gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid compositions of plasma lipids in young atopic patients. (1986)

The fatty acid compositions of plasma phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol and free fatty acid fractions were determined in young atopic patients and age-matched controls.No difference was observed in the lipid contents or the fatty acid compositions between the atopic patients and controls. When compared with adult controls, plasma lipids from young children had significantly different fatty acid patterns; the proportions of total linoleate (n-6) series fatty acids and the linoleate/arachidonate ratio were not statistically different, but teh proportions of alpha-linolenate (n-3) series fatty acids were much less, particularly in the phosphatidylcholine, triacylglycerol and cholesterol ester fractions, in young children. These results do not provide rationale for the use of gamma-linolenic acid for atopic therapy. The possible usefulness of providing alpha-linolenate series fatty acid supplementation for children is discussed.
Exploring design space of parallel realizations: MPEG-2 decoder case study (2002)

Many applications lend them to parallelism at different levels of granularity. We first identify the key issues involved in creating a parallel model of an application. These are done with a view to estimate performance and explore the “parallel” design space to select a suitable design point. The framework presented provides an opportunity to perform this exploration both in the target architecture independent and target architecture dependent manner. An MPEG-2 decoder model in YAPI has been presented which has more parallelism and improved performance. This modal has further been mapped onto SpaceCAKE architecture to study its architectural parameters. Detailed results obtained with YAPI simulation (target architecture independent) and TSS simulation (after process-processor binding) on MPEG-2 decoder application establish the effectiveness of our approach.
A simple bi-convex refractive laser beam shaper (2007)

This paper describes a novel bi-convex single aspheric lens that converts a spatially non-uniform laser beam into one with a uniform intensity distribution. The basis for this new lens is derived theoretically and lens performance is evaluated using detailed simulation under different conditions. This new design leads to a simple single aspheric lens configuration that substantially reduces fabrication difficulty. In addition, a method to compensate profile distortion induced by non-ideal factors is presented.
Adverse events with transvenous left ventricular pacing in patients with severe heart failure: early experience from a single centre (2001)

Placement of a permanent lead in a tributary of the coronary sinus is feasible without serious adverse effects during the first month. The only frequent adverse event was lead dislodgement; a finding which emphasizes the need for development of specially designed leads for this application.
Disruption of microalgal cells for biodiesel production (2010)

The production of biodiesel from microalgae involves lengthy processing steps. Cell disruption is an integral part of this downstream protocol as it facilitates the release of the intracellular lipids that will be used for biodiesel production. This study examines different mechanical methods for the disruption of microalgae cells, including High Pressure Homogenization or HPH, ultrasonication and bead beating. The performance of cell disruption method was evaluated in terms of two key indicators: reduction in the intact cell counts per unit volume (C/C0) and reduction in the average diameters of microalgal colonies (D/D0). The most effective disruption was obtained using HPH (optimum C/C0 = 0.06, D/D0 = 0.35) followed by bead beating (optimum C/C0 = 0.55, D/D0 = 0.25). Even though ultrasonication failed to disrupt the microalgal cells (optimum C/C0 = 0.91), it still managed to disintegrate cellular agglomerations (optimum D/D0 = 0.23). It is hoped that the finding from this study can be used for future microalgal biofuel research.
Recent advances in chemical modifications of graphene (2014)

Graphene has attracted the interest of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists due to its extraordinary structural, mechanical, and electronic properties. While pristine graphene is desirable for applications that require a high electrical conductivity, many other applications require modified or functionalized forms of graphene, such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene, or other functionalized forms. Structurally modifying graphene through chemical functionalization reveals the numerous possibilities for tuning its structure; several chemical and physical functionalization methods have been explored to improve the stabilization and modification of graphene. In this review, we report recent progress towards the chemical modification of graphene, including both covalent and noncovalent methods, for use in various applications.
Optical design and development of near-range compact lidar (2011)

There are large demands to monitor the atmosphere in the closed space (hall, factory and so on), to check vegetation remotely and to detect hazardous gases such as explosive gas and bio terror from explosion-proof distance. On the contrary, traditional lidars have blind area, it is hard to monitor the atmosphere and the gas in the near range. In this study, optical designs and concrete developments for the atmosphere monitoring and the certain gas detection in near range were accomplished. Unique optical designs are introduced and their practical setups are explained.
Development of adenocarcinomas in the stomach (1986)

