gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on Humidity and Temperature in the Outflow of Tropical Deep Convection (2011)

Abstract Multiple years of measurements of tropical upper-tropospheric temperature and humidity by the Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) project are analyzed in the vicinity of deep convective outflow to study the variations of temperature and humidity and to investigate the influence of the sea surface temperature (SST) on the outflow air properties. The principal findings are the following. 1) The distribution of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) depends on where a convective system is sampled by the MOZAIC aircraft: deep inside the system, RHi is unimodal with the mode at ~114%; near the outskirts of the system, bimodal distribution of RHi starts to emerge with a dry mode at around 40% and a moist mode at 100%. The results are compared with previous studies using in situ measurements and model simulations. It is suggested that the difference in the RHi distribution can be explained by the variation of vertical motions associated with a convective system. 2) Analysis of MOZAIC data shows that a fractional increase of specific humidity with SST, q−1 dq/dSTT, near the convective outflow is about 0.16–0.18 K−1. These values agree well with previous studies using satellite data. Because MOZAIC measurements of temperature and humidity are independent, the authors further analyze the SST dependence of RHi and temperature individually. Temperature increases with SST for both prevalent flight levels (238 and 262 hPa); RHi stays close to constant with respect to SST for 238 hPa but shows an increasing trend for the 262-hPa level. Analysis conducted in this study represents a unique observational basis against which model simulations of upper-tropospheric humidity and its connection to deep convection and SST can be evaluated.
The phases of saturated 1‐monoglycerides C<sub>14</sub>‐C<sub>22</sub> (1971)

Abstract Phase behavior of a homologous series of saturated even 1‐monoglycerides, starting with monomyristin, has been reviewed and their study extended to monoarachidin and monobehenin. The occurrence of sub α, α, β′ and β polymorphs was confirmed for all compounds, except in the case of β′ for monomyristin. It has been firmly established that there is a reversible sub α 2 ⇄ sub α 1 transition, (indicated by Malkin for monostearin) below the reversible sub α (sub α 1 )⇄α transition, for C 18 through C 22 compounds; it occurs at about 50 C and is apparently almost independent of chain length. The sub α 2 to sub α 1 transformation is particularly sensitive to impurity and disappears for 1‐monobehenin at about 10% 2‐monobehenin as produced by heating at 96 C. Heats of transformation are, for β′ and β crystal melting, about 50 cal/g; for α melting, about 35; for sub α → α transition, about 15 and for sub α 2 to sub α 1 transition about 3, which is several times as large as typical heats of melting of mesomorphic states. Diffraction data confirm the essential identity of all long spacing values and the occurrence of tilted chains for all polymorphs of a given compound. Much similarity is encountered between sub α and β′ patterns. Sub α 2 and sub α 1 are difficult to distinguish by diffraction pattern.
The social context of smoking cessation in China: an exploratory interview study (2011)

This study suggests that smoking cessation in China is made more challenging by a social context in which family, friends and even health professionals may discourage it. However, these identified barriers and beliefs about smoking cessation need to be confirmed in larger, more representative studies in the future.
Screening for Alzheimer's Disease: The Memory Impairment Screen Versus the Conventional Three‐Word Memory Test (2002)

The MIS had high discriminative validity as a screening test for AD and substantially outperformed the three-word memory task. Given its validity and brevity, the MIS has important advantages as an AD screen for use in primary care.
TopicMF: Simultaneously Exploiting Ratings and Reviews for Recommendation (2014)

Although users' preference is semantically reflected in the free-form review texts, this wealth of information was not fully exploited for learning recommender models. Specifically, almost all existing recommendation algorithms only exploit rating scores in order to find users' preference, but ignore the review texts accompanied with rating information. In this paper, we propose a novel matrix factorization model (called TopicMF) which simultaneously considers the ratings and accompanied review texts. Experimental results on 22 real-world datasets show the superiority of our model over the state-of-the-art models, demonstrating its effectiveness for recommendation tasks.
One-Pot Conversion of Methane to Light Olefins or Higher Hydrocarbons through H-SAPO-34-Catalyzed in Situ Halogenation (2017)

Methane was converted to light olefins (ethene and propene) or higher hydrocarbons in a continuous flow reactor below 375 °C over H-SAPO-34 catalyst via an in situ halogenation (chlorination/bromination) protocol. The reaction conditions can be efficiently tuned toward selective monohalogenation of methane to methyl halides or their in situ oligomerization to higher hydrocarbons. The presence of C5+ hydrocarbons in the reaction products clearly indicates that by using a properly engineered catalyst under optimized reaction conditions, hydrocarbons in the gasoline range can be produced. This approach has significant potential for feasible application in natural gas refining to gasoline and materials under moderate operational conditions.
Evaluations of failure initiation criteria for predicting damages of composite structures under crushing loading (2018)

