gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of chiral 5-deazaflavin derivatives and their use in asymmetric reduction of ethyl benzoylformate. (1987)

Some 1, 5-dihydro-5-deazaflavin (1, 5-dihydropyrimido [4, 5-b] quinoline-2, 4 (3H, 10H) -dione) derivatives possessing chiral substituents at the N-3 position were synthesized. Asymmetric reduction of ethyl benzoylformate in the presence of magnesium perchlorate was carried out with these chiral 1, 5-dihydro-5-deazaflavin derivatives to give ethyl mandelate in moderate optical and chemical yield. The influence of metal additives other than magnesium upon the asymmetric induction and yield of the reduction was investigated, and it was suggested that intermediate ternary complexation is probably involved in the reaction. No improvement of chiral induction was obtained by changing the metal catalyst.
Aggregation in aqueous solutions of bovine lens gamma-crystallins: special role of gamma(s). (1998)

Gamma-crystallins undergo aggregation in which a small fraction of the proteins form a few large aggregates, whereas the larger proportion of the proteins remain monomeric. This suggests that the megamerization is preceded by an initial modification of the protein. The modification is associated with the thiol groups, and only such modified protein species participate in megamerization. The presence of gamma(s) significantly slows the megamerization of gammaII- and gammaIVa-crystallin. This fact, together with the previous finding that gamma(s) strongly reduces the phase separation temperatures of the gamma-crystallins, suggests that gamma(s)-crystallin plays an important role in suppressing the formation of light-scattering elements and helps maintain lens transparency.
Anionic Copolymerization of Butadiene and 1,1-Diphenylethylene (1970)

Abstract The anionic copolymerization of butadiene (M1) and 1,1-diphenylethylene was investigated in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and benzene, using n-butyllithium (n-BuLi), Na-naphthalene, and Na-and K-dispersions as initiators. An alternating copolymer was formed in THF, where the reaction proceeded without termination and chain-transfer reactions. The monomer reactivity ratios, r1 were 0.13 (Li+), 0.09 (Na+), and 0.09 (K+) in THF at 0°C. The r1 values in benzene at 40°C were 54 (Li+), 0.71 (Na+), and 0.10 (K+). The order of rate constants in THF was k12&gt;k11&gt;k21; the last of these was 0.27m−1 sec−1, with n-BuLi at 0°C.
<i>In silico</i> tensile tests and design of hierarchical graphene fibres and composites (2013)

In this contribution, we apply a hierarchical fibre bundle model (HFBM), previously developed to estimate the mechanical properties of multiscale carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based structures, to the case of graphene macroscopic cables. The nonlinear elastic properties of graphene and its exceptional intrinsic strength, with mean Young's modulus of 1 TPa, third‐order elastic stiffness of −2.0 TPa and intrinsic strength of 130 GPa, are drawn from recent experimental studies. The model allows to derive macroscopic characteristics like strength, stiffness, toughness as a function of hierarchical structure, starting from statistically distributed properties at the nanoscale and without the introduction of additional ad hoc parameters. The influence of the presence of defects in the graphene bundles is evaluated. We also analyse the properties of graphene‐reinforced composites, including the influence of the volume fraction of a ductile polymeric matrix. We show that the composite properties can be engineered to optimize strength and/or stiffness, and that the present model can be a useful tool to help pursue this objective
Off-topic detection in conversational telephone speech (2006)

In a context where information retrieval is extended to spoken "documents" including conversations, it will be important to provide users with the ability to seek informational content, rather than socially motivated small talk that appears in many conversational sources. In this paper we present a preliminary study aimed at automatically identifying "irrelevance" in the domain of telephone conversations. We apply a standard machine learning algorithm to build a classifier that detects off-topic sections with better-than-chance accuracy and that begins to provide insight into the relative importance of features for identifying utterances as on topic or not.
Evolution of polarization along a single-mode fiber (1977)

The local parameters of linear and circular birefringence are nondestructively measured along a single-mode optical fiber by electro-optic and magneto-optic modulation of the polarization in the fiber. A complete mapping of the evolution of the state of polarization is obtained and is compared with a theoretical model.
Phorbol Esters and Cytokines Regulate the Expression of theNEMO-related Protein, a Molecule Involved in a NF-κB-independent Pathway (2000)

