gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 levels affect alternative polyadenylation (2012)

The choice for a polyadenylation site determines the length of the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTRs) of an mRNA. Inclusion or exclusion of regulatory sequences in the 3'-UTR may ultimately affect gene expression levels. Poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) is involved in polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs. An alanine repeat expansion in PABPN1 (exp-PABPN1) causes oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). We hypothesized that previously observed disturbed gene expression patterns in OPMD muscles may have been the result of an effect of PABPN1 on alternative polyadenylation, influencing mRNA stability, localization and translation. A single molecule polyadenylation site sequencing method was developed to explore polyadenylation site usage on a genome-wide level in mice overexpressing exp-PABPN1. We identified 2012 transcripts with altered polyadenylation site usage. In the far majority, more proximal alternative polyadenylation sites were used, resulting in shorter 3'-UTRs. 3'-UTR shortening was generally associated with increased expression. Similar changes in polyadenylation site usage were observed after knockdown or overexpression of expanded but not wild-type PABPN1 in cultured myogenic cells. Our data indicate that PABPN1 is important for polyadenylation site selection and that reduced availability of functional PABPN1 in OPMD muscles results in use of alternative polyadenylation sites, leading to large-scale deregulation of gene expression.
MedMiner: An Internet Text-Mining Tool for Biomedical Information, with Application to Gene Expression Profiling (1999)

The trend toward high-throughput techniques in molecular biology and the explosion of online scientific data threaten to overwhelm the ability of researchers to take full advantage of available information. This problem is particularly severe in the rapidly expanding area of gene expression experiments, for example, those carried out with cDNA microarrays or oligonucleotide chips. We present an Internet-based hypertext program, MedMiner, which filters and organizes large amounts of textual and structured information returned from public search engines like GeneCards and PubMed. We demonstrate the value of the approach for the analysis of gene expression data, but MedMiner can also be extended to other areas involving molecular genetic or pharmacological information. More generally still, MedMiner can be used to organize the information returned from any arbitrary PubMed search.
Coextraction of Thrombomodulin and Tissue Factor from Human Placenta: Effects of Concanavalin A and Phospholipid Environment on Activity (1986)

Thrombomodulin and tissue factor activities have been co-extracted from human placenta by several non-ionic detergents, n-octylglucoside and Triton X-100 being the most efficient ones. The n-octylglucoside placenta extract had a strong cofactor activity in the activation of human protein C by human alpha-thrombin. Treatment of the n-octylglucoside and Triton X-100 placenta extracts by phospholipases C and A2 revealed that an adequate phospholipid environment is necessary for maximal thrombomodulin activity, while it is well known that this is crucial for tissue factor activity. Soluble concanavalin A reversibly inhibited thrombomodulin and tissue factor activities to the same extent. Con-A-Sepharose affinity chromatography of the Triton X-100 placenta extract resulted in the same proportion (30%) of these two activities bound to the lectin, which were subsequently eluted in the same fractions by a linear gradient of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside. This observation suggests that thrombomodulin activity is associated to a glycoprotein component presenting the same degree of carbohydrate heterogeneity, involving alpha-D-mannosyl or alpha-D-glucosyl residues, as tissue factor apoprotein. Relipidation of fraction eluted by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside was essential to detect tissue factor activity, it was also necessary to recover full thrombomodulin activity. An antibody to human brain tissue factor apoprotein inhibited human placenta tissue factor activity, whereas thrombomodulin activity was unaffected, suggesting that these two cellular activities are related to distinct molecular entities sharing striking functional and structural similarities.
Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine and on serum lipid-, protein- and glucose levels. (1991)

The influence of alpha-lipoic acid (LA, thioctic acid, CAS 62-46-4) on thyroid hormone metabolism and serum lipid-, protein- and glucose levels was investigated. In the first setup of experiments administration of LA together with thyroxine (T4) for 9 days suppressed the T4 induced increase of T3 generation by 56%. This suppression was similar to that affected by 6-propylthiouracil (54%). LA or T4 alone did not affect the cholesterol level, but together they led to a reduction. LA decreased the triglyceride level by 45%; the decrease induced by T4 or LA plus T4 was not significant. Total protein and albumin levels decreased by LA plus T4 treatment when compared to the LA control. The slight increase in glucose level by LA or T4 alone was not observed when they were administered together. In the second setup of experiments the administration of T4 for 22 days increased the serum T3 level 3-fold. When LA was combined with T4 and the treatment continued, the T3 production decreased by 22%. T4 reduced cholesterol level by 30%, and LA plus T4 further reduced it by 47%. The triglycerides were not affected. A moderate decrease in total protein was observed after treatment with T4 plus LA; T4 and LA plus T4 decreased the albumin level. The decrease in serum glucose by T4 recovers by LA treatment. These results demonstrate that LA interferes with the production of T3 from T4 when it is co-administered with T4. The elevated level of T3, after T4 administration, is reduced by treatment with LA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
<i>C</i><sup>8</sup>-Arylguanine and <i>C</i><sup>8</sup>-Aryladenine Formation in Calf Thymus DNA from Arenediazonium Ions (1999)

