gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computationally rapid method of estimating signal‐to‐noise ratio for phased array image reconstructions (2011)

Abstract Measuring signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for parallel MRI reconstructions is difficult due to spatially dependent noise amplification. Existing approaches for measuring parallel MRI SNR are limited because they are not applicable to all reconstructions, require significant computation time, or rely on repeated image acquisitions. A new SNR estimation approach is proposed, a hybrid of the repeated image acquisitions method detailed in the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standard and the Monte Carlo based pseudo‐multiple replica method, in which the difference between images reconstructed from the unaltered acquired data and that same data reconstructed after the addition of calibrated pseudo‐noise is used to estimate the noise in the parallel MRI image reconstruction. This new noise estimation method can be used to rapidly compute the pixel‐wise SNR of the image generated from any parallel MRI reconstruction of a single acquisition. SNR maps calculated with the new method are validated against existing SNR calculation techniques. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of the Zizyphus jujuba Seed Extract on the Lipid Components in Hyperlipidemic Rats (2002)

The purpose of this study was designed to observe the effects of Zizyphus jujuba seed extract on the concentrations of the lipids and blood glucose in the S.D. rats fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL - cholesterol, free - cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL) and blood glucose in serum were significantly higher in the cholesterol administration groups (group 2 (cholesterol＋water), group 3 (cholesterol＋Zizyphus jujuba seed extract)) than those in the control group (group 1, basal diet＋water). But the concentrations of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, LDL, LDL - cholesterol, free - cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, TG, PL and blood glucose in serum were remarkably lower in the group 3 than those in the group 2. In the ratio of HDL - cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol and HDL - cholesterol concentration, Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group was higher percentage than in the group 2. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were rather lower in the Zizyphus jujuba seed extract administration group (group 3) than in the cholesterol diet group (group 2). From the above research, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were effective on the improvement of the blood glucose, lipid compositions in serum of dietary hyperlipidemic rats. And particularly, Zizyphus jujuba seeds were more effective as a therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in adult disease.
Modification of cytidines in a Q.beta. replicase template: analysis of conformation and localization of lethal nucleotide substitutions (1980)

The solution conformation of MDV-1( + ) RNA, a small RNA template replicated autocatalytically in vitro by Q beta replicase, was investigated with sodium bisulfite, a reagent that selectively converts single-stranded cytidines to uridines. The reactivity of 45 of the 76 cytidines in MDV-1( + ) RNA was determined by nucleotide sequence analysis. Only 14 of these 45 cytidines were converted to uridine. Treatment of the RNA with methoxyamine, another single-strand-specific cytidine modification reagent, gave results in good agreement with the bisulfite data. The limited reactivity of MDV-1 ( + ) RNA with these reagents indicates that it is a highly structured molecule. A secondary structure consistent with the chemical modification data is proposed. Modification of MDV-1 ( + ) RNA by bisulfite renders it inactive as a template for RNA replication. This inactivation and the modification of the cytidines at the 3' end of the molecule occur at very similar rates. By using a short complementary RNA "mask" to protect just these cytidines, we demonstrated that the loss of activity resulted from their modification. This implies that one or more of the cytidines in the 3'-terminal sequence is required for template activity and that changes within this sequence can have lethal consequences. The effects of modification elsewhere in the sequence are discussed.
Taxonomic Classification of Bacterial 16S rRNA Genes Using Short Sequencing Reads: Evaluation of Effective Study Designs (2013)

Massively parallel high throughput sequencing technologies allow us to interrogate the microbial composition of biological samples at unprecedented resolution. The typical approach is to perform high-throughout sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, which are then taxonomically classified based on similarity to known sequences in existing databases. Current technologies cause a predicament though, because although they enable deep coverage of samples, they are limited in the length of sequence they can produce. As a result, high-throughout studies of microbial communities often do not sequence the entire 16S rRNA gene. The challenge is to obtain reliable representation of bacterial communities through taxonomic classification of short 16S rRNA gene sequences. In this study we explored properties of different study designs and developed specific recommendations for effective use of short-read sequencing technologies for the purpose of interrogating bacterial communities, with a focus on classification using naïve Bayesian classifiers. To assess precision and coverage of each design, we used a collection of ∼8,500 manually curated 16S rRNA gene sequences from cultured bacteria and a set of over one million bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from environmental samples, respectively. We also tested different configurations of taxonomic classification approaches using short read sequencing data, and provide recommendations for optimal choice of the relevant parameters. We conclude that with a judicious selection of the sequenced region and the corresponding choice of a suitable training set for taxonomic classification, it is possible to explore bacterial communities at great depth using current technologies, with only a minimal loss of taxonomic resolution.
The ketonization of higher fatty acids with some observations on (1947)

