gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Training a Molecular Gun on Killer <i>E. coli</i> (1998)

Researchers at the National Institutes of Health are closing in on the development of the first vaccine against
 Escherichia coli
 O157:H7, a pathogenic version of the common gut bacterium. Tests of an experimental vaccine showed promise in adults earlier this year, and the researchers are about to apply for approval to test it in young children. If the trial gets the go-ahead and the preparation passes further tests, experts say, a vaccine for people and one for livestock could be available early next century.
A Solid-Supported, Enantioselective Synthesis Suitable for the Rapid Preparation of Large Numbers of Diverse Structural Analogues of (−)-Saframycin A (2002)

A 10-step solid-supported, enantioselective synthesis suitable for the rapid preparation of large numbers of diverse structural analogues of saframycin A is described. The synthetic route, which bears analogy to solid-phase peptide synthesis, involves the directed condensation of N-protected alpha-amino aldehyde reactants. A novel dual linker was developed for attachment of intermediates to the solid support via a C-protective group, a substituted morpholino nitrile derivative. The route employs a novel diastereospecific cyclorelease mechanism, supports structural variation at multiple sites in the saframycin core, and obviates the need for chromatographic purification of the products or any intermediate. To demonstrate the feasibility of structural variation at multiple sites, a matrix of 16 saframycin A analogues was prepared by parallel synthesis with simultaneous variation of two sites. This work is notable not only as a preliminary step toward large-scale library construction but also as an example of the use of sequential stereoselective C-C bond-forming reactions on the solid phase for the preparation of natural product analogues.
Train Timetable Problem on a Single-Line Railway With Fuzzy Passenger Demand (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The aim of the train timetable problem is to determine arrival and departure times at each station so that no collisions will happen between different trains and the resources can be utilized effectively. Due to uncertainty of real systems, train timetables have to be made under an uncertain environment under most circumstances. This paper mainly investigates a passenger train timetable problem with fuzzy passenger demand on a single-line railway in which two objectives, i.e., fuzzy total passengers' time and total delay time, are considered. As a result, an expected value goal-programming model is constructed for the problem. A branch-and-bound algorithm based on the fuzzy simulation is designed in order to obtain an optimal solution. Finally, some numerical experiments are given to show applications of the model and the algorithm. </para>
Parlay and mobile agents in a homogenized service provision architecture (2003)

This paper describes an innovative architecture for creation and provision of services running homogeneously over different networks. This primarily implies the fact that the service logic has to be independent of the underlying network. Until now, such convergence between public switched telephony network (PSTN) and Internet is achieved in the transport layer. This is the case of dial-up connection where the telephony access network is used to connect the Internet service provider with the user. This would be also the case when the telephony service providers are routing calls through IP networks to reduce costs. In these cases, only the lowermost layers are replaced and so the homogenization of provided services can be viewed less portentously. In the cases where service interworking takes place in a higher level (e.g. WAP in the application layer), the convergence is based on the implementation of proprietary gateways, which are usually suitable for specific situations. The nature of service creation and provision differs in PSTN and Internet. The PSTN is oriented towards the provision of telephony service and other call-related services. These services use the concept of a call, the establishment of which allows the exchange of bit streams between the parties participating in the call. Call-related services can be based to a call model similar to the basic call state model (BCSM), which has been described in the intelligent network (IN) specifications. Among different architectures aiming at the provision of advanced telecommunication services, IN is worldwide an accepted service control architecture. In this paper the term IN can be applied for telecommunication networks based on PSTN infrastructure. On the other hand, Internet is a generic packet switching network. Its services concentrate on the abilities and the intelligence of terminals. Nevertheless, Internet applications could not be described using a model similar to the BCSM. This happened due to the inability of intermediate nodes to maintain information about the state of a running service. This situation has been confuted by the Voice over IP (VoIP) protocols. The H.323, SIP and MEGACO protocols foresee entities like gatekeepers and media gateway controllers, whose functionality is to maintain call state information. Using these entities it is possible to build an IP (soft) switch that could perform tasks similar to the PSTN switches. The key issue to achieve a signaling interworking between PSTN and Internet is to apply the appropriate mappings between the protocols used in IP telephony and making sure that a common call state model is suitable for all of them. Since the call control protocol that is used from H.323 is the Q.931 the above prerequisite could be easily applied. The same happens with the SIP, where initiating call messages could be mapped to Q.931 using a signaling gateway that converts SIP messages to Q.931 and vice versa. This way signaling interworking has been achieved and the IN architecture is conveyed over IP networks.
Percutaneous freezing of sensory nerves prior to total knee arthroplasty (2016)

