gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Giardiasis in mice: analysis of humoral and cellular immune responses to <i>Giardia muris</i> (1982)

Humoral and cellular immune responses have been evaluated in two inbred strains of mice which differ markedly in their susceptibility to infection with Giardia muris. Serum IgG and IgA antibody levels and IgA levels in intestinal washes were determined by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay using G. muris antigen prepared by sonication of trophozoites, while cell-mediated immunity was assessed by a radiometric ear-assay for delayed-type hypersensitivity. Following infection of BALB/c mice (resistant) and C3H/He mice (susceptible), the IgG and IgA antibody levels in serum progressively increased over the period of study with C3H/He mice having significantly higher titres of IgA antibodies than BALB/c late in the infection. Systemic immunization with G. muris trophozoites resulted in high titres of IgG antibodies in the serum. IgA antibodies were detected in intestinal washes 2 weeks after infection with a subsequent fall in levels in BALB/c mice but a progressive increase levels in C3H/He mice. Prior immunization resulted in IgA antibodies being detected earlier in the intestinal washings after a challenge infection. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to G. muris antigens could not be detected during an infection but a positive response was elicited following antigen priming in mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide. The immune responses evaluated in this study were assessed using a whole G. muris trophozoite sonicate and variations in the quantitative aspects of the responses did not account for observed differences in the course of infection in the two strains of mice.
Fermentation in the large intestine of single-stomached animals and its relationship to animal health (2001)

The phasing out of antibiotic compounds as growth promoters from the animal industry means that alternative practices will need to be investigated and the promising ones implemented in the very near future. Fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is being recognized as having important implications for health of the gut and thus of the host animal. Fermentation in single-stomached animals occurs to the largest extent in the large intestine, mainly because of the longer transit time there. The present review examines the micro-ecology of the GIT, with most emphasis on the large intestine as the most important site of fermentative activity, and an attempt is made to clarify the importance of the microfloral activity (i.e. fermentation) in relation to the health of the host. The differences between carbohydrate and protein fermentation are described, particularly in relation to their endproducts. The roles of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3 in terms of their relationship to gut health are then examined. The large intestine has an important function in relation to the development of diarrhoea, particularly in terms of VFA production by fermentation and its role in water absorption. Suggestions are made as to feeds and additives (particularly those which are carbohydrate-based) which could be, or are, added to diets and which could steer the natural microbial population of the GIT. Various methods are described which are used to investigate changes in microbial populations and reasons are given for the importance of measuring the kinetics of fermentation activity as an indicator of microbial activity.
Stability of Randomized Learning Algorithms (2005)

We extend existing theory on stability, namely how much changes in the training data influence the estimated models, and generalization performance of deterministic learning algorithms to the case of randomized algorithms. We give formal definitions of stability for randomized algorithms and prove non-asymptotic bounds on the difference between the empirical and expected error as well as the leave-one-out and expected error of such algorithms that depend on their random stability. The setup we develop for this purpose can be also used for generally studying randomized learning algorithms. We then use these general results to study the effects of bagging on the stability of a learning method and to prove non-asymptotic bounds on the predictive performance of bagging which have not been possible to prove with the existing theory of stability for deterministic learning algorithms. 1
Induction of Ovulation in Pigs with Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone1 (1973)

A synthetic decapeptide gonadotrophin releasinghormone (GnRH)5 was used to induce ovulation in PMSG-primed, prepuberal gilts weighing 55 to 75 kilograms. Five of 10 animals injected with 1.0 mg GnRH ovulated within 48 hr. after the injection. However, single injectionsof 0.5 mg or less GnRH failed to induce ovulation. The route of GnRH administration, intravenous or intramuscular, did not appear to influence the rate of ovulation or number of gilts ovulating. GnRH-treated gilts that ovulated showed a peak serum LH concentration of 1.7 to 3.6 ng/ml within 24 hr. of treatment.
Biomaterial surface patterning of self-assembled monolayers for controlling neuronal cell behaviour (2009)

