gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Performance During Confinement and Sleep Restriction in NASA’s Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) (2020)

Maintaining optimal cognitive performance in astronauts during spaceflight is critical to crewmember safety and mission success. To investigate the combined effects of confinement, isolation, and sleep deprivation on cognitive performance during spaceflight, we administered the computerized neurobehavioral test battery "Cognition" to crew members of simulated spaceflight missions as part of NASA's ground-based Human Exploration Research Analog project. Cognition was administered to <i>N</i> = 32 astronaut-like subjects in four 1-week missions (campaign 1) and four 2 weeks missions (campaign 2), with four crewmembers per mission. In both campaigns, subjects performed significantly faster on Cognition tasks across time in mission without sacrificing accuracy, which is indicative of a learning effect. On an alertness and affect survey, subjects self-reported significant improvement in several affective domains with time in mission. During the sleep restriction challenge, subjects in campaign 1 were significantly less accurate on a facial emotion identification task during a night of partial sleep restriction. Subjects in campaign 2 were significantly slower and less accurate on psychomotor vigilance, and slower on cognitive throughput and motor praxis tasks during a night of total sleep deprivation. On the survey, subjects reported significantly worsening mood during the sleep loss challenge on several affective domains. These findings suggest that confinement and relative isolation of up to 2 weeks in this environment do not induce a significant negative impact on cognitive performance in any of the domains examined by Cognition, although the concurrent practice effect may have masked some of the mission's effects. Conversely, a night of total sleep deprivation significantly decreased psychomotor vigilance and cognitive throughput performance in astronaut-like subjects. This underscores the importance of using cognitive tests designed specifically for the astronaut population, and that survey a range of cognitive domains to detect the differential effects of the wide range of stressors common to the spaceflight environment.
Epidemic-based approaches for reliable multicast in mobile ad hoc networks (2006)

We present a classification of epidemic-based approaches utilized in the context of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) with a focus on reliable multicast protocols. We provide a brief description of the other approaches to reliable multicasting in MANETs as well. Then, we describe our protocol, namely EraMobile, offering Epidemic-based Reliable and Adaptive Multicast for Mobile ad hoc networks. EraMobile's target is group applications requiring high-level of reliability and the protocol aims to provide fully reliable multicast data delivery with minimal network overhead even in the adverse network conditions. EraMobile utilizes an epidemic-based method in multicast operation to cope with dynamic and unpredictable topology changes arising from the mobility. Our epidemic mechanism does not require the maintenance of any tree- or mesh-like structure for multicasting. It also needs neither having global or partial view of the network nor having information of neighboring nodes and group members. Besides, it substantially minimizes the overhead incurred by eliminating redundant data transmissions. Another distinguishing feature of EraMobile is its capability of adapting to varying node densities in order to provide reliable data delivery in both sparse networks, where the network connectivity is prone to interruptions, and dense networks, where congestion is likely to occur. EraMobile is shown to achieve fully reliable multicast data delivery studied through extensive simulations by outperforming the other protocols compared, especially in terms of both packet delivery ratio and overhead efficiency.
Tetra- <i>O</i> -methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid induces growth arrest and cellular apoptosis by inhibiting Cdc2 and survivin expression (2004)

We previously reported that Sp1-dependent Cdc2 gene expression is inhibited by tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid (M(4)N) and that M(4)N is likely responsible for causing growth arrest in M(4)N-treated transformed C3 cells. Here, we show that after M(4)N treatment and cell-cycle arrest, expression of the Sp1-dependent survivin gene, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family, is also suppressed, and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is activated. To confirm that inhibition of Cdc2 and survivin gene expression is necessary for M(4)N-induced growth arrest and apoptosis, we tested the effect of adding Cdc2 and survivin back to M(4)N-treated cells. Cell division was transiently restored in the presence of M(4)N after transfection of an exogenous Cdc2 gene copy under the control of the Sp1-independent cytomegalovirus promoter. Caspase-3 activation was also reduced by 50% and 75% in transiently and stably survivin-transfected C3 cells, respectively. The results suggest that M(4)N induces growth arrest and apoptosis by suppressing Cdc2 and survivin expression, which constitutes the cellular basis of its antitumoric action.
Statistical brain mapping of 18F-FDG PET in Alzheimer's disease: validation of anatomic standardization for atrophied brains. (2001)

