gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and rheology of aramid solutions: x-ray scattering measurements (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and rheology of aramid solutions: x-ray scattering measurementsStephen J. Picken, Jozef Aerts, Rob Visser, and Maurits G. NortholtCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 16, 3849–3854Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00218a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00218a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views754Altmetric-Citations161LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Issues in CRA Reform (1994)

An analysis of the prevailing community-lending environment, including a history of the implementation of the Community Reinvestment Act, a discussion of related research studies, and a recommendation of important economic considerations as policymakers attempt to reform the process of enhancing credit flows to disadvantaged communities.
A new name for Buccinum tenue Gray, 1839, preoccupied (1961)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
가르치지 않는 유아교육 (2003)

본 연구에서는 산업사회의 산물인 현대적 유아교육의 현실과 문제점에 대해 살펴보고, 그 대안으로 아이들의 본성과 유아교육의 본질에 기초한 ``가르치지 않는 유아교육``의 성격에 대해 언급하였다. 가르치지 않는 유아교육의 본질을 자연의 본성을 지닌 아이들, 자연의 순리대로 아이키우기, 아이들이 잃어버린 것 되찾아주기, 우리의 ``오래된 미래``에서 배우기로 규정하고, ,가르치지 않는 유아교육의 전형적인 모형으로 생태유아교육 프로그램을 간략히 소개하였다. 양(陽)이 극에 달하면 음(陰)을 위해 물러나는 것이 자연의 이치이듯이, 이제 자연의 이치를 무시하는 현대적 의미의 유아교육은 자연의 순리대로 아이를 키우고자 하는 생태유아교육으로 전환되어야 할 것이다.
Mechanism of<i>Clostridium difficile</i>Toxin A–Induced Apoptosis in T84 Cells (2002)

This study is an investigation into the mechanism of Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial cells. Toxin A induced apoptosis of T84 cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Toxin A-induced apoptosis was completely inhibited by blocking toxin enzymatic activity on Rho GTPases with uridine 5'-diphosphate-2',3'-dialdehyde by a nonspecific caspase inhibitor and was partially inhibited by caspase-1, -3, -6, -8, and -9 inhibitors. Caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9 and Bid activation were detected. Toxin A also induced changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release at 18-24 h, a time course similar to caspase-9 activation. In conclusion, toxin A induces apoptosis by a mechanism dependent on inactivation of Rho, activation of caspases 3, 6, 8, and 9 and Bid, and mitochondrial damage followed by cytochrome c release. Toxin A proapoptotic activity may contribute to the mucosal disruption seen in toxin A-induced enteritis.
Effects of dmso on vacuole formation, contractile vacuole function, and nuclear division in <i>Tetrahymena Pyriformis</i> GL (1974)

ABSTRACT Increasing concentrations of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) affect vacuole formation in Tetrahymena, as measured quantitatively by the uptake of carmine particles. The rate of vacuole formation decreased to about 50% of the control value in 5·0% DMSO (v/v) and to zero in 7·5%. At the latter concentration, the inhibition was expressed immediately; however, the effect of t-h exposure was reversible after removal of DMSO by washing. In vivo observations revealed abnormal function of the contractile vacuole in 7·5% DMSO, while cell motility and cell division appeared to be unaffected. Although cell division occurred there was little or no increase in cell number, as studied over a cell generation time. Feulgen preparations showed that nuclear division was inhibited and that cell division resulted in one anucleate and one nucleate daughter cell. This effect was also observed in some dividing cells at lower concentrations of DMSO. The effect of DMSO on Tetrahymena was dependent not only on the concentration of the compound but also on the physiological state of the cells.
The Association between Polymorphism of CARD8 rs2043211 and Susceptibility to Arteriosclerosis Obliterans in Chinese Han Male Population (2017)

Our finding suggests that the polymorphism of CARD8 rs2043211 is probably associated with the development of ASO in Chinese Han male population.
Simple four-domain twisted nematic liquid crystal display (1995)

