gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. (2006)

Contents: P. McCardle, Foreword. Preface. Introduction to the Volume. D. August, T. Shanahan, Introduction and Methodology. D. August, Demographic Overview. Part I: Development of Literacy in Second-Language Learners. N. Lesaux, E. Geva, Synthesis: Development of Literacy in Language-Minority Students. N. Lesaux, with K. Koda, L.S. Siegel, T. Shanahan, Development of Literacy. E. Geva, Second-Language Oral Proficiency and Second-Language Literacy. Part I References. Part II: Cross-Linguistic Relationships in Second-Language Learners. F. Genesee, E. Geva, C. Dressler, M.L. Kamil, Synthesis: Cross-Linguistic Relationships. F. Genesee, E. Geva, Cross-Linguistic Relationships in Working Memory, Phonological Processes, and Oral Language. E. Geva, F. Genesee, First-Language Oral Proficiency and Second-Language Literacy. C. Dressler, with M.L. Kamil, First-and Second-Language Literacy. Part II References. Part III: Sociocultural Contexts and Literacy Development. C. Goldenberg, R.S. Rueda, D. August, Synthesis: Sociocultural Contexts and Literacy Development. C. Goldenberg, R.S. Rueda, D. August, Social and Cultural Influences on the Literacy Attainment of Language-Minority Children and Youth. R.S. Rueda, D. August, C. Goldenberg, The Social and Cultural Context in Which Children Acquire Literacy. Part III References. Part IV: Educating Language-Minority Students: Instructional Approaches and Professional Development. D. August, T. Shanahan, Synthesis: Instruction and Professional Development. D.J. Francis, N. Lesaux, D. August, Language of Instruction. T. Shanahan, I.L. Beck, Effective Literacy Teaching for English-Language Learners. D. August, with F. Erickson, Qualitative Studies of Classroom and School Practices. D. August, with L.S. Siegel, Literacy Instruction for Language-Minority Children in Special Education Settings. D. August, M. Calderon, Teacher Beliefs and Professional Development. Part IV References. Part V: Student Assessment. G.E. Garcia, G. McKoon, D. August, Synthesis: Language and Literacy Assessment. G.E. Garcia, G. McKoon, Language and Literacy Assessment of Language-Minority Students. Part V References. Part VI: Cross-Cutting Themes and Future Research Directions. C. Snow, Cross-Cutting Themes and Future Research Directions. Biographical Sketches.
A sinh resistor and its application to tanh linearization (2005)

We present a novel and simple subthreshold tunable resistor (sinhR) which exhibits a sinh I-V characteristic. This compact 8-transistor circuit generates an output current that is proportional to the sinh of its input differential voltage and has an offset-free characteristic, i.e., zero current at zero differential voltage, like a real resistor. In a 1.5-/spl mu/m CMOS chip implementation, we achieved a common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 46 dB. As an example application, we use the expansive properties of our sinhR to linearize the compressive properties of a tanh differential pair by degeneration and cancel all nonlinearities up to fifth order. We demonstrate good agreement between theory and experimental results.
Fatty Acid Desaturation in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus (1979)

Microsomal fatty acid desaturation is defective in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes. This defect is correctable by insulin treatment. The electron transport chain needed for microsomal fatty acid desaturation was studied in liver microsomes of streptozotocin diabetic rats, and the defect was localized to the terminal desaturase enzyme. Cytochrome b5 levels were elevated in the face of decreased fatty acid desaturation and returned to normal after 48 h of insulin treatment; 2 U of regular insulin every 6 h for 24 h repaired the fatty acid desaturation defect, while 0.5 U failed to correct the defect. Both the delta 6 and delta 9 desaturase defects (linoleic acid and stearoyl-CoA desaturation) required similar amounts of insulin and periods of time for correction, although these are different enzymes. This is consistent with the desaturation defect being due to a protein synthetic effect. Diabetic rats treated twice daily with injections of 4 U of NPH insulin showed a "super" repair of their desaturase defect by 48 h: delta 9 desaturase activity increased eight times over control activity, while delta 6 desaturase activity increased two and one-half times over control activity. This, together with the fact that delta 6 desaturase activity in diabetes (64% of control) is altered less than is delta 9 desaturase activity (22% of control), indicates that delta 6 desaturase enzyme activity is less responsive to insulin than is delta 9 desaturase enzyme activity. The physiologic significance of altered fatty acid desaturation in diabetes mellitus is unknown.
Transiciones tipo yo-yo y trayectorias fallidas: hacia las políticas integradas de transición para los jóvenes europeos (2004)

