gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to Construct Polar Codes (2011)

A method for efficiently constructing polar codes is presented and analyzed. Although polar codes are explicitly defined, straightforward construction is intractable since the resulting polar bit-channels have an output alphabet that grows exponentially with he code length. Thus the core problem that needs to be solved is that of faithfully approximating a bit-channel with an intractably large alphabet by another channel having a manageable alphabet size. We devise two approximation methods which "sandwich" the original bit-channel between a degraded and an upgraded version thereof. Both approximations can be efficiently computed, and turn out to be extremely close in practice. We also provide theoretical analysis of our construction algorithms, proving that for any fixed $ε> 0$ and all sufficiently large code lengths $n$, polar codes whose rate is within $ε$ of channel capacity can be constructed in time and space that are both linear in $n$.
Identification and Characterization of Two Members of a Novel Class of the Interleukin-1 Receptor (IL-1R) Family (2000)

Two novel members of the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family, identified by homology searches of human genomic sequence data bases, are described. The genes have been named according to their structural features: TIGIRR-1 (three immunoglobulin domain-containing IL-1 receptor-related) and TIGIRR-2. TIGIRR-2 has recently been identified as causing mental retardation when mutated (Carrie, A., Jun, L., Bienvenu, T., Vinet, M. C., McDonell, N., Couvert, P., Zemni, R., Cardona, A., Van Buggenhout, G., Frints, S., Hamel, B., Moraine, C., Ropers, H. H., Strom, T., Howell, G. R., Whittaker, A., Ross, M. T., Kahn, A., Fryns, J. P., Beldjord, C., Marynen, P., and Chelly, J. (1999) Nat. Genet. 23, 25-31) and called IL1RAPL, a name we will also use henceforth. Neither receptor alone was able to mediate transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB in response to IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, or IL-18. In order to begin to elucidate the function of these and other orphan IL-1R family members, we have developed a functional assay utilizing a panel of chimeric receptors containing the extracellular and transmembrane domains of either type I IL-1R or IL-1R accessory protein (AcP) coupled to the cytoplasmic domains of all family members. Coexpression of each IL-1R chimera with each AcP chimera and an NF-kappaB-responsive reporter demonstrated that the cytoplasmic domains could be classified as IL-1R-like, AcP-like, or neither. Any IL-1R-like cytoplasmic domain could cooperate with any AcP-like cytoplasmic domain. The TIGIRR-1 and IL1RAPL cytoplasmic domains, however, were unable to signal as either IL-1R-like or AcP-like components, suggesting that they function as a new class of receptors within this family.
[Runaway pacemaker caused by the defect of a Lem-Dynacor pacemaker (author's transl)]. (1982)

Caused by the defect of a Lem-Dynacor pacemaker, a critical diminution of the period time till 20 ms developed. Fortunately, ventricular fibrillation did not occur because of diminution of the impulse amplitude beyond the threshold value of ventricular stimulation. Recognition of the defect with the ECG is possible if considered. It is easy to confuse with overlapping of alternating current.
Steganographic Techniques of Data Hiding Using Digital Images (Review Paper) (2012)

Steganography is an art that involves communication of secret data in an appropriate carrier, e.g., image, audio, video or TCP/IP header file. Steganography’s goal is to hide the very existence of embedded data so as not to arouse an eavesdropper’s suspicion. For hiding secret data in digital images, large varieties of steganographic techniques are available, some are more complex than others, and all of them have their respective pros and cons. Steganography has various useful applications and the technique employed depends on the requirements of the application to be designed for. For instance. applications may require absolute invisibility of the secret data, larger secret data to be hidden or high degree of robustness of the carrier. This paper intends to give thorough understanding and evolution of different existing digital image steganography techniques of data hiding in spatial, transform and compression domains. It covers and integrates recent research work without going in to much detail of steganalysis, which is the art and science of defeating steganography. Defence Science Journal, 2012, 62(1), pp.11 -18 ,  DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj. 62.1436
Viscosity of Hydrogen—Nitrogen and Hydrogen—Ammonia Gas Mixtures (1967)

The viscosity of the binary gas mixtures H2–N2 and H2–NH3 has been measured in the temperature range 33°—200°C and at pressure below 10 cm Hg, by using a precise oscillating-disk method. The data have been utilized to calculate interdiffusion coefficients for these systems.
The ratio of free to total serum prostate specific antigen and its use in differential diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in japan (1997)

