gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoemission and STM study of the electronic structure of Nb-doped<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">TiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2000)

High-resolution core- and valence-level photoemission spectra of Nb-doped ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ ceramics $({\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ with $0.01<x<0.8)$ have been measured using monochromatic x-ray excitation. Nb doping produces a well-defined photoemission peak in the bulk band gap of rutile, whose intensity increases with increasing doping level. Core-level spectroscopy shows that the Nb is incorporated within the rutile lattice at low doping levels mainly as Nb(V) and that the gap state is associated with Ti(III) ions. This conclusion is reinforced by variable energy photoemission measurements on ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{0.1}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in the vicinity of the Ti $3p$ and Nb $4p$ core thresholds. The photoemission resonance profile for the gap states reaches half maximum intensity at the same energy as found for oxygen-deficient ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$ but is shifted from the resonance profile for the Nb $4d$ states of ${\mathrm{NbO}}_{2}.$ STM images on Nb-doped ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}(110)$ are considered in relation to the spectroscopic measurements. Nb dopant atoms are imaged as ``bright spot'' clusters, implying delocalization of charge from Nb onto neighboring Ti ions. The experimental x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data are compared with density-of-states profiles derived from local-density approximation calculations on pure and Nb-doped ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ clusters. These calculations show that Nb doping of ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ introduces new states of mixed $\mathrm{Nb}4d--\mathrm{Ti}3d$ character above the O $2p$ valence band of the host material. In addition, there is increased x-ray photoemission intensity across the O $2p$ valence band owing to strong $\mathrm{Nb}4d/\mathrm{O}2p$ hybridization and a cross section for ionization of Nb $4d$ states that is an order of magnitude larger than that for O $2p$ or Ti $3d$ states.
Gas holdup in bubble column reactors operating in the churn‐turbulent flow regime (1996)

Abstract A comprehensive experimental study of gas holdup in bubble columns of varying diameters, fitted with different distributor types, using several liquids is presented. Air was used as the gas phase. Experiments to test the influence of gas density were also carried out with He, Ar, and SF 6 . A generalization of the two‐phase model for gas–solid fluidized beds was used to interpret the experimental data where the “dilute” phase is identified with the “large” bubble population and the “dense” phase with the liquid phase where the “small” bubble population is entrained. Gas holdups in dilute and dense phases were determined from dynamic gas disengagement experiments. In the churn‐turbulent regime of operation, voidage of the gas in the dense phase was independent of the superficial gas velocity. Reilly et al.'s correlations for the gas holdup and superficial gas velocity at the regime transition point estimate the gas voidage of the dense phase and the superficial gas velocity well through this phase. Corresponding correlations of Wilkinson et al. significantly underpredict dense‐phase parameters. The experiment showed that the dilute phase or large bubble holdup in bubble columns, operating at superficial gas velocities > 0.1 m/s, is independent of liquid properties, how the gas is distributed and the density of the gas phase. But it is affected significantly by the column diameter. Relying on hydrodynamic analogies with a gas–solid–fluid bed, a simple correlation was developed that is considerably more accurate than the Wilkinson correlation that significantly overpredicts large bubble holdup.
Proteomic Characterization of Dermal Interstitial Fluid Extracted Using a Novel Microneedle-Assisted Technique (2017)

As wearable fitness devices have gained commercial acceptance, interest in real-time monitoring of an individual's physiological status using noninvasive techniques has grown. Microneedles have been proposed as a minimally invasive technique for sampling the dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) for clinical monitoring and diagnosis, but little is known about its composition. In this study, a novel microneedle array was used to collect dermal ISF from three healthy human donors and compared with matching serum and plasma samples. Using a shotgun quantitative proteomic approach, 407 proteins were quantified with at least one unique peptide, and of those, 135 proteins were differently expressed at least 2-fold. Collectively, these proteins tended to originate from the cytoplasm, membrane bound vesicles, and extracellular vesicular exosomes. Proteomic analysis confirmed previously published work that indicates that ISF is highly similar to both plasma and serum. In this study, less than one percent of proteins were uniquely identified in ISF. Taken together, ISF could serve as a minimally invasive alternative for blood-derived fluids with potential for real-time monitoring applications.
Chitosan Cross-Linking with a Water-Soluble, Blocked Diisocyanate. 2. Solvates and Hydrogels (2003)

