gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silver-Catalyzed Radical Phosphonofluorination of Unactivated Alkenes (2013)

We report herein a mild and catalytic phosphonofluorination of unactivated alkenes. With catalysis by AgNO3, the condensation of various unactivated alkenes with diethyl phosphite and Selectfluor reagent in CH2Cl2/H2O/HOAc at 40 °C led to the efficient synthesis of β-fluorinated alkylphosphonates with good stereoselectivity and wide functional group compatibility. A mechanism involving silver-catalyzed oxidative generation of phosphonyl radicals and silver-assisted fluorine atom transfer is proposed.
Inhibition of Transcriptional Regulator Yin-Yang-1 by Association with c-Myc (1993)

Yin-Yang-1 (YY1) regulates the transcription of many genes, including the oncogenes c-fos and c-myc. Depending on the context, YY1 acts as a transcriptional repressor, a transcriptional activator, or a transcriptional initiator. The yeast two-hybrid system was used to screen a human complementary DNA (cDNA) library for proteins that associate with YY1, and a c-myc cDNA was isolated. Affinity chromatography confirmed that YY1 associates with c-Myc but not with Max. In cotransfections, c-Myc inhibits both the repressor and the activator functions of YY1, which suggests that one way c-Myc acts is by modulating the activity of YY1.
ELISA microarray technology as a high-throughput system for cancer biomarker validation (2006)

A large gap currently exists between the ability to discover potential biomarkers and the ability to assess the real value of these proteins for cancer screening. One major challenge in biomarker validation is the inherent variability in biomarker levels. This variability stems from the diversity across the human population and the considerable molecular heterogeneity between individual tumors, even those that originate from a single tissue. An additional challenge with cancer screening is that most cancers are rare in the general population, meaning that assay specificity must be very high. Otherwise, the number of false positives will be much greater than the number of true positives. Due to these challenges associated with biomarker validation, it is necessary to analyze thousands of samples in order to obtain a clear idea of the utility of a screening assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microarray technology can simultaneously quantify levels of multiple proteins and, thus, has the potential to accelerate validation of protein biomarkers for clinical use. This review will discuss current ELISA microarray technology and potential advances that could help to achieve the reproducibility and throughput that are required to evaluate cancer biomarkers.
Automated path generation for software fault localization (2005)

Localizing the cause(s) of an observable error lies at the heart of program debugging. Fault localization often proceeds by comparing the failing program run with some "successful" run (a run which does not demonstrate the error). An issue here is to generate or choose a "suitable" successful run; this task is often left to the programmer. In this paper, we present an efficient technique where the construction of the successful run as well its comparison with the failing run is automated. Our method constructs a successful program run by toggling the outcomes of some conditional branch instances in the failing run. If such a successful run exists, program statements for these branches are returned as bug report. In our experiments with the Siemens benchmark suite, we found that the quality of our bug report compares well with those produced by existing fault localization approaches where the programmer manually provides or chooses a successful run.
Revised nucleotide sequence of the gltP gene, which encodes the proton-glutamate-aspartate transport protein of Escherichia coli K-12 (1992)

The gene encoding the proton-glutamate carrier (GltP) of Escherichia coli K-12 was sequenced, and the primary structure of the protein was analyzed. The nucleotide sequence was found to differ in several aspects from the previously published sequence (B. Wallace, Y. Yang, J. Hong, and D. Lum, J. Bacteriol. 172:3214-3220, 1990). The corrected open reading frame encodes a protein of 437 (instead of 395) amino acids. Hydropathy analysis predicts 12 membrane-spanning alpha-helical regions. The complementary strand does contain an open reading frame possibly encoding a highly hydrophilic polypeptide of 272 amino acids.
Ultra-High-Frequency Oscillography (1940)

Starting from the transit-time effects of the first and second kind, occurring in a cathode-ray tube, two methods are described for the oscillographic examination of ultra-high-frequency oscillations. First, we have the inversion spectrograph which supplies, by means of a white and spectrally dispersed electron beam, sinusoidal and complex inversion spectrograms. Second, we may use ultradynamic Lissajous figures which differ from the classical Lissajous figures in that the two pairs of plates, receive the same voltages which within the tube are displaced in phase between the two deflecting elements. By a simple process, the wave shape of the applied voltage can be obtained from any given ultradynamic Lissajous figure. In order to show the practical usefulness of both methods, the ultra-high-frequency voltages which contain strong harmonics with integral and rational frequency ratios supplied by a magnetron oscillation are examined. Finally, a microwave oscillograph is described for the centimeter-wave range, which operates with a submicroscopic electron probe and is provided with deflecting plates of extremely small dimensions. The ultradynamic Lissajous figures produced are observed and photographed by means of a microscope.
A recursive algorithm for tracking DOA's of moving targets by using linear approximations (2002)

