gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sources of Error in the Coding of Questionnaire Data (1974)

Errors made in the coding of a set of 1,209 relatively structured questionnaires were examined in an effort to discover characteristics of the data set and of the coding instructions which contributed to the occurrence of error. Items included in the questionnaire were ordered with respect to the complexity of the coding task involved. The number of errors per decision was found to vary directly with the level of complexity of the task. Closer examination of the types of decisions involved, including the computation of proportion agreement with criterion codes and validity coefficients, revealed sources of error within different levels of complexity. The use of non-mutually exclusive sets of coding categories was found to introduce error into the coding process, and it is suggested that this error is not reflected in resultant measures of reliability and validity. Decisions made in a series applying the same set of categories to a number of similar responses within an item were found to effect lower validity coefficients for later decisions in the series.
Molecular Diversity of K<sup>+</sup> Channels (1999)

K+ channel principal subunits are by far the largest and most diverse of the ion channels. This diversity originates partly from the large number of genes coding for K+ channel principal subunits, but also from other processes such as alternative splicing, generating multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene, heteromeric assembly of different principal subunits, as well as possible RNA editing and posttranslational modifications. In this chapter, we attempt to give an overview (mostly in tabular format) of the different genes coding for K+ channel principal and accessory subunits and their genealogical relationships. We discuss the possible correlation of different principal subunits with native K+ channels, the biophysical and pharmacological properties of channels formed when principal subunits are expressed in heterologous expression systems, and their patterns of tissue expression. In addition, we devote a section to describing how diversity of K+ channels can be conferred by heteromultimer formation, accessory subunits, alternative splicing, RNA editing and posttranslational modifications. We trust that this collection of facts will be of use to those attempting to compare the properties of new subunits to the properties of others already known or to those interested in a comparison between native channels and cloned candidates.
Biomaterials with Antibacterial and Osteoinductive Properties to Repair Infected Bone Defects (2016)

The repair of infected bone defects is still challenging in the fields of orthopedics, oral implantology and maxillofacial surgery. In these cases, the self-healing capacity of bone tissue can be significantly compromised by the large size of bone defects and the potential/active bacterial activity. Infected bone defects are conventionally treated by a systemic/local administration of antibiotics to control infection and a subsequent implantation of bone grafts, such as autografts and allografts. However, these treatment options are time-consuming and usually yield less optimal efficacy. To approach these problems, novel biomaterials with both antibacterial and osteoinductive properties have been developed. The antibacterial property can be conferred by antibiotics and other novel antibacterial biomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles. Bone morphogenetic proteins are used to functionalize the biomaterials with a potent osteoinductive property. By manipulating the carrying modes and release kinetics, these biomaterials are optimized to maximize their antibacterial and osteoinductive functions with minimized cytotoxicity. The findings, in the past decade, have shown a very promising application potential of the novel biomaterials with the dual functions in treating infected bone defects. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of novel biomaterials with both antibacterial and osteoinductive properties.
In Vivo Cyclic Voltammetry in Cotton Under Field Conditions (1983)

The method of cyclic voltammetry was applied to a bioelectrochemical system consisting of a palladium electrode inserted into a cotton plant and a reference electrode connected to the stem. Preliminary in vitro tests of the electrode system in a phosphate buffer established basic cyclic voltammograms and the presence of palladium oxides. Subsequent in vivotests in a commercial cotton field yielded the same basic voltammogram. These results indicate the absence of an active redox couple in the plant apoplast electrolyte in the range of rest potentials normally encountered by the electrode system. Additional in vitro tests suggest the influence of oxygen on the rest potentials of cotton. The voltammograms from different anatomical regions of the plant were essentially the same.
Artificially increasing intraocular pressure causes flicker sensitivity losses. (1990)

It has been reported that psychophysical flicker sensitivity, electroretinogram (ERG), pattern electroretinogram (P-ERG), and visual evoked cortical potential (VECP) responses are affected by ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Moreover, it has also been revealed that artificially augmented intraocular pressure (IOP) impairs electrophysiologic responses. In this investigation the authors varied the levels of IOP of ten normal subjects and determined their flicker sensitivities at these levels. Temporarily elevated IOPs were produced by exerting pressure on the eyeball through the eyelids by a new type of ophthalmodynamometer. The results obtained showed that increasing IOP produced loss of flicker sensitivity. For an IOP of 27.2 +/- 2.1 mm Hg, significant losses occurred in the range of frequencies lower than 20 Hz. For a higher IOP (40.7 +/- 2.1 mm Hg) the loss was significantly at frequencies higher than 5 Hz. However, the critical flicker frequency was not affected significantly at either level of IOP. The authors also discovered a phenomenon, called "curtain phenomenon," in that for a critical level of IOP, a high flicker frequency stimulus could completely fade out. The authors' results suggest that the psychophysical flicker sensitivity measurement is a more sensitive technique for the investigation of the effect of the variation of the IOP and that the curtain phenomenon constitutes an interesting indication for additional study of the ocular hypertension mechanism.
Accurate mass measurements by Fourier transform mass spectrometry in the study of advanced glycation end products/peptides (2003)

