gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The variably spaced superlattice energy filter quantum well avalanche photodiode: A solid-state photomultiplier (1987)

A new highly-efficient, single-carrier-type avalanche photodiode is presented based on impact ionization across the band edge discontinuity. A resonant tunneling superlattice structure, the variably spaced superlattice energy filter (VSSEF), is used to selectively tune the incident electron distribution to the quantum well impact excitation energy. The gain is greatly enhanced within the structure for two reasons: most of the incident electrons contribute to the ionization process in each stage of the device, and the lowest lying subbands, which are by far the most highly occupied, can be ionized. It is predicted that multiple ionization, similar to secondary emission in photomultiplier tubes, can occur thereby greatly enhancing the gain of the device. The device behaves in principle more like a photomultiplier than other existing solid-state photodetectors since more than one secondary carrier can be produced per initiating carrier per stage of the device. Representative devices are presented for the Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</inf> In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</inf> As/ (Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.48</inf> In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.52</inf> AsBa <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.17</inf> Sr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.83</inf> F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) and GaAs/(AlGaAs-ZnSe) material systems based on a calculation using first an uncoupled quantum well system and second, a complete resonant tunneling coupled quantum well calculation based on an Airy function approach.
Animal Health and Production for the 21st Century (1993)

This book places Australia's efforts in selected areas of animal biotechnology in the context of research developments occurring internationally. The topics chosen for discussion are relevant for the development of animal production industries into the next century. The book is divided into three sections: genetic technologies; immunological-based technologies; and intensive animal production. It is intended for animal geneticists, agriculturalists and students.
Isolation and Characterization of Ribosomes and Translation Initiation Factors from the Gram-Positive Soil Bacterium <i>Streptomyces lividans</i> (2004)

A primer extension inhibition (toeprint) assay was developed using ribosomes and ribosomal subunits from Streptomyces lividans. This assay allowed the study of ribosome binding to streptomycete leaderless and leadered mRNA. Purified 30S subunits were unable to form a ternary complex on aph leaderless mRNA, whereas 70S ribosomes could form ternary complexes on this mRNA. 30S subunits formed ternary complexes on leadered aph and malE mRNA. The translation initiation factors (IF1, IF2, and IF3) from S. lividans were isolated and included in toeprint and filter binding assays with leadered and leaderless mRNA. Generally, the IFs reduced the toeprint signal on leadered mRNA; however, incubation of IF1 and IF2 with 30S subunits that had been washed under high-salt conditions promoted the formation of a ternary complex on aph leaderless mRNA. Our data suggest that, as reported for Escherichia coli, initiation complexes with leaderless mRNAs might use a novel pathway involving 70S ribosomes or 30S subunits bound by IF1 and IF2 but not IF3. Some mRNA-ribosome-initiator tRNA reactions that yielded weak or no toeprint signals still formed complexes in filter binding assays, suggesting the occurrence of interactions that are not stable in the toeprint assay.
Combining the use of a fetal fraction‐based risk algorithm and probability of an informative redraw in noninvasive prenatal testing for fetal aneuploidy (2019)

Some women undergoing noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) do not receive an informative result due to low fetal fraction (FF). A proportion of these are at increased risk for fetal trisomy 13, 18, or triploidy, while others have no change from their prior risk. Women with an initial uninformative NIPT need to be counseled about any such change in their risk for fetal abnormality and also the probability that a redraw will be informative. To help in the decision making, we reviewed a dataset of single nucleotide polymorphism-based NIPT with uninformative results where a redraw was received. Risk for trisomy 13, 18, or triploidy was evaluated using a fetal fraction-based risk (FFBR) algorithm. Risk-unchanged women were further analyzed using a regression model to determine the likelihood of an informative redraw. Of 2,644 women with an uninformative NIPT and a redraw, 1,147 (43.4%) were high risk for trisomy 13, 18, or triploidy. 1,497 (56.6%) were risk unchanged and, of these, 975 (65.1%) cases had an informative redraw (i.e., risks were available for 2,122 (80%) of those initially classified as uninformative). The regression model for the risk-unchanged cases provided a new table for predicting an informative redraw. Likelihood of a successful redraw was significantly (p < .001) dependent on the initial FF, maternal weight, and time between blood draws. We conclude that the FFBR algorithm and the predictive model for an informative redraw provide complementary additions in the management of women presented with an initially uninformative SNP-based NIPT due to low FF. We suggest approaches for the counseling and follow-up testing for women with an initially uninformative NIPT.
Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite Films with Robust Flexibility, High Transparency, and Excellent Conductivity (2007)

This work reports a novel and general synthesis of aligned carbon nanotube/polymer composite films with high optical transparency, robust flexibility, and excellent conductivity. These composite films show many potential applications such as flexible conductors for optoelectronic devices.
One and Catholic (1960)

