gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of an optical packet add/drop with wavelength-coded header (1995)

An optical self-routing add/drop packet network using wavelength coded header control signals is described. Experimental results for 2.5-Gbit/s 53-byte data packets transmitted through 50 km of standard step-index single-mode fiber are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phytomedicines in Western Europe: potential impact on herbal medicine in the United States (1993)

Laws and regulations governing the sale of phytomedicines (herbal remedies) in several European countries, particularly Germany, are compared to those in the United States. This provides an understanding as to why the development of medicines prepared from long-known plant drugs flourishes there with substantial support from the pharmaceutical industry and the medical community, while such research languishes here. The composition and therapeutic value of several popular European phytomedicinals, including those obtained from ginkgo, echinacea, chamomile, feverfew, valerian, milk thistle, St. John's wort, saw palmetto (sabal), hawthorn, and melissa (lemon balm) are discussed. Unless the regulatory attitude towards phytomedicines changes in the United States, it is likely that even the most exciting European developments will have little impact in this country and that many useful drugs widely used in Europe will continue to be unavailable here
Role of statistics in the validation of general circulation models (1992)

The field of statistics should play a central role in the validation of general circulation models (GCMs). Both the perspectives of climate modelers and of climate impact researchers are addressed. Confusion over what statistics can or cannot be expected to achieve is described, and an overemphasis of statistical tests of significance is identified. A compelling case is made for assessing the performance of GCMs in terms of their ability to reproduce climate variability, not just average conditions. Unsatisfactory aspects of current statistical practice are pointed out, with the problem of multiple comparisons illustrated by an example. Prospects for the future are considered, emphasizing the need for factoring statistical issues into the design of GCM experiments, as well as the possible application of new statistical techniques. Indicative of ways in which existing techniques could be used more appropriately in the validation of GCM output, an example that involves a multiple confidence interval is presented. If the appropriate role of statistics were recognized, one obstacle currently hindering the improvement of GCMs and limiting their use In climate impact studies would be removed.
Sequence Variability and Geographic Distribution of Lassa Virus, Sierra Leone (2015)

Lassa virus (LASV) is endemic to parts of West Africa and causes highly fatal hemorrhagic fever. The multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis) is the only known reservoir of LASV. Most human infections result from zoonotic transmission. The very diverse LASV genome has 4 major lineages associated with different geographic locations. We used reverse transcription PCR and resequencing microarrays to detect LASV in 41 of 214 samples from rodents captured at 8 locations in Sierra Leone. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of nucleoprotein (NP), glycoprotein precursor (GPC), and polymerase (L) genes showed 5 separate clades within lineage IV of LASV in this country. The sequence diversity was higher than previously observed; mean diversity was 7.01% for nucleoprotein gene at the nucleotide level. These results may have major implications for designing diagnostic tests and therapeutic agents for LASV infections in Sierra Leone.
Effects of 4-Aminopyridine on Motor Evoked Potentials in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial (2001)

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is a potassium (K+) channel blocking agent that has been shown to reduce the latency and increase the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). These effects on MEPs are thought to reflect enhanced conduction in long tract axons brought about by overcoming conduction deficits due to focal demyelination and/or by enhancing neuroneuronal transmission at one or more sites of the neuraxis. The present study was designed to obtain further evidence of reduced central motor conduction time (CMCT) and to determine whether MEPs could be recorded from paretic muscles in which they were not normally elicited. MEPs were elicited with TMS being delivered to subjects (n = 25) pre- and post-administration of 4-AP (10 mg capsule) or placebo. The principal finding was that 4-AP lowered the stimulation threshold, increased the amplitude and reduced the latency of MEPs in all muscles tested, including those that were unimpaired, but did not alter measures of the peripheral nervous system (i.e., M-wave, H-reflex, F-wave). These 4-AP-induced changes in MEPs were significantly greater than those seen with placebo (p < 0.05). The primary implication of these results is that a low dose of 4-AP (immediate-release formulation) appears to improve the impaired central motor conduction of some patients with incomplete SCI. This is most likely attributable to overcoming conduction deficits at the site of injury but may also involve an increase in cortical excitability.
Evaluation Of A Commercial Microtopography Sensor (1987)

A precise, non-contact measuring of structures, thickness and form deviation is of decisive importance for modern production methods. A measuring unit is described which senses the structures to be measured with a 1 μm Laser Focus employing the principle of dynamic focusing. An automatic focusing device with a precision of <2 nm provides constant 'contact' with the surface and the required lens movement is transformed into an analog displacement signal. Maximum vertical steps of up to 600 μm can be assessed. The highest measuring frequency is >600 Hz. In addition to a short introduction to the measuring principle, special emphasis is laid on practical applications in the sectors of glass material, roughness standard samples, diamond turned surfaces and soft materials.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase- activating polypeptides (PACAP27) and PACAP38) protect CD4+CD8+ thymocytes from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis (1996)

