gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNase I sensitivity of nuclear DNA measured by flow cytometry (1985)

The DNase I digestion kinetics of DNA in isolated nuclei (from HeLa or murine mammary carcinoma, 67 cells) were assayed flow cytometrically by measuring the changes in ethidium bromide (EtBr) fluorescence following various digestion time intervals. The DNase I digestion curve was characterized by an initial 25-30% increase in fluorescence upon addition of the enzyme, a rapid reduction in fluorescence to approximately 50-55% in 30 minutes, and a limit digest of 45-50% beyond 45 minutes. Throughout digestion, the DNA histogram retained its characteristic bimodal shape, showing that histogram rearrangement was not responsible for the changes in EtBr fluorescence. Irradiation with 5 X 10(6) rads (137Cs-gamma-rays) or exposure to 50 mM EDTA caused an increase in EtBr fluorescence similar to that caused by DNase I, suggesting that DNA nicking and/or chromatin loosening were responsible for this increase. Residual DNA assayed by the solubilization of 14C-TdR (thymidine)-labeled DNA indicated a similar kinetic pattern without the initial increase. However, at the limit digest, the fraction of DNA remaining trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble (10%) was smaller than that measured by loss of EtBr fluorescence (50% of initial, 40% of maximum). Part of this difference was due to the presence of TCA soluble DNA trapped within the nuclear matrix (15-20%). This trapped DNA was released when the digested nuclei were exposed to 0.5-1.0 M NaCl just prior to EtBr staining. Exposure of HeLa cells to three agents that are believed to cause changes in chromatin structure resulted in alterations in the DNase I digestion kinetics measured flow cytometrically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Critical Parameters for Efficient Sonication and Improved Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of High Molecular Weight Proteins (2016)

Solubilization of cross-linked cells followed by chromatin shearing is essential for successful chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). However, this task, typically accomplished by ultrasound treatment, may often become a pitfall of the process, due to inconsistent results obtained between different experiments under seemingly identical conditions. To address this issue we systematically studied ultrasound-mediated cell lysis and chromatin shearing, identified critical parameters of the process and formulated a generic strategy for rational optimization of ultrasound treatment. We also demonstrated that whereas ultrasound treatment required to shear chromatin to within a range of 100-400 bp typically degrades large proteins, a combination of brief sonication and benzonase digestion allows for the generation of similarly sized chromatin fragments while preserving the integrity of associated proteins. This approach should drastically improve ChIP efficiency for this class of proteins.
Isoamyl Nitrite Depolymerized Heparin as a Universal Calibrator for Heparins and Low Molecular Weight Heparins (2000)

Because the subcutaneous absorption of heparin depends on its molecular weight, high performance size exclusion chromatography methods, among others, have been developed for its determination. Because heparin consists of polymer chains of varying lengths, a large number of calibrators, 19 in our work, are required for these molecular weight analyses. Because the preparation of that many calibrants is both time-consuming and expensive, other methods requiring fewer calibrants are being sought. In pursuit of these aims, a heparinase-degraded heparin has been accepted as the first international reference preparation low molecular weight heparin for molecular weight calibration. We have previously proposed another calibrant, the Heparin Mass Calibrator. In this article, we introduce another calibrant, called the Heparin Molecular Mass Calibrant. It offers the advantage of a much wider availability because it is a commercial product. In addition to having a superior refractive index chromatography run profile, when used in combination with two Narrow Range Calibrators with molecular weights of 34.4 and 18.4 kDa, this new calibrant covers both the higher and the lower molecular weight ranges. Besides, ultraviolet detection is not needed for molecular weight calculations. Therefore, it is proposed that its feasibility as a universal reference calibrator for both heparins and low molecular weight heparins be considered.
Geometrical-optical Treatment of Frequency Response (1957)

