gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vereinfachte Methode zur Messung von Oberflächengrößen durch Gasadsorption, 2. Mitteilung (1963)

Abstract Die früher beschriebene Methode wurde weiter dadurch vereinfacht, daß der bei der Adsorption sich einstellende Gleichgewichtsdruck nicht mehr gesondert gemessen wird. Mit diesem besonders einfachen Differential‐Meßverfahren lassen sich zuverlässig und rasch speziflsche Oberflächen serienmäßig bestimmen. Das Meßprinzip sowie die mathematische Ableitung der Gleichungen für die Auswertung werden angegeben. Sodann werden einige Varianten des Verfahrens (Verwendung anderer Meßgase als Stickstoff und Berücksichtigung des Probevolumens bei kleinen Oberflächengrößen) erörtert.
T2 Relaxation of Water Molecules Surrounding Magnetically Oriented Fibrin Gels (2004)

We investigated the effect of structural differences in fibrin fibers on the T2 relaxation time. Fibrin fibers have the unique characteristic of orienting themselves parallel to high magnetic fields during polymerization. Two fibrin gels were polymerized from a fibrinogen solution with and without a 7.05-T magnetic field. Water molecules in the fibrin gel that was polymerized in the high magnetic field exhibited only one relaxation time, T2 = 0.35 s, whereas water molecules in the fibrin gel that was not exposed to a magnetic field during polymerization had at least two exponential components in the T2 relaxation. The long component, T2 = 0.35 s, was the same order as the T2 of the fibrinogen solution (= 0.41 s) and the fibrin gel polymerized in the high magnetic field. The short component was T2 = 0.07 s. This difference is attributed to a change in the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions between water molecules and fibrin fibers.
An Autocalibrated All-Digital Temperature Sensor for On-Chip Thermal Monitoring (2011)

This brief presents an autocalibrated all-digital temperature sensor circuit for use with on-chip thermal sensing applications. The proposed temperature sensor eliminates the need for two-temperature-point calibration in prior temperature sensors. Therefore, temperature sensor calibration efforts in high-volume production can be significantly reduced. The proposed design uses reference clock period information to perform self-calibration, and thus, effects of process variation can be removed. Subsequently, the accuracy of the proposed temperature sensor can be improved with very small area cost and low power consumption. The temperature sensor is implemented with a standard performance 65-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. The core area is 0.01 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and the power consumption of the proposed circuit is 150 μW with a 1-V supply. Since the proposed temperature sensor can be easily calibrated with a reference clock, the proposed design is very suitable for dynamic thermal management applications in a system-on-a-chip era.
Cellular targets for angiotensin II fragments: pharmacological and molecular evidence (2002)

Although angiotensin II has long been considered to represent the end product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), there is accumulating evidence that it encompasses additional effector peptides with diverse functions. In this respect, angiotensin IV (Ang IV) formed by deletion of the two N terminal amino acids, has sparked great interest because of its wide range of physiological effects. Among those, its facilitatory role in memory acquisition and retrieval is of special therapeutic relevance. High affinity binding sites for this peptide have been denoted as AT(4)- receptors and, very recently, they have been proposed to correspond to the membrane-associated OTase/ IRAP aminopeptidase. This offers new opportunities for examining physiological roles of Ang IV in the fields of cognition, cardiovascular and renal metabolism and pathophysiological conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Still new recognition sites may be unveiled for this and other angiotensin fragments. Recognition sites for Ang-(1-7) (deletion of the C terminal amino acid) are still elusive and some of the actions of angiotensin III (deletion of the N terminal amino acid) in the CNS are hard to explain on the basis of their interaction with AT(1)-receptors only. A more thorough cross-talk between in vitro investigations on native and transfected cell lines and in vivo investigations on healthy, diseased and transgenic animals may prove to be essential to further unravel the molecular basis of the physiological actions of these small endogenous angiotensin fragments.
Magnesium Bromide Mediated Highly Diastereoselective Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Olefins (2002)

Palladium on carbon combined with magnesium bromide catalyzed hydrogenation of Baylis-Hillman olefins to afford the corresponding aldol derivatives in a highly syn-diastereoselective manner is described. [reaction: see text]
Prolonged Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Treatment Can Augment Immune Activation Without Enhancing Antitumor Activity in Renal Cell Carcinom (1991)

