gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2-D reconstruction of atmospheric concentration peaks from horizontal long path DOAS tomographic measurements: parametrisation and geometry within a discrete approach (2006)

Abstract. In this study, we theoretically investigate the reconstruction of 2-D cross sections through Gaussian concentration distributions, e.g. emission plumes, from long path DOAS measurements along a limited number of light paths. This is done systematically with respect to the extension of the up to four peaks and for six different measurement setups with 2-4 telescopes and 36 light paths each. We distinguish between cases with and without additional background concentrations. Our approach parametrises the unknown distribution by local piecewise constant or linear functions on a regular grid and solves the resulting discrete, linear system by a least squares minimum norm principle. We show that the linear parametrisation not only allows better representation of the distributions in terms of discretisation errors, but also better inversion of the system. We calculate area integrals of the concentration field (i.e. total emissions rates for non-vanishing perpendicular wind speed components) and show that reconstruction errors and reconstructed area integrals within the peaks for narrow distributions crucially depend on the resolution of the reconstruction grid. A recently suggested grid translation method for the piecewise constant basis functions, combining reconstructions from several shifted grids, is modified for the linear basis functions and proven to reduce overall reconstruction errors, but not the uncertainty of concentration integrals. We suggest a procedure to subtract additional background concentration fields before inversion. We find large differences in reconstruction quality between the geometries and conclude that, in general, for a constant number of light paths increasing the number of telescopes leads to better reconstruction results. It appears that geometries that give better results for negligible measurement errors and parts of the geometry that are better resolved are also less sensitive to increasing measurement errors.
Stereoselective Synthesis of <i>rac</i>-4′-Ethynyl-2′-deoxy- and 4′-Ethynyl-2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydronucleoside Analogues (2007)

Synthesis of a racemic 4′-ethynyl-2′-deoxyribose intermediate using stereoselective chelation control is presented. This intermediate is further transformed to 4′-ethynyl-2′-deoxy- and 4′-ethynyl-2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydronucleoside analogues.
The use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of specific antibody from cell cultures. (1979)

The solid phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to quantify anti-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (anti-KLH) antibody in the serum of KLH-immune C57Bl/6 mice. When spleen cells from immune mice were cultured overnight in ELISA microtitre wells to which KLH had been adsorbed it was found that easily quantifiable amounts of anti-KLH antibody were synthesized and were detectable. It was found further that spleen cells from KLH-primed mice, when cultured in vitro in the presence of KLH, transferred to KLH-labelled ELISA plates, and cultured overnight, also produced detectable levels of antibody. Levels of antibody were detectable only after 4 and 5 days of in vitro stimulation. A comparison was made between detectable numbers of plaque forming cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in SRBC primed CBA mice and levels of antibody detected by the ELISA procedure. It was found that the sensitivities of the two tests were comparable. The applications of this technique to the study of in vitro antibody synthesis using soluble antigens are discussed.
Osmotic Characteristics of Mouse Spermatozoa in the Presence of Extenders and Sugars1 (2002)

