gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error Detection for Statistical Machine Translation Using Linguistic Features (2010)

Automatic error detection is desired in the post-processing to improve machine translation quality. The previous work is largely based on confidence estimation using system-based features, such as word posterior probabilities calculated from N-best lists or word lattices. We propose to incorporate two groups of linguistic features, which convey information from outside machine translation systems, into error detection: lexical and syntactic features. We use a maximum entropy classifier to predict translation errors by integrating word posterior probability feature and linguistic features. The experimental results show that 1) linguistic features alone outperform word posterior probability based confidence estimation in error detection; and 2) linguistic features can further provide complementary information when combined with word confidence scores, which collectively reduce the classification error rate by 18.52 % and improve the F measure by 16.37%. 1
Alkyl‐Functionalized Oxide‐Free Silicon Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Optical Properties (2008)

Highly monodisperse silicon nanoparticles (1.57 +/- 0.21 nm) are synthesized with a covalently attached alkyl monolayer on a gram scale. Infrared spectroscopy shows that these silicon nanoparticles contain only a few oxygen atoms per nanoparticle. XPS spectra clearly show the presence of unoxidized Si and attached alkyl chains. Owing to the relatively efficient synthesis (yields approximately 100-fold higher than of those previously reported) the molar extinction coefficient epsilon can be measured: epsilon(max) = 1.7 x 10(-4) M(-1)cm(-1), only a factor of 4 lower than that of CdS and CdSe nanoparticles of that size. The quantum yield of emission ranges from 0.12 (C(10)H(21)-capping) to 0.23 (C(16)H(33)-capping). UV/Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy show clear vibrational progressions (974 +/- 14 cm(-1); up to five vibrational bands visible at room temperature), resembling bulk SiC phonons, which support the monodispersity observed by TEM. This was also confirmed by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements, which display a strictly monoexponential decay that can only be indicative of monodisperse, ball-shaped nanoparticles.
Absorption of dilute nitric monoxide in aqueous solutions of Fe(II)-EDTA and mixed solutions of Fe(II)-EDTA and Na2SO3. (1978)

Absorption rates of NO in aqueous solutions of Fe(II)-EDTA chelate as well as in mixed solutions of Fe(II)-EDTA and Na2SO3 were measured using a stirred vessel with a free flat gasliquid interface and a bubble column. The rate constants of the complexing reaction of NO with Fe(II)-EDTA were determined on the basis of the theory of gas absorption accompanied by a reversible reaction. The chemical equilibrium constants were also determined at various pH values. It was found that the rate constant was of the order of 108 l/g-mol-sec and that the equilibrium constant was about 106 l/g-mol at 25°C. These values are much higher than the corresponding values of the reaction between NO and Fe(II) in the absence of EDTA. The mechanism of the absorption of NO in mixed solutions of Fe(II)-EDTA and Na2SO3 was deduced from the observation that the absorption efficiency decreased in the early stage of absorption and then increased to some steady value. The absorption rates were satisfactorily explained on the assumption that NO coordinates to Fe(II) (EDTA) (SO2-3) irreversibly. It was also found that the absorption rate of NO in the aqueous solution of Fe(II)-EDTA was much higher than those of other liquid absorbents so far investigated.
Finding all minimal unsatisfiable subsets (2003)

An unsatisfiable set of constraints is minimal if all its (strict) subsets aresatisfiable.A number of forms of error diagnosis, including circuit error diagnosis and type error diagnosis, require finding all minimal unsatisfiable subsets of a given set of constraints (representing an error), in order to generate the best explanation of the error. In this paper we give algorithms for efficiently determining all minimal unsatisfiable subsets for any kind of constraints. We show how taking into account notions of independence of constraints and using incremental constraint solvers can significantly improve the calculation of these subsets.
Somatosensory Cortex: Structural Alterations following Early Injury to Sense Organs (1973)

In mouse somatosensory cortex there are discrete cytoarchitectonic units, called "barrels." Each barrel is related to one sensory vibrissa on the muzzle. Individual vibrissae were carefully injured at birth; 12 to 43 days later, the corresponding barrels proved to be absent. Evidently the sensory periphery has an important influence on the structure of the somatosensory cortex.
A Fuzzy Model to Interpret Data of Drive Performances from Patients with Sleep Deprivation (2012)

