gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ecdysteroid biosynthesis in crayfish Y-organs: Feedback regulation by circulating ecdysteroids (1999)

In crustaceans, ecdysteroid synthesis in the Y-organs is negatively regulated by the molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH). Reduction or cessation of MIH release from the sinus gland in the eyestalk, probably due to environmental cues, is one of possibly several signals for an increase of edysteroid production and subsequently enhancement of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) levels in the hemolymph. The present study asks the question whether the 20E peak in premoult stages D2/D3 is explained solely bythe cessation of MIH release or whether positive feedback mechanisms are also involved. Ecdysteroid production by the Y-organ of the crayfish Orconectes limosus was found to be under negative feedback control by circulating ecdysteroids. Exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) as well as RH-5849, a non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonist, reduced ecdysteroid synthesis significantly when injected into intermoult animals. A direct, short loop inhibitory feedback effect was demonstrated by in vitro incubations of Y-organs with RH-5849. Thus, the results presented here do not point to a stimulatory effect of 20E on Y-organ activity but suggest that during intermolt a negative feedback by ecdysteroids plays a role in addition to MIH. Arch. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Convection in a saturated porous medium at large Rayleigh number or Peclet number (1963)

When the dimensions of a convective system in a saturated porous medium are sufficiently great, diffusion effects can be neglected except in regions where the gradients of fluid properties are very large. A boundary-layer theory is developed for vertical plane flows in such regions. In special cases, the theory is equivalent to that for laminar incompressible flow in a two-dimensional half-jet, or in a plane jet or round jet, for which similarity solutions are well known. A number of experiments have been performed using a Hele-Shaw cell immersed in water, with a source of potassium permanganate solution located between the plates. At very small values of the source strength, a flow analogous to that of a plane jet from a slit is obtained. The distance advanced by the jet front, or cap, is measured as a function of time, and the velocity is found to be nearly proportional to the velocity of the fluid on the axis of the steady jet behind the cap, as given by the similarity law of Schlichting and Bickley. At large values of the source strength, a two-dimensional ‘broad jet’ of homogeneous solution descending under gravity is produced; the shape of the flow region can be calculated with little error from potential theory, neglecting the effect of the mixing layers. A possible example of a mixing layer observed in a geothermal region is examined. The theoretical form of the temperature distribution is calculated numerically, taking into account the large viscosity variation with temperature and also the possibility of a large permeability variation. These effects are found to have less influence upon the solution than might have been expected. Quantitative values obtained for the physical parameters are consistent with other geophysical observations.
Optical properties and laser action in one-dimensional periodic dielectrics containing liquid crystal as defect layer (2004)

The wavelength of the laser action based on a defect mode in a one-dimensional periodic structure has been electrically controlled using a dye-doped nematic liquid crystal as a defect layer. The lasing wavelength is widely tuned upon the applying electric field, which originates from the refractive index change in the defect layer caused by the field-induced realignment of the liquid crystal molecules.
Spike Glycoprotein Cleavage Recognition Site Analysis of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (2001)

The spike glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, is translated as a precursor protein (So), then cleaved into two subunits (S1 and S2) by host cell serine proteases. In this study, we compared the cleavage recognition site of 55 IBV isolates to determine if the cleavage recognition site sequence, which consists of five basic amino acid residues, correlates with host cell range, serotype, geographic origin, and pathogenicity as it does in orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. The most common cleavage recognition site observed (33 of 55 viruses) was Arg-Arg-Ser-Arg-Arg, representing at least 11 different serotypes. Thus, cleavage recognition site does not appear to correlate with serotype. We also determined that cleavage recognition site sequence does not correlate with pathogenicity because attenuated and pathogenic isolates (different passages of the same virus) contain identical cleavage recognition site sequences. In addition, nephropathogenic strains had the same cleavage recognition site sequence as many nonnephropathogenic isolates. Cleavage recognition site sequence does correlate with viruses in different geographic regions, which may be an important characteristic to examine in epidemiologic studies. An IBV monoclonal antibody neutralization-resistant mutant (NR 18) had an unusual substitution of Ile for Arg at the fourth position, giving the sequence Arg-Arg-Ser-Ile-Arg, which likely prevents cleavage and, thus, destroys the conformationally dependent monoclonal antibody binding epitope. Six residues on the amino-terminal side of the cleavage recognition site are conserved in 31% of the isolates and consist of only one or two basic amino acids. Thus, the number of basic residues around the cleavage recognition site does not appear to correlate with increased cleavability, host cell range, and increased virulence as it does with envelope glycoproteins in orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses.
Combined Feedforward/Feedback Control of Atomic Force Microscopes (2007)

