gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From beamforming to diffraction tomography (2008)

Recent progress in sensor array technology has boosted the use of beamforming (BF) in a number of applications. The same progress has generated interest in other imaging modalities such as diffraction tomography (DT). This paper demonstrates the existence of a linear mapping between BF and DT, which is represented by a linear filter in the spatial frequency domain. The filter is used to study and compare the information content of images obtained with the two imaging modalities. In particular, it is demonstrated that a BF image is a distorted version of the corresponding DT image. Moreover, the analytical expression of the filter is derived leading to an algorithm for DT which, in contrast to currently available algorithms, does not require the use of data interpolation techniques.
The role of root exudates in aluminium resistance and silicon‐induced amelioration of aluminium toxicity in three varieties of maize ( Zea mays L.) (2001)

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is widely considered to be the most important growth‐limiting factor for plants in strongly acid soils (pH<5.0). The inhibition of root elongation in three varieties of maize ( Zea mays L. vars Clavito, HS701b and Sikuani) was followed over the first 48 h of Al treatment, and during the initial 10 h elongation was determined on an hourly basis. The silicon (Si)‐induced amelioration of Al toxicity was investigated by pre‐treating seedlings for 72 h in nutrient solutions with 1000 μM Si before transfer into solutions with 0, 20 or 50 μM Al (without Si). Plants were either grown in complete low ionic strength nutrient solutions (CNS) or in low salt solutions of 0.4 mM CaCl 2 (LSS). In addition, the role of root exudation of organic compounds as a mechanism of Si‐induced alleviation of Al toxicity was investigated. Aluminium‐induced inhibition of root elongation in the maize var. HS701b was observed within 1 h of Al exposure. After a lag time of at least 8 h, Si‐induced alleviation of Al toxicity was observed in this variety when grown in LSS. In the Al‐resistant var. Sikuani, Al‐resistance was only observed after exposure to 50 μM Al, and not after exposure to 20 μM Al, suggesting that there exists a threshold Al concentration before the mechanisms of Al resistance are activated. Aluminium stimulated root exudation of oxalic acid in all three varieties, but exudate concentrations did not increase with either Al resistance or with Si pretreatment. Aluminium and Si triggered release of catechol and of the flavonoid‐type phenolics: catechin, and quercetin. In the Al‐resistant variety, Sikuani, Al‐exposed plants pretreated with Si exuded up to 15 times more phenolics than those plants not pretreated with Si. The flavonoid‐type phenolics, to date unconsidered, appear to play a role in the mechanism(s) of Si‐induced amelioration of Al toxicity.
A phase measurement radio positioning system for indoor use (1999)

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.
The Relation of Orientation to Physical Properties of Cottons and Rayons (1935)

By using a spectrophotometer to indicate the polarization of fluorescent light from dyed fibres, it is possible to measure at one time the average orientation over hundreds of fibres, in contrast to the microscopic areas previously investigated. Applying the method to cottons, a correlation is found between the observed orientation value and tensile strength. Results are more conclusive on rayons, and show a definite relation between orientation and physical properties when it is certain that orientation is the only quantity being varied. This relation is extremely sensitive to other variables, some of which are not easily recognized or isolated. Therefore great caution must attend any attempt to generalize the effect or role of orientation. It is suggested that a process of orientation affects the physical properties not only through increasing the contact area between micelles, but also by rearranging and changing the potential energy of the more amorphous material between the regions of good regularity (micelles). The anomalous behavior of the method with delustered rayons, and its behavior with different dyes, are discussed.
Internetworking with TCP/IP (1988)

