gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pests and Diseases of Prehistoric Crops: A Yield ‘Honeymoon’ for Early Grain Crops in Europe? (2001)

Before the agricultural improvements of recent centuries, grain yields in medieval Europe appear to have been extremely low: well below the full potential of the crops. If yields were similarly low in prehistory, the adoption of cereal cultivation could have conveyed few benefits in terms of productivity. Consideration of the key constraints on cereal yield highlights the previous neglect of the role of pests and diseases. It is suggested that these may have been particularly damaging in the medieval period, but much less so during the early stages of the adoption of agriculture. Textual and archaeological evidence for the past occurrence of pests and diseases is discussed and, combined with consideration of the development of pest and pathogen problems of recent crop introductions, used to provide a possible outline of the early development of the pest/disease burden. It is suggested that when grain crops were first introduced into temperate Europe there may have been a ‘honeymoon period’ with high yields: pests and diseases which had been endemic on cereals in semi‐arid, continental, or Mediterranean climates did not thrive in the temperature climate, while species native to north‐west Europe may not have been adapted to attack cereals. Subsequently, however, some pests and diseases evolved to attack cereals in this environment. These may have prompted changes in grain production methods to reduce the risk of damage. Pests and diseases must have been a driving force in agrarian change for several millennia, and cannot be ignored in attempts to understand the history of agriculture.
Cloning, sequencing, and expressional analysis of the chick homologue of follistatin (1995)

Follistatin, a secreted glycoprotein, has been shown to act as a potent neural inducer during early amphibian development. The function of this protein during embryogenesis in higher vertebrates is unclear, and to further our understanding of its role we have cloned, sequenced, and performed an in-depth expressional analysis of the chick homologue of follistatin. In addition we also describe the expression pattern of activin beta A and activin beta B, proteins that have previously been shown to be able to interact with follistatin. In this study we show that the expression of follistatin and the activins do not always overlap. Follistatin was first detected in Hensen's node and subsequently in the region described by Spratt [1952] as the neuralising area. In older embryos it was also expressed in a highly dynamic manner in the hindbrain as well as in the somites. We also present evidence that follistatin may have a later role in the resegmentation of the somites. We were unable to detect the expression of activin beta A during early embryogenesis, whereas activin beta B was first expressed in the extending primitive streak and subsequently in the neural folds. The results from this study are consistent with a role for follistatin in neural induction but suggest it has additional functions unrelated to its inhibitory actions on activins.
Synthesis, Characterization, Photophysical Properties, and Biological Labeling Studies of a Series of Luminescent Rhenium(I) Polypyridine Maleimide Complexes (2001)

We report the synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of a series of rhenium(I) polypyridine maleimide complexes [Re(N-N)(CO)(3)(py-3-mal)](CF(3)SO(3)) [N-N = 1,10-phenanthroline, phen (1), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-Me(2)-phen (2), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,4,7,8-Me(4)-phen (3), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-Ph(2)-phen (4), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-Me(2)-4,7-Ph(2)-phen (5), 2,2'-biquinonine, biq (6); py-3-mal = N-(3-pyridyl)maleimide]. The X-ray crystal structure of complex 2 has been investigated. Upon excitation, the complexes exhibit intense and long-lived photoluminescence in fluid solutions at 298 K. The emission wavelengths range from 514 to 654 nm, and the emission lifetimes fall in the microsecond time scale. The luminescence is assigned to originate from a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer MLCT [dpi(Re) --> pi*(diimine)] triplet excited state. As the maleimide group can react with the sulfhydryl group to form a stable thioether moiety, these complexes have been used as thiol-specific luminescent labels for a thiolated oligonucleotide, glutathione, and bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin. The photoluminescence properties of the labeled biological species have also been investigated.
Pulsed Laser Holography In Studies Of Bone Motions And Deformations (1985)