The Russian Orthodox lay theologian Komiakov once said that the Pope of Rome was the first Protestant in the world, and this saying is generally taken to mean that, like the Protestants, the Pope proclaims doctrine as truth ex sese, non autem ex consensu Ecclesiae. Without going so far as this, Dr E. L. Mascall in The Recovery of Unity makes it the thesis of his two final chapters on the Papacy that its claim to universal jurisdiction has resulted in its becoming, in part at least, an excrescence on the life of the Church, impoverishing the function of the episcopate and setting itself, as a preponderantly juridical entity, above and apart from the inner life of grace and truth that it should exist to foster. Such criticisms as these and others closely connected with them appear fairly constantly in ecumenical writing, and much patient elucidation is needed to meet them and set them in their true perspective. The purpose of this article is to point to certain considerations concerning the phrase ex sese, non autem ex consensu Ecclesiae in the Vatican Definition which tend to show that it does not separate the Pope from the Church and set him above and apart from its true inner life, but on the contrary, integrates him into the Church’s teaching authority as the final and decisive step in its exercise. Faith is a gift of God, the beginning in us of eternal life. It is given in baptism and comes to us as an encounter with Christ in his Church. The content of our faith is the saving truth of God,
Computer-music interfaces: a survey (1985)

This paper is a study of the unique problems posed by the use of computers by composers and performers of music. The paper begins with a presentation of the basic concepts involved in the musical interaction with computer devices, followed by a detailed discussion of three musical tasks: music manuscript preparation, music language interfaces for composition, and real-time performance interaction. Fundamental design principles are exposed through an examination of several early computer music systems, especially the Structured Sound Synthesis Project. A survey of numerous systems, based on the following categories, is presented: compositions and synthesis languages, graphics score editing, performance instruments, digital audio processing tools, and computer-aided instruction in music systems. An extensive reference list is provided for further study in the field.
Peptides and peptidomimetics in the p53/MDM2/MDM4 circuitry - a patent review (2016)

Restoration of the p53 tumor suppressor function is an attractive anticancer strategy. Despite the development of several therapeutics targeting the two main p53 negative regulators, MDM2 and MDM4, no one has yet reached clinical application. In the past, several efforts have been employed to develop more specific and efficient compounds that can improve and/or overcome some of the features related to small molecule compounds (SMC). Peptides and peptidomimetics are emerging as attractive molecules given their increased selectivity, reduced toxicity and reduced tendency to develop tumor-resistance compared to SMC. Area covered: This article reviews publications and patents (publicly available up to April 2016) for peptides and derivatives aimed to reactivate the oncosuppressive function of p53, with a particular focus on inhibitors of MDM2/MDM4. Emphasis is placed on the efficacy of these compounds compared to the p53-reactivating small molecules developed so far. Expert opinion: A number of promising peptides for p53 reactivation in cancer therapy have been developed. These compounds appear to possess improved features compared to SMC, especially for their ability to simultaneously target the MDM2/MDM4 inhibitors, and their increased specificity.
Accelerated monotonic algorithms for transmission tomography (2002)

We present a framework for designing fast and monotonic algorithms for transmission tomography penalized likelihood image reconstruction. The new algorithms are based on paraboloidal surrogate functions for the log-likelihood. Due to the form of the log-likelihood function, it is possible to find low curvature surrogate functions that guarantee monotonicity. Unlike previous methods, the proposed surrogate functions lead to monotonic algorithms even for the nonconvex log-likelihood that arises due to background events such as scatter and random coincidences. The gradient and the curvature of the likelihood terms are evaluated only once per iteration. Since the problem is simplified, the CPU time per iteration is less than that of current algorithms which directly minimize the objective, yet the convergence rate is comparable. The simplicity, monotonicity and speed of the new algorithms are quite attractive. The convergence rates of the algorithms are demonstrated using real PET transmission scans.
A Flexible Mixed Reality Simulation Framework for Software Development in Robotics (2011)

In recent years robots have dramatically improved in functionality, but as a result their designs have also become more complicated. The increase in the complexity of the tasks and the design of the robot result in a challenging and time-consuming robot development cycle. This paper identifies requirements for improving the robot development process, focusing on facilitating a safe and reliable transition process from simulation to real world tests. We propose that, by applying the concept of Mixed Reality (MR) to robot simulation, it is possible to create a realistic, synthetic environment that enables robot software developers to experiment freely and safely. The new simulation approach, named MR simulation, offers the flexibility of creating simulation environments composed of real and virtual objects that seamlessly interact with one another. This paper contributes a generic, conceptual MR framework which is demonstrated to provide a common, standardised simulation environment for experimentation involving real and virtual objects. An MR robot simulator is implemented based on the framework, integrating standardised data interfaces in its design to increase interoperability. Evaluation results demonstrate that the MR robot simulator is reusable in three different applications. It improved simulation reliability, reduced development cost, and increased efficiency.
A poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase haplotype spanning the promoter region confers susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (2003)

