gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A randomized placebo-controlled trial of erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following failure of 1<sup>st</sup> line or 2<sup>nd</sup> line chemotherapy. A National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CTG) trial (2004)

7022 Background: In phase II studies, erlotinib has shown single agent activity in a number of tumor types, including NSCLC. NCIC CTG BR.21 is a randomized, placebo-controlled trial undertaken to determine if the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib (Tarceva) prolongs survival in NSCLC patients after 1st or 2nd line chemotherapy. Methods: Eligibility criteria included stage IIIB/IV NSCLC, PS 0–3, 1–2 chemotherapy regimens (at least 1 combination regimen if < 70 yrs). Patients were stratified by center, PS (0,1 v 2,3), response to chemo (CR, PR v SD v PD), number of prior regimens (1 v 2), platinum (yes v no), and were randomized 2:1 to receive erlotinib 150 mg po/day or placebo. The 10 endpoint was survival with 20 endpoints of progression free survival (PFS), response, toxicity and QOL. Results: From Nov/01-Feb/03, 731 pts entered the study (median age 61y; 64% male; 67% PS 0,1). 50% had received 2 prior regimens, 93% had received platinum and 37% prior taxanes. Patient characteristics were well balanced. Overall response to erlotinib was 8.9% (95% CI: 6.6–12.0%, p < 0.001), median duration 34.2 wks. Statistically significant and clinically relevant differences were observed for overall survival and PFS. The planned primary QOL analysis, time to deterioration of patient reported symptoms (TTDS), showed statistically and clinically meaningful benefit for patients randomized to erlotinib. Rash and diarrhea were the most frequent symptoms; 5% of patients discontinued erlotinib for toxicity compared to 2% of patients on placebo. Conclusion: This is the first randomized trial to confirm that a Her1/EGFR inhibitor prolongs survival after 1st or 2nd line chemotherapy for NSCLC. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration OSI Pharmaceuticals OSI Pharmaceuticals OSI Pharmaceuticals partially funded by a grant to the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group from OSI Pharmaceuticals
Randomized comparison of busulfan and hydroxyurea in chronic myelogenous leukemia: prolongation of survival by hydroxyurea. The German CML Study Group (1993)

In a randomized multicenter study the influence of hydroxyurea versus busulfan on the duration of the chronic phase and on survival of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was determined. In addition cross resistance and adverse reactions of the drugs were analyzed. From July 1983 to January 1991, 441 CML patients were randomized to receive hydroxyurea or busulfan. Of these, 90.7% were Philadelphia positive; 25.7% were low, 38.2% intermediate, and 36.2% high risk patients according to Sokal's score. The median survival of the busulfan treated Philadelphia-positive patients is 45.4 months and of the hydroxyurea group 58.2 months (P = .008). The survival advantage for the hydroxyurea treated patients is recognized in all risk groups. Sixty four patients reached therapy resistance before blast crisis and were crossed over to the alternative drug. The 23 patients with primary hydroxyurea had a median survival of 5.6 years, the 41 patients with primary busulfan therapy a median survival of 2.7 years (P = .02). Adverse reactions were less frequent with hydroxyurea with no severe adverse effects (lung fibrosis, long lasting bone marrow aplasia). The analysis of white blood cell counts in the course of treatment showed lower counts in the hydroxyurea patients. We conclude that hydroxyurea is superior to busulfan in therapy of CML in chronic phase and should be used as first line therapy. Busulfan may have a role as secondary therapy after hydroxyurea resistance or intolerance.
New characteristic signatures from time‐dependent static light scattering during polymer depolymerization, with application to proteoglycan subunit degradation (1995)

