gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of Ga<sup>3+</sup>-Induced Hydrothermal Crystallization of an α-Quartz Type Ga<sub>1-x</sub>Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>PO<sub>4</sub> Single Crystal by <i>in Situ</i> X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) (2012)

The dissolution of α-FePO(4) and the α-Ga(0.75)Fe(0.25)PO(4) solid solution with α-quartz-type structures under hydrothermal conditions in 1 M HNO(3) aqueous solution was investigated by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Fe K-edge. The solubility of α-FePO(4) increases with temperature and is higher at 25 MPa than at 50 MPa. The Fe(3+) cation in solution is 6-fold coordinated with an average Fe-O distance close to 2.0 Å. A similar experiment was performed with a solid solution of α-quartz-type Ga(0.75)Fe(0.25)PO(4) as the starting phase under a pressure of 25 MPa. By varying the temperature from 303 K up to 573 K a single crystal was grown with 23% Fe(3+) with the α-quartz-type structure. These results show that the crystallization of pure α-quartz-type FePO(4) by the hydrothermal method is not possible due to the formation of very stable Fe(3+) hexa-aquo complexes [Fe(H(2)O)(6)](3+) and to the absence of FeO(4) tetrahedra in solution. Ga(3+) cations in solution induce the formation of gallophosphate complexes at the solid-liquid interface, which are at the origin of the nuclei for crystallization. We propose a crystallization mechanism in which the Fe(3+) substitutes Ga(3+) with a 4-fold coordination in mixed (iron/gallo)-phosphate complexes that leads to the growth of an α-quartz-type Ga(0.77)Fe(0.23)PO(4) single crystal.
Fabrication of cone-shaped boron doped diamond and gold nanoelectrodes for AFM–SECM (2011)

We demonstrate a reliable microfabrication process for a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) measurement tool. Integrated cone-shaped sensors with boron doped diamond (BDD) or gold (Au) electrodes were fabricated from commercially available AFM probes. The sensor formation process is based on mature semiconductor processing techniques, including focused ion beam (FIB) machining, and highly selective reactive ion etching (RIE). The fabrication approach preserves the geometry of the original AFM tips resulting in well reproducible nanoscaled sensors. The feasibility and functionality of the fully featured tips are demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry, showing good agreement between the measured and calculated currents of the cone-shaped AFM-SECM electrodes.
A Review of the Potential and Versatility of Colloidal Gold Cytochemical Labeling for Molecular Morphology (2000)

In the present article we review several postembedding cytochemical techniques using the colloidal gold marker. Owing to the high atomic number of gold, the colloidal gold particles are electron dense. They are spherical in shape and can be prepared in sizes from 1 to 25 nm, which renders this marker among the best for electron microscopy. In addition, because it can be bound to several molecules, this marker has the advantage of being extremely versatile. Combined to immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin-binding proteins (protein A), it has been applied successfully in immunocytochemistry. Colloidal gold particles 5-15 nm in size are excellent for postembedding cytochemistry. Particles of smaller size, such as 1 nm, must be silver enhanced to be visualized by transmission electron microscopy. We have elected to review the superiority of indirect immunocytochemical approaches using IgG-gold or protein A-gold (protein G-gold and protein AG-gold). Lectins or enzymes can be tagged with colloidal gold particles, and the corresponding lectin-gold and enzyme-gold techniques have specific advantages and great potential. Using an indirect digoxigenin-tagged nucleotide and an antidigoxigenin probe, colloidal gold technology can also be used for in situ hybridization at the electron microscope level. Affinity characteristics lie behind all cytochemical techniques and several molecules displaying high affinity properties can also be beneficial for colloidal gold electron microscopy cytochemistry. All of these techniques can be combined in various ways to produce multiple labelings of several binding sites on the same tissue section. Colloidal gold is particulate and can easily be counted; thus the cytochemical signal can be evaluated quantitatively, introducing further advantages to the use of the colloidal gold marker. Finally, several combinations and multiple step procedures have been designed to amplify the final signal which renders the techniques more sensitive. The approaches reviewed here have been applied successfully in different fields of cell and molecular biology, cell pathology, plant biology and pathology, microbiology and virology. The potential of the approaches is emphasized in addition to different ways to assess specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of results.
Organic field-effect transistor-based gas sensors (2015)

