gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterization of human salivary carbonic anhydrase. (1987)

A novel carbonic anhydrase was purified from human saliva with inhibitor affinity chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight was determined to be 42,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating that the human salivary enzyme is larger than the cytosolic isoenzymes CA I, CA II, and CA III (Mr 29,000) from human tissue sources. Each molecule of the salivary enzyme had two N-linked oligosaccharide chains which were cleaved by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F but not by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, indicating that the oligosaccharides are complex type. The isoelectric point was determined to be 6.4, but significant charge heterogeneity was found in different preparations. The human salivary isozyme has lower specific activity than the rat salivary isozyme and the human red blood cell isozyme II in the CO2 hydratase reaction. The inhibitory properties of the salivary isozyme resemble those of CA II with iodide, sulfanilamide, and bromopyruvic acid, but the salivary enzyme is less sensitive to acetazolamide and methazolamide than CA II. Antiserum raised in a rabbit against the salivary enzyme cross-reacted with CA II from human erythrocytes, indicating that human salivary carbonic anhydrase and CA II must share at least one antigenic site. CA I and CA III did not crossreact with this antiserum. The amount of salivary carbonic anhydrase in the saliva of the CA II-deficient patients was greatly reduced, indicating that the CA II deficiency mutation directly or indirectly affects the expression of the salivary carbonic anhydrase isozyme. From these results we conclude that the salivary carbonic anhydrase is immunologically and genetically related to CA II, but that it is a novel and distinct isozyme which we tentatively designate CA VI.
A Clarifying Question Selection System from NTES_ALONG in Convai3 Challenge (2020)

This paper presents the participation of NetEase Game AI Lab team for the ClariQ challenge at Search-oriented Conversational AI (SCAI) EMNLP workshop in 2020. The challenge asks for a complete conversational information retrieval system that can understanding and generating clarification questions. We propose a clarifying question selection system which consists of response understanding, candidate question recalling and clarifying question ranking. We fine-tune a RoBERTa model to understand user's responses and use an enhanced BM25 model to recall the candidate questions. In clarifying question ranking stage, we reconstruct the training dataset and propose two models based on ELECTRA. Finally we ensemble the models by summing up their output probabilities and choose the question with the highest probability as the clarification question. Experiments show that our ensemble ranking model outperforms in the document relevance task and achieves the best recall@[20,30] metrics in question relevance task. And in multi-turn conversation evaluation in stage2, our system achieve the top score of all document relevance metrics.
Morphology of Lipid Micefles Containing Lysolecithin (1977)

Mixtures of lysolecithin with various phospholipids were studied by electron microscopy using negative staining. Mixtures of dipalmitoyllecithin and lysolecithin produced disc-shaped structures which were stacked in aggregates with a 6.0--6.4 nm repeat. The disc were 10--50 nm in diameter. The disc-shaped structures were best observed in equimolar mixtures of dipalmitoyllecithin and lysolecithin. When dipalmitoyllecithin was replaced by dimyristoyllecithin, the structures were rather different from those observed in the system containing dipalmitoyllecithin; a cylindrical micellar phase was predominant. Equimolar mixtures of egg lecithin and lysolecithin formed the more usual smectic, concentric lamellae (liposomes) and elongated rod-like micelles which might be bimolecular fragments of spherules. The radius of the rod-like micelles was about 6 nm. Structures of rod-like micelles were observed more frequently in the samples after incubation at room temperature and then further incubation at 0 degrees C. Equimolar mixtures of didecanoyllecithin and lysolecithin produced large amounts of elongated rod-like micelles. Beef brain sphingoymyelin showed disc-shaped structures when mixed with lysolecithin. Incorporation of cholesterol into the mixtures of dipalmitoyllecithin and lysolecithin changed the morphological structure; the size of the disc became larger and eventually liposomes were formed with an increase of cholesterol content. The structures observed in mixtures of dipalmitoyllecithin or sphingomyelin and lysolecithin closely resembled those observed in complexes of apolipoprotein and lipid.
Development of a Satellite Beacon Receiving Station (1998)

As part of its space operations research program, Stanford University's Space Systems Development Laboratory (SSDL) is implementing an automated state of health assessment and notification system for spacecraft. On board the spacecraft, this system consists of software that filters telemetry to derive a health assessment and a periodic beacon that broadcasts this assessment to the Earth. Throughout the world, a network of low cost receiving stations receive the beacon signal and relay it to a central mission control center via the Internet. This paper addresses the design and development of a beacon receiving station. Each station is designed to be approximately an order of magnitude lower in price than a conventional two-way ground station. Emphasis is placed on making sure the station is highly autonomous, requiring little or no assistance from the host site. The stations are made up of only three separate components - an antenna, a receiver, and a personal computer. Existing hardware at the host site, such as available computers and network connections are used to further minimize costs.
Multi-Modal and Modality Specific Error Handling in the GEMINI Project (2003)

