gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zinc oxide nanorod based photonic devices: recent progress in growth, light emitting diodes and lasers (2009)

Zinc oxide (ZnO), with its excellent luminescent properties and the ease of growth of its nanostructures, holds promise for the development of photonic devices. The recent advances in growth of ZnO nanorods are discussed. Results from both low temperature and high temperature growth approaches are presented. The techniques which are presented include metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD), vapour phase epitaxy (VPE), pulse laser deposition (PLD), vapour-liquid-solid (VLS), aqueous chemical growth (ACG) and finally the electrodeposition technique as an example of a selective growth approach. Results from structural as well as optical properties of a variety of ZnO nanorods are shown and analysed using different techniques, including high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL), for both room temperature and for low temperature performance. These results indicate that the grown ZnO nanorods possess reproducible and interesting optical properties. Results on obtaining p-type doping in ZnO micro- and nanorods are also demonstrated using PLD. Three independent indications were found for p-type conducting, phosphorus-doped ZnO nanorods: first, acceptor-related CL peaks, second, opposite transfer characteristics of back-gate field effect transistors using undoped and phosphorus doped wire channels, and finally, rectifying I-V characteristics of ZnO:P nanowire/ZnO:Ga p-n junctions. Then light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on n-ZnO nanorods combined with different technologies (hybrid technologies) are suggested and the recent electrical, as well as electro-optical, characteristics of these LEDs are shown and discussed. The hybrid LEDs reviewed and discussed here are mainly presented for two groups: those based on n-ZnO nanorods and p-type crystalline substrates, and those based on n-ZnO nanorods and p-type amorphous substrates. Promising electroluminescence characteristics aimed at the development of white LEDs are demonstrated. Although some of the presented LEDs show visible emission for applied biases in excess of 10 V, optimized structures are expected to provide the same emission at much lower voltage. Finally, lasing from ZnO nanorods is briefly reviewed. An example of a recent whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing from ZnO is demonstrated as a way to enhance the stimulated emission from small size structures.
User Interfaces for a Complex Robotic Task: A Comparison of Tiled vs.Overlapped Windows (1997)

High complexity tasks, such as remote teleoperation of robotic vehicles, often require multiple windows. For these complex tasks, the windows necessary for task completion, may occupy more area than available on a single visual display unit (VDU). Since the focus of the robotic task constantly changes, modular control panels that can be opened, closed, and moved on the screen are invaluable to the operator. This study describes a specific robotic task and the need for a multi-window interface that can be easily manipulated. This paper examines two multi-window management strategies: tiled (fixed size) and arbitrary overlap. Multi-window searches were performed using the two management styles and they were compared on the basis of search completion time and error rates. Results with 35 novice users showed faster completion times for the tiled management strategy than for the arbitrary overlap strategy. Other factors such as the number of windows available, the number of displayed windows, workload of opening or closing windows, and effect of learning are discussed.
Analysis of the Vistec LMS IPRO3 performance and accuracy enhancement techniques (2006)

Following the international technology roadmap for semiconductors the image placement precision for the 65nm technology node has to be 7nm. In order to be measurement capable, the measurement error of a 2D coordinate measurement system has to be close to 2nm. For those products, we are using the latest Vistec registration metrology tool, the LMS IPRO3. In this publication we focus on the tool performance analysis and compare different methodologies. Beside the well-established ones, we are demonstrating the statistical method of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) as a powerful tool to quantify different measurement error contributors. Here we deal with short-term, long-term, orientation-dependent and tool matching errors. For comparison reasons we also present some results based on LMS IPRO2 and LMS IPRO1 measurements. Whereas the short-term repeatability and long-term reproducibility are more or less given by the tool set up and physical facts, the orientation dependant part is a result of a software correction algorithm. We finally analyse that kind of residual tool systematics and test some improvement strategies.
Si LPE Lateral Overgrowth from a Ridge Seed (1990)

A ridge seed is proposed for use in controlling the layer thickness of an epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO). An ELO layer was grown from the ridge seed on a Si(111) substrate, and under a certain growth condition, it was found that no growth occurred at all on the seed except on the side wall, which gave the exact same thickness of the ELO layer as that of the seed. By this technique, a 0.23 µm-thick ELO layer was grown from a ridge seed. This result demonstrates that ELO thickness is controllable down to the order of 100 nm by using the present method. The ratio of the lateral growth width to the layer thickness was developed to 82.
Effect of hydrogen dilution on the structure of SiOF films prepared by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition from SiF4-based plasmas (2000)