An internationally best-selling, conceptual introduction to the TCP/IP protocols and Internetworking, this book interweaves a clear discussion of fundamentals and scientific principles with details and examples drawn from the latest technologies. Leading author Douglas Comer covers layering and packet formats for all the Internet protocols, includingTCP, IPv4, IPv6, DHCP, and DNS. In addition, the text explains new trends in Internet systems, including packet classification, Software Defined Networking (SDN), and mesh protocols used in The Internet of Things. The text is appropriate for individuals interested in learning more about TCP/IP protocols, Internet architecture, and current networking technologies, as well as engineers who build network systems. It is suitable for junior to graduate-level courses in Computer Networks, Data Networks, Network Protocols, and Internetworking.
Quercetin Attenuates TNF-Induced Inflammation in Hepatic Cells by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway (2012)

The dietary flavonoid quercetin is an antioxidant that possesses antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties and may modulate signaling pathways. Inflammation is considered to play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis by triggering activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), functionally dependent on cellular redox status. This study aims to investigate the antiinflammatory effect of quercetin and its role on the NF-κB pathway, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and mitogen-activated protein kinases modulation in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Quercetin alone did not modify any of the parameters analyzed but protected cells against activation of the NF-κB route induced by tumor necrosis factor-α. This inhibitory effect of quercetin was mediated, at least in part, by extracellular regulated kinase, c-jun amino-terminal kinase, and reactive oxygen species, and it was accompanied by reduced COX-2 levels. These observations suggest that quercetin may contribute as an antiinflammatory agent in the liver and provide evidences about its role in the prevention of diseases associated with inflammation, including cancer.
Norm-conserving and ultrasoft pseudopotentials for first-row and transition elements (1994)

The construction of accurate pseudopotentials with good convergence properties for the first-row and transition elements is discussed. We show that by combining an improved description of the pseudowavefunction inside the cut-off radius with the concept of ultrasoft pseudopotentials introduced by Vanderbilt optimal compromise between transferability and plane-wave convergence can be achieved. With the new pseudopotentials, basis sets with no more than 75-100 plane waves per atom are sufficient to reproduce the results obtained with the most accurate norm-conserving pseudopotentials.
Feline chronic renal failure: clinical findings in 80 cases diagnosed between 1992 and 1995 (1998)

Clinical and laboratory findings at the time of first diagnosis in 80 cats with chronic renal failure (CRF) were examined in a prospective study to determine the survival time of these animals and identify possible factors contributing to the progression of feline CRF. On the basis of clinical presentation, animals were assigned to one of three groups; compensated (n = 15), uraemic (n = 39) and end-stage (n = 26) CRF. Loss of renal concentrating ability was a common finding, even before clinical signs of renal disease were evident. The plasma creatinine concentration at initial presentation was a poor predictor of survival time and the presence of significant anaemia was indicative of a poor prognosis. The study demonstrated the highly variable degree of renal impairment present at the time of diagnosis and the potentially long survival time of many compensated and uraemic cases.
A novel two-pass VBR coding algorithm for fixed-size storage application (2001)

We propose a novel variable bit rate (VBR) algorithm that adopts two-pass encoding to implement high-performance coding for fixed-size storage applications. In the first-pass encoding, we use the original frame as the reference for motion estimation. This way, we are able to obtain the exact relationship between the amount of bits generated for each frame (rate) and each possible quantization factor (Q) so that an R-Q function can be built. The corresponding computational expense is virtually the same as a typical VBR encoder. With this R-Q function, we can optimize the quantization factor for each frame throughout the entire sequence based on the constraints in total storage size and decoder buffer size before the second-pass encoding is executed. This procedure not only guarantees full use of the fixed storage size for the compressed bitstream, but also prevents the decoder buffer from underflowing. Unlike a typical constant bit rate (CBR) decoder, this VBR decoder is capable of preventing the buffer from overflowing by introducing the pausing operation at some designated time. Because the quantization factor optimization is a simple table lookup, the computational requirement is minimized. In the second-pass encoding, the estimated quantization factors for all the frames through the above procedures is used to encode the entire video sequence as a free VBR encoder. Experimental results on real video sequences show that the proposed VBR encoding can provide more consistent visual quality and an improved coding efficiency. The application of the proposed VBR coding scheme includes video streaming over the Internet, digital versatile disk, digital library, and video on demand.
Increasing protein stability by improving beta‐turns (2009)