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are one of the key components of modern organic electronics. While the past several decades have witnessed huge successes in high-performance OFETs, their sophisticated functionalization with regard to the responses towards external stimulations has also aroused increasing attention and become an important field of general concern. This is promoted by the inherent merits of organic semiconductors, including considerable variety in molecular design, low cost, light weight, mechanical flexibility, and solution processability, as well as by the intrinsic advantages of OFETs including multiparameter accessibility and ease of large-scale manufacturing, which provide OFETs with great potential as portable yet reliable sensors offering high sensitivity, selectivity, and expeditious responses. With special emphases on the works achieved since 2009, this tutorial review focuses on OFET-based gas sensors. The working principles of this type of gas sensors are discussed in detail, the state-of-the-art protocols developed for high-performance gas sensing are highlighted, and the advanced gas discrimination systems in terms of sensory arrays of OFETs are also introduced. This tutorial review intends to provide readers with a deep understanding for the future design of high-quality OFET gas sensors for potential uses.
Amino acid and peptide absorption from partial digests of proteins in isolated rat small intestine. (1978)

1. Absorption of each of sixteen amino acids, free and peptide-bound, has been measured in isolated rat small intestine perfused with five partial digests of proteins. 2. At low concentrations net absorption of each amino acid was proportional to its luminal concentration and independent of the nature of the amino acid. 3. A series of first-order multiple regressions was found to describe well the characteristics of absorption. 4. Rate constants for disappearance of free and peptide-bound amino acids from the lumen were closely similar. However, substantial back-flux occurred of amino acids derived from peptide hydrolysis. Hence 60-70% of the amino-N entering the serosal tissue fluid probably had left the lumen as free amino acids. 5. Intact peptides crossed the mucosa during absorption from a soy bean hydrolysate and in substantial quantities during absorption from one casein digest but not from another. With other hydrolysates there was no evidence for passage of peptides to the serosa. 6. In several cases there was a serious discrepancy between the amount of amino-N absorbed from the lumen and the amount accounted for as peptide or free amino acid in the serosal secretion. 7. The characteristics of absorption were similar (apart from the exceptions in 5 above) for all the digests studied except for soy bean hydrolysate.
Preparation and characterization of metal‐containing aromatic polyimides (2000)

A series of novel metal-containing aromatic polyimides were synthesized from divalent metal oxide/hydroxide (MO/M(OH)2) (M = Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Cu), p-aniline sulfonic acid (ASA), and 3,3′-4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA). The C, H, N, and S contents were determined by elemental analysis, their structures were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and the thermal properties of the polymers were also studied by TG–DTA. It is found that metal-containing polyimides have a higher thermal stability. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2363–2369, 2000
Verifiability in computer-aided research: the role of digital scientific notations at the human-computer interface (2018)

Most of today's scientific research relies on computers and software for processing scientific information. Examples of such computer-aided research are the analysis of experimental data or the simulation of phenomena based on theoretical models. With the rapid increase of computational power, scientific software has integrated more and more complex scientific knowledge in a black-box fashion. As a consequence, its users do not know, and do not even have a chance of finding out, which assumptions and approximations their computations are based on. This black-box nature of scientific software has made the verification of much computer-aided research close to impossible. The present work starts with an analysis of this situation from the point of view of human-computer interaction in scientific research. It identifies the key role of digital scientific notations at the human-computer interface, reviews the most popular ones in use today, and describes a proof-of-concept implementation of Leibniz, a language designed as a verifiable digital scientific notation for models formulated as mathematical equations.
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: III. The 2014 Biomarker Working Group Report (2015)

