gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive design for nanometer technology (2009)

Rising design uncertainties at advanced process nodes place conflicting demands on todays engineers. The widening safety-margins required to ensure robust designs in the face of such uncertainties lead to conservative designs with unacceptable power and performance overheads. On the other hand, low-power techniques such as dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and clock-gating adversely affect circuit robustness. In this paper, we will review a number of techniques for adaptive design which mitigate the impact of margins by tuning system parameters (voltage and frequency) according to variations in runtime workload, environmental and process conditions. We will evaluate the margins that each of the different approaches require to guarantee correctness in the worst-case and typical operating point. We also propose a technique called Razor which is an aggressive method for eliminating all safety-margins through in situ error-detection and correction. Error-detection is achieved by a new type of Razor flip-flop that monitors critical path endpoints and flags timing errors upon detecting spurious transitions. Recovery is achieved through replay from a check-pointed state. We show the design of the transition-detecting Razor flip-flop and illustrate how it naturally detects SEU in combinational logic and inside latches. We present a 64 bit processor implementing Razor and show, on an average, 33% energy savings from our measurements on silicon.
A 14b 100MS/s digitally self-calibrated pipelined ADC in 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS (2006)

A 14b multi-bit-per-stage pipelined ADC is implemented in a 0.13mum digital CMOS process. The gain and matching errors of the analog circuitry are compensated by a digital calibration scheme that allows the usage of a low-gain op-amp. A low power consumption has been reached by introducing a charge compensation scheme
SINGLET OXYGEN PRODUCTION BY SOME FUROCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES IN THE PRESENCE OF DNA: TIME RESOLVED LUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS (1985)

Abstract— The yield of singlet oxygen ( 1 Δ g ) from some furocoumarins in the presence of DNA has been measured using time resolved techniques. For both psoralen and 4'‐aminomethyl‐4,5',8‐trimethylpsoralen, increasing DNA concentration leads to a decrease in the yield of singlet oxygen. In addition, there is a linear dependence between the yield of singlet oxygen and the observed triplet yield determined by laser flash photolysis. In view of this observation it seems unlikely that singlet oxygen production occurs from these two furocoumarins when they are complexed with DNA. Preliminary, albeit inconclusive, results for 8‐methoxypsoralen are also presented.
Exploiting metastability and thermal noise to build a reconfigurable hardware random number generator (2005)

While pseudo random number generators based on computational complexity are widely used for most of cryptographic applications and probabilistic simulations, the generation of true random numbers based on physical randomness is required to guarantee the advanced security of cryptographic systems. In this paper we present a method to exploit manufacturing variations, metastablity, and thermal noise in integrated circuits to generate random numbers. This metastability based physical random number generator provides a compact and low-power solution which can be fabricated using standard IC manufacturing processes. Test-chips were fabricated in TSMC 0.18um process and experimental results show that the generated random bits pass standard randomness tests successfully. The operation of the proposed scheme is robust against environmental changes since it can be re-calibrated to new environmental conditions such as temperature and power supply voltage.
Single feed compact quad-band PIFA antenna for wireless communication applications (2005)

In this paper, a novel compact single feed quad-band planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA) is presented. Two techniques to reduce the physical size are illustrated. First, we insert U-shaped slits within the antenna-radiating surface. This forces the current to flow around the obstacles hence, reducing the resonant frequency. This technique reduces the size by about 30% from the original PIFA. Second, a capacitive plate is loaded between the radiating surface and the ground plane. The size is reduced more to reach 55% of the original. The relation between the capacitance load value and the antenna size reduction ratio is studied. Using different U-shaped slits at different appropriate positions, multiple (dual, tri, and quad) band capabilities are realized. The four center frequencies are chosen to lie within the GSM band, DCS band, Bluetooth (IEEE802.11a) ISM band, and WLAN (IEEE802.11b) band, respectively. Foam dielectric substrate is used for rigid structure and easy shielding purposes. The reduced size and thin substrate thickness (h<0.15/spl lambda//sub 0/) allow the design to be compatible with wireless and portable communication systems. Experimental measurements verify the design and simulation criteria.
Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Neuroprotection from Oxidative Stress Requires Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway (2002)

