gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eye Movement and Pupil Measures: A Review (2022)

Our subjective visual experiences involve complex interaction between our eyes, our brain, and the surrounding world. It gives us the sense of sight, color, stereopsis, distance, pattern recognition, motor coordination, and more. The increasing ubiquity of gaze-aware technology brings with it the ability to track gaze and pupil measures with varying degrees of fidelity. With this in mind, a review that considers the various gaze measures becomes increasingly relevant, especially considering our ability to make sense of these signals given different spatio-temporal sampling capacities. In this paper, we selectively review prior work on eye movements and pupil measures. We first describe the main oculomotor events studied in the literature, and their characteristics exploited by different measures. Next, we review various eye movement and pupil measures from prior literature. Finally, we discuss our observations based on applications of these measures, the benefits and practical challenges involving these measures, and our recommendations on future eye-tracking research directions.
Foot problems in athletes. (1984)

The primary care physician who cares for athletes encounters a variety of foot problems from skin maladies to deformities of the bone. As foot injuries can be totally debilitating, they are of especially great consequence to competitive athletes and must be diligently investigated to reach a proper diagnosis. In most cases the proper use of tape, foam, felt, metatarsal pads, and bars can easily solve what may be a perplexing problem. Occasionally, manufactured orthotic devices may be necessary. In all instances, athletes must be carefully advised on ways to treat and, more important, prevent foot problems.
A Natural Green Boost For Muscles (2014)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTA Natural Green Boost For MusclesView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2014, 92, 18, 27–28Publication Date (Print):May 5, 2014Publication History Published online31 March 2015Published inissue 5 May 2014https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-09218-scitech1https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09218-scitech1newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2014 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views14Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Anatomy,Biophysics,Drug discovery,Inhibitors,Plant derived food Get e-Alerts
Green Polymer Precursors from Biomass-Based Levulinic Acid (2012)

Levulinic acid (LA) has been identified as a suitable chemical feedstock that can be isolated from biomass. Its conversion into γ-valerolactone (GVL) via hydrogenation and ringclosure to the lactone has been studied as a versatile route to the manufacture of biodegradable polyesters. For hydrogenation of LA using Ru/C catalyst (the first method), conversion of LA at 100% was observed after 50 min at 90¡C in water, with a GVL selectivity of 73%. The product selectivity may be steered by the temperature. At low temperatures 4-HVA is formed selectively, whereas higher temperatures favour the formation of GVL. Meanwhile in the second method, hydrogenation of LA using biphasic water soluble Ru-TPPTS catalysis made in situ in dichloromethane/water biphasic mixtures showed essentially quantitative GVL yields (82%) at 45 bar, 90 ¡C and 60 min reaction time (1% mol catalyst). As product of the LA hydrogenation, GVL has a very low reactivity for ring-opening due to a very low ring strain. Several studies therefore focused on GVL ring opening into polymerizable compounds but the results so far are unsatisfactory. In this work a novel route has been also investigated using amines for the ring-opening. Because of the basic properties, adding of amine compounds, such as ammonia, aminoethanol, ethylenediamine and piperazine has successfully converted the lactone into compounds containing two functional group viz. alcohol and amide, in essentially quantitative yields. Product design through varying the structure of the amine compound, such as backbone structure and presence of functional groups, appears to be a promising polymer engineering pathway. As such, the novel pathway delivered co-monomers for use in polymer synthesis, to manufacture possible green polymers.
X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) : basic concepts and theory for rare earths and 3d metals (2003)

XMCD measures the dependence of X-ray Absorption on the helicity of the x-ray beam by a magnetic material. It is the x-ray equivalent of Faraday or Kerr effects which occur in the visible range. I will first describe the basic concepts of x-ray absorption. X-ray absorption spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation is a well established technique providing information on electronic, structural and magnetic properties of atoms, molecules, surfaces, liquids and solids.
Two view learning: SVM-2K, Theory and Practice (2005)

Kernel methods make it relatively easy to define complex highdimensional\nfeature spaces. This raises the question of how we can\nidentify the relevant subspaces for a particular learning task. When two\nviews of the same phenomenon are available kernel Canonical Correlation\nAnalysis (KCCA) has been shown to be an effective preprocessing\nstep that can improve the performance of classification algorithms such\nas the Support Vector Machine (SVM). This paper takes this observation\nto its logical conclusion and proposes a method that combines this\ntwo stage learning (KCCA followed by SVM) into a single optimisation\ntermed SVM-2K. We present both experimental and theoretical analysis\nof the approach showing encouraging results and insights.
Modulation of Meningeal Nociceptors Mechanosensitivity by Peripheral Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2: The Role of Mast Cells (2008)

