gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The rise of the crash-proof car (2014)

You're sitting behind the wheel of your car, but instead of looking at the road, you've been staring at your phone, perhaps reading a new e-mail message or texting a friend. Suddenly, the driver in the car ahead of you slams on the brakes. Rather than becoming a victim of distracted driving, you feel a gentle deceleration as your car comes to a stop on its own, easily avoiding a collision. You might look up to see what the holdup is, but that's the extent of your concern. And your car starts itself up again as soon as the road is clear. While this isn't a realistic portrayal of your commute just yet, this future is coming– and some of the technology that will make it possible is already present in today's cars. The more advanced models can warn of obstacles, adjust the distance to a car ahead, and activate the brakes when a distracted driver doesn't. And this is just the beginning. According to research firm IHS, by 2055 roughly 90 percent of the cars in the United States will be able to drive themselves in some, if not most, circumstances.
Electrode System for Measuring Dissolved Oxygen (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrode System for Measuring Dissolved OxygenD. E. Carritt and J. W. KanwisherCite this: Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 1, 5–9Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60145a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60145a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views811Altmetric-Citations72LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tunable narrowband laser that operates on interband transitions of hot holes in germanium (1993)

Intraresonator frequency selection has made it possible to compress to 0.02 cm−1 the output spectral line of a laser working on interband transitions of holes in Ge. This laser operates in the long-wavelength IR region (50–140 cm−1). There is a considerable increase in the spectral power density of the line. We demonstrate the possibility of tuning the output frequency over a wide spectral region. We discuss the frequency-competition processes occurring in the active medium.
Cooperative Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Game-Theoretic Approach (2010)

We consider the problem of cooperative spectrum sharing among a primary user (PU) and multiple secondary users (SUs), where the PU selects a proper set of secondary users to serve as the cooperative relays for its transmission. In return, the PU leases portion of channel access time to the selected SUs for their own transmission. The PU decides the portion of channel access time it will leave for the selected SUs (i.e., the cooperative relays), and the cooperative relays decide their respective power level used to help PU's transmission in order to achieve proportional access time to the channel. We assume that the PU and SUs are rational and selfish, i.e., they only aim at maximizing their own utility. As SU's utility is in term of their own transmission rate and the power cost for PU's transmission, so they will choose a proper power level to meet the tradeoff between transmission rate and power cost. PU will choose a proper portion of channel access time for the cooperative relays to attract them to employ higher power level. We formulate the problem as a non-cooperative game between PU and SUs, and prove that the proposed game converges to a unique Stackelberg equilibrium. By employing an iterative updating algorithm, we can achieve the unique equilibrium point.
Molecular Changes Associated with Acquired Resistance to Crizotinib in <i>ROS1</i> -Rearranged Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2015)

Molecular changes associated with acquired crizotinib resistance in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC are heterogeneous, including ROS1 tyrosine kinase mutations, EGFR activation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
The interaction between task goals and the representation of choice options in decision-making (2017)

Most decision-making studies will focus on the value and uncertainty of each choice option but do not focus on the importance of the representation of the choice option itself. This thesis presents the effects that task goals have on creating the appropriate cognitive representation to achieve those goals and how these representations are dependent on the informational input within a given task. The overall hypothesis for this work is that cognitive representations reveal a trade-off between accommodating task goals and the format of the information sampled from the environment of the task. For example, ordering books in a stand in alphabetical order, to facilitate the task of retrieving a relevant one when necessary, reveals a material implication of such cognitive representations. As in many situations, the internal representations constructed by the agent embody the remaining degrees of freedom that map the input to successful task completion. The first two chapters in this work present how uncertain beliefs about ourselves and our preferences are either integrated or compared to fixed information about other agent’s beliefs. The third chapter presents the direct manipulation of representations of choice options by changing both the stimuli and controlling for the decision strategy used by the decision-makers. The fourth chapter presents how choice options themselves are represented in the human brain. The findings related to 1) the adaptation of personal preferences and beliefs to the (fixed) preferences and beliefs of other agents, 2) observed reduction in decision strategy compliance contingent on stimulus format, and 3) the task-contingent results for similarities between brain states of choice options, support the general trade-off hypothesis. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the study of choice option representations is underdetermined unless both informational input and task goals are accounted for.
Generation of high bandwidth network traffic traces (2003)

