gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Mercury by Macromolecular Heavy Metal Flocculant Mercaptoacetyl Polyethyleneimine (2010)

A novel water-soluble macromolecule heavy metal flocculant mercaptoacetyl polyethyleneimine (MAPEI) was synthesized by reacting polyethyleneimine (PEI) with thioglycolic acid (TGA). The removal of mercury ions (Hg2+) and turbidity from aqueous solutions by MAPEI was investigated. The MAPEI is efficient for the simultaneous removal of Hg2+ and turbidity. The highest removal ratio of mercury ions was above 95%. Factors were studied that could affect the process, such as pH, molecular weight of PEI, co-existing ions, and so on, and the results show that, with the increase in pH or molecular weight of PEI, the removal rate increases; alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal ions and chloride ions (Cl-) and nitrate (NO3-) ions can promote the removal of Hg2+, while sulfate (SO4(2-)) suppresses the process. In the process of treating wastewater containing both turbidity and mercury ions, both have a synergic removal effect with each other. Compared with TGA, MAPEI shows obvious advantages, including higher removal efficiency, larger flocs, and higher floc sedimentation velocity. In addition, compared with PEI, both PEI and MAPEI are almost equally not efficient for turbidity removal, but the presence of mercury ions can improve greatly the efficiency of MAPEI in the removal of turbidity.
Optimal Cross-Coupled Synchronizing Control of Dual-Drive Gantry System for a SMD Assembly Machine (2004)

The present paper deals with the development of synchronizing controller for dual-drive servo system that is often used for SMD (Surface Mount Device) assembly machine. Instead of coordinating the commands to the individual feed drives and implementing closed position loop control for each axis, this work is achieved by the evaluation of an optimal cross-coupled compensator aimed specifically at improving synchronous accuracy in dual feed drives. The optimal control formulation explicitly includes the synchronous error in the performance index to be minimized. In this paper, surface chip mounter is used for experiment. It demands to synchronize the positions of its two primary driving axes. The system is modeled as the first order approximation and cross-coupled optimal synchronizing controller is designed. The synchronizing control is simulated and experimented with actual system for various velocity profiles. The results show that the proposed controller reduces the synchronous error considerably, compared to the conventional uncoupled control for the dual-drive system.
Adventitious Roots and Lateral Roots: Similarities and Differences (2014)

In addition to its role in water and nutrient uptake, the root system is fundamentally important because it anchors a plant to its substrate. Although a wide variety of root systems exist across different species, all plants have a primary root (derived from an embryonic radicle) and different types of lateral roots. Adventitious roots, by comparison, display the same functions as lateral roots but develop from aerial tissues. In addition, they not only develop as an adaptive response to various stresses, such as wounding or flooding, but also are a key limiting component of vegetative propagation. Lateral and adventitious roots share key elements of the genetic and hormonal regulatory networks but are subject to different regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the developmental processes that give rise to lateral and adventitious roots and highlight knowledge acquired over the past few years about the mechanisms that regulate adventitious root formation.
Optical channel monitoring technique using phase-modulated pilot tones (2005)

We report on the pilot-tone-based optical channel monitoring technique for use in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks. The proposed technique can monitor the wavelengths of WDM signals using phase-modulated pilot tones. Unlike the previously proposed monitoring technique using amplitude-modulated pilot tones, the proposed technique does not suffer from the cross-gain modulation and stimulated Raman scattering. The results show that the proposed technique could not be deteriorated by the chromatic dispersion.
Responsabilidad de administradores de sociedades en crisis en EEUU (2012)

espanolEn Derecho estadounidense es doctrina mayoritaria que siendo la sociedad solvente los administradores tienen deberes fiduciarios de diligencia y lealtad hacia la sociedad y los socios, cumpliendose el interes social a traves de la maximizacion del valor de los accionistas a medio-largo plazo. Sin embargo, la cuestion se complica al estudiar si modifica el contenido del interes social cuando la sociedad afronta un periodo de crisis empresarial, cuestion de la que la Jurisprudencia estadounidense, especialmente la de Delaware, se viene ocupando hace tiempo a traves del desarrollo de la doctrina del trust fund, y que se estudia en este trabajo. EnglishMost of American doctrine considers that solvent companies’ directors have fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to the company and partners, fulfilling the best interest of the corporation through the shareholders value in a medium-long term. However, this principle becomes more complicated if we consider that corporation interest changes when the company faces a period of financial crisis. This issue, analyzed in this work, has been studied by American Courts, particularly in Delaware, developing the trust fund doctrine
Evaluation of Dengue NS1 Antigen Rapid Tests and ELISA Kits Using Clinical Samples (2014)

