gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and inhibits VEGF–VEGF receptor 2 binding in diabetic retinopathy (2006)

It has been shown that the balance between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major angiogenic stimulator, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a potent angiogenic inhibitor, is critical for the regulation of vascular permeability and angiogenesis. However, the regulation of the balance is largely unclear. The present study demonstrated that there is a reciprocal interaction between VEGF and PEDF in the retina. PEDF significantly decreased VEGF expression in both retinal capillary endothelial cells (RCEC) and Müller cells. This PEDF effect was confirmed in the retina of rats with oxygen-induced retinopathy. Silencing of the PEDF gene by siRNA in Müller cells resulted in a significant upregulation of VEGF expression at both the RNA and protein levels, suggesting that PEDF is an endogenous negative regulator of VEGF. The further study of the mechanism showed that PEDF inhibited hypoxia-induced increases in VEGF promoter activity, HIF-1 nuclear translocation and mitogen activated protein kinase phosphorylation. These results suggest that PEDF inhibits VEGF expression at the transcriptional level. In addition, PEDF effectively inhibited VEGF binding to RCEC. Moreover, in vitro receptor-binding assay demonstrated that PEDF competed with VEGF for binding to VEGF receptor 2, which may represent a new mechanism for PEDF activity. On the other hand, VEGF significantly downregulated PEDF expression in RCEC, but not in retinal Müller cells, suggesting a VEGF receptor-mediated process. These results suggest that the reciprocal regulation between VEGF and PEDF may play a role in angiogenic control. The decrease in PEDF levels in the retina is at least partially responsible for the increase in VEGF expression and subsequent vascular leakage and neovascularization in diabetes.
Non-volatile storage for mobile phones (2003)

The demands made on non-volatile storage systems in mobile phones are changing. in the past, just a few of kilobytes of storage was needed for a message archive, simple address book and other low data usage applications. Today's smart phones require anything from just a few megabytes to tens of megabytes of memory. With the increased demand for fast, reliable and high capacity on-board memory in today's 2.5G-3G handsets, and with size and cost limitations becoming ever more critical, NAND flash and chip-based disks in particular are emerging as important technologies in on-board non-volatile storage solutions. The introduction of MLC NAND is a clear indication of the cost and size advantages of NAND over NOR are here to stay for quite some time. However, NOR flash will remain a key player in the voice-centric handset segment and may also have a place in other mobile applications.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral 3-Aryl-1-alkynes from Bromoallenes and Heterocuprates (2006)

The synthesis of chiral 3-aryl-1-alkynes 3 via cross-coupling of 3-alkyl- and 3,3-dialkyl-1-bromo-1,2-dienes 1 and arylbromocuprates (RCuBr)MgBr.LiBr 2 was examined. With phenylcopper reagents and its para-substituted derivatives, as well as with 2-naphthyl cuprates, the reaction gave compounds 3 with high regioselectivity and good yields on the chemically pure product. On the contrary, when ortho-substituted phenyl reagents and 1-naphthyl cuprates were used, the regioselectivity of the process was very dependent upon the steric requirements of the alkyl substituents on the bromoallenic substrate. When the steric bulk was increased, remarkable quantities of isomeric arylallenes 4 were also observed in the reaction mixtures. The high 1,3-anti stereoselectivity of the coupling process allowed us to obtain enantiomerically enriched 3-aryl-1-alkynes from optically active allenic substrates, thus indicating a simple pathway toward the synthesis of quaternary stereogenic centers characterized by an aryl group. A possible cross-coupling mechanism was also suggested to explain the regio- and stereochemical data. For the preparation of omega-functionalized 3-phenyl-1-alkynes, the reaction of 1-bromo-3-phenylpropadiene with Knochel reagents RCu(CN)ZnCl.2LiCl was also studied; this reaction led to the acetylenic compounds in high yields mainly when the R group (also omega-functionalized) on the copper reagent was primary.
A radar test set for the super-high-frequency band of 9000–9700 Mc/s (1949)

The paper describes a radar test set for the frequency band of 9 000–9 700 Mc/s. Details are given of the waveguide system and of the electronic circuits of the set. The measurements which are required in order to check and service the transmitter, receiver and associated parts of a radar set are set out, and the method of making the various measurements with the test set are outlined.
Crystal Chemistry of Boehmite (1980)

