gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiphase digital pulsewidth modulator (2006)

This letter describes a digital pulsewidth modulator that enables the generation of a large, adjustable number of pulsewidth modulated (PWM) outputs of programmable duty cycle and dead time, yet requiring just a small, fixed architecture. The design achieves a resolution of 255 ps using a composite PWM strategy that also minimizes clock frequency and area. It provides a practical solution to the problem of efficiently generating multiple high-resolution gate-drive signals and is particularly suited to the next generation of synchronously switched multiphase voltage regulator modules
Risk Management for Aseptic Processing (2009)

gxpandjvt.com/bios Welcome to “The Aseptic Core.” This column discusses scientific and regulatory aspects of aseptic processing, with an emphasis on aseptic formulation and filling. This column has been developed with the intention of providing practical advice to professionals involved in the qualification of aseptic processes and the myriad support processes involved. The primary objective for this column: Useful information. Aseptic processing is one of the most challenging of all pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. It is also one of the most difficult to qualify processes because of the risk factors involved. Without aseptic processing, however, many life-saving treatments would not be possible—from vaccines against childhood diseases to cancer therapies to treatments for Hemophilia. Aseptic processing is a risky but necessary process. With that in mind, it is appropriate that the first topic for this column is “Risk Management for Aseptic Processes.” Future topics will include: Aseptic process simulations, clean room certification, environmental monitoring, aseptic gowning and gowning qualification, lyophilization, container and closure qualification, and sterile filtration. Reader comments, questions, and suggestions are needed to help us meet our objective for this column. Please e-mail your suggestions to shaigney@advanstar.com. KEY POINTS The following key points are discussed in this article:
Three-Dimensional Au Microlattices as Positive Electrodes for Li–O<sub>2</sub>Batteries (2015)

We demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3-dimensional gold microlattice with a periodic porous structure and independently tunable surface composition as a Li-O2 battery cathode. The structure provides a platform for studying electrochemical reactions in architected Li-O2 electrodes with large (300 μm) pore sizes. The lack of carbon and chemical binders in these Au microlattices enabled the investigation of chemical and morphological processes that occur on the surfaces of the microlattice during cycling. Li-O2 cells with Au microlattice cathodes were discharged in 0.5 M lithium-bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (LiTFSI) in a 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolyte, with lithium metal foil as the anode. SEM analysis of microlattice cathodes after first discharge revealed the presence of toroidal-shaped 500-700 nm particles covering the surface of the electrode, which disappeared upon subsequent charging. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy analysis determined these particulates to be Li2O2. The morphology of discharge products evolved with cycling into micrometer-sized clusters of arranged "platelets", with a higher amount of side reaction products such as Li2CO3 and LiOH. This work shows that properly designed 3-dimensional architected materials may provide a useful foundation for investigating fundamental surface electrochemistry while simultaneously enabling mechanical robustness and enhancing the surface area over a factor of 30 compared with a thin film with the same foot print.
EMI common-mode current dependence on delay skew imbalance in high speed differential transmission lines operating at 1 gigabit/second data rates (2000)

EMI-related common-mode currents in a high speed differential transmission line circuits can be generated by delay imbalance (skew) at a rate almost directly proportional to the amount of skew imbalance. Delay skew was shown to generate common-mode currents at a rate of four times that of slew rate skew. Radiated EMI levels were shown to follow increasing common-mode currents. Attention to delay skew imbalance should be an important design consideration at the chip level, the transmission line level and at the load in order to produce high speed differential circuits with low emission characteristics. While models using identified waveforms predict common-mode waveform harmonics that include only odd harmonics, measurements with real devices indicate the presence of all harmonics due to waveform asymmetries, such as dirty cycle distortion and rise/fall time asymmetries.
Inclusion body myositis. (1996)