El artículo proporciona un marco teórico para entender los cambios estructurales y biográficos que han llevado a una desestandarización de las transiciones de los jóvenes. Los conceptos centrales en este capítulo, ilustrados por la metáfora de las transiciones tipo "yo-yo", son "jóvenes adultos" y "trayectorias fallidas". Mediante un análisis comparativo, los efectos no deseados de las políticas de integración dirigidas a jóvenes adultos se explican por unas estructuras institucionales y procedimientos que permanecen inspirados por los supuestos de biografías normalizadas en función del género y la posibilidad de lograr el pleno empleo. Estos autores fijan el contexto político de los textos que publicamos en este número e introducen la perspectiva de las Políticas Integradas de Transición, las cuales parten de la base de las biografías individuales y son coordinadas de manera transversal. En los artículos siguientes, los demás autores adoptan también esta perspectiva.
Practical LEOS application-applying gradient-index microlenses (1993)

The optical properties and applications of the gradient-index (GRIN) microlens are discussed. The materials and selection process used in developing these lenses are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
X-Ray Exposure Reduction Using Rare-Earth Oxysulfide Intensifying Screens (1972)

The characteristics of terbium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide and lanthanum oxysulfide are compared with those of calcium tungstate. The new rare-earth phosphors have higher x-ray absorption in the 38 to 70 keV region relative to calcium tungstate. They also exhibit a larger x-ray-to-visible light energy conversion efficiency. Rare-earth phosphors, however, emit primarily in the green spectral region and thus poorly match the spectral response of blue-sensitive x-ray film. Despite this disadvantage, gadolinium oxysulfide screens allow a significant x-ray exposure reduction relative to calcium tungstate screens providing equivalent resolution. An additional exposure reduction is anticipated when faster green-sensitive x-ray film becomes available.
Nanonewton Force Sensing and Control in Microrobotic Cell Manipulation (2009)

Cellular force sensing and control techniques are capable of enhancing the dexterity and reliability of microrobotic cell manipulation systems. In this paper we present two experimental techniques for nanonewton force sensing and control in microrobotic cell manipulation. A vision-based cellular force sensing approach, including a microfabricated elastic cell holding device and a sub-pixel visual tracking algorithm, was developed for resolving forces down to 3.7 nN during microrobotic mouse embryo injection. The technique also experimentally demonstrated that the measured mechanical difference could be useful for in situ differentiation of healthy mouse embryos from those with compromised developmental competence without requiring a separate mechanical characterization process. Centered upon force-controlled microrobotic cell manipulation, this paper also presents nanonewton force-controlled micrograsping of interstitial cells using a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based microgripper with integrated two-axis force feedback. On-chip force sensors are used for detecting contact between the microgripper and cells to be manipulated (resolution: 38.5 nN at 15Hz) and sensing gripping forces (resolution: 19.9 nN at 15Hz) during force-controlled grasping. The experimental results demonstrate that the microgripper and the control system are capable of rapid contact detection and reliable force-controlled micrograsping to accommodate variations in size and stiffness of cells with a high degree of reproducibility.
High-carrier-frequency fan-out gratings fabricated by total internal reflection holographic lithography (1995)

Total internal reflection (TIR) holographic lithography is applied to the fabrication of binary diffractive optical elements with submicrometer surface relief features. The recording conditions for the intermediate TIR volume hologram, used for high-resolution proximity printing, are discussed. In particular, the fabrication of efficient high-carrier-frequency fan-out gratings is considered and experimental results are presented for an off-axis 9 x 1 fan-out element in photoresist with a carrier frequency of 1000 lines/mm.
Boundary-energy sensitive visual de-blocking for H.264/AVC coder (2004)

Finding out the better parameter set (<i>OffsetA</i> and <i>OffsetB</i>) for conducting the de-blocking process of H.264/AVC, is capable of improving visual quality, said eliminating the resultant blocking artifact. Identifying which edges belong to blocking regions relies on the perceptual judging process of human beings. In fact, this subjective assessment may not exactly match existing objective assessing measurements, and the meaning of high PSNR does not always stand for less blocking artifacts. In this paper, we first introduce a new criterion for measuring the block boundary distortion by comparing the source video and the reconstructed video prior to the deblocking process. By jointly optimizing the objective picture quality and the blocky energy, the deblocking parameters decision process can find out a good balance between signal matching and blocky elimination, and therefore, maximize the effect of the built-in deblocking process. In our experiments, the proposed method can efficiently pick a better deblocking parameter set from all 169 possibilities for each coded frame and result in a better visual quality.
Quantitative changes in cytoskeletal β‐ and γ‐actin mRNAS and apparent absence of sarcomeric actin gene transcripts in early mouse embryos (1990)

