gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Japanese and Korean experiences in managing development (1983)

The remarkable economic growth achieved by Japan and Korea makes analysis of the style of economic management practiced in each of special interest. Some similarities emerge, specifically a strong partnership between government and the private sector, an export-oriented development strategy, and emphasis on education and the development of skills. The policies differed in that government became the more senior partner and the apparatus of planning and policy making was more centralized and streamlined in Korea, and Korea relied much more on foreign trade. Although the experience of these two countries in general confirms that prices, markets, and outward orientation can play a significant part in economic development, their styles of economic management do not fall neatly into the conventional pigeonholes in economics. No definitive conclusions as to transferability of the Japanese and Korean techniques emerge, but some important inferences can be drawn from the experiences of Japan and Korea regarding the power of prices and role of competition, both internal and external.
Magnetic Properties of Amorphous-Phase Remaining &alpha; Fe/NdFeB Nanocomposite Alloys (1999)

Limiting Nd content up to 8 at%, amorphous-phase remaining α Fe/NdFeB nanocomposite melt spun and heat treated ribbons with various additional elements can be obtained. The optimum surface velocity of the single roller apparatus for better coercive force (HcJ) is 10-15 m/s. By adding Nb, HcJ increases monotonically. This may be attributed to the fine-grained structure, according to the micromagnetic theory. For example, nearly homogeneous crystal size distribution of around 5 nm is observed in a sample of Nd8Fe76Co8Nb2B6. When Nd=8 at%, maximum HcJ is as large as 575kA/m (7.22kOe) at Nb=2.5 at%, and the best (BH)max is 154kJ/m3(19.4MGOe) at the same composition. By high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, remaining amorphous phase is observed in ribbons with Nd=8 at%. The remaining amorphous phase shows soft magnetic properties and is thought to act as a crystal growth inhibitor.Epoxy-resin bonded magnets were prepared by the compression molding. It is found that, comparing to the MQP magnet using MQP-B powder, the (BH)max is in the same level of 72kJ/m3 (9MGOe), and magnetizability at lower magnetic field than 800kA/m (10kOe) is superior. Initial flux loss at 100°C for 1 hr, however, is in the range of 3-8% depending on Nb contents.
The Effects of Dynamic Compressive Loading on Biodegradable Implants of 50–50% Polylactic Acid–Polyglycolic Acid (1996)

Biodegradable implants that release growth factors or other bioactive agents in a controlled manner are investigated to enhance the repair of musculoskeletal tissues. In this study, the in vitro release characteristics and mechanical properties of a 50:50 polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid two phase implant were examined over a 6-week period under no-load conditions or under a cyclic compressive load, such as that experienced when walking slowly during rehabilitation. The results demonstrated that a cyclic compressive load significantly slows the decrease of molecular chain size during the first week, significantly increases protein release for the first 2-3 weeks, and significantly stiffens the implant for the first 3 weeks. It was also shown that protein release is initially high and steadily decreases with time until the molecular weight declines to about 20% of its original value (approximately 4 weeks). Once this threshold is reached, increased protein release, surface deformation, and mass loss occurs. This study also showed that dynamic loading and the environment in which an implant is placed affect its biodegradation. Therefore, it may be essential that in vitro degradation studies of these or similar implants include a dynamic functional environment.
Lipase-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of 3(S)-sec-Butylmorpholine-2,5-dione (2001)

