gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dual Estimation and the Unscented Transformation (1999)

Dual estimation refers to the problem of simultaneously estimating the state of a dynamic system and the model which gives rise to the dynamics. Algorithms include expectation-maximization (EM), dual Kalman ltering, and joint Kalman methods. These methods have recently been explored in the context of nonlinear modeling, where a neural network is used as the functional form of the unknown model. Typically, an extended Kalman lter (EKF) or smoother is used for the part of the algorithm that estimates the clean state given the current estimated model. An EKF may also be used to estimate the weights of the network. This paper points out the aws in using the EKF, and proposes an improvement based on a new approach called the unscented transformation (UT) [3]. A substantial performance gain is achieved with the same order of computational complexity as that of the standard EKF. The approach is illustrated on several dual estimation methods. 1 Introduction We consider the p...
Application-driven merging and analysis of person trajectories for distributed smart camera networks (2014)

Tracking of persons and analysis of their trajectories are important tasks of surveillance systems as they support the monitoring personnel. However, this trend is accompanied by an increasing demand on smarter camera networks carrying out surveillance tasks autonomously. Thus, there is a higher system complexity so that requirements on the video analysis algorithms are increasing as well. In this paper, we present a system concept and application for anonymously gathering, processing and analysis of trajectories in distributed smart camera networks. It allows a multitude of analysis techniques such as inspecting individual properties of the observed movement in real-time. Additionally, the anonymous movement data allows long-term storage and big data analyses for statistical purposes. The system described in this paper has been implemented as prototype system and deployed for proof of concept under real conditions at the entrance hall of the Leibniz University Hannover. It shows an overall stable performance, particularly with respect to significant illumination changes over hours, as well as regarding the reduction of false positives by post processing and trajectory merging performed on top of a panorama based person detection module.
Speed of Sound in Sea-Water Samples (1972)

Sound-speed equations having standard deviations between 0.013 to 0.101 m/sec are fit to 627 replicate observations on standard sea water modified to salinities between 30 to 41‰ S. Measurements were made for realistic conditions over a total range of 0°–40°C and 0–1000+kg/cm2 (15 000 psi) gauge.
The practices, policies, and politics of transforming inequality in South Asia (2013)

This is the introduction to a special section of Focaal that includes seven articles on the anthropology of affirmative action in South Asia. The section promotes the sustained, critical ethnographic analysis of affirmative action measures adopted to combat historical inequalities around the world. Turning our attention to the social field of affirmative action opens up new fronts in the anthropological effort to understand the state by carefully engaging the relationship between the formation and effects of policies for differentiated citizenship. We explore this relationship in the historical and contemporary context of South Asia, notably India and Nepal. We argue that affirmative action policies always transform society, but not always as expected. The relationship between political and socioeconomic inequality can be contradictory. Socioeconomic inequalities may persist or be refigured in new terms, as policies of affirmative action and their experiential effects are intimately linked to broader processes of economic liberalization and political transformation.
Introduction: The Arts of Leadership (2001)

Abstract This chapter discusses four approaches in understanding leadership—trait approaches, contingency approaches, situational approaches, and the constitutive approaches. It defines leadership as an art, or rather an array of arts—more than a science—which might account for the four paradoxes that have bedevilled its understanding: it appears to have more to do with invention than analysis, despite claims to the contrary; it appears to operate on the basis of indeterminacy whilst claiming to be deterministic; it appears to be rooted in irony rather than truth; it usually resorts to a constructed identity but claims a reflective identity. The chapter then explores these four paradoxes and suggests how people might adopt the metaphors of art as a way of understanding them better. It notes that leadership is critically concerned with establishing and coordinating the relationships between four things: identity, strategic vision, organizational tactics, and persuasive communication.
Cell and animal models of mtDNA biology: progress and prospects (2006)

The past two decades have witnessed an evolving understanding of the mitochondrial genome's (mtDNA) role in basic biology and disease. From the recognition that mutations in mtDNA can be responsible for human disease to recent efforts showing that mtDNA mutations accumulate over time and may be responsible for some phenotypes of aging, the field of mitochondrial genetics has greatly benefited from the creation of cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. In this review, we critically discuss the past two decades of efforts and insights gained from cell and animal models of mtDNA mutation. We attempt to reconcile the varied and at times contradictory findings by highlighting the various methodologies employed and using human mtDNA disease as a guide to better understanding of cell and animal mtDNA models. We end with a discussion of scientific and therapeutic challenges and prospects for the future of mtDNA transfection and gene therapy.
Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein as predictors of cognitive decline in late midlife (2014)

Elevated IL-6 but not CRP in midlife predicts cognitive decline; the combined cross-sectional and longitudinal effects over the 10-year observation period corresponded to an age effect of 3.9 years.
Evaluation and Optimization of a DNA Transfer System for<i>Edwardsiella ictaluri</i> (2001)