Biology-based markers to confirm or aid in the diagnosis or prognosis of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation or monitor its progression are critically needed to facilitate evaluation of new therapies. Biomarkers have been defined as any characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of a normal biological or pathogenic process, or of a pharmacologic response to a therapeutic intervention. Applications of biomarkers in chronic GVHD clinical trials or patient management include the following: (1) diagnosis and assessment of chronic GVHD disease activity, including distinguishing irreversible damage from continued disease activity; (2) prognostic risk to develop chronic GVHD; and (3) prediction of response to therapy. Sample collection for chronic GVHD biomarkers studies should be well documented following established quality control guidelines for sample acquisition, processing, preservation, and testing, at intervals that are both calendar and event driven. The consistent therapeutic treatment of subjects and standardized documentation needed to support biomarker studies are most likely to be provided in prospective clinical trials. To date, no chronic GVHD biomarkers have been qualified for use in clinical applications. Since our previous chronic GVHD Biomarkers Working Group report in 2005, an increasing number of chronic GVHD candidate biomarkers are available for further investigation. This paper provides a 4-part framework for biomarker investigations: identification, verification, qualification, and application with terminology based on Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines.
Non‐Oxidative Vanadium‐Catalyzed CO Bond Cleavage: Application to Degradation of Lignin Model Compounds (2010)

Richtungswechsel: Durch Änderung der Ligandenstruktur kann die Reaktivität von Vanadium(V)-Oxo-Komplexen von der Alkohol-Oxidation zu einer neuartigen nichtoxidativen C-O-Spaltung umgelenkt werden. Damit steht eine Methode für die selektive Bildung von hoch funktionalisierten Arylenonen aus Lignin-Modellverbindungen durch Vanadium-katalysierte Spaltung der β-O-4-Verknüpfung zur Verfügung (siehe Schema; N blau, O rot).
cis- and trans-Bis(benzoylacetonato)pyridinecopper(<scp>ii</scp>): co-crystallisation of isomers and reversible pyridine loss with retention of crystallinity (2007)

The pyridine adduct of bis(benzoylacetonato-O,O′)copper(II) crystallises in both its cis- and trans-isomers within the same crystal. Copper(II) exhibits square pyramidal coordination geometry in both isomers with weak coordination of pyridine. The square planes of the isomers are mutually orthogonal, forming a square grid, in the channels of which the pyridine molecules are stacked, approximately perpendicular to the c-axis. Pyridine is readily lost from crystals unprotected by pyridine solvent, forming a crystalline powder. This powder absorbs pyridine vapour to reform microcrystalline bis(benzoylacetonato)pyridinecopper(II).
Uniform field emission from aligned carbon nanotubes prepared by CO disproportionation (2002)

We have fabricated aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by disproportionation of CO on a well-ordered Co nanowire array prepared on a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template using overdeposition and etching techniques, and studied their field emission properties. CNTs fabricated at 600 °C were well graphitized, uniform in diameter and height, and aligned vertically with respect to the plane of the template; they also showed good field emission properties. The electron field emission was turned on at a field as low as 1.1 V/μm and the enhancement factor was 3520 by assuming a CNT work function of 5 eV. Also, very uniform emission was observed by applying 3.1 V/μm. These good field emission properties may be attributed to good graphitization, uniformity in diameter and height, and vertical alignment of the CNTs fabricated on an AAO template by CO disproportionation.
Synthesis, Structure-Affinity Relationships, and Biological Activities of Ligands Binding to Retinoic Acid Receptor Subtypes (1995)

