gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Origins of concentration gradients for diffusiophoresis (2016)

Fluid transport that is driven by gradients of pressure, gravity, or electro-magnetic potential is well-known and studied in many fields. A subtler type of transport, called diffusiophoresis, occurs in a gradient of chemical concentration, either electrolyte or non-electrolyte. Diffusiophoresis works by driving a slip velocity at the fluid-solid interface. Although the mechanism is well-known, the diffusiophoresis mechanism is often considered to be an esoteric laboratory phenomenon. However, in this article we show that concentration gradients can develop in a surprisingly wide variety of physical phenomena - imposed gradients, asymmetric reactions, dissolution, crystallization, evaporation, mixing, sedimentation, and others - so that diffusiophoresis is in fact a very common transport mechanism, in both natural and artificial systems. We anticipate that in georeservoir extractions, physiological systems, drying operations, laboratory and industrial separations, crystallization operations, membrane processes, and many other situations, diffusiophoresis is already occurring - often without being recognized - and that opportunities exist for designing this transport to great advantage.
Enhanced Cleavage of an Atypical Intron of Dopamine D<sub>3</sub>-Receptor Pre-mRNA in Chronic Schizophrenia (1996)

The D2-class of dopamine receptors (D2, D3, and D4) is a target for typical and atypical neuroleptic drugs. They have been considered, therefore, as factors that may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Interestingly, in cortical brain tissues obtained postmortem form patients with chronic schizophrenia D3 mRNA was found to be significantly lower than in the corresponding anatomic regions of controls. Because the expression of a truncated D3-like mRNA (named D3nf) appeared to be unaffected in schizophrenic brains, these findings suggest the possibility that the loss of D3 mRNA results from an abnormal splicing of D3 pre-mRNA in schizophrenia that is accompanied by an increased accumulation of the truncated D3nf mRNA. To test this, three approaches were taken. (1) Substrate D3 pre-mRNA was spliced in vitro in HeLa nuclear extracts. Results from these experiments show that D3nf mRNA results from the alternative removal of a short spliceosomal intron in D3 pre-mRNA that has a noncanonical 3' splice site. (2) Substrate D3 pre-mRNA was spliced in vivo in stably transfected rat GH3 cells. Despite the atypical 3' cleavage that is necessary to generate D3nf mRNA, D3 and D3nf mRNA were found to be processed at similar amounts. (3) The relative D3/D3nf splicing efficiencies were then determined in the anterior cingulate cortex of postmortem brains obtained from controls and from patients with chronic schizophrenia. Significant differences were found between the relative levels of D3 and D3nf mRNA, suggesting that an enhanced D3nf-specific splicing of D3 pre-mRNA in schizophrenia leads to a decreased expression of D3 mRNA.
Biopolymerization-driven self-assembly of nanofiber air-bridges (2009)

Several proteins, including actin and fibrin, polymerize in vivo to form nanometre diameter fibers. These processes can be duplicated in vitro using only the essential enzyme and protein precursors. These same protein solutions are directed to self-assemble into oriented arrays of air-bridges using only the crude operation of hand brushing them over textured micron-scale surfaces. The creation of these suspended structures could be used as nanomechanical elements in various sensors and actuators, and their fabrication by this rapid directed self-assembly method would be useful, especially during the early phases of prototype device development. The fabrication method extends earlier studies (Harfenist et al., Nano Lett., 2004, 4, 1931) in which an organic polymer dissolved in a volatile solvent forms nanofiber air-bridges through a combination of capillary force driven thinning of liquid bridges and evaporation driven solidification of the polymer solution. However, in the current study polymerization is initiated when a monomeric solution of soluble protein is brushed over the micro-textured surface. When fibrinogen solutions are brushed over a thrombin primed surface, or monomeric actin over a KCl primed array, fiber air-bridges are formed, sometimes reaching diameters as small as 16 nm. The uniformity in diameter of one hand-brushed array of 358 parallel fibrin air-bridges was 36.4 nm (6.8 nm standard deviation), with no more than 3 broken fibers. The fibrin bridges are shown to be both highly elastomeric and adhesive through demonstration of the construction and stretching of a three point bridge using a micromanipulator. Also the brush-on method produced ordered arrays of suspended fibrin membranes, which sometimes were anchored perpendicular to the vertical sidewalls of the textured surface and other times were anchored parallel to the sidewalls. The demonstration of air-bridge formation by biopolymerization suggested that air-bridges might also be formed during initiated polymerization of organic monomers. Even though the monomer of norbornylene has a much smaller molecular weight than fibrinogen, hand brushing of norbornylene in toluene with Grubbs' catalyst resulted in the self-assembly of fiber air-bridges as small as 4 nm diameter over nearly 6 microns length.
Neuro-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition (2000)

