gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fc Gamma Receptor CD64 Modulates the Inhibitory Activity of Infliximab (2012)

CD64 modulates the efficacy of infliximab both in vitro and ex vivo, whereas the presence of this receptor has no impact on the inhibitory activity of certolizumab-pegol, which lacks Fc fragment. These data could be helpful in both predicting and evaluating the outcome of anti-TNF therapy in IBD patients with elevated systemic and local levels of Fc receptors.
Uranium mining in France (1986)

Since the onset of the first ''oil shock'' in 1974, France has pursued a policy of steadily increasing energy independence based on nuclear power for generation of electricity. In 1973, nuclear reactors supplied only 8% of France's electrical power. A strong development effort lifted the nuclear share to 23% in 1980, to 66% in 1985, and the plan is to raise the total to 75% by 1990. In 1976, Cogema (Compagnie Generale des Matieres Nucleaires) was organized from the production division of France's Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) to handle fuel supply and spent fuel reprocessing for the expanding industry (see subsequent article on Cogema). In parallel with growth of the French nuclear power, Cogema has become a world leader in all aspects of the fuel cycle, providing services not only domestically but internationally as well. As a uranium mining company, Cogema has steadily developed domestic and foreign sources of supply, and over the years it has maintained the world's strongest uranium exploration effort throughout the ups and downs of the market. As a result, the company has become the world's leading uranium supplier, with about 20% of total production contributed either by its domestic mining divisions or overseas subsidiaries.
Solution properties of ionomers. 2. Simple salt effect (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolution properties of ionomers. 2. Simple salt effectM. Hara, J. Wu, and A. H. LeeCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 2, 754–757Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00192a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00192a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views196Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
制定诊疗规范——标准、指南和选择 (2006)

制定一个诊疗规范，与对一个病人作出具体诊疗方案有相似性。在此两种情况中，人们必须鉴别可用的选择、评价不同选择的结果、确定这些结果是否合乎病人的意愿。诊疗规范可认定为一般的决定——是供给一组病人诊疗而不是一个病人诊疗的建议。
Natural poly(L-malic acid): NMR shows a poly(3-hydroxy acid)-type structure (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNatural poly(L-malic acid): NMR shows a poly(3-hydroxy acid)-type structureS. Cammas, P. Guerin, J. P. Girault, E. Holler, Y. Gache, and M. VertCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 17, 4681–4684Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00069a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00069a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views355Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Derivatives of 5(6)‐Aminobenzimidazole (1987)

Abstract The 2‐nitro‐5‐aminoanilines (IIa)‐(IIf), which are prepared starting from 2‐nitro‐5‐chloroaniline (I), are converted to the corresponding triamines by hydrogenation in the presence of Raney‐Ni.
GNOSIS: THE FIRST INSTRUMENT TO USE FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS FOR OH SUPPRESSION (2013)

The near-infrared is an important part of the spectrum in astronomy, especially in cosmology because the light from objects in the early universe is redshifted to these wavelengths. However, deep near-infrared observations are extremely difficult to make from ground-based telescopes due to the bright background from the atmosphere. Nearly all of this background comes from the bright and narrow emission lines of atmospheric hydroxyl (OH) molecules. The atmospheric background cannot be easily removed from data because the brightness fluctuates unpredictably on short timescales. The sensitivity of ground-based optical astronomy far exceeds that of near-infrared astronomy because of this long-standing problem. GNOSIS is a prototype astrophotonic instrument that utilizes 'OH suppression fibers' consisting of fiber Bragg gratings and photonic lanterns to suppress the 103 brightest atmospheric emission doublets between 1.47 and 1.7 μm. GNOSIS was commissioned at the 3.9 m Anglo-Australian Telescope with the IRIS2 spectrograph to demonstrate the potential of OH suppression fibers, but may be potentially used with any telescope and spectrograph combination. Unlike previous atmospheric suppression techniques GNOSIS suppresses the lines before dispersion and in a manner that depends purely on wavelength. We present the instrument design and report the results of laboratory and on-sky tests from commissioning. While these tests demonstrated high throughput (60%) and excellent suppression of the skylines by the OH suppression fibers, surprisingly GNOSIS produced no significant reduction in the interline background and the sensitivity of GNOSIS+IRIS2 is about the same as IRIS2. It is unclear whether the lack of reduction in the interline background is due to physical sources or systematic errors as the observations are detector noise dominated. OH suppression fibers could potentially impact ground-based astronomy at the level of adaptive optics or greater. However, until a clear reduction in the interline background and the corresponding increasing in sensitivity is demonstrated optimized OH suppression fibers paired with a fiber-fed spectrograph will at least provide a real benefit at low resolving powers.
Designing Operational Effectiveness of Autonomously Decided Countermeasures (2012)

