gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Worst-case interactive communication. II. Two messages are not optimal (1991)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.36, no.5, p.1111-26, (1990). The author defines the chromatic-decomposition number of a hypergraph and shows that, under general conditions, it determines the two message complexity. This result is then used to provide that two messages are not optimal. Protocols, complexities, and the characteristic hypergraph of (X,Y) are defined. The playoffs problem is described. Although similar in appearance to the league problem given in an example, it is shown that its two-message complexity is about twice as high as its three-message complexity. The author proves a high lower bound on the chromatic-decomposition number of the playoffs problem's characteristic hypergraph showing that the problem has a high two-message complexity, and that allowing more than two messages may decrease the number of transmitted bits by a factor of two. A technique that improves the lower bound for the chromatic-decomposition number of the playoffs problem is described. However, this improved lower bound does not suffice to increase the provable gap between two and three message complexities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Work function tuning of the TixTayN metal gate electrode for advanced metal-oxide-semiconductor devices applications (2007)

A work function (WF) tuning of the TixTayN metal gate ranging from 4.1to4.8eV has been observed using a post-metal-annealing (PMA). The mechanism related to the effective tunable WF can be explained using the creation of the extrinsic states, which is usually associated with the bonding defects that formed at the TixTayN∕SiO2 interface. The results display that the electron trapping is generated in the gate dielectric during the PMA treatments. The reduction on equivalent-oxide thickness with increasing the PMA temperature can be attributed to the combination of the densification of the SiO2 and the high-k layer that formed at the TixTayN∕SiO2 interface.
A New Method for Making an Artificial Air Space on Top of Fertilized Avian Eggs (1981)

This report presents a rapid, hemorrhage-free method for fenestration of embryo containing avian eggs. The procedure is safe for any kind of bird egg and can be used before the chorioallantois becomes tightly fixed to the shell membrane. After treatment in ovo by this technique, a substantial number of chicks will be able to hatch and to develop normally.
"Salmon Poisoning" in Dogs (1940)

The disease, "Salmon poisoning," in dogs and foxes was known before America was settled by white people. Dr. E. F. Perrot was one of the first to work with the disease and in 1925 concluded that salmon poisoning was due to an amoeba. At this time he recommended calomel as the curative agent.
The glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valve. A study of the leaflets' mechanical properties. (1980)

The modifications of mechanical properties produced in valvular tissue by glutaraldehyde fixation were studied. Porcine aortic leaflets, fresh and fixed with glutaraldehyde in a stressed state, were tested with a mechanical device. The results we obtained show that the fixed leaflets have a failure load higher than fresh ones and an increased elastic recovery. The time of preservation (up to one year) does not affect the mechanical properties of fixed samples. The temperature of shrinkage was also studied, and we found that fixed leaflets show no shrinkage at all.
Strategies for handover and dynamic channel allocation in micro-cellular mobile radio systems (2003)

Microcellular structures are the central means for increasing the network capacity of mobile radio systems. By examining existing dynamic channel allocation algorithms, the authors identify a class of adaptive algorithms best suited for such microcellular environments. Applicable algorithms of this class require intracell handover and are to a large extent decentralized. One new algorithm of this class is introduced and evaluated by means of simulation. The proposed algorithm (DYNINF) has been evaluated with respect to performance criteria such as blocking probability, interference probability, and number of handovers (stability). It is shown that, based on the capacity improvement achieved by microcells, no relevant further improvement of the capacity can be realized, but that the algorithm is very well suited to cope with the problems of microcells, e.g. discrepancies between the network plan and the real situation and heavy variations of the traffic and interference conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Implementation of an iPhone for characterizing Parkinson's disease tremor through a wireless accelerometer application (2010)

