gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A prospective evaluation of the pathogenesis of detrusor instability in women, using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (2000)

This study provides evidence against an ultrastructural basis for idiopathic detrusor instability based on possible differences in detrusor smooth muscle intercellular junctions. Virtually the entire cell membrane of detrusor smooth muscle fibres is occupied by adherens junctions in classic and rudimentary forms, and with dense plaques present in samples from women with an unstable bladder and from controls. There was no junction detected in those with instability that was not present in the control group. The adherens junctions in the bladder facilitate mechanical coupling between cells.
Polycide/metal capacitors for high precision A/D converters (2003)

The authors present a novel metal-to-silicide-polysilicon capacitor and compare it with metal-to-polysilicon capacitors and conventional polysilicon-to-polysilicon capacitors. Voltage coefficient data for these capacitor structures with oxide, oxide/nitride, oxide/nitride/oxide, and nitride dielectrics are also discussed. It is shown that when metal-to-silicided polysilicon capacitors are used, voltage coefficients of less than 4 p.p.m./V can be attained, which is considerably less than that obtained when metal-to-poly or conventional poly-to-poly capacitors are used. For high-precision A/D converters, this value will make possible accuracies of up to 18 bits through self-calibration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Milk fouling in heat exchangers (1996)

The mechanisms of fouling of heat exchangers by milk were studied. Two major fouling mechanisms were indentified during the heat treatment of milk: (i) the formation and the subsequent deposition of activated serum protein molecules as a result of the heat denaturation; (ii) the precipitation of calcium phosphate as a result of the decreased solubility of this salt upon heating. Both foulants are formed in the bulk of the solution and are transported to the surface, where they can be deposited.If the stability of milk is lowered, e.g. by lowering the pH, coagulation of casein micelles can cause extreme fouling. A further cause of fouling is air bubbles, which arise in the milk on heating and stick to the stainless steel wall; they appear to act as nuclei for the formation of protein deposit.Fouling in heat exchangers can be reduced by controlling the formation of activated serum protein molecules and by preventing the precipitation of calcium phosphate. Various ways to achieve this are given.Once formed, milk deposits can readily be removed by alkaline cleaning followed by acid cleaning under the right conditions.
Hair-raising. The latest news on male-pattern baldness. (1999)

The initiating event in balding seems to be an abnormal sensitivity to the male sex hormones. In addition, a multifactorial model is emerging in which hormones affect the hair follicle in a way that causes it to be perceived as a foreign body by the immune system, which then mounts an attack. Several new classes of agents have the potential to treat hair loss. More than 40 U.S. and several hundred foreign patents have been issued for hair-loss treatment agents. As is common in dermatology, no single agent works universally against hair loss, so the treatment process is often one of trial and error.
Effect of Extrusion‐Cooking on Potato Starch Using a Twin Screw French Extruder (1977)

Abstract Potato starch has been processed in a semi‐industrial twin‐screw French extruder (type BC 45, Creusot‐Loire) by courtesy of the C.T.U. The influence of the temperature of extrusion and the moisture content of the starch prior to extrusion has been studied. The water soluble starch increases with increase of both the extrusion temperature and the moisture content of starch prior to extrusion. In contrast, the aqueous ethanol‐soluble carbohydrate fraction with DP < 14 increases with the temperature of extrusion and the decrease of moisture content. The largest amount of soluble oligosaccharides (16%) has been obtained with a temperature of extrusion of 190°C and a moisture content of starch prior to extrusion of 23%.
Dumbbell-like Au−Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles for Target-Specific Platin Delivery (2009)

Dumbbell-like Au-Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles (NPs) were made and coupled with Herceptin and a platin complex. The platin-Au-Fe(3)O(4)-Herceptin NPs act as a target-specific nanocarriers for delivery of platin into Her2-positive breast cancer cells (Sk-Br3) with strong therapeutic effects. The conjugate has a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) toward Sk-Br3 cells of 1.76 microg of Pt/mL, which is lower than that needed for cisplatin (3.5 microg/mL). The work demonstrates that the dumbbell-like Au-Fe(3)O(4) NPs are promising nanocarriers for highly sensitive diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Surface Properties of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Oocysts and Surrogate Microspheres (2008)

