gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma membrane oestrogen receptor mediates neuroprotection against β‐amyloid toxicity through activation of Raf‐1/MEK/ERK cascade in septal‐derived cholinergic SN56 cells (2004)

Rapid oestrogen neuroprotection against beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta)-induced toxicity, a main feature of Alzheimer's disease, may be partially initiated at the plasma membrane. However, the mechanism by which this oestrogen effect occurs is unknown. In a septal murine cell line (SN56), we observed that short exposures to either 17beta-oestradiol (E2) or membrane impermeant E2 bound to horseradish peroxidase (E-HRP) induced a biphasic stimulation of extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, with peak inductions detected around 4-8 min in the early phase and a second maximum around 8 h after treatment. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was abolished by ERK1/2 kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. Interestingly, PD98059 was also shown to block rapid E2-related prevention of death in cells exposed to Abeta fragment 1-40 (Abeta1-40) for 24 h. In contrast, no neuroprotective effects were obtained when MEK inhibitor was used to selectively abolish the late phosphorylation phase. Furthermore, both ERK1/2 activation and E2-associated protection were blocked by an inhibitor of Raf-1 kinase. Raf-1 may be involved in these effects because oestrogen caused the rapid serine 338 (Ser338) phosphorylation of this protein. In addition, the oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 was also observed to block ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We propose a novel mechanism in SN56 cells by which rapid effects of oestrogen leading to neuroprotection are signalled through Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, possibly by activation of a membrane-related ER.
Performing the Dynamic Shut-In Procedure Because of a Kick Incident When Using Automatic Coordinated Control of Pump Rates and Choke-Valve Opening (2008)

Abstract Automatic drilling operations using different Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) technologies such as annulus backpressure systems or dual-gradient systems require investigation of the system's ability to operate during various kick incidents. Due to the increased instrumentation typically available in MPD operations, kick incidents can be identified earlier compared to more traditional methods using evaluation of the pit gain. Since early kick detection is possible, the use of new well shut-in procedures such as the dynamic shut-in procedure will probably be accepted as more appropriate during MPD operations. This paper describes how the dynamic shut-in procedure can be performed during a kick incident occurring during drilling. The main pumps and the choke valve opening are operated using the automatic coordinated control system. The dynamic shut-in procedure is evaluated using a detailed dynamic multi-phase flow model, and the case used for the evaluation is based on the requirements from an off-shore drilling operation of a well in the North Sea. The dynamic shut-in procedure is followed by a procedure using the automatic coordinated control system to displace the kick, and the procedure is compared to both Driller's Method and the Wait and Weight method. The results show that using the dynamic shut-in procedure together with the automatic coordinated control system reduces the time needed to establish control of the well as compared to the more traditional well control procedures. The results also indicate that introducing the dynamic shut-in procedure reduces the total risk for the whole drilling operation.
Missense Mutations in the Human Insulin Promoter Factor-1 Gene and Their Relation to Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young and Late-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Caucasians* (2000)

Increasing evidence suggests that defects in genes encoding transcription factors that are expressed in the pancreatic beta-cells may be important contributors to the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) now exists in five subtypes (MODY1-5), four of which are caused by mutations in transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF-4alpha), HNF-1alpha, insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF-1), and HNF-1beta (MODY1, -3, -4, and -5). Recent evidence from the British population even suggested that IPF-1 may be a predisposing gene for type 2 diabetes. Thus, highlighting the potential role of this transcription factor in the genetic basis of Danish and Italian MODY as well as in Danish patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus, we have examined the human IPF-1 gene for mutations by single strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis in 200 Danish patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes and in 44 Danish and Italian MODY patients. In the patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes we identified a noncoding G insertion/deletion polymorphism at nucleotide -108, a silent G54G, and a rare missense D76N variant. Moreover, a Danish MODY patient was carrier of an A140T variant. Neither the D76N nor the A140T segregated with diabetes, and their transcriptional activation of the human insulin promoter expressed in vitro was indistinguishable from that of the wild type (115 +/- 21% and 84 +/- 12% vs. 100%). We conclude that variants in IPF-1 are not a common cause of MODY or late-onset type 2 diabetes in the Caucasian population, and that in terms of insulin transcription both the N76 and the T140 mutations are likely to represent functionally normal IPF-1 variants with no direct role in the pathogenesis of MODY or late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A Method for the Deprotection of Alkylpinacolyl Boronate Esters (2011)

A two-step procedure for deprotection of alkylpinacolyl boronate esters via transesterification with diethanolamine followed by hydrolysis was successfully developed with the advantages of tolerance to various functional groups, short reaction time, and ease of product isolation.
<title>Feature extractor and search engine for automatic object recognition</title> (1998)

