gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Thermometry (1965)

The technique of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance thermometry is described. It is shown that the N.Q.R. thermometer exhibits unique properties of sensitivity, range, and reproducibility that are all desirable qualities for a temperature standard. The response to temperature is a unique characteristic of the working substance, which in this case is KClO3. Experimentally, the center frequency of the absorption line of Cl35 in pure samples of KClO3 at 77 °K is reproducible to approximately 2 Hz. This corresponds to an absolute accuracy of better than ± 0.001 °K. The purity of the samples is achieved by recrystallization of commercial reagents. The range of the thermometer extends from 10 °K to approximately 450 °K. A description of a simple system which locks an oscillator to the N.Q.R. absorption line is given. A new method of determining accurately the frequency of the center of the line using magnetic field broadening is also described. With this technique a sensitivity of ± 0.0002 °K is expected. In line with these results, evaluation of a thermometer based on the temperature dependence of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency in antiferromagnetic salts is made.
Automatic quality assessment in structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (2009)

MRI has evolved into an important diagnostic technique in medical imaging. However, reliability of the derived diagnosis can be degraded by artifacts, which challenge both radiologists and automatic computer-aided diagnosis. This work proposes a fully-automatic method for measuring image quality of three-dimensional (3D) structural MRI. Quality measures are derived by analyzing the air background of magnitude images and are capable of detecting image degradation from several sources, including bulk motion, residual magnetization from incomplete spoiling, blurring, and ghosting. The method has been validated on 749 3D T(1)-weighted 1.5T and 3T head scans acquired at 36 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study sites operating with various software and hardware combinations. Results are compared against qualitative grades assigned by the ADNI quality control center (taken as the reference standard). The derived quality indices are independent of the MRI system used and agree with the reference standard quality ratings with high sensitivity and specificity (>85%). The proposed procedures for quality assessment could be of great value for both research and routine clinical imaging. It could greatly improve workflow through its ability to rule out the need for a repeat scan while the patient is still in the magnet bore.
A New Contactless Assembly Method for Paper Substrate Antennas and UHF RFID Chips (2011)

This paper deals with a low-cost method for the assembly of flexible substrate antennas and UHF RF identification silicon (Si) chips. Such a method exploits a magnetic coupling mechanism, thus not requiring for galvanic contacts between the Si chip and antenna itself. The magnetic coupling is established by a planar transformer, the primary and secondary windings of which are implemented on flexible substrate and Si chip, respectively. As a result, the Si chip can be assembled on the antenna with a mere placing and gluing process. First, the idea has been validated by theory. Electromagnetic simulations of a square heterogeneous transformer (1.0-mm side) show a maximum available power gain (MAG) of -0.4 dB at 868 MHz. In addition, the heterogeneous transformer is also quite tolerant with respect to misalignment between primary and secondary. An offset error of 150 μm reduces the MAG to - 0.5 dB. A sub-optimal matching strategy, exploiting a simple on-chip capacitor, is then developed for antennas with 50- Ω input impedances. Finally, the idea has been experimentally validated exploiting printed circuit board (PCB) prototypes. A PCB transformer (1.5-mm side) and a transformer rectifier (two-diode Dickson multiplier) have been fabricated and tested. Measurements indicates a MAG of -0.3 dB at 868 MHz for the transformer and the capability of the developed rectifier to supply a 220-kΩ load at 1.5 V with a - 2-dBm input power.
[Effect of position of artificial occlusal interference on mandible moving track during lateral movement]. (2007)

The position of occlusal interference affected the track of mandibular incisal point during protrusive movement significantly, such as that along with the retrusion of the occlusal interference, the mandible protrusive moving track tended to be more anterior and partially to the contralateral side. There was a linear correlation between occlusal interference position and mandible moving track on the arrowy axis.
Characterization of lymphocyte populations in nonspecific interstitial pneumonia* (2005)

