gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Esters of 5-Carboxyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline <i>N</i>-Oxide:  A Family of Spin Traps for Superoxide (2003)

Apparent rate constants, at acidic pH and neutral pH for the reaction of a family of ester-containing 5-carboxyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxides with superoxide (O2*-) were estimated, using ferricytochrome c as a competitive inhibitor. It was of interest to note that the rate constants were similar among the different nitrones and not that significantly different from that found for 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. At acidic pH, the rate constant for spin trapping O2*- was 3-fold greater than that at physiological pH. Subsequent experiments determined the half-life of aminoxyls, derived from the reaction of these nitrones with O2*-. The EPR spectra were modeled by using a global analysis method. The results clearly demonstrated that EPR spectra of all the aminoxyls were inconsistent with a model that included a single gamma-hydrogen splitting. A better interpretation modeled them as two diastereomers with identical nitrogen splittings and slightly different beta-hydrogen splittings. Detailed line width analyses slightly favored an equal line width-unequal population ratio for the two diastereomers.
Boronic Acid‐Based Receptors and Sensors for Saccharides (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Fluorescence Internal Charge Transfer (ICT) Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) Other Fluorescent Sensors Colorimetric Sensors Electrochemical Sensors Assay Systems Polymer and Surface Bound Sensors Conclusions References
Treatment of multiple, multiform actinic keratoses on the head with imiquimod 5% cream (2009)

The objective of this non-controlled interventional clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of imiquimod in the treatment of fields with multiple, multiform AK. 180 office-based dermatological practices in Germany participated. Patients with clinically typical, visible AK lesions on the head were treated with 5% imiquimod cream 3 times per week for 4 weeks followed by a 4 week treatment pause. If lesions were still present, a second treatment course of treatment (COT) was given. Complete clearance rate, i.e. no clinically visible AK lesions in the treatment area, was the main outcome measure. 829 patients were enrolled. The complete clearance rate was 40.5% after the first COT and 68.9% overall. Altogether, 85.4% of the 7,427 baseline lesions were cleared. Patients with hyperkeratotic/hypertrophic lesions showed comparable responses. Local skin reactions were the most commonly reported adverse effects, causing discontinuation in only 4 patients. Severity of the local skin reactions was a strong predictor of the outcome. Patients with multiple multiform AK on the head can be successfully and safely treated with topical imiquimod in daily practice. Assurance of patient understanding that treatment success is closely correlated to proper drug administration is important.
Parametric design of multiple beam reflector antennas (2003)

There has been a tremendous growth over the last few years in the use of multiple beam antennas (MBAs) for direct broadcast satellites and personal communication satellites. The MBAs provide a contiguous or non-contiguous coverage over a specified field-of-view on Earth by using high gain multiple spot beams for downlink and uplink coverage. Design of these MBAs using conventional feeds has been discussed earlier (see Rao, S., IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol.41, no.4, p.53-9, 1999; IEEE AP-S Digest, vol.4, p.2078-81, 1998). This paper presents a parametric design approach using the horn efficiency as a variable. It is shown that the electrical performance of the MBAs in terms of coverage gain and copolar isolation can be significantly improved by selecting optimum efficiency for these multi-mode feed horns. Analytical results of the MBA with horn efficiency as parameter are presented here including comparisons with computed values.
Unintended Pregnancy: Worldwide Levels, Trends, and Outcomes (2010)

Unintended pregnancy can carry serious consequences for women and their families. We estimate the incidence of pregnancy by intention status and outcome at worldwide, regional, and subregional levels for 2008, and we assess recent trends since 1995. Numbers of births are based on United Nations estimates. Induced abortions are estimated by projecting from recent trends. A model-based approach is used to estimate miscarriages. The planning status of births is estimated using nationally representative and small-scale surveys of 80 countries. Of the 208 million pregnancies that occurred in 2008, we estimate that 41 percent were unintended. The unintended pregnancy rate fell by 29 percent in developed regions and by 20 percent in developing regions. The highest unintended pregnancy rates were found for Eastern and Middle Africa and the lowest for Southern and Western Europe and Eastern Asia. North America is the only region in which overall and unintended pregnancy rates have not declined. We conclude with a brief discussion of global and regional program and policy implications.
Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) of complement. Processing differences related to alternatively spliced cytoplasmic domains. (1994)

Membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46), a widely distributed regulatory protein, inhibits complement activation on host cells and serves as a measles virus receptor. Most cells express four isoforms (with one of two cytoplasmic tails, CYT-1 or CYT-2). Previously, we noted that MCP precursors had variable intracellular processing. Therefore, we characterized the intracellular transport of individual MCP isoforms. Transfectants were used for pulse-chase analyses. MCP isoforms bearing CYT-1 chased into their mature, surface forms with a half-life (t1/2) of 10-13 min while those with CYT-2 required 35-40 min. The precursor of a tail-less mutant possessed a t1/2 of 160-165 min. Chimeras were constructed that added both tails in opposite orientation onto the isoform (i.e. CYT 1 + 2 or CYT 2 + 1). Chimera 1 + 2 precursor processed with a t1/2 of 35-37 min, similar to CYT-2. Chimera 2 + 1 had a t1/2 of 15-19 min, more closely resembling CYT-1. Thus, in both cases the carboxyl-terminal tail controlled the processing rate. Deletions were made in the beginning, middle, and carboxyl terminus of CYT-1. Deletion of the first or middle six amino acids had no effect on the processing rate. However, deletion of the terminal tetrapeptide (FTSL) slowed the rate to 30-32 min, suggesting that this sequence facilitates exit from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Protein and amino acids for athletes (2003)

The main determinants of an athlete's protein needs are their training regime and habitual nutrient intake. Most athletes ingest sufficient protein in their habitual diet. Additional protein will confer only a minimal, albeit arguably important, additional advantage. Given sufficient energy intake, lean body mass can be maintained within a wide range of protein intakes. Since there is limited evidence for harmful effects of a high protein intake and there is a metabolic rationale for the efficacy of an increase in protein, if muscle hypertrophy is the goal, a higher protein intake within the context of an athlete's overall dietary requirements may be beneficial. However, there are few convincing outcome data to indicate that the ingestion of a high amount of protein (2-3 g x kg(-1) BW x day(-1), where BW = body weight) is necessary. Current literature suggests that it may be too simplistic to rely on recommendations of a particular amount of protein per day. Acute studies suggest that for any given amount of protein, the metabolic response is dependent on other factors, including the timing of ingestion in relation to exercise and/or other nutrients, the composition of ingested amino acids and the type of protein.
Theoretical approach to estimate laser process parameters for drilling in crystalline silicon (2010)

Abstract This paper presents a simple method for estimating the ablation rate during drilling processes in crystalline silicon wafers. Using data from literature, the physical process of material heating, melting, and ejection can be estimated on a time scale and leads to a temporal separation of the pulse duration in two parts. The latter one offers a theoretical determination of the expected average ablation rate. The results of this approximation coincide with experimental values and offer solutions to increase drilling efficiency. The experiments were done with a q‐switched solid‐state laser emitting at 1064 nm wavelength at pulse durations between 810 ns and 1440 ns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo transfection of testicular germ cells and transgenesis by using the mitochondrially localized jellyfish fluorescent protein gene (2000)

We aimed to introduce foreign DNA into spermatogenic cells in the testis by injection of the DNA encoding jellyfish fluorescent proteins, green fluorescent protein (GFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) into the seminiferous tubules and in vivo electroporation. We obtained fluorescent spermatozoa only when using the gene of the YFP protein fused to a mitochondrial localization signal peptide. Intracytoplasmic injection into oocytes of these spermatozoa gave fluorescent fetuses and pups. Almost all of the individuals produced from fluorescent spermatozoa were transgenic. We confirmed integration of the gene into chromosomes and its transmission into offspring. This is the first report of gene transfer into germ cells and subsequent production of transgenic offspring.
Roughness and pH changes of enamel surface induced by soft drinks in vitro-applications of stylus profilometry, focus variation 3D scanning microscopy and micro pH sensor (2011)

This study aimed to evaluate enamel surface roughness (Ra) and pH before and after erosion by soft drinks. Enamel was exposed to a soft drink (cola, orange juice or green tea) for 1, 5 or 60 min; Ra was measured using contact-stylus surface profilometry (SSP) and non-contact focus variation 3D microscope (FVM). Surface pH was measured using a micro pH sensor. Data were analyzed at significance level of alpha=0.05. There was a significant correlation in Ra between SSP and FVM. FVM images showed no changes in the surface morphology after various periods of exposure to green tea. Unlike cola and orange juice, exposure to green tea did not significantly affect Ra or pH. A significant correlation was observed between surface pH and Ra change after exposure to the drinks. Optical surface analysis and micro pH sensor may be useful tools for non-damaging, quantitative assessment of soft drinks erosion on enamel.
Bupivacaine Inhibits Activation of Neuronal Spinal Extracellular Receptor–activated Kinase through Selective Effects on Ionotropic Receptors (2006)

Bupivacaine inhibits pERK activation resulting from different modes of Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane. This represents a postsynaptic mechanism of analgesia that occurs in parallel with impulse inhibition during neuraxial blockade.
Tactile Sensing Using Force Sensing Resistors and a Super-Resolution Algorithm (2008)