A particularly simple four-domain (4-D) twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal display (LCD) device is proposed, which is composed of two left-handed TN and two right-handed TN subpixels. One of each pair of same handedness subpixels is rotated 180° with respect to the other, resulting in four domains that spatially average one another optically to provide a wide angle of viewing with no gray scale inversion. The detailed fabrication process is presented for a two step SiOx oblique evaporation technique used to realize this 4-D TN LCD. A reverse rubbed polyamide fabrication process has also been successfully used and will be presented in the full length article. Here we present the complete viewing angle and contrast ratio data for a simple and successful 4-D TN LCD cell.
Nitration of Phenanthrenequinone. (1957)

[in Japanese]
HIV 10 Years Later- Where Do We Stand Now? (1995)

A wide variety of up-to-date results and knowledge were presented at the 10th International AIDS Meeting, Yokohama. Epidemiologically, most interest was focused on the discovery of a new HIV subtype O, which cannot be reliably detected by currently available ELISA kits. Clinically, it is gradually appreciated that one single most important parameter is the viral load; the extent of viral load can help explain many clinical observations. Another eye-catching finding was the report of a clinical follow-up of a group of long-term nonpro- gressors. If the underlying operative mechanism can be elucidated, we can learn the necessary elements for halting HIV infection progression. Therapeutically, the trend has shifted to combination therapy, preferentially 3-drug combination of 2 RT inhibitors and 1 protease inhibitor. For the vaccine development, many novel vectors were introduced, but their potentials are unknown at present. The successful application of single-cell in situ PCR has changed our perception of HIV infection. This powerful technique can detect a single viral genome inside cells and revealed that a large proportion of cells already harbor HIV genomes soon after the entry of HIV into the body. A direct viral effect may fully explain subsequent T cell depletion without invoking a lot of indirect mechanisms such as apoptosis.
Comparative Toxicity of Spores and Crystals from the NRD-12 and HD-1 Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis suhsp. kurstaki to Neonate Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1989)

Journal Article Comparative Toxicity of Spores and Crystals from the NRD-12 and HD-1 Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis suhsp. kurstaki to Neonate Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Get access W. J. Moar, W. J. Moar Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. T. Trumble, J. T. Trumble Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. A. Federici B. A. Federici Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 82, Issue 6, 1 December 1989, Pages 1593–1603, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/82.6.1593 Published: 01 December 1989 Article history Received: 10 November 1988 Accepted: 17 April 1989 Published: 01 December 1989
Digital-domain Chopping Technique for PLL-Based Sensor Interfaces (2015)

Highly-digital, time-/frequency-based architectures have become an attractive alternative to amplitude-based techniques for sensor interfaces due to their high time resolution, low power and area scalability potential. However, even though thermal noise can be addressed by applying oversampling, offset and 1/f noise limit the resolution at low frequencies. Therefore, dynamic offset cancellation techniques like chopping and autozeroing, used in traditional circuits, must be adapted to such time-based implementations. This paper presents a digital-domain chopping technique suited for offset and 1/f-noise cancellation in PLL-based sensor interfaces. System-level simulations demonstrate a resolution increase from 11 to 15 bits for a 200 Hz signal bandwidth.
The impact of modal interference on the beam quality of high-power fiber amplifiers (2011)

Recent work on high-power fiber amplifiers report on a degradation of the output beam quality or even on the appearance of mode instabilities. By combining the transversally resolved rate equations with a 3D Beam propagation method we have managed to create a model able to provide an explanation of what we believe is at the root of this effect. Even though this beam quality degradation is conventionally linked to transversal hole burning, our simulations show that this alone cannot explain the effect in very large mode area fibers. According to the model presented in this paper, the most likely cause for the beam quality degradation is an inversion-induced grating created by the interplay between modal interference along the fiber and transversal hole burning.
Genetic alterations of FGF receptors: an emerging field in clinical cancer diagnostics and therapeutics (2010)

