gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maximally localized generalized Wannier functions for composite energy bands (1997)

We discuss a method for determining the optimally localized set of generalized Wannier functions associated with a set of Bloch bands in a crystalline solid. By ``generalized Wannier functions'' we mean a set of localized orthonormal orbitals spanning the same space as the specified set of Bloch bands. Although we minimize a functional that represents the total spread ${\ensuremath{\sum}}_{n}〈{r}^{2}{〉}_{n}\ensuremath{-}〈\mathbf{r}{〉}_{n}^{2}$ of the Wannier functions in real space, our method proceeds directly from the Bloch functions as represented on a mesh of $k$ points, and carries out the minimization in a space of unitary matrices ${U}_{\mathrm{mn}}^{(\mathbf{k})}$ describing the rotation among the Bloch bands at each $k$ point. The method is thus suitable for use in connection with conventional electronic-structure codes. The procedure also returns the total electric polarization as well as the location of each Wannier center. Sample results for Si, GaAs, molecular C${}_{2}$H${}_{4}$, and LiCl will be presented.
Actinidin Enhances Protein Digestion in the Small Intestine As Assessed Using an in Vitro Digestion Model (2010)

This paper describes an in vitro study that tests the proposition that actinidin from green kiwifruit influences the digestion of proteins in the small intestine. Different food proteins, from sources including soy, meat, milk, and cereals, were incubated in the presence or absence of green kiwifruit extract (containing actinidin) using a two-stage in vitro digestion system consisting of an incubation with pepsin at stomach pH (simulating gastric digestion) and then with added pancreatin at small intestinal pH, simulating upper tract digestion in humans. The digests from the small intestinal stage (following the gastric digestion phase) were subjected to gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to assess loss of intact protein and development of large peptides during the in vitro simulated digestion. Kiwifruit extract influenced the digestion patterns of all of the proteins to various extents. For some proteins, actinidin had little impact on digestion. However, for other proteins, the presence of kiwifruit extract resulted in a substantially greater loss of intact protein and different peptide patterns from those seen after digestion with pepsin and pancreatin alone. In particular, enhanced digestion of whey protein isolate, zein, gluten, and gliadin was observed. In addition, reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) analysis showed that a 2.5 h incubation of sodium caseinate with kiwifruit extract alone resulted in approximately 45% loss of intact protein.
Chaotic generation of PN sequences: a VLSI implementation (2003)

Generation of repeatable pseudo-random sequences with chaotic analog electronics is not feasible using standard circuit topologies. Component variation caused by imperfect fabrication causes the same divergence of output sequences as does varying initial conditions. By quantizing the output of a simple chaotic difference equation and using delayed feedback, we are able to construct a circuit which has properties both of randomness and repeatability. Simulation results show sequence lengths in excess of 10000 bits with cross correlations less than 0.02 for our architecture. The system has been implemented using AMI 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, and digitally using AMD MACH complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Circuit measurements are in agreement with our theoretical findings.
Pharmacokinetics of 6‐hydroxybuspirone and its enantiomers administered individually or following buspirone administration in humans (2007)

The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of 6-hydroxybuspirone (6OHB) when given orally via three forms: racemate (BMS-528215), S-enantiomer (BMS-442606) and R-enantiomer (BMS-442608), versus following the administration of buspirone. A double-blind, randomized, four-period, four-treatment, crossover study balanced for residual effects in healthy subjects was conducted (n=20). Subjects received single 10 mg doses of each compound in a randomized fashion with pharmacokinetics determined over a 24 h period. There was a 4-day washout between each dosing period. All three forms of 6OHB (racemate, S-enantiomer and R-enantiomer) were well tolerated. There was nterconversion between enantiomers. The dominant enantiomer was the S-enantiomer no matter which form of 6OHB was administered. All three forms of 6OHB produced approximately 2- to 3-fold greater exposure to total 6OHB than did buspirone. All three forms produced equal exposure to 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (1-PP) which was approximately 30% less than the 1-PP exposure derived from buspirone administration. All three forms of 6OHB produced approximately 3-fold higher 6OHB:1-PP ratios and approximately 2.5-fold higher total 6OHB exposures than did buspirone administration. All compounds were well tolerated. There seemed to be no advantage of one of the enantiomers of 6OHB over the racemate. Therefore, the racemate was chosen for further clinical development.
Activation of hepatic stellate cells - a key issue in liver fibrosis (2002)

