gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of fibers with high rare-earth concentrations for Faraday isolator applications (1995)

The Faraday effect provides a mechanism for achieving unidirectional light propagation in optical isolators; however, miniaturization requires large Verdet constants. High rare-earth content glasses produce suitably large Verdet values, but intrinsic fabrication problems remain. The novel powder-intube method, or a single-draw rod-in-tube method, obviates these difficulties. The powder-in-tube method was used to make silica-clad optical fibers with a high terbium oxide content aluminosilicate core. Core diameters of 2.4 µm were achieved in 125-µm-diameter fibers, with a numerical aperture of 0.35 and a Verdet constant of -20.0 rad/(T m) at 1.06 µm. This value is greater than 50% for crystals found in current isolator systems. This development could lead to all-fiber isolators of dramatically lower cost and ease of fabrication compared with their crystalline competitors.
Allosteric effects in coiled-coil proteins folding and lanthanide-ion binding (2012)

Peptide sequences modified with lanthanide-chelating groups at their N-termini, or at their lysine side chains, were synthesized, and new Ln(III) complexes were characterized. We show that partial folding of the conjugates to form trimer coiled coil structures induces coordination of lanthanides to the ligand, which in turn further stabilizes the 3D structure.
Silicon nitride polyphase systems: fabrication, microstructure, and properties (1980)

Known interrelationships between fabrication, phase equilibrium, microstructure, and properties are reviewed for dense, polyphase silicon nitride materials fabricated with densification aids. In the first and second sections the raw materials, the manufacture of silicon nitride powder, impurities in these powders, and the two Si3N4 crystal structures are reviewed. In the third section the densification process, phase relationships of known systems, volatilization phenomena, and development of microstructure are dealt with. The final section is concerned with properties, Le. fracture toughness, strength, creep, and oxidation phenomena, and how these properties are related to the secondary phases and microstructure of the materials.
Data-driven Green's function retrieval and imaging with multidimensional deconvolution: Numerical examples for reflection data with internal multiples (2013)

Standard imaging techniques rely on the single scattering assumption. This requires that the recorded data do not include internal multiples, i.e. waves bouncing multiple times between layers before reaching the receivers at the acquisition surface. When multiple reflections are present in the data, standard imaging algorithms incorrectly image them as ghost reflectors. These artifacts can mislead the interpreters in locating potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. Recently, we introduced a new approach for retrieving the Greens function recorded at the acquisition surface due to a virtual source located at depth. Additionally, our approach allows us to decompose the Green's function in its downgoing and upgoing components. These wave fields are then used to create a ghostfree image of the medium with either crosscorrelation or multidimensional deconvolution, presenting an advantage over standard prestack migration. We illustrate the new method with a numerical example based on a modification of the Amoco model.
Lasing threshold in quantum well surface-emitting lasers: Many-body effects and temperature dependence (1989)

The geometry of quantum well surface-emitting lasers has several important consequences. The ultrashort (∼1 μm) vertical cavity defines longitudinal modes with energy separation greater than the bandwidth of spectral gain. The optical confinement of these modes can approach unity. To achieve lasing, high carrier densities (∼1012 cm−2) in the quantum well are required. The confined carriers interact through enhanced many-body exchange which influences both the lasing wavelength and threshold characteristics. Indeed, the exchange interaction can facilitate the lasing process. We theoretically and experimentally study the role of the short cavity and exchange interaction on the cw lasing threshold as a function of temperature. In constrast to edge emitters, the lasing threshold in these surface emitters exhibits a well-defined minimum at a particular temperature. The temperature of the minimum can be designed by merely changing the active layer thickness.
Synthetic Pathway for the Production of Olivetolic Acid in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2018)

Type III polyketide synthases (PKS IIIs) contribute to the synthesis of many economically important natural products, most of which are currently produced by direct extraction from plants or through chemical synthesis. Olivetolic acid (OLA) is a plant secondary metabolite sourced from PKS III catalysis, which along with its prenylated derivatives has various pharmacological activities. To demonstrate the potential for microbial cell factories to circumvent limitations of plant extraction or chemical synthesis for OLA, here we utilize a synthetic approach to engineer Escherichia coli for the production of OLA. In vitro characterization of polyketide synthase and cyclase enzymes, OLA synthase and OLA cyclase, respectively, validated their requirement as enzymatic components of the OLA pathway and confirmed the ability for these eukaryotic enzymes to be functionally expressed in E. coli. This served as a platform for the combinatorial expression of these enzymes with auxiliary enzymes aimed at increasing the supply of hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as starting and extender units, respectively. Through combining OLA synthase and OLA cyclase expression with the required modules of a β-oxidation reversal for hexanoyl-CoA generation, we demonstrate the in vivo synthesis of olivetolic acid from a single carbon source. The integration of additional auxiliary enzymes to increase hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, along with evaluation of varying fermentation conditions enabled the synthesis of 80 mg/L OLA. This is the first report of OLA production in E. coli, adding a new example to the repertoire of valuable compounds synthesized in this industrial workhorse.
The Human Protein Index. (1982)

