gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maternal behavior deficits in nulliparous oxytocin knockout mice (2005)

The first observations of postpartum oxytocin knockout (OTKO) mice found no maternal behavior deficits. However, it is unclear how detailed those observations were. In this study, we compared maternal behavior exhibited by OTKO and wild-type (WT) nullipara toward six 2-4-day-old foster pups during test sessions conducted on 3 successive days. Each day, subjects were placed in a clean cage 30 min prior to introduction of pups which were deposited in a clump adjacent to the middle of a long wall of each test cage. Behavior was measured for 3.5 h after which pups and test subjects were returned to their home cages. On test days 1 and 3, a significantly smaller proportion of OTKO females retrieved pups to a corner of their cage. Also, significantly fewer pups were retrieved to corners by OTKO females. In contrast to most WTs, most OTKO females mothered pups in the center of the cage where they were initially deposited. Pup-licking frequencies were significantly lower in OTKO females. Their self-grooming frequencies also trended toward being lower. Latencies to retrieve and lick pups, latencies to and frequencies of still crouching over pups and proportion of time in nest did not differ between groups. Our findings suggest that OT stimulates a significant proportion of pup-licking in nulliparous mice, a situation similar to lactating rat mothers. Our results also indicate that OT may play a role in the motivation to retrieve pups to a more secure location.
Shot-noise and edge roughness effects in resists patterned at 10 nm exposure (1998)

The experimental shot-noise effects and line-edge roughness are reported for two positive and two negative tone chemically amplified resists (IBM Apex-E, Shipley UVIIHS, IBM ENR, and Shipley SAL-601, respectively) produced by high resolution (10 nm) focused ion-beam exposure. Scanning electron micrographs at the resolution limit for each resist (50–70 nm) showed that the positive resists became negative in tone and that edge roughness was reasonable. Shot-noise effects causing arrays of 10 nm posts to print or not to print at exposure events of 7, 14, and 28 average ions per post were observed in SAL-601 and agree with Poisson statistics. Single exposure events were not observed in any resist possibly owing to the fact that the working minimum exposure level at the resolution limit of the resist material required several overlapping events to print.
Genetic evidence that the endodermis is essential for shoot gravitropism in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1998)

Shoots of higher plants exhibit negative gravitropism. However, little is known about the mechanism or site of gravity perception in shoots. We have identified two loci that are essential for normal shoot gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the shoot gravitropism mutants sgr1 and sgr7 are allelic to the radial pattern mutants, scr and shr, respectively. Characterization of the aerial phenotype of these mutants revealed that the primary defect is the absence of a normal endodermis in hypocotyls and influorescence stems. This indicates that the endodermis is essential for shoot gravitropism and strongly suggests that this cell layer functions as the gravity-sensing cell layer in dicotyledonous plant shoots. These results also demonstrate that, in addition to their previously characterized role in root radial patterning, SCR and SHR regulate the radial organization of the shoot axial organs in Arabidopsis.
Interstitial cells of Cajal in diabetic gastroenteropathy (2007)

Gastroenteropathy causes considerable morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus and represents a major healthcare burden. Current treatments are largely symptomatic and frequently ineffective. Development of new therapeutic options is hampered by poor understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms. Experimental studies and sparse human data indicate that diabetic gastroenteropathy is multifactorial and involves not only parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nerves, but also enteric neurons, smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). ICC are mesenchymal cells that occur throughout the muscular coat of the gastrointestinal tract and provide functions critical for normal gastrointestinal motility including generation and propagation of electrical slow waves and mediation of bidirectional communication between the autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle cells. Through these functions, and in concert with other cell types of the gastrointestinal muscles, ICC support basic gastrointestinal functions such as digestion, absorption and waste removal. Loss or dysfunction of ICC in various dysmotilities and their animal models has been shown to lead to gastric dysrhythmias, gastroparesis, slow intestinal transit, impaired neuroeffector mechanisms and altered visceral afferent signalling that are considered hallmarks of diabetic gastroenteropathy. These findings and an increasing body of evidence indicating disruptions of ICC networks in diabetes suggest that the loss of ICC in this disorder is probably of functional significance and could even be a major pathogenetic factor. Future research should focus on the identification of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ICC loss in diabetes and the translation of the experimental findings into treatments.
Design of antenna-sensitizer polynuclear complexes. Sensitization of titanium dioxide with [Ru(bpy)2(CN)2]2Ru(bpy(COO)2)22- (1990)