The NF-kappaB signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the immune, inflammatory, and apoptotic responses. Recently, we identified the NF-kappaB Essential Modulator (NEMO) as an essential component of this pathway. NEMO is a structural and regulatory subunit of the high molecular kinase complex (IKK) responsible for the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB inhibitors. Data base searching led to the isolation of a cDNA encoding a protein we called NRP (NEMO-related protein), which shows a strong homology to NEMO. Here we show that NRP is present in a novel high molecular weight complex, that contains none of the known members of the IKK complex. Consistently, we could not observe any effect of NRP on NF-kappaB signaling. Nonetheless, we could demonstrate that treatment with phorbol esters induces NRP phosphorylation and decreases its half-life. This phosphorylation event could only be inhibited by K-252a and stauroporin. We also show that de novo expression of NRP can be induced by interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha and that these two stimuli have a synergistic effect on NRP expression. In addition, we observed that endogenous NRP is associated with the Golgi apparatus. Analogous to NEMO, we find that NRP is associated in a complex with two kinases, suggesting that NRP could play a similar role in another signaling pathway.
Potential of the volatile-producing fungus <i>Muscodor albus</i> for control of building molds (2007)

The possibility of using the volatile-producing fungus Muscodor albus for biofumigation against building molds was investigated. Several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium as well as fungi belonging to nine other genera were inhibited or killed in vitro by volatiles produced by potato dextrose agar or rye grain cultures of M. albus. Trichoderma viride was the only fungus that was not inhibited by M. albus volatiles. To test biofumigation as a preventative treatment against fungal colonization of building material, dry pieces of gypsum drywall were fumigated with grain cultures of M. albus in closed boxes. After a simulated water damage and incubation under saturated humidity for 2 weeks, untreated drywall developed natural fungal populations of about 10(5)-10(6) cfu/cm2, while drywall fumigated with M. albus culture (20 g/11 L) had nondetectable fungal populations. To test for curative ability, moist pieces of drywall heavily colonized with Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus niger, or Stachybotrys chartarum were fumigated for 48 h with grain cultures of M. albus. Cladosporium cladosporioides was eliminated within 48 h, while A. niger and S. chartarum were usually more resistant. However, a longer curative fumigation of 96 h was effective in reducing A. niger or naturally occurring mold populations by about 5 log values. The production of volatile organic compounds from 20 g of rye grain culture in 11 L containers was monitored by solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography. Concentrations of isobutyric acid, the most abundant volatile, increased gradually in the headspace until it reached 25 microg/L (m/v) within 96 h. The second and third most abundant compounds, 2-methyl-1-butanol and isobutanol, peaked at about 10 and 5 microg/L (m/v), respectively, within the first 24 h and declined gradually afterwards.
Assessment of the Portable C-320 Electronic Nose for Discrimination of Nine Insectivorous Bat Species: Implications for Monitoring White-Nose Syndrome (2020)

The development of new C-320 electronic-nose (e-nose) methods for pre-symptomatic detection of White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) in bats has required efficacy studies of instrument capabilities to discriminate between major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from clinical samples. In this phase-2 study, we further tested this e-nose for capabilities to distinguish between bat species based on differences in whole-body VOC emissions. Live healthy individuals of nine bat species were temporarily captured outside of caves in Arkansas and Louisiana. VOC emissions from bats were collected using newly developed portable air collection and sampling-chamber devices in tandem. Sensor-array output responses to bat VOC emissions were compared to those of 22 pure VOC analytical standards from five chemical classes. Distinct smellprint signatures were produced from e-nose analyses of VOC metabolites derived from individual bat species. Smellprint patterns were analyzed using 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to produce aroma map plots showing effective discrimination between bat species with high statistical significance. These results demonstrate potential instrument efficacy for distinguishing between species-specific, bat-derived VOC metabolite emissions as major components of clinical samples collected from bats in caves for disease detection prior to symptom development. This study provided additional information required to fully test the efficacy of a portable e-nose instrument for diagnostic applications in subsequent phase-3 testing of noninvasive, early WNS disease detection in intra-cave hibernating bats.
Study of Inorganic Crystalline Solid in Biosystem-Magnetite in Human Body. (1996)

Ferritin, the iron storage nonhaeme-protein contains a ball of hydrated iron oxides (Fe2O3⋅nH2O) in its core, which is paramagnetic at room temperature. It is reported the hydrated iron oxide is the precursor of magnetite (Fe3O4) in the magnetotactic bacteria and polyplacophoran mollusks. It is not known whether this is the case for other organisms. In our study, we report the first detection of magnetic material in the human brain through the use of SQUID magnetometry. The material was characterized by HRTEM and EPMA. It was affirmed the material was a single crystals of magnetite. Magnetite distribution in tissues might be related with ferritin, if the core of these molecules are involved in magnetite formation in human. In general, both Perls staining and MRlmaging methods are adopted routinely for determining the relative amounts of Fe(+III) in the whole brain, which is dominated by ferritin. Both methods suggested high levels of Fe(+III) distribution in the globus pallidum, putamen, caudate, internal cerebral capsule of the cerebrum, red nucleus of the mid brain and lower concentrations in the substantia nigra of the mid brain and the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. Whereas, our experiments showed that the distribution of magnetite is rather even in the whole human brain averaging 4 ng per gram of tissue (except for the meninges, where it is 20 times higher).
Acid-catalyzed Decomposition of Chloro- and Fluoroformates<sup>1,2</sup> (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcid-catalyzed Decomposition of Chloro- and Fluoroformates1,2Susumu Nakanishi, Terrell C. Myers, and Elwood V. JensenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 19, 5033–5034Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01624a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01624a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views176Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Performance of Fly ash Based Geopolymer Mortars in Sulphate Solution (2010)