The physical properties that govern the waterborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from land to sea were evaluated and compared to the properties of carboxylated microspheres, which could serve as surrogates for T. gondii oocysts in transport and water treatment studies. The electrophoretic mobilities of T. gondii oocysts, lightly carboxylated Dragon Green microspheres, and heavily carboxylated Glacial Blue microspheres were determined in ultrapure water, artificial freshwater with and without dissolved organic carbon, artificial estuarine water, and artificial seawater. The surface wettabilities of oocysts and microspheres were determined using a water contact angle approach. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and microspheres were negatively charged in freshwater solutions, but their charges were neutralized in estuarine water and seawater. Oocysts, Glacial Blue microspheres, and unwashed Dragon Green microspheres had low contact angles, indicating that they were hydrophilic; however, once washed, Dragon Green microspheres became markedly hydrophobic. The hydrophilic nature and negative charge of T. gondii oocysts in freshwater could facilitate widespread contamination of waterways. The loss of charge observed in saline waters may lead to flocculation and subsequent accumulation of T. gondii oocysts in locations where freshwater and marine water mix, indicating a high risk of exposure for humans and wildlife in estuarine habitats with this zoonotic pathogen. While microspheres did not have surface properties identical to those of T. gondii, similar properties shared between each microsphere type and oocysts suggest that their joint application in transport and fate studies could provide a range of transport potentials in which oocysts are likely to behave.
Effect of nutrient intake on mammary gland growth in lactating sows. (1999)

Sixty-one primiparous sows were used to determine the response of mammary gland growth to different energy and protein intakes during lactation. After birth, litter size was set to 9 or 10 pigs. Sows were slaughtered at selected times up to 30 d of lactation. Individual sows were fed one of four diets that were combinations of different amounts of energy and protein (3.0 Mcal ME and 8.0 g lysine/kg diet; 3.0 Mcal ME and 16.2 g lysine/kg diet; 3.5 Mcal ME and 6.4 g lysine/kg diet; or 3.5 Mcal ME and 13.0 g lysine/kg diet). Mammary glands were collected at slaughter and trimmed of skin and the extraneous fat pad. Each gland was weighed, cut in half to measure cross-sectional area, ground, and stored at -20 degrees C for chemical analysis. Frozen, ground tissue was used to determine dry matter, dry fat-free tissue (DFFT), total tissue protein, ash, and DNA content. Only glands known to have been suckled were included in this data set. Response surface regression was used for statistical analysis. The percentage of protein, fat, ash, and DNA in each suckled mammary gland was affected only by total energy intake (P<.05). The percentage of dry tissue and fat decreased as the total energy consumed during lactation increased, whereas the percentage of protein and DFFT increased as total energy intake increased. There were quadratic effects (P<.05) of both total energy and protein intake on wet weight, dry weight, protein amount, DFFT amount, and DNA amount of each suckled mammary gland during lactation. This study shows that mammary gland growth is affected by nutrient intake during lactation. The weight of suckled mammary glands and the amount of mammary tissue protein, DFFT, and total DNA were maximal on d 27.5 of lactation when sows had consumed an average of 16.9 Mcal of ME and 55 g of lysine per day during lactation. Provision of adequate amounts of nutrients to sows during lactation is important for achieving maximal growth of mammary glands and maximal milk production.
The Relationship between Heat Buildup and the Chemistry of Crosslinking Systems (1982)