An expression is obtained for the frequency response of an optical system according to the approximation of geometrical optics. The difficulties inherent in the explicit calculation of ray densities in the image are avoided. The method is applied to defect of focus, astigmatism and aberration tolerances, and the results compared with those obtained according to diffraction theory. In the cases studied the ray-optically calculated frequency response suggests a poorer image quality than that given by diffraction theory.
Treatments for Prevention of Persistent Pinking in Dark‐Cutting Beef Patties (1999)

ABSTRACT Food‐grade oxidants and browning agents were compared for prevention of undesirable raw appearance of cooked dark‐cutting (DC) beef patties. DC beef had higher pH (6.6 vs 5.7) and lower 24h oxidation‐reduction potential (–190 vs –108 mV) than controls, with higher cooked yield and cohesiveness, but lower beef flavor intensity scores. DC patties with lactic acid (LA) had acceptable cooked appearance and increased myoglobin (Mb) denaturation during cooking (77%‐LA; 63%‐normal control; 41%‐DC control), but a tangy off‐flavor. Calcium peroxide increased Mb denaturation to 69%, but caused excessive oxidation. Caramel color eliminated undercooked appearance without increasing Mb denaturation, but raw and cooked patties were dark.
Polarization enhanced photoresponse of AlGaN p-i-n photodetectors (2015)

We fabricated an enhanced photoresponse AlGaN p–i–n photodetector by introducing a polarization electric field along the growth direction into the active layer. The polarization-enhanced effect was realized by reducing Al composition of the p-AlGaN layer with respect to that of the i- and n-type layers. The simulated results of energy-band structure and electric-field distribution indicate that the polarization-enhanced structure can increase greatly the build-in field in the active region and hence improve the collection efficiency of photogenerated carriers. The measured photocurrent spectra show that the polarization-enhanced photodetector exhibits a nearly three times higher responsivity and a larger UV/visible contrast than its conventional counterpart.
Adaptively controlling nonlinear continuous-time systems using multilayer neural networks (1994)

Multilayer neural networks are used in a nonlinear adaptive control problem. The plant is an unknown feedback-linearizable continuous-time system. The control law is defined in terms of the neural network models of system nonlinearities to control the plant to track a reference command. The network parameters are updated online according to a gradient learning rule with dead zone. A local convergence result is provided, which says that if the initial parameter errors are small enough, then the tracking error will converge to a bounded area. Simulations are designed to demonstrate various aspects of theoretical results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Review on Vaccine Development Against Enteric Parasites Eimeria and Cryptosporidium. (2000)

Intensive rearing practices have been developed within the past few decades to keep pace with the increasing demand for the high quality, low cost protein source that poultry provides. A major negative consequence of these practices has been an increase in the incidence of diseases. Enteric diseases, in particular, have emerged as a major problem threatening the future viability of the poultry industry. A variety of methods have been used to combat avian diseases in the commercial setting including improved farm management practices, use of antibiotic drugs, selection of disease resistant chicken strains and manipulation of the chicken immune system. In the latter category, development of vaccines against the major avian diseases has become a priority in the poultry industry. Protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria and Cryptosporidium represent two major parasitic diseases which multiply in the gut of wide range of hosts, including poultry and livestock. Currently, there is no treatment for cryptosporidiosis although chemotherapy is extensively used to control coccidiosis in chickens. However, development of drug resistance by coccidia parasites, the increasing cost of identifying new antibiotic compounds and public awareness of drug residues in foods warrant alternative methods to prevent parasitic diseases. To this end, enhanced understanding of basic immunobiology of gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) will facilitate the development of alternate control strategy against these parasites. In chickens as in the mammalian system, the GALT contain both B and T lymphocytes which interact closely to protect the host against intestinal pathogens including parasites. For avian coccidiosis, local intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes represent the main component of protective immunity to Eimeria. Because of the importance of cell-mediated immunity, coccidiosis vaccines must be capable of stimulating intestinal T cells. Although live and attenuated coccidia parasites have been applied to control coccidiosis, this disease continues to contribute to substantial morbidity and mortality in the poultry industry. Future successful development of an effective vaccine against coccidiosis will depend on further investigation of protective immunity to Eimeria infection and identification of important immunogenic parasite molecules. This review will highlight recent progress in avian intestinal immune system and vaccine development against major avian enteric parasites, Eimeria and Cryptosporidium.
The Operation of a Hospital Based Specialty Home Health Team: Activities and Associated Costs (2000)

