gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Behavioral Ecology of Intermittent Locomotion (2001)

Most physiological and ecological approaches to animal locomotion are based on steady state assumptions, yet movements of many animals are interspersed with pauses lasting from milliseconds to minutes. Thus, pauses, along with changes in the duration and speed of moves, form part of a dynamic system of intermittent locomotion by which animals adjust their locomotor behavior to changing circumstances. Intermittent locomotion occurs in a wide array of organisms from protozoans to mammals. It is found in aerial, aquatic and terrestrial locomotion and in many behavioral contexts including search and pursuit of prey, mate search, escape from predators, habitat assessment and general travel. In our survey, animals exhibiting intermittent locomotion paused on average nearly 50% of their locomotion time (range 6–94%). Although intermittent locomotion is usually expected to increase energetic costs as a result of additional expenditure for acceleration and deceleration, a variety of energetic benefits can arise when forward movement continues during pauses. Endurance also can be improved by partial recovery from fatigue during pauses. Perceptual benefits can arise because pauses increase the capacity of the sensory systems to detect relevant stimuli. Several processes, including velocity blur, relative motion detection, foveation, attention and interference between sensory systems are probably involved. In animals that do not pause, alternative mechanisms for stabilizing the perceptual field are often present. Because movement is an important cue for stimulus detection, pauses can also reduce unwanted detection by an organism's predators or prey. Several models have attempted to integrate energetic and perceptual processes, but many challenges remain. Future advances will require improved quantification of the effects of speed on perception.
Cloning and characterization of a gene from<i>Rhizobium melilotii 2011</i>coding for ribosomal protein S1 (1988)

A 7 kb chromosomal DNA fragment from R. melilotii was cloned, which complemented temperature-sensitivity of an E. coli amber mutant in rpsA, the gene for ribosomal protein S1 (ES1). From complementation and maxicell analysis a 58 kd protein was identified as the homolog of protein S1 (RS1). DNA sequence analysis of the R. melilotii rpsA gene identified a protein of 568 amino acids, which showed 47% identical amino acid homology to protein S1 from E. coli. The RS1 protein lacked the two Cys residues which had been reported to play an important role for the function of ES1. Two repeats containing Shine-Dalgarno sequences were identified upstream of the structural gene. Binding studies with RNA polymerase from E. coli and Pseudomonas putida located one RNA-polymerase binding site close to the RS1 gene and another one several hundred basepairs upstream. One possible promoter was also identified by DNA sequence comparison with the corresponding E. coli promoter.
Hydrogen-mediated creation and annihilation of strain in amorphous silicon (1995)

The influence of an increasing hydrogen concentration on the properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) was investigated. An increase of the Si-H bond concentration by as much as 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{21}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ changes neither the defect density, the weak-bond density, nor the metastability. These results suggest that hydrogen is accommodated in pairs pinning the hydrogen chemical potential, which is indicative of a negative correlation energy. Data on annealing of a-Si:H at high temperatures show that the exponential band tails do not broaden as a function of the temperature. These experiments suggest that the random-network strain energy in device-quality a-Si:H is in metastable equilibrium. Based on our experimental results, we propose that internal strain propagates within the network and can be generated or reduced by annealing and/or the incorporation of hydrogen. According to maximum entropy the slope of the exponential band tails represents the average strain energy per lattice bond.
Photoluminescence of Perovskite Nanosheets Prepared by Exfoliation of Layered Oxides, K<sub>2</sub>Ln<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, KLnNb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, and RbLnTa<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (Ln: Lanthanide Ion) (2008)

