gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloud Particle Phase Determination with the AVHRR (2000)

Abstract An accurate determination of cloud particle phase is required for the retrieval of other cloud properties from satellite and for radiative flux calculations in climate models. The physical principles underlying phase determination using the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite sensor are described for daytime and nighttime, cold cloud and warm cloud conditions. It is demonstrated that the spectral properties of cloud particles provide necessary, but not sufficient, information for phase determination, because the relationship between the cloud and surface temperatures is also important. Algorithms based on these principles are presented and tested. Validation with lidar and aircraft data from two Arctic field experiments shows the procedures to be accurate in identifying the phase of homogeneous water and ice clouds, though optically thin, mixed-phase, and multilayer clouds are problematic.
Arc-Resistant Equipment (2011)

Because of the recent focus on arc flash hazards, arc-resistant equipment is becoming increasingly common in industrial facilities throughout North America. This article addresses arc-resistant equipment as it applies to low-voltage motor control centers (LVMCCs) [National Electric Manufacturing Association (NEMA) 600 V LVMCC/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 690 V LV control gear}. A brief overview and history of applicable internal arc fault testing guides (IEEE C37.20.7 and IEC/TR 61641) are included. Test procedures and their considerations as well as arc-resistant assessment criteria are reviewed. An examination of various methods to achieve an arc resistant rating (device-limited rating and duration rating) as well as considerations for implementing arc-resistant equipment are addressed.
Transcriptional terminators of RNA polymerase II are associated with yeast replication origins (1996)

The compact organization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome necessitates that non-coding regulatory sequences reside in close proximity to one another. Here we show there is an intimate association between transcription terminators and DNA replication origins. Four replication origins were analyzed in a reporter gene assay that detects sequences that direct 3' end formation of mRNA transcripts. All four replication origins function as orientation-independent transcription terminators in this system, producing truncated polyadenylated mRNAs. Despite this close association, the cis-acting elements that confer replication origin function are genetically separable from those required for transcription termination. Several models are explored in an attempt to address how and why the signals specifying transcription termination and replication initiation overlap.
A Study of the Mixed Tischtschenko Reaction (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study of the Mixed Tischtschenko ReactionI. Lin and Allan R. DayCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 20, 5133–5135Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01140a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01140a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views426Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Experimental Apparatus for the Fuel Cleanup Process in the Tritium Process Laboratory (1988)

At the Tritium Process Laboratory (TPL) in the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, an apparatus for the Fuel Cleanup Process was designed, fabricated and installed for the experiments with up to 1g of tritium. The function of the system is continuous processing of a simulated plasma exhaust and separation of hydrogen isotopes and impurity elements in it. Main components are, palladium diffusers, catalytic reactors, cold traps, an electrolysis cell and zirconium-cobalt beds. The apparatus was installed in a glovebox and tested with hydrogen by early 1988.
Transparencia de los ingresos y pagos en las industrias extractivas (2007)

El aumento de la inversión en industrias extractivas durante los noventa generó importantes beneficios macroeconómicos para el país. Sin embargo, éstos no han logrado traducirse en un mayor desarrollo y bienestar económico de las regiones y localidades. Esta situación, que se repite en casi todos los países dependientes de recursos naturales, ha desenterrado la idea de que contar con una dotación importante de recursos termina siendo una maldición. Afortunadamente, diferentes estudios señalan que este escaso impacto en el desarrollo se debe más bien al mal uso de los ingresos generados por las industrias extractivas. Frente a esto, varios organismos e instituciones internacionales han lanzado campañas para promover la transparencia de los ingresos obtenidos y de los pagos generados por las industrias extractivas en cada país. Este estudio reporta las iniciativas de transparencia que están en marcha a ámbito internacional, así como los esfuerzos realizados en el Perú para promover una mayor transparencia en el sector de minería e hidrocarburos. Se encuentra que el Perú cuenta con un marco institucional que permite adoptar la mayor parte de las iniciativas de transparencia, y que ha logrado un avance importante en el seguimiento del impuesto a la renta generado por estas industrias y de las transferencias del gobierno central hacia los gobiernos regionales y locales. Sin embargo, es poco lo que se ha logrado respecto de una mayor transparencia de los pagos realizados por las empresas mineras y de hidrocarburos.
Human <b> <i>In vivo</i> </b> Radiation-Induced Biomarkers (2004)

