gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the precision‐per‐unit‐time of quantitative MR metrics: Examples for<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>,<i>T</i><sub>2</sub>, and DTI (2007)

Quantitative MR metrics (e.g., T1, T2, diffusion coefficients, and magnetization transfer ratios (MTRs etc)) are often derived from two images collected with one acquisition parameter changed between them (the "two-point" method). Since a low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) adversely affects the precision of these metrics, averaging is frequently used, although improvement accrues slowly-in proportion to the square root of imaging time. Fortunately, the relationship between the images' SNRs and the metric's precision can be exploited to our advantage. Using error propagation rules, we show that for a given sequence, specifying the total imaging time uniquely determines the optimal acquisition protocol. Specifically, instead of changing only one acquisition parameter and repeating the imaging pair until all available time is spent, we propose to adjust all of the parameters and the number of averages at each point according to their contribution to the sought metric's precision. The tactic is shown to increase the precision of the well-known two-point T1, T2, and diffusion coefficients estimation by 13-90% for the same sample, sequence, hardware, and duration. It is also shown that under this general framework, precision accrues faster than the square root of time. Tables of optimal parameters are provided for various experimental scenarios.
Copper lead frame: an ultimate solution to the reliability of BLP package (2000)

Copper lead frame was chosen as an on-board reliability enhancement for the BLP (bottom leaded plastic) package. Adopting the copper lead frame needed a verification process for the package reliability because of its high affinity with oxygen that degrades package reliability. A series of tests were performed to select the best copper material and to determine the adhesion index parameter. The experimental results showed that the adhesion strength between the copper lead frame and EMC (epoxy molding compound) was affected by alloy composition, oxide layer thickness, and cupric/cuprous oxide ratio, Among them, the adhesion index parameter proved to be the cupric/cuprous oxide ratio. When it falls between 0.2-0.3, the highest adhesion strength was obtained regardless of alloy composition and oxide thickness. From the adhesion test results, the Cr-Zr-Cu copper alloy was employed as the lead frame for the 54-pin BLP package. The package reliability and on-board reliability tests including surface mountability, mechanical robustness, and solder joint reliability were carried out to compare the 54-pin BLP package, with Cr-Zr copper alloy and alloy 42 lead frame.
Packet arrival interval (PAI)‐based time synchronization (2007)

Abstract Recently, in the fields of network measurement and distributed control, synchronization accuracy of better than microsecond order is required. For highly accurate time synchronization, the skew (the variation of the clock rate) and the queuing delay in the packet switching network constitute problems. In this paper, Packet Arrival Interval‐based time synchronization (PAI) is proposed. In the proposed system, based on the fact that the average arrival interval of the synchronized packets broadcast accurately at a certain interval is less likely to be affected by the queuing delay, the clock rate is accurately estimated. Also, the one‐directional delay from the master to each client can be calculated accurately from prior knowledge of the constituent elements of the LAN. Wide‐range synchronization is possible if the master is synchronized to GPS. An experiment confirms that synchronization accuracy of better than microsecond order can be realized even in the presence of cross traffic with a channel use rate of about 80%. In addition, the present system can be used even with small nodes such as a sensor network. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(11): 12–24, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20402
Time and Energy Efficient Matrix Factorization using FPGAs (2003)

Abstract. In this paper, new algorithms and architectures for matrix factorization are presented. Two fully-parallel and block-based designs for LU decomposition on configurable devices are proposed. A linear array architecture is employed to minimize the usage of long interconnects, leading to lower energy dissipation. The designs are made scalable by using a fixed I/O bandwidth independent of the problem size. High level models for energy profiling are built and the energy performance of many possible designs is predicted. Through the analysis of design tradeoffs, the block size that minimizes the total energy dissipation is identified. A set of candidate designs was implemented on the Xilinx Virtex-II to verify the estimates. Also, the performance of our designs is compared with that of state-of-the-art DSP based designs and with the performance of designs obtained using a state-of-the-art commercial compilation tool such as Celoxica DK1. Our designs on the FPGAs are significantly more time and energy efficient in both cases. 1
A new feedback congestion control policy for long propagation delays (1995)