Abstract An attempt has been made to describe the mutual correlation of different heat buildup test methods. The results are, for example in the case of the Goodrich flexometer, affected by no fewer than four relevant parameters ( E′ , tan δ, Δ h and h ), with their initial values and with their changes in time; so we are concerned with a complex and not easily analyzed system. However the following conclusions can be made: Heat buildup must be regarded as a dynamic cyclic process entailing mechanical work and aging. Much more importance should be attached to the results of long-time tests than to the results of short-time tests. Depending on the duration of the test, completely different results may be obtained. Tests that do not result in permanent deformation of the test specimen are preferable. A method of test in which the specimen of constant dimensions is subjected to a constant and alternating deformation has yet to be developed. Assumptions drawn from the results of laboratory tests may prove completely untrue for tires owing to the phenomenon of sulfur migration from the belt zone into the tread. Laboratory tests clearly favor systems containing little sulfur; tire tests confirm only to a limited extent the desirability of using low-sulfur systems. For laboratory tests, it is therefore preferable to use a constant amount of sulfur, which should not be too small. The results obtained by varying the chemistry of the crosslinking system may be summarized as follows: The heat buildup falls as the amount of sulfur is reduced. Thiazole accelerators give better results than sulfenamides. Sulfenamides give better results than basic accelerators. Some retarders have unfavorable effects. Dithiophosphates have favorable effects in the low-sulfur system.
Energy-aware distributed speech recognition for wireless mobile devices (2005)

Severe limitations in computational, memory, and energy resources make implementing high-quality speech recognition in embedded devices a difficult challenge. In this article, the authors investigate the energy consumption of computation and communication in an embedded distributed speech recognition system and propose optimizations that reduce overall energy consumption while maintaining adequate quality of service for the end user. This article considers the application of DSR traffic to both Bluetooth and 802.11b networks.
Faster Approximation Algorithms For the Unit Capacity Concurrent Flow Problem with Applications to Routing and Finding Sparse Cuts (1994)

This paper describes new algorithms for approximately solving the concurrent multicommodity flow problem with uniform capacities. These algorithms are much faster than algorithms discovered previously. Besides being an important problem in its own right, the uniform-capacity concurrent flow problem has many interesting applications. Leighton and Rao used uniform-capacity concurrent flow to find an approximately “sparsest cut” in a graph and thereby approximately solve a wide variety of graph problems, including minimum feedback arc set, minimum cut linear arrangement, and minimum area layout. However, their method appeared to be impractical as it required solving a large linear program. This paper shows that their method might be practical by giving an $O(m^2 \log m)$ expected-time randomized algorithm for their concurrent flow problem on an m-edge graph. Raghavan and Thompson used uniform-capacity concurrent flow to solve approximately a channel width minimization problem in very large scale integration. An $O(k^{{3 / 2}} (m + n\log n)$ expected-time randomized algorithm and an $O(k\min \{ n,k\} (m + n\log n)\log k)$ deterministic algorithm is given for this problem when the channel width is $\Omega (\log n)$, where k denotes the number of wires to be routed in an n-node, m-edge network.
Multilevel fast‐multipole algorithm for solving combined field integral equations of electromagnetic scattering (1995)

Abstract The fast multipole method (FMM) has been implemented to speed up the matrix‐vector multiply when an iterative method is used to solve the combined field integral equation (CFIE). FMM reduces the complexity from O(N 2 ) to O(N 1.5 ). With a multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), it is further reduced to O(N log N). A 110, 592‐unknown problem can be solved within 24 h on a SUN Sparc 10. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On-demand computation of policy based routes for large-scale network simulation (2004)

Routing table storage demands pose a significant obstacle for large-scale network simulation. On-demand computation of routes can alleviate those problems for models that do not require representation of routing dynamics. However, policy based routes, as used at the interdomain level of the Internet through the BGP protocol, are significantly more difficult to compute on-demand than shortest path intradomain routes due to the semantics of policy based routing and the possibility of routing divergence. We exploit recent theoretical results on BGP routing convergence and measurement results on typical use of BGP routing policies to formulate a model of typical use and an algorithm for on-demand computation of routes that is guaranteed to terminate and produces the same routes as BGP. We show empirically that this scheme can reduce memory usage by orders of magnitude and simultaneously reduce the route computation time compared to a detailed model of the BGP protocol.
Thermal Transformations of Nitrogen and Sulfur Forms in Peat Related to Coalification (2006)

