gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pancreas Segmentation in CT and MRI Images via Domain Specific Network Designing and Recurrent Neural Contextual Learning (2018)

Automatic pancreas segmentation in radiology images, eg., computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is frequently required by computer-aided screening, diagnosis, and quantitative assessment. Yet pancreas is a challenging abdominal organ to segment due to the high inter-patient anatomical variability in both shape and volume metrics. Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated promising performance on accurate segmentation of pancreas. However, the CNN-based method often suffers from segmentation discontinuity for reasons such as noisy image quality and blurry pancreatic boundary. From this point, we propose to introduce recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to address the problem of spatial non-smoothness of inter-slice pancreas segmentation across adjacent image slices. To inference initial segmentation, we first train a 2D CNN sub-network, where we modify its network architecture with deep-supervision and multi-scale feature map aggregation so that it can be trained from scratch with small-sized training data and presents superior performance than transferred models. Thereafter, the successive CNN outputs are processed by another RNN sub-network, which refines the consistency of segmented shapes. More specifically, the RNN sub-network consists convolutional long short-term memory (CLSTM) units in both top-down and bottom-up directions, which regularizes the segmentation of an image by integrating predictions of its neighboring slices. We train the stacked CNN-RNN model end-to-end and perform quantitative evaluations on both CT and MRI images.
Pharmacological Profiling of Recombinant Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (1996)

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor found within the vascular system that is known to be released upon heparin administration. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulates the extrinsic pathway by inhibiting both factors VIIa and Xa. The role of TFPI in the prevention of thrombosis is currently being elucidated. These studies describe the pharmacological profile of recombinant variants of this inhibitor that have recently been made available for study. Recombinant TFPI (rTFPI) exhibits potent anticoagulant (PT) and antiprotease actions (anti-Xa). While carboxy truncated forms of the inhibitor were not observed to prolong the PT, potent anti-Xa effects were still noted. In a rabbit model of stasis-thrombosis, full-length rTFPI dose-dependently inhibited thrombus formation, producing a complete inhibition of thrombosis at a dose of 500 micrograms/kg. At doses that were antithrombotically effective, minor increases in blood loss were observed in a rabbit ear bleeding model. The effect of TFPI on the inhibition of platelet activation was assessed using a flow cytometric assay. Three hundred nmol/L of rTFPI were observed to block the activation of platelets by 4.5 pmol/L recombinant tissue factor. In addition to participating in the maintenance of hemostasis, rTFPI may prove to be an effective therapeutic modality for preventing thrombus formation.
Structure and regulation of cytoplasmic adapter proteins involved in innate immune signaling (2008)

Initiation of the innate immune response requires agonist recognition by a pathogen recognition receptor. Following ligand binding, conformational rearrangement of the receptor creates a molecular scaffold from which signal transduction is propagated via complex cellular signaling pathways. This in turn leads to the induction of a pro-inflammatory immune response. A critical component of these signaling pathways is the homotypic interaction of receptor and adapter proteins via specific protein interaction domains. Within the innate immune signaling cascade, homotypic interactions between members of the death domain family and the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain are particularly important. Here we discuss the current understanding of the molecular basis of these homotypic receptor:adapter interactions and their role in innate immune signal transduction.
Elliptic approximation and elliptic filter design on small computers (1978)

Two programs for the design of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</tex> -ladder elliptic filters, which can be implemented on small computers, are presented. The nonconventional method used for the synthesis of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</tex> ladders is first described. Then the approximation using elliptic functions better adapted to the numerical calculations than Jacobi's <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sn</tex> function is sketched. The first part of the first program can be used independently to solve classical elliptic approximation problems, including the calculation of the natural frequencies.
Opacification of gamma-crystallin solutions from calf lens in relation to cold cataract formation. (1985)