GEMINI (Generic Environment for Multilingual Interactive Natural Interfaces) is an EC-funded research project which started in April 2002. The goal of GEMINI is to provide a flexible platform for the generation of applications, able to produce multi-modal and multilingual dialogue interfaces to databases with a minimum of human effort. All description models which are generated by the tools of the platform are based on our newly designed XML-based description language called GDialogXML (Gemini Dialog XML). It is an abstract dialogue description language, which is flexible enough to account for both modality independent and modality specific features of the target language, i.e. VoiceXML or xHTML. The platform will generate high-quality, state-of-the-art applications, e.g. a speech application that includes mixed-initiative dialogues and sophisticated error handling. In this paper, we focus on the treatment of error handling for speech. Error handling for the web will be done in a future stage of the project. 1.
Calibration of Haptic Sensors Using Transfer Learning (2020)

This paper introduces a novel sensor calibration scheme, the Hybrid Analytical and Network (HAN) model, which is especially suitable for regression based on neural networks with small training datasets. Through the HAN model, qualitative physical knowledge can be used to facilitate network training so that the demand on training data can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, training results can be transferred to the calibration of other types of sensors. The HAN model has been used to calibrate two haptic sensors, namely, the balance sensor and the skin sensor, which both operate on the principle of Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR), but for two different applications. The balance sensor is designed for human balance ability assessment, while the skin sensor is designed for evaluation of human skin properties. The calibration results using the HAN model are far more accurate and faster than other neural network training methods, especially for a small experiment dataset. The strong transfer ability of the HAN model is also demonstrated by the transfer attempt from balance sensor calibration to that of the skin sensor. The HAN model provides a new method to integrate model-based and data-driven sensor calibration methods, and shows greater efficacy. Its application is not restricted to sensor calibration but has broader potential value in all neural network regression tasks.
Molecular tracing of the emergence, diversification, and transmission of <i>S. aureus</i> sequence type 8 in a New York community (2014)

During the last 2 decades, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains have dramatically increased the global burden of S. aureus infections. The pandemic sequence type (ST)8/pulsed-field gel type USA300 is the dominant CA-MRSA clone in the United States, but its evolutionary history and basis for biological success are incompletely understood. Here, we use whole-genome sequencing of 387 ST8 isolates drawn from an epidemiological network of CA-MRSA infections and colonizations in northern Manhattan to explore short-term evolution and transmission patterns. Phylogenetic analysis predicted that USA300 diverged from a most common recent ancestor around 1993. We found evidence for multiple introductions of USA300 and reconstructed the phylogeographic spread of isolates across neighborhoods. Using pair-wise single-nucleotide polymorphism distances as a measure of genetic relatedness between isolates, we observed that most USA300 isolates had become endemic in households, indicating their critical role as reservoirs for transmission and diversification. Using the maximum single-nucleotide polymorphism variability of isolates from within households as a threshold, we identified several possible transmission networks beyond households. Our study also revealed the evolution of a fluoroquinolone-resistant subpopulation in the mid-1990s and its subsequent expansion at a time of high-frequency outpatient antibiotic use. This high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of ST8 has documented the genomic changes associated with USA300 evolution and how some of its recent evolution has been shaped by antibiotic use. By integrating whole-genome sequencing with detailed epidemiological analyses, our study provides an important framework for delineating the full diversity and spread of USA300 and other emerging pathogens in large urban community populations.
Role of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal vaginal discomfort. (2012)

High molecular weight HA could be effective in subjective and objective improvement of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy providing a good compliance. No adverse events occurred during the entire period of the study.
Path consistency revisited (2002)

One of the main factors limiting the use of path consistency algorithms in real life applications is their high space complexity. C. Han and C. Lee (1988) presented a path consistency algorithm, PC-4, with O(n/sup 3/a/sup 3/) space complexity, which makes it practicable only for small problems. The author presents a new path consistency algorithm, PC-5, which has an O(n/sup 3/a/sup 2/) space complexity while retaining the worst case time complexity of PC-4. Moreover, the new algorithm exhibits a much better average case time complexity. The new algorithm is based on the idea (due to C. Bessiere (1994)) that, at any time, only a minimal amount of support has to be found and recorded for a labeling to establish its viability; one has to look for at new support only if the current support is eliminated. The author also shows that PC-5 can be improved further to yield an algorithm, PC5++, with even better average case performance and the same space complexity.
The Use of Temporary Vascular Shunts as a Damage Control Adjunct in the Management of Wartime Vascular Injury (2006)

