gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feature selection for Spam and Phishing detection (2010)

Unsolicited Bulk Email (UBE) has become a large problem in recent years. The number of mass mailers in existence is increasing dramatically. Automatically detecting UBE has become a vital area of current research. Many email clients (such as Outlook and Thunderbird) already have junk filters built in. Mass mailers are continually evolving and overcoming some of the junk filters. This means that the need for research in the area is ongoing. Many existing techniques seem to randomly choose the features that will be used for classification. This paper aims to address this issue by investigating the utility of over 40 features that have been used in recent literature. Information gain for these features are calculated over Ham, Spam and Phishing corpora.
A parameterized family of belief functions correction mechanisms. (2008)

To correct the information, represented by a belief function, provided by a source, dierent tools can be used such as discounting, de-discounting, extended discounting. In this paper, the links between these operations are explored. A new interpretation of these schemes, as well as a parameterized family of transformations encompassing all previous schemes is introduced and justified. A postal application illustrates the benefits obtained by the use of one of these new correction mechanisms.
The basics of line moire patterns and optical speedup (2007)

We are addressing the optical speedup of movements of layers in moire patterns. We introduce a set of equations for computing curved patterns, where the formulas of optical speedup and moire periods are kept in their simplest form. We consider linear movements and rotations. In the presented notation, all periods are relative to the axis of movements of layers and moire bands. KEYWORDS: moire patterns, line moire, superposition images, optical speedup, moire speedup, moire magnification, periodic moire
Flow Injection Analysis of Mercury/Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrophotometry (1983)

Abstract A new flow injection system for the determination of mercury by the cold vapor atomic fluorescence method is described. A sample solution (64 μ1) is injected into a stream of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, which is mixed with a stream of 3% tin (II) chloride solution in a mixing joint. The combined stream is carried through a reaction coil for reduction of Hg (II) to Hg (0) and subsequently introduced into a specially designed gas-liquid separation vessel. Then the vaporized mercury is swept into a flow type fluorescence cell with a continuous flow of argon after removal of water in the gas phase through a condenser. Mercury is excited with an electrodeless discharge lamp as a source and the mercury fluorescence at both 184.9 and 253.7 nm is measured with a solar-blind photomultiplier. This method allows about 35 determinations of mercury in aqueous samples per hour. The calibration curve is linear over the 0–20 ppb range of mercury. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) is 0.008 ng (0.12 ppb × 64 μ1) and the coefficient of variation is below 1% for the 1–20 ppb solutions (n=10). Key Words: Flow injectiongas-liquid separation vesselatomic fluorescencecold vapormercury
Hemispherical-field-of-view, nonimaging narrow-band spectral filter (1981)

Two compound parabolic concentrators are used to create a 180 degrees -field-of-view spectral filter. The collection optics are reflective and are designed to collimate the light through a multilayer interference filter and then to refocus it onto an optical detector. Assuming unit reflectance and no loss through the optical filter, this device operates at the thermodynamic collection limit.
Using Deep Learning to Identify Utility Poles with Crossarms and Estimate Their Locations from Google Street View Images (2018)

Traditional methods of detecting and mapping utility poles are inefficient and costly because of the demand for visual interpretation with quality data sources or intense field inspection. The advent of deep learning for object detection provides an opportunity for detecting utility poles from side-view optical images. In this study, we proposed using a deep learning-based method for automatically mapping roadside utility poles with crossarms (UPCs) from Google Street View (GSV) images. The method combines the state-of-the-art DL object detection algorithm (i.e., the RetinaNet object detection algorithm) and a modified brute-force-based line-of-bearing (LOB, a LOB stands for the ray towards the location of the target [UPC at here] from the original location of the sensor [GSV mobile platform]) measurement method to estimate the locations of detected roadside UPCs from GSV. Experimental results indicate that: (1) both the average precision (AP) and the overall accuracy (OA) are around 0.78 when the intersection-over-union (IoU) threshold is greater than 0.3, based on the testing of 500 GSV images with a total number of 937 objects; and (2) around 2.6%, 47%, and 79% of estimated locations of utility poles are within 1 m, 5 m, and 10 m buffer zones, respectively, around the referenced locations of utility poles. In general, this study indicates that even in a complex background, most utility poles can be detected with the use of DL, and the LOB measurement method can estimate the locations of most UPCs.
Peek-a-Boo, I Still See You: Why Efficient Traffic Analysis Countermeasures Fail (2012)

