gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Improvement of Quantum Genetic Algorithm and Its Application on Function Optimization (2013)

To accelerate the evolutionary process and increase the probability to find the optimal solution, the following methods are proposed to improve the conventional quantum genetic algorithm: an improved method to determine the rotating angle, the self-adaptive rotating angle strategy, adding the quantum mutation operation and quantum disaster operation. The efficiency and accuracy to search the optimal solution of the algorithm are greatly improved. Simulation test shows that the improved quantum genetic algorithm is more effective than the conventional quantum genetic algorithm to solve some optimization problems.
Huygens’ metasurfaces from microwaves to optics: a review (2018)

Abstract In this article, the basic principles and the main applications of Huygens’ metasurfaces (HMSs) are reviewed from microwaves to optics. In general, HMSs comprise a thin layer of orthogonal electric and magnetic dipoles, which form an array of Huygens’ sources. In a refraction setting, these sources radiate mostly in the forward direction and can be used to manipulate an incident electromagnetic wave at will. In the case of passive HMSs, the Huygens’ sources are induced by an incident electromagnetic field. Examples of passive manipulations include reflectionless refraction, perfect anomalous reflection, and arbitrary antenna beam forming. In the case of active HMSs, the Huygens’ sources are impressed active sources. Active HMS manipulations include cloaking and subwavelength spot formation in a cavity environment.
Touch- and audio-based medication management service concept for vision impaired older people (2011)

A novel Near Field Communication (NFC) based solution to support medication management of vision impaired older users is presented in this paper. The service concept allows older users with vision impairments to manage their daily medications autonomously by providing them means to identify medicines and retrieve personal medication information. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept, an early prototype called BlindNFC was implemented. It is a NFC-enabled PDA with a basic functionality of reading the medicine name and dosage information aloud by touching the medicine package. The service concept was tested and evaluated with user studies in Finland and Spain, where altogether 39 older people with varying level of problems with their sight and other functional abilities participated in the studies. Findings revealed that older users learned and used the basic functionality of touch- and audio-based system quite easily. A set of design issues to be taken into account was identified. Users showed a high degree of satisfaction in the use of the BlindNFC device, together with the solution it offers. They found potential value in the technology also in tagging and identifying other everyday physical objects than medicine packages and using their own self-recorded audio messages for marking objects. However, users were not currently willing to adopt the system for continuous use, as many of them had established over time methods for managing the medications, and were therefore observed reluctant to change these ways.
Consumers Rate Improvements Sought in Hearing Instruments (2002)

This is the third installment of a multi-part series covering significant trends in the hearing instrument market. The first installment 1 covered detailed 17-year demographic trends in the US hearing instrument market, while the second installment 2 explored 10-year customer satisfaction trends. The purpose of this third paper is to investigate improvements in hearing instruments most sought after by current hearing instrument owners. In previous Knowles MarkeTrak publications, the implicit belief was that hearing instrument factors with lower satisfaction scores deserved the most attention if we were to positively impact the consumer’s experience with their hearing instruments. In a previous MarkeTrak study, four key factors emerged as the strongest determinants of overall customer satisfaction improvement 3 :
Quantum limited detection in tunnel junction mixers (1979)

A complete quantum generalization of microwave mixer theory is constructed for nonlinear single-particle tunnel junctions. The result represents a unification of the concepts used to describe these "classical" resistive mixers with the language of photon detection. Tunneling devices are predicted to undergo a transition from energy detectors to photon counters when operated at frequencies where the photon energy becomes comparable to the voltage scale of the dc nonlinearity. The small-signal video current response is found to approach one electron for each photon absorbed at high frequencies. In a heterodyne receiver, sufficiently nonlinear tunnel junctions are predicted to be capable of achieving the fundamental quantum noise limit for sensitivity in the detection of electromagnetic radiation. The theory presented here thus provides a framework for systematically extending the techniques of quantum electronics to considerably lower frequencies than are currently being exploited. Recent measurements of heterodyne mixer performance using superconductive tunneling devices are already beginning to approach quantum limited results at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. Eventual application of tunnel barriers as photon detectors in the submillimeter and infrared spectral regions also appears to be possible, and the fast response times of such devices could give them an advantage over photoconductors even at the higher frequencies. The development of suitable nonlinear tunnel junctions contains the potential to bridge the present gap in quantum detectors between the infrared photon devices and microwave masers.
Coexpression of Ligand-gated P2X and G Protein-coupled P2Y Receptors in Smooth Muscle (1998)

