gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expectorant Action of Bromhexine in Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis (1970)

Bromhexine was compared with a placebo in a double-blind clinical trial in bronchitic inpatients with mucoid sputum. Oral bromhexine 16 mg. thrice daily for 11 days compared with placebo resulted in a significant increase in sputum volume and significant decrease in sputum viscosity, and changed markedly the rheological characteristics of the sputum. There was, however, no improvement in ventilatory capacity or in the overall respiratory state as assessed by the patients themselves or their clinician. No patient having the drug had side-effects and there was no change in laboratory findings attributable to it.
Acylation of the Lipooligosaccharide of<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>and Colonization: an<i>htrB</i>Mutation Diminishes the Colonization of Human Airway Epithelial Cells (2002)

Haemophilus influenzae is a commensal and opportunistic pathogen of the human airways. A number of surface molecules contribute to colonization of the airways by H. influenzae, such as adhesins, including structures found in the lipooligosaccharide (LOS). A human bronchiolar xenograft model was employed to investigate the host-bacterial interactions involved in the colonization of the airway by H. influenzae. Differential display was used to identify H. influenzae mRNA that reflect genes which were preferentially expressed in the xenograft compared to growth. Eleven mRNA fragments had consistent increased expression when the bacteria grew in xenografts. On sequencing these fragments, eight open reading frames were identified. Three of these had no match in the NCBI or the TIGR database, while an additional three were homologous to genes involved in heme or iron acquisition and utilization: two of the mRNAs encoded proteins homologous to enzymes involved in LOS biosynthesis: a heptosyl transferase (rfaF) involved in the synthesis of the LOS core and a ketodeoxyoctonate phosphate-dependent acyltransferase (htrB) that performs one of the late acylation reactions in lipid A synthesis. Inoculation of human bronchiolar xenografts revealed a significant reduction in colonization capacity by htrB mutants. In vitro, htrB mutants elicited lesser degrees of cytoskeletal rearrangement and less stimulation of host cell signaling with 16HBE14o(-) cells and decreased intracellular survival. These results implicate acylation of H. influenzae lipid A as playing a key role in the organisms' colonization of the normal airway.
Melatonin as an antioxidant: biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiological implications in humans. (2003)

This brief resume enumerates the multiple actions of melatonin as an antioxidant. This indoleamine is produced in the vertebrate pineal gland, the retina and possibly some other organs. Additionally, however, it is found in invertebrates, bacteria, unicellular organisms as well as in plants, all of which do not have a pineal gland. Melatonin's functions as an antioxidant include: a), direct free radical scavenging, b), stimulation of antioxidative enzymes, c), increasing the efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and reducing electron leakage (thereby lowering free radical generation), and 3), augmenting the efficiency of other antioxidants. There may be other functions of melatonin, yet undiscovered, which enhance its ability to protect against molecular damage by oxygen and nitrogen-based toxic reactants. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have documented the ability of both physiological and pharmacological concentrations to melatonin to protect against free radical destruction. Furthermore, clinical tests utilizing melatonin have proven highly successful; because of the positive outcomes of these studies, melatonin's use in disease states and processes where free radical damage is involved should be increased.
Extending the feature dictionary to support sophisticated feature interaction and classification (2003)

The feature dictionary of a Bayesian diagnostic system is expanded to include feature interactions to support test selection and treatment protocols. The feature interactions required to provide this flexibility are drug side effects and allergic reactions, contraindications to tests and treatment, and drug interactions. Although the primary use of the dictionary is to store the feature information to be used by the MEDAS (Medical Emergency Decision Assistance System) diagnostic system, adding further functionality allows other applications, both inside and outside of MEDAS, to be supported. Generic and brand names of drugs appear as synonyms in the dictionary. This widens the ability to translate data from one system to another.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sodium salicylate inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, cell migration, invasion and ICAM-1 expression in human melanoma cells (2006)

