gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Benzylic Sulfonamides:  Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation and Sulfonamide Metathesis (2007)

An efficient two-step strategy has been developed to access diversely functionalized benzylic sulfonamides. Execution of this strategy required the development of two reaction methods: the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides with CH-acidic methanesulfonamides and a metathesis reaction between the resulting alpha-arylated sulfonamides and diverse amines. The broad scope of the cross-coupling process combined with a versatile sulfonamide metathesis constitutes an efficient strategy for the synthesis of various benzylic sulfonamides.
Stability of SISO quadratic dynamic matrix control with hard output constraints (1991)

Abstract The inclusion of output constraints in the on‐line optimization problem solved by quadratic dynamic matrix control (QDMC) can result in a unstable, closed‐loop system, even when the corresponding unconstrained algorithm is stable. The presence of constraints in the optimization problem produces a nonlinear, closed‐loop system, although the plant and model dynamics are assumed linear. This article quantifies the effect of output constraints on both nominal and robust stability for single‐input/single‐output processes. Stability conditions provided can be used to select the QDMC parameters and constraint window. Examples demonstrate that these conditions can capture the nonlinear effect of the constraints and that tuning rules developed for the unconstrained case should not be used with output constraints. An example with dead time error illustrates the use of this framework to guarantee the robustness of constrained QDMC with respect to modeling error.
Efficient Catalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid for the Selective Generation of H<sub>2</sub> and H/D Exchange with a Water‐Soluble Rhodium Complex in Aqueous Solution (2008)

Formic acid (HCOOH) decomposes efficiently to afford H2 and CO2 selectively in the presence of a catalytic amount of a water-soluble rhodium aqua complex, [Rh(III)(Cp*)(bpy)(H2O)]2+ (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) in aqueous solution at 298 K. No CO was produced in this catalytic decomposition of HCOOH. The decomposition rate reached a maximum value at pH 3.8. No deterioration of the catalyst was observed during the catalytic decomposition of HCOOH, and the catalytic activity remained the same for the repeated addition of HCOOH. The rhodium-hydride complex was detected as the catalytic active species that undergoes efficient H/D exchange with water. When the catalytic decomposition of HCOOH was performed in D2O, D2 was produced selectively. Such an efficient H/D exchange and the observation of a deuterium kinetic isotope effect in the catalytic decomposition of DCOOH in H2O provide valuable mechanistic insight into this efficient and selective decomposition process.
Critique graphs for catalogue navigation (2008)

Critique-based conversational recommender systems are becoming common place, facilitating richer dialogues with the user than pure content-based or collaborative approaches. Most implementations of these systems combine similarity-based reasoning with constraints to enable users express preferences as critiques of products. Critiques are simple statements like "I like this product, but would prefer one that is less expensive". In this paper we exploit the fact that the repertoire of critiques available to the user is usually known ahead of interaction time to construct a critique graph representation of a catalogue. The critique graph provides a formal basis for reasoning about the set of products that can be reached using critiques from a given product. We introduce the concepts of product cover, support sets of products and catalogue cover. The latter is defined as a set of products from which all products in a catalogue can be reached using a specified best-case maximum number of critiques. We show that for the catalogues we considered, catalogue covers are typically small. We show that the sizes and distributions of product covers and support sets can be used to inform us of the structure of a catalogue and the challenges it would present for interactive navigation. We also propose the notion of a minimum catalogue cover as a set of "entry products" that ensure that all products in the catalogue can be reached by critiquing.
Long Wavelength Cationic Photopolymerization in Aerated Media: A Remarkable Titanocene/Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane/Onium Salt Photoinitiating System. (2009)

A new system for visible light induced polymerization of cationic resins working through a free radical promoted process under air is presented. This system is based on a fluorinated titanocene free radical initiator bis(cyclopentadienyl)bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(1-pyrryl)phenyl]titanium Ti, a silane (tris(trimethylsilyl)silane TTMSS) together with an onium salt (diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate). The polymerization process is highly efficient, and better under aerated than under laminated conditions; it appears as a suitable system for long wavelength cationic photopolymerization under air. This system could also be efficient for the polymerization under sunlight irradiation. The involved mechanisms investigated by laser flash photolysis and ESR spin trapping experiments are detailed.
Blood antioxidant status and urine sulfate and thiocyanate levels in smokers (1996)