The chemical pathways for nitrogen and sulfur transformations during coalification are elucidated by comparing the chemical forms of unaltered peats, lignites, and coals and pyrolyzed peats. Nitrogen forms are characterized by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In unaltered peats, the 15N NMR and XPS nitrogen (1s) spectra are consistent with the presence of amide nitrogen. When peat is pyrolyzed, the main peak in the 15N NMR spectrum broadens and shifts from −260 ppm to −245 ppm, which is consistent with the loss of some amide nitrogen and the appearance of pyrrolic nitrogen forms. The pyrolyzed peat shows a new XPS peak that appears at 398.6 eV, which is characteristic of pyridinic nitrogen. These results indicate that a thermal transformation of amide nitrogen into pyrrolic and pyridinic forms occurs after thermal stress that is roughly equivalent to lignitification. High total nitrogen levels are found in pyrolyzed peats relative to lignites and higher-rank coals, suggesting that some amides initially found in peat are lost via nonthermal pathways during coalification. Lignites contain the highest levels of quaternary nitrogen, and they are associated with protonated pyridinic structures. The relatively low levels of quaternary nitrogen in pyrolyzed peats in the presence of pyridinic nitrogen indicates that there are fewer acidic sites in pyrolyzed peats relative to lignites. Hence, most quaternary nitrogen is formed during lignitification as a result of the creation and interaction of basic nitrogen species with acidic functionalities and is lost completely during bitumenization. Sulfur X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (S-XANES) of unaltered peats detect the presence of disulfide, mercapto, aliphatic sulfide, and aromatic forms of organically bound sulfur. The level of organic sulfur in pyrolyzed peats is comparable to that in lignites and higher-rank coals, suggesting that much of the organic sulfur in coals is derived from sulfur species incorporated during peatification. XPS and S-XANES results show that the relative level of aromatic sulfur increases as the severity of peat pyrolysis increases. The relative level of aromatic sulfur increases through the selective loss of disulfide, aliphatic sulfide, and SO3 groups and through the transformation of aliphatic sulfur forms. Aliphatic sulfur is present mostly as mercapto and disulfide species in peats pyrolyzed to an equivalence vitrinite reflectance of Ro = 0.5 and in lignites but not in higher-rank coals. These results indicate that mercapto and disulfide species are lost after lignitification. Organic sulfur in peats pyrolyzed to Ro = 1.0 exist mainly as aromatic forms, consistent with the level of aromatic sulfur increasing with the increasing degree of coalification.
Preparation and characterization of Fully stoichiometric SrCoO<sub>3</sub> by electrochemical oxidation (1993)

Abstract A nearly stoichiometric SrCoO 3 phase had been prepared up to now only using high oxygen pressure. A new method for preparing fully stoichiometric SrCoO 3 has been proposed using electrochemical oxidation. Brownmillerite‐type SrCoO 2.50 is oxidized into a completely stoichiometric perovskite at a potential of 500 mV for 180 hours at room temperature in alkaline media (1 M KOH). The oxidized phase has a cubic unit cell (a=383.5 pm). It is metallic and, at temperatures below T=280 K, it shows ferromagnetic behavior. The magnetic moment at 0 K is 2.1 μ B . The physical properties of SrCoO 3.00 have been explained in terms of partial occupancy of a σ*e band.
ChemInform Abstract: BICYCLO(3.3.0)OCTENONES IN SYNTHESIS. AN APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF THE ANTITUMOR SESQUITERPENE QUADRONE (1984)

Abstract Ausgehend von dem olefinischen Keton (Ia) werden über die Stufen (Ib) und (IIa) die Aldehyde (IIb) dargestellt.
A near optimal scheduler for switch-memory-switch routers (2003)