A water-soluble, blocked diisocyante was used to cross-link chitosan under various degrees of solvation, including hydration to form hydrogels. Thermal cross-linking of films cast from various amounts of organic cosolvents was found to increase with increased level of cosolvent up to a solvation level of 17% (w/w) and to be more efficient than for films prepared without cosolvent. Rheological studies revealed that gel modulus increased and gel time decreased with increasing cross-linker content and that gelation kinetics were consistent with a process having an activation energy of 103 kJ/mol. Swelling of hydrogels indicated that, even at high levels of hydration, the increased molecular mobility of reactants allowed for efficient network formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The extent of solvation via equilibrium swelling correlated well with degradative properties of chitosan networks in the presence of Chitinase (E. C. 3.2.1.14) from Streptomyces griseus with stability increasing with decreasing swelling (i.e., increased cross-linking).
Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly and Gorham–Stout Disease: Overview and Recent Insights (2019)

<b>Significance:</b> Generalized lymphatic anomaly and Gorham-Stout disease are extremely rare diseases with severe symptoms and poor prognosis. The etiology and clinical presentation of the patients remain poorly defined, but recent research has attempted to determine the pathogenesis of these diseases. <b>Recent Advances:</b> In recent years, the characteristics of complex lymphatic anomalies have been revealed. Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis is recognized as a new entity that has an aggressive course and poor prognosis. Genetic analysis revealed somatic mutations in genes associated with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in lymphatic malformation lesions. Somatic <i>NRAS</i> mutation in lymphatic endothelium from a generalized lymphatic anomaly patient was also detected as a potential cause of disease. Furthermore, studies demonstrated the efficacy of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor sirolimus for these lymphatic diseases. <b>Critical Issues:</b> These diseases have overlapping symptoms, imaging features, and complications, leading to difficulty in their differential diagnosis. In addition, there are no standard therapies. Therefore, we need to determine the differences among these diseases to not only diagnose but also treat them appropriately. <b>Future Directions:</b> Further investigations should reveal differences in the clinical features and findings of radiological, pathological, and genetic examinations to manage each disease appropriately. Somatic mutation in genes encoding RAS/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway components could be associated with the pathogenesis of these diseases and may be novel targets for drug therapies.
Wide temperature-range Brillouin and Rayleigh optical-time-domain reflectometry in a dispersion-shifted fiber (2003)

The temperature dependences of spontaneous Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering intensities in a dispersion-shifted fiber have been measured over a wide temperature range by optical-time-domain reflectometry. It was found that spontaneous Brillouin and Rayleigh intensities normalized by room-temperature values have linear dependences on temperature, with coefficients (0.26 +/- 0.02)%/degrees C and (0.015 +/- 0.002)%/degrees C in temperature ranges -27-819 and 29-827 degrees C, respectively. Experimental results have demonstrated that both kinds of scattering can be used for distributed high-temperature measurement.
Lung ultrasound in the evaluation of pleural effusion (2014)

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of chest diseases, especially for the study of bedridden, critically ill patients. In fact, the ultrasound method presents various advantages: it uses no radiation; it is inexpensive; it can be used at the bedside; it is noninvasive; and it can be repeated as necessary. In addition, ultrasound is starting to be a method used by professionals, other than radiologists, who have specific clinical questions,
Microsatellite Interruptions Stabilize Primate Genomes and Exist as Population-Specific Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms within Individual Human Genomes (2014)

Interruptions of microsatellite sequences impact genome evolution and can alter disease manifestation. However, human polymorphism levels at interrupted microsatellites (iMSs) are not known at a genome-wide scale, and the pathways for gaining interruptions are poorly understood. Using the 1000 Genomes Phase-1 variant call set, we interrogated mono-, di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats up to 10 units in length. We detected ∼26,000-40,000 iMSs within each of four human population groups (African, European, East Asian, and American). We identified population-specific iMSs within exonic regions, and discovered that known disease-associated iMSs contain alleles present at differing frequencies among the populations. By analyzing longer microsatellites in primate genomes, we demonstrate that single interruptions result in a genome-wide average two- to six-fold reduction in microsatellite mutability, as compared with perfect microsatellites. Centrally located interruptions lowered mutability dramatically, by two to three orders of magnitude. Using a biochemical approach, we tested directly whether the mutability of a specific iMS is lower because of decreased DNA polymerase strand slippage errors. Modeling the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene sequence, we observed that a single base substitution interruption reduced strand slippage error rates five- to 50-fold, relative to a perfect repeat, during synthesis by DNA polymerases α, β, or η. Computationally, we demonstrate that iMSs arise primarily by base substitution mutations within individual human genomes. Our biochemical survey of human DNA polymerase α, β, δ, κ, and η error rates within certain microsatellites suggests that interruptions are created most frequently by low fidelity polymerases. Our combined computational and biochemical results demonstrate that iMSs are abundant in human genomes and are sources of population-specific genetic variation that may affect genome stability. The genome-wide identification of iMSs in human populations presented here has important implications for current models describing the impact of microsatellite polymorphisms on gene expression.
Differential polypeptide synthesis of the proton-translocating ATPase of Escherichia coli (1982)