Actin is known to be synthesized both during oogenesis and in cleavage-stage embryos in mice. Cytoskeletal beta-actin appears to be the major component, followed by gamma-actin, but the synthesis of alpha-actin has also been inferred from protein electrophoretic patterns. We have studied the expression of cytoskeletal (beta- and gamma-) and sarcomeric (alpha-cardiac and alpha-skeletal) actin genes at the level of the individual mRNAs in blot hybridization experiments using isoform-specific RNA probes. The results show that there are about 2 x 10(4) beta-actin mRNA molecules in the fully grown oocyte; this number drops to about one-half in the egg and less than one-tenth in the late two-cell embryo but increases rapidly during cleavage to about 3 x 10(5) molecules in the late blastocyst. The amount of gamma-actin mRNA is similar to that of beta-actin in oocytes and eggs but only about 40% as much in late blastocysts, indicating a differential accumulation of these mRNAs during cleavage. The developmental pattern of beta- and gamma-actin mRNA provides a striking example of the transition from maternal to embryonic control that occurs at the two-cell stage and involves the elimination of most or all of the maternal actin mRNA. There was no detectable alpha-cardiac or alpha-skeletal mRNA (i.e., less than 1,000 molecules per embryo) at any stage from oocyte to late blastocyst, suggesting that the sarcomeric actin genes are silent during preimplantation development.
Characterization of optical thin films for applications at 10.6 μm (1990)

Electron beam evaporation and ion assisted deposition have been used to prepare BaF2, LaF3 and HoF3 single layers. These fluorides were chosen as low index materials for laser applications at 10.6 Lm. The films were characterized by Rutherford backscattering (RBS), x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), stress measurement, laser calorimetry, and spectrophotometry. The influence of substrate temperature, deposition rate, ion energy, and ion to molecule arrival ratio on film growth was analysed and related to the optical properties. Although each material reacts differently to the deposition parameters, ion assisted deposition leads to an increase of the absorption loss at the laser wavelength for all three materials.
Non-linear robust control of a series resonant DC/DC converter for bio-medical applications (2002)

This paper examines the control of a series resonant DC/DC converter using an active resonant tank for application to non-invasive, biomedical energy transmission systems. A novel switched capacitor based topology is used to design a controller for the converter. The output voltage regulation problem is cast as a robust disturbance rejection problem. Mathematical modeling results in a small signal linearized set of equations which describe the dynamics of the converter. A first order controller with a non-linear element is developed using the small signal model and tested against the original non-linear system. Results presented show the effectiveness of the extremely simple controller which is very advantageous from the viewpoint of minimizing size and complexity in practical implementations.
Custom-tailored drug immunoconjugates in cancer therapy. (1991)

Forty-three patients with disseminated refractory malignancies each received an individually specified combination of either Adriamycin (n = 24) or mitomycin-C (n = 19) conjugated to a cocktail of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Cancers were typed with both immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry using a panel of antibodies. Cocktails of up to six antibodies were selected based on total binding of greater than 80% of the malignant cells in the biopsy specimen. These mAb cocktails were then drug conjugated, safety tested, and administered intravenously. The Adriamycin immunoconjugates were well tolerated in 22/24 patients, with 17/24 having significant side effects. Fever, chills, pruritus, and skin rash were by far the most common transitory reactions. All were well controlled with premedication. A total of up to 1 g Adriamycin and 5 g mAb were administered to each patient. The limiting factor appeared to be a variable dissociation of active Adriamycin from the antibody that unpredictably caused hemopoietic depression. Similar findings were noted among 19 patients treated with mitomycin-C conjugates. Thrombocytopenia at a 60-mg dose of mitomycin-C in this schedule was dose limiting. Serological evidence suggested that the development of an immunoglobulin M antibody specific against the mouse mAb had the specificity and sensitivity to predict clinical reactions. These antibodies were quantitatively less in mitomycin-C-treated patients. Selected patients were retreated. One patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was treated on three occasions with regression of peripheral lymph nodes. Two patients with breast carcinoma had definite improvement in ulcerating skin lesions, and two patients with tongue carcinoma had shrinkage of their lesions. No responses were seen with mitomycin-C conjugates but binding was noted to tumors. Drug-induced colitis was seen at higher doses with some binding of these conjugates to normal colon epithelium. This study demonstrated the feasibility of preparing individually specified drug immunoconjugate cocktails for patients with refractory malignancies. Cocktail formulation and antibody delivery to the tumor in vivo was accomplished. There was limited antigenic drift among various biopsies within the same patient over time. The major technical hurdle continues to be the selection of effective drug conjugation methods to optimally bind drugs to mAbs for targeted cancer therapy.
A Comparison of Electron-Transfer Rates of Ferrocenoyl-Linked DNA (2003)

