gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contributions from African Sources to the History of European Competition in the Upper Valley of the Nile (1962)

Of the African states with which European Powers were in contact during the period of active competition on the Upper Nile, two in particular, the Empire of Ethiopia and the Mahdist State, were sufficiently sophisticated to transact their political and administrative business in writing and to maintain more or less systematic records. Thanks to the work of P. M. Holt, the nature and scope of the Mahdist archives are now well known, and it is evident that they can be expected to furnish a very detailed picture of the fiscal and military organization of the Mahdist State. The documentation of external affairs is necessarily much less abundant; in principle, the Mahdia could not entertain diplomatic relations with ‘the corruptions of this world ’—the existing political organisms which, whether frankly infidel or officially Muslim, had been rendered obsolete by the new dispensation. But this principle was gradually eroded by the exigencies of practical politics. The foreign correspondence of the early Mahdia is simply a series of minatory admonitions to the ‘enemies of God,’ summoning them to submit to the Mahdi; but as the universal aspirations of Mahdism were tacitly abandoned under the Khalifa, its external relations reverted to a more conventional form. Certain uncommitted Muslim states of the western (Nigerian) Sudan began to be considered as potential friends rather than as a part of the Mahdist dar al-harb .
Segmentation of cell clumps for quantitative analysis (2010)

The increasing amounts of microscopy data generated in cell biology requires the development of automated tools for the quantitative analysis of images. Clumps of cells are difficult to segment due to the frequent lack of clear boundaries between cells and are often ignored, but communication between cells is an intrinsic part of the response of cells to their environment. In addition cells often show a large variation in their responses, even within a clump, and an accurate segmentation is therefore vital to prevent the unwanted averaging of measurements over multiple cells. Here we present a method for segmenting clumps of cells by using a multi-scale ridge filter to enhance unclear boundaries. A multi-phase level set method incorporating a region competition term is used to identify a boundary for each cell based on the ridge filter response.
On making robots understand safety: Embedding injury knowledge into control (2012)

Enabling robots to safely interact with humans is an essential goal of robotics research. The developments achieved over recent years in mechanical design and control made it possible to have active cooperation between humans and robots in rather complex situations. For this, safe robot behavior even under worst-case situations is crucial and forms also a basis for higher-level decisional aspects. For quantifying what safe behavior really means, the definition of injury, as well as understanding its general dynamics, are essential. This insight can then be applied to design and control robots such that injury due to robot–human impacts is explicitly taken into account. In this paper we approach the problem from a medical injury analysis point of view in order to formulate the relation between robot mass, velocity, impact geometry and resulting injury qualified in medical terms. We transform these insights into processable representations and propose a motion supervisor that utilizes injury knowledge for generating safe robot motions. The algorithm takes into account the reflected inertia, velocity, and geometry at possible impact locations. The proposed framework forms a basis for generating truly safe velocity bounds that explicitly consider the dynamic properties of the manipulator and human injury.
Bidirectional evaluation with direct manipulation (2018)

We present an evaluation update (or simply, update) algorithm for a full-featured functional programming language, which synthesizes program changes based on output changes. Intuitively, the update algorithm retraces the steps of the original evaluation, rewriting the program as needed to reconcile differences between the original and updated output values. Our approach, furthermore, allows expert users to define custom lenses that augment the update algorithm with more advanced or domain-specific program updates. To demonstrate the utility of evaluation update, we implement the algorithm in Sketch-n-Sketch, a novel direct manipulation programming system for generating HTML documents. In Sketch-n-Sketch, the user writes an ML-style functional program to generate HTML output. When the user directly manipulates the output using a graphical user interface, the update algorithm reconciles the changes. We evaluate bidirectional evaluation in Sketch-n-Sketch by authoring ten examples comprising approximately 1400 lines of code in total. These examples demonstrate how a variety of HTML documents and applications can be developed and edited interactively in Sketch-n-Sketch, mitigating the tedious edit-run-view cycle in traditional programming environments.
Dose-Response Relationships of RU 486 (1993)

