gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microvascular blood viscosity in vivo and the endothelial surface layer (2005)

The apparent viscosity of blood in glass tubes declines with decreasing diameter (Fåhraeus-Lindqvist effect) and exhibits a distinctive minimum at 6-7 microm. However, flow resistance in vivo in small vessels is substantially higher than predicted by in vitro viscosity data. The presence of a thick endothelial surface layer (ESL) has been proposed as the primary cause for this discrepancy. Here, a physical model is proposed for microvascular flow resistance as a function of vessel diameter and hematocrit in vivo; it combines in vitro blood viscosity with effects of a diameter-dependent ESL. The model was developed on the basis of flow distributions observed in three microvascular networks in the rat mesentery with 392, 546, and 383 vessel segments, for which vessel diameters, network architecture, flow velocity, and hematocrit were determined by intravital microscopy. A previously described hemodynamic simulation was used to predict the distributions of flow and hematocrit from the assumed model for effective blood viscosity. The dependence of ESL thickness on vessel diameter was estimated by minimizing deviations of predicted values for velocities, flow directions, and hematocrits from measured data. Optimal results were obtained with a layer thickness of approximately 0.8-1 microm for 10- to 40-microm-diameter vessels and declined strongly for smaller diameters, with an additional hematocrit-dependent impact on flow resistance exhibiting a maximum for approximately 10-microm-diameter vessels. These results show that flow resistance in vivo can be explained by in vitro blood viscosity and the presence of an ESL and indicate the rheologically effective thickness of the ESL in microvessels.
The Microbial and Quality Properties of Poultry Carcasses Treated with Peracetic Acid as an Antimicrobial Treatment (2008)

Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. continue to be prominent food safety concerns for the poultry industry and consumers alike. Peracetic acid (PAA) has been approved as an antimicrobial for use in poultry chillers. To validate its effectiveness, 100 poultry carcasses (per replication x 2) were inoculated with Salmonella (10(6) cfu) or Campylobacter (10(6) cfu) and were randomly allocated into chill water containing chlorine (0.003%) or PAA (0.0025%, 0.01%, or 0.02%). Results indicated that PAA concentrations as low as 0.0025% were effective in decreasing Salmonella spp., whereas PAA levels of 0.02% were effective in decreasing Campylobacter spp. when compared with the chlorine treatment. A sensory study was also conducted with another set of 500 carcasses (not inoculated). Birds were treated with water, chlorine (0.003%), or PAA (0.01%, 0.015%, or 0.02%). Sensory panels and microbial data were collected weekly on randomly sampled carcasses that were stored at 4 degrees C for 21 d. The PAA-treated carcasses at 0.015% and 0.02% had an extended shelf-life compared with those treated with water or chlorine. Specifically, on d 15, the only treatments that could be served to sensory panelists were the carcasses treated with 0.015% or 0.02% PAA. The carcasses treated with water, chlorine, or 0.01% PAA had off-colors, off-odors, and high microbial counts. These results suggest that PAA may be an effective antimicrobial when used in poultry chiller applications and greater levels (>or=0.015%) may extend product shelf-life.
Indications for filter placement. (2000)

Indications for placement of a vena caval filter reflect the perception of efficacy and safety of these devices. The traditional indications include contraindications to or complications of anticoagulation. Over time, physicians have expanded these indications to include prophylactic placement in patients at high risk of pulmonary embolism. The decision to place a filter should be made only after weighing the risks and benefit in each situation. Long-term outcomes should be carefully evaluated.
Modelling the Organization of Flower Morphogenesis by Transcription Factor Networks Using Lindenmayer Systems (2001)

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Inflammatory Effects of Hypothermia and Inhaled H2S During Resuscitated, Hyperdynamic Murine Septic Shock (2010)

