gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cardiac transplantation in an 8-month-old female infant with subendocardial fibroelastosis (1986)

On Nov 1, 1984, an orthotopic cardiac transplantation was performed in an 8-month-old female infant with subendocardial fibroelastosis. Because of the advanced state of cardiac failure, the operation was done despite a positive tissue crossmatch for antitoxic donor-specific antibodies. Immunosuppression consisted of high doses of cyclosporine (up to 550 mg/m<sup>2</sup>or 30 mg/kg) and steroids. Hypertension and tremor of the extremities, which were attributed to cyclosporine, occurred during the first week but resolved after seven days. No signs of nephrotoxic effects have been noted; however, a severe episode of allograft rejection was detected by endomyocardial biopsy on the seventh postoperative day, and a moderate rejection episode was noted on the 22nd postoperative day. Histologic improvement was seen after treatment with conventional steroid pulses. The patient was discharged on Nov 29, 1984. Complications consisted of four episodes of otitis media caused by<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and one rejection episode that was treated on an outpatient basis with an intravenous methylprednisolone sodium succinate pulse. Our experience emphasizes both the feasibility and importance of performing endomyocardial biopsies in infant recipients. Through biopsy, episodes of rejection can be discovered when clinical signs are not yet apparent. Eighteen months after transplantation, the child was developing and growing normally. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;256:1326-1329)
Generation of tumour‐necrosis‐factor‐α‐specific affibody<sup>1</sup> molecules capable of blocking receptor binding <i>in vitro</i> (2009)

Affibody molecules specific for human TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) were selected by phage-display technology from a library based on the 58-residue Protein A-derived Z domain. TNF-alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in several inflammatory diseases and, to this day, four TNF-alpha-blocking protein pharmaceuticals have been approved for clinical use. The phage selection generated 18 unique cysteine-free affibody sequences of which 12 were chosen, after sequence cluster analysis, for characterization as proteins. Biosensor binding studies of the 12 Escherichia coli-produced and IMAC (immobilized-metal-ion affinity chromatography)-purified affibody molecules revealed three variants that demonstrated the strongest binding to human TNF-alpha. These three affibody molecules were subjected to kinetic binding analysis and also tested for their binding to mouse, rat and pig TNF-alpha. For ZTNF-alpha:185, subnanomolar affinity (KD=0.1-0.5 nM) for human TNF-alpha was demonstrated, as well as significant binding to TNF-alpha from the other species. Furthermore, the binding site was found to overlap with the binding site for the TNF-alpha receptor, since this interaction could be efficiently blocked by the ZTNF-alpha:185 affibody. When investigating six dimeric affibody constructs with different linker lengths, and one trimeric construct, it was found that the inhibition of the TNF-alpha binding to its receptor could be further improved by using dimers with extended linkers and/or a trimeric affibody construct. The potential implication of the results for the future design of affibody-based reagents for the diagnosis of inflammation is discussed.
Reactivity of Factor VIII Inhibitors in a Micro ELISA for Factor VIII : CAg and in Solid Phase Immunoisolation of VIII : CAg (1985)

Summary Factor VIII coagulant antigen (VIII : CAg) was measured in a sandwich-ELISA. Microplates were used as solid phase and peroxidase conjugated F(ab’)2 fragments of IgG isolated from inhibitor plasma was used as label without affinity purification. The capacity of the assay was high and the sensitivity for VIII : CAg was 0.002 U/ml. Using this assay it was possible to measure coagulation inactive VIII : CAg in samples from purification studies. Below 0.05 VIII : CAg U/ml these samples responded in parallel with standard plasma. Seven of 7 inhibitor antibodies tested were able to inhibit binding of peroxidase-conjugate in the VIII : CAg assay, and the inhibitory capacity correlated with coagulation inhibition as measured by the Bethesda method. Using the highest titered antibodies bound to a solid phase, VIII : CAg was isolated and identified in SDS-PAGE as a doublet with a molecular weight of 77-80 kD.
Heat-Induced Synthesis of ς <sup>32</sup> in <i>Escherichia coli</i> : Structural and Functional Dissection of <i>rpoH</i> mRNA Secondary Structure (1999)

