gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased sensitivity for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human DNA samples by dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA). (1993)

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the most frequently used immunoassay for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human tissues, has been modified to achieve approximately a 6-fold increase in sensitivity. The new assay, a competitive dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA) has utilized the same rabbit antiserum as the ELISA, antiserum elicited against DNA modified with benzo[a]pyrene. However, the alkaline phosphatase conjugate has been replaced with a biotin-europium-labeled streptavidin signal amplification system, and the release of europium into the solution forms a highly fluorescent chelate complex that is measured by time-resolved fluorometry. The DELFIA has achieved a 5- to 6-fold increase in sensitivity for measurement of DNA samples modified in vitro with benzo[a]pyrene, for cultured cells exposed to radiolabeled benzo[a]pyrene, and for human samples from occupationally exposed workers. The assay has been validated by comparison of adduct levels determined by DELFIA, ELISA, and radioactivity in DNA from mouse keratinocytes exposed to radiolabeled benzo[a]pyrene. Human lymphocyte DNA samples from 104 Hungarian aluminum plant workers were assayed by ELISA and compared to blood cell DNA samples from 69 Italian coke oven workers assayed by DELFIA. The standard curves demonstrated that the limit of detection of 4.0 adducts in 10(8) nucleotides for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts by ELISA, using 35 micrograms of DNA/microtiter plate well, has been decreased to 1.3 adducts in 10(8) nucleotides by DELFIA, using 20 micrograms of DNA/microtiter well. If 35 micrograms of DNA were used in the DELFIA, the calculated detection limit would be 0.7 adducts in 10(8) nucleotides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Model selection for wavelet-based signal estimation (2002)

There has been a growing interest in wavelet-based methods for signal estimation from noisy samples. We compare popular wavelet thresholding methods with model selection using VC generalization bounds developed for finite samples. Since wavelet methods are linear (in parameters), the VC-dimension of linear models can be accurately estimated. Successful application of VC-theory to wavelet denoising also requires specification of a suitable structure on a set of wavelet basis functions. We propose such a structure suitable for orthogonal basis functions, which includes wavelets as a special case. The combination of the proposed structure with VC bounds yields a new powerful method for signal estimation with wavelets. Our comparisons indicate that using VC bounds for model selection gives uniformly better results than other wavelet thresholding methods under small sample/high noise setting. On the other hand, with large samples model selection becomes trivial, and most reasonable methods (including wavelet thresholding heuristics) perform reasonably well.
The biological and biochemical effects of CP-654577, a selective erbB2 kinase inhibitor, on human breast cancer cells. (2003)

Aberrant expression or activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) or the closely related p185(erbB2) can promote cell proliferation and survival and thereby contribute to tumorigenesis. Specific antibodies and low molecular-weight tyrosine kinase inhibitors of both proteins are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. CP-654577 is a potent inhibitor selective for p185(erbB2), relative to EGFr tyrosine kinase, and selectively reduces erbB2 autophosphorylation in intact cells. Treatment of SKBr3 human breast cancer cells with CP-654577 reduces the levels of the activated form of mitogen-activated protein kinase, increases the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1) and reduces expression of cyclins D and E. These biochemical changes result in a reduced level of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein and an inhibition of cell-cycle progression at G(1). Apoptosis is triggered in both SKBr3 and another high erbB2-expressing cell line, BT474, by exposure to 1 micro M CP-654577, but this effect is not observed in MCF7 cells that express low erbB2. Levels of activated Akt, an important positive regulator of cell survival, are reduced within 2 h of exposure to 250 nM CP-654577, and this may contribute to the increased apoptosis. These biochemical effects are distinct from those produced by Tarceva, a selective EGFr inhibitor. The antitumor activity of CP-654577 was investigated in athymic mice bearing s.c. tumors from Fischer rat embryo fibroblasts transfected with erbB2. CP-654577 produced a dose-dependent reduction of p185(erbB2) autophosphorylation and inhibited the growth of these tumors. CP-654577 warrants further evaluation in tumors with high expression of p185(erbB2) and may differ from selective EGFr inhibitors or nonselective dual EGFr/erbB2 inhibitors in efficacy and therapeutic index.
Magnetically suspended Stirling cryogenic space refrigerator Status report (1982)