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a powerful imaging and nanofabrication tool that allows the user to observe and manipulate samples at the atomic level. However, one limitation of current AFMs is the long time required to obtain a quality image of a sample. Several researchers have investigated this problem in recent years, and we give an overview of the approaches explored, including H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> , lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , and model-inverse based methods. We compare and discuss advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches, and we end with a summary of open questions to be addressed in improving the control of AFMs.
Optimizing the Processing Performance of a Smart DMA Controller for LTE Terminals (2010)

In this paper we present an extended and optimized version of a smart Direct Memory Access (sDMA) controller supporting different on-the-fly protocol stack acceleration concepts for Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile terminals. In addition to the downlink processing, we analyse different on-the-fly hardware acceleration modes for the uplink protocol stack processing in layer 2 (L2). Moreover, the system performance is further improved by adopting parallelization methods. The efficiency of on-the-fly hardware acceleration is proved by comparing the transport block processing times to those achieved with a conventional hardware accelerator. Therefore, a cycle approximate virtual prototype of a state-of-the-art mobile phone platform based on an ARM1176 processor is simulated at LTE-Advanced data rates of up to 1 Gbit/s. In uplink direction, we are able to reduce the complexity in the sDMA controller and simultaneously improve the processing performance in the mobile platform. This is realized by intelligent hardware/software partitioning and an optimized descriptor format. Furthermore, a significant optimization (up to 13 %) of the system performance in a mobile device is achieved by adopting parallelized on-the-fly hardware acceleration modes. We show how the sDMA controller clearly outperforms the traditional approach by reaching speedups of up to 35 % and 66 % for the transport block processing times in uplink and downlink directions, respectively.
Structure-function analysis of the maf oncogene product, a member of the b-Zip protein family (1993)

The v-maf oncogene, identified as the transforming gene of the avian retrovirus AS42, encodes a protein containing a b-Zip motif. From this structural feature, the v-Maf protein was expected to form a dimer and function as a nuclear DNA-binding protein. In this study, we demonstrate that this protein indeed localizes predominantly in the nucleus and forms a homodimer through its leucine zipper structure. To delineate the structural requirement for the transforming activity, we constructed and characterized a panel of v-maf mutants harboring various deletions or point mutations. A region of about 100 amino acid residues located near its carboxyl terminus, which contains the b-Zip motif, was found to be essential for the basal transforming activity of v-Maf on chicken embryo fibroblasts. On the other hand, the amino-terminal two-thirds of the v-Maf protein seems to play a role in potentiating the transforming activity of v-Maf. It was also found that the c-maf proto-oncogene, without any structural modification in its protein-coding region, could transform cells as efficiently as could the v-maf oncogene when transduced by a retroviral vector. Thus, it is probably deregulated expression that makes the v-maf gene oncogenic. In addition, we discovered one point mutation, altering the structure of the b-Zip domain, which further enhances the transforming activity of the v-maf oncogene. Such mutant will be useful in exploring the mechanism of action of the Maf protein.
Implementation of pixel level digital TDI for scanning type LWIR FPAs (2014)

Implementation of a CMOS digital readout integrated circuit (DROIC) based on pixel level digital time delay integration (TDI) for scanning type LWIR focal plane arrays (FPAs) is presented. TDI is implemented on 8 pixels with over sampling rate of 3. Analog signal integrated on integration capacitor is converted to digital domain in pixel, and digital data is transferred to TDI summation counters, where contributions of 8 pixels are added. Output data is 16 bit, where 8 bits are allocated for most significant bits and 8 bits for least significant bits. Control block of the ROIC, which is responsible of generating timing diagram for switches controlling the pixels and summation counters, is realized with VerilogHDL. Summation counters and parallel-to-serial converter to convert 16 bit parallel output data to single bit output are also realized with Verilog HDL. Synthesized verilog netlists are placed&routed and combined with analog under-pixel part of the design. Quantization noise of analog-to-digital conversion is less than 500e-. Since analog signal is converted to digital domain in-pixel, inaccuracies due to analog signal routing over large chip area is eliminated. ROIC is fabricated with 0.18μm CMOS process and chip area is 10mm<sup>2</sup>. Post-layout simulation results of the implemented design are presented. ROIC is programmable through serial or parallel interface. Input referred noise of ROIC is less than 750 rms electron, while power consumption is less than 30mW. ROIC is designed to perform in cryogenic temperatures.
Actuator Array for Use in Minimally Invasive Surgery (1997)