Evaluation of: Turner N, Pearson A, Sharpe R et al. FGFR1 amplification drives endocrine therapy resistance and is a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 70(5), 2085-2094 (2010). FGF receptor (FGFR) family members are aberrantly activated during carcinogenesis due to gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and missense mutation. FGFR1 is preferentially amplified in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, whereas FGFR2 is amplified in triple-negative breast cancer and diffuse-type gastric cancer. Gene amplification of FGFRs results in ligand-independent FGFR signaling to RAS-ERK, PI3K-AKT and JAK-STAT cascades due to the overexpression of wild-type or C-terminally deleted FGFRs. Cediranib, TKI258, Ki23057, MK-2461 and brivanib are broad-range tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting FGFRs and other receptors. Clinical application of small-molecule FGFR inhibitors could improve the prognosis of FGFR-driven cancer patients. Diagnostic detection of tumors with FGFR genetic alterations in primary lesion, peritoneal effusion, pleural effusion and bone marrow is necessary to select patients for FGFR-targeted therapeutics.
LIQUID METAL FAST BREEDER REACTOR DESIGN STUDY. Final Report (1964)

From introduction: This report presents the summary of results, reference plant design, cost analysis, and research and development program for a liquid metal fast breeder reactor.
A Class of Potent Antimalarials and Their Specific Accumulation in Infected Erythrocytes (2002)

During asexual development within erythrocytes, malaria parasites synthesize considerable amounts of membrane. This activity provides an attractive target for chemotherapy because it is absent from mature erythrocytes. We found that compounds that inhibit phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis de novo from choline were potent antimalarial drugs. The lead compound, G25, potently inhibited in vitro growth of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax and was 1000-fold less toxic to mammalian cell lines. A radioactive derivative specifically accumulated in infected erythrocytes to levels several hundredfold higher than in the surrounding medium, and very low dose G25 therapy completely cured monkeys infected with P. falciparum and P. cynomolgi.
The dissolution of calcite in aqueous solution at pH &lt; 4: kinetics and mechanism (1990)

Abstract The requirements of any experimental investigation of a reaction, such as dissolution or precipitation, at the solid-liquid interface are delineated, and it is shown that no previously adopted experimental method successfully meets all of these criteria. A new strategy for studying such reactions is therefore proposed, and described specifically for the dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate in acidic aqueous solution. This technique involves locating a calcite crystal in part of one wall of a rectangular duct, through which reactant flows under laminar conditions, and positioning either an amperometric or potentiometric detector electrode immediately adjacent to and downstream of the crystal. The rate of the reaction at the crystal surface is then followed by measuring the concentration of the reactant or products reaching the electrode as a function of solution flow rate. In this way both transport (to the crystal and detection system) and the surface topography of the crystal are defined and controllable, and, most importantly, the concentrations interrogated by the detector electrode are those pertaining at the crystal surface and not the bulk values, which are those probed with other (previous) methods. A mechanistic model for the dissolution reaction at pH &lt; 4, H++CaCO3→Ca2++HCO3−, is developed, and it is recognized that half-, first- and second-order reactions in surface H+ constitute possible candidate heterogeneous processes. The model also takes the following homogeneous (solution) reactions into account: HCO3−+H+⇌H2CO3⟶kH2CO3CO2+H2O, KH2CO3=aH+aHCO3−/aH2CO3 The backward implicit finite difference method is used to provide theory for the proposed flow cell experiment. Specifically this relates the rate of an nth order process at the crystal surface to the transport-limited current at an amperometric detector electrode, as a function of solution flow rate and cell-crystal-electrode geometry. The computational method selected allows both the full parabolic velocity profile and any value of n to be considered. The validity of the numerical approach is checked by invoking the Lévêque approximation (linearizing the parabolic velocity profile) and solving the problem analytically for n = 0 and 1. The numerical method is extended so that both parallel heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions are covered, specifically so that theory describing the mechanistic model can be derived as related to the flow cell experiment. The design and construction of the necessary experimental apparatus is described, along with experiments devised to prove the validity of the experimental approach. The results of flow cell dissolution experiments carried out with 0.25–1.0 mM HCl solutions are presented, and it is shown for the first time that the reaction between H+ and calcite is not transport-controlled. Assuming kH2CO3=20s−1andKH2CO3=3.06×10−4M, a best fit to the data is obtained for a first-order heterogeneous process with a rate constant of (0.043 ± 0.015) cm s-1.
Reduction of collagen production in keloid fibroblast cultures by ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase activity as a mechanism of action. (1987)

