gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Aluminum-Ion Battery: A Sustainable and Seminal Concept? (2019)

The expansion of renewable energy and the growing number of electric vehicles and mobile devices are demanding improved and low-cost electrochemical energy storage. In order to meet the future needs for energy storage, novel material systems with high energy densities, readily available raw materials, and safety are required. Currently, lithium and lead mainly dominate the battery market, but apart from cobalt and phosphorous, lithium may show substantial supply challenges prospectively, as well. Therefore, the search for new chemistries will become increasingly important in the future, to diversify battery technologies. But which materials seem promising? Using a selection algorithm for the evaluation of suitable materials, the concept of a rechargeable, high-valent all-solid-state aluminum-ion battery appears promising, in which metallic aluminum is used as the negative electrode. On the one hand, this offers the advantage of a volumetric capacity four times higher (theoretically) compared to lithium analog. On the other hand, aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. There is a mature industry and recycling infrastructure, making aluminum very cost efficient. This would make the aluminum-ion battery an important contribution to the energy transition process, which has already started globally. So far, it has not been possible to exploit this technological potential, as suitable positive electrodes and electrolyte materials are still lacking. The discovery of inorganic materials with high aluminum-ion mobility-usable as solid electrolytes or intercalation electrodes-is an innovative and required leap forward in the field of rechargeable high-valent ion batteries. In this review article, the constraints for a sustainable and seminal battery chemistry are described, and we present an assessment of the chemical elements in terms of negative electrodes, comprehensively motivate utilizing aluminum, categorize the aluminum battery field, critically review the existing positive electrodes and solid electrolytes, present a promising path for the accelerated development of novel materials and address problems of scientific communication in this field.
Liposomal amphotericin B dry powder inhaler: effect of fines on in vitro performance. (2004)

The aim of the present investigation was to improve in vitro pulmonary deposition of amphotericin B (AMB) liposomal dry powder inhaler (LDPI) formulations. Liposomes with negative (AMB1) and positive (AMB2) charge were prepared by the reverse phase evaporation (REV) technique, extruded to reduce size, separated from unentrapped drug and lyophilized using an optimized cryoprotectant to achieve maximum drug retention. Lactose carrier (Sorbolac 400) in varying mass ratio with or without addition of fines (500# sieved Pharmatose 325M) in different mixing sequence were used to formulate AMB LDPI formulations. In vitro evaluation was done with twin stage impinger (TSI) for fine particle fraction. The lactose carrier containing 10% fines was found to be optimum blend at 1:6 mass ratio of liposome: lactose. The addition of fines and order of mixing fines were found to influence the fine particle fraction (FPF) significantly. FPF of LDPI formulations using a Rotahaler (Cipla, India) as delivery device at 30, 60 and 90 L/min were found to be 23.1 +/- 1.5 percent and 17.3 +/- 2.2 percent; 25.3 +/- 1.8 percent and 19.6 +/- 1.5 percent and 28.4 +/- 2.1 percent and 22.9 +/- 1.9 percent for AMB1 and AMB2 respectively.
The stain removal index (SRI): A new reflectometer method for measuring and reporting stain removal effectiveness (1980)

Abstract The development of laundry stain removal test methods is currently receiving attention in task groups of 3 major standards developing organizations in the U.S. The need for such test methods is reflected in the proliferation of products for presoaking or pretreatment of stained laundry items prior to washing or for addition to the main wash solution to help insure complete removal of stains. Proposed test methods involve: (a) a standardized staining procedure, (b) pretreatment or presoaking of the stains, and/or (c) a wash in a detergent solution which may include an additive, (d) visual or instrumental evaluation of the degree of stain removal, and (e) calculation of percentage stain removal when instrumental evalua‐tion is used. Calculation of percentage stain removal involves the use of the reflectance value of the applied stain. This can lead to anom‐alies in results due to the failure of reflectance readings to be directly proportional to the amount of stain applied. This paper describes the stain removal methodology developed by the authors including an instrumental method for reading and a procedure for calculating the stain removal effectiveness of any pretreatment, presoaking, and/or wash procedure. This instrumental method and the calculation described as the “Stain Removal Index” (SRI) overcomes many of the anomalies found with percentage stain removal calculations and presents results which parallel visual appearance. The “Stain Removal Index” defines the relationship of the appearance of the treated and washed stain fabric to the appear‐ance of an unstained fabric of the same material.
Beyond Air Leaks—How to Do Compressed Air Systems Analysis? (1998)

