gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CAl4Mg0/−: Global Minima with a Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Atom (2021)

Isomers of CAl4Mg and CAl4Mg− have been theoretically characterized for the first time. The most stable isomer for both the neutral and anion contain a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom. Unlike the isovalent CAl4Be case, which contains a planar pentacoordinate carbon atom as the global minimum geometry, replacing beryllium with magnesium makes the ptC isomer the global minimum due to increased ionic radii of magnesium. However, it is relatively easier to conduct experimental studies for CAl4Mg0/− as beryllium is toxic. While the neutral molecule containing the ptC atom follows the 18 valence electron rule, the anion breaks the rule with 19 valence electrons. The electron affinity of CAl4Mg is in the range of 1.96–2.05 eV. Both the global minima exhibit π/σ double aromaticity. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for both the global minima at 298 K for 10 ps to confirm their kinetic stability.
Comparison of the levels of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA as measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry following hydrolysis of DNA by Escherichia coli Fpg protein or formic acid (2000)

8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) is one of many lesions generated in DNA by oxidative processes including free radicals. It is the most extensively investigated lesion, due to its miscoding properties and its potential role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging, and also to the existence of analytical methods using HPLC and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Some studies raised the possibility of artifacts generated during sample preparation. We investigated several experimental conditions in order to eliminate possible artifacts during the measurement of 8-OH-Gua by GC/MS. Derivatization has been reported to produce artifacts by oxidation of guanine to 8-OH-Gua in acid-hydrolysates of DNA, although the extent of artifacts seems to depend on experimental conditions. For removal of 8-OH-Gua from DNA, we used either formic acid hydrolysis or specific enzymatic hydrolysis with Escherichia coli Fpg protein. Derivatization of enzyme-hydrolysates should not generate additional 8-OH-Gua because of the absence of guanine, which is not released by the enzyme, whereas guanine released by acid may be oxidized to yield 8-OH-Gua. The measurement of 8-OH-Gua in calf thymus DNA by GC/isotope-dilution MS (GC/IDMS) using these two different hydrolyses yielded similar levels of 8-OH-Gua. This indicated that no artifacts occurred during derivatization of acid-hydrolysates of DNA. Pyridine instead of acetonitrile and room temperature were used during derivatization. Pyridine reduced the level of 8-OH-Gua, when compared with acetonitrile, indicating its potential to prevent oxidation. Two different stable-isotope labeled analogs of 8-OH-Gua used as internal standards for GC/IDMS analysis yielded similar results. A comparison of the present results with the results of recent trials by the European Standards Committee for Oxidative DNA Damage (ESCODD) is also presented.
Full Peptide Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Six Tat Variants (1999)

AIDS in Africa is characterized by the equal distribution of mortality between the two genders because of highly virulent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains. The viral protein Tat trans-activates viral gene expression and is essential for HIV-1 replication. We chemically synthesized six different Tat proteins, with sizes ranging from 86 to 101 residues, from HIV-1 isolates located in different parts of the world including highly virulent African strains. Protein purification, mass spectroscopy, and amino acid analysis showed that the synthesis was successful in each case but with different yields. We show that all have the ability to bind the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) RNA trans-activation response element (TAR) region, involved in Tat-mediated trans-activation, but structural heterogeneities are revealed by circular dichroism. These Tat synthetic proteins cross membranes but differ in their ability to trans-activate an HIV LTR-reporter gene in stably transfected HeLa cells. Two Tat proteins from virulent African HIV-1 strains were much more active than those from Europe and the United States. The interferon-induced kinase (PKR), involved in cell antiviral defense, phosphorylates only Tat variants corresponding to less or nonvirulent HIV-1 isolates. Our results indicate that the high virulence of some African HIV-1 strains could be related to Tat activity.
In vitro influence of hypoxia on bioluminescence imaging in brain tumor cells (2007)

Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI) has been employed as an imaging modality to identify and characterize fundamental processes related to cancer development and response at cellular and molecular levels. This technique is based on the reaction of luciferin with oxygen in the presence of luciferase and ATP. A major concern in this technique is that tumors are generally hypoxic, either constitutively and/or as a result of treatment, therefore the oxygen available for the bioluminescence reaction could possibly be reduced to limiting levels, and thus leading to underestimation of the actual number of luciferase-labeled cells during in vivo procedures. In this report, we present the initial <i>in vitro</i> results of the oxygen dependence of the bioluminescence signal in rat gliosarcoma 9L cells tagged with the luciferase gene (9L<sup>luc</sup> cells). Bioluminescence photon emission from cells exposed to different oxygen tensions was detected by a sensitive CCD camera upon exposure to luciferin. The results showed that bioluminescence signal decreased at administered pO<sub>2</sub> levels below about 5%, falling by approximately 50% at 0.2% pO<sub>2</sub>. Additional experiments showed that changes in BLI was due to the cell inability to maintain normal levels of ATP during the hypoxic period reducing the ATP concentration to limiting levels for BLI.
Detection of salmonellae by using Rambach agar and by a C8 esterase spot test (1991)