We investigated the regulation of the synthesis of the eight polypeptides of the Escherichia coli proton-translocating ATPase. A plasmid carrying the eight genes of the unc operon was used to direct in vivo and in vitro protein synthesis of the eight polypeptides. Analysis of these data indicates that the ATPase polypeptides are synthesized in unequal amounts both in vitro and in vivo. We identified several regions within the unc operon at which expression of a gene is either increased or decreased from that of the preceding gene. Since genetic information indicates a single polycistronic mRNA for all eight genes of this operon, the observed differential synthesis of the polypeptides is most likely the result of translational regulation. The effect of varying the temperature suggests that the secondary structure in the mRNA may affect the rate of translation initiation in the region between uncE and uncF.
Organic dyes with remarkably high absorptivity; all solid-state dye sensitized solar cell and role of fluorine substitution (2010)

A series of new organic D-pi-A dyes, A1, A2-H and A2-F, possessing a remarkably high absorption extinction coefficient of epsilon > 5.0 x 10(4) M(-1) cm(-1) at peak wavelength were synthesized, among which, A2-F having a key fluorine substitution attains excellent all solid-state DSSC performance, with optimized parameters of eta = 4.86%, J(SC) = 7.52 mA cm(-2), V(OC) = 0.91 V, and FF = 0.71.
Antimycotic imidazoles. 2. Synthesis and antimycotic properties of 1-[2-(arylalkyl)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazoles (1977)

<p> LED based visible light communication (VLC) has become a feasible technology for indoor high-speed access networks. Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM) with high spectrum efficiency is often used to increase the data rate to overcome the limited bandwidth of LEDs. Due to the LED nonlinearity and high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM, the indoor broadcasting OFDM-VLC system suffers from not only the performance deterioration, but also the security issue. In this paper, we propose to use digital chaotic sequence pilot-assisted (CSPA) scheme to jointly improve the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) performance and the system security. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can achieve 3 dB PAPR mitigation even up for OFDM 64-QAM signal and 2 dB SNR improvement. Meanwhile, the proposed digital CS offers a key space of ∼10 <sup>106</sup> for each OFDM symbol to guarantee the secure transmission. </p>
Superantigens: Structure and Relevance to Human Disease (1996)

Superantigens are a class of immunostimulatory molecules produced by bacteria and viruses. Their potent immune effects are due to their unique ability to bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) outside the antigen-binding cleft and to stimulate T cells in a T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta-specific manner. Structural studies have revealed the binding sites involved in the MHC/superantigen/TCR complex. The bacterial superantigens are responsible for a number of syndromes, including food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, but their effects may be not only acute but also chronic and complex. Recent evidence suggests that superantigens may be relevant to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders. To illustrate the detrimental effects of superantigens on disease outcome, evidence demonstrating the modulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model for multiple sclerosis, by superantigen, as well as the potential role of superantigens in HIV pathogenesis of AIDS, will be presented. The information presented may provide valuable insight into the role of superantigens in autoimmunity and HIV infection.
Effect of concurrent topical corticosteroid and NSAID therapy of experimental keratitis. (1986)

The ability of suprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and prednisolone acetate, a corticosteroid, to suppress polymorphonuclear leukocyte invasion of the rabbit cornea during an experimental keratitis was evaluated following topical ophthalmic administration of either drug alone or both drugs concurrently. Suprofen therapy initiated immediately after induction of inflammation was ineffective. However, if suprofen therapy was begun 48 hr prior to the induction of inflammation, the drug was effective. In contrast, prednisolone acetate therapy begun after the induction of inflammation was effective; 48 hr of pretreatment with the corticosteroid produced a marked increase in its therapeutic effect. When administered according to the same regimen, concurrent therapy with suprofen and prednisolone acetate was significantly more effective than treatment with either drug alone. This result was obtained irrespective of whether concurrent therapy was initiated prior to or after the inflammatory event.
Variable-precision exponentiation (1973)

A previous paper presented an efficient algorithm, called the Recomputation Algorithm, for evaluating a rational expression to within any desired tolerance on a computer which performs variable-precision arithmetic operations. The Recomputation Algorithm can be applied to expressions involving any variable-precision operations having O (10 - p + ∑ | ε i |) error bounds, where p denotes the operation's precision and ε i denotes the error in the operation's i th argument. This paper presents an efficient variable-precision exponential operation with an error bound of the above order. Other operations, such as log, sin, and cos, which have simple series expansions, can be handled similarly.
Promises and Pitfalls in the Use of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Multiple Myeloma (2018)

