gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Rat Induced by the Intracutaneous Injection of Central Nervous System Tissue and Adjuvants (1953)

Summary Allergic meningo-encephalomyelitis can be induced in the white rat by the intracutaneous injection of a suspension of brain or spinal cord combined with paraffin oil and killed mycobacteria. Constant symptoms are flaccid paralysis of the hind legs, urinary incontinence and fecal impaction. Remissions are frequent. Constant lesions are mild, focal, mononuclear meningitis, mononuclear cuffing of venules and capillaries of the brain and spinal cord. Glial nodules may occur. Compared on the basis of weight, spinal cord from the rat or guinea pig is about equally effective; rat brain and rabbit spinal cord are less effective. The presence of killed mycobacteria or Nocardia asteroides in the emulsion is essential for the production of the experimental disease. The intracutaneous injection of a suspension of 120 mg rat spinal cord and adjuvants induced encephalitis regularly, whereas the subcutaneous injection of the same material was without effect. Rat spinal cord combined with adjuvants injected intracutaneously causes encephalitis in the guinea pig.
Phase & Structure of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xuan Jing Shi (2005)

Studies on mineral Chinese medicine Xuan Jing Shi were made by means of XRD, SEM, ICP, TG and DSC. The mineral′s phase, crystal size, surface shape, elemental content and thermal dissolution were determined. The results indicate that Xuan Jing Shi is mainly made up of CaSO_ 4·2H_ 2O. Its particle shape is slice and the particles pile up closely. The crystal size was 31.1 nm and the surface area 8.9× 10 5 cm 2/g. When heated, two water molecules were losted in one step. There are plenty of trace elements Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Mo in Xuan Jing Shi. Above results may serve as a base for quality evaluation of the medicine.
Diagnostic usefulness of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV monoclonal antibody in paraffin‐embedded thyroid follicular tumours (1992)

Monoclonal antibodies to dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV, EC 3.4.14.5) were raised and selectively applied to paraffin-embedded sections of thyroid carcinoma. Five monoclonal antibodies were found to stain paraffin sections of thyroid carcinomas. Using one of these antibodies (44-4), we studied retrospectively aberrant expression of DAP IV in thyroid carcinoma to determine whether immunohistochemical staining with DAP IV antibody is useful in pathological diagnosis. In almost all cases of thyroid follicular and papillary carcinoma, tumour cells were positive (99.0 per cent) with DAP IV, whereas the cases of follicular adenoma showed a low incidence (27.1 per cent) of positive staining. Follicular adenoma with incomplete capsular invasion had a higher positive incidence (50 per cent) than follicular adenoma without incomplete capsular invasion (9.6 per cent). In positive staining cases previously diagnosed as benign tumours, 11 benign cases reacting positively with DAP IV were rediagnosed as carcinoma after re-examination of more thyroid paraffin block sections or serial sections. These findings suggest that DAP IV monoclonal antibody is very useful in distinguishing thyroid follicular carcinoma from follicular adenoma.
Direct Patterning of the Current Confinement Structure for p-Type Column-III Nitrides by Low-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment (1995)

Partial low-energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI) treatment was used to fabricate UV/blue light-emitting devices based on column-III nitrides having a directly patterned current confinement structure. The newly developed devices show very low leakage reverse current, stable operation at high pulsed current injection, and strong and narrow violet emission at room temperature.
The Uses and Abuses of Religion in Child Custody Cases: Parents Outside the Wall of Separation (2009)

Religious custody disputes such as those at the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints compound in April, 2008 are very complex and are finding their way into courts with increasing regularity. This Essay argues that in responding to these religious custody disputes, courts should abstain from either analyzing a parent’s religious practices for their perceived “risks of harm” to the child, or from applying a flat rule to ensure that the custodial parent’s religious preferences take primacy. Instead, courts should employ the actual or substantial harm standard—which would only bar a parent from fully practicing her religion if it would cause physical or psychological harm to the child—to such situations. Like the other custody approaches, this standard exists for the secular purpose of preventing harm to the children’s physical and emotional well-being. Unlike the other two approaches, however, the actual or substantial harm standard only incidentally affects parents’ free exercise rights. In this way, the actual or substantial harm approach provides courts with a way of avoiding any constitutional violations of the Religion Clauses, and will almost always allow the parents to practice their different faiths.
The Synthesis of 9α-Hydroxy Steroids<sup>1</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 9α-Hydroxy Steroids1Charles J. SihCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 11, 4716–4718Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01069a530https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01069a530research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Functional Analysis of the Chitin-binding Domain of a Family 19 Chitinase from<i>Streptomyces griseus</i>HUT6037: Substrate-binding Affinity and<i>cis</i>-Dominant Increase of Antifungal Function (2002)

