gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A quantitative assessment of the role of the chaperonin proteins in protein folding in vivo (1996)

In vitro the chaperonin proteins, GroEL and GroES, facilitate the folding of some other proteins under conditions where that process does not occur spontaneously. Using values drawn from a number of such in vitro studies, together with the known rates of in vivo protein synthesis by Escherichia coli and the known quantities of GroEL and GroES in E. coli, an assessment of the general role of these proteins in protein folding in vivo has been made. Three specific cases are examined, where compelling evidence points to the involvement of the chaperonins; the in vivo folding of the bacteriophage coat protein during the burst phase of phage morphogenesis and of Rubisco during chloroplast development and during expression of recombinant Rubisco in E. coli. In each case the maximum in vitro rates are nearly sufficient to account for the observed in vivo rates of formation of the native protein. However, in general, there appears to be sufficient GroEL and GroES to facilitate the folding of no more than 5% of all of the proteins within E. coli.
The nucleotide sequence of<i>leuC</i>from<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (1990)

The leuABCD operon of Salmonella typhimurium encodes ACKNOWLEDGEMENT enzymes involved in the conversion of a-ketoisovalerate to leucine (1). leuC and leuD encode the two polypeptides that make National Institutes of Health. up isopropylmalate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.3) (2). The nucleotide sequence of leuD was reported previously (3). Below is shown the nucleotide sequence of leuC, together with the deduced amino REFERENCES acid sequence of the longest open reading frame. The predicted 1.
Expression of immunoglobulin genes in the avian embryo bone marrow revealed by retroviral transformation (1991)

Analysis of the early stages of avian B lymphocyte differentiation has been hampered by the low frequency of extra-bursal B lineage cells in sites of hematopoiesis. Consequently, little is known about B lineage precursors prior to their migration into the bursa of Fabricius. Colonization of the bursa typically occurs between about days 8 and 14 of embryonic (e) development, although cells which can colonize the bursa, functionally defined as pre-bursal stem cells, can be demonstrated in embryo bone marrow up until about the time of hatch. As a novel approach to analyzing early stages of avian B lymphocyte development, we show here that transformed B lineage cells can be derived from chick embryo bone marrow after infection in vitro with the replication-defective retrovirus REV-T produced in the context of the non-cytopathic CSV helper virus. Thus, exposure of day 14e-15e chick embryo bone marrow cells to REV-T (CSV) results in the generation of transformed, polyclonal lines of cells. From these lines, cells expressing cell surface immunoglobulin were readily isolated by flow cytometric cell sorting and single cell cloning. Analysis of the phenotype of REV-T(CSV)-transformed clones with a panel of monoclonal antibody reagents demonstrated that transformation by v-rel likely leads to marked changes in cell surface antigen expression. Nonetheless, clones expressing cell surface immunoglobulin expressed apparently normal mRNA for immunoglobulin mu and light chain and contained apparently normal immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene rearrangements. Furthermore, no evidence for chromosomal deletions or aberrations of the Ig loci was detected among either sIg+ or sIg- REV-T(CSV)-transformed clones.
Blockchain reputation-based consensus: A scalable and resilient mechanism for distributed mistrusting applications (2020)

