gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE REFINEMENTS OF NORMAL HUMAN TRANSTHYRETIN AND THE AMYLOIDOGENIC VAL 30-->MET VARIANT TO 1.7 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION (1993)

The x-ray crystal structures of normal human transthyretin (prealbumin) and the amyloidogenic Val-30-Met variant have been refined at 1.7-A resolution to R-values of 0.168 and 0.179, respectively, for 19,882 and 20,362 reflections (Fobs > 2.0 sigma). Standard deviations for stereochemical parameters are 0.018 and 0.022 A for bond distances, 0.030 and 0.038 A for angle distances, and 0.035 and 0.070 A for planar 1-4 distances. The newly refined normal structure shows improvement over the original structure of Blake and Swan (Blake, C. C. F., and Swan, I. D. A. (1971) J. Mol. Biol. 61, 217-224) in stereochemistry and in the conformation of the loop regions. Residues Arg-103, Thr-123, Asn-124, and Pro-125 have now been resolved, and residues 1-9 and 126-127 have been modeled with the aid of simulated annealing refinement. The functional form of transthyretin is a tetramer, having a cylindrical cavity which will bind thyroxine and an exterior binding site for the complex of retinol with retinol-binding protein. The monomer is a beta barrel flattened to become more like a sandwich with residue 30 in the interior. The methionyl for valyl substitution forces the beta sheets of the monomer as much as 1 A apart, resulting in a distortion of the thyroxine-binding cavity, in agreement with the independent observations that the Met-30 variant has low affinity for thyroxine.
Ling Zhi-8: studies of a new immunomodulating agent. (1995)

Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) is a protein derived from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and has immunomodulatory capacities. It was shown to be mitogenic toward mouse splenocytes in vitro and immunosuppressive in vivo by reducing antigen-induced antibody formation and by preventing completely the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. In this study, the mitogenic effects of LZ-8 on human mononuclear cells are reported. In accordance to its mitogenic effect on mouse splenocytes, LZ-8 proved to be mitogenic for human PBMC. This mitogenic effect of LZ-8 apparently required the presence of monocytes. We also demonstrated it to be immunosuppressive in vitro in a human MLC performed in the absence of monocytes, using purified T cells and EBV-transformed allogeneic B cells. Furthermore, we tested LZ-8 for its possible suppressive effects in 2 different models of allogeneic tissue transplantation. LZ-8 proved to have a significant effect on cellular immunity, since its administration in an allografted mouse skin model resulted in an increased survival time. In a model of transplanted allogeneic pancreatic rat islets, LZ-8 was effective in delaying the rejection process of allografted islets. More frequent or continuous administration resulted in a further prolongation of survival time. No serious side effects of LZ-8 could be discerned in these experiments.
Curl Depending on Bending Moment and Drying Shrinkage (2006)

The curl is an issue during paper coating processes, such as the cast coating process. The curl can be reduced simultaneously in the machine and cross machine directions (MD and CD, respectively) by bending drying with rewetting of one side. The bending moment and drying shrinkage induced by the rewetting process dictates the curl in the MD and CD. Bending in one direction cannot change the curl in the other direction without rewetting. One-directional bending with rewetting of one side can change the amount of curl in the other direction. The pre-curl also has an effect on the final curl. For a given sheet structure, the combination of bending moment and drying shrinkage decides the final curl shape.
A queueing model for pipelined circuit-switched networks with the MMPP traffic (2002)

The Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) has been extensively used for modelling bursty traffic generated by multimedia applications because it is able to model the time-varying arrival rate and capture the important correlation between inter-arrival times. However, interconnection networks used in current multicomputers have been mainly analysed under the assumption of the "non-bursty" Poisson arrival process. This study extends further the application of the MMPP to queueing networks in order to develop a new analytical model for computing message latency in pipelined circuit-switched interconnection networks. Simulation experiments reveal that the model exhibits a good degree of accuracy under various operating conditions.
Some Factors That Affect the Marketing of Petroleum Products and an Investigation of the Effect of Railroad Tariffs upon Marketing Areas (1940)

fto pmpom -.of tola totals Is to l l s w s from to# f&m* point of to© f©finer some of to© factors mfieet the mmrtotitig of petroleum f#-o#iiOt,s mmi to Invsshigtfct to# #f**:.foot of railroad tariffs upon, market ing orm § dohtmioipig.to# points at which ttl#f heglti to-meet competition
Efficient, non obstructive scheduling on computing grids using virtual execution environments (2010)

