gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Endotoxin on the Splanchnic Metabolism of Glutamine and Related Substrates (1991)

The effects of endotoxemia on glutamine metabolism by the splanchnic bed was studied in vivo in adult rats 12 hours following administration of E. coli LPS. Glutamine uptake by the portal-drained viscera fell in the endotoxin-treated animals while glucose uptake doubled. Simultaneously, hepatic glutamine uptake increased ten-fold owing to both an increase in hepatic blood flow and glutamine extraction from the bloodstream. Hepatic alanine uptake, oxygen consumption, and glucose release were also accelerated in endotoxemic rats. The increase in liver glutamine utilization was associated with increases in parenchymal DNA and glutathione levels and an increase in glutathione and urea release into the systemic circulation. This marked increase in metabolic activity occurred in animals with chemical evidence of hepatocellular injury and histologic evidence of hepatocyte necrosis. During endotoxemia the liver becomes the major organ of glutamine consumption. This accelerated utilization provides carbons for energy and gluconeogenesis, nitrogen for ureagenesis, and substrate for nucleotide and glutathione biosynthesis in order to support cell repair and detoxification reactions.
Automatic repair of buggy if conditions and missing preconditions with SMT (2014)

We present Nopol, an approach for automatically repairing buggy if conditions and missing preconditions. As input, it takes a program and a test suite which contains passing test cases modeling the expected behavior of the program and at least one failing test case embodying the bug to be repaired. It consists of collecting data from multiple instrumented test suite executions, transforming this data into a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) problem, and translating the SMT result -- if there exists one -- into a source code patch. Nopol repairs object oriented code and allows the patches to contain nullness checks as well as specific method calls.
Introduction: complementary medicine in ophthalmology (2009)

International Congress of Eye Research (ICER)'s September 2008 meeting in Beijing provided a unique conference of East meets West on healing approaches in ophthalmology, and for the first time, a section on complementary medicine (CM) was added to the program. CM includes all fields of healing including psychotherapy, hypnosis, meditation and visual imagery, prayer, acupuncture, herbal remedies and nutrients, massage therapy, exercise, reiki, and other measures which may facilitate healing other than traditional Western medicines and procedures. Before a therapy gains global acceptance and use, it must withstand the rigor of scientific investigation and pass through the narrow straits of peer review and possibly Food and Drug Administration approval to render it safe and effective. ICER's goal was to encourage investigators of complementary methodology to cross that threshold. To that end, three CM sessions included 21 presentations which introduced novel complementary therapeutic approaches in the treatment of ocular conditions. This monograph has been designed to feature some of those presentations.
Complete Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus casei LC5, a Potential Probiotics for Atopic Dermatitis (2017)

FIGURe 1 | Genome characteristics of Lactobacillus casei LC5 genome. (a) Circular map of genomic features; eight tracks were plotted in the map. Track 1 (light blue; outermost), forward-stranded coding CDS; Track 2 (blue), reverse-stranded coding CDS; Track 3 (light purple), rRNA including 5S, 16S, and 23S; Track 4 (green), Trna; Track 5 (orange), peak of pan-genomic conservation; Track 6 (red), novel regions (below 85% similarities with the other genomes); Track 7 (light green and purple), GC content; and Track 8 (light green and purple), GC skew. (B) Abundance of clusters of orthologous groups (COG) categories; black point indicates the abundance of LC5 for each category. A box and whisker plot indicates a statistical distribution of the COG categories of 19 L. casei genomes. (C) Phylogenetic tree of L. casei group based on 16S rRNA genes and (D) phylogenetic tree of L. casei group based on average nucleotide identity. The value 0.02 of the ruler in (D) indicates 2% of genomic dissimilarity. Red boxes on the (C,D) indicate the genomes associated to the high-GC group and green boxes indicate the genomes associated to the low-GC group. aUtHoR CoNtRIBUtIoNS Y-DN and SL designed and coordinated all the experiments. T-JL and JK performed cultivation and DNA preparation.
Oxidation of Alkenes and Sulfides with Transition Metal Catalysts (1995)

Abstract Alkenes and sulfides were oxidized with transition‐metal catalysts. The oxidant sources include molecular dioxygen, air and iodosylbenzene. The metal ions Mn(III), Fe(III), Co(II) and Ni(II) were used. The Catalysts 1‐18 of 1,3‐dioxo‐, β‐ketoimine‐ or salen‐types were prepared and their efficacy was examined. 1,2‐Dihydronaphthalene is most efficiently epoxidized with O 2 /Me 2 CHCHO or PhIO in the presence of Mn(III)‐salen catalysts. The Ni(II)‐, Co(II)‐ and Fe(III)‐catalysts of either β‐ketoimine‐ or salen‐types are useful for epoxidation of styrene, ( E )‐stilbene and ( E )‐benzalacetone in the O 2 /Me 2 HCHO system; these epoxidations are stereospecific without formation of corresponding diastereomeric epoxides. Oxidation of methyl p ‐tolyl sulfide with O 2 /Me 2 CHCHO is facilitated by the 1,3‐dioxo‐catalyst Co(II)‐1. Monooxidation is achieved with Me 2 CHCHO in equimolar proportions to give the corresponding sulfoxide, whereas overoxidation is realized with excess Me 2 CHCHO to give the sulfone. These epoxidation and sulfide oxidations all occur at 25 °C and are complete in less than a day.
Perfect Space-Time Block Codes for parallel MIMO channels (2006)

