gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plant Polyketide Synthases:  A Chalcone Synthase-Type Enzyme Which Performs a Condensation Reaction with Methylmalonyl-CoA in the Biosynthesis of C-Methylated Chalcones<sup>,</sup> (1998)

Heterologous screening of a cDNA library from Pinusstrobus seedlings identified clones for two chalcone synthase (CHS) related proteins (PStrCHS1 and PStrCHS2, 87.6% identity). Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli showed that PStrCHS1 performed the typical CHS reaction, that it used starter CoA-esters from the phenylpropanoid pathway, and that it performed three condensation reactions with malonyl-CoA, followed by the ring closure to the chalcone. PstrCHS2 was completely inactive with these starters and also with linear CoA-esters. Activity was detected only with a diketide derivative (N-acetylcysteamine thioester of 3-oxo-5-phenylpent-4-enoic acid) that corresponded to the CHS reaction intermediate postulated after the first condensation reaction. PstrCHS2 performed only one condensation, with 6-styryl-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone derivatives as release products. The enzyme preferred methylmalonyl-CoA against malonyl-CoA, if only methylmalonyl-CoA was available. These properties and a comparison with the CHS from Pinus sylvestris suggested for PstrCHS2 a special function in the biosynthesis of secondary products. In contrast to P. sylvestris, P. strobus contains C-methylated chalcone derivatives, and the methyl group is at the position predicted from a chain extension with methylmalonyl-CoA in the second condensation of the biosynthetic reaction sequence. We propose that PstrCHS2 specifically contributes the condensing reaction with methylmalonyl-CoA to yield a methylated triketide intermediate. We discuss a model that the biosynthesis of C-methylated chalcones represents the simplest example of a modular polyketide synthase.
J.E.T.T. Updates (1989)

There is a large number of people who pass daily on urban public transport, turning this vehicle class into a favorable driver for the spread of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi to its users. Given the above, the general objective of this research is to evaluate the infectious capacity of public transport. This research is a systematic review of an exploratory descriptive character; and for the initial analysis of the results obtained, all publications were submitted to a general reading and organized according to the year and nature of the publication. After conducting a thorough bibliographic review addressing the central theme and the inclusion / exclusion criteria of this research, it was found that public transport is a means of disseminating various microorganisms including fungi and bacteria, including Staphylococcus epidermidi; Staphylococcus aureus; Coagulase negative Staphylococcus; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella spp and Enterobacter cloacae.
Controlled Release of Perfumery Alcohols by Neighboring‐Group Participation. Comparison of the Rate Constants for the Alkaline Hydrolysis of 2‐Acyl‐, 2‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐, and 2‐Carbamoylbenzoates (2003)

