gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydroxylation of benzoate and its chlorinated derivatives in Aspergillus niger. (1985)

Comparison of the properties of a purified benzoate-4-hydroxylase, using benzoic acid and its chlorinated derivatives as substrate, suggests that the same enzyme operates during the initial hydroxylation of benzoate, 2-chlorobenzoate (2-cba), and 3-chlorobenzoate (3-cba) in A.niger.
MCM LGA Package with Optical I/O Passively Aligned to Dual Layer Polymer Waveguides in PCB (2006)

Over the past 30 years, IBM has provided leadership in high density I/O density and count interconnects at both chip and package levels as has been necessary for processor chips in high end symmetrical multiple processor (SMP) servers. For example, IBM introduced multi-chip modules (MCMs) in the 1970's, thermal conduction modules (TCMs) in the 1980's, and advanced organic micro-via buildup-layer packages in the 1990's (Patel, 2005). Typically, MCMs are necessary to provide significant increases in bandwidth between chips on the module, compared to the alternative route of lower bandwidth resulting from chip-to-chip interconnects going through the printed circuit board (PCB) for single chip modules (SCMs). CMOS chip-to-package pad scaling gap has been growing compared to the package-to-printed circuit board (PCB) pad scaling, which is the reason for the I/O advantage of MCMs vs. SCMs. For example, today's mainstream IC-to-package flipchip bonding uses 0.1 mm square pads on 0.2 mm pitch, with 0.15 mm ramping up, while the package-to-PCB ball- or land grid array (BGA or LGA) pitch uses 1-mm pitch, an areal density as much as 64 times lower. However, even with the larger bandwidth advantage of MCMs, more complex chips such as multiprocessor cores and the need for higher bandwidth to memory cache require a relatively larger number of signal I/Os, as well as more power and ground I/Os. Faster I/O clocks further exacerbate the need for more package I/O by forcing the transition from previous single-ended I/Os to differential signal I/Os to satisfy the higher frequency bit error rate specifications on SMP buses. Our goal is to alleviate the I/O bottleneck at the packaging level in the most cost effective manner, while providing the lowest risk, most flexible development package. To this end, we present our work on an electrical LGA field replaceable package with optical components. These optical components enable larger I/O bandwidth density between the MCM and PCB than that allowed by a standard electrical package
Dietary Sugar, Glycemic Load, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in a Prospective Study (2002)

Our data support other findings that impaired glucose metabolism may play a role in pancreatic cancer etiology. A diet high in glycemic load may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in women who already have an underlying degree of insulin resistance.
Kinetics of Electron Transfer from Q<sub>A</sub> to Q<sub>B</sub> in Photosystem II (2001)

The oxidation kinetics of the reduced photosystem II electron acceptor Q(A)(-) was investigated by measurement of the chlorophyll fluorescence yield transients on illumination of dark-adapted spinach chloroplasts by a series of saturating flashes. Q(A)(-) oxidation depends on the occupancy of the "Q(B) binding site", where this reaction reduces plastoquinone to plastoquinol in two successive photoreactions. The intermediate, one-electron-reduced plastosemiquinone anion Q(B)(-) remains tightly bound, and its reduction by Q(A)(-) may proceed with simple first-order kinetics. The next photoreaction, in contrast, may find the Q(B) binding site occupied by a plastoquinone, a plastoquinol, or neither of the two, resulting in heterogeneous Q(A)(-) oxidation kinetics. The assumption of monophasic Q(B)(-) reduction kinetics is shown to allow unambiguous decomposition of the observed multiphasic Q(A)(-) oxidation. At pH 6.5 the time constant for Q(A)(-) oxidation was found to be 0.2-0.4 ms with Q(B) in the site, 0.6-0.8 ms with Q(B)(-) in the site, 2-3 ms when the site is empty and Q(B) has to bind first, and of the order of 0.1 s if the site is temporarily blocked by the presence of Q(B)H(2) or other low-affinity inhibitors such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Effects of pH and H(2)O/D(2)O exchange were found to be remarkably nonspecific. No influence of the S-states could be demonstrated.
Substrate loss of on-chip transmission-lines with power/ground wires in lower layer (2005)

