gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding aggregate morphology in colloidal systems through small-angle scattering and reverse Monte Carlo simulations (2008)

We have studied the three dimensional structure of aggregated colloidal silica at submicron length scales.Our efforts are part of an integrated research project[1-3] focused on constructing a verifiable model for reinforcement of elastomers by colloidal fillers using smallangle scattering techniques.Our work is aimed at developing a simulation-based modeling tool that enables us to visualize the microstructure of reinforcing fillers in three dimensions by fitting small-angle scattering data.We have developed a program based on 'C' programming language to describe scattering from a single aggregate.Our simulation creates the aggregate using a particle-cluster aggregation mechanism.The simulation then proceeds to make random moves on the aggregate surface while simultaneously fitting small angle scattering data on the system under study.Our results provide a real-space picture of aggregate structure that is consistent with scattering data and images obtained from electron microscopy.We estimate primary particle size accurately by generating aggregate morphology visualizations for different primary particle sizes.Visualizations for different primary particle size and size distributions provide a different qualitative picture of aggregate morphology for the same mass fractal dimension.We arrive at the correct value for primary particle size by matching the visualizations with the slopes of power-law regime in the mass fractal domain.We have also distinguished between the morphology of silica aggregates in powder and inside elastomer by applying our program to small-angle-scattering data on silica powder and silica-filled-elastomer systems.
Pitch detection with a neural-net classifier (1991)

Pitch detection based on neural-net classifiers is investigated. To this end, the extent of generalization attainable with neural nets is examined, and the choice of features is discussed. For pitch detection, two feature sets, one based on waveform samples and the other based on properties of waveform peaks, are introduced. Experiments with neural classifiers demonstrate that the latter feature set, which has better invariance properties, performs more successfully. It is found that the best neural-net pitch tracker approaches the level of agreement of human labellers on the same data set, and performs competitively in comparison to a sophisticated feature-based tracker. An analysis of the errors committed by the neural net (relative to the hand labels used for training) reveals that they are mostly due to inconsistent hand labeling of ambiguous waveform peaks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Initial Chemical Enrichment in Galaxies (1998)

We present evidence that damped Lyman-alpha galaxies detected in spectra of quasars may not have started forming stars until the redshift z~3. If damped Lyman-alpha absorbers are the progenitors of disk galaxies, then the above result may indicate that star formation in galactic disks first began at z~3.
Mechanical design of hedgehog spines and porcupine quills (1986)

The spines or quills of hedgehogs and porcupines are morphologically and mechanically different. In simple terms, it seems that the quills of porcupines are proportioned to be as long as possible without bending too easily when loaded axially. By contrast, the spines of the hedgehog are as short as possible while still able to bend when loaded axially. In addition, the hedgehog spines have an internal morphology which delays the onset of local buckling under these loads, thus enabling the spines to absorb larger amounts of mechanical energy. By contrast, the quills of Hystrix are designed to break at the tip. Thus, whilst the quills of the porcupine seem to be well adapted for keeping an enemy as far away as possible, the spines of the hedgehog probably have this as an incidental function. Their main function is much more likely to be that of a shock absorber or storage of impact energy when the animal falls from a height, a behavioural attribute which is reportedly common.
Identification of optimal strategies for building retrofit with unknown future energy costs (1983)

In the selection of the best alternative solution to reduce energy consumption in building one is confronted with at least two basic questions: how to choose the most cost-effective project and how to make a consistent choice even when the future of energy escalation rates is unknown. This paper shows that the computation of the marginal cost-effectiveness of any project against each other is a suitable solution to the first question. Concerning the second point, application of decision making analysis provides an attractive solution assuming that if it is impossible to know the exact values of future energy escalation rates it is at least possible to define an internal in which those values should be located. In this paper an original approach to assist the decision process is presented. Basic theory of decision making analysis is briefly summarized and then applied to the selection of the best project from a set of eight feasible solutions.
Daily Oral Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Preexposure Prophylaxis and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 among Men Who Have Sex with Men (2014)

Tenofovir in daily oral FTC/TDF PrEP may reduce the occurrence of ulcers in individuals with HSV-2 infection but does not protect against HSV-2 incidence among MSM.
Nitrophenol Resins for Facile Amide and Sulfonamide Library Synthesis (2003)

Novel nitrophenol solid supports based on various resin materials (polystyrene, TentaGel, macroporous, PEGA, and silica gel) are reported for facile amide and sulfonamide library synthesis. The broad choice of resin materials available will allow the reaction to occur successfully in solvents ranging from nonpolar organic solvents to aqueous media.
Poliovirus-encoded protease 2APro cleaves the TATA-binding protein but does not inhibit host cell RNA polymerase II transcription in vitro (1997)

