gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TREK-1 Is a Novel Molecular Target in Prostate Cancer (2008)

TREK-1 is a two-pore domain (K(2P)) potassium channel that carries a leak current that is time- and voltage-independent. Recently, potassium channels have been related to cell proliferation and some K(2P) family channels, such as TASK-3, have been shown to be overexpressed in specific neoplasms. In this study, we addressed the expression of TREK-1 in prostatic tissues and cell lines, and we have found that this potassium channel is highly expressed in prostate cancer but is not expressed in normal prostate nor in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Furthermore, expression of TREK-1 correlates strongly with the grade and the stage of the disease, suggesting a causal link between channel expression and abnormal cell proliferation. In vitro studies showed that TREK-1 is highly expressed in PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines but is not detectable in normal prostate epithelial cells (NPE). In this report, we show that overexpression of TREK-1 in NPE and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells leads to a significant increase in proliferation. Moreover, the increased cell proliferation rate of PC3 cells and TREK-1 overexpressing CHO cells could be reduced when TREK-1 current was reduced by overexpression of a dominant-negative TREK-1 mutant or when cells were exposed to a TREK-1 inhibitor. Taken together, these data suggest that TREK-1 expression is associated with abnormal cell proliferation and may be a novel marker for and a molecular target in prostate cancer.
Promising candidates for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (2003)

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the cause of an emerging global pandemic of chronic liver disease. Current pegylated IFN-alpha/ribavirin combination therapies are merely 54 - 56% efficacious and are often poorly tolerated. Popular strategies to improve upon existing therapies include efforts to decrease the dosing regime, improve the safety profile and specifically target the liver, the site of HCV replication. A clear goal of novel therapies is to significantly improve the therapeutic response for HCV-infected patients. One popular scheme to accomplish this is to directly target the viral enzymes involved in HCV RNA replication. While peptidomimetics have been pursued as potent and specific inhibitors of the serine protease, nucleoside analogues and non-nucleoside small molecules have been explored as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors with promising potential. Advances in the understanding of HCV replication at the molecular level that stem from the use of the subgenomic replicon system, in vitro enzyme assays and from co-crystallographic structure solutions of the replication enzymes with novel inhibitors have propelled these compounds into clinical development. As these candidates are developed further, there is great hope for a cure for all those chronically infected with HCV.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE CLEAVAGE OF ALLYL ETHERS UNDER MILD CONDITIONS BY TRANSITION METAL REAGENTS (1973)

Abstract Allyläther (I) reagieren mit Rh(I)‐Salzen zu den Propenyläthern (II), die bei pH 2 zu Propionaldehyd (IV) und den Alkoholen (III) gespalten werden.
Analyzing the Carrier Mobility in Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide MoS<sub>2</sub> Field‐Effect Transistors (2017)

Transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are an important class of two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications, due to their ultimate body thickness, sizable and tunable bandgap, and decent theoretical room‐temperature mobility. So far, however, all TMDCs show much lower mobility experimentally because of the collective effects by foreign impurities, which has become one of the most important limitations for their device applications. Here, taking MoS 2 as an example, the key factors that bring down the mobility in TMDC transistors, including phonons, charged impurities, defects, and charge traps, are reviewed. A theoretical model that quantitatively captures the scaling of mobility with temperature, carrier density, and thickness is introduced. By fitting the available mobility data from literature over the past few years, one obtains the density of impurities and traps for a wide range of transistor structures. It shows that interface engineering can effectively reduce the impurities, leading to improved device performances. For few‐layer TMDCs, the lopsided carrier distribution is analytically modeled to elucidate the experimental increase of mobility with the number of layers. From our analysis, it is clear that the charge transport in TMDC samples is a very complex problem that must be handled carefully.
ITALICS: an algorithm for normalization and DNA copy number calling for Affymetrix SNP arrays (2008)

The R package ITALICS (ITerative and Alternative normaLIzation and Copy number calling for affymetrix Snp arrays) has been submitted to Bioconductor.
Anal fistulotomy between Skylla and Charybdis (2003)

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to assess the results of anal fistulotomy on faecal continence, recurrence and satisfaction. Methods We reviewed the records of 60 patients who underwent anal fistulotomy between 1997 and 2000. Follow‐up was by a questionnaire with 46 (77%) patients responding. Mean follow‐up was 1–4 years. Fistulas were intersphincteric in 12 patients and transsphincteric in 34 patients. Operative procedure consisted of fistulotomy. Results Of 11 patients with high fistula, 9 (82%) had impaired continence; Of 17 patients with midanal fistula, 4 (24%) suffered impaired continence. Eighteen patients had a low fistula and 8 (44%) developed impaired continence. In the whole group 50% had suffered faecal incontinence. There were no recurrences and there was satisfaction with the situation in 87% of patients. Conclusions Fistulotomy for primary fistula in ano in this retrospective study with a follow‐up up to 4 years was associated with no recurrences. Eighty‐two percent of patients with a high anal opening have impaired faecal continence, nevertheless patients' satisfaction is high.
Fuzzy control of an unmanned helicopter (1993)