Control of the position, growth and subsequent function of living cells is a fundamental problem in tissue and cellular engineering. The development of a generation of 'smart' biomaterial substrates requires strict control over the material's surface properties, because the initial response of the cultured cells to the biomaterials mainly depends upon the surface characteristics of the engineered material. Since most of the cells in the body are arranged in distinct patterns during development, it would be beneficial if one could create patterned environments in-vitro for regulating cell behavior, for applications in vivo, in particular for CNS neurons. Accordingly, in this article, we provide design strategies and methodologies developed for nano- and micro-scale surface patterning and the subsequent control of cellular responses in-vitro.
A phase I/II and pharmacologic study of MM-111 in patients with advanced, refractory HER2-positive (HER2+) cancers. (2010)

TPS169 Background: The ErbB2/ErbB3 oncogenic heterodimer is the most potent ErbB receptor pairing with respect to strength of interaction, ligand–induced tyrosine phosphorylation, and downstream signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathways. Recently, ErbB3 signaling has emerged as an important hypothesized mechanism of resistance to ErbB2 (HER2) targeted agents in clinical use (Sergina et al. Nature 2007; Garrett et al. SABCS 2009 abstract 63). MM-111 is a novel bispecific antibody fusion protein that specifically targets the ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimer and blocks ligand binding to ErbB3. In HER2+ gastric, breast, ovarian, and lung cancer cell lines and xenografts, MM-111 inhibits ligand-induced ErbB3 phosphorylation, tumor cell cycle progression, and tumor growth. This first-in-human phase I-II study evaluates the safety and tolerability of MM-111 and provides preliminary efficacy data in HER-2+ advanced breast cancer (ABC). Methods: Patients (pts) aged ≥ 18 years with histologically confirmed HER2+ advanced solid tumors that have progressed or recurred on standard therapy or for which no standard therapy exists, and adequate performance status, bone marrow reserve, and organ function, are eligible for the phase I portion. Phase II is restricted to pts with HER2+ ABC who have progressed on prior trastuzumab or lapatinib therapy. Pts with stable central nervous system lesions are eligible. Phase I employs a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design. Once the maximum tolerated (MTD) or feasible dose (MFD) is determined, up to 25 additional pts with HER2+ ABC will be enrolled, for a planned total of 40-49 pts in both phases. Primary endpoints are determination of MTD/MFD (phase I) and 6-month progression-free survival (phase II). Secondary endpoints include determination of dose-limiting toxicity, adverse event, pharmacokinetic, and immunogencity profiles of MM-111, as well as overall response and clinical benefit rates of MM-111 in HER2+ ABC. MM-111 is administered intravenously weekly in 4-week cycles. 8 pts have been enrolled in the phase I portion (7 ABC, 1 advanced gastric cancer), and enrollment in the phase I portion is ongoing. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Chemotherapy Foundation Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Merrimack Pharmaceuticals
Systematic Analysis of Cation Stability in Alkaline Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2014)

Improving long-term cation stability in alkaline environment is crucial for adopting anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells as a commercially viable technology in clean energy applications. To reliably identify the most stable cation structures, we analyzed the cation stability of various synthetically prepared quaternary ammonium (QA) organic molecules via a simple silver oxide ion exchange reaction. With this method we were able to compare the stability of various structures of QA hydroxide in water without excess alkaline solution or inconsistencies faced in the presence of polymer backbones. By quantitatively comparing cation degradation via NMR, we were able to identify several cation structures with greater stability as compared to the most well-known benzyltrimethylammonium. From this study we concluded that alkyl-substituted cations seem to impart greater stability than benzylic-substituted cations in the presence of hydroxide anion in aqueous solution.
PLC-to-DSL Interference: Statistical Model and Impact on DSL (2015)

