gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An on-demand routing protocol with backtracking for mobile ad hoc networks (2004)

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is characterized by multihop wireless links in the absence of cellular infrastructure and frequent host mobility. In this paper, a new on-demand routing protocol is proposed, named on-demand routing protocol with backtracking (ORB), for multihop mobile ad hoc networks. Suppose a source host wants to deliver a message to a destination in a MANET. First, the source host issues a request to search the destination. When a node receives the request packet, it gets a hop count value which can point the way to the source. This node broadcasts the request packet to its neighbors. When a destination receives this request, it issues a reply back to the source. We proposed a scoped flooding approach which is applied to reply information to the source. This approach will find out multipath from a source to a destination Every node in the MANET maintains some information for this source-destination pair in its own route table. Each node in the forwarding route uses this information to select a group of nodes, named checkpoint nodes, which may have multipath maintained to that destination. The checkpoint node characteristic is such that a route can be recovered instantly without the need for extra control packets. When a delivering node is aware that the forwarding route is broken, it transmits an error packet back to the source along the return path. When a checkpoint receives the error packet that is backtracked to the source, it has backup paths to recover the broken route. This new route can be used immediately The main advantage of our ORB is to reduce the flooding search time and cost when a route has been broken. We show that the proposed scheme outperforms the on-demand routing protocol existing in mobile ad hoc networks.
Impact of PGPR inoculation on growth and antioxidant status of wheat under saline conditions (2011)

Two plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) strains, Bacillus subtilis SU47 and Arthrobacter sp. SU18, were found to tolerate 8% NaCl. Wheat co-inoculated with these two PGPR strains, and grown under different salinity regimes (2-6 dS m(-1) ), showed an increase in dry biomass, total soluble sugars and proline content. Wheat sodium content was reduced under co-inoculated conditions but not after single inoculation with either strain or in the control. The activity of antioxidant enzymes in wheat leaves decreased under salinity stress after PGPR co-inoculation, suggesting these PGPR species could be used for amelioration of stress in wheat plants. Activity of three antioxidant enzymes in wheat grown with both PGPR strains was reduced, most notably that of catalase activity at a salinity of 6 dS m(-1) , when compared with the control. The results indicate that co-inoculation with B. subtilis and Arthrobacter sp. could alleviate the adverse effects of soil salinity on wheat growth.
Compression Properties of Interlayer and Intralayer Carbon/Glass Hybrid Composites (2018)

The compression properties and mechanisms of interlayer and intralayer Carbon/Glass (C/G) hybrid composites were investigated in this work. As revealed from the experimental results, the compression modulus increases linearly with the increase of carbon fiber content, following the rule of mixtures (ROM). The C/G hybrid ratio is regarded as the decisive factor for the compression modulus of hybrid composites. The positive mixing effect exists on compression strength for interlayer and intralayer hybrid composites, whereas the experimental values are above the theoretical calculation values. The compressive strength of interlayer hybrid composites taking on various hybrid structures differs largely at the same mixed ratio, at which the compressive strength of glass fiber sandwiching carbon fiber is higher than that of carbon fiber sandwiching glass fiber. Through comparing interlayer and intralayer hybrid composites, the impact exerted by layer structures on the compressive strength of interlayer hybrid composites is higher than that of intralayer hybrid composites, which leads to more designable characteristics for interlayer hybrid composites. This work makes it possible to optimize the compression strength of interlayer hybrid structures so that it achieves or basically exceeds pure carbon fiber composites.
Superhigh Electromechanical Coupling and Zero-Temperature Characteristics of KNbO<sub> 3</sub> and Wide Band Filter Applications (1998)

In this paper, a superhigh electromechanical coupling surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagating on a potassium niobate (KNbO 3 ) substrate is described and its applications for low-loss, wide band and temperature stable SAW filters are investigated. KNbO 3 has large piezoelectric constants. We obtained the electromechanical coupling coefficient ( K 2 ) of 0.53 for SAW in a Y-cut X-propagating substrate, theoretically and experimentally. It is observed to be about 10 times as large as that in LiNbO 3 . Moreover, we obtained the zero temperature characteristics around room temperature, in a rotated Y cut substrate. The experimental results of the wide band SAW filters show low loss and stable temperature characteristics. The bandwidth is about 20% and the insertion losses are less than 2–6 dB. The simulation results of a ladder-type filter using the Y-cut KNbO 3 show a bandwidth of 40%.
A multi level space phasor based PWM strategy for an open-end winding induction motor drive using two inverters with different DC link voltages (2005)

