gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PDF from X-ray powder diffraction for nanometer-scale atomic structure analysis of quasicrystalline alloys (2005)

Abstract For three icosahedral alloys in the Mg—Zn- RE ( RE = Ho, Y) systems, the atomic pair distribution functions (PDFs) have been obtained from sealed X-ray tube (in-house) and synchrotron (ESRF and APS) powder diffraction experiments. The PDFs are at least qualitatively comparable and are suitable for least squares r ≈ 2 nm local structure refinements. A recent local model for si -Ho—Mg—Zn from in-house data can be confirmed using the synchrotron data. Acquisition and the quality of the data from the different sources are discussed. The better resolved synchrotron data open perspectives for larger scale and thus more detailed models.
Disproportionation in Li–O<sub>2</sub> Batteries Based on a Large Surface Area Carbon Cathode (2013)

In this paper we report on a kinetics study of the discharge process and its relationship to the charge overpotential in a Li-O2 cell for large surface area cathode material. The kinetics study reveals evidence for a first-order disproportionation reaction during discharge from an oxygen-rich Li2O2 component with superoxide-like character to a Li2O2 component. The oxygen-rich superoxide-like component has a much smaller potential during charge (3.2-3.5 V) than the Li2O2 component (∼4.2 V). The formation of the superoxide-like component is likely due to the porosity of the activated carbon used in the Li-O2 cell cathode that provides a good environment for growth during discharge. The discharge product containing these two components is characterized by toroids, which are assemblies of nanoparticles. The morphologic growth and decomposition process of the toroids during the reversible discharge/charge process was observed by scanning electron microscopy and is consistent with the presence of the two components in the discharge product. The results of this study provide new insight into how growth conditions control the nature of discharge product, which can be used to achieve improved performance in Li-O2 cell.
Concurrent fault simulation of logic gates and memory blocks on message passing multicomputers (1992)

The authors present a concurrent fault simulation algorithm. The pipelined algorithm is suitable for implementation on memory limited hardware accelerators and message passing multicomputers or specialized hardware. The architecture of the system and the data structures and algorithms for some of the crucial parts of the fault simulation algorithm are outlined. For pipelined architectures, fault simulation is illustrated for circuits modeled at mixed functional and gate levels. The results indicate an order of magnitude speed up compared to a production quality simulator running on a SUN SPARC2. >
Let's Pretend! A Semantic Analysis of Preschool Children's Play (1995)

This study explored the semantic content of children's talk during their pretend play at home and at preschool. The spontaneous speech of ten children (C.A. 4:0 to 5:2)was tape-recorded during two hours of preschool activity and two hours following dismissal from school. Transcripts were coded for references to pretend/fantasy time, and references to specific persons and content were noted. There were no significant differences in the frequency with which children used referents to pretend/fantasy time at home and preschool. During their pretend play, the children spoke most often about themselves alone or themselves with others in both settings. Significantly more references were made to family members at home; peers and self were referenced significantly more often during pretend play at school. The actions and locations of themselves or others were frequent referents in both settings. Fantasy/cartoon characters were used by half of the children in each setting but were not used significantly more in one setting or another. Familiar daily routines were common play themes at home and at school, but never were associated with the activity of cartoon/fantasy characters. The results are discussed as they relate to the design and implementation of intervention programs for children with speech-language impairments in integrated settings with nondisabled peers.
Rumen bacterial and fungal degradation of Digitaria pentzii grown with or without sulfur (1983)

