gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Automatic Ultrasound Optimization (2009)

Native Tissue Equalization provided a mean decrease in image scan time of 9.6% and a decrease in keystrokes of 21.3%. The decrease in scanning time is correlated to the scanning experience. There was less pain experienced by the sonographer in the Native Tissue Equalization examinations.
Techno‐Economic Analysis of Methane Pyrolysis in Molten Metals: Decarbonizing Natural Gas (2017)

Abstract Methane pyrolysis using a molten metal process to produce hydrogen is compared to steam methane reforming (SMR) for the industrial production of hydrogen. Capital and operating cost models for pyrolysis and SMR were used to generate cash‐flow and production costs for several different molten pyrolysis systems. The economics were most sensitive to the methane conversion and the value obtained for the solid carbon by‐product. The pyrolysis system at 1500 °C is competitive with a carbon tax of $78 t −1 ; however, if a catalytic process at 1000 °C were developed using a conventional fired heater, it would be competitive with SMR without a carbon dioxide cost penalty. Several pyrolysis alternatives become competitive with increasing carbon dioxide taxes.
NMR solution structure of an .alpha.-bungarotoxin/nicotinic receptor peptide complex (1993)

We report the two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of the stoichiometric complex formed between the snake venom-derived long alpha-neurotoxin, alpha-bungarotoxin (BGTX), and a synthetic dodecapeptide (alpha 185-196) corresponding to a functionally important region on the alpha-subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) obtained from Torpedo californica electric organ tissue. BGTX has been widely used as the classic nicotinic competitive antagonist for the skeletal muscle type of nAChR which is found in the avian, amphibian, and mammalian neuromuscular junction. The receptor dodecapeptide (alpha 185-196) binds BGTX with micromolar affinity and has been shown to represent the major determinant of BGTX binding to the isolated alpha-subunit. Previous studies involving covalent modification of the native nAChR from Torpedo membranes with a variety of affinity reagents indicate that several residues contained within the dodecapeptide sequence (namely, Tyr-190, Cys-192, and Cys-193) apparently contribute directly to the formation of the cholinergic ligand binding site. The NMR-derived solution structure of the BGTX/receptor peptide complex defines a relatively extended conformation for a major segment of the "bound" dodecapeptide. These structural studies also reveal a previously unpredicted receptor binding cleft within BGTX and suggest that BGTX undergoes a conformational change upon peptide binding. If, as we hypothesize, the identified intermolecular contacts in the BGTX/receptor peptide complex describe a portion of the contact zone between BGTX and native receptor, then the structural data would suggest that alpha-subunit residues 186-190 are on the extracellular surface of the receptor.
Interaction between Geography and Policy: Variation in Development Performance within China's Eastern Zone (2015)

<p>This paper examines the trend of variation in development performance within</p><p>China's Eastern Zone and the underlying mechanism of the changing trend. Empirical descriptions as well as analyses are provided based on the comparison between data on development performance of regions and provinces and records of policy transformation from 1949 to the end of 20th century. Furthermore, a comparative case study on two of China's leading provinces in the Eastern Zone, Guangdong and Shanghai, is conducted in order to reveal how the interplay of differences in geographical conditions and policy makes contributions to their development disparities in Maoist development period and post-Mao development period. This study finds that development as well as policy advantages are not unevenly shared in China or in China's Eastern Zone. Furthermore, the study reveals that a two-way interaction between policy and certain aspects of geographical conditions exists and it gives rise to development disparities in China's Eastern Zone. According to detailed analysis, there are two main channels through which the interaction functions. On the one hand, geographical conditions act as an important shaping force underlying policy formulation and then a specific set of policy is issued to assist development of a specific province based on the influence of its geographical conditions. On the other hand, the influence of geographical conditions comes to shape development performance directly even at the time when a similar set of policy is carried out by provinces.</p>
Access to Nectin Favors Herpes Simplex Virus Infection at the Apical Surface of Polarized Human Epithelial Cells (2006)

