gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct optimization approach for lithographic process conditions (2007)

We present a semiautomatic procedure for the optimization of lithographic process conditions. In the regime of resolution enhancement techniques such as optical proximity correction, off-axis illumination, and phase shifting masks, the design of lithographic photomasks and illumination sources becomes increasingly intricate. Earlier "what you see is what you get" (WYSIWYG) approaches cannot be applied anymore. Instead, the employment of sophisticated design optimization tools is inevitable. In contrast to related efforts using an inverse problem formulation to address this goal, the approach presented here can be considered a direct method: mask and illumination layouts are mutually altered, evaluated, and improved, using an heuristic search algorithm. Thus, not only does this method require very little a priori knowledge of the process, it also allows for a very flexible problem formulation, enabling an easy integration of different model options or even process steps. As an underlying optimization algorithm of the presented procedure, a genetic algorithm has been used, whose flow, data representation, and basic operations are discussed briefly. Different representation types for both mask and illumination setups and the formulation of the optimization objectives are explained in detail. Various well-performing mask and illumination settings demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach and point out further potentials: in contrast to single problem specific approaches, this method is applicable to a great variety of different complex optimization tasks in advanced lithography.
Passive In Situ Remediation of Metal-Polluted Water with Caustic Magnesia:  Evidence from Column Experiments (2003)

Passive remediation consists of a permeable system that enables the water to pass through while retaining metals by means of biogeochemical reactions. Conventional passive treatments are based on calcite dissolution. This increases the pH to values between 6 and 7, which are insufficiently high to precipitate divalent metals. Alternative treatments are based on sulfate reduction with organic matter in order to precipitate metal sulfides. However, redox reactions are usually too slow to treat large groundwater flows as currently found in gravel aquifers (>50 m/a). Caustic magnesia obtained from calcination of magnesium carbonate was tested as an alternative material to devising passive remediation systems. Caustic magnesia reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide, which dissolves, increasing the pH to values higher than 8.5. Then zinc and lead are mainly precipitated as hydroxides, copper is precipitated as hydroxysulfate, and manganese(II) is oxidized and precipitated as manganese(III) oxides. Thus, metal concentrations as high as 75 mg/L in the inflowing water are depleted to values below 0.04 mg/L. Magnesia dissolution is sufficiently fast to treat flows as high as 100 m/a. The new precipitates may lead to a permeability drop in the porous treating system. Mixtures of caustic magnesia and an inert material such as silica sand (approximately 50% of each) have been shown to be as reactive as pure magnesia and permeable for a longer time (more than 10 months and 1000 pore vol).
Effects of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin on Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Matrix Calcification in Rabbit Growth-Plate Chondrocyte Cultures (1990)

The effects of PTH and calcitonin (CT) on the expression of mineralization-related phenotypes by chondrocytes were examined. In cultures of pelleted growth-plate chondrocytes. PTH caused 60-90% decreases in alkaline phosphatase activity, the incorporation of 45Ca into insoluble material, and the calcium content during the post-mitotic stage. These effects of PTH were dose-dependent and reversible. In contrast, CT increased alkaline phosphatase activity, 45Ca incorporation into insoluble material, and the calcium content by 1.4- to 1.8-fold. These observations suggest that PTH directly inhibits the expression of the mineralization-related phenotypes by growth-plate chondrocytes, and that CT has the opposite effects.
A Simple Turbulent Mixing CNC for Charged Particle Detection Down to 1.2 nm (2003)

A simple modification of the turbulent mixing condensation nucleus counter (CNC) of Okuyama et al. enables it to grow positively charged particles/ions with diameters smaller than 1.2 nm (1.7 nm mobility diameter) into visible drops. The design is simpler than its predecessor of Gamero and Fernandez de la Mora and has lower inlet losses, though the activation efficiency curve for monodisperse particles exhibits two steps, leading to an inferior resolution when the CNC is used as a particle sizer. Successful activation of such small objects by dibutyl phthalate vapor condensation is highly dependent on achieving good thermal control in the sections of the CNC prior to and including the mixing point.
Soft-decision decoding of linear block codes using preprocessing (2004)