The use of antenna-sensitizer molecular devices is proposed as a possible strategy to increase the light harvesting\nefficiency of sensitized semiconductors. To illustrate this approach, the cyano-bridged trinuclear complex [ Ru(bpy)2\n(CN)2]2Ru(bpy(COO)2)2- has been synthesized and studied. The complex adsorbs on TiO2 via the negativity charged\n-Ru(bpy(COO)2)2- central unit. The photophysical behavior in solution and the photoelectrochemical behavior on TiO2 have\nbeen studied. Emission and excitation spectra show that in this complex the light energy absorbed by the terminal Ru(bpy)2(CN)2 (antenna) groups is efficiently funneled to the central -Ru(bpy(COO)2)2- (sensitizer) fragment. Photochemical spectra on TiO2 demonstrate that the light absorbed by the antenna fragments is efficiently used for sensitization of the semiconductor.
Elevated erythropoietin in vitreous with ischemic retinal diseases (2004)

The aim of the current study was to measure the concentrations of erythropoietin in the vitreous fluid and analyze its association with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ischemic vitreoretinal diseases. Vitreous fluid samples were collected from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, branch retinal vein occlusion and idiopathic macular hole. Concentrations of erythropoietin and VEGF in vitreous fluid were significantly elevated in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and branch retinal vein occlusion as compared to patients with macular hole. There were no differences in serum concentrations of erythropoietin and VEGF among patient groups. There was significant correlation between erythropoietin and VEGF concentrations in vitreous fluid. Erythropoietin was up-regulated in ischemic disorders and may act as an endogenous neuroprotective factor against ischemic retinal disorders.
CO Oxidation on Colloidal Au<sub>0.80</sub>Pd<sub>0.20</sub>–Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub> Dumbbell Nanocrystals (2013)

We report a colloidal synthesis of Au(0.80)Pd(0.20)-Fe(x)O(y) dumbbell nanocrystals (NCs) derived from Au(0.75)Pd(0.25) NCs by metal oxide overgrowth. We compared the catalytic activity of the two types of NCs in the CO oxidation reaction (CO + 1/2O(2) → CO(2)), after they had been dispersed on an alumina nanopowder support. In both cases, the surface active sites were identified by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The enhanced catalytic performance of the dumbbell NCs (Au(0.80)Pd(0.20)-Fe(x)O(y)) catalyst over that of the initial Au(0.75)Pd(0.25) NCs could be correlated to the presence of the epitaxial connection between the Fe(x)O(y) and the Au(0.80)Pd(0.20) domains (as the main factor). Such connection should result in an electron flow from the metal oxide (Fe(x)O(y)) domain to the noble metal (Au(0.80)Pd(0.20)) domain and appears to influence favorably the nature and composition of the catalytically active surface sites of the dumbbells. Our experiments indicate indeed that, when the metal alloy domain is attached to the metal oxide domain (that is, in the dumbbell), surface Pd species are more active than in the case of the initial Au(0.75)Pd(0.25) NCs and also Au(δ-) sites are formed that were not present on the initial Au(0.75)Pd(0.25) NCs.
A systematic evaluation of chip-based nanoelectrospray parameters for rapid identification of proteins from a complex mixture (2007)

