gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Textbook for a First Course in Computational Fluid Dynamics (1999)

This paper describes and discusses the textbook, Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics by Lomax, Pulliam, and Zingg, which is intended for a graduate level first course in computational fluid dynamics. This textbook emphasizes fundamental concepts in developing, analyzing, and understanding numerical methods for the partial differential equations governing the physics of fluid flow. Its underlying philosophy is that the theory of linear algebra and the attendant eigenanalysis of linear systems provides a mathematical framework to describe and unify most numerical methods in common use in the field of fluid dynamics. Two linear model equations, the linear convection and diffusion equations, are used to illustrate concepts throughout. Emphasis is on the semi-discrete approach, in which the governing partial differential equations (PDE's) are reduced to systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE's) through a discretization of the spatial derivatives. The ordinary differential equations are then reduced to ordinary difference equations (O(Delta)E's) using a time-marching method. This methodology, using the progression from PDE through ODE's to O(Delta)E's, together with the use of the eigensystems of tridiagonal matrices and the theory of O(Delta)E's, gives the book its distinctiveness and provides a sound basis for a deep understanding of fundamental concepts in computational fluid dynamics.
Chagas' disease diagnosis: comparative analysis of parasitologic, molecular, and serologic methods. (1999)

During the course of chronic chagasic infection, low parasitemia levels prevent parasite detection by current techniques such as hemoculture and xenodiagnosis. Since serologic tests have sensitivity but lack specificity, molecular assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been proposed as alternative tools for parasite detection in individuals with chronic Chagas' disease. A variable degree of PCR efficiency has been reported in the literature and illustrates the need for further evaluation of large numbers of chagasic patients. In this study, we compared an optimized PCR technique with hemoculture and complement-mediated lysis (CoML) in 113 individuals from or living in endemic areas of Brazil who had conventional serologic results that were either positive, negative, or inconclusive. The PCR amplification yielded positive results in 83.5% (66 of 79) of individuals with positive serology, 47.6% (10 of 21) with negative serology, and 46.2% (6 of 13) with inconclusive serology. Of 10 patients with negative serology and positive PCR result, eight (80%) had positive CoML, indicating that they could have been chagasic but were not mounting immune responses. The PCR results were also positive for all individuals who had positive hemoculture, for 37 individuals with negative hemoculture and positive serology, and for two of six individuals with inconclusive serology and negative hemoculture. Thirteen individuals living in nonendemic areas who had negative serology were used as a negative control group: 100% had negative PCR results. Our results show that the optimized PCR protocol used here was very sensitive in detecting the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic chagasic patients. The PCR and CoML results were well correlated in all of the groups studied, which suggests that our PCR protocol may be effective in the evaluation of cure in patients who receive anti-parasite treatment.
La gestión colectiva obligatoria de derechos de propiedad intelectual a la luz de la reforma del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y la Directiva 2014/26/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 26 de febrero de 2014 (2014)

Existe un regimen de gestion colectiva obligatoria respecto de determinados derechos como los derechos de remuneracion, el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la retransmision por cable y el derecho de compensacion equitativa por copia privada que, sin embargo, plantea numerosos problemas en torno a la libre competencia como la fijacion de las tarifas que los usuarios deben abonar por el uso del repertorio gestionado o la igualdad de trato entre entidades de gestion. En este sentido, la Directiva 2014/26/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 26 de febrero de 2014 y el proyecto de reforma del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, contribuyen a mejorar determinados derechos de los titulares de las obras protegidas y los usuarios de las mismas con la finalidad de solventar determinados problemas en torno a este tipo de gestion.
Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis (2017)

Abstract. Many mountainous regions depend on seasonal snowfall for their water resources. Current methods of predicting the availability of water resources rely on long-term relationships between stream discharge and snowpack monitoring at isolated locations, which are less reliable during abnormal snow years. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been shown to be an effective tool for measuring snow water equivalent (SWE) because of the close relationship between snow density and radar velocity. However, the standard methods of measuring radar velocity can be time-consuming. Here we apply a migration focusing method originally developed for extracting velocity information from diffracted energy observed in zero-offset seismic sections to the problem of estimating radar velocities in seasonal snow from common-offset GPR data. Diffractions are isolated by plane-wave-destruction (PWD) filtering and the optimal migration velocity is chosen based on the varimax norm of the migrated image. We then use the radar velocity to estimate snow density, depth, and SWE. The GPR-derived SWE estimates are within 6 % of manual SWE measurements when the GPR antenna is coupled to the snow surface and 3–21 % of the manual measurements when the antenna is mounted on the front of a snowmobile ∼ 0.5 m above the snow surface.
[Successful short-segment fixation for thoracolumbar burst fractures using CYL-pedicle screw]. (2012)