In food microbiology, Rambach agar facilitates the differentiation of non-typhi Salmonella through a specific red pigmentation of the colonies. The usefulness of Rambach agar was examined relative to its usefulness to the field of clinical microbiology. Of 170 non-typhi Salmonella strains, 92 and 97% gave bright red colonies after 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively, while 100% of 112 other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were of a different color (blue, green, beige, or colorless). Red colonies were also found with five of five Acinetobacter isolates and one of three Pseudomonas isolates. To further detect Salmonella typhi and the rare beige or colorless colonies atypical of Salmonella isolates, a C8 esterase detection spot test was carried out. With UV light, that test revealed fluorescent colonies for all Salmonella isolates tested.
IL-21 signaling is critical for the development of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse (2008)

IL-21 is a pleiotropic type I cytokine that shares the common cytokine receptor gamma chain and plays important roles for normal Ig production, terminal B cell differentiation to plasma cells, and Th17 differentiation. IL-21 is elevated in several autoimmune diseases, and blocking its action has attenuated disease in MRL/lpr mice and in collagen-induced arthritis. The diabetes-associated Idd3 locus is at the Il2/Il21 locus, and elevated IL-21 was observed in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse and suggested to contribute to diabetes by augmenting T cell homeostatic proliferation. To determine the role of IL-21 in diabetes, Il21r-knockout (KO) mice were backcrossed to NOD mice. These mice were devoid of lymphocytic infiltration into the pancreas, and only 1 of 20 animals had an elevated glucose compared with 60% of NOD mice on a wild-type (WT) background. Although TCR and Treg-related responses were normal, these mice had reduced Th17 cells and significantly higher levels of mRNAs encoding members of the Reg (regenerating) gene family whose transgenic expression protects against diabetes. Our studies establish a critical role for IL-21 in the development of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse, with obvious potential implications for type I diabetes in humans.
Ultrastructure of Multiple Sclerosis (1994)

The electron microscopic features of 11 stereotaxic brain biopsies that demonstrated inflammatory primary demyelination consistent both morphologically and clinically with multiple sclerosis are addressed. Degeneration of inner oligodendroglial loops and uniform widening of inner myelin lamellae antedated complete destruction of myelin sheaths. Perivascular lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells were in intimate contact with myelin sheaths. Astrocytes proliferated even away from demyelinated areas. In areas of chronic, established demyelination, oligodendrocyte numbers were greatly decreased, and fields of completely demyelinated axons were seen among astrocytic processes. Axonal injury, evidenced by the formation of axonal swellings, was apparent in maximally affected areas. At the edge of acute lesions with demyelinated axons, oligodendrocytes were preserved morphologically. Thinly myelinated axons indicative of central nervous system-type remyelination by oligodendrocytes were observed primarily at the edges of plaques. An unusual inclusion observed in presumed macrophages was "polelike" bodies 0.04- to 0.7-microns thick. Linearly arrayed, their presumably proteinaceous crystalline substance was moderately electron-dense. Many were membrane-bound and appeared to arise from the endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that disturbance of the myelinating function of oligodendrocytes may be a critical event in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
Improved Model-to-Hardware Correlation for Superconductor Integrated Circuits (2014)

Superconductor (SC) integrated circuits have several inherent advantages including low power, high speed, and fractional flux quantum sensitivity that can be exploited to achieve discriminating performance for several niche applications in the high-speed computing and radio frequency domain. Despite its several advantages, scaling of SC circuits to higher complexity has been inhibited by the poor circuit yield. One of the critical factors limiting the yield is the poor simulation model to hardware correlation. The current simulation tools for SC circuits such as PSCAN are inadequate to simulate high circuit complexity and do not account for the variations in the fabrication process. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an advanced infrastructure for SC circuit simulation, verification, and model-to-hardware correlation based on the Cadence design suite, particularly using the state-of-the-art Spectre simulator that supports high circuit complexity and Monte Carlo simulations. An improved model-to-hardware correlation will result in several benefits that include enabling circuit scaling to higher complexity. Statistical distributions for critical circuit elements are measured by novel diagnostic circuits that enable measuring multiple instances on a single chip and mimic layout features in actual circuits. Statistical variations are being measured over multiple wafer runs and will be fed into the new simulation infrastructure to achieve better optimization of a complex SC circuit. Furthermore, ring oscillator test circuits for Josephson transmission line have been designed and measured to study the delay per junction as a function of characteristic voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> .
Pathway analysis of kidney cancer using proteomics and metabolic profiling (2006)