We have previously shown that tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) upregulates human melanoma cell integrin expression, migration and invasion in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent sodium salicylate on TNF-alpha-induced activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and TNF-alpha-stimulated cell migration and invasion through fibronectin. HBL human melanoma cells were pre-incubated with sodium salicylate prior to stimulation with TNF-alpha for 24 h. NF-kappaB activation was measured using an assay that detects changes in the expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the direct control of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. The effect of sodium salicylate and TNF-alpha on HBL cell invasion over 20 h and migration over 24 h was studied using fibronectin invasion and 'scratch wound' migration models in vitro, as described previously. Sodium salicylate inhibited TNF-alpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activation in melanoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and this was achieved with pre-incubation times as short as 15 min. TNF-alpha-stimulated ICAM-1 expression in HBL cells was also downregulated by sodium salicylate, although in a manner inversely related to the concentration of this agent. In functional assays, TNF-alpha stimulated migration and invasion, and sodium salicylate significantly reduced the extent of melanoma invasion and migration in both the presence and absence of TNF-alpha. In conclusion, sodium salicylate effectively inhibited TNF-alpha-induced upregulation of NF-kappaB, ICAM-1 expression, in-vitro migration and invasion in human melanoma cells, indicating that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be a useful therapeutic approach to oppose inflammation-induced melanoma invasion and metastasis in vivo.
Tracking small targets in wide area motion imagery data (2013)

Object tracking in aerial imagery is of immense interest to the wide area surveillance community. In this paper, we propose a method to track very small targets such as pedestrians in AFRL Columbus Large Image Format (CLIF) Wide Area Motion Imagery (WAMI) data. Extremely small target sizes, combined with low frame rates and significant view changes, make tracking a very challenging task in WAMI data. Two problems should be tackled for object tracking frame registration and feature extraction. We employ SURF for frame registration. Although there are several feature extraction methods that work reasonably well when the scene is of high resolution, most methods fail when the resolution is very low. In our approach, we represent the target as a collection of intensity histograms and use a robust statistical distance to distinguish between the target and the background. We divide the object into m ×n regions and compute the normalized intensity histogram in each region to build a histogram matrix. The features can be compared using the histogram comparison techniques. For tracking, we use a combination of a bearing-only Kalman filter and the proposed feature extraction technique. The problem of template drift is solved by further localizing the target with a blob detection algorithm. The new template is taken as the detected blob. We show the robustness of the algorithm by giving a comparison of feature extraction part of our method with other feature extraction methods like SURF, SIFT and HoG and tracking part with mean-shift tracking.
Activated neu oncogene sequences in primary tumors of the peripheral nervous system induced in rats by transplacental exposure to ethylnitrosourea. (1987)

Neurogenic tumors were selectively induced in high incidence in F344 rats by a single transplacental exposure to the direct-acting alkylating agent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (EtNU). We prepared DNA for transfection of NIH 3T3 cells from primary glial tumors of the brain and from schwannomas of the cranial and spinal nerves that developed in the transplacentally exposed offspring between 20 and 40 weeks after birth. DNA preparations from 6 of 13 schwannomas, but not from normal liver, kidney, or intestine of tumor-bearing rats, transformed NIH 3T3 cells. NIH 3T3 clones transformed by schwannoma DNA contained rat repetitive DNA sequences, and all isolates contained rat neu oncogene sequences. One schwannoma yielded a transformant with rat-specific sequences for both neu and N-ras. A point mutation in the transmembrane region of the putative protein product of neu was identified in all six transformants and in the primary tumors from which they were derived as well as in 5 of 6 schwannomas tested that did not transform NIH 3T3 cells. Of 59 gliomas, only one yielded transforming DNA, and an activated N-ras oncogene was identified. The normal cellular neu sequence for the transmembrane region, but not the mutated sequence, was identified in DNA from all 11 gliomas surveyed by oligonucleotide hybridization. Activation of the neu oncogene, originally identified [Schechter, A.L., Stern, D.F., Vaidyanathan, L., Decker, S.J., Drebin, J.A., Greene, M.I. & Weinberg, R.A. (1984) Nature (London) 312, 513-516] in cultured cell lines derived from EtNU-induced neurogenic tumors that by biochemical but not histologic criteria were thought to originate in the central nervous system in BD-IX rats, appears specifically associated with tumors of the peripheral nervous system in the F344 inbred strain.
Notes on the Upper Devonian Trilobites in the Whidborne Collection in the Sedgwick Museum (1944)

