gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The age of intelligent machines (1991)

What is artificial intelligence? At its essence, it is another way of answering a central question that has been debated by scientists, philosophers, and theologians for thousands of years: How does the human brain - three pounds of ordinary matter - give rise to thought? With this question in mind, inventor and visionary computer scientist Raymond Kurzweil probes the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence, from its earliest philosophical and mathematical roots through today's moving frontier, to tantalizing glimpses of 21st-century machines with superior intelligence and truly prodigious speed and memory. Lavishly illustrated and easily accessible to the nonspecialist, The Age of Intelligent Machines provides the background needed for a full understanding of the enormous scientific potential represented by intelligent machines and of their equally profound philosophic, economic, and social implications. It examines the history of efforts to understand human intelligence and to emulate it by building devices that seem to act with human capabilities. Running alongside Kurzweil's historical and scientific narrative, are 23 articles examining contemporary issues in artificial intelligence by such luminaries as Daniel Dennett, Sherry Turkle, Douglas Hofstadter, Marvin Minsky, Seymour Papert, Edward Feigenbaum, Allen Newell, and George Gilder. Raymond Kurzweil is the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Kurzweil Applied Intelligence, Kurzweil Music Systems, and the Kurzweil Reading Machines division of Xerox. He was the principal developer of the first print-to-speech reading machine for the blind and other significant advances in artificial intelligencetechnology.
Poly-DL-lactic acid: Polyethylene glycol block copolymers. The influence of polyethylene glycol on the degradation of poly-DL-lactic acid (1994)

ABA block copolymers of polyethylene glycol and poly-DL-lactic acid were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of DL-dilactide with alpha,omega-dihydroxy polyethylene glycol, Mn 1000 or 2000. The morphology of the resulting copolymers, with PEG:PLA ratios(mol/mol) of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4, was characterized by DSC and ESR spectroscopy. The rate of water uptake was biphasic, reflecting the contribution of two processes: rapid diffusion of water into the initially miscible PEG and PLA blocks; then a slower rate of hydration possibly due to phase separation and hydrolytic cleavage of the PLA blocks. The rate of hydrolytic degradation of the block copolymers in DI water at 37 degrees C was measured by two methods: weight loss and colorimetric analysis of the carboxy end group concentration resulting from chain scission of PLA blocks. As a result of phase separation, the rate of scission of PLA blocks in the copolymers was similar to that of the PLA homopolymer. The more rapid onset of weight loss of the copolymers, relative to PLA, is attributed to the greater water solubility of PEG-PLA oligomers and their greater diffusivity in the more highly hydrated copolymers.
Dopamine receptor sites and states in human brain. (1983)

Of the several dopamine-sensitive sites in the brain, the one that most correlates with psychomotor behaviour is the D2 receptor. This receptor has two states. The D2Hi state is characterized by its nM affinity for dopamine. The D2Lo state is typified by its microM affinity for dopamine. Neuroleptics have the same affinity (50 pM for spiperone) for both states. Guanine nucleotides convert most, if not all, of the D2Hi sites into D2Lo sites. Any D2Hi sites which are insensitive to GTP, if such exist, may be separate D4 sites. In addition to the binding of 3H-spiperone being higher in post-mortem schizophrenic brains, the proportions of the D2 receptor in the D2Hi state appear to be less in preliminary data on the schizophrenic brain.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Methanol Extract of <i>Sedum telephium</i> ssp. <i>maximum</i> in Lipopolysaccharide- Stimulated Rat Peritoneal Macrophages (2008)

Sedum telephium ssp. maximum is a medicinal plant that possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and keratolytic properties. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of its methanolic extract (STME) in rat peritoneal macrophages (MPhis) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enteritidis. After stimulation with 10 microg/ml of LPS, MPhis were coincubated with different doses of STME (8, 16 and 32 microg/ml) or RPMI medium alone using different times of incubation. STME reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, both mRNA and its protein, and significantly decreased IL-1beta and IL-6 production. Moreover, STME inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and blunted nitrite release and inhibited both extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated MPhis. Data show that STME might be useful as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
PCR quantification of SiO<sub>2</sub> particle uptake in cells in the ppb and ppm range via silica encapsulated DNA barcodes (2014)

