gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition, structure, and electrical characteristics of HfO2 gate dielectrics grown using the remote- and direct-plasma atomic layer deposition methods (2005)

Hafnium oxide thin films were deposited using both the remote-plasma atomic layer deposition (RPALD) and direct-plasma atomic layer deposition (DPALD) methods. Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and transistors were fabricated with HfO2 gate dielectric to examine their electrical characteristics. The as-deposited RPALD HfO2 layer exhibited an amorphous structure, while the DPALD HfO2 layer exhibited a polycrystalline structure. Medium-energy ion scattering measurement data indicate that the interfacial layer consisted of interfacial SiO2−x and silicate layers. This suggests that the change in stoichiometry with depth could be related to the energetic plasma beam used in the plasma ALD process, resulting in damage to the Si surface and an interaction between Hf and SiO2−x. The as-deposited RPALD HfO2 films had better interfacial layer characteristics, such as an effective fixed oxide charge density (Qf,eff) and interfacial roughness than the DPALD HfO2 films did. A MOS capacitor fabricated using the RPALD method exhibited an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 1.8nm with a Qf,eff=−4.2×1011q∕cm2 (where q is the elementary charge, 1.6022×10−19C), whereas a MOS capacitor fabricated using the DPALD method had an EOT=2.0nm and a Qf,eff=−1.2×1013q∕cm2. At a power=0.6MV∕cm, the RPALD n-type metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (nMOSFET) showed μeff=168cm2∕Vs, which was 50% greater than the value of the DPALD nMOSFET (μeff=111cm2∕Vs). In the region where Vg-Vt=2.0V, the RPALD MOSFET drain current was about 30% higher than the DPALD MOSFET drain current. These improvements are believed to be due to the lower effective fixed charge density, and they minimize problems arising from plasma charging damage.
A phase‐variable capsule is involved in virulence of <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> 81‐176 (2001)

Campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 (HS36, 23) synthesizes two distinct glycan structures, as visualized by immunoblotting of proteinase K-digested whole-cell preparations. A site-specific insertional mutant in the kpsM gene results in loss of expression of a high-molecular-weight (HMW) glycan (apparent Mr 26 kDa to > 85 kDa) and increased resolution of a second ladder-like glycan (apparent Mr 26-50 kDa). The kpsM mutant of 81-176 is no longer typeable in either HS23 or HS36 antisera, indicating that the HMW glycan structure is the serodeterminant of HS23 and HS36. Both the kpsM-dependent HMW glycan and the kpsM-independent ladder-like structure appear to be capsular in nature, as both are attached to phospholipid rather than lipid A. Additionally, the 81-176 kpsM gene can complement a deletion in Escherichia coli kpsM, allowing the expression of an alpha2,8 polysialic acid capsule in E. coli. Loss of the HMW glycan in 81-176 kpsM also increases the surface hydrophobicity and serum sensitivity of the bacterium. The kpsM mutant is also significantly reduced in invasion of INT407 cells and reduced in virulence in a ferret diarrhoeal disease model. The expression of the kpsM-dependent capsule undergoes phase variation at a high frequency.
Prognostic Relevance of AGR2 Expression in Breast Cancer (2006)

The expression of AGR2 in breast cancer is strongly associated with markers of tumor differentiation (estrogen receptor positivity, lower tumor grade). A prognostic effect of AGR2 for overall survival could be shown, which became independently significant for the group of nodal-negative tumors.
Efficacies of two novel azole derivatives each containing a morpholine ring, UR-9746 and UR-9751, against systemic murine coccidioidomycosis (1997)

