gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asthma and allergic rhinitis in Swedish conscripts (1989)

The computer records of Swedish conscript examinations in 1971 and 1981 were analysed regarding the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis. The material comprised approximately 55,000 18-year-old males in each cohort. During the 10-year period the prevalence of asthma increased from 1.9 to 2.8% and of allergic rhinitis from 4.4 to 8.4%. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was already higher in the northern than in the southern part of the country in 1971. The increase in both diseases was higher in the northern parts of Sweden, giving double prevalence figures in the northern part of the country compared to the southern part in 1981. The distribution of the prevalence was similar to the temperature pattern in the country, the higher prevalence being associated with a colder outdoor climate. Both diseases were more prevalent in urban than in rural areas.
Pulsed magnetization of HTS bulk parts at<i>T</i><77 K (2000)

Various pulsed magnetization experiments employing peak fields of up to 2 T and pulse durations of 30 ms and 3 ms were carried out on YBCO samples at temperatures between 20 and 80 K. Trapped magnetic flux profiles were recorded. The highest remanent magnetizations were obtained for a multi-pulse technique with step-wise cooling. The shape and the absolute values of the trapped flux profile are discussed in terms of the dynamics of such pulsed magnetization processes.
Beam test of a grid-less multi-harmonic buncher (2007)

The Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) is the first superconducting heavy-ion linac in the world. Currently ATLAS is being upgraded with the Californium Rare Ion Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU). The latter is a funded project to expand the range of shortlived, neutron-rich rare isotope beams available for nuclear physics research at ATLAS. To avoid beam losses associated with the existing gridded multi-harmonic buncher (MHB), we have developed and built a grid-less four-harmonic buncher with fundamental frequency of 12.125 MHz. In this paper, we report the results of the MHB commissioning and ATLAS beam performance with the new buncher.
Designed recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector induced envelope‐specific CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T lymphocytes and cross‐reactive neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (2008)

The present study outlines the development of an Ad5-based HIV-1 vaccine targeting the hypervariable regions of Ad5. The constructed rAd5 induced an HIV-1-specific cellular immune response and neutralizing antibodies against various strains of HIV-1 simultaneously.
Explicating SDKs: uncovering assumptions underlying secure authentication and authorization (2013)

Most modern applications are empowered by online services, so application developers frequently implement authentication and authorization. Major online providers, such as Facebook and Microsoft, provide SDKs for incorporating authentication services. This paper considers whether those SDKs enable typical developers to build secure apps. Our work focuses on systematically explicating implicit assumptions that are necessary for secure use of an SDK. Understanding these assumptions depends critically on not just the SDK itself, but on the underlying runtime systems. We present a systematic process for identifying critical implicit assumptions by building semantic models that capture both the logic of the SDK and the essential aspects of underlying systems. These semantic models provide the explicit basis for reasoning about the security of an SDK. We use a formal analysis tool, along with the semantic models, to reason about all applications that can be built using the SDK. In particular, we formally check whether the SDK, along with the explicitly captured assumptions, is sufficient to imply the desired security properties. We applied our approach to three widely used authentication/authorization SDKs. Our approach led to the discovery of several implicit assumptions in each SDK, including issues deemed serious enough to receive Facebook bug bounties and change the OAuth 2.0 specification. We verified that many apps constructed with these SDKs (indeed, the majority of apps in our study) are vulnerable to serious exploits because of these implicit assumptions, and we built a prototype testing tool that can detect several of the vulnerability patterns we identified. 1
Preparations of Optically Active Homocysteine and Homocystine by Asymmetric Transformation of (<i>RS</i>)-1,3-Thiazane-4-carboxylic Acid (1993)

Abstract Dl-Homocysteine [Dl-Hcy] from (RS)-homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride [(RS)-HTL·HCl] was subjected to reaction with formaldehyde in acetic acid to give (RS)-1,3-thiazane-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate [(RS)-THA·H2O]. An asymmetric transformation of (RS)-THA·H2O was achieved via salt formation with optically active tartaric acid in the presence of salicylaldehyde in acetic acid. The (R)- and (S)-THA obtained, respectively, from the salt of (R)-THA with (2R, 3R)-tartaric acid and its enantiomeric salt were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to give d- and l-Hcy of 100% optical purity, respectively, in 50% yield from (RS)-HTL·HCl. Oxidation of d- and l-Hcy with hydrogen peroxide gave d- and l-homocystine, respectively, in 47% yield.
Controlled fabrication of ultrathin-shell BN hollow spheres with excellent performance in hydrogen storage and wastewater treatment (2012)

