gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PC-OPT: optimal offline prefetching and caching for parallel I/O systems (2002)

We address the problem of prefetching and caching in a parallel I/O system and present a new algorithm for parallel disk scheduling. Traditional buffer management algorithms that minimize the number of block misses are substantially suboptimal in a parallel I/O system where multiple I/Os can proceed simultaneously. We show that in the off line case, where a priori knowledge of all the requests is available, PC-OPT performs the minimum number of I/Os to service the given I/O requests. This is the first parallel I/O scheduling algorithm that is provably offline optimal in the parallel disk model. In the online case, we study the context of global L-block lookahead, which gives the buffer management algorithm a lookahead consisting of L distinct requests. We show that the competitive ratio of PC-OPT, with global L-block lookahead, is /spl Theta/(M - L + D), when L /spl les/ M, and /spl Theta/(MD/L), when L > M, where the number of disks is D and buffer size is M.
A simplified electrospray ionization source based on electrostatic field induction for mass spectrometric analysis of droplet samples (2012)

A simplified electrospray ionization source based on electrostatic field induction is introduced in this paper. The electrostatic field induced spray ionization, termed EFISI, is easily performed using a needle electrode and a capillary, and it does not require heat, gas, a syringe pump or any other equipment. A high voltage is applied to a needle electrode which does not contact the sample. The capillary is used as a sample spray emitter without any electrical contact or tip modification. As only a 1 μL sample droplet is needed for analysis with no or little pretreatment, the EFISI source is particularly suitable for the mass spectrometric analysis of microlitre volume samples. The change of charge distribution in the droplet solution, by the induction of an external electrostatic field from the needle electrode, is proposed to be the main cause of ion formation. We demonstrate its feasibility for the characterization of a wide range of organic compounds and biomolecules in pure solutions or complex matrices. The influence of sample capillary length and droplet solvent composition on the ionization process are also discussed.
Thiol-Containing Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitors Resensitize Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Meropenem (2017)

The prevalence of infections caused by metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) expressing Gram-negative bacteria has grown at an alarming rate in recent years. Despite the fact that MBLs can deactivate virtually all β-lactam antibiotics, there are as of yet no approved drugs available that inhibit their activity. We here examine the ability of previously reported thiol-based MBL inhibitors to synergize with meropenem and cefoperazone against a panel of Gram-negative carbapenem-resistant isolates expressing different β-lactamases. Among the compounds tested, thiomandelic acid 3 and 2-mercapto-3-phenylpropionic acid 4 were found to efficiently potentiate the activity of meropenem, especially against an imipenemase (IMP) producing strain of K. pneumoniae. In light of the zinc-dependent hydrolytic mechanism employed by MBLs, biophysical studies using isothermal titration calorimetry were also performed, revealing a correlation between the synergistic activity of thiols 3 and 4 and their zinc-binding ability with measured K<sub>d</sub> values of 9.8 and 20.0 μM, respectively.
Motion correction in MR thermometry of abdominal organs: A comparison of the referenceless vs. the multibaseline approach (2010)

Reliable temperature and thermal-dose measurements using proton resonance frequency shift-based magnetic resonance (MR) thermometry for MR-guided ablation of abdominal organs require a robust correction of artefacts induced by the target displacement through an inhomogeneous and time-variant magnetic field. Two correction approaches emerged recently as promising candidates to allow continuous real-time MR-thermometry under free-breathing conditions: The multibaseline correction method, which relies on a pre-recorded correction table allowing to correct for periodic phase changes, and the referenceless method, which depends on a background phase estimation in the target area based on the assumption of a smooth spatial variation of the phase across the organ. This study combines both methods with real-time in-plane motion correction to permit both temperature and thermal-dose calculations on the fly. Subsequently, the practical aspects of both methods are compared in two application scenarios, a radio frequency-ablation and a high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation. A hybrid approach is presented that exploits the strong points of both methods, allowing accurate and precise proton resonance frequency-thermometry measurements during periodical displacement, even in the presence of spontaneous motion and strong susceptibility variations in the target area.
Concept Maps: A Tool for Use in Biology Teaching (1979)

Research Article| March 01 1979 Concept Maps: A Tool for Use in Biology Teaching James Stewart, James Stewart Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Judith Van Kirk, Judith Van Kirk Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Richard Rowell Richard Rowell Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1979) 41 (3): 171–175. https://doi.org/10.2307/4446530 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation James Stewart, Judith Van Kirk, Richard Rowell; Concept Maps: A Tool for Use in Biology Teaching. The American Biology Teacher 1 March 1979; 41 (3): 171–175. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4446530 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1979 National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
The "PI" (Placement And Interconnect) System (1982)

is an advanced LISP-based placement and interconnect system for custom NMOS or CMOS (single-layer metal) designs. When fully implemented, PI will handle placement of arbitrarily-sized rectangular modules, routing of power and ground, signal routing, and compaction. In this paper we briefly review the structure of PI, and present details on the signal-routing heuristics, focusing on the definition of channels, the global router, the crossing placer, and the channel routers. The signal router is fully operational; the rest of PI is currently being coded and will be more fully described in later papers and theses.
Shock Index and Early Recognition of Sepsis in the Emergency Department: Pilot Study (2013)