In the last decade, computing grids have brought together storage and servers located across multiple institutions to support large-scale scientific applications. By analogy with power grids, the original idea is to provide with seamless computing power anyone who plugs in. However, as applications increase in demand and multiply, the efficiency of the underlying resource allocation mechanisms deserves attention. This thesis presents the following contributions. - We identify resource allocation patterns in grids and we compare them to resource allocation patterns on single clusters. - We identify a common pattern (Late Binding) in the way that several applications have recently bypassed the mainstream grid mechanism (Metascheduling) in order to take more control for better perceived performance. - We propose a new pattern (Symmetric Mapping) that achieves separation of control between multiple participants in resource allocation. - We propose a new formal model to specify resource allocation strategies. This model allows to represent dynamic scheduling under multiple constraints and objectives. - We transpose the problem of Multiple Administrative Domains (MADs) from the area of fault tolerance to the area of distributed computing; we identify it as distinctive of grids among other computing systems; and we identify Symmetric Mapping as a solution. - We propose an implementation of Symmetric Mapping based on virtual machines. As part of the implementation, we propose a system that deploys and manages multiple virtual machines based on declarative descriptions. - We propose a system that detects service termination and resumes discontinued services on newly elected servers, in order to maintain an implementation of Symmetric Mapping, or any system that requires permanent services on transient servers. - We propose a new method to analyze tasks and predict cache performance on various servers, in order to dynamically match tasks to adequate heterogeneous computing resources such as obtained on a grid. The method relies on fitting memory access patterns with well known probability distributions. The task signature is reduced to constant size and prediction is reduced to constant time. - We propose the first evaluation of cache thrashing, in order to make realistic performance predictions for time-shared CPUs. The analysis is based on a new Markov model of LRU caches. It yields a lower and a higher bound of the cache miss ratio in presence of competing processes.
Short-term Effects of Artificial Tears on Visual Performance in Normal Subjects (2005)

These results suggest that Liquigel and Celluvisc alter the tear layer and affect contrast sensitivity. The results agree with patient observations that Celluvisc causes a moderate amount of blur that gradually subsides. In such patients, the shorter duration of blur with Liquigel (about half that of Celluvisc) may be more acceptable. The technique of blending various viscosity CMC materials while maintaining the total CMC concentration of 1.0% may be beneficial in dry eye therapy without causing excessive blur to patients.
PCUBE: A performance driven placement algorithm for low power designs (2002)

PCUBE, a performance driven placement algorithm for minimizing power consumption, is described. The problem is formulated as a constrained programming problem and is solved in two phases: global optimization and slot assignment. The objective function used during either phase is the total weighted net length, where net weights are calculated as the expected switching activities of gates driving the nets. Constraints on total path delays are also accounted for. On average, PCUBE reduces power consumption due to interconnect by 7% at the expense of 8% increase in the total wire length and 2% increase in circuit delay.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
(Short Paper) A Wild Velvet Fork Appears! Inclusive Blockchain Protocol Changes in Practice (2018)

The loosely defined terms hard fork and soft fork have established themselves as descriptors of different classes of upgrade mechanisms for the underlying consensus rules of (proof-of-work) blockchains. Recently, a novel approach termed velvet fork, which expands upon the concept of a soft fork, was outlined. Specifically, velvet forks intend to avoid the possibility of disagreement by a change of rules through rendering modifications to the protocol backward compatible and inclusive to legacy blocks.We present an overview and definitions of these different upgrade mechanisms and outline their relationships. Hereby, we expose examples where velvet forks or similar constructions are already actively employed in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, we expand upon the concept of velvet forks by proposing possible applications and discuss potentially arising security implications.
Application of Machine Learning Approaches in Intrusion Detection System: A Survey (2015)

Network security is one of the major concerns of the modern era. With the rapid development and massive usage of internet over the past decade, the vulnerabilities of network security have become an important issue. Intrusion detection system is used to identify unauthorized access and unusual attacks over the secured networks. Over the past years, many studies have been conducted on the intrusion detection system. However, in order to understand the current status of implementation of machine learning techniques for solving the intrusion detection problems this survey paper enlisted the 49 related studies in the time frame between 2009 and 2014 focusing on the architecture of the single, hybrid and ensemble classifier design. This survey paper also includes a statistical comparison of classifier algorithms, datasets being used and some other experimental setups as well as consideration of feature selection step.
Bis(1,8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonate). A novel and potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly. (1984)

