gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy in China: A Scoping Review of Chinese Scholarship (2019)

Despite the well-developed Chinese National Immunization Program, vaccine hesitancy in China is rising. As part of the response, Chinese scholars have studied determinants and proposed solutions to vaccination hesitancy. We performed a scoping review of Chinese literature (2007-2019), drawn from four Chinese databases. We mapped relevant information and presented a systemic account of the proposed determinants and responses to vaccine hesitancy in China. We identified 77 relevant studies that reveal four approaches to vaccine hesitancy. Most Chinese studies define vaccine hesitancy as a problem of vaccine safety and vaccine incident response and place accountability on the level of governance, such as regulation deficits and inappropriate crisis management. A first minority of studies tied vaccination hesitancy to unprofessional medical conduct and called for additional resources and enhanced physician qualifications. A second minority of studies positioned vaccination hesitancy as a problem of parental belief and pointed to the role of media, proposing enhanced communication and education. Chinese literature ties vaccine hesitancy primarily to vaccine safety and medical conduct. Compared to international research, parental concerns are underrepresented. The Chinese context of vaccination scandals notably frames the discussion of vaccination hesitancy and potential solutions, which stresses the importance of considering vaccination hesitancy in specific social and political contexts.
SpecC System-Level Design Methodology Applied to the Design of a GSM Vocoder (2000)

In this paper we describe the steps and transformations of the SpecC system-level design methodology applied to the example of designing and implementingavoice encoding#decoding system with the purpose of demonstrating this design methodology on an industrial size example. Starting with the system speci#cation, the design is gradually re#ned down to an optimal hardware#software implementation. The results show that the well-de#ned models, steps and transformations of the SpecC methodology lead to a signi#cant productivity gain.
Use of volumetric computerized tomography as a primary outcome measure to evaluate drug efficacy in the prevention of peri‐prosthetic osteolysis: A 1‐year clinical pilot of etanercept vs. placebo (2003)

Although total hip replacement (THR) is amongst the most successful and beneficial medical procedures to date, long-term outcomes continue to suffer from aseptic loosening secondary to peri-prosthetic osteolysis. Extensive research over the last two decades has elucidated a central mechanism for osteolysis in which wear debris generated from the implant stimulates inflammatory cells to promote osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been demonstrated to be central to this process and is considered to be a leading target for intervention. Unfortunately, even though FDA approved TNF antagonists are available (etanercept), currently there are no reliable outcome measures that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of a drug to prevent peri-prosthetic osteolysis. To the end of developing an effective outcome measure, we evaluated the progression of lesion size in 20 patients with established peri-acetabular osteolysis (mean=29.99 cm(3), range=2.9-92.7 cm(3)) of an uncemented primary THR over 1-year, using a novel volumetric computer tomography (3D-CT) technique. We also evaluated polyethylene wear, urine N-telopeptides and functional assessments (WOMAC, SF-36 and Harris Hip Score) for comparison. At the time of entry into the study baseline CT scans were obtained and the patients were randomized to etanercept (25 mg s.q., twice/week) and placebo in a double-blinded fashion. CT scans, urine and functional assessments were also obtained at 6 and 12 months. No serious adverse drug related events were reported, but one patient had to have revision surgery before completion of the study due to aseptic loosening. No remarkable differences between the groups were observed. However, the study was not powered to see significant drug effects. 3D-CT data from the 19 patients was used to determine the mean increase in lesion size over 48 weeks, which was 3.19 cm(3) (p<0.0013). Analysis of the urine N-telopeptides and functional assessment data failed to identify a significant correlation with wear or osteolysis. In conclusion, volumetric CT was able to measure progression of osteolysis over the course of a year, thus providing a technology that could be used in therapeutic trials. Using the data from this pilot we provide a model power calculation for such a trial.
Crystal Structure of the Complex of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 with a Peptide Mimicking the Reactive Center Loop (2001)

