gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Harmonic Analysis of Polynomial Threshold Functions (1990)

The analysis of linear threshold Boolean functions has recently attracted the attention of those interested in circuit complexity as well as of those interested in neural networks. Here a generalization of linear threshold functions is defined, namely, polynomial threshold functions, and its relation to the class of linear threshold functions is investigated. A Boolean function is polynomial threshold if it can be represented as a sign function of a polynomial that consists of a polynomial (in the number of variables) number of terms. The main result of this paper is showing that the class of polynomial threshold functions (which is called $PT_1 $) is strictly contained in the class of Boolean functions that can be computed by a depth 2, unbounded fan-in polynomial size circuit of linear threshold gates (which is called $LT_2 $). Harmonic analysis of Boolean functions is used to derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be an S-threshold function for a given set S of monomials. This condition is used to show that the number of different S-threshold functions, for a given S, is at most $2^{( n + 1 )| S |}$. Based on the necessary and sufficient condition, a lower bound is derived on the number of terms in a threshold function. The lower bound is expressed in terms of the spectral representation of a Boolean function. It is found that Boolean functions having an exponentially small spectrum are not polynomial threshold. A family of functions is exhibited that has an exponentially small spectrum; they are called “semibent” functions. A function is constructed that is both semibent and symmetric to prove that $PT_1 $ is properly contained in $LT_2 $.
Field and Laboratory Investigation of Photocatalytic Pavements (2012)

In spite of the importance of the national transportation network, there is a growing recognition that highway operations have major environmental impacts during construction and service. High traffic volumes cause high concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, which have been linked with serious health hazards to the public. These pollutants may also travel long distances to produce secondary pollutants such as acid rain or ozone. Photo-catalysis compounds such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) can trap and degrade organic and inorganic particles in the air removing harmful air pollutants such as NOx and VOC in the presence of UV light. Current research and applications of this technology are limited to concrete pavement surfaces, which only represent 6% of the national road network. About 94% of the road network in the US is surfaced with hot-mix asphalt, which supports directing future research towards the use of TiO2 coating in flexible pavements. To address the aforementioned problem, this research project will investigate the possibility of integrating TiO2 on the surface of asphalt pavements to develop a photo-catalytic asphalt pavement capable of oxidizing traffic pollutants. The photo-catalytic properties of TiO2 asphalt pavement as well as its environmental properties will be characterized using a novel environmental laboratory setup. The proposed research is cutting edge and has not been attempted in the US. A recent study attempted to apply the photo-catalytic compound as part of a water-based emulsion in Italy. The mixing of TiO2 with an asphalt binder at a 6% content of the binder weight was also attempted in China and was used in the construction of an open-graded friction course.
Rheological Properties of Printing Inks (1982)

This paper describes the rheology of printing inks. Several kinds of pigments-linseed oil suspensions and commercial inks were used as the samples.For many years flow requirements of printing inks for various types of printing processes have been determined by skilled workers through experience rather than through experiments. However, it is very important for advances in printing or coating engineering that technical skills obtained emperically are confirmed theoretically or by scientific methods. The ink on a printing machine undergo various types of shear strain and complex deformations and flow processes. The optimum printing conditions and printability of inks are closely associated with their rheological properties. Therefore, we investigated the non-linear viscoelastic phenomena of printing ink under complicated rheological processes such as stress relaxation under large deformation, stress growth and relaxation following initiation and cessation of steady flow, non-linear creep and creep recovery.The equilibrium modulus in the long time region was observed in the stress relaxation curve. This phenomenon may be attributed to the formation of temporary network structure due to the association of suspended particles. Shear stress development after sudden initiation of steady shear flow showed an overshoot and approached an equilibrium value. The transient phenomena seem to be caused by the break down of the structure of dispersed particles. Disperse systems of pigments such as printing inks show remarkable thixotropy, rheopexy, pseudo-plastic flow, and structural viscosity attributed to a denser network structure of suspended pigments. In order to provide new concepts for these phenomena, creep compliance and creep recovery were measured under the conditions of various flow histories. The elastic properties of the network structure of suspended particles can be evaluated also from the creep experiments. The yield stress can also be determined from the relationship between recoverable strain and shear stress under steady flow. The formation of the temporary network structure of suspended particles were also investigated by an acoustical technique.
Effectiveness of yield-estimation and reliability-prediction based on wafer test-chip measurements (2002)