At the 1979 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, attention was given to conceptual designs of spaceborne cryogenic refrigeration systems which can provide long-term, unattended operation. Since that time, efforts have continued to translate one of those concepts into an engineering model. The present investigation is concerned with a refrigerator which was designed to generate 5 W of cooling power at a temperature of 65 K. The compression heat of the refrigerator is dissipated at a temperature of 300 K, and the output of the system is to be maintained reliably for a period of five years or longer. The refrigerator design is based on the Stirling cycle, which has an ideal efficiency equal to that of the Carnot cycle. Attention is given to some background information concerning a cryogenic refrigerator, the design of the refrigerator components, and the development status. The magnetic bearings and the linear motors have been tested at the component level.
Weighted fair sharing for dynamic virtual clusters (2008)

In a shared server infrastructure, a scheduler controls how quantities of resources are shared over time in a fair manner across multiple, competing consumers. It should support wide (parallel) requests for variable-sized pool of resources, provide assurance of minimum resource allotment on demand, and give predictable assignments. Our approach integrates a fair queuing algorithm with a calendar scheduler. We present WINKS, a proportional share allocation policy that addresses the needs of shared server environments. It extends start-time fair queuing to support wide requests with backfill, advance reservations, dynamic cluster sizing, dynamic request sizing, and intra-flow request prioritization. It also preserves fairness properties across queue transformations and calendar operations needed to implement these extensions.
Characteristics of vincristine resistance in vincristine resistant human myelogenous leukemia K562. (1986)

A stable vincristine (VCR)-resistant variant (K562/VCR) was established from human myelogenous leukemia K562 by continuous exposure of the cells with increasing concentration of VCR up to 30 nM, followed by the maintenance of the cells in the presence of 30 nM of VCR for 6 months. In four clones with different VCR sensitivity, the extent of VCR-resistance and Adriamycin-resistance was always parallel among the clones, indicating a tight relationship between VCR- and ADM-resistance mechanisms. The clones accumulated significantly low amounts of VCR in the cells. The amounts of VCR in the clones and K562/VCR were inversely related to the extent of resistance of the cells. The rate and the extent of VCR efflux from the cells were parallel to the extent of resistance of the cells to VCR. One VCR-resistant clone, KV-11, was found to possess diminished amounts of beta-tubulin.
A 3–5 GHz fully integrated CMOS UWB radar chip (2013)

A 3 - 5 GHz UWB radar chip for surveillance and reconnaissance applications is fabricated in 0.13um CMOS process. The UWB radar chip employs the equivalent time sampling and 4-channel time interleaved sampler architecture. The DC offset calibrator and BJT based circuit greatly reduce the DC offset issues. The analog signal processing part employs the proposed high speed track and hold (T/H) circuit. The direct loop back test shows the feasibility of the distance sensing with 3 cm resolution at the several meter distance. The chip size is 4 mm × 2.5 mm, and 81mA / 38mA (Rx/Tx) are consumed at 1.5 V supply.
Protein Microarrays: Challenges and Promises (2002)

Genomics and proteomics are playing increasingly important roles as discovery tools in basic biological sciences and as diagnostic and rational therapeutic aids in the clinical arena. In recent years, high-density arrays of specified DNA sequences have gained popularity. Protein microarrays are at the forefront of this biochip revolution and promise the parallel examination of large numbers of proteins. These miniaturized arrays are currently being developed to facilitate high analytical resolution, detection sensitivity and sample throughput. Many challenges are presented by proteome scale manipulation of proteins, as there is currently no methodological equivalent to the gene chip for comparative proteomics.
Cloning of an Arabidopsis Patatin-Like Gene, <i>STURDY</i>, by Activation T-DNA Tagging (2001)