Electron transfer (ET) through two configurations of double-stranded (ds)-DNA was investigated by the attachment of a ferrocenoyl (Fc)-labeled and thiol-labeled DNA to Au electrodes. The first configuration positions the Fc moiety on the same strand as the thiolate, whereas the second configuration positions the Fc group on the complementary strand. The subtle difference in structure leads to a difference in E0' values (29 mV) and in ET rate constants (25 vs 115 s-1). The results have led to a further understanding of electron transfer in ds-DNA, and several models of ET are proposed.
Observation of a Stable Water-Soluble Lithium Porphyrin (1996)

The deprotonated form of the water-soluble porphyrin 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin, H2OBT(4-N-MePy)P4+, has a strong affinity for lithium and forms a stable lithium complex in basic aqueous solution. The fully deprotonated form, OBT(4-N-MePy)P2+, is present above pH 10 (pKa3 = 6.5 ± 0.1 and pKa4 = 10.2 ± 0.1). Lithium ions bind to this porphyrin in aqueous solution in a 1:1 stoichiometry with a binding constant of (9.6 ± 0.5) × 102 M-1 (0.1 M KOH, 298 K). The apparent binding constant for Li+ is reduced in the presence of a large excess of Na+, and a binding constant for Na+ of 1.0 ± 0.3 M-1 was obtained. The Li+ porphyrin in D2O shows a 7Li NMR signal at −10.25 ppm vs 1.1 M LiCl, and the line widths show exchange occurs at 299 K, in contrast to earlier lithium porphyrins, which exchange more slowly. The lithium-binding behavior and 7Li NMR spectra for 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin, HxT(4-N-MePy)P(2+x)+ (x = 0−2) are also reported.
Electrosynthesis of polypyrrole in a nematic liquid crystal (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrosynthesis of polypyrrole in a nematic liquid crystalWalter Torres and Marye Anne FoxCite this: Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 3, 583–588Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00021a017RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views199Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Shared hardware: a novel technology for computer support of face to face meetings (1990)

This paper describes the Capture Lab, a computer supported meeting room in use at the EDS Center for Machine Intelligence since late 1987. Most computer supported meeting environments implement a simple hardware approach, where a single computer controlled by a trained technician or facilitator is used, or else adopt a groupware approach, where each user has a personal machine and special-purpose software is used to support group activities. In contrast, the Capture Lab implements a shared hardware approach, in which each meeting participant has a personal computer, but can easily access a shared public computer as well. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach, based on our observations of how the room is used, and compare it to the simple hardware and groupware approaches.
A comparative study of the effects of electrical stimulation and laser treatment on experimental wound healing in rats (2004)

We investigated the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) and laser treatment on wound healing in rats. A randomized-controlled trial, conducted at the Experimental and Clinical Research Centre of Erciyes University (Kayseri, Turkey), divided 124 healthy female Swiss-Albino rats into four groups. A 6 cm linear incision was made at the dorsal skin of all rats. Group 1 was given a constant direct current of 300 microA for 30 min per day. The current was applied in negative polarity for the first 3 days and in positive polarity for the next 7 days. Group 3 received a full-contact, continuous gallium-arsenide (GaAs) laser therapy, with a wavelength of 904 nm, an energy density of 1 J/cm2, and an average power of 6 mW for 10 min per day. The remaining two groups (Groups 2 and 4) were considered the control groups and received sham treatment. All groups were treated for 10 days. Histopathologic and biochemical evaluations were conducted on 10 rats from each group on the 4th and 10th days, and wound breaking strength was measured for biomechanical evaluation on the 25th day of the study. Both ES and laser treatment proved significantly effective in the inflammatory phase compared with control groups (p < 0.05); however, the ES was even more effective than laser treatment, with more significant results (p < 0.05). In the proliferation and maturation phases, while ES and laser treatment were both found to be significantly effective treatment methods compared with the control groups, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two treatment groups (p > 0.05). Although ES and laser treatment both were effective in the maturation phase, increasing wound breaking strength compared with their control groups (p < 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups (p > 0.05). We conclude that ES and laser treatment both have beneficial effects during the inflammatory, proliferation, and maturation phases of a wound. Both ES and laser treatment can be used successfully in decubitis ulcers and chronic wounds, in combination with conventional therapies such as daily care and debridement of wounds; however, ES has more beneficial effects during the inflammatory phase in some parameters than laser treatment.
UWB-sensors in food quality management &#x2014; the way from the concept to market (2008)

A long and well known subfield of the ultra-wideband technology is the time-domain-reflectometry (TDR), which found its ways in a wide field of applications. This paper describes different aspects regarding the way from the first concept of a TDR prototype instrument towards a fully engineered device, suitable for food quality management in an industrial scale. The concept of the described TDR widely depends on the frequency range of the task to be solved, thus is one of the most important aspects in the chain of development. Furthermore industrial requirements with respect to handling of the device and the integration in existing systems have to be kept in mind.