gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Porous Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Doped Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries (2014)

Lithium-sulfur (Li/S) battery is a promising electrochemical system that has the possibility to achieve high-energy (theoretical capacity of 1675 mAh/g). However, the system suffers from several drawbacks including dissolution of intermediate polysulphide reaction species into electrolyte. In response to this challenge, novel advances in materials design such as new electrolytes 1 , 2 polymer coated sulfur nanosphere core/cell structure 3 and conductive mesoporous/nano carbon framework for constraining sulfur have been proposed 4 , 5 . These techniques significantly improve the cycling performance of Li/S batteries but falls short of completely controlling polysulphide dissolution. Recently, a new concept of embedding small fraction of porous silica particles (SBA-15) within carbon-sulfur nanocomposites and acted as an internal polysulfide reservoir has been proposed by Nazar et al. to stabilize the system 6 . In line with this concept, here we report the use of porous Fe 2 O 3 doped sulfur cathode to improve the performance of Li/S batteries. A doping of 5% Fe 2 O 3 shows improved cycling performance with highly stable reversible discharge capacity of ca. 574 mAh/g after 50 cycles. References: (1) Ryu, H. S.; Ahn, H. J.; Kim, K. W.; Ahn, J. H.; Cho, K. K.; Nam, T. H.; Kim, J. U.; Cho, G. B. J Power Sources 2006 , 163 , 201. (2) Wang, J.; Chew, S. Y.; Zhao, Z. W.; Ashraf, S.; Wexler, D.; Chen, J.; Ng, S. H.; Chou, S. L.; Liu, H. K. Carbon 2008 , 46 , 229. (3) Li, W. Y.; Zheng, G. Y.; Yang, Y.; Seh, Z. W.; Liu, N.; Cui, Y. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2013 , 110 , 7148. (4) Ji, X. L.; Lee, K. T.; Nazar, L. F. Nat Mater 2009 , 8 , 500. (5) Xin, S.; Gu, L.; Zhao, N. H.; Yin, Y. X.; Zhou, L. J.; Guo, Y. G.; Wan, L. J. J Am Chem Soc 2012 , 134 , 18510. (6) Ji, X. L.; Evers, S.; Black, R.; Nazar, L. F. Nat Commun 2011 , 2 .
Ultraviolet electroluminescence from hybrid inorganic/organic ZnO/GaN/poly(3-hexylthiophene) dual heterojunctions (2011)

Based on hybrid inorganic/organic n-ZnO nanorods/p-GaN thin film/poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) dual heterojunctions, the light emitting diode (LED) emits ultraviolet (UV) radiation (370 nm - 400 nm) and the whole visible light (400 nm -700 nm) at the low injection current density. Meanwhile, under the high injection current density, the UV radiation overwhelmingly dominates the room-temperature electroluminescence spectra, exponentially increases with the injection current density and possesses a narrow full width at half maximum less than 16 nm. Comparing electroluminescence with photoluminescence spectra, an enormously enhanced transition probability of the UV luminescence in the electroluminescence spectra was found. The P3HT layer plays an essential role in helping the UV emission from p-GaN material because of its hole-conductive characteristic as well as the band alignment with respect to p-GaN. With our new finding, the result shown here may pave a new route for the development of high brightness LEDs derived from hybrid inorganic/organic heterojuctions.
An optical cross connected architecture based on planar lightwave circuit switches (2005)

A new optical cross connected architecture based on planar lightwave circuit switches (PLC) and a bank of wavelength blockers is presented. This new proposed architecture could save a large number of required wavelength blockers (WB) ranging from 33 % to 95 % and improve the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of the signal in various paths, when the network has a mesh-like topology. The new architecture is compared to other optical cross-connected (OXC) architectures based on the OSNR, and it is shown that the proposed architecture has an OSNR ranging from 43 dB to 31.1 dB. Compared to other architectures this new architecture is an excellent candidate for all-optical networks which also has multicast and broadcast capabilities.
Hepatitis C Virus IRES RNA-Induced Changes in the Conformation of the 40 <i>S</i> Ribosomal Subunit (2001)

Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes requires recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the messenger RNA (mRNA). In most cases, this depends on recognition of a modified nucleotide cap on the 5' end of the mRNA. However, an alternate pathway uses a structured RNA element in the 5' untranslated region of the messenger or viral RNA called an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy map of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES bound to the 40S ribosomal subunit at about 20 A resolution. IRES binding induces a pronounced conformational change in the 40S subunit and closes the mRNA binding cleft, suggesting a mechanism for IRES-mediated positioning of mRNA in the ribosomal decoding center.
Molecular changes in hepatic metabolism and transport in cirrhosis and their functional importance (2015)

Liver cirrhosis is the common endpoint of many hepatic diseases and represents a relevant risk for liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progress of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis is accompanied by deteriorating liver function. This review summarizes the regulatory and functional changes in phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes as well as transport proteins and provides an overview regarding lipid and glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients. Interestingly, phase I enzymes are generally downregulated transcriptionally, while phase II enzymes are mostly preserved transcriptionally but are reduced in their function. Transport proteins are regulated in a specific way that resembles the molecular changes observed in obstructive cholestasis. Lipid and glucose metabolism are characterized by insulin resistance and catabolism, leading to the disturbance of energy expenditure and wasting. Possible non-invasive tests, especially breath tests, for components of liver metabolism are discussed. The heterogeneity and complexity of changes in hepatic metabolism complicate the assessment of liver function in individual patients. Additionally, studies in humans are rare, and species differences preclude the transferability of data from rodents to humans. In clinical practice, some established global scores or criteria form the basis for the functional evaluation of patients with liver cirrhosis, but difficult treatment decisions such as selection for transplantation or resection require further research regarding the application of existing non-invasive tests and the development of more specific tests.
Control of inositol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: properties of a repressible enzyme system in extracts of wild-type (Ino+) cells (1976)

Inositol biosynthesis was studied in soluble, cell extracts of a wild-type (Ino) strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two reactions were detected: (i) conversion of D-glucose-6-phosphate to a phosphorylated form of inositol, presumably inositol-1-phosphate (IP synthethase, EC5.5.1.4), and (ii) conversion of phosphorylated inositol to inositol (IP phosphatase, EC3.1.3.25). The in vitro rate of conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to inositol was proportional to incubaion time and enzyme concentration. The pH optimum was 7.0. The synthesis of inositol required oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and was stimulated byNH4C1 and MgC12. NADP substituted poorly for NAD, and NADH inhibitedthe reaction. Phosphorylated inositol accumulated in the absence of MgC12, suggesting that inositol-phosphate is an intermediate in the pathway and that Mg ions stimulate the dephosphorylation of inositol-phosphate. IP synthetase was inhibited approximately 20% in the presence of inositol in the reaction mixture at concentrations exceeding 1 mM. The enzyme was repressed approximately 50-fold when inositol was present in the growth medium at concentrations exceeding 50 muM. IP synthetase reached the fully repressed level approximately 10 h after the addition of inositol to logarithmic cultures grown in the absence of inositol. The specific activity of the enzyme increased with time in logarithmically growing cultures lacking inositol andapproached the fully depressed level as the cells entered stationary phase.
Some properties of waveguides with periodic structure (1950)

A description of the frequency characteristics of waveguides with periodic structure is obtained in a general manner from a discussion of loaded transmission lines. An equivalent circuit is analysed to obtain more detailed confirmation of the frequency characteristics. These methods are applied to periodic waveguides with systematic detuning of resonators. All the general features of these types of guide are obtained by elementary reasoning, but for specific design problems a detailed treatment based on Maxwell's field equations is required. This method is used and discussed in the design of a periodic waveguide with every third resonator detuned, for which a space harmonic exists with constant phase-velocity over a wide frequency-band. Experimental methods of checking the theoretical frequency characteristics are discussed, and the results obtained for the constant-phase-velocity guide are given.
An enzymatic time/temperature device for monitoring the handling of perishable commodities. (1976)

