gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vinyllithium reagents from arenesulfonylhydrazones (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVinyllithium reagents from arenesulfonylhydrazonesA. Richard Chamberlin, Jeffrey E. Stemke, and F. Thomas BondCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 1, 147–154Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00395a033https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00395a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1872Altmetric-Citations158LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of initializable asynchronous circuits (2002)

We show that existing synthesis techniques may produce asynchronous circuits that are not initializable by gate level analysis tools even when the design is functionally initializable. Due to the absence of any initialization sequence, a fault simulator or test generator that assumes an unknown starting state will be completely ineffective for these circuits. In this paper, we show that proper consideration of initializability during the asynchronous circuit synthesis procedure can guarantee initializable implementations, The assignment of don't cares during the synthesis procedure is intimately related to the initializability of the final implementation. We present a novel implicit enumeration procedure that selectively assigns don't cares to obtain an initializable implementation. Initialization sequences are obtained as a by product of our synthesis procedure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Integrated Zeolite Membrane/RuO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalyst System for Hydrogen Production from Water (2007)

A zeolite Y membrane on a RuO2 containing alumina support for photochemical applications is described. Nanofingers of ruthenium oxide are assembled within the alumina support by thermal decomposition of ruthenium dodecacarbonyl followed by oxidation of the metal. Hydrogen evolution was monitored on the “dark” alumina side upon visible light illumination of a solution of sensitizer Ru(bpy)32+, electron acceptor N,N‘-trimethylene-2,2‘-bipyridinium (DQ2+), and sacrificial electron donor EDTA on the zeolite side of the membrane. The zeolite was ion-exchanged with DQ2+, and propylviologen sulfonate (PVS) was present in solution on the alumina side of the membrane. It is proposed that upon photoexcitation, DQ+• radical is formed in solution on the zeolite side, which can exchange charge with DQ2+ in the zeolite. Charge diffusion via self-exchange of electrons within the DQ2+/zeolite leads to charge migration onto the zeolite/alumina interface of the membrane and electron donation to PVS. Hydrogen is produced by the reduction of water by the PVS radicals on the RuO2 catalysts. This study demonstrates an architecture for photoinitiated spatial separation of charge across an ∼4 μm thick microporous membrane, along with utilization of the charge to produce H2 from water.
P. Lain Entralgo, Historia de la medicina, Barcelona, Salvat Editores, 1978, 8vo, pp. xxxi, 722, [no price stated], (paperback). (1979)

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Interleukin‐7 activates human naive CD4<sup>+</sup> cells and primes for interleukin‐4 production (1997)

Interleukin (IL)-4 is considered to be essential for T helper (Th)2 cell development, yet in areas of primary T cell activation, CD4+ cells are its only source. This implies that other signals must drive the initial expression of IL-4 production. The role of CD28 co-stimulation in Th2 subset development has been described. However, in mice deficient for CD28, Th2 responses are diminished, but not abrogated. Cytokines produced within the lymphoid tissue, e.g. IL-7, may be important in the primary activation of naive CD4+ cells. We have found that human naive CD4+ cells purified from umbilical cord blood express the IL-7 receptor and respond vigorously to IL-7 during primary stimulation. Naive CD4+ cells grown in IL-4, in the presence or absence of IL-2, fail to produce Th2 cytokines upon restimulation. In contrast, IL-7 induces development of a population of T cells that produce large amounts of IL-4. Growth in IL-7 also increases IL-2-induced production of interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-10 production. IL-7-induced IL-4 production is not inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to IL-4 on its receptor. This implies that IL-7 acts directly to induce Th2 subset development and not by up-regulating either production of IL-4 during culture or expression of the IL-4 receptor. Moreover, IL-7 potentiates the effects of CD28 co-stimulation on both naive CD4+ cell proliferation and subsequent IL-4 production. Following primary stimulation, CD4+ cells lose expression of the IL-7 receptor, resulting in IL-7 unresponsiveness. This work reveals a novel role for IL-7 in the primary activation of CD4+ cells. We propose that in conjunction with CD28 co-stimulation, IL-7 induces the initial expression of IL-4 production and that IL-4 acts subsequently to expand Th2 cytokine-producing cells at the appropriate anatomical site.
Synthesis of 2-Hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridine : A Key Intermediate for Omeprazole (1997)

