gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Novel image viewer providing fast object delineation for content-based retrieval and navigation</title> (1997)

In this paper we describe a novel interactive image viewer incorporating a range of image processing techniques that allows inexperienced users to quickly and easily delineate objects or shapes from a wide range of real world images. The viewer is specifically designed to be easily extensible, and this extensibility is demonstrated with the implementation of an iterative user guided segmentation tool. Using this tool objects can be efficiently extracted from images and used as the basis for navigation and retrieval within MAVIS, the Multimedia Architecture for Video, Image, and Sound.
Design of a small animal MR compatible PET scanner (1999)

Using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements we have designed a small-animal MRI-compatible PET (McPET) scanner for simultaneous PET imaging and MRI of mice and rats in vivo. The scanner consists of one ring of 480 LSO (Lu/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/) crystals arranged in three layers, with 160 crystals per layer. The crystal dimensions are 2/spl times/3/spl times/7.5 mm/sup 3/. This was based on a target resolution of 215 mm and simulations showing that a depth of 7.5 mm avoided significant depth-of-interaction effects across the desired field of view. The system diameter of 11.2 cm is large enough to accommodate the animal positioned inside a stereotactic frame. Each crystal is coupled through 2-mm diameter optical fibers to multi-channel photomultiplier tubes which reside outside the main magnetic field. Through 50 cm of optical fiber, a photopeak is clearly seen and the measured energy resolution is 25%. Prototype optical fiber connectors have been tested to increase the flexibility of the system and result in a light loss of only 6%. The proposed system has adequate resolution and sensitivity for a number of applications with small animals and is the first practical device for simultaneous in-vivo imaging with PET and MRI.
A Re-Evaluation of the Morphology of a Bicontinuous Block Copolymer−Ceramic Material (2007)

The structures of a poly(isoprene-block-ethylene oxide) (PI-b-PEO) block copolymer-directed aluminosilicate mesostructure and the resulting ceramic material obtained from calcination were studied via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PI minority phase (volume fraction 0.36) formed a continuous network of channels, previously reported1,2 to be consistent with the plumber's nightmare3 morphology. The solvent casting process used to form the material caused it to shrink uniaxially by ∼30%, deforming the network structure within it. Calculated structure factors for constant-curvature and constant-thickness models of a distorted double gyroid structure are consistent with SAXS from the material, while [100] and [111] projections of the distorted double gyroid structure match the TEM data. Because the structural data from the material is most consistent with a distorted version of the double gyroid morphology, the previous assignment of the plumber's nightmare morphology must be reconsidered. Approaches for structural assignment are also discussed.
Transcriptional Regulation by the Helix Bundle Peptide Hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Hematopoietic Cytokines (1994)

TODAY it is stylish to remark with fascination at the multiple overlapping functions of interleukins, colonystimulating factors, and a host of other “cytokines” that have been discovered in recent years. As a reminder that this is not really a new observation, the first HBP hormone to be purified was PRL (1), and it was recognized to have such a variety of biological actions that by 1963 there had been created a “vast and confusing literature” (2) replete with multiple names for the same hormone and arguments about how many hormones were responsible for each biological activity. The pleiotropy of PRL actions prompted Bern and Nicoll (3) to suggest in 1968 that it be renamed either “versatilin” or “omnipotin” (3), and by 1980 more than 200 actions of PRL had been documented in the various vertebrate classes (4). Redundancies between actions of PRL and GH were widely appreciated by the 1950s, and the similarities of human (h) PRL and hGH actions resulted in such controversies that many doubted the existence of separate human PRL and GHs until hPRL was definitively purified by Friesen's group in 1972 (5).
Enhanced nonlinear optical conversion from a periodically nanostructured metal film (2003)

We demonstrate an approximately10(4) increase in conversion efficiency for optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) from a periodically nanostructured metal structure consisting of a single subwavelength aperture in a thin silver film surrounded by a set of concentric surface grooves. The forward-transmitted second-harmonic radiation from this structure is measured relative to that from an identical aperture with no surrounding surface periodicity. We explain the observed SHG enhancement quantitatively in terms of a measured 120x increase in the strength of the fundamental radiation in the vicinity of the aperture resulting from the periodic nanostructuring.
Modeling and optimization of drug release from laminated polymer matrix devices (1998)

