gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breast tomosynthesis: a better mammography (2018)

Digital mammography is an excellent method for detecting breast cancer at an early stage, but overlap of breast structures may lead to both false-positive and false-negative results. The digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is addressed to overcome this limitation of conventional 2D mammography. The purpose of this study was to discuss the multiple aspects related to this new tool, including its role in breast cancer screening, through a literature review. DBT, or 3D mammography, provides a three-dimensional representation of the breast, with the ability to scroll through breast tissue in the reconstructed images, thereby reducing the effect of tissue superimposition. This leads to improved sensitivity and specificity in breast cancer screening. In diagnostic cases, tomosynthesis increases the accuracy with better characterization and localization of the lesions. Prospective and retrospective studies confirm that DBT is superior to digital mammography in breast cancer screening, with 27 to 53% increase in cancer detection and 17 to 37% reduction in false-positive recalls. A total of 40 to 49% of the cancers detected by DBT were invasive: 40 to 48% of histological grade 2 or 3 and more than 75% were node negative. DBT is the most promising new modality for breast cancer screening. Further studies are needed to evaluate the reduction of interval cancers with this modality.
ADAM17 promotes breast cancer cell malignant phenotype through EGFR-PI3K-AKT activation (2009)

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17) is involved in proteolytic ectodomain shedding of several membrane-bound growth factors and cytokines. The expression and activity of ADAM17 increase under some pathological conditions such as stroke and glioma. ADAM17 promotes neural progenitor cell migration and contributes to stroke-induced neurogenesis after stroke and brain tumor growth and invasion. In the present study, we sought to elucidate whether ADAM17 contributes to breast cancer progression and its mechanisms. To this end, we examined the role of ADAM17 in the proliferation, invasion and tube formation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro. Stable transfection of the MDA-MB-231 cell line with either a plasmid for overexpression of human ADAM17, or a siRNA to ADAM17 was employed in this study to establish high or low ADAM17 expression in breast cancer cells, respectively. For study of mechanism, the ADAM17 inhibitor TAPI-2 and the PI3K-AKT inhibitor LY294002 were used to counteract high ADAM17 expression or the activated PI3K-AKT pathway. Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were tested by MTT, Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, growth curve and sulforhodamine B assay. Matrigel invasion assays were used to assess the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to penetrate the Extra Cellular Matrix. A Matrigel tube formation assay was performed to test capillary tube formation ability. EGFR-PI3K-Akt pathway activation in MDA-MB-231 cells under different ADAM17 expression levels were tested by western blot and ELISA. Our data show that ADAM17 promotes the MDA-MB-231 malignant phenotype by increased proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. TGFalpha, VEGF secretion and VEGF expression was increasing by ADAM17 and counteracted by ADAM17 siRNA, TAPI-2 and LY294002 in MDA-MB-231 cells. ADAM17 activated, whereas ADAM17 siRNA, TAPI-2 and LY294002 deactivated the EGFR-PI3K-AKT signal pathway, which correlated with MDA-MB-231 cell malignant phenotype changes. This study suggests ADAM17 contributes to breast cancer progression through activation of the EGFR-PI3K-AKT signal pathway.
Computerized Simulation of the Transmission Line in High-speed PCB (2005)

With the rapid development in logic circuit,the effect of transmission line in PCB becomes a confined factor.In the design of high-speed PCB,the factors which affect the integrity of signal can be found by computerized simulation of the transmission line,simultaneously the signal quality could be optimized.The capacitance matrices of transmission line in high-speed PCB have been computed with this method that is the total charge Green's functions with method of matrix,then the time-domain model is built.Connected to IBIS model of the I/O buffer these models can be used in computerized simulation of the transmission line.The result of simulation is equal with the result produced by EDA software-Specctraquest of cadence Co.and the efficiency of simulation is advanced.
Time-of-Flight 3-D Imaging Pixel Structures in Standard CMOS Processes (2008)

