gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fault Equivalence in Combinational Logic Networks (1971)

This paper is a study of the effects of faults on the logical operation of combinational (acyclic) logic circuits. In particular, the conditions whereby two different faults can produce the same alteration in the circuit behavior are investigated. This relationship between two faults is shown to be an equivalence relation, and three different types of equivalence relations are specified. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of these equivalence relations are proved. An algorithm for determining the equivalence classes for one of the types of equivalence is presented. Other types of algebraic properties of faults are discussed.
Aerogel Synthesis of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia by a Non-Alkoxide Sol−Gel Route (2005)

Homogeneous, nanocrystalline powders of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were prepared using a non-alkoxide sol−gel method. Monolithic gels, free of precipitation, were prepared by addition of propylene oxide to aqueous solutions of Zr4+ and Y3+ chlorides at room temperature. The gels were dried with supercritical CO2(l), resulting in amorphous aerogels that crystallized into stabilized ZrO2 following calcination at 500 °C. The aerogels and resulting crystalline products were characterized using in situ temperature profile X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis, and elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. TEM and N2 adsorption/desorption analysis of an aerogel prepared by this method indicated a porous network structure with a high surface area (409 m2/g). The crystallized YSZ maintained high surface area (159 m2/g) upon formation of homogeneous, nanoparticles (∼10 nm). Ionic conductivity at 1000 °C of sintered YSZ (1500 °C, 3 h) was 0.13 ± 0.02 Ω-1 cm-1. Activation energies for the conduction processes from 1000 to 550 °C and 550−400 °C were 0.95 ± 0.09 and 1.12 ± 0.05 eV, respectively.
Can clinical factors at presentation be used to predict outcome of treatment with methotrexate in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis? (2008)

Within this cohort, routine clinical and laboratory factors were poor at predicting outcome of treatment with MTX. Given the major therapeutic advantage to be derived from accurate prediction of treatment outcome, further studies will need to investigate novel biological and other markers.
A Study of Non-Symmetric Double-Sided Linear Induction Motor for Hyperloop All-In-One System (Propulsion, Levitation, and Guidance) (2018)

This paper proposes an all-in-one system for hyperloop that conducts propulsion, levitation, and guidance. Currently demand on high-speed long-distance transportation is increasing, so that hyperloop is getting attention and studied hard globally. Hyperloop is a new innovative transportation in which a levitated subsonic speed train travels through a vacuum cylindrical tube. Hyperloop needs functions of propulsion, levitation, and guidance for its service, and many devices are necessary for those functions. In the tube, a constrained space, many devices make the entire system complicated, and the size of the vehicle and tube are increased. Therefore, the costs of maintenance, manufacture, and construction are increased and control of each device becomes very difficult. But a non-symmetric double-sided linear induction motor (NSDLIM), the subject of this paper, is an all-in-one system that could conduct all functions. In this paper, the concept of NSDLIM was introduced and its possibility was suggested. Requirements of NSDLIM were investigated considering very high acceleration, velocity, and low air pressure. An NSDLIM model was designed and analyzed by using the finite-element method. Then, NSDLIM parameters that affect performance were investigated and adjusted to improve performance. The derived model performance was shown, and its possibility was considered.
Control of Offshore DFIG-Based Wind Farm Grid With Line-Commutated HVDC Connection (2007)

The paper considers a control solution for integration of large offshore doubly fed induction generator based wind farms with a common collection bus, controlled by a static compensator, into the main onshore grid, using line-commutated high-voltage direct current connection. The paper's main focus is a mathematically grounded study of the power system interactions. That study produced an appropriate plant model for formal control design. A design procedure is described and the controlled system is validated using power systems computer-aided design/electromagnetic transient program simulations, which confirm the high performance of the proposed control strategy in both normal operation and fault conditions
Multiprobe impedance measurement system for nondestructive evaluation and test of "green state" powder metallurgy parts (1998)

This paper describes an instrument capable of detecting flaws in "green-state" (prior to sintering) powder metallurgy (P/M) parts. The instrument uses a matrix of impedance measurements from a multiprobe array that contacts the surface of the P/M part. The array of measured data is processed to not only detect the presence of flaws but determine their location, size, and orientation as well. Experimental results show detection of flaws ranging in size from 10-200 /spl mu/m.
Molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm3 is highly divergent from other SIVagm isolates and is biologically active in vitro and in vivo (1989)

