gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multilayer Nanoencapsulation. New Approach for Immune Protection of Human Pancreatic Islets (2006)

Immune protection of artificial tissue by means of pancreatic islet microencapsulation is a very ambitious new approach to avoid life-long immune suppression. But the success in the utilization of the alginate-beads with incorporated islets is unfortunately limited. Some of the problems cannot be solved by a two-component system, so polymer encapsulation of the microbeads was tested to improve the properties. In the present paper a pure nanoencapsulation multilayer approach was tested in order to reduce the size of the capsule and possibly apply in the future a multilayer capsule with individual properties in each layer or region of the capsule. Different polycations were attached in a self-assembly process. The advantage in using the surface charge of islets as binding site for the polyions is the guarantee of complete coverage after the second layer. Release of insulin was determined to characterize the function of the islets after encapsulation as well as the permeability of the capsule. Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the polyelectrolyte layers. Finally by means of an immune assay, the protection capability of the capsule was proved. In these first measurements the encapsulation with a multilayer nanocapsule was shown to be a possible alternative to the more space-consuming and random islet-trapping microencapsulation.
PATTERNS OF INFORMATION SEEKING ON THE WEB: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF DOMAIN EXPERTISE AND WEB EXPERTISE (2003)

This research examines the pattern of Web information seeking in four groups of nurses with different combinations of domain expertise and Web expertise. Protocols were gathered as the nurses carried out information-seeking tasks in the domain of osteoporosis. Domain and Web novices searched breadth-first and did little or no evaluation of the results. Domain expert/Web novices also searched breadth-first but evaluated information more thoroughly using osteoporosis knowledge. Domain novice/Web experts searched in a mixed, breadth-first/depth-first pattern and attempted to evaluate information using general criteria. Domain expert/Web experts carried out depth-first searches, following deep trails of information and evaluated information based on the most varied and sophisticated criteria. The results suggest that there are distinct differences in searching patterns related to expertise. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are provided.
Virtual Appliances, Cloud Computing, and Reproducible Research (2012)

As science becomes increasingly computational, reproducibility has become increasingly difficult, perhaps surprisingly. In many contexts, virtualization and cloud computing can mitigate the issues involved without significant overhead to the researcher, enabling the next generation of rigorous and reproducible computational science.
Spironolactone Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolism by Ameliorating Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation and Suppressing Enhanced Gluconeogenesis Induced by High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet (2010)

Recent evidence suggests that treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist suppressed local inflammation in vascular tissues or cardiomyocytes; therefore, we examined the effect of spironolactone on glucose and lipid metabolism in a mouse model with diet-induced diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. C57BL/6 mice were fed either the control diet, 60% fat diet with 30% fructose water (HFFD), or HFFD with spironolactone for 8 wk. HFFD mice demonstrated apparent phenotypes of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver. Although treatment with spironolactone did not affect the increased calorie intake and body weight by HFFD, the increments of epididymal fat weight, blood pressure, serum triglyceride, free fatty acids, leptin, and total cholesterol levels were significantly suppressed. Elevation of blood glucose during glucose and insulin tolerance tests in HFFD mice was significantly lowered by spironolactone. Notably, increased glucose levels during pyruvate tolerance test in HFFD mice were almost completely ameliorated to control levels by the treatment. Staining with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Oil-red-O demonstrated marked accumulation of triglycerides in the centrilobular part of the hepatic lobule in HFFD mice, and these accumulations were effectively improved by spironolactone. Concomitantly HFFD feeding markedly up-regulated hepatic mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), gluconeogenic gene phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, transcription factor carbohydrate response element binding protein, and its downstream lipogenic enzymes, all of which were significantly suppressed by spironolactone. These results indicate that inhibition of mineralocorticoid receptor might be a beneficial therapeutic approach for diet-induced phenotypes of metabolic syndrome and fatty liver.
Retransmission Loss Recovery by Duplicate Acknowledgment Counting (2004)

The performance of transmission control protocol (TCP) is largely dependent upon its loss recovery. Therefore, it is a very important issue whether the packet losses may be recovered without retransmission timeout (RTO) or not. TCP always evokes RTO if a retransmitted packet is lost again. In order to alleviate this problem, we propose an algorithm called duplicate acknowledgment counting (DAC). We use a stochastic model to evaluate the performance of DAC, and compare it with TCP NewReno. Numerical results evaluated by simulations show that DAC can improve TCP loss recovery significantly in presence of random losses.
C4.5, Class Imbalance, and Cost Sensitivity: Why Under-Sampling beats Over-Sampling (2003)

