gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of an arthritogenic anticollagen immune complex (2011)

Objective In rheumatoid arthritis, joint inflammation and cartilage destruction are mediated by autoantibodies directed to various self antigens. Type II collagen (CII)specific antibodies are likely to play a role in this process and have been shown to induce experimental arthritis in susceptible animals. The purpose of this study was to reveal how arthritogenic autoantibodies recognize native CII in its triple-helical conformation.
Demethylierungen am Mesembrin (1973)

Abstract The N‐methyl group of mesembrine ( 1 ) was split off via reaction of chloroformic acid p ‐nitrophenyl ester on the keto‐protected alkaloid. O‐Demethylation of 1 with borontribromide produced simultaneous ring closure between the carbonyl function and the aromatic part of the molecule.
Effect of Anionic Starburst Dendrimers on the Crystallization of CaCO<sub>3</sub> in Aqueous Solution:  Size Control of Spherical Vaterite Particles (2002)

Crystallization of CaCO3 in the presence and the absence of half-generation poly(amidoamine) (Gn.5 PAMAM) dendrimers was carried out by a double jet method to prevent heterogeneous nucleation at glass walls. The solution was kept at 25 °C under N2 for 4 days with gentle stirring. We found that the crystallization of CaCO3 in the presence of the anionic dendrimers resulted in the formation of spherical vaterite crystals, whereas rhombohedral calcite crystals were formed in the absence of additives. As the generation number of the PAMAM dendrimer increased from G1.5 to G3.5, the particle size of vaterite was decreased from 5.5 ± 1.1 to 2.3 ± 0.7 μm under the constant concentration (0.26 mM) of −COONa unit of the PAMAM dendrimers. With further increase in the generation number to G4.5, the particle size was not changed. The relationship between concentration of the dendrimer and the particle size in the same generation numbers of the PAMAM dendrimer was also studied under the same condition. As concentration of −COONa increased from 0.26 to 8.33 mM, the particle sizes of spherical vaterite were reduced from 5.5 ± 1.1 to 2.5 ± 0.6 μm.
Agents to reduce cytokine storm (2016)

The increasing insight into pathomechanisms of dysregulated host response in several inflammatory diseases led to the implementation of the term "cytokine storm" in the literature more than 20 years ago. Direct toxic effects as well as indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms during cytokine storm have been described and were the basis for the rationale to use several substances and devices in life-threatening infections and hyperinflammatory states. Clinical trials have been performed, most of them in the form of minor, investigator-initiated protocols; major clinical trials focused mostly on sepsis and septic shock. The following review tries to summarize the background, pathophysiology, and results of clinical investigations that had implications for the development of therapeutic strategies and international guidelines for the management of hyperinflammation during syndromes of cytokine storm in adult patients, predominantly in septic shock.
Copper Alloy Spring Materials and Spring Properties (1973)

Copper alloys have long served as spring materials in electromechanical devices, but the miniaturization of electronic equipment has imposed new demands on these materials. The first is that of improved elastic properties to ensure satisfactory performance at the higher operating stresses and temperatures encountered in these miniaturized devices. The second is that of improved methods for characterizing those spring properties of design interest in light of the more stringent operating margins encountered in these devices. Some of the newer alloys, processing methods, and strengthening mechanisms being employed to provide copper alloys with improved elastic properties are reviewed. Thermomechanical processing is shown to be a particularly effective means for achieving high strengths in a variety of copper alloys. New methods for characterizing the elastic properties of spring materials are discussed and compared to traditional methods based on tension tests.
Theiler's virus infection in mice: an unusual biphasic disease process leading to demyelination (1975)

