gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal and Spatial Behavior of the Field-Induced Transition between Antiferroelectric and Ferroelectric Phases in Chiral Smectics (1990)

Optical transmittance change and stroboscopic micrographs have been obtained in homogeneously aligned thin cells of S -MHPOBC, C 8 H 17 O– - -COO– COO- * CH(CH 3 )C 6 H 13 , and R -TFMNPOBC, C 8 H 17 O– - -COO– -COO- * CH(CF 3 )C 8 H 17 , by varying the initial applied DC voltage stepwise into the final one across the threshold. There exist two components, fast and slow, in the transmittance change due to the phase transition from antiferroelectric SmC A * to ferroelectric SmC * . The fast component is due to the pretransitional effect. The movement of the domain boundaries is responsible for the slow component. In the transmittance change due to the transition from SmC * to SmC A * , only the slow component is observed. The movement speed is mainly determined by the difference between the final and threshold voltages.
Purification and characterization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase III from human placenta. (1986)

Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase III (DAP III) from a human placental post-microsomal supernatant was purified 760-fold by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive chromatographies on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, Sephadex G-200, Butyl-Toyopearl 650 and DEAE-Toyopearl columns. The enzyme showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was estimated to be 84000. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by metallochelators, and the activity lost was most effectively restored by the addition of Zn2+. The enzyme was also extremely inhibited by some sulfhydryl reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) and 5, 5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and the activity of the enzyme inhibited by DTNB was restored by the addition of thiol reagents. Among various β-naphthylamides examined, Arg-Arg-β-naphthylamide (Arg-Arg-βNA) was most rapidly hydrolyzed.
Active Low-Power Modes for Main Memory with MemScale (2012)

Main memory accounts for a growing fraction of server energy usage. Investigating active low-power modes for managing main memory, with a system called MemScale, the authors offer a solution for performance-aware energy management. By creating a set of low-power modes, hardware mechanisms and software policies, MemScale trades memory bandwidth for energy savings while tightly limiting the associated performance impact.
Reliability of Resonant Micromachined Sensors and Actuators (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">There are an increasing number of applications for resonant micromachines. Accelerometers, angular rate sensors, voltage controlled oscillators, pressure and chemical sensors have been demonstrated using this technology. Several of these devices are employed in vehicles. Vibrating devices have been made from silicon, quartz, GaAs, nickel and aluminum. Resonant microsystems are in constant motion and so present new challenges in the area of reliability for vehicular applications. The impact of temperature extremes, cyclic fatigue, stiction, thermal and mechanical shock on resonant device performance is covered.</div>
Macroscopic birefringence in liquid crystals from novel cyanobacterial polysaccharide with an extremely high molecular weight (2007)

We report an efficient method for extraction of anionic polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacteria, <i>Aphanothece sacrum</i>; we used a hot alkaline solution (0.01 N NaOH) as an elution solvent in the first step of the extraction and isopropanol as a precipitation solvent in the last step. Thin fibers of PS were obtained at a high yield (50-80 % to the weight of the raw cyanobacterial sample). The spectroscopy and elemental analyses indicated the PS contains fucose, uronic acids (14.2 % by a carbazole-sulfuric acid method), a sugar unit containing amides. The solution of PS with a concentration of 1 wt% showed a very high viscosity (80 000cps) implying a high molecular weight, and a strong macroscopic birefringence with a texture typical of nematic liquid crystals was confirmed by crossed-polarizing microscopy (more than 0.5 wt%). The PS from <i>A. sacrum </i>may form a special structure rigid-rod enough to show LC phase and macroscopic birefringence.
Anomalous magnetization of amorphous Tb<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Fe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, Gd<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Fe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and Y<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Fe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1974)

Magnetization data are presented on sputter-deposited amorphous $R {\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$ materials, where $R$ represents the rare-earth elements Tb, Gd, and Y. Both the Tb and Gd compounds exhibit ferrimagnetic order with Curie temperatures approximately 40% lower than the equivalent crystalline Laves phase compounds. The 0 K saturation magnetizations of the Gd amorphous and crystalline materials are both equal to 3.9${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$, while in the Tb${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$ the magnetization is significantly lower in the amorphous phase (4.2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ vs 5.4${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ for crystalline Tb${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$). The Y${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$ exhibits no long-range magnetic order above 3.5 K. At low temperatures large "coercive" fields appear for the Tb${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$ and increase greatly in magnitude at temperatures below 40 K, reaching 30 kG at 4 K. A possible model to explain this and other effects associated with a large random-directional local anisotropy field is presented.
Extraction of alumina from anthracite coal waste ash (1982)

