gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of weather in Class A Naval aviation mishaps FY 90-98 (2001)

235 Class A Navy and Marine (Naval) aviation mishaps involving aircrew error between FY 90 and FY 98 are analyzed for the possibility of being weather related. In addition to determining the overall role of weather, weather related mishaps are compared to aircraft category, mishap characteristic, the Naval Safety Center human factors (HFACS) taxonomy, and flight phase. In addition, weather related mishap trends have been analyzed. Results show 19% of mishaps involving aircrew error are weather related with helicopter category and controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) mishap characteristic having the largest percent of weather related mishaps for their respective groupings. Visibility related weather elements account for over half of all weather related mishaps, and nearly two-thirds of all weather related mishaps were judged to be preventable with a perfect weather forecast believed by aircrew. These and other findings are presented to develop intervention strategies for reducing the number of weather related flight mishaps (FMs) per year.
Activated sludge as a possible source of biodegradable plastic (1998)

Polyhydroxyalkanaote (PHA) is known to be temporarily stored by microorganisms in activated sludge especially in the anaerobic-aerobic processes. When PHA is extracted from activated sludge, it is a thermoplastic with the remarkable characteristics of biodegradability. We investigated the possibility of using activated sludge for the production of PHA, focusing on increasing the PHA content of activated sludge. Activated sludge from laboratory scale anaerobic-aerobic reactors accumulated PHA of around 20% under anaerobic conditions and up to 33% under aerobic conditions. In order to further increase the PHA content of activated sludge, we introduced the “microaerophilic-aerobic” process, where a limited amount of oxygen is supplied into the anaerobic zone of the anaerobic-aerobic process. Activated sludge acclimatized in the microaerophilic-aerobic process accumulated PHA of as much as 62% of sludge dry weight. The “microaerophilic-aerobic” process was demonstrated to be an effective process for the enrichment of PHA-accumulating microorganisms.
Collinear phase-matched terahertz-wave generation in GaP crystal using a dual-wavelength optical parametric oscillator (2004)

Tunable terahertz (THz)-wave generation in GaP crystal was theoretically and experimentally investigated using collinear difference frequency mixing. The wavelength range and length of GaP crystal for efficient difference frequency generation (DFG) were determined by calculating the phase-matching conditions. THz waves from 0.5 to 4.5 THz were generated by collinear phase-matched DFG using a dual-wavelength optical parametric oscillator with two KTiOPO4 crystals in the range of 930–1000 nm. A maximum THz output energy of 5.3 nJ/pulse (peak power of 0.66 W) at 1.9 THz was obtained when the pump energy was 1.2 mJ/pulse.
Photodielectric Polymers for Holographic Use (1977)

Abstract The use of polymeric materials as “thick” recording media for holographic applications is discussed. These materials offer some interesting applications owing to their high diffraction efficiency, high storage density, excellent angular and spectral discrimination, as well as in situ real‐time recording. The present state of art is outlined, as are prospects for the future.
An optically driven phased array antenna utilizing heterodyne techniques (1993)

An optically driven phased array antenna system that utilizes heterodyne techniques to generate the microwave carrier frequency and phases is proposed. The heterodyning at each antenna element requires three injection-locked lasers. The microwave carrier frequency is determined by the order of the modulated sideband used in the injection-locking scheme. A design is also presented for an integrated optical fast Fourier transform (FFT). This device can perform the necessary phase processing for both beam steering and detection-of-arrival angle. Recent results on the noise properties of injection-locked semiconductor lasers are applied to the proposed antenna system. The effect of noise on the gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and the bandwidth of the antenna system is examined. It is shown that the performance degradation of the system, due to the noise in the lasers, is minimal, and therefore the bandwidth promise of optical drive could well be achieved with the use of heterodyne laser locking techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Better place-coding of the fundamental frequency in cochlear implants (2004)

In current cochlear implant systems, the fundamental frequency F0 of a complex sound is encoded by temporal fluctuations in the envelope of the electrical signals presented on the electrodes. In normal hearing, the lower harmonics of a complex sound are resolved, in contrast with a cochlear implant system. In the present study, it is investigated whether "place-coding" of the first harmonic improves the ability of an implantee to discriminate complex sounds with different fundamental frequencies. Therefore, a new filter bank was constructed, for which the first harmonic is always resolved in two adjacent filters, and the balance between both filter outputs is directly related to the frequency of the first harmonic. The new filter bank was compared with a filter bank that is typically used in clinical processors, both with and without the presence of temporal cues in the stimuli. Four users of the LAURA cochlear implant participated in a pitch discrimination task to determine detection thresholds for F0 differences. The results show that these thresholds decrease noticeably for the new filter bank, if no temporal cues are present in the stimuli. If temporal cues are included, the differences between the results for both filter banks become smaller, but a clear advantage is still observed for the new filter bank. This demonstrates the feasibility of using place-coding for the fundamental frequency.
Towards reconstructing intelligible speech from the human auditory cortex (2019)