Studies suggest the use of "dropped in" test chips as an instrument for monitoring the quality of each manufacturing step of VLSI chips, and as a cost-effective procedure for eliminating potentially "bad" wafers. Here, the yield and long-term reliability are estimated on the basis of the test chips manufactured on the same wafer as the fully functional chips. Only wafers accepted based on this preliminary characterization are subjected to a complete MIL-38510 (or equivalent) characterization of all packaged chips. Successful application of this principle, however, depends on several things, such as degree of similarity between the structures on the test chip versus the structures on the fully functional chips, on the number of test chips, their location within the wafer and so on. In particular, it has been found necessary to take into account that the distribution of defects is not purely random, for example there may be a tendency that the defect density varies between the center and the edge of the wafer, and adjacent chips are often found to be statistically dependent. The study presented in this paper seeks to determine the effectiveness of estimating the wafer quality, in particular in terms of wafer yield. A Monte Carlo simulation model has been developed, that allows us to compare yield estimates with "actual" wafer yields, under various scenarios of defect density variation, test structure scaling factor, and test chip sample size and location within the wafer.
Shape constrained mesh editing for delineating anatomical structures in volumetric datasets (2010)

Organ delineation from volumetric dataset is often encountered problem in medical imaging. Numerous 3D polygonal surface mesh model based segmentation algorithms have been reported in this area. These algorithms aim for a fully automated solution for segmenting anatomical structures in volumetric image datasets. But attraction to false boundaries results in inaccurate segmentation, which can happen because of poor model initialization or weak image feature response at correct locations. To be acceptable in clinical practice, it is crucial for a segmentation approach to include the possibility of integrating input from the user when automatic segmentation fails to provide the desired accuracy. This work presents a new 3D triangular surface mesh editing technique to correct the results of automatic segmentation. The method directly projects subset of mesh vertices that are closest to a user drawn line, representing the true boundary of the anatomical structures. Its neighboring vertices that are within user defined depth get deformed based on shape constraints resulting in a smooth edited surface. The shape constraint is formulated to maintain the distribution of the vertices in the region of edited mesh in correspondence with the initial surface model. The result of the study shows that the manually edited surface results in accurate (1.52+/- 0.5mm) anatomical boundary on the edited image plane while preserving the shape of the surface in the neighboring region.
Stereophonic localization: An analysis of listener reactions to current techniques (1960)

Playback localization plots, similar to the technique employed by Steinberg and Snow in the Bell Laboratory experiments of 1933, afford perhaps the only means of evaluating quantitatively the performance of representative stereophonic systems. In the present tests, which deal with two-channel systems comprising a center bridged loudspeaker in addition to the two flanking loudspeakers, it is seen that the performance of wide-angle loudspeaker arrays can be optimized to give accurate localization over a large listening area. As an aid to the evaluation of test data, brief discussions of loudness and time-delay effects-the essential factors providing localization-are included.
Algorithmic trading is anti-investing : investment insights (2011)

Computers are made to work; people are made to think - especially when it comes to investing
Role of arginine deiminase in growth of Mycoplasma hominis (1976)

Arginine has been considered as the major energy source of nonglycolytic arginine-utilizing mycoplasmata. When three strains of Mycoplasma arginini, and one strain each of Mycoplasma arthritidis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma gallinarum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hominis were grown in the medium with high arginine concentration (34 mM) compared with low arginine (4 mM), both the protein content of the organisms and the specific activity of arginine deiminase increased. M. fermentans, the one arginine-utilizing species included in the survey which is also glycolytic, showed an increase in protein content but no increase in specific activity of the enzyme. The glycolytic non-arginine-utilizing M. gallisepticum did not show an increase in either parameter. The Km for arginine deiminase from crude cell extracts was 1.66 X 10(-4)M. The enzyme demonstrated a hyperbolic activation curve subject to substrate inhibition and was not affected by the presence of L-histidine. When mycoplasmic protein and arginine deiminase were determined for M. hominis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, aerobically grown cells exhibited no detectable enzymatic increases until late in log phase. Higher levels of arginine deiminase were observed earlier in the anaerobic growth cycle. The rate of 14CO2 evolution from [guanido-14C]arginine was not altered in arginine-supplemented cells compared with cells grown in low arginine. In addition, CO2 production did not parallel increased arginine deiminase activity. These observations argue that arginine is used only as an alternate energy source in these organisms.
Thymus and Reproduction: Sex-Linked Dysgenesia of the Gonad after Neonatal Thymectomy in Mice (1969)