Arylhydrazides, arylhydrazines, and N-alkyl-N-arylnitrosamines are metabolized to arenediazonium ions which yield C8-arylpurine adducts in calf thymus and cellular DNA. The mechanism of adduct formation has not been fully elucidated. C8-Arylguanine adducts likely form from direct aryl radical (Ar*) addition to the C8 position of guanine. However, the amounts of C8-aryladenine adducts measured here are inconsistent with direct radical attack at the C8 position of adenine. An intermediate product, an aryltriazene, is likely formed which then decomposes to the C8-aryladenine adduct. We have demonstrated that N1-aryl-N3-purinyltriazene adducts are formed from a variety of para-substituted arenediazonium ions with adenine. Decomposition of the N1-aryl-N3-purinyltriazene, at high pH and elevated temperatures, has been shown to give C8-aryladenine derivatives, and a free radical mechanism for this process has been proposed. Here we show that this process can occur under physiological conditions and that the C8-aryladenine adduct can be quantitated by HPLC. ESR studies, in which DMPO was used as a spin trap, have been used to demonstrate the intermediacy of aryl radicals during the decomposition of the N1-aryl-N3-purinyltriazenes and to demonstrate that this process also occurs in calf thymus (ct) DNA treated with arenediazonium ions. These results suggest the involvement of an aryl radical in the formation of the observed DNA adducts. Finally, we have found that the treatment of ct DNA with arenediazonium ions produces a significant amount of depurination. Both the formation of C8-arylguanine and C8-aryladenine adducts and the generation of apurinic sites may contribute to the genotoxicity of arylhydrazides, arylhydrazines, N-alkyl-N-arylnitrosamines, and arenediazonium ions.
Susceptibility of Oral Bacteria to Various Fluoride Salts (1982)

Oral microorganisms were tested for their susceptibility to various fluoride salts. SnF2 and CuF2 had a better antimicrobial effect than did NaF and NH4F. Low pH enhanced the bactericidal effect of the fluoride salts. The results indicate that the cariostatic effect of fluoride is not due to a selective bactericidal effect on cariogenic bacteria.
Isoform Diversity among Fibroblast Growth Factor Homologous Factors Is Generated by Alternative Promoter Usage and Differential Splicing (2000)

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) homologous factors-1, -2, -3, and -4 (FHFs 1-4; also referred to as FGFs 11-14) comprise a separate branch of the FGF family and have been implicated in the development of the nervous system and limbs. We report here the characterization of multiple isoforms of FHF-1, -2, -3, and -4 which are generated through the use of alternative start sites of transcription and splicing of one or more of a series of alternative 5'-exons. Several isoforms show different subcellular distributions when expressed in transfected tissue culture cells, and the corresponding differentially spliced transcripts show distinct expression patterns in developing and adult mouse tissues. Together with the evolutionary conservation of the FHF isoforms among human, mouse, and chicken, these data indicate that alternative promoter use and differential splicing are important regulatory processes in controlling the activities of this subfamily of FGFs.
Reconfigurable Signal Processing in Wireless Terminals (2003)

In this paper, we show the necessity of reconfigurable hardware for data and signal processing in wireless mobile terminals. We first identify the key processing power requirements for realizing a third generation wireless mobile terminal with multi-link and multi-standard capabilities. This is done on the basis of two world applications: a flexible mobile rake receiver for UMTS/W-CDMA and an OFDM decoder for high-speed wireless LAN protocols. We present a software-defined concept and a system implementation for the signal processing in these applications. The system is based on a DSP for control-flow oriented tasks, dedicated hardware for predefined data-flow oriented tasks and reconfigurable hardware for software-defined data-flow oriented tasks. A new coarse-grained approach is used to implement the reconfigurable hardware, which is in the form of an array of processing elements and also contains resource management mechanisms. The features and programming concepts of the reconfigurable hardware are emphasized further in the text.
Suppressing Dendrite Growth during Zinc Electrodeposition by PEG-200 Additive (2013)

Electrodeposition of zinc at current densities close to the mass transport limit produces needle-like dendrites. Suppressing dendrites is of technological interest to applications in sacrificial corrosion protection coatings and flow batteries. In the present work, we report the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG, M.W. = 200) as an effective electrolyte additive to suppress dendrites during zinc electrodeposition from halide-based electrolytes. Dendrite growth rate is measured as a function of the PEG concentration using in situ optical microscopy, which shows that the dendrite suppression efficacy due to PEG increases with PEG concentration. Polarization experiments on a rotating disk electrode provide system parameters, i.e., the exchange current density and the cathodic transfer coefficient, which confirm that PEG suppresses the zinc electrodeposition kinetics. The kinetic parameters are incorporated into a simple electrochemical model for activation-controlled dendrite propagation. The model predicts an order of magnitude reduction in the zinc dendrite growth rates in the presence of high concentration of PEG (10000 ppm), consistent with experimental findings.
Design of an advanced computer writing tool (2002)