A synthesis of 2-hydroxymethyl-3.5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridie a key intermediate for the preparation of gastric acid inhibiting compound omeprazole, is described.The procedure consists of preparation of pyrone, pyridone and pyridine derivatives sequentially.In recent years research in the field of gastric acid secretion has resulted in the discovery of a new class of antisccrctory compounds.'~*Omeprazole (brand name : Prilosec), prepared by coupling of 2-chloromethyl-3.5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridine and 5-methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole, followed by oxidation,'"^ a representative with highly specific inhibiting action on the gastric proton pump, ( H + + K + ) -~~P a s e .The pyridine part was easily prepared from 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridine (10) by chlorination [ I ) SOC12, 2) neutralization with 10% K2C03].Two syntheses of 10 using either 2.3.5trimethylpyridine or 3.5-dimethylpyridine as starting material had appeared.'~'One of the most interesting conversions is the acylation of a substituted pyridine N-oxide to form a substituted 2a c e t ~x y ~y r i d i n e ." ~~ '
Magnetoelectropolished Titanium Biomaterial (2011)

The high standard and bio-electrochemical stability of any metallic biomaterial components are the main conditions for their safe implantation into human body. The most critically indispensable properties for metallic biomaterials are their corrosion resistance, inertness, low toxicity, and durability. The work aims at analyzing the titanium biomaterial characterization after electrolytic polishing in a magnetic field, named as the magnetoelectropolishing (MEP), in comparison with the material finish after a conventional electropolishing (EP). Titanium and titanium alloys gradually became the main biomedical materials used presently in orthopaedic applications. The leaching of metallic ions such as nickel during the corrosion process from other biomaterials such as: 316L stainless steel, L-605 cobaltchromium alloy, or Nitinol, has caused considerable concerns due to the allergies, inflammations, etc. It appears to be non existent when CP titanium is employed. Titanium is also insensitive to oxygen concentration and by this titanium ions release by this mechanism is not applicable in this case. Also it is well known that when titanium is exposed to body fluids, its surface undergoes spontaneous modification by Ca2+ and PO43ions and prolong exposure leads to formation of hydroxyapatite layer, which is indispensable to bone-implant osseointegration. High quality metal alloys of titanium are commonly used for orthopaedic prostheses as bone plates, nails, screws, etc. Fortunately, the oxides and hydroxides of titanium have extremely low solubilities  so a passive oxide film readily and spontaneously forms over the titanium’s surface. In spite of its very high corrosion resistance the spontaneously formed oxide film consists of some inclusion and discontinuity spots, which can cause the problems in integration at the bone-implant interface. To overcome these problems, several surface treatments are employed: chemical etching, plasma treatment, ion implantation, electrochemical or wet chemical hydroxyapatite precipitation following either hydrothermal treatment or sintering, anodizing, electropolishing, etc. The electropolishing process seems to be the best way to eliminate these problems. By dissolving the existing imperfect oxide, electropolishing process creates the base for formation the more perfect homogeneous oxide over the base titanium metal. As it was shown in many works, including also previous ours, it is the presence of this oxide film that is responsible for titanium’s excellent corrosion resistance, which enables it to be used in surgical applications.
Pressure-controlled two-step TEOS-O/sub 3/ CVD eliminating the base material effect (2002)

A new pressure-controlled two-step TEOS-O/sub 3/ CVD has been developed to provide high quality SiO/sub 2/ films with flow-like step-coverage regardless of the underlying materials. Thin films, initially deposited under a low pressure but high O/sub 3/ concentration prior to the deposition of main films under sub/atmospheric pressure (AP), have as high quality as AP-TEOS-O/sub 3/ films, and eliminate the base material effect. Gap-filling for 0.2-/spl mu/m spaces with a high aspect ratio of 3.1 has been achieved.
Accelerated cellular senescence in degenerate intervertebral discs: a possible role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (2007)

