gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Improving the Validity of Wire Screen “Unattached” Fraction Rn Daughter Measurements (1989)

Wire screens are commonly used to estimate "unattached" Rn daughter fractions in ambient and mine atmospheres. However, it is now recognized that the "unattached" fraction is in reality an ultrafine cluster mode in the 0.5-3 nm size range and that the collection efficiency versus particle diameter characteristics of wire screens do not permit a distinct separation of the "unattached" and "attached" fractions. Wire screen penetration theory and a semi-empirically corrected diffusion coefficient equation are used to characterize "unattached" fraction measurements as a function of experimental parameters. Collection efficiency curves are estimated for previously published wire screen "unattached" fraction measurements, and improvements in wire screen methods for such measurements are discussed.
Characterizing resource availability for volunteer computing and its impact on task distribution methods (2007)

Abstract:- Volunteer computing uses computational resources that would otherwise be unused, to solve computationally intensive projects [1]. We have collected data from several different types of computers about the durations of periods when the computers were able and unable to participate in volunteer computing projects. We found that those periods differed significantly, indicating that a single method of task distribution for a volunteer computing project may not be adequate to make the best use of the donated CPU cycles. The data we have collected will also be useful in future work, to analyze portions of volunteer computing clients in an attempt to reduce the wasted resources and increase the productivity of volunteer computing and to compare the amount of work that can be completed by using different types of volunteer computing clients.
Naturally occurring quinones. Part XVIII. New spinochromes from Diadema antillarum, Spatangus purpureus, and Temnopleurus toreumaticus (1971)

The spines of Diadema antillarum are pigmented with 6-ethyl-2,3,7-trihydroxynaphthazarin and its 2- and 3-monomethyl ethers. The test of Temnopleurus toreumaticus contains 3-acetyl-2,6,7-trihydroxyjuglone and six other known spinochromes, and the pigments of Spatangus purpureus include two common naphthazarins and two novel binaphthaquinones, ethylidene-3,3′-bis(2,6,7-trihydroxynaphthazarin) and its anhydro-derivative. The latter is also present in S. raschi and in Stronglyocentrotus drobachiensis.
Detection and characterization of nanoparticles in suspension at low concentrations using the X-ray total scattering pair distribution function technique (2015)

Difference atomic pair distribution function methods have been applied to detect and characterize nanoparticles suspended in a solvent at very dilute concentrations. We specifically consider nanoparticles of a pharmaceutical compound in aqueous solution using X-ray PDF methods, a challenging case due to the low atomic number of the nanoparticle species. The nanoparticles were unambiguously detected at the level of 0.25 wt%. Even at these low concentrations the signals were highly reproducible, allowing for reliable detection and quantitative analysis of the nanoparticle structure.
An Electrochemically Sealed Al2 O 3 Passivation Layer for Aluminum Alloys (1982)

An anodization process combined with an electrochemical sealing technique provided dramatic improvement in the corrosion resistance of 5086 Al alloy. The surface quality of the oxide depends on the density and distribution of alloying elements and impurities.
Genetic and Physiological Architecture of Early Vigor in <i>Aegilops tauschii</i>, the D-Genome Donor of Hexaploid Wheat. A Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis (2005)

Plant growth can be studied at different organizational levels, varying from cell, leaf, and shoot to the whole plant. The early growth of seedlings is important for the plant's establishment and its eventual success. Wheat (Triticum aestivum, genome AABBDD) seedlings exhibit a low early growth rate or early vigor. The germplasm of wheat is limited. Wild relatives constitute a source of genetic variation. We explored the physiological and genetic relationships among a range of early vigor traits in Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome donor. A genetic map was constructed with amplified fragment-length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed on the F(4) population of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between contrasting accessions. The genetic map consisted of 10 linkage groups, which were assigned to the seven chromosomes and covered 68% of the D genome. QTL analysis revealed 87 mapped QTLs (log of the odds >2.65) in clusters, 3.1 QTLs per trait, explaining 32% of the phenotypic variance. Chromosomes 1D, 4D, and 7D harbored QTLs for relative growth rate, biomass allocation, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and unit leaf rate. Chromosome 2D covered QTLs for rate and duration of leaf elongation, cell production rate, and cell length. Chromosome 5D harbored QTLs for the total leaf mass and area and growth rate of the number of leaves and tillers. The results show that several physiological correlations between growth traits have a genetic basis. Genetic links between traits are not absolute, opening perspectives for identification of favorable alleles in A. tauschii to improve early vigor in wheat.
Meadowfoam fatty amides: Preparation, purification, and use in enrichment of 5,13‐docosadienoic acid and 5‐eicosenoic acid (1991)

