gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RNA interference induced by siRNAs modified with 4′‐thioribonucleosides in cultured mammalian cells (2005)

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) variously modified with 4'-thioribonucleosides against the Photinus luciferase gene were tested for their induction of the RNA interference (RNAi) activity in cultured NIH/3T3 cells. Results indicated that modifications at the sense-strand were well tolerated for RNAi activity except for full modification with 4'-thioribonucleosides. However, the activity of siRNAs modified at the antisense-strand was dependent on the position and the number of modifications with 4'-thioribonucleosides. Since modifications of siRNAs with 4'-thioribonucleosides were well tolerated in RNAi activity compared with that of 2'-O-methyl nucleosides, 4'-thioribonucleosides might be potentially useful in the development of novel and effective chemically modified siRNAs.
Passive slew rate enhancement technique for Switched-Capacitor Circuits (2019)

A passive charge compensation technique is proposed for switched capacitor circuits which increases the slew rate of its amplifiers. Higher linearity can be achieved by adding a small amount of circuitry with low power consumption. The proposed technique is implemented in a single-bit discrete time second-order delta sigma modulator in 65-nm CMOS technology, where simulation results show an improvement of 12 dB SNDR. Alternatively, the same performance can be achieved with almost half of the power consumption with charge compensation circuit activated.
Single mask, simple structure micro rotational motor driven by electrostatic comb-drive actuators (2011)

We report a design and fabrication of a new micro rotational motor (MRM) using silicon micromachining technology with the overall diameter of 2.4 mm. This motor utilizes four silicon electrostatic comb-drive actuators to drive the outer ring (or rotor) through ratchet teeth. The novel design of the anti-reverse structure helps us to overcome the gap problem after deep reactive ion etching of silicon. The MRM was fabricated by using silicon on insulator wafer with the thickness of the device layer being 30 孠and one mask only. The motor was successfully tested for performance. It was driven by periodic voltage with different frequencies ranging from 1 to 50 Hz. The angular velocity of the outer ratchet ring was proportional to the frequency. Moreover, when the driving frequency is lower than 30 Hz, the experiment results perfectly match the theoretical calculation.
Nano-ampere CMOS current reference with little temperature dependence using small offset voltage (2010)

In this paper, we propose a low-power current reference circuit with little temperature dependence for micro-power electronics applications. The current reference circuit consists of a bias-voltage subcircuit, a current-source subcircuit, and an offset-voltage generation subcircuit. The offset-voltage generation subcircuit is used to compensate for temperature dependence of the reference current. A SPICE simulation demonstrated that the circuit generates a 93-nA current, and the total power dissipation is 811 nW. The temperature coefficient of the reference current can be kept small, i.e., within 288ppm/°C, in a temperature range of -20 to 100°C.
Asymmetric direct detection of twin-SSB signals (2020)

We propose the asymmetric direct detection (ADD) of twin-single sideband (SSB) signals based on a simple receiver front-end composed of one optical filter and two photodiodes. ADD exploits the photocurrent difference between a filtered and unfiltered signal pair to reconstruct and linearize the received twin-SSB signal with a high electrical spectral efficiency (ESE). We evaluate the performance impact of the critical system parameters on ADD and demonstrate 231 Gb/s net rate 16-QAM twin-SSB transmission with 6.03 b/s/Hz ESE over an 80 km standard single-mode fiber below the ${1} \times {{10}^{ - 2}}$1×10<sup>-2</sup> hard-decision forward error correction threshold. We also found that the bit error rate performance of ADD is robust against the relative center wavelength drifting of the optical filter.
Kinematic and experimental investigation of manual resection tools for transurethral bladder tumor resection (2016)

Measures to evaluate accuracy and dexterity of TURBT from a kinematic viewpoint are presented to provide a currently missing quantified dexterity baseline in manual TURBT. Limitations in various bladder regions are illustrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OFDM carrier and sampling frequency synchronization and its performance on stationary and mobile channels (2000)