High bandwidth network traffic traces are needed to understand the behavior of high speed networks (such as the Internet backbone). However, the implementation of a mechanism to collect such traces is difficult in practice. In the absence of real traces, tools to generate high bandwidth traces would aid the study of high speed network behavior. We describe three methods of generating high bandwidth network traces: scaling low bandwidth network traffic traces; merging multiple low bandwidth traces; generating traces through simulation by scaling a structural model of real world traces. We evaluate the generated traces and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We also discuss some of the issues involved in generating traces by the structural model method.
Folding meshes: hierarchical mesh segmentation based on planar symmetry (2006)

Meshes representing real world objects, both artist-created and scanned, contain a high level of redundancy due to (possibly approximate) planar reflection symmetries, either global or localized to different subregions. An algorithm is presented for detecting such symmetries and segmenting the mesh into the symmetric and remaining regions. The method, inspired by techniques in Computer Vision, has foundations in robust statistics and is resilient to structured outliers which are present in the form of the non symmetric regions of the data. Also introduced is an application of the method: the folding tree data structure. The structure encodes the non redundant regions of the original mesh as well as the reflection planes and is created by the recursive application of the detection method. This structure can then be unfolded to recover the original shape. Applications include mesh compression, repair, skeletal extraction of objects of known symmetry as well as mesh processing acceleration by limiting computation to non redundant regions and propagation of results.
Detection of substance P in the central nervous system by a monoclonal antibody. (1979)

Peptides with transmitter-like characteristics are being found in many brain areas. The application of immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay methods has contributed much to the clarification of these neuronal systems. Here we report the development of a rat monoclonal antibody produced by a hybrid myeloma and its application to the study of one of these peptides, substance P. The hybrid clone, isolated after fusion of mouse myeloma cells with hyperimmune rat spleen cells, allowed us to obtain a standardized and permanent source of monoclonal substance P antibodies in a culture cell system. This antibody recognizes the COOH-terminal part of substance P in radioimmunoassay down to 10-20 fmol. It does not crossreact with other known mammalian brain peptides tested. By immunofluorescence the antibody was shown to bind specifically and with a remarkably low background to nerve terminals and cell bodies located in clearly defined nuclear organizations of the central nervous system.
Phase II multicenter clinical study of the platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist BB-882 in the treatment of sepsis (2000)

Treatment of sepsis with the platelet-activating factor antagonist BB-882 offers no advantage over placebo on survival, hemodynamic status, respiratory function, or organ failure scores.
Malfunctioning central venous catheters in children: a diagnostic approach (2007)

Central venous access is increasingly becoming the domain of the radiologist, both in terms of the insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs) and in the subsequent management of these lines. This article seeks to provide an overview of the CVC types available for paediatric patients and a more detailed explanation of the spectrum of complications that may lead to catheter malfunction. A standard catheter contrast study or 'linogram' technique is described. The normal appearances of such a study and a detailed pictorial review of abnormal catheter studies are provided, together with a brief overview of how information from catheter investigations can guide the management of catheter complications.
Von Willebrand Factor Modulates Factor VIII Immunogenicity: Comparative Study of Different Factor VIII Concentrates in a Haemophilia A Mouse Model (2002)

The development of an immune response towards factor VIII (FVIII) remains the major complication of haemophilia A replacement therapy. Product-related risk factors have recently been identified on the basis of epidemiological studies, but the mechanism is not understood. To this end, various commercially available FVIII concentrates were administered by the IV route to FVIII-knockout mice and the resulting immune response was characterised. Significantly higher inhibitor titres (Bethesda assay) were observed for one recombinant FVIII and one plasma-derived FVIII product depleted in von Willebrand factor (VWF). Inhibitor titres were reduced upon pre-incubation of FVIII with purified VWF. Epitope specificity of anti-FVIII IgG was characterised using FVIII-fragments produced in E. coli. Concentrates with no or reduced VWF-level elicited antibodies recognising predominantly the acidic a1 and a3 regions. Addition of VWF prior to injection also modified the epitope specificity. FVIII concentrates, therefore, show qualitative and quantitative variations in immunogenicity, which are at least partly modulated by VWF.
STAT1 mediates differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in response to Bryostatin 1 (2003)