Simian immunodeficiency viruses have been isolated from African green monkeys originating from Ethiopia. A molecular clone, termed SIVagm3, was found to be highly divergent from SIVagmTYO-1 in terms of its restriction map and partial nucleotide sequence. A premature stop codon present in the transmembrane protein of SIVagm TYO-1 was absent in SIVagm3. SIVagm3 was biologically active in vitro and in vivo and displayed characteristics reminiscent of the wild-type virus. Biological activity was demonstrated by seroconversion of juvenile African green monkeys and Macaca nemestrina after inoculation. In contrast to antibody reactivity mainly directed against env proteins in naturally infected African green monkeys. African green monkeys and M. nemestrina infected with the cloned virus showed antibody reactivity directed against all major proteins as demonstrated by immunoblot analysis. The availability of a biologically fully competent molecular clone of SIVagm allows us now to address various pertinent questions in an animal model system which should help to understand features of human immunodeficiency virus infection in human beings.
An Improved Algorithm for Reprojecting Rays through Pixel Images (1982)

It is often desired to calculate line integrals through a field of reconstructed CT density pixels for the purpose of improving CT image quality. Two algorithms widely published and discussed in the past are known to either degrade spatial resolution or generate errors in the results due to the discontinuous "square pixel" modeling of the reconstructed image. An algorithm is described, based on linear interpolation between pixels, which provides superior accuracy without unnecessary loss of resolution. It was tested on simulated data for a head section and on a narrow Gaussian density distribution. The experimental results demonstrated improved performance. The method is expected to prove useful for many types of post-reconstruction processing, including beam hardening, missing data, and noise supression algorithms.
How to Evolve Autonomous Robots: Different Approaches in Evolutionary Robotics (1994)

A methodology for evolving the control systems of autonomous robots has not yet been well established. In this paper we will show different examples of applications of evolutionary robotics to real robots by describing three different approaches to develop neural controllers for mobile robots. In all the experiments described real robots are involved and are indeed the ultimate means of evaluating the success and the results of the procedures employed. Each approach will be compared with the others and the relative advantages and drawbacks will be discussed. Last, but not least, we will try to tackle a few important issues related to the design of the hardware and of the evolutionary conditions in which the control system of the autonomous agent should evolve.
Exchange coupling in magnetic heterostructures (1993)

Many structures consisting of magnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic spacer layer show an oscillatory exchange coupling. This behavior is explained in terms of a simple model that shows that the Fermi surface of the spacer-layer material is responsible for the oscillatory coupling. The periods of the oscillatory coupling are set by extremal spanning vectors of the Fermi surface of the spacer-layer material. The strength of the coupling depends both on the geometry of the Fermi surface and on the reflection amplitudes for electrons scattering from the interfaces between the spacer layers and the magnetic layers. To test this and related models, the extremal spanning vectors and the associated Fermi-surface geometrical factors have been calculated for a large set of spacer-layer materials and interface orientations. These models are at least consistent with the experimental data. All measured oscillation periods are consistent with the calculated periods, but particularly for transition metals there are many more periods calculated than are seen experimentally.
Supporting Security Sensitive Tenants in a Bare-Metal Cloud (2019)

Bolted is a new architecture for bare-metal clouds that enables tenants to control tradeoffs between security, price, and performance. Security-sensitive tenants can minimize their trust in the public cloud provider and achieve similar levels of security and control that they can obtain in their own private data centers. At the same time, Bolted neither imposes overhead on tenants that are security insensitive nor compromises the flexibility or operational efficiency of the provider. Our prototype exploits a novel provisioning system and specialized firmware to enable elasticity similar to virtualized clouds. Experimentally we quantify the cost of different levels of security for a variety of workloads and demonstrate the value of giving control to the tenant.
Transcriptome analysis of <i>mlo</i> ‐mediated resistance in the epidermis of barley (2005)

SUMMARY The shoot epidermis of plants is of prime importance for host and non-host defence against a large number of fungal diseases, including powdery mildew of barley, caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f.sp. hordei. In order to understand better the mechanisms within the epidermis leading to susceptibility as well as durable host resistance, we characterized the transcriptome of two Blumeria-attacked, near-isogenic barley lines of cv Ingrid differing in the presence or absence of the mlo5 resistance gene. A cDNA array was established containing 3128 unique sequences from pathogen-attacked, resistant barley epidermis, which was hybridized with cDNA probes from pathogen-challenged epidermis. Expression analysis resulted in the identification of 311 candidate genes that were differentially expressed in a reproducible manner between control and inoculated epidermis. Among the up-regulated genes were 18 of fungal origin. The amplitude of differential host gene expression was generally higher in the presence of the mlo5 resistance gene as compared with a susceptible interaction. This suggests that mlo-mediated resistance is based on multiple defence compounds and mechanisms once pathogen-derived molecular patterns have been recognized, which yields a possible explanation for the durability of the phenomenon in the field.
The Human Cationic Antimicrobial Protein (hCAP18), a Peptide Antibiotic, Is Widely Expressed in Human Squamous Epithelia and Colocalizes with Interleukin-6 (1999)

