gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon and Zinc Coordination to Peripheral Catechol Sites of (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octahydroxyphthalocyaninato)nickel(II). Phthalocyanine Coordination Chemistry at the Edge (1998)

(2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octahydroxyphthalocyaninato)nickel(II) (NiPc(OH)8) has been prepared by demethylation of (octamethoxyphthalocyaninato)nickel(II). Silylation of peripheral oxygen atoms using dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl chloride gave NiPc(OSi(t-Bu)Me2)8 as a convenient precursor to NiPc(OH)8 with high solubility in hydrocarbon solvents. The coordination properties of peripheral catechol sites were investigated by treating NiPc(OH)8 with TpCum,MeZn(OH). A model study was first carried out by adding 5,6-dihydroxyphthalimide (H2PhtCat) to TpCum,MeZn(OH). Partial deprotonation occurred to give TpCum,MeZn(HPhtCat). Further deprotonation with NMe4(OH) gave (NMe4)[TpCum,MeZn(PhtCat)] as the methanol solvate. 1H NMR spectra recorded on TpCum,MeZn(HPhtCat) show sharp resonances for equivalent arms of the TpCum,Me ligand, while TpCum,Me resonances for (NMe4)[TpCum,MeZn(PhtCat)] appear broadened by slow site exchange about the strongly chelated catecholate ligand. Similarly, the reaction between NiPc(OH)8 and TpCum,MeZn(OH) occurred with partial deprotonation to give NiPc(OH)4(OZnTpCum,Me)4. Structural characterization on crystals obtained from acetonitrile showed that Zn ions bond to single ring oxygen atoms at two sites and that they chelate to adjacent oxygen atoms at the other two ring sites. Cumenyl i-propyl substituents of the TpCum,Me ligands form hydrophobic pockets above and below the central metal of the phthalocyanine ring. These sites are occupied by acetonitrile solvent molecules positioned with hydrogen atoms directed toward the Ni atom in the crystal structure of the complex obtained by crystallization from a dichloromethane/acetonitrile solution. Addition of base to NiPc(OH)4(OZnTpCum,Me)4 results in deprotonation of the remaining four OH groups and substantial red shifts for electronic transitions in the 400 and 600 nm regions of the phthalocyanine ring. Broadened 1H NMR resonances for arms of the TpCum,Me ligands point to a chelated structure for the Zn atoms of (NMe4)4[NiPc(O2ZnTpCum,Me)4].
Postextraction Separation, On-Board Storage, and Catalytic Conversion of Methane in Natural Gas: A Review (2016)

In today's perspective, natural gas has gained considerable attention, due to its low emission, indigenous availability, and improvement in the extraction technology. Upon extraction, it undergoes several purification protocols including dehydration, sweetening, and inert rejection. Although purification is a commercially established technology, several drawbacks of the current process provide an essential impetus for developing newer separation protocols, most importantly, adsorption and membrane separation. This Review summarizes the needs of natural gas separation, gives an overview of the current technology, and provides a detailed discussion of the progress in research on separation and purification of natural gas including the benefits and drawbacks of each of the processes. The transportation sector is another growing sector of natural gas utilization, and it requires an efficient and safe on-board storage system. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are the most common forms in which natural gas can be stored. Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) is an alternate storage system of natural gas, which is advantageous as compared to CNG and LNG in terms of safety and also in terms of temperature and pressure requirements. This Review provides a detailed discussion on ANG along with computation predictions. The catalytic conversion of methane to different useful chemicals including syngas, methanol, formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, heavier hydrocarbons, aromatics, and hydrogen is also reviewed. Finally, direct utilization of methane onto fuel cells is also discussed.
Roles of beta 2 integrins of rat neutrophils in complement- and oxygen radical-mediated acute inflammatory injury (1992)

