gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language A positron emission tomography activation study (1994)

We investigated cerebral activity in six normal volunteers using PET to explore the hypothesis that the right hemisphere has a specific role in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language such as metaphors. We also mapped the anatomical structures involved in sentence comprehension. During regional cerebral blood flow measurement subjects were asked to perform three different linguistic tasks: (i) metaphorical comprehension; (ii) literal comprehension of sentences; and (iii) a lexical-decision task. We found that comprehension of sentences compared with the lexical-decision task, induced extensive activation in several regions of the left hemisphere, including the prefrontal and basal frontal cortex, the middle and inferior temporal gyri and temporal pole, the parietal cortex and the precuneus. Comprehension of metaphors was associated with similar activations in the left hemisphere, but in addition, a number of sites were activated in the right hemisphere: the prefrontal cortex, the middle temporal gyrus, the precuneus and the posterior cingulate. We conclude that the interpretation of language involves widespread distributed systems bilaterally with the right hemisphere having a special role in the appreciation of metaphors.
Design Methodologies for STT-MRAM (Spin-Torque Transfer Magnetic Random Access Memory) Sensing Circuits (2010)

Spin-torque transfer magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is a promising technology for next generation nonvolatile universal memory because it reduces the high write current required by conventional MRAM and enables write current scaling as technology becomes smaller in size. However, the sensing margin is not improved in STT-MRAM and tends to decrease with technology scaling due to the lowered supply voltage and increased process variation. Moreover, read disturbance, which is an unwanted write in a read operation, can occur in STT-MRAM because its read and write operations use the same path. To overcome these problems, we present a load-line analysis method, which is useful for systematically analyzing the impacts of transistor size and gate voltage of MOSFETs on the sensing margin, and also propose an optimization procedure for the commonly applicable MRAM sensing circuits. This methodology constitutes an effective means to optimize the transistor size and gate voltage of MOSFETs and thus maximizes the sensing margin without causing read disturbance.
Selective cytotoxicity of calmidazolium and trifluoperazine for cycling versus noncycling C3H10T1/2 cells in vitro. (1986)

Effects of two anticalmodulin drugs, trifluoperazine and calmidazolium, on normal and transformed C3H10T1/2 cells were examined in vitro. As indicated by reduction of plating efficiencies in the presence of these drugs, the intrinsic sensitivities of normal and transformed cells were similar and showed no consistent differences. Comparison of cell killing kinetics in cycling and noncycling cell populations revealed that both drugs were preferentially cytotoxic for cycling cells. This differential cytotoxicity for cycling versus noncycling cells could provide a basis for exploitation of anticalmodulin drugs in cancer chemotherapy.
Infectious Keratitis in a Paracentesis Tract (1997)

A paracentesis is performed in glaucoma procedures as a flat, beveled tract to allow access into the anterior chamber after the filtration fistula is made. Complications related to the paracentesis are infrequent because it is a self-sealing wound. The authors report a case of infectious keratitis that developed in a paracentesis tract.
714. Inorganic per-acids. Part I. The alkali perborates (1949)

J. R. Partington and A. H. Fathallah, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 3420 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490003420
Evidence that distinct neural pathways mediate parasympathetic contractions and relaxations of guinea‐pig trachealis. (1993)