Kockums Chemical AB, Malmö, Sweden, has developed a biochemical indicator, the i-point TTM (Time-Temperature Monitor). The indicator responds to temperature in much the same way as perishable commodities in which loss of quality is directly related to the combined effects of the degree and the duration of storage temperature. Primary application of such indicators are expected for frozen, refrigerated and fresh food products. The device can be useful in monitoring the handling of various temperature sensitive noon-food products as well. Reacting at a relatively low rate under optimum temperture conditions and at accelerated rates as temperature rises, the indicator chemically integrates and accumulates both the length and degree of all temperature experiences. When pre-selected time-temperature limits have been exceeded a distinct irreversible color change will occur, indicating that action is required--the particular depending upon the use being made of the commodity.
Cultivation of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> for Research Purposes (2014)

Individual investigators have different reasons for cultivating Mycobacterium tuberculosis in their laboratories; the medium to be used and the conditions of incubation should be tailored to the specific goals, taking into account the physiologic characteristics of this organism. A classic description of M. tuberculosis, which would be only partially accurate, might characterize this organism as a fastidious, slowly growing, strictly aerobic, lipid-rich, hydrophobic, acid-fast bacterial rod. Much of the early research on the tubercle bacillus was directed toward production of tuberculin or other crude chemical products of the bacilli, such as unique lipids or polysaccharides. The growth of tubercle bacilli in the synthetic media cited is difficult to follow in quantitative terms, as it cannot be measured optically and since simple plating is not accurate because of the severe clumping of the bacilli. Media based on a Tween 80-albumin formulation are satisfactory for cultivation of tubercle bacilli for studies of growth rates and kinetics and, in most cases, for preparation of bacilli for chemical extraction. Glycerol has commonly been used in media when large crops of bacilli are desired, since this carbohydrate markedly stimulates growth of M. tuberculosis (note that glycerol inhibits growth of fresh isolates of the closely related Mycobacterium bovis). M. tuberculosis is known to produce enzymes of anaerobic metabolism, and these are especially prominent when bacilli are tested after direct harvest from host tissues; there is a general shift away from O2-dependent pathways to anaerobic or facultative anaerobic pathways in host derived bacilli compared to cultured organisms.
NOx Performance of an LNT+SCR System Designed to Meet EPA 2010 Emissions: Results of Engine Dynamometer Emission Tests (2008)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper covers the NO<sub>x</sub> performance evaluation of an LNT + SCR system designed to meet the 2010 on-highway heavy-duty (HD) US EPA emission standards. The system combines a fuel reformer catalyst (REF), lean NO<sub>x</sub> trap (LNT), diesel particulate filter (DPF), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in series, to reduce engine-out NO<sub>x</sub> and PM. System NO<sub>x</sub> reduction performance was verified in an engine dynamometer test cell, using a 2007 7.6L medium-duty engine. System NO<sub>x</sub> performance was characterized using fresh LNT and SCR along with hydrothermal aged LNT and fresh SCR. Test results show levels consistent with EPA 2010 limits under various test conditions. Catalysts performance was characterized at eight steady engine-operating conditions (A100, B50, B75, A75, B100, C100, C75, C50, across a 13-mode Supplemental Emission Test (SET), and an on-highway Heavy Duty Federal Test Procedure (HD-FTP). System level NO<sub>x</sub> conversion ranged from 84 to 99%, SCR contributing between 8 - 25% of total system NO<sub>x</sub> conversion. System fuel consumption ranged from 2.3 to 4.7%.</div>
Bone protein and peptide assays in the diagnosis and management of skeletal disease (1991)

The measurement in blood of bone proteins is an important adjunct to imaging procedures for clinical assessment of the skeleton. The discovery of new bone proteins and their structural characterization has led to immunochemical procedures of improved sensitivity and specificity for their quantification. An appreciation of the advantages and disadvantages of these evolving methodologies will assist in their clinical application.
Study on the model of organization action facing the task for continuous improvement (2012)

