gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[New fucose-specific lectin from the bark of dwarf almond golden rain Laburnum anagyroides Medik: purification, properties and immunochemical specificity]. (1982)

A new lectin specific towards L-fucose has been purified from the bark of Laburnum anagyroides. The purification procedure included precipitation with ammonium sulfate (30-90% saturation), precipitation of the globuline fraction at pH 4.2, fractionation with rivanol, chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-cellulose. Electrophoresis in SDS revealed one protein band with molecular weight of 33,000. The molecular weight of the native lectin is about 130,000, thus suggesting a tetrameric structure of the protein molecule. The lectin obtained contains 13.1% of carbohydrates; its amino acid composition is characterized by a high content of serine, threonine, glutamic and aspartic acids and by a lack of cystine and cysteine. The lectin activity is inhibited by L-fucose (2 mM). Lectin agglutinates native human erythrocytes with a preference for the O(H) blood group. The differences in the titre of hemagglutination of individual erythrocyte samples within a unique blood group were observed.
Molecular cloning of the cDNA coding for rat ornithine transcarbamoylase. (1983)

Ornithine transcarbamoylase is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme composed of three identical subunits encoded on the X chromosome. The subunit is synthesized on cytoplasmic polysomes as a precursor that is cleaved during transport into mitochondria. We report here the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones containing sequences corresponding to the mRNA encoding the ornithine transcarbamoylase subunit. cDNA was synthesized using rat liver mRNA enriched by polysome immunoadsorption for the low-abundance messenger species encoding the enzyme subunit. After insertion of cDNA into plasmid pBR322 and cloning in Escherichia coli, identification of the desired plasmids was accomplished by (i) differential colony hybridization using cDNA probes synthesized from mRNA of various tissues; (ii) differential blot hybridization using cDNA probes synthesized from mRNA enriched for or depleted of the ornithine transcarbamoylase message; (iii) hybrid-selected translation assays; and (iv) most definitively, structural analysis, which matched 25 consecutive amino acid residues determined by sequential Edman analysis of the carboxyl-terminal portion of the purified enzyme subunit with coding sequence present in the insert of one of the plasmids.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules on CT Scan Images (2018)

Lung cancer has become the leading cause of cancer death with the increasing morbidity and mortality all over the world. Early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment are of great significance to increase the survival rate of lung cancer patients. Computer-aided Diagnosis (CAD) based on computed tomography (CT) is an important technique for early diagnosis of lung lesions. This paper proposes a four-step approach for segmentation and classification of pulmonary nodules on CT scan images. A lung parenchyma segmentation method is performed which overcomes the shortcoming of pleural nodule omission of simple thresholding segmentation method. Then, a modified U-net fully convolutional network is constructed to segment suspected pulmonary nodules. Followed that, gray-level, shape, interior morphological, external morphological, texture and spatial features of pulmonary nodules are extracted. Last, an ensemble model of Random Forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifiers are employed to classify the suspected pulmonary nodules and the Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUC) is 0.93. Results confirm the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach. Taking both segmentation and classification of pulmonary nodules into account, we have thus created a doctor-assisted CAD approach for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.
Progress in Modification of Indium-Tin Oxide/Organic Interfaces for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2013)

The oxide/organic interfaces play crucial roles in the hole injection from the anode electrodes to the emitting organics in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and hence have strong impacts on the efficiencies and other properties of the devices. Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is currently the most popular anode material used in OLEDs due to several merits, such as good etch ability, good adherence, high transparency, low resistivity, and high work function. Interfacial engineering between the ITO electrode and the overlying organic layers is an important process to obtain the high performance of the diode devices. In this article, recent progress in modification of the ITO/organic interfaces is reviewed, as these interfaces are important to the development of the technologies aiming at improving the electroluminescence, and efficiencies as well as reducing the operation voltages of OLEDs. ITO/Organic interfacial properties can be controlled or modified by simply changing the surface properties of ITO using chemical or physical treatments, and by adding a buffer layer (e.g., metal, oxide, or organic thin films) between the ITO and hole transport or emitting organic layers. The literature data showed that the electroluminescence, efficiencies, and lifetimes of the OLEDs could be greatly increased and the operation voltage considerably decreased when the ITO/organic interfaces have been properly improved.
Vertical Integration and Media Regulation in the New Economy (2002)