UR-9746 and UR-9751 are novel azole derivatives each containing a morpholine ring. They were examined for both in vitro and in vivo activities against Coccidioides immitis. In vitro, UR-9746 and UR-9751 were active, with MICs of 25 and 3.1 micrograms/ml, respectively, against C. immitis Silveira; minimum fungicidal concentrations were > 100 micrograms/ml, the highest concentration tested, for both compounds. Antifungal activity in serum showed the desirable characteristic of remaining severalfold above the MIC at all times. Against systemic murine coccidioidomycosis, UR-9746 and UR-9751 prolonged survival at dosages of > or = 10 mg/kg/day and showed increased reduction of infectious burden in the spleens, livers, and lungs of treated mice with escalating dosage. Both compounds lacked observable toxicity and on a milligram-per-kilogram of body weight basis were > or = 10-fold superior to fluconazole in prolonging survival and clearing infection with C. immitis.
Phase retrieval combined with digital holography (2012)

We present a new method for real- and complex-valued image reconstruction from two intensity measurements made in the Fourier plane: the Fourier magnitude of the unknown image, and the intensity of the interference pattern arising from superimposition of the original signal with a reference beam. This approach can provide significant advantages in digital holography since it poses less stringent requirements on the reference beam. In particular, it does not require spatial separation between the sought signal and the reference beam. Moreover, the reference beam need not be known precisely, and in fact, may contain severe errors, without leading to a deterioration in the reconstruction quality. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the speed and quality of reconstruction.
Absorption of infrared radiation and the radiation transfer mechanism in paper. Part II : Application to infrared dryers (1998)

A comparison of the absorption in paper of radiation from different IR sources has been made based on a theoretical model. As a first approach, blackbody spectra at 1300 K and 2500 K were compared. The radiation from the body at 1300 K is more readily absorbed by the paper There is, however only a small difference in the in-depth absorption when the intensities are adjusted to give the same amount of absorbed energy. Measurements of the spectral distribution from a gas-fired heater were used for a more careful comparison between gas-fired and electrical IR dryers. For electrical dryers, no such measurements have been found in the literature and therefore a mathematical model was developed. The absorption of radiation in the thickness direction was compared for a wet paper a board with a wet core and for a coated paper The radiation from the gas-fired dryer is more readily absorbed by the paper For all these cases, the electrically generated radiation is absorbed somewhat more evenly in the thickness direction than the radiation from the gas-fired heater.
Leader sequences of murine coronavirus mRNAs can be freely reassorted: evidence for the role of free leader RNA in transcription. (1986)

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), which replicates in cytoplasm of infected cells, contains an identical leader RNA sequence at the 5' end of each of the virus-specific mRNAs. Previous studies suggested that the synthesis of these mRNAs does not involve conventional RNA splicing and may instead require priming by a free leader RNA. In this communication, we demonstrate that, during a mixed infection with two different MHVs, the leader RNA sequences from one virus could be detected on the mRNAs of the coinfecting virus at a high frequency, as if the leader sequence and mRNAs were joined together from two randomly segregating RNA segments. This finding demonstrates that MHV mRNA transcription utilizes independently transcribed leader RNA species that possess the trans-acting property. This study thus provides further evidence in support of the unique model of "leader-primed transcription" for coronavirus mRNA synthesis.
Artificial Intelligence for Construction Safety: Mitigation of the Risk of Fall (2018)

Technology is continually being implemented by construction professionals with the goal of improving construction processes and the industry’s glacial pace of change. As we look to new technologies to solve existing problems, we can consider Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a tool to make construction safer and efficient. Through this paper, we explore the ways in which AI can assist in the goal of making construction sites safe. This study proposes the development of an AI platform, which improves construction safety through hazard identification at the pre-construction stage, and suggests the applicable OSHA codes for the identified hazards, thus allowing safety standards to be implemented for compliance. Emphasis is laid on the mitigation of fall hazards, which is the leading cause of accidents in construction. Currently, project safety and risk assessment in the construction industry is carried out by professionals, who heavily rely on their own experiences and knowledge on decision making. There is a lack of a systematic approach and the ways to check the reliability of these decisions. Through the machine learning aspect of AI, we can automate the process and create an environment where potential hazards are identified before they occur with a link to the OSHA standards for recommended mitigation strategies.
Effect of anti-allergic drugs on histamine release from mast cells. Analysis with cord blood-derived human cultured mast cells. (1999)