Abstract The design and modeling of drug delivery devices using laminated layers to produce spatially nonuniform matrix devices leading to desired release rates were investigated with the focus on their optimal laminated hydrogel matrices for the diffusion‐controlled release of dissolved drugs. The model consists of polymer layers laminated together through a photopolymerization process to form matrices with a spatially nonuniform initial drug distribution and/or nonuniform drug diffusivities. The model solution establishes that the drug diffusion behavior, especially the early time release behavior, can be manipulated by altering spatially nonuniform initial drug distributions and drug diffusivities in the assembly. Furthermore, optimal control theory and calculus of variation were used to determine a set of initial drug concentrations in the layers to attain a system that exhibits a drug release profile as close to required profile as possible for all time.
The Arizona IDMatcher: A Probabilistic Identity Matching System (2007)

Various law enforcement and intelligence tasks require managing identity information in an effective and efficient way. However, the quality issues of identity information make this task non-trivial. Various heuristic based systems have been developed to tackle the identity matching problem. However, deploying such systems may require special expertise in system configuration and customization for optimal system performance. In this paper, we propose an alternative system called the Arizona IDMatcher. The system relies on a machine learning algorithm to automatically generate a decision model for identity matching. Such a system requires minimal human configuration effort. Experiments show that the Arizona IDMatcher is very efficient in detecting matching identity records. Compared to IBM Identity Resolution (a commercial, heuristic-based system), the Arizona IDMatcher achieves better recall and overall F-measures in identifying matching identities in two large-scale real-world datasets.
A randomized, placebo‐controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers (2010)

Synthetic thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta4) may have a potential use in promoting myocardial cell survival during acute myocardial infarction. Four cohorts, with 10 healthy subjects each, were given a single intravenous dose of placebo or synthetic Tbeta4. Cohorts received ascending doses of either 42, 140, 420, or 1260 mg. Following safety review, subjects were given the same dose regimen daily for 14 days. Safety evaluations, incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated. Adverse events were infrequent, and mild or moderate in intensity. There were no dose limiting toxicities or serious adverse events. Pharmacokinetic profile for single dose showed a dose proportional response, and an increasing half-life with increasing dose. Synthetic Tbeta4 given intravenously as a single dose or in multiple daily doses for 14 days over a dose range of 42-1260 mg was well tolerated with no evidence of dose limiting toxicity. Further development for use in cardiac ischemia should be considered.
Grid-to-ports clock routing for high performance microprocessor designs (2011)

Clock distribution in VLSI designs is of crucial importance and it is also a major source of power dissipation of a system. For today's high performance microprocessors, clock signals are usually distributed by a global clock grid covering the whole chip, followed by post-grid routing that connects clock loads to the clock grid. Early study [2] shows that about 18.1% of the total clock capacitance dissipation was due to this post-grid clock routing (i.e., lower mesh wires plus clock twig wires). This post-grid clock routing problem is thus an important one but not many previous works have addressed it. In this paper, we try to solve this problem of connecting clock ports to the clock grid through reserved tracks on multiple metal layers, with delay and slew constraints. Note that a set of routing tracks are reserved for this grid-to-ports clock wires in practice because of the conventional modular design style of high-performance microprocessors. We propose a new expansion algorithm based on the heap data structure to solve the problem effectively. Experimental results on industrial test cases show that our algorithm can improve over the latest work on this problem [1] significantly by reducing the capacitance by 24.6% and the wire length by 23.6%. We also validate our results using hspice simulation. Finally, our approach is very efficient and for larger test cases with about 2000 ports, the runtime is in seconds.
The Impact of Lovelace v. Ontario on Section 15 of the Charter (2001)

The Canada-United States Safe Third Country Agreement (“STCA”) requires refugee claimants travelling overland to seek protection in the first country of arrival as between Canada and the United States. The Federal Court determined that the United States’ detention practices did not comply with minimum human rights standards, such that Canada breached section 7 obligations to the applicant refugee claimants by deflecting them back to the United States. The Federal Court of Appeal overturned the decision, and the Supreme Court of Canada dismissed the appeal. The authors review the CCR judgment and present it as a cautionary tale about how a court can evade its constitutional duty in practice without appearing to depart from its liberal-constitutional commitments. Importantly, the judgment affirms that section 7 is engaged by the refugee determination process. However, it shrinks from the implications of that recognition in two ways. First, the Court launders the Federal Court’s findings of fact to overturn the finding of a risk of abusive detention conditions in the United States. Second, the Court rules that routine violations directed by the operation of the law can be caught and corrected by “safety valves” – discretionary immigration status applications elsewhere in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (“IRPA”). This substitution of discretionary relief for the Court’s remedial power under section 52 of the Charter not only abandons refugees to statutory remedies that are, in fact, illusory. It also incentivizes governance through discretion (rather than law) as an instrument that more effectively insulates government from constitutional challenge. While the judgment in CCR might be understood as exemplary of immigration exceptionalism, it is too soon to know whether the attractions of governing through discretion, and specifically through safety valves, will extend into other fields of law. Those at greatest risk will be other marginalized groups whose constitutional claims are prone to being framed as matters of deservingness rather than right.
The Carpal-Tunnel Syndrome (1966)