ABSTRACT In the industrial environment, compressed air is considered an essential utility for operation of various equipment, tools, and instruments, but less is understood in terms of the real cost of owning, operating, and maintaining such a system. What is the life cycle cost of such a utility? How much does it cost to operate a compressor? How does one conduct an industrial audit, analyze, procure funding, implement projects, monitor and verify savings, and maintain such a system in top conditions (O&M measures)? A systems approach is necessary to get a holistic overview. This article will outline an approach that is used fundamentally in a new system design and debottlenecking of an existing system to improve operation and reduce the life cycle cost of a compressed air system in an industrial setting which uses reciprocating and rotary screw compressors. This approach is presented from a process and systems engineer's perspective.
Enhancing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal by Applying Effective Microorganisms to Constructed Wetlands (2020)

Rainfall occurs frequently in South China and results in recurring of drainage/discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus-rich water from paddy fields, which may cause serious non-point source pollution of receiving waters such as rivers. Moreover, time intervals between individual rainfall events are short (often only several days). Thus, not only is the treatment of discharge water needed, but a more rapid form of treatment is desired as well. On the basis of the literature, constructed wetlands could remove nitrogen and phosphorous from paddy field drainage/outflow, and effective microorganisms (EM) could also be added to enhance the removals. A field experiment was conducted to demonstrate the wetland effectiveness and EM enhancement. The experiment was conducted from June to October in 2016. By applying EM to constructed wetlands, after 8 days, concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3 −-N), and total phosphorus (TP) were reduced by 88%, 91%, 89%, and 50%, respectively. Within the first 4 days, TN and TP concentrations were reduced by 78% and 40%, respectively, with EM application, in comparison to 50% and 20%, respectively, without EM application, representing additional respective reductions of 28% and 20% by applying EM. The results from the field experiment indicated a significant improvement of phosphorus and nitrogen removals by applying effective microorganisms.
Synthesis and electrical characterization of boron-doped thin diamond films (1992)

Patterned semiconducting polycrystalline diamond films have been synthesized by hot-filament CVD using in situ doping by pure boron powder. P-type conduction was confirmed by both Hall and Seebeck effects. The quality of deposited films, as determined by SEM and Raman spectroscopy, was unaffected by the doping. The resistivity and Hall mobility measured by the Van der Pauw method were in the range of 20–100 Ω cm and 2–32 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The dopant activation energies, as computed from the resistivity versus temperature curves (up to 300 °C), were in the range of 0.38–0.30 eV corresponding to Hall concentration in the range of 9×1015–2×1017 cm−3 and boron concentration in the range of 1017–1021 cm−3. The estimated impurity concentration is consistent with SIMS results.
Divergent total synthesis of 1,6,8a-tri-epi-castanospermine and 1-deoxy-6,8a-di-epi-castanospermine from substituted azetidin-2-one (β-lactam), involving a cascade sequence of reactions as a key step (2014)

A divergent, short, and novel total synthesis of 1,6,8a-tri-epi-castanospermine (7) and 1-deoxy-6,8a-di-epi-castanospermine (8) has been developed via a common precursor, 15, obtained from D-mannitol derived β-lactam. The key step involves a one pot cascade sequence of trimethyl sulfoxonium ylide based cyclization of epoxy sulfonamide 14via epoxide ring opening, one carbon homologation followed by intramolecular cyclization.
The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration (2009)

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safety of health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users.Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement--a reporting guideline published in 1999--there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions.The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this Explanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
LIF and TNF alpha concentrations in embryo culture media are predictive for embryo implantation in IVF (2012)

There is strong evidence that the cytokines leucemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha are related to embryo development and implantation. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of LIF and TNF alpha in embryo culture media and to assess its relationship to the outcome of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. A total of 99 patients were included in this prospective trial and underwent either IVF or ICSI procedure. A total of 865 oocytes were collected. Embryos were cultured in sequential media until day 5. A standardized morphology evaluation of all embryos, including a detailed pronuclear scoring, was performed daily during this period followed by the replacement of one or two selected embryos. Collected embryo culture fluids of days 3 and 5 were analysed for LIF and TNF alpha on days 3 and 5. Mean TNF alpha concentration in culture media on day 3 was 0.54 and 0.37 pg/mL on day 5 and was significantly lower in women conceiving than in not conceiving (0.43 pg/mL versus 0.59 pg/mL on day 3). Mean LIF concentration on day 3 was 31.5 pg/mL and 35.5 pg/mL on day 5 and was significantly higher in women conceiving (56.2 pg/mL versus 22.2 pg/mL on day 3). The results indicate that LIF could have a function in early embryogenesis and as a factor required for embryo implantation. High TNF alpha concentrations seem to be predictive of implantation failure.
Application of genetic algorithm in eigenvalue extraction of infrared spectrum and model optimization (2011)