All-digital automatic frequency control (AFC) for consumer applications must be both reasonably simple and effective in all kinds of environments. This paper presents the AFC synchronization strategy and algorithms implemented in a DVB-T compliant single-chip CMOS device for COFDM terrestrial digital TV reception previously developed by Fechtel, Schollhorn, Speth, Fock and Schotten (see ibid. vol.44, no.3, p.1012-18, 1998) and gives results on AFC performance in both stationary and mobile environments.
Primary gastrin cell hyperplasia (1984)

Primary gastrin cell hyperfunction of the gastric antrum as a clinical syndrome consists of basal hypergastrinemia, an exaggerated gastrin response to feeding, the absence of any ectopic source of gastrin secretion, and peptic ulcer disease. The number of G-cells were quantitated in the gastric antrum of five patients with clinically diagnosed primary G-cell hyperfunction, and the results were compared to controls with a variety of gastric diseases. Patients with the clinical diagnosis of primary G-cell hyperfunction had a significantly increased number of antral G-cells (p less than 0.05). The clinical syndrome of primary G-cell hyperplasia appears to be associated with hyperplasia of G-cells rather than with the hypersecretion of gastrin by a normal number of G-cells.
Growth-inducing effects of argon plasma on soybean sprouts via the regulation of demethylation levels of energy metabolism-related genes (2017)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of argon plasma on the growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sprouts and investigate the regulation mechanism of energy metabolism. The germination and growth characteristics were modified by argon plasma at different potentials and exposure durations. Upon investigation, plasma treatment at 22.1 kV for 12 s maximized the germination and seedling growth of soybean, increasing the concentrations of soluble protein, antioxidant enzymes, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as well as up-regulating ATP a1, ATP a2, ATP b1, ATP b2, ATP b3, target of rapamycin (TOR), growth-regulating factor (GRF) 1-6, down-regulating ATP MI25 mRNA expression, and increasing the demethylation levels of the sequenced region of ATP a1, ATP b1, TOR, GRF 5, and GRF 6 of 6-day-old soybean sprouts. These observations indicate that argon plasma promotes soybean seed germination and sprout growth by regulating the demethylation levels of ATP, TOR, and GRF.
Robust mucosal-homing antibody-secreting B cell responses induced by intramuscular administration of adjuvanted bivalent human norovirus-like particle vaccine (2014)

The data suggest that a single dose of the IM bivalent norovirus vaccine is effective in activating pre-existing B cell memory. The rapid B cell response and the mucosal homing phenotype of induced ASCs are consistent with anamnestic responses in subjects primed by prior oral norovirus infection. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01609257.
Real-time inspection system for printed circuit boards (2002)

The PCB inspection system presented in this paper can detect defects including the breaks in the wires and short circuit and is significantly faster when compared to the existing techniques. The proposed inspection method is based on referential matching between the stored reference image and the test (observed) image. Block matching is performed to solve the misalignment in referential matching. In order to reduce the computational complexity, we implement the proposed algorithm using the single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions, so called SSE2.
Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders? (2005)

The pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) currently represents a major medical challenge. The mechanisms involved in the apoptotic neuronal cell death, associated with such disorders, are still not clear, but recent data suggest that cyclindependent kinases (CDKs) play a prominent role (Liu et al., 2003). Canonical CDKs such as CDK2 and CDK4/CDK6 are enzymes associated with cyclin regulatory subunits that control cell cycle progression. The evidence that neurons in postmortem brain tissue from patients with neurodegenerative diseases express CDKs, supports to the hypothesis that re-entry into the cell cycle could be an apoptotic pathway involved in the neurodegenerative process. Several authors suggest that the transcription factor E2F-1 function as a link between the cell cycle and apoptosis in neurons. Additionally the expression of CDK5 has been demonstrated in postmortem brain tissue from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. CDK5 is an atypical CDK, that does not require association with a cyclin and is not implicated in the cell cycle progression. Instead, it is associated with the neuronal co-activators p35 and p39, and is required for neuronal development, axonal outgrowth, learning and memory. Recent evidence also points to a leading role for CDK5/p25 in apoptosis and neurodegeneration. CDK inhibitors such as flavopiridol and roscovitine are being developed and tested in clinical trials as novel antineoplasic agents. Thus, due to the implication of CDKs in neuronal apoptosis, a new application of these drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is suggested.
Neurotrophin 3 is a mitogen for cultured neural crest cells. (1992)

Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) promotes the survival and induces neurite outgrowth from a subset of neural crest (NC) and placode-derived neurons. We now report that this growth factor regulates the proliferation of cultured NC progenitor cells grown in a serum-free defined medium. In cultures of somites containing NC cells at migratory stages, NT-3 promotes a 2- to 8.4-fold increase in the number of NC cells incorporating [3H]thymidine into nuclei and a 1.8- to 4.8-fold increase in NC cell number compared to controls without added factor. NT-3 also promoted, to a lesser extent, the proliferation of NC cells in homogeneous cultures established from NC clusters. In addition to its effect on NC cells, NT-3 was mitogenic to somite cells in the mixed NC/somite cultures. These data demonstrate that NT-3 can act directly on the NC cells. They also indicate that the response of NC cells to NT-3 may be modulated by the presence of somitic cells. We suggest that NT-3 may be one of the central nervous system-derived factors that mediate NC cell proliferation in vivo.
MYC Is Activated by USP2a-Mediated Modulation of MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer (2012)

The deubiquitinating enzyme USP2a has previously been shown to be oncogenic, overexpressed in almost half of human prostate adenocarcinomas, and prolongs the half-life of targets such as fatty acid synthase, MDM2, and cyclin D1. Here, we highlight a new mechanism by which USP2a enhances MYC levels through the modulation of specific subsets of microRNAs in prostate cancer, suggesting alternative therapeutic strategies for targeting MYC.
Fully optical and electrically interfaced, monolithic 1 &amp;#215; 12 array of In<inf>0.53</inf>Ga<inf>0.47</inf>As/InP p-i-n photodiodes (1984)

We describe the fabrication of monolithically integrated, 1 × 12 arrays of In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</inf> As/InP photodiodes. These devices are fully electrically and optically interfaced, and are useful for fiber-optic system applications. The dark current of each diode at -5 V is 80% at 1.3 µm for the diodes. These are, to our knowledge, the first such devices made for use in long-wavelength, optical fiber systems.
Influence of exercise on clearance of oxidant stress products and loosely bound iron. (1993)

The significance of free radical chemistry within the exercise and post-exercise milieu is not yet well understood. It is yet to be determined whether adequate biochemical defense mechanisms exist to protect the organism from oxygen-centered radicals generated by exercise. Rats trained at 70% VO2peak for 6 wk were compared with controls after an exhaustive run. Post-exhaustion urinary malondialdehyde, gastrocnemius loosely bound iron, and susceptibility to oxidant stress were assessed. Exhaustive exercise resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in urinary malondialdehyde, tissue loosely bound iron, and susceptibility to oxidative stress in both control and trained rats. The untrained group's tissue iron and susceptibility to oxidative stress were both significantly greater than trained rats. Electrical stimulation of perfused hindquarters of untrained and trained rats resulted in a significant increase of malondialdehyde into the perfusate. Trained rats cleared the malondialdehyde from the perfusate more rapidly than did the untrained.
Sequence requirements for stabilization of a peptide reverse turn in water solution (1998)