The roles of beta 2 integrin molecules in neutrophil accumulation and tissue injury have been examined by the use of antibodies that are reactive with human CD11b and CD18 and cross-react with the homologous epitopes on rat neutrophils. Adherence to rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells by human neutrophils and endothelial cell killing by phorbol ester-activated human neutrophils required CD11b, CD11c, and CD18. Companion adherence studies between rat neutrophils and endothelial cells revealed a requirement for both CD11b and CD18. Neither anti-CD11b nor anti-CD18 depressed in vitro responses (O2- generation and chemotactic migration) of rat neutrophils. The accumulation of neutrophils in glycogen-induced peritoneal exudates was diminished substantially in rats treated with either anti-CD18 or anti-CD11b. In oxidant-mediated acute lung injury induced by rapid intravascular infusion of cobra venom factor, treatment of rats with either anti-CD18 or anti-CD11b significantly attenuated injury as assessed by increases in vascular permeability and hemorrhage. These protective effects correlated morphologically with diminished adhesion of neutrophils to interstitial intrapulmonary capillary endothelial cells. In studies of immune complex (BSA-anti-BSA)-induced alveolitis and dermal vasculitis, anti-CD18 had protective effects at all doses of anti-BSA employed. The protective effects of anti-CD18 correlated with diminished neutrophil accumulation in tissues at lower doses of anti-BSA. Although anti-CD11b was not effective under the same experimental conditions, intratracheal administration of this antibody conveyed protection against immune complex-induced lung injury, suggesting that both CD11b and CD18 are required for the full expression of injury. The current studies also demonstrated that when surface-bound IgG immune complexes were treated with fresh rat serum, the increment in O2- and TNF alpha generated by alveolar macrophages was suppressed by anti-CD18, but not by anti-CD11b, suggesting a heretofore unrecognized role for CD18 in the O2- and TNF-alpha responses of alveolar macrophages. Thus, neutrophil beta 2 integrins play a requisite role for the full expression of complement-dependent and oxygen radical-mediated injury of the lung and dermal vasculature.
Multi-Carrier $M$-ary DCSK System With Code Index Modulation: An Efficient Solution for Chaotic Communications (2019)

A new multi-carrier M-ary differential chaos shift keying system with code index modulation, referred to as CIMMC-M-DCSK, is proposed in this paper. In the proposed CIM-MCM-DCSK system, the reference and information-bearing signals for each subcarrier can be transmitted simultaneously by using the orthogonal sinusoidal carriers, where the information-bearing signal adopts the M-DCSK modulation to further increase the data rate. With an aim to making full use of the system energy resources, the reference signals in all subcarriers are coded by a Walsh code to carry additional information bits. The analytical bit-error-rate (BER) expressions of the proposed CIM-MC-M-DCSK system are derived over additive white Gaussian noise as well as multipath Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, a noise-reduction scheme and a hierarchical-modulation scheme are designed for the proposed system. In particular, the former scheme can significantly improve the BER performance while the latter scheme can provide different quality of service for the transmitted bits according to their different levels of importance. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the analytical expressions and the superiority of the proposed systems.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SLOWLY ADAPTING TYPE II MECHANORECEPTOR IN HAIRY SKIN (1972)

The slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptor in hairy skin of the cat was studied in detail using histological and neurophysiological methods. The end organ (Ruffini ending) was lightly encapsulated, situated in the dermis and supplied by one axon which bifurcated within the capsule to form a terminal arborisation. A serial diagrammatic reconstruction was made of one ending. The afferent units almost invariably carried a resting discharge and responded to vertical displacement of the skin over an area of 2·5 sq. cm and to directional stretching of the skin over an area up to 25 sq. cm. For each unit there was a single small region of maximum sensitivity (less than 2 sq. mm). The response to vertical displacement consisted of a dynamic and static phase, linked by a period of adaptation. These three phases were subjected to quantitative tests, using displacements of different amplitude, velocity and duration. The units were directionally sensitive to skin stretch and this response was of a similar pattern to that caused by vertical displacement. The units were temperature sensitive over a range from 14°–42°C and the resting discharge was increased by a fall in skin temperature and temporarily silenced by an increase.
cDNA‐directed expression of human thyroid peroxidase (1989)