This paper discusses an application of fuzzy control to an unmanned helicopter. The authors design a fuzzy controller to achieve semi-autonomous flight of a helicopter by giving macroscopic flight commands from the ground. The fuzzy controller proposed in this study consists of two layers: the upper layer for navigation supervising the lower layer and the lower layer for ordinary rule based control. The performance of the fuzzy controller is evaluated in experiments where an industrial helicopter Yamaha R-50 is used. At present an operator can wirelessly control the helicopter through a flight computer with eight commands such as 'hover', 'fly forward', 'turn left', 'stop', etc.
Synthetic Mica Investigations: I, A Hot‐Pressed Machinable Ceramic Dielectric (1953)

A new ceramic composed entirely of synthetic fluorine mica manufactured by the hot‐pressing technique is described. Its chemical, physical, and electrical properties are given. As the extensive isomorphism possible in the mica structure permits the variation and control of properties over a wide range, the characteristics of several different synthetic mica compositions are included. Hot‐pressed mica is soft (2+ to 4+, Mohs' scale) and machinable, yet has a transverse strength of more than 8000 lb. per sq. in. As an electrical insulator, it compares with fused silica and ultra‐low‐loss steatite. With a rise in temperature, the dielectric constant remains essentially unchanged up to 300°C.; some synthetic mica compositions show an increase of less than 3% when they are heated to 400°C. The power factor of several synthetic mica compositions remains less than 2% at 400°C., being 0.05% at room temperature.
Molecular Thioamide ↔ Iminothiolate Switches for Sulfur Mustards (2011)

SNS platinum(II) pincer complexes reversibly bind and release the surrogate half sulfur mustard, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The switch-like behavior of the pincers is attributed to a reversible transformation between the thioamide and iminothiolate forms of the pincer skeleton under slightly acidic and basic conditions, respectively. An amide-based palladium(II) pincer complex also binds CEES, as confirmed crystallographically and by NMR.
QoS routing in networks with uncertain parameters (2002)

This article considers the problem of routing connections with QoS requirements across networks, when the information available for making routing decisions is inaccurate. This uncertainty about the actual state of a network component arises naturally in a number of different environments, which are reviewed in the paper. The goal of the route selection process is then to identify a path that is most likely to satisfy the QoS requirements. For end to end delay guarantees, this problem is intractable. However we show that by decomposing the end-to-end constraint into local delay constraints, efficient and tractable solutions can be established. We first consider the simpler problem of decomposing the end-to-end constraint into local constraints, for a given path. We show that, for general distributions, this problem is also intractable. Nonetheless, by defining a certain class of probability distributions, which posses a certain convexity property, and restricting ourselves to that class, we are able to establish efficient and exact solutions. Moreover, we show that typical distributions would belong to that class. We then consider the general problem, of combined path optimization and delay decomposition. We present an efficient solution scheme for the above class of probability distributions. Our solution is similar to that of the restricted shortest-path problem, which renders itself to near-optimal approximations of polynomial complexity. We also show that yet simpler solutions exist in the special case of uniform distributions.
Modeling for military system by weighted complex networks (2010)

Hierarchy of military systems is developing to network structure. For seeking laws of warfare in information age, this article improved the simple approach of using Lanchester equations set to determine combating capability, and introduced complex network theory to the research of military forces SoSs. We introduced the concept of weighted complex networks to research the modeling of military systems. With using link weight to characterize the interaction between nodes it is clear that link weight of each side will keep changing along with the evolution of the network structure. Starting from critical features of military systems, this paper simulated the attendance and destruction of combating units, also the generation and disappearance of cooperative relationship, and abstract an evolving model based on the interacting and non-linear priority growth of new nodes and internal edges which substitutes the real system and the dynamic development. In accordance with rules in the model, we simulated the establishment of military systems by MATLAB, and analyzed its properties. In conclusion, the clustering coefficient, average path length and efficiency are according to power-law obviously. Finally, military system may have a fractal structure according to the self-similarity reflected by power-law nature of the model.
Dispersion-Compensator-Incorporated Er-Doped Fiber Amplifier (1994)

