gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Removal of Undesirable Constituents from Tobacco Smoke (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemoval of Undesirable Constituents from Tobacco SmokeR. B. Derr, A. H. Riesmeyer, and R. B. UnangstCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1937, 29, 7, 771–776Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50331a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50331a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
[The pathogenic mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and approach for new immunological therapy]. (1994)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease mediated by myelin protein-specific CD4 T cells of the Th 1 phenotype and is a major animal model for the study of multiple sclerosis. Here we review current research advancements on the pathogenic mechanism of disease induction, remission and exacervasion. Progresses both in the molecular biology and immunology permit us to make a new strategy of specific therapy for EAE. There are three important strategies to prevent disease; the first is to block the trimolecular complex and associated accessory molecules to stop the T cell activation, the second is to regulate the activated T cells with immunological networking system and the third is to modulate the immunological responses mediated by T cells in the central nervous system.
VIOLENCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN PUBLIC HOUSING: A TWO‐SITE ANALYSIS* (2003)

Research Summary: Current knowledge about violence among public housing residents is extremely limited. Much of what we know about violence in and around public housing is derived from analysis of Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data or victimization surveys of public housing residents. The results of these studies suggest that fear of crime among public housing residents is high and that violent offense rates may be higher in areas that contain public housing compared with similar areas without public housing. Yet, “[r]ecorded crime rates (and victimization rates) are an index not of the rate of participation in crime by residents of an area, but of the rate of crime (or victimization) that occurs in an area whether committed by residents or non‐residents” (Weatherburn et al., 1999:259). Therefore, neither UCR nor victimization data measurement strategies address whether crime in and around public housing emanates from those who reside in public housing. Additionally, much of this research focuses on atypical public housing—large developments with high‐rise buildings located in major metropolitan areas. To complement the existing literature, we compare rates of self‐reported crime and violence among adolescents who reside in public housing in Rochester, N.Y., and Pittsburgh, Pa., with adolescents from the same cities who do not live in public housing. In Rochester, property crime and violence participation rates during adolescence and early adulthood among those in public housing are statistically equivalent to participation rates among those not in public housing. In Pittsburgh, living in public housing during late adolescence and early adulthood— particularly in large housing developments—increases the risk for violent offending, but not for property offending. The current study relies on a relatively small number of subjects in public housing at any single point in time and is based on cross‐sectional analyses. Even so, there are several important policy implications that can be derived from this study, given that it moves down a path heretofore largely unexplored. Policy Implications: If replicated, our findings indicate that not all public housing is inhabited disproportionately by those involved in crime; that to develop appropriate responses, it is essential to discover if the perpetrators of violence are residents or trespassers; that policy should target reducing violence specifically and not crime in general; that a modification to housing allocation policies that limits, to the extent possible, placing families with children in late adolescence into large developments might reduce violence perpetrated by residents; that limited resources directed at reducing violence among residents should be targeted at those developments or buildings that actually have high rates of participation in violence among the residents; and that best practices may be derived from developments where violence is not a problem.
Diversity of symbiotic root endophytes of the Helotiales in ericaceous plants and the grass, Deschampsia flexuosa (2005)

In a study of fungi growing in various root-associated habitats in and around Picea mariana, black spruce, in northern Ontario, Canada, an examination was made of the degree to which differences in growth sites within an area of a few square kilometers might influence the structure of root-associated filamentous microfungal populations. Picea mariana roots were collected at four strongly differing boreal forest sites: an undisturbed forest site with deep litter and humus layers; a recently regenerated forest; a clearcut, former portable sawmill site with a few small, naturally regenerated trees; and an open peat bog penetrated by roots from trees growing along the margin. Comparisons were done on isolate assemblages primarily from serially washed mycorrhizae, supplemented with comparison samples from washed root bark and adherent rhizosphere soil. The Bray & Curtis similarity index and nodal components analysis were utilised to identify trends within the data. Root endophyte fungi, mainly Phialocephala fortinii and Meliniomyces variabilis, were among the most common isolates from serially washed mycorrhizae and showed strong trends among the site types, with the former most common from sites low in humus and also low in known humus-associated microfungi, and the latter most common from the peat bog site. The overall composition of the isolate assemblages from washed mycorrhizae mainly reflected site factors, with assemblages from the undisturbed and regenerated forest sites similar to one another and those from the clearcut and peat bog sites strongly distinct. A major difference was also seen between two seasonal samples at the exposed clearcut site, but few seasonal differences were seen at the other sites. The regenerated and undisturbed forest sites were high in Umbelopsis isabellina, Mortierella verticillata and Penicillium spinulosum, fungi typical of humic horizons in boreal podzols; the clearcut yielded the greatest numbers of Fusarium proliferatum, Umbelopsis nana and Penicillium montanense isolates, an assemblage tending to indicate exposed mineral soil; while the peat bog was typified by the presence of characteristic northern peat inhabitants Mortierella pulchella and P. spinulosum, as well as temperate peat inhabitant Penicillium lividum. A synthesis of these results with other data suggests that as a microhabitat, the mycorrhizosphere, as originally defined by Foster & Marks, is of little significance in determining the structure of filamentous fungal populations in soil influenced by the presence of ectomycorrhizal forest tree roots. Edaphic and overall microbial community conditions are much more significant, but the influence of a ¿symbiorhizosphere effect¿ exerted by certain ectomycorrhizal symbionts within the whole soil volume they occupy is also known in some cases and worthy of further investigation.
Elevated blood pressures in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase (1996)

