gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the role of hormones and growth factors in growth control and tissue differentiation using transplanted mammalian embryos and fetal structures. (1991)

Results obtained from our analyses of the role of hormones and growth factors in rat embryonic and fetal development are reviewed. Whole 10-day embryos or structures from 14-16-day fetuses (paws, intestines, reproductive tracts) were transplanted under the kidney capsule of syngeneic host rats of different age, sex, physiological state or level of nutrition. In intact hosts, fetal transplants grew almost as much as they would have if left in situ in the fetuses, and tissue differentiation in them was essentially normal. By contrast, growth of embryo transplants was severely depressed relative to their growth in utero, but tissue differentiation was only slightly retarded. Fetal paws grew equally well in female hosts widely diverging in age and growth rate. Thus, in such hosts growth of the fetal paw was highly independent of the growth rate of the hosts. In hosts in which growth was arrested or reduced by diabetes, hypophysectomy or food restriction, growth of paw transplants was impaired, but not as severely as that of the hosts themselves. Fetal skeletal structures were relatively independent of thyroid hormones (TH) for growth; TH dependence developed progressively postnatally. In pregnant hosts, fetal paw transplants grew as well during the first half of gestation as they did in virgin females. By contrast, during the second half of pregnancy and during both halves of the lactational period, growth of the transplants was significantly reduced. Host skeletal growth was also inhibited during late pregnancy and throughout lactation. The impaired growth during the second half of gestation was associated with a large reduction in serum IGF-I concentration and a resistance to the growth-promoting actions of GH. In the lactating hosts, serum IGF-I concentration returned almost to prepregnancy levels and the resistance to GH persisted, but at a reduced level. The direct effects of hormones, growth factors, and antibodies to them on growth and tissue differentiation in the transplants were assessed using infusion methods. Substances were infused into the renal artery of transplant-bearing kidneys via catheters attached to osmotic minipumps. The direct effects of insulin, GH, IGFs, basic FGF and EGF on transplant growth and tissue differentiation were evaluated. Insulin directly stimulated growth of transplants in diabetic hosts but GH did not have a direct effect in hypophysectomized rats. The growth-restorative effects of GH observed in hypophysectomized hosts were apparently mediated indirectly via IGF-I. Infused rat IGF-II (MSA) was more effective at stimulating growth of embryo transplants than was recombinant human IGF-I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Improvement of Vehicle Dynamics Through Braking Force Distribution Control (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The influence on vehicle dynamics of braking force distribution to four wheels has been analyzed by computer simulation and experimentation. The analytical results indicate that a suitable braking force distribution control method can improve handling and stability during braking. A new braking force distribution cintrol strategy,using a steering wheel angle feedforward function and a yaw velocity feedback function,is shown to improve vehicle dynamic behavior.</div>
Identification of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Glutamate Transporter EAAT2 (2017)

Dysfunction of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, such as stroke, brain trauma, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. EAAT2 is the main subtype responsible for glutamate clearance in the brain, having a key role in regulating transmission and preventing excitotoxicity. Therefore, compounds that increase the expression or activity of EAAT2 have therapeutic potential for neuroprotection. Previous studies identified molecular determinants for EAAT2 transport stimulation in a structural domain that lies at the interface of the rigid trimerization domain and the central substrate binding transport domain. In this work, a hybrid structure based approach was applied, based on this molecular domain, to create a high-resolution pharmacophore. Subsequently, virtual screening of a library of small molecules was performed, identifying 10 hit molecules that interact at the proposed domain. Among these, three compounds were determined to be activators, four were inhibitors, and three had no effect on EAAT2-mediated transport in vitro. Further characterization of the two best ranking EAAT2 activators for efficacy, potency, and selectivity for glutamate over monoamine transporters subtypes and NMDA receptors and for efficacy in cultured astrocytes is demonstrated. Mutagenesis studies suggest that the EAAT2 activators interact with residues forming the interface between the trimerization and transport domains. These compounds enhance the glutamate translocation rate, with no effect on substrate interaction, suggesting an allosteric mechanism. The identification of these novel positive allosteric modulators of EAAT2 offers an innovative approach for the development of therapies based on glutamate transport enhancement.
Investigation of the source of the blue field entoptic phenomenon. (1989)