A new algorithm for tracking the directions-of-arrival (DOA) of moving targets is proposed. The targets are assumed to be moving with constant angular velocities within a short time and emitting continuously narrow-band signals that impinge on an array of sensors. Then the trajectories of targets can be approximated with linear functions within the short time. Consequently, in this algorithm, estimates of the DOA of targets are obtained by minimizing a cost function which consists of residual vectors, the difference between observed data vectors and the data vectors estimated by using the approximated linear functions. By employing the linear approximations, the proposed method may be useful for tracking the targets moving with large angular velocities especially. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by simulation results.
Brain stimulation for epilepsy: can scheduled or responsive neurostimulation stop seizures? (2006)

Direct brain stimulation appears to be safe and may be efficacious in treating medically intractable epilepsy. The optimal location (deep brain or cortical) and characteristics of the stimulation (frequency, current, duration), and whether stimulation should be focal or responsive are still to be determined. If ongoing studies of a deep brain stimulator and of a cranially implanted responsive neurostimulator demonstrate effectiveness, then neurostimulation may become available as adjunctive therapy for medically intractable epilepsy.
Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia (2015)

Abstract The American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters and the Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology present an updated report of the Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia. Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
<i>Candida albicans</i> strains heterozygous and homozygous for mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling components have defects in hyphal development (1996)

The Candida albicans genes, CST20 and HST7, were cloned by their ability to suppress the mating defects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants in the ste20 and ste7 genes, which code for elements of the mating mitogenactivated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. These Candida genes are both structural and functional homologs of the cognate Saccharomyces genes. The pattern of suppression in Saccharomyces is related to their presumptive position in the MAP kinase cascade. Null alleles of these genes were constructed in Candida. The Candida homozygous null mutants are defective in hyphal formation on some media, but are still induced to form hyphae by serum, showing that serum induction of hyphae is independent of the MAP kinase cascade. The Candida heterozygotes CST20/cst20 and HST7/hst7 are also defective in hyphal formation. This lack of dominance of the wild-type allele suggests that gene dosage is important in Candida.
Comparative Studies of Glycosaminoglycan Involvement in<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i>and<i>C. trachomatis</i>Invasion of Host Cells (2003)

The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the invasion of host cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae strains TW-183 and A-03 was investigated and compared with the role of invasion by C. trachomatis serovars L2 and E. The quantities of epithelial and endothelial cell-surface GAGs, as well as chlamydial elementary body (EB)-surface GAGs, were investigated. When specific enzymes were used to cleave GAGs from host cells or EBs, decreased infection rates were observed with C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis serovar L2 in epithelial cells, but not in endothelial cells. Larger decreases in infection occurred with enzyme-treated EBs in GAG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. EBs grown in GAG-deficient CHO cells resulted in lower amounts of EB surface GAGs and decreased infectivity of epithelial cells. The results indicate that C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis L2 EB-surface GAGs and host cell-surface GAGs are involved in invasion of bronchial epithelial cells but not of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Preparation of a New Arabinoxylooligosaccharide from Wheat Bran Hemicellulose and Its Structure (1994)

A novel arabinoxylooligosaccharide was prepared from wheat bran and its structure was analyzed. Wheat bran hemicellulose was digested with a commercial Aspergillus japonicus hemicellulase preparation and an oligosaccharide was purified by carbon column and gel filtration chromatographies to be a single component. The oligosaccharide has D.P. of 6 and contains arabinose and xylose with a molar ratio of 2:1. Xylotetraose was formed as an intermediate hydrolyzate on acid hydrolysis of this oligosaccharide. Methylation analysis indicated that both reducing and non-reducing end xylose residues were free from arabinose residues and that there is only one xylose residue attached by two arabinose residues. The structure of this saccharide was finally identified by 13C NMR as beta-D-Xylp-(1-->4)[alpha-L-Araf-(1-->2)][alpha-L-Araf -(1-->3)]-beta-D- Xylp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Xylp-(1-->4)-D-Xylp.
Management (1988)

Contrary to popular myth, managers are not in post to thwart the best intentions of hard-working nurses simply trying to do their job, but it is understandable that people do feel resentful of their managers, for to do the job well requires ability and competency in areas in which many nurse managers have received little or no formal training.
Spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography with nonlinear β-barium borate time gating (2002)

A high-speed, all optical coherence tomography system was designed and constructed. This tomography system employs spectral interferometry and optical Fourier transformation to reduce the number of mechanical scanning dimensions required for multidimensional profilometry. The system also employs a time gate comprising a beta -barium borate crystal driven by a femtosecond laser pulse to improve measurement time. This system has 43-mum depth resolution and 150-fs temporal resolution and is capable of taking 1000 cross-sectional image frames per second.
Developmentally regulated expression of the beta 4 integrin on immature mouse thymocytes (1992)

