gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Erythrocyte sialoglycoproteins engage Siglec-9 on neutrophils to suppress activation (2017)

Healthy blood neutrophils are functionally quiescent in the bloodstream, have a short lifespan, and exit the circulation to carry out innate immune functions, or undergo rapid apoptosis and macrophage-mediated clearance to mitigate host tissue damage. Limitation of unnecessary intravascular neutrophil activation is also important to prevent serious inflammatory pathologies. Because neutrophils become easily activated after purification, we carried out ex vivo comparisons with neutrophils maintained in whole blood. We found a difference in activation state, with purified neutrophils showing signs of increased reactivity: shedding of l-selectin, CD11b upregulation, increased oxidative burst, and faster progression to apoptosis. We discovered that erythrocytes suppressed neutrophil activation ex vivo and in vitro, including reduced l-selectin shedding, oxidative burst, chemotaxis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, bacterial killing, and induction of apoptosis. Selective and specific modification of sialic acid side chains on erythrocyte surfaces with mild sodium metaperiodate oxidation followed by aldehyde quenching with 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide reduced neutrophil binding to erythrocytes and restored neutrophil activation. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence, we found that glycophorin A, the most abundant sialoglycoprotein on erythrocytes, engaged neutrophil Siglec-9, a sialic acid-recognizing receptor known to dampen innate immune cell activation. These studies demonstrate a previously unsuspected role for erythrocytes in suppressing neutrophils ex vivo and in vitro and help explain why neutrophils become easily activated after separation from whole blood. We propose that a sialic acid-based "self-associated molecular pattern" on erythrocytes also helps maintain neutrophil quiescence in the bloodstream. Our findings may be relevant to some prior experimental and clinical studies of neutrophils.
Malicious URL Detection using Machine Learning: A Survey (2017)

Malicious URL, a.k.a. malicious website, is a common and serious threat to cybersecurity. Malicious URLs host unsolicited content (spam, phishing, drive-by exploits, etc.) and lure unsuspecting users to become victims of scams (monetary loss, theft of private information, and malware installation), and cause losses of billions of dollars every year. It is imperative to detect and act on such threats in a timely manner. Traditionally, this detection is done mostly through the usage of blacklists. However, blacklists cannot be exhaustive, and lack the ability to detect newly generated malicious URLs. To improve the generality of malicious URL detectors, machine learning techniques have been explored with increasing attention in recent years. This article aims to provide a comprehensive survey and a structural understanding of Malicious URL Detection techniques using machine learning. We present the formal formulation of Malicious URL Detection as a machine learning task, and categorize and review the contributions of literature studies that addresses different dimensions of this problem (feature representation, algorithm design, etc.). Further, this article provides a timely and comprehensive survey for a range of different audiences, not only for machine learning researchers and engineers in academia, but also for professionals and practitioners in cybersecurity industry, to help them understand the state of the art and facilitate their own research and practical applications. We also discuss practical issues in system design, open research challenges, and point out some important directions for future research.
Low-Dose Aspartame Consumption Differentially Affects Gut Microbiota-Host Metabolic Interactions in the Diet-Induced Obese Rat (2014)

Aspartame consumption is implicated in the development of obesity and metabolic disease despite the intention of limiting caloric intake. The mechanisms responsible for this association remain unclear, but may involve circulating metabolites and the gut microbiota. Aims were to examine the impact of chronic low-dose aspartame consumption on anthropometric, metabolic and microbial parameters in a diet-induced obese model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into a standard chow diet (CH, 12% kcal fat) or high fat (HF, 60% kcal fat) and further into ad libitum water control (W) or low-dose aspartame (A, 5-7 mg/kg/d in drinking water) treatments for 8 week (n = 10-12 animals/treatment). Animals on aspartame consumed fewer calories, gained less weight and had a more favorable body composition when challenged with HF compared to animals consuming water. Despite this, aspartame elevated fasting glucose levels and an insulin tolerance test showed aspartame to impair insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in both CH and HF, independently of body composition. Fecal analysis of gut bacterial composition showed aspartame to increase total bacteria, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium leptum. An interaction between HF and aspartame was also observed for Roseburia ssp wherein HF-A was higher than HF-W (P<0.05). Within HF, aspartame attenuated the typical HF-induced increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. Serum metabolomics analysis revealed aspartame to be rapidly metabolized and to be associated with elevations in the short chain fatty acid propionate, a bacterial end product and highly gluconeogenic substrate, potentially explaining its negative affects on insulin tolerance. How aspartame influences gut microbial composition and the implications of these changes on the development of metabolic disease require further investigation.
Vacuum Removal of Copper from Melted Steel Scrap (1977)