The Maillard reaction occurring between sugars and amino groups is important in living systems. When amino groups belonging to protein chains are involved, the Maillard reaction has been invoked as responsible for protein cross-linking and the production of 'toxic' compounds. The reaction leads to the production of a heterogeneous group of substances, usually called advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Classical analytical approaches, such as spectroscopic (ultraviolet, fluorescence) and mass spectrometric (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) methods, have shown that the digestion mixture is highly complex. However, there are clear differences between the digestion mixtures of glycated and unglycated human serum albumin (HSA). In the former case, possible glycated peptides belonging to the AGE peptide class may be identified. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments on selected species seemed to be promising as regards structural information, but it was thought of interest to undertake the present investigation, based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, in order to obtain definitive results on their elemental composition. Using this approach, about 20 glycated peptides were detected and their possible structures were postulated by examining the known sequence of HSA.
Attention-Aware Discrimination for MR-to-CT Image Translation Using Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks (2020)

A-CycleGANs were a superior alternative to state-of-the-art MR-to-CT image translation methods.© RSNA, 2020.
Current role and future evolution of the ISDN Signaling system in NTT's network (1990)

The current role of the integrated services digital network (ISDN) Signaling System is examined, covering general features of the ISDN protocol, functionalities supporting ISDN services, and functionalities supporting existing services. The Signaling System No.7 (SS7) network and its operation are described. The future evolution of the ISDN signaling system is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mini‐review: Defense strategies and immunity‐related genes (2003)

The immune system is of crucial importance in defense against infection. It has to cope with a large number of different pathogens that relentlessly develop new ways to avoid recognition or elimination. Yet most infections are cleared. Immune-system genes must evolve to keep pace with increasingly sophisticated evasion by pathogens. In this article we examine features of human defense genes that reflect the demands imposed by such intense selection. Key examples are MHC and KIR genes, where features such as polygeny and polymorphism facilitate the comprehensive logistics needed to counteract infection.
Dynamic wavelength equalizer in silica using the single-filtered-arm interferometer (1999)

A dynamic wavelength equalizer that can control attenuation at 22 points across 35 nm of spectrum in a smooth manner is presented. It achieves low loss (4.7 dB), because it consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a wavelength-dependent element in only one arm. Additional development is needed to reduce the polarization sensitivity.
United in diversity (2015)

The Lawyer UK 200
Diversity in firms
Law firms may have been slow to recognise the benefits of a diverse workforce but a select few are now making good progress. Using UK 200 research, we reveal those at the vanguard of inclusivity and the initiatives they are employing to rid their ranks of bias
In the five years since The Lawyer published its first diversity report, much has been done to promote and improve diversity across the profession. Firms at the top of the market have formalised and integrated diversity programmes while, as the Diversity Pioneers section in the full UK 200: Diversity Audit highlights, others from across the spectrum have found ways of making their organisations more inclusive places to work
In vivo high resolution 3D-QCT of the human forearm (1998)

In vivo examinations of bone microarchitecture have become available recently through high resolution computed tomography (3D-QCT) and magnetic resonance imaging. The spatial resolution of the resulting images, however, is not sufficient to depict individual trabeculae in their true shape. Nevertheless, structural indices such as relative bone volume, trabecular number, mean thickness and mean separation can be extracted with the help of a ridge detection algorithm. Precision of the procedure is of the order of 1%, accuracy is ascertained using a micro-CT based calibration. In this work we report first results of time serial examinations. Eighteen healthy postmenopausal women (no HRT) were measured at months 0, 6, and 12, and the temporal changes were analyzed. Examination site was the distal radius. The above mentioned structural indices, the average densities and the thickness of the cortical shell were determined. Of the 18 women 6 showed no significant bone loss of any kind, 5 lost primarily cancellous bone, 4 lost primarily cortical bone, and 3 had a substantial loss of cortical as well as cancellous bone. We conclude that even in a homogenous group such as postmenopausal women, there are considerable differences in the reason why bone is weakened and that high resolution 3D-QCT allows to differentiate between various types of bone loss.
REVIEWS Femmes Frauen Women. Edited by ROSSUM-GUYONFRANÇOISE VAN. (Avant Garde, 4). Amsterdam-Atlanta, Rodopi, 1990. 183 pp. Pb $30, H fl60. (1993)

