gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Study on odors treatment by the combination of bacteria and fungi]. (2004)

The aim of this study was to establish a novel combined-bioreactor for the treatment of odors. The combined-bioreactor consists of two zones, one bacteria zone and one fungi zone. An experiment for the odor treatment was carried out, and the removal efficiency of acetic acid, ammonia, styrene, hydrogen sulfide, ethyl mercaptan and diethylsulfide which were main material in this experimental odor were 97.1%, 96.7%, 96.6%, 92.1%, 78% and 83%, respectively. The experimental results clearly showed that bacteria and fungi in the combined-bioreactor had a synergistic reaction, therefore, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds can be efficiently removed in this combined-bioreactor. The monitor results indicated that the removals of the compounds with varying water solubility were different in the two zones of the bioreactor.
The Reproduction of Colour, Fifth Edition (1995)

"The Reproduction of Colour, Fifth Edition." The Journal of Photographic Science, 43(5), p. 182
High-Level Human Adenosine Deaminase Expression in Dog Skin Fibroblasts Is Not Sustained Following Transplantation (1993)

Primary skin fibroblasts are an attractive target tissue for retroviral-mediated gene therapy; however, transient expression of therapeutic genes has been a recurrent problem in several rodent models. The gradual decrease in gene expression could be tissue or species specific. To investigate the phenomenon further, human adenosine deaminase (ADA) expression was monitored in genetically modified skin fibroblasts transplanted in beagle dogs. In culture, transduced canine fibroblasts expressed high levels of human ADA activity (33.6 mumoles adenosine metabolized per hour per milligram of soluble protein) in comparison to canine ADA in untreated control cells (1.3 mumol/hr.mg protein) and for 2 weeks following transplantation, the graft contained up to four-fold more enzyme activity from human ADA than the endogenous canine enzyme. However, by 10 weeks, human ADA expression was undetectable. At the time when human ADA expression was greatly reduced, DNA analysis showed the presence of vector sequences. These results directly parallel those observed in rodent models and suggest retroviral vector inactivation is a tissue-specific rather than species-specific mechanism.
Evidence for effects of interleukin 4 (B cell stimulatory factor 1) on macrophages: enhancement of antigen presenting ability of bone marrow-derived macrophages. (1987)

We have studied the effects of recombinant mouse interleukin 4 (IL 4) (previously known as B cell stimulatory factor 1) on the antigen-presenting ability of murine splenic B cells and bone marrow macrophages. Our assay is based on the induction of antigen-presenting ability in these cells after incubation with IL 4 for 24 hr. The presenting cells were then used to stimulate IL 2 production by antigen-specific, I-Ad-restricted T cell hybridomas, a response mainly dependent on the induction of Ia antigens. Consistent with our previously published data using partially purified natural IL 4, we show here that recombinant IL 4 (but not interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or IL 1) induces antigen-presenting ability in B cells. Recombinant IL 4 was also found to induce antigen-presenting ability in a cloned, bone marrow derived-macrophage cell line (14M1.4), and in normal bone marrow-derived macrophages. These macrophage populations also respond to IFN-gamma showing enhanced antigen-presenting ability (mediated by increased Ia antigen expression). A small but significant increase in Ia antigen expression was also detected in 14M1.4 macrophages induced with IL 4. However, additional analysis suggested that the effect of IL 4 on 14M1.4 is different from that of IFN-gamma, because IL 4 (but not IFN-gamma) is able to maintain the viability and increase the size of and metabolic activity of bone marrow macrophages. However, IL 4 may not affect all macrophages because the macrophage cell line P388D1, which responds to IFN-gamma, failed to show enhanced antigen-presenting function after stimulation with IL 4. These observations indicate that IL 4, a lymphokine previously considered to be B cell lineage specific, has effects on macrophages and may be involved in their activation.
Novel antinematodal and antiparasitic agents from Penicillium charlesii. II. Structure determination of paraherquamides B, C, D, E, F, and G. (1990)

Paraherquamides B (2, C27H33N3O4), C (3, C28H33N3O4), D (4, C28H33N3O5), E (5, C28H35N3O4), F (6, C28H35N3O3), and G (7, C28H35N3O4) are novel metabolites of Penicillium charlesii. The structures of these compounds have been determined by NMR and MS analysis.
Induction of the heat shock response protects cells from lysis by tumor necrosis factor. (1990)