Extensive pathway and network analysis allowed for the discovery of highly significant pathways from a set of clear cell RCC samples. Knowledge of activation of these processes will lead to novel assays identifying their proteomic and/or metabolomic signatures in biofluids of patient at high risk for this disease; we provide pilot data for such a urinary bioassay. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the knowledge of networks, processes, and pathways altered in kidney cancer may be used to influence the choice of optimal therapy.
Betulinic acid and its derivatives as anti-cancer agent: A review (2014)

Betulinic acid is a known natural product which has gained a lot of attention in the recent years since it exhibits a variety of biological and medicinal properties. This review provides the most important anticancer properties of betulinic acid and its derivatives.
Stepping up European measles surveillance (2011)

Preview this article: Stepping up European measles surveillance, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/eurosurveillance/16/28/art19917-en-1.gif
Okadaic Acid in New Zealand Sponges: Detection by Cytotoxicity, Protein Phosphatase Inhibition and Immunoassay techniques (1998)

Abstract Using a combination of P388 cytotoxicity testing, protein phosphatase enzyme inhibition assays and an ELISA immunoassay, okadaic acid (1), the causative agent of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), has been found in Raspalia agminata, and detected in two other species of New Zealand sponges.
Generic summarization and keyphrase extraction using mutual reinforcement principle and sentence clustering (2002)

A novel method for simultaneous keyphrase extraction and generic text summarization is proposed by modeling text documents as weighted undirected and weighted bipartite graphs. Spectral graph clustering algorithms are useed for partitioning sentences of the documents into topical groups with sentence link priors being exploited to enhance clustering quality. Within each topical group, saliency scores for keyphrases and sentences are generated based on a mutual reinforcement principle. The keyphrases and sentences are then ranked according to their saliency scores and selected for inclusion in the top keyphrase list and summaries of the document. The idea of building a hierarchy of summaries for documents capturing different levels of granularity is also briefly discussed. Our method is illustrated using several examples from news articles, news broadcast transcripts and web documents.
The use of smart technologies in enabling construction components reuse: A viable method or a problem creating solution? (2017)

The exploitation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for tracking and archiving the properties of structural construction components could be a potentially innovative disruption for the construction sector. This is because RFID can stimulate the reuse of construction components and reduce their wastage, hence addressing sustainability issues in the construction sector. To test the plausibility of that idea, this study explores the potential pre-conditions for RFID to facilitate construction components reuse, and develops a guidance for promoting their redistribution back to the supply chain. It also looks at how integrating RFID with Building Information Modelling (BIM) can possibly be a valuable extension of its capabilities, providing the opportunity for tracked components to be incorporated into new structures in an informed, sound way. A preliminary assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the RFID technology is presented in order to depict its current and future potential in promoting construction components' sustainable lifecycle management, while emphasis has been laid on capturing their technical, environmental, economic and social value. Findings suggest that the collection of the right amount of information at the design-construction-deconstruction-reuse-disposal stage is crucial for RFID to become a successful innovation in the construction sector. Although a number of limitations related to the technical operability and recycling of RFID tags seem to currently hinder its uptake for structural components' lifecycle management, future technological innovations could provide solutions that would enable it to become a mainstream practice. Taken together these proposals advocate that the use of RFID and its integration with BIM can create the right environment for the development of new business models focused on sustainable resource management. These models may then unlock multiple values that are otherwise dissipated in the system. If the rapid technological development of RFID capability can be allied to policy interventions that control and manage its uptake along the supply chain, the sustainable lifecycle management of construction components could be radically enhanced.
Evaluation of unfractionated heparin and recombinant hirudin on survival in a sustained ovine endotoxin shock model (2002)

We conclude that systemic anticoagulation with the thrombin inhibitor hirudin is without benefit in this sheep model of lethal endotoxemia, whereas anticoagulation with heparin affords not only effective prevention of endotoxin-induced coagulation disorders but also global protection with prevention of respiratory decompensation and thus markedly improves survival rate in this situation.
HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATIONS IN OPERATIONAL FIELD TESTS OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (1995)

The primary purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of a user-centered approach to help ensure public acceptance and therefore successful deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The paper begins with a general overview of important concepts. First, an overview of the discipline and characteristics of Human Factors is provided. Then, a brief definition of ITS is followed by a focused discussion of ITS operational field tests and a survey of the user service areas they are testing. Three examples of ITS operational field tests are then described. Another purpose of this paper is to dispel a common stereotype that is one of the last phases before fielding a system. Using the example field tests, the paper discusses the steps required to plan an evaluation and some of the user-centered methods employed.
Fatal Hyperammonemia in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. (1998)