The collection of Upper Devonian trilobites which Whidborne studied and described or figured is a small one, but most of the figured specimens are in the Sedgwick Museum, and though generally they are in poor preservation he was able to determine the species to his satisfaction. However, since his Monograph appeared (1896) a considerable amount of work on Devonian trilobites has been published, and the whole question of the Devonian or Carboniferous age of part or all of the beds from which they came is still unsettled. The evidence of the trilobites is somewhat contradictory, the genus Phacops and its subgenera being usually considered to range up no higher than the Devonian, while Brachymatopus has been regarded in the past as restricted to the Carboniferous. Whidborne recorded also a species of Phillipsia from the Upper Devonian, but as will be pointed out in this paper the evidence of the specimens is against this generic reference. The precise horizon and exact locality unfortunately were not given by Whidborne in the case of his figured specimens, the name of the town, village, or road only being stated, and this is unsatisfactory, particularly in those instances where it is of great importance to know the definite horizon or bed from which they were obtained, for the lithological characters of the matrix or mode of preservation is usually insufficient to determine it.
Design of haptic interface through stiffness modulation for endosurgery: theory and experiments (2002)

In endosurgery, tissue manipulation is performed by long graspers which have poor force-reflection property, i.e. they do not reflect the grasping force to the hand of the surgeon. In the paper, a novel design of an electromechanical system is considered which can enhance the force-reflecting capability of endosurgical graspers. The type synthesis of such a haptic interface leads to the application of a tunable spring. The design of the tunable spring is optimized based on the haptic and surgical requirements. Moreover, by using suitable control laws, it is shown that the primary requirements of the design application can be met. Simulation and experimental results are presented using a prototype model of such a haptic interface to demonstrate the practicality of such a design concept.
Spleen enlargement in healthy donors during G–CSF mobilization of PBPCs (2001)

In this prospective trial, a significant spleen enlargement was observed in healthy donors during G-CSF mobilization of allogeneic PBPCs. Further investigations are needed to define the degree of spleen enlargement with higher G-CSF dosages to improve donor safety.
Improvement of Thermal Stability of the Lubricant Film for the Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording Media (2008)

This paper described a specially synthesized novel polymer lubricant with high thermal stability for heat assisted magnetic recording media. The contact angle and touchdown/takeoff behaviors of the lubricant were investigated by comparing to commercial available lubricants. A thermal stability of the polymer lubricant at 449°C has been achieved. The results suggest that the takeoff/touchdown behavior of a slider over a lubricated hard disk depends on the molecular interactions of the lubricant molecules. Thermal stabilities of all the tested lubricants were found increasing with the heating rate and follow the same trend. A higher thermal stability of the lubricant film under flash heating and cooling conditions is predicted. A heat-sink layer was experimentally confirmed as effective approach to reduce the peak temperature duration onto the lubricant or carbon overcoat.
An <i>Arabidopsis</i> mutation in translation elongation factor 2 causes superinduction of <i>CBF/DREB1</i> transcription factor genes but blocks the induction of their downstream targets under low temperatures (2002)

