gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis as a Consequence of Flow-Directed Pulmonary-Artery Catheterization (1984)

We studied 142 consecutively autopsied patients prospectively to determine the frequency and clinical importance of right-sided endocardial lesions in patients who had undergone flow-directed pulmonary-artery catheterization within one month of death. Of the 55 catheterized patients, 29 (53 per cent) had one or more right-sided endocardial lesions: 12 (22 per cent) had subendocardial hemorrhage, 11 (20 per cent) sterile thrombus, 2 (4 per cent) hemorrhage and thrombus, and 4 (7 per cent) infective endocarditis. Of 41 lesions seen in the 29 patients, 23 (56 per cent) were located on the pulmonic valve, 6 (15 per cent) on the tricuspid valve, 6 (15 per cent) in the right atrium, 4 (10 per cent) in the right ventricle, and 2 (5 per cent) in the main pulmonary artery. All four patients with infective endocarditis had had positive antemortem blood cultures while the catheter was in place, but in only one had the diagnosis of endocarditis been suspected clinically. The unusual locations of the infected vegetations (on the pulmonic valve in three and in the right atrium in one) and the similar location of the uninfected lesions suggest that the infective endocarditis was a consequence of catheter-induced endocardial damage with concurrent or subsequent bacteremia. Among the 87 non-catheterized patients, there were two subendocardial hemorrhages and one resolving right atrial thrombus. We conclude that endocardial damage from flow-directed pulmonary-artery catheterization is common and that right-sided infective endocarditis should be suspected in bacteremic catheterized patients.
New designs of ultra wide-band communication antennas using a genetic algorithm (1997)

The paper investigates new designs of loaded wire antennas with broad-band characteristics. A two-step design procedure is proposed for the design. First, different unloaded antennas configurations are examined with a view to identifying candidates that exhibit the lowest voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and highest gain characteristics. Multi-armed antennas with straight wire segments that branch off symmetrically from a central stem are found to be excellent potential candidates. Next, the antenna with the best performance is loaded with resonant tank circuits and a matching network is designed. The loads can enhance the antenna characteristics to yield high gain and low VSWR by modifying the current distribution and can force it to radiate nearer to the horizon in the elevation plane with an almost omnidirectional pattern in the azimuth plane. An efficient optimization procedure based on the genetic algorithm is employed to simultaneously determine the load components, their locations, and the parameters of the matching network. Several examples of four- and eight-arm antennas with bandwidth of 7.5:1 and 15:1 illustrate the effectiveness of the design procedure.
High-resolution computed tomography of refractive index distribution by transillumination low-coherence interferometry (2009)

We present a method to image refractive index distribution within a sample across 8 mm dimension with high spatial resolution by a transmission low-coherence interferometer. The relative strong forward-scattering light is collected, from which the parallel projections of refractive indices within the sample are obtained. A convolution backprojection algorithm is used to transform the projection data set recorded at sufficient angular views into the spatial distribution of refractive indices within the sample. We experimentally demonstrate this method by imaging a phantom. We show that this method can achieve a precision of 0.01 in determining the refractive index and a spatial resolution of 40 microm.
DAG-Map: graph-based FPGA technology mapping for delay optimization (1992)

A graph-based technology-mapping package for delay optimization in lookup-table-based field programmable gate array (FPGA) designs is presented. The algorithm, DAG-Map, carries out technology mapping and delay optimization on the entire Boolean network, instead of decomposing it into fan-out-free trees. As a preprocessing phase of DAG-Map, a general algorithm called DMIG, which transforms an arbitrary n-node network into a two-input network with only an O(1) factor increase in network depth, is introduced. A matching-based technique that minimizes area without increasing network delay, and is used in the postprocessing phase of DAG-Map is discussed. DAG-Map is compared with previous FPGA mapping algorithms on a set of logic synthesis benchmarks. The experimental results show that, on average, DAG-Map reduces both network delay and the number of look-up tables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanism of calcium oxalate renal stone formation and renal tubular cell injury (2008)

