gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Dependent Exchange Splitting of a Surface State on a Local-Moment Magnet: Tb(0001) (1999)

We have investigated the temperature-dependent binding energies of the exchange-split Tb(0001) surface state by means of scanning tunneling spectroscopy. At $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}16\mathrm{K}$ the majority and minority part of the surface state exhibit a binding energy of $\ensuremath{-}135\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8\mathrm{meV}$ and $+430\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15\mathrm{meV}$, respectively. Both peak positions shift with increasing temperature and continuously decrease the exchange splitting down to 200 meV at 260 K, i.e., 30 K above the bulk N\'eel temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{NB}}$. This result is explained in terms of a decrease of helical short-range spin order with increasing temperature above ${T}_{\mathrm{NB}}$.
Scanning multiple slit assembly: a practical and efficient device to reduce scatter (1977)

A scanning multiple slit assembly consisting of an array of long narrow beam-defining slits coupled with scatter-eliminating slots beneath the patient is a feasible, practical, and efficient method of reducing scatter and increasing contrast and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Measurements of the ratio of scattered-to-primary radiation transmitted by a scanning multiple slit assembly and a conventional high ratio grid under similar conditions showed the relative intensity of scatter transmitted by the slit assembly to be only one-third that of the grid. A noticeable improvement in contrast was obtained using the slit assembly, without increase in patient exposure. The design, construction, and clinical implications of such a scatter-eliminating technique are discussed.
SEM Demonstrations for Younger Visitors (1995)

Abstract Each year we show hundreds of students and visitors magnified images of common objects in our SEM. the best samples to use in SEM demonstrations for children are those which have detail that can just barely be seen with the naked eye or with a light microscope. Ideally, the sample would be something with which the child is already familiar, and one which can be explored at several different magnifications. The simplest specimen is a penny attached to a stub by carbon or silver dag. Mount the coin such that the back side, showing the Lincoln Memorial, faces upward As shown in Figure 1, the statue of Lincoln inside the memorial can be seen with the naked eye.
Tracing occurrences of patterns in symbolic computations (1981)

A report is made on the present state of development of a project to construct a tracing aid for users of symbolic computing systems that are written in LISP (or, in principle, any similar high-level language). The traces in question are intended to provide information which is primarily in terms that are natural for a user, e.g. on patterns of actions performed on his data, or patterns occurring in the data themselves during the operation of his program. Patterns are described in a syntax which is inspired by SNOBOL.
Synthese von 6‐Oxo‐4.5.7‐triphenyl‐2.6‐dihydrobenzoxazolen und Oxidationsprodukte des 6‐Amino‐2.4.5‐triphenyl‐resorcins (1973)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung von 6‐Amino‐2.4.5‐triphenyl‐resorcin 1 mit Ketonen in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff entstehen die noch nicht beschriebenen 2.2‐disubstituierten 6‐Oxo‐4.5.7‐triphenyl‐2.6‐dihydrobenzoxazole 2 – 15 ; mit cyclischen Ketonen bilden sich die entsprechenden Spiro‐Verbindungen. Als Nebenprodukt wird in allen Fällen das durch oxidative Autokondensation entstehende 7‐Hydroxy‐1.2.4.6.8.9‐hexaphenyl‐3‐phenoxazon 19 erhalten. Die Struktur wird spektroskopisch aufgeklärt.
State of the Art in Evaluation and Control of Steel Cleanliness. (2003)

