gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved range-profiling algorithm of rainfall rate from a spaceborne radar with path-integrated attenuation constraint (1991)

A range-profiling algorithm for rainfall rate retrieval from a single-frequency downward-looking spaceborne radar is presented. The algorithm is based on a linear reformulation of the radar equation. The path-integrated attenuation given by the surface echo measurement is used as a constraint for normalizing the range-gated rain echoes. The expected performances are studied analytically and compared with those of the approach of W. Hitschfeld and J. Bordan (1954). The stability and accuracy of the rainfall profile retrieval in the presence of various types of errors are pointed out and illustrated by means of numerical simulations of data processing from a spaceborne rain radar operating basically at Ku band.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An accurate and efficient error predictor tool for CATR measurements (2010)

An accurate and efficient numerical model is developed to simulate the far field of an antenna under test (AUT) measured in a Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR), on the basis of the known quiet zone field and the theoretical aperture field distribution of the AUT. The comparison with the theoretical far-field pattern of the AUT shows the expected measurement accuracy. The numerical model takes into account the relative movement of the AUT within the quiet zone and is valid for any CATR and AUT of which the quiet zone and aperture field, respectively, are known. The antenna under test in this study is the Validation Standard Antenna (VAST12), especially designed in the past for antenna test ranges validations. Simulated results as well as real measurements data are provided.
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Pancreatic β-Cells (2006)

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels mediate the pacemaker current (Ih or If) observed in electrically rhythmic cardiac and neuronal cells. Here we describe a hyperpolarization-activated time-dependent cationic current, beta-Ih, in pancreatic beta-cells. Transcripts for HCN1-4 were detected by RT-PCR and quantitative PCR in rat islets and MIN6 mouse insulinoma cells. beta-Ih in rat beta-cells and MIN6 cells displayed biophysical and pharmacological properties similar to those of HCN currents in cardiac and neuronal cells. Stimulation of cAMP production with forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (50 microM) or dibutyryl-cAMP (1 mM) caused a significant rightward shift in the midpoint activation potential of beta-Ih, whereas expression of either specific small interfering (si)RNA against HCN2 (siHCN2b) or a dominant-negative HCN channel (HCN1-AAA) caused a near-complete inhibition of time-dependent beta-Ih. However, expression of siHCN2b in MIN6 cells had no affect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion under normal or cAMP-stimulated conditions. Blocking beta-Ih in intact rat islets also did not affect membrane potential behavior at basal glucose concentrations. Taken together, our experiments provide the first evidence for functional expression of HCN channels in the pancreatic beta-cell.
Covalent immobilization of albumin on micron‐sized magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate‐divinylbenzene‐glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres prepared by modified suspension polymerization (2005)

Abstract Micron‐sized magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate‐divinylbenzene‐glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres were prepared by a modified suspension polymerization in the presence of oleic acid‐coated magnetite nanoparticles. The magnetic microspheres were functionalized by reacting the epoxy groups with ammonia solution to provide amino groups. After activated with glutaraldehyde (GA), bovine serum albumin was covalently immobilized on these magnetic microspheres. The influence of initial protein concentration, pH and ionic strength of the protein solution on covalent immobilization was studied. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the magnetic microspheres had an average size of 6.4 µm and relative narrow size distribution. Magnetic measurement revealed the magnetic microspheres were superparamagetic with saturation magnetization of 7.32 emu/g. The successful amination of the magnetic microspheres was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic pain. Review of the evidence (2014)

