gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An expert system dispatcher's aid for distribution feeder fault diagnosis (2003)

A description is given of an expert system designed to serve as a dispatcher's aid for locating sources of outages on electric power distribution feeders. Normally, a dispatcher is responsible for evaluating information received from both customers and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) sources. The goal of using an expert-system approach is to speed up the search for the cause of the disturbance by applying a heuristic strategy based on past operating experience, the probability associated with a possible event and the configuration of the feeder. Potential contingencies are identified through the use of a hybrid strategy that has both heuristic and algorithmic components. The authors provide an introduction to the distribution fault identification problem, a discussion on the heuristic aspects of this problem, and a description of how such a system can be implemented. Examples are included to illustrate the viability of this approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-performance synchrotron orbital radiation x-ray stepper (1990)

A newly designed synchrotron orbital radiation x-ray stepper system has been developed to establish practical quarter-micrometer x-ray lithography and installed in the Tsukuba Research Laboratory for SORTEC Corporation, Japan. This stepper features the newly devised high-precision real-time full-closed alignment system and the ultraprecision vertical wafer stage which can be operated at an atmospheric helium pressure. In order to realize precision positioning of the wafer stage, we developed a 10-axis stage by combining a coarse XY positioning stage guided by hydrostatic air bearings and a fine positioning stage driven by six piezoelectric actuators. We also developed holographic alignment error detection optics, which consists of a three-axis Fourier transform lens system. Alignment error between the mask and the wafer can be detected during exposure and is fed back to the servo control system. By this real-time alignment error correction, an alignment precision of 0.06 μm(3σ) was successfully achieved.
Design principles of an embedded language (EFL) enabling well defined order-independent execution (2017)

Parallel programming platforms are heterogeneous and incompatible; a common approach is needed to free programmers from platforms' technical intricacies, allowing <u>flexible execution</u> in which sequential and parallel executions produce identical results. The execution and programming model of an embedded flexible language (EFL), which implement this common approach, are presented. EFL allows embedding of deterministic parallel code blocks into a sequential program, written in any host language. EFL programming model constructs are presented. An EFL implementation of the Reduce Parallel Design Pattern is presented. With EFL we aim to implement safe and efficient parallel execution, in software, hardware, or both. Consequences of Rice's theorem regarding parallel computation are discussed. These consequences severely restrict what can be checked at compile time. An approach is proposed for circumventing these restrictions.
Mechanistic Insights into the Selective Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Ethylene on Cu<sub>2</sub>O-Derived Copper Catalysts (2016)

In this work, we made a comprehensive investigation to unravel the underlying causes for the selectivity of CO2 electroreduction toward ethylene on Cu2O-derived Cu catalysts. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, online gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and numerical simulations of local pH were used toward this end. Ten Cu2O-derived Cu films of different thicknesses and morphologies were prepared and extensively characterized. Aqueous 0.1 M KHCO3 was used as the electrolyte. We report here, for the first time, a remarkably strong correlation between the statistically relevant crystallite sizes of the Cu2O-derived Cu particles and selective CO2 electroreduction to C2H4. Specifically, as the crystallite size of the particles decreased from 41 to 18 nm, the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2H4 formation increased from 10 to 43%. Using cyclic voltammetry, samples with smaller particle crystallite sizes were found to possess more diverse adsorption sites for CO (a known reaction intermediate), which we interpret to be important for the C–C coupling of C1 adsorbates to C2 intermediates. The effect of local pH on the yield of C2H4 for the different Cu2O-derived Cu catalysts was less significant when compared to the effects of crystallite sizes and mass transport limitations. We also show here that remarkable amounts of C2 and C3 products could be achieved using these Cu2O-derived Cu catalysts. Driven at a fixed total current density of −31.2 mA cm–2, the catalysts could reduce CO2 to C2H4, ethanol, and n-propanol with optimized FEs of 42.6% (jC2H4 = −13.3 mA cm–2), 11.8% (jC2H5OH = −3.7 mA cm–2), and 5.4% (jC3H7OH = −1.7 mA cm–2), respectively.
Active Human-Yeast Chimeric Phosphoglycerate Kinases Engineered by Domain Interchange (1986)