Excessive accumulation of collagen is the hallmark of several clinical conditions characterized by tissue fibrosis. Previously, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, a structural analog of alpha-ketoglutarate and ascorbate, has been shown to inhibit the activity of purified prolyl 4-hydroxylase, the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of 4-hydroxyproline during intracellular biosynthesis of procollagen. In this study a hydrophobic modification, an ethyl ester, of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was tested for its effects on collagen synthesis and prolyl hydroxylase activity in human skin fibroblast cultures. The results indicated that 0.4 mM ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate markedly inhibited the synthesis of 4-hydroxyproline in normal cell cultures apparently as a result of reduced prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity, and the synthesis and secretion of both type I and type III procollagens were markedly reduced. Control experiments indicated that the test compound did not affect the viability, proliferation, or plating efficiency of the cells, and it had little, if any, effect on the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins. Furthermore, determinations of type I and type III procollagen mRNA steady-state levels by slot-blot hybridizations suggested that the inhibition of procollagen production did not occur on the pretranslational level. Thus, ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate selectively reduced procollagen production in fibroblast cultures by inhibiting the post-translational synthesis of 4-hydroxyproline. Similar inhibition was also observed in keloid fibroblast cultures, demonstrating the potential applicability of ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, or other structural alpha-ketoglutarate or ascorbate analogs, for treatment of fibrotic diseases.
Religious Decline or Religious Change? Making Sense of Secularization in Europe (2010)

Abstract The sociological theory of secularization has long served as the dominant explanation for what has happened to religion in modern European history, but the theory has fallen out of favor in recent decades. New theories and models have emerged, many of them focusing on religious change in modern European history and on what makes religion in Europe exceptional when compared with the United States and the global South. In this article, I provide an overview of the debate over secularization in Europe, surveying its nineteenth‐century origins, the emergence of the theory of secularization in the 1960s, and the alternative theories and models arising from a variety of disciplines since the 1980s. I argue that the best understanding of modern European religious history is one that takes seriously both religious decline and religious change. I conclude with brief reflections on the future of secularization studies and particularly on the two themes that hold the most promise for enhancing the secularization debate: gender and immigration.
A general waveguide circuit theory (1992)

This work generalizes and extends the classical circuit theory of electromagnetic waveguides. Unlike the conventional theory, the present formulation applies to all waveguides composed of linear, isotropic material, even those involving lossy conductors and hybrid mode fields, in a fully rigorous way. Special attention is given to distinguishing the traveling waves, constructed with respect to a well-defined characteristic impedance, from a set of pseudo-waves, defined with respect to an arbitrary reference impedance. Matrices characterizing a linear circuit are defined, and relationships among them, some newly discovered, are derived. New ramifications of reciprocity are developed. Measurement of various network parameters is given extensive treatment.
Direct immunogold labeling of aquaporin-4 in square arrays of astrocyte and ependymocyte plasma membranes in rat brain and spinal cord (1998)