This paper presents a new feedback congestion control mechanism for the flow control of the best-effort available bit rate (ABR) traffic in ATM networks. This new mechanism belongs to the class of feedback control schemes that ensure no data losses and operate based on simple 'stop' and 'start' signals. A novelty presented by this paper is a methodology which, for a given set of desired properties, leads to the specification of the corresponding control algorithm. For the case of a single connection, the algorithm can operate with the theoretically minimum possible buffer size. Interestingly, the algorithm obtained has a different structure than the previous schemes; it does not operate based on fixed high and low thresholds. A new congestion control mechanism is subsequently derived for the flow control of multiple connections. The new scheme is exercised hop-by-hop and on a per-connection basis. This scheme allows connections to share memory and bandwidth resources efficiently within the network. The performance of the new scheme is also presented, and its statistical multiplexing efficiency is demonstrated. The measures investigated include buffer occupancy, average delay, overhead due to the protocol signals, and sustained throughput. In the case of long propagation delays, the buffer savings achieved by the new scheme are substantial.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization and Photoluminescence Properties of Eu<sup>3+</sup> Doped 3CdO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-8SiO<sub>2</sub> Amorphous System for White Light-Emitting Diodes (2008)

A new phosphor, Eu3+ doped 3CdO-Al2O3-3SiO2 (CAS:Eu3+), is prepared by a convenient sol−gel method. Under excitation either into the 5L6 state with 394 nm or the 5D2 state with 464 nm, the phosphor gives a red emission at 610 nm originating from the 5D0 → 7F2 transition of Eu3+. The luminescence properties compared with YAG:Ce3+ and Y2O3:Eu3+ are studied. The red emission of CAS:Eu3+ is about 3 times stronger than that of commercial Y2O3:Eu3+. The high color saturation (the chromaticity index is x = 0.6209, y = 0.3461) and the low thermal quenching effect make phosphor CAS:Eu3+ a promising candidate for the phosphor-converted white LEDs.
The Limit of Viability -- Neonatal Outcome of Infants Born at 22 to 25 Weeks' Gestation (1993)

We believe that aggressive resuscitation of infants born at 25 weeks' gestation is indicated, but not of those born at 22 weeks. Whether the occasional child who is born at 23 or 24 weeks' gestation and does well justifies the considerable mortality and morbidity of the majority is a question that should be discussed by parents, health care providers, and society.
Interruptions in Group Discussions: The Effects of Gender and Group Composition (1989)

Conversations both reflect and maintain social inequalities. They import hierarchical structures from larger society and help perpetuate them by creating inequalities in the ability to accomplish interactional goals. In this study of speaker transitions in six-person, task-oriented experimental groups, we explore the well-known finding that men interrupt women more frequently than women interrupt men. We ask three questions about the structure of interruptions. Who attempts to interrupt whom and under what conditions? How does the affective character of interruptions vary across speakers and groups? What determines whether an interruption succeeds? We find that gender inequality in these task-oriented discussions is created by a mixture of attempts to use power and of differential success. In their interruptions, men discriminate by sex in attempts and in yielding to interruptions by others. Women interrupt and yield the floor to males and females equally. The sex composition of the group affects interruption patterns in complex ways. Men interrupt men with supportive comments in all-male groups, but these supportive interruptions drop as the number of women in the group increases. Supportive interruptions also succeed in gaining the floor more often in single-sex groups. Taken together, the results suggest a mixture of status and conflict models and reaffirm the importance of group composition in interaction.
Contact potentials and the adhesion of dust (1962)

Differences in work function over the surface of a particle can result in dipole characteristics which are important for small particles. Electrostatic deposition orients these dipoles so that coulomb forces exist between adjacent layers of particles, thus producing high adhesive forces. This orientation is confirmed by measurements of contact potentials. Tests of electrostatically deposited dust show adhesive forces which are normally an order of magnitude greater than adhesive forces of the same dust mechanically deposited.
Turbo detection of coded continuous-phase modulations (2003)

