gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study And CFD Analysis of Blended Wing Body (BWB) (2015)

Blended wing body (BWB), as per the name is a single body comprising both the wings and the body of the aircraft, unlike conventional aircraft where wings are attached to the fuselage and can be distinguished in the aircraft’s structure. The advantages of BWB include drag reduction, high lift to drag ratio of overall body, higher fuel efficiency, increased seating capacity and reduced hangar space at the airport. At present the concept of BWB is not likely to be manufactured due to the limiting constraints of structures, aero-structural integration, issues pertaining to pressurization of the cabin, as well as the large frontal area of the wing that would in turn increase the drag coefficient. To overcome the aeromechanical issues the flow simulation over the BWB is done. The 2-D geometry was developed and kept as close as possible to the real designs gathered from the literature review. The results of the flow simulation fulfil the conditions set forward in the theory. The contours of various parameters depict the accurate variation in the flow regime around the BWB body.
NON-INVASIVE IMAGE BASED SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (2007)

We present a non-invasive, non-destructive automatable image-based methodology for classifying human embryonic stem cell (hESC) colonies. In contrast to differentiated colonies, pluripotent colonies contain homogeneous tight textures, thus allowing a statistical analysis of the coefficients obtained from a wavelet based texture decomposition to discriminate between the colonies. Similarly, borders of undifferentiated cell colonies are sharp, and circular, while those of differentiated colonies are not. We confine our description in this paper to texture analysis, which relies on a parametric and non-parametric hierarchical statistical classification. Parametric classification relies on probability models for texture wavelet coefficients, while non-parametric classification makes use of support vector machines. Preliminary implementation using a truth set yielded a 96% rate of successful colony classification between distant classes, while for intermediate classes of colonies, with mixed population, the success rate was at least 86%. The texture analysis was also validated using individual egg cell images
Component-oriented acausal modeling of the dynamical systems in Python language on the example of the model of the sucker rod string (2019)

Typically, component-oriented acausal hybrid modeling of complex dynamic systems is implemented by specialized modeling languages. A well-known example is the Modelica language. The specialized nature, complexity of implementation and learning of such languages somewhat limits their development and wide use by developers who know only general-purpose languages. The paper suggests the principle of developing simple to understand and modify Modelica-like system based on the general-purpose programming language Python. The principle consists in: (1) Python classes are used to describe components and their systems, (2) declarative symbolic tools SymPy are used to describe components behavior by difference or differential equations, (3) the solution procedure uses a function initially created using the SymPy lambdify function and computes unknown values in the current step using known values from the previous step, (4) Python imperative constructs are used for simple events handling, (5) external solvers of differential-algebraic equations can optionally be applied via the Assimulo interface, (6) SymPy package allows to arbitrarily manipulate model equations, generate code and solve some equations symbolically. The basic set of mechanical components (1D translational "mass", "spring-damper" and "force") is developed. The models of a sucker rods string are developed and simulated using these components. The comparison of results of the sucker rod string simulations with practical dynamometer cards and Modelica results verify the adequacy of the models. The proposed approach simplifies the understanding of the system, its modification and improvement, adaptation for other purposes, makes it available to a much larger community, simplifies integration into third-party software.
A Note on Designs for Model Discrimination: Variance Unknown Case (1969)

The purpose of this note is to derive a design criterion that can be used by investigators Who wish to perform experiments to discriminate among rival models when the variance σ2 is unknown. As would be expected, when the number of experiments is large, the expression for this design criterion is almost equivalent to replacing σ2 in the corresponding equation for the case where the variance is known with a suitable estimate s 2.
Lazy, Suzy boy (2013)

Review(s) of: Lazy, Suzy boy, by Ann Dewey, Spinning Sun, War Memorial Hall, Helensville, 10 October 2012.
Multicast Routing and Distance-Adaptive Spectrum Allocation in Elastic Optical Networks With Shared Protection (2016)