The crushing behaviors of thin-walled composite structures subjected to quasi-static axial loading are comparatively evaluated using four different failure initiation criteria. Both available crushing tests of composite corrugated plate and square tube are used to validate the stiffness degradation-based damage model with the Maximum-stress criterion. Comparatively, Hashin, Maximum-stress, Stress-based Linde, and Modified criteria are respectively implemented in the damage model to predict crush behaviors of corrugated plate and square tube. To develop failure criteria, effects of shear coefficients and exponents in the Modified and Maximum-stress criteria on damage mechanisms of corrugated plate are discussed. Results show that numerical predictions successfully capture both of experimental failure modes and load–displacement responses. The Modified criterion and particularly Maximum-stress criterion are found to be more appropriate for present crush models of corrugated plate and square tube. When increasing the failure index, the crushing load is decreased, which also causes premature material failure. The shear coefficient and exponents have dramatic influence on the crushing load. Overall, an insight into the quantitative relation of failure initiation is obtained.
Long-term management of anxiety states (1991)

The management of persistent anxiety states often presents problems for the clinician. The long term use of benzodiazepines is no longer recommended because of the risk of physical dependence, sedation and memory impairment. New pharmacological and psychological treatments are being proposed as alternatives but opinions differ as to which patients should receive them. This paper briefly describes the current controversies regarding the classification and aetiology of anxiety states which may underlie this difficulty. It highlights the importance of careful pharmacological and psychological management of acute anxiety states in preventing some of the problems that arise with the more chronic disorders. It reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of the new treatments in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder and suggests a practical approach to their long term management.
Salvage Procedures for Complications of Total Ankle Arthroplasty (1987)

Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) has been a satisfactory procedure with a low failure rate only when applied to the rheumatoid patient. For the active, posttraumatic patient, ankle joint fusion is superior and avoids the attendant high failure rate. In general, salvage of failed TAA is best solved by ankle fusion. Only in one of five cases (a compliant patient with a clear-cut correctable technical error) was a good result achieved with a revision arthroplasty. To maintain limb length, the authors transplanted iliac crest autogenic bone to fill a large defect. When tightly packed with bone, the joint is slightly distracted and compression enhances fusion. For septic loosening, osteotomy of the malleoli and fusion without grafting is recommended. Persistent pain unassociated with loosening and infection may be treated by removal of impingement of bone overgrowth. Soft tissue release to improve motion is rarely successful. Marginal skin slough was a problem in 8.5% of 71 cases. To facilitate healing, debridement of nonfunctional exposed tendons may be advisable.
<i>Vibrio cholerae</i>: lessons for mucosal vaccine design (2010)

The ability of Vibrio cholerae to persist in bodies of water will continue to confound our ability to eradicate cholera through improvements to infrastructure, and thus cholera vaccines are needed. We aim for an inexpensive vaccine that can provide long-lasting protection from all epidemic cholera infections, currently caused by O1 or O139 serogroups. Recent insights into correlates of protection, epidemiology and pathogenesis may help us design improved vaccines. This notwithstanding, we have come to appreciate that even marginally protective vaccines, such as oral whole-cell killed vaccines, if widely distributed, can provide significant protection, owing to herd immunity. Further efforts are still required to provide more effective protection of young children.
Variables that Affect/Control High-Density Polyethylene Film Oxygen-Moisture Barrier (2003)

Multiple layer polyolefin-based films continue to be one of the preferred packages for both the food and medical industries. The technology of these films has advanced over the years from simple monolayer structures to multilayer hybrid structures. These affordable packages not only provide tamper proof evidence, but also protection from insects, bacteria, germs, and dust and are very effective in providing moisture and oxygen barrier. This paper will discuss these latter two properties, moisture and oxygen barrier, when polyethylene is used as the primary film component. Many variables affect high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film’s oxygen transmission rates (OTR), and water vapor transmission rates (WVTR). These variables include film crystalline structure, relaxation rates of molten polyethylene, polyethylene manufacturing technology, polyethylene resin physical properties, atmospheric conditions, and film fabrication technology and structure. This paper will describe how permeation rates are measured and how each of the above variables affects the permeation rates.
Mapping the Internet (1999)

How can you determine what the Internet or even an intranet looks like? The answer is, of course, to draw it on screen. Once you can see the data succinctly, it becomes much easier to understand. The drawing itself can help locate bottlenecks and possible points of failure. Where is that newly acquired subsidiary connected? Which business units have connections to business partners? More important, visual displays of networks have another dimension-color. Color is an easy way to display link use, status, ownership, and network changes.
Evidence that a leukocyte type of 12-lipoxygenase is expressed and regulated by angiotensin II in human adrenal glomerulosa cells (1994)

