gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bovine leukemia virus: unique structural features of its long terminal repeats and its evolutionary relationship to human T-cell leukemia virus. (1984)

The nucleotide sequence of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of bovine leukemia virus, a unique oncogenic retrovirus of cattle, was determined. The LTR consisted of 530 base pairs (bp) with an inverted repeat of 6 bp at its 5' and 3' ends, flanked by a direct repeat of 6 bp of host cell origin. A tRNAPro binding site for minus-strand DNA synthesis followed the 5' LTR. The U3 region contained putative transcriptional promoters, "CAT" box and "TATA" box, but they had peculiar sequences (C-C-A-A-C-T and G-A-T-A-A-A-T). The U3 region also contained a potential enhancer element, whose sequence partially resembled those of other viral and cellular, especially of immunoglobulin, enhancers. The most striking structural feature of the LTR was an exceptionally long R region (228 bp), which separated a poly(A) addition signal (A-A-T-A-A-A) from a poly(A) site as far apart as 260 bp. The long R region was suggested to form a large stable hairpin structure on a nascent RNA chain, making the two transcription termination signals close together and thus ensuring normal termination of the chain. This structural feature of the bovine leukemia virus LTR was analogous to that of human T-cell leukemia virus LTR and, in fact, slight sequence homology (at most 50%) was observed between the R regions of these two retroviruses, indicating their evolutionary relationship. The unique structural feature of bovine leukemia virus and human T-cell leukemia virus LTRs may thus bear some relation to the biological features commonly shared by these retroviruses.
10.6% Certified Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells via Solvent-Polarity-Engineered Halide Passivation (2016)

Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells are solution-processed photovoltaics with broad spectral absorption tunability. Major advances in their efficiency have been made via improved CQD surface passivation and device architectures with enhanced charge carrier collection. Herein, we demonstrate a new strategy to improve further the passivation of CQDs starting from the solution phase. A cosolvent system is employed to tune the solvent polarity in order to achieve the solvation of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and the dispersion of hydrophobic PbS CQDs simultaneously in a homogeneous phase, otherwise not achieved in a single solvent. This process enables MAI to access the CQDs to confer improved passivation. This, in turn, allows for efficient charge extraction from a thicker photoactive layer device, leading to a certified solar cell power conversion efficiency of 10.6%, a new certified record in CQD photovoltaics.
A Novel Factor H–Fc Chimeric Immunotherapeutic Molecule against <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (2016)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, has developed resistance to almost every conventional antibiotic. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapies against gonorrhea. Many pathogens, including N. gonorrhoeae, bind the complement inhibitor factor H (FH) to evade complement-dependent killing. Sialylation of gonococcal lipooligosaccharide, as occurs in vivo, augments binding of human FH through its domains 18-20 (FH18-20). We explored the use of fusing FH18-20 with IgG Fc (FH18-20/Fc) to create a novel anti-infective immunotherapeutic. FH18-20 also binds to select host glycosaminoglycans to limit unwanted complement activation on host cells. To identify mutation(s) in FH18-20 that eliminated complement activation on host cells, yet maintained binding to N. gonorrhoeae, we created four mutations in domains 19 or 20 described in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome that prevented binding of mutated fH to human erythrocytes. One of the mutant proteins (D to G at position 1119 in domain 19; FHD1119G/Fc) facilitated complement-dependent killing of gonococci similar to unmodified FH18-20/Fc but, unlike FH18-20/Fc, did not lyse human erythrocytes. FHD1119G/Fc bound to all (100%) of 15 sialylated clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates tested (including three contemporary ceftriaxone-resistant strains), mediated complement-dependent killing of 10 of 15 (67%) strains, and enhanced C3 deposition (≥10-fold above baseline levels) on each of the five isolates not directly killed by complement. FHD1119G/Fc facilitated opsonophagocytic killing of a serum-resistant strain by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. FHD1119G/Fc administered intravaginally significantly reduced the duration and burden of gonococcal infection in the mouse vaginal colonization model. FHD1119G/Fc represents a novel immunotherapeutic against multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.
Improved Square Wave Inductance Bridge (1960)

