gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms of LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Cathode Material in Lithium Ion Batteries (2013)

LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 (NCM, 0 ≤ x , y , z < 1) has become one of the most important cathode materials for next‐generation lithium (Li) ion batteries due to its high capacity and cost effectiveness compared with LiCoO 2 . However, the high‐voltage operation of NCM (>4.3 V) required for high capacity is inevitably accompanied by a more rapid capacity fade over numerous cycles. Here, the degradation mechanisms of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 are investigated during cycling under various cutoff voltage conditions. The surface lattice structures of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 are observed to suffer from an irreversible transformation; the type of transformation depends on the cutoff voltage conditions. The surface of the pristine rhombohedral phase tends to transform into a mixture of spinel and rock salt phases. Moreover, the formation of the rock salt phase is more dominant under a higher voltage operation (≈4.8 V), which is attributable to the highly oxidative environment that triggers the oxygen loss from the surface of the material. The presence of the ionically insulating rock salt phase may result in sluggish kinetics, thus deteriorating the capacity retention. This implies that the prevention of surface structural degradation can provide the means to produce and retain high capacity, as well as stabilize the cycle life of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 during high‐voltage operations.
Optical Realizations Of Neural Network Models (1987)

The optical implementation of computing systems whose structure and function are motivated by natural in-telligence systems is a subject that involves optical computing and neural network models for computation. These are two areas that have individually received attention in yecent years and they share the common property that they promise to provide solutions for fundamental problems in computation. In the case of optical computers the limitation that is being addressed is communication. With optics it is possible to have large arrays of processing elements communicating with each other without connecting a wire between each pair. The need to provide wires for communication in an electronic circuit is perceived as a major technological limitation of VLSI [1]. The primary justification for optical computing is therefore to extend the communication capability in computers [2,3]. It is not clear however precisely how this global communication capability can be put to good use. Through free space inter-connects and volume holograms we can have thousands of computing elements all talking to each other at the same time. Is it possible to do useful computation in such a system? We look at neural network models for an answer to this question.
Allylic Rearrangements. XXX. The Formation and Rearrangement of α,α-Dialkylallyl Acetates<sup>1</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAllylic Rearrangements. XXX. The Formation and Rearrangement of α,α-Dialkylallyl Acetates1William G. Young and Irving D. WebbCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 2, 780–782Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01146a085https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01146a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views212Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
‘Phosphatido-peptide’-like complexes formed by the interaction of calcium triphosphoinositide with protein (1965)

1. The sodium salt of triphosphoinositide partitions in the upper polar phase in a biphasic chloroform-methanol-water system similar to that of Folch et al. (1957). 2. On the addition of 2mug.atoms of Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) per mumole of triphosphoinositide the phospholipid passes entirely into the lower non-polar phase as the dicalcium or dimagnesium salt. 3. When serum albumin is included in the biphasic system, some of the dicalcium (dimagnesium) triphosphoinositide becomes attached to the protein material at the interface. 4. The affinity of Ca(2+) for triphosphoinositide is 2-2.5 times as great as that of Mg(2+) and the salt is not dissociated appreciably by equimolar amounts of EDTA or cyclohexane-1,2-diaminetetra-acetate. 5. When dicalcium triphosphoinositide is mixed with serum albumin a complex is formed which is insoluble in chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) but which dissolves completely when 0.25% (v/v) of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. 6. On homogenizing a chloroform-methanol solution of dicalcium triphosphoinositide with guinea-pig liver the phospholipid becomes quantitatively attached to the insoluble residue, but it can be completely extracted from this with acidified chloroform-methanol. 7. The relevance of these observations to the significance of the phosphatido-peptide-complexes extracted from brain is discussed.
Urinary Eosinophil Protein X in Children with Atopic Asthma (2007)

uEPX/c levels did not correlate with established markers of asthma severity and eosinophilic airway inflammation in atopic asthmatic children.
Eight-Gb/s QPSK-SCM over a coherent detection optical link (1991)

The first 8 Gb/s coherent optical detection system using two closely spaced subcarriers with 4 Gb/s QPSK on each subcarrier while maintaining an RF bandwidth efficiency of 1 bit/sec/Hz is reported. The receiver sensitivity is -26.5 dBm, with less than 0.5 dB penalty due to the other channel. It is expected that these techniques can be extended to transmit 16 Gb/s while using only 2 Gb/s baseband electronics.
[Structural and functional analysis of GH57 family thermostable amylopullulanase--a review]. (2011)

