gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SOMETHING OLD, SOMETHING NEW: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SEARCH BEHAVIOR AND NEW PRODUCT INTRODUCTION. (2002)

We examine how firms search, or solve problems, to create new products. According to organizational learning research, firms position themselves in a unidimensional search space that spans a spectrum from local to distant search. Our findings in the global robotics industry suggest that firms' search efforts actually vary across two distinct dimensions: search depth, or how frequently the firm reuses its existing knowledge, and search scope, or how widely the firm explores new knowledge.
Targeted molecular therapies in thyroid carcinoma (2009)

Thyroid cancer incidence has significantly increased in the last three decades and many patients seek medical attention for its treatment every year. Among follicular cell-derived tumors, the majority are differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC), whose prognosis is very good with only 15% of the cases presenting disease persistence or recurrence after initial treatment. Medullary thyroid carcinoma has a worse prognosis, especially in patients with diffused cancers at the time of initial surgery. Traditional treatment options for persistent or recurrent disease include additional surgery, radioiodine treatment and TSH-suppression in DTC patients; external beam radiotherapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy, often have low efficacy and many patients with advanced disease ultimately die. In the last two decades many of the molecular events involved in cancer formation have been uncovered. This knowledge has prompted the development of novel therapeutic strategies mainly based on the inhibition of key molecular mediators of the tumorigenic process. In particular the class of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors was enriched by many compounds that have reached clinical trials and in some cases have had approval for clinical use in specific cancers. Many of these compounds entered clinical trials also for locally advanced or metastatic thyroid carcinomas showing very promising results.
Fundamental Food Microbiology (2013)

The golden era of food microbiology has begun. All three areas of food microbiology-beneficial, spoilage, and pathogenic microbiology-are expanding and progressing at an incredible pace. What was once a simple process of counting colonies has become a sophisticated process of sequencing complete genomes of starter cultures and use of biosensors to
REINFORCED CONCRETE RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES. (1991)

Keywords LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY REINFORCED, CONCRETE, RESISTIVITY, MEASUREMENT, TECHNIQUES, METHODS, MAPPING, ELECTRICAL, CORROSION, ASSESSMENT, IN SITU, TESTS, AMBIENT, ENVIRONMENTAL, CONDITIONS, STUDIES, SPECIMENS, CONFIGURATION, ELECTRODES, GEOMETRY, SURFACE, LAYERS, REINFORCING, BARS, STEEL, REINFORCEMENT, EFFECT, SAMPLING, POTENTIAL, PROBLEMS, LOCATION... Show All
Neutrophil Gelatinase B–associated Lipocalin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Complex as a Surrogate Serum Marker of Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis (2014)

Serum NGAL-MMP-9 is suggested as a new surrogate marker for the assessment of mucosal healing in UC patients treated with infliximab.
Platelet Activation Due to Hemodynamic Shear Stresses: Damage Accumulation Model and Comparison to In Vitro Measurements (2008)

The need to optimize the thrombogenic performance of blood recirculating cardiovascular devices, e.g., prosthetic heart valves (PHV) and ventricular assist devices (VAD), is accentuated by the fact that most of them require lifelong anticoagulation therapy that does not eliminate the risk of thromboembolic complications. The formation of thromboemboli in the flow field of these devices is potentiated by contact with foreign surfaces and regional flow phenomena that stimulate blood clotting, especially platelets. With the lack of appropriate methodology, device manufacturers do not specifically optimize for thrombogenic performance. Such optimization can be facilitated by formulating a robust numerical methodology with predictive capabilities of flow-induced platelet activation. In this study, a phenomenological model for platelet cumulative damage, identified by means of genetic algorithms (GAs), was correlated with in vitro experiments conducted in a Hemodynamic Shearing Device (HSD). Platelets were uniformly exposed to flow shear representing the lower end of the stress levels encountered in devices, and platelet activity state (PAS) was measured in response to six dynamic shear stress waveforms representing repeated passages through a device, and correlated to the predictions of the damage accumulation model. Experimental results demonstrated an increase in PAS with a decrease in "relaxation" time between pulses. The model predictions were in very good agreement with the experimental results.
Proteolytic Sensitivity and Helper T-cell Epitope Immunodominance Associated with the Mobile Loop in Hsp10s (2002)

