gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The magnitude and duration of the analgesic effect of morphine, butorphanol, and buprenorphine in rats and mice. (2000)

This study was designed to determine the magnitude and duration of the analgesic effect of three commonly used opioids: buprenorphine (0.5 mg/kg for rats; 2.0 mg/kg for mice), butorphanol (2.0 mg/kg for rats; 5.0 mg/kg for mice), and morphine (10 mg/kg for rats and mice). We used two standard tests, the hot plate and tail flick assays, to measure opioid analgesia in 62 male, 200 to 300 g Sprague-Dawley rats and 61 male, 25 to 35 g ICR mice. We obtained five baseline measurements then administered the drugs subcutaneously. Morphine gave the highest analgesic effect and was intermediate in duration (2 to 3 h in rats and mice) of analgesia. Butorphanol provided the lowest level of and shortest (1 to 2 h in rats and mice) analgesia. Buprenorphine had an intermediate analgesic effect and the longest duration (6 to 8 h in rats and 3 to 5 h in mice). In light of our results, we recommend the use of morphine (with frequent redosing) for severe pain, butorphanol for mild pain of short duration, and buprenorphine for mild to moderate pain of increased duration. The dosing intervals suggested by our study are 2 to 3 h for morphine in both rats and mice, 1 to 2 h for butorphanol in both rats and mice; and 6 to 8 h in rats and 3 to 5 h in mice for buprenorphine.
The Human World (2002)

I have argued in the previous chapter that 'society' and 'culture' are different ways of talking about the same reality: the world of humans, living together as individual members of various collectivities. As concepts, society and culture are not even all that different. If, in the absence of reliable instinctive behaviour patterns, individual humans are to come together collectively (society), there needs to be some way of ensuring minimal predictability in interaction. This necessitates that they be socialised into at least a modicum of shared meanings and means of communication (culture). Thus to talk about the patterned, organised collective behaviour that we think of as society is necessarily to imply the knowledge, techniques, and values we normally think of as culture. Similarly, to talk about different cultures implies that they have social institutions, memberships and boundaries. And so on.
Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: The evolution of a concept (2015)

Reperfusion injury, the paradoxical tissue response that is manifested by blood flow-deprived and oxygen-starved organs following the restoration of blood flow and tissue oxygenation, has been a focus of basic and clinical research for over 4-decades. While a variety of molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) continues to receive much attention as a critical factor in the genesis of reperfusion injury. As a consequence, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying the dominant cellular and enzymatic sources of excess ROS production following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Of the potential ROS sources described to date, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase (Nox), mitochondria, and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase have gained a status as the most likely contributors to reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and represent priority targets for therapeutic intervention against reperfusion-induced organ dysfunction and tissue damage. Although all four enzymatic sources are present in most tissues and are likely to play some role in reperfusion injury, priority and emphasis has been given to specific ROS sources that are enriched in certain tissues, such as xanthine oxidase in the gastrointestinal tract and mitochondria in the metabolically active heart and brain. The possibility that multiple ROS sources contribute to reperfusion injury in most tissues is supported by evidence demonstrating that redox-signaling enables ROS produced by one enzymatic source (e.g., Nox) to activate and enhance ROS production by a second source (e.g., mitochondria). This review provides a synopsis of the evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury, the clinical implications of this phenomenon, and summarizes current understanding of the four most frequently invoked enzymatic sources of ROS production in post-ischemic tissue.
Coördination Compounds of Boron Trichloride. I. A Review. (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleCoördination Compounds of Boron Trichloride. I. A Review.Donald Ray. MartinCite this: Chem. Rev. 1944, 34, 3, 461–473Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1944Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1944https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60109a005https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60109a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views456Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Correlation between expression of heat-shock protein 70 in the brain stem and sudden death after traumatic brain injury:an experimental study (2001)