Formation of calcium oxalate stones tends to increase with age and begins from the attachment of a crystal formed in the cavity of renal tubules to the surface of renal tubular epithelial cells. Though most of the crystals formed in the cavity of renal tubules are discharged as is in the urine, in healthy people, crystals that attach to the surface of renal tubular epithelial cells are thought to be digested by macrophages and/or lysosomes inside of cells. However, in individuals with hyperoxaluria or crystal urine, renal tubular cells are injured and crystals easily become attached to them. Various factors are thought to be involved in renal tubular cell injury. Crystals attached to the surface of renal tubular cells are taken into the cells (crystal-cell interaction). And then the crystal and crystal aggregates grow, and finally a stone is formed.
DNA–Protein Nanostructures (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Overview Introduction Oligonucleotide–Enzyme Conjugates DNA Conjugates of Binding Proteins Noncovalent DNA–Streptavidin Conjugates Multifunctional Protein Assemblies DNA–Protein Conjugates in Microarray Technologies Methods Conjugation of Nucleic Acids and Proteins Immuno-PCR Supramolecular Assembly DNA-directed Immobilization Outlook
Preparation and characterization of thermosensitive poly(<i>N</i>‐isopropylacrylamide)/poly(ethylene oxide) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (2003)

Abstract Temperature‐sensitive poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels were successfully synthesized by using poly(ethylene oxide) as the interpenetrating agent. The newly prepared semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels exhibited much better properties as temperature‐sensitive polymers than they did in the past. Characterizations of the IPN hydrogels were investigated using a swelling experiment, FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Semi‐IPN hydrogels exhibited a relatively high temperature dependent swelling ratio in the range of 23–28 at room temperature. DSC was used for the determination of the lower critical solution temperature of the semi‐IPN hydrogel. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3032–3036, 2003
Etch uniformity in a CCl<inf>4</inf>plasma aluminum etch (1980)

The objective of this work was to develop and characterize a production-worthy plasma aluminum etch process. Major emphasis was placed on etch uniformity and aluminum to silicon etch ratio. Plasma aluminum etch processes typically suffer from both a radial etch rate variation ("bullseye") and a poor aluminum to silicon etch rate ratio. These defects have limited its application in the manufacture of integrated circuits. The process described herein overcomes these deficiences. This paper describes the use of an electrically floating shield surrounding the wafer to produce uniform etch rates within the wafer. The relationship between the characteristics of the floating plate and the observed etch uniformity is presented. High power (900 W) is used to initiate the etch while a lower power (100 W - 400 W) is used at completion to achieve a high aluminum to silicon etch ratio. A process producing etch rates on aluminum of 900Å/min, aluminum to silicon oxide etch ratios of >15:1 and aluminum to silicon etch ratios of >8:1 is described. The etch rate nonuniformity is less than 5%.
Crystal Structures of Glutamine:Phenylpyruvate Aminotransferase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (2004)

The following three-dimensional structures of three forms of glutamine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 have been determined and represent the first x-ray analysis of the enzyme: the unliganded pyridoxal 5'-phosphate form at 1.9 A resolution and two complexes with 3-phenylpropionate and alpha-keto-gamma-methylthiobutyrate at 2.35 and 2.6 A resolution, respectively. The enzyme shows high activity toward phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, kynurenine, methionine, and glutamine. The enzyme is a homodimer, and each subunit is divided into an N-terminal arm and small and large domains. Based on its folding, the enzyme belongs to fold type I, aminotransferase subclass Ib. The subclass I aminotransferases whose structures have so far been determined exhibit a large movement of the small domain region upon binding of a substrate. Similarly, the glutamine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase undergoes a large movement in part of the small domain to close the active site. The active-site pocket has a shape and size suitable to enclose the side chain of an aromatic amino acid or that of methionine. The inner side of the pocket is mostly hydrophobic, but also has polar sites. The kynurenine complex generated by computer modeling fits the pocket of the enzyme and its hydrophilic groups interact with the polar sites of the pocket.
Gbit/s serialiser/deserialiser subsystem for GaAs large-scale optoelectronic integration (1989)

