gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MicroRNAs: Newcomers into the ALS Picture (2015)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes neurodegeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons and progressive muscle impairment, atrophy and death within approximately five years from diagnosis. The aetiology is still not clear but evidence obtained in animal models of the disease indicates a non-cell-autonomous mechanism with the active contribution of non-neuronal cells such as microglia, astrocytes, muscle and T cells, which differently participate to the diverse phases of the disease. Clinically indistinguishable forms of ALS occur as sporadic disease in the absence of known mutation, or can be initiated by genetic mutations. About two-third of familial cases are triggered by mutations of four genes that are chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS), TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP43). There is at present no succesfull treatment against ALS and the identification of novel signalling pathways, molecular mechanisms and cellular mediators are still a major task in the search for effective therapies. MiRNAs are conserved, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate protein expression. Produced as long primary transcripts, they are exported to the cytoplasm and further modified to obtain the mature miRNAs, with each step of their biogenesis being a potential step of regulation. There are more than 1000 different known human miRNA sequences, and more than 20-30% of all human protein-coding genes are likely controlled by miRNAs. This earns to miRNAs the definition of fine regulators of genetic networks. The discovery of the involvement of ALS mutated proteins TDP43 and FUS/TLS in miRNAs biogenesis strongly suggests a role of miRNA dysregulation also in ALS and many efforts are thus directed toward understanding the role of these small RNA molecules in the pathogenesis of ALS. The overall objective of this review is thus to highlight the emerging involvement of miRNAs in ALS. After a brief description of miRNA biogenesis and function, we discuss the effects of miRNA dysregulation in cellular and molecular pathways that lead to ALS neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In the last part, we focus on the mechanistic insights of miRNAs that might have implications for the development of novel neuroprotective agents against ALS, and on recent attempts to establish new molecular miRNA-based therapies. Paving the way for more comparative studies on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms, this strategy indeed promises a broader impact on ALS.
The N-terminal part of the<i>E.Coli</i>DNA binding protein FIS is essential for stimulating site-specific DNA inversion but is not required for specific DNA binding (1991)

FIS protein is involved in several different cellular processes stimulating site-specific recombination in phages Mu and lambda as well as transcription of stable RNA operons in E.coli. We have performed a mutational analysis of fis and provide genetic and biochemical evidence that a truncated version of FIS lacking the N-terminal region is sufficient for specific DNA binding and for stimulating lambda excision. These mutants also retain their ability to autoregulate fis gene expression. Such mutant proteins, however, cannot stimulate the enhancer dependent DNA inversion reaction.
Bound states in twisting tubes (1992)

The wave equation subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions has a bound state in an infinite tube of constant cross section in any number of dimensions, provided that the tube is not exactly straight. We prove this result, develop Green's-function methods to find the energy eigenvalue, and solve some simple cases. We discuss the implications for quantum systems and electromagnetic waveguides.
Detection of Fouling in a Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger Using Wavelets (2010)

Detection of fouling in a heat exchanger experiencing perfect steady-state conditions is not very difficult. But the challenge is to detect fouling when all inputs (inlet temperature of the fluids and the mass flow rates) are simultaneously varying. In this paper it has been considered that the mass flow rates can vary in a ratio of 2, and that the inlet temperatures can vary by about ±20%. This first approach is dedicated to show the feasibility of using the wavelet transform. It has been considered that getting simulated data is the best way. In fact, it is then possible to introduce an arbitrary fouling factor. Thus, in the first part of the paper the model of the heat exchanger is presented. It is developed using Simulink. The validation is carried out on an electrical heater, for which it is possible to find an analytical solution for transient states. It is also shown that steady states are accurately computed over a large range of the number of transfer units and heat capacity rate ratios. Then a brief overview of the wavelet transform is given. Then basic examples show that the wavelet transform can help to find the trend of time series. It is then applied to the analysis of the “wavelet-transformed” effectiveness of the heat exchanger. This analysis is carried out on a sliding observation window (to be able to detect fouling on-line). It is shown that fouling is detected at a very early stage.
Calculating capillary pressure curve from single-speed centrifuge experiments (2000)

We present a method for the calculation of the capillary pressure curve in porous media using centrifuge single-speed experimental data. The mathematical model is based on the hydrostatic equilibrium equation for capillary pressure and the inverse problem for finding the saturation distribution along the sample from the displaced fluid volume when all the flow has ceased.
Arbitrary Size Benes Networks (1997)

