gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ASM Handbook, Volume 18: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology (2017)

The 2017 edition of Volume 18 builds on articles devoted to specific friction- or wear-critical components supported by coverage on the fundamental physical principles of friction, lubrication, and wear. In addition to basic concepts, methods of lab testing and analysis, materials selection, and field diagnosis and monitoring of friction and wear are also covered. The 2017 edition of this volume has undergone a significant expansion and revision of coverage by a new group of global experts. It has been updated with numerous material and technology developments on coatings, lubrication, tool and die wear, and a number of typical tribological components or classes of components. While it is impossible to include all the types of moving mechanical assemblies that pose tribological challenges, Volume 18 emphasizes a structured approach in analyzing complex tribosystems involving thermal, mechanical, materials, and chemical influences. The new Volume 18 provides an essential resource for a broad audience including researchers, engineers, technicians, students, and quality control personnel. The sections on solid friction, lubricants and lubrication, and wear and surface damage contain basic physical principles that help to introduce the materials-oriented professional to established concepts in tribology. The Handbook is also intended for use by individuals with a background in mechanics or lubricant chemistry seeking information on trends and developments on materials and coatings.
Boehm Titration Revisited (Part I): Practical Aspects for Achieving a High Precision in Quantifying Oxygen-Containing Surface Groups on Carbon Materials (2018)

Practical aspects of the Boehm titration method are evaluated for obtaining reliable results in the quantification of oxygen-containing surface groups in a short time. Analytical criteria such as accuracy, repeatability, precision, and robustness are applied. Oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as the model substance. Different reaction bases (NaHCO3(aq), Na2CO3(aq), NaOH(aq)) are applied and treatment times are studied. We also show that smaller amounts of carbon material can be reliably analyzed by using an autotitrator combined with a pH electrode. We find that indirect titration with Na2CO3 results in the highest titration precision and accuracy despite the lower base strength compared with NaOH. Therefore, CO2 impurities do not have to be removed and only 7 min is necessary for one titration. The titration error with respect to the proposed method is 0.15% of the aliquot volume. The mixing method during the carbon treatment with bases (stirring, shaking, ultrasound treatment) has no influence on the result as long as one allows a few hours for the reaction to complete. Finally, we provide a standard operating procedure for obtaining results with high precision during Boehm titration.
Elastic suppression in Brillouin imaging by destructive interference (2015)

Brillouin microscopy is an emerging technique to yield high spatial resolution mechanical images in a non-contact manner. The main challenge in Brillouin spectroscopy is given by the detection and the localisation of the Brillouin peaks, in particular, when a high amount of elastic light is collected. We demonstrate a purely interferometric method to suppress the parasitic light which overwhelms the Brillouin spectrum using destructive interference in a Michelson interferometer. A suppression ratio of 35 dB is readily achieved. Both double and single stage virtually imaged phased array spectrometers are tested showing that the Brillouin peaks can still be measured when the intensity of the elastic light is higher by 53 dB, hence, enabling 3D mechanical imaging of thin biological systems such as cells.
Role of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein mal1 in Obesity and Insulin Resistance (2003)

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic and inflammatory abnormalities including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. The fatty acid binding proteins aP2 (fatty acid binding protein [FABP]-4) and mal1 (FABP5) are closely related and both are expressed in adipocytes. Previous studies in aP2-deficient mice have indicated a significant role for aP2 in obesity-related insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. However, the biological functions of mal1 are not known. Here, we report the generation of mice with targeted null mutations in the mal1 gene as well as transgenic mice overexpressing mal1 from the aP2 promoter/enhancer to address the role of this FABP in metabolic regulation in the presence or absence of obesity. To address the role of the second adipocyte FABP in metabolic regulation in the presence and deficiency of obesity, absence of mal1 resulted in increased systemic insulin sensitivity in two models of obesity and insulin resistance. Adipocytes isolated from mal1-deficient mice also exhibited enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport capacity. In contrast, mice expressing high levels of mal1 in adipose tissue display reduced systemic insulin sensitivity. Hence, our results demonstrate that mal1 modulates adipose tissue function and contributes to systemic glucose metabolism and constitutes a potential therapeutic target in insulin resistance.
DNA Methylation Biomarkers of Stool and Blood for Early Detection of Colon Cancer (2013)

Detection of colorectal cancer at an early stage may significantly decrease mortality from the disease. The current screening test of colonoscopy is of high efficacy, but its acceptance in the general public is rather low. Availability of a blood- or stool-based test of DNA methylation markers is expected to improve the screening compliance for colon cancer in the general population. The goal of this review is to describe the recent advances in DNA methylation markers of stool and blood for early detection of colon cancer, and envisage future developments toward their clinical availability. More investigations should be performed to promote both basic and clinical research of DNA methylation markers in patients with colon cancer.
Evolutionary social science: The behavioral ecology approach (2002)

