gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the energy variation of an electron linac using a Cerenkov detector (2010)

A new method to monitor the energy variation of a multi-energy electron linac by combining a Cerenkov detector and a CsI(Tl) detector is reported. The signals in the Cerenkov detector show an appreciable but different dependence on the energy of the electron linac from the traditional CsI(Tl) detector due to the particular response of the former to charged electrons with high velocity above threshold. The method is more convenient than the HVL (half-value layer) method which is commonly employed to calibrate the energy of an electron linac for real time monitoring. The preliminary validity of the method is verified in a dual-energy electron linac with 6 MeV and 3 MeV gears. Moreover, the method combining the Cerenkov detector and the CsI(Tl) detector is applicable to probe the X-ray spectrum hardened by the inspected material and may serve as a novel tool for material discrimination with effective atomic number in radiation imaging.
Serum Triglyceride Concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with and without a History of Probable Pancreatitis (2010)

Miniature Schnauzers with a history of pancreatitis were 5 times more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia than controls. Hypertriglyceridemia might be associated with the development of pancreatitis in some dogs of this breed. Additional studies are needed to further clarify the role of hypertriglyceridemia in the development of pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers as well as other dog breeds.
Turbulence assessment and decision making on the flight deck and in the cabin (2003)

In order to understand how commercial airline pilots and flight attendants (FAs) assess and make decisions concerning clear air turbulence (CAT), two surveys were conducted (Search Technology, 1998a; 1998b). Questions asked how pilots assess turbulence including what information they gather and use during the pre-flight and in-flight phases. Although the FAA has recommended turbulence procedures, the surveys were designed to investigate what decisions they actually make in turbulence. A previous paper details the pilot survey results (Bass & Ernst-Fortin, 1999). This paper discusses the FA survey results, differences found between the two communities with regard to turbulence judgments and decision making, and suggested improvements.
Serum bone sialoprotein in patients with primary breast cancer is a prognostic marker for subsequent bone metastasis. (1999)

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a noncoflagenous bone matrix protein that is important for both mineralization and cell-cell interactions. Tissue studies in primary breast cancers have shown that immunohistochemical expression of BSP is associated with a high incidence of bone metastases in the course of the disease. We used a RIA to investigate the importance of serum BSP as a marker for subsequent bone metastases. Between 1994 and 1996, preoperative blood samples were collected from 388 consecutive patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer and from 30 control patients with benign breast disease. Serum BSP concentrations were measured in a blinded fashion by RIA. The cutoff for elevated serum BSP values was 24 ng/ml, ie., two SDs above the normal mean value. Serum BSP was correlated with the risk of metastasis and analyzed with regard to its prognostic value. After a median follow-up period of only 20 months, 28 patients had developed metastases. Fourteen patients had bone metastases only, 9 visceral metastases only, and 5 a combination of osseous and visceral metastases. Of the 19 women with skeletal metastases, 17 had preoperative serum BSP values in excess of 24 ng/ml (median BSP values: 48.3 ng/ml for isolated metastatic bone disease, 30.6 ng/ml for combined metastases), whereas none of the women with visceral metastases only had elevated serum BSP concentrations (median BSP value: 12.3 ng/ml). The median serum BSP value in the control group (benign breast disease) was 8.8 ng/ml serum BSP; levels correlated with the size of the primary tumor, but not with any other prognostic factors. Using a multivariate regression analysis, serum BSP was found to be the most important independent prognostic factor for the development of skeletal metastasis (P < 0.001; relative risk, 94); its specificity was 96.7%, and its sensitivity was 89.5%. Our study shows that patients with preoperatively elevated serum BSP levels are at high risk of subsequent bone metastases in the first years after primary surgery. The mechanism of BSP in the pathogenesis of skeletal metastases is unclear. Because BSP contains an integrin recognition sequence, its expression in tumor cells may facilitate their adhesion to the bone surface. However, it is possible that a proportion of circulation BSP is derived from normal or tumor-induced bone turnover. Breast cancer patients with elevated serum BSP levels may benefit from osteoprotective adjuvant therapy with bisphosphonates.
Isoforms of corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan. (1990)

Bovine corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan was found to contain three major protein components. Two proteins (37 and 25 kDa) were released from the proteoglycan by endo-beta-galactosidase, N-glycanase, or chemical deglycosylation. A smaller protein (20 kDa), not covalently linked to keratan sulfate, co-purified with the proteoglycan by conventional and high performance ion exchange chromatography, by ethanol precipitation, and by affinity purification on columns of monoclonal antibody to keratan sulfate, but could be separated from the proteoglycan by gel filtration chromatography in dissociative agents. The three proteins produced different fragmentation patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after digestion with V8 protease, and each had unique two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the core proteins differed. In addition, the proteoglycans containing these proteins differed in molecular size, suggesting different levels of glycosylation of the two core proteins. Similarity of the core proteins was suggested by similar amino acid composition, similarities in tryptic maps, and antigenic cross-reactivity. Corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan, therefore, seems to occur in two different, but related, forms whose core proteins may represent members of a homologous family.
Automatic Corpus Expansion for Chinese Word Segmentation by Exploiting the Redundancy of Web Information (2014)