In the biology of multiple myeloma (MM), immune dysregulation has emerged as a critical component for novel therapeutic strategies. This dysfunction is due to a reduced antigen presentation, a reduced effector cell ability and a loss of reactive T cells against myeloma, together with a bone marrow microenvironment that favors immune escape. The Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) pathway is associated with the regulation of T cell activation and with the apoptotic pathways of effector memory T cells. Specifically, the binding with PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) on the surface of tumor plasma cells down-regulates T cell-proliferation, thus contributing to the immune escape of tumor cells. In relapsed and/or refractory MM (RRMM) patients, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade was analyzed by using nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and durvalumab. Outcomes with single agents were unsatisfactory, whereas combination strategies with backbone immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) suggested a synergistic action in such a complex immunological landscape, even in patients previously refractory to these drugs. Nevertheless, these combinations were also associated with an increased incidence of adverse events. This review aims to analyze the available preclinical and clinical data on the role of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in MM therapy, focusing on available preliminary efficacy and safety data and offering insights for future investigation.
Nonlinear Instabilities in a Single-axis Vibratory Gyroscope (2007)

[Abstract] Nonlinear instabilities in a single -axis vibrating MEMS gyroscope that is subjected to periodic fluctuations in input angular rates are investigated. For the purpo se of characterizing the bifurcation behavior associated with the steady -state, when the angular rate input is subject to small intensity periodic fluctuations, dynamic behavior of periodically perturbed nonlinear gyroscopic systems is studied in detail. A n asymptotic approach based on the method of averaging has been employed for this purpose, and closed form conditions for the frequency response due to parametric resonances have been obtained. This behavior has been illustrated via amplitude -frequency plo ts . , , ,
The mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator is an antigen in primary biliary cirrhosis. (1983)

Circulating antibodies reacting specifically with the adenine nucleotide translocator from liver mitochondria were detected in sera from 12 patients with proven primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) by a solid phase double antibody immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Furthermore these antibodies were absorbed with the isolated adenine nucleotide translocator from liver mitochondria. None of the sera from 20 normal individuals, four patients with anti-mitochondrial positive pseudolupus syndrome (PLE) sera (M-3) and three patients with syphilis (anti-M-l) had antibodies directed against this protein from inner mitochondrial membrane. The adenine nucleotide translocator as antigen in PBC could clearly be distinguished from the ATPase associated PBC specific M-2 antigen. With the present study, for the first time, a well characterized protein from inner mitochondrial membrane has been clearly defined as an autoantigen in primary biliary cirrhosis.
PP.14.21 (2015)

Objective: Rgs2 (regulator of G-protein signaling-2)-deficient mice exhibit persistent vascular constriction and severe hypertension, and genetic variations of RGS2 occur in hypertensive patients. Moreover we have known that RGS2 mRNA expression was up regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). This study was to disclose the role of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in signal transduction through RGS2. Design and method: VSMCs were isolated from thoracic aortas of male Wistar rats and cells between passages 4 to 6 were used at semi-confluence growth state. VSMC were incubated in azelnidipine, amolnidipine or cilnidipine (∼40 nM) and cells were collected. RGS2 mRNA expression was performed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Results: Azelnidipine (∼4 nM and ∼40 nM) dose-dependently increased RGS2 mRNA expression in VSMC (p < 0.01). On the other hand, RGS2 mRNA expression was increased with cilnidipine (∼40 nM) stimulation and the cells were pre-incubated with PKC inhibitor for 30 minutes, PKC inhibitor significantly decreased cilnidipine-induced RGS2 up-regulation by 50% (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that CCBs decreased post-receptor signal transduction through the up-regulation of RGS2 mRNA expression and this upregulation of RGS2 mRNA expression possibly via N-type calcium channel.
Vibrational spectroscopy of arsenic-hydrogen complexes in ZnSe (1996)

Using infrared absorption spectroscopy, we have observed hydrogen local vibrational modes (LVMs) in arsenic-doped ZnSe grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). When hydrogen is used as a carrier gas, we find an absorption peak at 2165.6 cm−1, which we attribute to a bond-stretching mode of a hydrogen attached to an arsenic acceptor in a bond-centered orientation. With deuterium substituting the hydrogen carrier gas, we find an additional peak at 1557.1 cm−1 with 1/3 the intensity of the hydrogen peak. The isotopic frequency ratio is r=vH/vD=1.3908, similar to values found in many hydrogen/deuterium-related complexes. The larger area of the hydrogen peak indicates that most of the hydrogen comes from decomposition reactions involving the metalorganic molecules. The temperature dependent shift of the ZnSe:As,H mode is proportional to the lattice thermal energy U(T), a consequence of the anharmonic coupling between the LVMs and the lattice phonons.