gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient and expeditious Fmoc protection of amines and amino acids in aqueous media (2011)

A new and environmentally friendly Fmoc protection of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic amines, amino acids, amino alcohols and amino phenols is reported in aqueous media under mild and catalyst-free conditions. The reaction proved to be chemoselective in presence of ambident nucleophiles.
The chronomutagenic effect of deuterium oxide on the period and entrainment of a biological rhythm. II. The reestablishment of lost entrainment by artificial LD cycles. (1976)

Mice caused to ingest 25% or 30% deuterium oxide could no longer be entrained to a 12:12 light-dark cycle. Reentrainment could be established by artificially lengthening the light-dark cycle from a natural 24-hours one, to LD 13:13 or 14:14. It is noted that the relationship between biological rhythms and the ambient LD cycle is strikingly similar to that between coupled unidirectional physical oscillators. It is concluded that while the similarity between the responses of a great many organismic rhythms to deuterium oxide administration suggests that the biological clocks of all organisms are very similar, if not the same, a substance with more specificity to key biological processes than D2O will be required to eventually elucidate the escapement mechanism of the enigmatic living clock.
Triangular factorization and inversion by fast matrix multiplication (1974)

The fast matrix multiplication algorithm by Strassen is used to obtain the triangular factorization of a permutation of any nonsingular matrix of order <italic>n</italic> in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="greater-than upper C 1 n Superscript log Super Subscript 2 Superscript 7"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">> {C_1}{n^{{{\log }_2}7}}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> operations, and, hence, the inverse of any nonsingular matrix in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="greater-than upper C 2 n Superscript log Super Subscript 2 Superscript 7"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">> {C_2}{n^{{{\log }_2}7}}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> operations.
Spectrum of mutations in the COL4A5 collagen gene in X-linked Alport syndrome. (1996)

Alport syndrome is a mainly X-linked hereditary disease of basement membranes that is characterized by progressive renal failure, deafness, and ocular lesions. It is associated with mutations of the COL4A5 gene located at Xq22 and encoding the alpha5 chain of type IV collagen. We have screened 48 of the 51 exons of the COL4A5 gene by SSCP analysis and have identified 64 mutations and 10 sequence variants among 131 unrelated Alport syndrome patients. This represents a mutation-detection rate of 50%. There were no hot-spot mutations and no recurrent mutations in our population. The identified mutations were 6 nonsense mutations, 12 frameshift mutations, 17 splice-site mutations, and 29 missense mutations, 27 of the latter being glycine substitutions in the collagenous domain. Two of these occurred on the same allele in one patient and segregated with the disease in the family. We showed that some of the glycine substitutions could be associated with the lack of immunological expression of the alpha3(IV)-alpha5(IV) collagen chains in the glomerular basement membrane.
Overview on the Expression of Toxic Gene Products in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2007)

Despite the development of various nonbacterial expression systems, Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains the host of choice for recombinant protein expression. Its culture is simple, fast, inexpensive, and highly efficient (tens of milligrams of pure proteins are typically obtained within 48 hours using as little as 1 liter of culture). Unfortunately, many toxic genes (from various organisms) severely interfere with the physiology of E. coli. As a result, expression yields are dramatically diminished, and sometimes abolished. In fact, some genes are so toxic that E. coli cannot maintain their expression vector during the growth phase (the phase during which recombinant gene expression is presumably repressed). Therefore, modified expression vectors, modified E. coli strains, and appropriate cultivation protocols are needed. This overview discusses several special strategies successfully used to express toxic genes in E. coli.
Oromucosal Administration of Interferon to Humans (2010)

The prevailing dogma is that, to be systemically effective, interferon-alpha (IFNα) must be administered in sufficiently high doses to yield functional blood concentrations. Such an approach to IFNa therapy has proven effective in some instances, but high-dose parenteral IFNα therapy has the disadvantage of causing significant adverse events. Mounting evidence suggests that IFNα delivered into the oral cavity in low doses interacts with the oral mucosa in a unique manner to induce systemic host defense mechanisms without IFNα actually entering the circulation, thus reducing the potential for toxic side effects. A better understanding of the applications and potential benefits of this treatment modality are under active investigation. This paper provides a review of the relevant literature on the clinical use of the oromucosal route of administration of interferon, with an emphasis on the treatment of influenza.
A simple parameterisation for retrieving soil moisture from passive microwave data (2001)