The cellular source of the blue field entoptic phenomenon was investigated in two microvascular preparations using video-microscopy with lighting conditions similar to those under which the entoptic phenomenon is visualized within the human eye. In the wing of the hibernating bat, microvascular flow was simultaneously videotaped under transmission illumination at 430 nm and under unfiltered illumination. In the rat cremaster alternating observations were made using transmission illumination at 430 nm and epi-illumination fluorescence microscopy with leukocytes rendered fluorescent by intravenous Quinacrine. In both preparations, low magnification video-microscopy using 430 nm illumination produced a field of particles, which were brighter than the background, flowing within a network of dark vessels. The appearance of the particles and their movement simulated the blue field entoptic particle motion. Under higher magnification, the particles appeared brighter than the plasma gaps between red blood cells and were demonstrated to be leukocytes by morphology, by specific staining and by typical behavioral movement. The particles were observed in terminal arteriols capillaries, and post-capillary venules where they were not obscured by red blood cells. The results of this study of two microvascular preparations strongly suggest that in the human eye the blue field entoptic phenomenon is produced by leukocytes flowing within the macular retinal microvasculature.
Dual SAW sensor technique for determining mass and modulus changes (2001)

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, which are sensitive to a variety of surface changes, have been widely used for chemical and physical sensing. The ability to control or compensate for the many surface forces has been instrumental in collecting valid data. In cases in which it is not possible to neglect certain effects, such as frequency drift with temperature, methods such as the "dual sensor" technique have been utilized. This paper describes a novel use of a dual sensor technique, using two sensor materials (quartz and GaAs) to separate out the contributions of mass and modulus of the frequency change during gas adsorption experiments. The large modulus change in the film calculated using this technique and predicted by the Gassmann equation provide a greater understanding of the challenges of SAW sensing.
Considering the Effects of a Catastrophic Terrorist Attack (2006)

This report investigates the short term effects of a catastrophic terrorist attack on deaths, destruction of infrastructure, and property damage. In addition, it explores the longer range economic impacts in the weeks and months after the attack. A scenario analysis was conducted to analyze the short term effects. In the scenario, the Port of long Beach was chosen as the site of the terrorist attack. The tool of strategic gaming was used to provide information about long range economic impacts of the attack.
Diabetic Vascular Disease (2006)

It is well known that humans with diabetes have more atherosclerosis and its complications. The causes of this relationship are, however, unclear. Although recent data show that improved glycemic control reduces arterial disease in type 1 diabetes, other studies have shown that subjects with "prediabetes" have more cardiovascular disease before the development of hyperglycemia. Thus, either hyperglycemia and/or lack of insulin actions are toxic to arteries, or metabolic derangements exclusive of hyperglycemia are atherogenic. For >50 years animal models of diabetes and atherosclerosis have been used to uncover potential mechanisms underlying diabetes associated cardiovascular disease. Surprisingly, diabetes alone increases vascular disease in only a few select animal models. Increased atherosclerosis has been found in several animals and lines of genetically modified mice; however, diabetes often also leads to greater hyperlipidemia. This makes it difficult to separate the toxic effects of insulin lack and/or hyperglycemia from those caused by the lipids. These studies are reviewed, as well as more recent investigations using new methods to create diabetic-atherosclerotic models.
Performance of slurry and trickle‐bed reactors: Application to sulfur dioxide removal (1978)

