gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity of neurones in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex. (1978)

1. We have examined the spatial and temporal tuning properties of 238 cortical neurones, recorded using conventional techniques from acutely prepared anaesthetized cats. We determined spatial and temporal frequency tuning curves using sinusoidal grating stimuli presented to each neurone's receptive field by a digital computer on a cathode ray tube. 2. We measured tuning curves either by determining response amplitude as a function of spatial or temporal frequency, or by measuring contrast sensitivity (the inverse of the contrast of the grating that just elicited a detectable response). The two measures give very similar tuning curves in all cases. 3. We recorded from 184 neurones in area 17; of these 156 had receptive fields within 5 degrees of the area centralis. The range of preferred spatial frequency for these neurones was 0.3--3 c/deg, and their spatial frequency tuning band widths varied from 0.7 to 3.2 octaves at half-amplitude. The most common band width was roughly 1.3 octaves. Simple and complex cells in area 17 did not differ in their distributions of preferred spatial frequency, although complex cells were, on average, slightly less selective for spatial frequency than simple cells. 4. We recorded from fifty-four neurones from area 18, and performed several experiments in which we recorded from corresponding portions of both area 17 and area 18 in the same electrode penetration. Neurones in area 18 preferred spatial frequencies that were, on average, one third as high as those preferred by area 17 neurones at the same retinal eccentricity. Thus the range of preferred spatial frequency in area eighteen cells having receptive fields within 5 deg of the area centralis was between less than 0.1 and 0.5 c/deg. The distributions of optimum spatial frequency in the two areas were practically non-overlapping at eccentricities as high as 15 deg, the greatest eccentricity we examined. Neurones in area 18 were about as selective for spatial frequency as were neurones in area 17. 5. We determined temporal frequency tuning characteristics for some neurones from each area, using gratings that moved steadily across the screen. Neurones from area 17 all responded well to low temporal frequencies, and less well to higher frequencies (in excess of, usually, 2 or 4 Hz). In contrast, neurones recorded from area 18 sometimes had similar tuning properties, but more commonly showed a pronounced reduction in response as the temporal frequency was moved either above or below some optimum value (usually 2--8 Hz). 6. We conclude from these results that areas 17 and 18 act in parallel to process different aspects of the visual information relayed from the retina via the lateral geniculate complex. Some or all of the differences between the areas may be attributable to the predominance of Y cell input to area 18 and the predominance of X cell input to area 17...
Switched surface coil system for bilateral MR imaging. (1988)

A method is presented for acquiring magnetic resonance (MR) images in parallel from both members of a pair of organs, such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), with use of two surface coil receivers. Interleaved sagittal sections are broken into two groups, one on each side of the head, and the MR receiver is toggled between the two coils. The surface coil that is not receiving at a given time is decoupled from the other surface coil by the active gating of a diode blocking network located across the coil input. This method produces effective decoupling independent of coil loading and positioning and makes it possible to use the same surface coils already employed for single-coil MR reception. Clinical application in 95 patients (190 joints) with symptoms of internal derangement of the TMJ demonstrated a 24% average decrease in total patient examination time, even after the addition of coronal imaging to the procedure. In no case was there a sacrifice in diagnostic quality.
Achieving airtime fairness of delay-sensitive applications in multirate IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (2011)

In multirate IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs, performance anomaly is a well-studied problem. Most existing solutions try to solve this problem by achieving airtime fairness. However, these solutions tend to increase the frame delay of some stations. If these stations run delay-sensitive applications, e.g., VoIP and video conferences, their quality of service would be seriously degraded. In this article we introduce and classify the existing solutions. The frame delay of each type of approach is illustrated by analytical results. We also propose an adaptive approach to solve this delay issue. The proposed approach could accurately model the condition of each station and concurrently adjust multiple MAC parameters. Simulation results validate that the proposed approach not only achieves airtime fairness but also improves frame delay. Therefore, the proposed approach could be applied to improve the quality of service of multimedia applications over WLAN environments.
Identification of Potential Targets for Thylakoid Oxidoreductase AtVKOR/LTO1 in Chloroplasts (2015)