Inclusion body myositisSince the early description of cases of inflammatory myopathy with unusual filamentous inclusions in muscle fibres'-3 inclusion body myositis has come to be recognised as a major form of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with distinctive clinical and pathological features which accounts for up to a third of patients with inflammatory myopathy seen in a neuromuscular clinic.The condition, which predominates in males, is characterised by the insidious development of muscular weakness and atrophy which is curiously selective, involving particularly the quadriceps femoris muscles in the lower limbs and the forearm muscles, particularly the finger flexors, and especially the flexor digitorum profundus in the upper limbs.4Cutaneous and other systemic manifestations are usually absent although occasional patients have an associated connective tissue disorder, autoimmune disease, or immunodeficiency state.56Asymmetry of muscle involve- ment is not uncommon and may be prominent in some cases, thereby compounding the diagnostic difficulty.With progression, which is usually protracted over a period of years, the weakness becomes more widespread and the selectivity of muscle involvement less apparent.7Dysphagia occurs in 20-30% of patients and is sometimes severe, requiring a cricothyroid myotomy or gastrostomy.8Although most cases are sporadic, familial forms with a variable phenotype and either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance also occur.Affected people often present late in the course of the disease, when falls begin to occur because of quadriceps weakness and rarely respond to corticosteroid or immuno- suppressive therapy.5 9 The diagnosis is often delayed because of lack of familiarity with the condition, an atypical pattern of muscle involvement, the fact that the serum cre- atine kinase concentration may be normal or only mildly increased, and the sometimes confusing finding of a mixed neuromyopathic pattern on electromyography.Some patients are initially misdiagnosed as having motor neuron disease.Confirmation of the diagnosis of inclusion body myositis requires a muscle biopsy, preferably an open biopsy from a muscle which is not too severely affected, and recognition of the characteristic rimmed vacuoles and hyaline eosinophilic inclusions in cryostat sections and intranuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of 15-18 nm tubulofilamentous structures in muscle fibres by electron microscopy.5 '" T Cells, particularly those of the CD8+ phenotype, predominate in the inflammatory infiltrates and may invade non-necrotic muscle fibres together with
Antigen Delivery to Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues Using Liposomes as a Carrier (2002)

Oral vaccination requires an antigen delivery vehicle to protect the antigen and to enhance translocation of the antigen to the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. A variety of antigen delivery vehicles including liposomes have been studied for mucosal immunization. The advantages of liposome formulations are their particulate form and the ability to accommodate immunomodulators and targeting molecules in the same package. Many conventional liposomes are variably unstable in acids, pancreatic juice and bile. Nevertheless, carefully designed liposomes have demonstrated an impressive efficacy in inducing mucosal IgA responses, compared to free antigens and other delivery vehicles. However, liposomes as an oral vaccine vehicle are not yet optimized. To design liposomes that are stable in the harsh intestinal environment and are efficiently taken up by the M cells remains a challenge. This review summarizes recent research efforts using liposomes as an antigen carrier for oral vaccines with practical attention to liposome designs and interaction with the M cells.
Low-Loss Wideband Multimodal Interferometric Antenna for DOA in Azimuth and Elevation (2009)

A novel direction-finding (DF) antenna is presented. The antenna uses interferometry with the three low-order circular phase-modes (CPMs) (-1, 0, +1) to estimate the direction-of-ar- rival (DOA) of a received microwave signal. The antenna system consists of two antennas positioned one above the other. The omnidirectional n = 0 mode created by a top biconical dipole antenna serves as the phase reference for the other plusmn1 modes. The second antenna consists of a novel two-port waveguide feed creating left- and right-hand circularly polarized (CP) fields inside a thick coax that opens gradually to a radial waveguide and a biconical horn antenna. Each CP-field propagates between the circular parallel plates in a spiral path (a TEio radial line mode) creating a linear phase field in the aperture. The amplitude of the resulting radiation field is uniform in azimuth, with a continuous linear phase in azimuth. Thus, in transmit mode, one port creates a positive phase slope (+1 port) and the other creates a negative phase slope (-1 port). In the operating receive mode, the linearly polarized TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> mode of the thick coax is resolved into right- and left-hand CP TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> modes. The DOA information is obtained by measuring the phase differences between the CP modes and the reference n = 0 mode. The two phase differences, when processed, yield azimuth and elevation DO As of the received signal. The suggested antenna is simpler in its structure, smaller in size, and light compared with a previous multiport biconical antenna. It is also more wideband and less lossy, and it is capable of detecting the elevation DOA of the received signal.
Interferometric output coupling of ring optical oscillators (2011)

We demonstrate the successful deployment of an antiresonant ring (ARR) interferometer within a ring optical resonator and its use for absolute optimization of output power. The integration of the ARR interferometer in a folded arm of the ring oscillator provides continuously variable output coupling over broad spectral range and under any operating conditions. We demonstrate the technique using a picosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO), where we show continuously adjustable output coupling and optimization of the output power for different pump power conditions, from 3.5 W to 13.5 W. By operating the OPO under an optimized output coupling at 14 W of pump power, we obtain >5 W of extracted signal power, more than 2.6 times that with a ~5% conventional output coupler. We also show that the inclusion of the ARR interferometer has no detrimental effect on the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of OPO output.
Modular Outfitting (1998)

The concept of modular construction is not new in the manufacturing, construction, automotive, aeronautical or marine industries. This concept is presented from the initial stages of design, and production, through shipbuilder's trials and operations. Through careful thought, engineering, and communications with all involved, from design, construction, and operation, a quality product with schedule reduction is ensured using modular outfitting. Each phase of modular outfitting is discussed to explain how it has affected organizational issues, design issues, financial issues, production issues and life-cycle or operational issues.
Immunohistochemical and Ultra structural Study of Mixed Small cell/Large cell Carcinoma of the Lung (1991)

