gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ρ0 tumor cells: a model for studying whether mitochondria are targets for rhodamine 123, doxorubicin, and other drugs (2000)

A human osteosarcoma cell line devoid of mitochondrial DNA (rho(0)) and its wild-type parental cell counterpart (wt) are presented as a model to investigate drug targeting. By virtue of the absence of mitochondrial DNA, rho(0) cells cannot perform electron transport or oxidative phosphorylation. Since most of the drugs studied are transported by the efflux pumping systems controlled by the MDR1 and MRP1 genes, both cell lines were examined for the expression of these genes, and it was found that no MDR1 and only low amounts of MRP1 were expressed. Growth inhibition experiments indicated that doxorubicin (Dox), vinblastine, and paclitaxel were equitoxic in these cell lines. On the other hand, the IC(50) for rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) in rho(0) cells was 50 times higher than in wt cells. This result correlates with a lower accumulation of Rho 123 in rho(0) cells as measured by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (3 times less than in wt cells). In contrast, when stained with Dox, both cell types accumulated similar amounts. Surprisingly, in these non-P-glycoprotein expressing cells, verapamil increased both Dox and Rho 123 retention. Overall, these data suggest that: (i) functional mitochondria do not appear to be targets for the growth inhibitory activities of Dox, paclitaxel, or vinblastine; (ii) for lipophilic cations like Rho 123, however, normal functioning mitochondria and maintenance of a normal mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(mt)) appear to play a critical role in the intracellular accumulation and subsequent cytotoxicities of these compounds; and (iii) verapamil increases drug accumulation in non-P-glycoprotein expressing cell lines, most likely by direct action on Deltapsi(mt) for Rho 123 and safranin O, and on heretofore unidentified plasma membrane transporters, as well as via interaction with low levels of MRP1, for Dox. These results should be considered when Rho 123 and verapamil are used to detect P-glycoprotein.
Effective maxillary orthopedic protraction for growing Class III patients: a clinical application simulates distraction osteogenesis. (2005)

The effective maxillary orthopedic protraction is an innovative technique for maxillary protraction in Class III growing patients. It includes three components: a new 2-hinged rapid maxillary expander for a greater amount of anterior displacement of maxilla, repetitive weekly protocol of Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Constriction (Alt-RAMEC) for disarticulating the maxilla, and intraoral maxillary protraction springs for non-compliant protraction. On average, the maxilla could be protracted for 5.8 mm in 3 months and the result remains stable at least 2 years later. The rationale for this technique is sutural expansion/ protraction osteogenesis. Sutural expansion/ protraction osteogenesis is a form of distraction osteogenesis. However, it still needs to be scrutinized experimentally for the sutural reactions corresponding to the effective maxillary orthopedic protraction.
Temperature in the external auditory meatus as an index of central temperature changes (1964)

The temperature of the wall of the external auditory meatus has been investigated. Changes in ear temperature reflect changes of sublingual temperature quite accurately and are well correlated with cutaneous vasomotor responses induced by body heating. The temperature of the external auditory meatus is little affected by reflex vasomotor changes. It is easily measured without discomfort or danger and provides a valid indication of temperature changes at the central receptors. There is a considerable temperature gradient down the wall of the meatus so that absolute temperature levels are probably not of value. ear temperature in man; central temperature regulation in man Submitted on February 24, 1964
More electric power system concepts for an environmentally responsible aircraft (N&#x002B;2) (2012)

NASA has set goals for aircraft entering service in the N+2 timeframe (between 2020 and 2025) of 50 % reduced fuel burn, 75% less NOX emissions and up to 42 dB of noise reduction with respect to the 1998 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Conventional Reference Vehicle. In order for these goals to be achieved a number of fundamental changes must be made to the design of the aircraft, both in terms of the airframe and the subsystems within the aircraft, through the utilisation of onboard electric power based subsystems. This paper looks to assess how the current MEA design concepts are enabling the N+1 goals to be met as well as looking to the future and how more advanced concepts will enable the N+2 goals to be achieved. The paper identifies areas where improvement is required to ensure that safety standards are met and that efficiency goals can be met and surpassed. The paper concludes by highlighting the technological and electrical systems integration challenges which must be overcome to accomplish the N+2 goals using the more/all electric aircraft design philosophy.
Design of Printed RGW Crossover for Millimeter Wave Beam Switching Network (2019)