Neonatal thymectomy of mice, when no ectopic thymus existed, constantly resulted in developmental arrest of the ovary but not of the testis; it also caused sterility in the female. The ovaries of thymectomized mice were extremely small and were characterized by absence of follicles and corpora lutea. Such an ovarian dysgenesia was observed when the mice were thymectomized at 3 days of age, but not at 7 days or later; it was prevented by thymus grafting.
Scan vector compression/decompression using statistical coding (2003)

A compression/decompression scheme based on statistical coding is presented for reducing the amount of test data that must be stored on a tester and transferred to each core in a core-based design. The test vectors provided by the core vendor are stored in compressed form in the tester memory and transferred to the chip where they are decompressed and applied to the core. Given the set of test vectors for a core, a statistical code is carefully selected so that it satisfies certain properties. These properties guarantee that it can be decoded by a simple pipelined decoder (placed at the serial input of the core's scan chain) which requires very small area. Results indicate that the proposed scheme can use a simple decoder to provide test data compression near that of an optimal Huffman code. The compression results in a two-fold advantage since both test storage and test time are reduced.
Lipase‐catalyzed glycerolysis of soybean oil in supercritical carbon dioxide (1997)

Abstract The transesterification of soybean oil with glycerol, 1,2‐propanediol, and methanol by an immobilized lipase in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide for the synthesis of monoglycerides is described. A lipase from Candida antarctica was used to catalyze the reaction of soybean oil with glycerol, 1,2‐propanediol, ethylene glycol, and methanol. Reactions were performed in supercritical carbon dioxide at a density of 0.72 g/L and at a flow rate of 6 µL/min (expanded gas). The substrates were added at flows ranging from 2.5 to 100 µL/min. Monoglycerides were obtained at up to 87 wt%, and fatty acid methyl esters at nearly 100 wt%. The reactivity of the alcohols paralleled the solubility of the substrate in liquid carbon dioxide. Glycerol has the slowest reaction rate, only 2% of that of methanol.
Blind acquisition characteristics of PSP-based sequence detectors (1998)

The blind acquisition characteristics of binary sequence detection algorithms based on per-survivor processing (PSP) are demonstrated via computer simulations. These capabilities are impressive as compared to those of traditional blind equalizers. It is demonstrated that the short-term acquisition performance of PSP-based algorithms is dominated by the poor performance obtained when certain sequences are transmitted. These sequences are those that cannot be distinguished by the joint maximum likelihood (ML) channel and sequence estimator or do not allow for a complete identification of the channel impulse response. Such sequences are defined and analytically characterized, resulting in asymptotic results on performance for joint ML channel and sequence estimators. Typical misacquisition conditions, the effects of initialization, and the impact of increased tree search complexity are also all characterized by simulations and motivated by the analytical results.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Human DNA Glycosylase for Repair of Cytosine-derived Lesions (2002)

Two candidate human orthologs of Escherichia coli MutM/Nei were recently identified in the human genome database, and one of these, NEH1, was characterized earlier (Hazra, T. K., Izumi, T., Boldogh, I., Imhoff, B., Kow, Y. W., Jaruga, P., and Dizdaroglu, M. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 3523-3528). Here we report characterization of the second protein, originally named NEH2 and now renamed NEIL2 (Nei-like). The 37-kDa wild-type NEIL2 expressed in and purified from E. coli has DNA glycosylase/AP lyase activity, primarily for excising oxidative products of cytosine, with highest activity for 5-hydroxyuracil, one of the most abundant and mutagenic lesions induced by reactive oxygen species, and with lower activity for 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5-hydroxycytosine. It has negligible or undetectable activity with 8-oxoguanine, thymine glycol, 2-hydroxyadenine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. NEIL2 is similar to NEIL1 in having N-terminal Pro as the active site. However, unlike NEIL1, its expression was independent of the cell cycle stage in fibroblasts, and its highest expression was observed in the testes and skeletal muscle. Despite the absence of a putative nuclear localization signal, NEIL2 was predominantly localized in the nucleus. These results suggest that NEIL2 is involved in global genome repair mainly for removing oxidative products of cytosine.
2-Vinylimidazole and 1-Methyl-2-vinylimidazole (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Vinylimidazole and 1-Methyl-2-vinylimidazoleJ. Keith Lawson Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 14, 3398–3400Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01110a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01110a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1021Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Defective Colour Vision. Fundamentals, diagnosis and management (1986)