통합 전자전 환경에서 항공기는 위협에 대한 최적의 대응기법을 선정하여 생존률을 높이는 것이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 모의 전자전 환경에서 지정된 경로를 따라 이동하는 항공기가 위협을 확인하고 확인된 위협에 대하여 사용하는 대응기법의 예상 성공확률을 모델링하며, 자율적으로 대응기법을 결정하는 방법론을 제안한다. 이와 같이 자율적으로 결정한 대응기법의 운용효과도를 정량적으로 설계하며, 예제 시나리오에서 어떻게 운용효과도를 계산할 수 있는지를 나타낸다. 제안한 방법론을 검증하기 위한 실험에서 다양한 위협에 대하여 대응기법이 성공할 확률과 자율적으로 결정한 대응기법의 질적인 수준에 대한 비교를 수행하였다. 비교실험에서 제안한 방법론에 의한 대응기법의 결정이 대응기법을 임의로 선택한 전략보다 약 12% 높게 나타났음을 알 수 있었다. It is indispensable that aircrafts in electrical warfare settings endeavour to improve their survivability by selecting optimal countermeasures against threats. In this paper, we model the successful probabilities of aircraft survivability equipments that remove threats encountered, and also propose a framework for the aircrafts to autonomously decide their countermeasures. And then, we design the operational effectiveness of the aircraft survivability equipments, and quantitatively formulate the operational effectiveness into the form of reduction in lethality (RL). We actually show how the operational effectiveness can be computed in simulated example scenarios. To verify our framework proposed in this paper, we experimented with the successful probabilities of aircraft survivability equipments and the autonomous decision-making against threats in various electronic warfare settings. In the experiments, it turns out that our agents outperform the agents that randomly choose their countermeasures, which is 12% more efficient in their performance.
Towards Fast Computation of Certified Robustness for ReLU Networks (2018)

Verifying the robustness property of a general Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) network is an NP-complete problem [Katz, Barrett, Dill, Julian and Kochenderfer CAV17]. Although finding the exact minimum adversarial distortion is hard, giving a certified lower bound of the minimum distortion is possible. Current available methods of computing such a bound are either time-consuming or delivering low quality bounds that are too loose to be useful. In this paper, we exploit the special structure of ReLU networks and provide two computationally efficient algorithms Fast-Lin and Fast-Lip that are able to certify non-trivial lower bounds of minimum distortions, by bounding the ReLU units with appropriate linear functions Fast-Lin, or by bounding the local Lipschitz constant Fast-Lip. Experiments show that (1) our proposed methods deliver bounds close to (the gap is 2-3X) exact minimum distortion found by Reluplex in small MNIST networks while our algorithms are more than 10,000 times faster; (2) our methods deliver similar quality of bounds (the gap is within 35% and usually around 10%; sometimes our bounds are even better) for larger networks compared to the methods based on solving linear programming problems but our algorithms are 33-14,000 times faster; (3) our method is capable of solving large MNIST and CIFAR networks up to 7 layers with more than 10,000 neurons within tens of seconds on a single CPU core. In addition, we show that, in fact, there is no polynomial time algorithm that can approximately find the minimum $\ell_1$ adversarial distortion of a ReLU network with a $0.99\ln n$ approximation ratio unless $\mathsf{NP}$=$\mathsf{P}$, where $n$ is the number of neurons in the network.
Predicting risk from financial reports with regression (2009)

We address a text regression problem: given a piece of text, predict a real-world continuous quantity associated with the text's meaning. In this work, the text is an SEC-mandated financial report published annually by a publicly-traded company, and the quantity to be predicted is volatility of stock returns, an empirical measure of financial risk. We apply well-known regression techniques to a large corpus of freely available financial reports, constructing regression models of volatility for the period following a report. Our models rival past volatility (a strong baseline) in predicting the target variable, and a single model that uses both can significantly outperform past volatility. Interestingly, our approach is more accurate for reports after the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, giving some evidence for the success of that legislation in making financial reports more informative.
Adaptive Interpolated Time-Delay Estimation (1985)

An adaptive delay-estimation (ADE) algorithm is proposed for the continuous tracking of time-delay. The method uses an adaptive delay line which is interpolated by a first-order filter. Two delay-line interpolating filters are considered, each having a single coefficient which is estimated in real time. The first implements linear interpolation, and the second interpolates using a first-order allpass filter. Since the ADE algorithm is derived from recursive Gauss-Newton optimization, it can be viewed as a recursive maximum likelihood (RML) algorithm for time-delay estimation.
A social endorsing mechanism for location-based advertising (2014)

