gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect <i>In Vitro</i> (2010)

Pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of post prandial hyperglycemia via control of starch breakdown. Eleven Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plants with known hypoglycemic properties were subjected to sequential solvent extraction and tested for α-amylase inhibition, in order to assess and evaluate their inhibitory potential on pancreatic α-amylase. Analysis of 91 extracts, showed that 10 exhibited strong Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) inhibitory potential. Of these, 6 extracts showed concentration dependent inhibition with IC(50) values, namely, cold and hot water extracts from Ficus bengalensis bark (4.4 and 125 μgmL(-1)), Syzygium cumini seeds (42.1 and 4.1 μgmL(-1)), isopropanol extracts of Cinnamomum verum leaves (1.0 μgmL(-1)) and Curcuma longa rhizome (0.16 μgmL(-1)). The other 4 extracts exhibited concentration independent inhibition, namely, methanol extract of Bixa orellana leaves (49 μgmL(-1)), isopropanol extract from Murraya koenigii leaves (127 μgmL(-1)), acetone extracts from C. longa rhizome (7.4 μgmL(-1)) and Tribulus terrestris seeds (511 μgmL(-1)). Thus, the probable mechanism of action of the above fractions is due to their inhibitory action on HPA, thereby reducing the rate of starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, proteins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and steroids as probable inhibitory compounds.
Evaluation of the Biological Activity of Several Analogs of the Dopaminergic Neurotoxin 1‐Methyl‐4‐Phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐Tetrahydropyridine (1987)

Several analogs of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were synthesized and screened for their capacity to be oxidized by monoamine oxidase (MAO-A or MAO-B) and their capacity to produce nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. All of the compounds were relatively weak substrates for MAO-A but many of the compounds were found to be good substrates for MAO-B. Only three of the compounds, in addition to MPTP itself, were found to be neurotoxic. These were 1-methyl-4-cyclohexyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 1-methyl-4-(3'-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. All three of these neurotoxic compounds were found to be substrates for MAO-B; in contrast no compound was found to be neurotoxic that was not oxidized by MAO-B. The capacity of the compounds studied to be oxidized by MAO-B appears to be an important aspect of the neurotoxic process.
Localized Proton NMR Spectroscopy of Brain Tumors Using Short-Echo Time STEAM Sequences (1991)

Recent progress in localized proton NMR spectroscopy has been utilized to improve the spatial resolution and the metabolic specificity in a study of 19 patients with intracranial tumors. Selected examples demonstrate that short echo time stimulated echo acquisition mode sequences are able (a) to account for macroscopic tissue heterogeneity by reducing the volume of interest to 2-8 ml and (b) to facilitate a reasonable characterization of tumor metabolism by increasing the number of accessible metabolites. Proton NMR spectra were acquired within measuring times of 6.5 min on a 2.0 T whole-body system using the imaging headcoil.
Automatic detection of bioresorbable vascular scaffold struts in intravascular optical coherence tomography pullback runs (2014)

Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) have gained significant interest in both the technical and clinical communities as a possible alternative to metallic stents. For accurate BVS analysis, intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) is currently the most suitable imaging technique due to its high resolution and the translucency of polymeric BVS struts for near infrared light. However, given the large number of struts in an IVOCT pullback run, quantitative analysis is only feasible when struts are detected automatically. In this paper, we present an automated method to detect and measure BVS struts based on their black cores in IVOCT images. Validated using 3 baseline and 3 follow-up data sets, the method detected 93.7% of 4691 BVS struts correctly with 1.8% false positives. In total, the Dice's coefficient for BVS strut areas was 0.84. It concludes that this method can detect BVS struts accurately and robustly for tissue coverage measurement, malapposition detection, strut distribution analysis or 3D scaffold reconstruction.
The nonhomomorphicity of S-boxes. (1998)