The problem of designing space-time codes on the MIMO quasi-static channel have received considerable attention these last years. We now know how to design perfect space-time block codes, that is linear information preserving codes achieving the diversity-multiplexing gain (D-M) tradeoff (F. Oggier et al., 2004) (P. Elia et al., 2005). Recent standards using multiple antennas terminals such as IEEE 802.11n or IEEE 802.16e, for example, are based on OFDM. By using interleaving, such OFDM systems can be seen as parallel MIMO quasi-static channels. We propose, here, new perfect space-time block codes for parallel MIMO channels
Insights into Ototoxicity (1999)

The most common ototoxic compounds in clinical practice are aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, and loop diuretics (ethacrynic acid and furosemide). These agents also have substantial renal effects in the form of nephrotoxicity or diuresis. The understanding of these renal effects may provide insight into ototoxic mechanisms. For aminoglycosides, the renal proximal tubule cell is susceptible due to high concentration achieved and slow clearance with direct effects on phosphoinositide binding and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Pathogenesis appears to involve iron-induced free-radical formation, since iron chelators prevent nephrotoxicity. Analogous effects of aminoglycosides on the inner and outer hair cells have been observed. Cisplatin is also highly concentrated in the proximal tubule cell. Less is known about the direct toxic effects of this agent on renal cells. Insights into mechanisms or renal tubule cells could be directly relevant to the inner ear. The loop diuretics are direct inhibitors of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport system, which also exists in the marginal and dark cells of the stria vascularis, which are responsible for endolymph secretion. The ototoxicity of these agents may be indirect, due to changes in ionic composition and fluid volume within the endolymph.
Improved double immunohistochemical staining method for cryostat and paraffin wax sections, combining alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase and indirect immunofluorescence. (1994)

This double immunohistochemical staining method can overcome the disadvantages of any masking effect of the double immunoenzymatic methods and the background problems of double immunofluorescence method especially when applied to paraffin wax sections. It also permits good morphological identification of the doubly stained cells which may be of crucial importance in studies on pathology specimens.
Electron microscopic evidence for cholesteric structure in films of cellulose and cellulose acetate (1988)

Many cellulose derivatives form lyotropic and thermotropic cholesteric liquid crystalline phases.1s2 The formation of these ordered phases is generally attributed to the relative stiffness of the cellulose chain's3 and by this criterion cellulose itself should also form liquid crystalline solutions in those few solvents in which it dissolves. (A thermotropic liquid crystalline phase is unlikely because, on heating pure cellulose, it decomposes before melting.) However, the evidence for a lyotropic liquid crystalline phase of pure cellulose is somewhat equivocal; observations in N-methyl morpholine N-~xide/water,~ in trifluoroacetic acid/chlorinated alkanes,5 and in lithium chloride/ N,N-dimethyl a ~e t a m i d e ~. ~ do indicate formation of anisotropic solutions, but because of the strong tendency of cellulose to aggregate or crystallize, the fluid liquid crystalline state is often metastable?
Design of a nondissipative turn-off snubber in a forward converter (2003)

The design of a nondissipative turn-off lC snubber for a forward converter is described. The operation of a forward converter with an LC snubber is first examined. The energy loss in the switching transistor is then evaluated, and the condition that minimizes this energy loss is determined. The optimum size of the snubber capacitor is derived from the evaluation of transistor energy loss and surge voltage. The optimum size of the snubber inductor is also obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide is an early and crucial step for paclitaxel‐induced cancer cell death both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2006)