Preliminary studies involving small numbers of patients have suggested that interleukin-2 (IL-2) administered by continuous infusion in repetitive weekly cycles using doses of 3 x 10(6) U/M2/day is immunologically active and can induce tumor responses in patients with renal cell carcinoma. This study was designed to examine both the immunological and clinical effects of prolonged infusion IL-2 given by repetitive weekly cycles; first at moderate doses for 4 weeks as an impatient followed by lower doses of IL-2 for up to 5 months. Prolonged IL-2 treatment was investigated because previous studies revealed that patients had a return to their baseline immune status within 4 weeks after completing IL-2 treatment. Twenty-five patients (including 18 with renal cell carcinoma) were treated with one of two regimens utilizing IL-2 as sole therapy. These regimens were designed to induce augmented and prolonged immune activation based upon in vitro and in vivo data. Though patients on both arms of the study demonstrated sustained lymphocytosis, increase in numbers of natural killer cells, and induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity with prolonged IL-2 administration, only 1 out of the 18 patients with renal cell carcinoma demonstrated a sustained partial antitumor response to therapy. Furthermore, several patients demonstrated profound immune activation, without any evidence of tumor regression. The lack of clinical responses in these patients showing marked activation of LAK cytotoxicity suggests that other variables must also influence the likelihood of antitumor effects for patients receiving IL-2 therapy.
Target Localization Accuracy Gain in MIMO Radar-Based Systems (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper presents an analysis of target localization accuracy, attainable by the use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems, configured with multiple transmit and receive sensors, widely distributed over an area. The Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) for target localization accuracy is developed for both coherent and noncoherent processing. Coherent processing requires a common phase reference for all transmit and receive sensors. The CRLB is shown to be inversely proportional to the signal effective bandwidth in the noncoherent case, but is approximately inversely proportional to the carrier frequency in the coherent case. We further prove that optimization over the sensors' positions lowers the CRLB by a factor equal to the product of the number of transmitting and receiving sensors. The best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is derived for the MIMO target localization problem. The BLUE's utility is in providing a closed-form localization estimate that facilitates the analysis of the relations between sensors locations, target location, and localization accuracy. Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) contours are used to map the relative performance accuracy for a given layout of radars over a given geographic area. </para>
The use of statistical methodology to determine the accuracy of grading within a diabetic retinopathy screening programme (2015)

Misclassification between lower grades of retinopathy is not uncommon but is unlikely to lead to significant delays in referring people for sight-threatening retinopathy.
Mining Social Data to Extract Intellectual Knowledge (2012)

Social data mining is an interesting phenomenon which colligates different sources of social data to extract informat ion. This informat ion can be used in relat ionship prediction, decision making, pattern recognition, social mapping, responsibility distribution and many other applications. This paper presents a systematical data mining arch itecture to mine intellectual knowledge fro m social data. In this research, we use social networking site facebook as primary data source. We collect different attributes such as about me, co mments, wall post and age fro m facebook as raw data and use advanced data mining approaches to excavate intellectual knowledge. We also analyze our mined knowledge with co mparison for poss ible usages like as human behavior prediction, pattern recognition, job responsibility distribution, decision making and product promoting.
Unnesting Scalar SQL Queries in the Presence of Disjunction (2007)

Optimizing nested queries is an intricate problem. It becomes even harder if in a nested query the linking predicate or the correlation predicate occurs disjunctively. We present the first unnesting strategy that can effectively deal with such queries. The starting point of our approach is to translate SQL into the relational algebra extended by bypass operators. Then we present for the first time unnesting equivalences which are valid for algebraic expressions containing bypass operators. Applying these to the translated queries results in our effective unnesting strategy for nested SQL queries with disjunction. With an extensive experimental study (including three commercial DBMSs), we demonstrate the possible performance gains of our approach.
Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Drying Kinetics and Color Changes of Ginkgo Biloba Seeds during Microwave Drying Process (2018)

Ginkgo biloba seeds were dried in microwave drier under different microwave powers (200, 280, 460, and 640 W) to determinate the drying kinetics and color changes during drying process. Drying curves of all samples showed a long constant rate period and falling rate period along with a short heating period. The effective moisture diffusivities were found to be 3.318 × 10 −9 to 1.073 × 10 −8 m 2 /s within the range of microwave output levels and activation energy was 4.111 W/g. The <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⁎</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⁎</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> values of seeds decreased with drying time. However, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⁎</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> value decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of drying time. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling was employed to predict the moisture ratio and color parameters (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⁎</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⁎</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>⁎</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>). The ANN model was trained for finite iteration calculation with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm as the training function and tansig-purelin as the network transfer function. Results showed that the ANN methodology could precisely predict experimental data with high correlation coefficient (0.9056–0.9834) and low mean square error (0.0014–2.2044). In addition, the established ANN models can be used for online prediction of moisture content and color changes of ginkgo biloba seeds during microwave drying process.
Carbon monoxide-induced suspended animation protects against hypoxic damage in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (2004)