Chronic pain is one of the primary reasons why people seek medical help. It produces functional limitation, affects mood, and impairs job performance. Many times it is difficult to manage and responds poorly to pharmacological therapies, posing a challenge for the multidisciplinary team in charge of treating this disorder. A number of approaches to relieve pain are the subject of growing research, including the application of agents such as botulinum toxin on painful points. To carry out a non-systematic narrative review of the scientific evidence available on the use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic pain. A search was conducted in the PUBMED database, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, Cochrane reviews, clinical trials, narrative reviews and case series, published between 1997 and 2013, in order to carry out a non-systematic narrative review. Overall, 66 articles were considered for an update on the proposed topic. Botulinum toxin has certain properties that might have a beneficial effect on chronic pain. However, there is not sufficient evidence supporting its use in the majority of indications in this group of patients. Additional studies are required to recommend its use. Ultrasound is considered a useful tool to guide its application. El dolor crónico es una de las principales causas de consulta médica, produce limitación funcional, altera el estado del ánimo y disminuye el rendimiento laboral. En muchas ocasiones es de difícil manejo y pobre respuesta a terapias farmacológicas, generando un reto para el equipo interdisciplinario que trata esta enfermedad. Cada día se investigan más métodos enfocados a aliviar el dolor, entre ellos la aplicación de sustancias como la toxina botulínica en los puntos dolorosos. Realizar una revisión narrativa no sistemática sobre la evidencia científica disponible acerca del uso de la toxina botulínica en el tratamiento del dolor crónico. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PUBMED, que incluyó artículos de metaanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas, revisiones de Cochrane, ensayos clínicos, revisiones narrativas y series de casos, entre 1997 y 2013, para la realización de una revisión narrativa no sistemática. Se tuvieron en cuenta un total de 66 artículos para la realización de la actualización en el tema propuesto. La toxina botulínica presenta propiedades que posiblemente puedan tener algún beneficio en el área del dolor crónico. Sin embargo, no existe suficiente evidencia que soporte su uso en la mayoría de sus indicaciones en este grupo de pacientes. Se requieren más estudios para recomendar su uso. La guía ultrasonográfica es considerada una herramienta útil en su aplicación.
Cause and Consequence of Carbon Nanotube Doping in Water and Aqueous Media (2010)

To utilize carbon nanotubes in real-world applications, we have to master their chemistry. At present there is a lack of understanding regarding what happens during basic manipulations, such as doping with acids, forming suspensions by sonication in water with surfactants, or detecting peroxides. We show that sonication of nanotubes in water leads to the in situ formation of molecular oxygen, causing doping, which can be quenched with ethanol. In the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, oxygen doping is overshadowed by doping due to the sulfate group. Stable suspensions of undoped nanotubes can be created with Triton-X spiked with ethanol. Hydrogen peroxide does not dope, but in high concentrations or in the presence of catalytic iron nanoparticles it decomposes to yield oxygen, which may dope. Hydrochloric acid does not dope, unlike sulfuric acid. Our results clarify the origins of doping while processing carbon nanotubes in water.
Antitumor activity of N6-phenyladenosine, and inhibitor of adenosine utilization, in combination with related purine analogs. (1973)

Summary N 6 -Phenyladenosine (φAR), a potent inhibitor of the utilization of adenosine in vitro , has only slight activity against leukemia L1210 in mice and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats. In combination studies, φAR potentiated the effects of 6-mercaptopurine, but not those of 6-thioguanine, against leukemia L1210 in DBA/2 mice after either a single injection or five daily treatments. In addition, φAR prevented the acute “shock-like” toxicity caused by single, large doses of either 6-mercaptopurine or 6-thioguanine. Although φAR was shown competitively to reverse the inhibition of growth of Sarcoma 180 cells in culture caused by 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, treatment of mice bearing leukemia L1210 with a combination of the two resulted in increased toxicity. It is concluded that inhibitors of the uptake and phosphorylation of adenosine and its analogs may have some value in cancer chemotherapy.
Direct Current Reduces Accumulation of Evans Blue Albumin in Full-Thickness Burns (1999)

EBA and edema fluid accumulation in burn wound change in concert after injury and show similar response to DC treatment.
Downhole monitoring tool design using power line disturbances (2015)