Although different statistical mapping methods may yield grossly similar patterns of hypometabolism in AD, the extent, severity, and peak location of metabolic changes can be inconsistent. Deformation accuracy appears to be more prone to atrophy. These limitations need to be considered carefully in the application and interpretation of brain mapping analysis in atrophied brains.
Effect of Environment on Static Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Ni-Ti-Nb Shape Memory Alloy. (1999)

Shape memory alloys(SMAs) are designed to be used as structural elements at elevated temperatures. The material used in this study was Ni-Ti-Nb SMA with a chemical composition of 51 wt% Ni, 38 wt% Ti, and 11 wt% Nb. The shape-recovery finishing temperature was around 350 K. When the material was heated from room temperature(293 K)to high temperature(561 K), the tensile strength and 0.2%-proof stress slightly decreased, while the elongation and reduction of area increased. Young's modulus increased with the temperature, up to 673 K. The fatigue strength at 561 K in air and in water was slightly higher than at 293 K in air. The fatigue limit in water was close to that in air at 561 K. The fatigue limits at 561K were about 290, 240, and 150 MPa for stress ratios of -1, 0, and 0.5 respectively. Fatigue cracks were found to initiate in the Ti-rich precipitates in the sub-surface, indicating that the fatigue strength is affected by the mean stress. The Ni-Ti-Nb SMA was found to have sufficient mechanical and fatigue strengths to be used as a structural element at elevated temperatures in water.
<i>N</i>-Acyloxyphthalimides as Nitrogen Radical Precursors in the Visible Light Photocatalyzed Room Temperature C–H Amination of Arenes and Heteroarenes (2014)

This paper reports a room temperature visible light photocatalyzed method for the C-H amination of arenes and heteroarenes. A key enabling advance in this work is the design of N-acyloxyphthalimides as precursors to nitrogen-based radical intermediates for these transformations. A broad substrate scope is presented, including the selective meta-amination of pyridine derivatives. A radical aromatic substitution mechanism is proposed.
Rotor design optimization using a free wake analysis (1993)

The aim of this effort was to develop a comprehensive performance optimization capability for tiltrotor and helicopter blades. The analysis incorporates the validated EHPIC (Evaluation of Hover Performance using Influence Coefficients) model of helicopter rotor aerodynamics within a general linear/quadratic programming algorithm that allows optimization using a variety of objective functions involving the performance. The resulting computer code, EHPIC/HERO (HElicopter Rotor Optimization), improves upon several features of the previous EHPIC performance model and allows optimization utilizing a wide spectrum of design variables, including twist, chord, anhedral, and sweep. The new analysis supports optimization of a variety of objective functions, including weighted measures of rotor thrust, power, and propulsive efficiency. The fundamental strength of the approach is that an efficient search for improved versions of the baseline design can be carried out while retaining the demonstrated accuracy inherent in the EHPIC free wake/vortex lattice performance analysis. Sample problems are described that demonstrate the success of this approach for several representative rotor configurations in hover and axial flight. Features that were introduced to convert earlier demonstration versions of this analysis into a generally applicable tool for researchers and designers is also discussed.
Structural Stability and Phase-Change Characteristics of Ge[sub 2]Sb[sub 2]Te[sub 5]∕SiO[sub 2] Nano-Multilayered Films (2009)

