gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Growth of Compound Semiconductor Nanowires by On-Film Formation of Nanowires: Bismuth Telluride (2009)

Bismuth telluride (Bi(2)Te(3)) nanowires are of great interest as nanoscale building blocks for high-efficiency thermoelectric devices. Their low-dimensional character leads to an enhanced figure-of-merit (ZT), an indicator of thermoelectric efficiency. Herein, we report the invention of a direct growth method termed On-Film Formation of Nanowires (OFF-ON) for making high-quality single-crystal compound semiconductor nanowires, that is, Bi(2)Te(3), without the use of conventional templates, catalysts, or starting materials. We have used the OFF-ON technique to grow single crystal compound semiconductor Bi(2)Te(3) nanowires from sputtered BiTe films after thermal annealing at 350 degrees C. The mechanism for wire growth is stress-induced mass flow along grain boundaries in the polycrystalline film. OFF-ON is a simple but powerful method for growing perfect single-crystal compound semiconductor nanowires of high aspect ratio with high crystallinity that distinguishes it from other competitive growth approaches that have been developed to date.
The IGBT with monolithic overvoltage protection circuit (2002)

A novel IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor) with a monolithic overvoltage protection circuit has been developed to obtain high resistance to overvoltage stress. This device is characterized by novel integration of an avalanche diode with an IGBT structure. The conventional IGBT process can be used to fabricate this device without any additional photomasks. Since it exhibits a large safe operating area, this device can be applied not only to a soft switching application like a voltage resonant circuit but also to a hard switching application like a snubberless inductive load circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparison study of various factors affecting end-to-end delay in IEC 61850 substation communications using OPNET (2012)

The use of IEC 61850 communication protocol has more widely applied in electrical engineering, it presents new challenges to real-time performance simulation and testing of protective relays. In this paper, the OPNET Modeler simulation software has been used for the modeling of intelligent electronic device (IED) in substation level network. Based on simulations, different types of data stream have been discussed, such as, periodic data stream, random data stream and burst data steam. The specific studies using these models to construct substation automation system (SAS) network on OPNET modeler was made to reveal the influence of each factor to the real-time performance, which is also included in this report.
Genetic mapping of Rhizobium meliloti. (1977)

The drug resistance factor RP4, originally isolated in Pseudomonas, was transferred to Rhizobium meliloti. In that strain, RP4 promotes conjugational transfer of chromosomal markers to form haploid recombinants. This mating system has been used to construct a linkage map of R. meliloti.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediates Both Apoptotic Cell Death and Cell Proliferation in a Human Hematopoietic Cell Line Dependent on Mitotic Activity and Receptor Subtype Expression (1999)

The TF-1 human erythroleukemic cell line exhibits opposing physiological responses toward tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) treatment, dependent upon the mitotic state of the cells. Mitotically active cells in log growth respond to TNF by rapidly undergoing apoptosis whereas TNF exposure stimulates cellular proliferation in mitotically quiescent cells. The concentration-dependent TNF-induced apoptosis was monitored by cellular metabolic activity and confirmed by both DNA epifluorescence and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, these responses could be detected by measuring extracellular acidification activity, enabling rapid prediction (within approximately 1.5 h of TNF treatment) of the fate of the cell in response to TNF. Growth factor resupplementation of quiescent cells, resulting in reactivation of cell cycling, altered TNF action from a proliferative stimulus to an apoptotic signal. Expression levels of the type II TNF receptor subtype (p75TNFR) were found to correlate with sensitivity to TNF-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment of log growth TF-1 cells with a neutralizing anti-p75TNFR monoclonal antibody inhibited TNF-induced apoptosis by greater than 80%. Studies utilizing TNF receptor subtype-specific TNF mutants and neutralizing antisera implicated p75TNFR in TNF-dependent apoptotic signaling. These data show a bifunctional physiological role for TNF in TF-1 cells that is dependent on mitotic activity and controlled by the p75TNFR.
Isolation and Characterization of a Native Placental Basement‐Membrane Collagen and Its Component α Chains (1979)

