gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced alternating-frame technology (VISIDEP) and three-dimensional remote sensing (1988)

It is pointed out that full-color three-dimensional imaging for remote visual sensing can be achieved through recent advances in alternating-frame technology that are applicable to video, computer graphics, infrared video, and film. Advantages are real-time display with a two-source system and near-real-time display with a single-camera system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LiTFSI‐Free Spiro‐OMeTAD‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 19% (2019)

Abstract To date, the most efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employ an n–i–p device architecture that uses a 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis( N , N ‐di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐amine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) hole‐transporting material (HTM), which achieves optimum conductivity with the addition of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and air exposure. However, this additive along with its oxidation process leads to poor reproducibility and is detrimental to stability. Herein, a dicationic salt spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI) 2 , is employed as an effective p‐dopant to achieve power conversion efficiencies of 19.3% and 18.3% (apertures of 0.16 and 1.00 cm 2 ) with excellent reproducibility in the absence of LiTFSI and air exposure. As far as it is known, these are the highest‐performing n–i–p PSCs without LiTFSI or air exposure. Comprehensive analysis demonstrates that precise control of the proportion of [spiro‐OMeTAD] + directly provides high conductivity in HTM films with low series resistance, fast hole extraction, and lower interfacial charge recombination. Moreover, the spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI) 2 ‐doped devices show improved stability, benefitting from well‐retained HTM morphology without forming aggregates or voids when tested under an ambient atmosphere. A facile approach is presented to fabricate highly efficient PSCs by replacing LiTFSI with spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI) 2 . Furthermore, this study provides an insight into the relationship between device performance and the HTM doping level.
Technique for Reoperative Median Sternotomy in the Presence of a Patent Left Internal Mammary Artery Graft (1994)

Damage to a patent left internal mammary artery (IMA) graft during reoperation can be catastrophic. An organized approach to reenter the mediastinum in the presence of a functioning left IMA graft is described. The sternum is opened using an oscillating saw to carefully divide the anterior and posterior tables. The right side is then dissected out first, exposing the aorta and right atrium. After placing pursestring sutures for cannulation, attention is turned to the left side. An IMA retractor is used to elevated the left edge of the sternum in incremental stages. The dissection is begun at the inferior end of the sternum, exposing the distal anastomosis first and then dissecting superiorly anterior to the IMA. A Doppler flow detector probe is used to assist in locating the artery in the adhesions.
Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Inhibitor in the Cotton Rat Model (2010)

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, elderly persons, and severely immunocompromised patients. Effective postinfection treatments are not widely available, and currently there is no approved vaccine. TMC353121 is a potent RSV fusion inhibitor in vitro, and its ability to reduce viral loads in vivo was demonstrated in cotton rats following prophylactic intravenous administration. Here, the pharmacokinetics of TMC353121 in the cotton rat, which is semipermissive for RSV replication, were further explored to build a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model and to estimate the plasma drug levels needed for significant antiviral efficacy. TMC353121 reduced the viral titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a dose-dependent manner after a single subcutaneous administration and intranasal RSV inoculation 24 h after compound administration. The viral titer reduction and plasma TMC353121 concentration at the time of RSV inoculation were well described using a simple E(max) model with a maximal viral titer reduction (E(max)) of 1.5 log(10). The plasma drug level required to achieve 50% of the E(max) (200 ng/ml) was much higher than the 50% inhibitory concentration observed in vitro in HeLaM cells (0.07 ng/ml). In conclusion, this simple PK-PD approach may be useful in predicting efficacious exposure levels for future RSV inhibitors.
Design and implementation of error detection and correction circuitry for multilevel memory protection (2003)

Traditional memories use only two levels per cell (0/1), which limits their storage capacity to 1 bit per cell. By doubling the cell capacity, we increase the density of the memory at the expense of its reliability. There are several types of memories that employ multi-level techniques. The subject of this paper is the design of a multi-level dynamic random access memory (MLDRAM). The problem of its reliability is investigated and a practical solution is proposed. The solution is based on the organization of the error-correcting code (ECC) that is tuned to the MLDRAM implementation. Conventional memories employ single-error-correcting and double-error-detecting (SEC-DED) ECCs. While such codes have been considered for MLDRAMs, their use is inefficient, due to likely double-bit errors in a single cell. For this reason, we propose an induced ECC architecture that uses ECC in such a way that no common error corrupts two bits. Induced ECC allows a significant increase in the reliability of the MLDRAM, by making use of improved check-bit generation circuitry that allows us to use less space for the parity-bit generation circuitry. The suggested approach is able to correct a two-bit error in a two-bits-per-cell MLDRAM, which the basic ECC cannot correct. The proposed solutions make the MLDRAM more tolerant to any kind of fault, and consequently more practical for mass production.
MicroRNA-122 plays a critical role in liver homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis (2012)

MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), which accounts for 70% of the liver's total miRNAs, plays a pivotal role in the liver. However, its intrinsic physiological roles remain largely undetermined. We demonstrated that mice lacking the gene encoding miR-122a (Mir122a) are viable but develop temporally controlled steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These mice exhibited a striking disparity in HCC incidence based on sex, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.9:1, which recapitulates the disease incidence in humans. Impaired expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) contributed to steatosis, which was reversed by in vivo restoration of Mttp expression. We found that hepatic fibrosis onset can be partially attributed to the action of a miR-122a target, the Klf6 transcript. In addition, Mir122a(-/-) livers exhibited disruptions in a range of pathways, many of which closely resemble the disruptions found in human HCC. Importantly, the reexpression of miR-122a reduced disease manifestation and tumor incidence in Mir122a(-/-) mice. This study demonstrates that mice with a targeted deletion of the Mir122a gene possess several key phenotypes of human liver diseases, which provides a rationale for the development of a unique therapy for the treatment of chronic liver disease and HCC.
A quantitative analysis of valgus torque on the ACL: A human cadaveric study (2003)

The loads needed to elicit a positive pivot shift test in a knee with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture have not been quantified. The coupled anterior tibial translation (ATT), coupled internal tibial rotation (ITR), and the in situ force in the ACL in response to a valgus torque, an inherent component of the pivot shift test, were measured in 10 human cadaveric knee specimens. Using a robotic/universal force-moment sensor testing system, valgus torques ranging from 0.0 to 10.0 Nm were applied in nine increments on the intact and ACL-deficient knee in flexion ranging from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. At 15 degrees of knee flexion, the coupled ATT and ITR were significantly increased in the ACL-deficient knee when compared to the intact knee. Coupled ATT increased a maximum of 291% (6.7 mm, p<0.05), while coupled ITR increased a maximum of 85% (5.1 degrees, p<0.05). At 30 degrees, the increases in coupled ATT and ITR were significant at valgus loads of 3.3 Nm and greater with a maximum increase in coupled ATT of 137% (6.3 mm, p<0.05) and a maximum increase in coupled ITR of 38% (3.6 degrees, p<0.05). At 45 degrees, coupled ATT increased significantly (maximum of 69%, 4.4 mm, p<0.05), but only at torques > or =6.7 Nm. The in situ force in the ACL was less than 20 N for all flexion angles when a torque between 3.3 and 5.0 Nm was applied. Low valgus torque elicited tibial subluxation in the ACL-deficient knee with low in situ ACL forces, similar to a positive pivot shift test. Thus, application of a valgus torque may be suitable to evaluate ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed knees, since subluxation can be achieved with minimal harm to the ACL graft. This work is important in understanding one load component needed for the pivot shift examination; further studies quantifying other load components are essential for better comprehension of the in vivo pivot shift examination.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of H+,K+-ATPase, the parietal cell antigen. (1987)

Vesicular membranes, purified from porcine gastric mucosa and rich in H+,K+-ATPase, were used to establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determinations of parietal cell autoantibodies. Results obtained with the ELISA correlated well with standard immunofluorescence determinations of parietal cell antibodies based on frozen sections of rat stomach. The ELISA however was about 10-fold more sensitive than the immunofluorescence method and had high specificity. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation, determined with a patient sera of average positivity, were 5.5% and 18%, respectively. The ELISA detected antibody binding in 23 out of 26 sera from patients with known autoimmune atrophic gastritis, in five of 25 sera with autoimmune thyroiditis, in five of 20 sera from patients with Graves' disease, in three out of 20 sera from patients with atoxic nodular goitre, in six of 20 sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, in two out of 20 sera of patients with active duodenal ulcer, in two out of 20 sera with detectable antinuclear antibodies, and in one out of 20 sera with detectable rheumatoid factor. Data determined by an ELISA based on a gastric vesicular membrane preparation of human origin correlated well (r = 0.79, P less than 0.001) to those obtained by the standard ELISA based on porcine membrane material. The assay should be well suited for routine determinations of parietal cell antibodies in investigations of autoimmune gastritis and multiple organ autoimmune endocrinopathies.
Zeolite Formation in Class F Fly Ash Blended Cement Pastes (1992)

Zeolite formation in Class F fly ash blended cement pastes is under investigation. A Na–P type zeolite and Zeolite Y were synthesized from Class F fly ash and NaOH solution after 2 days of aging at room temperature and 6 days of curing at 80°C. However, no zeolites formed when KOH was used. In additional experiments, a Na–P type zeolite, Zeolite Y, and chabazite developed in cement pastes blended with Class F fly ash and NaOH solution which had been aged 2 days at room temperature and then cured 6 days at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 90°C. Seeding the pastes with natural zeolites was also investigated.
Therapeutic Targeting of Cancers with Loss of PTEN Function (2014)

Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the most frequently disrupted tumor suppressors in cancer. The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway to repress tumor cell growth and survival. In the nucleus, PTEN promotes chromosome stability and DNA repair. Consequently, loss of PTEN function increases genomic instability. PTEN deficiency is caused by inherited germline mutations, somatic mutations, epigenetic and transcriptional silencing, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. Given the high frequency of PTEN deficiency across cancer subtypes, therapeutic approaches that exploit PTEN loss-of-function could provide effective treatment strategies. Herein, we discuss therapeutic strategies aimed at cancers with loss of PTEN function, and the challenges involved in treating patients afflicted with such cancers. We review preclinical and clinical findings, and highlight novel strategies under development to target PTENdeficient cancers.
The Polycomb Gene Product BMI1 Contributes to the Maintenance of Tumor-Initiating Side Population Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2008)

Side population (SP) cell analysis and sorting have been successfully applied to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines to identify a minor cell population with cancer stem cell properties. However, the molecular mechanisms operating in SP cells remain unclear. The polycomb gene product BMI1 plays a central role in the self-renewal of somatic stem cells in a variety of tissues and organs and seems to be implicated in tumor development. In this study, we determined the critical role of BMI1 in the maintenance of cancer stem cells with the SP phenotype in HCC cell lines. BMI1 was preferentially expressed in SP cells in Huh7 and PLC/PRF/5 HCC cells compared with the corresponding non-SP cells. Lentiviral knockdown of BMI1 considerably decreased the number of SP cells in both Huh7 and PLC/PRF/5 cells. Long-term culture of purified SP cells resulted in a drastic reduction in the SP subpopulation upon the BMI1 knockdown, indicating that BMI1 is required for the self-renewal of SP cells in culture. More importantly, the BMI1 knockdown abolished the tumor-initiating ability of SP cells in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Derepression of the INK4A and ARF genes that are major targets for BMI1 was not necessarily associated with impaired self-renewal of SP cells caused by BMI1 knockdown. In conclusion, our findings define an important role for BMI1 in the maintenance of tumor-initiating SP cells in HCC. BMI1 might be a novel therapeutic target for the eradication of cancer stem cells in HCC.
Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance among Children and Adolescents with Marked Obesity (2002)

Impaired glucose tolerance is highly prevalent among children and adolescents with severe obesity, irrespective of ethnic group. Impaired oral glucose tolerance was associated with insulin resistance while beta-cell function was still relatively preserved. Overt type 2 diabetes was linked to beta-cell failure.
Novel SiC/Si heterostructure negative-differential-resistance diode for use as switch with high on/off current ratio and low power dissipation (1998)

A novel p-SiC/n-Si heterostructure negative-differential-resistance (NDR) diode with special current-voltage (I-V) characteristics is reported. Under reverse biases, the I-V curve of this device possesses an N-shaped NDR with a high peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) and a broad high-impedance valley region. For use as a switch, it can easily achieve a very low off-state current and a high on/off current ratio, as compared to the conventional N-shaped NDR devices. Hence, performance with a more effective switching action and lower power dissipation can be expected. Furthermore, obvious NDR's can even be obtained at a temperature up to 300/spl deg/C, indicating this device is also potential for high-temperature applications.
Resistance drift in phase change memory (2012)

This paper discusses the major reliability issue in MLC PCM, namely time dependent resistance drift in amorphous chalcogenide materials. Starting from experimental observations, this paper presents a complete physical picture for structural relaxation (SR), which is considered to be the underlying mechanism for resistance drift. In particularly, various physics models and quantum molecular dynamics simulation are presented to reveal the interrelationship between atomic structure and electrical properties of amorphous chalcogenide materials. The paper provides insights to develop mitigation techniques including material engineering and various design techniques, etc. to ensure reliable MLC operations.
Motion Compensation Memory Access Optimization Strategies for H.264/AVC Decoder (2006)

H.264/AVC is the latest standard for video coding drafted jointly by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group and the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group. H.264/AVC provides up to 50% gain in compression efficiency over a wide range of bit rates and video resolutions compared to previous standards. On the other hand, the decoder complexity is about four times that of MPEG-2 and two times that of MPEG-4 visual simple profile. In VLSI implementations of the H.264/AVC decoder, off-chip memory access is the main time and power consuming operation, and the motion compensation module is the main memory access bottleneck. This paper proposes four optimization strategies to reduce memory access data cycles and improve memory data bus utilization. Experimental results show that about 60% data cycle reduction can be achieved and more than 20% memory data bus utilization can be improved by these strategies over typical test sequences.
150-nm dense/isolated contact hole study with Canon IDEAL technique (2002)