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Femmes Frauen Women. Edited by FRANÇOISE VAN ROSSUM-GUYON. (Avant Garde, 4). Amsterdam-Atlanta, Rodopi, 1990. 183 pp. Pb $30, H fl60. JUDITH STILL JUDITH STILL UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XLVII, Issue 2, April 1993, Pages 242–243, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XLVII.2.242 Published: 01 April 1993
Impact of left ventricular lead position on the efficacy of cardiac resynchronisation therapy: a two-dimensional strain echocardiography study (2007)

Concordance of the LV lead site and location of the latest systolic contraction before CRT results in greater improvement in EF and cardiopulmonary workload than the non-optimal LV lead position.
LARGE-SCALE PREPARATION OF THE SULFUR-TRANSFER REAGENT 3H-1,2-BENZODITHIOL-3-ONE 1,1-DIOXIDE (1992)

(1992). LARGE-SCALE PREPARATION OF THE SULFUR-TRANSFER REAGENT 3H-1,2-BENZODITHIOL-3-ONE 1,1-DIOXIDE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 488-492.
Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities (2021)

Natural products and their structural analogues have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer and infectious diseases. Nevertheless, natural products also present challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization, which contributed to a decline in their pursuit by the pharmaceutical industry from the 1990s onwards. In recent years, several technological and scientific developments - including improved analytical tools, genome mining and engineering strategies, and microbial culturing advances - are addressing such challenges and opening up new opportunities. Consequently, interest in natural products as drug leads is being revitalized, particularly for tackling antimicrobial resistance. Here, we summarize recent technological developments that are enabling natural product-based drug discovery, highlight selected applications and discuss key opportunities.
SLS Crystallization Platform at Beamline X06DA—A Fully Automated Pipeline Enabling <i>in Situ</i> X-ray Diffraction Screening (2011)

The third beamline for macromolecular crystallography at the superbend magnet X06DA of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) was designed for maximum efficiency and a high degree of automation to serve the needs of both academic and industrial users. An integral part of the automation concept is the crystallization facility built adjacent to the X06DA experimental minihutch. This unique configuration allows users to request and evaluate crystallization experiments using nanodispensing robots and automated imaging systems. Moreover, the beamline integration of the platform enables users to test initial crystallization hits for their diffraction behavior <em>in situ</em>, i.e. in the crystallization container, in an automated manner. This new process layout designed at the SLS gives scientists a rapid feedback on important crystal parameters such as diffraction limit, anisotropy, cell parameters, or mosaicity, and thus, it aids prioritization of subsequent optimization steps, which can also be accomplished at the facility. Here we present the design of the SLS crystallization platform with its integrated <em>in situ</em> X-ray diffraction screening (<em>is</em>Xds) at beamline X06DA. A user case covering crystallization rescreening and <em>in situ</em> X-ray diffraction experiments to obtain new crystal forms with improved resolution is described.
THE SYNTHESIS OF <scp>D</scp>-<i>glycero</i>-<scp>D</scp>-<i>manno</i>-HEPTOSE (1963)

The condensation of D-altrose with nitromethane in alkaline methanol gave the corresponding epimeric 1-deoxy-1-nitroheptitols from which 1-deoxy-1-nitro-D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol was obtained in 46% yield. The 1-deoxy-1-nitro-D-glycero-D-manno-heptitol was converted to D-glycero-D-manno-heptose in 61% yield.
Transport and gain in a quantum cascade laser: model and equivalent circuit (2010)

A simple rate-equation-based model for transport and gain in quantum cascade lasers is developed. According to the model, the IV characteristics of a quantum cascade laser can be well described by equivalent circuit containing a serial connection of a Schottky diode, a tunnel diode, and a field-effect transistor. As a consequence, a quantum cascade laser can be described in terms accessible to circuit designers.
Involvement of P2Y receptors in the differentiation of haematopoietic cells (2003)

The effects of extracellular nucleotides are mediated by multiple P2X ionotropic receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. These receptors are ubiquitous, but few physiological roles have been firmly identified. In this review article, we present a survey of the functional expression of P2Y receptors in the different haematopoietic lineages by analyzing the selectivity of these cells for the various adenine and uracil nucleotides as well as the second messenger signaling pathways involved. The pharmacological profiles of metabotropic nucleotide receptors are different among myeloid, megakaryoid, erythroid, and lymphoid cells and change during differentiation. A role of P2Y receptors in the differentiation and maturation of blood cells has been proposed: In particular the P2Y(11)receptor seems to be involved in the granulocytic differentiation of promyelocytes and in the maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. It is suggested that the role of P2Y receptors in the maturation of blood cells may be more important than believed so far.
Fault Tolerant Approaches for Distributed Real-time and Embedded Systems (2007)

