gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time efficient Chinese remainder theorem algorithm for full-field fringe phase analysis in multi-wavelength interferometry (2004)

We present a computationally efficient method for solving the method of excess fractions used in multi-frequency interferometry for absolute phase measurement. The Chinese remainder theorem, an algorithm from number theory is used to provide a unique solution for absolute distance via a set of congruence's based on modulo arithmetic. We describe a modified version of this theorem to overcome its sensitivity to phase measurement noise. A comparison with the method of excess fractions has been performed to assess the performance of the algorithm and processing speed achieved. Experimental data has been obtained via a full-field fringe projection system for three projected fringe frequencies and processed using the modified Chinese remainder theorem algorithm.
T7 RNA polymerase interacts with its promoter from one side of the DNA helix (1989)

The interactions of T7 RNA polymerase with its promoter DNA have been previously probed in footprinting experiments with either DNase I or (methidiumpropyl-EDTA)-Fe(II) to cleave unprotected DNA [Basu, S., & Maitra, U. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 190, 425-437. Ikeda, R. A., & Richardson, C. C. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 3614-3618]. Both of these reagents have drawbacks; DNase I is a bulky reagent and so provides low resolution, and (methidiumpropyl-EDTA)-Fe(II) intercalates into DNA and is therefore biased toward cleavage of double-stranded DNA. In this study, the interaction between the polymerase and the promoter has been probed with Fe(II)-EDTA. This reagent generates reactive hydroxyl radicals free in solution, which produces a more detailed picture of the polymerase-promoter complex. Two protected regions are observed on each of the two promoter DNA strands: from position -17 to position -13 and from position -7 to position -1 on the coding strand and from position -14 to position -9 and from position -3 to position +2 on the noncoding strand. From this pattern it is clear that if recognition occurs via double-stranded B-form DNA, then the protected regions lie on one face of the DNA helix, and therefore the enzyme must interact predominantly from one side of the DNA helix. Digestion of the DNA in a polymerase-promoter complex with a single-strand-specific endonuclease shows that a small region of the noncoding strand near position -5 is susceptible to cleavage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles (2014)

Electrification is an evolving paradigm shift in the transportation industry toward more efficient, higher performance, safer, smarter, and more reliable vehicles. There is in fact a clear trend to move from internal combustion engines (ICEs) to more integrated electrified powertrains. Providing a detailed overview of this growing area, Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles begins with an introduction to the automotive industry, an explanation of the need for electrification, and a presentation of the fundamentals of conventional vehicles and ICEs. It then proceeds to address the major components of electrified vehicles—i.e., power electronic converters, electric machines, electric motor controllers, and energy storage systems. This comprehensive work: Covers more electric vehicles (MEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), and all-electric vehicles (EVs) including battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) Describes the electrification technologies applied to nonpropulsion loads, such as power steering and air-conditioning systems Discusses hybrid battery/ultra-capacitor energy storage systems, as well as 48-V electrification and belt-driven starter generator systems Considers vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interface and electrical infrastructure issues, energy management, and optimization in advanced electric drive vehicles Contains numerous illustrations, practical examples, case studies, and challenging questions and problems throughout to ensure a solid understanding of key concepts and applications Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles makes an ideal textbook for senior-level undergraduate or graduate engineering courses and a user-friendly reference for researchers, engineers, managers, and other professionals interested in transportation electrification.
CommunityMashup a flexible social mashup based on a model-driven-approach (2011)

Induced by the Web 2.0 idea today's IT systems are continuously moving from an information-centric data perspective to a more person-centric model. Easy access to federated activity streams and other awareness information become more and more important. The increasing number of platforms that are used leads to the demand of a flexible integration solution. The CommunityMashup represents a person-centric data integration solution for social systems and facilitates data aggregation while retaining the assignment to the original sources. We present a person-centric data model and applying a model driven development approach to it. This supports continuous evolution as well as flexible integration of heterogeneous and frequently changing systems and APIs. The overall goal is to build a mashup middleware that offers a universal entry point for unified data access with different devices throughout various application scenarios.
Rapid Assay of Lactoferrin in Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (1994)

We compared measurement of lactoferrin concentration by the LactoCard solid phase ELISA assay with the LactoPlate radial immunodiffusion assay in tears of normal patients and those with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The LactoCard, a new lactoferrin assay, allows rapid determination of tear lactoferrin concentration in 10-15 min, a notable improvement over the 3 days required of the LactoPlate. There was no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of the two assays in normal patients nor in those patients with a diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Both assays showed a significant decrease in tear lactoferrin concentration in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca when compared to normal patients. The LactoCard is a rapid and reliable means of measuring tear lactoferrin concentration in a clinical setting.
Microbial growth on oxalate by a route not involving glyoxylate carboligase (1970)