Our goal was to gain a better understanding of how protein stability can be increased by improving beta-turns. We studied 22 beta-turns in nine proteins with 66-370 residues by replacing other residues with proline and glycine and measuring the stability. These two residues are statistically preferred in some beta-turn positions. We studied: Cold shock protein B (CspB), Histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein, Ubiquitin, Ribonucleases Sa2, Sa3, T1, and HI, Tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit, and Maltose binding protein. Of the 15 single proline mutations, 11 increased stability (Average = 0.8 +/- 0.3; Range = 0.3-1.5 kcal/mol), and the stabilizing effect of double proline mutants was additive. On the basis of this and our previous work, we conclude that proteins can generally be stabilized by replacing nonproline residues with proline residues at the i + 1 position of Type I and II beta-turns and at the i position in Type II beta-turns. Other turn positions can sometimes be used if the phi angle is near -60 degrees for the residue replaced. It is important that the side chain of the residue replaced is less than 50% buried. Identical substitutions in beta-turns in related proteins give similar results. Proline substitutions increase stability mainly by decreasing the entropy of the denatured state. In contrast, the large, diverse group of proteins considered here had almost no residues in beta-turns that could be replaced by Gly to increase protein stability. Improving beta-turns by substituting Pro residues is a generally useful way of increasing protein stability.
The EcoRV Modification Methylase Causes Considerable Bending of DNA upon Binding to Its Recognition Sequence GATATC (1996)

The EcoRV methyltransferase modifies DNA by the introduction of a methyl group at the 6-NH2 position of the first deoxyadenosine in GATATC sequences. The enzyme forms a stable and specific complex with GATATC sequences in the presence of a nonreactive analogue, such as sinefungin, of its natural cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Using circular permutation band mobility shift analysis (in which the distance between the GATATC sequence and the end of the DNA is varied) of protein-DNA-cofactor complexes we have shown the methylase induces a bend of just over 60 degrees in the bound DNA. This was confirmed by phasing analysis, in which the spacing between the GATATC site and a poly(dA) tract is varied through a helical turn, which showed that the orientation of the induced curve was toward the major groove. There was no significant difference in the bend angle measured using unmethylated GATATC sequences and hemimethylated sequences which contain G6-Me ATATC in one strand only. These are the natural substates for the enzyme. The EcoRV endonuclease, a very well characterized protein, served as a positive control. DNA bending by this protein has been previously determined both by crystallographic and solution methods. The two proteins bend DNA toward the major groove but the bend angle produced by the methylase, slightly greater than 60 degree, is a little larger than that observed with the endonuclease, which is approximately 44 degrees.
Product of extracellular‐superoxide dismutase catalysis (1985)

Extracellular-superoxide dismutase is a tetrameric enzyme containing four copper atoms. It has previously been shown to catalyse the decay of the superoxide radical, but the resulting product was not determined. In a xanthine oxidase-xanthine system in which about 30% of the electron flux resulted in superoxide radical formation, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was determined. Catalysis of superoxide radical decay by extracellular-superoxide dismutase was found to result in hydrogen peroxide formation. The catalysed reaction is thus identical to those of previously investigated superoxide dismutases. Human manganese superoxide dismutase was also found to dismute the superoxide radical to hydrogen peroxide and water.
Performance Ranking of Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Surfaces (1978)

The Kays-London [4] way of presenting heat exchanger performance is modified to use the data in the simplified analysis of La Haye, et al. [5] which was extended to permit the ready comparison of the performance of the various plate-fin surfaces. Based on the four comparison criteria considered, the wavy finned 17.8–3/8 W surface of Kays-London is the best.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED INDOLOTHIAZOLES AND THIENOTHIAZOLES (1979)