Iterative (turbo) decoding of a coded, interleaved continuous-phase modulated (CPM) waveform is presented. The transmitter consists of a rate-2/3 convolutional encoder followed by an interleaver, and an 8-ary continuous phase modulator. At the receiver, soft output a posteriori probability algorithms for the convolutional code and the CPM waveform iteratively refine their probability estimates. Current simulation results show a 2.5 dB SNR improvement (at 10/sup -5/ bit-error rate) over trellis-coded CPM (TCCPM) with a 99% bandwidth efficiency of 1.24 bps/Hz. The detector has a complexity of approximately 4.5 times that of the TCCPM system.
Special issue on mass (2003)

This special issue is intended to present a review of mass standards, mass determination and the efforts to replace the international prototype of the kilogram by a new definition of the kilogram based on a fundamental constant of physics.
Prolonged Antimicrobial Activity of a Catheter Containing Chlorhexidine-Silver Sulfadiazine Extends Protection against Catheter Infections In Vivo (2001)

The present study evaluated in vitro and in vivo a new chlorhexidine (C)-silver sulfadiazine (S) vascular catheter (the CS2 catheter) characterized by a higher C content and by the extended release of the surface-bound antimicrobials. The CS2 catheter was compared with a first-generation, commercially available CS catheter (the CS1 catheter). The CS2 catheter produced slightly smaller zones of inhibition (mean difference, 0.9 mm [P < 0.001]) at 24 h against Staphylococcus aureus and five other microorganisms by several different methodologies. However, in a rabbit model, both CS catheters were similarly efficacious in preventing a catheter infection when the rabbits were inoculated with 10(4) to 10(7) CFU of S. aureus at the time of catheter insertion. The CS2 catheter retained its antimicrobial activity significantly longer in vitro and in vivo (half-lives exceeded 34 and 7 days, respectively) and was also significantly more efficacious in preventing a catheter infection when 10(6) CFU of S. aureus was inoculated 2 days after catheter implantation (P < 0.001). These results suggest that prolonged anti-infective activity on the external catheter surface provides improved efficacy in the prevention of infection.
The Calcium-Calmodulin System: Participation in the Regulation of Steroidogenesis at Different Stages of Granulosa Cell Differentiation (1984)

The involvement of the calcium-calmodulin system in the gonadotropic regulation of granulosa cell steroidogenesis during follicular development was assessed by comparing the effects of agents known to alter calcium metabolism or calmodulin activity on gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone production by rat granulosa cells at different stages of cellular differentiation. Granulosa cells from pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-injected rats (PMSG-cells) could be stimulated to produce steroids by both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas those from 17 beta-estradiol-pretreated animals (E2-cells) only responded to to FSH. Although PMSG-cells demonstrated greater capacities for adenosine 3': 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and progesterone production, their sensitivity to the various agents tested was similar to that of the E2-cells. [Ethylene-bis(oxyethylene-nitrilo)] tetraacetic acid (EGTA) markedly reduced both basal and FSH-stimulated progesterone production by both cell preparations. Verapamil, an agent which inhibits cellular uptake of calcium, attenuated cyclic AMP and progesterone production by both cell groups at similar concentrations. Calcium ionophore A23187, a stimulator of cellular calcium uptake, significantly stimulated progesterone production by both E2-cells and PMSG-cells. While FSH-stimulated progesterone production by both cell groups was lowered by the calmodulin inhibitor, 1-[bis(p-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-[2,4-dichloro-beta-(2,4-dichlorobenzy loxy) phenethyl] imidazolium chloride (R24571), cyclic AMP production by PMSG-cells in response to both FSH and LH was significantly reduced by R24571 and trifluoperazine (TFP), another calmodulin inhibitor. These findings indicate that the calcium-calmodulin system is involved in the regulation of granulosa cell steroidogenesis by both FSH and LH. Its participation in the gonadotropic regulation is independent of the stage of follicular maturation and cellular differentiation.
Validation of Sterilization Procedures and Usage of Biological Indicators in the Manufacture of Healthcare Products (2011)

