gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In Vitro</i> Metabolic Stabilities and Metabolism of 2′- <i>O</i> -(Methoxyethyl) Partially Modified Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotides in Preincubated Rat or Human Whole Liver Homogenates (2010)

In vitro metabolic stability testing of phosphorothioate 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE) partially modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is not routinely performed to help screen discovery compounds (eg, predict in vivo half-lives), as no suitable in vitro test system currently exists. The aims of this work were to develop, optimize, and evaluate an in vitro whole liver homogenate (rat or human) test system. The test system was used to evaluate in vitro metabolic stabilities (intrinsic clearance) of selected ASOs, with results compared to reported in vivo half-lives, and generated metabolites also identified. Test system optimization involved preincubating whole liver homogenates at 37°C for ≥24 hours, which increased in vitro ASO metabolism rate. From calculated in vitro intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) values in preincubated rat or human whole liver homogenates, metabolic stabilities of fully phosphorothioated 2'-MOE ASOs (ISIS 104838 and ISIS 301012) were, as expected, greater (ie, lower CL(int)) than a 2'-MOE ASO containing a single phosphodiester substitution (ISIS 104838PO10). However, comparable-to-lower in vitro metabolic stability for ISIS 301012 was seen compared to ISIS 104838, in contrast to reported ∼2-fold longer in vivo tissue elimination half-lives for ISIS 301012. Identified in vitro metabolic products of ISIS 301012 were consistent with previously reported in vivo observations.
CMA-based Techniques for Adaptive Interference Rejection (1986)

This paper surveys several recent developments in the area of applying the Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) to the problem of rejecting interference from a signal deemed to be of interest. This algorithm was originally developed for removing the dispersive effects of multipath propagation from constant envelope communications signals, but has proven useful in a variety of other applications, such as suppressing additive narrowband interference, combining diversity receiving channels to reject crosspolarized signal components, and steering nulls in a sensor array. The paper first reviews the algorithm itself and its original application. From this departure point, several applications, including those listed above, are examined and performance results cited where possible. Some of these applications have encouraged the development of modified algorithms - several of these are described, including one employing real-valued data and another which allows "fast" convergence rather than the slower convergence characteristic of the gradient-search-based algorithms.
A Multiple Regression Analysis of the Relationships Between Application Blank Data and Job Tenure (1976)

One technique being used to reduce employee turnover is the Weighted Application Blank. Data obtained from application blanks are analyzed and weights are assigned to each item. Utilizing these weights, predicted scores are derived and compared to each person's actual tenure to determine the effectiveness of the model. The present study analyzed application blank data from the files of 93 currently employed and 69 terminated female clerical workers. Twelve items were analyzed by means of a stepwise multiple linear regression procedure, with months of tenure being the dependent variable. The five most significant items yielded a multiple correlation of .54. The total sample also was divided randomly into two groups, and cross-group analyses resulted in simple correlations of .56 and .29.
Psychological Effect of Telescope Virtual Screens using VR Headset (2018)

We carried out a psychological experiment using Virtua Reality Head Mount Display (VR-HMD) with small FOV (Field of view) camera and a screen in virtual environment, telescope virtual screen, to analyze the change of subjects' pain tolerance. We manipulate FOV of the virtual camera in VR to change the view of contents. Decreasing FOV makes view of angle narrow, therefore the view in VR looks similar to the one using telephoto lens, in which environment the view greatly moves with even small camera movement. With smaller value of FOV for a virtual camera, the view in VR is more sensitive to VR-HMD movement and requires subjects to keep concentrating not to move their heads to watch target properly. Hand immersion into cold water is a standard test for pain tolerance evaluation and is known as the cold pressor test. Cold pressor test with the VRHMD shows that pain tolerance was increased with telescope virtual screen environment. The result indicates that pain tolerance can be controlled with VR-HMD without meaningful contents. The contents independent pain management technique can potentially be used in various applications especially in medical field.
On max-min fair congestion control for multicast ABR service in ATM (1997)

