gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates monocyte and tissue macrophage proliferation and enhances their responsiveness to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (1988)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a specific humoral growth factor that stimulates both neutrophilic granulocyte and macrophage production by bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. GM-CSF also stimulates the proliferation and clonal growth of both tissue macrophages and blood monocytes. Although at low concentrations GM-CSF was unable to support the long-term growth of tissue macrophages, it greatly enhanced their responsiveness to macrophage CSF (M-CSF, or CSF-1). This effect was also observed by treating macrophages with GM-CSF for a short time. GM-CSF did not compete with M-CSF for binding to M-CSF receptors nor was it inactivated by treatment with anti-M-CSF antiserum. Treatment of tissue macrophages with GM-CSF led to a rapid but transient downregulation of M-CSF receptors; prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C, however, resulted in a restoration and upregulation of M-CSF receptors. Identical effects were observed with both native or recombinant GM-CSF. This study suggests that GM-CSF regulates tissue macrophage production by two modes of action: (a) direct stimulation of macrophage proliferation, and (b) enhancement of their responsiveness to M-CSF.
DNP-specific/class I MHC-restricted suppressor molecules bear determinants of the T cell receptor <i>alpha</i> - and <i>beta</i> -chains. The V <i>beta</i> 8+ chain dictates restriction to either K or D. (1990)

To examine in greater detail the relationship between DNP-specific/class I MHC-restricted suppressor molecules (SSF) that inhibit contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and the receptors on the T cells that produce them, we have generated two T cell hybridomas that can be induced to produce and secrete these molecules. In order to become activated to produce SSF, the Ts 15.15 and 15.31 cells required recognition of complexes of DNP/Dd on presenting cells. The suppressor molecules produced by each of the Ts hybrids had the same specificity, recognizing DNP/Dd on cells in the immune lymph node cell target population. The activation of the Ts hybrids was blocked when the cells were treated with the anti-V beta 8 antibody F23.1 before coculture with the DNP-presenting cells. Reduction of the 15.15 and 15.31 SSF followed by affinity chromatography on DNP-bovine-gamma-globulin-Sepharose beads indicated that these molecules are dimers and that one of the chains (Ag-binding(AgB] binds to cellfree DNP and one (non-Ag-binding (NAgB) chain) does not. The AgB chain was found to express an epitope bound by a mAb specific for a TCR alpha-chain-constant region determinant. Alternatively, the NAgB chain expressed an epitope bound by the anti-V beta 8 mAb F23.1. Active hybrid suppressor molecules were generated by combining the NAgB chain from a DNP-specific/H-2Kd-restricted SSF (produced by Ts hybridoma 3-10) with the AgB chain from Ts 15.31 and by combining the NAgB chain from Ts cell 15.15 with the 3-10 AgB chain. In each case, the class I MHC element (i.e., Kd or Dd) restricting the activity of these hybrid SSF correlated with the source of the V beta 8+, NAgB chain. Thus, these secreted immunoregulatory molecules have the Ag/MHC specificity of the T cells producing them and are structurally and serologically related to the TCR-alpha/beta. The results further suggest that for some hapten-specific/class I MHC-restricted TCR, the alpha-chain may have avidity for the hapten and the beta-chain may dictate the MHC restriction element (K or D) recognized by the receptor.
Intramolecular Pd(0)-Catalyzed Reactions of β-(2-Iodoanilino) Carboxamides: Enolate Arylation and Nucleophilic Substitution at the Carboxamide Group (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular Pd(0)-Catalyzed Reactions of β-(2-Iodoanilino) Carboxamides: Enolate Arylation and Nucleophilic Substitution at the Carboxamide GroupDaniel Solé* and Olga SerranoView Author Information Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain[email protected]Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 23, 9372–9378Publication Date (Web):November 12, 2008Publication History Received18 September 2008Published online12 November 2008Published inissue 5 December 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo8020715https://doi.org/10.1021/jo8020715research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3010Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amides,Arylation,Carbonyls,Mixtures,Substitution reactions Get e-Alerts
Abscisic Acid Has a Key Role in Modulating Diverse Plant-Pathogen Interactions       (2009)

