gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Super-junction LDMOST on a silicon-on-sapphire substrate (2003)

A super-junction lateral double diffused MOST (SJ-LDMOST) in silicon-on-sapphire technology, targeting power integrated circuits (PICs), is proposed, implemented and characterized. The proposed structure eliminates "substrate-assisted-depletion" effects in lateral SJ devices thus achieving charge compensation between the n and p SJ-pillars as well as a uniform electric field distribution in the drift region in the off-state. Three-dimensional (3-D) simulations of the device, using realistic aspect ratios for the SJ-pillars, indicate that a significant reduction in specific on-resistance for a given breakdown voltage can be achieved as compared to conventional reduced surface field (RESURF) devices. Experimental devices were implemented using a seven mask CMOS compatible process. Fabricated SJ-LDMOSTs with a drift region length of 66 /spl mu/m and a pillar aspect ratio of 1.2 /spl mu/m/0.7 /spl mu/m (width/height) exhibit a specific on-resistance of 0.82 /spl Omega/.cm/sup 2/ and a breakdown voltage (BV) ranging between 500 and 600 V corresponding to less than 8.5% charge imbalance in the pillars.
Friedel-Crafts alkylation of pentafluorobenzene (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFriedel-Crafts alkylation of pentafluorobenzeneW. F. Beckert and James U. Lowe Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 3, 582–584Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01278a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01278a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views296Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sn-Doped V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Film with Enhanced Lithium-Ion Storage Performance (2013)

Homogeneous Sn-doped V2O5 sol was prepared by the sol–gel method with H2O2, V2O5, and SnCl4·5H2O as precursors, and the films were fabricated by drop-casting, drying at ambient, and then annealing at 450 °C in air for 2 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that the Sn-doped V2O5 film contains 10% V4+ likely compensates with the accommodation of Sn4+ ions. Electrochemical and lithium-ion intercalation properties of both the pure and Sn-doped V2O5 films are systematically studied by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronopotentiometry (CP) tests. The Sn-doped V2O5 film shows much enhanced lithium-ion storage capacity, faster kinetics, and improved cyclic stability in comparison with pure V2O5 film. For example, after 50 cycles, the specific capacity of the Sn-doped V2O5 film retains 334 mAh g–1 with a current density of 500 mA g–1, much higher than 157 mAh g–1 of the pure V2O5 film. Sn-doping is found to reduce the electrochemical reaction resistance, increase the electrochemical reaction reversibility, and enhance the lithium-ion diffusivity. The possible explanation for such significant enhancement in lithium-ion intercalation capacity and cyclic stability of the Sn-doped V2O5 film is discussed.
Interaction between indole-3-acetic acid and ethylene in the control of tracheid production in detached shoots of Abies balsamea (1995)

We investigated the interaction between indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and ethylene in the regulation of the seasonal periodicity of tracheid production in 1-year-old balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) cuttings collected at different times during the dormant period. The cuttings were left with their buds intact or were debudded and treated either apically with IAA or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) in lanolin, laterally with IAA or Ethrel in lanolin, or basally with Ethrel, Co(2+) or Ag(+) in deionized water. The treated cuttings were then cultured for up to 5 weeks under controlled environment conditions favorable for cambial growth. No change in ethylene evolution was detected during the rest-quiescence transition, when IAA-induced tracheid production increased. The induction of cambial reactivation by IAA was associated with a rise in ethylene evolution, but there was no consistent relationship among IAA concentration, tracheid number and ethylene emission. Neither Ethrel, Co(2+) nor Ag(+) affected tracheid production when applied basally, except for 10 and 100 micro M Ethrel and 100 micro M Co(2+), which were inhibitory. In contrast, ethylene evolution was promoted by Ethrel and inhibited by Co(2+), whereas Ag(+) had no effect. Similarly, applying Ethrel apically or laterally increased ethylene evolution, but did not promote tracheid production except in the treatment in which 1 mg Ethrel g(-1) lanolin was applied laterally to cuttings treated apically with 0.1 mg IAA g(-1) lanolin, and in the treatment in which 10 mg Ethrel g(-1) lanolin was applied laterally to budded cuttings. We conclude that (1) ethylene evolution is not specifically associated with IAA-induced tracheid production, (2) ethylene does not mimic the promoting effect of IAA on tracheid production, and (3) ethylene can promote tracheid production, but only when its application results in a localized unphysiologically high concentration in the cambial region, which, in turn, induces an accumulation of IAA.
The role of artificial eustachian tube in cleft palate patients. (1966)