In this paper, two universally applicable preprocessing rules are developed to improve iterative receding algorithms that utilize the most reliable basis (MRB), while focusing on order-w reprocessing. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm successfully decodes the Reed-Solomon concatenated code in near optimal manner at a block-error-rate with the maximum number of candidate codewords.
Effects and mechanisms of Cryptotanshinone on rats with adjuvant arthritis. (2011)

These results indicate that CT may exert its anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects through inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Non-invasive detection of crizotinib resistance in <i>ALK-</i>rearranged lung adenocarcinoma directs treatment with next-generation ALK inhibitors. (2016)

e20643 Background: Somatic mutations (SNVs) in ALK are a common mechanism of resistance to crizotinib, and may respond to next-generation ALK inhibitors. Historically, identification of these ALK SNVs required repeat tissue biopsies because they are absent in pre-treated tissue samples. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) next-generation sequencing (NGS) may provide a non-invasive way to identify these SNVs. Methods: Guardant360 is a ctDNA NGS test that sequences complete exons in the ALK gene and the intronic breakpoints needed to identify ALK fusions. It includes other guideline-recommended somatic genomic targets: SNVs in 70 genes, select fusions, indels and amplifications. Results: In the first 10,000 advanced-solid-cancer patients (pts) tested by Guardant360, ALK SNVs and fusions were detected in 6% of pts. EML4 was the most common ALK fusion partner (81%); STRN (9%), KIF5B (5%), VCL (2.5%), KCL (2.5%). Among 24 pts with ALK-fusion-driven lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), mutant allele fraction (MAF) of ALK fusion ranged from 0.06% to 12.5%. We found several co-occurring SNVs, of which 10% were known resistance SNVs in ALK (detected in 4 pts): F1174C/V (3), G1202R (2), L1198F (1), I1171T (1), and L1196M (1). We also found co-occurring SNVs in other genes that are absent in treatment-naïve pts, suggesting possible novel crizotinib-resistance mechanisms. ALK L1198F, a rare alteration shown to re-sensitize to crizotinib, was detected in a patient who expired before re-treatment. In a case with serial draws, pre-treated ALK fusion MAF was 0.91%; at progression, ALK fusion MAF was 0.4% and F1174C was detected at 1.0%. Tissue results from both time points were concordant with ctDNA. The patient started alectinib in January 2016, and response scans are pending. Conclusions: We comprehensively cataloged mutations that likely arose at progression in ALK-fusion-positive LUAD pts treated with crizotinib, including five well-described crizotinib-resistance alterations. These results add to the growing body of literature demonstrating that comprehensive ctDNA assays provide a non-invasive means of detecting known and novel resistance mechanisms that inform treatment decisions.
Adenosine improves recovery of postischemic myocardial function via an adenosine A1 receptor mechanism (1992)

The effects of adenosine in the nonischemic heart have been shown to be mediated via its binding to extracellular adenosine A1 and A2 receptors located predominantly on myocytes and endothelial cells, respectively. We tested the hypothesis that the beneficial effect of adenosine on postischemic myocardial function is mediated via an adenosine A1 receptor mechanism. Isolated rat hearts perfused at constant pressure (85 cmH2O) were subjected to 30 min of global no-flow ischemia (37 degrees C) and 45 min of reperfusion. Hearts treated with adenosine (100 microM) and the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA; 0.25 microM) recovered 72 +/- 4 and 70 +/- 4% of preischemic left ventricular developed pressures (LVDP), respectively, after 45 min of reperfusion compared with untreated hearts (54 +/- 3% of preischemic LVDP). Adenosine and CHA hearts exhibited greater myocardial ATP contents than control hearts after 10 min of ischemia, but there were no differences in tissue ATP levels after 30 min of ischemia. In contrast, hearts treated with the adenosine A2 receptor agonist phenylaminoadenosine (0.25 microM) failed to demonstrate improved postischemic function (52 +/- 5%). The addition of the A1-selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine blocked the cardioprotective effect of adenosine (57 +/- 4%). These results suggest that adenosine enhances postischemic myocardial function via an A1 receptor mechanism.
Measurement and modeling of infrared imaging systems at conditions of reduced visibility (fog) for traffic applications (1994)