Author(s): Smith, Eric Alden; Winterhalder, Bruce | Abstract: Evolutionary social science applies theory and method developed in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology and economics to understand adaptive variation in human behavior, particularly social behavior. Hypotheses and models about resource use, mating and parenting strategies, and cooperation and competition are derived from evolutionary theory, and empirically tested to understand how humans adapt to their diverse natural and social environments.
Fast and facile dissolution of cellulose with tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide containing 40 wt% water (2011)

Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide containing 40 wt% water dissolved 20 wt% cellulose at the final concentration within 5 minutes under mild stirring at 25 °C.
Differential splicing of Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early RNA (1992)

A variant form of splicing of RNA crossing the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 gene was observed in the late productive cycle of EBV. This splice omits the middle exon of BZLF1 and joins the outer two exons of BZLF1 in frame, but the shortened form of BZLF1 protein (Z delta) could not be detected in natural EBV infections.
Influence of Atmosphere Firing on the Cathodo-Luminescence of Zinc Sulfide: Silver Type Phosphors (1948)

The cathodoluminescent efficiencies and spectral distributions of zinc sulfide: silver and zinc‐cadmium sulfide: silver phosphors prepared by firing in various gases were determined. Reducing atmospheres produced phosphors of low efficiency, while oxidizing atmospheres gave rise to highly efficient products. Shifts in spectral distribution also occurred with the various atmospheres. With zinc sulfide: silver phosphors, the shifts were due mainly to oxidation effects. With zinc‐cadmium sulfide: silver phosphors, both oxidation effects and selective volatilization of one of the components of the matrix determined the spectral distribution. Results indicate that reproducible samples of zinc sulfide phosphors can be prepared if all the materials used, including the atmosphere, are carefully controlled.
Virtual editing of MPEG-2 streams (2001)

The introduction of disc based video recorders for consumers brings the possibility to support virtual editing, that is editing without making a copy of the underlying A/V data. To support frame accurate virtual editing, we propose a solution that involves generating a new segment of MPEG-2 multiplex called a bridge sequence. Within the bridge sequence, some video is re-encoded and remultiplexed to ensure that the edited sequence can be played back seamlessly. The bridge sequence is stored on disc separately from the original sequences, which remain unchanged.
Cascaded micromirror pair driven by angular vertical combs for two-axis scanning (2004)

Monolithically cascaded one-axis micromirrors driven by angular vertical combs are designed and fabricated. Using "W"-shape ray optics, we demonstrate two-axis scanning covering /spl plusmn/6.0/spl deg/ two-dimensional area at resonant modes: 7.5 kHz, /spl plusmn/17 V in fast-scanning mirror, 1.2 kHz, /spl plusmn/7 V in slow-scanning mirror.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS (1956)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Going beyond integer programming with the Omega test to eliminate false data dependences (1995)

Array data dependence analysis methods currently in use generate false dependences that can prevent useful program transformations. These false dependences arise because the questions asked are conservative approximations to the questions we really should be asking. Unfortunately, the questions we really should be asking go beyond integer programming and require decision procedures for a subclass of Presburger formulas. In this paper, we describe how to extend the Omega test so that it can answer these queries and allow us to eliminate these false data dependences. We have implemented the techniques described here and believe they are suitable for use in production compilers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>In situ</i> stress measurements in zirconium and zirconium oxide films prepared by direct current sputtering (2006)

The evolution of stress during growth of thin zirconium and zirconium oxide films deposited from a metallic target using direct current magnetron sputtering has been analyzed in situ. The oxygen flow during the deposition was varied to obtain films with different stoichiometries ranging from metallic zirconium to fully stoichiometric zirconium oxide. The stresses in the metallic films depend strongly on the pressure during deposition. Films created at low pressure possess tensile stresses in the beginning of growth, which turn highly compressive with increasing film thickness. Films created at high pressures show only tensile stresses similar to evaporated metals of low mobility. The transition between metallic and oxidic zirconium films has been analyzed. The compressive stresses in the metallic film turn tensile once low amounts of oxygen are let into the chamber. This behavior is related to a structural change of the zirconium film, which was confirmed by x-ray analysis. Upon further increasing oxygen flow, the tensile stresses turn compressive again.
Identification and Characterization of the Cytoplasmic Protein TRAF4 as a p53-regulated Proapoptotic Gene (2003)

