gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Age and Sex on the Onset and Early Course of Schizophrenia (1993)

A new standardised interview for the retrospective assessment of onset and early course of schizophrenia (IRAOS) was used to study the influence of age and sex on time of onset and psychopathology before first admission in 267 schizophrenic patients admitted for the first time. Mean age at onset, according to various operationalised definitions, differed by three to four years between the sexes. The age distribution at the earliest sign of mental disorder showed an early and steep increase until the age of 25 in males, and a delayed and smaller increase in females, with a second peak in women aged 45-79. Schizophrenia began with negative symptoms in 70% of cases, appearing two to six years before admission, and all positive symptoms appearing up to two years before. Both positive and negative symptoms accumulated exponentially. The early course of the disease was similar across age groups, except there was a longer period of negative symptoms before first admission in late-onset schizophrenia in women. The few significant age differences in symptoms were presumably due to general age-dependent reaction patterns like anxiety and depression or the cognitive development of personality, as indicated by an increase in fully elaborated positive symptoms, especially systematised paranoid delusions, with age.
TRACKING WITH A PAN-TILT-ZOOM CAMERA FOR AN ACC SYSTEM (2001)

In this paper, visual perception of frontal view in intelligent cars is considered. A Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) camera is used to track preceding vehicles. The aim of this work is to keep the rear view image of the target vehicle stable in scale and position. An efficient real time tracking algorithm is integrated. It is a generic and robust approach, particularly well suited for the detection of scale changes. The camera rotations and zoom are controlled by visual servoing. The methods presented here were tested on real road sequences within the VELAC demonstration vehicle. Experimental results show the effectiveness of such an approach. The perspectives are in the development of a visual sensor combining a PTZ camera and a standard camera. The standard camera has small focal length and is devoted to an analysis of the whole frontal scene. The PTZ camera gives a local view of this scene to increase sensor range and precision. 1.
Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning (2010)

Neurological injury is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality from general anesthesia and related surgical procedures that could be alleviated by development of effective, easy to administer and safe preconditioning treatments. We seek to define the neural immune signaling responsible for cold-preconditioning as means to identify novel targets for therapeutics development to protect brain before injury onset. Low-level pro-inflammatory mediator signaling changes over time are essential for cold-preconditioning neuroprotection. This signaling is consistent with the basic tenets of physiological conditioning hormesis, which require that irritative stimuli reach a threshold magnitude with sufficient time for adaptation to the stimuli for protection to become evident. Accordingly, delineation of the immune signaling involved in cold-preconditioning neuroprotection requires that biological systems and experimental manipulations plus technical capacities are highly reproducible and sensitive. Our approach is to use hippocampal slice cultures as an in vitro model that closely reflects their in vivo counterparts with multi-synaptic neural networks influenced by mature and quiescent macroglia/microglia. This glial state is particularly important for microglia since they are the principal source of cytokines, which are operative in the femtomolar range. Also, slice cultures can be maintained in vitro for several weeks, which is sufficient time to evoke activating stimuli and assess adaptive responses. Finally, environmental conditions can be accurately controlled using slice cultures so that cytokine signaling of cold-preconditioning can be measured, mimicked, and modulated to dissect the critical node aspects. Cytokine signaling system analyses require the use of sensitive and reproducible multiplexed techniques. We use quantitative PCR for TNF-α to screen for microglial activation followed by quantitative real-time qPCR array screening to assess tissue-wide cytokine changes. The latter is a most sensitive and reproducible means to measure multiple cytokine system signaling changes simultaneously. Significant changes are confirmed with targeted qPCR and then protein detection. We probe for tissue-based cytokine protein changes using multiplexed microsphere flow cytometric assays using Luminex technology. Cell-specific cytokine production is determined with double-label immunohistochemistry. Taken together, this brain tissue preparation and style of use, coupled to the suggested investigative strategies, may be an optimal approach for identifying potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics that could mimic the advantages of cold-preconditioning.
Finite element implementation of Maxwell's equations for image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography (2005)

Traditionally, image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been based on Laplace's equation. However, at high frequencies the coupling between electric and magnetic fields requires solution of the full Maxwell equations. In this paper, a formulation is presented in terms of the Maxwell equations expressed in scalar and vector potentials. The approach leads to boundary conditions that naturally align with the quantities measured by EIT instrumentation. A two-dimensional implementation for image reconstruction from EIT data is realized. The effect of frequency on the field distribution is illustrated using the high-frequency model and is compared with Laplace solutions. Numerical simulations and experimental results are also presented to illustrate image reconstruction over a range of frequencies using the new implementation. The results show that scalar/vector potential reconstruction produces images which are essentially indistinguishable from a Laplace algorithm for frequencies below 1 MHz but superior at frequencies reaching 10 MHz.
Detection of specific immunoglobulin M antibody to different flaviviruses by use of enzyme-labeled antigens (1984)