The lymphocytic infiltrate in NSIP is characterized by an elevated CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, and is predominantly of Th1 type, with additional populations rich in B-cells. Such features are consistent with the favorable clinical course observed in patients with NSIP compared to UIP.
Plasmid pSC101 harbors a recombination site, psi, which is able to resolve plasmid multimers and to substitute for the analogous chromosomal Escherichia coli site dif (1994)

Plasmid pSC101 harbors a 28-bp sequence which is homologous to dif, the target site of the XerC/XerD-dependent recombination system in Escherichia coli. Using a technique which allows very sensitive detection of plasmid loss, we show that recombination at this site, termed psi for pSC101 stabilized inheritance, causes a moderate increase in pSC101 stability. The role of the psi sequence in site-specific recombination has been explored in two other contexts. It was cloned in a derivative of plasmid p15A and inserted into the chromosome in place of dif. In the first situation, psi activity requires accessory sequences and results in multimer resolution; in the second situation, it suppresses the effects of the dif deletion and can promote intermolecular exchanges. Thus, psi is a site whose recombinational activity depends on the context, the first in the cer/dif family known to exhibit such flexibility.
Increasing Gas Hydrate Formation Temperature for Desalination of High Salinity Produced Water with Secondary Guests (2013)

We suggest a new gas hydrate-based desalination process using water-immiscible hydrate formers; cyclopentane (CP) and cyclohexane (CH) as secondary hydrate guests to alleviate temperature requirements for hydrate formation. The hydrate formation reactions were carried out in an isobaric condition of 3.1 MPa to find the upper temperature limit of CO2 hydrate formation. Simulated produced water (8.95 wt % salinity) mixed with the hydrate formers shows an increased upper temperature limit from −2 °C for simple CO2 hydrate to 16 and 7 °C for double (CO2 + CP) and (CO2 + CH) hydrates, respectively. The resulting conversion rate to double hydrate turned out to be similar to that with simple CO2 hydrate at the upper temperature limit. Hydrate formation rates (Rf) for the double hydrates with CP and CH are shown to be 22 and 16 times higher, respectively, than that of the simple CO2 hydrate at the upper temperature limit. Such mild hydrate formation temperature and fast formation kinetics indicate increased energy efficiency of the double hydrate system for the desalination process. Dissociated water from the hydrates shows greater than 90% salt removal efficiency for the hydrates with the secondary guests, which is also improved from about 70% salt removal efficiency for the simple hydrates.
A simple calculation of dielectric loss from dielectric dispersion for polar polymers (1953)

For polar polymers undergoing orientation polarization it is possible to calcula te dielectric losses from dielectric constant data by use of a single approximation already familiar from its application to mechanical properties, if t his approximation is applied to t he real part of t he dielectric constant only and if data over a sufficiently wide frequency range are available. Data obtained at frequen cies from 102 to 108 cycles per second for Butvar and for a copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate are analyzed and it is fou nd that observed and calculated values of t he dielectric losses agree wi thin 10 percent or better .
Real-time optimized obstacle avoidance for robotic vehicles: Indoor experiments (2009)

Recently, mobile indoor robots have been intensively studied. When such mobile robots are operated, it is necessary to generate their trajectory automatically. In this study, a system which automatically generates the target trajectory avoiding obstacles in the indoor environment by real-time optimization is developed. Conventional artificial potential field method directly generates force which leads vehicles, however, it sometimes cause steep change of moving direction. To resolve this problem, we generate an optimal obstacle avoidance trajectory indirectly by real-time optimization based on modified artificial potential field. To deal with the tracking error and its convergence, we introduce time-state control form and transform this problem into a tracking control problem. The trajectory is represented by a reduced order polynomial function to minimize the computational cost. Experiments using omnidirectional vehicle verify the advantage of this method.
A 56-nm CMOS 99-${\hbox {mm}}^{2} $ 8-Gb Multi-Level NAND Flash Memory With 10-MB/s Program Throughput (2007)