The Benes network is a rearrangeable nonblocking network which can realize any arbitrary permutation. Overlall, the r-dimensional Benes network connects 2 r inputs to 2 r outputs through 2r - 1 levels of 2 × 2 switches. Each level of switches consists of 2 r - 1 switches, and hence the size of the network has to be a power of two. In this paper, we extend Benes networks to arbitrary sizes. We also show that the looping routing algorithm used in Benes networks can be slightly modified and applied to arbitrary size Benes networks.
Polytriacetylenes: Conjugated polymers with a novel all‐carbon backbone (1994)

New, synthetically accessible, soluble, stable all‐carbon‐backbone polymers are reported. The polytriacetylenes (see Fig.) represent an intermediate step between polydiacetlylenes and carbyne and as such are of interest as alternatives for known conjugated polymers. The synthesis, film casting, and interesting properties are discussed. magnified image
The Focus Number System (1977)

This correspondence introduces a new number system, called the Focus number system which "focuses" on available resolution near zero much like an operational amplifier "focuses" on tiny deviations near virtual ground. This number system is supported by algorithms providing addition, multiplication, and higher order functions in a bare microcomputer at speeds rivaling those of existing integer arithmetic [1]-[3] performed with a costly arithmetic unit.
Incidence of Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Carcinomas in a Population Younger Than 40 Years (2005)

This population-based study demonstrated an increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer among young women and men residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota. There was a disproportionate increase in basal cell carcinoma in young women. This increase may lead to an exponential increase in the overall occurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancers over time as this population ages, which emphasizes the need to focus on skin cancer prevention in young adults.
Kronecker product‐based codebook design and optimisation for correlated 3D channels (2014)

Abstract Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) codebook has been favoured by long term evolution because of its simplicity and effectiveness for two‐dimensional multi‐input multi‐output channels. In order to further explore vertical freedom, a Kronecker product‐based codebook (KPC), which is the Kronecker product of a horizontal DFT codebook and a vertical one, has been proposed. However, how to effectively design the codebook is still a challenge, because neither its effectiveness nor optimisation has been studied. In this paper, we demonstrate that the codewords in the KPC approximately match the distribution of the optimal beamforming vectors under spatially correlated three‐dimensional channels, showing the effectiveness of such codebook structure. Moreover, because the maximal cross‐correlation amplitude ( I m a x ) of the original KPC is high, we investigate the structure of the codebook and then find a criterion of constructing the optimal KPC to achieve the lowest I m a x , namely the Welch bound. Furthermore, considering the optimal codebook only exists under certain conditions, a modified discrete stochastic approximation algorithm is used to construct a near‐optimal codebook. Simulation results show that our algorithm greatly reduces I m a x and respectively provides 1 and 0.5 dB coding gain compared to the traditional DFT codebook and the original KPC, which confirms the efficiency of the codebook design. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control mechanisms for high speed networks (1990)

It is pointed out that the high speed of communication links and the altered nature of carried traffic has considerably affected the design and implementation of packet switched networks. The authors explore the effect on the control procedures within the network, specifically focusing on the lessons learned from the prototype PARIS network. The key design philosophy for both the steady-state control and the connection control is described. It is believed that most of the conclusions are general and can be applied to any network, including ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)-based systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In Vitro Antihepadnaviral Activities of Combinations of Penciclovir, Lamivudine, and Adefovir (2000)

Penciclovir (9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethoxymethyl]guanine [PCV]), lamivudine ([-]-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine [3TC]), and adefovir (9-[2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl]-adenine [PMEA]) are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Lamivudine has recently received approval for clinical use against chronic human HBV infection, and both PCV and PMEA have undergone clinical trials against HBV in their respective prodrug forms (famciclovir and adefovir dipivoxil [bis-(POM)-PMEA]). Since multidrug combinations are likely to be used to control HBV infection, investigation of potential interactions between PCV, 3TC, and PMEA is important. Primary duck hepatocyte cultures which were either acutely or congenitally infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were used to investigate in vitro interactions between PCV, 3TC, and PMEA. Here we show that the anti-DHBV effects of all the combinations containing PCV, 3TC, and PMEA are greater than that of each of the individual components and that their combined activities are approximately additive or synergistic. These results may underestimate the potential in vivo usefulness of PMEA-containing combinations, since there is evidence that PMEA has immunomodulatory activity and, at least in the duck model of chronic HBV infection, is capable of inhibiting DHBV replication in cells other than hepatocytes, the latter being unaffected by treatment with either PCV or 3TC. Further investigation of the antiviral activities of these drug combinations is therefore required, particularly since each of the component drugs is already in clinical use.
Strength Capabilities and Subjective Limits in Repetitive Manual Exertions: Task and Hand Dominance Effects (2003)