Chitinase C (ChiC) is the first bacterial family 19 chitinase discovered in Streptomyces griseus HUT6037. While it shares significant similarity with the plant family 19 chitinases in the catalytic domain, its N-terminal chitin-binding domain (ChBD(ChiC)) differs from those of the plant enzymes. ChBD(ChiC) and the catalytic domain (CatD(ChiC)), as well as intact ChiC, were separately produced in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. Binding experiments and isothermal titration calorimetry assays demonstrated that ChBD(ChiC) binds to insoluble chitin, soluble chitin, cellulose, and N-acetylchitohexaose (roughly in that order). A deletion of ChBD(ChiC) resulted in moderate (about 50%) reduction of the hydrolyzing activity toward insoluble chitin substrates, but most (about 90%) of the antifungal activity against Trichoderma reesei was abolished by this deletion. Thus, this domain appears to contribute more importantly to antifungal properties than to catalytic activities. ChBD(ChiC) itself did not have antifungal activity or a synergistic effect on the antifungal activity of CatD(ChiC) in trans.
Automatic cardiac MRI myocardium segmentation using graphcut (2006)

Segmentation of the left myocardium in four-dimensional (space-time) cardiac MRI data sets is a prerequisite of many diagnostic tasks. We propose a fully automatic method based on global minimization of an energy functional by means of the graphcut algorithm. Starting from automatically obtained segmentations of the left and right ventricles and a cardiac region of interest, a spatial model is constructed using simple and plausible assumptions. This model is used to learn the appearance of different tissue types by non parametric robust estimation. Our method does not require previously trained shape or appearance models. Processing takes 30-40s on current hardware. We evaluated our method on 11 clinical cardiac MRI data sets acquired using cine balanced fast field echo. Linear regression of the automatically segmented myocardium volume against manual segmentations (performed by a radiologist) showed an RMS error of about 12ml.
An adder design optimized for DCS logic (1991)

The basic DCS logic gate provides a two-way SELECT function and, with modifications, a two-way XOR, OR, or AND function. Furthermore, outputs of DCS gates can be wired together (dotted) to perform dotted SELECT, XOR, OR, or AND functions. The versatility of this logic is illustrated in the design of a carry-lookahead adder.
Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics : Molecular Genetics of <i>Mus musculus</i>: Point Mutagenesis and Millimorgans (1987)

HE world of genetics resembles an intellectual T food chain. Approaches and attitudes developed in phage genetics are used in turn to study yeasts, slime molds, nematodes, plants, Drosophila or mammals. Only rarely does this chain circularize, since investigators nowadays most commonly move from the simpler to the more complex organisms. I vividly recall one exception, a talk at a Cold Spring Harbor phage meeting in which the presenter spoke of “sacrificing” phage-infected bacterial cultures for an enzyme analysis. From rat liver to phage, I thought. This month’s column traces the movement of molecular genetics into mouse genetics along a chain in which phage, yeast and Drosophila genetics provide successive nourishment. Natural variants with heterozygous phenotypes:
AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram (2009)

The American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Heart Rhythm Society make every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the writing panel. Specifically, all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit a Disclosure Questionnaire showing all such relationships that might be perceived
Meal-induced insulin sensitization and its parasympathetic regulation in humans (2008)

In animal studies, the whole-body glucose disposal effect of insulin is low in the fasted state or after atropine infusion, but doubles after a meal, consistent with the hepatic insulin-sensitizing substance (HISS) hypothesis. We tested how a standardized test meal and atropine affected the dynamic response to insulin in humans. Insulin sensitivity was assessed in healthy male subjects (aged 28.9 +/- 1.9 years, body mass index 23.3 +/- 0.8 kg.m-2) by using the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST), which is a transient euglycemic clamp. After a 24-hour fasting period, dynamic insulin sensitivity was assessed and then repeated 100 min after the test meal. In a second protocol, the volunteers were fed the standardized test meal and intravenous atropine (0.5 mg) or saline (control group) was administered 50 min before insulin sensitivity assessment. Insulin sensitivity increased in the fed state (232.1% +/- 46.3%, n = 7) in comparison with the 24-hour fasted state. In the atropine protocol, the drug partially blocked (56.5% +/- 11.6%, n = 6) insulin sensitivity. In humans, feeding resulted in increased insulin sensitivity. The low dose of atropine in humans lead to a partial HISS-dependent decrease in insulin sensitivity. Meal-induced insulin sensitization occured in humans by a similar mechanism as that reported in other species. The sensitization process was regulated by a cholinergic 'feeding signal.'
Slim-hole casing program adapted to horizontal well (1993)

