gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zirconium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Carboalumination of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes (2016)

ConspectusCarbometalation of alkenes with stereocontrol offers an important opportunity for asymmetric C–C bond formation. However, the scope of catalytic stereoselective carbometalation of alkenes had until recently been limited to electronically biased alkenes or those with the presence of directing groups or other auxiliary functionalities to overcome the challenge associated with regio- and stereoselectivity. Catalytic asymmetric carbometalation of unactivated alkenes on the other hand remained as a formidable challenge. To address this long-standing problem, we sought to develop Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (namely, ZACA reaction) encouraged by our discovery of Zr-catalyzed alkyne carboalumination in 1978. Zr-catalyzed methylalumination of alkynes (ZMA) shows high regioselectivity and nearly perfect stereoselectivity. Its mechanistic studies have revealed that the ZMA reaction involves acyclic carbometalation with “superacidic” bimetallic reagents generated by interaction between two Lewis acids, i.e., alkylalanes and 16-electron zirconocene derivatives through dynamic polarization and ate complexation, affectionately termed as the “two-is-better-than-one” principle.With the encouraging results of Zr-catalyzed carboalumination of alkynes in hand, we sought to develop its alkene version for discovering a catalytic asymmetric C–C bond-forming reaction by using alkylalanes and suitable chiral zirconocene derivatives, which would generate “superacidic” bimetallic species to promote the desired carbometalation of alkenes. However, this proved to be quite challenging. Three major competing side reactions occur, i.e., (i) β-H transfer hydrometalation, (ii) bimetallic cyclic carbometalation, and (iii) Ziegler–Natta polymerization. The ZACA reaction was finally discovered by employing Erker’s (−)-(NMI)2ZrCl2 as the catalyst and chlorinated hydrocarbon as solvent to suppress the undesired side reactions mentioned above.The ZACA reaction has evolved as a powerful tool for the efficient preparation of a wide range of chiral natural products through the following methodological developments: (1) three mutually complementary protocols for methyl-branched chiral alkanols; (2) water, MAO, and IBAO as promoters to accelerate otherwise sluggish carboaluminations; (3) one-step homologation synthesis of deoxypropionates based on one-pot ZACA–Pd-catalyzed vinylation tandem process; (4) ZACA–lipase-catalyzed acetylation–transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling processes for preparing various virtually enantiopure chiral alcohols; (5) the chemoselective ZMA and ZACA reactions as well as alkyne elementometalation–Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling for constructing a variety of chiral compounds containing regio- and stereodefined substituted alkenes; (6) the ZACA reaction of dienes to generate chiral organocyclic compounds including those with all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
Utilizing intentional internal resonance to achieve multi-harmonic atomic force microscopy (2016)

During dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM), the deflection of a scanning cantilever generates multiple frequency terms due to the nonlinear nature of AFM tip-sample interactions. Even though each frequency term is reasonably expected to encode information about the sample, only the fundamental frequency term is typically decoded to provide topographic mapping of the measured surface. One of main reasons for discarding higher harmonic signals is their low signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we introduce a new design concept for multi-harmonic AFM, exploiting intentional nonlinear internal resonance for the enhancement of higher harmonics. The nonlinear internal resonance, triggered by the non-smooth tip-sample dynamic interactions, results in nonlinear energy transfers from the directly excited fundamental bending mode to the higher-frequency mode and, hence, enhancement of the higher harmonic of the measured response. It is verified through detailed theoretical and experimental study that this AFM design can robustly incorporate the required internal resonance and enable high-frequency AFM measurements. Measurements on an inhomogeneous polymer specimen demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed design, namely that the higher harmonic of the measured response is capable of enhanced simultaneous topography imaging and compositional mapping, exhibiting less crosstalk with an abrupt height change.
When is a trust not a trust? : trust (2006)

Extracted from text ... Moneyweb's PERSONAL FINANCE December 2006 11 
IT seems that in certain circles, it 
is considered fashionable to 
have one or more trusts set up. 
Whilst it is true that a trust holds a 
very valid place in one's financial 
planning, you need to understand 
why you are setting up the trust in 
the first place, and what the legal 
implications are for all concerned. 
In my opinion, there are basically 
only two reasons why you 
would set up a trust: 
1. To protect and preserve assets 
for your beneficiaries; and 
2. To reduce your liability for 
estate duty. 
Far too ..
COMET: A Recipe for Learning and Using Large Ensembles on Massive Data (2011)