Copper as an impurity in steel tends to cause 'hot shortness' during hot 'rolling, even at low copper concentrations. This problem limits the amount of scrap, especially scrap from junked vehicles, which can be employed as a raw material for steelmaking.The present paper discusses this problem and describes an investigation into vacuum evaporation of copper from melted steel as a possible means of making scrap more acceptable to all types of steelmaking. Carried out in a large (3 m3) vacuum chamber, the investigation showed that copper can be removed to very low levels (≤. 0.01 %) in steel, but that the evaporation rate tends to be slow. The rate is enhanced by decreasing chamber pressure and by minimizing air (oxygen) leaks into the system, but it appears that industrially acceptable rates will only be attained in systems with very high melt-area/melt-volume ratios. Résumé Le cuivre comme impureté dans l'acier le rend rouverain durant le laminage à chaud, meme pour des basses concentrations en cuivre. Ce problème limite la quantité de rebus, specialement celui provenant des vehicules destinés à la ferraille, qui peut etre employée comme matériau brut pour la fabrication de l'acier.Le présent article discute ce problème et décrit une tentative d'utiliser l'évaporation sous vide, du cuivre contenu dans l'acier fondu, comme moyen possible pour obtenir des rebus plus acceptables, pour tous les types de fabrication d'acier. Effectuee dans une grande (3 m3) chambre a vide, cette étude a montre que le cuivre peut être elimine jusqu' a des taux tres faibles (≤0.01 %) dans l'acier, mais alors le taux d'évaporation devient faible. Ce taux d'évaporation peut être augmenté en diminuant la pression de la chambre et en minimisant les fuites d'air dans le systerne, mais il s'avere que des taux acceptables industriellement seront atteints seulement avec un rapport surface/volume du liquide fondu très élevé.
An airborne multi-angle power line inspection system (2007)

This paper gives a brief description of an Airborne Multi-angle Power Line Inspection System (AMPLIS). AMPLIS is composed by 3 CCD cameras, a Position and Orientation System (POS), a stabilized platform, the data collection and control subsystem. It can be equipped on a helicopter and fly along the lines at a speed of about lOOkm/h at a relative height of 100 m over the power lines. AMPLIS is capable of detecting the distance between the power lines and the ground surface with an accuracy of less than 0.5 m. It can automatically find the dangerous objects beneath the lines which can greatly decrease the man power and cost in power line inspection. It has been successfully tested with good performance in Wuhan, China, 2005.
Whole Exome Sequencing and Molecular Modeling of a Missense Variant in<i> TNFAIP3</i> That Segregates with Disease in a Family with Chronic Urticaria and Angioedema (2018)

Chronic urticaria is a common condition characterized by recurrent hives lasting several weeks or months and is usually idiopathic. Approximately half of the individuals with chronic urticaria will present with episodes of angioedema that can be severe and debilitating. In this report, we describe a 47-year-old Hispanic male who presented initially for an evaluation of chronic hives following hospitalization due to hive-induced anaphylaxis. The individual had a history significant for urticaria and angioedema beginning in his early 30s. Interestingly, both the individual's 41-year-old sister and 12-year-old daughter were also affected with chronic urticaria and severe angioedema. Whole exome sequencing of the proband and several family members revealed a heterozygous variant of uncertain significance in exon 2 of <i>TNFAIP3</i>, denoted as c.65G>A (p.R22Q), in all affected members. Variants in <i>TNFAIP3</i> have been associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, susceptibility to allergy and asthma, and periodic fever syndromes, suggesting that this variant could potentially play a role in disease.
A Resource Leasing Policy for on-Demand Computing (2006)

