gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The molecular mechanism by which adrenalin inhibits glycogen synthesis (1991)

Improved methodology was used to establish that the phosphorylation of a serine located 10 residues from the N-terminus of glycogen synthase (N10) increases from 0.12 mol.mol-1 to 0.54 mol.mol-1 in vivo in response to adrenalin. The only 'N10 kinase' detected in muscle extracts was casein kinase-1 (CK1), although its activity was unaffected by injection of adrenalin in vivo or by incubation with cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and MgATP in vitro. Prior phosphorylation of the serine residue N7 by phosphorylase kinase increased sixfold the rate of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by CK1, and altered the specificity of CK1 so that it phosphorylated the serine residue N10 specifically. Stoichiometric phosphorylation of N7 decreased the activity ratio (+/- glucose 6-phosphate) of glycogen synthase from 0.80 to 0.45, and subsequent phosphorylation of N10 to 0.8 mol.mol-1 produced a further decrease to 0.17, demonstrating that N10 phosphorylation inhibits glycogen synthase. The major 'N10 phosphatase' in skeletal muscle extracts was identified as the glycogen-associated form of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1G), accounting for approximately 75% of the N10 phosphatase activity in the extracts and about 90% of the activity in isolated glycogen particles. Phosphorylation of N10, after prior phosphorylation of N7, decreased the rate of dephosphorylation of N7. These results, in conjunction with previous findings, establish that adrenalin inhibits glycogen synthase by increasing the phosphorylation of N7, N10 and three further serines located 30, 34 and 38 residues from the start of the C-terminal CNBr peptide (termed the region C30-C38). They also indicate that increased phosphorylation of N10, the region C30-C38, and perhaps N7, is initiated through the inhibition of PP1G by adrenalin, which results from phosphorylation of its glycogen-targetting subunit by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase [Hubbard, M.J. & Cohen, P. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 186, 711-716]. The conclusion that direct phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase makes little contribution to inhibition by adrenalin, is at variance with the teachings of the major textbooks of biochemistry.
Automated Colorimetric Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Biologic Fluids (1967)

Abstract For the routine determination of free fatty acids (FFA) the authors recommend a modification of the automated colorimetric method of Antonis (1) using the extraction procedure of ltaya and Ui (2). This direct extraction and automated analysis shows good correlation with Trout's (3) modification of Dole's (4) titrimetric procedure.
ZSM-23: a suggested structure (1985)

X-Ray powder diffraction (Rietveld profile refinement) using a model derived from electron diffraction and adsorption data and space group limitations has yielded a structure for ZSM-23; it is a recurrently twinned version of theta-1 (ZSM-22).
An experimental 35ns 1Mb biCMOS DRAM (1987)

AN EXPERIMENTAL 1 Mb bipolar CMOS(Hi-BiCMOS) DRAM with a typical access time of 35ns and typical power dissipation of 450mW at 60ns cycle time, will be reported.
Credit card fraud and detection techniques : a review (2009)

Fraud is one of the major ethical issues in the credit card industry. The main aims are, firstly, to identify the different\ntypes of credit card fraud, and, secondly, to review alternative techniques that have been used in fraud detection. The\nsub-aim is to present, compare and analyze recently published findings in credit card fraud detection. This article\ndefines common terms in credit card fraud and highlights key statistics and figures in this field. Depending on the type\nof fraud faced by banks or credit card companies, various measures can be adopted and implemented. The proposals\nmade in this paper are likely to have beneficial attributes in terms of cost savings and time efficiency. The significance\nof the application of the techniques reviewed here is in the minimization of credit card fraud. Yet there are still ethical\nissues when genuine credit card customers are misclassified as fraudulent.
Linked Recognition of Helper and Cytotoxic Antigenic Determinants for the Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes<sup>a</sup> (1988)