The structure of the serpin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2), in a complex with a peptide mimicking its reactive center loop (RCL) has been determined at 1.6-A resolution. The structure shows the relaxed state serpin structure with a prominent six-stranded beta-sheet. Clear electron density is seen for all residues in the peptide. The P1 residue of the peptide binds to a well defined pocket at the base of PAI-2 that may be important in determining the specificity of protease inhibition. The stressed-to-relaxed state (S --> R) transition in PAI-2 can be modeled as the relative motion between a quasirigid core domain and a smaller segment comprising helix hF and beta-strands s1A, s2A, and s3A. A comparison of the Ramachandran plots of the stressed and relaxed state PAI-2 structures reveals the location of several hinge regions connecting these two domains. The hinge regions cluster in three locations on the structure, ensuring a cooperative S --> R transition. We hypothesize that the hinge formed by the conserved Gly(206) on beta-strand s3A in the breach region of PAI-2 effects the S --> R transition by altering its backbone torsion angles. This torsional change is due to the binding of the P14 threonine of the RCL to the open breach region of PAI-2.
<i>Batf3</i> and <i>Id2</i> Have a Synergistic Effect on <i>Irf8</i>-Directed Classical CD8α+ Dendritic Cell Development (2013)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogeneous cell populations represented by different subtypes, each varying in terms of gene expression patterns and specific functions. Recent studies identified transcription factors essential for the development of different DC subtypes, yet molecular mechanisms for the developmental program and functions remain poorly understood. In this study, we developed and characterized a mouse DC progenitor-like cell line, designated DC9, from Irf8(-/-) bone marrow cells as a model for DC development and function. Expression of Irf8 in DC9 cells led to plasmacytoid DCs and CD8α(+) DC-like cells, with a concomitant increase in plasmacytoid DC- and CD8α(+) DC-specific gene transcripts and induction of type I IFNs and IL12p40 following TLR ligand stimulation. Irf8 expression in DC9 cells led to an increase in Id2 and Batf3 transcript levels, transcription factors shown to be important for the development of CD8α(+) DCs. We show that, without Irf8, expression of Id2 and Batf3 was not sufficient for directing classical CD8α(+) DC development. When coexpressed with Irf8, Batf3 and Id2 had a synergistic effect on classical CD8α(+) DC development. We demonstrate that Irf8 is upstream of Batf3 and Id2 in the classical CD8α(+) DC developmental program and define the hierarchical relationship of transcription factors important for classical CD8α(+) DC development.
Dels quantitatius i altres elements especificadors (1991)

1 .l. L'hmbit en el qual s'insereix la present investigaci consta d'un intent de donar compte de la gramhtica d'aquells elements Iexics que precedeixen normalment el nucli d'un sintagma nominal en les llenges romhniques.Les dificultats, i I'interks, d'aquest tema procedeixen, en part, d'alguns desajustos entre la sintaxi, la semintica i la morfologia.Els elements de que tractem sn els anomenats determinatius, quantitatius, indefinits, ms un vague etcetera que reflecteixi la inquietud dels gramatics eil l'intent d'encabir aquells elements dins la classificaci tradicional.En la mesura que hom es deixi comprometre amb una atribuci a una de les parts de l'oraci, aquests elements se solen categoritzar com a adjectius, b perque la seva funci sintactica s la de modificar un substantiu, o b perque presenten la concordanga inflexional de genere i de nombre.(D'altres, ms recentment, han fet dels determinatius, quantitatius, numerals, etcetera, sengles categories sinthctiques, almenys pel que fa a l'angles.)Els elements en qesti -aquells que normalment precedeixen un nucli nominal-formen una classe tancada.Els modificadors nominals de classe oberta normalment segueixen el substantiu en les llenges romaniques.Aqu, seguint Jackendoff (1977) i semblantment Bonet i Sola (1986)' anomenem especificadors tots aquells modificadors que se situen a I'esquerra d'un nucli en I'ordre superficial de la frase.(Altres de dintre la Gramhtica Generativa anon~enen especificadors noms els fills esquerres de projeccions mhximes [
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Luminescence Properties of the Eu<sup>3+</sup>‐Doped Yttrium Oxotellurates(IV) Y<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>4</sub>O<sub>11</sub> and Y<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub>O<sub>13</sub>. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The limits of visual resolution in natural scene viewing (2005)