Antigen three-dimensional structure potentially limits antigen processing and presentation to helper T-cell epitopes. The association of helper T-cell epitopes with the mobile loop in Hsp10s from mycobacteria and bacteriophage T4 suggests that the mobile loop facilitates proteolytic processing and presentation of adjacent sequences. Sites of initial proteolytic cleavage were mapped in divergent Hsp10s after treatment with a variety of proteases including cathepsin S. Each protease preferentially cleaved the Hsp10s in the mobile loop. Flexibility in the 22-residue mobile loop most probably allows it to conform to protease active sites. Three variants of the bacteriophage T4 Hsp10 were constructed with deletions in the mobile loop to test the hypothesis that shorter loops would be less sensitive to proteolysis. The two largest deletions effectively inhibited proteolysis by several proteases. Circular dichroism spectra and chemical cross-linking of the deletion variants indicate that the secondary and quaternary structures of the variants are native-like, and all three variants were more thermostable than the wild-type Hsp10. Local structural flexibility appears to be a general requirement for proteolytic sensitivity, and thus, it could be an important factor in antigen processing and helper T-cell epitope immunogenicity.
Measurements of the semiconductor laser linewidth broadening factor (1983)

A new method is presented for determining the semiconductor-laser linewidth-broadening factor α. Measurements on 1.5 μm devices suggest that α decreases with decreasing laser length. 300 μm-long devices emitting at 1.3 and 1.5 μm were found to have similar values of α (6.6 cf. 6 4), but at 0.85 μm significantly lower results were measured (2.8)
Linear time offline tracking and lower envelope algorithms (2011)

Offline tracking of visual objects is particularly helpful in the presence of significant occlusions, when a frame-by-frame, causal tracker is likely to lose sight of the target. In addition, the trajectories found by offline tracking are typically smoother and more stable because of the global optimization this approach entails. In contrast with previous work, we show that this global optimization can be performed in O(MNT) time for T frames of video at M × N resolution, with the help of the generalized distance transform developed by Felzenszwalb and Huttenlocher [13]. Recognizing the importance of this distance transform, we extend the computation to a more general lower envelope algorithm in certain heterogeneous l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -distance metric spaces. The generalized lower envelope algorithm is of complexity O(MN(M+N)) and is useful for a more challenging offline tracking problem. Experiments show that trajectories found by offline tracking are superior to those computed by online tracking methods, and are computed at 100 frames per second.
(Invited) Stress Simulations of Si- and Ge-Channel FinFETs for the 14 nm-Node and Beyond (2013)

This work studies the effectiveness of stressors for Si- and Ge-channel gate-last FinFETs in nested layouts with dimensions of the 14, 10 and 7 nm-nodes. P-type FinFETs with Si-channels can be efficiently boosted by SiGe source/drain (S/D) stressors, and provide higher mobility than relaxed Ge-channel pFinFETs. The highest pFET mobility is found for strained Ge-channels: in this case a SiGe Strain-Relaxed Buffer (SRB) with Ge < 90% leads to a channel mobility that is significantly higher than what is achievable with strained Si. For nFETs, a SiGe-SRB is the most efficient booster for Si-channels. Theoretically, the electron mobility of Ge fin sidewalls is very high, making Ge-channel nFinFETs a promising alternative, even without strain. SRBs are the most efficient stressors and are scalable beyond the 14 nm-node. Etching the fins in the S/D regions releases strain generated by the SRB, therefore raised S/D stressors are preferred over recessed for maximal mobility when combined with SRBs. Except for SRBs and S/D stressors, the other stressors studied in this work (contact etch-stop layers, stressed gates and contacts) are found to be inefficient in nested 14 nm-node layouts.
Corrosion Resistance of Nickel + Chromium Coatings on ABS and Polypropylene (1974)