Low temperature regulates gene expression in bacteria, yeast, and animals as well as in plants. However, the signal transduction cascades mediating the low temperature responses are not well understood in any organism. To identify components in low temperature signaling genetically, we isolated Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in which cold-responsive genes are no longer induced by low temperatures. One of these mutations, los1-1, specifically blocks low temperature-induced transcription of cold-responsive genes. Surprisingly, cold-induced expression of the early response transcriptional activators, C-repeat/dehydration responsive element binding factors (CBF/DREB1s), is enhanced by the los1-1 mutation. The los1-1 mutation also reduces the capacity of plants to develop freezing tolerance but does not impair the vernalization response. Genetic analysis indicated that los1-1 is a recessive mutation in a single nuclear gene. The LOS1 gene encodes a translation elongation factor 2-like protein. Protein labeling studies show that new protein synthesis is blocked in los1-1 mutant plants specifically in the cold. These results reveal a critical role of new protein synthesis in the proper transduction of low temperature signals. Our results also suggest that cold-induced transcription of CBF/DREB1s is feedback inhibited by their gene products or by products of their downstream target genes.
CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Glutamate (1995)

Localisation of Glutamate and Its Membrane Transport Proteins, J. Storm-Mathisen, N.C. Danbolt, and O.P. Ottersen Glutamate Synthesis, Metabolism, and Uptake, F. Fonnum and B. Hassel The Release of Glutamate from Synaptic Terminals, D.G. Nicholls Molecular Structure of Glutamate Receptor Channels, C.D. Blackstone and R.L. Huganir Characterisation and Modulation of Binding to Glutamate Receptors, P.J. Roberts and R.H.P. Porter The Distribution of Glutamate Receptor Subtypes in Mammalian CNS using Quantitative in vitro Autoradiography, L.S. Dure I V and A.B. Young Subtypes of Glutamate Receptors: Pharmacological Classification, E.W. Harris Glutamate-Activated Ion Channels, V. Vodyanoy Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, R. Anwyl Nitric Oxide and Glutamate Receptors, P.P. McCaslin and S. Oh Biochemical Transduction Systems Operated by Excitatory Amino Acids, P.J. Conn, D.S. Chung, D.G. Winder, R.W. Gereau IV, and V. Boss The Role of Glutamate and Its Receptors in Synaptic Transmission, T.P. Hicks Excitatory Amino Acids and Seizures, M.A. Rogawski Glutamate Receptors and Neurotoxicity, A. Schousboe and A. Frandsen Glutamate in Neurodegenerative Disorders, C. Ikonomidou and L. Turski Excitatory Amino Acids and Growth Factors: Biological and Molecular Interactions Regulating Neuronal Survival and Plasticity, S.W. Barger and M.P. Mattson Glutamate Receptors and Immediate Early Gene Expression, B.J. Morris Modulation of Glutamate Receptor Function by Polyamines, I.J. Reynolds Role of NMDA Receptors in Behavior and Behavioral Effects of Drugs, J.M. Witkin Behavioral Effects of Non-NMDA Glutamate Receptor Antagonists, R. Lalonde Glutamate and the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis, A-M. Cowell
ChemInform Abstract: New Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrofurans from 1, 3‐Dioxolan‐4‐ones. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Antacid protection of gastric mucosa. (1986)

Antacids containing aluminum hydroxide are protective for the stomach in that they prevent grossly visible mucosal necrosis and hemorrhages produced by noxious agents such as aspirin or absolute ethanol. Histologically, this protective effect is confined mainly to the tissue located deep in the gastric mucosa, essentially comprising gastric glands, while the damage to the surface epithelium is not significantly lessened. Accordingly, integrity parameters of the superficial epithelial layer (potential difference, mucus secretion, cell desquamation) do not indicate a protective action of antacids against damage by necrotizing agents. By contrast, significantly diminished microbleeding rates do suggest that protection by antacids works at a level deeper within the mucosa. The protective action of antacids may be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous prostaglandins, which were found to be elevated in this context.
Eine neue Darstellung von 2‐Chlor‐cycloalken‐(1)‐carbonsäuren‐(1) und deren Hydrolyse zu α.α‐Dicarbonsäuren (1960)

