gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of a Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (1968)

Enzymatic incorporation of abequose into the repeating unit of the O-antigen is catalyzed by the particulate cell envelope fraction of Salmonella typhimurium. The initial step is the formation of a lipid-linked tetrasaccharide intermediate according to the reaction cytidine diphosphate abequose + mannosyl-rhamnosyl-galactose-1-PP-lipid → abequosyl-mannosyl-rhamnosyl-galactose-1-PP-lipid. The tetrasaccharide-lipid intermediate has been isolated by extraction into chloroform-methanol, and the oligosaccharide moiety identified. Subsequent polymerization reactions lead to formation of O-antigen polysaccharide chains containing tetrasaccharide repeating units. Isolation of a lipid-linked oligosaccharide corresponding to a dimer of the repeating unit provides direct evidence that the growing O-antigen chain remains attached to lipid during polymerization. Evidence that the structure of the enzymatically synthesized polysaccharide corresponds to that of authentic O-antigen has been obtained by isolation and characterization of abequose-containing oligosaccharides following degradation of the polymers with periodate.
Squaramide‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Michael Addition of Diphenyl Phosphite to Nitroalkenes (2009)

Michael's a square: An easily prepared squaramide catalyst that promotes the highly enantioselective Michael addition reaction of diphenyl phosphite to a range of nitroalkenes is described. This method leads to chiral β-nitro phosphonates, which are precursors to biologically active β-amino phosphonic acids.
A teleconferencing system capable of multiple person eye contact (MPEC) using half mirrors and cameras placed at common points of extended lines of gaze (1995)

In this paper a novel method of providing eye contact for multiple participants in a teleconferencing system is presented. This method proposes a simple idea to fulfill the requirement for eye contact, for two or more local and remote participants simultaneously, by using half mirrors and cameras placed at the common points of the extended lines of gaze of each participant. In contrast to the commonly available one to one eye contact of video phone systems, which also use half mirrors, the proposed system has the advantage of serving more than one person at a given location, hence named multiple person eye contact (MPEC) teleconferencing system. We observed the resultant images by using a preliminary experiment and also by building a prototype system. The results from both of these experiments proved the merits of the proposed idea. One of the main features of this system is that, it gives any participant, a feeling of "being looked at" if any remote participant is actually gazing at him. On the other hand if none of the remote participants are looking at him, then he gets the feeling of "not being looked at" which is also extremely important for effective inter personal communication. Furthermore, this system preserves the spatial continuity of neighboring participants, since all the participants at a given location are captured by each video camera.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Probability of undetected error with redundant data transmission on a binary symmetric channel without memory (2006)

This paper investigates redundant data transmission on binary symmetric channels without memory protected by a linear code and the probability of undetected error. A simple formula suitable for numerical calculations is proved, improving a commonly used formula. A second formula for data transmission without cross check is given. The formula is applied to some frequently used CRC-16 polynomials with well known minimum distance to calculate block lengths maximal in order to achieve a specific Safety Integrity Level (SIL).
Comparison of a genetic algorithm with a simulated annealing algorithm for the design of an ATM network (2000)

The genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing algorithm (SA) are empirically compared for the problem of optimizing the topological design of a network. In addition to the usual problem of optimizing only the placement of links, in this paper the number and placement of concentrators are also decision variables for a class of problems using a real set of concentrators, links, and traffic. The average GA solution cost less than the average SA solution.
5-Azacytidine treatment of HA-A melanoma cells induces Sp1 activity and concomitant transforming growth factor alpha expression. (1992)