These studies present a model for T-T collaboration for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The in vitro CTL response against Qa-1 alloantigens in B6 Qa-1 congenic mice requires that animals are first primed in vivo with Qa-1 together with a second (helper) antigen. Both the antigen recognized by CTL (Qa-1) and Th (H-Y) must be presented on the same APC for successful priming. This findings is consistent with a linked recognition model whereby both molecules are presented on the same APC in order to accomplish close proximity between the two T cells. To further test this model, we demonstrated that in the absence of the helper antigen, H-Y, mice could be successfully primed against Qa-1 if coinoculated with a product of a Th, IL-2. We further showed that mice treated with anti-L3T4 antibodies could not be primed to Qa-1 even though the cells used for immunization expressed the H-Y helper antigen. Taken together, these results lend further support to a model of linked recognition between Th and CTL.P where close proximity allows for the lymphokine IL-2 to bind to its receptor on the CTL allowing for the successful induction of CTL.P.
Toxigenic Fungi in Food (1975)

Forty-five fungal isolates from moldy supermarket foods were tested for toxicity to brine shrimp, and twenty-two of these isolates were subsequently tested for toxicity to chicken embryos. Highly toxigenic fungi were Cladosporium sphaerospermum from a bakery product, Fusarium oxysporum from carrots, F. solani from cabbage, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum from bread, P. cyclopium and P. herguei from corn meal, P. lanosum from onions,P. steckii from chocolate syrup, Penicillium sp. from jelly, and Rhizopus nigricans isolates from sweet potato, applesauce, and strawberries. Approximately one-third of the fungal cultures were moderately to highly toxigenic to brine shrimp and chicken embryos, while several additional cultures were slightly toxigenic.
Quantitative nanoscale imaging of orientational order in biological filaments by polarized superresolution microscopy (2016)

Essential cellular functions as diverse as genome maintenance and tissue morphogenesis rely on the dynamic organization of filamentous assemblies. For example, the precise structural organization of DNA filaments has profound consequences on all DNA-mediated processes including gene expression, whereas control over the precise spatial arrangement of cytoskeletal protein filaments is key for mechanical force generation driving animal tissue morphogenesis. Polarized fluorescence is currently used to extract structural organization of fluorescently labeled biological filaments by determining the orientation of fluorescent labels, however with a strong drawback: polarized fluorescence imaging is indeed spatially limited by optical diffraction, and is thus unable to discriminate between the intrinsic orientational mobility of the fluorophore labels and the real structural disorder of the labeled biomolecules. Here, we demonstrate that quantitative single-molecule polarized detection in biological filament assemblies allows not only to correct for the rotational flexibility of the label but also to image orientational order of filaments at the nanoscale using superresolution capabilities. The method is based on polarized direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, using dedicated optical scheme and image analysis to determine both molecular localization and orientation with high precision. We apply this method to double-stranded DNA in vitro and microtubules and actin stress fibers in whole cells.
Basische Aluminiumchloride (1941)

Abstract Im Anschluß an die potentiometrische Analyse basischer Aluminiumchloridlösungen durch W. D. T READWELL und M. Z ÜRCHER sind hochbasische Aluminiumchloridlösungen in bezug auf ihre Entstehung, Konstitution und Reaktionsweise untersucht worden, und zwar in erster Linie Lösungen der Basizitätsgrade equation image .
Interplay between bone morphogenetic proteins and cognate binding proteins in bone and cartilage development: noggin, chordin and DAN. (2001)

This commentary is a concise discussion of the interactions between bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their binding proteins in bone and cartilage morphogenesis. BMPs are a family of growth and differentiation factors, and they act on mesenchymal cells to induce cartilage and bone differentiation in concentration-dependent thresholds. The BMP-BMP receptor binding leads to a cascade of signaling and transcription of BMP response genes. BMP binding proteins, noggin, chordin and DAN, act as antagonists and determine the bioavailability of BMPs for binding to cognate receptors to elicit the biological response. Noggin null mice with unrestricted action of BMPs exhibit defects in joint morphogenesis. BMPs and their binding proteins may reciprocally regulate the dynamic topography of joints, muscle, tendons and ligaments during morphogenesis of the skeleton. In addition, BMP actions may be potentiated by twisted gastrulation. BMPs and their binding proteins may play a critical role in regeneration of cartilage in osteoarthritis.
Black Holes and White Rabbits: Metaphor Identification with Visual Features (2016)

