gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclen-functionalized perylenebisimides as sensitive and selective fluorescent sensors for Pb2+ in aqueous solution (2011)

Cyclen-functionalized perylenediimides PBI-1 and PBI-2 were first synthesized as highly sensitive and selective fluorescent chemosensors for Pb(2+) in aqueous solution. PBI-2 shows a better selectivity for Pb(2+) in the presence of other metal ions and, importantly, it can successfully enter the cell and be applied in imaging of living cells.
Webshell Traffic Detection With Character-Level Features Based on Deep Learning (2018)

Webshell is a kind of backdoor programs based on Web services. Network-based detection could monitor the request and response traffic to find abnormal behaviors and detect the existence of Webshell. Some machine learning and deep learning methods have been used in this field, but the current methods need to be further explored in discovering new attacks and performance. In order to detect large-scale unknown Webshell events, we propose a Webshell traffic detection model combining the characteristics of convolutional neural network and long short-term memory network. At the same time, we propose a character-level traffic content feature transformation method. We apply the method in our proposed model and evaluate our approach on a Webshell detection testbed. The experiment result indicates that the model has a high precision rate and recall rate, and the generalization ability can be guaranteed.
Molecular characterization of the gene cluster coxMSL encoding the molybdenum-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase of Oligotropha carboxidovorans (1995)

The CO dehydrogenase structural genes (cox) and orf4 are clustered in the transcriptional order coxM--> coxS--> coxL--> orf4 on the 128-kb megaplasmid pHCG3 of the carboxidotroph Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5. Sequence analysis suggested association of molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide with CoxL and of the [2Fe-2S] clusters with CoxS.
Combined Anterior-Posterior Surgery is the Most Important Risk Factor for Developing Proximal Junctional Kyphosis in Idiopathic Scoliosis (2011)

Level III, prognostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Performance of patch antenna loaded of ferrites films (2014)

The development of wireless technology in the telecommunications field requires the miniaturization of patch antennas. Several methods are used to achieve this objective. In this work, our process is to introduce anisotropic materials such as ferrites in the design of such antennas. The high refractive index of ferrite at microwave frequencies allows reducing of the dimensions of the printed antenna. Therefore, we find that ferrite films are used more widely in the propagation of electromagnetic waves for various kinds of microwave devices. To investigate the importance of the inclusion of ferrite films on the patch antenna at the resonant frequency of the antenna, and their effect on the performance of the patch antenna, we made a comparison between a patch antenna with a dielectric substrate, and a patch antenna loaded with thin layers of demagnetized ferrite (high permeability scalar).
Effect of cellulose fine structure on kinetics of its digestion by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro (1990)

The digestion kinetics of a variety of pure celluloses were examined by using an in vitro assay employing mixed ruminal microflora and a modified detergent extraction procedure to recover residual cellulose. Digestion of all of the celluloses was described by a discontinuous first-order rate equation to yield digestion rate constants and discrete lag times. These kinetic parameters were compared with the relative crystallinity indices and estimated accessible surface areas of the celluloses. For type I celluloses having similar crystallinities and simple nonaggregating particle morphologies, the fermentation rate constants displayed a strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.978) with gross specific surface area; lag time exhibited a weaker, negative correlation (r2 = 0.930) with gross specific surface area. Crystallinity was shown to have a relatively minor effect on the digestion rate and lag time. Swelling of microcrystalline cellulose with 72 to 77% phosphoric acid yielded substrates which were fermented slightly more rapidly than the original material. However, treatment with higher concentrations of phosphoric acid resulted in a more slowly fermented substrate, despite a decrease in crystallinity and an increase in pore volume. This reduced fermentation rate was apparently due to the partial conversion of the cellulose from the type I to the type II allomorph, since mercerized (type II) cellulose was also fermented more slowly, and only after a much longer lag period. The results are consistent with earlier evidence for the cell-associated nature of cellulolytic enzymes of ruminal bacteria and suggest that ruminal microflora do not rapidly adapt to utilization of celluloses with altered unit cell structures.
Application of Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (PESI-MS) to Clinical Diagnosis: Solvent Effect on Lipid Analysis (2012)