We consider an elastic all-optical network, where each node is multicast-capable and does not support spectrum conversion. In such a network, for a given set of static multicast demands, we consider distance-adaptive spectrum resource allocation, and aim to optimize multicast routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment with shared protection in a way that minimizes the required spectrum resources for accommodating all multicast sessions. In our design, we provision each multicast demand by a light-tree where spectrum resources are allocated in all links included in the tree. We protect each light-tree from any single link failure in both directions by having a backup path that is link-disjoint to the path from the source to each destination on the primary tree. We reserve spectrum resources in the links that are not in the primary tree but in the backup paths between all source-destination pairs. The reserved spectrum resources can be shared to protect multiple light-trees as long as they do not fail simultaneously. For such a problem, we provide a mixed integer linear programming formulation. We also develop a scalable heuristic algorithm with an attribute that enables it to improve the quality of the results at the cost of longer running times. Numerical results for small problems show that the heuristic algorithm performs close to the optimum. In addition, we use a Markov chain simulation of the network to evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithm in terms of blocking probability in a dynamic environment, which demonstrates a significant improvement over straightforward approaches.
HOS-Based Semi-Blind Spatial Equalization for MIMO Rayleigh Fading Channels (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we concentrate on the direct semi-blind spatial equalizer design for MIMO systems with Rayleigh fading channels. Our aim is to develop an algorithm which can outperform the classical training-based method with the same training information used and avoid the problems of low convergence speed and local minima due to pure blind methods. A general semi-blind cost function is first constructed which incorporates both the training information from the known data and some kind of higher order statistics (HOS) from the unknown sequence. Then, based on the developed cost function, we propose two semi-blind iterative and adaptive algorithms to find the desired spatial equalizer. To further improve the performance and convergence speed of the proposed adaptive method, we propose a technique to find the optimal choice of step size. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms and comparable schemes. </para>
Dynamic average-value modeling of a four-level drive system (2003)

Multilevel power converters have gained much attention in recent years due to their high power quality, low switching losses, and high-voltage capability. These advantages make the multilevel converter a candidate for the next generation of naval ship prolusion systems. Evaluation of these systems is typically assisted with a dynamic average-value models in order to rapidly predict system performance under several operating scenarios. In this paper, an average-value model is developed for the four-level diode-clamped converter which takes into account the active capacitor voltage balancing control. This model performance prediction is compared to a detailed model and laboratory measurements on an 18 kW rectifier/inverter test system.
Parameter Bias from Unobserved Effects in the Multinomial Logit Model of Consumer Choice (2000)

Over the past two decades, validation of choice models has focused on predictive validity rather than parameter bias. In real-world validation of choice models, true parameter values are unknown, so examination of parameter bias is not possible. In contrast, the main focus of this study is parameter bias in simulated scanner-panel choice data with known parameter values. Study of parameter bias enables the assessment of a fundamental issue not addressed in the choice modeling literature—the extent to which the logit choice model is capable of distinguishing unobserved effects that give rise to persistence in observed choices (e.g., heterogeneity and state dependence). Although econometric theory provides some information about the causes of bias, the extent of such bias in typical scanner data applications remains unclear. The authors present an extensive simulation study that provides information on the extent of bias resulting from the misspecification of four unobserved effects that receive frequent attention in the literature—choice set effects, heterogeneity in preferences and market response, state dependence, and serial correlation. The authors outline implications for model builders and managers. In general, the potential for parameter bias in choice model applications appears to be high. Overall, a logit model with choice set effects and the Guadagni–Little loyalty variable produces the most valid parameter estimates.
Fischer Carbene Catalysis of Alkynol Cycloisomerization:  Application to the Synthesis of the Altromycin B Disaccharide (2007)

[reaction: see text] The tungsten-catalyzed cycloisomerization of alkynyl alcohols can be conducted without using photochemistry, using a stable tungsten Fischer carbene as the precatalyst for this transformation. A variety of alkynyl alcohols undergo cycloisomerization under these conditions to provide endocyclic enol ethers of five-, six-, and seven-membered ring sizes. The utility of this method is further demonstrated in the stereoselective synthesis of the disaccharide substructure of altromycin B.
Localizing Antithrombotic and Vasodilatory Activity with a Novel, Ultrafast Nitric Oxide Donor (1996)

Reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with L-proline in methanolic sodium methoxide yields a diazeniumdiolate product, C5H7N3O4Na2.CH3OH (PROLI/NO), that can be stabilized in basic solution but that dissociates to proline (1 mol) and NO (2 mol) with a half-life of only 1.8 s at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. This kinetic behavior has allowed the generation of highly localized antiplatelet and vasodilatory effects. By infusing solutions containing 4 microM PROLI/NO in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide at the rate of 1 nmol.min-1 immediately upstream from a polyester vascular graft in the unheparinized baboon circulatory system, for example, platelet deposition at the normally thrombogenic graft surface was substantially reduced relative to controls receiving only 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. In a second study, infusion of PROLI/NO into the right atrium of sheep with induced pulmonary hypertension selectively dilalated the lung vasculature, dose-dependently reducing the pulmonary arterial pressure by as much as 9 mmHg with no observable effect on the systemic arterial pressure at an infusion rate of up to 24 nmol.kg-1.min-1. PROLI/NO could also be formulated as an insoluble polymer blend that released NO smoothly for prolonged periods. The results suggest that localized delivery of diazeniumdiolates such as PROLI/NO which generate NO with extreme rapidity on entering the blood stream may hold considerable promise for inhibition of thrombus formation, selective dilation of the vasculature, and other research and clinical applications.
Dediazoniation reactions of arenediazonium ions under solvolytic conditions: fluoride anion abstraction from trifluoroethanol and α-hydrogen atom abstraction from ethanol (1998)

