gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time-invariant radon transform by generalized Fourier slice theorem (2017)

Time-invariant Radon transforms play an important role in many fields of imaging sciences, whereby a function is transformed linearly by integrating it along specific paths, e.g. straight lines, parabolas, etc. In the case of linear Radon transform, the Fourier slice theorem establishes a simple analytic relationship between the 2-D Fourier representation of the function and the 1-D Fourier representation of its Radon transform. However, the theorem can not be utilized for computing the Radon integral along paths other than straight lines. We generalize the Fourier slice theorem to make it applicable to general time-invariant Radon transforms. Specifically, we derive an analytic expression that connects the 1-D Fourier coefficients of the function to the 2-D Fourier coefficients of its general Radon transform. For discrete data, the model coefficients are defined over the data coefficients on non-Cartesian points. It is shown numerically that a simple linear interpolation provide satisfactory results and in this case implementations of both the inverse operator and its adjoint are fast in the sense that they run in $O(N \;\text{log}\; N)$ flops, where $N$ is the maximum number of samples in the data space or model space. These two canonical operators are utilized for efficient implementation of the sparse Radon transform via the split Bregman iterative method. We provide numerical examples showing high-performance of this method for noise attenuation and wavefield separation in seismic data.
Evaluation of double-patterning techniques for advanced logic nodes (2010)

The development of Double-Patterning (DP) techniques continues to push forward aiming to extend the immersion based lithography below 36 nm half pitch. There are widespread efforts to make DP viable for further scaling of semiconductor devices. We have developed Develop/Etch/Develop/Etch (DE2) and Double-Expose-Track-Optimized (DETO) techniques for producing pitch-split patterns capable of supporting semiconductor devices for the 16 nm and 11 nm nodes. The IBM Alliance has established a DETO baseline, in collaboration with ASML, TEL, CNSE, and KLATencor, to evaluate the manufacturability of DETO by using commercially available resist systems. Presented in this paper are the long-term performance results of these systems relevant to defectivity, overlay, and CD uniformity.
Switching surface wettability properties (2012)

In this work, recent developments regarding design and preparation of surfaces to modify their wettability behavior by switching between the superhydrophobic and the superhydrophilic state under physical and chemical stimuli are summarized. The complex systems and the strategies developed in nature are investigated as a fundamental support considering the potential applications of these two ‘superstates’ in basic research and in a range of industrial fields, adapting these properties for engineering new and efficient devices or improving existent techniques.
Enhancement of token bus protocols for multimedia applications (2002)

The authors describe a method to enhance the medium access control (MAC) function of shared resource networks, such as buses. A new addressing field is introduced in the transmitted frames that allows multiple token visits in the same node within a single token rotation cycle. This method provides the capability to efficiently support dynamic bandwidth allocation and, thus, implement isochronous communications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A New Noninvasive Controlled Intra‐articular Ankle Distraction Technique on a Cadaver Model (2006)

Effective joint distraction is crucial in arthroscopic ankle surgery. We describe an effective and controlled intra-articular ankle distraction technique that we have studied by means of a fresh-frozen cadaver model. Using a kyphoplasty balloon, which is currently used in spine surgery, we tried to achieve a controlled distraction. After the fixation of the cadaver model, standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals were used for ankle arthroscopy. From the same portals, the kyphoplasty balloon was inserted and placed in an appropriate position intra-articularly. The necessary amount of distraction was achieved by inflating the kyphoplasty balloon with a pressure regulation pump. All anatomic sites of the ankle joint were easily visualized with the arthroscope during surgery by changing the pressure and the intra-articular position of the kyphoplasty balloon. Ankle distraction was clearly seen on the arthroscopic and image intensifier view. The kyphoplasty balloon is simple to place through the standard portals and the advantage is that it allows easy manipulation of the arthroscopic instruments from the same portal.
Further serial transmission electron microscopy studies of auditory hair cell innervation in lizards and in a snake (1990)

Auditory hair cells of three lizard and one snake species were studied by serial transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sections of two unidirectional hair cells (UHC) and two bidirectional hair cells (BHC) and by nonserial section montages of each entire papilla cut at 2-microns intervals across the papillar width. The unidirectional hair cell region of the agamid lizard, Acanthosaura crucigera, lacked efferent innervation. Another agamid lizard, Agama agama, studied by nonserial section only, also lacked efferent innervation to the UHC. Afferent innervation to both the UHC and BHC of Acanthosaura was primarily exclusive (each nerve fiber innervates only one hair cell), although an occasional nerve fiber innervated two hair cells. Both the UHC and the BHC of the anguid, Celestus costatus, were exclusively innervated. Both hair cell types of the varanid, Varanus exanthematicus, were nonexclusively innervated (all afferent nerve fibers innervate two or more hair cells). The auditory papilla of the colubrid snake, Elaphe obsoleta, has only one type of hair cell and each is nonexclusively innervated. The numbers of afferent and efferent nerve fibers and of afferent synapses are presented in tabular form.
A phase 1 study of obinutuzumab induction followed by 2 years of maintenance in patients with relapsed CD20-positive B-cell malignancies (2012)

