gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE 2,4,6-TRINITROBENZYL ANION AS A NUCLEOPHILIC REAGENT WITH ARYL HALIDES. PREPARATION OF POLYNITRODIPHENYLMETHANES, (1967)

2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrodiphenylmethane has been prepared by the nucleophilic attack of the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzyl anion on picryl chloride in tetrahydrofuran-dimethysulfoxide solutions. Similarly, a series of polynitrodiphenylmethanes has been prepared by using other halonitrobenzenes as substrates in the reaction with the trinitrobenzyl anion. Since there is a competitive reaction of the trinitrobenzyl anion with unionized trinitrotoluene to form 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrobibenzyl, only those halonitrobenzenes in which the halogen is sufficiently labile to react at a rate faster than the trinitrotoluene bimolecular reaction rate form the nitrodiphenylmethanes. The results obtained are consistent with the data reported in the literature for the reactivity ordering of polynitrohalobenzenes with other nucleophiles. (Author)
A new small-signal modeling approach applied to GaN devices (2005)

A new small-signal modeling approach applied to GaN-based devices is presented. In this approach, a new method for extracting the parasitic elements of the GaN device is developed. This method is based on two steps, which are: 1) using cold S-parameter measurements, high-quality starting values for the extrinsic parameters that would place the extraction close to the global minimum of the objective function for the distributed equivalent circuit model are generated and 2) the optimal model parameter values are searched through optimization using the starting values already obtained. The bias-dependent intrinsic parameter extraction procedure is improved for optimal extraction. The validity of the developed modeling approach and the proposed small-signal model is verified by comparing the simulated wide-band small-signal S-parameter, over a wide bias range, with measured data of a 0.5-/spl mu/m GaN high electron-mobility transistor with a 2/spl times/50 /spl mu/m gatewidth.
The Dow Jones-Irwin guide to bond and money market investments (1987)

A new guide for investors that leads them through all the instruments available for long and short-term investments.
G<sub>M1</sub> Dynamics as a Marker for Membrane Changes Associated With the Process of Capacitation in Murine and Bovine Spermatozoa (2007)

We previously showed that in live murine and bovine sperm heads, the ganglioside G(M1) localizes to the sterol-rich plasma membrane overlying the acrosome (APM). Labeling G(M1) using the pentameric cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) induced a dramatic redistribution of signal from the APM to the sterol-poor postacrosomal plasma membrane (PAPM) upon sperm death. We now show a similar phenomenon in the flagellum where CTB induces G(M1) redistribution to sterol-poor membrane subdomains of the annulus and flagellar zipper. Because sterol efflux from the plasma membrane is required for capacitation, we examined whether G(M1) localization might be useful to detect membrane changes associated with capacitation and/or acrosomal exocytosis. First, incubation of murine and bovine sperm with their respective stimuli for capacitation did not change G(M1) distribution in live cells. However, incubation of sperm of both species with specific stimuli for capacitation, followed by the use of specific fixation conditions, induced reproducible, stimulus-specific patterns of G(M1) distribution. By assessing changes in G(M1) distribution in response to progesterone-induced AE, we show that these patterns reflect the response of murine sperm populations to capacitating stimuli. These data suggest that G(M1) localization can be used as a diagnostic tool for evaluating sperm response to stimuli for capacitation and/or AE. Such information could be useful when deciding between technologies of assisted reproduction or when screening for male fertility. Furthermore, stimulus-specific changes in G(M1) distribution showed that sperm could respond to NaHCO(3) or mediators of sterol efflux independently, thereby refining existing models of capacitation.
High oxidative damage levels in the longest‐living rodent, the naked mole‐rat (2006)