Recent mergers and academic commentary have placed renewed focus on what has long been one of the central issues in media policy: whether media conglomerates can use vertical 'integration to harm competition. This Article seeks to move past previous studies, which have explored limited aspects of this issue, and apply the full sweep of modern economic theory to evaluate the regulation of vertical integration in media-related industries. It does so initially by applying the basic static efficiency analyses of vertical integration developed under the Chicago and post-Chicago Schools of antitrust law and economics to three industries: broadcasting, cable television, and cable modem systems. An empirical analysis reveals that the structural preconditions recognized by both Schools as necessary for vertical integration to harm competition do not exist in any of these industries. In addition, the cost structure of these industries suggests that vertical integration may well lead to efficiencies sufficient to justify allowing such integration to occur.
Sendai virus induced leakage of liposomes containing gangliosides (1985)

Sendai virus induced liposome leakage has been studied by using liposomes containing a self-quenching fluorescent dye, calcein. The liposomes used in this study were prepared by a freeze and thaw method and were composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine (1:2.60:1.48 molar ratio) as well as various amounts of gangliosides and cholesterol. The leakage rate was calculated from the fluorescence increment as the entrapped calcein leaked out of the liposomal compartment and was diluted into the media. It was shown that the target liposome leakage was virus dose dependent. Trypsin-treated Sendai virus in which the F protein had been quantitatively removed did not induce liposome leakage, indicating that the leakage was a direct result of F-protein interaction with the target bilayer membrane. The activation energy of this process was approximately 12 kcal/mol below 17 degrees C and approximately 25 kcal/mol above 17 degrees C. Gangliosides GM1, GD1a, and GT1b could serve as viral receptor under appropriate conditions. Liposome leakage showed a bell-shaped curve dependence on the concentration of ganglioside in the liposomes. No leakage was observed if the ganglioside content was too low or too high. Inclusion of cholesterol in the liposome bilayer suppressed the leakage rate of liposomes containing GD1a. It is speculated that the liposome leakage is a consequence of fusion between Sendai virus and liposomes.
Homology Modeling of Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase of<i>Candida albicans</i>and<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>and Insights into the Enzyme-Substrate Interactions (2004)

The crystal structure of 14alpha-sterol demethylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT_14DM) provides a good template for modeling the three dimensional structure of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase, which is the target of azole antifungal agents. Homologous 3D models of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase from Candida albicans (CA_14DM) and Aspergillus fumigatus (AF_14DM) were built on the basis of the crystal coordinates of MT_14DM in complex with 4-phenylimidazole and fluconazole. The reliability of the two models was assessed by Ramachandran plots, Profile-3D analysis, and by analyzing the consistency of the two models with the experimental data on the P450(14DM). The overall structures of the resulting CA_14DM model and AF_14DM model are similar to those of the template structures. The two models remain the core structure characteristic for cytochrome P450s and most of the insertions and deletions expose the molecular surface. The structurally and functionally important residues such as the heme binding residues, the residues lining the substrate access channel, and residues in active site were identified from the model. To explore the binding mode of the substrate with the two models, 24(28)-methylene-24,25-dihydrolanosterol was docked into the active site of the two models and hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen-bonding were found to play an important role in substrate recognition and orientation. These results provided a basis for experiments to probe structure-function relationships in the P450(14DM). Although CA_14DM and AF_14DM shared similar core structural character, the active site of the two models were quite different, thus allowing the rational design of specific inhibitors to the target enzyme and the discovery of novel antifungal agents with broad spectrum.
Eliminating spurious lipid sidebands in <sup>1</sup>H MRS of breast lesions (2002)

Detecting metabolites in breast lesions by in vivo (1)H MR spectroscopy can be difficult due to the abundance of mobile lipids in the breast which can produce spurious sidebands that interfere with the metabolite signals. Two-dimensional J-resolved spectroscopy has been demonstrated in the brain as a means to eliminate these artifacts from a large water signal; coherent sidebands are resolved at their natural frequencies, leaving the noncoupled metabolite resonances in the zero-frequency trace of the 2D spectrum. This work demonstrates that using the zero-frequency trace-or equivalently the average of spectra acquired with different echo times-can be used to separate noncoupled metabolite signals from the lipid-induced sidebands. This technique is demonstrated with simulations, phantom studies, and in several breast lesions. Compared to the conventional approach using a single echo time, echo time averaging provides increased sensitivity for the study of small and irregularly shaped lesions.
Fiber Optic Immunodetectors: Sensors Or Dosimeters? (1987)