The heat shock response in Escherichia coli depends primarily on the increased synthesis and stabilization of otherwise scarce and unstable sigma32 (rpoH gene product), which is required for the transcription of heat shock genes. The heat-induced synthesis of sigma32 occurs at the level of translation, and genetic evidence has suggested the involvement of a secondary structure at the 5' portion (nucleotides -19 to +247) of rpoH mRNA in regulation. We now present evidence for the mRNA secondary structure model by means of structure probing of RNA with chemical and enzymatic probes. A similar analysis of several mutant RNAs with a mutation predicted to alter a base pairing or with two compensatory mutations revealed altered secondary structures consistent with the expression and heat inducibility of the corresponding fusion constructs observed in vivo. These findings led us to assess the possible roles of each of the stem-loop structures by analyzing an additional set of deletions and base substitutions. The results indicated not only the primary importance of base pairings between the translation initiation region of ca. 20 nucleotides (the AUG initiation codon plus the "downstream box") and the internal region of rpoH mRNA but also the requirement of appropriate stability of mRNA secondary structures for characteristic thermoregulation, i.e., repression at a low temperature and induction upon a temperature upshift.
A Low Cost Calibrated DAC for High-Resolution Video Display System (2011)

This paper presents a digitally enhanced strategy for current-steering digital-to-analog converters (DACs) applied to video systems. The linearity error introduced by the wittingly small current sources is evaluated by an on-chip built-in self-test scheme, which comprises a shared CalDAC, a BiasDAC, and a digital controller. Two current tuning loops are involved for error detection and compensation. Detection range of the current deviation is expanded by utilizing the differential structure and digital signal processor (DSP). For a 12-bit DAC prototype realized in 90-nm CMOS process, about 80% gate area reduction of current source array is achieved compared with the case relying on intrinsic matching only. Measurement results demonstrate that the calibrated converter achieves fully 12-bit linearity with both DNL and INL less than 0.5 LSB. At 400-MS/s update rate, the spurious-free dynamic range is 59 dB within 30 MHz bandwidth.
Long Term, True Single Transverse Mode, High Peak Power Operation of Large Mode 3C® Optical Fiber (2016)

Large mode 3C® optical fiber operating at 300kW of peak power and 25W of average power is shown to maintain truly single transverse mode functionality even after more than 1.5 years of continuous operation.
Iron-removal of Clay Mineral with Oxalic Acid. (1997)

Leaching characteristics of iron bearing impurities contained in clay mineral, have been investigated by using oxalic acid (OxA). Two types of samples with different particle size fractions (J-A;-16/+100 mesh and J-B;-100 mesh) were prepared for the experiment. The main components of the clay sample were identified to be sericite, α-quartz, and hydrated iron oxides as main contaminants of iron and iron aluminum silicate hydroxide [K (Fe, Al) 2 (Si, Al) 4O10 (OH) 2] as a second phase of Fe-contamination. With a reaction temperature 100°C, aL/S ratio 5: 1, a spin rate of 500 rpm, a reaction time of 120 min., the optimum leaching percentage was obtained at 0.38 mol/l oxalic acid concentration for J-A and at 0.19 mol/l for J-B. Leaching percentages for J-A and J-B were then 83%and 96%, respectively. The substantial removal of iron reached to 86.2% and 89.6% as Fe2O3, respectively. Instead of high leaching efficiency of iron from the J-B, it is limited to wash out the leached iron species because of a little adsorption of iron species on the surface of clay. The whiteness of the leached clay with oxalic acid decreased with the higher content of iron in the product. The small amount of magnetic materials remained after oxalic acid leaching, could be removed by weakly magnetic separator and identified a mixture of ferrous oxalate by XRD pattern.
Therapy’s Shadow: A Short History of the Study of Resistance to Cancer Chemotherapy (2013)

This article traces the history of research on resistance to drug therapy in oncology using scientometric techniques and qualitative analysis. Using co-citation analysis, we generate maps to visualize subdomains in resistance research in two time periods, 1975-1990 and 1995-2010. These maps reveal two historical trends in resistance research: first, a shift in focus from generic mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy to a focus on resistance to targeted therapies and molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis; and second, a movement away from an almost exclusive reliance on animal and cell models and toward the generation of knowledge about resistance through clinical trial work. A close reading of highly cited articles within each subdomain cluster reveals specific points of transition from one regime to the other, in particular the failure of several promising theories of resistance to be translated into clinical insights and the emergence of interest in resistance to a new generation of targeted agents such as imatinib and trastuzumab. We argue that the study of resistance in the oncology field has thus become more integrated with research into cancer therapy - rather than constituting it as a separate domain of study, as it has done in the past, contemporary research treats resistance as the flip side to treatment, as therapy's shadow.
Selective and Protracted Apoptosis in Human Primary Neurons Microinjected with Active Caspase-3, -6, -7, and -8 (2000)