This phase 1 study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of obinutuzumab (GA101), a glycoengineered type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody administered as induction followed by 2 years of maintenance. Cohorts of 3 to 6 patients received obinutuzumab (200-2000 mg) intravenously weekly for 4 weeks. Patients with a complete or partial response (or stable disease and clinical benefit) continued to receive obinutuzumab every 3 months, for a maximum of 8 doses. Twenty-two patients with relapsed CD20-positive non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia with an indication for treatment and no therapy of higher priority were enrolled. Patients received a median of 4 prior regimens; 86% had received at least 1 rituximab-containing regimen. No dose-limiting or unexpected AEs were observed. Infusion-related reactions were most common (all grades, 73%; grade 3/4, 18%), followed by infection (32%), pyrexia (23%), neutropenia (23%), headache (18%), and nausea (18%). At end of induction, 5 (23%) patients achieved partial responses and 12 (54%) had stable disease. Eight patients received maintenance; best overall response was 32% (6 partial responses/1 complete response). Obinutuzumab induction and maintenance therapy was well tolerated with promising efficacy in this heterogeneous, highly pretreated population and warrants further investigation. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (identifier NCT00576758).
Experimental determination of CT point spread function (2003)

An approach is presented to the experimental identification of the noise power spectrum (NPS) of a computed tomography (CT) scanner, using a method based on the Weiner-Hopf equation. Simulations show that the identification process is very robust in the presence of noise but quite sensitive to subpixel misregistration. This situation can be easily corrected if the relative shift between input and output images can be quantified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Role of the Sexual Constellation (1971)

This paper contains in its first part an attempt at showing that certain important results of Alfred C. Kinsey's investigations can throw new light upon the problem of equality for woman and upon the relations of woman to war. The second part tries to demonstrate that the suppression of woman is not an expression of a striving for power in the man, but is his attempt at solving a difficult special sexual problem, the problem that he in the lasting sexual relation in the last half of life, is the sexually weaker. The third part points to the fact that woman is involved in the mechanism leading to war and that she therefore has responsibility in connection with war. It is explained why it is so important that woman learn to see the difference between the men's society and the secret male society.
Polymer Erosion and Drug Release Characterization of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Matrices (1998)

Polymer erosion of matrices of similarly substituted hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymers was examined, and drug release in terms of diffusion and erosion contributions was characterized, focusing on matrices containing either polymer alone or a drug content of 25% level with no added excipients. A novel approach was utilized to separate diffusional and erosional contributions to drug release. Diffusional drug release was determined by fitting release data versus (time)0.45, and the drug release due to erosion was quantified by subtracting the percent predicted for diffusional drug release from the total drug release at each specific time point. Drug release resulting from polymer erosion was linear versus time and was found to be a function of the number average molecular weight of the polymer. In contrast, diffusional release rates were comparable for all HPMC grades studied and, thus, were independent of number average molecular weight of the polymers studied. Under stirring conditions of 10-100 rpm as well as static condition, the detachment of individual polymer chains at the matrix surface occurred at a faster rate relative to diffusion away from the matrix surface. The erosion study indicated that polymer diffusion of the HPMC polymer chains through the aqueous diffusion layer was the rate-limiting step for polymer erosion. In general, polymer erosion was found to be inversely related to the polymer number average molecular weight. A scaling law was used to relate polymer erosion rate with the respective polymer number average molecular weight. Similar relationships were obtained for matrices with and without drug at a stirring rate of 100 rpm.
Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis among children in four regions of Finland (1998)

The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalences of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis and their regional differences among Finnish children. The secondary objective was to determine whether the responses to the questions used are affected by the pollen season if asked during such a season. In 1994-5, the self-reported prevalence of allergic symptoms in four regions of Finland was studied among 11,607 schoolchildren aged 13-14 years, as part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis during the preceding year was 16% in eastern Finland (Kuopio County, n=2821), 23% in southern Finland (Helsinki area, n=2771), 15% in southwestern Finland (Turku and Pori County, n=2983), and 16% in northern Finland (Lapland, n=3032). The respective prevalences of flexural dermatitis were 15%, 19%, 16%, and 18%. The surveys were performed in winter, except in the Helsinki area where the survey was carried out mainly in the spring pollen season. Among the children studied in autumn in Helsinki, the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis was 19% and that of flexural dermatitis 17%. In multivariate analysis, flexural dermatitis was slightly more common in Lapland than in all other areas. In contrast, no significant differences were found in rhinoconjunctivitis. The prevalences of both disorders were twice as high in girls as in boys. In conclusion, regional differences in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were small in our country, and the prevalence figures were rather similar to those reported from other European countries. Almost half of the children had suffered from at least one atopic disorder, and over one-third had had symptoms in the past year. A clear season-of-response effect was observed; the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis was 25% when studied during the pollen seasons in the Helsinki area.
Identification of a novel family of presenilin homologues (2002)

Presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 are polytopic membrane proteins, whose genes are mutated in some individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Presenilins have been shown to influence limited proteolysis of amyloid beta protein precursor (APP), Notch and ErbB4, and have been proposed to be gamma-secretases that perform the terminal cleavage of APP. In this model, two conserved and apparently intramembranous aspartic acids participate in catalysis. Highly sequence-similar presenilin homologues are known in plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. In this work, we have used a combination of different sequence database search methods to identify a new family of proteins homologous to presenilins. Members of this family, which we term presenilin homologues (PSH), have significant sequence similarities to presenilins and also possess two conserved aspartic acid residues within adjacent predicted transmembrane segments. The PSH family is found throughout the eukaryotes, in fungi as well as plants and animals, and in archaea. Five PSHs are detectable in the human genome, of which three possess "protease-associated" domains that are consistent with the proposed protease function of PSs. Based on these findings, we propose that PSs and PSHs represent different sub-branches of a larger family of polytopic membrane-associated aspartyl proteases.
The thyrotropin receptor autoantigen in Graves disease is the culprit as well as the victim (2003)

Graves disease, a common organ-specific autoimmune disease affecting humans, differs from all other autoimmune diseases in being associated with target organ hyperfunction rather than organ damage. Clinical thyrotoxicosis is directly caused by autoantibodies that activate the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). The etiology of Graves disease is multifactorial, with nongenetic factors playing an important role. Of the latter, there is the intriguing possibility that the molecular structure of the target antigen contributes to the development of thyroid-stimulatory autoantibodies (TSAb's). Among the glycoprotein hormone receptors, only the TSHR undergoes intramolecular cleavage into disulfide-linked subunits with consequent shedding of some of the extracellular, autoantibody-binding A subunits. Functional autoantibodies do not arise to the noncleaving glycoprotein hormone receptors. Recently, TSAb's were found to preferentially recognize shed, rather than attached, A subunits. Here we use a new adenovirus-mediated animal model of Graves disease to show that goiter and hyperthyroidism occur to a much greater extent when the adenovirus expresses the free A subunit as opposed to a genetically modified TSHR that cleaves minimally into subunits. These data show that shed A subunits induce or amplify the immune response leading to hyperthyroidism and provide new insight into the etiology of Graves disease.
Bone-Conduction Thresholds for Sonic and Ultrasonic Frequencies (1963)

Several investigators have reported that high-intensity, bone-conducted sounds in the ultrasonic region above 20 kc/sec can produce auditory sensations in individuals with normal hearing. The present study was performed to establish the curve of audibility for bone conduction from approximately 5 to 100 kc/sec in a group of subjects with no audiometric or otological abnormalities. Fifty-three male and 50 female subjects, ranging in age from 17 to 24 years, were tested on the left or right ear only by a modified method of limits, with all tests being conducted in an anechoic chamber. A crystal transducer, calibrated in a water medium, was used to transmit the acoustic energy to the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. For 38 male and 37 female subjects screened from the larger sample by means of an otological examination and an air-conduction audiometric test from 250 cps to 8 kc/sec, the curve for the mean threshold of hearing showed a very sharp rise between 10 and 20 kc/sec with a slope of approximately 50 dB/octave, and a gradual rise from 20 to 100 kc/sec with a slope of approximately 15 dB/octave. The maximal discrepancy between men and women was approximately 5.5 dB (at 14 kc/sec). The standard deviations ranged from approximately 2 to 15 dB, with the maximal value for each group occurring at 16 kc/sec. In general, the results of the present study are in agreement with earlier fragmentary reports.
Analysis of inorganic pyrophosphate at the picomole level (1977)

A radiometric determination of inorganic pyrophosphate is described in this communication. Excess uridine 5′-diphospho[14C]glucose is used to react with inorganic pyrophosphate in a reaction catalyzed by uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase. This reaction liberates [14C]glucose 1-phosphate, which is then further converted to 6-phospho[14C]gluconic acid in the presence of phosphoglucose mutase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The reaction product, 6-phospho[14C]gluconic acid, is separated from uridine diphospho[14C]glucose by the addition of activated charcoal, which adsorbs uridine diphospho[14C]glucose preferentially. The sensitivity of the assay for inorganic pyrophosphate is 20 pmol.
An accurate method to determine the amount of out-of-band light in an EUV scanner (2015)

