gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
State Estimation of Municipal Water Supply Network Based on BP Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm (2011)

Nowadays, it is necessary to simulate the comprehensive operating state of water network based on less monitoring points, which is of great significance to operation optimization and leak detection. In this paper, first the existing state simulation models of water network are briefly introduced, and on this basis a new nonlinear dynamic method with better fault tolerance is put forward. Then, a specific model is constructed, namely GA is first used to optimize the BP network's initial weights, and then BP network is available for completing the final training algorithm. Finally, taking the water network of Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone as an example, the unknown pressure values of other nodes are estimated by the known information on the various monitoring points from SCADA system. By the results, the samples whose absolute value of relative error less than 5% are about 85% of the total, which shows the feasibility of the model.
Multilevel Modelling of Survey Data (1991)

Harvey Goldstein, Multilevel Modelling of Survey Data, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician), Vol. 40, No. 2, Special Issue: Survey Design, Methodology and Analysis (1991), pp. 235-244
On the Single-Photon-Counting (SPC) modes of imaging using an XFEL source (2015)

In this study, the requirements to achieve high detection efficiency (above 50%) and gigahertz (GHz) frame rate for the proposed 42-keV X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) at Los Alamos are summarized. Direct detection scenarios using C (diamond), Si, Ge and GaAs semiconductor sensors are analyzed. Single-photon counting (SPC) mode and weak SPC mode using Si can potentially meet the efficiency and frame rate requirements and be useful to both photoelectric absorption and Compton physics as the photon energy increases. Multilayer three-dimensional (3D) detector architecture, as a possible means to realize SPC modes, is compared with the widely used two-dimensional (2D) hybrid planar electrode structure and 3D deeply entrenched electrode architecture. Demonstration of thin film cameras less than 100-μm thick with onboard thin ASICs could be an initial step to realize multilayer 3D detectors and SPC modes for XFELs.
A Review of Recent Empirical Studies on Property Price Gradients (2004)

This paper reviews the empirical studies that have been conducted on property price gradients. There are basically two different methodologies of estimation and three different assumptions on the spatial structure of an urban area. The two methods are: (1) the hedonic pricing model and (2) the repeat-sales model; and the three assumptions are: (1) the monocentric assumption; (2) the non-monocentric/polycentric assumption; and (3) no a priori assumption about the urban spatial structure. The methodologies and the findings of these previous studies are compared and analyzed to clarify the path for further studies.
Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation (2001)

This paper covers the operation of variable-speed wind turbines with pitch control. The system the authors considered is controlled to generate maximum energy while minimizing loads. The maximization of energy was only carried out on a static basis and only drive train loads were considered as a constraint. In low to medium wind speeds, the generator and the power converter control the wind turbine to capture maximum energy from the wind. In the high-wind-speed regions, the wind turbine is controlled to maintain the aerodynamic power produced by the wind turbine. Two methods to adjust the aerodynamic power were investigated: pitch control and generator load control, both of which are employed to regulate the operation of the wind turbine. The authors' analysis and simulation show that the wind turbine can be operated at its optimum energy capture while minimizing the load on the mind turbine for a wide range of wind speeds.
Gains in Body Fat and Vasomotor Symptom Reporting Over the Menopausal Transition: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (2009)

Although most women report vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) during midlife, their etiology and risk factors are incompletely understood. Body fat is positively associated with vasomotor symptoms cross-sectionally, but the longitudinal relation between changes in body fat and vasomotor symptoms is uncharacterized. The study aim was to examine whether gains in body fat were related to vasomotor symptom reporting over time. Measures of bioelectrical impedance for body fat, reproductive hormones, and reported vasomotor symptoms were assessed annually over 4 years from 2002 to 2006 among 1,659 women aged 47-59 years participating in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Body fat change was examined in relation to vasomotor symptoms by using generalized estimating equations. Body fat gains were associated with greater odds of reporting hot flashes in models adjusted for age, site, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, parity, anxiety, and menopausal status (relative to stable body fat, gain: odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.48; P = 0.03; loss: odds ratio = 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.29; P = 0.45). Findings persisted controlling for estradiol, the free estradiol index, or follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations. The relations between body fat changes and night sweats were not statistically significant. Body fat gains are associated with greater hot flash reporting during the menopausal transition.
Transition metal-free addition of ketones or nitriles to 1,3-dienes (2007)

The simpler the better (or going green): The first examples of the catalytic addition of 1,3-dienes to simple ketones or nitriles are described. These reactions can be effected on a kilogram scale, representing the shortest access featuring a perfect atom economy to molecules of interest in the perfume industry.
Intrinsic tolerance of Bifidobacterium species to heat and oxygen and survival following spray drying and storage (2005)

