gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of transgenic crops based on photo‐biotechnology (2016)

The phenotypes associated with plant photomorphogenesis such as the suppressed shade avoidance response and de-etiolation offer the potential for significant enhancement of crop yields. Of many light signal transducers and transcription factors involved in the photomorphogenic responses of plants, this review focuses on the transgenic overexpression of the photoreceptor genes at the uppermost stream of the signalling events, particularly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins as the transgenes for the genetic engineering of crops with improved harvest yields. In promoting the harvest yields of crops, the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and heavy metal ions. As a genetic engineering approach, the term photo-biotechnology has been coined to convey the idea that the greater the photosynthetic efficiency that crop plants can be engineered to possess, the stronger the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Development of GM crops based on photoreceptor transgenes (mainly phytochromes, crytochromes and phototropins) is reviewed with the proposal of photo-biotechnology that the photoreceptors mediate the light regulation of photosynthetically important genes, and the improved yields often come with the added benefits of crops' tolerance to environmental stresses.
Face De-identification with perfect privacy protection (2014)

The rising concern for privacy protection and the associated legal and social responsibilities have led to extensive research into the field of face de-identification over the last decade. To date, the most successful algorithms developed for face de-identification are those based on the k-Same de-identification, which guarantee a recognition rate lower than 1/k. However, the current k-Same solutions such as k-Same-Eigen and k-Same-M all rely on a decent value of k to deliver a good privacy protection. This paper proposes a departure from a fundamental aspect shared by the current k-Same solutions and thereby introduces a new member to the family which achieves perfect privacy protection for any original face regardless of the value of k.
Modeling Solar Drying Rate of Wastewater Sludge (2006)

Efficient solar drying requires that the drying rate is quantitatively known as a function of the environment and the control. To develop a drying-rate model for wastewater sludge, data were collected at a solar drying installation in Füssen, Germany. In this solar dryer, wet sludge is uniformly spread over a concrete floor under a greenhouse-like transparent cover. The sludge is mixed mechanically several times a day by an autonomous robot (electric mole®), the structure is fan-ventilated horizontally, and the indoor air is mixed by electric fans. Data of evaporation rate, environmental conditions, and control operations were collected over three drying cycles. Evaporation rate via sludge sampling and via vapor balance across the structure compared favorably, justifying the use of hourly vapor-balance data. Four types of prediction models were considered: physical, additive, multiplicative, and neural network. The multiplicative model has been selected for potential implementation. The most important predictors of evaporation rate, for the conditions under consideration, were (1) solar radiation, (2) outdoor temperature, (3) ventilation rate, and (4) dry solids content of the sludge. Air mixing is an order of magnitude less effective (per unit of air discharge) than ventilation.
The last phonological rule : reflections on constraints and derivations (1993)

Over the past three decades, phonological theory has advanced in many areas, but it has changed little in its foundational assumptions about how computational processes can serve as a basis for the theory. This volume suggests that it may be worthwhile to reconsider some of those assumptions. Is there an order to the rules in a phonological derivation? What kinds of links other than derivations are possible between the level of mental representation and the level of speech sounds? Since phonological representations are so much more sophisticated today than they were a few decads ago, do we need any phonological rules at all? In this provocative book, leading linguists and computer scientists consider the challenges that computational innovations pose to current rule-based phonological theories and speculate about the advantages of phonological models based on artificial neural networks and other computer designs. The authors offer new conceptions of phonological theory for the 1990s, the most radical of which proposes that phonological processes cannot be characterized by rules at all, but arise from the dynamics of a system of phonological representations in a high-dimensional vector space of the sort that a neural network embodies. This new view of phonology is becoming increasingly attractive to linguists and others in the cognitive sciences because it answers some difficult questions about learning while drawing on recent results in philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, and neuroscience. The contributors are John A. Goldsmith, Larry M. Hyman, George Lakoff, K. P. Mohanan, David S. Touretzky, and Deirdre W. Wheeler.
Quantitative structure-activity relationship of triazine-antifolate inhibition of Leishmania dihydrofolate reductase and cell growth (1987)

