gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An approach for chest tube detection in chest radiographs (2014)

It is known that overlapping tissues cause highly complex projections in chest radiographs. In addition, artificial objects, such as catheters, chest tubes and pacemakers can appear on these radiographs. It is important that the anomaly detection algorithms are not confused by these objects. To achieve this goal, the authors propose an approach to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect chest tubes present on radiographs. To detect the chest tube skeleton as the final output in a better manner, non‐uniform rational B‐spline curves are used to automatically fit with the CNN output. This is the first study conducted to automatically detect artificial objects in the lung region of chest radiographs. Other automatic detection schemes work on the mediastinum. The authors evaluated the performance of the model using a pixel‐based receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Each true positive, true negative, false positive and false negative pixel is counted and used for calculating average accuracy, sensitivity and specificity percentages. The results were 99.99% accuracy, 59% sensitivity and 99.99% specificity. Therefore they obtained promising results on the detection of artificial objects.
Topoisomerase II binds nucleosome-free DNA and acts redundantly with topoisomerase I to enhance recruitment of RNA Pol II in budding yeast (2011)

DNA topoisomerases are believed to promote transcription by removing excessive DNA supercoils produced during elongation. However, it is unclear how topoisomerases in eukaryotes are recruited and function in the transcription pathway in the context of nucleosomes. To address this problem we present high-resolution genome-wide maps of one of the major eukaryotic topoisomerases, Topoisomerase II (Top2) and nucleosomes in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our data indicate that at promoters Top2 binds primarily to DNA that is nucleosome-free. However, although nucleosome loss enables Top2 occupancy, the opposite is not the case and the loss of Top2 has little effect on nucleosome density. We also find that Top2 is involved in transcription. Not only is Top2 enriched at highly transcribed genes, but Top2 is required redundantly with Top1 for optimal recruitment of RNA polymerase II at their promoters. These findings and the examination of candidate-activated genes suggest that nucleosome loss induced by nucleosome remodeling factors during gene activation enables Top2 binding, which in turn acts redundantly with Top1 to enhance recruitment of RNA polymerase II.
INITIAL COLONISATION OF ENTEROHAEMORRHAGIC E COLI O157:H7 AND ENTEROPATHOGENIC E COLI O55 IS TO PEYER'S PATCHES IN MAN (1999)

84 Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) comprise a group of emerging zoonotic pathogens of world wide importance. The most prominent serotype is O157:H7 which cause acute gastro-enteritis, bloody diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis in man. O157 is clonally related to enteropathogenic E coli [EPEC] O55 strains. Adhesion of EHEC O157:H7 to human tissue has not been demonstrated. In this study, we used human intestinal in vitro organ culture (IVOC) to investigate the interaction of O157:H7 and O55 strains with human mucosal surfaces. The O157:H7 strain 85-170 (a spontaneous Stx-negative derivative), O55:H7, H-, & H6, and wild type EPEC strain E2348/69 (O127:H6) were applied to histologically normal paediatric duodenal, terminal ileal, Peyer's patch and transverse colonic mucosal biopsy samples in IVOC (tissue was obtained with fully informed parental consent and ethical approval). IVOC were incubated for 8 hours and examined by scanning electron microscopy. E2348/69 adhered to duodenum, ileum, and Peyer's patches, but showed limited adhesion to the colon; attaching/effacing lesions were seen at all sites of adhesion. In contrast EHEC strain 85-170 and the O55 strains only adhered to the follicle associated epithelium overlying Peyer's patches, and were not detected on the other mucosal surfaces. Thus, Peyer's patches may be involved in the initial events of EHEC O157:H7 and EPEC O55 colonisation, as described for several other bacterial pathogens (eg Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Yersinia); the time taken to spread to other intestinal areas would account for the O157:H7 incubation period of 6-7 days. EPEC O55 and O127 strains show different regional patterns of colonisation.
Rapid Detection of Dendritic Cell and Monocyte Disorders Using CD4 as a Lineage Marker of the Human Peripheral Blood Antigen-Presenting Cell Compartment (2013)

Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes are critical regulators and effectors of innate and adaptive immune responses. Monocyte expansion has been described in many pathological states while monocyte and DC deficiency syndromes are relatively recent additions to the catalog of human primary immunodeficiency disorders. Clinically applicable screening tests to diagnose and monitor these conditions are lacking. Conventional strategies for identifying human DCs and monocytes have been based on the use of a lineage gate to exclude lymphocytes, thus preventing simultaneous detection of DCs, monocytes, and lymphocyte subsets. Here we demonstrate that CD4 is a reliable lineage marker for the human peripheral blood antigen-presenting cell compartment that can be used to identify DCs and monocytes in parallel with lymphocytes. Based on this principle, simple modification of a standard lymphocyte phenotyping assay permits simultaneous enumeration of four lymphocyte and five DC/monocyte populations from a single sample. This approach is applicable to clinical samples and facilitates the diagnosis of DC and monocyte disorders in a wide range of clinical settings, including genetic deficiency, neoplasia, and inflammation.
Prolonged Inhibition of Muscle Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-1 Promotes Intramyocellular Lipid Accumulation and Insulin Resistance in Rats (2001)

Cross-sectional studies in human subjects have used 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HMRS) to demonstrate that insulin resistance correlates more tightly with the intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) concentration than with any other identified risk factor. To further explore the interaction between these two elements in the rat, we used two strategies to promote the storage of lipids in skeletal muscle and then evaluated subsequent changes in insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Normal rats received either a low-fat or a high-fat diet (20% lard oil) for 4 weeks. Two additional groups (lowfat + etoxomir and lard + etoxomir) consumed diets containing 0.01% of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitor, R-etomoxir, which produced chronic blockade of enzyme activity in liver and skeletal muscle. Both the high-fat diet and drug treatment significantly impaired insulin sensitivity, as measured with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal (IMGD) fell from 12.57 +/- 0.72 in the low-fat group to 9.79 +/- 0.59, 8.96 +/- 0.38, and 7.32 +/- 0.28 micromol x min(-1) x 100 g(-1) in the low-fat + etoxomir, lard, and lard + etoxomir groups, respectively. We used HMRS, which distinguishes between fat within the myocytes and fat associated with contaminating adipocytes located in the muscle bed, to assess the IMCL content of isolated soleus muscle. A tight inverse relationship was found between IMGD and IMCL, the correlation (R = 0.96) being much stronger than that seen between IMGD and either fat mass or weight. In conclusion, either a diet rich in saturated fat or prolonged inhibition of fatty acid oxidation impairs IMGD in rats via a mechanism related to the accumulation of IMCL.
Transgenic animals as drug factories: a new source of recombinant protein therapeutics (1998)

The utility of transgenic animal bioreactors for the production of complex therapeutic proteins is based on lower production costs, higher production capacities and safer, pathogen free products. Until gene therapy becomes broadly efficacious, transgenic-derived therapeutics are the most attractive alternative for prophylactic, replacement therapy in genetic disorders, such as haemophilia. Many other disease states need short-term treatment of significant amounts of recombinant proteins that could be made amply available from transgenic animal sources. In addition, transgenic animals will provide an ideal expression system for the production of a portfolio of alternative therapeutics for patient populations developing inhibiting antibodies, for enhanced bioactivity, or for increased plasma clearance times. The FDA approval of a transgenic-derived therapeutic is still pending, but a review of Phase I & II data from antithrombin III from goat milk is encouraging, and companies are continuing to add potential therapeutics to their product pipeline.
The impact of type 2 diabetes and antidiabetic drugs on cancer cell growth (2010)