HPLC-MS/MS is widely used for protein identification from gel spots and shotgun fractions. Although HPLC has well recognized benefits, this type of sample infusion also has some undesirable attributes: relatively low sample throughput, potential sample-to-sample carryover, time-varying sample composition, and no option for longer sample infusion for longer MS analyses. An automated chip-based ESI device (CB-ESI) has the potential to overcome these limitations. This report describes a systematic evaluation of the information-dependant acquisition (IDA) and sample preparation protocols for rapid protein identification from a complex mixture using a CB-ESI source compared with HPLC-ESI (gradient and isocratic elutions). Cytochrome c and a six-protein mixture (11-117 kDa) were used to develop an IDA protocol for rapid protein identification and to evaluate the effects of sample preparation protocols. MS (1-10 s) and MS/MS (1-60 s) scan times, sample concentration (50-500 fmol/microL), and ZipTipC(18) cleanup were evaluated. Based on MOWSE scores, protein coverage, experimental run time, number of identified proteins, and reproducibility, a 12.5 min experiment (22 cycles, each with one 3 s MS and eight 10 s MS/MS scans) was determined to be the optimal IDA protocol for CB-ESI. This work flow yielded up to 220% greater peptide coverage compared with gradient HPLC-ESI and provided protein identifications with up to a 2-fold higher throughput rate than either HPLC-ESI approach, whilst employing half the amount of sample over the same time frame. The results from this study support the use of CB-ESI as a rapid alternative to the identification of protein mixtures.
Identification of a Gene Involved in Assembly of<i>Actinomyces naeslundii</i>T14V Type 2 Fimbriae (1998)

The nucleotide sequence of the Actinomyces naeslundii T14V type 2 fimbrial structural subunit gene, fimA, and the 3' flanking DNA region was determined. The fimA gene encoded a 535-amino-acid precursor subunit protein (FimA) which included both N-terminal leader and C-terminal cell wall sorting sequences. A second gene, designated orf365, that encoded a 365-amino-acid protein which contained a putative transmembrane segment was identified immediately 3' to fimA. Mutants in which either fimA or orf365 was replaced with a kanamycin resistance gene did not participate in type 2 fimbriae-mediated coaggregation with Streptococcus oralis 34. Type 2 fimbrial antigen was not detected in cell extracts of the fimA mutant by Western blotting with anti-A. naeslundii type 2 fimbrial antibody, but the subunit protein was detected in extracts of the orf365 mutant. The subunit protein detected in this mutant also was immunostained by an antibody raised against a synthetic peptide representing the C-terminal 20 amino acid residues of the predicted FimA. The antipeptide antibody reacted with FimA isolated from the recombinant Escherichia coli clone containing fimA but did not react with purified type 2 fimbriae in extracts of the wild-type strain. These results indicate that synthesis of type 2 fimbriae in A. naeslundii T14V may involve posttranslational cleavage of both the N-terminal and C-terminal peptides of the precursor subunit and also the expression of orf365.
Modification of Alkanethiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers by Atomic Hydrogen:  Influence of Alkyl Chain Length (2006)

The interaction of atomic hydrogen with four alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), octadecanethiolate, hexadecanethiolate, dodecanethiolate, and nonanethiolate, has been studied in situ, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Atomic hydrogen reactions with gold−sulfur bonds result in sulfur desorption and the formation of new sulfur species within the film. The loss of sulfur from each SAM exhibits first-order kinetics with a rate constant that decreases with increasing alkyl chain length. This supports the idea that sulfur desorption is controlled by the diffusion of atomic hydrogen through the alkyl chains to the film/substrate interface. In the two shorter chain SAMs, sulfur and carbon desorption is rapid and concerted. This indicates that the modification of dodecanethiolate and nonanethiolate SAMs is dominated by desorption of intact adsorbate chains and alkyl sulfur fragments formed by atomic hydrogen reactions at the film/substrate interface. For octadecanethiolate and hexadecanethiolate SAMs, however, the increased residence time of atomic hydrogen within the hydrocarbon film is responsible for the formation of a disordered hydrocarbon overlayer that prevents desorption of intact adsorbate chains or alkyl sulfide species. As a result, the rate of carbon desorption from these two SAMs is dramatically reduced and the loss of carbon and sulfur is not concerted. In the longer alkyl chain SAMs, sulfur is lost as small volatile fragments (e.g., H2S), while carbon desorption proceeds through chemical erosion of the hydrocarbon film by atomic hydrogen. For alkanethiolate SAMs exposed to atomic hydrogen, reactions between carbon-centered radicals and atmospheric oxygen containing species increase the surface hydrophilicity. Results from this investigation highlight the determinant role that film thickness can play in moderating the reactivity of gas-phase species with organized thin film assemblies.
Large-scale fault isolation (2000)