Successful cryopreservation requires cells to tolerate volume excursions experienced during permeating cryoprotectant equilibration and during cooling and warming. However, prior studies have demonstrated that mouse spermatozoa are extremely sensitive to osmotically induced volume changes. A series of three experiments were conducted 1) to test the efficacy of two commonly used extender media components, egg yolk (EY) and skim milk (SM), in broadening the osmotic tolerance limits (OTL) of ICR and B6C3F1 murine spermatozoa; 2) to determine if the extender components affected sperm plasma membrane permeability coefficients for water and cryoprotective agent (CPA) characteristics; and 3) to test the effects of permeating and nonpermeating CPA on mouse sperm morphology. In experiment 1, sperm samples were added to 150, 225, 300, 450, or 600 mOsm NaCl, EY, SM, sucrose, or choline chloride at 22°C and then returned to isosmotic conditions. In experiment 2, epididymal sperm were preequilibrated in 1 M glycerol (Gly) or 2 M ethylene glycol (EG) prepared in SM extender, abruptly exposed to isosmotic conditions at 22, 15, or 2°C, and the corresponding volume excursions were measured and analyzed. In experiment 3, the effects of permeating CPA (0.3 M EG or dimethyl sulfoxide) or nonpermeating CPA (12% sucrose or 18% raffinose) on sperm morphology (i.e., principle midpiece folding and putative membrane fusion) were evaluated. Experiment 1 showed that spermatozoa from ICR and B6C3F1 mice have effectively broader OTL when exposed to EY or SM extenders. The results of experiment 2 indicated that, for ICR sperm, the activation energy (Ea) for the hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was unchanged in SM extender. However, for B6C3F1 sperm, there were significant differences in Ea of Lp in the presence of Gly and EG. The result of experiment 3 indicated that permeating CPAs damage sperm membrane integrity, causing a high frequency of head-to-tail or tail-to-tail membrane fusion, whereas this occurrence in the presence of nonpermeating CPA was less than 3%. Finally, the results of experiments 1 and 2 were combined in a mathematical model to predict Gly and EG addition and removal in the presence of SM extender, which would prevent mouse sperm membrane damage. These predictions indicated that, for ICR sperm, both Gly and EG may be added and removed in a single step. However, for B6C3F1 spermatozoa, Gly required a two-step addition while EG only required a single step. For removal from B6C3F1 sperm, Gly required a three-step removal process while EG required a two-step removal.
Clinical trial: probiotic treatment of acute distal ulcerative colitis with rectally administered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) (2010)

German Clinical Trials Register DRK00000234.
Size-dependent physicochemical properties of mesoporous nanosilica produced from natural quartz sand using three different methods (2015)

Mesoporous high-surface-area silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles were produced from natural quartz sand (orthoquartzite) using three processing methods namely sol–gel, sonication, and spray pyrolysis.
Design and performance of single photon APD focal plane arrays for 3-D LADAR imaging (2010)

×We describe the design, fabrication, and performance of focal plane arrays (FPAs) for use in 3-D LADAR imaging applications requiring single photon sensitivity. These 32 × 32 FPAs provide high-efficiency single photon sensitivity for three-dimensional LADAR imaging applications at 1064 nm. Our GmAPD arrays are designed using a planarpassivated avalanche photodiode device platform with buried p-n junctions that has demonstrated excellent performance uniformity, operational stability, and long-term reliability. The core of the FPA is a chip stack formed by hybridizing the GmAPD photodiode array to a custom CMOS read-out integrated circuit (ROIC) and attaching a precision-aligned GaP microlens array (MLA) to the back-illuminated detector array. Each ROIC pixel includes an active quenching circuit governing Geiger-mode operation of the corresponding avalanche photodiode pixel as well as a pseudo-random counter to capture per-pixel time-of-flight timestamps in each frame. The FPA has been designed to operate at frame rates as high as 186 kHz for 2 μs range gates. Effective single photon detection efficiencies as high as 40% (including all optical transmission and MLA losses) are achieved for dark count rates below 20 kHz. For these planar-geometry diffused-junction GmAPDs, isolation trenches are used to reduce crosstalk due to hot carrier luminescence effects during avalanche events, and we present details of the crosstalk performance for different operating conditions. Direct measurement of temporal probability distribution functions due to cumulative timing uncertainties of the GmAPDs and ROIC circuitry has demonstrated a FWHM timing jitter as low as 265 ps (standard deviation is ~100 ps).
<i>HLA‐DQB1*0301</i> association with increased cutaneous melanoma risk (1994)

