gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Optimization, and Performance Demonstration of Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber–Carbon Nanotube Composite Sorbents for Point-of-Use Water Treatment (2016)

We developed an electrospun carbon nanofiber-carbon nanotube (CNF-CNT) composite with optimal sorption capacity and material strength for point-of-use (POU) water treatment. Synthesis variables including integration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and macroporosity (via sublimation of phthalic acid), relative humidity (20 and 40%), and stabilization temperature (250 and 280 °C) were used to control nanofiber diameter and surface area (from electron microscopy and BET isotherms, respectively), surface composition (from XPS), and strength (from AFM nanoindentation and tensile strength tests). Composites were then evaluated using kinetic, isotherm, and pH-edge sorption experiments with sulfamethoxazole (log Kow = 0.89) and atrazine (log Kow = 2.61), representative micropollutants chosen for their different polarities. Although CNFs alone were poor sorbents, integration of CNTs and macroporosity achieved uptake comparable to granular activated carbon. Through reactivity comparisons with CNT dispersions, we propose that increasing macroporosity exposes the embedded CNTs, thereby enabling their role as the primary sorbent in nanofiber composites. Because the highest capacity sorbents lacked sufficient strength, our optimal formulation (polyacrylonitrile 8 wt %, CNT 2 wt %, phthalic acid 2.4 wt %; 40% relative humidity; 280 °C stabilization) represents a compromise between strength and performance. This optimized sorbent was tested with a mixture of ten organic micropollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations in a gravity-fed, flow-through filtration system, where removal trends suggest that both hydrophobic and specific binding interactions contribute to micropollutant uptake. Collectively, this work highlights the promise of CNF-CNT filters (e.g., mechanical strength, ability to harness CNT sorption capacity), while also prioritizing areas for future research and development (e.g., improved removal of highly polar micropollutants, sensitivity to interfering cosolutes).
Unique α,β‐ and α,α,β,β‐Peptide Foldamers Based on <i>cis</i>‐β‐Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic Acid (2012)

Waterproof: cis-β-Aminocylopentanecarboxylic acid is a highly suitable building block for the synthesis of α,β- and α,α,β,β-peptides that have unique helical structures with high stability in methanol and aqueous media. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Selective Digital Integrator: A New Device for Modulated Polarization Spectroscopy. (1998)

A new device, a selective digital integrator (SDI), for the acquisition of modulated polarization spectroscopy (MPS) signals is described. Special attention is given to the accurate measurement of very small (AC component of interest $<$10$\sp{-3}$ x DC component), rapidly modulated ($\sim$50 kHz) signals at or below noise levels. Various data acquisition methods and problems associated with the collection of modulated signals are discussed. The SDI solves most of these problems and has the following advantages: it provides the average-time resolved profile of a modulated signal; it eliminates errors if the modulation is not sinusoidal; it enables separate measurements of the various phases of the signal modulation cycle; it permits simultaneous measurement of absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectra; it facilitates 3-D absorbance measurements; it has a wide gain-switching-free dynamic range (10 orders of magnitude or more); it offers a constant S/N ratio mode of operation; it eliminates the need for photomultiplier voltage feedback, and it has faster scanning speeds. The time-resolution, selectivity, wide dynamic range, and low-overhead on-the-fly data processing are useful for other modulated spectroscopy (MS) and non-MS experiments such as pulse height distribution and time-resolved pulse counting measurements. The advantages of the MPS-SDI method are tested on the first Rydberg electronic transitions of (+)-3-methylcyclopentanone. The experimental results validate the predicted SDI capabilities. However, they also point to two difficulties that had not been noted previously: the presence of LD in a gaseous sample and a pressure-dependence of the relative peak heights of the CD spectrum. Models for these anomalies are proposed. The presence of the oscillatory LD (but not an LD background) is explained with a sample cell model based on the observed polarization-dependent time-resolved profiles of transmitted light intensity. To obtain expressions for these intensities, a theoretical background, which provides a new approach to the treatment of light/matter interaction, is included as an Appendix. To explain the second anomaly, present only at high optical densities, a model based on the presence of scattered light is introduced and verified. The mode of correction for the scattering problem is outlined.
Chiral-Auxiliary-Mediated Asymmetric Synthesis of Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes (2013)