Methodology: simultaneous feature analysis and system identification in a neuro-fuzzy framework, N.R. Pal and D. Chakraborty neuro-fuzzy model for unsupervised feature extraction with real-life applications, R.K. De et al a computational-intelligence-based approach to decision support, M.B. Gorzalczany clustering problem using fuzzy C-means algorithms and unsupervised neural networks, J.-S. Lin automatic training of min-max classifiers, A. Rizzi granular computing in pattern recognition, W. Pedrycz and G. Vukovich ART-based model set for pattern recognition - FasArt family, G.I. Sainz Palmero et al. Applications: a methodology and a system for adaptive speech recognition in a noisy environment based on adaptive noise cancellation and evolving fuzzy neural networks, N. Kasabov and G. Iliev neural versus heuristic development of Choquet fuzzy integral fusion algorithms for land mine detection, P.D. Gader et al automatic segmentation of multi-spectral MR brain images using a neuro-fuzzy algorithm, S.Y. Lee et al vision-based neuro-fuzzy control of autonomous lane following vehicle, Y.-J. Ryoo.
Spin-labeled phorbol esters and their interactions with cellular membranes. III. Skin irritant and tumor-promoting activities of spin-labeled phorbol-12,13-diesters and relationships to their particular structures (1988)

Sixteen 'doxyl' spin-labeled 12,13-(acetate, acylates) of phorbol were assayed in NMRI mice for irritant and for tumor-promoting activity. The spin-labeled positionally isomeric (n,m)PA- and AP(n,m)-type esters carry straight aliphatic acyl chains of different overall lengths N (number of C atoms). Within the chains the 'doxyl' label is located in different positions (n,m). The potency of some of the esters as irritants and as promoters is comparable to or even higher than that of the prototype diterpene ester promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and its positional isomer 12-O-acetylphorbol-13-tetradecanoate. Their irritancies on the ear and their promoting activities on the back skin depend strongly on the structural features of the acyl chain carrying the spin label. Based upon the bioactivities of individual esters biologically meaningful probes were defined for investigations of the molecular interaction of phorbol-ester-type promoters with cellular targets for electron paramagnetic resonance.
Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatases in the Vessel Wall (2000)

Many protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) have now been identified, but little is known about PTPase expression and regulation in vascular tissue and in vascular disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and cDNA fingerprinting of PTPase catalytic domains, combined with random sequencing of PCR product libraries, identified 18 (8 receptor-like and 10 cytosolic) PTPases in the rat carotid artery and revealed differential expression of 5 of these PTPases during neointima formation after balloon catheter injury. In situ hybridization was used to localize mRNA expression in vessel cross sections for the 5 differentially expressed PTPases. This revealed that for 3 PTPases (SHP1, CD45, and PTPbeta), differential transcript abundance was due to appearance/loss of the cell types by which they were expressed (leukocytes for SHP1 and CD45, endothelial cells for PTPbeta). However, mRNA expression of 2 PTPases (PTPL1 and PTP1B) was specifically upregulated by proliferating and migrating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in characteristic temporal and regional patterns in response to vessel damage. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that PTP1B and PTPL1 were induced approximately 30-fold and approximately 60-fold, respectively, by 2 weeks after injury in the damaged vessels compared with the uninjured vessels. PTP1B was rapidly upregulated in the media after vessel injury and remained highly expressed in the developing neointima. By contrast, PTPL1 expression did not increase dramatically until the SMCs had migrated into the intima. The differential expression of PTP1B and PTPL1 by SMCs after injury suggests roles for these PTPases in the regulation of vessel wall remodeling.
The Two Caenorhabditis elegans Basement Membrane (Type IV) Collagen Genes Are Located on Separate Chromosomes (1989)