The authors examined the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma (mixed subtype) of the lung which has been newly categorized as anaplastic small cell lung carcinoma. The 34 cases of small cell lung carcinoma examined consisted of 18 cases of pure small cell carcinoma (pure subtype), 12 cases of the mixed subtype and 4 cases of combined small cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the number of immunoreactive tumor cells for chromogranin A was smaller (P less than 0.05) and that for creatine kinase BB was relatively larger in the mixed subtype. Sialyl LeX-i antigen (SLX), one of the SSEA-1 related carbohydrate antigens, was expressed specifically in the mixed subtype. Ultrastructurally, tumor cells in the mixed subtype had smaller amounts of neurosecretory granules and larger amounts of desmosomes than those in the pure subtype (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.005, respectively). These results suggest that the mixed subtype may show more epithelial than neuroendocrine differentiation and that SLX may be a specific marker for the mixed subtype to be used in pretherapeutic diagnosis.
Outcome and Complications of Constrained Acetabular Components (2009)

Constrained acetabular liners were developed for the surgical treatment of recurrent instability by holding the femoral head captive within the socket. This article summarizes the data describing constrained component designs, indications, outcome, and complications. Different designs accept head sizes of varying diameter and have differing amounts of rim elevation and offset, allowing slight variations in the range of movement allowed. Complications of constrained acetabular components can be divided into three categories. The first category is directly related to the constraining mechanism such as dislocation, head dissociation from the stem, liner dissociation from the acetabular device, and impingement with or without locking ring breakage. The second category is related to increased constraint such as aseptic component loosening and osteolysis and periprosthetic fracture. The third category includes those cases not associated with increased constraint such as infection, deep vein thrombosis, and periprosthetic fracture. This device is effective at achieving hip stability, but the complications related to the constraining mechanism and increased constraint are of concern. These devices should be used as a salvage measure for the treatment of severe instability.
A broadband magneto-electric transducer using a composite material (1981)

This article deals with the application of a composite material as a magneto-electric transducer. The composite, which has both magneto-strictive and piezo-electric properties was developed at Philips' Research Laboratories. A transducer consisting of a piece of composite appears to be a suitable replacement for e.g. Hall devices, especially in AC applications. It needs only two electrical contacts and has a flat frequency response from a few Hz up to 650 kHz, where mechanical resonance occurs. Several calculations and experiments were carried out on the transducer and its electronic analogon, as well as on the measuring set-up, which had to produce a calibrated magnetic field. The results of the measurements on frequency response, transfer characteristics, internal impedance, temperature dependence and noise are discussed. The construction of a magnetic field probe using the composite is described and finally some other applications are given.
Effect of pH and Heat Treatment on the Binding of Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, and Iron to Wheat Bran and Fractions of Dietary Fiber (1981)

ABSTRACT The effect of pH and heat treatment on the binding of added food grade sources of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron to a standard wheat bran, cellulose, and lignin was investigated. 1% solutions of pectin and guar gum were examined for their ability to bind these metals in aqueous solution. Lignin and pectin was found to have high metal binding capacities. Metal binding to fiber was found to be pH dependent. Toasting had no effect on metal binding by cellulose, but had a significant effect on the binding of metals by lignin and wheat bran. Boiling had a significant effect on the binding of metals by cellulose, lignin, and wheat bran.
Facial expression recognition using deep neural networks (2015)

We develop a technique using deep neural network for human facial expression recognition. Images of human faces are preprocessed with photometric normalization and histogram manipulation to remove illumination variance. Facial features are then extracted by convolving each preprocessed image with 40 Gabor filters. Kernel PCA is applied to features before feeding them into the deep neural network that consists of 1 input layer, 2 hidden layers and a softmax classifier. The deep network is trained using greedy layer-wise strategy. We use the Extended Cohn-Kanade Dataset for training and testing. Recognition tests are performed on six basic expressions (i.e. surprise, fear, disgust, anger, happiness, sadness). To test the robustness of the classification system further, and for benchmark comparison, we add a seventh emotion, namely “contempt”, for additional recognition tests. We construct confusion matrix to evaluate the performance of the deep network. It is demonstrated that the network generalizes to new images fairly successfully with an average recognition rate of 96.8% for six emotions and 91.7% for seven emotions. In comparison with shallower neural networks and SVM methods, the proposed deep network method can provide better recognition performance.
Stereoscopic acuity and observation distance. (1965)