Oxidative stress is reputed to be a significant contributor to the aging process and a key factor affecting species longevity. The tremendous natural variation in maximum species lifespan may be due to interspecific differences in reactive oxygen species generation, antioxidant defenses and/or levels of accrued oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules (such as DNA, lipids and proteins). The present study tests if the exceptional longevity of the longest living (> 28.3 years) rodent species known, the naked mole-rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber), is associated with attenuated levels of oxidative stress. We compare antioxidant defenses (reduced glutathione, GSH), redox status (GSH/GSSG), as well as lipid (malondialdehyde and isoprostanes), DNA (8-OHdG), and protein (carbonyls) oxidation levels in urine and various tissues from both mole-rats and similar-sized mice. Significantly lower GSH and GSH/GSSG in mole-rats indicate poorer antioxidant capacity and a surprisingly more pro-oxidative cellular environment, manifested by 10-fold higher levels of in vivo lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, mole-rats exhibit greater levels of accrued oxidative damage to lipids (twofold), DNA (approximately two to eight times) and proteins (1.5 to 2-fold) than physiologically age-matched mice, and equal to that of same-aged mice. Given that NMRs live an order of magnitude longer than predicted based on their body size, our findings strongly suggest that mechanisms other than attenuated oxidative stress explain the impressive longevity of this species.
Spontaneous and stimulated emission from quasifree electrons (1988)

This article presents a unified formulation and review of an extensive class of radiation effects and devices based on free or quasifree electrons. The effects and devices reviewed include slow-wave radiators [such as \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov, Smith-Purcell, and TWT (traveling-wave tube) effects and devices], periodic bremsstrahlung radiators [such as undulator radiation, magnetic bremsstrahlung FEL's (free-electron lasers), and coherent bremsstrahlung in the crystal lattice], and transverse-binding radiators [such as the CRM (cyclotron resonance maser) and channeling radiation]. Starting from a general quantum-electrodynamic model, both quantum and classical effects and operating regimes of these radiation devices are described. The article provides a unified physical description of the interaction kinematics, and presents equations for the characterization of spontaneous and stimulated radiative emission in these various effects and devices. Universal relations between the spontaneous and stimulated emission parameters are revealed and shown to be related (in the quantum limit) to Einstein relations for atomic radiators and (in the classical limit) to the relations derived by Madey for magnetic bremsstrahlung FEL for on-axis radiative emission. Examples for the application of the formulation are given, estimating the feasibility of channeling radiation x-ray laser and optical regime Smith-Purcell FEL, and deriving the gain equations of magnetic bremsstrahlung FEL and CRM for arbitrary electron propagation direction, structure (wiggler) axis, and radiative emission angle.
Update (1974)

The Honorable Gerald R. Ford, Vice President of the United States, will deliver an important address on Thursday, May 9, at the 1974 NCC in Chicago's McCormick Place. The Vice President will speak at 12 noon in the Arie Crown Theater.
Rapid detection of varicella‐zoster virus in clinical specimens using monoclonal antibodies on shell vials and smears (1989)

Monoclonal antibodies were used for detecting varicella-zoster virus (VZV) by immunofluorescence (IF) in clinical specimens inoculated on shell vial cultures. Vesicles of 74 patients with varicella or herpes zoster-like eruptions were tested by this method and by conventional cell culture. Further diagnostic tests were direct IF on smears (42 patients), the cytological Tzanck test (28 patients), and serology (30 patients). Both IF assays were performed with the commercial VZV-specific monoclonal antibody 3B3 (Ortho). Using the shell vial technique, we found VZV in 37 (50%) of the patients, on average after 3 days. The conventional culture method yielded 26 positives (35%), on average after 7.5 days. Twenty-nine of the shell vial IF-positive patients were also positive by direct IF on smears (30 tested), while 15 gave positive Tzanck smears (18 tested). The sensitivities of the shell vial IF test, the direct IF test, the conventional culture method, and the Tzanck test were about 95%, 97%, 70%, and 79%, respectively. For the specificities, we found at least 97% for the shell vial IF test, at least 91% for the direct IF test, and about 78% for the Tzanck test. We conclude that both VZV IF tests are much more reliable than the conventional cell culture method and the Tzanck test for the laboratory diagnosis of VZV infections.
Fast, fixed-order, least-squares algorithms for adaptive filtering (2005)

