gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A scalability analysis of classifiers in text categorization (2003)

Real-world applications of text categorization often require a system to deal with tens of thousands of categories defined over a large taxonomy. This paper addresses the problem with respect to a set of popular algorithms in text categorization, including Support Vector Machines, k-nearest neighbor, ridge regression, linear least square fit and logistic regression. By providing a formal analysis of the computational complexity of each classification method, followed by an investigation on the usage of different classifiers in a hierarchical setting of categorization, we show how the scalability of a method depends on the topology of the hierarchy and the category distributions. In addition, we are able to obtain tight bounds for the complexities by using the power law to approximate category distributions over a hierarchy. Experiments with kNN and SVM classifiers on the OHSUMED corpus are reported on, as concrete examples.
Ingestible hydrogel device (2019)

Devices that interact with living organisms are typically made of metals, silicon, ceramics, and plastics. Implantation of such devices for long-term monitoring or treatment generally requires invasive procedures. Hydrogels offer new opportunities for human-machine interactions due to their superior mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Additionally, oral administration, coupled with gastric residency, serves as a non-invasive alternative to implantation. Achieving gastric residency with hydrogels requires the hydrogels to swell very rapidly and to withstand gastric mechanical forces over time. However, high swelling ratio, high swelling speed, and long-term robustness do not coexist in existing hydrogels. Here, we introduce a hydrogel device that can be ingested as a standard-sized pill, swell rapidly into a large soft sphere, and maintain robustness under repeated mechanical loads in the stomach for up to one month. Large animal tests support the exceptional performance of the ingestible hydrogel device for long-term gastric retention and physiological monitoring.
A quantitative study of metiamide, a histamine H2‐antagonist, on the isolated whole rat stomach. (1976)

1. An isolated whole stomach preparation from immature rats is described. The lumen of the stomach was perfused and the hydrogen ion activity of the perfusate recorded continuously. 2. The mean basal acid secretion before stimulation was 4‐19 +/‐ 0‐31 X 10 (‐8) mol min‐1. Metiamide did not significantly reduce this spontaneous secretion. 3. The preparation gave dose‐dependent responses to histomine (10(‐5)‐10(‐4)M) which were readily reversed on washing. 4. The effect of metiamide on histamine‐stimulated acid secretion was investigated. Metamide, at doses of 3 X 10(‐6)M, and 3 X 10(‐5)M, caused a parallel displacement of the histamine dose‐response curve, indicating competitive antagonism. These dose‐response curves were used to calculate dose ratios (DR) for metiamide. 5. A plot of log10 (DR ‐ 1) against log 10 [antagonist] gave a pA2 value for metiamide of 5‐91.
Transfusion-Associated AIDS: Serologic Evidence of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Infection of Donors (1984)

An assay for antibodies to membrane antigens of cells infected by human T-cell leukemia virus was used to examine serum from persons who donated blood to 12 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with blood transfusions. The occurrence of positive results in the assay was significantly greater among donors to the AIDS patients (9 of 117; 7.7 percent) than among random donors (1 of 298; 0.3 percent). Of 12 sets of donors examined, 9 sets included a donor whose serum gave positive results for the presence of the antibodies. In six of these nine sets, the seropositive donor was an individual who was also identified as a possible source of AIDS transmission when epidemiologic and immunologic criteria were used.
A new reflective dichroic liquid-crystal display device (1977)

A new reflective dichroic display device is described. The only components include a quarter-wave retarder positioned between an aligned dichroic nematic liquid-crystal display cell and a diffuse metallic reflector. This configuration allows both polarizations of incident light to be absorbed without affecting the polarizer-free high brightness voltage activated state.
An Important Role of CD80/CD86-CTLA-4 Signaling during Photocarcinogenesis in Mice (2005)