We developed a facile template-free solid state synthesis route, by which BN hollow spheres (BNHSs) with ultrathin shells (1–3 nm) were successfully prepared. Furthermore, the shell thickness of the BNHSs could be effectively adjusted by varying the reaction temperature. The as-prepared BNHSs with ultrathin shells possess high specific surface area, large pore volume and high density structural defects. These characteristics result in the excellent performance of BNHSs in hydrogen storage and adsorption of organic pollutants from wastewater. The hydrogen uptake capacity is up to 4.07 wt.% at 298 K and 10 MPa. The maximum adsorption capacities for basic yellow 1 and methylene blue are 191.7 and 116.5 mg g−1, respectively. Besides, the BNHSs preferentially adsorb organic aromatic compounds from mixed solutions of aromatic dyes and heavy metal ions, so they can be used to separate and recover some valuable organic compounds from wastewater.
Tumor Rejection Induced by CD70-mediated Quantitative and Qualitative Effects on Effector CD8+ T Cell Formation (2004)

In vivo priming of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells results in their expansion and differentiation into effector T cells followed by contraction into a memory T cell population that can be maintained for life. Recent evidence suggests that after initial antigenic stimulation, the magnitude and kinetics of the CD8+ T cell response are programmed. However, it is unclear to what extent CD8+ T cell instruction in vivo is modulated by costimulatory signals. Here, we demonstrate that constitutive ligation of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family member CD27 by its ligand CD70 quantitatively augments CD8+ T cell responses to influenza virus infection and EL-4 tumor challenge in vivo by incrementing initial expansion and maintaining higher numbers of antigen-specific T cells in the memory phase. Concomitantly, the quality of antigen-specific T cells improved as evidenced by increased interferon (IFN)-gamma production and a greater cytotoxic potential on a per cell basis. As an apparent consequence, the superior effector T cell formation induced by CD70 protected against a lethal dose of poorly immunogenic EL4 tumor cells in a CD8+ T cell- and IFN-gamma-dependent manner. Thus, CD70 costimulation enhances both the expansion and per cell activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
Tuning the Electrochromic Properties of Poly(alkyl-3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophenes) Having High Contrast Ratio and Coloration Efficiency (2009)

A systematic study of the electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic (EC) properties of poly(alkyl-3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene) (PEDOS-Cn) (n = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12) films is reported. The alkyl substituents lead PEDOS-Cn films to exhibit sharper redox peaks than the parent PEDOS film and raise an onset of their oxidation potentials by 0.20−0.62 V. As expected, the introduction of alkyl chains significantly improves the EC properties and the electrochemical stability of PEDOS-Cn films and results in high contrast ratios and coloration efficiencies, low switching voltages, and fast switching times. As the length of the alkyl chain increases, the broad absorption peak of PEDOS sharpens and splits into three distinct peaks for PEDOS-Cn films starting from n = 4. We have identified the correlations between EC properties (such as coloration efficiency) and other observed properties of PEDOS-Cn films (such as their peak width, the position of the maximum absorption peak, the ratio of the absorption intensity of NIR spectra peaks to visible spectra peaks) and the contrast ratio. Interestingly, EC properties show bell-shaped behavior as a function of alkyl chain length, which reaches the maximum for PEDOS-C6 film, whereas the EC properties of films with shorter and longer alkyl chains are poorer.
Zero-crossing measurements for analysis and recognition of speech sounds (1971)