The Arabidopsis thylakoid membrane bimodular oxidoreductase, AtVKOR, could catalyze disulfide bond formation, and its direct functional domain (thioredoxin-like domain) is located in the thylakoid lumen according to the topological structure. Many proteins have one or several disulfide bonds in the thylakoid lumen, including photosynthetic chain components. A yeast two-hybrid assay was used to identify potential targets for the AtVKOR, and a Trx-like domain was constructed into a BD vector as bait. Twenty-two thylakoid lumenal proteins with disulfides were selected. The cDNAs encoding these proteins were constructed into an AD vector. Eight proteins were identified from the hybrid results to interact with AtVKOR, including HCF164, cytochrome c6A, violaxanthin deepoxidase, embryo sac development arrest 3 protein (EDA3), two members pentapeptide repeat proteins (TL17 and TL20.3), and two FK-506 binding proteins (FKBP13 and FKBP20-2). The BIACORE system was used to demonstrate that the recombinant HCF164 and Trx-like domain of AtVKOR could interact directly in vitro. The KD value for binding HCF164 to AtVKOR was calculated as 2.5×10(-6) M. These results suggest that AtVKOR can interact with partial thylakoid lumenal proteins and indicates AtVKOR plays an important role in regulating the thylakoid lumen redox.
Searching genetic databases on Splash 2 (2002)

The author describes two systolic arrays for computing the edit distance between two genetic sequences using a well-known dynamic programming algorithm. The systolic arrays have been implemented for the Splash 2 programmable logic array and are intended to be used for database searching. Simulations indicate that the faster Splash 2 implementation can search a database at a rate of 12 million characters per second, several orders of magnitude faster than implementations of the dynamic programming algorithm on conventional computers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Wittig reaction with glutaric and succinic anhydrides (1982)

Six-membered cyclic anhydrides, including glutaric and some of its alkylated derivatives, have been shown to yield enol-lactones with ethoxycarbonylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane; the (E)isomer is formed preferentially. The reactions of methyl-substituted succinic anhydrides with the same phosphorane give predominantly the (E) enol-lactone in all examples. The influence of alkyl substitutents on the rates of the reactions and the product ratios in both the succinic and glutaric anhydride series is discussed.
The atomic number dependence of the X‐ray continuum intensity and the practical calculation of background in energy dispersive electron microprobe analysis (1975)

Abstract Computer fitting techniques have been used to derive a new expression for the relationship between X‐ray continuum intensity and atomic number for a range of electron acelerating potentials up to 25 kV, continuum energies up to 10 keV and average atomic numbers up to thirty. A practical approach to background corrections in energy dispersive electron microprobe analysis, which utilizes this expression, is outlined. The procedure should lead to significant improvements in both accuracy and detection limits in this method of X‐ray analysis.
Invasive and Noninvasive Group A Streptococcal Isolates with Different<i>speA</i>Alleles in The Netherlands: Genetic Relatedness and Production of Pyrogenic Exotoxins A and B (1999)

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPE-A) and SPE-B have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe group A streptococcal (GAS) disease. We studied 31 invasive GAS strains including 18 isolates from patients with toxic shock syndrome and 22 noninvasive strains isolated in The Netherlands between 1994 and 1998. These strains were associated with the different allelic variants of the gene encoding SPE-A. We selected endemic strains with speA-positive M and T serotypes: speA2-associated M1T1 and M22-60T12 strains, speA3-associated M3T3 strains, and speA4-associated M6T6 strains. Since speA1-positive isolates were not frequently encountered, we included speA1 strains of different serotypes. The GAS strains were compared genotypically by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and phenotypically by the in vitro production of SPE-A and SPE-B. All strains within one M and T type appeared to be of clonal origin. Most strains produced SPE-A and SPE-B, but only a minority of the speA4-positive isolates did so. Among our isolates, speA1- and speA3-positive strains produced significantly more SPE-A than speA2- and speA4-carrying strains, while SPE-B production was most pronounced among speA1- and speA2-containing strains. There was a marked degree of variability in the amounts of exotoxins produced in vitro by strains that shared the same genetic profile. We conclude that the differences in the in vitro production of SPE-A and SPE-B between our selected strains with identical M and T types were not related to either genetic heterogeneity or the clinical course of GAS disease in the patient from whom they were isolated.
북한 도시 연구를 위한 도시지리학의 주요 연구방법 검토 (2013)