This paper discusses shielding effect of power/ground wires in lower layer. A conducting substrate affects characteristics of on-chip transmission line. However in many cases on actual chips, there are P/G wires between the signal wire and the substrate that may shield the substrate coupling. We show measurement and simulation results of on-chip transmission-lines with narrow yet many power/ground wires in a lower layer. Experimental results show that narrow power/ground wires in a lower layer in parallel to the signal wire, which are common in LSI power distribution network, shield substrate coupling and suppress substrate loss. On the other hand, orthogonal power/ground wires in a lower layer hardly mitigate substrate coupling.
Piezoresistive response induced by piezoelectric charges in <i>n</i>-type GaAs mesa resistors for application in stress transducers (1999)

The resistance change due to piezoelectric charge densities in n-GaAs mesa resistors has been studied as a function of surface stress. Those changes are verified by measuring some realized stress transducers with such resistors fabricated on the surface of micromachined thin GaAs membranes or GaInP/GaAs cantilever beams. It is shown here that the surface stresses induced by the deformation of cantilever beams can cause nonuniform stress distributions within the resistors, and the stress gradients consequently yield considerable piezoelectric charge densities that lead to an appreciable resistance change. In addition, this effect of piezoelectric charges is examined from several types of resistors that have a different doping, direction, thickness h, and width-to-thickness ratio L/h. According to those results, optimization of this mechanism is related to the doping and geometrical design of GaAs mesa resistors. In addition to the effect of piezoelectric charges, mobility change can affect the resistance as well. The resistance changes observed from the low doped resistors exhibit an opposite sign for the resistors oriented along [011] and [011̄] directions. These directional-dependent characteristics confirm that the effect of piezoelectric charges indeed exists in mesa resistors. Fitting the width-dependent sensitivities measured in experiments allows us to estimate each contribution of these two effects. For the [011̄] oriented resistors with L/h of 10, and ns of 4.8×1011, the sensitivity of relative resistance change as high as 92.7%/GPa is obtained. Results in this study demonstrate that the resistance change in n-GaAs mesa resistors is attributed to the effects of piezoelectric charges and mobility change. Moreover, GaInP/GaAs material system with its piezoresistive response originated from piezoelectric charges is highly promising in III–V compound semiconductor stress transducers.
PYROLYSIS OF ETHYL MERCAPTAN (1955)

The decomposition of ethyl mercaptan to ethylene and hydrogen sulphide was studied at various temperatures, with and without a catalyst. Metal sulphides (copper, nickel, and cadmium) proved to be the most efficient catalysts for cracking ethyl mercaptan into unsaturated end products, the optimum temperature being 500–600 °C. When no catalyst was used a 40–50% yield of ethylene and a nearly quantitative conversion to hydrogen sulphide was observed between 600 and 700 °C. Other products identified in the exit gas were carbon disulphide, carbonyl sulphide, methane, hydrogen, ethane, thiophene, diethyl sulphide, and free sulphur. Identification of these products was aided by infrared and mass spectral analysis of the gas. A tentative mechanism for the reaction justifying the presence of the above by-products is outlined.
Psychovisually-based multiresolution image segmentation (2002)

Psychophysical studies have shown that there are three image components of distinct perceptual significance to human observers: strong edges, smooth regions, and textured or detailed regions. A psychophysical test was performed to evaluate the perceptual role of each region and a segmentation algorithm was developed to segment an image into the three regions. The segmentation algorithm identifies blocks of an image as belonging to one of the perceptual regions by analyzing high frequency coefficients of a 3-level hierarchical subband/wavelet decomposition. The segmentation algorithm performs well on a wide range of image content, including natural images and mixed images containing text, graphics, and natural scenes.
Synthesis of Chiral “Twin Coronet” Porphyrins and Catalytic and Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins (1989)

