gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Development of Superconducting Cavity Stabilized Oscillator (1973)

Abstract : A very high stability microwave oscillator system was developed which has a high Q superconducting cavity as its frequency determining element. In stabilized oscillator (SCSO), the rf power is generated by a Gunn-Effect oscillator whose frequency is electronically tuned by a varactor diode. An intermediate frequency discriminator is used to produce a feedback voltage which maintains the oscillator at the center of the cavity resonance. An improved stabilization system is now reported which has higher short term stability.
Learning a SAT Solver from Single-Bit Supervision (2018)

We present NeuroSAT, a message passing neural network that learns to solve SAT problems after only being trained as a classifier to predict satisfiability. Although it is not competitive with state-of-the-art SAT solvers, NeuroSAT can solve problems that are substantially larger and more difficult than it ever saw during training by simply running for more iterations. Moreover, NeuroSAT generalizes to novel distributions; after training only on random SAT problems, at test time it can solve SAT problems encoding graph coloring, clique detection, dominating set, and vertex cover problems, all on a range of distributions over small random graphs.
A novel control algorithm for wearable robotics using phase plane invariants (2009)

With microprocessing power greatly increasing, hardware is no longer a hurdle in the development of controllers for wearable robotic systems, specifically lower limb robots. The challenge remains in developing smart algorithms that are able to detect which task a person is about to perform and then determine the correct desired movements for the robotic system. This paper reflects on four existing control algorithms for the task of level ground walking, and then presents theory and test results of a novel control algorithm based on phase plane invariants. The goal of this paper is to produce the correct motor reference command in a continuous fashion rather than based on determining distinct states for a given task.
Compressed sensing for practical optical imaging systems: A tutorial (2012)

The emerging field of compressed sensing (CS, also referred to as compressive sampling) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1, 2</sup> has potentially powerful implications for the design of optical imaging devices. In particular, compressed sensing theory suggests that one can recover a scene at a higher resolution than is dictated by the pitch of the focal plane array. This rather remarkable result comes with some important caveats however, especially when practical issues associated with physical implementation are taken into account. This tutorial discusses compressed sensing in the context of optical imaging devices, emphasizing the practical hurdles related to building such devices and offering suggestions for overcoming these hurdles. Examples and analysis specifically related to infrared imaging highlight the challenges associated with large format focal plane arrays and how these challenges can be mitigated using compressed sensing ideas.
Electrochemical study of ultrathin silica films supported on a platinum substrate (1994)

The aqueous electrochemistry of ultrathin silica films supported on metal substrates has been investigated in an apparatus that combines an ultrahigh vacuum analysis chamber with an electrochemical cell. The silica films were prepared in vacuum by evaporating silicon in oxygen ambient onto a platinum substrate. It is established that the silica films completely cover the substrate and isolates it from the solution. The silica films on platinum are stable under electrochemical conditions of cycling. It is shown that the thin silica films (15–100 Å) are electrically conductive, with a conductivity several orders of magnitude larger than bulk silica. The silica/Pt electrodes behave over a wide range of potentials as ideally polarizable, which facilitate electrochemical studies of supported metal particles of Pd and Pt. The under-potential deposition of copper onto silica-supported palladium particles and methanol oxidation on platinum particles have also been demonstrated.
Identification of a Putative Operon Involved in Fructooligosaccharide Utilization by <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> (2006)

The growth and activity of some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains are stimulated by the presence of nondigestible fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are selectively fermented by specific intestinal bacteria. Consumption of FOS, therefore, enriches for those bacteria that possess metabolic pathways necessary for FOS metabolism. In this study, a DNA microarray consisting of 7,680 random genomic library fragments of Lactobacillus paracasei 1195 was used to examine genes involved in the utilization of FOS in this organism. Differential expression profiles between cells grown on FOS and those grown on glucose provided a basis for identifying genes specifically induced by FOS. Several of the FOS-induced genes shared sequence identity with genes encoding beta-fructosidases and components of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (PTS). These genes were organized in a putative operon, designated the fos operon, that may play an essential role in FOS utilization. The complete 7,631-bp nucleotide sequence of the putative fos operon was determined and consists of fosABCDXE genes, which encode a putative fructose/mannose PTS (FosABCDX) and a beta-fructosidase precursor (FosE). The latter contains an N-terminal signal peptide sequence and cell wall sorting signals at the C-terminal region, suggesting its localization at the cell wall. Inactivation of the fosE gene led to impaired growth on FOS and other beta-fructose-linked carbohydrates. Transcriptional analysis by reverse transcriptase PCR suggested that fosABCDXE was cotranscribed as a single mRNA during growth on FOS. Expression array analysis revealed that when glucose was added to FOS-grown cells, transcription of the FOS-induced genes was repressed, indicating that FOS metabolism is subject to catabolite regulation.
Visual fatigue modeling and analysis for stereoscopic video (2012)