Automatic object recognition methodologies are being used increasingly in the automation of many industrial processes. However, the specific nature of each system usually implies an intensive development effort. Aiming to control and constrain such effort, this paper presents a processing architecture that promotes the reutilization of common system modules. The approach described covers the whole processing chain by connecting low-level pre-processing to the final classification stage, specially emphasizing the segmentation and feature extraction levels. The resulting core is a search engine based on the data structure of a graph. This structure is initially fed with raw edge information extracted from the original raster image representation. The edge segments used at this preliminary version of the graph are the result of a multistage process of edge following and edge linking. The use of image properties at high levels of abstraction allows the dimensions of the search space to be significantly reduced. Modularity and reutilization allows the refinement of an initial low-level representation of information into successive higher levels of description, until a final set of features that may directly feed a classifier is achieved. Parallel contours, constant curvature edge segments and closed contours of a given shape are a few examples of the features easily defined within this architecture and that can be extracted by the search engine implemented.
Disordered metabolism in diabetes: Have we underemphasized the fat component? (1994)

Despite intensive investigation, a clear understanding of the metabolic disturbances in diabetes mellitus and their temporal relationship to each other during disease development has still not emerged. With emphasis on non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), three possibilities are explored here: (1) that the insulin resistance characteristic of obesity/NIDDM syndromes is the result rather than the cause of hyperinsulinemia, as is widely held, (2) that the linkage between hyperactivity of the pancreatic beta-cell and peripheral insulin resistance is vested in excessive delivery of lipid substrate from liver to the muscle bed, and (3) the conceivably hyperamylinemia works in concert with hyperinsulinemia in promoting overproduction of very-low-density lipoproteins by the liver, and thus in the etiology of muscle insulin resistance.
Design and performance evaluation of a multithreaded architecture (2002)

Multithreaded architectures have the ability to tolerate long memory latencies and unpredictable synchronization delays. We propose a multithreaded architecture that is capable of exploiting both coarse-grain parallelism, and fine-grain instruction level parallelism in a program. Instruction-level parallelism is exploited by grouping instructions from a number of active threads at runtime. The architecture supports multiple resident activations to improve the extent of locality exploited. Further, a distributed data structure cache organization is proposed to reduce both the network: traffic and the latency in accessing remote locations. Initial performance evaluation using discrete-event simulation indicates that the architecture is capable of achieving very high processor throughput. The introduction of the data structure cache reduces the network latency significantly. The impact of various cache organizations on the performance of the architecture is also discussed in this paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour (2000)

Although high-functioning individuals with autistic disorder (i.e. autism and Asperger syndrome) are of normal intelligence, they have life-long abnormalities in social communication and emotional behaviour. However, the biological basis of social difficulties in autism is poorly understood. Facial expressions help shape behaviour, and we investigated if high-functioning people with autistic disorder show neurobiological differences from controls when processing emotional facial expressions. We used functional MRI to investigate brain activity in nine adults with autistic disorder (mean age +/- standard deviation 37 +/- 7 years; IQ 102 +/- 15) and nine controls (27 +/- 7 years; IQ 116 +/- 10) when explicitly (consciously) and implicitly (unconsciously) processing emotional facial expressions. Subjects with autistic disorder differed significantly from controls in the activity of cerebellar, mesolimbic and temporal lobe cortical regions of the brain when processing facial expressions. Notably, they did not activate a cortical 'face area' when explicitly appraising expressions, or the left amygdala region and left cerebellum when implicitly processing emotional facial expressions. High-functioning people with autistic disorder have biological differences from controls when consciously and unconsciously processing facial emotions, and these differences are most likely to be neurodevelopmental in origin. This may account for some of the abnormalities in social behaviour associated with autism.
Interaction of TiSi2 layers with polycrystalline Si (1986)

Interactions of silicide films with undoped polycrystalline layers of Si grown by chemical vapor deposition at 630 °C were investigated by MeV He ion backscattering spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. For TiSi2, heat treatment in vacuum at temperatures above 850 °C results in erosion of the polycrystalline Si layer and growth of Si crystallites in the silicide film. The same phenomenon is observed for NiSi, Pd2Si, and CrSi2 at temperatures above one-half of melting point of the corresponding silicide.
Expedient Synthesis of 4(5)-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1<i>H</i>-imidazole, the α<sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic Agonist Medetomidine (1991)

(±)-4(5)-[1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (5) is prepared in three steps in 79% overall yield from 1-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl) imidazole by bis-protection, regioselective lithiation followed by an efficient tandem addition-reduction of the resulting 2,3-dimethylbenzoyl chloride adduct with lithium/ammonia/ammonium chloride.
Identification and characterization of amyloid protein AA in spontaneous canine amyloidosis. (1985)