In this paper, the design of a printed RGW crossover for mm-wave beam switching network is proposed. The proposed device can be considered a good candidate in the design of beam switching network as it has a low loss with a wide bandwidth. The simulated results of the proposed crossover show a 13% fractional bandwidth centered at 30 GHz with an impedance matching level less than -20 dB and isolation level less than -15 dB. In addition, the proposed design has an average transmission loss of 0.5 dB over the operating frequency band.
Quantitative proteomics by 2‐DE, <sup>16</sup>O/<sup>18</sup>O labelling and linear ion trap mass spectrometry analysis of lymph nodes from piglets inoculated by porcine circovirus type 2 (2011)

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been identified as the essential causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. However, little is known regarding the mechanism(s) underlying the pathogenesis of PCV2-induced disease and the interaction of the virus with the host immune system. Here, we present a proteomics study on inguinal lymph nodes of piglets inoculated with PCV2, in order to better understand the pathogenesis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and the pathways might be affected after infection. We used two proteomics strategies, 2-DE and 1-DE followed by (16)O/(18)O peptide labelling and peptide identification and quantification by MS. More than 100 proteins were found to be differentially regulated and the results obtained by the two strategies were fairly concordant but also complementary, the (18)O labelling approach being a more robust alternative. Analysis of these proteins by systems biology tools revealed the implication of acute phase response and NrF2-mediated oxidative stress, suggesting a putative role for these pathways in the pig immune response. Besides, CD81 was found to be up-regulated, suggesting a possible role in the internalization of the virus. The use of proteomics technologies together with biology analysis systems opens up the way to gain more exhaustive and systematic knowledge of virus-pathogen interactions.
Contrasting State-of-the-Art in the Machine Scoring of Short-Form Constructed Responses (2015)

AbstractThis study compared short-form constructed responses evaluated by both human raters and machine scoring algorithms. The context was a public competition on which both public competitors and commercial vendors vied to develop machine scoring algorithms that would match or exceed the performance of operational human raters in a summative high-stakes testing environment. Data (N = 25,683) were drawn from three different states, employed 10 different prompts, and were drawn from two different secondary grade levels. Samples ranging in size from 2,130 to 2,999 were randomly selected from the data sets provided by the states and then randomly divided into three sets: a training set, a test set, and a validation set. Machine performance on all of the agreement measures failed to match that of the human raters. The current study concluded with recommendations on steps that might improve machine-scoring algorithms before they can be used in any operational way. Notes1 Error rate was a combination of two components that were equally weighted: (a) the error rate of words over the total number of words and (b) the error rate of characters over the total number of characters. The latter component takes into consideration characteristics like punctuation.
Unrepeated 200-km transmission of 40-Gbit/s 16-QAM signals using digital coherent optical receiver (2008)

We demonstrate unrepeated 200-km transmission of 40-Gbit/s 16-QAM signals. In spite of the launched power limitation due to SPM, the acceptable BER performance is obtained owing to high sensitivity of a digital coherent optical receiver.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SO-CALLED TOLUIDINE BLUE (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE STRUCTURE OF THE SO-CALLED TOLUIDINE BLUEC. F. H. ALLEN, G. F. FRAME, and C. V. WILSONCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1941, 06, 5, 732–749Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01205a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01205a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1027Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
DMS triggers apoptosis associated with the inhibition of SPHK1/NF-κB activation and increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in human cancer cells (2013)

N,N-Dimethyl-D-erythro-sphingosine (DMS) is known to induce cell apoptosis by specifically inhibiting sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and modulating the activity of cellular ceramide levels. The present study investigated the effects and the mechanism(s) of action of DMS in human lung cancer cells. We found that DMS dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in the human lung cancer cell line, A549. Mechanistically, treatment with DMS suppressed the activation of SPHK1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, but increased intracellular [Ca2+]i in A549 cells. This study demonstrates that DMS triggers the apoptosis of human lung cancer cells through the modulation of SPHK1, NF-κB and calcium signaling. These molecules may represent targets for anticancer drug design.
Pathway for HBT Turn-on Voltage Reduction on a GaAs Platform (2001)