This paper describes an ac bridge useful for comparing an inductance coil with its dual equivalent circuit so as to determine, with one square wave null measurement, the values of the inductance, the equivalent series and shunt resistances, and the distributed capacitance. This circuit, which features a wide band transformer of novel but simple construction, has the important advantage that one terminal of both the inductor and its dual circuit are at ground potential. Shielding problems are thereby minimized, and laboratory-type decade boxes and precision variable condensers may be used to synthesize the dual equivalent circuit or to adjust the distributed capacitance of the inductor. A prototype bridge circuit, operating in the frequency range 0.1 to 350 kc, and incorporating compensation for errors due to residual elements is given, together with a simple alignment procedure and the results of a sample measurement of a standard inductor. It is shown that the frequency limitations of the present bridge circuit are not fundamental; an improved high frequency compensation scheme using the concept of the distributed transformer should permit operation in the vhf range. The resulting transmission line bridge circuit may also have application as a precision wide band pulse reflectometer.
Partial substitution of SM with neodymium, praseodymium, and mischmetal in RE&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;TM&lt;inf&gt;17&lt;/inf&gt;permanent magnets (1984)

High coercive force Sm <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> (Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</inf> type magnets with Sm partly replaced by neodymium, praseodymium and mischmetal were investigated. Magnetic properties including open circuit temperature effects on remanence were measured for these magnets. The results show that coercive force began to decrease when Sm was substituted with any of the rare earths investigated. Usable coercive force can still be maintained at more than 50% substitution of Sm by mischmetal and up to 20% substitution by neodymium. With neodymium and praseodymium substitutions, the expected increase of residual induction Br did not occur, presumably due to lessened orientation. Open circuit remanence measurements show that these magnets have temperature effects only slightly higher than the Sm only magnet and are better than the new neodymium-iron-boron magnet.
Catalytic pyrolysis of naphtha (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic pyrolysis of naphthaBiswadip Basu and Deepak KunzruCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31, 1, 146–155Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00001a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00001a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views575Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. III. Maturation of the components of the granular layer (1972)

Abstract The migration of granule cells and the maturation of the various elements of the granular layer were studied in the cerebellar cortex of rats aged 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 21 and 30 days with histological, histochemical, autoradiographic and electron microscopic techniques. The bulk of the granule cells are formed during the second week, but due to the time required for their migration and the lag in the formation of dendrites, few glomerular synapses are formed with mossy fibers before the beginning of the third week and the process is still in progress at 30 days, long after the dissolution of the external germinal layer. The maturation of Golgi cells is a protracted process. Their axons synapse with granule cell dendrites as soon as the glomeruli begin to mature. Evidence was obtained that mossy fibers synapse with the dendrites of Golgi cells. Towards the end of the second week the Lugaro cells are formed and synapses appear on their somata during the third week. Among these synapses the recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons were identified. The Lugaro cells may be the primary targets of the infra and supraganglionic plexuses formed by these collaterals. In conclusion it was suggested that there are three major, successive stages in the neurogenesis of the cerebellar cortex, the morphogenic, synaptogenic and gliogenic. However, in the large Purkinje cell the synaptic maturation of one region (the soma) may begin before the morphogenic and synaptogenic maturation of the entire cell (the dendrites) is completed.
Atomic force microscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of DNA based on DNA–nanoparticle complexes (2009)

We report a simple method for the label-free detection of double-stranded DNA using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We prepared cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-capped silver nanoparticles and a DNA-nanoparticle complex by adding silver nanoparticles to lambda-DNA solutions. In the present study, the utilization of CTAB-capped silver nanoparticles facilitates the electrostatic interaction between DNA molecules and silver nanoparticles; at the same time, the introduction of DNA avoids adding aggregating agent for the formation of nanoparticle aggregates to obtain large enhancement of DNA, because the DNA acts as both the probe molecules and aggregating agent of Ag nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies show that the morphology of DNA-Ag nanoparticle complexes seems to be determined by the concentrations of the DNA and the nanoparticles. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies show that the morphology of the complexes plays a significant role in the intensity of SERS signals of DNA, and the best signal enhancement of DNA can be obtained by fine-tuning the experimental parameters. The SERS spectrum affords important structural information about the bases, phosphate backbone, and the conformation of DNA after mixing the DNA solutions with the Ag sol.
Vasodilator pre-treatment of human radial arteries; comparison of effects of phenoxybenzamine vs papaverine on norepinephrine-induced contraction in vitro (2001)

Radial artery vasoconstriction induced by a clinically relevant agonist, norepinephrine, may be prevented for at least 18 h by pre-incubation in phenoxybenzamine, in contrast to the brief inhibition achieved by pre-treatment with papaverine. Adding phenoxybenzamine to radial artery graft bathing solution may improve early outcome following CABG.
A Feature Points Matching Method for Calibration Target Images (2009)