Nitric oxide produced in endothelial cells affects vascular tone. To investigate the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in blood pressure regulation, we have generated mice heterozygous (+/-) or homozygous (-/-) for disruption of the eNOS gene. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-eNOS antibodies showed reduced amounts of eNOS protein in +/- mice and absence of eNOS protein in -/- mutant mice. Male or female mice of all three eNOS genotypes were indistinguishable in general appearance and histology, except that -/- mice had lower body weights than +/+ or +/- mice. Blood pressures tended to be increased (by approximately 4 mmHg) in +/- mice compared with +/+, while -/- mice had a significant increase in pressure compared with +/+ mice (approximately 18 mmHg) or +/- mice (approximately 14 mmHg). Plasma renin concentration in the -/- mice was nearly twice that of +/+ mice, although kidney renin mRNA was modestly decreased in the -/- mice. Heart rates in the -/- mice were significantly lower than in +/- or +/+ mice. Appropriate genetic controls show that these phenotypes in F2 mice are due to the eNOS mutation and are not due to sequences that might differ between the two parental strains (129 and C57BL/6J) and are linked either to the eNOS locus or to an unlinked chromosomal region containing the renin locus. Thus eNOS is essential for maintenance of normal blood pressures and heart rates. Comparisons between the current eNOS mutant mice and previously generated inducible nitric oxide synthase mutants showed that homozygous mutants for the latter differ in having unaltered blood pressures and heart rates; both are susceptible to lipopolysaccharide-induced death.
Coordinating cell behaviour during blood vessel formation (2011)

The correct development of blood vessels is crucial for all aspects of tissue growth and physiology in vertebrates. The formation of an elaborate hierarchically branched network of endothelial tubes, through either angiogenesis or vasculogenesis, relies on a series of coordinated morphogenic events, but how individual endothelial cells adopt specific phenotypes and how they coordinate their behaviour during vascular patterning is unclear. Recent progress in our understanding of blood vessel formation has been driven by advanced imaging techniques and detailed analyses that have used a combination of powerful in vitro, in vivo and in silico model systems. Here, we summarise these models and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We then review the different stages of blood vessel development, highlighting the cellular mechanisms and molecular players involved at each step and focusing on cell specification and coordination within the network.
Strigolactones, a Novel Carotenoid-Derived Plant Hormone (2015)

Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones and signaling molecules. When released into the soil, SLs indicate the presence of a host to symbiotic fungi and root parasitic plants. In planta, they regulate several developmental processes that adapt plant architecture to nutrient availability. Highly branched/tillered mutants in Arabidopsis, pea, and rice have enabled the identification of four SL biosynthetic enzymes: a cis/trans-carotene isomerase, two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, and a cytochrome P450 (MAX1). In vitro and in vivo enzyme assays and analysis of mutants have shown that the pathway involves a combination of new reactions leading to carlactone, which is converted by a rice MAX1 homolog into an SL parent molecule with a tricyclic lactone moiety. In this review, we focus on SL biosynthesis, describe the hormonal and environmental factors that determine this process, and discuss SL transport and downstream signaling as well as the role of SLs in regulating plant development.
Bacterial vaginosis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (1994)

The possibility exists that bacterial vaginosis is in some way associated with the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, i.e. as a cofactor to human papilloma virus. Therefore, bacterial vaginosis must be taken in consideration in future studies on CIN.
Surfactant-Directed Fabrication of Supercrystals from the Assembly of Polyhedral Au–Pd Core–Shell Nanocrystals and Their Electrical and Optical Properties (2015)