The downhole monitoring tool is a critical component in electrical submersible pump (ESP) wells to monitor downhole parameters such as the pump intake pressure, the temperature of motor winding and oil reservoir, the motor vibration etc. to ensure proper ESP system operation and to optimize production. In this paper, a downhole monitoring tool design method is proposed using power line disturbances. This method is based on the technology of two-way automatic communication system (TWACS). The AC current signal is used for the downhole tool. This new design scheme utilizes an external impedance connecting one phase of the ESP system to the ground on the wellhead, and a controlled thyrsitor connected between the neutral of the ESP motor and the ground by conducting at a specific firing angle and cycles. This design can overcome the impact of single-line-to-ground faults of the ESP system on the communication of downhole tools. The design method is verified through the simulation using PSCAD by case and sensitivity studies. The lab testing is conducted to further validate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Embryo maternal dialogue: From pregnancy recognition to proliferation control. (2001)

Embryo-maternal dialogue starts shortly after fertilization and is exerted through both local and systemic signaling. We have discovered specific embryo derived pre-implantation factors (PIF), novel peptides that are secreted already at the two cell stage and which modulate cellular immunity. In the fallopian tube the embryo, a partial allograft, is tolerated by the mother. Embryo derived peripheral signaling (PIF) is also detected prior to implantation in maternal sera. This signal may also help prime the endometrium to facilitate implantation. Upon implantation, embryo-endometrial communication becomes direct and highly amplified. When the immune privilege appears to be secured, embryogenesis proper initiates. This requires proliferation/differentiation to be tightly controlled. Knowledge of proliferation promoters is ample while the factors involved in its control remain less understood. We have identified a class of novel proteins/peptides, developmental proteins (DPs), that are present in the embryo before a mature immune system has developed. Their role is to create a balance between pro and antiproliferative forces, to promote normal proliferation while controlling abnormal cell proliferation (i.e. due to carcinogens, toxins, viruses, and ionic radiation). DPs, may also redirect growth towards functionality through differentiation. DPs appear to act through a specific receptor negating growth factors action through promotion of tumor suppressors and inhibition of tumor promoters at 2 minutes, blocking DNA synthesis at ~24 hours, and promoting apoptosis at ~48 hours. When an embryo becomes incompatible with life, DPs may lead to growth arrest, PIF-like compounds decline, the immune system to be restored and the pregnancy is rejected. Final identification and use of PIF and DPs is likely to help both managing early pregnancy disorders and aid in treatment of proliferative disorders due to cancer and viral infection.
The degradation of addition polymers by ultrasonic waves. II. (1958)

Abstract An accurate solution of the kinetics of degradation of addition polymers of known initial size distribution is given. This solution differs from an approximate solution given in a previous paper. The result obtained is applied to a sample of 1% polystyrene in benzene. The theoretical weight distribution curves at different stages of degradation, derived from the approximate and the accurate solutions, are given. The points of difference between the two resulting distributions are briefly discussed.
Effects of particle size on X-ray transmission characteristics of PDMS/Ag nano- and microcomposites (2015)

Polymers reinforced with nano- or micro-material(s) are increasingly being considered for the development of lightweight, conformable shielding materials against diagnostic X-rays. However, the choice of the optimal particle-size and the concentration for the filler material is not yet well studied in terms of their role in effective attenuation of the desired range of X-ray energies. In this study, X-ray transmission properties of silver nano- and micro-particles were investigated at relatively very low concentrations of 0.5, 2.73 and 5.5 weight percentage (wt%) under a wide range of X-ray energies (20, 23, 26, 30, 40, 60 and 80 kV). With increase in concentration, silver nanoparticles showed enhanced X-ray attenuation properties with respect to silver microparticles over the whole range of X-ray energies, especially at the low energy X-rays (up to 9% more attenuation at 20 kV).
Electrochemical Generation of Rhodium Porphyrin Hydrides. Catalysis of Hydrogen Evolution (1997)