We isolated an activation-tagged Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) line, constitutive disease susceptibility2-1D (cds2-1D), that showed enhanced bacterial growth when challenged with various Pseudomonas syringae strains. Systemic acquired resistance and systemic PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 induction were also compromised in cds2-1D. The T-DNA insertion adjacent to NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE5 (NCED5), one of six genes encoding the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic enzyme NCED, caused a massive increase in transcript level and enhanced ABA levels >2-fold. Overexpression of NCED genes recreated the enhanced disease susceptibility phenotype. NCED2, NCED3, and NCED5 were induced, and ABA accumulated strongly following compatible P. syringae infection. The ABA biosynthetic mutant aba3-1 showed reduced susceptibility to virulent P. syringae, and ABA, whether through exogenous application or endogenous accumulation in response to mild water stress, resulted in increased bacterial growth following challenge with virulent P. syringae, indicating that ABA suppresses resistance to P. syringae. Likewise ABA accumulation also compromised resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis, whereas resistance to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola was enhanced in cds2-1D plants and compromised in aba3-1 plants, indicating that ABA promotes resistance to this necrotroph. Comparison of the accumulation of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in the wild type, cds2-1D, and aba3-1 plants challenged with P. syringae showed that ABA promotes jasmonic acid accumulation and exhibits a complex antagonistic relationship with salicylic acid. Our findings provide genetic evidence that the abiotic stress signal ABA also has profound roles in modulating diverse plant-pathogen interactions mediated at least in part by cross talk with the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid biotic stress signal pathways.
Essential Role for Cyclic AMP and Its Receptor Protein in <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> Virulence (2002)

Insertion mutations were isolated in cya and crp of Yersinia enterocolitica, which encode adenylate cyclase and the cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP). The cya and crp mutants were affected for the production of proteins exported by the Ysc, Ysa, and flagellar type III secretion systems (TTSS). Protein production by each TTSS was restored when the respective mutation was complemented by a plasmid-encoded copy of the wild-type gene. Both cya and crp mutants exhibited reduced virulence for orally infected BALB/c mice in a 50% lethal dose analysis. Examination of bacterial survival in host tissues showed that cya and crp mutants colonized Peyer's patches and, to a lesser extent, mesenteric lymph nodes. However, the mutants did not appear to disseminate to the liver and spleen of infected mice. An initial examination of the effectiveness of Y. enterocolitica cya and crp mutants to stimulate protective immunity against subsequent challenge with virulent bacteria in mice was promising. The results indicate that the cAMP-CRP regulatory system is required for Y. enterocolitica virulence.
The Effect of High Voltage Interchange Electric Field Processing in the Water Culture of Lactuca sativa L. (2002)

In recent years, the interest in functional waters has been increasing in various fields. The influence of functional waters was examined in the water culture of Lactuca sativa L. with high voltage interchange electric field processed water. As a result, the root lengths of the ward treated for five hours were about 1 1 percent longer than the length of th, e non-treated ward. The total fresh weight of the ward treated for three hours was about 25 percent heavier than the total fresh weight of the non-treated ward. The total dry weight of the ward treated for two hours was about 36 percent heavier than the total dry weight of the non-treated ward. The near infrared absorption spectra shifted to the long wavelength side at the peak region of 1450nm with the treatment of high voltage interchange electric field processing. The structure of processed water was at a low temperature state because the peak shifted to the short wavelength side with increasing water temperatures. As a result, it is suggested that the growth speed of the Lactuca sativa L. was increased by changing the water structure through high voltage interchange electric field processing.
Alkaloids from Roots of<i>Strempeliopsis strempelioides</i>- Structures of Strempeliopine and Strempeliopidine (1984)

From the roots of STREMPELIOPSIS STREMPELIOIDES K. Schum. (Apocynaceae), the following alkaloids were isolated: (+)-pleiocarpamine, (-)-aspidospermine, (+)-eburnamonine, (+)-tubotaiwine, (+)-haplocidine, (-)-vallesamidine, (+)-tubotaiwine N-oxide, (-)-strempeliopine ( 1A) and a bisindolic base (+)-strempeliopidine ( 2). Another bisindole alkaloid of composition C (38)H (46)N (4) was isolated in minute quantity. The structures were established on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence.
Size-dependent magnetic properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">MnFe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>fine particles synthesized by coprecipitation (1996)

