gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Triethylaluminum, Diethylaluminum Chloride, and Ethylaluminum Dichloride with Dimethyl-, Trimethyl-, and Tetramethylhydrazines (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of Triethylaluminum, Diethylaluminum Chloride, and Ethylaluminum Dichloride with Dimethyl-, Trimethyl-, and TetramethylhydrazinesDonald F. Clemens, Wallace S. Brey Jr., and Harry H. SislerCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1963, 2, 6, 1251–1255Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50010a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50010a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views368Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nanopit smoothing by cleaning (2009)

Defect smoothing is a critical need for improving defects. There are different methods such as using a smoothing layer or multilayer deposition; however, smoothing processes tend to add defects of their own to the surface. This paper presents a novel pit smoothing method based on an anisotropic substrate etch process. Smoothing power is defined as a metric for comparing the smoothing capability of different smoothing processes. Defect smoothing by cleaning is a surface modification technique with a smoothing power <10 that does not add defects to the surface. This is demonstrated by comparing total defects on the mask blank and mask blank substrate for two processes: a standard ozone-based cleaning and a smoothing cleaning. The smooth/clean methods led to fewer defects on the blank and substrate surfaces than the standard clean while still meeting extreme ultraviolet (EUV) blank roughness requirements. Finally, it is shown that smoothed pits are still printable. Therefore, further improvements to the smoothing power of smooth/clean processes are needed. SEMATECH is currently working to improve smooth/clean processes for low thermal expansion material (LTEM) EUV substrates.
Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of porous silicon (1997)

The thermal conductivity of electrochemically etched porous silicon (PS) layers was determined over a wide temperature range (T = 35 - 320 K) using the dynamic technique. Both the doping level of the silicon wafers (p and ) and the porosity P of the porous layers (P = 64 - 89%) were varied. The measured thermal conductivities were three to five orders of magnitude smaller than the values for bulk silicon. Furthermore, they increase with increasing the wafer doping level and with decreasing the porosity P of the layers. For all investigated PS layers the thermal conductivity increases with temperature. The results are discussed in terms of a simple model for heat conduction in PS based on the phonon diffusion model.
Semiconductor nanowires (2006)

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) represent a unique system for exploring phenomena at the nanoscale and are also expected to play a critical role in future electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here we review recent advances in growth, characterization, assembly and integration of chemically synthesized, atomic scale semiconductor NWs. We first introduce a general scheme based on a metal-cluster catalyzed vapour-liquid-solid growth mechanism for the synthesis of a broad range of NWs and nanowire heterostructures with precisely controlled chemical composition and physical dimension. Such controlled growth in turn results in controlled electrical and optical properties. Subsequently, we discuss novel properties associated with these one-dimensional (1D) structures such as discrete 1D subbands formation and Coulomb blockade effects as well as ballistic transport and many-body phenomena. Room-temperature high-performance electrical and optical devices will then be discussed at the single-or few-nanowire level. We will then explore methods to assemble and integrate NWs into large-scale functional circuits and real-world applications, examples including high-performance DC/RF circuits and flexible electronics. Prospects of a fundamentally different 'bottom-up' paradigm, in which functionalities are coded during growth and circuits are formed via self-assembly, will also be briefly discussed.
The value of intracranial pressure monitoring in acute hemispheric stroke (1996)

ICP monitoring of large hemispheric infarction can predict clinical outcome. Pharmacologic intervention had no sustained effect. ICP monitoring was not helpful in guiding long-term treatment of increased ICP. It remains doubtful that ICP monitoring in acute ischemic stroke has a positive influence on clinical outcome.
Single-pixel carrier-based approach for full-field laser interferometry using a CMOS-DSP camera (2004)

This investigation describes the implementation of a Single Pixel Carrier Based Demodulation (SPCBD) approach on a digital CMOS-DSP camera for full-field heterodyne interferometry. A full-field vibration measurement system is presented as an alternative to a classical scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The Heterodyne set-up, CMOS-DSP camera and the signal demodulation techniques adopted are described. Characterisation tests that describe the basic performance of the CMOS-DSP camera, in terms of acquisition rates and time response are presented. A simple experiment was performed to demonstrate the novel laser vibrometry system that consisted of determining the displacement of a point on the surface of a vibrating mirror. The measured velocity and displacement data were compared to the output from a commercial LDV. The integration of a CMOS sensor, DSP and a laser-doppler interferometer has lead to the development of a fully digital “functional” machine vision system that provides a flexible, compact and inexpensive tool for automated high-precision optical measurements.
A 1.7 ps Equivalent Bin Size and 4.2 ps RMS FPGA TDC Based on Multichain Measurements Averaging Method (2015)