Intracellular events following paclitaxel binding to microtubules that lead to cell death remain poorly understood. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents acting through independent molecular targets, we explored the role of ROS in paclitaxel cytotoxicity. Within 15 min after in vitro exposure of A549 human lung cancer cells to paclitaxel, a concentration-dependent intracellular increase in O(o)(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) levels was detected by spectrofluorometry. Addition of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or glutathione, two H(2)O(2) scavenger, induced a 4-fold increase in paclitaxel IC(50). Delaying NAC co-incubation by 4 hr, resulted in a 3-fold reduction in cell protection. The glutathione synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine significantly increased paclitaxel cytotoxicity and H(2)O(2) accumulation, but did not modify O(o)(2)(-) levels. Co-incubation with diphenylene iodonium suggested that paclitaxel induced-O(o)(2)(-) production was in part associated with increased activity of cytoplasmic NADPH oxidase. Concomitant treatment with inhibitors of caspases 3 and 8 increased cell survival but did not prevent the early accumulation of H(2)O(2.) To evaluate the role of ROS in paclitaxel antitumoral activity, mice were injected with LLC1 lung cancer cells and treated with paclitaxel i.p. and/or NAC. The antitumoral activity of paclitaxel in mice was abolished by NAC. In conclusion, the accumulation of H(2)O(2) is an early and crucial step for paclitaxel-induced cancer cell death before the commitment of the cells into apoptosis. These results suggest that ROS participate in vitro and in vivo to paclitaxel cytotoxicity.
On Roundoff Errors in Block-Floating-Point Arithmetic (2006)

A special case of floating point data representation is block floating point format where a block of operands are forced to have a joint exponent term. This paper deals with the finite wordlength properties of this data format. The theoretical errors associated with the error model for block floating point quantization process is investigated with the help of error distribution functions. A fast and easy approximation formula for calculating signal-to-noise ratio in quantization to block floating point format is derived. This representation is found to be efficient compared to the fixed point and floating point format.
Principles of goal-directed spatial robot navigation in biomimetic models (2014)

Mobile robots and animals alike must effectively navigate their environments in order to achieve their goals. For animals goal-directed navigation facilitates finding food, seeking shelter or migration; similarly robots perform goal-directed navigation to find a charging station, get out of the rain or guide a person to a destination. This similarity in tasks extends to the environment as well; increasingly, mobile robots are operating in the same underwater, ground and aerial environments that animals do. Yet despite these similarities, goal-directed navigation research in robotics and biology has proceeded largely in parallel, linked only by a small amount of interdisciplinary research spanning both areas. Most state-of-the-art robotic navigation systems employ a range of sensors, world representations and navigation algorithms that seem far removed from what we know of how animals navigate; their navigation systems are shaped by key principles of navigation in 'real-world' environments including dealing with uncertainty in sensing, landmark observation and world modelling. By contrast, biomimetic animal navigation models produce plausible animal navigation behaviour in a range of laboratory experimental navigation paradigms, typically without addressing many of these robotic navigation principles. In this paper, we attempt to link robotics and biology by reviewing the current state of the art in conventional and biomimetic goal-directed navigation models, focusing on the key principles of goal-oriented robotic navigation and the extent to which these principles have been adapted by biomimetic navigation models and why.
Telescoping Self-Aligned Metal-Catalyzed Carbon Nanotube Piezoresistors As Strain Gauges (2006)

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bridges, grown using low-pressure metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition technique between silicon posts, were used as tiny piezoresistors to monitor vibration and bending/deformation of silicon cantilever beams. The weld strength of CNTs measured using atomic force microscope was larger than 100 nN/CNT and their full-scale resistance change was larger than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> Omega.The effective longitudinal piezoresistivity of these CNTs was larger than 4 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> Pa <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> which is larger than that of Pi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">44</sub> in silicon.
Kynurenic Acid Protects Against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in Mice (2020)

Together, our study suggests that the absence of KMO protects RGCs against I/R injury, through mechanisms that likely involve higher levels of KYNA and glucose.
The Action of the Catalyst Couple Aluminum Chloride—Hydrogen Chloride on Toluene at Low Temperatures; the Nature of Friedel—Crafts Complexes<sup>1,2</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Action of the Catalyst Couple Aluminum Chloride—Hydrogen Chloride on Toluene at Low Temperatures; the Nature of Friedel—Crafts Complexes1,2Herbert C. Brown and Howard W. PearsallCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 1, 191–195Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01121a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01121a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views417Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
TNFα Is an Effective Therapeutic Target for Rheumatoid Arthritis<sup>a</sup> (1995)

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common of a number of diseases in which inflammation and tissue destruction is driven by an autoimmune process. Current therapy is inadequate, and this has prompted major research efforts, both in academia and industry, to understand more about the pathogenesis, and hence provide the rationale for new therapeutic strategies. Here we review our studies of cytokine expression and regulation in rheumatoid joints, which has culminated in demonstrating that TNF alpha blockade, using a chimeric (human IgG1/K, mouse Fv) anti-TNF alpha antibody, cA2, markedly ameliorates arthritis. This defines a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis.
Separated effect of 1D thermoelectric material gradients (2006)