Activation T-DNA tagging can generate dominant gain-of-function mutants by overexpression of a particular endogenous gene. We identified an activation-tagged mutant, sturdy, exhibiting a stiff inflorescence stem, thicker leaves, shorter siliques, larger seeds, round-shaped flowers, and delayed growth. It is most important that unlike its wild-type counterpart, this mutant is less prone to lodging. Cloning of STURDY revealed that in sturdy, there is an open reading frame containing a single intron encoding a patatin-like homolog. The T-DNA is inserted into the 3' region of the second exon. The mutant phenotype was shown to be the result of overexpression of STURDY by mRNA analysis and transgenic studies. Preliminary histological studies have revealed an increase in cell number in the inflorescence stem of mutant plants; however, additional studies are needed to better understand the overexpression phenotype.
Enhanced ionic conductivity with Li7O2Br3 phase in Li3OBr anti-perovskite solid electrolyte (2016)

Cubic anti-perovskites with general formula Li3OX (X = Cl, Br, I) were recently reported as superionic conductors with the potential for use as solid electrolytes in all-solid-state lithium ion batteries. These electrolytes are nonflammable, low-cost, and suitable for thermoplastic processing. However, the primary obstacle of its practical implementation is the relatively low ionic conductivity at room temperature. In this work, we synthesized a composite material consisting of two anti-perovskite phases, namely, cubic Li3OBr and layered Li7O2Br3, by solid state reaction routes. The results indicate that with the phase fraction of Li7O2Br3 increasing to 44 wt. %, the ionic conductivity increased by more than one order of magnitude compared with pure phase Li3OBr. Formation energy calculations revealed the meta-stable nature of Li7O2Br3, which supports the great difficulty in producing phase-pure Li7O2Br3 at ambient pressure. Methods of obtaining phase-pure Li7O2Br3 will continue to be explored, including both high pressure and metathesis techniques.
Enzymatic <i>in situ</i> formed hydrogel from gelatin–tyramine and chitosan-4-hydroxylphenyl acetamide for the co-delivery of human adipose-derived stem cells and platelet-derived growth factor towards vascularization (2017)

An injectable, in situ forming hydrogel system capable of co-delivering human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was investigated as a new system for tissue engineering, envisaged to support vascularization. The system consists of tyramine-conjugated gelatin and hydroxyphenyl acetamide chitosan derivative. Both are soluble and stable at physiologic conditions, which is a key factor for retaining viable cells and active growth factor. In situ gelation involved enzymatic crosslinking using horseradish peroxidase as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Gel formation occurred within 30-90 s by controlling the concentration of polymers. PDGF release showed adequate release kinetics within the intended period of time and hADSC showed good compatibility with the hydrogel formulation based on the in vitro assay and subcutaneous implantation into BALB/c-nu/nu nude female mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed viability of delivered hADSC. Histological analysis showed no immune reaction and confirmed blood vessel formation. The results implicate the hydrogel as a promising delivery vehicle or carrier of both cell and growth factor, which support vascularization for tissue engineering applications.
S<sub>N</sub>2, E2 reactions of butylchlorides on NaY zeolite: A potential method for studying the formation and reactivity of alkoxy species on the zeolite surface (2002)

The adsorption and reaction of n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl chlorides over NaY zeolite was studied by infrared spectroscopy. All the chlorides reacted almost instantaneously with the zeolite, giving rise to CH2 and CH3 bands in the infrared spectra. A band at approximately 1640 cm−1, ascribed to CC vibration, was observed in all experiments, its intensity being dependent upon the structure of the chloride. For tert-butyl chloride the intensity is greatest, and bands at 3550 and 3061 cm−1, ascribed to the acidic OH and olefinic CH, respectively, were observed. The intensity of the olefinic band is weaker in secondary and especially primary chlorides. Calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level, using a T3 cluster to represent the zeolite active site, indicated that, for the secondary and primary chlorides, the formation of the alkoxy species, through an SN2 type reaction mechanism, is lower in energy relative to proton elimination, through an E2 type mechanism. The opposite was observed for the tert-butyl chloride, in agreement with the experimental results. The method can be useful for generating alkoxide species, especially primary and secondary ones, and for studying their reactivity on the zeolite surface.
Inhibition of Cholera Toxin by Human Milk Fractions and Sialyllactose (1995)