Peptide antibiotics are widespread in nature and, by providing a rapid first line of defense, may be key players in the innate immune system. Although epithelia are the main barriers shielding the internal environment from microorganisms, the role for peptide antibiotics in epithelial protection is unclear. We recently reported that the human cationic antimicrobial protein hCAP18, the precursor of the antimicrobial peptide called LL-37, is not expressed by normal human keratinocytes but is induced in various inflammatory skin disorders. In the present study we demonstrate that hCAP18 is consistently expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in squamous epithelia of the mouth, tongue, esophagus, cervix, and vagina in humans. The gene for hCAP18 contains promoter elements that are potentially regulated by interleukin-6, and our data further show a colocalization between interleukin-6 and hCAP18 expression in these tissues. Our finding that hCAP18 is widely produced in squamous epithelia suggests a role for this peptide in epithelial antimicrobial defense. Furthermore, colocalization with interleukin-6 indicates a potential local mechanism for the upregulation of hCAP18 at the epithelial surfaces.
Effects of metabolic inhibition on conduction, Ca transients, and arrhythmia vulnerability in embryonic mouse hearts (2007)

Developing myocardium is more dependent on glycolysis than adult myocardium, yet the effects of selectively inhibiting glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation on embryonic heart function have not been well characterized. Accordingly, we investigated how selective metabolic inhibition affects membrane voltage and intracellular Ca (Ca(i)) transients in embryonic mouse hearts, including their susceptibility to arrhythmias. A total of 136 isolated embryonic mouse hearts were exposed to either 1) 2-deoxyglucose (2DG; 10 mM) or iodoacetate (IAA; 0.1 mM) with 10 mM pyruvate in place of glucose to selectively inhibit glycolysis or 2) the mitochondrial uncoupler protonophore carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP; 500 nM) with 10 mM glucose present to selectively inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. Using confocal imaging, we found that mitochondrial membrane potential monitored with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (200 nM) remained stable with 2DG or IAA but depolarized within 5 min after exposure to FCCP. IAA and FCCP decreased heart rate, inhibited Ca(i) transient amplitude, shortened action potential duration at 80% repolarization (APD(80)), and prolonged atrioventricular conduction time to similar extents. Although 2DG decreased heart rate and Ca(i) transient amplitude, it did not significantly affect APD(80) and AV conduction time. In addition, spontaneous arrhythmias occurred in 77 of 136 embryonic hearts (57%) after exposure to IAA (28/53) or FCCP (49/83). There were no significant differences in the types or incidence of arrhythmias induced by IAA and FCCP. These data support the idea that both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation play critical metabolic roles in regulating cardiac function in the embryonic mouse heart.
The Enzymatic Synthesis of Lipid A: Molecular Structure and Biologic Function of Monosaccharide Precursors (1984)

Certain Escherichia coli mutants, deficient in phosphatidylglycerol, accumulate novel, glucosamine-derived phospholipids that appear to be very early precursors of lipid A. The simplest of these, lipid X, is a derivative of glucosamine-1-phosphate substituted with beta-hydroxymyristoyl moieties at positions 2 and 3. The discovery of lipid X makes it possible to predict a biosynthetic pathway and a unified structure for lipid A. In addition, the minimal molecular requirements for the mitogenic and endotoxic properties of lipopolysaccharides can be elucidated with compounds of this kind.
Biochemical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease by Measuring the Cerebrospinal Fluid Ratio of Phosphorylated tau Protein to β-Amyloid Peptide42 (2003)

The diagnostic usefulness of the CSF ratio of phospho-tau to Abeta42 is superior to either measure alone and can be recommended as an aid to evaluating individuals suspected of having dementia.
Nanocarriers as pulmonary drug delivery systems to treat and to diagnose respiratory and non respiratory diseases (2008)