Integrins are a superfamily of alpha beta heterodimers, most of which serve as cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix proteins. In this report, we demonstrate that the recently described alpha 6 beta 4 integrin, previously thought to be limited to epithelial cells and Schwann cells, is expressed on immature mouse thymocytes. The presence of alpha 6 beta 4 is controlled by regulation of beta 4 expression, because alpha 6 was expressed by virtually all cells examined, paired with the beta 1 integrin chain to form VLA-6. During fetal ontogeny, beta 4 was highly expressed by 35% of day-13 thymocytes, 75% of day-14 to -15 thymocytes, then rapidly declined to low levels by birth. In neonates and adults, beta 4 expression was highest on CD4- CD8- CD3- and TCR(+)-gamma delta subsets. Correlation of IL-2R, CD44 and beta 4 on CD4- CD8- thymocytes revealed maximal levels on the intermediate CD44- IL-2R+ subset. Most CD4- CD8+ TCR- thymocytes and a significant fraction of CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes were beta 4lo, whereas the most mature J11d- single positive thymocytes were beta-4. Overall, down-regulation of beta 4 was associated with up-regulation of CD4, CD8, and CD3 in the thymus. alpha 6 beta 4 was undetectable on fetal liver or bone marrow cells, lymphocytes from lymph node, spleen, or blood, and mitogen-activated splenic T cells cultured up to 10 wk with IL-2. The data suggest that alpha 6 beta 4 is up-regulated after pro-T cells enter the thymus and may have a thymus-specific function for T cells. The developmentally regulated pattern of expression and the prominence of alpha 6 beta 4 on day-13 to -16 fetal and adult CD4- CD8- CD3- thymocytes further suggest this unusual integrin may play a role in early T cell development, including stages before acquisition of the TCR.
Biochemical Models for Phosphate Accumulating Microorganisms (1992)

Although biochemical models for the Pi accumulation of Acinetobacter have been discussed in the literature, attention should be given to the fact that a wastewater treatment plant implies a mixed population of microorganisms and acetate and other low molecular weight fatty acids are not the only nor the most abundant carbon source available. Other microorganisms known to be present in activated sludge plants are able to accumulate polyP, PHB and/or carbohydrates. These bacteria (Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Moraxella, Klebsiella, and others) may use acetate, but also glucose and other monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and other substances as carbon sources, not only for a fermentation process, but also for the intracellular synthesis of polyP in an aerobic stage, and the release of Pj in the anaerobic one. Though most of the experimental work found in the literature was done using mixed cultures, it is proposed that the main differences in the biochemical models is due to the lack of the definition of the specific substrate transport mechanism across the cellular membrane.
An Accelerated Chow and Liu Algorithm: Fitting Tree Distributions to High-Dimensional Sparse Data (1999)

Chow and Liu introduced an algorithm for fitting a multivariate distribution with a tree (i.e. a density model that assumes that there are only pairwise dependencies between variables) and that the graph of these dependencies is a spanning tree. The original algorithm is quadratic in the dimension of the domain, and linear in the number of data points that define the target distribution P . This paper shows that for sparse, discrete data, fitting a tree distribution can be done in time and memory that is typically subquadratic in the number of variables and the size of the data set. The new algorithm, called the acCL algorithm, achieves speed ups of several orders of magnitude in the experiments. 1 Introduction [Chow and Liu, 1968] introduced an algorithm for fitting a multivariate distribution with a tree, i. e. a density model that assumes that there are only pairwise dependencies between variables and that the graph of these dependencies is a spanning tree. Recently...
Alkoxycarbonylation of aryl iodides using gaseous carbon monoxide and pre-pressurized reaction vessels in conjunction with microwave heating (2006)

The microwave-promoted alkoxycarbonylation of aryl iodides using reaction vessels pre-pressurized with carbon monoxide is reported. Reactions are performed using 0.1 mol% palladium acetate as catalyst, DBU as base and are complete within 20-30 min. A range of aryl iodide substrates can be converted to the corresponding esters using this methodology. Primary and secondary alcohols work well whereas a tertiary alcohol substrate proves less reactive. The potential for scale-up of the reaction has also been explored.
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to a new platelet-specific alloantibody (1993)