Erythrocyte and plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidants as well as concentrations of total sulfate and thiocyanate were estimated in a group of healthy subjects and three groups of smokers (cigarette smokers, mixed tobacco smokers, and miscellaneous tobacco smokers). Plasma vitamin E, uric acid, ascorbic acid, ceruloplasmin, and urinary total sulfate concentrations were decreased, whereas dehydroascorbate and urinary thiocyanate concentrations were elevated in the three groups of smokers in comparison to the corresponding levels of the control subjects. On the other hand, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as plasma superoxide dismutase activities were elevated in subjects of the three groups of smokers compared with the corresponding activity in subjects of the control group. Plasma catalase activity is statistically unaffected by smoking, but blood glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the three groups of smokers in comparison with the corresponding levels of the control group. There were also statistically meaningful differences between mean values of the antioxidant concentrations and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in most of the smokers groups.
The development of a nanoscale Coulter counter for rapid genetic sequence recognition (2000)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.
Implementing Fully Configurable Video Coding (2009)

A codec that can be re-configured dynamically has the potential to offer greater rate-distortion performance than fixed codecs by adapting video coding algorithms depending on local statistics and varying system resources. In addition, complete, dynamic configuration of a video decoder makes it possible to rapidly implement new algorithms and efficiently support multiple coding formats on a single platform. This paper describes a framework for dynamic re-configuration of video codecs, fully configurable video coding, in which new or modified decoder designs are generated, transmitted, and then implemented by a universal video decoder. We present rate-distortion results generated by a real-time prototype of this new approach.
TEATRO EN LA EPESA PARA FESTEJAR A LA REVOLUCIÓN MEXICANA (2006)

LA ESCUELA PERMANENTE DE EXTENSION EN SAN ANTONIO (EPESA) DE LA UNAM CONMEMORO EL ANIVERSARIO NUMERO 96 DE LA REVOLUCION MEXICANA CON UNA LUNADA REVOLUCIONARIA. ES UNA PIEZA TEATRAL QUE NARRA, CON BAILES Y CORRIDOS DE LA EPOCA, PASAJES DE ESTE PERIODO TRASCENDENTAL PARA EL DESTINO POLITICO Y SOCIAL DE MEXICO. ANTES DE LA REPRESENTACION, MARIO MELGAR ADALID, DIRECTOR DE LA EPESA, EXPLICO LA SIGNIFICACION HISTORICA DEL MOVIMIENTO DE 1910. LA REVOLUCION MEXICANA, SENALO, EXPLICA BUENA PARTE DEL SER MEXICANO; PERMITIO, ADEM S DE IMPORTANTES REIVINDICACIONES SOCIALES, EL TR NSITO DE LAS INSTITUCIONES AL MEXICO MODERNO. LUEGO DE RESENAR BREVEMENTE LA OBRA TEATRAL, SE INFORMA QUE ASISTIERON A LA PUESTA EN ESCENA PERSONAL ACADEMICO, ALUMNOS Y NUMEROSOS MIEMBROS DE LA COMUNIDAD DE SAN ANTONIO, INTERESADOS EN LAS TRADICIONES POPULARES MEXICANAS. LA PRODUCCION ESTUVO A CARGO DE LA FAMILIA ZENTELLA, CUYOS MIEMBROS SE HAN DEDICADO A ESTUDIAR Y RESCATAR LA MUSICA DE DIFERENTES PERIODOS HISTORICOS DE MEXICO. LOS INOCENTES, NOMBRE CON EL QUE SE CONOCE PROFESIONALMENTE A ESTA FAMILIA ESTADUNIDENSE DE ORIGEN MEXICANO, EST  INTEGRADO POR MARIA Y JORGE ZENTELLA, QUIENES SE OCUPAN DE ESCRIBIR LOS GUIONES, DE LAS CUESTIONES HISTORICAS Y ANTROPOLOGICAS, ADEM S DE LA MUSICA. TAMBIEN POR SUS HIJOS CITLALLI, ITZ , BIRISA Y JORGE, QUE SON ACTORES. LOS INOCENTES REALIZAN UNA GRAN LABOR DE DIFUSION EN LA COMUNIDAD DE SAN ANTONIO.
Planetary Surface Sample Collection: Rock Chipper (1997)