P2 receptor subtypes and their signaling mechanisms were characterized in dispersed smooth muscle cells. UTP and ATP stimulated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate formation, Ca2+ release, and contraction that were abolished by U-73122 and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thio)diphosphate, and partly inhibited (50-60%) by pertussis toxin (PTX). ATP analogs (adenosine 5'-(alpha, beta-methylene)triphosphate, adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-methylene)triphosphate, and 2-methylthio-ATP) stimulated Ca2+ influx and contraction that were abolished by nifedipine and in Ca2+-free medium. Micromolar concentrations of ATP stimulated both Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release. ATP and UTP activated Gq/11 and Gi3 in gastric and aortic smooth muscle and heart membranes, Gq/11 and Gi1 and/or Gi2 in liver membranes, and Go and Gi1-3 in brain membranes. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis stimulated by ATP and UTP was mediated concurrently by Galphaq/11-dependent activation of phospholipase (PL) C-beta1 and Gbetagammai3-dependent activation of PLC-beta3. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis was partially inhibited by PTX or by antibodies to Galphaq/11, Gbeta, PLC-beta1, or PLC-beta3, and completely inhibited by the following combinations (PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta3 antibodies; Galphaq/11 and Gbeta antibodies; PLC-beta1 and Gbeta antibodies; PTX with either PLC-beta1 or Galphaq/11 antibody). The pattern of responses implied that P2Y2 receptors in visceral, and probably vascular, smooth muscle are coupled to PLC-beta1 via Galphaq/11 and to PLC-beta3 via Gbetagammai3. These receptors co-exist with ligand-gated P2X1 receptors activated by ATP analogs and high levels of ATP.
Early Transition Metal Permethylpentalene Complexes for the Polymerization of Ethylene (2014)

A series of group 4 permethylpentalene–cyclopentadiene mixed sandwich complexes have been synthesized including the mono- and bis-cyclopentadienyl derivatives Pn*MCp2–xClx (Pn* = η8-C8Me6, M = Ti, Zr, Hf, x = 0, 1) and the monopentamethylcyclopentadienyl species Pn*MCp*Cl (Pn* = η8-C8Me6, M = Ti, Zr, and Hf). The compounds were all characterized via a range of techniques including single crystal X-ray diffraction allowing for comparison of trends descending the group as well as the effect of permethylation of the cyclopentadienyl moiety. The complexes have been tested for their efficacy as catalysts for the solution polymerization of ethylene, and Pn*ZrCpCl was found to give the highest activity of 6993 kg mol–1 h–1 bar–1 at 80 °C with a [MAO]0/[Zr]0 ratio of 1000 and 2 bar pressure of ethylene gas in hexane.
Very small embryonic/epiblast-like stem cells (VSELs) and their potential role in aging and organ rejuvenation – an update and comparison to other primitive small stem cells isolated from adult tissues (2012)

Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) are a population of developmentally early stem cells residing in adult tissues. These rare cells, which are slightly smaller than red blood cells, i) become mobilized during stress situations into peripheral blood, ii) are enriched in the Sca1+Lin-CD45- cell fraction in mice and the CD133+ Lin-CD45- cell fraction in humans, iii) express markers of pluripotent stem cells (e.g., Oct4, Nanog, and SSEA), and iv) display a distinct morphology characterized by a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and undifferentiated chromatin. Recent evidence indicates that murine VSELs are kept quiescent in adult tissues and protected from teratoma formation by epigenetic modification of imprinted genes that regulate insulin/insulin like growth factor signaling (IIS). The successful reversal of these epigenetic changes in VSELs that render them quiescent will be crucial for efficient expansion of these cells. The most recent data in vivo from our and other laboratories demonstrated that both murine and human VSELs exhibit some characteristics of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), are at the top of the hierarchy in the mesenchymal lineage, and may differentiate into organ-specific cells (e.g., cardiomyocytes). Moreover, as recently demonstrated the number of these cells positively correlates in several murine models with longevity. Finally, while murine BM-derived VSELs have been extensively characterized more work is needed to better characterize these small cells at the molecular level in humans.
Deletion Analysis of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> Taurine and Alkanesulfonate Transport Systems (2000)

The Escherichia coli tauABCD and ssuEADCB gene clusters are required for the utilization of taurine and alkanesulfonates as sulfur sources and are expressed only under conditions of sulfate or cysteine starvation. tauD and ssuD encode an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase and a reduced flavin mononucleotide-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase, respectively. These enzymes are responsible for the desulfonation of taurine and alkanesulfonates. The amino acid sequences of SsuABC and TauABC exhibit similarity to those of components of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, suggesting that two uptake systems for alkanesulfonates are present in E. coli. Chromosomally located in-frame deletions of the tauABC and ssuABC genes were constructed in E. coli strain EC1250, and the growth properties of the mutants were studied to investigate the requirement for the TauABC and SsuABC proteins for growth on alkanesulfonates as sulfur sources. Complementation analysis of in-frame deletion mutants confirmed that the growth phenotypes obtained were the result of the in-frame deletions constructed. The range of substrates transported by these two uptake systems was largely reflected in the substrate specificities of the TauD and SsuD desulfonation systems. However, certain known substrates of TauD were transported exclusively by the SsuABC system. Mutants in which only formation of hybrid transporters was possible were unable to grow with sulfonates, indicating that the individual components of the two transport systems were not functionally exchangeable. The TauABCD and SsuEADCB systems involved in alkanesulfonate uptake and desulfonation thus are complementary to each other at the levels of both transport and desulfonation.
Magnetic Resonance-Guided High-Intensity Ultrasound Ablation of the Prostate (2006)

The catheter-based ultrasound devices can produce spatially selective regions of thermal destruction in prostate. The MR thermal imaging and thermal dose maps, obtained in multiple slices through the target volume, are useful for controlling therapy delivery (rotation, power levels, duration). Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging are useful tools for assessing treatment.
FIELD-ENHANCED EMISSION AND CONSTANT-FIELD DOMAINS IN SEMICONDUCTORS WITH DEEP TRAPS (1969)

Evidence is presented which indicates that electron and hole emission from the acceptor level in gold-compensated n-type silicon is enhanced by electric fields and that this effect can account for the disparity between various measurements of emission rates. The effect can also lead to the formation of neutral high-field domains.
Uncovering the structure and temporal dynamics of information propagation (2014)

Abstract Time plays an essential role in the diffusion of information, influence, and disease over networks. In many cases we can only observe when a node is activated by a contagion—when a node learns about a piece of information, makes a decision, adopts a new behavior, or becomes infected with a disease. However, the underlying network connectivity and transmission rates between nodes are unknown. Inferring the underlying diffusion dynamics is important because it leads to new insights and enables forecasting, as well as influencing or containing information propagation. In this paper we model diffusion as a continuous temporal process occurring at different rates over a latent, unobserved network that may change over time. Given information diffusion data, we infer the edges and dynamics of the underlying network. Our model naturally imposes sparse solutions and requires no parameter tuning. We develop an efficient inference algorithm that uses stochastic convex optimization to compute online estimates of the edges and transmission rates. We evaluate our method by tracking information diffusion among 3.3 million mainstream media sites and blogs, and experiment with more than 179 million different instances of information spreading over the network in a one-year period. We apply our network inference algorithm to the top 5,000 media sites and blogs and report several interesting observations. First, information pathways for general recurrent topics are more stable across time than for on-going news events. Second, clusters of news media sites and blogs often emerge and vanish in a matter of days for on-going news events. Finally, major events, for example, large scale civil unrest as in the Libyan civil war or Syrian uprising, increase the number of information pathways among blogs, and also increase the network centrality of blogs and social media sites.
Cross-Resistance of Pink Bollworm ( <i>Pectinophora gossypiella</i> ) to <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Toxins (2000)