In the ATM Forum activities, considerable efforts have focused on the congestion control of point-to-point available bit rate (ABR) service. We present a novel approach that extends existing point-to-point (unicast) congestion control protocols to a point-to-multipoint (multicast) environment. In particular, we establish a unified framework to derive a multicast congestion control protocol for an ABR service from a given rate-based unicast protocol. We generalize a known necessary and sufficient condition on the max-min fairness of unicast rate allocation for a multicast service. Using this condition, we show that the resulting multicast protocol derived using our framework preserves the fairness characteristics of the underlying unicast protocol. The practical significance of our approach is illustrated by extending a standard congestion control mechanism for an ABR service to a multicast environment. The performance of the resulting multicast protocol is examined using benchmark network configurations suggested by the traffic management subworking group at the ATM Forum, and simulation results are presented to substantiate our claims.
Highly Selective and Potent Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase-1 (NPP1) Inhibitors Based on Uridine 5′-P<sub>α,α</sub>-Dithiophosphate Analogues (2018)

Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) hydrolyzes phosphodiester bonds of nucleotides such as ATP, resulting mainly in the formation of AMP and pyrophosphate. NPP1 activity plays a deleterious function in calcified aortic valve disease and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Thus, inhibitors of NPP1 represent a medical need. We developed novel NPP1 inhibitors based on uridine 5'-P<sub>α,α</sub>-dithiophosphate analogues, 9-12. All these analogues potently inhibited hNPP1 (80-100% inhibition) at 100 μM, with no, or minimal, inhibition of NPP3 and other ectonucleotidases (NTPDase1,2,3,8). These compounds showed nearly no activity at uracil-nucleotide sensitive P2Y<sub>2,4,6</sub>-receptors and thus represent highly selective NPP1 inhibitors. The most promising inhibitor was diuridine 5'-P<sub>α,α</sub>,5″-P<sub>α,α</sub>-tetrathiotetraphosphate, 12, exhibiting K<sub>i</sub> of 27 nM. Analogues 9-12 proved to be highly stable to air oxidation and to acidic and basic pH. Docking simulations suggested that the enhanced NPP1 inhibitory activity and selectivity of analogue 12 could be attributed to the simultaneous occupancy of two sites (the AMP site and an alternative site) of NPP1 by this compound.
Electric field control of the magnetic state in BiFeO3 single crystals (2008)

Single crystals of multiferroic BiFeO3 were investigated using neutron scattering. Application of an electric field reversibly switches ferroelastic domains, inducing changes in the magnetic structure which follows rotation of the structural domains. In addition, electric fields can be used to control the populations of the equivalent magnetic domains within a single ferroelastic domain, possibly via field-induced strain.
Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation Alters Muscle Tone in Mice with and without Spinal Cord Injury with Spasticity (2014)

Muscle tone abnormalities are associated with many CNS pathologies and severely limit recovery of motor control. Muscle tone depends on the level of excitability of spinal motoneurons and interneurons. The present study investigated the following hypotheses: (1) direct current flowing from spinal cord to sciatic nerve [spinal-to-sciatic direct current stimulation (DCS)] would inhibit spinal motor neurons and interneurons, hence reducing muscle tone; and (2) direct current flowing in the opposite direction (sciatic-to-spinal DCS) would excite spinal motor neurons and interneurons, hence increasing muscle tone. Current intensity was biased to be ~170 times greater at the spinal column than at the sciatic nerve. The results showed marked effects of DCS on muscle tone. In controls and mice with spinal cord injuries with spasticity, spinal-to-sciatic DCS reduced transit and steady stretch-induced nerve and muscle responses. Sciatic-to-spinal DCS caused opposite effects. These findings provide the first direct evidence that trans-spinal DCS can alter muscle tone and suggest that this approach could be used to reduce both hypotonia and hypertonia.
Populating Legal Ontologies using Information Extraction based on Semantic Role Labeling and Text Similarity (2016)