A high precision and high resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on multichain measurements averaging method is implemented in a 40 nm fabrication process Virtex-6 FPGA. The results of the detailed theoretical analysis and the simulation with the MATLAB tool based on a complete TDC module show that the resolution limitation determined by the intrinsic cell delay of plain tapped-delay chain can be overcame, which results in an improvement on both resolution and precision without increasing the dead time. The test results agree with the simulation results quite well. In such a TDC, the input signal is connected to multiple tapped-delay chains simultaneously (the number of the chains is M), and each chain is just a plain TDC and generates a timestamp for a hit signal. Therefore, M timestamps should be obtained in total, which, after averaging, give the final timestamp. A TDC with 1.7 ps equivalent bin size, 1.5 ps averaged bin size and 4.2 ps RMS has been implemented with M being 16, which performs much better than the plain TDC constructed of a single tapped delay chain having 42.3 ps equivalent bin size, 24.0 ps averaged bin size resolution and 13.2 ps RMS precision. The comparisons of equivalent bin size and averaged bin size show that the nonlinearity is improved with a larger M. Due to the real time integral nonlinearity (INL) calibration and averaging calculation, the multichain TDC is almost insensitive to the process voltage and temperature (PVT) variations.
Segmentation and features extraction techniques, with applications to biomedical images (2002)

In order to obtain a 3-D reconstruction of the hippocampus from a volumetric MRI head study, it is necessary to separate it not only from the surrounding white matter, but also from contiguous areas of gray matter. At present it is necessary for a physician to manually segment the hippocampus on each slice of the volume in order to obtain such a reconstruction. The authors propose a novel technique by which a computer may make an unsupervised identification of a given structure through a series of images, even if that structure includes so-called false contours or missing contours. Applications include 3-D reconstruction of difficult-to-segment regions of the brain and abdomen, and volumetric measurements of organs from series of 2-D images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding the suicidal brain (2003)

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Three‐dimensional image analysis of mixing in stirred vessels (1999)

Abstract Several analytical methods were applied to the 3‐D electrical resistance tomography (ERT) image of stirred‐vessel experiments of Holden et al. to characterize the mixing behavior and to measure mixing quantitatively. Based on the time resolved 3‐D ERT results, the centroid and variance of the concentration distribution in three dimensions can be obtained as a time series to track the movement, dispersion, stretch and rotation of the concentration distribution in the tank. By sampling at different scales and locations, the ratios of standard deviations to means and the entropy of corresponding volumes can be calculated to examine the degrees of uniformity. The 3‐D wavelet decomposition provides an effective method of analyzing the mixing process at various scales. The wavelet difference coefficients reflect the concentration gradients of specific volumes along different directions. These methods of analysis promise to guide the design of better mixing schemes and to monitor the process for optimal operation.
Virtual environments for student fieldwork using networked components (1999)

Abstract The topics of virtual environments and information technology are addressed here in the context of fieldwork teaching. A pedagogic rationale is presented that considers the objectives of fieldwork and outlines the potential utility of networked graphical tools in this mode of teaching that is so essential to a range of subjects. The Virtual Field Course project (VFC) is developing software that realises this potential by fulfilling a stated series of objectives. A software architecture and implementation are presented that enable visualization software to communicate with a secure and remote shared library of spatially referenced data to support field-based activity. The software is extremely flexible and uses equipment, data and resources that are affordable and accessible to the higher education community. Two example applications are provided. Each uses the described architecture to visualize geographic information in support of fieldwork. Empirical feedback is provided gained from experience of using the software in the field.
Reproductive health of bass in the Potomac, USA, drainage: Part 1. Exploring the effects of proximity to wastewater treatment plant discharge (2008)

