gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipoprotein Lipase Is a Gene for Insulin Resistance in Mexican Americans (2004)

The insulin resistance syndrome is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a candidate gene for components of the syndrome. A small number of studies have demonstrated association of single nucleotide polymorphisms within LPL and indirect or surrogate measures of insulin resistance, largely based on glucose and insulin values obtained in the fasting state or during an oral glucose tolerance test. To test directly whether LPL is an insulin resistance gene, we performed the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in a large family-based population of Mexican Americans who were genotyped at six polymorphisms in LPL that define the most common haplotypes in the population. LPL haplotypes showed linkage to the glucose infusion rate (GINF), a direct physiologic measurement of insulin sensitivity (P = 0.034). In addition, significant associations with GINF were demonstrated for the most common haplotype (P = 0.031) and the fourth most common haplotype (P = 0.007). Haplotype 1 was associated with insulin sensitivity (mean GINF for haplotype 1 carriers = 383.0 mg/min) and haplotype 4 with insulin resistance (mean GINF for haplotype 4 carriers = 344.3 mg/min). This haplotype-based genetic analysis provides compelling evidence that variation in the LPL gene plays a role in determining insulin resistance in this ethnic group with a high prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome.
On-chip high power porous silicon lithium ion batteries with stable capacity over 10 000 cycles (2014)

We demonstrate the operation of a graphene-passivated on-chip porous silicon material as a high rate lithium battery anode with over 50 X power density, and 100 X energy density improvement compared to identically prepared on-chip supercapacitors. We demonstrate this Faradaic storage behavior to occur at fast charging rates (1-10 mA cm(-2)) where lithium locally intercalates into the nanoporous silicon, preventing the degradation and poor cycling performance attributed to deep storage in the bulk silicon. This device exhibits cycling performance that exceeds 10,000 cycles with capacity above 0.1 mA h cm(-2) without notable capacity fade. This demonstrates a practical route toward high power, high energy, and long lifetime all-silicon on-chip storage systems relevant toward integration into electronics, photovoltaics, and other silicon-based platforms.
Time-Scale Modification of Complex Acoustic Signals in Noise (1994)

Abstract : A new approach is introduced for time-scale modification of short- duration complex acoustic signals to improve their audibility. The method preserves an approximate time-scaled temporal envelope of a signal, thus capitalizing on the perceptual importance of the signal's temporal structure, while also maintaining the character of a noise background. The basis for the approach is a subband signal representation, derived from a filter bank analysis/synthesis, the channel phases of which are controlled to shape the temporal envelope of the time-scaled signal. Channel amplitudes and filter bank inputs are selected to shape the spectrum and correlation of the time-scaled background. The phase, amplitude, and input control are derived from locations of events that occur within filter bank outputs. A frame-based generalization of the method imposes phase consistency and background noise continuity across consecutive synthesis frames. The approach and its derivatives are applied to synthetic and actual complex acoustic signals consisting of closely spaced sequential time components. Time-Scale modification, Slow-motion audio replay, Complex acoustic signal, Signal enhancement, Noise background preservation, Improved audibility, Temporal envelope, Filter bank analysis/synthesis, Sine-wave.
Finite-difference time-domain analysis of gyrotropic media. I. Magnetized plasma (1992)

When subjected to a constant magnetic field, both plasmas and ferrites exhibit anisotropic constitutive parameters. For electronic plasmas this anisotropy must be described by using a permittivity tensor in place of the usual scalar permittivity. Each member of this tensor is also very frequency dependent. A finite-difference time-domain formulation which incorporates both anisotropy and frequency dispersion, enabling the wideband transient analysis of magnetoactive plasma, is described. Results are shown for the reflection and transmission through a magnetized plasma layer, with the direction of propagation parallel to the direction of the biasing field. A comparison to frequency-domain analytic results is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A high-performance DSP-controller for parallel operation of online UPS systems (2004)