An infant with severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is described in whom an antibody directed at a new platelet-specific alloantigen, Ca (HPA-6b), is implicated. The new alloantigen is of low frequency in the population and was localized to platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIIa. Immunoprecipitation studies using murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the GP complex IIb-IIIa and GPIIIa alone (AP2 and AP3) suggest that the location of the Ca epitope on GPIIIa may be near the binding site for AP3. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia associated with Ca is likely to be as severe as that seen in cases due to incompatibilities for the HPA-1 (PIA) and HPA-4 (Pen) platelet alloantigen systems, because each is located on GPIIIa, a densely represented molecule on the platelet surface.
Collision-free motion planning of a virtual arm based on the FABRIK algorithm (2016)

SUMMARY Collision-free motion planning of a virtual arm is an intractable task in high-interference environments. In this paper, an approach for collision-free motion planning of a virtual arm based on the forward and backward reaching inverse kinematics (FABRIK) algorithm is proposed. First, a random rotation strategy and local optimum-seeking technology are introduced to improve the FABRIK algorithm in order to avoid obstacles. The improvement FABRIK algorithm is used to design the final grasping posture of a virtual arm according the target position. Then, a bidirectional rapidly exploring random tree (Bi-RRT) algorithm is adopted to explore the process postures from a given initial posture to the final grasping posture. Different from the existing method, the proposed Bi-RRT algorithm in this paper plans the motions of a virtual arm in a seven-dimensional angle space, and the final grasping posture is automatically designed using the obstacle-avoidance FABRIK algorithm instead of the manual design. Finally, the post-processing technique is introduced to remove redundant nodes from the planned motions. This procedure has resolved the problem that the Bi-RRT algorithm is a random algorithm. The experimental results show the proposed method for collision-free motion planning of a virtual arm is feasible.
Magnetic SI (1976)

The article by Dr J Crangle in the December 1975 issue of Physics Bulletin (page 539) gives a good account of the present position regarding the usage of SI units in magnetism. We would like to draw the attention of readers to the equation (B0)i = B0 − D'M (our prime) appearing in the last column, p539, of Dr Crangle's article.
Freeze-all cycle in reproductive medicine: current perspectives (2017)

The freeze-all strategy has emerged as an alternative to fresh embryo transfer (ET) during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Although fresh ET is the norm during assisted reproductive therapies (ART), there are many concerns about the possible adverse effects of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) over the endometrium. The supra-physiologic hormonal levels that occur during a conventional COS are associated with modifications in the peri-implantation endometrium, which may be related to a decrease in pregnancy rates and poorer obstetric and perinatal outcomes when comparing fresh to frozen-thawed embryo transfers. The main objective of this study was to assess the available literature regarding the freeze-all strategy in IVF cycles, in regards to effectiveness and safety. Although there are many potential advantages in performing a freeze-all cycle over a fresh ET, it seems that the freeze-all strategy is not designed for all IVF patients. There is a need to develop a non-invasive clinical tool to evaluate the endometrial receptivity during a fresh cycle, which enables the selection of patients that would benefit from this strategy. Today, it is reasonable to perform elective cryopreservation of all oocytes/embryos in cases with a risk of OHSS development, and in patients with supra-physiologic hormonal levels during the follicular phase of COS. It is not clear if all normal responders and poor responders may benefit from this strategy.
Mechanical properties of nanocomposites with functionalized graphene (2016)

The research investigated the thermal and mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy nanocomposites. Pristine graphene and functionalized graphene were used as nano-reinforcement in the nanocomposites. The graphene loadings employed in the nanocomposites were 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%. The functional groups grafted on the functionalized graphene were characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results indicated that two kinds of functional groups are grafted on the functionalized graphene surfaces: one contains only COOH group and the other contains both COOH and NH 2 groups. Moreover, from mechanical and thermal testing, it was found that the nanocomposites with functionalized graphene demonstrate better mechanical and thermal properties than those with pristine graphene. The graphene containing NH 2 and COOH functional groups exhibits superior mechanical and thermal properties than the graphene with only COOH functional group. In addition, Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites increase as the graphene loading increases. However, the fracture toughness and tensile strength of the nanocomposites attain peak values when the functionalized graphene loading is 0.1 wt%. The effects of the functional groups on the mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites were elaborated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was revealed that the interfacial thermal conductance and normalized interaction energy increase between the functionalized graphene and epoxy matrix, which may be responsible for the enhanced mechanical properties in the functionalized graphene/epoxy nanocomposites.
Characterization of a new 4.5 kV press pack SPT+ IGBT for medium voltage converters (2009)

Recently developed IGBT press pack devices have become a competition for IGCTs in high power industrial applications. This paper presents an overview of state-of-the-art medium voltage power semiconductors with active turn-off capability. A new 85 mm, 4.5 kV, 1.2 kA press pack SPT+ IGBT and the corresponding freewheeling diode are characterized at hard switching as a function of the parameters dc-link voltage, load current, junction temperature, stray inductance and gate unit conditions.