gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of pulse duration on the inactivation of bacteria using monopolar and bipolar profile pulsed electric fields (2005)

In recent years, a number of new applications have emerged where pulsed power is being used in the treatment of waste and effluent, foodstuffs, and beverages. One of these emerging applications is pulsed electric field (PEF) inactivation of microorganisms in liquid media. There are several ways in which PEF can be applied, including oscillatory, double exponential, and square wave pulses. Of these, the square-wave pulse is considered to be the most energy-efficient form of PEF delivery. It has been reported that the bipolar square-wave pulse, involving polarity reversal half way through the pulse, provides superior inactivation when compared to the monopolar pulse. However, results from the authors have shown that this is not always the case and that monopolar PEF is at least as effective for bacterial inactivation under the conditions investigated (Beveridge, et al., 2004). Further results are presented here on the effect of changing the pulse duration of the monopolar and bipolar pulse, using total pulse durations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 /spl mu/s. These results, obtained from an improved system, demonstrate how the relative effectiveness of inactivation is a function of the pulse duration. When inactivation is plotted against energy delivered, they show the superiority of monopolar over bipolar pulses for 1- and 2-/spl mu/s pulse profiles. For a pulse duration of around 3 /spl mu/s, there is no significant difference, and with still longer pulses, bipolar pulses appear to be superior to monopolar. It is postulated that electric-field-induced orientation may, in part, be responsible for this effect. These comparative experiments are conducted with complete control of the fluid temperature, which is maintained below 30/spl deg/C.
Induction of CYP1A1. The AhR / DRE Paradigm Transcription, Receptor Regulation, and Expanding Biological Roles (2001)

The CYP1A1 gene encodes microsomal cytochrome P4501A1 that catalyzes the metabolism of many xenobiotics, including the oxygenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Induction of CYP1A1 enhances the metabolism of PAHs, and therefore, represents an adaptive response to chemical exposure in mammalian cells. Mechanistic studies reveal an AhR/DRE paradigm for the induction, which involves activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by an agonist, dimerization of AhR with the Ah recceptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), followed by binding of the AhR/Arnt heterodimer to the dioxin-responsive enhancer (DRE) and transcription of the gene. The AhR mediated transcription is tightly regulated through, at least, two mechanisms: (a) the cytoplasmic AhR interacts with hsp90 and an immunophilin chaperone AIP for proper folding and receptivity, and (b) the agonist-activated, nuclear AhR is degraded through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome mediated protein turnover, such that the transcription by AhR is controlled at a physiologically adequate level. In addition to CYP1A1 induction, AhR mediates a broad range of biological responses to CYP1A1 inducers, typified by the environmental contaminant dioxin, via modulating gene expression. Thus, mechanistic studies of CYP1A1 induction have provided insights into P450 induction, PAH carcinogenesis, dioxin action, AhR function, and receptor-mediated mammalian gene expression.
Rotationally-invariant concatenated (turbo) TCM codes (2003)

We provide analysis of the rotational properties of turbo coded trellis modulation (TTCM) systems in various structures and with different signal constellation rotational symmetries. Design rules for making both parallel and serial concatenated turbo coding systems rotationally invariant are given. Generally TTCM rotational invariance requires that one or two of its underlying constituent finite-state encoders be rotationally-invariant depending on the TTCM system structure. Based on state transition diagrams, we provide a method to construct rotationally invariant constituent trellis encoders for M-QAM signal constellations. We also prove that any rotationally invariant encoder has an underlying state transition graph that falls into the framework of our method.
<b>Clinical studies on changes in purine compounds in blood and urine by the simultaneous administration of febuxostat and inosine, or by single administration of each</b> (2017)