Sheep fed the forage Digitaria pentzii fertilized with sulfur were compared with those fed unfertilized forage for the rumen microbial population involved with fiber degradation. No differences were detected in the bacterial population as determined by anaerobic cultures on a habitat-simulating medium, xylan, or pectin, by 35S labeling techniques for microbial protein, or by transmission electron microscopic studies of bacterium-fiber interactions. Rumen volume and water flow from the rumen were not different for sheep fed each of the forages. Rumen fungi were prevalent in sheep fed sulfur-fertilized D. pentzii as shown by sporangia adhering to forage fiber and by colonies developing from zoospores in roll tubes with cellobiose plus streptomycin and penicillin. Fungi were absent or in extremely small numbers in sheep fed unfertilized forage. Nylon bag digestibility studies showed that the fungi preferentially colonized the lignified cells of blade sclerenchyma by 6 h and caused extensive degradation by 24 h. In the absence of bacteria in in vitro studies, extensive hyphal development occurred; other lignified tissues in blades (i.e., mestome sheath and xylem) were attacked, resulting in a residue with partially degraded and weakened cell walls. Nonlignified tissues were also degraded. Breaking force tests of leaf blades incubated in vitro with penicillin and streptomycin and rumen fluid from sheep fed sulfur-fertilized forage or within nylon bags in such sheep showed a residue at least twice as fragile as that from sheep fed unfertilized forage. In vitro tests for dry matter loss showed that rumen fungi, in the absence of actively growing bacteria, could remove about 62% of the forage material. The response of rumen fungi in sheep fed sulfur-fertilized D. pentzii afforded a useful in vivo test to study the role of these microbes in fiber degradation. Our data establish that rumen fungi can be significant degraders of fiber and further establish a unique role for them in attacking and weakening lignocellulosic tissues. The more fragile residues resulting from attack by fungi could explain the greater intake consistently observed by sheep eating sulfur-fertilized compared with unfertilized D. pentzii forage.
Rank degree: an efficient algorithm for graph sampling (2016)

The study of a large real world network in terms of graph sample representation constitutes a very powerful and useful tool in several domains of network analysis. This is the motivation that has led the work of this paper towards the development of a new graph sampling algorithm. Previous research in this area proposed simple processes such as the classic Random Walk algorithm, Random node and Random edge sampling and has evolved during the last decade to more advanced graph exploration approaches such as Forest Fire and Frontier sampling. In this paper, we propose a new graph sampling method based on edge selection. In addition, we crawled Facebook collecting a large dataset consisting of 10 million users and 80 million users' relations, which we have also used to evaluate our sampling algorithm. The experimental evaluation on several datasets proves that our approach preserves several properties of the initial graphs, leading to representative samples and outperforms all the other approaches.
Root‐secreted peptide OsPEP1 regulates primary root elongation in rice (2021)

Hormone-like signaling peptides play essential roles in plant growth and development; however, few peptides regulating root development have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with whole-genome in silico screening for root-secreted peptides in rice. We identified the five-amino-acid PEPTIDE 1 (PEP1) encoded by OsPEP1 (LOC_Os11g09560). OsPEP1 was expressed highly in root tissues, especially root cap cells and epidermal cells in the root maturation zone. Exogenous application of PEP1 inhibited primary root growth. Notably, OsPEP1 RNA interference (RNAi) lines had short primary roots with small meristems and short cells in the root elongation zone; furthermore, the short root phenotype of OsPEP1 RNAi plants could be rescued by exogenous application of PEP1. Our transcriptome data further revealed that PEP1 could reprogram the expression of genes in different pathways, including oxidation-reduction. OsPEP1 overexpression lines similarly displayed short roots, although this phenotype was not rescued by exogenous PEP1. These results suggest that root growth can be inhibited by both too much and too little PEP1. Our findings highlight PEP1 as a candidate plant peptide hormone regulating root development in rice.
Selective proliferation of natural killer cells among monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a result of stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (1989)