To develop DNA transfer and mutagenesis procedures for Edwardsiella ictaluri, optimal conditions for exchange between a recipient strain of E. ictaluri and a donor strain of Escherichia coli were experimentally determined by the use of a mobilizable transposon carried on a suicide vector. In general, transfer and subsequent mutant production were optimal when the ratio of cells of E. ictaluri to donor cells was 4:1 to 10:1 and was satisfactory out to a ratio of 45:1. Initial cell concentrations also were important; the number of mutants produced approximately doubled for each log increase in initial donor and recipient cell numbers at a recipient-to-donor ratio of 31:1. The most important determinant of mutant production was temperature, primarily because of the difference in optimal growth temperatures for the donor E. coli and the recipient E. ictaluri. Optimal mutant production occurred at 24°C, a considerable reduction occurred at 28°C, and very poor to zero production was seen at 33°C. The majority of the mutants produced were in single loci, with a low frequency of plasmid integration events that could be detected by establishing resistance to ampicillin. This system can be used to efficiently produce large numbers of stable, isogenic mutants in E. ictaluri as well as other fish pathogens and can also be adapted for use in complementation studies and for gene transfer by allelic exchange.
Effect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer (2011)

由于钠硅酸盐答案的高粘性，苍蝇灰 geopolymer 有低可使用性和快速的背景时间的问题。因此，苍蝇灰 geopolymer 的性质上的化学混合的效果被学习在这份报纸克服 geopolymer 的快速的集合。高钙的苍蝇灰和碱的答案被用作开始材料综合 geopolymer。在 1wt% 的剂量和苍蝇灰的 2wt% 的钙氯化物，钙硫酸盐，钠硫酸盐，和蔗糖基于具体知识作为混合被选择改进 geopolymer 的性质。反应的设定的时间，压缩力量，和度被记录，并且微观结构被检验。钙氯化物显著地两个都弄短的结果表演 geopolymer 的起始、最后的设置时间粘贴。另外，蔗糖也显著地推迟最后的背景时间。在有混合的 geopolymer 浆糊的苍蝇灰的反应的度都比控制浆糊的那些高。这在压缩力量贡献明显的增加。
An optical sensing approach based on light emitting diodes (2007)

An extremely simple optical-sensing technique has been developed for various applications. The proposed sensing system employs one, two or more LEDs whereby each one can be used as a light emitter or light detector. The main advantages of the proposed pulse based signal conversion technique are that it leads to better spectral sensitivity; increased and adjustable resolution; reduction in cost, dimensions, power consumption and it avoids the need for expensive and precise operation amplifiers, ADCs and other external components. The sensing configuration presented here, uses only two I/O pins of standard microcontroller, one or two LEDs and is capable of detecting various optical effects. Using multi-configurable I/O pins the LED used as a light detector is reverse biased so that the photocurrent generated by the incident light discharges its inherent capacitance throughout Hi-Z input impedance. A simple timer circuit that measures the decay-time taken for the discharge process from logic 1 to logic 0 provides direct digital output proportional to the light intensity. This sensing concept has been tested in many applications and some of them are described here.
Functional Interaction between Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and β-Catenin (2006)

Studies have demonstrated cross talk between beta-catenin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) signaling pathways. Specifically, activation of PPARgamma induces the proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin in cells that express an adenomatous polyposis coli-containing destruction complex. In contrast, oncogenic beta-catenin is resistant to such degradation and inhibits the expression of PPARgamma target genes. In the present studies, we demonstrate a functional interaction between beta-catenin and PPARgamma that involves the T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphocyte enhancer factor (LEF) binding domain of beta-catenin and a catenin binding domain (CBD) within PPARgamma. Mutation of K312 and K435 in the TCF/LEF binding domain of an oncogenic beta-catenin (S37A) significantly reduces its ability to interact with and inhibit the activity of PPARgamma. Furthermore, these mutations render S37A beta-catenin susceptible to proteasomal degradation in response to activation of PPARgamma. Mutation of F372 within the CBD (helices 7 and 8) of PPARgamma disrupts its binding to beta-catenin and significantly reduces the ability of PPARgamma to induce the proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin. We suggest that in normal cells, PPARgamma can function to suppress tumorigenesis and/or Wnt signaling by targeting phosphorylated beta-catenin to the proteasome through a process involving its CBD. In contrast, oncogenic beta-catenin resists proteasomal degradation by inhibiting PPARgamma activity, which requires its TCF/LEF binding domain.
Drosophila Short Neuropeptide F Regulates Food Intake and Body Size (2004)