Abstract A series of 2‐acylbenzoates 1 and 2 , 2‐(hydroxymethyl)benzoates 3 , 2‐carbamoylbenzoates 4 – 6 , as well as the carbamoyl esters 7 or 8 of maleate or succinate, respectively (see Fig. 2 ), were prepared in a few reaction steps, and the potential use of these compounds as chemical delivery systems for the controlled release of primary, secondary, and tertiary fragrance alcohols was investigated. The rate constants for the neighboring‐group‐assisted alkaline ester hydrolysis were determined by anal. HPLC in buffered H 2 O/MeCN solution at different pH ( Table 1 ). The rates of hydrolysis were found to depend on the structure of the alcohol, together with the precursor skeleton and the structure of the neighboring nucleophile that attacks the ester function. Primary alcohols were released more rapidly than secondary and tertiary alcohols, and benzoates of allylic primary alcohols ( e.g. , geraniol) were hydrolyzed 2–4 times faster than their homologous saturated alcohols ( e.g. , citronellol). For the same leaving alcohol, 2‐[(ethylamino)carbonyl]benzoates cyclized faster than the corresponding 2‐(hydroxymethyl)benzoates, and much faster than their 2‐formyl and 2‐acetyl analogues (see, e.g., Fig. 4 ). Within the carbamoyl ester series, 2‐[(ethylamino)carbonyl]benzoates were found to have the highest rate constants for the alkaline ester hydrolysis, followed by unsubstituted 2‐(aminocarbonyl)benzoates, or the corresponding isopropyl derivatives. To rationalize the influence of the different structural changes on the hydrolysis kinetics, the experimental data obtained for the 2‐[(alkylamino)carbonyl]benzoates were compared with the results of density‐functional computer simulations ( Table 2 and Scheme 4 ). Based on a preliminary semi‐empirical conformation analysis, density‐functional calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G** level were carried out for the starting precursor molecules, several reaction intermediates, and the cyclized phthalimides. For the same precursor skeleton, these simple calculations were found to model the experimental data correctly. With an understanding of the influence of structural parameters on the rate constants obtained in this work, it is now possible to influence the rates of hydrolysis over several orders of magnitude, to design tailor‐made precursors for a large variety of fragrance alcohols, and to predict their efficiency as controlled‐release systems in practical applications.
Stimulation of Bone Matrix Apposition<i>in Vitro</i>by Local Growth Factors: A Comparison between Insulin-like Growth Factor I, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, and Transforming Growth Factor β* (1990)

Many recent in vitro studies have shown effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) on the proliferation and differential functions of bone-forming osteoblasts; however, the question whether these factors might ultimately lead to a net increase or decrease in bone formation has been difficult to assess. In this study, we have used an autoradiographic method based on the incorporation of [3H]proline into freshly synthesized bone matrix to determine the overall effects of these factors on bone matrix apposition in 21-day-old fetal rat calvariae. IGF I, PDGF, and TGF beta increased bone matrix apposition in a dose-dependent manner up to 2-fold within 48 h. In addition, they partially or completely reversed the inhibition of bone matrix apposition observed with PTH. Exogenously added TGF beta was significantly more potent than equimolar concentrations of PDGF or IGF I in stimulating bone formation. Matrix apposition was greatest when IGF I, PDGF, and TGF beta were added simultaneously to the culture medium, indicating that these factors can enhance each other in stimulating bone formation. In conclusion, our results provide direct evidence that IGF I, PDGF, and TGF beta are capable of stimulating bone formation in vitro.
Erratum: Rocking curve peak shift in thin semiconductor layers [J. Appl. Phys. <b>6</b> <b>6</b>, 985 (1989)] (1991)

First Page
Implementation Details and Flight Test Results of an Autonomous Soaring Controller (2008)

*Using only the initial energy from a 140m launch, an autonomous soaring glider covered over 48km and stayed aloft for over 1.5hr by actively searching out and using naturally occurring convective air updrafts (thermals). North Carolina State University and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have designed and implemented this novel convective air updraft locating and guidance algorithm for glider-based unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The local air vertical motion is estimated using the vehicle energy rate of change and the vehicle speed polar. Next, updrafts are initially geo-located with a centroid-based center estimator acting on the local air motion estimates. Then, an adaptive grid of nodes is constructed in real-time, the nonlinear regression correlation coefficient for each node computed, and the highest correlation node chosen, yielding much improved center estimation. Vehicle commanded speed has been optimized using MacCready Speed-to-Fly theory, coupled with a Speed Ring to increase cross-country performance. The effects of wind-drift correction, no-phase-lag filtering, and nonlinear updraft-parameterization are demonstrated with samples of flight data.
DUAL-BAND FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE WITH MINIATURIZED ELEMENT IN LOW FREQUENCIES (2012)