A type of slim-hole well design reduced the cost of drilling a horizontal well in the southern North Sea. The basic slim-hole drilling and casing program was similar to that used in conventional directional wells in the field, but with slight modifications for drilling with logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools and running production liners. Nearly 2,600 ft were successfully drilled at over 80[degree] inclination in ARCO British Ltd.'s Pickerill A6 well, the first time in the southern North Sea that a horizontal well was drilled through the reservoir without first casting off the overlying evaporite sequence. The paper describes the well design, the pilot hole plan, the evaluation program for directional drilling, a horizontal sidetrack plan, its evaluation and drilling, hole conditions, liners, well completion, and results.
A sensor for balancing flux in converters with a high-frequency transformer link (1997)

A method is introduced for measuring a selected flux threshold below saturation, by means of a pickup winding. The method is illustrated using a block-wave oscillator and involves placing a pickup winding in a square indentation in the center leg of an E-core. Incorporating an air gap, a high-reluctance path is created at the area of the indentation. The remaining area saturates first and forces flux through the high-reluctance path, which induces a voltage on the pickup winding. The method was tested experimentally, and a proposed mathematical model was used to simulate the magnetic behavior of the sensor. Experimental and simulated results are presented and compared to verify the discussed operation. Although similar strategies have been reported previously, the significance of the sensor introduced in this paper is that detection takes place before saturation occurs and the sensor is integrated in the core.
<i>KRAS</i>mutations and sensitivity to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: an open issue (2009)

Several retrospective studies show that efficacy of these mAbs is confined to patients with wild type KRAS and genotyping of tumors should be considered before treatment. The absence of KRAS mutations does not guarantee an improved likelihood of response to cetuximab and panitumumab. Investigation of other genetic and epigenetic biomarkers will be useful to further refine the responder population. Prospective studies to test the efficacy of combined therapies simultaneously targeting EGFR and the RAS/RAF/MAPK signalling pathways for mCRC are warranted.
Characterization of the Electroanatomical Substrate in Human Atrial Fibrillation: The Relationship between Changes in Atrial Volume, Refractoriness, Wavefront Propagation Velocities, and AF Burden (2007)

An arrhythmogenic substrate exists in human AF, characterized by globally decreased refractoriness with greater dispersion, slower right atrial conduction, and atrial dilatation. Persistence of AF is not accompanied by any further electrical remodeling, but only atrial dilatation. The degree of electroanatomical remodeling is associated with the clinical pattern of AF.
Quality Design and Control for Service (2007)

The paper introduces concept and characteristic about service,mainly elaborates how to design and control for service quality,in order to improve service quality level in corporation.
Ladder grounded coplanar line (1997)

A new type of transmission line, the Ladder Grounded Coplanar Line (LGCL), is proposed which can be easily adapted for high-speed digital ICs and MMICs. The characteristics are discussed by analysis and experiment. In the LGCL, the transmission characteristics are adjusted by eliminating the ground conductor in a ladder line configuration. In comparison with the microstrip line, the thickness of the dielectric film can be reduced significantly. Also, the ladderlike ground plane as a constituent element of the LGCL plays the role of a “bridge” to keep the ground plane divided by the center conductor at the same potential. Therefore, in comparison with the conventional coplanar transmission line, the design is simpler. In addition, if the LGCL is used in a two-layered interconnect, a transmission line and a large capacitor can be realized at the same time. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 80(8): 38–45, 1997
Probiotics in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2006)

The demonstration that immune and epithelial cells can discriminate between different microbial species has extended our understanding of the actions of probiotics beyond simple antimicrobial concepts. Several probiotic mechanisms of action, relative to inflammatory bowel disease, have been elucidated: (1) competitive exclusion, whereby probiotics compete with microbial pathogens; (2) immunomodulation and/or stimulation of an immune response; (3) antimicrobial activity and suppression of pathogen growth; (4) enhancement of barrier activity; and (5) induction of T cell apoptosis. The unraveling of these mechanisms of action has led to new support for the use of probiotics in the management of clinical inflammatory bowel disease. While level 1 evidence now supports the therapeutic use of some probiotics in the maintenance treatment of pouchitis, only level 2 and 3 evidence are currently available in support of the use of probiotics in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, one significant and consistent finding has emerged over the course of research in the past year: not all probiotic bacteria have similar therapeutic effects. Rigorously designed, controlled clinical trials, to investigate the unresolved issues related to efficacy, dose, duration of use, single or multistrain formulation, and the concomitant use of prebiotics, synbiotics or antibiotics, are vital.
Layer‐By‐Layer Assembly of Viral Nanoparticles and Polyelectrolytes: The Film Architecture is Different for Spheres Versus Rods (2008)