We have shown previously that caspase-6 is activated in serum deprivation-mediated human neuronal cell death and correlates with increased production of Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid beta peptide (Abeta). Here, we show by direct microinjection of recombinant active enzymes that caspase-6 (>0.5 pg/cell) induces a protracted course of apoptosis in neurons in a caspase-specific, dose- and time-dependent manner in the presence of serum. Only transient activation of caspase-6 is required to initiate apoptosis. Caspase-6 induces apoptosis directly without the activation of other caspase effectors. Doses of caspase-6 of <0.25 pg/cell induce only 20% cell death within 16 d but render neurons vulnerable to oxidative stress, indicating that caspase activation affects neurons despite the absence of cell death. Caspase-3 induces neuronal apoptosis in 20% of the cells, whereas caspase-7 or -8 do not induce apoptosis. In contrast, astrocytes undergo apoptosis within 24 hr when microinjected with caspase-3 but not caspase-6, -7, or -8. These results show cell type-specific vulnerability to caspases in the CNS. The results suggest that activation of caspases in human neurons does not lead to an immediate and rapid process of cell death but provokes a protracted form of apoptosis. Activation of caspases in human neurons may participate in the long-term overproduction of Abeta and other potential toxic fragments resulting from caspase-mediated proteolysis. These results are consistent with the protracted and age-dependent nature of AD.
DBU as an N alpha-deprotecting reagent for the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group in continuous flow solid-phase peptide synthesis. (1992)

The versatility and efficiency of the N alpha-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl method of solid-phase peptide synthesis have been further enhanced by recent and continuing refinements in side-chain protecting group, linker and amino acid-coupling technology. In contrast, comparatively little work has been carried out on studying and further improving the N alpha-deprotection step. This report demonstrates that, in low concentrations, the non-nucleophilic amidine 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene is a preferred alternative to the more commonly employed piperidine for the rapid and efficient cleavage of the N alpha-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group in the continuous flow method of solid-phase peptide synthesis. In the cases studied, use of this base did not cause cyclization of Asp(OBut)-Gly or Asn-Gly sequence to succinimide derivatives. At the recommended concentration of 2% 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in dimethylformamide, racemization of resin-bound C-terminal S-trityl cysteine was substantially reduced compared with standard piperidine-mediated deprotection conditions. Additionally, use of the base appears to reduce the extent of broadening of ultraviolet fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-deprotection peaks occasionally observed when piperidine is employed, indicating that its reaction kinetics and mode of action are different.
Performance enhancement in multihop wireless ad hoc networks (2003)

Poor bandwidth utilization of multihop ad hoc networks is a critical bottleneck that needs to be overcome before many interesting applications can be launched. In this paper we first propose a unified differentiation MAC architecture to support prioritized service. Based on the architecture we further propose a performance enhancement scheme for multihop wireless ad hoc networks. Unlike other schemes that may introduce extra overhead or may be incompatible with IEEE 802.11, our enhancement modifies the original IEEE 802.11 MAC and maintains the compatibility. By defining the interframe space and the contention window size as functions of the number of retransmissions, our enhanced scheme is able to give high priority to nodes which have retried many times to access the medium. As a result, it improves the overall performance in terms of end-to-end delay, packet deliver ratio, decreases the packet-dropping rate, and reduces the unnecessary routing discovery and update.
현학(玄學)사상 방법과 위진시가(魏晉詩歌)의 예술풍모(藝術風貌) -현언시(玄言詩)의 "담호과미(淡乎寡味)" 문제(問題)와 겸하여 (2007)