Viral entry may preferentially occur at the apical or the basolateral surfaces of polarized cells, and differences may impact pathogenesis, preventative strategies, and successful implementation of viral vectors for gene therapy. The objective of these studies was to examine the polarity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry using several different human epithelial cell lines. Human uterine (ECC-1), colonic (CaCo-2), and retinal pigment (ARPE-19) epithelial cells were grown on collagen-coated inserts, and the polarity was monitored by measuring the transepithelial cell resistance. Controls were CaSki cells, a human cervical cell line that does not polarize in vitro. The polarized cells, but not CaSki cells, were 16- to 50-fold more susceptible to HSV infection at the apical surface than at the basolateral surface. Disruption of the tight junctions by treatment with EGTA overcame the restriction on basolateral infection but had no impact on apical infection. No differences in binding at the two surfaces were observed. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that nectin-1, the major coreceptor for HSV entry, sorted preferentially to the apical surface, overlapping with adherens and tight junction proteins. Transfection with small interfering RNA specific for nectin-1 resulted in a significant reduction in susceptibility to HSV at the apical surface but had little impact on basolateral infection. Infection from the apical but not the basolateral surface triggered focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and led to nuclear transport of viral capsids and viral gene expression. These studies indicate that access to nectin-1 contributes to preferential apical infection of these human epithelial cells by HSV.
Cutting Edge: Human CD4+CD25+ T Cells Restrain the Maturation and Antigen-Presenting Function of Dendritic Cells (2004)

The characteristics and functions of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory cells have been well defined in murine and human systems. However, the interaction between CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and dendritic cells (DC) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of human CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells on maturation and function of monocyte-derived DC. We show that regulatory T cells render the DC inefficient as APCs despite prestimulation with CD40 ligand. This effect was marginally reverted by neutralizing Abs to TGF-beta. There was an increased IL-10 secretion and reduced expression of costimulatory molecules in DC. Thus, in addition to direct suppressor effect on CD4(+) T cells, regulatory T cells may modulate the immune response through DC.
High-frequency structural relaxation in supercooled liquids (1988)

High-frequency structural relaxation in glass forming solutions of LiCl in water was studied using complex conductivity measurements in the frequency range 0.5 MHz to 32 GHz for temperatures between 300 and 160 K. The conductivity data show a low-frequency plateau, and a strong frequency dependence above a characteristic frequency. Both the low-frequency conductivity and the characteristic frequency decrease strongly with temperature, scaling approximately as the inverse of the viscosity, suggesting that hydrodynamic processes govern structural relaxation. The ionic conductivity can be related to the mechanical properties using the Stokes–Einstein relation. The frequency dependence cannot be understood in terms of a single viscoelastic relaxation time. A semiphenomenological version of the mode coupling theory of supercooled liquids, using the experimentally determined temperature dependence of the static viscosity as a parameter describes the frequency dependence of the data reasonably well.
[D13] Controllable surface haptics via particle jamming and pneumatics (2014)

Summary form only given. This demonstration presents a tactile display with both controllable rigidity and geometric properties. A Technologynique called particle jamming provides adjustable mechanical properties: different levels of vacuum applied to a hollow silicone membrane filled with coffee grounds causes the granules to lock together with varying levels of stiffness. Geometric properties are controlled by clamping the membrane over a sealed chamber and increasing the pressure beneath it, which regulates the deformation of the surface as it balloons outward. Our corresponding conference paper evaluates the human perception of rigidity and geometry created by a single-cell device, which we will demonstrate to support our description of the user study with a hands-on experience. We will also show new multi-cell array devices, which combine multiple cells together with mechanisms to pin the nodes between cells. These devices allow the display of more complicated geometries.
Negative Effect of the British Poor Vocational Education on Its Economic Development after the Second World War (2007)

