gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical and Morphological Studies of Ceramic Carbon Electrodes for Fuel Cell Systems (2011)

Ceramic carbon electrodes were prepared via polymerization of silane materials containing sulfonic acid groups in the presence of Pt/Vulcan XC72. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the effects of sulfonic acid functionalities on platinum utilization and proton conductivity, as well as CCE microstructure. It has been determined that incorporation of small amounts of sulfonated silane to the CCE structure can lead to a profound enhancement of proton conductivity despite decreases in BET surface area. Retention of surface area was achieved through combination of sulfonated and unsulfonated organosilane precursors. These composite samples show improved performance during fuel cell testing than for CCEs prepared using unsulfonated precursors.
Collaborative Writing on GitHub (2018)

Social coding platforms such as GitHub are increasingly becoming a digital workspace for the production of non-software digital artifacts. Since GitHub offers unique features that are different from traditional ways of collaborative writing, it is interesting to investigate how GitHub features are used for writing. In this paper, we present the preliminary findings of a mixed-methods, case study of collaboration practices in a GitHub book project. We found that the use of GitHub depended on task interdependence and audience participation. GitHub's direct push method was used to coordinate both loosely- and tightly-coupled work, with the latter requiring collaborators to follow socially-accepted conventions. The pull-based method was adopted once the project was released to the public. While face-to-face and online meetings were prominent in the early phases, GitHub's issues became instrumental for communication and project management in later phases. Our findings have implications for the design of collaborative writing tools.
Laser isolation of shunted regions in industrial solar cells (2007)

Abstract This paper provides proof of concept for a technique that uses laser‐ablated grooves to locally isolate shunted regions in industrial silicon solar cells. The shunted regions are located using photoluminescence imaging and then isolated from the active cell area with a Nd:YAG laser. By applying this shunt isolation technique, we demonstrate that a strongly shunted 9·6% efficient industrial screen‐printed solar cell could be recovered to 13·3%. With further development this technique could be applied in an industrial environment to mitigate yield losses and improve average cell efficiencies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyrimidine reactions. Part XX. Thermal rearrangement of 5-(p-substituted phenyl)-2(and 4)-methoxypyrimidines (1970)

2(and 4)-Methoxy-5-phenylpyrimidine and some p-substituted derivatives are rearranged by heating in triethylamine to give the corresponding N-methyl-2(or 4)-oxopyrimidines. The log k1 values for rearrangement of the 2-methoxypyrimidines show a rectilinear relationship to the known σ values for p-substituted phenyl groups, save when such values are highly negative. 4-Methoxy-5-phenylpyrimidine and its p-nitro-derivative rearrange more rapidly than their respective 2-methoxy-isomers; in addition, each gives a mixture of N-1 and N-3 methylated products in which the latter predominates. These facts are consistent with the recently proposed intermolecular and ionic nature of such rearrangements. Some of the intermediate 2-hydroxy-5-phenylpyrimidines and their N-methyl derivatives are made by a novel modification of the principal pyrimidine synthesis, namely condensation of urea or N-methylurea with 3-imino-2-phenylpropionaldehyde or a derivative. 1H N.m.r. and u.v. spectra are used to follow rearrangements and to confirm structures.
Efficient firmware implementation of a multichannel scanning receiver for surveillance applications (2012)

The aim of the present work is to develop new approaches on surveillance receiver systems offering a wide input frequency range, instantaneous bandwidth and scanning speed at reduced costs, size and power consumption. In this paper, the architecture of a multichannel receiver and its interfaces is proposed. Detailed focus is put on the FPGA firmware and software architecture, that has been implemented in the receiver and in a remote-control software on a PC. One of the key design considerations is the segmentation of functions into FPGA firmware or software running on a processor included inside the FPGA. These design considerations are explained. Also a communication protocol is derived from this architecture. A ressource efficient implementation is presented, that integrates base band processing and the corresponding remote control logic of up to four receiver channels in a single FPGA providing an instantaneous bandwidth of up to 50 MHz.
Relations between acoustic and articulatory measurements of /l/ (2012)