Lipase-catalyzed ring-opening bulk polymerizations of 3(S)-sec-butylmorpholine-2,5-dione (BMD) were investigated. Selected commercial lipases were screened as catalysts for BMD polymerization at 110°C. Polymerizations catalyzed with 10 wt.-% of lipase PPL and PC result in BMD conversions of about 70% and in molecular weights of the products ranging from 5 500 to 10 700. Lipases MJ, CR and ES showed lower catalytic activities for the polymerization of BMD. Poly(3-sec-butylmorpholine-2,5-dione) has a carboxylic acid group at one end and a hydroxy group at the other end. During the polymerization racemization of the isoleucine residue takes place. Lipase PPL was selected for a more detailed study. The apparent rate of polymerization increases with increasing PPL concentration when the polymerization temperature is 110°C. When the PPL concentration is 5 and 10 wt.-% with respect to the monomer, a conversion of about 70% is reached after 5 d and 3 d, respectively, while for a PPL concentration of 1 wt.-% the conversion is less than 7% even after 6 d. High concentrations of PPL (10 wt.-%) result in high Mn values (< 4 d). The highest molecular weight poly(BMD), Mn = 19 900, resulted from a polymerization conducted at 120°C with 5 wt.-% PPL for 6 d. The general trend observed by varying the polymerization temperature is as follows: (i) monomer conversion and Mn increase with increasing reaction temperature from 110 to 125°C, (ii) monomer conversion and Mn decrease with an increase in reaction temperature from 125 to 130°C. Water content was found to be an important factor that controls both the conversion and the molecular weight. With increasing water content, enhanced polymerization rates are achieved while the molecular weight of poly(BMD) decreases.
Crystal structure of cobalt hydroxide carbonate Co$_2$CO$_3$(OH)$_2$: density functional theory and X-ray diffraction investigation (2017)

We have investigated the structure of Co$_2$CO$_3$(OH)$_2$ using Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations as well as Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) measurements on samples synthesized via deposition from aqueous solution. We consider two possible monoclinic phases, with closely related but symmetrically different crystal structures, based on those of the minerals malachite and rosasite, as well as an orthorhombic phase that can be seen as a common parent structure for the two monoclinic phases, and a triclinic phase with the structure of the mineral kolwezite. Our DFT simulations predict that the rosasite-like and the malachite-like phases are two different local minima of the potential energy landscape for Co$_2$CO$_3$(OH)$_2$, and are practically degenerate in energy, while the orthorhombic and triclinic structures are unstable and experience barrierless transformations to the malachite phase upon relaxation. The best fit to the PXRD data is obtained using a rosasite model (monoclinic with space group P1121/n and cell parameters a = 3.1408(4) Å, b = 12.2914(17) Å, c = 9.3311(16) Å, $γ$ = 82.299(16)$^{\circ}$). However, some features of the PXRD pattern are still not well accounted for by this refinement and the residual parameters are relatively poor. We discuss the relationship between the rosasite and malachite phases of Co$_2$CO$_3$(OH)$_2$ and show that they can be seen as polytypes. Based on the similar calculated stability of these two polytypes, we speculate that some level of stacking disorder could account for the poor fit of our PXRD data. The possibility that Co$_2$CO$_3$(OH)$_2$ could crystallize, under different growth conditions, as either rosasite or malachite, or even as a stacking-disordered phase intermediate between the two, requires further investigation.
A flexible microbial co-culture platform for simultaneous utilization of methane and carbon dioxide from gas feedstocks (2017)

A new co-cultivation technology is presented that converts greenhouse gasses, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>, into microbial biomass. The methanotrophic bacterium, Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20z, was coupled to a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus PCC 7002 via oxygenic photosynthesis. The system exhibited robust growth on diverse gas mixtures ranging from biogas to those representative of a natural gas feedstock. A continuous processes was developed on a synthetic natural gas feed that achieved steady-state by imposing coupled light and O<sub>2</sub> limitations on the cyanobacterium and methanotroph, respectively. Continuous co-cultivation resulted in an O<sub>2</sub> depleted reactor and does not require CH<sub>4</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> mixtures to be fed into the system, thereby enhancing process safety considerations over traditional methanotroph mono-culture platforms. This co-culture technology is scalable with respect to its ability to utilize different gas streams and its biological components constructed from model bacteria that can be metabolically customized to produce a range of biofuels and bioproducts.
AMELIORATION STUDIES ON OPTIMIZATION OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION WITH POTASSIUM PER SULPHATE AND SILVER NITRATE COMBINED ACTION WITH AID OF DRUG DELIVERY TO TETRACYCLINE RESISTANT BACTERIA (2010)