Consensus mechanisms in blockchain applications allow mistrusting peers to agree on the global state of the chain. Most of the existing consensus mechanisms, however, are constrained by low efficiency and high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose the Blockchain Reputation-Based Consensus (BRBC) mechanism in which a node must have the reputation score higher than a given network trust threshold before being allowed to insert a new block in the chain. A randomly-selected set of judges monitors the behaviour of each node involved in the consensus and updates the node reputation score. Every cooperative behaviour results in a reward, and a non-cooperative or malicious behaviour results in a punishment. BRBC also uses the reputation score to revoke access to nodes with a reputation score below a given threshold. We present a security analysis, and we demonstrate that BRBC resists against a set of known attacks in the blockchain network. Finally, we simulate a blockchain network to assert the mechanism scalability and resilience to malicious actions in various network scenarios and different rates of malicious actions. The results show BRBC to be efficient to expel all nodes that acted with more than 50% of malicious actions.
Down regulation of intimin expression during attaching and effacing enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adhesion (1997)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produces attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions in the intestinal mucosa. The intimate bacterial adhesion associated with A/E lesion formation is promoted by intimin, a 94-kDa EPEC surface protein. Anti-intimin antisera raised in rabbits by using the purified 280-amino-acid cell binding domain of intimin as the immunogen were employed in immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopical studies to investigate the expression of intimin by classical EPEC strain E2348/69 (O127:H6) and defined E2348/69 derivatives during culture growth and A/E bacterium adhesion to cultured HEp-2 cells. In stationary-phase broth cultures, only a small fraction of E2348/69 bacteria expressed intimin, and of those that did, immunolabelling revealed a uniform distribution of intimin over the bacterial surface; increased numbers of bacteria expressing intimin were detected when E2348/69 was grown in tissue culture medium, an effect not seen with strain JPN15, a virulence plasmid-cured derivative of E2348/69. Strain CVD206, an eaeA mutant of E2348/69, did not stain with the anti-intimin antisera, but strain CVD206(pCVD438), containing a functional eaeA gene, stained uniformly. After a 3-h incubation of HEp-2 cells with strain E2348/69, double immunofluorescence labelling of intimin and cellular actin revealed strong intimin expression by all A/E bacteria, but after 6 h of incubation, intimin expression by most E2348/69 bacteria was greatly reduced or not detected. This effect on intimin expression was not observed with strain JPN15 but was restored for strain JPN15(pCVD450) harboring the virulence plasmid-encoded per genes. These results indicate that surface expression of intimin is regulated by environmental factors during bacterial growth and following A/E lesion formation and that virulence plasmid-encoded genes participate in these regulation processes.
Phospholipid Binding Plasma Proteins Required for Antiphospholipid Antibody Detection—An Overview (1997)

Some aPA recognize phospholipids directly, however, the majority and many which correlate with pathology target phospholipid binding proteins. Published data indicate that aPA represent a constellation of antibodies with multiple specificities. Insight into mechanisms responsible for aPA-associated thrombosis should provide a basis for treatment.
Correlation between the response of the heart to sympathetic stimulation and the release of endogenous catecholamines into the coronary sinus of the dog. (1975)

The relationship between the increase in catecholamine levels of the coronary sinus blood and the amplitude of various cardiac responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation was studied in anesthetized dogs. Plasma catecholamine levels in both coronary sinus and aortic blood were measured by a modification of the radiometric enzymatic assay for tissue catecholamines and were found to be 0.622 plus or minus 0.104 (SE) ng/ml and 0.933 plus or minus 0.116 ng/ml, respectively, under basal conditions. The catecholamine levels in coronary sinus blood increased linearly during right cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation up to a frequency of 10 Hz. At this frequency, maximum values were observed in both coronary sinus blood catecholamine levels and cardiac responses. The correlation between the response in heart rate, mean coronary blood flow, and dP/dt of left ventricular pressure and the increase in endogenous catecholamine levels of coronary sinus blood was significant, but the relationship was nonlinear. The present experimental design may prove to be a reliable means of studying the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of cardiovascular function in vivo.
Purification and Characterization of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase from Vitis vinifera L. cv Muscat de Frontignan Cell Cultures (1993)

A geranyl diphosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.1), which catalyzes the formation of geranyl diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, was isolated from Vitis vinifera L. cv Muscat de Frontignan cell cultures. Purification of the enzyme was achieved successively by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, hydroxylapatite, Mono Q, Phenyl Superose, Superose 12, and preparative nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme formed only geranyl diphosphate as a product. In all cases, neither neryl diphosphate, the cis isomer, nor farnesyl diphosphate was detected. The enzyme showed a native molecular mass of 68 [plus or minus] 5 kD as determined by gel permeation. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, geranyl diphosphate synthase purified to electrophoretic homogeneity migrated with a molecular mass of 66 [plus or minus] 2 kD. Michaelis constants for isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate were 8.5 and 56.8 [mu]M, respectively. The enzyme required Mn2+ and Mg2+ as cofactors and its activity was enhanced by Triton X-100. Inorganic pyrophosphate, aminophenylethyl diphosphate, and geranyl diphosphate had inhibitory effects on the enzyme.
Wire-in-a-Nozzle as a New Droplet-on-Demand Electrogenerator (2011)