Neuropeptides regulate a wide range of animal behavior including food consumption, circadian rhythms, and anxiety. Recently, Drosophila neuropeptide F, which is the homolog of the vertebrate neuropeptide Y, was cloned, and the function of Drosophila neuropeptide F in feeding behaviors was well characterized. However, the function of the structurally related short neuropeptide F (sNPF) was unknown. Here, we report the cloning, RNA, and peptide localizations, and functional characterizations of the Drosophila sNPF gene. The sNPF gene encodes the preprotein containing putative RLRF amide peptides and was expressed in the nervous system of late stage embryos and larvae. The embryonic and larval localization of the sNPF peptide in the nervous systems revealed the larval central nervous system neural circuit from the neurons in the brain to thoracic axons and to connective axons in the ventral ganglion. In the adult brain, the sNPF peptide was localized in the medulla and the mushroom body. However, the sNPF peptide was not detected in the gut. The sNPF mRNA and the peptide were expressed during all developmental stages from embryo to adult. From the feeding assay, the gain-of-function sNPF mutants expressed in nervous systems promoted food intake, whereas the loss-of-function mutants suppressed food intake. Also, sNPF overexpression in nervous systems produced bigger and heavier flies. These findings indicate that the sNPF is expressed in the nervous systems to control food intake and regulate body size in Drosophila melanogaster.
An analysis of buried-oxide growth in low-dose SIMOX wafers by high-temperature thermal oxidation (2002)

The buried-oxide (BOX) growth by a high-temperature thermal oxidation of low-dose SIMOX wafers is becoming an indispensable technique for the improvement of material quality, for example, surface roughness and BOX leak path density, as well as the slight decrease in the parasitic capacitance. The physical mechanism of the BOX growth by a thermal oxidation has been investigated for bonded wafers oxidized at 1100/spl deg/C; however, the typical oxidation temperature for low-dose SIMOX wafers is much higher than 1100/spl deg/C. To clarify the oxidation mechanism at higher temperatures and predict the thermally-grown BOX thickness for various conditions, we explore the oxidation process with a simple model based on Deal and Grove's analysis.
In‐line monitoring of amino acids in mammalian cell cultures using raman spectroscopy and multivariate chemometrics models (2017)

The application of PAT for in-line monitoring of biopharmaceutical manufacturing operations has a central role in developing more robust and consistent processes. Various spectroscopic techniques have been applied for collecting real-time data from cell culture processes. Among these, Raman spectroscopy has been shown to have advantages over other spectroscopic techniques, especially in aqueous culture solutions. Measurements of several process parameters such as glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, ammonium, osmolality and VCD using Raman-based chemometrics models have been reported in literature. The application of Raman spectroscopy, coupled with calibration models for amino acid measurement in cell cultures, has been assessed. The developed models cover four amino acids important for cell growth and production: tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and methionine. The chemometrics models based on Raman spectroscopy data demonstrate the significant potential for the quantification of tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. The model for methionine would have to be further refined to improve quantification.
Patterns of Phosphatase Activity among Enterobacterial Species (1993)

The phosphatase activities of cells of representative enterobacterial species were studied after cells were grown in a chemically defined medium with variations in the amounts of phosphates and in pH (4.00 to 9.00). All strains of a given species demonstrated similar acid phosphatase activities after growth in the presence or absence of phosphates. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase was produced only by some species, and it was also strongly influenced by the presence of either glycerophosphate or Pi in the medium. There were four patterns of phosphatase activity, depending on the properties of the alkaline phosphatase. Phosphatase activity can be a valuable characteristic for inclusion in tests for the identification of enterobacteria.
Developing and testing a telerehabilitation system for people following stroke: issues of usability (2010)

This paper describes user testing of a technological system which enables stroke survivors to independently undertake rehabilitation exercises at home. The prototype is based on advanced movement sensors which are worn by the user when performing prescribed exercises. Sensor data are transmitted to a computer which displays the user's movements and progress. The number and type of sensors, methods of attaching them to the user's body in the correct locations, the type of computer screen and the input devices were changed and refined as the project progressed in response to feedback from people with stroke, their carers and physiotherapists. Home-based testing of the system highlighted usability issues concerned with the appropriateness and acceptability of the equipment in domestic settings, the sensors and methods of attachment, and use of, and interpretation of the screen presentation. Users required education as well as support throughout the testing period. Increasing sophistication of the technological aspects of the system over time resolved some usability issues but also created others, as did meeting the aims of improved clinical utility. The interplay between technology development, clinical utility and usability must be taken into account for devices to be successfully developed for practice.
Vibration cancellation at multiple locations using neurocontrollers with real-time learning (2002)