England is the oldest nation of industry revolution and the earliest industrialization country in the world. With colonization system breakdown and economic giant, the United States, Germany, Japan etc. rising, today of England had already lost former days of elegant appearance. The disadvantageous vocational education is one of essential factor for England economy decline post-war. After the Second War, the student source of vocational education in England is shortage and its quality is not high; ”The comprehensive high school exercises” make the vocational education almost lost exhaustively. The reform measure of variety vocational education in the recent years also did not receive the obvious result. The fall behind and dilatoriness of vocational education make engineering technician and technique worker who are on-the-job near the machine seriously missing, ultimately lead to economic comedown in England. England emphasized literacy education and neglected the occupation education. This is an important reason that resulted in this kind of condition. Under this situation, it caused directly its economy development dilatoriness.
R-Wave Detection in the Presence of Muscle Artifacts (1984)

Ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings from patients undergoing severe physical stress are corrupted by large muscle artifacts (EMG) and other noise sources, such as baseline drifts and currents induced by motion artifacts and electromechanical devices. A simple and reliable QRS filter and R-wave detectot unit, for use under moderate to low QRS signal-to-noise ratio conditions, is described. It is found that a narrow bandpass sampled data filter design with a center frequency and bandwidth equal to 4 Hz maximizes the QRS signal-to-noise ratio under such conditions. The detector includes automatic gain control and a differencing integrator for improved R-wave detection.
Identification of plant hormones and candidate hub genes regulating flag leaf senescence in wheat response to water deficit stress at the grain‐filling stage (2019)

In order to clarify the transcriptional regulatory network and physiological mechanisms governing leaf senescence response to drought stress in wheat, experiments were performed using two wheat varieties with contrasting drought tolerance: Fu287 (F287, a drought-sensitive genotype) and Shannong20 (SN20, a drought-resistant genotype). The latter has higher SPAD values, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA <sub>3</sub>) content as well as higher expression levels of <i>Cu/Zn-SOD</i>, <i>Mn-SOD</i>, <i>Fe-SOD</i>,<i>POD</i>,<i>CAT</i>, and <i>APX</i> under various water deficit conditions. Conjoint analysis of physiological and biochemical indicators and transcriptome data by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in the present study provides a useful genomic and molecular resource for studying drought adaptation in wheat. The flag leaf senescence process was changed by altering the concentration of phytohormones. SA, JA, abscisic acid (ABA), Z, ZR, and GA <sub>3</sub> coordinate with each other to control leaf senescence and plant adaptation under drought stress. Further, the leaf senescence process was divided into two phases: the persistence phase and the rapid loss phase. Shorter Chl<sub>total</sub> (duration of the flag leaf being photosynthetically active), shorter Chl<sub>per</sub> (persistence phase), reduced M (inflection point cumulative temperature when senescence rate is the maximum), decreased <i>r</i> <sub>max</sub> (the maximum senescence rate), larger <i>r</i> <sub>0</sub> (the initial senescence rate), and increased <i>r</i> <sub>aver</sub> (the average senescence rate) were slightly associated with low grain mass. We speculated that extending the period of the persistence phase by cultivation or chemical control measures could further increase the drought survivability and productivity of wheat.
Isolation of Ontario aquatic bird bornavirus 1 and characterization of its replication in immortalized avian cell lines (2020)

This study confirms the presence of ABBV-1 among waterfowl in Canada and reported additional in vitro characterization of this virus in different avian cell lines. ABBV-1 replicated to highest titre in DEF, followed by CCL-141 and QT-35, and poorly in DF-1. Our results showed that CCL-141 can be used instead of DEF for routine ABBV-1 production, if a lower titre is an acceptable trade-off for the simplicity of using immortalized cell line over primary culture.
Markov Encoding for Detecting Signals in Genomic Sequences (2005)

We present a technique to encode the inputs to neural networks for the detection of signals in genomic sequences. The encoding is based on lower-order Markov models which incorporate known biological characteristics in genomic sequences. The neural networks then learn intrinsic higher-order dependencies of nucleotides at the signal sites. We demonstrate the efficacy of the Markov encoding method in the detection of three genomic signals, namely, splice sites, transcription start sites, and translation initiation sites.
Optimisation of High Gravity and Diet Beer Production in a German Brewery by Flow Cytometry (2001)