We consider the setting of HTTP traffic over encrypted tunnels, as used to conceal the identity of websites visited by a user. It is well known that traffic analysis (TA) attacks can accurately identify the website a user visits despite the use of encryption, and previous work has looked at specific attack/countermeasure pairings. We provide the first comprehensive analysis of general-purpose TA countermeasures. We show that nine known countermeasures are vulnerable to simple attacks that exploit coarse features of traffic (e.g., total time and bandwidth). The considered countermeasures include ones like those standardized by TLS, SSH, and IPsec, and even more complex ones like the traffic morphing scheme of Wright et al. As just one of our results, we show that despite the use of traffic morphing, one can use only total upstream and downstream bandwidth to identify -- with 98% accuracy - which of two websites was visited. One implication of what we find is that, in the context of website identification, it is unlikely that bandwidth-efficient, general-purpose TA countermeasures can ever provide the type of security targeted in prior work.
Cooperative signaling by alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 1 integrins regulates metalloproteinase gene expression in fibroblasts adhering to fibronectin. (1995)

Rabbit synovial fibroblasts (RSF) express basal levels of the metalloproteinases (MMP) collagenase, stromelysin-1 and 92-kD gelatinase when plated on intact fibronectin (FN), but elevated levels when plated on either the central RGD-containing cell-binding region of FN (120FN) or antibody against the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, suggesting that domains outside 120FN may suppress the induction of MMP (Werb, Z., P. M. Tremble, O. Behrendtsen, E. Crowley, and C.H. Damsky. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 109:877-889). We therefore attempted to reconstitute the basal signaling of intact FN by plating RSF on 120FN together with domains of FN outside this region. Large COOH-terminal fragments containing both the heparin-binding and HICS domains suppressed MMP when combined with 120FN. To map the active sequences, peptides from this region and larger fragments that did, or did not, include the CS-1 portion of IIICS were tested. Only CS-1 peptide, or larger fragments containing CS-1, suppressed MMP expression induced by 120FN. In contrast, peptide V from the heparin-binding region, shown previously to stimulate focal contact formation, further enhanced MMP expression by RSF when present on the substrate with 120FN. RSF expressed alpha 4 beta 1 integrin, the receptor for CS-1, and the anti-alpha 4 mAb blocked the ability of CS-1 to suppress MMP induction by 120FN. These results show that signals modulating MMP expression and focal contact assembly are regulated independently, and that cooperative signaling by alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 1 integrins plays a dominant role in regulating expression of these extracellular matrix-remodeling genes in response to FN. This work demonstrates directly the modular way in which information in the extracellular matrix is detected and processed by cell surface receptors.
Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a micro-neural interface material for electrostimulation (2009)

Chronic microstimulation-based devices are being investigated to treat conditions such as blindness, deafness, pain, paralysis, and epilepsy. Small-area electrodes are desired to achieve high selectivity. However, a major trade-off with electrode miniaturization is an increase in impedance and charge density requirements. Thus, the development of novel materials with lower interfacial impedance and enhanced charge storage capacity is essential for the development of micro-neural interface-based neuroprostheses. In this report, we study the use of conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a neural interface material for microstimulation of small-area iridium electrodes on silicon-substrate arrays. Characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrodeposition of PEDOT results in lower interfacial impedance at physiologically relevant frequencies, with the 1 kHz impedance magnitude being 23.3 +/- 0.7 kOmega, compared to 113.6 +/- 3.5 kOmega for iridium oxide (IrOx) on 177 mum(2) sites. Further, PEDOT exhibits enhanced charge storage capacity at 75.6 +/- 5.4 mC/cm(2) compared to 28.8 +/- 0.3 mC/cm(2) for IrOx, characterized by cyclic voltammetry (50 mV/s). These improvements at the electrode interface were corroborated by observation of the voltage excursions that result from constant current pulsing. The PEDOT coatings provide both a lower amplitude voltage and a more ohmic representation of the applied current compared to IrOx. During repetitive pulsing, PEDOT-coated electrodes show stable performance and little change in electrical properties, even at relatively high current densities which cause IrOx instability. These findings support the potential of PEDOT coatings as a micro-neural interface material for electrostimulation.
Stress Concentrations in Fillets (1953)

The stress concentrations arising in the fillets of fan and turbine blades, tie down rods, and bolt heads from axially symmetric centrifugal or static force loadings are treated two dimensionally by photoelastic and theoretical methods. The effects of the fillet radius, the height of the base, the mode of application of retention forces, and the distance between the retention reactions and fillet tangencies are considered. The stress concentration factor, K, was found to increase with decreasing radius and decreasing base height and, for small radii, to decrease at first with the distance between the reaction and fillet tangency but, in general, to increase with this distance. Comparisons with other experiments and stress concentration configurations are also made.