Aquaporin (AQP) water channels are abundant in the brain and spinal cord, where AQP1 and AQP4 are believed to play major roles in water metabolism and osmoregulation. Immunocytochemical analysis of the brain recently revealed that AQP4 has a highly polarized distribution, with marked expression in astrocyte end-feet that surround capillaries and form the glia limitans; however, the structural organization of AQP4 has remained unknown. In freeze-fracture replicas, astrocyte end-feet contain abundant square arrays of intramembrane particles that parallel the distribution of AQP4. To determine whether astrocyte and ependymocyte square arrays contain AQP4, we employed immunogold labeling of SDS-washed freeze-fracture replicas and stereoscopic confirmation of tissue binding. Antibodies to AQP4 directly labeled approximately 33% of square arrays in astrocyte and ependymocyte plasma membranes in rat brain and spinal cord. Overall, 84% of labels were present beneath square arrays; 11% were beneath particle clusters that resembled square arrays that had been altered during fixation or cleaving; and 5% were beneath the much larger areas of glial plasma membrane that were devoid of square arrays. Based on this evidence that AQP4 is concentrated in glial square arrays, freeze-fracture methods may now provide biophysical insights regarding neuropathological states in which abnormal fluid shifts are accompanied by alterations in the aggregation state or the molecular architecture of square arrays.
Naturally Acquired Passive Protective Activity against <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> Group C in the Absence of Serum Bactericidal Activity (2004)

The hallmark of immunity to meningococcal disease is a bactericidal titer in serum of > or =1:4 measured with human complement, but this threshold titer may underestimate the extent of protection. We used the infant rat model of meningococcal bacteremia to measure group C passive protective activity in serum samples from 91 unimmunized adults living in California. A total of 35 sera (38.5%) had passive protective activity. Sera with complement-mediated bactericidal titers of > or =1:4 were 3.4-fold more likely to confer protection (89%) than nonbactericidal sera (26%; P < 0.0001). Thus, bactericidal titers of > or =1:4 are a marker of protection, but this threshold lacks sensitivity for predicting protective activity. We investigated the 73 sera with bactericidal titers of <1:4 to determine the basis of protective activity. The 19 sera with protective activity had a higher geometric mean group C anticapsular antibody concentration (0.72 microg/ml) than the 54 sera that lacked protective activity (0.16 microg/ml; P < 0.001). Thus, protective activity in the absence of bactericidal activity was associated with higher concentrations of anticapsular antibodies, but not all sera with anticapsular antibodies conferred protection. Of 18 nonbactericidal sera with anticapsular antibody concentrations between 0.31 and 0.99 microg/ml, the 11 sera that conferred protection had a higher mean antibody avidity constant (21.9 nM(-1)) than the 7 nonprotective sera (14.6 nM(-1); P < 0.03). Thus, in sera with titers of <1:4, protective activity is associated with higher-avidity group C anticapsular antibodies, which are present in concentrations insufficient to elicit complement-mediated bacteriolysis in vitro but sufficient to confer protection in an in vivo bacteremia model.
Solutions with Compact Support of the Porous Medium Equation in Arbitrary Dimensions (1988)

Compactness of the support is discussed of a solution u to the Cauchy problem for the porous medium equation ut = Ai^(u), t > 0, in RN of arbitrary dimension N > 1, where tp is a nondecreasing function on Ä1.It is shown that if «(0, x) = 0 for |i| > R, R > 0, then for all í > 0 u(t,x) =0 a.e.\x\ > R + Ct1'2 with a constant C depending on <p and u(0, •).The result is well known when N = 1, but the study for N > 1 has somehow been neglected.
Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of the entire aorta and iliac arteries with dynamic manual table translation. (1998)

Spoiled fast three-dimensional gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging of the aorta and iliac arteries was performed in 13 patients after administration of a single bolus of gadopentetate dimeglumine. The imaging table was moved manually 40-45 cm between two acquisitions. Arterial signal-to-noise ratio did not vary significantly between the thoracic (aortic) and pelvic stations, but venous signal-to-noise ratios increased and arterial contrast-to-noise ratios decreased on the pelvic studies. This method was feasible and increased anatomic coverage.