Ash samples from an anthracite coal waste, fired at 788 to 899/sup 0/C in a fluidized bed combustor, were studied for alumina extraction and other process characteristics by using a hydrothermal alkaline digestion process with lime. The independent variables included digestion temperature, digestion time, liquor caustic concentration, target alumina concentration in the liquor after digestion (or ash to liquor ratio) and molar ratio of total lime to total silica in the solid feed materials. Experiments in bench scale nickel reactors were conducted according to a 2 fractional factorial design. The resultant data were studied through a regression analysis. The statistical analysis indicated that alumina extraction, with the highest at 96%, is increased largely by increasing digestion temperature or liquor caustic concentration or by decreasing target alumina concentration. Within the range of variables investigated, digestion time and molar ratio of total CaO to total SiO/sub 2/ have no significant effects on any of the properties examined. The presence of Na/sub 2/O-2CaO-2SiO/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O in the digest mud according to the desired chemistry has been confirmed by chemical and x-ray diffraction analyses. Alumina was not recovered under less favorable conditions. A block flow diagram is proposed for the digestion and subsequent process more » steps based on the bench data and past experience with high-silica ores. « less
Conditionally Cleavable Radioimmunoconjugates:  A Novel Approach for the Release of Radioisotopes from Radioimmunoconjugates (2003)

One of the limitations of therapy with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is that significant toxicities can arise from circulating non-tumor-bound radiolabeled conjugate. Here, we describe a new method to reduce systemic radiation exposure from radiolabeled mAbs involving the attachment of the radioisotope through a linker that can be cleaved by an administered enzyme. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we prepared a conditionally cleavable radioimmunoconjugate (RIC) composed of (131)I-labeled cephalosporin conjugated to Tositumomab, a mAb against the CD20 antigen. The cleavable RIC bound antigen identically to directly iodinated antibody, and in the presence of beta-lactamase, about 80-85% of the radioisotope was released. In vivo studies in mice revealed that the cleavable RIC and the directly iodinated anti-CD20 antibody had similar biodistribution patterns. Systemically administered beta-lactamase induced a 2-3-fold decrease in the percent injected dose (ID) of the cleavable RIC/g of blood, marrow, spleen, lung, and liver 1 h after enzyme treatment, and a 4-6-fold decrease 20 h after enzyme treatment. This was accompanied by a 20-fold increase in % ID/g in urine 1 h after enzyme treatment, indicating that the released radiolabel was rapidly excreted through the kidneys. In mice with human tumor xenografts, there was no decrease in the %ID/g in tumor 1 h after enzyme treatment, but by 4 h after enzyme injection, decreases in tumor radioactive content began to diminish the targeting advantage. These studies demonstrate that the cleavable RIC substrate is able to bind to tumor antigens and localize within human tumor xenografts and that accelerated systemic clearance can be induced with beta-lactamase.
Poly(<i>N</i>‐isopropylacrylamide)‐Clay Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Responsive Bending Property as Temperature‐Controlled Manipulators (2015)

Novel poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide)‐clay (PNIPAM‐clay) nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels with both excellent responsive bending and elastic properties are developed as temperature‐controlled manipulators. The PNIPAM‐clay NC structure provides the hydrogel with excellent mechanical property, and the thermoresponsive bending property of the PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogel is achieved by designing an asymmetrical distribution of nanoclays across the hydrogel thickness. The hydrogel is simply fabricated by a two‐step photo polymerization. The thermoresponsive bending property of the PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogel is resulted from the unequal forces generated by the thermoinduced asynchronous shrinkage of hydrogel layers with different clay contents. The thermoresponsive bending direction and degree of the PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogel can be adjusted by controlling the thickness ratio of the hydrogel layers with different clay contents. The prepared PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogels exhibit rapid, reversible, and repeatable thermoresponsive bending/unbending characteristics upon heating and cooling. The proposed PNIPAM‐clay NC hydrogels with excellent responsive bending property are demonstrated as temperature‐controlled manipulators for various applications including encapsulation, capture, and transportation of targeted objects. They are highly attractive material candidates for stimuli‐responsive “smart” soft robots in myriad fields such as manipulators, grippers, and cantilever sensors.
Disaggregating Time Series Data for Energy Consumption by Aggregate and Individual Customer (2011)