Low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation of depolymerised chitosan for effective drug delivery in drug resistant bacteria. Depolymerisation reaction was performed by potassium persulfate oxidation at an optimized condition in presence of silver nitrate. Optimized condition for depolymerisation was anticipated at 37°C, pH 4, 2 days reaction time and 0.05 M concentration of potassium per sulphate with 1 mM silver nitrate in final reaction mixture. Chemical characteristics of depolymerised chitosan and low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Drug loading efficiency and drug releasing efficiency were also studied. Finally, antimicrobial activity of tetracycline loaded low molecular chitosan nanoparticles was determined in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration and putative mode of action on tetracycline resistant bacteria Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue.
61.2: Fluorescent White OLED Devices with Improved Light Extraction (2008)

Abstract An all‐fluorescent white OLED device with 14.5% external quantum efficiency and 31.2 lm/W efficacy has been demonstrated. The color coordinate at (0.387, 0.381) falls well within the DOE Energy Star tolerance quadrangle for 4000K CCT. The T50 lifetime is projected to be over 10,000 h at an initial brightness of 1,000 cd/m 2 . The performance is achieved through the use of improved OLED materials, improved architecture, as well as a light extraction structure that more than doubles the light extraction efficiency.
Load balancing based channel assignment in multicast wireless mesh network (2014)

Wireless mesh network is an emerging technology for the next generation wireless Internet. It works as a backhaul for other wireless network. There are number of issues which need to be considering in wireless mesh network. As in other networks like MANET, ADHOC, SENSOR power is the major constrained. But it is not so in WMN. So, Power can be optimally utilised. It can be used to increase throughput and channel utilization of the network. Here we will discuss some major issues which need to be considered in WMN. Wireless mesh network operates similar as the network of fixed routers only difference is that they are connected with the wireless links. This paper gives the brief overview of the issues exist in WMN and the existing channel assignment schemes in multicast WMN. The proposed scheme uses load balancing method to assign the channels.
Cytosolic Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1) Mediates High Fat Diet-Induced Adiposity, Endocrine Profile, and Gastrointestinal Tract Proliferation-Associated Biomarkers in Male Mice (2012)

Data suggest that the pharmacological targeting of ME1 or the inclusion of soy protein in the diet may provide avenues to reduce obesity and its associated pro-tumorigenic endocrine environment and improve insulin sensitivity, potentially disrupting the obesity-colon cancer connection.
Acrosomal Status in Fresh and Capacitated Human Ejaculated Sperm (1986)

The acrosomal status of human sperm was evaluated by immunofluorescence utilizing a specific monoclonal antibody that recognizes target antigen(s) localized in the acrosomal cap region. Spontaneous acrosomal loss was first examined in sperm preparations used for successful in vitro fertilization of human eggs. In these sperm populations, less than 20% of the sperm underwent degenerative or spontaneous acrosomal loss following 24 h of incubation. The correlation of acrosomal loss with changes in motility and viability suggested that sperm senescence was not necessarily coupled to acrosomal loss. Chemical induction of acrosomal loss by calcium ionophore A23187 and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was characterized. Maximal ionophore induction (10 microM A23187 in media containing calcium) was observed in cells exposed to capacitating conditions in vitro; sperm exposed to noncapacitating conditions did not readily acquire the ability to respond to ionophore. The reaction induced by ionophore was slow (60 min), and at least 30% of the cells were always resistant to induction. In contrast, LPC induced rapid, synchronous acrosomal loss in either freshly ejaculated or capacitated sperm in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium, suggesting that this loss was not a physiologic reaction. These studies may provide a basis for evaluating capacitation and ultimately fertility potential in the human male.
Sintering characteristics of ceramsite manufactured from blast furnace slag and sewage sludge (2012)

To develop a method of recycling solid wastes, blast furnace slag (BFS) and sewage sludge (SS) were added as components for making ceramsite. This study examined the sintering characteristics of ceramsite at different sintering temperatures and duration and different mass ratios of materials (BFS:SS:clay). The results show that as the sintering temperature and duration increased, the pore -size diameter gradually increased, reaching a maximum of 120 nm at 1100°C for 20 min. The turning point for the pore-size diameter was at 1050°C for 20 min. In keeping with the variation in pore-size diameter, the highest and lowest porosity of the ceramsite reached 88 and 62%, respectively. The different mass ratios of three raw materials (BFS, SS and clay) had no significant effect on the thermal behaviors of the ceramsite, with the DT-TG analysis curves showing essentially the same trends in terms of variation. As the sintering temperature increased, the complex crystalline phases appeared at 900°C, while no variation occurred within the main crystalline phases except for the transformation from akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) to gehlenite [Ca2Al(AlSiO7)] at 1050°C.