Leasing computational resources for on-demand computing is now a viable option for providers of network services. Temporary spikes or lulls in demand for a service can be accommodated by flexible leasing arrangements. From the service provider's perspective, the problem is how many resources to lease and for how long. In this paper we formulate and solve the resource leasing problem for the case of a single service. The objective is to minimize the cost of leasing resources while still maintaining an adequate quality of service, which we measure by the average wait time of requests. Demand for the service and execution times of service requests are modeled as random variables. The problem is formulated as a continuous-time, infinite-horizon Markov decision problem. We use the dynamic programming method of value iteration for its solution and we characterize the resulting optimal cost function. We find that the cost of providing a service is convex-like in the number of resources leased and nondecreasing in the number of requests in the system. Close examination of the optimal cost function shows that the cost of providing a service is more sensitive to underdeployment than to overdeployment. Thus, when demand for the service is known to exist, but is unpredictable, it is better to lease more resources than fewer resources.
A speech digitizer at 2400 bits/s (1979)

This paper describes a speech digitizer that is capable of transmitting and receiving at 2400 bits/s. Comparisons are made between this implementation and past approaches. Typical applications of such digitizers are also described.
Self-Driving Aircraft Towing Vehicles: A Preliminary Report (2015)

We introduce an application of self-driving vehicle technology to the problem of towing aircraft at busy airports from gate to runway and runway to gate. Autonomous towing can be supervised by human ramp- or ATC controllers, pilots, or ground crew. The controllers provide route information to the tugs, assisted by an automated route planning system. The planning system and tower and ground controllers work in conjunction with the tugs to make tactical decisions during operations to ensure safe and effective taxiing in a highly dynamic environment. We argue here for the potential for significantly reducing fuel emissions, fuel costs, and community noise, while addressing the added complexity of air terminal operations by increasing efficiency and reducing human workload. This paper describes work-in-progress for developing concepts and capabilities for autonomous engines-off taxiing using towing vehicles.
The Threat of Malicious Circuit-Board Alteration: Attack Taxonomy and Examples (2021)

Abstract Circuit boards are vulnerable to a wide range of ill-intentioned modifications done to gain access to information or malevolently influence control. This article describes the various ways attacks on circuit board can occur and presents examples showing how such attacks might look. It also provides general guidelines for protecting circuit-board design integrity.
A success against sleeping sickness (2002)

Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomas (HAT), is 100% fatal if not treated. The disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, and is spread by the bite of the vector, the tsetse fly (genus glossina). It is a debilitating illness present in epidemic proportions in some areas of Africa (T b gambiense in central and west Africa and T b rhodesiense in central and east Africa). (author abstract)
Co-managing small-scale fisheries: a global overview and a case study in chiapas, mexico (2019)