Newly available standards for broadband access using Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) have a high degree of spectrum overlap with home networking technologies using broadband Power Line Communications (BB-PLC) and this overlap leads to Electromagnetic Compatibility issues that may cause performance degradation in DSL systems. This paper studies the characteristics of measured PLC-to-DSL interference and presents novel results on its statistical characterization. The frequency-dependent couplings between power line cables and twisted-pairs are estimated from measurements and a statistical model based on a mixture of two truncated Gaussian distributions is set forth. The proposed statistical model allows the accurate evaluation of the impact of BB-PLC interference on various DSL technologies, in terms of both average and worst-case impacts on data rate. This paper further provides an extensive assessment of the impact of PLC-to-DSL interference at various loop lengths and for multiple profiles of Very-high rate Digital Subscriber Lines (VDSL2), Vectored VDSL2 (V-VDSL2), and G.fast. The results of this paper confirm that the impact of PLC interference varies with loop length and whether vectoring is used or not. Furthermore, the average impact is found to be generally small but worst-case couplings can lead to substantial degradation of DSL.
Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease [see comments] (1992)

Improved understanding of the inflammatory response and the identification and characterization of the specific cytokines involved, as well as improved understanding of erythropoiesis, and the availability of recombinant human growth factors such as EPO, have greatly enhanced our appreciation of the pathogenesis of ACD by allowing development of a number of informative models for studying this syndrome. It appears that a variety of cytokines are involved in all aspects of the pathogenesis of ACD, from the inhibition of erythroid progenitors and EPO production to impairment of iron release. A schematic of the contributions of some of these cytokines to the development of ACD is shown in Fig 6. The exact biochemical mechanisms by which these effects occur is still to be determined. The progress outlined in this report has allowed us to develop a more precise understanding of the pathogenesis of this common and important clinical syndrome. In 1983, Hansen subtitled a review of ACD "A Bag of Unsolved Questions." Although this description is still accurate, our understanding of ACD has now developed to the point where we can offer a more defined subtitle: "A Bag of Cytokines."
Enhanced chemiluminescence labeled-antibody immunoassay (Amerlite-MAB) for free thyroxine: design, development, and technical validation (1995)

We describe the development and validation of a one-step nonradioactive immunoassay for free thyroxine (Amerlite-MAB FT4) in serum or plasma, in the dedicated Amerlite enhanced luminescence assay system. A monoclonal antibody to thyroxine (T4), conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP; EC 1.11.1.7), competes for binding with FT4 or with a conjugate of a protein and L-triiodothyronine immobilized onto the surface of the assay microwells. The signal is generated by antibody-HRP bound to the protein-T3 conjugate, with luminol as substrate. The assay design exploits the high sensitivity of luminescence signal detection, permitting minimal sample dilution and T4 sampling by the antibody. It withstands progressive dilution of serum and is unaffected by T4-binding proteins in serum. The disclosure and validation of this FT4 assay follows guidelines recommended by the American Thyroid Association.
FlyFactorSurvey: a database of Drosophila transcription factor binding specificities determined using the bacterial one-hybrid system (2010)

FlyFactorSurvey (http://pgfe.umassmed.edu/TFDBS/) is a database of DNA binding specificities for Drosophila transcription factors (TFs) primarily determined using the bacterial one-hybrid system. The database provides community access to over 400 recognition motifs and position weight matrices for over 200 TFs, including many unpublished motifs. Search tools and flat file downloads are provided to retrieve binding site information (as sequences, matrices and sequence logos) for individual TFs, groups of TFs or for all TFs with characterized binding specificities. Linked analysis tools allow users to identify motifs within our database that share similarity to a query matrix or to view the distribution of occurrences of an individual motif throughout the Drosophila genome. Together, this database and its associated tools provide computational and experimental biologists with resources to predict interactions between Drosophila TFs and target cis-regulatory sequences.
Acquisition of&lt;tex&gt;$m$&lt;/tex&gt;-Sequences Using Recursive Soft Sequential Estimation (2004)

