gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constrained maximum-likelihood detection in CDMA (2001)

The detection strategy usually denoted optimal multiuser detection is equivalent to the solution of a (0, 1)-constrained maximum-likelihood (ML) problem, a problem which is known to be NP-hard. In contrast, the unconstrained ML problem can be solved quite easily and is known as the decorrelating detector. In this paper, we consider the constrained ML problem where the solution vector is restricted to lie within a closed convex set (CCS). Such a design criterion leads to detector structures which are ML under the constraint assumption. A close relationship between a sphere-constrained ML detector and the well-known minimum mean square error detector is found and verified. An iterative algorithm for solving a CCS constraint problem is derived based on results in linear variational inequality theory. Special cases of this algorithm, subject to a box-constraint, are found to correspond to known, nonlinear successive and parallel interference cancellation structures, using a clipped soft decision for making tentative decisions, while a weighted linear parallel interference canceler with signal-dependent weights arises from the sphere constraint. Convergence issues are investigated and an efficient implementation is suggested. The bit-error rate performance is studied via computer simulations and the expected performance improvements over unconstrained ML are verified.
Diagnosis of Pusher-Fuel Mix in Indirectly Driven Nova Implosions (1994)

We report measurements of controlled implosion performance degradation arising from the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion capsules. Using plastic capsules driven indirectly by the Nova laser, we studied the variation in implosion performance as a function of outer surface perturbation. Variations in both capsule x-ray and neutron emission are seen which are consistent with a model which describes mixing pusher material into fuel material. The model combines representative capsule surface characterization, implosion stability, and perturbation growth saturation.
Multipotent Neural Stem Cells from the Adult Tegmentum with Dopaminergic Potential Develop Essential Properties of Functional Neurons (2005)

Neurogenesis in the adult brain occurs within the two principal neurogenic regions: the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. The occurrence of adult neurogenesis in non-neurogenic regions, including the midbrain, remains controversial, but isolation of neural stem cells (NSCs) from several parts of the adult brain, including the substantia nigra, has been reported. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether adult NSCs do have the capacity to produce functional dopaminergic neurons, the cell type lost in Parkinson's disease. Here, we describe the isolation, expansion, and in vitro characterization of adult mouse tegmental NSCs (tNSCs) and their differentiation into functional nerve cells, including dopaminergic neurons. These tNSCs showed neurosphere formation and expressed high levels of early neuroectodermal markers, such as the proneural genes NeuroD1, Neurog2, and Olig2, the NSC markers Nestin and Musashi1, and the proliferation markers Ki67 and BrdU (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine). The cells showed typical propidium iodide-fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of slowly dividing cells. In the presence of selected growth factors, tNSCs differentiated into astroglia, oligodendroglia, and neurons expressing markers for cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic cells. Electrophysiological analyses revealed functional properties of mature nerve cells, such as tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels, action potentials, as well as currents induced by GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate). Clonal analysis demonstrated that individual NSCs retain the capacity to generate both glia and neurons. After a multistep differentiation protocol using co-culture conditions with PA6 stromal cells, a small number of cells acquired morphological and functional properties of dopaminergic neurons in culture. Here, we demonstrate the existence of adult tNSCs with functional neurogenic and dopaminergic potential, a prerequisite for future endogenous cell replacement strategies in Parkinson's disease.
The Solution of Large 0–1 Integer Programming Problems Encountered in Automated Cartography (1990)

The placement of text on a map to maximize map legibility, while avoiding graphic overplotting, is a problem in combinatorial optimization. This particular optimization problem can be formulated as a multiple choice integer programming problem, and the integer programming problem has a structure that can be exploited, using a Lagrangian heuristic, to obtain a cost effective solution, even when tens of thousands of variables and thousands of constraints are involved. This paper presents the mathematical formulation of the map label placement problem and describes a computer program implemented to solve it.
Electromagnetic Analysis on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems: Measures and Counter-Measures for Smart Cards (2009)

Although the possibility of attacking elliptic curve cryptosystems (ECC) by power analysis repeatedly appears in research papers, there were few electromagnetic analysis papers and conclusive experiments where actual elliptic curve cryptosystems were successfully attacked and prevented. In this paper we describe electromagnetic (EM) analysis experiments conducted on 3 implementations of elliptic curve cryptosystems. They are respectively binary, double-and-add-always and Montgomery methods of point multiplication. The experimental results indicate that using simple electromagnetic analysis (SEMA), the complete key material could be successfully retrieved from binary method, but not from double-and-add-always and Montgomery method.
Thermoelectric transport properties of single bismuth nanowires (2003)

