gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enveloping the Bladder with Displacement of Flap of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle for the Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder (1990)

Neurogenic bladder is a frequent occurrence. A new surgical technique has been designed and was used successfully in 18 patients with ideal results. The key point of the operation is to turn over a flap of rectus abdominis muscle to envelop the bladder. Contraction of the muscle flap and the abdominal muscles would enhance voiding ability. In the meantime, the bladder is displaced forward and the resultant change in the bladder-posterior urethral angle also favors voiding. Since the bladder is near the anterior abdominal wall manual compression during voiding is made easier. All of these advantages greatly facilitate voiding.
Epigenetic reprogramming of host genes in viral and microbial pathogenesis (2010)

One of the key questions in the study of mammalian gene regulation is how epigenetic methylation patterns on histones and DNA are initiated and established. These stable, heritable, covalent modifications are largely associated with the repression or silencing of gene transcription, and when deregulated can be involved in the development of human diseases such as cancer. This article reviews examples of viruses and bacteria known or thought to induce epigenetic changes in host cells, and how this might contribute to disease. The heritable nature of these processes in gene regulation suggests that they could play important roles in chronic diseases associated with microbial persistence; they might also explain so-called 'hit-and-run' phenomena in infectious disease pathogenesis.
Several dehydrogenases and kinases compete for endocytosis from plasma by rat tissues (1985)

Plasma contains many enzymes that are probably derived from damaged cells. These enzymes are cleared at characteristic rates. We showed previously that in rats the rapid clearance of alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase M4 and the mitochondrial and cytosolic isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase is largely due to endocytosis by macrophages in liver, spleen and bone marrow. We now demonstrate that uptake of each of the enzymes by these tissues is in general decreased by simultaneous injection of a high dose of one of the other dehydrogenases or a high dose of adenylate kinase or creatine kinase. A similar dose of colloidal albumin did not significantly decrease uptake of the four dehydrogenases. Nor was uptake of colloidal albumin, apo-peroxidase from horseradish or multilamellar liposomes influenced by a high dose of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. These results indicate that the four dehydrogenases and the two kinases are specifically endocytosed via the same receptor. We suggest that this receptor contains a group, possibly a nucleotide, with affinity for the nucleotide-binding sites of the enzymes.
Insertion Loss Characterization of Impedance Matching Networks for Low-Power Rectennas (2018)

An impedance matching network inserted between an antenna and a rectifier is essential for rectennas, but few studies have characterized the insertion loss of the matching network if nonideal matching elements are considered. In general, the matching elements, including lumped capacitors, lumped inductors, and transmission lines, are approximated as lossless; if the overall conversion efficiency decreases, the underlying reason seldom attributes to the loss of the matching network. In this paper, we derive the insertion loss of the matching network comprising actual lumped elements and transmission lines. The loss is quantified using the operating power gain of a two-port network, which varies with different levels of input power. When the input power ranges between −30 and 0 dBm, more than 95%, 90%, and 75% of power dissipates at 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz, and 2.4 GHz, respectively, due to the use of actual matching elements. The numerical results are verified by experimental data, and all the analyses demonstrate that the loss of the matching network becomes very serious as the input power is low. These observations are explained using the contour plot of operating power gain. Accordingly, this study provides a theoretical development for rectenna designers.
Onset of Drillstring Precession in a Directional Borehole (1984)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a mathematical procedure for the determination of drillstring precession in a directional borehole and stability of drillstring rotation constrained by borehole geometry. The conditions are found when the energy of axial vibrations is transformed into energy of transverse vibrations. Under these conditions the drillstring rotation around its axis becomes unstable and the transition to the rotation around borehole axis, i.e. pre-cessional motion, takes place. The conditions are formulated in terms of rotary speeds, amplitude of weight-on-bit vibrations, damping and geometry. A finite element procedure reduces the partial differential equation describing drillstring dynamics to a set of Mathew-Hill ordinary differential equations. The boundaries of parametric resonances for these equations determines the onset of precessional motion of the drillstring. The results can be used to predict stable performance of drillstrings during directional drilling operations.
Low-subsonic flight characteristics of a model of a supersonic-airplane configuration with a parawing as a landing aid (1963)

Low-subsonic flight characteristics of model supersonic aircraft configuration with parawing as a landing aid
The Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) (1983)

Abstract A review of the current research, production, botany, history and evolution, and food value of the artichoke. Emphasis is on breeding, cultural practices, and entomology research.
NEAT – non‐exercise activity thermogenesis – egocentric & geocentric environmental factors vs. biological regulation (2005)