This paper first reviews the current “state-of-the-art” in the evaluation of steel cleanliness, discussing over 20 different methods. The demand for cleaner steels requires lowering non-metallic oxide inclusions and also controlling their morphology, composition and size distribution. Because no single method can measure all of these aspects accurately, it is best to combine several methods together to quantify steel cleanliness in a given operation. Owing to the cost, time requirements, and sampling difficulties, steel cleanliness is widely inferred using total oxygen, nitrogen pick-up, and other indirect methods. Recent cleanliness values using these indicators are summarized for LCAK at many steel plants around the world. Secondly, this paper reviews operating practices to improve steel cleanliness at the ladle, tundish and continuous caster, emphasizing findings quantified with plant measurements. Inclusions come from many sources, including deoxidation, reoxidation, slag entrapment, refractory wear, and chemical reactions. They generate many defects such as cracks and slivers in the steel product. Steel cleanliness is controlled by attention to a wide range of important operating conditions throughout the steelmaking and casting processes. For ladle operations, FeO and MnO in the slag, ladle treatments, and inclusion modification are discussed. For tundish operations, tundish depth and capacity, casting transitions, refractory lining, tundish flux; gas stirring, and flow controls are discussed. Important transfer operations from ladle to tundish and from tundish to mold, such as argon protection, sealing issues, and SEN clogging are summarized. Caster operations reviewed include the effect of casting speed, fluid flow pattern control, surface level control, and caster curvature.
Holographic Recording Materials-A Review (1975)

Early holograms were recorded on photographic plates, and today such plates are still the most common holographic recording medium. However, the nature of the holographic process, plus the development of high-power coherent light sources, invited the use of materials other than photographic emulsions. As a result, holograms have been recorded in dichromatic sensitized gelatin, photoresist, electro-optical crystals, photochromic films and glasses, thermoplastics, photopolymers, amorphous semiconductors, and dye, MnBi, vesicular, and diazo films, as well as the more standard silver halide emulsions. In this review, the holographic recording ma-terials currently available are examined along with a few of their applications. Some experimental media are also studied. No effort to rank the materials is made, as the purpose of this review is simply to familiarize the reader with the various options he has in selecting a holographic recording material for his particular application. This approach is felt to be appropriate since most media currently available will form excellent holograms.
Pressure tolerant power IGBTs for subsea applications (2009)

This paper discusses methods to adapt power semiconductors like IGBTs for subsea operation, in from 1 bar to high pressure environment, and presents tests done to demonstrate reliable operation. The paper has focus on three main challenges; the liquid dielectric and how to avoid air filled voids, where the highest electric voltage stress occur, and whether operation in liquid without gel influence on the switching. Different test approaches and test results presented show that IGBTs operate well with Midel®7131 as dielectric media. Potential advantages and challenges of bonded and press-pack technologies are shown to be quite different.
Coherent and Noncoherent Detection CPFSK (1974)

Continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) is potentially an attractive modulation scheme for use on channels whose performance is limited by thermal noise. In this paper results for the performance available with CPFSK are given for coherent detection and noncoherent detection with arbitrary modulation indices and arbitrary observation intervals. This work serves two purposes. First, it provides interesting, new results for the noncoherent detection of CPFSK which indicate that the performance of such a system can be better than the performance of coherent PSK. Secondly, it provides a complete analysis of the performance of CPFSK at high SNR as well as low SNR and thereby unifies and extends the results previously available.
Evaluation of Cobalt-Labeled Octreotide Analogs for Molecular Imaging and Auger Electron–Based Radionuclide Therapy (2014)

All cobalt-labeled radioligands showed a high level of receptor-specific uptake both in vitro and in vivo in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, (58m)Co-DOTATATE showed considerable therapeutic effects in vitro and, thus, could be an effective agent for eradicating disseminated tumor cells and micrometastases.
Treatment of diabetes in the elderly. (1991)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical problems in elderly patients. There is a strong rationale for therapy in most patients with diabetes, even those who are asymptomatic. Family physicians should be aware of several age-associated differences in the management and treatment of diabetes in older patients. For elderly patients, dietary modifications may include an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates and a decrease in the percentage of fat. For obese patients, dietary therapy should also emphasize a decrease in overall calories. Oral hypoglycemic agents are generally used as the initial drug therapy. Insulin therapy should be instituted when oral agents fail to reduce the blood glucose level, when the blood glucose level is very high and in other special circumstances. A careful choice of medications for other common problems associated with diabetes, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and peripheral neuropathy, is also essential.
Development of Low Energy Gap and Fully Regioregular Polythienylenevinylene Derivative (2014)