Spray drying is a suitable method for the production of skimmed milk powder enriched with high numbers of viable bifidobacteria.
Integrin Activation by Dithiothreitol or Mn2+ Induces a Ligand-occupied Conformation and Exposure of a Novel NH2-terminal Regulatory Site on the β1Integrin Chain (1998)

Integrins can be expressed in at least three functional states (i.e. latent, active, and ligand-occupied). However, the molecular bases for the transitions between these states are unknown. In the present study, changes in the accessibility of several beta1 epitopes (e.g. N29, B44, and B3B11) were used to probe activation-related conformational changes. Dithiothreitol or Mn2+ activation of integrin-mediated adhesion in the human B cell line, IM9, resulted in a marked increase in the exposure of the B44 epitope, while N29 expression levels were most sensitive to dithiothreitol treatment. These results contrasted with the epitope expression patterns of spontaneously adherent K562 cells, where N29 was almost fully accessible and B44 was low. Addition of a soluble ligand resulted in a marked increase in B44 levels, suggesting that this antibody detected a ligand-induced binding site. The N29 epitope was mapped to a cysteine-rich region near the NH2 terminus of the integrin chain, thus defining a novel regulatory site. These studies indicate that the activation of integrin function by different stimuli may involve related but nonidentical conformations. Both Mn2+ and dithiothreitol appear to induce localized conformational changes that mimic a ligand-occupied receptor. This differs from the "physiologically" activated integrins on K562 cells that display a marked increase in overall epitope accessibility without exposure of the ligand-induced binding site epitopes. The increased exposure of the N29 site on K562 cells may indicate a role for this region in the regulation of integrin function.
The effects of skin moisture and subcutaneous fat thickness on the ability of the skin to dissipate heat in young and old subjects, with and without diabetes, at three environmental room temperatures (2008)

The Pennes model predicts the ability of the skin to dissipate heat as a function of conductive heat transfer and blood flow. Conductive heat exchange may be affected by skin moisture and subcutaneous fat thickness, factors not considered by Pennes. In the present investigation, we sought to expand the Pennes model by examining subcutaneous fat and skin moisture as factors of heat dissipation and their effects on heat exchange and blood flow. Subjects who were older (O) (mean age 64.2+/-5.9 years, n=15), had diabetes (D) (mean age 62+/-5.9 years, mean duration 13.2+/-9.1 years, n=15), and were younger (Y) (mean age 25.7+/-2.9 years, n=15) participated. Thermisters were placed in an iron heat probe and on the skin to measure the change in skin temperature to create a thermal change index to demonstrate the ability of the skin to dissipate heat. The lower back had the thickest subcutaneous fat layer for all subjects, which contributed to higher skin temperatures than the foot and hand in response to local and global heat. There was a significant inverse correlation between skin moisture and skin temperature after 5s of heat application (r=-0.73, p<0.001) with O and D having significantly less skin moisture than Y (p<0.05). O and D had significantly increased skin temperatures in response to local heat, as compared to Y, in all global temperatures (p<0.05). Thus, the Pennes model may need to be adjusted to take into consideration aging, diabetes, skin moisture, and subcutaneous fat thickness.
In-Situ 3D Sketching Using a Video Camera as an Interaction and Tracking Device (2010)

In this paper, we present a novel method for in-situ 3D sketching of polyhedral scenes. A video camera is used as both an interaction and a tracking device, which makes the system particularly suitable for handheld devices such as PDAs and mobile phones. The efficiency and accuracy of the method are demonstrated using a miniature scene and a real outdoor scene.
Microwave-Assisted Regioselective Cycloaddition Reactions between 9-Substituted Anthracenes and Levoglucosenone (2006)

The cycloaddition reactions of 9-substituted anthracenes and levoglucosenone were investigated under microwave irradiation and conventional heating conditions. Considering time, yields, and regioselectivity, microwave technology has proven to be an ideal tool to achieve this chemical transformation. [reaction: see text].
Stereochemical course of the transmethylation catalyzed by catechol O-methyltransferase. (1980)

The steric course of the methyl group transfer catalyzed by catechol O-methyltransferase was studied using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) carrying a methyl group made chiral by labeling with 1H, 2H, and 3H in an asymmetrical arrangement. Incubation of the two diastereomers of this substrate with catechol O-methyl-transferase purified from rat liver and epinephrine or protocatechuic acid as acceptor gave the corresponding methylated catechols. These were degraded to convert the methoxy group in a series of stereochemically unambiguous reactions into the methyl group of acetate, which was then analyzed for its configuration. The results indicate that the transfer of the methyl group from AdoMet to either acceptor occurs in an inversion mode. The catechol O-methyltransferase reaction thus involves a direct transfer of the methyl group from the sulfur of AdoMet to the oxygen of the catechol in an SN2 process, without a methylated enzyme intermediate.
Total synthesis of novel D-ring-modified triptolide analogues: structure–cytotoxic activity relationship studies on the D-ring of triptolide (2011)

