gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Heart Rate Regulation in Cycle-Ergometer Exercises (2012)

The heart rate can be effectively used as a measure of the exercise intensity during long duration cycle-ergometer exercises: precisely controlling the heart rate (HR) becomes crucial especially for athletes or patients with cardiovascular/obesity problems. The aim of this letter is to experimentally show how the nonlocal and nonswitching nonlinear control that has been recently proposed in the literature for the HR regulation in treadmill exercises can be effectively applied to cycle-ergometer exercises at constant cycling speed. The structure of the involved nonlinear model for the HR dynamics in cycle-ergometer exercises is mathematically inspired by the structure of a recently identified and experimentally validated nonlinear model for the HR dynamics in treadmill exercises: the role played by the treadmill speed is played here by the work load while the zero speed case for the treadmill exercise is here translated into the cycling operation under zero work load. Experimental results not only validate the aforementioned nonlinear model but also demonstrate the effectiveness--in terms of precise HR regulation--of an approach which simply generalizes to the nonlinear framework the classical proportional-integral control design. The possibility of online modifying the HR reference on the basis of the heart rate variability (HRV) is also suggested and experimentally motivated.
New Write-Once Media Based On Te-Te02 For Optical Disks (1987)

Thin film media composed of Te-Te02 (TeOx) containing Pd additive was found to have a feasibility of being applied to high reliability data file optical disks. The carrier to noise ratio (C.N.R.) exceeds 56 dB at 1,200 r.p.m. disk rotation. The response time of saturation amplitude after a pulsed laser power irradiation was less than 300 nsec and is able to apply to high speed read verify systems. From acceleration environmental stress test results, no defect variation was observed. By the Arrhenius plot method, the disk life has been estimated to be more than 10 years at the storage environment 32 degree C, 80 %RH. The recording and degradation mechanism will be also discussed.
Thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics of water confined between hydrophobic plates (2005)

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of 512 waterlike molecules that interact via the TIP5P potential and are confined between two smooth hydrophobic plates that are separated by 1.10 nm. We find that the anomalous thermodynamic properties of water are shifted to lower temperatures relative to the bulk by approximately 40 K. The dynamics and structure of the confined water resemble bulk water at higher temperatures, consistent with the shift of thermodynamic anomalies to lower temperature. Because of this T shift, our confined water simulations (down to T=220 K) do not reach sufficiently low temperature to observe a liquid-liquid phase transition found for bulk water at T approximately 215 K using the TIP5P potential, but we see inflections in isotherms at lower temperatures presumably due to the presence of a liquid-liquid critical point. We find that the different crystalline structures that can form for two different separations of the plates, 0.7 and 1.10 nm, have no counterparts in the bulk system, and we discuss the relevance to experiments on confined water.
Measuring retrieval effectiveness based on user preference of documents (1995)

The notion of user preference is adopted for the representation, interpretation, and measurement of the relevance or usefulness of documents. User judgments on documents may be formally described by a weak order (i.e., user ranking) and measured using an ordinal scale. Within this framework, a new measure of system performance is suggested based on the distance between user ranking and system ranking. It only uses the relative order of documents and therefore confirms to the valid use of an ordinal scale measuring relevance. It is also applicable to multilevel relevance judgments and ranked system output. The appropriateness of the proposed measure is demonstrated through an axiomatic approach. The inherent relationships between the new measure and many existing measures provide further supporting evidence. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ca2+ channel-regulated neuronal gene expression (1998)