III.
Click Modification of RNA at Adenosine: Structure and Reactivity of 7-Ethynyl- and 7-Triazolyl-8-aza-7-deazaadenosine in RNA (2014)

Ribonucleoside analogues bearing terminal alkynes, including 7-ethynyl-8-aza-7-deazaadenosine (7-EAA), are useful for RNA modification applications. However, although alkyne- and triazole-bearing ribonucleosides are in widespread use, very little information is available on the impact of these modifications on RNA structure. By solving crystal structures for RNA duplexes containing these analogues, we show that, like adenosine, 7-EAA and a triazole derived from 7-EAA base pair with uridine and are well-accommodated within an A-form helix. We show that copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions with 7-EAA are sensitive to the RNA secondary structure context, with single-stranded sites reacting faster than duplex sites. 7-EAA and its triazole products are recognized in RNA template strands as adenosine by avian myoblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. In addition, 7-EAA in RNA is a substrate for an active site mutant of the RNA editing adenosine deaminase, ADAR2. These studies extend our understanding of the impact of these novel nucleobase analogues and set the stage for their use in probing RNA structure and metabolism.
Lateral Manipulation for the Positioning of Molecular Guests within the Confinements of a Highly Stable Self‐Assembled Organic Surface Network (2007)

Buckyball bearings: C60 complexes with zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP) were deposited in the hexagonal pores of the highly stable honeycomb network generated by thermal dehydrogenation of 4,9-diaminoperylene-quinone-3,10-diimine on a Cu(111) surface (see picture). The piece-by-piece assembly of the weakly aggregated ZnOEP–C60 complex, which may be viewed as a “supramolecular bearing”, was achieved with the aid of an STM tip. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2296/2007/z700099_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Collagen and collagenase in ulcer tissue--2. Restraint and water immersion induced gastric lesions and effects of cimetidine and misoprostol. (1987)

Collagenase activity was considered to play an important role in the process of ulcer formation, as one of the aggressive factors. We measured the collagen metabolism using the restraint and water immersion stress ulcer model with time and studied the effects of cimetidine and misoprostol (PGE1 derivative) on the collagen metabolism. The active forms and total collagenases in the gastric mucosal connective tissues were elevated as early as at two hours after loading by restraint and water immersion stress, and a decrease in the amount of collagen (as hydroxyproline) was observed. Increase in the collagenase activity was inhibited in groups to which cimetidine or misoprostol was given before restraint and water immersion. From these results it is believed that an elevation of collagenase activity related directly to tissue destruction might be involved, as well as a decrease in the gastric mucosal blood flow, in the etiology of ulcers due to restraint and water immersion stress.
Variations in extracellular levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and aspartate across the sleep–wake cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats (2005)

We used intracerebral microdialysis coupled with electrophysiologic recordings to determine relative changes in the concentrations of several neurotransmitters in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats during waking, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, and aspartate in 2-min dialysate samples were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis combined with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Changes in glutamate and aspartate concentrations were found only in the nucleus accumbens, in which a decrease was obtained during both slow-wave sleep and REM sleep compared to waking. A progressive reduction in the release of noradrenaline was observed from waking to REM sleep in both structures. In contrast, dopamine concentrations were higher during waking and REM sleep compared to that during slow-wave sleep. The latter results demonstrate that contrary to the findings of earlier electrophysiologic studies carried out on ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons, changes in the release of dopamine in projection areas occur across the sleep-wake cycle. The elevated levels of dopamine during waking and REM sleep in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens could result from changes during these two states in afferent modulation at the level of cell bodies or at the level of dopaminergic terminals.
Personal Authentication Using Hand Vein Triangulation and Knuckle Shape (2009)

This paper presents a new approach to authenticate individuals using triangulation of hand vein images and simultaneous extraction of knuckle shape information. The proposed method is fully automated and employs palm dorsal hand vein images acquired from the low-cost, near infrared, contactless imaging. The knuckle tips are used as key points for the image normalization and extraction of region of interest. The matching scores are generated in two parallel stages: (i) hierarchical matching score from the four topologies of triangulation in the binarized vein structures and (ii) from the geometrical features consisting of knuckle point perimeter distances in the acquired images. The weighted score level combination from these two matching scores are used to authenticate the individuals. The achieved experimental results from the proposed system using contactless palm dorsal-hand vein images are promising (equal error rate of 1.14%) and suggest more user friendly alternative for user identification.
The design of a high power solid state automotive switch in CMOS-VDMOS technology (1985)