To determine the molecular mechanisms for cold cataract formation in the nucleus of the young mammalian lens, we have investigated the thermally reversible opacification of gamma-crystallin solutions isolated from calf lens. Coexistence curves (plots of opacification temperature Tc versus protein concentration) were determined for the individual gamma-crystallin fractions II, III, and IV as well as for the unfractionated gamma-crystallin mixtures isolated from the nucleus and cortex. The coexistence curve of gamma IV-crystallin is remarkably elevated above those of gamma II- and gamma III-crystallin and the gamma-crystallin mixtures. The gamma IV-crystallin fraction is the major determinant of the opacification temperature within the whole lens or isolated cytoplasm. Quasielastic light-scattering spectroscopy of gamma IV-crystallin solutions indicates that above Tc there are two populations of protein aggregates of distinctly different mean size. As the temperature is lowered towards Tc, both populations increase in size. Opacification occurs when the population of large scatterers, which is composed of less than 0.1% protein by weight, reaches an average radius of about 20,000 A.
Customer Return Policies for Experience Goods (1996)

This paper studies the economic rationale for customer return policies by focusing on the 'experience goods' aspect of many products. Return policies allow consumers to defer their purchasing decisions until after they gain some experience with goods. In so doing, they insure consumers against ex post loss, which allows a monopoly seller to charge more than otherwise. It is shown that the seller adopts the return policy when consumers are highly risk averse or retail costs are high. Consumers are strictly better-off under the return policy but there is too little adoption of the policy in equilibrium. Copyright 1996 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Manifestations and Treatment of Acute Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Background Incidence and risk factors Predictive assays Clinical features of acute GVHD Diagnosis and differential diagnosis Therapy of acute GVHD Special scenarios Conclusion References
<i>Plasmodium</i> liver stage developmental arrest by depletion of a protein at the parasite–host interface (2005)

Plasmodium parasites of mammals, including the species that cause malaria in humans, infect the liver first and develop there into clinically silent liver stages. Liver stages grow and ultimately produce thousands of first-generation merozoites, which initiate the erythrocytic cycles causing malaria pathology. Here, we present a Plasmodium protein with a critical function for complete liver stage development. UIS4 (up-regulated in infective sporozoites gene 4) is expressed exclusively in infective sporozoites and developing liver stages, where it localizes to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Targeted gene disruption of UIS4 in the rodent model malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei generated knockout parasites that progress through the malaria life cycle until after hepatocyte invasion but are severely impaired in further liver stage development. Immunization with UIS4 knockout sporozoites completely protects mice against subsequent infectious WT sporozoite challenge. Genetically attenuated liver stages may thus induce immune responses, which inhibit subsequent infection of the liver with WT parasites.
A MPPT control method for stand-alone photovoltaic system in consideration of partial shadow (2011)

This paper presents a modified maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for photovoltaic (PV). In this method, both the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of PV are instantaneously measured to distinguish between irradiance change and the occurrence of partial shadow when the output power of PV changes. The method can successfully operate even though a partial shadow arises. The rapid and accurate operation of the proposed MPPT method is confirmed by simulation results.
MOLECULAR THERMODYNAMICS OF PARTIALLY-ORDERED FLUIDS: PHASE BEHAVIOR OF MICROEMULSIONS (1987)

ABSTRACJ'Mixtures of water, oil and surfactant often fonn microemulsions where tiny drops of oil (or water) are dispersed in a matrix of water (or oil).A microemulsion is a partially-ordered tluid where the surfactant molecules exist in an oriented layer at the boundary between the continuous phase and the discontinuous phase.This work proposes a molecular-thermodynamic model which is useful for calculating a variety of phase diagrams observed in microemulsion-fonning systems.The model is based on a revised form of Widom' s abstract representation of a microemulsion; that representation provides a procedure for calculating essential contributions to the configurational entropy.In Widom's representation, all molecules are difunctional dumbelis such that all the hydrophilic ends are situated together in some lattice sites and all the lipophilic ends are situated together in other sites.A form of Guggenheim' s quasichemical theory is used to evaluate the combinatorial contributions which correspond to Widom's picture.Chemical association of surfactant molecules and physical interactions are also taken into account.Minimization of the Gibbs energy yields a distribution function for representing micelle sizes.Calculated ternary phase diagrams are in good agreement with experimental results.Different types of diagrams can be obtained upon changing physicallysignificant model parameters.A study of how these parameters affect phase behavior provides insight on microemulsion stability.
Algunas reflexiones sobre el origen del CERN (1996)