Neuronal activity is required for the survival of specific populations of neurons, for the proper synaptic organization of the visual and somatosensory cortex, and for learning and memory. The biochemical mechanisms that couple brief neuronal activity to rapid and lasting adaptive changes within the nervous system are poorly understood. Over a decade ago, it was first shown that mimicking neuronal activity by membrane depolarization rapidly induced the expression of a class of genes known as immediate early genes. Subsequently, it has been shown that neuronal activity triggers a temporal sequence of gene expression that has been suggested to play a role in mediating long-term adaptive responses. A major mechanism coupling neuronal electrical activity and the intracellular biochemical processes that culminate in gene expression is Ca2+ influx through plasma membrane Ca2+ channels. In this review, we delineate some of the reported mechanisms by which Ca2+ regulates gene expression: from its ability to activate specific intracellular signal transduction pathways to its ability to regulate the initiation, elongation, and translation of RNA transcripts. We will discuss some known mechanisms by which different patterns of Ca2+ influx, or Ca2+ influx through different types of channel, could generate distinct patterns of gene expression and how our understanding of Ca2+-regulated gene expression relates to larger questions of activity-dependent nervous system function.
Effect of Antioxidant Addition on NO<i><sub>x</sub></i> Emissions from Biodiesel (2005)

Biodiesel is a renewable, domestically produced fuel that has been shown to reduce particulate, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions from diesel engines. Biodiesel produced from certain feedstocks, however, has been shown to cause an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx), which is of particular concern in urban areas that are subject to strict environmental regulations. There are several pathways proposed that try to account for NOx formation during the combustion process, one of which is the Fenimore mechanism. In the Fenimore mechanism, it is postulated that fuel radicals formed during the combustion process react with nitrogen from the air to form NOx. We proposed that if these radical reactions could be terminated, NOx production from biodiesel combustion would decrease. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the ability of antioxidants, which are capable of terminating these kinds of radical reactions, to reduce NOx levels in biodiesel exhaust. Several antioxidants added to a 20% soy biodiesel/80% diesel fuel blend (B20) at a concentration of 1000 ppm were screened using a small, minimally instrumented diesel engine to test their ability to reduce NOx emissions. The engine used for these studies was a single cylinder, direct-injection, air-cooled, naturally aspirated Yanmar engine. The NO and NO2 in the exhaust stream were quantified using electrochemical sensors, and differences in NOx emissions from the combustion of B20 with and without antioxidant were compared. The addition of butylated hydroxyanisole or butylated hydroxytoluene reduced NOx emissions, but the other antioxidants tested did not have this effect.
A small RFID tag antenna to identify metallic objects (2008)

This letter presents the design of a small and low-profile RFID tag antenna in the UHF band that can be stuck to metallic objects. The designed tag antenna which uses a ceramic material as an antenna substrate consists of a radiating patch and microstrip lines for a proximity-coupled feeding structure, which is the structure that can easily obtain impedance matching between an antenna and a tag chip without any additional matching network. The fractional return-loss bandwidth for S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> <10 dB and radiation efficiency are about 1% and 40% at 911 MHz, respectively. The read range is approximately from 3 to 4 m when the tag antenna is mounted on a metallic surface.
Chemistry and Biology of Heme Effect of Metal Salts, Organometals, and Metalloporphyrins on Heme Synthesis and Catabolism, with Special Reference to Clinical Implications and Interactions with Cytochrome P-450 (1993)