ELISAs had greater overall sensitivity than RDTs. In conjunction with other parameters, the performance data can help determine which dengue diagnostics should be used during the first few days of illness, when the patients are most likely to present to a clinic seeking care.
Reclaiming Agents for Synthetic Rubber (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReclaiming Agents for Synthetic RubberW. S. Cook, H. E. Albert, F. L. Kilbourne, and G. E. P. SmithCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 7, 1194–1202Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50463a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50463a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The discovery of structural form (2008)

Algorithms for finding structure in data have become increasingly important both as tools for scientific data analysis and as models of human learning, yet they suffer from a critical limitation. Scientists discover qualitatively new forms of structure in observed data: For instance, Linnaeus recognized the hierarchical organization of biological species, and Mendeleev recognized the periodic structure of the chemical elements. Analogous insights play a pivotal role in cognitive development: Children discover that object category labels can be organized into hierarchies, friendship networks are organized into cliques, and comparative relations (e.g., "bigger than" or "better than") respect a transitive order. Standard algorithms, however, can only learn structures of a single form that must be specified in advance: For instance, algorithms for hierarchical clustering create tree structures, whereas algorithms for dimensionality-reduction create low-dimensional spaces. Here, we present a computational model that learns structures of many different forms and that discovers which form is best for a given dataset. The model makes probabilistic inferences over a space of graph grammars representing trees, linear orders, multidimensional spaces, rings, dominance hierarchies, cliques, and other forms and successfully discovers the underlying structure of a variety of physical, biological, and social domains. Our approach brings structure learning methods closer to human abilities and may lead to a deeper computational understanding of cognitive development.
Abbreviations (2017)

Coalmining was a notoriously dangerous industry and many of its workers experienced injury and disease. However, the experiences of the many disabled people within Britain's most dangerous industry have gone largely unrecognised by historians. This book examines the British coal industry through the lens of disability, using an interdisciplinary approach to examine the lives of disabled miners and their families.The book considers the coal industry at a time when it was one of Britain's most important industries, and follows it through a period of growth up to the First World War, through strikes, depression and wartime, and into an era of decline. During this time, the statutory provision for disabled people changed considerably, most notably with the first programme of state compensation for workplace injury. And yet disabled people remained a constant presence in the industry as many disabled miners continued their jobs or took up 'light work'. The burgeoning coalfields literature used images of disability on a frequent basis and disabled characters were used to represent the human toll of the industry.A diverse range of sources are used to examine the economic, social, political and cultural impact of disability in the coal industry, looking beyond formal coal company and union records to include autobiographies, novels and oral testimony. It argues that, far from being excluded entirely from British industry, disability and disabled people were central to its development. The book will appeal to students and academics interested in disability history, disability studies, social and cultural history, and representations of disability in literature.
Protein Translation Activity: A New Measure of Host Immune Cell Activation (2016)

We describe the in vivo ribopuromycylation (RPM) method, which uses a puromycin-specific Ab to fluorescently label ribosome-bound puromycylated nascent chains, enabling measurement of translational activity via immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry. Tissue staining provides a unique view of virus-induced activation of adaptive, innate, and stromal immune cells. RPM flow precisely quantitates virus-induced activation of lymphocytes and innate immune cells, and it provides a unique measure of immune cell deactivation and quiescence. Using RPM we find that high endothelial cells in draining lymph nodes rapidly increase translation in the first day of vaccinia virus infection. We also find a population of constitutively activated splenic T cells in naive mice and further that most bone marrow T cells activate 3 d after vaccinia virus infection. Bone marrow T cell activation is nonspecific, IL-12-dependent, and induces innate memory T cell phenotypic markers. Thus, RPM measures translational activity to uniquely identify cell populations that participate in the immune response to pathogens, other foreign substances, and autoantigens.
<scp>d</scp> -2,3-Butanediol Production Due to Heterologous Expression of an Acetoin Reductase in Clostridium acetobutylicum (2011)