This paper takes a new look at two sampling schemes commonly used to adapt machine algorithms to imbalanced classes and misclassification costs. It uses a performance analysis technique called cost curves to explore the interaction of over and under-sampling with the decision tree learner C4.5. C4.5 was chosen as, when combined with one of the sampling schemes, it is quickly becoming the community standard when evaluating new cost sensitive learning algorithms. This paper shows that using C4.5 with undersampling establishes a reasonable standard for algorithmic comparison. But it is recommended that the least cost classifier be part of that standard as it can be better than undersampling for relatively modest costs. Oversampling, however, shows little sensitivity, there is often little difference in performance when misclassification costs are changed. 1.
Interaction of Nuclear Receptors with the Wnt/β-Catenin/Tcf Signaling Axis: Wnt You Like to Know? (2005)

The cross-regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf ligands, kinases, and transcription factors with members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family has emerged as a clinically and developmentally important area of endocrine cell biology. Interactions between these signaling pathways result in a diverse array of cellular effects including altered cellular adhesion, tissue morphogenesis, and oncogenesis. Analyses of NR interactions with canonical Wnt signaling reveal two broad themes: Wnt/beta-catenin modulation of NRs (theme I), and ligand-dependent NR inhibition of the Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf cascade (theme II). Beta-catenin, a promiscuous Wnt signaling member, has been studied intensively in relation to the androgen receptor (AR). Beta-catenin acts as a coactivator of AR transcription and is also involved in co-trafficking, increasing cell proliferation, and prostate pathogenesis. T cell factor, a transcriptional mediator of beta-catenin and AR, engages in a dynamic reciprocity of nuclear beta-catenin, p300/CREB binding protein, and transcriptional initiation factor 2/GC receptor-interaction protein, thereby facilitating hormone-dependent coactivation and transrepression. Beta-catenin responds in an equally dynamic manner with other NRs, including the retinoic acid (RA) receptor (RAR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), progesterone receptor, thyroid receptor (TR), estrogen receptor (ER), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). The NR ligands, vitamin D(3), trans/cis RA, glucocorticoids, and thiazolidines, induce dramatic changes in the physiology of cells harboring high Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf activity. Wnt signaling regulates, directly or indirectly, developmental processes such as ductal branching and adipogenesis, two processes dependent on NR function. Beta-catenin has been intensively studied in colorectal cancer; however, it is now evident that beta-catenin may be important in cancers of the breast, prostate, and thyroid. This review will focus on the cross-regulation of AR and Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf but will also consider the dynamic manner in which RAR/RXR, GR, TR, VDR, ER, and PPAR modulate canonical Wnt signaling. Although many commonalities exist by which NRs interact with the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, striking cell line and tissue-specific differences require deciphering and application to endocrine pathology.
Effects of factors derived from a tumor clonal cell line on DNA synthesis of transformed and non transformed cells (1985)

Conditioned medium from neoplastic thyroid cell cultures, extracts of tumors developed by identical cells in isogeneic Fisher 344 rats and serum from those tumor-bearing animals, were tested in pulse thymidine labelled experiments on a transformed and two non transformed cell lines. Tumor extract and conditioned medium inhibited DNA synthesis. Tumor-bearing rat serum increased DNA synthesis in a cerebellar transformed cell line, but no in chick embryo fibroblasts or in aorta non transformed cells.
Electroluminescence in Zinc Sulfide (1962)

Microscopic observations of electroluminescent emission from ZnS crystals activated with Cu, Cu: Pb, or Ag have shown that the typical emitting entity is a narrow line. These lines lie in [$1\overline{1}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}0$] directions of the wurtzite structure in planar regions associated with stacking faults or closely spaced alternations in crystal structure. A model of electroluminescence involving linear physical defects is proposed for the origin of the lines and their observed dependence on voltage, frequency, and phase of the applied electric field.
Developments in the concentration of sulfuric acid (1982)

This article deals with sulfuric acid concentration processes as they are being affected by changing circumstances. High temperature processes, such as the pot concentrator, have their major use in reconcentrating acids with organic contaminants which must be reduced to the lowest possible level. Considerable effort is being expended to develop a successor to the pot concentrator, but it is probably too early to judge whether this has been achieved. For large scale concentration of relatively clean acid the vacuum system is expected to be the process of choice. The concentration of heavily fouling waste acids presents a difficult problem, as processes involving direct use of combustion gases will probably not be acceptable on air pollution grounds. Progress in improving thermal efficiency in these cases will depend on developing acid clean-up processes to operate in conjunction with the acid concentrator. Some equipment design details are given along with schematics of the whole concentration plants. 8 refs.
<sup/> Demineralized Bone Matrix as a Carrier for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2: Burst Release Combined with Long-Term Binding and Osteoinductive Activity Evaluated <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> (2017)