1. The guinea-pig trachea was isolated with its extrinsic innervation intact and pinned to the bottom of a water-jacketed dissecting dish filled with warmed, oxygenated Krebs solution. The trachea was not separated from the oesophagus. Isometric tension was measured in a segment of the rostral portion of the trachea. 2. Stimulation of the vagus nerves caudal to the nodose ganglia elicited contractions of the trachealis that were blocked by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. Following addition of atropine and contraction of the trachealis with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), vagus nerve stimulation elicited non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic relaxations. Both responses elicited by stimulation of the vagi were abolished by cutting the recurrent laryngeal nerves and were considered parasympathetic in nature as they were sensitive to the autonomic ganglion blockers trimetaphan and hexamethonium. 3. Experiments were designed in which ganglionic blockers were added to the buffer bathing the entire preparation or, alternatively, added only to the buffer perfusing the tracheal lumen. When given equal access to the trachea and oesophagus, hexamethonium was 56-fold more potent an inhibitor of vagally mediated relaxations of the trachealis than vagally mediated contractions. Selective administration of hexamethonium to the buffer perfusing the tracheal lumen did not decrease the potency of the ganglionic blocker versus vagally mediated contractions. By contrast, even at a concentration of 1 mM, intratracheally administered hexamethonium failed to inhibit vagally mediated relaxations by 50%. Comparable results were obtained using trimetaphan. 4. Consistent with previous observations, removing the portion of the oesophagus contiguous with the region of the trachea at which isometric tension was measured abolished parasympathetic relaxations of the trachealis. Oesophagus removal was without effect on parasympathetic nerve-induced contractions. Removing the dorsal half of the oesophagus or the mucosa and submucosa of the oesophagus did not affect the parasympathetic relaxant innervation. 5. The compound action potential of guinea-pig recurrent laryngeal nerves evoked by vagus nerve stimulation consisted of three distinct peaks representing populations of axons with fast, intermediate and slow conduction velocities. The voltage-response characteristics of vagally mediated contractions were identical to those of the compound action potential peak representing fibres with intermediate (10 m/s) conduction velocities. By contrast, the voltage-response characteristics of the vagally mediated relaxations were best correlated with the compound action potential peak representing fibres with slow (0.4-3 m/s) conduction velocities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Synthesis of Imidazolium-Containing ABA Triblock Copolymers: Role of Charge Placement, Charge Density, and Ionic Liquid Incorporation (2012)

Imidazole-based ABA triblock copolymers prepared using nitroxide-mediated polymerization achieved a microphase-separated morphology with ion-conducting central blocks. Difunctional random poly(1-(4-vinylbenzyl)imidazole-co-n-butyl acrylate) (poly(VBIm-co-nBA)) central blocks provided low glass transition temperature (Tg) phases for ion conduction, and subsequent chain extension for polystyrene external blocks provided mechanical reinforcement. Selective incorporation of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIm][EtSO4]) into the random poly(VBIm-co-nBA) central blocks reduced the Tg of both neutral and charged imidazole-containing central blocks. Mechanical properties for ABA triblock copolymers depended on quaternization, central block composition, and ionic liquid incorporation. Ionic conductivity increased over an order of magnitude due to quaternization of imidazole and additional ionic liquid. Tuning central block composition, charge content, and ionic liquid content provided an avenue to tailor the thermomechanical properties and ionic conductivity of ABA triblock copolymers.
Human ES cells – haematopoiesis and transplantation strategies* (2002)

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells provide a novel opportunity to study early developmental events in a human system. We have used human ES cell lines, including clonally derived lines, to evaluate haematopoiesis. Co-culture of the human ES cells with irradiated bone marrow stromal cell lines in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), but without other exogenous cytokines, leads to differentiation of the human ES cells within a matter of days. A portion of these differentiated cells express CD34, the best-defined marker for early haematopoietic cells. Haematopoietic colony-forming cells (CFCs) are demonstrated by methylcellulose assay. Myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocyte and multipotential CFCs can all be derived under these conditions. Enrichment of CD34+ cells derived from the human ES cells markedly increases the yield of CFCs, as would be expected for cells derived from adult bone marrow or umbilical cord blood. Transcription factors are also expressed in a manner consistent with haematopoietic differentiation. This system now presents the potential to evaluate specific conditions needed to induce or support events in early human blood development. Human ES cells are also a novel source of cells for transplantation therapies. The immunogenicity of ES cell-derived cells is unknown. The unique properties of ES cells afford the opportunity to explore novel mechanisms to prevent immune-mediated rejection. Potential strategies to overcome rejection will be presented, including creation of haematopoietic chimerism as a means to successfully transplant cells and tissues derived from human ES cells.
Role of Genes and Environments for Explaining Alzheimer Disease (2006)