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the performance of fly ash based geopolymer mortar specimens in Magnesium Sulphate solution. Specimens were manufactured from low calcium fly ash by activation with a mixture of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate solution and cured thermally. 10% by weight Magnesium Sulphate solution was used to soak the specimen up to 24 weeks. Performance of the specimens was evaluated in terms of visual appearance, variation of pH of solution, change in weight, and change in compressive strength over the exposure period. White deposits occurred on the surface of specimen which was initially soft but later converted to hard crystals. pH of solution increased noticeably during the initial weeks which indicate migration of alkalis from mortar specimens. At the end of 24 weeks samples experienced very little weight gain and recorded a loss of compressive strength by up to 56%.
In vivo equilibrium of proinflammatory IL-17+ and regulatory IL-10+ Foxp3+ RORγt+ T cells (2008)

The nuclear hormone receptor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORgamma t) is required for the generation of T helper 17 cells expressing the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17. In vivo, however, less than half of RORgamma t(+) T cells express IL-17. We report here that RORgamma t(+) T alphabeta cells include Foxp3(+) cells that coexist with IL-17-producing RORgamma t(+) T alphabeta cells in all tissues examined. The Foxp3(+) RORgamma t(+) T alphabeta express IL-10 and CCL20, and function as regulatory T cells. Furthermore, the ratio of Foxp3(+) to IL-17-producing RORgamma t(+) T alphabeta cells remains remarkably constant in mice enduring infection and inflammation. This equilibrium is tuned in favor of IL-10 production by Foxp3 and CCL20, and in favor of IL-17 production by IL-6 and IL-23. In the lung and skin, the largest population of RORgamma t(+) T cells express the gammadelta T cell receptor and produce the highest levels of IL-17 independently of IL-6. Thus, potentially antagonistic proinflammatory IL-17-producing and regulatory Foxp3(+) RORgamma t(+) T cells coexist and are tightly controlled, suggesting that a perturbed equilibrium in RORgamma t(+) T cells might lead to decreased immunoreactivity or, in contrast, to pathological inflammation.
A framework for detecting energy bugs in smartphones (2015)

The proliferation of smartphones is retarded by energy inefficient applications and energy bugs. These energy bugs severely impact the user experience and cause significant user frustrations. To detect energy bugs, we need to characterize the power consumption behaviour of software. To achieve that, we develop an operational definition of energy bugs that can be easily translated to a procedure to detect them in smartphones. We integrate the proposed definition with a diagnostic framework to provide a step-by-step procedure for application developers. Using the proposed testing framework, we can investigate the existence of energy bugs when apps or platforms evolve. We validate the proposed framework with experiments and realistic energy bug examples. The results show that there are energy bugs across different versions of the same app as well as across different versions of the same smartphone.
High Curie temperature and coercivity performance of Fe<sub>3−x</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>nanostructures (2015)

Monoclinic Fe3-xCrxSe4 nanostructures (0≤x≤2.5) were synthesized using a high-temperature solution chemical method. With increasing the Cr doping, the peak positions in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of Fe3-xCrxSe4 nanostructures slightly shifted to lower 2θ values due to the changes in lattice parameters. Expansions in the unit cell volumes of Fe3-xCrxSe4 nanostructures (x>0.3) may have been responsible for enhancing the ferromagnetic (FM) interaction between magnetic ions, which resulted in a significant increase in the Curie temperature (TC) from 331 K for Fe3Se4 to 429 K for FeCr2Se4, distinctly differing from the magnetic properties of the corresponding bulk materials. A room-temperature coercivity (HC) analysis showed an obvious increase from 3.2 kOe for Fe3Se4 to 12 kOe for Fe2.3Cr0.7Se4 nanostructure, but gradually decreased upon further increasing the Cr content.
Palladium as a lead finish for surface mount integrated circuit packages (1991)