A 10 : 1 serialiser/deserialiser subsystem with fast byte synchronisation and link control functions has been designed. The subsystem, consisting of 1030 gates, was implemented on GaAs using a refractory-gate MESFET process and is part of an optoelectronic transmitter/receiver chip set for fibre-optic computer communication links. An operating speed of 1 Gbit/s was achieved with a power dissipation of only 1.2 W.
The sigma factors of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: regulation of the regulators (2009)

One of the important determinants of virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is adaptation to adverse conditions encountered in the host cells. The ability of Mycobacterium to successfully adapt to stress conditions is brought about by the expression of specific regulons effected by a repertoire of sigma factors. The induction and availability of sigma factors in response to specific stimuli is governed by a complex regulatory network comprising a number of proteins, including sigma factors themselves. A serine-threonine protein kinase-mediated signaling pathway adds another dimension to the mycobacterial sigma factor regulatory network. This review highlights the recent advances in understanding mycobacterial sigma factors, their regulation and contribution to bacterial pathogenesis.
TEMPO/NaIO<sub>4</sub>−SiO<sub>2</sub>: A Catalytic Oxidative Rearrangement of Tertiary Allylic Alcohols to β-Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Ketones (2008)

The novel catalytic method for the oxidative rearrangement of tertiary allylic alcohols to beta-substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones is described. TEMPO/NaIO4-SiO2 causes facile and efficient oxidative rearrangement of various acyclic substrates as well as medium-sized and macrocyclic substrates.
The Effect of Including C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models for Women (2006)

A global risk prediction model that includes hsCRP improves cardiovascular risk classification in women, particularly among those with a 10-year risk of 5% to 20%. In models that include age, blood pressure, and smoking status, hsCRP improves prediction at least as much as do lipid measures.
Use of nanofiltration for potable water from an aquifer recharged with wastewater (2008)

This paper presents the comparison of nine nanofiltration membranes to treat water coming from an aquifer recharged with wastewater and used as municipal supply in the Tula Valley, Mexico. The comparison was made based on (a) the amount of water produced; (c) the capability to produce a <1 mg TOC/L effluent without entirely eliminating salts, (b) the removal of specific organic and microbiological pollutants, and (c) the reduction of toxicity and mutagenicity from water. From the tested membranes, only four produce an effluent with <1 TOC mg/L, and three totally retained dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and hydroxytoluene butylate. Influent mutagenicity (Ames test) was negative but these was a certain degree of toxicity when Tetrahymena pyriformis was used as indicator. Toxicity was partially reduced by some of the NF membranes. The best membrane had a flux of 95 L m(-2)h(-1) and removal efficiencies of 98% for TOC, 92% for AUV(254), and 92% for TDS. The permeate had a final hardness of 76 mg/L and an alkalinity of 124 mg/L. Additionally, this membrane removed totally specific organic compounds, total and fecal coliforms and almost all the somatic coliphages.
Fitness threshold accepting over extremal optimization ranks (2004)

We treat the problem of selecting the next degree of freedom for update in an extremal optimization algorithm designed to find the ground state of a system with a complex energy landscape. We show that there exists a best distribution for selecting the next degree of freedom in order to optimize any linear function of the state probabilities, e.g., the expected number of visits to the ground state. We dub the class of algorithms using this best distribution in conjunction with extremal optimization fitness threshold accepting. In addition, we construct an extended random walk and use it to show that fitness threshold accepting is optimal also for several other measures of algorithm performance, such as maximizing the expected probability of seeing the ground state and minimizing the expected value of the lowest energy seen.
A single uridine modification at the wobble position of an artificial tRNA enhances wobbling in an <i>Escherichia coli</i> cell‐free translation system (1999)