This paper presents a tactile sensor consisting of an array of force sensing resistors (FSRs). The tactile sensing array can be seen as a coordinated system of touch sensors. The low spatial resolution measured with the FSRs compared to other force or pressure sensors required the use of a super-resolution algorithm. Super-resolution algorithms are often used in digital image processing to enhance the resolution of images. Multiple images taken from slightly different orientations are superimposed in such a way that a single higher-resolution image is obtained. Different touch sensors are briefly discussed and the use of FSRs is motivated. Image-registration techniques are discussed and the super-resolution algorithm developed for the application is presented. Some tests performed using the tactile sensor in a neck palpation device and the results of these tests are also presented.
Identification of the 38‐kDa subunit of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase as glycogenin (1987)

Glycogen synthase from rabbit skeletal muscle has been shown to be a complex of two types of subunit which have apparent molecular masses of 86 kDa and 38 kDa and are present in a 1:1 molar ratio. The 38-kDa component was separated from the 86-kDa catalytic subunit by gel filtration in the presence of 2 M LiBr, and a number of chymotryptic peptides were sequenced. This demonstrated that the 38-kDa subunit was glycogenin, the protein that is bound covalently to glycogen and believed to be the 'primer' involved in the initiation of de novo glycogen synthesis.
Studies of refractory carbides, nitrides, and borides as the thermionic emitters for electron microscopy (1989)

Thermionic emission properties of several kinds of refractory carbides, nitrides, and borides of the transition metals in the form of powder were investigated with a newly developed measuring device and evaluated by the figure of merit defined as the ratio of the effective work function to the working temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes 1 x 10(-5) Torr. There are several materials whose thermionic emission properties are better than those of tungsten or compatible to those of tungsten among the carbides and borides, such as TaC, HfC, ZrC, LaB6, and CeB6, as judged by the figure of merit. New preparation methods for carburization, nitriding, and boriding of the wires of matrix metals and alloys were successfully developed for using these materials as the cathode of the electron microscope. Other necessary techniques such as spot welding and electrolytic etching were also developed. From the brightness characteristics, it was found that some of carbides, carbide solid solutions, and borides such as HfC, ZrC (Ta0.8-0.7Hf0.2-0.3)C, TaB2, and HfB2 are very good emitters comparable to LaB6. It is emphasized that the work functions of the carbide-solid solutions (Ta0.8Hf0.2)C and (Ta0.7Hf0.3)C, which have low rates of evaporation at high temperature, show no remarkable rise as compared with that of HfC, so that their figures of merit are better than that of HfC. Feasibility of providing good cathodes with HfC and (Ta0.8Hf0.2)C tips was demonstrated by taking high-resolution electron micrographs.
Refractive multiple optical tweezers for parallel biochemical analysis in micro-fluidics (2007)

We present a multiple laser tweezers system based on refractive optics. The system produces an array of 100 optical traps thanks to a refractive microlens array, whose focal plane is imaged into the focal plane of a high-NA microscope objective. This refractive multi-tweezers system is combined to micro-fluidics, aiming at performing simultaneous biochemical reactions on ensembles of free floating objects. Micro-fluidics allows both transporting the particles to the trapping area, and conveying biochemical reagents to the trapped particles. Parallel trapping in micro-fluidics is achieved with polystyrene beads as well as with native vesicles produced from mammalian cells. The traps can hold objects against fluid flows exceeding 100 micrometers per second. Parallel fluorescence excitation and detection on the ensemble of trapped particles is also demonstrated. Additionally, the system is capable of selectively and individually releasing particles from the tweezers array using a complementary steerable laser beam. Strategies for high-yield particle capture and individual particle release in a micro-fluidic environment are discussed. A comparison with diffractive optical tweezers enhances the pros and cons of refractive systems.
Identification of the alkaline-labile product accompanying cytosine release during bleomycin-mediated degradation of d(CGCGCG) (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIdentification of the alkaline-labile product accompanying cytosine release during bleomycin-mediated degradation of d(CGCGCG)L. Rabow, J. Stubbe, J. W. Kozarich, and J. A. GerltCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 22, 7130–7131Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00282a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00282a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views136Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surfactant-Induced Wettability Alteration in Crevices of Calcite Nanopores (2020)

Wettability alteration is an important mechanism in surfactant-facilitated enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. An in-depth understanding of how surfactants influence the wettability of calcite surfaces is of crucial importance. In this study, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to elucidate how the nonionic and anionic surfactants influence the wettability at the corners of angular calcite pores. A multicomponent oil model was constructed based on a chemical analysis of an unconventional reservoir crude oil. It was found that the inclusion of the calcite surface water layer caused a significant decrease in the attraction between the surface and the surfactant molecules from hundreds of kJ/mol to essentially zero. The surface water layer is therefore critical for an accurate description of calcite wettability. Simulated flooding of the oil-filled calcite pore with both types of surfactants was compared to that with blank brine. It was found that the tested surfactants alter the wettability of the calcite surface mainly by hydrophobic interactions with the adsorbed polar oil components and by weakening the interactions between polar and nonpolar oil components. The wettability alteration resulted in a 20–30° reduction in contact angles, while the ratio of the polar-to-nonpolar oil components within the pore decreased by approximately 50% by the surfactants as compared to just brine. The results presented in this work can provide guidance for selection of the most effective surfactants for oilfield applications.
Chemical typing of porcine systemic amyloid as AA-amyloid (2005)

