gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Characteristics of an Arbitrary Receive Antenna (2009)

Several fundamental questions about the operation of receiving antennas are addressed, such as ldquoWhy does a receiving antenna scatter an incident field?rdquo and ldquoUnder what conditions does a receive antenna capture all of the available incident power?rdquo A new method is described by which the received power can be maximized for an arbitrary receiving antenna. The technique is first illustrated for two-dimensional infinite receiving arrays of electric and/or magnetic dipole elements, which result in simple plane waves for the scattered (re-radiated) fields. Optimal results (for maximum received power) are derived for several cases, and it is established that half the available incident power may be received by an array of electric (or magnetic) elements in free space, and that all available incident power may be received by an array that combines electric and magnetic elements, or one that incorporates a ground plane. Next, an arbitrary finite three-dimensional antenna enclosed by a mathematical spherical surface is treated using spherical vector wave functions. It is shown that half the available incident power can be received by such an antenna consisting of either TM or TE only elements, while all available incident power can be received when both TM and TE elements are used. It is also shown that the absorption efficiency for any optimal arbitrary antenna is 50%.
Complete Mapping of a Cystine Knot and Nested Disulfides of Recombinant Human Arylsulfatase A by Multi-Enzyme Digestion and LC-MS Analysis Using CID and ETD (2012)

Cystine knots or nested disulfides are structurally difficult to characterize, despite current technological advances in peptide mapping with high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In the case of recombinant human arylsulfatase A (rhASA), there is one cystine knot at the C-terminal, a pair of nested disulfides at the middle, and two out of three unpaired cysteines in the N-terminal region. The statuses of these cysteines are critical structure attributes for rhASA function and stability that requires precise examination. We used a unique approach to determine the status and linkage of each cysteine in rhASA, which was comprised of multi-enzyme digestion strategies (from Lys-C, trypsin, Asp-N, pepsin, and PNGase F) and multi-fragmentation methods in mass spectrometry using electron transfer dissociation (ETD), collision induced dissociation (CID), and CID with MS(3) (after ETD). In addition to generating desired lengths of enzymatic peptides for effective fragmentation, the digestion pH was optimized to minimize the disulfide scrambling. The disulfide linkages, including the cystine knot and a pair of nested cysteines, unpaired cysteines, and the post-translational modification of a cysteine to formylglycine, were all determined. In the assignment, the disulfide linkages were Cys138-Cys154, Cys143-Cys150, Cys282-Cys396, Cys470-Cys482, Cys471-Cys484, and Cys475-Cys481. For the unpaired cysteines, Cys20 and Cys276 were free cysteines, and Cys51 was largely converted to formylglycine (>70%). A successful methodology has been developed, which can be routinely used to determine these difficult-to-resolve disulfide linkages, ensuring drug function and stability.
Fluoresence quenching between strong π-electron donor-acceptors of carbazolocarbazole and tetranitrofluorenone leading to electron transfer (1997)

Singlet energies and fluorescence quantum yields of synthesized dihydrocarbazolocarbazole, 1, dimethylcarbazolocarbazole, 2, dibenzylcarbazolocarbazole, 3, were measured to be between 76.5−74.3kcal/mol and 0.07−0.02, respectively. A Stern-Volmer plot of fluorescence quenching of dihydrocarbazolocarbazole, 1, with 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone, 4, has given a rate constant of quenching of kq=7.4×1012M−1s−1. The free energies of the exothermic electron transfer reaction are calculated to be −33.6 kcal/mol for dihydrocarbazolocarbazole, 1, and −26.8 kcal/mol for dimethylcarbazolocarbazole, 2. High values for the rate of fluorescence quenching and the free energies are the evidence for an electron transfer process between these strong π-electron donor-acceptor complexed molecules.
Application of cyclostationary and time-frequency signal analysis to car engine diagnosis (2002)

