gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Nondestructive Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord (1970)

HE shortcomings of destructive lesions used as treatment for neurological disorders ~,6 have triggered a search for new techniques. Electrical stimulation of the nervous system has been an attractive possibility because undesirable side effects of the stimulus may be eliminated when the electrical current is stoppedY We have studied the basic requirements for standardization of a safe stimulating current. Electricity has long been used for destruction of tissue, either as direct or radiofrequency current; both will lead to destruction of brain or spinal cord, but each is partially uncontrollable and the results are irreversible. Even alternating current will damage the nervous system if its parameters are not rigidly controlled. Since electrical stimulation of the nervous system offers attractive possibilities for treatment of some neurological disorders, 2,11,12 standardization of safety factors is essential. Several factors that theoretically influence the safe stimulation critical value (r) are: Voltage across the electrodes, V Current delivered to the load, I Pulse repetition rate, f Pulse duration, d Contact area of the electrode, A Type of metal, M.
Food Components to Enhance Performance (1994)

The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settings--among others--experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting.
Fractionation of Butter Oil by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (1992)

The use of supercritical CO 2 to fractionate butter oil into various triglyceride groups with unique physical and chemical properties was investigated. Experiments were conducted at 40 'C and at 10.3, 13.8, 17.2, 20.7, 24.1, and 27.6 MPa in a continuous flow extraction system. Solubility of butter oil triglycerides in supercritical C02 of various temperatures (35, 40, 50, and 60'C) and pressures (10.3, 13.8, 17.2, 20.7, 24.1, and 27.6 MPa) was also studied. Triglyceride extractability was enhanced by raising the pressure and lowering the temperature of extraction. The mean molecular weight of fractions, estimated by high performance gel permeation chromatography, ranged from 703 amu (atomic mass unit; 40C, 10.3 MPa) to 794 amu (40C, 27.6 MPa). The fatty acid composition of triglycerides, determined by HPLC, showed that fractions extracted at lower pressure contained higher concentrations of short-chain C4 to CS) and medium-chain (CI0 to C12) fatty acids and lower concentrations of long-chain (C14 to CIS) fatty acids. Melting behavior of the various fractions, studied by differential scanning calorimetry, reflected the alterations in triglyceride composition. Fractions with unique melting behavior (i.e., a single narrow melting zone and a melting peak maximum
The carbonic anhydrase gene families of<i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> (2005)

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO 2 and HCO 3  . Aquatic photosynthetic organisms have evolved different forms of CO 2 -concentrating mechanisms to aid Rubisco in capturing CO 2 from the surrounding environment. One aspect of all CO 2 -concentrating mechanisms is the critical roles played by various specially localized extracellular and intracellular CAs. There are three evolutionarily unrelated CA families designated α-, β-, and γ-CA. In the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard, eight CAs have now been identified, including three α-CAs and five β-CAs. In addition, C. reinhardtii has another CA-like gene, Glp1 that is similar to known γ-CAs. To characterize these different CA isoforms, some of the CA genes have been overexpressed to determine whether the proteins have CA activity and to generate antibodies for in vivo immunolocalization. The CA proteins Cah3, Cah6, and Cah8, and the γ-CA-like protein, Glp1, have been overexpressed. Cah3, Cah6, and Cah8 have CA activity, but Glp1 does not. At least two of these proteins, Cah3 and Cah6, are localized to the chloroplast. Using immunolocalization and sequence analyses, we have determined that Cah6 is located to the chloroplast stroma and confirmed that Cah3 is localized to the chloroplast thylakoid lumen. Activity assays show that Cah3 is 100 times more sensitive to sulfonamides than Cah6. We present a model on how these two chloroplast CAs might participate in the CO 2 -concentrating mechanism of C. reinhardtii. Key words: carbonic anhydrase, CO 2 -concentrating mechanism, Chlamydomonas, immunolocalization.
The Influence of Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Antiplatelet Potency of Clopidogrel Evaluated by 5 Different Platelet Function Tests (2010)

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system to a variable degree and may therefore interact with the metabolism of clopidogrel to its active form. The conflicting data on this potential interaction may be due to the use of different PPIs and platelet function tests in recent studies. We therefore evaluated the influence of different PPIs on the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel by 5 platelet function tests in the same population. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-inducible platelet reactivity was assessed in 230 patients on dual antiplatelet therapy after angioplasty and stenting for cardiovascular disease by the light transmission aggregometry, VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay, multiple electrode aggregometry, and Impact-R. ADP-inducible platelet reactivity showed no significant differences between patients without (n = 95, 41.3%) and with PPI therapy (n = 135, 58.7%) in each test system (all P > 0.05). Furthermore, we observed no significant differences of ADP-inducible platelet reactivity between patients without PPIs and patients with pantoprazole (n = 95, 70.4%), esomeprazole (n = 22, 16.3%), omeprazole (n = 9, 6.65%), or lansoprazole (n = 9, 6.65%) (all P > 0.3). High on-treatment residual ADP-inducible platelet reactivity occurred to a similar extent in patients without and with PPI therapy in each assay (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, concomitant treatment with PPIs did not attenuate the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel in patients on dual antiplatelet therapy irrespective of the type of PPI and the used test system.
E<scp>LECTROSPRAY</scp> I<scp>ONIZATION</scp> F<scp>OURIER</scp> T<scp>RANSFORM</scp> I<scp>ON</scp> C<scp>YCLOTRON</scp> R<scp>ESONANCE</scp> M<scp>ASS</scp> S<scp>PECTROMETRY</scp> (1999)

