gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Undoped High-Resistance GaN Buffer Layer for AlGaN/GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistors (2019)

It is shown that intentionally undoped high-resistance GaN buffer layers in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with high electron mobility for transistors can be formed by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy. The GaN growth conditions have been optimized using calculations of the background impurity and point defect concentrations at different ratios of the gallium and ammonia fluxes.
Computationally Efficient Neural Field Dynamics (2008)

We propose a modification of the dynamic neural field model of Amari (1), aiming at reducing the simulation effort by employing space- and frequency representations of the dynamic state in parallel. Addition- ally, we show how the correct treatment of boundary conditions (wrap- around, zero-padding) can be ensured, which is of particular importance for, e.g., vision processing. We present theoretical predictions as well as measurements of the performance differences between original and mod- ified dynamics. In addition, we show analytically that key properties of the original model are retained by the modified version. This allows us to deduce simple conditions for the applicability and the computational advantage of the proposed model in any given application scenario.
Ultrastrong and High Gas-Barrier Nanocellulose/Clay-Layered Composites (2012)

Nanocellulose/montmorillonite (MTM) composite films were prepared from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNs) with an aspect ratio of >200 dispersed in water with MTM nanoplatelets. The composite films were transparent and flexible and showed ultrahigh mechanical and oxygen barrier properties through the nanolayered structures, which were formed by compositing the anionic MTM nanoplatelet filler in anionic and highly crystalline TOCN matrix. A composite film with 5% MTM content had Young's modulus 18 GPa, tensile strength 509 MPa, work of fracture of 25.6 MJ m(-3), and oxygen permeability 0.006 mL μm m(-2) day(-1) kPa(-1) at 0% relative humidity, respectively, despite having a low density of 1.99 g cm(-3). As the MTM content in the TOCN/MTM composites was increased to 50%, light transmittance, tensile strength, and elongation at break decreased, while Young's modulus was almost unchanged and oxygen barrier property was further improved to 0.0008 mL μm m(-2) day(-1) kPa(-1).
Protein synthesis in flax following inoculation with flax rust (1986)

Resistance to flax rust Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév. in flax carrying the N resistance gene is determined by 24 h postinoculation, at which time hypersensitivity is observed. We have examined protein synthesis in cotyledons inoculated with both virulent and avirulent races of rust by in vivo labelling with [ 35 S]methionine. The pattern of protein synthesis was assessed by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis 8, 13, and 18 h after inoculation. No changes in protein synthesis were observed in the first 14 h following inoculation; however, by 18 h after inoculation the susceptible combination showed a marked decrease in protein synthesis (22%; P = 0.01). This could be largely accounted for by the reduced synthesis of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit, which was readily quantified on electrophoresis gels. In addition, a 30-kDa polypeptide also declined in the susceptible combination. Two-dimensional electrophoresis enabled changes to be detected in the synthesis of other minor polypeptides. None of these changes were observed in the resistant combination in which a small increase in the synthesis of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit and the 30-kDa polypeptide was found. These results indicate that the outcome of the host–pathogen interaction has already been determined by 18 h after inoculation.
A simplified non-Gaussian approach to digital optical receiver design with avalanche photodiodes: experimental (1991)

Detailed experimental measurements of various digital receiver parameters taken on a receiver using a low noise silicon avalanche photodiode are compared with simple theories that incorporate Gaussian and non-Gaussian models for the probability distribution functions for the avalanche gain. The authors analyze the salient aspects of the theories, particularly those parameters that give results different from the Gaussian approximation, and those parameters that are readily extracted from the theory (e.g., the influence of background current due either to dark current or to imperfectly extinguished light sources). Experiments were performed in which a receiver was characterized for bit error rate (BER) and optimum gain as the optical power at a modulation rate of 10 Mb/s (NRZ) was varied and as additional background light was allowed to fall on the detector. Excellent agreement with the author's newly developed simplified approximation to the non-Gaussian theory for receiver sensitivity (ibid., vol.9, p.1019-26, Aug. 1991) is obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Polysaccharide Carrier for Immunostimulatory CpG DNAs To Enhance Cytokine Secretion (2004)