This dissertation generalizes the problem of disaggregating time series data and describes the disaggregation problem as a mathematical inverse problem that breaks up aggregated (measured) time series data that is accumulated over an interval and estimates its component parts. We describe five different algorithms for disaggregating time series data: the Naive, Time Series Reconstruction (TSR), Piecewise Linear Optimization (PLO), Time Series Reconstruction with Resampling (RS), and Interpolation (INT). The TSR uses least squares and domain knowledge of underlying correlated variables to generate underlying estimates and handles arbitrarily aggregated time steps and non-uniformly aggregated time steps. The PLO performs an adjustment on underlying estimates so the sum of the underlying estimated data values within an interval are equal to the aggregated data value. The RS repeatedly samples a subset of our data, and the fifth algorithm uses an interpolation to estimate underlying estimated data values. Several methods of combining these algorithms, taken from the forecasting domain, are applied to improve the accuracy of the disaggregated time series data. We evaluate our component and ensemble algorithms in three different applications: disaggregating aggregated (monthly) gas consumption into disaggregated (daily) gas consumption from natural gas regional areas (operating areas), disaggregating United States Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from yearly GDP to quarterly GDP, and forecasting when a truck should fill a customer's heating oil tank. We show our five algorithms successfully used to disaggregate historical natural gas consumption and GDP, and we show combinations of these algorithms can improve further the magnitude and variability of the natural gas consumption or GDP series. We demonstrate that the PLO algorithm is the best of the Naive, TSR, and PLO algorithms when disaggregating GDP series. Finally, ex-post results using the Naive, TSR, PLO, RS, INT, and the ensemble algorithms when applied to forecast heating oil deliveries are shown. Results show the Equal Weight (EW) combination of the Naive, TSR, PLO, RS, and INT algorithms outperforms the forecasting system Company YOU used before approaching the GasDay™laboratory at Marquette University, and comes close, but does not outperform existing techniques the GasDay™ laboratory has implemented to forecast heating oil deliveries.
Concise Review: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Using Immunologic Approaches (2015)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of tumor cells which have the ability to self-renew and generate the diverse cells that comprise the tumor bulk. They are responsible for local tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. However, they are resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. To immunologically target CSC phenotypes, innate immune responses to CSCs have been reported using Natural killer cells and γδ T cells. To target CSC specifically, in vitro CSC-primed T cells have been successfully generated and shown targeting of CSCs in vivo after adoptive transfer. Recently, CSC-based dendritic cell vaccine has demonstrated significant induction of anti-CSC immunity both in vivo in immunocompetent hosts and in vitro as evident by CSC reactivity of CSC vaccine-primed antibodies and T cells. In addition, identification of specific antigens or genetic alterations in CSCs may provide more specific targets for immunotherapy. ALDH, CD44, CD133, and HER2 have served as markers to isolate CSCs from a number of tumor types in animal models and human tumors. They might serve as useful targets for CSC immunotherapy. Finally, since CSCs are regulated by interactions with the CSC niche, these interactions may serve as additional targets for CSC immunotherapy. Targeting the tumor microenvironment, such as interrupting the immune cell, for example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cytokines, for example, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the immune checkpoint (PD1/PDL1, etc.) may provide additional novel strategies to enhance the immunological targeting of CSCs.
A ray-tracing analysis of the absorption of light by smooth and rough metal surfaces (2007)

Ray tracing has been employed to investigate the absorption of light by smooth and random rough metal surfaces. For normally incident light the absorptance of the surface increases with surface roughness. However, for light incident at a tangent to the surface the absorptance-surface roughness relationship is more complex. For example, in certain cases the absorptance can rise, fall, and rise again as the surface roughness increases. In this paper this complex absorptance-roughness relationship is defined and explained. The wavelengths of the light chosen for this study correspond to the primary and secondary output wavelengths of Nd:YAG lasers.
Polymer-supported cobalt carbonyl complexes as novel solid-phase catalysts of the Pauson–Khand reaction (2000)

Cobalt carbonyl complexes immobilised onto a ‘polymer-bound triphenylphosphine’ solid support are effective and practical catalysts of the Pauson–Khand reaction.
Intestinal anti‐inflammatory activity of morin on chronic experimental colitis in the rat (2001)

Morin exerts a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in the chronic phase of trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-induced rat colitis through the down-regulation of some of the mediators involved in the intestinal inflammatory response, including free radicals, cytokines, leukotriene B4 and nitric oxide.
The Dependency Management Framework: A Case Study of the ION CubeSat (2006)

Due to the complexity and requirements of modern realtime systems, multiple teams must often work concurrently and independently to develop the various components of the system. Since a team typically only knows the dependency relations between the components they wrote and those they directly use, keeping track of system-wide dependency relations is not possible for any individual team. To further complicate matters, dependency relations often change as software components are refined or their interactions modified. Because the robustness of any real-time system hinges on the availability of essential services in spite of faults and failures in useful but non-essential components, keeping track of the constantly evolving dependency relations between the system's components is crucial. If a system's designers cannot ensure that critical services only USE but do not DEPEND ON less critical components, a seemingly minor fault can propagate along complex and unforeseen dependency chains and bring down the entire system. Therefore, automatically tracking and analyzing system-wide dependency relations given only local dependency information is vital for the development of robust real time systems. This paper presents DMF (dependency management framework), a prototype toolkit for dependency management in designing robust real-time systems. We demonstrate the usability and scalability of DMF with a case study of ION CubeSat, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 's first student-developed satellite.
The new American economy: the failure of Reaganomics and a new way forward (2010)