In this investigation we examine different pixel structures and readout principles to be used in imagers fabricated in standard CMOS processes, for example, the 0.5 and 0.35 processes available at the Fraunhofer IMS. The targeted applications are high-speed near-infra-red (NIR) 3-D imaging based on time-of-flight (TOF) measurements. We discuss various issues ranging from charge-coupling possibilities to noise, spectral responsivity and fill-factor, and present an extensive study of pixel configurations based on inverse biased p-n junction and MOS-C based photodetectors. We also discuss the possibilities of using a novel CMOS imaging pixel for TOF imaging applications: the charge-injection photogate (CI-PG) which presents parametric time-compression amplification. Finally, we compare and discuss all the pixel configurations examined.
Coexpression of the CUG-Binding Protein Reduces DM Protein Kinase Expression in COS Cells (2001)

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common form of adult onset muscular dystrophy. Patients have a large CTG repeat expansion in the 3' untranslated region of the DMPK gene, which encodes DM protein kinase. RNA trans-dominant models, which hypothesize that the expanded CUG trinucleotide repeat on DMPK mRNA sequesters a factor or disrupts the RNA metabolism of the DMPK mRNA itself and other mRNAs in a trans dominant manner, have been proposed. A candidate for the sequestered factor, termed CUG-binding protein (CUG-BP), exists in several alternatively spliced isoforms. We found a human isoform with a twelve base insertion (deduced amino acids Leu-Tyr-Leu-Gln) and an isoform with a three base insertion (deduced amino acid Ala) insertion. In order to elucidate the effects of CUG-BP on DMPK expression, we introduced CUG-BP and DMPK cDNA transiently into COS-7 cells. Cotransfection of CUG-BP did not significantly affect the expression of either wild type or mutant DMPK at the mRNA level. On the other hand, cotransfection of CUG-BP significantly affected the expression of both the wild type and mutant DMPKs at the protein level. This reduction was remarkable when the mutant DMPK construct was used.
The Relative Characteristics between absorption-desorption Curves and Dyeing Affinities of pre-treated Lyocell Fiber (2009)

Lyocell fibers can obtain improving dyeability but damaging mechanical properties after been pre-treated by CT, ET, CET and ECT methods. It was found that the sorption characteristic of the pre-treated fibers can be used as a confident examining tool for reflecting the changes of their fine structures. In general, although each treatment condition was keeping the same, changing the processing sequences would build up substantial different modifications on the fibre fine structures and dyeing behaviours as well. The hydrolysis actions by cellulase at different caustic treatment stages (in ET, CET and ECT methods) would be quite variable. Similarly, the hydration power at enzymatic treatment and different caustic treatment stages (in CT, CET and ECT methods) would also be significant changed too. Therefore, when Lyocell fibres have been pre-treated by caustic and enzyme solution alone or sequentially, their moisture regain and dyeing characteristics would be altered to different extents.
Vaccinia Virus Protein C6 Is a Virulence Factor that Binds TBK-1 Adaptor Proteins and Inhibits Activation of IRF3 and IRF7 (2011)

Recognition of viruses by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) causes interferon-β (IFN-β) induction, a key event in the anti-viral innate immune response, and also a target of viral immune evasion. Here the vaccinia virus (VACV) protein C6 is identified as an inhibitor of PRR-induced IFN-β expression by a functional screen of select VACV open reading frames expressed individually in mammalian cells. C6 is a member of a family of Bcl-2-like poxvirus proteins, many of which have been shown to inhibit innate immune signalling pathways. PRRs activate both NF-κB and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) to activate the IFN-β promoter induction. Data presented here show that C6 inhibits IRF3 activation and translocation into the nucleus, but does not inhibit NF-κB activation. C6 inhibits IRF3 and IRF7 activation downstream of the kinases TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IκB kinase-ε (IKKε), which phosphorylate and activate these IRFs. However, C6 does not inhibit TBK1- and IKKε-independent IRF7 activation or the induction of promoters by constitutively active forms of IRF3 or IRF7, indicating that C6 acts at the level of the TBK1/IKKε complex. Consistent with this notion, C6 immunoprecipitated with the TBK1 complex scaffold proteins TANK, SINTBAD and NAP1. C6 is expressed early during infection and is present in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Mutant viruses in which the C6L gene is deleted, or mutated so that the C6 protein is not expressed, replicated normally in cell culture but were attenuated in two in vivo models of infection compared to wild type and revertant controls. Thus C6 contributes to VACV virulence and might do so via the inhibition of PRR-induced activation of IRF3 and IRF7.
Task allocation and scheduling models for multiprocessor digital signal processing (1990)

