gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid in normal and schizophrenic humans (1973)

The report that sweat of certain schizophrenics contains the branched chain fatty acid, trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (TMHA), stimulated an investigation to evaluate the relationship between this fatty acid and schizophrenia. A sensitive and specific gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopic procedure was developed for analyzing biological fluids for TMHA. Analysis of sweat samples from normal and schizophrenic subjects indicated that the sweat of both groups contains comparable quantities of this fatty acid. In addition, the fate of intravenously administered (14)C-labeled TMHA was shown to be similar in normal and schizophrenic subjects. It is concluded that there is no relationship between TMHA and schizophrenia.
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF <i>DASYPROCTUS VERUTUS</i> RAYMENT (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE: CRABRONINAE) (1983)

ABSTRACT D. verutus is transferred to the genus Rhopalum Stephens and redescribed from the holotype.
Physical Education Waivers and Young Adult Activity. (2010)

This study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity of young adults who were granted waivers from high school physical education versus those who completed courses in states requiring physical education teacher certification, with curriculum standards and credit requirements for graduation. University students from three institutions were surveyed concerning demographics, high school physical education course completion, content and current physical activity. By investigating relationships between physical education policies and young adult physical activity, documentation could be provided to assist in the formulation of policy issues concerning state and national physical education mandates. Results revealed that individuals who participated in high school physical education courses in states that required teacher certification, had established state curriculum standards and required physical education credits for graduation reported higher levels of physical activity as young adults than individuals who received waivers for courses. However, no significant differences between comparisons were found.?
Expansion of stem and progenitor cells (1998)

An increasing interest exists in strategies to manipulate hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in vitro for clinical purposes by use of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors. A major goal of these ex vivo expansion strategies is to expand repopulating HSCs or to generate lineage-committed progenitors in the context of autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The ex vivo HSC/HPC expansion approach may have several clinical applications: 1) in the autologous setting, reduction of tumor cell contamination within the amplified transplantation product, 2) purging effects through possible growth advantage of HSCs/HPCs over contaminating tumor cells under appropriate in vitro conditions and purging effects of certain HGFs and antitumor agents during ex vivo culture, 3) the possibility of multiple transplants through repetitive use of cryopreserved HSC/HPC samples from one individual, 4) production of dendritic cells for immunotherapy, 5) production of mature blood cells for transfusion therapies including nadir rescue, and 6) gene therapy. Here, we summarize recent developments in the field of HSC/HPC expansion.
The magnetic amplifier (1953)

An elementary magnetic amplifier is considered with and without control current flowing and its limitations are discussed; then a magnetic amplifier with external feedback is examined and the advantages pointed out; finally selfsaturating circuits are evaluated.
Aspects of the Surface Layer Formation on Li[sub 1+x]Mn[sub 2]O[sub 4−δ] during Electrochemical Cycling (2010)

The formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)-type layer on Li<sub>1.05</sub>MN<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.96</sub> films prepared by pulsed laser deposition on Pt coated p-doped silicon and cycled in 1 M LiClO<sub>4</sub> in propylene carbonate is reported. The formation of the SEI was studied as a function of the voltammetric charging/discharging sweep rate at 40°C in the potential range of 3.5-4.4 V vs Li/ Li<sup>+</sup> using high resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. By applying an asymmetric charging/discharging cycle, it is possible to enhance the SEI layer formation. The observed cycling dependence of the SEI is indicative of a continuous formation and degradation process of the SEI depending on the cycling direction and the sweep rate.
A Personal Agent Application for the Semantic Web (2002)

The Semantic Web is a vision to simplify and improve knowledge reuse on the Web. It is all set to alter the way humans benefit from the web from active interaction to somewhat passive utilization through the proliferation of software agents and in particular personal assistants that can better function and thrive on the Semantic Web than the conventional web. Agents can parse, understand and reason about information available on Semantic Web pages in an attempt to use it to meet users’ needs. Such personal assistants will be driven by rules , axioms and the internal model or profile that the agents have inside them for the user. An intrinsic and important pre-requisite for a personal assistant or rather any agent is to manipulate information available on the Semantic Web in the form of ontologies, axioms, and rules written in various semantic markup languages. In this paper, a model architecture for such a personal assistant dealing with real-world semantic markup is described. The agent reasons with semantic markup written in DAML+OIL, using the Java Expert System Shell (JESS) as the reasoning engine. This software assistant views information providers on the Semantic Web as recommender agents that have a limited view of the user’s preferences and provides a improved notion of personalization by collaborating with peer personal assistants (what are referred to as buddy agents) within communities that the user has identified as trusted parties to exchange information with. Collaboration is achieved through simple solicitation and recommendation of information with these buddy agents.
Transfer learning for sEMG hand gestures recognition using convolutional neural networks (2017)