Abstract. MICRO-SWEAT, a physically based soil water and energy balance model coupled with a microwave emission model, was used to investigate the relationship between near surface soil moisture (θ0-5) and L-band microwave brightness temperature (TB) under a wide range of conditions. The effects of soil texture, look angle and vegetation on this relationship were parameterised and combined into a simple summary model relating θ0-5 to TB. This model retains much of the physical basis of MICRO-SWEAT but can be used in more data limiting circumstances. It was tested using a variety of truck-based L-band data sets collected between 1980 and 1982. This paper emphasises the need to have an accurate estimate of the vegetation optical depth (a parameter that describes the degree of influence of the vegetation on the microwave emission from the soil surface) in order to retrieve correctly the soil water content. Keywords: passive microwave, soil moisture, remote sensing, vegetation, retrieval algorithm
Unexplained fractures in infancy: looking for fragile bones (2007)

A fracture occurs when the force exerted on a bone exceeds the ability of the bone to absorb the force by deforming. Fractures in children are common—approximately one third of children will have a fracture by 16 years of age, with more boys experiencing fracture than girls.1 This differentiation in fracture risk is apparent from 2 years of age. Before the age of 2 years, fracture incidence is equal and occurs at a rate of approximately 80/10 000 person years. For the UK, therefore, approximately 4800 infants will have a clinically evident fracture before their first birthday each year.

Some long-bone fractures may occur at birth2 in association with events such as shoulder dystocia3; skull fractures may occur during forceps4 and ventouse delivery.5 Some may (uncommonly) occur as a result of clearly defined trauma such as road accidents.6 Most, however, fall into the “unexplained” category. This article reviews our current approach to identifying bone disease in the infant presenting with more than one unexplained fractures, and discusses the recognised disease processes that result in increased bone fragility.

The history should include inquiry into specific areas as listed in the box. The two most frequently recognised underlying disease processes causing bone fragility in infancy are metabolic bone disease of prematurity7 and osteogenesis imperfecta, and directed questioning is appropriate for these conditions. For premature infants, the features commonly associated with fracture are delivery at 30 days) establishment of full enteral feeds, conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, chronic lung disease, and use of furosemide.8,9 For a proportion of infants with osteogenesis imperfecta, there will be a family history either of osteogenesis imperfecta itself or of features that suggest osteogenesis imperfecta. The other elements of the history relating to the …
Secretin: specific binding to rat brain membranes (1983)

The binding of [125I]secretin to rat brain membranes was investigated. Radiolabeled secretin bound with high affinity (KD = 0.2 nM) to a single class of noninteracting sites. Binding was specific, saturable, and reversible. Regional distribution studies indicated that the specific binding was greatest in the cerebellum, intermediate in the cortex, thalamus, striatum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, and lowest in the midbrain and medulla/pons. Pharmacological studies indicated that only secretin, but not other peptides, inhibits binding of [125I]secretin with high affinity. Also, certain guanine nucleotides inhibited high affinity binding. These data indicate that rat brain membranes possess high affinity binding sites specific for secretin and that with the use of [125I] secretin the kinetics, stoichiometry, specificity, and distribution of secretin receptors can be directly investigated.
Pulsed electric field effects on the germination rate of yellow nutsedge seeds (2009)

Pulsed electric field to treat seeds is an alternate method to the chemical treatment to control the weeds in the field. In this study yellow nutsedge seeds were subjected to series of repetitive pulsed electric field and the germination rate of the seeds after the treatment with respect to the non-treated seeds were studied. The seeds used in the experiment were air dried before they were exposed to repetitive pulsed electric fields. The pulse generator is built in-house, with an average pulse width of few microseconds and peak voltage of up-to25KV. In this study only the amplitude of the pulse and the repetition rate was used as the parameters on the germination rate of the seeds. The data obtained from the seeds, which are exposed to series of Pulsed Electric Fields resulted in the decrease in the percent seedling emergence for Yellow Nutsedge seeds in comparison to the non-exposed seeds. A replicated study and better understanding of this experiment may lead to a method for better non chemical weed control. This study intends to present the effects of pulsed electric fields on the seeds of yellow nutsedge and establish the feasibility to use such an approach for weed control, to decrease their germination rate in the field.
Framework of automatic robot surgery system using Visual servoing (2010)

The use of technology for automation of surgical tasks has great potential in the field of robotic surgery. Automation of surgical robots essentially involves designing a control scheme for precise and automatic positioning of robotic manipulators. This objective can be achieved by the use of Visual servoing. We have developed a visual-servoing-based robotic laparoscopic surgery system. The visual servoing system enables autonomous control of a robot arm in a surgical set-up. In this paper, we propose algorithms for the automatic positioning of the laparoscope and the surgical instruments under small incisions of skin. We have verified the performance of the system theoretically and experimentally.
Update on chronic urticaria: focusing on mechanisms (2008)

Mast cells are the key elements in chronic urticaria pathogenesis, whereas basophils should be regarded as bystanders and serve as biomarkers in some chronic urticaria subsets. The coagulation cascade, hormonal factors, and the psychological status of the patients seem to contribute substantially to the course and activity of the disease. Nonsedating second-generation antihistamines should be considered as first-line symptomatic treatment for chronic urticaria. Of note, the dosage should be increased up to four-fold if required before switching to second-line therapies.
The end is nigh: generic solving of text-based CAPTCHAs (2014)