We have examined several combinations of solvents with the aim of optimizing the ionization conditions for molecular diagnosis of malignant tumours by PESI-MS. Although the best conditions may depend on the actual species in the sample, the optimal conditions for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were achieved by using alcohols. PESI-MS successfully delineated the differential expression of phospholipids (PCs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in noncancerous and RCC tissues by using these solvent systems. This study paves the way for the application of PESI-MS in medical samples.
Institutional shareholdings and the investment trust discount as an agency cost (1995)

Abstract In this paper the relationship between the proportion of investment trust shares held by institutions and the size of the investment trust discount is considered. Fund managers, in the absence of frequent takeovers or unitizations, will not choose to hold investment trust shares instead of replicating the underlying portfolio unless the price is sufficiently lower than net asset value to compensate for the higher risk and lower returns that holding investment trust shares entails relative to the underlying portfolio. The hypothesis that when the principal shareholders are institutions, the mean discount for a recognizable sector, although fluctuating, has a zero trend is tested and verified, with the trend only becoming negative in the late 1980s when private investors reentered the market through investment trust savings schemes and personal equity plans. The behaviour of individual trust discounts is shown to be mean reverting to the sector average, showing that individual shares cannot fluctuate too far from the sector average for fear of either being taken over if the discount becomes too large, or of capital loss if the discount becomes too small relative to other trusts in the same sector. These patterns of mean reversion are observable but possibly too long in length to suggest market inefficiency. The zero trend sector mean discount is identified as an agency cost, showing how the same asset is priced differently according to its management structure, without any need to consider vague notions such as perceptions of sub par management performance
Distributed multicast address management in the global Internet (1995)

We describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast addresses in the global Internet. A multicast address space partitioning scheme is proposed, based on the unicast host address and a per-host address management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast addressing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast address management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the evaluation of multicast address management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and processing and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for address acquisition is reduced by several orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consistency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a minimum by serving the request within the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less control traffic, is more robust against failures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chemical Oxide Interfacial Layer for the High-$k$-Last/Gate-Last Integration Scheme (2012)

The authors propose a high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -last with gate-last integration scheme with a chemical oxide interfacial layer (IL). It was found that chemical oxide IL could form Hf-silicate at the high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> /IL interface so as to provide us a larger effective <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> value and a smaller equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). It was also found that the larger leakage current density for the samples with chemical oxide IL could be effectively suppressed by postdeposition annealing (PDA). Furthermore, it was found that PDA-induced larger EOT could be reduced by optimizing the metal gate stack.
Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine and 5-fluorouracil in dematiaceous fungi (1983)

The mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in dematiaceous fungi was studied and compared with results of experiments in yeasts and Aspergillus species. In dematiaceous fungi 5FU is more potent than 5FC. The high activity of 5FU is related to a good and rapid uptake of this compound into the fungus cell. Both compounds exert fungistatic and fungicidal activity. A correlation exists between the amount of 5FU incorporated into RNA and its antifungal activity. The resistance frequency to 5FC varies from 2 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-7); resistance frequency to 5FU is generally lower. Addition of 5FC and 5FU to logarithmically multiplying cells inhibits increases of cell numbers and cell constituents after a delay period. The effects on the increase of protein and carbohydrate are more delayed than on the increase of DNA and RNA, indicating unbalanced growth. The concept of a dual biochemical mechanism, i.e. incorporation of 5FU into RNA and formation of 5-fluorodeoxy UMP leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis, previously proposed for the antifungal action of 5FC is also applicable to the action of 5FC and 5FU on the dematiaceous fungi.
Characterization of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes That Mediate Antinociception in the Rat Spinal Cord (1997)