Feature matching is a crucial research in computer vision. For realizing the effective and accurate feature matching for the feature points in the images of chessboard calibration target used in the wheel alignment system, the popular calculation algorithms are analyzed. The traditional polar constraint and polar equation for solving the problem constructing the relationship between corresponding points are indicated. A novel process which is special for matching calibration target images including sequential consistency constraint, polar constraint, distance constraint, uniqueness constraint are presented. Experimental results show that the matching precision and reliability of the method meet the requirements of the vision detection system for vehicle wheel alignment.
Practical Applications of Antibiotic-Loaded Bone Cement for Treatment of Infected Joint Replacements (2004)

The use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement is an accepted treatment method for infected joint arthroplasties. It is helpful to separate the use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement as a method of prophylaxis as compared with the treatment of an established infection. A low dose of antibiotic-loaded bone cement (< or = 1 g of antibiotic per batch of cement) should be used for prophylaxis, and high-dose antibiotic-loaded bone cement (> 1 g antibiotic per batch of cement) is indicated for treatment. The only commercially available antibiotic-loaded bone cement products are low dose, with the use of tobramycin or gentamicin as an antibiotic selection. High-dose antibiotic-loaded bone cement requires hand mixing by the surgeon to facilitate the use of high dosages and choices of multiple antibiotics. Treatment of infected hip and knee arthroplasties with high-dose antibiotic-loaded bone cement is aided by the use of spacers of various shapes and sizes. These spacers, whether they are static or articulating (mobile), are meant to provide local delivery of antibiotics, stabilization of soft tissues, facilitation of an easier reimplantation, and improved clinical outcomes.
Development of a Germination Process for Producing High β‐Glucan, Whole Grain Food Ingredients from Oat (2001)

ABSTRACT Germination can be used to improve the texture and flavor of cereals. However, germination generally causes breakdown of β‐glucans, which is undesirable with respect to the functional properties of β‐glucan. Our aim was to assess possibilities of germinating oat without substantial loss of high molecular weight β‐glucan. Two cultivars, hulled Veli and hull‐less (naked) Lisbeth were germinated at 5, 15, and 25°C and dried by lyophilization or oven drying. Elevated germination temperatures led to an increase in Fusarium , aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, and aerobic spore‐forming bacteria. Therefore, the germination temperature should be kept low to avoid excessive growth of microbes. Of the samples germinated at 15°C, only one contained low amounts of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (52 μg/kg). Germination led to the breakdown of β‐glucans, but the decrease in the molecular weight of β‐glucan was initially very slow. A short germination schedule (72 hr, 15°C) terminated with oven drying was developed to produce germinated oat with retained β‐glucan content. Compared with the native oat, 55–60% of the β‐glucan could be retained.
All-optical flip-flop circuit composed of coupled two-port resonant tunneling filter in two-dimensional photonic crystal slab (2006)

We propose an optical flip-flop circuit composed of two-port resonant-tunneling filters based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab with a triangular air-hole lattice. This circuit can function as an optical digital circuit that synchronizes input data with a clock. In this report, we demonstrate that this circuit can achieve a fast operating speed with a response time of about 10 ps and a low operating power of 60 mW by employing a two-dimensional FDTD calculation.
A preliminary study of breast cancer diagnosis using laboratory based small angle x-ray scattering (2005)

Breast tissue collected from tumour samples and normal tissue from bi-lateral mastectomy procedures were examined using small angle x-ray scattering. Previous work has indicated that breast tissue disease diagnosis could be performed using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) from a synchrotron radiation source. The technique would be more useful to health services if it could be made to work using a conventional x-ray source. Consistent and reliable differences in x-ray scatter distributions were observed between samples from normal and tumour tissue samples using the laboratory based 'SAXSess' system. Albeit from a small number of samples, a sensitivity of 100% was obtained. This result encourages us to pursue the implementation of SAXS as a laboratory based diagnosis technique.
Segmentation of Vessels Using Weighted Local Variances and an Active contour Model (2006)

Performing segmentation of vasculature with blurry and low contrast boundaries in noisy images is a challenging problem. This paper presents a novel approach to segmenting blood vessels using weighted local variances and an active contour model. In this work, the vessel boundary orientation is estimated locally based on the orientation that minimizes the weighted local variance. Such estimation is less sensitive to noise compared with other common approaches. The edge clearness is measured by the ratio of weighted local variances obtained along different orientations. It is independent of the edge intensity contrast and capable of locating weak boundaries. Integrating the orientation and clearness of edges, an active contour model is employed to align contours that match the contour tangent direction and edge orientation. The proposed method is validated by two synthetic images and two real cases. It is experimentally shown that our method is suitable for dealing with noisy images which consist of structures having blurry and low contrast boundaries, such as blood vessels.
Suppression of degenerate parametric processes limiting frequency-doubling efficiency of crystals (1976)