Despite investigations into mechanisms linking type 2 diabetes and cancer, there is a gap in knowledge about pharmacotherapy for diabetes in cancer patients. Epidemiological studies have shown that diabetic cancer patients on different antidiabetic treatments have different survival. The clinically relevant question is whether some antidiabetic pharmacotherapeutic agents promote cancer whereas others inhibit cancer progression. We investigated the hypothesis that various antidiabetic drugs had differential direct impact on cancer cells using four human cell lines (pancreatic cancer: MiaPaCa2, Panc-1; breast cancer: MCF7, HER18). We found that insulin and glucose promoted cancer cell proliferation and contributed to chemoresistance. Metformin and rosiglitazone suppressed cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis. Both drugs affected signalling in the protein kinases B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway; metformin activated adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase whereas rosiglitazone increased chromosome ten level. Although high insulin and glucose concentrations promoted chemoresistance, the combination of metformin or rosiglitazone with gemcitabine or doxorubicin, resulted in an additional decrease in live cancer cells and increase in apoptosis. In contrast, exenatide did not have direct effect on cancer cells. In conclusion, different types of antidiabetic pharmacotherapy had a differential direct impact on cancer cells. This study provides experimental evidence to support further investigation of metformin and rosiglitazone as first-line therapies for type 2 diabetes in cancer patients.
A low frequency hopping TCM-8 PSK adaptive RSSE receiver for TDMA wideband cellular mobile radio (2003)

A Monte Carlo simulation study of a combined FDMA/TDMA slow frequency-hopping trellis-coded 8 PSK adaptive reduced state sequence estimation (RSSE) receiver for high-capacity cellular mobile radio communications is presented. In order to assess the performance of this scheme, the dynamic behavior of the mobile radio channel has been simulated by means of a simple two-ray model, with a variable delay, tau , between the two rays. At the receiver, two Viterbi decoders are used, one of them (RSSE soft Viterbi decoder) to cope with the selective distortion introduced by the channel and the other (hard Viterbi decoder) to decode the binary trellis-encoded received sequence. Bit error rate (BER) is obtained as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and with tau and Doppler spread as parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polyamidoamine dendrimer‐functionalized carbon nanotubes‐mediated GFP gene transfection for HeLa cells: Effects of different types of carbon nanotubes (2011)

Three types of functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs), polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-functionalized single and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT-PAMAM-1, MWCNT-PAMAM-2, and SWCNT-PAMAM-3), were prepared by covalent linkage approach. The micro-morphologies of the three f-CNTs and the interaction of MWCNT-PAMAM-2 with HeLa cells were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The free amine groups on the surface of the three types of CNTs-PAMAM hybrids were quantitatively analyzed. Their cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of plasmid DNA of enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP-N1) to HeLa cells were investigated in detail. The results suggest that although all three types of CNTs-PAMAM hybrids can deliver pEGFP-N1 into HeLa cells and the exogenous GFP gene has been successfully expressed, MWCNT-PAMAM-2 with shorter length and larger amount of free amine groups on its surface possesses higher transfection efficiency (6.79%), being about 3.0 and 1.7 times as large as those of MWCNT-PAMAM-1 (2.24%) and SWCNT-PAMAM-3 (4.08%), respectively; their cytotoxicity to HeLa cells decrease following the sequence of SWCNT-PAMAM-3 > MWCNT-PAMAM-2 > MWCNT-PAMAM-1. These results may be useful for understanding the effects of the chemical/physical properties of f-CNTs on their gene transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, allowing for construction of promising CNT-based intracellular delivery vectors for gene therapy.
Modeling the kinetics of methane conversion in steam reforming process of coke-oven gas based on experimental data (2007)

改革蒸气是为升级焦炭炉气体的甲烷和烃进公司和 H2 的一条有效途径，但是运动行为需要更多的学习。我们由在 14 kPa 在电的管状的流动改革过程，温度从 500 ～ 950 变化的蒸气在焦炭炉气体调查了甲烷的变换，并且开发了一个 kenetic 模型为，忽略吸附和散开的效果。为甲烷变换 14 kPa 的最佳的动态条件如下：到甲烷的数量的水的数量的比率从 1.1 ～ 1.3；反应温度从 1 223 K 到 1 273 K。当到甲烷的数量的水的数量的比率在在有直到 0.75 s 的住处时间的 1 223 K 上面的温度是 1.2 时，甲烷变换率比 95% 大。
Nebivolol and Metoprolol for Treating Migraine: An Advance on <i>β</i> ‐Blocker Treatment? (2007)

