gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of Antibiotic LL-AC541 (1968)

A new basic, water-soluble antibiotic designated LL-AC541, produced by a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus (NRRL 3111), was isolated as a hydrochloride salt; [alpha](D) (25), - 58 degrees , melting point, 200 to 215 C (decomposition). It is structurally related to streptothricin but does not contain beta-lysine. Isolation procedures, physicochemical properties, antimicrobial spectrum, and in vivo testing results are presented. Another very closely related antibiotic obtained from the same fermentation is briefly described.
Effects of Polyols on the Stability of Whey Proteins in Intermediate-Moisture Food Model Systems (2009)

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of polyols on the stability of whey proteins in an intermediate-moisture food model system and to elucidate the effect of polyols on the hardening of whey protein-based bars during storage. Four major polyols, glycerol, propylene glycol, maltitol, and sorbitol, were evaluated in model systems, which contained whey protein isolate, polyols, and water. The results showed that glycerol was the most effective polyol in lowering water activity and provided the soft texture of intermediate-moisture foods, followed by sorbitol and maltitol. These three polyols stabilized the native structure of whey proteins, provided a desired texture, and slowed the hardening of the model systems. Propylene glycol should not be used in whey protein-based high-protein intermediate-moisture foods because it caused changes in protein conformation and stability as observed by differential scanning calorimeter and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and resulted in aggregation of whey proteins and hardening of the bar texture during storage, causing loss in product quality.
NASA to pay private space companies for moon rides (2018)

Experiments on commercial landers could confirm a wetter, more active moon.
Androgen-Estrogen Metabolism in Women with Upper Body<i>Versus</i>Lower Body Obesity* (1990)

Androgen and estrogen production rates were examined in 29 morbidly obese women with upper or lower body obesity. Although blood production rates of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione (A4) were elevated in all of these women, those with upper body obesity (waist-height ratios, greater than 0.85) had higher T and production rates than women with lower body obesity (waist-height ratio less than 0.75). A4 was equally elevated in women with upper and lower body obesity. Peripheral aromatization of A4 to estrone (E1) averaged 1.67% in women with upper body obesity, but was elevated at 2.54% in women with lower body obesity. Urinary E1 production rates averaged 466 +/- 295 nmol/day (172 +/- 109 micrograms/day) in women with upper body obesity. Thus, women with lower body obesity had higher E1 production rates due entirely to increased peripheral aromatization. Women with upper body obesity were observed to have higher serum T and estradiol (E2) levels than women with lower body obesity. Further, upper body obesity was associated with decreased levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (16.1 +/- 5.7 nmol/L vs. 18.9 +/- 6.1 in women with lower body obesity). As a result, free T levels averaged 98.8 +/- 39.2 pmol/L in women with upper body obesity vs. 82.2 +/- 33 in women with lower body obesity. Similarly, serum free E2 levels were higher in women with upper body vs. lower body obesity. The data demonstrate that sex hormone production and metabolism are different in morbidly obese women with these differing phenotypes. Women with upper body obesity have higher androgen production rates and higher free T and free E2 levels, whereas women with lower body obesity make increased amounts of E1 from peripheral aromatization. The biological significance of increased aromatization may be offset by increased free E2 levels in women with upper body obesity.
Diabetes and mass spectrometry (2001)

Mass spectrometry (MS) has been successfully employed to investigate non-enzymatic protein glycation, a process relevant in diabetic disease. The high sensitivity and specificity of this technique allowed the development of methods that can individuate and evaluate some glycation markers to be validly employed in monitoring diabetes. More recent mass spectrometric techniques, such as the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), are able to determine the molecular weight of intact proteins. They were first employed in studying the in vitro reaction between hexoses and different proteins. Once the validity of the results obtained by this analytical approach was confirmed, a series of investigations on plasma proteins were undertaken in healthy and diabetic subjects. The method led to the evaluation of the number of glucose molecules condensed on the protein being studied, and consequently can be validly used for an accurate follow-up of metabolic control in diabetic patients. When applied to studies on haemoglobin glycation, the method showed that both alpha- and beta-globins are glycated to a similar extent and that the simply glycated molecules are accompanied by glyco-oxidized species therefore giving information on the oxidative stress experimented on in the subject. Furthermore, in the case of immunoglobulins, MALDI/MS was able to determine not only the total glycation level of IgG, but also to establish that the fragment antigen binding (Fab) moiety is the most glycated one, thus suggesting that the possible immunological impairment sometimes invoked in diabetes is related to the inhibition of the process of molecular recognition between antibody and antigen.
A database model for user interface management systems (2002)

