gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of<i>S</i>-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)cystein in a Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide from<i>Mycoplasma fermentans</i> (1996)

Mycoplasmas are capable of stimulating monocytes and macrophages to release cytokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical nature of the previously isolated [Mühlradt, P. F., & Frisch, M. (1994) Infect. Immun. 62, 3801-3807] macrophage-stimulating material "MDHM" from Mycoplasma fermentans. Mycoplasmas were delipidated, and MDHM activity was extracted with octyl glucoside and further purified by reversed-phase HPLC. Macrophage-stimulating activity was monitored by nitric oxide release from peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeJ endotoxin low responder mice. HPLC-purified MDHM was rechromatographed on an analytic scale RP 18 column before and after proteinase K treatment. Proteinase treatment did not diminish biological activity but shifted MDHM elution toward higher lipophilicity, suggesting that the macrophage-stimulating activity might reside in the lipopeptide moiety of a lipoprotein. Proteinase K-treated MDHM was hydrolyzed, amino groups were dansylated, and the dansylated material was isolated by HPLC. Dansylated S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cystein (glycerylcystein thioether), typical for Braun's murein lipoprotein, and Dns-Gly and Dns-Thr were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. These amino acids were isolated from biologically active but not from the neighboring inactive HPLC fractions. IR spectra from proteinase K-treated, HPLC-purified MDHM and those from the synthetic lipopeptide [2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2-RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-CysSerSer AsnAla were very similar. The data, taken together, indicate that lipoproteins of a nature previously detected in eubacteria are expressed in M. fermentans and that at least one of these lipoproteins and a lipopeptide derived from it constitute the macrophage-activating principle MDHM from these mycoplasmas.
Synthesis and applications of a novel supramolecular polymer network with multiple H‐bonded melamine pendants and uracil crosslinkers (2011)

Abstract A conjugated main‐chain copolymer ( PBT ) consisting of bithiazole, dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrroles (DTP), and pendent melamine units was synthesized by Stille polymerization, which can be hydrogen‐bonded (H‐bonded) with proper molar amounts of bi‐functional π‐conjugated crosslinker F (i.e., two uracil motifs covalently attached to a fluorene core through triple bonds symmetrically) to develop a novel supramolecular polymer network ( PBT/F ). The effects of multiple H‐bonds on light harvesting capabilities, HOMO levels, and photovoltaic properties of polymer PBT and H‐bonded polymer network PBT/F are investigated. The formation of supramolecular polymer network ( PBT/F ) between PBT and F was confirmed by FTIR and XRD measurements. Because of the stronger light absorption, lower HOMO level, and higher crystallinity of H‐bonded polymer network PBT/F , the solar cell device containing PBT/F showed better photovoltaic properties than that containing polymer PBT . The preliminary results show that the solar cell device containing 1:1 weight ratio of PBT/F and [6,6]‐phenyl C 71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM) offers the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 0.86% with a short‐circuit current density ( J sc ) of 4.97 mA/cm 2 , an open circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 0.55 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 31.5%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Steady-State Testing with Saw-Tooth Waves (1944)

The saw-tooth voltage wave has two main advantages over the square voltage wave in the testing of electrical networks. These are (1) the saw-tooth wave tests the response of the network not only to odd harmonic voltages but to even harmonics as well and (2) from the response to the saw-tooth voltage wave, the response to any other voltage of the same period may be obtained without the use of Fourier series. The square wave is also shown to be a special case of the saw-tooth wave. The response curves of several circuits to the saw-tooth wave are also obtained, and several experimental results are included.
Generation of Hadamard matrices for phase-code-multiplexed holographic memories (1996)

To accommodate the available spatial light modulators and to achieve the maximum possible storage capacity of a phase-code-multiplexed holographic memory, it is often necessary to generate an orthogonal phase code whose length is not a power of 2. We describe an algorithm for the generation of basic Hadamard matrices of order M = 4p (with p an odd number) and show that Hadamard matrices of order N = 4t (with t a positive integer) can be constructed by combination of the algorithms presented with the tensor-product extension method.
A Self-Sensing Nanomechanical Resonator Built on a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (2008)