玄學사상 방법은 魏晉詩歌의 藝術風貌에 비교적 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. ``委運自然`` 사상은 詩境을 부드럽고淡遠하게 만들었고, 言意之辨, 특히``得意忘象``의 사상 방법은 詩歌意象으로 하여금 아주 많은 槪括的인 의미를 가지게 하였다. 冥觀靜照의 사상 방법은 또 詩歌의 靜態淸趣美와 직접적인 관련성을 가진다. 南朝詩論家들이 玄言詩가 淡乎寡味하다는 평가에 대해서는 玄言시인들의 창작 추구와 평론가들의 詩學觀두 차원에서 종합적으로 분석되어야할 것이다.
Jurassic surgery and immunity enhancement by alkyglycerols of shark liver oil (2014)

In conclusion we suggest the opportunity to introduce this nutraceutical product in dosages of 500 mg twice a day to very old people before surgical treatment for an effective modulation of leukocytes and soluble immune reactivity according with the shark liver oil consumption trend in the northern Europe countries folk medicine. For this reason it might be advisable a wider study on a substantially bigger patients cohort focused on the complication rate prevention or control.
Role of Phosphorylation in the Conformation of τ Peptides Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease (2000)

A series of peptides corresponding to isolated regions of Tau (tau) protein have been synthesized and their conformations determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Immunodominant peptides corresponding to tau(224-240) and a bisphosphorylated derivative in which a single Thr and a single Ser are phosphorylated at positions 231 and 235 respectively, and which are recognized by an Alzheimer's disease-specific monoclonal antibody, were the main focus of the study. The nonphosphorylated peptide adopts essentially a random coil conformation in aqueous solution, but becomes slightly more ordered into beta-type structure as the hydrophobicity of the solvent is increased by adding up to 50% trifluoroethanol (TFE). Similar trends are observed for the bisphosphorylated peptide, with a somewhat stronger tendency to form an extended structure. There is tentative NMR evidence for a small population of species containing a turn at residues 229-231 in the phosphorylated peptide, and this is strongly supported by CD spectroscopy. A proposal that the selection of a bioactive conformation from a disordered solution ensemble may be an important step (in either tubulin binding or in the formation of PHF) is supported by kinetic data on Pro isomerization. A recent study showed that Thr231 phosphorylation affected the rate of prolyl isomerization and abolished tubulin binding. This binding was restored by the action of the prolyl isomerase Pin1. In the current study, we find evidence for the existence of both trans and cis forms of tau peptides in solution but no difference in the equilibrium distribution of cis-trans isomers upon phosphorylation. Increasing hydrophobicity decreases the prevalence of cis forms and increases the major trans conformation of each of the prolines present in these molecules. We also synthesized mutant peptides containing Tyr substitutions preceding the Pro residues and found that phosphorylation of Tyr appears to have an effect on the equilibrium ratio of cis-trans isomerization and decreases the cis content.
An agent-based intelligent control platform for industrial holonic manufacturing systems (2006)

New revolutionary manufacturing paradigms, which take advantage of the newest emerging mechatronics, information, and communication technologies, and integrate them in a highly dynamic and agile economic, technical, and organizational manufacturing environment, are being researched and developed since the last decade of the 20th century. This new generation of manufacturing systems is referenced as intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS), and both the "holonic manufacturing system" (HMS) and the "agent-oriented manufacturing system" paradigms have been presented in recent years as the basis for making such systems a reality. This paper reports on the design and realization of an agent-based intelligent control system for industrial manufacturing systems, which covers both conventional mechatronics equipment and embedded control agents. The agent-based control software components are implemented as Windows NT services and logic control programs and interfaced via distributed component object model (DCOM) and Ethernet. Results of the application in an industrial manufacturing environment are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed "Holonic" approach.
Modeling a variable-focus liquid-filled optical lens (1996)

Research has been conducted on a variable-focus liquid-filled optical lens built from a polymer elastic-film window and a rigid plastic window with a transparent refractive liquid between these windows. The pressure inside the lens deforms the elastic film, which takes the form of a paraboloid. The absolute value of the tension in the film was calculated, allowing theoretical evaluation of the focal length of the lens and its aberrations. The developed mathematical model of the liquid-filled flexible lens agrees well with experimental results.
The role of the<i>Pax1/9</i>gene in the early development of amphioxus pharyngeal gill slits (2014)

