gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the performance of parallel mining of minimal unique itemsets on diverse architectures (2009)

Abstract Three parallel implementations of a divide‐and‐conquer search algorithm (called SUDA2) for finding minimal unique itemsets (MUIs) are compared in this paper. The identification of MUIs is used by national statistics agencies for statistical disclosure assessment. The first parallel implementation adapts SUDA2 to a symmetric multi‐processor cluster using the message passing interface (MPI), which we call an MPI cluster; the second optimizes the code for the Cray MTA2 (a shared‐memory, multi‐threaded architecture) and the third uses a heterogeneous ‘group’ of workstations connected by LAN. Each implementation considers the parallel structure of SUDA2, and how the subsearch computation times and sequence of subsearches affect load balancing. All three approaches scale with the number of processors, enabling SUDA2 to handle larger problems than before. For example, the MPI implementation is able to achieve nearly two orders of magnitude improvement with 132 processors. Performance results are given for a number of data sets. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Calcium Ion-Selective Electrode Based on a Neutral Carrier (1972)

Abstract The performance of a liquid-membrane electrode using a synthesized ligand in p-nitroethylbenzene as membrane component is described. Selectivities, working range, lifetime, pH-dependence, and dependence on the dielectric constant of the membrane solvent are discussed. The electrode makes possible the measurement of calcium ion activities in the range of 10−1 M to 10−5 M In unbuffered systems with a selectivity of calcium over sodium and magnesium of 175 and 33,000 respectively. The selectivity constants of the cell discussed are heavily influenced by the dielectric constant of the membrane solvent.
Examining What Teachers Do When They Display Their Best Practice: Teaching Mathematics for Understanding (2010)

Despite several decades of research in psychology and mathematics education pointing to the importance of learning mathematics with understanding, other research on teachers’ instructional practice in mathematics classrooms has found a remarkably consistent characterization of mathematics teaching in the United States as generally doing little to help students develop a deep understanding of mathematical ideas. Because the practice of teaching mathematics for understanding is so rarely encountered, it has not been extensively studied empirically. This paper summarizes the findings of an analysis of selected mathematical and pedagogical features of the lesson materials found in the portfolio entries submitted by candidates seeking certification by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards in the area of Early Adolescence/Mathematics. These lessons were selected by teachers and were intended to display “best practice” examples of their teaching mathematics for understanding. Some implications for further research and for teacher education are also discussed.
Prevention and Treatment of Corneal Graft Rejection (2006)

Topical prednisolone remains the mainstay for the prevention and treatment of corneal graft rejection; however, the role of newer agents, loteprednol etabonate and topical cyclosporine, is expanding.
Metastatic pancreatic cancer: Is there a light at the end of the tunnel? (2015)

Due to extremely poor prognosis, pancreatic cancer (PDAC) represents the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. For more than a decade, gemcitabine (Gem) has been the mainstay of first-line PDAC treatment. Many efforts aimed at improving single-agent Gem efficacy by either combining it with a second cytotoxic/molecularly targeted agent or pharmacokinetic modulation provided disappointing results. Recently, the field of systemic therapy of advanced PDAC is finally moving forward. Polychemotherapy has shown promise over single-agent Gem: regimens like PEFG-PEXG-PDXG and GTX provide significant potential advantages in terms of survival and/or disease control, although sometimes at the cost of poor tolerability. The PRODIGE 4/ACCORD 11 was the first phase III trial to provide unequivocal benefit using the polychemotherapy regimen FOLFIRINOX; however the less favorable safety profile and the characteristics of the enrolled population, restrict the use of FOLFIRINOX to young and fit PDAC patients. The nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-Paclitaxel) formulation was developed to overcome resistance due to the desmoplastic stroma surrounding pancreatic cancer cells. Regardless of whether or not this is its main mechanisms of action, the combination of nab-Paclitaxel plus Gem showed a statistically and clinically significant survival advantage over single agent Gem and significantly improved all the secondary endpoints. Furthermore, recent findings on maintenance therapy are opening up potential new avenues in the treatment of advanced PDAC, particularly in a new era in which highly effective first-line regimens allow patients to experience prolonged disease control. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in the systemic treatment of advanced PDAC, mostly focusing on recent findings that have set new standards in metastatic disease. Potential avenues for further development in the metastatic setting and current efforts to integrate new effective chemotherapy regimens in earlier stages of disease (neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and multimodal approaches in both resectable and unresectable patients) are also briefly discussed.
An early event in murine cytomegalovirus replication inhibits presentation of cellular antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (1992)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of simian virus 40 (SV40)-immune mice inhibits priming of SV40-specific helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo (A. E. Campbell, J. S. Slater, and W. S. Futch, Virology 173:268-275, 1989; J. S. Slater, W. S. Futch, V. J. Cavanaugh and A. E. Campbell, Virology 185:132-139, 1991). We now demonstrate that murine CMV (MCMV) infection of SV40-transformed macrophages and fibroblasts prevents presentation of SV40 T antigen to SV40-specific CTL. MCMV-infected macrophages failed to stimulate SV40-immune CTL precursors in vitro. In addition, MCMV-infected, SV40-transformed macrophage and fibroblast target cells lost their susceptibility to lysis by major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted, SV40-specific CTL clones. MCMV infection did not alter the synthesis of SV40 T antigen in the target cells. MCMV early gene expression was required for inhibition of SV40 T-antigen presentation; immediate-early gene expression was insufficient for this effect. Early viral gene expression also resulted in significant reduction of H-2K and H-2D molecules on the surface of MCMV-infected fibroblasts. However, this reduction occurred independently from suppression of antigen presentation to CTL. The same target cells which were resistant to lysis by SV40 CTL were susceptible to lysis by MCMV-specific CTL. MCMV early gene products therefore interfere with the processing and/or presentation of SV40 T-antigen determinants to CTL independent of alterations in the major histocompatibility complex.
Enhanced Bone Regeneration at a Segmental Bone Defect by Controlled Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 from a Biodegradable Hydrogel (2006)