The role of p53 in tumor suppression partly relies on its ability to transcriptionally regulate target genes involved in the initiation of cell cycle arrest or the activation of programmed cell death. In recent years many genes have been identified as p53-regulated genes; however, no single target gene has been shown to be required for the full apoptotic effect. We have identified TRAF4 as a p53-regulated gene in a microarray screen using a Murine 11K Affymetrix GeneChip hybridized with cRNA from the p53 temperature-sensitive cell line, Vm10. TRAF4 is a member the TRAF family of adaptor proteins that mediate cellular signaling by binding to various members of the tumor necrosis family receptor superfamily and interleukin-1/Toll-like receptor super-family. In contrast to its other family members, TRAF4 has not been shown to bind to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily in vivo, nor has it been shown to regulate signaling pathways common to its other family members. Therefore the role of TRAF4 in a signaling pathway has not yet been established and requires further study. TRAF4 is specifically regulated by p53 in response to temperature sensitive p53, overexpression of p53 by use of an adenovirus, and stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage. The murine TRAF4 promoter contains a functional p53 DNA-binding site approximately 1 kilobase upstream of the initiating methionine. TRAF4 localizes to the cytoplasm and appears to remain in the cytoplasm following DNA damage. Interestingly, the overexpression of TRAF4 induces apoptosis and suppresses colony formation. These data suggest a correlation that the orphan adaptor protein TRAF4 may play a role in p53-mediated proapoptotic signaling in the response to cellular stress.
Strategic Cross-Trading in the U.S. Stock Market (2013)

Abstract We model and test for the role of heterogeneously informed, strategic multi-asset speculation for cross-price impact—the impact of trades in one asset on the prices of other (even unrelated) assets—in the U.S. stock market. Our investigation of the trading activity in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ) stocks between 1993 and 2004 reveals that, consistent with our model, (1) daily order imbalance in one industry or random stock has a significant, persistent, and robust impact on daily returns of other (even unrelated) industries or random stocks; (2) cross-price impact is often negative; and (3) both direct (i.e., an asset’s own) and absolute (i.e., unsigned) cross-price impact are smaller when speculators are more numerous, greater when market-wide dispersion of beliefs is higher, and greater among stocks dealt by the same specialist.
Indirect immunofluorescence assay for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (1987)

We compared an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening procedure for the detection of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The IFA assay was as sensitive and specific as the ELISA. No false results were observed with IFA on single testing of 181 sera, while the ELISA produced five false-positive results which required retesting for resolution. In addition, the IFA was suitable for quantitation of anti-HIV responses. The IFA was superior to the ELISA for its reliability, simplicity, and rapidity in the diagnostic laboratory.
Morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of nylon 66/ poly(ether imide) blends (1995)

Abstract The morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of blends of poly(ether imide) (PEI) and nylon 66 over the full composition range have been invesigated. Torque changes during mixing were also measured. Lowertorque values than those calculated by the log‐additivity rule were ontained, resulting from the slip at the interface due to low interaction between the componeents. The particle size of the dispersed phase and morphology of the blends were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The composition of each phase was calculated. The blends of PEI and nylon 66 showed phase‐seoarated structures with small spherical domains of 0.3 ∼ 0.7 μm. The glass transition temperatures ( T g g) of the blends were shifted inward, compared with those of the homopolymers, which implied that the blends were partially imiscible over a range of compositions. T g 1 , corresponding to nylon 66‐rich phase. This indicated that the fraction of PEI mixed into nylon 66‐rich phase increased with decreasing PEI content and that nylon 66 was rerely mixed into the PEI‐rich phase. The effect of composition of the secondary relaxations was examined. Both T β , corresponding to the motion of amide groups in nylon 66. and T γ ′, corresponding to that of either groups in PEI, were shifted to higher temperature, probably because of the formation of intermolecular interactions between the components.
A simple, sensitive, and accurate alcohol electrode (1983)

The construction and performance of an enzyme electrode is described which specifically detects lower primary aliphatic alcohols in aqueous solutions. The electrode consists of a commercial Clark-type oxygen electrode on which alcohol oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.13) and catalase were immobilized. The decrease in electrode current is linearly proportional to ethanol concentrations between 1 and 25 ppm. The response of the electrode remains constant during 400 assays over a period of two weeks. The response time is between 1 and 25 min. Assembly of the electrode takes less than 1 h.
Mechanism of the inhibition of α‐thrombin by hirudin‐derived fragments hirudin(1–47) and hirudin(45–65) (1991)

