gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rheological and Chemical Properties of Mucilage in Different Varieties from Linseed (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>) (1991)

Abstract The rheological properties of linseed mucilage from different flax (Linum usitatissimum) varieties have been measured as well as the polysaccharide content and composition. The viscosity varied over a wide range from 0.02 to 0.28 Pas for 1% solutions. It increased with increasing concentration and decreased with increasing shear rate. Depending on the variety and the concentration, the mucilage could behave like a viscous fluid, viscoelastic fluid or as a nearly elastic body. Both the elasticity and the viscosity increased with increasing proportion of xylose residues and decreasing proportion of uronic acids in the polysaccharides.
A Hot Wire Air Flow Meter for Intake Air Flow Measurement (1989)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This report outlines the developmental status of the Hitachi hot wire air flow meter. It describes the newly developed hot wire probe and the air flow meter body to realize an improved cost performance ratio.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In addition, it covers approaches to improve response time when the air flow rate is changed and to avoid deterioration in measurement accuracy caused by dirt deposits on the hot wire probe.</div>
Salicidation process for submicrometre gate MOSFETfabrication using a resistless electron beam lithography process (1999)

Recently, a novel silicide direct write electron beam lithography (SiDWEL) process has been developed in order to achieve high resolution (50 nm) silicide structures without the need for any supplementary annealing step. This new lithography technique is used to fabricate N-type MOSFET devices with platinum silicide gates. The fabrication uses a mix and match approach to combine the SiDWEL process with conventional MOSFET fabrication techniques.
Imaging modes for bilateral confocal scanning microscopy (1993)

Summary The bilateral scanning approach to confocal microscopy is characterized by the direct generation of the image on a two‐dimensional (2‐D) detector. This detector can be a photographic plate, a CCD detector or the human eye, the human eye permitting direct visualization of the confocal image. Unlike Nipkow‐type systems, laser light sources can be used for excitation. A design called a carousel has been developed, in which the bilateral confocal scan capability can be added to an existing microscope so that rapid exchange and comparison between confocal and non‐confocal imaging conditions is possible. The design permits independent adjustment of confocal sectioning properties with lateral resolutions better than, or, in the worst case equivalent to, those available in conventional microscopy. The carousel can be considered as a stationary optical path in which certain imaging conditions, such as confocality, are defined and operate on part of the imaging field. The action of the bilateral scan mirror then extends this image condition over the whole field. A number of optical arrangements for the carousel are presented which realize various forms of confocal fluorescence and reflection imaging, with point, multiple point or slit confocal detection arrangements. Through the addition of active elements to the carousel direct stereoscopic, ratio, time‐resolved and other types of imaging can be achieved, with direct image formation on a CCD, eye or other 2‐D detectors without the need to modify the host microscope. Depending on the photon flux available, these imaging modes can run in real‐time or can use a cooled CCD at (very) low light level for image integration over an extended period.
Estrogen Stimulates Transcription of c-<i>jun</i>Protooncogene (1990)

Estrogen is a mitogen for the rat uterus, where it induces transient activation of c-fos and c-myc protooncogene expression, followed by increases in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. JUN-C, the product of the c-jun protooncogene, is a nuclear protein that can interact with FOS to modulate the activity of AP-1-responsive promoters. To test whether c-jun is a target for estrogen regulation, we measured the effects of 17 beta-estradiol on the expression of this gene in rat uterus. A human c-jun cDNA probe detects in rat uterus two mRNA species of 2.5 and 3.2 kilobases. Treatment of the animals with estrogen results in a rapid transient increase in the concentrations of these mRNAs; a 4- to 5-fold increase over the prestimulation level was detected starting 30 min after estrogen injection and lasting for 2 h, with a return to the prestimulation level after 4 h. In accordance with the results obtained by analysis of the mRNA, we found that estrogen increases 3- to 4-fold c-jun gene transcription in the uterus, at the same time it induces its mRNA accumulation. The ability of estrogen to induce c-jun gene expression was not abolished by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, suggesting that transcriptional activation of this protooncogene is a primary response to the hormone. Furthermore, we found that in the estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma cells, estrogen stimulates transcription of a reporter gene containing four copies of a jun/AP-1 response element. These data demonstrate that c-jun gene expression is regulated by estrogen and suggest that JUN-C could play a role in the activation of cell proliferation by estrogen.
Insulin metabolism and the risk of Alzheimer disease (2010)

Our findings suggest that insulin metabolism influences the clinical manifestation of AD only within 3 years.
Fog computing in 5G networks: an application perspective (2017)