Objective : To examine whether concomitant oral administration of febuxostat, a xanthine dehydrogenase / xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and inosine augments ATP in human blood. Methods : We performed Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 studies. In Stage 1 study, one adult healthy male was administered febuxostat 40 mg / day and inosine 1 g / day for 14 days to examine the safety of the combined therapy. In Stage 2, 21 healthy male adults were allocated to groups A -G, each with 3 subjects, and were treated with febuxostat alone, inosine alone or both for 14 days. In Stage 3, febuxostat 40 mg / day and inosine 1 g / day were administered to 5 healthy adult males for 14 days. Purine compounds in blood were compared between before and after the treatments in Stage 2 and Stage 3. Results : Combined use of febuxostat and inosine was relatively safe at doses of febuxostat 60 mg / day and inosine 3 g / day or less in a 2 week continuous treatment. Serum uric acid levels were markedly decreased by administration of febuxostat alone, and increased by the administration of inosine alone, but milder decreases were seen in combination therapy compared with febuxostat alone. In Stage 2, concomitant treatment with febuxostat 40 mg / day and inosine 1 -2 g / day increased blood hypoxanthine and ATP, no increase occurred with inosine alone, and febuxostat alone slightly increased those values at the higher dose (60 mg / day). Increase in ATP in blood was confirmed by the results of Stage 3 where concomitant use of febuxostat 40 mg / day and inosine 1 g / day increased ATP by 13.8% (P = 0.031). Conclusions : Concomitant oral administration of febuxostat 40 mg / day and inosine 1 -2 g / day was shown to safely increase blood ATP. Since cellular ATP deficiency may be involved in various disorders, the present method may be useful for the treatment of those disorders.
Antihypertensive treatment and vessel wall properties of large arteries. (1991)

Atherosclerosis is an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A good arterial compliance has been suggested to protect large vessels from atherosclerosis. Arterial compliance is diminished in patients with essential hypertension. The influence of verapamil (calcium-antagonist) and nebivolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) on the vessel-wall properties of the common carotid artery were investigated. The two drugs improved compliance of the common carotid artery. Results from other studies on arterial compliance and antihypertensive drugs are also discussed.
Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes, Octreotide Scintigraphy, and Clinical Response to Octreotide Treatment in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors (1998)

Several types of neuroendocrine tumor express high numbers of somatostatin receptors (sstr). We have compared the expression of sstr subtypes with the outcome of octreotide scintigraphy in patients with carcinoids and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in comparison with Hürthle cell tumors. The effect of sstr activation (octreotide treatment) on tumor markers was also studied in patients with disseminated carcinoid tumors. Six patients with carcinoid tumors (four midgut and two foregut), and three patients with thyroid tumors (one MTC, one Hürthle cell carcinoma, and one Hürthle cell adenoma) were studied. Octreotide scintigraphy visualized tumor sites in all nine patients. Macroscopic tumor was verified at these sites at subsequent surgical exploration. Using Northern blotting and subtype-specific riboprobes, sstr could be detected in all tumors examined. All five sstr subtypes were detected in most of the carcinoid tumors. All six carcinoids expressed sstr2. This was in contrast to the findings for the thyroid tumors analyzed, which also expressed several sstr subtypes but in some cases lacked expression of sstr2. This was also the case for normal thyroid tissue. Clinically, octreotide treatment of the patients with midgut carcinoid tumors resulted in palliation of hormonal symptoms accompanied by a significant reduction of urinary 5-HIAA levels (28-71%). These results indicate that carcinoid tumors frequently express all five sstr subtypes. The thyroid tumors also expressed multiple sstr but could lack expression of sstr2. Nevertheless, these tumors were visualized by octreotide scintigraphy, indicating that sstr2 expression is not a prerequisite for tumor imaging.
Improving the Efficiency of Localization-Oriented Network Adjustment in Wireless Sensor Networks (2011)

In real-world deployment, some wireless sensor networks are not entirely localizable. A remedy for such situation is to adjust the network to make it well-prepared for localization. Previous studies mainly focus on adding measurable edges into the network, so as to enhance localizability, but they introduce redundant distance measurement. This letter presents a new theoretic finding in 2-connected graphs, and proposes accompanying network adjustment approach, which can significantly reduce the number of added edges from (d-1) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> n to only 2n. Simulation results show that our approach outperforms previous work in adjustment efficiency.
The dissociation of the extracellular hemoglobin of Lumbricus terrestris at acid pH and its reassociation at neutral pH. A new model of its quaternary structure. (1986)