An open-end winding induction motor drive fed from two inverters with different DC link voltages is proposed in this paper. A total of 64 voltage space phasor combinations are possible in this scheme as each inverter produces 8 voltage space phasors. The proposed scheme produces voltage space phasor locations more than that of a 3-level inverter. A total of 37 space phasor locations are possible from the proposed scheme as compared to 18 voltage space phasor locations in a 3-level inverter. In the proposed scheme, the induction motor neutral connection is separated (open-end winding) and fed from both the ends. Two 2-level inverters with DC link voltages of 2/3 VDC and 1/3 VDC are used for driving the motor. Here VDC is the conventional 2-level inverter DC link voltage for identical power. A combination of two 2-level inverters with 2/3 VDC and 1/3 VDC DC-link voltages will produce a total of 64 voltage space phasor combinations in 37 space phasor locations. For the present scheme a space phasor based PWM scheme will produce stepped voltage waveforms for the motor phases in different speed ranges. The whole voltage space phasor locations can be divided into three regions according to the speed range. In the lower speed range the PWM phase voltage will have a six-step envelope (similar to the conventional scheme) and In the middle range the PWM motor phase voltage will have an 12-step envelope and the outer speed range (including the over modulation) the PWM motor phase voltage will have an 18-step envelope. A simple and elegant space phasor based PWM scheme is proposed in all sectors based on three phase motor reference voltages only. The sector identification is achieved by comparing the components of the motor reference voltages, using simple hysteresis comparators, along the three orthogonal axes to the a,b,c phase axes. The whole scheme is studied for a 1 hp open-end winding motor and the results of the study including the over modulation ranges are presented in this paper.
α-1-Antitrypsin Gene Delivery Reduces Inflammation, Increases T-Regulatory Cell Population Size and Prevents Islet Allograft Rejection (2011)

Antiinflammatory clinical-grade, plasma-derived human α-1 antitrypsin (hAAT) protects islets from allorejection as well as from autoimmune destruction. hAAT also interferes with disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse models. hAAT increases IL-1 receptor antagonist expression in human mononuclear cells and T-regulatory (Treg) cell population size in animal models. Clinical-grade hAAT contains plasma impurities, multiple hAAT isoforms and various states of inactive hAAT. We thus wished to establish islet-protective activities and effect on Treg cells of plasmid-derived circulating hAAT in whole animals. Islet function was assessed in mice that received allogeneic islet transplants after mice were given hydrodynamic tail-vein injection with pEF-hAAT, a previously described Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plasmid construct containing the EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and the family of repeat EBNA1 binding site components (designated "EF") alongside the hAAT gene. Sera collected from hAAT-expressing mice were added to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages to assess macrophage responsiveness. Also, maturation of peritoneal cells from hAAT-expressing mice was evaluated. hAAT-expressing mice accepted islet allografts (n = 11), whereas phosphate-buffered saline-injected animals (n = 11), as well as mice treated with truncated-hAAT-plasmid (n = 6) and untreated animals (n = 20) rapidly rejected islet allografts. In hAAT-expressing animals, local Treg cells were abundant at graft sites, and the IL-1 receptor antagonist was elevated in grafts and circulation. Sera from hAAT-expressing mice, but not control mice, inhibited macrophage responses. Finally, peritoneal cells from hAAT-expressing mice exhibited a semimature phenotype. We conclude that plasmid-derived circulating hAAT protects islet allografts from acute rejection, and human plasma impurities are unrelated to islet protection. Future studies may use this in vivo approach to examine the structure-function characteristics of the protective activities of AAT by manipulation of the hAAT plasmid.
Harmonics elimination in a multilevel inverter using the particle swarm optimisation technique (2009)