Clinical experience has indicated that the effects of RU 486 can be divided into dose-dependent and dose-independent effects. Examples of the dose-dependent effects include the antiglucocorticoid effects of RU 486, whereas pregnancy termination or dilatation of the cervix can be considered dose-independent with the various regimens tested so far. Following oral intake in man, the serum levels of RU 486 are in the micromolar range, and the half-life is approximately 30 hours. The concentrations of RU 486 in myometrial tissue are approximately one-third of those measured in serum. However, due to saturation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), the serum binding protein for RU 486, the serum levels remain similar within the dose range of 100-800 mg of RU 486. The unbound RU 486 is metabolized by two-step demethylation or by hydroxylation. The demethylated and hydroxylated metabolites of RU 486 retain considerable affinities of 9-21% towards the human progesterone receptor, and 45-61% towards the human glucocorticoid receptor (RU 486 = 100%), suggesting a biological role for the metabolites. Rat serum lacks a specific binding protein for RU 486. Even though the levels of RU 486 in rat adipose tissue are 40 times as high as those seen in serum, the concentrations of RU 486 in rat brain are only 28% of the serum levels. This indicates that diffusion of RU 486 into the central nervous system is restricted by the blood-brain barrier. Hence, the dose-dependency of certain centrally mediated effects of RU 486 might be explained by the limited diffusion of RU 486 into hypothalamic/hypophyseal sites, which seem to be reached only after ingestion of high doses of RU 486. However, the peripheral effects of RU 486, such as termination of pregnancy, are mediated via steroid receptors in target tissues. This suggests that similar biological effects can be attained at considerably lower doses than the ones currently in use.
Separation constraint partitioning (1995)

In this paper we present substantially improved thread partitioning algorithms for modern implicitly parallel languages. We present a new block partitioning algorithm, separation constraint partitioning, which is both more powerful and more flexible than previous algorithms. Our algorithm is guaranteed to derive maximal threads. We present a theoretical framework for proving the correctness of our partitioning approach, and we show how separation constraint partitioning makes interprocedural partitioning viable.
Gold-mediated bifunctional modification of oligosaccharidesvia a three-component coupling reaction (2011)

An efficient modular approach for single-site incorporation of two independent functionalities (amines and alkynes) into aldehyde-containing oligosaccharides concurrently by using a one-pot gold-mediated three-component coupling reaction in aqueous medium under mild conditions has been developed.
Studies on Macrolides and New Antibiotics (1986)

After structure elucidation of 16-membered macrolide antibiotic leucomycin, the structures of spiramycin, tylosin, megalomicin, irumamycin and virustomycin were determined by chemical degradation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The studies on the chemical modification and structure activity correlation of macrolides led to the elaboration of clinically useful new derivatives.The biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeletone of macrolide aglycone was investigated by means of 13C NMR and the feeding experiments of 13C labeled precursors. We found that an antifungal antibiotic cerulenin is a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and “polyketide” biosyntheses, and applied the antibiotic to the biosynthetic studies of macrolides after formation of the lactone ring and to the production of a new “hybrid” macrolide, chimeramycin. Furthermore, a strain which produces a new “hybrid” antibiotic mederrhodin was breaded from actinorhodin and medermycin producers by gene manipulation.Sixty five or more new antibiotics have been discovered from secondary microbial metabolites using newly devised screening systems. Azureomycins and izupeptins were found as bacterial cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors. In combination with the above screening, several new antibiotics, nanaomycins, frenolicin B, cervinomycins, asukamycin and so on were discovered as antimycoplasmal substances. Diazaquinomycins as antifolate substance, hitachimycin and avermectin as anthelmintics, herbimycin, phosalacine and oxetin as herbicids have been found by the corresponding each screening system. The structure elucidation, biosynthesis and mode of action of these antibiotics have been studied. Among of them, nanaomycin A and avermectin (or ivermectin) have been employed as antifungal and antiparasitic therapeutics, respectively, for veterinary use.
High Electron Mobility in Air for <i>N,N</i>′‐1<i>H</i>,1<i>H</i>‐Perfluorobutyldicyanoperylene Carboxydi‐imide Solution‐Crystallized Thin‐Film Transistors on Hydrophobic Surfaces (2011)

High-mobility and air-stable n-type organic field transistors based on solution-crystallized N,N′-1H,1H-perfluoro­butyldicyanoperylene carboxydi-imide (PDIF- CN2) are developed. Electron mobility as high as 1.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved owing to the almost-perfect periodic crystal packing.
Migraine Prophylactic Drugs (1997)

The three most commonly chosen migraine prophylactic agents have not been shown irrefutably to prevent migraine. Furthermore, their benefit, if any, does not exceed 50% over placebo. The well-conducted recent trials that demonstrated the efficacy of divalproex in migraine prevention are steps in the right direction of finding the "ideal migraine preventative agent". Until that drug is discovered, it is difficult to argue that one migraine prophylactic medication is superior to another and accordingly should be used as a first line of treatment.
Two breakdown mechanisms in ultrathin alumina barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (2004)

Two breakdown mechanisms are observed in magnetic tunnel junctions having an ultrathin alumina barrier. The two breakdown mechanisms manifest themselves differently when considering large ensembles of nominally identical devices under different stress conditions. The results suggest that one type of breakdown occurs because of the intrinsic breakdown of a well-formed oxide barrier that can be described by the E model of dielectric breakdown. The other is an extrinsic breakdown related to defects in the barrier rather than the failure of the oxide integrity. The characteristic of extrinsic breakdown suggests that a pre-existing pinhole in the barriers grows in area by means of dissipative (Joule) heating and/or an electric field across the pinhole circumference.
Applying high-level synthesis techniques to FPGA-based design (1994)