The search for safe vehicles is increasing with both diffusion of high traffic density over the world and availability of new technologies providing sophisticated tools previously impossible to realize. Design and development of the necessary devices may be based on simulation tests that reduce cost allowing trials in many directions. A proper choice of the arrangement of the drive simulators, as much as of the parameters to be monitored, is of basic importance as they can address the design of devices somehow responsible for the drivers safety or, even their lives. This system setup, consisting of a free car simulator equipped with a monitoring system, collects in a nonintrusive way data of the car lateral position within the road lane and of its first derivative. Based on these measured parameters, the system is able to detect symptoms of drowsiness and sleepiness. The analysis is realized by a fuzzy inferential process that provides an immediate warning signal as soon as drowsiness is detected with a high level of certainty. Enhancement of reliability and minimisation of the false alarm rate are obtained by operating continuous comparison between learned driver typical modalities of operation on the control command of the vehicle the pattern recorded.
Achieving full parallelism using multidimensional retiming (1996)

Most scientific and digital signal processing (DSP) applications are recursive or iterative. Transformation techniques are usually applied to get optimal execution rates in parallel and/or pipeline systems. The retiming technique is a common and valuable transformation tool in one-dimensional problems, when loops are represented by data flow graphs (DFGs). In this paper, uniform nested loops are modeled as multidimensional data flow graphs (MDFGs). Full parallelism of the loop body, i.e., all nodes in the MDFG executed in parallel, substantially decreases the overall computation time. It is well known that, for one-dimensional DFGs, retiming can not always achieve full parallelism. Other existing optimization techniques for nested loops also can not always achieve full parallelism. This paper shows an important and counter-intuitive result, which proves that we can always obtain full-parallelism for MDFGs with more than one dimension. This result is obtained by transforming the MDFG into a new structure. The restructuring process is based on a multidimensional retiming technique. The theory and two algorithms to obtain full parallelism are presented in this paper. Examples of optimization of nested loops and digital signal processing designs are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms.
Effective Visible Light-Activated B-Doped and B,N-Codoped TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalysts (2007)

A simple low cost method permits controlled, reproducible doping of TiO2 anatase by boron. The resulting materials exhibit red-shifted absorption spectra and unprecedented photocatalytic activity under visible light. XP spectra are consistent with the presence of “active” and “inactive” forms of B corresponding to substitutional boron and boric oxide-like material, respectively.
High benzene selectivity of uniform sub-nanometre pores of self-ordered mesoporous silicate (2004)

The high benzene gas selectivity of mesoporous silicate (SBA-15) was observed in the sub-nanometre micropore condensation region. The benzene/toluene ratios of the adsorbed amount were >100 and >6 in ideal and pseudo-atmospheric environments, respectively.
Hybrid timing-address oriented load-store queue filtering for an x86 architecture (2011)

In the last few years, many researchers have focused their efforts on the field of low-power processor design. Several jobs in this area have dealt with the logic that enforces correct memory-based dependences – the load-store queue – (LSQ) a pretty energy-consuming structure since many accesses are performed in an associative fashion. Among these proposals, some of them manage to reduce this resource's energy consumption by avoiding unnecessary lookups. In this context, the authors introduce a straightforward filtering mechanism, which results in a more energy-efficient design than past techniques, using less and simpler hardware. Besides, both the new scheme and some previous approaches are tested in the widespread x86 architecture. This microarchitectural model provides new opportunities for extra types of filtering, which lead to higher energy savings. On average, the authors proposal filters up to 75% of the associative accesses to the load queue, 56% to the store queue and 42% to the dependence predictor with a reduced amount of hardware – less than 100 bytes. According to their energy model, this means a dynamic energy saving of more than 39% over a conventional LSQ.
Characterization of fracture process during ring burst test of FW-FRP composites with damage (1999)

The strength of two- and three-ply FRP composite with artificial damage under internal pressure was evaluated using the ring burst test developed by the authors [1, 2]. Ring specimens were fabricated by a filament winding (FW) machine. In this study, the simulated damage of the scratch and the combination of scratch and pre-existing interlaminar delamination, i.e. teflon sheet inserted between the outermost and the inner FRP layers, were introduced artificially into the FW-FRP specimen. The fracture behavior during the tests of damaged FRP was characterized by observation using an 8-mm video camera and a high magnification video scope, strain measurements and AE analysis. It was confirmed that AE analysis is exellent for monitoring the propagation of delamination in an FRP pressure vessel with damage. The pressure of a notched specimen showed the maximum when the delamination propagated to the half region of the specimen. The maximum pressure was larger than the predicted pressure based on the premise that the notched outermost ply could not sustain the load. As the teflon sheet was longer, the maximum pressure was gradually decreased due to the decrease in initial ligament. On the other hand, as the teflon sheet was longer, the burst pressure of specimen with a scratch in the outermost ply was enhanced due to the smooth propagation of interlaminar delamination. Consequently, it was demonstrated by the observation of the fracture behavior and the fracture surface that the burst pressure was decreased due to the expansion of damage into the inner ply.
Treatment of acute stent thrombosis with local urokinase therapy using catheter‐based, drug delivery systems: A case report (1995)