Abstract Thirty two boehmites, synthesized at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 300°C, were examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that boehmite exhibits a continuous gradation in crystallite size ranging from single octahedral layers or a few unit cells to about 65 unit cells in the y-direction. This conclusion suggests that the term pseudoboehmite is inappropriate for finely crystalline boehmite. Finely crystalline boehmite contains more sorbed water than coarsely crystalline boehmite; this water is commonly intercalated between octahedral layers, usually randomly but sometimes regularly. The regularly interstratified boehmite gives rise to a diffuse “long spacing” X-ray diffraction reflection. Calculated 020 X-ray diffraction peaks approximate closely those observed experimentally when a range of crystallite sizes is taken into account.
The Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Host Defense (2009)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are multi-functional peptides whose fundamental biological role in vivo has been proposed to be the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Genes encoding these peptides are expressed in a variety of cells in the host, including circulating phagocytic cells and mucosal epithelial cells, demonstrating a wide range of utility in the innate immune system. Expression of these genes is tightly regulated; they are induced by pathogens and cytokines as part of the host defense response, and they can be suppressed by bacterial virulence factors and environmental factors which can lead to increased susceptibility to infection. New research has also cast light on alternative functionalities, including immunomodulatory activities, which are related to their unique structural characteristics. These peptides represent not only an important component of innate host defense against microbial colonization and a link between innate and adaptive immunity, but also form a foundation for the development of new therapeutic agents.
Reusing Automated Regression Tests for Multiple Variants of a Software Product Line (2013)

The high number of possible variants of software product lines raises a considerable practical challenge in testing. In this paper we report our experience with a simple approach that reuses existing automated system tests of a specific product variant to increase the coverage of new variants with little extra effort. The approach has been developed and applied for a software product line in a mechanical engineering company. The existing 300 automated regression tests have been reused on ten new product variants. The results showed that the proposed approach successfully accomplished to increase the test coverage.
98%-Effective Integer-Ratio Lot-Sizing for One-Warehouse Multi-Retailer Systems (1985)

A warehouse supplies N retailers. Constant external demand occurs at each retailer, and shortages are not allowed. There are linear holding costs and fixed costs for ordering at the warehouse and at each retailer. The goal is to minimize the long-run average cost over an infinite time horizon. We define a new class of policies for this problem whose simple structure facilitates both computation and implementation. The cost of a policy that is optimal within this class is shown to be within 2% of the cost of an optimal policy for the original problem, in the worst case. Such a policy can be computed in O(N log N) time.
Characterization of reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns with retention indexes of standards based on an alkyl aryl ketone scale (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns with retention indexes of standards based on an alkyl aryl ketone scaleRoger M. SmithCite this: Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 2, 256–262Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00266a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (761 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide in a Porcine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion: Comparison of Different Administration Regimens and Characterization of the Cellular Mechanisms of Protection (2009)

This study demonstrates that infusion of H2S is superior to a bolus alone in reducing myocardial necrosis after IR injury, even though some markers of apoptosis and autophagy were affected in both H2S-treated groups. Thus, the current results indicate that infusion of H2S throughout IR may offer better myocardial protection from IR injury.
Polykondensationsreaktionen bifunktioneller siliciumorganischer Verbindungen (1971)

Abstract Mit Hilfe der bekannten Reaktionen zur Knüpfung von SiC‐Bindungen haben wir oligomere Polysiloxane mit zwei Hydroxyl‐, Amino‐ und Anhydridgruppen hergestellt: magnified image Durch Polykondensation dieser Monomeren mit geeigneten bifunktionellen Partnern wurde eine Reihe siloxanmodifizierter Polyester, Phenol‐Formaldehydharze, Polyamide, Polyesterimide und Polyimide synthetisiert und einige ihrer Eigenschaften (z. B. Erweichungspunkt, Löslichkeit, Thermostabilität) untersucht. Die siloxanhaltigen Polyimide waren beispielsweise löslich, schmelzbar und in Gegenwart von Luftsauerstoff bis gegen 400 °C beständig. Polyimide mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften, aber verschiedenen siliciumorganischen Bauelementen waren durch Polykondensation eines imidhaltigen Bis‐Silanols mit Dichlor‐Si‐Verbindungen zugänglich. Bei diesem Verfahren erübrigt sich die präparativ oft aufwendige Synthese der entsprechenden siliciumorganischen Diamine. Polykondensationsreaktionen von organischen mit siliciumorganischen Polymermolekülen, die eine oder zwei zur Reaktion miteinander befähigte funktionelle Endgruppen besitzen, ermöglichten den Aufbau von siloxanmodifizierten Block‐ und Pfropfcopolymeren sowie vernetzten Produkten.
Peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. Purification, characterization, and expression. (1991)