SummaryEight grades of ABS and four grades of polypropylene were plated with various nickel + chromium coatings and subjected to thermal cycling and corrosion tests. Peel adhesion was determined on samples plated with copper coatings. The influence of the grade of plastics, processing sequence and coating type on behaviour in the above tests is reported. Statistical analysis of the results has shown the relative importance of these variables. Four grades of ABS and two grades of polypropylene have been selected as being the most suitable materials for electroplating but overall the most satisfactory grades of polypropylene were superior to the best grades of ABS.
New laser power sensor using diamagnetic levitation (2017)

This paper presents a preliminary study of an elementary device consisting of a small plate made from pyrolytic carbon levitated above a magnet array which is sensitive to any irradiating laser power. This device might provide an interesting alternative to power meters based on thermal measurement techniques via the Stefan-Boltzmann law or the photon-electron interaction. We show that the photo-response of a pyrolytic carbon plate in terms of levitation height versus irradiation power in the range of 20 mW to 1 W is sufficiently linear, sensitive, and reproducible to be used as a laser power sensor. The elevation height change as a function of irradiance time appears to be a suitable measurement parameter for establishing a relation with the irradiating laser power. The influence of some quantities affecting the measurement results has been highlighted. The study demonstrates that such a device should prove useful for applications in metrology, industry, or emerging technologies.
Don’t Judge A Neuron Only by Its Cover: Neuronal Function in In Vitro Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing (2012)

Classical cases of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) in humans and advances in risk assessment methods did not prevent the emergence of new chemicals with (suspected) DNT potential. Exposure to these chemicals may be related to the increased worldwide incidence of learning and neurodevelopmental disorders in children. DNT is often investigated in a traditional manner (in vivo using large numbers of experimental animals), whereas development of in vitro methods for DNT reduces animal use and increases insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms of DNT. Several essential neurodevelopmental processes, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, formation of axons and dendrites, synaptogenesis, and apoptosis, are already being evaluated in vitro using biochemical and morphological endpoints. Yet, investigation of chemical-induced effects on the development of functional neuronal networks, including network formation, inter- and intracellular signaling and neuronal network function, is underrepresented in DNT testing. This view therefore focuses on in vitro models and innovative experimental approaches for functional DNT testing, ranging from optical and electrophysiological measurements of intra- and intercellular signaling in neural stem/progenitor cells to measurements of network activity in neuronal networks using multielectrode arrays. The development of functional DNT assays will strongly support the decision-making process for measures to prevent potential chemical-induced adverse effects on neurodevelopment and cognition in humans. We therefore argue that for risk assessment, biochemical and morphological approaches should be complemented with investigations of neuronal (network) functionality.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐2 (<i>IGF2</i>) loss of imprinting marks a field defect within human prostates containing cancer (2011)

LOI of IGF2 occurs not only adjacent to prostate tumor foci, but is widely prevalent even in distant areas within the peripheral zone. These data provide evidence for a widespread epigenetic field defect in histologically normal tissues that might be employed to identify prostate cancer in patients.
Alteration of <i>in vitro</i> anti‐tumor activity of tumor‐bearer sera by absorption with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, cowan I (1974)