Although free porphyrins occur in nature in small quantities, no known function has been assigned to them. In contrast, heme and cobalamin, which are Fe and Co chelates of porphyrins or porphyrin derivatives, respectively, carry out crucial biological functions. Heme is the prosthetic group for a number of hemoproteins. These include myoglobin and hemoglobin, which carry out oxygen binding or transport; mitochondrial cytochromes aa3, b, c, and c3, which are important in transferring electrons; microsomal cytochrome P-450, which catalyzes mixed-function oxidations; catalase, which decomposes H2O2; peroxidase, which activates H2O2; and tryptophan pyrrolase, which catalyzes the oxidation of tryptophan. Recently, heme has also been shown to be the prosthetic group of prostaglandin and peroxide synthetase and indoleamine dioxygenase. The elegant studies of the biochemical pathway for the formation of heme demonstrated the arrangement in the porphyrin macrocycle of the carbon and nitrogen atoms originating from the eight glycine and the succinic acid molecule that are the precursors of porphyrins. There are eight enzymes involved in the synthesis of heme. The first and last three of these enzymes are localized in mitochondria, while the intermediate enzymes are localized in cytosol. The catalytic site of HMOX recognizes metalloporphyrins with central metal atoms other than iron; it favors some of these metalloporphyrins over heme as a potential substrate, sometimes by a large factor, permitting the synthetic heme analogue to serve as a potent competitive inhibitor of HMOX reaction. Since these synthetic metalloporphyrins do not bind molecular oxygen, they are not metabolically degraded by ring rupture and do not add to the body pool of bile pigment. One possible consequence of this competitive inhibition of heme degradation is suppression of bile pigment formation to such a degree that excessive plasma levels of bilirubin may be diminished. The studies of Drummond and Kappas (1981) and later studies in rats, mice, monkeys, and man, and also our studies have proved the latter phenomenon. The compound does not appear to affect the metabolic disposition of preformed bilirubin but inhibits biliary bilirubin excretion derived from the metabolism of endogenous or exogenous heme. Whether some of the effect of Sn-PP on naturally occurring or experimentally induced jaundice in animals reflects diversion of heme to nonheme to oxygenase-dependent pathways of heme metabolism, or whether a pathway which is normally latent becomes activated concurrent with HMOX inhibition is not known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The NMR chemical shift pH measurement revisited: Analysis of error and modeling of a pH dependent reference (1996)

A standard differential calculus-based propagation of error treatment is applied to the traditional chemical-exchange Henderson-Hasselbalch NMR pH model in which the reference shift is pH independent. It is seen naturally from this analysis that (i) the error minimum in derived pH occurs in the region where pH and indicator pKa are equal and that (ii) the dynamic range, or difference between the limiting chemical shifts of acid and base forms of indicator species, determines the insensitivity of the technique to propagation of errors. To extend the useful pH range and utility of NMR pH determination methodology, a more general model is developed in which the internal reference species is also considered as having a pH-dependent chemical shift. Data from standard solution pH titrations are fitted to both models and parameters are estimated for the normally observed family of ionizable phosphorus metabolites (ATP, inorganic phosphate, phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine) and the xenometabolite 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate with either phosphocreatine, the alpha-phosphate of ATP, or H2O taken as the 31P or 1H chemical shift internal reference species as well as with an external reference.
AUSDRISK: an Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool based on demographic, lifestyle and simple anthropometric measures (2010)

Objective: To develop and validate a diabetes risk assessment tool for Australia based on demographic, lifestyle and simple anthropometric measures. Design and setting: 5-year follow-up (2004–2005) of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study (AusDiab, 1999–2000). Participants: 6060 AusDiab participants aged 25 years or older who did not have diagnosed diabetes at baseline. Main outcome measures: Incident diabetes at follow-up was defined by treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents or by fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2-hour plasma glucose level in an oral glucose tolerance test ≥ 11.1 mmol/L. The risk prediction model was developed using logistic regression and converted to a simple score, which was then validated in two independent Australian cohorts (the Blue Mountains Eye Study and the North West Adelaide Health Study) using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) and the Hosmer–Lemeshow (HL) χ2 statistic. Results: 362 people developed diabetes. Age, sex, ethnicity, parental history of diabetes, history of high blood glucose level, use of antihypertensive medications, smoking, physical inactivity and waist circumference were included in the final prediction model. The AROC of the diabetes risk tool was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.76–0.81) and HL χ2 statistic was 4.1 (P = 0.85). Using a score ≥ 12 (maximum, 35), the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for identifying incident diabetes were 74.0%, 67.7% and 12.7%, respectively. The AROC and HL χ2 statistic in the two independent validation cohorts were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.60–0.71) and 9.2 (P = 0.32), and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72–0.86) and 29.4 (P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: This diabetes risk assessment tool provides a simple, non-invasive method to identify Australian adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes who might benefit from interventions to prevent or delay its onset.
R2 C-terminal peptide inhibition of mammalian and yeast ribonucleotide reductase (1993)