Since 1972 a hospital based specialty home health team consisting of a Registered Nurse, a Registered Physical Therapist, and a Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor has been serving spinal cord injury patients hospitalized previously in a University affiliated Rehabilitation Center. This paper presents the preliminary findings resulting from a study examining the appropriateness, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency of this unique rehabilitation facility service component.
Comparative Studies of Class IIa Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria (1998)

Four class IIa bacteriocins (pediocin PA-1, enterocin A, sakacin P, and curvacin A) were purified to homogeneity and tested for activity toward a variety of indicator strains. Pediocin PA-1 and enterocin A inhibited more strains and had generally lower MICs than sakacin P and curvacin A. The antagonistic activity of pediocin-PA1 and enterocin A was much more sensitive to reduction of disulfide bonds than the antagonistic activity of sakacin P and curvacin A, suggesting that an extra disulfide bond that is present in the former two may contribute to their high levels of activity. The food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was among the most sensitive indicator strains for all four bacteriocins. Enterocin A was most effective in inhibiting Listeria, having MICs in the range of 0.1 to 1 ng/ml. Sakacin P had the interesting property of being very active toward Listeria but not having concomitant high levels of activity toward lactic acid bacteria. Strains producing class IIa bacteriocins displayed various degrees of resistance toward noncognate class IIa bacteriocins; for the sakacin P producer, it was shown that this resistance is correlated with the expression of immunity genes. It is hypothesized that variation in the presence and/or expression of such immunity genes accounts in part for the remarkably large variation in bacteriocin sensitivity displayed by lactic acid bacteria.
Reciprocal changes in gene expression profiles of cocultured breast epithelial cells and primary fibroblasts (2009)

The importance of epithelial-stroma interaction in normal breast development and tumor progression has been recognized. To identify genes that were regulated by these reciprocal interactions, we cocultured a nonmalignant (MCF10A) and a breast cancer derived (MDA-MB231) basal cell lines, with fibroblasts isolated from breast benign-disease adjacent tissues (NAF) or with carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF), in a transwell system. Gene expression profiles of each coculture pair were compared with the correspondent monocultures, using a customized microarray. Contrariwise to large alterations in epithelial cells genomic profiles, fibroblasts were less affected. In MDA-MB231 highly represented genes downregulated by CAF derived factors coded for proteins important for the specificity of vectorial transport between ER and golgi, possibly affecting cell polarity whereas the response of MCF10A comprised an induction of genes coding for stress responsive proteins, representing a prosurvival effect. While NAF downregulated genes encoding proteins associated to glycolipid and fatty acid biosynthesis in MDA-MB231, potentially affecting membrane biogenesis, in MCF10A, genes critical for growth control and adhesion were altered. NAFs responded to coculture with MDA-MB231 by a decrease in the expression of genes induced by TGFbeta1 and associated to motility. However, there was little change in NAFs gene expression profile influenced by MCF10A. CAFs responded to the presence of both epithelial cells inducing genes implicated in cell proliferation. Our data indicate that interactions between breast fibroblasts and basal epithelial cells resulted in alterations in the genomic profiles of both cell types which may help to clarify some aspects of this heterotypic signaling.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Materials in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide: From Discrete or “Zero‐Dimensional” Objects to Bulk Materials (2013)

Abstract Review: 200 refs.
Bitcoin Mining Pools: A Cooperative Game Theoretic Analysis (2015)

