gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Epichlorohydrin in the Presence of Ethylene Glycol (1985)

Cationic ring-opening polymerization of epichlorohydrin, using triethyloxonium hexafluorophosphate initiator in the presence of ethylene glycol to produce a low molecular weight polyepichlorohydrin glycol, was examined. A new polymerization mechanism was postulated that: polymerization initiates at the hydroxyl groups in the ethylene glycol, and the polymer chain propagates simultaneously at both ends through the addition of the monomer. In this polymerization system, the polymer molecular weight increases directly with the polymer conversion, and it can be controlled by the molar ratio of epichlorohydrin and ethylene glycol. The obtained polyepichlorohydrin glycols possess predominantly secondary hydroxyl groups, narrow molecular weight distribution, and a hydroxyl functionality of 2. Byproducts formed in polyepichlorohydrin glycol are identified as non-functional cyclic oligomers, mainly epichlorohydrin cyclopentamer and cyclohexamer.
3-D integration of RF circuits using Si micromachining (2001)

Micromachined silicon integrated circuits have the potential for providing an overarching circuit integration technology that can significantly reduce the size, weight, and cost of microwave and millimeter-wave components. The capability to integrate diverse substrate technologies opens the door for real multifunction chips, combining analog, digital, RF,and optoelectronic functions. This natural approach to three-dimensional (3-D) vertical integration not only can provide higher density circuits, but, by freeing RF circuit design from the tyranny of the two-dimensional (2-D) layout, can reach levels of performance not possible in a planar geometry. This article focuses on the concept of 3-D circuit integration using silicon (Si) bulk micromachining; however, similar techniques can be applied in any other III-V substrate material. Packaging issues prerequisite for the 3-D integration and component development that led to the capabilities for 3-D integration are discussed. The integration techniques are applied to a 3-D integrated W-band power cube, which provides a vehicle for successfully demonstrating the concept and basic techniques for 3-D integration. A concept study is presented of the use of micromachining to integrate Ka-band 2-D and 3-D corporate power combining architectures.
Oligomerization and Polymerization Steps in Remote Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon−Carbon and Silica Films from Organosilicon Sources (2001)

Remote hydrogen and remote oxygen plasma chemical vapor depositions (RHP−CVD and ROP−CVD, respectively) of amorphous hydrogenated silicon−carbon (a-Si:C:H) and amorphous silica (a-SiO2) films, respectively, from organosilicon source compounds were selected as model processes for the mechanistic study. Hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) and trimethylsilane (TrMS) source compounds were used for RHP−CVD, whereas tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was a source compound for ROP−CVD. The reactivity of HMDS and TrMS with atomic hydrogen and TEOS with atomic oxygen was characterized by determining the rate constants of RHP−CVD and ROP−CVD, respectively. On the basis of the values of the rate constants, the identified low-molecular-weight and oligomeric products collected from the gas phase, and the chemistry involved in their formation, the mechanisms of the precursors formation step are proposed. The results provide strong evidence for the gas-phase conversion of HMDS and TrMS to 1,1-dimethylsilene, Me2SiCH2, and TEOS to diethoxysilanone, (EtO)2SiO, transient intermediates as major precursors to the a-Si:C:H and a-SiO2 films, respectively. Owing to the high-reactivity π-bonds in the silene (>SiC<) and silanone (>SiO) units, the precursors may readily undergo polymerization. A hypothetical mechanism of the polymerization and cross-linking steps contributing to the growth of the a-Si:C:H and a-SiO2 films are discussed.
Direct evidence from intraneural recordings for increased central sympathetic outflow in patients with heart failure. (1986)

Patients with heart failure have increased vascular resistance and evidence for increased neurohumoral drive. High levels of circulating norepinephrine are found in patients with heart failure, but it is not known whether they reflect increased sympathetic neural activity or result from altered synthesis, release, or metabolism of norepinephrine. We used microneurography (peroneal nerve) to directly record sympathetic nerve activity to muscle (mSNA) and also measured plasma norepinephrine levels in patients with heart failure and in normal control subjects. Our goal was to determine whether sympathetic nerve activity is increased in patients with heart failure and whether plasma norepinephrine levels correlate with levels of mSNA in heart failure. Resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity in 16 patients with moderate to severe heart failure (54 +/- 5 bursts/min, mean +/- SE) was significantly higher (p less than .01) than the levels of activity in either nine age-matched normal control subjects (25 +/- 4 bursts/min) or 19 "young" normal control subjects (24 +/- 2 bursts/min). We found a significant correlation between plasma norepinephrine levels and mSNA (r = .73, p less than .05). Neither mSNA nor plasma norepinephrine levels correlated with total systemic vascular resistance, cardiac index, left ventricular ejection fraction, or heart rate. However, both mSNA and plasma norepinephrine levels showed significant positive correlations (p less than .05) with left ventricular filling pressures (r = .80, mSNA vs filling pressures; r = .82, norepinephrine levels vs filling pressures) and mean right atrial pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The NYSE's 3D Trading Floor (1999)