Because of ihe contradictory evidence as to whether stereoscopic acuity varies with observation distance, this study was undertaken to investigate the problem, with the utmost care being taken to maintain constant experimental conditions and to eliminate empirical clues to depth perception. By means of a haploscopic apparatus, which allowed careful control of all parameters, the stereoscopic acuity of three subjects with full accommodation was determined, in prolonged experiments for seven observation distances from 6 M. to 40 cm. Standard psychophysical methods were used. The results indicated, that stereoscopic acuity remains essentially constant, at least for observation distances beyond 50 cm. For one subject there was no change in stereoscopic acuity in distances from 6 M. to 40 cm. Two subjects showed essentially no change from 6 M. to 50 cm., but they did show a small decrease at the test distance of 40 cm. It teas found also that controlling pupil size toas unnecessary with a constant level of adapting luminance of about 50 millilamberts. A problem not satisfactorily resolved is concerned with whether stereoscopic acuity changes with a change in viewing distance of the test details. This problem probably is related in one way or another to whether visual acuity changes with observation distance. Somewhat contradictory evidence has been reported in the literature, although Sloan, 1 in her review of the literature in 1951, was of the opinion that under adequately controlled conditions visual acuity was practically independent of fixation distance for distances beyond 2 M., whereas for distances less than 1 M. she believed that the evidence
A CMOS Temperature-to-Digital Converter with an Inaccuracy of ±0.5°C (3¿) from -55 to 125°C (2008)

This paper describes a CMOS temperature-to-digital converter (TDC) based on thermal diffusivity sensing, which is an interesting alternative to conventional band-gap temperature sensors because the thermal diffusivity of bulk silicon is insensitive to process spread. Compared to previous work of Makinwa, K.A.A., et al, (2006), this converter does not require off-chip analog components, operates over a wider temperature range and has a digital output. Furthermore, its output is a much more linear function of temperature. The TDC has an untrimmed device-to-device spread of plusmn0.5degC (3sigma) over the military temperature range (-55 to 125degC).
Polarisation and wavelength division multiplexing at 1.55 ?m for bandwidth enhancement of multimode fibre based access networks (2004)

We demonstrate how a combination of polarisation-division multiplexing (PDM) and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) applied to graded index 50 mum multimode fibres (MMF) at 1.55 mum can be used to greatly increase the available optical bandwidth. A proof of principle experiment demonstrated error-free data transmission over 3km of MMF, using two 100GHz-spaced wavelengths, each carrying two 2.5Gb/s orthogonal PDM multiplexed channels, resulting in a 10Gb/s data rate. Polarisation and wavelength demultiplexing were simultaneously achieved by use of a grating based monochromator. We also practically implemented this transmission scheme in an all-fibre experiment, replacing the monochromator by a more convenient polarisation-insensitive, 200GHz ITU grid spacing 62.5 mum MMF pigtailed WDM demultiplexer. Using two polarizations each on four wavelengths (2P x 4lambda), we repeatedly achieved error-free data transmission for both circularly and linearly polarisation-wavelength-division-multiplexed channels over a MMF span of 300m, featuring a 20Gb/s data rate. Overall, we have demonstrated a major increase in the MMF bandwidth-distance product up to 30GHz-km.
Micro-ink-jetting of silver nanoparticles on low temperature cofired ceramic substrates for drop-on-demand metallization (2009)

The authors demonstrated the feasibility of patterning conductive inks on sintered low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) substrates using ink-jetting technology. The objective of this study is to realize drop-on-demand metallization on plain or structured ceramic substrates. The sintered LTCC substrates can be viewed as a porous ceramic medium with rough surface finishes, and its porosity is one of the major impediments for achieving high pattern quality via ink-jetting in terms of pattern uniformity and resolution. To improve the uniformity and minimize the dimension of ink-jetted patterns, the authors proposed and demonstrated three technical solutions, i.e., ink-jetting on patterned ceramic substrates, heating substrates during ink-jetting, and coating substrates with a dielectric layer. Improvement in resolution and uniformity of ink-jetting was achieved using the proposed approaches.
A real-time face tracker for color video (2002)

This paper presents a face localization and tracking algorithm which is based upon skin color detection and principal component analysis (PCA) based eye localization. Skin color segmentation is performed using statistical models for human skin color. The skin color segmentation task results in a mask marking the skin color regions in the actual frame, which is further used to compute the position and size of the dominant facial region utilizing a robust statistics-based localization method. To improve the results of skin color segmentation, a foreground/background segmentation and an adaptive background update scheme are added. Additionally, the derived face position is tracked with a Kalman filter. To overcome the problem of skin color ambiguity, an eye detection algorithm based on PCA is presented.