gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability of Colistimethate Sodium in Aqueous Solution (2012)

Colistimethate sodium, increasingly used to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, spontaneously hydrolyzes to form colistin A (polymyxin E1) and B (polymyxin E2/B) when mixed with water. High levels of these active breakdown products at the time of administration have been associated with nephrotoxicity and even death. In this study, reconstituted colistimethate sodium was shown to be stable (<1.0% colistin A/B formation) for up to 24 h when stored at 21, 0, -20, and -70°C.
Expression of <i>bar</i> in the Plastid Genome Confers Herbicide Resistance (2001)

Phosphinothricin (PPT) is the active component of a family of environmentally safe, nonselective herbicides. Resistance to PPT in transgenic crops has been reported by nuclear expression of a bar transgene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, a detoxifying enzyme. We report here expression of a bacterial bar gene (b-bar1) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Petit Havana) plastids that confers field-level tolerance to Liberty, an herbicide containing PPT. We also describe a second bacterial bar gene (b-bar2) and a codon-optimized synthetic bar (s-bar) gene with significantly elevated levels of expression in plastids (>7% of total soluble cellular protein). Although these genes are expressed at a high level, direct selection thus far did not yield transplastomic clones, indicating that subcellular localization rather than the absolute amount of the enzyme is critical for direct selection of transgenic clones. The codon-modified s-bar gene is poorly expressed in Escherichia coli, a common enteric bacterium, due to differences in codon use. We propose to use codon usage differences as a precautionary measure to prevent expression of marker genes in the unlikely event of horizontal gene transfer from plastids to bacteria. Localization of the bar gene in the plastid genome is an attractive alternative to incorporation in the nuclear genome since there is no transmission of plastid-encoded genes via pollen.
Integration of Visual and Linguistic Information in Spoken Language Comprehension (1995)

Psycholinguists have commonly assumed that as a spoken linguistic message unfolds over time, it is initially structured by a syntactic processing module that is encapsulated from information provided by other perceptual and cognitive systems. To test the effects of relevant visual context on the rapid mental processes that accompany spoken language comprehension, eye movements were recorded with a head-mounted eye-tracking system while subjects followed instructions to manipulate real objects. Visual context influenced spoken word recognition and mediated syntactic processing, even during the earliest moments of language processing.
Ojos que no ven... ser pobre en Catamarca, una polifonía de voces (2008)

La pobreza en la actualidad se configura como un problema complejo que necesita ser pensado desde diferentes encuadres. Comprender los procesos y estrategias que experimentan las personas pobres nos lleva a sostener la tesis que la estructura como la dinamica de la pobreza ha cambiado radicalmente. El mapa social de la pobreza nos muestra un conjunto heterogeneo de actores, sus voces dan cuenta de lo que para ello significa ser pobre, mas alla que en los documentos publicos oficiales los silencien.

Ya no estamos frente a una pobreza estructural, definida y cristalizada, sino que esta debe entenderse ahora como un proceso. La pobreza ya no es solamente un problema de falta de ingresos, tiene otras dimensiones que hay que comprender para poder actuar sobre ellas en el ambito de las Politicas Sociales.

Catamarca, es una de las provincias de mayores niveles de desocupacion en el pais, segun las estadisticas oficiales actuales. El objetivo de este articulo es comprender a partir de la narrativa de los entrevistados que significa ser pobre; reconstruir el sentido de la pobreza y los formatos que adopta segun la produccion discursiva de los actores

Partimos de una metodologia cualitativa que pone enfasis en la produccion de una serie de narrativas de los entrevistados. Los actores a partir del relato de sus experiencias hacen visible los sentidos que para ellos tienen de ser pobre. Los procesos y situaciones de pobreza tienen hoy sobre los actores sociales aspectos ineditos en terminos de sus estrategias, practicas de resistencia, sentidos construidos.
A Collaborative Survey of 80 Mutations in the BRCA1 Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Gene (1995)