Intersex (specifically, testicular oocytes) has been observed in male smallmouth bass (SMB; Micropterus dolomieu) and other centrarchids in the South Branch of the Potomac River, U.S.A., and forks of the Shenandoah River, U.S.A., during the past five years. This condition often is associated with exposure to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in some fish species, but such chemicals and their sources have yet to be identified in the Potomac. In an attempt to better understand the plausible causes of this condition, we investigated the reproductive health of bass sampled up- and downstream of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent point sources on the Potomac River in Maryland, U.S.A. Smallmouth bass were sampled from the Conococheague Creek and the Monocacy River, and largemouth bass (LMB; Micropterus salmoides) were collected near the Blue Plains WWTP on the mainstem of the Potomac River. Chemical analyses of compounds captured in passive samplers at these locations also were conducted. A high prevalence of intersex (82-100%) was identified in male SMB at all sites regardless of collection area. A lower prevalence of intersex (23%) was identified in male LMB collected at the Blue Plains site. When up- and downstream fish were compared, significant differences were noted only in fish from the Conococheague. Differences included condition factor, gonadosomatic index, plasma vitellogenin concentration, and estrogen to testosterone ratio. In general, chemicals associated with wastewater effluent, storm-water runoff, and agriculture were more prevalent at the downstream sampling sites. An exception was atrazine and its associated metabolites, which were present in greater concentrations at the upstream sites. It appears that proximity to effluent from WWTPs may influence the reproductive health of bass in the Potomac watershed, but inputs from other sources likely contribute to the widespread, high incidence of testicular oocytes.
Role of cholecystokinin in the anorexia produced by duodenal delivery of peptone in rats (1999)

We used the cholecystokinin receptor antagonist devazepide to assess the importance of CCK in mediating the anorexia produced by 2-h duodenal infusions of peptone, a protein digest, at dark onset in nonfasted rats. Peptone alone (0.14-2.24 g/h) suppressed food intake dose dependently by 18-96%, with an approximate half-maximal dose of 1 g/h. Peptone-induced reductions in caloric ingestion were comparable to the caloric loads infused. Devazepide alone (30-1,000 microgram/kg) stimulated food intake dose dependently by 30-73%, with a minimal effective dose of 100 micrograms/kg. Devazepide appeared to reverse the anorexic response to peptone (1.1 g/h) dose dependently by 29-65%, with a minimal effective dose of 30 micrograms/kg. The magnitudes of these devazepide-induced effects were similar to, and in some cases were larger than, those produced when the same doses of devazepide were administered alone. Coadministration of devazepide (1,000 micrograms/kg) and a lower peptone dose (0.8 g/h) produced similar results. These results suggest that an essential CCK mechanism plays a significant role in mediating the satiety response to duodenal delivery of protein.
Theoretical study of electronic and magnetic properties of MnN (2003)

We present electronic structure calculations of manganese mononitride (MnN) in its tetragonally distorted NaCl structure using density-functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation. The structure with an antiferromagnetic arrangement of the spins on the Mn ions is found to be the energetically stable phase of the MnN compound. The chemical bonding between Mn and the N ion is of a mixed type (i.e., mainly ionic but partly metallic and covalent). The calculated spin magnetic moment on the Mn ion is close to the experimental value of $3.3{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}.$
Post Porosity Plasma Protection: Scaling of Efficiency with Porosity (2012)

Abstract Increasing the porosity of oxycarbosilane dielectrics is a key approach to lower the interconnect signal delay and thus enable manufacturing of lower power consumption and higher performance microprocessors. However, this path leads to excessive dielectric process damage as the industry adapts procedures developed for dense and microporous insulators to mesoporous materials. Currently ultralow dielectric constant ( k ) materials cannot be integrated at the most aggressive pitch. Here, it is reported that the post porosity plasma protection enables the mitigation of process damage across a wide range of porosity regimes. The exponential increase in plasma damage with porosity when going from microporous k = 2.4 to mesoporous k = 1.8 is shown. Using the same range of materials, the strategy allows a reduction in process damage to a constant minimal level on both blanket wafers and patterned structures. The results demonstrate how the strategy can enable the extendibility of current materials and processes to future technology nodes.
Actin Filaments Are Required for Fibripositor-mediated Collagen Fibril Alignment in Tendon (2006)