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) is the energy expenditure of all physical activities other than volitional sporting-like exercise. NEAT includes all those activities that render us vibrant, unique and independent beings such as going to work, playing guitar, toe-tapping and dancing. The factors that account for the 2000 kcal day(-1) variability of NEAT can be categorized as environmental or biological. The environmental determinants of NEAT can be view using one of two models. In the egocentric model we consider a single person as the focus, e.g. 'my job'. In the geocentric model we consider the 'environment' as the focus, e.g. well-lit and safe walk ways. These models provide us with a theoretical framework to understand NEAT and how best to intervene to promote NEAT. As well as environmental effectors of NEAT, there are also biological regulatory mechanisms that enable us to account for three-quarters of the biological variance in susceptibility and resistance to fat gain with human over-feeding. NEAT is likely to be regulated through a central mechanism that integrates NEAT with energy intake and energy stores so that NEAT is activated with over-feeding and suppressed with under-feeding. In conclusion, NEAT is likely to serve as a crucial thermoregulatory switch between energy storage and dissipation that is biologically regulated and influenced, and perhaps over-ridden, by environment. Deciphering the role of NEAT may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of obesity.
Experimentally generating any desired partially coherent Schell-model source using phase-only control (2015)

A technique is presented to produce any desired partially coherent Schell-model source using a single phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). Existing methods use SLMs in combination with amplitude filters to manipulate the phase and amplitude of an initially coherent source. The technique presented here controls both the phase and amplitude using a single SLM, thereby making the amplitude filters unnecessary. This simplifies the optical setup and significantly increases the utility and flexibility of the resulting system. The analytical development of the technique is presented and discussed. To validate the proposed approach, experimental results of three partially coherent Schell-model sources are presented and analyzed. A brief discussion of possible applications is provided in closing.
The Lightweight Autonomous Vehicle Self-Diagnosis (LAVS) Using Machine Learning Based on Sensors and Multi-Protocol IoT Gateway (2019)

This paper proposes the lightweight autonomous vehicle self-diagnosis (LAVS) using machine learning based on sensors and the internet of things (IoT) gateway. It collects sensor data from in-vehicle sensors and changes the sensor data to sensor messages as it passes through protocol buses. The changed messages are divided into header information, sensor messages, and payloads and they are stored in an address table, a message queue, and a data collection table separately. In sequence, the sensor messages are converted to the message type of the other protocol and the payloads are transferred to an in-vehicle diagnosis module (In-VDM). The LAVS informs the diagnosis result of Cloud or road side unit(RSU) by the internet of vehicles (IoV) and of drivers by Bluetooth. To design the LAVS, the following two modules are needed. First, a multi-protocol integrated gateway module (MIGM) converts sensor messages for communication between two different protocols, transfers the extracted payloads to the In-VDM, and performs IoV to transfer the diagnosis result and payloads to the Cloud through wireless access in vehicular environment(WAVE). Second, the In-VDM uses random forest to diagnose parts of the vehicle, and delivers the results of the random forest as an input to the neural network to diagnose the total condition of the vehicle. Since the In-VDM uses them for self-diagnosis, it can diagnose a vehicle with efficiency. In addition, because the LAVS converts payloads to a WAVE message and uses IoV to transfer the WAVE messages to RSU or the Cloud, it prevents accidents in advance by informing the vehicle condition of drivers rapidly.
Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task (1993)

The present investigation had two aims: (1) to study responses of dopamine neurons to stimuli with attentional and motivational significance during several steps of learning a behavioral task, and (2) to study the activity of dopamine neurons during the performance of cognitive tasks known to be impaired after lesions of these neurons. Monkeys that had previously learned a simple reaction time task were trained to perform a spatial delayed response task via two intermediate tasks. During the learning of each new task, a total of 25% of 76 dopamine neurons showed phasic responses to the delivery of primary liquid reward, whereas only 9% of 163 neurons responded to this event once task performance was established. This produced an average population response during but not after learning of each task. Reward responses during learning were significantly more numerous and pronounced in area A10, as compared to areas A8 and A9. Dopamine neurons also showed phasic responses to the two conditioned stimuli. These were the instruction cue, which was the first stimulus in each trial and indicated the target of the upcoming arm movement (58% of 76 neurons during and 44% of 163 neurons after learning), and the trigger stimulus, which was a conditioned incentive stimulus predicting reward and eliciting a saccadic eye movement and an arm reaching movement (38% of neurons during and 40% after learning). None of the dopamine neurons showed sustained activity in the delay between the instruction and trigger stimuli that would resemble the activity of neurons in dopamine terminal areas, such as the striatum and frontal cortex. Thus, dopamine neurons respond phasically to alerting external stimuli with behavioral significance whose detection is crucial for learning and performing delayed response tasks. The lack of sustained activity suggests that dopamine neurons do not encode representational processes, such as working memory, expectation of external stimuli or reward, or preparation of movement. Rather, dopamine neurons are involved with transient changes of impulse activity in basic attentional and motivational processes underlying learning and cognitive behavior.
Random laser action in ZnO nanorod arrays embedded in ZnO epilayers (2004)