Variation in the production of English /l/ has received significant study. It has been characterized in terms of categorical allophones, in terms of acoustic properties, and in terms of articulatory timing. Using a parallel corpus of acoustic-articulatory data from two speakers of American English, this study looks at the relations between acoustic and articulatory measurements of /l/ across words in corpus of read speech. We find significant negative correlations between F1 and tongue tip height and significant positive correlations between F2 and tongue body retraction. Additionally, we find that the relative timing of tongue tip and tongue back gestures in our data are consistent with past work on positional variants of /l/.
Rapid<sup>31</sup>P spectroscopy on a 4‐T whole‐body system (1988)

Initial 31P spectroscopy results from a 4-T whole-body system are reported. Localized spectra from the human head, liver, and calf were obtained using DRESS, slice-interleaved DRESS, and volume 3DFT spectroscopic imaging techniques. Substantial reductions in data acquisition times to 10 s-4 min were achieved relative to previous similar experiments at 1.5 T. Some gain in spectral resolution (as measured in ppm) was also realized in the head.
Azaprostaglandins. Synthesis and antiulcer activity of 11-deoxy-8-azaprostaglandin analogues. (1983)

We describe the synthesis and the antiulcer activity of new 11-deoxy-8-aza-PGE1 analogues (III a) and its C15-epimer (III b), (IV a) and its C15-epimer (IV b), featured by a triple bond in place of the C13-C14 trans double bond and a 16,16-dimethyl-17-oxabutyl omega-chain, respectively.
In vivo recognition of a vertebrate mini-exon as an exon-intron-exon unit. (1993)

Very small vertebrate exons are problematic for RNA splicing because of the proximity of their 3' and 5' splice sites. In this study, we investigated the recognition of a constitutive 7-nucleotide mini-exon from the troponin I gene that resides quite close to the adjacent upstream exon. The mini-exon failed to be included in spliced RNA when placed in a heterologous gene unless accompanied by the upstream exon. The requirement for the upstream exon disappeared when the mini-exon was internally expanded, suggesting that the splice sites bordering the mini-exon are compatible with those of other constitutive vertebrate exons and that the small size of the exon impaired inclusion. Mutation of the 5' splice site of the natural upstream exon did not result in either exon skipping or activation of a cryptic 5' splice site, the normal vertebrate phenotypes for such mutants. Instead, a spliced RNA accumulated that still contained the upstream intron. In vitro, the mini-exon failed to assemble into spliceosome complexes unless either internally expanded or accompanied by the upstream exon. Thus, impaired usage of the mini-exon in vivo was accompanied by impaired recognition in vitro, and recognition of the mini-exon was facilitated by the presence of the upstream exon in vivo and in vitro. Cumulatively, the atypical in vivo and in vitro properties of the troponin exons suggest a mechanism for the recognition of this mini-exon in which initial recognition of an exon-intron-exon unit is followed by subsequent recognition of the intron.
A data-motivated density-dependent diffusion model of in vitro glioblastoma growth (2015)

Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive brain cancer that is extremely fatal. It is characterized by both proliferation and large amounts of migration, which contributes to the difficulty of treatment. Previous models of this type of cancer growth often include two separate equations to model proliferation or migration. We propose a single equation which uses density-dependent diffusion to capture the behavior of both proliferation and migration. We analyze the model to determine the existence of traveling wave solutions. To prove the viability of the density-dependent diffusion function chosen, we compare our model with well-known in vitro experimental data.
OVA66, a Tumor Associated Protein, Induces Oncogenic Transformation of NIH3T3 Cells (2014)