To elucidate the histogenesis of gastric adenocarcinomas, the author looked for smaller carcinomas, and studied their histologic features and the histologic characteristics of the neighboring gastric mucosa. In 325 resected stomachs, 27 microcarcinomas, including initial lesions, were detected. Most of them were typical adenocarcinomas, whose histologic features were different from those of dysplasias. The gastric mucosa around the microcarcinomas was mostly intestinalized. However, the smaller the carcinomas, the less complete was the form of intestinal metaplasia, and the metaplasia was under progression in many gastric tubules. The smallest carcinomas consisted of a few, newly formed glandular complexes, confined to the neck region of the tubules, whereas the upper and the lower part of the tubules were still lined by normal gastric cells. The smallest dysplasia was an in situ lesion, also confined to the neck region of the tubules. These findings indicate that a starting point of adenocarcinomas and dysplasias is in the proliferative cell zone at the neck region. Intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma arise coincidentally. This implies that no precursor is present for each of them. It appears that most adenocarcinomas arise in gastric tubules when an abnormal differentiation is induced in stem cells after intestinal metaplasia. They are not a consequence of dysplasia, but share a common origin with it.
Determination of carboxylic acids and phenols in water by extractive alkylation using pentafluorobenzylation, glass capillary GC and electron capture detection (1980)

Abstract A method is presented for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of carboxylic acids and phenols in water. Extractive alkylation is used with the tetrabutylammonium ion as counter ion and pentafluorobenzylbromide as alkylating agent. Extracts are analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Using one ml of water sample, the detection limit lies in the range of 1–10 μg/l. Application has been made to the analysis of steam condensate and domestic sewage effluent.
Combination of metformin and sorafenib suppresses proliferation and induces autophagy of hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting the mTOR pathway (2016)

The multi‑kinase inhibitor sorafenib is the only drug for which randomized control trials have shown improved patient survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, life expectancy is extended in these cases by only a few months. The anti‑type II diabetes agent metformin was used in this study in an effort to find a more efficient approach to HCC treatment. Sorafenib effectively reversed the activation status of mTORC2 induced by metformin and enhanced the suppression of the mTORC1 and MAPK pathway by metformin in HCC cells, which may be responsible for reduced proliferation upon combined treatment. The metformin and sorafenib combination led to increased impaired proliferation and tumor inhibition of HCC in vitro and in vivo compared to single agent, which was partially bridged by disrupting the mTORC1/mTORC2 feedback loop. Metformin and sorafenib cooperated to promote apoptosis and autophagy in HCC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy sensitized HCC cells to metformin and sorefenib‑induced apoptotic cell death. Therefore, the anti‑autophagy treatment should be considered in metformin and sorafenib-based treatments in HCC cells.
Capacitive Inter-Chip Data and Power Transfer for 3-D VLSI (2006)

We report on inter-chip bidirectional communication and power transfer between two stacked chips. The experimental prototype system components were fabricated in a 0.5-mum silicon-on-sapphire CMOS technology. Bi-directional communication between the two chips is experimentally measured at 1Hz-15 MHz. The circuits on the floating top chip are powered with capacitively coupled energy using a charge pump. This is the first demonstration of simultaneous nongalvanic power and data transfer between chips in a stack. The potential use in 3-D VLSI is aimed at reducing costs and complexity that are associated with galvanic inter-chip vias in 3-D integration
Dynamic Friction Closure : Experimental Consideration (2002)

ロボットによる対象物の把握や操りでは, ほとんどの場合, 準静定(静的なバランスの連続変化)の仮定が満たされる程度のゆっくりした運動が取り扱われていた。本研究では, ロボットが高速で運動する物体を捕獲することを考える。この場合, ロボットと物体間のすべりゼロで物体を停止させることは不可能で, 必ず両者の間ですべりが発生する。本研究では, 運動物体をハンドで捕獲する際のクーロン摩擦に基づく滑り量について, 実験的に考察する。
Peptides to combat viral infectious diseases (2020)

Viral infectious diseases have resulted in millions of deaths throughout history and have created a significant public healthcare burden. Tremendous efforts have been placed by the scientific communities, health officials and government organizations to detect, treat, and prevent viral infection. However, the complicated life cycle and rapid genetic mutations of viruses demand continuous development of novel medicines with high efficacy and safety profiles. Peptides provide a promising outlook as a tool to combat the spread and re-emergence of viral infection. This article provides an overview of five viral infectious diseases with high global prevalence: influenza, chronic hepatitis B, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019. The current and potential peptide-based therapies, vaccines, and diagnostics for each disease are discussed.
Failure of soluble fibrin polymers in the diagnosis of clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis (1999)