The proliferation of smartphones exploits many new opportunities for mobile advertising. Many researchers believe that mobile advertising will be not only a killer application in mobile commerce, but also a noteworthy business model for many emerging mobile applications to monetize. Location based advertising (LBA) is a new advertising that integrates mobile advertising with location based services. Since LBA is related to the location of smartphone users, we analyze the moving trajectory of smartphone user and then try to find out the suitable endorsers for disseminate advertising. In this paper, a mobile social advertising mechanism, which considers the factors of preference, location of service, moving trajectories of smartphone users, and the influence power of endorser, is proposed to enhance location based commerce. When the targeted users for location based service is identified, the proposed mechanism can discover the most appropriate endorsers, which can disseminate the ads to the target users at a suitable location. According to the evaluation model, location based service providers know that how to choose the endorsers for disseminating advertising messages so as to attract the most smartphone users.
High-efficiency microstrip patch antennas using non-periodic artificial magnetic conductor structure (2015)

A novel artificial ground composed by several non-periodic rectangle artificial magnetic conductor (RAMC) structures is firstly proposed, and employed as the ground plane of a probe-fed patch antenna. Based on the design strategy of parasitic patches, the dimensions and arrangements of these RAMC cells in the artificial ground as well as the size of the ground plane are investigated and discussed. As results, two RAMC-based antennas with high efficiency are proposed, which respectively can achieve very high efficiency of over 90% and stable efficiency of over 80% within the operating frequency band. For demonstration, two proposed antennas are fabricated and measured. Good agreement can be observed between the simulated and measured results.
Regioselektive Synthesen von 3,3′‐Bijuglon, Mamegakinon, Dianellinon, <i>cyclo</i>‐Trijuglon, Xylospyrin und Trianellinon durch Phenol/Chinon‐Addition (1983)

Abstract Durch regioselektive Phenol/Chinon‐Addition werden aus Juglon ( 1a ), 7‐Methyljuglon ( 1b ) und Stypandron ( 1c ) in Pyridin die Dimeren 3,3′‐Bijuglon ( 5a ), Mamegakinon ( 5c ), Dianellinon ( 5e ) und in Eisessig die cyclo‐Trimeren cyclo‐Trijuglon ( 12a ), Xylospyrin ( 12d ) und Trianellinon ( 12g ) synthetisiert.
Stable algorithm for the computation of Mie coefficients for scattered and transmitted fields of a coated sphere (1993)

The Mie coefficients and the electric-field vector inside a spherical, layered particle are presented in a form which is more suitable for computations. Difficulties in the computation occur especially for large, absorbing spheres, due to numerical instabilities in the computation of Besselfunctions with complex arguments. This can be avoided by rearranging the Mie coefficients, so that only ratios and logarithmic derivatives of Besselfunctions are used. A suitable analytical expression for the coefficients of the scattered and transmitted fields and the electric-field vector is given.
Reversible inhibition of neutrophil elastase by thiol-modified alpha-1 protease inhibitor. (1991)

We have modified the single cysteine residue of alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) with HgCl2, methylmethane thiosulfonate, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and N-(1-anilinonaphthyl-4)maleimide (ANM). Whereas native alpha 1-PI combines rapidly and quasi-irreversibly with neutrophil elastase, the thiol-modified alpha 1-PI derivatives are dissociable reversible competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, with values of Ki in the range of 6-7 nM. Removal of the thiol modifications restores the rapid irreversible mode of inhibition. Once native alpha 1-PI has combined with neutrophil elastase, the enzyme-inhibitor complex retains a reactive thiol group, but the two proteins can no longer be dissociated by subsequent reaction with ANM, even after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. From kinetic measurements of fluorescence, ANM-modified alpha 1-PI combines with neutrophil elastase via an apparent biomolecular process with a second order rate constant on the order of 10(5) M-1 S-1. We estimate a dissociation rate constant on the order of 10(-3) S-1. The emission of ANM-modified alpha 1-PI is increased in intensity and blue shifted from the maximum in ANM-modified cysteine, consistent with a predominantly nonpolar environment. Association with neutrophil elastase results in an additional blue shift with further increase in intensity, consistent with a further decrease in polarity of the environment of the cysteine. Modification with methylmethane thiosulfonate or GSSG results in a small decrease in quantum yield and a red shift in the tryptophan emission spectrum of the modified inhibitor, suggestive of increased polarity of the environment of at least 1 of the 2 tryptophan residues in alpha 1-PI. These changes are reversed by dithiothreitol and are consistent with a conformational change which transforms the inhibitory activity from a rapid, irreversible mode in native alpha 1-PI to a dissociable competitive mode in the mixed disulfide derivatives.
Towards a manageable solution to the iterative development of embedded knowledge-based systems (2002)