An approximate theoretical solution is derived by selecting a convenient region from the whole base and replacing, where necessary, the exact boundary conditions with relaxed or integral conditions. The problem is formulated in terms of the classical Airy stress function. Agreement between theory and experiment is reasonable.
Mitochondrial DNMT3A and DNA methylation in skeletal muscle and CNS of transgenic mouse models of ALS (2013)

Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases. Cytosine methylation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is believed to have relative underrepresentation; however, possible tissue and cell differences in mtDNA methylation and relationships to neurodegenerative disease have not been examined. We show by immunoblotting that DNA methyltransferase 3A (Dnmt3a) isoform is present in pure mitochondria of adult mouse CNS, skeletal muscle, and testes, and adult human cerebral cortex. Dnmt1 was not detected in adult mouse CNS or skeletal muscle mitochondria but appeared bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Immunofluorescence confirmed the mitochondrial localization of Dnmt3a and showed 5-methylcytosine (5mC) immunoreactivity in mitochondria of neurons and skeletal muscle myofibers. DNA pyrosequencing of two loci (D-loop and 16S rRNA gene) and twelve CpG sites in mtDNA directly showed a tissue differential presence of 5mC. Because mitochondria have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the disease mechanisms are uncertain, we evaluated mitochondrial Dnmt3a and 5-methylcytosine levels in human superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) transgenic mouse models of ALS. Mitochondrial Dnmt3a protein levels were reduced significantly in skeletal muscle and spinal cord at presymptomatic or early disease. Immunofluorescence showed that 5mC immunoreactivity was present in mitochondria of neurons and skeletal myofibers, and 5mC immunoreactivity became aggregated in motor neurons of ALS mice. DNA pyrosequencing revealed significant abnormalities in 16S rRNA gene methylation in ALS mice. Immunofluorescence showed that 5mC immunoreactivity can be sequestered into autophagosomes and that mitophagy was increased and mitochondrial content was decreased in skeletal muscle in ALS mice. This study reveals a tissue-preferential mitochondrial localization of Dnmt3a and presence of cytosine methylation in mtDNA of nervous ti
Infections with Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis (1978)

The association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was studied by serologic or isolation techniques in 46 adult men during the five years from 1964 through 1968. Serologic evidence of viral or M. pneumoniae infection was detected in 25% of 166 episodes of exacerbation and 14% of 138 remission periods (P = 0.02). Influenza A virus, parainfluenza virus type 3, and coronavirus OC43 predominated; infections with other viruses were infrequent. Infection with M. pneumoniae was detected serologically in four patients, but this organism was never isolated from sputum specimens. Rhinoviruses were isolated from frozen-stored sputum specimens in in 2.7% of the episodes of exacerbation and from 0.55% of the remission intervals (P not significant). These data suggest that although exacerbations of chronic bronchitis may be accompanied by viral and M. pneumoniae infections, patients with chronic bronchitis also acquire such infections without a worsening of their respiratory status.
Catalytic Nanomotors: Remote‐Controlled Autonomous Movement of Striped Metallic Nanorods (2004)

Schritte in die richtige Richtung: Beim Anlegen eines Magnetfelds bewegen sich Mikrometerstäbchen mit Pt/Ni/Au/Ni/Au-Segmenten zielgerichtet in wässrigem Wasserstoffperoxid (siehe Bild). Die Antriebskraft hierfür ist ein Gradient der Grenzflächenspannung, der durch katalytische Zersetzung von H2O2 am Pt-Ende erzeugt wird; für die Ausrichtung sorgt eine Wechselwirkung des Magnetfelds mit den magnetisierten Ni-Segmenten. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
4-points congruent sets for robust pairwise surface registration (2008)

We introduce 4PCS, a fast and robust alignment scheme for 3D point sets that uses wide bases, which are known to be resilient to noise and outliers. The algorithm allows registering raw noisy data, possibly contaminated with outliers, without pre-filtering or denoising the data. Further, the method significantly reduces the number of trials required to establish a reliable registration between the underlying surfaces in the presence of noise, without any assumptions about starting alignment. Our method is based on a novel technique to extract all coplanar 4-points sets from a 3D point set that are approximately congruent, under rigid transformation, to a given set of coplanar 4-points. This extraction procedure runs in roughly O(n 2 + k) time, where n is the number of candidate points and k is the number of reported 4-points sets. In practice, when noise level is low and there is sufficient overlap, using local descriptors the time complexity reduces to O(n + k) . We also propose an extension to handle similarity and affine transforms. Our technique achieves an order of magnitude asymptotic acceleration compared to common randomized alignment techniques. We demonstrate the robustness of our algorithm on several sets of multiple range scans with varying degree of noise, outliers, and extent of overlap.
Honey—its characteristics, sensory aspects, and applications (1999)