We present a simple and near optimal randomized parallel scheduling algorithm for scheduling packets in routers based on the Switch-Memory-Switch (SMS)architecture, which emulates 'output queuing' by using a collection of small memories within the switch to buffer packets, and which forms the basis of the fastest routers in use today. For a router with N inputs and N outputs, our algorithm computes the schedule in O(log* N) rounds, where a round is a communication of a few bits between input ports and memory together with simple local computation at the inputs and memory. Furthermore, by using an O(log* N) deep pipeline at each input, our algorithm computes the schedule in a constant number of rounds. Our pipelined algorithm is quite simple and achieves optimal (i.e.,constant) throughput with a tiny O(log* N) delay.We show that the total amount of buffer memory required by our algorithm is close to the minimum required. We also show that the number of buffer memories is within an εN additive term of 2N -- 1, for any positive constant ù>0 (and is within an additive term of o(N)for the basic scheduler), where 2N -- 1 is the minimum number of memories needed under adversarial placement of packets. Furthermore we show that the number of extra memories that we use over the minimum of N that is required in the offline version, is within a constant factor of the minimum required by any on-line scheduler, even if that scheduler is allowed to fail occasionally.Our scheduling algorithm is randomized and works with high probability in N. We also prove that it has the 'self-stabilizing' property, i.e., it resumes its normal behavior if occasional lapses occur due to the probabilistic nature of the algorithm.
A Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV) Long Terminal Repeat Derived from Rhesus Macaques in the Context of a Lentivirus Vector and MuLV <i>gag</i> Sequence Results in High-Level Gene Expression in Human T Lymphocytes (2000)

We constructed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vectors that will allow higher levels of gene expression in T cells. Gene expression under the control of an internal cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter in a self-inactivating lentiviral vector (CSCG) is 4- to 15-fold lower in T-cell lines (SUPT1 and CEMX174) than in non-lymphoid-cell lines (HeLa and 293T). This is in contrast to a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based retrovirus vector (SRalphaLEGFP). We therefore replaced the internal CMV promoter of CSCG with three different murine oncoretroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoters-murine sarcoma virus (MSV), MoMLV (MLV), and the LTR (termed Rh-MLV) that is derived from the ampho-mink cell focus-forming (AMP/MCF) retrovirus in the serum of one rhesus macaque monkey that developed T-cell lymphoma following autologous transplantation of enriched bone marrow stem cells transduced with a retrovirus vector preparation containing replication-competent viruses (E. F. Vanin, M. Kaloss, C. Broscius, and A. W. Nienhuis, J. Virol. 68:4241-4250, 1994). We found that the combination of Rh-MLV LTR and a partial gag sequence of MoMLV (Deltagag(871-1612)) in CS-Rh-MLV-E gave the highest level of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene expression compared with MLV, MSV LTR, phosphoglycerate kinase, and CMV promoters in T-cell lines, as well as activated primary T cells. Interestingly, there was a further two- to threefold increase in EGFP expression (thus, 10-fold-higher expression than with CMV) when the Rh-MLV promoter and Deltagag(871-1612) were used in a self-inactivating-vector setting that has a further deletion in the U3 region of the HIV-1 LTR. These hybrid vectors should prove useful in gene therapy applications for T cells.
The 321-HEXA: a fully-parallel manipulator with closed-form position and velocity kinematics (2002)

This paper presents analytical solutions for the forward displacement and velocity kinematics of the "321-HEXA", a fully-parallel manipulator design with R-RR-RRR legs as in the "HEXA" design and with a "3-2-1" top platform. The forward position and velocity kinematics rely on simple geometric algorithms that find the position and velocity of the top of a tetrahedron from the knowledge of the tetrahedron's side lengths as well as the position and velocity of the base triangle points. The forward position kinematics give eight solutions, requiring linear and quadratic equations only. The inverse kinematics requires the solution of one quartic equation for each leg.
CLUSTERING-BASED NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION (2007)

Recently data mining methods have gained importance in addressing network security issues, including network intrusion detection — a challenging task in network security. Intrusion detection systems aim to identify attacks with a high detection rate and a low false alarm rate. Classification-based data mining models for intrusion detection are often ineffective in dealing with dynamic changes in intrusion patterns and characteristics. Consequently, unsupervised learning methods have been given a closer look for network intrusion detection. We investigate multiple centroid-based unsupervised clustering algorithms for intrusion detection, and propose a simple yet effective self-labeling heuristic for detecting attack and normal clusters of network traffic audit data. The clustering algorithms investigated include, k-means, Mixture-Of-Spherical Gaussians, Self-Organizing Map, and Neural-Gas. The network traffic datasets provided by the DARPA 1998 offline intrusion detection project are used in our empirical investigation, which demonstrates the feasibility and promise of unsupervised learning methods for network intrusion detection. In addition, a comparative analysis shows the advantage of clustering-based methods over supervised classification techniques in identifying new or unseen attack types.