In the largest twin study to date, we confirmed that heritability for AD is high and that the same genetic factors are influential for both men and women. However, nongenetic risk factors also play an important role and might be the focus for interventions to reduce disease risk or delay disease onset.
Possible role of vascular endothelial cells in immune responses in colonic mucosa examined immunocytochemically in subjects with and without ulcerative colitis. (1989)

Phenotypic characteristics of vascular endothelial cells of the colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy controls were studied with immunoperoxidase staining by light and electron microscopy. The cells could be classified into two groups according to their phenotypes; one was positive for von Willebrand factor and the other had an antigen detected by a monoclonal antibody, OKM5. The endothelial cells positive for von Willebrand factor were usually in relatively large blood vessels, and OKM5-positive cells were mostly located in small capillaries along the glandular epithelium. OKM5-positive endothelial cells also expressed HLA-DR and interleukin-1 (IL-1). In patients with ulcerative colitis, OKM5-positive endothelial cells and spindle-shaped cells that might be precursors of endothelial cells were more numerous in the lamina propria than in the other subjects. Thus, OKM5-positive endothelial cells may be important as antigen-presenting cells and immunoregulatory cells in the intramucosal immune system. Furthermore, colonic epithelial cells in patients with ulcerative colitis synthesized HLA-DR and IL-1, and may have a close relation to immune responses, such as antigen processing and presentation to immunocompetent cells. It was suggested that these cells have a close relation to the pathogenesis of the impaired immune responses in situ in ulcerative colitis.
Morphology Control in Solution‐Processed Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cell Mixtures (2009)

Abstract The efficiency of bulk‐heterojunction solar cells is very sensitive to the nanoscale structure of the active layer. In the past, the final morphology in solution‐processed devices has been controlled by varying the casting solvent and by curing the layer using heat tempering or solvent soaking. A recipe for making the “best‐performing” morphology can be achieved using these steps. This article presents a review of several new techniques that have been developed to control the morphology in polymer/fullerene heterojunction mixtures. The techniques fall into two broad categories. First, the morphology can be controlled by preparing nanoparticle suspensions of one component. The size and shape of the nanoparticles in solution determine the size and shape of the domain in a mixed layer. Second, the morphology can be controlled by adding a secondary solvent or an additive that more strongly affects one component of the mixture during drying. In both cases, the as‐cast efficiency of the solar cell is improved with respect to the single‐solvent case, which strongly argues that morphology control is an issue that will receive increasing attention in future research.
The Contribution of Psychodrama to the Understanding and Treatment of Asthma (1997)

The role that psychodrama plays in understanding and treatment of asthma is discussed, based on medical knowledge and clinical experience. Two personal boundaries which are maintained by the roles of the anxious negotiator, the threatened self defender, the fascinated attractor and the welcoming lover are proposed.
Rationale for Bcl‐X<sub>L</sub>/Bad peptide complex formation from structure, mutagenesis, and biophysical studies (2000)

The three-dimensional structure of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL complexed to a 25-residue peptide from the death promoting region of Bad was determined using NMR spectroscopy. Although the overall structure is similar to Bcl-xL bound to a 16-residue peptide from the Bak protein (Sattler et al., 1997), the Bad peptide forms additional interactions with Bcl-xL. However, based upon site-directed mutagenesis experiments, these additional contacts do not account for the increased affinity of the Bad 25-mer for Bcl-xL compared to the Bad 16-mer. Rather, the increased helix propensity of the Bad 25-mer is primarily responsible for its greater affinity for Bcl-xL. Based on this observation, a pair of 16-residue peptides were designed and synthesized that were predicted to have a high helix propensity while maintaining the interactions important for complexation with Bcl-xL. Both peptides showed an increase in helix propensity compared to the wild-type and exhibited an enhanced affinity for Bcl-xL.
Incorporation of 5-fluorodeoxycytidine and metabolites into nucleic acids of human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. (1986)

Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for the antitumor agents, 5-fluorouracil (FUra) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd), including their incorporation into both cellular RNA and DNA. Another fluorinated pyrimidine, 5-fluorodeoxycytidine (FdCyd), has been shown to be even more active than FdUrd against certain experimental tumors. Although FdCyd is deaminated to FdUrd, the precise mechanism of action of this agent has remained unclear. We have therefore monitored the incorporation of FdCyd and its metabolites into the nucleic acids of human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. The results demonstrate the internucleotide incorporation of FdCyd in MCF-7 DNA. The results also demonstrate that FUra residues are detectable in both MCF-7 DNA and RNA following treatment with FdCyd. Cytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase inhibitors increased the extent of (FdCyd) DNA synthesis, but they had little if any effect on formation of (FUra) RNA. In contrast, deoxyuridine increased incorporation of FdCyd into DNA and blocked the formation of FUra RNA. Deoxyuridine also enhanced the cytotoxicity associated with FdCyd treatment. The present results further demonstrate that FdCyd inhibits postsynthetic methylation of MCF-7 DNA. These findings would suggest that FdCyd has multiple mechanisms of action and that incorporation of this agent into DNA distinguishes its effects from those of FUra and FdUrd.
Crystal Structure of the von Willebrand Factor Modulator Botrocetin (2000)

The binding of von Willebrand factor (vWF) to the platelet receptor, glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex, has a key role in the initiation of thrombus formation and is regulated by interactions with extracellular matrix components under the influence of hemodynamic forces. To a certain extent, these effects can be mimicked in vitro by two nonphysiologic modulators, ristocetin and botrocetin. The latter, isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops jararaca, is a 31-kDa heterodimeric protein that forms a soluble complex with vWF. As an initial step toward understanding the mechanisms that regulate vWF function, we have solved the crystal structure of botrocetin at 1.8 A resolution. Botrocetin exhibits homology with other snake proteins, but contains only one metal binding site as compared to two in Factor IX binding protein and Factor IX/X binding protein and none in flavocetin. A distinctive feature of botrocetin is the presence of a negatively charged surface that may play a role in the association with the vWF A1 domain.
Non-linear spectral subtraction (NSS) and hidden Markov models for robust speech recognition in car noise environments (1992)

The authors address the problem of speaker-dependent discrete utterance recognition in noise. Special reference is made to the mismatch effects due to the fact that training and testing are carried out in different environments. The authors extend their previous work (Lockwood and Boudy, 1991) where a robust hidden Markov model (HMM) training/recognition framework is proposed. Several new aspects are introduced: use of enhanced nonlinear spectral subtraction (NSS) schemes, introduction of root-MFCC parameters, use of dynamic features, and training of HMMs by a dynamic inference scheme (DIHMM). These enhancements are discussed from tests performed on bandlimited signals (200-3000 Hz). The authors show that these various optimizations allow a rise from 20% to over 99% in performance. A 93% recognition rate is already achievable on raw data using a weighted modified projection and a root-MFCC dynamic representation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Outliers, level shifts, and variance changes in time series (1988)

Abstract Outliers, level shifts, and variance changes are commonplace in applied time series analysis. However, their existence is often ignored and their impact is overlooked, for the lack of simple and useful methods to detect and handle those extraordinary events. The problem of detecting outliers, level shifts, and variance changes in a univariate time series is considered. The methods employed are extremely simple yet useful. Only the least squares techniques and residual variance ratios are used. The effectiveness of these simple methods is demonstrated by analysing three real data sets.
Open source web application security: A static analysis approach (2016)