In this paper, a novel controller for parallel-connected online uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) without control interconnections based on the droop method is presented. The control approach consists in drop the frequency of every module when its output power increases, resulting in an unavoidable nominal frequency deviation. Consequently, this method in its original form is only applicable to off-line or line-interactive UPS systems. As opposed to the conventional droop method, the proposed control scheme endows proper transient response, strictly frequency and phase synchronization with the AC mains, and excellent power sharing even for nonlinear loads. Hence, this controller is suitable for paralleled online UPS systems. Experimental results are obtained from two parallel-connected 1-kVA online UPS by using TMS320LF2407A DSP.
Aβ42 immunization in Alzheimer's disease generates Aβ N-terminal antibodies (2005)

Serum samples from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients immunized with Abeta42 (AN1792) were analyzed to determine the induced antibody properties including precise amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) epitopes and amyloid plaque-binding characteristics. The predominant response in these patients is independent of whether or not meningoencephalitis developed and is against the free amino terminus of Abeta. The immunostaining of amyloid plaques in brain tissue by patient sera is adsorbable by a linear Abeta1-8 peptide, demonstrating that the antibodies are directed predominantly to this epitope and not dependent on Abeta conformations or aggregates specific to plaques. Furthermore, the antibodies are not capable of binding amyloid precursor protein and would be predicted to be competent in facilitating clearance of amyloid plaques in AD brains.
The architecture of the Dalí main memory storage manager (2002)

The performance needs of many database applications require that the entire database be stored in main memory. The Dalí system is a main memory storage manager designed to provide the persistence (that is, the retention of data after a crash), availability, and safety guarantees that users typically expect from a disk-resident database, including support for transactions. Because it is tuned to support in-memory data, Dalí offers very high performance. User processes map the entire database into their address space and access data directly, thereby avoiding expensive remote procedure calls and buffer manager interactions typical of accesses in the disk-resident commercial systems available today. Dalí recovers from a system or process failure by restoring the database to a consistent state. It also provides unique concurrency control and memory protection features, as well as index management and a relational application programming interface.
A 3.5-nm Coordination Nanotube (2004)

A 3.5-nm coordination nanotube was self-assembled from 12 Pd(II) ions and four tape-shaped ligands with the aid of a 3.0-nm template. This tubular structure was unambiguously determined by the single-crystal X-ray analysis. Being cooperatively sustained by 24 Pd(II)-pyridine interactions, the framework was kinetically stable even when the template was removed. The empty tube was, of course, capable of binding other molecules in the cavity.
Studies on Biological Activity of Wood Extractives (XVI)-Antioxidant Components from the Bark of Rhus chinensis- (2005)

Six compounds were isolated from the EtOAc and fractions of the bark of Rhus chinensis by repeated column chromatography with and Sephadex LH-20. The structures were determined by instrumental analysis using MS and NMR spectrophotometer as: gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), 6, 7-dimethoxycoumarin (3), orcinol--D-glucoside (4), scopoletin (5), semialactone (6). Among these compounds, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (3) was isolated from this plant for the first time. To measure the antioxidant activity, the DPPH radical scavenging activity test was performed. Gallic acid (1) showed the strongest activity, while orcinol--D-glucoside (4), semialactone (5) and scopoletin (6) had the low activities.
Amperometric Biosensors Using Poly-L-Lysine/Poly (styrenesulfonate) Membranes with Immobilized Enzymes (1995)

Enzyme elecodes fbr L-lactic acidcholine and glucose were prepared by immobilizing lactate oxidasecholine oxidase and glucose oxidase into polyion complex membran esrespectivelyan aqueous solution continh19Poly-L-lyse an(l each ene was placed on a glassy carbon electrode 1en an aqueous solution of poIy(4-senesulfbnatc)was a(i(ied to the polycatlonlenzymexture anddhedTheanodiccmnt(atIVvsAgAgCl)ofeachenzymeelectrodeincrease(lafterthe addition ofe co1Tesponding analytedue to the elec01ytic oxidation of the hydrogen peroxide poduced throuh the olidase-catalyzed reaction in the membrane The membrane showed mselecti based on the solute size with the moleculal cut-oof llOFor the L-lactate and choline-sensing electrodesthe pemlselectivity was efctive in reducing the intedrential response as compared toe response fbr1e analytele perneation of hlterrents such as Iascorbic aciduric
Precise measurement of the complex permittivity of low-to-medium-loss standard liquids at 285 GHz (1977)