본 연구는 현재까지 이루어진 도시지리학적 접근 방법과 연구 영역을 북한 도시 연구에 어떻게 적용할 수 있을지 검토하기 위한 것이다. 구체적인 연구 영역은 도시체계적 측면, 도시구조적 측면, 사회활동의 일상 생활사 측면으로 구분하여 살펴보았다. 첫째, 북한 도시에 대한 도시체계적 접근에서 볼 때, 북한 도시의 인구규모와 공간적 분포 등을 시계열적으로 파악할 수 있다면 도시체계의 특성과 변화과정에 대한 분석이 이루어질 것으로 판단된다. 다만, 북한 사회의 정치적인 요인에 따라 도시체계상의 왜곡이 발생할 수 있다는 점은 고려해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 사회주의 국가인 북한의 도시 구조는 자본주의 도시와 다른 모습을 지니고 있다. 사회주의 이념이 도시공간구조에 반영되어 있기 때문에 비효율적인 토지이용과 획일적인 도시구조가 나타날 수 있다. 이 때문에 북한 도시의 특수한 상황에 적합한 도시구조의 조성 요소의 추출, 조직과 구조 메카니즘에 대한 분석과 해석이 필요하다. 셋째, 생활공간과 관련된 미시적 수준의 도시연구에서는 도시 거주자들의 구술자료를 활용할 수 있는데, 이는 개인적 도시 경험을 일상적인 생활의 지도화를 통해 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 특히 접근이 불가능하고 문헌자료를 확보하기 어려운 북한 도시를 연구하는데 북한에서 생활했던 탈북 이주민들의 구술자료가 중요한 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있다는 점에 의미가 크다.
Idiopathic Hypercalciuria (1989)

Idiopathic hypercalciuria, defined as the urinary excretion of more than 300 mg. calcium per day in men or more than 250 mg. calcium per day in women, or more than 4 mg. calcium per kg. per day, is observed in about 50 per cent of the patients with calcium oxalate/apatite nephrolithiasis and is one of the risk factors for stone formation. These patients do not exhibit hypercalcemia, elevated serum parathyroid hormone concentrations or urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate excretion nor clinical evidence of sarcoidosis, other granulomas or a malignancy. Hypophosphatemia may be present. Augmented rates of intestinal absorption of dietary calcium account for most of the increments in urinary calcium. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations are in the upper normal range or elevated among many patients and are normal but not suppressed in the others. Activation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D formation may be secondary to hypophosphatemia or other, as yet undefined, factors. Since, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D apparently can up-regulate its own receptor, small increments in its synthesis and blood levels could amplify the effect of the hormone to stimulate intestinal calcium absorption. Calcium balances are slightly but significantly negative and urinary hydroxyproline excretion may be increased so that a generalized disorder of calcium homeostasis also involving bone may be present. Additional studies are required to determine the genetic basis for the occurrence of idiopathic hypercalciuria in families, the cause of greater expression of idiopathic hypercalciuria in men and whether environmental factors (high dietary sodium chloride, protein and purified carbohydrate intakes) contribute to the expression of idiopathic hypercalciuria. Although thiazide diuretics, inorganic phosphate, magnesium hydroxide and potassium citrate have provided effective therapy, prospective studies are needed to determine optimum therapy and the optimum duration of treatment.
MQTT-Topics Management System for sharing of Open Data (2017)

At present, the sharing of open data in any city is importance. The shared data, e.g., flood monitoring data, earthquake data, or traffic data, can be used to improve the way of human life. MQTT, the lightweight messaging protocol based on the publish-subscribe concept, is the most popular protocols used to share these data. There are two elements of MQTT messaging for sharing of any data; topic and message. The first one is used to define which the subscriber are received which data and the data that we need to share are presented in the message element. To share the data with MQTT protocol, MQTT-Topic Naming Criteria of Open Data for Smart Cities (MTNC) was proposed in our previous work. In this paper, we propose MQTT-Topics Management System (MTMS) to manage the topics of the MQTT messages shared by any publisher based on MTNC. The experimental result shows that the proposed system get the high average score of usability, design and the benefits.
Back to the Future with Phenotypic Screening (2014)