We present observations of resonance behavior in a torsional nanoelectromechanical device built with an individual single-walled carbon nanotube. The effect of applied torsional strain on the transport properties of the nanotube provides an electrical signal transducer and hence a means of measuring oscillation amplitude, resonance frequency, and quality factor. The mechanical resonance is confirmed by imaging and the electromechanical signal is compared to quasi-static measurements.
A large scalable ATM multicast switch (1997)

This paper focuses on designing a large N/spl times/N high-performance broad-band ATM switch. Despite advances in architectural designs, practical switch dimensions continue to be severely limited by both the technological and physical constraints of packaging. Here, we focus on augmentation in a "single-switch" design: we provide ways to construct arbitrarily large switches out of modest-size components and retain overall delay/throughput performance. We propose a growable switch architecture based on several key principles: 1) the knockout principle exploits the statistical behavior of cell arrivals, and thereby reduces the interconnect complexity; 2) output queueing yields the best possible delay/throughput performance; 3) distributed control in routing (multicast) cells through the interconnect fabric without internal path conflicts; and 4) simple basic building blocks facilitate scalability. Other attractive features of the proposed architecture include: 1) intrinsic broadcast and multicast capabilities; 2) built-in priority sorting functionality; and 3) the guarantee of first-in, first-out cell sequence, To achieve 10/sup -14/ cell loss probability, only maximum size 32/spl times/16 basic building modules are required, and no crossover interconnects exist between modules in a three-dimensional configuration.
Purification and Characterization of α -L-Fucosidase from Bacillus circulans Grown on Porcine Gastric Mucin (1990)

Bacillus circulans isolated from soil was found to produce two types of alpha-L-fucosidase differing in substrate specificity. One was able to liberate L-fucose from porcine gastric mucin (PGM), but not from artificial substrates, including p-nitrophenyl and methyl alpha-L-fucosides, while the other acted not on PGM but on p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucoside. The production of the former enzyme was enhanced about 150 times as much by PGM added to the medium as by glucose. The alpha-L-fucosidase acting on PGM was purified from the culture fluid obtained with PGM medium by ammonium sulfate fractionation and subsequent column chromatography. The purified enzyme was found to be homogeneous by PAGE and its molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 285,000. The optimum pH was found to be 5.5 to 6.5 and the stable pH range was 4.5 to 9.0. The enzyme decomposed various blood group O(H) active substances such as PGM, human milk and human saliva, and moreover acted on A-, B-, and O-erythrocytes. The enzyme was shown to cleave alpha-(1----2)-, (1----3)-, and (1----4)-L-fucosidic linkages in various glycoproteins and oligosaccharides, but failed to hydrolyze alpha-(1----6)-L-fucosic linkages in 6-O-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-N-acetylglucosamine and intact bovine thyroglobulin.
Effect of nitric oxide on the oxygen transport of human erythrocytes (1977)

The oxygen dissociation curve of partially NO-liganded hemoglobin of human erythrocytes is measured. As the percentage of NO ligation increases, the affinity of nonliganded hemoglobin for oxygen increases and the heme-heme interaction decreases; furthermore, methemoglobin is formed. Therefore, NO affects the oxygen transport function of hemoglobin, decreasing the oxygen supply to peripheral tissues, because of (1) simple diminution of the available hemoglobin by the tightly bound NO, (2) the high affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and (3) the inevitable formation of methemoglobin.
Comparative Study of the Excess versus Absolute Adsorption of CO<sub>2</sub> on Superactivated Carbon for the Near-Critical Region (2003)