Acetoin reductase (ACR) catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol. Under certain conditions, Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (and strains derived from it) generates both d- and l-stereoisomers of acetoin, but because of the absence of an ACR enzyme, it does not produce 2,3-butanediol. A gene encoding ACR from Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 was functionally expressed in C. acetobutylicum under the control of two strong promoters, the constitutive thl promoter and the late exponential adc promoter. Both ACR-overproducing strains were grown in batch cultures, during which 89 to 90% of the natively produced acetoin was converted to 20 to 22 mM d-2,3-butanediol. The addition of a racemic mixture of acetoin led to the production of both d-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol. A metabolic network that is in agreement with the experimental data is proposed. Native 2,3-butanediol production is a first step toward a potential homofermentative 2-butanol-producing strain of C. acetobutylicum.
Reduced vancomycin susceptibility among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates (‘the MIC Creep’): implications for therapy (2012)

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as the most common hospital-acquired pathogen and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared with other strains. Vancomycin has been the cornerstone of treatment of patients with serious MRSA infections for some decades and while more than 99% of clinical S. aureus isolates remain susceptible to vancomycin, we are beginning to see strains of MRSA with reduced susceptibility. This review discusses this phenomenon, the predictors of infection with such forms of MRSA, and current and future management options.
The Multifocal Visual Evoked Potential (2003)

With the multifocal technique, visual evoked potentials (VEPs) can be recorded simultaneously from many regions of the visual field. For the multifocal VEP (mfVEP), the patient views a display that typically contains 60 sectors, each with a checkerboard pattern. The display covers about the same retinal area as the 24-2 Humphrey visual field (HVF). However, due to the scaling of the sectors of the mfVEP display, the fields are sampled differently by the mfVEP and HVF. To assess local defects in the visual field, the mfVEP responses must be compared with normal controls. These comparisons require relatively sophisticated analyses and software. Whereas the mfVEP can be recorded relatively easily with the same equipment used to record multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs), the software needed to perform the analysis is not yet widely available. The mfVEP is valuable for ruling out non-organic visual loss, diagnosing and following patients with optic neuritis/multiple sclerosis, evaluating patients with unreliable or questionable HVFs, and following disease progression. When combined with the mfERG, diseases of the outer retina (before the retinal ganglion cells) can be distinguished from diseases of the ganglion cells and/or optic nerve. The difficulties encountered in recording and analyzing mfVEP responses are greater than those involved in full-field VEP testing. Thus, in its current form, the mfVEP is best recorded and interpreted by ophthalmologists and electrophysiologists experienced with the technique. However, this technique is developing rapidly; advances in commercial hardware and software are expected in the near future.
Handover Control in Wireless Systems via Asynchronous Multiuser Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

In this paper, we propose a two-layer framework to learn the optimal handover (HO) controllers in possibly large-scale wireless systems supporting mobile Internet-of-Things users or traditional cellular users, where the user mobility patterns could be heterogeneous. In particular, our proposed framework first partitions the user equipments (UEs) with different mobility patterns into clusters, where the mobility patterns are similar in the same cluster. Then, within each cluster, an asynchronous multiuser deep reinforcement learning (RL) scheme is developed to control the HO processes across the UEs in each cluster, in the goal of lowering the HO rate while ensuring certain system throughput. In this scheme, we use a deep neural network (DNN) as an HO controller learned by each UE via RL in a collaborative fashion. Moreover, we use supervised learning in initializing the DNN controller before the execution of RL to exploit what we already know with traditional HO schemes and to mitigate the negative effects of random exploration at the initial stage. Furthermore, we show that the adopted global-parameter-based asynchronous framework enables us to train faster with more UEs, which could nicely address the scalability issue to support large systems. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework can achieve better performance than the state-of-art online schemes, in terms of HO rates.
Low-resistance ohmic contacts on <i>p</i>-type GaN using Ni/Pd/Au metallization (2000)

In this letter, a low-resistance ohmic contact on p-type GaN using an alloy of Ni/Pd/Au is reported. The Mg doped p-type GaN samples were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with a carrier concentration of 4.1×1017 cm−3. The as-grown Mg doped samples were deposited with Ni (20 nm)/Pd (20 nm)/Au (100 nm) and then annealed in air, nitrogen, and oxygen ambient conditions at different annealing temperatures ranging from 350 to 650 °C. Linear I–V ohmic characteristics were observed with specific resistance as low as 1.0×10−4 Ω cm2 for the samples annealed in oxygen atmosphere. Similar contact metal composition was also deposited on Be-implanted p-type GaN samples with a carrier density of 8.1×1019 cm−3. Without further annealing process, the samples show good ohmic contact with a lowest specific resistance of 4.5×10−6 Ω cm2.
WEE1 Inhibition Alleviates Resistance to Immune Attack of Tumor Cells Undergoing Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (2014)