In modern car engines the angle of ignition has to be controlled adaptively to achieve high efficiency of the engine. This control process is usually based on evaluation of cylinder pressure or structural vibration signals. Due to the nature of the combustion process these signals are highly nonstationary. Therefore signal processing methods well suited to this special kind of signal has to be used. Based on real data experiments we show that a cyclostationary model is appropriate for constant rotation speed of the engine. Use of this model enables us to get a consistent estimate of the Wigner-Ville spectrum of the signals. This time-frequency representation has very good resolution and can give us information about the quality of sensor positions or about important parameters that can be used for adaptive control of the engine.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Replication Initiation Point Mapping: Approach and Implications (2009)

Duplication of eukaryotic chromosomes begins from multiple sites called origins of replication, with DNA synthesis proceeding bidirectionally away from the origin. There is little detailed information available pertaining to whether replication initiates at specific sites or anywhere within a given origin. The development of replication initiation point (RIP) mapping has made it possible to map start sites for DNA synthesis at the nucleotide level. The key step in RIP mapping is the purification of nascent DNA, which is initiated by small RNA primers. For the removal of broken DNA fragments, we utilize lambda-exonuclease, which digests DNA, but leaves nascent strands intact as long as they have the RNA primer still attached. RIP mapping is a sensitive technique and has been successfully applied to single copy loci in both budding and fission yeast, archaebacteria, and human cells. Studies in yeast have shown that the binding site for the initiator, the origin recognition complex (ORC), lies immediately adjacent to the replication start point, which suggests that ORC directs the initiation machinery to a distinct site. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for RIP mapping of replication origins in budding yeast.
Natural and Constructed Defenses in Fijian Fortifications (1998)

Rugged landscapes play a significant role in the evolution of behavioral strategies aimed at subsistence and defense. This study presents geographic information system (GIS) analyses based on prehistoric fortifications in Fiji. Utilizing variables such as the distribution of arable land, the presence/absence of defensive features, and the natural defenses inherent in topography, i.e., the accessibility of forts and their commanding views of the landscape, correlations are revealed that are indicative of the costs and benefits of fort location and construction. These in turn yield insights into the origins and frequencies of a variety of defensive and subsistence strategies, and also indicate the degree to which geography plays a role in competitive societies. KEYWORDS: fortifications, geography, GIS, competition, agricultural investment.
Enhanced plasmonic behavior of bimetallic (Ag-Au) multilayered spheres (2011)

In this article we study the plasmonic behavior of some stable, highly biocompatible bimetallic metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) and double concentric nanoshell (DCN) structures. By simply switching the material of the inner structure from Au to Ag, the intensity of their surface plasmon resonance could be increased in the optical transparency region of the human tissues up to 20 and 60 percent for the MDM and DCN, respectively, while the biocompatibility is retained. The obtained results indicate that these novel structures could be highly suitable for surface enhanced Raman scattering and photothermal cancer therapy.
Simultaneous highly selective MR water and fat imaging using a simple new type of spectral‐spatial excitation (1998)

In a recent contribution [MRM 38:269-274 (1997)], it was reported that an excitation by a series of sinc-shaped slice-selective RF pulses with binomial amplitude ratios and complete spin refocusing between consecutive pulses leads to water- or fat-selective images of high quality. A method for simultaneous water and fat imaging in multislice operation is presented based on the principle of alternated line scanning and linear superposition of several excitations. For example, a 1 - 3 - 3 - 1 pulse train with suitable interpulse delays results in a water-selective excitation, whereas a 1 - 3 - 3 - 1 train leads to a selective excitation of fat (transmitter frequency corresponds with the Larmor frequency of water protons). Phase cycling of the excitation (1 - 3 - 3 - 1 for the even line numbers in k-space, but 1 - 3 - 3 - 1 for the odd line numbers) causes a shift of n/2 lines in phase-encode direction for the fat signals in an n x m matrix. The principle of linear superposition explains why an excitation of 2 - 0 - 6 - 0 for the even lines and 0 - 6 - 0 - 2 for the odd lines results in a final image with unshifted water signals and shifted fat signals. Both water and fat portions are simultaneously exhibited and separated without any signal loss. Examples recorded by a gradient-echo sequence demonstrate the potential of the new technique that allows a reduction of up to 50% of measuring time compared with former frequency-selective imaging methods.
Effect of Alcohols on J-Aggregation of a Carbocyanine Dye (2002)