Increasing the quantity of beer production without diminishing the quality of the product is a key concern of the beer producing industry. Modifications to the brewery's equipment and settings are the most commonly used methods to improve the brewing process, while the supreme importance of the physiological state of the beer producing organisms, the yeast cells, for the productivity of the brewing process is often poorly recognised. The work described here was designed to optimise two processes: the inoculation regime used to produce high gravity bottom-fermenting beer, and the production of high quality diet beer. To achieve these aims, flow cytometry was used to follow changes in the distribution of DNA, neutral lipid and 3β-hydroxsterol contents in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis strains during inoculation, fermentation and storage. This allowed potential time-saving alterations in the process to be identified. Double staining techniques proved that vigorous fermentative activity and long-term survival capacity during main and secondary fermentation requires intense multiplication of the yeast cells during inoculation. The production of high gravity beer was then enhanced by altering the schedule of the wort additions, and thus increasing the yeast's activities related to multiplication. To produce diet beer, oligosaccharides that remain after the standard brewing process are degraded by adding small amounts of wort, usually during secondary fermentation. However, during this period of fermentation the physiological activity of the yeast cells is hampered by low carbon and high ethanol concentrations. Adding small batches of wort at carefully defined time points and in optimised amounts, even during the main fermentation, improves the physiological state of the yeast cells and rapidly decreases the carbon concentration within the fermentation tank. Both of these factors help to promote quick fermentation to a high quality diet beer. Thus, the flow cytometric investigations provided a reliable basis for identifying effective means of improving the process regime for brewing both of these products.
DNA‐based immunotherapy: potential for treatment of chronic viral hepatitis? (2002)

Persistent HBV and HCV infection represent major causes of chronic liver disease with a high risk of progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Conventional protein-based vaccines are highly efficacious in preventing HBV infection; whereas in therapeutic settings with chronically infected patients, results have been disappointing. Prophylactic vaccination against HCV infection has not yet been achieved due to many impediments including frequent spontaneous mutations of the virus with escape from immune system control. Using animal models it has been demonstrated that DNA-based immunisation strategies may overcome this problem because of their potential to induce immunity against multiple viral epitopes. DNA-based vaccines mimic the effect of live attenuated viral vaccines, eliciting cell mediated immunity in addition to inducing humoral responses. Efficacy may further be improved by addition of DNA encoding immunomodulatory cytokines and more recently, direct genetic modulation of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DC), has been shown to increase antigen-specific immune responses. This review focuses on immunological aspects of chronic HBV and HCV infection and on the potential of DNA- and DC-based vaccines for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.
Advanced Ultrasonic Methods for Material and Structure Inspection (2007)

Preface. Chapter 1. An Introduction to Failure Mechanisms and Ultrasonic Inspection (Kumar V. Jata, Tribikram Kundu and Triplicane A. Parthasarathy). Chapter 2. Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves (Sauvik Banerjee, Fabrizio Ricci, Frank Shih and Ajit Mal). Chapter 3. Ultrasonic Measurement of Micro-acoustic Properties of the Biological Soft Materials (Yoshifumi Saijo). Chapter 4. Corrosion and Erosion Monitoring of Pipes by an Ultrasonic Guided Wave Method (Geir Instanes, Mads Toppe, Balachander Lakshiminarayan and Peter B. Nagy). Chapter 5. Modeling of the Ultrasonic Field of Two Transducers Immersed in a Homogenous Fluid Using the Distributed Point Source Method (Rais Ahmad, Tribikram Kundu and Dominique Placko). Chapter 6. Ultrasonic Scattering in Textured Polycrystalline Materials (Liyong Yang, Goutam Ghoshal and Joseph A. Turner). Chapter 7. Embedded Ultrasonic NDE with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors (Victor Giurgiutiu). Chapter 8. Mechanics Aspects of Non-linear Acoustic Signal Modulation due to Crack Damage (Hwai-Chung Wu and Kraig Warnemuende). Chapter 9. Non-contact Mechanical Characterization and Testing of Drug Tablets (Cetin Cetinkaya, Ilgaz Akseli, Girindra N. Mani, Christopher F. Libordi and Ivin Varghese). Chapter 10. Split Hopkinson Bars for Dynamic Structural Testing (Chul Jin Syn and Weinong W. Chen). List of Authors. Index.
Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Production, and Economics (1991)