We present a novel technique for measuring the power factor (Seebeck coefficient and resistivity) of a single isolated Bi nanowire. Electron beam lithography is used to pattern electrodes on top of a 40 nm diameter Bi nanowire along with a microscopic heater and thermocouples. Running current through the heater generates a temperature gradient of 0.5 K over a distance of 10 /spl mu/m across the nanowire. Measurement of the Seebeck voltage of the nanowires was not possible due to the highly resistive and non-ohmic contacts. The non-linearity in the i(V) characteristics of the electrical contacts are understood by detailed modeling of the tunneling mechanism made through the electrical contacts. The prospect of using the poor contacts to perform tunneling spectroscopy of the electronic density of states of the nanowires is evaluated using this model.
Detecting Bias with Generative Counterfactual Face Attribute Augmentation (2019)

We introduce a simple framework for identifying biases of a smiling attribute classifier. Our method poses counterfactual questions of the form: how would the prediction change if this face characteristic had been different? We leverage recent advances in generative adversarial networks to build a realistic generative model of face images that affords controlled manipulation of specific image characteristics. We introduce a set of metrics that measure the effect of manipulating a specific property of an image on the output of a trained classifier. Empirically, we identify several different factors of variation that affect the predictions of a smiling classifier trained on CelebA.
The conceptual cohesion of classes (2005)

While often defined in informal ways, software cohesion reflects important properties of modules in a software system. Cohesion measurement has been used for quality assessment, fault proneness prediction, software modularization, etc. Existing approaches to cohesion measurement in object-oriented software are largely based on the structural information of the source code, such as attribute references in methods. These measures reflect particular interpretations of cohesion and try to capture different aspects of cohesion and no single cohesion metric or suite is accepted as standard measurement for cohesion. The paper proposes a new set of measures for the cohesion of individual classes within an OO software system, based on the analysis of the semantic information embedded in the source code, such as comments and identifiers. A case study on open source software is presented, which compares the new measures with an extensive set of existing metrics. The differences and similarities among the approaches and results are discussed and analyzed.
Portable Infrared Pupillometry (2015)

Portable infrared pupillometers provide an objective measure of pupil size and pupillary reflexes, which for most clinicians was previously only a visual impression. But despite the fact that pupillometry can uncover aspects of how the human pupil reacts to drugs and noxious stimulation, the use of pupillometry has not gained widespread use among anesthesiologists and critical care physicians. The present review is an introduction to the physiology of pupillary reflexes and the currently established clinical applications of infrared pupillometry, which will hopefully encourage physicians to use this diagnostic tool in their clinical practice. Portable infrared pupillometry was introduced in 1989. The technology involves flooding the eye with infrared light and then measuring the reflected image on an infrared sensor. Pupil size, along with variables of the pupillary light reflex and pupillary reflex dilation, is calculated by the instrument and displayed on a screen immediately after each time-stamped measurement. Use of these instruments has uncovered aspects of how the human pupil reacts to drugs and noxious stimulation. The primary clinical applications for portable pupillometry have been in the assessment of brainstem function. Portable pupillometry is useful in the management of pain because it allows for assessments of the effect of opioids and in the titration of combined regional-general anesthetics.
Alkylzinc Complexes with Achiral and Chiral Monoanionic <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>O</i> Heteroscorpionate Ligands (2003)

Abstract The synthesis of the new chiral ligand (3,5‐di‐ tert butylpyrazol‐1‐yl)(3′,5′‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)aceticacid (bpaH t Bu2,Me2 ) ( 4 ) has been achieved. Two different synthetic routes to its precursor 3,5‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐1‐[(3,5‐dimethyl‐1 H ‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)methyl]‐1 H ‐pyrazole (bpm t Bu2,Me2 ) ( 3 ) are reported. Deprotonation at the methylene group, followed by reaction with carbon dioxide, yielded a racemic mixture of 4 . The chemical behaviour of bis(3,5‐di‐ tert ‐butylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic acid (bd t bpzaH) ( 2 ) and the new chiral N , N , O scorpionate ligand 4 involving their coordination to zinc ions was studied. [Zn(bpa t Bu2,Me2 )Cl] ( 5 ) was formed from a mixture of ZnCl 2 , 4 and base. Reaction of bis(3,5‐di‐ tert ‐butylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetic acid (bd t bpzaH) ( 2 ) with Zn(CH 3 ) 2 or Zn(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 gave the alkylzinc complexes [Zn(bd t bpza)(CH 3 )] ( 6 ) and [Zn(bd t bpza)(CH 2 CH 3 )] ( 7 ). [Zn(bpa t Bu2,Me2 )(CH 3 )] ( 8 ) was obtained from a synthesis analogous to that of 6 with 4 . The further reactions of 6 and 8 with acetic acid resulted in the acetato complexes [Zn(OAc)(bd t bpza)] ( 9 ) and [Zn(OAc)(bpa t Bu2,Me2 )] ( 10 ). The chiral methyl complex 8 may serve as a precursor for structural model complexes of the active sites of zinc enzymes, such as thermolysin or carboxypeptidase A. [Zn(bpa t Bu2,Me2 ) 2 ] ( 11 ) was formed from a side reaction. Crystal structures of 4 , 5 , 8 and 11 were obtained; 5 crystallised as the dimer [Zn(bpa t Bu2,Me2 )Cl] 2 ; 11 presents an unusual zinc binding geometry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Benzophenone dicarboxylic acid antagonists of leukotriene B4. 2. Structure-activity relationships of the lipophilic side chain (1990)