In the realm of surface electromyography (sEMG) gesture recognition, deep learning algorithms are seldom employed. This is due in part to the large quantity of data required for them to train on. Consequently, it would be prohibitively time consuming for a single user to generate a sufficient amount of data for training such algorithms. In this paper, two datasets of 18 and 17 able-bodied participants respectively are recorded using a low-cost, low-sampling rate (200Hz), 8-channel, consumer-grade, dry electrode sEMG device named Myo armband (Thalmic Labs). A convolutional neural network (CNN) is augmented using transfer learning techniques to leverage inter-user data from the first dataset and alleviate the data generation burden imposed on a single individual. The results show that the proposed classifier is robust and precise enough to guide a 6DoF robotic arm (in conjunction with orientation data) with the same speed and precision as with a joystick. Furthermore, the proposed CNN achieves an average accuracy of 97.81% on seven hand/wrist gestures on the 17 participants of the second dataset.
Fine-Pruning: Defending Against Backdooring Attacks on Deep Neural Networks (2018)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) provide excellent performance across a wide range of classification tasks, but their training requires high computational resources and is often outsourced to third parties. Recent work has shown that outsourced training introduces the risk that a malicious trainer will return a backdoored DNN that behaves normally on most inputs but causes targeted misclassifications or degrades the accuracy of the network when a trigger known only to the attacker is present. In this paper, we provide the first effective defenses against backdoor attacks on DNNs. We implement three backdoor attacks from prior work and use them to investigate two promising defenses, pruning and fine-tuning. We show that neither, by itself, is sufficient to defend against sophisticated attackers. We then evaluate fine-pruning, a combination of pruning and fine-tuning, and show that it successfully weakens or even eliminates the backdoors, i.e., in some cases reducing the attack success rate to 0% with only a 0.4% drop in accuracy for clean (non-triggering) inputs. Our work provides the first step toward defenses against backdoor attacks in deep neural networks.
Instantaneous Compandors (1951)

Instantaneous compandors have found useful application in time-division systems. This paper discusses the theory of the instantaneous compandor and evaluates the noise advantage when instantaneous companding is applied to telephone channels. The noise advantage depends upon the noise standard of the system. If the standard corresponds to that of a toll telephone system, a noise advantage of about 20 db is possible.
A Protein That Binds to a cis-acting Element of Wheat Histone Genes Has a Leucine Zipper Motif (1989)

The structure and function of transcription factors of higher plants was studied by isolating cDNA clones encoding a wheat sequence-specific DNA binding protein. A hexameric nucleotide motif, ACGTCA, is located upstream from the TATA box of several plant histone genes. It has been suggested that this motif is essential for efficient transcription of the wheat histone H3 gene. A wheat nuclear protein, HBP-1 (histone DNA binding protein-1), which specifically binds to the hexameric motif, has previously been identified as a putative transcription factor. A cDNA clone encoding HBP-1 has been isolated on the basis of specific binding of HBP-1 to the hexameric motif. The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that HBP-1 contains the leucine zipper motif, which represents a characteristic property of several eukaryotic transcription factors.
Brown‐adipose‐tissue mitochondria: the regulation of the 32 000‐<i>M</i><sub>r</sub> uncoupling protein by fatty acids and purine nucleotides (1983)

The increased proton permeability induced by the addition of a synthetic proton translocator to non-respiring hamster brown-fat mitochondria is unaffected by purine nucleotide addition. In contrast the permeability induced by fatty acids is inhibited by nucleotide, indicating that fatty acids act at the 32000-Mr uncoupling protein. Fatty acids lower the affinity of nucleotide binding to the 32000-Mr protein, but not sufficiently to explain their uncoupling action. The sensitivity of the fatty acid modulation of permeability is dependent on chain length, extent of unsaturation and pH. There is a requirement for an unesterified carboxyl group. In respiring mitochondria fatty acids act in the presence of nucleotide by lowering the 'break-point' potential at which the conductance of the 32000-Mr protein increases. Fatty acids have no effect on the chloride uniport activity of the 32000-Mr protein, but decouple the interference between chloride and protons when the simultaneous transport of both ions is attempted.
Synthesis and Photoinduced Phase Transitions of Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) Derivative Functionalized with Terminal Azobenzene Units (2007)