An unusual biphasic central nervous system disease developed in 3-week-old Swiss outbred mice after intracerebral inoculation of the DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Nine to 20 days postinfection 86% of mice became paralyzed, and approximately one-half of these animals survived. During this period neuronal necrosis and microglial proliferation were seen in thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord. There was an initial phase of virus growth in spinal cord followed by persistent infection at a lower concentration. Virus antigen was readily found in the cytoplasm of neurons by immunofluorescent staining early in the course of infection, whereas after 30 days there was a paucity of cells containing virus antigen which were present only in the spinal cord white matter. Between 1 and 5 months, an intense mononuclear inflammatory cell lesion evolved in the spinal cord leptomeninges and white matter, which coincided with a mild gait disturbance in some surviving mice, and patchy demyelination was found in areas of inflammation. The acute gray matter pathology would appear to be the result of direct virus lytic effect. Although the late white matter lesion culminating in demyelination probably represents a cytocidal infection similar to the situation that exists in certain picornavirus carrier culture systems, a virus-induced immunopathological process merits further study.
A Communist View (1950)

As an active and long-time member of the Communist Party, I am happy to express my opinions on the important question as to how we can increase the strength of the Left in America.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
A multi-agent platform for automatic assignment management (2002)

Automatic assessment has become an important technique to reduce the grading load on teaching staff while providing an exhaustive evaluation environment for students. Several systems have evolved over the years providing sophisticated evaluation capabilities. However, fully automated assessment covers only a portion of the overall evaluation requirements in a typical Computer Science course. In this paper we present a tool for automatic assignment management that aims at satisfying several objectives. First, to support the large variety of assignment types and grading policies under the same paradigm by means of a phgeneric architecture. Second, to provide a phmulti-agent, scalable platform to cope with large enrollment classes. And third, to provide phfull connectivity with other administrative tools already present in educational institutions.
Cobaltocenium-Containing Methacrylate Homopolymers, Block Copolymers, and Heterobimetallic Polymers via RAFT Polymerization (2012)

Cobaltocenium-containing methacrylate homopolymer, poly(2-(methacrylolyoxy)ethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate hexafluorophosphate) (PMAECoPF6), was prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). Using the homopolymer as a macroinitiator, three different diblock copolymers, including a novel heterobimetallic diblock copolymer with ferrocene units as the second block, were synthesized via chain extension. Kinetic studies showed that all chain extension followed a controlled/living process under relatively lower conversion. The heterobimetallic diblock copolymer self-assembled into spherical micelles in selective solvents. The formation of aggregates depended on the location of the ferrocene block in the micelles. While the ferrocene units were susceptible to oxidation toward decomposition, the cobaltocenium moiety exhibited extraordinary stability to maintain its structure integrity.
To Track or “Do Not Track”: Advancing Transparency and Individual Control in Online Behavioral Advertising (2012)

Introduction 282 II. Online Tracking Devices 288 A. Cookies 289 B. Flash Cookies 292 C. Browser Fingerprinting 294 D. Mobile Devices 296 E. Deep Packet Inspection 298 F. History Sniffing 299 III. Uses of Tracking 300 A. First Party Tracking 301 B. Analytics 302 C. Measurement 303 D. Network Security 304 E. Fraud Prevention and Law Enforcement 305 IV. Regulating Online Tracking 307 A. Europe 307 B. United States 313 C. Self-Regulation 314 V. Proposals for Regulatory Reform 319 A. The FTC Do Not Track Proposal 320
Versatile and Practical Macrocyclic Reagent with Multiple Hydrogen-Bonding Sites for Chiral Discrimination in NMR (2007)

Bifunctional macrocycles 1-4 and diamide 5 were designed and synthesized. NMR studies demonstrated that, among them, receptor 1 functions as the best chiral solvating agent (shift reagent), which is effective for a wide range of chiral compounds having a carboxylic acid, oxazolidinone, carbonate, lactone, alcohol, sulfoxide, sulfoximine, sulfinamide, isocyanate, or epoxide functionality. The addition of only 5 mol % (69 microg, 0.15 mM) of 1 splits the enantiomeric signals of sulfoxide 13. The excellent performance of 1 as a chiral solvating agent, such as versatility, signal sharpness, high splitting ability, high sensitivity, wide detection window, and synthetic accessibility, is reported. NMR studies revealed that the principal binding site of 1 is the two amide NH groups of the lower segment and that the additional binding site is the pyridyl nitrogen. The V-shaped arrangement of the two 2,6-diacylaminopyridine moieties as constructed in 1 was found to be much more effective for binding a variety of compounds than the parallel alignment of the two binding motifs as constructed in 4. The NO2 group in 1 enhanced not only the binding ability but also the degree of enantioselectivity. Unexpectedly, the comparisons between 1 and 3 enabled us to find the importance of the relative orientation of the binaphthyl moiety; the orthogonal disposition of the binaphthyl moiety in 1 most effectively brings about the differential ring-current effect on the chiral guest molecule bound, which leads to the high degree of chiral discrimination in NMR.
Simulation of Garment Pressure in Wear by Strip Bi-axial Extension of Cylindrically Sewn Fabrics (1977)