Systemic AA amyloidosis is frequently reported in a wide variety of domestic and wild animal species. Porcine amyloidosis is rare and the amyloid has not been typed chemically thus far. In the present study, we have extracted porcine amyloid from formalin-fixed tissue sections. By subsequent amino acid sequencing, an N-terminal fragment was obtained identifying porcine systemic amyloid as AA amyloid. The N-terminal sequence had a great homology to bovine and ovine SAA1, suggesting that pig AA amyloid is derived from the systemic isoform of SAA. It is argued that the low incidence of amyloidosis in pigs is not likely to be attributed to unique features of porcine amyloid precursor protein. Elucidation of the basis for the high apparent resistance of pigs against amyloidosis may yield important clues for treatment and prevention of amyloidosis in other species. This is the first report on chemical identification of porcine amyloid.
Evaluation of Partitioning Ratios of Re Atoms in Ni-Al-Re-X (X : Cr, Mo, W, Ti, Ta, Nb, Co)Quaternary Alloys (1994)

In order to examine alloying behaviour of rhenium (Re) and its effect on the properties of Ni-based superalloys, the partitioning ratio of Re atoms between the γ and the γ' phases and also the phase stability were investigated using Ni-Al-Re-X(X : Cr, Mo, W, Ti, Ta, Nb, Co) quaternary alloys. When those elements, X, which occupy preferably either Al sites or both Ni and Al sites in the Ni3Al(γ') compound were added to the Ni-Al-Re ternary alloys, the trend of the partitioning of the Re atoms into the γ phase became considerably high in these alloys. Also, the compositional limit of a γ + γ' two phase region in the phase diagram was found to be 34 (mol%) for X(X : Mo, W, Ta, Nb) and 56 (mol%) for Ti in Ni-Al-Re-X quaternary alloys. The results on the partitioning ratio were analyzed with the alloying vectors.
Omnidirectional Motion Control and Prototyping of a Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Wheelchair (2009)

This paper presents omnidirectional control and prototyping of a new type of electric wheelchair with four-wheel drive (4WD) mechanism for improving traction on the slippery surface and enhancing mobility on rough terrain of standard wheelchairs. The 4WD mechanism equips four wheels, two omni-wheels in front and two normal tires in rear. The normal wheel and the omni-wheel, mounted on the same side of the base, are interconnected by belt transmissions to rotate in unison with a drive motor, i.e. a synchro-drive transmission. To rotate a chair at the center of the 4WD about vertical axis, the third motor is installed on the platform. For omnidirectional control of the 4WD mechanism, two wheel motors are coordinated to translate the center of the chair in an arbitrary direction while the chair orientation is controlled by the third motor separately. Thus a wheelchair with proposed 4WD mechanism can move in any direction without changing the chair orientation and turn in a place, namely holonomic. In the paper, motion analysis of the 4WD mechanism and the omnidirectional control method are presented followed by prototype design for verification of the proposed 4WD omnidirectional wheelchair system.
Excess shelf space in retail stores : an analytical model and empirical assessment (2004)

Marketing and operations responsibilities meet in retail stores on the shelves. The shelf is the location where any product meets the consumer, whereas the shelf is also the final inventory location in the retail supply chain. Marketing assumes that the presence of inventory drives demand and therefore requires excellent operations. In operations, the main concern is with the trade-off between inventory holding cost on the shelf and the cost of replenishment. We gathered empirical data at a grocery retail chain and were able to combine marketing and operations data into a single database. This provided us the opportunity to conduct a unique analysis. We could compare the results of the space allocation decisions of the marketers with a basic analytic model that incorporates aspects of marketing and operations. Based on this comparison, we argue that significant amounts of excess shelf space exist for a large part of the assortment of a retailer. Excess shelf space is retail space that is not required to carry out the current operations with respect to customer service and costs. We also observed that the cost of replenishment is non-linear and dominates the inventory holding cost. Therefore, excess shelf space cannot easily be eliminated. Instead, excess shelf space in the presence of a non-linear cost of replenishment offers enormous opportunities for the development of new supply chain coordination mechanisms.
Hardware Verification using Higher Order Logic (1993)

This chapter describes the basic techniques for using higher order logic to specify hardware behaviour and to prove the correctness of hardware designs.