Oxygen deprivation is a major cause of cellular damage and death. Here we demonstrate that Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, which can survive both in anoxia (<0.001 kPa O(2)) by entering into suspended animation and in mild hypoxia (0.25-1 kPa O(2)) through a hypoxia-inducible factor 1-mediated response, cannot survive in intermediate concentrations of oxygen, between 0.01 and 0.1 kPa O(2). Moreover, we show that carbon monoxide can protect C. elegans embryos against hypoxic damage in this sensitive range. Carbon monoxide can also rescue the hypoxia-sensitive mutant hif-1(ia04) from lethality in hypoxia. This work defines the oxygen tensions over which hypoxic damage occurs in C. elegans embryos and demonstrates that carbon monoxide can prevent this damage by inducing suspended animation.
Use of a hormone‐sensitive (LNCaP) and a hormone‐resistant (LNCaP‐r) cell line in prostate cancer research (1997)

BACKGROUND In order to develop a hormone-resistant analog to the hormone sensitive cell-line LNCaP, different methods were tried. METHODS After almost one year of continuous culture in RPMI-1640, containing a low concentration of androgens, the hormone sensitive cell-line LNCaP became hormone resistant and was named LNCaP-r. RESULTS We used the LNCaP/LNCaP-r model system in order to study methods for the parenteral treatment of prostate carcinoma with estrogens, to study the mechanism of action of estramustine, and to identify markers useful as predictive tests for prostate carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS A model system made up of the hormone sensitive prostate LNCaP cell-line and the hormone resistant LNCaP-r subline was developed and characterized. This system is, despite a number of limitations, easy to use as a first step to test different hypotheses that can be studied further in later clinical trials. Prostate 31:198–203, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Key Parameters Affecting Quantitative Analysis of STEM-EDS Spectrum Images (2010)

In this article, we use simulated and experimental data to explore how three operator-controllable parameters--(1) signal level, (2) detector resolution, and (3) number of factors chosen for analysis--affect quantitative analyses of scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectrum images processed by principal component analysis (PCA). We find that improvements in both signal level and detector resolution improve the precision of quantitative analyses, but that signal level is the most important. We also find that if the rank of the PCA solution is not chosen properly, it may be possible to improperly fit the underlying data and degrade the accuracy of results. Additionally, precision is degraded in the case when too many factors are included in the model.
Electrochemical preparation of highly conducting polythiophene films (1985)

M. Sato, S. Tanaka and K. Kaeriyama, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1985, 713 DOI: 10.1039/C39850000713
The topoisomerase I inhibitor DX-8951f is active in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse model of human acute myelogenous leukemia. (2000)

The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model of human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a unique system for preclinical in vivo evaluation of the activity and toxicity of new agents. The topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibitor topotecan is active in patients with AML and myelodysplastic syndromes. DX-8951f is a novel topo I inhibitor with more potent antitumor effects than topotecan or CPT-11 in vitro. To study the in vivo activity of DX-8951f, 6-week-old female SCID mice received injections into the tail vein with 2 x 10(7) exponentially growing KBM-3 cells. In each experiment, three to five sets of five mice were treated with DX-8951f doses ranging from 7.5 to 80 mg/kg and at schedules of 1, 3, and 5 days; a control set of five mice was treated with the drug vehicle alone. One group received DX-8951f on day 7 of the inoculation with KBM-3 (early-treatment group). To study the activity of DX-8951f in advanced disease, a second group was treated 1 month after the inoculation, when the animals were developing symptoms (late-treatment group). The study end point was the duration of survival until death from leukemia, which was assessed clinically and by the presence of the human DQ alpha gene in tissue samples by PCR. Six experiments were conducted with 170 animals. Survival was higher in both the early- and late-treatment groups than in untreated controls, and the treated groups had significantly less central nervous system disease. Significantly improved survival was observed in animals treated early with 60 and 80 mg/kg as a single injection, with 15 and 20 mg/kg over 3 days, and with 7.5 and 10 mg/kg over 5 days. In the late-disease model (treatment starting on days 28-35), improved survival was observed with a single dose of 80 or 20 mg/kg over 5 days. Dose escalation was limited by dilution problems at the 1-day schedule and by toxicity (mainly gastrointestinal) of the prolonged schedules. Both efficacy and toxicity were dose schedule dependent, increasing with higher doses and prolonged exposure. By establishing the antileukemic activity of DX-8951f against human AML transplanted into SCID mice at doses below the LD10, our data provide a rationale for clinical evaluation of the drug in patients with AML and favor the use of prolonged administration.
European uncooled thermal imaging technology (1997)