This paper presents the design of a solid state automotive switch. The design criteria for choosing a VDMOS power device and a charge pump drive circuit are discussed. The performance of the fabricated device is discussed.
Mobile Text Entry (2002)

There has been a substantial growth in interest in mobile text entry over recent years, among both researchers and users. Increasingly mobile devices are being used to perform text-intensive applications, such as text messaging, creating a demand for more efficient and easier to use text entry methods. Unlike for desktop computing, no single, standard mobile text entry method has emerged. The diversity of mobile devices makes it unlikely that this will ever occur. Thus, mobile text entry remains a very open area of research, providing a favourable environment for the development of innovative text entry methods. A necessary part of the development of a new mobile text entry method is a comparison of its performance with existing methods. Despite being coinplex and time consuming, empirical evaluations remain the best way to make these comparisons. A review of current best practice for the empirical evaluation of mobile text entry methods is presented, alongside a classification of existing mobile text entry methods. The results of an empirical evaluation of a new mobile phone text entry method called Fastap are reported. The performance of the new method, along with that of the T9 and multi-press with timeout mobile text entry methods, was measured for the entry of four different types of text and with three different levels of user experience. The Fastap method was found to provide the best immediate usability among the three methods and its performance continued to improve as users gained more experience with it. Fastap also performed strongly in the subjective ratings. The results of the evaluation are very positive for the ongoing development of the Fastap interface.
Enantioselektive Addition von Arylgruppen an aromatische Aldehyde mit Aryltitan‐Binaphthol‐Derivaten (1985)

Abstract Die aus chiralem, nicht racemischem Binaphthol, Chlorotriisopropoxytitan und Aryl‐magnesiumbromiden in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) in situ erzeugten Organotitanreagentien übertragen die Arylgruppe mit hoher Enantioselektivität auf aromatische Aldehyde [Gleichungen (1)–(3)]. So sind praktisch enantiomerenreine Benzhydrole zugänglich ( 3 – 13 , Tab. 1). Die Reaktion verläuft in den Fällen, in welchen die absolute Konfiguration der Benzhydrole bekannt ist, mit relativer Topizität lk .
Measuring phenological variability from satellite imagery (1994)

Abstract. Vegetation phenological phenomena are closely related to seasonal dynamics of the lower atmosphere and are therefore important elements in global models and vegetation monitoring. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite sensor offer a means of efficiently and objectively evaluating phenological characteristics over large areas. Twelve metrics linked to key phenological events were computed based on time‐series NDVI data collected from 1989 to 1992 over the conterminous United States. These measures include the onset of greenness, time of peak NDVI, maximum NDVI, rate of greenup, rate of senescence, and integrated NDVI. Measures of central tendency and variability of the measures were computed and analyzed for various land cover types. Results from the analysis showed strong coincidence between the satellite‐derived metrics and predicted phenological characteristics. In particular, the metrics identified interannual variability of spring wheat in North Dakota, characterized the phenology of four types of grasslands, and established the phenological consistency of deciduous and coniferous forests. These results have implications for large‐area land cover mapping and monitoring. The utility of remotely sensed data as input to vegetation mapping is demonstrated by showing the distinct phenology of several land cover types. More stable information contained in ancillary data should be incorporated into the mapping process, particularly in areas with high phenological variability. In a regional or global monitoring system, an increase in variability in a region may serve as a signal to perform more detailed land cover analysis with higher resolution imagery.
A point of care electrochemical impedance spectroscopy device (2015)

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a label-free method of molecular detection of particular interest for biomedical applications. We aim to create a hand-held, easy to use EIS measurement device, for biomolecular detection. Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry systems help millions of diabetics monitor their blood glucose levels 2–8 times per day, but their use is very limited due to the poor lower limit of detection. The EIS technique can be used to detect a much larger array of biomolecules at very low concentration. Our EIS system generates the magnitude and phase of the impedance from test samples via MATLAB, which provides the real and imaginary components of the impedance. The circuit was integrated on a single chip and fabricated in a standard 0.5 μm CMOS technology. A hand-held EIS measurement system was built using the chip and an Arduino Uno to measure a Randles circuit equivalent over the frequency range from 1 Hz to 2 kHz, the measurement and simulation results show excellent agreement.
Staphylococcus aureus Among Insulin-Injecting Diabetic Patients (1975)