Fast, fixed-order, exact-least-squares algorithms for tapped-delay-line adaptive-filtering applications are presented in this paper. These new recursive algorithms require fewer operations per iteration and exhibit better numerical properties than the so-called Fast-Kalman algorithm of Ljung and Falconer [1978] and the unnormalized, least-squares, joint-process-lattice algorithms of Morf and Lee [1978]. In comparison with the currently used stochastic-gradient or LMS adaptive algorithm of Widrow and Hoff, the new, fixed-order, least-squares algorithms yield substantial improvements in transient behavior at a modest increase in computational complexity. Additionally, over a wide range of practical applications, the new algorithms demonstrate numerical properties comparable to those of the normalized lattice introduced by Lee, Morf, and Friedlander [1981], but at a considerable reduction in complexity.
Data management issues for large scale, distributed workflow systems on the Internet (1998)

The Internet is providing worldwide connectivity for business organizations and has created a much greater opportunity for people to collaborate remotely in an automated workflow setting. However, the speed of delivery of workflow data on the Internet can be unpredictable due to variability in traffic and limited bandwidth. Further, the issue of data management becomes more complex when the system consists of various clients with different system and networking settings. In this paper, we investigate several data management problems in distributed workflow management on the Internet and propose solutions for improving workflow efficiency. More specifically, we explore research issues with respect to system architectures and various data delivery techniques. Our study indicates that it is possible to improve performance considerably by selecting the right combinations of data delivery techniques and system characteristics.
Rectangular Hollow-Pipe Radiators (1938)

The open hollow pipe of rectangular cross section is discussed from both practical and theoretical standpoints as a radiator and absorber of ultra-short electromagnetic waves. A theory of operation is derived and it is verified by a series of measured radiation patterns taken at wavelengths of 50 to 100 centimeters.
recA protein-promoted ATP hydrolysis occurs throughout recA nucleoprotein filaments. (1987)

When recA protein binds cooperatively to single-stranded DNA to form filamentous nucleoprotein complexes, it becomes competent to hydrolyze ATP. No correlation exists between the ends of such complexes and the rate of ATP hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis is not, therefore, restricted to the terminal subunits on cooperatively bound recA oligomers, but occurs throughout the complex. Similarly, during recA protein-promoted branch migration (during DNA strand exchange), ATP hydrolysis is not restricted to recA protein monomers at the branch point. DNA cofactors of lengths varying from 16 bases to over 12,000 bases support ATP hydrolysis. The maximum value of kcat at infinite DNA concentration is about 29/min independent of the length of the DNA cofactor. The apparent dissociation constant, however, is a strong function of DNA length, providing evidence for a minimum site size of 30-50 bases for efficient binding of recA protein.
TUMOUR ANGIOGENESIS AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER IN INFILTRATING LOBULAR CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST (1996)

The importance of angiogenesis, assessed by tumour microvessel density, as a marker of survival was examined in 160 patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast (ILC). The median follow-up was 5.1 years. Of these patients, 46 were node-negative, 59 were node-positive, and in 55 the pathological lymph node status was not known. Tumour sections were immunohistochemically stained with Factor VIII-related antibody. Microvessels were identified using previously recommended methodology and counted in three separate fields, selected from areas of highest vascularity, at x 200 magnification (field area = 0.785 mm2). Only the highest count was considered in the analysis. No association was found between microvessel density and age, menopausal status, tumour size, histological subtype, peritumoural vessel invasion, and lymph node involvement at presentation. There was no association between microvessel density and overall survival or relapse-free survival. These results suggest that microvessel density assessment, using currently recommended methods, is unlikely to be of prognostic value in ILC.
Microchannel spatial light modulator (1978)

A sensitive, high-speed, optically addressed spatial light modulator is being developed for real-time optical dataprocessing applications involving low-level-control light signals. This device is expected to have a sensitivity of better than 10(-3) microJ/cm(2), a framing rate of about 1 kHz, and a spatial resolution of approximately 20 line pairs/mm. The time response, sensitivity, spatial resolution, and other operating characteristics are being studied in a first-generation device; preliminary results are reported.
Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens. (1990)