The tumor associated antigen OVA66 has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in malignant tumors and implicated in various cellular processes. To further elucidate its oncogenic character, we established an OVA66 stably overexpressed NIH3T3 cell line and a vector transfected control, named NIH3T3-flagOVA66 and NIH3T3-mock, respectively. NIH3T3-flagOVA66 cells showed faster cell cycling, proliferation, cell migration and more resistance to 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. When NIH3T3-flagOVA66 and NIH3T3-mock cells were injected into nude mice for xenograft tumorigenicity assays, the NIH3T3-flagOVA66 cells formed tumors whereas no tumors were observed in mice inoculated with NIH3T3-mock cells. Analysis of PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways by serum stimulation indicated hyperactivation of AKT and ERK1/2 in NIH3T3-flagOVA66 cells compared with NIH3T3-mock cells, while a decreased level of p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 were observed in OVA66 knocked down HeLa cells. To further validate if the p-AKT or p-ERK1/2 is essential for OVA66 induced oncogenic transformation, we treated the cells with the PI3K/AKT specific inhibitor LY294002 and the ERK1/2 MAPK specific inhibitor PD98059 and found either inhibitor can attenuate the cell colony forming ability in soft agar and the cell viability of NIH3T3-flagOVA66 cells, suggesting aberrantly activated AKT and ERK1/2 signaling be indispensible of the tumorigenic role of OVA66. Our results indicate that OVA66 is important in oncogenic transformation, promoting proliferation, cell migration and reducing apoptosis via hyperactivating PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. Thus, OVA66 might be a novel target for early detection, prevention and treatment of tumors in the future.
Ozone Formation in Photochemical Oxidation of Organic Substances (1953)

Smog periods in the Los Angeles area are chemically characterized by a pronounced oxidizing effect, in the order of 0.6 p.p.m. (volume per volume), calculated as hydrogen peroxide, and usually measured by the liberation of iodine from neutral buffered potassium iodide solution.
The <scp>F</scp> ischer– <scp>T</scp> ropsch ( <scp>FT</scp> ) Synthesis Processes (2008)

The sections in this article are Brief History FT Synthesis as a Source of Fuels and Chemicals and its Viability Laboratory and Commercial FT Reactors Commercial FT Plants Past and Present Plants (Post-1945) Brownsville, TX, USA Rentech, Pueblo, CO, USA Sasol, South Africa [6-8] Sasol, South Africa PetroSA, South Africa Shell, Bintulu, Malaysia [12, 13] Shell, Bintulu, Malaysia FT Plants Being Constructed or Planned Qatar [14] Qatar Escravos, Nigeria [14] Escravos, Nigeria Exxon [15-17] Exxon Syntroleum [14, 18, 19] Syntroleum Other Activities in and Proposals for FT Operations [6, 14] Other Activities in and Proposals for FT Operations Catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Iron-Based Catalysts Catalysts for Wax Production Preparation Reduction and Conditioning Catalysts for the Production of Gasoline and Chemicals Preparation and Characterization Reduction and Conditioning Carbon Deposition During the FT Synthesis Alternative Iron-Based Catalysts Cobalt-Based Catalysts Cobalt Salts Used Supports for Cobalt Catalysts Reduction and Promoters Catalysts Based on Metals Other than Iron or Cobalt Deactivation of FT Catalysts Poisoning by Sulfur Compounds Deactivation of Iron Catalysts Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch (LTFT) Operation High-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch (HTFT) Operation Deactivation of Cobalt Catalysts Kinetics of the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Iron-Based Catalysts Cobalt-Based Catalysts Comparison of the Activity of Cobalt and Iron Catalysts FT Product Selectivities Primary and Secondary Reactions Product Distributions Control of Selectivity Temperature Catalyst Metals and Promoters Cobalt Catalysts Iron Catalysts Gas Composition and Pressures Iron Catalysts Cobalt Catalysts Alcohol Production Versatility of the FT Process and Product Quality Improvement Gasoline Diesel Fuel Chemicals Possible Surface Reactions and Mechanisms Development of Various Models Initial Reactions and Formation of Monomers Possibility of Various Mechanisms Operating Simultaneously The Misfits of C1 and C2 Compounds in the ASF Distributions Environmental Aspects (see Chapter 5 in Ref. [6]) Environmental Aspects (see Chapter 5 in Ref. )
Design and Implementation of an IoT Access Point for Smart Home (2015)