This paper describes the development of an advanced computer writing tool, called SmartPen. The SmartPen is a computer pen that enables simultaneous writing on paper and on computer. The position of the pen on the writing surface is calculated through measurements of miniature force and acceleration sensors mounted in the pen body. In first instance, the measurements serve as input for a graphic data file. Further processing can lead to a standard text format. As the SmartPen has also a push-button, mouse and joystick functions can be emulated. This paper will concentrate on the development of the force and acceleration sensors together with the overall pen body design. The forces or accelerations during writing are measured with a miniaturised force and acceleration sensor based on strain gauge technology. The design is optimised for mass production and also includes a mechanical protection against shock loading (e.g. when the pen falls from your desk). The pen body is designed as a highly integrated electro-mechanical connector providing a mechanical ground for all force measurements and the necessary electrical connections. Moulded interconnect device technology is used to realise these functions in one single element, thus eliminating nearly all wiring.
Noise reduction using a soft-decision sine-wave vector quantizer (2002)

Noise reduction is performed in the context of a high-quality harmonic zero-phase sine-wave analysis/synthesis system which is characterized by sine-wave amplitudes, a voicing probability, and a fundamental frequency. Least-squared error estimation of a harmonic sine-wave representation leads to a soft decision template estimate consisting of sine-wave amplitudes and a voicing probability. The least-squares solution is modified to use template-matching with nearest neighbors. The reconstruction is improved by using the modified least-squares solution only in spectral regions with low signal-to-noise ratio. The results, although preliminary, provide evidence that harmonic zero-phase sine-wave analysis/synthesis, combined with effective estimation of sine-wave amplitudes and probability of voicing, offers a promising approach to noise reduction. >
A License Plate-Recognition Algorithm for Intelligent Transportation System Applications (2006)

In this paper, a new algorithm for vehicle license plate identification is proposed, on the basis of a novel adaptive image segmentation technique (sliding concentric windows) and connected component analysis in conjunction with a character recognition neural network. The algorithm was tested with 1334 natural-scene gray-level vehicle images of different backgrounds and ambient illumination. The camera focused in the plate, while the angle of view and the distance from the vehicle varied according to the experimental setup. The license plates properly segmented were 1287 over 1334 input images (96.5%). The optical character recognition system is a two-layer probabilistic neural network (PNN) with topology 108-180-36, whose performance for entire plate recognition reached 89.1%. The PNN is trained to identify alphanumeric characters from car license plates based on data obtained from algorithmic image processing. Combining the above two rates, the overall rate of success for the license-plate-recognition algorithm is 86.0%. A review in the related literature presented in this paper reveals that better performance (90% up to 95%) has been reported, when limitations in distance, angle of view, illumination conditions are set, and background complexity is low.
Heat Conduction in an Anisotropic Medium Homogeneous in Cylindrical Regions—Unsteady State (1977)

A number of problems of heat conduction in an anisotropic medium of a monoclinic system which is homogeneous in circular cylinder coordinates are solved through the use of Green’s functions. Regions of solid and hollow cylinders, and an infinite region bounded internally by a cylindrical surface with boundary conditions of Dirichlet, Neumann, and mixed types are considered. Calculated results for two examples are shown, and the effects of material anisotropy on the temperature field are discussed. This paper is the first of a series to be reported in the open literature concerning the analytical solution for heat conduction in anisotropic media which are homogeneous in circular cylinder and rectangular coordinate systems.
A systematic approach to testing and predicting light-material interactions (2019)

Photographers and lighting designers set up lighting environments that best depict objects and human figures to convey key aspects of the visual appearance of various materials, following rules drawn from experience. Understanding which lighting environment is best adapted to convey which key aspects of materials is an important question in the field of human vision. The endless range of natural materials and lighting environments poses a major problem in this respect. Here we present a systematic approach to make this problem tractable for lighting-material interactions, using optics-based models composed of canonical lighting and material modes. In two psychophysical experiments, different groups of inexperienced observers judged the material qualities of the objects depicted in the stimulus images. In the first experiment, we took photographs of real objects as stimuli under canonical lightings. In a second experiment, we selected three generic natural lighting environments on the basis of their predicted lighting effects and made computer renderings of the objects. The selected natural lighting environments have characteristics similar to the canonical lightings, as computed using a spherical harmonic analysis. Results from the two experiments correlate strongly, showing (a) how canonical material and lighting modes associate with perceived material qualities; and (b) which lighting is best adapted to evoke perceived material qualities, such as softness, smoothness, and glossiness. Our results demonstrate that a system of canonical modes spanning the natural range of lighting and materials provides a good basis to study lighting-material interactions in their full natural ecology.
Control of reactivity at the porphyrin periphery by metal ion co-ordination: a general method for specific nitration at the β-pyrrolic position of 5,10,15,20-tetra-arylporphyrins (1984)