Abstract Novel iron porphyrins, “twin coronet” porphyrins, which have chiral hydrophobic cavities consisting of binaphthalenes on their both faces are synthesized, and found to catalyze asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with high enantioselectivity.
Protein Biosensors Based on Polymer Nanowires, Carbon Nanotubes and Zinc Oxide Nanorods (2011)

The development of biosensors using electrochemical methods is a promising application in the field of biotechnology. High sensitivity sensors for the bio-detection of proteins have been developed using several kinds of nanomaterials. The performance of the sensors depends on the type of nanostructures with which the biomaterials interact. One dimensional (1-D) structures such as nanowires, nanotubes and nanorods are proven to have high potential for bio-applications. In this paper we review these three different kinds of nanostructures that have attracted much attention at recent times with their great performance as biosensors. Materials such as polymers, carbon and zinc oxide have been widely used for the fabrication of nanostructures because of their enhanced performance in terms of sensitivity, biocompatibility, and ease of preparation. Thus we consider polymer nanowires, carbon nanotubes and zinc oxide nanorods for discussion in this paper. We consider three stages in the development of biosensors: (a) fabrication of biomaterials into nanostructures, (b) alignment of the nanostructures and (c) immobilization of proteins. Two different methods by which the biosensors can be developed at each stage for all the three nanostructures are examined. Finally, we conclude by mentioning some of the major challenges faced by many researchers who seek to fabricate biosensors for real time applications.
Critical current measurements on Ag/Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O composite coils as a function of temperature and external magnetic field (1993)

Transport critical currents have been measured on two coils of high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) tape as a function of temperature and external magnetic field. The sample coil windings have inside and outside diameters of roughly 25 mm and 40 mm, respectively, and a length of 50 mm. They contain about 300 turns of filamentary Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O 2223 HTSC material sheathed in Ag to form a 0.18-mm by 2.54-mm tape, with a total length of about 30 m. Critical current results are reported for temperatures between 4.2 K and 90 K, in magnetic fields ranging up to 5.5 T.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Photomechanical Processes and Effects in Ablation (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotomechanical Processes and Effects in AblationGünther Paltauf and Peter E. DyerView Author Information Institute of Experimental Physics, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz, Austria, and Department of Physics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2, 487–518Publication Date (Web):January 4, 2003Publication History Received5 June 2002Published online4 January 2003Published inissue 1 February 2003https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr010436chttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr010436cresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3187Altmetric-Citations304LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Ablation,Lasers,Liquids,Quantum mechanics,Stress Get e-Alerts
1kW S-band Solid State radar amplifier (2011)

A GaN based highly integrated Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) is developed for S-band radar applications. The power amplifier delivers more than 1 KW within a 400 MHz bandwidth with 55 dB gain and a typical 34% PAE. The SSPA includes a negative voltage supply, sequential bias circuit, and temperature sensor circuit. Its compact and lightweight design is suitable for many radar applications.
Knowledge Base Population: Successful Approaches and Challenges (2011)

In this paper we give an overview of the Knowledge Base Population (KBP) track at the 2010 Text Analysis Conference. The main goal of KBP is to promote research in discovering facts about entities and augmenting a knowledge base (KB) with these facts. This is done through two tasks, Entity Linking – linking names in context to entities in the KB – and Slot Filling – adding information about an entity to the KB. A large source collection of newswire and web documents is provided from which systems are to discover information. Attributes (“slots”) derived from Wikipedia infoboxes are used to create the reference KB. In this paper we provide an overview of the techniques which can serve as a basis for a good KBP system, lay out the remaining challenges by comparison with traditional Information Extraction (IE) and Question Answering (QA) tasks, and provide some suggestions to address these challenges. 1
Laboratory Investigation on the Fresh, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregates (2019)