Our results suggest that nebivolol is as effective as metoprolol in the prophylaxis of migraine attacks, with the advantages of being better tolerated and not requiring up-titration to achieve therapeutic levels. Further and larger trials should be conducted on nebivolol in the prevention of migraine attacks as it may provide an improvement in current migraine prophylaxis with beta-blockers.
In Vivo Differentiation of Complementary Contrast Media at Dual-Energy CT (2012)

Commercially available clinical dual-energy CT scanners can help differentiate the enhancement of selected pairs of complementary contrast media in vivo.
Integrating Query Translation and Text Classification in a Cross-Language Patent Access System. (2008)

In this paper, a cross-language patent retrieval and classification system is presented to integrate the query translation using various free web translators on the internet and the document classification. The language-independent indexing method was used to process the multilingual patent documents, and the query translation method was used to translate the query from the source language to the target language. The mono-lingual and cross-lingual retrieved patent documents would be processed to classify the research papers (the queries) in terms of the International Patent Classification (IPC). The results indicate that the performance of the cross-lingual text classification reached almost the same level of the mono-lingual text classification.
Remembering Odors and Their Names (1987)

It is generally believed that odor memory is excellent, but its strengths and weaknesses compared with visual or auditory memory are not well appreciated. What odor perception does best, the basis for its reputation, is to recreate significant past episodes in a person's life. The French novelist Marcel Proust has provided the classic example, describing at the beginning of his masterpiece Remembrance of Things Past how the aroma and flavor of a morsel of petite madeleine soaked in a spoonful of tea brought back long-forgotten memories of his aunt's bedroom in the family's house at Combray: When from a long-distant past nothing subsists, after the people are dead, after the things are broken and scattered, still alone, more fragile, but with more vitality, more unsub stantial, more persistent, more faith ful, the smell and taste of things . . . bear unfaltering, in the tiny and al most impalpable drop of their es sence, the vast structure of recollec tion.
The decomposition of formic acid catalysed by soluble metal complexes (1967)

R. S. Coffey, Chem. Commun. (London), 1967, 923b DOI: 10.1039/C1967000923B
Impurity Distribution in Epitaxial Growth (1965)

A solid-state diffusion theory is developed giving the distribution of impurities in epitaxial growth. It is shown that for most practical cases this theory takes on a particularly simple form. Extensive experiments were performed in the study of the distribution of the most common acceptor and donor type substrate impurities in silicon: boron and antimony. It is shown that the impurity distribution in most of the epitaxial film is uniform corresponding to the impurity doping of the SiCl4 used in the epitaxial growth, and that the profile near the substrate—film interface is very close to the predictions of this simple theory. In addition, certain particular cases of interest were studied such as the spreading of a layer of impurities predeposited on the substrate surface prior to epitaxial growth, the effect of film growth rate on the impurity distribution, and the change in the impurity distribution during an additional high-temperature step. In all cases, experiments and the solid-state diffusion theory are in excellent agreement.
Generalized Linear Models with Random Effects: Unified Analysis via H-likelihood (2006)

Since their introduction in 1972, generalized linear models (GLMs) have proven useful in the generalization of classical normal models. Presenting methods for fitting GLMs with random effects to data, Generalized Linear Models with Random Effects: Unified Analysis via H-likelihood explores a wide range of applications, including combining information over trials (meta-analysis), analysis of frailty models for survival data, genetic epidemiology, and analysis of spatial and temporal models with correlated errors.Written by pioneering authorities in the field, this reference provides an introduction to various theories and examines likelihood inference and GLMs. The authors show how to extend the class of GLMs while retaining as much simplicity as possible. By maximizing and deriving other quantities from h-likelihood, they also demonstrate how to use a single algorithm for all members of the class, resulting in a faster algorithm as compared to existing alternatives. Complementing theory with examples, many of which can be run by using the code supplied on the accompanying CD, this book is beneficial to statisticians and researchers involved in the above applications as well as quality-improvement experiments and missing-data analysis.
Measuring the Speed of Moving Objects from Television Signals (1975)

Very simple techniques for estimating the speed of a moving object from a television signal are described. They assume that frame storage is available. One technique requires little more than two threshold circuits and two counters. The accuracy of one technique is better than ± 10 percent, quite sufficient to enable the measure to be used as a control signal for the efficient coding of television type signals.
Spherocylindrical coacervate core micelles formed by a supramolecular coordination polymer and a diblock copolymer (2008)

