gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Branched short-chain fatty acids modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in primary adipocytes (2016)

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, generated through colonic fermentation of dietary fibers, have been shown to reach the systemic circulation at micromolar concentrations. Moreover, SCFAs have been conferred anti-obesity properties in both animal models and human subjects. Branched SCFAs (BSCFAs), e.g., isobutyric and isovaleric acid, are generated by fermentation of branched amino acids, generated from undigested protein reaching colon. However, BSCFAs have been sparsely investigated when referring to effects on energy metabolism. Here we primarily investigate the effects of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid on glucose and lipid metabolism in primary rat and human adipocytes. BSCFAs inhibited both cAMP-mediated lipolysis and insulin-stimulated <i>de novo</i> lipogenesis at 10 mM, whereas isobutyric acid potentiated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by all concentrations (1, 3 and 10 mM) in rat adipocytes. For human adipocytes, only SCFAs inhibited lipolysis at 10 mM. In both <i>in vitro</i> models, BSCFAs and SCFAs reduced phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase, a rate limiting enzyme in lipolysis. In addition, BSCFAs and SCFAs, in contrast to insulin, inhibited lipolysis in the presence of wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitor and OPC3911, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor in rat adipocytes. Furthermore, BSCFAs and SCFAs reduced insulin-mediated phosphorylation of protein kinase B. To conclude, BSCFAs have effects on adipocyte lipid and glucose metabolism that can contribute to improved insulin sensitivity in individuals with disturbed metabolism.
Orientation in nitration and sulfonation of 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid (1970)

Nitration of 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid was only 29% at the meta 2 position vs. 41% at the ortho, in contrast to sulfonation which was 85% meta vs. 15% para. Identity of the products (and of their derived amino esters and phenolic esters) was determined from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and confirmed by chemical means.
Effect of elevated temperature on physico-mechanical properties of metakaolin blended cement mortar (2009)

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the performance of mortars with and without Metakaolin (MK) exposed to elevated temperatures <TEX>$200^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$400^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$600^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$800^{\circ}C$</TEX> for two hours. The binder to sand ratio was kept constant (1:5.23). The ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with MK at 0%, 5%, 10% 20% and 30%. All mixtures were designed to have a flow of <TEX>$94{\pm}5%$</TEX>. The compressive strength of mortars before and after exposure to elevated temperature was determined. The formation of various decomposition phases were identified using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The microstructure of the mortars was examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Test results indicated that MK improves the compressive strength before and after exposure to elevated temperature and that the 20% cement replacement of MK is the optimum percentage.
Microwave Treatment of Prostate Cancer and Hyperplasia (2005)

Microwave ablation in the form of microwave energy applied to a heart muscle by a coaxial catheter inserted in a vein in the groin area can be used to heat and kill diseased heart cells. A microwave catheter has been developed to provide deep myocardial ablation to treat ventricular tachycardia by restoring appropriate electrical activity within the heart and eliminating irregular heartbeats. The resulting microwave catheter design, which is now being developed for commercial use in treating ventricular tachycardia, can be modified to treat prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Inasmuch as the occurrence of BPH is increasing currently 350,000 operations per year are performed in the United States alone to treat this condition this microwave catheter has significant commercial potential.
A V-groove Schottky-barrier FET for UHF applications (1978)

The structure and fabrication of a Schottky-barrier gate FET (SB-VFET) with a nonplanar conduction channel fabricated by preferential etching of silicon axe described in this paper. The device exhibits high transconductance and low series resistance and is suitable for low-noise applications at the lower end of the microwave spectrum. The low-frequency transconductance per unit channel length of 6 µm-gate device was typically 18.8 mΩ/mm, the gate breakdown voltage was 7 V, and the cutoff frequency was 1.3 GHz. The noise figure with the device biased for maximum gain was typically 4 dB at 350 MHz. A simplified theory adequate for engineering design purposes is proposed to explain the characteristics of the device and an equivalent circuit is used to model the high-frequency behavior. The theory is shown to be in agreement with experimental results. Frequency limitations of the present device are discussed and further improvements are proposed.
Recommendations of the nomenclature of human immunoglobulins (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRecommendations of the nomenclature of human immunoglobulins IUIS Comm. on the Nomenclature of Biochem.Cite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 18, 3311–3312Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00768a001https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00768a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Soft-matter composites with electrically tunable elastic rigidity (2013)