The effects of human milk fractions on clolera toxin B subunit binding to monosialoganglioside 1 (GM1) were investigated. Human milk, human defatted milk, whey, and a low-molecular-weight fraction of human milk inhibited the binding, but casein did not inhibit it. The inhibitory activity of whey from bovine-milk-based infant formula was less than that of whey from human milk. Differences in composition between human and bovine whey seemed to influence the extent of the inhibitory activity. Sialylated oligosaccharides were considered to be the possible components that inhibited cholera toxin. The effects of sialyllactose, a predominant sialylated component of human milk, on cholera toxin-induced diarrhea were investigated by the rabbit intestinal loop method. Sialyllactose inhibited the cholera toxin inducing fluid accumulation, although neither sialic acid nor lactose had an effect on it. The results suggest that sialyllactose is responsible for the inhibitory activity of milk on cholera toxin.
Avoiding Cybercrime Pandemic in Cashless Society using HMM (2012)

Internet fraudulent activities are increasing dramatically in the availability of technology resources like telecommunication networks, mobile communications, and E-commerce. Fraud is a major problem in electronic payment systems. With this increased availability has come a new form of criminal activity that takes advantage of electronic payment system, namely cybercrime, mobile-crime, SIM-crime and computer fraud. Currently, these new forms of crime are burgeoning and pose a new and challenges to researchers,merchant, customers and the law enforcement agencies. In this paper we discus types of electronic payment, we propose an effective method of detecting and preventing unauthorized cybercriminals from gaining access to several devices and technologies used in electronics payment by using Hidden Markov Model, also we take care not to prevent genuine transaction not to be rejected.
Optical control demonstrates switch-like PIP3 dynamics underlying the initiation of immune cell migration (2013)

There is a dearth of approaches to experimentally direct cell migration by continuously varying signal input to a single cell, evoking all possible migratory responses and quantitatively monitoring the cellular and molecular response dynamics. Here we used a visual blue opsin to recruit the endogenous G-protein network that mediates immune cell migration. Specific optical inputs to this optical trigger of signaling helped steer migration in all possible directions with precision. Spectrally selective imaging was used to monitor cell-wide phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3), cytoskeletal, and cellular dynamics. A switch-like PIP3 increase at the cell front and a decrease at the back were identified, underlying the decisive migratory response. Migration was initiated at the rapidly increasing switch stage of PIP3 dynamics. This result explains how a migratory cell filters background fluctuations in the intensity of an extracellular signal but responds by initiating directionally sensitive migration to a persistent signal gradient across the cell. A two-compartment computational model incorporating a localized activator that is antagonistic to a diffusible inhibitor was able to simulate the switch-like PIP3 response. It was also able simulate the slow dissipation of PIP3 on signal termination. The ability to independently apply similar signaling inputs to single cells detected two cell populations with distinct thresholds for migration initiation. Overall the optical approach here can be applied to understand G-protein-coupled receptor network control of other cell behaviors.
Innovator Buying Behavior Over Time: (1994)

Earlier research on this topic focussed on the adoption of an innovation in isolation from other innovations. Analyzes the cumulative effects of earlier innovations on the adoption of future innovations in the same product class. It is proposed that innovators move through a series of stages, the innovator buying cycle, driven by an internal dynamic.
First‐line atezolizumab monotherapy in patients with advanced <i>BRAF</i><sup>V600</sup> wild‐type melanoma (2021)

