gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 p24 May Persist During Long-Term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, Increases Little During Short Treatment Breaks, and Its Rebound After Treatment Stop Correlates With CD4+ T Cell Loss (2005)

The dynamics of HIV-1 RNA during structured treatment interruptions (STIs) are well established, but little is known about viral proteins like p24. We studied 65 participants of an STI trial. Before the trial, continuous highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had suppressed their viral load to <50 copies/mL during 6 months. They then interrupted HAART during weeks 1 through 2, 11 through 12, 21 through 22, 31 through 32, and 41 through 52. The p24 was measured by boosted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of plasma pretreated by efficient virus disruption and heat denaturation. At time point 0, p24 was measurable in 22 patients (34%), who had maintained a viral load <50 copies/mL for 25.4 months (median, range: 6.2-38.9 months) under HAART. Viral rebounds during 2-week STIs led to a mean p24 increase of only 0.08 to 0.19 log10 (ie, 20%-60%). Pre-HAART viral load and p24 at time 0 independently predicted p24 rebounds during the 4 2-week STIs. The p24 at time 0 and HIV-1 RNA rebound during weeks 41 through 52 independently determined the concomitant p24 rebound. An increase of p24 but not viral load during the first 8 weeks of the long STI correlated significantly with concomitant CD4(+) T cell loss. Persisting p24 despite successful HAART may reflect virus replication in reservoirs not represented by plasma viral load and has implications for the concept of therapeutic vaccination.
Integration of Visible Light Communication and Positioning within 5G Networks for Internet of Things (2020)

With the widespread deployment of Internet of Things (IoT), more and more devices are involved in wireless networks, and the fifth generation (5G) network requires to support the massive connectivity and diverse services for the huge number of IoT devices. Visible light communications (VLC) and visible light positioning (VLP) are two promising supplementary technologies to assist 5G networks to support the massive connectivity, high reliability, high data rate, high positioning accuracy, low latency, low power consumption and improved security of IoT. Hence, this article presents a multi-layer network architecture by integrating VLC and VLP within 5G networks, in order to support the above mentioned diverse requirements of IoT devices. In the multi-layer network, the macrocell and picocell layers support better coverage and reliability via the radio frequency (RF) spectrum, while the optical attocell layer provides the high-speed transmission and high-accuracy positioning services operating at the visible light spectrum. We then briefly describe some key technologies for the performance improvement of the multi-layer network, including energy harvesting, modulation and multiple access schemes. An exemplary case study and simulation analysis are provided to demonstrate the advantage and significance of the presented multi-layer network for IoT. Finally, we point out some future research directions.
Polarity control of ZnO films grown on nitrided c-sapphire by molecular-beam epitaxy (2004)

The polarity of molecular-beam epitaxy grown ZnO films was controlled on nitrided c-sapphire substrate by modifying the interface between the ZnO buffer layer and the nitrided sapphire. The ZnO film grown on nitrided sapphire was proven to be Zn-polar while the O-polar one was obtained by using gallium predeposition on nitrided sapphire, which was confirmed by coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy and chemical etching effect. The Zn-polar ZnO film showed higher growth rate, slightly better quality, and different surface morphology in comparison to the O-polar one.
Bill classification by using the LVQ method (2002)

For pattern classification problems the neuro-pattern recognition, which is the pattern recognition based on the neural network approach, has been increasingly popular since it can classify various patterns similar to human beings. In this paper we adopt the learning vector quantization (LVQ) method to classify the various bank notes. The reasons to use LVQ are that it can process the unsupervised classification and treat many input data with small computational burdens. We construct the LVQ network to classify the Italian Liras. Compared with a conventional pattern matching technique, which has been adopted as a classification method, the proposed method has shown excellent classification results.
The Pricing of Exchange Rate Risk in the Stock Market (1991)

This paper examines the pricing of exchange rate risk in the U.S. stock market, using two factor and multi-factor arbitrage pricing models. Evidence is presented that the relation between stock returns and the value of the dollar differs systematically across industries. The empirical results, however, do not suggest that exchange risk is priced in the stock market. The unconditional risk premium attached to foreign currency exposure appears to be small and never significant. As a result, active hedging policies by financial managers cannot affect the cost of capital, and other reasons must explain why firms decide to hedge.
<i>Francisella tularensis</i> Induces IL-23 Production in Human Monocytes (2007)

Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is phagocytosed by immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages. Instead of being destroyed in the phagolysosome, the bacterium escapes the phagosome and replicates within the host cytosol. Recent studies indicate that phagosomal escape may have a major impact on the nature of the inflammatory cytokine response to infection. To better understand the host cell response to Francisella infection, we exposed human peripheral blood monocytes to Francisella novicida and analyzed transcriptional changes using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. Results showed a nearly 300-fold up-regulation of transcripts for the p19 subunit of IL-23, and a nearly 18-fold up-regulation for the p40 subunit of IL-12. IL-23 is formed by the heterodimerization of p19 and p40, and is an important cytokine of the innate immune response. Up-regulation of p19 and p40 was confirmed at the protein level by Western blotting and ELISA analyses, and was found to be largely dependent on PI3K and NF-kappaB activity. Studies using medium from infected monocytes with or without a p19 blocking Ab showed that the secreted IL-23 induced IFN-gamma production from NK cells, suggesting a potential biologically important role for IL-23 in host defense. Finally, infection of human monocytes by the highly virulent Francisella SCHU S4 strain likewise led to IL-23 production, suggesting that the IL-23 response may be relevant during tularemia.
Mutation Testing for Java Database Applications (2009)

Database application programs are ubiquitous, so good techniques for testing them are needed. Recently, several research groups have proposed new approaches to generating tests for database applications and for assessing test data adequacy. This paper describes a mutation testing tool, JDAMA (Java Database Application Mutation Analyzer), for Java programs that interact with a database via the JDBC interface. Our approach extends the mutation testing approach for SQL by Tuya et al, by integrating it with analysis and instrumentation of the application bytecode. JDAMA's use is illustrated through a small study which uses mutation scores to compare two test generation techniques for database applications.
Production and control of refractive and diffractive microlenses (1993)

Refractive or diffractive microlenses have already been reported. Here we discuss two examples of microlenses where the generation process and the interferometric control are strongly interwoven. For refractive lenses we use lenses melted in photoresist and also reactive ion etched samples. The control is done with the help of a phase shifting interference microscope of the Mach-Zehnder type. We developed an evaluation software under Windows. The software allows for the evaluation of the wave aberrations and related functions as are psf and otf.
A membrane form of brain L-glutamate decarboxylase: identification, isolation, and its relation to insulin-dependent mellitus. (1994)

A membrane form of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was identified and purified to apparent homogeneity from hog brain. The purified GAD was established as an integral membrane protein by phase-partitioning assay, charge-shift electrophoresis, and chromatography on a hydrophobic interaction column. This membrane GAD has a native molecular mass of 96 +/- 5 kDa and is a homodimer of 48 +/- 3-kDa subunits. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting tests revealed the presence of antibodies against this membrane GAD in sera from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Since this form of GAD appears to be an integral membrane protein and is presumed to have extracellular domains exposed, it seems reasonable to suggest that membrane GAD is more likely than soluble GAD to be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes and related autoimmune disorders such as stiff-man syndrome.
Design of realistic phased array patch elements using a genetic algorithm (2010)

Presently most wide band array elements are complicated 3-dimensional structures which are difficult and costly to manufacture. Therefore we explore planar patch elements which offer a simplified geometry with potentially reduced weight and cost and are suitable for conformal applications. We use a genetic algorithm to design a patch element in a unit cell of an infinite periodic array and model the feed with the usual δ-gap voltage source. However, since this feed is a non-realizable mathematical concept, we also explore the antenna performance achieved with several realistic feeds. For broadside arrays we obtain a bandwidth B ≈ 4:1 both with the δ-gap and with the realistic feeds. For arrays with scan angles out to 45°, the initial bandwidth B ≈ 2:1 with the δ-gap is reduced to B ≈ 1.7:1 with a differential coaxial feed, whereas the initial bandwidth is maintained with a GA-optimized custom feed. The element profiles range from 0.13 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> to 0.17 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> , where λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> denotes the wavelength at the low end of the operational band.
Calibration of computational Mössbauer spectroscopy to unravel active sites in FeNC catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (2020)

Abstract Single‐atom catalysts with iron ions in the active site, known as FeNC catalysts, show high activity for the oxygen reduction reaction and hence hold promise for access to low‐cost fuel cells. Because of the amorphous, multiphase structure of the FeNC catalysts, the iron environment and its electronic structure are poorly understood. While it is widely accepted that the catalytically active site contains an iron ion ligated by several nitrogen donors embedded in a graphene‐like plane, the exact structural details, such as the presence or nature of axial ligands, are unknown. Computational chemistry in combination with Mössbauer spectroscopy can help unravel the geometric and electronic structures of the active sites. As a first step toward this goal, we present a calibration of computational Mössbauer spectroscopy for FeN 4 ‐like environments. The uncertainty of both the isomer shift and the quadrupole splitting prediction is determined, from which trust regions for the Mössbauer parameter predictions of computational FeNC models are derived. We find that TPSSh, B3LYP, and PBE0 perform equally well; the trust regions with B3LYP are 0.13 mm s −1 for the isomer shift and 0.36 mm s −1 for the quadrupole splitting. The calibration data is made publicly available in an interactive notebook that provides predicted Mössbauer parameters with individual uncertainty estimates from computed contact densities and quadrupole splitting values. We show that a differentiation of common FeNC Mössbauer signals by a separate analysis of isomer shift and quadrupole splitting will most likely be insufficient, whereas their simultaneous evaluation will allow the assignment to adequate computational FeNC models.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to the cystic fibrosis gene inhibits anion transport in normal cultured sweat duct cells. (1991)