Introduction The Great Depression: Misunderstanding Deflation The Triumph of Keynesian Economics Inflation: The Downfall of Keynesian Economics The Conservative Counterrevolution The Rise and Fall of Supply-Side Economics Starving the Beast Didn't Work Dealing With Tomorrow's Economic Crisis Epilogue Appendices
Indium transient enhanced diffusion (1998)

Indium, an acceptor dopant in silicon, is a large atom with a low diffusion coefficient potentially suitable for doping the channel of transistors. Systematic experiments are described which measure the susceptibility of indium to transient enhanced diffusion caused by ion implant damage introduced during the transistor fabrication process. We find that indium diffusion is dramatically enhanced by a source of interstitials and that the amount of enhancement is comparable to that seen for boron. Indium is preferable as a channel dopant not because of its diffusion behavior, but rather because a narrow ion implanted distribution can be obtained using the heavy indium ion, giving a more steeply retrograde profile than can be achieved by boron doping. These results help clarify the physics of indium and boron doping in small devices.
The BTB ubiquitin ligases ETO1, EOL1 and EOL2 act collectively to regulate ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis by controlling type-2 ACC synthase levels (2020)

Ethylene biosynthesis is directed by a family of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACS) that convert S-adenosyl-l-methionine to the immediate precursor ACC. Members of the type-2 ACS subfamily are strongly regulated by proteolysis with various signals stabilizing the proteins to increase ethylene production. In Arabidopsis, this turnover is mediated by the ubiquitin/26 S proteasome system, using a broad complex/tramtrack/bric-a-brac (BTB) E3 assembled with the ETHYLENE OVERPRODUCER 1 (ETO1) BTB protein for target recognition. Here, we show that two Arabidopsis BTB proteins closely related to ETO1, designated ETO1-like (EOL1) and EOL2, also negatively regulate ethylene synthesis via their ability to target ACSs for breakdown. Like ETO1, EOL1 interacts with type-2 ACSs (ACS4, ACS5 and ACS9), but not with type-1 or type-3 ACSs, or with type-2 ACS mutants that stabilize the corresponding proteins in planta. Whereas single and double mutants affecting EOL1 and EOL2 do not show an ethylene-related phenotype, they exaggerate the effects caused by inactivation of ETO1, and further increase ethylene production and the accumulation of ACS5 in eto1 plants. The triple eto1 eol1 eol2 mutant phenotype can be effectively rescued by the ACS inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine, and by silver, which antagonizes ethylene perception. Together with hypocotyl growth assays showing that the sensitivity and response kinetics to ethylene are normal, it appears that ethylene synthesis, but not signaling, is compromised in the triple mutant. Collectively, the data indicate that the Arabidopsis BTB E3s assembled with ETO1, EOL1 and EOL2 work together to negatively regulate ethylene synthesis by directing the degradation of type-2 ACS proteins.
Optical coherence tractography using intrinsic contrast (2012)

Organs such as the heart and brain possess intricate fiber structures that are best characterized with three-dimensional imaging. For instance, diffusion-based, magnetic resonance tractography (MRT) enables studies of connectivity and remodeling during development and disease macroscopically on the millimeter scale. Here we present complementary, high-resolution microscopic optical coherence imaging and analysis methods that, when used in conjunction with clearing techniques, can characterize fiber architecture in intact organs at tissue depths exceeding 1 mm. We anticipate that these techniques can be used to study fiber architecture in situ at microscopic scales not currently accessible to diffusion magentic resonance (MR), and thus, to validate and complement macroscopic structural imaging techniques. Moreover, as these techniques use intrinsic signals and do not require tissue slicing and staining, they can be used for high-throughput, nondestructive evaluation of fiber architecture across large tissue volumes.
Extended video stream by media transcoding functions (2004)

In distributed multimedia systems, we have been able to communicate with each other by using audio and video streams. If we can use a super high speed network we may construct intercommunication environments using high quality video multicast streams such as DV (digital video) that use about 30 Mbps per stream. Moreover, if translator and mixer functions defined by RTF are available in the intercommunication environments, it is possible to transcode the high quality video streams into another format of stream. We can then obtain useful peer-to-peer communication environments. However, it is difficult for us to prepare the suitable transcoding node in advance because the required intercommunication environments are not always static. Accordingly, we should consider on demand transcoding functions with a relocatable decision method. We propose a mobile agent based novel middleware system that realizes media processing and session management by using mobile agents.