A human thyroid peroxidase cDNA, hTPO-1 [(1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 5555-5559], was expressed in human Hep G2 cells using a vaccinia virus cDNA-expression system. When examined by immunoblot analysis, the level of hTPO-1 protein expression reached a maximum approx. 24 h after infection and remained at a similar level up to 72 h post-infection. The expressed protein was enzymatically active as measured by guaiacol oxidation. Monoclonal antibody-assisted immunoaffinity column chromatography was used for partial purification of vaccinia-expressed hTPO-1, resulting in more than 300-fold higher specific activity and a measurable difference spectrum of the hTPO-1 (Fe3+)-CN complex.
Herpes simplex virus 1 recombinants with noninverting genomes frozen in different isomeric arrangements are capable of independent replication (1986)

Herpes simplex virus 1 genome consists of two covalently linked components, L and S, that invert relative to each other to yield four equimolar isomeric populations designated P (prototype), Is (inversion of S component), Il (inversion of L component), and Ils (inversion of L and S components) differing in the orientation of the two components. Previous studies have yielded recombinant genomes frozen in the P isomeric arrangement, reinforcing suggestions that the four isomers may not be functionally equivalent. We report the isolation of recombinants produced by insertional mutagenesis with alpha TK mini-Mu that are frozen in Is and Ils arrangements. Thus, all isomeric forms of herpes simplex virus DNA appear to be capable of independent replication and must be considered as functionally equivalent.
Essential Role of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling, IFN Regulatory Factor (IRF)3, and IRF7 in <i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</i> -Mediated IFN-β Response and Control of Bacterial Replication in Human Endothelial Cells (2010)

Abstract Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection of the vascular wall as well as activation of the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 have been linked to development of chronic vascular lesions and atherosclerosis. The innate immune system detects invading pathogens by use of pattern recognition receptors, some of which are able to stimulate IRF3/7 activation and subsequent type I IFN production (e. g., IFN-β). In this study, we show that infection of human endothelial cells with C. pneumoniae-induced production of IFN-β, a cytokine that so far has been mainly associated with antiviral immunity. Moreover, C. pneumoniae infection led to IRF3 and IRF7 nuclear translocation in HUVECs and RNA interference experiments showed that IRF3 and IRF7 as well as the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) were essential for IFN-β induction. Finally, C. pneumoniae replication was enhanced in endothelial cells in which IRF3, IRF7, or MAVS expression was inhibited by small interfering RNA and attenuated by IFN-β treatment. In conclusion, C. pneumoniae infection of endothelial cells activates an MAVS-, IRF3-, and IRF7-dependent signaling, which controls bacterial growth and might modulate development of vascular lesions.
Evaluation of an advanced dual hard mask stack for high resolution pattern transfer (2013)

A dual hard mask concept for high resolution patterning has been evaluated with focus on highly selective etching processes for semiconductor manufacturing. The integration of thin SiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> hard mask materials enables highly selective patterning via plasma etch processes for future technology nodes. The patterning sequence is demonstrated for hole arrays with sizes down to 25 nm using a 50 nm thin resist which leads to the fabrication of trenches in silicon with aspect ratios up to 20:1. Alternative ZrO<sub>2</sub> based materials were investigated with focus on surface roughness reduction since it influences the final line etch roughness. Here Si-doped ZrO<sub>2</sub> (ALD) and spin-coatable ZrO<sub>2</sub> were compared to the pure and crystalline ZrO<sub>2</sub> as main selective material.
Asphaltene Molecular Structure and Chemical Influences on the Morphology of Coke Produced in Delayed Coking (2006)