As the overlapping band of the infrared spectrum absorption wavelength of the gas mixture is serious and the variables of the spectrum datas are very great, least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) is introduced to create the gas mixtures quantitative analysis models. The gas mixtures are made up of methane, ethane and propane gases, which concentration range of every component is from 1% to 10%, 1% to 10% and 1% to 12.5% respectively. In order to avoid the saturation absorption spectrum, the spectrum data which has 551 variables those close to secondary absorption wavelength are selected. In order to decrease the computation complexity and improve the accuracy of the prediction models, genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to extract the eigenvalues of the infrared spectrum data. This method is compared with principal component analysis (PCA) method. The eigenvalues extracted by these two methods are the input of the model and calibration concentration of every component gas are the expectation output, each component quantitative analysis model is reconstructed by LS-SVM respectively. Because the hyper-parameters of LS-SVM i.e. penalty factor and kernel parameter have great impact on the accuracy of the models, GA is introduced to optimize it again. Then the optimal regression models would be modeled according to the optimal hyper-parameters. The experiment results shows that the 12 eigenvalues extracted by GA are the input variables of every component gas optimal regression model, the average mean square error (MSE) of the three prediction models (which is about 3.57E-6) is reduced to about one order of magnitude that of the model built based on the 5 eigenvalues extracted by PCA (which is about 1.13E-5). So the method combined GA with LS-SVM to extract eigenvalues of the infrared spectrum data is feasible. It has more superior performance in improving the accuracy of the prediction models, and has definite development space.
From representations to computations (2007)

REpresentational State Transfer (REST) guided the creation and expansion of the modern web. What began as an internet-scale distributed hypermedia system is now a vast sea of shared and interdependent services. However, despite the expressive power of REST, not all of its benefits are consistently realized by working systems. To resolve the dissonance between the promise of REST and the reality of fielded systems, we critically examine numerous web architectures. Our investigation yields a set of extensions to REST, an architectural style called Computational REST (CREST), that not only offers additional design guidance, but pinpoints, in many cases, the root cause of the apparent dissonance between style and implementation. Furthermore, CREST explains emerging web architectures (such as mashups) and points to novel computational structures.
AIM, a murine apoptosis inhibitory factor, induces strong and sustained growth inhibition of B lymphocytes in combination with TGF-β1 (1999)

Lymphocyte proliferation is stimulated by differential combinations of various cytokines, antigens and adhesion molecules. However, mechanisms of negative regulation in lymphocytes are poorly understood despite their potential importance in controlling the balance of lymphocyte proliferation, particularly at inflammatory sites. We recently reported a novel murine soluble protein, termed AIM, which inhibits apoptosis of a variety of cell types including CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes. AIM is secreted specifically by macrophages and belongs to the macrophage scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain superfamily. Here we show that in addition to the apoptosis-inhibitory effect, AIM induces strong, long-term inhibition of B lymphocyte proliferation in combination with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1 in vitro), resulting in almost complete block of proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion. The function of AIM as a cell growth inhibitor requires pretreatment of B cells with TGF-beta1 which appears to increase expression of the AIM receptor on the B cell surface. Thus B lymphocyte proliferation is dramatically down-regulated by sequential exposition to TGF-beta1 followed by AIM. Like many cytokines, AIM has different functions depending on the types of target cells and the combination with other cytokines.
Small RNA Deep Sequencing Reveals Role for Arabidopsis thaliana RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases in Viral siRNA Biogenesis (2009)

RNA silencing functions as an important antiviral defense mechanism in a broad range of eukaryotes. In plants, biogenesis of several classes of endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) requires RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RDR) activities. Members of the RDR family proteins, including RDR1and RDR6, have also been implicated in antiviral defense, although a direct role for RDRs in viral siRNA biogenesis has yet to be demonstrated. Using a crucifer-infecting strain of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV-Cg) and Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system, we analyzed the viral small RNA profile in wild-type plants as well as rdr mutants by applying small RNA deep sequencing technology. Over 100,000 TMV-Cg-specific small RNA reads, mostly of 21- (78.4%) and 22-nucleotide (12.9%) in size and originating predominately (79.9%) from the genomic sense RNA strand, were captured at an early infection stage, yielding the first high-resolution small RNA map for a plant virus. The TMV-Cg genome harbored multiple, highly reproducible small RNA-generating hot spots that corresponded to regions with no apparent local hairpin-forming capacity. Significantly, both the rdr1 and rdr6 mutants exhibited globally reduced levels of viral small RNA production as well as reduced strand bias in viral small RNA population, revealing an important role for these host RDRs in viral siRNA biogenesis. In addition, an informatics analysis showed that a large set of host genes could be potentially targeted by TMV-Cg-derived siRNAs for posttranscriptional silencing. Two of such predicted host targets, which encode a cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF30) and an unknown protein similar to translocon-associated protein alpha (TRAP alpha), respectively, yielded a positive result in cleavage validation by 5'RACE assays. Our data raised the interesting possibility for viral siRNA-mediated virus-host interactions that may contribute to viral pathogenicity and host specificity.
Hybrid electromagnetic and electrostatic micromachined suspension with adjustable dynamics (2015)