The 12-lipoxygenase (LO) pathway of arachidonic acid plays an important role in angiotensin II (AII)-mediated aldosterone synthesis. Several distinct isoforms of 12-LO have been cloned. However, in humans only the platelet form of 12-LO has been reported to be present. Western immunoblotting analysis in cultured human adrenal glomerulosa cells using polyclonal antibodies to porcine leukocyte 12-LO enzyme or peptide showed a specific 72-kilodalton band, which is identical to the molecular size of the porcine leukocyte form of 12-LO. In addition, AII (10(-7)) increased the intensity of the 72-kilodalton band nearly 2-fold over basal. In situ hybridization analysis indicated a strong positive reaction with the porcine leukocyte type of 12-LO antisense riboprobe in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. The 12-LO probe also recognized a near 4-kilobase messenger RNA (mRNA) from human glomerulosa cells in Northern blots. Since the leukocyte type of 12-LO is highly homologous to human 15-LO, a reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the specific type of 12-LO mRNA in human cells. The mRNA for a porcine leukocyte type of 12-LO was detected in human adrenal glomerulosa cells, and the level of 12-LO transcripts was increased approximately 60-fold by AII (10(-7) M). The leukocyte type of 12-LO also was detected in human monocyte-like U937 cells, but not in IM-9 lymphocytes or human erythroleukemia cells. These results suggest that human adrenal glomerulosa cells and human monocyte-like U937 cells express a 12-LO which has immunological and molecular biological characteristics similar to the porcine leukocyte 12-LO.
Deep transfer learning of virtual endoluminal views for the detection of polyps in CT colonography (2016)

Proper training of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) requires large annotated image databases that are currently not available in CT colonography (CTC). In this study, we employed a deep transfer learning (DETALE) scheme to circumvent this problem in automated polyp detection for CTC. In our method, a DCNN that had been pre-trained with millions of non-medical images was adapted to identify polyps using virtual endoluminal images of the polyp candidates prompted by a computer-aided detection (CADe) system. For evaluation, 154 CTC cases with and without fecal tagging were divided randomly into a development set and an external validation set including 107 polyps ≥6 mm in size. A CADe system was trained to detect polyp candidates using the development set, and the virtual endoluminal images of the polyp candidates were labeled manually into true-positive and several false-positive (FP) categories for transfer learning of the DCNN. Next, the trained CADe system was used to detect polyp candidates from the external validation set, and the DCNN reviewed their images to determine the final detections. The detection sensitivity of the standalone CADe system was 93% at 6.4 FPs per patient on average, whereas the DCNN reduced the number of FPs to 2.0 per patient without reducing detection sensitivity. Most of the remaining FP detections were caused by untagged stool. In fecal-tagged CTC cases, the detection sensitivity was 94% at only 0.78 FPs per patient on average. These preliminary results indicate that DETALE can yield substantial improvement in the accuracy of automated polyp detection in CTC.
Monoclonal antibodies to sheep lymphocytes. I. Identification of MHC class II molecules on lymphoid tissue and changes in the level of class II expression on lymph-borne cells following antigen stimulation in vivo. (1986)

A rat monoclonal antibody is described that recognizes sheep MHC Class II antigen and appears to recognize a determinant that is non-polymorphic. This antibody precipitates polypeptides of apparent molecular weight 33,000 and 28,000/29,000 (under non-reducing conditions). The binding of this antibody was inhibited by an anti-human DP, DQ, DR beta-chain monoclonal (DA6.231) and its reactivity on murine cells suggests specificity for the I-E gene product. Using this antibody we have studied the distribution of Class II molecules in sheep and also the variations in Class II expression by cells in both peripheral and efferent lymph, produced as a result of in vivo antigen inoculation.
Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the squirrel monkey as studied by the PHA‐L anterograde tracing method (1990)

