gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variable stiffness actuators: A port-based analysis and a comparison of energy efficiency (2010)

In this paper, a metric for comparing different designs of variable stiffness actuators is introduced. For the formulation of this metric, we focus on the energy efficiency of the actuators. In particular, we propose a metric that is a measure of how much energy is used by the actuator for changing the output stiffness. In order to facilitate the analysis of the energy usage, we present a port-based modeling framework, from which design criteria are derived for the optimization of the metric. Finally, the metric is interpreted in a comparison between existing actuators.
Silylation of Coordinated Dinitrogen by Silylcobalt Complexes. Preparation of a New Series of Silyldiazenido and Silylhydrazido(2−) Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten (1991)

Abstract The silylcobalt complexes [R2R′SiCo(CO)4] (R, R′ = Ph, Me) reacted with dinitrogen complexes of the type [M(N2)2(P)4] (M = Mo, W; P = tertiary phosphine) to give new silyldiazenido complexes trans-[M(NNSiR2R′)(P)4][(μ-OC)Co(CO)3], which were further converted to silylhydrazido(2−) complexes such as trans-[WX(NNHSiR2R′)(dpe)2][Co(CO)4] by treatment with HX (dpe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2; X = OH, OMe, Br).
Metabolic studies on mycobacteria. IV. Assay of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase activity in M. leprae. (1987)

Cell free extracts from M. tuberculosis H37 Rv, M. smegmatis armadillo derived M. leprae and normal armadillo liver homogenates were assayed for the presence of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase activity. It was observed that significant amount of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase activity was present in M. tuberculosis H37 Rv, M. smegmatis and armadillo derived M. leprae. No such activity was demonstrable in cell free extracts of normal armadillo liver. It is concluded that M. leprae like other mycobacteria has the capability to metabolise via glyoxylate bypass of TCA cycle. These findings may be relevant for understanding the energy metabolism of M. leprae under stress conditions and possibly the 'persister' stage.
A linear matrix inequality approach to<i>H</i><sub>∞</sub>control (1994)

Abstract The continuous‐ and discrete‐time H ∞ control problems are solved via elementary manipulations on linear matrix inequalities (LMI). Two interesting new features emerge through this approach: solvability conditions valid for both regular and singular problems, and an LMI‐based parametrization of all H ∞ ‐suboptimal controllers, including reduced‐order controllers. The solvability conditions involve Riccati inequalities rather than the usual indefinite Riccati equations. Alternatively, these conditions can be expressed as a system of three LMIs. Efficient convex optimization techniques are available to solve this system. Moreover, its solutions parametrize the set of H ∞ controllers and bear important connections with the controller order and the closed‐loop Lyapunov functions. Thanks to such connections, the LMI‐based characterization of H ∞ controllers opens new perspectives for the refinement of H ∞ design. Applications to cancellation‐free design and controller order reduction are discussed and illustrated by examples.
Rapid-Clearance Iron Nanoparticles for Inflammation Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque: Initial Experience in Animal Model (2009)

http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/252/2/401/DC1.
Induction of Protease Activity in <i>Vibrio anguillarum</i> by Gastrointestinal Mucus (1999)