An enzyme immunoassay was developed for the detection of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to different flavivirus antigens. The IgM antibody of human sera was selectively bound to anti-IgM antibody-coated solid-phase plates. Flavivirus IgM antibodies were then detected by use of various enzyme-labeled antigens. The flavivirus antigens (dengue type 2 virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus) were produced in suckling mice. The antigens were labeled with horseradish peroxidase by adding the activated enzyme at alkaline pH to sucrose-acetone-treated antigens. Addition of unlabeled mouse brain suspension of uninfected animals to the diluted enzyme-labeled antigens effectively reduced nonspecific binding to the solid phase. In patients with acute flavivirus infections, viral IgM antibody could be demonstrated with high sensitivity. Furthermore, the enzyme-labeled antigen-IgM test showed greater specificity than the hemagglutination inhibition test.
Fungicidal Activities of 1,1-Diisopropyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-3-<i>p</i>-ethoxy-phenylguanidine and Its Analogs (1978)

Structure-activity relationships were studied on 25 analogs of 3-pyridylguanidines toward powdeiy mildew. Only the di-sec-alkyl analogs were active among the 1-alkyl or 1,1-dialkyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-3-p-ethoxyphenyIguanidines on available data. The activity was linearly correlated with Hammett’s σ constant of the substituents on the phenyl group, among which cyano, benzyloxy, alkoxy and diethylamino groups showed higher activity than chloro, nitro, methyl, bromo and phenyl groups. Fungitoxic spectrum and other fungicidal natures were also shown and compared with those of S–1358 and its derivatives.
Characterization study of bonded and unbonded polydimethylsiloxane aimed for bio-micro-electromechanical systems-related applications (2007)

Authors have demonstrated that by controlling the mixing ratio of polydimethylsiloxane's (PDMS's) two components-base polymer (part A) and a curing agent (part B)-different mechanical properties of PDMS can be achieved. Test results show that the Young's modulus decreases as the increasing of mixing ratios (A:B). However, there is a transitional mixing ratio (part A:part B=10) after which the Young's modulus is almost independent of the mixing ratio. The PDMS's thickness plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties. The results show that the thinner the PDMS, the stiffer it behaves. The bonding strength between two cured PDMS parts with different mixing ratios shows that it depends on the mixing ratio. A maximum bonding strength of 130 kPa occurs on a bonded couple with mixing ratios of 30A:1B and 3A:1B, respectively. The fracture on bonded specimens does not occur at the bonding interfaces. Instead it occurs at the side with a larger portion of part A. The intermediate material property formed at the interface is attributed to the diffusion layer formed.
Oxide isolated ISL technologies (1981)

Using oxide isolation, ISL gates can be fabricated without the relative slow lateral pnp transistor which is inevitable in pn-isolated processes. Now the clamping action is provided either by a fast vertical pnp only, or a reverse operated npn. Using a 1.2 µm thick epilayer and 3 µm minimum dimensions, propagation delay times of 0.7 ns are obtained at a current level of 200 µA per gate.
A Novel HV-NPN ESD Protection Device with Buried Floating P-Type Implant (2019)

A novel high voltage NPN (HV-NPN) device with buried floating P-type (BFP) implant at collector side was developed for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in a 130nm low cost high voltage CMOS technology. The characteristics of the novel HV-NPN device using transmission line pulse (TLP) measurements show that a second snapback enhances the failure current and reduces the on-resistance at a certain high current levels. The device mechanism is illustrated with technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation results.
Long wavelength quantum well laser diodes grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1990)

Long-wavelength GaInAs(P)/InP quantum well laser diodes (QW LDs) are described with respect to the epitaxial growth technique used, their QW structure, and the cavity design. QW LDs with graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure (GRIN-SCH), grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), exhibit low threshold current density (410 A/cm/sup 2/), low threshold current (6 mA), high characteristic temperature (153 K), and high output power (100 mW). Preliminary aging tests have been carried out at 50 degrees C, 5 mW and at 70 degrees C, 5 mW. N appreciable change in driving current was seen after 7000 h, indicating the high reliability of these devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Vitamin E therapy of acute CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice is associated with inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B binding. (1995)