Native type IV collagen was isolated from human placenta using pepsin solubilisation followed by fractional salt precipitation and chromatogarphic purification. The native preparation was characterised using amino acid analyses, disc gel electrophoresis, segment-long-spacing crystallites and immunological methods. Two component alpha chains were isolated with molecular weights of approximately 95000 and 70000. Cyanogen bromide digests of these chains indicated that they are not related to any of the known alpha chains of interstitial collagens or to the recently described collagen containing alphaA and alphaB chains. They are also not related to one another and are therefore probably fragments of two genetically distinct type IV collagen alpha chains.
Syntheses of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different functional groups at each end. I. Preparation of monotrityl PEG using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix (1992)

Abstract The syntheses and separation of monotrityl PEGs with molecular weights in the range of 400–6000 were successful using PVA as matrix. The yield of monotrityl PEG is strongly dependent on the initial mole ratio of PEG—trityl chloride. It is observed that satisfactory results can only be obtained in the range of 1 : 1.7 to 1 : 2.4 (mole number of PEG/mole number of trityl chloride). The effect of reaction conditions on monosubstitution is discussed. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparison of Simultaneous Dual-Isotope Multipinhole SPECT with Rotational SPECT in a Group of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (2008)

The prototype 3-detector multipinhole SPECT system achieved diagnostic results comparable to those for rotational SPECT and required only a single image-acquisition session to generate stress/rest MPI and 16-segment poststress gated studies. This reduction in acquisition time significantly improves productivity without compromising diagnostic accuracy. In addition, DPAC is a useful adjunct to the multipinhole SPECT modality because it improves both the visual clarity of the stress images and the stress/rest quantitative comparability.
Hydrogen for Reducing Emissions from Alternative Fuel Vehicles (1993)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Hydrogen is presently more expensive than the fossil fuels that it must replace in a renewable energy future. In order for hydrogen to become economically viable in the near future, it must provide benefits that justify its cost. This paper describes recent progress in an ongoing DOE/NREL-sponsored effort to apply the special properties of hydrogen in ways that produce <i>leveraged</i> benefits. Laboratory data and “Cold 505” emissions test results show the benefits of starting a vehicle on hydrogen (ultralean) and flowing extra hydrogen directly into the exhaust stream to heat the catalyst.</div></div>
The oxygen‐tolerant and <scp>NAD</scp><sup>+</sup>‐dependent formate dehydrogenase from <i>Rhodobacter capsulatus</i> is able to catalyze the reduction of <scp>CO</scp><sub>2</sub> to formate (2013)

The formate dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus (RcFDH) is an oxygen-tolerant protein with an (αβγ)2 subunit composition that is localized in the cytoplasm. It belongs to the group of metal and NAD(+)-dependent FDHs with the coordination of a molybdenum cofactor, four [Fe4S4] clusters and one [Fe2S2] cluster associated with the α-subunit, one [Fe4S4] cluster and one FMN bound to the β-subunit, and one [Fe2S2] cluster bound to the γ-subunit. RcFDH was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. Cofactor analysis showed that the bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide cofactor is bound to the FdsA subunit containing a cysteine ligand at the active site. A turnover rate of 2189 min(-1) with formate as substrate was determined. The back reaction for the reduction of CO2 was catalyzed with a k(cat) of 89 min(-1). The preference for formate oxidation shows an energy barrier for CO2 reduction of the enzyme. Furthermore, the FMN-containing and [Fe4S4]-containing β-subunit together with the [Fe2S2]-containing γ-subunit forms a diaphorase unit with activities for both NAD(+) reduction and NADH oxidation. In addition to the structural genes fdsG, fdsB, and fdsA, the fds operon in R. capsulatus contains the fdsC and fdsD genes. Expression studies showed that RcFDH is only active when both FdsC and FdsD are present. Both proteins are proposed to be involved in bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide modification and insertion into RcFDH.
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1a and HIF-2a) expression in early esophageal cancer and response to photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy. (2001)