Amylopullulanse (E. C. 3.2. 1. 1/41) has the enzymatic activities of both alpha-amylase (E. C. 3.2. 1. 1) and pullulanase (E. C. 3. 2. 1. 41), and is classified into the glycoside hydrolase 13 and 57 families. Amylopullulanse can hydrolyze both the alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic bonds and is valuable for decreasing cost, increasing both efficiency and dextrose equivalent in starch processing industry. Thermostable amylopullulanase is more valuable in starch saccharification industry due to its capability to catalyze both the liquefaction and saccharification processes under the industrial starch liquefaction condition. In addition, the special bifunctional catalytic mechanism of amylopullulanase is also of great value in enzymology research. The present review focuses on the structure and function of amylopullulanases and provides a brief overview on the latest studies.
Stress Chaperone GRP78/BiP Confers Chemoresistance to Tumor-Associated Endothelial Cells (2008)

The tumor vasculature is essential for tumor growth and survival and is a key target for anticancer therapy. Glioblastoma multiforme, the most malignant form of brain tumor, is highly vascular and contains abnormal vessels, unlike blood vessels in normal brain. Previously, we showed that primary cultures of human brain endothelial cells, derived from blood vessels of malignant glioma tissues (TuBEC), are physiologically and functionally different from endothelial cells derived from nonmalignant brain tissues (BEC) and are substantially more resistant to apoptosis. Resistance of TuBEC to a wide range of current anticancer drugs has significant clinical consequences as it represents a major obstacle toward eradication of residual brain tumor. We report here that the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BiP is generally highly elevated in the vasculature derived from human glioma specimens, both in situ in tissue and in vitro in primary cell cultures, compared with minimal GRP78 expression in normal brain tissues and blood vessels. Interestingly, TuBEC constitutively overexpress GRP78 without concomitant induction of other major unfolded protein response targets. Resistance of TuBEC to chemotherapeutic agents such as CPT-11, etoposide, and temozolomide can be overcome by knockdown of GRP78 using small interfering RNA or chemical inhibition of its catalytic site. Conversely, overexpression of GRP78 in BEC rendered these cells resistant to drug treatments. Our findings provide the proof of principle that targeting GRP78 will sensitize the tumor vasculature to chemotherapeutic drugs, thus enhancing the efficacy of these drugs in combination therapy for glioma treatment.
Object-Centered Surface Reconstruction: Combining Multi-Image Stereo and Shading (1995)

Our goal is to reconstruct both the shape and re ectance properties of surfaces from multiple images.We argue that an object-centered representation is most appropriate for this purpose because it naturally accommodates multiple sources of data, multiple images including motion sequences of a rigid object, and self-occlusions.We then present a speci c objectcentered reconstruction method and its implementation.The method begins with an initial estimate of surface shape provided, for example, by triangulating the result of conventional stereo.The surface shape and re ectance properties are then iteratively adjusted to minimize an objective function that combines information from multiple input images.The objective function is a weighted sum of stereo, shading, and smoothness components, where the weight varies over the surface.For example, the stereo component i s w eighted more strongly where the surface projects onto highly textured areas in the images, and less strongly otherwise.Thus, each component has its greatest in uence where its accuracy is likely to be greatest.Experimental results on both synthetic and real images are presented.
The zero/one multiple knapsack problem and genetic algorithms (1994)

Article The zero/one multiple knapsack problem and genetic algorithms Share on Authors: Sami Khuri San José State University San José State UniversityView Profile , Thomas Bäck University of Dortmund, Germany University of Dortmund, GermanyView Profile , Jörg Heitkötter University of Dortmund, Germany University of Dortmund, GermanyView Profile Authors Info & Claims SAC '94: Proceedings of the 1994 ACM symposium on Applied computingApril 1994 Pages 188–193https://doi.org/10.1145/326619.326694Online:06 April 1994Publication History 144citation3,435DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations144Total Downloads3,435Last 12 Months176Last 6 weeks17 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
A digital method for computing target margins in radiotherapy (1998)

Computer methods for determining the planning target volume from the gross tumor volume for both conventional and conformal radiotherapy are presented. Production of a two-dimensional (2D) treatment plan is assisted by projecting outlines of the gross tumor onto a single transverse plane, so that the total extent of the tumor can be easily visualized. A 2D margin can then be added to the resulting outline, so as to account for microscopic tumor spread, organ motion, and setup uncertainty. The margin may be anisotropic to account for the known differences in setup accuracy in the anterior, posterior, left and right directions. For three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning, it is necessary to add a 3D margin to the gross tumor volume to define the planning target volume, the anisotropy of the margin now being allowed to extend to the superior and inferior directions also. Robust methods for automatically calculating these regions are described, and illustrated for the case of a prostate tumor. It is demonstrated that while a slicewise 2D margin is adequate for 2D planning, a fully 3D margin must be used for 3D conformal planning to avoid underdosing the superior and inferior extremities of the clinical target volume.
Tackling Informal Employment: A Critical Review of the UK Public Policy Approach (2007)