Although previous studies have shown that altered B7 costimulation plays a critical role in UV irradiation-induced regulation of immunity, the individual roles of the B7 receptors (CD28 and CTLA-4) or the B7 family members (CD80 and CD86) have not been explored. Thus, we investigated CTLA-4 signaling during photocarcinogenesis of chronically UV-B-exposed mice using an antagonistic anti-CTLA-4 Ab. Anti-CTLA-4-treated mice developed significantly fewer UV-induced tumors. Moreover, anti-CTLA-4 treatment induced long-lasting protective immunity because progressively growing UV tumors inoculated into anti-CTLA-4- and UV-treated mice that had not developed tumors were rejected. Next, we used mice deficient for CD80, CD86, or both in photocarcinogenesis studies to assess the relative contributions of these CTLA-4 ligands. Double-deficient mice showed significantly reduced UV-induced skin tumor development, whereas CD86(-/-) mice produced skin cancer earlier compared with CD80(-/-) and control mice. The growth of UV-induced tumors appears to be controlled by UV-induced suppressor T cells, because CD80(-/-)/CD86(-/-) mice had strongly reduced numbers of UV-induced CD4(+)CD25(+) suppressor T cells. In vitro, CTLA-4 blockade inhibited the suppressor activity of UV-induced CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, suggesting that reduced photocarcinogenesis might be due to decreased numbers or function of suppressor T cells. Together, these data indicate that blocking CD80/86-CTLA-4 signaling induced immune protection against the development of UV-induced skin tumors. Furthermore, CD86-mediated costimulation appears to play a more critical role in the protection against photocarcinogenesis than CD80.
An Expectation–Maximization-Based Interacting Multiple Model Approach for Cooperative Driving Systems (2005)

In this paper, we present a novel combined sensor registration and fusion approach for cooperative driving in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). A realistic augmented registration and fusion-state space model in three dimensions is first developed for dissimilar sensors. In order to have unbiased sensor registration parameter estimates, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is incorporated with the extended Kalman filter (EKF) to give simultaneous state and parameter estimates. Furthermore, the interacting multiple model (IMM) filter is introduced here for collaborative driving in order to deal with the jumping model problem occurred in different vehicles driving status. To evaluate the registration and fusion performance, a new recursive relationship is derived theoretically for computing the posterior Cramer-Rao bound (PCRB). It is shown by simulation that the proposed EM-IMM-EKF method has a more robust estimation performance than the conventional approach. The performance is furthermore verified by comparing the mean square error with the PCRB.
Validity Tests in Cluster Analysis Using a Probabilistic Teacher Algorithm (1986)

It is well known that widely used clustering algorithms are related with the Gaussian mixture problem. Now, we have developed a probabilistic teacher algorithm for the mixture problem. In this paper, we develop validity tests in cluster analysis using the properties of this algorithm and we present some applications of these tests.
A Fast and Symmetric DUST Implementation to Mask Low-Complexity DNA Sequences (2006)

The DUST module has been used within BLAST for many years to mask low-complexity sequences. In this paper, we present a new implementation of the DUST module that uses the same function to assign a complexity score to a sequence, but uses a different rule by which high-scoring sequences are masked. The new rule masks every nucleotide masked by the old rule and occasionally masks more. The new masking rule corrects two related deficiencies with the old rule. First, the new rule is symmetric with respect to reversing the sequence. Second, the new rule is not context sensitive; the decision to mask a subsequence does not depend on what sequences flank it. The new implementation is at least four times faster than the old on the human genome. We show that both the percentage of additional bases masked and the effect on MegaBLAST outputs are very small.
Molecular structures of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine antifolates with antineoplastic activity (1982)