We examined the limits of visual resolution in natural scene viewing, using a gaze-contingent multiresolutional display having a gaze-centred area-of-interest and decreasing resolution with eccentricity. Twelve participants viewed high-resolution scenes in which gaze-contingent multiresolutional versions occasionally appeared for single fixations. Both detection of image degradation (five filtering levels plus a no-area-of-interest control) in the gaze-contingent multiresolutional display, and eye fixation durations, were well predicted by a model of eccentricity-dependent contrast sensitivity. The results also illuminate the time course of detecting image filtering. Detection did not occur for fixations below 100 ms, and reached asymptote for fixations above 200 ms. Detectable filtering lengthened fixation durations by 160 ms, and interference from an imminent manual response occurred by 400-450 ms, often lengthening the next fixation. We provide an estimate of the limits of visual resolution in natural scene viewing useful for theories of scene perception, and help bridge the literature on spatial vision and eye movement control.
Large-scale isolation of plasmid DNA using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. (1990)

A rapid procedure for the large-scale isolation of plasmid DNA is described. The method utilizes cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to precipitate the plasmid following extraction of DNA by lysozyme digestion and boiling. The plasmid is then purified by passing through the spin column pZ523. The purity and yield of the plasmid obtained with this method is similar to that isolated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradient centrifugation. The method does not involve any phenol-chloroform extractions and takes five to six hours for completion after growth of the bacterial cells. The plasmid obtained is amenable to digestion with various restriction endonucleases, can be used for cloning with high efficiency and is also suitable as template for dideoxy sequencing.
Mesomorphism and chemical constitution. Part V. The mesomorphic properties of the 4′-n-alkoxydiphenyl-4-carboxylic acids and their simple alkyl esters (1955)

G. W. Gray, J. B. Hartley and B. Jones, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 1412 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550001412
Assembly and Reliability Assessment of Fine Pitch TMV Package on Package (PoP) Components (2009)

ABSTRACT Since their introduction, package on package components have proven popular, particularly in handheld portable applications. These packages offer significant advantages, including increased density through stacking of logic and memory devices in the same component footprint, and flexibility as a result of the assembler's ability to select different memory devices for inclusion in the stack. Next generation versions of Package on Package devices are now emerging which offer improvements in component warpage during reflow and increased pin count due to pitch reduction on both the top and bottom package. This study focused on different assembly variations for a new 14 mm square package on package component with a 0.4mm pitch array on the lower package and 0.5mm pitch array on the upper package. This configuration allows for 620 I/O on the lower package, and 200 I/O on the upper package. The lower package in the stack featured a through mold via (TMV) structure, which reduces component warpage, and improves assembly yield. Flux Dip and Paste Dip were assessed for assembly of the upper package in terms of assembly yield, mechanical shock and thermal cycling reliability. Two different underfill materials were assessed for use on these components – one selected for optimal shock test performance, and one selected to optimize thermal cycling reliability. All assembly variations were subjected to accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) from -40°C to 125°C with a planned test duration of 2000 cycles. Mechanical shock testing was performed on a sub-set of the assembly variations to complete the reliability assessment.
Phenolic Compounds and Chemical Characteristics of Pears (<i>Pyrus Communis</i>L.) (2014)