This thesis seeks to address the problem of the 'resource consumption bottleneck' of creating (legal) semantic technologies manually. It builds on research in legal theory, ontologies and natural language processing in order to semi-automatically normalise legislative text, extract definitions and structured norms, and link normative provisions to recitals. The output is intended to help make laws more accessible, understandable, and searchable in a legal document management system. Key contributions are: - an analysis of legislation and structured norms in legal ontologies and compliance systems in order to determine the kind of information that individuals and organisations require from legislation to understand their rights and duties; - an analysis of the semantic and structural challenges of legislative text for machine understanding; - a rule-based normalisation module to transform legislative text into regular sentences to facilitate natural language processing; - a Semantic Role Labeling based information extraction module to extract definitions and norms from legislation and represent them as structured norms in legal ontologies; - an analysis of the impact of recitals on the interpretation of legislative norms; - a Cosine Similarity based text similarity module to link recitals to relevant normative provisions; - a description of important challenges that have emerged from this research which may prove useful for future work in the extraction and linking of information from legislative text.
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 <i> <sup>WAF1</sup> </i> Is Required for Survival of Differentiating Neuroblastoma Cells (1996)

We are employing recent advances in the understanding of the cell cycle to study the inverse relationship between proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Nerve growth factor and aphidicolin, an inhibitor of DNA polymerases, synergistically induce neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the expression of p21WAF1, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. The differentiated cells continue to express p21WAF1, even after removal of aphidicolin from the culture medium. The p21WAF1 protein coimmunoprecipitates with cyclin E and inhibits cyclin E-associated protein kinase activity. Each of three antisense oligonucleotides complementary to p21WAF1 mRNA partially blocks expression of p21WAF1 and promotes programmed cell death. These data indicate that p21WAF1 expression is required for survival of these differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Thus, the problem of neuronal differentiation can now be understood in the context of negative regulators of the cell cycle.
Diagnostic Ultrasound Combined With Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa–Targeted Microbubbles Improves Microvascular Recovery After Acute Coronary Thrombotic Occlusions (2009)

Intravenous platelet-targeted microbubbles combined with brief high-MI diagnostic ultrasound impulses guided by contrast pulse sequencing improve both epicardial recanalization rates and microvascular recovery.
Neue Chromoionophore (1981)

Abstract Synthese und spektroskopische Eigenschaften, insbesondere Lichtabsorptions‐Verschiebungen bei Salzzusatz, der neuen Ionophor‐Farbstoffe 1 , 3 , 4 , 10 und 11 vom Anthrachinon‐, Naphthochinon‐ und Phenolblau‐Typ werden beschrieben. Die hypso‐ und bathochromen Verschiebungen werden im Hinblick auf die Kronenether‐Komplexierung im Donor‐ und Acceptorteil bzw. bei 3 und 4 am Donor und Acceptor erötert. Einflüsse der Ionengröße und Ladungsdichte sowie von Änderungen des Cyanin‐ und Polyen‐Charakters werden diskutiert.
Kochextrusion von Stärke mit Hydrokolloiden (1989)

Abstract Bei der Kochextrusion von Maisstärke mit den Hydrokolloiden Xanthan, Gummi arabicum , Johannisbrotkernmehl und Carrageen zeigte das System aus Maisstärke mit Xanthan bei Xanthan‐Anteilen von 5–30% herausragende Eigenschaften. Bisher war zwar in der Lösung eine Interaktion von Xanthan mit Galactomannan über die β‐1,4‐verknüpften Polysaccharid‐Hauptketten beschrieben worden. Jetzt zeigte sich, daß auch unter den Bedingungen der Kochextrusion eine kooperative Verknüpfung der β‐1,4‐D‐Glucanketten des Xanthans mit den α‐1,4‐D‐Glucanketten der Stärke erfolgen kann. Hinweise darauf ergaben Messungen des Drucks und des Drehmoments während der Kochextrusion in Abhängigkeit vom Xanthangehalt. Weiterhin zeigen Kochextrudate aus Maisstärke mit Xanthan ein auffallend hohes Wasserbindevermögen und interessantes Viskositätsverhalten, so daß derartige Produkte die Funktion einer neuen Klasse von Hydrokolloiden erfüllen.
A two-stage method for lesion segmentation on digital mammograms (2006)