Inhaling hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reduced energy expenditure resulting in hypothermia. Because the inflammatory effects of either hypothermia alone or H2S per se still are a matter of debate, we tested the hypothesis whether inhaled H2S amplifies the hypothermia-related modulation of the inflammatory response. Fifteen hours after cecal ligation and puncture or sham laparotomy, anesthetized and mechanically ventilated normothermic and hypothermic mice (core temperature kept at 38°C and 27°C, respectively) received either 100 ppm H2S or vehicle. In the sham-operated animals, inhaled H2S and hypothermia alone comparably reduced the plasma chemokine and IL-6 levels, but combining hypothermia and inhaled H2S had no additional effect. The lung tissue cytokine and chemokine patterns revealed a similar response. During sepsis, inhaled H2S reduced the blood cytokine concentrations only, without effects on the plasma chemokine or the lung tissue levels. Again, inhaled H2S had no major additional effect during hypothermia. With or without sepsis, inhaled H2S and hypothermia alone comparably reduced the lung tissue heme oxygenase 1 expression, whereas inhaled H2S had no additional effect during hypothermia. Lung tissue nuclear transcription factor κB activation was reduced by combining H2S with hypothermia in the sham-operated animals, whereas it was increased by inhaled H2S during sepsis. Hypothermia amplified this response. Hence, during anesthesia and mechanical ventilation, inhaled H2S exerted anti-inflammatory effects, which were, however, not amplified by adding deliberate hypothermia. Sepsis attenuated these anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled H2S, which were at least in part independent of the nuclear transcription factor κB pathway.
Increasing the accuracy of software development effort estimation using projects clustering (2012)

Software development effort is one of the most important metrics that must be correctly estimated in software projects. Analogy-based estimation (ABE) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are the most popular methods used widely in this field. These methods suffer from inconsistent and irrelevant projects that exist in the software project datasets. In this paper, a new hybrid method is proposed to increase the accuracy of development effort estimation based on the combination of fuzzy clustering, ABE and ANN methods. In the proposed method, the effect of irrelevant and inconsistent projects on estimates is decreased by designing a new framework, in which all the projects are clustered. The quality of training in ANN and the consistency of historical data in ABE are improved using the proposed framework. Two large and real datasets are utilised in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and the obtained results are compared to eight other estimation methods. The promising results showed that the proposed method outperformed the other methods on both datasets. The performance metrics of mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE) and the percentage of the prediction (PRED) (0.25) have been improved by average of 51 and 127% in the first dataset, as well as 52 and 94% in the second dataset.
On the Challenges of Effective Movement (2014)

Moving Target (MT) defenses have been proposed as a game-changing approach to rebalance the security landscape in favor of the defender. MT techniques make systems less deterministic, less static, and less homogeneous in order to increase the level of effort required to achieve a successful compromise. However, a number of challenges in achieving effective movement lead to weaknesses in MT techniques that can often be used by the attackers to bypass or otherwise nullify the impact of that movement. In this paper, we propose that these challenges can be grouped into three main types: coverage, unpredictability, and timeliness. We provide a description of these challenges and study how they impact prominent MT techniques. We also discuss a number of other considerations faced when designing and deploying MT defenses.
Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[2,3-h]isoquinolines as dopamine antagonists (1981)

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[2,3-h]isoquinolines were prepared and evaluated as dopamine antagonists and for potential neuroleptic activity. These compounds, which are analogues of the dopamine agonist apomorphine (2) in which the C-7 methylene has been removed, were found to be dopamine antagonists by in vitro receptor binding studies. However, in vivo evaluation did not suggest potential antipsychotic activity.
Monitoring of Running-in of an EHL Contact Using Contact Impedance (2016)

Running-in is an important process for elasto-hydrodynamic lubricated contacts, which affect both service life and operating performance. However, the possibilities of monitoring running-in are still poor. Therefore, the properties of electrical contact impedance as a monitoring tool were studied by using an in-house made ball on disc apparatus. The contact impedance was monitored during run-in experiments with different initial surface roughness of the discs, different slide-to-roll ratios and with pure or additive containing paraffinic oil. The relationship between surface roughness parameters, contact resistance and contact capacitance was investigated. While the contact resistance seems to be affected by the parameter Rz, the contact capacitance seems more dependent on Rq. In addition, the experiments showed that surface active additives do not necessarily need to influence the contact impedance.
Diffusion equation derived from space-time transport equation (1980)

The diffusion equation is derived from the ordinary space-time transport equation having a scattering cross section of the form σ(Ω·Ω′), Ω and Ω′ being the azimuth vectors of incident and scattered waves. The condition of applicability is examined in detail. It is shown that the diffusion equation necessarily becomes first order in time in contrast to a recent paper on a similar subject in which it is given as second order in time. This is further confirmed for the case of isotropic scattering where an exact analytical solution is obtainable. The boundary conditions on a surface of medium discontinuity are also derived in the diffusion approximation and, in this connection, the pulse-width broadening in random media is investigated in terms of the pulse moments, which are obtained by solving boundary-value problems of a simple equation in space.
Changes in Serological Type and Antibiotic Resistance of Lancefield Group D Streptococci in Chickens Receiving Dietary Chlortetracycline (1959)