There is a strong interest in studying the cellular uptake of silica nanoparticles, particularly at medically relevant concentrations (ppb-ppm range) to understand their toxicology. At present, uptake analysis at these exposure levels is impeded by the high silica background concentration. Here we describe the use of DNA encapsulated within silica particles as a tool to quantify silica nanoparticles in in vitro cell-uptake experiments at low concentrations (down to 10 fg cell(-1)).
A Simple and Rapid Method for the Determination of "free" Iron in Biological Fluids (2002)

We present a convenient method for determining "free" or non-protein-bound iron in biological fluids. The new method is based on the bathophenantroline method for determination of total serum iron, and comprises binding of iron by a chromogenic chelator (bathophenantroline-disulphonate, BPS), which is specific for ferrous iron. The ferrous complex of BPS absorbs strongly at 535 nm, and the detection limit is less than 1 microM in a sample size of 50 microliters. The chelator does not liberate iron from either haemoglobin or transferrin. Interference from copper or zinc in concentrations up to 50 microM does not significantly disturb measurements. The main problem when measuring in blood plasma, the high and fluctuating background in the region around 535 nm, has been overcome through filtering techniques. Data from measurements of ferrous iron in microdialysate, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood plasma in different animal models and clinical conditions are presented as illustrative examples of the usefulness of the method. The method allows the determination of ferric, as well as ferrous, iron in the same sample.
Lung Expression of Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Sensitizes the Mouse to SARS-CoV-2 Infection (2020)

Preclinical mouse models that recapitulate some characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) will facilitate focused study of pathogenesis and virus-host responses. Human agniotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) serves as an entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to infect people via binding to envelope spike proteins. Herein we report development and characterization of a rapidly deployable COVID-19 mouse model. C57BL/6J (B6) mice expressing hACE2 in the lung were transduced by oropharyngeal delivery of the recombinant human adenovirus type 5 that expresses hACE2 (Ad5-hACE2). Mice were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at Day 4 after transduction and developed interstitial pneumonia associated with perivascular inflammation, accompanied by significantly higher viral load in lungs at Days 3, 6, and 12 after infection compared with Ad5-empty control group. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in pneumocytes in alveolar septa. Transcriptomic analysis of lungs demonstrated that the infected Ad5-hACE mice had a significant increase in IFN-dependent chemokines <i>Cxcl9</i> and <i>Cxcl10</i>, and genes associated with effector T-cell populations including C<i>d3 g, Cd8a, and Gzmb</i>. Pathway analysis showed that several Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were enriched in the data set, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the chemokine signaling pathway, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the measles pathway, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. This response is correlative to clinical response in lungs of patients with COVID-19. These results demonstrate that expression of hACE2 via adenovirus delivery system sensitized the mouse to SARS-CoV-2 infection and resulted in the development of a mild COVID-19 phenotype, highlighting the immune and inflammatory host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This rapidly deployable COVID-19 mouse model is useful for preclinical and pathogenesis studies of COVID-19.
Treatment with NS3623, a novel Cl-conductance blocker, ameliorates erythrocyte dehydration in transgenic SAD mice: a possible new therapeutic approach for sickle cell disease (2001)

The dehydration of sickle red blood cells (RBCs) through the Ca-activated K channel depends on the parallel movement of Cl ions. To study whether Cl-conductance block might prevent dehydration of sickle RBCs, a novel Cl-conductance inhibitor (NS3623) was characterized in vitro using RBCs from healthy donors and sickle cell patients and in vivo using normal mice and a transgenic mouse model of sickle cell disease (SAD mice). In vitro, NS3623 reversibly blocked human RBC Cl-conductance (g(Cl)) with an IC(50) value of 210 nmol/L and a maximal block of 95%. In vivo, NS3623 inhibited RBC g(Cl) after oral administration to normal mice (ED(50) = 25 mg/kg). Although g(Cl), at a single dose of 100 mg/kg, was still 70% inhibited 5 hours after dosing, the inhibition disappeared after 24 hours. Repeated administration of 100 mg/kg twice a day for 10 days caused no adverse effects; therefore, this regimen was chosen as the highest dosing for the SAD mice. SAD mice were treated for 3 weeks with 2 daily administrations of 10, 35, and 100 mg/kg NS3623, respectively. The hematocrit increased, and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased in all groups with a concomitant increase in the intracellular cation content. A loss of the densest red cell population was observed in conjunction with a shift from a high proportion of sickled to well-hydrated discoid erythrocytes, with some echinocytes present at the highest dosage. These data indicate feasibility for the potential use of Cl-conductance blockers to treat human sickle cell disease.
Image segmentation based on scaled fuzzy membership functions (2002)