A novel sequential estimation method is proposed for the initial synchronization of pseudonoise (PN) signals derived from m-sequences. This sequential estimation method is designed based on the principle of recursive soft-in/soft-out (SISO) decoding, and we refer to it as the recursive soft sequential estimation (RSSE) acquisition scheme. The RSSE acquisition scheme exhibits a complexity similar to that of a conventional m-sequence generator, which increases only linearly with the number of stages in the m-sequence generator. Our simulation results also show that the acquisition time of the proposed RSSE acquisition scheme is also linearly dependent on the number of stages in the m-sequence generator. Owing to the above properties, the employment of the proposed RSSE acquisition scheme is beneficial for the acquisition of long m-sequences.
Low Temperature Wafer Bonding by Copper Nanorod Array (2009)

A vast array of Cu nanorods with a diameter of grown by an oblique angle deposition technique was utilized as an adhesive layer for bonding Si wafers at low temperatures. The focus ion beam∕scanning electron microscope images illustrate that the Cu nanorod array underwent coalescence readily upon a bonding temperature at . Upon , a dense Cu bonding layer with homogeneous structure was achieved. A fully dense bonding structure was also obtained upon a lower bonding temperature at followed by a postannealing at in a reducing ambient.
Wideband Shorted Bowtie Patch Antenna With Electric Dipole (2008)

A wideband directional antenna composed of a shorted bowtie patch antenna and an electric dipole is presented. Through this composition, an equivalent magnetic dipole due to the shorted bowtie patch antenna and an electric dipole are excited together. Almost equal radiation pattern in the E- and H-planes is obtained. The proposed antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth, which is over 60% for SWR. < 2 ranging from 2.16-4.13 GHz.
Laser spot welding and real-time evaluation (1976)

The high-repetition-rate pulsed-YAG-laser welding of insulated copper wires to terminal posts and their real-time evaluation with stress-wave emission (SWE) are discussed. It is shown that to minimize damage to the wire from the incident radiation a shoulder terminal, wherein the shoulder covers the wire, is desirable. The experimental and the analytical results show that for the geometry a terminal made out of higher melting-point material than copper is desirable. SWE techniques have been used to predict the quality of a laser weld in real time. An experimental criterion has been established for such a prediction. This criterion has been verified by resistance measurement, visual observation, and, to a limited extent, mechanical-pull testing. It is shown that an almost linear relation exists between the threshold crossings of an SWE signal and the quality of the weld.
Sub-Miniature, Microwave Printed Circuit Filters with Arbitrary Passband and Stopband Widths (2005)

New classes of sub-miniature, microwave printed circuit filters whose passband and stopband widths may be independently specified are defined for realisation in triplate stripline. They are exceedingly small and highly selective devices suitable for use in the 1-20 GHz frequency range.
Glucose Transporter and Na+ / glucose Cotransporter as Molecular Targets of Anti-Diabetic Drugs (2004)

Glucose transporters, or membrane proteins, which incorporate glucose into the cell, can be divided into two groups: the facilitative type glucose transporter (GLUT), and the sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT). Among the GLUT family isoforms, GLUT4 is particularly important for maintaining glucose metabolism homeostasis since it is involved in insulin or exercise-induced glucose transport into muscle and adipose tissues via movement from intracellular sites to the plasma membrane in response to stimulation. Thus, agents which induce GLUT4 translocation or improve insulin sensitivity, involved in this insulin-induced step, hold the promise of being potent anti-diabetic drugs. On the other hand, SGLT is expressed specifically in the intestines and kidneys. Oral administration of a SGLT inhibitor, T-1095, lowers the blood glucose concentration via excretion of glucose in the urine, due to suppression of renal SGLT function. In addition to this direct blood glucose lowering effect, T-1095 has been shown to restore impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells, as well as to improve insulin resistance in muscle and liver. Thus, this SGLT inhibitor is regarded as a novel and promising agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Fluid replacement protection of rabbits challenged subcutaneous with toxic shock syndrome toxins (1991)