Existing mathematical relations between the power spectral density and the mean zero-crossing rate of an ergodic random process are used to derive relations between spectral measurements and mean zero-crossing rates of a speech signal and its derivatives. Of particular significance is the equation relating zero-crossing rates to the formant parameters of vowels and vowel-like sounds. Reasonably close agreement between measured zero-crossing rates and those calculated from spectral measurements were observed for virtually all phonemes in a variety of contextual environments. Measured zero-crossing rates and corresponding calculated values for speech and its first derivative are presented for vowels, unvoiced fricatives, and unvoiced stops, all in many different contextual environments. Unvoiced fricatives /s/, / <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\int</tex> /, and /f/ are shown to be distinguishable from each other solely on the basis of the zero-crossing rate of the derivative signal. Some vowels are shown to be differentiable from other vowels, although measurements other than zero-crossing rates of filtered, unfiltered, and differentiated speech are shown to be necessary for complete vowel separation. For unvoiced stop consonants, the zero-crossing rate of either the signal or its derivative is shown to be useful for classification, provided some information concerning the contextual environment is available.
Crying Wolf: An Empirical Study of SSL Warning Effectiveness (2018)

Web users are shown an invalid certificate warning when their browser cannot validate the identity of the websites they are visiting. While these warnings often appear in benign situations, they can also signal a man-in-the-middle attack. We conducted a survey of over 400 Internet users to examine their reactions to and understanding of current SSL warnings. We then designed two new warnings using warnings science principles and lessons learned from the survey. We evaluated warnings used in three popular web browsers and our two warnings in a 100- participant, between-subjects laboratory study. Our warnings performed significantly better than existing warnings, but far too many participants exhibited dangerous behavior in all warning conditions. Our results suggest that, while warnings can be improved, a better approach may be to minimize the use of SSL warnings altogether by blocking users from making unsafe connections and eliminating warnings in benign situations.
Sulfine und Sulfene — die <i>S</i>‐Oxide und <i>S</i>,<i>S</i>‐Dioxide der Thioaldehyde und Thioketone (1967)

Abstract Durch HCl‐Eliminierung aus Sulfinsäurechloriden mit Triäthylamin sowie durch Oxidation von Diarylthioketonen mit Persäure konnten bisher vier Sulfine gewonnen werden. Sie sind kristalline, farbige Verbindungen, die sich bei Raumtemperatur langsam zersetzen. — Versuche zur Darstellung von Sulfenen führten noch nicht zum Ziel; es gelang jedoch, Mesylsulfen als Trimethylamin‐Addukt zu isolieren. Durch Abfangreaktionen läβt sich zeigen, daβ bei der Einwirkung von Trialkylamin auf aliphatische Sulfonylchloride und von Schwefeldioxid auf Diazoalkane intermediär Sulfene entstehen. Sie bilden mit ROD monodeuterierte Sulfonsäureester, mit Diazoalkanen Dreiringe, mit Enaminen, Dienaminen, Keten‐O,O‐, O,N‐, N,N‐acetalen, Chloral und z.T. mit Vinyläthern Vierringe, mit Nitronen Fünfringe, mit β‐Aminovinyl‐ketonen und Dienaminen Sechsringe.
<title>Recent advances in optical pickup head with holographic optical elements</title> (1991)

Recent advances in optical pickup heads using holographic optical elements (HOEs) are reviewed, with emphasis on a practical servo-signal detection system that can realize compact integration of HOE, laser diode, photodetectors, and objective lens. This paper presents a new type of holographic servo method that employs a blazed HOE placed in close proximity to the objective lens so that wide allowance range of the optical system is maintained, thus allowing the lens and HOE to move simultaneously. The blazed HOE and the integrated optical system are analyzed and discussed in detail.
Another Approach to Wind (2004)

This article highlights how vertical-axis turbines may avoid the limitations of today’s standard propeller-like machines. Horizontal-axis wind turbine technology is likely to peak in the next few years, largely because of the limitations of the blades and their effects on the machine. The power output of a wind turbine is directly related to the swept area of its blades. The larger the diameter, the more power it is capable of extracting from the wind. The larger the blades, the stronger they need to be to withstand the higher levels of centrifugal force and stresses caused by their additional size and weight. Tall masonry structures of the sort that are suitable for the Eurowind turbines were once a common sight in industrial cities and towns across the globe. However, as technology changed, many of these structures became obsolete. Indeed, the structures have lent their name to an entire subset of old-fashioned, low-tech businesses in smokestack industries.
Interleukin 12 immunotherapy after autologous stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies. (2002)