It is well documented that estrogen mediates responses by both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, both of which are important for cell survival. Because direct evidence showing that the estrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and/or beta can activate rapid signaling that may mediate neuroprotection is lacking, the hippocampal-derived cell line, HT22, was stably transfected with ERalpha (HTERalpha), ERbeta (HTERbeta), or a mutated form of ERalpha (HTERalphaHE27), which lacks the ability to mediate ER element-mediated transcription. Treatment of HT22, HTERalpha, HTERbeta, and HTERalphaHE27 cells with glutamate (5 mM) resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability. Pretreatment for 15 min with 10 nM 17beta-estradiol resulted in a 50% increase in the number of living cells in HTERalpha and HTERbeta cells but not in HT22 cells. The ER antagonist ICI 182,780 and the MEK inhibitor PD98059 prevented 17beta-estradiol-mediated protection. In HTERalphaHE27 cells, 17beta-estradiol rapidly phosphorylated ERK2 (within 15 min), in the absence of estrogen response element-mediated transcription. Treatment of HTERalphaHE27 cells with 10 nM 17beta-estradiol partially reversed the cell death produced by glutamate treatment. This study demonstrates that activation of either ERalpha or ERbeta can result in neuroprotection and that activation of the MAPK pathway is an important part of the neuroprotective mechanism.
Salmeterol Xinafoate in Asthma (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Bone<sup>1</sup>highlighted some important points regarding the indicated uses of salmeterol xinafoate, a new long-acting inhaled bronchodilator. This selective β<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor agonist is intended for use twice daily as a maintenance therapy and, based on a relatively slower onset of action than short-acting β<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor agonists, should not be used for the treatment of acute asthma symptoms. However, we feel Dr Bone's comments concerning the potential for accumulation and toxicity need clarification. Following the treatment of asthma patients for 2 to 10 months with 42 μg of salmeterol xinafoate twice daily, a single inhaled dose of 42 μg resulted in detectable plasma levels within 5 to 10 minutes and very low peak plasma concentrations (150 pg/mL), consistent with the low systemic exposure expected from an inhaled drug.<sup>2</sup>Plasma concentrations determined 12 hours after dosing were close to or below the limit of
A compiler approach to scalable concurrent-program design (1994)

We describe a compilation system for the concurrent programming language Program Composition Notation (PCN). This notation provides a single-assignment programming model that permits concurrent-programming concerns such as decomposition, communication, synchronization, mapping, granularity, and load balancing to be addressed separately in a design. PCN is also extensible with programmer-defined operators , allowing common abstractions to be encapsulated and reused in different contexts. The compilation system incorporates a concurrent-transformation system that allows abstractions to be defined through concurrent source-to-source transformations; these convert programmer-defined operators into a core notation. Run-time techniques allow the core notation to be compiled into a simple concurrent abstract machine which can be implemented in a portable fashion using a run-time library. The abstract machine provides a uniform treatment of single-assignment and mutable data structures, allowing data sharing between concurrent and sequential program segments and permitting integration of sequential C and Fortran code into concurrent programs. This compilation system forms part of a program development toolkit that operates on a wide variety of networked workstations, multicomputers, and shared-memory multiprocessors. The toolkit has been used both to develop substantial applications and to teach introductory concurrent-programming classes, including a freshman course at Caltech.
Metonymy Interpretation Using X NO Y Examples (2000)

We developed on example-based method of metonymy interpretation. One advantages of this method is that a hand-built database of metonymy is not necessary because it instead uses examples in the form ``Noun X no Noun Y (Noun Y of Noun X).'' Another advantage is that we will be able to interpret newly-coined metonymic sentences by using a new corpus. We experimented with metonymy interpretation and obtained a precision rate of 66% when using this method.
The Critical Role of Pulmonary Arterial Compliance in Pulmonary Hypertension (2016)

The normal pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure, high-compliance system. Pulmonary arterial compliance decreases in the presence of pulmonary hypertension because of increased extracellular matrix/collagen deposition in the pulmonary arteries. Loss of pulmonary arterial compliance has been consistently shown to be a predictor of increased mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension, even more so than pulmonary vascular resistance in some studies. Decreased pulmonary arterial compliance causes premature reflection of waves from the distal pulmonary vasculature, leading to increased pulsatile right ventricular afterload and eventually right ventricular failure. Evidence suggests that decreased pulmonary arterial compliance is a cause rather than a consequence of distal small vessel proliferative vasculopathy. Pulmonary arterial compliance decreases early in the disease process even when pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance are normal, potentially enabling early diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease, especially in high-risk populations. With the recognition of the prognostic importance of pulmonary arterial compliance, its impact on right ventricular function, and its contributory role in the development and progression of distal small-vessel proliferative vasculopathy, pulmonary arterial compliance is an attractive target for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Computer-to-plate printing using the Grating Light Valve device (2004)