Recrystallization from hexane of amides prepared from meadowfoam fatty acids provides crystals of the monoenoic fatty amides. Hydrolysis of the crystals, or the mother liquor, provides meadowfoam fatty acids that are enriched in 5‐eicosenoic acid and 5,13‐docosadienoic acid, respectively. The meadowfoam fatty amides may be useful as slip and antiblock agents in polyolefin film.
Highly Efficient Electron Injection from Indium Tin Oxide/Cross-Linkable Amino-Functionalized Polyfluorene Interface in Inverted Organic Light Emitting Devices (2011)

We show that a series of solution processable and cross-linkable amino-functionalized polyfluorene materials can effectively enhance the electron injection from the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, and for the first time, highly efficient inverted organic light emitting devices are fabricated using cross-linkable conjugated polymers as a single electron injection layer without the need for n-type metal oxide layers. The mechanism for the electron injection enhancement effect of the ITO/cross-linkable conjugated polymer interface is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Kelvin probe, and photovoltaic measurement. It was found that the amino groups among these polymers can effectively lower the work function of ITO, which will greatly enhance the electron injection in the resulting devices.
Reliability analysis for wind turbines (2006)

Abstract Modern wind turbines are complex aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical machines incorporating sophisticated control systems. Wind turbines have been erected in increasing numbers in Europe, the USA and elsewhere. In Europe, Germany and Denmark have played a particularly prominent part in developing the technology, and both countries have installed large numbers of turbines. This article is concerned with understanding the historic reliability of modern wind turbines. The prime objective of the work is to extract information from existing data so that the reliability of large wind turbines can be predicted, particularly when installed offshore in the future. The article uses data collected from the Windstats survey to analyse the reliability of wind turbine components from historic German and Danish data. Windstats data have characteristics common to practical reliability surveys; for example, the number of failures is collected for each interval but the number of turbines varies in each interval. In this article, the authors use reliability analysis methods which are not only applicable to wind turbines but relate to any repairable system. Particular care is taken to compare results from the two populations to consider the validity of the data. The main purpose of the article is to discuss the practical methods of predicting large‐wind‐turbine reliability using grouped survey data from Windstats and to show how turbine design, turbine configuration, time, weather and possibly maintenance can affect the extracted results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Prevention and Management of Infections Associated With Combat-Related Head and Neck Injuries (2008)

Maxillofacial injuries constitute 16% of all war-related injuries. This review focuses on data available from military and civilian studies to provide evidence-based recommendations for the modification of infections associated with combat-related injuries to the head and neck. The major emphasis of this review is on the study of subsequent infection, perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, debridement of devitalized tissue, optimal time to wound closure to achieve a water tight seal, wound irrigation with removal of debris and gross contaminants, fracture fixation, and removal of ocular foreign bodies with intravitreal antibiotics. Further studies are needed in combat-related injuries to the head and neck in military personnel to provide the highest evidence-based medicine recommendations.
Cereal-Derived Arabinoxylans as Biological Response Modifiers: Extraction, Molecular Features, and Immune-Stimulating Properties (2014)

Arabinoxylans are of significant importance to human health due to their potential to modulate both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Arabinoxylans of various structures and sources have been shown to affect different immune cells to augment a wide range of immune responses in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans. This review article discusses current research on the immune-enhancing activities of arabinoxylans and other cereal polysaccharides in relation to their structural heterogeneity. There are inconsistencies in the literature regarding the relationships between the immunomodulatory effects and the structure and source of arabinoxylans. Possible mechanisms underlying these relationships which might explain the effects of such bioactive polysaccharides are proposed.
The Mechanism of Aminations of Halobenzenes<sup>1</sup> (1956)

An elimination-addition mechanism, probably involving a "benzyne" intermediate, has been established for the rearrangements which often occur in the conversion of non-activated aryl halides to arylamines with metallic amides. The evidence for the "benzyne" intermediate was obtained through ^(14)C-tracer studies of rearrangements with halobenzenes and experiments designed to determine the role of the hydrogen atom located ortho to the displaced halogen atom.
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors in the Locust Locusta migratoria (1998)