Abstract Methods are developed for predicting the performance of different types of three‐phase reactors for removal of a gaseous reactant by catalytic reaction. The removal is assumed to occur by mass transport of reactant from gas‐to‐liquid and liquid‐to‐catalyst particle and then by intraparticle diffusion and reaction in the liquid filled pores. The method is applied to the oxidation of sulfur dioxide at 25°C and 1 atm using activated carbon, in the presence of water, as a catalyst. Slurry, trickle‐bed, and counterflow packed‐bed reactors are compared in terms of the key variables affecting the fraction of sulfur dioxide reacted.
Effect of Vagotomy on Serum Insulin in Rats with Paraventricular or Ventromedial Hypothalamic Lesions* (1986)

The effects of vagotomy on plasma glucose and insulin levels in rats with paraventricular nuclear (PVN) or ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions were measured during a constant glucose infusion. In one experiment, vagotomy was performed 50 min after the lesions, and in a second experiment, it was performed at the same time as the lesions. After the introduction of lesions in the PVN, there was a significantly greater rise in plasma glucose than in animals with either large or small VMH lesions, both of which had plasma glucose values similar to those in the sham-lesioned animals. The rise in insulin was greater in all three lesion groups than in the sham-operated animals. Although both plasma glucose and insulin had begun to decline before the vagotomy performed 50 min after lesioning, there was a further subsequent fall after vagotomy which was greater in the VMH-lesioned animals with large lesions than in rats with PVN lesions or small VMH lesions. In the sham-lesioned rats, there was no significant change in insulin or glucose after vagotomy. When the vagotomy and hypothalamic lesions were performed simultaneously, the glucose and insulin values in all groups were the same. The present experiments suggest that VMH and PVN exert different controls over pancreatic hormone secretion. The VMH lesions appear to remove an inhibitory effect on the vagus, with resultant hyperinsulinemia in the absence of hyperglycemia. The PVN-lesioned animals show a hyperglycemia which is abolished by vagotomy, suggesting that the PVN connects to vagal fibers which activate the glucagon secretory system in the alpha-cell of the pancreas.
Distributed Computing with BEA WebLogic Server (2003)

This paper surveys distributed computing techniques used in the implementation of BEA WebLogic Server. It discusses how application servers provide a distributed transactional infrastruc- ture that extends outward from backend data- bases. The basic treatment of data is character- ized in terms of four types of clustered services that differ in the way they manage state in memory and on disk. This paper also discusses how application servers support loosely-coupled clients, both at the transport level and at the higher level of server-to-server Web Services. Finally, this paper speculates about the development of a new application server persistence layer and its use in widely-distributed computing.
Protein kinase A inhibitors prevent the maintenance of hippocampal long-term potentiation (1993)

The possible involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) in mechanisms of long-term potentiation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural input of rat CA1 neurones was investigated using several inhibitors in vitro. If 10 microM H-8, 100 nM KT5720 or 50 microM Rp-cAMPs was applied to the bath before a triple 100 Hz/0.5 s tetanization, post-tetanic and short-term potentiation developed almost normally. However, from about 3 h after tetanization the long-term potentiation (LTP) of the field-EPSP declined with respect to the control in an irreversible manner. These data suggest that besides protein kinase C the synergistic activation of PKA is necessary for the maintenance of LTP.
Parathyroid Hormone Stimulates Circulating Osteogenic Cells in Hypoparathyroidism (2010)

It is likely that PTH stimulates bone formation by stimulating osteoblast development and maturation. Correlations between circulating osteogenic cells and histomorphometric indices of bone formation establish that osteoblast activity is being identified by this methodology.
Polarization-Modulation Emission FT-IR Measurement of Thin Organic Films on Metal Surfaces (1992)

A polarization-modulation technique has been combined with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry to eliminate the large background radiation which interferes with the infrared emission from thin organic films on metal surfaces. A step scan and a continuous scan interferometer which were combined with a photoelastic modulator were also studied, and the step scan system was found to be stabler and have a better S/N. The spectrum of a 12-nm perfluoropolyether film was obtained at 120°C by this system.
Lipase-catalysed production of biodiesel fuel from some Nigerian lauric oils (2000)