In this cohort, SI ≥ 0.7 performed as well as SIRS in NPV and was the most sensitive screening test for hyperlactatemia and 28-day mortality. SI ≥ 1.0 was the most specific predictor of both outcomes. Future research should focus on multi-site validation, with implications for early identification of at-risk patients and resource utilization.
Macrophage activation by interferon‐γ from host‐protective T cells is inhibited by interleukin (IL) 3 and IL 4 produced by disease‐promoting T cells in leishmaniasis (1989)

BALB/c mice are highly susceptible to Leishmania major infection. They develop a progressive fatal disseminating disease even with a minimum infecting dose. However, these mice are able to contain the disease if they are exposed to sublethal gamma-irradiation shortly before infection. Earlier studies demonstrated that CD4+ T cells from mice which had recovered from infection (Tr) can adoptively transfer resistance. In contrast, CD4+ cells from mice with progressive disease (Ts) not only failed to protect, but can reverse the protective effect of the Tr cells. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice which had recovered from L. major infection or which had progressive disease were cultured with leishmanial antigens in vitro. The culture supernatant from spleen cells of recovered mice (TrSN) contains high levels of macrophage-activating factor (MAF) activity which can activate peritoneal macrophages to kill 51Cr-labeled P815 cells and to eliminate intracellular parasites as measured by the reduction in [3H]thymidine uptake by residual parasites released from macrophages following sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment. The MAF activity of TrSN parallels that of recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In contrast, culture supernatant of spleen cells from mice with progressive disease (TsSN) contains no detectable MAF but it is able to neutralize the MAF activity of TrSN. The MAF-inhibiting function of TsSN appears to be mediated by interleukin (IL)3 and IL4, since the MAF activity of TrSN and rIFN-gamma also can be inhibited by the addition of rIL3 and rIL4 but not by rIL1 or rIL2. Furthermore, the MAF-inhibiting activity of TsSN can be partially reversed by the addition of specific anti-IL3 or anti-IL4, but completely reversed by the combination of the two antibodies in vitro. These findings provide a mechanism for the immune regulation in leishmaniasis and a means by which the two subsets of CD4+ T cells influence each other through their modulation of macrophage function.
Identification and partial characterization of cerein BS229, a bacteriocin produced by Bacillus cereus BS229 (2000)

Bacillus cereus BS229 was identified as a bacteriocin producer with a bactericidal activity against Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thomsoni BR40. Bacillus cereus BS229 and cerein BS229, named tentatively as the bacteriocin produced by Bacillus cereus BS229, showed a narrow spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, along with yeast and molds. Production of cerein BS229 in a 5-1 fermenter followed typical kinetics of primary metabolite synthesis. The antibacterial activity of cerein BS229 on sensitive indicator cells disappeared completely by α-chymotrypsin or proteinase K, which indicates its proteinaceous nature. Cerein BS229 seemed to be very stable throughout the pH range of 2.0 to 9.0 and it was relatively heat labile, despite the fact that bacteriocin activity was still detected after being boiled for 30 min. Cerein BS229 activity has been changed with some of the organic solvents such as toluene, ethanol, and chloroform. Direct detection of cerein BS229 activity on SDS-PAGE suggested that it had an apparent molecular mass of about 8.2 kDa.
Metastatic gastric cancer &ndash; focus on targeted therapies (2012)

Gastric cancer (GC) is currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide; unfortunately, most patients will present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Despite recent progress in diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, prognosis remains poor. A better understanding of GC biology and signaling pathways is expected to improve GC therapy, and the integration of targeted therapies has recently become possible and appears to be promising. This article focuses on anti-Her-2 therapy, specifically trastuzumab, as well as other epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists such as cetuximab, panitumub, matuzumab, nimotzumab, gefitinib, and erlotinib. Additionally, drugs that target angiogenesis pathways are also under investigation, particulary bevacizumab, ramucirumab, sorafenib, sunitinib, and cediranib. Other targeted agents in preclinical or early clinical development include mTOR inhibitors, anti c-MET, polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors, anti-insulin-like growth factor, anti-heat shock proteins, and small molecules targeting Hedgehog signaling.
INCORRECT TREATMENT OF OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE FRONTAL BONE (1943)