We have identified and characterized the two genes, clb-1 and clb-2, that encode basement membrane collagen (IV) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Both genes encode 5.5-kilobase mRNAs, similar in size to the mammalian and Drosophila type IV collagen gene transcripts but much larger than the cuticle collagen transcripts of C. elegans. The nucleotide sequences of the NC1 regions of both genes were determined. Comparisons of the clb-1 and clb-2 NC1 amino acid sequences with those of mouse and human show that clb-1 shares 72% identity with mammalian alpha 2(IV) and clb-2 shares 63% identity with mammalian alpha 1(IV), suggesting that clb-1 is the alpha 2(IV) homologue and clb-2 is the alpha 1(IV) homologue. The presence of two type IV collagen genes in C. elegans and the mammals, but a single gene in Drosophila, indicates that the primordial type IV collagen gene had already duplicated early in the evolution of the invertebrates and that one of the genes has been subsequently lost from Drosophila. The mouse and human alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) genes are separated by only about 130 base pairs and are transcribed in opposite directions from overlapping promoters. We show that the C. elegans genes are located on separate chromosomes, clb-1 on X and clb-2 on III, demonstrating that the mammalian arrangement is not a requirement for all type IV collagen genes. We have identified a candidate genetic locus for the clb-2 basement membrane collagen gene, which will allow us to pursue a genetic analysis of basement membrane structure and function in C. elegans.
Structural Analysis of Carbyne Network Polymers (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural Analysis of Carbyne Network PolymersScott A. Best, Patricia A. Bianconi, and Kenneth M. Merz Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 36, 9251–9258Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00141a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00141a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views168Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
New Trends in Medicinal Chemistry Approaches to Antiobesity Therapy (2009)

The prevalences of overweightedness and obesity are increasing globally at frightening rates, driven by social and economic changes. Furthermore, obesity is associated with the pathogeneses of major diseases, particularly diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, no satisfactorily safe, effective obesity drugs are commercially available at the present time. Only two drugs have been approved in the United States for the long-term treatment of obesity, sibutramine and orlistat. However, these drugs are minimally effective and have significant side effects, which are likely inhibit their use. Therefore, there is a huge opportunity to make a significant impact on the lives of obese people through the discovery and development of additional pharmacotherapeutic options. In this review article, the authors focus on selected trends in medicinal chemistry and the approaches used to develop drugs for treating obesity.
Decision of mobile devices enabling HT and non-HT MAC of 802.11n based on the consideration of energy efficiency (2011)

In order to be compatible with the legacy 802.11, there are two major MAC behaviors, High-throughput (HT) and non-high throughput (non-HT) in the 802.11n. In this paper, we analyze and compare the energy efficiencies of different MAC behaviors in 802.11n based on the Bianchi model and our previous works [6] to evaluate the performance of the different MAC behaviors regarding HT and non-HT. Our studies try to provide the decision for the mobile devices stations to enable the HT or not based on the consideration of energy efficiency. Studies show that owing to the large power consumption in HT, it is not suitable for limited power devices to carry WWW traffics by MIMO transmission. However, if large file transmissions by FTP are considered, the energy efficiency in HT MAC can be very high due to the large aggregated frame size. It is especially true when the number of active stations is large owing to the decrease in idle listening time by using the techniques used in HT MAC such as Aggregate MAC protocol Data Unit (A-MPDU) and block-ACK.
A comparison of non-invasive continuous finger blood pressure measurement (Finapres) with intra-arterial pressure during prolonged head-up tilt (1995)