COMET is a single-pass MapReduce algorithm for learning on large-scale data. It builds multiple random forest ensembles on distributed blocks of data and merges them into a mega-ensemble. This approach is appropriate when learning from massive-scale data that is too large to fit on a single machine. To get the best accuracy, IVoting should be used instead of bagging to generate the training subset for each decision tree in the random forest. Experiments with two large datasets (5GB and 50GB compressed) show that COMET compares favorably (in both accuracy and training time) to learning on a subsample of data using a serial algorithm. Finally, we propose a new Gaussian approach for lazy ensemble evaluation which dynamically decides how many ensemble members to evaluate per data point; this can reduce evaluation cost by 100X or more.
Analysis of a Lysozyme Gene from Sweet Potato Hornworm, <i>Agrius convolvuli</i> (2003)

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Lysozyme, the bacteriolytic enzyme, is one of the factors of the innate immunity in insects. A cDNA sequence encoding a lysozyme was isolated from the fat bodies of sweet potato hornworm, Agrius convolvuli immunized with E. coli K12 D21. The coding region of this lysozyme consists of a 19 residues signal peptide and a 120 residues mature protein, which is very similar to that of other lepidopteran. Thirteen negatively (Asp and Glu) and twenty two positively (Arg, Lys and His) charged amino acids were found in this sequence. Eight Cys residues were conserved in the same positions of other insect lysozymes.
Superactive Nickel-Aluminosilicate Catalysts for Hydroisomerization and Hydrocracking of Light Hydrocarbons (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSuperactive Nickel-Aluminosilicate Catalysts for Hydroisomerization and Hydrocracking of Light HydrocarbonsHarold E. Swift and Edgar R. BlackCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1974, 13, 2, 106–110Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i360050a004https://doi.org/10.1021/i360050a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Mathematical model for split-capacitor push–pull parallel resonant converter in Buck mode (2008)

A technique is described whereby a split-capacitor push–pull parallel resonant converter (SC-PPRC) can be operated at a variable switching frequency with zero-voltage switching to provide either a lower (Buck) or higher (Boost) peak variable output voltage than that which would result in the conventional Normal mode. A comprehensive analysis of the SC-PPRC in the Buck mode is yet to be reported. All three modes of operation of the converter are detailed and a mathematical model is presented through which the performance of the converter during the Buck mode can be accurately predicted. The proposed Buck mode is facilitated by operating the converter essentially at a higher switching frequency than in the Normal mode. The higher switching frequency is generated by incorporating a negative and variable time delay into the switching period of the Normal mode. In contrast to both Normal and Boost modes, analysis of the converter in the Buck mode is different and complicated by the formation of two different resonant circuits during each switching cycle. The proposed mathematical solution for the Buck mode is accurate as validated by both simulations and measured results of a 150 W prototype Buck-operated SC-PPRC unit.
A vision-based vehicle behavior monitoring and warning system (2004)

This paper outlines the approach to restrain the transportation (or car) accidents caused by dangerous vehicle behaviors, especially those of lane departure and speeding. Based on the proposed approach, the possibility of car collision is reduced by an equipped in-vehicle vision-based system that monitors the sight in front of the car and issues certain necessary warning. Meanwhile, the infrastructure of monitoring and warning system as well as related image processing techniques is proposed. Furthermore, an application for decision model to launch warning is also discussed herein. Finally, the proposed approach is validated in real road tests.
Interface morphology and gas production by a refractive 347 nm ultraviolet femtosecond laser: Comparison with established laser systems (2018)

Purpose To evaluate gas production and interface quality after refractive lenticule creation. A new ultraviolet (UV) 347 nm femtosecond laser was compared with the FS200 and the Visumax lasers. Setting Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. Design Experimental study. Methods Refractive lenticules were created in 52 porcine corneas with the UV laser (n = 20), the Visumax laser (n = 20), and a modified FS200 laser (n = 12). Twelve corneas in each laser group were fixed immediately after lenticule creation to entrap the gas produced. Lenticule extraction was omitted. From 16 other corneas (UV and Visumax lasers; n = 8 each) −5.0 diopter (D) and −10.0 D lenticules were extracted. On lenticule extraction, a flap was created and lifted. In 12 additional corneas, a flap was cut using the FS200 laser and lifted afterward; laser in situ keratomileusis was performed on 8 of these samples. The corneas were processed for light microscopy (gas bubble 2-dimensional morphometry) and scanning electron microscopy (interface quality). Results The Visumax generated approximately one half as much gas as the FS200. The UV laser undercut the Visumax by another 50%. The interfaces created by the FS200 appeared smooth and without irregularities. The optical zone margin was always conspicuous in the Visumax samples but hardly discernible in the UV specimens. Slight irregularities and very small lenticule pieces were found occasionally in both groups. The UV interfaces appeared slightly rougher than the Visumax interfaces. Conclusions Ultraviolet laser lenticule extraction seems promising. The interface quality was similar to that of the clinical Visumax system while gas production was reduced significantly.
The Acridine Orange Viability Test Applied to Bone Marrow Cells I. Correlation with Trypan Blue and Eosin Dye Exclusion and Tissue Culture Transformation (1964)