External pressure caused by stretching a fabric sewn in a cylindrical form was measured by an Instron tensile tester after putting the specimen on a thin walled circular cylinder with a narrow slit. The cylinder is coated on its surface by Teflon resin, and two sets of strain gauges are fixed to its inner surface at the opposite side of the slit.A sewn specimen just fit for the cylinder was put on this cylinder. Bending moment was applied to the cylinder by stretching the specimen along the cylinder axis. If the dimensions of the cylinder are known, the external pressure can be obtained from the bending moment measurement.Assuming that a human body is formed of a rigid circular cylinder, the external pressure obtained in this experiment may be considered the garment pressure on a body.Comparing the experimental results of woven fabrics with those of knitted fabrics at the same tensile strain, it was concluded that the external pressure by woven fabrics is larger than that by knitted fabrics.
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy (1994)

ardiomyopathies are diseasesof the heart muscle that renderthe heart unable to properlypump enough blood to the body. In thedilated form of cardiomyopathy(called dilated cardiomyopathy orDCM), the heart is enlarged (Figure 1).As the heart enlarges, it becomes lesseffective in pumping blood, whichthen leads to symptoms of heart failureand irregular heart rhythms (arrhyth-mias). It is estimated that approxi-mately 1 out of every 2500 persons hasDCM, although the disease is probablyeven more common. DCM affects bothmen and women and can affect bothadults and children. As with othertypes of cardiomyopathies, DCM is achronic disease without a known cure.However, the treatments currentlyavailable can significantly improve itscourse.
Characteristics and threshold voltage model of GaN-based FinFET with recessed gate (2018)

In this work, AlGaN/GaN FinFETs with different fin widths have been successfully fabricated, and the recessed-gate FinFETs are fabricated for comparison. The recessed-gate FinFETs exhibit higher transconductance value and positive shift of threshold voltage. Moreover, with the fin width of the recessed-gate FinFETs increasing, the variations of both threshold voltage and the transconductance increase. Next, transfer characteristics of the recessed-gate FinFETs with different fin widths and recessed-gate depths are simulated by Silvaco software. The relationship between the threshold voltage and the AlGaN layer thickness has been investigated. The simulation results indicate that the slope of threshold voltage variation reduces with the fin width decreasing. Finally, a simplified threshold voltage model for recessed-gate FinFET is established, which agrees with both the experimental results and simulation results.
Trajectory representation using sequenced linear dynamical systems (2004)

In this paper we present a novel approach for representing trajectories using sequenced linear dynamical systems. This method uses a closed-form least-squares procedure to fit a single linear dynamical system (LDS) to a simple trajectory. These LDS estimates form the elemental building blocks used to describe complicated trajectories through an automatic segmentation procedure that can represent complicated trajectories with high accuracy. Each estimated LDS induces a control law, mapping current state to desired state, that encodes the target trajectory in a generative manner. We provide a proof of stability of the control law and show how multiple trajectories can be incorporated to improve the generalization ability of the system.
Computer simulation of Parkinsonian tremor (1986)

A computer simulation of tremor using a mathematical model is presented, which integrates the traditional two theories; 'peripheral feedback theory' for physiological tremor and central oscillator theory' for Parkinsonian tremor. The model includes a basic stretch-reflex loop, which is modulated by the central nervous system through the gamma fibres. Fatigue of intrafusal fibres, which results from chronic stimulation by the gamma system, is assumed to be the main cause of Parkinsonian tremor. A computer simulation using the model shows that both physiological tremor and Parkinsonian tremor can be caused by the varying contractivity of the intrafusal fibres.
Targeting substrate-site in Jak2 kinase prevents emergence of genetic resistance (2015)