Abstract Die aus cyclischen Ketonen mit Dimethylformamid und Phosgen oder Phosphoroxychlorid zugänglichen 2‐Chlor‐1‐formyl‐cycloalkene‐(1) (A) werden mit Sauerstoff in guten Ausbeuten zu 2‐Chlor‐cycloalken‐(1)‐carbonsäuren‐(1) (B) oxydiert, die sich hydrolytisch in α.ω‐Dicarbonsäuren spalten lassen.
Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study (2003)

As a group, patients with normal tension glaucoma benefit from lowering of IOP. Variable rate of deterioration, as well as lack of progression in a substantial number in 5 years, suggest that treatment should be individualized according to the stage of disease and rate of progression. Traits that help predict risk and rate of progression and response to treatment are beginning to become known and, when fully known, will help guide management decisions.
pH-Dependent Conformations of the Amyloid .beta.(1-28) Peptide Fragment Explored Using Molecular Dynamics (1995)

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to successfully reproduce the experimentally observed pH-dependent conformational behavior of a monomeric peptide in aqueous solution. Simulations were conducted at 298 K on a peptide corresponding to residues 1-28 of the amyloid beta-peptide [referred to as beta(1-28)], which is the primary component of the plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease. beta(1-28) was found to be entirely alpha-helical at low pH. Upon deprotonation of acidic residues at medium pH, helical structure was lost in the N-terminal region. At high pH, some secondary structure was recovered to yield two helices joined by a kink. These results are in good agreement with the NMR solution structure at low pH [Zagorski and Barrow (1992) Biochemistry 31, 5621-5631; Talafous et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 7788-7796] and CD and NMR evidence of an alpha-helix to beta-sheet transition at mid-range pH [Barrow et al. (1992) J. Mol. Biol. 225, 1075-1093]. Additional simulations were also able to regenerate folded species from partially unfolded conformers. A mechanism for the pH-dependent structural rearrangements is proposed that involves the creation of a hydrogen-bonded pair between Ser 8 and Glu 11. The evidence for the existence of a multiconformational equilibrium of folded and unfolded species of the peptide is discussed.
Nitrided thermal SiO/sub 2/ for thin buried gate insulators in dual gate SOI-MOSFET (2003)

Nitrided thermal oxide (NOX) was used for reducing the degradation of a buried gate insulator during the fabrication of dual-gate Silicon-on-Insulator MOSFETs. The degradation was due to the exposure of the buried gate oxide to the epitaxial growth ambient. Nitridation of thermal SiO/sub 2/, resulted in a robust pinhole-free insulator after selective epitaxial growth of silicon (SEG) allowing for thinner buried gate insulators. A dual-gated fully-depleted SOI-MOSFET was fabricated with a 21.4 nm buried NOX gate and had a dynamic threshold voltage shift of /spl Delta/V/sub T,tap///spl Delta/VC/sub G,huck/=476 mV/V for submicron devices and as high as 550 mV/V for larger devices. Nitridation of the oxide had other benefits, such as reducing thermal-induced stress in the SEG and lowering the near sidewall defects at the SiO/sub 2//Si interface.
HIV and tuberculosis – science and implementation to turn the tide and reduce deaths (2012)

Progress towards reducing HIV-associated TB deaths can be achieved through attention to simple and deliverable actions on the ground.
Synthesis and two-photon absorption properties of novel heterocycle-based organic molecules (2005)

Four novel heterocycle-based two-photon absorption chromophores were designed and synthesized. In these molecules, heterocyclic benzothiazole and oxadiazole derivatives are used as acceptors (A), and formyl group is another acceptor (A′) applied. These dyes have the structural motif of A–π–D–π–A or A–π–D–π–A′. All the chromophores show wide linear optical transparency and strong single-photon and two-photon excited emission. The two-photon absorption cross-sections of molecules with A–π–D–π–A backbone with two heterocycle-based acceptors are as large as 521 GM and 461 GM at the wavelength of 788 nm in the femtosecond regime. The molecules of A–π–D–π–A′ framework show relatively low two-photon absorbing activities due to the small π-conjugation systems.