Eucaryotic ribonucleotide reductases (RR) catalyze the reduction of ribonucleoside diphosphates to 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates. Each has an R1(2)R2(2) quaternary structure with each subunit playing a critical role in catalysis. Separation of the subunits results in loss of activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that peptides corresponding to the C-terminus of R2 disrupt subunit association by competion with R2 and have potential usefulness as therapeutics. Extensive structure-function studies have been carried out on peptide inhibition of herpes simplex RR in an effort to develop antiviral agents based on the observation that the herpes simplex R2 C-terminus, YAGAVVNDL, is quite different from the corresponding mammalian sequence. In this work we report a detailed structure-function analysis of peptide inhibition of mammalian and, to a more limited extent, Saccharomyces cerevisiae RRs. Our results for mammalian RR support the following conclusions with regard to the effect of substitution on inhibitory potency: (a) the N-acetylated R2 C-terminal heptapeptide N-AcPhe384Thr385Leu386Asp387Ala388Asp389Phe390 (N-AcF7TLDADF1) is the minimal core peptide length required; deletion of the N-terminus or of middle positions (resulting in penta- and hexapeptides) results in large losses in inhibitory potency; (b) a free carboxylate is required on the C-terminal Phe; (c) Phe is strongly preferred to Leu in positions 1 and 7 and a bulky aliphatic group is preferred in position 5; (d) neither negative charge in positions 2 or 4 nor a polar side chain in position 6 are required for peptide binding, contrary to what evolutionary patterns in the R2 C-terminus of RR would suggest. S. cerevisiae RR displays a similar length dependence on the corresponding N-acetylated R2 C-terminal heptapeptide, N-AcFTFNEDF. This peptide has a 4-fold higher inhibitory potency toward S. cerevisiae RR than toward mammalian RR. Such selectivity raises the possibility that peptide analogs related to R2 C-termini can be developed as therapeutic agents even against organisms having R2 C-terminal sequences similar to that of mammalian RR.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering for microwave signalmodulation depth increase in optical links (2000)

Carrier reduction from a weakly modulated optical signal is required in highly linear optoelectronic links. The proposed solution uses stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) that occurs in optical fibres to deplete the carrier and leave the modulation sidebands unchanged. A modulation depth gain of > 20 has been obtained using this method.
Reed-Muller Coding for Partial Response Channels (2005)

This paper deals with Reed-Muller (RM) coding and concatenated soft-decision decoding for binary partial-response class-IV (PRIV) channels. Block interleaved RM codewords are transmitted with preceding over the PRIV channel. In the receiver, soft-decision decoding is accomplished in two stages. An inner decoder accounts for the preceded transmission of binary symbols over the PRIV channel. Approximate log-likelihood ratios for individual code symbols are determined by a new bi-directional symbol estimation algorithm. The obtained soft information values are deinterleaved and passed to the outer decoding stage. With sufficient interleaving, these values represent the appropriate metrics for soft-decision RM decoding. An efficient suboptimal decoding algorithm based on the generalized multiple concatenation (GMC) structure of RM codes is employed. Real coding gains over uncoded transmission with maximum-likelihood sequence decoding were determined by simulation. Results are presented for various RM code parameters and degrees of interleaving. Encoder and decoder realization as well as complexity issues are addressed. A comparison with other coding schemes known for PRIV channels shows significant advantages of the scheme considered here in terms of coding gains versus decoding complexity.
Discrete sliding mode control for DC/DC converters (2002)