The adsorption of CO2 on superactivated carbon was measured for the near-critical region, and a comparative study between the excess and the absolute adsorption was presented. The quantity of absolute adsorption was determined based on the principle that it is equal to the excess one if the product of the gas-phase density and the volume of the adsorbed phase can be neglected. However, all isotherms in the ranges of 273−360 K and 0−18 MPa can be satisfactorily modeled by properly accounting for such product. The number of molecular layers in the adsorbed phase was estimated based on the density and volume of the adsorbed phase as evaluated. It was shown that multilayer adsorption is possible for near-critical temperatures but seems impossible if the temperature is fairly far away from the critical. Finally, it was shown that the difference between the absolute and the excess isotherms of CO2 at 273 K could yield about 20% difference in adsorbent characterization.
Achieving the Gaussian Rate-Distortion Function by Prediction (2007)

The "water-filling" solution for the quadratic rate-distortion function of a stationary Gaussian source is given in terms of its power spectrum. This formula naturally lends itself to a frequency domain "test-channel" realization. We provide an alternative time-domain realization for the rate-distortion function, based on linear prediction. This solution has some interesting implications, including the optimality at all distortion levels of pre/post filtered vector-quantized differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), and a duality relationship with decision-feedback equalization (DFE) for inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels.
Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors and Tumor Immunity (2014)

were originally named for their capacity to elicit potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells independent of prior sensitization or gene rearrangement. This process is facilitated through the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors that provide for NK cell "education" and a subsequent ability to survey, recognize, and lyse infected or transformed cells, especially those lacking or possessing mutated MHC class I expression. Since these original observations were made, how NK cells recognize candidate target cells continues to be the topic of ongoing investigation. It is now appreciated that NK cells express a diverse repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors of which killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) appear to play a critical role in mediating self-tolerance as well as facilitating cytotoxicity against infected or transformed cells. In addition, in the presence of an activating signal, the absence or mismatch of MHC class I molecules on such targets (which serve as inhibitory KIR ligands) promotes NK cell–mediated lysis. An increasing understanding of the complexities of KIR biology has provided recent opportunities to leverage the NK cell versus tumor effect as a novel avenue of immunotherapy for cancer. The present review summarizes the current understanding of KIR expression and function and highlights ongoing efforts to translate these discoveries into novel NK cell–mediated immunotherapies for cancer.
Improving animal research with an institutional electronic discussion group. (2005)

To remain at the forefront of scientific discovery, investigators continually are challenged to apply new approaches, instruments, and models to their work. Research institutions work to foster the exchange of ideas and resources, but this objective becomes more difficult to meet as the organization's size and complexity increase. To facilitate communication among researchers that use mice in their work and to provide increased opportunities for resource sharing, an electronic discussion group was formed at The Johns Hopkins University. The discussion group (jhu-mousers) is restricted to individuals within the institution's three campuses, and its 145 subscribers comprise faculty (including veterinarians), postdoctoral fellows, graduate students, and technicians. During its beginning 2 1/2-year period, jhu-mousers has received 207 postings that include seminar announcements; resource information; requests for mice, equipment, biological reagents, and technical assistance; and responses to these requests. The value of the electronic mailing list is evidenced by the fact that 70% of requests for resources or technical help have received at least one response, and this figure is likely to be underestimated because off-line responses are not included. Because the mailing list provides opportunities for tissue sharing and is conducive to refining experimental procedures used in mice, its application promotes the use of alternatives in animal research. To promote and assist the development of animal-user discussion groups at other institutions, the administration, applications, and benefits of an electronic mailing list for mouse users are discussed here.
Germinating and Culturing Axenic Poison Ivy Seedlings (2013)