A new class of commercial platesetters, called computer-to-plate (CtP) systems, has been introduced in the graphic arts industry in the past few years. As opposed to conventional systems that use an analog mask, these CtP systems employ direct digital imaging methods to generate patterns on metal plates used for offset printing. By eliminating this intermediate mask step, CtP platesetters enable users to transfer images directly from the computer to the plate, thus reducing cost and cycle time. The Grating Light Valve (GLV) is a diffractive MOEMS device that has been successfully implemented as the spatial light modulator in a commercial CtP platesetter for the graphic arts industry. The combination of high power handling capability, fast modulation rate, and large number of pixels on the GLV allows for increased printing speed. Properties of the GLV, such as analog gray scale, and pulse width modulation can be used to increase print quality. In order to create images on the plates, infrared laser illumination is focused onto the GLV device, which reflects the beam with controlled intensity onto a photo-thermal medium. While offering advantages in quality and throughput, the high pixel count and form of the GLV presents some challenges in illumination and projection onto the printing plate. This paper will describe the system architecture and method of operation for a GLV-based optical write engine, and show performance and results.
Composite poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl acetate) electrospun nanofibrous mats as a novel wound dressing matrix for controlled release of drugs (2011)

The aim of this study was to develop novel biomedicated nanofiber electrospun mats for controlled drug release, especially drug release directly to an injury site to accelerate wound healing. Nanofibers of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), and a 50:50 composite blend, loaded with ciprofloxacin HCl (CipHCl), were successfully prepared by an electrospinning technique for the first time. The morphology and average diameter of the electrospun nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction studies indicated an amorphous distribution of the drug inside the nanofiber blend. Introducing the drug into polymeric solutions significantly decreased solution viscosities as well as nanofiber diameter. In vitro drug release evaluations showed that both the kind of polymer and the amount of drug loaded greatly affected the degree of swelling, weight loss, and initial burst and rate of drug release. Blending PVA and PVAc exhibited a useful and convenient method for electrospinning in order to control the rate and period of drug release in wound healing applications. Also, the thickness of the blend nanofiber mats strongly influenced the initial release and rate of drug release.
Software-Defined Radio GNSS Instrumentation for Spoofing Mitigation: A Review and a Case Study (2018)

Recently, several global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) emerged following the transformative technology impact of the first GNSS-U.S. global positioning system (GPS). The power level of GNSS signals as measured at earth's surface is below the noise floor and is consequently vulnerable against interference. Spoofers are smart GNSS-like interferers, which mislead the receivers into generating false position and time information. While many spoofing mitigation techniques exist, spoofers are continually evolving, producing a cycle of new spoofing attacks and counter-measures against them. Thus, upgradability of receivers becomes an important advantage for maintaining their immunity against spoofing. Software-defined radio implementations of a GPS receiver address such flexibility but are challenged by demanding computational requirements of both GNSS signal processing and spoofing mitigation. Therefore, this paper reviews reported SDRs in the context of instrumentation capabilities for both conventional and spoofing mitigation modes. This separation is necessitated by significantly increased computational loads when in spoofing domain. This is demonstrated by a case study budget analysis.
Function learning enhancement with Delaunay linear interpolation and K-D tree nearest neighbor retrieval (2005)

Tools from computer science, namely data structures and computational geometry, may be useful to control engineers. In this paper we investigate KD tree data structures with Delaunay triangulation as an alternative approach to supervised learning neural networks. For comparison purposes a function is also learned by a neural net with error backpropagation. The KD tree is used to extract a specified number of nearest neighbors to a query point. The essential idea is to then construct a continuous linear approximation by building Delaunay triangulations from neighborhood points of the query. We conclude that KD tree nearest neighbor retrieval combined with interpolation can be very fast and effective in function learning.
A non-Gaussian model of stock returns: option smiles, credit skews, and a multi-time scale memory(Keynote Address) (2005)

Recent work based on a non-Gaussian statistical feedback model of stock returns is summarized. The model is outlined, as well as applications to option pricing and the pricing of credit. An extension of the original model which incorporates feedback over multiple time horizons is also briefly discussed.
A single layer slotted waveguide array for 22 GHz band radio system between mobile base stations (2002)