The present study evaluates the potential and suitability of different fractions of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for roller compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) mixes. Natural coarse and fine aggregates were replaced, partially and in combination, by coarse RAP, fine RAP, and combined RAP for preparation of RCCP mixes. The considered properties to determine the optimum RAP fraction and its proportion for RCCP were fresh density and water demand, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, porosity, water absorption, abrasion resistance, and performance in aggressive environments of chloride- and sulfate-rich ions. It was observed that inclusions of all the fractions of RAP considered could reduce the strength related properties of RCCP mixes significantly at all curing ages. However, fine RAP mixes were found to exhibit better strength properties than coarse RAP and combined RAP mixes. It was also observed that none of the RAP mixes could achieve the recommended compressive strength criterion of 27.6 MPa, however, they exhibited enough flexural strength to replace a fraction of conventional aggregates, individually or in combination, for construction using RCCP. In fact, 50% coarse and 50% fine RAP mixes had higher flexural strength than the target laboratory mean strength of 4.3 MPa. Similarly, these mixes were found to have sufficient abrasion resistance and could be included in RCCP (surface course) to be constructed in areas having high concentrations of chloride and sulfate ions. Additionally, the results also indicated that higher proportions of fine RAP may be suggested for RCCP mixes to be laid in sulfatic environments.
Design of a Retractable Vane for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (2011)

This study investigated the impact of vane design for a retractable vane Savonius style Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Five designs were tested in a wind tunnel to find which design produces the most torque on the rotor, and to obtain a value for drag coefficient and lift coefficient. Eight position angles were selected to represent the infinite number of vane positions possible compared to the direction of the wind. The wind tunnel was not able to generate air speeds great enough to reach the Reynolds numbers (Re) required for similarity. Reynolds number independence was sought to justify extrapolation to the required Re. In many cases extrapolation was not reasonable. Instead the data was analyzed assuming a “best approximation” range for each vane and position. The testing setup introduced extra uncertainty that was considered in analysis, and presumed to be harmonic motion of the setup and/or the evidence of vortex shedding. The best vane design proved to be an airfoil with a curved trailing edge, although all designs proved feasible for power production. The curved airfoil design reduced possible vortex shedding and the induced drag to become the most consistent, high torque producer of the five designs. The net torque seemed to be influenced more by the vane position than the vane design. Thus, more importance may lie in the design of the retraction mechanism than in the vane design. With this curved airfoil design, research can extend to a study of retraction mechanisms, power production systems, and, eventually, construction.
Neuropilin‐1 is required for endothelial tip cell guidance in the developing central nervous system (2004)

Recent evidence indicates that sprouting angiogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) is a guided process similar to the guidance of axons and insect tracheal tubes. Specialized tip cells of vessel sprouts navigate in response to local depots or gradients of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). Neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) is a transmembrane receptor with a repulsive function in axon guidance. Nrp-1 also binds the VEGF-A splice isoform VEGF165, stimulates angiogenesis, and is necessary for vascular development in the mouse. However, the morphogenetic events controlled by Nrp-1 in angiogenesis have not been defined. Here, we analyzed endothelial tip cell guidance in the CNS of Nrp-1-deficient mice. We focused our attention on the developing hindbrain, which is normally vascularized in a stereotyped manner. Initially, angiogenic sprouts extend along radial glia from the pial surface toward the ventricles, but in the subventricular zone (SVZ), they leave the radial path, turn laterally, and fuse to form a capillary plexus. Radial sprout elongation correlated with tip cell filopodia extensions along nestin-positive radial glial processes, but in the SVZ, the tip cell filopodia also extended perpendicular to the glial tracks and made contact with filopodia of the neighboring sprouts. In Nrp-1-deficient mice, the tip cell filopodia remained associated with the radial glia in the SVZ, which correlated with a failure of sprout turning and elongation across this region. As a result, the sprouts remained blind-ended forming glomeruloid tufts in the SVZ. These observations suggest that Nrp-1 plays an important role in allowing the endothelial tip cell filopodia to switch substrate and protrude in a new direction at a specific location in the developing brain.
Sheathed Catheter System for Fluoroscopically Guided Retrograde Catheterization, and Brush and Forceps Biopsy of the Upper Urinary Tract (1984)