Urushiols are the chemical constituents responsible for causing the characteristic skin rash resulting from contact with poison ivy [ Toxicodendron radicans subsp. radicans (L.) Kuntze] plant tissue. Future detailed physiological and molecular studies of T. radicans urushiol metabolism will require the production and cultivation of axenic T. radicans plants in controlled environments. To this end, the present study focused on treatments to enhance germination and reduce microbial contamination to obtain axenic T. radicans seedlings. Toxicodendron radicans drupes treated singularly with water, bleach, cold, or gibberellic acid showed very low germination frequencies. In contrast, concentrated sulfuric acid strongly promoted seedling germination by removing exocarp, mesocarp, and causing pitting of the brachysclereid and osteosclereid layers of the endocarp. Most T. radicans drupes harbored significant amounts of fungal and bacterial contaminants. Although the serial mechanical scarification, sulfuric acid, and bleach treatments promoted seedling germination, this serial treatment regime was not adequate to render the majority of drupes microbe-free. Nevertheless, ≈25% of treated T. radicans drupes were axenic, and these needed to be promptly separated from adjacent fungal-contaminated drupes to avoid cross-contamination. The isolated axenic T. radicans drupes germinated at high frequency producing viable seedlings that grew well in sterile plant culture conditions.
β1‐integrin‐mediated adhesion of melanoma cells to the propolypeptide of von Willebrand factor (1994)

Cell-adhesion activity of the bovine propolypeptide of von Willebrand factor (pp-vWF) was assessed by means of an in vitro assay with several cell lines of both normal and tumor-cell origin. pp-vWF promoted adhesion and spreading of B16 mouse melanoma cells and G-361 human melanoma cells. However, it could not induce adhesion of any other cell lines tested including endothelial cells, normal fibroblasts, and tumor cells of sarcoma, carcinoma, neuroblastoma and leukemia origin. A monospecific polyclonal antibody against pp-vWF, but not against fibronectin, laminin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), completely blocked the pp-vWF-mediated adhesion, indicating that the cell adhesion was due to the pp-vWF molecule and not due to possible contamination of these three well-known adhesive proteins. The cell-adhesion activity was also observed with human pp-vWF and, furthermore, the adhesion to both bovine and human pp-vWF was not affected by a peptide containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence while the peptide abolished the cell adhesion to vWF. The adhesion was completely dependent on Mg2+ and inhibited by Ca2+. Inhibition by an anti-(beta 1 integrin) mAb (4B4) indicates that the receptor for this protein belongs to the beta 1-integrin family. A monoclonal antibody (TC4) among several antibodies directed against bovine pp-vWF inhibited the B16 adhesion to immobilized pp-vWF. The epitope for this monoclonal antibody lies in a central 8-kDa portion of pp-vWF, suggesting that this region is important for the cell-adhesion activity. This idea was supported by the finding that purified 8-kDa fragment promoted adhesion of B16 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. As pp-vWF shows unique cell-type specificity in its adhesion activity, which is completely different from that of fibronectin, laminin, vWF and collagen, it may be a novel type of adhesive glycoprotein that utilizes a beta 1-integrin receptor.
Effect of age and occupational exposure to airway irritants on lung function in non-smoking individuals with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ) (1997)

In non-smoking PiZZ individuals lung function declines with increasing age, especially after 50. Men are at greater risk of lung function deterioration than women. Asthmatic symptoms and occupational exposure to airway irritants appear to constitute additional risk factors.
A concept inventory for heat transfer (2004)

Students enter courses in engineering with intuitions about physical phenomena. Through coursework they build on their intuition to develop a set of beliefs about the subject. Often, their understanding of basic concepts is incomplete and their explanations are not "correct". Concept inventories are assessment tools designed to determine the degree to which students understand the concepts of a subject and to identify the bases for misunderstandings. A cooperative effort between faculty at the Universities of Wisconsin and Illinois has been undertaken to develop a concept inventory for heat transfer. The process initiated with student identification of the conceptual problems rather than with faculty perceptions of student misunderstandings. Students then explored areas of conceptual difficulty and phrased questions that would test understanding of the concepts. Students working together with faculty developed a concept inventory for heat transfer. The presentation will report on the experience with using student groups and the resulting concept inventory.
Common-mode resonances in ultra wide band connected arrays of dipoles: Measurements from the demonstrator and exit strategy (2009)