We use a phase-changing metal alloy to reversibly tune the elastic rigidity of an elastomer composite. The elastomer is embedded with a sheet of low-melting-point Field's metal and an electric Joule heater composed of a serpentine channel of liquid-phase gallium–indium–tin (Galinstan®) alloy. At room temperature, the embedded Field's metal is solid and the composite remains elastically rigid. Joule heating causes the Field's metal to melt and allows the surrounding elastomer to freely stretch and bend. Using a tensile testing machine, we measure that the effective elastic modulus of the composite reversibly changes by four orders of magnitude when powered on and off. This dramatic change in rigidity is accurately predicted with a model for an elastic composite. Reversible rigidity control is also accomplished by replacing the Field's metal with shape memory polymer. In addition to demonstrating electrically tunable rigidity with an elastomer, we also introduce a new technique to rapidly produce soft-matter electronics and multifunctional materials in several minutes with laser-patterned adhesive film and masked deposition of liquid-phase metal alloy.
The Role of Haploinsufficiency of rps14 and p53 Activation in the Molecular Pathogenesis of the 5q- Syndrome (2011)

In recent years we have gained great insight into the molecular pathogenesis of the 5q- syndrome, a distinct subtype of myelodysplasia. The demonstration of haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal gene RPS14 (mapping to the commonly deleted region) and the finding that this is the cause of the erythroid defect in the 5qsyndrome represent major advances. A mouse model of the human 5q- syndrome generated by large-scale deletion of the Cd74-Nid67 interval (containing RPS14) further supports a critical role for RPS14 haploinsufficiency. It is widely accepted that ribosomal deficiency results in p53 activation and defective erythropoiesis and the crossing of the '5q- mice' with p53 deficient mice ameliorated the erythroid progenitor defect. Emerging data suggests that the p53 activation observed in the mouse model may also apply to the human 5q- syndrome.
Osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. (1987)

Bone mineral content in spinal trabecular and peripheral cortical bone was measured in 75 unselected patients with small and/or large intestinal inflammatory bowel disease. Osteoporosis, defined as a bone mineral content greater than 2 SD below the age and sex matched normal mean value was present in 23 patients (30.6%). Three amenorrhoeic females aged 34, 38, and 42 years had severe clinical osteoporosis and a further three patients had one or more vertebral crush fractures. Eighteen of the 23 patients with osteoporosis had small intestinal disease with one or more resections and the mean lifetime steroid dose in those with osteoporosis was significantly higher than in those with normal bone mineral content. Bone mineral content in spinal trabecular bone showed significant negative correlations with lifetime steroid dose and serum alkaline phosphatase and a significant positive correlation with serum albumin. Peripheral cortical bone mineral content was positively correlated with body weight, height and body mass index. We conclude that the prevalence of osteoporosis is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, severe clinical osteoporosis developing in some relatively young patients. The pathogenesis of this bone loss is probably multifactorial; steroid therapy is likely to be an important contributory factor.
High-quality hyperspectral reconstruction using a spectral prior (2017)

We present a novel hyperspectral image reconstruction algorithm, which overcomes the long-standing tradeoff between spectral accuracy and spatial resolution in existing compressive imaging approaches. Our method consists of two steps: First, we learn nonlinear spectral representations from real-world hyperspectral datasets; for this, we build a convolutional autoencoder which allows reconstructing its own input through its encoder and decoder networks. Second, we introduce a novel optimization method, which jointly regularizes the fidelity of the learned nonlinear spectral representations and the sparsity of gradients in the spatial domain, by means of our new fidelity prior. Our technique can be applied to any existing compressive imaging architecture, and has been thoroughly tested both in simulation, and by building a prototype hyperspectral imaging system. It outperforms the state-of-the-art methods from each architecture, both in terms of spectral accuracy and spatial resolution, while its computational complexity is reduced by two orders of magnitude with respect to sparse coding techniques. Moreover, we present two additional applications of our method: hyperspectral interpolation and demosaicing. Last, we have created a new high-resolution hyperspectral dataset containing sharper images of more spectral variety than existing ones, available through our project website.
Weighted Average Importance Sampling and Defensive Mixture Distributions (1995)

Importance sampling uses observations from one distribution to estimate for another distribution by weighting the observations. Including the target distribution as one component of a mixture distribution bounds the weights and makes importance sampling more reliable. The usual importance-sampling estimate is a weighted average with weights that do not sum to 1. We discuss simple normalization and other, more efficient normalization methods. These innovations make importance sampling useful in a wider variety of problems. We demonstrate with a case study of oil-inventory reliability at a large utility.
Additive Manufacturing for Enhanced Performance of Molds (2016)