Children born with cleft palates are prone to develop middle ear prob— lems—middle ear effusions, secretory otitis media, and acute and chronic suppurative otitis media. Many investigators (1—7, 9—18) have pointed out this high incidence of middle ear pathology in cleft palate children with its concomitant conductive-type hearing loss. Tangen (18) empha— sized the frequent changes that occur in hearing and in middle ear findings on repeated examinations. Graham (2) carried this further with his longitudinal study, which showed that, at one time or another, about half of the cleft palate patients were found to have ear disease. Although the basic reason for the increased difficulty is unknown, it is presumed to be related to a poorly functioning Eustachian tube. In his classical article on the physiology of the Eustachian tube, Rich (14) demonstrated that the tensor veli palatini muscle opened the Eustachian tube as effectively when the soft palate was artificially cleft as when it was intact, because of the attachment of the muscle to the hamular proc— ess of the pterygoid. That contention has been disputed, however, par— ticularly by Holborow (5, 6'). No one has determined whether patients born with cleft palates have congenital malformation or malfunction of the tensor muscle itself, whether cleft palate surgery interferes with ten-sor function by virtue of its proximity to the hamular attachment if not by actual fracture of the hamulus, or whether change in tubal function is secondary to mucous membrane reaction around the tubal orifice from whatever cause. As a consequence of poor Eustachian tube function, the middle ear is not aerated each time the person swallows, yawns, or sneezes, as in normal function. Lacking this aeration, the oxygen in the middle ear is absorbed and a vacuum is created. One response to this vacuum is a marked retrac-tion of the tympanic membrane—~especially pars fiaccida—and subse— quently, the formation of a serous transudate which fills or partly fills the middle ear and which interferes with hearing. If the middle ear mucosa is hypertrophic, the vacuum may result in a middle ear filled with mucoid
Computer-aided Shaft Design and Selection of Rolling-contact Bearings Using an Expert System (2001)

In this study, a computer program was developed using Q-Basic programming language to analyze the strength and deformation of a rotating circular stepped shaft. These shafts have a variety of power- transmitting mechanical elements (components), such as pairs of gears, and pulleys that are modeled in 3-D. In addition, force and moment analyses of these elements running on the shafts are examined. Notch sensitivity and stress concentration factors given graphically were formulated using the finite difference method. Furthermore, to select the best rolling-contact bearings, an expert system requiring the knowledge-based technique was employed. The knowledge of the expert system and data of the roll ing bearing catalogue were input into the program. To perform the expert system, the LEONARDO software technique was used.
Laser-induced-fluorescence detection of sodium atomized by a microwave-induced plasma with tungsten filament vaporization (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLaser-induced-fluorescence detection of sodium atomized by a microwave-induced plasma with tungsten filament vaporizationYuji. Oki, Hisanori. Uda, Chikahisa. Honda, Mitsuo. Maeda, Jun. Izumi, Takashi. Morimoto, and Masazumi. TanouraCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 7, 680–683Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00206a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00206a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
1-(Phenylsulfonyl)-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one as a Building Block in Organic Synthesis (2018)

The transformation of the readily available phenylsulfonyl lactone building block to structurally diverse molecular scaffolds is described. Depicted structures are accessed in one to three steps, and their overall yields are high. The rigidity of the starting building block greatly directs the stereoselectivity of the transformations, and newly generated stereogenic centers including the quaternary carbon centers are formed with high stereoselectivity generally superior to dr > 95:1.
Nanodiamond-Mediated Delivery of Water-Insoluble Therapeutics (2009)

A broad array of water-insoluble compounds has displayed therapeutically relevant properties toward a spectrum of medical and physiological disorders, including cancer and inflammation. However, the continued search for scalable, facile, and biocompatible routes toward mediating the dispersal of these compounds in water has limited their widespread application in medicine. Here we demonstrate a platform approach of water-dispersible, nanodiamond cluster-mediated interactions with several therapeutics to enhance their suspension in water with preserved functionality, thereby enabling novel treatment paradigms that were previously unrealized. These therapeutics include Purvalanol A, a highly promising compound for hepatocarcinoma (liver cancer) treatment, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), an emerging drug for the treatment of breast cancer, as well as dexamethasone, a clinically relevant anti-inflammatory that has addressed an entire spectrum of diseases that span complications from blood and brain cancers to rheumatic and renal disorders. Given the scalability of nanodiamond processing and functionalization, this novel approach serves as a facile, broadly impacting and significant route to translate water-insoluble compounds toward treatment-relevant scenarios.
Identification, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Adult Leydig Stem Cells (2012)