The feasibility of constructing a human protein index and the data base associated with it is discussed. The index would be used to explore molecular anatomy and pathology of human cells. At present, the index is closely tied to the only technique that provides the requisite resolution: two-dimensional electrophoresis. Mapping of human cells, tissues and body fluids together with the mapping of micro-biopsy samples of tissues from individuals with many different diseases should create a systematic description of disease at the protein level. (JMT)
The Integrated Calibration of Synchronized Phasor Measurement Data in Power Transmission Systems (2011)

This paper utilizes several mathematical techniques based on the method of minimizing least squares to integrate synchronized measurements and power system operations planning data. The intent is to use several measurements and system data to enhance the overall accuracy of measurements in a power transmission system, thus integrating the calibration process. The techniques used include a least squares estimator, the Newton Raphson method to attain low discrepancies between measurements, and the least squares method to match measurements made simultaneously (e.g., obtained from phasor measurement units). A novel process is proposed which is applicable in real-time synchronized measurements calibration.
Development of a subunit vaccine for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus using a baculovirus insect/larvae system. (2005)

Various attempts to develop a vaccine against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) have not yielded consistent results. Thus, at present, no commercial vaccine is available that can be used with confidence to immunize fry of salmon and trout. We generated a cDNA clone of the large genome segment A of an IPNV Sp strain and expressed all structural protein genes in insect cells and larvae using a baculovirus expression system. Green fluorescent protein was also coexpressed as a reporter molecule. High yields of IPNV proteins were obtained and the structural proteins self assembled to form virus-like particles (VLPs). We tested the immunogenicity of the putative VLP antigen in immersion vaccine experiments (two concentrations) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry, and by intraperitoneal immunisation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) pre-smolts using an oil adjuvant formulation. Rainbow trout were challenged by immersion using either the Sp or the VR-299 strain of IPNV two or three weeks post-vaccination, while Atlantic salmon were bath challenged with Sp strain after two months, after parr-smolt transformation. In the rainbow trout fry challenged two weeks post-immunization, cumulative mortality rates three weeks post challenge were 14 % in the fry that had received the highest dose versus 8 % in the control groups. No indication of protection was seen in repeated trials using a lower dose of antigen and challenge three weeks post-immunisation. The cumulative mortality rate of intraperitoneally immunised Atlantic salmon post-smolts four weeks post challenge was lower (56%) than in the control fish (77%), showing a dose-response pattern.
Google CT 수업지도안 분석 (2016)

전 세계적인 코딩교육 활성화에 힘입어 우리나라도 2018년부터 중학교에서 정규과목으로 채택해 정보교육을 진행할 예정이다. 정보교과는 협력적 문제해결력, 컴퓨팅사고, 정보문화소양의 3가지 핵심역량을 기르기 위한 목표를 가지고 있다. 이 중에서 컴퓨팅사고는 세부적인 면에서 이견이 많고 일선 교사들이 그 개념에 대해 매우 어려워하고 있다. 이러한 이유로 많은 단체에서 컴퓨팅사고 안내서와 예제를 제공하여 이해를 돕고자 노력하고 있다. 특히 Google에서는 컴퓨팅사고를 정보교과에 한정하지 않고 전교과 주제를 이용하여 사고력을 함양하는 수업지도안을 보급하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 Google이 제공하는 수업지도안을 분석하여 컴퓨팅사고의 확장된 개념과 실제 적용방법을 일선교사에게 안내하는데 목적이 있다.
Surface-emitting semiconductor laser for intracavity spectroscopy and microscopy (1995)

The authors demonstrate lasing action in a novel microcavity laser which can be utilized for intracavity spectroscopy as well as high contrast imaging of small ({approximately} 10{mu}m) structures. The system can be easily visualized as a Fabry-Perot cavity containing a gain media and an object for study. Since the primary constraint on the object is transparency at the lasing wavelength, investigation of lasing in objects such as microspheres, liquid droplets, and biological cells is possible. The resonator consists of an epitaxial NME grown mirror and gain region on a GaAs wafer. This is essentially an open-cavity vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The object to be studied is placed on the wafer and covered with a glass dielectric mirror which acts as the output coupler. When the semiconductor gain region is photo-pumped, the object within the cavity provides lateral optical confinement through its index difference with the surrounding media, increases the cavity Q, and thus encourages lasing action. The emitted laser light can be spectrally and spatially resolved. The narrow lasing lines can provide information about the lasing modes supported and the size of the object. The spatially resolved laser light provides high contrast microscopic images of the electromagnetic modes oscillating in the resonator. The authors present an investigation of stable lasing modes in polystyrene spheres. This device could prove useful in biomedical diagnostics. It covers the correct spatial dimensions as well as wavelength region. In fact, an integrated system of these devices may provide a high speed, compact method of performing cell diagnostics.
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2016)