Principles of pulsed laser double-exposure hologram interferometry are discussed. In this presentation, emphasis is placed on biomedical applications of the method. Procedures for quantitative interpretation of images obtained during reconstruction of holograms are presented and illustrated with representative examples. The procedures for quantitative interpretation of holograms allow determination of translations, rotations, and strains of an object, including determination of and compensation for the object's rigid-body motions. A system for automated interpretation of holograms is also discussed. The results shown relate to in vitro and in vivo studies of tooth and bone motions.
GLP-1 based therapeutics: simultaneously combating T2DM and obesity (2015)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) enhances meal-related insulin secretion, which lowers blood glucose excursions. In addition to its incretin action, GLP-1 acts on the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the brain to suppress feeding. These combined actions of GLP-1R signaling cause improvements in glycemic control as well as weight loss in type II diabetes (T2DM) patients treated with GLP-1R agonists. This is a superior advantage of GLP-1R pharmaceuticals as many other drugs used to treat T2DM are weight neutral or actual cause weight gain. This review summarizes GLP-1R action on energy and glucose metabolism, the effectiveness of current GLP-1R agonists on weight loss in T2DM patients, as well as GLP-1R combination therapies.
Design and Characterization of Miniature Auto-Focusing Voice Coil Motor Actuator for Cell Phone Camera Applications (2009)

When designing an auto-focusing actuator for use in cell phone cameras, it is essential to minimize the device size, maximize the positioning repeatability, and minimize the power consumption. In a previous study, we presented a miniature auto-focusing voice coil motor (VCM) actuator for cell phone camera applications in which the lens was precisely positioned by a closed-loop feedback signal generated by a Hall element. Our study characterizes the performance of this device by using an experimental approach. The results show that the proposed actuator is not only smaller than a conventional VCM actuator with an open-loop positioning system, but also has improved positioning repeatability, a more rapid response, and lower power consumption.
Medical imaging in gastroenterology and hepatology : proceedings of Falk Symposium 124 (progress in gastroenterology and hepatology, part I) held in Hannover, Germany, September 28-29, 2001 (2002)

List of Contributors. Preface. Section I: Projects and Perspectives. 1. Cortical imaging of visceral function and disease P. Enck, et al. 2. Minilaparoscopy - a new diagnostic tool J.M. Zeeh, et al. 3. Laparoscopy and endoscopy - do they traverse? H. Feussner. Section II: Image and Evidence. 4. Chronic pancreatitis: and evident role for endoscopy J. Deviere, J.-M. Dumonceau. 5. Endosonograpy - what are the diagnostic advantages? R.H. Hawes. Section III: Procedure and Perception. 6. What is the time required for a good endoscopy? Time of training G.A. Lehman. 7. Improved gastrointestinal imaging - improved outcome for the patients? S. Hollerbach. 8. Was erwartet der Chirurg von der praoperativen Bildgebung bei Lebertumoren? T. Becker, et al. Section IV: Co-existence of Imaging Techniques. 9. Scintigraphy/position Emission Tomatography (PET) complementary support for endoscopy? W.H. Knapp, et al. 10. Magnetic resonance imaging. A substitute for endoscopy H.E. Adamek, et al. 11. Three-dimensional (3D): from sectional image to 3D model M.A. Barish. Section V: Network Systems. 12. Training models - why and how? S. Bar-Meir. 13. The minimal standard terminology for digestive endoscopy: introduction to structured reporting M. Delvaux. Section VI: Ultrasound. 14. Ultrasound in diffuse liver disease L. Bolondi, et al. 15. Use of ultrasound contrast agents in hepatology A. Lim, et al. 16. Interventional therapy of liver cancer T. Livraghi. 17. Clinical role of ultrasound in biliary disease S. Wagner. 18. Diagnostic approach to unclear liver tumours J. Scholmerich. Section IVV: Imaging -- New Technologies. 19. Fluorescense endoscopy in gastroenterology H. Messmann, E. Endlicher. 20. Chromoendoscopy M.I. Canto. 21. CT or MRI-based virtual colonography A.G. Schreyer, H. Herfarth. 22. Three-dimensional endoscopy T. Thormahlen, et al. Section VIII: New Endoscopic Equipment -- New Visual Perspectives? 23. Wireless capsule endoscopy A. Glukhovsky, H. Jacob. 24. Colonoscopy -- improved performance? C.B. Williams. 25. When is enteroscopy useful? G. Gay. 26. Focal point: oesophago-cardial transition H.W. Boyce. Index.
A Study On the Structure and Electrical Properties of Pbo.9Sn0.1Se/Si Heterojunction (2007)