Task allocation and scheduling models for distributed digital signal processing are presented. The notions of block-type and stream-type tasks in signal processing application are introduced, and models for sequential and parallel I/O are presented. By extending the traditional models, more accurate schedules can be obtained. Those models can be further enhanced by allowing additional restrictions on the number of parallel I/O ports and the amount of parallelism on memory access. The deterministic nature of digital signal processing algorithms allows for more computationally intensive and accurate task allocation techniques to be performed at compile time. By applying a branch and bound algorithm, the task allocation problem can easily be solved for a variety of scheduling models and various system restrictions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors activate the AKT kinase in multiple myeloma cells by up-regulating the insulin-like growth factor receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade (2005)

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, such as rapamycin and CCI-779, have shown preclinical potential as therapy for multiple myeloma. By inhibiting expression of cell cycle proteins, these agents induce G1 arrest. However, by also inhibiting an mTOR-dependent serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), they may enhance insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling and downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT activation. This may be a particular problem in multiple myeloma where IGF-I-induced activation of AKT is an important antiapoptotic cascade. We, therefore, studied AKT activation in multiple myeloma cells treated with mTOR inhibitors. Rapamycin enhanced basal AKT activity, AKT phosphorylation, and PI3K activity in multiple myeloma cells and prolonged activation of AKT induced by exogenous IGF-I. CCI-779, used in a xenograft model, also resulted in multiple myeloma cell AKT activation in vivo. Blockade of IGF-I receptor function prevented rapamycin's activation of AKT. Furthermore, rapamycin prevented serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, enhanced IRS-1 association with IGF-I receptors, and prevented IRS-1 degradation. Although similarly blocking IRS-1 degradation, proteasome inhibitors did not activate AKT. Thus, mTOR inhibitors activate PI3-K/AKT in multiple myeloma cells; activation depends on basal IGF-R signaling; and enhanced IRS-1/IGF-I receptor interactions secondary to inhibited IRS-1 serine phosphorylation may play a role in activation of the cascade. In cotreatment experiments, rapamycin inhibited myeloma cell apoptosis induced by PS-341. These results provide a caveat for future use of mTOR inhibitors in myeloma patients if they are to be combined with apoptosis-inducing agents.
STUDIES ON THE ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MERETRIX LUSORIA (1974)

Meretrix lusoria is one of the most favorite edible bivalves inhabiting wide inter-tidal flats along the western coast of Korea. Over the period of July to September 1973, some specimens from a tidal flat near AnMyun Island were submerged in sea water with various concentrations of ammo-mum hydroxide added and careful observations were made on their fertilization, early development, and metamorphosis of the larvae. The highest rate of fertilization was demonstrated by individuals treated with 1/1000 normal solution of ammonium hydroxide, and their fertilized eggs followed normal development, i. e., two cell stage in 1.2 hours after fertilization, gastrula stage after 4.7 hours, and trochophore stage after 5.6 hours. Within 24 hours after fertilization M. lusoria larvae have acquired the form of early straight-hinge veliger with the mean prodissoconch I length of . It takes seven days to get the umbo stage with the mean shell length of and twenty days to get the metamorphosing stage with the mean shell length of . The larvae were cultured to the metamorphosing stage with the shell length of in the laboratory condition. The relationship between the shell length (L) and the shell height (H) in veliger stage is shown as H=1.02325L-24.46425 with a significant difference.
Progressive Metamorphism of Amphibolite, Northwest Adirondack Mountains, New York (2015)

