gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polylactic Acid Microspheres as A Potential Vaccine Delivery System for the Tetanus Toxoid: Preparation and In Vitro Dissolution Study (2008)

The objective of the present work is to develop Tetanus Toxoid (TT) loaded Polylactic Acid microspheres for controlled delivery. The microsphere was prepared by emulsion cross-linking technique using polymer Polylactic Acid. Dichloromethane and Gluteraldehyde saturated Toluene were used as solvent and cross-linking agent respectively. Tetanus Toxoid was loaded into the microspheres by the two methods i.e. adsorption and encapsulation. The prepared microspheres were accessed for size, uniformity, shape, surface charateristics and percentage yield. The estimation of TT incorporated into PLA microspheres is done by the Lime Flocculation test procedure. In vitro dissolution studies were done with both TT adsorption and encapsulated microspheres for 96 hours and 60 days respectively. The resulting microspheres having smooth surface, spherical and free flowing. On the basis of above studies, it can be concluded that the TT encapsulated PLA microspheres showed higher encapsulation efficiencies and maximum prolongation of TT release.
Environment-modeling the world's climate (1993)

The use of supercomputers to model climate is considered. Numerical simulations based on general circulation models are being used to project variations in climate. This history of this effort and the types of computer on which the simulations are run are discussed. Weather, global warming, and ozone studies are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Robotic Observations of Enhanced Carbon Biomass and Export at 55°S During SOFeX (2004)

Autonomous floats profiling in high-nitrate low-silicate waters of the Southern Ocean observed carbon biomass variability and carbon exported to depths of 100 m during the 2002 Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX) to detect the effects of iron fertilization of surface water there. Control and "in-patch" measurements documented a greater than fourfold enhancement of carbon biomass in the iron-amended waters. Carbon export through 100 m increased two- to sixfold as the patch subducted below a front. The molar ratio of iron added to carbon exported ranged between 10(4) and 10(5). The biomass buildup and export were much higher than expected for iron-amended low-silicate waters.
NMR spectroscopic evidence for chromium(VI) alkoxides with α-hydrogen atoms (1998)

C. Limberg, Chem. Commun., 1998, 225 DOI: 10.1039/A706987A
Knowledge Efficient Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing (2020)

Deep learning has become the workhorse for a wide range of natural language processing applications. But much of the success of deep learning relies on annotated examples. Annotation is time-consuming and expensive to produce at scale. Here we are interested in methods for reducing the required quantity of annotated data -- by making the learning methods more knowledge efficient so as to make them more applicable in low annotation (low resource) settings. There are various classical approaches to making the models more knowledge efficient such as multi-task learning, transfer learning, weakly supervised and unsupervised learning etc. This thesis focuses on adapting such classical methods to modern deep learning models and algorithms. This thesis describes four works aimed at making machine learning models more knowledge efficient. First, we propose a knowledge rich deep learning model (KRDL) as a unifying learning framework for incorporating prior knowledge into deep models. In particular, we apply KRDL built on Markov logic networks to denoise weak supervision. Second, we apply a KRDL model to assist the machine reading models to find the correct evidence sentences that can support their decision. Third, we investigate the knowledge transfer techniques in multilingual setting, where we proposed a method that can improve pre-trained multilingual BERT based on the bilingual dictionary. Fourth, we present an episodic memory network for language modelling, in which we encode the large external knowledge for the pre-trained GPT.
Multiple Hypersensitivities Including Recurrent Airway Obstruction, Insect Bite Hypersensitivity, and Urticaria in 2 Warmblood Horse Populations (2014)

This is the first report of MHS in horses. Specifically, an increased risk for IBH should be expected in RAO-affected horses.
Synchronous data link control: A perspective (1974)

SDLC is a data link control for serial-by-bit synchronous transmission between buffered stations on a data transmission link. A number of functional capabilities that have not heretofore been encompassed by any single data link control are provided along with improvements in many of the intanginble characteristics.
A Novel Synthesis of Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (1972)

Abstract Aminomethylphosphonic acid, H2NCH2P(O) (OH)2, was prepared in high yield from t-butylaminomethylphosphonic acid, t-C4H9NHCH2P(O) (OH)2, by iso-buty-lene elimination in concentrated aqueous hydrobromic or hydrochloric acid at 175° in a sealed tube. The corresponding ester, t-C4H9NHCH2P(O) (OC2H5)2, the precursor of the acid, which is easily obtained from N-methylene-t-butyl-amine and diethyl phosphonate, may also serve as starting material for this preparation.
Understanding fraudulent activities in online ad exchanges (2011)