Many engineering applications assume the generation of single spherical droplets on demand. Piezo and thermo droplet-on-demand (DOD) instruments are not able to produce droplets with a broad range of size distributions from the same nozzle. We show that this challenge can be resolved using the principles of electrostatic generation and capillarity. A thin conductive wire threaded through a needle can be used as the droplet electrogenerator (or DOD generator). By applying a weak-bias electric field, one can deliver a drop from the needle edge to the free wire tip. When the drop moves toward the wire tip, it leaves behind a thin coating film. The capillary pressure of this cylindrical film helps isolate the droplet from the liquid source: the film spontaneously thins, breaking the connection between the droplet and the liquid source. The detachment of a pendant drop from the wire is then achieved by applying a short voltage pulse. Using the wire-in-a-needle nozzle, we were able to produce single droplets ranging from 50 to 500 μm, and we were able to deposit them with controlled velocity in a prescribed position. Therefore, the proposed method offers new opportunities in fields dealing with the DOD applications.
Influence of dietary β-glucan on growth performance, nonspecific immunity, and resistance to Streptococcus suis infection in weanling pigs (1995)

Three experiments, using 344 pigs, were conducted to evaluate the influence of beta-glucan on growth performance, neutrophil and macrophage function, haptoglobin production, and resistance to Streptococcus suis challenge in weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 144 pigs were used to evaluate the influence of .1% dietary beta-glucan in a soybean meal- or milk protein-based diet on growth performance and neutrophil function. Pigs fed beta-glucan from d 7 to 14 after weaning had lower ADFI (P < .01) and, although not significant, ADG was lower for pigs fed beta-glucan than for pigs fed control diets. However, no differences were observed in growth performance or neutrophil function for pigs fed control or diets containing beta-glucan from d 7 to 35 after weaning. Experiment 2 was a 28-d growth assay in which pigs were fed a diet with or without .1% beta-glucan, containing 7.5% spray-dried plasma protein and 25% dried whey from d 0 to 14 after weaning. Pigs then were fed corn-soybean mealbased diets containing 2.5% spray-dried blood meal and 10% dried whey. No differences in growth performance were observed. Experiment 3 was a 35-d assay to evaluate growth performance, neutrophil and macrophage function, and plasma haptoglobin concentration. Pigs were challenged on d 28 postweaning with intravenous S. suis. In Exp. 3, pigs were fed diets without or with .025 or .05% beta-glucan. Dietary beta-glucan did not influence neutrophil or macrophage function. However, pigs fed diets containing .025% beta-glucan had increased (P < .05) ADG and ADFI and were heavier (P < .05) on d 28 after weaning than pigs fed the control diet. No differences in feed efficiency (G/F) were detected between treatments. Pigs fed beta-glucan had decreased (P < .10) plasma haptoglobin on d 14, 21, and 28 after weaning. However, Fisher's Exact test revealed that more (P < .04) pigs fed a diet containing .025% beta-glucan died by d 12 after challenge with S. suis. In conclusion, these data suggest the existence of a complex interaction involving growth performance and resistance to S. suis in pigs fed .025% beta-glucan.
Do Antidotes for Acute Cyanide Poisoning Act on Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase to Facilitate Detoxification? (2003)