Two related compounds, 1,8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonate (1,8-ANS) and bis(1,8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonate) (Bis-ANS), are useful fluorescent probes for hydrophobic areas on protein molecules. Using fluorescence, we examined the binding of these compounds to bovine brain tubulin and found that Bis-ANS and 1,8-ANS bound to tubulin with Ki values of 2 and 25 microM, respectively. Bis-ANS potently inhibited the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules in vitro. In the presence of microtubule-associated protein 2, half-maximal inhibition of assembly was obtained at 3 microM Bis-ANS. In the presence of tau protein, half-maximal inhibition was obtained at 15 microM Bis-ANS. Surprisingly, 1,8-ANS, even at 200 microM, did not inhibit assembly. Scatchard analysis indicated one binding site for Bis-ANS on tubulin. Previous reports of 1,8-ANS binding to tubulin may have been influenced by the presence of Bis-ANS which until recently was a common contaminant of commercial supplies. Because of its intense fluorescence in addition to its potent inhibitory effects, Bis-ANS appears to be a useful probe to study microtubule assembly and other interactions involving tubulin.
Library management in the tight budget seventies. Problems, challenges, and opportunities. (1977)

This paper examines changes in the management of university, special, and medical libraries brought about by the budget curtailments that followed the more affluent funding period of the mid-1960s. Based on a study conducted for the National Science Foundation by the Indiana University Graduate Library School, this paper deals with misconceptions that have arisen in the relationship between publishers and librarians, and differentiates between the priority perceptions of academic and of special librarians in the allocation of progressively scarcer resources. It concludes that libraries must make strong efforts to reduce the growing erosion of materials acquisitions budgets because of growing labor costs as a percentage of all library expenditures; that they must make a working reality of the resource-sharing mechanisms established through consortia and networks; and that they must use advanced evaluative techniques in the determination of which services and programs to implement, expand, and retain, and which to curtail and abandon.
In vitro effect of different ubiquinones on the scavenging of biologically generated O2-. (1985)

The ability of different homologues of Coenzyme Q to quench O2- was tested in vitro with three experimental systems known to generate O2-. Two of them were biological generators, namely the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and the cyanide-insensitive NADPH oxidase of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The third was a chemical generator of O2-, the NADH-phenazine methosulphate-nitroblue tetrazolium mixture. Short-side-chain ubiquinones were found to be the most potent scavengers of O2-, being effective at concentrations as low as 10(-7) M. This finding might be ascribed to the relatively greater water-solubility of the lower homologues of CoQ. We postulate that CoQ10 may well exert such an O2- -scavenging mechanisms in vivo where it is inserted in its natural phospholipid environment.
A 0.5V Bulk-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifier with Improved Common-Mode Feedback (2007)

This paper presents the design of a two-stage pseudo-differential operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). The circuit was designed in a standard 0.18 μm, 0.5V V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> digital CMOS process. An improved bulk-mode common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuit has been designed which does not load the OTA compared to previous design [2]. A self cascode load structure and partial positive feedback provide higher gain. The bulk terminals of all transistors have been biased to lower their V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> and maximize signal swing. The OTA operates at a supply voltage of 0.5 V and consumes only 28 μW of power. Rail-to-rail input is made possible by using the transistor's bulk terminal as the input. For a load of 20 pF the OTA has a simulated DC gain of 65 dB, a gain-bandwidth product of 550 kHz, and a phase margin of 50 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sup> .
Whole Skin Locomotion Inspired by Amoeboid Motility Mechanisms: Mechanics of the Concentric Solid Tube Model (2006)

As the technology of robotics intelligence advances, and new application areas for mobile robots increase, the need for alternative fundamental locomotion mechanisms for robots that allow them to maneuver into complex unstructured terrain becomes critical. In this research we present a novel locomotion mechanism for mobile robots inspired by the motility mechanism of certain single celled organisms such as amoebae. Whole Skin Locomotion (WSL), as we call it, works by way of an elongated toroid which turns itself inside out in a single continuous motion, effectively generating the overall motion of the cytoplasmic streaming ectoplasmic tube in amoebae. This research presents the preliminary analytical study towards the design and development of the novel WSL mechanism. In this thesis we first investigate how amoebas move, then discuss how this motion can be replicated. By applying the biological theories of amoeboid motility mechanisms, different actuation models for WSL are developed including the Fluid Filled Toroid (FFT) and Concentric Solid Tube (CST) models. Then, a quasi-static force analysis is performed for the CST model and parametric studies for design, including power efficiency and force transition characteristics, are presented.
Three-Dimensional Time-Resolved Inlet Guide Vane-Rotor Potential Field Interaction (2004)