CYL-pedicle screw could be successfully used in posterior short-segment fixation for single level thoracolumbar burst fractures without spinal injury based on radiographic and clinic outcomes.
Limitations of equation-based congestion control in mobile ad hoc networks (2004)

Equation-based congestion control has been a promising alternative to TCP for real-time multimedia streaming over the Internet. However, its behavior remains unknown in the mobile ad hoc wireless network (MANET) domain. We study the behavior of TFRC (TCP Friendly Rate Control (S. Floyd et al., 2000; M. Handley et al., 2003) over a wide range of MANET scenarios, in terms of throughput fairness and smoothness. Our result shows that while TFRC is able to maintain throughput smoothness in MANET, it obtains less throughput than the competing TCP flows (i.e., being conservative). We analyze several factors contributing to TFRC's conservative behavior in MANET, many of which are inherent to the MANET network. We also show that TFRC's conservative behavior cannot be completely corrected by tuning its loss event interval estimator. Our study shows the limitations of applying TFRC to the MANET domain, and reveals some fundamental difficulties in doing so.
Polymer surface texturing for direct inkjet patterning by atmospheric pressure plasma treatment (2012)

It would be beneficial if the substrate surface were treated to have hydrophobic properties, in order to keep the line pattern fine during the inkjet processing, while at the same time having improved adhesion properties on the substrate. In this study, a polyimide surface was textured using atmospheric pressure plasma treatment for fine line metal inkjet printing by micromasking the surface followed by etching the polyimide surface selectively. The water contact angle on the textured polyimide film was measured to be over 100 degrees, showing that the surface was hydrophobic. When the textured polyimide surface was printed on using an electro-hydro-dynamic inkjet for Ag line printing, not only fine line Ag printing, but also improved adhesion of Ag to the polyimide surface could be obtained while maintaining excellent resistivity. The improved adhesion properties in addition to the fine line patterning afforded by texturing the polyimide surface were caused by the increased surface contact area between the metal ink and the polyimide surface during the annealing of the Ag line.
Preparation of single poly(lactic acid) composites (2007)

Abstract An approach for making poly(lactic acid) (PLA) single‐polymer composites (SPCs) on the basis of PLA's slowly crystallizing characteristics was investigated. As a slowly crystallizing polymer, PLA can be processed with standard polymer processing techniques into end‐use products with varied crystallinities, from amorphous films to highly crystalline fibers. In this study, amorphous PLA sheets and crystalline PLA fibers/fabrics were laminated and compression‐molded to form an SPC at a processing temperature substantially lower than PLA's melting temperature. The effects of the major process conditions on the performance of the SPC were studied. The processing temperature played a profound role in affecting the fiber–matrix bonding properties. As the processing temperature increased, a drastic improvement in the interfacial bonding occurred at a temperature of around 135°C, which indicated the lower boundary of the process window. The compression‐molded SPC exhibited enhanced mechanical properties; particularly, the tearing strength of the fabric‐reinforced SPC was almost an order higher than that of the nonreinforced PLA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
SwissTargetPrediction: a web server for target prediction of bioactive small molecules (2014)

Bioactive small molecules, such as drugs or metabolites, bind to proteins or other macro-molecular targets to modulate their activity, which in turn results in the observed phenotypic effects. For this reason, mapping the targets of bioactive small molecules is a key step toward unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying their bioactivity and predicting potential side effects or cross-reactivity. Recently, large datasets of protein-small molecule interactions have become available, providing a unique source of information for the development of knowledge-based approaches to computationally identify new targets for uncharacterized molecules or secondary targets for known molecules. Here, we introduce SwissTargetPrediction, a web server to accurately predict the targets of bioactive molecules based on a combination of 2D and 3D similarity measures with known ligands. Predictions can be carried out in five different organisms, and mapping predictions by homology within and between different species is enabled for close paralogs and orthologs. SwissTargetPrediction is accessible free of charge and without login requirement at http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch.
A Low-Power Integrated Humidity CMOS Sensor by Printing-on-Chip Technology (2014)