Anti-programmed death-1 agents are an established option for advanced melanoma, but the anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody atezolizumab, an agent approved for the treatment of multiple solid tumors, was not previously evaluated. This phase 1b study cohort (NCT03178851; cohort C) evaluated first-line atezolizumab 1,200 mg every 3 weeks in adults with BRAF<sup>V600</sup> wild-type, histologically confirmed, advanced or metastatic melanoma. The co-primary end points were confirmed objective response rate (ORR) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1 and disease control rate (DCR = complete response [CR] +partial response [PR] +stable disease [SD] at 16 weeks). Of 52 enrolled patients, most had lactate dehydrogenase levels lower than the upper limit of normal (77%) and PD-L1-positive tumors (55%). Investigator-assessed confirmed ORR was 35% (95% CI, 22%-49%) and included three CRs (6%) and 15 PRs (29%); DCR was 46%. Median investigator-assessed progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI, 2.1-7.3). The most common any-grade adverse events were anemia (27%), headache (19%), hypertension (19%), constipation (17%), diarrhea (17%), hypothyroidism (17%), asthenia (15%), and pain in extremity (15%). First-line atezolizumab monotherapy is safe and tolerable and has antitumor activity in patients with BRAF<sup>V600</sup> wild-type advanced or metastatic melanoma.
Engineering High Dielectric Constant Materials for Band-Edge CMOS Applications (2008)

This paper summarizes studies performed using capping layers in conjunction with high-K dielectrics to obtain band-edge CMOS devices. MgO and Al2O3 cap layers are evaluated for nFET and pFET devices respectively. By precisely positioning the cap materials in the gate stack and evaluating their effect as a function of process temperature and capping layer thickness, a deeper understanding of the mechanism of threshold voltage shift caused by the capping layers is obtained. MgO is observed to readily diffuse into the HfO2 stack at temperatures as low as 600 oC while Al2O3 diffuses through HfO2 at higher temperatures of 1000 oC. MgO caps located below the HfO2 and processed at 600 oC provide the best scaling and maximum voltage shift, while a trade-off between scaling and voltage shift has to be made when using Al2O3 caps.
Towards an Architecture for Efficient Spectrum Slicing (2007)

With the increased demands for wireless spectrum, dynamic spectrum sharing is emerging as an important and powerful concept. Most research in this domain is being conducted in design of cognitive radios and on specific PHY and MAC layer challenges associated with them. However, for a dynamic spectrum sharing architecture to be viable, research is needed to resolve many other challenges, e.g., in the context of real-time spectrum management and enforcement. This paper is the first to present a study of some such important architectural considerations, driven by our ongoing design and implementation of a spectrum sharing system, called Spark. We propose some promising approaches to address these challenges, and enumerate the need and opportunities for significant future research in this domain.
Fluctuation effects in block copolymer melts (2003)

Fluctuation effects in symmetric diblock copolymer melts are quantitatively examined with the first direct comparison between Monte Carlo simulations and mean-field theory where both are performed on the same identical model. The simulations provide the most conclusive evidence to date that fluctuations transform the continuous mean-field order–disorder transition (ODT) into a discontinuous transition. Furthermore, the fluctuations shift the ODT toward high segregation, χN, by a factor of ∼2.7, which is much greater than that suggested by the Fredrickson–Helfand fluctuation theory. For the range of small molecules examined in our study, this shift is nearly independent of molecular weight. In the disordered phase, we find the usual large deviations from mean-field theory, but we find no indication whatsoever that they set in abruptly at some well-defined temperature as previously claimed.
Papillomavirus pseudovirions packaged with the L2 gene induce cross-neutralizing antibodies (2010)

The results obtained indicate that high levels of cross-neutralizing antibodies are only observed after immunization with pseudovirions encoding the L2 protein. HPV pseudovirions thus represent a possible new strategy for the generation of a broad-spectrum vaccine to protect against high-risk HPVs and associated neoplasia.
Targeted Synthesis of a Prototype MOF Based on Zn<sub>4</sub>(O)(O<sub>2</sub>C)<sub>6</sub> Units and a Nonlinear Dicarboxylate Ligand (2008)

A surprisingly small number of topologies are known in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that possess Zn(4)(O)(O(2)C)(6) building units. One of such MOFs having a simple, nonlinear dicarboxylate ligand, 5-methylisophthalate (mip), is targeted and successfully synthesized. The framework, [Zn(4)(O)(mip)(3)], is based on a nonuniform, uninodal six-connected net and is featured by complicated meshlike pores with narrow passages. Gas sorption studies reveal the potentials as a prototype from which new MOFs having interesting properties can be derived.