gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling Cropping in `Loadel' Cling Peach Using Gibberellin: Effects on Flower Density, Fruit Distribution, Fruit Firmness, Fruit Thinning, and Yield (1995)

Whole-tree sprays of Release LC [predominantly gibberellic acid] (GA,) were applied in a commercial peach [Prunus perisca (L.) Batsch.] orchard in the California Central Valley on three dates from mid-June (about 90 days after full bloom = 28 days before harvest) to late July (14 days postharvest) 1993 at 50, 75, 100, and 120 mg·liter -1 . Gibberellin (GA) reduced the number of flowers differentiated in 1993, thereby reducing fruit density in 1994, when sprays were applied by early July 1993. Sprays in late July did not reduce flowering and fruiting density in the following year. In 1994, there were fewer fruit located on the proximal third of the shoot after GA sprays of 75,100, and 120 mg-liter' applied on 15 June compared to hand-thinned controls, and reduction was linear with increase in GA rate. Fruit numbers in the middle and distal sections of shoots were reduced by all 15 June and some 9 July GA sprays, with fewer fruit as concentration increased. However, the distribution of fruit within shoot sections, after GA treatments during floral differentiation, expressed as a percentage of the total number of fruit along fruiting shoots, showed even fruiting compared with hand thinning. Due to reduced flowering in response to GA treatments in June and early July 1993, the hand-thinning requirement was significantly reduced, with no thinning required in 1994 from 15 June 1993 GA sprays. All sprays applied in early July resulted in 40% to 60% fewer fruit removed during thinning than the nontreated controls. Sprays in late July were ineffective. Sprays of GA applied in mid-June at 50,75, 100, and 120 mg·liter and sprays of 120 mg·liter -1 GA applied in early July (4 days preharvest) increased the firmness of `Loadel' cling peach (about 26% improvement in June sprays) in 1993. The salable yield of fruit (after removal of the undersized fruit) was the same on hand thinned and on non-hand thinned trees treated with GA on 15 June at 50 mg·liter -1 . The salable yield of fruit was increased by GA sprays of 50 and 75 mg·liter applied on 9 July 1993 compared to controls. There were no differences in fruit size (by weight or diameter) among the aforementioned treatments and hand thinning. GA sprays of 75,100, and 120 mg-liter' applied on 15 June 1993 tended to reduce salable yield, but fruit size increased with decreased yield. Based on the results obtained in 1993 and 1994, we believe that Release LC has good potential for chemically thinning peaches in California.
Ultrasonic Attenuation Caused by Scattering in Polycrystalline Metals (1965)

Ultrasonic-attenuation measurements have been made on fine-grained specimens of several metals. The grain-size distributions and ultrasonic velocities in these metals were also determined. The experimental attenuation is in good quantitative as well as qualitative agreement with current theory. Nickel and three iron alloys, one 30% nickel reported previously, the second 12% chromium (type 416 stainless steel), and the third 17% chromium and 1% carbon (type 440-C stainless steel), all gave good results. Brass also gave good results, but copper showed much twinning, which as yet is unaccounted for.
Enhancing Carrier Aggregation: Design of BAW Quadplexer With Ultrahigh Cross-Band Isolation (2020)

Carrier aggregation (CA) is a technology first introduced in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) to increase the peak data rate of 4G networks (for example, the maximum available speed) [1]. The mobile network operator can increase the total available bandwidth for a single user by aggregating multiple channels together, thereby increasing the user data rate as well as the spectrum utilization efficiency and resource allocation flexibility of the entire network. Before LTE-A, mobile network operators could allocate the spectral resource only to a particular user within a single designated frequency band, limiting the maximum channel capacity. The realization of CA allows network operators to create larger channels from nonadjacent spectrum blocks. For example, operators can use a 10-MHz carrier from the 2,100-MHz band and combine it with another 5-MHz carrier from the 700-MHz band to create a 15-MHz LTE channel. The LTE-A standard specifies that each of the component carriers (CCs) of the communication signal is limited to 20 MHz of bandwidth. Aggregation of up to five CCs allows a maximum of 100 MHz of total signal bandwidth, as depicted in Figure 1. This leads to a fivefold increase in channel capacity and data speed [2]. It is projected that CA technology will continue to be widely and intensively used in future-generation communications, such as 5G.
Genetic and Genomic Insights into the Role of Benzoate-Catabolic Pathway Redundancy in <i>Burkholderia xenovorans</i> LB400 (2006)

Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Burkholderia xenovorans LB400, a potent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degrader, have implicated growth substrate- and phase-dependent expression of three benzoate-catabolizing pathways: a catechol ortho cleavage (ben-cat) pathway and two benzoyl-coenzyme A pathways, encoded by gene clusters on the large chromosome (boxC) and the megaplasmid (boxM). To elucidate the significance of this apparent redundancy, we constructed mutants with deletions of the ben-cat pathway (the DeltabenABCD::kan mutant), the boxC pathway (the DeltaboxABC::kan mutant), and both pathways (the DeltabenABCDDelta boxABC::kan mutant). All three mutants oxidized benzoate in resting-cell assays. However, the DeltabenABCD::kan and DeltabenABCD DeltaboxABC::kan mutants grew at reduced rates on benzoate and displayed increased lag phases. By contrast, growth on succinate, on 4-hydroxybenzoate, and on biphenyl was unaffected. Microarray and proteomic analyses revealed that cells of the DeltabenABCD::kan mutant growing on benzoate expressed both box pathways. Overall, these results indicate that all three pathways catabolize benzoate. Deletion of benABCD abolished the ability of LB400 to grow using 3-chlorobenzoate. None of the benzoate pathways could degrade 2- or 4-chlorobenzoate, indicating that the pathway redundancy does not directly contribute to LB400's PCB-degrading capacities. Finally, an extensive sigmaE-regulated oxidative stress response not present in wild-type LB400 grown on benzoate was detected in these deletion mutants, supporting our earlier suggestion that the box pathways are preferentially active under reduced oxygen tension. Our data further substantiate the expansive network of tightly interconnected and complexly regulated aromatic degradation pathways in LB400.
A novel mechanism for coupling cellular intermediary metabolism to cytosolic Ca <sup>2+</sup> signaling via CD38/ADP‐ribosyl cyclase, a putative intracellular NAD <sup>+</sup> sensor (2002)

CD38 is an ectocyclase that converts NAD+ to the Ca2+-releasing second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPr). Here we report that in addition to CD38 ecto-catalysis, intracellularly expressed CD38 may catalyze NAD+-->cADPr conversion to cause cytosolic Ca2+ release. High levels of CD38 were found in the plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear membranes of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. More important, intracellular CD38 was colocalized with target ryanodine receptors. The cyclase also converted a NAD+ surrogate, NGD+, to its fluorescent product, cGDPr (Km approximately 5.13 microM). NAD+ also triggered a cytosolic Ca2+ signal. Similar results were obtained with NIH3T3 cells, which overexpressed a CD38-EGFP fusion protein. The Delta(-49)-CD38-EGFP mutant with a deleted amino-terminal tail and transmembrane domain appeared mainly in the mitochondria with an expected loss of its membrane localization, but the NAD+-induced cytosolic Ca2+ signal was preserved. Likewise, Ca2+ release persisted in cells transfected with the Myr-Delta(-49)-CD38-EGFP or Delta(-49)-CD38-EGFP-Fan mutants, both directed to the plasma membrane but in an opposite topology to the full-length CD38-EGFP. Finally, ryanodine inhibited Ca2+ signaling, indicating the downstream activation of ryanodine receptors by cADPr. We conclude that intracellularly expressed CD38 might link cellular NAD+ production to cytosolic Ca2+ signaling.
The Stiff‐hinged Helicopter Rotor (1955)

THE continual development of helicopter rotor systems has so far resulted in the use of about six main types, and it will be of value briefly to recapitulate their advantages and disadvantages in order to obtain a balanced picture against which the stiff‐hinged rotor can be judged.
Brain Metastases (2010)