Biologically active doses of IL-12 can be given safely to patients after autologous stem cell transplantation for high-risk hematological malignancies. Further studies are indicated to assess the efficacy of IL-12 in this setting.
Influence of Cu as a catalyst on the properties of silicon nanowires synthesized by the vapour–solid–solid mechanism (2007)

Unlike typical Au used as a catalyst for the synthesis of silicon nanowires via the vapour–liquid–solid mechanism, Cu has been found to induce a synthesis process governed by the vapour–solid–solid mechanism. Moreover, the temperature window for obtaining high-quality wires with Cu has been found to be relatively smaller than that shown by the Au: from 600 to 650 °C. However, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals significant new properties of the nanowires obtained. They have the peculiarity of successively switching the silicon structure from diamond to the wurtzite phase along the growth direction. This change of the crystalline structure implies that it has an important impact on the transport properties and characteristics of electronic devices. The results will be important for the future integration and application of silicon, where electrical and thermal transport properties play a significant role.
설교의 목표로서 인간변화의 역학에 대한 연구 (2017)

설교를 통해서 성도들은 변화한다. 설교의 목적은 하나님의 영광이다. 또한 설교의 목표는 인간의 변화에 있다. 설교자는 설교에서 동기부여를 통하여 변화를 추구한다. 설교를 들음으로 청중은 변화한다. 이 변화의 역학을 알고 설교를 통해서 성도를 변화시켜야 한다. 먼저 인간변화 이론으로 Fritz Heider의 균형이론, Osgood and Tannenbaum의 일치성이론, Festinger의 인지부조화 이론을 알아본다. 그리고 설교를 통한 인간변화의 역학에서 인간 변화에 대한 저항 효소를 알아보았다. 습관, 안정감, 불확실성을 살펴본다. 그리고 설교를 통한 변화의 세 가지 요소로서 태도, 신념, 가치에 대해서 살펴본다. 그리고 설교를 통한 변화의 네 가지 결과로서 의견, 인식, 영향 미침, 행동변화를 살펴본다. 그리고 변화를 일으키는 영향력으로서 필요성, 유익성, 위기감, 의무감을 살펴본다. 마지막으로 결론에서는 설교의 목표는 변화이며, 이 변화를 위해 설교를 해야 함을 강조하였다.
Diversity Analysis of Smart Relaying (2008)

For a decode-and-forward (DF) relaying system with maximal-ratio combining (MRC) at the destination, spatial diversity is lost except when the source-relay link is reliable. This paper considers and analyzes a smart relaying scheme, in which the relay scales its transmitted power adaptively to the channel conditions without exceeding the total power used in the conventional relaying system. Performance analysis proves that a diversity order of two is always achieved with binary- phase-shift-keying (BPSK) and quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) constellations. The order-2 diversity is also observed from numerical results for rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
Golay-type Static Multi-slit Spectrometer (1977)

The factors which affect a static multi-slit spectrometer are discussed, and a simple method is presented for compensating for the variation of lateral magnification of the spectrometer. A description is also given of a Golay-type static multi-slit spectrometer which was constructed for the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of our compensation method and the performance of the spectrometer for light sources of different types in the visible and the near-ultra-violet. The experimental results indicate that our compensation method provides a simple, yet very effective means of making a Golay-type static multi-slit spectrometer practicable in the visible and the near-ultra-violet.
Polymerization of Monolignols by Redox Shuttle–Mediated Enzymatic Oxidation (2002)

Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, and it has a complex racemic structure. It may be formed by a radical polymerization initiated by redox enzymes, but much remains unknown about the process, such as how molecules as large as enzymes can generate the compact structure of the lignified plant cell wall. We have synthesized lignin oligomers according to a new concept, in which peroxidase is never in direct contact with the lignin monomers coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol. Instead, manganese oxalate worked as a diffusible redox shuttle, first being oxidized from Mn(II) to Mn(III) by a peroxidase and then being reduced to Mn(II) by a simultaneous oxidation of the lignin monomers to radicals that formed covalent linkages of the lignin type. Furthermore, a high molecular mass polymer was generated by oxidation of coniferyl alcohol by Mn(III) acetate in a dioxane and water mixture. This polymer was very similar to natural spruce wood lignin, according to its NMR spectrum. The possible involvement of a redox shuttle/peroxidase system in lignin biosynthesis is discussed.
Direct analog rank filtering (1995)