Fifth generation (5G) cellular network promises to offer to its users sub-millisecond latency and 1 Gbit/s transmission speed. However, the current cloud-based computation and data delivery model do not allow these quality of service guarantees to be efficiently harnessed, due to the number of hops of wired networks between the 5G-base stations and the cloud, that leads to a significant increase in latency. Forwarding all the data generated by devices directly to the cloud may devour the bandwidth and lead to congestion. Therefore, it is necessary that processing be hosted near the devices, close to the source of the data, so that the high speed transmission of 5G can be utilized and data can be processed and filtered out by the time it reaches the cloud. This bringing down of computation, storage, and networking services to the network edge opens up many new research areas of applying fog computing over cellular network architecture. This chapter discusses the advantages of extending the cloud services to the edge by presenting use-cases that can be realized by fog computing over 5G networks.
Reduction of Adenosine-5′-Phosphosulfate Instead of 3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-Phosphosulfate in Cysteine Biosynthesis by <i>Rhizobium meliloti</i> and Other Members of the Family <i>Rhizobiaceae</i> (1999)

We have cloned and sequenced three genes from Rhizobium meliloti (Sinorhizobium meliloti) that are involved in sulfate activation for cysteine biosynthesis. Two of the genes display homology to the Escherichia coli cysDN genes, which code for an ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4). The third gene has homology to the E. coli cysH gene, a 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase (EC 1.8.99.4), but has greater homology to a set of genes found in Arabidopsis thaliana that encode an adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase. In order to determine the specificity of the R. meliloti reductase, the R. meliloti cysH homolog was histidine tagged and purified, and its specificity was assayed in vitro. Like the A. thaliana reductases, the histidine-tagged R. meliloti cysH gene product appears to favor APS over PAPS as a substrate, with a Km for APS of 3 to 4 microM but a Km for PAPS of >100 microM. In order to determine whether this preference for APS is unique to R. meliloti among members of the family Rhizobiaceae or is more widespread, cell extracts from R. leguminosarum, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, Rhizobium fredii (Sinorhizobium fredii), and Agrobacterium tumefaciens were assayed for APS or PAPS reductase activity. Cell extracts from all four species also preferentially reduce APS over PAPS.
Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair (2005)

Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process that leads to the formation of a permanent scar in adult skin. In contrast, early gestation fetal skin undergoes scarless repair. Normally, the repair process in the skin begins with an acute inflammatory response. However, one of the most important aspects of scarless fetal wound repair appears to be a lack of inflammation, suggesting that inflammation promotes scar formation in the skin. While it is well accepted that inflammation causes scar formation in the fetus, it is not known what specific factors produced during inflammation are responsible for these effects. Oxidants released by activated inflammatory cells have the potential to be involved, although this has never been examined. The present studies, using a murine fetal wound repair model, show that hydrogen peroxide interferes with scarless healing, possibly through the induction of transforming growth factor-beta1. Hydrogen peroxide also increased the proliferation of fetal fibroblasts, which could contribute to an increase in the fibrosis seen with hydrogen peroxide. Defining the factors produced during the inflammatory response that contribute to scar formation could be important for the development of new therapies designed to minimize scarring.
ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE COMPACTION OF METALS AND CERAMICS BY GAS PRESSURES (1964)

Techniques have been developed for the isostatic compaction of metals, cermets, and ceramics with no appreciable variation in density throughout the compacted structure. The temperatures needed are much lower than those normally utilized for sintering, so that a fine-grain, tough structural material can be produced. The starting material may be loose powder, cold-pressed preforms, explosively impacted preforms, coated particles, spherical particles, or vibratory-packed powder.Toxic materials are easily handed. Since the process is quite adaptable to the preparation of complex shapes by direct compaction of powders, components can be produced from the more expensive materials, such as beryllium and tungsten, with a minimum loss of material during processing.
High-Pressure and High-Temperature Experiments on Core-Mantle Segregation in the Accreting Earth (1994)

The abundances of siderophile elements in the Earth's silicate mantle are too high for the mantle to have been in equilibrium with iron in the core if equilibrium occurred at low pressures and temperatures. It has been proposed that this problem may be solved if equilibrium occurred at high pressures and temperatures. Experimental determination of the distribution of siderophile elements between liquid metal and liquid silicate at 100 kilobar and 2000 degrees C demonstrates that it is unlikely that siderophile element abundances were established by simple metal-silicate equilibrium, which indicates that the segregation of the core from the mantle was a complex process.
Stronger authentication in e-commerce: how to protect even naïve user against phishing, pharming, and MITM attacks (2007)