Of the many distributed applications designed for the Internet, the successful ones are those that have paid careful attention to scale and robustness. These applications share several design principles. In this paper, we illustrate the application of these principles to common network monitoring tasks. Specifically, we describe and evaluate 1) a robust distributed topology discovery mechanism and 2) a mechanism for scalable fault isolation in multicast distribution trees. Our mechanisms reveal a different design methodology for network monitoring-one that carefully trades off monitoring fidelity (where necessary) for more graceful degradation in the presence of different kinds of network dynamics.
Abnormal Glucose Counterregulation after Subcutaneous Insulin in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (1984)

We assessed glucose counterregulation during intensive insulin therapy in 20 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by injecting therapeutic doses of regular insulin subcutaneously after overnight maintenance of euglycemia. As compared with nondiabetic controls matched for age and weight, 17 of the patients had more severe and more prolonged hypoglycemia (nadir, 42 +/- 2 in patients vs. 60 +/- 2 mg per deciliter in controls P less than 0.01; duration, 6.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.1 +/- 0.6 hours, P less than 0.01). Most patients had decreased responses of several counterregulatory hormones. Marked rebound hyperglycemia (approximately equal to 300 mg per deciliter) ultimately developed in 11 patients. The only features distinguishing patients with rebound hyperglycemia from those without it were plasma free insulin concentrations during recovery from hypoglycemia (those with vs. those without, 7 +/- 1 vs. 22 +/- 2 microU per milliliter, P less than 0.01) and insulin-antibody binding (5 +/- 1 vs. 30 +/- 5 per cent, P less than 0.01). Rates of plasma glucose recovery from hypoglycemia were inversely correlated with plasma free insulin concentrations (r = -0.84, P less than 0.01); the latter in turn were directly correlated with insulin-antibody binding (r = 0.94, P less than 0.01). We conclude that many patients with IDDM have impaired glucose counterregulation due to multiple defects in counterregulatory-hormone secretion. This is associated with increased insulin-antibody binding, which prolongs the half-life of insulin. In such patients, intensive insulin therapy may be hazardous.
Effects of spanwise blowing and reverse thrust on fighter low-speed aerodynamics (1983)

A brief review of takeoff and landing requirements for the next generation of fighter aircraft indicates that improvement in lift performance and thrust reversing capability will be needed if short takeoff and landing (STOL) operations are to be feasible. A recent joint NASA/Grumman Aerospace Corporation/U.S. Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratory wind tunnel investigation was conducted to examine the effects of spanwise blowing on the trailing-edge flap system. This application contrasts with the more familiar method of spanwise blowing near the wing leading edge. Another joint program among NASA/McDonnell Aircraft Company/U.S. Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratory investigated the effects of reverse thrust on the low-speed aerodynamics of an F-15 configuration. The F-15 model was fitted with a rotating vane thrust reverser concept which could simulate both in-flight reversing for approach and landing or full reversing for ground roll reduction. The significant results of these two joint programs are reported in this paper. a b c CD CD.O
A Systematic Review of Point of Care Testing for<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>,<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>, and<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> (2016)

Objectives. Systematic review of point of care (POC) diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted infections: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). Methods. Literature search on PubMed for articles from January 2010 to August 2015, including original research in English on POC diagnostics for sexually transmitted CT, NG, and/or TV. Results. We identified 33 publications with original research on POC diagnostics for CT, NG, and/or TV. Thirteen articles evaluated test performance, yielding at least one test for each infection with sensitivity and specificity ≥90%. Each infection also had currently available tests with sensitivities <60%. Three articles analyzed cost effectiveness, and five publications discussed acceptability and feasibility. POC testing was acceptable to both providers and patients and was also demonstrated to be cost effective. Fourteen proof of concept articles introduced new tests. Conclusions. Highly sensitive and specific POC tests are available for CT, NG, and TV, but improvement is possible. Future research should focus on acceptability, feasibility, and cost of POC testing. While pregnant women specifically have not been studied, the results available in nonpregnant populations are encouraging for the ability to test and treat women in antenatal care to prevent adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylation Reactions of CF3I, Te(CF3)2, Sb(CF3)3, Hg(CF3)2, and Cd(CF3)2 with Furan, Thiophene, Pyrrole, and p‐Benzoquinone. (1990)