There are no disease-modifying drugs for any old age associated neurodegenerative disease or stroke. This is at least in part due to the failure of drug developers to recognize that the vast majority of neurodegenerative diseases arise from a confluence of multiple toxic insults that accumulate during normal aging and interact with genetic and environmental risk factors. Thus, it is unlikely that the current single target approach based upon rare dominant mutations or even a few preselected targets is going to yield useful drugs for these conditions. Therefore, the identification of drug candidates for neurodegeneration should be based upon their efficacy in phenotypic screening assays that reflect the biology of the aging brain, not a single, preselected target. It is argued here that this approach to drug discovery is the most likely to produce safe and effective drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Kinetics of Non-Catalytic Esterification of Free Fatty Acids Present in Jatropha Oil (2016)

Non-catalytic esterfication of free fatty acids (FFA) present in vegetable oils is an alternative pretreatment process for the biodiesel production. Biodiesel, consists of long-chain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and is obtained from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fat. This study presents kinetics of thermal esterification of free fatty acids present in jatropha oil with methanol. The effect of process parameters like reaction time (1-5 h), temperature (170-190°C) and oil to methanol ratio (1:3-1:5) at constant pressure was investigated. The optimal conditions were found to be oil to methanol ratio of 1:4, 190°C, at 27.1 bar and 5 h which gave a maximum conversion of 95.1%. A second order kinetic model for both forward and backward reactions was proposed to study the reaction system. A good agreement was observed between the experimental data and the model values. The activation energy for forward reaction and the heat of reaction were found to be 36.364 Kcal/mol and 1.74 Kcal/mol respectively.
Pulse evolution in a broad-bandwidth Ti:sapphire laser (1994)

We demonstrate that by operating near the zero second- and third-order dispersion point in a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser we can generate sub-10-fs pulses. Our numerical simulations show that the pulse duration is limited by fourth-order dispersion and that shorter pulses will be possible if this can be reduced. Also, by inserting a pellicle in various positions in a Ti:sapphire cavity, we have measured the intracavity pulse duration and chirp of the circulating pulse in the laser. Our results demonstrate that the pulse is shortest near the middle of the laser crystal, in one direction of propagation. In the other direction of propagation, the pulse is positively chirped and several times longer.
The potential of dwell-free eye-typing for fast assistive gaze communication (2012)

We propose a new research direction for eye-typing which is potentially much faster: dwell-free eye-typing. Dwell-free eye-typing is in principle possible because we can exploit the high redundancy of natural languages to allow users to simply look at or near their desired letters without stopping to dwell on each letter. As a first step we created a system that simulated a perfect recognizer for dwell-free eye-typing. We used this system to investigate how fast users can potentially write using a dwell-free eye-typing interface. We found that after 40 minutes of practice, users reached a mean entry rate of 46 wpm. This indicates that dwell-free eye-typing may be more than twice as fast as the current state-of-the-art methods for writing by gaze. A human performance model further demonstrates that it is highly unlikely traditional eye-typing systems will ever surpass our dwell-free eye-typing performance estimate.
A figure-of-merit for evaluating the gain-bandwidth product of microstrip patch antennas (2003)

A figure-of-merit for evaluating gain-bandwidth limitations of microstrip patch antennas is proposed and applied to several different geometries. This figure-of-merit has been found to be useful for predicting the requisite properties of artificial materials which might be used to achieve electrically small antennas with remarkable gain-bandwidth performance.
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) is essential for pituitary gonadotrope function (2001)