In this paper, we propose a visual fatigue prediction method for stereoscopic video. We select visual fatigue factor candidates and determine the equations for each. The candidates are then classified into their principal components, and the validity of each is confirmed using principal component analysis. Visual fatigue is predicted using multiple regression with subjective visual fatigue. In order to determine the best model, we select the visual fatigue factors that have sufficient significance in terms of subjective fatigue according to the stepwise method. The predicted visual fatigue score is presented as a linear combination of the selected visual fatigue factors. Consequently, the proposed algorithm provides more reliable performance in terms of correlation with the subjective test results compared with a conventional algorithm.
Effect of the oxidation of TiN on the stability of the Al/TiN interface (1996)

The stability of TiN barriers deposited between Si or SiO2 substrates and AlSiCu metallic alloy contacts was investigated as a function of the sintering temperature and of the application of an oxidation step to the barrier. It was found that Al penetrates the barrier during the sintering at 450 °C for 1 h, which also results in the diffusion of Ti inside the Al alloy. This mutual interdiffusion increases with temperature but when oxygen is present at the barrier surface, the intensity of diffusion processes decreases considerably. It is also established that the barrier remains more stable on SiO2 than on the Si substrate. It is suggested that the better reaction resistance of oxidized TiN compared with oxygen-free nitride may be due to the blocking of fast-diffusion paths of Al diffusion by oxygen and subsequently the formation of Al2O3, AlN, and TiAl3 phases during sintering.
Effective demosaicing using subband correlation (2009)

An effective demosaicing is presented to restore the missing pixels of images captured from single-sensor cameras. The proposed method uses sub-image subband correlation to enable a good initial interpolation and accurate edge detection. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only has less computation but also produces higher quality than previous iterative demosaicing methods and a recent published subband synthesis technique.
Improving of bearingless 6-slot IPM motor radial force characteristics using rotor skew (2017)

Bearingless machine technology is well-suited for high-speed applications as it removes the mechanical friction by supporting the rotor with electromagnetic force. For electrical machine, which is operating in high-speed region, a short rotor length is beneficial to avoid the rotor vibration caused by structural properties of long rotor. A 6-slot tooth-coil wound bearingless machine is well suited for high-speed applications as it shortens the rotor length compared to more traditional distributed winding configuration. Drawback of the tooth-coil wound machine is the higher space harmonic content which decrease the radial force performance characteristics including ripple and disturbance forces. In this paper, the rotor skew is introduced to improve the radial force characteristics of IPM bearingless machine.
Neuromyopathy in Venous Insufficiency (1988)

Since July, 1985, the authors have studied 23 patients with history and physical findings of venous insufficiency syndrome (VIS) confirmed by venous pressure, muscle biopsy, ascending and descending venography, electromyography, and nerve conduction velocity studies. Clinically, swelling appears to be the most important symptom, along with high venous pressure, particularly ambulatory venous pressure, correlated with venography findings. Muscle atrophy was present in 18 cases. Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity studies yielded abnormal findings in 20 of 23 cases. The authors suggest that nerve conduction velocity and EMG studies could perhaps be used as noninvasive tests for diagnosis and follow-up of cases with VIS.
Analytical model for assessing collapse risk during mountain tunnel construction (2015)

Risk management for safety in mountain tunnel construction is of great significance. However, existing research lags behind engineering applications. In this paper, the risk of mountain tunnel collapse is used as an example to illustrate a new assessment method based on case-based reasoning, advanced geological prediction, and rough set theory. First, the risk surroundings and risk factors involved in tunnel collapse are integrated and summarized, and a risk assessment index system is established for tunnel collapse. At the same time, because the dynamic response parameters obtained by the advanced geological prediction usually indicate a typical geological structure, sensitive response parameters are introduced in the assessment index system. Advanced risk assessment can be performed for tunnel sections at a certain distance ahead of the tunnel face. Second, the major risk surroundings and the advanced geological prediction results are analyzed for the tunnel under assessment. Cases with similar attribute characteristics are selected via comparison with previous cases. Attribute reduction and calculation of weights are subsequently performed for the risk surroundings and risk factors of similar cases based on the attribute significance theory of rough sets. Finally, index screening and objective weights are applied in the fuzzy comprehensive assessment model. The results of this paper can be used to improve the theoretical level and reliability of risk assessment in tunnel safety and serve as a reference for tunnel construction.
Novel antibody to a carbonic anhydrase: patent evaluation of WO2011138279A1 (2013)