Hepatic fibrosis describes the presence of excess collagen due to new fiber formation, laid down as part of the tissue repair response to chronic liver injury. The causes of injury include toxins, disorders of the immune system, viral and parasitic infections, as well as rarer liver diseases such as haemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and galactosaemia. Whatever the cause of injury, the cells and soluble factors contributing to this wound healing response are similar. The principal effector of hepatic fibrogenesis is now widely recognized as the hepatic stellate cell. Stellate cells are usually quiescent cells, but in response to liver injury they undergo an activation process in which they become highly proliferative and synthesize a fibrotic matrix rich in type I collagen. Initiation of stellate cell activation is largely due to paracrine stimulation, whereas perpetuation of activation involves autocrine as well as paracrine loops, and is dependent on a number of functional changes. The principal paracrine and autocrine factors currently thought to be involved in these processes are discussed in this review, as are the roles of the extracellular matrix, the nuclear receptor superfamily, non-peptide ligands, and oxidative stress.
Development of a power supply for the pulse MIG arc welding with a wire melting rate change (2006)

Joining thin aluminum alloy is difficult using most welding techniques. Many of the problems associated with bum-through by the high heat input. Common welding techniques are TIG(Tungsten Inert Gas), MIG(Metal Inert Gas), and PULSE-MIG welding. The method provides more control of the heat balance in the welding arc by taking advantage of the different arc characteristics obtained with each of the two polarities. In this paper, we proposed a new welding method by control DSP 320C32, and the characteristic and experiment result-voltage, current, welding bead, penetrations by this method are presented.
REACTIONS WITH 6-METHYL-2-THIOURACIL SYNTHESIS OF DIPYRIMIDINO[2,1-b:1′,2′-c]THIAZINE. A NEW RING SYSTEM (1992)

Abstract Bromination of 6-methyl-2-thiouracil (I) gave the 5-bromo analogue II. Alkylation of each of I and II yielded the S-alkyl derivatives IIIa-g. Cyclisation of IIIa,c gave the 3,7-dimethylthiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines VIIa,b. The 2-arylmethylenethiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines VIa-i were synthesized via the reaction of either I or II with a mixture of chloroacetic acid and aromatic aldehydes. The 2-methylthiopyrimidine analogue VIII reacted with aromatic amines to produce the 2-arylamino derivatives IXa,b. Condensation of the 2-hydrazino analogue X with aromatic aldehydes formed the Schiff's bases XIa-e. The analogue XIb could be cyclised by bromine into the 6-bromo-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine derivative XIII. The reaction of X with each of carbon disulphide and chloroacetyl chloride gave the s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine XVII and pyrimido[2,1-c]-as-triazine XIX derivatives, respectively. Also, compound X reacted with either 2,4-pentanedione, 3-chloro-2,4-pentanedione or 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione to form the 2-pyrazolylpyrimidines XXIa-c, respectively. Malononitrile added to XXII to yield the dipyrimidino-[2,1-b:1′,2′-c]thiazine XXIII with a new ring system.
Superconductivity: As temperatures rise, so do demands on MEs (1988)

The authors discuss the technical challenges that are involved in transforming high-temperature superconducting materials into useful components and how meeting these challenges will require a multidisciplinary effort from mechanical engineering specialists in such areas as heat transfer, structural mechanics, materials processing and system design.
Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors:  Structural Revelations, Target Identifications, and Therapeutic Inspirations (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPerspectiveNEXTNeuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Structural Revelations, Target Identifications, and Therapeutic InspirationsAnders A. Jensen, Bente Frølund, Tommy Liljefors, and Povl Krogsgaard-LarsenView Author Information Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 15, 4705–4745Publication Date (Web):July 21, 2005Publication History Received21 December 2004Published online21 July 2005Published inissue 1 July 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm040219ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm040219ereview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4338Altmetric-Citations456LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Agonists,Antagonists,Ligands,Receptors,Rodent models Get e-Alerts
Performance analysis of probabilistic multi-path geographic routing in wireless sensor networks (2008)

We present a theoretical performance analysis of network lifetime for sensor networks that route packets through multiple paths between a source and destination pair. Our analysis is based on the length of the paths established and we show how this value can be used to estimate the lifetime of the sensor network. Through our analysis, we show how much the network lifetime can be increased when additional paths are established between source and destination. We divide our analysis in two parts: 1) when the probability of link-level retransmission is negligible; 2) when it is significant. In the former case, we develop analytical closed-form equations that allow us to compute the expected network lifetime. In the latter case, we develop theoretical tools that allow us to compute the probability distribution function of the network lifetime and we show simulation results that confirm our theoretical analysis. We also demonstrate how to estimate the increase in network lifetime when more than one path is added. We also compute the probabilities of packet forwarding for each path that maximise the gain in network lifetime.
VLSI architectures for MPEG (2004)