Hypoxia inducible factor 1a and 2a (HIF-1a and HIF-2a) are key proteins regulating cellular response to hypoxia. Because the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is dependent on the presence of oxygen, the assessment of HIF-1a and HIF-2a expression may be of value in predicting clinical response to PDT. Using recently produced MoAbs, we examined the expression of HIF1a and HIF2a in a series of 37 early-stage esophageal cancers treated with PDT and with additional radiotherapy in case of incomplete response after PDT. Strong expression of the HIF1a and of HIF2a proteins in all optical fields examined was noted in 51% and in 13% of cases, respectively. High expression was associated with a low complete response (CR) rate and with the absence of bcl-2 protein expression. On the contrary, bcl-2 expression was associated with a high CR rate. Combined analysis of HIF1a and bcl-2 protein expression revealed that of 16 cases with high HIF1a expression and the absence of bcl-2 reactivity, only 1 (7%) responded completely to PDT (P = 0.007). Bivariate analysis showed that HIF1a expression was independently related to response to PDT (P = 0.04; t ratio = 2.8), whereas bcl-2 approached significance (P = 0.07; t-ratio = 1.8). The final response to radiotherapy was high (70%) and independent of the HIF and bcl-2 status, which may be a result of reoxygenation after cellular depletion mediated by PDT. The present study suggests that assessment of HIF and of bcl-2 expression are important predictors of in vivo sensitivity to PDT. Modulation of PDT response with bioreductive drugs and/or drugs targeting bcl-2 (i.e., taxanes) may prove of significant therapeutic importance in a subgroup of patients with high HIF expression.
An Immunohistochemical Approach to Monitor the Prolactin-induced Activation of the JAK2/STAT5 Pathway in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans (2002)

This study examined whether an immunohistochemical method examining the subcellular localization of STAT5 could be used to characterize the activation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway by prolactin (PRL) in intact cells or tissues. In the Ins-1 beta-cell line, STAT5A and STAT5B were distributed almost equally in the cytoplasm and the nucleus in unstimulated cells. STAT5A was also detected along the border of cells and in the perinuclear region. After exposure to PRL, the redistribution from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was much higher for STAT5B compared to STAT5A. This translocation represented 12% of the STAT5A and 22% of the STAT5B originally located in the cytoplasm before stimulation. In isolated rat islets of Langerhans, PRL stimulated the nuclear translocation of both STAT5A and STAT5B only in beta-cells. The expression of the PRL receptor only by beta-cells was confirmed with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against the rat PRL receptor. It was estimated that 4% of STAT5A and 9% of STAT5B originally located in the cytoplasm was translocated to the nucleus after stimulation. The presence of a functional JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway in all islet cells was demonstrated by the nuclear translocation of STAT5B in all islet cells (i.e., alpha-, beta-, and delta-cells) after stimulation with fetal calf serum. The nuclear translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5B was biphasic, with an initial peak within 30 min, a nadir between 1 and 3 hr, and prolonged activation after 4 hr. In contrast, the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5A was also biphasic but its nuclear translocation peaked within 30 min and was then reduced to a level slightly above that observed before PRL stimulation. This method is able to detect changes in STAT5 activation as small as 2% of the total cell content. These observations demonstrate the utility of this approach for studying the activation of STAT5 in a mixed population of cells within tissues or organs. In addition, the dose response for the nuclear translocation of STAT5B in normal beta-cells was similar to those for changes in proliferation and insulin secretion in isolated rat islets. Therefore, the subcellular localization can be used to monitor the activation of STAT5 and it may be a key event in the upregulation of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans during pregnancy.
Bakers’ Yeast Mediated Chemoselective Reduction of Azidoarenes (1996)

Bakers’ yeast catalyses, under nonfermenting conditions, the chemoselective reduction of azidoarenes to arenamines at room temperature in excellent yields.
Guanosine tetraphosphate inhibition of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli is relieved by overexpression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (plsB) (1994)