The phase-change characteristics of multilayered films with various bilayer thicknesses were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The change in the electrical sheet resistance of the films shows that the metastable face-centered cubic (fcc) structure formation was significantly affected by the bilayer thickness of the multilayer film. That is, compared with the single-layered film, the multilayered films transformed to hexagonal at lower temperatures. In particular, the transition temperature region of the fcc structure with semiconductor properties was significantly reduced. We observed that as the bilayer thickness decreased and annealing temperature increased, the structure of the multilayer film was transformed into Ge-deficient and hexagonal phases such as and . This behavior was induced by the out-diffusion of Ge atoms from the outer surface layer, which can be caused by a difference in thermal strain at the interface between the and films.
electrical inhibition of pain (1967)

SHEALY, C. NORMAN M.D.; TASLITZ, NORMAN Ph.D.; MORTIMER, J. THOMAS M.E.; BECKER, DONALD P. M.D. Author Information
Experimental investigation of bent patch antennas on MID substrate (2010)

The Molded Interconnect Device technology (MID) in combination with Laser Direct Structuring (LDS) offers the possibility to design electrical and mechanical components on three-dimensional surfaces to increase functionality, level of integration and to reduce costs. For example, transmission lines, antennas, switches and connectors can be integrated inside the covers of cellular phones or the cases of vehicle's side mirrors. Especially in comparison to commonly used planar antenna designs, the third dimension offers various possibilities to fit the antenna into a given volume by e.g. bending or curving the structure of the antenna. In this paper a rectangular patch antenna, implemented on a MID substrate, is presented and the influence of the bending angle on the antenna performance is generally described. Subsequently, simulation and measurement results for different inclinations are compared in terms of radiation characteristics and input reflection coefficients. Finally, a compensation approach for the effect on the resonance frequency due to the bending is presented.
Animal Model of Porous Polyethylene Orbital Implants (1994)

Ophthalmologists continue to search for the ideal orbital implant for the anophthalmic socket. The successful long-term clinical performance of an implantable prosthesis is highly dependent on the materials from which the device is fabricated. Among the materials issues are chemistry, surface texture, and porosity. Polyethylene, a polymer comprised of simple hydrocarbon chains, is highly resistant to biological degradation and possesses mass and fabrication properties that would be favorable in an orbital implant. In this report, our early experimental experience with porous polyethylene orbital enucleation implants is reported. Our findings are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further exploration and refinement of the polyethylene device examined.
JNK Inhibitors As Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents (2013)

JNK is involved in a broad range of physiological processes. Several inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have been linked with the dysregulated JNK pathway. Research on disease models using the relevant knockout mice has highlighted the importance of specific JNK isoformsin-particular disorders and has stimulated further efforts in the drug-discovery area. However, most of the experimental evidence for the efficacy of JNK inhibition in animal models is from studies using JNK inhibitors, which are not isoform selective. Some of the more recent compounds exhibit good oral bioavailability, CNS penetration and selectivity against the rest of the kinome. Efforts to design isoform-selective inhibitors have produced a number of examples with various selectivity profiles. This article presents recent progress in this area and comment on the role of isoform selectivity for efficacy.
A New Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Esters. The Condensation of Ethyl Lithiotrimethylsilylacetate with Carbonyl Compounds (1974)

Abstract The key step of the title synthesis involves the conversion of ethyl trimethylsilylacetate to the corresponding enolate, 1, by treatment with lithium dicyclohexylamide in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. The condensation of 1 with aldehydes and ketones proceeds smoothly to afford the desired two carbon homologated unsaturated esters in excellent yields. The new process is extended with success to readily-enolizable carbonyl compounds and also to chalcone, which gives no trace of the Michael adduct in the present reaction.
Waves on water jets (1977)