Phishing, pharming and MITM attacks, i.e. the theft of user credentials, are a major threat to e-commerce applications. As soon as the attacker manages to talk a user into revealing his/her credentials needed to access an e-commerce application (e.g. user name, password, transaction number (TAN) in case of e-banking applications), the user's account is open to any kind of (financial) transaction by the attacker. In this paper, we propose using the trusted platform module (TPM) --- a piece of hardware which will be built into all computers shipped in the near future --- for ensuring both an e-commerce application's integrity and binding user authentication to user credentials and the usage of specific hardware during the authentication process. By doing so, strong authentication is achieved (something one knows is combined with something one possesses physically), which renders phishing attacks unsuccessful as the phisher will not be in possession of the required hardware and therefore getting user credentials will not open the e-commerce account for exploitation.
Electrochemistry of Mixed Oxygen Ion and Electron Conducting Electrodes in Solid Electrolyte Cells (2012)

Mixed ion and electron conductors (MIECs) have garnered increased attention as active components in the electrodes of solid oxide electrolyzers (for electricity to fuel conversion) and especially of solid oxide fuel cells (for fuel to electricity conversion). Although much of the work in the literature is directed toward the understanding of oxygen electroreduction on the surfaces of MIECs, more recent studies also explore the role of these materials in fuel electrooxidation. In both cases, the rich chemical and electronic behaviors of MIECs imply a broad range of possible reaction pathways. We highlight the significant progress that has been made in elucidating these pathways through well-designed experimental and computational studies. At the macroscopic level, patterned electrode studies enable identification of active sites, whereas at the microscopic level, surface-sensitive techniques in combination with atomistic-level simulations are beginning to reveal the nature of the rate-determining step(s) and enable rational design of materials with enhanced activity.
One Point Isometric Matching with the Heat Kernel (2010)

Abstract A common operation in many geometry processing algorithms consists of finding correspondences between pairs of shapes by finding structure‐preserving maps between them. A particularly useful case of such maps is isometries, which preserve geodesic distances between points on each shape. Although several algorithms have been proposed to find approximately isometric maps between a pair of shapes, the structure of the space of isometries is not well understood. In this paper, we show that under mild genericity conditions, a single correspondence can be used to recover an isometry defined on entire shapes, and thus the space of all isometries can be parameterized by one correspondence between a pair of points. Perhaps surprisingly, this result is general, and does not depend on the dimensionality or the genus, and is valid for compact manifolds in any dimension. Moreover, we show that both the initial correspondence and the isometry can be recovered efficiently in practice. This allows us to devise an algorithm to find intrinsic symmetries of shapes, match shapes undergoing isometric deformations, as well as match partial and incomplete models efficiently.
Growth Of Low-Dislocation-Density InP Single Crystals By The VCZ Method (1989)

Low-dislocation-density InP single crystals have been successfully grown under the low axial temperature gradient of dT/dZ = 30°C/cm by the VCZ method, which is an LEC method with phosphorus vapor pressure applied over the liquid encapsulant during growth. The average EPD is about 2,000 cm-2 in the 2-inch diameter crystals doped with Fe or Sn. The slip-free and dislocation-free crystals have been obtained by doping S of 2 x 1018cm-3 at the seed end. The InP crystals have uniform distributions of electrical properties with variations of less than 2%. The photoluminescence measurements of Sn-doped crystal have revealed no deep level due to phosphorus vacancy. The VPE InGaAs layer grown on the S-doped VCZ substrate exhibits few propagated dislocations and a very low leak current.
Social Behaviors Associated with Hereditary Community Leadership (2005)

Hereditary community leadership is homoarchical prior designa-tion of the next leader. Other homoarchical customs are subordi-nation of the community to a higher government and kinship af-filiation limited to either paternal or maternal relatives. The alter-native heterarchical choices are election or another method of se-lecting the new leader, political independence of the community, and choice of kinship affiliation. In a world sample of more than 100 diverse communities, pre-dictors of hereditary community leadership are permission of pre-marital heterosexual intercourse by females, small population of the community, two or more social classes or castes, and praying or violence as a component of community ceremonies. These predictors suggest that homoarchical hereditary leadership enables more per-missiveness toward unmarried women, is more feasible in small community populations, and supports the homoarchical customs of social stratification and emotional ceremonies. Two homoarchical attributes, political subordination and unilin-eal kinship, characterize the largest number of communities. Ho-moarchical subordination of the community is generally a prerequi-site for high levels of cultural complexity. In subordinated communi-ties, cultural complexity is diminished by the combination of two additional homoarchical customs, unilineal kinship and hereditary leadership. The optimal situation appears to be a combination of homoarchical stability with heterarchical freedom of choice. In con-temporary large nations, the adverse effects of multiple levels of government above the community might be counteracted by maximal community autonomy and by the heterarchic customs of choice of kinship affiliation and selection of community leadership.
On The Effective Moduli of Rock Masses Containing Spherical Cavities (1994)