To probe the sequence requirements for stabilization of a reverse turn conformation in a short peptide in water solution, the behavior of two series of peptides was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The peptides have the general sequences XPGDV and AXGDV, where X is a representative subset of all 20 naturally occurring amino acids. The residues chosen at positions 3 and 4, Gly and Asp, respectively, were shown to give the greatest population of reverse turns in a previous study [Dyson, H. J., Rance, M., Houghten, R. A., Lerner, R. A. & Wright, P. E. (1988) J. Mol. Biol. 201, 161-200]. Within this framework, the identity of the first residue of the turn (X in XPGDV) does not greatly influence the turn population, although a small but significant increase is observed for residues such as Ala which have a preference for backbone conformations in the alpha region of (phi,psi) space. The series AXGDV was initially studied for completeness only, since it was expected that the turn would not be stabilized in such a small linear peptide in the absence of proline. In contrast, it appears that a significant population of type II turn conformations is to be found in peptides in the series AXGDV, although proline remains one of the most favorable residues at position 2. These results indicate that while residues at all positions within the turn can influence the turn population, the presence of Gly-Asp as the third and fourth members of the sequence gives a strong bias towards type II turn formation regardless of the residues at positions 1 and 2. Our results give a final prediction that the sequence with the highest intrinsic propensity for turn formation is APGD.
Huzhangoside A Suppresses Tumor Growth through Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Activity (2019)

Aerobic glycolysis is one of the important metabolic characteristics of many malignant tumors. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) plays a key role in aerobic glycolysis by phosphorylating the E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Hence, PDHK has been recognized as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Here, we report that huzhangoside A (Hu.A), a triterpenoid glycoside compound isolated from several plants of the <i>Anemone</i> genus, acts as a novel PDHK inhibitor. Hu.A was found to decrease the cell viability of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B, colon cancer HT-29, DLD-1, and murine lewis lung carcinoma LLC cell lines. The activity of PDHK1 was decreased by Hu.A in both in vitro assays and in vivo assays in DLD-1 cells. Hu.A significantly increased the oxygen consumption and decreased the secretory lactate levels in DLD-1 cells. In addition, Hu.A interacted with the ATP-binding pocket of PDHK1 without affecting the interaction of PDHK1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) subunits. Furthermore, Hu.A significantly induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential in DLD-1 cells. Consistently, when Hu.A was intraperitoneally injected into LLC allograft mice, the tumor growth was significantly decreased. In conclusion, Hu.A suppressed the growth of tumors in both in vitro and in vivo models via inhibition of PDHK activity.
An expert virtual instrument approach to the automated, data dependent MS/MS and LC/MS/MS analysis of proteins. (2000)

Mass spectrometry has become an indispensable analytical tool for studies related to the structure and function of peptides and proteins. The variety of analytical methods, the range of instrument capabilities, and the complexity of the data obtained make it difficult for most laboratories to acquire the necessary expertise to make optimal use of their instrumentation.We describe an expert system approach to automating specific types of analyses in a way that makes it easier to transfer the capability to do specific experiments to other laboratories. Central to the approach is the creation of a computer program (ie, a virtual instrument) that controls the operation of physical components, analyzes incoming data, automatically adjusts instrument parameters to achieve the goal of the analysis, and reports the results. By interacting with the mass spectrometer through the computer operating system, it is possible to add useful functions to the system without altering any of the manufacturer-controlled data system software. The usefulness of this approach is illustrated by the automation of experiments to confirm the sequences of synthetic peptides and perform LC/MS/MS peak parking experiments and real-time database searches.
Hermite wavelets for multicarrier data transmission (2002)

The performance of Hermite wavelets as carriers in a digital subscriber loop (DSL) system is evaluated by means of a computer simulation model. The transmission medium, various types of interference and a nearly complete implementation of the transmitter and receiver functions are modelled and simulated. Within this simulation framework, a direct comparison is possible between Hermite wavelet multicarrier modulation (MCM) and sinusoidal MCM, allowing a realistic assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Exploring Engineering: An Introduction to Engineering and Design (2009)