The project management, knowledge acquisition, and testing traceability of knowledge-based systems are addressed. Conventional software engineering mechanisms are utilized and woven into a process that encompasses the entire development lifecycle. Over the course of several KBS development projects, a process has been created and a suite of tools that assist in its execution has been selected. The projects have ranged from typical interactive-type systems to embedded and flight-worthy code. It was found that knowledge acquisition is key to the KBS lifecycle. A sophisticated tool, gIBIS, was used to combat this problem. This tool provides a visual and expedient methodology for the categorization of data, its representation and relationships, intuitive interface, and high-level prototyping capabilities. Traditional software engineering mechanisms have been coupled to gIBIS to create a flexible environment for the development and management of KBSs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance of Amplified DNA in an Illumina GoldenGate BeadArray Assay (2008)

Whole genome amplification (WGA) offers a means to enrich DNA quantities for epidemiologic studies. We used an ovarian cancer study of 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2,368 samples to assess performance of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) WGA using an Illumina GoldenGate BeadArray. Initial screening revealed successful genotyping for 93.4% of WGA samples and 99.3% of genomic samples, and 93.2% of SNPs for WGA samples and 96.3% of SNPs for genomic samples. SNP failure was predicted by Illumina-provided designability rank, %GC (P < or = 0.002), and for WGA only, distance to telomere and Illumina-provided SNP score (P < or = 0.002). Distance to telomere and %GC were highly correlated; adjustment for %GC removed the association between distance to telomere and SNP failure. Although universally high, per-SNP call rates were related to designability rank, SNP score, %GC, minor allele frequency, distance to telomere (P < or = 0.01), and, for WGA only, Illumina-provided validation class (P < 0.001). We found excellent concordance generally (>99.0%) among 124 WGA:genomic replicates, 15 WGA replicates, 88 replicate aliquots of the same WGA preparation, and 25 genomic replicates. Where there was discordance, it was across WGA:genomic replicates but limited to only a few samples among other replicates suggesting the introduction of error. Designability rank and SNP score correlated with WGA:genomic concordance (P < 0.001). In summary, use of MDA WGA DNA is feasible; however, caution is warranted regarding SNP selection and analysis. We recommend that biological SNP characteristics, notably distance to telomere and GC content (<50% GC recommended), as well as Illumina-provided metrics be considered in the creation of GoldenGate assays using MDA WGA DNA.
Ask the locals: Multi-way local pooling for image recognition (2011)

Invariant representations in object recognition systems are generally obtained by pooling feature vectors over spatially local neighborhoods. But pooling is not local in the feature vector space, so that widely dissimilar features may be pooled together if they are in nearby locations. Recent approaches rely on sophisticated encoding methods and more specialized codebooks (or dictionaries), e.g., learned on subsets of descriptors which are close in feature space, to circumvent this problem. In this work, we argue that a common trait found in much recent work in image recognition or retrieval is that it leverages locality in feature space on top of purely spatial locality. We propose to apply this idea in its simplest form to an object recognition system based on the spatial pyramid framework, to increase the performance of small dictionaries with very little added engineering. State-of-the-art results on several object recognition benchmarks show the promise of this approach.
Lung MRI using an MR‐compatible active breathing control (MR‐ABC) (2007)

This work introduces an MR-compatible active breathing control device (MR-ABC) that can be applied to lung imaging. An MR-ABC consists of a pneumotachograph for respiratory monitoring and an airway-sealing unit. Using an MR-ABC, the subjects were forced to suspend breathing for short time intervals, which were used in turn for data acquisition. While the breathing flow was stopped, data acquisition was triggered by ECG to achieve simultaneous cardiac and respiratory synchronization and thus avoid artifacts from blood flow or heart movement. The flow stoppage allowed a prolonged acquisition window of up to 1.5 sec. To evaluate the potential of an MR-ABC for segmented k-space acquisition, diaphragm displacement was investigated in five volunteers and compared with images acquired using breath-holding, a respiratory belt, and free breathing. Respiratory movement was comparatively low using the breath-hold approach, a respiratory belt or an MR-ABC. During free-breathing diaphragm displacement was comparatively large. To demonstrate the potential of an MR-ABC, lung MRI was performed using whole-chest 3D gradient-echo imaging, multislice turbo spin-echo (TSE) imaging, and short tau inversion recovery TSE (STIR-TSE). Cardiorespiratory synchronization was used for each sequence. None of the volunteers reported any discomfort or inconvenience when using an MR-ABC. Flow stoppage of up to 2.5 sec per breathing cycle was well tolerated, therefore allowing for a reduction of the total imaging time as compared to usage of a respiratory belt or MR navigator.