Bitcoin is an innovative decentralized cryptocurrency whose core security relies on a proof of work procedure, which requires network participants to repeatedly compute hashes on inputs from a large search space. Finding one of the rare inputs that generates an extremely low hash value is considered a successful attempt, allowing miners to approve new transactions and, in return, to collect rewards in bitcoins.This reward allocation, which provides the incentive for miners to participate, is a random process with a large variance. Miners who desire a steady income thus often participate in mining pools that divide among their members the earned rewards, and reduce this variance. Mining pools are slightly better at coordinating participants due to lower-latency communication, a fact which implies that they manage to collect slightly higher rewards.We examine dynamics of pooled mining and the rewards that pools manage to collect, and use cooperative game theoretic tools to analyze how pool members may share these rewards. We show that for some network parameters, especially under high transaction loads, it is difficult or even impossible to distribute rewards in a stable way: some participants are always incentivized to switch between pools.
Measurement &amp; verifications of voltage optimization for conserving energy (2011)

This paper describes the application of conservation voltage reduction on one of the main substations supplying power to residential and office buildings. The paper describes the initial engineering evaluation and selection criteria based on the load size, power flow and the voltage profile. The paper illustrates, in detail, the measurement of the power consumptions, MW, MVARs and power factor at optimized voltage levels. The conserved energy and the anticipated savings are presented as well. The measurement results show that up to a 3% savings in energy can be achieved using this method at no cost.
The Reaction of Acenaphthene with Nitrobenzene (2002)

反应与硝基苯古老面对 AlCl3 被调查。结果证明反应经由 carboncation-electrophilic 替换反应和免费激进的替换反应小径继续了。acenaphthenyl phenylamine 和 biacenaphthyl 的产品能被这反应综合。产品的部件上的 AlCl3 和温度的数量的影响也在这反应被学习。
RSR-13, an allosteric effector of hemoglobin, increases systemic and iliac vascular resistance in rats (1996)

Tissue O2 delivery in excess of metabolic demand may be a factor in the development of high vascular resistance in experimental models of volume-expanded hypertension. This hypothesis was previously tested in rats with an exchange transfusion of red blood cells treated with inositol hexaphosphate or an intravenous infusion of RSR-4, allosteric effectors of hemoglobin. The binding of these drugs with hemoglobin effect a conformational change in the molecule, such that the affinity for O2 is reduced. However, in both preparations, the changes in vascular resistance could have been nonspecific. The present studies used intravenous infusions of RSR-13, which did not share some of the problematic characteristics of RSR-4 and inositol hexaphosphate. Conscious instrumented rats (an electromagnetic flow probe on ascending aorta or an iliac, mesenteric, or renal Doppler flow probe) were studied for 6 h after an RSR-13 infusion of 200 mg/kg in 15 min. This dose significantly increased arterial P50 (PO2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated) from 38 +/- 0.8 to 58 +/- 1.4 mmHg at 1 h after the start of the infusion. In the 3rd h cardiac output fell significantly from a control value of 358 +/- 33 to 243 +/- 24 ml.kg-1.min-1 and total peripheral resistance significantly increased from 0.31 +/- 0.03 to 0.43 +/- 0.04 mmHg.ml-1.kg.min. Cardiac output and P50 returned toward control over the next few hours. Neither cardiac output nor total peripheral resistance changed in the group of rats receiving vehicle alone. In a separate group of rats, iliac flow decreased significantly to 60% of control and iliac resistance increased to 160% of control. Iliac flow increased significantly in the group of rats that received vehicle only. Although the mechanism of these changes has not been established, these results suggest that a decreased O2 affinity leads to an increased total peripheral resistance and regional vascular resistance and support the hypothesis that O2 plays a role in the metabolic autoregulation of blood flow.
OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES FROM BACTERIA AND MOULDS (1944)

Journal Article OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES FROM BACTERIA AND MOULDS Get access E. CHAIN, Ph.D. E. CHAIN, Ph.D. Sir William Dunn School of PathologyOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 2, Issue 1, 1944, Pages 8–9, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071035 Published: 01 January 1944
Voz y voto para todos. De la igualdad formal a la democracia participativa (2001)