Metaphor is pervasive in our communication, which makes it an important problem for natural language processing (NLP). Numerous approaches to metaphor processing have thus been proposed, all of which relied on linguistic features and textual data to construct their models. Human metaphor comprehension is, however, known to rely on both our linguistic and perceptual experience, and vision can play a particularly important role when metaphorically projecting imagery across domains. In this paper, we present the first metaphor identification method that simultaneously draws knowledge from linguistic and visual data. Our results demonstrate that it outperforms linguistic and visual models in isolation, as well as being competitive with the best-performing metaphor identification methods, that rely on hand-crafted knowledge about domains and perception.
Surfactant Protein A-Directed Toxin Gene Kills Lung Cancer Cells <i>In Vitro</i> (1994)

Human surfactant protein A (SPA) expression is considered a marker of respiratory epithelial differentiation. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are respiratory epithelial derivatives, and it was previously shown that a minority of these cancers expressed SPA, presumably a consequence of their respiratory epithelial origin. In the studies reported here, SPA-I gene transcriptional regulatory sequences were localized to a 2.75-kb genomic 5'-flanking region fragment obtained by screening a human genomic library. The 2.75-kb fragment was used to direct a luciferase coding sequence transcriptionally within a plasmid construct. In plasmid transduction experiments, the SPA-directed luciferase plasmid produced significant luciferase activity in the SPA-expressing NSCLC cell line, H441, but only background levels in the non-SPA-expressing A549 cells. Because Northern blot analysis of resected NSCLC showed that the majority expressed SPA, an SPA-transcriptional targeting strategy was investigated using chimeric toxin genes comprising the coding sequence for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) under transcriptional control of SPA or SV40 regulatory sequences. As expected, transduction of the constitutive, SV40-directed plasmid followed by ganciclovir treatment reduced numbers of both the A549 and H441 cells. In contrast, the SPA-directed plasmid reduced only the SPA-expressing H441 cells and had no significant effect on the A549 cells. The results of these in vivo experiments suggest the concept of transcriptionally directing toxin genes with SPA can produce targeted toxicity in NSCLC.
5-Methoxyjusticidin A, a New Arylnaphthalene Lignan from <i>Protium unifoliolatum</i> (1998)

A new arylnaphthalene lignan, 9-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4,5,6, 7-tetramethoxynaphtho[2,3-C]furan-1(3H)-one (5-methoxyjusticidin A, 1), was isolated from a Et2O extract of the wood of Protium unifoliolatum. The structure of 1 was determined by both spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic methods.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in Glucagon Receptor-Deficient Mice (2011)

Inhibition of glucagon signaling causes hyperglucagonemia and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in mice. We have recently demonstrated that a patient with an inactivating glucagon receptor mutation (P86S) also exhibits hyperglucagonemia and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia but further develops pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). To test the hypothesis that defective glucagon signaling causes PNETs, we studied the pancreata of mice deficient in glucagon receptor (Gcgr(-/-)) from 2 to 12 months, using WT and heterozygous mice as controls. At 2-3 months, Gcgr(-/-) mice exhibited normal islet morphology but the islets were mostly composed of α cells. At 5-7 months, dysplastic islets were evident in Gcgr(-/-) mice but absent in WT or heterozygous controls. At 10-12 months, gross PNETs (≥1 mm) were detected in most Gcgr(-/-) pancreata and micro-PNETs (<1 mm) were found in all (n = 14), whereas the islet morphology remained normal and no PNETs were found in any WT (n = 10) or heterozygous (n = 25) pancreata. Most PNETs in Gcgr(-/-) mice were glucagonomas, but some were non-functioning. No tumors predominantly expressed insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, or somatostatin, although some harbored focal aggregates of tumor cells expressing one of those hormones. The PNETs in Gcgr(-/-) mice were well differentiated and occasionally metastasized to the liver. Menin expression was aberrant in most dysplatic islets and PNETs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was overexpressed in PNET cells and its receptor Flk-1 was found in the abundant blood vessels or blood islands inside the tumors. We conclude that defective glucagon signaling causes PNETs in the Gcgr(-/-) mice, which may be used as a model of human PNETs. Our results further suggest that completely inhibiting glucagon signaling may not be a safe approach to treat diabetes.
24.2 A 2.5GHz 7.7TOPS/W switched-capacitor matrix multiplier with co-designed local memory in 40nm (2016)