The fundamental lower limit on the turn-on voltage of GaAs-based bipolar transistors is reduced with the use of a low energy-gap base material, GaInAsN. A 115 mV reduction in the turn-on voltage over a wide range of base sheet resistance values (250 to 850 Ω/) is established relative to both GaAs BJTs and conventional InGaP/GaAs HBTs with optimized base-emitter interfaces. InGaP/GaInAsN DHBTs structures with high p-type doping levels ( ~ 3x1019 cm-3) and acceptable DC and RF characteristics (βmax ~ 75, ft ~ 64 GHz) are demonstrated. The reduction in turn-on Vbe enabled by lattice-matched GaInAsN base layers should permit improved management of the voltage budget, and enhance the overall performance, of both wired and wireless GaAs-based RF circuits.
A Retro‐biosynthesis‐Based Route to Generate Pinene‐Derived Polyesters (2019)

Significantly increased production of biobased polymers is a prerequisite to replace petroleum-based materials towards reaching a circular bioeconomy. However, many renewable building blocks from wood and other plant material are not directly amenable for polymerization, due to their inert backbones and/or lack of functional group compatibility with the desired polymerization type. Based on a retro-biosynthetic analysis of polyesters, a chemoenzymatic route from (-)-α-pinene towards a verbanone-based lactone, which is further used in ring-opening polymerization, is presented. Generated pinene-derived polyesters showed elevated degradation and glass transition temperatures, compared with poly(ϵ-decalactone), which lacks a ring structure in its backbone. Semirational enzyme engineering of the cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus enabled the biosynthesis of the key lactone intermediate for the targeted polyester. As a proof of principle, one enzyme variant identified from screening in a microtiter plate was used in biocatalytic upscaling, which afforded the bicyclic lactone in 39 % conversion in shake flask scale reactions.
The association of specific metabolites of lipid metabolism with markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and arterial stiffness in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (2011)

Circulating lipid-related intermediate metabolites can be closely associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and arterial stiffness in early diabetes.
Treatment and pathogenesis of navicular disease (‘syndrome’) in horses (1993)

The future directions of navicular disease research are unclear. Often researchers investigate only one of the multitude of factors likely to be important in understanding the disease. Two exceptions to this is work done by Wright in this issue of EVJ and by MacGregor (1988) who compared a number of the treatment regimens (e.g. rest, warfarin, isoxsuprine, shoeing with egg bars) and found that approximately 75% of the horses improved in their performance. Perhaps this percentage of 'recovered' horses from this disease is what can be realistically expected, as often horses with navicular disease remain undiagnosed until the disease has advanced to the stage where problems exist in the foot or to where the conformation-balance of the hoof is irrecoverable. Perhaps the key to controlling the disease is prevention by maintaining good overall hoof husbandry in a conservative and consistent manner. I would advocate that efforts be made to evaluate hoof 'balance' and the validity of the hoof wall-pastern axis being parallel, as these are clearly of importance in this debilitating disease.
DIMES: Let the Internet Measure Itself (2005)

Today's Internet maps, which are all collected from a small number of vantage points, are falling short of being accurate. We suggest here a paradigm shift for this task. DIMES is a distributed measurement infrastructure for the Internet that is based on the deployment of thousands of light weight measurement agents around the globe. We describe the rationale behind DIMES deployment, discuss its design trade-offs and algorithmic challenges, and analyze the structure of the Internet as it seen with DIMES.
Leptin and Its Receptor in Normal Human Gastric Mucosa and in<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-Associated Gastritis (1999)

Leptin itself is stored and secreted but not produced in human gastric mucosa. The functional receptor and all isoforms are present in human gastric mucosa. H. pylori-associated gastritis leads to significant increases in local leptin concentration in the gastric corpus.
Rose Bengal mediated inhibition of DNA polymerases: mechanism of inhibition of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase under nonoxidative conditions (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRose Bengal mediated inhibition of DNA polymerases: mechanism of inhibition of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase under nonoxidative conditionsShiv K. Srivastava and Mukund J. ModakCite this: Biochemistry 1982, 21, 19, 4633–4639Publication Date (Print):September 14, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 14 September 1982https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00262a018RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views35Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (837 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. I. Properties of the antiphagocytic and type-specific molecules. (1976)

Group A streptococcal M protein was extracted with nonionic detergent and subjected to a number of physical, chemical, and immunological tests. M protein thus extracted was composed of multiple protein bands, ranging from 35,000 down to 6,000 daltons, all having type-specific precipitating activity. The anti-phagocytic proteins, however, were limited to three molecular species having mol wt of 28,000, 31,000, and 35,000 daltons, and could be separated from those proteins that had only type specificity. Physical studies indicated that these proteins existed as individual asymmetrical molecules which were not aggregated. By radiolabeling M protein on living streptococci, it was determined that these protein bands were found on the streptococcal cell wall in this multiple form. Also, by pulse chase experiments supported by chemical and immunological data, evidence was obtained strongly suggesting that the smaller, type-specific molecules are used to assemble the larger, antiphagocytic proteins.
Causality violation in the Kerr metric (1977)