Susceptibility to a variety of malignancies has been linked to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, including the HLA class II allele DQB1*0301. To determine whether melanoma risk is associated with HLA class II alleles, molecular oligotyping of HLA class II-DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 genes was performed for 45 patients with melanoma. The DQB1*0301 allele was present in 56% of melanoma patients vs. 27% of 200 local Caucasian controls. This difference was highly significant (Bonferroni's-corrected chi-square p = 0.003, OR = 3.4). No other class II allele tested was present at significantly increased or decreased frequency in melanoma patients. Furthermore, presence of DQB1*0301 in melanoma patients was associated with advanced disease. Melanoma patients carrying the DQB1*0301 allele presented on average with thicker primary tumors (mean 3.7 mm vs. 1.8 mm, 2-tailed p = 0.02) and were more likely to present with regional or distant metastatic disease (stages III-IV, 44% vs. 5%, chi-square p = 0.003), compared to melanoma patients without DQB1*0301. Risk of melanoma incidence or progression may be influenced by DQB1*0301 or a closely linked gene.
Phase-change chalcogenide nonvolatile RAM completely based on CMOS technology (2004)

We have integrated a phase-change chalcogenide random access memory, completely based on 0.24 /spl mu/m-CMOS technologies. A twin cell and BL clamping circuits are introduced to enlarge fabrication tolerance and to reduce cell perturbation during reading operation. To draw back current as much as possible, Co salicidation is also applied to transistor formation. By constructing a simple cell structure with Ge/sub 2/Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 5/, we have observed reliable phase-transitions by driving current through MOS transistors. With 100 ns-writing pulses of 2 mA for RESET and 0.6 mA for SET, the device operates successfully with a considerable sensing signal at reading voltage of as low as 0.2 V.
Chemistry and electrochemistry of iron complexes (2000)

A brief review of chemistry and electrochemistry of fe(II)/ferdcyanide system Fe(lD/Fe(III) system in sulphu.-ic acid, tartrate, oxalate, citrate and EDTA is presented. Factors influencing the rate of fe....o/fe....icyanide and Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox processes are discussed. The stability of Fe(IJ)/Fe(lII) complexes in various medium is compared and experimental support is provided.
Separation control in incompressible and compressible flows using pulsed jets (1996)

Separation control experiments were performed on airfoil models with freestream Mach numbers ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. This range of Mach numbers reaches into the transonic flow regime for the models tested. Pulsed jet control actuators were located near the airfoil leading edge. Experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of the control actuators in reducing flow separation and augmenting lift. At low Mach numbers, the pulsed jet actuators produced up to a 50 percent increase in lift with only a small change in drag. The effectiveness of the actuators in improving airfoil performance degraded with increases in Mach number; however, even at the highest Mach number, modest lift enhancements were observed. In general, maximum performance benefits were observed for angles of attack equal to and above those corresponding to Cl(max) where severe flow separation exists in the uncontrolled flow. (Author)
Reversible pH-Induced Formation and Disruption of Unimolecular Micelles of an Amphiphilic Polyelectrolyte (2002)

Reversible pH-induced formation and disruption of a unimolecular micelle (unimer micelle) of a random copolymer of sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonate and 11-acrylamidoundecanoic acid (50 mol %) were investigated by static light scattering (SLS), quasi-elastic light scattering, viscometric, 1H NMR spin−spin relaxation, and fluorescence probe techniques. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) value of the copolymer determined by SLS in a 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution at pH 7 was virtually the same as that determined in a methanol solution, Mw in 0.1 M NaCl being practically independent of pH in the range 3 < pH < 9. These findings indicate that the copolymer exists as a single molecular state (unimer) in 0.1 M NaCl over the range 3 < pH < 9. At pH < 5, the copolymer exhibited very small values of the radius of gyration, hydrodynamic radius, reduced viscosity, and spin−spin relaxation time, indicative of the formation of a unimer micelle under acidic conditions. All these values increased significantly with increasing pH in the range 5 < pH < 8, reaching saturated values near pH 8. These observations indicate that the unimer micelle is disrupted into an open chain conformation at basic pHs. This is the first example of pH-responsive unimer micelles whose formation and disruption are controlled by the selective protonation and deprotonation of carboxyl groups attached at the terminal of polyelectrolyte-bound hydrophobes.
History and evolution of the monoamine hypothesis of depression. (2000)