1. The metabolism of oxalate by the pink-pigmented organisms, Pseudomonas AM1, Pseudomonas AM2, Protaminobacter ruber and Pseudomonas extorquens has been compared with that of the non-pigmented Pseudomonas oxalaticus. 2. During growth on oxalate, all the organisms contain oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase, formate dehydrogenase and oxalyl-CoA reductase. This is consistent with oxidation of oxalate to carbon dioxide taking place via oxalyl-CoA, formyl-CoA and formate as intermediates, and also reduction of oxalate to glyoxylate taking place via oxalyl-CoA. 3. The pink-pigmented organisms, when grown on oxalate, contain l-serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and hydroxypyruvate reductase but do not contain glyoxylate carboligase. The converse of this obtains in oxalate-grown Ps. oxalaticus. This indicates that, in contrast with Ps. oxalaticus, synthesis of C(3) compounds from oxalate by the pink-pigmented organisms occurs by a variant of the ;serine pathway' used by Pseudomonas AM1 during growth on C(1) compounds. 4. Evidence in favour of this scheme is provided by the finding that a mutant of Pseudomonas AM1 that lacks hydroxypyruvate reductase is not able to grow on oxalate.
Measurements of phase objects using the Talbot effect and moiré techniques (1984)

In this paper, we describe deflection mapping of phase objects using a Talbot interferometer. To examine the deflection of light by the phase objects, the moiré fringes are generated by superimposing the Fourier image of the first grating on the second one in the interferometer. The phase object is placed in front of the first grating. The light passing through the objects and impinging on the first grating produces the shifted Fourier image, and the resultant moiré fringes give the deflection mapping, which depends on the distribution of the refractive index of the phase object. The experiments show deflection mapping of a piece of plastic plate and a candle flame. This technique is used for measuring the focal length of a lens.
Adenosine and Kidney Function (2006)

In this review we outline the unique effects of the autacoid adenosine in the kidney. Adenosine is present in the cytosol of renal cells and in the extracellular space of normoxic kidneys. Extracellular adenosine can derive from cellular adenosine release or extracellular breakdown of ATP, AMP, or cAMP. It is generated at enhanced rates when tubular NaCl reabsorption and thus transport work increase or when hypoxia is induced. Extracellular adenosine acts on adenosine receptor subtypes in the cell membranes to affect vascular and tubular functions. Adenosine lowers glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by constricting afferent arterioles, especially in superficial nephrons, and acts as a mediator of the tubuloglomerular feedback, i.e., a mechanism that coordinates GFR and tubular transport. In contrast, it leads to vasodilation in deep cortex and medulla. Moreover, adenosine tonically inhibits the renal release of renin and stimulates NaCl transport in the cortical proximal tubule but inhibits it in medullary segments including the medullary thick ascending limb. These differential effects of adenosine are subsequently analyzed in a more integrative way in the context of intrarenal metabolic regulation of kidney function, and potential pathophysiological consequences are outlined.
Policy lifecycle model for systems management (2005)

In an enterprise, policies are the glue that hold network and systems management activities, tools, managed resources, and process participants together. Nevertheless, gaps between management objectives, policy definitions, and policy enforcement are inevitable during policy deployment. Policy definitions will rarely satisfy all management requirements and can be difficult to understand and enforce. Moreover, system administrators often ignore or circumvent policies intentionally or unintentionally in daily management activities. Policy-based management offers a promising solution to the problem of managing complex systems. It provides a means by which to simplify and largely automate the management procedure. These authors propose a policy lifecycle model, based on proven software development procedures; it can guide the deployment of a policy-based information management system in an enterprise.
Investigation on arrays of perforated dielectric fresnel lenses (2006)

The paper examines the design and performance of an array of Fresnel lenses fabricated from a single perforated dielectric sheet. The array offers a significantly lower profile than a single lens of equivalent aperture area. Factors influencing the array performance, such as the number of elements and element spacing, are investigated. The performance of the lens array compared to a single lens, as well as to a corresponding printed planar array, is evaluated. A 16-element prototype array is fabricated and tested at 30 GHz and its performance is reported.
Reduction of RF penetration effects in high field imaging (1992)