We have used an azobenzene derivative substituted with a 2-chloropropionyl group as an initiator for the atom transfer radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide. The resulting polymers, which possessed azobenzene moieties at one of their termini, had molecular weights of 1.7−12.0 kDa. Aqueous solutions of these polymers displayed low critical solution temperatures that alternated reversibly in response to E-to-Z photoisomerization cycles of the terminal azobenzene moieties. The difference between the transition temperatures after exposure to UV and visible irradiation increased linearly up to a value of over 10 °C upon decreasing the molecular weight of the polymer.
Clustering, Order, and Collapse in a Driven Granular Monolayer (1998)

Steady state dynamics of clustering, long-range order, and inelastic collapse are experimentally observed in vertically shaken granular monolayers. At large vibration amplitudes, particle correlations show only short-range order like equilibrium 2D hard sphere gases. Lowering the amplitude ``cools'' the system, resulting in a dramatic increase in correlations leading to either clustering or an ordered state. Further cooling forms a collapse: a condensate of motionless balls coexisting with a less dense gas. Measured velocity distributions are non-Gaussian, showing nearly exponential tails.
Capabilities and limitations of numerical fire modeling for fire protection engineering (2009)

FM Global is interested in numerical modeling of large-scale fire phenomena that involve fire spread and suppression. Many experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted providing insight into the required physics to model fire spread and suppression in large-scale industrial fires. Based upon these insights, evaluations have been made of the capabilities and limitations of current status of numerical fire modeling. Those that have been identified from these studies are reported and discussed in this paper. As NIST's Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is representative of the most advanced current approaches, it is used to illustrate strengths and weaknesses resulting from the level of physics included in existing numerical codes. Strategic programs are currently being pursued to overcome these limitations. Some of the key research areas are soot-radiation, pyrolysis, sprinkler spray characterization and water suppression of burning surfaces. A fire modeling code using modularization and parallel computation is being developed to include the appropriate physics for fire protection engineering.
Red-edge laser action from borondipyrromethene dyes (2010)

Long-wavelength fluorescent dyes with improved efficiency and stability are required to realize new photoelectronic and biophotonic applications. We have designed and synthesized novel 2,6- or 3,5-substituted BODIPY (BDP) dyes by a simple protocol to reach wavelength-finely tunable laser action from 600 to 725 nm. The influence of the nature and position of substituents on the laser behavior of the new BDP dyes have been systematically characterized as a function of dye concentration and chemical character of the medium. Regarding efficiency and photostability, the new chromophores outperform the laser action of dyes presently commercialized and considered as benchmarks over this spectral region when pumped under identical conditions. The results obtained provide insight into the always complicated composition-structure-properties relationship of dyes, and suggest possible synthesis routes for new BDP derivatives with properties optimized for specific applications.
Brittle Fracture Explosive Failure of a Pressurized Railroad Tank Car (1993)

Abstract A 127 cu m (4,480 cu ft) pressurized railroad tank car burst catastrophically. The railroad tank was approximately 18 m (59 ft) long (from 2:1 elliptical heads), 3 m (10 ft) in OD, and 16 mm (0.63 in.) thick. The chemical and material properties of the tank were to comply with AAR M-128 Grade B. As a result of the explosive failure of the tank car, fragments were ejected from the central region of the car between the support trucks from ground zero to a maximum of approximately 195 m (640 ft). The mode of failure was a brittle fracture originating at a preexisting lamination and crack in the tank wall adjacent to the tank nozzle. The mechanism of failure was overpressurization of the railroad tank car caused by a chemical reaction of the butadiene contents. The interrelationship of the mode, mechanism, and consequences of failure is reviewed to reconstruct the sequence of events that led up to the breach of the railroad tank car. Means to prevent similar reoccurrences are discussed.
Reading the Writing of Rabbinism: Toward an Interpretation of Rabbinic Literature (1983)

Journal Article Reading the Writing of Rabbinism: Toward an Interpretation of Rabbinic Literature Get access William Scott Green William Scott Green William Scott Green (Ph D, Brown) is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Rochester He is the author of The Traditions of Joshua ben Hananiah (1981) and editor of Approaches to Ancient Judaism (1978, 1980, 1981) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume LI, Issue 2, June 1983, Pages 191–206, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/LI.2.191 Published: 01 June 1983
Interactive visualization of video content and associated description for semantic annotation (2008)