A single 3.3-V only, 8-Gb NAND flash memory with the smallest chip to date, 98.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , has been successfully developed. This is the world's first integrated semiconductor chip fabricated with 56-nm CMOS technologies. The effective cell size including the select transistors is 0.0075 mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> per bit, which is the smallest ever reported. To decrease the chip size, a very efficient floor plan with one-sided row decoder, one-sided page buffer, and one-sided pad is introduced. As a result, an excellent 70% cell area efficiency is realized. The program throughput is drastically improved to twice as large as previously reported and comparable to binary memories. The best ever 10-MB/s programming is realized by increasing the page size from 4kB to 8kB. In addition, noise cancellation circuits and the dual VDD-line scheme realize both a small die size and a fast programming. An external page copy achieves a fast 93-ms block copy, efficiently using a 1-MB block size
Expression of human mucin genes in respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts ascertained by in situ hybridization. (1993)

In recent years considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of the peptide moiety of human mucins through cDNA cloning. In many diseases disorders in mucin biosynthesis are observed, which result either from changes in the synthesis of the carbohydrate side chains or from differences in the relative expression of the different apomucins, each of which may affect physical properties of the viscous gel. We describe in situ hybridization studies on healthy human mucosae with five different oligonucleotide probes corresponding to each of the human genes known to date that encode secreted mucins, i.e., MUC 2, 3, 4 (HGM nomenclature) and 5B, 5C (proposed name). These genes present a nucleic tandem repeat organization. The choice of oligonucleotide probes was made to amplify the signal by hybridization of many small probes on the same mRNA molecules. A characteristic pattern of mucin gene expression was observed for each mucosa.
[Use of indomethacin in diabetes insipidus]. (1989)

Papers with evidence of the efficacy of therapy of patients suffering from diabetes insipidus with chlorpropamide, miscleron, carbamazepine, and maninil have appeared of late in the literature. This is the author's first experience in the use of indomethacin for the treatment of 14 patients with diabetes insipidus. Decreased diuresis, thirst and the improved general status were observed.
Contamination of purified prostate-specific antigen preparations by kallikrein hK2. (1998)

This paper ascertained the contamination by hK2 of two types of PSA preparation, that of Sensabaugh and Blake (J. Urol., 144: 1523, 1990) and that of Deperthes et al (J. Androl., 17: 659, 1996). In the first procedure, the free forms of hK2 co-migrated with PSA during the CM-Sephadex and the Sephacryl S-200 steps. By contrast, in the second procedure a very high proportion of hK2 was separated from PSA. In two different Sensabaugh and Blake procedures, the hK2 contamination per microg. of PSA was found to be respectively 0.3 and 1.0 ng. We conclude that hK2 is a quantitatively minor contaminant of some PSA preparations. That contamination is probably of little consequence for PSA standardization but it could lead to erroneous conclusions in enzymatic studies of PSA.
Artificial Tissues in Perfusion Culture (1997)

In the stagnant environment of traditional culture dishes it is difficult to generate long term experiments or artificial tissues from human cells. For this reason a perfusion culture system with a stable supply of nutrients was developed. Human chondrocytes were seeded three-dimensionally in resorbable polymer fleeces. The cell-polymer tissues were then mounted in newly developed containers (W.W. Minuth et al, Biotechniques, 1996) and continuously perfused by fresh medium for 40 days. Samples from the effluate were analyzed daily, and the pH of the medium and glucose concentration remained stable during this period. The lactid acid concentration increased from 0.17 mg/ml to 0.35 mg/ml, which was influenced by the degradation of the resorbable polymer fibers used as three dimensional support material for the cells. This perfusion system proved to be reliable especially in long term cultures. Any components in the culture medium of the cells could be monitored without disturbances as caused by manual medium replacement. These results suggest the described perfusion culture system to be a valuable and convenient tool for many applications in tissue engineering, especially in the generation of artificial connective tissue.
Lean Mixture Sensor (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The lean combustion system, developed for fuel economy inprovement, uses a Lean Mixture Sensor for the feedback control of air-fuel ratio in the lean mixture range. The Lean Mixture Sensor, comprises a zirconia solid electrolyte cell which has an electrochemical pumping action and a ceramic coating layer as a diffusion layer; the measurable range is from the stoichiometric to 25 of air-fuel ratio.</div>
Advanced simulation of eye-safe imaging laser radar for range estimation, system comparison, and design process (2003)