Mast cells have been regarded as one of the most important effector cells in IgE-dependent allergic response. Recently the heterogeneity of mast cells in localization and species have been recognized. However, whether anti-allergic drugs possess inhibitory effects on histamine release from human mast cells still remains uncertain. Therefore, in the present study, effects of anti-allergic drugs on histamine release from human mast cells, which were derived by the culture of cord blood cells with 80 ng/ml recombinant human stem cell factor and 50 ng/ml interleukin 6. The human cultured mast cells presented functional IgE receptors on their cell surfaces and were effectively stimulated to release histamine in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners of anti-IgE antibody. Anti-allergic drugs, such as azelastine, ketotifen, and emedastin, were able to inhibit histamine release from the human mast cells in dose-dependent manners. Immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporin A, and flavonoid, quercetin, also showed inhibitory effects on the histamine release from the human cultured mast cells.
Synthesis of Well-Defined Macromonomers by Sequential ATRP−Catalytic Chain Transfer and Copolymerization with Ethyl Acrylate (2002)

Polymer chains with unsaturated end groups can be produced by the addition of catalytic chain transfer agents near the end of an atom-transfer polymerization. The polymers were analyzed by MALDI−TOF, NMR, and TGA experiments to determine the degree of unsaturation with good agreement. These polymers can subsequently be used as macromonomers in copolymerizations with monomers such as ethyl acrylate.
Magneto-optical modulator for superconducting digital output interface (2001)

We propose an ultrafast magneto-optic (MO) modulator for the SFQ-to-optical digital interface. Our MO modulator is based on the Faraday effect and consists of a microwave microstrip line (MSL) with a polarization-sensitive MO active medium and a fiber-optic cw light delivery. The light modulation occurs in parallel to the magnetic field and perpendicular to the rf signal propagation. The low characteristic impedance of MSL, together with the superconducting ground plane, ensures that the magnetic-field component of the electromagnetic signal is uniform and effectively "focused" across the length of the modulator. For several different MO devices of the above geometry, we have numerically calculated magnetic-field distributions inside the MO material and verified that the H field was uniform over the width of the top electrode. The input modulation current was assumed to be 1 mA-the realistic upper current-output value for the Nb-based SFQ circuit. Taking EuSe as the MO material at 4.2 K, we obtained H=2.51 Oe for a device with 100-/spl mu/m-wide top electrode and characteristic impedance of 4.4 /spl Omega/. The H magnitude could be further increased to as much as 60 Oe for a macroscopic device with the 5-mm-long optical interaction distance, yielding the 36/spl deg/ phase retardation and /spl sim/10% modulation depth in the single-pass-type device. The most desired configuration for the MO modulator was found to be a Mach-Zehnder design. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer increases the device sensitivity, making it very attractive for direct, SFQ-to-optical digital I/O interface.
Electrochemical treatment of textile wastewater (1996)

The treatment of textile wastewater, containing a high concentration of Cl- ion, by an electrochemical method using Ti/RuO2, Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt/Ir electrodes is investigated. All three anodes proved to be very effective in direct or indirect oxidation of organics present in the wastewater. After 60 min of electrolysis at 6 A/dm2, COD was reduced by 85-92% and DOC by about 85%. Of the three electrodes tested, the efficiency of organics removal followed the order: Ti/RuO2 &gt; Ti/Pt &gt; Ti/Pt/Ir. The electrochemical treatment of textile wastewater resulted in the production of many chloroorganics in high concentration. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of the following major products: 1,1-dichlorocyclopentene, 2,3-dichloro-2-methylbutane, chloromethylsilane, 2,3-dichloro-2-methyl butanoic acid, 2,3-dichloro-2-methyl propanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2, 3-butanediol and 2-butylphenol.
Identification of Surface Films Formed on Lithium Surfaces in γ‐Butyrolactone Solutions: I . Uncontaminated Solutions (1989)