Manganese ferrite, ${\mathrm{MnFe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, fine particles in the size range 5--15 nm have been prepared by an aqueous phase coprecipitation method. The freshly prepared particles are in a metastable state with regard to the cation distribution between the A and B sites of the spinel lattice. Thermomagnetic, differential scanning calorimetry and M\"ossbauer spectroscopy show that heat treatment under inert gas to 670 K irreversibly changes the cation distribution to a stable state. Heat treatment of freshly prepared samples in air to 470 K both changes the cation site distribution somewhat and, most importantly, oxidizes the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ to ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$. The Curie temperature is modified in association with these changes. With this knowledge, we create a series of samples with various sizes but the same microstructure. We find the following. (1) The Curie temperature decreases relative to the bulk as size decreases. The decrease is consistent with finite size scaling. (2) The fit of the spontaneous magnetization to the Bloch ${\mathit{T}}^{3/2}$ law yields a Bloch constant larger than the bulk increasing with decreasing size in proportion to the specific surface area of the particles. We find a better fit is obtained if the exponent of the temperature is increased to be in the range 1.6 to 1.8. (3) The saturation magnetization decreases with decreasing size also in proportion to the specific surface area of the particles. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Leukemia-Associated Antigens Are Critical for the Proliferation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells (2008)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. With intensive induction therapy, most patients younger than 60 years achieve complete remission. However, even if these younger patients were treated intensively, more than 50% will relapse. Clinical results of patients older than 60 years are more unfavorable. Therefore, in all patients with AML, the overall survival is still low. In the past decade, several leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) have been identified in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. BAGE, BCL-2, OFA-iLRP, FLT3-ITD, G250, hTERT, PRAME, proteinase 3, RHAMM, survivin, and WT-1 are all LAAs that have been shown to induce CD8+ T-cell recognition and for some antigens also humoral immune responses. Interestingly, most of these LAAs are linked to cell cycle or proliferation. This article discusses the balance between LAA-driven leukemia cell expansion and the elimination of these cells through attacks on LAAs by the immune system. Current knowledge of the function and CD8+ T-cell recognition of LAAs is reviewed and an outlook is given on how to improve T-cell responses to LAAs in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
Attorney-General v. Hunter (1950)

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Mapping concern space to software architecture (2005)

Concern modeling plays an important role in software design, implementation and maintenance. Hyperspace has provided a strong conceptual framework to separate concerns in multi-dimensional levels. The contribution of this work is to create an architectural element, called a concern connector, to support the implementation of hyperspace in the architectural design phase. The paper makes three basic claims for this idea. First, using concern connectors allows the scope of each hyperslice in a certain concern dimension to be defined and stored. Second, the concern interactions within each hypermodule can be specified in the concern connectors. Third, the association of concern modeling with this distinctive architectural element improves the flexibility of concern maintenance and evolution during the development process. To test these claims the paper investigates the use of concern connectors in a real-world architectural model. The results show how concern connectors implement concern modeling in the architectural design.
Luteinizing hormone release after administration of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist Fertilan (goserelin) for synchronization of ovulation in pigs (2006)

The generic GnRH agonist, Fertilan (goserelin), was tested for the ability to induce an LH surge and ovulation in estrus-synchronized gilts. Three experiments were performed to 1) examine the effect of various doses of Fertilan on secretion of LH in barrows, to select doses to investigate in gilts (Exp. 1); 2) determine doses of Fertilan that would induce a preovulatory-like rise of LH in gilts (Exp. 2); and 3) determine the time of ovulation after Fertilan treatment (Exp. 3). In Exp. 1, 10 barrows were injected on d 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 with 10, 20, or 40 microg of Fertilan; 50 microg of Gonavet (depherelin; GnRH control) or saline (negative control); and sequential blood samples were collected for 480 min. There was a dose-dependent stimulation (P < 0.05) of LH release. Maximal plasma concentrations of LH (LH(MAX)) were 2.1 +/- 0.2, 4.1 +/- 0.3, 2.6 +/- 0.4, and 3.4 +/- 0.3 ng/mL after 10, 20, and 40 microg of Fertilan and 50 microg of Gonavet, respectively, and duration of release was 78 +/- 9, 177 +/- 12, 138 +/- 7, and 180 +/- 11 min, respectively. Fertilan doses of 10 and 20 microg were deemed to be the most suitable for testing in gilts. In Exp. 2, 12 gilts received (after estrus synchronization with Regumate and eCG) injections of 10 or 20 microg of Fertilan or 50 microg of Gonavet 80 h after eCG to stimulate a preovulatory-like LH surge and ovulation. An LH surge was induced in 3 of the 4 gilts in both of the Fertilan groups and in all of the Gonavet-treated gilts. Characteristics of induced release of LH did not differ among groups: LH(MAX), 5.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 4.6 +/- 1.8 vs. 6.6 +/- 1.1 ng/mL; duration, 11.7 +/- 2.0 vs. 12.3 +/- 2.2 vs. 14.3 +/- 0.5 h; interval from GnRH injection to LH(MAX), 4.0 +/- 2.0 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 5.8 +/- 1.6 h. In Exp. 3, estrus-synchronized gilts were injected with 20 microg of Fertilan (n = 8) or 50 microg of Gonavet (n = 4), and the time of ovulation was determined by repeated endoscopic examination. Time of ovulation ranged from 34 to 42 h postGnRH; however, ovulation occurred earlier in the Gonavet compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Results of these experiments indicate that 1) barrows are an appropriate model for determining GnRH doses that can be effective in inducing a preovulatory-like LH surge in females; 2) the generic GnRH agonist Fertilan, at doses of 10 to 20 microg, can stimulate an LH surge in gilts, with subsequent ovulation; and 3) Fertilan at doses of 10 and 20 microg should be examined further for use in fixed-time insemination protocols.
Converting dependency structures to phrase structures (2001)