A novel antibody against human carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) was developed and characterized. Its specificity for the human CA XII isoform was assessed and its ability to inhibit CA XII was found about 40 times higher than acetazolamide, a well-known CA sulfonamide inhibitor. The antibody was shown to decrease cell proliferation in cultured A549 lung carcinoma cells, making it an interesting molecule for targeting and treating some forms of CA XII overexpressing tumors. The possibility of conjugating this antibody with fluorescent markers for diagnostic purposes or with toxins or anticancer drugs for treating purposes makes it an interesting molecule for developing new combined approaches for cancer treatment.
High-efficiency MoRu–Be multilayer-coated gratings operating near normal incidence in the 111–120-nm wavelength range (2001)

MoRu-Be multilayer coatings were applied to two diffraction gratings for the purpose of enhancing their normal-incidence efficiency in the 11.1-12.0-nm wavelength range. The grating substrates were replicas of a holographic master grating that had a blazed groove profile with 2400 grooves/mm and a 2-m radius of curvature. The relatively low average microroughness (0.8 nm) of the grating surfaces contributed to the relatively high groove efficiency of the grating substrates and the reflectance of the MoRu-Be multilayer coatings. The peak efficiency, measured with synchrotron radiation, was 10.4% in the second diffraction order at a wavelength of 11.37 nm.
Adaptive Bilateral Filtering and Its Application in Retinex Image Enhancement (2013)

Bilateral filtering has the advantage of keeping the edge well in image smoothing, but the selection of its parameters is difficult. In this paper, we propose an adaptive parameter estimation method for bilateral filtering, by estimating the noise variance automatically through image wavelet decomposition. When adaptive bilateral filtering method is used in Retinex image enhancement, it can either remove image noise or avoid the halo artifacts. The experimental results show that our method is effective.
The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis (2017)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the CNS; they play an important role in the processes of demyelination and remyelination in MS. Microglia can function as antigen-presenting cells and phagocytes. In the past, microglia were considered to be the same cell type as macrophages, and researchers have different opinions about the role of microglia in MS. This review focuses on the original classification of microglia and their role in the pathogenesis of MS. Moreover, we present a hypothetical model for the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of MS based on recent findings.
Sample Size and Power (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Principles Early Developmental Trials Safety and Activity Studies Comparative Trials ES Trials Other Considerations Summary Questions for Discussion
Curriculum Dropout (2017)

Dropout is a very effective way of regularizing neural networks. Stochastically “dropping out” units with a certain probability discourages over-specific co-adaptations of feature detectors, preventing overfitting and improving network generalization. Besides, Dropout can be interpreted as an approximate model aggregation technique, where an exponential number of smaller networks are averaged in order to get a more powerful ensemble. In this paper, we show that using a fixed dropout probability during training is a suboptimal choice. We thus propose a time scheduling for the probability of retaining neurons in the network. This induces an adaptive regularization scheme that smoothly increases the difficulty of the optimization problem. This idea of “starting easy” and adaptively increasing the difficulty of the learning problem has its roots in curriculum learning and allows one to train better models. Indeed, we prove that our optimization strategy implements a very general curriculum scheme, by gradually adding noise to both the input and intermediate feature representations within the network architecture. Experiments on seven image classification datasets and different network architectures show that our method, named Curriculum Dropout, frequently yields to better generalization and, at worst, performs just as well as the standard Dropout method.
TorsinA and heat shock proteins act as molecular chaperones: suppression of α‐synuclein aggregation (2002)

TorsinA, a protein with homology to yeast heat shock protein104, has previously been demonstrated to colocalize with alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Heat shock proteins are a family of chaperones that are both constitutively expressed and induced by stressors, and that serve essential functions for protein refolding and/or degradation. Here, we demonstrate that, like torsinA, specific molecular chaperone heat shock proteins colocalize with alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. In addition, using a cellular model of alpha-synuclein aggregation, we demonstrate that torsinA and specific heat shock protein molecular chaperones colocalize with alpha-synuclein immunopositive inclusions. Further, overexpression of torsinA and specific heat shock proteins suppress alpha-synuclein aggregation in this cellular model, whereas mutant torsinA has no effect. These data suggest that torsinA has chaperone-like activity and that the disease-associated GAG deletion mutant has a loss-of-function phenotype. Moreover, these data support a role for chaperone proteins, including torsinA and heat shock proteins, in cellular responses to neurodegenerative inclusions.
Electrospun Fibers for Solid-Phase Microextraction (2010)