Two strains of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) selected in the laboratory for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac had substantial cross-resistance to Cry1Aa and Cry1Ab but not to Cry1Bb, Cry1Ca, Cry1Da, Cry1Ea, Cry1Ja, Cry2Aa, Cry9Ca, H04, or H205. The narrow spectrum of resistance and the cross-resistance to activated toxin Cry1Ab suggest that reduced binding of toxin to midgut target sites could be an important mechanism of resistance.
<i>GSH2</i>, a gene encoding Î³-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the methylotrophic yeast<i>Hansenula polymorpha</i> (2002)

The GSH2 gene, encoding Hansenula polymorphaγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, was cloned by functional complementation of a glutathione (GSH)-deficient gsh2 mutant of H. polymorpha. The gene was isolated as a 4.3-kb XbaI fragment that was capable of restoring GSH synthesis, heavy-metal resistance and cell proliferation when introduced into gsh2 mutant cells. It possesses 53% identical and 69% similar amino acids compared with the Candida albicans homologue (Gcs1p). In comparison to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue (Gsh1p), it possesses 47% identical and 61% similar amino acids. The GSH2 sequence appears in the GenBank database under accession No. AF435121.
Use of Kraft Black Liquors From a Pulp Mill for the Production of Soil Conditioners (1992)

The possibility of utilizing kraft black liquors generated in a paper mill, using Eucaliptus globulus as raw material, for the production of a nitro-humic soil conditioner was studied. Two processes were considered: (1) oxidation of the kraft black liquors with nitric acid; and (2) precipitation of the lignin contained in kraft black liquors with CO 2 and further oxidation of this lignin by nitric acid. The second process was more efficient regarding product yield and safety of operation. Screening tests at different operating conditions of the latter process indicate that high quality nitro-humic materials can be obtained.
Selectivity enhancement of a metal‐sensitive flame ionization detector for capillary gas chromatography (1990)

Abstract A novel modification of a hydrogen‐atmosphere flamo ionization detector (HAFID) is presented which attenuates response to hydrocarbon compounds, significantly enhancing selectivity towards organometallic compounds by more than an order of magnitude. Chromatograms of an organometallic compound test mixture and regular leaded gasoline are presented to depict the specificity of the response.
Deep Learning Techniques for Automatic MRI Cardiac Multi-Structures Segmentation and Diagnosis: Is the Problem Solved? (2018)

Delineation of the left ventricular cavity, myocardium, and right ventricle from cardiac magnetic resonance images (multi-slice 2-D cine MRI) is a common clinical task to establish diagnosis. The automation of the corresponding tasks has thus been the subject of intense research over the past decades. In this paper, we introduce the "Automatic Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge" dataset (ACDC), the largest publicly available and fully annotated dataset for the purpose of cardiac MRI (CMR) assessment. The dataset contains data from 150 multi-equipments CMRI recordings with reference measurements and classification from two medical experts. The overarching objective of this paper is to measure how far state-of-the-art deep learning methods can go at assessing CMRI, i.e., segmenting the myocardium and the two ventricles as well as classifying pathologies. In the wake of the 2017 MICCAI-ACDC challenge, we report results from deep learning methods provided by nine research groups for the segmentation task and four groups for the classification task. Results show that the best methods faithfully reproduce the expert analysis, leading to a mean value of 0.97 correlation score for the automatic extraction of clinical indices and an accuracy of 0.96 for automatic diagnosis. These results clearly open the door to highly accurate and fully automatic analysis of cardiac CMRI. We also identify scenarios for which deep learning methods are still failing. Both the dataset and detailed results are publicly available online, while the platform will remain open for new submissions.
Cytokines, Obesity, and Cancer: New Insights on Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Cancer Risk and Progression (2012)