Abstract Gas Hydrates – Occurance, Production and Economics Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds stable under particular conditions of low temperature and high pressure. Relatively large quantities of methane can be trapped in small volumes of hydrates, which represent a substantial in-situ natural reserve and ressource in the shallow crust. In order to recover natural gas from this resource, it is necessary to dissociate the water structure and remove the gas. This is the reason why a new method is put forward: Hot Solvent Stimulation after Hydraulic Fracturing, with a method called S.T.S.F. The technique resembles Acid Fracturing but replaces Acid by Hot Solvent for the hydrate dissociation. Moreover, the method can be improved by drilling a second production well in order to control the solvent flow in the fracture and the gas production. The shape of the fracture can be either horizontal or vertical depending on the depth and the in-situ stresses. The following paper describes the development and applications of a heat transfer model, as well as the flow through the dissociated zone by leak-off from the fracture. The analytical solution, obtained through the introduction of some simplifying assumptions, has two main advantages: it can be used without any digital computing equipment and can be easily handled by field engineers. Graphical results indicate that with S.T.S.F. method gas production and the energy efficiency ratio are three times as high as with any method. The paper ends with an attempt to analyse the economics of natural gas production from gas hydrates, assuming a satisfactory method of hydrates recovery.
HydraView: A Synchronized 360<sup>◦</sup>-View of Multiple Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles (2020)

Today's autonomous vehicles will deploy multiple sensors to achieve safe and reliable navigation and precise perception of the environment. Although multiple sensors can be advantageous in terms of providing a robust and complete description of the surrounding area, the synchronization of multi-sensors in real-time processing is extremely important. When data is synchronized, primary functional systems such as localization, perception, planning, and control, will all benefit. In this paper, we proposed a synchronized data illustration and collection method to assist the data processing applications for autonomous driving. Our proposed solution among different sensors can be directly deployed on autonomous vehicles for data integration and environment analysis to support the driving model construction. The experimental results validate that our proposed method can present a 360° synchronized view while providing the capability of real-time scanning with up to 80% reduced latency.
Mouse aggrecan, a large cartilage proteoglycan: protein sequence, gene structure and promoter sequence (1995)

Seven genomic clones for mouse aggrecan core protein have been isolated including 3 kb of 5'- and 7 kb of 3'-flanking sequences. All exon sequences and their intron boundary sequences in these clones were identified and mapped by DNA sequencing. The gene spans at least 61 kb and contains 18 exons. Exon 1 encodes 5'-untranslated sequence and exon 2 contains a translation start codon, methionine. The coding sequence is 6545 bp for a 2132-amino-acid protein with calculated M(r) = 259,131 including an 18-amino-acid signal peptide. There is a strong correlation between structural domains and exons. Notably, the chondroitin sulphate domain consisting of 1161 amino acids is encoded by a single exon of 3.6 kb. Although link protein has similar structural domains and subdomains, the sequence identity and the organization of exons encoding the subdomains B and B' of G1 and G2 domains revealed a strong similarity of mouse aggrecan to both human versican and rat neurocan. Primer extension analysis identified four transcription start sites which are close together. The promoter sequence showed high G/C content (65%) and contained several consensus binding motifs for transcription factors including Sp-1 and the glucocorticoid receptor. There are stretches of sequences similar to the promoter region of both the type-II collagen and link protein genes. These sequences may be important for cartilage gene expression.