Abstract Models were developed for the time‐dependent light scattering intensity for simply branched (“comb”) polymers undergoing one or more of three distinguishable degradation mechanisms: (a) stripping off the side chains, (b) randomly degrading off the side chains, and (c) randomly degrading the backbone. The model equations were applied to the analysis of different types of degradation of simply branched biopolymers—bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan subunits (or “monomers”); NaOH stripped off the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains from the protein backbone [mechanism (a)], whereas hyaluronidase seemed to randomly cleave the GAG side chains [mechanism (b)], and HCl both stripped the GAG side chains and randomly cleaved the protein backbone [combined mechanisms (a) and (c)]. The reactions were followed with time‐dependent multiangle, static light scattering. The time‐resolved total scattering technique allowed degradation rate constants and percentage of material in the branched polymer backbone and side chains to be determined, in addition to the mechanisms involved. These new time‐dependent light scattering profiles are added to the growing library of functions from which deductions can be made concerning polymer structure and associated degradation mechanisms and kinetics. These conclusions, drawn from time‐dependent “batch” light scattering, are substantiated by preliminary size exclusion chromatography results and chemical binding assays for sulfated GAGs. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high structural perfection CdTe on Si using a (Ca,Ba)F2 buffer layer (1986)

Epitaxial CdTe has been grown onto Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with the aid of a graded CaF2-BaF2 buffer layer. The buffer of ∼2000 Å thickness was used to overcome the large lattice mismatch of 19%; it was deposited by MBE in a separate system. The ∼10-μm-thick CdTe films exhibited specular surfaces and showed strong photoluminescence. The width of the near-band-edge peak at 77 K was 12 meV, and (333) x-ray lines were about 80 arc s wide. These values indicate a high structural quality, comparable to well-known CdTe layers on alternate substrates like GaAs, InSb, or sapphire.
A backlight dimming algorithm for low power and high image quality LCD applications (2009)

A new backlight dimming algorithm is proposed to reduce power consumption of backlight and improve image quality in LCD applications. The proposed algorithm is consisted of two new techniques: the brightness modulation of the backlight and pixel compensation. The power saving ratio of four typical benchmarking images is 14-43% by using proposed brightness modulation algorithm. The proposed pixel compensation removes the clipping artifact and unnecessary luminance reduction. The proposed backlight dimming algorithm is demonstrated on 7-inch TFTLCD with LED backlight.
All-optical on-chip bit memory based on ultra high Q InGaAsP photonic crystal (2008)

We demonstrate all-optical bit memory operation with photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities based on an InGaAsP substrate with a band gap at a wavelength of about 1.3 microm. The optical bistability is based on a refractive index modulation caused by carrier-plasma dispersion. The operating energy required for switching is only 30 fJ, and the minimum optical bias power for bistability is 40 microW, which is about one hundred times less than that required for laser based bistable memories.
A single-electron shut-off transistor for a scalable sub-0.1 μm memory (2002)

The developed single-electron shut-off (SESO) transistor has a leakage current in the range of 10/sup -19/ A (less than one electron per 100 ms; typical DRAM refresh cycle) or better, and it ushers in an era of opportunities for 4-Gb-or-larger post-DRAM memories. In its ultra-thin (2 nm) polycrystalline silicon film, electron hopping between traps is dramatically suppressed because of its limited number of neighboring traps and the Coulomb blockade effect. A SESO memory gain cell using the SESO transistor, has an over 3,000 second retention time even without a memory capacitor.
Nuclease-mediated gene editing by homologous recombination of the human globin locus (2013)

Tal-effector nucleases (TALENs) are engineered proteins that can stimulate precise genome editing through specific DNA double-strand breaks. Sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia are common genetic disorders caused by mutations in β-globin, and we engineered a pair of highly active TALENs that induce modification of 54% of human β-globin alleles near the site of the sickle mutation. These TALENS stimulate targeted integration of therapeutic, full-length beta-globin cDNA to the endogenous β-globin locus in 19% of cells prior to selection as quantified by single molecule real-time sequencing. We also developed highly active TALENs to human γ-globin, a pharmacologic target in sickle cell disease therapy. Using the β-globin and γ-globin TALENs, we generated cell lines that express GFP under the control of the endogenous β-globin promoter and tdTomato under the control of the endogenous γ-globin promoter. With these fluorescent reporter cell lines, we screened a library of small molecule compounds for their differential effect on the transcriptional activity of the endogenous β- and γ-globin genes and identified several that preferentially upregulate γ-globin expression.
Multiplexed analysis of silver(i) and mercury(ii) ions using oligonucletide–metal nanoparticle conjugates (2011)