IN EARLIER studies, we attempted to define the source of the organism causing staphylococcal endocarditis in drug abusers who used the needle. Street heroin and injection paraphernalia were not implicated.<sup>1</sup>We then found a 300% increase in the carrier rate of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>among those who had recently used drugs parenterally, compared to a control population who had not. Users who had not injected any drug for two weeks or more had the same carrier rate as the control group.<sup>2</sup>The reason for the increased carrier rate in recent drug users was not apparent, although we suspected that it might have been related to the effect of drugs on resistance to the<i>Staphylococcus</i>or on such epidemiologic factors as poor hygiene or frequent needle use. To examine the possibility that epidemiologic factors were involved, we have examined members of another group of patients who inject themselves regularly with
High performance MMIC narrow band filter using tunable active inductors (2002)

An MMIC filter is presented which employs novel tunable active inductors, where both inductance and negative resistance can be varied. The 2 GHz filter achieved a mean insertion loss of 0.9 dB, passband ripple of /spl plusmn/0.7 dB, 3 dB bandwidth of 70 MHz and an excellent out-of-band rejection which exceeds 50 dB up to 18 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Factors determining late patency of aortobifemoral bypass graft]. (2008)

(1) Only location of distal anastomosis has a statistically significant influence on the patency of aorto-bifemoral bypass graft. (2) The location of distal anastomosis and type of occlusive disease have a statistically significant influence on the clinical effect of the operation. (3) The simultaneous distal bypass had no influence on the late patency of aortobifemoral bypass graft and on the number of asymptomatic patients. Also, it increased inhospital mortality rate.
Problems and Possibilities in Developing Critical Practice (2001)

AbstractAbstractI want to begin by offering a typology of different modes of understanding or interrogating practice — different modes and ambitions of being self-conscious about what it means to understand cultural production. A typology could help clarify some differences in the aims and ambitions of Media Studies courses which incorporate cultural practices and it will help clarify how those aims fit into or contest the cultural industries as they are and as they might be. It will also help identify some of the difficulties in fostering the main type of self-consciousness about practice that I wish to discuss. I want to focus on what I call critical practice both because it is, I suspect, the most difficult type of practice to facilitate, and also because it is the type of practice which I have the most experience in trying to foster through my teaching. We can identify three types of self-consciousness about practice, corresponding to the process of production, the text itself and the context of production and consumption. These types are distinct but can overlap in the individual or within the same media course.
Concurrent hydralazine administration prevents nitroglycerin-induced hemodynamic tolerance in experimental heart failure. (1991)

The beneficial interaction of hydralazine on the preload effects of nitroglycerin may explain the long-term clinical efficacy of hydralazine/nitrate combination in CHF. Our results also suggest that the mechanism of in vivo nitrate tolerance in CHF may be systemic rather than vascular in origin.
Simplified atom trap by using direct microwave modulation of a diode laser (1993)

We demonstrate direct microwave modulation of diode lasers operated with optical feedback from a diffraction grating. We obtain substantial fractions of the laser power (2–30%) in a single sideband at frequencies as high 6.8 GHz with 20 mW of microwave power and simple inefficient microwave coupling. Using a single diode as modulated at 6.6 GHz, we trapped 87Rb atoms in a vapor cell. With only 10 mW of microwave power we laser trapped 85% as many atoms as were obtained by using two lasers in the conventional manner.
A sub 100ns 256Kb DRAM (1983)

A 256K DRAM with nibble-mode and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\overline{CAS}</tex> before <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\overline{RAS}</tex> refresh will be described. Triple-poly-si processing is used only with 2.5μ layout rules for a die size of 34.1mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Air spacer MOSFET technology for 20nm node and beyond (2008)

Two types of air spacer technologies are proposed and TCAD simulation is used to construct 20nm-gate transistor. One is non-SAC (Self Aligned Contact) process with air spacer. It is compared with nitride-spacer and oxide-spacer transistors representing the two extremes of conventional spacer technologies. With 10nm air spacers, the CMOS inverter delay is reduced by 45% and 30% compared to the nitride-spacer and oxide-spacer technologies respectively. Furthermore, the switching energy (power consumption) is reduced by 46% and 33% respectively. The other is SAC process with air spacer. 3D mixed mode simulation shows that the 35% area benefit can be retained while improving the speed and switching energy by 75% to be 10% better than a non-SAC device.