gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gaseous Oxygen Detection Using Hollow-Core Fiber-Based Linear Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (2015)

We demonstrate a method for the calibration-free and quantitative analysis of small volumes of gaseous samples. A 10 m hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber is used as the sample cell (volume = 0.44 μL) and is placed inside a linear resonator setup. The application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy and in consideration of rather small coupling losses, this leads to an increased effective optical path length of up to 70 m. This implies a volume per optical interaction path length of 6.3 nL·m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . We used tunable diode laser spectroscopy at 760 nm and scanned the absorption for oxygen sensing. The optical loss due to sample absorption is obtained by measuring the ring-down time of light propagating inside the cavity. The resultant absorption coefficient shows a discrepancy of only 5.1% comparing to the HITRAN database. This approach is applicable for sensitive measurements if only submicroliter sample volumes are available.
Mutual Inductance Problem for a System Consisting of a Current Sheet and a Thin Metal Plate (1993)

Rapid inspection of aircraft structures for flaws is of vital importance to the commercial and defense aircraft industry. In particular, inspecting thin aluminum structures for flaws is the focus of a large scale R&D effort in the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) community. Traditional eddy current methods used today are effective, but require long inspection times. New electromagnetic techniques which monitor the normal component of the magnetic field above a sample due to a sheet of current as the excitation, seem to be promising. This paper is an attempt to understand and analyze the magnetic field distribution due to a current sheet above an aluminum test sample. A simple theoretical model, coupled with a two dimensional finite element model (FEM) and experimental data will be presented in the next few sections. A current sheet above a conducting sample generates eddy currents in the material, while a sensor above the current sheet or in between the two plates monitors the normal component of the magnetic field. A rivet or a surface flaw near a rivet in an aircraft aluminum skin will disturb the magnetic field, which is imaged by the sensor. Initial results showed a strong dependence of the flaw induced normal magnetic field strength on the thickness and conductivity of the current-sheet that could not be accounted for by skin depth attenuation alone. It was believed that the eddy current imaging method explained the dependence of the thickness and conductivity of the flaw induced normal magnetic field. Further investigation, suggested the complexity associated with the mutual inductance of the system needed to be studied. The next section gives an analytical model to better understand the phenomenon.
Synthesen in der Carotinoid‐Reihe (1960)

Abstract β‐Carotin läßt sich wie Vitamin A aus Bruchstücken synthetisieren, die so konstruiert sind, daß einer Carbonyl‐Funktion am Ende des einen Bruchstücks eine reaktionsfähige Gruppe am Anfang des anderen Moleküls gegenübersteht, die von einer OH‐Gruppe abgeleitet ist. Die Synthese der mittleren Bruchstücke der β‐Carotin‐Kette wird beschrieben. Die Verknüpfung der Fragmente gelingt mit Hilfe der Wittig schen oder eine modifizierten Olefinierungsreaktion, wobei Phosphonester an die Stelle von Triarylphosphoniumsalzen treten.
Alternative text entry using different input methods (2006)

This paper deals with PC-based alternative (i.e., keyboardfree) text entry and the issues related to emulating keystrokes with only a limited number of input signals. The previously introduced HaMCoS tool tries to enable someone who cannot use the hands to enter text almost as fast as someone exclusively using a manual mouse. To achieve this rather ambitious goal, HaMCoS provides two different (but combinable) solutions. On the one hand, word completion is offered as a shortcut technique. On the other hand, in addition to a mere on-screen keyboard, a completely new application has been implemented where selecting characters is somehow similar to entering Morse code (but with four 'bits' instead of dots and dashes only). In order to show the effect of these measures, the times needed to copy a moderately long text in various circumstances are reported.
Design of a small resonant antenna using metamaterial based on transmission line approach (2010)

