gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
III. Visceral afferent pathways: a source of new therapeutic targets for abdominal pain (2000)

Visceral pain is the major cause of consulting in gastroenterology and the principal symptom of functional bowel disorders. This symptom is often associated with gut hypersensitivity to distension. The use of animal models has recently permitted the identification of some mediators supposed to play a pivotal role in the genesis of visceral hypersensitivity. Serotonin, through different receptor subtypes, as well as kinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide, are known to be involved, but other putative transmitters arise and are new potential targets for the development of efficacious treatments. This themes article addresses both physiological and preclinical issues of interest for the selection of active new drugs in regard to the clinical pharmacology of visceral pain.
Selective macroblock level switching for model-basedcoded video (1999)

Previous switched model-based coders have employed switching techniques at a high level, switching the entire frame between an H.261 coded image and a model-based image according to a bit-rate/quality metric. The performance of a new scheme, in which the switching takes place in selected regions, is reported. Subjective quality and PSNR are improved, particularly for large rotational or translational motion.
A topology modifying progressive decimation algorithm (2002)

Triangle decimation techniques reduce the number of triangles in a mesh, typically to improve interactive rendering performance or reduce data storage and transmission requirements. Most of these algorithms are designed to preserve the original topology of the mesh. Unfortunately, this characteristic is a strong limiting factor in overall reduction capability, since objects with a large number of holes or other topological constraints cannot be effectively reduced. The author presents an algorithm that yields a guaranteed reduction level, modifying topology as necessary to achieve the desired result. In addition, the algorithm is based on a fast local decimation technique, and its operations can be encoded for progressive storage, transmission, and reconstruction. He describes the new progressive decimation algorithm, introduces mesh splitting operations and shows how they can be encoded as a progressive mesh. He also demonstrates the utility of the algorithm on models ranging in size from 1,132 to 1.68 million triangles and reduction ratios of up to 200:1.
Red Spruce Response to Ozone and Cloudwater after Three Years Exposure (1992)

Abstract This study reports on the results of a 3‐yr study conducted at a high elevation site in the southern Appalachians to determine if cloudwater and ozone (O 3 ) adversely affect the growth of red spruce seedlings ( Picea rubens Sarg.). Field chambers were established at Whitetop Mountain, VA (elevation 1689 m), in 1988. Three replicate chamber treatments were constructed to produce the following treatments: (i) exclusion of clouds and O 3 (COE), (ii) ambient O 3 with clouds removed (CE), and (iii) exposure to both clouds and O 3 (CC). Ambient air plots (AA) were also included in order to assess possible chamber effects. Potted native seedlings from the surrounding forest and seedlings grown from seed collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSM seedlings) were used in the study. After 3 yr, seedlings were impacted little by the reduction in pollution levels within the CE and COE chambers. No differences in seedling diameter growth were found for either seedling type, and height growth differences that were detected indicated more height growth in treatments with ambient O 3 and cloudwater. Minimal biomass effects were also found. Increased nutrient leaching of needle Ca and Mg was observed in cloudwater treatments, but needle concentrations were not reduced to deficiency levels. Removal of both cloudwater and O 3 (COE) did not enhance photosynthesis (Ps) rates for native or GSM seedlings. However, Ps of seedlings in which only cloudwater was removed (CE) was lower in 1‐yr‐old needles (C + 1) of native and GSM seedlings, and in 2‐yr‐old needles (C + 2) of native seedlings. These lower Ps rates of CE seedlings were correlated with lower needle N concentrations, indicating that cloudwater NO 3 − and NH 4 + may have provided a fertilizer effect within AA and CC treatments. Respiration of current year needles of native seedlings was not affected by treatments; however, respiration was lower in older needles (C + 1 and C +2) in which O 3 and cloudwater were removed (CE and COE).
Compliance with continuous positive airway pressure therapy: assessing and improving treatment outcomes (2001)

Although nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is generally effective in correcting sleep-related respiratory disturbance and associated daytime sequelae in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), resistance to and intolerance of CPAP poses a serious limitation to its use. Failure to comply with treatment has been reported to be as high as 25 to 50%, with patients typically abandoning therapy during the first 2 to 4 weeks of treatment. Reasons for discontinuing CPAP therapy have been primarily related to issues of mask discomfort, nasal dryness and congestion, and difficulty adapting to the pressure. Although there has been great variability in the reported rates of CPAP compliance, there have been few systematic studies to evaluate barriers to CPAP compliance or ways to improve compliance. Early identification of CPAP-related tolerance problems or barriers, psychological factors, and the predictive value of pretreatment background variables ( ie, age and gender) may enhance compliance with therapy. An important goal for OSAS management is the development of intervention strategies and educational approaches that minimize side effects and maximize patient compliance. A new classification is presented, along with suggestions and ideas for intervention.
Real-time imaging and characterization of human breast tissue by reflectance confocal microscopy (2007)