The 24 papers in this volume, written in honor of A.F. Buddington, cover a wide range of topics and geographic areas. H.H. Hesss History of Ocean Basins perhaps the most famous paper in the volume, introduces the concept of seafloor spreading.
Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discrimination in speech processing (1992)

Cerebral activation was measured with positron emission tomography in ten human volunteers. The primary auditory cortex showed increased activity in response to noise bursts, whereas acoustically matched speech syllables activated secondary auditory cortices bilaterally. Instructions to make judgments about different attributes of the same speech signal resulted in activation of specific lateralized neural systems. Discrimination of phonetic structure led to increased activity in part of Broca's area of the left hemisphere, suggesting a role for articulatory recoding in phonetic perception. Processing changes in pitch produced activation of the right prefrontal cortex, consistent with the importance of right-hemisphere mechanisms in pitch perception.
Aluminium free InGaAs/GaAs/InGaAsP/InGaP GRINSCH SL-SQW lasers at 0.98 μm (1992)

Using InGaAsP lattice matched to GaAs, InGaAs/GaAs/InGaAsP/InGaP 0.98 μm GRINSCH SL-SQW lasers were fabricated for the first time. A high characteristic temperature of 215 K was measured at 10–70°C. A CW light output power of over 300 mW was achieved on 3 μm-wide ridge waveguide lasers with current-blocked regions near cavity facets.
On integral probability metrics, ϕ-divergences and binary classification (2009)

A class of distance measures on probabilities -- the integral probability metrics (IPMs) -- is addressed: these include the Wasserstein distance, Dudley metric, and Maximum Mean Discrepancy. IPMs have thus far mostly been used in more abstract settings, for instance as theoretical tools in mass transportation problems, and in metrizing the weak topology on the set of all Borel probability measures defined on a metric space. Practical applications of IPMs are less common, with some exceptions in the kernel machines literature. The present work contributes a number of novel properties of IPMs, which should contribute to making IPMs more widely used in practice, for instance in areas where $ϕ$-divergences are currently popular. First, to understand the relation between IPMs and $ϕ$-divergences, the necessary and sufficient conditions under which these classes intersect are derived: the total variation distance is shown to be the only non-trivial $ϕ$-divergence that is also an IPM. This shows that IPMs are essentially different from $ϕ$-divergences. Second, empirical estimates of several IPMs from finite i.i.d. samples are obtained, and their consistency and convergence rates are analyzed. These estimators are shown to be easily computable, with better rates of convergence than estimators of $ϕ$-divergences. Third, a novel interpretation is provided for IPMs by relating them to binary classification, where it is shown that the IPM between class-conditional distributions is the negative of the optimal risk associated with a binary classifier. In addition, the smoothness of an appropriate binary classifier is proved to be inversely related to the distance between the class-conditional distributions, measured in terms of an IPM.
Evaluation of multimedia synchronization techniques (1994)

This paper presents a classification of the multimedia synchronization techniques used to control jitter among media streams. The inter-media synchronization techniques are described with regard to their topology. Two major classes of multimedia synchronization techniques are then introduced as being distributed or local. Distributed schemes are used in networking environments. Local schemes are used within a workstation. An overview of some of the more well known synchronization techniques is then provided with a concentration on the distributed schemes. An evaluation of all the techniques follows with noted advantages and disadvantages.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Distributed Diagnosis of Failures in a Three Tier E-Commerce System (2007)

For dependability outages in distributed Internet infrastructures, it is often not enough to detect a failure, but it is also required to diagnose it, i.e., to identify its source. Complex applications deployed in multi-tier environments make diagnosis challenging because of fast error propagation, black-box applications, high diagnosis delay, the amount of states that can be maintained, and imperfect diagnostic tests. Here, we propose a probabilistic diagnosis model for arbitrary failures in components of a distributed application. The monitoring system (the Monitor) passively observes the message exchanges between the components and, at runtime, performs a probabilistic diagnosis of the component that was the root cause of a failure. We demonstrate the approach by applying it to the Pet Store J2EE application, and we compare it with Pinpoint by quantifying latency and accuracy in both systems. The Monitor outperforms Pinpoint by achieving comparably accurate diagnosis with higher precision in shorter time.
Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease (2016)

Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology and pulmonary defense through local responses and centrally mediated neural pathways. Mechanical and chemical activation of airway afferents depends on a myriad of ionic and receptor-mediated signaling, much of which has yet to be fully explored. Alterations in the sensitivity and neurochemical phenotype of vagal afferent nerves and/or the neural pathways that they innervate occur in a wide variety of pulmonary diseases, and as such, understanding the mechanisms of vagal sensory function and dysfunction may reveal novel therapeutic targets. In this comprehensive review we discuss historical and state-of-the-art concepts in airway sensory neurobiology and explore mechanisms underlying how vagal sensory pathways become dysfunctional in pathological conditions.
High fidelity imaging and high performance computing in nonlinear EIT (2000)

We show that nonlinear EIT provides images with well defined characteristics when smoothness of the image is used as a constraint in the reconstruction process. We use the gradient of the logarithm of resistivity as an effective measure of image smoothness, which has the advantage that resistivity and conductivity are treated with equal weight. We suggest that a measure of the fidelity of the image to the object requires the explicit definition and application of such a constraint. The algorithm is applied to the simulation of intra-ventricular haemorrhaging (IVH) in a simple head model. The results indicate that a 5% increase in the blood content of the ventricles would be easily detectable with the noise performance of contemporary instrumentation. The possible implementation of the algorithm in real time via high performance computing is discussed.
Thermostable Xylanase from Marasmius sp.: Purification and Characterization (2006)

We have screened 766 strains of fungi from the BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC) for xylanases working in extreme pH and/or high temperature conditions, the so-called extreme xylanases. From a total number of 32 strains producing extreme xylanases, the strain BCC7928, identified by using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of rRNA to be a Marasmius sp., was chosen for further characterization because of its high xylanolytic activity at temperature as high as 90 degrees C. The crude enzyme possessed high thermostability and pH stability. Purification of this xylanase was carried out using an anion exchanger followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, yielding the enzyme with >90% homogeneity. The molecular mass of the enzyme was approximately 40 kDa. The purified enzyme retained broad working pH range of 4-8 and optimal temperature of 90 degrees C. When using xylan from birchwood as substrate, it exhibits Km and Vmax values of 2.6 +/- 0.6 mg/ml and 428 +/- 26 U/mg, respectively. The enzyme rapidly hydrolysed xylans from birchwood, beechwood, and exhibited lower activity on xylan from wheatbran, or celluloses from carboxymethylcellulose and Avicel. The purified enzyme was highly stable at temperature ranges from 50 to 70 degrees C. It retained 84% of its maximal activity after incubation in standard buffer containing 1% xylan substrate at 70 degrees C for 3 h. This thermostable xylanase should therefore be useful for several industrial applications, such as agricultural, food and biofuel.
Establishing a Novel Modeling Tool: A Python-based Interface for a Neuromorphic Hardware System (2009)

Neuromorphic hardware systems provide new possibilities for the neuroscience modeling community. Due to the intrinsic parallelism of the micro-electronic emulation of neural computation, such models are highly scalable without a loss of speed. However, the communities of software simulator users and neuromorphic engineering in neuroscience are rather disjoint. We present a software concept that provides the possibility to establish such hardware devices as valuable modeling tools. It is based on the integration of the hardware interface into a simulator-independent language which allows for unified experiment descriptions that can be run on various simulation platforms without modification, implying experiment portability and a huge simplification of the quantitative comparison of hardware and simulator results. We introduce an accelerated neuromorphic hardware device and describe the implementation of the proposed concept for this system. An example setup and results acquired by utilizing both the hardware system and a software simulator are demonstrated.