A method is presented to compute the switching angles for selected harmonic elimination (SHE) in a multilevel inverter using the particle swarm optimisation technique. For a desired fundamental voltage, the switching angles are computed by the developed algorithm while eliminating the lower-order harmonics. Also, the selected higher-order harmonics are eliminated by additional switching to contribute minimum total harmonic distortion (THD) for the output voltage. The switching angles computed for optimum THD at varying modulation index are stored as a look-up table in digital signal processor (DSP) memory for online application, thus reducing the online computational burden of solving the non-linear equations of SHE problem. Direct solution of non-linear transcendental equations of SHE problem can lead to discontinuity at certain modulation indices. Here the switching angles are computed offline considering optimum voltage THD whereas selected harmonics are eliminated at all possible modulation indices including the point of discontinuity. The computed angles are used in an experimental setup to validate the simulated results.
Quantitative signal detection using spontaneous ADR reporting (2009)

Quantitative methods are increasingly used to analyse spontaneous reports. We describe the core concepts behind the most common methods, the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), information component (IC) and empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM). We discuss the role of Bayesian shrinkage in screening spontaneous reports, the importance of changes over time in screening the properties of the measures. Additionally we discuss three major areas of controversy and ongoing research: stratification, method evaluation and implementation. Finally we give some suggestions as to where emerging research is likely to lead.
Proteinfaltung und Proteinassoziation (1984)

Abstract Die Biosynthese von Proteinen führt zu linearen Kettenmolekülen mit streng definierter Reihenfolge der Aminosäurebausteine. Diese ist aufgrund des genetischen Codes auf der Ebene der Nucleinsäure durch die Nucleotidsequenz des zugehörigen Gens festgelegt. Denaturierungs‐Renaturierungs‐Experimente legen die These nahe, die in der Polypeptidkette vorgegebene eindimensionale Information determiniere die dreidimensionale Struktur vollständig. Demnach sollte ein „Faltungscode”︁ existieren, der das spontane Zustandekommen der thermodynamisch stabilen „nativen”︁ Struktur bestimmt. Der Prozeß der Faltung (in vivo wie in vitro) ist trotz der astronomisch großen Zahl möglicher Konformationen ein schneller Vorgang. Der Faltungsmechanismus muß daher kinetisch kontrolliert sein. Die Frage, ob die native Struktur letztlich ein „lokales”︁ oder das „globale”︁ Minimum der Energiehyperfläche besetzt, bleibt offen. Oberhalb einer kritischen Molekülgröße liegen Proteine als Molekülassoziate vor. Die Einheitlichkeit der „Quartärstruktur”︁ setzt eine enge Korrelation von Faltung und Assoziation sowie Spezifität voraus; beides wird durch Rekonstitutionsexperimente in vitro bestätigt.
Optimal analog trim techniques for improving the linearity of pipeline ADCs (2002)

This paper investigates the issue of capacitor trimming to improve the linearity of pipeline ADCs that use switched capacitor sub-DACs. Capacitor mismatches create linearity errors, which deteriorate THD, SINAD and SFDR performance of the ADC in communication applications. Measurement of capacitor mismatches and generation of trim capacitor values are discussed. The derivations are for 2-bit-per-stage pipeline ADC architectures and they can easily be extended for any pipelined ADC. Finally, the effectiveness of the overall capacitor trimming process in terms of cost and performance is analyzed for a 12 bit 40 MSPS ADC.
A Polyglutamic Acid Motif Confers IL-27 Hydroxyapatite and Bone-Binding Properties (2013)

The p28 subunit of the composite cytokine IL-27 comprises a polyglutamic acid domain, which is unique among type I cytokines. This domain is very similar to the acidic domain known to confer hydroxyapatite (HA)-binding properties and bone tropism to bone sialoprotein. We observed IL-27 binding to HA, in accordance with previous studies reporting successful p28 HA chromatography. The IL-27 polyglutamic acid domain is located in a flexible inter-α helix loop, and HA-bound IL-27 retained biological activity. Using IL-27 alanine mutants, we observed that the p28 polyglutamic acid domain confers HA- and bone-binding properties to IL-27 in vitro and bone tropism in vivo. Because IL-27 is a potent regulator of cells residing in endosteal bone marrow niches such as osteoclasts, T regulatory, memory T, plasma, and stem cells, this specific property could be beneficial for therapeutic applications. IL-27 has potent antitumoral and antiosteoclastogenic activities. It could therefore also be useful for therapies targeting hematologic cancer or solid tumors metastasis with bone tropism. Furthermore, these observations suggest that polyglutamic motifs could be grafted onto other type I cytokine inter-α helix loops to modify their pharmacological properties.
Purification of Collagenase and Specificity of Its Related Enzyme from<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>FS-2 (2000)