In this paper, we introduce the concept of kth-order nonhomomorphicity of mappings or S-boxes as an alternative indicator that forecasts nonlinearity characteristics of an S-box, where k 4 is even. Main results of this paper include: (1) we show that nonhomomorphicity, especially the 4th order nonhomomorphicity, can be precisely expressed by using other important nonlinear indicators of an S-box. (2) we establish tight lower and upper bounds on the nonhomomorphicity of S-boxes, (3) we identify the mean of nonhomomorphicity over all the S-boxes with the same size and the relative nonhomomorphicity of an S-box, both of which are useful in estimating, statistically, the nonhomomorphicity of an S-box.
SCRIPTGARD (2011)

We empirically analyzed sanitizer use in a shipping web ap- plication with over 400,000 lines of code and over 23,244 methods, the largest empirical analysis of sanitizer use of which we are aware. Our analysis reveals two novel classes of errors: context-mismatched sanitization and inconsistent multiple sanitization. Both of these arise not because sanitizers are incorrectly implemented, but rather because they are not placed in code correctly. Much of the work on crosssite scripting detection to date has focused on finding missing sanitizers in programs of average size. In large legacy applications, other sanitization issues leading to cross-site scripting emerge. To address these errors, we propose ScriptGard, a system for ASP.NET applications which can detect and repair the incorrect placement of sanitizers. ScriptGard serves both as a testing aid to developers as well as a runtime mitigation technique. While mitigations for cross site scripting attacks have seen intense prior research, we consider both server and browser context, none of them achieve the same degree of precision, and many other mitigation techniques require major changes to server side code or to browsers. Our approach, in contrast, can be incrementally retrofitted to legacy systems with no changes to the source code and no browser changes. With our optimizations, when used for mitigation, ScriptGard incurs virtually no statistically significant overhead.
Where are Cultural and Social in Ecosystem Services? A Framework for Constructive Engagement (2012)

A focus on ecosystem services (ES) is seen as a means for improving decisionmaking. In the research to date, the valuation of the material contributions of ecosystems to human well-being has been emphasized, with less attention to important cultural ES and nonmaterial values. This gap persists because there is no commonly accepted framework for eliciting less tangible values, characterizing their changes, and including them alongside other services in decisionmaking. Here, we develop such a framework for ES research and practice, addressing three challenges: (1) Nonmaterial values are ill suited to characterization using monetary methods; (2) it is difficult to unequivocally link particular changes in socioecological systems to particular changes in cultural benefits; and (3) cultural benefits are associated with many services, not just cultural ES. There is no magic bullet, but our framework may facilitate fuller and more socially acceptable integrations of ES information into planning and management.
What’s Causing Overreaction? An Experimental Investigation of Recency and the Hot‐hand Effect (2004)

Abstract A substantial body of empirical literature provides evidence of overreaction in markets. Past losers outperform past winners in stock markets as well as in sports markets. Two hypotheses are consistent with this observation. The recency hypothesis states that traders overweight recent information; they are too optimistic about winners and too pessimistic about losers. According to the hot‐hand hypothesis, traders try to discover trends in the past record of a firm or a team, and thereby overestimate the autocorrelation in the series. An experimental design allows us to distinguish between these hypotheses. The evidence is consistent with the hot‐hand hypothesis.
Physical activity, sport, and pediatric diabetes (2006)

The benefits derived from regular physical activity include improved cardiovascular fitness, increased lean mass, improved blood lipid profile, enhanced psychosocial well-being, and decreased body adiposity. The benefits for children with diabetes may also include blood glucose control and enhanced insulin sensitivity. However, for these children, engagement in vigorous physical activity and sport must be properly controlled through modifications in insulin therapy and nutritional intake so that the benefits of exercise outweigh the risks. The following review describes the various physiological and metabolic factors which occur both during exercise and during sport while describing specific recommendations to control glucose excursions by proper insulin management and diet.
ActivitySpace (2014)