A sheathed (coaxial) ureteral catheter has been designed for use in fluoroscopically guided retrograde procedures. Once the catheter has been inserted into the ureter the inner section is removed, leaving a semiflexible sheath as a conduit for biopsy forceps, curved catheters and other instruments. The sheath facilitates ureteral stenting, forceps biopsy of the renal pelvis and brush biopsy of all calices. The sheath also helps in percutaneous stone extraction by allowing retrograde passage and removal of balloon catheters with the patient in the prone position. Cystoscopy is needed initially to insert the catheter but not to pass instruments through the sheath. Thus, procedures can be completed in a standard fluoroscopy room.
Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Graphite Samples (2009)

1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 METHODS 2 2.1 ERROR ANALYSIS 3 2.1.1 ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SAMPLE LENGTH (DIAL CALIPER) 4 2.1.2 ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SAMPLE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA 4 2.1.3 UNCERTAINTY IN HEAT LOAD THROUGH SAMPLE 4 2.1.4 UNCERTAINTY IN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (THERMOCOUPLES) 5 2.1.5 UNCERTAINTY IN THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 5 2.1.6 ERROR ANALYSIS USED TO SELECT POWER & SAMPLE GEOMETRY 6 2.1.7 HEATING/COOLING PLATES 6 2.1.8 PUMP CURVE – COLD PLATE DESIGN 7 2.1.9 HEATERS – HOT PLATE DESIGN 7 2.2 THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE 8 2.3 FORCE/TORQUE APPLIED TO SAMPLE 8 2.4 ASSEMBLY 9 2.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS 10 3.0 RESULTS/DISCUSSION 11 4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 12 5.0 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS 13
Electrooptic Polarization Modulated Injection Laser (1980)

We describe a novel class of semiconductor lasers made possible by monolithic optical integration. Depending on the operating parameters these integrated lasers can be operated in various operational modes: i) polarization modulation, ii) frequency modulation, or iii) astable mode (controlled Q switching). These devices consist of an optical amplifier (A) taper coupled to a polarization modulator (M) and a polarizer (P). We have observed equivalent polarization rotation of 40° with only 6V applied bias change, ΔV m , to the modulator section. We have also found strong frequency (or wavelength, λ) modulation with wavelength shifts as large as 20 Å with ΔV m ≈ 1V.
Spider Venom: Components, Modes of Action, and Novel Strategies in Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses (2019)

This review gives an overview on the development of research on spider venoms with a focus on structure and function of venom components and techniques of analysis. Major venom component groups are small molecular mass compounds, antimicrobial (also called cytolytic, or cationic) peptides (only in some spider families), cysteine-rich (neurotoxic) peptides, and enzymes and proteins. Cysteine-rich peptides are reviewed with respect to various structural motifs, their targets (ion channels, membrane receptors), nomenclature, and molecular binding. We further describe the latest findings concerning the maturation of antimicrobial, and cysteine-rich peptides that are in most known cases expressed as propeptide-containing precursors. Today, venom research, increasingly employs transcriptomic and mass spectrometric techniques. Pros and cons of venom gland transcriptome analysis with Sanger, 454, and Illumina sequencing are discussed and an overview on so far published transcriptome studies is given. In this respect, we also discuss the only recently described cross contamination arising from multiplexing in Illumina sequencing and its possible impacts on venom studies. High throughput mass spectrometric analysis of venom proteomes (bottom-up, top-down) are reviewed.