We investigated the hierarchical structure of complex coacervate core micelles formed by mixing a supramolecular coordination polymer and a diblock copolymer. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) on those systems was only possible for very dilute samples and suggested the existence of wormlike micelles or strings of spherical micelles (Y. Yan, N. A. M. Besseling, A. de Keizer, R. Fokkink, M. Drechsler and M. A. Cohen Stuart, J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 11662). Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) we investigated those mixtures with a concentration of up to 0.6 vol%. Depending on the charge ratio and the concentration the above mixtures was proven to build spherocylindrical objects of different sizes. In the case of charge neutrality spherical micelles are found. Thus, we confirmed by SAXS experiments that the structures seen by cryo-TEM indeed exist in solution.
Stress adaptation in ceramic thin films (2007)

Two mechanisms by which an inorganic thin film may reversibly adapt to externally imposed strain have been considered: (1) the chemical strain effect and (2) self-organization of polycrystalline macro-domains. The chemical strain effect is due to the transformation of the elastic energy of an externally applied stress into chemical energy of interacting point defects. This effect may be observed in solids with a large concentration of interacting point defects if the interaction is accompanied by a large change in specific volume. Self-organization of polycrystalline macro-domains may take place when single-domain ferroelastic grains minimize intergrain strain via approximate mutual alignment of their crystallographic axes. Each such macro-domain region has a preferred size and direction of alignment. In the presence of externally applied stress, these regions may reorganize, thereby partially converting the elastic energy of the external stress into the elastic energy of intergrain stress. Although very different in nature, both mechanisms result in reversible strain-relaxation. The conditions under which each of these effects may be present are understood well enough to provide clear guidance for preparation of materials and for their incorporation into practical devices.
A novel complex algorithm for denoising partial discharge signals (2008)

This paper introduces an evaluation code, which can numerically express the noise possessing degree of signals. By using this code, the best kind and setting of noise suppressing techniques can be chosen automatically. This code is applied to three kinds of specific denoising techniques; those are simple noise removing method in the count versus phase distribution, fuzzy logic method based on noise type in magnitude versus phase plot, and lastly, the technique using grouping characteristics of PD pulses in 3D plot of magnitude versus phase versus cycle. The algorithm shows good performance in the various real PD signals measured from various high voltage apparatuses in Korea.
Cell Cycle Regulation (2007)

Drosophila researchers met in sunny San Diego for the 49(th) Annual Meeting of The Genetics Society of America. It was cold outside and even colder inside. Like last year, 'Mitosis, Meiosis and Cell Division' was no longer a session. Instead, we searched out and covered talks and posters in 'Cell Division and Growth Control', 'Gametogenesis', 'Cytoskeleton and Cell Biology' and 'Genome and Chromosome Structure'. We split up for maximal coverage and re-grouped later for the Workshop on Cell Cycle and Checkpoints. We apologize in advance for the brevity or omission of some reports.
Synthesis of thiourea-tethered C-glycosyl amino acids via isothiocyanate–amine coupling (2009)

A new class of C-glycosyl amino acids displaying a thiourea segment as a linker has been designed and synthesized by addition of peracetylated glycosylmethyl isothiocyanates to an amine-functionalized amino acid (N(alpha)-Fmoc-beta-amino-l-alanine). Three pairs of compounds with alpha- and beta-galacto, alpha- and beta-gluco, and alpha- and beta-manno configuration have been prepared with yields ranging between 70 and 75%. The orthogonal set of protective groups (O-acetyl in the carbohydrate moiety and N-Fmoc in the amino acid residue) makes these compounds suitable substrates for the co-translational modification of natural peptides. The couplings of model hydroxy-free and perbenzylated glycosylmethyl isothiocyanates with the above N(alpha)-Fmoc-beta-amino-l-alanine and the N(alpha)-Boc-protected analogue have been carried out as well, thus broadening the scope of the coupling reaction. Nevertheless, there are limitations of this isothiocyanate-amine coupling in complex systems, and these are briefly discussed.