This paper provides an overview on the MPEG-4 standard in general with a special emphasis on the implementation of the video coding part. Properties of the most popular visual profiles, their application fields, and characteristic implementation examples are discussed. The review of current state-of-the-art and future developments in MPEG-4 circuit design known from literature includes dedicated hardware as well as programmable architectures, such as embedded RISC-based (software) solutions, DSPs, and media processors.
Fluorescence Dynamics of Dye Probes in Micelles (1997)

The fluorescence depolarization dynamics of organic fluorescent dye probes (nile red, cresyl violet, DODCI, rhodamine B, and rhodamine DPPE) were studied in cationic, anionic, and neutral micelles by picosecond time-resolved single-photon-counting technique. The fluorescence anisotropy decay of the dye intercalated inside the micelle is a two-exponential function. The anisotropy decay was interpreted by using a model of rotational (wobbling) and translational diffusion of the dye in the micelle coupled with the rotational motion of the micelle as a whole. The rotational and translational diffusion coefficients of the dye, the order parameter, and the semicone angle for the wobbling diffusion in the micelle were determined. The concept of “microviscosity” in the micelle was critically discussed in the light of the rotational and translational diffusion coefficients and their temperature dependence.
Microfabricated Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Device for Differential Protein Expression Profiling (2007)

A microfluidic separation system is developed to perform two-dimensional differential gel electrophoretic (DIGE) separations of complex, cellular protein mixtures produced by induced protein expression in E. coli. The micro-DIGE analyzer is a two-layer borosilicate glass microdevice consisting of a single 3.75 cm long channel for isoelectric focusing, which is sampled in parallel by 20 channels effecting a second-dimension separation by native electrophoresis. The connection between the orthogonal separation systems is accomplished by smaller channels comprising a microfluidic interface (MFI) that prevents media leakage between the two dimensions and enables facile loading of discontinuous gel systems in each dimension. Proteins are covalently labeled with Cy2 and Cy3 DIGE and detected simultaneously with a rotary confocal fluorescence scanner. Reproducible two-dimensional separations of both purified proteins and complex protein mixtures are performed with minimal run-to-run variation by including 7 M urea in the second-dimension separation matrix. The capabilities of the micro-DIGE analyzer are demonstrated by following the induced expression of maltose binding protein in E. coli. Although the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the second-dimension sizing separation limits the orthogonality and peak capacity of the separation, this analyzer is a significant first step toward the reproducible two-dimensional analysis of complex protein samples in microfabricated devices. Furthermore, the microchannel interface structures developed here will facilitate other multidimensional separations in microdevices.
Surfactant substitution in the newborn by application of artificial surfactant (1987)

A protein-free artificial surfactant (ALEC) composed of two phospholipids when given as a prophylactic treatment at birth to very premature babies in randomized controlled trials. It was shown to reduce the severity of RDS, the ventilator pressure, the inspired oxygen requirements, the compliance of the respiratory system, the neonatal mortality and the incidence of ventricular hemorrhage. There are no apparent side effects from this treatment.
Soluble IGF2 Receptor Rescues <i>Apc</i> <i>Min/</i> + Intestinal Adenoma Progression Induced by <i>Igf2</i> Loss of Imprinting (2006)

The potent growth-promoting activity of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is highly regulated during development but frequently up-regulated in tumors. Increased expression of the normally monoallelic (paternally expressed) mouse (Igf2) and human (IGF2) genes modify progression of intestinal adenoma in the Apc(Min/+) mouse and correlate with a high relative risk of human colorectal cancer susceptibility, respectively. We examined the functional consequence of Igf2 allelic dosage (null, monoallelic, and biallelic) on intestinal adenoma development in the Apc(Min/+) by breeding with mice with either disruption of Igf2 paternal allele or H19 maternal allele and used these models to evaluate an IGF-II-specific therapeutic intervention. Increased allelic Igf2 expression led to elongation of intestinal crypts, increased adenoma growth independent of systemic growth, and increased adenoma nuclear beta-catenin staining. By introducing a transgene expressing a soluble form of the full-length IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (sIGF2R) in the intestine, which acts as a specific inhibitor of IGF-II ligand bioavailability (ligand trap), we show rescue of the Igf2-dependent intestinal and adenoma phenotype. This evidence shows the functional potency of allelic dosage of an epigenetically regulated gene in cancer and supports the application of an IGF-II ligand-specific therapeutic intervention in colorectal cancer.
Effect of Salt Concentration on Base-gel Viscosity of Different Polymers used in Stimulation Fluid Systems (2014)