This short paper summarizes the present state of knowledge concerning the calculation of effective moduli of rock masses containing spherical cavities. Of the theories reviewed, which are for isotropic elastic solids, the matrix material is assumed to be linear elastic and isotropic. The formulae summarized in this paper include results obtained by the Self-Consistent Method (Budiansky, 1965; Hill, 1965), the Differential Scheme (Vavakin & Salganik, 1978; Zimmennan, 1984), and some second order theories (Chatterjee, Mal & Knopoff, 1978; Walpole, 1972; Willis & Acton, 1976). Values of the effective shear and bulk moduli are plolted against porosity to compare the various formulae for porous rock masses. Numerical results show, in general that about 60% of the stiffness of the rock mass is lost if the porosity increases to about 0.5. Further experimental studies are required to assess the applicability of the reviewed formulae.
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase preserves the normal homeostasis of gut microbiota (2010)

IAP is involved in the maintenance of normal gut microbial homeostasis and may have therapeutic potential against dysbiosis and pathogenic infections.
New epoxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid at elevated temperatures (1972)

Methyl methacrylate, a cyclic olefin, and two alk-1-enes are efficiently converted into their corresponding epoxides by m-chloroperbenzoic acid at elevated temperatures in the presence of a small amount of a radical inhibitor, which prevents thermal decomposition of the peracid.
South‐north migration in Europe today (1991)

What will be the consequences of immigration from North Africa to the European Community? Dr John Salt, of the Department of Geography at University College, London, argues that the effects will not be limited to the Mediterranean members of the European Community.
Effect of maternal age curve on the predicted detection rate in maternal serum screening for Down syndrome (1998)

The effect of the choice of maternal age-specific prevalence curve on the model predicted Down syndrome detection rate was examined. All 19 published regression curves from 11 birth prevalence series in four meta-analyses were included. The detection rate for a five per cent false-positive rate was estimated for three combinations of markers. For free beta human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein the lowest predicted detection rate was 62.3 per cent and the highest 64.1 per cent, a range of 1.8 per cent. When unconjugated oestriol was added as a third marker it was 65.6-67.3 per cent, a 1.7 per cent range, and when inhibin A was the fourth marker the detection rate was 72.0-73.4 per cent, a 1.4 per cent range. The number of series included in the regression had the biggest effect: when the authors had used a subset thought to have the highest ascertainment the predicted detection rate generally increased. The type of regression equation used and restrictions on the age range over which the regression was performed were less important factors. The effect of the choice of curve on the predicted increase in detection achieved by incorporating additional markers was relatively small: 3.1-3.3 per cent for unconjugated oestriol and a further 6.1-6.5 per cent for inhibin A. This analysis shows that the model inaccuracy caused by the maternal age curve is not small but is unlikely to be large enough to influence Down syndrome screening policy decisions.
Improving search-based test suite generation with dynamic symbolic execution (2013)

Search-based testing can automatically generate unit test suites for object oriented code, but may struggle to generate specific values necessary to cover difficult parts of the code. Dynamic symbolic execution (DSE) efficiently generates such specific values, but may struggle with complex datatypes, in particular those that require sequences of calls for construction. The solution to these problems lies in a hybrid approach that integrates the best of both worlds, but such an integration needs to adapt to the problem at hand to avoid that higher coverage in a few corner cases comes at the price of lower coverage in the general case. We have extended the Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the Evosuite unit test generator to integrate DSE in an adaptive approach where feedback from the search determines when a problem is suitable for DSE. In experiments on a set of difficult classes our adaptive hybrid approach achieved an increase in code coverage of up to 63% (11% on average); experiments on the SF100 corpus of roughly 9,000 open source classes confirm that the improvement is of practical value, and a comparison with a DSE tool on the Roops set of benchmark classes shows that the hybrid approach improves over both its constituent techniques, GA and DSE.
Adsorption of Polyvinylpyrrolidone over the Silica Surface: As Affected by Pretreatment of Adsorbent and Molar Mass of Polymer Adsorbate (2016)

The adsorption of polyvinylpyrrolidone over the surface of silica has been investigated. The impact of molar mass of the polymer, pH, and pretreatment temperature of silica particles have been evaluated by means of FTIR spectroscopy and electrophoretic measurements. The silica particles used have narrow particle size distribution. The zeta potential of the aqueous silica suspension was decreased with the increase in pH. The amount of polymer adsorbed was increased with the increase in pretreatment temperature, time, concentration, pH, zeta potential, and molar mass of the polymer. The addition of polymer to the system increased the zeta potential due to adsorption of polymer on the surface of the particles. However, the impact increased with the increase in molecular mass of the polymer. The IR spectra obtained before and after adsorption of polymer concluded that, mostly, hydrogen bonding is responsible for the adsorption phenomena; however, hydrophobic interactions also play a significant role. The mechanism has been investigated and established through FTIR spectroscopy.