gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Techniques for Increasing Oil Recovery from Oil Reservoirs with Tar Barriers (1985)

ABSTRACT A number of major oil reservoirs in the Middle East have a tar barrier between the oil zone and the underlying water zone, with a strong bottom water drive. This investigation is aimed at oil recovery from such reservoirs. Specifically, it is intended to explore several recovery methods that could be used for increasing oil recovery from such reservoirs. As far as one can ascertain, little or no work has been published on this subject of vital importance in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq. The present investigation was experimental in nature, utilizing several models, and a variety of recovery schemes. In all instances, three zones were initially set up in the models: a light oil zone on top, a water zone at the bottom, and a tar zone between the two. The thicknesses of the oil and tar zones were varied to cover a range of conditions. The bottom water zone was equipped with a water drive. The different recovery techniques tested were: (i) injection of water into the oil zone (internal waterflood), without a bottom water drive, (ii) internal waterflood, with a bottom water drive, (iii) bottom water drive, (iv) injection of solvent into the tar zone, (v) injection of steam into (a) oil zone, (b) tar zone, and (c) water zone. The results show that when waterflooding the oil zone, an important factor is the extent of communication between the water zone and the tar zone. Such communication can be established by use of solvents or steam, though such processes are admittedly inapplicable in some of the deeper formations. Once communication is attained, an internal waterflood can be very effective. With bottom drive alone, recovery was found to be low in view of water channelling and coning. Solvent injection runs showed that large volumes of a suitable solvent will have to be injected in order to obtain the necessary communication. Steam injection into the oil zone mitigated the benefits of a water drive. However, injection into the tar zone was effective both in promoting the bottom water drive, and also in recovering some of the tar, although this was not a primary objective. Injection into the bottom water zone was largely ineffective, since the heating of the overlying tar layer required very large volumes of steam.
On Coordinated Feedforward Excitation of Nonlinear Servomechanisms (1990)

In an earlier paper, the authors introduced the idea of using higher-order spectral information for shaping the loop response in nonlinear servomechanisms. The design procedure was embodied in the multidimensional transfer functions associated with Volterra representations of the plant and its compensation. This paper extends the scope of the procedure by implementing higher-order, feedforward prefilters to excite the loop. The method is systematic in both design and realization of higher-order feedforward dynamics, and offers a potential advantage in nonlinear servomechanism performance as illustrated in a tandem motor-generator example.
NADP, corepressor for the <i>Bacillus</i> catabolite control protein CcpA (1998)

Expression of the alpha-amylase gene (amyE) of Bacillus subtilis is subject to CcpA (catabolite control protein A)-mediated catabolite repression, a global regulatory mechanism in Bacillus and other Gram-positive bacteria. To determine effectors of CcpA, we tested the ability of glycolytic metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors to affect CcpA binding to the amyE operator, amyO. Those that stimulated the DNA-binding affinity of CcpA were tested for their effect on transcription. HPr-P (Ser-46), proposed as an effector of CcpA, also was tested. In DNase I footprint assays, the affinity of CcpA for amyO was stimulated 2-fold by fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP), 1.5-fold by oxidized or reduced forms of NADP, and 10-fold by HPr-P (Ser-46). However, the triple combinations, CcpA/NADP/HPr-P (Ser-46) and CcpA/FDP/HPr-P (Ser-46) synergistically stimulated DNA-binding affinity by 120- and 300-fold, respectively. NADP added to CcpA specifically stimulated transcription inhibition of the amyE promoter by 120-fold. CcpA combined with HPr (Ser-46) inhibited transcription from the amyE promoter, but it also inhibited several control promoters. FDP did not stimulate transcription inhibition by CcpA nor did the triple combinations. The finding that NADP had little effect on CcpA DNA binding but increased the ability of CcpA to inhibit transcription suggests that catabolite repression is not simply caused by CcpA binding amyO but rather a result of interactions with the transcription machinery enhanced by NADP.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of the Non-Uniform Grooved Tube Considering Tube Expansion (2012)

A plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger widely used in air conditioners, and tubes and fins are tightly assembled by the mechanical expansion process of tubes. The tube expansion process deforms the grooves inside the tube, and the groove shapes also affect the adhesion between tubes and fins. In this study, the adhesion and heat transfer performance affected by the tube expansion of the non-uniform groove shape tube with different heights are investigated by both analysis and experiments. From the analysis method, it was shown that the contact pressure of non-uniform groove tube is higher than that of the uniform groove tube, and the most appropriate high groove number of the non-uniform groove tube is designed for the maximum contact pressure. From the experimental results, the decreasing rate of the condensation heat transfer coefficient is smaller in the non-uniform groove tube with different heights, compared to the conventional uniform groove tube. Also, the air-side heat transfer coefficient of the non-uniform groove tube with different heights is higher than that of the uniform groove tubes.
Construction of fractal objects with iterated function systems (1985)

In computer graphics, geometric modeling of complex objects is a difficult process. An important class of complex objects arise from natural phenomena: trees, plants, clouds, mountains, etc. Researchers are at present investigating a variety of techniques for extending modeling capabilities to include these as well as other classes. One mathematical concept that appears to have significant potential for this is fractals. Much interest currently exists in the general scientific community in using fractals as a model of complex natural phenomena. However, only a few methods for generating fractal sets are known. We have been involved in the development of a new approach to computing fractals. Any set of linear maps (affine transformations) and an associated set of probabilities determines an Iterated Function System (IFS). Each IFS has a unique "attractor" which is typically a fractal set (object). Specification of only a few maps can produce very complicated objects. Design of fractal objects is made relatively simple and intuitive by the discovery of an important mathematical property relating the fractal sets to the IFS. The method also provides the possibility of solving the inverse problem. given the geometry of an object, determine an IFS that will (approximately) generate that geometry. This paper presents the application of the theory of IFS to geometric modeling.
Evolving Recurrent Linear-GP for Document Classification and Word Tracking (2006)

In this paper, we propose a novel document classification system where the recurrent linear Genetic Programming is employed to classify the documents that are represented in encoded word sequences. During this process, word sequences of documents are tracked, frequent patterns are detected and document is classified. We describe the word encoding model and the recurrent linear Genetic Programming based classification mechanism. The performance results on benchmark data set Reuters 21578 show that this system can analyze the temporal sequence patterns of a document and get competitive performance on classification. We expect that it can be easily applied to other application areas, where the temporal sequences are very significant.
Asymmetric Pictet–Spengler Reactions Employing <i>N,N</i>‐Phthaloyl Amino Acids as Chiral Auxiliary Groups (1995)

Both aromatic and aliphatic Schiff bases 1 can be cyclized asymmetrically in the presence of titanium alkoxides if N,N-phthaloyl-protected amino acids are employed as chiral auxiliaries. The desired heterocycles 3, which are suitable for alkaloid syntheses, are formed with diastereomer ratios of up to 99%. R  nPr, iPr; R1  Me, Et, iPr, Ph, Ar; R2  Me, iPr, tBu.
Infrared pupillometry, the Neurological Pupil index and unilateral pupillary dilation after traumatic brain injury: implications for treatment paradigms (2014)