5-Methoxyuridine was introduced into the first position of the anticodon of the unmodified form of tRNA(1Ser) from Escherichia coli. The codon reading efficiencies of this tRNA (tRNA(5-methoxyuridine UGA)) relative to those of the unmodified counterpart (tRNA(UGA)) were measured in a cell-free translation system. tRNA(5-methoxyuridine UGA) was more efficient than tRNA(UGA) in the reading of the UCU and UCG codons and was less efficient in the reading of the UCA codon. Thus, the single modification of U to 5-methoxyuridine can enhance the wobble readings.
Fe<sup>3+</sup>-Chelate Reductase Activity of Plasma Membranes Isolated from Tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> Mill.) Roots (1991)

Reduction of Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) is a prerequisite for Fe uptake by tomato roots. Ferric chelate reductase activity in plasma membranes (PM) isolated from roots of both iron-sufficient (+Fe) and iron-deficient (−Fe) tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was measured as NADH-dependent ferric citrate reductase and exhibited simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the substrates, NADH and Fe(3+)(citrate(3−))(2). NADH and Fe(3+)(citrate(3−))(2) K(m) values for reductase in PM from +Fe and −Fe tomato roots were similar, whereas V(max) values were two- to threefold higher for reductase from −Fe tomatoes. The pH optimum for Fe-chelate reductase was 6.5. Fe-chelate reductases from −Fe and +Fe tomato roots were equally sensitive to several triazine dyes. Reductase was solubilized with n-octyl β-d-glucopyranoside and electrophoresed in nondenaturing isoelectric focusing gels. Three bands, with isoelectric points of 5.5 to 6.2, were resolved by enzyme activity staining of electrofocused PM proteins isolated from +Fe and −Fe tomato roots. Activity staining was particularly enhanced in the isoelectric point 5.5 and 6.2 bands solubilized from −Fe PM. We conclude that PM from roots of +Fe and −Fe plants contain Fe-chelate reductases with similar characteristics. The response to iron deficiency stress likely involves increased expression of constitutive Fe-chelate reductase isoforms in expanding epidermal root PM.
Glutathione Peroxidase Protects against Peroxynitrite-mediated Oxidations (1997)

There is a requirement for cellular defense against excessive peroxynitrite generation to protect against DNA strand breaks and mutations and against interference with protein tyrosine-based signaling and other protein functions due to formation of 3-nitrotyrosine. Here, we demonstrate a role of selenium-containing enzymes catalyzing peroxynitrite reduction using glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as an example. GPx protected against the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 by peroxynitrite more effectively than ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one), a selenoorganic compound exhibiting a high second-order rate constant for the reaction with peroxynitrite, 2 x 10(6) M-1 s-1. Carboxymethylation of selenocysteine in GPx by iodoacetate led to the loss of "classical" glutathione peroxidase activity but maintained protection against peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation. The maintenance of protection by GPx against peroxynitrite requires GSH as reductant. When peroxynitrite was infused to maintain a 0.2 microM steady-state concentration, GPx in the presence of GSH, but neither GPx nor GSH alone, effectively inhibited the hydroxylation of benzoate by peroxynitrite. Under these steady-state conditions peroxynitrite did not cause the loss of classical GPx activity. GPx, like selenomethionine, protected against protein 3-nitrotyrosine formation in human fibroblast lysates, shown in Western blots. The formation of nitrite rather than nitrate from peroxynitrite was enhanced by GPx or by selenomethionine. The results demonstrate a novel function of GPx and potentially of other selenoproteins containing selenocysteine or selenomethionine, in the GSH-dependent maintenance of a defense line against peroxynitrite-mediated oxidations, as a peroxynitrite reductase.
Analytical Methods for the Determination of Sartans in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids: A Review (2018)