"The period before 1941 might be appropriately designated as 1941 B. C. (before chemotherapy), whereas, the period after 1941 could be christened A. D. (after diazine). I am convinced that chemotherapy will surely modify, even revolutionize, the treatment of osteomyelitis."<sup>1</sup> This and similar statements appearing in recent articles on osteomyelitis of the frontal bone furnish the real incentive for writing this paper. I was lulled into a feeling of false security and neglected to follow out the surgical procedures that I had advocated in previous writings.<sup>2</sup> The following report of a case may be the means of warning others that chemotherapy is not always successful. <h3>REPORT OF A CASE</h3> A woman aged 35, the mother of two children, suffered from chronic pansinusitis with questionable allergy. I had examined her on various occasions during the past fifteen years. Twelve years ago I had performed a Caldwell-Luc operation on her left antrum,
Automated Bead Alignment Apparatus Using a Single Bead Capturing Technique for Fabrication of a Miniaturized Bead-Based DNA Probe Array (2003)

We have developed an automated bead alignment apparatus for fabricating a bead-based DNA probe array inside a capillary. The apparatus uses 16 micro vacuum tweezers to extract single beads from among a large amount of beads in bead stock wells. It then manipulates single beads into the probe array capillaries. Single 100-microm-diameter beads were successfully extracted from the water-contained bead-stock well by the vacuum tweezers, which have inner and outer diameters of 50 and 150 microm. An interesting aspect is that unexpected extra beads adsorbed on the outer wall of the vacuum tweezers can be removed using the surface tension force between the water and the atmosphere. In testing the total performance of this apparatus, the DNA probe arrays with 10 sets of probe-conjugated beads and 2 plain beads were produced in the intended order in the capillaries. The time needed to align the 12 beads was 10 min, and the 16 bead arrays were fabricated simultaneously. After hybridization experiments using these fabricated DNA probe arrays, fluorescence from each bead was clearly observed.
The Peptidoglycan of <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> Is Predominantly Cross-Linked by <scp>l</scp> , <scp>d</scp> -Transpeptidases (2010)

Few therapeutic alternatives remain for the treatment of infections due to multiresistant Mycobacterium abscessus. Here we show that the peptidoglycans of the "rough" and "smooth" morphotypes contain predominantly 3→3 cross-links generated by l,d-transpeptidases, indicating that these enzymes are attractive targets for the development of efficient drugs.
Apolipoprotein B-100 Hopkins (arginine4019----tryptophan). A new apolipoprotein B-100 variant in a family with premature atherosclerosis and hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (1989)

A 43-year-old woman with severe coronary artery disease and hyperapobetalipoproteinemia was heterozygous for an abnormal<i>Msp</i>I apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene fragment because of the absence of the<i>Msp</i>I site around codon 4046 in exon 29 of the APOB gene. Using the polymerase chain reaction technique, 134 base pairs containing the mutant<i>Msp</i>I site were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. The mutation was a C to T transition, substituting tryptophan for arginine at amino acid position 4019 of the mature ApoB-100 protein. Seven relatives of the proband had the same mutation, which has been called "ApoB-100 Hopkins." Only three of seven relatives with the mutation had hyperapobetalipoproteinemia; one was borderline while two other relatives without the mutation had hyperapobetalipoproteinemia. Mutant low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was bound and degraded to a greater extent than normal LDL in cultured human fibroblasts. In conclusion, a new mutation, ApoB-100 Hopkins, was not linked to the hyperapobetalipoproteinemia phenotype, which also was segregating in this family. The increased affinity of this mutant LDL for the LDL receptor may be due to a specific effect of ApoB-100 Hopkins or to altered LDL size and composition. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:1980-1988)
Transient transformation of <i>Arabidopsis</i> leaf protoplasts: a versatile experimental system to study gene expression (1994)

An improved protocol is reported to isolate and transiently transform mesophyll protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transfected leaf protoplasts support high levels of expression of the bacterial reporter gene coding for beta-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Transient expression of GUS activity was monitored spectrophotometrically and reached a maximum between 18 and 48 h after polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated DNA uptake. Histochemical staining for GUS activity revealed reproducible transformation frequencies between 40 and 60%, based on the number of protoplasts survived. To demonstrate the applicability of the transient expression system, the subcellular localization of GUS proteins tagged with different nuclear polypeptides was studied in transfected mesophyll protoplasts, revealing nuclear compartmentalization of the chimeric GUS enzymes. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts support auxin-mediated induction of chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) activity when transfected with a transcriptional fusion between the CAT reporter gene and the early auxin-inducible PS-IAA4/5 promoter. Hence, the method allows in vivo analysis of promoter activity and subcellular localization of fusion proteins in a homologous transformation system.
High-Speed IIL Circuits Using a Sidewall Base Contact Structure (1985)