The basic principles and recent advances in electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry are reviewed. A brief history of electrospray ionization is provided, along with a complete technical description of the technique, electrospray ionization variations, and advantages. Next, the fundamental principles of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry are covered, including ion cyclotron motion, ion cyclotron resonance excitation, and image current detection. Instrumentation and methods used to couple these techniques are then described. Topics include ion source configuration, ion transport through a strong magnetic field gradient, and ion trapping methods. The article concludes with selected applications that highlight the strengths of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
COMPARISON OF THE CHARCOAL TUBE AND A PASSIVE ORGANIC VAPOUR DOSIMETER AS SAMPLE COLLECTION DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE TO COMPONENTS OF GASOLINE VAPOUR (1994)

Journal Article COMPARISON OF THE CHARCOAL TUBE AND A PASSIVE ORGANIC VAPOUR DOSIMETER AS SAMPLE COLLECTION DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE TO COMPONENTS OF GASOLINE VAPOUR Get access JAMES T. PURDHAM, JAMES T. PURDHAM Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, University of TorontoFitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ANDREA. M. SASS-KORTSAK, ANDREA. M. SASS-KORTSAK Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, University of TorontoFitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar PAUL. R. BOZEK PAUL. R. BOZEK Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, University of TorontoFitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 38, Issue 5, October 1994, Pages 721–740, https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/38.5.721 Published: 01 October 1994 Article history Received: 19 August 1993 Accepted: 11 January 1994 Published: 01 October 1994
Inhibition of disease progression by a novel retinoid antagonist in animal models of arthritis. (2003)

Improvement in clinical and histologic variables in 2 separate animal models, along with simultaneous reduction in MMP expression in the affected joint, suggests that RAR antagonists such as BMS-189453 may be useful as agents to treat rheumatoid arthritis and for determining the role of MMP in disease progression. This is the first study to show the clinical potential of RAR antagonists in arthritis.
PROFESSIONAL DOMINANCE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING, 1926–1986 (2002)

This paper examines the relationship between financial and managerial accounting as reflected in articles, editorials and letters to the editor published in Cost and Management, the Canadian trade magazine for management accountants, between 1926 and 1986. It has been claimed that during this period management accounting techniques lost their relevance to manufacturers, in part, due to the dominance of financial accounting over managerial accounting. This is also the period in which management accounting struggled to become recognized as a profession distinct from financial accounting. The analysis thus focuses on the jurisdictional dispute between financial and managerial accounting and the mechanisms by which managerial accounting was subordinated to financial accounting. The paper identifies the technical, organizational and professional mechanisms used to subordinate managerial accounting. The paper also demonstrates that management accountants were aware of the consequences of their relationship to financial accounting for the relevance of their techniques. Contemporary events suggest that the intersection of financial and managerial accounting remains disputed territory.
Mechanism of the Debromination in Heterocyclization Using α,α-Dibromocarbonyl Compounds as Synthons (1989)

Abstract α,α-dibromocarbonyl compounds on condensation with phenylacetic acid or thioamide give the furanone or thiazole instead of the expected corresponding 5-bromo products. The mechanistic study have been made to find the reaction path way.
High dynamic range video compression by intensity dependent spatial quantization in HEVC (2013)

The Human Visual System (HVS) shows non-linear sensitivity to the distortion introduced by lossy image and video coding. This non-linear sensitivity is due to luminance masking, contrast masking and the spatial and temporal frequency masking phenomena of the HVS. This paper proposes a perception-based quantization method that exploits luminance masking in the HVS in order to enhance the performance of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard for the case of High Dynamic Range (HDR) video content. A profile scaling based on a tone-mapping curve computed for each HDR frame is introduced. The quantization step is then perceptually tuned on a Transform Unit (TU) basis. The proposed method has been integrated into the reference codec considered for the HEVC range extensions and its performance was assessed by measuring the bitrate reduction against the codec without perceptual quantization. The HDR-VDP-2 image quality metric was employed to measure the compressed picture quality. For the same quality level, an average bitrate reduction of 9% is achieved across all tested HDR sequences.
Design considerations for resonant travelling wave IMPATT oscillators† (1973)