A theoretical and experimental investigation was made of the competition between second harmonic generation and degenerate parametric amplification of the fundamental-frequency wave in three-wave interactions in two crystals arranged in series. It was found that the angular spectrum of the second harmonic and conversion efficiency were governed by the signs of the coupling coefficients and phase mismatch (which depended on the relative orientation of the crystals), as well as by the dispersion in the air gap between the crystals. All types of relative orientation of crystals of the class were investigated. The results were used to find the orientation ensuring maximal suppression of the parametric amplification of the fundamental-frequency wave, which limited the frequency-doubling efficiency.
ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AS A CANCER-INDUCING MECHANISM (2005)

Aberrant DNA methylation is the most common molecular lesion of the cancer cell. Neither gene mutations (nucleotide changes, deletions, recombinations) nor cytogenetic abnormalities are as common in human tumors as DNA methylation alterations. The most studied change of DNA methylation in neoplasms is the silencing of tumor suppressor genes by CpG island promoter hypermethylation, which targets genes such as p16(INK4a), BRCA1, and hMLH1. There is a profile of CpG island hypermethylation according to the tumor type, and genes silent by methylation represent all cellular pathways. The introduction of bisulfite-PCR methodologies combined with new genomic approaches provides a comprehensive spectrum of the genes undergoing this epigenetic change across all malignancies. However, we still know very little about how this aberrant DNA methylation "invades" the previously unmethylated CpG island and how it is maintained through cell divisions. Furthermore, we should remember that this methylation occurs in the context of a global genomic loss of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). Initial clues to understand this paradox should be revealed from the current studies of DNA methyltransferases and methyl CpG binding proteins. From the translational standpoint, we should make an effort to validate the use of some hypermethylated genes as biomarkers of the disease; for example, it may occur with MGMT and GSTP1 in brain and prostate tumors, respectively. Finally, we must expect the development of new and more specific DNA demethylating agents that awake these methyl-dormant tumor suppressor genes and prove their therapeutic values. The expectations are high.
New Generation of MPD Drilling Software - From Quantifying to Control (2016)

Abstract Realizing the potential benefits automation brings, many operators have turned to managed pressure drilling (MPD) techniques as a technical and cost-reward solution to hard-to-reach assets, an approach which not only saves time but also enhances the safety capabilities of the operation. The evolving industry shift toward MPD-ready rigs demonstrates the significant need for a reliable software system to interact with the equipment and simultaneously deliver enhanced models able to precisely control annular pressure in geological complexities where drilling windows are narrow. Several studies have demonstrated the operational benefits of MPD through the application of the constant bottom hole pressure (CBHP) method, imbedded automated kick detection, and control capabilities. MPD technology relies substantially on applying surface back pressure (SBP) using automated chokes to precisely control the annular pressure profile in a closed loop circulation system. During drilling, CBHP connections, mud displacements and fluid anomaly incidents, the SBP is dynamically adjusted in response to operational changes that yield annular pressure changes; such as circulation rate, top drive speed, and rate of penetration to name a few. The integrated MPD drilling software platform is used in combination with interactive models and surface and downhole data measurement in a unified computing system to enhance real-time analysis of drilling performance. By employing real-time models such as hydraulics, well control, pore and fracture pressure estimation, surge and swab, and drilling optimization torque and drag, the system quantifies the boundaries and aid in understanding the real operational limits. Additional software platform applications deliver the common integration baseline that enables both operations within the pre-drilling, while drilling and post analysis. The current automated MPD software has been successfully used in several onshore and offshore wells with narrow drilling windows. This paper discusses the applications and the newest developments in the MPD integrated software to automatically and precisely manage wellbore pressure. The results to be presented include the summary of planning, while drilling analysis, and post drilling analysis of an offshore case study where a detailed parametric analysis of measured and estimated data are compared.
<sup>13</sup>Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance of ethylene–propylene–1‐hexene terpolymers (2004)

Abstract We report the complete 13 C NMR characterization of a series of ethylene–propylene–1‐hexene terpolymers obtained with the metallocenic system rac ‐ethylene bis‐indenyl zirconium dichloride, with different comonomer ratios. A detailed study of 13 C NMR chemical shifts, triad sequence distributions, monomer‐average sequence lengths, and reactivity ratios for these terpolymers is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2474–2482, 2004