Approximately 10% of patients with cancer develop brain metastases. Some evidence indicates that as techniques for treating systemic tumors improve, the incidence of brain metastases, sequestered as they are behind the blood-brain barrier, is increasing. Although usually appearing late in the course of the disease, a brain metastasis may cause the initial symptoms, before the primary cancer has been identified. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach depends on the number and location of brain lesions and the stage of the cancer. Patients with brain metastases are rarely cured. However, appropriate treatment can improve both the quality and duration of the patient's life. Treatment must be directed not only at the brain metastasis (definitive care), but also at a multitude of other symptoms that plague patients with brain metastases (supportive care). Judicious selection of pharmacologic agents and nonpharmacologic techniques can effectively treat many serious symptoms in patients with brain metastases, but injudicious selection of pharmacologic agents may have side effects and make the patient's quality of life worse. The authors review some aspects of both definitive and supportive care with particular attention to the side effects of some commonly used pharmacologic agents.
Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks (2007)

Power management is an important concern in sensor networks, because a tethered energy infrastructure is usually not available and an obvious concern is to use the available battery energy efficiently. However, in some of the sensor networking applications, an additional facility is available to ameliorate the energy problem: harvesting energy from the environment. Certain considerations in using an energy harvesting source are fundamentally different from that in using a battery, because, rather than a limit on the maximum energy, it has a limit on the maximum rate at which the energy can be used. Further, the harvested energy availability typically varies with time in a nondeterministic manner. While a deterministic metric, such as residual battery, suffices to characterize the energy availability in the case of batteries, a more sophisticated characterization may be required for a harvesting source. Another issue that becomes important in networked systems with multiple harvesting nodes is that different nodes may have different harvesting opportunity. In a distributed application, the same end-user performance may be achieved using different workload allocations, and resultant energy consumptions at multiple nodes. In this case, it is important to align the workload allocation with the energy availability at the harvesting nodes. We consider the above issues in power management for energy-harvesting sensor networks. We develop abstractions to characterize the complex time varying nature of such sources with analytically tractable models and use them to address key design issues. We also develop distributed methods to efficiently use harvested energy and test these both in simulation and experimentally on an energy-harvesting sensor network, prototyped for this work.
3D statistical neuroanatomical models from 305 MRI volumes (2005)

Recently, there has been a rapid growth in the use of 3D multi-modal correlative imaging for studies of the human brain. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes indicate brain areas involved in stimulus processing. These focal changes are often too small (<10%) to be discerned from a single subject and the experiment is repeated in a series of individuals. To investigate the extent of residual variability the authors have collected over 300 MRI volumetric datasets from normal individuals and transformed these datasets into stereotaxic space using a 3D linear re-sampling algorithm. The authors then generated a series of statistical measures which express this population nonlinear variability in the form of parametric volumes, e.g. mean intensity, intensity variance. A model for anatomical variability, expressed as the width of a Gaussian blurring kernel applied to an ideal single subject, was developed and tested against the observed data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Melanocyte lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing the MART-1 melanoma antigen in HLA-A2 patients with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease (1996)

The MART-1/Melan-A melanoma antigen recognized by the majority of HLA-A2-restricted tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes is a self antigen expressed on melanocytes and the retina. We have investigated whether Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease and sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), systemic inflammatory disorders affecting various organs containing melanocytes, are autoimmune diseases directed toward the MART-1 antigen. In two of three patients with VKH disease and one patient with SO, CD8+ T cell clones (TCC) from intraocular fluid of HLA-A2+ patients lysed T2 cells when pulsed with a HLA-A2-binding MART-1 peptide, but not a HLA-A2-binding pMel-17 or tyrosinase peptide, in a HLA-A2-restricted manner. These CD8+ TCC lysed both melanocytes and melanoma cells in a HLA-A2-restricted manner. In addition, CD8+ TCC recognizing a HLA-A2-binding MART-1 peptide were also established from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with VKH disease. In contrast, either CD4+ TCC from these patients or CD8+ TCC from the intraocular fluid of HLA-A2+ patients with uveitis associated with Behcet's disease or HTLV-I uveitis did not show this cytotoxicity. The results demonstrate that the MART-1 peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes lyse melanocytes in the eye of patients with VKH disease or SO, suggesting that these diseases are autoimmune diseases directed toward the MART-1 antigen in HLA-A2+ patients.
It Pays to Modify Existing Crude Preheat Trains to Conserve More Energy (1982)