A dispersion compensation technique is necessary to enhance transmission distances in high bit-rate (10 Gbit/s or more) systems. Effectiveness of the dispersion compensation was examined in several transmission experiments (ex. [1], [2]), and a high figure of merit of a dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) was developed, recently [3]. The DCF is usually located at output end or input end of an optical amplifier to compensate for the DCF loss. Therefore, the amplifier's output power is reduced or noise figure (NF) is increased by this loss. In this paper, we propose a new dispersion-compensator-incorporated Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) that reduces the loss effect of employed DCF substantially. This is achieved by utilizing a remnant pump power. First, the principle of operation is explained by a theoretical calculation, then experimental results are described and discussed.
A best-first language processing model integrating the unification grammar and Markov language model for speech recognition applications (1993)

A language processing model is proposed in which the grammatical approach of unification grammar and the statistical approach of Markov language models are properly integrated in a word lattice chart parsing algorithm with different best-first parsing strategies. This model has been successfully implemented in experiments on Mandarin speech recognition although it is language-independent. Test results show that significant improvements in both correct rate of recognition and computation speed can be achieved. A correct rate of 93.8% and 5 s per sentence on an IBM PC/AT, as compared with 73.8% and 25 s using unification grammar alone and 82.2% and 3 s using a Markov language model alone, was achieved. This high performance is due to the effective rejection of noisy word hypothesis interferences; that is, the unification-based grammatical analysis eliminates all illegal combinations, while the Markovian probabilities of constituents combined with the considerations on constituent length indicate the correct direction of processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enhancement of in vitro human tubulogenesis by endothelial cell-derived factors: implications for in vivo tubular regeneration after injury (2011)

Renal proximal tubular epithelium can regenerate after various insults. To examine whether the tubular repair process is regulated by surrounding peritubular capillaries, we established an in vitro human tubulogenesis model that mimics in vivo tubular regeneration after injury. In this model, HGF, a potent renotropic factor, dose dependently induced tubular structures in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells cultured in gels. Consistent with regenerating tubular cells after injury, HGF-induced tubular structures expressed a developmental gene, Pax-2, and a mesenchymal marker, vimentin, and formed a lumen with aquaporin-1 expression. Electron microscopic analysis showed the presence of microvilli on the apical site of the lumen, suggesting that these structures are morphologically equivalent to renal tubules in vivo. When cocultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), HGF-induced tubular formation was significantly enhanced. This could not be reproduced by the addition of VEGF, basic FGF, or PDGF. Protein array revealed that HUVEC produced various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The stimulatory effects of coculture with HUVEC or HUVEC-derived conditional medium were almost completely abolished by addition of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 or TIMP-2. These data suggest that endothelial cell-derived factors including MMPs play a critical role in tubulogenesis and imply a potential role of peritubular capillary endothelium as a source of factor(s) required for tubular recovery after injury.
Approaches to wafer level packaging for SAW components (2013)

Truly die-size wafer level packages for surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are necessary due to stringent size, weight, and price requirements. Recent approaches are presented that feature a bottom and cap wafer both made of the same piezoelectric material. The wafers are adhesively or eutectically bonded with, respectively, polymer or copper frames acting as spacers that ensure the obligatory cavities above the acoustic structures. Variants of these basic structures allow for the integration of coils within the packages. Due to its extremely compact realization a component - consisting of a first die with the acoustic structures and a second die forming the cap that optionally includes integrated coils - demands for extensive model building and sophisticated simulation tools in order to capture its electromagnetic couplings. The complex models comprise the 3D line crossings on the die as well as the 3D interconnects between the dies. Such complex simulations have been the base for both successfully developing the packaging technologies and optimizing the performance of the concrete components. Examples of application to duplexers will be shown.
A Wide Range and High Speed Automatic Gain Control (1994)

Automatic gain control (AGC) techniques have been largely used since the beginning of electronics, but in most of the applications the dynamic response is slow compared with the carrier frequency. The problem of developing an automatic gain control with high dynamic response and wide control range simultaneously is analyzed in this work. An ideal gain control law, with the property that the total loop gain remains constant independent of the carrier amplitude, is obtained. The resulting AGC behavior is compared by computer simulations with a linear multiplier AGC. The ideal gain control law can be approximated using a transconductance amplifier. A practical circuit that has been used at CERN in the radio frequency loops of the Booster Synchrotron is presented. The circuit has high speed and 80-dB gain control range.
Modulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Transcriptional Activation, Phosphorylation, and Growth Inhibition by p27Kip1 (2003)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is frequently inactivated in human cancers. Glucocorticoids, acting through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), are frequently used to treat certain malignancies and are growth inhibitive, but the relationship between GR activity and p27 status has not been explored. We have therefore examined GR-dependent transcriptional activation, receptor phosphorylation, and glucocorticoid-dependent growth inhibition in p27-deficient (p27-/-) murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We find that GR transcriptional enhancement as well as receptor phosphorylation at two putative cyclin-dependent kinase sites are elevated in p27-/- MEFs, relative to control cells. This increased GR transcriptional activation appears to be mediated through the GR N terminus, and coexpression of the GR N-terminal coactivator, DRIP150, further enhanced GR-dependent transcriptional activation. Furthermore, p27-/- MEFs are partially resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids. Thus, p27 appears to be an important element in the GR transcription and growth inhibitory responses.
Limiting dilution analysis of the stem cells for T cell lineage. (1986)