A new diagnostic test has recently become available which is highly specific for plasma soluble fibrin polymers, the thrombus precursor protein (TpP) enzyme immunoassay. In order to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of this test and that of a new rapid and automated test for the determination of D-dimers, the BC D-dimer test, in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 70 consecutive symptomatic patients underwent laboratory analysis with both tests and with the classic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) D-dimer test, followed by the execution of a compression ultrasound (CUS) test of the affected limb. Patients with a positive CUS test were considered to have DVT (20 of 70), whereas those with a serially negative test and an uneventful 3-month follow-up test were regarded as not having DVT (50 of 70). The sensitivity of the TpP test (45.0%) was significantly lower than that of both the BC D-dimer test (80.0%; P = 0.02) and the classic ELISA test (90.0%; P = 0.002). The specificity of the TpP test (66.0%) did not differ from that of either D-dimer test (60.0 and 64.0%, respectively). The negative predictive value of the TpP test (75.0%) was significantly lower than that of the classic ELISA D-dimer test (94.1%; P = 0.02), which in turn did not differ from that of the BC D-dimer test (88.2%). The positive predictive value was similarly low for each investigated test (34.6, 44.4, and 50.0%, respectively). In conclusion, the TpP test can neither be used to detect a DVT nor to exclude its development in patients with the clinical suspicion of this disease. By contrast, the BC D-dimer might safely replace the classic ELISA test for excluding DVT in symptomatic patients.
Transformer over Pre-trained Transformer for Neural Text Segmentation with Enhanced Topic Coherence (2021)

This paper proposes a transformer over transformer framework, called Transformer$^2$, to perform neural text segmentation. It consists of two components: bottom-level sentence encoders using pre-trained transformers, and an upper-level transformer-based segmentation model based on the sentence embeddings. The bottom-level component transfers the pre-trained knowledge learned from large external corpora under both single and pair-wise supervised NLP tasks to model the sentence embeddings for the documents. Given the sentence embeddings, the upper-level transformer is trained to recover the segmentation boundaries as well as the topic labels of each sentence. Equipped with a multi-task loss and the pre-trained knowledge, Transformer$^2$ can better capture the semantic coherence within the same segments. Our experiments show that (1) Transformer$^2$ manages to surpass state-of-the-art text segmentation models in terms of a commonly-used semantic coherence measure; (2) in most cases, both single and pair-wise pre-trained knowledge contribute to the model performance; (3) bottom-level sentence encoders pre-trained on specific languages yield better performance than those pre-trained on specific domains.
Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 – Preliminary Report (2020)

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with diffuse lung damage. Corticosteroids may modulate immune-mediated lung injury and reducing progression to respiratory failure and death.Methods The Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 therapy (RECOVERY) trial is a randomized, controlled, open-label, adaptive, platform trial comparing a range of possible treatments with usual care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We report the preliminary results for the comparison of dexamethasone 6 mg given once daily for up to ten days vs. usual care alone. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality.Results 2104 patients randomly allocated to receive dexamethasone were compared with 4321 patients concurrently allocated to usual care. Overall, 454 (21.6%) patients allocated dexamethasone and 1065 (24.6%) patients allocated usual care died within 28 days (age-adjusted rate ratio [RR] 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74 to 0.92; P<0.001). The proportional and absolute mortality rate reductions varied significantly depending on level of respiratory support at randomization (test for trend p<0.001): Dexamethasone reduced deaths by one-third in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (29.0% vs. 40.7%, RR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51 to 0.82]; p<0.001), by one-fifth in patients receiving oxygen without invasive mechanical ventilation (21.5% vs. 25.0%, RR 0.80 [95% CI 0.70 to 0.92]; p=0.002), but did not reduce mortality in patients not receiving respiratory support at randomization (17.0% vs. 13.2%, RR 1.22 [95% CI 0.93 to 1.61]; p=0.14).Conclusions In patients hospitalized with COVID-19, dexamethasone reduced 28-day mortality among those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen at randomization, but not among patients not receiving respiratory support.
Viewpoint: Editorial: What Works? The Role of Evidence in Public Sector Policy and Practice (2010)

(1999). Viewpoint: Editorial: What Works? The Role of Evidence in Public Sector Policy and Practice. Public Money & Management: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 3-5.
Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergoing hip revision prostheses: A randomized prospective double‐blind study (2009)

In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, the effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) was investigated in 30 subjects undergoing hip revision using the Wagner SL stem. The subjects were treated for 6 h/day up to 90 days after revision. Study end points were assessed clinically by the functional scale of Merle D'Aubigné and instrumentally by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at the Gruen zones. Subject improvement according to Merle D'Aubigné scale was higher (P < 0.05) in subjects undergoing active stimulation compared to placebo. In analyzing the DXA findings, we subtracted for each area the postoperative bone mineral density (BMD) values from those measured at 90 days and we considered all results above 3.5% as responders. There were no significant differences in the average BMD values at each Gruen zone between the two groups both postoperatively and at 90 days investigation. In Gruen zones 5 and 6, corresponding to the medial cortex, we observed six responders (40%) in both areas in the control group, while in the stimulated group we observed 14 (93%) and 10 (66%) responders, respectively (both P < 0.05). This study showed that PEMF treatment aids clinical recovery and bone stock restoration.
Conformationally Locked Chromophores as Models of Excited-State Proton Transfer in Fluorescent Proteins (2012)