After initially identifying potential biomarkers of radiation exposure through microarray studies of ex vivo irradiated human peripheral white blood cells, we have now measured the in vivo responses of several of these biomarker genes in patients undergoing total body irradiation. Microarray analysis has identified additional in vivo radiation-responsive genes, although the general in vivo patterns of stress-gene induction appear similar to those obtained from ex vivo white blood cell experiments. Additional studies may reveal correlations between responses and either diagnosis or prognosis, and such in vivo validation marks an important step in the development of potentially informative radiation exposure biomarkers.
Lanthanum hexaboride tapered filament in a plasma source (1985)

A directly heated lanthanum hexaboride tapered filament has been tested in a plasma generator. A uniform temperature distribution at 1820 K has been achieved. The heating and cooling power calculated from measured quantities are balanced. A maximum arc current of 80 A was obtained, limited only by the power supply and plasma generator. The corresponding hydrogen ion current density was 0.6 A/cm2 when the arc voltage was 80 V and the filament heater current was about 5 A. The filament was capable of emitting 100 A of current at an operating temperature of 1900 K. The estimated lifetime for this filament is 900 h.
Optimal drive condition for nonlinearity reduction in electrostatic microresonators (2006)

A model for the amplitude-frequency (A-f) effect in electrostatic microresonators is presented. This effect is an undesired nonlinear phenomenon that sets the maximum usable oscillation current and thereby degrades the resonator’s signal-to-noise ratio and performance. The model developed in this letter provides analytical expressions for the A-f effect and derives an optimal bias condition that maximizes the usable current. In addition, the authors present experimental data for a double-ended-tuning-fork resonator. Using the derived bias condition, an improvement of more than two times in the sustainable oscillation current has been achieved.
High-speed Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As MISIM photodetectors with dielectric-assisted Schottky barriers (1989)

A technique is described for fabricating high-speed metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-metal (MISIM) photodetectors for high-speed fiber-optic systems. These devices make use of a Langmuir-Blodgett film enhanced Schottky barrier to achieve broadband linear response to 13 GHz at low bias voltage (5 V) with approximately 0.9 A/W external responsivity, 15 V breakdown voltage, and approximately 2 mu A dark current. A gain of about 2 and a 5% tail in the temporal response are analyzed. The needed bias and the device processing are compatible with those for integrated receivers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genital Tract Toxicity of Nonoxynol-9 in Female Rats: Temporal Development, Reversibility and Sequelae of the Induced Lesions (1982)

Genital Tract Toxicity of Nonoxynol-9 in Female Rats: Temporal Development, Reversibility, and Sequelae of the Induced Lesions. Tryphonas, L. and Buttar, H.S. (1982). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 2:211-219. The morphologic reactions of the genital tract of adult female rats were studied over a six week period following the intravaginal administration of the vaginal spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N-9). A 5% (W/V) solution of N-9 was administered as a single pulse (0.1 mL/100 g) under ether anesthesia. The vulval labia were apposed for up to 24 hours by metallic clips to prevent leakage of the solution and groups of rats were killed at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks later. Unequivocal gross lesions first observed 6 hours post-treatment included distension of the vagina by a greenish, opaque, flocculent fluid and a moderate enlargement of the iliac lymph nodes. At 1 week, only a small amount of vaginal exudate was discernible in two out of ten rats and after 2 weeks free exudate was no longer present. Beginning 1 week and persisting 6 weeks after treatment, distension, stenosis, and occlusion were seen in 50–85% of the treated females, but the overall incidence of individual and combined lesions varied among groups. Histologically, degenerative epithelial changes and acute inflammation in response to N-9 treatment appeared in the vagina, cervix, and uterus 1.5 hours post-treatment, reached maximal severity at 24 hours, were abated by the end of the first week and were entirely absent after the second week. The vaginal inflammatory response extended to the muscular layer beginning 3 hours post-treatment. Distension of the genital tract was characterized by atrophy of the mucosa and the muscular layer, and stenosis and occlusion were associated with lamina propria tissue proliferation or fusion along the line of apposition. It is concluded: that N-9 is capable of inducing mucosal damage and eliciting acute necrotizing inflammation in the uterus, cervix and vagina; that stenosis and occlusion evidently resulting from delayed re-epithelialization of denuded laminae propriae give rise to distension of parts lying cephalad, and; that the rat is a promising animal model for studying the vaginal toxicity of N-9 and possibly other spermicidal agents.
A practical strategy to design and develop an isoform-specific fluorescent probe for a target enzyme: CYP1A1 as a case study (2016)