The simultaneous control of vibration at multiple locations on a vibrating machine or structure has been accomplished through the application of artificial neural networks. Examples are discussed which demonstrate the simultaneous control of up to four vibration generators on a structure to reduce vibrations at up to four arbitrary locations. The real-time neurocontroller described utilizes multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) neural networks. Vibration sensors mounted at the desired cancellation locations are not necessarily colocated with the vibration generators. The neurocontroller adaptively learns to control the generators such that equal and opposite waveforms are applied at the sensor locations, reducing the existing vibration waveforms at the sensors. This results in true time-domain waveform cancellation. Reductions of up to 20 dB+or-10 dB of both discrete-frequency and swept-frequency vibrations have been observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bandwidth and detection of packet length covert channels (2011)

This thesis explores the detectability and robustness of packet length covert channels. We discovered that packet length covert channels, where a rogue user modulates the length of a Transport Control Protocol packet, can be detected while monitoring traffic of a large network. The bandwidth of these channels can be successfully estimated as well as the channels themselves detected using statistical inference. In addition, we observed that there is an inverse relationship between the volitionality in networks with respect to packet lengths and the detectability of these channels, and between packet length and channel bandwidth. For a large network like a college department, the bandwidth of a covert channel could be in the tens of megabytes over the course of a day.
Synthesis of 5-<i>epi</i>-[6-<sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>]Valiolone and Stereospecifically Monodeuterated 5-<i>epi</i>-Valiolones:  Exploring the Steric Course of 5-<i>epi</i>-Valiolone Dehydratase in Validamycin A Biosynthesis (2001)

In validamycin A biosynthesis, as well as that of acarbose, the valienamine and validamine moieties are ultimately derived from a C(7) sugar, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, which is cyclized to 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone by a cyclase that operates via a dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase-like mechanism. 2-epi-5-epi-Valiolone is first epimerized at C-2 to give 5-epi-valiolone and then dehydrated between C-5 and C-6 to yield valienone. To probe the dehydration mechanism of 5-epi-valiolone to valienone, stereospecifically 6alpha- and 6beta-monodeuterated 5-epi-valiolones were synthesized. The key step in the synthesis was desulfurization of the tetrabenzyl-6,6-bis(methylthio)-5-epi-valiolone and introduction of the deuterium utilizing Zn, NiCl(2), ND(4)Cl/D(2)O, and THF. Extensive studies using various combinations of protio- and deuteroreagents and solvents probed the mechanism of the reductive desulfurization, which is crucial for the preparation of stereospecifically monodeuterated 5-epi-valiolones. Incorporation experiments with the labeled precursors in the validamycin A producer strain, Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus, revealed that the dehydration of 5-epi-valiolone to valienone occurs by a syn elimination of water.
Large T antigens of simian virus 40 and polyomavirus efficiently establish primary fibroblasts (1986)

Recombinant retroviruses that transduce the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen or the polyomavirus large T antigen as well as encoding resistance to antibiotic G418 were used to investigate whether these genes alone were sufficient for immortalization of primary cells. The results provided definitive evidence that either viral gene can efficiently establish primary fibroblasts. The capability of the SV40 large T antigen to establish primary fibroblasts was undiminished by a mutation that alters its binding to sequences within the origin of replication. Surprisingly, most of the primary cells established by the expression of the SV40 large T antigen did not have a transformed phenotype. This suggests that transformation by SV40 is not simply due to a high level of expression of the SV40 large T antigen and stabilization of cellular p53.
A 5-min RNA preparation method for COVID-19 detection with RT-qPCR (2020)

Abstract RNA extraction has become a bottleneck for detection of COVID-19, in part because of reagent shortages. We present here a rapid protocol that circumvents the need for RNA extraction that is compatible with RT-qPCR-based detection methods.
Rhodococcus qingshengii sp. nov., a carbendazim-degrading bacterium (2007)

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, mesophilic strain, djl-6(T), able to degrade carbendazim, was isolated from a carbendazim-contaminated soil sample from Jiangsu province, China. The taxonomic position of this isolate was analysed by using a polyphasic approach. Chemotaxonomic analysis including peptidoglycan type, diagnostic sugar composition, fatty acid profile, menaquinones, polar lipids and mycolic acids showed that the characteristics of strain djl-6(T) were in good agreement with those of the genus Rhodococcus. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that it had low genomic relatedness with Rhodococcus baikonurensis DSM 44587(T) (31.8 %), Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43066(T) (23.8 %) and Rhodococcus globerulus DSM 43954(T) (17.7 %), the three type strains to which strain djl-6(T) was most closely related based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (99.78, 99.25 and 98.91 % similarity, respectively). Based on the phenotypic properties and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain djl-6(T) (=CGMCC 1.6580(T) =KCTC 19205(T)) is proposed as the type strain of a novel Rhodococcus species, Rhodococcus qingshengii sp. nov.