gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resuscitation of Thermally Injured Patients with Oxygen Transport Criteria as Goals of Therapy (1997)

Resuscitation from shock based on oxygen transport criteria has been widely used in trauma and surgical patients, but has not been examined in thermally injured patients. To study the possible efficacy of this type of resuscitation, the oxygen transport characteristics of burn resuscitation were studied in nine adults, of whom six had inhalation injuries, with a mean burn size of 45% total body surface area and a mean age of 33.4 years, who were resuscitated based on oxygen transport criteria. Pulmonary artery balloon flotation catheters were placed and hemodynamic and oxygen transport parameters (Fick method) were measured hourly for 6 hours. Patients received fluid boluses in addition to resuscitation calculated by the Parkland formula, until the pulmonary artery wedge pressure reached 15 mm Hg, after which dobutamine infusions (5 micrograms/kg/min) were initiated. Cardiac index increased from 2.51 to 6.57 L/min/m2 (p < 0.05), whereas systemic vascular resistance fell from 1534 to 584 dyne sec/cm5 (p < 0.05). Oxygen delivery (DO2I) and oxygen consumption (VO2I) indexes increased significantly during the study period (573 +/- 47 to 1028 +/- 57, and 132 +/- 8 to 172 +/- 16 ml/min/m2, respectively; p < 0.05). VO2I appeared dependent on DO2I at levels of DO2I less than 800 ml/min/m2. In this study, depressed cardiovascular function in patients with burn injuries responded to volume loading and inotropic support much as it does in patients with shock of other etiologies. Whether oxygen transport-based resuscitation is effective in improving survival or the incidence of multiple organ failure is unknown and will need to be evaluated in randomized trials.
Fibrinolytic treatment of intraventricular haemorrhage preceding surgical repair of ruptured aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (1999)

Previous studies have indicated that intraventricular administration of tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) might improve the prognosis of patients with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). In aneurysmal IVH, fibrinolytic treatment was always preceded by surgical repair of the aneurysm, since the risk of recurrent haemorrhage from a non-occluded aneurysm was estimated to be high. We reviewed a series of patients with IVH secondary to ruptured aneurysms (n = 4) or arteriovenous malformation (AVM; n = 1) who underwent emergency intraventricular administration of TPA before repair of the bleeding source. Fibrinolysis resulted in rapid decrease of haematoma volume and of ventricular dilatation, and prevented ventricular catheters from becoming obstructed. No intracranial haemorrhages or other complications occurred. The results suggest that the presence of recently ruptured aneurysms or AVM is not necessarily a contraindication for intraventricular administration of TPA. The potentially life saving benefits might outweigh the inherent risks of recurrent haemorrhage in carefully selected patients with massive IVH, in whom ventricular distension, periventricular brain compression, obstruction of CSF flow, and elevated ICP appear to be major determinants for the outcome.
Hierarchical tiling for improved superscalar performance (2002)

It takes more than a good algorithm to achieve high performance: inner-loop performance and data locality are also important. Tiling is a well-known method for parallelization and for improving data locality. However, tiling has the potential of being even more beneficial. At the finest granularity, it can be used to guide register allocation and instruction scheduling; at the coarsest level, it can help manage magnetic storage media. It also can be useful in overlapping data movement with computation, for instance by prefetching data from archival storage, disks and main memory into cache and registers, or by choreographing data movement between processors. Hierarchical tiling is a framework for applying both known tiling methods and new techniques to an expanded set of uses. It eases the burden on several compiler phases that are traditionally treated separately, such as scalar replacement, register allocation, generation of message passing calls, and storage mapping. By explicitly naming and copying data, it takes control of the mapping of data to memory and of the movement of data between processing elements and up and down the memory hierarchy. This paper focuses on using hierarchical tiling to exploit superscalar pipelined processors. On a simple example, it improves performance by a factor of 3, achieving perfect use of the superscalar processor's pipeline. Hierarchical tiling is presented here as a method of hand-tuning performance; while outside the scope of this paper, the ideas can be incorporated into an automatic preprocessor or optimizing compiler.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automated pointing of cardiac imaging catheters (2013)