Abstract It is shown theoretically that distributed IMPATT structures can be used as resonant lengths of active transmission line if particular care is taken to choose the substrate thickness and resistivity correctly in order to minimize losses. In contrast to discrete IMPATT structures, a relatively high substrate resistivity is required for the travelling wave structures. Such self-resonant oscillating structures can have an input admittance of the same order as the total depletion layer negative conductance, since the shunting effect of the depletion layer capacitance has automatically been tuned out. Thus, for a given value of circuit impedance the distributed structure can be much larger in area, and output power than the corresponding discrete IMPATT. It is shown theoretically possible to produce a 450 W pulsed device with an input impedance of −1Ω, although a 100 W device with an input impedance of −4Ω might be a more practicable objective. Notes †Communicated by the Authors.
Breast Cancer: Regional Blood Flow and Blood Volume Measured with Magnetic Susceptibility–based MR Imaging—Initial Results (2002)

The purpose of this study was to quantify microcirculation in breast neoplasms with magnetic susceptibility-based contrast material–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. With this imaging method for invasive cancers, the mean values of the ratios of tumor to normal blood flow and blood volume were significantly higher (P < .002) than those for benign or normal tissue. The method allows independent measurement of regional blood flow and blood volume in breast cancers. © RSNA, 2002
[Studies on transforming functions of Epstein-Barr virus-specific proteins]. (1990)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects human B lymphocytes and efficiently transforms them into immortalized lymphoblasts. EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) and EBV latent infection membrane protein (LMP) are expressed in latently infected, growth-transformed lymphoblasts. To elucidate the functions of EBNA and LMP, clones of cells were established that stably expressed EBNA-1, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-leader protein (EBNA-Lp) or LMP, using gene transfer technique and the growth characteristics of the transfectants were examined. The expression of EBNA-1, EBNA-2,EBNA-3A,EBNA-Lp or LMP caused shortening of doubling time, increased saturation cell density, reduced serum dependence, anchorage-independent growth in semisolid agar and activation of c-myc. Furthermore, the expression of LMP in NIH/3T3 cells led to tumorigenicity in nude mice, enhanced expression of H-ras and increased production of diacylglycerol, which might activate protein kinase C. B cell line, BJAB, EBNA-1 was responsible for expression of c-fgr mRNA and EBNA -2 specifically induced expression of B-cell activation antigens, including CD21 (CR2) and CD23 (Fc epsilon receptor). These results indicate that EBNA and LMP play an important role in EBV-induced growth transformation. It is possible that EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 are directly involved in the early process of immortalization. It is also possible that LMP could contribute to tumorigenic alteration of immortalized cells. The proliferation of the EBNA or LMP-expressing cells was markedly enhanced by phorbol ester. By contrast phorbol ester had no effect on the proliferation of nonexpressing control cells. The phorbol ester enhancement of EBV-induced growth transformation is likely to be mediated by EBNA and LMP.
In situ, spatially variable photoalignment of liquid crystals inside a glass cell using brilliant yellow (2022)

The ability to control the alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) is a prerequisite for all LC applications such as LC displays, LC polarization gratings, and even for liquid crystal elastomer actuators. Out of the many alignment techniques available, photoalignment, i.e., spin-coating a thin layer of a photosensitive organic material and exposing it to polarized light, proves to be an attractive method. This method allows the non-contact and complete control over the alignment by just controlling the polarization state of the light exposure. We present a method to in situ align (in-plane) the nematic liquid crystals with a single-step exposure with the photoalignment technique. For this method, we have used the commercially available azo-dye, Brilliant Yellow (BY), which is photoaligned with linearly polarized 450 nm light. An in-house built, digital micromirror device (DMD) based projection setup allows the spatial structuring of the light, thereby enabling the pixel-by-pixel photoalignment of BY, and hence of LCs. This setup makes it possible to project computer-generated patterns on the substrate, thereby aligning the LCs in bulk in any arbitrary pattern. The photoalignment of BY is done in presence of LCs, i.e., after filling the LCs inside the glass cell. The achieved alignment is stable and rewritable. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of in situ, spatially varying photoalignment of liquid crystals inside the glass cell with single-step exposure and with commercially available chemicals.
Differentiation of "A-V Junctional Rhythms" (1973)