It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. IDSA considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
Driver assistance system for lane detection and vehicle recognition with night vision (2005)

The objective of this research is to develop a vision-based driver assistance system to enhance the driver's safety in the nighttime. The proposed system performs both lane detection and vehicle recognition. In lane detection, three features including lane markers, brightness, slenderness and proximity are applied to detect the positions of lane markers in the image. On the other hand, vehicle recognition is achieved by using an evident feature which is extracted through three four steps: taillight standing-out process, adaptive thresholding, centroid detection, and taillight pairing algorithm. Besides, an automatic method is also provided to calculate the tilt and the pan of the camera by using the position of vanishing point which is detected in the image by applying Canny edge detection, Hough transform, major straight line extraction and vanishing point estimation. Experimental results for thousands of images are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in the nighttime. The lane detection rate is nearly 99%, and the vehicle recognition rate is about 91%. Furthermore, our system can process the image in almost real time.
Work-Life Expectations of Christian Millennials (2018)

As more and more Millennials reject a religious label, we are curious as to whether those who have faith are somehow different, not only in their spiritual lives but in their work lives as well. This study analyzes the supposedly declining work ethic of Millennials and aims to determine if Christian Millennials differ from their peers. We found a significant difference in the work values and work ethic scores between Christians and non-Christians. These results seem to support the idea that religion has a noticeable influence on individual work ethic.
A Philosophy of Contour Mapping with the Computer: Chapter 1 (1992)

Geologic interpretation is a critical requirement for mapping geological variables. Several acceptable though different maps could be drawn with a set of observations, so the map that best honors geologic concepts and interpretation is most desirable. We propose a philosophy of contouring with the computer that involves combining three factors: geologic interpretation, data, and the program or algorithm to be used. Each of these is important and all must be considered jointly to combine good procedures with appropriate software. In fact, correctly combining these three factors places the required interpretation into the map.
Ion intensity analysis of post-source decay fragmentation in curved-field reflectron matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: For structural characterization of glycosylation in proteome analysis (2001)

The various kinds of oligosaccharides were analyzed by using post-source decay (PSD) fragmentation method of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Since the curved field reflectron MALDI-MS can record all fragment ions in a single measurement, we can discuss the fragment ion intensity in PSD mass spectrum more accurately. The intensities of the PSD fragment ions indicate the fine structure of the saccharide chains. The type of glycosyl linkages could be determined by the ion intensity analysis, and the stereo isomers of monosaccharides were distinguished by the MALDI-PSD fragment ion analysis. The linkage isomers and structural isomers were also distinguished by this method. The ion intensity analysis of curved-field reflectron MALDI-MS could be a powerful tool for glycosylation analysis.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Human Lung Cancers with Anti-<i>ras</i> p21 Monoclonal Antibodies (1987)

The expression of ras oncogene product p21 in human malignant pleurisy and primary lung cancer was studied immunocyto-histochemically with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) rp-28 and rp-35 against ras p21. In pleural effusion cells, cancer cells revealed more intensively positive reaction with MoAb rp-35 than with MoAb rp-28, especially in the plasma membrane, and no positive reaction was obtained in any kind of inflammation cells with the exception of faintly positive reaction in the cytoplasm of macrophages. In primary lung cancers, well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma tissues showed higher reactivity with MoAb rp-28 than those of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or any other histological subtype of lung cancer. With MoAb rp-35, intensively positive reaction was obtained in most of cases with all different histological subtypes of lung cancer. The staining in cancer cells was usually localized intensively to the plasma membrane and weakly to the cytoplasm with both MoAbs. Normal bronchial epithelial and glandular tissues showed only cytoplasmic staining. These two MoAbs, especially MoAb rp-35, may be useful in clinicopathological applications for the diagnosis of malignant pleurisy and primary lung cancer.
Simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of the selegiline in human plasma (2016)

Selegiline is best known as an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an intracellular enzyme associated with the outer membrane of mitochondria. The purpose of this study is to establish a reliable and quick method for the assignment of selegiline in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. A rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for determination of selegiline in human plasma. The method uses a protein precipitation step with methanol. Mobile phase was composed of phosphate buffer 0.1 M (pH 6.5)-acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The eluted peaks were detected by a UV detector was set at wavelength of 205 nm. The method was validated in the range of selegiline concentrations from 10 to 100 ng/ml. The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were 5 and 10 ng/ml, respectively. The average drug recovery from plasma was 98.20% throughout the linear concentration range. The average within-run and between-run accuracy values of 99.24 and 98.78, respectively. The method is quick, easy, very steady, and precise for the screen, assignment, and evaluation of selegiline in human plasma by HPLC.
Thermally robust dual-gate CMOS integration technologies for high-performance DRAM-embedded ASICs (2003)