Fatty acids esters were produced from two Nigerian lauric oils, palm kernel oil and coconut oil, by transesterification of the oils with different alcohols using PS30 lipase as a catalyst. In the conversion of palm kernel oil to alkyl esters (biodiesel), ethanol gave the highest conversion of 72%, t-butanol 62%, 1-butanol 42%, n-propanol 42% and iso-propanol 24%, while only 15% methyl ester was observed with methanol. With coconut oil, 1-butanol and iso-butanol achieved 40% conversion, 1-propanol 16% and ethanol 35%, while only traces of methyl esters were observed using methanol. Studies on some fuel properties of palm kernel oil and its biodiesel showed that palm kernel oil had a viscosity of 32.40 mm2/s, a cloud point of 28°C and a pour point of 22°C, while its biodiesel fuel had a viscosity of 9.33 mm2/s, a cloud point of 12°C and a pour point of 8°C. Coconut oil had a viscosity of 28.58 mm2/s, a cloud point of 27°C and a pour point of 20°C, while its biodiesel fuel had a viscosity of 7.34 mm2/s, a cloud point of 5°C and a pour point of - 8°C. Some of the fuel properties compared favourably with international biodiesel specifications.
A region-based MRF model for unsupervised segmentation of moving objects in image sequences (2005)

This paper addresses the problem of segmentation of moving objects in image sequences, which is of key importance in content-based applications. We transform the problem into a graph labeling problem over a region adjacency graph (RAG), by introducing a Markov random field (MRF) model based on spatio-temporal information. The initial partition is obtained by fast, color-based watershed segmentation. The motion of each region is estimated and validated in a hierarchical framework. A dynamic memory, based on object tracking, is incorporated into the segmentation process to maintain temporal coherence. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on several real-world image sequences.
Valor: efficient, software-only region conflict exceptions (2015)

Data races complicate programming language semantics, and a data race is often a bug. Existing techniques detect data races and define their semantics by detecting conflicts between synchronization-free regions (SFRs). However, such techniques either modify hardware or slow programs dramatically, preventing always-on use today. This paper describes Valor, a sound, precise, software-only region conflict detection analysis that achieves high performance by eliminating the costly analysis on each read operation that prior approaches require. Valor instead logs a region's reads and lazily detects conflicts for logged reads when the region ends. As a comparison, we have also developed FastRCD, a conflict detector that leverages the epoch optimization strategy of the FastTrack data race detector. We evaluate Valor, FastRCD, and FastTrack, showing that Valor dramatically outperforms FastRCD and FastTrack. Valor is the first region conflict detector to provide strong semantic guarantees for racy program executions with under 2X slowdown. Overall, Valor advances the state of the art in always-on support for strong behavioral guarantees for data races.
Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization: A Generalized Homotopy Approach (2001)

1 Introduction.- 2 Vector Optimization in Industrial Applications.- 3 Principles and Methods of Vector Optimization.- 4 The Connection with Scalar-Valued Optimization.- 5 The Manifold of Stationary Points.- 6 Homotopy Strategies.- 7 Numerical Results.
Adaptation of the Black Yeast Wangiella dermatitidis to Ionizing Radiation: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms (2012)