We have tested the hypothesis that the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene product, called the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), mediates anion transport in normal human sweat duct cells. Sweat duct cells in primary culture were treated with oligodeoxynucleotides that were antisense to the CFTR gene transcript in order to block the expression of the wild-type CFTR. Anion transport in CFTR transcript antisense-treated cells was then assessed with a halide-specific dye, 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium, and fluorescent digital imaging microscopy to monitor halide influx and efflux from single sweat duct cells. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment (3.9 or 1.3 microM) for 24 hr virtually abolished Cl- transport in sweat duct cells compared with untreated cells or control cells treated with sense oligodeoxynucleotides. Br- uptake into sweat duct cells was also blocked after a 24-hr CFTR transcript antisense treatment, but not after treatment for only 4 hr. Lower concentrations of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were less effective at inhibiting Cl- transport. These results indicate that oligodeoxynucleotides that are antisense to CFTR transcript inhibit sweat duct Cl- permeability in both a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. This approach provides evidence that inhibition of the expression of the wild-type CFTR gene in a normal, untransfected epithelial cell results in an inhibition of Cl- permeability.
Direct Vinylation of Alcohols or Aldehydes Employing Alkynes as Vinyl Donors: A Ruthenium Catalyzed C−C Bond-Forming Transfer Hydrogenation (2009)

Under the conditions of ruthenium catalyzed transfer hydrogenation, 2-butyne couples to benzylic and aliphatic alcohols 1a-1l to furnish allylic alcohols 2a-2l, constituting a direct C-H vinylation of alcohols employing alkynes as vinyl donors. Under related transfer hydrogenation conditions employing formic acid as terminal reductant, 2-butyne couples to aldehydes 4a, 4b, and 4e to furnish identical products of carbonyl vinylation 2a, 2b, and 2e. Thus, carbonyl vinylation is achieved from the alcohol or the aldehyde oxidation level in the absence of any stoichiometric metallic reagents. Nonsymmetric alkynes 6a-6c couple efficiently to aldehyde 4b to provide allylic alcohols 2m-2o as single regioisomers. Acetylenic aldehyde 7a engages in efficient intramolecular coupling to deliver cyclic allylic alcohol 8a.
Cooperative Catalysis in Glycosidation Reactions with <i>O</i>‐Glycosyl Trichloroacetimidates as Glycosyl Donors (2013)

Thiourea mediates cooperative glycosidation through hydrogen bonding. N,N'-Diarylthiourea as cocatalyst enforces an SN2-type acid-catalyzed glycosidation even at room temperature (see scheme; Bn=benzyl). From O-(α-glycosyl) trichloroacetimidates as glycosyl donors and various acceptors, β-glycosides are preferentially or exclusively obtained.
Association of cell surface receptors for melanotropin with the Golgi region in mouse melanoma cells. (1976)

Binding of beta-melanotropin (betal-melanocyte stimulating hormone) to mouse melanoma cells occurs in a region on the cell surface overlying the Golgi complex. This association was demonstrated by labeling cells with fluorescein isothiocyanate hormone and by locating the Golgi complex with a histochemical test for thiamine pyrophosphatase activity. The biologically active fluorescent hormone appears on the surface and later in vesicles in the malanized cells, as judged by fluorescence microscopy. It is conceivable that internalization of the hormone is instrumental in the process of hormonally induced melanization. Because initial and late events of hormonally induced pigmentation are related to the Golgi complex, it is likely that instructions that follow the attachment of melanotropin to receptors are carried out in a compartmentalized manner.
Kinetics of desulphonative double Smiles' rearrangement of N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-p-nitrobenzenesulphonamides (1976)

Support for a mechanism of formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-p-nitroanilines by base-catalysed desulphonation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-p-nitrobenzenesulphonamides has been obtained by kinetic investigation. Derivatives bearing alkyl and aryl substituents on nitrogen, or C-alkyl substituents α- or β- to the hydroxy-group have also been studied. Substituent effects on the rate and base dependence of (i) intramolecular aromatic displacement of the sulphonamide group by the neighbouring hydroxy-group and (ii) rearrangement of the intermediate 2-(p-nitrophenoxy)alkylamine have been determined for this double Smiles' rearrangement sequence. Intermediate aminoethers have been detected spectroscopically for the first time and have in some cases been isolated.
Change impact analysis with a goal-driven traceability-based approach (2010)