Leydig cells, the testosterone-producing cells of the adult testis, rarely turn over. However, their elimination with ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS) is followed by the appearance of new, fully functional adult Leydig cells. The cells that give rise to the new Leydig cells have not been well characterized, and little is known about the mechanism by which they are regulated. We isolated cells expressing platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α, but not 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD(neg)) from the testes of EDS-treated adult rats. Depending on conditions, these cells proliferated indefinitely or differentiated and produced testosterone. To localize these cells and to determine the effect of the testicular environment on their function, the seminiferous tubules and testicular interstitium were physically separated and cultured. During the first 72 h in culture, 3β-HSD(neg) cells on the tubule surfaces underwent divisions. Some of these cells later expressed 3β-HSD and produced testosterone. Removal of the newly formed 3β-HSD(pos) cells from the tubule surfaces with EDS, followed by further culture of the stripped tubules, resulted in the reappearance of testosterone-producing cells. These results, taken together, suggest that the precursors for newly formed Leydig cells are stem cells, with many if not all situated on the surfaces of the seminiferous tubules. Although normally quiescent, the stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. The development of the tubule culture system should provide a valuable in vitro approach to assess the role(s) of niche components on the function of adult Leydig stem cells despite their residing in a complex mammalian tissue.
Novel method for functional brain imaging in awake minimally restrained rats (2016)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in rodents holds great promise for advancing our knowledge about human brain function. However, the use of anesthetics to immobilize rodents during fMRI experiments has restricted the type of questions that can be addressed using this technique. Here we describe an innovative procedure to train rats to be constrained without the need of any anesthesia during the whole procedure. We show that with 8-10 days of acclimation rats can be conscious and remain still during fMRI experiments under minimal stress. In addition, we provide fMRI results of conscious rodents in a variety of commonly used fMRI experimental paradigms, and we demonstrate the improved quality of these scans by comparing results when the same rodents were scanned under anesthesia. We confirm that the awake scanning procedure permits an improved evaluation of brain networks and brain response to external stimuli with minimal movement artifact. The present study further advances the field of fMRI in awake rodents, which provide more direct, forward and reverse, translational opportunities regarding brain functional correspondences between human and rodent research.
Room-temperature laser operation of quantum-well Ga(1−<i>x</i>)Al<i>x</i>As-GaAs laser diodes grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1978)

The achievement of room-temperature (300 °K) operation of Ga(1−x)AlxAs-GaAs double-heterostructure lasers with active layers of quantum-well dimensions ∼200 Å thick is reported. These devices are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and exhibit pronounced effects in the spectral and lasing characteristics that are related to the small active region thickness and are the first such effects observed for DH lasers in the GaAlAs-GaAs system.
Single-phase hybrid clamped three-level inverter based photovoltaic generation system (2010)

A new high-efficiency transformless photovoltaic generation system, which is based on singlephase hybrid clamped three-level inverter, is proposed in this paper. The leakage current problem in transformless photovoltaic generation systems is solved. The elimination of the transformer can not only reduce the cost, size and weight of the conversion stage, but also increase the system efficiency. Comparing with diode-clamped multilevel inverter, the hybrid clamped three-level inverter doesn't have the problems of DC capacitor voltage unbalance, so it decreases the complication of the control strategy greatly, and is beneficial to the level number expansion. The validity of the hybrid clamped three-level inverter has been proven through simulation results and experiment results.
First Tarsometatarsal Fusion Using Saw Preparation vs. Standard Preparation of the Joint: A Cadaver Study (2019)