Our results demonstrate the existence of 2 unique PARP-1 haplotypes in the Spanish population and provide the first evidence that PARP-1 haplotypes play a role in susceptibility to RA.
Polyadic groups (1940)

30.Commutator, semi-commutator, and quasi-commutator subgroups.316 31.The 0-subgroup of an m-adic group.322 32.Simply isomorphic m-adic groups; group of inner isomorphisms.324 33.Extension of Frobenius's theorem to m-adic groups.327 34.Representation of an abstract m-adic group as a transitive (m, p) substitution group .328 C. Finite m-ADic linear groups 35.m-adic linear transformations.330 36.m-adic collineations and collineation-groups. 334 37. m-adic Hermitian invariants.337 38.. Reduction to canonical form.340 39. m-adic invariants.344 40.Generalization of m-adic substitution and transformation groups.
Learning to optimize halide with tree search and random programs (2019)

We present a new algorithm to automatically schedule Halide programs for high-performance image processing and deep learning. We significantly improve upon the performance of previous methods, which considered a limited subset of schedules. We define a parameterization of possible schedules much larger than prior methods and use a variant of beam search to search over it. The search optimizes runtime predicted by a cost model based on a combination of new derived features and machine learning. We train the cost model by generating and featurizing hundreds of thousands of random programs and schedules. We show that this approach operates effectively with or without autotuning. It produces schedules which are on average almost twice as fast as the existing Halide autoscheduler without autotuning, or more than twice as fast with, and is the first automatic scheduling algorithm to significantly outperform human experts on average.
Mesomorphic and Orientational Study of Materials Processed by In Situ Photopolymerization of Reactive Liquid Crystals (1999)

The synthesis and in situ photopolymerization of reactive liquid crystals for the preparation of materials with different degrees of cross-linking is described. The molecular orientation of polymeric films can be controlled by orienting the monomeric photopolymerizable materials in the mesomorphic state. The birefringence of photopolymerizable materials and the resulting polymers are described, and its dependence on the temperature has been evaluated. The degree of order of polymeric films has been studied by using a reactive nitrostilbene unit as a probe for performing dichroism measurements. Polymeric films with a low degree of cross-linking showed a memory effect, as observed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and birefringence measurements.
Premiums for High Quality Products as Returns to Reputations (1983)

This paper derives an equilibrium price-quality schedule for markets in which buyers cannot observe product quality prior to purchase. In such markets there is an incentive for sellers to reduce quality and take short-run gains before buyers catch on. In order to forestall such quality cutting, the price-quality schedule involves high quality items selling at a premium above their cost. This premium also serves the function of compensating sellers for their investment in reputation. The effects of improved consumer information and of a minimum quality standard on the equilibrium price-quality schedule are studied. In general, optimal quality standards exclude from the market items some consumers would like to buy.
Pulmonary nodule registration: Rigid or nonrigid? (2011)

A rigid solution may be preferred in practice for the pulmonary nodule registration in longitudinal studies because of its relatively high efficiency and sufficient accuracy for the clinical need.
Identification of <scp>PLX</scp>4032‐resistance mechanisms and implications for novel <scp>RAF</scp> inhibitors (2013)

BRAF inhibitors improve melanoma patient survival, but resistance invariably develops. Here we report the discovery of a novel BRAF mutation that confers resistance to PLX4032 employing whole-exome sequencing of drug-resistant BRAF(V600K) melanoma cells. We further describe a new screening approach, a genome-wide piggyBac mutagenesis screen that revealed clinically relevant aberrations (N-terminal BRAF truncations and CRAF overexpression). The novel BRAF mutation, a Leu505 to His substitution (BRAF(L505H) ), is the first resistance-conferring second-site mutation identified in BRAF mutant cells. The mutation replaces a small nonpolar amino acid at the BRAF-PLX4032 interface with a larger polar residue. Moreover, we show that BRAF(L505H) , found in human prostate cancer, is itself a MAPK-activating, PLX4032-resistant oncogenic mutation. Lastly, we demonstrate that the PLX4032-resistant melanoma cells are sensitive to novel, next-generation BRAF inhibitors, especially the 'paradox-blocker' PLX8394, supporting its use in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma patients with BRAF-mutations.
Signature schemes based on the strong RSA assumption (2000)

We describe and analyze a new digital signature scheme. The new scheme is quite efficient, does not require the signer to maintain any state, and can be proven secure against adaptive chosen message attack under a reasonable intractability assumption, the so-called strong RSA assumption. Moreover, a hash function can be incorporated into the scheme in such a way that it is also secure in the random oracle model under the standard RSA assumption.
Legally Enforceable Interests in American Labor Union Working Agreements (1933)