Fault tolerance (FT) is a crucial design consideration for mission-critical distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems, which combine the real-time characteristics of embedded platforms with the dynamic characteristics of distributed platforms. Traditional FT approaches do not address features that are common in DRE systems, such as scale, heterogeneity, real-time requirements, and other characteristics. Most previous R&D efforts in FT have focused on client-server object systems, whereas DRE systems are increasingly based on component-oriented architectures, which support more complex interaction patterns, such as peer-to-peer. This paper describes our current applied R&D efforts to develop FT technology for DRE systems. First, we describe three enhanced FT techniques that support the needs of DRE systems: a transparent approach to mixed-mode communication, auto-configuration of dynamic systems, and duplicate management for peer-to-peer interactions. Second, we describe an integrated FT capability for a real-world component-based DRE system that uses off-the-shelf FT middleware integrated with our enhanced FT techniques. We present experimental results that show that our integrated FT capability meets the DRE system's real-time performance requirements for both the responsiveness of failure recovery and the minimal amount of overhead introduced into the fault-free case.
Role of Sigma 1 Receptor in Retinal Degeneration of the<i>Ins2<sup>Akita/+</sup></i>Murine Model of Diabetic Retinopathy (2016)

Sigma1R may be a novel retinal stress modulator, and targeting it even after disease onset may afford retinal neuroprotection.
The Intehaction of Aqueous Solutions of Chlorine with Malic Acid, Tartaric Acid, and Various Fruit Juices: A Source of Mutagens (1988)

Abstract The interactions of aqueous solutions of chlorine with some fruit acids (citric acid, DL-malic acid, arid L-tartaric acid) at different pH values were studied. Diethyl ether extraction followed by GC/MS analysis indicated that a number of mutagens (certain chlorinated propanones and chloral hydrate) are present as major products in some of these samples. A number of fruit juices (orange, grape, apple, pineapple, and grapefruit) were also treated with aqueous solutions of chlorine at their pH values. The products were analyzed by GC/MS. The same mutagens that were formed by the pure acids (citric acid and DL-malic acid) were identified as major products in ether extracts of these samples. Another mutagen, dichloroacetonitrile, was also identified as a minor product in some of these juice samples. All of the major products observed in the chlorination of all five fruit juices are potentially derived from reactions of aqueous solutions of chlorine with citric or malic acid and with trace amounts of acetaldehyde and acetone in the juices. The minor product, dichloroacetonitrile, is likely derived from the chlorination of certain amino acids in the fruit juices.
Demonstration of negative chirp characteristics over wide wavelength range using monolithically integrated SG-DBR laser/electroabsorption modulator (2004)

For the first time negative large signal chirp characteristics from a widely-tunable laser/electroabsorption modulator transmitter are reported. This device employed an intermixed quantum well absorption region in the modulator. Large signal time resolved chirp measurements were made at wavelengths from 1542 to 1569 nm and were shown to exhibit negative characteristics at all wavelengths.
Hall Effect Gyrators and Circulators (2014)

Microwave circulators, which perform one-way routing of microwave signals in ultralow-temperature devices, are essential in quantum technology; but currently used circulators are too bulky for future quantum computer applications. A fundamentally different approach based on an innovative use of the Hall effect promises excellent performance at much smaller scales.
Authentication Protocols in Internet of Vehicles: Taxonomy, Analysis, and Challenges (2020)

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is treated as an extension of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication network. IoV helps in enhancing driving aids with the help of vehicle Artificial Intelligence (AI) awareness of other vehicles and their actions. IoV is connected in an adhoc networking environment which utilizes each vehicle in the network as a node, called Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), where the vehicles may be also connected to the public Internet. It is specifically important for the autonomous vehicles because they can instantaneously communicate with other vehicles surrounding them. In addition, safely avoiding accident prone zones is crucial in order to continue secure and smart transportation. Since the communication among various entities involved in the IoV environment is via open channel, it gives an opportunity to a passive/active adversary to intercept, modify, delete or even insert fake information during communication. It is then a serious concern for the vehicles users to determine whether the received information is genuine. In this survey paper, various security aspects, threats and attacks, network and threat models related to the IoV environment are discussed. Next, a taxonomy of security protocols is given that is essential to provide IoV data security. In particular, focus on various authentication protocols is given that is needed for mutual authentication among the involved entities in the IoV environment for secure communication. A detailed comparative analysis among various state-of-art authentication protocols proposed in the related IoV environment is provided to show their effectiveness as well as security and functionality features. Moreover, some testbeds are described that were designed and implemented for the IoV environment. In addition, some future challenges for IoV security protocols are also highlighted that are necessary to address in the future.