To allow bone defect regeneration, autologous bone grafting still represents the gold standard. However, autograft harvesting has limitations, including an additional surgery, donor site morbidity, and limited availability. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) would represent an alternative, yet lacks sufficient osteoinductive properties. Combining DBM with a potent agent, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) might be a feasible alternative approach, optimizing an established grafting material with strong osteoinductive properties. A unique mixing device has been developed that enables perioperative handling to reach a homogeneous and standardized paste for bone defect filling. DBM proved in vitro to be a suitable carrier for BMP-2, with a documented release over 56 days at concentrations sufficient to stimulate osteogenic differentiation. At the end of the elution experiment, 56 days, bioactive BMP was still captured within the DBM. Using a sheep drill hole defect model, DBM perioperatively mixed with BMP-2 showed strong osteoinductive properties comparable to those of autologous bone and outnumbering the one of DBM alone or empty defects. Bone defect healing was enabled at diaphyseal and metaphyseal defects and thus BMP-2-doped DBM represented an easy perioperative enriching method and an efficient carrier for BMP-2. With the comparability to the clinical gold standard autologous bone, DBM mixed with BMP-2 might serve as possible alternative grafting material enabling a controlled osteogenic stimulation.
In vivo Vision of the Human Skin with the Tandem Scanning Microscope (1993)

The tandem scanning reflected light microscope invented by Petran and Hadravsky provides real-time vision in the confocal mode. It performs nondestructive optical sectioning of biological material to a depth that depends on the transparency of the tissue. This real-time facility adds a fourth dimension (time) to the study of living specimens. In the present work, human skin was explored in vivo, at the cellular level to a depth of 150 microns. Two different anatomical sites were investigated: the back of the hand and the volar aspect of the forearm. The stratification of the horny layers, the nuclei of the living keratinocytes through the whole epidermis and the capillary loops within the superficial dermis constituted clear reference points. These permitted thickness measurements of the stratum corneum and epidermis to an accuracy of 1 microns. This method of exploration provides a new challenge for dermatologists and cosmetologists.
Collagen−Protein Interactions Mapped by Phototriggered Thiol Introduction (2003)

Accumulating evidence shows that collagen plays important roles in many biological systems by interacting with various proteins. The major limitation to determining protein-binding sites on collagen has been a lack of useful methods. We have developed a new strategy for mapping these sites using a photoreactive cross-linker, APDP. A unique -SH group can be introduced into collagen in the vicinity of the protein-binding sites by DTT reduction of the SS bond in the cross-linked product. To identify the sites of cross-linking in collagen, the strategy used was as follows: (i) derivatization of the free -SH group with fluorescein-5-maleimide (FM); (ii) fragmentation of collagen with an appropriate collagenase; (iii) separation of FM-labeled fragments by two-dimensional diagonal electrophoresis; and (iv) detection of cross-linked partners of collagen-binding protein as fluorescent spots under UV light. This strategy can be used to determine the binding sites of various proteins on collagen.
Implementation and analysis of an image-based global illumination framework for animated environments (1996)

We describe a new framework for efficiently computing and storing global illumination effects for complex, animated environments. The new framework allows the rapid generation of sequences representing any arbitrary path in a "view space" within an environment in which both the viewer and objects move. The global illumination is stored as time sequences of range-images at base locations that span the view space. We present algorithms for determining locations for these base images, and the time steps required to adequately capture the effects of object motion. We also present algorithms for computing the global illumination in the base images that exploit spatial and temporal coherence by considering direct and indirect illumination separately. We discuss an initial implementation using the new framework. Results and analysis of our implementation demonstrate the effectiveness of the individual phases of the approach; we conclude with an application of the complete framework to a complex environment that includes object motion.
Single-layer thin HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric with n+-polysilicon gate (2002)

MOSCAPs and MOSFETs of a single-layer thin HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric with n+ polysilicon gate were fabricated and characterized. Polysilicon process was optimized such that leakage current and equivalent oxide thickness of HfO/sub 2/ remained low. Excellent C-V properties (e.g. low Dit and frequency dispersion) and reliability characteristics were obtained. Reasonable MOSFET quality was also demonstrated.
Early Events in Herpes Simplex Virus Lifecycle with Implications for an Infection of Lifetime (2012)

Affecting a large percentage of human population herpes simplex virus (HSV) types -1 and -2 mainly cause oral, ocular, and genital diseases. Infection begins with viral entry into a host cell, which may be preceded by viral "surfing" along filopodia. Viral glycoproteins then bind to one or more of several cell surface receptors, such as herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin-1, 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS), paired immunoglobulin-like receptor α, and non-muscle myosin-IIA. At least five viral envelope glycoproteins participate in entry and these include gB, gC, gD and gH-gL. Post-entry, these glycoproteins may also facilitate cell-to-cell spread of the virus, which helps in the evasion of physical barriers as well as several components of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The spread may be facilitated by membrane fusion, movement across tight junctions, transfer across neuronal synapses, or the recruitment of actin-containing structures. This review summarizes some of the recent advances in our understanding of HSV entry and cell-to-cell spread.
Reduction of blade-vortex interaction noise through porous leading edge (1994)