The development of eye-safe, imaging, scannerless laser radar systems based on gated viewing with a range of some hundred meters is difficult due to the lack of fast and amplifiable detector arrays for wavelengths in the near infrared (NIR). Nevertheless, one basic approach is to gate an InGaAs-FPA-camera with an electro-optical modulator (EOM) in the range of about 30 <i>ns</i> to achieve a sufficient resolution of depth. The laser radar works with a Nd:YAG-OPO laser of 1574 <i>nm</i> wavelength, 7 <i>ns</i> pulse length, and 25 <i>Hz</i> pulse frequency. Because of the EOM in conjunction with an adapted lens design and the resolution of 128 by 128 pixels FPA, the main interest is object detection. This requires imaging with optimized system performance to reach further target distances. In this paper, we present the simulation of the current system. Comparison of simulation data with indoor measurements is shown by the calculation of range images from a sequence of range slices. We discuss advantages of this simulation for range estimation, system comparison and design process.
Performance and Stress Analysis of Metal Oxide Films for CMOS-Integrated Gas Sensors (2015)

The integration of gas sensor components into smart phones, tablets and wrist watches will revolutionize the environmental health and safety industry by providing individuals the ability to detect harmful chemicals and pollutants in the environment using always-on hand-held or wearable devices. Metal oxide gas sensors rely on changes in their electrical conductance due to the interaction of the oxide with a surrounding gas. These sensors have been extensively studied in the hopes that they will provide full gas sensing functionality with CMOS integrability. The performance of several metal oxide materials, such as tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In2O3) and indium-tin-oxide (ITO), are studied for the detection of various harmful or toxic cases. Due to the need for these films to be heated to temperatures between 250°C and 550°C during operation in order to increase their sensing functionality, a considerable degradation of the film can result. The stress generation during thin film deposition and the thermo-mechanical stress that arises during post-deposition cooling is analyzed through simulations. A tin oxide thin film is deposited using the efficient and economical spray pyrolysis technique, which involves three steps: the atomization of the precursor solution, the transport of the aerosol droplets towards the wafer and the decomposition of the precursor at or near the substrate resulting in film growth. The details of this technique and a simulation methodology are presented. The dependence of the deposition technique on the sensor performance is also discussed.
ANDROGEN LEVELS IN THE PLASMA AND PROSTATIC TISSUES OF PATIENTS WITH BENIGN HYPERTROPHY AND CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE (1976)

Specific radioimmunoassays for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione were carried out to measure the concentrations of the three hormones in the plasma and prostatic tissue of ten patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and ten patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the peripheral plasma concentrations of testosterone, DHT and androstenedione in BPH [19.7 +/- 2.6, 2.6 +/- 0.9 AND 5.5 +/- 1.7 (S.E.M.) nmol/l respectively] and in carcinoma [16.9 +/- 2.8, 2.4 +/- 0.5, 4.4 +/- 1.1 nmol/l respectively], (in all cases P greater than 0.1). In contrast, the prostate tissue rations DHT: testosterone (3.59 +/- 0.55 for BPH and 0.66 +/- 0.09 for carcinoma) and androstenedione: testosterone (2.83 +/- 0.38 for BPH and 1.07 +/- 0.16 for carcinoma) are significantly less in carcinoma than in benign hypertrophy ( in all cases P less than 0.01). The accumulation of testosterone in the carcinoma, relative to values found in BPH tissue is, therefore, not associated with changes in the concentrations of androgens in the plasma pool but may be related to local factors and metabolic changes within the prostate.
Physiological Approaches to the Control of Oral Biofilms (1997)