By the use of high-speed photography, instabilities occurring in high Reynolds number water jets discharging into air have been made visible. These instabilities include the axisymmetric mode accompanying the transition from laminar to turbulent flow at the nozzle exit, spray formation as a culmination of the axisymmetric disturbances, and, further downstream, helical disturbances which result in the entire jet assuming a helical form. The final disruption of the jet is due to amplification of the helical waves. It is further shown that the amplification of the helical disturbances is due in part to aerodynamic form drag, since jets discharging into surrounding air moving at the same speed as the jet remain relatively stable, compared with the case when the jet is discharged into stagnant air.
Heterogeneity and potentiation of AMPA type of glutamate receptors in rat cultured microglia (2004)

alpha-amino-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor in rat cultured microglia were analyzed precisely using flop- and flip-preferring allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors, 4-[2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio]-2,6-difluoro-phenoxyacetamide (PEPA) and cyclothiazide (CTZ), respectively. Glutamate (Glu)- or kainite (KA)-induced currents were completely inhibited by a specific blocker of AMPA receptor, LY300164, indicating that functional Glu-receptors in cultured microglia are mostly AMPA receptor but not KA receptor in many cells. Glu- and KA-induced currents were potentiated by PEPA and CTZ in a concentration-dependent manner. The ratio of the potentiation by PEPA to the potentiation by cyclothiazide varied with cells between 0.1 and 0.9, suggesting cell-to-cell heterogeneity of AMPA receptor subunits expressed in microglia. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that GluR1-3 mainly occurred in the flip forms, which agreed with the stronger potentiation of receptor currents by CTZ vs. PEPA. Finally, the potentiation of microglial AMPA receptors by PEPA and CTZ inhibited the Glu-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) unpredictably. The increase in TNF-alpha release by Glu or KA required extracellular Na+ and Ca2+ ions but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), suggesting the effects of PEPA and CTZ were not due to the inhibition of MAPK. These results suggest that potentiation of microglial AMPA receptors serves as a negative feedback mechanism for the regulation of TNF-alpha release and may contribute to the ameliorating effects of allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors.
The Effect of Writing Chinese Characters on Success on the Water-Level Task (1999)

This study examined why Chinese undergraduates performed better on an eight-item water-level task (WLT) than did American undergraduates. Based on cognitive developmental theory, it was hypothesized that ability to write Chinese characters may facilitate performance on the WLT. This hypothesis was tested along with an additional hypothesis that extensive training in mathematics, especially geometry, facilitates WLT performance. The participants were three groups of Chinese undergraduates: 295 native writers of Chinese from Beijing, China; 49 Chinese American writers of Chinese; and 129 Chinese Americans who could not write Chinese. Results suggest that the combined effect of writing Chinese and strong math training contribute significantly ( p < .01) to skills necessary to master WLT. Among Chinese Americans, the effect of writing Chinese is significant for males ( p < .05) but not for females. Scholastic Aptitude Test math score has a significant correlation ( p < .001) with success on WLT.
Concurrency and Parallel Methods for multi-core Platforms (2010)

This master thesis has been written at Saab Electronic Defence Systems.
Its main purpose is to evaluate the amount of resources needed
to rewrite sequential Java components running in Saabs systems, in
such a way that they can take advantage of multi-core processors.
The research of the thesis addresses issues with concurrent programming
in Java, available frameworks and methods and how they can
be implemented for different kinds of applications. The research
has been used to parallelize a Saab component called Threat Evaluation
and Weapons Allocation (TEWA). As a result of the parallelization,
a general purpose concurrency framework, called Concurrent Eventhandling
and Loop Parallelization (CELP) framework, has been developed.
CELP can be used, together with standard Java concurrency
tools, to parallelize more of Saabs event based components, making
them scalable and safe. This has been shown with the results of the
parallelized TEWA, which includes good scalability, 15 times performance
increase compared to the sequential version and improved deterministic
behavior.
Limitations to all-optical switching using nonlinear couplers in the presence of linear and nonlinear absorption and saturation (1988)