The administration of chemicals at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in standard animal cancer tests is postulated to increase cell division (mitogenesis), which in turn increases rates of mutagenesis and thus carcinogenesis. The animal data are consistent with this mechanism, because a high proportion--about half--of all chemicals tested (whether natural or synthetic) are indeed rodent carcinogens. We conclude that at the low doses of most human exposures, where cell killing does not occur, the hazards to humans of rodent carcinogens may be much lower than is commonly assumed.
Quantum secret sharing based on quantum error-correcting codes (2011)

Quantum secret sharing(QSS) is a procedure of sharing classical information or quantum information by using quantum states. This paper presents how to use a [2k − 1, 1, k] quantum error-correcting code (QECC) to implement a quantum (k, 2k − 1) threshold scheme. It also takes advantage of classical enhancement of the [2k − 1, 1, k] QECC to establish a QSS scheme which can share classical information and quantum information simultaneously. Because information is encoded into QECC, these schemes can prevent intercept-resend attacks and be implemented on some noisy channels.
Phenotypic Manifestations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-3 Overexpression in Transgenic Mice* (2001)

In cell culture systems insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) can both enhance and inhibit IGF-I action. To investigate the biological role of IGFBP-3 in vivo, transgenic (Tg) mice that constitutively overexpress the human IGFBP-3 complementary DNA (cDNA) driven by the mouse phosphoglycerate kinase I (PGK) and the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters were examined. Serum levels of human IGFBP-3 in CMVBP-3 and PGKBP-3 Tg mice were 4.7 and 5.8 microgram/ml, respectively and total IGFBP-3 was increased 4.9- and 7.7-fold compared with that in wild-type (Wt) mice. In PGKBP-3 Tg mice the levels of transgene expression were similar in all tissues. Although CMVBP-3 mice demonstrated similar levels of expression of the transgene as PGKBP-3 mice in most tissues, markedly elevated expression was apparent in the kidney and heart. The transgene-derived IGFBP-3 circulated as a 150-kDa ternary complex, and serum IGF-I levels were elevated 1.9- to 2.8-fold in Tg mice compared with Wt mice. A significant reduction in birth weight of approximately 10% and a modest reduction in litter size were apparent in both Tg strains. Early postnatal growth, as assessed by both body weight and length, was significantly reduced in Tg mice compared with Wt mice. This was more marked in PGKBP-3 than in CMVBP-3 mice, who demonstrated a propensity to adiposity after weaning. The relative organ weights of brain and kidney were reduced in both Tg strains, whereas liver size and epididymal fat were significantly increased in CMVBP-3, but not PGKBP-3, mice. Our data indicate that overexpression of IGFBP-3 is associated with modest intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation despite elevated circulating IGF-I levels.
Liquid Viscosity and Density Measurement with Flexural-Plate-Wave Sensors (1996)

Abstract : Micromachined flexural plate wave (FPW) sensors can detect subtle variations in the density and viscosity of liquids. Liquid density causes a mass-loading effect that lowers the sensor operating frequency. In viscous liquids, the attenuation coefficient of the acoustic wave is proportional to the square-root of the viscosity. We discuss recent results that explore the density-sensing precision and the viscosity-sensing range of FPW sensors. A micromachined FPW sensor (wavelength 100 micrometers, plate thickness 6.0 micrometers, operating frequency in water 5.7 MHz) detected the density of a variety of solvents and aqueous salt solutions with an error less than 0.003 g/(cu.cm) Most of this error was likely due to the uncertainty with which we know the true density and sound velocity of each sample. The same sensor was used to measure the viscosity of aqueous polymer solutions (poly(ethylene glycol) and hydroxyethyl cellulose). The sensor accurately measured the viscosity of solutions with molecular weights up to around 10,000. Polymer solutions with MW >20,000 appeared water like to the sensor (i.e., there was little or no attenuation of the acoustic waves).The degree in apparent viscosity measured with the FPW sensor occurs for polymers with relaxation frequencies greater than or equal to the FPW frequency.
An effective way to represent quadtrees (1982)