Abstract Die aus N‐Alkylisatinen (I) durch Umsetzung mit Hydroxylamin und anschließende Reduktion der gebildeten Oxime (II) mit Zink in Essigsäure hergestellten Acetylaminoindole (III) reagieren mit Phosphorpentasulfid zu lndolothiazolen (IV).
Transferrin receptor distribution and regulation in the rat small intestine (1990)

Abstract A combination of biochemical quantitation and immunohistochemistry has been used to examine in detail transferrin receptor distribution and expression in the rat small intestine and its relationship to iron absorption. Receptor numbers were quantitated by transferrin binding to preparations of basolateral or brush-border membranes. Receptors were demonstrated on the basolateral membranes of the gut cells, but not on the brush-border fraction. Apotransferrin demonstrated little binding to basolateral membranes at physiological pH. Dietary or parenteral iron loading of animals produced a significant decline in transferrin binding, whereas binding was increased in iron deficiency. These data were confirmed by immunohistochemical studies using a monoclonal antibody to the transferrin receptor. When iron absorption was increased threefold following acute hemolysis and without a decrease in body iron stores, there was no change in transferrin receptor number. These data indicate that intestinal transferrin receptors may be regulated by body iron stores but suggest that they are not directly involved in iron absorption.
Catecholamine-stimulated GTPase cycle. Multiple sites of regulation by beta-adrenergic receptor and Mg2+ studied in reconstituted receptor-Gs vesicles. (1986)

The regulation of the intermediary steps of the catecholamine-stimulated GTPase cycle by beta-adrenergic agonists and Mg2+ was investigated using unilamellar phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylserine vesicles that contained purified beta-adrenergic receptor and the stimulatory GTP-binding protein of the adenylate cyclase system, Gs. The steady-state turnover number of the agonist-stimulated GTPase, normalized according to the receptor-responsive pool of Gs, was 0.8 min-1 for untreated vesicles and 1.7 min-1 for vesicles that had been treated with dithiothreitol to activate the receptors. The binding and release of [alpha-32P]GTP, [3H] GTP, and [gamma-32P]GTP were used to measure the binding and hydrolysis of GTP and the release of GDP. Agonist-liganded receptor stimulated both the binding of GTP and the release of the GDP product, and GDP release per se did not appear to be the mechanism by which receptor stimulated the binding of GTP. Both processes displayed apparent first order rate constants of about 0.5 min-1 for untreated vesicles and both rates increased about 5-fold after dithiothreitol treatment. Both processes were formally catalytic with respect to receptor, in that several (up to 8) molecules of Gs were stimulated per molecule of receptor. The hydrolysis of Gs X GTP to Gs X GDP was unaltered by agonist and occurred with a rate constant of about 4 min-1. The rates of these partial reactions were consistent with the overall rate of steady-state hydrolysis and with the ability of the agonist-liganded receptor to promote the formation of sufficient Gs X GTP to fully stimulate adenylate cyclase in a native membrane. The Mg2+ dependence of agonist-stimulated, steady-state GTPase activity appeared to consist of at least two, distinct Mg2+-requiring processes. Very low concentrations of Mg2+ (approximately 20 nM) were required for hydrolysis of Gs X GTP, and 10 microM Mg2+ was required to maximize the initial rate of agonist-stimulated [alpha-32P] GTP binding.
Adaptive versus non‐adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in new environments (2007)