A colorimetric assay has been developed for the simultaneous selective detection of silver(I) and mercury(II) ions utilizing metal nanoparticles (NPs) as sensing element based on their unique surface plasmon resonance properties. In this method, sulfhydryl group modified cytosine-(C)-rich ssDNA (SH-C-ssDNA) was self-assembled on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to produce the AuNPs-C-ssDNA complex, and sulfhydryl group modified thymine-(T)-rich ssDNA (SH-T-ssDNA) was self-assembled on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to produce the AgNPs-T-ssDNA complex. Oligonucleotides (SH-C-ssDNA or SH-T-ssDNA) could enhance the AuNPs or AgNPs against salt-induced aggregation. However, the presence of silver(I) ions (Ag(+)) in the complex of ssDNA-AuNPs would reduce the stability of AuNPs due to the formation of Ag(+) mediated C-Ag(+)-C base pairs accompanied with the AuNPs color change from red to purple or even to dark blue. Moreover, the presence of mercury(II) ions (Hg(2+)) would also reduce the stability of AgNPs due to the formation of Hg(2+) mediated T-Hg(2+)-T base pairs accompanied with the AgNPs color change from yellow to brown, then to dark purple. The presence of both Ag(+) and Hg(2+) will reduce the stability of both AuNPs and AgNPs and cause the visible color change. As a result, Ag(+) and Hg(2+) could be detected qualitatively and quantitatively by the naked eye or by UV-vis spectral measurement. The lowest detectable concentration of a 5 nM mixture of Ag(+) and Hg(2+) in the river water was gotten by the UV-vis spectral measurement.
Teleology and Tutelage in Plato's <i>Republic</i> (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: I II III IV V
Infantile bilateral striatal necrosis maps to chromosome 19q (2004)

IBSN maps to the chromosomal region 19q13.32-13.41. The presence of a common haplotype in all the patients suggests that the disease is caused by a single mutation derived from a single ancestral founder in all the families.
On the high-frequency response of a Rogowski coil (1963)

In this paper a Rogowski coil with a capacitive shieid is treated as a distributed circuit, so that the toroidally wound coil acts as a delay line. It is shown that, in general, the high-frequency response is limited by the transit time around this delay line, and for times greater than this transit time the individual circuit elements act as lumped impedances. However, if the flow of the current to be measured is such that it is symmetrical with respect to the toroidal coil (so that the voltage induced per unit length along the coil, when the current changes, is constant), the transient response becomes less than the transit time for a termination whose impedance is small compared with that of the toroidal coil. The best results may be obtained with an inductive termination whose impedance has the same phase angle as the impedance of the toroidal coil; and for this termination the output is proportional to the rate of change of current.
Substrate cycling between pyruvate and oxaloacetate in awake normal and 3,3'-5-triiodo-L-thyronine-treated rats (1994)

Substrate cycling between pyruvate and oxaloacetate was assessed in awake 24-h fasted normal and triiodothyronine (T3)-treated rats. After a 20- or 60-min infusion of [3-13C]alanine (99% enriched, 12 mg/min) the 13C enrichments of liver glucose and alanine carbons were analyzed by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Substrate cycling from phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate [via pyruvate kinase (PK)] and from oxaloacetate to pyruvate [via malic enzyme (ME)] relative to the pyruvate carboxylase (PC) flux [i.e., (PK+ME)/PC] was assessed by the ratio of the 13C enrichment of C-2 alanine relative to that in C-5 glucose. In the normal rats (PK+ME)/PC was 0.26 +/- 0.07 (n = 7, t = 20 min) and 0.37 +/- 0.08 (n = 4, t = 60 min). In the T3-treated rats the (PK+ME)/PC increased four- to fivefold to 1.03 +/- 0.19 (n = 8, t = 20 min) and to 1.83 +/- 0.19 (n = 3, t = 60 min) (P < 0.05 vs. normal rats). The liver enzyme activity of PK did not change with T3 treatment (normal 14.22 +/- 5.25 U/g liver vs. T3 treated 13.40 +/- 1.10 U/g liver), whereas both the enzyme activity ratio of PK (normal 0.47 +/- 0.15 vs. T3 treated 0.77 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05) and the activity of ME (normal 0.89 +/- 0.30 U/g liver vs. T3 treated 4.25 +/- 0.60 U/g liver, P < 0.05) increased with T3 treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photoinduced Thiol−Ene Coupling as a Click Ligation Tool for Thiodisaccharide Synthesis (2009)