Real-time technologies can increase the efficiency of obtaining informative biopsies and accelerate interpretation of biopsy pathological review. Cellular aberrations inherent to cancer cells, including nuclear size, can currently be detected, but few technologies are available to evaluate adequacy of specimens in real time. The aims of this study are: 1. to determine if near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) can be used to assess epithelial/stromal content of core needle breast biopsy samples in real time, 2. to determine if epithelial cell nuclear size can be measured on RCM images, and 3. to test if RCM images can be accurately read for presence/absence of histologically relevant features of malignancy. Breast biopsies are obtained following a medically indicated breast core needle diagnostic biopsy for RCM examination. Acetic acid is used as a contrast agent to visualize structures within breast tissue. Structures are identified and optically serially sectioned, and digital images are cataloged. Relative amounts of epithelial, fatty, and collagenous tissue are determined. RCM biopsies are formalin-fixed and stained for hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) comparison with RCM images. RCM data are comparable to data from H and E sections. Epithelial cell nuclear size is measured on stored digital RCM images. We compare RCM and H and E images from 16 patients and 25 core needle biopsy samples.
Inferior Parietal Lobule (1984)

Architectonic parcellation of the parietal lobes of eight human brains, with special attention paid to the inferior parietal lobule, resulted in a map that bore a close relationship to previous maps and took into consideration modern data on physiology and connections. Two general parietal zones were distinguished, one above and the other below the intraparietal sulcus, similar to the dorsal-ventral distinction suggested for the frontal lobe. Five areas were recognized in the inferior parietal lobule, of which areas parietal areas EG (PEG), G (PG), and occipitoparietal G (OPG) were in the angular gyrus. A lateralization toward the right was found for area PEG, an area structurally similar to the visually related cortices of the posterior superior parietal region. A lateralization toward the left was found for area PG, but only in brains with a larger left planum temporale. The asymmetry in area PG seemed to be linked to other asymmetries present in language areas, whereas the right-sided area PEG preponderance showed no relation to the language asymmetries.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2/2004 (2004)

Cover: The picture on the cover shows “artificial polymer opals”, which can be used as effect pigments in clear coatings. Shown is an EM picture, a dispersion of the opaline flakes and coated steel plates. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by M. Egen, L. Braun, R. Zentel, * K. Tännert, P. Frese, O. Reis, and M. Wulf on page 158.
Comparative kinetic studies on the synthesis of quinoxalinone derivatives and pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazinone derivatives by the hinsberg reaction (1992)

Abstract Kinetic studies on the anelation of quinoxalinone derivatives 3a‐c and pyrido[2,3‐ b ]pyrazinone derivatives 5a‐c and 6a‐c synthesized by the Hinsberg reaction is reported. o ‐Phenylenediamine or 2,3‐diaminopyridine were treated with bifunctional carbonyl compounds such as glyoxylic, pyruvic and benzoylformic acids under different experimental conditions. When pyridopyrazine derivatives were synthesized both position isomers were achieved applying regioselective reactions. Mixture were avoided by looking for special experimental conditions that led unambiguously to only one of the components of the classic “Hinsberg mixture”. Quinoxalinone derivatives 3a‐c were obtained at room temperature in good yields (>90%) using anhydrous methanol or ethanol as solvents. On the other hand, only pyrido[2,3‐ b ]pyrazin‐3(4 H )‐one ( 5a ) was regioselectively attained in aqueous buffer of p H 7 while 3‐methylpyridopyrazinone derivatives were regioselectively separated using anhydrous methanol for one isomer, 5b , and anhydrous chloroform for the other isomer, 6b , at room temperature. Yields were higher than 80%. Reactions with benzoylformic acid did not give good yields and only 2‐phenylpyrido[2,3‐ b ]pyrazin‐3(4 H )‐one ( 5c ) could be obtained using anhydrous chloroform (yield <30%) as the solvent. Steric hindrance exerted by the phenyl group of the benzoylformic acid is supposed to be responsible of our difficulties to obtain 2‐phenylpyrido[2,3‐ b ]pyrazin‐3(4 H )‐one ( 5c ) in good yields applying this technique. The other isomer, 3‐phenyl[2,3‐b]pyrazin‐2(1 H )‐one ( 6c ) was always formed together with the former isomer and could not be isolated from the mixture, when other solvents than chloroform were used as the reaction media.
Phase I Clinical Study of MCI-186(Edaravone, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) in Healthy Volunteers: Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Administrations. (1998)