An octahedral metal complex with 6 different monodentate ligands can form 15 diastereomers as pairs of enantiomers. As a result, the elaborate stereochemistry of octahedral coordination geometries provides tremendous opportunities in the fields of catalysis, the materials sciences, and the life sciences. The demand for enantiomerically pure coordination complexes for tasks related to the selective molecular recognition of biomacromolecules led us to develop synthetic methods to control the absolute stereochemistry at octahedral metal centers. A few years ago our laboratory therefore embarked on a project exploring new and general synthetic strategies for the asymmetric synthesis of inert octahedral transition metal complexes. We initially used the example of thermally inert ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and developed a family of chiral bidentate ligands, including salicyloxazolines, (mercaptophenyl)oxazolines, sulfinylphenols, N-acetylsulfinamides, a phosphinohydroxybinaphthyl, and even the amino acid proline to serve as chiral auxiliaries for asymmetric coordination chemistry. All these chiral auxiliaries strongly coordinate to ruthenium(II) in a bidentate, deprotonated fashion, allowing them to control the absolute metal-centered configuration in the course of subsequent ligand exchange reactions. Finally, we can remove them from the metal without any loss of chiral information and without leaving a chemical trace. A key feature of these chiral auxiliary ligands is their switchable binding strength. A chelate effect ensures that the chiral ligands coordinate very tightly to the metal center, placing their carbon-based, sulfur-based, or axial chirality in a well-defined position close to the metal center to efficiently establish the absolute metal-centered configuration. At the same time a coordinating phenolate, carboximidate, carboxylate, or thiophenolate moiety makes the coordination reversible by weakening the binding strength through protonation or methylation. Following this strategy, we synthesized a large number of homoleptic, bis-heteroleptic, and tris-heteroleptic ruthenium polypyridyl complexes in an asymmetric fashion with enantiomeric ratios that routinely reached or exceeded 96:4. Our approach should serve as a blueprint for the asymmetric synthesis of different classes of ruthenium complexes and chiral coordination complexes of other metals.
BETAINE AS AN EFFECTIVE ACID CAPTOR: A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYLIC ESTERS (1976)

Abstract The equimolar reactions of carboxylic acids and alcohols with 1-methyl-2-fluoro or -2-chloropyridinium salt in the presence of a betaine, (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-one(I)), afforded the corresponding carboxylic esters in good yields.
Highly branched ultrathin Pt–Ru nanodendrites (2019)

Highly branched ultrathin Pt-Ru nanodendrites (NDs) with an average thickness of ∼1.8 nm and controlled elemental ratios were prepared through nanoconfined and epitaxial growth inside lamellar micelles of designed surfactants. The elemental compositions could be easily extended to other metals (Pt-M, M = Rh, Co, Fe, Ag, etc.). Owing to their synergistically structural and compositional advantages, Pt-Ru NDs with a specific atomic ratio (specifically Pt<sub>90</sub>Ru<sub>10</sub>) showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability toward the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) under alkaline conditions.
Editorial: what is new in the treatment of gliomas? (2007)

Chemotherapy with temozolomide concomitant with radiotherapy remains a standard of care for glioblastoma, but current efforts are concentrated on confirming phase II results of protracted temozolomide schedules. The role of chemotherapy for grade III and II gliomas lacks phase III evidence but several trials are ongoing. Such trials are stratified by (or designed separately according to) chromosomes 1p/19q codeletion status, and such genetic analysis will thus be essential for therapeutic decisions in the future. The single positive results with targeted therapy remain to date the high response rates with bevacizumab and irinotecan in a phase II trial for recurrent malignant gliomas. Several questions regarding survival benefits and toxicity remain, however. Results of randomized trials of bevacizumab-based combinations are eagerly awaited, and if positive, they will point to antiangiogenesis strategies as the most promising current investigation venue in gliomas.
Direct coupling of microcolumn liquid chromatography with in-tube solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of antidepressant drugs (2000)

The direct coupling of in-tube solid-phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) with microcolumn liquid chromatography (micro-LC) has been investigated for the analysis of antidepressants in human urine. The use of in-tube SPME has been clearly shown to be advantageous for the on-line coupling of the SPME method, as the sample pretreatment technique, with micro-LC as the separation technique. This is because much smaller amounts of the sample solutions, desorption solvents and the mobile phase are required compared with conventional SPME-LC systems. The parameters for preconcentration have been investigated for the extraction capillary with the newly developed 'wire-in-tube' configuration.
Methods for Determining the Refractory Period and Excitable Gap During Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Goat (2001)

During persistent AF with an AFCL of 98+/-14 ms, the RP(AF) determined by mapping of synchronized premature stimuli (gold standard) was 70+/-12 ms, with an excitable period of 28+/-8 ms. Although the indirect methods to measure RP(AF) all correlated well with the gold standard, slow fixed-rate pacing seems to be the most attractive technique because of the ease of acquiring the data and the clear graphic result.
Molecular Docking Analysis of Steroid-based Copper Transporter 1 Inhibitors. (2015)

Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) represents an important determinant of cisplatin resistance. A series of 35 semi-substituted steroids were recently investigated on cisplatin-resistant CTR1-expressing A2780cis ovarian carcinoma cells as well as their parental sensitive counterparts regarding their cytotoxic and resistance-reversing features. In the present investigation, three compounds ( 4: , 5: , 25: ) were selected for molecular docking analysis on the homology-modelled human CTR1 transmembrane domain. Steroids 4: , 5: and 25: interacted with CTR1 at a similar docking pose and with even higher binding affinities than the known CTR1 inhibitor, cimetidine. Applying the defined docking mode, the binding energies were found to be -7.15±<0.001 kcal/mol (compound 4: ), -8.71±0.06 kcal/mol (compound 5: ), -7.63±0.01 kcal/mol (compound 25: ), and -5.05±0.02 kcal/mol (for cimetidine). These steroids have the potential for further development as CTR1 inhibitors overcoming cisplatin resistance.
Prospective Safety Study of Bardoxolone Methyl in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, End-Stage Renal Disease and Peritoneal Dialysis (2012)

Patients on peritoneal dialysis experience inflammation associated with advanced chronic kidney disease and the therapy itself. An important consequence of the inflammation may be acceleration of the rate of decline in residual renal function. The decline in residual renal function has been associated with an increased mortality for patients in this population. Bardoxolone methyl is a synthetic triterpenoid. To date, the effects of bardoxolone methyl on kidney function in humans have been studied in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A large-scale event-driven study of bardoxolone methyl in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with stage 4 chronic kidney disease is underway. The safety of bardoxolone methyl has not been evaluated in patients with more advanced (stage 5) chronic kidney disease or patients on dialysis. This report describes a proposed double blind, prospective evaluation of bardoxolone methyl in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving peritoneal dialysis. In addition to assessing the safety of bardoxolone methyl in this population, the study will evaluate the effect of bardoxolone methyl on residual renal function over 6 months as compared to placebo.
Our school shall see them nevermore (2012)

In what ways did the wounding or death of a teacher-soldier or a teacher's family member during the Great War affect teachers, senior officers, their families and schools?
An Adsorption Method for the Determination of the Area of a Solid without the Assumption of a Molecular Area, and the Area Occupied by Nitrogen Molecules on the Surfaces of Solids (1943)

First Page
Plant synthetic biology could drive a revolution in biofuels and medicine (2018)

The plant synthetic biology field has exploded in the last five years, in part driven by techniques such as CRISPR and cheap DNA synthesis. This review summarizes the current state of research in plant synthetic biology, and how it is being applied to two topics: renewable fuels and chemicals, and medicine.
Mobility modeling and analytical solution for spatial traffic distribution in wireless multimedia networks (2003)

In this paper, we propose a general mobility model suitable for wireless multimedia networks. Our model is based on splitting a region into subregions. Furthermore, we make an analogy between subregions as well as their inter-connections with a multi-class Jackson queueing network comprising of infinite-server nodes. The main attribute of such a network is due to its product-form stationary distribution. Using this model, we are able to obtain a closed analytical form for the spatial traffic distribution corresponding to a specific number of network-connected users with different classes of service and mobility in a typical region. Also, we show the flexibility obtained by the proposed mobility model in representing some general distributions such as sum-of-hyper-exponentials (SOHYP), hyper-Erlang and Cox which were previously suggested to model mobility-related statistical parameters, e.g., cell dwell time and channel holding time. Finally, we apply the proposed model to a few mobility scenarios and obtain the resultant active user's location density.
An achievable rate region for discrete memoryless broadcast channels with confidential messages (2008)

In this paper, we consider non-degraded discrete memoryless broadcast channels where two private messages as well as a common message are transmitted at rate R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> respectively. The common message is for both receivers to decode; the private message is only for its intended receiver of which the other receiver shall be kept as ignorant as possible. Measuring ignorance by equivocation, we propose an achievable rate region (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e1</sub> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e2</sub> ) for this channel where R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e1</sub> and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e2</sub> are the equivocation rates for the two receivers respectively. This result generalizes Csiszar and Kornerpsilas capacity region for broadcast channels with single private message, Liu et alpsilas result for broadcast channels with perfect secrecy, Gelpsilafand and Pinskerpsilas achievable rate region for broadcast channels with common message, and Martonpsilas achievable rate region for general broadcast channels.
Waveform recognition with application to bar codes (2002)