New high-speed self-aligned IIL structures with 3 /spl mu/m X 3 /spl mu/m collectors that produce minimum gate delays of 290 ps/gate(fanout is 1) and power delay products. of 15 fJ/gate at low injector current levels are described. Maximum toggle frequency in an IIL T-type flip-flop is measured at 5 mW and found to be up to 315 MHz.
Vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular density as prognostic markers of survival in patients with low-grade astrocytoma (1998)

It has long been recognized that some patients with low-grade astrocytoma may survive for many years, whereas in others the disease follows a more malignant course resulting in a short survival time, usually due to malignant transformation into higher-grade tumors. Object. The aim of this study was to investigate angiogenesis in the initial biopsy specimen of tumor tissue as a biological marker to identify patients with low-grade astrocytoma who are at high risk of malignant tumor transformation or death. Methods. Tumor tissue was studied in 74 consecutively treated adult patients in whom a diagnosis of diffuse supratentorial hemispheric histologically proven fibrillary low-grade astrocytoma was made and who underwent surgery between January 1972 and January 1994. Studies were conducted using monoclonal antibodies to the antigens of the proliferation-associated Ki-67 (MIB-1), factor VIII, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). The overall 5-year survival rate for the entire patient population was 65%, with a median survival time of 7.5 years. The total mean follow-up period was 6.1 years. All tumors showed a low proliferative potential at the time of the initial operation, as demonstrated by an MIB-1 labeling index of less than 1.5%. Patients with more than seven microvessels in tumor tissue (29 cases) had a shorter survival time (mean 3.8 years) than those with seven or fewer microvessels (mean survival 11.2 years). This difference in survival times was significant by univariate (p = 0.001) and stepwise multivariate analyses (p < 0.001). Tumors with a larger number of microvessels also had a greater chance of undergoing malignant transformation (p = 0.001). Similarly, significant staining for VEGF was correlated with shorter survival times when using univariate (p = 0.003) and multivariate (p = 0.008) analyses and with a greater chance of malignant transformation (p = 0.002). Patients with tumors staining positive for VEGF (39 individuals) had a median survival time of 5.3 years, and those with tumors negative for VEGF (35 patients) had a median survival time of 11.2 years. No association was observed between bFGF, EGF, and survival or malignant transformation. The stepwise multivariate analysis included histological and clinical variables simultaneously. Conclusions. The authors have shown that microvessel density and VEGF levels are independent prognostic markers of survival in fibrillary low-grade astrocytoma. This finding leads them to propose that fibrillary diffuse low-grade astrocytoma is not a single pathological entity but is composed of a spectrum of tumors with differing propensities to undergo malignant transformation that is at least partly based on their inherent angiogenic potential.
Hyperbranched Polymers via RAFT Copolymerization of an Acryloyl Trithiocarbonate (2007)

Hyperbranched copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and styrene were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in the presence of a novel acryloyl trithiocarbonate, namely 1-[3-(2-methyl-2-dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanylpropionyloxy)propyl]-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-ylmethyl acrylate. By employing an example of ‘click chemistry’, we were able to prepare the vinyl RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA) by copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an azido-functionalized trithiocarbonate and propargyl acrylate. The resulting CTA facilitated the preparation of highly branched poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and polystyrene. Interestingly, the branched PNIPAM demonstrated a reduced lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 25°C as opposed to the conventional value of 32°C expected for linear PNIPAM, an effect attributed to increased contribution of hydrophobic dodecyl trithiocarbonate end groups.
Polar Anchoring Strength and the Temperature Dependence of Nematic Liquid Crystal (5CB) Aligned on Rubbed Polystyrene Films (1992)

A characterization of rubbed polystyrene (PS) film in terms of the optical retardation measurement as a function of the rubbing strength (RS) has been made, and the alignment capability of the rubbed PS films for a nematic liquid crystal (5CB) has been investigated by measuring anchoring strength and its temperature dependence. It is shown that the liquid crystal (LC) molecules orient homogeneously in a direction orthogonal to that of rubbing, the anchoring strength of the rubbed PS films at the strongest rubbing strength for 5CB is about 70 times weaker compared to that for rubbed standard polyimide films, and the anchoring strength decreases with the temperature in a divergent fashion according to the increase of the extrapolation length toward the clearing point ( T c =35.3°C).
An Approach Combining Rapid cDNA Amplification and Chemical Synthesis for the Identification of Novel, Cathelicidin-Derived, Antimicrobial Peptides (2003)

Host defense in mammals involves a cooperative effort by a variety of antimicrobial peptides (1), which are produced by both phagocyte precursors and some epithelia. They are called on to combat invading pathogens at sites of infection and to help protect mucosal surfaces. Although sharing some common properties, such as a high content of basic residues, these peptides vary widely in both size and primary structure.