Bryostatin 1 is known to exhibit in vitro and in vivo activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells by inducing their further maturation into plasma-like cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins play a central role in B-lymphocyte growth and function and are aberrantly phosphorylated on serine residues in CLL cells. To determine whether STAT transcription factors are important in Bryostatin 1-induced differentiation of CLL cells, primary CLL cells were examined for signaling events following exposure to Bryostatin 1 in vitro. Western analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that Bryostatin 1 induced tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding of STAT1, yet there was no effect on constitutive serine phosphorylation of STAT1. Bryostatin 1-induced STAT1 activation occurred in a manner that was dependent on protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) activation. Evidence indicates that Bryostatin 1 induces STAT1 activation through an interferon gamma (IFN gamma) autocrine loop. However, STAT1 activation by IFN gamma stimulation alone was not sufficient to induce differentiation. This insufficiency is due to the broader effect on gene expression caused by Bryostatin 1 compared with IFN gamma, as demonstrated by microarray analysis. Both up-regulation of CD22 expression and immunoglobulin M (IgM) production, markers of CLL differentiation, were inhibited by a decoy oligonucleotide for STAT1, indicating that STAT1 is necessary for Bryostatin 1-induced differentiation of CLL cells. This study implicates STAT transcription factors as important mediators of Bryostatin 1-induced differentiation of CLL cells and could possibly lead to improved therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CLL.
Applications of diffractive optical elements in visible and infrared optical systems (1992)

The diffractive optical element (DOE) provides unique and improved chromatic aberration reduction for both visible and IR optical systems. The DOE simplifies the optical design form and improves the image quality of refractive optical systems. This paper formulates and analyzes the theory of chromatic aberration correction and compares DOE performance with that of a conventional optical element (COE). It presents several design examples with spectral bandwidth ranging from visible to long wavelength infrared to illustrate the advantages of optical systems using a DOE. DOE improves optical system performance while lowering the cost and weight by reducing the number of lens elements and desensitizing misalignment tolerances.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Temperature-Sensitive <i>Escherichia coli</i> Mutants with Altered Leucyl- and Seryl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetases (1971)

Two temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli have been found in which the conditional growth is a result of a thermosensitive leucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase and seryl-tRNA synthetase, respectively. The corresponding genetic loci, leuS and serS, cotransduce with lip and serC, respectively. As a result of the mutationally altered leucyl-tRNA synthetase, some leucine-, valine-, and isoleucine-forming enzymes were derepressed. Thus, leucyl-tRNA synthetase is involved in the repression of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids.
Your Interim Report—Did You Time it Rightly? (1975)

A scientist working on a research project of planned duration T—which includes a publication at the end—benefits from describing his work in an interim report. To obtain maximum verbal self-stimulation from his writing act, he should choose a time at approx 0.4T after the start of the project. A mathematical model of the situation leads to this rule of thumb. The description involves an assumed two-stage nature of research (stage I: defining the problem; stage II: solving it). The stages consist of random (Poisson) time sequences of thought flashes—“why-pulses” and “therefore-pulses.” The model fits a problem in nuclear physics, whose solution when translated back produces the timing fraction 0.4. The assumed statistical nature of brain activity is supported by evidence from other fields.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC ANTHRACYCLINONES. XXIII. SYNTHESIS AND CONFIGURATION OF THE STEREOISOMERIC AKLAVINONES (1984)

Abstract Durch Amdt‐Eistert‐Homologisierung der aus der bekannten Vorstufe (Ia) zugänglichen Säure (Ib) wird der Ketoester (Ic) dargestellt, aus dem die Cyclisierungsprodukte (IIa)+(IIc) in je nach verwendetem Lösungsmittel verschiedener Zusammensetzung erhalten werden.
Radical and molecular product concentration measurements in CF<sub>4</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> radio frequency plasmas by infrared tunable diode laser absorption (1990)