Au-Pd core-shell nanocrystals with cubic, truncated cubic, cuboctahedral, truncated octahedral, and octahedral structures have been employed to form micrometer-sized polyhedral supercrystals by both the droplet evaporation method and novel surfactant diffusion methods. Observation of cross-sectional samples indicates shape preservation of interior nanocrystals within a supercrystal. Low-angle X-ray diffraction techniques and electron microscopy have been used to confirm the presence of surfactant between contacting nanocrystals. By diluting the nanocrystal concentration or increasing the solution temperature, supercrystal size can be tuned gradually to well below 1 μm using the surfactant diffusion method. Rectangular supercrystal microbars were obtained by increasing the amounts of cubic nanocrystals and surfactant used. Au-Ag core-shell cubes and PbS cubes with sizes of 30-40 nm have also been fabricated into supercrystals, showing the generality of the surfactant diffusion approach to form supercrystals with diverse composition. Electrical conductivity measurements on single Au-Pd supercrystals reveal loss of metallic conductivity due to the presence of insulating surfactant. Cubic Au-Pd supercrystals show infrared absorption at 3.2 μm due to extensive plasmon coupling. Mie-type resonances centered at 9.8 μm for the Au-Pd supercrystals disappear once the Pd shells are converted into PdH after hydrogen absorption.
Electron microscopy of electrochemically deposited copper nanowires (2012)

Copper nanowires have been synthesized using a direct-current electrochemical deposition method with current densities down to 1 mA/cm <sup>2</sup> on a honeycomb anodic aluminium oxide template. A high pore-filling rate was achieved on the template and uniform arrays of nanowires with diameter of 60-80 nm were obtained. This paper reports SEM observations of the morphology of the deposits and cross-sectional TEM observations of the template and deposited nanowires. The template formation and the nanowire growth mechanism will be discussed in the light of the microscopy observations.
Nitrogen-Doped ZnO Nanowire Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting (2009)

We report the rational synthesis of nitrogen-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:N) nanowire arrays, and their implementation as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for hydrogen generation from water splitting. Dense and vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were first prepared from a hydrothermal method, followed by annealing in ammonia to incorporate N as a dopant. Nanowires with a controlled N concentration (atomic ratio of N to Zn) up to approximately 4% were prepared by varying the annealing time. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirm N substitution at O sites in ZnO nanowires up to approximately 4%. Incident-photon-to-current-efficiency measurements carried out on PEC cell with ZnO:N nanowire arrays as photoanodes demonstrate a significant increase of photoresponse in the visible region compared to undoped ZnO nanowires prepared at similar conditions. Mott-Schottky measurements on a representative 3.7% ZnO:N sample give a flat-band potential of -0.58 V, a carrier density of approximately 4.6 x 10(18) cm(-3), and a space-charge layer of approximately 22 nm. Upon illumination at a power density of 100 mW/cm(2) (AM 1.5), water splitting is observed in both ZnO and ZnO:N nanowires. In comparison to ZnO nanowires without N-doping, ZnO:N nanowires show an order of magnitude increase in photocurrent density with photo-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 0.15% at an applied potential of +0.5 V (versus Ag/AgCl). These results suggest substantial potential of metal oxide nanowire arrays with controlled doping in PEC water splitting applications.
PHOTOMETRIC EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES: STAR FORMATION RATE AND HUBBLE SEQUENCE (1991)

We construct a simple photometric evolution model of galaxies based on the evolutionary population synthesis. In our models an exponentially decreasing SFR with a power law IMF is used to compute the UBV colors of galaxies from ellipticals to late type spirals. It is shown that the integrated colors of galaxies with different Hubble type can be explained by one parameter, SFR.
Multi-RAU pilots for ROF enabled distributed antenna systems (2009)

Future cellular systems require an aggressive frequency reuse in order to provide the expected data rates. For these systems, interference is a major issue to be addressed by the physical layer. Radio over fiber enabled distributed antenna systems can provide a competitive solution to mitigate interference. In this architecture, multiple non collocated remote antenna units (RAU) are transparently connected to a single central unit which performs coordination and joint processing. In downlink context, multi-RAU channel estimation is a key feature which allows the mobile station to combat interference using joint detection. However, pilot patterns in current cellular standards are designed for single cell scenarios and are not adapted to the DAS context. We propose here a generic capacity analysis framework to assess the impact of multi-RAU channel estimation on the link performance. This framework is then applied to highlight the enhancement provided by a proposed modification of LTE pilot patterns suitable to the DAS topology. We show that pilot coordination between neighbouring RAUs combined with interference cancellation on the terminal side provides a substantial gain to the downlink user throughput.
Vertical coupling of long-range surface plasmon polaritons (2006)