This valuable handbook is quite unique in its essentially practical yet comprehensive approach to the testing of colour vision, and in its unusual consideration of palliative methods; professionals will find that it offers guidance for the examination and treatment of patients in many different circumstances. To benefit a wider readership each chapter is self-contained, from the comprehensive academic sections on normal and abnormal colour vision to the later sections which are of particular interest to those concerned with vocational guidance and the occupational consequences of defective colour vision.
600 V -Class V-Groove SiC MOSFETs (2014)

The authors applied a thick gate oxide layer at the trench bottoms to 600 V class truncated V-groove MOSFETs of which MOS channels were formed on 4H-SiC (0-33-8) facets and validated the static and switching characteristics. The specific on-resistance and the threshold voltage were 3.6 mΩ cm 2 ( V GS =18 V, V DS =1 V) and about 1 V (normally-off), respectively. The breakdown voltage of the MOSFET with a thick oxide layer was 1,125 V ( I DS =1 μA). The switching losses during turn-on and turn-off operations were estimated to be 105.8 μJ and 82.5 μJ (300 V, 10 A) at room temperature. The switching characteristics exhibited low temperature dependence for turn-on/off time.
AGPS—The Past is the Future? (1990)

The Erwin Report has been the inspiration for many of the developments in Commonwealth government publishing since the 1960s. The setting up of AGPS, and the resulting improvements in production standards, and availability of and access to government publications can be traced back to this report, as can the adoption by AGPS of commercial practices. The Erwin Committee foresaw that its concept for government publishing would be opposed by some departments. It was right—and the constant demand for a return to the pre-Erwin situation, so roundly criticised by the committee, may soon be granted. But at what cost?
Transformer protection based on the increment of flux linkages (2004)

The ratio of the increments of the primary and secondary winding flux linkages (RIFL) is equal to the turns ratio during normal operating conditions, magnetising inrush and over-excitation. It differs from the turns ratio during an internal winding fault. A transformer protection algorithm based on the RIFL will be described in the paper. For a single-phase and a three-phase Y–Y transformer, the increments of the flux linkages (IFL) are calculated. For a transformer with a delta winding, the differences of the IFL between the two phases are calculated to use the line currents, because the delta winding currents are practically unavailable. The ratio of the matching IFL or the differences of the IFL is compared with the turns ratio for fault detection. Compared to a conventional harmonically restrained or blocking differential relay, the algorithm improves the operating time of a relay and is independent of core characteristic and system conditions. Test results indicate that the algorithm can successfully discriminate between internal winding faults and all other operating conditions including magnetising inrush and over-excitation.
Anti-angiogenic therapies in cancer: achievements and open questions. (2007)

The approval in 2004 of bevacizumab (Avastin), a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the first anti-angiogenic systemic drug to treat cancer patients validated the notion introduced 33 years earlier by Dr. Judah Folkman, that inhibition of tumor angiogenesis might be a valid approach to control tumor growth. Anti-angiogenic therapy was greeted in the clinic a major step forward in cancer treatment. At the same time this success recently boosted the field to the quest for new anti-angiogenic targets and drugs. In spite of this success, however, some old questions in the field have remained unanswered and new ones have emerged. They include the identification for surrogate markers of angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis, the understanding about how anti-angiogenic therapy and chemotherapy synergize, the characterization of the biological consequences of sustained suppression of angiogenesis on tumor biology and normal tissue homeostasis, and the mechanisms of tumor escape from anti-angiogenesis. In this review we summarize some of these outstanding questions, and highlight future challenges in clinical, translational and experimental research in anti-angiogenic therapy that need to be addressed in order to improve current treatments and to design new drugs.
Highly Soft Viscoelastic Robot Skin With a Contact Object-Location-Sensing Capability (2005)

This paper concerns the development of robot skin capable of accurately sensing the location of objects in area contact with the skin surface. There has been no report on tactile sensing which attained not only skin deformation detection but also contact object location sensing with high accuracy. In the category of optomechatronics technology, we apply optical fibers to transmit surface deformation information of soft skin for sensing the location of an object in contact with the soft skin accurately. In the paper, we illustrate the structure of the robot skin, and describe the principle of both detecting the position of the reflector chips and sensing the contact location of an object. The robot skin is characterized by the fact that the surface is low cost and easily replaceable, and the sensing performance is robust against any electromagnetic disturbance. We then show experimental results for verifying the principles using a wedge-shaped object. For evaluating the sensing accuracy, comparisons are made: 1) between the location of a real convex of the object and that of the corresponding estimated polygon and 2) for the position of two vertices of the object when independent fitting and Lagrangian fitting methods are applied.