Mobile devices have become an intrinsic part of people's everyday life. They are multifunctional devices providing ubiquitous access to many different sources of information. Together with traditional personal computers, these devices form a device ecology that provides access to an overlapping information space. Previous studies have shown that users encounter a number of fundamental problems when interacting with these device ecologies, such as lack of transparency, control, intelligibility and context. To mitigate these problems, we introduce ActivitySpace: an activity-centric configuration space that enables the user to integrate and work across several devices by utilizing the space between the devices. This paper presents the conceptual background and design of ActivitySpace and reports on a study with nine participants. Our study shows that ActivitySpace helps users to easily manage devices and their allocated resources while also exposing a number of usage patterns. \
A model of lexical attraction and repulsion (1997)

This paper introduces new methods based on exponential families for modeling the correlations between words in text and speech. While previous work assumed the effects of word co-occurrence statistics to be constant over a window of several hundred words, we show that their influence is nonstationary on a much smaller time scale. Empirical data drawn from English and Japanese text, as well as conversational speech, reveals that the "attraction" between words decays exponentially, while stylistic and syntactic contraints create a "repulsion" between words that discourages close co-occurrence. We show that these characteristics are well described by simple mixture models based on two-stage exponential distributions which can be trained using the EM algorithm. The resulting distance distributions can then be incorporated as penalizing features in an exponential language model.
Inkjet-printed stretchable silver electrode on wave structured elastomeric substrate (2011)

We report high performance and stable inkjet-printed stretchable silver electrodes on wave structured elastomeric substrates. Highly conductive silver electrodes were deposited directly on a ultraviolet ozone treated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates having vertical wavy structures. Adhesion between printed silver lines and PDMS surface has been enhanced by intentionally roughened PDMS surface with wire-electro discharge machined aluminum mold. During slow (16.7 μm/s) stretching test, resistance of the printed silver electrode was increased only by three times at 30% tensile strain. Inkjet-printed silver electrodes also showed good mechanical stability during 1000-time fast (1 mm/s) cycling test with 10% tensile strain, showing maximum resistance change of less than three times.
Teratogenic action and embryo lethality of AY 9944<sup>R</sup>: Prevention by a hypercholesterolemia‐provoking diet (1979)

Embryomortality and teratogenesis provoked by inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis are well demonstrated. Teratogenic action is particularly reflected by holoprosencephalies, but also by uro-genital abnormalities. A hypercholesterolemia-provoking diet has been shown to be completely effective for preventing holoprosencephaly, but only partially so for preventing the uro-genital malformations and fetal mortality. It is thus possible that the two types of abnormalities are governed by different mechanisms. In addition, the diet itself, whose hypercholesterolemic effect is considerable, has certain disadvantages. It seems to have a certain effect on fetal mortality and could be responsible for several uro-genital malformations. This deserves further study.
Unrelated cord blood transplantation in children with sickle cell disease: Review of four‐center experience (2007)

UCBT was performed in seven children with SCD and stroke (HLA match 4/6 n=5; 5/6 n=2). Four received myeloablative regimens (BU, CY, ATG plus FLU in one patient). One had primary graft failure, three had sustained engraftment, two with grade III-IV GVHD (one died, one developed chronic GVHD), one with stable mixed chimerism. Three patients treated with reduced-intensity regimens (FLU, BU or CY, ATG, TLI) failed to engraft; one engrafted after second UCBT (HU, TT, RXA, ALZ, TBI). Four patients (57%) developed viral infections. Engraftment, GVHD, and infection remain challenges.
Traffic signal control using fuzzy logic (2002)

Traffic congestion has become a serious problem in the urban district in the United States and other industrialized nations. This is mainly due to the rapid increase in the number and the use of vehicles. Travel time, travel safety, environmental quality, and life quality are all adversely affected by traffic congestion. Many traffic control systems have been developed and installed to alleviate the problem with limited success. Traffic demands are still high and increasing. The main focus of this paper is to introduce a versatile traffic flow model capable of making optimal traffic predictions. This model can be used to evaluate various traffic-light timing plans. More importantly, it provides a framework for implementing adaptive traffic signal controllers based on fuzzy logic technology. Computer simulation results of traffic flow at a four-leg intersection are presented.
Purification and characterization of an antitumor principle from Streptococcus hemolyticus, Su strain. (1985)