The effect of gastrointestinal mucus on protease activity in Vibrio anguillarum was investigated. Protease activity was measured by using an azocasein hydrolysis assay. Cells grown to stationary phase in mucus (200 microg of mucus protein/ml) exhibited ninefold-greater protease activity than cells grown in Luria-Bertani broth plus 2% NaCl (LB20). Protease induction was examined with cells grown in LB20 and resuspended in mucus, LB20, nine-salts solution (NSS [a carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-free salt solution]), or marine minimal medium (3M) ( approximately 10(9) CFU/ml). Induction of protease activity occurred 60 to 90 min after addition of mucus and was >/=70-fold greater than protease activity measured in cells incubated in either LB20 or 3M. Mucus was fractionated into aqueous and chloroform-methanol-soluble fractions. The aqueous fraction supported growth of V. anguillarum cells, but did not induce protease activity. The chloroform-methanol-soluble fraction did not support growth, nor did it induce protease activity. When the two fractions were mixed, protease activity was induced. The chloroform-methanol-soluble fraction did not induce protease activity in cells growing in LB20. EDTA (50 mM) inhibited the protease induced by mucus. Upon addition of divalent cations, Mg(2+) (100 mM) was more effective than equimolar amounts of either Ca(2+) or Zn(2+) in restoring activity, suggesting that the mucus-inducible protease was a magnesium-dependent metalloprotease. An empA mutant strain of V. anguillarum did not exhibit protease activity after exposure to mucus, but did grow in mucus. Southern analysis and PCR amplification confirmed that V. anguillarum M93 contained empA. These data demonstrate that the empA metalloprotease of V. anguillarum is specifically induced by gastrointestinal mucus.
PintlincRNA connects the p53 pathway with epigenetic silencing by the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (2013)

Our results reveal a p53 autoregulatory negative mechanism where a lincRNA connects p53 activation with epigenetic silencing by PRC2. Additionally, we show analogies and differences between the murine and human orthologs, identifying a novel tumor suppressor candidate lincRNA.
<title>Interferometric length measurements</title> (1993)

Automated interferometer equipments are described which can be used for calibrations of gauge blocks and line scales with lengths up to 1000 mm. For the gauge blocks, the scanning measurement method utilizes a white-light source and one stabilized 633-nm laser. White-light interference signals from the reference flat and from the front surface of the gauge block mark the distance to be measured with the laser. The final length is determined from the laser-signal phase shifts between the gauge and the reference flat. Environmental conditions are measured and the necessary corrections are made automatically. The repeatability of the measurements is +/- 3 nm for a 400-mm gauge block and the estimated relative uncertainty (1 s) is about 10<SUP>-7</SUP>. The variation in length of the gauge block is obtained by computer-aided analysis of the digitized interference fringe patterns. For the line scales, a new measurement method has been developed which can utilize the same electronic units as used for gauge-block calibration: images of the graduation lines replace the white-light interferences. The two fields constituting a video frame (image) are recorded by a moving microscope and by a ccd camera with 1-ms charging time interval. The exact distance between the microscope positions at the time of charging the ccd pixels is deduced from the interference and video synchronization signals. It is expected that a total uncertainty of about 100 nm for a 1000-mm scale will be reached.
Ionic Liquids: Physicochemical Properties (2009)

This comprehensive database on physical properties of pure ionic liquids (ILs) contains data collected from 269 peer-reviewed papers in the period from 1982 to June 2008. There are more than 9,400 data points on the 29 kinds of physicochemical properties for 1886 available ionic liquids, from which 807 kinds of cations and 185 kinds of anions were extracted. This book includes nearly all known pure ILs and their known physicochemical properties through June 2008. In addition, the authors incorporate the main applications of individual ILs and a large number of references. The book contains nearly 50 tables that include typical data, experimental and modelling or simulation comparison, and model parameters, enhancing the application of ILs. It features 100 figures - from QSPR, EOS and gE models to quantum and molecular simulations. It helps readers understand ILs at molecular level. Its applications illustrate the role of IL properties in industry, in particular the development of novel clean processes and products.
Reinforcement learning from demonstration through shaping (2015)

Reinforcement learning describes how a learning agent can achieve optimal behaviour based on in-teractions with its environment and reward feed-back. A limiting factor in reinforcement learning as employed in artificial intelligence is the need for an often prohibitively large number of environ-ment samples before the agent reaches a desirable level of performance. Learning from demonstra-tion is an approach that provides the agent with demonstrations by a supposed expert, from which it should derive suitable behaviour. Yet, one of the challenges of learning from demonstration is that no guarantees can be provided for the qual-ity of the demonstrations, and thus the learned be-havior. In this paper, we investigate the intersec-tion of these two approaches, leveraging the theo-retical guarantees provided by reinforcement learn-ing, and using expert demonstrations to speed up this learning by biasing exploration through a pro-cess called reward shaping. This approach allows us to leverage human input without making an er-roneous assumption regarding demonstration op-timality. We show experimentally that this ap-proach requires significantly fewer demonstrations, is more robust against suboptimality of demonstra-tions, and achieves much faster learning than the recently developed HAT algorithm. 1
The successful regression of large solid sarcoma 180 tumors by platinum compounds. (1970)