Emergence of genetic resistance against kinase inhibitors poses a great challenge for durable therapeutic response. Here, we report a novel mechanism of JAK2 kinase inhibition by fedratinib (TG101348) that prevents emergence of genetic resistance. Using in vitro drug screening, we identified 211 amino-acid substitutions conferring resistance to ruxolitinib (INCB018424) and cross-resistance to the JAK2 inhibitors AZD1480, CYT-387 and lestaurtinib. In contrast, these resistant variants were fully sensitive to fedratinib. Structural modeling, coupled with mutagenesis and biochemical studies, revealed dual binding sites for fedratinib. In vitro binding assays using purified proteins showed strong affinity for the substrate-binding site (Kd = 20 nM) while affinity for the ATP site was poor (Kd = ~8 μM). Our studies demonstrate that mutations affecting the substrate-binding pocket encode a catalytically incompetent kinase, thereby preventing emergence of resistant variants. Most importantly, our data suggest that in order to develop resistance-free kinase inhibitors, the next-generation drug design should target the substrate-binding site.
Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Increases Muscle Mass in Mice (2016)

Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is a well-known probiotic among the ingested-microorganism probiotics (i.e., ingested microorganisms associated with beneficial effects for the host). However, few studies have examined the effects of L. plantarum TWK10 (LP10) supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue, and gut microbial profile. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) strain mice were divided into three groups (n = 8 per group) for oral administration of LP10 for six weeks at 0, 2.05 × 10⁸, or 1.03 × 10⁹ colony-forming units/kg/day, designated the vehicle, LP10-1X and LP10-5X groups, respectively. LP10 significantly decreased final body weight and increased relative muscle weight (%). LP10 supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength (p < 0.0001) and endurance swimming time (p < 0.001) and decreased levels of serum lactate (p < 0.0001), ammonia (p < 0.0001), creatine kinase (p = 0.0118), and glucose (p = 0.0151) after acute exercise challenge. The number of type I fibers (slow muscle) in gastrocnemius muscle significantly increased with LP10 treatment. In addition, serum levels of albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and triacylglycerol significantly decreased with LP10 treatment. Long-term supplementation with LP10 may increase muscle mass, enhance energy harvesting, and have health-promotion, performance-improvement, and anti-fatigue effects.
Whey Components: Millennia of Evolution Create Functionalities for Mammalian Nutrition: What We Know and What We May Be Overlooking (2002)

Nutrition is undergoing a revolution owing to the recognition that some foods contain trophic, health-promoting factors distinct from essential nutrients. In this revolution, whey is increasingly being viewed as more than a source of proteins with a particularly nutritious composition of essential amino acids. Milk evolved under continuous Darwinian selection pressure to nourish mammalian neonates. Evolutionary pressure appears to have led to the elaboration of a complex food that contains proteins, peptides, complex lipids, and oligosaccharides that act as growth factors, toxin-binding factors, antimicrobial peptides, prebiotics, and immune regulatory factors within the mammalian intestine. Importantly, these trophic macromolecules are not essential, although the health benefits that their biological activities within the intestine provide likely contributed to neonatal survival. Human and bovine milks contain many homologous components, and bovine whey may prove to be a source for molecules capable of providing biological activities to humans when consumed as food ingredients. To approach this potential, food and nutrition research must move beyond the description of food ingredients as delivering only essential nutrients and develop a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between dietary components and the metabolic and physiological properties of the intestine.
<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> in a Free-Ranging Giant Barred Frog ( <i>Mixophyes iteratus</i> ) from Australia (1999)