Pupillary dysfunction, a concerning finding in the neurologic examination of the patient with an acute traumatic brain injury often dictates the subsequent treatment paradigm. Patients were monitored closely with an infrared pupillometer, with NPi technology, for acute changes in pupillary function. NPi technology applies a scalar value to pupillary function. A retrospective chart review was performed of traumatic brain injury patients with acute unilateral pupillary dilation, admitted to Legacy Emanuel Medical Center's NeuroTrauma Unit, Portland, OR, and followed as outpatients, between January 2012 and December 2013. Clinical exam findings of pupillary size, NPi scores, and brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography images were analyzed. Five traumatic brain injury patients were identified with unilateral pupillary dysfunction with long-term follow-up after the initial injury. Each patient was monitored closely in the trauma bay for neurological deterioration with a pupillometer and the clinical exam. Two patients underwent subsequent intracranial pressure monitoring based on a deteriorating clinical scenario, including consistent abnormal unilateral NPi scores. One patient with consistent abnormal NPi scores and an improved clinical exam did not undergo invasive interventions. Two patients showed early improvement in NPi scores correlating with the normalization of their pupillary reactivity. Anisocoria improved in all patients despite concurrent abnormal NPi scores. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography imaging studies, with a focus on the third nerve, revealed focal abnormalities consistent with the clinical findings. A unilateral blown pupil and abnormal NPi score in a traumatic brain injury patient are not necessarily indicative of intracranial pressure issues, and must be correlated with the entire clinical scenario, to determine the etiology of the third nerve injury and direct potential therapeutic interventions. Early NPi score normalization suggests pupillary function may improve. We found that NPi scores, as a component of the clinical exam, provide a sensitive, noninvasive and quantitative means of following pupillary function acutely and chronically after a traumatic brain injury.
Respiratory Enzyme Activity in Low Temperature Sweetening of Susceptible and Resistant Potatoes (1990)

ABSTRACT During storage at 4°C and 12°C, a potato cultivar susceptible to chill‐sweetening (Norchip) accumulated significantly (P≤0.05) higher levels of sucrose, fructose and glucose than a potato selection resistant to chill‐sweetening (ND 860‐2). ND 860‐2 tubers exhibited a significantly (P≤0.05) higher respiration rate throughout storage, reflected in higher activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glucose‐6‐phos‐phate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH). Storage significantly (P≤0.05) reduced respiration rate for both cultivars. G6PDH showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in specific activity or V max between 4°C and 12°C for either cultivar. However, Km decreased at 4°C for both cultivars, possibly due to build up of substrate.
运动方向的线状指示物与斑变晶中叶理变切轴（FIAs）的比较及其与板块 … (1999)

过去还无人指出过板块相对运动的方向与缓倾斜叶理，逆断层和断层上的线状指示物有直接关系，这是因为缓倾斜构造上的运动方向只和变厚了的造山地层的重力塌陷有关，它们和俯冲板块传递给仰冲板块的推力没有关系。缓倾斜嚅理上的运动方向的线状指示物和斑状变晶中的叶理弯曲或叶理变切轴并无直接关系，这是因为ＦＩＡ的指向肥缓倾斜叶理和斑状变晶边缘上产生的，近乎垂直的叶理之间的交切面控制。
Optimization on Layout Style of ESD Protection Diode for Radio-Frequency Front-End and High-Speed I/O Interface Circuits (2010)

The diode operated in forward-biased condition has been widely used as an effective on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection device at radio-frequency (RF) front-end and high-speed input/output (I/O) pads due to the small parasitic loading effect and high ESD robustness in CMOS integrated circuits (ICs). This work presents new ESD protection diodes drawn in the octagon, waffle-hollow, and octagon-hollow layout styles to improve the efficiency of ESD current distribution and to reduce the parasitic capacitance. The measured results confirmed that they can achieve smaller parasitic capacitance under the same ESD robustness level as compared to the stripe and waffle diodes, especially for the diodes drawn in the hollow layout style. Therefore, the signal degradation of RF and high-speed transmission can be reduced because of smaller parasitic capacitance from the new proposed diodes.
Generation Expansion Planning for Systems with a High Share of Hydro Power (1987)

This paper presents a method for integrating a detailed model of the hydroelectric system into existing power system planning tools. The purpose of the hydro model is not primarily to optimize hydro expansion, but to represent the influence of hydro regulation on the thermal system expansion. Stochastic production costing routines are used to calculate operating costs as a function of hydro production. Linear programming is used to determine the hydro production schedule that minimizes production costs along the planning period, taking into account a number of constraints in the hydro production system. A study with 16 cascaded hydro plants and 25 thermal units is presented and discussed.
Design Alternatives for Large-Scale Web Search: Alexander was Great, Aeneas a Pioneer, and Anakin has the Force (2007)