As a basis for an automated interpretation of magnetic resonance images, the authors propose a fuzzy segmentation method. The method uses five standard fuzzy membership functions: small, small medium, medium, large medium, and large. The method fits these membership functions to the modes of interest in the image histogram by means of a piecewise-linear transformation. A test example is given concerning a human head image, including a sensitivity analysis based on the fuzzy area measure. The method provides a rule-based interface to the physician.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Effect of pH on the Extracellular Matrix and Biofilms (2014)

<b>Significance:</b> Chronic wounds become caught in a state of inflammation causing an increase in levels of degrading proteases, which destroy components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that are essential for the wound healing process. This review aims to highlight and provide readers with an overview of what is currently known about the role of pH and its effect on the ECM and biofilms within healing and nonhealing wounds. <b>Recent Advances:</b> The pH profiles of healthy skin, acute wounds, and chronic wounds differ significantly. Chronic wounds have an alkaline pH whereas healthy skin has a slightly acidic pH. Although there is evidence on the effect of pH on protease production and bacterial proliferation in wounds, there is little evidence to show its effect on ECM synthesis and degradation. <b>Critical Issues:</b> The implications for the complex nature of chronic wounds are that no single treatment is relevant for all wounds, but rather a combination of methodologies must be adopted. It is known that pH of a wound reduces throughout the stages of healing, suggesting that wound pH measurements could be beneficial to identify nonhealing wounds earlier and decide on the most appropriate course of treatment. <b>Future Direction:</b> Wound healing is a very complex process with multiple factors known to play a role. All aspects of the nonhealing wound (defective ECM, pH, microbial invasion, and excess proteases) need to be taken into account when investigating or clinically treating a chronic wound.
Petroleum Coke (2000)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical and Chemical Properties 3. Production 3.1. Production Processes 3.1.1. Delayed Coking 3.1.2. Fluid Coking 3.1.3. Flexicoking 3.2. Calcination 3.2.1. Rotary Kiln Calciner 3.2.2. Rotary Hearth Calciner 4. Uses 4.1. Green Petroleum Coke 4.2. Calcined Petroleum Coke 5. Quality Aspects 5.1. Green Coke 5.2. Regular Calcinate 5.3. Needle Coke 6. Environmental and Safety Aspects 6.1. Green Coke 6.2. Calcined Petroleum Coke
Ankle arthrodesis. Long-term follow-up with gait analysis. (1979)

A functional assessment of twelve patients after ankle arthrodesis for post-traumatic arthritis was carried out by means of an extensive clinical evaluation and gait analysis after an average follow-up of eight years. A weighted point system was developed to grade ankle function clinically. The data on gait analysis were examined to determine the effect of arthrodesis of the ankle on the over-all pattern of walking. Under conditions of normal daily living while wearing shoes, all patients functioned well after arthrodesis. The gait-analysis data obtained with the patients wearing shoes showed excellent gait characteristics, and the ankle motion that had been lost was compensated for by: (1) motion of the small joints of the ipsilateral foot; (2) altered motion of the ankle in the contralateral limb; and (3) appropriate footwear. While the patients were walking barefooted, some adverse effects of fusion of the ankle were evident. Velocity of gait was slowed and the length of stride was shortened in all twelve patients. One patient whose ankle had been fused in an equinus position had a back-knee deformity during stance phase, and another walked only on his toes when he was without shoes. The gait patterns of all patients were markedly improved when they were wearing shoes with appropriate heel heights.
Directed Synthesis of the Triangular Mixed-Metal Cluster H<sub>2</sub>RhRe<sub>2</sub>Cp*(CO)<sub>9</sub>: Ligand Fluxionality and Facile Cluster Fragmentation in the Presence of CO, Halogenated Solvents, and Thiols (2009)