As the organization action is the self-improvement concept which takes the external market as the background, it needs to conduct the comparative analysis with other organizations to evaluate and measure. The continuous improvement of the organization is the key to organizational survival and development and this has the same significance for the organization and groups. The improvement of the organizational performance requires a process and a strategy which can be used to guide this process effectively. The formulation of this strategy should be based on the right determination for the existing operations and the weak links of the organization. To this end, it is necessary to establish a scientific and rational assessment of organizational action to target efforts to improve organizational performance.
Use of a large Rusch hydrostatic catheter balloon to control postpartum haemorrhage resulting from a low placental implantation. (2009)

We describe the successful use of a balloon catheter in primary postpartum haemorrhage secondary to placenta praevia. A 29-year-old woman was admitted for cervical priming at 37 weeks. Antenatal screening ultrasonography showed a normally-sited placenta. During the surgical induction of labour, bleeding per vaginum was noted, and a mass was felt at the cervical os. Emergency caesarean section was performed, and a placenta praevia was confirmed. Upon reversal of general anaesthesia, vaginal bleeding was noted despite a well-contracted uterus. The estimated blood loss was 1,200 ml. A hydrostatic catheter was inserted vaginally into the uterine cavity. After 17 hours, it was removed with no vaginal bleeding. The insertion for the balloon catheter was easy and simple, requiring minimal analgesia, and it was without significant complication. As obstetricians become more confident in this technique, surgical intervention may be avoided. This may subsequently lead to a reduction in maternal morbidity and mortality.
Debris Flows vs. Turbidity Currents<subtitle>a Modeling Comparison of Their Dynamics and Deposits</subtitle> (2000)

This Memoir covers one of the most important and active exploration reservoirs being pursued by geoscientists worldwide: fine-grained turbidite systems. 28 chapters show the results of an intense research effort in the 1990s that resulted from the discovery of large hydrocarbon accumulations in fine-grained turbidite systems in Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, and the North Sea. Industry and academia have joined together in this publication and the result is a unique opportunity to study these turbidite systems from the outcrop to the modeling; through the interpretation with 2-D and 3-D seismic data; to case histories and analog studies from Arkansas and Oklahoma, South and West Africa, Gulf of Mexico, west Texas, and New Zealand.
Endothelial Cell Transplantation onto Polymeric Arteriovenous Grafts Evaluated Using a Canine Model (1994)

Prosthetic arteriovenous grafts (AVG) placed for hemodialysis access fail in humans due to the thrombogenicity of the flow surface and development of cellular intimal hyperplasia, particularly at the venous anastomosis. The poor patency rates of prosthetic AVG result in significant morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Consequently, investigators have been evaluating methods to improve the patency of prosthetic grafts by examining endothelial cell transplantation as a means of creating an antithrombogenic lining on artificial polymers. A canine model was developed to study the effects of cell transplantation of autologous, fat-derived microvessel endothelial cells (MVEC) onto the luminal surface of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts. Microvessel endothelial cells were isolated from falciform ligament fat, with each dog receiving its own endothelial cells. Isolated cells were subsequently placed into the lumen of the graft (4 mm by 20 cm ePTFE). The graft lumen was pressurized to 5 pounds per square inch (psi) resulting in the partial denucleation of the graft, due to the flow of buffer into the interstices of the graft, and the forced deposition of cells onto the luminal surface. Animals were maintained on aspirin and persantine during the implant phase. During the implant phase, grafts were evaluated by both duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). At explant, gross observation of the sodded grafts revealed a glistening white flow surface with no evidence of thrombosis. Morphologic and scanning electron microscopic evaluations revealed the presence of a cellular lining on the luminal flow surface that exhibited characteristics of antithrombogenic endothelial cells. Midgraft samples were evaluated by immunocytochemistry and indicated that cells on the luminal surface react positively with antibodies to von Willebrand factor. Results from this study demonstrate that the canine model provides an excellent method of studying the effects of MVEC sodding on the thrombogenicity and hyperplastic response of prosthetic arteriovenous graft.
Software reconfigurable highly flexible gain switched optical frequency comb source (2015)