In this paper, a complete analysis of discrete sliding mode control for DC-DC power converters in general is presented; this analysis include the reaching condition, the proof of the existence condition of the sliding mode and stability condition. In addition, a design example for the buck converter is presented. The control scheme proposed eliminates the main problems of the sliding mode control. The presence of a digital filter reduces the settling time. Some simulation results show the digital filter effect and an overvoltage reduction at start up with a ramp reference instead of step reference.
Über die Wirkstoffe des Baldrians (1981)

C13-NMR-shifts of valepotriates show a quite characteristic dependence on type and position of the acyloxy substituents. The structure of well known and new valepotriates have been clarified.
A note on the statistical theory of photographic exposure (1960)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Zoltan Fried, "A note on the statistical theory of photographic exposure," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50, AD10_8-AD10_8 (1960) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Listen and Look: Audio–Visual Matching Assisted Speech Source Separation (2018)

Source permutation, i.e., assigning separated signal snippets to wrong sources over time, is a major issue in the state-of-the-art speaker-independent speech source separation methods. In addition to auditory cues, humans also leverage visual cues to solve this problem at cocktail parties: matching lip movements with voice fluctuations helps humans to better pay attention to the speaker of interest. In this letter, we propose an audio-visual matching network to learn the correspondence between voice fluctuations and lip movements. We then propose a framework to apply this network to address the source permutation problem and improve over audio-only speech separation methods. The modular design of this framework makes it easy to apply the matching network to any audio-only speech separation method. Experiments on two-talker mixtures show that the proposed approach significantly improves the separation quality over the state-of-the-art audio-only method. This improvement is especially pronounced on mixtures that the audio-only method fails, in which the speakers often have similar voice characteristics.
Digital control of shaft speed and position (1968)

Where speed accuracies within 0.1 percent are desired over a wide speed range, the digital approach has proved superior to the analog method. This article describes a typical hybrid digital/analog servo system used to control the speed of a dc motor. A vital part of the system is the comparator, which must combine the functions of frequency and phase discrimination and perform the transition smoothly. It is also shown how precise synchronism between two or more rotating systems, with respect to both speed and position, can be maintained, giving the effect of a ``synchronous link.''
Imaging microscopic distribution of antifungal agents in dandruff treatments with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (2017)

Treatment of dandruff condition usually involves use of antidandruff shampoos containing antifungal agents. Different antifungal agents show variable clinical efficacy based on their cutaneous distribution and bioavailability. Using stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), we mapped the distribution of unlabeled low-molecular weight antifungal compounds zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and climbazole (CBZ) on the surface of intact porcine skin with cellular precision. SRS has sufficient chemical selectivity and sensitivity to detect the agents on the skin surface based on their unique chemical motifs that do not occur naturally in biological tissues. Moreover, SRS is able to correlate the distribution of the agents with the morphological features of the skin using the CH 2 stretch mode, which is abundant in skin lipids. This is a significant strength of the technique since it allows the microscopic accumulation of the agents to be correlated with physiological features and their chemical environment without the use of counter stains. Our findings show that due to its lower solubility, ZnPT coats the surface of the skin with a sparse layer of crystals in the size range of 1 to 4 ?? ? m . This is consistent with the current understanding of the mode of action of ZnPT. In contrast, CBZ being more soluble and hydrophobic resulted in diffuse homogeneous distribution. It predominantly resided in microscopic lipid-rich crevasses and penetrated up to 60 ?? ? m into the infundibular spaces surrounding the hair shaft. The ability of the SRS to selectively map the distribution of agents on the skin’s surface has the potential to provide insight into the mechanisms underpinning the topical application of antifungal or skin-active agents that could lead to the rational engineering of enhanced formulations.
Model-based feedforward derivative compensation for prosthetic hands (2008)

Two methods of prosthetic hand control are investigated. A typical proportional force control scheme is compared to a force controller with a feedforward inertia stopping derivative term. Eleven human operators use these two controllers with an antagonist electromyogram input. The experimental feedforward force controller is found to help prevent unwanted force overshoot when initially grasping objects.