Random laser action with coherent feedback has been observed in ZnO nanorod arrays embedded in ZnO epilayers. The sample was fabricated by depositing a MgO buffer layer and followed by a layer of ZnO thin film onto a vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays grown on sapphire substrate. Under 355 nm optical excitation at room temperature, sharp lasing peaks emit at around 390 nm with a linewidth less than 0.4 nm has been observed in all directions. In addition, the dependence of the lasing threshold intensity on the excitation area is shown in good agreement with the random laser theory. Hence, it is demonstrated that random laser action can also be supported in ZnO nanorod arrays.
A Hybrid Location Algorithm Based on BP neural Networks with Multilayer Data Fusion (2007)

In this paper, a hybrid location algorithm based on BP neural network with multi-layer data fusion is proposed to carry out hybrid location of space probe's position and attitude according to the multi parameter characteristic. As the algorithm model with multi-layer data fusion is built, the former data fusion pattern for hybrid location is developed and improved. In the paper the hybrid location algorithm with image vector recognition based on BP neural network is simulated to verify image location estimate and hybrid location with multi-layer data fusion. The simulation result shows that the algorithm of hybrid location is provided with indubitable feasibility, validity and precision.
Overview of Glycemic Control in Critical Care: Relating Performance and Clinical Results (2007)

Model-based methods provide tighter, more adaptable one method fits all solutions, using methods that enable patient-specific modeling and control. Correlation between tightness of control and clinical outcome suggests that performance metrics, such as time in a relevant glycemic band, may provide better guidelines. Overall, compared to the current one size fits all sliding scale and ad-hoc regimens, patient-specific pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic model-based, or one method fits all control, utilizing computational and emerging sensor technologies, offers improved treatment and better potential outcomes when treating hyperglycemia in the highly dynamic critically ill patient.
Performance degradation of PRML channels due to nonlinear distortions (1991)

The effects of nonlinear distortions on the performance of a partial response/maximum likelihood detection (PRML) channel are presented. The nonlinear distortions are introduced during the process of writing (transition shift) and reading (head distortion) data from a magnetic medium. Measurements were taken on the bench using simulated waveforms based on the Lorentzian wave shape, digital equalizer, and experimental PRML channel hardware. Head asymmetry and saturation, typical of experimental magnetoresistive heads, were modeled by adding quadratic and cubic distortions, respectively. Noise was injected to the unequalized signal, presenting a colored spectrum to the input of the detector. The errors were detected by comparing the output of the detector and a reference non-return-to-zero (NRZ) pattern. The system signal-to-noise ratio was computed using a sample distribution method. The effect of various kinds of nonlinearities on the eye diagram was studied, and templates which are useful in identifying the type of nonlinearity present in a real system were generated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultralow-Thermal-Budget CMOS Process Using Flash-Lamp Annealing for 45 nm Metal/High- $k$ FETs (2008)

This paper describes a fabrication process that uses flash-lamp annealing (FLA) and the characteristics of the CMOS transistors that are constructed with an ultralow-thermal- budget process tuned for 45-nm metal/high-k FETs. FLA enhances the drivability of pFETs with the solid-phase epitaxial (SPE) extension junction, but reducing the thermal budget deteriorates the poly-gate depletion and the electron mobility. Metal gate, however, prevents the depletion problem and leads to higher drain currents and better threshold-voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> ) roll-offs when processed with tilted extension implantation combined with SPE + FLA than when processed with untilted extension implantation combined with spike rapid thermal annealing. Reducing the thermal budget is also effective in obtaining low V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> values in p-metal/HfSiON gate because of the reduced vacancy formation. Moreover, cluster-boron implantation for pFETs has superiority over monomer-boron implantation with Ge postamorphous implantation in terms of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> roll-offs and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> -I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> 's if FLA is used as activation. The superior electrical characteristics of full-metal- gate HfSiON transistors whose gate length is less than 50 nm, which are fabricated by using the FLA process, are demonstrated.
Gwyddion: an open-source software for SPM data analysis (2011)