In the present study, the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides, PACAP27 and PACAP38, in a concentration range from 10(-13) to 10(-6) mol/L were studied in vitro on the spontaneous and dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis in rat thymocytes. The results show that VIP and both PACAPs inhibit significantly and in a similar way the DNA fragmentation characteristic of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and increase the cell survival of thymocytes, with a maximal effect observed at 10(-8) to 10(-9) mol/L. This study showed the ability of the VIP-receptor (VIP-R) antagonist [N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2]-GRF(1-29) amide to partially reverse the inhibitory effect of VIP and both PACAPs on DEX-induced apoptosis, providing evidence for a specific VIP1-R-mediated response and supporting the involvement of a single receptor for the three neuropeptides. Phenotypic analysis showed that VIP, PACAP27, and PACAP38 protect predominantly CD4+CD8+ thymocytes from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that these neuropeptides could be involved in intrathymic T-cell maturation.
Effects of Combined Water Potential and Temperature Stresses on <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> Oocysts (2001)

Hosts infected with the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum may excrete oocysts on soils in watersheds that supply public drinking water. Environmental stresses decrease the numbers of oocysts after deposition on soils. However, the rates and effects of combined stresses have not been well characterized, especially for the purposes of estimating decrease in numbers. We subjected oocysts to combined stresses of water potential (-4, -12, and -33 bars), above-freezing temperatures (4 and 30 degrees C), and a subfreezing temperature (-14 degrees C) for 1, 14, and 29 days and one to six freeze-thaw cycles (-14 to 10 degrees C) to estimate coefficients to characterize population degradation using multiplicative error and exponential decay models. The experiments were carried out in NaCl solutions with water potentials of -4, -12, and -33 bars, in combination with temperature stresses at levels that could be expected in natural soils. Increased water potential increased the rate of population degradation for all temperature conditions investigated. Enhanced degradation leads to estimated rates of population degradation that are greater than those that have been reported and used in previous studies conducted to assess risk of water supply contamination from sources of C. parvum.
A Hybrid Expressing Genetically Engineered Major Allergens of the <i>Parietaria</i> Pollen as a Tool for Specific Allergy Vaccination (2006)

Our results demonstrate that hybrid-expressing disulphide bond variants of the major allergens of the Parietaria pollen displayed reduced allergenicity and maintained T cell reactivity for induction of protective antibodies.
Synthesis of Photoreactive Phospholipid Polymers for Use in Versatile Surface Modification of Various Materials to Obtain Extreme Wettability (2013)

We synthesized photoreactive phospholipid polymers for use in the versatile surface modification of various materials. The photoreactive methacrylate derivative 2-methacryloyloxyethyl-4-azidobenzoate (MPAz) was synthesized. MPAz was copolymerized with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) to obtain poly(MPC-co-MPAz) (PMPAz) and with both MPC and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) to obtain poly(MPC-co-BMA-co-MPAz) (PMBPAz). PMPAz and PMBPAz were bound to the surfaces of various materials, including polymers, glass, and metals, by exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. The azide groups in the MPAz units played a role in the surface anchoring; the polymer was bound covalently to the substrate. After the photoreaction, the surfaces were converted from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic, and their cell adhesion was effectively suppressed.
Baseband LPC coders for speech transmission over 9.6 kb/s noisy channels (2005)

This paper presents the results of our investigation of the various aspects of baseband LPC coders with the goal of maximizing the speech quality at a transmission bit-rate of 9.6 kb/s and for channel bit-error rates of up to 1%. Important among these aspects are: baseband width, coding of baseband, high-frequency regeneration, and error protection of important transmission parameters. The paper discusses these and other issues, presents the results of speech-quality tests conducted during the various stages of optimization, and describes the details of the optimized speech coder.
Innovation and Economic Growth: Factors that Encourages Innovation (2012)

The goal of this paper is to analyze the role played by innovations on economic activity. In this sense, the relationship between innovation and economic growth is studied, being economic growth the current main objective of economic policy to reduce unemployment and to increase social welfare. To carry out this analysis we base on Schumpeter's model, playing entrepreneurship and social climate an important role in the process. The empirical analysis an innovations equation for the case of 11 developed countries is included, showing that the social climate, represented by the training and income distribution, and monetary policy, represented by money supply, stimulate innovations.
Superhydrophobic Effects of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Micropatterned Surfaces:  3-D Arrays Mimicking the Lotus Leaf (2006)

The contact angle of water has been measured on a series of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on thermally evaporated and sputter coated silver surfaces. It is found that micropatterning the surface using nanosphere lithography leads to large increases in the contact angle and generates superhydrophobic surfaces with contact angles >150 degrees. The type of functional groups on the SAMs, the metal island size, and the metal island thickness all contribute to the measured contact angle. The maximum contact angle found was 161 degrees for a fluorinated alkanethiol on 80 nm thick silver islands.
A novel two-step chemical passivation process for CdZnTe detectors (2005)