A method of correcting for the RF inhomogeneity in the body by dielectric loading of the coil-to-shield space in an RF resonator (coil and shield assembly) is described. The presence of the RF coil and RF shield have significant effects on RF homogeneity. Based on theoretical calculations, a method for adjusting the RF homogeneity by manipulating the axial propagation constant, kappa z, is proposed. This is accomplished by loading the coil-to-shield space with dielectric material of suitable relative permittivity so as to increase kappa z and decrease the radial propagation constant, kappa rho. In this manner, the radial wavelength (lambda rho = 2 pi/kappa rho) can be increased relative to the body dimensions, and the field amplitude variations in the axial plane minimized. Theoretical calculations indicate that a value of between 30 and 40 for the relative permittivity of the dielectric material in the coil-to-shield space would reduce the RF field inhomogeneity from +/- 15% to about +/- 3% over a central 30-cm-diameter region of a homogeneous 40-cm-diameter body at both 64 and 170 MHz. The theoretical model was verified in laboratory measurements of the [formula; see text] field generated in a test coil at 170 MHz which was scaled to correspond to a body at 64 MHz. However, the improved RF field homogeneity would be accompanied by increased RF power requirements and reduced coil sensitivity.
<i>In situ</i> expression of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes in human skin (2001)

Systemic stresses induce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression in hypothalamus. CRH is released to the pituitary gland, where it stimulates proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production acting via the CRH receptor (CRH-R). CRH and POMC peptides are also detected in sites outside of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the skin. However, it has not been elucidated whether these peptides detected in the skin are derived from CNS or are produced locally. Using immunohistochemical and in situ reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR techniques, we demonstrated coexpression of CRH and POMC mRNAs in the epidermis and pilosebaceous units of the human skin. This coexpression was confirmed by the combination of laser-capture microdissection (LCM) with RT-PCR, analyzing mRNA expressions in captured sebaceous cells. Immunoreactivities and expressions of CRH and POMC mRNAs were strong in inflammatory lesions, melanocytic nevus, seborrheic keratosis, and also in the periphery of the benign tumor. These findings suggest that CRH and POMC peptides are produced locally in the skin and are regulated by inflammatory cells as well as by autocrine mechanisms. The skin may have "a local stress response system," whose activity is mediated by CRH and POMC peptides, in an equivalent to hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis.
Markov random field image segmentation using cellular neural network (1997)

Markovian approaches to early vision processes need a huge amount of computing power. These algorithms can usually be implemented on parallel computing structures. With the Cellular Neural Networks (CNN), a new image processing tool is coming into consideration. Its VLSI implementation takes place on a single analog chip containing several thousands of cells. Herein we use the CNN UM architecture for statistical image segmentation. The Modified Metropolis Dynamics (MMD) method can be implemented into the raw analog architecture of the CNN. We are able to implement a (pseudo) random field generator using one layer (one memory/cell) of the CNN. We can introduce the whole pseudostochastic segmentation process in the CNN architecture using 8 memories/cell. We use simple arithmetic functions (addition, multiplication), equality-test between neighboring pixels and very simple nonlinear output functions (step, jigsaw). With this architecture, a real VLSI CNN chip can execute a pseudostochastic relaxation algorithm of about 100 iterations in about 1 ms. In the proposed solution the segmentation is unsupervised. We have developed a pixel-level statistical estimation model. The CNN turns the original image into a smooth one. Then we have two gray-level values for every pixel: the original and the smoothed one. These two values are used for estimating the probability distribution of region label at a given pixel. Using the conventional first-order Markov Random Field (MRF) model, some misclassification errors remained at the region boundaries, because of the estimation difficulties in case of low SNR. By using a greater neighborhood, this problem has been avoided. In our CNN experiments, we used a simulation system with a fixed-point integer precision of 16 bits. Our results show that even in the case of the very constrained conditions of value-representations (the interval is (-64,+64), the accuracy is 0.002) can result in an effective and acceptable segmentation.
Improving intranasal delivery of neurological nanomedicine to the olfactory region using magnetophoretic guidance of microsphere carriers (2015)

Results showed that particle diameter was a critical factor in controlling the motion of nasally inhaled ferromagnetic drug particles. The optimal particle size was found to be approximately 15 μm for effective magnetophoretic guidance while avoiding loss of particles to the walls in the anterior nose. Olfactory delivery efficiency was shown to be sensitive to the position and strength of magnets and the release position of drug particles. The results of this study showed that clinically significant olfactory doses (up to 45%) were feasible using the optimal combination of magnet layout, selective drug release, and microsphere-carrier diameter. A 64-fold-higher delivery of dosage was predicted in the magnetized nose compared to the control case, which did not have a magnetic field. However, the sensitivity of olfactory dosage to operating conditions and the unstable nature of magnetophoresis make controlled guidance of nasally inhaled aerosols still highly challenging.
Applications of molecular techniques to fine-needle aspiration biopsy (2007)