The complex permittivity ( epsilon '-i epsilon ") of standard liquid is determined at 285 GHz using a free-space transmission method. A cell of constant overall length, divided into two chambers by a movable window in the middle, allows the absorption difference between liquids to be measured directly. One of the liquids can be a reference liquid, or the solvent in the study of dilute solutions. Results are given for cyclohexane cis- and trans-decalin, chlorobenzene, 0.1, 1 and 10% mixtures of chlorobenzene in cyclohexane at 25 degrees C and for carbon tetrachloride at 23 degrees C. The accuracy obtained depends on the loss of the liquids and ranges between +or-0.2 and +or-0.8% for epsilon ' and between +or-1.2 and 4% for epsilon ".
Molecular basis for cytadsorption of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1982)

Hemadsorbing (HA+) virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae and spontaneously derived nonhemadsorbing (HA-) avirulent mutants were compared by biochemical and ultrastructural techniques in an attempt to understand the molecular basis for cytadsorption. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact mycoplasmas indicated that both virulent and avirulent mycoplasmas displayed similar surface protein patterns. A specific external protein, P1 (molecular weight, 165,000), previously implicated as a major ligand mediating attachment, was readily detected in HA+ and HA- mycoplasma strains. However, immunoferritin electron microscopy, with monospecific antibody against P1, revealed that differences in P1 topography existed among these strains. Only virulent mycoplasmas exhibited high concentrations of P1 at the terminal organelle. Avirulent mycoplasmas which possessed P1 showed no P1 clustering at the terminus. Both virulent M. pneumoniae and avirulent P1-containing mutants possessed numerous less dense P1 regions along the mycoplasma surface. Not surprisingly, an HA- mutant lacking P1 exhibited only background immunoferritin labeling. Negative staining of intact mycoplasmas revealed a well-defined, naplike terminus (associated with P1 clusters) confined at the tip of virulent M. pneumoniae. Previous characterization of HA+ virulent and HA- avirulent strains of M. pneumoniae by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests that identified groups of mycoplasma proteins, lacking in specific HA- mycoplasmas, regulate the physical arrangement of P1 and the ultrastructure of the terminus, thus influencing adherence to the respiratory epithelium and virulence.
Psychophysical signatures associated with magnocellular and parvocellular pathway contrast gain (1997)

Physiological data have revealed characteristic contrast gain and temporal integration signatures of the magnocellular (MC) and the parvocellular (PC) pathways. The goal in this study was to find psychophysical correlates of these signatures. Psychophysical forced-choice, luminance pedestal discrimination data were collected with a stimulus-surround display. A 2.05 degrees four-square stimulus array was varied from 73 to 182 trolands (Td) in a larger 115-Td surround. When the stimulus array was pulsed briefly, discrimination thresholds showed a minimum at the surround retinal illuminance, increasing in a V shape when the stimulus array was incremental or decremental to the surround. When the stimulus array was presented continuously as a steady pedestal within the constant 115-Td surround, discrimination thresholds increased monotonically with stimulus array retinal illuminance, obeying a slope of unity. Exposure duration variation showed temporal summation to extend to longer durations for the pulse increments and decrements than for the steady pedestal condition. Discrimination thresholds for pulsed medium-sized contrast steps showed the contrast pedestal paradigm showed the temporal signature of the MC pathway. Discrimination thresholds for small pedestal steps of the stimulus array from a steady pedestal showed the contrast gain signature of the MC pathway. The data suggested a difference in the spatiotemporal control of adaptation of the two pathways: The MC pathway adapted locally to the stimulus array, while the PC pathways showed little evidence of local adaptation. The experiments show that characteristic signatures of MC- and PC-pathway processing can be demonstrated by use of psychophysical procedures.
Peptide Nucleic Acids with a Structurally Biased Backbone. Updated Review and Emerging Challenges (2011)