The conjecture that geodesics in the Kerr matric witha > m cannot violate causality in the sense of meeting a turning point before making up for lost time, is found to be untrue for null geodesics.
A Tabu Search Heuristic for Multi-Period Clustering to Rationalize Delivery Operations (2008)

A Tabu Search Heuristic for Multi-Period Clustering to Rationalize Delivery Operations
Targeting HER2 in brain metastases from breast cancer. (2003)

For many types of cancers, therapy aimed at a specific molecular target remains in the realm of clinical research. However, for breast cancer, rational therapeutics is routinely practiced in the clinic. For many years, oncologists have used tamoxifen to selectively treat women with estrogen receptor
Evolutionary computation and games (2006)

Games provide competitive, dynamic environments that make ideal test beds for computational intelligence theories, architectures, and algorithms. Natural evolution can be considered to be a game in which the rewards for an organism that plays a good game of life are the propagation of its genetic material to its successors and its continued survival. In natural evolution, the fitness of an individual is defined with respect to its competitors and collaborators, as well as to the environment. Within the evolutionary computation (EC) literature, this is known as co-evolution and within this paradigm, expert game-playing strategies have been evolved without the need for human expertise.
Vulnerability-Oriented Fuzz Testing for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Systems (2021)

In an era of connectivity and automation, the vehicle industry is adopting numerous technologies to transform driver-centric vehicles into intelligent mechanical devices driven by software components. Software integration and network connectivity inherit numerous security issues that open the door for malicious attacks. Software security testing is a scalable and practical approach to identify systems’ weaknesses and vulnerabilities at an early stage and throughout their life-cycle. Security specialists recommend fuzz testing to identify vulnerabilities within vehicle software systems. Nevertheless, the randomness and blindness of fuzzing hinder it from becoming a reliable security tool. This article presents a vulnerability-oriented fuzz (VulFuzz) testing framework that utilizes security vulnerability metrics designed particularly for connected and autonomous vehicles to direct and prioritize the fuzz testing toward the most vulnerable components. While most gray-box fuzzing techniques aim solely to expand code coverage, the proposed approach assigns weights to ensure a thorough examination of the most vulnerable components. Moreover, we employ an input structure-aware mutation technique that can bypass vehicle software systems’ input formats to boost test performance and avoid dropped test cases. Such a testing technique will contribute to the quality assurance of vehicle software engineering. We implemented the proposed approach on OpenPilot, a driver assistance system, and compared our results to American fuzzy lop (AFL) and an unguided mutation-based fuzzer. Within 16.8 h, VulFuzz exposed 335 crashes, 41 times more than AFL and two times more than an unguided mutation-based fuzzer. VulFuzz is explicitly efficient for automotive systems, reaching the same code coverage as AFL but with more exposed crashes and fewer dropped messages.
Vector quantization of ECG wavelet coefficients (1995)

An improved wavelet compression algorithm for ECG signals has been developed with the use of vector quantization on wavelet coefficients. Vector quantization on scales of long duration and low dynamic range retains feature integrity of the ECG with a very low bit-per-sample rate. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed method excels over standard techniques for high fidelity compression.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polarization and Repolarization of Macrophages (2015)

Macrophages can acquire distinct phenotypes and biological functions depending on the microenvironment and the metabolic state. Macrophages classically activated by IFN-γ and/or microbial products display an M1 phenotype characterized by high expression of interleukin (IL)-12, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-α. They trigger a Th1 immune response and are generally considered potent effector cells which kill microorganisms and tumor cells. Alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are stimulated by IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, immune complexes, or glucocorticoids. M2 phenotype is characterized by low iNOS and IL-12 production and triggers Th2 response. M2 macrophages are involved in tissue repair and angiogenesis. M1 and M2 macrophages display differences in metabolism and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration. This review describes the main macrophage phenotypes with a major focus on the differences in protein, glucose and lipid metabolism. Moreover, repolarization of macrophages as potential therapeutic approach and the critical role of GSH in regulating repolarization are discussed.