Matrix multiplication, enabled by multiply-and-accumulate hardware, is ubiquitous in signal processing, computer graphics, machine learning, and optimization. Many important applications with inherent robustness to reduced precision for matrix multiplication, e.g. inference for neural networks [1], can take advantage of analog signal processing for energy efficiency. This work presents a 64-cycle programmable passive Switched-Capacitor Matrix Multiplier (SCMM) with co-designed bitline-less memory. The design exploits 300aF unit fringe capacitors for high speed and low energy charge-domain processing and contains the input DAC, multiply-and-accumulate SAR ADC, and local memory. Two applications of the SCMM are demonstrated: 1) an analog front-end for an image classifier system, which reduces A/D conversions by 21x and multiply-and-accumulate compute energy by 11x over a conventional system, and 2) a co-processing accelerator to solve Stochastic Gradient Descent optimization, which achieves a measured 7.7 TOPS/W at 2.5GHz.
Lectures on Gas Theory (1964)

One of the great masterpieces of theoretical physics, this classic work contains a comprehensive exposition of the kinetic theory of gases that is still relevant today, nearly 100 years after its first publication. Although the modifications of quantum mechanics have rendered some parts of the work obsolete, many of the topics dealt with still yield to the classical-mechanics approach outlined by Boltzmann; moreover, a variety of problems in aerodynamics, nuclear reactors, and thermonuclear power generation are best solved by Boltzmann's famous transport equation.The work is divided into two
STUDY ON CHEMOTHERAPY FOR RENAL TUBERCULOSIS (1966)

According to the duration of chemotherapy before operation, I classified into five groups (that is, from group I to group V), 77 cases, which were diagnosed as renal tuberculosis, on which nephro-ureterectomy was performed, and also examined the relation between the duration of chemotherapy and the morbid change of ureter; and came to the following conclusion.1) Clear parallel relations could not acknowleged among ureter swelling, caseous mass of ureteral lumina and the duration of chemotherapy.2) In the frequency of the cases in which ureters were broken, there could not be acknowledged any difference among all groups. In the frequency of epithelial regeneration, the generation was acknowledged in none of the 18 cases on which chemotherapy was not performed, but it was aknowledged in 6 of 48 cases on which chemotherapy was performed.3) In the frequency of tubercles which ware acknowledged in those cases, there could be acknowledged no difference between each group, but in the tubercles of the cases on which chemotherapy was performed, a surrounding of connective tissue could be aknowledged.4) The longer chemotherapy was performed, the fewer were tuberculous bacilli of the group. Tuberculous bacilli were akcnowledged in 8 of 77 cases (taht is, 10.4%).5) In the cases in which the urinary bladder was affected, caseous mass of ureteral lumina was ack-knowledged 57.2% and was clearly more, compared with 42.9% of the cases in whch the urinary bladder was not affected.6) Lower ureteral stenosis was aknowledged in 4 cases. Of these four, one belonging to group I was owing to the abundance of caseous mass, and the other three cases were owing to fibrous stenosis.
Mining maximal frequent itemsets from data streams (2007)