A database approach to user interface management systems (UIMSs) that overcomes some of the problems of previous methods is proposed. The model is based on the simple concept that the user interface and application input and output data can reside together in a relational database. This approach is made possible by extending the normal database definition to include both graphical and nongraphical objects in the same table. The standard relational database command language, SQL, can then be extended by adding commands for graphical manipulations to create a powerful new method for creating user interfaces. A UIMS called EVA, designed as a first-pass attempt at implementing the database model, is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Relational Algebra Learning Tool (2009)

1 Currently there is a lack of good quality learning tools which makes the process of learning Relational Algebra an interesting and exciting activity. Majority of the learning tools available for teaching database concepts concentrate solely around SQL, which is based on the concepts of Relational Al-gebra. As a result, often lecturers introduce Relational Algebra as conceptual operations which can be performed by actual query languages. This often leads students to believe that Relational Algebra play no important role in the actual implementation of database applications. They fail to realise that SQL queries act as declarative language telling the Database Management Systems (DBMS) what it wants. Relational Algebra on the other hand is a procedural language since it is concerned with the execution of SQL queries. Hence it is very important that students get a good understanding of Relational Algebra as it allows them to understand database operations in more detail and motivate them to write optimized queries. In this report, we introduce a new tool called RALT- Relational Algebra Learning Tool. This tool allows the creation of Relational Algebra queries by using a graphical interface following a dataflow
Multiple Novel Functions of Henipavirus O-glycans: The First O-glycan Functions Identified in the Paramyxovirus Family (2016)

O-linked glycosylation is a ubiquitous protein modification in organisms belonging to several kingdoms. Both microbial and host protein glycans are used by many pathogens for host invasion and immune evasion, yet little is known about the roles of O-glycans in viral pathogenesis. Reportedly, there is no single function attributed to O-glycans for the significant paramyxovirus family. The paramyxovirus family includes many important pathogens, such as measles, mumps, parainfluenza, metapneumo- and the deadly Henipaviruses Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. Paramyxoviral cell entry requires the coordinated actions of two viral membrane glycoproteins: the attachment (HN/H/G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. O-glycan sites in HeV G were recently identified, facilitating use of the attachment protein of this deadly paramyxovirus as a model to study O-glycan functions. We mutated the identified HeV G O-glycosylation sites and found mutants with altered cell-cell fusion, G conformation, G/F association, viral entry in a pseudotyped viral system, and, quite unexpectedly, pseudotyped viral F protein incorporation and processing phenotypes. These are all important functions of viral glycoproteins. These phenotypes were broadly conserved for equivalent NiV mutants. Thus our results identify multiple novel and pathologically important functions of paramyxoviral O-glycans, paving the way to study O-glycan functions in other paramyxoviruses and enveloped viruses.
Death Don't Have No Mercy and Neither Does Calcium: <i>Arabidopsis</i> CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED CHANNEL2 and Innate Immunity (2007)

Plant innate immune response to pathogen infection includes an elegant signaling pathway leading to reactive oxygen species generation and resulting hypersensitive response (HR); localized programmed cell death in tissue surrounding the initial infection site limits pathogen spread. A veritable symphony of cytosolic signaling molecules (including Ca(2+), nitric oxide [NO], cyclic nucleotides, and calmodulin) have been suggested as early components of HR signaling. However, specific interactions among these cytosolic secondary messengers and their roles in the signal cascade are still unclear. Here, we report some aspects of how plants translate perception of a pathogen into a signal cascade leading to an innate immune response. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED CHANNEL2 (CNGC2/DND1) conducts Ca(2+) into cells and provide a model linking this Ca(2+) current to downstream NO production. NO is a critical signaling molecule invoking plant innate immune response to pathogens. Plants without functional CNGC2 lack this cell membrane Ca(2+) current and do not display HR; providing the mutant with NO complements this phenotype. The bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern elicitor lipopolysaccharide activates a CNGC Ca(2+) current, which may be linked to NO generation due to buildup of cytosolic Ca(2+)/calmodulin.
Oxaliplatin reacts with DMSO only in the presence of water (2017)

Herein we show that oxaliplatin reacts rapidly with DMSO in aqueous solutions, despite being stable in pure DMSO and pure water. Furthermore, the reactivity of the clinically applied Pt(ii) drugs in water/DMSO and PBS/DMSO mixtures, and the nature of the species formed were investigated by MS, NMR and RP-HPLC techniques.
Selection of gamma delta T cells with canonical T-cell antigen receptors in fetal thymus. (1990)

Two gamma delta T-cell subsets that are generated in the fetal thymus and selectively localize in epidermis and uterus-vagina-tongue epithelia exhibit remarkable homogeneity in their (T-cell) antigen receptors (TCR). In the present study, we show that cells expressing the canonical gamma delta TCR are also generated in fetal thymus organ cultures. Treatment of these cultures with anti-gamma delta TCR antibodies did not prevent gamma delta T-cell development but led to a striking increase in the frequency of noncanonical in-frame sequences. We conclude from this finding that cells expressing the canonical TCR accumulate selectively as a result of TCR-mediated positive selection in the fetal thymus.
Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides with gas–liquid chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars (1994)