A beta-(1 --> 3)-d-glucan schizophyllan (SPG) forms a stoichiometric complex with some polynucleotides. This communication describes our attempt to apply the SPG complex to deliver CpG DNA to endosomes to enhance cytokine secretion. To increase cellular uptake, we introduced spermine, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide, octaarginine, or cholesterol to the SPG side chain. The chemically modified SPG showed essentially no cytotoxicity. When CpG DNA complex made therefrom was exposed to macrophages, dramatic enhancement in the cytokine secretion was observed. It increased 5-10 times from the naked dose and 100 times from the background. This performance promises that SPG can be an excellent carrier for CpG DNA.
The Epstein–Barr virus nuclear protein SM is both a post-transcriptional inhibitor and activator of gene expression (1998)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear protein BS-MLF1 (SM) is expressed early after entry of EBV into the lytic cycle. SM transactivates reporter gene constructs driven by a wide variety of promoters, but the mechanism of SM action is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the SM protein inhibits expression of intron-containing genes and activates expression of intron-less genes. We demonstrate that SM has the predicted inhibitory effect on expression of a spliced EBV gene but activates an unspliced early EBV gene. SM inhibited gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by preventing the accumulation of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA transcripts. Conversely, SM led to increased accumulation of nuclear mRNA from intron-less genes without affecting the rate of transcription, indicating that SM enhances nuclear RNA stability. The ratio of cytoplasmic to nuclear polyadenylated mRNA was increased in the presence of SM, suggesting that SM also enhances nucleo-cytoplasmic mRNA transport. The degree of transactivation by SM was dependent on the sequence of the 3'-untranslated region of the target mRNA. Finally, we demonstrate that the amino-terminal portion of SM fused to glutathione-S-transferase binds radioactively labeled RNA in vitro, indicating that SM is a single-stranded RNA binding protein. Importantly, the latent and immediate-early genes of EBV contain introns whereas many early and late genes do not. Thus, SM may down-regulate synthesis of host cell proteins and latent EBV proteins while simultaneously enhancing expression of specific lytic EBV genes by binding to mRNA and modulating its stability and transport.
On designing usable and secure recognition-based graphical authentication mechanisms (2011)

Journal Article On designing usable and secure recognition-based graphical authentication mechanisms Get access Martin Mihajlov, Martin Mihajlov * aFaculty of Economics at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Krste Misirkov bb, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia * Corresponding author. martin@eccf.ukim.edu.mk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Borka Jerman-Blažič Borka Jerman-Blažič bJozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 16, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Interacting with Computers, Volume 23, Issue 6, November 2011, Pages 582–593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.09.001 Published: 01 October 2011 Article history Received: 21 February 2011 Revision received: 11 September 2011 Accepted: 22 September 2011 Published: 01 October 2011
A compact, repetitive accelerator for military and industrial applications (1998)

A compact, short pulse, repetitive accelerator has many useful military and commercial applications in biological counter proliferation, materials processing, radiography, and sterilization (medical instruments, waste, and food). The goal of this project was to develop and demonstrate a small, 700 kV accelerator, which can produce 7 kA particle beams with pulse lengths of 10--30 ns at rates up to 50 Hz. At reduced power levels, longer pulses or higher repetition rates (up to 10 kHz) could be achieved. Two switching technologies were tested: (1) spark gaps, which have been used to build low repetition rate accelerators for many years; and (2) high gain photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS), a new solid state switching technology. This plan was economical, because it used existing hardware for the accelerator, and the PCSS material and fabrication for one module was relatively inexpensive. It was research oriented, because it provided a test bed to examine the utility of other emerging switching technologies, such as magnetic switches. At full power, the accelerator will produce 700 kV and 7 kA with either the spark gap or PCSS pulser.
Rate prediction for single event effects-a critique (1992)

The authors review various single event effects (SEE) testing and rate prediction methodologies and recommend standard approaches. This discussion is limited to single event upset (SEU) rate prediction for direct-ionization-induced effects. The standard approach being recommended is based partially on a different way of viewing the results of SEU cross-section measurements. The measurements are not measuring a distribution of cross-sections. They are measuring a distribution of device sensitivities, due to differences of sensitive region critical charges and to differences of charge collection. The linear energy transfer (LET), at which 50% of the cell population upsets, corresponds to the charge deposition necessary to upset the median cell in the circuit array. The threshold LET corresponds to the most sensitive region being hit in its most sensitive location, and does not represent the entire array. The shape of the cross-section curve is described by an integral Weibull distribution. The upset rate for a device should then be calculated using the differential rate of each sensitive region, combined with an integral weighting given by the Weibull distribution that describes the measured cross-section curve.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Catalytic Effect of Metal Ions on the In: SnO<sub>2</sub>/Aqueous Polysulfide Interface: Application for Polysulfide Based Photoelectrochemical Cells (1988)

Abstract Large surface area photoelectrochemical cells exhibit low fill factors mainly due to mass transport polarizations in the electrolyte. To avoid that problem transparent (and conductive) materials must be used either as substrate to the photoelectrode or as a counter electrode. — It is shown here that cobalt(II), can reduce the overpotential at the interface between the transparent electrode and polysulfide electrolyte, without loss in transmittivity, rendering those materials good counter electrode. Surface analyses reveal that the metal ions form some kind of a sulfide superstructure with typical grain size of few tens of angstroms. The binding to the oxide layer is briefly discussed.
Multiple signaling pathways activate the chicken progesterone receptor. (1994)