The effect of the porous leading edge of an airfoil on the blade-vortex interaction noise, which dominates the far-field acoustic spectrum of the helicopter, is investigated. The thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations are solved with a high-order upwind-biased scheme and a multizonal grid system. The Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is modified for considering transpiration on the surface. The amplitudes of the propagating acoustic wave in the near field are calculated directly from the computation. The porosity effect on the surface is modeled in two ways: (1) imposition of prescribed transpiration velocity distribution and (2) calculation of transpiration velocity distribution by Darcy's law. Results show leading-edge transpiration can suppress pressure fluctuations at the leading edge during blade-vortex interaction and consequently reduce the amplitude of propagating noise by 30% at a maximum in the near field.
Recent Progress on Highly Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells (2010)

Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells, based on thin films of polymer/fullerene blends, have progressed rapidly during the past few years. Efficiencies over 6% have been achieved in research labs. In this chapter, a brief review on recent progress was given by focusing on polymers over 3% efficiency in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Design rationales were summarized, as well as the general methods for morphology control.
Implementation of a third-generation 1.1-GHz 64-bit microprocessor (2002)

This third-generation 1.1-GHz 64-bit UltraSPARC microprocessor provides 1-MB on-chip level-2 cache, 4-Gb/s off chip memory bandwidth, and a new 200 MHz JBus interface that supports one to four processors. The 87.5-million transistor chip is implemented in a seven-layer-metal copper 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS process and dissipates 53 W at 1.3 V and 1.1 GHz.
Why the Optimism (2002)

In spite of the recent recession, hopes for the New Economy have been little daunted. Surprisingly robust productivity growth during the recent downturn provides compelling new evidence that something truly fundamental is going on. This Commentary argues that advances in information technology, and their diffusion through the economy, are justifiable reasons for our optimism. Higher productivity growth is not an ephemeral phenomenon but one likely to persist for some time into the future, perhaps even accelerating further.
Onium-Poly(Hydrogen Fluorides): Convenient Ionic Liquids for Fluorination and Acid Catalysis (2007)

Onium polyhydrogen fluorides as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have found a wide variety of applications in organic chemistry. They are used as ionic solvents, fluorinating agents and as Bronsted acid catalysts in organic synthesis. A variety of industrially important reactions such as fluorinations, halofluorinations, electrophilic alkylations, nitrations, and hydrocarbon isomerization reactions have been carried out using them. This short review covers some slected salient recent applications of these intriguing ionic liquids.
Preliminary results in accelerating profile HMM search on FPGAs (2007)

Comparison between biosequences and probabilistic models is an increasingly important part of modern DNA and protein sequence analysis. The large and growing number of such models in today's databases demands computational approaches to searching these databases faster, while maintaining high sensitivity to biologically meaningful similarities. This work describes an FPGA-based accelerator for comparing proteins to hidden Markov models of the type used to represent protein motifs in the popular HM-MER motif finder. Our engine combines a systolic array design with enhancements to pipeline the complex Viterbi calculation that forms the core of the comparison, and to support coarse-grained parallelism and streaming of multiple sequences within one FPGA. Performance estimates based on a functioning VHDL realisation of our design show a 190 times speedup over the same computation in optimised software on a modern general-purpose CPU.
Data Types in RADIUS (2017)

specifications have used data types for two decades without
defining them as managed entities. During this time, RADIUS
implementations have named the data types and have used them in
attribute definitions. This document updates the specifications to
better follow established practice. We do this by naming the data
types defined in RFC 6158, which have been used since at least the
publication of RFC 2865. We provide an IANA registry for the data
types and update the RADIUS Attribute Types registry to include a
Data Type field for each attribute. Finally, we recommend that authors
of specifications use these types in preference to existing
practice. This document updates RFCs 2865, 3162, 4072, 6158, 6572, and
7268.
A natural language processor with neural networks (2002)

A natural language processor (NLP) for a multimodal, multilingual computer interface is presented. This NLP or Natural Language Processor with Neural Networks (NALPRONN) demonstrates that artificial neural networks can be used in such systems. NALPRONN implements a generalized NLP system that emphasizes the modularity, adaptability, and flexibility properties that are used in a number of computer applications. It processes information for different application language subsets and redirects information to a specific active application. NALPRONN has processing modules which are backpropagation networks, and memory modules which are self organized feature map networks. Additional networks can be added for further processing tasks. The processing modules are the input subsystem and the output subsystem, and the memory modules are the lexicon subsystem and the monitor subsystem.