Luminescent perovskite nanosheets were prepared by exfoliation of single- or double-layered perovskite oxides, K2Ln2Ti3O10, KLnNb2O7, and RbLnTa2O7 (Ln: lanthanide ion). The thickness of the individual nanosheets corresponded to those of the perovskite block in the parent layered compounds. Intense red and green emissions were observed in aqueous solutions with Gd1.4Eu0.6Ti3O10- and La0.7Tb0.3Ta2O7-nanosheets, respectively, under UV illumination with energies greater than the corresponding host oxide band gap. The coincidence of the excitation spectrum and the band gap absorbance indicates that the visible emission results from energy transfer within the nanosheet. The red emission intensity of the Gd1.4Eu0.6Ti3O10-nanosheets was much stronger than that of the La0.90Eu0.05Nb2O7-nanosheets reported previously. The strong emission intensity is a result of a two-step energy transfer cascade within the nanosheet from the Ti-O network to Gd(3+) and then to Eu(3+). The emission intensities of the Gd1.4Eu0.6Ti3O10- and La0.7Tb0.3Ta2O7-nanosheets can be modulated by applying a magnetic field (1.3-1.4 T), which brings about a change in orientation of the nanosheets in solution. The emission intensities increased when the excitation light and the magnetic field directions were perpendicular to each other, and they decreased when the excitation and magnetic field were collinear and mutually perpendicular to the direction of detection of the emitted light.
On vortex formation from a cylinder. Part 1. The initial instability (1988)

Vortex shedding from a circular cylinder is examined over a tenfold range of Reynolds number, 440 ≤ Re ≤ 5040. The shear layer separating from the cylinder shows, to varying degrees, an exponential variation of fluctuating kinetic energy with distance downstream of the cylinder. The characteristics of this unsteady shear layer are interpreted within the context of an absolute instability of the near wake. At the trailing-end of the cylinder, the fluctuation amplitude of the instability correlates well with previously measured values of mean base pressure. Moreover, this amplitude follows the visualized vortex formation length as Reynolds number varies. There is a drastic decrease in this near-wake fluctuation amplitude in the lower range of Reynolds number and a rapid increase at higher Reynolds number. These trends are addressed relative to the present, as well as previous, observations.
CD33 ve Alzheimer Hastalığı (2018)

Hafızadakibozukluklar ile karakterize Alzheimer hastalığı (AH) yaşlanan nüfustaki artışnedeniyle hızla büyüyen klinik ve halk sağlığı sorunu haline gelmiştir. Amiloid-beta(Aβ) yapısındaki senil plakların birikimi ve nörofibriler yumaklar hastalığınnöropatolojik özellikleri arasındadır. Aβ-peptid kaskad hipotezi, Aβbirikiminin AH için başlatıcı ve majör patojenik olay olduğunudüşündürmektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan genom çapında ilişkilendirmeçalışmalarında, hücre-hücre etkileşimine aracılık eden ve Tip 1 transmembranproteini olan farklılaşma kümesi 33 (CD33 (cluster of differentiation 33)), AH için yeni bir risk faktörü olarak önerilmektedir.Mikroglial hücrelerde ifade edilen CD33 düzeyinin amiloid plak miktarı vehastalık şiddeti ile ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur.
Retrovirus-mediated transfer of the erythropoietin gene in hematopoietic cells improves the erythrocyte phenotype in murine beta- thalassemia (1994)

Repeated injections of large doses of erythropoietin (Epo) have been shown to be of benefit in the treatment of murine and human beta- thalassemia. To determine whether Epo gene therapy could replace this treatment for long-term periods, lethally irradiated beta-thalassemic (Hbbd3th haplotype) and normal DBA/2J (Hbbd haplotype) mice were grafted with syngeneic bone marrow cells infected with a retroviral vector carrying the Epo cDNA. In normal mice, dysregulated Epo production induced elevated serum Epo levels (176 +/- 68 mU/mL), high hematocrit levels (73% +/- 8%), and elevated beta-minor globin chain synthesis. In contrast, in thalassemic mice, moderate increases in the hematocrit levels (from 33% +/- 1% to 43% +/- 9%), associated with limited increases in the initially elevated Epo levels (from 83 +/- 22 to 190 +/- 230 mU/mL), were recorded 2 months after transplantation. In mice in which the hematocrit increased most, from 33% +/- 1% before transplantation to 49% +/- 10%, the retroviral Epo gene expression induced a striking improvement of the beta-thalassemic syndrome. These mice exhibited normal or near-normal beta/alpha-globin chain synthesis ratios, induced by the activation of the beta-minor chain. This led to the elimination of the high amounts of unpaired alpha chains in erythrocytes and finally reduced the reticulocyte count despite the permanent Epo stimulation. These results show that efficient Epo gene expression corrects the erythrocyte phenotype of the mouse beta- thalassemic syndrome. However, the incidence of lethal polycythemia or of transient improvements indicates that the present strategy is only the first step toward such indirect gene therapy.
Induction of Cancer Metastasis by Cyclophosphamide Pretreatment of Host Mice: An Opposite Effect of Chemotherapy (2008)