Inflammatory-related activation and sensitization of meningeal nociceptors is believed to play a key role in promoting the intracranial throbbing pain of migraine. We have shown recently that mast cell activation and various mast cell-derived inflammatory mediators can promote activation and sensitization of meningeal nociceptors. Mast cell tryptase has also been proposed to promote pain hypersensitivity by activating the proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that is expressed on nociceptive neurons. In this study using in vivo single-unit recording in the trigeminal ganglion of anaesthetized rats, we found that local meningeal activation of PAR2 using the specific agonist SLIGRL-NH2 promoted sensitization of the threshold response while provoking desensitization of the suprathreshold responses. SLIGRL-NH2 also excited a subpopulation of meningeal nociceptors. Chronic mast cell depletion enhanced the sensitizing effects of PAR2 activation while curbing its desensitizing effects. Mast cell depletion did not change the PAR2-mediated excitatory effect. We propose that by enhancing the mechanical sensitivity of meningeal nociceptors local PAR2 activation could play a role in promoting the throbbing pain of migraine and that local mast cell degranulation may modulate such an effect.
A novel metalorganic route for the direct and rapid synthesis of monodispersed quantum dots of indium phosphide (1998)

Nanometric particles of InP are readily prepared by the decomposition of the complex In(PBut2)3 at 167 °C in 4-ethylpyridine; the resulting materials show marked quantum confinement effects, and was investigated using optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and transmission electron microscopy.
Direct binding to antigen‐coated beads refines the specificity and cross‐reactivity of four monoclonal antibodies that recognize polymorphic epitopes of <scp>HLA</scp> class I molecules (2013)

Monoclonal antibodies with specificity for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I determinants of HLA were originally characterized using serological assays in which the targets were cells expressing three to six HLA class I variants. Because of this complexity, the specificities of the antibodies were defined indirectly by correlation. Here we use a direct binding assay, in which the targets are synthetic beads coated with 1 of 111 HLA class I variants, representing the full range of HLA-A, -B and -C variation. We studied one monoclonal antibody with monomorphic specificity (W6/32) and four with polymorphic specificity (MA2.1, PA2.1, BB7.2 and BB7.1) and compared the results with those obtained previously. W6/32 reacted with all HLA class I variants. MA2.1 not only exhibits high specificity for HLA-A*02, -B*57 and -B*58, but also exhibited cross-reactivity with HLA-A*11 and -B*15:16. At low concentration (1 µg/ml), PA2.1 and BB7.2 were both specific for HLA-A*02 and -A*69, and at high concentration (50 µg/ml) exhibited significant cross-reactions with HLA-A*68, -A*23 and -A*24. BB7.1 exhibits specificity for HLA-B*07 and -B*42, as previously described, but reacts equally well with HLA-B*81, a rare allotype defined some 16 years after the description of BB7.1. The results obtained with cell-based and bead-based assays are consistent and, in combination with amino acid sequence comparison, increase understanding of the polymorphic epitopes recognized by the MA2.1, PA2.1, BB7.2 and BB7.1 antibodies. Comparison of two overlapping but distinctive bead sets from two sources gave similar results, but the overall levels of binding were significantly different. Several weaker reactions were observed with only one of the bead sets.
Infrared for circuit check-out (1963)

All objects with temperatures above absolute zero emit electromagnetic radiation, most of which falls in the infrared region of 0.1 to 100 microns. An energized resistive circuit is a source of thermal infrared radiation because its power is dissipated as heat. Consequently, any change in the normal temperature of circuit components or over-all infrared pattern should indicate changes in circuit operating conditions. A new method of fault isolation and prediction is described that relates these infrared changes to the circuitry
Study on accountant of human resources value measurement (2005)

It is an important factor that the human resources accountant measurement of theory and the mode of it limit practical application. The human resources value have particularity as well as difference of contents, so it not only relate to the accurate currency but also involve fuzzy non-currency, different kinds of measurement methods have its particularity, should choose application rationally according to the actual conditions.
Substitution in the Hydantoin Ring. III.<sup>1</sup> Halogenation<sup>2</sup> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstitution in the Hydantoin Ring. III.1 Halogenation2Renée A. Corral and Orfeo O. OraziCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 4, 1100–1104Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01039a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01039a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views345Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Polymerization of butadiene in the presence of triethylaluminum and <i>n</i>‐butyl titanate (1964)