The site of nitration by nitrogen dioxide on a range of metalloporphyrins has been found to be dependent on the co-ordinated metal; copper(II), nickel(II), and palladium(II) complexes are nitrated specifically on the porphyrin β-pyrrolic position while magnesium(II), zinc(II), chloroiron(III), and cobalt(II) complexes also give products which result from reaction at the meso-position.
COMPLETING THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPETITION INTO THE AUSTRALIAN ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY (2002)

In January 2002 all consumers in New South Wales and Victoria gained the ability to exercise choice of their retail electricity supplier. This introduction of 'full retail competition' is the final stage of the reform process that began in Australia in 1991. Over the course of the 1990s the electricity industry has been radically reformed in terms of its structure and the manner in which it delivers electricity. Vertically integrated companies have been separated, a national wholesale market established, retail choice introduced and in some cases state owned assets pnvatised. From the point of view of consumers, however, it is the introduction of retail competition in the mass market that provides the most visible change to the manner in which they deal with the supply of electricity. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of retail competition in electricity and the cost and benefits of its implementation. In particular the potential benefits will be identified, both to consumers and to the creation of a dynamic industry that provides for an optimal allocation of resources. In the first section the general background to the reform of the Australian electricity industry is given. In the following section the benefits to consumers in terms of electricity pricing are noted. In the third section the costs of retail competition are identified and in the final section some of the dynamic benefits of retail competition are analysed. [Introduction]
Sylow Subgroups and the Number of Operators Whose Orders Are Powers of the Same Prime (1933)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
The effect of needleless electrospun nanofibrous interleaves on mechanical properties of carbon fabrics/epoxy laminates (2013)

The effect of polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous interlaminar layers on the impact properties of unidirectional and woven carbon fabric (CF)-reinforced epoxy (EP) matrix composites was investigated. The nanofibers were produced directly on the surface of carbon fabrics by a needleless electrospinning method, and composites were then prepared by vacuum-assisted impregnation. Interlaminar shear stress tests, three-point bending, Charpy-impact and instrumented falling weight tests were carried out. The fracture surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Due to the nano-sized reinforcements, the interlaminar shear strength of the woven and unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites was enhanced by 7 and 11%, respectively. In the case of the falling weight impact tests carried out on woven reinforced composites, the nanofibers increased the absorbed energy to maximum force by 64% compared to that measured for the neat composite. The Charpy impact tests indicated that the nanofiber interleaves also led to a significant increase in the initiation and total break energies. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the presence of nanofibers can effectively increase the impact properties of composites without compromising their in-plane properties because the thickness of the composites was not altered by the presence of interleaves. The improvement of the impact properties can be explained by the good load distribution behavior of the nanofibers.
Efficient bit-rate estimation technique for CABAC (2008)

CABAC is the entropy coding method adopted in H.264/AVC main profile. The combination of CABAC and RDO can represent an improvement in bit rate of around 20%. However, the computation complexity of video encoding increases drastically. To improve the coding performance, this paper proposes a transform-domain bit-rate estimation method for CABAC, which estimates the bit-rate of coding blocks based on the quantized transform coefficients and motion vector differences. Based on the bit-rate estimation method, a fast mode decision algorithm is presented, in which the estimated bit-rate values instead of the actual ones after entropy coding are adopted to calculate the Language cost in RDO mode decision and the entropy coding is performed only on the optimal mode. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm saves about 33% of total encoding time while the losses of PSNR and bit-rate are negligible.
Adaptive Word Sense Disambiguation Using Lexical Knowledge in a Machine-readable Dictionary (2000)

This paper describes a general framework for adaptive conceptual word sense disambiguation. The proposed system begins with knowledge acquisition from machine-readable dictionaries. Central to the approach is the adaptive step that enriches the initial knowledge base with knowledge gleaned from the partial disambiguated text. Once the knowledge base is adjusted to suit the text at hand, it is applied to the text again to finalize the disambiguation decision. Definitions and example sentences from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English are employed as training materials for word sense disambiguation, while passages from the Brown corpus and Wall Street Journal (WSJ) articles are used for testing. An experiment showed that adaptation did significantly improve the success rate. For thirteen highly ambiguous words, the proposed method disambiguated with an average precision rate of 70.5% for the Brown corpus and 77.3% for the WSJ articles.