Although side effects of cancer chemotherapy are well known, "opposite effects" of chemotherapy that enhance the malignancy of the treated cancer are not well understood. In this report, we describe the induction of intravascular proliferation, extravasation, and colony formation by cancer cells, critical steps of metastasis, by pretreatment of host mice with the commonly used chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide. In contrast, in the unpretreated mice, most cancer cells remained quiescent in vessels without extravasation. HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells, labeled in the nucleus with green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein in the cytoplasm for imaging, were injected into the epigastric cranialis vein of nude mice. Twenty-four hours before cancer cell injection, cyclophosphamide was given i.p. Double-labeled cancer cells were imaged at the cellular level in live mice with the Olympus OV100 Small Animal Imaging System with variable magnification. Cyclophosphamide seems to interfere with a host process that inhibits intravascular proliferation, extravasation, and extravascular colony formation. Cyclophosphamide does not directly affect the cancer cells because cyclophosphamide has been cleared by the time the cancer cells were injected. This report shows an important unexpected "opposite effect" of chemotherapy that enhances critical steps in malignancy rather than inhibiting them, suggesting that certain current approaches to cancer chemotherapy should be modified.
709. The decomposition of aliphatic diazo-compounds by trimethyl borate: the preparation of branched-chain paraffins of high molecular weight (1952)

G. D. Buckley and N. H. Ray, J. Chem. Soc., 1952, 3701 DOI: 10.1039/JR9520003701
Bacterial Biofilms in Otitis Media (2007)

A biofilm is a highly organized, multicellular network of bacteria encased in a matrix and found in close association with a surface. Substantial effort in understanding the biologic and biochemical nature of biofilms has resulted in evidence supporting their importance in otitis media (OM), both from the perspective how pathogens develop viable communities in the middle ear as well as how this structure impedes successful antibiotic therapy. This new understanding may explain the recurrent nature of OM, and the persistence of middle ear fluid after infection. This article looks closely at biofilms in OM and suggests that an improved understanding of the unique properties of bacteria resident within a biofilm and the proteins they express while part of this organized community has the potential to identify novel and perhaps biofilm-specific molecular targets for the design of vaccine candidates for the prevention of OM.
Greedy optimal homotopy and homology generators (2005)

We describe simple greedy algorithms to construct the shortest set of loops that generates either the fundamental group (with a given basepoint) or the first homology group (over any fixed coefficient field) of any oriented 2-manifold. In particular, we show that the shortest set of loops that generate the fundamental group of any oriented combinatorial 2-manifold, with any given basepoint, can be constructed in O(n log n) time using a straightforward application of Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. This solves an open problem of Colin de Verdiere and Lazarus.
Helix-loop-helix transcription factors E12 and E47 are not essential for skeletal or cardiac myogenesis, erythropoiesis, chondrogenesis, or neurogenesis. (1992)

E12 and E47 are two non-tissue-specific helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors encoded by the E2A gene. Previous studies suggested that they are involved in regulation of differentiation in many tissue types including muscle, blood, and nerve through direct heterodimer interactions with tissue-specific HLH proteins. To gain further genetic insight into the functions of E12 and E47 during cell differentiation, we mutated both copies of the E2A gene in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and then tested the effect on differentiation in vitro. We find that the ES cells lacking functional E12 and E47 are capable of differentiating into both skeletal and cardiac muscle, erythrocytes, neurons, and cartilage that the same extent as wild-type cells. These results indicate that the E2A gene is not essential for differentiation of these cell types and suggest that redundant genes may control these developmental pathways.
Structure and function of a computer system for soil diagnosis (1991)