Additive manufactured conformal cooling channels has proved beneficial for molds used for casting. These casting tools often endure cyclic thermal influences that lead to thermal fatigue. To increase the structural resistance to thermal fatigue, the mold should be designed with some compliance for thermal expansion. This can be achieved by applying lattice structures in some sections of the mold. These structures may also be used as crack stoppers to prevent cooling fluid leakage. By use of complex internal structures, enhanced thermal management is possible. The manufacturing of molds is also faster, with less use of material.
Serum Tumor Markers: Past, State of the Art, and Future (2001)

Serum determinations of tumor markers are indispensable in the diagnosis and management of cancer, and therefore play an important role in clinical practice. After a short historical survey, we systematically review a number of contemporary aspects of serum tumor markers related to various organ systems, and briefly indicate possible future developments.
Increased level of prolactin gene sequences in bromodeoxyuridine treated GH cells (1982)

The 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant (BrdUrdr) derivative (F1BGH12C1) of prolactin nonproducing (PRL-) rat pituitary tumor cell-subclone GH12C1, synthesize prolactin (PRL) in the presence of the drug. Analysis of nuclear RNA isolated from BrdUrd treated F1BHG12C1 cells demonstrated several high molecular weight RNA PRL sequences, similar to those observed in the nuclear RNA fraction of PRL producing (PRL+) GH3 cells. No such RNAPRL sequences could be detected in nuclear RNA fraction of untreated F1 BGH12C1 cells. PRL sequences in the genome of GH3 (PRL+), GH12C1 (PRL-) and F1BGH12C1 (PRL-, BrdUrdr) GH cells could be identified by blot analysis in 4.8-5.2kb fragment of restriction endonuclease, Hind III digested DNA. Both PRL+ and PRL- cells seem to have approximately the same level of PRL gene sequences in total cell DNA. However Hind III digested DNA of BrdUrd treated F1BGH12C cells revealed the presence of significantly higher levels of PRL gene sequences, in comparison, to that observed in total DNA of untreated cells. The increased level of PRL gene sequences was dependent on the period of drug treatment and a parallel increase in the cytoplasmic RNAPRL sequences was also observed.
Development and Application of Organic Reagents for Analysis. VI. Synthesis and Fluorescence Spectral Properties of 2-(4-Substituted phenyl)benzofurans (1985)

Abstract A synthesis of fifteen kinds of 2-(4-substituted phenyl)benzofurans (4n) was carried out and their fluorescence spectral properties were investigated concerning their applicability as organic reagents for analyses.
Recent advances in 1,4-benzoquinone chemistry (2011)

As 1,4-benzoquinonas so encontradas em toda a natureza, podendo ser sintetizadas por diversas estratgias. Esta reviso apresenta os desenvolvimentos recentes das metodologias de sntese, das reaes de ciclo adio, da qumica computacional e dos estudos de pulso radioltico. Destaca ainda a sua significncia qumica e biolgica e de seus compostos derivados.
Active Learning from Imperfect Labelers (2016)

We study active learning where the labeler can not only return incorrect labels but also abstain from labeling. We consider different noise and abstention conditions of the labeler. We propose an algorithm which utilizes abstention responses, and analyze its statistical consistency and query complexity under fairly natural assumptions on the noise and abstention rate of the labeler. This algorithm is adaptive in a sense that it can automatically request less queries with a more informed or less noisy labeler. We couple our algorithm with lower bounds to show that under some technical conditions, it achieves nearly optimal query complexity.
The effect of age on the cognate function of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells (2005)

With increasing age, the ability to produce protective antibodies in response to immunization declines, resulting in reduced efficacy of vaccination. We have examined how reductions in CD4(+) T-cell function contribute to reduced humoral responses, using a model that allows us to compare identical numbers of antigen-specific naive T cells from young and aged T-cell receptor transgenic mice. Naive cells from aged mice exhibit reduced responses, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, responses of aged T cells can be enhanced by addition of interleukin (IL)-2. In vivo, using an adoptive transfer model with young hosts, naive cells from aged mice exhibit significant reductions in cognate helper function, leading to reduced B-cell expansion and differentiation. These age-related defects could be overcome by prior in vitro T helper 2 effector generation with aged T cells. This improvement in cognate function of the aged effectors may be related to the enhancement of CD154 expression, which occurs on aged T cells in the presence of exogenous IL-2. We also found no difference in B-cell expansion and differentiation when young cells were transferred to young or aged hosts. Our results indicate that age-related reductions in humoral responses are mainly due to defects in the cognate helper function of naive CD4(+) T cells from aged individuals.
A Peptide Triggers Allostery in Tet Repressor by Binding to a Unique Site (2005)