Temporary vascular shunts are common in the management of wartime vascular injury. Shunts in proximal injuries including veins have high patency rates compared with those placed in distal injuries. This vascular adjunct represents a safe and effective damage control technique and is preferable to attempted reconstruction in austere conditions.
Model Reference Adaptive Predictive Control for a Variable-Frequency Oil-Cooling Machine (2004)

This paper develops methodologies and techniques for the design, analysis, and implementation of a model reference adaptive predictive temperature controller for a variable-frequency oil-cooling machine, suited for cooling high-speed machine tools. The oil-cooling process is modeled experimentally as a first-order system model with a time delay and its system parameters are identified using the recursive least-square method. Based on this model, a model reference adaptive predictive controller is proposed for achieving set-point tracking and robustness. A real-time model reference adaptive predictive control algorithm is then presented and implemented utilizing a stand-alone digital signal processor TMS320F243 from Texas Instruments Incorporated. The experimental results show that the proposed control method is proven capable of giving satisfactory performance under set-point changes, fixed loads, and load changes.
Biotechnology from A to Z (1993)

This book provides a clear, practical and illuminating guide to the ideas and terminology of Biotechnology. Biotechnology is one of the fastest growing, most exciting, and most controversial areas of science and technology in the 21st Century, an industry worth billions and a political topic that has shaken governments. It has already produced scientific achievements, from cloning to sequencing the genome, which would have seemed miraculous 20 years ago, and an industry with thousands of companies spanning the world. But this is based on a set of scientific disciplines with their own jargon, ideas and limitations. This book describes those ideas and terms, and what they really mean for science, industry and society. In 300 entries from ADEPT through cloning, genomes, patents, and viruses to zoonosis, A to Z provides over 300 concise entries describing what the science is, what it does, and the reality of how it has been used, and could be applied. It can be read cover to cover, or dipped into for a quick understanding of a topic.
Elucidating Mechanisms of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury During Thyroidectomy and Parathyroidectomy (2007)

RLN injury during thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy occurs intraoperatively significantly more often to a visually intact RLN than to a transected nerve. The anterior motor branch of an RLN bifurcating near the ligament of Berry is particularly at risk of traction injury.
Involvement of a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase in Thaxtomin A Biosynthesis by <i>Streptomyces acidiscabies</i> (2002)

The biosynthesis of the thaxtomin cyclic dipeptide phytotoxins proceeds nonribosomally via the thiotemplate mechanism. Acyladenylation, thioesterification, N-methylation, and cyclization of two amino acid substrates are catalyzed by the txtAB-encoded thaxtomin synthetase. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the region 3' of txtAB in Streptomyces acidiscabies 84.104 identified an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a homolog of the P450 monooxygenase gene family. It was proposed that thaxtomin A phenylalanyl hydroxylation was catalyzed by the monooxygenase homolog. The ORF was mutated in S. acidiscabies 84.104 by using an integrative gene disruption construct, and culture filtrate extracts of the mutant were assayed for the presence of dehydroxy derivatives of thaxtomin A. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-mass spectrometry indicated that the major component in culture filtrate extracts of the mutant was less polar and smaller than thaxtomin A. Comparisons of electrospray mass spectra as well as (1)H- and (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the purified compound with those previously reported for thaxtomins confirmed the structure of the compound as 12,15-N-dimethylcyclo-(L-4-nitrotryptophyl-L-phenylalanyl), the didehydroxy analog of thaxtomin A. The ORF, designated txtC, was cloned and the recombinant six-His-tagged fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli and purified from cell extracts. TxtC produced in E. coli exhibited spectral properties similar to those of cytochrome P450-type hemoproteins that have undergone conversion to the catalytically inactive P420 form. Based on these properties and the high similarity of TxtC to other well-characterized P450 enzymes, we conclude that txtC encodes a cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase required for postcyclization hydroxylation of the cyclic dipeptide.
Accurate thickness/density measurements of organic light-emitting diodes (1998)