Frequent pattern mining from data streams is an active research topic in data mining. Existing research efforts often rely on a two-phase framework to discover frequent patterns: (1) using internal data structures to store meta-patterns obtained by scanning the stream data; and (2) re-mining the meta-patterns to finalize and output frequent patterns. The defectiveness of such a two-phase framework lies in the fact that the two stages provide barriers to dynamically and immediately finding frequent patterns with online functionalities. It is expected that a single-phase algorithm can fulfil frequent pattern mining from data streams in such a way that the users can see patterns in an immediate and dynamic manner, as soon as the patterns have become frequent. In this paper, we propose INSTANT, a single-phase algorithm for discovering frequent itemsets from data streams. The theoretical foundation of INSTANT is based on a framework theory on a set of itemsets, which is also presented in the paper. The novel design of INSTANT ensures that it employs compact data structures to mine frequent patterns from data streams in a single phase. Our experimental results demonstrate the time and space efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Itraconazole in the treatment of superficial cutaneous and mucosal <i>Candida</i> infections (1998)

Superficial cutaneous and mucosal Candida infections are common and widely affect both the immunocompromised as well as the immunocompetent populations. Common infections may include Candida paronychia, cutaneous candidiasis, oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and Candida onychomycosis. Although C albicans has been considered to be the most common pathogen, other Candida species have emerged as potential causes of certain infections. Currently, a variety of antifungal agents is available to treat these infections. They include fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole. These agents have been widely used to treat fungal infections, including superficial and systemic candidiasis. However, some concerns exist regarding safety associated with long-term use of ketoconazole, and emerging issues of Candida resistance to fluconazole in some patient subsets have been reported. Itraconazole has proven efficacy in treating cutaneous and mucosal Candida infections. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that itraconazole may have increased efficacy and an excellent safety profile when administered in a pulse-dose, or intermittent fashion, for superficial mycotic infections. Itraconazole is an effective agent that warrants consideration when selecting treatment for Candida infections.
Multiple Sequence Alignment Using ClustalW and ClustalX (2002)

The Clustal programs are widely used for carrying out automatic multiple alignment of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. The most familiar version is ClustalW, which uses a simple text menu system that is portable to more or less all computer systems. ClustalX features a graphical user interface and some powerful graphical utilities for aiding the interpretation of alignments and is the preferred version for interactive usage. Users may run Clustal remotely from several sites using the Web or the programs may be downloaded and run locally on PCs, Macintosh, or Unix computers. The protocols in this unit discuss how to use ClustalX and ClustalW to construct an alignment, and create profile alignments by merging existing alignments.
Randomised double blind trial of etoricoxib and indometacin in treatment of acute gouty arthritis (2002)

Etoricoxib 120 mg once daily provides rapid and effective treatment for acute gouty arthritis comparable to indometacin 50 mg three times daily. Etoricoxib was generally safe and well tolerated in this study.
Benefits of antioxidant supplements for knee osteoarthritis: rationale and reality (2015)

Arthritis causes disability due to pain and inflammation in joints. There are many forms of arthritis, one of which is osteoarthritis whose prevalence increases with age. It occurs in various joints including hip, knee and hand with knee osteoarthritis being more prevalent. There is no cure for it. The management strategies include exercise, glucosamine plus chondroitin sulfate and NSAIDs. In vitro and animal studies provide a rationale for the use of antioxidant supplements for its management. This review assesses the reality of the benefits of antioxidant supplements in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Several difficulties were encountered in examining this issue: poorly conducted studies, a lack of uniformity in disease definition and diagnosis, and muddling of conclusions from attempts to isolate the efficacious molecules. The antioxidant supplements with most evidence for benefit for pain relief and function in knee osteoarthritis were based on curcumin and avocado-soya bean unsaponifiables. Boswellia and some herbs used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine may also be useful. The benefits of cuisines with the appropriate antioxidants should be assessed because they may be more economical and easier to incorporate into the lifestyle.
Process control and machine learning: rule-based incremental control (1994)

In this paper, we discuss a rule-based incremental control program which has been used for controlling a laser cutting robot and in simulation for driving a car on a track, for a car parking manoeuvre, or for parking a truck with one trailer. The core of the paper concerns a learning program, Candide, which learns to control a process without a priori knowledge about the process, by observing random initial evolutions of the process and acquiring a qualitative model. Monotonous or derivative relationships between inputs and outputs are recognized, and then a rule-based incremental controller Is deduced from this model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>