The basic limitations to light-controlled switching and logic gating when using nonlinear couplers fabricated from materials whose nonlinear response departs from ideal Kerr-like behavior are discussed. A critical value (≈10 dB) of total linear loss along a one-beat-length-long coupler exists: for greater absorptions the achievable power-dependent sharp switching at the output of a coupler is degraded greatly. Our analysis of spatial instabilities in the coupled-mode equations with linear-loss terms yields an analytical estimate of this critical absorption as well as of the switching efficiency. When paired with the exact results obtainable for a saturable nonlinearity without absorption, our description also may provide useful qualitative insight (in terms of trade-offs between switching power, efficiency, and throughput) when correct modeling of resonantly enhanced nonlinearities (e.g., a two-level absorber) requires numerical solutions of the coupled-mode equations.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles: potential applications for cancer and other diseases. (2013)

The diverse abilities of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) have encouraged researchers to pursue CONPs as a therapeutic agent to treat a number of diseases, including cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown CONPs to be toxic to cancer cells, inhibit invasion, and sensitize cancer cells to radiation therapy. However, CONPs display minimal toxicity to normal tissues and provide protection from various forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The antioxidant capabilities of CONPs, which enable radiation protection, have also resulted in the exploration of these particles as a potential treatment for other disorders characterized by ROS accumulation, such as diabetes and macular degeneration. While critical information regarding the uptake, retention, and clearance of these particles is incomplete and conflicting reports exist about in vitro toxicity, most research into the various applications of CONPs has yielded promising data. This review highlights the current research into cerium oxide nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Structure of 1-{4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl}-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylethan-1-ol, the non-steroidal antiestrogen MER25 (1993)

C27H33NO3, M(r) = 419.6, monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 22.833 (6), b = 9.370 (3), c = 11.434 (4) A, beta = 110.71 (8) degrees, V = 2288.2 A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.22 g cm-3, lambda (Cu K alpha) = 1.54178 A, mu = 5.8 cm-1, F(000) = 904, T = 138 K, R = 0.049 for 3265 observed reflections. The molecule of MER25 assumes an extended conformation with rings alpha' and beta in an antiperiplanar (trans) conformation giving the solid-state conformer a closer resemblance to the estrogenic (E) isomer of tamoxifen than the antiestrogenic (Z) isomer. The geometrical features of the triarylethan-1-ol moiety are comparable to related structures but the orientations of the phenyl rings are different. The O-C-C-N segment in the (diethylamino)ethoxy side chain has the uncommon trans conformation instead of the more commonly observed gauche conformation seen in tamoxifen and many of its derivative structures. The amino N atom forms a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl group of a neighboring molecule to form an infinite chain along the b axis.
Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of an automatic ligase chain reaction assay system with a one-step polymerase chain reaction assay in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. (1999)

Our results suggest that in addition to the PCR assay, the LCR assay is a useful method for the molecular identification of M. tuberculosis complex strains.
High Temperature Sag Model for Overhead Conductors (2002)

As electric utilities strive to operate their transmission lines at higher temperatures, several constraints exist that make this goal difficult to achieve. Load may not flow over a desired path, even though the transmission line may have sufficient thermal capacity. Even if system components that allow power to flow over selected circuits are available and in place, there is still an absolute thermal limit placed on an aluminum conductor to prevent annealing of the conductor and excessive sag. This paper describes the combination of a real-time ampacity and a sag/tension program resulting in both a design and operational tool that can be used to predict the instantaneous temperature and sag of a wide variety of conductor designs. The resulting program is specifically designed to predict conductor temperature and sag for temperatures as high as 2,500° C. The accuracy of the program is evaluated by comparing the predicted sag with the sag measured on two ACSR conductors mounted on a full-scale outdoor test facility. The accuracy of the predicted sag decreases as the average conductor temperature increases. For temperatures less than 1,500° C, nearly 70% of the time the sag program predicted sags within about 5% of measured values. However, when the conductor temperature was greater than 1,500° C, the predicted sags were within 5% of the measured values only about 65% of the time.