Parkinson's disease represents a chronic movement disorder, which is generally proportionally to age. The status of Parkinson's disease is traditionally classified through ordinal scale strategies, such as the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. However, the application of the ordinal scale strategy inherently requires highly specialized and limited medical resources for interpretation. An alternative strategy involves the implementation of an iPhone application that enables the device to serve as a functional wireless accelerometer system. The Parkinson's disease tremor attributes may be recorded in either an effectively autonomous public or private setting, for which the resultant accelerometer signal of the tremor can be conveyed wireless and through email to a remote location for data post-processing. The initial testing and evaluation of the iPhone wireless accelerometer application for quantifying Parkinson's disease tremor successfully demonstrates the capacity to acquire tremor characteristics in an effectively autonomous environment, while potentially alleviating strain on limited and highly specialized medical resources.
A non-expansive pyramidal morphological image coder (2002)

Pyramid image coding is a natural coding scheme for applications where progressive transmission is desired. In this kind of coder, versions of the original image at several resolution levels are formed by successive filtering and subsampling. Then, beginning from the coarsest image, the image is used to produce an estimate for the next (higher resolution) level and the error is coded and transmitted. While expansive pyramids (e.g., Burt's Laplacian pyramid) are usually less efficient, non-expansive pyramids tend to produce ringing (e.g., subband/wavelet) and/or blocking (e.g., DCT). We introduce a non-expansive pyramid that does not, produce ringing or blocking effects. Instead, the main artifact is texture removal. The simulations have produced images with entropies in the range of 0.2 to 1.5 bpp, with SNR figures similar to or better than JPEG at equivalent rates. The proposed coder has several attractive features, including 8 bit integer operations only, a perfect reconstruction mode, progressive transmission and an interesting progressive computation property.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutation of the Plastidial α-Glucan Phosphorylase Gene in Rice Affects the Synthesis and Structure of Starch in the Endosperm (2008)

Plastidial phosphorylase (Pho1) accounts for approximately 96% of the total phosphorylase activity in developing rice (Oryza sativa) seeds. From mutant stocks induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment, we identified plants with mutations in the Pho1 gene that are deficient in Pho1. Strikingly, the size of mature seeds and the starch content in these mutants showed considerable variation, ranging from shrunken to pseudonormal. The loss of Pho1 caused smaller starch granules to accumulate and modified the amylopectin structure. Variation in the morphological and biochemical phenotype of individual seeds was common to all 15 pho1-independent homozygous mutant lines studied, indicating that this phenotype was caused solely by the genetic defect. The phenotype of the pho1 mutation was temperature dependent. While the mutant plants grown at 30 degrees C produced mainly plump seeds at maturity, most of the seeds from plants grown at 20 degrees C were shrunken, with a significant proportion showing severe reduction in starch accumulation. These results strongly suggest that Pho1 plays a crucial role in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm at low temperatures and that one or more other factors can complement the function of Pho1 at high temperatures.
<i>N</i>,<i>N′</i>-Diarylureas: A New Family of Atropisomers Exhibiting Highly Diastereoselective Reactivity (2008)

2,6-disubstituted N-aryl ureas rotate slowly about their Ar-N bonds and can exist as separable atropisomers. They also react remarkably diastereoselectively, with the urea axis controlling new stereogenic centers with high fidelity in a variety of nucleophilic and electrophilic addition reactions. The sense of diastereoselectivity in lateral lithiation-electrophilic quench reactions is electrophile-dependent and appears to be the result of stereospecific reaction with one of two interconvertible diastereoisomeric organolithiums.
Prediction of resistance development against drug combinations by collateral responses to component drugs (2014)

Collateral sensitivity profiles of drug-evolved lineages can be used to predict drug combinations that suppress evolution of resistance.
A fresh look at the reliability of long-term digital storage (2006)