Transient expression of the poliovirus-encoded protease 2APro in eukaryotic cells results in inhibition of both cellular transcription and translation. The inhibition of transcription observed in cells expressing 2APro could be due to a primary effect or secondary effect caused by inhibition of translation. Because transcriptional activity of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) is drastically reduced in poliovirus-infected cells, we determined if 2APro is able to cleave TBP in vitro. We demonstrate here that 2APro directly cleaves the single tyrosine-glycine bond at position 34 of TBP. This cleavage is also seen in poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Surprisingly, despite TBP cleavage 2APro was unable to inhibit RNA polymerase II transcription in vitro. Under similar conditions, however, 2APro inhibited translation of a capped cellular mRNA in vitro. Thus, cleavage of TBP at position 34 does not alter its transcriptional activity in vitro. These results suggest that inhibition of host cell RNA polymerase II transcription seen in cells transiently transfected with 2APro is due to host cell translational shutoff.
Toxicity evaluation of biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles using a zebrafish embryo model (2011)

Our results add new insights into the potential toxicity of nanoparticles produced by biodegradable materials, and may help us to understand better the nanotoxicity of drug delivery carriers.
Terahertz spectroscopy technology trend using 1550‐nm ultrafast fiber laser (2006)

Abstract Wideband terahertz (THz) wave generation and detection technologies and 1550‐nm ultrafast laser technologies are presented. The usage of a 1550‐nm ultrafast fiber laser will make the THz time domain spectroscopy system a more compact one with much lower costs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 439–443, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22165
Simple Scalable Video Compression Using 3-D Subband Coding (1996)

Three-dimensional (3-D) subband coding as a video compression system is particularly well suited for use where inexpensive, simple encoders are needed. Program production or teleconferencing are good examples. Since the system uses octave-width bands, it is inherently scalable. Real-time programmable hardware has been built to process video at various bit rates using this technique, and the results of these tests are discussed.
Coded exposure deblurring: Optimized codes for PSF estimation and invertibility (2009)

We consider the problem of single image object motion deblurring from a static camera. It is well-known that deblurring of moving objects using a traditional camera is ill-posed, due to the loss of high spatial frequencies in the captured blurred image. A coded exposure camera modulates the integration pattern of light by opening and closing the shutter within the exposure time using a binary code. The code is chosen to make the resulting point spread function (PSF) invertible, for best deconvolution performance. However, for a successful deconvolution algorithm, PSF estimation is as important as PSF invertibility. We show that PSF estimation is easier if the resulting motion blur is smooth and the optimal code for PSF invertibility could worsen PSF estimation, since it leads to non-smooth blur. We show that both criterions of PSF invertibility and PSF estimation can be simultaneously met, albeit with a slight increase in the deconvolution noise. We propose design rules for a code to have good PSF estimation capability and outline two search criteria for finding the optimal code for a given length. We present theoretical analysis comparing the performance of the proposed code with the code optimized solely for PSF invertibility. We also show how to easily implement coded exposure on a consumer grade machine vision camera with no additional hardware. Real experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed codes for motion deblurring.
An Optical Interferometer Using Polarization Coding to Obtain Quadrature Phase Components (1970)

We have demonstrated the feasibility of using polarization coding in an interferometric measurement of optical phase. Phase variations can be followed continuously, relative to the beginning of any desired time interval. Typical phase fluctuations of a laser beam traversing the open turbulent atmosphere are presented.
Improved Focused Ion Beam Target Preparation of (S)TEM Specimen—A Method for Obtaining Ultrathin Lamellae (2012)

Specimen quality is vital to (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations. In particular, thin specimens are required to obtain excellent high-resolution TEM images. Conventional focused ion beam (FIB) preparation methods cannot be employed to reliably create high quality specimens much thinner than 20 nm. We have developed a method for in situ target preparation of ultrathin TEM lamellae by FIB milling. With this method we are able to routinely obtain large area lamellae with coplanar faces, thinner than 10 nm. The resulting specimens are suitable for low kV TEM as well as scanning TEM. We have demonstrated atomic resolution by Cs-corrected high-resolution TEM at 20 kV on a FIB milled Si specimen only 4 nm thick; its amorphous layer measuring less than 1 nm in total.
Cellular Mobile Systems Engineering (1997)

From the Publisher:
This comprehensive new guide brings you up to date on the key concepts, underlying principles, and practical applications of fast-moving cellular communication technology  presenting timely information that you can put to use immediately in tackling real-world design problems.

Beginning with a concise description of the development and characteristics of cellular radio, the book quickly moves on to give in-depth coverage of the latest AMPS, TDMA and CDMA techniques and suggests new approaches to deployment issues, including:

? AMPS coexistence with TDMA and CDMA
? Channel capacity and performance enhancement
? Frequency planning
? RF propagation prediction
? Cost-effective cell-site deployment (for indoor/outdoor PCS and microcell)

More than 200 detailed illustrations, over 300 equations, and numerous practical examples help clarify your understanding of FDMA, direct-sequence CDMA, and other vital engineering methods currently in use worldwide.