Oxidative stress, with reactive oxygen intermediate formation, may represent a common mechanism by which liver injury is induced by diverse etiologies. Oxidative stress enhances nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activity, and NF-kappa B activity has been shown to enhance the expression of cytotoxic cytokines. Acute hepatic injury caused by reactive oxygen intermediate production was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 in mice. This injury was significantly inhibited by intravenous pretreatment of the mice with a water-soluble emulsion of alpha-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol treatment of the mice given the CCl4 also reduced the NF-kappa B binding to levels approaching those found in normal mice. In vitro treatment of a monocyte/macrophage cell line with CCl4 led to enhanced NF-kappa B binding and an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) messenger RNA levels. Liver specimens taken from patients with acute fulminant hepatitis had markedly increased NF-kappa B binding activity in comparison with the binding of normal livers. These data demonstrate that abolishing acute hepatic injury with alpha-tocopherol, a free radical scavenger, also eliminated increased NF-kappa B binding. It is tempting to speculate that enhanced NF-kappa B expression caused by free radical production/oxidative stress may modulate liver injury, perhaps through an effect on cytotoxic cytokine synthesis.
Development of Patient‐Friendly Preparations: Preparation of a New Allopurinol Mouthwash Containing Polyethylene(oxide) and Carrageenan (2004)

Stomatitis is a harmful side effect induced by high and/or multiple dosing of cytotoxic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil. Allopurinol mouthwash has been used to prevent stomatitis induced by cancer chemotherapy. In the present study, the pharmaceutical utility of allopurinol mouthwash (Alkox-mw), which consists of polyethylene(oxide) (Alkox) and iota-carrageenan (INA), was investigated as a possible material for a new oral dosage preparation for improving the adhesiveness onto the oral mucosa. From the observation of the gel formation, which was studied as a function of the variety of the added Alkox and/or INA, the preferential compositions of Alkox-mw (Alkox:INA % ratio) seemed to be 1.0:(0-1.0) and (0-3.0):0.4, respectively. The adhesiveness and the spinnability of various allopurinol mouthwashes were also investigated using a creep meter. The adhesiveness of Alkox-mw increased with the increase in the amount of added Alkox. Furthermore, the adhesion force of Alkox-mw was greater than that of allopurinol mouthwash consisting of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na). From the in vitro assessment of mimicking the effusion of the allopurinol mouthwashes from the surface of the oral mucosa, the effusion of Alkox-mws was retarded by the added Alkox. The results obtained in the present study suggest that Alkox-mws may be useful as a new dosage form that adheres to the oral mucosa.
Zero voltage switching asymmetrical half-bridge converter topology (2008)

This paper describes a buck derived isolated DC/DC converter topology that includes a half-bridge of switching devices which are asymmetrically controlled so that the top and bottom switches are opened at mutually exclusive times. The center-tap of this half-bridge is connected to the primary winding of the isolation transformer along with a series connection of a small resonant inductor and half-bridge of capacitors. The secondary winding of the isolation transformer is connected via a blocking capacitor to a single output rectification diode and an inductor-capacitor (LC) low pass filter to provide a regulated output. Additionally a voltage clamping circuit which includes an active switch, that may also be connected to the output filter inductor, can be added across the output rectifier to control the voltage across the output rectifier diode and recover the energy stored in the resonant inductor and leakage inductance of the isolation transformer. This converter topology has been shown to provide zero voltage switching of the half-bridge of switching devices over a wide load range and zero current switching of the output rectification device. This topology has been incorporated into 1.5 kW and 2 kW switch-mode rectifiers for telecom applications with 24 Volt and 48 Volt outputs.
Drag-reducing agents-Conclusion: What to expect from and how to handle commercially available drag-reducing agents (1985)

The first three parts of this series treated the theory and practice of drag reduction using drag reducing agents (DRA's). Those articles considered the fundamentals of the drag reduction phenomenon, the concept of DRA's as liquid loops, and some practical examples of the application of DRA's to multi-station pipeline systems. This concluding article is concerned with the practical aspects of drag reduction, i.e., with the product and the hardware, and with the kind of results that should be expected.
Properdin Can Initiate Complement Activation by Binding Specific Target Surfaces and Providing a Platform for De Novo Convertase Assembly (2007)

Complement promotes the rapid recognition and elimination of pathogens, infected cells, and immune complexes. The biochemical basis for its target specificity is incompletely understood. In this report, we demonstrate that properdin can directly bind to microbial targets and provide a platform for the in situ assembly and function of the alternative pathway C3 convertases. This mechanism differs from the standard model wherein nascent C3b generated in the fluid phase attaches nonspecifically to its targets. Properdin-directed complement activation occurred on yeast cell walls (zymosan) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Properdin did not bind wild-type Escherichia coli, but it readily bound E. coli LPS mutants, and the properdin-binding capacity of each strain correlated with its respective serum-dependent AP activation rate. Moreover, properdin:single-chain Ab constructs were used to direct serum-dependent complement activation to novel targets. We conclude properdin participates in two distinct complement activation pathways: one that occurs by the standard model and one that proceeds by the properdin-directed model. The properdin-directed model is consistent with a proposal made by Pillemer and his colleagues >50 years ago.
Evidence indicating that the glucagon‐induced increase in cytoplasmic free Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration in hepatocytes is mediated by an increase in cyclic AMP concentration (1989)