Summary The platinum compounds, cis-platinum (IV) diamminotetrachloride, and cis-platinum (II) diamminodichloride, have been reported to be active in inhibiting and regressing small solid Sarcoma 180 tumors and Leukemia L1210 tumors in mice. They were also active in successfully regressing large (Day 8) solid Sarcoma 180 tumors in 63 to 100% of the animals, with no apparent irreversible damage to the host, in a number of dose schedules.
The determination of randomness in copolyesters by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (1967)

Abstract High‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several kinds of polyesters were measured. Proton signals due to heterolinkages could be observed in some copolyesters, and the average sequence length and the degree of randomness in the copolyester were calculated from the intensities of their signals. A process in the transesterification reaction between two kinds of homopolyester was pursued with the NMR spectra. Random copolyester is formed by the ordinary molten‐state copolycondensation and also during the transesterification reaction between two kinds of homopolyester.
Staurosporine analysis and its pharmacokinetics in the blood of rats (1994)

Staurosporine (Stsp), a protein kinase inhibitor, has been found to have a differential effect on the proliferation of normal and transformed cells in vitro. Essentially nothing is known about the distribution and pharmacokinetics of Stsp in the body. To facilitate such investigations, we have developed a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for measuring the levels of Stsp in blood. Stsp was measured in both plasma and RBC of rat blood. In vivo, Stsp was rapidly sequestered in some other tissue compartment, which rapidly decreased the concentration of Stsp in plasma to nondetectable levels. Using a postchromatography computerized analysis program that amplified the Stsp UV absorption peak from the HPLC. nanogram levels of Stsp were detected in vivo. Using this detection system for pharmacokinetic studies it was found that, in vivo, Stsp had a half-life of 51.6 min in plasma and 75.3 min in RBC. Tissue adsorption studies demonstrated that up to 99% of the Stsp was adsorbed by the heart and lung tissue in one pass through these organs. Extrapolation of the data from these studies suggest that 1{minus}g Stsp injections should produce a 2- to 7-ng/ml plasma Stsp level in vivo which is in the effective range to produce G1 arrest in normal cells. The short half-life of Stsp in plasma indicates that it will be necessary to infuse Stsp at some low level following the initial bolus injection in order to maintain Stsp levels in plasma at the 1- to 10-ng/ml level for the 2- to 3-day period necessary to achieve G1 arrest in vivo.
Structural requirements in heparin for binding and activation of FGF-1 and FGF-4 are different from that for FGF-2 (1994)

Size- and structure-defined oligosaccharides from heparin, 2-O-desulphated (2-O-DS-) heparin, 6-O-desulphated (6-O-DS-) heparin, carboxy-reduced (CR-) heparin, and carboxyamidomethylsulphonated (AMS-) heparin were utilized in characterizing the structural properties of heparin to specifically bind to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and to modulate the mitogenic activity of FGF-2 (Ishihara, M. et al., Glycobiology, 4, 451-458, 1994). The previous results showed that both 2-O-sulphate groups and the negative charge of the carboxy group in iduronate residues are required for specific interaction with FGF-2, but the 6-O-sulphate groups in N-sulphated glucosamine (GlcNS) residues do not influence the interaction with FGF-2. In the present study, the same oligosaccharides were fractionated on a FGF-1- or FGF-4-affinity column, and were assessed as promoters of FGF-1- or FGF-4-induced proliferation of adrenocortical endothelial (ACE) cells and chlorate-treated ACE cells. The present results suggest that the smallest heparin-derived oligosaccharide binding to these growth factors with the highest affinity and promoting their mitogenic activities is a fully N-sulphated decasaccharide enriched in 2-O- and 6-O-sulphated disaccharide units. In contrast to our results with FGF-2, a high content of 6-O-sulphate groups in GlcNS residues is required for specific interaction with FGF-1 and FGF-4.
The chlorite-based drug WF10 constantly reduces hemoglobin A1c values and improves glucose control in diabetes patients with severe foot syndrome (2016)