The authors propose that the location and area under a peak can be the features of choice for a waveform recognition system. If the waveform is a result of the convolution of a Gaussian shape point spread function with a bi-level image, the image can be reconstructed by considering the areas under the waveform peaks. This is demonstrated by using a bar code as the bi-level image and the convolution is performed by scanning the bar code with a commercial bar code laser beam scanner. This waveform recognition system shows improved performance over current bar code readers that use hardware edge detectors to reconstruct the bi-level image.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electric drives: concepts and applications (1996)

Characteristics of electric motors dynamics of electric drives converters for feeding electric motors control of electric motors rating and heating of motors control of techniques for electric drives drives for specific applications microprocessors and control of electric drives.
Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acid Absorption in Preterm Infants Fed LCP-Free or LCP-Supplemented Formula in Comparison to Infants Fed Fortified Breast Milk (1997)

The absorption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) with particular respect to docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied in 39 very-low-birth-weight infants appropriate for gestational age after a 10-day feeding period. The infants were fed either a LCP-supplemented formula (n = 11), or a LCP-free formula (n = 11) or breast milk fortified with protein and carbohydrates to have similar protein and energy intakes as in the formula-fed infants (n = 17). Total fat content and fatty acid profile were measured in the human milk, the two formulas, and in the stool samples. After a 10-day feeding period, the fecal excretions of total fat, DHA and AA were measured during a 3-day balance period. The total fat apparent absorption rates were similar in all groups (84.1, 82.1 and 80.6% of intake, respectively). The DHA and AA intakes were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the group fed the fortified breast milk than in the group fed the LCP-supplemented formula (DHA: 75.5 +/- 12.4 vs. 50.2 +/- 4.2 mg/72 h; AA: 45.5 +/- 5.8 vs. 30.2 +/- 2.7 mg/72 h). There was a tendency for lower apparent absorption rates for both LCPs studied in the group fed fortified breast milk when compared to the group fed LCP-supplemented formula (AA: 70.6 +/- 10.9 vs. 73.0 +/- 8.7% of intake, DHA: 69.0 +/- 10.6 vs. 74.2 +/- 9.5% of intakes, but the differences were not significant. As consequence of the different intakes, the net absorption of the two studied LCP fatty acids were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the breast milk group than in the group fed the LCP-supplemented formula (DHA: 52.6 +/- 6.1 vs. 36.8 +/- 4.5 mg/72 h; AA: 31.4 +/- 3.1 vs. 22.4 +/- 2.3 mg/72 h). The data demonstrate that DHA and AA are absorbed from the studied LCP-supplemented formula at least as effectively as from human milk. The net absorption of these LCP depend on the amount of dietary intake, and seems to be influenced by the dietary LCP source.
Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by stimulation of upper-limb and lower-limb nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (2011)

This study observed the changes in somatosensory evoked potentials between patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy controls to evaluate the function of the central deep somatosensory pathway. In patients with ALS, 28 patients (54%) showed an abnormality in somatosensory evoked potentials. All had abnormal lower limb somatosensory evoked potentials. Compared with healthy controls, the abnormality in somatosensory evoked potential was characterized by prolonged N20, P2, N2 latency and central conduction time, with or without a decrease in wave amplitude or disappearance of waveform. Results showed marked alterations in the somatosensory evoked potential in cortical components of the upper and lower limb in 54% of patients with ALS, and confirmed that patients with ALS may also have a defective deep somatosensory pathway, particularly an abnormal central deep somatosensory pathway.
Stress on several questions in clinical teaching of traditional Chinese internal medicine (2010)

To the higher college students of traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese internal medicine was the core course before they get into clinical clerkship. But how to do best in the process of clinical teaching was a important subject confronted by clinical teachers. This paper discussed several questions what should be stress on in the clinical teaching of traditional Chinese internal medicine. It illustrated some methods and conceptions from strengthening quality of clinical teaching, cultivating students' ability of clinical practice and establishing interactive atmosphere of clinical teaching and learning.

Key words: 
Traditional Chinese internal medicine;  Clinical teaching;  Problem
Dielectrically encapsulated trench capacitor cell (1986)

A DRAM cell with an improved trench structure, capacitor has been developed for 16M DRAMs. The capacitor is formed within a trench with polysilicon to polysilicon structure. Covering the storage electrode with the cell-plate makes this cell free from punch-through between adjacent cells. The whole capacitor is coverd with a dielectric layer and there is no interference between cells. An experimental cell was fabricated, using 4M DRAM technology. Measured data indicates that this cell is suitable for the forthcoming 16M DRAMs.