Although tackling informal employment is being accorded ever greater priority by governments across the western world, critical reviews of how public policy is addressing this issue are notable by their absence. This paper begins to bridge this gap. Providing a typology of the various public policy approaches available for tackling informal employment, ranging from those more repressive in orientation and grounded in deterrence measures through to those that seek to stimulate formalisation through the provision of incentives, a case study is then undertaken of the UK so as to understand the nature of its policy approach towards informal employment and the direction of change. Unlike other policy spheres where it is widely accepted that positive reinforcement of ‘good’ behaviour is more effective at eliciting change than negative reinforcement of ‘bad’ behaviour, the finding is that UK public policy towards informal employment remains heavily embedded in a repressive approach with deterrence measures continuing to dominate the policy landscape. The paper concludes by beginning to outline a way forward for public policy.
Design and performance of collimated coincidence point sources for simultaneous transmission measurements in 3D PET (2002)

The authors have implemented a simultaneous emission-transmission measurement for 3D PET using a collimated coincidence point source design employing a fast, dedicated, reference detector close to the transmission source. This design greatly reduces the effects of randoms, scatter, dead time, and reduced sensitivity on the emission data compared to previous implementations. It also greatly reduces the effect of emission contamination of the transmission data compared to the use of rod sources. Here, the authors present performance characterizations of this measurement technique on both the Siemens/CTI ECAT ART and PET/SPECT tomographs. The main effect of the transmission sources on the emission measurement is an increased randoms rate, which leads to a 10-25% reduction in NECR at specific activities >2 kBq/ml in a 20 cm diameter phantom on the PET/SPECT. Emission contamination effects on the transmission measurement are estimated to be less than 1 per cent for up to 20 kBq/ml in a 20 cm phantom. Both the emission and transmission NECR are dominated by the effects of randoms. Considering the the effects of both emission and transmission noise on the final corrected image, it appears that 3-6 kBq/ml of emitter concentration is an optimal imaging range for simultaneous acquisitions.
Thermal Transport between Graphene Sheets and SiC Substrate by Molecular-Dynamical Calculation (2014)

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, we investigate the mechanisms of thermal transport across SiC/graphene sheets. In simulations, 3C-, 4H-, and 6H-SiC are considered separately. Interfacial thermal resistances between Bernal stacking graphene sheets and SiC (Si- or C-terminated) are calculated at the ranges of 100 K~700 K. The results indicate, whether Si-terminated or C-terminated interface, the interfacial thermal resistances of 4H- and 6H-SiC have similar trends over temperatures. Si-terminated interfacial thermal resistances of 3C-SiC are higher than those of 4H- and 6H-SiC in a wide temperature range from 100 K to 600 K. But, for C-rich interface, this range is reduced from 350 K to 500 K.
Electrophysiologic Biomarkers for Assessing Disease Progression and the Effect of Riluzole in SOD1 G93A ALS Mice (2013)

At this dose, riluzole is ineffective in slowing progression of ALS. However, EIM phase shows early linear declines, supporting its potential as a useful new biomarker for preclinical drug testing.
Dissolving states of cellulose and chitosan in trifluoroacetic acid (1992)

Abstract Chemical structures of cellulose and chitosan dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and those of cellulose and chitosan films cast from their TFA solutions were studied by 13 C‐NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Cellulose is trifluoroacetylated selectively at the C6–hydroxyl groups in the TFA solution, and chitosan is dissolved in TFA by forming amine salts with TFA at the C2–amine groups. IR analyses of cellulose films cast from its TFA–acetic acid solutions showed that partly trifluoroacetylated cellulose in the solution state turns to partly acetylated cellulose in the solid state during evaporation of the solvents in air by the ester interchange. Chitosan films cast from its TFA–acetic acid solutions still have the amine salts with TFA. These acetyl groups in cellulose films and TFA in chitosan films are removable by soaking the films in 1 N NaOH at room temperature for 1 day.
AU-A, an RNA-binding activity distinct from hnRNP A1, is selective for AUUUA repeats and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm (1994)