Knockout mice lacking the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) exhibit a complex endocrine phenotype that includes adrenal and gonadal agenesis, impaired expression of pituitary gonadotropins, and absence of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). These multiple defects complicate efforts to delineate primary versus secondary effects of SF1 deficiency in different tissues, such that its direct role in gonadotropes remains uncertain. To define this role, we have expressed Cre recombinase driven by the promoter region of the common alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones (alpha GSU), thereby inactivating a loxP-modified SF1 locus in the anterior pituitary gland. Although pituitary-specific SF1 knockout mice were fully viable, they were sterile and failed to develop normal secondary sexual characteristics. Their adrenal glands and VMH appeared normal histologically, but their testes and ovaries were severely hypoplastic. alpha GSU-Cre, loxP mice had normal levels of most pituitary hormones, but had markedly decreased expression of LH and FSH. Treatment with exogenous gonadotropins stimulated gonadal steroidogenesis, inducing germ cell maturation in males and follicular and uterine maturation in females--establishing that the gonads can respond to gonadotropins. The pituitary-specific SF1 knockout mice are a novel genetic model of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism that establishes essential role(s) of SF1 in pituitary gonadotropes.
Deazapurine Solid-Phase Synthesis:  Construction of 3-Substituted Pyrrolo[3,2-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine-6-carboxylates on Cross-Linked Polystyrene Bearing a Cysteamine Linker (2005)

The first solid-phase methodology for the preparation of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines is presented. Merrifield resin bearing a cysteamine "traceless" linker was treated with 4-oxo-N-(PhF)proline benzyl ester (10; PhF = 9-(9-phenylfluorenyl)) to provide resin-bound aminopyrrole 20, which was treated with ethyl, phenyl, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl isocyanates to furnish resin-bound ureidopyrroles 21a-d. Resin-bound pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines 22a-d were then obtained by acylation of 21 using trichloroacetyl chloride in dioxane followed by treatment with Cs2CO3 in DMF. Cleavage of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines 22a-d from the resin was achieved in two steps, by oxidation of the sulfur to the sulfone followed by beta-elimination in the presence of t-BuONa. Four pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines, 24a-d, with different alkyl and aryl substituents at the N3 pyrimidine nitrogen, were thus obtained in overall yields of 42-50% and purities of 90-100%.
Nickel‐Zinc Ferrites: I, Effect of Composition on the Magnetic Properties of a Nickel‐Zinc‐(Cobalt) Ferrite (1970)

By varying the mole percent of Fe 2 O 3 in a nickel‐zinc‐(cobalt) ferrite in very small increments, it was found that an optimum composition exists. Deviations from this composition as small as 0.1% can cause a decrease in resistivity by e.g. a factor of 1000. The ferrite is stoichiometric at the optimum composition, and its resistivity has a narrow, sharp maximum; the μ o Q product is also maximal. Such a coincidence has not been previously observed. The usual eddy‐current relation between resistivity and ac losses fails to explain this phenomenon because of the very high resistivities involved.
Raising capital: can you qualify? (1988)

In summary, it is important to remember that a facility's ability to borrow is a function of historical cost-effective and well-managed operations as well as future projections of performance. Additionally, today's lenders expect such cost-effective operations to be fully explained and supported with facts, statistics, and operating results. It is also the operator's responsibility to provide planning documents which reflect adequate fore-thought in the areas of operating efficiencies, functional facilities development and planning, market planning, and patient care/quality assurance plans. Although there is ample capital available in today's market, lenders also are attempting to minimize their lending risk. As a result, it is incumbent upon the borrower to be well positioned to respond and to establish operational performance ability.
A security model for military message systems (1984)

Military systems that process classified information must operate in a secure manner; that is, they must adequately protect information against unauthorized disclosure, modification, and withholding. A goal of current research in computer security is to facilitate the construction of multilevel secure systems, systems that protect information of different classifications from users with different clearances. Security models are used to define the concept of security embodied by a computer system. A single model, called the Bell and LaPadula model, has dominated recent efforts to build secure systems but has deficiencies. We are developing a new approach to defining security models based on the idea that a security model should be derived from a specific application. To evaluate our approach, we have formulated a security model for a family of military message systems. This paper introduces the message system application, describes the problems of using the Bell-LaPadula model in real applications, and presents our security model both informally and formally. Significant aspects of the security model are its definition of multilevel objects and its inclusion of application-dependent security assertions. Prototypes based on this model are being developed.