Biosensors based on specific interaction of the analyte of interest (ligand) with a biochemical agent (receptor) which specifically and tightly binds the analyte are being developed by many groups, agencies, and institutions using a variety of detection technologies. We are studying fluorescent methods using evanescent wave excitation on the surface of planar and cylindrical (fiber optic) optical waveguides. A relatively low ligand-receptor binding constant results in reversibility but low sensitivity. Most biological receptors bind very strongly and specifically--almost irreversibly--which provides an "irreversible" means of detection. Means to regulate ligand-receptor binding constants are discussed in order to provide semi-reversible, sensitive, specific sensors, rather than "one-shot" detectors or dosimeters.
Diagnostic Sensitivity of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Southern Blot Hybridization for the Detection df Human Papillomavirus DNA in Biopsy Specimens from Cervical Lesions (1991)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with benign and malignant neoplasms of the cervix. One of the criteria for their etiologic role requires an assessment of whether virtually all or only a small fraction of lesions contain viral genomes. DNA preparations from colposcopically directed punch biopsies of cervical lesions were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of HPV DNA. The biopsy specimens represented different pathologic entities (koilocytosis, condyloma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma). In Southern blot hybridization with radioactive probes for HPV 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33, HPV DNA was detected in 74% of the biopsy specimens (42 of 57 cases), with the predominant types being HPV 16 and HPV 18. In contrast, after PCR amplification with primers yielding fragments of characteristic size for HPV 11, 16, and 18, the analysis of the same 57 biopsy specimens revealed that all samples were positive for at least one HPV type. To exclude false-positive PCR results, controls without HPV DNA were interspersed at regular intervals, and results were evaluated only if these controls remained HPV negative. To exclude false-negative results due to failure of the reaction, a target sequence within the c-Ha-ras-1 gene was used as an internal control. All HPV typing results obtained by Southern blot hybridization were in agreement with HPV typing by PCR. The higher number of positive samples in the latter analysis stems from the increased sensitivity of PCR, which was which was effective in identifying as few as 10-100 HPV DNA molecules; in contrast, the sensitivity of Southern blot hybridization was 1 pg, or approximately 10(5) molecules of HPV DNA. The authors conclude that, with sufficiently sensitive diagnostic methods, HPV DNA can be detected in most, if not all, neoplastic cervical lesions.
BioWordVec, improving biomedical word embeddings with subword information and MeSH (2019)

Distributed word representations have become an essential foundation for biomedical natural language processing (BioNLP), text mining and information retrieval. Word embeddings are traditionally computed at the word level from a large corpus of unlabeled text, ignoring the information present in the internal structure of words or any information available in domain specific structured resources such as ontologies. However, such information holds potentials for greatly improving the quality of the word representation, as suggested in some recent studies in the general domain. Here we present BioWordVec: an open set of biomedical word vectors/embeddings that combines subword information from unlabeled biomedical text with a widely-used biomedical controlled vocabulary called Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). We assess both the validity and utility of our generated word embeddings over multiple NLP tasks in the biomedical domain. Our benchmarking results demonstrate that our word embeddings can result in significantly improved performance over the previous state of the art in those challenging tasks.
Transcranial direct current stimulation promotes the mobility of engrafted NSCs in the rat brain (2014)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used in numerous clinical studies and considered an effective and versatile add-on therapy in neurorehabilitation. To date, however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain elusive. In a rat model of tDCS, we recently observed a polarity-dependent accumulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the stimulated cortex. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that tDCS may exert a direct migratory effect on endogenous NSCs towards the stimulated cortex. Using noninvasive imaging, we here investigated whether tDCS may also cause a directed migration of engrafted NSCs. Murine NSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIOs) and implanted into rat striatum and corpus callosum. MRI was performed (i) immediately after implantation and (ii) after 10 tDCS sessions of anodal or cathodal polarity. Sham-stimulated rats served as control. Imaging results were validated ex vivo using immunohistochemistry. Overall migratory activity of NSCs almost doubled after anodal tDCS. However, no directed migration within the electric field (i.e. towards or away from the electrode) could be observed. Rather, an undirected outward migration from the center of the graft was detected. Xenograft transplantation induced a neuroinflammatory response that was significantly enhanced following cathodal tDCS. This inflammatory response did not impact negatively on the survival of implanted NSCs. Data suggest that anodal tDCS increases the undirected migratory activity of implanted NSCs. Since the electric field did not guide implanted NSCs over large distances, previously observed polarity-dependent accumulation of endogenous NSCs in the cortex might have originated from local proliferation. Results enhance our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying tDCS, and may thereby help to develop a targeted and sustainable application of tDCS in clinical practice.
Superhydrophobic Cylindrical Nanoshell Array (2010)

A superhydrophobic property was demonstrated on a cylindrical poly crystalline silicon nanoshell array due to its geometrical properties, even without a hydrophobic coating. The proposed structure showed superior water-repellency compared to a conventional pillar structure with an identical structural dimension. This superhydrophobic property is attributed to an air pillar that exists in the nanoshell. Through the calculation of capillary pressure, the stability of the air pillar was confirmed. Furthermore, a droplet impinging test was conducted on the fabricated cylindrical nanoshell array to verify the robust Cassie state of the proposed structure under a dynamic condition.
Probing Residual Interactions in Unfolded Protein States Using NMR Spin Relaxation Techniques:  An Application to Δ131Δ (2003)