Abstract In this article, we review special features of Gwyddion—a modular, multiplatform, open-source software for scanning probe microscopy data processing, which is available at http://gwyddion.net/. We describe its architecture with emphasis on modularity and easy integration of the provided algorithms into other software. Special functionalities, such as data processing from non-rectangular areas, grain and particle analysis, and metrology support are discussed as well. It is shown that on the basis of open-source software development, a fully functional software package can be created that covers the needs of a large part of the scanning probe microscopy user community.
Accumulated phosphatidylcholine (16:0/16:1) in human colorectal cancer; possible involvement of <scp>LPCAT</scp>4 (2013)

The identification of cancer biomarkers is critical for target-linked cancer therapy. The overall level of phosphatidylcholine (PC) is elevated in colorectal cancer (CRC). To investigate which species of PC is overexpressed in colorectal cancer, an imaging mass spectrometry was performed using a panel of non-neoplastic mucosal and CRC tissues. In the present study, we identified a novel biomarker, PC(16:0/16:1), in CRC using imaging mass spectrometry. Specifically, elevated levels of PC(16:0/16:1) expression were observed in the more advanced stage of CRC. Our data further showed that PC(16:0/16:1) was specifically localized in the cancer region when examined using imaging mass spectrometry. Notably, because the ratio of PC(16:0/16:1) to lyso-PC(16:0) was higher in CRC, we postulated that lyso-PC acyltransferase (LPCAT) activity is elevated in CRC. In an in vitro analysis, we showed that LPCAT4 is involved in the deregulation of PC(16:0/16:1) in CRC. In an immunohistochemical analysis, LPCAT4 was shown to be overexpressed in CRC. These data indicate the potential usefulness of PC(16:0/16:1) for the clinical diagnosis of CRC and implicate LPCAT4 in the elevated expression of PC(16:0/16:1) in CRC.
<i>In Vivo</i> Response of Polylactic Acid–Alginate Scaffolds and Bone Marrow-Derived Cells for Cartilage Tissue Engineering (2005)

Successful application of tissue-engineering techniques to damaged biological structures is determined by functional performance in vivo. This study evaluated the in vivo response of a tissue-engineered construct composed of a polylactic acid–alginate amalgam seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stimulated in vitro with transforming growth factor β for cartilage tissue engineering. Constructs were placed in cylindrical osteochondral defects in the canine femoral condyle and examined 6 weeks postoperatively by gross, histological, immunohistochemical, and biomechanical analyses. In the course of 6 weeks in vivo, the defects filled with a cartilaginous tissue regardless of whether cell-seeded (experimental) or cell-free (control) constructs were implanted; however, the quality of the tissue differed between the experimental and control defects. Cell-seeded experimental defects showed more cartilage-like matrix quality, cell distribution, and proteoglycan staining. Biomechanically, experimental and control specimens exhibited similar behavior; however, both tissues were still immature compared with normal cartilage. The evidence accumulated in this study showed a modest acceleration of the in vivo healing of cellseeded constructs but also demonstrated a reparative response of cell-free constructs. This finding suggests that the constructs prepared from the PLA–alginate amalgam may serve as a means for host cell attachment.
Highly ordered mesoporous carbon for mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 heterojunction solar cell (2014)

Highly ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) with well-connected frameworks was applied in mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 heterojunction solar cells as counter electrode. The OMC were synthesized by a template method and mixed with flaky graphite to prepare the carbon paste, which was used to fabricate the counter electrode by screen-printing technology. The OMC based solar cell presented a fill factor (FF) of 0.63 and a power conversion efficiency (η) of 7.02%, which was a remarkable improvement compared with the carbon black based device. The electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement demonstrated that the uniform mesopores and interconnected structures in the carbon counter electrode promoted the decrease of charge transfer resistance at the interface and thereby the higher FF and η was obtained.
Ion channel sequestration in central nervous system axons (2000)

Na+ and K+ channel localization and clustering are essential for proper electrical signal generation and transmission in CNS myelinated nerve fibres. In particular, Na+ channels are clustered at high density at nodes of Ranvier, and Shaker-type K+ channels are sequestered in juxtaparanodal zones, just beyond the paranodal axoglial junctions. The mechanisms of channel localization at nodes of Ranvier in the CNS during development in both normal and hypomyelinating mutant animals are discussed and reviewed. As myelination proceeds, Na+ channels are initially found in broad zones within gaps between neighbouring oligodendroglial processes, and then are condensed into focal clusters. This process appears to depend on the formation of axoglial junctions. K+ channels are first detected in juxtaparanodal zones, and in mutant mice lacking normal axoglial junctions, these channels fail to cluster. In these mice, despite the presence of numerous oligodendrocytes, Na+ channel clusters are rare, and when present, are highly irregular. A number of molecules have recently been described that are candidates for a role in the neuron-glial interactions driving ion channel clustering. This paper reviews the cellular and molecular events responsible for formation of the mature node of Ranvier in the CNS.