For tactile-haptical feedback in minimally invasive surgery, a tactile actuator array consisting of 8 x 8 actuators is being built. The system is combined with a tactile optical sensor system mounted in a laparoscopic forceps, providing 8 X 8 signals. These signals have to be shown as a true-scale representation through the actuator array. Therefore each peasured pressure signal is coded into a corresponding actuating displacement. Each actuator is made out of a SMA-spring conditioned with the one way effect. The SMA spring works against a bias spring and both are mounted on an electrically isolated base pin. The bias spring produces a linear rising force against the SMA-spring for resetting the actuator during the passive cooling time. The whole actuator has a diameter of 1.6 mm, a length of 25 mm and is mounted at a distance of 3.2 mm from the next actuator. The resulting force of a single actuator while pressing against the surgeon's fingertip is over 2.5 N, and the actuating displacement is about 3.5 mm. Each pin has analogue adjustment and can be stopped at all positions within these 3 .S mm deflection. The resetting time is about 10 seconds and is reached with 3 fans mounted on three sides of the actuator array. The aim is to build a minimally invasive palpation system so that the surgeon can 'feel' with his laparoscopic forceps.
[Purification and properties of low molecular weight endoglucanase of the cellulase complex from Trichoderma koningii]. (1980)

A homogenous low molecular weight 1,4-beta-glucan glucanohydrolase (endoglucanase) has been isolated from a crude commercial preparation of cellokoningine P10X of T. koningii origin. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 13 000. The endoglucanase was obtained as a lyophylized preparation free of the cellobiase activity. It was shown that cellobiose or methylcellobioside activate the effect of the low molecular weight endoglucanase (measured by the viscometric technique with respect to CMC hydrolysis) and at the same time almost completely suppress the activity of high molecular weight endoglucanases from the sane source. A detailed kinetic study of the effects showed that the low molecular weight enzyme is activated by a transglycosylation mechanism, where cellobiose acts as an added nucleophile. The activation is 6-fold at saturating concentrations of cellobiose (Ks = 15 mM). It was shown that diverse kinetic behaviour of cellobiose which can act both as activatory and inhibitor for endoglucanases from different sources can be explained, firstly, by different ratios of low to high molecular weight endoglucanases in the cellulase complexes, and, secondly, by their ability to catalyze transglycosylation reactions, which, in turn, results in a transfer of reducing end groups of the reaction products onto cellobiose as an added nucleophile.
A fault detection and service restoration method by shifting the feeder tie switch for ungrounded distribution system (2008)

This paper presents a fault detection and service restoration method for distribution automation system(DAS) in ungrounded distribution system. Fault detection and service restoration is principal function to supply high reliability power continuously in distribution system. The proposed method utilizes the turning point of fault information between connected feeders in the process of shifting the feeder tie switch. It can provide communication-based fault handling process without power supply interruption for ungrounded distribution system. This method is being studied to be implemented in DAS for field test to validate the method.
Vaginal Tampon Model for Toxic Shock Syndrome (1989)

The effects of tampon composition, inoculum size, and simulated menses on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) were evaluated in a rabbit model that simulates tampon use in humans. Three small generic compressed-fiber tampons were successively inserted vaginally (remained in place 4.5 hours x 2; overnight x 1). Tampon no. 1 was inoculated with live TSST-1-positive staphylococci plus 5 mL of saline or simulated menses (defibrinated rabbit blood plus 2.5 g of bovine serum albumin/dL) immediately after insertion; saline or simulated menses alone were used with tampons no. 2 and 3. The vagina was washed after removal of tampon no. 3. TSS-like illness was produced consistently in animals with carboxymethyl cellulose/polyester foam tampons, which supported higher organism counts and greater TSST-1 production in association with subsequent tampons. Cotton and rayon tampons were not associated with as much clinical illness, organism growth, or TSST-1 production. Simulated menses supported toxin production and clinical illness when the inoculum was one-tenth that required for controls. Sham tampon insertion was associated with TSS-like illness in two of 10 rabbits; thus, other factors may promote TSS in the absence of vaginal tampons. This model reliability reproduces menstrual TSS, since one-time vaginal inoculation with TSST-1-positive staphylococci in the presence of blood and certain tampons leads to TSS, and may be useful in evaluating catamenial products and in understanding other factors important in TSST-1 production in vivo and the development of TSS.
Wearable device for microwave head imaging (2016)

A wearable microwave head imaging is proposed for medical applications, namely stroke and cancer detection. The wearable device in a hat-like structure incorporates an array of flexible ultra-wideband antenna. The antenna array consists of 8 monopole antenna elements which act as multi-static radar. A lossy dielectric absorber is embedded inside the hat to improve the directivity of the antenna. The antenna operates in the frequency range of 1.5GHz to 4GHz which would provide sufficient penetration and resolution for the proposed head imaging system. A thin and flexible FR-4 of thickness 0.2mm is used as the substrate of the antenna. The performance of the antennae when arranged in a hat like shape structure was measured and analysed. The return loss of the antennae shows a match across all the operating frequency range. The average simulated gain of the antenna is 3 dBi.
Elimination and addition reactions. Part 37. A comparative study of electronic, steric, and solvent effects upon reactivity in additions of benzenesulphenyl chloride to alkenes (1983)