Cells in tendon deposit parallel arrays of collagen fibrils to form a functional tissue, but how this is achieved is unknown. The cellular mechanism is thought to involve the formation of intracellular collagen fibrils within Golgi to plasma membrane carriers. This is facilitated by the intracellular processing of procollagen to collagen by members of the tolloid and ADAMTS families of enzymes. The carriers subsequently connect to the extracellular matrix via finger-like projections of the plasma membrane, known as fibripositors. In this study we have shown, using three-dimensional electron microscopy, the alignment of fibripositors with intracellular fibrils as well as an orientated cable of actin filaments lining the cytosolic face of a fibripositor. To demonstrate a specific role for the cytoskeleton in coordinating extracellular matrix assembly, cytochalasin was used to disassemble actin filaments and nocodazole or colchicine were used to disrupt microtubules. Microtubule disruption delayed procollagen transport through the secretory pathway, but fibripositor numbers were unaffected. Actin filament disassembly resulted in rapid loss of fibripositors and a subsequent disappearance of intracellular fibrils. Procollagen secretion or processing was not affected by cytochalasin treatment, but the parallelism of extracellular collagen fibrils was altered. In this case a significant proportion of collagen fibrils were found to no longer be orientated with the long axis of the tendon. The results suggest an important role for the actin cytoskeleton in the alignment and organization of the collagenous extracellular matrix in embryonic tendon.
Towards an Eclectic Framework for Teaching EFL Writing in a Chinese Context (2010)

The challenges of writing itself and lack of appropriate teaching methodology demotivate EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners in some Chinese universities to write more, especially as the only incentive for students to write is the compulsory tests. The main objectives of this article are: (1) to discuss the background of the EFL learners in Chinese tertiary education and then to elaborate on their needs and problems for EFL writing; (2) to review the existing approaches to teaching writing; and (3) to propose and justify an integrated model on the basis of these approaches for teaching EFL writing in the Chinese context.
Distorted Trimethylenemethane Complexes of Zirconium (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDistorted Trimethylenemethane Complexes of ZirconiumGuillermo C. Bazan, George Rodriguez, and Brian P. ClearyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 5, 2177–2178Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00084a081https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00084a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Learning how to explain neural networks: PatternNet and PatternAttribution (2017)

DeConvNet, Guided BackProp, LRP, were invented to better understand deep neural networks. We show that these methods do not produce the theoretically correct explanation for a linear model. Yet they are used on multi-layer networks with millions of parameters. This is a cause for concern since linear models are simple neural networks. We argue that explanation methods for neural nets should work reliably in the limit of simplicity, the linear models. Based on our analysis of linear models we propose a generalization that yields two explanation techniques (PatternNet and PatternAttribution) that are theoretically sound for linear models and produce improved explanations for deep networks.
Intracranial Pressure: More Than a Number (2007)

Many doctors involved in the critical care of head-injured patients understand intracranial pressure (ICP) as a number, characterizing the state of the brain pressure-volume relationships. However, the dynamics of ICP, its waveform, and secondarily derived indices portray useful information about brain homeostasis. There is circumstantial evidence that this information can be used to modify and optimize patients' treatment. Secondary variables, such as pulse amplitude and the magnitude of slow waves, index of compensatory reserve, and pressure-reactivity index (PRx), look promising in clinical practice. The optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) derived using the PRx is a new concept that may help to avoid excessive use of vasopressors in CPP-oriented therapy. However, the use of secondary ICP indices remains to be confirmed in clinical trials.
Self-folded soft robotic structures with controllable joints (2017)

This paper describes additive self-folding, an origami-inspired rapid fabrication approach for creating actuatable compliant structures. Recent work in 3-D printing and other rapid fabrication processes have mostly focused on rigid objects or objects that can achieve small deformations. In contrast, soft robots often require elastic materials and large amounts of movement. Additive self-folding is a process that involves cutting slices of a 3-D object in a long strip and then pleat folding them into a likeness of the original model. The zigzag pattern for folding enables large bending movements that can be actuated and controlled. Gaps between slices in the folded model can be designed to provide larger deformations or higher shape accuracy. We advance existing planar fabrication and self-folding techniques to automate the fabrication process, enabling highly compliant structures with complex 3-D geometries to be designed and fabricated within a few hours. We describe this process in this paper and provide algorithms for converting 3-D meshes into additive self-folding designs. The designs can be rapidly instrumented for global control using magnetic fields or tendon-driven for local bending. We also describe how the resulting structures can be modeled and their responses to tendon-driven control predicted. We test our design and fabrication methods on three models (a bunny, a tuna fish, and a starfish) and demonstrate the method's potential for actuation by actuating the tuna fish and starfish models using tendons and magnetic control.