A quadtree may be represented without pointers by encoding each black node with a quaternary integer whose digits reflect successive quadrant subdivisions. We refer to the sorted array of black nodes as the “linear quadtree” and show that it introduces a saving of at least 66 percent of the computer storage required by regular quadtrees. Some algorithms using linear quadtrees are presented, namely, ( i ) encoding a pixel from a 2 n × 2 >n array (or screen) into its quaternary code; ( ii ) finding adjacent nodes; ( iii ) determining the color of a node; ( iv ) superposing two images. It is shown that algorithms ( i )-( iii ) can be executed in logarithmic time, while superposition can be carried out in linear time with respect to the total number of black nodes. The paper also shows that the dynamic capability of a quadtree can be effectively simulated.
<i>Leishmania donovani</i> Ornithine Decarboxylase Is Indispensable for Parasite Survival in the Mammalian Host (2008)

Mutations within the polyamine biosynthetic pathway of Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, confer polyamine auxotrophy to the insect vector or promastigote form of the parasite. However, whether the infectious or amastigote form of the parasite requires an intact polyamine pathway has remained an open question. To address this issue, conditionally lethal Deltaodc mutants lacking ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, were created by double targeted gene replacement within a virulent strain of L. donovani. ODC-deficient promastigotes and axenic amastigotes were auxotrophic for polyamines and capable of robust growth only when exogenous putrescine was supplied in the culture medium, confirming that polyamine biosynthesis is an essential nutritional pathway for L. donovani promastigotes. To assess whether the Deltaodc lesion also affected the ability of amastigotes to sustain a robust infection, macrophage and mouse infectivity experiments were performed. Parasite loads in murine macrophages infected with each of two independent Deltaodc knockout lines were decreased approximately 80% compared to their wild-type counterpart. Furthermore, alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a suicide inhibitor of ODC, inhibited growth of wild-type L. donovani amastigotes and effectively cured macrophages of parasites, thereby preventing host cell destruction. Strikingly, however, parasitemias of both Deltaodc null mutants were reduced by 6 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively, in livers and spleens of BALB/c mice. The compromised infectivity phenotypes of the Deltaodc knockouts in both macrophages and mice were rescued by episomal complementation of the genetic lesion. These genetic and pharmacological studies strongly implicate ODC as an essential cellular determinant that is necessary for the viability and growth of both L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes and intimate that pharmacological inhibition of ODC is a promising therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of visceral and perhaps other forms of leishmaniasis.
Cellular fatty acid compositions and isoprenoid quinone contents of 23 Legionella species (1989)

The cellular fatty acid compositions and ubiquinone contents of 182 Legionella strains representing 23 species were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Except for the type strain of Legionella erythra (ATCC 35303T), all Legionella species contained large (40 to 90%) amounts of branched-chain fatty acids and only trace to small (less than 0.5 to 5%) amounts of ester-linked hydroxy acids. The 23 species were placed in three major fatty acid groups on the basis of differences in the relative amounts of 14-methylpentadecanoic (Ci16:0), hexadecanoic (C16:1), and 12-methyltetradecanoic (Ca15:0) acids. All Legionella species contained ubiquinones with 9 to 14 isoprene units in the side chains and were divided into five different ubiquinone groups. The species were further differentiated into 16 groups on the basis of qualitative and quantitative differences in their fatty acid compositions and ubiquinone contents. Both of these chemical characteristics can be used to distinguish Legionella species from other gram-negative bacteria and rapidly and accurately identify suspected isolates before serologic and other tests are done.
Electrodermal Recording and fMRI to Inform Sensorimotor Recovery in Stroke Patients (2008)

Electrodermal activity activation maps implicated the contralesional over the ipsilesional hemisphere, supporting the notion that stroke patients may require higher order motor processing to perform simple tasks. Electrodermal activity recordings may be useful as a physiological marker of differences in effort required during movements of a subject's hemiparetic compared with the unaffected limb during fMRI studies.