A 6-9 GHz prototype array of dual-polarized connected dipoles has been manufactured. The array is composed by two orthogonal sets of 8 times 8 elements for each polarization (128), arranged in an egg-crate configuration. Preliminary measurements highlighted the presence of unpredicted common-mode resonances excited in the vertical feeding lines. An analysis of the common-mode excitation is carried out and exit strategies for a design of a resonance-free connected array are presented.
Synthesis and Analysis of a Versatile DC-DC Converter Designed by Using Switched-Capacitor Techniques (2009)

Aimed at mobile applications such as back-lighting applications, battery applications, and so on, a switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converter which offers a (N - s + 1)=(N - s) x mode ((N =2, 3,... ) and (s = 0, 1, 2,... )) as well as a step-down mode of operation is presented in this paper. Compared with conventional versatile converters, the proposed converter can realize high efficiency and flexibility of output voltages. The characteristics of the proposed converter are investigated by SPICE simulations and theoretical analyses. Concerning the power efficiency and the optimal duty factor, theoretical results are well in agreement with simulated results. Under conditions where input voltage Vin =3.7 V, output load RL = 30 ­, and output voltageVout = 3.3 5.3 V, the proposed converter can improve the power efficiency more than 20 % from that of the conventional circuit. Furthermore, the validity of circuit design is confirmed by using experimental circuit which is built with commercially available transistors.
A field test for the detection of peroxide-based explosives (2002)

A rapid and simple field test for the detection of triacetone-triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine (HMTD), two explosives which find significant illegal use, has been developed. Unknown samples are first treated with a catalase solution to remove hydrogen peroxide traces, in order to provide selectivity towards peroxide-based bleaching agents which are contained in commercial laundry detergents. Subsequently, the peroxide-based explosives are decomposed via UV irradiation, thus yielding hydrogen peroxide, which is determined by the horseradish peroxidase (POD) catalysed formation of the green radical cation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonate (ABTS). The limits of detection for this method are 8 x 10(-6) mol dm(-3) for TATP and 8 x 10(-7) mol dm(-3) for HMTD, respectively. As an option, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (pHPAA) may be used as peroxidase substrate, resulting in lower limits of detection (8 x 10(-7) mol dm(-3) for TATP and HMTD). The complete method uses a mobile setup to be applied under field conditions.
Recognition, Prediction, and Planning for Assisted Teleoperation of Freeform Tasks (2012)

This paper presents a system for improving the intuitiveness and responsiveness of assisted robot teleoperation interfaces by combining intent prediction and motion planning. Two technical contributions are described. First, an intent predictor estimates the user's desired task, and accepts freeform tasks that include both discrete types and continuous parameters (e.g., desired target positions). Second, a cooperative motion planner uses the task estimates to generate continuously updated robot trajectories by solving optimal control problems with timevarying objective functions. The planner is designed to respond interactively to changes in the indicated task, avoid collisions in cluttered environments, and achieve high-quality motions using a hybrid of numerical and sample-based techniques. The system is applied to the problem of controlling a 6D robot manipulator using 2D mouse input in the context of two tasks: static target reaching and dynamic trajectory tracking. Simulations suggest that it enables the robot to reach static targets faster and to track trajectories more closely than comparable techniques.
Equivalence between Proportional Fairness and Time-Based Fairness in Multi-Rate Wireless LANs (2010)

It can be seen that though proportional fairness has been studied extensively, a complete solution does not exist for multi-rate WLANs. In this paper, we provide preliminary results to remedy the situation. Our main contribution is to prove that the proportional fairness is same as the time based fairness for uplink transmissions and thus prove the conjecture of (Jiang and Liew, 2005). The equivalence is shown for both basic and RTS/CTS modes of transmission.