Simultaneous intra-radial and non-invasive (Finapres, Ohmeda) blood pressures were compared during prolonged head-up tilt, in eight patients (mean age 49 years) with malignant vasovagal syncope. Twelve tilts were performed, of which eight resulted in vasovagal syncope. The mean bias (difference between Finapres and intra-arterial pressures) for systolic pressure was +0.7 mmHg (standard deviation 11.3 mmHg) and for diastolic pressure was +5.4 mmHg (standard deviation 7 mmHg). The within-tilt precision (standard deviation of the bias) of the non-invasive measurements varied between 2.9-12.4 mmHg (median 4.5 mmHg) for systolic comparisons, and 1.6-8.4 mmHg (median 4.4 mmHg) for diastolic comparisons. In all but one tilt highly significant positive increases in both systolic (median 7.1 mmHg) and diastolic bias (median 8.1 mmHg) occurred on tilt with respect to resting pre-tilt levels. Independent of the absolute level of agreement, the non-invasive measurements followed changes in intra-arterial pressure closely, with 89% of beat-to-beat changes in systolic pressure, and 95% of beat-to-beat changes in diastolic pressure followed to within +/- 2 mmHg. This study suggests that the Finapres is well suited for use during diagnostic tilt testing, demonstrating an acceptable within-tilt precision and closely following pressure changes during vasovagal syncope.
Differential inhibition of two proteolytic activities in bovine lens neutral-proteinase preparations (1985)

Hydrolysis of carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-Glu 2-naphthylamide by bovine lens neutral-proteinase preparations is not affected by the esterase inhibitor di-isopropyl fluorophosphate, whereas hydrolysis of carbobenzoxy-Gly-Gly-Leu p-nitroanilide is completely inhibited. Hydrolysis of alpha-crystallin, a lens structural protein, can be inhibited by only 50% after prolonged treatment with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate. These data suggest that the lens neutral-proteinase preparation contains at least two enzymes, one of which may be a serine proteinase. This may account, in part, for the previously observed complex response of the preparation to inhibitors.
The Qa-1b molecule binds to a large subpopulation of murine NK cells (1998)

Recent studies on human NK cells have demonstrated that the NK cell CD94/NKG2 receptors bind to the nonclassical MHC class I molecule HLA-E. A functional CD94/NKG2 complex has not yet been identified in rodents, but cDNA encoding rat and mouse CD94 and NKG2 have recently been cloned, suggesting that CD94/NKG2 receptors may exist in species other than man. The mouse nonclassical MHC class I molecule Qa-1 shares several features with HLA-E. This suggests that Qa-1 may be similarly recognized by murine NK cells. To study the ability of Qa-1 to bind to murine NK cells, we have produced a soluble tetrameric form of Qa-1b. In the present study, we demonstrate that Qa-1b tetramers distinctly bind to a large subset of fresh or IL-2-activated NK1.1+/CD3- splenocytes independently of the expression of Ly49 inhibitory receptors. Binding occurs whether NK cells have evolved in an MHC class I-expressing or in an MHC class I-deficient environment. Our data suggest the existence of a Qa-1-recognizing structure on a large subpopulation of murine NK cells that may be similar to the human CD94/NKG2 heterodimeric complex.
Structured Variability of Muscle Activations Supports the Minimal Intervention Principle of Motor Control (2009)