Co-management, the joint management between, at least, government and local users, has emerged as a potential management strategy for achieving the sustainability of small-scale scale fisheries. Co-management is expected to provide greater effectiveness than centralized or locally-based fisheries’ management regimes and consequently result in more positive ecological and social outcomes. As of today, evidence backing these claims is still scarce, and little is known about which contextual factors determine the social and ecological effectiveness of co-managed small-scale fisheries, to what extent co-management is grounded on equity principles and results in fair outcomes, and how social diversity affects the consensual understanding and performance of co-management. 
This thesis addresses these evidence gaps by, first, investigating the context and characteristics of small-scale fisheries co-management through a systematic review of peer-reviewed cases around the world and, second, by examining the performance of a specific co-managed small-scale fishery located in La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico. Methodologically, the dissertation is informed by a systematic review protocol, and by the implementetion of focus groups, interviews, diagrammatic representations of mental models and participant observation in the case study site over a fieldwork period of seven months.
The findings of this dissertation advance co-management research in several ways. First, through the systematic review and qualitative insights from the case study, the dissertation confirms theoretical expectations and shows that co-management can indeed deliver positive social and ecological outcomes. It also highlights the importance of social equity and social diversity in delivering such outcomes. Second, it stresses how previous power relationships and conflicts shape co-management outcomes. Finally, it shows that, when a diversity of co-management understandings exists, well-stablished centralized management schemes may remain in the consensual understanding of participants.
Amplification of bipolar current flow by charge induced from an insulated gate electrode (1987)

We present the results of a two-dimensional simulation of the amplification of an ambipolar current flow in a four-terminal crystalline silicon device by charge induced into this flow from an insulated gate electrode. We show that although a bipolar current flow in a crystalline device can indeed be modulated by a gate field, the magnitude of this modulation is less than in amorphous silicon double-injection field-effect transistors. Our proposed structure also has an interesting feature in that the gate field redistributes the current flow between its terminals.
Isolation of nit-4, the minor nitrogen regulatory gene which mediates nitrate induction in Neurospora crassa (1989)

Expression of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa requires the positive action of nit-4, a pathway-specific regulatory gene, which mediates nitrate induction. We report the molecular cloning of the nit-4 gene and present results which suggest that the nit-4 gene is constitutively expressed to yield a low-abundance 2.2-kilobase transcript. These results indicate that the nit-2 major control gene and the nit-4 pathway-specific control gene independently regulate the expression of the nitrate assimilatory structural genes.
New Chemistry of Oxazoles (1993)

Oxazoles are versatile compounds that can undergo reaction with electrophiles (e.g. bromine) leading either to aromatic substitution or to addition products. The latter reactions are shown to proceed via N-bromooxazolium salts and can also be used for introduction of 4-substituents. Intramolecular formation of oxazolium salts also can take place and subsequent reaction with nucleophiles leads via azomethine ylides to interesting products. Diels-Alder reactions of oxazoles with olefins or acetylenes continue to be useful for synthesis of natural products containing pyridine or furan rings respectively
Lysis of human red blood cells in the presence of various cosolvents. (1985)

Two in vitro methods are presented which enable the evaluation of virtually any solution for the production of lysis in intramuscular and intravenous administration. These methods differ from the standard hemolytic method in that the RBCs and ghosts, which remain after mixing test solution with RBCs, are washed with normal saline. The intact RBCs are then lysed with water. Since the final measurement is always made in pure water, the effects of vehicle components on the absorbance or solubility of hemoglobin are virtually eliminated. These methods were used to evaluate propylene glycol (PG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (EtOH), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), dimethyl acetamide (DMA), and dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) for hemolytic potential in comparison to a reference of 10% EtOH, 40% PG, and 50% water. Measured LD 50 values for lysis of RBCs are expressed as total volume percent of cosolvent in whole blood. These values are: 39.5% DMI, 37.0% DMA, 30.0% PEG 400, 21.2% EtOH, 10.3% reference, 5.7% PG, and 5.1% DMSO.
Transfer Learning via Contextual Invariants for One-to-Many Cross-Domain Recommendation (2020)