Abstract Suspensions of murine bone marrow cells were stained with acridine orange (A-O) and observed under fluorescent microscopy after treatment with various injurious agents in order to establish the staining characteristics of "live" and "dead" cells. The percentage of viable cells demonstrated by the "A-O viability test" were correlated with eosin and trypan blue dye exclusion and tissue culture transformation viability tests. In general, the A-O test demonstrated the viability of cells preserved by freezing as effectively as the other in vitro tests. In addition, the A-O test may be more sensitive in determining the viability of cells where metabolic processes have been injured by poisons or change in pH.
Anisotropically and High Entanglement of Biphoton States Generated in Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (2007)

We show both theoretically and experimentally that biphoton wave packets generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion can be strongly anisotropic and highly entangled. The conditions under which these effects exist are found and discussed.
Femoxetine in the treatment of obese patients in general practice. A randomized group comparative study with placebo. (1987)

A study was carried out in general practice to compare the effectiveness of femoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, with the effect of placebo in helper patients more than 20 per cent above their ideal weight to lose weight. Patients were allocated at random to receive either 600 mg femoxetine (36 patients) or placebo (37 patients) daily over a period of 16 weeks. They were also asked to restrict their calorie intake to 1200-1600 kcal. (5.0-6.7 MJ)/day. The results showed that there was no statistically significant greater weight loss in patients treated with femoxetine (median = 8.3 kg) than with placebo (median = 6.2 kg) after 16 weeks. In subgroups of patients with obesity problems for more than 20 years and of patients previously in anorectic treatment, femoxetine tended towards causing a larger weight loss. Side-effects were generally minor in nature, and the incidence and nature of them were almost comparable in the two groups except for gastro-intestinal symptoms, which were reported more often in the femoxetine group. As femoxetine in several randomized group comparative studies in depressive illness has been shown to have an antidepressant efficacy which is comparable with the efficacy amitriptyline and imipramine, femoxetine may be particularly useful in the management of obese patients requiring antidepressant treatment.
Bit-pattern sensitivity analysis and optimal on-die-termination for high-speed memory bus design (2009)

System IO power and performance are critical computer platform design parameters. IO power forms a significant portion of the overall power while its performance is often the bottleneck in achieving overall performance specification. This paper experimentally demonstrates, for the first time, optimal on-die-termination (ODT) schemes for DDR3-800 MT/s and DDR31067 MT/s, revealed by thorough bit-pattern sensitivity analysis. Optimal ODT at IO receiver pads is proposed as a new critical design knob to achieve optimized power-performance trade-offs, dramatically improving signal integrity and power consumption. The thorough bit-pattern sensitivity analysis was found to be 100% more accurate than traditional approach. Up to 50% reduction in power consumption, 100% increase in timing margin, and 100% increase in voltage margin were demonstrated as the impact of the choice of ODT. It is also promised to become more important in the future at higher data rate.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Materials for Phase-Change Memories (2009)

Germanium antimony telluride (GST) materials and precursors for gas-phase thin film deposition are briefly reviewed. In the experimental part we show that alkylsilyls of tellurium can be used as tellurium precursors in plasma-free atomic layer deposition (ALD). Compounds with a general formula (R3Si)2Te react with various metal halides producing metal telluride thin films. Sb2Te3, GeTe and GST films can be deposited by ALD at temperatures below 100 {degree sign}C using (Et3Si)2Te, SbCl3 and GeCl2•C4H8O2 as precursors. All three precursors exhibit a typical saturative ALD growth behaviour in binary telluride processes. When processing ternary materials some non-ideal behaviour exist but by adjusting the exposure times and ratio of the binary cycles Ge-Te and Sb-Te, the GST composition could be controlled. The ternary films are amorphous as-deposited and crystallize at 130 {degree sign}C in the cubic structure, and at around 250-300 {degree sign}C the stable hexagonal phase is formed. Phase change behavior of the ALD GST films was studied using a static laser tester and found to be similar to sputter deposited films.
The Laser Lightning Rod System: Thunderstorm Domestication (1974)

An unusual application of the laser, namely protection of life and property from lightning, is described. The device relies on multiphoton ionization in mode-locked beams, rather than on collisional (avalanche) electron production. Feasibility is demonstrated numerically, and relevant principles explained. A method of mobile deployment is mentioned, by which economic (as opposed to scientific) feasibility might be achieved.
Visual Tracking of Laparoscopic Instruments in Standard Training Environments (2011)