Structural and electrical properties of fluorinated silicon dioxide (SiOF) films prepared by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition from the SiF4–O2–H2–He gas mixture have been studied using ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and current–voltage measurements. It has been found that the level of hydrogen dilution strongly affects the microstructure of deposited SiOF films. The films prepared at the H2 flow rate below about 0.8 sccm have a biphase structure consisting of an amorphous matrix with the incorporation of 5–30 nm sized particles. The main origin of these particles seems to be gas phase oxidation of SiFx species (with x=1, 2, 3) in plasma and downstream regions. Resulting films are characterized by extremely low density, reduced structural homogeneity, and poor electrical properties. Increase in the H2 flow rate above 0.8 sccm completely suppresses the incorporation of particles into the growing film probably due to effective hindering gas phase oxidation process and results in dense homogeneous amorphous SiOF films with good electrical properties.
Ice Gouging and the Safety of Marine Pipelines (1990)

ABSTRACT This paper describes results from a study of ice gouge interactions with marine pipelines, carried out for Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration. It defines the conditions under which pipelines can withstand the forces applied by gouging processes. INTRODUCTION Surveys of the seabed of the shallow seas bordering the Arctic Ocean reveal large areas which have been heavily scarred by ice gouging. Ice masses are driven into shallow water by the force of other pieces of drifting ice, in turn driven by wind and current. The masses ground in shallow water, and cut deep gouges into the seabed. In the Beaufort Sea and in the Arctic Islands, gouging extends from shore out to water depths of 50 m. The greatest intensity of deep gouging is found in water depths between 20 and 35 m. A few gouges more than 5 m deep are found, but most of them are rather shallower. Still deeper gouges occur in much deeper water in areas where icebergs ground, such as Davis Strait and the Grand Banks. Pipelines are generally agreed to be the most safe, reliable and economical method of bringing Arctic offshore hydrocarbon resources to land, but it has long been recognized that seabed ice gouging is a threat to marine pipelines. A further concern is that it might not be sufficient to set a pipeline just below the maximum expected gouge depth, because of the possibility that large seabed loadings from the ice might damage a pipeline, even though the ice did not itself reach the line. It was at one time hoped in some quarters that the formation of deep gouges would turn out not to be at active contemporary process, so that the gouges we see today would be a relic of earlier climatic and oceanographic conditions, perhaps with a different sea level and larger ice masses than occur today. Repeated mapping has proved that hope to be unjustified, and has shown that new gouges are being formed now. It was also questioned whether the ice forces currently present are large enough to cut the gouges that are observed, or whether the ice itself is strong enough to do so. That again has proved to be incorrect: the forces are indeed large, but not large in comparison with forces measured on offshore structures, and the ice stresses present are within the limits set by ice fracture and deformation. The depth of trenching required to set a pipeline below the largest gouges in the Beaufort Sea is much greater than the depth of trenching routinely used to protect pipelines against fishing gear in heavily fished areas such as the North Sea. It is beyond existing pipeline trenching technology, because there has been no demand for very deep pipeline trenches except over relatively short distances in shallow water for shore approaches.
Introduction to High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion (2002)

This book explains the fundamentals of high temperature corrosion and oxidation. It will enable engineers and other technical personnel to understand: How quickly different metals react with different environments at high temperatures; The mechanisms of these reactions; The corrosivity of different environments; How to control reactions or how to protect metals from degradation; How to select the best materials for specific high temperature applications. Introduction to High Temperature Corrosion and Oxidation will be a great asset for workers in the chemical, petrochemical, electric power generation, and related industries. It is also an excellent textbook for graduate and postgraduate courses on high temperature corrosion. Contents: High Temperature Corrosion: Basics Defects in Metal Oxides Diffusion in Oxides Thin Layer Oxidation Thick Layer Oxidation: WagnerAs Theory Oxidation of Pure Metals Oxidation of Alloys Oxidation in Mixed Environments Hot Corrosion Spallation of Oxides Active Element Effect High Temperature Coatings Electron Optical Techniques for Scale Characterization Application of High Temperature Oxidation Appendices Index
Signal Recovery (2009)