Emerging Web services, such as email, photo sharing, and web site archives, must preserve large volumes of quickly accessible data indefinitely into the future. The costs of doing so often determine whether the service is economically viable. We make the case that these applications' demands on large scale storage systems over long time horizons require us to reevaluate traditional system designs. We examine threats to long-lived data from an end-to-end perspective, taking into account not just hardware and software faults but also faults due to humans and organizations. We present a simple model of long-term storage failures that helps us reason about various strategies for addressing some of these threats. Using this model we show that the most important strategies for increasing the reliability of long-term storage are detecting latent faults quickly, automating fault repair to make it cheaper and faster, and increasing the independence of data replicas.
The Tormac V experiment (1982)

Tormac (Toroidal Magnetic Cusp) is a plasma confinement concept combining the favorable magnetohydrodynamic stability properties of a cusp geometry with the good particle confinement inherent to closed field geometry. A conceptual Tormac plasma has two regions; an interior region in which a toroidal bias or stuffing field is embedded, and an exterior or surface region confined by mirror trapping along open field lines. The combination of these two regions is expected to lead to a configuration having confinement substantially superior to that of a mirror, and to allow the plasma to be stable to high β. The Tormac V experiment is an attempt to establish such a configuration and to investigate the characteristic behavior of the Tormac plasma. The Tormac concept, the Tormac V experimental setup, and the results are described.
Hill‐climbing Search (2005)

Abstract Many computational and cognitive tasks involve a search through a large space of possible solutions. Hill‐climbing, or local search, is one strategy for searching such a solution space.
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts protein 1 functionally cooperates with the TRPV4 cation channel to activate the response of astrocytes to osmotic stress: dysregulation by pathological mutations (2012)

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), a rare leukodystrophy characterized by macrocephaly, subcortical fluid cysts and myelin vacuolation, has been linked to mutations in the MLC1 gene. This gene encodes a membrane protein that is highly expressed in astrocytes. Based on MLC pathological features, it was proposed that astrocyte-mediated defects in ion and fluid homeostasis could account for the alterations observed in MLC-affected brains. However, the role of MLC1 and the effects of pathological mutations on astrocyte osmoregulatory functions have still to be demonstrated. Using human astrocytoma cells stably overexpressing wild-type MLC1 or three known MLC-associated pathological mutations, we investigated MLC1 involvement in astrocyte reaction to osmotic changes using biochemical, dynamic video imaging and immunofluorescence techniques. We have found that MLC1 overexpressed in astrocytoma cells is mainly localized in the plasma membrane, is part of the Na,K-ATPase-associated molecular complex that includes the potassium channel Kir4.1, syntrophin and aquaporin-4 and functionally interacts with the calcium permeable channel TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 cation channel) which mediates swelling-induced cytosolic calcium increase and volume recovery in response to hyposmosis. Pathological MLC mutations cause changes in MLC1 expression and intracellular localization as well as in the astrocyte response to osmotic changes by altering MLC1 molecular interactions with the Na,K-ATPase molecular complex and abolishing the increase in calcium influx induced by hyposmosis and treatment with the TRPV4 agonist 4αPDD. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that MLC1 plays a role in astrocyte osmo-homeostasis and that defects in intracellular calcium dynamics may contribute to MLC pathogenesis.
Location of type XV collagen in human tissues and its accumulation in the interstitial matrix of the fibrotic kidney. (1997)

An antipeptide antibody was produced against the carboxyl-terminal noncollagenous domain of human type XV collagen and used to localize this recently described collagen in a number of human tissues. The most conspicuous findings were powerful staining of most of the capillaries and staining of the basement membrane (BM) zones of muscle cells. Not all of the BM zones were positive, however, as shown by the lack of staining in the developing fetal alveoli and some of the tubules in developing kidney. Nor was type XV collagen staining restricted to the BM zones, as some could be observed in the fibrillar collagen matrix of the papillary dermis and placental villi, for example. Interestingly, differences in the expression of type XV collagen could be observed during kidney development, and staining of fetal lung tissue suggested that changes in its expression may also occur during the formation of vascular structures. Another intriguing finding was pronounced renal interstitial type XV collagen staining in patients with kidney fibrosis due to different pathological processes. This suggests that the accumulation of type XV collagen may accompany fibrotic processes. Full-length human type XV collagen chains with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 200 kd were produced in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. The fact that these had a markedly higher molecular mass than the 100- to 110-kd type XV collagen chains found in homogenates of heart and kidney tissue suggests either proteolytic processing during the synthesis of type XV collagen or an inability to solubilize complete molecules from tissues.
Mathematical Methods in Physics (2003)