In this paper, a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) resonant antenna using complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) and interdigital capacitor (IDC) was proposed. Also, the validity of the transmission line approach for the antenna was demonstrated. In the proposed design, the first resonance frequency can be controlled by adjusting length of the IDC fingers. The footprint area of the proposed antenna is 72% smaller than that of a conventional patch antenna. Even though the peak gain is 3 dB lower than that of a conventional one, the radiation efficiency is the same, and the proposed antenna has omnidirectional radiation pattern.
Hysteresis-free deposition of niobium oxide films by HiPIMS using different pulse management strategies (2012)

Abstract We systematically investigate the reactive behaviour of two types of high-power pulsed magnetron discharges above a Nb target using either square voltage pulses (denoted as HiPIMS) or custom-shaped pulses (denoted as MPPMS), and compare it with that of a dc magnetron sputtering (DCMS) discharge. We demonstrate that the surface metal oxides can be effectively sputter-eroded from the target during both HiPIMS and MPPMS pulses operated in reactive O 2 /Ar gas mixtures, and that sputtering from a partially oxide-free target is possible even at high oxygen concentrations. This results in a hysteresis-free deposition process which allows one to prepare optically transparent high refractive index Nb 2 O 5 coatings exhibiting an elevated deposition rate without the need for feedback control commonly used in reactive DCMS. The cathode voltage was identified as the principal parameter that affects the reactive discharge behaviour.
Identification and expression of a murine cytomegalovirus early gene coding for an Fc receptor (1994)

Several herpesviruses, including cytomegalovirus, induce receptors for the Fc domain of murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules. Viral genes coding for these receptors have been characterized only for alphaherpesviruses. In this report, we describe a new approach that led to the identification of an Fc receptor (FcR) of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The Fc fragment of IgG precipitated glycoproteins (gp) of 86 to 88 and 105 kDa from MCMV-infected cells. Deglycosylation by endoglycosidase F resulted in a protein with a molecular mass of 64 kDa. Injection of complete MCMV DNA or of DNA fragments, and the subsequent testing of cytoplasmic binding of IgG by immunofluorescence microscopy, was used to search for the coding region in the MCMV genome. The gene was located in the HindIII J fragment, map units 0.838 to 0.846, where an open reading frame of 1,707 nucleotides predicts a gp of 569 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 65 kDa. The sequence of this gp is related to those of the gE proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus. The defined length of the mRNA, 1,838 nucleotides, was in agreement with that of a 1.9-kb RNA expressed throughout the replication cycle, starting at the early stages of infection. Expression of the gene fcr1 by recombinant vaccinia virus resulted in the synthesis of gp86/88 and gp105, each with FcR properties, and the correct identification of the gene encoding the FcR was confirmed by the DNA injection method.
Characterization of Guinea Pig Tracheal Epithelial Cells Maintained in Biphasic Organotypic Culture: Cellular Composition and Biochemical Analysis of Released Glycoconjugates (1990)

An air-liquid interface (biphasic) primary culture system in which guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells maintain morphologic characteristics of differentiated epithelium has been developed in this laboratory. In this report, we compared quantitatively cell populations of 8-day cultures to those of epithelial mucosa in intact trachea. In addition, high molecular weight glycoconjugates released by the cultured cells were isolated and characterized. Quantitative morphometric analysis revealed similar volume densities of ciliated, secretory, basal, and "other" cells in cultures and in intact tracheal surface epithelium, although the cultures tended to have smaller cells and contained fewer basal cells. High molecular weight glycoconjugates released apically by cell cultures and excluded from Sepharose CL-4B columns contained approximately 5% hyaluronic acid but undetectable amounts of other proteoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate. The hyaluronidase-resistant glycoconjugates exhibited a peak buoyant density at 1.49 g/ml on cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation and were shown to contain mucin-type carbohydrate to peptide linkages (i.e., GalNAc to ser/thr) and an amino acid composition typical of respiratory mucins. The results indicate that this organotypic cell culture system mimics quite closely morphology of mucosal epithelium in intact airways and that the cells release high molecular weight glycoconjugates with biochemical properties of mucin-type glycoproteins. Thus, this in vitro system appears well-suited for studies of mucin secretion and other functions of respiratory epithelial cells.
Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: Multiple Contributions to Neuronal Function (2003)