Recently, the growing popularity of requirements engineering attracts an increasing attention on requirements traceability and change impact analysis, which also imposes a great demand for a systematic approach in developing software systems to handling traceability relations and requirements changes in an automatic manner. In this work, a goal-driven requirements traceability approach is proposed to develop and manage requirements changes along three dimensions: (1) to develop software and manage requirements based on the goal-driven use case (GDUC) approach, (2) to establish and maintain the traceability relation with a design structure matrix (DSM) to derive the traceability tree, and (3) to analyze requirements change impacts through the partitioning of DSM into blocks to serve as a basis for calculating use case points. The proposed approach is illustrated by a benchmark problem domain of a meeting scheduler system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Powder materials and technologies for solar cells (2007)

The regularities of recrystallisation of initial powders of cadmium and zinc chalcogenides and chalcopyrites in different molten fluxes are studied. It is shown that the capillary phenomena in the solidliquid phase boundary, wetting of the solid phase with the liquid flux phase are the processes that determine the mechanism of recrystallisation. Results indicate to the possibility of manufacturing of powders of complicate semiconductor materials in monograin form and with qualities acceptable for Monograin Layer (MGL) design of solar cells. Influence of several technological processes to parameters of monograin powders and MGL solar cells are studied.
Discovering distinct genes represented in 29,570 clones from infant brain cDNA libraries by applying sequencing by hybridization methodology. (1996)

To discover all distinct human genes and to determine their patterns of expression across different cell types, developmental stages, and physiological conditions, a procedure is needed for fast, mutual comparison of hundreds of thousands (and perhaps millions) of clones from cDNA libraries, as well as their comparison against data bases of sequenced DNA. In a pilot study, 29,570 clones in duplicate from both original and normalized, directional, infant brain cDNA libraries were hybridized with 107-215 heptamer oligonucleotide probes to obtain oligonucleotide sequence signatures (OSSs). The OSSs were compared and clustered based on mutual similarity into 16,741 clusters, each corresponding to a distinct cDNA. A number of distinct cDNAs were successfully recognized by matching their 107-probe OSSs against GenBank entries, indicating the possibility of sequence recognition with only a few hundred randomly chosen oligomers.
RDF-based Model for Encoding Document Hierarchies (2007)

Some document clustering tools automatically or semiautomatically produce document hierarchies. Commonly, they are stored as text or graphical files. As a result, applications are not able to use them before some kind of processing. A more recent representation of document hierarchies employs Extensible Markup Language. However, the reusability of this representation is diminished because the semantic of XML elements is not machine accessible. This paper proposes the use of a Resource Description Framework Model to overcome these drawbacks.
Huge binding energy of localized biexcitons in CdS/ZnS quantum structures (2000)

Biexcitons localized in ultrathin CdS/ZnS single quantum wells with fluctuating well thicknesses are investigated by two-photon absorption and single-exciton spectroscopy. For the binding energy of the confined biexciton, a value of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{B}}=38$ meV is determined. Comparing $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{B}}$ with the CdS bulk exciton binding energy ${E}_{\mathrm{Ryd}}=28$ meV, the largest known ratio $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{B}}{/E}_{\mathrm{Ryd}}=1.4$ is found. Additionally, a strong enhancement of exchange splitting effects is observed resulting in a linearly polarized exciton doublet and a single, linearly polarized biexciton line.
KALP: a Kalman filter-based adaptive clock method with low-pass prefiltering for packet networks use (2000)

We consider the issue of source clock frequency recovery in packet networks and propose a new adaptive clock method based on the Kalman filter (KF) with low-pass prefiltering-KALP (Kalman filter-based Adaptive clock method with Low-pass Prefiltering) in short. Noting that because of the difficulty in modeling as well as the nonwhite Gaussian nature of the packet jitter most existing adaptive clock methods could not successfully adopt the Kalman filter, we take a new approach to packet jitter modeling for the KALP. We model the packet jitter not directly but after shaping its characteristics by low-pass prefiltering. This low-pass prefiltering is an important arrangement as it helps to convert the packet jitter into a low-pass signal regardless of its original characteristics, thus enabling to model the prefiltered packet jitter using a simple first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] process. The low-pass prefilter should be carefully selected not to lose the timing information while prefiltering, and the moving averager employed in this paper satisfies this requirement. The AR(1)-modeled jitter component is amenable to the KF-based processing, which in this case becomes an optimal estimator. The design parameters including the initial conditions of the KF and AR(1) parameters can be determined based on the service clock specification and packet interarrival times during the delay smoothing process. We carry out various simulations to compare the performance of the KALP with the existing buffer-based adaptive clock method and demonstrate that the KALP can significantly reduce the fluctuation in the level of receiving buffer as well as the time to recover the source clock frequency.