Abstract A number of metallic oxides and carbonates may be used as catalysts for the preparation of dialkyl ketones from higher fatty acids in the liquid phase. All cause violent frothing which can be controlled by adding the fatty acid gradually to the catalyst at the reaction temperature. The various metallic oxide and carbonate catalysts are compared and magnesium oxide is selected as most suited for the commercial preparation of ketones. The most suitable reaction temperature range is 330—360°. The crude ketone is greasy, but its properties arc greatly improved by pressing. During the reaction carbon dioxide is evolved in an amount equal to 94% of that required for complete ketonisation. Small amounts of carbon monoxide and other gases arc also formed. The progress of the reaction has been followed by measurement of the rate of liberation of carbon dioxide and the results arc shown to agree with the supposition that a keto‐acid arises as an intermediate in the formation of ketones. Interruption of the reaction and estimation of the unchanged acid present, together with a knowledge of the amount of carbon dioxide then liberated, allows the amount of keto‐acid present in the reaction mixture to be calculated. This is found to be constant during the early stages of the reaction, but increases greatly when the reaction becomes violent. It is suggested that formation of the salt of the keto‐acid is the rate‐determining reaction and that this reaction is catalysed by the metallic oxide used.
First-Line Therapy and Mitochondrial Damage: Different Nucleosides, Different Findings (2003)

In drug-naïve HIV-infected patients who start antiretroviral therapy, ddI+d4T-based combinations produce a greater increase in serum lactate and lipoatrophy than therapies based on AZT+3TC within the first year of therapy. An increase in LDH, amylase, GGT, and AP levels may signal an increase in lactate, which may be harmful.
Caveolin-1 Expression Inhibits Wnt/β-Catenin/Lef-1 Signaling by Recruiting β-Catenin to Caveolae Membrane Domains (2000)

Caveolin-1 is a principal component of caveolae membranes. In NIH 3T3 cells, caveolin-1 expression is dramatically up-regulated in confluent cells and localizes at areas of cell-cell contact. However, it remains unknown whether caveolin-1 is involved in cell-cell signaling. Here, we examine the potential role of caveolin-1 in regulating beta-catenin signaling. beta-Catenin plays a dual role in the cell, linking E-cadherin to the actin cytoskeleton and in Wnt signaling by forming a complex with members of the lymphoid enhancing factor (Lef-1) family of transcription factors. We show that E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and gamma-catenin (plakoglobin) are all concentrated in caveolae membranes. Moreover, we demonstrate that activation of beta-catenin/Lef-1 signaling by Wnt-1 or by overexpression of beta-catenin itself is inhibited by caveolin-1 expression. We also show that recombinant expression of caveolin-1 in caveolin-1 negative cells is sufficient to recruit beta-catenin to caveolae membranes, thereby blocking beta-catenin-mediated transactivation. These results suggest that caveolin-1 expression can modulate Wnt/beta-catenin/Lef-1 signaling by regulating the intracellular localization of beta-catenin.
Active Immunization of Female Rats with Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) (1978)

Cycling rats were immunized against LHRH. In most of these rats, antibody to LHRH became detectable 20 days after the first immunizing injection and reached a maximum level about 40 days later. The elevation of antibody titers, accompanied by the lengthening of the estrous cycle, resulted in continuous anestrus approximately 50 days after the first injection. Peripheral serum LH declined to nondetectable levels but prolactin was not significantly altered throughout the experimental period. The presence of circulating antibody to LHRH was confirmed by the blockade of ovulation in cycling hamsters after i.v. injection of serum from the immunized rats.
Stress-induced RNASET2 overexpression mediates melanocyte apoptosis via the TRAF2 pathway in vitro (2014)

The recent genome-wide association study identified a link between vitiligo and genetic variants in the ribonuclease T2 (RNASET2) gene; however, the functional roles of RNASET2 in vitiligo pathogenesis or in melanocyte apoptosis have yet to be determined. The current study was designed to investigate the vitiligo-related expression pattern of RNASET2 and its molecular function involving apoptosis-related signaling proteins and pathways. The results showed overexpression of RNASET2 in epidermis specimens from 40 vitiligo patients compared with that from matched healthy controls. In addition, in vitro analyses indicated that overexpression of RNASET2 was inducible in cultured primary human melanocytes and keratinocytes by stress conditions, that is, exposure to UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, and inflammatory factors, respectively, and led to increased cell apoptosis via the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)-caspases pathway through the physical interaction of RNASET2 with TRAF2. Thus, RNASET2 may contribute to vitiligo pathogenesis by inhibiting TRAF2 expression and, as such, RNASET2 may represent a potential therapeutic target of vitiligo.
mTORC1-independent Raptor prevents hepatic steatosis by stabilizing PHLPP2 (2016)