Spinal cholinergic receptors are involved in mediating antinociceptive effects.To characterize the receptor subtypes modulating nociceptive transmission, we first determined the antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered muscarinic agonists (McN-A-343 and carbachol) and a cholinesterase inhibitor (neostigmine) in rats. The antagonist potencies of muscarinic antagonists with different preferences for muscarinic receptors [atropine, pirenzepine (M1), methoctramine (M2), and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP; M3)] were then examined for McN-A-343, carbachol, and neostigmine. After determining the time of peak effect for each antagonist, the just maximally effective (JME) dose of each agonist was given in conjunction with one of the several doses of the antagonists. The three agents produced a dose-dependent increase in paw withdrawal latency, with the following 50% effective dose and the following JME doses: neostigmine 6 and 14 nmol, carbachol 29 and 110 nmol, and McN-A-343 354 and 630 nmol. The rank of order of potency (and median infective dose in nanomoles) for the antagonists was: neostigmine = (atropine 14 > 4-DAMP 44 >> methoctramine >137, and pirenzepine >236); carbachol = (pirenzepine 0.5 = atropine 0.6 > 4-DAMP 5 >> methoctramine >137); McN-A-343 = (pirenzepine 0.5 > atropine 3 > 4-DAMP 6 >> methoctramine >137). Our results suggest that the M1 and possibly the M3 muscarinic receptors mediate spinal antinociception in the rat. Implications: Spinal muscarinic agonists, such as carbachol and the cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine, induce a potent analgesia in the rat. Using selective receptor antagonists, we have shown that these effects are likely mediated by spinal M1 and/or M3 receptor subtypes. (Anesth Analg 1997;85:847-53)
HEK293T cell lines defective for O-linked glycosylation (2017)

Here we describe derivatives of the HEK293T cell line that are defective in their ability to generate mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 and a single-cell GFPsorting procedure, the UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE), galactokinase 1 (GALK1), and galactokinase 2 (GALK2) genes were knocked out individually and in combinations with greater than 90% of recovered clones having the desired mutations. Although HEK293T cells are tetraploid, we found this approach to be an efficient method to target and disrupt all 4 copies of the target gene. Deficient glycosylation in the GALE knockout cell line could be rescued by the addition of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to the cell culture media. However, when key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways were disrupted in tandem (GALE+GALK1 or GALE+GALK2), O-glycosylation was eliminated and could not be rescued by the addition of either galactose plus GalNAc or UDP-galactose plus UDP-GalNAc. GALK1 and GALK2 are key enzymes of the galactose/GalNAc salvage pathways. Mass spectrometry was performed on whole cell lysate of the knockout cell lines to verify the glycosylation phenotype. As expected, the GALE knockout was almost completely devoid of all O-glycosylation, with minimal glycosylation as a result of functional salvage pathways. However, the GALE+GALK1 and GALE+GALK2 knockout lines were devoid of all O-glycans. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the disruption of GALE, GALK1, and GALE+GALK2 had little effect on the N-glycome. But when GALE was knocked out in tandem with GALK1, N-glycans were exclusively of the high mannose type. Due to the wellcharacterized nature of these five knockout cell lines, they will likely prove useful for a wide variety of applications.
Carbon dioxide: A new material for energy storage (2014)

Though carbon dioxide is the main green house gas due to burning of fossil resource or miscellaneous chemical processes, we propose here that carbon dioxide be a new material for energy storage. Since it can be the key to find the solution for three critical issues facing the world: food ecosystems, the greenhouse issue and energy storage. We propose to identify the carbon recovery through a circular industrial revolution in the first part, and in the second part we present the starting way of three business plants to do that from industrial examples. By pointing out all the economic constraints and the hidden competitions between energy, water and food, we try to qualify the phrase “sustainable development” and open the way of a huge circular economy.
The side effects of the prostaglandin analogues (2006)

In the last decade topically applied prostaglandin F2alpha analogues (bimatoprost, latanoprost, travoprost and unoprostone) have become widely used as a means to reduce elevated intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. These molecules all have similar side-effect profiles, which include both side effects that occur frequently (e.g., conjunctiva hyperaemia, increase of iris pigmentation and eyelash changes) and rare adverse reactions (e.g., periocular pigmentation, damage to the blood-aqueous barrier and cystoid macular oedema). Conjunctiva hyperaemia, eyelash changes and cystoid macular oedema are reversible, but certain other side effects, such as increased iris pigmentation, are not. However, the systemic side-effect profile is favourable for all the prostaglandin analogues, and some of the local side effects are only of cosmetic significance. Numerous clinical studies suggest that discontinuing treatment with prostaglandin analogues on account of their side effects is rare in clinical practice.
Autologous Serum 50% Eyedrops in the Treatment of Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects (2009)