2,4-Diamino-5-(1-adamantyl)-6-methylpyrimidine (DAMP) and its ethanesulfonate salt (DAMP-ES) are potent inhibitors of mammalian dihydrofolate reductase and also inhibit the growth of cultured cells as effectively as the drug methotrexate (MTX). DAMP is currently in phase I clinical studies. An analogue of DAMP having 5-(1-naphthyl) in place of the adamantyl group (DNMP) possesses little cytotoxic as well as enzyme inhibitory activity. The crystal and molecular structures of DAMPM-ES and DNMP were determined in order to elucidate the conformational aspects of drug specificity. The molecular conformation of DAMP-ES shows that the C8--C7 bond of the adamantyl ring is nearly coplanar with the pyrimidine ring (C8--C7--C5--C6 = 7.5 degrees) instead of staggered as expected from steric considerations. As a result, the pyrimidine ring and its 4,6-substituents are severely distorted from coplanarity. In DNMP, the 1-naphthalene ring is perpendicular to the pyrimidine ring (C8--C7--C5--C6 = -87.0 degrees) which is itself planar. N1 is protonated in DAMP-ES but not in DNMP. When the two structures are compared, the 5-substituents occupy different regions of space, with the outer ring of the naphthalene group outside of the volume occupied by the adamantyl ring. Therefore, the reduced effectiveness of DNMP may be caused by the inability of the naphthalene to fit the binding site in dihydrofolate reductase. This is the situation when DNMP is placed in the methotrexate binding site of Lactobacillus casei crystal structure.
Confocal fluorescence microscope with dual-axis architecture and biaxial postobjective scanning (2004)

We present a novel confocal microscope that has dual-axis architecture and biaxial postobjective scanning for the collection of fluorescence images from biological specimens. This design uses two low-numerical-aperture lenses to achieve high axial resolution and long working distance, and the scanning mirror located distal to the lenses rotates along the orthogonal axes to produce arc-surface images over a large field of view (FOV). With fiber optic coupling, this microscope can potentially be scaled down to millimeter dimensions via microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. We demonstrate a benchtop prototype with a spatial resolution < or =4.4 microm that collects fluorescence images with a high SNR and a good contrast ratio from specimens expressing GFP. Furthermore, the scanning mechanism produces only small differences in aberrations over the image FOV. These results demonstrate proof of concept of the dual-axis confocal architecture for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging.
Dopamine Receptor Activation Modulates GABA Neuron Migration from the Basal Forebrain to the Cerebral Cortex (2007)

GABA neurons of the cerebral cortex and other telencephalic structures are produced in the basal forebrain and migrate to their final destinations during the embryonic period. The embryonic basal forebrain is enriched in dopamine and its receptors, creating a favorable environment for dopamine to influence GABA neuron migration. However, whether dopamine receptor activation can influence GABA neuron migration is not known. We show that dopamine D1 receptor activation promotes and D2 receptor activation decreases GABA neuron migration from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences to the cerebral cortex in slice preparations of embryonic mouse forebrain. Slice preparations from D1 or D2 receptor knock-out mouse embryos confirm the findings. In addition, D1 receptor electroporation into cells of the basal forebrain and pharmacological activation of the receptor promote migration of the electroporated cells to the cerebral cortex. Analysis of GABA neuron numbers in the cerebral wall of the dopamine receptor knock-out mouse embryos further confirmed the effects of dopamine receptor activation on GABA neuron migration. Finally, dopamine receptor activation mobilizes striatal neuronal cytoskeleton in a manner consistent with the effects on neuronal migration. These data show that impairing the physiological balance between D1 and D2 receptors can alter GABA neuron migration from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. The intimate relationship between dopamine and GABA neuron development revealed here may offer novel insights into developmental disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit or autism, and fetal cocaine exposure, all of which are associated with dopamine and GABA imbalance.
The automatic video editor (2003)

More and more home videos are being produced with the increasing popularity of digital video camcorders. Yet the resulting home videos tend to be very long and boring to watch. The precious memories within those videos are ultimately lost. The problem is that the average home videographer does not have the time, or the editing skills to edit their home videos. It is a shame to let all those precious moments go to waste.There are editing software in the market that allow the user to edit their own home videos. For example, Apple's iMovie [1], Microsoft's MovieMaker [2], and the Hitchcock editing system [3]. But they still demand time, skill and effort from the user.With the above issue in mind, we developed the Automatic Video Editor, an application that analyzes a home video and edit it automatically into a condensed and interesting mini-movie.In our video, we will first show a clip of an unedited home video. Afterwards, we will show the output video created by our Automatic Video Editor.
Dosimetric predictors of radiation-induced lung injury in stereotactic body radiation therapy (2008)

