gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanotubes: Solution for the Therapeutic Delivery of siRNA? (2012)

Carbon nanotubes have many unique physical and chemical properties that are being widely explored for potential applications in biomedicine especially as transporters of drugs, proteins, DNA and RNA into cells. Specifically, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have been shown to deliver siRNA to tumors in vivo. The low toxicity, the excellent membrane penetration ability, the protection afforded against blood breakdown of the siRNA payload and the good biological activity seen in vivo suggests that SWCNT may become universal transfection vehicles for siRNA and other RNAs for therapeutic applications. This paper will introduce a short review of a number of therapeutic applications for carbon nanotubes and provide recent data suggesting SWCNT are an excellent option for the delivery of siRNA clinically.
A new grid structure for domain extension (2013)

We present an efficient grid structure that extends a uniform grid to create a significantly larger far-field grid by dynamically extending the cells surrounding a fine uniform grid while still maintaining fine resolution about the regions of interest. The far-field grid preserves almost every computational advantage of uniform grids including cache coherency, regular subdivisions for parallelization, simple data layout, the existence of efficient numerical discretizations and algorithms for solving partial differential equations, etc. This allows fluid simulations to cover large domains that are often infeasible to enclose with sufficient resolution using a uniform grid, while still effectively capturing fine scale details in regions of interest using dynamic adaptivity.
Fin width scaling criteria of body-tied FinFET in sub-50 nm regime (2004)

For better subthreshold swing (SS) and drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of FinFETs, the fin width is a more important parameter than the physical gate length. And it should be very thin and fully depleted. In this article, we introduce the fabrication of body-tied FinFETs with various fin widths, fabricated on bulk Si instead of SOI wafer, and propose a new gate length/fin width (L/sub g//W/sub fin/) criterion to get nearly ideal SS and DIBL for body-tied FinFETs. From experiments and simulations, it is proven that threshold voltage (V/sub th/) control is possible even under a 20 nm narrow fin width, and high performance FinFET operation is obtainable even under a 5 nm fin width.
Individual differences in response to positive and negative stimuli: endocannabinoid-based insight on approach and avoidance behaviors (2014)

Approach and avoidance behaviors-the primary responses to the environmental stimuli of danger, novelty and reward-are associated with the brain structures that mediate cognitive functionality, reward sensitivity and emotional expression. Individual differences in approach and avoidance behaviors are modulated by the functioning of amygdaloid-hypothalamic-striatal and striatal-cerebellar networks implicated in action and reaction to salient stimuli. The nodes of these networks are strongly interconnected and by acting on them the endocannabinoid and dopaminergic systems increase the intensity of appetitive or defensive motivation. This review analyzes the approach and avoidance behaviors in humans and rodents, addresses neurobiological and neurochemical aspects of these behaviors, and proposes a possible synaptic plasticity mechanism, related to endocannabinoid-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression that allows responding to salient positive and negative stimuli.
The Power of Sympathy (1968)