The development of tuneable thin film assemblies that contain (bio)nanoparticles is an emerging field in nanobiosciences/nanotechnology. Our research focuses on the utilisation of viral nanoparticles (VNPs) as tools and building blocks for materials science. In previous reports we studied multilayered arrays of chemically modified cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) particles and linker molecules. To extend these studies and to gain more insights into the architecture of the arrays, we report here on the construction of multilayered assemblies of native plant viral particles and polyelectrolytes. We specifically addressed the question of whether the shape of the VNPs influences the overall structures of the arrays. To study this, we have chosen two particles with similar surface properties but different shapes: CPMV was used as a sphere-like VNP, and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) served as a rod-shaped VNP. The multilayers were self-assembled on solid supports through electrostatic interactions. Multilayer build-up was followed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the topologies of the thin films. Our studies show that shape indeed matters. Incorporation of CPMV in alternating arrays of VNPs and polyelectrolytes is demonstrated; in stark contrast, TMV particles were found to be excluded from the arrays, and floated atop the architecture in an ordered structure.
<i>tcdC</i> Genotypes Associated with Severe TcdC Truncation in an Epidemic Clone and Other Strains of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> (2006)

Severe Clostridium difficile associated disease is associated with outbreaks of the recently described BI/NAP1 epidemic clone. This clone is characterized by an 18-bp deletion in the tcdC gene and increased production of toxins A and B in vitro. TcdC is a putative negative regulator of toxin A&B production. We characterized tcdC genotypes from a collection of C. difficile isolates from a hospital that experienced an outbreak caused by the BI/NAP1 epidemic clone. Sequence analysis of tcdC was performed on DNA samples isolated from 199 toxigenic C. difficile isolates (31% BI/NAP1) from 2001 and 2005. Sequences obtained from 36 (18.6%) isolates predicted wild-type TcdC (232 amino acid residues), whereas 12 (6.1%) isolates had tcdC genotypes with previously described 18- or 39-bp deletions. The remaining isolates comprised 15 unique genotypes. Of these, 5 genotypes contain 18- or 36-bp deletions. Of these five genotypes, one is characterized by a single nucleotide deletion at position 117 resulting in a frameshift that introduces a stop codon at position 196, truncating the predicted TcdC to 65 amino acid residues. All 62 of the isolates in this collection comprising the epidemic clone are characterized by this genotype. This result suggests that severe truncation of TcdC is responsible for the increased toxin production observed in strains belonging to the BI/NAP1 clone and that the 18-bp deletion is probably irrelevant to TcdC function. Further investigations are required to determine the effect of this and other tcdC genotypes on toxin production and clinical disease.
Transfer of phagocytosed particles to the parasitophorous vacuole of <i>Leishmania mexicana</i> is a transient phenomenon preceding the acquisition of annexin I by the phagosome (1997)

The eukaryotic intracellular pathogen Leishmania mexicana resides inside macrophages contained within a membrane bound parasitophorous vacuole which, as it matures, acquires the characteristics of a late endosomal compartment. This study reports the selectivity of fusion of this compartment with other particle containing vacuoles. Phagosomes containing zymosan or live Listeria monocytogenes rapidly fused with L. mexicana parasitophorous vacuoles, while those containing latex beads or heat killed L. monocytogenes failed to do so. Fusigenicity of phagosomes was not primarily dependent on the receptor utilized for ingestion, as opsonization with defined ligands could not overcome the exclusion of either latex beads or heat killed organisms. However modulation of intracellular pH by pharmacological agents such as chloroquine and ammonium chloride increased delivery of live Listeria and also induced transfer of previously excluded particles. The absence of fusion correlated with the acquisition of annexin I, a putative lysosomal targeting, molecule, on the phagosome membrane. We propose that the acquisition of cellular membrane constituents such as annexin I during phagosome maturation can ultimately direct the fusion pathway of the vesicles formed and have described a model system to further document changes in vesicle fusigenicity within cells.