Observations of enhanced growth of melanized fungi under low-dose ionizing radiation in the laboratory and in the damaged Chernobyl nuclear reactor suggest they have adapted the ability to survive or even benefit from exposure to ionizing radiation. However, the cellular and molecular mechanism of fungal responses to such radiation remains poorly understood. Using the black yeast Wangiella dermatitidis as a model, we confirmed that ionizing radiation enhanced cell growth by increasing cell division and cell size. Using RNA-seq technology, we compared the transcriptomic profiles of the wild type and the melanin-deficient wdpks1 mutant under irradiation and non-irradiation conditions. It was found that more than 3000 genes were differentially expressed when these two strains were constantly exposed to a low dose of ionizing radiation and that half were regulated at least two fold in either direction. Functional analysis indicated that many genes for amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism and cell cycle progression were down-regulated and that a number of antioxidant genes and genes affecting membrane fluidity were up-regulated in both irradiated strains. However, the expression of ribosomal biogenesis genes was significantly up-regulated in the irradiated wild-type strain but not in the irradiated wdpks1 mutant, implying that melanin might help to contribute radiation energy for protein translation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that long-term exposure to low doses of radiation significantly increased survivability of both the wild-type and the wdpks1 mutant, which was correlated with reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased production of carotenoid and induced expression of genes encoding translesion DNA synthesis. Our results represent the first functional genomic study of how melanized fungal cells respond to low dose ionizing radiation and provide clues for the identification of biological processes, molecular pathways and individual genes regulated by radiation.
Wheat Flour Lipase Inhibitor Decreases Serum Lipid Levels in Male Rats. (1995)

Triacylglycerol is digested and absorbed primarily through the action of lipase in the lingual and pancreatic juices. We used a wheat flour-derived lipase inhibitor to inhibit triacylglycerol absorption from the intestinal tract, and studied the effect on serum lipid concentration. Rats were given free access to high fat diets containing the lipase inhibitor at O (control), 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% levels for 3 weeks, and their serum triacylglycer l, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were measured at weeks 1, 2 and 3. The measured values were significantly lower in the groups receiving the lipase inhibitor than in the control group. The degree of decrease in these respects was roughly dose-dependent. Additionally, the inhibitor intake raised the fecal lipid excretion and lowered the hepatic cholesterol level. It was, therefore, assumed that the inhibition of lipase in the digestive tract interfered with lipolysis and thereby with cholesterol absorption.
An <i>in vivo</i> membrane fusion assay implicates SpoIIIE in the final stages of engulfment during <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> sporulation (1999)

Shortly after the synthesis of the two cells required for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, the membranes of the larger mother cell begin to migrate around and engulf the smaller forespore cell. At the completion of this process the leading edges of the migrating membrane meet and fuse, releasing the forespore into the mother cell cytoplasm. We developed a fluorescent membrane stain-based assay for this membrane fusion event, and we isolated mutants defective in the final stages of engulfment or membrane fusion. All had defects in spoIIIE, which is required for translocation of the forespore chromosome across the polar septum. We isolated one spoIIIE mutant severely defective in chromosome translocation, but not in membrane fusion; this mutation disrupts the ATP/GTP-binding site of SpoIIIE, suggesting that ATP binding and hydrolysis are required for DNA translocation but not for the late engulfment function of SpoIIIE. We also correlated relocalization of SpoIIIE-green fluorescent protein from the sporulation septum to the forespore pole with the completion of membrane fusion and engulfment. We suggest that SpoIIIE is required for the final steps of engulfment and that it may regulate or catalyze membrane fusion events.
S. aureus isolation from the lesions, the hands, and the anterior nares of patients with atopic dermatitis. (1998)

Staphylococcus aureus colonization is common in atopic dermatitis (AD) and can exacerbate the disease. Additionally, some evidence shows that patients with AD may act as reservoirs for S. aureus transmission to others. This study compared S. aureus colonization in AD patients and their caregivers with control patients and their caregivers. Quantitative cultures were obtained from the lesions, clinically normal skin, hands, and anterior nares of 100 patients with AD, 100 controls with other cutaneous disorders, and 200 caregivers. AD patients had a significantly greater carriage of S. aureus from lesional and clinically normal skin as well as the hand. Significant increases in carriage of S. aureus were found in the anterior nares and hands of caregivers of AD patients compared with control caregivers. Topical corticosteroid use did not affect recovery of S. aureus. There was a significant correlation between recovery of S. aureus from lesional skin and recovery from the anterior nares (p = .002) and hands (p < .0001). These findings suggest that the anterior nares and the hands may be important reservoirs and vectors for transmission of S. aureus to lesional skin and to close contacts of these patients.