We have demonstrated three key integration technologies of thermally stable dual-gate CMOSFETs for DRAM-embedded ASICs. These technologies include: (1) a thermally stable W-polycide gate for every MOSFET and CoSi/sub 2/ diffusion for logic CMOS to maintain low resistance, (2) nitrogen implantation into WSi/sub 2/ to prevent lateral dopant diffusion without gate depletion, and (3) a Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//TEOS-BPSG stacked interlayer for self-aligned contacts (SAC) without boron penetration in PMOSFETs. High-performance CMOSFETs using these technologies and 5 metal layers result in a flexible circuit design which can achieve 6.8 ns access speed in a 64 Mb DRAM-embedded macro with a 0.25 /spl mu/m design rule.
Packungskolonnen (1986)

Abstract Packed columns . Packed towers with dumped or regular packings are widely used in industry for accomplishing chemical engineering processes. Packed columns are able to work economically even under extreme process conditions (e. g. vacuum, high temperature, aggressive flow mediums), because of the available variety of packing types and the straight‐forward manufacture of the individual packing elements from almost any material. The present contribution shows the different kinds of packings arranged according to their geometry and physical properties. A packed tower for gas/liquid countercurrent operation is shown as a basic construction with the necessary internals. Since packed columns are mostly used in gas/liquid countercurrent operation, the fundamentals of fluid dynamics and mass transfer are presented for this operating condition.
Broadband high-optical-density filters in the infrared (1994)

A new concept for the design of broadband (2-25 microm and beyond) neutral-density filters in the infrared region without étaloning effects is proposed and demonstrated. One important aspect of the technique is to use metallic-thin-film (10-200-nm-thick) multilayer combinations deposited onto different substrates (ZnSe, CdTe, Lexan). Neutral-density filters with optical densities as high as 4 are designed and built in the broadband region (2-25 microm). Another key innovation is the use of ultrathin substrates (~100 nm thick) for elimination of étaloning effects normally present in thick (>0.5-mm) substrates. Neutral-density filters with such ultrathin substrates are also designed and investigated.
Aminolysis of 2′-Deoxyinosine Aryl Ethers: Nucleoside Model Studies for the Synthesis of Functionally Tethered Oligonucleotides (1992)

Abstract Several O6-aryl-2′-deoxyinosines were synthesized and found to undergo conversion to N6-substituted-2′-deoxyadenosines upon treatment with aqueous amines. The kinetics for reaction of these nucleosides with various amines suggests that O6-phenyl- and O6-(p-nitrophenyl)-2′-deoxyinosine are suitable "convertible nucleoside" precursors for the site-specific introduction of functionally tethered 2′-deoxyadenosines into DNA.
Dynamic trusted measurement model based on finite state machine (2011)

This paper studies development of dynamic trusted measurement, and concludes the merits and faults of these methods. This paper presents an trusted dynamic measurement model based on the finite state machine. By constructing the state benchmark library of application, we can measure the Trustworthiness of application through measuring whether the running state is in the state benchmark library.
Interferon‐β therapy reduces CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T‐cell reactivity in multiple sclerosis (2006)

Therapy with interferon-beta (IFN-beta) has well-established clinical effects in multiple sclerosis (MS), albeit the immunomodulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. We assessed the prevalence and functional capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in healthy donors, and in untreated and IFN-beta-treated MS patients, in response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The proportion of CD45RO+ memory T cells was higher in MS patients than in healthy donors, but returned to normal values upon therapy with IFN-beta. While CD45RO+ CD4+ T cells from all three groups responded to MOG in vitro, untreated patients showed augmented proliferative responses compared to healthy individuals and IFN-beta treatment reduced this elevated reactivity back to the values observed in healthy donors. Similarly, the response of CD45RO+ CD8+ T cells to MOG was strongest in untreated patients and decreased to normal values upon immunotherapy. Overall, the frequency of peripheral CD45RO+ memory T cells ex vivo correlated with the strength of the cellular in vitro response to MOG in untreated patients but not in healthy donors or IFN-beta-treated patients. Compared with healthy individuals, responding CD4+ and CD8+ cells were skewed towards a type 1 cytokine phenotype in untreated patients, but towards a type 2 phenotype under IFN-beta therapy. Our data suggest that the beneficial effect of IFN-beta in MS might be the result of the suppression or depletion of autoreactive, pro-inflammatory memory T cells in the periphery. Assessment of T-cell subsets and their reactivity to MOG may represent an important diagnostic tool for monitoring successful immunotherapy in MS.