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a biodegradable hydrogel of gelatin as the controlled release carrier of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) suitable for enhancement of bone regeneration at a segmental bone defect. Hydrogels with three different water contents were prepared through glutaraldehyde crosslinking of gelatin with an isoelectric point of 9.0 under varied reaction conditions. Segmental critical-sized defects (20 mm) were created at the ulnar bone of skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits, and gelatin hydrogels incorporating BMP-2 (17 microg/hydrogel) were implanted into the defects. When bone regeneration was evaluated by soft x-ray observation and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement, the gelatin hydrogels incorporating BMP- 2 exhibited significantly high osteoinduction activity compared with that of free BMP-2, although the activity depended on the water content of the hydrogels. Significantly higher BMD enhancement was observed in the gelatin hydrogel with a water content of 97.8 wt% than that with the lower or higher water content. We concluded that the biodegradable gelatin hydrogel is a promising controlled release carrier of BMP-2 for bone regeneration at the segmental bone defect.
Bioelectrical Impedance for Detecting Upper Limb Lymphedema in Nonlaboratory Settings (2009)

These findings suggest impedance ratios determined by single-frequency bioelectrical impedance can be used as markers for lymphedema in nonlaboratory settings when a standardized protocol is used.
KL‐6 levels are elevated in plasma from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (2003)

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an extreme form of lung injury characterised by disruption to the alveolar epithelium. KL-6 is a mucin-like glycoprotein expressed on type II pneumocytes. Circulating levels of KL-6 have diagnostic and prognostic significance in a number of interstitial lung diseases, and when elevated are thought to indicate disruption of the alveolar epithelial lining. In this study, the authors sought to determine whether plasma KL-6 levels were elevated in patients with ARDS and whether these were associated with aetiology, disease severity, outcome or ventilatory strategy. Plasma samples were collected from 28 patients with ARDS, nine ventilated controls of matched illness severity and 10 healthy individuals. KL-6 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with ARDS had higher plasma levels of KL-6 (median 537 U x mL(-1), interquartile range (IQR) 383-1,119), as compared to ventilated controls (median 255 U x mL(-1), IQR 83-338) and normal individuals (median 215 U x mL(-1), IQR 149-307). In patients with ARDS, plasma KL-6 levels were higher in nonsurvivors than survivors, and correlated positively with oxygenation index and negatively with arterial oxygen tension:inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio. There were also significant positive correlations with mean and peak airway pressures. Elevated levels of plasma KL-6 may provide a useful marker for acute respiratory distress syndrome in ventilated patients and have possible prognostic significance. Alveolar epithelial cell damage may be influenced by the nature of mechanical ventilatory support.
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems: a patent perspective (2010)

Patent, once seen as a technical matter for legal experts, has today become a central concern for governments, businesses, civil society, scientists and innovators. In a world where the economic growth of nations is driven increasingly by creativity and knowledge of their people, effective intellectual property (IP) systems, which create incentives for innovation and structures for sharing the results, are key to unlocking the human potentials. Recent pharmaceutical patented literature has shown increased interest in novel dosage forms that can be retained in the stomach for a prolonged and predictable period of time. Since the last three decades many drug molecules formulated as Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS) have been patented keeping in view its commercial success. This review on GRDDS attempts to compile the available patented literature with all the possible mechanisms used to achieve gastric retention. Keywords: Gastric Retention, Mechanism, Patents, Drugs, Polymers, Evaluation Method.
Receptor strategies in pancreatitis. (1993)