Physics has long been regarded as a wellspring of mathematical problems. Mathematical Methods in Physics is a self-contained presentation, driven by historic motivations, excellent examples, detailed
Sketch-Based Estimation of Subpopulation-Weight (2008)

Summaries of massive data sets support approximate query processing over the original data. A basic aggregate over a set of records is the weight of subpopulations specified as a predicate over records' attributes. Bottom-k sketches are a powerful summarization format of weighted items that includes priority sampling and the classic weighted sampling without replacement. They can be computed efficiently for many representations of the data including distributed databases and data streams. We derive novel unbiased estimators and efficient confidence bounds for subpopulation weight. Our estimators and bounds are tailored by distinguishing between applications (such as data streams) where the total weight of the sketched set can be computed by the summarization algorithm without a significant use of additional resources, and applications (such as sketches of network neighborhoods) where this is not the case. Our rigorous derivations are based on clever applications of the Horvitz-Thompson estimator, and are complemented by efficient computational methods. We demonstrate their benefit on a wide range of Pareto distributions.
Training an Artificial Neural Network with Op-amp Integrators Based Analog Circuits (2018)

The artificial neural network (ANN) has shown the effectiveness in unmanned systems and many other fields. Training an ANN with CPUs or other digital circuits can take a long time. And thus some analog neural network models have been composed to utilize the inherent advantage of analog circuits. However there are some problems in these models when considering about the flexibility and the speed. In this paper, we use op-amp integrators to store the weights of an analog ANN, and use the feedback of the circuit to train the network. It is easy to hold or change the weights in our circuit and the training of a sample can be automatically done quickly. The circuit only supports the ANN with one output in this paper. Besides more possible utilizations of the circuit are also proposed.
Intramolecular Cyclization of 2,7- or 2,8-Bis-unsaturated Esters Mediated by (η<sup>2</sup>-Propene)Ti(O-<i>i</i>-Pr)<sub>2</sub>. Facile Construction of Mono- and Bicyclic Skeletons with Stereoselective Introduction of a Side Chain. A Synthesis of <i>d</i>-Sabinene (1997)