We evaluated and demonstrated strong vertical-coupling characteristics of vertical directional couplers based on long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LRSPPs) at 1.55μm wavelength. Fundamental even and odd modes supported by LRSPP metal-stripe waveguides compete more strongly on vertical coupling structures than on lateral coupling structures, possibly leading to less power consumption for switching and to compactness in device length and width. LRSPP-based vertically coupled routing of signals can also be a powerful means of developing three-dimensional photonic integrated circuits and optical printed circuit boards.
Retinal complications of cataract surgery. (2006)

Cataract surgery, like any surgical procedure, has associated complications. Acute retinal complications include globe perforation, dislocated lens fragments, hemorrhagic choroidal detachment, and endophthalmitis. Late retinal complications include retinal detachment, cystoid macular edema, and exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy and other retinal conditions. Proper and timely management of retinal complications from cataract surgery is crucial in maximizing visual outcomes. Many of the complications and current management strategies will be outlined in this review.
An optimal mutual authentication scheme in GSM networks (2011)

GSM is one of the most dominating networks for wireless mobile communication. With the passage of time, financial institutions have started using this network for providing their services. Beginning from basic services like balance enquiry, the trend is increasing to provide financial transactions on mobile. This trend establishes the need of strengthening user authentication and requirement of network authentication as well. In this paper, we have proposed a mutual authentication approach using asymmetric cryptography. In the proposed technique, user and network are authenticated with minimal computation and signaling overhead.
Optical and mechanical properties of infrared fibers (1988)

Optical and mechanical properties have been investigated for As/sub 2/S/sub 3/ and As/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ glass fibers and a KRS-5 polycrystalline fiber. A bending effect was serious for a KRS-5 fiber but not for chalcogenide fibers. In an aging test, a KRS-5 fiber showed a deterioration of transmissivity due to adsorption of moisture as well as plastic deformation of the crystal. Optical loss spectra of chalcogenide fibers were observed to change characteristically due to environmental factors such as humidity, high temperature, and ultraviolet radiation. The potential usefulness of these fibers is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficacy of a combined system of copper and silver and free chlorine for inactivation of Naegleria fowleri amoebas in water (1995)

Electrolytically generated copper and silver ions (400:40 and 800:80 μg/l) were evaluated, separately and combined with 1.0 mg/l free chlorine, for their efficacy in reducing the viable numbers of Naegleria fowleri amoebas in water (pH 7.3 and 23-25°C). Inactivation rates (k = log10 reduction/min) and T99 values (exposure time required to achieve a 99% or a 2 log10 reduction) of the disinfectants were determined. Copper and silver alone, at ratio of 400:40 to 800:80 μg/l caused no significant inactivation of N. fowleri even after 72 hours of exposure (k = 0.00017 and 0.00013, respectively). Addition of 1.0 mg/l free chlorine to water which contained 400:40 or 800:80 μg/l copper and silver resulted in enhanced inactivation rates (k = 0.458 and 0.515, respectively) compared to either chlorine alone (k = 0.33) or the metals alone. Water containing 800:80 μg/l copper and silver with 1.0 mg/l chlorine showed a T99 value of 3.9 minutes, while chlorine alone showed a T99 of 6.1 minutes. Enhanced inactivation of N. fowleri by a combined system of free chlorine and copper and silver may be attributed to the different mechanism that each disinfectant utilizes in inactivating the amoebas, and may suggest a synergistic effect.
Double‐stranded RNA‐mediated gene silencing of cysteine proteases (falcipain‐1 and ‐2) of <i> Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2002)

Malaria remains a public health problem of enormous magnitude, affecting over 500 million people every year. Lack of success in the past in the development of new drug/vaccines has mainly been attributed to poor understanding of the functions of different parasite proteins. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a simple and incisive technique to study gene functions in a variety of organisms. In this study, we report the results of RNAi by double-stranded RNA of cysteine protease genes (falcipain-1 and -2) in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Using RNAi directed towards falcipain genes, we demonstrate that blocking the expression of these genes results in severe morphological abnormalities in parasites, inhibition of parasite growth in vitro and substantial accumulation of haemoglobin in the parasite. The inhibitory effects produced by falcipain double-stranded (ds)RNAs are reminiscent of the effects observed upon administering E-64, a cysteine protease inhibitor. The parasites treated with falcipain's dsRNAs also show marked reduction in the levels of corresponding endogenous falcipain mRNAs. We also demonstrate that dsRNAs of falcipains are broken into short interference RNAs approximately 25 nucleotides in size, a characteristic of RNAi, which in turn activates sequence-specific nuclease activity in the malaria parasites. These results thus provide more evidence for the existence of RNAi in P. falciparum and also suggest possibilities for using RNAi as an effective tool to determine the functions of the genes identified from the P. falciparum genome sequencing project.