The average chemical structure of asphaltenes present in a vacuum resid feed is related to the morphology of the coke that is produced in a delayed coker (shot coke vs sponge coke). A combination of solid-state 13C NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and elemental abundance was used to characterize the average chemical structure of several n-heptane asphaltenes from shot-coke- and sponge-coke-producing vacuum resid feeds. The chemical structural properties of the asphaltenes are discussed in relation to the coke morphology produced from the parent resid. The average asphaltene aromatic carbon per cluster size is between 14 and 22 carbon atoms, which corresponds to three-to-five-ring average clusters. When the ratio of aromatic carbon to unreactive (i.e., heterocyclic aromatic) nitrogen and sulfur in asphaltenes is <16, the feed tendency is to produce shot coke. Representative chemical structural models of asphaltenes reveal significant differences (1.5 cal/cm3)1/2 in the calculated solubility parameter of the PNA core structure. Feeds with larger-solubility-parameter asphaltene PNA cores tend to produce a shot coke morphology. The differentiation appears despite much smaller differences (<0.3 cal/cm3)1/2 in the solubility parameter for the full non-thermally treated asphaltene average structure. The quantity of asphaltenes and the asphaltene:concarbon ratio are not reliable predictors of coke morphology produced in delayed cokers. Microcarbon residue (MCR) tests on the vacuum resid feeds were performed, followed by cross-polarized light optical microscopy on the resultant cokes. The micrographs show a small (2−10 μm) domain size/anisotropy in the optically anisotropic coke produced from shot-coke-forming feeds. This is comparable to the mosaic size of commercial shot cokes. In contrast, larger flow domains of more highly anisotropic appearance are characteristic of sponge-coke-forming feeds. The approach provides a method of assessing the morphology of the coke that will be produced from a given feed.
Effect of anesthetizing individual compartments of the stifle joint in horses with experimentally induced stifle joint lameness (2014)

Objective�To evaluate the effects of sequential anesthesia of the individual compartments of the equine stifle joint on lameness induced by intra-articular deposition of interleukin (IL)-1s.

Animals�6 horses.

Procedures�For each horse, baseline hind limb lameness was first evaluated. A randomly selected compartment of 1 stifle joint was then injected with IL-1s to induce synovitis and lameness; subsequently, the same compartment was anesthetized with 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride, and lameness was reevaluated. Two weeks later, baseline lameness was evaluated, and lameness was similarly induced; thereafter, the 2 synovial compartments of the stifle joint not injected with IL-1s were anesthetized sequentially in random order (ie, first and second blocks); lameness was evaluated after each block. Finally, the IL-1s�treated compartment was anesthetized (third block); lameness was again evaluated. This second experiment was repeated for the contralateral stifle joint 2 weeks later. Throughout the study, lameness was quantified objectively by assessing vertical pelvic movement asymmetry with a wireless, inertial sensor-based system.

Results�Intra-articular deposition of IL-1s induced lameness in all injected limbs. In the first experiment, anesthesia of the compartment injected with IL-1s resulted in a significant decrease in lameness, with vertical pelvic movement asymmetry approaching baseline. In the second experiment, lameness improved significantly after the second and third blocks and was almost completely abolished after all 3 synovial compartments were anesthetized.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance�In horses, lameness caused by a lesion in 1 compartment of a stifle joint can be improved more by instillation of local anesthetic solution into that compartment than by anesthesia of the other compartments.
PREPARATION OF THE BERYLLIDES OF URANIUM AND THORIUM (1963)

Two operations for coronary artery aneurysm with fistula are reported. This rare congenital malformation can be associated with acute and chronic complications. Surgical treatment is generally recommended. The surgical strategy remains controversial and is discussed. Retrograde cardioplegic cardiac arrest and retrograde dissection of the fistula are favoured. Conservative treatment of the dilated coronary segments was adopted. In both cases, the postoperative course was uneventful and no residual shunts were diagnosed at postoperative echocardiography.
Effects of Fuel Aromatics, Cetane Number, and Cetane Improver on Emissions from a 1991 Prototype Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Several diesel fuel properties have been identified as having significant effects on diesel engine emissions. For heavy-duty diesel engines, fuel properties of aromatics, back end volatility (represented by the 90 percent boiling point), and sulfur were examined in a previous CRC VE-1 study in which reductions in all three properties decreased regulated emissions to varying degrees. Aromatic levels and cetane numbers were generally correlated in the previous study, so variation in emissions due to “aromatics” could not clearly be assigned to variation in aromatic levels alone. To separate the effects of aromatics and cetane number, a fuel set with controlled variation in aromatics and cetane number was developed, including the use of ignition improver to increase the cetane number of selected fuels.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The fuel set was used in a 1991 Prototype DDC Series 60 heavy-duty diesel engine to examine regulated emissions over EPA transient cycle operation. Results indicate that cetane number was the key fuel property affecting transient HC and CO emissions. In addition, cetane number was the principal fuel property affecting composite particulate emissions, but aromatic effects were also significant. For emissions of NO<sub>x</sub>, both cetane number and aromatics were significant for transient emissions.</div>
Free Radical Inhibitory Effect of Some Anticancer Compounds (1971)