This paper addresses the feasibility and operational application of different infrared (IR) imaging systems in road traffic to improve security of individual motor vehicles at conditions of low visibility, especially in fog. Extensive field measurements were carried out at different weather conditions, mainly fog and haze, utilizing three IR imaging sensors in different spectral bands in the near and thermal infrared. Additionally, a CCD camera in the visible band was used for comparison purposes. Measurements were performed on public roads and a test road which was equipped with heated and unheated radiation reference sources and thermal beacons. Furthermore, the atmospheric spectral transmission and relevant meteorological and aerosol parameters were measured. A mathematical model, SIMIS (simulation model for IR scenes), was developed and applied to generate and analyze thermal images of the test road. The spectral dependencies and radiation properties of fog and haze were modelled with LOWTRAN 7. Apparent radiances, temperatures, and contrasts of the references sources were simulated as a function of distance. The contrast transmission and effective IR visibility was derived and compared to the measured IR-imaging sensor data. From the analysis an assessment of the performance of IR-imaging sensors at fog conditions has been deduced.
Geodesic‐Controlled Developable Surfaces for Modeling Paper Bending (2007)

Abstract We present a novel and effective method for modeling a developable surface to simulate paper bending in interactive and animation applications. The method exploits the representation of a developable surface as the envelope of rectifying planes of a curve in 3D, which is therefore necessarily a geodesic on the surface. We manipulate the geodesic to provide intuitive shape control for modeling paper bending. Our method ensures a natural continuous isometric deformation from a piece of bent paper to its flat state without any stretching. Test examples show that the new scheme is fast, accurate, and easy to use, thus providing an effective approach to interactive paper bending. We also show how to handle non‐convex piecewise smooth developable surfaces.
Comparison of swabbing and biopsy for studying the flora of the bovine uterus. (1984)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of uterine biopsy as a sampling procedure for bacteriological examination, and to assess the importance of obligate anaerobes in the bovine uterus. The aerobic and anaerobic uterine flora of cows with postpartum metritis, cows in postpartum period without metritis and repeat-breeder cows was examined by using swab and biopsy sampling techniques. Obligate anaerobes were isolated in all the 11 cows with postpartum metritis and in three of the five normal cows. No obligate anaerobes were isolated from the six repeatbreeder cows. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the number of bacterial isolates obtained from samples collected by biopsy and by swabbing. A total of 72 isolates was obtained with the biopsies compared to 48 by swabbing. Obligate anaerobes make up an important part of the postpartum uterine bacterial flora, and it seems that in some instances uterine biopsy would be more satisfactory than swabbing for bacteriological examination of the uterus.
Micro-flow photosynthesis of new dienophiles for inverse-electron-demand Diels–Alder reactions. Potential applications for pretargeted in vivo PET imaging (2016)