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan I, has been shown to contain a cell‐wall substance, protein A, which combines with the Fc part of IgG in most mammalian species. Since the blocking activity of sera from tumor‐bearing individuals has previously been found to be associated with 7S immunoglobulins, it was investigated whether Cowan I could absorb out the blocking activity of sera from rats carrying either isografted polyoma virus induced sarcomas or chemically induced colon carcinomas. In all sera tested, treatment with protein A abrogated the sera's ability to inhibit lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Absorption of sera with Staphylococcus aureus, strain Wood 46, not containing protein A, had no effect on the blocking activity. Admixtures of protein‐A‐treated blocking sera to untreated blocking sera from animals bearing the same tumor type, specifically abrogated the blocking activity, while admixture of Wood 46 absorbed sera, protein‐A‐treated normal sera, or protein‐A‐treated sera from animals bearing a different tumor type did not cause a similar abrogation. The blocking sera from tumor‐bearing rats were not cytotoxic to their specific tumor target cells in the presence of homologous complement. After protein A treatment, serum from rats bearing isografts of sarcomas induced by polyoma virus showed specific complement‐dependent cytotoxicity to polyoma tumor target cells. Serum from primary colon carcinoma bearing rats also had complement‐dependent cytotoxic effect on colon tumor target cells after protein A treatment. Sera used for in vitro tests of blocking activity and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity were analyzed for IgG concentration before and after absorption with S. aureus, Cowan I. A 20‐30% reduction of IgG class immunoglobulins as compared to unabsorbed or control (Wood 46) treated sera was demonstrated.
Speaker identification using neural tree networks (2002)

A modified neural tree network (NTN) is examined for use in text independent speaker identification. The NTN is a hierarchical classifier that combines the properties of decision trees and feed-forward neural networks. The modified NTN uses discriminant learning to partition feature space as opposed to the more common clustering approaches, such as vector quantization. The modified NTN also uses forward pruning to avoid overfitting the training data. The modified NTN is evaluated for both closed and open set speaker identification experiments using the TIMIT database. The performance of the modified NTN is compared to that of vector quantization classifiers. The results presented show the modified NTN to provide comparable performance to the vector quantization classifier for closed set speaker identification while providing improved performance for the open set problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Heterogeneity of Pathogenesis in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Promotion of Remyelination (2002)

Enhancing myelin repair remains an important therapeutic goal in primary demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The emerging heterogeneity of pathology within MS lesions, and differential oligodendrocyte survival in particular, suggests that therapeutic strategies may need to be tailored to an individual patient's requirements. A number of therapeutic strategies have been proposed to enhance myelin repair in the CNS: cell transplantation, growth factor therapy, and antibody therapy, but each proposed therapy has different implications with respect to pathogenetic mechanisms of demyelination. Of these, antibody therapy is the most amenable to immediate application in patients-but a combination of therapeutic approaches may be required in practice.
A kinetic and allosteric model for the acetylcholine transporter-vesamicol receptor in synaptic vesicles (1992)

The ligand binding relationship between the acetylcholine transporter (AcChT) and the vesamicol receptor (VR) and the kinetics of active transport were studied in synaptic vesicles purified from the Torpedo electric organ using analogues of AcCh and vesamicol. Methoxyvesamicol, which should exhibit better equilibration properties for kinetics measurements than the more potent parent, inhibits active transport in a nonlinear noncompetitive manner. AcCh analogues competitively inhibit binding of [3H]vesamicol with higher affinity in hyposmotically lysed vesicle ghosts than in intact vesicles, apparently due to removal of a competing internal, osmotically active factor. AcCh and actively transported analogues of AcCh that are up to 57% larger in van der Waals volume exhibit up to a 200-fold ratio for the dissociation constant measured by inhibition of vesamicol binding to ghosts (KIAg) compared to the Michaelis constant for transport (KM) or the IC50 value for inhibition of [3H]AcCh active transport. In contrast, two AcCh analogues that are about 120% larger and that almost surely are not transported exhibit a KIAg/IC50 ratio of about 1. The data demonstrate that the vesamicol family of compounds binds to an allosteric site in the AcChT. Initiation of active transport has no apparent effect on the affinities of vesamicol and AcCh analogues, which suggests that most of the AcChT-VR in purified vesicles is transport incompetent. Vesicle ghosts actively transport [3H]AcCh nearly as well as intact vesicles, which suggests that internal factor does not affect transport-competent AcChT-VR. A kinetics model is proposed that predicts that AcCh analogues exhibiting a KIAg/IC50 ratio significantly greater than 1 are actively transported. Some of the microscopic constants in the model are estimated. The AcChT binds AcCh very weakly with a dissociation constant of about 20-50 mM, but it transports substrates rapidly in a process exhibiting remarkably little selectivity for the detailed shape and volume of the transported ion.
Evaluation of an Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (1992)