A method of producing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers based on electrospinning polymers into nanofibrous mats is demonstrated. Using this method the polymer mat is attached to a stainless steel wire without the need of a binder. While applicable to any polymer that can be electrospun, a polymeric negative photoresist, SU-8 2100, is used for this initial study. SPME devices composed of carbon nanofibers are also illustrated by pyrolyzing SU-8 to produce amorphous carbon. Nonpolar compounds, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX) and polar compounds, phenol, 4-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol are extracted under headspace SPME conditions. Extraction efficiencies are compared to commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), and polyacrylate (PA) fibers. For both the nonpolar and polar compounds, the carbon nanofiber based phases demonstrated enhanced or comparable (o-xylene only) extraction efficiencies. Distribution constants, K, for benzene on the electrospun fibers are of greater or similar magnitude to those of the compared commercial fibers and increase with carbonization temperature. Finally, the measured detection limits for all the organic compounds are similar to those measured with other SPME gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) methods with a large linear dynamic range (3 orders of magnitude) for quantification.
One Year Observation of Periodontal Health after Toothbrushing Instruction in a Community. (1991)

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of toothbrushing instruction on the periodontal health in a community. The area is 30.5km2 and has a population of 14, 000.Ninety-five inhabitants (mean age: 47.6±9.0) participated in this study. Oral examinations were made regarding gingival inflammatory indices, tooth mobility, Oral Hygiene Index, and CPITN scores at baseline, after 1 and 2 months, and 1 year. Each time, the subjects were instructed in the toothpick method of toothbrushing intraorally. They were required to fill out questionnaires to evaluate the oral health behavior and improvement of the subjective symptoms at the final visit.Significant improvement in the CPITN code was observed during a year. Gingival inflammatory indices improved at 1 and 2 months, but slight relapse of gingival conditions were observed in some subjects. Comparison between the relapsed group and the continuously improving group for a year, revealed that the relapsed group had a significantly lower prevalence of gingival inflammation at baseline.The questionnaire showed the subjects' great satisfaction with the toothbrushing instruction. About 90% of them indicated positive improvement of dental health behavior. Forty percent of the participants reported improvement of bleeding gums and 18% improvement of bad breath.These results suggested that this dental health education program was effective in the community and that inhabitants affected by periodontal disease were more easily motivated than others.
USHER: Improving data quality with dynamic forms (2010)

Data quality is a critical problem in modern databases. Data entry forms present the first and arguably best opportunity for detecting and mitigating errors, but there has been little research into automatic methods for improving data quality at entry time. In this paper, we propose USHER, an end-to-end system for form design, entry, and data quality assurance. Using previous form submissions, USHER learns a probabilistic model over the questions of the form. USHER then applies this model at every step of the data entry process to improve data quality. Before entry, it induces a form layout that captures the most important data values of a form instance as quickly as possible. During entry, it dynamically adapts the form to the values being entered, and enables real-time feedback to guide the data enterer toward their intended values. After entry, it re-asks questions that it deems likely to have been entered incorrectly. We evaluate all three components of USHER using two real-world data sets. Our results demonstrate that each component has the potential to improve data quality considerably, at a reduced cost when compared to current practice.
In Vitro Effects of Sulphasalazine, Azodisal Sodium, and Their Metabolites on Clostridium difficile and Some Other Faecal Bacteria (1985)

The effects of sulphasalazine (SASP), azodisal sodium (ADS), and their metabolites were tested in vitro on aerobic and anaerobic faecal bacterial strains. Sulphapyridine (SP) had a mild to moderate effect on Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis. SASP also had a growth-inhibitory effect on Strep. faecalis. The other substances had no effect on the aerobic strains. SASP, SP, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and, to a certain extent, N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid exerted a growth-inhibitory effect on the anaerobic strains. Of special interest was the inhibitory effect on Clostridium difficile strains. In recent years the possibility that overgrowth of Cl. difficile could cause flare-ups of inflammatory bowel disease has been discussed. Some studies suggested that SASP treatment could predispose to Cl. difficile superinfection, whereas others found SASP more probable to exert a prophylactic effect. Our findings support the theory that SASP treatment reduces rather than promotes the risk of Cl. difficile superinfection.
A Honeypot Log Mining Algorithm Based on Cloud Computing (2014)

For honey pot log are large data sets and Apriority is a association rules algorithm which requires frequent scanning database, this paper presents an improved algorithm which is named G-apriority, it's proved that the algorithm is feasible through case analysis. This paper combined the algorithm G-apriority and Hadoop platforms to propose the algorithm C-apriority. Horizontal partitioning of data will cause the loss of frequent item sets, this paper presents the idea of generating a vertical format database from a transactional database and dividing data vertically, the vertical division of the data assigned to different computing nodes for parallel processing the algorithm G-apriority and the algorithm C-apriority reduce the number of scanning the database and frequent candidate sets, the simulation results show that the two algorithms have good scalability and have improved the efficiency of the honey pot log analysis. Parallel computing greatly reduces analysis time of honey pot log.