In this paper, we present a two-stage method for the segmentation of breast mass lesions on digitized mammograms. A radial gradient index (RGI) based segmentation method is first used to estimate a initial contour close to the lesion boundary location in a computationally efficient manner. Then a region-based active contour algorithm, which minimizes an energy fucntion based on the homogeneities inside and outside of the envolving coutour, is applied to refine the contour closer to the lesion boundary. The minimization algorithm solves, by the level set method, the Euler-Lagrange equation that describes the contour evolution. By using a digitized screening film dababase with 96 biopy-proven, malignant lesions, we quantitatively compare this two-stage segmentation algorithm with a RGI-based method and a conventional region-growing algorithm by measuring the area similarity. At an overlap threshold of 0.30, the new method correctly segments 95% of the lesions while the prior methods delineate only 83% of the lesions. Our assessment demonstrates that the two-stage segmentation algorithm yields closer agreement with manually contoured lesion boundaries.
Identification of residues that control specific binding of the Shc phosphotyrosine-binding domain to phosphotyrosine sites. (1996)

The Shc adaptor protein contains two phosphotyrosine [Tyr(P)]binding modules--an N-terminal Tyr(P) binding (PTB) domain and a C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. We have compared the ability of the Shc PTB domain to bind the receptors for nerve growth factor and insulin, both of which contain juxtamembrane Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr(P) motifs implicated in PTB binding. The Shc PTB domain binds with high affinity to a phosphopeptide corresponding to the nerve growth factor receptor Tyr-490 autophosphorylation site. Analysis of individual residues within this motif indicates that the Asn at position -3 [with respect to Tyr(P)], in addition to Tyr(P), is critical for PTB binding, while the Pro at position -2 plays a less significant role. A hydrophobic amino acid 5 residues N-terminal to the Tyr(P) is also essential for high-affinity binding. In contrast, the Shc PTB domain does not bind stably to the Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr(P) site at Tyr-960 in the activated insulin receptor, which has a polar residue (Ser) at position -5. Substitution of this Ser at position -5 with Ile markedly increased binding of the insulin receptor Tyr-960 phosphopeptide to the PTB domain. These results suggest that while the Shc PTB domain recognizes a core sequence of Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr(P), its binding affinity is modulated by more N-terminal residues in the ligand, which therefore contribute to the specificity of PTB-receptor interactions. An analysis of residues in the Shc PTB domain required for binding to Tyr(P) sites identified a specific and evolutionarily conserved Arg (Arg-175) that is uniquely important for ligand binding and is potentially involved in Tyr(P) recognition.
Sabre: The Augmented Bass Clarinet (2012)

An augmented bass clarinet is developed in order to extend the performance and composition potential of the instru-ment. Four groups of sensors are added: key positions, inertial movement, mouth pressure and trigger switches. The instrument communicates wirelessly with a receiver setup which produces an OSC data stream, usable by any appli-cation on a host computer. The SABRe projects intention is to be neither tied to its inventors nor to one single player but to offer a reference design for a larger community of bass clarinet players and composers. For this purpose, several instruments are made available and a number of composer residencies, workshops, presentations and concerts are organized. These serve for evaluation and improvement purposes in order to build a robust and user friendly extended musical instrument, that opens new playing modalities.
Applications of machine learning in cancer prediction and prognosis. (2007)

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that employs a variety of statistical, probabilistic and optimization techniques that allows computers to "learn" from past examples and to detect hard-to-discern patterns from large, noisy or complex data sets. This capability is particularly well-suited to medical applications, especially those that depend on complex proteomic and genomic measurements. As a result, machine learning is frequently used in cancer diagnosis and detection. More recently machine learning has been applied to cancer prognosis and prediction. This latter approach is particularly interesting as it is part of a growing trend towards personalized, predictive medicine. In assembling this review we conducted a broad survey of the different types of machine learning methods being used, the types of data being integrated and the performance of these methods in cancer prediction and prognosis. A number of trends are noted, including a growing dependence on protein biomarkers and microarray data, a strong bias towards applications in prostate and breast cancer, and a heavy reliance on "older" technologies such artificial neural networks (ANNs) instead of more recently developed or more easily interpretable machine learning methods. A number of published studies also appear to lack an appropriate level of validation or testing. Among the better designed and validated studies it is clear that machine learning methods can be used to substantially (15-25%) improve the accuracy of predicting cancer susceptibility, recurrence and mortality. At a more fundamental level, it is also evident that machine learning is also helping to improve our basic understanding of cancer development and progression.
Long‐term results of the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma with cladribine (2‐CDA) alone (95‐80‐53) or 2‐CDA and rituximab (N0189) in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (2008)