Abstract Measurement of butadiene absorption at constant volume, and of polymer formation, indicated that the rate of polymerization was first order in monomer concentration, up to 1.5 mole/l., and also in initial total catalyst concentration, for given molar ratio of alkyl to titanium ester. The overall activation energy was 11.5 kcal./mole. A fast initiation, accompanied by the evolution of ethylene or a mixture of ethane and ethylene, a relatively slow propagation, and chain transfer to monomer, appeared to be the main steps of the reaction. Termination was essentially absent. Insoluble, gellike material was formed roughly at 20% conversion and was attributed to a random crosslinking, involveing very few crosslinks per molecule, or possibly trifunctional branching. The molecular weight distribution was very narrow. A polymer of over 80% in 1,2 units, having a predominantly syndiotactic structure and about 10% crystallinity, was obtained. In the absence of monomer, the catalyst components reacted rapidly to form complexes, accompanied by strong ethane evolution. A complex series of reactions leading to the possible formation of more than one active species was indicated. The active catalyst suffered bimolecular decomposition on prolonged standing. For optimal molar ratio of alkyl to ester of 5/1, the concentration of active species was estimated as having an upper limit of 4.8 × 10 −6 mole/l.
Multiple interactive residues of recognition: elucidation of discontinuous epitopes with linear peptides (1996)

The discontinuous epitopes of beta-factor XIIa for three mAbs were mapped by a linear peptide-based immunoblotting technique, referred to as multiple interactive residues of recognition. The Abs were incubated with a set of overlapping synthetic peptides, deduced from the cDNA sequences of beta-factor XIIa, on a polymer membrane, and the signal was amplified by an ECL assay. Several discrete sequences of the protein were recognized by each Ab. The recognized peptides were further characterized using alanine substitution analogues and peptides of different lengths. The discontinuous epitopes found for each Ab were formed by several peptides and were composed of 20 to 31 residues. The sequence FLQEA was recognized by all three Abs and was the immunodominant peptide. Abs 201/9 and 2/15 bound to very similar discontinuous sequences, but with subtle differences. The sequences 76RLHEAFSP83, 88HDLALLRLQE97, 178GFLEG182, 146FLQEA150, and 237IRE239 formed the epitope for mAb 201/9, whereas 76RLHEAFSP83, 90LALLRLQE97, 146FLQEA150, and 235AWIREHT241 formed the epitope for Ab 2/15. The third Ab 202/7 recognized the sequences 79EAFSP83, 93LRLQE97, 133WGHQF137, and 146FLQEA150. We suggest that these sequences represent the sites to which the Abs bind. This procedure provides a sensitive and convenient tool to elucidate discontinuous epitopes for the binding of Abs, receptor ligand-binding sites, or enzyme inhibitor binding sites.
A comparison between Gauss-Newton and Markov-chain Monte Carlo–based methods for inverting spectral induced-polarization data for Cole-Cole parameters (2008)

Abstract We have developed a Bayesian model to invert spectral induced-polarization (SIP) data for Cole-Cole parameters using Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods. We compared the performance of the MCMC-based stochastic method with an iterative Gauss-Newton-based deterministic method for Cole-Cole parameter estimation through inversion of synthetic and laboratory SIP data. The Gauss-Newton-based method can provide an optimal solution for given objective functions under constraints, but the obtained optimal solution generally depends on the choice of initial values and the estimated uncertainty information often is inaccurate or insufficient. In contrast, the MCMC-based inversion method provides extensive globalinformation on unknown parameters, such as the marginal probability distribution functions, from which we can obtain better estimates and tighter uncertainty bounds of the parameters than with the deterministic method. In addition, the results obtained with the MCMC method are independent of the choice of initial values. Because the MCMC-based method does not explicitly offer a single optimal solution for given objective functions, the deterministic and stochastic methods can complement each other. For example, the stochastic method can be used first to obtain the medians of unknown parameters by starting from an arbitrary set of initial values. The deterministic method then can be initiated using the medians as starting values to obtain the optimal estimates of the Cole-Cole parameters.
Experimental photodynamic laser therapy for rheumatoid arthritis with a second generation photosensitizer (2000)