Conventional tests for polymerization initiated by free radicals indicate that alkylating agents vary in free radical inhibitory activity from negligible to moderately strong; antimetabolites from negligible to weak; hormones, steroids, and phenolics from very weak to very strong; and antibiotics from moderate to very strong. Vitamins A and C and copper, which potentiate the biological activity of some anticancer compounds, are relatively strong free radical inhibitors.
Local And Systemic Human Papillomavirus Type 6b-Specific Cellular Immune Responses in Patients with Recurrent Genital Warts (2007)

Anogenital warts are a common clinical manifestation of genital infection with human papillomavirus type 6b (HPV-6b). Accumulating data indicate that an effective cellular immune response is required for the control of HPV infections. However, in a minority of patients there is a high rate of recurrence of wart lesions. We report the characterization of both local and systemic HPV-specific cellular immune responses in three patients with a history of recurrent genital warts. Although the patients had chronic recurrent wart lesions, we have shown that each had both detectable intralesional and peripheral HPV-specific T lymphocytes. Interestingly, the lesion-infiltrating T cells were specific for only one HPV antigen, focusing on only a few epitopes. Conversely, the T cells derived from peripheral blood recognized a broader range of HPV antigens. The characteristics of the HPV-specific cellular immunity that we have shown in these patients may be indicative of a failure to mount an effective response against the virus. This would be consistent with the chronic nature of the disease in these specific individuals. These observations could be relevant to the design and immunomonitoring of immunotherapeutic vaccines for persistent HPV infections.
The potential of hybrid potato for East-Africa (2016)

Abstract Potato is an important staple crop in East Africa. Most of the seed tubers are propagated in informal systems, whereby the tubers become deteriorated and contaminated, resulting in low crop yields. Potato breeding has not resulted in significantly improved varieties that overcome these constraints. Recently, true potato hybrid breeding technology has been developed, whereby diploid hybrids are generated by crossing between homozygous inbred parent lines. The first series of experimental hybrids were pre-screened in The Netherlands and ten representative hybrids were tested in East-Africa, whereby the yield of the best hybrid was 29 ton/ha. These results show the great potential of hybrid potato for East Africa.
Resolution of gossypol: Analytical and large‐scale preparative HPLC on non‐chiral phases (1987)

Abstract Racemic gossypol is resolved by HPLC of its amino acid ester Schiff's base derivatives on non‐chiral columns. This provides a rapid and accurate method for determination of optical purity on a small scale and, combined with hydrolysis and fractional crystallization, for the preparation of pure gossypol enantiomers on a multi‐gram scale.
Growth of Bifidobacteria and Their Enzyme Profiles (1990)

Abstract Bifidobacteria of human origin (22 strains) were evaluated for their potential use in yogurt-type products. Strains were grouped according to their growth rate in 12% reconstituted skim milk. Among the strains that grew quickly and produced acid in milk rapidly, the ratio of acetic: lactic acid varied from .4:1.0 to 3.0:1.0 Enzyme profiles of all strains were determined with the API ZYM system. All bifidobacteria possessed α- and β-galactosidases and α-glucosidase activities. A harmful enzyme, β-glucuronidase, was detected in only one strain of bifidobacteria tested. The faster growing strains also possessed high leucine aminopeptidase activity.
Noninvasive measurement of glucose concentration on human fingertip by optical coherence tomography (2018)

A method is proposed for determining the glucose concentration on the human fingertip by extracting two optical parameters, namely the optical rotation angle and the depolarization index, using a Mueller optical coherence tomography technique and a genetic algorithm. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring the optical rotation angle and depolarization index of aqueous glucose solutions with low and high scattering, respectively. It is shown that for both solutions, the optical rotation angle and depolarization index vary approximately linearly with the glucose concentration. As a result, the ability of the proposed method to obtain the glucose concentration by means of just two optical parameters is confirmed. The practical applicability of the proposed technique is demonstrated by measuring the optical rotation angle and depolarization index on the human fingertip of healthy volunteers under various glucose conditions.