Indexing the Web and meeting the throughput, response-time, and \nfailure-resilience requirements of a search engine\nrequires massive storage and computational resources and a careful system \ndesign for scalability.\nThis is exemplified by the big data centers of the leading commercial search \nengines.\nVarious proposals and debates have appeared in the literature as to whether Web \nindexes can be implemented\nin a fully distributed or even peer-to-peer manner without impeding \nscalability, and different partitioning\nstrategies have been worked out.\nIn this paper, we resume this ongoing discussion by analyzing the design space \nfor distributed Web indexing,\nconsidering the influence of partitioning strategies as well as different \nstorage technologies including Flash-RAM.\nWe outline and discuss the pros and cons of three fundamental alternatives, and \ncharacterize their total costs\nfor meeting all performance and availability requirements.\nWe give arguments in favor\nof a system design based on term partitioning over a DHT-based peer-to-peer \nnetwork with modern top-k\nquery processing and a judiciously designed combination of disk and Flash-RAM \nstorage, and we show that\nthis design has intriguing properties and a very attractive cost/performance \nratio.
Transposition of domains between the M2 and HN viral membrane proteins results in polypeptides which can adopt more than one membrane orientation. (1989)

The influenza A virus M2 polypeptide is a small integral membrane protein that does not contain a cleaved signal sequence, but is unusual in that it assumes the membrane orientation of a class I integral membrane protein with an NH2-terminal ectodomain and a COOH-terminal cytoplasmic tail. To determine the domains of M2 involved in specifying membrane orientation, hybrid genes were constructed and expressed in which regions of the M2 protein were linked to portions of the paramyxovirus HN and SH proteins, two class II integral membrane proteins that adopt the opposite orientation in membranes from M2. A hybrid protein (MgMH) consisting of the M2 NH2-terminal and membrane-spanning domains linked precisely to the HN COOH-terminal ectodomain was found in cells in two forms: integrated into membranes in the M2 topology or completely translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and ultimately secreted from the cell. The finding of a soluble form suggested that in this hybrid protein the anchor function of the M2 signal/anchor domain can be overridden. A second hybrid which contained the M2 NH2 terminus linked to the HN signal anchor and ectodomain (MgHH) was found in both the M2 and the HN orientation, suggesting that the M2 NH2 terminus was capable of reversing the topology of a class II membrane protein. The exchange of the M2 signal/anchor domain with that of SH resulted in a hybrid protein which assumed only the M2 topology. Thus, all these data suggest that the NH2-terminal 24 residues to M2 are important for directing the unusual membrane topology of the M2 protein. These data are discussed in relationship to the loop model for insertion of proteins into membranes and the role of charged residues as a factor in determining orientation.
APOE*E2 allele delays age of onset in PSEN1 E280A Alzheimer’s disease (2015)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) age of onset (ADAOO) varies greatly between individuals, with unique causal mutations suggesting the role of modifying genetic and environmental interactions. We analyzed ~50 000 common and rare functional genomic variants from 71 individuals of the 'Paisa' pedigree, the world's largest pedigree segregating a severe form of early-onset AD, who were affected carriers of the fully penetrant E280A mutation in the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene. Affected carriers with ages at the extremes of the ADAOO distribution (30s-70s age range), and linear mixed-effects models were used to build single-locus regression models outlining the ADAOO. We identified the rs7412 (APOE*E2 allele) as a whole exome-wide ADAOO modifier that delays ADAOO by ~12 years (β=11.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.07-15.41, P=6.31 × 10(-8), PFDR=2.48 × 10(-3)). Subsequently, to evaluate comprehensively the APOE (apolipoprotein E) haplotype variants (E1/E2/E3/E4), the markers rs7412 and rs429358 were genotyped in 93 AD affected carriers of the E280A mutation. We found that the APOE*E2 allele, and not APOE*E4, modifies ADAOO in carriers of the E280A mutation (β=8.24, 95% CI: 4.45-12.01, P=3.84 × 10(-5)). Exploratory linear mixed-effects multilocus analysis suggested that other functional variants harbored in genes involved in cell proliferation, protein degradation, apoptotic and immune dysregulation processes (i.e., GPR20, TRIM22, FCRL5, AOAH, PINLYP, IFI16, RC3H1 and DFNA5) might interact with the APOE*E2 allele. Interestingly, suggestive evidence as an ADAOO modifier was found for one of these variants (GPR20) in a set of patients with sporadic AD from the Paisa genetic isolate. This is the first study demonstrating that the APOE*E2 allele modifies the natural history of AD typified by the age of onset in E280A mutation carriers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest analyzed sample of patients with a unique mutation sharing uniform environment. Formal replication of our results in other populations and in other forms of AD will be crucial for prediction, follow-up and presumably developing new therapeutic strategies for patients either at risk or affected by AD.
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC): A 5-year Update and Future Perspectives (2012)