In this paper, we have tested several open source web applications against common security vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities spans from unnecessary data member declaration to leaving gaps for SQL injection. The static security vulnerabilities testing was done in three categories (1) Dodgy code vulnerabilities (2) Malicious code vulnerabilities (3) Security code vulnerabilities on seven (7) different web applications built in Java. It is evident from the obtained results that almost all selected applications have similar kind of vulnerabilities that might have been introduced due to hasty programming or lack of developer knowledge against security vulnerabilities. We recommend to create an intelligent development framework that can provide suggestions for secure development by overcoming common vulnerabilities, can add missing code and can learn from expert developer's practices to overcome the security vulnerabilities.
Elastic impedance normalization (2002)

Abstract The elastic impedance, or EI, function has enabled far-offset-angle stack data to be inverted using technology developed for acoustic impedance inversion. An undesirable feature of the EI function has been that its dimensionality varies with incidence angle θ and provides numerical values that change significantly with θ. These problems have been overcome by modifying the EI function with constants αo, βo, and ρo. These modifications allow for a direct comparison between elastic impedance values across a range of angles in a manner that was not available with the previous formulation. The modifications neither improve nor degrade the accuracy of the reflectivity that can be derived from the EI function.
Angiotensin II receptor activation depolarizes rat supraoptic neurons in vitro (1992)

Functional studies indicate that hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory neurons are a target for angiotensin. The present investigation used intracellular recordings to characterize the nature and type of angiotensin II receptors on rat supraoptic nucleus neurons maintained in superfused hypothalamic explants. Of 68 cells transiently exposed to either Val5- or Ile5-angiotensin II (maximum peak concentration 1-25 microM), 34 responded with a gradual membrane depolarization (1-15 mV) that peaked in 2.2 +/- 0.4 (SD) min and was accompanied by a 17.6 +/- 4.8% reduction of input resistance. Responses persisted (and were actually enhanced) in media containing tetrodotoxin (0.5-1.0 microM) and/or nominally zero calcium, indicating a direct postsynaptic action. In 19 responsive cells, the mean reversal potential for the angiotensin-induced response was -26.4 +/- 2 mV. Bath application of the nonpeptide type-1 angiotensin receptor antagonist DuP753 (5-20 microM) reversibly blocked the angiotensin-induced depolarization in all of 11 cells tested. By contrast, equimolar applications of the type-2 antagonist PD123177 were ineffective in all seven angiotensin-responsive cells tested. These observations provide novel evidence for the existence of functional type-1 receptors on rat supraoptic nucleus neurons. The reversal potential for the angiotensin-induced response suggests mediation through a nonselective cationic conductance.
Organotin-mediated synthesis of macrocyclic polyesters: mechanism and selectivity in the reaction of dioxastannolanes with diacyl dichlorides (1988)

The reaction of 2,2-di-n-butyl-1,3,2-dioxastannolane with diacyl dichlorides for the synthesis of macrocyclic tetraesters has been investigated to gain an insight into its mechanistic pathway and to ascertain the occurrence of genuine template effects. Experimental results show unambiguously that the reaction is a clean cyclo-oligomerization involving a fast transesterification equilibrium that affords a thermodynamic distribution of oligomeric esters. No evidence to support a structural or ‘covalent’ template effect by tin was found. Instead, dioxastannolane is not only the reagent, but also behaves as an efficient transesterification catalyst that equilibrates the macrocyclic ester mixture. In this context, the reaction can hardly be considered selective.
Wide variations in the testing of lactose tolerance: results of a questionnaire study in Finnish health care centres (2000)

About 70% of the world's adult population is unable to digest lactose, the sugar found naturally only in milk. This disability leads to gastrointestinal symptoms called lactose intolerance. In Finland, many patients visit health care centres because they are suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms. A few of them are diagnosed as being lactose intolerant. However, a far larger number diagnose themselves as suffering from lactose intolerance. Therefore the diagnostic tests used should be carefully validated and standardized in clinical laboratories throughout the country. The aim of this questionnaire study was to clarify the situation centres with adult patients in Finnish health care and to try to standardize procedures for administering lactose tolerance tests.