Surface films formed on lithium surfaces in γ‐butyrolactone (BL) solutions were studied using FTIR and NMR. Two types of lithium surfaces were studied: solid lithium and lithium amalgam. In both cases, the main components of those surface films were lithium butyrate and a lithium salt of a cyclic β‐keto ester anion. Their mechanism of formation is discussed.
The Mechanism of Intralipid®-Mediated Cardioprotection Complex IV Inhibition by the Active Metabolite, Palmitoylcarnitine, Generates Reactive Oxygen Species and Activates Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinases (2014)

Our data describe a new mechanism of postconditioning cardioprotection by the clinically available fat emulsion, Intralipid®. Protection is elicited by the fatty acid intermediate palmitoylcarnitine, and involves inhibition of complex IV, an increase in ROS production and activation of the RISK pathway.
<i><scp>C</scp>andida albicans</i> adherence to an acrylic resin modified by experimental photopolymerised coatings: an <i>in vitro</i> study (2012)

The experimental photopolymerised coatings changed the chemical composition and decreased C. albicans adhesion in the groups S35, HP35 and HE35, suggesting that they should be further investigated.
The application of isokinetics in testing and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex. (2000)

Isokinetic training and testing is an important part of the comprehensive evaluation and rehabilitation of the patient with a shoulder injury. Research has demonstrated its efficacy in training and in providing clinically relevant information regarding muscular performance. When integrated with a complete history, subjective examination, and physical and functional evaluation, isokinetic exercise can be a valuable tool for the clinician in the assessment, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement of the athlete.
Acetone‐Linked Peptides: A Convergent Approach for Peptide Macrocyclization and Labeling (2015)

Macrocyclization is a broadly applied approach for overcoming the intrinsically disordered nature of linear peptides. Herein, it is shown that dichloroacetone (DCA) enhances helical secondary structures when introduced between peptide nucleophiles, such as thiols, to yield an acetone-linked bridge (ACE). Aside from stabilizing helical structures, the ketone moiety embedded in the linker can be modified with diverse molecular tags by oxime ligation. Insights into the structure of the tether were obtained through co-crystallization of a constrained S-peptide in complex with RNAse S. The scope of the acetone-linked peptides was further explored through the generation of N-terminus to side chain macrocycles and a new approach for generating fused macrocycles (bicycles). Together, these studies suggest that acetone linking is generally applicable to peptide macrocycles with a specific utility in the synthesis of stabilized helices that incorporate functional tags.
Finding strongly connected components in parallel using <i>O</i> (log <sup>2</sup> <i>n</i> ) reachability queries (2008)

We give a randomized (Las-Vegas) parallel algorithm for computing strongly connected components of a graph with n vertices and m edges. The runtime is dominated by O(log2n) multi-source parallel reachability queries; i.e. O(log2n) calls to a subroutine that computes the union of the descendants of a given set of vertices in a given digraph. Our algorithm also topologically sorts the strongly connected components.
Validating targets for antiparasite chemotherapy (1997)

The enzymes and receptors in parasites that can be qualified as targets for antiparasite chemotherapy should perform essential functions in the parasites and demonstrate some feasibility for selective inhibition. They can be tentatively identified through detailed analysis of various aspects of metabolisms in the parasites or elucidation of the mechanisms of action among proven antiparasitic agents. Preliminary verifications of these putative targets can be indicated by in vitro antiparasite activity of an inhibitor of the target. However, before a major long-term effort to pursue in-depth structure-activity analysis of the target is to be committed for specific inhibitor design, further validations of the target are essential to insure that future studies are not misguided. One old-fashioned approach to validate a target in the pharmaceutical industry is by correlating target inhibitions with antiparasitic activities among large numbers of drug derivatives. The results are often indicative but hardly ever conclusive. Another method is by comparing the putative drug targets between the drug-sensitive and the drug-resistant parasites for potential discrepancies. Unfortunately, the latter often result from indirect causes, such as reduced drug transport, instead of an alteration of the drug target itself. The third experimental approach is by disrupting the gene encoding the putative target in parasite, which can provide the most conclusive evidence on whether the target plays an indispensible role in the parasite. But special conditions are needed for the gene knockout mutants to survive to exhibit their phenotypes and to allow genetic complementation studies for further verifications. Furthermore, gene knockout experiments are often difficult to perform on cells of multiple ploidy or genes of multiple copies, and are currently applicable only to a limited number of protozoan parasites. In the current article I have tried to take a cursory look at some eleven putative drug targets among various parasites, each supported by well-established antiparasitic agents identified as its inhibitors. I have also considered the evidence for validity of each of them and the potential means of further verifying their validity.
Compact 3D flash lidar video cameras and applications (2010)