Abrupt thrombotic stent closure remains a difficult problem to treat in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. A 63-yr-old white female initially underwent successful placement of a Palmaz-Schatz biliary stent in the proximal RCA following failed coronary angioplasty. One week later, the patient represented with an acute inferior infarction and thrombotic occlusion of the stent site in spite of adequate anticoagulation. A new, local drug infusion catheter (the Dispatch catheter) was placed at the angioplasty site and 150,000 units of urokinase were locally infused, with immediate restoration of normal distal flow and a subsequent marked decrease in angiographic thrombus. A small, residual thrombotic filling defect was further treated with a urokinase-coated hydrogel balloon (Hydro Plus). Following local urokinase delivery with the Dispatch catheter and hydrogel balloon, there was complete resolution of angiographic thrombus with TIMI 3 flow and no evidence of distal embolization or no-reflow. Local urokinase delivery directly to the site of thrombus with catheter-based drug delivery systems may be a useful technique for rapidly lysing intracoronary clot and re-establishing coronary flow in the setting of acute stent thrombosis.
Crystal structure of h38C2 K99R mutation (2018)

Homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that use a highly reactive buried lysine (Lys) residue embedded in a dual variable domain (DVD)-IgG1 format can be assembled with high precision and efficiency under mild conditions. Here we show that replacing the Lys with an arginine (Arg) residue affords an orthogonal ADC assembly that is site-selective and stable. X-ray crystallography confirmed the location of the reactive Arg residue at the bottom of a deep pocket. As the Lys-to-Arg mutation is confined to a single residue in the heavy chain of the DVD-IgG1, heterodimeric assemblies that combine a buried Lys in one arm, a buried Arg in the other arm, and identical light chains, are readily assembled. Furthermore, the orthogonal conjugation chemistry enables the loading of heterodimeric DVD-IgG1s with two different cargos in a one-pot reaction and thus affords a convenient platform for dual-warhead ADCs and other multifaceted antibody conjugates.
FePt and CoPt Nanowires as Efficient Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (2013)

Pt alloy nanowires (NWs) were synthesized and applied as catalysts in the title reaction. The specific activity and mass activity of 2.5 nm wide FePt NWs (see TEM picture) were higher than those of a commercial Pt catalyst. The stability of FePt NWs was tested by scanning the potential in an O2-saturated HClO4 solution. The corresponding polarization curves before and after the test (see picture) indicate that these NWs are robust catalysts. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Control of Mitochondrial Redox Balance and Cellular Defense against Oxidative Damage by Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (2001)

Mitochondria are the major organelles that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the main target of ROS-induced damage as observed in various pathological states including aging. Production of NADPH required for the regeneration of glutathione in the mitochondria is critical for scavenging mitochondrial ROS through glutathione reductase and peroxidase systems. We investigated the role of mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDPm) in controlling the mitochondrial redox balance and subsequent cellular defense against oxidative damage. We demonstrate in this report that IDPm is induced by ROS and that decreased expression of IDPm markedly elevates the ROS generation, DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, and concurrent mitochondrial damage with a significant reduction in ATP level. Conversely, overproduction of IDPm protein efficiently protected the cells from ROS-induced damage. The protective role of IDPm against oxidative damage may be attributed to increased levels of a reducing equivalent, NADPH, needed for regeneration of glutathione in the mitochondria. Our results strongly indicate that IDPm is a major NADPH producer in the mitochondria and thus plays a key role in cellular defense against oxidative stress-induced damage.
Heat‐resistant polymers containing bipyridyl units. II. Polyamide‐imides (1973)

Abstract Polyamide‐amic acids containing bipyridyl units were prepared by polymerization of various bipyridyl diamines with trimellitic anhydride acid chloride. These polymers were converted to polyamide‐imides by thermal cyclization. The resulting polyamide‐imides exhibited very good solubility in organic solvents.
Computing the distance between general convex objects in three-dimensional space (1990)