The safety and pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 (edaravone, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel agent for cerebrovascular disease, were investigated in healthymale volunteers following a single intravenous infusion at doses of 0.2, 0.5, 1 .0, 1.5 and 2.0mg/kg and after 7 days of repeated administration at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg per day. Eachstep was studied in 7 volunteers (active drug: 5, placebo: 2).In clinical laboratory tests, the increases of serum total bilirubin at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg and placebo in one each, and a decrease of serum platelet count at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg were observed. No other apparent changes were observed in any subject. MCI-186 hada good tolerability profile in healthy volunteers.The plasma concentrations after a single intravenous infusion for 40 min (0.2-1 .5mg/kg) reached maximum levels (222.53-3060.73ng/ml) at 40min after the beginningof infusion, and then decreased rapidly with half-lives of 0.15-0.17 hr (t1/2α) and 1.45 hr (t1/2β) at doses of 0.2mg/kg and 0.5mg/kg, and 0.17 hr (t1/2α), 0.81-0.85 hr (t1/2β) and4.50-5.16 hr (t1/2γ) at doses of 1.0mg/kg and 1.5mg/kg. The Cmax and AUC increasedproportionally to doses from 0.2mg/kg to 1.5mg/kg.The plasma concentrations after a single intravenous infusion for 3 hr reached amaximum level (1225.96 ng/ml) at 3 hr after the beginning of infusion, and then decreasedrapidly with half-lives of 0.12 hr (t1/2α), 0.65 hr (t1/2β) and 4.38 hr (t1/2γ) at adose of 2.0 mg/kg. These plasma concentrations corresponded to those calculated fromthe pharmacokinetic parameters obtained by the analysis of plasma concentrations aftera single intravenous infusion for 40 min at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg.The plasma concentrations after repeated intravenous infusions for 40 min reachedmaximum levels (1616.21-1819.13 ng/ml) 40 min after the beginning of infusion, andthen decreased rapidly in a similar manner with a single intravenous infusion for 40 min.MCI-186 was metabolized and excreted rapidly in urine within 24hr after thebeginning of infusion. Urinary excretion rates of MCI-186, sulfate and glucuronide were0.56-0.98%, 5.61-13.16% and 68.64-83.17% of the dose, respectively. Irrespective of thedose and infusion time, urinary excretion rates of MCI-186 and its conjugates werealmost the same.
Atomic level simulations on a million particles: The cell multipole method for Coulomb and London nonbond interactions (1992)

The N2 computations implicit in the Coulomb and other long range interactions remain the critical bottleneck in atomic-level simulations of the structure and dynamics of large systems. We report here the cell multipole method which scales linearly with N and requires only modest memory. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we report systematic calculations on realistic polymer systems with up to 1.2 million atoms on a laboratory workstation. The method becomes faster than the exact method for systems of 300 atoms, and for a 1.2 million-atom polymer, it is 2377 times faster. The method treats a class of interactions of the form qiqj/rijp, which includes Coulomb (p=1), London dispersion (p=6), or shielded Coulomb (p=2) interactions. This method is well suited for highly parallel and vector computers.
Multi-Scale LSTM Model for BGP Anomaly Classification (2018)

As a policy-based routing protocol, the primary purpose of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is to exchange routing reachability information to provide sufficient end-to-end Quality-of-Service (QoS). The constant increase of anomalous traffic of BGP affects the connectivity and reachability of routing information among different Autonomous Systems (ASs), which calls for building accurate alerting models to provide stable routing services in the Internet. The previous works classify anomalies without considering the characteristic of multiple time scales, which may lead to inaccurate classification. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-Scale Long Short-Term Memory (MSLSTM) model to capture the anomalous behaviors from BGP traffic. In our model, a Discrete Wavelet Transform is used to obtain temporal information on multiple scales, and a hierarchical two-layer LSTM architecture is devised where the first layer learns the attentions of different time scales to generate an integrated historical representation, and the second layer captures the temporal dependency in the learned representation. To evaluate the feasibility in different alerting scenarios, we conduct comprehensive experiments based on several BGP data sets collected from real world applications. The results demonstrate that our model achieves a promising performance compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.
Carbon Nanotubes as Nanoreactors for Fabrication of Single-Crystalline Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> Nanowires (2006)

Due to fast decomposition of Mg3N2 in the presence of water in the atmosphere (Mg3N2+6H2O-->3Mg(OH)2+2NH3), the synthesis of single-crystalline Mg3N2 nanowires has been a challenge. Here, we demonstrate that carbon nanotubes may serve as nanoreactors for a simple thermal reaction process resulting in the first fabrication of high-quality, large-yield, single-crystalline Mg3N2 nanowires. The Mg3N2 nanowires are homogeneously sheathed over their entire lengths with very thin graphitic carbon tubular layers, which effectively prevent their decomposition (even when the samples are put into water or exposed to atmosphere for several months). We have systematically analyzed for the first time the Mg3N2 nanomaterial by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and electron diffraction. Successful fabrication of carbon sheath protected Mg3N2 nanowires may promote further experimental studies on their crystal structures and properties.
Self-calibration of a class of parallel manipulators (2002)