The accumulation of the alarmone guanosine-3',5'-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp) in response to amino acid starvation or energy source depletion mediates the coordinate inhibition of macromolecular and membrane phospholipid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Accumulation of ppGpp triggered by the induced expression of either the relA gene or an unregulated, truncated relA gene that encodes a constitutively active ppGpp synthetase I, inhibited both de novo fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis and the incorporation of exogenous fatty acids into phospholipid. ppGpp inhibition of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis was associated with an accumulation of long-chain acyl-ACP, the end products of fatty acid biosynthesis, and substrates for the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (the plsB gene product). Overexpression of the plsB gene product relieved the inhibition of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis, prevented the accumulation of long-chain acyl-ACPs, and allowed an increase in cell size following elevation of intracellular ppGpp. However, stable RNA accumulation and cell division were still blocked by ppGpp accumulation. These data show that the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mediates the ppGpp-dependent regulation of fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis in E. coli.
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 promotes ERBB2-induced mammary gland tumorigenesis in the mouse (2015)

Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) expression, activation, and amplification of the PTK6 gene have been reported in ERBB2/HER2-positive mammary gland cancers. To explore contributions of PTK6 to mammary gland tumorigenesis promoted by activated ERBB2, we crossed Ptk6-/- mice with the mouse mammary tumor virus-ERBB2 transgenic mouse line expressing activated ERBB2 and characterized tumor development and progression. ERBB2-induced tumorigenesis was significantly delayed and diminished in mice lacking PTK6. PTK6 expression was induced in the mammary glands of ERBB2 transgenic mice before tumor development and correlated with activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased proliferation. Disruption of PTK6 impaired STAT3 activation and proliferation. Phosphorylation of the PTK6 substrates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1; p130CAS) was decreased in Ptk6-/- mammary gland tumors. Reduced numbers of metastases were detected in the lungs of Ptk6-/- mice expressing activated ERBB2, compared with wild-type ERBB2 transgenic mice. PTK6 activation was detected at the edges of ERBB2-positive tumors. These data support roles for PTK6 in both ERBB2-induced mammary gland tumor initiation and metastasis, and identify STAT3, FAK, and BCAR1 as physiologically relevant PTK6 substrates in breast cancer. Including PTK6 inhibitors as part of a treatment regimen could have distinct benefits in ERBB2/HER2-positive breast cancers.
Targeting <scp>SLC1a5</scp>‐mediated glutamine dependence in non‐small cell lung cancer (2015)

We previously elucidated the pleotropic role of solute carrier family A1 member 5 (SLC1A5) as the primary transporter of glutamine (Gln), a modulator of cell growth and oxidative stress in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of our study was to evaluate SLC1A5 as a potential new therapeutic target and candidate biomarker predictive of survival and response to therapy. SLC1A5 targeting was examined in a panel of NSCLC and human bronchial cell lines by RNA interference and by a small molecular inhibitor, gamma-l-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (GPNA). The effects of targeting SLC1A5 on cell growth, Gln uptake, ATP level, autophagy and cell death were examined. Inactivation of SLC1A5 genetically or pharmacologically decreased Gln consumption, inhibited cell growth, induced autophagy and apoptosis in a subgroup of NSCLC cell lines that overexpress SLC1A5. Targeting SLC1A5 function decreased tumor growth in NSCLC xenografts. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis indicates that patients with increased SLC1A5 mRNA expression have significantly shorter overall survival (p = 0.01, HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.46), adjusted for age, gender, smoking history and disease stage. In an immunohistochemistry study on 207 NSCLC patients, SLC1A5 protein expression remained highly significant prognostic value in both univariate (p < 0.0001, HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.15-1.50) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.04, HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01-1.31). These results position SLC1A5 as a new candidate prognostic biomarker for selective targeting of Gln-dependent NSCLC.
The occurrence of disulphide bonds in purified clathrin light chains (1989)