The chlorite component of WF10 is known to inactivate efficiently free cytotoxic hemoglobin forms that might accumulate in peripheral blood after hemolysis and induces the removal of pre-damaged red blood cells from circulation. By these mechanisms WF10 diminished toxic effects of hemolysis, improved microcirculation and glucose consumption in affected tissues, and prevented, thus, below knee amputation.
Phototransistor operation in the charge storage mode (1968)

Phototransistor performance is considered for the charge storage mode, in which the phototransistor is briefly pulsed and then permitted to remain with both junctions reverse-biased while in the presence of illumination. The charge delivered with the next pulse is proportional to the integral of light received since the last pulse. A lumped model of the transistor, amended here to account for photogeneration, is presented which employs the relative excess densities of minority carriers as the terminal variables. By using the relative excess densities as variables, both the drift and diffusion components of current transported through a nonuniformly doped base region may be represented by a single element. In addition, all of the elements in the model are measured in electrical units, which allows simple use of the model without bringing in the detailed physics unless desired. Simple experimental measurements are outlined by which parameter values are determined, and the results for a particular device are presented. Using the model, a complete analysis of phototransistor operation in the charge storage mode is presented. The equations derived in the analysis are solved on a computer using the measured values of transistor parameters. The peak output voltage is predicted as a function of the light-generated current, along with the time response of the base-emitter and output voltages. The precise correspondence of the computed and measured results verifies the accuracy of both the model and the analysis.
Application of Service Oriented Architecture to Distributed Simulation (2008)

The paper describes an effort to apply Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and technologies in a distributed simulation environment. The goal of this effort was to develop and prove concepts for using SOA to increase the flexibility and ease-of-use of a set of corporate assets that are used for analyzing future concepts for the National Airspace System (NAS). These assets include simulations, algorithms, visualization tools, and data archives. The paper provides background information on SOA principles and technology, as well as some general discussion of how SOA can be applied to distributed simulation. Performance issues that arise when using SOA technologies are discussed, and data from a set of performance experiments is presented and analyzed. The paper then describes concepts we developed and prototypes we built to demonstrate and prove these concepts. The concepts include some unique ideas for controlling simulations and managing simulation contexts by creating a simulation-aware extension to a SOA registry, as well as concepts for allowing different assets to be combined without programming.
High-Molecular-Weight Protein (pUL48) of Human Cytomegalovirus Is a Competent Deubiquitinating Protease: Mutant Viruses Altered in Its Active-Site Cysteine or Histidine Are Viable (2006)

We show here that the high-molecular-weight protein (HMWP or pUL48; 253 kDa) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a functionally competent deubiquitinating protease (DUB). By using a suicide substrate probe specific for ubiquitin-binding cysteine proteases (DUB probe) to screen lysates of HCMV-infected cells, we found just one infected-cell-specific DUB. Characteristics of this protein, including its large size, expression at late times of infection, presence in extracellular virus particles, and reactivity with an antiserum to the HMWP, identified it as the HMWP. This was confirmed by constructing mutant viruses with substitutions in two of the putative active-site residues, Cys24Ile and His162Ala. HMWP with these mutations either failed to bind the DUB probe (C24I) or had significantly reduced reactivity with it (H162A). More compellingly, the deubiquitinating activity detected in wild-type virus particles was completely abolished in both the C24I and H162A mutants, thereby directly linking HMWP with deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Mutations in these active-site residues were not lethal to virus replication but slowed production of infectious virus relative to wild type and mutations of other conserved residues. Initial studies, by electron microscopy, of cells infected with the mutants revealed no obvious differences at late times of replication in the general appearance of the cells or in the distribution, relative numbers, or appearance of virus particles in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
High nucleotide substitution error frequencies in clonal pools of vesicular stomatitis virus (1989)