Stem cell activities of bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and fetal liver cells for T cell lineage were studied comparatively by transferring the cells from these organs through i.v. or intrathymus (i.t.) route into right leg- and tail-shielded (L-T-shielded) and 900 R-irradiated recipient mice, which were able to survive without supplying hemopoietic stem cells. Cells from B10.Thy-1.1 (H-2b, Thy-1.1) mice were serially diluted and were transferred into L-T-shielded and irradiated C57BL/6 (H-2b, Thy-1.2) mice, and 21 days later the thymus cells of recipient mice were assayed for Thy-1.1+ cells by flow cytofluorometry. The percentage of recipient mice possessing donor-type T cells was plotted against the number of cells transferred, and the stem cell activity in each cell source was expressed as the 50% positive value, the number of donor cells required for generating donor-type T cells in the thymuses of 50% of recipient mice. In i.v. transfer experiments, the activity of bone marrow cells was similar to that of fetal liver cells, and about 100 times and nearly 1000 times higher than those of spleen cells and thymus cells, respectively. In i.t. transfer experiments, the number of cells required for generating donor-type T cells was much lower than that in i.v. transfer experiments, although the ratio in 50% positive values between i.v. and i.t. transfers differed among cell sources. In i.t. transfers, the 50% positive value of bone marrow cells was five times, 400 times, and 500 times higher than that of fetal liver cells, spleen cells, and thymus cells, respectively. Our previous finding that stem cells are enriched in the spleens of mice which were whole body-irradiated and marrow-reconstituted 7 days earlier was confirmed also by the present limiting dilution assay carried out in i.v. as well as i.t. transfers.
An Underactuated Multi-finger Grasping Device (2014)

In this paper, a mechanical model for an underactuated multi-finger grasping device is presented. The device has single-tendon, three-phalanx fingers, all moved by only one actuator. By means of the model, both the kinematic and dynamical behaviour of the finger itself can be studied. The finger is part of a more complex mechanical system that consists of a four-finger grasping device for robots or a five-finger human hand prosthesis. Some results of both the kinematic and dynamical behaviour are also presented.
Poly[(methyl methacrylate)-<i>co</i>-(methacrylic acid)] Microgel Particles:  Swelling Control Using pH, Cononsolvency, and Osmotic Deswelling (1997)

The swelling of poly[(methyl methacrylate)-co-(methacrylic acid)] (PMA-MAA) microgel particles (prepared using 17 mol % MAA) dispersed in water can be controlled by pH adjustment, addition of alkanols, and addition of water soluble homopolymer. Transmission electron microscopy revealed two-dimensional order for PMA-MAA particles deposited on a grid from alkaline solution. The swelling of the microgel particles was studied by means of photon correlation spectroscopy. The stability of the particles was investigated using turbidity−wavelength measurements; flocculation occurred when the pH was less than 6. A buffer (NaHCO3/NaOH) was employed to stabilize the pH of the PMA-MAA dispersions at about pH = 10. The hydrodynamic diameter of the PMA-MAA particles is sensitive to pH with a maximum at about pH = 8. PMA-MAA microgel particles deswell upon addition of an alcohol (methanol or 2-propanol) or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNP) microgel particles also deswell in aqueous alcohol solutions. Re-entrant swelling was observed for PMA-MAA and PNP particles when the volume fraction of alcohol exceeded 0.4. The swelling behavior of PMA-MAA and PNP in water−alcohol solvents is attributed to cononsolvency effects. Incompatibility of PEG and PMA-MAA is suggested as the most likely cause for the osmotic deswelling observed upon addition of PMA-MAA particles to aqueous PEG solution. Comparison of the swelling properties of PMA-MAA to those of PNP and literature data suggests that PMA-MAA microgel particles behave as weakly charged networks. Moreover, the comparison reveals that microgel particles and macrogels exhibit important differences in swelling behavior.
Scattering by an infinite periodic array of thin conductors on a dielectric sheet (1975)

The solution to the problem of scattering of a plane wave by an infinite periodic array of thin conductors on a dielectric slab is formulated in this paper. Numerical results are given as well as a comparison of this theory with experimental data.