The spectrum resolution of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) room temperature nuclear radiation detectors is often limited by the presence of conducting surface species that increase the surface leakage current. Surface passivation plays a dominant role in reducing the surface leakage current and therefore decreasing the noise and improving the spectral energy resolution of the detectors. In this paper, a novel two-step chemical passivation process for CZT detectors, in which the mixed solution of bromine–methanol and lactic acid in ethylene glycol (BMLB) treated CZT wafer was first etched by using a KOH aqueous solution, and then by using a NH4F/H2O2 mixed solution, is presented. The Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results show that the first-step KOH process consumed the Te-rich layer caused by BMLB and left a more stoichiometric surface and the second-step NH4F/H2O2 process oxidized the elemental constituents of the CZT surface obtained by the KOH etching and formed an oxide layer on the surface. The I–V characteristics show that the novel process leads to a lower surface leakage current compared to the processing by using either a KOH or NH4F/H2O2 agent. The results indicate that this two-step passivation process has a promising potential in the fabrication of CZT detectors.
The secreted form of the p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)‐12 inhibits IL‐23 functions and abrogates IL‐23‐mediated antitumour effects (2005)

Interleukin (IL)-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine consisting of a novel p19 molecule and the p40 subunit of IL-12. Since secreted p40 can act as an antagonist for IL-12, we investigated whether p40 also inhibited IL-23-mediated immunological functions. p40 did not induce interferon (IFN)-gamma or IL-17 production from splenocytes but impaired IL-23-induced cytokine production by competitive binding to the IL-23 receptors. Furthermore, a mixed population of murine colon carcinoma Colon 26 cells transduced with the p40 gene and those transduced with the IL-23 gene developed tumours in syngenic mice, whereas the IL-23-expressing Colon 26 cells were completely rejected. p40 also suppressed IFN-gamma production of antigen-stimulated splenocytes and IL-23-mediated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activities in the mice that rejected Colon 26 cells expressing IL-23. p40 can thereby antagonize IL-23 and is a possible therapeutic agent for suppression of IL-23 functions.
PRACTISE: Robust prediction of data center time series (2015)

We analyze workload traces from production data centers and focus on their VM usage patterns of CPU, memory, disk, and network bandwidth. Burstiness is a clear characteristic of many of these time series: there exist peak loads within clear periodic patterns but also within patterns that do not have clear periodicity. We present PRACTISE, a neural network based framework that can efficiently and accurately predict future loads, peak loads, and their timing. Extensive experimentation using traces from IBM data centers illustrates PRACTISE's superiority when compared to ARIMA and baseline neural network models, with average prediction errors that are significantly smaller. Its robustness is also illustrated with respect to the prediction window that can be short-term (i.e., hours) or long-term (i.e., a week).
Knowledgeable Reader: Enhancing Cloze-Style Reading Comprehension with External Commonsense Knowledge (2018)

We introduce a neural reading comprehension model that integrates external commonsense knowledge, encoded as a keyvalue memory, in a cloze-style setting. Instead of relying only on document-toquestion interaction or discrete features as in prior work, our model attends to relevant external knowledge and combines this knowledge with the context representation before inferring the answer. This allows the model to attract and imply knowledge from an external knowledge source that is not explicitly stated in the text, but that is relevant for inferring the answer. Our model improves results over a very strong baseline on a hard Common Nouns dataset, making it a strong competitor of much more complex models. By including knowledge explicitly, our model can also provide evidence about the background knowledge used in the RC process.
Sustained esophageal contraction: a motor correlate of heartburn symptom (2001)

Heartburn occurs in the presence as well as the absence of acid reflux. We searched for a motor correlate of heartburn. Twelve subjects with heartburn were studied with 24-h synchronized pressure, pH, and high-frequency intraluminal ultrasound (HFIUS) imaging of the esophagus. The HFIUS images were analyzed every 2 s for a period of 2 min before and 30 s after the onset of heartburn during 20 acid reflux-positive and 20 acid reflux-negative heartburn episodes. The esophageal muscle thickness was measured as a marker of contraction. Esophageal pressure and HFIUS images were recorded during the Bernstein test in 15 subjects. Sustained esophageal contractions (SECs) were identified during 13 of 20 heartburn episodes associated with acid reflux and 15 of 20 heartburn episodes without acid reflux. SECs were detected during 2 of 40 matched control periods only ( P < 0.05). The duration of SECs was 44.9 ± 26.9 s. The Bernstein test reproduced heartburn symptoms in 8 of 15 subjects. SECs were identified during 6 of 8 (75%) Bernstein-positive and in 1 of 7 (14.3%) Bernstein-negative tests ( P = 0.04). We conclude that a SEC precedes both spontaneous and induced heartburn symptoms and may be the cause of heartburn sensation.
<title>Removing ocean surface clutter in multispectral and hyperspectral imagery</title> (1999)