A methodology for computing the distance between objects in three-dimensional space is presented. The convex polytope is replaced by a general convex set, avoiding the errors caused by the usual polytope approximations and actually reducing the overall computational time. The basic algorithm is a simple extension of the polytope distance algorithm described by E.G. Gilbert et al. (1988). It utilizes the support mappings of the sets representing the objects. A calculus for evaluating these mappings that allows the extended algorithm to be applied to a rich family of nonpolytopal objects is presented. While the convergence of the algorithm is not finite, it is fast and an effective stopping condition that guarantees the accuracy of the numerical solution is available. Extensive numerical experiments support the claimed efficiency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression and Replication by Helioxanthin and its Derivative (2005)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be an important worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. All the currently approved therapeutic drugs have their limitations: interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) has limited efficacy and a high incidence of adverse effects; nucleoside analogues are very efficient HBV DNA inhibitors, but resistance occurs eventually. Therefore, it is important to develop new non-nucleoside/nucleotide agents with different modes of action that can be used for antiviral combination therapy. Here, we report on a novel class of compounds, helioxanthin and its derivative 5-4-2, which had potent anti-HBV activities in HepG2.2.15 cells, with the EC50s of 1 and 0.08 microM, respectively. The lamivudine-resistant HBV, L526M/M550V double mutant strain, was also sensitive to helioxanthin and 5-4-2. This class of compounds not only inhibited HBV DNA, but also decreased HBV mRNA and HBV protein expression. The EC50 of HBV DNA inhibition was consistent with the EC50 of HBV 3.5 Kb transcript inhibition, which was 1 and 0.09 microM for helioxanthin and 5-4-2 respectively. Western blot analysis of cell lysate from HepG2.2.15 cells showed that the core protein expression decreased in a dose-dependent manner after drug treatment. In conclusion, helioxanthin and 5-4-2 are potentially unique new anti-HBV agents, which possess a different mechanism of action from existing therapeutic drugs. Both compounds inhibited HBV RNA and protein expression in addition to inhibiting HBV DNA.
Mixed Surface Morphologies of Well-Defined Smectic Diblock Copolymer Ultrathin Films (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTMixed Surface Morphologies of Well-Defined Smectic Diblock Copolymer Ultrathin FilmsJung-Sheng Wu, Michael J. Fasolka, and Paula T. HammondView Author Information Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: Macromolecules 2000, 33, 4, 1108–1110Publication Date (Web):February 4, 2000Publication History Received13 July 1999Revised4 January 2000Published online4 February 2000Published inissue 1 February 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma991135whttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma991135wrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views189Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chromatography,Copolymers,Layers,Silicon,Thin films Get e-Alerts
The  /  fold family of proteins database and the cholinesterase gene server ESTHER (1997)

ESTHER (for esterases, alpha/betahydrolase enzyme and relatives) is a database of sequences phylogenetically related to cholinesterases. These sequences define a homogeneous group of enzymes (carboxylesterases, lipases and hormone-sensitive lipases) sharing a similar structure of a central beta-sheet surrounded by alpha-helices. Among these proteins a wide range of functions can be found (hydrolases, adhesion molecules, hormone precursors). The purpose of ESTHER is to help comparison of structures and functions of members of the family. Since the last release, new features have been added to the server. A BLAST comparison tool allows sequence homology searches within the database sequences. New sections are available: kinetics and inhibitors of cholinesterases, fasciculin-acetylcholinesterase interaction and a gene structure review. The mutation analysis compilation has been improved with three-dimensional images. A mailing list has been created.
Effects of M2000 (<scp>D</scp>-Mannuronic Acid) on Learning, Memory Retrieval, and Associated Determinants in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease (2016)

The d-mannuronic acid (M2000) is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has immunosuppressive effects together with antioxidant property. M2000 has shown a notable efficacy in experimental models of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and nephrotic syndrome. In this work, the effect of M2000 on the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was performed by Morris water maze experiment, and the immunological assessments were carried out by Western blot, apoptosis (procaspase-3, Bax/Bcl<sub>2</sub>, P53), enzymatic (superoxide dismutase [SOD]), and nonenzymatic oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA]) tests. We found that pretreatment of AD in the rat model by M2000 had a potent efficacy on rat behavior and also it led to a significant inhibition of amyloid plaque production. Moreover, our data showed that M2000 can reduce the amount of Bax/Bcl<sub>2</sub>, P53, MDA, and SOD, as well as it normalized the level of procaspase-3. Our results suggest M2000 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.