Network communication and micro-electro-mechanical embedded technologies have attracted much attention in recent years. Through these technologies, the capabilities of sensing, identification, and communication can be embedded in various smart devices. These smart devices can automatically connect to the Internet and form an intelligent network called Internet of Things (IoT). However, these devices are embedded with different wireless communication interfaces such as Wi-Fi and ZigBee. This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT access point that supports functionalities of coordination of various wireless transmission protocols. Based on the existing Wi-Fi access point, we have embedded a ZigBee module and implemented ZigBee and UPnP protocols into the designed IoT access point, which supports ZigBee communication capabilities over the Internet.
Data from "Label-free chemical imaging flow cytometry by high-speed multicolor stimulated Raman scattering" (2019)

Data from "Label-free chemical imaging flow cytometry by high-speed multicolor stimulated Raman scattering" published in PNAS.
Trust extension for commodity computers (2012)

A user's trust in a single device can be extended to many other devices.
Modulators of Small- and Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels and their Therapeutic Indications (2007)

Calcium-activated potassium channels modulate calcium signaling cascades and membrane potential in both excitable and non-excitable cells. In this article we will review the physiological properties, the structure activity relationships of the existing peptide and small molecule modulators and the therapeutic importance of the three small-conductance channels KCa2.1-KCa2.3 (a.k.a. SK1-SK3) and the intermediate-conductance channel KCa3.1 (a.k.a. IKCa1). The apamin-sensitive KCa2 channels contribute to the medium afterhyperpolarization and are crucial regulators of neuronal excitability. Based on behavioral studies with apamin and on observations made in several transgenic mouse models, KCa2 channels have been proposed as targets for the treatment of ataxia, epilepsy, memory disorders and possibly schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. In contrast, KCa3.1 channels are found in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, fibroblasts, proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelium and intestinal and airway epithelia and are therefore regarded as targets for various diseases involving these tissues. Since two classes of potent and selective small molecule KCa3.1 blocker, triarylmethanes and cyclohexadienes, have been identified, several of these postulates have already been validated in animal models. The triarylmethane ICA-17043 is currently in phase III clinical trials for sickle cell anemia while another triarylmethane, TRAM-34, has been shown to prevent vascular restenosis in rats and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Experiments showing that a cyclohexadiene KCa3.1 blocker reduces infarct volume in a rat subdural hematoma model further suggest KCa3.1 as a target for the treatment of traumatic and possibly ischemic brain injury. Taken together KCa2 and KCa3.1 channels constitute attractive new targets for several diseases that currently have no effective therapies.
Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in boar semen by PCR (1995)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a devastating disease in swine. The presence and transmission of PRRSV by boar semen has been demonstrated by using a swine bioassay. In this assay, 4- to 8-week-old pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with semen from PRRSV-infected boars. Seroconversion of these piglets indicated the presence of PRRSV in semen. Seroconversion in gilts has also been demonstrated following artificial insemination with semen from PRRSV-infected boars. These methods of detecting PRRSV in boar semen are time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable and sensitive PCR assay to directly detect PRRSV in boar semen. Primers from open reading frames 1b and 7 of the PRRSV genome were used in nested PCRs. Virus was detected at concentrations as low as 10 infectious virions per ml in PRRSV-spiked semen. Specificity was confirmed by using a nested PCR and a 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probe. The primers did not react with related arteriviruses or other swine viruses. The PCR assay showed good correlation with the swine bioassay, and both methods were superior to virus isolation. To consistently identify PRRSV in boar semen, the cell fraction was separated by centrifugation at 600 x g for 20 min, a lysis buffer without a reducing agent (2-mercaptoethanol) was used, and nondiluted and 1:20-diluted cell fractions were evaluated by PCR. PRRSV was not reliably detected in the seminal plasma fraction of boar semen.
Tetracyano-4,7-indanoquinodimethanes: The First TCNQs with an Indan Nucleus (1997)