The 3D Trading Floor lets people use one of their strongest innate skills-spotting exceptions. A good visualization system leverages this ability by bringing exceptions to the fore. The model shows data on many different levels. Because it's designed for the floor operations staff, as opposed to individual traders, it focuses on operational issues. So it depicts the floor of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in an abstracted style that corresponds to the physical layout. It shows each of the 17 trading posts and each stock traded. In addition to this micro level of detail, an external, macro level provides live TV feeds, such as Bloomberg, CNN, or CNBC, overlaid on the walls of the stadium-like world. At an intermediate level, it shows the NYSE's two data centers, local servers, and links between mainframes, servers, and trading posts. When something breaks, changes in colors, shapes, and motion pinpoint the problem area, as well as the probable causes and any downstream functions that are or may be lost.
Ozone decomposition in water: kinetic study (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOzone decomposition in water: kinetic studyJose L. Sotelo, Fernando J. Beltran, F. Javier Benitez, and Jesus Beltran-HerediaCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1987, 26, 1, 39–43Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00061a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00061a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1987Altmetric-Citations205LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
DOUBLE-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS AND ARGUMENT ATTRACTION (1987)

This article discusses three related constructions: to-infinitives following go, come and the like, a small set of motion verbs, coordinate structures in which the left verb is the same member, and double-verb structures in which the left verb is the same member. It argues that the first structure is a kind of complement of the main verb, and claims, within the framework of the ‘extension theory’ proposed by Kajita 1977, that the latter two structures are generated through the ‘rule extension’ on the model of the first one. It is argued that the analysis explains the so-called bare stem condition and other properties of the latter two structures, and we see that it has further consequences.
Episode-of-care physician payment: a study of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. (1987)

Paying physicians for an episode of care is a possible alternative to current fee-for-service payment. We studied physician billing patterns for 512 Medicare beneficiaries who received coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in 1983. Relatively elaborate decision rules had to be created to exclude services that were not part of a routine CABG. We found that 72% of charges for an episode were associated with services provided on the day of surgery. Forty-seven percent of charges were by the primary surgeon, 15% by the assistant surgeon(s), and 9% by the anesthesiologist. Our results suggest that episode-of-care payment is a complex, and somewhat costly, alternative to other methods of prospective payment to physicians, although selective contracting by a health insurer for an episode of care for certain procedures might both reduce costs and improve quality.
Heartland Virus-Associated Death in Tennessee (2014)

This case demonstrates that HRTV infection can cause severe disease and death and expands the geographic range of HRTV within the United States.
Controlled Integration into the <i>Lactococcus</i> Chromosome of the pCI829-Encoded Abortive Infection Gene from <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> UC811 (1992)

The phage insensitivity gene of lactococcal plasmid pCI829 which encodes an abortive infection defense mechanism (Abi) was inserted into the Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CH919 chromosome by utilizing the integration plasmid pCI194, which contains 4.2 kb of homology with the conjugative transposon Tn919. Chloramphenicol-resistant transformants expressed phage insensitivity to the prolate-headed phage c2 and the small isometric-headed phage 712, and hybridization analysis indicated that transformants contained pCI194 integrated in single copy. The level of phage insensitivity expressed by the transformants was reduced from that observed when the abi gene was located on a replicating plasmid, as determined by plaque assay and burst size analysis. Amplification of the integrated structure after growth in increased concentrations of chloramphenicol resulted in an increase in the expression of phage insensitivity. Hybridization analysis revealed that while pCI194 was stably maintained in an integrated state over 100 generations in the absence of selective pressure, the ability to express phage insensitivity was lost. Hybridization analysis also revealed that DNA flanking the abi gene contains homology to the CH919 chromosome.
Modelling of Cable Forces as a Decision Support Tool for RLWI Operations (2011)