Pretargeted PET imaging has emerged as an effective two-step <i>in vivo</i> approach that combines the superior affinity and selectivity of antibodies with the rapid pharmacokinetics and favorable dosimetry of smaller molecules radiolabeled with short-lived radionuclides. This approach can be based on the bioorthogonal inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction between tetrazines and <i>trans</i>-cyclooctene (TCO) derivatives. We aimed to develop new [<sup>18</sup>F]TCO-dienophiles with high reactivity for IEDDA reactions, and favorable <i>in vivo</i> stability and pharmacokinetics. New dienophiles were synthesized using an innovative micro-flow photochemistry process, and their reaction kinetics with a tetrazine were determined. <i>In vivo</i> stability and biodistribution of the most promising <sup>18</sup>F-radiolabeled-TCO-derivative (<b>[<sup>18</sup>F]3</b>) was investigated, and its potential for <i>in vivo</i> pretargeted PET imaging was assessed in tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrated that <b>[<sup>18</sup>F]3</b> is a suitable dienophile for IEDDA reactions and for pretargeting applications.
Noncontact temperature measurement. I. Interpolation based techniques (1991)

Various ratio pyrometry techniques (two, three, and four color) are analyzed and shown to possess hitherto unknown sources of error under certain conditions. These conditions are shown to arise quite frequently. The ratio method is shown to be better suited to the shorter wavelengths. It has been shown, for various emissivities, that the predicted temperature has an asymptote at some wavelength. Ratio pyrometry methods are shown to be very sensitive to measurement noise and this sensitivity grows quickly with the number of terms in the ratio. The effect of a reference temperature in the system is examined and it is shown that under certain conditions this reference temperature can be used to make accurate predictions regarding the temperature elsewhere in the system even if the emissivity changes.
Nuclear Orphan Receptor as a Repressor of Glucocorticoid Receptor Transcriptional Activity (1996)

Nuclear orphan receptors belong to the superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that show a close structural relationship and sequence homology. Ligands and functions of most of the orphan receptors have not yet been identified. The first nuclear orphan receptors that were cloned displayed a high degree of amino acid identity with the human estrogen receptor and were termed estrogen receptor-related (ERR) 1 and 2. In the present study, we show that ERR2 functions as a potent repressor of transcriptional activity mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Transient transfection of different cell lines with a steroid-responsive reporter plasmid and receptor expression plasmids revealed that transcriptional activity mediated by GR in response to agonists was strongly suppressed by coexpression of ERR2. The orphan receptor displayed no promoter activity when expressed without GR. The inhibitory activity of ERR2 is cell-specific and also receptor-specific because transactivation mediated by the progesterone receptor is unaffected by ERR2. Our observations provide evidence that the nuclear orphan receptor ERR2 acts as an endogenous modulator of GR transcriptional activity.
<i>(Invited)</i> Selective Etches for Gate-All-Around (GAA) Device Integration: Opportunities and Challenges (2019)

This paper addresses the opportunities and challenges of wet and dry selective etches in the integration of gate-all-around (GAA) field-effect transistor (FET), which is emerging as a promising solution to replace FinFET for the advanced logic devices. For the GAA device fabrication, a quintessential challenge is a controlled isotropic etching of dielectrics, semiconductors, and metals with high selectivity to the exposed materials. In this paper, the significance of the unit process modules in the GAA device integration: shallow trench isolation (STI), inner spacer formation, replacement metal gate (RMG) and self-aligned interconnect in the middle-of-line (MOL) and the back-end-of-line (BEOL), will be discussed.
Hot Carriers in Quantum Wells for Photovoltaic Efficiency Enhancement (2014)

In a hot carrier solar cell, the steady-state carrier population is hot relative to the surrounding lattice. This requires an absorber material which restricts carrier–phonon interaction and, therefore, reduces entropic loss during thermalization. The limiting efficiency of these devices approaches 85%: the Carnot limit for a solar energy collector. A spectroscopic analysis of GaAsP/InGaAs quantum well structures shows that carrier cooling in single quantum well samples is dominated by the rate of radiative recombination, leading to unprecedented carrier cooling lifetime ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\tau = \hbox{5.8} \pm \hbox{0.1}$</tex></formula> ns). This exceptional lifetime arises due to state saturation, frustrating the carrier scattering processes. A steady-state carrier population temperature <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$>$</tex></formula> 100 K above the lattice temperature is measured under illumination equivalent to 10 000 Suns. We calculate the projected efficiency <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$>$</tex></formula> 40% for a device with these characteristics, amounting to a 3% efficiency enhancement over equivalent single-junction devices.
Shape from periodic texture using the eigenvectors of local affine distortion (2001)