This study was carried out to determine the phenolic compounds and some chemical characteristics at flesh and peel in some pear cultivars. The fruit weight was varied from 45.9 to 479.9 g and flesh firmness was varied from 29.4 to 89.7 N. Soluble solids content was higher in the flesh than in the peel, while pH, titratable acidity and all phenolic compounds were generally higher in the peel than in the flesh. Quantitative differences were found in the phenolic compounds among the pear cultivars. Arbutin and chlorogenic acid were detected as major phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh, while rutin hydrate and rutin-tri-hydrate were detected as a minor in the peel and flesh. Catechin ranged from 40.0 to 543.8 mg kg−1 in the flesh and 42.4 to 695.2 mg kg−1 in the peel. Epicatechin content varied from 11.47 to 243.1 mg kg−1 in the flesh and 12.6 to 315.4 mg kg−1 in the peel. The ranges of vitamin C content were from 9.1 to 29.7 mg 100 g−1 in the flesh and 9.5 to 35.9 mg 100 g−1 in the peel. Pear peel indicated higher contents of phenolics than pear flesh, confirming the health benefit of the consumption of pears together with peel.
Learning Syntactic Patterns for Automatic Hypernym Discovery (2004)

Semantic taxonomies such as WordNet provide a rich source of knowledge for natural language processing applications, but are expensive to build, maintain, and extend. Motivated by the problem of automatically constructing and extending such taxonomies, in this paper we present a new algorithm for automatically learning hypernym (is-a) relations from text. Our method generalizes earlier work that had relied on using small numbers of hand-crafted regular expression patterns to identify hypernym pairs. Using path features extracted from parse trees, we introduce a general-purpose formalization and generalization of these patterns. Given a training set of text containing known hypernym pairs, our algorithm automatically extracts useful dependency paths and applies them to new corpora to identify novel pairs. On our evaluation task (determining whether two nouns in a news article participate in a hypernym relationship), our automatically extracted database of hypernyms attains both higher precision and higher recall than WordNet.
Recommendation in Location-based Social Networks (2014)

Recommender systems have become popular tools to select relevant personalized information for users. With the rapid growth of mobile network users, the way users consume Web 2.0 is changing substantially. Mobile networks enable users to post personal status on online social media services from anywhere and at anytime. However, as the volume of user activities is growing rapidly, it is getting impossible that for users to read all posts or blogs to catch up with the trends. Similarly, it is hard for producers and manufactures to monitor consumers and figure out their tastes. These needs inspired the emergence of a new line of research, recommendation in location-based social networks, i.e., building recommender systems to discover and predict the behavior of users and their engagement with location-based social networks. Extracted users' interests and their spatio-temporal patterns clearly provide more detailed information for producers to make decisions to supply their consumers. In this thesis, we address the problem of recommendation in location-based social networks and seek novel methods to improve limitations of existing techniques. We first propose a spatial topic model for top-k POI recommendation problem, and the proposed model discovers users' topic and geographical distributions from user check-ins with posts and location coordinates. Then we focus on mining spatio-temporal patterns of user check-ins and propose a spatio-temporal topic model to identify temporal activity patterns of different topics and POIs. In our next work, we argue that all existing social network-based POI recommendation models cannot capture the nature of location-based social network. Hence, we propose a social topic model to effectively exploit a location-based social network. Finally, we address the problem of determining the optimal location for a new store by considering it as a recommendation problem, i.e., recommending locations to a new store. Latent factor models are proposed and proved to perform better than existing state-of-the-art methods.
Integration of least recently used algorithm and neuro-fuzzy system into client-side web caching (2009)

Web caching is a well-known strategy for improving performance of Web-based system by keeping web objects that are likely to be used in the near future close to the client. Most of the current Web browsers still employ traditional caching policies that are not efficient in web caching. This research proposes a splitting client-side web cache to two caches, short-term cache and long-term cache. Initially, a web object is stored in short-term cache, and the web objects that are visited more than the pre-specified threshold value will be moved to long-term cache. Other objects are removed by Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm as short-term cache is full. More significantly, when the long-term cache saturates, the neuro-fuzzy system is employed in classifying each object stored in long-term cache into either cacheable or uncacheable object. The old uncacheable objects are candidate for removing from the long-term cache. By implementing this mechanism, the cache pollution can be mitigated and the cache space can be utilized effectively. Experimental results have revealed that the proposed approach can improve the performance up to 14.8 % and 17.9 % in terms of hit ratio (HR) compared to LRU and Least Frequently Used (LFU). In terms of byte hit ratio (BHR), the performance is improved up to 2.57 % and 26.25%, and for latency saving ratio (LSR), the performance is improved up to 8.3 % and 18.9%, compared to LRU and LFU. Keywords: Client-side web caching, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, Least Recently Used algorithm.
Should we be alarmed by our alarms? (2007)