In vitro stimulation of monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) resulted in selective proliferation of cells which express the phenotypic and functional characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells. This culture system provides an easy method for obtaining highly purified NK cells, by sequential incubation of monocyte-depleted cells with SEB and then with interleukin-2 (IL-2). After culture for 4 to 5 days in the presence of SEB, 98 to 100% of the cells expressed the CD16 (Leu11) and HNK-1 (Leu19) antigens. This purification occurred through the death of lymphocytes lacking NK cell markers and marked proliferation of NK cells themselves, which leads to an enrichment of the NK cell population. Activation of NK cells was detected by the appearance of the gamma interferon receptor and IL-2 receptor antigens. This homogeneous population showed the morphology of large granular lymphocytes, were potent effectors of cell-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 and Daudi tumor cell lines, and were able to kill gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. IL-2 was necessary to maintain the activation and proliferation after SEB stimulation for 4 days. Moreover, the maximum frequency of binding to K562 cells (60.6%) was similar to that recently found (58 +/- 3%) (P. Garcia-Peñarrubia, F. T. Koster, and A. D. Bankhurst, J. Immunol. Methods 118:199-208, 1989) with fresh and highly purified NK cells. This method can be used as a source of highly purified NK cells to study their functional properties and applications to the treatment of cancer.
Leakage of Oxygen from Blood and Water Samples Stored in Plastic and Glass Syringes (1971)

Theory and experiment showed that samples of blood and water stored in 2-ml and 5-ml syringes made of polypropylene, polystyrene, or S.A.N. co-polymer exchanged oxygen with their surroundings. In the first hour the exchange was due mainly to equilibration with the plastic of the syringe and only in small degree to permeation through the plastic. With high initial tension or with blood of low haemoglobin concentration the exchange can result in errors in Po(2) of up to 6% in two minutes and 16% in 30 to 60 minutes. With all-glass syringes the exchange was much slower but, even so, after 24 hours was important in all but a few of 18 interchangeable glass syringes. Therefore unless analysis can be started immediately all-glass syringes are to be preferred, and for prolonged storage even these should be selected.
Timestamping events for inferring 'affects' relation and potential causality (2002)

The authors define a relation, 'affects', between every pair of events based on a relation 'locally affects' for each process between each pair of events on the process. A mechanism for timestamping events is defined such that 'affects' relation, and so potential concurrency, between events can be inferred from their timestamps. A timestamping mechanism is presented such that potential concurrency can be inferred partially/completely and the extent of such inferring depends on the costs associated with the mechanism. Inferring 'affects' relationship can be used for debugging and for inferring potential concurrency between events in traces of executions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Processing Effects on the Nutritional Components of Horticultural Crops (1972)

Abstract Man has depended upon fresh commodities for proper nutrition. However, history reveals that early voyages stopped abruptly upon the exhaustion of the fresh food supply, armies starved as their rations spoiled and became depleted, and settlers died during the winter months due to an insufficient supply of nutritious foods. In order to provide an adequate diet the year around, deterioration of the perishable foodstuffs had to be eliminated. Thus, the beginning and justification of modern food processing.
Recent advances in employing homoenolates generated by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis in carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions (2015)

The use of NHCs for generating homoenolate species has gained widespread popularity in recent years. A number of highly stereoselective processes of NHC-homoenolates have emerged. Homoenolate reactions have also been employed as key steps in the total synthesis of a number of natural products. The use of compatible co-catalysts, improved NHC-catalyst design and the use of novel precursors for homoenolate generation are among the major developments in this area that were disclosed recently. This tutorial review organises and presents the advancements in this rapidly growing area of catalysis and in the process updates a previous account published in 2011 in this journal.
Further <i>in vivo</i> studies on the role of the molecular chaperone, Hsp93, in plastid protein import (2007)