BACKGROUND To improve the clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen (PSA), unique methods have been proposed. The percentage of free PSA in serum facilitates the distinction between benign histologic conditions and prostate carcinoma while retaining high sensitivity. METHODS Using monoclonal antibodies, an AIA total PSA assay system was established that recognized PSA equally in free or complex form. The clinical usefulness of the ratio of two different molecular forms of PSA was investigated using 268 archival serum samples. RESULTS Men with prostate carcinoma had significantly lower ratios of free to total PSA than those with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (P = 0.0001). At total PSA levels between 2.1 and 10 ng/mL, medians of total PSA were not significantly different between men with prostate carcinoma and men with BPH. Differences in median percentages of free PSA for these two groups were statistically significant (P = 0.0001). The ratio of free to total PSA was useful for identifying prostate carcinoma in palpably benign glands with total PSA of 2.1-10 ng/mL (P = 0.0001), whereas total PSA was not useful for such identification. When calculated for low total PSA levels between 2.1 and 4 ng/mL, sensitivity and specificity were 91.7% and 72.2%, respectively, with a cutoff value of 17%. This ratio of free to total PSA was as useful as PSA density in receiver-operating curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS The use of the ratio of free to total PSA renders total PSA of greater use for distinguishing prostate carcinoma and is applicable to patients with low total PSA. Elderly men with a clinical diagnosis of BPH who are scheduled for surgery may benefit from the determination of this ratio. Cancer 1997; 79:90-8. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Risk estimation for a malignant transformation of oral lesions by S100A7 and Doc-1 gene expression. (2011)

The objective of this study was the correlation of Doc-1- and S100A7-gene expression in common oral lesions with their cancerous-transformation risk. Biopsies (n = 15 each) of healthy gingiva, irritation fibromas, leukoplakias and Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCs) were obtained, and after RNA-extraction, transcripts of Doc-1 and S100A7 were quantified by RT-PCR. In comparison with the healthy gingiva, the expression of Doc-1 was decreased, whereas the expression of S100A7 was upregulated in all lesions. As the extent of Doc-1-inactivation and S100A7-overexpression is correlated with their biological behavior, the combined investigation of both genes could be a promising marker in intraoral lesions to estimate the risk for their malignant transformation.
Avoiding cracks in self-assembled photonic band-gap crystals (2004)

Thin colloidal crystals (or synthetic opals) composed of Stöber silica spheres typically develop cracks when they are utilized to obtain photonic band-gap crystals (or inverted opals). We find that, by sintering the silica spheres prior to assembly of the opal, these cracks can be avoided. We report the effects of temperature and duration of the heat treatment on 850 nm silica spheres using electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and light scattering. We also find a large dependence of the refractive index of the silica on the temperature of the heat treatment. This may allow tuning of the refractive index of silica spheres.
Myocardial imaging with a radioiodinated norepinephrine storage analog. (1981)

Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (M-IBG), an iodinated aromatic analog of the hypotensive drug quanethidine, localizes in the heart of the rat, dog, and rhesus monkey. A comparative study of tissue distribution in the dog has been performed with five myocardiophilic agents: thallium-201, I-125 16-iodohexadecanoic acid, H-3 norepinephrine, C-14 guanethidine and I-125 M-IBG. The last two compounds give heart concentrations and heart-to-blood concentration ratios similar to those of thallium-201. Planar and tomographic images of the hearts of the dog and rhesus monkey were obtained using I-131 or I-123 labeled M-IBG. Blocking studies with reserpine suggest that a major component of myocardial retention of M-IBG is sequestration within the norephinephrine storage vesicles of the adrenergic nerves. The localization of M-IBG in other organs with rich sympathetic innervation and the relative insensitivity of myocardial uptake to a wide range of loading doses lend additional support for a neuronal mode of retention.
Synthesis of Glycidic Esters by Epoxidation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters with Peracetic Acid (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Glycidic Esters by Epoxidation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters with Peracetic AcidDonald L. MacPeek, Paul S. Starcher, and Benjamin PhillipsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 3, 680–683Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01512a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01512a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views525Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Automatic CNN Compression System for Autonomous Driving (2019)

A system has been developed to realize autonomous driving (AD) with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). To apply CNNs to AD, the amount of calculations must be compressed with little decline in accuracy because it is too large to implement in the in-vehicle processors. However, in the conventional methods, an optimal configuration for CNN compression takes a long time to explore. In this paper, we propose a technique to explore an optimal configuration within a short time by combining both training time reduction per configuration and the priority search only around the optimal solution. The results shown that the proposed system can reduce processing time and improve mean Average Precision (mAP) by 70.0% and 2.19 pt. compared with conventional methods, respectively.
The Induction Of Somatic Embryogenesis Of Recalcitrant Cassava Cultivars Using Picloram And Dicamba (1992)