With the cost of fuel now being so high, maximum recovery of available waste heat to preheat crude oil is an essential step in reducing the fuel consumption in a refinery. Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation has developed a special computer program called EXTRA (EXchanger TRAin) which can be used to determine which modifications to an existing crude preheat train will be most effective in economically recovering additional waste heat. The program can rigorously develop temperature profiles and heat exchanger duties in any existing, new or modified crude preheat train. Rating of existing exchangers, design of new exchangers and total capital and utility costs for new equipment is also provided.\n \nThe program allows the user to specify any type of configuration that he may want to explore. The resulting cost and other information developed by the program can then be used to find the exchanger train network which will provide the maximum crude preheat for any specified economic criterion on new capital investment. A detailed case study is shown in which EXTRA is used to modify an existing crude preheat train.
Isolation and characterization of human muscle cells. (1981)

We have developed an in vitro system for the study of postnatal human muscle under standardized conditions. The technique utilizes cloning to isolate pure populations of muscle cells. By manipulating culture conditions we can maximize either proliferation or differentiation of individual clones or of clones pooled to yield mass cultures of muscle cells. The muscle phenotype is stable; cells can be stored in liquid nitrogen for long-term use without loss of proliferative or differentiative potential. We have determined proliferative capacity of muscle cells from an analysis of clonal growth kinetics; we determined differentiative capacity from morphological evidence (cell fusion, striations, contractions, and the appearance of acetylcholine receptors) and biochemical analysis of muscle protein synthesis (creatine kinase, alpha-actin, tropomyosin, and myosin light chains). Our approach eliminates the variability in cellular composition that has complicated studies of primary muscle to date. We can now study in a controlled fashion the interactions and contributions of different cell types to the development of normal and genetically dystrophic human muscle.
Reduction of Ferric Iron in Anaerobic, Marine Sediment and Interaction with Reduction of Nitrate and Sulfate (1982)

Studies were carried out to elucidate the nature and importance of Fe reduction in anaerobic slurries of marine surface sediment. A constant accumulation of Fe took place immediately after the endogenous NO(3) was depleted. Pasteurized controls showed no activity of Fe reduction. Additions of 0.2 mM NO(3) and NO(2) to the active slurries arrested the Fe reduction, and the process was resumed only after a depletion of the added compounds. Extended, initial aeration of the sediment did not affect the capacity for reduction of NO(3) and Fe, but the treatments with NO(3) increased the capacity for Fe reduction. Addition of 20 mM MoO(4) completely inhibited the SO(4) reduction, but did not affect the reduction of Fe. The process of Fe reduction was most likely associated with the activity of facultative anaerobic, NO(3)-reducing bacteria. In surface sediment, the bulk of the Fe reduction may be microbial, and the process may be important for mineralization in situ if the availability of NO(3) is low.
An integrated progressive image coding and watermark system (2002)

The design of an integrated image coding and watermark system with the wavelet transform is examined in this work. First, the multi-threshold wavelet codec (MTWC) is used to achieve the image compression purpose. Unlike other embedded wavelet coders which use a single initial threshold in their successive approximate quantization (SAQ), MTWC adopts different initial thresholds in different subbands. A superior rate-distortion tradeoff is achieved by MTWC with a low computational complexity. Then, a non-invertible progressive watermark scheme is incorporated in MTWC for copyright protection. This watermark scheme uses the user input data to produce a Gaussian distribution pseudorandom watermark in the wavelet domain. The performance of the proposed watermark technology is supported by experimental results.
Isolation of Recombinant Antibodies against EspA and Intimin of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 (2004)