The total synthesis of a trans-position butenolide analogue of triptolide 3 and the semi-synthesis of analogue 4, with a furan ring, and compound 5, without a planar D-ring, are described. Studies into the antitumor activity of these compounds suggest that the five-membered unsaturated lactone ring (D-ring) of triptolide is essential to its potent anticancer activity and the C18 carbonyl group may exert an important influence on the interaction between triptolide and the target molecule(s) responsible for initiating their cytotoxic effects.
Diffusion, activation, and recrystallization of boron implanted in preamorphized and crystalline germanium (2005)

We have investigated diffusion and activation of boron implanted with 6 keV energy to a maximum concentration of 8.0×1020atoms∕cm3 in crystalline germanium (c-germanium) and preamorphized germanium, employing rapid thermal annealing in the range of 400–600 °C. As-implanted boron profiles in preamorphized germanium are shallower than the ones in c-germanium due to channeling suppression. While boron diffusion is not observed either in c-germanium or during the germanium regrowth from amorphous state, the boron activation level achieved from the two starting phases is significantly different. A boron activation level of 2.4×1020atoms∕cm3 has been found in regrown germanium, while a level of only 1.2×1019atoms∕cm3 is observed in c-germanium. Remarkably, there is no evidence of any residual extended defectivity at the original crystalline/amorphous interface, when preamorphization is performed.
Sacral insufficiency fractures: an often unsuspected cause of low back pain. (1991)

We describe a patient with sacral insufficiency fractures presenting as acute onset low back pain without antecedent trauma. Sacral insufficiency fractures are an often unsuspected cause of low back pain. The clinical presentation and plain radiograph findings can mimic metastatic disease, leading to unnecessary investigations and treatment. However, the location, linearity, and appearance of these fractures on computed tomography is very characteristic and obviates the need for further evaluation.
Ideal concentrators for finite sources and restricted exit angles (1976)

Design procedures for ideal radiation concentrators are described which are applicable to finite sources and/ or restricted exit angles. Finite sources are relevant for second stage concentrators which collect and further concentrate radiation from a primary focusing element (mirror or lens) in a manner similar to the field optic element in a telescope. Restricting the exit angle is useful for improving the optical efficiency of solar collectors by eliminating grazing angles of incidence of the absorber. It also serves to extend the useful range of angular acceptance values available from solid dielectric concentrators that function by total internal reflection. Concentrators of this type can be used to construct highly efficient radiation traps (spectrally selective filters).
Structure of ionic liquids on the basis of imidazole and their mixtures with water (2010)

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate absorbs up to 27% of water from air at room temperature with liberation of a large amount of heat, 11 kJ mol−1. Ions of the ionic liquid do not enter into chemical reaction with water but form a stable complex of ethylmethylimidazolium acetate with 12H2O molecules (EMIA·12H2O).
Drastic Change of Mesomorphism Induced by the Fluorination of Peripherally Attached Phenyl Groups in Triphenylene Mesogens (2010)

Triphenylene mesogens possessing fluorinated phenyl groups connected to the central triphenylene core with ester and ether linkages were compared on the mesomorphism. The results indicate that the fluorination of the peripheral phenyl groups arises strong intermolecular interactions among the peripheral parts to make the molecules stack easily to form a columnar structure. The thermal stability of the columnar mesophases is modified by the replacement of linkage group and the clearing temperature of Colh mesophase for the ester derivative is higher than that of the ether one. The carrier mobility evaluated by Time-Of-Flight (TOF) technique is shown to be in the order of 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the ester and ether derivatives, respectively.
Solid state refrigeration: Cooling and refrigeration using crystalline phase changes in metal alloys (2004)

The well-known fact that a phase change is normally accompanied by a relatively large change in internal energy is explored and is used to develop an innovative method of achieving refrigerative effects in solid state metal alloys. Applying a cyclic mechanical stress in certain materials can induce crystalline structural changes, with accompanying absorption or release of heat. Simple experiments are reported with a particular nickel-titanium alloy where temperature drops well below 10 °C of ambient were achieved. The experimental work was undertaken at ambient temperature and temperature excursions of + 16 and -14 °C of ambient temperatures were measured. These temperature excursions occurred in a material with a density of over 6000 kg/m3. Ways in which the concept of ‘solid state refrigeration’ using mechanical actuation are suggested and partially examined.
Towards the Next Generation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating Below 600 °C with Chemically Stable Proton‐Conducting Electrolytes (2011)