The 3'-untranslated regions of many labile transcripts contain AU-rich sequences that serve as cis determinants of mRNA stability and translational efficiency. Using a photocrosslinking technique, our laboratory has previously defined three cytoplasmic RNA-binding activities specific for the AUUUA multimers found in the 3'-untranslated regions of lymphokine mRNAs. One of these activities, AU-A, has an apparent molecular mass of 34 kDa, is constitutively expressed in both primary T cells and the Jurkat T cell leukemia line, and binds to a variety of U-rich RNA sequences. Previous studies had shown that AU-A is more prevalent in the nucleus than the cytoplasm, raising the possibility that AU-A is really a nuclear RNA-binding activity that is found in cytoplasmic extracts because of nuclear leakage during cell fractionation. We now show that AU-A shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Our results indicate that AU-A is a candidate protein component of ribonucleoprotein complexes that participate in nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNA and cytoplasmic mRNA metabolism. The properties of AU-A activity are similar to those of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1). However, using monoclonal antibodies to hnRNP A1 and protease digestion patterns, we show that AU-A activity and hnRNP A1 protein are distinct. These studies have also allowed us to define a fourth RNA-binding activity of apparent molecular mass 41 kDa with specificity for AUUUA multimers. This activity is restricted to the nucleus and contains the hnRNP C protein.
Immediate Postoperative Fitting of Below-knee Amputations (1970)

A total of 328 patients with major lower-extremity amputations performed between 1964 and 1968 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: 172 were fitted in surgery with temporary prostheses, and 156 were treated in the traditional manner. Immediate postsurgical fitting was found to reduce significantly the length of time between surgery and final fitting, and to enhance overall rehabilitation. Surgical, prosthetic, and therapeutic considerations, and the value of immediate postsurgical fitting in rehabilitation of the patien' with an amputation are discussed.
ER-resident proteins PDR2 and LPR1 mediate the developmental response of root meristems to phosphate availability (2009)

Inadequate availability of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the rhizosphere is a common challenge to plants, which activate metabolic and developmental responses to maximize Pi acquisition. The sensory mechanisms that monitor environmental Pi status and regulate root growth via altered meristem activity are unknown. Here, we show that PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY RESPONSE 2 (PDR2) encodes the single P(5)-type ATPase of Arabidopsis thaliana. PDR2 functions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is required for proper expression of SCARECROW (SCR), a key regulator of root patterning, and for stem-cell maintenance in Pi-deprived roots. We further show that the multicopper oxidase encoded by LOW PHOSPHATE ROOT 1 (LPR1) is targeted to the ER and that LPR1 and PDR2 interact genetically. Because the expression domains of both genes overlap in the stem-cell niche and distal root meristem, we propose that PDR2 and LPR1 function together in an ER-resident pathway that adjusts root meristem activity to external Pi. Our data indicate that the Pi-conditional root phenotype of pdr2 is not caused by increased Fe availability in low Pi; however, Fe homeostasis modifies the developmental response of root meristems to Pi availability.
Convolutional Decoding in the Presence of Synchronization Errors (2010)

We describe the operation of common convolutional decoding algorithms in the presence of insertions, deletions, as well as substitutions in the received message. We first propose a trellis description that can handle the existence of insertions and deletions. Then, we use this trellis diagram to develop the Viterbi algorithm and the Log-MAP algorithm in the presence of synchronization errors. The proposed techniques are presented in the most general form where standard convolutional codes are used and no change to the encoder is required. We establish the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms using standard convolutional codes at different rates.
RETRACTED: Differential temporal expression of S100β in developing rat brain (2015)

Radial glial cells (RGs) originally considered to provide scaffold to the radially migrating neurons constitute a heterogeneous population of the regionally variable precursor cells that generate both neurons as well as glia depending upon the location and the timing of development. Hence specific immunohistochemical markers are required to specify their spatiotemporal location and fate in the neurogenic and gliogenic zones. We hypothesize S100β as a potential and unified marker for both primary and secondary progenitors. To achieve this, cryocut sections from rat brains of varied embryonic and postnatal ages were immunolabeled with a combination of antibodies, i.e., S100β + Nestin, Nestin + GFAP and S100β + GFAP. A large population of the primary and secondary progenitors, lining the VZ and SVZ, simultaneously co-expressed S100β and nestin establishing their progenitor nature. A downregulation of both S100β and nestin noticed by the end of the 1st postnatal week marks their differentiation towards neuronal or glial lineage. In view of the absence of co-expression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) either with S100β or nestin, the suitability of accepting GFAP as an early marker of RG's was eliminated. Thus the dynamic expression of S100β in both the neural stem cells (NSCs) and RGs during embryonic and early neonatal life is associated with its proliferative potential and migration of undifferentiated neuroblasts and astrocytes. Once they lose their potential for proliferation, the S100β expression is repressed with its reemergence in mature astrocytes. This study provides the first clear evidence of S100β expression throughout the period of neurogenesis and early gliogenesis, suggesting its suitability as a radial progenitor cell marker.