The literature on the recovery of signals and images is vast (e.g., [23, 110, 112, 257, 391, 439, 791, 795, 933, 934, 937, 945, 956, 1104, 1324, 1494, 1495, 1551]). In this Chapter, the specific problem of recovering lost signal intervals from the remaining known portion of the signal is considered. Signal recovery is also a topic of Chapter 11 on POCS. To this point, sampling has been discrete. Bandlimited signals, we will show, can also be recovered from continuous samples. Our definition of continuous sampling is best presented by illustration.Asignal, f (t), is shown in Figure 10.1a, along with some possible continuous samples. Regaining f (t) from knowledge of ge(t) = f (t)Π(t/T) in Figure 10.1b is the extrapolation problem which has applications in a number of fields. In optics, for example, extrapolation in the frequency domain is termed super resolution [2, 40, 367, 444, 500, 523, 641, 720, 864, 1016, 1099, 1117]. Reconstructing f (t) from its tails [i.e., gi(t) = f (t){1 − Π(t/T)}] is the interval interpolation problem. Prediction, shown in Figure 10.1d, is the problem of recovering a signal with knowledge of that signal only for negative time. Lastly, illustrated in Figure 10.1e, is periodic continuous sampling. Here, the signal is known in sections periodically spaced at intervals of T. The duty cycle is α. Reconstruction of f (t) from this data includes a number of important reconstruction problems as special cases. (a) By keeping αT constant, we can approach the extrapolation problem by letting T go to ∞. (b) Redefine the origin in Figure 10.1e to be centered in a zero interval. Under the same assumption as (a), we can similarly approach the interpolation problem. (c) Redefine the origin as in (b). Then the interpolation problem can be solved by discarding data to make it periodically sampled. (d) Keep T constant and let α → 0. The result is reconstructing f (t) from discrete samples as discussed in Chapter 5. Indeed, this model has been used to derive the sampling theorem [246]. Figures 10.1b-e all illustrate continuously sampled versions of f (t).
Iophenoxic acid as a systemic blood marker for assessment of bait acceptance by stoats ( <i>Mustela erminea</i> ) and weasels ( <i>Mustela nivalis</i> ) (2002)

Abstract Iophenoxic acid (IA) is a compound that causes an increase in the plasma and serum iodine concentration of animals that ingest it, and was evaluated as a marker for assessing bait acceptance by stoats and weasels. The baseline plasma or serum iodine concentration was measured in 12 captive and 10 wild stoats, and one captive weasel. Iophenoxic acid was mixed into broken hen eggs in amounts of 1, 2, 4, or 5 mg per egg (5 mg equals 0.01% in a 50 g egg), and the eggs were then fed to the captive animals. The mean plasma or serum iodine concentration in the dosed stoats was significantly higher than the mean baseline concentration (3.3 μg/100 ml) after 7 days (309.5 μg/100 ml) and after 14 days (24.0 ng/100 ml), but not after 21 days (6.4 μg/100 ml). The duration of plasma or serum marking in stoats (c. 2 weeks) was not as long as reported in most other studies of eutherian mammals (most more than 8 weeks). Not enough data were collected to determine the duration of marking in weasels.
An Item Response Model for Characterizing Test Compromise (2002)

This article presents an item response model for characterizing test-compromise that enables the estimation of item-preview and score-gain distributions observed in on-demand high-stakes testing programs. Model parameters and posterior distributions are estimated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedures. Results of a simulation study suggest that when at least some of the items taken by a small sample of test takers are known to be secure (uncompromised), the procedure can provide useful summaries of test-compromise and its impact on test scores. The article includes discussions of operational use of the proposed procedure, possible model violations and extensions, and application to computerized adaptive testing.
Biosynthesis of nargenicin and nodusmicin (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiosynthesis of nargenicin and nodusmicinWilliam C. Snyder and Kenneth L. Rinehart Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 3, 787–789Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00315a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00315a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views262Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lysergamides of Isomeric 2,4-Dimethylazetidines Map the Binding Orientation of the Diethylamide Moiety in the Potent Hallucinogenic Agent <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Diethyllysergamide (LSD) (2002)

Lysergic acid amides were prepared from (R,R)-(-)-, (S,S)-(+)-, and cis-2,4-dimethyl azetidine. The dimethylazetidine moiety is considered here to be a rigid analogue of diethylamine, and thus, the target compounds are all conformationally constrained analogues of the potent hallucinogenic agent, N,N-diethyllysergamide, LSD-25. Pharmacological evaluation showed that (S,S)-(+)-2,4-dimethylazetidine gave a lysergamide with the highest LSD-like behavioral activity in the rat two lever drug discrimination model that was slightly more potent than LSD itself. This same diastereomer also had the highest affinity and functional potency at the rat serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, the presumed target for hallucinogenic agents, and a receptor affinity profile in a panel of screens that was most similar to that of LSD itself. Both cis- and the (R,R)-trans-dimethylazetidines gave lysergamides that were less potent in all relevant assays. The finding that the S,S-dimethylazetidine gave a lysergamide with pharmacology most similar to LSD indicates that the N,N-diethyl groups of LSD optimally bind when they are oriented in a conformation distinct from that observed in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. The incorporation of isomeric dialkylazetidines into other biologically active molecules may be a useful strategy to model the active conformations of dialkylamines and dialkylamides.
Expression of mRNA electroporated into plant and animal cells (1987)