Calcium-activated potassium channels are a large family of potassium channels that are found throughout the central nervous system and in many other cell types. These channels are activated by rises in cytosolic calcium largely in response to calcium influx via voltage-gated calcium channels that open during action potentials. Activation of these potassium channels is involved in the control of a number of physiological processes from the firing properties of neurons to the control of transmitter release. These channels form the target for modulation for a range of neurotransmitters and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here the authors summarize the varieties of calcium-activated potassium channels present in central neurons and their defining molecular and biophysical properties.
Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease: Effect on Mortality (1988)

Newborn screening for sickle cell disease has been recommended as a method of decreasing patient mortality. However, its effectiveness in accomplishing this has not been reliably measured. To help determine the effectiveness, 10 years of experience in newborn screening have been summarized. The effects of early patient enrollment in a comprehensive treatment program on long-term morbidity and mortality are reported. From 1975 to 1985, 84,663 newborns were screened regardless of race or ethnic background. Bart's hemoglobin was present in 5%, hemoglobin AS in 2.6%, and hemoglobin AC in 0.75%. Excluding Bart's, approximately 3.6% of all newborns were carriers for hemoglobinopathy. Sickle cell disease occurred in 1:951 births (58 hemoglobin SS, 25 hemoglobin FSC, three hemoglobin S-β+-thalassemia, and three hemoglobin S-β°-thalassemia). In addition, one in every 4,233 newborns had a clinically significant thalassemia syndrome (eight hemoglobin FE, ten hemoglobin F only, two hemoglobin H). Compared with other newborn screening programs in California, (congenital hypothyroidism, 1:3,849; phenylketonuria 1:22,474, galactosemia 1:74,103), hemoglobinopathies are the most prevalent congenital disease. Eighty-one newborns with sickle cell disease were followed for 7.2 years. Patients experienced 513 hospitalizations, including 13 episodes of sepsis with or without meningitis and ten acute sequestration crises. The overall mortality rate for patients with sickle cell anemia diagnosed in the newborn period was 1.8%. In comparison, the clinical course of 64 patients with sickle cell anemia diagnosed after 3 months of age and followed for an average of 9.4 years was analyzed. Five of these patients died. In two of these, sickle cell anemia was diagnosed at the time of the death. Overall mortality rate in this group was 8%. In summary, the data indicate that newborn screening, when coupled with extensive follow-up and education, will significantly decrease patient mortality.
Monolithically integrated frequency-resolved Mach-Zehnder Interferometers for highly-sensitive multiplexed label-free bio/chemical sensing (2011)

The proven capability of optical biosensors for highly-sensitive biochemical determinations has not been proven so far adequate to render them into commercial, portable devices. Their advancement has mainly stumbled upon two challenges: the inherent inability of most sensors to integrate the optical source onto the same chip, and the need to specifically design the optical transducer per application. In this work, a radical approach for label-free multiplexed sensing is presented. It incorporates two significant novelties: (1) an all-silicon array of monolithically integrated optical transducers, all having their own excitation source but sharing a common detector, and (2) the Frequency-resolved Mach-Zehnder Interferometry (FR-MZI) principle of operation. Monolithically integrated FR-MZI devices showed a limit of detection of Δn=4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> . The proposed device can be used interchangeably for a plethora of bio/chemical determinations becoming thus an unsurpassable versatile analytical tool.
47. The inhibitory effect of substituents in chemical reactions. Part III. The reactivity of the isothiocyano-group in substituted arylthiocarbimides (1934)