In addition to CMC 76, leaf lobes of two recalcitrant cassava cultivars (CMC 40 and MCol 113) were able to undergo somatic embryogenesis on semi-solid MS media supplemented with either picloram or dicamba. The leaf lobes were incubated on this medium for 20 days prior to transfer to hormone-free MS medium. The recalcitrant cultivars required higher concentrations of both picloram and dicamba than those used with CMC 76 (6.0 mgr1 vs 3.0 mgl-1 and 33.0-66.0 mgr1 vs 3.3 mgl-1 , respectively) to produce somatic embryos. In the case of picloram, a longer period of incubation resulted in a higher total somatic embryo production.
Antiangiogenic Potential of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Temsirolimus (2006)

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is increasingly recognized as a master regulator of fundamental cellular functions, whose deregulation may underlie neoplastic transformation and progression. Hence, mTOR has recently emerged as a promising target for therapeutic anticancer interventions in several human tumors, including breast cancer. Here, we investigated the antiangiogenic potential of temsirolimus (also known as CCI-779), a novel mTOR inhibitor currently in clinical development for the treatment of breast cancer and other solid tumors. Consistent with previous reports, sensitivity to temsirolimus-mediated growth inhibition varied widely among different breast cancer cell lines and was primarily due to inhibition of proliferation with little, if any, effect on apoptosis induction. In the HER-2 gene-amplified breast cancer cell line BT474, temsirolimus inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in vitro under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions through inhibition of hypoxia-stimulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha expression and transcriptional activation. Interestingly, these effects were also observed in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, independent of its inherent sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of temsirolimus. A central role for mTOR (and the critical regulator of cap-dependent protein translation, eIF4E) in the regulation of VEGF production by BT474 cells was further confirmed using a small interfering RNA approach to silence mTOR and eIF4E protein expression. In addition to its effect on HIF-1alpha-mediated VEGF production, temsirolimus also directly inhibited serum- and/or VEGF-driven endothelial cell proliferation and morphogenesis in vitro and vessel formation in a Matrigel assay in vivo. Overall, these results suggest that antiangiogenic effects may substantially contribute to the antitumor activity observed with temsirolimus in breast cancer.
The Short-Chain Alcohol Dehydrogenase ABA2 Catalyzes the Conversion of Xanthoxin to Abscisic Aldehyde[W] (2002)

Mutants able to germinate and perform early growth in medium containing a high NaCl concentration were identified during the course of two independent screenings and named salt resistant (sre) and salobreño (sañ). The sre and sañ mutants also were able to germinate in high-osmoticum medium, indicating that they are osmotolerant in a germination assay. Complementation analyses revealed that sre1-1, sre1-2, sañ3-1, and sañ3-2 were alleles of the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis ABA2 gene. A map-based cloning strategy allowed the identification of the ABA2 gene and molecular characterization of four new aba2 alleles. The ABA2 gene product belongs to the family of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases, which are known to be NAD- or NADP-dependent oxidoreductases. Recombinant ABA2 protein produced in Escherichia coli exhibits a K(m) value for xanthoxin of 19 micro M and catalyzes in a NAD-dependent manner the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde, as determined by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The ABA2 mRNA is expressed constitutively in all plant organs examined and is not upregulated in response to osmotic stress. The results of this work are discussed in the context of previous genetic and biochemical evidence regarding ABA biosynthesis, confirming the xanthoxin-->abscisic aldehyde-->ABA transition as the last steps of the major ABA biosynthetic pathway.
The Alkaline Hydrolysis of Sulfonate Esters: Challenges in Interpreting Experimental and Theoretical Data (2013)

Sulfonate ester hydrolysis has been the subject of recent debate, with experimental evidence interpreted in terms of both stepwise and concerted mechanisms. In particular, a recent study of the alkaline hydrolysis of a series of benzene arylsulfonates (Babtie et al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 10, 2012, 8095) presented a nonlinear Brønsted plot, which was explained in terms of a change from a stepwise mechanism involving a pentavalent intermediate for poorer leaving groups to a fully concerted mechanism for good leaving groups and supported by a theoretical study. In the present work, we have performed a detailed computational study of the hydrolysis of these compounds and find no computational evidence for a thermodynamically stable intermediate for any of these compounds. Additionally, we have extended the experimental data to include pyridine-3-yl benzene sulfonate and its N-oxide and N-methylpyridinium derivatives. Inclusion of these compounds converts the Brønsted plot to a moderately scattered but linear correlation and gives a very good Hammett correlation. These data suggest a concerted pathway for this reaction that proceeds via an early transition state with little bond cleavage to the leaving group, highlighting the care that needs to be taken with the interpretation of experimental and especially theoretical data.
Functional Stoichiometry of Shaker Potassium Channel Inactivation (1993)