Intimin, Tir, and EspA proteins are expressed by attaching-effacing Escherichia coli, which include enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli pathotypes. EspA proteins are part of the type three secretion system needle complex that delivers Tir to the host epithelial cell, while surface arrayed intimin docks the bacterium to the translocated Tir. This intimate attachment leads to attaching and effacing lesions. Recombinant forms of these effector proteins from enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 were produced by using E. coli expression vectors. Binding of intimin and Tir fragments in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) demonstrated the interaction of intimin fragments containing the C-terminal 282 or 188 amino acids to a Tir fragment containing amino acid residues 258 to 361. Recombinant intimin and EspA proteins were used to elicit immune responses in rabbits and immune phage-display antibody libraries were produced. Screening of these immune libraries by conventional phage-antibody panning and colony filter screening produced a panel of antibodies with specificity for EspA or intimin. Antibodies recognizing different C-terminal epitopes on intimin bound specifically to the gamma intimin of O157:H7 and not to other classes of intimin. Antibodies recognizing EspA from E. coli O157 also recognized the protein from the eae-deficient O157 mutant DM3 and from E. coli O111. Anti-intimin antibodies were also produced as fusion proteins coupled to the reporter molecule alkaline phosphatase, allowing the one-step detection of gamma intimin. The isolated recombinant monoclonal antibodies were functional in a range of assay formats, including ELISA, Western blotting, and dot blots, thus demonstrating their diagnostic potential.
Airborne observations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate formation over Houston, Texas (2010)

Anthropogenic emissions of NO x (nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )), which in sunlight can be oxidized to form nitric acid (HNO 3 ), can react with ammonia (NH 3 ) to form ammonium nitrate particles. Ammonium nitrate formation was observed from the NOAA WP‐3D aircraft over Houston during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study with fast‐response measurements of NH 3 , HNO 3 , particle composition, and particle size distribution. Typically, NH 3 mixing ratios over the urban area ranged from 0.2 to 3 ppbv and were predominantly from area sources. No NH 3 enhancements were observed in emission plumes from power plants. The few plumes with high NH 3 levels from point source emissions that were sampled are analyzed in detail. While the paucity of NH 3 data in emission inventories made point source identification difficult, one plume was traced to NH 3 release from an industrial accident. NH 3 mixing ratios in these plumes ranged from 5 to 80 ppbv. In these plumes, the NH 3 enhancement correlated with a decrease in HNO 3 mixing ratio and an increase in particulate NO 3 − concentration indicating ammonium nitrate formation. The ammonium nitrate aerosol mass budget in the plumes was analyzed to assess the quantitative agreement between the gas and aerosol phase measurements. The thermodynamic equilibrium between the gas and aerosol phase was examined for one flight by comparing the modeled dissociation constant for ammonium nitrate with NH 3 and HNO 3 measurements. The high levels of NH 3 in these plumes shifted the equilibrium toward favorable thermodynamic conditions for the condensation of ammonium nitrate onto particles.
Reverse Time Migration Using Vector Offset Output to Improve Subsalt Imaging – A Case Study at the Walker Ridge GOM (2011)

Technology advances, such as WAZ/FAZ acquisition, reverse time migration (RTM) and iterative salt imaging in model building, have greatly improved subsalt image quality. However subsalt imaging under complex salt overburden is still challenging. The fundamental issue lies with the imperfect illumination from limited acquisition. In the illumination shadow zones, the migration-generated artifacts and coherent noises, such as residual multiples and converted waves, become prevalent and can severely contaminate the images to cause interpretation difficulty. Migration vector offset output provides a domain in which the true imaging energy and noise can be separated as the imaging contributions focus in different vector offset tiles according to the subsurface structure orientation (azimuth and dip). Thus selective stacking the migration vector offset outputs based on the structural interpretation can achieve migration noise reduction and improve subsalt images.