Auditory stimulus reconstruction is a technique that finds the best approximation of the acoustic stimulus from the population of evoked neural activity. Reconstructing speech from the human auditory cortex creates the possibility of a speech neuroprosthetic to establish a direct communication with the brain and has been shown to be possible in both overt and covert conditions. However, the low quality of the reconstructed speech has severely limited the utility of this method for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. To advance the state-of-the-art in speech neuroprosthesis, we combined the recent advances in deep learning with the latest innovations in speech synthesis technologies to reconstruct closed-set intelligible speech from the human auditory cortex. We investigated the dependence of reconstruction accuracy on linear and nonlinear (deep neural network) regression methods and the acoustic representation that is used as the target of reconstruction, including auditory spectrogram and speech synthesis parameters. In addition, we compared the reconstruction accuracy from low and high neural frequency ranges. Our results show that a deep neural network model that directly estimates the parameters of a speech synthesizer from all neural frequencies achieves the highest subjective and objective scores on a digit recognition task, improving the intelligibility by 65% over the baseline method which used linear regression to reconstruct the auditory spectrogram. These results demonstrate the efficacy of deep learning and speech synthesis algorithms for designing the next generation of speech BCI systems, which not only can restore communications for paralyzed patients but also have the potential to transform human-computer interaction technologies.
An Improved Computational Approach for Multilevel Optimum Design∗ (1984)

Abstract Recently there has been a growing interest in methods that decompose complex optimization problems and employ a multilevel or hierarchical approach. One of the most irksome problems with the hierarchical approach is the discontinuous behavior of derivatives that are transferred from the lower levels of the hierarchy to the upper levels. This paper proposes a hierarchical algorithm that is free of such difficulties. A penalty function method is employed, in combination with Newton's method with approximate second derivatives, to perform the optimization. The penalty function formulation is shown to be natural for multilevel problems. A simple three-bar truss and a simple frame problem are used for demonstration
Superheated Steam Temperature Cascade Control System Based on Fuzzy-Immune PID (2007)

The object of superheated steam temperature in fossil-fired power plants has some characters, such as long time-delay, large inertia and variation with time. However, conventional cascade control systems have been criticized for their bad control performance. In this paper, we propose a new fuzzy-immune PID cascade control system. The new cascade control system includes a basic cascade control system and a fuzzy-immune PID controller inspired from the immune feedback mechanism of biological immune systems. And we take the 600 MW units in fossil-fired power plant as a practical example. Simulation results indicate that the performance of the new cascade control system is better than regular PID cascade control system and fuzzy PID cascade control system and it has some great features such as excellent stabilization, speediness and strong robustness.
Upscaling, Gridding, and Simulating Using Streamtubes (2000)

Summary This paper presents an innovative upscaling methodology based on a semianalytical streamtube technique. The methodology generates a coarse grid based on streamtubes and isobars, whose up-scaled properties are accurately calculated using the properties of each streamtube that constitutes the coarse block. Beyond the calculation of upscaled static properties of the grid, the methodology also calculates upscaled relative permeability curves, or pseudofunctions, using a semianalytical streamtube method to perform this without requiring any significant additional time. Tests showed that the results from the streamtube coarse grid had a good agreement with the fine grid solution. In contrast, simulations with a coarse grid upscaled with conventional techniques had a bad performance in many situations. Although this upscaling methodology is heavily based on a fixed streamtube simulation method, it provided good results even for situations in which streamtube simulation techniques are not supposed to work well, such as displacements that consider gravity and compressibility.
Die Bildung von 9,10‐Didehydrotribenzo[<i>a</i>,<i>c</i>,<i>e</i>]cycloocten (1980)

Abstract Der experimentelle Zugang zu dem hochgespannten und hochreaktiven Cycloalkin 2 wird auf drei verschiedenen Wegen vollzogen. 2 , das als Dehydrocyclooctatetraen‐System aufgefaßt werden kann, hat in 10 −3 M Lösung bei −60°C eine mittlere Lebensdauer von ½ h. Die Isolierung und spektroskopische Charakterisierung von verschiedenen Abfangprodukten und anderen im Rahmen der drei Synthesen erhaltenen benzoanellierten Achtringverbindungen ( 5–27 ) wird beschrieben.
AN EVALUATION OF HUMECTANTS IN COSMETIC EMULSIONS (1958)

Abstract not available
Resource and service virtualisation in M2M and IoT platforms (2015)