Objective To investigate the patterns of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) biosynthesis following traumatic brain injury and observe its effect on the function of the brain stem. Methods Animal models of traumatic brain injury were established in rats using self-designed devices, and the expression of HSP70 in the brain stem 1,3,6,12 h after the injury in injury group and immediately after death in sudden death group respectively,was determined immunohistochemically. HSP70 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR 15,30 min and 1,3,6 h after injury and following sudden death respectively. Results In the injury group, the level of HSP70 mRNA in the brain stem was evidently elevated as early as 15 min following impact-in- duced brain injury,while profuse expression of HSP70 was observed till 3 to 6 h after the injury.The levels of HSP70 mRNA, but not the protein itself, were elevated in the brain stem of the rats in sudden death group. Conclusions The synthesis of HSP70 was prominently enhanced in the brain stem system in response to traumatic injury to eliminate the stress agents and maintain cellular protein homeostasis.When the injury was fatal, the synthesis of HSP70 was disturbed rendering this protective mechanism incompetent,and the brain stem dysfunction is resulted. The divorce of the expression of HSP70 and HSP70 mRNA can be interpreted as the sign of fatal injury of the neurons.
Emerging Mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone Resistance (2001)

Broad use of fluoroquinolones has been followed by emergence of resistance, which has been due mainly to chromosomal mutations in genes encoding the subunits of the drugs' target enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, and in genes that affect the expression of diffusion channels in the outer membrane and multidrug-resistance efflux systems. Resistance emerged first in species in which single mutations were sufficient to cause clinically important levels of resistance (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Subsequently, however, resistance has emerged in bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in which multiple mutations are required to generate clinically important resistance. In these circumstances, the additional epidemiologic factors of drug use in animals and human-to-human spread appear to have contributed. Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is currently low, will require close monitoring as fluoroquinolones are used more extensively for treating respiratory tract infections.
A one-pot approach for conversion of fructose to 2,5-diformylfuran by combination of Fe3O4-SBA-SO3H and K-OMS-2 (2012)

We have demonstrated an efficient, selective and environmentally benign heterogeneous catalyst (K-OMS-2) for aerobic oxidation of 5-HMF to 2,5-DFF. In addition, a combination of Fe3O4-SBA-SO3H and K-OMS-2 successfully catalyzed direct synthesis of 2,5-DFF from fructose via acid-catalyzed dehydration and successive aerobic oxidation in one-pot reaction.
Solid‐state extrusion of chain‐extended polyethylene (1984)

Abstract Billets of chain‐extended polyethylene were prepared from Alathon 7050 (M w 59,000, M n 19,000) in an Instron capillary rheometer by crystallization at a constant pressure of 460 MPa, at a series of teimperatures from 198 to 221°C corresponding to varying degrees of undercooling. This gives chain‐extended morphologies with a range of crystallinites and lamellar thicknesses. The billets were then solid‐state extruded at 100°C through a conical die with 20° entrance angle up to an extrusion draw ration 23.4. Thermal behavior was studied with differential scanning calorimetry. The orientation function measured by wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction showed higher orientation function measured by wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction showed higher orientation at equivalent draw ratio when the initial billets were crystallized at lower temperatures. Drawing efficiency, defined as the ratio of molecular draw ratio (from shrinkage) to extrusion draw ratio correspondingly increases, reaching a maximum of 0.71 in our solid‐state extrusion. These studies show that highly chain‐extended polyethylene, i.e., with few chain entanglements, draws poorly. Drawability was improved by increasing chain entanglements by lowering the crystallization temperature. Electron micrographs of fracture surface replicas of extrudates revealed the coexistence of undeformed, tilted, partially drawn lamellae and fibrillar structure consistent with the cahange of morphologies in Peterlin's model of plastic deformation.
Computational Analysis of Head Impact Response Under Car Crash Loadings (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Computational simulations are conducted for several head impact scenarios using a three dimensional finite element model of the human brain in conjunction with accelerometer data taken from crash test data. Accelerometer data from a 3-2-2-2 nine accelerometer array, located in the test dummy headpart, is processed to extract both rotational and translational velocity components at the headpart center of gravity with respect to inertial coordinates. The resulting generalized six degree-of-freedom description of headpart kinematics includes effects of all head impacts with the interior structure, and is used to characterize the momentum field and inertial loads which would be experienced by soft brain tissue under impact conditions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These kinematic descriptions are then applied to a finite element model of the brain to replicate dynamic loading for actual crash test conditions, and responses pertinent to brain injury are analyzed. Resultant accelerations and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) values are computed and compared with nontraditional measures of head injury as affected by combinations of rotational and translational kinematics.</div>
Color segmentation by ordered mergings (2004)