Over the past decade, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) has emerged as a key technique to visualize protein-protein interactions in a variety of model organisms. The BiFC assay is based on reconstitution of an intact fluorescent protein when two complementary non-fluorescent fragments are brought together by a pair of interacting proteins. While the originally reported BiFC method has enabled the study of many protein-protein interactions, increasing demands to visualize protein-protein interactions under various physiological conditions have not only prompted a series of recent BiFC technology improvements, but also stimulated interest in developing completely new approaches. Here we review current BiFC technology, focusing on the development and improvement of BiFC systems, the understanding of split sites in fluorescent proteins, and enhancements in the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, we provide perspectives on possible future improvements of the technique.
Tidal Breath Flow-Volume Curves in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (1992)

Because of the gravitational position during sleep and the associated relaxed state, we hypothesized that passive expiration in the supine position might reflect upper airway pathophysiology in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We prospectively enrolled and tested 92 subjects with several clinical conditions. Maximal comfort and relaxation during expiration was achieved by connecting subjects to a ventilator via a mouthpiece. An initial respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min and tidal volume of 10 ml/kg were selected. Fine adjustments were then made to achieve maximal subject relaxation. Using this method, we obtained reproducible tidal breath flow-volume curves (TBFVC). Testing was performed in both sitting and supine positions. Standard pulmonary function tests, including spirometry and lung volume measurements, were also obtained in both sitting and supine positions. Of 86 patients who could be evaluated, 12 (60%) of 20 subjects with documented OSA (respiratory disturbance index: mean, 64.8; range, 10 to 120.5) demonstrated a positional change in the terminal portion of the TBFVC; 10 (32%) of 31 with a history of snoring also tested positive, but only three (9%) of 35 subjects with no OSA, by polysomnography (n = 8) or questionnaire (n = 27), demonstrated such a positional change. This positional change in TBFVC, which was significantly more frequent in subjects with OSA, could not be attributed to any measurable pulmonary function abnormality or body mass index. We believe this positional change in TBFVC reflects upper airway functional narrowing induced by assumption of supine position and decreasing airflow rates.
Rifampicina y biodisponibilidad en productos combinados (2005)

The drug rifampicin (R) is used as a first line antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis (TB), together withIsoniazide (H), Pyrazinamide (Z) and Ethambutol (E). According to recent statistics, there has been anincrease in TB on a worldwide scale, with the main causes being: monotherapies, the appearance ofresistant microorganisms, the lack of effective preventative programs, non-compliance to treatment andmistaken dosage schedules. The world health organisation (WHO) and the International Union AgainstTuberculosis and Lung Diseases(IUTALD) declared a state of emergency with respect to the disease andestablished programs to increase compliance to therapy and to reduce the incidence of problems arisingfrom such. Along these lines, a list of first line drug therapy treatments were established, whichincluded R, Z, H & E combinations at fixed dosage combinations (FDC), permitting safe combinedadministrations of the drugs at correct dosage levels. These fixed dose combinations have been officiallyrecommended by the WHO in the treatment of TB. However, as has been widely recognised in numerousscientific publications, in such formulations, there are factors that alter the bioavailability of R. Theobjective of this work has been to study the most relevant aspects concerning R bioavailability alterationsand to consider possible solutions to the problem.
Mycophenolate mofetil improves neurological function and alters blood T-lymphocyte subsets in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2014)

MMF may have pharmacological potential in MS treatment and these findings may help in understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of MS.