There is widespread requirement for low cost lightweight thermal imaging sensors for both military and civilian applications. In Europe, these requirements are now being met by systems using large uncooled ferroelectric detector arrays offering performance levels which, until recently, could only be achieved by expensive cryogenically cooled systems. The uncooled technology is the result of collaboration between the UK Defence Research Agency (DRA) and GEC-Marconi Electro Optics (GMEO) under a 'dual use technology program' (DUTP). This has resulted in the design of an uncooled module suite which constitute the core elements of the European uncooled thermal imaging sensors. This module suite has been adopted by UK MoD to meet the requirements of the UK Stairs A demonstrator program producing a lightweight thermal surveillance and weapon sight. A European consortium including Delft Instruments and Signaal Usfa (DISU) in Holland have also adopted the modules to meet the requirements of the lightweight infrared observation nightsight (LION). This product is being marketed in collaboration with Thomson CSF Optronics, of France. This paper discusses the current status of the underlying detector and processing technology including enhancements already in development. In addition, the designs and benefits offered by the Stairs A and LION products are addressed.
160 Gbit/s (80 Gbit/s × 2 channels) WDM solitontransmissionover 10 000 km using in-line synchronous modulation (1999)

160 Gbit/s (80 Gbit/s × 2 channels) WDM soliton transmission has been successfully achieved over 10 000 km with the use of in-line synchronous modulation.
Objective and subjective whitening response of two self-directed bleaching systems. (2002)

At end-of-treatment, adjusted mean deltab* was -2.05 +/- 0.158 for the whitening strip group compared to -0.69 +/- 0.141 for the combination group, with these groups differing significantly (P < 0.0001). This response held across every color parameter and time point in this study. Relative to the combination system, subjects in the whitening strip group rated that product significantly (P < 0.01) more favorably with respect to the amount of whiteness improvement, as well as whitening satisfaction and overall impression. These subjective responses were correlated with objective changes in tooth color measured during treatment. When the deltab* effect was included in a cumulative multinomial probability model, deltaL*, deltaa*, and treatment were non-significant predictors. Odds ratios demonstrate that a subject had 3.3 times (1/0.3003 = 3.33) greater odds of selecting a higher whiteness rating when the value of deltab* was decreased by 1.0 unit (less yellowness). Similar results were noted for whitening satisfaction and overall impression of treatment.
Sensory level electrical muscle stimulation: effect on markers of muscle injury (2004)

Early and frequent application of MHVS may provide transient relief from delayed onset muscle soreness and short term improvements in range of motion after injurious exercise. However, MHVS treatment may not enhance recovery after muscle injury because of lack of improvements in strength and active range of motion.
Testing the ability of speech recognizers to measure the effectiveness of encoding algorithms for digital speech transmission (2003)

Modern communication channels, such as digital cellular telephony, often convey human speech in a highly encoded form. Methods that rely on human subjects to evaluate the quality of such channels are too costly to deploy on a large scale; thus, automated methods are often used to model quality as perceived by humans. Traditional automated methods that use signal to noise ratios (SNR) to judge the quality of channels do not model human perception well when applied to highly encoded speech. For this reason, researchers investigate alternative means to objectively measure the quality of such channels. We explore the feasibility and applicability of using automated speech recognition technology to model human perception of the quality of communication channels that carry highly encoded (compressed) human speech.
Pressure and irradiation angle dependence of maskless ion beam assisted etching of GaAs and Si (1985)

Maskless ion beam assisted etching of GaAs and Si has been investigated. Focused Ga+ ion beam was irradiated on GaAs and Si in chlorine and xenon difluoride gas atmosphere, respectively. It was found that an optimum gas pressure existed to improve the etching rate. The etching rate showed a maximum at a bombarding angle of 60°–70°. The simulation of the etching profile was in reasonable agreement with the observed profiles. It was also found that redeposition effect is absent for ion beam assisted etching.
Field Emission X-Ray Tube (1941)

It has been found possible to draw currents of the order of several thousand amperes from cold metals by field emission in vacuum. This principle has been put to use in the design of a condenser discharge x-ray tube for high speed radiography. An auxiliary electrode spaced close to the cathode and connected to the anode through a high resistance serves to initiate the discharge which is then transferred to the anode. This auxiliary electrode is made in the form of a focusing electrode. Radiographs of bullets and the internal workings of other high speed objects are now made possible.