A series of lipophilic benzophenone dicarboxylic acid derivatives were found to inhibit the binding of the potent chemotaxin leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to its receptor on intact human neutrophils. Activity at the LTB4 receptor was determined by using a [3H]LTB4-binding assay. The structure-activity relationship for the lipophilic side chain was systematically investigated. Compounds with n-alkyl side chains of varying lengths were prepared and tested. Best inhibition of [3H]LTB4 binding was observed with the n-decyl derivative. Analogues with alkyl chains terminated with an aromatic ring showed improved activity. The 6-phenylhexyl side chain was optimal. Substitution on the terminal aromatic ring was also evaluated. Methoxyl, methylsulfinyl, and methyl substituents greatly enhanced the activity of the compound. For a given substituent, the para isomer had the best activity. Thus the nature of the lipophilic side chain can greatly influence the ability of the compounds to inhibit the binding of LTB4 to its receptor on intact human neutrophils. The most active compound from this series, 84 (LY223982), bound to the LTB4 receptor with an affinity approaching that of the agonist.
Endo-beta-galactosidase of Escherichia freundii. Purification and endoglycosidic action on keratan sulfates, oligosaccharides, and blood group active glycoprotein. (1976)

Endo-beta-galactosidase was purified 4400-fold from a culture filtrate of Escherichia freundii with 45% recovery. The enzyme preparation was practically free of exoglycosidases, sulfatase, and proteases. This enzyme hydrolyzed several keratan sulfates, endoglycosidically releasing oligosaccharides of various molecular sizes. Among the digestion products of the corneal keratan sulfate, the structure of a disaccharride and a tetrasaccharride were shown to be 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose, respectively. These oligosaccharide structures indicate that this enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the galactosidic bonds in which nonsulfated galactose residues participate. The enzyme could also hydrolyze a small oligosaccharide such as lacto-N-neotetraitol as follows: Gal(beta 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Gal(beta 1 leads to 4) sorbitol leads to Gal(beta 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Gal + sorbitol AB active blood group substance could be hydrolyzed by this enzyme only after Smith degradation. After enzymatic digestion small oligosaccharides and resistant macromolecules were produced. These findings indicate that the enzyme should be useful in studying the precise structures of keratan sulfates, related glycoproteins, and oligosaccharides.
Deer presence rather than abundance determines the population density of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus, in Dutch forests (2017)

In this study, deer presence rather than abundance explained the density of I. ricinus. This is in contrast to previous studies and might be related to the relatively high host-species richness in Dutch forests. This means that reduction of the risk of acquiring a tick bite would require the complete elimination of deer in species rich forests. The fact that small exclosures (< 1 ha) substantially reduced I. ricinus densities suggests that fencing can be used to reduce tick-borne disease risk in areas with high recreational pressure.
A novel sterically mediated transformation of proline (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA novel sterically mediated transformation of prolineNoal Cohen, John F. Blount, Rocco J. Lopresti, and Daniel P. TrullingerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 22, 4005–4007Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01336a066https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01336a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views499Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Extensive loss of human DNA accompanies loss of antibody production in heteromyeloma hybridoma cells. (1988)

Several human B-cell hybridomas produced by fusion with the mouse X human partner (SHM-D33), and previously assessed for stability of human monoclonal antibody production, have now been assessed for (1) presence of structural genes coding for human immunoglobulin, (2) amount of human DNA, and (3) the rate of loss of human DNA. We found that the proportion of human DNA in clonal populations derived from parental hybridoma populations was extremely variable. Human DNA content varied from 20% to 50% in antibody-producing hybridoma clones. However, loss of antibody production is accompanied by loss of structural immunoglobulin genes and an accelerated loss of greater than 95% of the human component of the hybridoma DNA. In one hybridoma clone, the measured rate of depletion of cellular human DNA was dramatically increased soon after loss of antibody production. These data suggest that stability of human antibody production in hybridomas is dependent on the ability of hybridomas to retain human DNA, and that there is clonal heterogeneity with respect to this ability within hybridoma populations.
Effect of Reduced Calcium on Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias (1985)

Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) had recently been shown to accumulate in the ischemic heart and was demonstrated to be arrhythmogenic in perfused hearts. The present study was designed to examine the effects of calcium and verapamil on LPC-induced arrhythmias. Rat hearts were perfused through the aorta with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37 degrees C. The occurrence of ventricular fibrillation was dependent on the LPC concentration and perfusion time. In subsequent experiments, each heart was perfused with a buffer containing 20 microM LPC for 3 min and was followed with a 10 min washout period. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in all 8 control experiments. When the Ca2+ concentration was reduced to half, only 3 out of 8 hearts fibrillated. In the presence of 0.2 mg/1 of verapamil, 7 out of 9 hearts fibrillated, and the time to fibrillation was not increased significantly by verapamil. These results suggest that calcium may be important in LPC-induced arrhythmias, and this effect is not significantly attenuated by the Ca2+ antagonist, verapamil.
Effects of Fungal Lytic Enzymes and Non-ionic Detergents on the Actions of Some Fungicides against<i>Pyricularia oryzae</i> (1988)

The combined use of a lytic enzyme complex of Bacillus circulans WL 12 and a detergent, Emulgen 120, caused effective reduction of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the fungicides, Polyoxin B and Kitazin P, for Pyricularia oryzae. For Glomerella cingulata and Alternaria kikuchiana, the further addition of Novozym 234 or the crude enzyme from Streptomyces sp. was necessary for the same effect.
Coronavirus HKU1 and Other Coronavirus Infections in Hong Kong (2006)

We have recently described the discovery of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1 (CoV-HKU1), associated with community-acquired pneumonia. However, the clinical spectrum of disease and the epidemiology of CoV-HKU1 infections in relation to infections with other respiratory viruses are unknown. In this 12-month prospective study, 4,181 nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with acute respiratory tract infections were subjected to reverse transcription-PCRs specific for CoV-HKU1 and human coronaviruses NL63 (HCoV-NL63), OC43 (HCoV-OC43), and 229E (HCoV-229E). Coronaviruses were detected in 87 (2.1%) patients, with 13 (0.3%) positive for CoV-HKU1, 17 (0.4%) positive for HCoV-NL63, 53 (1.3%) positive for HCoV-OC43, and 4 (0.1%) positive for HCoV-229E. Of the 13 patients with CoV-HKU1 infections, 11 were children and 8 had underlying diseases. Similar to the case for other coronaviruses, upper respiratory infection was the most common presentation of CoV-HKU1 infections, although pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis, and asthmatic exacerbation also occurred. Despite a shorter duration of fever (mean, 1.7 days) and no difference in maximum temperature in children with CoV-HKU1 infections compared to patients with most other respiratory virus infections, a high incidence of febrile seizures (50%) was noted, which was significantly higher than those for HCoV-OC43 (14%), adenovirus (9%), human parainfluenza virus 1 (0%), and respiratory syncytial virus (8%) infections. CoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 infections peaked in winter, although cases of the former also occurred in spring to early summer. This is in contrast to HCoV-NL63 infections, which mainly occurred in early summer and autumn but were absent in winter. Two genotypes of CoV-HKU1 cocirculated during the study period. Continuous studies over a longer period are warranted to ascertain the seasonal variation and relative importance of the different coronaviruses. Similar studies in other countries are required to better determine the epidemiology and genetic diversity of CoV-HKU1.
Cleveland Formation - Recent Results and Lessons Learned During Horizontal Re-development of a Mature Field (2011)

Abstract The Cleveland formation is a mature tight gas reservoir which has been developed since the 1950’s with vertical wells and 2003 with horizontals. Continued development and subsurface evaluation has enhanced the understanding of this mature field and the experience gained within this field has been applied to other tight gas plays. This paper will discuss four main areas of recent work and studies. The recent 2008 Coiled Tubing re-entry horizontal sidetrack program utilized a large stock of existing vertical wells to drill horizontal wells. Global expertise in CTD was applied to meet the unique challenges of this project. Operational insights, well results and performance will be presented. Secondly, advancements in Open Hole Multiple Packer completion systems have allowed operators to drill longer laterals and isolate an increasing number of horizontal intervals for independent fracture treatments. Now that a significant number of wells have been on production for several years using these systems, we may better understand the relationship between lateral length, number of frac stages, and EUR of these wells. Actual well performance and reservoir simulation modeling will be discussed. Thirdly, the global economic recession has impacted the development of this field. Costs to drill and complete a well changed and the robust oil prices and low gas prices have altered the focus in this complex "gas" play to areas with higher oil content and where the gas has a richer BTU content and therefore higher NGL yields. The impact and results of horizontal development in the oilier areas once avoided will be discussed. Finally some of the results and conclusions from the ongoing subsurface evaluations will be presented. Evaluation techniques of the reservoir from production and pressure data, modeling and rock type analysis may yield information relevant not only in understanding this tight reservoir but others too.