To investigate and quantify the three-dimensional time-varying characteristics of inlet guide vane (IGV) wakes, including the effect of the potential field of a downstream rotor, a series of experiments are performed in a highspeed fan stage. The unsteady three-dimensional velocity and total pressure fields downstream of the IGVs and upstream of the rotor have been measured across one vane passage and time resolved over several rotor blade passage periods. These unique data will be compared with several wake correlations and analyzed to determine the time-varying characteristics of the IGV wakes. Earlier two-component velocity measurements identified a unique interaction occurring between the rotor potential field and the IGV wakes. The rotor potential field increases as the IGV wakes approach the rotor, resulting in a constructive/destructive interaction. Measurements of the IGV wake at times of maximum and minimum interaction show that the constructive interaction increases the velocity deficit and semiwake width as the distance from the rotor decreases. A two-dimensional vortical‐potential gust splitting analysis will be implemented to determine the vortical and potential harmonic wake gust forcing functions upstream of the rotor over one rotor blade passing period.
Empirical Analysis of System-Level Vulnerability Metrics through Actual Attacks (2012)

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is a widely used and well-established standard for classifying the severity of security vulnerabilities. For instance, all vulnerabilities in the US National Vulnerability Database (NVD) are scored according to this method. As computer systems typically have multiple vulnerabilities, it is often desirable to aggregate the score of individual vulnerabilities to a system level. Several such metrics have been proposed, but their quality has not been studied. This paper presents a statistical analysis of how 18 security estimation metrics based on CVSS data correlate with the time-to-compromise of 34 successful attacks. The empirical data originates from an international cyber defense exercise involving over 100 participants and were collected by studying network traffic logs, attacker logs, observer logs, and network vulnerabilities. The results suggest that security modeling with CVSS data alone does not accurately portray the time-to-compromise of a system. However, results also show that metrics employing more CVSS data are more correlated with time-to-compromise. As a consequence, models that only use the weakest link (most severe vulnerability) to compose a metric are less promising than those that consider all vulnerabilities.
Sentinel-2A and 2B absolute calibration monitoring (2019)

As part of the Copernicus program, Sentinel-2 is the optical imaging mission designed for the operational monitoring of land and coastal areas. It offers a unique combination of global coverage with a wide field of view, a high revisit capability (5 days with two satellites), a high resolution and multi-spectral imagery.CNES, the French Space Agency, was involved in the commissioning of both Sentinel-2 satellites and is currently working in collaboration with ESA on their long-term monitoring. This paper reviews all the techniques used to ensure an absolute calibration of the 13 spectral bands to better than 5% (the target is 3%) at TOA level. After a brief description of the mission and its related radiometric calibration scheme, we show how standard vicarious calibration methods based on acquisitions over natural targets (oceans, deserts, and Antarctica during winter) are used to check and improve the accuracy of the absolute calibration coefficients. Finally, the verification scheme, exploiting photometer in-situ measurements over the La Crau plain in France and Gobabeb in Namibia, is described. The paper concludes with a summary that includes spectral coherence, agreement between the results obtained with various calibration methods and temporal evolution.
Fast image dehazing using improved dark channel prior (2012)

In the frog and haze climatic condition, the captured picture will become blurred and the color is partial gray and white, due to the effect of atmospheric scattering. This situation brings a great deal of inconvenience to the video surveillance system, so the study of defogging algorithm in this weather is of great importance. This paper deeply analyzes the physical process of imaging in foggy weather. After full study on the haze removal algorithm of single image over the last decade, we propose a fast haze removal algorithm which based on a fast bilateral filtering combined with dark colors prior. This algorithm starts with the atmospheric scattering model, derives a estimated transmission map by using dark channel prior, and then combines with grayscale to extract refined transmission map by using the fast bilateral filter. This algorithm has a fast execution speed and greatly improves the original algorithm which is more time-consuming. On this basis, we analyzed the reasons why the image is dim after the haze removal using dark channel prior, and proposed the improved transmission map formula. Experimental-results show that this algorithm is feasible which effectively restores the contrast and color of the scene, significantly improves the visual effects of the image. Those image with large area of sky usually prone to distortion when using the dark channel prior, Therefore we propose a method of weakening the sky region, aims to improve the adaptability of the algorithm.
Editorial review (1995)

Cystic fibrosis has only been recognized as a distinct clinical entity for less than 60 years. In that period of time, the median survival has improved from a few months to 29 years. This editorial review outlines the clinical multiorgan involvement of cystic fibrosis and current management strategies and introduces the comprehensive articles by the contributing authors of this section on the most rapidly evolving areas in cystic fibrosis. The discussion includes how the cystic fibrosis gene product, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, produces lung disease; the relationship between genotype and phenotype; the factors that determine prognosis in cystic fibrosis; new treatment modalities for cystic fibrosis; lung transplantation; and the prospects for gene therapy in cystic fibrosis. With rapid advances in our clinical and genetic understanding of cystic fibrosis, it is projected that individuals born with cystic fibrosis today will live into their 40s.