Three forms of clathrin light chain contain two cysteine residues. These are the predominant brain-specific forms of LCa and LCb and the non-brain form of LCb. After purification in the absence of thiols they contain intramolecular disulphide bonds. The reduced and the oxidized forms show differences in electrophoretic mobility, explaining the variable and heterogeneous patterns observed on electrophoresis. Accessibility of the thiol groups in the free light chains is greater than when they are associated with the heavy chain. In contrast the cysteine residues of the clathrin heavy chain are completely inaccessible in the absence of denaturants and are not found in disulphide bonds. The antigenic properties of the oxidized and the reduced forms of the clathrin light chains are similar, as is their capacity to bind to the clathrin heavy chain. After isolation in the presence of 10 mM-iodoacetamide, the light-chain cysteine residues are fully alkylated. The results are consistent with the reduced form being the native state and the light-chain disulphide bonds an artifact of isolation.
Pharmacological Modulation of Dopaminergic Brain Activity and Its Reflection in Spectral Frequencies of the Rat Electropharmacogram (2008)

A common denominator for changes of dopaminergic transmission could be seen in immediate changes of spectral alpha2 power. Delayed increases of delta and theta activity after low dosages of the medication are considered to originate from heterosynaptic, presynaptic D2 receptors sitting on cholinergic neurons. This pattern could explain daytime tiredness or sudden sleep attacks in Parkinson patients.
The birth of Godzilla: Nuclear fear and the ideology of Japan as victim (1993)

(1993). The birth of Godzilla: Nuclear fear and the ideology of Japan as victim. Japanese Studies: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 48-58.
Lidocaine Anesthesia: Comparison of Iontophoresis, Injection, and Swabbing (1980)

The duration and depth of anesthesia produced by lidocaine with three methods of administration were studied. To test duration of anesthesia, either lidocaine or placebo was administered by iontophoresis, subcutaneous infiltration, or swabbing to each of three sites 3 cm apart on the flexor surface of each forearm of 27 subjects. To test for feeling, the tip of a 21-gauge hypodermic needle was pressed on each application site every five minutes until feeling returned. The depth of anesthesia achieved with iontophoresis or infiltration of lidocaine was tested on the flexor surface of each forearm of 12 subjects, with a random assignment of application methods to each arm. Lidocaine iontophoresis produced local anesthesia of significantly longer duration (p less than 0.001) than topical application of lidocaine or placebo by any route of administration, but of significatnly shorter duration (p less tahn 0.001) than lidocaine infiltration. The results showed that lidocaine iontophoresis is an effective method of producing local anesthesia for about five minutes without requiring the use of a hypodermic needle and syringe.
Far-infrared generation by doubly resonant difference frequency mixing in a coupled quantum well two-dimensional electron gas system (1994)

Far-infrared generation (λ=60 μm) by difference-frequency mixing in a coupled quantum well two-dimensional electron system is reported. Extremely large values of the nonlinear susceptibility are found (χω2−ω1(2)−10−6 m/V) by engineering a doubly resonant structure with narrow intersubband transition linewidths (Γ∼1–2 meV). The effect of many body interactions (depolarization shift) on the frequency dependence of the process is observed.
Three-dimensional breast image reconstruction from a limited number of views (2000)

Typically in three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging, hundreds or thousands of x-ray projection images are recorded. The image-collection time and patient dose required rule out conventional CT as a tool for screening mammography. We have developed a CT method that overcomes these limitations by using (1) a novel image collection geometry, (2) new digital electronic x-ray detector technology, and (3) modern image reconstruction procedures. The method, which we call Computed Planar Mammography (CPM), is made possible by the full-field, low-noise, high-resolution CCD-based detector design that we have previously developed. With this method, we need to record only a limited number (10 - 50) of low-dose x- ray images of the breast. The resulting 3D full breast image has a resolution in two orientations equal to the full detector resolution (47 microns), and a lower, variable resolution (0.5 - 10 mm) in the third orientation. This 3D reconstructed image can then be viewed as a series of cross- sectional layers, or planes, each at the full detector resolution. Features due to overlapping tissue, which could not be differentiated in a conventional mammogram, are separated into layers at different depths. We demonstrate the features and capabilities of this method by presenting reconstructed images of phantoms and mastectomy specimens. Finally, we discuss outstanding issues related to the further development of this procedure, as well as considerations for its clinical implementation.