	 

	Key words: Ceramsite, blast furnace slag, sewage sludge, sintering characteristics.
Three-dimensional imaging in the context of minimally invasive and transcatheter cardiovascular interventions using multi-detector computed tomography: from pre-operative planning to intra-operative guidance (2010)

The rapid expansion of less invasive surgical and transcatheter cardiovascular procedures for a wide range of cardiovascular conditions, including coronary, valvular, structural cardiac, and aortic disease has been paralleled by novel three-dimensional (3-D) approaches to imaging. Three-dimensional imaging allows acquisition of volumetric data sets and subsequent off-line reconstructions along unlimited 2-D planes and 3-D volumes. Pre-procedural 3-D imaging provides detailed understanding of the operative field for surgical/interventional planning. Integration of imaging modalities during the procedure allows real-time guidance. Because computed tomography routinely acquires 3-D data sets, it has been one of the early imaging modalities applied in the context of surgical and interventional planning. This review describes the continuum of applications from pre-operative planning to procedural integration, based on the emerging experience with computed tomography and rotational angiography, respectively. At the same time, the potential adverse effects of imaging with X-ray-based tomographic or angiographic modalities are discussed. It is emphasized that the role of imaging guidance in this context remains unclear and will need to be evaluated in clinical trials. This is in particular true, because data showing improved outcome or even non-inferiority for most of the emerging transcatheter procedures are still lacking.
2-Substituted icosahedral monocarbon carboranes. Part 1. Synthesis via boron insertion (1993)

New 2-substituted icosahedral monocarbon carboranes have been synthesised by functionalised boron insertion. The compounds [NBun4][2-Ph-closo-1-CB11H11]1, [PPh4][2-(p-MeC6H4)-closo-1-CB11H11]2, [N(CH2Ph)Me3][2-F-closo-1-CB11H11]3, 2-Me3N-closo-1-CB11H114 and [PPh4][2-Cl(CH2)4O-closo-1-CB11H11]5 were characterised by 1H, 11B and 11B–11B correlation NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 5 shows a cage distortion that is postulated to result from π interaction of the substituent with the cluster. Crystal data: triclinic, space group P, a= 10.672(2), b= 11.047(2), c= 14.203(3)Å, α= 75.97(2), β= 87.84(2), γ= 83.22(2)°, Z= 2. Final R= 0.042 for 3951 reflections with I > 2σ(I).
Discrimination of parasitic bipolar operating modes in ICs with emission microscopy (2002)

The characterization of bipolar device operation modes by emission microscopy is discussed. In order to separate different radiation mechanisms, diode and parasitic bipolar n-MOS transistor test structures have been investigated at different temperatures and operating modes. Since it is extremely sensitive to the high energy branch of the radiation, the S25 photocathode of an image intensifier enables a distinction to be made, by means of temperature variation between forward and reverse operation, diffusion, and field current. This measuring technique allows latch-up to be identified as a diffusion-controlled phenomenon.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DRUG DISCOVERY OF NEWER ANALOGS OF ANTI-MICROBIALS THROUGH ENZYME-INHIBITION: A REVIEW (2014)