Category: Basic Sciences/Biologics, Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: First tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint fusion is indicated for several underlying causes of first ray dysfunction and pain, including arthritis, traumatic injury, and recurrent hallux valgus. Preparation of the joint surface by denuding the articular cartilage is a key step for arthrodesis, as inadequate preparation may result in poor fixation and non-union. However, excessive removal of cartilage and bone may result in excessive shortening of the ray. Despite the importance of joint preparation on the outcomes of fusion, the effects of using a bone saw versus osteotome on ray length is poorly documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether utilization of an osteotome or saw would minimize shortening of the first ray in TMT arthrodesis. Methods: Ten fresh-frozen cadaver specimens without evidence of musculoskeletal abnormalities were used for this anatomic dissection study. A medial incision was made along the first ray from the medial aspect of the medial cuneiform to the base of the first metatarsal. The first TMT joint was exposed through transverse capsulotomy. The soft tissues surrounding the joint were not removed from the bone. The specimens were randomly assigned to undergo cartilage removal and joint preparation using either an osteotome (n=5) or saw (n=5). Care was taken to reach the plantar-most aspect of the joint. Fusion was then performed using a cross-screw construct through the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx and the medial cuneiform. Pre- and post-operative x- rays were taken with a radiopaque ruler in the field, and length changes were compared between osteotome and sawblade groups. Results: The average change in metatarsal length was significantly smaller in the osteotome group (1.6 mm) as compared to the saw group (4.4 mm) (p=0.031). The average percent change in metatarsal length was also significantly smaller in the osteotome group (3.0%) compared to the saw group (8.4%) (p=0.025). There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to change in cuneiform length. The osteotome group demonstrated a significantly smaller average measured change (3.0 mm vs. 6.9 mm, p=0.001) and percent change (4.1% vs. 9.3%, p<0.001) in total length (cuneiform plus metatarsal) in comparison to the saw group. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that first TMT joint preparation with an osteotome may prevent over- shortening of the first ray, thereby theoretically decreasing the risk of metatarsalgia and the need for additional procedures when compared to utilization of a bone saw. Judicious use of the bone saw for joint preparation may still be beneficial in some cases. This information can be used clinically to implement evidence-based standardization of operative techniques to improve the outcomes of these cases.
Cationic polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (1994)

Abstract The cationic nonlinear polymerization of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of a diluent γ‐butyrolactone (BL) was initiated by the BF 3 ‐4‐methoxyaniline (MA) complex. The reaction was studied by size exclusion chromatography, DSC, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Reaction mechanism involves a fast formation of adducts of DGEBA with MA released from the initiator. Formation of spiro orthoesters (S) by reaction of BL with DGEBA and homopolymerization of DGEBA as well as copolymerization with S follow. Gelation occurs at 60°C within a few minutes at conversion of epoxy groups (ξ E ) c = 0.20–0.45. The networks cured under optimum conditions show high glass transition temperature, T α = 178°C. The mechanism‐structure‐property relations are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid isolation and characterization of bacterial lipopeptides using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis (2011)

Abstract The structural analysis of post‐translational modifications (PTMs) of lipoproteins is difficult due to the hydrophobic properties of their fatty acid moieties. At the present time, the relative positions of fatty acid components on the N ‐acyl‐ S ‐diacylglycerylcysteine core structure has not been specifically identified in any natural or bacterial expressed recombinant lipoproteins. In this study, we describe a rapid solid‐phase extraction using acetonitrile and isopropanol method that can be performed manually to isolate large amounts of relatively pure lipopeptides generated by the limited tryptic‐digestion of recombinant lipoproteins. Using these lipopeptides and LC/MS mass spectra analysis, two groups of N‐terminal lipidated (diacyl or triacyl) molecules that differ by one fatty acid unit were successfully identified. This LC/MS method also provided the separation of lipopeptides differing by 14 Da for the on‐line MS identification. Multiple‐stage fragmentation analyses of the di‐ and triacyl lipopeptides using both the positive and negative ion modes enabled to identify the putative structure of the N ‐acyl‐ S ‐diacylglycerylcysteine containing an amide bond to palmitic acid at the N‐terminal cysteine, a palmitic acid at sn1 position, and an unsaturated fatty acid of either hexadecenoic acid, cyclopropaneoctanoic acid, oleic acid and nonadecenoic acid at sn2 position of diacylglycerol residue through ester bonding. For diacyl lipoprotein, the saturated palmitoyl fatty acid group is absent at sn1 position of glycerol‐derived lipid residue of lipopeptide.