The need for reducing the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating temperature below 600 °C is imposed by cost reduction, which is essential for widespread SOFC use, but might also disclose new applications. To this aim, high-temperature proton-conducting (HTPC) oxides have gained widespread interest as electrolyte materials alternative to oxygen-ion conductors. This Progress Report describes recent developments in electrolyte, anode, and cathode materials for protonic SOFCs, addressing the issue of chemical stability, processability, and good power performance below 600 °C. Different fabrication methods are reported for anode-supported SOFCs, obtained using state-of-the-art, chemically stable proton-conducting electrolyte films. Recent findings show significant improvements in the power density output of cells based on doped barium zirconate electrolytes, pointing out towards the feasibility of the next generation of protonic SOFCs, including a good potential for the development of miniaturized SOFCs as portable power supplies.
2D/3D registration based on volume gradients (2005)

We present a set of new methods for efficient and precise registration of any X-Ray modality (fluoroscopy, portal imaging or regular X-Ray imaging) to a CT data set. These methods require neither feature extraction nor 2D or 3D segmentation. Our main contribution is to directly perform the computations on the gradient vector volume of the CT data, which has several advantages. It can increase the precision of the registration as it assesses mainly the alignment of intensity edges in both CT and X-Ray images. By using only significant areas of the gradient vector volume, the amount of information needed in each registration step can be reduced up to a factor of 10. This both speeds up the registration process and allows for using the CT data with full precision, e.g. 512<sup>3</sup> voxels. We introduce a <i>Volume Gradient Rendering (VGR)</i> as well as a <i>Volume Gradient Correlation (VGC)</i> method, where the latter one can be used directly for computing the image similarity without DBR generation.
Crowd Monitoring Using Mobile Phones (2014)

Crowd density monitoring is crucial to many applications, such as guiding tour and crowd control in commercial environments. Video or image-based solutions are high cost and cannot be applied in low-light environments. For some Radio Frequency (RF) based technologies, some people have to carry certain wireless transceivers, others also need to collect abundant fingerprint. These approaches are high cost and impractical. In this paper, we propose a crowd monitoring approach using mobile phone. Our design of crowd detection adopts clustering methods. Feature sets derive from Wi-Fi signal strength measurements. We use Bluetooth readings analyzing to estimate crowd density. We implement our design on off-the- shelf smartphones and evaluate its performance via extensive experiments in typical realworld scenes. Results of experiment verify the feasibility and the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
Influence of molecular chlorine on the output energy of a pulsed oxygen–iodine chemical laser (1991)

An experimental investigation was made of the influence of molecular chlorine on the output energy of a pulsed oxygen–iodine chemical laser using CH3I and CF3I atomic iodine donors. It was found that for CF3I the addition of appreciable (0.5 Torr) quantities of chlorine to the singlet oxygen stream reduced only negligibly the output energy, whereas for CH3I the lasing was suppressed at chlorine concentrations an order of magnitude lower.
Gelatinase B is associated with peri‐implant bone loss (2003)

The aim of this study was to clear whether gelatinase B is associated with peri-implant bone loss (PBL). Peri-implant sulcus fluid was collected from 46 implant sites in 12 patients. These sites were also characterized using modified Gingival Index (mGI). Activated and total gelatinase B levels, measured using a modified urokinase assay, showed correlation with PBL (n = 46, Spearman's rank correlation test). Activated and total gelatinase B values were significantly higher in PBL > 3 mm group (n = 6) compared to PBL < 1 mm (n = 29) and 1 < PBL < 3 mm (n = 11) groups (rank sum test). Activated gelatinase B level in mGI > 0.5 group (n = 24) was clearly higher compared to mGI = 0 (n = 13) and < or = 0.5 (n = 9) groups (Rank sum test). We conclude that gelatinase B is associated with PBL. Activation of gelatinase B together with elevated mGI eventually reflect active phases of peri-implantitis and may prove to be diagnostically useful.
[A survey of perception differences of malocclusion between 16 to 22-year-old young adults and orthodontists]. (2011)

Perception about malocclusion, dental health and aesthetic had significant difference between 16 to 22-year-old young adults and orthodontists. Young adults tended to think that their teeth were more beautiful and healthy. The female young adults than the male tended to think that their teeth were not enough beautiful. Urban young adults were more unsatisfactory about their dental health than the rural. Only child young adults were more unsatisfactory about their dental aesthetic and health than the non-only child.
Ion Pair-Reversed Phase HPLC Approach Facilitates Subcloning of PCR Products and Screening of Recombinant Colonies (2000)

The isolation of a single DNA molecule for cloning is technically difficult, and the subsequent screening of colonies for recombinant DNA clones is time consuming. Ion pair-reversed phase HPLC (IP-RP-HPLC) analysis of nucleic acids improves the resolution and isolation of PCR products to be cloned. We demonstrate that PCR products analyzed and collected using the IP-RP-HPLC approach (WAVE DNA Fragment Analysis System) can be cloned directly into a plasmid vector. In addition, we demonstrate that when IP-RP-HPLC analysis is extended to the colony screening process, the time required for these procedures is reduced.