Photodynamic laser therapy has been shown to be a new method for the treatment of synovitis in various animal models. Its principle is the accumulation of a photosensitizing drug in the inflamed synovium which is destroyed by photoactivation of the drug. In the present animal study we demonstrate the effect of a second-generation photosensitizer and suggest a concept for light dosimetry within the joint. We used 38 inbred rabbits for the IgG-induced arthritis model; 2 mg/kg of the benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring-A (BPD-MA) Verteporfin were administered 3 h before irradiation, which was performed using a 690-nm diode laser coupled to quartz glass fiber with a cylinder diffusor tip at a total light energy of either 180 or 470 J. During irradiation specific fluorescence of BPD-MA was monitored using a spectroscopy unit. The effect of the photodynamic laser therapy was documented grossly and histologically after 1 week. Within the 470 J-group a complete necrosis of the inflamed synovium was observed. The bradytrophic structures of the joint, however, remained unchanged. Throughout the 180 J-group the extent of necrosis was minor. During irradiation the tissue fluorescence of BPD-MA showed a dose-dependent decrease. Using BPD-MA as a photosensitizer a highly selective and minimal invasive synoviorthesis can be performed. At a dose of 2 mg/kg the histological effect depends on the light dose. For optimum efficacy a total energy of 470 J seems favorable. Online fluorescence detection can be used to monitor the effect of light administration. For dosimetry therefore an online tissue fluorescence detection may represent a technical solution.
Visual Ada developer (2002)

Programming language popularity depends not only on its properties and quality, but also on service which the user gets in its environment. Gui and visual developer are important components of IDE (Integrated-Development Environment).Visual Ada Developer (VAD) helps Ada programmers easily create OS independent application, using standard set of components, such as GUI elements, Multimedia elements, Network connections, DB connections and others.
Chemotaxonomic significance of fatty acid composition in the genus Mortierella (Zygomycetes, Mortierellaceae (1992)

Volume: 44
Factors affecting the rate of breakdown of bacterial protein in rumen fluid (1987)

1. The cellular proteins of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Lactobacillus casei, Megasphaera elsdenii, Selenomonas ruminantium and Streptococcus bovis were labelled by growth in the presence of L-[14C]leucine, and the breakdown of labelled protein was measured in incubations of these bacteria with rumen fluid to which unlabelled 5 mM-L-leucine was added. The rate of protein breakdown was estimated from the rate of release of radioactivity into acid-soluble material. 2. Protein breakdown occurred at different rates in different species. The mean rates for B. fibrisolvens, L. casei, M. elsdenii, Sel. ruminantium and Str. bovis were 28.6, 18.1, 17.7, 10.5 and 5.3%/h respectively in samples of strained rumen fluid (SRF) with different protozoal populations. Rates of 3%/h or less were found in SRF from ciliate-free sheep or in faunated SRF from which protozoa had been removed by centrifugation. Further removal of mixed rumen bacteria had little effect. Suspensions of washed protozoa degraded bacterial protein at rates which were of the same order as those found in SRF. 3. The rate of breakdown of bacterial protein in different samples of SRF tended to increase as the numbers of small entodiniomorphid protozoa increased. The numbers of larger entodiniomorphs and holotrichs had no obvious influence on this rate. 4. Autoclaved and u.v.-treated bacteria were generally no different from live bacteria in their susceptibility to breakdown in SRF from faunated sheep, indicating that endogenous protein turnover was not a significant cause of bacterial protein catabolism. 5. The rate of bacterial protein breakdown was unrelated to the proteolytic activity of SRF. 6. It was concluded that predation by small protozoa is by far the most important cause of bacterial protein turnover in the rumen, with autolysis, other lytic factors and endogenous proteolysis being of minor importance.
Alloys for molten-salt reactors (2005)

Results are reported from studies on the selection, development and manufacture of structural materials for a fuel-salt circulation loop of molten-salt reactors. Studies into the properties of materials obtained were performed. The analysis of the main physical properties has suggested the nickel-based alloy with the optimum composition. The basic initial components of the alloy were refined by physical methods. The influence of deformation and thermal treatment on structural and mechanical properties of melted alloys was investigated. The present results give grounds to advise the alloys under discussion as materials for the fuel loop of molten-salt reactors.
Development of an automatic adjustment system for integrated tube components (2003)

The design of a multiprocessor-based automatic adjustment system for ITCs (integrated tube components) used in color picture tube fabrication is described. A rule-based hierarchical control approach is proposed to resolve the problem caused by uncertainties and nonlinearities in ITC processes. The electronic control system consists of three subsystems, each of which uses 32 bit microprocessors. Various image processing algorithms were incorporated into the control system for fast and reliable operation by using online processing units and a ral-time frame grabber. The general properties and difficulties of the ITC process are described, and the system configuration is outlined. Vision sensing and control algorithms are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>