Introduction. Among the highest priority science objectives for planetary surface exploration is measurement of the composition of surface materials, as these record chemical and physical processes that provide important insights into the climate and volatile history of a planet. Aqueously deposited minerals are potentially also important storehouses for biological information preserved as morphological and chemical fossils [1,2]. While some analytical techniques require only that material be located close enough to the instrument, others require that target material be extracted from its environment and placed into a sample chamber [3]. We report here the development of a new sample collection technology able to extract and transfer powder samples from rock, and furthermore create cm-sized, intact pieces of rock that are easily retrieved and placed into a sample cache. subsampling. Hence we need both intact rock pieces and powder samples from the same rock. Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program (PIDDP) results. Our previous PIDDP work developed prototype sample collectors that validated the concept of sampling rock or regolith targets using pyrotechnic gas generators to fire steel penetrators into the surface, obtaining core samples [7,8]. This work did not address the key issues of how to transport the samples back to a carrier vehicle, or how to extract them from the collector. The present work developed and tested a new pyrotechnic sampler/catcher module to collect both powder samples and intact pieces of rock. Powder samples >1 gm can be obtained from solid rock or from loose regolith. The module holds the powder sample securely for transport; pours the sample out easily into a designated receiving tray; and minimizes sample contamination. New technological approaches and capabilities will be needed on future small, low cost landers [4]. In order to address overarching questions like the possible origin of life of on Mars, it will not suffice merely to scoop up a soil sample for analysis, even from a carefully chosen landing site [5]. We must instead be able to survey a site, find and identify the important rocks and soils deserving further analysis, and then we must be able to obtain scientifically useful samples of both rocks and soil. Both for geological/geophysical exploration and for exobiology, we need capability to sample rock, and we need access both to the subsurface regolith and to rock interiors. The sampler/catcher module also creates cm-sized intact chips of rock that are efficiently trapped and made readily available to be picked up and cached by a robot manipulator. The module does not need sustained power and does not require the carrier platform to be extremely stable or to exert large sustained forces.
Studies on the Development and Behavior of the Dystrophic Growth Cone, the Hallmark of Regeneration Failure, in an<i>In Vitro</i>Model of the Glial Scar and after Spinal Cord Injury (2004)

We have developed a novel in vitro model of the glial scar that mimics the gradient of proteoglycan found in vivo after spinal cord injury. In this model, regenerated axons from adult sensory neurons that extended deeply into the gradient developed bulbous, vacuolated endings that looked remarkably similar to dystrophic endings formed in vivo. We demonstrate that despite their highly abnormal appearance and stalled forward progress, dystrophic endings are extremely dynamic both in vitro and in vivo after spinal cord injury. Time-lapse movies demonstrated that dystrophic endings continually send out membrane veils and endocytose large membrane vesicles at the leading edge, which were then retrogradely transported to the rear of the "growth cone." This direction of movement is contrary to membrane dynamics that occur during normal neurite outgrowth. As further evidence of this motility, dystrophic endings endocytosed large amounts of dextran both in vitro and in vivo. We now have an in vitro model of the glial scar that may serve as a potent tool for developing and screening potential treatments to help promote regeneration past the lesion in vivo.
An Review on the Study of Science and Technology Policy Implementation (2012)

Under the progressive elimination of the global economic crisis,all aspects of economic and social development of Chinese needs strong technology support,science and technology policy is an important guarantee for the development of science and technology.Science and technology policy implementation is an important research perspective in science and technology policy system,science and technology policy implementation determine the policy implementation process.The research of science and technology policy implementation mainly related to science and technology policy formulation,policy implementation and policy evaluation,and so on.
Structures of the biological repeating units in the O-chain polysaccharides of<i>Hafnia alvei</i>strains having a typical lipopolysaccharide outer core region (2005)