We have identified five cDNA clones that encode nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits expressed in the nervous system of the locust Locusta migratoria. Four of the subunits are ligand-binding alpha subunits, and the other is a structural beta subunit. The existence of at least one more nAChR gene, probably encoding a beta subunit, is indicated. Based on Northern analysis and in situ hybridization, the five subunit genes are expressed. localpha1, localpha3, and locbeta1 are the most abundant subunits and are expressed in similar areas of the head ganglia and retina of the adult locust. Because Loc<alpha3 binds alpha-bungarotoxin with high affinity, it may form a homomeric nAChR subtype such as the mammalian alpha7 nAChR. Localpha1 and Locbeta1 may then form the predominant heteromeric nAChR in the locust brain. localpha4 is mainly expressed in optic lobe ganglionic cells and localpha2 in peripherally located somata of mushroom body neurons. localpha3 mRNA was additionally detected in cells interspersed in the somatogastric epithelium of the locust embryo, suggesting that this isoform may also be involved in functions other than neuronal excitability. Transcription of all nAChR subunit genes begins approximately 3 days before hatching and continues throughout adult life. Electrophysiological recordings from head ganglionic neurons also indicate the existence of more than one functionally distinct nAChR subtype. Our results suggest the existence of several nAChR subtypes, at least some of them heteromeric, in this insect species.
Swelling kinetic study and characterization of crosslinked hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles (2010)

Abstract The ammonium persulfate induced polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) and N,N ′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent were used to prepare crosslinked hydrogels containing silver ions. Subjecting this hydrogel to reduction with sodium hydroxide brought to focus the nanosilver hydrogel composites. Characterization of the latter, including proof of existence of silver nanoparticles in the hydrogel, was made. The number of silver nanoparticles embedded in the hydrogel matrix was higher at higher concentration of AgNO 3 used in the preparation of the nanosilver hydrogel composite. The characterization was performed by the use of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The swellability of the hydrogel containing nanosilver particles was also studied, and the dependence of the swellability on the abundance of silver nanoparticles in the hydrogel composite was verified. It was further disclosed that the kinetic model matched the experimental data; meanwhile, the diffusion of water into the hydrogel was non‐Fickian type. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Molten salt synthesis and properties of three new solid-state ternary bismuth chalcogenides, .beta.-CsBiS2, .gamma.-CsBiS2, and K2Bi8Se13 (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolten salt synthesis and properties of three new solid-state ternary bismuth chalcogenides, .beta.-CsBiS2, .gamma.-CsBiS2, and K2Bi8Se13Timothy J. McCarthy, Stanley Pierre Ngeyi, Ju Hsiou Liao, Donald C. DeGroot, Tim Hogan, Carl R. Kannewurf, and Mercouri G. KanatzidisCite this: Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 3, 331–340Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00027a016https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00027a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1340Altmetric-Citations144LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The Overview of Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose in Lignocellulosic Biomass (2013)

Lignocellulosic biomass including wood, logging residue, crops and agricultural wastes) has been widely utilized to produce energy, fuels or chemicals, acting as the potential renewable source for taking place of fossil energies (such as coal, natural gas and petroleum) [1]. Pyrolysis is proved to be, one of the most promising methods to convert biomass into different products (syn-gas, bio-liquid, char and chemicals), which could essentially diversify the energy-supply in many situations [2].
RGB-D Object Recognition Using Multi-Modal Deep Neural Network and DS Evidence Theory (2019)

With the development of low-cost RGB-D (Red Green Blue-Depth) sensors, RGB-D object recognition has attracted more and more researchers' attention in recent years. The deep learning technique has become popular in the field of image analysis and has achieved competitive results. To make full use of the effective identification information in the RGB and depth images, we propose a multi-modal deep neural network and a DS (Dempster Shafer) evidence theory based RGB-D object recognition method. First, the RGB and depth images are preprocessed and two convolutional neural networks are trained, respectively. Next, we perform multi-modal feature learning using the proposed quadruplet samples based objective function to fine-tune the network parameters. Then, two probability classification results are obtained using two sigmoid SVMs (Support Vector Machines) with the learned RGB and depth features. Finally, the DS evidence theory based decision fusion method is used for integrating the two classification results. Compared with other RGB-D object recognition methods, our proposed method adopts two fusion strategies: Multi-modal feature learning and DS decision fusion. Both the discriminative information of each modality and the correlation information between the two modalities are exploited. Extensive experimental results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Spin Torques in Magnetic and Superconducting Tunnel Junctions (2012)