Obesity is a problem of epidemic proportions in many developed nations. Increased body mass index and obesity are associated with a significantly worse outcome for many cancers. Breast cancer risk in the postmenopausal setting and poor disease outcome for all patients is significantly augmented in overweight and obese individuals. The expansion of fat tissue involves a complex interaction of endocrine factors known as adipokines and cytokines. High cytokine levels in primary breast cancers and in the circulation of affected patients have been associated with poor outcome. This review summarizes the how cytokine production in obese adipose tissue creates a chronic inflammatory microenvironment that favors tumor cell motility, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition to enhance the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Many of the cytokines associated with a proinflammatory state are not only upregulated in obese adipose tissue but may also stimulate the self-renewal of cancer stem cells. Thus, enhanced cytokine production in obese adipose tissue may serve both as a chemoattractant for invading cancers and to augment their malignant potential. These new mechanistic insights suggest that the current obesity epidemic will presage a significant increase in cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality in the next few decades.
One ligand fits all: lanthanide and actinide sandwich complexes comprising the 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclooctatetraenyl (=COT′′) ligand (2015)

Twelve new lanthanide and actinide sandwich complexes containing the 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclooctatetraenyl ligand (COT′′) have been prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction.
Near-Infrared Dioxetane Luminophores with Direct Chemiluminescence Emission Mode (2017)

Chemiluminescent luminophores are considered as one of the most sensitive families of probes for detection and imaging applications. Due to their high signal-to-noise ratios, luminophores with near-infrared (NIR) emission are particularly important for in vivo use. In addition, light with such long wavelength has significantly greater capability for penetration through organic tissue. So far, only a few reports have described the use of chemiluminescence systems for in vivo imaging. Such systems are always based on an energy-transfer process from a chemiluminescent precursor to a nearby emissive fluorescent dye. Here, we describe the development of the first chemiluminescent luminophores with a direct mode of NIR light emission that are suitable for use under physiological conditions. Our strategy is based on incorporation of a substituent with an extended π-electron system on the excited species obtained during the chemiexcitation pathway of Schaap's adamantylidene-dioxetane probe. In this manner, we designed and synthesized two new luminophores with direct light emission wavelength in the NIR region. Masking of the luminophores with analyte-responsive groups has resulted in turn-ON probes for detection and imaging of β-galactosidase and hydrogen peroxide. The probes' ability to image their corresponding analyte/enzyme was effectively demonstrated in vitro for β-galactosidase activity and in vivo in a mouse model of inflammation. We anticipate that our strategy for obtaining NIR luminophores will open new doors for further exploration of complex biomolecular systems using non-invasive intravital chemiluminescence imaging techniques.
Intracellular activity of zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT) against Salmonella typhimurium in the macrophage cell line J774-2 (1992)

The antibacterial effect of zidovudine (AZT) has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo with experimental models of gram-negative bacterial infections. It has been associated with the absence or low occurrence of nontyphoid Salmonella infections in AIDS patients treated with AZT. Using the macrophage cell line J774-2, we demonstrate the inhibition of intracellular growth of Salmonella typhimurium by AZT. This effect is obtained with one-half of the MIC (1 microgram/ml) of AZT for S. typhimurium. Inhibition of intracellular growth is observed after 4 h of incubation and persists at 24 h. Maximal inhibition is shown at a concentration of 128 micrograms/ml, and no further effect is observed with higher concentrations. When the inhibitory effect of AZT is compared with that of pefloxacin or that of ceftriaxone at half their MICs (0.2 and 0.02 microgram/ml, respectively), AZT and pefloxacin give better results than ceftriaxone. In this study, using an intracellular model, we show that AZT is able to inhibit the intracellular multiplication of S. typhimurium at a minimal effective concentration lower than the MIC, indicating its potential for antibacterial accumulation in the macrophages.