The mechanism whereby glucagon causes an increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca2+, [Ca2+]c, in isolated hepatocytes has been investigated. There have been proposals of cyclic-AMP-dependent and cyclic-AMP-independent mechanisms. In this work, the inactivation of pyruvate kinase was used as an indicator of increases in the activity of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, A-kinase. [Ca2+]c was measured using the fluorescent probe indo-1. The decrease in activity of pyruvate kinase caused by an increase in [Ca2+]c alone, i.e. mediated by mechanisms not involving cyclic AMP and exemplified by the effect of vasopressin, was of minimal significance under the conditions of the enzyme assay. Studies of the effects of a wide range of glucagon concentrations indicate that any increase in [Ca2+]c caused by glucagon was always associated with a decrease in pyruvate kinase activity. A similar relationship was obtained if glucagon-receptor occupancy was circumvented by using the 8-bromo-derivative of cyclic AMP to activate the A-kinase. It was also found that the cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine could potentiate the ability of glucagon to increase [Ca2+]c: no such potentiation was observed when vasopressin was used to raise [Ca2+]c. Together these data indicate that an increase in cyclic AMP concentration, sufficiently great to activate A-kinase, is a mechanism that mediates the glucagon-induced increase in [Ca2+]c.
Multiplexing Methods in Spectroscopy (1979)

Linear combinations of inaccurate measurements yield improved results from minimal laboratory data.
Corrective and reinforcement learning for speaker-independent continuous speech recognition (1989)

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of learning hidden Markov model (HMM) parameters for speaker-independent continuous speech recognition. Bahl et al. (IEEE conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing, April 1988a) introduced the corrective training algorithm for speaker-dependent isolated-word recognition. Their algorithm attempted to improve the recognition accuracy on the training data. In this work, we extend this algorithm to speaker-independent continjous speech recognition. We use cross-validation to increase the effective training size. We also introduce a near-miss sentence hypothesization algorithm for continuous speech training. The combination of these two approaches resulted in over 20% error reductions both with and without grammar.
Spontaneous Oscillatory Rhythms in the Degenerating Mouse Retina Modulate Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses to Electrical Stimulation (2016)

Characterization of the electrical activity of the retina in the animal models of retinal degeneration has been carried out in part to understand the progression of retinal degenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), but also to determine optimum stimulus paradigms for use with retinal prosthetic devices. The models most studied in this regard have been the two lines of mice deficient in the β-subunit of phosphodiesterase (rd1 and rd10 mice), where the degenerating retinas exhibit characteristic spontaneous hyperactivity and oscillatory local field potentials (LFPs). Additionally, there is a robust ~10 Hz rhythmic burst of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spikes on the trough of the oscillatory LFP. In rd1 mice, the rhythmic burst of RGC spikes is always phase-locked with the oscillatory LFP and this phase-locking property is preserved regardless of postnatal ages. However, in rd10 mice, the frequency of the oscillatory rhythm changes according to postnatal age, suggesting that this rhythm might be a marker of the stage of degeneration. Furthermore when a biphasic current stimulus is applied to rd10 mice degenerate retina, distinct RGC response patterns that correlate with the stage of degeneration emerge. This review also considers the significance of these response properties.
Comparison of Noise Equivalent Count Rate and Image Quality for Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional PET Scans (2006)

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between noise equivalent count (NEC) rates and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in reconstructed images. The NEC rates were determined using uniform 20 cm and 70 cm tall, 20 cm diameter cylinders filled with 11C. The phantoms were scanned in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional modes. The reconstructed image noise was evaluated using FBP and OSEM algorithms (4 iterations and 8 subsets). The images were filtered to a final image resolution of 6.5 mm. From the reconstructed image sets, averages and standard deviations of images were generated, from which the average image S/N (=average/standard deviation) was calculated within an 18 cm central ROI. The S/N of a central slice and an end slice was compared with the NEC. The NEC was found to have a linear relationship to the image S/N of all slices, depending on differences in noise properties specific to the reconstruction algorithm. In two-dimensional mode, although the image S/N of the central slice and the edge slice showed a linear relationship with the NEC, in three-dimensional mode, the S/N of the central slice did not show a relationship with the NEC. The linear relationship was also found in both two- and three-dimensional acquisition modes, as well as for the different activity distributions. These results indicate that the NEC is not only a measure for comparing the count rate performance of imaging systems. However, an absolute evaluation is impossible to depend on reconstruction algorithm, slice number, and phantom type.