The main text is presented in four parts. In chapter 2, we develop a phenomenological theory of voltage induced torques in magnetic tunnel junctions. The reciprocal of this effect and spin-transfer torque can pump charge into an attached circuit when the magnet precesses. We calculate the resulting change in impedances due to this pumping as a function of applied magnetic field and thickness of tunneling spacer. Because the impedances due to voltage and current pumping are qualitatively distinct under variation of the magnetic field, we suggest that this measurement could be used as experimental differentiation between these effects.In chapter 3 we study magnetic Josephson junctions wherein spin polarized Ohmic and supercurrent exert a torque on the magnetic layer. As a result, there is a nonlinear dynamic interplay between the magnetic order parameter and the phase of the superconducting parameter. This results in a modified stability diagram for both the magnet and superconductor. In particular, we find a nonmonotonic dependence of the critical current on the applied magnetic field and current. When the temperature is raised above the superconducting critical temperature, the leads become metallic and the equations of motion coincide with those of chapter 3.In contrast to the monodomain models studied in other chapters, chapter 4 examines the effects of micromagnetics on the thermal stability of a typical MRAM bit. In addition to noting that a finite stiffness parasitically effects bit stability, we find that domain-wall nucleation and propagation is the dominant mode of thermal bit flipping.Finally, in chapter 5 we derive a nonequilibrium expression for spin current between two magnetic leads biased by voltage, temperature or spin. The interaction on the dot is left general and the equation for current can be written as a function of the full retarded Green's function on the dot. We apply this methodology to a dot with large on-site Coulomb interaction.
Effects of Intrathecal Ketorolac on Human Experimental Pain (2010)

These data suggest a more limited role for spinal cord cyclooxygenase in human pain states than predicted by studies in animals.
Iris (2017)

System software overheads in the I/O path, including VFS and file system code, become more pronounced with emerging low-latency storage devices. Currently, these overheads constitute the main bottleneck in the I/O path and they limit efficiency of modern storage systems. In this paper we present a taxonomy of the current state-of-the-art systems on accelerating accesses to fast storage devices. Furthermore, we present Iris, a new I/O path for applications, that minimizes overheads from system software in the common I/O path. The main idea is the separation of the control and data planes. The control plane consists of an unmodified Linux kernel and is responsible for handling data plane initialization and the normal processing path through the kernel for non-file related operations. The data plane is a lightweight mechanism to provide direct access to storage devices with minimum overheads and without sacrificing strong protection semantics. Iris requires neither hardware support from the storage devices nor changes in user applications. We evaluate our early prototype and we find that it achieves on a single core up to 1:7x and 2:2x better read and write random IOPS, respectively, compared to the XFS and EXT4 file systems. It also scales with the number of cores; using 4 cores Iris achieves 1:84x and 1:96x better read and write random IOPS, respectively. In sequential reads we provide similar performance and in sequential writes we are about 20% better compared to other file systems.
Maintenance Route Planning Based on Particle Swarm Optimizattion Algorithm (2012)

Maintaining route planning is a problem belonging to queuing theory. Firstly, PSO was introduced to the research of maintenance route planning. Secondly, constrains and the penalty functions were established based on the characters of the maintenances, and the procedure was presented. Finally, the numerical example was given out. The result shows the proposed algorithm yields faster convergence speed, higher accuracy solutions.
Assessing the Temporal Relationship Between Cognition and Gait: Slow Gait Predicts Cognitive Decline in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (2012)

Our study suggests that slow gait precedes cognitive decline. Gait speed may be useful as a reliable, easily attainable, and noninvasive risk factor for cognitive decline.
CD4 expression on dendritic cells and their infection by human immunodeficiency virus (1995)

Infection of dendritic cells (DC) by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been disputed. Employing a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, DC, identified by the absence of membrane markers for T, B, natural killer (NK) and monocytic cells and by high levels of MHC class II DR antigen, were shown to express low levels of CD4. Immunomagnetic beads were used to separate blood low density cells, which are enriched for DC, into CD4-positive and -negative populations. Examination of these cells by electron microscopy showed an increase in the percentage of cells with DC morphology in the CD4-positive fraction and a reduction in the CD4-negative fraction. Electron microscopy of semi-purified DC preparations infected in vitro for 5 days with HIV-1 revealed morphologically distinct veiled DC with mature virions on the cell surface and virus budding through the cell membrane. Further evidence for the growth of HIV in DC was provided by experiments in which DC were extensively depleted of contaminating lymphocytes and monocytes prior to infection. Estimation of provirus load by a nested PCR indicated that after 5 days an infection level of one provirus copy per five cells could be achieved. After 7 days the provirus copy number could exceed the cellular genome copy number, suggesting that some cells had more than one provirus. Infectious virus could not be demonstrated in these cultures after 24 h but was detected after 5 or 7 days. Infection of DC in the presence of antibodies against CD4 was inhibited and suggests infection occurs via a CD4-dependent pathway. These results confirm that DC are susceptible to HIV infection in vitro. The immunological consequences of DC infection in vivo may be significant in the pathogenesis of AIDS.