At the Cleveland Clinic the diagnosis of carpal-tunnel syndrome has been made in 654 hands of 439 patients during the last seventeen years. The typical patient with this syndrome is a middle-aged housewife with numbness and tingling in the thumb and index, long, and ring fingers, which is worse at night and worse after excessive activity of the hands. The sensory disturbances, both objective and subjective, must be directly related to the sensory distribution of the median nerve distal to the wrist; but pain may be referred proximal to the wrist as high as the shoulder. There is usually a positive Tinel sign over the median nerve at the wrist, and the wrist-flexion test I described is also usually positive. About half of the patients also have some degree of thenar atrophy. If steroid injections into the carpal tunnel give only transient relief, treatment should be by complete section of the transverse carpal ligament. This procedure will almost always relieve the patient's pain and numbness in the hand, and in many cases will also cure the paralysis of the thenar muscles, which may be present.
Erratum: Standards versus Standards: The Effects of Different Pollution Restrictions (1991)

When economists refer to pollution standards, they almost universally mean uniform restrictions on pollution emissions (e.g., William J. Baumol and Wallace E. Oates, 1975 Ch. 13; Susan Rose-Ackerman, 1973; David Besanko, 1978). However, in practice, standards take many forms: not only emissions restrictions, but restrictions on pollution per unit of output or per unit of an input, restrictions on the use of a polluting input, or mandated use of a particular pollution-control technology. These specifications of regulations will have a variety of effects on a firm's resource-allocation decisions. For instance, allowing pollution per unit of output as the standard instead of directly restricting the level of pollution gives the firm some choice: in addition to reducing pollution, it can increase its output to dilute the pollution. This paper examines the effects of five different forms of pollution standards on input decisions, the level of production, and firm profits. The results show that the different standards, by providing firms with different incentives, change the firm's allocation decisions and affect the relative profitability of the standards. Section I reviews the existing literature on the incentives of different instruments. The following section describes the model to be used. Five different forms of pollution constraints are individually examined in Section III using a graphical approach. Their relative effects, as well as some special cases, are assessed in Section IV. Finally, Section V raises the case of different standards when firms are not identical.
Exploring the relationship between class size and student ratings (2012)

The University of Queensland collects data on students’ perceptions of their university experience at the course (unit) level using the Student Evaluation of Teaching and Course questionnaire, which asks participants to rate their experience in these two areas against seven specific items and a single overall rating per area. Each course and each teacher on the course are evaluated using this single instrument. Research was undertaken on the relationship between class size and student ratings. Would changes in the size of a class cohort impact upon the ratings? Four class size categories were identified and analysis was undertaken on the single overall rating and also on a composite average of the specific items. The research revealed a statistically significant, inverse relationship between class size and ratings. The power of the models developed however was very poor, suggesting a weak relationship. A consistent trend however was that ratings decreased across all analyses, such that small classes yielded highest ratings, followed in descending order by medium, large and extra-large classes. This trend was noted for analyses on data of both course and teacher. If it is the case that larger class sizes consistently anticipate lower ratings than smaller classes, there are institutional implications, for example in the realm of internal funding allocation.
Gel‐spun polyacrylonitrile fiber from pregelled spinning solution (2010)

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers have been gel spun from pregelled PAN spinning solution. The pregelled solution had network structure with elevated spinnability, the as‐spun fiber from which had more circular cross‐section and reduced skin‐core difference. Drawing was more effective in inducing the segmental orientation and crystallization in gel‐spun fiber than in dry–wet spun fiber. The mechanical properties of the gel‐spun fiber were better than those of the dry–wet spun fiber after multi‐stage drawing. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
AnnoTone (2015)