Residual interactions in delta131delta, a large disordered fragment of staphylococcal nuclease, have been probed at two different pHs using backbone (15)N and side-chain methyl (2)H NMR spin relaxation techniques. The amplitudes of picosecond time-scale motions of both the backbone and side chains do not change considerably at either pH value, although they are significantly larger than those observed for folded proteins. In contrast, dramatic increases in the amplitudes of motions occurring on a nanosecond time scale are observed throughout delta131delta at pH 3 relative to pH 5. This is consistent with a picture in which residual hydrophobic contacts at pH 5 are disrupted by electrostatic repulsions that dominate at the lower pH.
Through-Metal-Wall Power Delivery and Data Transmission for Enclosed Sensors: A Review (2015)

The aim of this review was to assess the current viable technologies for wireless power delivery and data transmission through metal barriers. Using such technologies sensors enclosed in hermetical metal containers can be powered and communicate through exterior power sources without penetration of the metal wall for wire feed-throughs. In this review, we first discuss the significant and essential requirements for through-metal-wall power delivery and data transmission and then we: (1) describe three electromagnetic coupling based techniques reported in the literature, which include inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, and magnetic resonance coupling; (2) present a detailed review of wireless ultrasonic through-metal-wall power delivery and/or data transmission methods; (3) compare various ultrasonic through-metal-wall systems in modeling, transducer configuration and communication mode with sensors; (4) summarize the characteristics of electromagnetic-based and ultrasound-based systems, evaluate the challenges and development trends. We conclude that electromagnetic coupling methods are suitable for through thin non-ferromagnetic metal wall power delivery and data transmission at a relatively low data rate; piezoelectric transducer-based ultrasonic systems are particularly advantageous in achieving high power transfer efficiency and high data rates; the combination of more than one single technique may provide a more practical and reliable solution for long term operation.
Heat Transfer Enhancement for Wake Zone Using Slit Pillar in Microchannel Heat Sinks (2019)

Abstract Pillar microchannel heat sinks have been widely used for chip cooling, while their overall heat transfer performance is restricted by the stagnation flow in pillar wake zone. In this work, a simple but effective method using slit microstructure modified on pillar was proposed to enhance wake zone heat transfer. It enables a special flow path for the incoming fluid that intensively disturbs the wake fluid. To validate the proposed method, a three-dimensional simulation was employed to study the laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics in the slit pillar microchannel. The pillar without slit design was also investigated for comparative analysis. Effects of slit angle (θ), height over diameter ratio (H/D), and blocking ratio (D/W) of a single pillar were systematically studied at the Reynolds numbers of 26–260. Results showed the case with θ = 0 deg always demonstrated lower surface temperature, higher Nusselt number and higher thermal performance index (TPI) compared to other cases with different slit angles at the same conditions. Furthermore, it was interesting to find that the slit configuration was not suitable for long pillar microchannel, but preferred for high blocking ratio pillar microchannel at present ranges (H/D ≤ 1, D/W ≤ 0.5). The slit pillar array microchannel was also explored and observed with improved overall heat transfer performance. The proposed slit microstructure well prevents the heat transfer deterioration in pillar wake zone, which is promisingly to be used for cooling performance improvement of electronic device.
Tantalum Oxynitride for a Novel Cathode of PEFC (2005)

Tantalum oxynitrides and nitride have been studied for application as a cathode catalyst of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) without platinum. The nitride and oxynitrides in which Ta had the highest oxidation state showed the highest stabilities in sulfuric acid. showed poor activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. (nitrogen content: 7.0 wt %) had a clear catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in sulfuric acid at 30°C, although its activity is presently much lower than that of platinum.
Design of a Handheld Skin Moisture Measuring Device for Application towards Eczema (2009)

The aim of the project is to develop a device capable of quantifying and displaying moisture content in the skin. By measuring moisture, it is possible to prevent drying and in turn, the symptoms of Eczema. In regards to Eczema, dry skin must be avoided at all times because it can cause a chain of symptoms. Therefore, the device must be portable to provide continual feedback. Skin moisture can be quantified as water content in the stratum corneum layer of the skin. Using an Inter-Digital Capacitor, the amount of skin moisture can be measured as a proportional increase in capacitance due to the dielectric properties of water. As a result, moist skin will be indicated by a large increase in capacitance while dry skin would produce a small increase. The device has the potential to improve the quality of life for those with Eczema. The theory behind my device, the hardware design, experimental results, and efficacy of the system are presented.