Healthcare product manufacturers strive to provide safe, sterile products by validating and controlling manufacturing procedures. Validation study is the result of a multidisciplinary team effort. This successful effort relies on each discipline understanding the fundamentals of each technical disciplines and applying those fundamentals in terms of their own technical background. This paper is to introduce the basic concepts of sterilization methodology which are involved in validating various technical methods of sterilization and biological indicators (BIs). These will mainly address sterilization procedures in general terms and highlight on their microbiological aspects. The proper starting point is defining what sterility is and how it can be achieved through the validation studies by using BI.
Novel trichromatic phosphor codoped with two rare earth ions in a single matrix (2000)

The luminescence properties of CaBPO5: Eu, Tb phosphor and the sensitization of Ce3+ were investigated. The CaBPO5: Eu, Tb phosphors were synthesized in the ambient air and the emission spectra of Eu3+, Tb3+ and Eu2+ were Observed in the phosphor. The result shows that there is electron transfer between conjugate rare earth ions. Sensitization of Ce3+ can improve the intensity of emission of Tb3+ and Eu2+. A novel trichromatic lamp phosphor codoped with Eu3+-Tb3+ in matrix CaBPO5 is then predicted.
A novel variant in MYLK causes thoracic aortic dissections: genotypic and phenotypic description (2016)

Individuals carrying this deletion in MYLK have a high risk of presenting with an acute aortic dissection or rupture. Aortic events occur over a wide range of ages and are not always preceded by obvious aortic dilatation. Aortic elastic properties do not differ between carriers and non-carriers of this mutation, rendering it uncertain whether and when carriers should undergo elective prophylactic surgery.
Exacerbation frequency and clinical outcomes in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (2011)

Patients with CF with frequent exacerbations appear to experience an accelerated decline in lung function, and they have an increased 3 year risk of death or lung transplant.
Space: Qualified increase for ESA (1989)

At its December meeting the council of the European Space Agency (ESA) at last persuaded the UK to withdraw a veto of further increases in funds for the mandatory space science programme, Horizon 2000. But they had to pay a price – a shorter-lasting financial commitment than had been hoped as well as the establishment of an independent review of the costs and management of the programme.
Suvorexant: The first orexin receptor antagonist to treat insomnia (2015)

Primary insomnia is mainly treated with drugs acting on benzodiazepine receptors and a few other classes of drugs used for different co-morbidities. A novel approach to treat insomnia has been introduced recently, with the approval of suvorexant, the first in a new class of orexin receptor antagonists. Orexin receptors in the brain have been found to play an important role in the regulation of various aspects of arousal and motivation. The drugs commonly used for insomnia therapy to date, have often been associated with adverse effects, such as, day-time somnolence, amnesia, confusion, and gait disturbance, apart from the risk of dependence on chronic use. Suvorexant has not shown these adverse effects because of its unique mechanism of action. It also appears to be suitable as a chronic therapy for insomnia, because of minimal physical dependence. The availability of this new drug as an effective and safe alternative is an important and welcome development in insomnia management.
New promises for manipulation of kynurenine pathway in cancer and neurological diseases (2009)

Recent advances have shifted the attention on the kynurenine pathway from a scientific curiosity to a clinically relevant collection of targets. A relatively large number of ligands able to interfere with individual enzymes of the pathway have been made available, but none have so far proceeded into advanced clinical studies.
Déterminer la pondération de la consommation des ressources en chimiothérapie ambulatoire liée à la charge de travail des infirmières (2012)