The organization of the efferent connections of the subthalamic nucleus was studied in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) by using the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) as an anterograde tracer. At the level of the basal forebrain, anterogradely labeled fibers and axon terminals were mostly found in the striatopallidal complex and the substantia innominata. In cases in which the PHA-L injection sites were placed in the central or the lateral third of the subthalamic nucleus, numerous anterogradely labeled fibers were seen to arise from the injection loci and innervate massively the globus pallidus. At pallidal levels the fibers formed bands lying parallel and adjacent to the medullary laminae. The number and the complexity of the topographical organization of these bands varied with the size and the location of the PHA-L injection site. When examined at a higher magnification, the bands of subthalamopallidal fibers appeared as rich plexuses of short axon collaterals with small bulbous enlargements that closely surrounded the cell bodies and primary dendrites of pallidal cells. In contrast, PHA-L injection involving the medial tip of the subthalamic nucleus did not produce bandlike fiber patterns in the globus pallidus. Instead, the labeled fibers formed a diffuse plexus occupying the ventral part of the rostral pole of the globus pallidus as well as the subcommissural pallidal region. The substantia innominata contained a moderate number of labeled fibers and axon terminals following injection of PHA-L in the medial tip of the subthalamic nucleus. A small to moderate number of anterogradely labeled fibers were seen in the putamen after all PHA-L injections. These subthalamostriatal fibers were long, linear, and branched infrequently. At midbrain level the substantia nigra contained a significant number of anterogradely labeled fibers and axon terminals following PHA-L injection in the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamonigral fibers descended along the ventromedial part of the cerebral peduncle and swept laterally to reach their target. Most of these fibers formed small plexuses along the base of the pars reticulata, whereas a few others ascended along the cell columns of the pars compacta that impinged deeply within the pars reticulata. More caudally in the brainstem, a small number of fibers occurred in the area of the pedunculopontine nucleus and in the periaqueductal gray. These findings indicate that besides its well-known connection with the pallidum, the subthalamic nucleus gives rise to widespread projections to other components of the basal ganglia in primates.
Genes Involved in Formation of Structured Multicellular Communities by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2004)

The spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis is capable of assembling multicellular communities (biofilms) that display a high degree of spatiotemporal organization. Wild strains that have not undergone domestication in the laboratory produce particularly robust biofilms with complex architectural features, such as fruiting-body-like aerial projections whose tips serve as preferential sites for sporulation. To discover genes involved in this multicellular behavior and to do so on a genome-wide basis, we took advantage of a large collection of mutants which have disruptions of most of the uncharacterized genes in the B. subtilis genome. This collection, which was generated with a laboratory strain, was screened for mutants that were impaired in biofilm formation. This subset of mutated genes was then introduced into the wild strain NCIB 3610 to study their effects on biofilm formation in liquid and solid media. In this way we identified six genes that are involved in the development of multicellular communities. These are yhxB (encoding a putative phosphohexomutase that may mediate exopolysaccharide synthesis), sipW (encoding a signal peptidase), ecsB (encoding an ABC transporter subunit), yqeK (encoding a putative phosphatase), ylbF (encoding a regulatory protein), and ymcA (a gene of unknown function). Further analysis revealed that these six genes play different roles in B. subtilis community development.
Conformational studies of depurinating DNA adducts from <i>syn</i>-dibenzo(<i>a,l</i>)pyrene diolepoxide (1996)

One of the major DNA adducts from the extremely potent aromatic carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) is the depurinating adduct syn-DB[a,l]P diolepoxide-14-N7Ade. Low-temperature fluorescence spectra of this adduct (and related derivaties bound to N3-adenine and N7-guanine) showed two distinct (0,0) origin bands with different excited-state vibrational frequencies, as measured by means of fluorescence line narrowing spectroscopy. The relative intensity of the two origin bands was solvent dependent. The hypothesis that this phenomenon could be due to a conformational equilibrium was tested using molecular mechanics, dynamical simulations and semi-empirical quantum-mechanical calculations. The hydrolyzed metabolite DB[a,l]P tetraol was also studied for comparison. It was found that the syn-DB[a,l]P diolepoxide-14-N7Ade adduct is formed via trans addition to the epoxide. Exploration of the conformational space indeed produced two potential energy minima; both corresponding to structures in which the aromatic ring system is severely distorted. In conformation I the proximity of the distal ring forces the adenine base into a pseudo-axial position and the cyclohexenyl ring adopts a half-boat structure. In conformation II the distal ring is bent in the opposite direction, allowing the cyclohexenyl ring to adopt a half-chair structure with the base in a pseudo-equatorial position, partially stacked over the distal ring. THe difference in (0,0) transition energy calculated for the two conformers agrees very well with the spectroscopic data, and the relative orientations of the hydrogens bound to the cyclohexenyl ring in the major (half-boat) conformation I are in full agreement with the experimentally observed proton NMR coupling constants.
Acid-Catalysed Condensation of α-Cumyl Hydroperoxide with Dimethyl Phenyl Carbinol (1960)

α-クミルヒドロペルオキシド(HPOと略記)とジメチルフェニルカルビノール (MPCと略記)を酸接触下に脱水縮合させて, ジα-クミルペルオキシド(DCPと略記)姓成させる。次式に示した反応の速度を測定した。この反応は HPO と MPC に対しそれぞれ 1 次の 2 次反応で, その活性化エネルギーは過塩素酸を触媒とした均一溶液では 21.6kal/molで, 40% 硫酸水溶液を用いる不均一系では 4kal/mol である。また反応の物質収支より反応条件によってフェノールの生成することを確かめ, DCP とフェノールとの mol 数の和が消費された HPO とほぼ等しく, この反応に対する副反応としては HPO のフェノールへの酸分解のみであることを明らかにした。