In this work, as Study on the structural and electrical properties ofPbo.9Sn0.1Se/Si hetrojunction was made by depositing compound of Lead, Tinand Selenide film on Si by thermal evaporation.XRD diffraction analysis of the film, shows the dominant crystalorientation is (200) as well as (Pbo.9Sn0.1Se) film deposited is polycrystallinestructure.Electrical properties of Pbo.9Sn0.1Se/Si heterojunction detector have beeninvestigated. The electrical properties under dark condition show a rectifyingbehavior with low rectification factor, and exhibit soft breakdown reversecurrent. C-V characteristics suggest that the fabricated diode was abrupttype, built in potential determined by extrapolation from 1/C2-V curve to thepoint (V=0) and it was equal to (0.4V).
An unusual desaturase in Aquilegia vulgaris (2000)

Aquilegia vulgaris seed oil contains high levels of the rare fatty acid columbinic acid (18:3 Δ5,9,12), which is unusual in having the double bond at the Δ5 carbon in the trans configuration. Columbinic acid was found to be a seed-specific fatty acid not only present in the storage oil but also in membrane lipids. Several putative gene fragments have been isolated from plant RNA with sequences similar to previously characterized ‘front-end’ desaturases. Functional characterization of the Aquilegia cDNA is underway.
Growth of suppression in humans based on distortion-product otoacoustic emission measurements (2011)

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were used to describe suppression growth in normal-hearing humans. Data were collected at eight f(2) frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 8 kHz for L(2) levels ranging from 10 to 60 dB sensation level. For each f(2) and L(2) combination, suppression was measured for nine or eleven suppressor frequencies (f(3)) whose levels varied from -20 to 85 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Suppression grew nearly linearly when f(3) ≈ f(2), grew more rapidly for f(3) < f(2), and grew more slowly for f(3) > f(2). These results are consistent with physiological and mechanical data from lower animals, as well as previous DPOAE data from humans, although no previous DPOAE study has described suppression growth for as wide a range of frequencies and levels. These trends were evident for all f(2) and L(2) combinations; however, some exceptions were noted. Specifically, suppression growth rate was less steep as a function of f(3) for f(2) frequencies ≤ 1 kHz. Thus, despite the qualitative similarities across frequency, there were quantitative differences related to f(2), suggesting that there may be subtle differences in suppression for frequencies above 1 kHz compared to frequencies below 1 kHz.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Alström syndrome (2009)

Adult Alström cardiomyopathy appears to be a fibrotic process causing impairment of both ventricles. Serial cardiac magnetic resonance scanning has helped clarify the underlying disease progression and responses to treatment. Confirmation of significant mutations in the ALMS1 gene should lead to advice to screen the subject for cardiomyopathy, and metabolic disorders.
Electrochemical Behavior of Fluorinated Fullerenes  C 60 F  x and  C 70 F  x (1996)

Electrochemical properties of and have been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate . The electrochemical reductions of are reported for the first time. The reduction potential of is more positive than that of by 1.57 V. The differences in electrochemical properties between and are parallel to the differences between and . Based on the relationship between the reduction potential and electron affinity (Ea), the Ea of is estimated to be ca. 4.42 eV, which is 1.76 eV larger than that of .
Zeeman infrared spectra of calcium and strontium fluoride crystals containing cerium and neodymium (1982)

Infrared and Zeeman infrared measurements of the tetragonal symmetry cerium fluoride ion and neodymium fluoride ion charge compensation sites in calcium and strontium fluoride are reported. The neodymium results are supplemented by optical absorption and fluorescence measurements. Crystal field analyses successfully account for the observed 2 F 7 2/(4f 1 ) and 4 I 9 2/, 4 I 11 2/(4f 3 ) multiplet crystal field splittings and for the measured Zeeman splitting values.
Cerebellar proteoglycans regulate sonic hedgehog responses during development (2002)