Over the last decade, it has become well-established that a captcha's ability to withstand automated solving lies in the difficulty of segmenting the image into individual characters. The standard approach to solving captchas automatically has been a sequential process wherein a segmentation algorithm splits the image into segments that contain individual characters, followed by a character recognition step that uses machine learning. While this approach has been effective against particular captcha schemes, its generality is limited by the segmentation step, which is hand-crafted to defeat the distortion at hand. No general algorithm is known for the character collapsing anti-segmentation technique used by most prominent real world captcha schemes.

This paper introduces a novel approach to solving captchas in a single step that uses machine learning to attack the segmentation and the recognition problems simultaneously. Performing both operations jointly allows our algorithm to exploit information and context that is not available when they are done sequentially. At the same time, it removes the need for any hand-crafted component, making our approach generalize to new captcha schemes where the previous approach can not. We were able to solve all the real world captcha schemes we evaluated accurately enough to consider the scheme insecure in practice, including Yahoo (5.33%) and ReCaptcha (33.34%), without any adjustments to the algorithm or its parameters. Our success against the Baidu (38.68%) and CNN (51.09%) schemes that use occluding lines as well as character collapsing leads us to believe that our approach is able to defeat occluding lines in an equally general manner. The effectiveness and universality of our results suggests that combining segmentation and recognition is the next evolution of catpcha solving, and that it supersedes the sequential approach used in earlier works. More generally, our approach raises questions about how to develop sufficiently secure captchas in the future.
“Dial Up and Lock In”: Asymmetric Organo-Brønsted Acid Catalysis Incorporating Stable Isotopes (2016)

An operationally simple organo-Brønsted-acid-catalyzed asymmetric andregioselective ‘‘dial up and lock in’’ of one or more stable isotopes into organiccompounds is unknown. Here, we describe a newly designed, chemically versatileprotocol mediating single- or multiple-isotope incorporation into aziridinesvia a one-pot, three-component, two-step process. By exploiting easy-togenerate isotope-derived starting materials, it allows complete control ofisotope positioning, affords &gt;95 atom % isotope incorporation, and generatescis-aziridines with excellent optical activities and regioselectivities. Demonstrating a ‘‘low entry point,’’ and thus easy access to a broad range of researchers, it requires no specialist laboratory equipment and employs readilyattainable reaction conditions. Demonstrating their utility, the aziridines areeasily transformed into sought-after chiral non-racemic a-amino acids appendedwith one to three (or more) identical or different isotopes. The widespread useof these compounds ensures that our methodology will be of interest to biological, medicinal, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, biotechnology, materials, and process chemists alike.
WETTING OF LOW-ENERGY SOLIDS BY AWUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF HIGHLY FLUORINATED ACIDS AND SALTS. Interim Report (1959)

Wettabllity studies of aqueous solutions of several series of pure, highly fluorinated aliphatic acids and salts were carried out on two low-energy organic solids, polyethylene and Teflon. As anticipated, the fluorinated compounds were able to depress the surface tension of water below the critical surface tension gamma /sub c/) of Teflon, and were therefore capable of completely wetting it. This is in contrast to the limitations of conventional wetting agents which are hydrocarbon derivatives. Whenever possible, wettability curves were obtained for each solid surface by plotting the cosine of the contact angle versus the surface tension of the solution. The value of gamma , 19 dynes/ cm, thus obtained for Teflon is in reasonnble agreement with the value of 18 dynes/cm established from previous studies. With polyethylene a value of gamma / sub c/ of 20 dynes/cm was obtained which is much lower than the established value of 31 dynes/cm. This led to experiments demonstrating that the phenomenon was caused by the adsorption of the fluorinated compounds on the polyethylene surface, thereby altering its wetting characteristics to those of a fluorinated surface. As expected from the difference in their surface energies, greater and more tenacious adsorption was observed on polyethylenemore » than on Teflon. (auth)« less
Subcloning and Nucleotide Sequencing of an ARS Site of<i>Candida maltosa</i>Which Also Functions in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1987)

A DNA region exhibiting ARS activity in Candida maltosa was subcloned from an isolated 3.8 kb DNA fragment and designated as the TRA region previously [M. Takagi et al., J. Bacteriol., 167, 551 (1986)], which replicates autonomously not only in C. maltosa but also in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was found that a DNA fragment of about 200 bp (designated as fragment 2) exhibited ARS activity in both yeasts, and nucleotide sequence analysis of this fragment revealed that it contained five 11 bp-sequences which are homologous to the consensus sequence of ARS sites of S. cerevisiae [J. R. Broach et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 47, 1167 (1982)] (9 among 11 bp being identical in each). Plasmids constructed using fragment 2 (pTRA2 and pTRA12) will be useful as cloning vectors, although they showed lower transforming frequencies and lower stabilities in C. maltosa than plasmids containing the TRA region (pTRA1 and pTRA11).
Magnetic Control over Liquid Surface Properties with Responsive Surfactants (2012)