Lumbricus terrestris HbOz and HbCO dissociated below pH 5.0; a time-dependent alteration to the met form occurred at pH < 5 and pH < 4.5, respectively.The extent of dissociation was unaffected by alkaline earth cations but was decreased by an increase in ionic strength.HbOz and HbCO exposed to pH 4.0-4.8were centrifuged to obtain the undissociated pellet (Pl) and dissociated supernatant (Sl) fractions.S1 was reassociated at pH 7.0 by dialysis against various buffers and then centrifuged to obtain the reassociated pellet (P2) and unreassociated supernatant (S2) fractions.Reassociation was possible only if S1 was dialyzed against water prior to return to neutral pH; otherwise precipitation occurred starting at about pH 5.3.The extent of reassociation varied from about 40 to 80%, was usually higher for HbCO than HbOz, and was unaffected by an increase in ionic strength or by Ca(I1).Gel filtration of P2 on Sephacryl S-300 at neutral pH gave one peak IaR, eluting at a slightly greater volume than the native Hb; S1 and S2 gave in addition, three peaks, Ib (200 kDa), I1 (65 kDa), and I11 (18 kDa).Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that P2 was slightly deficient in subunit M relative to the Hb, that Ib was deficient in subunits D l and D2 and that I1 and I11 consisted of subunits D l + D2 + T and subunit M, respectively.Scanning transmission electron microscopy of P2 showed that it was smaller than the native hemoglobin: 25 nm in diameter and 16 nm in height, instead of 30 % 20 nm.Comparison of the results of the dissociations of Lumbricus H b at alkaline pH (Kapp, 0. H.,
Performance of first and second-order sliding mode observers for nonlinear systems (2009)

This paper presents a brief study on the design and performance comparison of conventional first-order and super-twisting second-order sliding mode observers for some nonlinear control systems. Estimation accuracy, fast response, chattering effect, peaking phenomenon and robustness are considered for nonlinear systems under observer-based output feedback control and state feedback control.
Comparative Study of Degree of Low Grade Chronic Inflammatory Status in Freshly Diagnosed Type 1 with Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2018)

Low grade inflammatory condition which is predominately cytokine-mediated is observed to be closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes as well as role this inflammatory condition cannot be ruled out in involvement in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Since maximum world populations are at high risk of developing diabetes, we tested this hypothesis by estimating circulating acute phase proteins in freshly diagnosed type 2 (T-2) as well as type1(T-1) diabetic patients.
Regulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression by Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 (2008)

H1299 lung carcinoma cells lacking p53 (p53-/-) express minimal amounts of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein as well as mRNA. p53(-/-) cells express highly unstable PAI-1 mRNA. Transfection of p53 in p53(-/-) cells enhanced PAI-1 expression and stabilized PAI-1 mRNA. On the contrary, inhibition of p53 expression by RNA silencing in non-malignant human lung epithelial (Beas2B) cells decreased basal as well as urokinase-type plasminogen activator-induced PAI-1 expression because of accelerated degradation of PAI-1 mRNA. Purified p53 protein specifically binds to the PAI-1 mRNA 3'-un-translated region (UTR), and endogenous PAI-1 mRNA forms an immune complex with p53. Treatment of purified p53 protein with anti-p53 antibody abolished p53 binding to the 3'-UTR of PAI-1 mRNA. The p53 binding region maps to a 70-nucleotide PAI-1 mRNA 3'-UTR sequence, and insertion of the p53-binding sequence into beta-globin mRNA destabilized the chimeric transcript. Deletion experiments indicate that the carboxyl-terminal region (amino acid residues 296-393) of p53 protein interacts with PAI-1 mRNA. These observations demonstrate a novel role for p53 as an mRNA-binding protein that regulates increased PAI-1 expression and stabilization of PAI-1 mRNA in human lung epithelial and carcinoma cells.
Multiple roles for FGF-3 during cranial neural development in the chicken (1995)