Regulatory proteins often communicate with each other to manage various cellular processes. Such interactions mostly rely on the recognition of small peptide motifs. The activity of other regulatory proteins depends on small molecular weight effectors and allostery. We demonstrate the in vivo regulation of the tetracycline-dependent Tet repressor by an oligopeptide fused to the N or C terminus of thioredoxin A. The binding site of the peptide overlaps but is not identical with the tetracycline binding site. Several TetR mutants that are non-inducible by tetracycline also respond to the peptide. This demonstrates for the first time the conversion of a small molecular weight effector-dependent regulator to a protein-protein contact-dependent potential member of designed signaling chains.
Role of Amyloid from a Multiple Sclerosis Perspective: A Literature Review (2015)

The traditional concept of multiple sclerosis (MS), that it is primarily a white matter inflammatory disease, has changed a great deal. Thanks to the recent development witnessed in MS research, a whole new idea has emerged that MS is a neurodegenerative disease, and neurodegeneration occurs rather earlier in the pathological process. This has also led to the foundation of the hypothesis that two fundamentally different diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and MS, may share a common mechanism of neurodegeneration. Conventionally, amyloid is thought to be a consequence of protein misfolding and aggregation and is most notorious for its association with debilitating and chronic human diseases. Amyloid is implicated to be related with the deterioration and progression of AD. The finding of amyloid precursor protein expression in axons around the plaque in MS, as well as the correlation of amyloid-β (Aβ) with different stages of MS, has clearly indicated that amyloid plays some kind of key role in MS disease pathogenesis. Excitingly, a paradoxical phenomenon of Aβ has also been observed in several studies recently. It has been shown that amyloid might actually be helping in ameliorating the inflammatory effect in diseases like AD and MS. Amyloid imaging allows earlier diagnosis of MS by taking advantage of the relation of amyloid with MS. This will have a big impact on patient diagnosis and management. In this review I have included the findings of research studies dating from several years back to the most recent ones. Through this review I have tried to show the critical role of amyloid in MS and the importance of investigating through PET imaging.
Photothermal Nanocomposite Hydrogel Actuator with Electric-Field-Induced Gradient and Oriented Structure (2018)

Recent research of hydrogel actuators is still not sophisticated enough to meet the requirement of fast, reversible, complex, and robust reconfiguration. Here, we present a new kind of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)/graphene oxide gradient hydrogel by utilizing direct current electric field to induce gradient and oriented distribution of graphene oxide into poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel. Upon near-infrared light irradiation, the hydrogel exhibited excellent comprehensive actuation performance as a result of directional bending deformation, promising great potential in the application of soft actuators and optomechanical system.
Nucleation theory and the early stages of thin film growth (2003)

A review is given of nucleation and growth models as applied to the earliest stages of thin film growth. Rate equations, kinetic Monte Carlo, and level set simulations are described in some detail, with discussion of remaining uncertainties, in particular the functional form of the so-called capture numbers in rate equations. Recent examples are given of sub-monolayer nucleation at surface defects, attachment-limited capture, and Ostwald ripening. The experimental literature is cited, and experiment–theory comparisons are made where possible. Emphasis is given to fast computational models that can span a large range of length and time scales, which might be further developed in the direction of on-line process control.
Side effects of endocrine treatment and their mechanisms: Castration, antiandrogens, and estrogens (2000)

Endocrine treatment of prostate cancer can be performed under several different regimes. They all have side effects which in different ways influence quality of life and the patient's general health. This paper is a survey of the most important early side effects of the different modes of endocrine treatment, their etiology, and possible ways to avoid or treat them.
Single-sided CZT strip detectors (2004)

We report progress in the study of thick CZT strip detectors for 3-d imaging and spectroscopy and discuss two approaches to device design. We present the spectroscopic, imaging, detection efficiency and response uniformity performance of prototype devices. Unlike double-sided strip detectors, these devices feature both row and column contacts implemented on the anode surface. This electron-only approach circumvents problems associated with poor hole transport in CZT that normally limit the thickness and energy range of double-sided strip detectors. These devices can achieve similar performance to pixel detectors. The work includes laboratory and simulation studies aimed at developing compact, efficient, detector modules for 0.05 to 1 MeV gamma radiation measurements. The low channel count strip detector approach can significantly reduce the complexity and power requirements of the readout electronics. This is particularly important in space-based coded aperture or Compton telescope instruments requiring large area, large volume detector arrays. Such arrays will be required for NASA's Black Hole Finder Probe (BHFP) and Advanced Compton Telescope (ACT).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Cyclopent(hi)acephenanthrylene from 1,2‐, 1,3‐, 1,4‐ and 2,3‐Triphenylenedicarboxylic Acid Derivatives on Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis at > 900 °C. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.