This paper introduces a novel design for a hybrid micromachined contactless suspension, whose operation is based on combining electromagnetic inductive and electrostatic actuation. Wirebonded microcoils provide the electromagnetic inductive actuation, while electrodes patterned on a Si wafer provide electrostatic control. The coil structure and the electrode structure are independently designed and fabricated, and are finally assembled into one device by flip-chip bonding. We demonstrate vertical linear positioning of an aluminium disk-shaped proof mass in a range from 30 to 200 μm based on the coil structure. The electrode structure is employed to dynamically adjust the stiffness components during the operation of the suspension, to control the tilting in a range from ±1° to ±4°, as well as to control the oscillation about the vertical axis with a displacement of 37° at about 1.5 Hz frequency.
The design and operation of a mems differential scanning nanocalorimeter for high-speed heat capacity measurements of ultrathin films (2003)

A MEMS sensor has been developed for use as a calorimetric cell in an ultra-sensitive, thin-film, differential scanning calorimetric technique. The sensor contains a freestanding, thin (30 nm to 1000 nm), low-stress silicon nitride membrane with lateral dimensions of a few millimeters. This membrane, along with a thin (50 nm) metallization layer, forms a calorimetric cell with an exceptionally small addenda. This small addenda creates a very sensitive calorimetric cell, able to make heat capacity measurements of nanometer-thick metal and polymer films. The sensor fabrication and various design considerations are discussed in detail. The calorimetric technique and examples of applications are described.
Tuning of the Copper–Thioether Bond in Tetradentate N<sub>3</sub>S<sub>(thioether)</sub> Ligands; O–O Bond Reductive Cleavage via a [Cu<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>(μ-1,2-peroxo)]<sup>2+</sup>/[Cu<sup>III</sup><sub>2</sub>(μ-oxo)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> Equilibrium (2014)

Current interest in copper/dioxygen reactivity includes the influence of thioether sulfur ligation, as it concerns the formation, structures, and properties of derived copper-dioxygen complexes. Here, we report on the chemistry of {L-Cu(I)}2-(O2) species L = (DMM)ESE, (DMM)ESP, and (DMM)ESDP, which are N3S(thioether)-based ligands varied in the nature of a substituent on the S atom, along with a related N3O(ether) (EOE) ligand. Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes have been synthesized and crystallographically characterized. Copper(I) complexes are dimeric in the solid state, [{L-Cu(I)}2](B(C6F5)4)2, however are shown by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy to be mononuclear in solution. Copper(II) complexes with a general formulation [L-Cu(II)(X)](n+) {X = ClO4(-), n = 1, or X = H2O, n = 2} exhibit distorted square pyramidal coordination geometries and progressively weaker axial thioether ligation across the series. Oxygenation (-130 °C) of {((DMM)ESE)Cu(I)}(+) results in the formation of a trans-μ-1,2-peroxodicopper(II) species [{((DMM)ESE)Cu(II)}2(μ-1,2-O2(2-))](2+) (1(P)). Weakening the Cu-S bond via a change to the thioether donor found in (DMM)ESP leads to the initial formation of [{((DMM)ESP)Cu(II)}2(μ-1,2-O2(2-))](2+) (2(P)) that subsequently isomerizes to a bis-μ-oxodicopper(III) complex, [{((DMM)ESP)Cu(III)}2(μ-O(2-))2](2+) (2(O)), with 2(P) and 2(O) in equilibrium (K(eq) = [2(O)]/[2(P)] = 2.6 at -130 °C). Formulations for these Cu/O2 adducts were confirmed by resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy. This solution mixture is sensitive to the addition of methylsulfonate, which shifts the equilibrium toward the bis-μ-oxo isomer. Further weakening of the Cu-S bond in (DMM)ESDP or substitution with an ether donor in (DMM)EOE leads to only a bis-μ-oxo species (3(O) and 4(O), respectively). Reactivity studies indicate that the bis-μ-oxodicopper(III) species (2(O), 3(O)) and not the trans-peroxo isomers (1(P) and 2(P)) are responsible for the observed ligand sulfoxidation. Our findings concerning the existence of the 2(P)/2(O) equilibrium contrast with previously established ligand-Cu(I)/O2 reactivity and possible implications are discussed.