The pharynx is a major characteristic of chordates. Compared with vertebrates, amphioxus has an advantage for the study of pharynx development, as embryos lack neural crest, and the pharynx is mainly derived from endoderm cells. The Pax1/9 subfamily genes have essential roles in vertebrate pharyngeal patterning, but it is not known if the Pax1/9 gene has similar functions in amphioxus pharynx development. To answer this question, we examined the Pax1/9 gene expression pattern in amphioxus embryos at different developmental stages, and observed morphological changes following Pax1/9 knockdown. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that Pax1/9 expression was initiated during early neurula stage and rapidly peaked during mid-neurula stage. Furthermore, in situ hybridization analysis showed that Pax1/9 transcripts were localized exclusively in the most endodermal region of the developing pharynx in early neurula stage embryos; however, Pax1/9 expression was strikingly down-regulated in the region where gill slits would form from the fusion of endoderm and ectoderm in subsequent developmental stages and was maintained in the border regions between adjacent gill slits. Knockdown of Pax1/9 function using both morpholino and siRNA approaches led to embryonic defects in the first three gill slits, and fusion of the first two gill slits. Moreover, the expression levels of the pharyngeal marker genes Six1/2 and Tbx1/10 were reduced in Pax1/9 knockdown embryos. From these observations, we concluded that the Pax1/9 gene has an important role in the initial differentiation of amphioxus pharyngeal endoderm and in the formation of gill slits, most likely via modulation of Six1/2 and Tbx1/10 expression.
The refined crystal structure of subtilisin Carlsberg at 2.5 Å resolution (1988)

We report here the X-ray crystal structure of native subtilisin Carlsberg, solved at 2.5 A resolution by molecular replacement and refined by restrained least squares to a crystallographic residual (Formula see text): of 0.206. we compare this structure to the crystal structure of subtilisin BPN'. We find that, despite 82 amino acid substitutions and one deletion in subtilisin Carlsberg relative to subtilisin BPN', the structures of these enzymes are remarkably similar. We calculate an r.m.s. difference between equivalent alpha-carbon positions in subtilisin Carlsberg and subtilisin BPN' of only 0.55 A. This confirms previous reports of extensive structural homology between these two subtilisins based on X-ray crystal structures of the complex of eglin-c with subtilisin Carlsberg [McPhalen, C.A., Schnebli, H.P. and James, M.N.G. (1985) FEBS Lett., 188, 55; Bode, W., Papamokos, E. and Musil, D. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem., 166, 673-692]. In addition, we find that the native active sites of subtilisins Carlsberg and BPN' are virtually identical. While conservative substitutions at residues 217 and 156 may have subtle effects on the environments of substrate-binding sites S1' and S1 respectively, we find no obvious structural correlate for reports that subtilisins Carlsberg and BPN' differ in their recognition of model substrates. In particular, we find no evidence that the hydrophobic binding pocket S1 in subtilisin Carlsberg is 'deeper', 'narrower' or 'less polar' than the corresponding binding site in subtilisin BPN'.
A low complexity packet loss concealment algorithm for ITU-T G.722 (2008)

This article presents ITU-T G.722 Appendix IV which is a Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) algorithm recently standardized by ITU-T for G.722 decoding in the presence of frame erasures. This algorithm is suitable for applications that may encounter frame erasures or packet losses with a special focus on complexity constraints For example, G.722 Appendix IV is very suitable for DECT Next Generation and VoIP using low cost devices. Besides, we also describe some minor algorithmic modifications to G.722 Appendix IV that improve subjective quality. We discuss G.722-PLC performance based on formal ITU-T test results as well as additional informal experiments.
Deforestation History of the Eastern Rain Forests of Madagascar from Satellite Images (1990)

Madagascar is biologically one of the richest areas on Earth, and its plants and animals are among the most endangered. Satellite images and vegetation maps based on earlier aerial photographs were used to determine the extent of eastern rain forests in Madagascar and to monitor the rate of deforestation over a 35-year period. In 1985, 3.8 million hectares of rain forest remained, representing only 50 percent of the 7.6 million hectares existing in 1950 and 34 percent of the estimated orignal extent (11.2 million hectares). Between 1950 and 1985, the rate of deforestation averaged 111,000 hectares per year. Deforestation was most rapid in areas with low topographic relief and high population density. If cutting of forests continues at the same pace, only forests on the steepest slopes will survive the next 35 years.