The reaction of H2Re2(CO)8 (1) with Cp*Rh(CO)2 (2) in refluxing hexane affords the mixed-metal clusters H2RhRe2Cp*(CO)9 (4, major product), HRh2ReCp*2(CO)6 (5), and HRhRe3Cp*(CO)14 (6). 4 and 5 are electron-precise 48e clusters and display triangular metallic cores, while 6 contains 64 valence electrons and exhibits a spiked-triangular core having a pendant Re(CO)5 moiety. Heating 1 with Cp*2Rh2(CO)2 (3) gives 4 and 5 as the principal products, in addition to H2Rh2Re2Cp*2(CO)8 (7) in low yield. Cluster 7 possesses 60e and contains a tetrametallic core with two face-capping CO and hydride groups. Heating 4 under CO leads to cluster fragmentation and formation of Re2(CO)10 and 2 in essentially quantitative yield, as assessed by IR spectroscopy. The kinetics for the fragmentation of 4 in toluene under CO have been investigated over the temperature range 325−349 K by UV−vis spectroscopy. On the basis of the first-order rate constants and the Eyring activation parameters (ΔH⧧ = 25.0(8) kcal/mol; ΔS⧧ = −2.6(3) eu), a rate-limiting step involving a polyhedral opening of 4 is supported. 4 is thermally and photochemically sensitive, and reactions conducted in the presence of chlorinated solvents furnish the face-shared bioctahedral compound Cp*Rh(μ-Cl)3Re(CO)3 (8). Heating 4 and H2S in benzene at ca. 60 °C furnishes the 48e triangular cluster S2Rh3Cp*(CO)4 (9), which contains two Rh(CO)2 moieties and two face-capping sulfide groups. The reaction of 4 with p-methylbenzenethiol gives the sulfido-bridged dimer Cp*Rh(μ-SC6H4Me-p)3Re(CO)3 (11). The dinuclear compounds Cp*Rh(μ-Cl)(μ-SC6H4Me-p)2Re(CO)3 (10) and 11 are formed when 8 is allowed to react with p-methylbenzenethiol. Treatment of 8 and 10 with excess p-methylbenzenethiol yields 11 at elevated temperature in toluene. Compounds 4−11 have been isolated and fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. The reactivity displayed by 4 is contrasted with that of the known indenyl-substituted cluster H2Re2Ir(η5-ind)(CO)9 prepared earlier by Shapley and co-workers.
SiC for the power electronics of the future; SiC pour l'electronique de puissance du futur (2003)

Silicon carbide can lead to a revival of power electronics by allowing the fabrication of performing components with new functions which were not possible so far with the Si technology. This article presents: 1 - the crystallographic aspects of silicon carbide and the crystallogenesis technologies, the homo-epitaxy (chemical vapor deposition) and hetero-epitaxy; 2 - the technology of components: doping (in situ, ion implantation, donor and acceptor levels, oxides and dielectrics, metallization and contacts, etching); 3 - power components (SiC potentialities, Schottky diode, bipolar diode, JBS diode, MESFET and SIT, power MOSFET, accumulation MOSFET, JFET, GTO thyristor, perspectives). (J.S.)
In Vitro Evidence Suggests That miR-133a-mediated Regulation of Uncoupling Protein 2 (UCP2) Is an Indispensable Step in Myogenic Differentiation (2008)

UCP2 and UCP3, two novel uncoupling proteins, are important regulators of energy expenditure and thermogenesis in various organisms. The striking disparity between UCP2 mRNA and protein levels in muscle tissues prompted initial speculation that microRNAs are implicated in the regulatory pathway of UCP2. We found, for the first time, that the repression of UCP2 expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle resulted from its targeting by a muscle-specific microRNA, miR-133a. Moreover, our findings illustrate a novel function of UCP2 as a brake for muscle development. We also show that MyoD can remove the braking role of UCP2 via direct up-regulation of miR-133a during myogenic differentiation. Taken together, our current work delineates a novel regulatory network employing MyoD, microRNA, and uncoupling proteins to fine-tune the balance between muscle differentiation and proliferation during myogenesis.
RNA interference in pain research (2006)

Within the course of only the last few years, RNA interference (RNAi) has been established as a standard technology for investigation of protein function and target validation. The present review summarizes recent progress made in the application of RNAi in neurosciences with special emphasis on pain research. RNAi is a straightforward method to generate loss-of-function phenotypes for any gene of interest. In mammals, silencing is induced by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which have been shown to surpass traditional antisense molecules. Due to its high specificity, RNAi has the potential for subtype selective silencing of even closely related genes. One of the major challenges for in vivo investigations of RNAi remains efficient delivery of siRNA molecules to the relevant tissues and cells, particularly to the central nervous system. Various examples will be given to demonstrate that intrathecal application of siRNAs is a suitable approach to analyse the function of receptors or other proteins that are hypothesized to play an important role in pain signalling. Intensive efforts are currently ongoing to solve remaining problems such as the risk of off-target effects, the stability of siRNA molecules and their efficient delivery to the CNS. RNAi has thus demonstrated that it is an extremely valuable tool for the development of new analgesic drugs.
Coal devolatilization and hydrogastification (1976)