In polar solvents, Rh(III) porphyrins are directly reduced in Rh(I) complexes which react readily with Brönsted acids to give Rh(III) hydrides. They then undergo, at a more negative potential, an additional electron uptake to yield the corresponding Rh(II) hydrides. The electrogenerated rhodium(II) complex is the key intermediate of catalytic hydrogen evolution according to a mechanism which heavily depends on the solvent and on axial ligands. In DMSO, hydride transfer from Rh(II)H- to the acid, yielding H2, competes with hydride transfer reduction of the solvent by both Rh(III)H and Rh(II)H-. In a less-complexing solvent, such as butyronitrile, hydrogen evolution occurs both by hydride transfer to the acid and H-atom abstraction to the solvent. The latter pathway is shut off by the addition of strong and soft ligands such as tertiary phosphines. With PEt3, a particularly strong electron-donating ligand, not only Rh(II)H- but also Rh(III)H triggers H2 evolution. The various changes of the hydrogen evolution mechanism as well as the stability of the catalyst can be rationalized by the variation of the electron density distribution brought about by the presence or the absence of the axial ligand.
A High-Efficiency Power Cycle in Which Hydrogen Is Compressed by Absorption in Metal Hydrides (1976)

A high-efficiency power cycle is proposed in which molecular hydrogen gas is used as a working fluid in a regenerative closed Brayton cycle. The hydrogen gas is compressed by an absorption-desorption cycle on metal hydride (FeTiH(x)) beds. Low-temperature solar or geothermal heat (temperature about 100 degrees C) is used for the compression process, and high-temperature fossil fuel or nuclear heat (temperature about 700 degrees C) supplies the expansion work in the turbine. Typically, about 90 percent of the high-temperature heat input is converted to electricity, while about 3 kilowatts of low-temperature heat is required per kilowatt of electrical output.
Characterization of Human Prostate Cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Normal Prostate by in vitro<sup>1</sup>H and<sup>31</sup>P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1993)

In vitro 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectra were acquired from perchloric acid extracts of human prostate tissue obtained by transurethral resection. This included tissue of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma; one tissue sample was obtained from a patient without any sign of BPH or malignancy. Major resonances in the magnetic resonance spectra were assigned to prostate compounds and were quantified. The citrate/lactate, citrate/total choline, phosphocholine/total creatinine, choline/total creatine, alanine/total creatine, phosphoethanolamine/total phosphate, phosphocholine/total phosphate and glycerophosphoethanolamine/total phosphate ratios were statistically different for the prostate cancer samples as compared with the BPH specimens. These observations may contribute to the understanding of in vivo magnetic resonance spectra of the prostate and indicate that magnetic resonance spectroscopy can aid in the diagnosis of prostate malignancy.
Resolution improvement in laser diode-based pump–probe microscopy with an annular pupil filter (2014)

We experimentally demonstrate the use of annular beams to improve lateral resolution in laser-diode-based pump-probe microscopy. We found that the width of the point-spreading function in the case of the annular pump-probe beams is 162 nm, which is 30% smaller than that of the circular beams (232 nm). Furthermore, side lobes were efficiently suppressed at the focal plane since the pump-probe signal is proportional to the product of the two beam intensities. This scheme is demonstrated for the photothermal signal of nonfluorescent gold nanoparticles and the stimulated emission signal of fluorescence beads.
A Track-Before-Detect Algorithm With Thresholded Observations and Closely-Spaced Targets (2013)

In this letter, we consider the detection architecture in , where a track-before-detect processor elaborates the plot-lists provided on a scan-by-scan basis by the detector and plot-extractor of a radar system. We derive a novel track formation procedure in order to provide improved performance in the presence of multiple, closely-spaced targets. Numerical examples are provided to assess the detection capabilities and the accuracy in the estimation of the target position.
Treatment of rare factor deficiencies in 2016 (2016)

Rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) are a heterogeneous group of coagulation disorders characterized by fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V, VII, X, XI, or XIII (FV, FVII, FX, FXI, or FXIII, respectively), and the combined factor V + VIII and vitamin K-dependent proteins deficiencies, representing roughly 5% of all bleeding disorders. They are usually transmitted as autosomal, recessive disorders, and the prevalence of the severe forms could range from 1 case in 500 000 for FVII up to 1 in 2-3 million for FXIII in the general population. Patients affected with RBDs may present a wide range of clinical symptoms, varying from mucocutaneous bleeding, common to all types of RBDs to the most life-threatening symptoms such as central nervous system and gastrointestinal bleeding. Treatment of these disorders is mainly based on the replacement of the deficient factor, using specific plasma-derived or recombinant products. In countries where these facilities are not available, bleedings could be managed using cryoprecipitate, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), or virus-inactivated plasma. Minor bleedings could be managed using antifibrinolytic agents. Recently, 2 novel drugs, recombinant FXIIIA and a plasma-derived FX, have been added to the list of available specific hemostatic factors; only prothrombin and FV deficiencies still remain without a specific product. Novel no-replacement therapies, such as monoclonal antibody anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor, RNA interference, and a bispecific antibody that is an FVIIIa mimetic, enhancing thrombin generation through different mechanisms, were developed for patients with hemophilia and may in the future be a good therapeutic option also in RBDs.
Ni(<scp>ii</scp>)/BINOL-catalyzed alkenylation of unactivated C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H bonds (2015)

The first nickel-catalyzed alkenylation of unactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds with vinyl iodides is described. The catalytic system comprises an inexpensive and air-stable Ni(acac)2 as the catalyst and BINOL as the ligand, which is highly efficient for the alkenylation of β-methyl C(sp(3))-H bonds of a broad range of aliphatic carboxamides. The resulting olefins can serve as versatile handles for further preparation. Additionally, we also demonstrated the synthesis of functionalized carboxamides bearing α-quaternary carbon centers from simple pivalamide via nickel-catalyzed sequential C(sp(3))-H bond functionalization.
Screening Strategies for the Identification of Multiple Antibody-Positive Relatives of Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes (2003)

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which different screening strategies could identify a population of nondiabetic relatives of a proband with type 1 diabetes who had two or more immunologic markers from the group consisting of islet cell antibodies (ICA), micro insulin autoantibodies (MIAA), GAD65 autoantibodies (GAA), and ICA512 autoantibodies (ICA512AA). Relatives of subjects with type 1 diabetes were screened for ICA as part of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1. A total of 71,148 samples were also tested for GAA and ICA512AA. IAA results were available on 17,207 of these samples using a protein A/protein G MIAA assay as well. The study population was defined to be those in which all four antibodies were tested. There were 1010 (5.9%) relatives with a single autoantibody on initial screening and 394 (2.3%) with two or more autoantibodies. GAA was more sensitive than ICA [GAA, 91% (357 of 394); ICA, 82% (324 of 394)] in the detection of multiple antibody-positive individuals. The addition of ICA512AA to GAA as a screening test increased sensitivity to 97% (381 of 394), whereas adding ICA512AA to ICA as a screening test increased sensitivity to 93% (367 of 394). GAA and ICA identified somewhat nonoverlapping subgroups of multiple antibody-positive subjects. Thus, the substitution of GAA or ICA for the other failed to detect 8-17% of multiple antibody subjects. Higher ICA titers were associated with increased percentages of multiple antibody-positive subjects; 86% of subjects having Juvenile Diabetes Foundation titers of at least 160 were positive for two or more antibodies. A screening strategy combining GAA and ICA512AA resulted in a higher sensitivity than using any marker individually, although statistically it was not significantly higher than using GAA alone. Screening for any three antibodies guaranteed that all multiple antibody-positive subjects were detected. Screening for two antibodies at one time and testing for the remaining antibodies among those who are positive for one resulted in a sensitivity of 99% for GAA and ICA, 97% for GAA and MIAA or GAA and ICA512AA, 93% for ICA512AA and ICA, 92% for MIAA and ICA, and 73% for ICA512AA and MIAA. From a laboratory perspective, screenings for GAA, ICA512AA, and MIAA are semiautomated tests with high throughput that, if used as initial screen, would identify at first testing 67% of the 2.3% of multiple antibody-positive relatives (100% if antibody-positive subjects are subsequently tested for ICA) as well as 4.7% of relatives with a single biochemical autoantibody, some of whom may convert to multiple autoantibody positivity on follow-up. Testing for ICA among relatives with one biochemical antibody would identify the remaining 33% of multiple antibody-positive relatives. Further follow-up and analysis of actual progression to diabetes will be essential to define actual diabetes risk in this large cohort.