Current evidence implicates intervertebral disc degeneration as a major cause of low back pain, although its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Numerous characteristic features of disc degeneration mimic those seen during ageing but appear to occur at an accelerated rate. We hypothesised that this is due to accelerated cellular senescence, which causes fundamental changes in the ability of disc cells to maintain the intervertebral disc (IVD) matrix, thus leading to IVD degeneration. Cells isolated from non-degenerate and degenerate human tissue were assessed for mean telomere length, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal), and replicative potential. Expression of P16INK4A (increased in cellular senescence) was also investigated in IVD tissue by means of immunohistochemistry. RNA from tissue and cultured cells was used for real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis for matrix metalloproteinase-13, ADAMTS 5 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs 5), and P16INK4A. Mean telomere length decreased with age in cells from non-degenerate tissue and also decreased with progressive stages of degeneration. In non-degenerate discs, there was an age-related increase in cellular expression of P16INK4A. Cells from degenerate discs (even from young patients) exhibited increased expression of P16INK4A, increased SA-beta-gal staining, and a decrease in replicative potential. Importantly, there was a positive correlation between P16INK4A and matrix-degrading enzyme gene expression. Our findings indicate that disc cell senescence occurs in vivo and is accelerated in IVD degeneration. Furthermore, the senescent phenotype is associated with increased catabolism, implicating cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration.
Design and Implementation of a GPS Guidance System for Agricultural Tractors Using Augmented Reality Technology (2010)

Current commercial tractor guidance systems present to the driver information to perform agricultural tasks in the best way. This information generally includes a treated zones map referenced to the tractor's position. Unlike actual guidance systems where the tractor driver must mentally associate treated zone maps and the plot layout, this paper presents a guidance system that using Augmented Reality (AR) technology, allows the tractor driver to see the real plot though eye monitor glasses with the treated zones in a different color. The paper includes a description of the system hardware and software, a real test done with image captures seen by the tractor driver, and a discussion predicting that the historical evolution of guidance systems could involve the use of AR technology in the agricultural guidance and monitoring systems.
Distribution and Mechanism of α-Amanitin Tolerance in Mycophagous Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (2011)

Many mycophagous species of Drosophila can tolerate the mushroom poison α-amanitin in wild mushrooms and in artificial diet. We conducted feeding assays with sixteen Drosophila species and α-amanitin in artificial diet to better determine the phylogenetic distribution of this tolerance. For eight tolerant and one related susceptible species, we sequenced the gene encoding the large subunit of RNA Polymerase II, which is the target site of α-amanitin. We found no differences in the gene that could account for differences in susceptibility to the toxin. We also conducted feeding assays in which α-amanitin was combined with chemical inhibitors of cytochrome P450s or glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in artificial diet to determine if either of these enzyme families is involved in tolerance to α-amanitin. We found that an inhibitor of GSTs did not reduce tolerance to α-amanitin, but that an inhibitor of cytochrome P450s reduced tolerance in several species. It is possible that the same cytochrome P450 activity that produces tolerance of α-amanitin might produce tolerance of other mushroom toxins as well. If so, a general detoxification mechanism based on cytochrome P450s might answer the question of how tolerance to α-amanitin arose in mycophagous Drosophila when this toxin is found in relatively few mushrooms.
Bacterial Profile of Dentine Caries and the Impact of pH on Bacterial Population Diversity (2014)