8,8,9,9-Tetracyano-4,7-indanoquinodimethane and 5-chloro-8,8,9,9-tetracyano-4,7-indanoquinodimethane, the first members of the hitherto unreported family of tetracyanoindanoquinodimethanes, have been synthesized from the corresponding 4,7-indandicarboxylic acids by the method of Yamaguchi. The indan-TCNQs are part of a series of polycyclic TCNQs which include 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-9,10-anthraquinodimethane and 9,9,10,10-tetracyano-1,4-naphthoquinodimethane, that have been prepared in our laboratory. A disadvantage found with the earlier polycyclic TCNQs was to non-coplanarity of their rings and the dicyanomethylene moities: a planar system is essential to efficient electrical conductivity of TCNQs in CT salts. X-ray analysis has shown 8,8,9,9-tetracyano-4,7-indanoquinodimethane to be more planar compared with tetracyanoanthraquinodimethanes and tetracyanonaphthoquinodimethanes. The half-wave potentials of the chlorotetracyanoindanoquinodimethane show it to be a stronger electron acceptor than several known TCNQs and its cyclic voltammogram indicate two single electron reversible redox processes.
On the statistical efficiency of the LMS algorithm with nonstationary inputs (1984)

A fundamental relationship exists between the quality of an adaptive solution and the amount of data used in obtaining it. Quality is defined here in terms of "misadjustment," the ratio of the excess mean square error (mse) in an adaptive solution to the minimum possible mse. The higher the misadjustment, the lower the quality is. The quality of the exact least squares solution is compared with the quality of the solutions obtained by the orthogonalized and the conventional least mean square (LMS) algorithms with stationary and nonstationary input data. When adapting with noisy observations, a filter trained with a finite data sample using an exact least squares algorithms will have a misadjustment given by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M=\frac{n}{N}=\frac{number of weights}{number of training samples}</tex> If the same adaptive filter were trained with a steady flow of data using an ideal "orthogonalized LMS" algorithm, the misadjustment would be <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M=\frac{n}{4\tau_{\mse}}=\frac{number of weights}{number of training samples}</tex> Thus, for a given time constant <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\tau_{\mse}</tex> of the learning process, the ideal orthogonalized LMS algorithm will have about as low a misadjustment as can be achieved, since this algorithm performs essentially as an exact least squares algorithm with exponential data weighting. It is well known that when rapid convergence with stationary data is required, exact least squares algorithms can in certain cases outperform the conventional Widrow-Hoff LMS algorithm. It is shown here, however, that for an important class of nonstationary problems, the misadjustment of conventional LMS is the same as that of orthogonalized LMS, which in the stationary case is shown to perform essentially as an exact least squares algorithm.
ChemInform Abstract: A Low Temperature Method for the Synthesis of New Lead Selenite Chlorides: Pb<sub>3</sub>(SeO<sub>3</sub>)(SeO<sub>2</sub>OH)Cl<sub>3</sub> and Pb<sub>3</sub>(SeO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Characterization, modeling of 10-kV SiC JBS diodes and their application prospect in X-ray generators (2009)

The 10-kV Silicon Carbide (SiC) Junction Barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes are currently being developed by a number of organizations in the United States with the aim to enable their applications in high voltage power conversions. The aim of this paper is to characterize and model the 10-kV SiC JBS diode so that their prospect and benefits in power electronic systems can be provided. Using the SPICE model of the 10-kV 5A SiC JBS diode, the advantages of 10-kV SiC JBS diodes in the application of X-ray generators were shown by PSPICE simulations for the first time. The simulation results predict that the 10-kV SiC JBS diodes based high voltage rectifiers in X-ray generators can greatly reduce the number of series diodes required and power loss than compared to the 1-kV silicon ultra fast recovery diodes based rectifiers.