Evidence indicates DNA methylation as a part of the regulatory machinery controlling mammalian gene expression. The human melanoma cell line HA-A expresses low levels of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha). TGF-alpha mRNA accumulated, however, in response to DNA demethylation induced by a nucleoside analog, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC). The importance of DNA methylation in the TGF-alpha promoter region was examined by a transient transfection assay with luciferase reporter plasmids containing a portion of the TGF-alpha promoter. 5-azaC treatment of HA-A cells before the transfection caused a significant increase in the luciferase activity. Since input plasmids were confirmed to remain unmethylated, DNA demethylation of the TGF-alpha promoter itself does not account for the observed increase in TGF-alpha mRNA. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, enhanced formation of protein-TGF-alpha promoter complex was detected in response to 5-azaC treatment. This 5-azaC-induced complex was shown to contain the transcription factor Sp1 by the following criteria: the protein-DNA complex formed on the TGF-alpha promoter contained immunoreactive Sp1; the mobility of the complex in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay was similar to that formed by recombinant Sp1; and DNase I footprinting analysis demonstrated that the 5-azaC-induced complex produced a footprint on the TGF-alpha promoter identical to that of authentic Sp1. These observations suggest that 5-azaC induces TGF-alpha expression by augmenting the Sp1 activity. However, neither the Sp1 mRNA nor its protein was induced by 5-azaC. These results suggest that in HA-A cells, TGF-alpha expression is down-modulated by DNA methylation. In addition, this process may involve the specific regulation of Sp1 activity without altering the amount of the transcription factor.
Converged wireline-wireless network evolution: Opportunities and challenges (2005)

Wireline-wireless convergence has become an important trend in the telecommunications industry as service providers (SPs) look for ways to increase average revenue per user (ARPU) and continue to reduce their costs. Most SPs believe they can expand their customer base efficiently by offering integrated services that are convenient for end users and that allow them to increase their productivity. SPs with multiple networks also want to eliminate redundancy and further reduce their costs. The emergence of Internet Protocol (IP)-based services, new broadband access technologies, and access-agnostic core architectures made possible by the development of new protocols and based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) have created new network and service convergence dynamics that will enable SPs to deliver a broad range of converged services and truly enrich end users' experiences. This paper discusses the convergence opportunities and the key technical challenges and solutions (e.g., intelligent network [IN]/SIP interworking, operations convergence and quality of service [QoS]) that will enable wireline-wireless convergence to become a reality. It also presents a converged network evolution case study for an incumbent SP with separate wireless and wireline networks.
Multiple facets of histone variant H2AX: a DNA double-strand-break marker with several biological functions (2015)

In the last decade, many papers highlighted that the histone variant H2AX and its phosphorylation on Ser 139 (γH2AX) cannot be simply considered a specific DNA double-strand-break (DSB) marker with a role restricted to the DNA damage response, but rather as a 'protagonist' in different scenarios. This review will present and discuss an up-to-date view regarding the 'non-canonical' H2AX roles, focusing in particular on possible functional and structural parts in contexts different from the canonical DNA DSB response. We will present aspects concerning sex chromosome inactivation in male germ cells, X inactivation in female somatic cells and mitosis, but will also focus on the more recent studies regarding embryonic and neural stem cell development, asymmetric sister chromosome segregation in stem cells and cellular senescence maintenance. We will discuss whether in these new contexts there might be a relation with the canonical DNA DSB signalling function that could justify γH2AX formation. The authors will emphasize that, just as H2AX phosphorylation signals chromatin alteration and serves the canonical function of recruiting DSB repair factors, so the modification of H2AX in contexts other than the DNA damage response may contribute towards creating a specific chromatin structure frame allowing 'non-canonical' functions to be carried out in different cell types.
Mass mortality of the bivalve<i>Cerastoderma edule</i>on the swedish west coast caused by infestation with the digenean trematode<i>Cercaria cerastodermae</i>I (1992)

Abstract The trematode Cercaria cerastadermae I, a parasite of the cockle Cerastaderma edule, is recorded for the first time in Scandinavian waters. More than 20% of the investigated population of C. edule was infested by C. cerastodermae I, and most individuals showed severe tissue damage. Infestation intensity and tissue damage together with field observations strongly indicate that infestation by C. cerastodermae I was responsible for the mass mortality of C. edule during the summer of 1991. Patterns of infestation intensity, damage to the bivalve foot and an experiment on burrowing behaviour suggest that infestation by C. cerastadermae I impairs burrowing ability. The resulting large numbers of C. edule lying on the sediment surface may be misinterpreted as being caused by other factors e.g. oxygen deficiency.
Niclosamide loaded biodegradable chitosan nanocargoes: an <i>in vitro</i> study for potential application in cancer therapy (2017)