This paper presents the results of a joint development effort between Canon USA, Inc. and Photronics, Inc. on 150nm contact hole application. A double exposure technique, Canon's IDEAL technique, is used to achieve the very small dense contact hole and isolated contact hole simultaneously. Canon's IDEAL exposure technique has shown, through numerous documented investigations to be beneficial for extending the current lithography tool life with regards to line patterns. However, it is also now equally important to evaluate IDEAL's advantages for contact holes. We look to apply the IDEAL technique to contact holes by using a Hole-shaped alternating Phase Shift Mask for the grid and a binary mask for trimming. This experiment was performed on a Canon FPA- 3000EX6 5X stepper with maximum NA0.65, using JSR TMX1260Y 300nm thick resist. All masks were made by Photronics. Since image intensity imbalances of Hole shaped alt-PSMs were too large to generate a perfect grid, we exposed twice with the same Hole-shaped alt-PSM reticle. The second exposure was shifted to combine 0 degree and 180-degree space, thereby creating a well-balanced grid. Subsequently, we used a binary mask for trimming. Through this method, 0.15 micrometers dense holes and 0.15 micrometers isolated holes with simple reticle bias were resolved simultaneously, and over 0.6 micrometers common DOF was obtained. Due to the high accuracy alignment between the PSM hole mask and binary mask from this experiment, double and triple exposure schemes can be used in actual production. Based on these experimental result, we also confirmed that the IDEAL technique allows fora 50nm combination error of stage stepping and reticle alignment without including significant CD error. A well- balanced grid can be generated using the vertical line PSM and horizontal line PSM, by minimizing image intensity imbalances due to PSM structures, however, the three-reticle application may prove prohibitive due to the increase in reticle cost.
Generation and Characterization of an H9N2 Cold-Adapted Reassortant as a Vaccine Candidate (2003)

H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses have been identified in avian species worldwide, and infections in pigs were confirmed in Hong Kong in 1998. Subsequently, H9N2 viruses were isolated from two children in Hong Kong in 1999, and five human infections were reported from China, raising the possibility that H9N2 viruses pose a potential pandemic threat for humans. These events prompted us to develop a vaccine candidate to protect humans against this subtype of influenza A viruses. Reassortant H1N1 and H3N2 human influenza A viruses with the six internal gene segments of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2)(AA) cold-adapted (ca) virus have been tested extensively in humans and have proved to be attenuated and safe as live virus vaccines. Using classical genetic reassortment, we generated a reassortant that contains the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97 (H9N2) and six internal gene segments from the AAca virus. The G9/AAca reassortant virus exhibits the ca phenotype and the temperature-sensitive phenotypes of the AAca virus and was attenuated in mice. The reassortant virus was immunogenic and protected mice from wild-type H9N2 virus challenge. The G9/AAca virus bears the in vitro and in vivo phenotypes specified by the AAca virus and will be evaluated as a potential vaccine candidate in humans.
Analysis of Aerodynamic Performance in an Annular Compressor Bowed Cascade with Large Camber Angles (2009)

The effects of positively bowed blade on the aerodynamic performance of annular compressor cascades with large camber angle were experimentally investigated under different incidences. The distributions of the exit total pressure loss and secondary flow vectors of compressor cascades were analyzed. The static pressure was measured by tapping on the cascade surfaces, and the ink-trace flow visualizations were conducted. The results show that the value of the optimum bowed angle and optimum bowed height decrease because of the increased losses at the mid-span with the increase of the caber angle. The C-shape static pressure distribution along the radial direction exists on the suction surface of the straight cascade with large r camber angles. When bowed blade is applied, the larger bowed angle and larger bowed height will further enhance the accumulation of the low-energy fluid at the mid-span, thus deteriorate the flow behavior. Under <TEX>$60^{\circ}$</TEX> camber angle, flow behavior near the end-wall region of some bowed cascades even deteriorates instead of improving because the blockage of the separated flow near the mid-span keeps the low-energy fluid near the end-walls from moving towards the mid-span region, and as a result, a rapid augmentation of the total loss is easy to take place under large bowed angle. With the increase of camber angle, the choice range of bowed angle corresponding to the best performance in different incidences become narrower.
The Efficacy of Midwater Artificial Structures for Attracting Pelagic Sport Fish (1973)

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico off Panama City, Florida to evaluate the feasibility of using man-made midwater structures for attracting pelagic game fish to improve sportfishing catch rates. Significantly greater catches of little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla), and dolphin (Coryphaena hippurus) were made around experimental structure sites than in adjacent control areas when equal experimental fishing effort was used. Multiple structures attracted larger numbers of coastal pelagic bait fish and produced larger catches of pelagic game fish than single-structure units. The distance offshore or water depth of structure locations affected both the species of fish attracted and the number of fish caught. Charter fleet vessels fished around one of the experimental structures for several hours and reported total numbers of pelagic game fish caught and catch rates at least double those in “other areas” for that day.