Currently most of state-of-the-art methods for Chinese word segmentation (CWS) are based on supervised learning, which depend on large scale annotated corpus. However, these supervised methods do not work well when we deal with a new different domain without enough annotated corpus. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically expand the training corpus for the out-of-domain texts by exploiting the redundant in-formation on Web. We break up a complex and uncertain segmentation by resorting to Web for an ample supply of relevant easy-to-segment sentences. Then we can pick out some reliable segmented sentences and add them to corpus. With the augmented corpus, we can re-train a better segmenter to resolve the original complex segmentation. The experimental results show that our approach can more effectively and stably improve the performance of CWS. Our method also provides a new viewpoint to enhance the perfor-mance of CWS by automatically expanding corpus rather than developing complicated algorithms or features. 1
Kalman filtering with state equality constraints (2002)

Kalman filters are commonly used to estimate the states of a dynamic system. However, in the application of Kalman filters there is often known model or signal information that is either ignored or dealt with heuristically. For instance, constraints on state values (which may be based on physical considerations) are often neglected because they do not fit easily into the structure of the Kalman filter. A rigorous analytic method of incorporating state equality constraints in the Kalman filter is developed. The constraints may be time varying. At each time step the unconstrained Kalman filter solution is projected onto the state constraint surface. This significantly improves the prediction accuracy of the filter. The use of this algorithm is demonstrated on a simple nonlinear vehicle tracking problem.
Reflection Coefficient Measurements in the L-Band with Low Directivity Antennas in a Multipath Site (2018)

Reflection coefficient measurements can be performed by using two antennas and a material under test sample of a known radar cross section. At frequencies in the L-band high-directivity antennas such as horn antennas would have large physical size. In this work, we propose a method for measuring the reflection coefficient based on planar, low-directivity antennas. Although they are smaller than horn antennas corrections concerning the effect of the mutual proximity on the mutual coupling and on the global radiation pattern should be taken into account. We also propose a new version of our distance averaging method adapted to radar-type configurations in order to measure the reflection coefficient in a multipath site. Our approach was validated by measurements on a rectangular aluminum plate.
A Full-Bridge DC&#x2013;DC Converter WithZero-Voltage-Switching Overthe Entire Conversion Range (2008)

A new topology of full-bridge dc-dc converter is proposed featuring zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) of active switches over the entire conversion range. In contrast to conventional techniques, the stored energy in the auxiliary inductor of the proposed converter is minimal under full-load condition and it progressively increases as the load current decreases. Therefore, the ZVS operation over the entire conversion range is achieved without significantly increasing full-load conduction loss making the converter particularly suitable in applications where the output is required to be adjustable over a wide range and load resistance is fixed (e.g., an electromagnet power supply). The principle of operation is described and the considerations in the design of converter are discussed. Performance of the proposed converter is verified with experimental results on a 500-W, 100-kHz prototype.
Quasi-resonance enhancement of laser-induced-fluorescence diagnosis of endometriosis (1990)

Endometriosis, a common disease in women in the reproductive age group, is defined pathologically by the presence of endometrial tissue (inner lining of the uterus) outside the uterus. The displaced tissue is histologically identical to endometrium. In addition to being a highly prevalent disease, this disease is associated with many distressing and debilitating symptoms. Motivated by the need to improve diagnosis by endoscopic imaging instrumentation, we have previously used several drugs to cause selective laser-induced fluorescence of active surgically induced endometriosis in the rabbit model in vivo using ultraviolet-wavelength (351.1 and 363.8 nm) excitation from an argon-ion laser. In the present study we have investigated methods of enhancing differentiation between normal and abnormal tissue by using other excitation wavelengths. In addition to an enhanced capability for detecting abnormal tissue, there are several other advantages associated with using visible-wavelength excitation, such as deeper penetration into the tissue, as well as increased equipment performance, reliability, versatility, and availability. The disadvantage is that because only wavelengths longer than the excitation wavelength can be used for detection, some of the spectral information is lost. Because human endomeiriosis samples were somewhat limited in quantity, as well as specimen size, we used normal ovarian tissue for the laser-induced-fluorescence differentiation-enhancement studies. Positive enhancement of the laser-induced- fluorescence differentiation was found in human ovarian tissue in vitro utilizing 514.5-nm excitation from an argonion laser. Additionally, preliminary verification of this concept was accomplished in active surgically induced endometriosis in the rabbit model in vivo with visible argon-ion laser excitation of two tetracycline-based drugs. Future experiments with other drug treatments and excitation/detection parameters are planned.
Age-dependent prevalence and clinical features of migraine (2006)