An analog method is developed for selecting a rank order element directly from a set of samples. Simple nonlinear equations are presented for the order statistic and the weighted order statistic and these equations are implemented with analog MOS circuits. The circuit contains no sorting subsystem and no clock signal. The length of wiring in the circuit is proportional only linearly to the number of input samples.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance of the concatenated coding system with a modified erasure declaration Viterbi decoder (2002)

Concatenated trellis coded 8PSK with Reed Solomon (RS) codes is studied over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. By using an erasure and error decoding scheme for a Reed Solomon decoder, one can get an improvement of bit error rate performances for the concatenated coding system. In order to realize this erasure and error decoding of RS codes, it is necessary to extract the reliability information with respect to the input symbols to the RS decoder. The reliability for an RS code is based on erasure declaration which can be obtained by an inner code decoder of a concatenated code. A new modified Viterbi decoder with averaged reliability information is proposed which is very suitable for a practical use with a truncated observed length. The bit error rate performance is calculated by computer simulation over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Asymptotic Abelianness and Braided Tensor C*-Categories (2006)

By introducing the concepts of asymptopia and bi-asymptopia, we show how braided tensor C*-categories arise in a natural way. This generalizes constructions in algebraic quantum field theory by replacing local commutativity by suitable forms of asymptotic Abelianness.
Latrophilin is required for toxicity of black widow spider venom in Caenorhabditis elegans (2004)

Black widow spider venom (BWSV) kills Caenorhabditis elegans after injection owing to the presence of heat- and detergent-sensitive components, which are high-molecular-mass latrotoxins. A C. elegans homologue of latrophilin/CIRL (calcium-independent receptor for latrotoxin), B0457.1, was identified and shown to have five conserved domains. RNAi (RNA interference) of this gene rendered C. elegans resistant to BWSV, whereas RNAi for CYP37A1 or a neurexin I homologue, and a deletion mutant of the related B0286.2 gene, had no effect on BWSV toxicity. The latrophilin RNAi mutants exhibit changes in defaecation cycle and alterations in drug sensitivity. These results demonstrate that latrophilin mediates the toxicity of BWSV and provide evidence for a physiological function of this receptor.
Tyrosyl kinase activity is inversely related to prostatic acid phosphatase activity in two human prostate carcinoma cell lines. (1986)

Alterations in prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP), a phosphotyrosyl phosphatase, corresponded to changes in overall tyrosyl kinase activity. PAcP added to extracts of prostate carcinoma cells with a low endogenous level of PAcP activity and elevated tyrosyl kinase activity decreased the tyrosyl kinase activity. On the other hand, when PAcP activity was decreased by the addition of androgens to cells, there was a corresponding increase in tyrosyl kinase activity.
Cardioprotective effect of MCI-186 (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) during acute ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats (2005)

MCI-186 (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a free radical scavenger, has the ability to stimulate prostacyclin release and to inhibit the lipoxygenase pathway in the arachidonic acid cascade. The authors investigated the cytoprotective effect of MCI-86 in a reperfusion model of myocardial ischemia. Rats were subjected to occlusion of the left coronary artery for ten minutes followed by reperfusion for twenty-four hours. The loss of myocardial creatine kinase activity (CK) from the left ventricular free wall (LVFW) twenty-four hours after the induction of myocardial ischemia was used as an index of ischemic damage. Administration of MCI-186 (3 mg/kg IV) significantly blunted the depletion of LVFW-CK activity when compared with vehicle (MCI-186 vs vehicle, 31.5 ± 1.1 vs 26.5 ± 1.2 U/mg protein, respectively, p < 0.01). In another group of rats that underwent coronary artery occlusion—reperfusion, infarct size was measured by planimetry on histologic sections of serial slices of the left ventricle and was found to be 20.0 ± 1.3% of the left ventricle in vehicle-treated rats and 10.7 ± 1.3% in MCI-186 (3 mg/kg)-treated rats (p < 0.01). These results indicate the potential usefulness of MCI-186 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.