Abstract The trifluoromethylation abilities of the CF 3 ‐donors mentioned in the title are investigated in photochemical or thermal reactions with several aromatic 5‐ring compounds as well as p‐hydroquinone.
Enhancement by 5‐hydroxytryptamine and analogues of desensitization of neuronal and muscle nicotinic receptors expressed in<i>Xenopus</i>oocytes (1995)

1. The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on neuronal and muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nicotinic AChR) expressed in Xenopus oocytes was studied. 2. 5-HT enhanced the rate of desensitization of the acetylcholine (ACh) current response in all receptor subtypes investigated (muscle, alpha beta 2 gamma delta and alpha 4 beta 2), acting in a dose-dependent manner. 3. 5-HT also reduced the peak current elicited by ACh in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value for the muscle type receptor was 227 +/- 0.44 microM, and 166 +/- 0.47 microM and 283 +/- 0.28 microM for the combinations alpha beta 2 gamma delta and alpha 4 beta 2 respectively. 4. The effect of 5-HT on the responses to ACh (10 microM) was found to be independent of membrane voltage over the range tested (-80 to -10 mV), and to be readily reversed by washout. 5. The action of 5-HT could be mimicked by structurally similar molecules. The homologue tryptamine was less potent than 5-HT in blocking the ACh current, with an IC50 of 1.0 +/- 0.02 mM. Ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, was more potent than 5-HT, the IC50 being 49.0 +/- 1.4 microM. 6. We postulate that a highly conserved portion of the tertiary structure of nicotinic AChRs, which includes some part of the ACh binding site, has affinity for 5-HT and structural analogues.
Exactly Solvable Microscopic Geometries and Rigorous Bounds for the Complex Dielectric Constant of a Two-Component Composite Material. (1980)

Exact bounds for the complex, bulk, effective dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{e}$ of a two-component macroscopic composite that depend on the available information about the composite are presented and discussed. Some of these bounds are readily ascribable to special, exactly solvable, microscopic geometries. As a consequence, it is shown that there can exist composites where the real part of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{e}$ diverges as $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ while the dc conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{e}\ensuremath{\ne}0$.
A reconfigurable 2&#x00D7; / 2.5&#x00D7; / 3&#x00D7; / 4&#x00D7; SC DC-DC regulator for enhancing area and power efficiencies in transcutaneous power transmission (2011)

A reconfigurable 2× / 2.5× / 3× / 4× switched-capacitor DC-DC regulator for transcutaneous power transmission is presented in this paper. The proposed power stage enables the regulator to maintain high power efficiencies under different input voltages caused by coupling variations. A fixed on-time regulation scheme is developed to minimize the switching power loss and to achieve small output ripple voltages of the regulator. Implemented in a standard 0.35-μm n-well CMOS process, the proposed regulator delivers a maximum output current of 10 mA and achieves the peak power efficiency of 82%. When the input voltage varies by 1.6 V, the power efficiency of the proposed regulator can be improved by 40% compared to that of the fixed-ratio 4× counterpart. The output ripple reaches 0.5% of the output voltage.
Abduction in annotated logic programming (2003)

The author investigates techniques to make the logic programming paradigm more expressive for knowledge representation, while simultaneously retaining the computational advantages of efficiency and simplicity. He extends the annotated language of K. Thirunarayan and K. Kifer (1989) in various directions to obtain an enriched representation language. In particular, rule bodies are permitted to be a conjunction of literals, and the rules to be recursive. A class of annotated logic programs called the stratified programs is identified which can be given a unique supported minimal Herbrand model as their meaning. Abductive reasoning is integrated into this annotated logic framework. The notion of an explanation is formalized, and when an explanation can be regarded as acceptable is specified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>