Shows how the local slant and tilt angles of regularly textured curved surfaces can be estimated directly, without the need for iterative numerical optimization. We work in the frequency domain and measure texture distortion using the affine distortion of the pattern of spectral peaks. The key theoretical contribution is to show that the directions of the eigenvectors of the affine distortion matrices can be used to estimate local slant and tilt angles of tangent planes to curved surfaces. In particular, the leading eigenvector points in the tilt direction. Although not as geometrically transparent, the direction of the second eigenvector can be used to estimate the slant direction. The required affine distortion matrices are computed using the correspondences between spectral peaks, established on the basis of their energy ordering. We apply the method to a variety of real-world and synthetic imagery.
The effect on egg-shell thickness of the inclusion of the calcinogenic plant Solanum malacoxylon in the diet of laying hens. (1977)

In clinical situations, the mechanical performances of dental structures--for example, composite restorations--depend on many factors. Most of them have a probabilistic character. Because composites are brittle materials, their strength should also be considered as a probabilistic quantity. For successful prediction of mechanical failure of structures consisting of these materials, a probabilistic approach is indispensable, and a suitable definition of equivalent stress must be introduced. An equivalent stress facilitates the transfer of strength data of laboratory specimens to situations where the stress state is much more complicated. The tensile and compressive strengths of composites differ considerably. Of two equivalent stress definitions that potentially describe this experimental fact (the Drucker-Prager and the Modified von Mises equivalent stress), the predictive capacity was investigated for a microfine composite. In a probabilistic approach to failure, use of the Drucker-Prager equivalent stress appeared to be superior, because the average failure load of notched beams was predicted with an error smaller than 8%.
Advanced energy management for home use (1989)

A novel system for controlling the electrical energy utilization in homes or small businesses is described. The developments include a telephone to power line carrier interface unit, a new electric meter that measures energy with variable pricing, and an energy controller that modifies use depending on price. The system provides for the marketing of electrical energy based on a supply/demand relationship using a real-time variable pricing scheme. A unique interface allows the customer to adjust energy utilization for heating or cooling, depending on comfort needs and the current price. Other electrical appliances such as electric water heaters can also be controlled automatically and optimally to achieve the lowest energy cost. A personal computer interface allows access to more detailed information and provides a means to personalize the system to a greater degree. The philosophy of this approach has been demonstrated, during field trials, to achieve the desired result of shifting some of the load from the peak to the valley. At the same time the users learned to use the system to lower their electric bills.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple shRNA combinations for near-complete coverage of all HIV-1 strains (2011)

By considering the intersecting conservations of shRNA combinations we have shown that it is possible to assemble combinations of 6 and 7 highly active, highly conserved shRNAs such that there is always at least 4 shRNAs within each combination covering all currently known variants of entire HIV-1 subtypes. By extension, it may be possible to combine several combinations for complete global coverage of HIV-1 variants.
Wax‐based delivery systems: Preparation, characterization, and food applications (2020)

The development of lipid-based delivery systems has attracted much attention over the last years and a wide variety of strategies and formulations are currently available to encapsulate, protect, and target delivery of bioactive and functional lipophilic constituents within the food and pharmaceutical industries. Waxes are crystalline lipid material, consisting of a complex mixture of long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones and show great promises as constituents of carrier systems. Most of waxes are classified under food-grade category and show high availability at a low cost. This review article has provided a comprehensive summary of research on major carriers containing wax as one of the main constituents, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, oleogels, and Pickering emulsions, with a focus on their food applications. The physical and chemical nature of natural waxes are described in the first while the second part deals with the structure, formulation, main methods of preparation, characterization, and finally utilization of each type of wax-based delivery system for specific food applications.