The profile of migraine changes over the life span and suggests three nonexclusive profiles. In many, migraine remits. In some patients with migraine, attacks get less typical, resembling probable migraine instead of full migraine. In some, migraine progresses.
Further Insight into the Perception of Quantitative Information: Judgments of Gist in Treatment Decisions (2007)

For supporting older people's judgments of relative extent, risk information is best presented using vertical bars with a scale; the format systematic ovals with a scale are among the next most easily processed.
Isolation and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides from Slime-Forming Mesophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria (1992)

Ropy strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, and Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei produced heteropolysaccharides, when grown in milk and ultrafiltrate, containing primarily galactose and glucose with the former predominating. However, small amounts of mannose, rhamnose, and pentoses were also identified. The amounts of polysaccharide produced ranged from 30 to 600 mg/L of culture medium; they were 50 to 60% higher when strains grew at 25 instead of 30'C. Addition of glucose or sucrose to both milk and ultrafiltrate markedly enhanced exopolysaccharide production and modified the monosaccharide composition with glucose becoming dominant.
Thermal oxidation of polypropylene in the temperature range of 120–280°c (1984)

Abstract Thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene films at 120–280°C in air was studied. Separation and identification of the volatiles formed was carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Sixteen products were tentatively identified for the first time. Altogether, 50 compounds representing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids are reported. Oxygen deficiency is manifested in diffusion‐limited products of olefines, dienes, and aromatic compounds. The relative amounts of acetaldehyde and acetone are almost temperature independent in the range of 120–280°C. This indicates a similarity of oxidative degradation of the polymer in a broad temperature range. Addition of an antioxidant to the polymer depresses the evolution of the main volatiles by 9–10 times at 280°C. The relative amounts of the volatiles formed are, nevertheless, the same as for the polymer without an antioxidant. The mechanism of formation of the degradation products is discussed.
Detection of subgroups from flow cytometry measurements of heterotrophic bacterioplankton by image analysis (2001)

Investigation at the level of bacterial subgroups allowed a more detailed analysis than whole-community statistics and delivered essential and ecologically meaningful information. Image analysis proved to be an adequate tool to detect the subgroups without a priori knowledge.
[Thymus in systemic lupus erythematosus]. (1997)

The role of the thymus in pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus confirms that SLE is a severe autoimmune disease with T-suppressor insufficiency. The latter may be caused by both congenital factors (incompetence of thymic epithelial cells or interleucin-2 defect) and acquired in the course of the disease as a result of inactivation of the thymic hormones or thymic epithelial cells by circulating inhibitors. Measurements of serum thymic factor and evaluation of cellular immunity discovered thymus-dependent failure of antiinfection defense in SLE patients. Tactivin treatment produced a 3-fold increase in thymic activity.
Heparanases Produce Distinct Populations of Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (1997)

Once internalized, cell-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans are degraded to short glycosaminoglycans by the action of endoglycosidases or heparanases. We have begun to address the question of how many heparanases are responsible for this process by analyzing short heparan sulfate chains produced in vivo by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell heparanases. Short heparan sulfate chains were purified from CHO cells and labeled at the reducing end with [3H]NaBH4. Hydrolysis of the chains to monosaccharides and analysis of the 3H-sugar alcohols indicate that heparanase activities in CHO cells are endo-beta-glucuronidases. The modification state of the heparanase-derived glycosaminoglycans was examined by treating the [3H]heparan sulfate chains with nitrous acid or bacterial heparin lyases, which cut the chain at specific sequences, and analyzing the products by P2 gel filtration chromatography. Two populations of short chains were identified that differ in the extent of modification on the nonreducing side of the heparanase cleavage site. One class of chains is unmodified for at least 9 residues from the reducing end, while the other group has a modified domain within 3-7 residues from the heparanase cleavage site. Our results suggest a model of heparanase action where the enzymes recognize differences in sulfate content between modified and unmodified regions and bind to sites that encompass both domains. The enzymes then cleave the glycosaminoglycan at junctions between the modified and unmodified sequences to produce the different populations of short heparan sulfate chains.
A Theory of Inferred Causation. (1991)

This paper concerns the empirical basis of causation, and addresses the following issues: 1. the clues that might prompt people to perceive causal relationships in uncontrolled observations. 2. the task of inferring causal models from these clues, and 3. whether the models inferred tell us anything useful about the causal mechanisms that underly the observations. We propose a minimal-model semantics of causation, and show that, contrary to common folklore, genuine causal influences can be distinguished from spurious covariations following standard norms of inductive reasoning. We also establish a sound characterization of the conditions under which such a distinction is possible. We provide an effective algorithm for inferred causation and show that, for a large class of data the algorithm can uncover the direction of causal influences as defined above. Finally, we address the issue of non-temporal causation.
Three-Dimensional Implicit Stratigraphic Model Building From Remote Sensing Data on Tetrahedral Meshes: Theory and Application to a Regional Model of La Popa Basin, NE Mexico (2012)