Rates of additions of benzenesulphenyl chloride to 35 alkenes in several solvents have been measured, and the products of the reactions have in most cases been identified. Results for arylalkenes broadly confirm previous work, but the responses to solvent change are not uniform throughout. The reactivity of bridged cycloalkenes is substantially greater than that of cycloalkenes, but that of cyclo-pentadiene dimer is anomalously small. For allylic substrates, the correlation of electron density at the double bond with reactivity is shown by a rectilinear relationship between log k and σI. Allyl iodide and allyl alcohol are anomalously more reactive than this correlation would predict; this is accounted for by solvation and by internal solvation effects respectively.
Techniques for designing high-performance digital circuits using wave pipelining (1992)

Wave pipelining is a technique for pipelining digital systems that can increase clock frequency in practical circuits without increasing the number of storage elements. In wave pipelining, multiple coherent waves of data are sent through a block of combinational logic by applying new inputs faster than the delay through the logic. Ideally, if all paths from input to output have equal delay, then the circuit's clock frequency is only limited by rise/fall times, clock skew, and the set-up and hold times of the storage elements. In practice, due to the above parameters plus some residual difference between shortest and longest path delays, the clock frequency can be increased by a factor of 2 to 3 using the best available design methods.
We present algorithms to automatically equalize delays in combinational logic circuits to achieve wave pipelining. The algorithms adjust gate speeds and insert a minimal number of active delay elements to balance input-to-output path lengths in a circuit. For both normal and wave-pipelined circuits, the algorithms also optimally minimize power under delay constraints.
We describe an LSI chip design that demonstrates the concept of wave pipelining. The circuit is a 63-bit population counter which is similar in structure to a slice of a multiplier. This circuit has been designed in current-mode logic (CML) with a nominal delay of 9.5 ns. Full tests of fabricated chips show that a wave pipeline period of 4.0 ns has been achieved. In contrast, the ordinary pipeline period is 10.25 ns. By using wave pipelining, the clock frequency has been increased by 2.5 times without using additional registers.
We derive and compare mathematical constraints on path length and clock frequency required by ordinary and wave pipelined clocking schemes. In addition, self-timing, retiming, and intentional clock skewing are discussed.
Some technologies have less data-dependency in propagation delay than others. Technologies with uniform delay benefit most from wave pipelining. Factors that cause data-dependent delays are presented.
Linear Atrial Ablations in a Canine Model of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (1998)

In this model, a reduction in the susceptibility to sustained atrial fibrillation can be achieved by long linear atrial ablations created with specially designed coil electrode catheters. Complete lesion continuity was not required to achieve a therapeutic effect.
Effect of hole configurations on film cooling from cylindrical inclined holes for the application to gas turbine blades (2007)

Film cooling is one of the cooling systems investigated for the application to gas turbine blades. Gas turbines use film cooling in addition to turbulated internal cooling to protect the blades outer surface from hot gases. The present study concentrates on the experimental and numerical investigation of film cooling performance for a row of cylindrical holes in a modern turbine blade. The adiabatic film effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient are determined experimentally on a flat plate downstream of a row of inclined different geometries hole exit by using a single test transient IR thermography technique. The focus of this investigation is to investigate advanced cooling hole geometries on film cooling heat transfer and cooling effectiveness over flat and turbine airfoil surfaces. Four test designs, crescent and converging slot, trench and cratered hole exits, are tested. Variations of these configurations are tested under two different test rigs. Results show that both the crescent and slot exits reduce the jet momentum at exit and also provide significantly higher film effectiveness with some increases in heat transfer coefficients. The trench where in the jets come in and spread evenly into a slot before exiting. An optimum trench depth exists at 0.75D as shallower and deeper trenches show worse performance. The cratered holes increase film effectiveness over the baseline case by about 50%. However, they do not provide significant lateral spreading as seen for trenched holes. Meanwhile, film cooling predictions are used to understand the mechanisms of the jets that exit these trenched holes and crater holes. The present work employs RSM (Reynolds stress transport model) for simulation of turbulent flows in film cooling and the simulation was run using FLUENT computer code. Comparisons are made with experimental data for the film effectiveness distributions. Results show that the film cooling jet exiting the trenched hole is more two-dimensional than the typical cylindrical holes and crater holes. Detailed flow structure visualization shows that the trench design counteracts the detrimental vorticity of the round hole flow, allowing it to remain attached to the surface.