A well-known combined therapy for acute cyanide poisoning is intravenous administration of sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate and cobalt EDTA. Sodium nitrite oxidizes oxy-hemoglobin, resulting in methemoglobin, which has a high affinity for cyanide. Sodium thiosulfate is a substrate of thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase (rhodanese, EC.2.8.1.1), and facilitates catalytic metabolism of cyanide to less toxic thiocyanate. Cobalt EDTA combines with cyanide to reduce cyanide in the blood. Here, we focus on cytosolic and mitochondrial mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST, EC. 2.8.1.2), which detoxifies cyanide more effectively than rhodanese, because rhodanese is localized only in mitochondria. Thiosulfate also serves as a substrate of MST and cyanide can be metabolized to thiocyanate. However, the K(m) value for thiosulfate is so large that it is not expected to contribute much to the detoxification of cyanide. On the other hand, nitrite and cobalt EDTA did not affect MST. Thus, combined therapy only slightly acts on MST to detoxify cyanide. Some investigators have attempted a new therapy in which mercaptopyruvate, a substrate of MST was administered intravenously, but this was not effective for detoxification due to the rapid decomposition of mercaptopyruvate in the blood. There are two possible strategies to facilitate MST activities: development of modified mercaptopyruvate with a longer half time and development of a chemical compound which indirectly increases transcription of MST via regulation of a DNA binding protein.
Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructure by Sol-Gel Spin Coating Method (2013)

In this study, we use spinning methods to coat glass slides with sol-gel ZnO thin films, composed of zinc acetatedihydrate, monoethanolamine (MEA), 2-Methoxethanol. The effect of the annealing temperature on the structural morphology and optical properties of these films was investigated. These ZnO films were preheated at 100 oC for 10 min and annealed at 350, 500 and 550 ˚C for 60 min. As-deposited films, formed by amorphous zinc oxide-acetate submicron particles, are transformed into a highly-oriented ZnO after thermal treatment. The surface morphology, phase structure and optical properties of the thin films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical transmittance. Both techniques produced nanostructured ZnO thin films with well-defined orientation. The annealed films were transparent in the visible range with an absorption edge at about 375 nm and a transmittance of 80% with an average diameter of 40 nm. XRD results show the film was composed of polycrystalline wurtzite, with a preferential c-axis orientation of (002) and a single sharp XRD peak at 34.40, corresponding to the hexagonal ZnO. The grain size with increasing the annealing temperature.
CD44 isoforms correlate with cellular differentiation but not with prognosis in human breast cancer (1995)

CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein occurring in several isoforms with different extracellular regions. The various transcripts are encoded by one gene locus containing 20 exons, of which at least 10 can be alternatively spliced in nascent RNA. Isoforms encoded by the variant exons (termed CD44v) are highly restricted in their distribution in nonmalignant tissue as opposed to the standard form of CD44 (CD44s) abundant in many tissues. Specific variant isoforms containing exon 6v have been shown to render nonmetastatic rat tumor cells metastatic. Based on the prominent role in rat metastasis formation, CD44v isoforms were suggested to be involved in human tumor progression. Correlations between prognosis and expression of CD44v have been reported for gastric and colon carcinoma, for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and recently for breast carcinoma. We evaluated the expression of CD44 isoforms in node-positive (n = 119) and node-negative (n = 108) cases of breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry using CD44v exon-specific mAbs. In a subset of 43 cases of high-risk patients, reverse transcription-PCR was used to determine the exon composition of the transcripts. Protein and RNA expression data were probed statistically for their correlation to survival of the patients and clinical risk factors. In contrast to recently published data (M. Kaufmann et al., Lancet, 345: 615-619, 1995), in our cohort disease-free and overall survival data did not indicate significant correlations with the expression of the analyzed isoforms in univariate and multivariate analyses. Comparison of CD44 protein expression with established clinical risk factors for survival such as tumor size (pT1+pT2) and histological grading revealed correlations with the presence of CD44s (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively) and CD44-9v (P = 0.05 for histological grading). Carcinoma tissues with elevated estrogen and progesterone receptor levels showed positive correlation with CD44-6v (P = 0.001), while a trend for significant coexpression of CD44s and CD44-9v isoforms was observed in estrogen receptor-positive tissues (P = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively). In breast cancer, CD44s, CD44-9v, and CD44-6v are apparently markers for cellular differentiation but not for tumor progression. Our data suggest that steroid hormone receptors may be associated with the in vivo expression of CD44-6v-containing isoforms in human mammary carcinoma.
ISOLATION OF COATED VESICLES, PLAIN SYNAPTIC VESICLES, AND FLOCCULENT MATERIAL FROM A CRUDE SYNAPTOSOME FRACTION OF GUINEA PIG WHOLE BRAIN (1973)