A variety of receptors on pancreatic acinar and duct cells regulate both pancreatic exocrine secretion and intracellular processes. These receptors are potential sites of action for therapeutic agents in the treatment of pancreatitis. Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists, which may reduce the level of metabolic "stress" on acinar cells, have been shown to mitigate the severity of acute pancreatitis in a number of models. Not all studies have shown a benefit, however, and differences may exist between different structural classes of antagonists. Because increased pancreatic stimulation due to loss of feedback inhibition of CCK has been proposed to contribute to the pain of some patients with chronic pancreatitis, CCK receptor antagonists could also be of benefit in this setting. Somatostatin and its analogs diminish pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes and have been effective in treating pancreatic fistulas and pseudocysts. These agents are also being evaluated for their ability to reduce pain in chronic pancreatitis (perhaps by reducing ductal pressure by diminishing secretory volume) and mitigating the severity of acute pancreatitis (possibly by reducing the metabolic load on acinar cells). Recently described secretin receptor antagonists may also have therapeutic value as a means of selectively inhibiting pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes.
Cross Registry Internet Service Protocol (CRISP) Requirements (2004)

Internet registries expose administrative and operational data via varying directory services. This document defines functional requirements for the directory services of domain registries and the common base requirements for extending the use of these services for other types of Internet registries.
18F-Labeled Proteins (2010)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful and rapidly developing area of molecular imaging that is used to study and visualize human physiology by the detection of positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Information about metabolism, receptor/enzyme function, and biochemical mechanisms in living tissue can be obtained directly from PET experiments. In particular, the interest in (18)F-labeled proteins remains high for both diagnoses and therapy monitoring purposes. The development of labeling strategies for the synthesis of new (18)F labeled protein is, however, not trivial. (18)F-containing prosthetic groups are often required for protein labeling to obtain high yield under mild labeling conditions and keep the bioactive character of the proteins. This Review highlights key aspects of protein (18)F-labeling method and discussed representative examples including (18)F-labeled human serum albumin, (18)F-labeled Annexin V, (18)F-labeled HER2 affibody, and (18)F-labeled low density lipoprotein.
Thionylphosphazene Monomers and Polymers—The Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers of Phosphazenes and Oxothiazenes (1998)

Novel inorganic polymers of structure 3, with a backbone of repeating P-N-S-N sequences, are obtained on thermal polymerization of the new thionylphosphazenes 1 or 2 (see reaction below). R=CH2CF3; R1, R2=alkyl, aryl.
Using Production Logs to Calibrate Horizontal Wells in Reservoir Simulation (2007)

Abstract Horizontal wells often present a substantial challenge in reservoir simulation. In a recent field review, we experienced difficulties modeling long horizontal wells due to the combined complexity of the wells and the reservoir. This reservoir is located in an offshore field that produces oil from a relatively thin oil rim. The reservoir also contains a large gas cap that provides the dominant energy for reservoir recovery. The reservoir is composed of interbedded, shallow marine-ridge sands with some coarsening-up sequences. A typical horizontal well in this field has perforation intervals of about 1,200–2,900 ft, penetrating depositional sequences from the bottom up, and produces from multiple formations. Wells are placed close to the oil-water contact, sufficiently far from the gas-oil contact to reduce the effects of gas coning and channeling. Due to the large heterogeneity of reservoir properties in different layers, complexity of the geological feature, and the dynamics within the horizontal wellbore, it is very challenging to reproduce the actual production profile in the simulation model. For example, an unfavorable combination of a sump (variation in depth) in the well trajectory and fluid holdups may prevent the toe from producing. The dynamics are difficult to capture without direct production logging and the use of special options of the simulator. In this study, appropriate technologies were applied to solve this problem. Production logging was implemented on four wells. The results revealed that some perforation intervals do not contribute to production. It also exposed allocation problems in the historical production data. This information was used to validate the performance of some wells and to calibrate other wells that exhibit different production profiles. Some simulator options such as multi-segment wells and PLT reporting have been applied to facilitate this calibration process. With this calibration, history matching becomes a more guided process, and the resulting model is more consistent with the actual performance, thus, enhancing its predictive power. This paper describes certain special wellbore dynamic behaviors that have not been covered in the literature. It illustrates the challenges of simulating horizontal wells and how production logging is used to resolve the problem and calibrate the model for better predictive power.
Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (<i>Conyza canadensis</i>) with Saflufenacil Tank Mixtures in No-Till Cotton (2011)