We present a video annotation system called ``AnnoTone', which can embed various contextual information describing a scene, such as geographical location. Then the system allows the user to edit the video using this contextual information, enabling one to, for example, overlay with map or graphical annotations. AnnoTone converts annotation data into high-frequency audio signals (which are inaudible to the human ear), and then transmits them from a smartphone speaker placed near a video camera. This scheme makes it possible to add annotations using standard video cameras with no requirements for specific equipment other than a smartphone. We designed the audio watermarking protocol using dual-tone multi-frequency signaling, and developed a general-purpose annotation framework including an annotation generator and extractor. We conducted a series of performance tests to understand the reliability and the quality of the watermarking method. We then created several examples of video-editing applications using annotations to demonstrate the usefulness of Annotone, including an After Effects plug-in.
Respiratory viral infections in adults (2002)

Respiratory viral infections in adults cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in high-risk patients. The impact of influenza virus, rhinoviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus in immunocompromised cancer patients and in asthma and chronic bronchitis patients has been documented in recent publications. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. Newer rapid diagnostic tests and the use of polymerase chain reaction technology have provided better understanding of the causes and epidemiology of acute respiratory illness in adults. The approved neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza viruses and the nonapproved capsid inhibitors of rhinoviruses may be useful in treating high-risk individuals. The inactivated influenza vaccine has been shown to benefit healthy adults and to be safe in asthmatic adults and children.
Diminished sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup>ATPase (SERCA) expression contributes to airway remodelling in bronchial asthma (2009)

Phenotypic modulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is an important feature of airway remodeling in asthma that is characterized by enhanced proliferation and secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines. These activities are regulated by the concentration of free Ca(2+) in the cytosol ([Ca(2+)](i)). A rise in [Ca(2+)](i) is normalized by rapid reuptake of Ca(2+) into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores by the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) (SERCA) pump. We examined whether increased proliferative and secretory responses of ASM from asthmatics result from reduced SERCA expression. ASM cells were cultured from subjects with and without asthma. SERCA expression was evaluated by western blot, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Changes in [Ca(2+)](i), cell spreading, cellular proliferation, and eotaxin-1 release were measured. Compared with control cells from healthy subjects, SERCA2 mRNA and protein expression was reduced in ASM cells from subjects with moderately severe asthma. SERCA2 expression was similarly reduced in ASM in vivo in subjects with moderate/severe asthma. Rises in [Ca(2+)](i) following cell surface receptor-induced SR activation, or inhibition of SERCA-mediated Ca(2+) re-uptake, were attenuated in ASM cells from asthmatics. Likewise, the return to baseline of [Ca](i) after stimulation by bradykinin was delayed by approximately 50% in ASM cells from asthmatics. siRNA-mediated knockdown of SERCA2 in ASM from healthy subjects increased cell spreading, eotaxin-1 release and proliferation. Our findings implicate a deficiency in SERCA2 in ASM in asthma that contributes to its secretory and hyperproliferative phenotype in asthma, and which may play a key role in mechanisms of airway remodeling.
High-power conductivity-modulated FET's (COMFET's) with a p-type channel (1984)

In previous work, a conductivity-modulated field-effect transistor (COMFET) having drastically reduced on-resistance was described; that device was based on n-channel MOS technology. In this letter, we report the development of a complementary device-the p-channel COMFET. These new p-channel COMFET's have demonstrated dc on-resistance values as low as 0.07 Ω at 20 A (for a 3 mm × 3 mm pellet), while providing forward blocking voltages of 200-400 V. To our knowledge, this on-resistance value (normalized to the same active area) is lower than that of any p-channel power MOSFET (even those with blocking voltages of only 100 V) and as much as 30 times less than that of a p-channel MOSFET with a comparable blocking-voltage capability. Using suitable minority-carrier-lifetime control techniques, drain-current-decay times have been reduced from ≈ 30 µs to below 1 µs.
Effects of K-115, a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor, on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Rabbits (2014)

These results indicated that K-115 ophthalmic solution, a selective and potent ROCK inhibitor, is a novel and potent antiglaucoma agent.
EXTD: Extremely Tiny Face Detector via Iterative Filter Reuse (2019)

In this paper, we propose a new multi-scale face detector having an extremely tiny number of parameters (EXTD),less than 0.1 million, as well as achieving comparable performance to deep heavy detectors. While existing multi-scale face detectors extract feature maps with different scales from a single backbone network, our method generates the feature maps by iteratively reusing a shared lightweight and shallow backbone network. This iterative sharing of the backbone network significantly reduces the number of parameters, and also provides the abstract image semantics captured from the higher stage of the network layers to the lower-level feature map. The proposed idea is employed by various model architectures and evaluated by extensive experiments. From the experiments from WIDER FACE dataset, we show that the proposed face detector can handle faces with various scale and conditions, and achieved comparable performance to the more massive face detectors that few hundreds and tens times heavier in model size and floating point operations.