Low energy gap and fully regioregular conjugated polymers find its wide use in solar energy conversion applications. This paper will first briefly review this type of polymers and also report synthesis and characterization of a specific example new polymer, a low energy gap, fully regioregular, terminal functionalized, and processable conjugated polymer poly-(3-dodecyloxy-2,5-thienylene vinylene) or PDDTV. The polymer exhibited an optical energy gap of 1.46 eV based on the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum. The electrochemically measured highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level is −4.79 eV, resulting in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of −3.33 eV based on optical energy gap. The polymer was synthesized via Horner-Emmons condensation and is fairly soluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and chloroform with gentle heating. DSC showed two endothermic peaks at 67°C and 227°C that can be attributed to transitions between crystalline and liquid states. The polymer is thermally stable up to about 300°C. This polymer appears very promising for cost-effective solar cell applications.
Effect of carbon source on growth and DHA accumulation in Crypthecodinium cohnii (2000)

研究了碳源對隱甲藻 (CrypthecodiniumcohniiATCC30 556)生長及DHA產量的影響。結果表明 :采用單一碳源 ,葡萄糖最有利于隱甲藻生長 ,在 5g/L糖濃度下 ,隱甲藻生物量達到3 13gDW/L ;以甘油作為碳源培養 ,隱甲藻中DHA產量最高 ,為 12 1 2 5mg/L。采用的 4種復合碳源均可促進隱甲藻的生長 ,其中糖蜜 +甘油培養隱甲藻生物量最高 ,達到 3 4 7gDW /L。葡萄糖 +甘油以及糖蜜 +甘油培養均可顯著提高隱甲藻DHA產量 ,分別達到 2 0 4 67mg/L及 183 11mg/L。 \nThe effect of various carbon sources on the growth and DHA yield was determined in Crypthecodinium cohnii ATCC30556.Glucose was suitable to growth,biomass was up to 3.13 g DW/L on medium containing 5 g/L glucose.Glycerol was a favorable carbon source for DHA accumulation,DHA yield increased up to 121.25 mg/L.All four multiple carbon source promoted growth,the biomass of molasses /glycerol increased up to 3.47 g DW/L.Highest DHA concentrations were obtained from media containing glucose/glycerol and molasses/glycerol,were 204.67 mg/L and 183.11 mg/L respectively.
Reduced generation time of apple seedlings to within a year by means of a plant virus vector: a new plant‐breeding technique with no transmission of genetic modification to the next generation (2013)

Fruit trees have a long juvenile phase. For example, the juvenile phase of apple (Malus × domestica) generally lasts for 5-12 years and is a serious constraint for genetic analysis and for creating new apple cultivars through cross-breeding. If modification of the genes involved in the transition from the juvenile phase to the adult phase can enable apple to complete its life cycle within 1 year, as seen in herbaceous plants, a significant enhancement in apple breeding will be realized. Here, we report a novel technology that simultaneously promotes expression of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T gene (AtFT) and silencing of apple TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene (MdTFL1-1) using an Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector (ALSV-AtFT/MdTFL1) to accelerate flowering time and life cycle in apple seedlings. When apple cotyledons were inoculated with ALSV-AtFT/MdTFL1 immediately after germination, more than 90% of infected seedlings started flowering within 1.5-3 months, and almost all early-flowering seedlings continuously produced flower buds on the lateral and axillary shoots. Cross-pollination between early-flowering apple plants produced fruits with seeds, indicating that ALSV-AtFT/MdTFL1 inoculation successfully reduced the time required for completion of the apple life cycle to 1 year or less. Apple latent spherical virus was not transmitted via seeds to successive progenies in most cases, and thus, this method will serve as a new breeding technique that does not pass genetic modification to the next generation.
Dynamic Load Balancing Using Network Transferable Computer (2005)