Treebanks are of two types according to their annotation schemata: phrase-structure Treebanks such as the English Penn Treebank [8] and dependency Treebanks such as the Czech dependency Treebank [6]. Long before Treebanks were developed and widely used for natural language processing, there had been much discussion of comparison between dependency grammars and context-free phrase-structure grammars [5]. In this paper, we address the relationship between dependency structures and phrase structures from a practical perspective; namely, the exploration of different algorithms that convert dependency structures to phrase structures and the evaluation of their performance against an existing Treebank. This work not only provides ways to convert Treebanks from one type of representation to the other, but also clarifies the differences in representational coverage of the two approaches.
MG63 Osteoblast-Like Cells Exhibit Different Behavior when Grown on Electrospun Collagen Matrix versus Electrospun Gelatin Matrix (2012)

Electrospinning is a simple and efficient method of fabricating a non-woven polymeric nanofiber matrix. However, using fluorinated alcohols as a solvent for the electrospinning of proteins often results in protein denaturation. TEM and circular dichroism analysis indicated a massive loss of triple-helical collagen from an electrospun collagen (EC) matrix, and the random coils were similar to those found in gelatin. Nevertheless, from mechanical testing we found the Young's modulus and ultimate tensile stresses of EC matrices were significantly higher than electrospun gelatin (EG) matrices because matrix stiffness can affect many cell behaviors such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. We hypothesize that the difference of matrix stiffness between EC and EG will affect intracellular signaling through the mechano-transducers Rho kinase (ROCK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and subsequently regulates the osteogenic phenotype of MG63 osteoblastlike cells. From the results, we found there was no significant difference between the EC and EG matrices with respect to either cell attachment or proliferation rate. However, the gene expression levels of OPN, type I collagen, ALP, and OCN were significantly higher in MG63 osteoblast-like cells grown on the EC than in those grown on the EG. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of Y397-FAK, ERK1/2, BSP, and OPN proteins, as well as ALP activity, were also higher on the EC than on the EG. We further inhibited ROCK activation with Y27632 during differentiation to investigate its effects on matrixmediated osteogenic differentiation. Results showed the extent of mineralization was decreased with inhibition after induction. Moreover, there is no significant difference between EC and EG. From the results of the protein levels of phosphorylated Y397-FAK, ERK1/2, BSP and OPN, ALP activity and mineral deposition, we speculate that the mechanism that influences the osteogenic differentiation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells on EC and EG is matrix stiffness and via ROCK-FAK-ERK1/2.
A multi-windowed environment for simultaneous visualization of related algorithms on the World Wide Web (1998)

Using algorithm visualization, we can depict the execution of an algorithm as a sequence of graphical snapshots, the viewing of which is controlled by the user. Although the delivery of such visualizations over the Web greatly increases their accessibility, Web-based environments for viewing algorithms often lack the richness of features that characterize similar viewing environments on standalone machines. Here we describe enhancements recently made to such a Web-based system. These enhancements conveniently present a variety of windowing options that allow the user to simultaneously view multiple snapshots. These snapshots may depict (1) similar views of the states of an algorithm over a range of time, (2) different views of the state of an algorithm at a given point in time, or (3) side-by-side comparisons of different algorithms that solve the same problem. We illustrate each of these options using variations of the quick sort algorithm.
Evaluation of a new <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>31</sup>P dual‐tuned birdcage coil for <sup>31</sup>P spectroscopy (2013)

We introduce a new dual-tuned Hydrogen/Phosphorus (<sup>1</sup>H/<sup>31</sup>P) birdcage coil, referred to as split birdcage coil, and evaluate its performance using both simulations and magnetic resonance (MR) experiments on a 3 T MR scanner. The proposed coil simplifies the practical matters of tuning and matching, which makes the coil easily reproducible. Simulations were run with the Finite Difference in Time Domain (FDTD) method to evaluate the sensitivity and homogeneity of the magnetic field generated by the proposed <sup>1</sup>H coils. Following simulations, MR experiments were conducted using both a phantom and human thigh to compare the proposed design with a currently available commercial dual-tuned flexible surface coil, referred to as flex surface coil, for signal to noise ratio (SNR) as well as homogeneity for the <sup>31</sup>P coil. At regions deep within the human thigh, the split birdcage coil was able to acquire spectroscopic signal with a higher average SNR than the flex surface coil. For all regions except those close to the flex surface coil, the split birdcage coil matched or exceeded the performance of the flex surface coil.