In 1786 by a fireside in Paris the Heart informed the Head that nature had allotted to head only the field of science-squaring of circles, tracing of comets, strengthening of arches; Heart gladly surrendered all science to Head."In like manner [Heart continued] in denying to you the feelings of sympathy, of benevolence, of gratitude, of justice, of love, of friendship, she has excluded you from their controul."Here the Heart controls."Morals were too essential to the happiness of man to be risked on the incertain combinations of the head.She laid their foundation therefore in sentiment, not in science."Heart and sentiment nature gave to all, but head and science to only a few.Continuing, Heart reminded Head that he had advised Heart not to help a soldier at Chickahominy, not to give to the poor woman in Philadelphia, because she looked like a drunkard, and in the American Revolution not to stand against superior wealth and numbers."In short, my friend, ... I do not know that I ever did a good thing on your suggestion, or a dirty one without it."So did Heart in the last speech in their dialogue triumph over the Head as reported approvingly by Thomas Jefferson, a man formed by the Age of Reason and devoted to its principles whether formulated in France or Britain. 1 In 1829 in the small college community of Burlington, Vermont, James Marsh, worried by such sentimental excesses of the heart as those described by Jefferson, published the first American edition of an English book that pleads for a return to the old virtue of "Manhood or Manliness," for lives ordered by "Law and Light."The author asked the age to exercise "manly energy," "Fortitude," and "Strength of Character" in following the "Dictates of Reason"; the age must not "substitute shapeless feelings, sentiments, impulses," for "Law and Light.""If Prudence, though practically inseparable from Morality, is not to be confounded with the Moral Principle; still less may Sensibility, i.e., a constitutional quickness of Sympathy with Pain and Pleasure, and a keen sense of the gratifications that accompany social intercourse, mutual endearments, and reciprocal preferences, be mistaken, or deemed a Substitute for
Physicochemical properties of film-coated melt-extruded pellets (2007)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and guaifenesin containing beads prepared by a melt-extrusion process and film-coated with a methacrylic acid copolymer. Solubility parameter calculations, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine drug/polymer miscibility and/or the thermal processibility of the systems. Powder blends of guaifenesin, PEO and functional excipients were processed using a melt-extrusion and spheronization technique and then film-coated in a fluidized bed apparatus. Solubility parameter calculations were used to predict miscibility between PEO and guaifenesin, and miscibility was confirmed by SEM and observation of a single melting point for extruded drug/polymer blends during MDSC investigations. The drug was stable following melt-extrusion as determined by TGA and HPLC; however, drug release rate from pellets decreased upon storage in sealed HDPE containers with silica desiccants at 40 degrees C/75% RH. The weight loss on drying, porosity and tortuosity determinations were not influenced by storage. Recrystallization of guaifenesin and PEO was confirmed by SEM and XRPD. Additionally, the pellets exhibited a change in adhesion behaviour during dissolution testing. The addition of ethylcellulose to the extruded powder blend decreased and stabilized the drug release rate from the thermally processed pellets. The current study also demonstrated film-coating to be an efficient process for providing melt-extruded beads with pH-dependent drug release properties that were stable upon storage at accelerated conditions.
Biochemical and Structural Properties of the Cartilage End-Plate and its Relation to the Intervertebral Disc (1989)

The cartilaginous end-plate is thought to play an important role in the nutrition of the intervertebral disc, and hence may be of significance in the etiology of back pain. The present study describes the biochemical and histologic properties of the end-plate and adjacent tissues in the young human adult lumbar spine. Thus, a datum is established in which to demonstrate variation with location and relationships between properties of different tissues. Results of the chemical analyses show a change in composition through the end-plate with that at the outer annulus and nearer the bone, having higher collagen but lower proteoglycan and water contents, than the end-plate nearest the disc at the nucleus. Histology demonstrated numerous disruptions along the end-plate, with Schmorl's nodes being present in several specimens. Where these occurred, the disc, and in some cases the end-plate, showed loss of proteoglycan compared with the surrounding tissue.
The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis: An international collaborative study (2011)

Patients with NAFLD with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis have lower rates of liver-related complications and hepatocellular cancer than corresponding patients with HCV infection, but similar overall mortality. Some clinical and laboratory features predict liver-related complications and other outcomes in patients with NAFLD.
Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: biological and therapeutic considerations (2016)

Repair of tissue wounds is a fundamental process to re-establish tissue integrity and regular function. Importantly, infection is a major factor that hinders wound healing. Multicellular organisms have evolved an arsenal of host-defense molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), aimed at controlling microbial proliferation and at modulating the host's immune response to a variety of biological or physical insults. In this brief review, we provide the evidence for a role of AMPs as endogenous mediators of wound healing and their promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of non-life-threatening skin and other epithelial injuries.
Yale Image Finder (YIF): a new search engine for retrieving biomedical images (2008)

http://krauthammerlab.med.yale.edu/imagefinder/
High-efficiency power amplifier design including input harmonic termination (2006)

This letter presents the design of a high-efficiency Class-F power amplifier in pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor technology using a novel load-pull/source-pull simulation-based approach. The second harmonic input termination is shown to have a critical influence on performance, which is justified by the shape of the simulated waveforms. Experimental validation is carried out on a 2-GHz practical circuit using a medium-power packaged device. Two cases are compared both theoretically and experimentally: for the best and worst case second harmonic input terminations, 76% and 42% saturated power-added efficiency are measured, respectively. In addition, the worst case termination degrades the saturated C/I3 by 7.5dB.
Effects of Transforming Growth Factor β<sub>1</sub>, on Scar Production in the Injured Central Nervous System of the Rat (1994)