In Arabidopsis, Hsp93 is encoded by two genes, atHSP93-V and atHSP93-III. We identified two T-DNA mutants for atHSP93-III: one being a partial 'knockdown' (hsp93-III-1) and the other a complete 'knockout' (hsp93-III-2). Homozygotes for both mutants were indistinguishable from wild type. We crossed each mutant to an atHSP93-V knockout, and identified double mutants with strongly chlorotic phenotypes. This implied redundancy, which was confirmed by the complementation of mildly chlorotic hsp93-V plants by atHSP93-III over-expression. While the hsp93-V hsp93-III-1 mutant was doubly homozygous, the second double mutant was heterozygous for hsp93-III-2 (genotype: hsp93-V/hsp93-V; +/hsp93-III-2). Attempts to identify an hsp93-V hsp93-III-2 double homozygote were unsuccessful, indicating that the Hsp93 pool is essential for viability. Consistently, siliques of the second double mutant contained aborted seeds (because of a block in the zygote-embryo transition) and failed ovules (because of a moderate defect in female gametophytes). Double-mutant plants were chlorophyll-deficient, contained under-developed chloroplasts, and exhibited stunted growth. In import assays using a chimeric pre-protein (plastocyanin transit peptide fused to dihydrofolate reductase; PC-DHFR), a clear defect was observed in hsp93-V hsp93-III-1 chloroplasts. Interestingly, while denaturation or stabilization of the DHFR moiety had a strong effect on import efficiency in the wild type, no such effects were observed with double-mutant (or tic40) chloroplasts. This indicated that pre-protein unfolding is not rate-limiting for import into mutant chloroplasts, and suggested that (unlike the situation in mitochondria) the inner membrane import machinery does not contribute to pre-protein unfolding at the organellar surface.
Current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance using Co2Fe(Ga1−<i>x</i>Ge<i>x</i>) Heusler alloy (2013)

We investigated the current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) of pseudo spin valves (PSVs) using ferromagnetic (FM) Heusler alloy Co2Fe(Ga1−xGex) (x = 0, 0.5, and 1) layers and an Ag spacer layer. The FM layer with x = 0.5 gave rise to the highest MR output, ΔRA = 8.7 mΩ·μm2, at room temperature with 10 nm thick Heusler alloy layers. The MR output increased with increasing annealing temperature, Ta, with a maximum at Ta = 500 °C. Transmission electron microscopy showed no visible changes in the layered structure; however, energy dispersive x-ray analysis indicated a considerable diffusion of Ga and Ge into the other layers by annealing at Ta = 550 °C. The ΔRA dependence on the thickness of the FM layers indicated that both high bulk and interface spin asymmetries contribute to the high MR output.
A third harmonic sequence ANN based detection scheme for high impedance faults (2002)

The paper presents a novel neural network ANN based relaying scheme for high impedance fault (HIF) detection in electric radial distribution networks. The scheme utilizes a discrimination vector (magnitudes and phases) third harmonic equivalent positive (+) negative (-) and zero sequence components. The ANN based relaying scheme was validated using the ATP-EMTP digital simulation software for a sample radial distribution feeder.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phosphorylation of pea chloroplast acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (1999)

We have examined whether chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a phosphoprotein. Pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts were incubated in the presence of [gamma-33P]-ATP and radiolabeled proteins were examined after immunoprecipitation with antibodies against all four known subunits of heteromeric chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The beta-subunit of the carboxyltransferase was found to be labeled by 33P. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the immunoprecipitated beta-subunit of the carboxyltransferase indicates that it is phosphorylated on serine residues. Incorporation of 33P into carboxyltransferase beta-subunit decreased in chloroplasts transferred to dark conditions after labeling in the light. Dephosphorylation of pea chloroplast extracts by an alkaline phosphatase-agarose conjugate reduced in vitro acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity by 67%. Furthermore, while acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and its carboxyltransferase half-reaction were reduced in dephosphorylated extracts, the biotin carboxylase half-reaction was not inhibited. The evidence presented here points to the carboxyltransferase beta-subunit of chloroplast acetyl-CoA carboxylase as a candidate for regulation by protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
Photon noise and atmospheric noise in active optical systems (1975)