2-CDA had substantial single-agent activity in both recurrent and untreated MCL, and the results indicated that it may be administered safely to elderly patients. The addition of rituximab to 2-CDA may increase the duration of response.
Stable Tagging of <i>Rhizobium meliloti</i> with the Firefly Luciferase Gene for Environmental Monitoring (1993)

A system for stable tagging of gram-negative bacteria with the firefly luciferase gene, luc, is described. A previously constructed fusion constitutively expressing luc from the lambdap(R) promoter was used. Stable integration into the bacterial genome was achieved by use of mini-Tn5 delivery vectors. The procedure developed was applied for tagging of representative gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Rhizobium meliloti, Pseudomonas putida, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The system permitted the detection of tagged R. meliloti in the presence of more than 10 CFU per plate without the use of any selective markers (such as antibiotic resistance genes). No significant differences in growth rates or soil survival were found between the marked strain and the wild-type strain. Studies of bioluminescent R. meliloti also revealed a good correlation between cell biomass and bioluminescence. The firefly luciferase tagging system is an easy, safe, and sensitive method for the detection and enumeration of bacteria in the environment.
Blazed reflection micro-Fresnel lenses fabricated by electron-beam writing and dry development (1990)

The microfabrication of a blazed reflection micro-Fresnel lens (RMFL) using electron-beam writing and dry development is proposed and demonstrated. The electron-beam-written resist film made of polymethyl isopropenyl ketone and an aromatic azido compound achieved the blazed structure by O(2) plasma development. The surface roughness of the RMFL was improved without the bridge and scum. The fabricated RMFL exhibited the diffraction-limited characteristics. A high efficiency of 71% was obtained at a period of 10 microm. The margin for the electron-beam writing condition to achieve high efficiency was much broader than in the conventional process. This process would be effective for the fabrication of blazed RMFL's and other grating components.
Culture clash: Making the case for a new paradigm in police cultural training (2019)

Hiring standards in most police agencies result in most officer candidates having little, if any, meaningful exposure to the "oppositional" culture of the urban, minority poor. Given the current popularity of the Community Oriented Policing paradigm---with its emphasis on positive police/community relations---current police hiring and training practices handicap police agencies in their efforts to gain the trust of urban, minority communities. A content analysis of United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division investigations under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 14141) was found to support the hypothesis that the interface between the police and urban males is problematic and that cultural training was identified as a training inadequacy in police departments, both large and small.
Gastric Bypass for Obesity: Mechanisms of Weight Loss and Diabetes Resolution (2004)

Energy homeostasis and medical vs. surgical methods to overcome it Obesity is now a global pandemic that continues to accelerate despite the often Herculean efforts by afflicted individuals to lose weight. These efforts are thwarted by a physiological system that regulates body weight in a manner analogous to that by which a thermostat controls ambient temperature. For each individual, there is a highly genetically influenced level of adiposity that is defended by this adipostatic control system, wherein alterations in body fat stores trigger compensatory changes in appetite and energy expenditure that resist weight change (1). It is hypothesized that these processes evolved to defend against malnutrition in times of famine, and hence, the adaptive responses to weight loss appear to be more robust than are those to weight gain (as any dieter can attest). Because of this body weight regulation system, known as energy homeostasis, nonsurgical methods are notoriously ineffective at achieving major, long-term weight reduction. In general, no more than 5–10% of body weight is lost through dieting, exercise, and the few available antiobesity medications, and recidivism after di