This paper proposes a new dynamic load balancing (DLB) method for network traffic. In client-server systems, intense access to a particular server host often causes excessive traffic on a path connected to the server. Although mirror servers are used for load balancing of host performance, this may not be sufficient to balance the load of network traffic. In the DLB method a server has the capability to move to another network, so that flows of packets toward/from the server change and a part of packets avoid going through the crowded path. This reduction of the traffic on the congested path achieves load balancing of network traffic. The DLB method is based on network transferable computer (NTC) and mobile IP. Also a management system is provided. The management system has the following responsibilities. (1) Analyzing packets for the server. (2) Calculating the fluctuation rate of the amount of packets toward the server. (3) Estimating the future amount of packets. (4) Determining whether the server move or not and a new location of the server if necessary. The evaluation of this method is underlined by simulations, which show effective reduction of traffic on the target path.
Design and Proposed Construction Techniques for Pangue Dam (1992)

The paper describes the site conditions, design and proposed construction methods for the 115 m high Pangue Dam, Chile's first RCC dam. Trial mix design work and test embankments constructed to investigate the use of various local materials, are also presented. Investigations include compaction by dozer tracking and RCC placement during rainfall intensities up to approximately 12 mm/hour to enable the RCC to be placed through the wet winter period. The resulting RCC must meet the strength requirements imposed by static, thermal and seismic loads.
Low virulent strains of <b><i>Candida albicans</i></b>: Unravelling the antigens for a future vaccine (2004)

Several low virulent Candida albicans mutant strains: CM1613 (deleted in the Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase MKC1), CNC13 (deleted in the MAP-kinase HOG1) and the morphological mutant 92' were used as vaccines employing a murine model of systemic candidiasis. In this vaccination trial, only the CNC13 strain was able to induce protection against a subsequent infection with a lethal dose of the wild-type strain. The protection induced by CNC13 vaccinated animals resulted in 60-70% percent of survival. These results demonstrate that collaboration between cellular and humoral responses, induced by the CNC13 mutant, elicited a long lasting and effective protection. Using a proteomic approach (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting), twenty-five C. albicans immunogenic proteins were detected and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and/or tandem mass spectrometry. We were able to define an antibody pattern in the sera from the nonvaccinating strains (92' and CM1613), which was different from the profile detected in the sera from surviving animals (vaccinated with the CNC13 mutant). The utility of this proteomic approach has allowed us to identify antigens that induce protective IgG2a antibody isotype in the sera from vaccinated animals: enolase (Eno1p), pyruvate kinase (Cdc19p), pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc11p), a component from the 40S ribosomal subunit (Bel1p), triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi1p), DL-glycerol phosphatase (Rhr2p), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1p) and two new protective antigens: IMP dehydrogenase (Imh3p), and acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs2p). The antigenic proteins that promote protective antibodies described in this work are excellent candidates for a future fungal vaccine; their heterologous expression and vaccine design is currently underway.
Sol–gel behavior and image formation in poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and its copolymers with ethyl acrylate (1978)

For the formation of rather large features (≳5 μm on a side) in poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and its copolymers with ethyl acrylate, the lithographic response can be characterized by a gel-point energy and a contrast. The gel-point occurs at 6.8 eV absorbed energy per molecule of homopolymer or of its effective equivalent in the copolymer. The contrasts of these negative resists are dynamic properties, but depend in part on the polymer’s dispersitivity, at least to a value 2.3. As features are progressively reduced, the gel-point advances to higher dose and the contrast increases. These new parameters correlate poorly with the molecular parameters of the polymers; they depend instead on developer-induced swelling of the image, on competitive wetting of the support layer by the developer and the polymer and on gel-rupture by forced development.
An improved direct torque control of induction motor with current hysteresis band (2008)