Considerable controversy exists regarding the site(s) of origin of so-called junctional rhythms. However, experimental and clinical evidence indicates that a more precise identification of the origin of these rhythms is now possible. Microelectrode recordings from the atrioventricular (A-V) junction have clearly demonstrated that all three zones of the A-V node (upper nodal [AN], midnodal [N], and lower nodal [NH] regions) exhibit action potentials which are functionally different from those recorded in contiguous atrial and His bundle cells. In addition, the amplitude and rate of rise of A-V nodal action potentials are markedly depressed by acetylcholine, a relative sensitivity not shared by atrial and His bundle cells. Cells of the AN and NH regions of the A-V node do show pacemaker activity as do His bundle cells. Experimental studies using His bundle recording techniques indicate significant differences in heart rate between nodal rhythms produced by sinus node isolation or suppression (average: 94 ± 22 beats/min) and His bundle rhythms caused by A-V nodal destruction (average: 39 ± 9 beats/min). Nontoxic doses of ouabain significantly reduced the average A-V nodal rate to 55 beats/min whereas the same dose regimen did not change the average rate of His bundle rhythms. Several clinical studies have claimed that the absence of "A-V nodal" potentials during so-called middle and lower A-V nodal rhythms indicate a site of origin in the His bundle and not the A-V node. However, the nondescript, sometimes spurious nature of A-V nodal recordings severely limits this approach to differentiation of junctional rhythms. Recent clinical studies using His bundle recordings showed that patients with complete heart block and narrow QRS complexes could be clearly divided into two groups. In one group the heart rates ranged from 45-60 beats/min and invariably increased significantly following atropine administration (A-V nodal pacemakers). In the other group heart rates ranged from 35-45 beats/min and there was no significant response to atropine (His bundle pacemakers). Intra-His bundle block could be documented in several patients in the latter group, confirming the His bundle location of the ventricular pacemaker. In conclusion, evidence gained from experimental in vivo and in vitro animal studies and from clinical investigations clearly suggests the existence of at least two pacemakers in the A-V junction. The two A-V junctional pacemakers are distinctly different in both heart rate and chronotropic response to cholinergic or cholinergic-blocking agents.
The gastric mucosal barrier. (1989)

The gastric mucosal barrier is a complex system made up of submucosal, epithelial and mucus elements. The mucus gel layer is a thick tenacious organized layer adherent to the epithelium. Despite these properties it is composed of more than 95% water, the organization being provided by long interacting glycoprotein molecules (mucus glycoprotein or mucin). These molecules are largely made up of carbohydrate which is present in large numbers of relatively small oligosaccharide units packed around the polypeptide core. This structure provides clues to the nature of the protection afforded by the mucus layer. For example, it is relatively resistant to proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract; it retains water in an unstirred layer; the tangled glycoproteins exclude large molecules and the carbohydrate of the oligosaccharide units mirror that at the surface of the epithelial cell. Few biochemical studies have been carried out on the effect of ulcer-healing drugs on gastric mucus. Normal subjects were, therefore, given two weeks treatment with cimetidine, carbenoxolone or misoprostol and the secretions aspirated from the unstimulated and pentagastrin-stimulated stomach. The volume of secretion and weight and carbohydrate content of non-diffusable glycoconjugates were determined for each specimen, together with the proportion of high molecular mass mucin and qualitative and quantitative analyses of the glycopolypeptide. There were no significant differences between the results for each drug or without drug. This may be because normal subjects were studied who already have an effective mucosal barrier. In addition, it is likely that the process of mucus biosynthesis and secretion in a healthy individual is relatively resistant to the action of ulcer healing drugs.
Oral administration of <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> Lq80 and <i>Megasphaera elsdenii</i> iNP‐001 induces efficient recovery from mucosal atrophy in the small and the large intestines of weaning piglets (2009)

Weaning causes atrophy of intestinal mucosa and a drop of IgA protection in piglets which increases vulnerability to pathogenic infections. Probiotic lactobacilli may support recovery from such weaning stresses. Butyrate-produce bacteria may support the growth of colonic mucosa. Megasphaera elsdenii, a lactate-utilizing butyrate producer, may help butyrate production particularly when combined with lactobacilli. Weaned piglets (Experiment 1: 20 days old, Experiment 2: 28 days old) were orally dosed once a day with either (L) 10(10) (cell/dose) L. plantarum Lq80, or (LM) 10(10) (cell/dose) Lq80 with 10(9) (cell/dose) M. elsdenii iNP-001. Lq80 was contained in capsules resistant to gastric digestion. M. elsdenii was contained in capsules resistant to gastric and intestinal digestion. An untreated control (C) was also prepared. After 2 weeks of administration, L. plantarum enhanced the recovery from the villous atrophy in both experiments. The rectal and colonic IgA tended to be higher in L and LM than in C in Experiment 1. Colonic butyrate was higher in LM than in the others in Experiment 1. The thickness of the colonic mucosa was greater in LM than in the others in Experiment 1. In early weaned piglets, the effects of L. plantarum and M. elsdenii were clear.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopic Observation of a Precursor State to Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel (1997)

Minor spatial fluctuations on the pA scale in passive current density of type 304 stainless steel in dilute aqueous chloride solution are shown to relate directly to the subsequent initiation of pitting corrosion.