Summary The role of phenotypic plasticity in evolution has historically been a contentious issue because of debate over whether plasticity shields genotypes from selection or generates novel opportunities for selection to act. Because plasticity encompasses diverse adaptive and non‐adaptive responses to environmental variation, no single conceptual framework adequately predicts the diverse roles of plasticity in evolutionary change. Different types of phenotypic plasticity can uniquely contribute to adaptive evolution when populations are faced with new or altered environments. Adaptive plasticity should promote establishment and persistence in a new environment, but depending on how close the plastic response is to the new favoured phenotypic optimum dictates whether directional selection will cause adaptive divergence between populations. Further, non‐adaptive plasticity in response to stressful environments can result in a mean phenotypic response being further away from the favoured optimum or alternatively increase the variance around the mean due to the expression of cryptic genetic variation. The expression of cryptic genetic variation can facilitate adaptive evolution if by chance it results in a fitter phenotype. We conclude that adaptive plasticity that places populations close enough to a new phenotypic optimum for directional selection to act is the only plasticity that predictably enhances fitness and is most likely to facilitate adaptive evolution on ecological time‐scales in new environments. However, this type of plasticity is likely to be the product of past selection on variation that may have been initially non‐adaptive. We end with suggestions on how future empirical studies can be designed to better test the importance of different kinds of plasticity to adaptive evolution.
Analysis and Accurate Prediction of User’s Response Behavior in Incentive-Based Demand Response (2018)

Incentive-based demand response can fully mobilize a variety of demand-side resources to participate in the electricity market, but the uncertainty of user response behavior greatly limits the development of demand response services. This paper first constructed an implementation framework for incentive-based demand response and clarified how load-serving entity aggregates demand-side resources to participate in the power market business. Then, the characteristics of the user’s response behavior were analyzed; it is found that the user’s response behavior is variable, and it has a strong correlation on the timeline. Based on this, a prediction method of user response behavior based on long short-term memory (LSTM) is proposed after the analysis of the characteristics of the LSTM algorithm. The proposed prediction method was verified by simulation under the simulation environment setup by TensorFlow. The simulation results showed that, compared with the traditional linear or nonlinear regression methods, the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of the prediction. At the same time, it is verified by further experiments that the proposed algorithm has good performance in various environments and has strong robustness.
Online Construction of Dynamic Object Process Graphs (2007)

A dynamic object process graph is a view on the control flow graph from the perspective of a single object. It has been shown that such a graph can be a useful starting point for many reverse engineering tasks, such as program understanding, protocol recovery, and feature location. In a previous paper, we described how dynamic object process graphs can be constructed from detailed program traces. However, the size of such traces is immense. Moreover, the instrumentation was described only for procedural languages. Object-oriented features such as exceptions require special treatment. Also, techniques like multithreading and reflection were not handled by our previous approach. This prevented it from being applicable to real-life systems. In this paper, we introduce an alternative way of collecting the necessary data. By constructing an intermediate graph online, i.e., concurrently with the running program, the trace size problem is eliminated. Additional optimizations for both trace logging and online graph creation are discussed. In a case study, we show that running times are acceptable even for larger Java programs when these optimizations are applied. Additionally, we discuss some special issues arising from analyzing Java instead of C
Spexin Enhances Bowel Movement through Activating L-type Voltage-dependent Calcium Channel via Galanin Receptor 2 in Mice (2015)

A novel neuropeptide spexin was found to be broadly expressed in various endocrine and nervous tissues while little is known about its functions. This study investigated the role of spexin in bowel movement and the underlying mechanisms. In functional constipation (FC) patients, serum spexin levels were significantly decreased. Consistently, in starved mice, the mRNA of spexin was significantly decreased in intestine and colon. Spexin injection increased the velocity of carbon powder propulsion in small intestine and decreased the glass beads expulsion time in distal colon in mice. Further, spexin dose-dependently stimulated the intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction. Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) antagonist M871, but not Galanin receptor 3 (GALR3) antagonist SNAP37899, effectively suppressed the stimulatory effects of spexin on intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction, which could be eliminated by extracellular [Ca(2+)] removal and L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel (VDCC) inhibitor nifedipine. Besides, spexin dramatically increased the [Ca(2+)]i in isolated colonic smooth muscle cells. These data indicate that spexin can act on GALR2 receptor to regulate bowel motility by activating L-type VDCC. Our findings provide evidence for important physiological roles of spexin in GI functions. Selective action on spexin pathway might have therapeutic effects on GI diseases with motility disorders.