The authors discuss the use of a thin, preplated palladium lead finish as an alternative to solder. Tests and experiments designed to examine several key properties and behaviors of Pd as related to this application were performed. These tests included: wetting characteristics, solder joint metallurgy, wire bonding, interaction with molding compounds, and electrochemical characteristics. Following initial feasibility studies, an extensive set of reliability and performance tests were run on a wide range of packaged integrated circuits. These included: operating life, temperature/humidity, thermal cycle/shock, lead finish performance and visual/mechanical tests.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC INDUCTION IN THE BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY MEANS OF CHIRAL PHASE‐TRANSFER CATALYSTS. PART 2 (1978)

Abstract Von den 7 untersuchten asymm. Katalysatoren (I)‐(IV) für die Reduktion der Ketone (V) zu den Carbinolen (VI) erwies sich das Benzylchininiumchlorid (IV) als der mit Abstand wirkungsvollste.
Effect of polysaccharide capsule and methods of preparation on human lymphocyte proliferation in response to Cryptococcus neoformans (1993)

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic encapsulated yeast that infects patients that have defective cell-mediated immunity, including AIDS patients. Whole cryptococcal organisms that are killed by heating stimulate normal human lymphocytes to proliferate. However, strains of C. neoformans vary widely in virulence and therefore in their ability to cause disease in humans. To determine the effect of virulence factors such as the cryptococcal capsule, serotype, and the state of the organisms on the lymphocyte response to C. neoformans, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with C. neoformans in vitro and lymphocyte proliferation was determined. The major determinant of the lymphocyte response to C. neoformans was the amount of polysaccharide present. The response was greater after stimulation by minimally encapsulated strains (strains C3D, 68, and 613) than by heavily encapsulated strains (strains 6 and 145). A heavily encapsulated strain (strain 6) did not suppress the response to an acapsular mutant (strain 67). However, the response to an acapsular strain was suppressed by the addition of purified polysaccharide. Human lymphocytes responded to both serotypes of C. neoformans var. neoformans. The antigen responsible for lymphocyte stimulation was preserved despite various techniques of inactivation, including heat, paraformaldehyde fixation, irradiation, and mechanical disruption. Finally, lymphocytes responded equally to live and killed organisms. These results suggest that capsular polysaccharide, a known virulence factor, may suppress the human lymphocyte response to C. neoformans during an infection. Lymphocytes could respond to C. neoformans regardless of the viability of the organism, and they could also respond to disrupted organisms. We speculate that lymphocyte proliferation in vitro could be related to the protective immune response in host defense to C. neoformans and that it is suppressed by virulence factors of C. neoformans.
Molded Parallel Endografts for Branch Vessel Preservation during Endovascular Aneurysm Repair in Challenging Anatomy (2012)

Parallel endografts (also known as snorkels or chimneys) are a proposed strategy for increasing the applicability of endovascular repair to aneurysms involving branch vessels. One major disadvantage of this strategy is the imperfect nature of seal inherent to having multiple side-by-side endografts. In this article, the use of odd-shaped parallel endografts to facilitate apposition and improve seal is proposed and a technique to mold a round stent graft into an "eye" shape using balloons is described.
Cross-Linked Dendrimer Hosts Containing Reporter Groups for Amine Guests (2003)

The integration of a chromogenic reporter group into the recently reported (Zimmerman, S. C.; Wendland, M. S.; Rakow, N. A.; Zharov, I.; Suslick, K. S. Nature 2002, 418, 399-403) monomolecular imprinting approach is described. The resulting highly cross-linked, macromolecular hosts show rapid, selective, high affinity, two-point binding of straight-chain diamine guests. Over longer times, the hosts are more promiscuous, binding a broader range of diamines. A rigorous test of imprinting was performed wherein the cross-reactivities of two dendrimers derived from different templates are compared. The test reveals a guest-dependent kinetic binding effect masquerading as evidence of a highly selective two-point imprinting process.
Review of the many faces of synthetic cannabinoid toxicities (2019)

Synthetic cannabinoids may be perceived as a safer alternative to marijuana; however, SCs can be more potent at the cannabinoid receptors and in turn have greater toxicities. Limited information is available on the metabolism of SCs; however, cytochrome P450 pathways may be involved, which could result in drug interactions and unpredicted adverse effects. Toxicity with SC use is not just related to its effects, but also to additives that may taint these products and enhance their effects. Health care providers should be aware of the range of toxicities related to SC use, and tainted products such as these agents are not detected on routine drug screens.
Combining gaze with manual interaction to extend physical reach (2011)

Situated public displays and interactive surfaces are becoming ubiquitous in our daily lives. Issues arise with these devices when attempting to interact over a distance or with content that is physically out of reach. In this paper we outline three techniques that combine gaze with manual hand-controlled input to move objects. We demonstrate and discuss how these techniques could be applied to two scenarios involving, (1) a multi-touch surface and (2) a public display and a mobile device.