Les programmes de cancérologie ontariens se sont fixés comme objectif de dispenser des soins infirmiers de haute qualité et des traitements sécuritaires à la fois pour les patients et pour le personnel. Dans le domaine de la santé, les contraintes financières inhérentes à la prestation des soins exigent que les mécanismes de financement rendent compte non seulement du coût des médicaments mais encore de facteurs tels que les coûts des ressources humaines en pharmacie et en soins infirmiers. Alors que certaines organisations ont élaboré des systèmes de classification des patients afin de mesurer l’intensité des soins infirmiers et la charge de travail des infirmières, ces systèmes s’appliquent principalement aux clientèles hospitalisées et présentent de nombreux défis tels que la nécessité pour les infirmières de documenter la charge de travail exigée par les soins à des fins de justification. Cet article a pour but de tracer les grandes lignes de la méthodologie et de l’implication des infirmières en vue d’élaborer une pondération de la consommation des ressources basée sur les protocoles pouvant être appliquée aux salles de chimiothérapie ambulatoire. La méthodologie inclut la détermination de la charge de travail reliée au temps dont les infirmières ont besoin pour préparer, conseiller et évaluer les patients et leur fournir l’enseignement requis ainsi que le temps nécessaire pour rassembler les fournitures, accéder aux lignes de perfusion, surveiller, gérer les effets indésirables, gérer les symptômes et documenter les soins. La pondération de la consommation des ressources fournit une meilleure mesure de la complexité des soins exigés par les patients atteints de cancer traités en milieu ambulatoire.
[Ethnopharmacology of Phyllanthus emblica L]. (1997)

This paper deals with the ethnopharmacology of P. emblica, a traditional herbal medicine used by many peoples in the world. The paper introduces the biological characters, geographical distribution-patterns, chemical constitution and pharmacology of the plant. By cross-cultural comparative study, this paper indicates that there are 17 countries and nations of the world using various parts of P. emblica in their medical treatment. The medicinal plant is good for anti-hepatitis, anti-cancer, anti-tumor and regulation of stomachal function. The plant is also regarded as a traditional immunomodulator and a natural adaptogen. The result of the study reveals that P. emblica is an important traditional medicine with broad prospects.
Autoantibodies, immunoglobulins, complement and circulating immune complexes in acute malaria. (1997)

Acute malarial infection can cause false-positive results for anti-ssDNA, anti-dsDNA and rheumatoid factor and may also cause a rise in the serum immunoglobulin, complement and circulating immune complex levels.
PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF Yb3+ IN YTTRIUM OXIDE (1963)

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[Composite fluorine polymer-containing sorbents for isolation and purification of biopolymers]. (1998)

Composite fluoropolymer-containing sorbents based on porous silicas were synthesized for the isolation and purification of biopolymers under nondenaturing conditions. Examples of the application of these sorbents in the separation of various mixtures of peptides and proteins and purification of nucleic acids from various sources (plasmid DNA and DNA from nucleated human blood cells) using the cartridge, column, and batch (sorption in a stirred volume) methods are presented. It was shown that the sorbents can be used in laboratory practice because they are selective to nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins. These materials combine the mechanical properties of the inorganic matrix with the specific sorption properties of the polymer phase and exhibit enhanced stability to alkaline hydrolysis. Alternative methods of preparing sorbents containing polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifluorostyrene, and polyfluorobutadiene are described. By the example of polyfluorobutadiene-containing sorbents, a completely new method for obtaining fluorinated polymer phases was developed: the polymer phase was preliminarily formed on the surface of porous disperse carriers and was fluorinated with xenon difluoride.
Central nervous system herpesvirus infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnosis by endoretinal biopsy. (1993)

A 31-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed meningoencephalitis, followed by transverse myelitis. The clinical picture was otherwise not consistent with a lupus flare. Extensive diagnostic evaluation was unrevealing. Acute visual loss ensued, associated with an unusual pattern of retinitis. Endoretinal biopsy established the diagnosis of herpesvirus infection. Reinstitution of antiviral therapy, and optic nerve sheath decompression, led to resolution of neurologic deficits and partial return of vision. Our report is the first that describes a patient with SLE with herpes meningoencephalitis, transverse myelitis, and rapidly progressive outer retinal necrosis, diagnosed antemortem by endoretinal biopsy, and successfully treated with acyclovir and optic nerve fenestration.
Composite materials interface characterization (1988)

This year, we have achieved the following substantial achievements: o Formulation of the ultrasonic scattering/interface wave propagation problem for a general interface.