Online advertisements (ads) provide a powerful mechanism for advertisers to effectively target Web users. Ads can be customized based on a user's browsing behavior, geographic location, and personal interests. There is currently a multi-billion dollar market for online advertising, which generates the primary revenue for some of the most popular websites on the Internet. In order to meet the immense market demand, and to manage the complex relationships between advertisers and publishers (i.e., the websites hosting the ads), marketplaces known as "ad exchanges" are employed. These exchanges allow publishers (sellers of ad space) and advertisers(buyers of this ad space) to dynamically broker traffic through ad networks to efficiently maximize profits for all parties. Unfortunately, the complexities of these systems invite a considerable amount of abuse from cybercriminals, who profit at the expense of the advertisers.
Mutual interaction between solitons of unequal amplitudes in optical fibre (1985)

An exact solution to the mutual interaction of two solitons propagating in a nonlinear single-mode fibre is given. From this, it is shown that the soliton separation can be effectively maintained by allowing the solitons to have unequal amplitudes. This provides a simple way to maintain the high bandwidth of a nonlinear fibre.
Pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature in the 94-K superconductor<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">YBa</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1987)

We present the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature for a variation of preparations of the 94-K superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O. All preparations show a superconducting transition temperature near 90 K and a small positive derivative ${\mathrm{dT}}_{c}$/dP=0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 K/kbar.
Geo-word centric association rule mining (2005)

Association rule mining is a well known data mining technique that also applicable to spatial data. Here we systematically elaborate spatial association rule mining which focusing on the geo-word in order to analyze location related preferences of human users. We propose several categories of mining methodologies based on the items in the rule and rule generation process. Novel interestingness metrics are derived out of those mining methodologies to identify location specific characteristics such as local specialties and common words. An experiment on real access logs from a commercial yellowpage site is conducted to examine the effectiveness of those methodologies
Automatic generation of on-line documentation in the IDAS project (1992)

The Intelligent Documentation Advisory System generates on-line documentation and help messages from a domain knowledge base, using natural-language (NL) generation techniques. This paper gives an overview of IDAS, with particular emphasis on: (1) its architecture and the types of questions it is capable of answering; (2) its KR and NL generation systems, and lessons we have learned in designing them; and (3) its hypertext-like user interface, and the benefits such an interface brings.
Functional anterior pituitary generated in self-organizing culture of human embryonic stem cells (2016)

Anterior pituitary is critical for endocrine systems. Its hormonal responses to positive and negative regulators are indispensable for homeostasis. For this reason, generating human anterior pituitary tissue that retains regulatory hormonal control in vitro is an important step for the development of cell transplantation therapy for pituitary diseases. Here we achieve this by recapitulating mouse pituitary development using human embryonic stem cells. We find that anterior pituitary self-forms in vitro following the co-induction of hypothalamic and oral ectoderm. The juxtaposition of these tissues facilitated the formation of pituitary placode, which subsequently differentiated into pituitary hormone-producing cells. They responded normally to both releasing and feedback signals. In addition, after transplantation into hypopituitary mice, the in vitro-generated corticotrophs rescued physical activity levels and survival of the hosts. Thus, we report a useful methodology for the production of regulator-responsive human pituitary tissue that may benefit future studies in regenerative medicine.
Isolation, expression, and nucleotide sequencing of the pilin structural gene of the Brazilian purpuric fever clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius (1993)

In this study we isolated the pilin gene from the Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) clone of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius, expressed the gene in Escherichia coli, and determined its nucleotide sequence. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the BPF pilin gene with the sequences of pilin genes from strains of H. influenzae sensu stricto demonstrated a high degree of identity. Consistent with this observation, hemagglutination inhibition studies performed with a series of glycoconjugates indicated that BPF pili and H. influenzae type b pili possess the same erythrocyte receptor specificity.
Preparation and characterization of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride and oxynitride films (1987)

A brief description of the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited unit is first presented as well as typical processing conditions used in the elaboration of silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride layers with refractive indices of 1.96 and 1.78, respectively, and with thicknesses superior to 30 nm. The compositional characterization of as-deposited films (prepared at 380 °C) has been carried out with infrared and Auger spectroscopies indicating a composition near the stoichiometry for nitride films (Si/N=0.8), a concentration of 16% of oxygen for oxynitride films, and a small amount of hydrogen. Extensive electrical measurements were made using I–V and C–V techniques as well as deep-level transient spectroscopy on metal-insulator semiconductor structures. Films with resistivities of 5×1016 Ω cm at a field of 2 MV/cm were obtained. The static dielectric constant is around 7 and 5.5 for nitride and oxynitride films, respectively. Finally C–V data indicate an interface state density lower than 3×1011 cm−2 eV−1 at the midgap and a positive fixed charge lower than 1012 cm−2.
One-step synthesis of amino-functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles by hydrothermal carbonization of chitosan (2011)