Two vesicular fractions and one nonvesicular fraction were prepared from crude synaptosomes by differential centrifugation and salting out with ammonium sulfate. Fraction 1 contained a mixture of coated vesicles, material thought to be derived from breakdown of the coats (shell fragments), and plain synaptic vesicles. Fraction 2 contained a mixture of plain synaptic vesicles and flocculent material. Fraction 3 contained flocculent material only. Fractions 1 and 3 were partially purified by passage through a Sephadex column. Fraction 3 contained no shell fragments but contained finer flocculent material which, it is suggested, is composed of unit particles either occurring singly or linked together into chainlike or amorphous aggregates. Each unit particle appears to have four subunits and is here referred to as a tetrasome. Tetrasomes sometimes appear to be attached to the surfaces of the plain synaptic vesicles. Also, it is possible that aggregates of tetrasomes form part of the structure of the presynaptic dense projections.
NAD+ augmentation ameliorates acute pancreatitis through regulation of inflammasome signalling (2017)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complicated disease without specific drug therapy. The cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+</sup>) is an important regulator of cellular metabolism and homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether modulation of NAD<sup>+</sup> levels has an impact on caerulein-induced AP. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of increased cellular NAD<sup>+</sup> levels on caerulein-induced AP. We demonstrated for the first time that the activities and expression of SIRT1 were suppressed by reduction of intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> levels and the p53-microRNA-34a pathway in caerulein-induced AP. Moreover, we confirmed that the increase of cellular NAD<sup>+</sup> by NQO1 enzymatic action using the substrate β-Lapachone suppressed caerulein-induced AP with down-regulating TLR4-mediated inflammasome signalling, and thereby reducing the inflammatory responses and pancreatic cell death. These results suggest that pharmacological stimulation of NQO1 could be a promising therapeutic strategy to protect against pathological tissue damage in AP.
Fabrication of Solution-Cast Polyacrylonitrile Barriers for Hollow Fiber Sorbents Used in CO<sub>2</sub> Removal from Flue Gas (2019)

Hollow fiber sorbents for gas separation benefit from the use of a heat transfer fluid transported through their bores for thermal moderation and heat recovery. Additionally, for thermal swing processes, the heat transfer fluid is necessary to actuate the temperature swing. An impermeable yet thermally conductive barrier layer is needed on the inner channel wall to prevent the heat transfer fluid from the flue gas diffusing through the pore structure of the fiber. This paper discusses the challenges and different available techniques to establish a barrier layer on the lumen wall of a hollow fiber sorbent. In particular, we discuss the deposition of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) barrier onto a Torlon-based fiber sorbent after the fiber sorbent has been spun. Of the various barrier formation materials and methods explored, this method was found to provide the most effective barrier, with helium permeance reduced from 25 000 GPU to less than 0.4 GPU, even at a pressure differential of 120 psi across the barrier. The heat transfer fluid typically used is water, and this barrier was also found to resist the transport of liquid water from the lumen to the shell side, thereby proving its efficacy in containing the heat transfer fluid to the fiber bore.
Evidence-Based Policy: Rhetoric and Reality (1998)

Evidence-based policy has been hailed as the current zeitgeist in health care. Its intuitive appeal is clear but its implementation is problematic. This case study demonstrates the practical difficulties of using this approach for purchasing health care. New technologies suffer from limited knowledge about both their long-term benefits and their adverse effects. This undermines attempts to assess effectiveness and efficiency in local populations. Furthermore, the use of evidence should not be assumed to eliminate the need to apply value judgements, which has repercussions for the attainment of equity of access to health care. It is therefore unrealistic to view this approach as a panacea. Rather, evidence-based medicine should contribute to the decision-making process, in conjunction with other considerations such as equity and patient preference.