tert-Butyl 2-en-7-ynoate 6 was treated with (η2-propene)Ti(O-i-Pr)2 (3), generated in situ from Ti(O-i-Pr)4 or Ti(O-i-Pr)3Cl and i-PrMgCl, in ether at −50 to −20 °C to afford the product 8 in good yield. The presence of the intermediate titanabicycle 7 was verified by bis-deuterolysis with excess D2O. When the titanabicycle 7 was treated with 1.1 equiv of i-PrOD and then worked up as usual, the monodeuterated product 10 was obtained with high site selectivity and stereoselectivity. Other electrophiles such as aldehydes and ketones also reacted with the titanabicycle in a highly stereoselective manner to give cyclopentanes having a stereo-defined side chain. On the contrary, treatment of the corresponding ethyl ester, ethyl 8-(trimethylsilyl)-(E)-2-octen-7-ynoate (28), with 3 under the same conditions followed by the addition of 1.1 equiv of s-BuOH afforded 2-(trimethylsilyl)-1-bicyclo[3.3.0]octen-3-one (32) in 80% yield. Quenching the same reaction mixture with i-PrOD, EtCHO, and Et2CO in place of s-BuOH gave 4-deuterio (with exclusive deuterium incorporation), 4-(1-hydroxypropyl), and 4-(1-ethyl-1-hydroxypropyl) derivatives of the above bicyclic ketone (34, 35, and 36) in good yields. These electrophiles were always introduced from the convex face of the bicyclic skeleton. The stereochemistry of the cyclization could be controlled by an allylic substituent such as (tert-butyl)dimethylsiloxy or butyl group to a high degree yet with a reversal diastereoselection to give 45 or 47. The reaction of ethyl 7-octen-2-ynoate (56) and 3 at −50 to 0 °C took place in a quite different way to afford 1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (64) in 74% yield after hydrolysis. If the simple hydrolysis is replaced by deuterolysis or the action of diethyl ketone, 1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)dideuteriomethyl] (with 99% deuterium incorporation), or 1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)(3-pentylidene)methyl] derivative of the above product (65 or 66) was obtained in good yields. A 7-en-2-ynoate having an internal Z-double bond such as 80 afforded a single stereoisomer 82 with the substituent at the endo position of the bicyclic skeleton, suggesting that the stereochemical integrity of the Z-double bond of the starting material was retained in the product. An alkyl substituent at the allylic position of the substrates like 74 and 76 nicely controlled the stereochemistry of the cyclization to afford single products 75 and 77 with the substituent being placed in the exo orientation of the bicyclic structure. This high diastereoselectivity was successfully applied to an enantioselective synthesis of d-sabinene from an optically active enynoate via nearly complete chirality transfer.
Zum Reaktionsverhalten von Trifluormethyl‐Gruppen Synthese von 1,3‐Azolen aus Trifluormethyl‐substituierten Hetero‐1,3‐dienen (1982)

Abstract 4,4‐Bis(trifluormethyl)‐bestückte 1‐Oxa‐3‐aza‐1,3‐butadiene 1 , 1‐Thia‐3‐aza‐1,3‐butadiene 2 und 1,3‐Diaza‐1,3‐butadiene 3 liefern beim Erhitzen mit wasserfreiem Zinn(II)‐chlorid 5‐Fluor‐4‐trifluormethyl‐substituierte Oxazole 4 , Thiazole 5 bzw. Imidazole 6 . Letztere reagieren mit Nucleophilen unter Substitution des an C‐5 gebundenen Fluors. Die IR‐, 1 H−, 13 C‐ und 19 F‐NMR‐Daten der neuen Verbindungen werden beschrieben. Ein Reaktionsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
Cytochrome P450 Regulation and Drug Biotransformation During Inflammation and Infection (2004)

The expression of cytochrome P450 and related biotransformation is altered during the operation of host defense mechanisms. This has major implications in inflammation and infection when the capacity of the liver and other organs to handle drugs is severely compromised. In most cases individual cytochrome P450 forms are down regulated at the level of gene transcription with a resulting decrease in the corresponding mRNA, protein and enzyme activity. The loss in drug metabolism is channeled predominantly through the production of cytokines which ultimately modify specific transcription factors. Other proposed mechanisms that apply to specific cytochrome P450s involve post translational steps including enzyme modification and increased degradation. When inflammatory responses are confined to the brain there is a loss of cytochrome P450 not only in the brain but also in peripheral tissues. This involves a yet to be identified mode of signaling between the brain and periphery but it does involve the production of cytokines from a peripheral source. In clinical medicine there are numerous examples of a decreased capacity to handle drugs during infections and disease states that involve an inflammatory component. This often results in altered drug responses and increased toxicities. Inflammation mediated alterations in the metabolism of endogenous compounds can lead to altered physiology. Changes in drug handling capacity during inflammation/infection will continue to be one of the many factors that complicate therapeutics.
Passively stabilized Kerr-lens mode-locked diode-pumped Yb:YAG laser (2007)

We developed a passively stabilized Kerr-lens mode-locking scheme for diode-pumped Yb-doped-bulk lasers. Taking an Yb:YAG laser as an example, we succeeded in generating pulses as short as 105 fs, which is to our knowledge the shortest pulse ever produced from a Yb:YAG laser. The spectral width and average laser power are 11.0 nm and 123 mW, respectively.