Highly amino-functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were fabricated by hydrothermal carbonization of chitosan at a mild temperature. They were applied to bioimaging of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, showing low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility.
Characterization of stimulatory activity for human pluripotent stem cells (CFUGEMM). (1983)

A medium conditioned by leukocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-LCM) promotes the growth of human multilineage hemopoietic progenitors CFUGEMM which form mixed hemopoietic colonies in culture containing granulocytes, erythroblasts, megakaryocytes, macrophages and mononuclear cells with T-cell antigens. In addition PHA-LCM supports the growth of erythroid bursts (BFUE) and granulocytic colonies (CFUC). Stimulatory activities of PHA-LCM were characterized by gel filtration using Sephacryl S 300. The eluted growth promoting activities were rechromatographed on Sepharose 4 B covalently linked with Lentil Lectin. The stimulatory activities for noncommitted precursors CFUGEMM, and committed progenitors BFUE, and CFUC were detected in the unretained material i.e. the activities revealed no affinity to Lentil-Lectin. The apparent molecular weight of these stimulatory molecules ranged from 35,000-45,000, as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
Medium chain triglycerides dose‐dependently prevent liver pathology in a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2013)

To determine if there was a beneficial effect of dietary medium chain triglycerides (MCT) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), male rats were isocalorically overfed diets containing 10–70% total energy as corn oil or a 70% fat diet in which corn oil was replaced with increasing concentrations of saturated fat (18:82, beef tallow:MCT oil) from 20–65% for 21 d using total enteral nutrition (TEN). As dietary content of corn oil increased, hepatic steatosis and serum ALTs were elevated (P<0.05). This was accompanied by greater expression of cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 (P<0.05) and higher concentrations of polyunsaturated 18:2 and 20:4 fatty acids (FA) in the hepatic lipid fractions (P<0.05). Increasing the proportion of MCT‐enriched saturated fat resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction in steatosis and necrosis without affecting CYP2E1 induction. There was no incorporation of C8–C10 FAs into liver lipids, but increasing dietary MCT reduced liver lipid 18:2 and 20:4 concentrations; reduced membrane susceptibility to radical attack; stimulated FA beta‐and omega‐oxidation as a result of activation of peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and appeared to increase mitochondrial respiration through complex III. These data suggest that dietary MCT could be utilized as a potential treatment for NAFLD. Supported in part by USDA, ARS‐CRIS 6251–51000‐005–004S.
Acceleration of Lipid Peroxidation in .ALPHA.-Tocopherol Transfer Protein-Knockout Mice Following the Consumption of Drinking Water Containing a Radical Initiator (2008)

To assess the antioxidative role of vitamin E (VE) in a mouse model of severe VE deficiency by using biomarkers, alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP(-/-))-knockout mice were maintained on a VE-deficient diet for 28 weeks [KO group, n = 6]. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were maintained on a diet containing 0.002% alpha-tocopherol [WT group, n = 6]. The animals were housed individually in a metabolic cage from the age of 9 weeks (Week 0) to 27 weeks. Urine was collected every week, and the levels of total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (tHODE), 7-hydroxycholesterol (t7-OHCh), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha)(t8-isoPGF(2alpha)), which are biomarkers for lipid peroxidation, were measured by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry. From the age of 21 weeks (Week 12), three mice in each group were provided drinking water containing the water-soluble radical initiator 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane] dihydrochloride (AIPH) until the end of the study (Week 19). Blood and tissue samples were collected, and the levels of the abovementioned biomarkers therein were assessed. AIPH consumption clearly elevated the plasma and erythrocyte levels of tHODE and t8-isoPGF(2alpha) in both the WT and KO groups except for the erythrocyte level of tHODE in the WT group. Furthermore, this elevation was more prominent in the KO group than in the WT group. Interestingly, AIPH consumption reduced the stereoisomer ratio of HODE (ZE/EE), which is reflective of the efficacy of a compound as an antioxidant in vivo; this suggests that free radical-mediated oxidation reduces the antioxidant capacity in vivo. The urine levels of tHODE, t7-OHCh, and t8-isoPGF(2alpha) tended to increase with AIPH consumption, but these individual levels fluctuated. It was clearly demonstrated by the proposed biomarkers that maintaining alpha-TTP(-/-) mice on a VE-deficient diet results in a severe VE deficiency and promotes lipid peroxidation.
Electron and Hole Transport through Mesoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> Infiltrated with Spiro‐MeOTAD (2007)