Abstract The Adaptive Suspension Vehicle, a proof-of-concept, six-legged robotic walking machine, was subject to a series of field trials to evaluate the maneuverability and trafficability characteristics of walking machines. Maneuverability trials were structured to test performance as a carrier for frame- mounted feller-buncher heads in both thinning and clearcutting applications. The trafficability trials focused on the type and extent of soil disturbance, especially changes in soil bulk density, mechanical resistance, macro- and micro-porosity, the machine was found to impact the soil very differently than wheeled or tracked equipment. Direct comparisons of soil parameters were limited because of time and budget restrictions but seem to indicate that the legged locomotion offered distinct production and soil disturbance advantages, especially on steep slopes and in wetlands.
Droplet Coalescence in Microfluidic Systems (2011)

Droplet coalescence is one of the most attractive manipulation schemes in droplet-based microfluidic systems, which enables droplet-based functions such as mixing and microreactor to be achieved in lab-on-a-chip applications. This paper systematically presents an overview on techniques used for droplet coalescence in microfluidic systems. In this paper, techniques employed for droplet coalescence are categorized as passive and active types. The basic theory and mechanism behind these techniques are also presented. Keywords: Droplet-based, coalescence, mixing, fusion, microfluidics
The effect of stress on cubic-to-tetragonal phase transitions in Mg 2 TiO 4 and Mg 2 GeO 4 spinel films (2001)

Abstract Epitaxial thin films of the spinels Mg2TiO4 and Mg2GeO4 are grown by a solid-state reaction between MgO(001) single-crystal substrates and vapours or thin films of the oxides TiO2 and GeO2 respectively. Cubic-to-tetragonal phase transitions in the Mg2TiO4 films are studied by transmission electron microscopy including in-situ observations at high temperatures. The transition kinetics are shown to be influenced by the presence of stress. Compared with bulk transitions, in thin films the kinetics are slowed. Moreover, the kinetics become sensitive to the crystallographic orientation of the tetragonal Mg2TiO4 grains with respect to the film plane. Stress develops owing to the mismatch of the thermal expansion between film and substrate during the cooling of the films from the growth temperature of about 1270 K as well as during the phase transition owing to lattice parameter mismatches. The latter depend on the crystallographic orientation of the tetragonal grains, which results in certain orientations that are more stable than others, and also in a characteristic superstructure occurring in the electron diffraction patterns of Mg2TiO4 films. Surprisingly, very similar superstructures occur in the electron diffraction patterns of Mg2GeO4 films although no tetragonal phase is known of this normal spinel. This unexpected phenomenon is discussed in terms of a cation site ordering in the Mg2GeO4 films enabled by a non-zero inversion degree.
A MAC-PHY Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks (2008)

Cooperative communications is a promising technology that tends to change the conventional access and transmission schemes in wireless networks. By enabling additional collaboration from nodes that otherwise will not directly participate in the transmission, it enables spatial diversity and dramatically improves the performance of the network. In this paper we propose a cross-layer cooperative protocol based on a MAC protocol called CoopMAC [1]–[3] for ad-hoc wireless networks in order to leverage cooperation in both MAC and PHY layer. Exploiting physical layer combining at the receiver, this simple yet efficient scheme illustrates a new paradigm for realistic crosslayer cooperative protocol design for next generation wireless ad-hoc networks. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed protocol by extensive simulations in a large scale wireless ad-hoc network. Simulation results show that the new protocol significantly improves the network performance in terms of throughput and delay.