A world of rapidly changing technology almost inevitably means the obsolescence of established rules of action.A growing conviction that this is true finds expression in the recently adopted National Industrial Recovery Act.Whatever its final effect, it is obvious that this measure is an attempt to redefine the principles under which employment relations may arise in terms thought to be more nearly harmonious with the current industrial setting.The coming of the N. R. A. adds renewed interest to the question as to what has been the exact status of the standards established by trade union action before American courts of law.A re-examination of the decisions which have passed upon union working agreements is therefore peculiarly appropriate at this time.
Performance, Composition, and Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Dried Whole Eggs (1984)

Dried whole egg powder, prepared from - inedible eggs, was incorporated into the diet of broiler chickens throughout their 7-week growing period. Five diets were used: 1) control, no eggs, 2) 10% dried egg, 3) 10% dried egg, biotin enriched, 4) 20% dried egg, and 5) 20% dried egg, biotin enriched. Birds on the control diet were the largest when slaughtered, followed by the “10% egg diet” birds, and then the “20% egg diet” birds. Although the birds fed the 20% egg diet in which no additional biotin was added were significantly (P<.05) smaller than the other four treatments, their processing and cooking yields were not different. Meat from broilers fed the egg diets generally received flavor scores equal to or slightly higher than the control, as evaluated by sensory panelists. The “control” meat was usually rated slightly more tender than “egg diet” meat. The “control” meat also contained more fat and less moisture than meat from birds on egg diets. These results indicate that 10% dried whole egg can be added to broiler diets without adverse effects. When biotin-enriched eggs were used, a diet containing 20% dried whole egg proved acceptable. No economic considerations are included in these assumptions.
Performance analysis of neural networks for classification of medical images with wavelets as a feature extractor (2015)

ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze the performance of artificial neural network, in classification of medical images using wavelets as feature extractor. This work classifies the mammographic image, MRI images, CT images, and ultrasound images as either normal or abnormal. We have tested the proposed approach using 50 mammogram images (13 normal and 37 abnormal), 24 MRI brain images (9 normal and 15 abnormal), 33 CT images (11 normal and 22 abnormal), and 20 ultrasound images (6 normal and 14 abnormal). Four kind of neural network models such as BPN (Back Propagation Network), Hopfield, RBF (Radial Basis Function), and PNN (Probabilistic neural network) were chosen for study. To improve diagnostic accuracy, the feature extracted using wavelets such as Harr, Daubechies (db2, db4, and db8), Biorthogonal and Coiflet wavelets are given as input to the neural network models. Good classification percentage of 96% was achieved using the RBF when Daubechies (db4) wavelet based feature extraction was used. We observed that the classification rate is almost high under the RBF neural network for all the dataset considered. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 25, 33–40, 2015
Improved Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Olefination of Base Sensitive γ-Chiral β-Ketophosphonates (1993)

A new modification for the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, utilizing K2CO3/MeCN as the base/solvent system, has been developed. The modification is particularly advantageous with base labile chiral phosphonates, exemplified by 1 ???? derived from L-serine.
Probe, count, and classify (2001)

The contents of many valuable web-accessible databases are only accessible through search interfaces and are hence invisible to traditional web “crawlers.” Recent studies have estimated the size of this “hidden web” to be 500 billion pages, while the size of the “crawlable” web is only an estimated two billion pages. Recently, commercial web sites have started to manually organize web-accessible databases into Yahoo!-like hierarchical classification schemes. In this paper, we introduce a method for automating this classification process by using a small number of query probes. To classify a database, our algorithm does not retrieve or inspect any documents or pages from the database, but rather just exploits the number of matches that each query probe generates at the database in question. We have conducted an extensive experimental evaluation of our technique over collections of real documents, including over one hundred web-accessible databases. Our experiments show that our system has low overhead and achieves high classification accuracy across a variety of databases.
Human Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein. II. Serum Levels in Adults, Pregnant Women and Neonates (1978)

Concentrations of 3.8S histidine-rich glycoprotein were determined in the sera of healthy adults, pregnant women, neonates, and of persons afflicted with a variety of diseases. Quantitative differences were found between the HRG concentration in healthy adult serum (12.5 ± 3.2 mg/100 ml, mean ± SD) and in neonatal (2.3 ± 1.5 mg/100 ml) and cord serum (3.4 ± 1.1 mg/100 ml). In women the HRG concentration declines steadily during the last two trimesters of pregnancy reaching at parturition a value about 50% of that in adult serum (5.6 ± 2.3 mg/100 ml, P < 0.005), but returns to normal levels within 5-15 days postpartum. No difference was observed between the HRG levels of males and females in either adults or neonates.