In the central nervous system (CNS), nerve regeneration after traumatic injury fails. The formation of a dense fibrous scar is thought to restrict in part the growth of axonal projections, providing one of the many reasons that complete lesions of neural pathways in the adult mammalian CNS are rarely followed by significant functional recovery. In order to determine which mechanisms mediate scar formation in the CNS and to investigate whether they can be modulated in vivo, we have attempted to define the potential role of trophic factors. Our previous studies have shown the focal elevation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) expression in lesioned CNS tissue. In the studies described here, we demonstrate that TGF beta 1 participates in the scarring response in the rat brain. First, the elevated protein levels of TGF beta 1 are localized to specific populations of injury-responsive cells in the traumatized CNS. Furthermore, the injection of TGF beta 1 into the brains of injured rats causes a dramatic increase in the scarring response. Conversely, when neutralizing TGF beta 1 antibodies are administered, the deposition of fibrous scar tissue and the formation of a limiting glial membrane that borders the lesion is significantly attenuated, thus establishing a role for the endogenous growth factor in regulation of the non-glial component of the scar. In implicating TGF beta 1 in the scarring response in the CNS, the potential use for TGF beta 1 antagonists as inhibitors of scar formation in the injured mammalian CNS is self-evident.
A Study of Reduction with Hydriodic Acid: Use in Micro Determinations of Hydroxyl Groups (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study of Reduction with Hydriodic Acid: Use in Micro Determinations of Hydroxyl GroupsHerschel K. Mitchell and Roger J. WilliamsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 11, 2723–2726Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1938https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01278a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01278a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Stevia Rebaudiana as a Results of NF-κB and MAPK Inhibition (2013)

Objectives : Stevia rebaudiana is a well-known herbal sweetener in the Korea, Japan and China, and its medical uses were originated from countries in South America. Although it has been shown the various medical effects of S. rebaudiana including contraception and treatment of human diseases such as hyperglycemia, it has almost not been studied about the efficacy of S. rebaudiana methanolic extract (SRE) on the acute inflammation and its action mechanism. Methods : To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of SRE, we treated SRE and examined the level of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. Results : Treatment of macrophage with LPS markedly induced the production of NO, <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX> and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pretreatment of SRE blocked the induction of inflammatory mediators and the expression of iNOS protein. More importantly, LPS-induced phosphorylation of <TEX>$I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$</TEX> was suppressed by the treatment of SRE, suggesting SRE inhibition of NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> activation. Furthermore, SRE blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs. Conclusions : SRE inhibited the induction of NO, PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Raw264.7 cells. SRE's effect may be mediated with its inhibition of NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> activation and MAPK phosphorylation, which suggests its uses as an anti-inflammatory agents.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). IgM-, IgA- and IgG- anti-PPD antibodies in active pulmonary tuberculosis. (1982)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies against purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). PPD antibodies of 44 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis were measured at admission to hospital. The control material consisted of 35 healthy blood donors. The mean antibody levels in all three immunoglobulin classes correlated to the extent of the tuberculous infection, i.e. the severer the disease the higher the mean antibody level. The mean antibody levels also were significantly higher in the tuberculosis patients than in the controls, the only exception was specific IgA antibodies in the patients with minimal disease. ELISA-positivity of the patients, i.e. positive result in at least one immunoglobulin class was as follows: 33% of the grade I, 64% of the grade II and 100% of the grade II patients.
Building the Business Case for Telematics Based Diagnostics at Mahindra Reva (2012)

Mahindra Reva began a program of developing telematics capabilities in its electric vehicles around 4 years ago. The primary motivation for considering this technology was to enable remote diagnostics capabilities for our cars that are spread over 24 countries. This paper describes the evolution of telematics enabled capabilities at Mahindra Reva. This paper is divided into four broad sections: (1) we first present a technical overview of the telematics system; (2) we then briefly describe the categories of beneficiaries of telematics and the features and benefits to each category; (3) we then present the results from a survey of our existing battery electric vehicle owners on their perceived utility for such features; (4) based on these we develop a simple cost-benefit analysis to enable investment decisions in this technology and understand the payoffs from the investment.
Molecular Logic Gates Connected through DNA Four‐Way Junctions (2010)

Simply logical: This study introduces connectable molecular logic gates made of DNA. Transfer of oligonucleotide input/output signals from gate to gate is achieved by the formation of complexes that contain DNA four-way junctions when the signal is high; these complexes disassemble when the signal is low.
544. The application of the Hofmann reaction to the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Part VII. Synthesis of pyridinopyrimidine derivatives (1949)

A. C. McLean and F. S. Spring, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 2582 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490002582
Ionic Liquids in Organic Synthesis (2007)