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a monomeric protein composed of two domains of approximately equal size, connected by a hinge. Substrate-induced conformational change results in the closure of the active site cleft, which is situated between these two domains. In a study of the relations between structure and function of this enzyme, two interspecies hybrids were constructed, each composed of one domain from the human enzyme and one domain from the yeast enzyme. Despite a 35% difference in the amino acid composition between human and yeast PGK, catalytic properties of the hybrid enzymes are very similar to those of the parental proteins. This result demonstrates that the evolutionary substitutions within these two distantly related molecules do not significantly affect formation of the active site cleft, mechanism of domain closure, or enzyme activity itself.
Sequential events in thymocyte differentiation and thymus regeneration revealed by a combination of bromodeoxyuridine DNA labeling and antimitotic drug treatment. (1988)

The proliferative status of thymocyte cell subsets in vivo was assessed by observing the effect of two antimitotic drugs, hydroxyurea (HU) and demecolcine. Both drugs had the greatest effect on the double-positive (DP) subset followed by the L3T4+ single-positive (SP) subset. However, the decrease in the latter type was delayed by several days, showing that their precursors rather than the cells themselves were killed by HU. Double-negative (DN) cells were less affected, indicating that they contain a resting subset and that they are renewed by emigration rather than by autonomous in situ proliferation. After drug treatment all cycling cells were eliminated from the thymus but, as shown by in vivo and in vitro bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, new cells rapidly reentered in cycle, starting from DN cells and Lyt-2+ SP cells and followed by DP cells. Lyt-2+ SP cycling cells represent an intermediary stage between DN and DP cells, and they are very transient. Injection of HU 24 h after in vivo BrdUrd labeling eliminated most labeled DN cells, but did not prevent the emergence of L3T4+ SP-labeled cells on day 3 as observed in control thymuses. These results suggest that these L3T4+ SP cells are generated from DP cells in the absence of proliferation. Cycling cells in the regenerating thymus were first located at the corticomedullary junction and then in the subcapsular region, suggesting a reverse migration process to that observed after cessation of proliferation. A model is proposed to summarize these sequential events.
The Development of Mental Health in a Group of Young Children: An analysis of factors in purposeful activity (1933)

The Development of Mental Health in a Group of Young Children: An analysis of factors in purposeful activity Richard A. Bolt CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.23.6.643-a Published Online: August 29, 2011
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Deoxyglucose Analogue for Tumor Optical Imaging in Cell Culture and Living Mice (2006)