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheters enable high-quality ultrasound imaging within the heart, but their use in guiding procedures is limited due to the difficulty of manually pointing them at structures of interest. This paper presents the design and testing of a catheter steering model for robotic control of commercial ICE catheters. The four actuated degrees of freedom (4-DOF) are two catheter handle knobs to produce bi-directional bending in combination with rotation and translation of the handle. An extra degree of freedom in the system allows the imaging plane (dependent on orientation) to be directed at an object of interest. A closed form solution for forward and inverse kinematics enables control of the catheter tip position and the imaging plane orientation. The proposed algorithms were validated with a robotic test bed using electromagnetic sensor tracking of the catheter tip. The ability to automatically acquire imaging targets in the heart may improve the efficiency and effectiveness of intracardiac catheter interventions by allowing visualization of soft tissue structures that are not visible using standard fluoroscopic guidance. Although the system has been developed and tested for manipulating ICE catheters, the methods described here are applicable to any long thin tendon-driven tool (with single or bi-directional bending) requiring accurate tip position and orientation control.
The Use of Fiber Optics to Study Objects on a Vibration Table (1970)

In the past the photographic industry has been unable to synchronize a recording camera to photograph random vibration tests. An optical system with coherent fiber optics has been designed to transfer to the camera the image of the part under test. The distal end of the fiber optics is rigidly affixed to the text fixture, with the proximal end attached to the camera. In this way, the lens vibrates with the part and provides the opportunity to record in real time. The entire random sequence test is photographically documented for engineering evaluation.
876. The synthesis and rearrangement of 3-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (1964)

W. A. W. Cummings and A. C. Davis, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 4591 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640004591
Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy for In Vivo Retinal Imaging: Current Status and Prospects (2011)

Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a new retinal imaging technology that offers the unique capability to measure optical absorption in the retina. Because PAOM is compatible with optical coherence tomography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and autofluorescence imaging, registered multimodal images can be acquired from a single device at comparable resolution for comprehensive anatomic and functional retinal characterizations. Therefore, PAOM is anticipated to have applications in both research and clinical diagnosis of many blinding diseases. The authors explain the basic principles of the photoacoustic effect and imaging. Then, different types of photoacoustic microscopy are introduced and compared. Finally, the current status of photoacoustic imaging in animal eyes is presented and the prospects of future development of PAOM are suggested.
Using Blockchain and smart contracts for secure data provenance management (2017)

Blockchain technology has evolved from being an immutable ledger of transactions for cryptocurrencies to a programmable interactive the environment for building distributed reliable applications. Although, blockchain technology has been used to address various challenges, to our knowledge none of the previous work focused on using blockchain to develop a secure and immutable scientific data provenance management framework that automatically verifies the provenance records. In this work, we leverage blockchain as a platform to facilitate trustworthy data provenance collection, verification, and management. The developed system utilizes smart contracts and open provenance model (OPM) to record immutable data trails. We show that our proposed framework can efficiently and securely capture and validate provenance data, and prevent any malicious modification to the captured data as long as the majority of the participants are honest.
Single-Molecule and Single-Nanoparticle SERS:  Examining the Roles of Surface Active Sites and Chemical Enhancement (2001)

Recent research in several groups has identified a new class of metal colloidal nanoparticles that is able to enhance the efficiencies of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by as much as 1014−1015 fold. This enormous enhancement allows single-molecule detection and spectroscopy at room temperature. Previous single-molecule and single-particle studies have yielded important insights into the mechanism of electromagnetic field enhancement, but little is known about the contributions of surface active sites and chemical enhancement. Here we report a direct examination of chemical enhancement by using an integrated flow injection and ultrasensitive optical imaging/spectroscopy system. A key feature is that colloidal silver nanoparticles are immobilized on a glass surface inside a microflow device and that single-particle SERS signals are observed in real time while the immobilized particles are treated by chemical reagents in the flow cell. In situ surface plasmon scattering studies of spatially isolated particles indicate that their electromagnetic properties do not change after chemical treatment. Thus, the observed SERS spectral changes should primarily come from chemical enhancement at surface active sites. Our experimental data reveal that three halide ions (Cl-, Br-, and I-) have a substantial activating effect, whereas other ions such as citrate, sulfate, and fluoride have little or no effect on single-particle SERS. A “quenching” effect is observed for thiosulfate ions, which completely destroys the SERS activity. The chemical enhancement factors are estimated to be about 102−103 for rhodamine 6G molecules adsorbed on single Ag nanoparticles
Snorkel: rapid training data creation with weak supervision (2019)

Labeling training data is increasingly the largest bottleneck in deploying machine learning systems. We present Snorkel, a first-of-its-kind system that enables users to train state-of-the-art models without hand labeling any training data. Instead, users write labeling functions that express arbitrary heuristics, which can have unknown accuracies and correlations. Snorkel denoises their outputs without access to ground truth by incorporating the first end-to-end implementation of our recently proposed machine learning paradigm, data programming. We present a flexible interface layer for writing labeling functions based on our experience over the past year collaborating with companies, agencies, and research laboratories. In a user study, subject matter experts build models 2.8 faster and increase predictive performance an average 45.5% versus seven hours of hand labeling. We study the modeling trade-offs in this new setting and propose an optimizer for automating trade-off decisions that gives up to 1.8 speedup per pipeline execution. In two collaborations, with the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the US Food and Drug Administration, and on four open-source text and image data sets representative of other deployments, Snorkel provides 132% average improvements to predictive performance over prior heuristic approaches and comes within an average 3.60% of the predictive performance of large hand-curated training sets.
Criterios éticos y jurídicos de los médicos del municipio de Guantánamo sobre la eutanasia voluntaria (1998)