Chitosan nanoparticles can advance the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of chemotherapeutic agents by controlling release rates and targeted delivery process, which eliminates the limitations of conventional anti-cancer therapies and they are also safe as well as cost-effective. The aim of present study is to explore the anti-tumour effect of niclosamide in lung and breast cancer cell lines using biocompatible and biodegradable carrier where nanoparticles loaded with hydrophobic drug (niclosamide) were synthesized, characterized and applied as a stable anti-cancer agent. Niclosamide loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Nic-Chi Np's) of size approximately 100-120 nm in diameter containing hydrophobic anti-cancer drug, i.e. niclosamide, were prepared. Physico-chemical characterization confirms that the prepared nanoparticles are spherical, monodispersed and stable in aqueous systems. The therapeutic efficacy of Nic-Chi Np's was evaluated against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human lung cancer cell line (A549). MTT assay reveals the cell viability of the prepared Nic-Chi Np's against A549 and MCF-7 cells and obtained an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 8.75 µM and 7.5 µM, respectively. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining results verified the loss of the majority of the cells by apoptosis. Flow cytometer analysis quantified the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signified that exposure to a higher concentration (2 × IC<sub>50</sub>) of Nic-Chi Np's resulted in elevated ROS generation. Notably, Nic-Chi Np treatment showed more apoptosis and cell death in MCF-7 as compared to A549. Further, the remarkable induction of apoptosis by Nic-Chi Np's was confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, scanning electron microscopy and cell-cycle analysis. Thus, Nic-Chi Np's may have a great potential even at low concentration for anti-cancer therapy and may replace or substitute more toxic anti-mitotic drugs in the near future.
Coordinates in the Universe of Node-Negative Breast Cancer Revisited (2009)

We present a global picture of the natural history of node-negative breast cancer in which two of three important biological processes have outstanding prognostic consequences. We propose that the transition from slow to fast proliferation of the tumor leads to the most dramatic aggravation of prognosis. Second, immune cell infiltration is of major importance to prevent disease progression in fast-proliferating breast carcinomas, regardless of estrogen receptor status. In the absence of endocrine treatment, steroid hormone receptor expression as a third axis is of limited prognostic importance. Dissecting tumors according to these three major biological axes will allow further understanding of biological processes relevant for tumor progression in patients with node-negative breast cancer.
White-emitting a.c. electroluminescent powder layers for flat-panel television (1976)

For application in future flat-panel television, where a thin-film transistor matrix on glass addresses a superimposed e.l. powder layer, we have developed e.l. layers which emit white light by using part of the blue e.l. emission to excite the fluorescence of organic dyes which are dissolved in the resinous embedding medium. Using a monograin particle layer and a black back electrode, we have achieved high visual contrast in a bright ambient, and operation at less than 50 V. Fabrication is described. The design can be extended to colour-t.v. panels.
Neutral noninformative and informative conjugate beta and gamma prior distributions (2011)

The conjugate binomial and Poisson models are commonly used for estimating proportions or rates. However, it is not well known that the conventional noninformative conjugate priors tend to shrink the posterior quantiles toward the boundary or toward the middle of the parameter space, making them thus appear excessively informative. The shrinkage is always largest when the number of observed events is small. This behavior persists for all sample sizes and exposures. The effect of the prior is therefore most conspicuous and potentially controversial when analyzing rare events. As alternative default conjugate priors, I introduce Beta(1/3, 1/3) and Gamma(1/3, 0), which I call ‘neutral’ priors because they lead to posterior distributions with approximately 50 per cent probability that the true value is either smaller or larger than the maximum likelihood estimate. This holds for all sample sizes and exposures as long as the point estimate is not at the boundary of the parameter space. I also discuss the construction of informative prior distributions. Under the suggested formulation, the posterior median coincides approximately with the weighted average of the prior median and the sample mean, yielding priors that perform more intuitively than those obtained by matching moments and quantiles.
Zinc transporter SLC39A10/ZIP10 controls humoral immunity by modulating B-cell receptor signal strength (2014)