This paper describes a prototype of an automatic behavioural synthesis system targetted at FPGA-based reconfigurable digital systems. Experiments with the system, especially for synthesising random number generators, shows that register-transfer level hardware costs do not reflect hardware costs in terms of FPGA resource (e.g. Xilinx CLBs). This shows that extensive efforts that have been spent in the past for optimizing RTL-hardware costs need to be reconsidered. For this particular example, a simple register allocation (i.e. no register allocation at all) is much better than register allocation based on the left-edge algorithm. Experiments in synthesising random number generators involving both FPGAs and RAMs also shows that behavioural equivalent circuits with the same number and types of RTL-hardware units require different number of CLBs.<
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Design and Characteristics of the Lightly Doped Drain-Source (LDD) Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistor (1980)

The LDD structure, where narrow, self-aligned n/sup -/ regions are introduced between the channel and the n/sup +/ source-drain diffusions of an IGFET to spread the high field at the drain pinchoff region and thus reduce the maximum field intensity, is analyzed. The design is shown, including optimization of then- dimensions and concentrations and the boron channel doping profile and an evaluation of the effect of the series resistance of the n- regions on device transconductance. Characteristics of experimental devices are presented and compared to those of conventional IGFET's. It is shown that significant improvements in breakdown voltages, hot-electron effects, and short-channel threshold effects can be achieved allowing operation at higher voltage, e.g., 8.5 versus 5 V, with shorter source-drain spacings, e.g., 1.2 versus 1.5 /spl mu/m. Alternatively, a shorter channel length could be used for a given supply voltage. Performance projections are shown which predict 1.7 X basic device/circuit speed enhancement over conventional structures. Due to the higher voltages and higher frequency operation, the higher performance results in an increase in power which must be considered in a practical design.
Are the arrhythmias due to myocardial ischaemia and infarction dependent upon the sympathetic system? (1999)

arteries. In other species (e.g. dog, guinea pig), the issue.
The identification and partial characterization of a human mononuclear cell-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor apparently distinct from IL-1, IL-2, GM-CSF, TNF and IFN-gamma. (1988)

We have identified a neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) in supernatants from human blood mononuclear cells (MNC) cultured in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Maximal activity was observed 48 hr after culture. Following gel filtration, NCF eluted as a single major peak, together with proteins, having a molecular size of approximately 10,000 MW. The material gave a single band on SDS-PAGE but was heterogeneous following chromatofocusing (pIs approximately 6.8-7.0, 5.5-6.0 and 5.0). The biological activity of the partially purified material was abolished by trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment. NCF was heat stable (70 degrees, 60 min) and promoted both directional migration (chemotaxis) of neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, stimulated random locomotion (chemokinesis). The factor was not associated with detectable amounts of IL-1, IL-2 or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). MNC-derived NCF had a molecular size lower than recombinant granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) and recombinant tumour necrosis factor (rTNF), and was considerably more active in chemotaxis. Optimal chemotactic concentrations of partially purified MNC-derived NCF were of comparable potency to FMLP and LTB4 and had about 60% of the activity of optimal concentrations of C5a, C5a-des-Arg and platelet-activating factor (PAF). These experiments indicate that the human MNC-derived NCF is a potent chemo-attractant distinct from other cytokines previously reported to promote neutrophil locomotion.
35 GHz harmonic harvesting rectifier for wireless power Transmission (2014)

In this paper, a structure of dual diode microstrip rectifier circuit operating at 35 GHz capable of harmonic harvesting is proposed to improve the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency. To do so, the conventional voltage doubler is first modified for 35 GHz operation. Then, a harmonic harvesting rectifier is designed and optimized in order to maximize the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency. Both circuits are fabricated and experimentally tested. Measured efficiency of 34% for 20 mW RF input power for harmonic harvester model and 23% for the same RF power level for the modified voltage doubler are obtained. Results of the harmonic harvester rectifier suggest about 20% efficiency improvement for medium power range (1 to100 mW) at millimeter-wave frequency compared to previously reported designs. The proposed structure can find potential applications in the design of millimeter-wave wireless power transmission and energy harvesting devices.
An ultrasensitive fouling monitoring system for cooling towers (1995)