An antitumor principle (SAGP) has been purified from cell-free crude extract (CE) of group A Streptococcus hemolyticus, Su strain. The antitumor activity of each fraction was evaluated by measuring the in vitro growth inhibitory effect on transformed hamster embryonic lung cells (THEL). CE was subjected to thermal treatment, streptomycin precipitation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on octyl-Sepharose CL-4B, DEAE-cellulose, and Sephadex G-200 in that order. The active fraction from the last chromatography was dialyzed against distilled water. The resulting precipitate was removed and the supernatant was lyophilized (SAGP). SAGP is a homogeneous glycoprotein as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration, immunodiffusion, and PAS-staining. The molecular weight of SAGP was determined to be 140,000 to 150,000 by the gel filtration technique. SAGP is composed of subunits, each of which has a molecular weight of about 50,000. The isoelectric point of SAGP is 4.3. Amino acid analysis revealed an abundance of aspartic and glutamic acid residues in SAGP. The 50% growth inhibitory dose of SAGP on THEL was 0.062 micrograms/ml. Intraperitoneal administration of SAGP (20 mg/kg/day X 4) to ICR mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells increased their life span to 254% of the control.
Efficacy Assessment of Meloxicam, a Preferential Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor, in Acute Coronary Syndromes Without ST-Segment Elevation (2002)

Meloxicam with heparin and aspirin was associated with significant reductions in adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome patients without ST-segment elevation. Additional larger trials are required to confirm the findings of this pilot study.
2D modeling and preliminary in vitro investigation of a prototype high gradient magnetic separator for biomedical applications (2007)

High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) of magnetic materials from fluids or waste products has many established industrial applications. However, there is currently no technology employing HGMS for ex-vivo biomedical applications, such as for the removal of magnetic drug- or toxin-loaded spheres from the human blood stream. Importantly, human HGMS applications require special design modifications as, in contrast to conventional use where magnetic elements are permanently imbedded within the separation chambers, medical separators need to avoid direct contact between the magnetic materials and blood to reduce the risk of blood clotting and to facilitate convenient and safe treatment access for many individuals. We describe and investigate the performance of a magnetic separator prototype designed for biomedical applications. First, the capture efficiency of a prototype HGMS separator unit consisting of a short tubing segment and two opposing magnetizable fine wires along the outside of the tubing was investigated using 2D mathematical modeling. Second, the first-pass effectiveness to remove commercially available, magnetic polystyrene spheres from human blood using a single separator unit was experimentally verified. The theoretical and experimental data correlated well at low flow velocities (<5.0 cm/s) and high external magnetic fields (>0.05 T). This prototype separator unit removed >90% in a single pass of the magnetic spheres from water at mean flow velocity < or =8.0 cm/s and from blood mimic fluids (ethylene glycol-water solutions) at mean flow velocity < or =2.0 cm/s. In summary, we describe and prove the feasibility of a HGMS separator for biomedical applications.
Purification and characterization of a rhamnose-containing cell wall antigen of Streptococcus mutans B13 (serotype d) (1980)

A rhamnose-containing polysaccharide (RCP) was extracted and purified from cell walls of Streptococcus mutans B13 (serotype d) and was chemically and immunologically characterized. Walls were initially extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid at 4 degrees C to remove the serotype antigen and were then sequentially extracted with increasing concentrations of hot acid. Extracts lacking galactose were combined and chromatographed on a column of diethylaminoethyl--Sephadex A25. The purified RCP contained 90% carbohydrate, 1.4% protein, and 0.16% phosphorus. Analysis by gas chromatography indicated that the RCP was composed of rhamnose and glucose in a 1.6:1 ratio. RCP was immunogenic in rabbits when animals were immunized with whole cells or cell walls. Antisera prepared against partially extracted cell walls of B13 appeared specific for RCP. These sera were not reactive with purified serotype d antigen or lipoteichoic acid in passive hemagglutination assays or by agar gel diffusion. The RCP appeared to be a cell wall polysaccharide that was both chemically and immunologically distinct from the serotype d antigen.
Hemoglobins of the tadpole of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Structure and function of isolated components. (1975)