Earlier, the structures of the O-chain polysaccharides of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of a number of Hafnia alvei strains have been established. However, it remained unknown, which is the first and the last monosaccharide of the O-chain. This is defined by the structure of the so-called biological repeating unit (O-unit), which is pre-assembled and then polymerised in the course of biosynthesis of bacterial polysaccharides by the Wzy-dependent pathway. Now we report on the structures of the O-units in 10 H. alvei strains. The LPS were cleaved by mild acid hydrolysis and oligosaccharide fractions IIIa and IIIb were isolated by gel chromatography subsequently on Sephadex G-50 and BioGel P-2 and studied by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Fraction IIIb was found to represent the core oligosaccharide containing a terminal upstream alpha-d-Glc-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Glc or alpha-d-Gal-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Glc disaccharide in the outer region that is typical of H. alvei. Fraction IIIa consists of the LPS core with one O-unit linked by a 3-substituted beta-d-GalNAc residue (in strains PCM 1189 and PCM 1546) or a 3-substituted beta-d-GlcNAc residue (in the other strains studied). In most strains examined the beta-configuration of the d-GlcNAc linkage in the first O-unit attached to the core is the same and in some strains is opposite to that found in the interior O-units of the O-chain polysaccharide. Various monosaccharides, including d-Glc, d-Gal, d-GlcA and acyl derivatives of 3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose or 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, occupy the non-reducing end of the O-unit.
Real-Time Remote Interrogation and Guided Reprogramming of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (2013)

Background: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) evaluation in a hospital setting is inefficient and leads to delays in patient management. We present a new model, the remote K-viewer, which provides real-time visualization of the CIED programmer screen by a remote iPad. This allows immediate CIED testing, diagnosis, and reprogramming by a remote cardiac electrophysiologist (EP). Methods: Forty-one consecutive patients who presented to Boca Raton Regional Hospital and required urgent CIED evaluation were evaluated. Each CIED was interrogated utilizing both the remote-K-viewer system and the conventional mode using a company representative. Results: Mean response time of remote real-time evaluation using the remote K-viewer was 2.3 min (range 0-8 min). Mean response time for conventional interrogation was 60.9 min (range 10-120 min) (p,0.0001). Conclusion: Real-time remote evaluation of CIEDs using the remote-K-viewer system is efficient and allows for immediate EP directed patient evaluation and management.
Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts derived from adult mouse skeletal muscle by specific isoforms of PDGF. (1990)

The expression of receptors and the mitogenic response to PDGF by C2 myoblasts, derived from adult mouse skeletal muscle, was investigated. Employing 125I-PDGF binding assays, we showed that the cells exhibit high level binding of PDGF-BB (approximately 165 x 10(3) molecules/cell at saturation) and much lower binding of the PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB (6-12 x 10(3) molecules/cell at saturation). This indicates that the C2 myoblasts express high levels of PDGF receptor beta-subunits and low levels of alpha-subunits. PDGF-BB enhances the proliferation of C2 cells maintained in 2% FCS by about fivefold. PDGF-AB had a moderate effect on cell proliferation (less than twofold) and PDGF-AA had no effect. Inverse effects of PDGF isoforms on the frequency of differentiated myoblasts were observed; the frequency of myosin-positive cells was reduced in the presence of PDGF-BB while PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB had no effect. PDGF may thus act to increase the number of myoblasts that participate in muscle regeneration following muscle trauma by stimulating the proliferation and by inhibiting the differentiation of myogenic cells.
ASCUAS: a solar central receiver utilizing a solid thermal carrier (1982)

The preliminary examination of the use of solid carriers, e.g., pebbles or sand, as both a working fluid and storage medium for high temperature (T greater than or equal to 600C) solar receivers is documented. Advantages of such a scheme include direct absorption of the incident radiation, direct heat transfer, use of the working fluid as a storage medium, and ease of hybridizing with a fossil-fired system. Key parameters and materials concerns for solar as well as for commercial fossil-fired sand or pebble heaters are identified and discussed. Commercial experience in the fuels and chemical industries attests to the technical and economic viability of this concept, while also defining the most significant materials issue: breaking of the thermal carrier. Subsequent analysis indicates that the problem may be mitigated by careful selection/development of carrier material and processing. Future R and D directions are briefly discussed.
Quantitation and mapping of tissue optical properties using modulated imaging (2009)