Remote sensing data provide significant information to constrain the geometry of geological structures at depth. However, the use of intraformational geomorphologic features such as flatirons and incised valleys often calls for tedious user interaction during 3-D model building. We propose a new method to generate 3-D models of stratigraphic formations, based primarily on remote sensing images and digital elevation models. This method is based on interpretations of the main relief markers and interpolation of a stratigraphic property on a tetahedral mesh covering the domain of study. The tetrahedral mesh provides a convenient way to integrate available data during the interpolation while accounting for discontinuities such as faults. Interpretive expert input may be provided through constrained interactive editing on arbitrary cross-sections, and additional surface or subsurface data may also be integrated in the modeling. We demonstrate this global workflow on a structurally complex basin in the Sierra Madre Oriental, Northeastern Mexico.
Influence of Window Size on MAC-hs performance (2006)

Two main features of the MAC-hs protocol of HSDPA are retransmissions of erroneous blocks and in-sequence data delivery to the upper layer. The first function is fulfilled through the HARQ mechanism. The second function is achieved by managing transmitting/ receiving window and by using a specific numbering. This paper analyzes influence of MAC-hs window and release timer settings on the wireless transmission delay. Simulations show that the parameter setting has to be advisably set up in order to prevent an unnecessary increase of wireless delay.
Acquisition of anticancer drug resistance is partially associated with cancer stemness in human colon cancer cells (2016)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most aggressive cancers worldwide. Several anticancer agents are available to treat CRC, but eventually cancer relapse occurs. One major cause of chemotherapy failure is the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells, suspected to originate from the stem cell compartment. The aim of this study was to ask whether drug resistance was associated with the acquisition of stem cell-like properties. We isolated drug-resistant derivatives of two human CRC cell lines, HT29 and HCT116, using two anticancer drugs with distinct modes of action, oxaliplatin and docetaxel. HT29 cells resistant to oxaliplatin and both HT29 and HCT116 cells resistant to docetaxel were characterized for their expression of genes potentially involved in drug resistance, cell growth and cell division, and by surveying stem cell-like phenotypic traits, including marker genes, the ability to repair cell-wound and to form colonospheres. Among the genes involved in platinum or taxane resistance (MDR1, ABCG2, MRP2 or ATP7B), MDR1 was uniquely overexpressed in all the resistant cells. An increase in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, in cyclin D1 and in CD26, CD166 cancer stem cell markers, was noted in the resistant cells, together with a higher ability to form larger and more abundant colonospheres. However, many phenotypic traits were selectively altered in either HT29- or in HCT116-resistant cells. Expression of EPHB2, ITGβ-1 or Myc was specifically increased in the HT29-resistant cells, whereas only HCT116-resistant cells efficiently repaired cell- wounds. Taken together, our results show that human CRC cells selected for their resistance to anticancer drugs displayed a few stem cell characteristics, a small fraction of which was shared between cell lines. The occurrence of marked phenotypic differences between HT29- and HCT116-drug resistant cells indicates that the acquired resistance depends mostly on the parental cell characteristics, rather than on the drug type used.
A Low-Cost Sensor Network for Real-Time Monitoring and Contamination Detection in Drinking Water Distribution Systems (2014)

This paper presents a low cost and holistic approach to the water quality monitoring problem for drinking water distribution systems as well as for consumer sites. Our approach is based on the development of low cost sensor nodes for real time and in-pipe monitoring and assessment of water quality on the fly. The main sensor node consists of several in-pipe electrochemical and optical sensors and emphasis is given on low cost, lightweight implementation, and reliable long time operation. Such implementation is suitable for large scale deployments enabling a sensor network approach for providing spatiotemporally rich data to water consumers, water companies, and authorities. Extensive literature and market research are performed to identify low cost sensors that can reliably monitor several parameters, which can be used to infer the water quality. Based on selected parameters, a sensor array is developed along with several microsystems for analog signal conditioning, processing, logging, and remote presentation of data. Finally, algorithms for fusing online multisensor measurements at local level are developed to assess the water contamination risk. Experiments are performed to evaluate and validate these algorithms on intentional contamination events of various concentrations of escherichia coli bacteria and heavy metals (arsenic). Experimental results indicate that this inexpensive system is capable of detecting these high impact contaminants at fairly low concentrations. The results demonstrate that this system satisfies the online, in-pipe, low deployment-operation cost, and good detection accuracy criteria of an ideal early warning system.