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are polyamidic oligonucleotide analogues which have been described for the first time almost twenty years ago and were immediately found to be excellent tool in binding DNA and RNA for diagnostics and gene regulation. Their use as therapeutic agents have been proposed since early studies and recent advancements in cellular delivery systems and in the so called anti-gene strategy make them good candidates for drug development. The search for new chemical modification of PNAs is a very active field of research and new structures are continuously proposed. This review focuses on the modification of the PNA backbone, and their possible use in medicinal chemistry with an update of this topics in view of emerging new trends and opening of new possibilities In particular two classes of structurally biased PNAs are described in details: i) PNAs with acyclic structures and their helical preference, which is regulated by stereochemistry and ii) cyclic PNAs with preorganized structures, whose performances depend both on stereochemistry and on conformational constraints. The properties of these compounds are discussed in terms of affinity for nucleic acids, and several examples of their use in cellular or animal systems are presented , with exciting new fields of research such as microRNA (miR) targeting and gene repair.
The Kullback–Leibler Divergence Rate Between Markov Sources (2004)

In this work, we provide a computable expression for the Kullback-Leibler divergence rate lim/sub n/spl rarr//spl infin//1/nD(p/sup (n)//spl par/q/sup (n)/) between two time-invariant finite-alphabet Markov sources of arbitrary order and arbitrary initial distributions described by the probability distributions p/sup (n)/ and q/sup (n)/, respectively. We illustrate it numerically and examine its rate of convergence. The main tools used to obtain the Kullback-Leibler divergence rate and its rate of convergence are the theory of nonnegative matrices and Perron-Frobenius theory. Similarly, we provide a formula for the Shannon entropy rate lim/sub n/spl rarr//spl infin//1/nH(p/sup (n)/) of Markov sources and examine its rate of convergence.
Electron Beam Absorbed Current as a means of locating metal defectivity on 45nm SOI technology (2011)

In order to keep pace with the increasing number of transistors within the modern microprocessor, it has become necessary to use ten or more levels of back end metallization as interconnect. During the failure analysis of such products it is common to encounter instances of defectivity in the metallization used to route internal signals to different areas of the die. Typical defect mechanisms can be caused by issues during fabrication such as contamination, metal patterning defects, resistive interconnects or other longer term problems such as electromigration.
Three-dimensional custom-designed cementless femoral stem for osteoarthritis secondary to congenital dislocation of the hip (2007)

A clinical and radiological study was conducted on 97 total hip replacements performed for congenital hip dislocation in 79 patients between 1989 and 1998 using a three-dimensional custom-made cementless stem. The mean age at operation was 48 years (17 to 72) and the mean follow-up was for 123 months (83 to 182). According to the Crowe classification, there were 37 class I, 28 class II, 13 class III and 19 class IV hips. The mean leg lengthening was 25 mm (5 to 58), the mean pre-operative femoral anteversion was 38.6 degrees (2 degrees to 86 degrees ) and the mean correction in the prosthetic neck was -23.6 degrees (-71 degrees to 13 degrees ). The mean Harris hip score improved from 58 (15 to 84) to 93 (40 to 100) points. A revision was required in six hips (6.2%). The overall survival rate was 89.5% (95% confidence interval 89.2 to 89.8) at 13 years when two hips were at risk. This custom-made cementless femoral component, which can be accommodated in the abnormal proximal femur and will correct the anteversion and frontal offset, provided good results without recourse to proximal femoral corrective osteotomy.
Inhibition of CTL induction by rapamycin: IL-2 rescues granzyme B and perforin expression but only partially restores cytotoxic activity (1997)