<h3>Objectives.</h3> —To report the initial experience of an international group of investigators in identifying mutations in the<i>BRCA1</i>breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene, to assess the spectrum of such mutations in samples from patients with different family histories of cancer, and to determine the frequency of recurrent mutations. <h3>Design.</h3> —Nine laboratories in North America and the United Kingdom tested for<i>BRCA 1</i>mutations in DNA samples obtained from a total of 372 unrelated patients with breast or ovarian cancer largely chosen from high-risk families. Three of these laboratories also analyzed a total of 714 additional samples from breast or ovarian cancer cases, including 557 unselected for family history, for two specific mutations that had been found to recur in familial samples. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 1086 women with either breast or ovarian cancer. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —The detection of sequence variation in patients' DNA samples that is not found in sets of control samples. <h3>Results.</h3> —<i>BRCA 1</i>mutations have now been identified in a total of 80 patient samples. Thirty-eight distinct mutations were found among 63 mutations identified through a complete screen of the<i>BRCA 1</i>gene. Three specific mutations appeared relatively common, occurring eight, seven, and five times, respectively. When specific tests for the two most common mutations were performed in larger sets of samples, they were found in 17 additional patients. Mutations predicted to result in a truncated protein accounted for 86% of the mutations detected by complete screening. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —The high frequency of protein-terminating mutations and the observation of many recurrent mutations found in a diverse set of samples could lead to a relatively simple diagnostic test for<i>BRCA 1</i>mutations. More data must be accumulated to address specifically the sensitivity and specificity of such a diagnostic testing procedure and to better estimate the age-specific risk for breast and ovarian cancer associated with such mutations. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:535-541)
APECED mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene (2001)

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a rare recessively inherited disorder caused by mutations in the AIRE (autoimmune regulator) gene. APECED is characterized by variable combinations of endocrine autoimmune diseases such as Addison's disease, hypoparathyroidism, and type 1 diabetes. The AIRE protein contains motifs suggestive of a transcription regulator and can activate transcription of a reporter gene when fused to a heterologous DNA biding domain. In this article, mutation analyses of over 200 APECED patients published by several laboratories are summarized. To date 42 different mutations have been identified. These mutations include nonsense and missense mutations, small insertions and deletions leading into frame shifts, and splice site mutations. Although mutations are spread throughout the coding region of the gene some hotspots emerge, including the more common and recurrent mutations R257X and 967-979del13bp. Some of the identified mutations have been shown to affect subcellular localization or transactivation properties of the protein, thus providing insights into the functional properties of the predicted protein motifs.
Dünnschichtchromatographie der Chloro‐Cyclophosphazene. II. Zur Trennung der Chloro‐Cyclophosphazene (NPCI<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub> (n=3–15) (1976)

Abstract Dünnschichtchromatographie auf Silicagel wurde zur Trennung der höheren Glieder der homologen Reihe von Chloro‐Cyclophosphazenen benutzt. Unter den beschriebenen Arbeitsbedingungen wurden Flecke von 13 Stoffen mit neuen empfindlichen und selektiven Nachweisverfahren ermittelt. Die R f ‐Werte wurden mathematisch bearbeitet, und die wahrscheinlichen Einflusse, die die Trennung ermöglichen, wurden diskutiert.
Tissue Engineering of a Human Sized And Shaped Auricle Using a Mold (2004)

Abstract Objectives: The creation of a tissue‐engineered auricle was initially successful in an immunocompromised nude mouse model. Subsequently, an immunocompetent porcine model successfully generated a helical construct. We wished to evaluate the novel technique of using a mold to create a complete, anatomically refined auricle in a large animal model. Methods: Mixtures of autogenous chondrocytes and biodegradable polymers were used inside a perforated, auricle shaped hollow gold mold. Three biodegradable polymers (calcium alginate, pluronic F‐127, and polyglycolic acid) were used to retain the seeded chondrocytes inside the mold. These molds, along with a control, were implanted subcutaneously in the abdominal area of 10 animals (pigs and sheep). The constructs were removed after 8 to 20 weeks and were assessed by gross morphology and histology. Results: All the gold implants were well tolerated by the animals. The implants using calcium alginate (n = 3) generated constructs of the exact shape and size of a normal human ear; the histology demonstrated mostly normal cartilage with some persistent alginate. The implants with pluronic F‐127 (n = 3) resulted in cartilage with essentially normal histology, although leakage outside the molds and external cartilage generation was noted. Polyglycolic acid implants (n = 3) produced no useful cartilage because of an inflammatory reaction with fibrosis. The empty control mold (n = 1) demonstrated only a very small amount of fibrous tissue inside. Conclusion: A tissue‐engineered human sized auricle of normal anatomic definition can be generated in an immunocompetent large‐animal model using a mold technique. Although further refinements will be necessary, the technique appears promising for potential use in patients with microtia.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of cd4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis (1995)

CD4 MAb treatment of patients with early RA induced no therapeutic effect.
Comparative study of ultraviolet-infrared cutoff filters prepared by reactive electron-beam deposition and reactive ion-assisted deposition (1998)

UV-IR cutoff filters consisting a number of alternating layers of TiO2 and SiO2 were prepared by reactive electron-beam deposition (EBD) at a glass-substrate temperature of 300°C and by reactive ion- assisted deposition (IAD) at an ambient substrate temperature. All the filters were prepared in the same coater, equipped with two electron beam guns and one advanced plasma source. The uniformity and repro- ducibility of filters prepared by both techniques were investigated and compared, and correlated with results from single-layer materials. The useful sample radii, with optical thickness variation less than 1.6%, for EBD and IAD filters were up to 50 and 30 cm, respectively. The run-to- run reproducibility of EBD filters was as good as or even better than that of IAD filters. However, the temperature stability of IAD filters was supe- rior to that of EBD filters, which confirmed that the energetic ion bom- bardments made the component films denser. © 1998 Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)03405-9) Subject terms: UV-IR cutoff filters; reactive electron-beam deposition; reactive ion-assisted deposition; advanced plasma source; uniformity; reproducibility; tem- perature stability.
Proton magnetic resonance of aqueous metatungstate ion: evidence for two central hydrogen atoms (1966)

M. T. Pope and G. M. Varga, Chem. Commun. (London), 1966, 653 DOI: 10.1039/C19660000653
Hard Gallium Alloys for Use as Low Contact Resistance Electrodes and for Bonding Thermocouples into Samples (1960)

A new family of low contact resistance electrodes is described. These are hard alloys of gallium, prepared at room temperature in a manner similar to that of dental amalgams. They may be packed into cavities in semiconductors or in some cases applied to a flat surface and allowed to harden under pressure. These alloys can also be used to bond wires and thermocouples into samples. The maximum operating temperatures range from 250° to about 900°C for various alloys. The electrical characteristics, when used on ferrites and controlled valency semiconductors, are similar to those of the frequently used semiliquid indium-mercury and indium-gallium electrodes.
Cooperative Communication-Aware Spectrum Leasing in Cognitive Radio Networks (2010)

In this paper, we focus on the dynamic spectrum access of two infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks, primary network and secondary network, which are collocated with each other. To improve network performance of two networks, we propose a cooperative communication-aware spectrum leasing framework, in which, primary network leverages secondary users as cooperative relays, and decides the optimal strategy on the relay selection and the price for spectrum leasing. Based on primary network's strategy, secondary network determines the length of spectrum access time it purchases from the primary network. Finally, each network allocates the total spectrum access time of the network among its end users. The above sequential decision procedure is formulated as a Stackelberg game, with primary network acting as the leader and secondary network as the follower, and a unique Nash Equilibrium (NE) point is achieved through backward induction analysis. At this NE point, both networks maximize their utilities in terms of transmission rate and revenue/payment. Meanwhile, the optimal relay selection and spectrum resource allocation among all the users are also derived based on the Nash Equilibrium. Simulation results show that both primary and secondary networks achieve higher utility by exploiting cooperative transmission under our proposed framework, which gives both networks incentive for cooperation.
The migration of bone marrow-derived non-hematopoietic tissue-committed stem cells is regulated in an SDF-1-, HGF-, and LIF-dependent manner (2006)

These findings further support our theory of the BM as a "hideout" for TCSCs and we suggest that their presence in BM tissue should be considered before experimental evidence is interpreted simply as transdifferentiation/plasticity of hematopoietic stem cells. Since we demonstrated that not only SDF-1, but also HGF and LIF are upregulated in damaged tissues, we postulate that CXCR4+ c-Met+ LIF-R+ TCSC could be mobilized from the BM into the PB, from which they are subsequently chemoattracted to damaged organs, where they play a role in tissue repair/regeneration.
VIROSOMES IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT: INDUCTION OF CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVITY WITH VIROSOME-ENCAPSULATED PROTEIN ANTIGENS (2002)

Virosomes are reconstituted viral envelopes which lack the genetic material but retain the cell entry and membrane fusion characteristics of the virus they are derived from. Thus, influenza virosomes are taken up by cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, which directs the particles to the endosomal cell compartment. Subsequently, the virosomal membrane fuses with the endosomal membrane induced by the mildly acidic pH within the endosomes. This fusion process establishes continuity between the lumen of the virosome and the cell cytosol. Upon interaction of virosomes with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), protein antigens encapsulated within virosomes will be delivered to the cell cytosol, and thus, into the MHC class I presentation pathway. Indeed, virosome-mediated delivery of antigens in vivo results in efficient priming of a class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response.
Renalase Is an α-NAD(P)H Oxidase/Anomerase (2013)

Renalase is a protein hormone secreted into the blood by the kidney that is reported to lower blood pressure and slow heart rate. Since its discovery in 2005, renalase has been the subject of conjecture pertaining to its catalytic function. While it has been widely reported that renalase is the third monoamine oxidase (monoamine oxidase C) that oxidizes circulating catecholamines such as epinephrine, there has been no convincing demonstration of this catalysis in vitro. Renalase is a flavoprotein whose structural topology is similar to known oxidases, lysine demethylases, and monooxygenases, but its active site bears no resemblance to that of any known flavoprotein. We have identified the catalytic activity of renalase as an α-NAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase, whereby low equilibrium concentrations of the α-anomer of NADPH and NADH initiate rapid reduction of the renalase flavin cofactor. The reduced cofactor then reacts with dioxygen to form hydrogen peroxide and releases nicotinamide dinucleotide product in the β-form. These processes yield an apparent turnover number (0.5 s(-1) in atmospheric dioxygen) that is at least 2 orders of magnitude more rapid than any reported activity with catechol neurotransmitters. This highly novel activity is the first demonstration of a role for naturally occurring α-NAD(P)H anomers in mammalian physiology and the first report of a flavoprotein catalyzing an epimerization reaction.
Prostaglandin E2 Up-regulates HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat-driven Gene Activity in T Cells via NF-κB-dependent and -Independent Signaling Pathways (1998)

Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is highly dependent on the state of activation of the infected cells and is modulated by interactions between viral and host cellular factors. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a pleiotropic immunomodulatory molecule, is observed at elevated levels during HIV-1 infection as well as during the course of other pathogenic infections. In 1G5, a Jurkat-derived T cell line stably transfected with a luciferase gene driven by HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), we found that PGE2 markedly enhanced HIV-1 LTR-mediated reporter gene activity. Experiments have been conducted to identify second messengers involved in this PGE2-dependent up-regulating effect on the regulatory element of HIV-1. In this study, we present evidence indicating that signal transduction pathways induced by PGE2 necessitate the participation of cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, and Ca2+. Experiments conducted with different HIV-1 LTR-based vectors suggested that PGE2-mediated activation effect on HIV-1 transcription was transduced via both NF-kappaB-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. The involvement of NF-kappaB in the PGE2-dependent activating effect on HIV-1 transcription was further confirmed using a kappaB-regulated luciferase encoding vector and by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Results from Northern blot and flow cytometric analyses, as well as the use of a selective antagonist indicated that PGE2 modulation of HIV-1 LTR-driven reporter gene activity in studied T lymphoid cells is transduced via the EP4 receptor subtype. These results suggest that secretion of PGE2 by macrophages in response to infection or inflammatory activators could induce signaling events resulting in activation of proviral DNA present into T cells latently infected with HIV-1.
Network of mutually repressive metastasis regulators can promote cell heterogeneity and metastatic transitions (2014)

The sources and consequences of nongenetic variability in metastatic progression are largely unknown. To address these questions, we characterized a transcriptional regulatory network for the metastasis suppressor Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP). We previously showed that the transcription factor BACH1 is negatively regulated by RKIP and promotes breast cancer metastasis. Here we demonstrate that BACH1 acts in a double-negative (overall positive) feedback loop to inhibit RKIP transcription in breast cancer cells. BACH1 also negatively regulates its own transcription. Analysis of the BACH1 network reveals the existence of an inverse relationship between BACH1 and RKIP involving both monostable and bistable transitions that can potentially give rise to nongenetic variability. Single-cell analysis confirmed monostable and bistable-like behavior. Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors or depletion of the polycomb repressor enhancer of zeste homolog 2 altered relative RKIP and BACH1 levels in a manner consistent with a prometastatic state. Together, our results suggest that the mutually repressive relationship between metastatic regulators such as RKIP and BACH1 can play a key role in determining metastatic progression in cancer.
Determination of Gentamicin Sulphate Composition and Related Substances in Pharmaceutical Preparations by LC with Charged Aerosol Detection (2010)

A new, simple and repeatable liquid chromatography method with charged aerosol detection (LC-CAD) for the determination of gentamicin sulphate composition and related substances has been developed. Gentamicin lacks of chromophores, therefore its determination is quite problematic. Using a universal CAD enables to achieve good separation without sample derivatization. Mass spectrometry was employed to confirm the LC-CAD peak profile. The proposed method was validated and applied for the determination of gentamicin sulphate composition and related substances in pharmaceutical preparations.
Entwicklung (2008)

„Entwicklung“ stellt einerseits ein Konzept im Rahmen eines umfassenden sozialwissenschaftlichen Diskurses dar, andererseits - jedenfalls seit Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges - ein Ziel politischer Strategien. Da es sich um ein Ziel handelt, das von vielen unterschiedlichen Akteuren teils kooperativ, teils konfliktiv verfolgt wird, kann globale Entwicklungspolitik bereits als ein typisches Beispiel von Global Governance angesehen werden, auch wenn dieses Konzept erst sehr viel später entwickelt worden ist. Die Definition von Renate Mayntz bietet einen guten Ausgangspunkt zum Verständnis der Problematik: „Governance meint [...] das Gesamt aller nebeneinander bestehenden Formen der kollektiven Regelung gesellschaftlicher Sachverhalte; von der institutionalisierten zivilgesellschaftlichen Selbstregelung über verschiedene Formen des Zusammenwirkens staatlicher und privater Akteure bis hin zum hoheitlichen Handeln staatlicher Akteure“ (Mayntz 2004: 66).
Novel antibody cocktail targeting Bet v 1 rapidly and sustainably treats birch allergy symptoms in a phase 1 study (2021)

Single-dose REGN5713/14/15 was well tolerated and provided a rapid (1 week) and durable (2 months) reduction in allergic symptoms after birch allergen nasal allergen challenge, potentially offering a new paradigm for the treatment of birch allergy symptoms.
Politics of the Periphery: An Introduction to Subnational Authoritarianism and Democratization in Latin America (2010)

The article is an introduction to the topic featured in JPLA 2/2010 Subnational Authoritarianism and Democratization in Latin America. It discusses the papers by Carlos Gervasoni, Agustina Giraudy, Julian Durazo Herrmann, Alfred P. Montero, and Tracy Beck Fenwick that follow in this issue. Why feature the topic “subnational authoritarianism and democratization” in the Journal of Politics in Latin America ? Because despite widespread agreement that subnational jurisdictions in Latin America vary considerably in the democratic character of their politics, political scientists are still largely in the dark about how to conceptualize and measure this situation, and have scant knowledge about mechanisms that sustain and undermine it. This collection of articles makes major headway toward clearing our methodological and theoretical ignorance of these topics.