Abstract Subsea well intervention has been performed extensively over at least two decades to service wells and to increase recovery from these wells. It is a well known fact that subsea wells normally underperform platform wells in recovery between 15–20%. To a large extent, the gap in recovery is related to the high cost in access to the subsea well compared with surface or platform wells. Efficient and low cost well intervention techniques are of the outmost importance for increased field recovery. Riserless Light Well Intervention (RLWI) is one of the tools helping to close the recovery gap. RLWI operations are now common in shallow water depth up to 600 meter although at least one operation has been performed on 906 meter water depth. Considerable efforts have been made to improve the RLWI system with respect to efficiency, weather sensitivity and at last – but not least – deep water compatibility. During RLWI in deeper water, the environmental loading on the wireline from the vessel to the subsea equipment becomes the limiting factor as the wire is subjected to considerable loading from sea current. Welltec, one of the pioneers in RLWI operation have started an R\&D program to fully understand the limitations and to provide the operator with a tool to assess if RLWI is possible based on simulated behavior and empirical data instead of merely stating that RLWI is not possible beyond a certain water depth.
Gait Deviations in Patients with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (1987)

The purpose of this study was to describe quantitatively the gait patterns of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Thirty children with JRA and 30 healthy children were evaluated using a computerized gait analysis system. Time-distance characteristics and joint angle excursions were studied. The subjects with JRA walked with significantly decreased velocity, cadence, and stride length. We found no significant difference in step width nor in the percentage of time spent in each phase of the gait cycle. The anterior pelvic tilt of subjects with JRA was significantly increased throughout the gait cycle. Hip extension at the end of single-limb stance and ankle plantar flexion during weight release also were significantly decreased for subjects with JRA. No significant difference between the two groups was noted in knee joint excursion. Areas of emphasis for physical therapy of patients with JRA include increasing velocity, cadence, stride length, hip extension, and ankle plantar flexion and decreasing excessive anterior pelvic tilt.
Loss of intercellular junctional communication correlates with metastatic potential in mammary adenocarcinoma cells. (1988)

A series of rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma cell sublines and clones of various spontaneous pulmonary metastatic potentials from the mammary fat pads of syngeneic rats were examined for their intercellular junctional communication. Using the scrape-loading dye-transfer technique to introduce Lucifer yellow (Mr 457) into cells, we measured the abilities of 13762NF cells to transfer dye to adjacent cells. There was an excellent correlation between loss of Lucifer yellow dye transfer and spontaneous metastatic potential (average total volume of lung metastases inversely correlated to % cells coupled, r = 0.93; average total number of lung metastases inversely correlated to % cells coupled, r = 0.91). The data suggest that high metastatic potentials are closely correlated with loss of intercellular junctional communication in these malignant mammary tumor cells.
<title>Object segmentation techniques for use in laboratory visual automation systems</title> (1992)

In designing automated systems for interpretation or manipulation of laboratory image data such as that derived from microphotographs, it is often the goal to perform operations that extract information about the structure of objects, and to separate and discern various objects within the data. Measurements of the events, called features, can then be calculated and used for process or statistical analysis. Given a transformation of the pixel based image data into an explicit symbolic representation of the objects (i.e., the creation of objects of interest or Tokens), desired information can be extracted and characterized from the visual data. Simple segmentation schemes often lack the sophistication to deal with intricate or very subtle details of this image data. This paper discusses advanced techniques useful in obtaining information relevant to the recognition and extraction of objects of interest in laboratory vision automation applications.
Baseline reduction in two dimensional gel electrophoresis images (2005)

The proteins are the controllers of all cell functions and, as such, are closely connected with many diseases and metabolic processes. Although proteins are coded by genes, it has been shown there is a poor correlation between protein and mRNA abundance [1]. For this reason a full knowledge of the genome is not sufficient for determination of the protein composition of cells [2]. This ineffectiveness of genomics caused a big shift of interest from genomics to proteomics. The main analytical tool used for protein separation in proteomics is two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) [3,4]. This technique separates proteins according to their masses and charges. These independent attributes enable separations of thousands of proteins in a single analysis. After separation all proteins can be identified by mass spectroscopy. In studies performed to identify specific proteins related to a given metabolic process or disease it is, however, much more efficient to detect and identify only proteins differentiating groups of samples [5]. In comparative studies of biological material a large number of analyses must be conducted to suppress natural differences and to increase differences related to process being studied. This results in a huge amount of data to be analyzed and generates a need for a rapid, efficient and fully automated method for matching and comparing gel images. The images may differ significantly and also contain noise of different characteristics and a varying baseline (Fig. 1). This necessitates careful preprocessing, i.e. noise and background removal. Signal noise hampers spot detection with methods based on signal derivatives, because they magnify the noise, causing identification of false peaks (spots) and incorrect determination of the borders of spots. In turn, varying signal background interferes with methods based on histogram segmentation and thresholding [6]. The background component is added to the
Renal tubular transport and metabolism of organic cations by the rabbit (1981)