The development of isoform-specific probe(s) for a target enzyme with multiple homologs is always challenging. Herein, a practical strategy was used to design and develop an isoform-specific probe for CYP1A1, a key cytochrome P450 isoenzyme involved in xenobiotic metabolism and bioactivation. On the basis of the subtle differences in 3D structure and substrate preference between CYP1A1 and its homolog CYP1A2, we proposed that it was possible to design a CYP1A1-specific probe <i>via</i> local modification of the reaction site on known CYP1A substrates. To validate this hypothesis, 4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalimide (<b>HN</b>) was selected as the basic fluorophore due to its excellent optical properties, while a series of <i>O</i>-alkylated <b>HN</b> derivatives were prepared to evaluate their specificity towards CYP1A1. Our results revealed that the introduction of a chloroethyl to <b>HN</b> could get the best isoform selectivity towards CYP1A1 over other CYPs including CYP1A2. The newly developed probe <b>NBCeN</b> exhibited excellent specificity, high sensitivity, and a ratiometric fluorescence response following CYP1A1-catalyzed <i>O</i>-dechloroethylation. <b>NBCeN</b> was successfully used to real-time monitor the activity of CYP1A1 in complex biological samples and to rapidly screen CYP1A1 modulators in living systems. <b>NBCeN</b> could also be used for two-photon imaging of intracellular CYP1A1 in living cells and tissues with high ratiometric imaging resolution and deep tissue penetration. All these findings demonstrated that local modification of non-specific substrates was a practical strategy to develop an isoform-specific probe for a target isoenzyme, while <b>NBCeN</b> could serve as a specific imaging tool to explore the biological functions of CYP1A1 in complex biological systems.
Hypoxia Depresses Nitric Oxide Output in the Human Nasal Airways (2000)

Nasal NO output is markedly depressed in hypoxia and is oxygen dependent at concentrations of less than 10%. Approximately 50% of nasally generated NO is produced from oxygen in nasal air or regulated by it.
Microstrip Realization of Generalized Chebyshev Filters With Box-Like Coupling Schemes (2007)

This paper presents generalized Chebyshev microstrip filters with box-like coupling schemes. The box-like coupling schemes taken in this paper include a doublet, extended doublet, and fourth-order box section. The box-like portion of the coupling schemes is implemented by an E-shaped resonator. Synthesis and realization procedures are described in detail. The example filters show an excellent match to the theoretical responses
Distinct Domains within Yeast Sec61p Involved in Post-translational Translocation and Protein Dislocation (2000)

The translocation of secretory polypeptides into and across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs at the translocon, a pore-forming structure that orchestrates the transport and maturation of polypeptides at the ER membrane. Recent data also suggest that misfolded or unassembled polypeptides exit the ER via the translocon for degradation by the cytosolic ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Sec61p is a highly conserved multispanning membrane protein that constitutes a core component of the translocon. We have found that the essential function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sec61p is retained upon deletion of either of two internal regions that include transmembrane domains 2 and 3, respectively. However, a deletion mutation encompassing both of these domains was found to be nonfunctional. Characterization of yeast mutants expressing the viable deletion alleles of Sec61p has revealed defects in post-translational translocation. In addition, the transmembrane domain 3 deletion mutant is induced for the unfolded protein response and is defective in the dislocation of a misfolded ER protein. These data demonstrate that the various activities of Sec61p can be functionally dissected. In particular, the transmembrane domain 2 region plays a role in post-translational translocation that is required neither for cotranslational translocation nor for protein dislocation.
Systematic review: treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by pegylated interferon (2005)

Peginterferon-alpha treatment of at least 6 months should be considered as one of the first-line therapeutic options for hepatitis B virus infection.
Early and late functions associated with the Golgi apparatus reside in distinct compartments. (1981)

Enzymes that catalyze the two successive stages of Golgi-associated processing of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides distributed differently when membranes from Chinese hamster ovary cells were centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient. A mannosidase that removes only outer, alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from the precursor oligosaccharides of the vesicular stomatitis viral G protein (to yield a "trimmed" oligosaccharide core) was separated from enzymes (galactosyl- and sialyltransferases) that act in the later, terminal stage of glycosylation. Freshly acylated G protein with newly trimmed oligosaccharides banded in the distribution of early-acting membranes, defined by the mannosidase, whereas G protein pulse-labeled with [3H]galactose distributed in the profile of the late-acting membranes. G protein present in the early-acting membranes in crude fractions could be terminally glycosylated by incubation with exogenous Golgi membranes in vitro; G protein lost its ability to be processed in vitro as it appeared to enter the late-acting membranes in vivo. These experiments reveal the existence of two distinct compartments through which intracellularly transported proteins such as G pass in sequence as Golgi-associated processes are carried out. It is likely that these compartments consist of cisternae on the cis and trans sides of the Golgi stack.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYBRID DS SFH/SSMA SYSTEMS OVER MULTIPATH FADING CHANNELS (1999)