El enunciado que da titulo a esta introduccion remite a una preocupacion mas o menos aneja en el movimiento feminista, y en particular respecto a su vinculacion con otros movimientos sociales que tambien sostienen el ideal de la democracia como estandarte de lucha. En otras palabras, la militancia por la liberacion de las mujeres han tenido que enfrentar -valiosa experiencia, aunque con un alto costo- el escepticismo y la reticiencia de otros autores que comparten la arena social, para denunciar y desarticular el caracter patriarcal de las relaciones sociales.
Bilinear Attention Networks (2018)

Attention networks in multimodal learning provide an efficient way to utilize given visual information selectively. However, the computational cost to learn attention distributions for every pair of multimodal input channels is prohibitively expensive. To solve this problem, co-attention builds two separate attention distributions for each modality neglecting the interaction between multimodal inputs. In this paper, we propose bilinear attention networks (BAN) that find bilinear attention distributions to utilize given vision-language information seamlessly. BAN considers bilinear interactions among two groups of input channels, while low-rank bilinear pooling extracts the joint representations for each pair of channels. Furthermore, we propose a variant of multimodal residual networks to exploit eight-attention maps of the BAN efficiently. We quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate our model on visual question answering (VQA 2.0) and Flickr30k Entities datasets, showing that BAN significantly outperforms previous methods and achieves new state-of-the-arts on both datasets.
Heterogeneous and Epitaxial Nucleation of Protein Crystals on Mineral Surfaces (1988)

Fifty different mineral samples were tested as potential heterogeneous or epitaxial nucleants for four commonly crystallized proteins. It was found, by conventional protein crystallization techniques, that for each protein there was a set of mineral substrates that promoted nucleation of crystals at lower critical levels of supersaturation than required for spontaneous growth. Numerous examples, involving all four proteins, were observed of modification of crystal habit and, in some cases, unit cell properties promoted by the presence of the mineral nucleants. In at least one case, the growth of lysozyme on the mineral apophyllite, it was shown by lattice analysis and x-ray diffraction that the nucleation and growth of the protein crystal on the mineral was likely to involve a direct lattice match.
Opioid pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. (2011)

Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving opioid analgesics can be problematic. Opioids are widely used, have a narrow therapeutic index, and can be associated with severe toxicity. The purpose of this review is to describe pharmacokinetic DDIs associated with opioids frequently encountered in managed care settings (morphine, codeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone). An introduction to the pharmacokinetic basis of DDIs is provided, and potential DDIs associated with opioids are reviewed. Opioids metabolized by the drug metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system (codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone) are associated with numerous DDIs that can result in either a reduction in opioid effect or excess opioid effects. Conversely, opioids that are not metabolized by that system (morphine, oxymorphone, and hydromorphone) tend to be involved in fewer CYP450-associated pharmacokinetic DDIs.
Automating 24x7 Support Response To Telephone Requests (1997)

Demands for uninterrupted availability of systems that were hitherto not viewed as critical to the success of the enterprise has placed a burden upon support infrastructures for those systems. The small-to-medium help desk for a system that comprises part of an enterprise information system is under increasing pressure to provide round-the-clock support, while staffing budgets may not have caught up with the fiscal realities of covering second- or third-shift on-site personnel. While the volume of calls outside normal hours may be small, a guaranteed turnaround and response to emergencies is essential for many IT operations to gain the trust of their customers.

This paper describes a system for automated answering of the help desk telephone during non-peak hours, and for notifying on-call staff of emergencies within minutes. The system uses two voice-capable modems on a well-maintained computer for presenting to the caller a typical phone menu hierarchical menu which may include an option to record a message about some type of emergency. In this event, the system will notify the staff who are on call at that time for that type of emergency, contacting them by means they have specified in advance, such as voice telephone, numeric or alphanumeric pager, or other means. The system is currently undergoing testing in the Enterprise Information System File Service at JPL.