In this paper, we propose a dual-band frequency selective surface (FSS) in low frequencies with miniaturized element. A dual- concentric square element with two difierent slot sizes is constructed to realize dual-band passband responses. Each passband is realized by a square slot structure. Besides, we reduce the slot sizes to make the element miniature and compact. Based on this technique, a dual- band FSS with miniaturized element in low frequencies is designed. Both the simulation and experiment results show that such a FSS owes its advantages to miniature element, stable performance with various incident angles and difierent polarizations, which is suitable for dual- band shipboard communication.
Using a collaboration model to classify artifacts in Software Product Line for Collaborative Systems (2014)

Collaborative Systems can be constructed through Software Product Line (SPL) with the support of the Model-Driven Development (MDD) approach. However, models generated as SPL artifacts usually present only feature classification. Such models neither express the purpose of each SPL artifact of the systems composition nor the way they were associated with the collaboration elements. Therefore, to support the analysis and design of collaborative systems it is relevant to classify artifacts with the support of a collaborative model. This paper describes a way a collaboration model can be used to construct a UML profile. This profile is applied to MDD models that represent collaboration artifacts, enhancing the classification, location and reuse of artifacts in order to support the development of Collaborative Systems.
Lay Participation in Criminal Trials: A Comparative Perspective (1998)

The institution of lay participation in criminal matters has undergone dramatic changes on the world scene during the twentieth century. Today, the common law jury trial flourishes only in the United States. Critics contend that overreliance on the lay jury as the sole fact finder hinders rather than facilitates the prompt and fair adjudication of guilt. This article examines the lay participation systems in some major countries and compares their characteristics with that of our own.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal brain and spine: an increasingly important tool in prenatal diagnosis, part 1. (2006)

Fetal MR imaging is an increasingly available technique used to evaluate the fetal brain and spine. This is made possible by recent advances in technology, such as rapid pulse sequences, parallel imaging and advances in coil design. This provides a unique opportunity to evaluate processes that cannot be approached by any other current imaging technique and affords a unique opportunity for studying in vivo brain development and early diagnosis of congenital abnormalities inadequately visualized or undetectable by prenatal sonography. This 2-part review summarizes some of the latest developments in MR imaging of the fetal brain and spine and its application to prenatal diagnosis. This first part discusses the utility, safety, and technical aspects of fetal MR imaging, the appearance of normal fetal brain development, and the role of fetal MR imaging in the evaluation of fetal ventriculomegaly. The second part focuses on additional clinical applications of fetal MR imaging, including suspected abnormalities of the corpus callosum, malformations of cortical development, and spine abnormalities.
Restricted access media as a streamlined approach toward on‐line sample preparation: Recent advancements and applications (2013)

Restricted access media (RAM) as an alternative to traditional sample preparation strategies are reviewed. RAM comprise chromatographic packing materials that combine, typically, a restrictive outer surface to exclude the retention of large biomolecules, which are common interferences in biological fluids, with retentive inner pores or phases to capture analytes of interest. Through the years, a variety of RAM formats have been created, including internal surface phases, semipermeable phases, and molecularly imprinted polymer phases. Many phases are commercially available through a variety of manufacturers. The use of on-line sample preparation using RAM can increase throughput, recovery, and ease of use for sample preparation of complex biological matrices. The state-of-the-art with respect to production and use of these media for a variety of applications is covered.
The <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Srb8-Srb11 Complex Functions with the SAGA Complex during Gal4-Activated Transcription (2004)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase) complex functions as a coactivator during Gal4-activated transcription. A functional interaction between the SAGA component Spt3 and TATA-binding protein (TBP) is important for TBP binding at Gal4-activated promoters. To better understand the role of SAGA and other factors in Gal4-activated transcription, we selected for suppressors that bypass the requirement for SAGA. We obtained eight complementation groups and identified the genes corresponding to three of the groups as NHP10, HDA1, and SRB9. In contrast to the srb9 suppressor mutation that we identified, an srb9Delta mutation causes a strong defect in Gal4-activated transcription. Our studies have focused on this requirement for Srb9. Srb9 is part of the Srb8-Srb11 complex, associated with the Mediator coactivator. Srb8-Srb11 contains the Srb10 kinase, whose activity is important for GAL1 transcription. Our data suggest that Srb8-Srb11, including Srb10 kinase activity, is directly involved in Gal4 activation. By chromatin immunoprecipitation studies, Srb9 is present at the GAL1 promoter upon induction and facilitates the recruitment or stable association of TBP. Furthermore, the association of Srb9 with the GAL1 upstream activation sequence requires SAGA and specifically Spt3. Finally, Srb9 association also requires TBP. These results suggest that Srb8-Srb11 associates with the GAL1 promoter subsequent to SAGA binding, and that the binding of TBP and Srb8-Srb11 is interdependent.
Development of a sensitivity‐improved immunoassay for the determination of carbaryl in food samples (2010)