SUMMARY: The effect of dietary chlortetracycline on the serological type and resistance of the streptococci found in the caeca of chickens has been investigated. In the control birds where only chlortetracycline-sensitive streptococci were present initially, Streptococcus faecium predominated and S. faecalis (mainly the proteolytic variant) was present in small numbers representing three serological types (types H 69 D5, D15 and D76). Administration of chlortetracycline, whether at a low concentration throughout life or intermittently at a high concentration, led to the emergence of a highly-resistant non-proteolytic strain of S. faecalis (type H 69 D5) which became predominant in the antibiotic treated birds. Withdrawal of chlortetracycline was followed by disappearance of type H 69 D5 and the reappearance of types D15 and D76 which were proteolytic. Type D15 remained sensitive to chlortetracycline, but type D76 had become more resistant and eventually became the predominant streptococcus in all the chickens under observation. The serological types of S. faecalis identified in these chickens are also commonly found in the human intestine.
Discriminative Training for Concatenative Speech Synthesis (2004)

In this letter, we propose an approach to train the cost functions used for unit selection in concatenative speech synthesis. We first view the unit selection as a classification problem, and we apply the discriminative training technique, which is found to be an efficient way to perform parameter estimation in speech recognition. Instead of defining an objective function that accounts for the subjective speech quality, we take the classification error as the objective function to be optimized. The classification error is approximated by a smooth function, and the relevant parameters are updated by means of the gradient descent technique.
Metal-free oxidative cyclization of acetophenones with diamines: a facile access to phenylpyridines (2015)

An efficient metal-free access to 2- and 3-phenylpyridines via oxidative coupling of acetophenones or phenylacetones with 1,3-diaminopropane has been described. The reaction involves shorter reaction time, excellent yields and a broad substrate scope. The reaction proceeds via the formation of imine, which further undergoes oxidative C-N bond cleavage, C-C bond formation and oxidation to give a pyridine skeleton. The quantum chemical calculations identified the transition state for the reaction and helped in tracing the reaction mechanism.
Performance analysis of FDDI LANs using numerical methods (2002)

Simulators are valuable tools in helping us understand how complex systems will operate and perform, without actually having to build a physical model to test. It is best to write the simulator in a higher level programming language, in our case we use Mathematica and are able to obtain fast results with excellent graphing capabilities. The goal of our research is to find a method for obtaining an estimate of the average access delay for advanced token ring based networks such as FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) or FFOL (FDDI follow on LAN). We have developed a method that will generate exact results at low to medium loaded networks. As the load level increases, the error rate also increases, this however is monitored and can be used as a confidence measure for the results obtained. A symmetric multimedia environment is used as the model, with bimodal traffic consisting of short data packets and longer video packets. The method we developed to calculate the estimated average access time under a specific network configuration as a function of varied offered load. A full listing of the Mathematica code is included in the appendix and is referenced in the analysis section.
Randomised Language Modelling for Statistical Machine Translation (2007)

A Bloom filter (BF) is a randomised data structure for set membership queries. Its space requirements are significantly below lossless information-theoretic lower bounds but it produces false positives with some quantifiable probability. Here we explore the use of BFs for language modelling in statis-tical machine translation. We show how a BF containing n-grams can enable us to use much larger corpora and higher-order models complementing a con-ventional n-gram LM within an SMT sys-tem. We also consider (i) how to include ap-proximate frequency information efficiently within a BF and (ii) how to reduce the er-ror rate of these models by first checking for lower-order sub-sequences in candidate n-grams. Our solutions in both cases retain the one-sided error guarantees of the BF while taking advantage of the Zipf-like distribution of word frequencies to reduce the space re-quirements. 1
Quantitative Analysis of Cutaneous <i>Malassezia</i> in Atopic Dermatitis Patients Using Real‐Time PCR (2006)

We quantified the cutaneous Malassezia in patients with atopic dermatitis using a real-time PCR assay. Seven to 12 times more Malassezia colonized the head and neck compared to the trunk or limbs, and the species M. globosa and M. restricta accounted for approximately 80% of all Malassezia colonization at any body site.
The Influence of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) in the Asia-Pacific Region. (2019)

In the last 15 years the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) has become a very influential basis for the design of language curricula and the assessment of language learning outcomes, not only in its home continent but around the world. This article provides a basic introduction to the CEFR and then identifies the issues that have arisen when governments and language educationists have set out to apply the framework in the education systems of Taiwan, Japan and China. There is also some discussion of initiatives to establish national frameworks as alternative to the CEFR in Australia and New Zealand. The conclusion is that it is difficult to achieve a balance between the desirability of setting international standards in language learning and the need to represent the social and educational contexts of particular countries.
Face analysis using 3D morphable models. (2015)