MLD(2) is strongly associated to the risk of lung injury. Higher NTCP values are associated with a higher risk, but when comparing the expected to the observed toxicity rate, NTCP seems to underestimate the risk.
Synthesis and chemoselective activation of phenyl 3,5-di-O-benzyl-2-O,4-C-methylene-1-thio-β-d-ribofuranoside: a key synthon towards α-LNA (1998)

A bicyclic thiofuranoside (phenyl 3,5-di-O-benzyl-2-O,4-C-methylene-β-D-ribofuranoside) was efficiently synthesized and introduced as the key synthon in a method for convergent synthesis of α- and β-LNA nucleosides; acid-induced ring-opening reactions of the corresponding bicyclic methyl furanoside are also described.
Use of (CAT)<sub>5</sub>as a DNA Fingerprinting Probe for Fungi (1994)

A new DNA fingerprinting probe, (CAT)s, was evaluated for its ability to detect variation in higher fungi. The probe, which apparently detects variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci, was shown to be highly sensitive to genetic variation. The DNA of each of 30 single-basidiospore progeny of a dikaryon of Hererobasidion onnosum exhibited a unique fingerprint after PstI restriction, electrophoresis, and in-gel hybridization with the oligonucleotide. Twelve of 28 scored bands were heterozygous in the parent dikaryon. Six bands segregated in the expected 1:1 ratio, and the remaining six exhibited skewed segregation ratios. Two new bands were observed among the progeny but not the parent dikaryon, suggesting a high mutation rate (>0.3%), consistent with other reported VNTR loci [...]
Kinetic Analysis of Central [<sup>11</sup>C]Raclopride Binding to D<sub>2</sub>-Dopamine Receptors Studied by PET—A Comparison to the Equilibrium Analysis (1989)

[11C]Raclopride binding to central D2-dopamine receptors in humans has previously been examined by positron emission tomography (PET). Based on the rapid occurrence of binding equilibrium, a saturation analysis has been developed for the determination of receptor density (Bmax) and affinity (Kd). For analysis of PET measurements obtained with other ligands, a kinetic three-compartment model has been used. In the present study, the brain uptake of [11C]raclopride was analyzed further by applying both a kinetic and an equilibrium analysis to data obtained from four PET experiments in each of three healthy subjects. First regional CBV was determined. In the second and third experiment, [11C]-raclopride with high and low specific activity was used. In a fourth experiment, the [11C]raclopride enantiomer [11C]FLB472 was used to examine the concentration of free radioligand and nonspecific binding in brain. Radio-activity in arterial blood was measured using an automated blood sampling system. Bmax and Kd values for [11C]raclopride binding could be determined also with the kinetic analysis. As expected theoretically, those values were similar to those obtained with the equilibrium analysis. In addition, the kinetic analysis allowed separate determination of the association and dissociation rate constants, kon and koff, respectively. Examination of [11C]raclopride and [11C]FLB472 uptake in brain regions devoid of specific D2-dopamine receptor binding indicated a fourth compartment in which uptake was reversible, nonstereoselective, and nonsaturable in the dose range studied.
Skin aging and sex hormones in women – clinical perspectives for intervention by hormone replacement therapy (2004)