We treated a 31-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, renal failure with nephrotic syndrome, and a long-standing seizure disorder, who developed severe hyperammonemia with a fatal outcome. Blood chemistry examination did not indicate liver disease, and amino acid concentrations did not suggest a defect in the urea cycle. Discontinuation of anticonvulsant treatment with valproic acid (VPA) failed to bring about improvement. We speculated that hyperanimonemia in this case was induced by VPA, and the existence of other underlying factors, including the administration of aspirin and cimetidine, hypoalbuminemia, and renal failure might elevate the concentration of the serum free fraction of VPA.(Internal Medicine 37: 700-703, 1998)
CSI Feedback Based on Deep Learning for Massive MIMO Systems (2019)

Aiming at the problem of high complexity and low feedback accuracy of existing channel state information (CSI) feedback algorithms for frequency-division duplexing (FDD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, this paper proposes a CSI compression feedback algorithm based on deep learning (DL), which is suitable for single-user and multi-user scenarios in massive MIMO systems. This algorithm considers the spatial correlation of massive MIMO channel and uses bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) and bidirectional convolutional long short-term memory (Bi-ConvLSTM) network to decompress and recover the CSI for single-user and multi-user, respectively. The proposed DL-based CSI feedback network is trained offline by massive MIMO channel data and could learn the structural characteristics of the massive MIMO channel by fully exploiting the channel information in the training samples. The simulation results show that compared with several classical CSI compression feedback algorithms, the proposed CSI compression feedback algorithm has lower computational complexity, higher feedback accuracy, and better system performance in massive MIMO systems.
A toolkit for constraint management in heterogeneous information systems (2002)

We present a framework and a toolkit to monitor and enforce distributed integrity constraints in loosely coupled heterogeneous information systems. Our framework enables and formalizes weakened notions of consistency, which are essential in such environments. Our framework is used to describe: interfaces provided by a database for the data items involved in inter site constraints; strategies for monitoring and enforcing such constraints; guarantees regarding the level of consistency the system can provide. Our toolkit uses this framework to provide a set of configurable modules that are used to monitor and enforce constraints spanning loosely coupled heterogeneous information systems.
Performance analysis of separated/combined air interface protocol structure for IMT2000 system (2003)

In order to derive the suitable protocol architecture for IMT2000 systems, we evaluate the performance of signaling messages in the separated protocol layer and combined protocol layer recommended by W-CDMA and cdma2000, respectively. Also, we evaluate the performance of combined processing and sequential processing method in the case of handling registration and authentication messages. According to simulation results, in the case that error occurs, separated protocol layer has better performance than combined protocol layer as error rate increases. Because, separated protocol layer retransmits only errored frame, although combined protocol layer retransmits two frames. Also, in registration and authentication message processing, combined processing that transmits two messages simultaneously is better than sequential processing because of reduced retransmission count.
α2-Chimaerin, a Cdc42/Rac1 Regulator, Is Selectively Expressed in the Rat Embryonic Nervous System and Is Involved in Neuritogenesis in N1E-115 Neuroblastoma Cells (2001)

Neuronal differentiation involves Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. alpha-Chimaerin, a Rac/Cdc42 regulator, occurs as alpha1- and alternatively spliced Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing alpha2-isoforms. alpha2-chimaerin mRNA was highly expressed in the rat embryonic nervous system, especially in early postmitotic neurons. alpha1-chimaerin mRNA was undetectable before embryonic day 16.5. Adult alpha2-chimaerin mRNA was restricted to neurons within specific brain regions, with highest expression in the entorhinal cortex. alpha2-chimaerin protein localized to neuronal perikarya, dendrites, and axons. The overall pattern of alpha2-chimaerin mRNA expression resembles that of cyclin-dependent kinase regulator p35 (CDK5/p35) which participates in neuronal differentiation and with which chimaerin interacts. To determine whether alpha2-chimaerin may have a role in neuronal differentiation and the relevance of the SH2 domain, the morphological effects of both chimaerin isoforms were investigated in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. When plated on poly-lysine, transient alpha2-chimaerin but not alpha1-chimaerin transfectants formed neurites. Permanent alpha2-chimaerin transfectants generated neurites whether or not they were stimulated by serum starvation, and many cells were enlarged. Permanent alpha1-chimaerin transfectants displayed numerous microspikes and contained F-actin clusters, a Cdc42-phenotype, but generated few neurites. In neuroblastoma cells, alpha2-chimaerin was predominantly soluble with some being membrane-associated, whereas alpha1-chimaerin was absent from the cytosol, being membrane- and cytoskeleton-associated, paralleling their subcellular distribution in brain. Transient transfection with alpha2-chimaerin mutated in the SH2 domain (N94H) generated an alpha1-chimaerin-like phenotype, protein partitioned in the particulate fraction, and in NGF-stimulated pheochromocytoma cell line 12 (PC12) cells, neurite formation was inhibited. These results indicate a role for alpha2-chimaerin in morphological differentiation for which its SH2 domain is vital.