The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of nanocarriers administered by pulmonary route to treat and to diagnose respiratory and non respiratory diseases. Indeed, during the past 10 years, the removal of chlorofluorocarbon propellants from industrial and household products intended for the pulmonary route has lead to the developments of new alternative products. Amongst these ones, on one hand, a lot of attention has been focused to improve the bioavailability of marketed drugs intended for respiratory diseases and to develop new concepts for pulmonary administration of drugs and, on the other hand, to use the pulmonary route to administer drugs for systemic diseases. This has led to some marketed products through the last decade. Although the introduction of nanotechnology permitted to step over numerous problems and to improve the bioavailability of drugs, there are, however, unresolved delivery problems to be still addressed. These scientific and industrial innovations and challenges are discussed along this review together with an analysis of the current situation concerning the industrial developments.
Para hydrogen induced polarization in hydrogenation reactions (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPara hydrogen induced polarization in hydrogenation reactionsThomas C. Eisenschmid, Rein U. Kirss, Paul P. Deutsch, Sven I. Hommeltoft, Richard Eisenberg, Joachim Bargon, Ronald G. Lawler, and Alan L. BalchCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 26, 8089–8091Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00260a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00260a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1431Altmetric-Citations427LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characteristics and predictors of home injury hazards among toddlers in Wenzhou, China: a community-based cross-sectional study (2014)

The results showed that a higher number of home hazards were significantly attributed to older toddlers, migrant toddlers and poorer family functioning. This result suggested that heath care providers should focus on the vulnerable family and help the parents assess home hazards. Further study is needed to find interventions on how to manage home hazards for toddlers in China.
Cross talk between holograms of finite contrast in a phase-code multiplexing system (2004)

The cross talk between holograms recorded in a phase-code multiplexing system is analyzed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived for the original image of a finite contrast ratio in the presence of a phase-shift error of the reference beam. It is shown that one particular code in the Walsh-Hadamard code set can be the dominant cross-talk noise source. We experimentally measured the SNR of the holograms recorded in an 8-bit phase-code multiplexing system by varying the contrast ratio of the original image. We show good agreement between experiment and theory. The existence of one bad code is also shown experimentally.
Dynamic 3-D Visualization of Vocal Tract Shaping During Speech (2012)

Noninvasive imaging is widely used in speech research as a means to investigate the shaping and dynamics of the vocal tract during speech production. 3-D dynamic MRI would be a major advance, as it would provide 3-D dynamic visualization of the entire vocal tract. We present a novel method for the creation of 3-D dynamic movies of vocal tract shaping based on the acquisition of 2-D dynamic data from parallel slices and temporal alignment of the image sequences using audio information. Multiple sagittal 2-D real-time movies with synchronized audio recordings are acquired for English vowel-consonant-vowel stimuli /ala/, /a.ιa/, /asa/, and /a∫a/. Audio data are aligned using mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) extracted from windowed intervals of the speech signal. Sagittal image sequences acquired from all slices are then aligned using dynamic time warping (DTW). The aligned image sequences enable dynamic 3-D visualization by creating synthesized movies of the moving airway in the coronal planes, visualizing desired tissue surfaces and tube-shaped vocal tract airway after manual segmentation of targeted articulators and smoothing. The resulting volumes allow for dynamic 3-D visualization of salient aspects of lingual articulation, including the formation of tongue grooves and sublingual cavities, with a temporal resolution of 78 ms.
Braking with tradition : intellectual property (2013)

As will be apparent from perusing the articles posted on the IPSTELL blog (www.blogs.sun.ac.za/ipstell) indicated by the keywords traditional knowledge, The Vine Oracle (the voice of the Stellenbosch Chair of Intellectual Property) has been forthright in its criticism and condemnation of the Department of Trade and Industry's Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Bill.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Pain (2011)

Fatty acids, which are the essential nutrients for humans, are an important source of energy and an essential component of cell membranes. They also function as signal transduction molecules in a range of biological phenomena. Recently, an increasing number of physiologic and pharmacologic reports on fatty acids have improved our understanding of the association of fatty acids with certain diseases. It has also become apparent that functional properties of fatty acids are modulated by factors such as the amount of individual fatty acid intake and their distribution among organs. Recently, the functional relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and pain has been the focus of many studies. Both basic and clinical studies have shown that a dietary intake of n-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids results in a reduction in the pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, inflammatory bowl disease, and neuropathy. In addition, levels of n-6 series polyunsaturated fatty acids are high in patients with chronic pain. These results indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids play a vital role in pain regulation. In this review, we summarize a number of basic and clinical studies on polyunsaturated fatty acids and their association with pain.