Shaker potassium channels from Drosophila are composed of four identical subunits. The contribution of a single subunit to the inactivation gating transition was investigated. Channels carrying a specific mutation in a single subunit can be labeled in a heterogeneous population and studied quantitatively with scorpion toxin sensitivity as a selection tag. Linkage within a single subunit of a mutation that removes the inactivation gate to a second mutation that affects scorpion toxin sensitivity demonstrates that only a single gate is necessary to produce inactivation. The inactivation rate constant for channels with a single gate was one-fourth that of channels with four gates. In contrast, the rate of recovery from inactivation was independent of the number of gates. It appears that each of the four open inactivation gates in a Shaker potassium channel is independent, but only one of the four gates closes in a mutually exclusive manner.
Flow properties of MK-based geopolymer pastes. A comparative study with standard Portland cement pastes (2013)

Geopolymers are presented in many studies as alternatives to ordinary Portland cement. Previous studies have focused on their chemical and mechanical properties, their microstructures and their potential applications, but very few have focussed on their rheological behaviour. Our work highlights the fundamental differences in the flow properties, which exist between geopolymers made from metakaolin and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). We show that colloidal interactions between metakaolin particles are negligible and that hydrodynamic effects control the rheological behaviour. Metakaolin-based geopolymers can then be described as Newtonian fluids with the viscosity controlled mainly by the high viscosity of the suspending alkaline silicate solution and not by the contribution of direct contacts between metakaolin grains. This fundamental difference between geopolymers and OPC implies that developments made in cement technology to improve rheological behaviour such as plasticizers will not be efficient for geopolymers and that new research directions need to be explored.
Expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-Ig fusion transcripts in normal and neoplastic cells. (1987)

We examined the expression of the Bcl-2 gene at chromosome segment 18q21, that is translocated into the Ig heavy chain gene locus in t(14;18) bearing lymphomas. Bcl-2, while B cell associated, is expressed in a variety of hematopoietic lineages including T cells. Bcl-2 mRNA levels are high during pre-B cell development, the time at which the t(14;18) translocation occurs, but are down regulated with maturation. Like certain other oncogenes, Bcl-2 is quiescent in resting B cells but up-regulated with B cell activation. Mature B cell lymphomas with a t(14;18) have log-folds more mRNA than matched counterparts without the translocation. A sensitive S1 protection assay revealed that all transcripts in t(14;18) B cells were Bcl-2-Ig fusion mRNAs and originated from the translocated allele. Thus, there is a marked deregulation of Bcl-2 when it is introduced into the Ig locus in t(14;18) lymphomas.
Enhanced viability of Bacillus coagulans after spray drying with calcium lactate, storage and re-hydration (2009)

The present work has provided an alternative probiotic preparation, which is easily scalable for commercial operations in eco-friendly and cost-effective manner. Spray drying being a proven technology compared to convective current, infra-red exposure and lyophilization, it will make visible impact on production, sale and use of Bacillus coagulans as an effective probiotic preparation.
SC implementation of asynchronous pulse arithmetic in artificial neural networks (1991)

The authors show how switched-capacitors (SCs) can be used to implement asynchronous pulse arithmetic in artificial neural networks. A switched-capacitor integrator is used as the basis for analysis and simulation. They also demonstrate the ability of SCs to implement multilayer networks by realizing the XOR function. A novel design of a voltage controlled oscillator for VLSI CMOS fabrication is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Resonant disk turnstile (1997)

In this paper, the resonant disk turnstile is introduced and analyzed. The disk turnstile differs from Dicke's full-waveguide turnstile in that four of the six ports are coaxial cable ports, yielding a much more compact turnstile, which is easier to construct. The disk turnstile operation is explained as a superposition of the disk TM/sub 01/ mode (nonradiating) and the disk TM/sub 11/ mode which couples directly to the circular waveguide (dominant) TE/sub 11/ mode. A useful operating fractional bandwidth of 3% is possible as compared to a Dicke turnstile bandwidth of about 6%.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria IV. Protection from Sunlight (1970)

Dihydroxyacetone and lawsone, in a vanishing cream base, applied to the skin was found to protect patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria against sunlight. The use of the same ingredients in a 50% isopropyl alcohol/water solution did not induce adequate light protection. The chemically induced ultraviolet light filter in the stratum corneum allowed these patients to change their lives from an "indoor" to an "outdoor" environment.