Abstract The fundamental understanding of coal and its behavior under gasification conditions is far from complete, but significant insights into the complex chemical and physical phenomena have been achieved. This review of available fundamental information focuses on thermal decomposition of coal in inert gas and in hydrogen, with emphasis on the effects on yield of products exerted by time, temperature, heating rate, pressure, hydrogen partial pressure, and particle size, and on the development of chemical and transport models of engineering importance.
Recruitment of penicillin‐binding protein PBP2 to the division site of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is dependent on its transpeptidation substrates (2004)

Staphylococcus aureus penicillin-binding protein PBP2 is an enzyme involved in the last stages of peptidoglycan assembly and is an important player in the mechanism of methicillin resistance of this pathogen. PBP2 localized to the division site but its recruitment to the forming division septum was prevented after acylation by oxacillin. The presence of the antibiotic did not affect FtsZ ring maintenance nor the localization of externalized peptidoglycan precursors. Delocalization of PBP2 was also observed when its pentapeptide substrate was eliminated by addition of d-cycloserine or blocked by addition of vancomycin. Taken together these observations suggest that PBP2 is recruited to the division site by binding to its substrate, which is localized at that place. In methicillin-resistant S. aureus, addition of oxacillin does not result in delocalization of PBP2 indicating that acylated PBP2 can be maintained in place by functional PBP2A, the central element of this resistance mechanism.
α‐Dialdimine Complexes of Rhodium(I) and Iridium(I): Their Reactivity with Dioxygen and Dihydrogen (2013)

Abstract The rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes [M(Cl){ArN=C(H)C(H)=NAr}(CN t Bu)] ( 1 : M = Rh, Ar = 2,6‐ i Pr 2 C 6 H 3 ; 2 : M = Rh, Ar = Mes; 3 : M = Ir, Ar = Mes; Mes = 2,4,6‐Me 3 C 6 H 2 ) have been prepared by the reaction of [M(μ‐Cl)(coe) 2 ] 2 (M = Rh, Ir; coe = cyclooctene) with the α‐dialdimines ArN=C(H)C(H)=NAr (Ar = 2,6‐ i Pr 2 C 6 H 3 , Mes) in thf, followed by the addition of CN t Bu. XANES spectra and DFT calculations on 2 and 3 suggest an oxidation state +I at the metal centers. Treatment of the complexes 2 and 3 with O 2 or 18 O 2 gave the peroxido complexes [M(Cl)(O 2 ){MesN=C(H)C(H)=NMes}(CN t Bu)] ( 4a : M = Rh; 5a : M = Ir) and [M(Cl)( 18 O 2 ){MesN=C(H)C(H)=NMes}(CN t Bu)] ( 4b : M = Rh; 5b : M = Ir). The reaction of 3 with dihydrogen resulted in the formation of the iridium dihydrido complex [Ir(Cl)(H) 2 {MesN=C(H)C(H)=NMes}(CN t Bu)] ( 6a ). Two isomeric α‐imine‐amine complexes [Ir(Cl)(H) 2 {MesN(H)CH 2 C(H)=NMe}(CN t Bu)] ( 7 / 7′ ) were obtained after prolonged reaction under H 2 . All of the complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. In addition, complexes 2 , 3 ,and 7 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Poster: 3DintEx - A tool to explore interactively the structural and behavioral aspects of system models in 3D environments (2014)

In this paper, we present a tool, called 3DintEx, that allows interactive exploration of the structural and behavioral aspects of a system model in 3D environments. The tool accepts a CAD model of the system and other data sets that describe the system safety behavioral aspects. 3DintEx was built using the Vrui framework [6], which makes it portable and scalable on a range of VR environments (e.g., desktop 3D displays, PowerWall, or CAVE). 3DintEx extends the Vrui framework in order to provide options that ease up the interactive exploration of the CAD model. Moreover, it was designed to link the available input devices to 3D interaction facilities for extracting more information from the system 3D model.