The renal tubular transport of the organic cations tetraethylammonium (TEA), N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), and choline was studied in anesthetized rabbits by the urinary clearance technique. The clearance ratio of [14C]TEA/inulin was 5.72 +/- 0.44 and the clearance ratio of [14C]TEA/p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) was 0.98 +/- 0.02. The clearance ratio of the 14C label/inulin when [14C]NMN was being infused was only 1.31. The clearance ratio of choline/inulin was less than 1 at choline infusion loads from 0 to about 6 mumol . kg-1 . min-1, which produced a plasma choline level of 100 microM. At higher infusion rates the urinary clearance ratio of choline/inulin rose to a maximum of 2 at plasma choline levels of 300-500 microM. Renal metabolism of choline and NMN were revealed by the use of the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. [14C]Choline was extensively metabolized by the kidney into betaine. The renal metabolite of [14C]NMN comigrated with nicotinamide in electrophoresis. The relatively low urinary clearance of the label associated with NMN in the rabbit presents a striking difference from its transport in dog and rat. Studies using isolated perfused segments are done using tissue from rabbits primarily. These data from the intact rabbit kidney may be used to guide future studies of organic cation transport with isolated perfused segments.
Glycine Receptors Mediate Part of the Immobility Produced by Inhaled Anesthetics (2003)

In vitro, halothane potentiates glycine's effect on strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors more than isoflurane and isoflurane more than cyclopropane. The present in vivo work indicates that antagonism of the glycine receptor with strychnine increases minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration for halothane more than isoflurane and isoflurane more than cyclopropane. Such results support the notion that glycine receptors may mediate part of the immobility produced by inhaled anesthetics.
Allergy and intestinal dysmotility – evidence of genuine causal linkage? (2006)

Clinical evidence implicating mucosal allergic responses in dysmotility has been extended to include disorders considered previously entirely functional, such as in some cases of irritable bowel syndrome. Only a proportion of cases are, however, caused by food allergy and a future challenge is to differentiate patients with similar symptoms, but induced by different mechanisms.
A modified M2M-based movement prediction for realistic emergency environments (2013)

The number of emergencies has been observed to increase exponentially in recent years. Mobile devices, being ubiquitously present with users, often found to be a preferred way of communication in these emergencies. Since realistic prediction of user movements in emergencies is still an open issue, recently a machine to machine (M2M)-based movement prediction framework has been proposed. The proposed framework considers user's behavioral changes as well as simple geographical constraints initiated by emergencies. Nevertheless, these considerations are not sufficient to present a practical emergency environment and thus realistically predict emergency-affected user movements. Consequently, this paper proposes a modified M2M-based framework for movement prediction. The modified framework considers not only user's behavioral changes but also following factors: a realistic pre-emergency mobility model, arbitrarily-shaped obstacles, a signal propagation model and a practical personal belief computation. Simulation results have been used to verify effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Correctness-preserving program transformations (1975)

This paper extends the predicate calculus formalization of the partial correctness properties of programs (Ki, Go) to include the preservation of correctness under program transformations. The general notion of "program transformations which preserve properties" is fundamental to the theory of programming and programming languages. In the context of proofs of program correctness, transformations which preserve correctness can be used to improve less efficient, but easier to prove, programs. The basic argument in the use of correctness-preserving program transformations (hereafter CPTs) is:Assume that G is a program (with attached assertions) which has been proved correct with respect to some input-output relation Ain-Aout. Now suppose that S is some part of G, e.g. an expression, assertion, statement, etc., which is to be replaced by some other such part S' to produce the program G'. The goal is to prove that G' is also correct with respect to Ain-Aout and therefore the replacement preserves overall program correctness. Moreover, if the replacement has only a local effect, e.g. the body of a loop, then the proof of correctness-preservation should be restricted to that part of the program affected by the replacement.Section 2 reviews the current paradigm for proving program correctness. An example in section 3 illustrates CPTs in a sequence of improvements on a correct and simple, but inefficient, initial program. In section 4, the formalization of partial correctness properties of programs is recast as a semantic language definition using Knuth's semantic method (Kn1). This formalization is then used in section 5 to describe the mechanics of performing CPTs. In section 6, several questions about the formalization of sections 4 and 5 are discussed and a generalization is proposed. Finally, section 7 returns to a concrete example and suggests that the most effective use of CPTs is by identification of schematic forms. Related work is mentioned in section 8.