Abstract Most conventional and unconventional reservoirs use viscous fluid systems for hydraulic fracturing for various reasons, such as good proppant transport, less fluid loss, less pumping friction pressure, etc. Salt is often introduced as part of the fluid system for clay protection as well as to increase hydrostatic pressure, resulting in reduced surface pressure. This paper investigates the effect of salt concentration on reduced viscosity for different types of polymers used in fracturing fluids. Different polymers, such as guar, hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and other biopolymers, are used for preparation of fracturing fluids. Aqueous solutions of these polymers become viscous gel on hydration. KCl salts at different concentrations were mixed with the different polymer gels at room temperature and the viscosity change was observed at a shear rate of 511sec-1. The effect of salt on the hydration rate was also observed at room temperature for the different polymers. A hydration time of up to 60 min was maintained. Plots with different polymers were compared at fixed salt concentrations to identify which polymers experienced more severe effects. It was observed that the CMC category fluids experienced a high reduction to viscosity with the salt content than other fluids. A chemical explanation is given to understand salt effects on different polymer structures. Many offshore wells use seawater for preparation of fracturing fluids, which is known to contain high salt concentrations. Even drilling fluids use different polymers at various salt concentrations to increase cutting stability as well as mud weight. Formation water can also contain high salt content. When drilling or stimulation fluids mix with formation brine, a high reduction to viscosity can occur, resulting in poor proppant or cuttings transport. This study should aid the decision-making process when choosing polymers and adjusting viscosities considering salt effects.
A summary of efforts toward the definition of potential upgrades to the Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (2002)

Efforts are underway in the Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) Program Office to plan for potential upgrades to the JHMCS system. This planning is based on understanding improvements in operational capability that can be offered to the tactical fighter pilot, and the technologies that might make those improvements possible. In addition, there is a focus on evaluation of technological innovations that offer promise for improving the operational utility and affordability of the system. Veda Inc. was tasked by the program office to investigate and report on these areas to support technology transition and product improvement pre-planning efforts. The report is a summary of those efforts.
Hybrid IC Structures Using Solder Reflow Technology (1979)

A study of hybrid IC's produced by solder refiow technology was carried out to achieve optimum miniaturization and substantial cost reduction. Thin-film resistor and capacitor network (R-C) chips and silicon integrated circuit (SIC) chips are mounted on a multilayered thick-film conductor substrate and connected to the substrate by solder joining. The chips are first supported by solder bumps, and then they are self-aligned by the surface tension of the solder through the reflow process. This process results in a joint that compensates for the deviation and undulation of the substrates. Mechanical supports and electrical contacts of hybrid IC's are accomplished through a single reflow process. These hybrid IC's have proven to be completely satisfactory and reliable.
“Soft elasticity” — deformation without resistance in liquid crystal elastomers (1994)

Polymeric nematic liquid crystals crosslinked into elastomers (solid liquid crystals) are shown to display novel and complex elasticity. The internal (nematic) direction can experience a barrier to its rotation which couples to standard elasticity. We predict a new phenomena unique to anisotropic rubber – a “soft elastic response”; uniaxial strain is developed without resistance below a critical deformation λ* due to the relaxation of related shear strains and reorientation of the nematic director. We discuss possible experiments to verify this prediction and interpret the existing experimental observation in terms of the concept of “soft elasticity”.
Management of tuberculosis in pregnancy. (1995)

In the United States, escalating rates of homelessness and human immunodeficiency virus infection have provided a background for the resurgence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This scourge of tuberculosis has disproportionately affected groups of reproductive-age women who have limited access to health care. Despite wide reporting of an increased incidence of tuberculosis, a low index of suspicion continues to delay diagnosis of the disease in pregnant women. As a result, a newborn diagnosed with congenital infection often becomes the index case for maternal infection. To become proficient in the prenatal diagnosis of tuberculosis, clinicians must make an in-depth review of the clinical signs and symptoms consistent with tuberculosis a routine part of obstetrical screening. Once diagnosed, tuberculosis is treated as aggressively in pregnancy as it is in the nonpregnant patient.
Taking On the Global Boss: An Interview with Paul Garver of the IUF (1993)

[Excerpt] Paul Garver is a coordinator on transnational corporations at the International Union of Food, Agriculture, Tobacco, Hotel, Restaurant and Allied Workers (IUF), an international trade union secretariat (ITS). The IUF has three staff people who coordinate the work of IUF in dealing with transnational corporations operating within IUF industries. This interview was conducted by LRR Associate Editor Andy Banks, who is the Education Officer for Public Services International (PSI), the ITS for public sector unions. Both are based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Intramuscular Olanzapine and Intramuscular Haloperidol in the Treatment of Acute Agitation in Schizophrenia (2001)

Intramuscular olanzapine represents a rapid, effective, and safe treatment for acute agitation in schizophrenia.