Graded and segmented thermoelements have been considered for long, aiming at improving the performance of thermogenerators which are exposed to a large temperature difference. A precise numerical algorithm for performance estimation of thermogenerator (TEG) and Peltier cooler elements has been developed using MATHEMATICA. It is capable to calculate accurate profiles of temperature, potential, and energy flux along segmented and graded TE elements in a one-dimensional model. Application-relevant performance parameters like C.O.P., cooling power, temperature difference (of a TEC), efficiency, and output power (of a TEG) are deduced. Executing the calculation in a loop with variation of the current allows selecting optimum operation parameters. A fundamental parameter study to identify optimum combinations of gradients of the TE properties along a Peltier and TEG element, respectively, demonstrates the quantitative improvement of performance achievable by gradients. Related to the higher optimum current density, achievable effects are larger for Peltier coolers than for TEGs although the operating temperature difference was assumed much larger for TEGs. The strongest improvement for Peltier elements can be achieved at the maximum temperature difference if steep material gradients are selected. The attempt is made to discuss the results in terms of the compatibility approach
Synthesis and Characterization of Solid Polymethylaluminoxane: A Bifunctional Activator and Support for Slurry-Phase Ethylene Polymerization (2016)

An insoluble form of methylaluminoxane, also known as solid polymethylaluminoxane (sMAO), has been synthesized by the controlled hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum (TMA) with benzoic acid, followed by thermolysis. Characterization of sMAO by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution and the solid state reveals an aluminoxane structure that features “free” and bound TMA and incorporation of a benzoate residue. Total X-ray scattering (or pair distribution function, PDF) measurements on sMAO allow comparisons to be made with simulated data for density functional theory (DFT) modeled structures of methylaluminoxane (MAO). Several TMA-bound (AlOMe)n cage and nanotubular structures with n > 10 are consistent with the experimental data. The measured Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of sMAO ranges between 312 and 606 m2 g–1 and shows an N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm consistent with a nonporous material. sMAO can be utilized to support metallocene precatalysts in slurry-phase ethylene polymerization reactions. Metallocene precatalyst rac-ethylenebis(1-indenyl)-dichlorozirconium, rac-(EBI)ZrCl2, was immobilized on sMAO samples, to afford solids which showed very high polymerization activities in hexane, comparable to those of the respective homogeneous catalysts formed by treatment of the precatalysts with MAO. rac-(EBI)ZrCl2 immobilized on an sMAO containing an Al:O ratio of 1.2 gave the highest ethylene polymerization activity.
Balancing Government Regulation Against Access to Drugs: Address to Seton Hall University School of Law (2007)

It is a great honor for me to be invited to address this conference and to share my perspective as the General Counsel of the Department of Health and Human Services on the issues that you are discussing today. Not having any particular personal or institutional expertise in intellectual property law, the portion of the theme of today’s conference that I will address is the delicate balance between the FDA’s regulations and approval processes, and public health and drug access concerns. The question that is the theme of today’s conference is particularly timely for discussion at a legal conference. In the last few months, two federal court decisions have raised questions about the FDA’s ability to serve as a gatekeeper over access to drugs in the market as well as to the propriety of the FDA’s role in making determinations that limit the availability of new drugs to patients. The first case to which I am referring, of course, is the Abigail Alliance decision. As I am sure you are aware, in Abigail Alliance the D.C. Circuit announced a fundamental un-enumerated right, as part of substantive due process, “of a mentally competent, terminally ill adult patient to access potentially life-saving post-Phase I investigational new drugs, upon a doctor’s advice”—that is, a constitutional right to drugs that the FDA has determined are safe enough to proceed to Phase II clinical trials but that are unapproved and that a doctor concludes are in the patient’s interests. I confess that when I first read the decision, my immediate thought was that it had been too long since I had taken Constitu-
Oxidation of Ferrous Iron and Elemental Sulfur by <i>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</i> (1988)

The oxidation of ferrous iron and elemental sulfur by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans that was absorbed and unabsorbed onto the surface of sulfur prills was studied. Unadsorbed sulfur-grown cells oxidized ferrous iron at a rate that was 3 to 7 times slower than that of ferrous iron-grown cells, but sulfur-grown cells were able to reach the oxidation rate of the ferrous iron-adapted cells after only 1.5 generations in a medium containing ferrous iron. Bacteria that were adsorbed to sulfur prills oxidized ferrous iron at a rate similar to that of unadsorbed sulfur-grown bacteria. They also showed the enhancement of ferrous iron oxidation activity in the presence of ferrous iron, even though sulfur continued to be available to the bacteria in this case. An increase in the level of rusticyanin together with the enhancement of the ferrous iron oxidation rate were observed in both sulfur-adsorbed and unadsorbed cells. On the other hand, sulfur oxidation by the adsorbed bacteria was not affected by the presence of ferrous iron in the medium. When bacteria that were adsorbed to sulfur prills were grown at a higher pH (ca. 2.5) in the presence of ferrous iron, they rapidly lost both ferrous iron and sulfur oxidation capacities and became inactive, apparently because of the deposition of a jarosite-like precipitate onto the surface to which they were attached.