A collagenase in the culture supernatant of B. subtilis FS-2, isolated from traditional fish sauce, was purified. The enzyme had a molecular mass of about 125 kDa. It degraded gelatin with maximum activity at pH 9 and a temperature of 50 degrees C. The purified enzyme was stable over a wide range of pH (5-10) and lost only 15% and 35% activity after incubation at 60 degrees C and 65 degrees C for 30 min, respectively. Slightly inhibited by EDTA, soybean tripsin inhibitor, iodoacetamide, and iodoacetic acid, the enzyme was severely inhibited by 2-beta-mercaptoethanol and DFP. The protease from B. subtilis FS-2 culture digested acid casein into fragments with hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids as C-terminals, in particular Asn, Gly, Val, and Ile.
CyborGlogger: A Computational Framework for Real-time CyborGlogging (2010)

CyborGlogs are lifelong log files of personal experiences that are captured without conscious thought or effort. By creating cyborglogs on a continuous basis, we can enable various novel applications where the lifelong records are used as memory aids or for personal safety. This thesis presents the development of a mobile application that provides the tools to instantly capture, archive, recall, and share our personal experiences on widely available cameraphones. To achieve this goal, a client-server computational framework is designed and implemented to support real-time interaction among the users. Three fully functional prototypes supporting three major mobile platforms (J2ME, Symbian, and iPhone) are presented to show the feasibility and flexibility of this framework. Finally, this thesis shows an early prototype which demonstrates the idea of mediated reality on cameraphones using various integrated sensors. This prototype explores the possibilities of developing truly intelligent wearable applications on mobile devices in the future.
Unexpected Ti<sup>III</sup>/Mn-Promoted Pinacol Coupling of Ketones (2009)

Titanocene(III) chemistry has emerged in the last decades as an indispensable tool in C-C bond-forming reactions. In this context, pinacol and related reactions allow the stereoselective synthesis of vicinal diols. In this work, we present new applications of these reactions using as starting materials aromatic ketones. Simple and smooth reaction conditions have been developed and have been applied for inter- and intramolecular processes. We also describe that although Cp(2)TiCl is usually used as a monoelectronic reducing agent, it can be also used as an efficient Lewis acid.
Role of A2A Receptor in the Modulation of Myocardial Reperfusion Damage (1999)

Adenosine protects myocardium from ischemia and reperfusion damage; however, the mechanism of action is still under discussion. We investigated whether (a) adenosine protects isolated crystalloid-perfused rabbit heart from ischemia/ reperfusion injury; (b) this action is receptor mediated and what receptor subtypes are involved, and (c) this action is dependent on an enhanced nitric oxide production. Our results showed a cardioprotective effect of adenosine (10(-4) M), of nonselective adenosine-receptor agonist 5'-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (NECA; 5 x 10(-6) M), and of A2A agonists CGS 21680 (10(-8) and 10(-6) M), 2-hexynylNECA (10(-7) M). On the contrary, A1 agonist CCPA (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) does not provide any protection. The effect has been achieved in terms of significant reduction in contracture development during reperfusion [diastolic pressure was 46.8 +/- 7.1 mm Hg (p < 0.01); 46.1 +/- 7.8 mm Hg (p < 0.01); 46.9 +/- 5.5 mm Hg (p < 0.01); and 59.3 +/- 6.7 mm Hg (p < 0.05) with 10(-4) M adenosine, 5 x 10(-6) M NECA, 10(-6) M CGS 21680, and 10(-7) M 2-hexynylNECA, respectively, versus 77.6 +/- 5.0 mm Hg in control]; reduced creatine phosphokinase release (13.5 +/- 1.6, 22.2 +/- 7.9, 14.2 +/- 3.3, and 14.1 +/- 4.5 U/gww in treated hearts vs. 34.6 +/- 7.2 U/gww in controls; p < 0.05); improved energy metabolism [adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content is 9.9 +/- 0.5, 10.4 +/- 0.6, 9.8 +/- 0.5, and 10.5 +/- 0.5 micromol/gdw in treated hearts vs. 7.6 +/- 0.2 micromol/gdw; p < 0.05]. Moreover, our data indirectly show a functional presence of A2A receptors on cardiomyocytes as the protection is A2A mediated and exerted only during reperfusion, although in the absence of blood and coronary flow changes. These activities appear independent of nitric oxide pathways, as adenosine and 2-hexynylNECA effects are not affected by the presence of a nitric oxide-synthase inhibitor (10(-4) M L-NNA).
8-Hydroxyquinoline and Hydroxamic Acid Inhibitors of Botulinum Neurotoxin BoNT/A (2014)