Strength and subjectively determined exertion limits are used widely for ergonomic evaluation. Although compilations of such data for the hand and finger exist, several important limitations include the use of inexperienced participants and constrained postures. In this study both strength and maximum acceptable limits (MAL, 2-hour duration) were obtained from both industrial workers and inexperienced volunteers in 10 simulated hand-intensive automotive assembly tasks. To expand the applicability of the results, the effects of hand-dominance were also determined. Results were compared with existing recommendations (by Kodak and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value for hand-intensive activities), and showed that across the diverse tasks the former yields values slightly below the 1st percentile of MAL, whereas the latter values are slightly higher than the 25th percentile. MALs were found to be approximately 50% of strength, consistent with earlier reports, and suggesting that acceptable limits are strongly influenced by physical capacity. Substantial differences (∼30%) in strength and MALs were found between the two participant groups, emphasizing that participants should resemble the target population. Hand-dominance effects were statistically significant though of moderate size (∼5%). Strength and MAL distributions are provided that can be used for evaluation and design of a variety of hand-intensive occupational tasks.
Effect of gate oxidation method on electrical properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors fabricated on 4H-SiC C(0001) face (2004)

The effect of gate oxidation method on the electrical properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) fabricated on 4H-SiC C(0001̄) face has been investigated. In the case of SiC MOSFETs fabricated by dry gate oxidation, the peak value of field-effect mobility (μFE) is 16.3 cm2/V s. On the other hand, pyrogenic gate oxidation and pyrogenic gate oxidation followed by H2 postoxidation annealing (POA) considerably decreased the interface trap density (Dit) and the threshold voltage, and markedly improved the μFE. The depth profiles of hydrogen density were measured using secondary ion mass spectroscopy. These verified that pyrogenic gate oxidation increases hydrogen density at the SiO2/SiC interface compared to dry gate oxidation, and that the pyrogenic gate oxidation followed by H2 POA increases considerably it. It is thought that the Dit reduction might be caused by the passivation of interface states by –H or –OH. The peak value of μFE for SiC MOSFETs fabricated by pyrogenic gate oxidation followed by H2 POA is 111 cm2/V s, which is much higher than that of SiC MOSFETs fabricated on a Si(0001) face. Therefore, the 4H-SiC C(0001̄) face is suitable for the fabrication of SiC power MOSFETs.
Chronic Thrombocytopenia Is Induced in Dogs by Development of Cross-Reacting Antibodies to the MpL Ligand (1997)

The MpL ligand (ML) is a potent stimulus for thrombocytopoiesis. To create an in vivo model of ML deficiency, we injected dogs with a recombinant human ML (rhML) to determine whether cross-reacting antibodies would develop and cause thrombocytopenia. RhML was administered subcutaneously for 8 weeks to three normal dogs (mean platelets, 197 +/- 5.5 x 10(3)/microL). Within 5 days their platelet counts were twice baseline and greater than 4 times baseline by day 21. Then, uniformly, chronic thrombocytopenia developed. At 1 week after terminating rhML, mean platelets were 0.5 times baseline and at 2 months 0.25 times baseline. Early in treatment, marrow biopsies showed increased megakaryocyte number and ploidy, which decreased as platelets declined. Paralleling these changes, high titer anti-rhML antibodies developed. Autologous 51Cr-labeled platelet recovery and survival measurements indicated that the thrombocytopenia was principally due to decreased production. Infusion of plasma from the thrombocytopenic dogs into two normal dogs and one dog previously made thrombocytopenic with rhML caused platelet counts to fall gradually. These studies show that dogs with anti-rhML antibodies develop thrombocytopenia, presumably because the cross-reacting antibodies neutralize endogenous canine ML. The results strongly suggest that ML plays an essential role in maintaining normal platelet levels.
From mice to humans: developments in cancer immunoediting (2015)

Cancer immunoediting explains the dual role by which the immune system can both suppress and/or promote tumor growth. Although cancer immunoediting was first demonstrated using mouse models of cancer, strong evidence that it occurs in human cancers is now accumulating. In particular, the importance of CD8+ T cells in cancer immunoediting has been shown, and more broadly in those tumors with an adaptive immune resistance phenotype. This Review describes the characteristics of the adaptive immune resistance tumor microenvironment and discusses data obtained in mouse and human settings. The role of other immune cells and factors influencing the effector function of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells is covered. We also discuss the temporal occurrence of cancer immunoediting in metastases and whether it differs from immunoediting in the primary tumor of origin.
Integrated microwave sensors for cavity-length measurement in machine engineering (2002)