The morphology of J-aggregates formed by 3,3‘-bis(3-carboxypropyl)-5,5‘,6,6‘-tetrachloro-1,1‘-dioctylbenzimidacarbocyanine dye (C8O3) in aqueous solution upon addition of alcohols was characterized by spectroscopic methods, optical microscopy, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). With increasing concentration of methanol, ethylene glycol, 1-octanol, or 1-decanol, the well-known 3-fold split excitonic absorption spectrum of the superhelical J-aggregates obtained in the absence of alcohols is replaced by a 2-fold split spectrum (von Berlepsch et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 5255), while the circular dichroism signal generally increases. The spectral changes indicate alcohol-induced modifications of the aggregates' molecular packing. Cryo-TEM revealed that these novel J-aggregates are composed of individual bilayer-walled tubules having a diameter of 11 ± 1 nm, which are assembled to form ropelike superhelices of several micrometers in length. The superhelices' diameter is markedly increased if compared with that in the alcohol-free system.
Autoimmune diseases caused by defects in clearing dead cells and nuclei expelled from erythroid precursors (2007)

Apoptotic cells are recognized and subsequently engulfed by macrophages and immature dendritic cells. The engulfed dead cells are transported to the lysosomes of macrophages, and their components are degraded into amino acids and nucleotides for reuse. In mammals, macrophages also engulf nuclei expelled from erythroid precursors in the final stage of definitive erythropoiesis. Failure to swiftly engulf dead cells at the germinal centers of lymphoid organs causes systemic lupus erythematosus-type autoimmune diseases. In contrast, failure to efficiently degrade the DNA of dead cells or erythroid cell nuclei activates innate immunity, causing lethal anemia in the fetus and chronic arthritis in adults.
Decommodification and beyond: A Comparative Analysis of Work-Injury Programmes (2004)

This article examines work-injury programmes in different welfare states. The article’s goals are to provide a better understanding of these programmes and to further develop concepts for comparison between welfare states. Work-injury programmes are a component in the social security systems of most countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, cross-national comparative research into this field of social protection has been very limited. This article undertakes a quantitative comparison of work-injury programmes in 10 different welfare states, which represent various types of welfare regimes. Decommodification and self-development are the two key concepts that serve as a basis for the comparison and indexes measuring these two concepts are constructed. The findings of the study indicate that social-democratic welfare states, followed by Australia and Israel, have workinjury programmes with the greatest potential for decommodification and self-development. By contrast, work-injury programmes in liberal welfare states such as Britain and the United States have a low decommodifying and self-development potential.
Facile Three-Component Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines Catalyzed by Iridium(III) Complex (2006)

Abstract A convenient and efficient synthesis of substituted quinolines via a simple one-pot reaction of an aniline, an aromatic aldehyde, and an enolizable aliphatic aldehyde in the presence of the iridium catalyst [IrCl2H(cod)]2 under oxygen as an oxidant was developed. The reaction proceeds with Mannich-type imine formation followed by nucleophilic addition to give β-amino aldehydes. Dehydrative cyclization takes place to give dihydroquinoline, which is then dehydrogenated by aerobic oxidation to give 2-aryl-3-alkylquinolines. Dialkylquinolines were obtained by the reaction with anilines and aliphatic aldehydes in good yields.
Potentiation of Cisplatin-lnduced Lipid Peroxidation in Kidney Cortical Slices by Glutathione Depletion (1989)

Effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (cisplatin), an antitumor agent with a dose-limiting effect of nephrotoxicity, on lipid peroxides and glutathione (GSH) were examined in rat kidney cortical slices treated with or without diethylmaleate (DEM), a GSH depletor, in vitro. DEM (3 mM) decreased the GSH level to about 16% of the control with a concomitant increase in lipid peroxides after 90 min of incubation. The same effects were obtained with 1 mM cisplatin 90 min later. Cisplatin (1 mM) with DEM (2 mM) stimulated both the decrease in GSH and the increase in lipid peroxides 90 min after incubation. However, cisplatin with DEM markedly stimulated lipid peroxidation with a small effect on the GSH decrease by cisplatin alone 30 min after incubation, while each drug by itself did not affect lipid peroxidation. The antioxidants N,N’-diphenyl-p-phenylene-diamine (DPPD). promethazine, and ascorbic acid abolished cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation in the presence of DEM. DPPD had no effect on the depletion of GSH caused by cisplatin and DEM. Ascorbic acid and promethazine caused only a slight return towards the control level. The results suggested that cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation is due to another mechanism in addition to the GSH depletion caused by the antitumor drug.
The Multiple Acceleration of Ions to Very High Speeds (1934)

A larger model of our apparatus for the multiple acceleration of light ions, described in this journal about two years ago, has been constructed and has been in use in nuclear investigations during the past year. The larger equipment here described is capable of generating hydrogen ions with energies up to 5,000,000 volt electrons. At 3,000,000 volts, ion currents of $\frac{1}{3}$ microampere are readily obtainable and it is probable that water-cooling of the accelerators and the bombarded targets will result in considerably larger utilizable currents. The apparatus performs in a reliable manner and has many advantages for nuclear research. It is particularly fortunate that within the apparatus there are no high voltages which give rise to penetrating x-rays that interfere with observations of radiations emitted from targets bombarded by the high speed ions. The construction of an even larger apparatus, designed for the generation of hydrogen ions of about 10,000,000 volt electrons energy, has been undertaken.
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Thermal Stability of a Phytochemical Enriched Oil from Açai (<i>Euterpe oleracea</i>Mart.) (2008)

Phenolic compounds present in crude oil extracts from acai fruit ( Euterpe oleracea) were identified for the first time. The stability of acai oil that contained three concentrations of phenolics was evaluated under short- and long-term storage for lipid oxidation and phenolic retention impacting antioxidant capacity. Similar to acai fruit itself, acai oil isolates contained phenolic acids such as vanillic acid (1,616 +/- 94 mg/kg), syringic acid (1,073 +/- 62 mg/kg), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (892 +/- 52 mg/kg), protocatechuic acid (630 +/- 36 mg/kg), and ferulic acid (101 +/- 5.9 mg/kg) at highly enriched concentrations in relation to acai pulp as well as (+)-catechin (66.7 +/- 4.8 mg/kg) and numerous procyanidin oligomers (3,102 +/- 130 mg/kg). Phenolic acids experienced up to 16% loss after 10 weeks of storage at 20 or 30 degrees C and up to 33% loss at 40 degrees C. Procyanidin oligomers degraded more extensively (23% at 20 degrees C, 39% at 30 degrees C, and 74% at 40 degrees C), in both high- and low-phenolic acai oils. The hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of acai oil isolates with the highest phenolic concentration was 21.5 +/- 1.7 micromol Trolox equivalents/g, and the total soluble phenolic content was 1252 +/- 11 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg, and each decreased by up to 30 and 40%, respectively, during long-term storage. The short-term heating stability at 150 and 170 degrees C for up to 20 min exhibited only minor losses (<10%) in phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Because of its high phenolic content, the phytochemical-enriched acai oil from acai fruit offers a promising alternative to traditional tropical oils for food, supplements, and cosmetic applications.
Performance evaluation and troublesbooting of radiofrequency digital transmitters (2006)