Nucleotide substitution error frequencies were determined for several specific guanine base positions in the genomes of cloned vesicular stomatitis virus populations. Predetermined sites were examined in coding regions for the N, M, and L proteins and at a site in the genome 5'-end regulatory region. Misincorporation frequencies were estimated to be on the order of 10(-3) to 10(-4) at all positions analyzed. Isolates taken from virus populations after disruption of equilibrium conditions displayed replicase fidelity similar to that of cloned wild-type vesicular stomatitis virus. These mutation frequencies apply to all virus genomes present, including viruses rendered nonviable by lethal mutations. At one selected site in the N gene, two of three G----N base substitutions generated lethal nonsense mutations, yet their frequency was also very high. Biological implications for rapid virus evolution are discussed.
Degradation of phospholipid molecular species during experimental cerebral ischemia in rats. (1988)

Previous investigators have shown that free fatty acids that accumulate during ischemia are an indicator of evolution in ischemic brain damage. Our study describes the temporal relations between free fatty acid accumulation and degradation of phospholipid molecular species after cerebral ischemia. Using the four-vessel occlusion model of adult Wistar rats, we analyzed quantitatively the cerebral phospholipid molecular species of diacyl phosphatidylcholine and diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine and released free fatty acids during ischemia. Total diacyl phosphatidylcholine molecular species decreased gradually but did not show any significant difference even at 60 minutes. By contrast, total diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine abruptly decreased after 5 minutes and continued to decrease significantly thereafter. Polyunsaturated molecular species showed a higher ratio of degradation than saturated and monounsaturated molecular species of either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. Total free fatty acid accumulated according to the time elapsed, and statistical significance was obtained after 10 minutes. Free arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids were attributed to these significant accumulations at 10, 15, and 30 minutes. At 60 minutes, individual free fatty acids increased nonspecifically. Free fatty acids, which are hydrolyzed from phospholipid classes, are known to be further metabolized to bioactive substances such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Rapid degradation of phospholipid molecular species, especially of diacyl polyunsaturated molecular species, could be an important finding to membrane perturbation. Effective prevention of these changes might enhance tolerance to ischemic brain damage.
Intra‐lesional interleukin‐2 for the treatment of in‐transit melanoma (2011)

Abstract Purpose To investigate the role of intra‐lesional interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) injection for treatment of in‐transit melanoma metastases. Methods Consecutive patients with in‐transit metastases were treated with intra‐lesional IL‐2 injections. Two independent observers evaluated response to treatment using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. A blinded pathologist confirmed clinical response with post‐treatment biopsies. Results Thirty‐nine patients were included. Patients received biweekly IL‐2 injections. At each treatment session, a mean of 2.08 ml (5 µ/ml) of IL‐2 were distributed amongst a mean of 12 (range 1–57) in‐transit lesions. Patients were followed for an average of 30.4 months (range 2.2–66.6 months). The overall patient response rate was 82%. A complete response was obtained in 20 patients (51%), a partial response in 12 (31%), and no response in seven (18%). Of the 629 in‐transit metastases, 479 (76%) completely resolved. Complete responders had a significant in transit‐free ( P = 0.0005) and an overall ( P = 0.012) survival advantage compared with partial responders. Conclusions The treatment of in‐transit metastatic melanoma with intra‐lesional IL‐2 resulted in a 76% percent clearance of lesions. Complete response is associated with superior in transit‐free and overall survival when compared with partial response. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:711–717. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.