Sonic hedgehog promotes proliferation of developing cerebellar granule cells. As sonic hedgehog is expressed in the cerebellum throughout life it is not clear why proliferation occurs only in the early postnatal period and only in the external granule cell layer. We asked whether heparan sulfate proteoglycans might regulate sonic hedgehog-induced proliferation and thereby contribute to the specialized proliferative environment of the external granule cell layer. We identified a conserved sequence within sonic hedgehog that is essential for binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, but not for binding to the receptor patched. Sonic hedgehog interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans promote maximal proliferation of postnatal day 6 granule cells. By contrast, proliferation of less mature granule cells is not affected by sonic hedgehog-proteoglycan interactions. The importance of proteoglycans for proliferation increases during development in parallel with increasing expression of the glycosyltransferase genes, exostosin 1 and exostosin 2. These data suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans, synthesized by exostosins, may be critical determinants of granule cell proliferation.
Assembly and Development of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Matrix (2009)

Virtually all cells living in multicellular structures such as tissues and organs are encased in an extracellular matrix. One of the most important features of a biofilm is the extracellular polymeric substance that functions as a matrix, holding bacterial cells together. Yet very little is known about how the matrix forms or how matrix components encase bacteria during biofilm development. Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms environmentally and clinically relevant biofilms and is a paradigm organism for the study of biofilms. The extracellular polymeric substance of P. aeruginosa biofilms is an ill-defined mix of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. Here, we directly visualize the product of the polysaccharide synthesis locus (Psl exopolysaccharide) at different stages of biofilm development. During attachment, Psl is anchored on the cell surface in a helical pattern. This promotes cell-cell interactions and assembly of a matrix, which holds bacteria in the biofilm and on the surface. Chemical dissociation of Psl from the bacterial surface disrupted the Psl matrix as well as the biofilm structure. During biofilm maturation, Psl accumulates on the periphery of 3-D-structured microcolonies, resulting in a Psl matrix-free cavity in the microcolony center. At the dispersion stage, swimming cells appear in this matrix cavity. Dead cells and extracellular DNA (eDNA) are also concentrated in the Psl matrix-free area. Deletion of genes that control cell death and autolysis affects the formation of the matrix cavity and microcolony dispersion. These data provide a mechanism for how P. aeruginosa builds a matrix and subsequently a cavity to free a portion of cells for seeding dispersal. Direct visualization reveals that Psl is a key scaffolding matrix component and opens up avenues for therapeutics of biofilm-related complications.
Expression of Epithelial Cancer-Related Antigens in Hematologic Malignancies Applicable for Peptide-Based Immunotherapy (2004)

Recent advances in tumor immunology have resulted in identification of many epithelial cancer-related antigens and peptides applicable to specific immunotherapy. The authors investigated whether these peptides, which are being studied clinically, could be appropriate target molecules for treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies. The majority of hematologic malignant cells studied expressed five different epithelial cancer-related antigens. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors reactive to these antigen-derived peptides were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the majority of HLA-A24 patients, and the mean number of peptides recognized by CTL precursors was 2.4 per patient, ranging from 0 to 8 among the 10 peptides tested. These peptide-stimulated PBMCs exhibited HLA-A24-restricted cytotoxic activity against hematologic malignant cells but not against blastoid T cells. More importantly, these peptide-stimulated PBMCs exhibited cytotoxicity against freshly prepared autologous malignant cells in an HLA-A24-restricted manner. These results may provide a scientific basis for the use of these peptides from epithelial cancer-related antigens in specific immunotherapy for patients with hematologic malignancies.
32×32 Strictly Non-Blocking Si-Wire Optical Switch on Ultra-Small Die of 11×25 mm2 (2015)

We demonstrate an ultra-compact 32×32 path-independent-insertion-loss optical switch that integrates 1024 thermooptic MZ switches on SOI platform using ArF immersion lithography. On-chip loss of 19.7 dB and estimated crosstalk of −20 dB are achieved.
Carbon Monoxide Free Aminocarbonylation of Aryl and Alkenyl Iodides Using DMF as an Amide Source (2002)

[reaction: see text] Palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of N,N-dimethylformamide with aryl or alkenyl halides successfully proceeded in the presence of phosphoryl chloride to afford the corresponding tertiary amides in good yields.
Solid-State Microwave High Speed Computers (1959)

This paper presents results of an effort aimed at developing the principles and technology required to speed the rate of computers up to the order of a thousand megacycles. The approach is based on the use of two types of two-terminal semi-conductor devices: the variable-capacity diode and the tunnel diode, in combination with microwave techniques for the couplings within the computer.
Computation-Guided Discovery of Influenza Endonuclease Inhibitors (2013)

Influenza is a global human health threat, and there is an immediate need for new antiviral therapies to circumvent the limitations of vaccination and current small molecule therapies. During viral transcription, influenza incorporates the 5'-end of the host cell's mRNA in a process that requires the influenza endonuclease. Based on recently published endonuclease crystalized structures, a three-dimensional pharmacophore was developed and used to virtually screen 450,000 compounds for influenza endonuclease inhibitors. Of 264 compounds tested in a FRET-based endonuclease-inhibition assay, 16 inhibitors (IC<sub>50</sub> <50 μM) that span 5 molecular classes novel to this endonuclease were found (6.1% hit rate). To determine cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, subsequent cellular assays were performed. Two compounds suppress viral replication with negligible cell toxicity.
Capabilities of Diesel Electronic Fuel Control (1982)

Possibilites de la commande electronique de l'injection de carburant dans les moteurs diesel
Cadmium-113 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1983)

Cadmium-113 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used in studies of the structure and dynamics of inorganic and bioinorganic molecules. Chemical dynamics play an important role in the analysis of relaxation and chemical shift data. Naïve interpretations of relaxation data can be checked by performing these experiments at a variety of temperatures and magnetic field strengths. A combination of solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements can provide the user with unambiguous data on chemical shielding. These data can be used to characterize zinc and calcium ion binding sites in metalloproteins.
ENAVis: enterprise network activities visualization (2008)

With the prevalence of multi-user environments, it has become an increasingly challenging task to precisely identify who is doing what on an enterprise network. Current management systems that rely on inferring user identity and application usage via log files from routers and switches are not capable of accurately reporting and managing a large-scale network due to the coarseness of the collected data. We propose a system that utilizes finer-grained data in the form of local context, i.e., the precise user and application associated with a network connection. Through the use of dynamic correlation and graph modeling, we developed a visualization tool called ENAVis (Enterprise Network Activities Visualization). ENAVis aids a real-world administrator in allowing them to more efficiently manage and gain insight about the connectivity between hosts, users, and applications that is otherwise obfuscated, lost or not collected in systems currently deployed in an enterprise setting.
Evaluating the outcome of severe head injury with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (2000)

The authors conducted a study to determine the value of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography in evaluating the outcome of severely head injured patients and to correlate the TCD values with those obtained from intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) monitoring. The authors conducted a prospective study of 125 patients with severe head injury (Glascow Coma Scale scores of less than 9) who underwent TCD ultrasonography according to the standard technique of insonating the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and measuring the mean blood flow velocity and pulsatility index within the first 24 hours of admission. The ICP and CPP values, as well as other clinical, analytical, and neuroimaging data, were also recorded. After 6 months, outcome was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Moderate disability and complete recovery were considered "good" outcome; death, vegetative state, and severe disability were considered "poor." In 67 patients (54%) good outcome was demonstrated whereas in 58 (46%) it was poor. The mean blood flow velocity of the MCA in patients with good outcome was 44 cm/second; in those with poor outcomes it was 36 cm/second (p < 0.003). The mean PI in cases of good outcome was 1 whereas in poor outcome was 1.56 (p < 0.0001). The correlations of ICP and CPP to PI were statistically significant (r2 = 0.6; p < 0.0001). When performed in the first 24 hours of severe head injury, TCD ultrasonography is valid in predicting the patient's outcome at 6 months and correlates significantly with ICP and CPP values.