Fouling in industrial water has been a serious problem for many years. For example, the deterioration of the efficiency of heat exchangers and the occurrence of corrosion can cause cooling water leakage into the process streams. Biocides, dispersants, and filtration systems typically are used to prevent these problems. However, if these treatment programs are started too late, the early stages of fouling can occur. Here, a simple method for assessing fouling and chemical treatment efficiency is described. An ultrasensitive fouling sensor that uses piezoelectric quartz crystals was developed which detects fouling in the early stages.
Evaluation of factors affecting lipid binding in wheat flours (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvaluation of factors affecting lipid binding in wheat floursYeshajahu. Pomeranz, Rita Pi-Chi. Tao, R. Carl. Hoseney, M. D. Shogren, and Karl F. FinneyCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1968, 16, 6, 974–978Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60160a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60160a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Calmodulin: a potential target for cancer chemotherapeutic agents. (1986)

Calmodulin is a ubiquitous, calcium-binding protein that is responsible for many of the intracellular actions of calcium. Recent evidence suggests that calmodulin may regulate cellular proliferation and that its function may be altered in malignancy. The discovery that drugs such as phenothiazines antagonize the action of calmodulin led to the study of these antagonists against tumor cells. It is now appreciated that calmodulin antagonists are cytotoxic, can restore the sensitivity of resistant cells to drugs such as doxorubicin and vincristine, and can augment the cytotoxicity of bleomycin. This report addresses the possibility of developing new forms of chemotherapeutic agents that work by disrupting the function of this intriguing molecule.
A dual-mode built-in self-test technique for capacitive MEMS devices (2004)

A built-in self-test (BIST) scheme which partitions the fixed (instead of movable) capacitance plates of a capacitive MEMS device is proposed. The BIST technique divides the fixed capacitance plate(s) at each side of the movable microstructure into three portions: one for electrostatic activation and the other two equal portions for capacitance sensing. Due to such partitioning, the BIST technique can be applied to surface-, bulk-micromachined MEMS devices and other technologies. Further, sensitivity and symmetry BIST methods based on this partitioning are also introduced. The combination of both BIST modes covers a larger defect set, thus a robust testing for the device can be expected. The BIST technique is verified by three typical capacitive MEMS devices. Simulation results show that the proposed technique is an effective BIST solution for various capacitive MEMS devices.
Arginase 2 is expressed by human lung cancer, but it neither induces immune suppression, nor affects disease progression (2008)

In human prostate cancer, Arginase 2 (ARG2) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are concomitantly expressed by tumor cells, and induce tumor immune escape via peroxynitrite-dependent Tyrosine nitrosylation. Since there were no data regarding this immune suppressive mechanism in other tumor types, and an evaluation of its clinical relevance in human tumors had still to be provided, we have investigated presence and clinical relevance of ARG2 and NOS expression in lung cancer. No evidence of NOS expression was found, no significant NOS enzymatic activity was detected. Instead, ARG2 protein was expressed by tumor cells. In a cohort of 120 patients, the amount of ARG2-positive tumor cells was significantly higher in small cell lung cancers (SCLC) than in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Large cell undifferentiated carcinomas had twice ARG2 than the other NSCLC subtypes. ARG2 expression was increased in Grade 3 tumors, as compared to Grades 1 and 2. However, no relationship was found with tumor size and stage, and with patient survival. Indeed, the enzyme was active, since the Arginine catabolite Ornithine was produced, but Arginine depletion was not attained. In addition, nitrotyrosine was not found in tumor tissue. Accordingly, when tumor cells isolated from lung cancer were incubated with activated autologous T cells, no inhibition of proliferation was detected. Our results indicate that ARG2 is expressed in lung cancer, but it does not induce tumor immune escape and does not affect disease progression, most probably due to the lack of concomitant NOS expression.
Improvement in UV Optical Properties of CsLiB<sub>6</sub>O<sub>10</sub> by Reducing Water Molecules in the Crystal (2005)

We investigated the effects of water molecules in CsLiB 6 O 10 (CLBO) crystals on UV optical properties. Our results show that long-term heat treatment is necessary to adequately remove water molecules from inside the crystal. The reducing the number of water molecules contained in the crystal improves the transmittance at 266 nm. In addition, the long-term heat-treated crystal can generate three-times higher 266-nm output without bulk damage than a normal sample.
Ion Channel Behavior of Supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes on a Glassy Carbon Electrode (2000)

A new kind of solid substrate, a glassy carbon (GC) electrode, was selected to support lipid layer membranes. On the surface of the GC electrode, we made layers of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (a synthetic lipid). From electrochemical impedance experiments, we demonstrated that the lipid layers on the GC electrode were bilayer lipid membranes. We studied the ion channel behavior of the supported bilayer lipid membrane. In the presence of perchlorate anions as the stimulus and ruthenium(II) complex cations as the marker ions, the lipid membrane channel was open and exhibited distinct channel current. The channel was in a closed state in the absence of perchlorate anions.