Members of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family form chromophores by modifications of three internal amino acid residues. Previously, many key characteristics of chromophores were studied using model compounds. However, no studies of intermolecular excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) with GFP-like synthetic chromophores have been performed because they either are nonfluorescent or lack an ionizable OH group. In this paper we report the synthesis and photochemical study of two highly fluorescent GFP chromophore analogues: p-HOBDI-BF2 and p-HOPyDI:Zn. Among known fluorescent compounds, p-HOBDI-BF(2) is the closest analogue of the native GFP chromophore. These irrreversibly (p-HOBDI-BF(2)) and reversibly (p-HOPyDI:Zn) locked compounds are the first examples of fully planar GFP chromophores, in which photoisomerization-induced deactivation is suppressed and protolytic photodissociation is observed. The photophysical behavior of p-HOBDI-BF2 and p-HOPyDI:Zn (excited state pK(a)'s, solvatochromism, kinetics, and thermodynamics of proton transfer) reveals their high photoacidity, which makes them good models of intermolecular ESPT in fluorescent proteins. Moreover, p-HOPyDI:Zn is a first example of "super" photoacidity in metal-organic complexes.
Analog VLSI: Circuits and Principles (2002)

From the Publisher:
Neuromorphic engineers work to improve the performance of artificial systems through the development of chips and systems that process information collectively using primarily analog circuits. This book presents the central concepts required for the creative and successful design of analog VLSI circuits. The discussion is weighted toward novel circuits that emulate natural signal processing. Unlike most circuits in commercial or industrial applications, these circuits operate mainly in the subthreshold or weak inversion region. Moreover, their functionality is not limited to linear operations, but also encompasses many interesting nonlinear operations similar to those occurring in natural systems. Topics include device physics, linear and nonlinear circuit forms, translinear circuits, photodetectors, floating-gate devices, noise analysis, and process technology.
Ground state energy for the Hartree–Fock equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions (1994)

The Hartree–Fock equations for 2 N fermions in a one-dimensional box are solved in terms of a power series in the coupling constant for various values of N and the quantum numbers. A general formula is found for the total energy and wave function for N=1, which is accurate to sixth order. Another formula for the total energy is conjectured for any N, which is accurate to second order. Using these results, the ground state energy, energy of interaction, and boundary energy are found to second-order accuracy for arbitrary N.
MOCVD Growth of GaN on Sapphire Using a Ga2O3 Interlayer (2011)

Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) was used to grow crystalline GaN on a Ga2O3 interlayer deposited by pulsed laser deposition. The Ga2O3 interlayer situated between undoped GaN (u-GaN) and sapphire can be etched out during the chemical lift-off process. A () oriented β-Ga2O3 thin film was first deposited on the sapphire; this was followed by u-GaN growth via MOCVD carried out in an N2 atmosphere to prevent the decomposition of Ga2O3. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the orientation relationship was observed to be GaN[]∥Ga2O3[] where the lattice mismatch between the two materials was 8.5%. The full width at half maximums of the x-ray rocking curve at the GaN (0002) plane and of the photoluminescence spectrum measured from GaN/Ga2O3/sapphire were 1444 arcsec and 8.3 nm, respectively; these were almost identical to the measured values for GaN/sapphire fabricated in an N2 environment. It was concluded that the growth atmosphere played a more important role in determining the crystallinity of u-GaN than the Ga2O3 thin film underneath. Finally, an InGaN light-emitting diode structure was successfully fabricated on the GaN/Ga2O3/sapphire.
Fate of ganglionic synapses and ganglion cell axons during normal and induced cell death. (1976)

In order to understand the significance of cell death in the formation of neural circuits, it is necessary to determine whether before cell death neurons have (a) sent axons to the periphery; (b) reached the proper target organs; and (c) have established synaptic connections with them. Axon counts demonstrated that, after sending out initial axons, ciliary cells sprouted numerous collaterals at the time of peripheral synapse formation. Subsequently, large numbers of axons were lost from the nerves, slightly later than the onset of ganglion cell death. A secondary loss of collaterals later occurred unaccompanied by cell death. Measurements of conduction velocity and axon diameters indicated that all ganglion cell axons grew down the proper pathways from the start, but it was not possible to determine whether all axons had actually formed proper synapses. This was ascertained, however, in the ganglion itself where preganglionic fibres were shown to synapse selectively with all ganglion cells before cell death. During this period, degenerating preganglionic synapses were observed on normal cells. It can therefore be inferred that at least some preganglionics established proper synapses before dying and that a single synapse is not sufficient to prevent cell death. In this system neither preganglionic nor ganglionic cell death seems designed to remove improper connections but rather to remove cells that have not competed effectively for a sufficient number of synapses, resulting in a quantitative matching up of neuron numbers.