Tenside, die auf Magnetfelder ansprechen, werden erstmals beschrieben. Diese neue Klasse von magnetischen ionisch-flüssigen Tensiden (MILSs; siehe Bild) zeigt bemerkenswerte Wirkungen auf Oberflächen- und Grenzflächenspannung und bietet Zugang zu magnetoresponsiven Emulsionen, zu neuen Methoden für die Stofftrennung und Katalyse und zu potenziellen magnetophoretischen Anwendungen.
Cytokine and Endothelial Damage in Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1999)

Recently, several types of centrifugal pumps have been widely used as the main pumps for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, according to the results of our experimental studies, after cardiogenic shock, pulsatile flow was effective in maintaining the functions and microcirculations of end organs, especially those of the liver and kidney. To estimate the effectiveness of pulsatility during CPB, cytokine and endothelin and other metabolic parameters were measured in clinical pulsatile and nonpulsatile CPB cases. From March to May 1997, CPB was performed in 18 elective cases (14 ischemic and 4 valvular disease). In 9 cases, pulsatile perfusion was achieved by the Jostra HL20, which is a newly developed CPB pump (Group P). A nonpulsatile centrifugal pump was used in 9 patients (Group NP). In both groups, as chemical and metabolic mediators, interleukin-8 (IL-8), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and plasma free hemoglobin were measured before and during CPB, and 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 18 h after weaning from CPB. This pulsatile CPB pump could be very simply and easily controlled and could easily produce pulsatile flow. There were no significant differences in CPB time (CPBT), aortic cross clamp time (ACCT), mean aortic pressure, or pump flow during CPB between the both groups. The ET-1 level of Group P was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of Group NP 9 h after CPB weaning. The IL-8 level of Group P also showed a lower value than that of Group NP. As for plasma free hemoglobin, there were no significant differences between the groups. These results suggested that even in conventional CPB, pulsatility was effective to reduce endothelial damage and suppress cytokine activation. It may play a important role in maintaining the functions and microcirculations of end organs during CPB.
On-chip multiplexing conversion between wavelength division multiplexing–polarization division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing–mode division multiplexing (2014)

A compact silicon-on-insulator device used for conversions between polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and mode division multiplexing (MDM) signals is proposed and experimentally demonstrated by utilizing a structure combining the improved two-dimensional grating coupler and two-mode multiplexer. The detailed design of the proposed device is presented and the results show the extinction ratio of 16 and 20 dB for X- and Y-pol input, respectively. The processing of 40 Gb/s signal is achieved within the C-band with good performance. The proposed converter is capable of handling multiple wavelengths in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, enabling the conversions between WDM-PDM and WDM-MDM, which is promising to further increase the throughput at the network interface.
Reversible adsorption of calcium ions by imprinted temperature sensitive gels (2001)

With the aim of developing polymeric gels sensitive to external stimuli and able to reversibly adsorb and release divalent ions, copolymer gels of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) and methacrylic (MAA) monomers were prepared. We chose calcium as a target divalent ion. Two MAAs form a complex with a calcium ion, and the NIPA component allows the polymers to swell and shrink reversibly in response to temperature. The adsorbing site develops an affinity to target ions when the adsorbing molecules come into proximity, but when they are separated, the affinity diminishes. To enhance the affinity to calcium, an imprinting technique was applied using Ca2+ and Pb2+ ions as templates in methylsulfoxide and dioxane media, respectively. The adsorption capacity of the imprinted gels was compared with that of the nonimprinted gels, and the effects of the templates, the solvents, and the amount of methacrylic monomers used in the synthesis and the medium temperature over the Ca2+ adsorption capacity of the gels from aqueous solutions were evaluated. The analysis of the adsorption revealed that (a) the adsorption can be described by the Langmuir isotherms; (b) there is an approximately linear relationship between saturation and methacrylic monomer concentration; (c) the affinity depends on the degree of gel swelling or shrinkage that can be switched on and off by temperature; (d) in the shrunken state, the affinity depends approximately linearly on the MAA concentration in the imprinted gels, whereas in the nonimprinted gels it is proportional to the square of MAA concentration; (e) the imprinted gels adsorb more than the nonimprinted gels when MAA concentration is less than that of permanent cross linkers. The success of imprinting of CaMAA2 and PbMAA2 complex is evidence for memory of such complex onto the weakly cross-linked gel.