The retinoic acid receptors (RARs) transduce retinoid dependant gene regulation, and many biological effects of retinoids are mediated through binding and activation of three closely related receptor subtypes (RAR alpha, RAR beta, and RAR gamma). In order to investigate the role of receptor subtypes, we have carried out a chemical synthesis program to seek selective retinoids for these receptors. We measured receptor binding affinity using recombinant RAR alpha, -beta, and -gamma proteins and assessed cellular differentiating activity in F9 murine teratocarcinoma cells (F9 cells). This research has identified the 4-substituted-3-(1-adamantyl)phenyl moiety as a new pharmacophore which can replace the beta-cyclogeranylidene ring of the naturally occurring all-trans-retinoic acid. Two chemical series derived from the general structures 6-(3-tertioalkylphenyl)-2-naphthoic acid (series I) and 4-[(E)-2-(3-tertioalkylphenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid (series II) were developed. In particular, we have obtained the RAR gamma selective derivatives 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid (7) [Ki(RAR alpha) = 6500 nM, Ki(RAR beta) = 2480 nM, Ki(RAR gamma) = 77 nM] and 4-[(E)-2-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]propenyl]benzoic acid (19) [Ki(RAR alpha) = 1,144 nM, Ki(RAR beta) = 1245 nM, Ki(RAR gamma) = 53 nM]. In series I, the presence of a phenol group, irrespective of the nature of tertioalkyl group, imparted at least partial RAR gamma selectivity, whereas in series II, the presence of both adamantyl and phenol groups is needed to confer RAR gamma selectivity. The RAR gamma selective ligands induce differentiation in F9 cells (7, AC50 = 33 nM; 19, AC50 = 66 nM). From series I, a mixed RAR beta-gamma agonist with potent cellular differentiating activity was selected for development as a topical antiacne agent, 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid (5, CD 271) [Ki(RAR alpha) = 1100 nM, Ki-(RAR beta) = 34 nM, Ki(RAR gamma) = 130 nM, AC50(F9) = 37 nM]. Finally, from series II, we have obtained a weak antagonist in the F9 cellular differentiation assay, 4-[(E)-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propenyl]benzoic acid (15, IC50 = 700 nM).
Dephosphorylation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate by MIPP expands the regulatory capacity of the Rapoport–Luebering glycolytic shunt (2008)

The Rapoport-Luebering glycolytic bypass comprises evolutionarily conserved reactions that generate and dephosphorylate 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). For >30 years, these reactions have been considered the responsibility of a single enzyme, the 2,3-BPG synthase/2-phosphatase (BPGM). Here, we show that Dictyostelium, birds, and mammals contain an additional 2,3-BPG phosphatase that, unlike BPGM, removes the 3-phosphate. This discovery reveals that the glycolytic pathway can bypass the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate, which is a precursor for serine biosynthesis and an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase. Our 2,3-BPG phosphatase activity is encoded by the previously identified gene for multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (MIPP1), which we now show to have dual substrate specificity. By genetically manipulating Mipp1 expression in Dictyostelium, we demonstrated that this enzyme provides physiologically relevant regulation of cellular 2,3-BPG content. Mammalian erythrocytes possess the highest content of 2,3-BPG, which controls oxygen binding to hemoglobin. We determined that total MIPP1 activity in erythrocytes at 37 degrees C is 0.6 mmol 2,3-BPG hydrolyzed per liter of cells per h, matching previously published estimates of the phosphatase activity of BPGM. MIPP1 is active at 4 degrees C, revealing a clinically significant contribution to 2,3-BPG loss during the storage of erythrocytes for transfusion. Hydrolysis of 2,3-BPG by human MIPP1 is sensitive to physiologic alkalosis; activity decreases 50% when pH rises from 7.0 to 7.4. This phenomenon provides a homeostatic mechanism for elevating 2,3-BPG levels, thereby enhancing oxygen release to tissues. Our data indicate greater biological significance of the Rapoport-Luebering shunt than previously considered.
The Ownership of Assets by Place-Based Community Organisations: Political Rationales, Geographies of Social Impact and Future Research Agendas (2013)

This article calls for a more nuanced understanding of the links between the motivations, trajectories and policy environments of community asset organisations and the geographies of their social impact. While potential for the ownership of physical assets by place-based community organisations can be found in new localism powers in all four jurisdictions of the UK, there may be differences in policy articulation and implementation that enable or limit the social benefits community asset organisations are thought to deliver. Furthermore, community assets are premised on their intrinsic tie and value to place, with social cohesion, communal mobilisation and identification of mutual interest thought to be at their heart. This article reviews research in this field set in relation to recent policy developments, and identifies an important need to better understand how the personal and social geographies of impact are delivered in, and influenced by, different spatial contexts and political frameworks.
Study of the effects of UV-exposure on dye-sensitized solar cells (2013)