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), defined by the presence of Raptor, is an evolutionarily conserved and nutrient-sensitive regulator of cellular growth and other metabolic processes. To date, all known functions of Raptor involve its scaffolding mTOR kinase with substrate. Here we report that mTORC1-independent ('free') Raptor negatively regulates hepatic Akt activity and lipogenesis. Free Raptor levels in liver decline with age and in obesity; restoration of free Raptor levels reduces liver triglyceride content, through reduced β-TrCP-mediated degradation of the Akt phosphatase, PHLPP2. Commensurately, forced PHLPP2 expression ameliorates hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. These data suggest that the balance of free and mTORC1-associated Raptor governs hepatic lipid accumulation, and uncover the potentially therapeutic role of PHLPP2 activators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Development of a doubly weighted Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm for use in multibeam imaging applications (2014)

We report on the development of a doubly weighted Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (DWGS) to enable generation of uniform beamlet arrays with a spatial light modulator (SLM) for use in multiphoton multifocal imaging applications. The algorithm incorporates the WGS algorithm as well as feedback of fluorescence signals from the sample measured with a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector array. This technique compensates for issues associated with nonuniform illumination onto the SLM, the effects due to aberrations and the variability in gain between detectors within the SPAD array to generate a uniformly illuminated multiphoton fluorescence image. We demonstrate the use of the DWGS with a number of beamlet array patterns to image muscle fibers of a 5-day-old fixed zebrafish larvae.
Listening in Spatialized Noise—Sentences Test (LiSN-S): Normative and Retest Reliability Data for Adolescents and Adults up to 60 Years of Age (2011)

As there was no significant difference among adults aged 18-60 yr on the LiSN-S talker, spatial, and total advantage measures, it appears that the decline in ability to understand speech in noise experienced by 50- to 60-yr-olds is not related to their ability to use either spatial or pitch cues. This result suggests that some other factor/s contributes to the decline in speech perception in noise experienced by older adults that is reported in the literature and was demonstrated in this study on the LiSN-S low and high cue SRT measures.
Abrasive wear behavior of MoSi(2)-SiC Composites (1998)

This paper investigates the influence of SiC volume fraction and composite processing route on the abrasive wear behavior of MoSi sub 2 -SiC composites. The MoSi sub 2 -SiC (10-67 vol%) particulate composites were produced by: (i) the conventional hot-pressing of mixtures of MoSi sub 2 powders and SiC whiskers; and (ii) through the solid-state displacement reaction between Mo sub 2 C and Si powders to form MoSi sub 2 and SiC during hot-pressing. A MoSi sub 2 -80 vol% SiC composite was also produced by the reactive melt infiltration of a carbon preform with a molten Si-Mo alloy. The incorporation of SiC into a MoSi sub 2 matrix is an effective way to enhance wear resistance, provided the composites are processed to as near full density as possible.
Design and Application of Low-frequency Ultrasound and Its Combination with Laser Radiation in Surgery and Therapy (2001)

Further development of combined laser-ultrasonic medical technologies is presented. An analysis is made of the main effects produced by low-frequency ultrasound on biological tissues. These effects include cavitation, acoustic streamings, acoustic pressure, and mechanical influence. Possible application of low-frequency ultrasound is considered in regard to tumor therapy, bactericidal treatment of infectious tissues, and spray treatment of head and neck wounds. Some limitations of ultrasound application in medicine are discussed, and the feasibility of combining laser radiation with ultrasound is studied. A number of new laser-ultrasonic combinations are put forward and developed. They embrace the combination of photodynamic therapy with ultrasonic tumor therapy (sonophotodynamic therapy), laser-ultrasonic wound treatment (spray treatment), and laser-ultrasonic drug delivery (photophonophoresis). Some of the above-mentioned technologies were tested experimentally, and the results obtained are considered.
Oxidation of N-acyl-, N-sulfonyl-, and N-arylsulfilimines to sulfoximines by m-chloroperoxybenzoate anion (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidation of N-acyl-, N-sulfonyl-, and N-arylsulfilimines to sulfoximines by m-chloroperoxybenzoate anionShui-Lung Huang and Daniel SwernCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 14, 2510–2513Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01328a039https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01328a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views580Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Emulsifier of Arthrobacter RAG-1: specificity of hydrocarbon substrate (1979)