Ionic liquids are emerging as novel replacements for volatile organic compounds traditionally used as industrial solvents: however, little is known about how the use of an ionic liquid can affect the reactions of solute species. With their unique properties, ionic liquids may really induce significant solvent effects on a wide range of processes. In this paper, the solvent properties of ionic liquids are discussed at the light of kinetic and stereochemical studies recently performed in our laboratories on some typical organic reactions.
16S to 23S rDNA spacer fragment length polymorphism of Aeromonas sp. (2003)

We analyzed polymorphism of the PCR-amplified 16S-23S rDNA spacer of Aeromonas species. A total of 69 isolates representing 18 DNA hybridization groups were used in this study. The analysis of PCR products of 16S-23S rDNA spacers revealed patterns consisting of two to eight DNA fragments. The fragment sizes ranged from 730 to 1050 bp. DNA patterns revealed a considerable genetic diversity between species and within a species. When a procedure to eliminate heteroduplex formation was performed, the number of bands was reduced to 2-5. Nevertheless the homoduplex ISR (intergenic spacer region) patterns obtained were not useful for species distinguishing.
The Kinds of Items that Work in an Interest Activities Index (1965)

The interest items to discussed consist of brief descriptions of activities. The subject indicates whether he would like, be indifferent to, or dislike participating in each activity. Full freedom was permitted to express a liking for many activities or few, and the subjects, freshmen in their first week of college, had no particular reason to fake their responses. The list of activities carefully avoided occupational names or experiences limited to older persons; it included situations familiar to high-school students, either through direct participation or through knowing other students who participated. Thus, a student's liking for familiar activities was used to estimate his potential interest in college fields that might not familiar to him. The present study asks what particular kinds of items in an index of this type can best predict success and satisfaction in more advanced work. For example, what is the relative effectiveness of items dealing with hobbies vs. those dealing with reading, of items concerned with study in the field vs. those concerned with practice, of items about one particular content area of a field vs. those about another?
Use of Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccination (2016)

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short amino acids that have been widely used to deliver macromolecules such as proteins, peptides, DNA, or RNA, to control cellular behavior for therapeutic purposes. CPPs have been used to treat immunological diseases through the delivery of immune modulatory molecules in vivo. Their intracellular delivery efficiency is highly synergistic with the cellular characteristics of the dendritic cells (DCs), which actively uptake foreign antigens. DC-based vaccines are primarily generated by pulsing DCs ex vivo with various immunomodulatory antigens. CPP conjugation to antigens would increase DC uptake as well as antigen processing and presentation on both MHC class II and MHC class I molecules, leading to antigen specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. CPP-antigen based DC vaccination is considered a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy due to the enhanced CTL response. In this review, we discuss the various applications of CPPs in immune modulation and DC vaccination, and highlight the advantages and limitations of the current CPP-based DC vaccination.
A transparent tissue-mimicking phantom for evaluating the focusing performance of HIFU (2006)

Objective To develop an optically transparent tissue-mimicking phantom for the use of evaluating the focusing performance of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Methods The tissue-mimicking phantom was composed mainly of polyacrylamide gel and egg white as a temperature-sensitive indicator. BFR were produced in the phantom and degassed in vitro ox liver by real time ultrasound (US) imaging guided HIFU exposure. Acoustic power used was 160 W and HIFU exposure duration was 5, 7, 10 and 20 s in this experiment. The configuration of BFR induced in the phantom and degassed in vitro ox liver was observed, and the length and width of the BFR were measured. Results The formation of BFR induced in the phantom during and after HIFU could be seen by naked eye. The configuration of the BFR was ellipsoid and the corresponding US imaging was hyperechoic. The length and width of the BFR increased with the increase of the HIFU exposure duration. But at same exposure parameters, the length and width of BFR induced in the phantom was less than that in degassed ox liver. Conclusion This optically transparent tissue-mimicking phantom can be used for the evaluating HIFU focusing performance.
On-chip Debug for an Asynchronous Java Accelerator (2005)

The solution to debug a problem in a deeply embedded system is to integrate the debug and communication module inside the chip. In this paper, we propose an on-chip in-circuit emulation (ICE) architecture for debugging an asynchronous Java accelerator core which can be integrated with any existing processor and operating system. The operation of this ICE module and the debug strategy of the Java accelerator are specifically designed for asynchronous implementation. They not only facilitate the system development but also provide a manufacture test method for asynchronous chips.