Amyloid fibrils were isolated from kidney tissue of a dog that presented with renal failure due to spontaneous amyloidosis. This fibril material was reduced, alkylated and chromatographed on a column of Sepharose CL6B. A major retarded fraction, when subjected to amino acid sequencing, demonstrated a blocked amino terminus. The isolated protein was then degraded with cyanogen bromide, and the resultant three peptides were isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence of one peptide corresponded to the sequence of human amyloid protein AA from position 17 to 23. A second peptide gave an amino acid sequence homologous to the published human protein AA sequence starting with position 24. Although a high degree of homology between canine and human AA is seen, the blocked amino terminus is similar to the AA protein of mink. These data show that spontaneous canine amyloid is analogous to human reactive (secondary) amyloid and, therefore, may aid in defining mechanisms of human amyloid pathogenesis.
Road Trials of High Modulus Base for Heavily Trafficked Roads (1997)

This report describes the road trials of High Modulus Base (HMB), a high stiffness roadbase macadam manufactured to the standard UK composition for dense bitumen macadam (DBM) using a binder with a penetration of less than 50. The terminology used for 15 pen HMB is HMB15, for 25 pen, HMB25, and for 35 pen, HMB35. Throughout this investigation HMB15 was used and the results, together with those of the control materials, allow the properties of HMB25 and HMB35 to be predicted by interpolation. Trials were carried out at five sites by five different Contractors using different aggregate and bitumen sources and working in a range of weather conditions. The purpose of the trials was to determine whether the material could be mixed, laid and compacted by standard UK plant and to assess its properties relative to those of standard roadbase materials. The trials demonstrated that the material behaved in a similar way to conventional roadbase macadams, provided that appropriate mixing, laying and compaction temperatures were maintained. HMB has a very high stiffness, and therefore, better load spreading properties than DBM and heavy duty macadam (HDM), which means that a pavement designed to have the same life, but using HMB instead of conventional materials, can have a significantly thinner roadbase and basecourse. After allowance has been made for the increased production costs of HMB15, cost savings of approximately 25 per cent can be achieved compared to laying conventional DBM. Alternatively, HMB can be used to replace DBM or HDM at current design thicknesses to provide a longer pavement life. In addition to high stiffness, HMB has a high resistance to deformation, and when used as a roadbase or basecourse in conjunction with a thin wearing course, the road pavement would have excellent rutting resistance. However further trials are required to evaluate the system fully. (A)
Efficient Esterification of Long Chain Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols over ZrOCl<sub>2</sub>·8H<sub>2</sub>O Catalyst (2005)

Direct condensation of equimolar amounts of long chain carboxylic acids and alcohols could be achieved by using zirconyl chloride as an efficient catalyst. ZrOCl2·8H2O showed high activity for esterification between primary acids and alcohols; however, it was less active in the combination of branched acid and secondary alcohols to give the corresponding esters.
Face recognition using a digital neural network with self-organising capabilities (2002)

An approach to face recognition using neural networks is presented. All automatic training procedure based on self-organization is defined. This procedure partitions the data into disjoint classes containing recognizable attributes and can be used to replace a human operator in selecting valid data for training purposes. The nodal operation within the neural network was initially based on combinational logic functions and has been developed to take account of the dominance of salient features in the data. Experimental results demonstrate the system's facial recognition capabilities using multiple classes of data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design of large steerable antennas (1967)

The design of large, steerable, single reflectors is investigated in general, in order to find the basic prin- ciples involved and the most economical solutions. (Let X be shortest wavelength, D the antenna diameter, W the antenna weight; p the material density, S the maximum stress, E the modulus of elasticity, C the thermal expansion coefficient; Ps the survival surface pressure, Po the observational wind pressure, A the tem- perature differences; and dimensionless constants.) There are three natural limits for tiltable antennas: first, the thermal deflection limit, x= CAD= 2.4 cm (D/100 m); second, the gravitational deflection limit, X = (p/E)D2 =5.3cm (D/100 m)2 third, the stress limit, D = S/p =620 m. Let each antenna be a point in a D, x plane. The part of the plane permitted by the three limits then can be divided into four regions accord- ing to what defines the antenna weight. First, the gravitational deflection region (W governed by p/E); second, the wind deflection region (governed by p0/E); third, the survival region (governed by p,/S) ; fourth, the minimum structure region (stable self-support). Formulas are derived for the regional boundaries, and for W (D,X) within each region. Some aspects of economy are considered. There is a most economical X for any D. Radomes can give ad- vantage within the wind deflection region only, which means for D <50 m for conventional antennas. The azimuth drive should be on standard railroad equipment for X> 8 cm. An economical antenna with D =150 m and X =20cm should cost about four million dollars. There are four means of passing the gravitational limit. First, avoiding deflections by not moving in eleva- tion angle (fixed-elevation transit telescope). Second, fighting the deflections with motors (Sugar Grove). Third, canceling the deflections with levers and counterweights (large optical telescopes). Fourth, designing a structure which deforms unhindered, but which deforms one paraboloid of revolution into another one (homologous deformation). It is proved that exact homology solutions do exist, and an explicit solution is given for two dimensions.
Secondary Cell Wall Deposition in Developing Secondary Xylem of Poplar (2010)

