and other application-specified integrated circuit implementations while maintaining precision. A comprehensive comparative analysis is also provided. The proposed processor-in-memory is implemented in 1.8-V 0.18-mum CMOS technology and operates with a 300-MHz clock
Electrochemical Deposition of Nanostructured Metals and Alloys from Ionic Liquids (2006)

Metals like aluminium, magnesium, tungsten or their alloys cannot be electrodeposited from aqueous electrolytes. We have developed a procedure using AlCl 3 -based ionic liquids for the deposition of nanostructured metals and alloys. The ionic liquids (IL) employed for these studies consist of mixtures of an inorganic ( e.g. , AlCl 3 ) and an organic component ( e.g. , 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoliumchloride or [BMIm]Cl). In our contribution we describe the electrochemical deposition of less noble metals like Al or Fe and alloys like Al x Mn 1− x with a controlled nanostructure. The variation of physical and chemical process parameters allows the deposition of samples with crystallite sizes from 10 up to several hundred nm. Deposits prepared from IL's show remarkable properties. Based on nanoindentation measurements we observe crystallite size dependent microhardness for nanostructured aluminium (from 1.44 GPa (100 nm) to 3.40 GPa (14 nm)). The thermal stability of the deposits was measured by high temperature X-ray diffraction. The deposits show a thermal stability up to 350 °C resulting from oxide impurities in the grain boundaries. An activiation energy of 41 kJ/mol can be determined for the crystallite growth process. The magnetization curves of nanostructurd iron exhibit soft magnetic behavior; the coercivity is inverse proportional to the crystallite size.
Essential Work of Fracture for Damage Modeling of Polymer Membranes (2011)

The specific essential work of fracture for thin biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate, (Mylar), is measured using double-edge notched (DENT) specimens loaded in a uniaxial tension test. Experiments were performed on DENT specimens with varying ligament lengths. Three different thicknesses of Mylar were tested: 25.4 µm (1 mil), 50.8 µm (2 mil), and 76.2 µm (3 mil) Mylar. Load vs. displacement graphs were formed, and from them the area under the curve, or strain energy, was determined. Energy terms were normalized, and then plotted versus ligament length. Specific essential work of fracture values were determined to be 37.027 kJ/m 2 for the 25.4 µm specimens, 36.974 kJ/m 2 for the 50.8 µm specimens, and 36.853 kJ/m 2 for the 76.2 µm specimens. The specific essential work of fracture values were nearly identical for the three separate thicknesses, and therefore is indeed a material property of the Mylar itself. In a companion paper [1], the specific essential work of fracture is then used in a finite element model to predict the tearing response of polymer sheets.
Plasma Thrombomodulin, Fibrinogen, and Activity of Tissue Factor as Risk Factors for Acute Cerebral Infarction (2007)

Several studies have indicated association between hematologic markers and increased risks of cerebrovascular disease, but few reports referred to their roles together. We studied plasma levels of 16 hematologic markers in 50 cases diagnosed as acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and 54 hospital control subjects. Plasma levels of thrombomodulin, fibrinogen, and activity of tissue factor (aTF) were significantly higher in cases than in control subjects (P < .001, P < .01, and P < .05, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension and high plasma levels of thrombomodulin, fibrinogen, and aTF were significantly associated with presence of ACI (odds ratio [OR], 143.74, P < .001; OR, 2.05, P < .05; OR, 2.09, P < .05; OR, 1.02, P < .05, respectively). Our findings indicate that hypertension and elevation of plasma thrombomodulin, fibrinogen, and aTF are independent risk factors for ACI.
Bulk and thick films of the superconducting phase YBa2Cu3O7−<i>y</i> made by controlled precipitation and sol-gel processes (1988)

The synthesis of high-temperature superconducting oxides using solution chemistry has been investigated and physical properties are compared to ceramics obtained by conventional solid-state reactions. We report on controlled precipitation and sol-gel processes, both of which produce materials with particle sizes smaller than 5 μm. We find that the superconducting properties of the high Tc ceramics are affected by their manner of preparation, such that the transitions are slightly lower in temperature, but sharper, for samples made by solution rather than solid-state chemistry. The ability to prepare stable viscous gels provides an opportunity for obtaining large areas of superconducting coatings. For thick films on alumina or silicon substrates, contamination from the substrate is shown to be a problem. Finally, we observe that the sol-gel process lowers the synthesis temperature by 100 °C.
Recent Advances in Cancer Therapy: An Overview (2009)

The landscape of cancer treatment has dramatically changed over the last four decades. The age when surgery and radiotherapy were the only effective way to fight tumour growth has ended. A complex scenario where the molecular features of tumours seem to be the cornerstone of any therapy is now emerging. Here we provide an overview on the different approaches to cancer treatment. This review will help the reader to acknowledge the pivotal role of some classic cancer therapies, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, now better understood in the mechanims underpinning their efficacy. Following, we focus on the understanding of the value of systemic treatment and on an up-date on the novel, up-coming therapies of the current targeted therapy age, including new antibodies, small molecules, antiangiogenics and viral therapy. We briefly elaborate, finally, on new biomarkers development and how it should rule and determine the future of therapeutic research in cancer.
Concordance of Self-Collected and Clinician-Collected Swab Samples for Detecting Human Papillomavirus DNA in Women 18 to 32 Years of Age (2006)

The combined clinician-collected cervical/vulvovaginal sample is most sensitive for detecting all female genital tract HPV infections. HPV concordance between cervical and vaginal samples may be better for newer infections. Larger studies are needed to determine whether mailed-in self-samples are as effective as those collected in a clinical setting.