Methods for the measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are described. A common enzymic removal of starch and acid hydrolysis of the NSP to their constituent sugars are followed by one of three alternative techniques, gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography or spectrophotometry, for measurement of the released sugars. The results obtained by the three methods are in good agreement for a wide range of raw and processed foods. NSP compose approximately 90% of the plant cell-wall material and are therefore a good index of this material. Values for NSP therefore provide a good marker for a diet rich in fruit, vegetables and high-extraction cereal products associated with health and recommended in dietary guidelines. Values for total, soluble and insoluble NSP may be obtained with any of the end-point techniques, and the detailed information obtained from the chromatographic methods is useful in studies of the relationship between the intakes of various types of NSP and health. The causes of some potential interferences in the spectrophotometric assay, especially from processed foods, have been identified and eliminated. The rapid spectrophotometric version is suitable for food labelling purposes and for quality control, and the changes described have made it more robust.
Detection of Intracranial Signatures of Interictal Epileptiform Discharges from Concurrent Scalp EEG (2016)

Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are transient neural electrical activities that occur in the brain of patients with epilepsy. A problem with the inspection of IEDs from the scalp electroencephalogram (sEEG) is that for a subset of epileptic patients, there are no visually discernible IEDs on the scalp, rendering the above procedures ineffective, both for detection purposes and algorithm evaluation. On the other hand, intracranially placed electrodes yield a much higher incidence of visible IEDs as compared to concurrent scalp electrodes. In this work, we utilize concurrent scalp and intracranial EEG (iEEG) from a group of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with low number of scalp-visible IEDs. The aim is to determine whether by considering the timing information of the IEDs from iEEG, the resulting concurrent sEEG contains enough information for the IEDs to be reliably distinguished from non-IED segments. We develop an automatic detection algorithm which is tested in a leave-subject-out fashion, where each test subject's detection algorithm is based on the other patients' data. The algorithm obtained a [Formula: see text] accuracy in recognizing scalp IED from non-IED segments with [Formula: see text] accuracy when trained and tested on the same subject. Also, it was able to identify nonscalp-visible IED events for most patients with a low number of false positive detections. Our results represent a proof of concept that IED information for TLE patients is contained in scalp EEG even if they are not visually identifiable and also that between subject differences in the IED topology and shape are small enough such that a generic algorithm can be used.
Tunable microdoublet lens array (2004)

We report a tunable microdoublet lens capable of creating dual modes of biconvex or meniscus lens. The microdoublet lens consists of a tunable liquid-filled lens and a solid negative lens. It can be tuned either by changing the shape of the liquid-filled lens into bi-convex or meniscus or by changing a filling media with different refractive index. The micro-fabrication is based on photopolymer microdispensing and elastomer micromolding methods. The microdoublet lens can provide a solution for minimizing optical aberrations and maximizing the tunability of focal length or field of view by controlling variable and fixed lens curvatures.
Influence of co-culture during maturation on the developmental potential of equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (2001)

The influence of co-culture with either oviduct epithelial cells or fetal fibroblast cells on in vitro maturation of equine oocytes and their potential for development to blastocysts and fetuses after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was investigated. The oocytes were obtained from ovaries from abattoirs and were matured in vitro for 28-30 h in TCM-199 only, or in TCM-199 co-culture with oviduct epithelial cells or fetal fibroblast cells. Metaphase II oocytes were subjected to ICSI with an ionomycin-treated spermatozoon. The injected oocytes were cultured for 7-9 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Morphologically normal early blastocysts were transferred to the uteri of recipient mares. Nuclear maturation rates and the rates of cleavage to the two-cell stage for injected oocytes were similar in the groups of oocytes that were matured in TCM-199 (49 and 63%), in co-culture with oviduct epithelial cells (53 and 65%) or in co-culture with fetal fibroblasts (51 and 57%). There were no significant differences in the proportions of blastocysts that developed from the two-cell embryos derived from oocytes matured by co-culture with either oviduct epithelial cells (30%) or fetal fibroblasts (17%). However, significantly higher proportions of blastocysts were produced from both these co-culture groups than from the groups of oocytes matured in TCM-199 only (P < 0.05). Six of the blastocysts that had developed from oocytes co-cultured with oviduct epithelial cells were transferred into recipient mares and four pregnancies resulted. These results demonstrate a beneficial influence of co-culture with either oviduct epithelial cells or fetal fibroblasts for maturation of oocytes in vitro.
Frequency-Swept and Proton-Stabilized NMR Spectrometer for all Nuclei Using a Frequency Synthesizer (1963)