Abstract The author has developed a soil diagnosis system utilizing a personal computer. This system enables to prepare data files for soil profile, soil physical and chemical properties, and also, as required, for the columnar section of a soil profile, three-phase distribution, pF-soil moisture curve, diagnosis, and recommendations, radar chart, etc. As a result, soils can be comprehensively diagnosed and the results can be used for recommending to the farmers appropriate methods of soil improvement and fertilizer application. Moreover, a field management system as subsystem can be developed to determine the field management and crop growing conditions in the area when the soil diagnosis was performed. Location of the survey spot was stored in an image file by using a large-scale map, in which subdivisions could be identified, and was registered using X. Y coordinates on a computer display screen. Through the utilization of this farm map, the soil characteristics and their relation with the growth of crops could be adequately defined.
Fast and high quality overlap repair for patch-based texture synthesis (2004)

Patch-based texture synthesis has proven to produce high quality textures faster than pixel-based approaches. Previous algorithms differ in how the regions of overlap between neighboring patches are treated. We present an approach that produces higher quality overlap regions than simple blending of patches or computing good boundaries, however, that is faster than resynthesizing invalid pixels using a classical per-pixel synthesis algorithm: we use a k-nearest neighbor (knn) data structure, obtained from the input texture in a precomputation step. Results from our implementation show that the algorithm produces high-quality textures, where the time complexity of the synthesis stage is linear in the number of resynthesized pixels and, therefore, scales well with the size of the input texture
Development and Industrialization of Efficient Cross-Coupling Reactions (2012)

Ttransition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (C-C, C-N) are the useful and powerful tools for the synthesis of OLED (organic light-emitting diode) or LCD (liquid crystal display) materials. For many years, a major drawback of this reaction has been the poor reactivity of aryl chloride, which are more attractive in terms of cost and availability than the corresponding bromide, iodide and triflate. This review summarized the recent developments combined with our work utilizing the aryl chloride in this area.
Automatic Circle Detection on Images with Annealed Differential Evolution (2008)

This article presents an algorithm for the automatic detection of circular shapes from complicated and noisy images. The algorithm is based on a hybrid technique composed of simulated annealing and differential evolution. A new fuzzy objective function has been derived for the edge map of a given image. Minimization of this function with a hybrid annealed differential evolution algorithm leads to the automatic detection of circles on the image. Simulation results over several synthetic as well as natural images with varying range of complexity validate the efficacy of the proposed technique in terms of its final accuracy, speed and robustness.
Prolidase function in proline metabolism and its medical and biotechnological applications (2012)

Prolidase is a multifunctional enzyme that possesses the unique ability to degrade imidodipeptides in which a proline or hydroxyproline residue is located at the C-terminal end. Prolidases have been isolated from archaea and bacteria, where they are thought to participate in proline recycling. In mammalian species, prolidases are found in the cytoplasm and function primarily to liberate proline in the final stage of protein catabolism, particularly during the biosynthesis and degradation of collagen. Collagen comprises nearly one-third of the total protein in the body, and it is essential in maintaining tissue structure and integrity. Prolidase deficiency (PD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which mutations in the PEPD gene affect prolidase functionality, tends to have serious and sometimes life-threatening clinical symptoms. Recombinant prolidases have many applications and have been investigated not only as a possible treatment for PD, but also as a part of anti-cancer strategies, a component of biodecontamination cocktails and in the dairy industry. This review will serve to discuss the many in vivo functions of procaryotic and eucaryotic prolidases, as well as the most recent advances in therapeutic and biotechnological application of prolidases.
Increased Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 in Coronary Artery Atherectomy Specimens From Type 2 Diabetic Compared With Nondiabetic Patients (1998)