The symptoms of depression can be improved by agents that act by various mechanisms to increase synaptic concentrations of monoamines. This finding led to the adoption of the monoamine hypothesis of depression, first put forward over 30 years ago, which proposes that the underlying biological or neuroanatomical basis for depression is a deficiency of central noradrenergic and/or serotonergic systems and that targeting this neuronal lesion with an antidepressant would tend to restore normal function in depressed patients. The hypothesis has enjoyed considerable support, since it attempts to provide a pathophysiologic explanation of the actions of antidepressants. However, in its original form it is clearly inadequate, as it does not provide a complete explanation for the actions of antidepressants, and the pathophysiology of depression itself remains unknown. The hypothesis has evolved over the years to include, for example, adaptive changes in receptors to explain why there should be only a gradual clinical response to antidepressant treatment when the increase in availability of monoamines is rapid. Still, the monoamine hypothesis does not address key issues such as why antidepressants are also effective in other disorders such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bulimia, or why all drugs that enhance serotonergic or noradrenergic transmission are not necessarily effective in depression. Despite these limitations, however, it is clear that the development of the monoamine hypothesis has been of great importance in understanding depression and in the development of safe and effective pharmacologic agents for its treatment.
A single intermediate language that supports multiple implementations of exceptions (2000)

We present mechanisms that enable our compiler-target language, C--, to express four of the best known techniques for implementing exceptions, all within a single, uniform framework. We define the mechanisms precisely, using a formal operational semantics. We also show that exceptions need not require special treatment in the optimizer; by introducing extra dataflow edges, we make standard optimization techniques work even on programs that use exceptions. Our approach clarifies the design space of exception-handling techniques, and it allows a single optimizer to handle a variety of implementation techniques. Our ultimate goal is to allow a source-language compiler the freedom to choose its exception-handling policy, while encapsulating the architecture-dependent mechanisms and their optimization in an implementation of C--that can be used by compilers for many source languages.
Biological screening of natural products and drug innovation in China (2007)

Natural products have been applied to human healthcare for thousands of years. Drug discovery in ancient times was largely by chance and based on clinical practices. As understanding of therapeutic benefits deepens and demands for natural products increase, previously serendipitous discoveries evolve into active searches for new medicines. Many drugs presently prescribed by physicians are either directly isolated from plants or are artificially modified versions of natural products. Scientists are looking for lead compounds with specific structures and pharmacological effects often from natural sources. Experiences and successes of Chinese scientists in this specialized area have resulted in a number of widely used drugs. The tremendous progress made in life sciences has not only revealed many pathological processes of diseases, but also led to the establishment of various molecular and cellular bioassays in conjunction with high-throughput technologies. This is advantageous and permits certain natural compounds that are difficult to isolate and purify, and compounds that are difficult to synthesize, to be assayed. The transition from traditional to empirical and to molecular screening will certainly increase the probability of discovering new leads and drug candidates from natural products.
«Se lo llevó El Chamuco». El trato familiar hacia el Diablo en algunos ejemplos de la literatura oral de México / «Se lo llevó El Chamuco». The familiar treatment of the Devil in some examples from Mexican oral literature (2014)

Este estudio realiza una revisión de algunos ejemplos léxicos y de textos provenientes de la literatura oral actual (paremias, coplas, narraciones), en donde es posible apreciar las representaciones que suelen hacerse del Diablo y del Infierno en México. El análisis se centra en el diablo folklórico y analiza las funciones que este personaje puede tener para exponer y catalizar algunas de las emociones, positivas y negativas de la sociedad mexicana.
Architectural Design of a Future Flight Management System Supporting 4D Trajectories (2019)