The kinetic mechanism of the inhibition of α‐thrombin by hirudin was analyzed using the hirudin‐derived fragments hirudin(1–47) and hirudin(45–65). Previously, these fragments have been shown to interact with α‐thrombin at distinct sites inhibiting thrombin‐mediated clot formation. Binding to the active site the N‐terminal fragment hirudin (1–47) competitively inhibits hydrolysis of the substrates Tos‐Gly‐Pro‐Arg‐NH‐Mec (Tos, tosyl; NH‐Mec, 4‐methylcoumaryl‐7‐amide) and fibrinogen with K i values of 420 ± 18 nM and 460 ± 25 nM, respectively. Interacting with the anion‐binding site of α‐thrombin the C‐terminal fragment competitively inhibits the hydrolysis of fibrinogen with a K i of 760 ± 40 nM. It was found, however, that this fragment acts as a hyperbolic uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the hydrolysis of the peptide‐NH‐Mec substrate. According to the Botts‐Morales scheme for enzyme inhibition, the parameters K i = 710 ± 38 nM , K′ i = 348 ± 22 nM, as well as α=β= 0.49 of thrombin inhibition by the C‐terminal fragment hirudin(45–65), were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of the interaction of hirudin and thrombin.
Document clustering for electronic meetings: an experimental comparison of two techniques (1999)

In this article, we report our implementation and comparison of two text clustering techniques. One is based on Ward's clustering and the other on Kohonen's Self-organizing Maps. We have evaluated how closely clusters produced by a computer resemble those created by human experts. We have also measured the time that it takes for an expert to “clean up” the automatically produced clusters. The technique based on Ward's clustering was found to be more precise. Both techniques have worked equally well in detecting associations between text documents. We used text messages obtained from group brainstorming meetings.
My role is a fine balancing act. (2004)

HISTORY When the Government consulted patients and the public about what they wanted of a modern NHS, the resounding answer was a call for the return of the matron. They wanted an authoritative figure who would not only provide clinical leadership, but who would also be easily identifiable, have close contact with patients and ensure delivery of care to the highest standards. Jo McDonald, who took on the challenge of such a role, describes what the introduction of modern matrons has meant at her trust and what her role entails.
[Retrospective evaluation of the carotid endarterectomies performed at CHBAH between 1987 and 2001]. (2004)

Two broad clinical studies, the ECST and the NASCET, showed that the risk of stroke of carotid origin was significantly reduced by surgery if the stenosis was superior to 70%, if recent symptoms (less than six months) had occurred and if the surgical risk (death or major stroke) was lower than 6%. In the literature the rate of major complications varies from 2.3 to 21%. It is consequently recommended that in each institution or department the results should be evaluated by an independent audit. We studied the 134 carotid thromboendarterectomies carried out in the CHBAH between 1987 and 2001. The surgical indications were generally strictly respected for symptomatic stenoses between 70 and 99%. For asymptomatic stenoses, the indications sometimes retrospectively appear arguable but they remain controversial in the literature also. We regret the absence of preoperative cerebral imaging in one third of the cases. Major complications (death and major stroke) and minor complications (TIA, haematoma, infection, headache, cranial nerve injury,...) were respectively 5.2 and 13.3%, which fits within the recommendations. The Doppler-echo follow-up carried out over the last five years shows a rate of restenosis at 70% of 7.9%, always asymptomatic.
Identification of a DNA element that can enhance p53-mediated transactivation. (1993)

Recent studies have demonstrated that p53 binds to specific DNA sequences and the consensus sequence for the p53 binding site has been proposed. The p53 binding site has also been shown to act as positive p53-responsive element. Here we report the identification of a GC3 element that enhances p53-mediated transactivation when placed adjacent to the consensus p53 site. The GC3 element alone cannot act as a positive p53-responsive element. We also show that p53 activates transcription of the c-erbA-alpha gene through a DNA element that consists of the p53 quarter-sites and GC3 elements. Using gel mobility-shift assay, we identified a possible GC3 binding factor distinct from p53.
Textbook of Uncommon Cancer (2006)

It might seem at first sight that the last book a general physician or surgeon would need is a Textbook of uncom- mon cancer.This subject should surely be the province of the expert and he or she will know about it anyway.Nobody, be they generalists or specialists, who looks after patients with cancer, however devoted to their subject, will not at some time have experienced a sudden feeling of inadequacy on seeing a rarity on the histopathologist's report.Rapid recourse to a standard textbook may be disappointing and a computer search leaves one with a great deal of paper with information that is difficult to assess.This book is going to be helpful for it brings together much information on clinical presentation, pathology, diagnosis and management of innumerable rare cancers classified on the basis of either site or system.
Injection seeding for the enhancement of high-order anti-Stokes stimulated Raman scattering (1995)

We have investigated the effects of Stokes and anti-Stokes pulse injection on high-order anti-Stokes Raman scattering for efficient generation of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation. The output energies as well as the spatial profiles of anti-Stokes pulses were much improved by injection. Enhancement factors increased for higher orders of anti-Stokes pulses. The shift of optimum pressure together with the change of profile from a ring to a Gaussian-like shape induced by injection indicates that the enhancement is due to the modification of phase-matching geometry in four-wave Raman mixing for anti-Stokes generation.