In industrial application, many topics have been investigated to improve the control performances of AC drive systems. Direct torque control (DTC) of induction machine is one of the control schemes. In this paper, the cause of the great impulse start-up current of induction machine employing direct torque control is analyzed, in order to ensure the motor start with maximum torque, and also ensure the system operate properly, it is very important to control the stator current. Then an improved control scheme with current hysteresis band control for DTC is proposed. It makes use of the characteristic of direct torque control having zero state vectors. It is not only effective to limit the impact start-up current, but also is effective in steady state operation. To evaluate the performances of the proposed scheme, simulation studies were performed. The results illustrate that the proposed scheme with current hysteresis band control has satisfactory performances.
Machine Learning and Data Mining Methods in Diabetes Research (2017)

The remarkable advances in biotechnology and health sciences have led to a significant production of data, such as high throughput genetic data and clinical information, generated from large Electronic Health Records (EHRs). To this end, application of machine learning and data mining methods in biosciences is presently, more than ever before, vital and indispensable in efforts to transform intelligently all available information into valuable knowledge. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a group of metabolic disorders exerting significant pressure on human health worldwide. Extensive research in all aspects of diabetes (diagnosis, etiopathophysiology, therapy, etc.) has led to the generation of huge amounts of data. The aim of the present study is to conduct a systematic review of the applications of machine learning, data mining techniques and tools in the field of diabetes research with respect to a) Prediction and Diagnosis, b) Diabetic Complications, c) Genetic Background and Environment, and e) Health Care and Management with the first category appearing to be the most popular. A wide range of machine learning algorithms were employed. In general, 85% of those used were characterized by supervised learning approaches and 15% by unsupervised ones, and more specifically, association rules. Support vector machines (SVM) arise as the most successful and widely used algorithm. Concerning the type of data, clinical datasets were mainly used. The title applications in the selected articles project the usefulness of extracting valuable knowledge leading to new hypotheses targeting deeper understanding and further investigation in DM.
A predictive machine learning approach for microstructure optimization and materials design (2015)

This paper addresses an important materials engineering question: How can one identify the complete space (or as much of it as possible) of microstructures that are theoretically predicted to yield the desired combination of properties demanded by a selected application? We present a problem involving design of magnetoelastic Fe-Ga alloy microstructure for enhanced elastic, plastic and magnetostrictive properties. While theoretical models for computing properties given the microstructure are known for this alloy, inversion of these relationships to obtain microstructures that lead to desired properties is challenging, primarily due to the high dimensionality of microstructure space, multi-objective design requirement and non-uniqueness of solutions. These challenges render traditional search-based optimization methods incompetent in terms of both searching efficiency and result optimality. In this paper, a route to address these challenges using a machine learning methodology is proposed. A systematic framework consisting of random data generation, feature selection and classification algorithms is developed. Experiments with five design problems that involve identification of microstructures that satisfy both linear and nonlinear property constraints show that our framework outperforms traditional optimization methods with the average running time reduced by as much as 80% and with optimality that would not be achieved otherwise.
A Comparison of Lipid and Glycemic Effects of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia (2005)

The study by Goldberg et al. (1) in the July issue of Diabetes Care concluded that, compared with rosiglitazone, pioglitazone was associated with improvements in triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL concentration, and LDL particle size.

It should first be noted that 4,410 subjects were screened to obtain 735 eligible subjects. This was a highly selective group, …
Response of psoriasis to red laser light (630 nm) following systemic injection of hematoporphyrin derivative (1984)

Systemically injected hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) in combination with red laser light (630 nm) was used to treat a patient with intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva. Since the patient had psoriasis in the mons pubis area this region also was exposed to the red light. The psoriasis treatment area was divided into two regions receiving 40 and 20 J/cm2. Both psoriatic zones responded vigorously to the HPD + light treatment, forming eschars by 1 week postirradiation. All three treatment zones (the neoplastic area and the two psoriatic areas) underwent normal reepithelialization by 17 days.