The rapid proliferation of new users and items on the social web has aggravated the gray-sheep user/long-tail item challenge in recommender systems. Historically, cross-domain co-clustering methods have successfully leveraged shared users and items across dense and sparse domains to improve inference quality. However, they rely on shared rating data and cannot scale to multiple sparse target domains (i.e., the one-to-many transfer setting). This, combined with the increasing adoption of neural recommender architectures, motivates us to develop scalable neural layer-transfer approaches for cross-domain learning. Our key intuition is to guide neural collaborative filtering with domain-invariant components shared across the dense and sparse domains, improving the user and item representations learned in the sparse domains. We leverage contextual invariances across domains to develop these shared modules, and demonstrate that with user-item interaction context, we can learn-to-learn informative representation spaces even with sparse interaction data. We show the effectiveness and scalability of our approach on two public datasets and a massive transaction dataset from Visa, a global payments technology company (19% Item Recall, 3x faster vs. training separate models for each domain). Our approach is applicable to both implicit and explicit feedback settings.
The mechanism of aggrecan release from cartilage differs with tissue origin and the agent used to stimulate catabolism (2002)

The mechanisms of aggrecan degradation in adult human articular, adult bovine nasal and fetal bovine epiphyseal cartilage in response to either interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or retinoic acid were compared using an explant culture system. Bovine nasal cartilage cultured with either IL-1beta or retinoic acid exhibited significant release of glycosaminoglycan (GAG). For both factors, aggrecan proteolysis occurred predominantly at the 'aggrecanase' site, with no evidence for the action of matrix metalloproteinases, and resulted in the appearance of the corresponding G1 fragment in tissue extracts and in culture media. In human cartilage, little effect of IL-1beta was seen, but abundant release of GAG occurred in the presence of retinoic acid, with evidence of aggrecanase action. Treatment of fetal epiphyseal cartilage with retinoic acid resulted in significant GAG release, whereas treatment with IL-1beta did not. In the retinoic acid-treated tissue, however, no evidence for the cleavage of aggrecan in the interglobular region was apparent. Thus, in the fetal system, agents in addition to aggrecanase and matrix metalloproteinases appear to be active. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the pathways utilized for aggrecan catabolism may vary between different cartilages for a given stimulatory agent, and that, for a given tissue, different factors may elicit aggrecan release via different pathways.
Preparation of ultrafine fibrous zein membranes via electrospinning (2005)

Abstract Zein is a protein in corn gluten meal. It has been investigated for use as a structural material because it is renewable and biodegradable. Potential applications of zein include use in coating, film and fiber. In this paper, ultrafine fibrous zein membranes were produced by electrospinning of an 80 wt% ethanol aqueous solution. The morphology of fibers was affected by parameters such as polymer concentration and electric field. As the concentration of the solution increased, wrinkled beads became fewer and fibers became thicker. Fibers were mainly generated above a polymer concentration of 21 wt% with an electric field of 15 kV. However, with a 30 kV field fibers were already generated above 18 wt%. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
<b> <i>CYP3A4</i> </b>, <b> <i>CYP3A5</i> </b>, and <b> <i>CYP3A43</i> </b> Genotypes and Haplotypes in the Etiology and Severity of Prostate Cancer (2004)

The CYP3A genes reside on chromosome 7q21 in a multigene cluster. The enzyme products of CYP3A4 and CYP3A43 are involved in testosterone metabolism. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 have been associated previously with prostate cancer occurrence and severity. To comprehensively examine the effects of these genes on prostate cancer occurrence and severity, we studied 622 incident prostate cancer cases and 396 controls. Substantial and race-specific linkage disequilibrium was observed between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in both races but not between other pairs of loci. We found no association of CYP3A5 genotypes with prostate cancer or disease severity. CYP3A43*3 was associated with family history-positive prostate cancer (age- and race-adjusted odds ratio = 5.86, 95% confidence interval, 1.10-31.16). CYP3A4*1B was associated inversely with the probability of having prostate cancer in Caucasians (age-adjusted odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.94). We also observed significant interactions among these loci associated with prostate cancer occurrence and severity. There were statistically significant differences in haplotype frequencies involving these three genes in high-stage cases (P < 0.05) compared with controls. The observation that CYP3A4 and CYP3A43 were associated with prostate cancer, are not in linkage equilibrium, and are both involved in testosterone metabolism, suggest that both CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A43*3 may influence the probability of having prostate cancer and disease severity.