The authors present the performance and noise properties of a software reconfigurable, FSR and wavelength tunable gain switched optical frequency comb source. This source, based on the external injection of a temperature tuned Fabry-Pérot laser diode, offers quasi-continuous wavelength tunability over the C-band (30nm) and FSR tunability ranging from 6 to 14GHz. The results achieved demonstrate the excellent spectral quality of the comb tones (RIN ~-130dB/Hz and low phase noise of 300kHz) and its outstanding stability (with fluctuations of the individual comb tones of less than 0.5dB in power and 5pm in wavelength, characterized over 24hours) highlighting its suitability for employment in next generation flexible optical transmission networks.
Vinylstyrylpyridine-modified bismaleimide composite resins (1984)

Vinylstilbazole (vinylstyrylpyridine) and vinylpolystyrylpyridine was prepared for the purpose of modifying bismaleimide composite resins. Cure studies of resin systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The vinylstyrylpyridine-modified bismaleimide composite resins were found to have lower cure and gel temperatures, and shorter cure times than the corresponding unmodified composite resins. The resin systems were reinforced with commercially available satin-weave carbon cloth fabricated by hot melt (or solvent) techniques. Thermal stability, flammability, moisture absorption, and mechanical properties of the composites (such as flexural strength, modulus, tensile and short beam shear strength) were determined. Composite laminates showed substantial improvements in both processability and mechanical properties compared to the bismaleimide control systems.
Research on the Implementation of the Virtual Interface on Multi-mode Mobile Nodes (2010)

In this paper, we propose the virtual interface management scheme on the multi-mode mobile node for supporting multiple connections to various access networks in fixed mobile convergence (FMC) networks. The proposed scheme supports the virtualization of multiple physical network interfaces by presenting only the virtual interface to beyond IP layers and hiding physical network interfaces from them. In the proposed scheme, only one IP address is allocated to virtual interface without any IP allocations to physical network interfaces. Therefore, the proposed scheme does not change its IP address and keep it during the vertical handover, so that it can support the seamless handover of real-time multimedia services among heterogeneous access networks. The proposed scheme is implemented on the multi-mode mobile node with multiple network interfaces by using NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specifications) libraries. Through the mobility test-bed and the test application of virtual interface, we evaluate and analyze the performance of the proposed scheme.
DNA-Nogalamycin Interactions: The Crystal Structure of d(TGATCA) Complexed with Nogalamycin (1995)

The structure of the self-complementary deoxyoligonucleotide d5'(TGATCA) complexed with nogalamycin, an antitumor anthracycline, has been solved to 1.8 A resolution using X-ray crystallographic methods. The technique of single isomorphous replacement, utilizing the anomalous signal of bromine in derivative data collected at three different wavelengths, Cu K alpha, Mo K alpha, and 0.91 A synchroton radiation, was used. The complex crystallized in space group P4(1)2(1)2 with unit cell dimensions a = 37.2 A and c = 70.1 A. The final structure including 116 water molecules has an overall R factor of 19.5% for the 4767 reflections with F > or = 1 sigma F in the resolution range 10.0-1.8 A. One nogalamycin molecule intercalates between each of the d5'(TpG) steps at both ends of a distorted B DNA double helix. This structure provides the first three-dimensional picture of nogalamycin bound to the triplet sequence d5'(TGA), one of its favorable natural binding sites. The drug exhibits a strict requirement for binding to the 3' side of a pyrimidine and the 5' side of a purine. Nogalamycin has bulky sugar groups at either end of a planar aglycon chromophore; therefore, in order for intercalation to occur, the DNA must either transiently open or flex along the helix axis to allow insertion of the chromophore between the base pairs. Conformational change in nogalamycin is observed in the drug-DNA complex with respect to free nogalamycin. Nogalamycin binding to DNA induces severe deformation to the intercalation site base pairs. In comparison to previously reported anthracycline-DNA structures significant differences in base-pair geometry, drug hydrogen-bonding patterns, and the extent of hydration are observed. The position of the drug in this complex is stabilized by a number of nonbonded forces including van der Waals interactions and extensive direct and solvent-mediated hydrogen bonds to the DNA duplex.