Cellular Mobile Systems Engineering is an invaluable fingertip reference for engineers designing and developing cellular systems, managers involved in systems-planning, researchers, and instructors. It is also an excellent primer for final-year undergraduate and graduate-level engineering students.
Detailed Investigation of the Immunodominant Role of O‐Antigen Stoichiometric O‐Acetylation as Revealed by Chemical Synthesis, Immunochemistry, Solution Conformation and STD‐NMR Spectroscopy for <i>Shigella flexneri</i> 3a (2016)

Shigella flexneri 3a causes bacillary dysentery. Its O-antigen has the {2)-[α-d-Glcp-(1→3)]-α-l-Rhap-(1→2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→3)-[Ac→2]-α-l-Rhap-(1→3)-[Ac→6]≈40 % -β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→} ([(E)ABAc CAc D]) repeating unit, and the non-O-acetylated equivalent defines S. flexneri X. Propyl hepta-, octa-, and decasaccharides sharing the (E')A'BAc CD(E)A sequence, and their non-O-acetylated analogues were synthesized from a fully protected BAc CD(E)A allyl glycoside. The stepwise introduction of orthogonally protected mono- and disaccharide imidate donors was followed by a two-step deprotection process. Monoclonal antibody binding to twenty-six S. flexneri types 3a and X di- to decasaccharides was studied by an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and STD-NMR spectroscopy. Epitope mapping revealed that the 2C -acetate dominated the recognition by monoclonal IgG and IgM antibodies and that the BAc CD segment was essential for binding. The glucosyl side chain contributed to a lesser extent, albeit increasingly with the chain length. Moreover, tr-NOESY analysis also showed interaction but did not reveal any meaningful conformational change upon antibody binding.
Machine Learning Applications for Precision Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review (2020)

Agriculture plays a vital role in the economic growth of any country. With the increase of population, frequent changes in climatic conditions and limited resources, it becomes a challenging task to fulfil the food requirement of the present population. Precision agriculture also known as smart farming have emerged as an innovative tool to address current challenges in agricultural sustainability. The mechanism that drives this cutting edge technology is machine learning (ML). It gives the machine ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. ML together with IoT (Internet of Things) enabled farm machinery are key components of the next agriculture revolution. In this article, authors present a systematic review of ML applications in the field of agriculture. The areas that are focused are prediction of soil parameters such as organic carbon and moisture content, crop yield prediction, disease and weed detection in crops and species detection. ML with computer vision are reviewed for the classification of a different set of crop images in order to monitor the crop quality and yield assessment. This approach can be integrated for enhanced livestock production by predicting fertility patterns, diagnosing eating disorders, cattle behaviour based on ML models using data collected by collar sensors, etc. Intelligent irrigation which includes drip irrigation and intelligent harvesting techniques are also reviewed that reduces human labour to a great extent. This article demonstrates how knowledge-based agriculture can improve the sustainable productivity and quality of the product.
Do mesenchymal stem cells function across species barriers? Relevance for xenotransplantation (2012)

The data provided by this literature search strengthen the hypothesis that pig MSC will function satisfactorily in a different species, for example, humans. The data also suggest that our own in vitro observations on the efficacy of pig MSC in downregulating the strength of the human T-cell response to pig antigens will likely be reproduced in vivo in pre-clinical large animal models and in clinical trials.
Blown Soybean Oil Ceramer Coatings for Corrosion Protection (2003)

Abstract A series of ceramer coatings were formulated using blown soybean oil as the organic phase, and sol‐gel precursors [titanium( IV ) isopropoxide, titanium( IV ) diisopropoxide bisacetoacetonate, and zirconium propoxide] as the inorganic phase. The corrosion resistance of the ceramer coatings was evaluated using failure‐at‐scribe and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on aluminium after exposure in a Prohesion Chamber. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA) were also used to evaluate the coatings after exposure. The ceramer coatings demonstrated higher pull‐off adhesion, impedance modulus (after exposure), and lower failure‐at‐scribe than the blown soybean oil film. It was surmised that the addition of sol‐gel precursor enhanced the corrosion protective properties of the ceramer coatings via a self‐assembling layer of metal‐oxo clusters at the film substrate (aluminium) interface. Impedance modulus of TIP‐based ceramer coatings as a function of exposure time. magnified image Impedance modulus of TIP‐based ceramer coatings as a function of exposure time.
<i>All‐trans</i> retinoic acid displays multiple effects on the growth, lipogenesis and adipokine gene expression of AML‐I preadipocyte cell line (2012)