FGF-3 has been implicated in the development of the hindbrain and otocyst in vertebrate embryos. Since the chicken embryo offers a favourable system in which to study the development of these structures, we have isolated and characterised cDNAs for chicken Fgf-3 and determined its pattern of expression in chick embryos from stage 3 (primitive streak) to stage 25 (early organogenesis). Within the developing cranial neural tube, Fgf-3 exhibits dynamic spatial and temporal expression. During extension of the head process, RNA is detected in the midline of the developing neural plate. In neurulating embryos, transcripts are observed initially in rhombomeres 4 and 5 of the hindbrain and later, in rhombomere 6. During hindbrain development, expression is lost from these rhombomeres, but becomes restricted to rhombomere boundaries, providing an intracellular marker which distinguishes a population of cells within boundary regions. Fgf-3 expression is elevated in ventral and medial boundary regions and is greatly reduced in dorsal parts. Studies of regenerating rhombomere boundaries show that Fgf-3 expression is induced in reforming boundaries when even-numbered rhombomere tissue is grafted next to odd, but not when like is juxtaposed to like. Fgf-3 disappears from boundary regions just prior to the loss of the morphological boundaries suggesting a boundary-associated function. Other sites of expression have also been identified. At early stages of development Fgf-3 is expressed in the epiblast and mesendoderm of the primitive streak, in mesoderm lateral to the streak and in Hensen's node. In older embryos transcripts are detected in the endoderm of the pharyngeal pouches, the ectoderm of the second and third pharyngeal arches and the stomodeum. Expression was also detected in the segmental plate and in the posterior half of the three most-recently generated somites.
Fully-automated left ventricular mass and volume MRI analysis in the UK Biobank population cohort: evaluation of initial results (2017)

UK Biobank, a large cohort study, plans to acquire 100,000 cardiac MRI studies by 2020. Although fully-automated left ventricular (LV) analysis was performed in the original acquisition, this was not designed for unsupervised incorporation into epidemiological studies. We sought to evaluate automated LV mass and volume (Siemens syngo InlineVF versions D13A and E11C), against manual analysis in a substantial sub-cohort of UK Biobank participants. Eight readers from two centers, trained to give consistent results, manually analyzed 4874 UK Biobank cases for LV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF) and LV mass (LVM). Agreement between manual and InlineVF automated analyses were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Tenfold cross-validation was used to establish a linear regression calibration between manual and InlineVF results. InlineVF D13A returned results in 4423 cases, whereas InlineVF E11C returned results in 4775 cases and also reported LVM. Rapid visual assessment of the E11C results found 178 cases (3.7%) with grossly misplaced contours or landmarks. In the remaining 4597 cases, LV function showed good agreement: ESV -6.4 ± 9.0 ml, 0.853 (mean ± SD of the differences, ICC) EDV -3.0 ± 11.6 ml, 0.937; SV 3.4 ± 9.8 ml, 0.855; and EF 3.5 ± 5.1%, 0.586. Although LV mass was consistently overestimated (29.9 ± 17.0 g, 0.534) due to larger epicardial contours on all slices, linear regression could be used to correct the bias and improve accuracy. Automated InlineVF results can be used for case-control studies in UK Biobank, provided visual quality control and linear bias correction are performed. Improvements between InlineVF D13A and InlineVF E11C show the field is rapidly advancing, with further improvements expected in the near future.
The impact of traumatic brain injuries: A global perspective (2007)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), according to the World Health Organization, will surpass many diseases as the major cause of death and disability by the year 2020. With an estimated 10 million people affected annually by TBI, the burden of mortality and morbidity that this condition imposes on society, makes TBI a pressing public health and medical problem. The burden of TBI is manifest throughout the world, and is especially prominent in Low and Middle Income Countries which face a higher preponderance of risk factors for causes of TBI and have inadequately prepared health systems to address the associated health outcomes. Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa demonstrate a higher TBI-related incidence rate varying from 150-170 per 100,000 respectively due to RTIs compared to a global rate of 106 per 100,000. As highlighted in this global review of TBI, there is a large gap in data on incidence, risk factors, sequelae, financial costs, and social impact of TBI. This should be addressed through planning of comprehensive TBI prevention programs in LMICs through well-established surveillance systems. Greater resources for research and prioritized interventions are critical to promote evidence-based policy for TBI.
Rethinking the Disclosure Paradigm in a World of Complexity (2004)