The production of alpha-amidated peptides from their glycine-extended precursors is a two-step process involving the sequential action of two catalytic domains encoded by the bifunctional peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) precursor. The NH2-terminal third of the PAM precursor contains the first enzyme, peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM), a copper, molecular oxygen, and ascorbate-dependent enzyme. The middle third of the PAM precursor contains the second enzyme, peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase (PAL). The COOH-terminal third of the PAM precursor encodes a transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain that may form a cytoplasmic tail. Antisera to a peptide within the PAL domain were used to identify a 50-kDa protein as the major form of PAL in bovine neurointermediate pituitary granules. This 50-kDa PAL protein was purified and found to begin at Asp434 of bPAM, indicating that it could arise through endoproteolytic cleavage of the bPAM precursor at Lys432-Lys433. With alpha-N-acetyl-Tyr-Val-alpha-hydroxyglycine as the substrate, PAL exhibits a pH optimum of 5.0; enzymatic activity is inhibited by high concentrations of salt but is relatively resistant to thiol reagents and urea. PAL activity is inhibited by EDTA and restored by a number of divalent metals, including Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+. Kinetic studies using alpha-N-acetyl-Tyr-Val-alpha-hydroxyglycine indicate that PAL has a Km of 38 microM and a turnover number of 220/s. Expression vectors encoding only the soluble PHM domain or the PAM precursor from which the PHM domain had been deleted were constructed. hEK293 cells transfected with the PHM vector exhibited a 10-fold increase in secretion of PHM activity with no PHM activity detectable in control or transfected cells. hEK293 cells transfected with the PAL vector exhibited a 2-fold increase in secretion of PAL activity and a 15-fold increase in cellular PAL activity. Most of the PAL activity produced by the transfected cells remained membrane-associated.
Refugees: A New Approach (1981)

When Poul Harding, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, informed a January meeting of the Permanent Representatives to the United Nations in Geneva that the amount required by his office to meet the General Program and Special Program costs was 550 million dollars for 1980, the listeners were stunned. When Dr. Harding enumer? ated the areas of need and the numbers of refugees requiring help, the statistics were mind blowing. It became obvious that the business of dealing with the world's refugees had become big business with the costs increasing almost daily.1 There are those who contend that the main function of any interna? tional body concerned with refugees should be identification of the causes which produce refugee populations with an eye toward the elimination of these determinants. A study of the refugee world during the last two decades will show that this is easier said than done. A more realistic approach would entail an examination of the methods used to cope with the refugee situations which have arisen over the last 20-30 years. When a refugee situation occurs the responsibility of the international community is to provide care and maintenance for the people in flight. It is the contention of this article that a research group should be convened to examine the office of the UNHCR, and to determine the possible need for an additional organization to cope with the dilemma of international refugees. Little attention has been paid by the governments comprising the Executive Committee of the UNHCR to the impact that the swelling refugee population has had on that organization. The heavy financial requirements necessary to meet the refugee problems of today, and uncertainty as to the measures to be undertaken and the staff to be employed has led to some inefficiency and ineffective? ness of the agency. The serious nature of this problem warrants a new, enlightened approach. Discussions on the international level might be based on working papers developed on the following fixed agenda items. 1) Historical and analytical reviews of major refugee problems occur-
A qualitative approach to understanding the experience of ulceration and healing in the diabetic foot: patient and podiatrist persepctives (2005)

The management of a diabetic foot ulcer requires the patient to change his or her behavior. Despite little evidence, it is suggested that psychological factors are influential in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. It is, therefore, important to determine how patients with diabetic foot ulcers and the podiatrists who treat them perceive and understand foot ulceration, as this may influence patients’ behaviors. To address this gap in knowledge, 2 qualitative studies were undertaken. In the first study, interviews were conducted with 13 patients with diabetic foot ulcers recruited from outpatient podiatry clinics. A second study was conducted with podiatrists working in the outpatient clinics from which the patients were recruited. In both studies, the interview schedules consisted of a series of open-ended questions concerned with examining beliefs about ulcers, causes and treatment of ulcers, and adherence to treatment recommendations. All interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and coded for emerging themes using the “constant comparison” approach to qualitative data analysis. The experience of having ulcers had a considerable impact on patients’ lifestyles. Both ulcer and treatment affected the patient’s mobility, independence, and social life. These experiences often lead to anger, fear, depression, helplessness, boredom, and loss of self-esteem. Podiatrists also perceived that foot ulcers had a negative impact on patients’ lives and their emotional well-being and were aware of factors that may influence adherence to treatment. It is suggested that understanding and addressing the psychosocial aspects of foot ulceration may lead to better adherence and may improve clinical outcomes.
Acute kidney injury: a springboard for progression in chronic kidney disease (2010)