Los criterios de los medicos del municipio Guantanamo sobre la naturaleza moral y el status legal en Cuba de la eutanasia voluntaria (EV) se desconocen. Para darlos a conocer, se realizo un estudio de opinion mediante la aplicacion de un cuestionario a una muestra estratificada y al azar de  138 medicos de una poblacion de 1308 durante abril y mayo de 1997. La muestra se calculo con el 3,5% de error estandar y el 95% de confiabilidad. De los 138 medicos encuestados, 103 (74,6%) conocen el tema de la EV, mientras que 35 (25,4%) lo desconocen. De los 103 medicos informados sobre el tema, 65 (63,1%) aceptaron su caracter moral, 29 (28,1%) consideraron que es inmoral y 9 (8,7%) estuvieron inseguros. De los 94 medicos con criterios definidos, 54 (57,4%) opinaron que la EV debe ser legalizada en Cuba, mientras que 40 (42,5%) estimaron que no.
Metal movement within the plant: contribution of nicotianamine and yellow stripe 1-like transporters (2008)

Background Since the identification of the genes controlling the root acquisition of iron (Fe), the control of inter- and intracellular distribution has become an important challenge in understanding metal homeostasis. The identification of the yellow stripe-like (YSL) transporter family has paved the way to decipher the mechanisms of long-distance transport of Fe. Scope Once in the plant, Fe will systematically react with organic ligands whose identity is poorly known so far. Among potential ligands, nicotianamine has been identified as an important molecule for the circulation and delivery of metals since it participates in the loading of copper (Cu) and nickel in xylem and prevents Fe precipitation in leaves. Nicotianamine is a precursor of phytosiderophores, which are high-affinity Fe ligands exclusively synthesized by Poaceae species and excreted by roots for the chelation and acquisition of Fe. Maize YS1 is the founding member of a family of membrane transporters called YS1-like (YSL), which functions in root Fe-phytosiderophore uptake from the soil. Next to this well-known Fe acquisition role, most of the other YSL family members are likely to function in plant-wide distribution of metals since (a) they are produced in vascular tissues throughout the plant and (b) they are found in non-Poaceae species that do not synthesize phytosiderophores. The hypothesized activity as Fe-nicotianamine transporters of several YSL members has been demonstrated experimentally by heterologous expression in yeast or by electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes but, despite numerous attempts, proof of the arabidopsis YSL substrate specificity is still lacking. Reverse genetics, however, has revealed a role for AtYSL members in the remobilization of Cu and zinc from senescing leaves, in the formation of pollen and in the Fe, zinc and Cu loading of seeds. Conclusions Preliminary data on the YSL family of transporters clearly argues in favour of its role in the long-distance transport of metals through and between vascular tissues to eventually support gametogenesis and embryo development.
Processing of ARIA and release from isolated nerve terminals (1999)

The neuromuscular junction is a specialized synapse in that every action potential in the presynaptic nerve terminal results in an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane, unlike most interneuronal synapses where a single presynaptic input makes only a small contribution to the population postsynaptic response. The postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction contains a high density of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) receptors and a high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Thus, the large acetylcholine activated current occurs at the same site where the threshold for action potential generation is low. Acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA), a 42 kD protein, that stimulates synthesis of acetylcholine receptors and voltage-gated Na+ channels in cultured myotubes, probably plays the same roles at developing and mature motor endplates in vivo. ARIA is synthesized as part of a larger, transmembrane, precursor protein called proARIA. Delivery of ARIA from motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord to the target endplates involves several steps, including proteolytic cleavage of proARIA. ARIA is also expressed in the central nervous system and it is abundant in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. In this paper we describe our first experiments on the processing and release of ARIA from subcellular fractions containing synaptosomes from the chick cerebellum as a model system.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: Comparative analysis of open and hand‐assisted laparoscopic abdominal lymphadenectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction (2011)

The findings suggest that HALS is feasible and useful for patients with esophageal cancer.
SpEED-QA: Spatial Efficient Entropic Differencing for Image and Video Quality (2017)