We present two approaches for removing ocean surface (and subsurface) clutter in multispectral and hyperspectral imagery. The first approach is a computationally simple, physics-based algorithm that models surface clutter as a two-component mixture of surface-reflected light (glint) and scattered upwelling light. The model exploits the difference in the spectral content of the two components in order to differentiate glint from subsurface scattered light. The second approach is a statistics-based algorithm that simultaneously models the local spectral and spatial correlation structure with a linear predictive filter that spatially adapts to the statistical properties of the image on a region-by-region basis as determined by a spectrally generated segmentation map. The filter coefficients for each image segment are estimated via autoregression using a multichannel, multidimensional formulation of the Yule- Walker equations. The combined spatial-spectral processing allows the filter predictor to remove subsurface background clutter, as well as glint. In both algorithms, decluttered residuals are obtained by subtracting the background estimate from the input image data. In a test of effectiveness, the data conditioning provided by decluttering on a regional basis improved the performance of our set of matched-filter detectors by an average of 3 dB. The performance enhancement demonstrates the need for regional estimates of background when the assumption of spatially stationary data is no longer valid. Examples of both decluttering and matched-filter detection processing are presented using data collected by the AAHIS sensor.
A FACILE PREPARATION OF 2-ARYLPROPIONALDEHYDE FROM 1-ARYL-1-PROPENE (1984)

Abstract 1-Aryl-1-propenes were converted into the corresponding 2-arylpropionaldehydes in high yields by treatment with iodine and silver(I)oxide in aqueous dioxane at room temperature.
Deep Video Super-Resolution Using HR Optical Flow Estimation (2020)

Video super-resolution (SR) aims at generating a sequence of high-resolution (HR) frames with plausible and temporally consistent details from their low-resolution (LR) counterparts. The key challenge for video SR lies in the effective exploitation of temporal dependency between consecutive frames. Existing deep learning based methods commonly estimate optical flows between LR frames to provide temporal dependency. However, the resolution conflict between LR optical flows and HR outputs hinders the recovery of fine details. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end video SR network to super-resolve both optical flows and images. Optical flow SR from LR frames provides accurate temporal dependency and ultimately improves video SR performance. Specifically, we first propose an optical flow reconstruction network (OFRnet) to infer HR optical flows in a coarse-to-fine manner. Then, motion compensation is performed using HR optical flows to encode temporal dependency. Finally, compensated LR inputs are fed to a super-resolution network (SRnet) to generate SR results. Extensive experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of HR optical flows for SR performance improvement. Comparative results on the Vid4 and DAVIS-10 datasets show that our network achieves the state-of-the-art performance.
Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski Growth of GaAs (1971)

Melt growth of gallium arsenide single crystals by the Czochralski technique has required rather complex equipment because of the high vapor pressure of arsenic. A recently developed technique known as liquid encapsulated growth overcomes a number of the problems involved and allows gallium arsenide to be grown in a commercial silicon crystal puller. Crystals about 1 in. in diameter weighing 80g have been grown nearly routinely. One crystal with a maximum diameter of 21/4 in. weighing 370g was grown, but it appears to be highly strained. Undoped crystals grown in quartz or alumina crucibles have as‐grown resistivities greater than 105 ohm‐cm. On heat treatment at 800°C for 24 hr, the crystals grown in quartz convert to n‐type with carrier concentrations in the range 1015 cm−3 to 1016 cm−3 and room temperature mobilities from 5400 cm2V‐sec to 6300 cm2/V‐sec. The crystals grown in alumina retain high resistivity after heat treatment. The heat treatment behavior is explained by a model based on the incorporation of molecules in the crystals grown in quartz and the breakup of these molecules into silicon atoms and molecules on heat‐treatment.
High-Power and Ultra-Efficient Operation of a Tm3+-doped Silica Fiber Laser (2005)

A high-power and ultra-efficient cladding-pumped Tm-doped silica fiber laser is reported. The laser produced 30.8 W of output at 2025 nm for 58.5 W of launched pump power, and the corresponding slope efficiency was 61%.
Efficient Solid Phase Synthesis of Diverse Quinazolinones (2000)

Various quinazolinones were synthesized by cyclocondensation of anthranilamides with a variety of orthoformates on solid supports. Alkyl, aryl and alkoxy groups can substitute at 2 position of quinazolines with this method. The reactions proceeded smoothly under mild acidic conditions and the products exhibited excellent purity. Unlike previously reported solid phase quinazolinone syntheses, this synthetic strategy does not require an oxidation step. The approach is applicable to the synthesis of a wide range of quinazolinones, including molecules that are susceptible to oxidation.