Rapamycin (RAP) is a potent inhibitor of CTL induction. Since RAP is known to block IL-2 signaling through the IL-2R, we hypothesized that RAP may interfere with CTL generation by inhibiting IL-2-induced expression of granzyme (Gzm) B, perforin, and/or Fas ligand (FasL). MHC-unrestricted mouse CTL induced in vitro with anti-CD3 mAb in the presence of RAP (1 ng/ml) exhibited dramatically reduced cellular proliferation and cytotoxicity against P815 tumor target cells. Gzm B mRNA expression and enzymatic activity in RAP-treated CTL were greatly reduced compared with those in control CTL. Perforin mRNA expression was also reduced by RAP. In contrast, RAP failed to inhibit FasL mRNA expression. RAP, therefore, inhibits induction of the perforin/Gzm B cytolytic pathway but spares Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity. To determine whether RAP exerts a total blockade of the IL-2R signaling pathway, we induced CTL in the presence of both RAP and exogenous rIL-2 (100 U/ml). Under these conditions, Gzm B and perforin mRNA and protein expression as well as cellular proliferation were restored to at least control levels. Surprisingly, inhibition of cytotoxicity was only partially alleviated when CTL were induced in the presence of RAP plus rIL-2, even though CTL conjugated normally with target cells and had an intact granule secretory pathway. We conclude that 1) the inhibitory effect of RAP at the level of the IL-2R is incomplete; and 2) the suppressive effect of RAP on CTL induction is only partly due to inhibition of Gzm B and perforin gene expression.
Genotypes and phenotypes in Crohn’s disease: do they help in clinical management? (2004)

ather than a unique disorder, Crohn's disease is regarded as a common denominator for various immune mediated inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. These various subforms of Crohn's disease are characterised by T cell mediated tissue destruction in the gut. In contrast with autoimmune diseases where autoantibodies react with self antigens, inflammation in Crohn's disease is directed against antigens that are mainly derived from the environment. 1 Although it may sound trivial, this adjustment in the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms has a vast number of consequences for the search of the disease causing factors and identification of therapeutic targets.
Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications (2013)

Chlorophyll fluorescence is a non-invasive measurement of photosystem II (PSII) activity and is a commonly used technique in plant physiology. The sensitivity of PSII activity to abiotic and biotic factors has made this a key technique not only for understanding the photosynthetic mechanisms but also as a broader indicator of how plants respond to environmental change. This, along with low cost and ease of collecting data, has resulted in the appearance of a large array of instrument types for measurement and calculated parameters which can be bewildering for the new user. Moreover, its accessibility can lead to misuse and misinterpretation when the underlying photosynthetic processes are not fully appreciated. This review is timely because it sits at a point of renewed interest in chlorophyll fluorescence where fast measurements of photosynthetic performance are now required for crop improvement purposes. Here we help the researcher make choices in terms of protocols using the equipment and expertise available, especially for field measurements. We start with a basic overview of the principles of fluorescence analysis and provide advice on best practice for taking pulse amplitude-modulated measurements. We also discuss a number of emerging techniques for contemporary crop and ecology research, where we see continual development and application of analytical techniques to meet the new challenges that have arisen in recent years. We end the review by briefly discussing the emerging area of monitoring fluorescence, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, field phenotyping, and remote sensing of crops for yield and biomass enhancement.
A robust adaptive controller for rigid robots (2003)

Robust adaptive control schemes for robot manipulators are introduced. A new concept for the adaptive controller guarantees improved performance by gain dynamics relating to the small-gain adaptive mechanism. A control component in the driving acceleration input is exploited. It relates to Riccati equations. New gain dynamics and a linear feedback component increase the exponential convergence rate of a Lyapunov function. Unmodeled dynamics and bounded disturbances are considered in order to deal with the robustification issues. It is possible to adjust the region within which the tracking error is bounded by using design-parameters associated with a Riccati equation and the gain dynamics. This region is a ring-shaped area or a disk-shaped area in which the tracking errors and their derivatives remain. The suggested adaptive control is optimal in that it minimizes a performance index. Simulation results demonstrate the robustified property of the adaptive controller for rigid robots.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>