Hybrid direct sequence and slow frequency hopping spread spectrum multiple access systems (Hybrid DS/SFH SSMA) operating through nonselective slow Rayleigh fading channels was investigated. Multipath and Multiple access interference was taken into account. Expressions of the average error probability for the system were derived. Analytical and numerical results on the average probability of error were presented for the system examined. Random signature sequences and hopping patterns were employed for the system. The numerical results show the effects of the value of M for M ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) modulation and Reed Solomon (RS) coding on the system's performance. The comparison between RS coded system and noncode system shows that error correction coding is essential to improve the system's performance.
A re-engineering approach to low power FPGA design using SPFD (2002)

In this paper, we present a method to re-synthesize look-up table (LUT) based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) for low power design after technology mapping, placement and routing are performed. We use Set of Pairs of Functions to be Distinguished (SPFD) to express functional permissibility of each signal. Using different propagations of SPFD: to fan-in signals, we change the functionality of a PLB (Programmable Logic Block) which drives large loading into one with low transition density. Experimental results show that our method can reduce on average 12% power consumption compared to the original circuits without affecting placement and routing.
Association of Common Polymorphisms in the Fractalkine Receptor (<i>CX3CR1</i>) With Obesity (2010)

The inflammatory component in obesity is now well established. The CX3CR1 gene encodes the fractalkine (CX3CL1) receptor and has two coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms, V249I and T280M, linked to a lower risk of other inflammatory diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and asthma. To determine whether CX3CR1 is associated with obesity, we genotyped the V249I and T280M polymorphisms of the CX3CR1 gene in subjects with a BMI ≥30 kg/m² and nonobese controls with a BMI <30 kg/m². Binary logistic regression analyses revealed that the 280MM genotype was associated with obesity (P = 0.022). A gender-specific one-way ANOVA was also conducted to investigate mean BMI and waist circumference differences between genotypes of each polymorphism. For both polymorphisms independently, women carrying two copies of the minor allele had significant higher mean waist circumference than those carrying only one copy of the minor allele (MM > TM, P = 0.031; II > VI, P = 0.013) or those who were homozygous for the major allele (MM > TT, P = 0.005; II > VV, P = 0.006). We also observed significant higher mean waist circumference in men carrying one copy of the minor allele when compared to those who were homozygous for the major allele for the T280M polymorphism (TM > TT, P = 0.029). This study suggests that CX3CR1, a biomarker of obesity in this sample, constitutes a potential target for further investigation of the role of inflammation in the expression of obesity-related phenotypes.
Prototype vector machine for large scale semi-supervised learning (2009)

Practical data mining rarely falls exactly into the supervised learning scenario. Rather, the growing amount of unlabeled data poses a big challenge to large-scale semi-supervised learning (SSL). We note that the computational intensiveness of graph-based SSL arises largely from the manifold or graph regularization, which in turn lead to large models that are difficult to handle. To alleviate this, we proposed the prototype vector machine (PVM), a highly scalable, graph-based algorithm for large-scale SSL. Our key innovation is the use of "prototypes vectors" for efficient approximation on both the graph-based regularizer and model representation. The choice of prototypes are grounded upon two important criteria: they not only perform effective low-rank approximation of the kernel matrix, but also span a model suffering the minimum information loss compared with the complete model. We demonstrate encouraging performance and appealing scaling properties of the PVM on a number of machine learning benchmark data sets.
New Method for Identifying Yield Impacting Polishing Induced Defects (PID) on Polished Silicon Substrates (2008)

This paper talks about a new class of yield impacting defect types known as polishing induced defects (PID) on polished silicon substrates. These defects were found to cause significant yield drop associated with a pump bias failure in the sub-60nm flash memory process. Traditional incoming wafer quality analysis methods proved inadequate in detecting these defects. Nor had the problem been detected during outgoing wafer quality analysis at the wafer manufacturing plant. At the fab, SEM and AFM were able to verify the defect issue as PID; however, neither of these techniques is production-worthy for routine inspection of incoming wafers. This called for a new non-destructive methodology that not only enables capturing these defects but also provides an ability to reliably distinguish between these device-killing defects and innocuous particles which can be cleanable. This study utilized KLA-Tencor's Surfscan SP2XP unpatterned wafer inspection system, a tool with unique technology to combine multiple illumination angles and multiple detectors with a Rule Based Binning (RBB) algorithm for effective defect detection and classification. Three different rules were developed to improve the classification of PID vs. particles. All three were based on comparing the ratio of scattering signals between detectors or combinations of detectors