[ENGLISH] The research activity accounted for in this Ph.D. thesis belongs to the general field of electrical and electronic measurements. The attention is focused, in particular, on performance evaluation and troubleshooting of radiofrequency digital communication transmitters, a fundamental issue in applied research and industrial production of modern communication systems. Several measurements included in testing and troubleshooting procedures utilized by major manufacturers, or included in international standards, are taken into consideration. The original contribution consists in the development of original measurement methods, based on digital signal processing, which result more reliable, and/or repeatable, and/or efficient than the publicized ones. The proposed methods are based on digital signal processing, and operate in time, frequency, time-frequency and modulation domains. Besides being based on rigorous methodological approaches, the proposed methods take advantage of an extensive experimental activity. All the proposed methods are extensively tested, by applying them to simulated, emulated and real communication signals. Measurement results are analyzed and compared to those achievable through the application of existing methods and/or instrumentation available on the market. / [ITALIANO] L’attività di ricerca oggetto della tesi rientra nel settore scientifico delle misure elettriche ed elettroniche, ed, in particolare, riguarda la valutazione delle prestazioni ed alla diagnostica dei trasmettitori digitali a radiofrequenza, una tematica centrale nell’ambito della ricerca applicata e della produzione industriale dei moderni sistemi di comunicazione. Il contributo originale del lavoro consiste nella definizione e messa a punto di un insieme di metodi originali ed innovativi, basati su elaborazione numerica dei segnali, per effettuare misurazioni fondamentali nell’ambito della verifica delle prestazioni e della diagnostica dei trasmettitori digitali. Il lavoro, che si fonda su un rigoroso approccio metodologico, si avvale di un’ampia attività sperimentale, condotta, per mezzo di stazioni di misura adeguate allo scopo ed appositamente allestite, su segnali di telecomunicazione simulati, emulati e reali. Dal confronto deI risultati sperimentali con metodi alternativi e con strumentazione disponibile sul mercato, emerge che i metodi proposti risultano più affidabili, e/o ripetibili, e/o efficienti delle soluzioni attualmente esistenti.
Hydroxylation of nitroarenes with alkylhydroperoxide anions via vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydroxylation of nitroarenes with alkylhydroperoxide anions via vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogenMieczyslaw Makosza and Krzysztof SienkiewiczCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 17, 4979–4981Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00304a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00304a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1066Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Abnormal tau induces cognitive impairment through two different mechanisms: synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss (2016)

The hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau is present in several neurodegenerative diseases, although the causal relationship remains elusive. Few mouse models used to study Alzheimer-like dementia target tau phosphorylation. We created an inducible pseudophosphorylated tau (Pathological Human Tau, PH-Tau) mouse model to study the effect of conformationally modified tau in vivo. Leaky expression resulted in two levels of PH-Tau: low basal level and higher upon induction (4% and 14% of the endogenous tau, respectively). Unexpectedly, low PH-Tau resulted in significant cognitive deficits, decrease in the number of synapses (seen by EM in the CA1 region), reduction of synaptic proteins, and localization to the nucleus. Induction of PH-Tau triggered neuronal death (60% in CA3), astrocytosis, and loss of the processes in CA1. These findings suggest, that phosphorylated tau is sufficient to induce neurodegeneration and that two different mechanisms can induce cognitive impairment depending on the levels of PH-Tau expression.
Sensitivity Derivatives for Flexible Sensorimotor Learning (2008)

To learn effectively, an adaptive controller needs to know its sensitivity derivatives--the variables that quantify how system performance depends on the commands from the controller. In the case of biological sensorimotor control, no one has explained how those derivatives themselves might be learned, and some authors suggest they are not learned at all but are known innately. Here we show that this knowledge cannot be solely innate, given the adaptive flexibility of neural systems. And we show how it could be learned using forms of information transport that are available in the brain. The mechanism, which we call implicit supervision, helps explain the flexibility and speed of sensorimotor learning and our ability to cope with high-dimensional work spaces and tools.