The use of 50% autologous serum eyedrops appears to be an efficacious medical treatment modality for persistent corneal epithelial defects that are recalcitrant to conventional medical therapy.
Exploring Personalized Command Recommendations based on Information Found in Web Documentation (2015)

Prior work on command recommendations for feature-rich software has relied on data supplied by a large community of users to generate personalized recommendations. In this work, we explore the feasibility of using an alternative data source: web documentation. Specifically, our approach uses QF-Graphs, a previously proposed technique that maps higher-level tasks (i.e., search queries) to commands referenced in online documentation. Our approach uses these command-to-task mappings as an automatically generated plan library, enabling our prototype system to make personalized recommendations for task-relevant commands. Through both offline and online evaluations, we explore potential benefits and drawbacks of this approach.
Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated newborns (1990)

The precise diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection in the critically ill newborn remains a difficult challenge. The bronchoscopic protected specimen brush (PSB) is a reliable method in intubated adults. Because the bronchoscopic procedure is not generally available for young children, Zucker proposed a blind technique for introducing the PSB into the distal airways. His results were promising but were not compared with any bacteriologic reference method. Therefore, we wanted to evaluate this technique in comparison with the open lung biopsy (OLB) when it could be ethically accomplished. Eleven PSB were collected simultaneously with an OLB. The sensitivity of the PSB procedure was 100%, its specificity 88%, its positive predictive value 66%, and its negative predictive value 100%. There were no complications secondary to the PSB procedure. In this short study, the PSB procedure using a blind technique is safe and feasible to obtain uncontaminated specimens in intubated and ventilated newborns, and is largely accurate in identifying the bacterial etiologic agent of lower respiratory tract infection.
Molecular Pathways: Resistance to Kinase Inhibitors and Implications for Therapeutic Strategies (2014)

The development of targeted therapies has revolutionized the treatment of cancer patients. The identification of "druggable" oncogenic kinases and the creation of small-molecule inhibitors designed to specifically target these mutant kinases have become an important therapeutic paradigm across several different malignancies. Often these inhibitors induce dramatic clinical responses in molecularly defined cohorts. However, resistance to such targeted therapies is an inevitable consequence of this therapeutic approach. Resistance can be either primary (de novo) or acquired. Mechanisms leading to primary resistance may be categorized as tumor intrinsic factors or as patient/drug-specific factors. Acquired resistance may be mediated by target gene modification, activation of "bypass tracks" that serve as compensatory signaling loops, or histologic transformation. This brief review is a snapshot of the complex problem of therapeutic resistance, with a focus on resistance to kinase inhibitors in EGF receptor mutant and ALK rearranged non-small cell lung cancer, BRAF-mutant melanoma, and BCR-ABL-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. We describe specific mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance and then review emerging strategies to delay or overcome drug resistance.
Current applications of vibration monitoring and neutron noise analysis (1990)

Monitoring programs using vibration monitoring or neutron noise analysis have demonstrated the ability to detect and, in some cases, diagnose the nature of reactor vessel internals structural degradation. Detection of compromised mechanical integrity of reactor vessel internal components in its early stages allows corrective action to be taken before weakening or damage occurs. In addition to the economic benefits early detection and correction can provide, they can also help maintain plant safety. Information on the condition of reactor vessel internal components gained from a monitoring program supplements in-service inspection results and may be useful in justifying plant license extension. This report, which was prepared under the Nuclear Plant Aging Research Program sponsored by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, discusses the application of vibration monitoring and neutron noise analysis for monitoring light-water reactor vessel internals. The report begins by describing the effects of structural integrity loss on internals vibration and how measurable parameters can be used to detect and track the progress of degradation. This is followed by a description and comparison of vibration monitoring and neutron noise analysis, two methods for monitoring the mechanical integrity of reactor vessel internals condition monitoring programs in the United States, Federal Republic of Germany,more » and France, three countries having substantial commitments to nuclear power. The last section presents guidelines for US utilities wishing to establish reactor internals condition monitoring programs. 20 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.« less