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPE A) belong to a family of pyrogenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively. Both toxins are responsible for causing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and related illnesses, clinically characterized by multiorgan involvement. The most severe TSS symptom is acute hypotension and shock after the initial febrile response. In this study, we examined possible mechanisms of shock development in TSS, particularly the role of T-cell proliferation, endotoxin enhancement by toxins, and capillary leakage. American Dutch belted rabbits, with subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pumps filled with either TSST-1 or SPE A, served as the animal model. For both TSST-1 and SPE A-treated rabbits, administration of cyclosporin A prevented toxin-induced T-cell proliferation but failed to protect the rabbits. Polymyxin B treatment of rabbits, to neutralize endogenous endotoxin, partially protected rabbits from challenge with either exotoxin; two of six rabbits survived on day 2 when treated with only TSST-1, whereas six of six animals survived after challenge with TSST-1 and polymyxin B. Similarly, with SPE A-treated rabbits, only 1 of 10 animals without polymyxin B treatment survived on day 8, but 4 of 6 rabbits survived on day 8 when given polymyxin B. Fluid replacement was successful in preventing lethality. Twelve of 14 rabbits survived when given TSST-1 with fluid, and all rabbits treated with SPE A and fluid survived. Finally, by using miniosmotic pumps, staphylococcal exfoliative toxin A and concanavalin A were administered to rabbits in an attempt to induce lethality. These two T-cell mitogens caused T-cell proliferation but failed to induce lethality in rabbits. The data suggest that toxin interactions causing vascular leakage and to some extent endotoxin enhancement are of major importance in development of hypotension and shock in TSS. It appears that T-cell proliferation may not contribute significantly to the induction of shock and death.
Unintentional drug overdose death trends in New Mexico, USA, 1990–2005: combinations of heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and alcohol (2007)

Interventions to prevent drug overdose death should be targeted according to use patterns among at-risk subpopulations. A comprehensive approach addressing both illicit and prescription drug users, and people who use these drugs concurrently, is needed to reduce overdose death.
Design, Realization, and Evaluation of xShare for Impromptu Sharing of Mobile Phones (2013)

Abstract—Mobile phones are truly personal devices loaded with personal data such as photos, contacts, and call history. Yet it is often necessary or desirable to share our phones with others. This is especially true as mobile phones are integrating features conventionally provided by other dedicated devices, from MP3 players to games consoles. Yet existing phones assume a single user and provide little protection for private data and applications when a phone is shared. That is, when we lend our phones to others, we give away complete access. In this work, we present xShare, a protection solution to address this problem. xShare allows phone owners to rapidly specify what they want to share and place the phone into a restricted mode where only the data and applications intended for sharing can be accessed. We first present two formative user studies and derive the design requirements of xShare. We then offer the design of xShare based on file-level access control. We describe the implementation of xShare on Windows Mobile and report a comprehensive evaluation, including performance measurements, usability, and a one-month field trial. Index Terms—Mobile phone, sharing, privacy, virtualization. Ç
Disparity estimation for fisheye images with an application to intermediate view synthesis (2017)

To obtain depth information from a stereo camera setup, a common way is to conduct disparity estimation between the two views; the disparity map thus generated may then also be used to synthesize arbitrary intermediate views. A straightforward approach to disparity estimation is block matching, which performs well with perspective data. When dealing with non-perspective imagery such as obtained from ultra wide-angle fisheye cameras, however, block matching meets its limits. In this paper, an adapted disparity estimation approach for fisheye images is introduced. The proposed method exploits knowledge about the fisheye projection function to transform the fisheye coordinate grid to a corresponding perspective mesh. Offsets between views can thus be determined more accurately, resulting in more reliable disparity maps. By re-projecting the perspective mesh to the fisheye domain, the original fisheye field of view is retained. The benefit of the proposed method is demonstrated in the context of intermediate view synthesis, for which both objectively evaluated as well as visually convincing results are provided.