Evidence that physiological strategies may be potential routes for oral biofilm control has come from (i) observations of the variations in the intra-oral distribution of members of the resident oral microflora, (ii) changes in plaque composition in health and disease, and (iii) data from laboratory model systems. Key physiological factors that were identified as significant in modulating the microflora included the local pH, redox potential (Eh), and nutrient availability. Increases in mutans streptococci and lactobacilli occur at sites with caries; growth of these species is selectively enhanced at low pH. In contrast, periodontal diseases are associated with plaque accumulation, followed by an inflammatory host response. The increases in Gram-negative, proteolytic, and obligately anaerobic bacteria reflect a low redox potential and a change in nutrient status due to the increased flow of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Consequently, physiological strategies for oral biofilm control should focus on reducing the frequency of low pH in plaque by (i) inhibiting acid production, (ii) using sugar substitutes, and (iii) promoting alkali generation from arginine or urea supplements. Similarly, strategies to make the pocket environment less favorable to periodonto-pathogens include (i) anti-inflammatory agents to reduce the flow of (and hence nutrient supply by) GCF, (ii) bacterial protease inhibitors, and (iii) redox agents to raise the Eh locally. Most laboratory and clinical findings support the concept of physiological control. However, some data suggest that the ordered structure and metabolically interactive organization of mature dental plaque could generate a community with a high level of homeostasis that is relatively resistant to deliberate external manipulation.
Immunoglobulin Fractions Isolated from Patients with Antiphospholipid Antibodies Prevent the Inactivation of Factor Va by Activated Protein C on Human Endothelial Cells (1992)

We studied the effect of purified immunoglobulins (Ig) from 21 patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) on factor Va degradation by activated protein C (aPC) on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Sera from patients were tested on an ELISA aPL assay to determine the isotype with aPL activity. HUVEC were incubated with purified IgG or IgM fraction from controls or patients. Activated PC and factor Va were then added and factor Va degradation was measured after several reaction times. 13 of 14 IgM and 8 of 10 IgG from patients showed an inhibitory effect on factor Va degradation by aPC when compared with control Ig. We also observed the same inhibitory effect with patients' Ig on studying the degradation of factor Va by aPC in a purified system containing aPC, protein S and phospholipids. These results suggest that aPL antibodies disturb the anticoagulant activity of aPC, which may contribute to the thrombotic tendency of these patients.
ZUVERLAESSIGKEIT VON ELEKTRONISCHEN BAUTEILEN IM AUTOMOBIL (1991)

Elektronische Bauteile uebernehmen im Automobil zunehmend Funktionen, die bislang traditionell mechanisch ausgelegt waren. Bedingung fuer diesen Einsatz ist eine hohe Zuverlaessigkeit und Verfuegbarkeit, besonders wenn sicherheitstechnisch hochstehende Funktionen wie Bremsen und Lenken tangiert sind. Die Vorteile elektronischer Systeme basieren im wesentlichen auf ihrer hohen Integrationsdichte, der Moeglichkeit hoher logischer Verknuepfungen und der Kompatibiltaet. Die Auffaelligkeit elektronischer Systeme gegenueber Stoereinfluessen und der nicht sichtbare Bauteilverschleiss setzt eine ausreichende Systemreife voraus. Mit der Wahl des Schaltungskonzepts ist eine Grundlage fuer die Systemzuverlaessigkeit gelegt. Neben der Frage einer sicheren Auslegung elektronisch beeinflusster Systeme gewinnt die Frage der Bauteilpruefung daher fuer die Zulassung immer groessere Bedeutung. Im Beitrag behandelt werden vor allem die Rahmenbedingungen fuer den Elektronikeinsatz. Dabei werden Schaltungskonzepte, der Informationstransfer sowie die Einflussparameter auf die Funktionsfaehigkeit, bauteilbezogene Ausfallursachen, Massnahmen zur Steigerung der Zuverlaessigkeit et cetera vorgestellt. Als Systembeispiel wird das Antiblockiersystem unter diesen Kriterien betrachtet. Zum Schluss werden Parallelen zum Elektronikeinsatz auf anderen Gebieten gezogen. Titel in Englisch: Reliability of motor vehicle electronics.