Engineers solve problems, and work on emerging challenges in a wide range of areas important to improving quality of life; areas like sustainable energy, access to clean water, and improved communications and health care technologies. Kosky et. al. explore the world of engineering by introducing the reader to what engineers do, the fundamental principles that form the basis of their work, and how they apply that knowledge within a structured design process. The three part organization of the text reinforces these areas, making this an ideal introduction for anyone interested in exploring the various fields of engineering and learning how engineers work to solve problems. * NEW: Additional discussions on what engineers do, and the distinctions among engineers, technicians, and managers (Chapter 1) * NEW: Re-organized and updated chapters in Part II to more closely align with specific engineering disciplines * NEW: New chapters on emerging fields of engineering, including Bioengineering and Green Energy Engineering * NEW: Discussions of Design for Six Sigma integrated into Part III on the design process * An Engineering Ethics Decision Matrix is introduced in Chapter 1 and used throughout the book to pose ethical challenges and explore ethical decision-making in an engineering context * Lists of Top Engineering Achievements and Top Engineering Challenges help put the material in context and show engineering as a vibrant discipline involved in solving societal problems
The decarboxylation of malic acid by <i>Lactobacillus arabinosus</i> (1951)

A simple but efficient filter for transmitting the short- wave ultraviolet light from a mercury arc lamp may be made from two 25 ml. fused silica round-bottomed flasks (Vitreosil T/A4/407). One contains the cobalt- nickel solution (CoSO4. 7H20 100 g. + NiSO4. 7H20 350 g./l.) and is placed with its centre about 7-5 cm. from the mercury lamp and acts as a lens, forming an image of the lamp about 7-5-8 cm. on the other side. It is stopped down to about 30 mm. diameter by two diaphragms which may be cut in a sheet of metal which is then bent into a U-shape, and the flask pushed in so that the holes grip it. The second flask, which has a glass stopper ground in, is filled with dry chlorine gas. The stopper is greased with vaseline and may with advantage be made hollow so that it can hold some anhydrous calcium chloride held in place with a little glass wool. This flask is so placed that the image of the lamp is formed in its centre, in which position the light passes through
Amino acid sequence of the phosphorylation site of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. (1986)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has properties similar to other gluconeogenic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases, but an unusual characteristic of the yeast enzyme is that it can be phosphorylated in vitro by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation also occurs in vivo, presumably as part of a signalling mechanism for the enzyme's degradation. To probe the structural basis for the phosphorylation of yeast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, we have developed an improved procedure for the purification of the enzyme and then performed sequence studies with the in vitro-phosphorylated protein as well as with tryptic and chymotryptic peptides containing the phosphorylation site. As a result of these studies, we have determined that yeast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase has the following 24-residue NH2-terminal amino acid sequence: Pro-Thr-Leu-Val-Asn-Gly-Pro-Arg-Arg-Asp-Ser-Thr-Glu-Gly- Phe-Asp-Thr-Asp-Ile-Ile-Thr-Leu-Pro-Arg. The site of phosphorylation is located at Ser-11 in the above sequence. The amino acid sequence around the site of phosphorylation contains the sequence - Arg-Arg-X-Ser- associated with many of the better substrates of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The sequence of residues 15-24 above is highly homologous with the sequence of residues 6-15 of pig kidney fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, showing 7 out of 10 residues in identical positions. The yeast enzyme, however, has a dissimilar NH2-terminal region which extends beyond the NH2 terminus of mammalian fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases and contains a unique phosphorylation site.
PMMA copolymers as high sensitivity electron resists (1979)

Copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid have been shown to have higher sensitivity and thermal stability than PMMA as electron resists. A new method is presented which allows further sensitivity improvement through the use of multiple resist layers consisting of PMMA and copolymers of PMMA or entirely copolymers with different methacrylic acid content. Such combinations allow electron resist sensitivity as high as 2×10−6C/cm2 with temperature stability of over 160°C.