The paper deals with the use of the various color pieces of information for segmenting color images and sequences with mathematical morphology operators. It is divided in four parts. The first one is concerning the choice of the color space suitable for morphological processing. The choice of a connection which induces a specific segmentation is discussed. The authors then present the color segmentation approach which is based on a nonparametric pyramid of watersheds, with a comparative study of different color gradients. Another multiscale color segmentation algorithm is then introduced, relying on the merging of chromatic-achromatic partitions ordered by the saturation component.
Constructing secure group communication over wireless ad hoc networks based on a virtual subnet model (2007)

Recently, more and more people have begun using mobile devices such as PDAs and notebooks. Our lives have been profoundly affected by such devices. A MANET, a mobile ad hoc network, is an effective networking system facilitating an exchange data between mobile devices, without the support of wireless access points and base stations. A MANET is not restricted to unicast or multicast communication, but can also provide "many-to-many" transmission, which can be treated as a group communication. Until recently, however, the way in which such groups are formed had not drawn much attention. Because communication in wireless networks is broadcast and a certain amount of devices can receive transmitted messages, the risk of unsecured sensitive information being intercepted by unintended recipients is a real concern. Consequently, efforts to ensure the security of group communications in MANETs are essential. This article proposes a virtual subnet model to construct secure group communication over a MANET. With the model, the composition of groups is established as the forming of group keys. Our results show that this approach can completely satisfy the needs for both security and efficiency.
Search-based Neural Structured Learning for Sequential Question Answering (2017)

Recent work in semantic parsing for question answering has focused on long and complicated questions, many of which would seem unnatural if asked in a normal conversation between two humans. In an effort to explore a conversational QA setting, we present a more realistic task: answering sequences of simple but inter-related questions. We collect a dataset of 6,066 question sequences that inquire about semistructured tables from Wikipedia, with 17,553 question-answer pairs in total. To solve this sequential question answering task, we propose a novel dynamic neural semantic parsing framework trained using a weakly supervised reward-guided search. Our model effectively leverages the sequential context to outperform state-of-the-art QA systems that are designed to answer highly complex questions.
The Condensation of Diethylamine and Formaldehyde with Phenol, o-, m- and p- Cresols<sup>1</sup> (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Condensation of Diethylamine and Formaldehyde with Phenol, o-, m- and p- Cresols1Gerald F. Grillot and William T. Gormley Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 11, 1968–1969Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01227a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01227a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views366Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
EFFECT OF ENZYMES AND ACIDITY ON THE ZONA PELLUCIDA OF THE MOUSE EGG BEFORE AND AFTER FERTILIZATION (1964)

Summary. A survey was made of the effectiveness of acid media and of twelve different enzyme preparations in dissolving the zona pellucida of the mouse egg. It was found necessary to lower the pH of the medium to nearly 4 in order to dissolve the zona pellucida. Purified papain, crude ficin and crude Streptomyces griseus protease (`pronase') were found to be effective enzymes for zona pellucida removal. A crude preparation of β-glucuronidase also dissolved the zona pellucida, but its activity was shown not to be due to its β-glucuronidase content. A difference in response between fertilized and unfertilized eggs was noted with the crude β-glucuronidase preparation : it dissolved the zona pellucida of unfertilized eggs more rapidly than that of fertilized eggs. Purified elastase did not dissolve the zona pellucida of either group, but caused the zona pellucida of some unfertilized eggs to swell. The following enzyme preparations had no apparent effect on the mouse zona pellucida: purified trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase, crude preparations of trypsin, pancreatic lipase, lecithinase D, β-1,4-glucosidase and lysozyme.
Recent Developments in Protein Microarray Technology (2003)

The sequencing of the human genome and the advent of DNA chips and sophisticated bioinformatics platforms have enabled molecular biologists to take a more global view of biological systems and to analyze naturally occurring genetic variation. Microarrays of antibodies can measure the concentrations of many proteins quickly and simultaneously. Microarrays of genomically encoded proteins allow scientists to screen entire genomes for proteins that interact with particular factors, catalyze particular reactions, or act as substrates for protein-modifying enzymes or as targets of autoimmune responses. The new protein microarray platforms will prove invaluable to basic biological research, and will dramatically accelerate the pace of discovery of drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers.
Synthesis of a pyrrolone‐type polymer containing anthraquinone units in molten antimony trichloride (1974)