Decoupling hardware, software and service provisioning through principles of virtualisation has enabled the exponential uptake of today's internet. The currently emerging internet of things (IoT), be it through its more academic embodiment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) or more industrial embodiment of machine-to-machine networks, is, however, still fragmented due to dispersed business models, isolated administrative control, heterogeneity of devices and platforms, proprietary communications protocols, different economic interest of stakeholders and a lack of well-crafted solutions for data, information and knowledge exchange. This work presents a novel platform supporting different aspects of WSN virtualisation to cope with requirements dictated by diverse IoT application domains. It introduces beyond state of the art technological advancements following the recent standardisation efforts in this research area. The implementation of the platform and its validation through a representative real-life application scenario exploring different virtualisation facets are also reported.
In vitro renal toxicity and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in experimental murine cryptococcosis of amphotericin B (Fungizone) associated with Intralipid (1994)

We compared the experimental toxicities and activities of deoxycholate amphotericin B (d-AmB) dissolved in glucose (Dd-AmB) or mixed with 20% Intralipid (ILd-AmB). In vitro, ILd-AmB against renal tubular cells in primary culture. In vivo, the toxicities and activities of Dd-AmB and ILd-AmB were studied in DBA2 mice with cryptococcosis. The maximum tolerated dose of intravenously administered d-AmB, i.e., the dose that induced less than 15% mortality because of toxicity, was 1.7 to 2.5 times higher when it was administered as ILd-AmB than when it was administered as Dd-AmB. Both treatments given intravenously at the same dose were equivalent for improving the survival of mice and reducing CFU counts in infected tissue, but at maximum tolerated doses, ILd-AmB (2 mg/kg of body weight) was more effective than Dd-AmB (0.8 to 1.2 mg/kg). AmB concentrations in spleen, liver, lung, and kidney were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography 4 and 24 h after a single injection of 1.2 mg of Dd-AmB per kg, 1.2 mg of ILd-AmB per kg, or 2 mg of ILd-AmB per kg. In a given organ, AmB levels were similar after administration of 1.2 mg of Dd-AmB or ILd-AmB per kg but were significantly higher after administration of 2 mg of ILd-AmB per kg. The lower level of toxicity of ILd-AmB might be explained by circular dichroism experiments, showing that ILd-AmB contained 10-fold less soluble oligomeric AmB, which is believed to be the toxic form of the drug, than Dd-AmB. We conclude that ILd-AmB is as efficient as Dd-AmB and is better tolerated than Dd-AmB in mice with experimental cryptococcosis. By allowing higher doses of AmB to be infused, Intralipid enhances AmB concentrations in infected sites, and thus the therapeutic activity of the drug.
Regulation and Function of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells (2008)

Skeletal muscle satellite cells, which reside beneath the basal lamina of mature muscle fibers, function as myogenic precursors and are required for normal muscle growth and repair. Satellite cells share a common anatomical localization, yet they exhibit substantial phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Recent efforts in the field of adult myogenesis have been aimed at dissecting this heterogeneity and reveal the presence of discrete cell lineages within the muscle that function independently and interactively to maintain muscle homeostasis and to determine the outcome of muscle damage. Normal developmental regulation of the frequency and function of these distinct tissue precursors, and pathological deregulation of their activity, may have an important role in age- and disease-dependent loss of muscle regenerative activity.
Design of a MEMS Tunable Polymer Grating for Single Detector Spectroscopy (2008)

High-speed, highly sensitive, miniature photospectroscopy techniques suited for a microfluidic platform enable rapid, cost-effective and efficient assays for numerous applications. Guided by these application requirements, we designed and demonstrated an innovative tunable diffraction grating implemented for spectroscopic measurements requiring minimal optics and signal processing. The device includes a flexible polymer microbridge with a nanoimprinted grating pattern on the top surface. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) silicon actuators mechanically strain the microbridge to variably tune the grating period. Our innovative nanophotonic technology incorporating the tunable grating may guide future advancements of wavelength-discriminating detection for the identification and quantification of chemical and biological species.
8-Hydroxyadenine (7, 8-dihydro-8-Oxoadenine) induces misincorporation in<i>in vitro</i>DNA synthesis and mutations in NIH 3T3 cells (1995)

An oligodeoxyribonucleotide containing 8-hydroxyadenine (OH8Ade) was chemically synthesized and single- and double-stranded c-Ha-ras gene fragments with OH8Ade at the second position of codon 61 were prepared. The single-stranded ras gene fragment was used as a template for in vitro DNA synthesis with the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, Taq DNA polymerase, rat DNA polymerase beta and mouse DNA polymerase alpha. The former two enzymes exclusively incorporated dTMP opposite OH8Ade. The DNA polymerases alpha and beta misinserted dGMP, and dAMP and dGMP, respectively. The c-Ha-ras gene was constructed using the double-stranded ras gene fragment containing OH8Ade and was transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. The gene with OH8Ade induced focus formation, indicating that OH8Ade elicited point mutations in cells. When c-Ha-ras genes present in transformed cells were analyzed, an A-->G transition and an A-->C transversion were detected. These results indicate that OH8Ade induced misincorporation in in vitro DNA synthesis and mutations in mammalian cells.
Adaptive and self-confident on-line learning algorithms (2002)