A general theoretical analysis is made of the performance of optical systems that are designed to give diffraction-limited images of astronomical objects by compensating effects of atmospheric seeing in real time. The heart of any such system is a feedback algorithm, which expresses the controlled displacements of mirror surfaces as functions of the output of optical sensors. The statistical behavior of the system is calculated, assuming the feedback algorithm to be linear but otherwise unrestricted. The effect of feedback in diminishing atmospheric noise while amplifying photon noise is worked out in detail, taking into account photon–photon correlations. A figure of merit for system performance, namely a statistical average of a positive quadratic function of phase errors over mirror surfaces, is arbitrarily chosen. By use of this figure of merit, the optimum feedback algorithm for any given optical system is explicitly determined. The optimum algorithm is independent of the quadratic function of phase errors that is chosen as the figure of merit. Applications of the general theory to particular optical systems are briefly discussed. In principle, systems optimized in this way should be able to give images of arbitrarily high resolution of astronomical objects brighter than about magnitude 14.
A Risk Model for Prediction of Lung Cancer (2007)

If confirmed in other studies, this risk assessment procedure could use easily obtained clinical information to identify individuals who may benefit from increased screening surveillance for lung cancer. Although the concordance statistics were modest, they are consistent with those from other risk prediction models.
A potential role for the p75 low-affinity neurotrophin receptor in spinal motor neuron degeneration in murine and human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (2001)

The murine and human ALS data suggest that the p75 neurotrophin receptor may play a death-signalling role in the pathogenesis of motor neuron degeneration. The precise mechanism by which this receptor drives the apoptotic process, both in murine SOD1-G93A motor neuron degeneration and in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, remains to be determined.
Critical Role of VCP/p97 in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (2011)

Thus, targeting VCP in NSCLC may provide a novel strategy to restore p53 and NFκB levels and ameliorate the growth and tumorigenicity, leading to improved clinical outcomes.
DFT Study of the Adsorption of Chlorosilanes on the Si(100)-2 × 1 Surface (2001)

We have used density functional theory along with the cluster approximation to investigate the adsorption of chlorinated silanes on the Si(100)-2 × 1 surface. We have calculated the energetics for various adsorption reactions. We found that dissociative adsorption of chlorosilanes via scission of either the Si−H or Si−Cl bond is exothermic by 50−53 kcal/mol. The vibrational frequencies of the adsorption products were also calculated. It was found that the calculated frequencies for the dissociative adsorption of SiH2Cl2, SiHCl3, and SiCl4 via Si−Cl scission are in good agreement with experiments. Transition state barriers were calculated for adsorption via scission of the Si−Cl bond and via scission of the Si−H bond. We find that the barrier for SiH2Cl2 and SiHCl3 adsorption via scission of the Si−Cl bond is 6−9 kcal/mol lower than the barrier for adsorption via scission of the Si−H bond. This indicates that the reaction pathway is kinetically controlled. Furthermore, the adsorption barrier of SiH2Cl2 is 7 kcal/mol lower than the barrier for SiH4 adsorption. This difference in barrier heights partially explains the experimental observation that SiH2Cl2 has a higher initial sticking coefficient than SiH4.
Mobile iris recognition systems: An emerging biometric technology (2010)

Wireless communications has matured from a curiosity to a serious business tool. Personal digital assistants have totally replaced daytimers and notepads. But security has been lacking or weak, making such automation untrustworthy for critical applications. By adding strong security and authentication, these tools will facilitate trustworthy electronic methods for commerce, financial transactions, medical data, even prescriptions. In this paper, considering the limited computing power of mobile and portable devices, a simple but efficient pre-processing method is introduced for iris localization for such iris images. An iris database (http://chungbuk.ac.kr/Iris/index.html) with such consideration is created for this paper. The proposed iris pre-processing method implements the following steps: (a) Automatic segmentation for pupil region, (b) Helper data extraction and pupil detection, etc (c) Eyelids detection and feature matching. Experiment results show that the proposed iris pre-processing method is performing well and stable across different iris databases.