Charge transport in a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell is investigated. Unexpectedly, hole transport in the organic component (Spiro-MeOTAD) is faster than the electron transport in the inorganic component (TiO2). The electron mobility or diffusion coefficient through TiO2 does not increase with increasing illumination intensity, as would be predicted by the multitrapping model for electron transport. The results highlight that poor electron transport in TiO2 is a key issue for further improvements in device performance.
‘Angioprevention’: angiogenesis is a common and key target for cancer chemopreventive agents (2002)

The potential to block tumor growth by inhibition of the neoangiogenic process represents an intriguing approach to the treatment of solid tumors. The high proliferation rate in the tumor deprived of proper vascularization would be balanced by cell death due to lack of diffusion of nutrients and oxygen. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), angiogenic growth factors, and their receptors are the main targets of an increasing number of clinical trials approved to test the tolerance and therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic agents. We observed that a series of substances proposed as possible cancer chemopreventive agents show antiangiogenic properties when tested in in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis models. We demonstrated that N-acetyl-l-cysteine is able to reduce the invasive and metastatic potential of melanoma cells, and to inhibit endothelial cell invasion by direct inhibition of MMP activity. We also showed that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a flavonoid from green tea that possesses chemopreventive activity in experimental and epidemiological studies, is a potent inhibitor of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Angiogenesis has also been demonstrated to be a target for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug chemopreventive activity. Based on these data, we hypothesize that other chemopreventive agents, including natural or synthetic retinoids, steroid hormone antagonists, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands, vitamin D, and protease inhibitors, might have antiangiogenesis as an important mechanism of action, a novel concept we will term 'angioprevention'. We analyze the mechanisms on how and why chemopreventive agents could exert antiangiogenic effects aimed at controlling tumor growth, and their potential use in the clinic.
Micro force sensor for intravascular neurosurgery (2002)

Minimum invasive surgery using intravascular surgical tools is getting greater attention in the medical field. This technique allows us to reduce physical pain for patients. For example, a catheter is one of the medical tools for endovascular surgeries. The catheter is frequently used for neurosurgical operations. We propose a new type of force sensor for intravascular neurosurgery. This micro force sensor can be installed on the tip of the catheter. We developed a prototype micro force sensor whose diameter is 1.6 mm and length is 12 mm. Using this micro force sensor, we can measure the contact force between the catheter and blood vessels. It is possible to push the blood vessel wall hard when operators use the catheter. So, to express the contact force between catheter and blood vessels is very important for safe operation. In this paper, we show the structure of the micro force sensor and its characteristics.
Potential biological consequences of excessive light exposure: melatonin suppression, DNA damage, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. (2002)

This brief review summarizes some of the biological effects of light exposure at an inappropriate time (during the normal dark period) and the potential negative physiological consequences of this light exposure. Two major systems are significantly influenced by light at night. Thus, the circadian system and melatonin synthesis are altered when light is extended into the normal dark period or when the dark period is interrupted by light. This summary reviews the potential sequelae of chronic inappropriate light exposure and the suppression of endogenous melatonin levels. Given that melatonin is a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, conditions that involve free radical damage may be aggravated by light suppression of melatonin levels. The conditions of particular interest for this review are excessive DNA damage (which potentially leads to cancer), cellular destruction in neurodegenerative diseases and aging itself. Further research should be conducted to more accurately define the potential negative impact of light at abnormal times on animal and human pathophysiology.
The asymmetric impact of price‐attribute performance on overall price evaluation (2005)

Purpose To investigate the theoretical foundations of price as a multi‐dimensional component of value and to examine the nature of the relationship between price‐attribute perception and overall price evaluation. Design/methodology/approach The economic theory of the distribution of surplus across customers and the equity theory are used to develop the hypotheses about the multi‐dimensional nature of the price construct. Prospect theory is used to predict the relationship between price‐attribute performance and overall price evaluation. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire regarding mobile communications operators in Italy. After carrying out a principal factor analysis, several regression models were run to test the hypotheses. Findings The results confirm that price is a multi‐dimensional construct (i.e. made up of cheapness, fairness and variety), yet they do not fully support the prospect theory predictions. Research limitations/implications Multi‐item price measurement scales need to be further developed and validated. The theoretical framework needs to be further validated in other industries to assess the external validity of these findings. Practical implications Different dimensions of price represent different “evaluation categories”, all related to importance, yet vastly different in how one ought to respond to each of them. For price dimensions showing an asymmetric relationship with overall price evaluation, relative importance is a function of performance. Originality/value This paper extends the price conceptualization from a uni‐dimensional to a multi‐dimensional construct and suggests an integration of prospect theory. It offers a contribution for research on evaluation measurement procedures as well as on price and value management.