2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) has extensively been used for clinical diagnosis, staging, and therapy monitoring of cancer and other diseases. Nonradioactive glucose analogues enabling the screening of the glucose metabolic rate of tumors are of particular interest for anticancer drug development. A nonradioactive fluorescent deoxyglucose analogue may have many applications for both imaging of tumors and monitoring therapeutic efficacy of drugs in living animals and may eventually translate to clinical applications. We found that a fluorescent 2-deoxyglucose analogue, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), can be delivered in several tumor cells via the glucose transporters (GLUTs). We therefore conjugated D-glucosamine with a near-infrared (NIR) fluorphor Cy5.5 and tested the feasibility of the Cy5.5-D-glucosamine (Cy5.5-2DG) conjugate for NIR fluorescence imaging of tumors in a preclinical xenograft animal model. Cy5.5-2DG was prepared by conjugating Cy5.5 monofunctional N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Cy5.5-NHS) and D-glucosamine followed by high-performance liquid chromatography purification. The accumulation of Cy5.5-2DG and Cy5.5-NHS in different tumor cell lines at 37 and 4 degrees C were imaged using a fluorescence microscope. Tumor targeting and retention of Cy5.5-2DG and Cy5.5-NHS in a subcutaneous U87MG glioma and A375M melanoma tumor model were evaluated and quantified by a Xenogen IVIS 200 optical cooled charged-coupled device system. Fluorescence microscopy imaging shows that Cy5.5-2DG and Cy5.5-NHS are taken up and trapped by a variety of tumor cell lines at 37 degrees C incubation, while they exhibit marginal uptake at 4 degrees C. The tumor cell uptake of Cy5.5-2DG cannot be blocked by the 50 mM D-glucose, suggesting that Cy5.5-2DG may not be delivered in tumor cells by GLUTs. U87MG and A375M tumor localization was clearly visualized in living mice with both NIR fluorescent probes. Tumor/muscle contrast was clearly visible as early as 30 min postinjection (pi), and the highest U87MG tumor/muscle ratios of 2.81 +/- 0.10 and 3.34 +/- 0.23 were achieved 24 h pi for Cy5.5-2DG and Cy5.5-NHS, respectively. While as a comparison, the micropositron emission tomography imaging study shows that [18F]FDG preferentially localizes to the U87MG tumor, with resulting tumor/muscle ratios ranging from 3.89 to 4.08 after 30 min to 2 h postadministration of the probe. In conclusion, the NIR fluorescent glucose analogues, Cy5.5-2DG and Cy5.5-NHS, both demonstrate tumor-targeting abilities in cell culture and living mice. More studies are warranted to further explore their application for optical tumor imaging. To develop NIR glucose analogues with the ability to target GLUTs/hexokinase, it is highly important to select NIR dyes with a reasonable molecular size.
Newly developed strategies for improving sensitivity to radiation by targeting signal pathways in cancer therapy (2013)

Inherent and acquired resistance of cancer cells is increasingly recognized as a significant impediment to effective radiation cancer treatment. As important intracellular factors, aberrant tumor transmembrane signal transduction pathways, which include the prosurvival cascades (PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK and JAK/STAT) and the proapoptosis pathways (Wnt, p53 and TNF-α/NF-κB), have been proved to be crucial determinants of the probability of cell sensitivity to radiation in malignant lesions. There is increasing evidence that targeting the abnormal pathways that can regulate the activity of the DNA damage response and further influence the response of tumor cells to radiation may be suitable for improving radiation sensitization. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that agents targeting aberrant tumor signals can effectively improve the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between tumor responses to radiation with the aberrant signal pathways, and the potential druggable targets within the pathways to sensitize tumors without significant collateral damage to normal tissues. The application of novel targeting compounds to manipulate the aberrant signal of tumor cells in clinical treatments is also addressed.
Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis (2002)

The impact of bacteria on cellulose degradation in the termite gut has always been a matter of debate. In the present survey we investigated the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria in the termite gut.
Five Stabilized <sup>111</sup> In-Labeled Neurotensin Analogs in Nude Mice Bearing HT29 Tumors (2007)

Neurotensin (NT) receptors are overexpressed in different human tumors, such as human ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. New stable neurotensin analogs with high receptor affinity have been synthesized by replacing arginine residues with lysine and arginine derivatives. The aim of this study was to explore the biodistribution, tumor uptake, kidney localization, and stability characteristics of these new analogs in order to develop new diagnostic tools for exocrine pancreatic cancer. Four (111)In-labeled DTPA-chelated NT analogs and one (111)In-labeled DOTA-chelated NT analog were evaluated in NMRI nude mice bearing NT receptor-positive HT29 tumors. Experiments with a coinjection of unlabeled NT or lysine were performed to investigate receptor-mediated uptake and kidney protection, respectively. In addition, the in vivo serum stability of the most promising analog was analyzed. In the biodistribution study in mice, at 4 hours postinjection, a low percentage of the injected dose per gram (%ID/g) of tissue for all compounds was found in NT receptor-negative organs, such as the blood, spleen, pancreas, liver, muscle, and femur. A high uptake was found in the colon, intestine, kidneys, and in implanted HT29 tumors. The coinjection of excess unlabeled neurotensin significantly reduced tumor uptake, showing tumor uptake to be receptor-mediated. To a lesser extent, this was also observed for the colon, but not for other tissues. We concluded that DTPA-(Pip)Gly-Pro-(PipAm)Gly-Arg-Pro-Tyr-tBuGly-Leu-OH and the DOTA-linked counterpart have the most favorable biodistribution properties regarding tumor uptake.
Toward a Cloud-Ready Dynamic Load Balancer Based on the Apache Web Server (2013)