We studied the effects of UV irradiation on encapsulated ruthenium-based dye-sensitized solar cell by means of accelerated irradiation stresses. A progressive degradation of open-circuit voltage occurs, while the short-circuit current suddenly drops during stress. The sudden degradation can easily be detected from DC measurements and it occurs when series resistance starts to increase. Electrolyte bleaching is the main effect for cell failure and it induces the degradation of TiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> /Dye/Electrolyte interface as side effect. At the end of the irradiation a complete loss of electrolyte was observed.
Evaluations of Interactive Guideboard with Gaze-communicative Stuffed-toy Robot (2008)

In this paper, we introduce and evaluate an interactive guideboard with a communicative stuffed-toy guide-robot that behaves in correspondence to the user’s gazing direction. The proposed system adopts our remote gaze-tracking method, which estimates the user’s gaze angles based on image processing. The main purpose of this research is to provide intuitive and natural guidance interaction through
Sensitive detection of human papillomavirus in cervical, head/neck, and schistosomiasis-associated bladder malignancies (2005)

We assayed for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in serum and/or peripheral blood fraction (PBF) of individuals with cervical, head/neck, or bladder cancer due to schistosomiasis. Using mass spectroscopy coupled with competitive PCR, HPV DNA was detected at the individual molecule level by using "MassARRAY" assays. The resultant sensitivity was superior to real-time fluorescent PCR-based assays, while specificity was maintained. Our principal findings were: (i) Virtually all tested cervical cancers and schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancers, and a plurality of head/neck cancers, are associated with HPV DNA in the tumor. (ii) All 27 bladder cancers due to schistosomiasis were associated with the presence of HPV-16 DNA, which can be detected in tumor and serum but not in PBF. In contrast, no serum HPV-16 DNA signal was detected in seven individuals with schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancers after surgical removal of the tumor. (iii) Among the head/neck cancers we studied, anterior tumors were more often associated with HPV DNA in tumor, serum, and/or PBF than posterior tumors. (iv) In cervical cancer, where all tumors contain HPV DNA, viral DNA could be detected often in serum and/or PBF. Further, HPV-16 DNA was detected in serum and/or PBF of most patients with untreated high-grade cervical dysplasia but disappeared if the dysplasia was eliminated. The sensitive, specific, and quantitative MassARRAY technique should make it feasible to monitor cancer occurrence and treatment and recurrence of malignancies and dysplasias associated with HPV DNA.
Hemifacial spasm: ultrastructural changes in the facial nerve induced by neurovascular compression. (1975)

In patients with hemifacial spasm, pathological changes were found in the facial nerve resulting from neurovascular compression-distortion. These changes are simular to those noted in trigeminal neuralgia.
High Sensitive Capacitive Sensing Method for Thickness Detection of the Water Film on an Insulation Surface (2019)

Water films are always formed on the outer or inner surfaces of materials in industrial processes and some key parts of instruments because of complex working environments (moisture and hidden water). This situation may lead to inaccurate measurement results or even unsafety process for instrument operation. Therefore, it is important to reliably detect and quantify the formed water films. A coplanar capacitive sensor and an AD7745-based measurement system were designed for the first stage of this paper. A glass tank and a specific power ultrasonic humidifier were then added to construct the experimental platform. To verify the feasibility of the designed coplanar capacitive sensor, the thickness of the water films was set to change from 0 to 1.5 mm with a 0.1-mm interval. The experimental results based on the self-developed system were compared with the results simulated by COMSOL, and the results derived from Agilent 4294A (an impedance analyzer). The results indicated that the coplanar capacitive sensor could be used to detect and evaluate the thickness of the water film. The resolution of AD7745-based measurement system for water film thickness detection is less than 0.1 mm.