There is a growing interest towards the development of new antibiotics from last decades due to emergence of newer pathogenic bacterial strains with high resistance to powerful antibiotics of last resort. This has caused decline in research for developing newer antibacterial agents. Hence, there is continuous need to develop newer antibiotics that interact with essential mechanisms in bacteria. Recently, enzymes responsible for bio synthesis of the essential amino acid lysine in bacteria have been targeted and it has augmented interest to develop novel antibiotics and to enhance lysine yields in over-producing organisms. Peptidoglycan layer consists of a beta-1,4-linked polysaccharide of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) sugar units, cross linked by short pentapeptide (muramyl residues) side chain of general structure L-Ala-g-D-Glu-X- D-Ala-D-Ala, where X is either L–Lysine or meso-DAP. Formation of the cross-links makes bacterial cell wall resistant to lysis by intracellular osmotic pressure. Compounds which inhibit lysine or DAP biosynthesis could therefore be very effective antibiotics and novel targets. Lysine is a constituent in gram-positive bacteria while meso- DAP occurs in gram negative ones. In this review, substrate-based inhibitors of enzymes in the DAP pathway and inhibitors that allow better understanding of enzymology of the targets and provide insight for design of new inhibitors have been discussed. Resistant bacterial strains can be inhibited by using synthetic enzyme inhibitors of DAP pathway that are less toxic to mammals. Newer antimicrobial drugs can be thus developed by targeting the enzymes involved in this pathway.
Evaluation of variable gas saturation on acoustic log data from the Haynesville Shale gas play, NW Louisiana, USA (2011)

Many technical challenges must be overcome to ensure the economic development of a shale gas resource including: (1) making an accurate assessment of gas distribution and saturation, (2) identifying target zones that optimize the impact of hydraulic fracture stimulation and completion, and (3) drilling safe and cost-effective wells. In order to meet these challenges, it is necessary to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the shales. Sonic logs provide important data about the rock and fluid properties that can be used for this characterization. One motivation for this work was to determine how sonic logs in gas-bearing shales can be used to characterize rock properties, derive mechanical properties, and estimate in-situ stresses.
The feasibility of polychromatic cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) imaging of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects: a Monte Carlo study (2011)

A recent study investigated the feasibility to develop a bench-top x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) system capable of determining the spatial distribution and concentration of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in vivo using a diagnostic energy range polychromatic (i.e. 110 kVp) pencil-beam source. In this follow-up study, we examined the feasibility of a polychromatic cone-beam implementation of XFCT by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations using the MCNP5 code. In the current MC model, cylindrical columns with various sizes (5-10 mm in diameter) containing water loaded with GNPs (0.1-2% gold by weight) were inserted into a 5 cm diameter cylindrical polymethyl methacrylate phantom. The phantom was then irradiated by a lead-filtered 110 kVp x-ray source, and the resulting gold fluorescence and Compton-scattered photons were collected by a series of energy-sensitive tallies after passing through lead parallel-hole collimators. A maximum-likelihood iterative reconstruction algorithm was implemented to reconstruct the image of GNP-loaded objects within the phantom. The effects of attenuation of both the primary beam through the phantom and the gold fluorescence photons en route to the detector were corrected during the image reconstruction. Accurate images of the GNP-containing phantom were successfully reconstructed for three different phantom configurations, with both spatial distribution and relative concentration of GNPs well identified. The pixel intensity of regions containing GNPs was linearly proportional to the gold concentration. The current MC study strongly suggests the possibility of developing a bench-top, polychromatic, cone-beam XFCT system for in vivo imaging.
Porous Silicon Based Rugate Filter Wheel for Multispectral Imaging Applications (2019)

Porous silicon based rugate filters are emerging as interesting functionalized optical components in Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems due to their specific nanostructures and superior optical properties. In this work, a cost-effective approach to generate a porous silicon based rugate filter wheel containing nine filter segments in the visible wavelength range suitable for multispectral imaging systems is presented. The filter wheel segments are patterned on a silicon wafer using silicon nitride insulating masks and generated using the anodization technique. Specific characteristics of filter segments are adjusted by the current squeezing effect during the anodization through the geometrical size of the filter segments, which results in local current redistributions and consequently porous silicon formation rate and porosity modifications. A finite element model made in COMSOL Multiphysics is also presented to study redistributions of the current density and the current squeezing effect during the anodization for the proposed filter wheel. The proposed filter wheel can be miniaturized and integrated into a portable multispectral imaging system.