D. W. Browne and G. M. Dyson, J. Chem. Soc., 1934, 178 DOI: 10.1039/JR9340000178
Antennas and Propagation of Implanted RFIDs for Pervasive Healthcare Applications (2010)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a growing technology, with the potential for reducing medical errors and improving the quality of healthcare in hospitals. The benefits include more secure and safe access in the healthcare environment (with the possibility, for example, to track patients, personnel, and equipment), as well as providing the means to easily identify patients and their medications with low risk of error. In this paper, we present an overview of the challenges faced in antenna design, electromagnetic modeling and wave propagation for RFID implants. The performance of ultra-high-frequency (UHF) subcutaneous tag antennas was investigated numerically and validated with measurements. Furthermore, the wave propagation between an off-body reader and an implanted tag was analyzed, in both free space and a scattered indoor environment. Results demonstrated that a passive tag solution allows a very limited communication range, due to the body losses, the electrically small size of the antenna, and nulls in the radiation pattern. In comparison, a maximum communication range of 10 m was predicted as achievable for an active tag operating indoors with a limited power (-20 dBm).
Metabolism of CP-195,543, a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, in the Long-Evans rat and Cynomolgus monkey (1999)

1. The fate of [14C]CP-195,543, a novel leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, was studied following oral administration to the Long-Evans rat and Cynomolgus monkey. 2. Most of the radioactivity was primarily excreted in the faeces, and urine was a minor route of excretion. 3. CP-195,543 was extensively metabolized in the two species, primarily by two metabolic pathways: glucuronidation of unchanged CP-195,543 and oxidative metabolism, presumably by cytochrome P450. 4. The sites of glucuronidation were the carboxylic acid moiety and the hydroxy group. The ester glucuronide was the predominant glucuronide conjugate detected in the rat, whereas the monkey generated the ether as well as the ester glucuronide. 5. The structures of oxidative metabolites were elucidated using mass spectrometry (in the positive- and negative-ion mode) and 1H-NMR. The sites of hydroxylation were the benzylic group and the 3-position of the benzopyran ring. 6. This study has indicated that CP-195,543 was mainly eliminated by Phase II metabolism in both species.
New Correlations for Predicting the Density and Viscosity of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Under Conditions Expected in Carbon Capture and Sequestration Operations (2011)

Two new simple and explicit correlations have been proposed in the present paper to calculate the density and the viscosity of carbon dioxide under operational conditions anticipated for a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) project -pressure = 1100 -9000 psia (7 -62 MPa) and temperature = 40 -100 C. The new correlations can predict carbon dioxide density and viscosity well matched to the high accuracy carbon dioxide property data available through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) web database [1]. Substantial improvement over existing correlations has also been achieved with the new correlations.
Catalyzing the curing reaction of a new benzoxazine‐based phenolic resin (1995)

Abstract The effect of potential catalysts on the curing reaction of a new type of phenolic resins obtained from benzoxazine precursors is studied. These novel resins solve the shortcomings of traditional phenolics because they cure by a ring‐opening mechanism that avoids the release of volatiles. Isothermal and nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data is used to determine the influence of the catalysts on the curing kinetics. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is also applied. The benzoxazine chosen for this study is a purified benzoxazine monomer based on bisphenol‐A, formaldehyde, and aniline. The as‐synthesized benzoxazine precursor is also studied to determine the influence of the dimers and higher oligomers in the curing mechanism. The presence of these structures seems to catalyze the curing reactions. The activation energy and overall reaction order of the as‐synthesized precursor are determined. Among the catalysts tested, adipic acid shows the most promising results. For all the cases studied the curing reaction is autocatalyzed up to a diffusion‐controlled stage. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clinical Administration of New Antiepileptic Drugs: An Overview of Safety and Efficacy (1996)