In a prior article, Professor Schwarcz examined the factors that differentiate Enron's questionable use of off-balance sheet special purpose entities, (SPEs) from the trillions of dollars of "legitimate" securitization and other structured-finance transactions that use SPEs. The presence of meaningful differences, Professor Schwarcz argued, may inform regulatory schemes by providing a basis to distinguish which such transactions should be allowed or restricted. In that connection, Professor Schwarcz encountered the dilemma that some structured transactions are so complex that disclosure to investors of the company originating the transaction is necessarily imperfect - either oversimplifying the transaction, or providing detail and sophistication beyond the level of even most institutional investors and securities analysts. In this article, Professor Schwarcz focuses on solutions to this dilemma, arguing that complexity forces a rethinking of the long-held disclosure paradigm of securities law.
Regional blood flow in the liver, pancreas and kidney during pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion under profound hypothermia. (1988)

Regional blood flow in the liver, pancreas and kidney was measured under conditions of profound hypothermia associated with total circulatory arrest, to determine whether cardiopulmonary bypass with pulsatile flow would improve the blood flow in these visceral organs in comparison with nonpulsatile flow. Using 56 adult mongrel dogs, total cardiopulmonary bypass was carried out to induce hypothermia and 40 min of total circulatory arrest was performed at 20 degrees C. After total arrest, the temperature was raised to 35 degrees C. With pulsatile flow, a decrease of the regional blood flow in the liver, pancreas and kidney was prevented during cooling, especially at 20 degrees C before total circulatory arrest. Moreover, regional renal blood flow recovered rapidly with pulsatile flow after total arrest at 20 degrees C, while after arrest with nonpulsatile flow blood flow in the kidney could not be measured in the cortex and was significantly lower in the medulla. In summary, pulsatile flow improves the hepatic, pancreatic and renal blood flow and, referring to our previous experiments, protects the function of these organs during cardiopulmonary bypass associated with profound hypothermia and total circulatory arrest.
Engineered Interface of Magnetic Oxides (2004)

Interface-selective probing of magnetism is a key issue for the design and realization of spin-electronic junction devices. Here, magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation was used to probe the local magnetic properties at the interface of the perovskite ferromagnet La(0.6)Sr(0.4)MnO3 with nonmagnetic insulating layers, as used in spin-tunnel junctions. We show that by grading the doping profile on an atomic scale at the interface, robust ferromagnetism can be realized around room temperature. The results should lead to improvements in the performance of spin-tunnel junctions.
Counterpulsation with a new pulsatile assist device (PAD) in open-heart surgery. (1976)

A new pulsatile assist device that converts roller pump flow to pulsatile flow has been developed and proven effective through clinical testing. The PAD is also a hemodynamically effective arterial counterpulsator both before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. The PAD has been found to be an important adjunct to the care of critically ill patients undergoing open-heart surgery. In addition, in selected patients, the PAD is a reasonable alternative to the elective use of intra-aortic balloon pumping.
The evolution of  -adrenergic dysfunction during the induction of canine cobalt cardiomyopathy (1984)

This study was designed to investigate the changes in the beta adrenergic system during the induction of cobalt cardiomyopathy in dogs. Cobalt sulphate, at a dose of 5 mg X kg-1 X day-1 was administered intravenously with a low protein, low thiamine diet to 13 dogs. The percentage change of the left ventricular minor axis with systole by echocardiogram (% delta D) and dP/dtmax were used to monitor left ventricular function. Noradrenaline (NA) was measured in 24 h urine samples. Left ventricular (LV) free wall biopsies were assayed for noradrenaline (LV-NA), cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and dopamine beta hydroxylase (LV-DBH). Lymphocytes were assayed for beta-receptor density. All dogs were studied at baseline and seven were studied after a midpoint cumulative dose of 60 to 90 mg X kg-1 of cobalt; the remaining six dogs were studied when they were in heart failure and had received more than 110 mg X kg-1. During the induction of heart failure the heart rate rose from 112 +/- 6 (means +/- SE) at baseline to 154 +/- 9 at the midpoint and 153 +/- 9 (both P less than 0.05) at the final measurement while the % delta D fell from 35 +/- 2% to 31 +/- 3% and 23 +/- 2% (P less than 0.05) and dP/dt fell from 333 +/- 40 kPa X s-1 at baseline to 254 +/- 46 kPa X s-1 (P less than 0.05) and 207 +/- 33 kPa X s-1 (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)