Dental caries is caused by the release of organic acids from fermentative bacteria, which results in the dissolution of hydroxyapatite matrices of enamel and dentine. While low environmental pH is proposed to cause a shift in the consortium of oral bacteria, favouring the development of caries, the impact of this variable has been overlooked in microbial population studies. This study aimed to detail the zonal composition of the microbiota associated with carious dentine lesions with reference to pH. We used 454 sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) to compare microbial communities in layers ranging in pH from 4.5-7.8 from 25 teeth with advanced dentine caries. Pyrosequencing of the amplicons yielded 449,762 sequences. Nine phyla, 97 genera and 409 species were identified from the quality-filtered, de-noised and chimera-free sequences. Among the microbiota associated with dentinal caries, the most abundant taxa included Lactobacillus sp., Prevotella sp., Atopobium sp., Olsenella sp. and Actinomyces sp. We found a disparity between microbial communities localised at acidic versus neutral pH strata. Acidic conditions were associated with low diversity microbial populations, with Lactobacillus species including L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus and L. crispatus, being prominent. In comparison, the distinctive species of a more diverse flora associated with neutral pH regions of carious lesions included Alloprevotella tanerrae, Leptothrix sp., Sphingomonas sp. and Streptococcus anginosus. While certain bacteria were affected by the pH gradient, we also found that ∼ 60% of the taxa associated with caries were present across the investigated pH range, representing a substantial core. We demonstrated that some bacterial species implicated in caries progression show selective clustering with respect to pH gradient, providing a basis for specific therapeutic strategies.
Flow‐induced phase effects and compensation technique for slice‐selective pulses (1989)

Flowing spins experience a time-varying frequency during the application of slice-selective radiofrequency (RF) pulses. As a result the flowing spins accumulate phase relative to stationary spins as the spins are rotated toward the transverse plane. Using finite difference techniques to solve the Bloch equations for flowing spins, the phase of the transverse magnetization after a slice-selective pulse was evaluated for varying flow velocities and for tip angles which ranged between 0 degrees and 180 degrees. The following results were obtained for constant slice thickness: (1) For a fixed tip angle, the phase varies nonlinearly with velocity. (2) For a fixed velocity, the phase varies nonlinearly with tip angle. For small tip angles the nonlinearity in the variation as a function of velocity is very small but increases for tip angles greater than 90 degrees and becomes especially severe near 180 degrees. A method is proposed to desensitize the phase of flowing spins during the application of slice-selective pulses. The compensation scheme depends upon tip angle but is virtually independent of flow velocity. The technique was tested and verified with clinical images.
The Friedel-Crafts Reaction with 2,3-Dibromo-3-phenylpropionic Acid (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Friedel-Crafts Reaction with 2,3-Dibromo-3-phenylpropionic AcidRoderick Barnes and Adelina NetoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 12, 4259–4261Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1970Publication History Published online13 August 2003Published inissue 1 December 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00837a637https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00837a637research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views175Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Liquid-crystal polyethers containing macroheterocyclic ligands. 1. Polyethers and copolyethers based on 4,4'-dihydroxy-.alpha.-methylstilbene, bis(8-bromooctyl)dibenzo-18-crown-6 and/or 1,11-dibromoundecane (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid-crystal polyethers containing macroheterocyclic ligands. 1. Polyethers and copolyethers based on 4,4'-dihydroxy-.alpha.-methylstilbene, bis(8-bromooctyl)dibenzo-18-crown-6 and/or 1,11-dibromoundecaneVirgil Percec and Randall RodenhouseCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 5, 2043–2047Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00195a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00195a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A cinematographic analysis of overground and treadmill running by males and females (1976)

Cinematography was used to biomechanically compare individually selected overground jogging and running velocities with equated treadmill jogging and running by adult males and females. All subjects were regular joggers but not competitive track or cross-country runners. No significant differences were recorded in stride length, stride rate, support time or non-support time for males or females when jogging at velocities of between 3.33 and 4.78 m/s (x = 3.70) or 3.45 and 4.80 m/s (x=3.97) respectively. However, it was demonstrated that at velocities of 4.82 - 6.2 m/s for males (x - 5.41) and 4.85 - 5.76 m/s for females (x = 5.29) significant differences did occur between overground and treadmill running. For both males and females stride length decreased, stride rate increased, and the period of non-support was also significantly less when running on a treadmill as compared to running overground.
DRUMS: Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems (1993)

This presentation reports the activites of the Basic Research Action 3085 called DRUMS. This 2.5-year large scale European research project studied several aspects of uncertainty in artificial intelligence. It has been supported by a grant from the C