Mobile communication has become popular and the number of base stations is growing rapidly. Planar antennas are required for a 22 GHz band wireless network which connects between a mobile base station and the central one. Three sizes of the antennas are considered for this use. The gain of the first one is (1) 33 dBi, the second one is (2) 39 dBi and the last one is (3) 45 dBi, for the 22.0-22.6 GHz and 22.6-23.2 GHz bands. A waveguide has a small transmission loss for its closed structure even at high frequency. Only a waveguide antenna can realize the subscriber radio system in such a high frequency and high gain range. However, the structure of the conventional slotted waveguide array is complicated and it has not been suitable for mass production in general. We proposed an "in-phase feed circuit" which consists of single layer /spl pi/-junctions in series and realized a simple structure and an easy manufacturing of the antennas. This paper presents a design of the antenna using resonant shunt slots; the slot design especially takes the mutual coupling into account. The antenna characteristics are confirmed by experiment in the 22 GHz band.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A chemoenzymatic route to N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate analogues: substrate specificity investigations of N-acetylhexosamine 1-kinase (2009)

Reports an efficient chemoenzymatic production of an N-acetylhexosamine 1-phophate analogues library by N-acetylhexosamine 1-kinase (NahK) and describes the respective substrate specificity on this enzyme.
MicroRNA-27b Contributes to Lipopolysaccharide-mediated Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) mRNA Destabilization (2010)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) gained considerable interest as a therapeutic target during chronic inflammatory diseases. Remarkably, the pathogenesis of diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer is associated with impaired PPARgamma expression. Considering that regulation of PPARgamma expression during inflammation is largely unknown, we were interested in elucidating underlying mechanisms. To this end, we initiated an inflammatory response by exposing primary human macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and observed a rapid decline of PPARgamma1 expression. Because promoter activities were not affected by LPS, we focused on mRNA stability and noticed a decreased mRNA half-life. As RNA stability is often regulated via 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs), we analyzed the impact of the PPARgamma-3'-UTR by reporter assays using specific constructs. LPS significantly reduced luciferase activity of the pGL3-PPARgamma-3'-UTR, suggesting that PPARgamma1 mRNA is destabilized. Deletion or mutation of a potential microRNA-27a/b (miR-27a/b) binding site within the 3'-UTR restored luciferase activity. Moreover, inhibition of miR-27b, which was induced upon LPS exposure, partially reversed PPARgamma1 mRNA decay, whereas miR-27b overexpression decreased PPARgamma1 mRNA content. In addition, LPS further reduced this decay. The functional relevance of miR-27b-dependent PPARgamma1 decrease was proven by inhibition or overexpression of miR-27b, which affected LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin (IL)-6. We provide evidence that LPS-induced miR-27b contributes to destabilization of PPARgamma1 mRNA. Understanding molecular mechanisms decreasing PPARgamma might help to better appreciate inflammatory diseases.
Sweat Testing for Heroin, Cocaine, and Metabolites (1994)

Although a variety of drugs have been detected in sweat, little information is available on the characteristics of drug excretion in sweat under controlled-dosing conditions. A series of clinical studies were designed to determine the identity, concentration, time course, dose dependency, and variability of drug and metabolite excretion in sweat following administration of single doses of cocaine and heroin to human subjects. Sweat was collected by means of a sweat patch that could be worn for a period of several days to several weeks at a time, resulting in accumulation of drug in the patch. Sweat patches were removed at specified times and frozen until analyzed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Cocaine and heroin were the major analytes excreted in sweat following their administration. Smaller amounts of cocaine metabolites were also detected following cocaine administration. 6-Acetylmorphine appeared rapidly after heroin administration and continued to increase while heroin content decreased, suggesting that heroin was undergoing hydrolysis in the sweat patch. Cocaine appeared in sweat within 1-2 hours and peaked within 24 hours in an apparent dose-dependent manner. Analysis of duplicate adjacent patches from individual subjects who had been administered cocaine provided similar quantitative results, suggesting that intrasubject variability was relatively low, whereas intersubject variability was high. These observations regarding the excretion of cocaine and heroin analytes in sweat have important forensic implications to other fields such as hair analysis. Sweat excretion could be an important mechanism by which drugs enter hair. These data also suggest that the sweat patch could serve as a useful monitoring device in surveillance of individuals in treatment and probation programs.
Cascaded Dual Extended Kalman Filter for Combined Vehicle State Estimation and Parameter Identification (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper proposes a model-based “Cascaded Dual Extended Kalman Filter” (CDEKF) for combined vehicle state estimation, namely, tire vertical forces and parameter identification. A sensitivity analysis is first carried out to recognize the vehicle inertial parameters that have significant effects on tire normal forces. Next, the combined estimation process is separated in two components. The first component is designed to identify the vehicle mass and estimate the longitudinal forces while the second component identifies the location of center of gravity and estimates the tire normal forces. A Dual extended Kalman filter is designed for each component for combined state estimation and parameter identification. Simulation results verify that the proposed method can precisely estimate the tire normal forces and accurately identify the inertial parameters.</div></div>