The humoral immune response, also called the antibody-mediated immune response, is one of the main adaptive immune systems. The essential micronutrient zinc (Zn) is known to modulate adaptive immune responses, and dysregulated Zn homeostasis leads to immunodeficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this Zn-mediated modulation are largely unknown. Here, we show that the Zn transporter SLC39A10/ZIP10 plays an important role in B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signal transduction. Zip10-deficiency in mature B cells attenuated both T-cell-dependent and -independent immune responses in vivo. The Zip10-deficient mature B cells proliferated poorly in response to BCR cross-linking, as a result of dysregulated BCR signaling. The perturbed signaling was found to be triggered by a reduction in CD45R phosphatase activity and consequent hyperactivation of LYN, an essential protein kinase in BCR signaling. Our data suggest that ZIP10 functions as a positive regulator of CD45R to modulate the BCR signal strength, thereby setting a threshold for BCR signaling in humoral immune responses.
Antigenic Diversity of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses (1987)

Statistically significant antigenic differences were detected among serotype I infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV) using the virus-neutralization test. Eight serotype I commercial vaccine strains, five serotype I field strains, and two serotype II field strains were tested. Hyperimmune guinea pig antisera against heterologous and homologous IBDV strains were used in cross-neutralization tests. Relatedness values were calculated from geometric mean antibody titers based on a minimum of three tests. Six subtypes were distinguished among the 13 serotype I strains tested.
Pharmacological Properties of Magnolol and Hōnokiol Extracted from<i>Magnolia officinalis</i>: Central Depressant Effects (1983)

The pharmacological properties of magnolol and hõnokiol, neolignane derivatives, extracted from Magnolia officinalis, used in Chinese and Japanese traditional medicine, for neurosis and gastrointestinal complaints, were investigated. Magnolol and hõnokiol produced sedation, ataxia, muscle relaxation and a loss of the righting reflex with an increase in dose of 50 to 500 mg/kg i.p. Magnolol and hõnokiol at a dose of 50 mg/kg suppressed spinal reflexes in young chicks in a similar manner, but with a much longer duration of action than mephenesin. Pretreatment of mice with magnolol 100 mg/kg inhibited tonic extensor convulsions and death produced by an intracerebroventricular injection of penicillin G potassium 50 µg. In rats, after an intraventricular injection of penicillin G 400 µg, magnolol suppressed the incidence of spike discharge, but not seizure discharge. Magnolol produced spindle discharges in sensory and motor cortex electroencephalograms and inhibited mid brain reticular formation- and hypothalamus-stimulated responses in the neo- and palaeo-cortex electroencephalograms, respectively. These results suggest that magnolol causes a depression of the ascending activating systems as well as of the spinal cord.
Advanced mask aligner lithography: new illumination system (2010)

A new illumination system for mask aligner lithography is presented. The illumination system uses two subsequent microlens-based Köhler integrators. The second Köhler integrator is located in the Fourier plane of the first. The new illumination system uncouples the illumination light from the light source and provides excellent uniformity of the light irradiance and the angular spectrum. Spatial filtering allows to freely shape the angular spectrum to minimize diffraction effects in contact and proximity lithography. Telecentric illumination and ability to precisely control the illumination light allows to introduce resolution enhancement technologies (RET) like customized illumination, optical proximity correction (OPC) and source-mask optimization (SMO) in mask aligner lithography.
Implementation of the Ficus Replicated File System. (1990)