The purified extracellular emulsifying factor produced by Arthrobacter RAG-1 (EF-RAG) emulsified light petroleum oil, diesel oil, and a variety of crude oils and gas oils. Although kerosine and gasoline were emulsified poorly by EF-RAG, they were converted into good substrates for emulsification by addition of aromatic compounds, such as 2-methylnaphthalene. Neither aromatic nor aliphatic fractions of crude oil were emulsified by EF-RAG; however, mixtures containing both fractions were emulsified. Pure aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons were emulsified poorly by EF-RAG. Binary mixtures containing an aliphatic and an aromatic hydrocarbon, however, were excellent substrates for EF-RAG-induced emulsification. Of a variety of alkylcyclohexane and alkylbenzene derivatives tested, only hexyl- or heptylbenzene and octyl- or decylcyclohexane were effectively emulsified by EF-RAG. These data indicate that for EF-RAG to induce emulsification of hydrocarbons in water, the hydrocarbon substrate must contain both aliphatic and cyclic components. With binary mixtures of methylnaphthalene and hexadecane, maximum emulsion was obtained with 25% hexadecane.
Introduction (2009)

L’histoire de vie des personnes est un enchaînement continu d’événements de nature diverse concernant, entre autres, leur famille, leur résidence et leur profession. La complexité des phénomènes qui jouent sur les comportements démographiques et sociaux rend donc nécessaire la mise en œuvre d’outils spécifiques permettant d’appréhender les rythmes d’évolution multiples et imbriqués de ces différents phénomènes. Parmi les divers outils disponibles, l’enquête biographique permet de saisir au mi...
Bradykinin‐induced activation of nociceptors: receptor and mechanistic studies on the neonatal rat spinal cord‐tail preparation <i>in vitro</i> (1992)

1. The effects of bradykinin on nociceptors have been characterized on a preparation of the neonatal rat spinal cord with functionally connected tail maintained in vitro. Administration of bradykinin to the tail activated capsaicin-sensitive peripheral fibres and evoked a concentration-dependent (EC50 = 130 nM) depolarization recorded from a spinal ventral root (L3-L5). 2. The response to bradykinin was unaffected by the peptidase inhibitors, bestatin (0.4 mM), thiorphan (1 microM), phosphoramidon (1 microM) and MERGETPA (10 microM) or by the presence of calcium blocking agents, cadmium (200 microM) and nifedipine (10 microM). 3. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase with indomethacin (1-5 microM), aspirin (1-10 microM) and paracetamol (10-50 microM) consistently attenuated responses to bradykinin. 4. The effect of bradykinin was mimicked by the phorbol ester PDBu, an activator of protein kinase C. The response to bradykinin was attenuated following desensitization to PDBu but desensitization to bradykinin did not induce a cross-desensitization to PDBu. The protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (10-500 nM) consistently attenuated the effects of PDBu and bradykinin. 5. Bradykinin responses were reversibly enhanced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (100 microM). However dibutyryl cyclic GMP (0.5 mM) and nitroprusside (10 microM) produced prolonged block of responsiveness to bradykinin. Prolonged superfusion with pertussis toxin did not affect responses to bradykinin. 6. The B1-receptor agonist des Arg9-bradykinin (10-100 microM) was ineffective alone or after prolonged exposure of the tail to lipopolysaccharide (100 ng ml-1) or epidermal growth factor (100 ng ml-1) to induce B1 receptors. The BI-receptor antagonist, des Arg9 Leu8-bradykinin (10 JM) did not attenuate the response to bradykinin. A number of bradykinin B2 antagonists selectively and reversibly attenuated the response to bradykinin. The rank order potency was Hoe 140> LysLys [Hyp3,Thi5 8,D-Phe7]-bradykinin> D-Arg[Hyp3, Thi5'8, D-Phe7]-bradykinin = D-Arg[Hyp2,Thi5'8, D-Phe7]-bradykinin.7. These data show that bradykinin produces concentration-dependent activation of peripheral nociceptors in the neonatal rat tail. The responses were unaffected by calcium channel block and were partially dependent on the production of prostanoids. Bradykinin-evoked responses were consistent with the activation of protein kinase C-dependent mechanisms. Cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms may be involved in bradykinin-receptor desensitization whereas cyclic-AMP dependent mechanisms increase fibre excitability and facilitate bradykinin-induced responses. The effects of bradykinin were mediated by a B2 receptor.
Leveraging Machine Learning and Big Data for Smart Buildings: A Comprehensive Survey (2019)

Future buildings will offer new convenience, comfort, and efficiency possibilities to their residents. Changes will occur to the way people live as technology involves people's lives and information processing is fully integrated into their daily living activities and objects. The future expectation of smart buildings includes making the residents' experience as easy and comfortable as possible. The massive streaming data generated and captured by smart building appliances and devices contain valuable information that needs to be mined to facilitate timely actions and better decision making. Machine learning and big data analytics will undoubtedly play a critical role to enable the delivery of such smart services. In this paper, we survey the area of smart building with a special focus on the role of techniques from machine learning and big data analytics. This survey also reviews the current trends and challenges faced in the development of smart building services.