Abstract 1,2,5,6‐Tetraaminoanthraquinone and 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride react in molten antimony trichloride to give a soluble polypyrrolone structure with an inherent viscosity of 0.4–0.7. Polymers having the viscosity of 0.7 can be wetspun into fibers from molten antimony trichloride or from methanesulfonic acid; also the polymer can be reduced with sodium dithionite in alkaline aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide to give a viscous solution which can be spun into brittle fibers.
Comparative Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Aliphatic, Indolic and Benzylic Glucosinolate Production in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Leaves and Seeds (2001)

Secondary metabolites are a diverse set of plant compounds believed to have numerous functions in plant-environment interactions. Despite this importance, little is known about the regulation of secondary metabolite accumulation. We are studying the regulation of glucosinolates, a large group of secondary metabolites, in Arabidopsis to investigate how secondary metabolism is controlled. We utilized Ler and Cvi, two ecotypes of Arabidopsis that have striking differences in both the types and amounts of glucosinolates that accumulate in the seeds and leaves. QTL analysis identified six loci determining total aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation, six loci controlling total indolic glucosinolate concentration, and three loci regulating benzylic glucosinolate levels. Our results show that two of the loci controlling total aliphatic glucosinolates map to biosynthetic loci that interact epistatically to regulate aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation. In addition to the six loci regulating total indolic glucosinolate concentration, mapping of QTL for the individual indolic glucosinolates identified five additional loci that were specific to subsets of the indolic glucosinolates. These data show that there are a large number of variable loci controlling glucosinolate accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Complete the Look: Scene-Based Complementary Product Recommendation (2019)

Modeling fashion compatibility is challenging due to its complexity and subjectivity. Existing work focuses on predicting compatibility between product images (e.g. an image containing a t-shirt and an image containing a pair of jeans). However, these approaches ignore real-world `scene' images (e.g. selfies); such images are hard to deal with due to their complexity, clutter, variations in lighting and pose (etc.) but on the other hand could potentially provide key context (e.g. the user's body type, or the season) for making more accurate recommendations. In this work, we propose a new task called `Complete the Look', which seeks to recommend visually compatible products based on scene images. We design an approach to extract training data for this task, and propose a novel way to learn the scene-product compatibility from fashion or interior design images. Our approach measures compatibility both globally and locally via CNNs and attention mechanisms. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves significant performance gains over alternative systems. Human evaluation and qualitative analysis are also conducted to further understand model behavior. We hope this work could lead to useful applications which link large corpora of real-world scenes with shoppable products.
A Comparison Study on the Performance of Four Types of Oil Lubricated Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings for Hard Disk Spindles (1999)

In this paper, the static and dynamic performance of herringbone, step-pocket, taper-pocket, and taper-flat thrust bearings were numerically analyzed. Optimal values for the design parameters of each type of bearing were analyzed in terms of both maximum axial stiffness (kzz) and maximum ratio of axial stiffness to friction torque (kzz/T) and bearing performance for both cases was calculated. The optimal performance characteristics of these bearings were compared in terms of application to hard disk spindles. Step-pocket and taper-pocket thrust bearings are superior to herringbone and taper-flat thrust bearings with respect to both the maximum kkk and the maximum kzz/T conditions. It was found that the dams of thrust bearings with pockets play an important part in improving the hearing performance. It was made clear that the taper-pocket and the taper-flat thrust bearings have a much larger load capacity than the other two types of thrust bearings in the proximity of zero clearance.
Next-generation sequencing approach for connecting secondary metabolites to biosynthetic gene clusters in fungi (2015)

Genomics has revolutionized the research on fungal secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis. To elucidate the molecular and enzymatic mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of a specific SM compound, the important first step is often to find the genes that responsible for its synthesis. The accessibility to fungal genome sequences allows the bypass of the cumbersome traditional library construction and screening approach. The advance in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have further improved the speed and reduced the cost of microbial genome sequencing in the past few years, which has accelerated the research in this field. Here, we will present an example work flow for identifying the gene cluster encoding the biosynthesis of SMs of interest using an NGS approach. We will also review the different strategies that can be employed to pinpoint the targeted gene clusters rapidly by giving several examples stemming from our work.