We describe here the state of the art of certain aspects concerning potential small molecule therapy directed toward botulism, by inhibition of the zinc-protease containing light chain (LC) of botulinum neurotoxin BoNT/A from the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are comprised of eight serologically-distinct proteins (A - H), several of which are further divided, such as BoNT/A which has five subtypes. The BoNTs are the most toxic substances known to mankind, causing a form of flaccid paralysis that can be rapid and is often lethal. BoNT/A is comprised of a ~100 kDa heavy chain (HC) attached via a single disulfide Cys-Cys bond to a ~50 kDa LC. The HC mediates transport to and uptake by presynaptic glutamatergic neurons, where the LC cleaves the protein SNAP-25 and thus prevents vesicular trafficking and release of acetylcholine. The Zn-endoprotease activity of the LC of BoNT/A is a target for the development of small molecule inhibitors of BoNT/A-mediated toxicity. A variety of BoNT/A LC inhibitors have been described to date and we focus here primarily on the Zn-binding 8-hydroxyquinoline structural type as well as some of the previously-described hydroxamic acids.
HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS WITH ISOTHIOCYANATE AND SULFUR: A NOVEL ROUTE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDINO[2,3-<i>d</i>]THIAZOLE, THIAZOLO[4′,5′:2,3] PYRIDINO[4,3-<i>d</i>]PYRIDAZINE AND THIAZOLO[4,5-<i>b</i>]ISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES (1995)

Abstract The reaction of phenyl isothiocyanate and sulfur with the Knovenagel condensated adducts la-e afforded the pyridino[2,3-d]thiazole derivatives 3a-e. The latter compounds proved to be versatile starting materials for the synthesis of polyfunctionally substituted thiazolo[4′,5′:2,3]pyridino[4,3-d]pyridazine and thiazolo[4,5-b)isoquinoline derivatives. Chemical and spectroscopic evidence for the structures of the new compounds, along with a sequence leading to their formation is described.
A sketch-based interface for iterative design and analysis of 3D objects (2007)

This paper presents a freehand, sketch-based interface for Computed Aided Design (CAD) engineering design and finite element analysis. After a user sketches a two dimensional sketch consisting of connected straight and curved strokes, the sketch is processed by two optimization-based reconstruction algorithms that can reconstruct sketches of 3D objects made up of straight lines and planar curves. The proposed implementation allows certain types of objects with over 50 strokes to be reconstructed in interactive time. Following reconstruction, the structural properties of the 3D shape can be examined using finite element analysis. The object can quickly be modified using the pen-based interface according to the results of the analysis. The combination of a rapid, sketch-based design interface and finite element analysis allows users to iteratively design, analyze and modify 3D objects in an intuitive and flexible way.
Gaseous Sterilization (1961)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Designing Elastic Organic Crystals: Highly Flexible Polyhalogenated <i>N</i>‐Benzylideneanilines (2015)

The intermolecular interactions and structural features in crystals of seven halogenated N-benzylideneanilines (Schiff bases), all of which exhibit remarkable flexibility, were examined to identify the common packing features that are the raison d'être for the observed elasticity. The following two features, in part related, were identified as essential to obtain elastic organic crystals: 1) A multitude of weak and dispersive interactions, including halogen bonds, which may act as structural buffers for deformation through easy rupture and reformation during bending; and 2) corrugated packing patterns that would get interlocked and, in the process, prevent long-range sliding of molecular planes.