Perhaps, the most interesting part of Cloud Computing is rapid elasticity. To be able to exploit the elasticity of a cloud infrastructure, the applications usually need to be able to scale horizontally, i.e. it must be possible to add (and also remove) nodes offering the same capabilities as the existing ones. In such scenarios, a load balancer is usually used. To keep the manual labor down, the load balancer should automatically be able to distribute load to the newly added nodes. In this paper, we show how to transform the popular Apache Web Server (which is only able to act as a static load balancer) into a dynamic cloud-ready load balancer.
Celastrus-derived Celastrol Suppresses Autoimmune Arthritis by Modulating Antigen-induced Cellular and Humoral Effector Responses (2011)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and articular damage. Proinflammatory cytokines, antibodies, and matrix-degrading enzymes orchestrate the pathogenic events in autoimmune arthritis. Accordingly, these mediators of inflammation are the targets of several anti-arthritic drugs. However, the prolonged use of such drugs is associated with severe adverse reactions. This limitation has necessitated the search for less toxic natural plant products that possess anti-arthritic activity. Furthermore, it is imperative that the mechanism of action of such products be explored before they can be recommended for further preclinical testing. Using the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model of human RA, we demonstrate that celastrol derived from Celastrus has potent anti-arthritic activity. This suppression of arthritis is mediated via modulation of the key proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, and IFN-γ) in response to the disease-related antigens, of the IL-6/IL-17-related transcription factor STAT3, of antibodies directed against cyclic citrullinated peptides and Bhsp65, and of the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and phospho-ERK. Most of the clinical and mechanistic attributes of celastrol are similar to those of Celastrus extract. Several studies have addressed the antitumor activity of celastrol. Our study highlights the anti-arthritic activity of Celastrus-derived celastrol and the underlying mechanisms. These results provide a strong rationale for further testing and validation of the use of celastrol and the natural plant extract from Celastrus as an adjunct (with conventional drugs) or alternative modality for the treatment of RA.
Girls Go to Geneva... (1933)

Marjorie countryman, home economics sophomore who has been awarded the Geneva scholarship by the Ames Faculty Women's Club, will represent Iowa State College at the Y. W. C. A. camp at Lake Geneva this summer.
Picosecond holographic grating generation of ultrasonic waves (1986)

The picosecond holographic grating generation and detection of ultrasonic waves are described. Two mechanisms, a heating mechanism and a stimulated Brillouin scattering mechanism, are described. These permit the generation of tunable ultrasonic waves in the MHz to GHz range. It is demonstrated that the two mechanisms can be distinguished by the distinct time dependences of the diffraction of a variably delayed probe pulse from the acoustic gratings. In addition, the acoustic waves can be optically manipulated, i.e., amplified, cancelled, and phase shifted. The use of the technique for the detection of weak ground state absorptions and excited state-excited state absorptions is illustrated. Mixed excited state and acoustic gratings are discussed. The phase grating contribution to diffraction from an excited state grating is displayed, and the interference between the acoustic phase grating and the excited state phase grating is described and experimentally illustrated. Contributions to the acoustic grating diffraction from spectral shifts when the probe is near a strong, narrow transition are considered. Grating experiments on various phases of liquid crystal thin films are presented. It is shown that in addition to an acoustic grating, a Kerr effect grating is produced. The Kerr grating can be separated from the acoustic grating using polarization grating excitation. The Kerr grating reveals nonexponential relaxation of orientation order in liquid crystals on a short time scale (<1 ns).
Diversity in employment of electric commercial vehicles in urban freight transport: A literature review (2018)