Recently published epidemiological and outcome analysis studies have brought to our attention the important role played by acute kidney injury (AKI) in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). AKI accelerates progression in patients with CKD; conversely, CKD predisposes patients to AKI. This research gives credence to older, well-thought-out wisdom that recovery from AKI is often not complete and is marked by residual structural damage. It also mirrors older experimental observations showing that unilateral nephrectomy, a surrogate for loss of nephrons by disease, compromises structural recovery and worsens tubulointerstitial fibrosis after ischemic AKI. Moreover, review of a substantial body of work on the relationships among reduced renal mass, hypertension, and pathology associated with these conditions suggests that impaired myogenic autoregulation of blood flow in the setting of hypertension, the arteriolosclerosis that results, and associated recurrent ischemic AKI in microscopic foci play important roles in the development of progressively increasing tubulointerstitial fibrosis. How nutrition, an additional factor that profoundly affects renal disease progression, influences these events needs reevaluation in light of information on the effects of calories vs. protein and animal vs. vegetable protein on injury and progression. Considerations based on published and emerging data suggest that a pathology that develops in regenerating tubules after AKI characterized by failure of differentiation and persistently high signaling activity is the proximate cause that drives downstream events in the interstitium: inflammation, capillary rarefaction, and fibroblast proliferation. In light of this information, we advance a comprehensive hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of AKI as it relates to the progression of kidney disease. We discuss the implications of this pathophysiology for developing efficient therapeutic strategies to delay progression and avert ESRD.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (2010)

Abstract The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; http://www.nida.nih.gov ) is a component of the National Institutes of Health. Its mission is to lead the nation in bringing the power of science to bear on drug abuse and addiction. NIDA's work involves (1) supporting and conducting basic, clinical, and applied research across a broad range of disciplines ranging from genetics and neurobiology to behavioral and social science and (2) ensuring rapid and effective dissemination and use of research results to improve prevention and treatment and inform policy.
Application of Hyperspectral Imaging in Food Safety Inspection and Control: A Review (2012)

Food safety is a great public concern, and outbreaks of food-borne illnesses can lead to disturbance to the society. Consequently, fast and nondestructive methods are required for sensing the safety situation of produce. As an emerging technology, hyperspectral imaging has been successfully employed in food safety inspection and control. After presenting the fundamentals of hyperspectral imaging, this paper provides a comprehensive review on its application in determination of physical, chemical, and biological contamination on food products. Additionally, other studies, including detecting meat and meat bone in feedstuffs as well as organic residue on food processing equipment, are also reported due to their close relationship with food safety control. With these applications, it can be demonstrated that miscellaneous hyperspectral imaging techniques including near-infrared hyperspectral imaging, fluorescence hyperspectral imaging, and Raman hyperspectral imaging or their combinations are powerful tools for food safety surveillance. Moreover, it is envisaged that hyperspectral imaging can be considered as an alternative technique for conventional methods in realizing inspection automation, leading to the elimination of the occurrence of food safety problems at the utmost.
Intelligent Agent Transparency in Human–Agent Teaming for Multi-UxV Management (2016)

The current results will facilitate the implementation of IAs in military settings and will provide useful data to the design of heterogeneous UxV teams.
Causality in autonomous mobile systems (1999)

The analysis of causal relations among events in a distributed computation plays a central role in distributed systems modeling. Existing models for causal time-stamping are based on a known set of entities, either processes or data repositories, where events can occur. The advent of mobile computing settings that stimulate cooperation among arbitrary groups of nodes, possibly in isolation, precludes the use of a pre-established set of entity identifiers. Addressing this problem, the article proposes a causality definition and a time-stamping model that allows the analysis of those environments, while retaining compatibility with the classic causality model.