We describe the development of a rapid, noncontact imaging method, modulated imaging (MI), for quantitative, wide-field characterization of optical absorption and scattering properties of turbid media. MI utilizes principles of frequency-domain sampling and model-based analysis of the spatial modulation transfer function (s-MTF). We present and compare analytic diffusion and probabilistic Monte Carlo models of diffuse reflectance in the spatial frequency domain. Next, we perform MI measurements on tissue-simulating phantoms exhibiting a wide range of l values (0.5 mm to 3 mm) and (micro(s) (')micro(a)) ratios (8 to 500), reporting an overall accuracy of approximately 6% and 3% in absorption and reduced scattering parameters, respectively. Sampling of only two spatial frequencies, achieved with only three camera images, is found to be sufficient for accurate determination of the optical properties. We then perform MI measurements in an in vivo tissue system, demonstrating spatial mapping of the absorption and scattering optical contrast in a human forearm and dynamic measurements of a forearm during venous occlusion. Last, metrics of spatial resolution are assessed through both simulations and measurements of spatially heterogeneous phantoms.
Chondrocyte aggregation and reorganization into three-dimensional scaffolds (1999)

Articular cartilage has a very limited self-repairing capacity; thus, chondral lesions normally result in chronic degeneration and, eventually, osteoarthritis development. Currently, tissue engineering offers a new tool for the clinical treatment of osteochondral defects. The present investigation aimed to develop an in vitro engineered cartilage using a new class of semisynthetic scaffolds. Two nonwoven meshes of hyaluronan esters (Hyaff(R) derivatives) were seeded with sternal chick embryo chondrocytes cultured for up to 21 days, after which time they were assessed for both the cellular growth profile and histological features. Avian chondrocytes easily adhered and proliferated onto hyaluronan-based scaffolds, demonstrating a significant preference for the fully esterified benzylic form. Histochemical staining revealed the presence of a neosynthesized glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the deposition of collagen type II. Moreover, ultrastructural observations supported evidence that chondrocytes grown onto a hyaluronan-derived three-dimensional scaffold maintained their unique phenotype and organization in a cartilage-like extracellular matrix. These findings support the further pursuit of a transplantable engineered cartilage using human chondrocytes for the regeneration of chondral lesions.
Word2Vec (2016)

Abstract My last column ended with some comments about Kuhn and word2vec. Word2vec has racked up plenty of citations because it satisifies both of Kuhn’s conditions for emerging trends: (1) a few initial (promising, if not convincing) successes that motivate early adopters (students) to do more, as well as (2) leaving plenty of room for early adopters to contribute and benefit by doing so. The fact that Google has so much to say on ‘How does word2vec work’ makes it clear that the definitive answer to that question has yet to be written. It also helps citation counts to distribute code and data to make it that much easier for the next generation to take advantage of the opportunities (and cite your work in the process).
Longitudinal Tracking of Recipient Macrophages in a Rat Chronic Cardiac Allograft Rejection Model With Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Micrometer-Sized Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Particles (2008)

This approach may improve our understanding of the immune cells involved in CR and the management of heart transplantation. Moreover, this study demonstrates the feasibility of noninvasively observing individual targeted cells over long time periods by serial in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.
Maximum Directivity Index of a Linear Point Array (1954)

The maximum directivity index of a symmetrical, linear point array has been calculated as a function of the number and spacing of the elements in the array. The excitation required to produce a maximum directivity index is not uniform, except for integral-half-wavelength element spacings, and in general the minor lobes of the directional response patterns produced are not of equal, nor of small, amplitude. For element spacings exceeding a half-wavelength, a conventional type of pattern and of excitation is found to produce the maximum directivity index. On the other hand, as the element spacing is reduced below a half-wavelength, the directivity patterns corresponding to the maximum directivity index become super-directive, and the directivity index may be improved relative to the value obtainable with uniform excitation. However, this improvement is obtained only at the expense of requiring large, reversed-phase excitation. Numerical results are presented for 3-, 5-, and 7-element arrays.