Aberrant expression of the T-box transcription factor brachyury in human carcinomas drives the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenotypic modulation that facilitates tumor dissemination and resistance to conventional therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. By generating isogenic cancer cell lines with various levels of brachyury expression, we demonstrate that high levels of brachyury also significantly reduce the susceptibility of cancer cells to lysis by both antigen-specific T cells and natural killer cells. Our results indicated that resistance of brachyury-high tumor cells to immune-mediated attack was due to inefficient caspase-dependent apoptosis, manifested as inefficient nuclear lamin degradation in the presence of activated effector caspases. We correlated this phenomenon with loss of cell-cycle-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), which mediates lamin phosphorylation. In support of a causal connection, pretreatment of tumor cells with a specific inhibitor of WEE1, a negative regulator kinase of CDK1, could counter the defective apoptosis of tumor cells expressing high levels of brachyury. Thus, our findings suggested that reconstituting CDK1 activity to threshold levels may be sufficient to restore immunosurveillance of mesenchymal-like cancer cells that have escaped previous immune detection or eradication.
Small molecule activation of metabolic enzyme pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2, PKM2, provides photoreceptor neuroprotection (2019)

Abstract Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in many retinal disorders, and there is an unmet need for neuroprotective modalities to improve photoreceptor survival. Similar to cancer cells, photoreceptors maintain pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2) expression, which is a critical regulator in aerobic glycolysis. Unlike PKM1, which has constitutively high catalytic activity, PKM2 is under complex regulation. Recently, we demonstrated that genetically reprogramming photoreceptor metabolism via PKM2-to-PKM1 substitution is a promising neuroprotective strategy. Here, we explored the neuroprotective effects of pharmacologically activating PKM2 via ML-265, a small molecule activator of PKM2, during acute outer retinal stress. We found that ML-265 increased PKM2 activity in 661W cells and in vivo in rat eyes without affecting the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism. ML-265 treatment did, however, alter metabolic intermediates of glucose metabolism and those necessary for biosynthesis in cultured cells. Long-term exposure to ML-265 did not result in decreased photoreceptor function or survival under baseline conditions. Notably, though, ML-265-treatment did reduce entrance into the apoptotic cascade in in vitro and in vivo models of outer retinal stress. These data suggest that reprogramming metabolism via activation of PKM2 is a novel, and promising, therapeutic strategy for photoreceptor neuroprotection.
Incremental speech recognition for multimodal interfaces (2002)

For the development of effective multi-modal man-machine interfaces the incremental generation of speech recognition results is an important prerequisite. On the one hand the system can instantaneously react to the user's intention even while the user is speaking. On the other hand the results of speech recognition can be used to assist the processing of other modalities, e.g, the interpretation of gestures. In this paper we present an incremental speech recognition system embedded in a multi-modal environment. The system is able to incrementally produce word hypotheses in real time. Thus, utterances of arbitrary length can be processed and direct interactions with other modalities are possible.
A novel current-mode boost converter with depletion-mode MOSFET (2009)

A compact current-mode boost converter for battery-operated portable devices is presented in this paper. With the help of depletion-mode MOSFET, the chip's volume reduces and input voltage extends from 2.5 V to 10 V. Using a 0.5 mum BCD process, the maximum efficiency of this converter can reach 90% at fixed frequency 1.4 MHz. In addition, a single input error amplifier and dead-time control circuit for this design are proposed in the paper. The simulation results and measures verify the function of the proposed structure.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Impairs Hemopoiesis in Long‐Term Bone Marrow Cultures: Nonreversal by Nucleoside Analogues (1997)

Hematologic abnormalities are often seen in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The effect of HIV infection of bone marrow stroma on support of uninfected CD34 progenitor cells in long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) was investigated. Results show that HIV-infected bone marrow stroma was unable to adequately support CD34 progenitor cells in vitro. Zidovudine or didanosine was added to cultures in an attempt to reverse the suppressive effects exerted by HIV and to determine whether such suppression was mediated by transfer of HIV infection to progenitor cells. Didanosine failed to reduce the suppressive effects of HIV, whereas zidovudine compounded the observed suppression. HIV infection of bone marrow stroma, while reducing the production of nonadherent cells, did not increase apoptosis and cell death in such cells. In contrast, zidovudine enhanced apoptosis and cell death in nonadherent cells produced by both HIV-infected and control LTBMC.