A low-power, wide-dynamic-range integrated humidity sensing chip is implemented using a printable polymer sensing material with an on-chip pulse-width-modulation interface circuit. By using the inkjet printing technique, poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate that has humidity sensing features can be printed onto the top metal layer of a 0.35 μm CMOS IC. The developed printing-on-chip humidity sensor achieves a heterogeneous three dimensional sensor system-on-chip architecture. The humidity sensing of the implemented printing-on-chip sensor system is experimentally tested. The sensor shows a sensitivity of 0.98% to humidity in the atmosphere. The maximum dynamic range of the readout circuit is 9.8 MΩ, which can be further tuned by the frequency of input signal to fit the requirement of the resistance of printed sensor. The power consumption keeps only 154 μW. This printing-on-chip sensor provides a practical solution to fulfill an ultra-small integrated sensor for the applications in miniaturized sensing systems.
Comparative study with enoxacin and netilmicin in a pharmacodynamic model to determine importance of ratio of antibiotic peak concentration to MIC for bactericidal activity and emergence of resistance (1987)

An in vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to study the comparative antibacterial activities of multiple-dose regimens of enoxacin and netilmicin. Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were exposed to changing drug concentrations, mimicking human two-compartment pharmacokinetics. Oral administration was simulated for the quinolone, and intravenous administration was simulated for the aminoglycoside. Similar ratios of peak concentration to MIC resulted in similar changes in bacterial concentrations over time with both compounds. Following the initial dose, a rapid bactericidal effect occurred, with a greater than 99% reduction of the bacterial counts within 4 h at peak concentrations more than three times the MIC. However, bacterial regrowth occurred within 24 h unless the peak concentration/MIC ratio exceeded 8:1 (P less than 0.01). For the regrowing bacteria, MICs were four- to eightfold higher, and little or no bactericidal effect occurred following the second and subsequent doses. These data demonstrate the equally potent bactericidal activity of orally administered enoxacin and intravenously administered netilmicin. Selection of resistant subpopulations was similar with each drug. The peak concentration/MIC ratio may be an important parameter in the clinical use of quinolone and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Assessing the Importance of Design Through Product Archaeology (1998)

This paper assesses the importance of design in determining product costs by measuring the variation in design performance among a set of competing design efforts. This assessment is completed for a set of functionally similar products in a single product category: automatic drip coffee makers. The approach of this study is to measure the manufacturing content—the attributes of the design that drive cost—through analysis of the physical products themselves, and to estimate how variation in manufacturing content relates to variation in cost in a hypothetical manufacturing setting. We call this approach product archaeology. For the domain of coffee makers, we find significant variation in manufacturing content. This variation in manufacturing content corresponds to a range of estimated manufacturing costs, for a hypothetical manufacturing system, of approximately 50 percent of the average manufacturing cost of the products. We also find that differences in capabilities among product development efforts are the most plausible explanation for the differences in manufacturing content.
Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Gunshot Residue Offering Great Potential for Caliber Differentiation (2012)

Near-infrared (NIR) Raman microspectroscopy combined with advanced statistics was used to differentiate gunshot residue (GSR) particles originating from different caliber ammunition. The firearm discharge process is analogous to a complex chemical reaction. The reagents of this process are represented by the chemical composition of the ammunition, firearm, and cartridge case. The specific firearm parameters determine the conditions of the reaction and thus the subsequent product, GSR. We found that Raman spectra collected from these products are characteristic for different caliber ammunition. GSR particles from 9 mm and 0.38 caliber ammunition, collected under identical discharge conditions, were used to demonstrate the capability of confocal Raman microspectroscopy for the discrimination and identification of GSR particles. The caliber differentiation algorithm is based on support vector machines (SVM) and partial least squares (PLS) discriminant analyses, validated by a leave-one-out cross-validation method. This study demonstrates for the first time that NIR Raman microspectroscopy has the potential for the reagentless differentiation of GSR based upon forensically relevant parameters, such as caliber size. When fully developed, this method should have a significant impact on the efficiency of crime scene investigations.
Discovery of topic distribution through WWW information retrieval process (2002)

A concept of topic distribution through WWW IR is proposed. The WWW is rich in newly arising topics, and knowing the topic distribution through the IR process enables the chance discovery for companies and researchers. Also proposed is to employ the Immune Network model for modeling the query network, and the preliminary experimental results show its ability of self-organization, preserving the topic variety.
Intracellular electric fields produced by dielectric barrier discharge treatment of skin (2010)