We propose a method for accurately tracking the spatial motion of standard laparoscopic instruments from video. By exploiting the geometric and photometric invariants common to standard FLS training boxes, the method provides robust and accurate tracking of instruments from video. The proposed method requires no modifications to the standard FLS training box, camera or instruments.
Experimental Realization of Wheeler's Delayed-Choice Gedanken Experiment (2007)

Wave-particle duality is strikingly illustrated by Wheeler's delayed-choice gedanken experiment, where the configuration of a two-path interferometer is chosen after a single-photon pulse has entered it: Either the interferometer is closed (that is, the two paths are recombined) and the interference is observed, or the interferometer remains open and the path followed by the photon is measured. We report an almost ideal realization of that gedanken experiment with single photons allowing unambiguous which-way measurements. The choice between open and closed configurations, made by a quantum random number generator, is relativistically separated from the entry of the photon into the interferometer.
In Vitro T Cell Function, Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Skin Testing, and CD4+ T Cell Subset Phenotyping Independently Predict Survival Time in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1995)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients (n = 335) in the US Air Force HIV Natural History Program were followed for 3 years (mean) after skin testing, immunophenotyping of CD4+ cell subsets, and measurement of in vitro interleukin-2 production after stimulation by phytohemagglutinin, alloantigens, tetanus toxoid, and influenza A virus. The T cell functional assay predicted survival time (P < .001) and time for progression to AIDS (P = .014). Skin testing for tetanus, mumps, and Candida antigen and the total number of positive tests (P < .001 for each) stratified patients for survival time. In a multivariable proportional hazards model, the T cell functional assay (P = .008), the absolute number of CD4+ T cells (P = .001), the percentage of CD4+ CD29+ cells (P = .06), and the number of reactive skin tests (P < .001) predicted survival time. Thus, cellular immune functional tests have significant predictive value for survival time in HIV-1-infected patients independent of CD4+ cell count.
Neural substrates of visual stimulus-stimulus association in rhesus monkeys (1993)

Rhesus monkeys learned 10 visual stimulus-stimulus association, or paired associates. They then received bilateral removals of either the amygdaloid complex and underlying cortex, the hippocampal formation and underlying cortex, or both combined, or they were retained as unoperated controls. After surgery or rest, the monkeys were tested for their retention of the preoperatively learned set of paired associates, as well as for their ability to learn new associations of the same type. Both unoperated controls and hippocampectomized monkeys relearned the preoperatively trained set of paired associates almost immediately. By contrast, monkeys with amygdala removals were moderately retarded in relearning, and monkeys with combined amygdala and hippocampal ablations were severely retarded. When confronted with new sets of visual stimuli, monkeys with amygdala removals or hippocampal removals learned new sets of paired associates at the same rate as the controls, whereas monkeys with the combined ablation were again profoundly retarded. Only one monkey with the combined lesion was able to learn new stimulus-stimulus associations to criterion, and then only after extensive training, despite the ability of all three animals in this group to perform delayed matching-to-sample with the same stimuli and the same intraatrial delays as those used in the paired associate task. At the end of the main experiment, two of the unoperated controls received bilateral ablations of the rhinal cortex. These monkeys showed the same level of difficulty in learning new paired associates as the animals in the main experiment that had received the combined amygdala plus hippocampal ablations. The results implicate the medial temporal lobe, and particularly the rhinal cortex, in the formation of stimulus-stimulus associative memories.
Familial Alzheimer Disease: A Large, Multigeneration German Kindred (1991)

A German family with 21 members affected by Alzheimer disease (AD) was studied clinically and genetically. The diagnosis was histologically verified in three affected family members. Ancestors were traced through seven generations to a couple residing in East-Westfalia during the middle of the 19th century. Dementia was often accompanied by extrapyramidal features and myoclonus. No cases of Down syndrome or hematologic malignancy occurred in this family. Clinical manifestations, temporal progression, neurological testing, and neuropathological features do not differ from the more common sporadic form of AD. The inheritance pattern is most consistent with autosomal-dominant transmission.
An image-based intelligent system for pointer instrument reading (2014)

This paper proposes an image-based system for pointer instrument reading (PIR). The main contributions are twofold. First, we introduce binary descriptor such as ORB(Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF) for registering the images of pointer instruments. Second, we propose a Circle-based Regional cumulative Histogram (CRH) method to finely locate the pointer. The CRH method is robust to illumination, and is relative fast compared to previous methods. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of our image-based PIR system.