Numerous observations of structured motor variability indicate that the sensorimotor system preferentially controls task-relevant parameters while allowing task-irrelevant ones to fluctuate. Optimality models show that controlling a redundant musculo-skeletal system in this manner meets task demands while minimizing control effort. Although this line of inquiry has been very productive, the data are mostly behavioral with no direct physiological evidence on the level of muscle or neural activity. Furthermore, biomechanical coupling, signal-dependent noise, and alternative causes of trial-to-trial variability confound behavioral studies. Here we address those confounds and present evidence that the nervous system preferentially controls task-relevant parameters on the muscle level. We asked subjects to produce vertical fingertip force vectors of prescribed constant or time-varying magnitudes while maintaining a constant finger posture. We recorded intramuscular electromyograms (EMGs) simultaneously from all seven index finger muscles during this task. The experiment design and selective fine-wire muscle recordings allowed us to account for a median of 91% of the variance of fingertip forces given the EMG signals. By analyzing muscle coordination in the seven-dimensional EMG signal space, we find that variance-per-dimension is consistently smaller in the task-relevant subspace than in the task-irrelevant subspace. This first direct physiological evidence on the muscle level for preferential control of task-relevant parameters strongly suggest the use of a neural control strategy compatible with the principle of minimal intervention. Additionally, variance is nonnegligible in all seven dimensions, which is at odds with the view that muscle activation patterns are composed from a small number of synergies.
Nestin‐Specific Green Fluorescent Protein Expression in Embryonic Stem Cell‐Derived Neural Precursor Cells Used for Transplantation (2001)

Expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of a thymidine kinase promoter/nestin second intron was specifically detected in nestin immunoreactive neural precursor cells after selection of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells in chemically defined medium. Allowing differentiation in vitro, the capacity of these cells to give rise to astroglia, oligodendroglia, and neurones was investigated. After intracerebral transplantation, long-lasting integration of precursor cells into the host tissue was observed, serving as a pool for successive neuronal and glial differentiation. EGFP expression by ES cell-derived neural precursor cells may be a valuable tool to optimize protocols for maintenance and expansion of these cells in vitro as well as in vivo after intracerebral transplantation. In addition, preparative fluorescence-activated cell sorting of EGFP-labeled neural precursor cells should be useful for standardization of a donor cell population for cell replacement therapies.
Performance of OFDM receivers in presence of nonlinear power amplifiers (2003)

The nonlinear response of power amplifiers in radio transmitters affects the bit error rate performance of OFDM communication systems. We study traveling wave tube and soft-limiter amplifiers, and obtain bit-error rates of an OFDM system using analytical techniques as well as computer simulation when the operation of the receiver blocks is taken into account. This is done with and without a predistorter in the transmitter. Computer simulations are done for a communication system designed based on the IEEE 802.11a standard for wireless local area networks. Good agreement between the predicted analytical values and simulation results are obtained, especially at high channel SNRs.
Investigation of a series of methotrexate dialkyl esters as potential prodrugs for topical delivery (1989)

Methotrexate (MTX), an effective systemic antipsoriatic agent, has been previously demonstrated to be ineffective topically, due to its polar nature, leading to poor stratum corneum permeability. A series of lipophilic MTX dialkyl esters were synthesized and characterized as to their physical properties including melting point partition coefficient, aqueous solubility, and aqueous stability. The compounds were also evaluated for their permeability through full-thickness hairless mouse skin, and permeability/bioconversion through tape-stripped hairless mouse skin. The compounds exhibited a parabolic relationship of permeability versus chain length in both systems, with the optimum compound being dimethyl MTX. In both the tape-stripped hairless mouse skin diffusion studies and in dermal and epidermal homogenates, the compounds demonstrated an increase in hydrolysis rate with chain length, without the regeneration of MTX. Dimethyl MTX, and dipropyl MTX produced no statistically significant effect on hairless mouse epidermal DNA synthesis rate versus control, upon topical application. Mathematical models for simulating concentration-distance profiles in full-thickness and tape-stripped hairless mouse systems for MTX dialkyl esters were also developed.
Copolymerization of hydroxyalkyl methacrylates with acrylamide and methacrylamide I. Determination of reactivity ratios (1997)

The free-radical copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate with acrylamide and methacrylamide was investigated. The reactivity ratios of the monomers were determined by the Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tüdös methods. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 1259–1265, 1997