Although poplar is widely used for genomic and biotechnological manipulations of wood, the cellular basis of wood development in poplar has not been accurately documented at an ultrastructural level. Developing secondary xylem cells from hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x P. trichocarpa), which were actively making secondary cell walls, were preserved with high pressure freezing/freeze substitution for light and electron microscopy. The distribution of xylans and mannans in the different cell types of developing secondary xylem were detected with immunofluorescence and immuno-gold labeling. While xylans, detected with the monoclonal antibody LM10, had a general distribution across the secondary xylem, mannans were enriched in the S2 secondary cell wall layer of fibers. To observe the cellular structures associated with secondary wall production, cryofixed fibers were examined with transmission electron microscopy during differentiation. There were abundant cortical microtubules and endomembrane activity in cells during the intense phase of secondary cell wall synthesis. Microtubule-associated small membrane compartments were commonly observed, as well as Golgi and secretory vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.
Association between <i>Tph2</i> gene polymorphism, brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity and aggressiveness in mouse strains (2005)

The brain neurotransmitter serotonin is involved in the regulation of aggressive behavior. The main factor determining the brain serotonin level is the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter--tryptophan hydroxylase isoform (TPH) 2 encoded by the Tph2 gene. Recently the C1473G single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Tph2 gene was reported. Here we study the C1473G polymorphism in 10 inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, AKR/J, DD/He, C3H/HeJ, YT/Y, BALB/cJLac, CC57BR/Mv and A/He) and demonstrate the association of the polymorphism with brain TPH activity and intermale aggressiveness. TPH activity in the midbrain of mice homozygous for the 1473C allele was higher than that in mice carrying 1473G alleles. A close association of the 1473C allele with increased number of attacks towards another male was found. The results support a link between the C1473G polymorphism in Tph2 gene, tryptophan hydroxylase activity and intensity of intermale aggression.
New Approach for Estimating Alcohol Partition Coefficients between Nonaqueous Phase Liquids and Water (1998)

The partitioning interwell tracer test (PITT) has emerged during the past few years as a useful tool for characterizing aquifers contaminated by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and in particular the location and volume of NAPLs. Accurate partition coefficients are needed for a wide variety of tracers and NAPLs to use this technology to its maximum benefit. A new approach to estimate the partition coefficients of alcohol tracers partitioning between NAPL and water is presented. This approach is based upon defining an equivalent alkane carbon number for each contaminant and for each alcohol tracer and is very useful for both minimizing the number of experiments required and for extracting the maximum information from such experiments.
Increased superoxide anion production in humans: a possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of hypertension. (1996)

Although endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired in human hypertension, the mechanism underlying this abnormality is not yet completely elucidated. It has been suggested that accelerated inactivation of nitric oxide (NO) due to superoxide anion, which is rapidly removed by superoxide dismutase (SOD) in physiological condition, may be related to hypertension. Therefore, SOD deficiency following an increase in superoxide anion production contributes to a rise in arterial blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that there is defective endogenous SOD in patients with essential hypertension. To examine this assumption we measured the SOD activities of the erythrocytes in 335 healthy Chinese volunteers (age 2-76 years) and 30 hypertensive patients (age 60-75 years). The SOD activities of the healthy volunteers exhibited decreased trend with advancing aging. There was no significant difference in the SOD activities between men and women in each group. There is significant difference in the SOD activities (1814.35 +/- 250.00 vs 1584.06 +/- 126.19 u/Hb.g; P < 0.001) between the two groups (age 20-59 years; mean age 34 years vs age 60-76 years; mean age 67 years). The SOD activities in patients with essential hypertension were 1322.4 +/- 139.5 u/Hb.g and significantly lower than the corresponding healthy controls (P < 0.05). In the hypertensives, the SOD activities against systolic and diastolic arterial pressure seem to be shown the trend of negative correlation but did not reach the statistical significance. We conclude that the SOD activities in the erythrocytes are reduced in subjects with essential hypertension and increasing aging. The present findings, in a limited data, could suggest that the fall in SOD activities following an increased superoxide anion production with subsequently augmented NO inactivation is, at least in part, involved in the pathogenesis of human hypertension, although the evidence is indirect. The decrease in erythrocyte SOD activities may serve as a function of human aging.