The application of atmospheric pressure plasmas to human tissue has been shown to have therapeutic effects for wound healing and in treatment of skin diseases. These effects are attributed to both production of beneficial radicals which intersect with biological reaction chains and to the surface and intracellular generation of electric fields. In this paper, we report on computational studies of the intersection of plasma streamers in atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) sustained in air with human skin tissue, with emphasis on the intracellular generation of electric fields. Intracellular structures and their electrical properties were incorporated into the computational mesh in order to self-consistently couple gas phase plasma transport with the charging of the surface of the skin and the intracellular production of electrical currents. The short duration of a single plasma filament in DBDs and its intersection with skin enables the intracellular penetration of electric fields. The magnitude of these electric fields can reach 100 kV cm−1 which may exceed the threshold for electroporation.
Protein tyrosine kinase activity in human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (2000)

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are believed to be implicated in the parasite growth, maturation and differentiation functions. Protein tyrosine kinase activity was found to be distributed in all the stages of P. falciparum parasite maturation. Membrane bound PTK activity was found to be increased during maturation process (ring stage to trophozoite stage) in chloroquine sensitive strains. In vivo conversion of the schizont stage to ring stage via release of merozoites was associated with a decrease in PTK activity. Chloroquine inhibited the membrane bound PTK activity in a dose dependent manner (IC50 = 45 microM). Kinetic studies show that chloroquine is a competitive inhibitor of PTK with respect to peptide substrate and noncompetitive with respect to ATP indicating that chloroquine inhibits PTK activity by binding with protein substrate binding site. The results suggest that maturation of malaria parasite is related to PTK and inhibition of this activity by chloroquine could provide a hypothesis to explain the mechanism of action of chloroquine.
SEM/EDS analysis method for bare silicon particle monitor wafers (2002)

A method for effectively utilizing a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for defect review and identification of unpatterned silicon particle wafers, following inspection on a laser-scanning defect inspection tool, is presented. The method involves pre-patterning of bare silicon wafers at the extreme edges, typically less than 3 mm from the edge of a 200 mm wafer, using standard (I-Line) photolithographic processing. The registration marks created in this process are used for stage correlation between the SEM and laser-scanning wafer inspection tools. Use of these marks is demonstrated to result in a 50% improvement in particle location accuracy (mean+2 sigma) over previously reported results. Further optimizations, including modeling and removal of systematic error sources through data transformations, demonstrate the additional improvements in particle location accuracy that are possible.
Object-oriented techniques in computer integrated manufacturing (2003)

Object-oriented techniques are proposed for applications in computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). Objects are used to model such manufacturing entities as parts, machines, product structures, and operations. An object-oriented architecture for the product and process design phases of CIM is then proposed. A scenario for simulating the design process is described. It appears that object-oriented techniques offer numerous advantages in CIM, including the ability to represent complex data structures, ease of model building, and support for dynamic simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polymer films in sensor applications: a review of present uses and future possibilities (2000)

Polymeric materials have gained a wide theoretical interest and practical application in sensor technology. They can be used for very different purposes and may offer unique possibilities. The paper gives a broad summary about the sensor structures and sensing polymer films used in a wide variety of sensors. Finally, the present status and perspectives as well as the advantages of specific polymer based sensors are summarised.
Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-3 induce distinct but overlapping responses in murine IL-3-dependent 32D cells transduced with human IL-2 receptor beta chain: involvement of tyrosine kinase(s) other than p56lck. (1992)

We have established IL-3-dependent 32D myeloid progenitor cells stably expressing the human IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2R beta). Whereas parental 32D cells proliferated only in response to IL-3, the transduced cells also proliferated in response to IL-2. Transduced cells expressed high- and intermediate-affinity IL-2Rs, resulting from expression of human IL-2R beta and murine IL-2R alpha chain (IL-2R alpha). IL-2 induced phenotypic changes not induced by IL-3, including the upregulated expression of endogenous murine IL-2R alpha and IL-2R beta and an increase in cell size. Therefore, the transduced IL-2R beta was not merely coupling with the IL-3 signaling pathway. IL-3 augmented several IL-2-induced responses including the up-regulation of IL-2R alpha. Both IL-2- and IL-3-induced proliferation and IL-2 induced IL-2R alpha expression were inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. Thus, both IL-2- and IL-3-mediated effects required tyrosine kinase activity. The identity of the tyrosine kinase(s) mediating the IL-2 signals in these cells is not known but cannot be p56lck, a tyrosine kinase found in T cells, since 32D-IL-2R beta cells do not express p56lck.