Arenediazonium salts decompose thermally and photochemically in trifluoroethanol to yield trifluoroethyl ethers and (in part by fluoride abstraction from the solvent) fluoroarenes; the less reactive compounds in trifluoroethanol decompose readily in ethanol to give arenes in a radical reaction involving abstraction of the α-hydrogen from the ethanol.
On the Automation of the Test Flow of Complex SoCs (2006)

Modern systems-on-chip (SoCs) allow integrating many different functional cores in the same piece of silicon. Their test requires taking fast decisions in the selection of structures and strategies at different stages of the design flow: early computation of area overhead, power consumption and test application time are indispensable in order to develop effective and efficient test for the overall chip, while taking into account physical constraints imposed by the available test equipment. Furthermore, once the test strategy has been selected and patterns generated for each module, additional nonnegligible effort is required to integrate the test program in an ATE-readable format. In this paper, we tackle these problems by means of a new software platform, leveraging descriptions of both the core-level test structure and the system-level requirements. Experimental results related to a realistic case of study underline the effectiveness of the tool and its potentialities in the IEEE 1500 environments
Granzyme B Encoded by the Commonly Occurring Human RAH Allele Retains Pro-apoptotic Activity (2004)

A key function of human granzyme B (GrB) is to induce apoptosis of target cells in conjunction with perforin. The RAH allele is the first documented variant of the human GrB gene, occurs at a frequency of 25-30%, and encodes three amino acid substitutions (Q48R, P88A, and Y245H). It was initially reported that RAH GrB is incapable of inducing apoptosis, but here we show that it has essentially identical proteolytic and cytotoxic properties to wild type GrB. Recombinant RAH and wild type GrB cleave peptide substrates with similar kinetics, are both capable of cleaving Bid and procaspase 3, and are equally inhibited by proteinase inhibitor 9, an endogenous regulator of GrB. Furthermore, cytotoxic lymphocytes from RAH heterozygotes and homozygotes have no defect in target cell killing, and in vitro RAH GrB and wild type GrB kill cells equally well in the presence of perforin. We conclude that the RAH allele represents a neutral polymorphism in the GrB gene.
Nutritional Evaluations of Three Dietary Levels of Lactalbumin throughout the Lifespan of Two Generations of Syrian Hamsters (1982)

Syrian hamsters were fed one of three levels of lactalbumin (10, 20 or 40%) or a commercial diet from 4 weeks of age. The hamsters were mated at 12 weeks of age and parents (Fo generation) and offspring (F1 generation) remained for life on the assigned parental diet. Hamsters were killed to evaluate nutritional status from both generations at 4, 10, 22, 34 and 64 weeks of age. Remaining hamsters were allowed to live out their natural lifespan. Female hamsters generally grew faster with each increment in lactalbumin. Growth was greatest in male hamsters on the 20% lactalbumin diet and greater in the F1 than in the F0 generation. Reproduction was superior in hamsters fed the commerical diet and differed by season in those given purified diets, with the best performance following the autumn matings. Litter size and body weights of offspring at weaning increased from hamsters fed 10% of those fed higher levels. In the F0 generation, the longest female lifespans were observed in the 20 and 40% lactalbumin groups, respectively. The F1 generation females had longer survivals with each increase in lactalbumin. Male survival in both generations increased from the commercial diet to the 40 and 10% lactalbumin levels and was greatest in males fed 20% lactalbumin diet.
Insulin-like growth factor II stimulates motor nerve regeneration. (1992)

Injury to mammalian motor nerves can lead to paralysis, but relatively successful regeneration may occur when conditions are favorable. Elucidation of the mechanism upholding successful regeneration is of theoretical and clinical interest. In this study, the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) can stimulate motor nerve regeneration was tested. When IGF-II was infused continuously near a site of crush on the sciatic nerve, the distance of motor axon regeneration was increased significantly in rats. In contrast, spontaneous regeneration was inhibited when an anti-IGF-II antiserum was infused through a "window" in the epineurium. Thus, infused IGF-II can increase, and endogenous IGFs can support, the regeneration of motor axons in lesioned nerves.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction HDAC Inhibitors HDAC Structural Information Synthetic Hydroxamic Acids Therapeutic Applications of HDAC Inhibitors Conclusions Acknowledgment References
Efficacy of Homeopathic Arnica (1998)