The main purpose of this article is to emphasise the critical role of politics and political ideology in determining the nature of intergenerational relations. This is not the only source of influence on intergenerational relations but it has been under-emphasised in scientific inquiry. Social policies embodying political ideology have an impact at both micro and macro levels. The article summarises the ethical basis of generational solidarity, the nature of the social contract, the changes taking place in relations between the generations and the recent impact of political ideology on the social contract. The main point of reference is the UK.
New Synthesis of 5-Carboxy-2′-deoxyuridine and Its Incorporation into Synthetic Oligonucleotides (2003)

5-Carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine is a methyl oxidation product of thymidine. It can be formed by the menadione-mediated photosensitization of thymidine in aerated aqueous solution. Here in we present a new four-step synthesis of the 5-carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine phosphoramidite building block based on the alkaline hydrolysis of 5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine. The phosphoramidite derivative has been incorporated at defined sites into oligonucleotides using the solid phase synthesis approach.
Complications with the mandril-grown (Sparks) dacron arterial graft. (1975)

Mandril-grown dacron grafts were successful (22-35 months patency in the iliofemoral position. Because of the tendency of the mandril-grown dacron graft to become aneurysmal (4 of 17 grafts), its use is probably contraindicated in the hypertensive patient. Overall patency is 41 per cent (7 of 17 grafts) at three years. Patency below the inguinal ligament is 18 per cent (2 of 11 grafts) at 29 months. A minimum waiting period of six weeks is required. No infections occurred in this seeries.
Astressin, a novel and potent CRF antagonist, is neuroprotective in the hippocampus when administered after a seizure (1997)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the principle hypothalamic regulator of the adrenocortical axis, also functions as a neurotransmitter. In this latter role, CRF causes electrophysiological activation and epileptiform activity in various brain regions. That finding, coupled with the observation that CRF mRNA is induced in endangered brain regions following necrotic insults, suggests that the peptide might contribute to necrotic neuron loss. Supporting that, a number of studies have shown that CRF antagonists decrease ischemic or excitotoxic damage to neurons. In the present report, we demonstrate the considerable neuroprotective potential of a novel and potent CRF antagonist, astressin, against kainic acid-induced excitotoxic seizures. Intracerebroventricular infusion of the peptide both 30 min before and 10 min after seizures decreased damage in some hippocampal cell fields by as much as 84%, a magnitude of protection greater than reported for other CRF antagonists against other models of necrotic neuronal injury. Administration of astressin was done against both local microinfusion (0.035 microgram) or systemic infusion (10 mg/kg body weight) of the excitotoxin; furthermore, the peptide protected even if administered only 10 min following excitotoxin exposure. This fulfills a critical prerequisite for any eventual therapeutic use of CRF antagonists, namely that they need not be administered in anticipation of a neurological insult.
Intelligent control agent for transient to an island grid (2010)

The increasing penetration of generation power plants based on renewable energies in the electrical networks has boosted the number of systems connected to the grid. In this scenario the microgrid, providing advanced functionalities to improve the stability and operation of the network, have become very popular. In this paper a control strategy for the microgrid management is presented. The proposed system improves the performance of microgrids and its interaction with the main network, or another microgrid, under grid voltage transients. This technique gives rise to a simple and robust control scheme to ensure the appropriate microgrid disconnection from the main grid. In the following the control algorithm for the intelligent connection agent will be shown, and the grid synchronization system, as well as the voltage and current control loops will be detailed. Finally simulation results obtained using the MATLAB/Simulink & Psim platform will be presented and discussed.
A versatile digitally controlled continuous-time filter structure with wide-range and fine resolution capability (1992)