Employment of Electric Commercial Vehicles (ECVs) constitutes measures to achieve sustainable Urban Freight Transport (UFT). Despite a critical need for ECVs, in industry, the market penetration of ECVs in UFT has remained relatively low. To increase such market penetration, one crucial issue to consider is to obtain a satisfactory match between characteristics of ECVs and requirements of UFT. However, matching diverse types of ECVs and various delivery tasks in UFT leads to many possibilities. The present paper refers to such possibilities as diversity and denotes them as ECV-UFT combinations. Potentials inherent in this diversity seem ignored by the majority of the literature. Therefore, the present paper explores the significance of studying such diversity for the market penetration. In particular, the paper identifies the primary areas of focus and the extent of the diversity already considered in the literature. To accomplish this identification, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is applied. The SLR follows a sequence of activities, including selecting sources and keywords, as well as classifying and summarizing results. Findings unveil that the literature has primarily focused on issues concerning the feasibility of ECVs, the adaptation of logistics and vehicle concepts, and support of stakeholders. Furthermore, little consideration of the diversity in the employment of ECVs in UFT is observed as a consequence accounting for the low market penetration. Finally, building on the diversity to increase market penetration, the paper proposes to extend ECV-UFT combinations in the outlined primary areas of focus as future research work.
An analysis of phase change material as thermal mass (2008)

Temperature fluctuations within a building can be attenuated by thermal mass. Adding phase change material (PCM) to thermal mass increases the effective heat capacity during the phase transition. This can anchor the temperature of the mass in a narrow band around the melting point of the PCM, further reducing the temperature swings perceived by occupants of the room. A simple dimensionless model for thermal mass forced by a sinusoidally varying air temperature is developed to calculate the performance of the PCM. The mass temperature satisfies the heat equation, with a temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity, and is solved numerically. For a given PCM, the energy stored and returned to the room, the surface temperature amplitude and the penetration depth of heat pulses into a hypothetical semi-infinite mass can all be calculated as a function of a single dimensionless parameter. For optimal performance, the latent heat of the PCM should be as large as possible, the melting temperature range should be narrow and the thickness of the mass should exceed the penetration depth. The PCM wallboard is shown to be potentially as effective as conventional concrete, so lightweight buildings could enjoy the benefits of thermal inertia commonly associated with heavyweight structures.
Ocular herpes simplex virus reactivation in mice latently infected with latency-associated transcript mutants. (1991)

A mouse model for ocular reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was modified and used to study the effect of strain difference on the frequency of ocular HSV reactivation. Outbred male NIH white mice were immunized with 1.0 ml of anti-HSV serum with a neutralizing titer of 1:400 24 hr before infection and bilaterally infected at 10(5) plaque-forming units/eye with one of three HSV-1 strains: 17 Syn+, LAT+ (XC-20), or LAT- (X10-13). Latency-associated transcripts (LAT) are produced by strain 17 Syn+ and LAT+ but not by LAT-. The primary infection was monitored by ocular swabbing for HSV. Reactivation was induced by intravenous (i.v.) injection of cyclophosphamide (5 mg) followed 24 hr later by i.v. dexamethasone (0.2 mg). These drugs significantly reduced the white cell count between 0 and 6 days post-administration. The eyes were swabbed for 7 consecutive days to monitor reactivation, and HSV-1 reactivation was induced at the following frequencies in individual eyes: 17 Syn+ (32.5%), LAT+ (18.5%), and LAT- (2.5%) (P less than or equal to 0.002). Co-culture of trigeminal ganglia was done, and random isolates were checked to ascertain their identity. The HSV was recovered from individual trigeminal ganglia at the following frequencies: 17 Syn+ (83%), LAT+ (100%), and LAT- (67%) (P less than or equal to 0.091). These results confirm that the mouse can be used as a reactivation model for ocular HSV infection and that the presence of LAT facilitates reactivation in vivo in the mouse.