The disadvantages of current clinical alarms have been identified and are in the process of being addressed.
Intelligent Voltage Ramp-Up Time Adaptation for Temperature Noise Reduction on Memory-Based PUF Systems (2015)

The efficiency and cost of silicon physically unclonable function (PUF)-based applications, and in particular key generators, are heavily impacted by the level of reproducibility of the bare PUF responses (PRs) under varying operational circumstances. Error-correcting codes (ECCs) can be used to achieve near-perfect reliability, but come at a high implementation cost especially when the underlying PUF is very noisy. When designing a PUF-based key generator, a more reliable PUF will result in a less complex ECC decoder and a smaller PUF footprint, and hence, an overall more efficient implementation. This paper proposes novel insight and resulting method for reducing noise on memory-based PRs, based on adapting supply voltage ramp-up time to ambient temperature. Circuit simulations on 45 nm low-power CMOS, as well as silicon measurements are presented to validate the proposed method. Our results demonstrate that choosing an appropriate voltage ramp-up for enrollment and adapting it according to the ambient temperature at key-reconstruction is a powerful method which makes memory-based PR noise up to 3× smaller. In addition, this paper investigates the competitiveness of integrating the proposed method in a commercial product; the investigation is done in two phases. First by determining the saved area, and second by implementing a circuit that maps the ambient temperature into an appropriate voltage ramp-up. The results show that the new system costs up to 82.1% less area while it delivers up to 3× higher reproducibility.
[Theophylline in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study]. (2006)

Slow-released oral theophylline (200 mg/d) may be beneficial and safe in long-term treatment of stable COPD in rural area.
Pt-Based Icosahedral Nanocages: Using a Combination of {111} Facets, Twin Defects, and Ultrathin Walls to Greatly Enhance Their Activity toward Oxygen Reduction (2016)

Engineering the surface structure of noble-metal nanocrystals offers an effective route to the development of catalysts or electrocatalysts with greatly enhanced activity. Here, we report the synthesis of Pt-based icosahedral nanocages whose surface is enclosed by both {111} facets and twin boundaries while the wall thickness can be made as thin as six atomic layers. The nanocages are derived from Pd@Pt4.5L icosahedra by selectively etching away the Pd in the core. During etching, the multiply twinned structure can be fully retained whereas the Pt atoms in the wall reconstruct to eliminate the corrugated structure built in the original Pt shell. The Pt-based icosahedral nanocages show a specific activity of 3.50 mA cm(-2) toward the oxygen reduction reaction, much greater than those of the Pt-based octahedral nanocages (1.98 mA cm(-2)) and a state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.35 mA cm(-2)). After 5000 cycles of accelerated durability test, the mass activity of the Pt-based icosahedral nanocages drops from 1.28 to 0.76 A mg(-1)Pt, which is still about four times greater than that of the original Pt/C catalyst (0.19 A mg(-1)Pt).
On the development of an autonomous and self-adaptable moving object detector (2007)

Object detection is a crucial step in automating monitoring and surveillance. A classical approach to object detection employs supervised learning methods, which are effective in well-defined narrow application scopes. In this paper we propose a framework for detecting moving objects in video, which first learns autonomously and on-line the characteristic features of typical object appearances at various parts of the observed scene. The collected knowledge is then used to calibrate the system for the given scene, and to separate isolated appearances of a dominant moving object from other events. Compared to the supervised detectors, the proposed framework is self-adaptable, and therefore able to handle large diversity of objects and situations, typical for general surveillance and monitoring applications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by employing it to isolate pedestrians in public places and cars on a highway.