A general method to introduce RNA molecules into plant protoplasts and animal cells is described. This technique utilizes the ability of electric pulses of high field strength to form pores in biomembranes. RNA molecules containing the coding region for the bacterial enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) were used as a model system. The presence of CAT activity as a result of the in vivo translation of the introduced RNA is entirely dependent on the presence of a 5' cap and greatly increased by the presence of a poly A tail at the 3' end. The introduction of RNA into eukaryotic cells has broad applicability both as an assay for the uptake of nucleic acids into cells independent of transcriptional activity and as a tool to study eukaryotic mRNA translation.
Iridium NHC Based Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Processes Using Glycerol as Solvent and Hydrogen Donor (2011)

A series of iridium and ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene based catalysts of general formula [IrI2(AcO)(bis-NHC)] or [Ru(η6-arene)(NHC)CO3] have been tested in the reduction of several organic carbonyl compounds using glycerol as solvent and hydrogen donor, by the transfer hydrogenation methodology. The Ir(III) complexes with a chelating bis-NHC ligand and sulfonate groups were the most efficient, due to their solubility in the reaction media and to the strong electron-donor properties of the bis-carbene ligands. The same two catalysts were moderately active in the reduction of olefins and alkynes and, more remarkably, show excellent chemoselectivity in the reduction of the alkenic double bond of α,β-unsaturated ketones, a valuable process for which glycerol had never been used before.
Electron precession: A guide for implementation (2005)

The design approach for electron precession systems designed at Northwestern University is described, and examples of systems retrofitted onto two different transmission electron microscopes using this method are demonstrated. The precession diffraction patterns from these instruments are of good quality while simultaneously being very easy to acquire. A 15-minute procedure for aligning these instruments is described in the appendix. Partnering this user-friendly and inexpensive hardware implementation with fast and user-friendly crystallography software offers potentially speedy and routine solution of crystal structures.
Sulforaphane and erucin, natural isothiocyanates from broccoli, inhibit bacterial quorum sensing (2012)

Sulforaphane and erucin, two natural isothiocyanates that are highly abundant in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, were found to strongly inhibit quorum sensing and virulence in <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>.
Observation of Coherent Recurrence Motion of Excitons in Anthracene Dimers (2004)

Abstract Intramolecular electronic excitation transfer in anthracene dimers in solution at room temperature has been investigated by probing the fluorescence anisotropy decay with a femtosecond up-conversion method. Two types of anthracene dimers were used: anthracenophane (DTA) in which two anthracene rings are stacked parallel, but with nearly orthogonal orientation, and two dianthrylbenzenes (m- and o-DAB) in which two anthracene rings are linked to a benzene ring at meta- and ortho-positions. There appeared damped oscillations of apparent periods of 0.6–1.0 ps and damping time constants of 0.7–1.2 ps. The ordinary fluorescence decay (excited-state population decay) obtained with the magic angle excitation exhibits no oscillation in all the cases. It has been found from a theoretical analysis that the oscillatory behaviors on fluorescence anisotropy are consistent with the coherent recurrence motion of an exciton between two anthracene moieties. The magnitudes of the dipole–dipole energy transfer interaction are estimated to be 10–80 cm−1, which are considerably smaller than the experimental value (30–100 cm−1) deduced from the angular frequencies of oscillation. This means that some interchromophore interaction other than the dipole–dipole resonance interaction is involved in the energy transfer interaction in strongly coupled dimers. The longer dephasing time can be explained as a consequence of rigid dimeric conformations in anthracene dimers.
Use of Specific Monoclonal Antibodies for Diagnosis of Citrus Tristeza Virus (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) were obtained by fusion of a nonsecreting myeloma cell line with spleen cells from immunized BALB/c mice. Immunoglobulin titre and isotype were determined in cell culture supernatants and mouse ascitic fluid. Each MAb was enzyme-conjugated and used in a double-antibody sandwich ELISA assay for CTV. All reacted uniformly against a panel of 23 strains of CTV representative of strains collected from Europe, Asia, and North America. Index words.
COPASI—a COmplex PAthway SImulator (2006)

The complete software is available in binary (executable) for MS Windows, OS X, Linux (Intel) and Sun Solaris (SPARC), as well as the full source code under an open source license from http://www.copasi.org.
Modeling documents with Generative Adversarial Networks (2016)

This paper describes a method for using Generative Adversarial Networks to learn distributed representations of natural language documents. We propose a model that is based on the recently proposed Energy-Based GAN, but instead uses a Denoising Autoencoder as the discriminator network. Document representations are extracted from the hidden layer of the discriminator and evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively.