gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The efficient simulation of coupled point defect and impurity diffusion (1988)

A program has been developed which efficiently solves the coupled diffusion of interstitials, vacancies, and multiple impurity species in two dimensions. Due to the vast differences in diffusivities of the point defects and impurities, two separate spatial grids are used. A coarse grid is sufficient to represent the rapidly diffusing point defects, whereas a much finer grid is necessary to resolve the details of the impurity profile. Independent time steps are automatically selected for each species, permitting this extremely stiff system of diffusion equations to be solved in acceptable CPU time on a minicomputer. The simulation results are used to study the coupled diffusion of point defects and impurities under local oxidation conditions. Comparison with lap and stain measurements on structures with various widths of oxidizing and nitride-masked regions allows accurate values for numerous point defect diffusion parameters to be extracted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expression of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda factor C cDNA. (1995)

The cDNA encoding Factor C (FC) from the Singaporean horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda has been studied for in vitro coupled transcription-translation (TnT) under the T7 promoter. Two species of full length cDNA, CrFC26 and CrFC21 which differ in length and nucleotide sequence at their 5' untranslated regions (UTR) were used in this study. Wild type CrFC26 with a long 5' UTR containing multiple "false" ATGs failed to generate a translated product. With a more accessible ATG codon in CrFC21, the recombinant construct gave a high yield of FC when transcribed and translated in vitro. CrFC26 deletion mutants which lack the entire 5' UTR and portions of the putative leader peptide were translatable, albeit at lower efficiency as compared to CrFC21. In vitro and in vivo expression of truncated portions of the CrFC21-T7 gene 10 fusions have been compared. In vitro reactions yielded single gene products from each of the expression constructs whereas E. coli produced three major immunoreactive bands of FC.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Quantitative Predictor of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Men and Women (2009)

Better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CHD/CVD. Participants with a MAC of 7.9 METs or more had substantially lower rates of all-cause mortality and CHD/CVD events compared with those with a MAC of less 7.9 METs.
Low power salient integration mode image sensor with a low voltage mixed-signal readout architecture (1998)

CMOS image sensors are very suitable for battery-operated camera systems due to their low power nature. In this research work, a salient integration mode CMOS image sensor pixel design which requires only 1 or 2 transistors per pixel and a low power readout architecture was developed in a 0.35 µm CMOS technology. High fill factor and small pixel size are achieved at the same time for the 2T pixel design. The readout architecture includes a low voltage low power multi-stage analog data buffer which works as a differential to single-ended conversion mechanism for a new correlated double sampling method. Total data bandwidth and switching power are also greatly reduced. The architecture was developed to be scalable to 0.18 µm technology with 1.2 volt supply voltage, and lower. An experimental chip in an array size of 256 × 256 with a pixel size of 6.3 µm × 6.3 µm was fabricated at a HP's 0.35 µm CMOS technology. Promising experimental results strongly indicates that the new pixel design and readout architecture are suitable for low voltage CMOS camera chips in future generations of CMOS technology.
Combinatorial Chemistry in Food Research (2003)

This mini-review is concerned with emerging applications of combinatorial chemistry relevant to the needs of the food industry. More specifically, recent advances in the use of combinatorial methods for the identification and analysis of flavours, "food chemical" libraries as a potential source of enzyme inhibitors for the food industry and the utility of biocatalysis for the generation of molecular diversity are discussed.
Ontogeny of monoamine neurons in the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei and substantia nigra of the rat. I. Cell differentiation (1974)

Abstract The onset of cell differentiation in the locus coeruleus, dorsal and medial raphe nuclei, and substantia nigra (zona compacta) was studied using the technique of long‐survival H 3 ‐thymidine autoradiography to date neurogenesis. Pregnant female rats were injected with isotope on day 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 of gestation. Litters were born on day 22 and allowed to survive for 30 days. Brains were prepared for the fluorescence histochemical demonstration of monoamines or fixed by formalin perfusion. Autoradiography was carried out on sections adjacent to those in which monoamine‐nuclear groups were identified by the fluorescence method and also on sections from perfused brains, which were used to facilitate cell counting. The norepinephrine cells of the locus coeruleus began to differentiate (presence of heavily labelled cells) on days 10–13 of gestation, with a peak of heavy labelling on day 12, whereas the 5‐HT cells of the raphe nuclei and the dopamine cells of the substantia nigra began differentiating on days 11–15. In the dorsal raphe nucleus, the peak of heavy labelling occurred on day 14, whereas in the medial nucleus this took place on days 13–14. The substantia nigra, on the other hand, peaked on day 13. Cell differentiation was also studied in the cerebellar Purkinje cells and hippocampal macroneurons (pyramidal and polymorph cells) of areas CA3 and CA4, to which the locus coeruleus has been reported to project. Differentiation of these cells commenced on days 14–15 (Purkinje cells) and 13–18 (hippocampal cells), with both cell types peaking on day 15, a full three days after the peak of heavy labelling in the locus coeruleus. Evidence is discussed for the possible neurotrophic role of monoamine neurons in the neurogenesis of monoaminergic receptive cells.
Semantic Segmentation of Sentinel-2 Imagery for Mapping Irrigation Center Pivots (2020)

Estimating the number and size of irrigation center pivot systems (CPS) from remotely sensed data, using artificial intelligence (AI), is a potential information source for assessing agricultural water use. In this study, we identified two technical challenges in the neural-network-based classification: Firstly, an effective reduction of the feature space of the remote sensing data to shorten training times and increase classification accuracy is required. Secondly, the geographical transferability of the AI algorithms is a pressing issue if AI is to replace human mapping efforts one day. Therefore, we trained the semantic image segmentation algorithm U-NET on four spectral channels (U-NET SPECS) and the first three principal components (U-NET principal component analysis (PCA)) of ESA/Copernicus Sentinel-2 images on a study area in Texas, USA, and assessed the geographic transferability of the trained models to two other sites: the Duero basin, in Spain, and South Africa. U-NET SPECS outperformed U-NET PCA at all three study areas, with the highest f1-score at Texas (0.87, U-NET PCA: 0.83), and a value of 0.68 (U-NET PCA: 0.43) in South Africa. At the Duero, both models showed poor classification accuracy (f1-score U-NET PCA: 0.08; U-NET SPECS: 0.16) and segmentation quality, which was particularly evident in the incomplete representation of the center pivot geometries. In South Africa and at the Duero site, a high rate of false positive and false negative was observed, which made the model less useful, especially at the Duero test site. Thus, geographical invariance is not an inherent model property and seems to be mainly driven by the complexity of land-use pattern. We do not consider PCA a suited spectral dimensionality reduction measure in this. However, shorter training times and a more stable training process indicate promising prospects for reducing computational burdens. We therefore conclude that effective dimensionality reduction and geographic transferability are important prospects for further research towards the operational usage of deep learning algorithms, not only regarding the mapping of CPS.
Floating rGO-based black membranes for solar driven sterilization (2017)

This paper presents a new steam sterilization approach that uses a solar-driven evaporation system at the water/air interface. Compared to the conventional solar autoclave, this new steam sterilization approach via interfacial evaporation requires no complex system design to bear high steam pressure. In such a system, a reduced graphene oxide/polytetrafluoroethylene composite membrane floating at the water/air interface serves as a light-to-heat conversion medium to harvest and convert incident solar light into localized heat. Such localized heat raises the temperature of the membrane substantially and helps generate steam with a temperature higher than 120 °C. A sterilization device that takes advantage of the interfacial solar-driven evaporation system was built and its successful sterilization capability was demonstrated through both chemical and biological sterilization tests. The interfacial evaporation-based solar driven sterilization approach offers a potential low cost solution to meet the need for sterilization in undeveloped areas that lack electrical power but have ample solar radiation.
16.2 A 4× Interleaved 10GS/s 8b Time-Domain ADC with 16× Interpolation-Based Inter-Stage Gain Achieving >37.5dB SNDR at 18GHz Input (2020)

The ever-increasing data traffic in wireline communication systems has led to the demand for high-speed ADCs with a large input BW. Time-interleaved SAR ADCs with a large interleaving factor suffer from a large input capacitance [1] and often have a limited BW, or otherwise they necessitate a power-hungry broadband input buffer [2]. Flash ADCs [3] not only face the same challenge from the large input parasitics but also limited resolutions resulting from offset. Recently, time-domain ADCs [4], [5] have shown promising speeds resulting from a small input capacitance due to their inherent voltage-to-time converter (VTC) as a sub-channel wideband buffer, but also show limited resolution (6b) due to the mismatches between the time steps. When targeting a higher resolution [6], calibration is necessary to unify the time quantization steps and often requires a known input condition with a large lookup table, thus introducing complexity. In this work, a 10 GS/s ADC is achieved by just aggregating four 8b two-stage time-domain ADCs running at 2.5GS/s. The gain between the stages is inherently defined by a 16x time interpolator in the second stage, which not only saves power but also allows the time quantization steps to be free from calibration. The presented time-domain ADC achieves >37.5dB SNDR at an 18GHz input due to its small input capacitance and buffer-like VTC, and also obtains a metastability error rate <; 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> through a timing-extended residue transfer scheme. Moreover, the time quantization in the two-stage ADC also shows PVT robustness benefits from the interpolation-based gain.
Rhinovirus 3C protease precursors 3CD and 3CD′ localize to the nuclei of infected cells (2004)

Human rhinovirus (HRV) 3C protease (3Cpro) plays several important roles in the virus replication cycle. This enzyme cleaves the viral polyprotein at discrete sites to produce mature viral proteins and also inhibits cellular RNA transcription. It is not clear, however, whether the observed transcriptional shutoff activities are due to 3Cpro itself or to 3Cpro-containing precursors, and where 3Cpro exerts its effects within infected cells. To address these questions HeLa cells were infected with HRV-16, stained with polyclonal antibodies directed against 3Cpro and then analysed by laser confocal microscopy. Proteins containing 3Cpro accumulated in nuclei 2-4 h post-infection, and progressively increased in the cytoplasm. Analyses of subcellular extracts demonstrated that 3CD', a minor component among 3Cpro precursors, gave rise to the earliest 3Cpro nuclear signals. Mature 3Cpro and another 3Cpro precursor, 3CD, were also detected in the nucleus, cytoplasm and perinuclear membrane fractions 4 h post-infection. Transfecting cells with 3Cpro, 3CD precursor and 3CD(Delta371) (with deletion of 371 aa at the carboxyl terminus of 3D) demonstrated that the nucleolar localization signal was near the amino terminus of 3D. In addition, 3Cpro precursors were found to co-localize in nuclei with the transcription factor OCT-1 and the nucleolar chaperone B23. Finally, it was demonstrated that HRV-16 3Cpro, 3CD and 3CD(Delta371) could cleave OCT-1. Collectively, these findings suggest that HRV 3CD' and/or 3CD are specifically localized to the nucleoli of infected cells during the early stage of infection, and contribute to the inhibition of cellular RNA transcription via a proteolytic mechanism.
A Novel Assay for Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity against HIV-1- or SIV-Infected Cells Reveals Incomplete Overlap with Antibodies Measured by Neutralization and Binding Assays (2012)

The resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to antibody-mediated immunity often prevents the detection of antibodies that neutralize primary isolates of HIV-1. However, conventional assays for antibody functions other than neutralization are suboptimal. Current methods for measuring the killing of virus-infected cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited by the number of natural killer (NK) cells obtainable from individual donors, donor-to-donor variation, and the use of nonphysiological targets. We therefore developed an ADCC assay based on NK cell lines that express human or macaque CD16 and a CD4(+) T-cell line that expresses luciferase from a Tat-inducible promoter upon HIV-1 or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. NK cells and virus-infected targets are mixed in the presence of serial plasma dilutions, and ADCC is measured as the dose-dependent loss of luciferase activity. Using this approach, ADCC titers were measured in plasma samples from HIV-infected human donors and SIV-infected macaques. For the same plasma samples paired with the same test viruses, this assay was approximately 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than optimized assays for neutralizing antibodies-frequently allowing the measurement of ADCC in the absence of detectable neutralization. Although ADCC correlated with other measures of Env-specific antibodies, neutralizing and gp120 binding titers did not consistently predict ADCC activity. Hence, this assay affords a sensitive method for measuring antibodies capable of directing ADCC against HIV- or SIV-infected cells expressing native conformations of the viral envelope glycoprotein and reveals incomplete overlap of the antibodies that direct ADCC and those measured in neutralization and binding assays.
Yeast homoserine kinase (1990)

THR1, the gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding homoserine kinase, one of the threonine biosynthetic enzymes, has been cloned by complementation. The nucleotide sequence of a 3.1-kb region carrying this gene reveals an open reading frame of 356 codons, corresponding to about 40 kDa for the encoded protein. The presence of three canonical GCN4 regulatory sequences in the upstream flanking region suggests that the expression of THR1 is under the general amino acid control. In parallel, the enzyme was purified by four consecutive column chromatographies, monitoring homoserine kinase activity. In SDS gel electrophoresis, homoserine kinase migrates like a 40-kDa protein; the native enzyme appears to be a homodimer. The sequence of the first 15 NH2-terminal amino acids, as determined by automated Edman degradation, is in accordance with the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence. Computer-assisted comparison of the yeast enzyme with the corresponding activities from bacterial sources showed that several segments among these proteins are highly conserved. Furthermore, the observed homology patterns suggest that the ancestral sequences might have been composed from separate (functional) domains. A block of very similar amino acids is found in the homoserine kinases towards the carboxy terminus that is also present in many other proteins involved in threonine (or serine) metabolism; this motif, therefore, may represent the binding site for the hydroxyamino acids. Limited similarity was detected between a motif conserved among the homoserine kinases and consensus sequences found in other mono- or dinucleotide-binding proteins.
Kinetic Separation of Propene and Propane in Metal−Organic Frameworks: Controlling Diffusion Rates in Plate-Shaped Crystals via Tuning of Pore Apertures and Crystallite Aspect Ratios (2011)

A series of isostructural, noncatenated, zinc-pillared-paddlewheel metal-organic framework materials has been synthesized from 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(carboxyphenyl)benzene and trans-1,2-dipyridylethene struts. Substantial kinetic selectivity in the adsorption of propene over propane can be observed, depending on the pore apertures and the rectangular-plate morphology of the crystals.
SelectFusion: A Generic Framework to Selectively Learn Multisensory Fusion. (2019)

Autonomous vehicles and mobile robotic systems are typically equipped with multiple sensors to provide redundancy. By integrating the observations from different sensors, these mobile agents are able to perceive the environment and estimate system states, e.g. locations and orientations. Although deep learning approaches for multimodal odometry estimation and localization have gained traction, they rarely focus on the issue of robust sensor fusion - a necessary consideration to deal with noisy or incomplete sensor observations in the real world. Moreover, current deep odometry models also suffer from a lack of interpretability. To this extent, we propose SelectFusion, an end-to-end selective sensor fusion module which can be applied to useful pairs of sensor modalities such as monocular images and inertial measurements, depth images and LIDAR point clouds. During prediction, the network is able to assess the reliability of the latent features from different sensor modalities and estimate both trajectory at scale and global pose. In particular, we propose two fusion modules based on different attention strategies: deterministic soft fusion and stochastic hard fusion, and we offer a comprehensive study of the new strategies compared to trivial direct fusion. We evaluate all fusion strategies in both ideal conditions and on progressively degraded datasets that present occlusions, noisy and missing data and time misalignment between sensors, and we investigate the effectiveness of the different fusion strategies in attending the most reliable features, which in itself, provides insights into the operation of the various models.
Source localization using TDOA with erroneous receiver positions (2004)

This paper develops an explicit solution that estimates the location of a stationary source using time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements of a signal received by a number of receivers that have random error in their positions. The proposed solution accounts for the error from receiver positions, is algebraic, and does not have the convergence problem as in the Taylor-series linearization method. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the source location estimate in the presence of sensor position error is derived. Simulation results indicate the proposed solution achieves an accuracy close to the CRLB under Gaussian noise.
Resampling-Based Similarity Measures for High-Dimensional Data (2014)

An important issue in classification is the assessment of sample similarity. This is nontrivial in high-dimensional or megavariate datasets--datasets that are comprised of simultaneous measurements on thousands of features, many of which carry little or no information regarding consistent sample differences. Conventional similarity measures do not work particularly well for such data. As an alternative, we propose a distance measure that is based on a refiltering process: at each step of the process a random subset of features is selected and a cluster analysis is performed using only this subset; the relative frequency with which a pair of samples clusters together across several such random subsets forms the similarity measure. The features chosen at any step may be completely random or enriched by awarding the more informative features a higher chance of selection; this enrichment turns out to be particularly effective. We use actual datasets from the burgeoning genomics literature to demonstrate the superior performance of this similarity measure, especially the enriched form of the similarity measure, compared to more conventional measures such as Euclidean distance or correlation, or, if the data are categorical, Hamming distance.
Tetrahydrocurcumin extends life span and inhibits the oxidative stress response by regulating the FOXO forkhead transcription factor (2011)

The O-type forkhead domain transcription factor (FOXO) is involved in many biological processes such as aging, the oxidative stress response, and growth regulation. FOXO activity is tightly controlled within cells. In particular, growth factor signaling pathways and the oxidative stress response can both stimulate nuclear translocation of this transcription factor. Here, we show that tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a curcumin metabolite, regulates the oxidative stress response and aging via FOXO. In NIH3T3 cells, THC induced nuclear accumulation of FOXO4, a member of the FOXO family of transcription factors, by inhibiting phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. In Drosophila melanogaster, THC attenuated the oxidative stress response, an effect that was blocked in a foxo mutant background. THC also extended the life span of Drosophila under normal conditions, and loss of either foxo or Sir2 activity eliminated this effect. Based on these results, THC may regulate the aging process via an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that includes both foxo and Sir2.
Role of Cannabinoid Receptor CB2 in HER2 Pro-oncogenic Signaling in Breast Cancer (2015)

Our findings reveal an unprecedented role of CB2 as a pivotal regulator of HER2 pro-oncogenic signaling in breast cancer, and they suggest that CB2 may be a biomarker with prognostic value in these tumors.
ÜBer hochmolekulare, insbesondere optisch aktive polyester der milchsäure, ein beitrag zur stereochemie makromolekularer verbindungen (1959)

Abstract Es wird die Darstellung von hochmolekularen, insbesondere optisch aktiven Polyestern der beschrieben und der Einfluß der sterischen Konfiguration auf die Eigenschaften von Polyestern der α‐Oxysäuren gezeigt.