Quantitative structure-activity relationships have been formulated for the inhibition of Leishmania major dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and for inhibition of promastigote cell growth by a series of 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-(3-substituted-phenyl)-s-triazine s. The inhibition of DHFR is best correlated by a modified variable for hydrophobicity of the 3-X substituent (pi'3), an alkoxy group indicator variable (IOR), a disposable parameter (beta) obtained by iteration, and a variable that parameterizes steric effects (MR) in the equation, log 1/Ki = 0.65 pi'3 - 1.22 log (beta X 10 pi'3 + 1) - 1.12IOR + 0.58MRY + 5.05 (r = 0.965). The EC50 values for triazine inhibition of L. major cell growth in culture are correlated by the equation log 1/EC50 = 0.21 pi 3 + 0.44 log 1/Ki + 0.53 (r = 0.960). When compared to DHFR from human, other vertebrates, and E. coli, L. major DHFR differs in that it optimally binds triazine congeners that are much more hydrophobic. Furthermore, in contrast to other DHFR's studied, triazine binding to L. major DHFR does not seem to be influenced by the electronic characteristics of the 3-X substituent of the parent triazine molecule. However, L. major DHFR is more sensitive to the steric effects and polarizability of the 3-X substituent. Our results indicate that triazines inhibit L. major promastigote growth via direct inhibition of DHFR as is shown by the good correlation between log 1/Ki values for inhibition of the purified enzyme and log 1/EC50 values for inhibition of cell culture growth. Two lipophilic, sterically large analogues of this triazine series showed selectivity for L. major DHFR over human DHFR. Further optimization of the MR and IOR terms in the above QSAR equations may provide even more selective inhibitors.
Revisit to (<i>Z</i>)-Civetone Synthesis (2012)

The synthesis of (Z)-civetone (1) is described starting from oleic acid (5) via a series of reactions, intermolecular olefin self-metathesis, bromination/dehydrobromination into acetylene, semi-hydrogenation and intramolecular Dieckmann macrocyclization.
Deep feedforward networks: application to pattern recognition (2002)

Issues pertaining to learning in deep feedforward neural networks are addressed. The sensitivity of the network output is derived as a function of weight perturbation in different hidden layers. For a given hidden layer l, the output sensitivity varies inversely with current activation levels of neurons of the previous layer l-1, and the magnitude of the connection weights between layers l and l-1. Learning involves modifying weights. Relatively small connection weights (usually during initial learning phase of BP algorithm), or small neuron activation levels can increase the sensitivity of the network and make learning unstable. This problem is further aggravated as the depth of the network increases. A weight initialization strategy and a modified activation (sigmoid) function are proposed to alleviate these problems. Using this scheme, deep networks trained with the error backpropagation learning rule show substantial improvement in error curve (trajectory) control and convergence speed when applied to pattern recognition problems.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current Limitations and Future Options (2018)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as the most frequent form of pancreatic malignancy, still is associated with a dismal prognosis. Due to its late detection, most patients are ineligible for surgery, and chemotherapeutic options are limited. Tumor heterogeneity and a characteristic structure with crosstalk between the cancer/malignant cells and an abundant tumor microenvironment (TME) make PDAC a very challenging puzzle to solve. Thus far, targeted therapies have failed to substantially improve the overall survival of PDAC patients. Immune checkpoint inhibition, as an emerging therapeutic option in cancer treatment, shows promising results in different solid tumor types and hematological malignancies. However, PDAC does not respond well to immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) alone or in combination. PDAC with its immune-privileged nature, starting from the early pre-neoplastic state, appears to escape from the antitumor immune response unlike other neoplastic entities. Different mechanisms how cancer cells achieve immune-privileged status have been hypothesized. Among them are decreased antigenicity and impaired immunogenicity <i>via</i> both cancer cell-intrinsic mechanisms and an augmented immunosuppressive TME. Here, we seek to shed light on the recent advances in both bench and bedside investigation of immunotherapeutic options for PDAC. Furthermore, we aim to compile recent data about how PDAC adopts immune escape mechanisms, and how these mechanisms might be exploited therapeutically in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1 or CTLA-4 antibodies.
Imposing monotonicity on outputs in parametric distance function estimations: with an application to the spanish educational production (2009)

The technology set involved in the estimation of a multi-output production frontier theoretically 
implies monotonicity on outputs. This is because an efficient firm cannot reduce the vector of 
outputs holding fixed the vector of inputs while it still belongs to the frontier. In empirical studies 
dealing with the estimation of parametric distance functions, this hypothesis is often 
violated by observations with far from average characteristics. To overcome this limitation we 
propose a new approach for allowing the easy imposition of monotonicity on outputs in this 
context. This methodology is tested in the educational sector using Spanish student level data from 
the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) database. The results indicate that a 
non-negligible 8.33% of the production units break the monotonicity assumption. Furthermore, 
although there is no statistically significant difference in efficiency distribution by school 
ownership, our methodology is able to detect a slight worse mathematic performance for students 
attending public schools.
Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer: Some applications in thin-film characterization (1989)

The prototype of an infrared spectroscopic ellipsometer using a Fourier transform PC-based infrared spectrometer is described. Several applications in thin-film characterization are given, particularly in the case of bulk substrate, thick-layered materials, and determination of the dielectric function of layered materials such as silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The sensitivity and possible improvements of this technique are discussed.
Adaptive spectroscopy: towards adaptive spectral imaging (2008)

Spectral imaging is an emerging tool for defense and security applications because it provides compositional information about the objects in a scene. The underlying task-measuring a 3-D dataset using a 2-D detector array-is challenging, and straightforward approaches to the problem can result in severe performance tradeoffs. While a number of ingenious (non-adaptive) solutions have been proposed that minimize these tradeoffs, the complexity of the sensing task suggests that adaptive approaches to spectral imaging are worth considering. As a first step towards this goal, we investigate adaptive spectroscopy and present initial results confirming dramatic cost/performance gains for a particular implementation.
CLEF 2017 NewsREEL Overview: Contextual Bandit News Recommendation (2017)

In the CLEF NewsREEL 2017 challenge, we build a delegation model based on the contextual bandit algorithm. Our goal is to investigate whether a bandit approach combined with context extracted from the user side, from the item side and from user-item interaction can help choose the appropriate recommender from a recommender algorithm pool for the incoming recommendation requests. We took part in both tasks: NewsREEL Live and NewsREEL Replay. In the experiment, we test several bandit approaches with two types of context features. The result from NewsREEL Replay suggests that delegation model based on the contextual bandit algorithm can improve the click through rate (CTR). In NewsREEL Live, a similar delegation model is implemented. However, the delegation model from NewsREEL Live is trained by the data stream from NewsREEL Replay. This is due to the fact that the low volume of data received from the online scenario is not enough to support the training of the delegation model. For our future work, we will add more recommender algorithms to the recommender algorithm pool and explores other context features.
<title>Development of prototype pixellated PIN CdZnTe detectors</title> (1998)

We report initial results from the design and evaluation of two pixellated PIN Cadmium Zinc Telluride detectors and an ASIC-based readout system. The prototype imaging PIN detectors consist of 4X4 1.5 mm square indium anode contacts with 0.2 mm spacing and a solid cathode plane on 10X10 mm CdZnTe substrates of thickness 2 mm and 5 mm. The detector readout system, based on low noise preamplifier ASICs, allows for parallel readout of all channels upon cathode trigger. This prototype is under development for use in future astrophysical hard X-ray imagers with 10-600 keV energy response. Measurements of the detector uniformity, spatial resolution, and spectral resolution will be discussed and compared with a similar pixellated MSM detector. Finally, a prototype design for a large imaging array is outlined.
Raman Evidence that the Lyoprotectant Poly(ethylene glycol) Does Not Restore Nativity to the Heme Active Site of Horseradish Peroxidase Suspended in Organic Solvents (2002)

Resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to interrogate the heme active site of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) lyophilized in the presence and absence of the lyoprotectant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG; FW 5000; 0-80% w/w) suspended in acetone, chloroform, or acetonitrile. In aqueous solution, Fe(3+)HRP is characterized by a five-coordinate high-spin (5-c HS) heme system. The structure of the heme-active site of HRP in all solvents is perturbed by co-lyophilization of HRP with PEG. Heme active site structural changes are consistent with coordination of water in the distal axial coordination site of the ferric heme iron and disruption of the hydrogen-bond network when the protein is lyophilized in the presence of PEG (>or=60% w/w) in all of the solvent systems studied. Similar active site structural changes were previously observed for HRP in benzene and attributed to a change in the reaction mechanism for HRP in benzene. (Mabrouk, P. A.; Spiro, T. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 10303-10309.) Thus, PEG is proposed to increase the catalytic activity of HRP in nonaqueous media by locking the heme active site into a structure that functions through an alternative catalytic pathway in nonaqueous media.
Mechanical Property Stability of Cu-Mo-Ni Alloyed Austempered Ductile Iron (2005)

The aim of present work is to investigate the influencing factors on mechanical property stability of Cu-Mo-Ni alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI). The results show that after austenitized at 900 ℃ for 2 h followed by austempered at 370 ℃ for another 2 h, the mechanical property of the alloyed ADI can reach the Germanite GGG-100 standard, i.e.σb≮1 000 MPa, δ≮5%, at 95% confidence level. And the satisfactory mechanical properties were obtained when the alloyed ADI was austenitized at 850 ℃ to 1 000 ℃ for 1-4 h, and austempered at 355 ℃ to 400 ℃ for another 1 h to 4 h. The microstructures, including nodule number, white bright zone content (martensite-containing interdendritic segregation zone) and retained austenite content, can significantly influence the mechanical properties of the ADI. In order to obtain the good combinations of strength and ductility, the volume fraction of white bright zone should be less than 5%, and the retained austenite contents maintain between 30 % and 40 %. The application of inoculation techniques to increase graphite nodule number can effectively reduce the white bright zone content in the structure.
Productive Synthesis and Properties of Polydiaminoanthraquinone and Its Pure Self‐Stabilized Nanoparticles with Widely Adjustable Electroconductivity (2007)

Wholly aromatic poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) (PDAA) particles were productively synthesized for the first time by chemically oxidative polymerization of 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone (DAA) by using CrO3, K2Cr2O7, K2CrO4, or KMnO4 as oxidants in acidic DMF. The effects of the oxidant species, oxidant/DAA ratio, polymerization temperature, and medium on the polymerization yield, macromolecular structure, size, electroconductivity, solubility, solvatochromism, thermostability, photoluminescence, and silver-ion sorption of the PDAA particles were systematically studied by IR, UV/Vis, fluorescence, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopies, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and laser particle-size, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric (TG) analyses. It seems that the DAA is oxidatively polymerized at the 1,4- and 5,8-positions. Surprisingly, the chemical oxidative polymerization of DAA with CrO3 at 0 degrees C in H2SO4/DMF in the absence of external stabilizer simply affords novel PDAA nanoparticles of around 30 nm in diameter with high purity, clean surfaces, inherent semiconductivity, and self-stability that can be ascribed to the presence of a large number of 1,4-benzoquinone units that are negatively charged on their macromolecular chains. The polymers exhibit a high thermal stability at temperatures below 400 degrees C. Two unique nanoeffects were found, namely the strongest silver-ion adsorbability and photoluminescence of the PDAA nanoparticles. This gives a facile and general route for the application of the versatilities of PDAA nanomaterials. The PDAA particles are good semiconductors with a widely adjustable conductivity that moves across seven orders of magnitude through simple HClO4 redoping or Ag+ sorption, as expected.
Molecular cloning and developmental expression of the catalytic and 65-kDa regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 2A in Drosophila. (1992)

cDNA clones encoding the catalytic subunit and the 65-kDa regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PR65) from Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated by homology screening with the corresponding human cDNAs. The Drosophila clones were used to analyze the spatial and temporal expression of the transcripts encoding these two proteins. The Drosophila PR65 cDNA clones contained an open reading frame of 1773 nucleotides encoding a protein of 65.5 kDa. The predicted amino acid sequence showed 75 and 71% identity to the human PR65 alpha and beta isoforms, respectively. As previously reported for the mammalian PR65 isoforms, Drosophila PR65 is composed of 15 imperfect repeating units of approximately 39 amino acids. The residues contributing to this repeat structure show also the highest sequence conservation between species, indicating a functional importance for these repeats. The gene encoding Drosophila PR65 was located at 29B1,2 on the second chromosome. A major transcript of 2.8 kilobase (kb) encoding the PR65 subunit and two transcripts of 1.6 and 2.5 kb encoding the catalytic subunit could be detected throughout Drosophila development. All of these mRNAs were most abundant during early embryogenesis and were expressed at lower levels in larvae and adult flies. In situ hybridization of different developmental stages showed a colocalization of the PR65 and catalytic subunit transcripts. The mRNA expression is high in the nurse cells and oocytes, consistent with a high equally distributed expression in early embryos. In later embryonal development, the expression remains high in the nervous system and the gonads but the overall transcript levels decrease. In third instar larvae, high levels of mRNA could be observed in brain, imaginal discs, and in salivary glands. These results indicate that protein phosphatase 2A transcript levels change during development in a tissue and in a time-specific manner.
2,3-Bis(1-methyl-1<i>H</i>-imidazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)quinoxaline (2005)

The two terminal 1-methyl­imidazol-2-ylsulfanyl groups adopt a syn conformation with respect to the central quinoxaline ring system in the title compound, C18H18N6S2.
A general model for representing arbitrary unsymmetries in various types of network analysis (1997)

When dealing with unsymmetric faults various proposals have been put forward. In general they have been characterized by specific treatment of the single fault in accordance with the structure and impedances involved. The model presented is based on node equations and was originally developed for transient stability studies in order to allow for an arbitrary fault representation as seen from the positive sequence network. The method results in impedances -or admittances-combining the negative sequence and zero sequence representation for the symmetrical network with the structure and electrical constants of the unsymmetry involving one or more buses. These impedances are introduced in the positive sequence network in the nodes involved in the unsymmetrical conditions. In addition the model can be used for static fault current analysis and presents also in this connection a general method of solution; the method is easy to use since the task of user is limited to establishing the node admittance matrix of the unsymmetry expressed in phase coordinates. The paper is completed with two examples showing the application of the method, one fault for which a well known representation exists and one complicated fault situation which has not been treated before for traditional transient stability analysis.