Background: Sartans are mostly used as a part of combination with additional medicines in the therapy of essencial hypertension. Preferred combinations are ARB and thiazide diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and Chlorthalidone (CHL)) or ARB and calcium antagonists. The number of sartans mostly prescribed by specialists is only seven - Candesartan (CDS), Eprosartan (EPS), Irbesartan (IBS), Losartan (LOS), Olmesartan (OMS), Telmisartan (TMS) and Valsartan (VLS). Methods: The widespread use of sartans in the treatment of hypertension requires reliable methods of analysis. Bulk drugs and pharmaceutical preparations should be analyzed to ensure the quality of the medicinal products reaching patients. On the other hand, the analysis of drugs in biological fluids aims to trace and improve patient care by adjusting the therapeutic doses of drugs. According to our knowledge, a review devoted to the analysis of sartans was published in 2014. Results: Spectral methods are widely used in the analysis of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage forms due to their relatively simple procedures, low reagent and sample consumption, speed, precision and accuracy combined with accessibility and comparatively low cost of common apparatus. Many papers for determination of sartans in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical preparations based on liquid chromatographic techniques were published in the available literature. Among these methods, HPLC takes the leading place but UPLC and HPTLC are also present. Conclusion: The widespread use of sartans in the treatment of hypertension requires reliable methods of analysis. Bulk drugs and pharmaceutical preparations should be analyzed to ensure the quality of the medicinal products reaching patients. On the other hand, the analysis of drugs in biological fluids aims to trace and improve patient care by adjusting the therapeutic doses of drugs. Since 2014, many articles have been published on the sartans analysis and this provoked our interest to summarize the latest applications in the analysis of sartans in pharmaceutical formulations and biological media. Articles published from 2014 to 2018 are covered.
Development of Purified and Zeolite-coated Filter Aids. (1996)

A developmental work was conducted in view of full utilization of the diatomaceous-earth resources including low-grade diatomite containing some content of iron as an impurity. We first purified parent diatomite by eliminating the inherent iron with help of some organic acids. Oxalic acid was evaluated to be best under the experimental conditions selected. Furthermore, we tried forming a sort of zeolites on the acid-modified surface of diatomite. NaA zeolite was successfully produced at 65°C for more than several hours in suspension with sodium aluminate, sodium hydroxide, and water. The purified and zeolite-coated filter-aids are possible candidates for advanced utilization as earth-friendly ecomaterials.
Multi-layer operations functional analysis for broadband ATM networks and services (2002)

This paper identifies a representative subset of operations functions for broadband ATM networks and services and describes the functions in terms of a multilayer model. Potential physical operations architecture alternatives based on this multi-layer model are presented. The focus of this paper is on configuration management functions for early availability broadband ATM networks and services consisting of broadband switching systems (BSSs) that perform ATM cell switching in support of permanent virtual connection (PVC) based services.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Generating a 3D Simulation of a Car Accident from a Written Description in Natural Language: the CarSim System (2001)

This paper describes a prototype system to visualize and animate 3D scenes from car accident reports, written in French. The problem of generating such a 3D simulation can be divided into two subtasks: the linguistic analysis and the virtual scene generation. As a means of communication between these two modules, we first designed a template formalism to represent a written accident report. The CarSim system first processes written reports, gathers relevant information, and converts it into a formal description. Then, it creates the corresponding 3D scene and animates the vehicles.
Basics of plasma spectroscopy (2006)

These lecture notes are intended to give an introductory course on plasma spectroscopy. Focusing on emission spectroscopy, the underlying principles of atomic and molecular spectroscopy in low temperature plasmas are explained. This includes choice of the proper equipment and the calibration procedure. Based on population models, the evaluation of spectra and their information content is described. Several common diagnostic methods are presented, ready for direct application by the reader, to obtain a multitude of plasma parameters by plasma spectroscopy.