In this paper, we present an intuitive graphic framework introduced for the effective visualization of video content and associated audio-visual description, with the aim to facilitate a quick understanding and annotation of the semantic content of a video sequence. The basic idea consists in the visualization of a 2D feature space in which the shots of the considered video sequence are located. Moreover, the temporal position and the specific content of each shot can be displayed and analysed in more detail. The selected features are decided by the user, and can be updated during the navigation session. In the main window, shots of the considered video sequence are displayed in a Cartesian plane, and the proposed environment offers various functionalities for automatically and semi-automatically finding and annotating the shot clusters in such feature space. With this tool the user can therefore explore graphically how the basic segments of a video sequence are distributed in the feature space, and can recognize and annotate the significant clusters and their structure. The experimental results show that browsing and annotating documents with the aid of the proposed visualization paradigms is easy and quick, since the user has a fast and intuitive access to the audio-video content, even if he or she has not seen the document yet.
Pyrabactin, an ABA agonist, induced stomatal closure and changes in signalling components of guard cells in abaxial epidermis of Pisum sativum (2011)

Pyrabactin, a synthetic agonist of abscisic acid (ABA), inhibits seed germination and hypocotyl growth and stimulates gene expression in a very similar way to ABA, implying the possible modulation of stomatal function by pyrabactin as well. The effect of pyrabactin on stomatal closure and secondary messengers was therefore studied in guard cells of Pisum sativum abaxial epidermis. Pyrabactin caused marked stomatal closure in a pattern similar to ABA. In addition, pyrabactin elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and cytoplasmic pH levels in guard cells, as indicated by the respective fluorophores. However, apyrabactin, an inactive analogue of ABA, did not affect either stomatal closure or the signalling components of guard cells. The effects of pyrabactin-induced changes were reversed by pharmalogical compounds that modulate ROS, NO or cytoplasmic pH levels, quite similar to ABA effects. Fusicoccin, a fungal toxin, could reverse the stomatal closure caused by pyrabactin, as well as that caused by ABA. Experiments on stomatal closure by varying concentrations of ABA, in the presence of fixed concentration of pyrabactin, and vice versa, revealed that the actions of ABA and pyrabactin were additive. Further kinetic analysis of data revealed that the apparent K(D) of ABA was increased almost 4-fold in the presence of ABA, suggesting that pyrabactin and ABA were competing with each other either at the same site or close to the active site. It is proposed that pyrabactin could be used to examine the ABA-related signal-transduction components in stomatal guard cells as well as in other plant tissues. It is also suggested that pyrabactin can be used as an antitranspirant or as a priming agent for improving the drought tolerance of crop plants.
Light path and photon capture in turtle photoreceptors. (1975)

1. The directional selectivity of individual cones was examined by intracellular recording in the eye of the turtle. Sensitivites were determined from linear responses to dim flashes of monochromatic light incident on a cell over a range of angles to its long axis. 2. With light near the optimum wave-length, some red- and green-sensitive cones showed a high sensitivity for light entering axially and lower sensitivities for light entering obliquely. In contrast, other cells had lower peak sensitivities and less pronounced directional selectivities. The highest axial sensitivities observed in red receptors were about 320 muV photon(-1) mu2; in these cells, the sensitivity declined to half for rays 6-9 degrees off the axis as measured in the retina. Green receptors had lower axial sensitivities and broader angular profiles. 3. On the assumption that rays at all angles contribute independently to the over-all sensitivity, the sensitivity of a cell to large cones of rays was successfully predicted from the angular selectivity determined with a narrow pencil of rays. The shape of small responses to dim stimuli delivered on and off the axis of the cell was invariant, implying that a cone signals the number of photons absorbed but not their angle of incidence. 4. Short wave-lengths have previously been shown to be filtered out by the oil droplets present in turtle cones. At short wave-lengths, the angular profiles showed a depression in axial sensitivity consistent with this filtering action. 5. Diameters of inner segments, oil droplets, and outer segments were measured in red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones, since these dimensions are expected to influence the cones' angular acceptances and ability to collect light. The diameters of the structure were in approximately the same proportions for each type of receptor, but the absolute values of the diameters were found to be scaled in relation to the wave-length of maximum sensitivity. 6. Optical determinations of the efficiency with which axial rays are concentrated by red receptors gave a mean value of 55%. 7. Receptors in histological sections of the whole eye were found to be oriented with their long axes directed approximately toward the pupil. 8. The observed directional selectivities and collecting efficiencies agree well with the behaviour of a model retinal cone developed by Winston & Enoch (1971) on a geometrical optical treatment. 9. Effective collecting areas are derived for red-, green- and blue-sensitive cones; these permit conversion of observed flash sensitivities into the mean peak hyperpolarization produced by isomerization of a visual pigment molecule. The figure obtained is about 25 muV for red-sensitive cones and 21muV for green-sensitive cones.
Complex Polysaccharides (1971)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More