The koala biovar of Chlamydia pneumoniae was identified in lung tissue from a sick, free-ranging giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus) by using electron microscopy, C. pneumoniae-specific fluorescent-antibody staining, cell culture, and sequencing of the ompA, ompB and 16S rRNA genes. This is the first report of a chlamydial strain infecting both a homeotherm and a poikilotherm and only the fourth host (in addition to humans, koalas, and horses) to be naturally infected with this species of Chlamydia. The frog had severe, chronic, mononuclear pneumonia and nonregenerative anemia and pancytopenia.
A distinct anatomical network of cortical areas for analysis of motion in far peripheral vision (2006)

We defined cortical areas involved in the analysis of motion in the far peripheral visual field, a poorly understood aspect of visual processing in primates. This was accomplished by small tracer injections within and around the representations of the monocular field of vision ('temporal crescents') in the middle temporal area (MT) of marmoset monkeys. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that the representation of the far periphery receives specific connections from the retrosplenial cortex (areas 23v and prostriata), as well as comparatively stronger inputs from the primary visual area (V1) and from areas surrounding MT (in particular, the medial superior temporal area, MST). In contrast, the far peripheral representation receives little or no input from most other extrastriate areas, including the second visual area (V2), the densely myelinated areas of the dorsomedial cortex, and ventral stream areas; these areas are shown to have robust projections to other parts of MT. Our results demonstrate that the responses of cells in different parts of a same visual area can be determined by different combinations of synaptic inputs, in terms of areas of origin. They also suggest that the interconnections responsible for motion processing in the far periphery of the visual field convey information that is crucial for rapid-response aspects of visual function such as orienting, postural and defensive reactions.
TADAA: Towards Automated Detection of Anaesthetic Activity (2011)

Active RFID tags provide potentially useful information on LOS at a low cost and with minimal impact on the work environment. Machine learning techniques may be employed to handle the variable nature of RFID's radio signals. Work on mapping LOS data to activities will involve integration with other sensors and task analysis techniques.
PP.23.09 (2015)

Objective: Recent studies suggest that vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) participate in blood pressure (BP) regulation, possibly via their interactions with the RAS system and salt homeostasis. With the use of the state-of-art ambulatory BP monitoring, we investigated associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitmainD (25[OH]D) and PTH with hypertension and their interactions with serum aldosterone and salt intake. Design and method: We recruited consecutive patients referred for ABPM to our clinic, if they had never taken (∼90%) or had discontinued antihypertensive medication for at least 2 weeks (∼10%). We programed SpaceLabs 90217 monitors to obtain 24-h ambulatory BPs. Daytime and nighttime were defined as time intervals from 8:00 to 18:00 and from 23:00 to 5:00, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D and PTH were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and aldosterone by radioimmunoassay, and these biomarkers were log-transformed for statistical analyses. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations of interest. Results: The 1117 participants (50.4% women) included 699 patients with ambulatory hypertension, 845 with 25(OH)D deficiency (<50 nmol/L), and 490 patients with PTH excess (>65 pg/mL). In unadjusted analyses, 25(OH)D was negatively associated with daytime diastolic BP (P = 0.018), while PTH was positively associated with 24-h and nighttime BPs (P < 0.030), and aldosterone with all ambulatory BPs (P < 0.034). After multivariate adjustment, all above associations remained significant except for the associations of 24-h and nighttime diastolic BP with aldosterone (P = 0.07). In multivariate analyses, both 25(OH)D deficiency (OR [95%CI];1.46 [1.07–2.00], P = 0.019) and PTH excess (1.32 [1.01–1.74], P = 0.043) were associated with 24-h ambulatory hypertension. In addition, there were significant (P < 0.02) interactions between 25(OH)D and 24-h urinary sodium excretion in relation to 24-h and daytime diastolic BP, and between serum PTH, aldosterone and 24-h urinary sodium excretion in relation to nighttime BP. In subjects with 24-h urinary sodium excretion above, but not below, the median (153 mmol), PTH excess was associated with a higher nighttime systolic (+4.2 mm Hg, P = 0.0004) and diastolic BP (+3.1 mm Hg, P = 0.0002). Conclusions: Both vitaminD deficiency and PTH excess are associated with ambulatory hypertension. These associations might be modulated by its interactions with salt intake and aldosterone secretion.