We report on the use of Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy for thickness analysis of organic light-emitting diode structures (OLEDs) with subnanometer resolution and a spatial resolution &lt;1 mm. A careful study of ion beam induced effects revealed some organic film degradation, but not so severe as to inhibit meaningful measurements. The method is independent of the substrate and is still applicable if the organic film is capped with a metal cathode. Common OLED materials have been the subject of this study: poly(2-methoxy,5-(2′-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene (MEH-PPV), N′,N′-diphenyl-N, N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′ biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD), and tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3). The densities of thin films of evaporated TPD (ρ=1.22±0.05 g/cm3) and Alq3 (ρ=1.51±0.03 g/cm3) have been established.
Cracks and blisters formed close to a silicon wafer surface by He-H co-implantation at low energy (2015)

We have studied the effect of reducing the implantation energy towards low keV values on the areal density of He and H atoms stored within populations of blister cavities formed by co-implantation of the same fluence of He then H ions into Si(001) wafers and annealing. Using a variety of experimental techniques, we have measured blister heights and depth from the surface, diameter, areal density of the cracks from which they originate as functions of implantation energy and fluence. We show that there is a direct correlation between the diameters of the cracks and the heights of the associated blisters. This correlation only depends on the implantation energy, i.e., only on the depth at which the cracks are located. Using finite element method modeling, we infer the pressure inside the blister cavities from the elastic deformations they generate, i.e., from the height of the blisters. From this, we demonstrate that the gas pressure within a blister only depends on the diameter of the associated crack and not on its depth position and derive an analytical expression relating these parameters. Relating the pressure inside a blister to the respective concentrations of gas molecules it contains, we deduce the areal densities of He and H atoms contained within the populations of blisters. After low-energy implantations (8 keV He+, 3 keV H+), all the implanted He and H atoms contribute to the formation of the blisters. There is no measurable exo-diffusion of any of the implanted gases, in contrast to what was assumed at the state of the art to explain the failure of the Smart-Cut technology when using very low energy ion implantation for the fabrication of ultra-thin layers. Alternative explanations must be investigated.
Multistable Spatiotemporal Dynamics in the Driven Frenkel-Kontorova Lattice (2001)

Spatiotemporal dynamics of the damped dc-driven Frenkel-Kontorova lattice is studied. Multistable topologies are shown. Intermittency of the dynamical contraction factor is found, and this behavior is a consequence of the collisions of kinks and antikinks. Fast kinks and antikinks are unstable. The transition from the localized kink to the whirling mode is found to be a temporal bifurcation cascade of generations of kink-antikink pairs and the collision-induced avalanche dynamics. Noise-induced topology transition is observed and discussed.``
Selective deposition of <i>i</i> <i>n</i> <i>s</i> <i>i</i> <i>t</i> <i>u</i> doped polycrystalline silicon by rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition (1989)

Selective polycrystalline silicon was successfully deposited and in situ doped wih arsenic for the first time by rapid thermal processing chemical vapor deposition (RTPCVD). The growth kinetics of SiH2Cl2/AsH3/H2 gas system have been studied by examining the dependence of growth rate on deposition temperature, volume percentage of SiH2Cl2, and AsH3 mole fraction. Submicron polycrystalline silicon layers with excellent selectivity and precise thickness control have been achieved with proper deposition conditions. The growth rate decreases as doping levels increase, and drastically decreases when the AsH3 mole fraction is higher. In addition, the growth rate is linearly proportional to the SiH2Cl2 flow rate for a fixed AsH3 flow rate.
Spin-orbit torque driven chiral magnetization reversal in ultrathin nanostructures (2015)

We show that the spin-orbit torque induced magnetization switching in nanomagnets presenting Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DMI) interaction is governed by a chiral domain nucleation at the edges. The nucleation is induced by the DMI and the applied in-plane magnetic field followed by domain-wall propagation. Our micromagnetic simulations show that the dc switching current can be defined as the edge nucleation current, which decreases strongly with increasing amplitude of the DMI. This description allows us to build a simple analytical model to quantitatively predict the switching current. We find that domain nucleation occurs down to a lateral size of $25\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, defined by the length scale of the DMI, beyond which the reversal mechanism approaches a macrospin behavior. The switching is deterministic and bipolar.
The antiarrhythmic potential of angiotensin II antagonism: experience with losartan (2000)

A large body of literature accumulated over the past several years supports the notion that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system protects the heart and other target organs from hypertensive complications. Various studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce morbidity and mortality in the setting of ischemic heart disease and/or congestive heart failure. The improvement in survival has been attributed in part to a significant decrease in the incidence of sudden deaths, possibly due to a decrease in complex arrhythmia episodes. Recently, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan was shown to reduce mortality by 46% compared with captopril in older patients with chronic congestive heart failure. This paper briefly reviews the arrhythmogenic properties of angiotensin II and the possible pharmacologic mechanisms for the antiarrhythmogenic potential of losartan.