A digitally programmable and reconfigurable filter structure is presented. The design is based on a versatile continuous-time biquadratic block realized by means of digitally controllable transconductance amplifiers and programmable capacitor arrays. A specific implementation, integrated in a 3 mu m p-well CMOS process, which is capable of synthesizing a large number of even-ordered transfer functions of up to sixth order with complete control of all pole pairs and zero pairs, is discussed. The programmable filter exhibits typical pole and zero resonant frequency resolution of +or-0.25% and typical bandwidth resolution of +or-0.5% over the three-decade adjustable range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz and features typical dynamic range of 60 dB. >
Flux Synthesis, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties of<i>n</i>-type Sn<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>4</sub>: Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution under Visible Light (2016)

The n-type Sn2TiO4 phase was synthesized using flux methods and found to have one of the smallest visible-light bandgap sizes known that also maintains suitable conduction and valence band energies for driving photocatalytic water-splitting reactions. The Sn2TiO4 phase was synthesized using either a SnCl2 flux or a SnCl2/SnF2 peritectic flux in a 2:1 flux-to-precursor ratio heated at 600 and 400 °C for 24 h, respectively. The two types of salt fluxes resulted in large rod-shaped particles at 600 °C and smaller tetragonal prism-shaped particles at 400 °C. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy measurements produced a negative photovoltage under illumination >1.50 eV, which confirmed electrons as the majority charge carriers and ∼1.50 eV as the effective band gap. Mott–Schottky measurements at pH 9.0 showed the conduction (−0.54 V vs NHE) and valence band (+1.01 V vs NHE) positions meet the critical thermodynamic requirements for total water splitting. The Sn2TiO4 particles were deposited and annealed as polycrystalline films on FTO slides, and exhibited photoanodic currents in aqueous solutions under visible-light irradiation. The Sn2TiO4 particles were also suspended in aqueous methanol solutions and irradiated with visible and ultraviolet light. The larger rod-shaped Sn2TiO4 particles had the higher rates of photocatalytic hydrogen production (∼11.6 μmol H2 h–1) in comparison to the smaller tetragonal prism-shaped Sn2TiO4 particles (∼3.4 μmol H2 h–1). Conversely, for photocatalytic oxygen production, the rates for the smaller tetragonal prism-shaped particles in aqueous AgNO3 solution were slightly higher (∼16.3 μmol O2 h–1) than for the larger rod-shaped particles (∼11.9 μmol O2 h–1). Apparent quantum yields of 0.995% and 0.0098% were measured for O2 and H2 production, respectively, under 435 nm light.
Species Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida Bloodstream Isolates from Population-Based Surveillance Studies in Two U.S. Cities from 2008 to 2011 (2012)

Between 2008 and 2011, population-based candidemia surveillance was conducted in Atlanta, GA, and Baltimore, MD. Surveillance had been previously performed in Atlanta in 1992 to 1993 and in Baltimore in 1998 to 2000, making this the first population-based candidemia surveillance conducted over multiple time points in the United States. From 2,675 identified cases of candidemia in the current surveillance, 2,329 Candida isolates were collected. Candida albicans no longer comprised the majority of isolates but remained the most frequently isolated species (38%), followed by Candida glabrata (29%), Candida parapsilosis (17%), and Candida tropicalis (10%). The species distribution has changed over time; in both Atlanta and Baltimore the proportion of C. albicans isolates decreased, and the proportion of C. glabrata isolates increased, while the proportion of C. parapsilosis isolates increased in Baltimore only. There were 98 multispecies episodes, with C. albicans and C. glabrata the most frequently encountered combination. The new species-specific CLSI Candida MIC breakpoints were applied to these data. With the exception of C. glabrata (11.9% resistant), resistance to fluconazole was very low (2.3% of isolates for C. albicans, 6.2% for C. tropicalis, and 4.1% for C. parapsilosis). There was no change in the proportion of fluconazole resistance between surveillance periods. Overall echinocandin resistance was low (1% of isolates) but was higher for C. glabrata isolates, ranging from 2.1% isolates resistant to caspofungin in Baltimore to 3.1% isolates resistant to anidulafungin in Atlanta. Given the increase at both sites and the higher echinocandin resistance, C. glabrata should be closely monitored in future surveillance.
Donor-type activated natural killer cells promote marrow engraftment and B cell development during allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (1992)

Purified NK cells were obtained from mice with severe combined immune deficiency and were activated with human IL-2 (hrIL-2) in vitro to determine if, once activated, these cells could be transferred with compatible bone marrow cells (BMC) and promote marrow engraftment in irradiated allogeneic recipients. After culture with hrIL-2, these cells maintained a phenotypic and lytic spectrum consistent with a pure population of activated NK cells. These activated NK cells were then adoptively transferred with the donor BMC and rhIL-2 into lethally irradiated allogeneic hosts. The addition of NK cells with the BMC allowed for more rapid hematopoietic engraftment as determined through short term studies, and greater donor-derived chimerism with accelerated reconstitution of the B cell population as determined with long term analysis. No evidence of graft-vs-host disease was detected in the recipients receiving the activated NK cells with allogeneic T cell replete BMC and hrIL-2. The mechanism by which the transferred NK cells improved BMC engraftment was at least partly through the abrogation of the host effector cell's ability to mediate resistance to the marrow graft. Thus, the administration of donor-type activated NK cells with BMC and hrIL-2 may significantly augment hematopoietic engraftment and immune reconstitution in the clinical setting of allogeneic BMT without giving rise to graft-vs-host disease.
Production From a Fractured Well With Well Inflow Limited to Part of the Fracture Height (1986)

Summary A study is presented on the production behavior of hydraulically fractured wells in which gas or oil in the fracture enters the wellbore over a limited vertical interval, smaller than the fracture height. Such a limited communication interval between fracture and wellbore can be expected when the fracture is created from a deviated or a partially perforated well. Type curves of the production behavior, derived with a numerical, single-phase simulator, show that in semiradial fractures with a limited communication interval, the early transient flow period exhibits the characteristics of a newly defined linear/radial flow regime. The characteristics of bilinear flow will be seen only when the fracture is in communication with the wellbore over the total fracture height. An analytical derivation of the pressure response during pure linear/radial flow is given, and an analysis method that is capable of estimating fracture conductivity, effective well inflow interval, and fracture height has been developed by making use of the characteristics of linear/radial flow. A small communication interval may also influence the long-term productivity of the well (especially a gas well) because of an increased non-Darcy flow effect near the communication interval. An expression for the expected skin value as a result of a limited communication interval is presented. The productivity of the well may be significantly reduced if the inflow interval is much smaller than the fracture height.
LAS COFRADÍAS DE OFICIO EN ARAGÓN DURANTE LA EDAD MEDIA (1994)

Existio, mas que existe, una polemica en torno al origen de los gremios del Antiguo Regimen. Hay quien los considera derivacion de los «collegia» romanos y hay quien los hace proceder directamente de las «gildas» germanicas. Una y Sartthou, en su obra titulada Las asociaciones obreras en Espana, publicada en 1900, se inclinaba hacia la hipotesis de la continuidad del colegio romano en el gremio medieval. Esta misma postura tuvieron Lavasseur, Martin Saint-Leon y Rodriguez Villa entre otros. Perez Pujol ha sostenido que el gremio de la Edad Media fue engendrado por la fusion del colegio romano con la gilda germanica. (...)