As we approach nation-wide integration of computer systems, it is clear that file replication will play a key role, both to improve data availability in the face of failures, and to improve performance by locating data near where it will be used. We expect that future file systems will have an extensible, modular structure in which features such as replication can be &quot;slipped in&quot; as a transparent layer in a stackable layered architecture. We introduce the Ficus replicated file system for NFS and show how it is layered on top of existing file systems. The Ficus file system differs from previous file replication services in that it permits update during network partition if any copy of a file is accessible. File and directory updates are automatically propagated to accessible replicas. Conflicting updates to directories are detected and automatically repaired; conflicting updates to ordinary files are detected and reported to the owner. The frequency of communications outages rendering i...
Therapeutic microparticles functionalized with biomimetic cardiac stem cell membranes and secretome (2020)

Stem cell therapy represents a promising strategy in regenerative medicine. However, cells need to be carefully preserved and processed before usage. In addition, cell transplantation carries immunogenicity and/or tumourigenicity risks. Mounting lines of evidence indicate that stem cells exert their beneficial effects mainly through secretion (of regenerative factors) and membrane-based cell–cell interaction with the injured cells. Here, we fabricate a synthetic cell-mimicking microparticle (CMMP) that recapitulates stem cell functions in tissue repair. CMMPs carry similar secreted proteins and membranes as genuine cardiac stem cells do. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction, injection of CMMPs leads to the preservation of viable myocardium and augmentation of cardiac functions similar to cardiac stem cell therapy. CMMPs (derived from human cells) do not stimulate T-cell infiltration in immuno-competent mice. In conclusion, CMMPs act as ‘synthetic stem cells’ which mimic the paracrine and biointerfacing activities of natural stem cells in therapeutic cardiac regeneration.
Comparison of Five Automated Serum and Whole Blood Folate Assays (2003)

Serum and whole blood folate measurements are used to establish folate deficiency. Most methods used in clinical laboratories are automated, nonistopic methods that use folate-binding protein. Linearity, imprecision, and method comparison studies, including serum and whole blood hemolysates, were performed with the Access, Advia Centaur, ARCHITECT i2000, Elecsys 2010, and IMMULITE 2000 methods. The QuantaPhase II radioassay served as the comparison method. (Proprietary information is given in the text.) The Access and IMMULITE 2000 methods had higher systematic errors in linearity studies than the other 3 methods. The imprecision of all methods was acceptable (coefficient of variation, < 10%) even at low folate concentrations with the exception of the Elecsys 2010 (coefficient of variation, 16%). Method comparison studies using serum samples revealed calibration differences between the Access and Elecsys 2010 methods and the comparison method. Method comparison studies using whole blood samples showed poorer agreement between each of the automated methods and the comparison method than was seen with serum samples. The ARCHITECT i2000 folate assay demonstrated the best analytic performance. The poor agreement seen with whole blood hemolysates likely is due to calibration differences and differences in hemolysate preparation conditions.
Detecting Cellular Fraud Using Adaptive Prototypes. (1997)

This paper discusses the current status of research on fraud detection undertaken as part of the European Commissionfunded ACTS ASPeCT (Advanced Security for Personal Communications Technologies) project, by Royal Holloway University of London. Using a recurrent neural network technique, we uniformly distribute prototypes over Toll Tickets, sampled from the U.K. network operator, Vodafone. The prototypes, which continue to adapt to cater for seasonal or long term trends, are used to classify incoming Toll Tickets to form statistical behaviour profiles covering both the short and long-term past. These behaviour profiles, maintained as probability distributions, comprise the input to a differential analysis utilising a measure known as the Hellinger distance[5] between them as an alarm criteria. Fine tuning the system to minimise the number of false alarms poses a significant task due to the low fraudulent/non fraudulent activity ratio. We benefit from using unsupervised learning in that...
35. Some sulphonyl derivatives of amidines and imino-ethers (1943)

H. J. Barber, J. Chem. Soc., 1943, 101 DOI: 10.1039/JR9430000101