The ELISA developed was a great improvement in the determination of carbaryl, showing that the immunoassay developed was a simple, rapid and efficient method that was reliable for the detection of carbaryl and suitable for rapid quantitative or qualitative determination in food samples.
Perfluoroalkylated amphiphiles with a morpholinophosphate or a dimorpholinophosphate polar head group (1998)

Some previously synthesized (perfluoroalkyl)alkyldimorpholinophosphates, CnF2n+1CmH2mOP(O)- [N(CH2CH2)2O]2, were found remarkably to stabilize heat sterilizable water-in-fluorocarbon reverse emulsions and to have a strong proclivity to self-aggregate into microtubular assemblies when dispersed in water. This series has now been extended in order to allow structure–property relationships to be established and product optimization to be achieved. A new series of even more fluorophilic compounds consisting in bis[(perfluoroalkyl)alkyl]monomorpholinophosphates, (CnF2n+1CmH2mO)2P(O)N(CH2CH2)2O, was also synthesized. Preliminary surfactant activity and biocompatibility data are presented and compared to data obtained with non-fluorinated analogues.
FLAIR-/T1-/T2-CO-REGISTRATION FOR IMAGE-GUIDED DIAGNOSTIC AND RESECTIVE EPILEPSY SURGERY (2008)

Mahvash, Mehran M.D.; König, Roy M.D.; Urbach, Horst M.D.; von Örtzen, Joachim M.D.; Meyer, Bernhard M.D.; Schramm, Johannes M.D.; Schaller, Carlo M.D.
Social Reinforcement and Maze Learning in Children (1968)

An experiment was carried out on 80 boys and girls, at 2 age levels, into the effects of social reinforcement upon maze learning. 4 treatment conditions were used: no social reinforcement, positive social reinforcement only, negative social reinforcement only, and combined positive and negative social reinforcement. The treatment effect was highly significant; Ss learned most well under combined social reinforcement and least well under no social reinforcement. A significant interaction between sex of S and treatment was found. Girls were more influenced by social reinforcement from a male E than were boys.
In Situ Oxidation by Fracture Emplaced Reactive Solids (1999)