The high-resolution proton-stabilized, and frequency-swept spectrometer of Baker and Burd was limited to proton spectra. A modification of this instrument suitable for all magnetic nuclei is described, based upon the use of a Rhode and Schwarz frequency synthesizer. This modification provides generation and detection of an unmodulated signal at the frequency of another nuclear species, while retaining the features of proton stabilization and precalibration on a frequency scale of the older instrument. Frequency scans from 10 cps to 2 kc may be shifted in precise increments by means of crystal oscillators and the lock-on features of the synthesizer. In going from one nuclear species to another, ratios of magnetogyric ratios are given automatically to high precision. Examples of spectra are given.
SERS—a single-molecule and nanoscale tool for bioanalytics (2008)

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at extremely high enhancement level turns the weak inelastic scattering effect of photons on vibrational quantum states into a structurally sensitive single-molecule and nanoscale probe. The effect opens up exciting opportunities for applications of vibrational spectroscopy in biology. The concept of SERS can be extended to two-photon excitation by exploiting surface enhanced hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS). This critical review introduces the physics behind single-molecule SERS and discusses the capabilities of the effect in bioanalytics (100 references).
Structure-based Vaccine Design in HIV: Blind Men and the Elephant? (2010)

Traditional vaccine approaches have failed for HIV and novel strategies are now being sought to develop immunogens designed to elicit specific activity against known broad neutralization epitopes. Structure-based vaccine design has great potential but, thus far, remains a largely unproven concept. Further structural information for the envelope (Env) glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, is needed, particularly for understanding trimer-specific antibodies and their epitopes and to clarify atomic details of the structural elements responsible for masking crucial epitopes and for mediating the conformational rearrangements undertaken during the process of receptor-binding and membrane fusion.
Inactivation of Bacteria in an Aqueous Environment by a Direct‐Current, Cold‐Atmospheric‐Pressure Air Plasma Microjet (2009)

Abstract A direct‐current, cold‐atmospheric‐pressure air plasma microjet (PMJ) sustained in a quasi‐steady gas cavity in a liquid medium is used to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) suspended in the liquid. The temperature and the pH value of the liquid change to steady‐state values of about 40 °C and 3.0–4.5, respectively, after 10 min of plasma treatment. The decrease in the pH is attributed to the reaction of NO x produced in the air plasma with water at the gas–liquid interface. The concentrations of NO and NO are measured to be 37 mg · L −1 and 21 mg · L −1 , respectively, after a 20 min of plasma treatment. Effective inactivation of S. aureus is found to start after the pH values decreases to about 4.5. This is attributed to the high oxidizing potential of the perhydroxyl radical (HOO • ) on the fatty acid in the cell membranes of the microorganisms in the liquid. magnified image
Sulfenic Acid Derived from 1,3-Oxathiolane-3-oxide (1987)

Sigmatropic rearrangement of cis and trans-2-methyl-N-phenyl-1,3-oxathiolane-2-acetamide (b) and (c) gave unisolable sulfenic acids (d) and (f), respectively. These sulfenic acids were confirmed by deuterium exchange reactions involving 2-methylene and 2-methyl groups. The reactions also showed that no isomerization between the cis and trans sulfoxides (b) and (c) occurred under neutral conditions. However, the isomerization took place in the presence of acid catalyst. Stereospecific recyclization of sulfenic acids to the sulfoxides is attributable to possible hydrogen bonding between sulfenyl oxygen and NH proton or it arises from the geometrical requirements of the reacting bond and atoms in the reverse sigmatropic rearrangement. In the oxidation of 1, 3-oxathiolane, cis sulfoxide (b) could be obtained selectively in high yield by using -benzene seleninic acid.
Design and Analysis of the Droop Control Method for Parallel Inverters Considering the Impact of the Complex Impedance on the Power Sharing (2010)

This paper investigates the characteristics of the active and reactive power sharing in a parallel inverters system under different system impedance conditions. The analyses conclude that the conventional droop method cannot achieve efficient power sharing for the case of a system with complex impedance condition. To achieve the proper power balance and minimize the circulating current in the different impedance situations, a novel droop controller that considers the impact of complex impedance is proposed in this paper. This controller can simplify the coupled active and reactive power relationships, which are caused by the complex impedance in the parallel system. In addition, a virtual complex impedance loop is included in the proposed controller to minimize the fundamental and harmonic circulating current that flows in the parallel system. Compared to the other methods, the proposed controller can achieve accurate power sharing, offers efficient dynamic performance, and is more adaptive to different line impedance situations. Simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the validity and the improvements achieved by the proposed controller.