Adipose tissue is a potential site of retinoic acid (RA) action, but its physiological significance remains to be clarified. We have examined the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on growth and differentiation of preadipocytes, and on adipokine gene expression in mature adipocytes using human preadipocyte cell model, AML-I. Both ATRA and 9-cis RA induced growth arrest in AML-I preadipocyte at between 50 and 100 µM, which was accompanied by apoptosis. Western blotting showed a loss of NF-κB, Bcl-2 and p-Akt, and the accumulation of Bad and Akt in cytoplasm of ATRA-treated AML-I preadipocytes. Exposure of AML-I to ATRA or 9-cis RA increased intracellular lipid accumulation in a time-dependent manner compared to vehicle-treated cells. Expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) proteins was increased in ATRA-treated cells. Thus, both ATRA and 9-cis RA promoted differentiation, inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in AML-I preadipocytes. ATRA also modulated adipokine expression by increasing the mRNA level of adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin and LPL), and by inhibiting PAI-1 mRNA expression in mature AML-I adipocytes. The data suggest that ATRA exerts a wide range of effects--growth arrest, apoptosis, lipogenesis and modulation of adipokine gene expression--during the maturation of preadipocytes into adipocytes.
Intermittent DCF: a MAC protocol for Cognitive Radios in Overlay Access Networks (2009)

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Low voltage organic light-emitting devices with triphenylphosphine oxide layer (2008)

We have developed low voltage driving organic light-emitting devices using triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3PO) layers. The devices with a Ph3PO layer show high current density at a low voltage. For example, the current density of 20mA∕cm2 is achieved at a low voltage of 2.9V for the device consisted of 4,4′,4″-tris[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino]-triphenylamine (2-TNATA), 4,4′-bis(2,2′-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi), and Ph3PO layers. Due to the good electron conduction property of Ph3PO, a luminance of 1017cd∕m2 is achieved at a low voltage of 3.0V in a device with a structure of ITO/2-TNATA/DPVBi:rubrene (1%,10nm)∕DPVBi (30nm)∕Ph3PO (60nm)∕LiF∕Al.
ZnGeP_2 parametric amplifier (1998)

A ZnGeP2 parametric amplifier was constructed, and the small-signal gain of a 3.39-μm He–Ne laser in excess of 10 was measured. With a 2.06-μm Ho:Tm:Er:YLF laser having a nominal 50-ns pulse length as a pump, small-signal gain was measured as a function of pump power. When compared with the predicted gain, taking into account the beam profile of both the pump and the signal, good agreement was found at low pump powers. However, the observed gain was less than predicted at higher pump powers. Pump-induced loss at 3.39 μm, a phenomenon not observed in other nonlinear crystals such as AgGeSe2, causes the difference. Pump-induced loss was observed when the ZnGeP2 crystal was tilted away from the phase-matching angle. Pump-induced loss at 3.39 μm was characterized and found to be directly proportional to the pump energy.
Molecular Cloning of Gene Sequences Regulated by Tumor Promoters and Mitogens through Protein Kinase C (1987)

cDNA clones representing genes whose expression is modulated by treatment with mitogens and tumor promoters were isolated and characterized. TPA-S1 corresponds to an mRNA species whose abundance was increased markedly within 1 h of exposure to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and TPA-R1 represents an mRNA that was decreased in TPA-treated cells. The induction of TPA-S1 was blocked by actinomycin D but was not affected by cycloheximide, and it was specific for phorbol esters with tumor-promoting activity. The role of protein kinase C in the induction of TPA-S1 is supported by the following lines of evidence. (i) Agents that activated protein kinase C (TPA, platelet-derived growth factor, and diacylglycerol) also increased TPA-S1 mRNA levels. (ii) A potent PKC inhibitor blocked the induction of TPA-S1. (iii) Down-regulation of PKC activity, by treatment of cells with TPA for 24 h, resulted in a loss of responsiveness to TPA-S1 induction by subsequent TPA treatment. DNA sequence analysis of TPA-S1 predicts a cysteine-rich, secreted protein with a molecular weight of 22.6 X 10(3) that exhibits homology with sequences representing a protein with human erythroid-potentiating activity and protease inhibitory activity.
High-precision absolute distance and vibration measurement with frequency scanned interferometry (2005)

We report high-precision absolute distance and vibration measurements performed with frequency scanned interferometry using a pair of single-mode optical fibers. Absolute distance was determined by counting the interference fringes produced while scanning the laser frequency. A high-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer was used to determine frequency changes during scanning. Two multiple-distance-measurement analysis techniques were developed to improve distance precision and to extract the amplitude and frequency of vibrations. Under laboratory conditions, measurement precision of approximately 50 nm was achieved for absolute distances ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 m by use of the first multiple-distance-measurement technique. The second analysis technique has the capability to measure vibration frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 100 Hz with an amplitude as small as a few nanometers without a priori knowledge.