The skin, the largest organ of the body, is the organ in which changes associated with aging are most visible. The skin is a target organ for various hormones, and sex steroids have a profound influence on the aging process. A decrease in sex steroids thus induces a reduction of those skin functions that are under hormonal control. Keratinocytes, Langerhans' cells, melanocytes, sebaceous glands, collagen content and the synthesis of hyaluronic acid, for example, are under hormonal influence. Topical application of estrogens has a positive effect on skin aging parameters, whilst numerous studies have also shown the positive influence of systemic hormone replacement therapy on skin aging. As an alternative treatment, phytohormones may be administered, with the structural similarity to 17beta-estradiol explaining their estrogen-like effects. However, isoflavonoids exhibit an inferior biological potency to synthetic estrogens. Although a large number of publications have documented the effects of sex hormones on the aging process, it is obvious that hormone replacement should not be administered as an independent treatment for skin aging.
Pharmacotherapy of polycystic ovary syndrome – an update (2011)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a persisting challenge to clinical and basic research scientists as none of the presently available medications have been fully able to combat these consequences. The aim of the present review is to summarize the different lines of treatment available for the different symptomologies that women with PCOS presents. In this comprehensive review, search was made for various treatment options available for PCOS by using Cochrane library, Pubmed, Medline, in addition to the relevant printed medical journals and periodicals. The search results revealed that oral contraceptives containing oestrogen and progesterone regularize the menstruation, antiandrogens like spironolactone and drosperinone have proven to be effective in hirsutism and acne, clomiphene is the gold standard for ovulation induction, but multiple pregnancies and clomiphene failure add to its limitation. Hence, aromatase inhibitors like letrozole, low-dose gondotropins, and ovarian drilling procedure have shown to be beneficial effect in clomiphene-resistant cases. Insulin sensitizers such as metformin, thiazolidinediones, and d-chiro-inositol increase insulin sensitivity and improve ovulation rate. Recently, melatonin, N-acetyl cysteine, acarbose, and statins have shown positive results in different symptomologies of PCOS. The results show that PCOS treatment constitutes varied line of treatment depending upon the clinical features with which a woman is presenting. Still, unfortunately, none of the treatments are fully able to combat the PCOS.
Orthogonal Cu- and Pd-Based Catalyst Systems for the O- and N-Arylation of Aminophenols (2009)

O- or N-arylated aminophenol products constitute a common structural motif in various potentially useful therapeutic agents and/or drug candidates. We have developed a complementary set of Cu- and Pd-based catalyst systems for the selective O- and N-arylation of unprotected aminophenols using aryl halides. Selective O-arylation of 3- and 4-aminophenols is achieved with copper-catalyzed methods employing picolinic acid or CyDMEDA, trans-N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, respectively, as the ligand. The selective formation of N-arylated products of 3- and 4-aminophenols can be obtained with BrettPhos precatalyst, a biarylmonophosphine-based palladium catalyst. 2-Aminophenol can be selectively N-arylated with CuI, although no system for the selective O-arylation could be found. Coupling partners with diverse electronic properties and a variety of functional groups can be selectively transformed under these conditions.
Silicon Carbide Microelectromechanical Systems for Harsh Environments (2006)

This unique book describes the science and technology of silicon carbide (SiC) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), from the creation of SiC material to the formation of final system, through various expert contributions by several leading key figures in the field. The book contains high-quality up-to-date scientific information concerning SiC MEMS for harsh environments summarized concisely for students, academics, engineers and researchers in the field of SiC MEMS. This is the only book that addresses in a comprehensive manner the main advantages of SiC as a MEMS material for applications in high temperature and harsh environments, as well as approaches to the relevant technologies, with a view progressing towards the final product.
Automatic extraction of pinna edges for binaural audio customization (2013)

The contribution of the external ear to the head-related transfer function (HRTF) heavily depends on the listener's unique anthropometry. In particular, the shape of the most prominent contours of the pinna defines the frequency location of the HRTF spectral notches along the elevation of the sound source. This paper addresses the issue of automatically estimating the location of pinna edges starting from a set of pictures produced by a multi-flash imaging device. A basic image processing algorithm designed to obtain the principal edges and their distance from the ear canal entrance is described. The effectiveness of the developed hardware and software is preliminarily evaluated on a small number of test subjects.
Enhancing Innovation through Virtual Proximity (2014)

IntroductionEver since Samuel Morse tapped out “What hath God wrought?” on his telegraph to send the first electronic message (Howe, 2007), and with the release of every information communications technology since, there have been pundits who have proclaimed the "death of distance"(e.g., Bowersox and Calantone, 1998; Cairncross, 1997; Evans and Harrigan, 2005). But, to