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed management continues to be a challenge in no-till cotton systems in Tennessee and Mississippi. Field studies were conducted in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate saflufenacil in tank mixtures with glyphosate, glufosinate, or paraquat on GR horseweed prior to planting cotton. Saflufenacil and saflufenacil tank mixtures were applied 7 d before planting (DBP). Three broad spectrum herbicides were tank-mixed with saflufenacil at rates of 0, 6.3, 12.5, 25, and 50 g ai ha −1 . Saflufenacil at 25 and 50 g ai ha −1 in tank mixture with all three broad-spectrum herbicides provided similar GR horseweed control when compared to the current standard of glyphosate + dicamba. Across all saflufenacil rates, lint cotton yield among the glyphosate, glufosinate, and paraquat tank mixture treatments did not differ from each other. Control of horseweed with 25 or 50 g ha −1 of saflufenacil across all tank mixtures also was not different from the standard of glyphosate + dicamba. Moreover, saflufenacil, on silt loam soil evaluated in this study, showed no more cotton injury than glyphosate applied 7 d or more before planting. Saflufenacil applied alone at 25 g ha −1 provided lower control of GR horseweed than the standard, which translated to lower lint yield compared to the glyphosate + dicamba treatment or saflufenacil with each tank mixture partner. The 12.5 g ha −1 rate of saflufenacil tank mixed with either paraquat or glufosinate provided less horseweed control (< 85%) than if higher rates of saflufenacil were used (> 95%). However, lint cotton yield was not different between these treatments. This research suggests that saflufenacil at 25 g ha −1 is the most optimal rate for tank mixtures with glyphosate, glufosinate, or paraquat. It also reaffirms earlier research that the 25 g ha −1 saflufenacil rate safely can be applied inside the currently labeled 42-d waiting period between a saflufenacil application and cotton planting.
Amyloid-β Protofibrils Differ from Amyloid-β Aggregates Induced in Dilute Hexafluoroisopropanol in Stability and Morphology (2004)

The brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients contain large numbers of amyloid plaques that are rich in fibrils composed of 40- and 42-residue amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides. Several lines of evidence indicate that fibrillar Abeta and especially soluble Abeta aggregates are important in the etiology of AD. Recent reports also stress that amyloid aggregates are polymorphic and that a single polypeptide can fold into multiple amyloid conformations. Here we demonstrate that Abeta-(1-40) can form soluble aggregates with predominant beta-structures that differ in stability and morphology. One class of aggregates involved soluble Abeta protofibrils, prepared by vigorous overnight agitation of monomeric Abeta-(1-40) at low ionic strength. Dilution of these aggregation reactions induced disaggregation to monomers as measured by size exclusion chromatography. Protofibril concentrations monitored by thioflavin T fluorescence decreased in at least two kinetic phases, with initial disaggregation (rate constant approximately 1 h(-1)) followed by a much slower secondary phase. Incubation of the reactions without agitation resulted in less disaggregation at slower rates, indicating that the protofibrils became progressively more stable over time. In fact, protofibrils isolated by size exclusion chromatography were completely stable and gave no disaggregation. A second class of soluble Abeta aggregates was generated rapidly (<10 min) in buffered 2% hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). These aggregates showed increased thioflavin T fluorescence and were rich in beta-structure by circular dichroism. Electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed initial globular clusters that progressed over several days to soluble fibrous aggregates. When diluted out of HFIP, these aggregates initially were very unstable and disaggregated completely within 2 min. However, their stability increased as they progressed to fibers. Relative to Abeta protofibrils, the HFIP-induced aggregates seeded elongation by Abeta monomer deposition very poorly. The techniques used to distinguish these two classes of soluble Abeta aggregates may be useful in characterizing Abeta aggregates formed in vivo.
Negative regulation of yeast telomerase activity through an interaction with an upstream region of the DNA primer (1998)

A number of published studies indicate that telomerase may interact with oligonucleotide primers in a bipartite manner, with the 3'-end of the primer positioned at the catalytic site of the enzyme and a more 5' region of the primer binding to a second or 'anchor' site of the enzyme. We systematically investigated the effects of mutations in the DNA primer on overall binding and polymerization by yeast telomerase. Our studies indicate that there is sequence-specific interaction between telomerase and a substantial region of the DNA primer. Mutations in the 3'-most positions of the primer reduced polymerization, yet had little effect on overall binding affinity. In contrast, mutations around the -20 position reduced binding affinity but had no effect on polymerization. Most strikingly, mutations centered around the -12 position of the DNA primer reduced overall binding affinity but dramatically enhanced primer extension, as well as primer cleavage. This finding suggests that reduced interaction with the -12 region of the DNA primer can facilitate a step in the catalytic region of yeast telomerase that leads to greater polymerization. A tripartite model of interaction between primer and telomerase is proposed to account for the distinct effects of mutations in different regions of the DNA primer.