The high efficiency and selectivity of the thiol-ene radical reaction has been validated by the photoinduced coupling of anomeric sugar thiols with sugar alkenes to give 1,6-linked S-disaccharides in good to excellent yields (76-92%) and high diastereoselectivities (up to 99%). The reaction appears to be well-qualified as an exemplar click process.
Study of surface pitots for measuring turbulent skin friction at supersonic Mach numbers - Adiabatic wall (1966)

Calibration of surface pitot tubes for measuring turbulent skin friction at supersonic speeds - adiabatic wall
Accurate Estimation of Energy Requirements of Young Patients (2014)

The provision of optimal nutritional care is based on accurate estimations of patients' resting energy expenditure. The latter can be calculated with the use of predictive equations or measured with indirect calorimetry (IC). Owing to their ease of use, mathematical equations have largely replaced IC in clinical practice. This article examines the limitations and predictive inaccuracy of commonly used equations in pediatrics, which may contribute to the provision of poor nutritional care and directly affect patient outcomes. In addition, the role of IC is discussed and the physiology of nutrient metabolism, in terms of energy expenditure, is reviewed.
General Framework of Optimal Tool Trajectory Planning for Free-Form Surfaces in Surface Manufacturing (2005)

Surface manufacturing is a process of adding material to or removing material from the surfaces of a part. Spray painting, spray forming, rapid tooling, spray coating, and polishing are some of the typical applications of surface manufacturing, where industrial robots are usually used. Tool planning for industrial robots in surface manufacturing is a challenging research topic. Typical teaching methods are not affordable any more because products are subject to a shorter product life, frequent design changes, small lot sizes, and small in-process inventory restrictions. An automatic tool trajectory planning process is hence desirable for tool trajectory planning of industrial robots. Based on the computer-aided design model of a part, the tool model, task constraints, and optimization criteria, a general framework of optimal tool trajectory planning in surface manufacturing is developed. Optimal tool trajectories are generated by approximately solving a multiobjective optimization problem. To test if the generated trajectory satisfies the given constraints, a trajectory verification model is developed. Simulations are performed to determine if the given constraints are satisfied. Simulation results show that the optimal tool trajectory planning framework can be applied to generate trajectories for a variety of applications in surface manufacturing. This general framework can also be extended to other applications such as dimensional inspection and demining.
Crucial Role for BAFF-BAFF-R Signaling in the Survival and Maintenance of Mature B Cells (2009)

Defects in the expression of either BAFF (B cell activating factor) or BAFF-R impairs B cell development beyond the immature, transitional type-1 stage and thus, prevents the formation of follicular and marginal zone B cells, whereas B-1 B cells remain unaffected. The expression of BAFF-R on all mature B cells might suggest a role for BAFF-R signaling also for their in vivo maintenance. Here, we show that, 14 days following a single injection of an anti-BAFF-R mAb that prevents BAFF binding, both follicular and marginal zone B cell numbers are drastically reduced, whereas B-1 cells are not affected. Injection of control, isotype-matched but non-blocking anti-BAFF-R mAbs does not result in B cell depletion. We also show that this depletion is neither due to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity nor to complement-mediated lysis. Moreover, prevention of BAFF binding leads to a decrease in the size of the B cell follicles, an impairment of a T cell dependent humoral immune response and a reduction in the formation of memory B cells. Collectively, these results establish a central role for BAFF-BAFF-R signaling in the in vivo survival and maintenance of both follicular and marginal zone B cell pools.
Polyglycolic acid microneedles modified with inkjet-deposited antifungal coatings (2021)