Four major components of the hemoglobin of the bullfrog tadpole, Rana catesbeiana, have been isolated and characterized structurally and functionally. These components fall into two clear functional classes. Components I and II have substantially higher affinities for oxygen than do components III and IV. Components I and II predominate in very young tadpoles and are largely replaced by components III and IV in older tadpoles. The data (Broyles, R.H., and Frieden, E. (1973) Nature New Biol. 241, 207-209) indicate that component I arises in the kidney and components III and IV in the liver. The synchrony of appearance and functional similarity o components I and II suggest that component II probably also arises in the kidney. Thus the development of the tadpole is associated with the successive proliferation of three distinct populations of red cells, first from the kidney, then from the liver, and finally, after metamorphosis, from bone marrow...
Suberin: the biopolyester at the frontier of plants (2015)

Suberin is a lipophilic macromolecule found in specialized plant cell walls, wherever insulation or protection toward the surroundings is needed. Suberized cells form the periderm, the tissue that envelops secondary stems as part of the bark, and develop as the sealing tissue after wounding or leaf abscission. Suberin is a complex polyester built from poly-functional long-chain fatty acids (suberin acids) and glycerol. The suberin acids composition of a number of plant tissues and species is now established, but how the polyester macromolecule is assembled within the suberized cell walls is not known. In the last years contributions from several areas have however significantly enriched our understanding of suberin. The primary structure of the polyester, i.e., how the suberin acids and glycerol are sequentially linked was revealed, together with the stereochemistry of the mid-chain functional groups some suberin acids have; solid-state NMR studies showed the presence of methylene chains spatially separated and with different molecular mobility; biophysical studies showed the membrane behavior of suberin acids derivatives, allowing new insights on structure-properties relationships; and a number of candidate genes were conclusively related to suberin biosynthesis. The comprehension of suberin as a macromolecule will be essential to understand its vital protective roles in plants and how they will deal with eventual environmental changes. Suberin is also expected to be a source for high-performing bio-based chemicals, taking advantage of the structural uniqueness of their constituent suberin acids.
Linked Redox Precipitation of Sulfur and Seleniumunder Anaerobic Conditions by Sulfate-Reducing BacterialBiofilms (2003)

ABSTRACT A biofilm-forming strain of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), isolated from a naturally occurring mixed biofilm and identified by 16S rDNA analysis as a strain of Desulfomicrobium norvegicum , rapidly removed 200 μM selenite from solution during growth on lactate and sulfate. Elemental selenium and elemental sulfur were precipitated outside SRB cells. Precipitation occurred by an abiotic reaction with bacterially generated sulfide. This appears to be a generalized ability among SRB, arising from dissimilatory sulfide biogenesis, and can take place under low redox conditions and in the dark. The reaction represents a new means for the deposition of elemental sulfur by SRB under such conditions. A combination of transmission electron microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and cryostage field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to reveal the hydrated nature of SRB biofilms and to investigate the location of deposited sulfur-selenium in relation to biofilm elements. When pregrown SRB biofilms were exposed to a selenite-containing medium, nanometer-sized selenium-sulfur granules were precipitated within the biofilm matrix. Selenite was therefore shown to pass through the biofilm matrix before reacting with bacterially generated sulfide. This constitutes an efficient method for the removal of toxic concentrations of selenite from solution. Implications for environmental cycling and the fate of sulfur and selenium are discussed, and a general model for the potential action of SRB in selenium transformations is presented.