In low permeability but naturally fractured media, vertical leaching or volatilization of toxic organic compounds can lead to high exposures and unacceptable human health or environmental risk. A field test was recently completed to evaluate in situ remediation at such sites by using hydraulic fracturing to emplace iron metal (Fe0) and permanganate (KMnO4) solids in the subsurface to chemically treat trichloroethylene (TCE). At an old land treatment site, two test cells were installed in silty clay soils with hydraulic fractures filled with either iron metal or permanganate solids at 1.8, 2.4, and 3.6 m depths. Fracture emplacement was monitored, and soil and ground water conditions were characterized. After 3, 10, and 15 mo of emplacement, continuous cores were collected and morphologic and geochemical data were taken across the fracture zones. Controlled degradation tests were completed using site ground water with TCE concentrations near 53, 144, and 480 mg/L, equivalent to 0.5, 1.2, and 4.1 g TCE per kg media, respectively. The iron-filled fractures formed a discrete reactive seam less than 1 cm thick, wherein the Eh decreased and reductive dechlorination could occur, but effects in the adjacent silty clay soils were negligible. Though the emplaced iron exhibited some surface corrosion after extended emplacement in the subsurface, its reactivity was unaffected. Iron from the fractures degraded TCE at efficiencies of as much as 36% after 24–48 hr of contact, which is consistent with Fe0 packed bed degradation half-lives of 1 to 2 hr. The permanganate-filled fractures yielded a diffuse reactive zone that expanded over time, reaching 40 cm in thickness after 10 mo. Throughout this oxidizing zone, the degradation efficiency was >99% after 2 hr of contact for dissolved TCE at 0.5 and 1.2 mg TCE per g of media. When exposed to higher TCE loadings (i.e., 4.1 mg per g), degradation efficiencies after 10 mo dropped to 70% as the TCE load exceeded the oxidant capacity remaining. These efficiencies and rates are consistent with oxidation stoichiometry and previously determined half-lives of <2 min for permanganate oxidation of TCE. In both test cells there were no marked effects on the chemistry or contamination levels in the ground water beneath the cells. Though the results of this research are promising for emplacement of horizontal treatment zones, further work is required to support full-scale application.
COMPUTATIONAL NEUROIMAGING OF HUMAN VISUAL CORTEX (1999)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a new neuroimaging method for probing the intact, alert, human brain. With this tool, brain activity that has been hidden can now be measured. Recent advances in measuring and understanding human neural responses underlying motion, color, and pattern perception are reviewed. In individual human brain, we can now identify the positions of several retinotopically organized visual areas; measure retinotopic organization within these areas; identify the location of a motion-sensitive region in individual brains; measure responses associated with contrast, color, and motion; and measure effects of attentional modulation on visually evoked responses. By framing experiments and analyses as questions about visual computation, these neuroimaging measurements can be coupled closely with those from other basic vision-science methods.
Behavioral effects of A71623, a highly selective CCK-A agonist tetrapeptide (1992)

We studied the behavioral effects of a novel cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) analogue, A71623, with full agonist activity and high affinity and selectivity for the CCK-A receptor subtype relative to the CCK-B receptor. In tests for anorectic activity, A71623 was found to suppress 60-min intakes of a liquid diet in both deprived and sated rats, and the effects were blocked by a selective CCK-A antagonist, A70104. Compared with CCK-8, A71623 was found to have improved potency and duration of action; the most potent route of administration was intraperitoneal. A71623 also suppressed the intake of a liquid diet and a 0.2 M sucrose solution in lean and obese Zucker rats. In daily injection studies, the anorectic activity of CCK-8 diminished rapidly, whereas the suppressant effects of A71623 on food intakes and body weight gains persisted throughout the 11-day treatment period. Finally, A71623 reduced the spontaneous locomotor activity of rats at doses above those required to suppress intakes. These studies are the first to describe the behavioral effects of a potent and highly selective CCK-A receptor agonist.
Disciplinarity and the Rhetoric of Science: A Social Epistemological Reception Study (2014)

This paper weaves together several elements to construct a reception study in the rhetoric of science, reflexively applied to the rhetoric of science itself as a field. This analysis supplements a reading of the criticial reception to Alan Gross’s The Rhetoric of Science and its transformation into Starring the Text (i.e., a renamed “third edition”) with an examination of citation data regarding Gross’s book. The citation data provide some support for the idea that many of Gross’s readers perceived him as taking a position in the “Science Wars” of the 1990s. The essay builds a theory of “citation contexts” (that is, how scholarly work is cited in text) out of Steve Fuller’s concept of interdisciplinary interpenetration, and shows that Gross’s work may be used differently within articles appearing in communication- and rhetoric-related journals than in those published in science studies and other journals. The analysis contributes to the ongoing project of disciplinary self-reflection in the rhetoric of science, and provides additional information about Alan Gross’s singular place in the field.