In this paper, we proposed a new design of the test mask to measure the amount of the out-of-band (OOB) light from an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light source by detuning the period of the multilayer (ML), rather than changing the material of the absorber, to suppress reflection of EUV light. The new OOB test mask also reflects essentially the same OOB light as that of the production mask at each wavelength in the whole OOB spectral range. With the help of the new OOB test mask, the contributions to the background intensity from in-band flare and OOB light can be correctly separated and an accurate optical-proximity-correction (OPC) model can be established.
Integrating multiple directory services (1996)

Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) ISO/IEC 8824-2:1992 (Geneva: International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Com-
The Effects of Streptomycin, Desiccation, and UV Radiation on Ice Nucleation by <i>Pseudomonas viridiflava</i> (1986)

Streptomycin (100 micrograms per milliliter), desiccation (over CaSO(4)), and ultraviolet radiation (4500 microwatts per square centimeter at 254 nanometers for 15 minutes) reduced ice nucleation activity by Pseudomonas viridiflava strain W-1 as determined by freezing drops of the bacterial suspensions. Highest residual ice nucleation activity by dead cells was obtained by desiccation, although no freezing above -3.5 degrees C was detected. The rate and extent of loss of ice nucleation activity following streptomycin and ultraviolet treatment was affected by preconditioning temperature. At 21 degrees C and above, loss of activity by dead cells was rapid and irreversible.
Low-voltage organic transistors based on solution processed semiconductors and self-assembled monolayer gate dielectrics (2008)

Reduction in the operating voltage of organic transistors is of high importance for successful implementation in low-power electronic applications. Here we report on low-voltage n-channel transistors fabricated employing a combination of soluble organic semiconductors and a self-assembled gate dielectric. The high geometric capacitance of the nanodielectric allows transistor operation below 2V. Solution processing is enabled by analysis of the surface energy compatibility of the dielectric and semiconductor solutions. Electron mobilities in the range of 0.01–0.04cm2∕Vs and threshold voltages ⩽0.35V are demonstrated. The present work paves the way toward solution processable low-voltage/power, organic complementary circuits.
A Study of the Illuminated Books of William Blake: Poet, Printer, Prophet (1966)

A Study of the Illuminated Books of William Blake: Poet, Printer, Prophet Get access A Study of the Illuminated Books of William Blake: Poet, Printer, Prophet. By Geoffrey Keynes. Methuen, with the Trianon Press, Paris. £4. 4s. Margaret Willy Margaret Willy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar English: Journal of the English Association, Volume 16, Issue 91, Spring 1966, Pages 22-a–22, https://doi.org/10.1093/english/16.91.22-a Published: 01 March 1966
Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma. Recent findings and new concepts (1995)

Neuroendocrine cells of the prostate are intraepithelial regulatory cells that probably modulate both growth and differentiation as well as the exocrine secretory process. These cells form a component of the more generalized multiorgan regulatory system known as the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD), or dispersed neuroendocrine system. The prostatic neuroendocrine cells contain serotonin and a variety of regulatory neuroendocrine peptides. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma is manifested as the relatively rare small cell carcinoma and the much more common, if not ubiquitous, focal neuroendocrine differentiation in conventional prostatic carcinoma. Neuroendocrine differentiation may have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Recent findings include the expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein, the chromogranin peptide family, epidermal growth factor receptor, and c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity by prostatic neuroendocrine cells. Immunoreactive androgen receptor is not expressed by benign or malignant prostatic neuroendocrine cells. Non-neuroendocrine proliferation foci and bcl-2 immunoreactive cells appear to cluster around neuroendocrine cells in prostatic carcinoma. These findings, along with additional clinical and experimental evidence, suggest that neuroendocrine cells may play a role as an independent prognostic factor in prostate cancer, particularly those that are resistant to hormonal therapy. The therapeutic implications of prostatic neuroendocrine differentiation are discussed as are potential lines of investigation. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1850-9.
Maillard Reaction Rate in Various Glassy Matrices (2004)

The Maillard Reaction (MR) rate below the glass transition temperature (Tg) for various model glassy food systems was studied at temperatures between 40 °C and 70 °C. As a sample, freeze-dried glucose and lysine systems embedded in various glassy matrices (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolodone and trehalose) were used, and the MR rate below the Tg was compared among the various glassy matrices. The extent of MR was estimated spectrophotometrically from the optical density at 280 nm (OD280), and the MR rate (k280) was determined as a pseudo zero order reaction rate from the time course of OD280. Although k280 was described by the Arrhenius plot, the temperature dependence of k280 was almost the same and the intercept was different among the matrices. From the comparison of k280, it was suggested that the MR rate in glassy matrix was affected not only by the Tg, but also by the hydrogen bonding between MR reactants and glassy matrix.