We have previously reported that treatment of CV1 cells, transiently transfected with DNA encoding the chicken progesterone receptor (cPR) and a reporter plasmid PREtkCAT, with either 8-Br-cAMP or okadaic acid resulted in ligand-independent transcriptional activation of the cPR. The surprising finding that cPR can be activated in the absence of hormone has been followed by numerous studies from other laboratories examining the effects of modulators of kinases and phosphatases on the activity of other steroid receptors. These studies have yielded mixed results: ligand-independent activation has been observed in some cases, but not in others. In order to determine whether the ligand-independent activation of cPR was restricted to a specific reporter and cell type and to better characterize this phenomenon, the studies in this report were undertaken. Using both the original reporter, PREtkCAT, and a simpler reporter, GRE2E1bCAT, we found that ligand-independent activation of the cPR can be induced in both CV1 and HeLa cells. The magnitude of the response and the response of the reporter alone differed in the two cell types. Further analysis of the activation of cPR by inhibitors of protein phosphatases showed that inhibition of phosphatase 1 rather than phosphatase 2A was necessary for activation of cPR. Finally, treatment with vanadate, an inhibitor of phosphotyrosine phosphatases, or epidermal growth factor resulted in activation of cPR. These studies suggest that signals transduced through multiple signaling pathways can activate cPR.
Exacerbations of asthma without sputum eosinophilia. (1995)

Symptoms of mildly uncontrolled asthma are not always associated with eosinophilic airways inflammation as measured by sputum analysis. The causes and treatment of the non-eosinophilic condition require further investigation.
Turystyka biznesowa a rozwój hotelarstwa w Polsce (2008)

The aim of the article is to identify how business tourism has influenced the development of the hotel industry. The author attempts to assess the degree to which the development of the Polish hotel industry has adapted to the requirements of business tourists. Business tourism is understood to mean all trips connected with professional work. They may be trips that are necessary for carrying out work or that are intended to help employees to perform their duties more effectively, or they may also be a reward from the employer for good work. Although they make use of a similar range of services to leisure travellers, participants in this form of tourism have certain different needs. Hotels must offer different rooms to them and create business-conference centres. The hotel base in Poland has been modernised and adapted to the needs of business travellers in recent years. Business-conference centres and conference-holiday centres are being established near hotels. Many historic buildings, including castles and palaces, have been adapted for business tourism. Based on the experiences of highly-developed countries, the author indicates the need to develop congress-conference centres in certain towns in Poland: these may be a source of significant revenue for towns and help improve their image. Currently, such centres are still at the concept and design stage in Poland. (original abstract)
Inducible chitinolytic system of Aspergillus fumigatus (1998)

Incubation of Aspergillus fumigatus NCPF 2140 in growth medium containing 1% chitin as sole carbon source led to induction of specific extracellular chitinolytic activity of 1.5 mumol GlcNAc released min-1 (mg protein)-1. The effect was repressed by the inclusion of GlcNAc in the medium, indicating regulation by a negative feedback mechanism. Extracellular chitinase activity was inhibited by allosamidin (IC50 0.12 microM). Multiple chitinolytic enzymes were detected on zymograms of extracellular preparations; levels of individual enzymes induced were dependent upon whether cells were incubated with purified colloidal chitin or a crude preparation of crystalline chitin. A major, inducible, 45 kDa chitinase was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, chitin affinity chromatography and a novel procedure involving the electroelution of the enzyme from a substrate gel containing glycol chitin. The enzyme is a glycoprotein with endochitinase activity.
ADAPTIVE DATA ANALYSIS VIA SPARSE TIME-FREQUENCY REPRESENTATION (2011)

We introduce a new adaptive method for analyzing nonlinear and nonstationary data. This method is inspired by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and the recently developed compressed sensing theory. The main idea is to look for the sparsest representation of multiscale data within the largest possible dictionary consisting of intrinsic mode functions of the form {a(t) cos (θ(t))}, where a ≥ 0 is assumed to be smoother than cos (θ(t)) and θ is a piecewise smooth increasing function. We formulate this problem as a nonlinear L 1 optimization problem. Further, we propose an iterative algorithm to solve this nonlinear optimization problem recursively. We also introduce an adaptive filter method to decompose data with noise. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the robustness of our method and comparison is made with the EMD method. One advantage of performing such a decomposition is to preserve some intrinsic physical property of the signal, such as trend and instantaneous frequency. Our method shares many important properties of the original EMD method. Because our method is based on a solid mathematical formulation, its performance does not depend on numerical parameters such as the number of shifting or stop criterion, which seem to have a major effect on the original EMD method. Our method is also less sensitive to noise perturbation and the end effect compared with the original EMD method.
Atomically resolved carrier recombination at Si(111)-7×7 surfaces (1990)