A novel measurement procedure using microwaves is presented. The implemented sensor prototype determines the length of a cylindrical cavity (e.g., a hydraulic system) with submillimeter accuracy in real time. The principle of operation is based on the detection of the resonance-frequency distribution in a cavity resonator.
Densification of Thin Aluminum Oxide Films by Thermal Treatments (2014)

Thin AlOx films were grown on 4H-SiC by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) and plasma assisted electron-beam evaporation at 300°C. After deposition, the films were annealed in nitrogen at temperatures between 500°C and 1050°C. The films were analyzed by X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in order to determine film thickness, surface roughness and density of the AlOx layer. No differences were found in the behavior of AlOx films upon annealing for the two different employed deposition techniques. Annealing results in film densification, which is most prominent above the crystallization temperature (800°C). In addition to the increasing density, a mass loss of ~5% was determined and attributed to the presence of aluminum oxyhydroxide in as deposited films. All changes in film properties after high temperature annealing appear to be independent of the deposition technique.
Distributed source localization with multiple sensor arrays and frequency-selective spatial coherence (2002)

Multiple sensor arrays distributed over a planar region provide the means for highly accurate localization of the (x,y) position of a source. In some applications, such as microphone arrays receiving aeroacoustic signals from ground vehicles, random fluctuations in the air lead to frequency-selective coherence of the signals that arrive at widely separated arrays. We present a performance analysis for localization of a wideband source using multiple sensor arrays. The wavefronts are modeled with perfect spatial coherence over individual arrays and with frequency-selective coherence between distinct arrays. The sensor signals are modeled as wideband Gaussian random processes, and we study the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on source localization accuracy for varying levels of signal coherence and for processing schemes with different levels of complexity. We show that significant improvements in source localization accuracy are possible when partial signal coherence from array to array is exploited. Further, we show that a distributed processing scheme involving bearing estimation at the individual arrays and time-delay estimation between pairs of sensors performs nearly as well as the optimum scheme that jointly processes the signals from all sensors. Results based on measured aeroacoustic data are included to illustrate frequency-selective signal coherence at distributed arrays.
High-Efficiency Transformation of Plasmid DNA into Yeast (2003)

The yeast two-hybrid system was first introduced by Fields and Song () in 1989. They showed that plasmids expressing the GAL4 BD-SNF1 and GAL4 AD-SNF4 fusion proteins activated a GALl-lacZ reporter gene. The first application of the system involved cotransformation of two plasmids into the strain GGY1:: 171—one plasmid containing the GAL4 BD fused to sequences from the 3′ end of SIR4 and the other containing GAL4 AD fused to fragments of yeast genomic DNA (). The cotransformation was accomplished by the newly reported high-efficiency lithium acetate/single-stranded carrier DNA/polyethylene glycol (LiAc/ssDNA/PEG) protocol () to generate 220,000 transformants and identified two positive clones. The efficiency of this transformation protocol was 2×104 transformants/(g of plasmid·108 cells) (), and the frequency of cotransformation was shown to range from 30 to 40% (). Screening a mam-malian cDNA library by the yeast two-hybrid system requires a large number of transformants. For example, the detection of proteins that interacted with huntingtin, the Huntington disease protein, involved a screen of 4×107 transformants from an adult human brain cDNA library (). We have reported several modifications and improvements to the LiAc/ssDNA/PEG protocol so that it can easily generate the numbers of transformants required for such screens.
Amorphous chalcogenide inorganic resist. (1994)

results in distinct changes in chemical solubility of amorphous chalcogenide films. This enables us to apply an Ag/chalcogenide stacked system to a negative type resist. The Ag/Se-Ge resist, which was first developed as a practical inorganic resist, is still one of the most important inorganic resist systems and holds promise for future applications. This paper outlines fundamental characteristics of Ag/Se-Ge resist applied to various lithography technologies involving UV, deep-UV, x-ray and electronbeam. Emphasis is placed on the discussion with regard to inherent advantages in the use of inorganic amorphous materials. As a specific feature in the resist processing, possible realization of a completely dry lithography process suited for integration into a current multi-chamber tool is also shown.