The disproportionate elevation of PAI-1 compared with u-PA observed in atheromatous material extracted from vessels of diabetic subjects is consistent with increased gene expression of PAI-1 in vessels as well as the known increase of PAI-1 in blood, presumably reflecting increased synthesis. The increased PAI-1 detected in the atheroma may contribute in vivo to accelerated or persistent thrombosis underlying acute occlusion and to vasculopathy exacerbated by clot-associated mitogens in the vessel wall. Because the changes were observed to be associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, they may be modifiable by reduction of insulin resistance with insulin sensitizers and stringent control of hyperglycemia.
Electrical and magnetic properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Nb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">δ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>crystallographic shear structures (1991)

The reduced niobium oxides ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{25}$${\mathrm{O}}_{62}$, ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{47}$${\mathrm{O}}_{116}$, ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{22}$${\mathrm{O}}_{54}$, and ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{12}$${\mathrm{O}}_{29}$ have been prepared in pure polycrystalline form by a niobium-metal gettering technique. They are related to the high niobia parent structure through the action of cystallographic shear to accommodate oxygen deficiency in ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{5\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$. Electrical conductivities increase with increasing reduction: ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{12}$${\mathrm{O}}_{29}$ is a metallic conductor down to 0.3 K. All show, surprisingly, Curie-Weiss behavior in the \ensuremath{\chi}-vs-T curves, with ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{12}$${\mathrm{O}}_{29}$ ordering antiferromagnetically at 12 K.
A nonlinear dynamic inversion Predictor-Based Model Reference Adaptive Controller for a Generic Transport Model (2010)

Presented here is a Predictor-Based Model Reference Adaptive Control (PMRAC) architecture for a generic transport aircraft. At its core, this architecture features a three-axis, non-linear, dynamic-inversion controller. Command inputs for this baseline controller are provided by pilot roll-rate, pitch-rate, and sideslip commands. This paper will first thoroughly present the baseline controller followed by a description of the PMRAC adaptive augmentation to this control system. Results are presented via a full-scale, nonlinear simulation of NASA's Generic Transport Model (GTM).
Long-distance telecom-fiber transfer of a radio-frequency reference for radio astronomy (2018)

Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) for high-resolution astronomical imaging requires phase-stable frequency references at widely separated radio-telescope antennas. For the first time to our knowledge, we have disseminated a suitable radio-frequency (RF) reference for VLBI over a "real-world" telecom optical-fiber link between radio telescopes that are >100 km apart, by means of an innovative phase-conjugation technique. Bidirectional optical amplification is used in parallel with live traffic, and phase perturbations in the effective optical-fiber path length are compensated. This RF-over-fiber approach obviates the need for separate hydrogen masers at each antenna, offering significant advantages for radio-astronomy facilities such as the Square Kilometer Array.
Suppressive effects on motion discrimination induced by transient flankers are reduced by perceptual learning (2015)

We investigated spatial suppression of a drifting Gabor target of 0.5 c/° induced by adjacent and iso-oriented stationary Gabors (flankers) whose spatial frequency differed by ±1 and ±2 octaves to that of the drifting target. Stimuli (target and flankers) were presented for 33 ms. Results showed greater spatial suppression when the spatial frequency of the stationary but transient flanking Gabors was either equal or 1-2 octaves lower than when it was 1-2 octaves higher than the target's spatial frequency. This asymmetry was evident only for the drifting target, but not for the stationary target. In addition, we investigated whether perceptual learning (PL) reduced the spatial suppression induced by the flankers. We found that PL increased contrast sensitivity for the target, but only when it was reduced by the lateral masking flankers, and its effect did not transfer to an isolated drifting target of equal or higher spatial frequency. These results suggest that PL selectively affects suppressive interactions rather than contrast gain. We suggest that the suppressive effect of low spatial frequency flankers and the lack of suppression with high spatial frequency flankers may reflect two complementary phenomena: camouflage by the transient flankers (i.e., context) and breaking of camouflage by form-motion segmentation. Camouflage may result because both target and flankers activate the motion (magnocellular) system. Breaking of camouflage instead may occur when target and flankers' spatial frequency are more suitable for quasi-independent activation of the form system (by the flankers) and the motion system (by the target).