Infrared tunable diode laser absorption studies of radicals and stable molecules formed in radio frequency (rf) plasmas are being carried out in a laboratory reactor which allows a long absorption path. In this paper we report studies of CF4 and CH4 rf plasmas. We report absolute concentration measurements as functions of total pressure and rf power for CF2 and C2F6 in CF4 plasmas and for CH3 and C2H2 in CH4 plasmas.
Blind deconvolution of fluorescence micrographs by maximum-likelihood estimation (1995)

We report some recent algorithmic refinements and the resulting simulated and real image reconstructions of fluorescence micrographs by using a blind-deconvolution algorithm based on maximum likelihood estimation. Blind-deconvolution methods encompass those that do not require either calibrated or theoretical predetermination of the point-spread function (PSF). Instead, a blind deconvolution reconstructs the PSF concurrently with deblurring of the image data. Two-dimensional computer simulations give some definitive evidence of the integrity of the reconstructions of both the fluorescence concentration and the PSF. A reconstructed image and a reconstructed PSF from a two-dimensional fluorescent data set show that the blind version of the algorithm produces images that are comparable with those previously produced by a precursory nonblind version of the algorithm. They furthermore show a remarkable similarity, albeit not perfectly identical, with a PSF measurement taken for the same data set, provided by Agard and colleagues. A reconstructed image of a three-dimensional confocal data set shows a substantial axial smear removal. There is currently an existing trade-off in using the blind deconvolution in that it converges at a slightly slower rate than the nonblind approach. Future research, of course, will address this present limitation.
Three-Parameter Modification of the Peng-Robinson Equation of State To Improve Volumetric Predictions (1988)

Summary The Péneloux-Rauzy-Fréze (PRF) method of improving volumetric predictions by introducing a third parameter into a two-parameter equation of state (EOS) is applied to the Peng-Robinson EOS (PR-EOS). The modified PR-EOS is evaluated for application to hydrocarbon fluids. A method is developed for characterizing the third parameter for the heptanes-plus fractions. The usefulness of the modified PR-EOS in improving volumetric predictions is illustrated by applying the equation to several crude-oil and gas-condensate systems from the literature.
The structure of MCM-48 determined by electron crystallography (1999)

CREST, JST is acknowledged for financial support. AC is grateful for the support from JSPS.
THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE CARBON ISOTOPES IN PETROLEUM: ISOTOPES IN PETROLEUM (1945)

Abstract The relative abundance of the isotopes of carbon has been measured in samples of oil and gas from 32 wells in the Silica and Ellinwood Fields of Barton and Rice Counties, Kansas, and 3 wells in Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming, as well as in surface vegetation, hydrocarbons from well cuttings, and carbon dioxide desorbed from soil. For the samples from Silica and Ellinwood Fields, C12/C13=94.1±0.4. Relative abundance appears to be independent of the source of petroleum, but is about 1.6% lower for vegetation. It is concluded that this quantity cannot be used to distinguish sources of petroleum and that its use to determine the origin of soil hydrocarbons requires an accuracy of measurement not hitherto attainable.
The development, modeling, and testing of a hydraulic topography with integrated energy recovery (TIER) (2010)

Current state-of-the art hydraulic systems suffer from poor efficiencies. A significant portion of these losses is due to the power loss across metering valves. Current research trends in hydraulics have been moving in two separate directions. The first movement is towards a displacement control system, while the second movement has been towards independent metering valve systems. The system, called a topography with integrated energy recovery (TIER), is a hybrid of these two types of systems. TIER offers to improve the advantages of these systems, while at the same time minimizing their weaknesses. This research expanded on the earlier TIER research and allows for energy recovery over a wider range of operating points. The enlargement of the operating space was accomplished with an additional variable displacement unit. This unit also expands the number of operating modes from four to 26. These modes were tested for validity via simulations with actual velocity and load data collected from a test fixture. Also, the foundation of a real time control system are explained, while some of the components of this system were tested. The results indicated that all of the 26 operating modes were valid and feasible, while some of the techniques of the control system need further refinement. The simulations suggest at power improvements with lower required pressures while doing the same amount of work.