In this study, the authors examined use of piezoelectric inkjet printing to apply an antifungal agent, voriconazole, to the surfaces of biodegradable polyglycolic acid microneedles. Polyglycolic acid microneedles with sharp tips (average tip radius = 25 ± 3 μm) were prepared using a combination of injection molding and drawing lithography. The elastic modulus (9.9 ± 0.3 GPa) and hardness (588.2 ± 33.8 MPa) values of the polyglycolic acid material were determined using nanoindentation and were found to be suitable for use in transdermal drug delivery devices. Voriconazole was deposited onto the polyglycolic acid microneedles by means of piezoelectric inkjet printing. It should be noted that voriconazole has poor solubility in water; however, it is readily soluble in many organic solvents. Optical imaging, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were utilized to examine the microneedle geometries and inkjet-deposited surface coatings. F...
Quality changes of Antarctic krill powder during long term storage (2016)

Krill is a valuable sustainable resource of omega‐3 fatty acids and protein, which may be processed into a krill powder for human consumption. The objective of this study was to investigate the stability of krill powder when stored for up to 12 months at room temperature. In addition, the effect of packaging in vacuum was observed. The stability was assessed by changes in concentrations of lipid classes, antioxidants, pyrroles and lipid, and Strecker‐derived volatiles. Some degradation occurred during storage at room temperature. Thus, a minor increase in volatiles, an increase in free fatty acids and a concomitant decrease in antioxidants, tocopherol, and astaxanthin was observed. In addition, there was a minor decrease in phospholipids and n‐3 fatty acids; however, storage at vacuum improved the oxidative stability of krill powder. Practical applications: For the use of krill powder in human nutrition, it is important, that the quality and stability is sufficiently high to retain the nutritional value during storage. This study contributes with information about the stability during storage up to 12 months at room temperature and the effect of packaging the powder in vacuum. Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) is a shrimp‐like marine crustacean. It is rich in omega‐3 fatty acids, primarily bound in phospholipids in the sn‐2 position of the molecule, making it highly bioavailable. Krill may be processed into powder also rich in protein and astaxanthin. Stability of krill powder, stored for up to 12 months at room temperature, showed slight lipid oxidation.
Biliary glycoprotein (BGP) expression on T cells and on a natural-killer-cell sub-population (1996)

Human T and natural-killer (NK) cells, that are thought to be the major cytotoxic effector-cell populations in the defence against neoplastic cells, were isolated from blood and decidua in order to analyze their expression of carcinoembronic-antigen-(CEA)-family-member proteins. Biliary glycoprotein (BGP,CD66a) was the only member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family detected. While freshly isolated T-cells expressed low amounts of BGP, freshly isolated NK cells were negative. After in vitro stimulation for 3 days, T cells up-regulated their BGP expression and a sub-group of NK cells (CD16- CD56+), known to predominate in decidua revealed de novo expression of BGP. In contrast, stimulated CD16+ CD56+ NK cells, which occur exclusively in the blood, remained negative. The expression of BGP could be shown on the protein level by using a panel of 12 well-defined MAbs and on the transcription level in rt-PCR and subsequent oligonucleotide hybridization. Interestingly, rIL-2-stimulated T cells expressed 3-fold higher levels of BGP compared with those seen after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). PHA, on the other hand, induced a higher expression of HLA-DR, an activation marker of T cells. The differential regulation implies a distinct function of BGP and HLA-DR.
ChemInform Abstract: Purification of Proteins by Membrane Chromatography (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A neuromorphic aVLSI model of global motion processing in the fly (2000)

Flies orientate themselves quickly in an unstructured environment through motion information computed from their low-resolution compound eyes. The fly visual system is an example of a robust motion system that works in a natural environment. In this paper, the author describes a low-power analog very large scale integration (aVLSI) chip that models motion computation in the fly. The architecture of this motion chip closely follows the anatomical layout of of the fly visual layers. The output of the chip corresponds to the responses of the wide-field direction-selective cells in the final layer of the visual system. The silicon chip has a one-dimensional array of 37 elementary motion detectors (EMDs) each of which provides local motion information. The EMD outputs are aggregated in a nonlinear way to produce a motion output that is independent of the stimulus size and contrast. The author employed various circuit techniques to ensure robust motion computation in each processing stage. Results from the circuit fabricated in a 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology are compared with the responses of the direction-selective cells.