We study on-line learning in the linear regression framework. Most of the performance bounds for on-line algorithms in this framework assume a constant learning rate. To achieve these bounds the learning rate must be optimized based on a posteriori information. This information depends on the whole sequence of examples and thus it is not available to any strictly on-line algorithm. We introduce new techniques for adaptively tuning the learning rate as the data sequence is progressively revealed. Our techniques allow us to prove essentially the same bounds as if we knew the optimal learning rate in advance. Moreover, such techniques apply to a wide class of on-line algorithms, including p-norm algorithms for generalized linear regression and Weighted Majority for linear regression with absolute loss. Our adaptive tunings are radically different from previous techniques, such as the so-called doubling trick. Whereas the doubling trick restarts the on-line algorithm several times using a constant learning rate for each run, our methods save information by changing the value of the learning rate very smoothly. In fact, for Weighted Majority over a finite set of experts our analysis provides a better leading constant than the doubling trick.
Declotting, Maintenance, and Avoiding Procedural Complications of Native Arteriovenous Fistulae (2004)

Native arteriovenous fistulae are the best form of hemodialysis access. Every effort should be made to preserve and maintain these valuable access sites. The typical fistula is created from the distal radial artery to an adjacent forearm vein. Thrombosis is a relatively rare occurrence but when it occurs, surgical declotting is not as successful as percutaneous approaches. Thus, the interventional radiologist needs to be prepared to evaluate and declot fistulae. As the percentage of fistulae increases in the general dialysis population, radiologists expect to see the demand for percutaneous declotting increase. This article reviews approaches to declotting and maintaining fistulae. Common procedural complications and their treatment or follow-up are also reviewed.
Leptin and Its Relation to Obesity and Insulin in the SHR/N‐corpulent Rat, A Model of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (2001)

The spontaneously hypertensive/NIH-corpulent (SHR/N-cp) rat is a genetic animal model that exhibits obesity, metabolic features of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, which are characteristic of type II diabetes and mild hypertension. To determine the role of leptin, the protein product of the ob gene, in the development of obesity and diabetes in this model, we measured steady-state circulating levels of leptin in obese and lean SHR/N-cp rats and examined the relation between plasma leptin levels and metabolic variables at the stage of established obesity in these animals. Mean fasting plasma leptin concentration was 8-fold higher in obese than in lean rats (p < 0.01). This was associated with a 6-fold elevation in plasma insulin in the obese group. Fasting levels of plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride were all significantly higher in obese rats than in lean controls. Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between plasma leptin concentration and body weight among the animals (r = 0.73, p < 0.01). Similarly, plasma insulin concentration was significantly correlated with BW in all animals (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). There was also a significant positive correlation between plasma leptin and plasma insulin in the entire group (r = 0.70, p < 0.01). However, this relationship was significant only for lean rats but not for obese rats (r = 10.59, p < 0.05 for lean rats, and r = 0.23, p = NS, for obese rats). Plasma leptin also correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.75, p < 0.05), total cholesterol (r = 0.63, p < 0.05), and triglyceride (r = 0.67, p < 0.05). The marked elevation of plasma leptin in obese SHR/N-cp rats suggests that obesity in this animal model is related to up-regulation of the ob gene. Circulating leptin appears to be one of the best biological markers of obesity and that hyperleptinemia is closely associated with several metabolic risk factors related to insulin resistance in the diabesity syndrome.
ADS-B for small Unmanned Aerial Systems: Case study and regulatory practices (2013)

Sense and Avoid Systems (SAASs) are one of the last technical challenges for the safe integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) into the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS). While military applications still dominate UAS use, civilian UAS usage is expected to grow dramatically over the next several years. However with this growth, there are significant air safety concerns. SAASs have been proposed as potential solutions for air traffic collisions and obstacle avoidance, but the technical implementations have been largely unsatisfactory. The development of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) surveillance tracking technology known as Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) has been proposed as one of the potential solutions. This technology, mandated to be in all aircraft by 2020, is designed to improve situational awareness for pilots and improve air traffic management but may also be utilized by UASs. However there remains implementation issues and regulatory issues, especially for small UASs (SUASs) that are expected to be used significantly by civilian operators. This paper examines the use of ADS-B in future SAASs and their implementations in SUAS for domestic use.