Gabapentin, lamotrigine, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, and zonisamide are all administered as add-on therapy for treatment of patients with refractory epilepsy. To date, no comparative randomized trials have been performed that could potentially allow an evidence-based choice to be made between these antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). We report a series of meta-analyses of placebo-controlled, randomized add-on trials in patients with partial epilepsy. Results of these meta-analyses are compared, thus giving broad estimates of the comparative efficacy and tolerability of these AEDs. The efficacy outcome is the odds ratio for the number of patients with a > or = 50% reduction in seizure frequency. Reported side effects are also used as tolerability outcomes, and study withdrawal is used as a global outcome measure. Results are summarized as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). When each outcome is compared among drugs, the 95% CIs overlap. Therefore, no conclusive evidence of a difference in efficacy or tolerability between these AEDs was derived, even though the apparently most effective agent (topiramate) may be twice as effective as the apparently least effective agent (lamotrigine). Comparative randomized studies are needed to further evaluate these drugs.
SEEING ROUND THE BEND (1975)

As the speed of vehicles and the density of traffic increase, transport networks are going to need reliable communications system if they are to run efficiently and if present safety standards are to be maintained. Today, attention is being paid mostly to services in which vehicles run along set paths, such as railways, where means of transmitting intelligence are needed for obstacle detection as well as for ordinary communication.
Integrating with integrins. (1994)

Our central claim is that signaling by integrins provides a mechanism by which signals generated in response to adhesion, soluble hormones, and mechanical forces can interact. Such interactions permit cells to integrate these different classes of external stimuli and hence to orchestrate an efficient response. This integrating function of integrins is likely to be essential for much of development and physiology, as well as complex pathologies such as cancer. Understanding in detail how these signals are transduced and processed is likely to be an important area of research in the near future.
Die Spannbeton‐Schrägkabelbrücke über den Columbia zwischen Pasco und Kennewick im Staat Washington, USA. (1980)

Abstract Über Vorentwurf, Entwurf, Ausschreibungsverfahren, Konstruktion und Bauausführung der über insgesamt 750 m langen Schrägkabelbrücke mit 300 m Hauptöffnungsweite und einer Bauhöhe von 2.13 m. Die Brücke wurde aus bis zu 2700 kN schweren Fertigteilen errichtet. Die Herstellung erfolgte von den beiden Brückenpylonen her. Neben umfangreichen Untersuchungen für die rein statische Belastung wurden auch Berechnungen und Laborversuche zur dynamischen Stabilität infolge Wind‐ und Erdbebenbeanspruchung durchgeführt.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) concentration and PAF acetylhydrolase activity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (1994)

The authors studied the sequential changes in platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAF acetylhydrolase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levels of PAF in CSF showed a gradual increase after the onset of SAH, with a subsequent decrease. The PAF concentration between 5 and 9 days after SAH was greater in patients with cerebral infarction due to vasospasm than in patients without infarction. Conversely, PAF acetylhydrolase activity decreased gradually after SAH, then increased. The enzyme activity for the same period was smaller in patients with cerebral infarction than in patients without infarction. The distribution of the days of maximum PAF concentration and minimum PAF acetylhydrolase activity did not differ significantly between the two groups. The CSF as a source of PAF acetylhydrolase activity gave an apparent Michaelis constant value of 90.8 microM and a maximum velocity of 0.2 nmol/min/mg. The optimum pH level for the PAF acetylhydrolase activity obtained from CSF was 6.5. The enzyme activity of CSF increased, depending on the incubation temperature, ranging from 25 degrees to 45 degrees C. Ethylene-glycol tetra-acetic acid (1 mM) was found to inhibit PAF acetylhydrolase activity in CSF obtained from patients with SAH. Unaltered PAF acetylhydrolase activity was inhibited by adding an aliquot of CSF and minimum PAF acetylhydrolase activity decreased following SAH. Two peaks of inhibitory activity were detected on Sephacryl S-200 HR gel filtration: one was eluted in void volume and the other with an apparent molecular mass of 13 kD. The inhibitory activity was very labile and was lost completely within 3 days of incubation at 4 degrees C. The regulation of the PAF concentration in the CSF of SAH patients is discussed.