The claim that homeopathic arnica is efficacious beyond a placebo effect is not supported by rigorous clinical trials.
A transformational approach to generating application-specific environments (1992)

Current software development environments tend to lie at opposite ends of a spectrum: at one extreme are specialized application generators; at the other are general-purpose programming environments. The former provide strong support for system development and reuse, but are costly to build and available only for limited domains. The latter provide weak support, but are generally available and universally applicable.
Regulation of Cardiac L-Type Calcium Current by Phosphorylation and G Proteins (1990)

Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels play a major role in the electromechanical coupling of cardiac cells. During the plateau phase Ca2+ entry induces a Ca2+ -dependent Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and con­ sequently the initiation of contraction (for review see 41). Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are also involved in the spontaneous impulse generation as well as in the duration of the action potentials and hence in refractoriness. Ca2+ channels are also the target of various hormones and neurotransmitters. In an Annual Review of Physiology that appeared ten years ago, Reuter (112) suggested a hypothetical scheme for the �-adrenergic control of Ca2+ chan­ nels by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation, but direct experimental evidence for this was still missing (further reviews see 90, 125, 133, 134). In the subsequent decade the concept of regulation via the signal transduction process and phosphorylation became more elaborate by analysis of the
Herpes-Like DNA Sequences in a Body-Cavity–Based Lymphoma in an HIV-Negative Patient (1995)

To the Editor: In the May 4 issue,1 we reported the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus-like (KSHV) DNA sequences in primary lymphomatous effusions occurring in the pleural, pericardial, and abdominal cavity, usually in the absence of an identifiable tumor mass, in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These body-cavity–based lymphomas appear to represent a distinct subgroup of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas because of their unusual clinical, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic characteristics. We have now identified KSHV in a lymphomatous pleural effusion in an 85-year-old HIV-negative white man, whose medical history was notable only for congestive heart failure, coronary artery . . .
Identifying Group-Specific Sequences for Microbial Communities Using Long k-mer Sequence Signatures (2018)

Comparing metagenomic samples is crucial for understanding microbial communities. For different groups of microbial communities, such as human gut metagenomic samples from patients with a certain disease and healthy controls, identifying <i>group-specific</i> sequences offers essential information for potential biomarker discovery. A sequence that is present, or rich, in one group, but absent, or scarce, in another group is considered "<i>group-specific</i>" in our study. Our main purpose is to discover <i>group-specific</i> sequence regions between control and case groups as disease-associated markers. We developed a long <i>k</i>-mer (<i>k</i> ≥ 30 bps)-based computational pipeline to detect <i>group-specific</i> sequences at strain resolution free from reference sequences, sequence alignments, and metagenome-wide <i>de novo</i> assembly. We called our method MetaGO: <i>Group-specific</i> oligonucleotide analysis for metagenomic samples. An open-source pipeline on <i>Apache Spark</i> was developed with parallel computing. We applied MetaGO to one simulated and three real metagenomic datasets to evaluate the discriminative capability of identified <i>group-specific</i> markers. In the simulated dataset, 99.11% of <i>group-specific</i> logical <i>40</i>-mers covered 98.89% <i>disease-specific</i> regions from the disease-associated strain. In addition, 97.90% of <i>group-specific</i> numerical <i>40</i>-mers covered 99.61 and 96.39% of differentially abundant genome and regions between two groups, respectively. For a large-scale metagenomic liver cirrhosis (LC)-associated dataset, we identified 37,647 <i>group-specific 40-</i>mer features. Any one of the features can predict disease status of the training samples with the average of sensitivity and specificity higher than 0.8. The random forests classification using the top 10 <i>group-specific</i> features yielded a higher AUC (from ∼0.8 to ∼0.9) than that of previous studies. All <i>group-specific 40-</i>mers were present in LC patients, but not healthy controls. All the assembled 11 <i>LC-specific</i> sequences can be mapped to two strains of <i>Veillonella parvula</i>: UTDB1-3 and DSM2008. The experiments on the other two real datasets related to Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Women consistently demonstrated that MetaGO achieved better prediction accuracy with fewer features compared to previous studies. The experiments showed that MetaGO is a powerful tool for identifying <i>group-specific k</i>-mers, which would be clinically applicable for disease prediction. MetaGO is available at https://github.com/VVsmileyx/MetaGO.