Many image and video quality assessment (I/VQA) models rely on data transformations of image/video frames, which increases their programming and computational complexity. By comparison, some of the most popular I/VQA models deploy simple spatial bandpass operations at a couple of scales, making them attractive for efficient implementation. Here we design reduced-reference image and video quality models of this type that are derived from the high-performance reduced reference entropic differencing (RRED) I/VQA models. A new family of I/VQA models, which we call the spatial efficient entropic differencing for quality assessment (SpEED-QA) model, relies on local spatial operations on image frames and frame differences to compute perceptually relevant image/video quality features in an efficient way. Software for SpEED-QA is available at: http://live.ece.utexas.edu/research/Quality/SpEED_Demo.zip.
Renal failure in acute liver failure (1999)

Renal failure develops in approximately 55% of all patients referred to specialized centres with acute liver failure. The renal failure may be secondary to the liver failure itself (and is termed the hepatorenal syndrome) or the renal failure may be a secondary insult that directly affects both liver and kidney alike (for example paracetamol overdose). The pathogenesis of the hepatorenal syndrome involves the development of a hyperdynamic circulation, with a lowering of renal perfusion pressure, the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which renders the kidneys more susceptible to modest decreases in perfusion pressure, and increased synthesis of a variety of vasoactive mediators. These mediators can cause renal vasoconstriction, but more importantly they can also decrease the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf), thus causing a decline of glomerular filtration rate over and above that caused by renal vasoconstriction alone. The treatment of the renal failure in acute liver failure involves the optimization of renal haemodynamics and haemofiltration. Renal failure will always recover when there is recovery of liver function, and in the absence of a spontaneous hepatic recovery, liver transplantation will reverse the hepatorenal syndrome.
Effectiveness of Strain Solutions for Next-Generation MOSFETs (2012)

The conventional planar bulk MOSFET is difficult to scale down to sub-20nm gate length, due to the worsening performance variability and short channel effects. Thin body transistors, including Multiple-Gate (FinFET & Tri-Gate FET) and Fully Depleted SOI (FD-SOI) MOSFETs are anticipated to replace the current transistor architecture, and will be used in future CMOS technology nodes. Strained Silicon technology is widely used today to boost planar bulk transistor performance. Thus it's technically important to examine the strain-induced performance enhancement in these thin body transistors, for nanometer scale channel length. A comprehensive study on impact of channel stress on ultra-thin-body FD-SOI MOSFETs is presented. It's found that strain-induced mobility enhancement diminishes with Silicon body thickness scaling below 5nm for electrons, but not for holes. Strain-induced carrier transport enhancement is maintained with gate-length scaling. By applying forward back biasing (FBB) through the ultra-thin Buried Oxide layer, both carrier mobilities and their responses to strain get enhanced. For Multiple-gate FETs, the impact of performance enhancement through various types of stressors (including CESL, SiGe Source/Drain, Strained SOI and Metal Gate Last process) is studied, for different fin crystalline orientations and aspect ratios, to provide guidance for 3-D transistor design optimization.
The theory of top-loaded antennas: Integral equations for the currents (1971)

The general problem involving the distribution of current and the driving-point impedance of a top-loaded antenna is formulated. Consideration is given to an idealized structure having one or more cylindrical top-loading elements. For the practically important case involving conductors of small radius, the axial currents are obtained as the solution to a pair of coupled integral equations. Approximate solutions obtained by numerical methods for the inverted <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</tex> -, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</tex> -, and four-element top-loaded antennas are compared with measured driving-point impedances. Satisfactory agreement indicates the possibility of utilizing the theory in the analysis of practical configurations involving many top-loading elements.
[Phosphorus loss potential of soil-water in sites of the main rice-yield area in the Northern Zhejiang]. (2001)

Phosphorus (P) loss potential and its environmental impact from soil-water were surveyed in Jiashan Yuyao, Deqing and Yuhang, named main rice-yield areas in Northern Zhejiang province China. High P input has resulted in soil P accumulation. Higher soil Olsen-P contributed its bio-available P, water extracted P and increased soil P loss potential. The role of P in paddy soils is of environmental rather than agronomic concern in the process of soil P build-up. During the no-rice time, total P (TP) concentration in the various water including ditch drain inside/outside field, field surface water and pipe drain et al are over the critical values associated with accelerated waters eutrophication. The average proportion of dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentration in TP was 40%, however, these current DRP levels in partly ditch drain outside field and surface or ground water in no-rice time could not caused serious impact to the outside waters nearby rice-yield agriculture area. No significant line correlation between soil P tests and P in field surface water was found in no-rice time due to differences in field tillage among rice-yield areas, while P application increased both soil P and its correspondingly field surface P level after rice was planted at the same time.