The theory and operation of Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc.'s (ASC) latest compact 3D Flash LIDAR Video Cameras (3D FLVCs) and a growing number of technical problems and solutions are discussed. The solutions range from space shuttle docking, planetary entry, decent and landing, surveillance, autonomous and manned ground vehicle navigation and 3D imaging through particle obscurants.
White Blood Cell Segmentation by Color-Space-Based K-Means Clustering (2014)

White blood cell (WBC) segmentation, which is important for cytometry, is a challenging issue because of the morphological diversity of WBCs and the complex and uncertain background of blood smear images. This paper proposes a novel method for the nucleus and cytoplasm segmentation of WBCs for cytometry. A color adjustment step was also introduced before segmentation. Color space decomposition and k-means clustering were combined for segmentation. A database including 300 microscopic blood smear images were used to evaluate the performance of our method. The proposed segmentation method achieves 95.7% and 91.3% overall accuracy for nucleus segmentation and cytoplasm segmentation, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can segment WBCs effectively with high accuracy.
ChemInform Abstract: Biological and Antitumor Activity of a Series of 4′‐Thio‐β‐D‐ ribofuranosyl Pyrimidines. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Experimental assessment of self-heating in SOI FinFETs (2009)

In this paper, it is shown that self-heating causes a gigantic effect on the capacitances of MOSFETs/FinFETs. The effect is used to determine the SOI FinFET thermal impedance and to determine the temperature rise during FinFET operation.
A comparison of phenotypic plasticity in the native dandelion<i>Taraxacum ceratophorum</i>and its invasive congener<i>T. officinale</i> (2005)

We compared plastic responses to variation in the light environment for sympatric populations of native and exotic dandelion species, Taraxacum ceratophorum and Taraxacum officinale. Plasticity in leaf size, inflorescence height, reproductive phenology and dispersal-related traits were measured under experimentally altered light quality (red : far-red light ratio, R : FR) and light intensity (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR). To test whether differences in means and reaction norms of dispersal-related traits between species affected colonization potential, we created seed-dispersal models based on seed-fall rate and release height. Differences in plasticity between species were not systematic, but varied in direction and magnitude among traits. Taraxacum officinale produced larger leaves that exhibited greater plasticity in size under variable light intensity than T. ceratophorum. Plasticity in scape length at flowering occurred in relation to R : FR ratio in both species, but tended to be greater in T. ceratophorum. Seed-bearing scapes of T. officinale were taller and more canalized in height across light regimes than scapes of T. ceratophorum. Seeds of T. officinale were smaller than seeds of T. ceratophorum. Models predict greater dispersal in T. officinale within open and vegetated habitats. In contrast to the idea that plasticity promotes invasiveness, results suggest that the lack of plasticity in dispersal-related traits enhances the colonization potential of T. officinale.
Detection of packed malware (2012)

Packing is the most popular obfuscation technique used by malware writers' community in present scenario. The traditional signature-based anti-virus software had played a major role in malware detection, until the dawn of the trend of packed malware. Hence to evade detection of the malwares, a malicious writer relies on packers' softwares; which transforms the binary appearance of the programs without affecting its execution semantics. Therefore the biggest challenge today for malware detection techniques is to figure out whether a given binary is packed or not.