A minority of transformed cell lines are directly susceptible to lysis by TNF, whereas many cells can be made sensitive to TNF by treatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis. Other groups have shown that exposure to TNF induces in many cells a transcription/translation dependent response that protects the cell from TNF lysis. Heat shock proteins are involved in protecting cells from the lethal affects of heat and other metabolic poisons. In this report, we test the possibility that heat shock proteins are also involved in protecting cells from lysis by TNF. We find that after induction of the cellular heat shock response by either heat or arsenite treatment, both spontaneously TNF-sensitive cells and those cells made sensitive by inhibition of protein synthesis are nearly completely protected from TNF cytolysis. The heat-treated cells retained most of their capacity to bind TNF, suggesting that heat shock functions at a postreceptor binding phase of the lytic process. Mouse C3HA fibroblasts are also made sensitive to TNF lysis by treatment with cytochalasin E. We have previously found that elicitation of the cell's TNF-protective response by exposure to TNF suppresses killing of C3HA by subsequent treatment with TNF plus cytochalasin E. In contrast, we report here that induction of the heat shock response did not provide significant protection to C3HA from killing by TNF in the presence of cytochalasin E. Thus, although induction of heat shock proteins does protect cells from TNF, they appear to act by a mechanism distinct from that elicited by TNF itself.
Historical Aspects of Transcatheter Occlusion of Atrial Septal Defects (2012)

Following the description of surgical closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in early 1950s (Bigelow et al., 1950; Lewis et al., 1953; Gibbon, 1953), it rapidly became a standard therapy of ASDs. Surgical closure of ostium secundum ASDs is safe and effective with negligible mortality (Murphy et al., 1990; Galal et al., 1994; Pastorek et al., 1994), but the morbidity associated with sternotomy/thoracotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass and potential for postoperative complications cannot be avoided. Other disadvantages of surgical therapy are the expense associated with surgical correction, residual surgical scar and psychological trauma to the patients and/or the parents. Presumably because of these reasons, several groups of cardiologists embarked upon developing transcatheter methods of closure of the ASD. The studies of King (King & Mills, 1974; Mills & King, 1976; King et al., 1976), Rashkind (Rashkind, 1975; Rashkind & Cuaso, 1977; Rashkind, 1983) and their associates paved the way for the future development of transcatheter ASD device occlusion methodology. In this chapter, history of development of ASD closure devices will be reviewed. Historical development for occlusion of patent foramen ovale (PFO) will be briefed at the end of the chapter.
High-Performance Al–Sn–Zn–O Thin-Film Transistor With a Quasi-Double-Channel Structure (2015)

We successfully fabricated high-performance Al–Sn–Zn–O thin-film transistors (ATZO TFTs) with a quasi-double-channel (QDC) structure on glass by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The bilayer ATZO films are fabricated with different oxygen partial pressures during the sputtering process. The structure of the top ATZO layer is optimized to improve OFF-state performances. With this QDC structure, the ATZO TFT demonstrates excellent electrical performances, including a low OFF-state current of 840 fA, an ON/OFF current ratio of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.08 \times 10^{9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , a steep threshold swing of 0.16 V/decade, a superior saturation mobility of 108.28 cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}\text{V}^{-1}\text{s}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , and a threshold voltage of 2.09 V.
Glucose Requirements to Maintain Euglycemia after Moderate-Intensity Afternoon Exercise in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Are Increased in a Biphasic Manner (2006)

The biphasic increase in glucose requirements to maintain euglycemia after exercise suggests a unique pattern of early and delayed risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia after afternoon exercise.
Chemical Doping of Epitaxial Graphene by Organic Free Radicals (2009)

Chemical doping of epitaxial graphene (EG) by organic free radicals (4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperridinyloxy; 4-amino-TEMPO) was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), and high resolution photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES). STM images revealed that the empty density of states near the adsorption site significantly decreased as a result of radical doping. STS indicated that 4-amino-TEMPO radicals acted as n-type dopants on monolayer graphene. The radicals adsorbed onto EG through the nitroxide groups, leaving the amine group unreacted, which was confirmed by the binding energies of N 1s and O 1s core-level spectra. Furthermore, the measured work function changes verified that increased adsorption of the radicals on EG showed n-type doping characteristics.
Asymmetric modulation and multistage coding for multicasting with multi-level reception over fading channels (2003)

We investigate the application of joint iterative decoding and channel estimation for the transmission of multilevel coded signals using asymmetric QPSK modulation over flat Rayleigh fading channels. The goal is the transmission of multiresolution data streams to receivers with multi-level reception capabilities. We consider two types of receivers: the receivers in the first class can decode only the most significant bit (MSB) of the transmitted information; the receivers in the second class decode both the MSB and the LSB (least significant bit). Symbol aided demodulation (SAD) is used according to which known symbols are inserted in the encoded data stream to assist in the channel estimation process. Furthermore, an iterative algorithm is proposed that uses soft decoding information in addition to the information contained in the known symbols to improve the estimation of the fading channel. Simulation results show significant performance gains of the new scheme over both differential demodulation and conventional SAD.
Ultrafast Photon-Photon Interaction in a Strongly Coupled Quantum Dot-Cavity System (2012)

We study dynamics of the interaction between two weak light beams mediated by a strongly coupled quantum dot-photonic crystal cavity system. First, we perform all-optical switching of a weak continuous-wave signal with a pulsed control beam, and then perform switching between two weak pulsed beams (40 ps pulses). Our results show that the quantum dot-nanocavity system enables fast, controllable optical switching at the single-photon level.
Decision-theoretic control of inference for time-critical applications (1991)

Systems that operate successfully in the real world have to coordinate their behavior with the behavior of processes outside their immediate control. Since the decision making required for good performance takes time and expends computational resources, it is often useful for a system to reason about its decision-making capabilities. This article surveys a number of approaches for designing systems capable of managing their computational resources so as to maximize the expected utility derived from decision making. In particular, we consider methods that enable a system to trade some measure of decision-making accuracy for speed in problem solving and planning. In some cases, the tradeoffs can be made at design time and compiled into a run-time system. Alternatively, general knowledge for making the tradeoffs can be built into the system enabling it to make the necessary tradeoffs at run time. We explore the issues involved in making both sorts of tradeoffs and provide directions for further research.
On object state testing (2002)

The importance of object state testing is illustrated through a simple example. We show that certain errors in the implementation of object state behavior cannot be readily detected by conventional structural testing, functional testing, and state testing. We describe an object state test model and outline a reverse engineering method for extracting object state behaviors from C++ source code. The object state test model is a hierarchical, concurrent, communicating state machine. It resembles the concepts of inheritance and aggregation in the object-oriented paradigm rather than the concept of state decomposition as in some existing models. The reverse engineering method is based on symbolic execution to extract the states and effects of the member functions. The symbolic execution results are used to construct the state machines. The usefulness of the model and of the method is discussed in the context of object state testing in the detection of a state behavior error. >
Retrievability (2008)

Evaluation in Information Retrieval (IR) has long focused on effectiveness and efficiency. However, new and emerging access tasks now demand alternative evaluation measures which go beyond this traditional view. A retrieval system provides a means of gaining access to documents, therefore intuitively, our view of the collection is shaped by the retrieval system. In this paper, we outline some emerging information access related scenarios that require knowledge about how the retrieval system affects the users' ability to access information. This provides the motivation for the proposed evaluation measures and methodology where the focus is on capturing the behavior of the system, in terms of how retrievable it makes individual documents within the collection. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed methods, we perform an extensive analysis on two TREC collections showing how the measures can be applied to evaluate different information access questions. For higher order information access tasks that are inherently dependent on retrievability, our novel evaluation methodology emphasizes that effectiveness is an insufficient characterization of a retrieval system. This paper provides the foundations for the evaluation of higher order access related tasks.
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis (2015)

Currently microorganisms are best identified using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. However, in recent years matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a potential tool for microbial identification and diagnosis. During the MALDI-TOF MS process, microbes are identified using either intact cells or cell extracts. The process is rapid, sensitive, and economical in terms of both labor and costs involved. The technology has been readily imbibed by microbiologists who have reported usage of MALDI-TOF MS for a number of purposes like, microbial identification and strain typing, epidemiological studies, detection of biological warfare agents, detection of water- and food-borne pathogens, detection of antibiotic resistance and detection of blood and urinary tract pathogens etc. The limitation of the technology is that identification of new isolates is possible only if the spectral database contains peptide mass fingerprints of the type strains of specific genera/species/subspecies/strains. This review provides an overview of the status and recent applications of mass spectrometry for microbial identification. It also explores the usefulness of this exciting new technology for diagnosis of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Real-time feedback control of pH within microfluidics using integrated sensing and actuation (2014)

We demonstrate a microfluidic system which applies engineering feedback principles to control the pH of a solution with a high degree of precision. The system utilizes an extended-gate ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) along with an integrated pseudo-reference electrode to monitor pH values within a microfluidic reaction chamber. The monitored reaction chamber has an approximate volume of 90 nL. The pH value is controlled by adjusting the flow through two input channels using a pulse-width modulated signal applied to on-chip integrated valves. We demonstrate real-time control of pH through the feedback-controlled stepping of 0.14 pH increments in both the increasing and decreasing direction. The system converges to the pH setpoint within approximately 20 seconds of a step change. The integration of feedback theory into a microfluidic environment is a necessary step for achieving complete control over the microenvironment.
Analytical Social CRM: Concept and Tool Support (2011)

The Social Web offers new opportunities, such as direct market access, interactive customer contact or a better understanding of market demands, in the field of customer relationship management (CRM). Consequently, firms develop new strategies, processes and technologies to utilise the Social Web for their needs. From the perspective of CRM, the Social Web creates an opportunity to directly include customer knowledge and shape a field called Social CRM (SCRM). Even though methods and tools for data extraction and media monitoring are already available, the analytical requirements of SCRM and necessary functionalities are open for research. This research explores the role of analytical SCRM and examines available tools with the required functional and technological components. The findings show that existing tools still have a limited functional scope which makes a âbest-of-breedâ approach necessary. Finally, a concept for an integrated analytical SCRM system is proposed that comprises necessary SCRM components.
Can Perinatal Supplementation of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Hypertension in Adult Life? (2001)

It is suggested that adequate provision of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the critical periods of brain growth prevents the development of hypertension in later life.
Quantitative Measurement of Delta Activity in Alzheimer's Disease (1991)

Quantitative measurements of delta activity were made in 10 healthy elderly controls and 31 subjects with Alzheimer's disease. Delta activity did not discriminate between the healthy elderly controls and the early mild Alzheimer's disease subjects. However, delta activity was a significantly greater percentage of total EEG power in the moderate-to-advanced Alzheimer's subjects when compared to either the healthy controls or mild Alzheimer subjects. In the T3 and T4 electrodes, delta activity in the moderate-to-advanced Alzheimer subjects was 78.3% and 47.6% higher, respectively, than in control subjects. Furthermore, delta activity was an excellent predictor of dementia severity within the 31 subjects with Alzheimer's disease.
Ail Binding to Fibronectin Facilitates <i>Yersinia pestis</i> Binding to Host Cells and Yop Delivery (2010)

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, evades host immune responses and rapidly causes disease. The Y. pestis adhesin Ail mediates host cell binding and is critical for Yop delivery. To identify the Ail receptor(s), Ail was purified following overexpression in Escherichia coli. Ail bound specifically to fibronectin, an extracellular matrix protein with the potential to act as a bridge between Ail and host cells. Ail expressed by E. coli also mediated binding to purified fibronectin, and Ail-mediated E. coli adhesion to host cells was dependent on fibronectin. Ail expressed by Y. pestis bound purified fibronectin, as did the Y. pestis adhesin plasminogen activator (Pla). However, a KIM5 Delta ail mutant had decreased binding to host cells, while a KIM5 Delta pla mutant had no significant defect in adhesion. Furthermore, treatment with antifibronectin antibodies decreased Ail-mediated adhesion by KIM5 and the KIM5 Delta pla mutant, indicating that the Ail-fibronectin interaction was important for cell binding. Finally, antifibronectin antibodies inhibited the KIM5-mediated cytotoxicity of host cells in an Ail-dependent fashion. These data indicate that Ail is a key adhesin that mediates binding to host cells through interaction with fibronectin on the surface of host cells, and this interaction is important for Yop delivery by Y. pestis.
Application of infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy to problems in conservation II. Photothermal beam deflection (1986)

The new technique of infrared photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) is described. PBDS is based on the detection of the thermal effects induced at and above an object's surface by the absorption of infrared radiation. In practice, a 2mm-diameter area on an object's surface is irradiated with modulated infrared radiation; the selective absorption of that radiation causes the temperature of the sample spot to rise, so that the air immediately above the sample spot also becomes heated and consequently changes its refractive index. A laser beam passing over the sample spot is therefore deflected. The beam's modulated deflection is detected and measured, the signal resulting in the infrared spectrum of the material of the sample spot. A sample need not be removed from the object, so that PBDS is non-destructive. To demonstrate the utility of PBDS, selected areas on the hilt of a dagger were examined; the infrared spectra of the inlays and matrix permitted the various materials to be identified. The potential utility of the photothermal effect for examining sub-surface structures is pointed out.
Measurement of Cardiac Output by Thermodilution with Constant Rate Injection of Indicator (1964)

A mathematical formula has been suggested for measurement of cardiac output by the thermodilution technique using constant rate indicator injection. The theoretical assumptions have been checked in model experiments and in experiments on dogs. The best reproducibility was attained when the indicator was injected into the right atrium, near the tricuspid valve, and the dilution was detected in the pulmonary artery. Recirculation of the cool indicator is negligible and takes place only after the attainment of the curve plateau. No systematic difference was found in simultaneous measurements made by the Fick principle and the injection technique. The correlation coefficient, r , was 0.96.