The effectiveness of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for rendering a specific diagnosis can be improved by applying several ancillary modalities. This review details several applications of molecular techniques using FNAB specimens with an emphasis on those used for patient care. A detailed search of the literature was conducted to collect all reports that used FNAB for different types of molecular tests. Several types of molecular tests, including in-situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, Southern blotting, and gene microarrays using FNAB specimens have been reported. These tests have been used with different organ systems and different objectives, including the detection of cancer cells, diagnosis, distinction of benign and malignant disease, prediction of response to chemotherapy, risk assessment, and selection of patients for targeted therapy. Except for a few tests such as assessment of HER2/neu for gene amplification in breast cancer, detection of clonality in hematopoietic neoplasms, and specific chromosomal translocations in the former and in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma, most of the molecular tests using FNAB specimens are currently investigational. The reported literature indicates the excellent potential of using material procured from FNAB for almost any type of molecular test. Whereas few of these tests alone are used for patient care, some of them have the potential for clinical use in the near future.
<i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> acid proteinase. Purification and properties, and formation of π-chymotrypsin (1975)

An acid proteinase from Aspergillus oryzae was isolated from a commercial powder by successive (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, acetone precipitation, and ion-exchange chromatography on phosphate- and DEAE-cellulose columns. The purified enzyme was found to be homogeneous by ultracentrifuge-sedimentation analysis (S20, W equal 3.63S), but electrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels and electrophoresis at pH 3.2 revealed that it consists of two very closely migrating bands. No difference in the amino acid composition and enzymic activities of the two partially separated bands could be detected, and it was concluded that the acid proteinase exists in two molecular forms. The enzyme activates bovine trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen at pH 3.5 (the kappacat. and Km values at 35degrees C are 11.3S- minus 1, 0.10mM and 1.14S- minus 1, 0.18mM respectively). It hydrolyses the Phe-Phe bond of the synthetic pepsin substrates Z-His-Phe-Phe-OEt (kappacat. equal 1.65S- minus 1, Km equal 0.640mM at pH 3.5, 30degrees C) and Z-Ala-Ala-Phe-Phe-OPy4Pr (kappacat. equal 0.37S- minus 1, Km equal 0.037 mM at pH2.9, 39degrees C), where Z represents benzyloxycarbonyl and OPy4Pr represents 3-(4-pyridyl)-propyl 1-ester. Activation of bovine chymotrypsinogen results from the cleavage of the Arg(15)-Ile(16) bond in the zymogen. No other cleavages were observed. The use of A. oryzae proteinase provides a simple tool for the production of pi-chymotrypsin in good yield and purity.
Adapting Ada toolsets to embedded multiprocessing applications (2003)

The problem of developing system software for embedded multiprocessing applications is aggravated by resource-sharing and fault-tolerance requirements and by the immaturity of support tools. The author proposes additional standards for Ada toolsets used in embedded applications which will address these problems in an integrated manner. He examines opportunities for support from the compiler toolset, describes several such opportunities, and presents arguments for their use in the design of executive-layer capabilities. These capabilities include unit sharing, software interrupts, and custom program initiation and termination code tailoring. It is emphasized that executive software will not have to duplicate the synchronization primitives that are already built into Ada. A philosophy for distributed executive design is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new crystal form of human tear lipocalin reveals high flexibility in the loop region and induced fit in the ligand cavity (2009)

Tear lipocalin (TLC) with the bound artificial ligand 1,4-butanediol has been crystallized in space group P2(1) with four protein molecules in the asymmetric unit and its X-ray structure has been solved at 2.6 A resolution. TLC is a member of the lipocalin family that binds ligands with diverse chemical structures, such as fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol as well as microbial siderophores and the antibiotic rifampin. Previous X-ray structural analysis of apo TLC crystallized in space group C2 revealed a rather large bifurcated ligand pocket and a partially disordered loop region at the entrace to the cavity. Analysis of the P2(1) crystal form uncovered major conformational changes (i) in beta-strands B, C and D, (ii) in loops 1, 2 and 4 at the open end of the beta-barrel and (iii) in the extended C-terminal segment, which is attached to the beta-barrel via a disulfide bridge. The structural comparison indicates high conformational plasticity of the loop region as well as of deeper parts of the ligand pocket, thus allowing adaptation to ligands that differ vastly in size and shape. This illustrates a mechanism for promiscuity in ligand recognition which may also be relevant for some other physiologically important members of the lipocalin protein family.
MICROMACHINED SILICON FUEL ATOMIZERS FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES (1998)

This article presents results on fabrication and testing of micromachined fuel atomizers for gas turbine engines. Pressure-swirl (simplex) atomizers are batch fabricated by bulk micromachining of silicon using deep reactive ion etching. The atomizers are fabricated as an array, according to a designed experiment, and a study of the influence of the geometric features on the performance of the atomizers identifies the dominant geometric parameters The precision of the fabrication allows the atomizer design to be optimized by a response surface methodology. A comparative study reveals that microfabrication can improve the spray performance relative to conventional atomizers.