Face analysis aims to extract valuable information from facial images. One effective approach\nfor face analysis is the analysis by synthesis. Accordingly, a new face image synthesised by\ninferring semantic knowledge from input images. To perform analysis by synthesis, a genera-\ntive model, which parameterises the sources of facial variations, is needed. A 3D Morphable\nModel (3DMM) is commonly used for this purpose.\n3DMMs have been widely used for face analysis because the intrinsic properties of 3D faces\nprovide an ideal representation that is immune to intra-personal variations such as pose and\nillumination. Given a single facial input image, a 3DMM can recover 3D face (shape and\ntexture) and scene properties (pose and illumination) via a fitting process. However, fitting the\nmodel to the input image remains a challenging problem.\nOne contribution of this thesis is a novel fitting method: Efficient Stepwise Optimisation\n(ESO). ESO optimises sequentially all the parameters (pose, shape, light direction, light strength\nand texture parameters) in separate steps. A perspective camera and Phong reflectance model\nare used to model the geometric projection and illumination respectively. Linear methods that\nare adapted to camera and illumination models are proposed. This generates closed-form solu-\ntions for these parameters, leading to an accurate and efficient fitting.\nAnother contribution is an albedo based 3D morphable model (AB3DMM). One difficulty of\n3DMM fitting is to recover the illumination of the 2D image because the proportion of the\nalbedo and shading contributions in a pixel intensity is ambiguous. Unlike traditional methods,\nthe AB3DMM removes the illumination component from the input image using illumination\nnormalisation methods in a preprocessing step. This image can then be used as input to the\nAB3DMM fitting that does not need to handle the lighting parameters. Thus, the fitting of the\nAB3DMM becomes easier and more accurate.\nBased on AB3DMM and ESO, this study proposes a fully automatic face recognition (AFR)\nsystem. Unlike the existing 3DMM methods which assume the facial landmarks are known,\nour AFR automatically detects the landmarks that are used to initialise our fitting algorithms.\nOur AFR supports two types of feature extraction: holistic and local features. Experimental\nresults show our AFR outperforms state-of-the-art face recognition methods.
Extracting Optimal Performance from Dynamic Time Warping (2016)

Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is a distance measure that compares two time series after optimally aligning them. DTW is being used for decades in thousands of academic and industrial projects despite the very expensive computational complexity, O(n2). These applications include data mining, image processing, signal processing, robotics and computer graphics among many others. In spite of all this research effort, there are many myths and misunderstanding about DTW in the literature, for example "it is too slow to be useful" or "the warping window size does not matter much." In this tutorial, we correct these misunderstandings and we summarize the research efforts in optimizing both the efficiency and effectiveness of both the basic DTW algorithm, and of the higher-level algorithms that exploit DTW such as similarity search, clustering and classification. We will discuss variants of DTW such as constrained DTW, multidimensional DTW and asynchronous DTW, and optimization techniques such as lower bounding, early abandoning, run-length encoding, bounded approximation and hardware optimization. We will discuss a multitude of application areas including physiological monitoring, social media mining, activity recognition and animal sound processing. The optimization techniques are generalizable to other domains on various data types and problems.
BIT &#x2014; A framework and architecture for providing digital services for physical products (2010)

Mobile phones are increasingly able to read auto-id labels, such as barcodes or RFID tags. As virtually all consumer products sold today are equipped with such a label, this opens the possibility for a wide range of novel digital services building on physical products. In this paper, we discuss the problems that arise when such novel applications are deployed, and present a unified system architecture for providing mobile phone-based digital services in the Internet of Things, called BIT. BIT aims to be a “single point of interaction” for users when accessing the services of a variety of tagged objects. BIT also aids service developers and product manufacturers in deploying services linked to tagged products, by providing a cross-device development and deployment framework. We have used BIT to quickly implement nine diverse services in a prototypical fashion, and report on our inital experiences with the framework.
The JAK/STAT pathway is activated in systemic sclerosis and is effectively targeted by tofacitinib (2019)

These findings implicate the JAK/STAT pathway in systemic sclerosis skin and lung fibrosis and identify tofacitinib as a potential antifibrotic agent for the treatment of systemic sclerosis and other fibrotic diseases.