While worldwide air traffic keeps growing, the involved stakeholders, especially aircraft operators, are faced with several challenges. Ecological goals are imposed by governments and society, fierce competition demands increasing efficiency to stay profitable and passengers expect a raise in quality of service. Additionally, the growth of air traffic pushes the capacities of airspace and airports to its limits. Initiatives put into work by nations and unions are developing and implementing operational concepts and supporting technology to overcome these issues. An enabling concept to increase capacity are Trajectory Based Operations, which are only supported to a limited extent by traditional Flight Management Systems. This thesis contributes a possible system architecture of a Trajectory Execution and Optimization System, that is intended to replace traditional Flight Management Systems. The proposed architecture supports planned future flight operations and, at the same time, allows airlines to increase their overall operational efficiency. This is achieved by redistributing functionality of the traditional Flight Management System onto an Operationally Approved device and a certified system. The certified system, labeled CoreFMS, is responsible for executing trajectories, while trajectory planning and optimization functions reside on the Operationally Approved device. A fileserver onboard the aircraft connects the two entities, where the fileserver additionally is connected to the airline's operations center. Means of establishing safe and secure connections between the two entities were developed in this thesis, as well as an assessment of the system's certifiability. In order to showcase the benefits of the proposed architecture, a demonstrator was developed and implemented into a research flight simulator at TU Darmstadt. A usability study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of the proposed system architecture. Commercially rated pilots conducted a task comprising of route planning and activation, using both the system demonstrator as well as a traditional Flight Management System in the research flight simulator. The results of the trials point to a confirmation of the usability of the architecture. Compared to the traditional Flight Management System the Trajectory Execution and Optimization System received higher usability ratings. The participants experience of working with the traditional Flight Management System varied. A trajectory optimization algorithm, intended to be deployed on the Operationally Approved device, was developed and evaluated. While the evaluation proved the feasibility of a trajectory optimization imposed with time constraints, the need for precise constraint determination was shown by a considerable amount of unsuccessful optimizations. Also, high computation times call for a target hardware and computation speed oriented implementation of such algorithms.
Computer modeling of polysaccharide–polysaccharide interactions: An approach to the κ‐carrageenan–mannan case (1992)

A computer program SAINT has been developed for the investigation of the structure and for the prediction of minimum-energy structure of polysaccharide-polysaccharide complexes. The energy minimization is carried out on internal geometrical parameters--namely bond angles, torsional angles, and five parameters describing the mutual orientations of polysaccharide chains. For this purpose, the nonderivative method of conjugated directions is used. This procedure was applied to computer modeling of an idealized model of the binary gelling kappa-carrageenan and galactomannan system. It is shown that the interaction between two chains influences the structure of the individual polysaccharide molecule and that in the minimum-energy structures of the complex, the conformation of the chains does not correspond to the lowest energy.
The role of π-linkers in tuning the optoelectronic properties of triphenylamine derivatives for solar cell applications – A DFT/TDDFT study (2017)

A recently reported triphenylamine (TPA) group in conjugation with a benzothiadiazole (BTD) moiety opens up the possibility for designing new organic sensitizers for solar cell applications that are amenable for structural tuning. Hence, seven new TPA molecules were designed from two experimentally reported molecules. The optoelectronic properties, including the absorption and emission spectra of the TPA derivatives, were studied via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods. Different π-linkers were screened to understand the role of π-linkers in altering the optoelectronic properties of these molecules. Our results show that furan moieties bring planarity to the molecule and show reduced HOMO-LUMO gaps. All these molecules show excellent delocalization of π-electrons. TDDFT calculations show that furan-substituted TPA (TPA9) has the highest absorption maxima. Interestingly, the thiophene-substituted TPA (TPA7) was found to have a high emission maxima as it achieved planarity in the excited state. There is an excellent correlation observed between the computed optoelectronic properties and calculated HOMO-LUMO gaps. Overall, this study throws light on the role of π-linkers in the photophysical properties of TPA derivatives and provides useful clues in designing new molecules for optoelectronic applications.