A general numerical method is introduced in this paper for the self-calibration of parallel manipulators. The concept of creating inverse measurement residuals by exploring conflicting information provided with redundant sensing is generalized. A numerical kinematic analysis method is adopted to systematically compute the inverse measurement residuals. By this treatment, the design of a suitable self-calibration system became more systematic, and existing kinematic parameter estimation techniques can be applied for the self-calibration of parallel mechanisms. It is shown that by installing 2 or more redundant sensors on the Stewart platform, the system is able to perform self-calibration. It is possible to calibrate part of the system using a reduced number of redundant sensors; the identification algorithm converges rapidly; its accuracy performance is satisfactory; and the extension of the method to other parallel manipulators is straightforward.
A Sensitive Technique for Detecting and Estimating the Peptide Hormone Angiotensin‐II‐β‐amide and its Antibodies by Using Chemically Modified Bacteriophage and Activated Sepharose (1970)

Angiotensin‐II‐β‐amide was conjugated to bacteriophage T 4 using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent. The conjugated phage can be inactivated by anti‐angiotensin antibodies and this reaction may be used to detect antibodies at a concentration as low as 100 picograms/ml. Angio‐tensin II specifically inhibits the inactivation of the conjugated phage by antibodies and as little as 0.5 pg of it was detectable by this system. The purification of antibodies to angiotensin on an angiotensin‐Sepharose immunoadsorbent permitted the evaluation of the antibody concentration in the serum.
Protective Conditioning for Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (2005)

A regimen of total lymphoid irradiation plus antithymocyte globulin decreases the incidence of acute GVHD and allows graft antitumor activity in patients with lymphoid malignant diseases or acute leukemia treated with hematopoietic-cell transplantation.
Human face measurement by projecting bandlimited random patterns (2006)

This article presents a fast and accurate method to measure human faces for medical applications. To encode an object point, several random patterns are projected. A correlation technique, which takes only the area of one pixel into account, is used to locate the homologous points. It could be shown that band limited random patterns are helpful for noise reduction. The comparison of the point cloud of a measured plane with an ideal one showed a standard deviation less then 50 mum. Furthermore a depth difference of 20 mum is detectable.
The Brain Metabolite Kynurenic Acid Inhibits α7 Nicotinic Receptor Activity and Increases Non-α7 Nicotinic Receptor Expression: Physiopathological Implications (2001)

The tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) has long been recognized as an NMDA receptor antagonist. Here, interactions between KYNA and the nicotinic system in the brain were investigated using the patch-clamp technique and HPLC. In the electrophysiological studies, agonists were delivered via a U-shaped tube, and KYNA was applied in admixture with agonists and via the background perfusion. Exposure (>/=4 min) of cultured hippocampal neurons to KYNA (>/=100 nm) inhibited activation of somatodendritic alpha7 nAChRs; the IC(50) for KYNA was approximately 7 microm. The inhibition of alpha7 nAChRs was noncompetitive with respect to the agonist and voltage independent. The slow onset of this effect could not be accounted for by an intracellular action because KYNA (1 mm) in the pipette solution had no effect on alpha7 nAChR activity. KYNA also blocked the activity of preterminal/presynaptic alpha7 nAChRs in hippocampal neurons in cultures and in slices. NMDA receptors were less sensitive than alpha7 nAChRs to KYNA. The IC(50) values for KYNA-induced blockade of NMDA receptors in the absence and presence of glycine (10 microm) were approximately 15 and 235 microm, respectively. Prolonged (3 d) exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to KYNA increased their nicotinic sensitivity, apparently by enhancing alpha4beta2 nAChR expression. Furthermore, as determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection, repeated systemic treatment of rats with nicotine caused a transient reduction followed by an increase in brain KYNA levels. These results demonstrate that nAChRs are targets for KYNA and suggest a functionally significant cross talk between the nicotinic cholinergic system and the kynurenine pathway in the brain.
Performance and Scalability of Client-Server Database Architectures (1992)

Recent developments in software and hardware changed the way database systems are built and operate. In this paper we present database architectures based on the Client-Server paradigm and study their performance and scalability under different query/update workloads. The architectures are: Standard Client-Server, Client-Server with Multiple Disks, and Enhanced Client{Server. Data replication and client query result caching are used as the main mechanisms to improve the query throughput. The role of the server is to maintain system-wide data consistency and in the case of Enhanced Client-Server to selectively propagate updates on demand. Our study shows that except for the case of mostly update workloads, the Standard Client-Server architecture is outperformed by the other two architectures by one or more orders of magnitude. The Client-Server with Multiple Disks architecture offers performance comparable to that achieved by the Enhanced Client-Server for up to 100 clients, but the latter scales up a lot better for higher number of clients.