The local potential created by photoexcited electron-hole pairs at the surface of clean and partially oxidized Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) surfaces is probed with a scanning tunneling microscope. Strong reductions in the surface photovoltage on the 15--20-A\r{} length scale are observed due to localized surface recombination centers. The dependence of the local photovoltage on illumination intensity allows recombination effects to be distinguished from band bending. Virtually all defects on Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) increase the combination rate by destroying the two-dimensional order and increasing the coupling between surface and bulk states.
Inherited Myopathies and Muscular Dystrophies (2008)

The inherited myopathies and muscular dystrophies are a diverse group of muscle diseases presenting with common complaints and physical signs: weakness, motor delay, and respiratory and bulbar dysfunction. The myopathies are caused by genetic defects in the contractile apparatus of muscle, and defined by distinctive histochemical or ultrastructural changes on muscle biopsy. The muscular dystrophies, in contrast, are diseases of muscle membrane or supporting proteins, which are generally characterized by pathological evidence of ongoing muscle degeneration and regeneration. Diagnosis of these disorders is contingent on a targeted history and examination, biochemical and neurophysiological assessment, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing. Treatment is focused on symptomatic management and rehabilitation, and monitoring for disease complications.
Chemolysis of Cystine Calculi (1986)

Historically, cystine stone chemolysis has been approached with 2 different categories of compounds--alkalizing agents (sodium bicarbonate and tromethamine) and, more recently, protonated thiols and disulfide compounds (alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine, N-acetylcysteine and penicillamine). To establish the relative efficacy of these agents an in vitro model was devised that simulates the clinical setting. The optimal molar concentrations for sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine and tromethamine were determined initially and then compared at these strengths. Lastly, a variety of solution combinations were made to determine if a synergistic effect could be demonstrated. Results of this study demonstrate that the combination of acetylcysteine, a protonated thiol, with the strong alkalizing agent sodium hydroxide yields the most effective solution for chemolysis of cystine stones. The mechanism of action is believed to occur by a synergistic combination of the pH dependent increase in cystine solubility, with a simultaneously occurring thiol disulfide interchange.
Tipping points: Early warning and wishful thinking (2010)

The causes for and possible predictions of rapid climate changes are poorly understood. The most pronounced changes observed, beside the glacial terminations, are the Dansgaard‐Oeschger events. Present day general circulation climate models simulating glacial conditions are not capable of reproducing these rapid shifts. It is thus not known if they are due to bifurcations in the structural stability of the climate or if they are induced by stochastic fluctuations. By analyzing a high resolution ice core record we exclude the bifurcation scenario, which strongly suggests that they are noise induced and thus have very limited predictability.
Computing covers for embedded functional dependencies (1987)

This paper deals with the problem of computing covers for the functional dependencies embedded in a subset of a given relation schema. We show how this problem can be simplified and present a new and efficient algorithm “Reduction. By Resolution” (RBR) for its solution. Though the problem of computing covers for embedded dependencies is inherently exponential, our algorithm behaves polynomially for several classes of inputs. RBR can be used for the solution of some related problems in the theory of database design, such as deciding whether a given database scheme is in Boyce-Codd Normal Form or decomposing a scheme into Boyce-Codd Normal Form.
Natural Radioactivity in Ground Water Supplies in Maine and New Hampshire (1961)

In April 1958, water samples from more than 45 wells in the Raymond and Windham areas of Maine were analyzed for radioactivity by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Maine State Health Department. The activity of radon and its daughter products was found to be 2,500‐583,000 μμ/l. The long‐life alpha activity‐primarily uranium, thorium, and radium‐was found to be approximately 0‐666 μƁ/l. It may also be noted that a radiologic survey of the geology of this area showed rather high background radiation. A detailed sampling program to define the occurrence and extent of natural radioactivity in groundwater supplies of Maine and New Hampshire was undertaken during the summer of 1959. The program in Maine included radioassay of groundwater supplies in the Raymond, Yarmouth, Rumford, and Lewiston areas. In New Hampshire, samples were collected from areas in and around the towns of Nottingham, Northwood, Deerfield, Crafton, and Franklin. In addition, the activity in the water supply sources and in the system of Dover, N.H., a city of about 20,000 people, was studied in some detail. After considerable experimental work, it was decided to adopt the de‐emanation‐scintillation method for the analysis of radon and radium. The method is similar to that used by Holaday and others for the detection of radon in air within uranium mines. A more comprehensive discussion of the method and techniques used in this study has been reported by Higgins and others in this issue of the Journal.