Abstract Honey is a natural, sweet, syrupy fluid collected by bees from nectar of flowers. The pleasant aroma and taste of this viscous liquid ranging in color from pale yellow to dark amber varies according to geographical and seasonal conditions. Its use as a sweetener is well known in different parts of the world. In early history, honey occupied a very important place on religious occasions. The high content of sugars, small amounts of amino acids, lipids, along with some vitamins and minerals imparts its high nutritional value. Honey has good medicinal and antimicrobial properties and is used in different cuisines. Proper processing is essential for a product of good sensory qualities. ISI/Agmark specifications for honey, its adulteration and detection of adulteration are well recorded. The application potential in bakery, confectionery, snack foods, fruit and vegetable products and beverages is ever increasing. A bird's‐eye view of these aspects along with possible lines of future research are discussed. Key words: HoneyProduction and processingProperties and compositionNutritional‐Medicinal‐Antimicrobial valueSensory aspectsApplication potential
Efficient extraction of thin film thermal properties via parametric model order reduction and optimization (2009)

In this paper we present a novel highly efficient approach to determine material properties from measurement results. We apply our method to thermal properties of thin-film multilayers with three different materials, amorphous silicon, silicon-nitride and silicon-oxide. The individual material properties are identified by solving an optimization problem. For this purpose, we build a parameterized reduced-order model from a finite element (FE) model and fit it to the measurement results. The use of parameterized reduced order models within the optimization iterations speeds up the transient solution time by several orders of magnitude, while retaining almost the same precision as the full-scale FE model.
Hierarchically aminated graphene honeycombs for electrochemical capacitive energy storage (2012)

Graphene with mediated surface properties and three-dimensional hierarchical architectures show unexpected performance in energy conversion and storage. To achieve advanced graphene electrode supercapacitors, manipulating the graphene building-blocks into hierarchical nanostructured carbon materials with large electrical double layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance is a key issue. Here, it is shown that the hierarchically aminated graphitic honeycombs (AGHs) with large surface area for electrical double layer capacitance, tunable surface chemistry for pseudo-capacitance, mediated 3D macropores for ion buffering, and low-resistant pathways for ion diffusion are fabricated for electrochemical capacitive energy storage application through a facile high vacuum promoted thermal expansion and subsequent amination process. In the initial stage of amination (∼200 °C), NH3 reacts with carboxylic acid species to form mainly intermediate amides and amines through nucleophilic substitution. As the temperature increases, the intramolecular dehydration and decarbonylation will take place to generate thermally more stable heterocyclic aromatic moieties such as pyridine, pyrrole, and quaternary type N sites. The AGH exhibits a promising prospect in supercapacitor electrodes with high capacitance (e.g. maximum gravimetric capacitance 207 F g−1 and specific capacitance 0.84 F m−2 at a scan rate of 3 mV s−1) and extraordinary stability (e.g. 97.8% of capacitance retention after 3000 cycles, and 47.8% of capacitance maintaining at a high scan rate of 500 mV s−1 comparing with that at 3 mV s−1). This provides a novel structure platform for catalysis, separation, and drug delivery, which require fast mass transfer through mesopores, reactant reservoirs, and tunable surface chemistry.
Studies on Organosulfur Compounds. IX. Selective Cyclization to Benzothiazole by the Reaction between 4-Picoline and meta-Substituted Anilines under the Modified Willgerodt-Kindler Reaction (1973)

In order to clarify in more detail the cyclization of thioanilide to benzothiazole under the modified Willgerodt-Kindler reaction conditions, 4-picoline was heated with metasubstituted anilines (I) in the presence of sulfur and the reaction also gave thioanilides and one of the two possible benzothiazoles. The latter was proved to have the structure of 5-substituted 2-(4-pyridyl) benzothiazoles (III) by independent synthesis. On the other hand, the expected two isomeric benzothiazoles (III and IV) were obtained from the oxidative cyclization of thioanilides by the modified Jacobson reaction.
Dissolution of Germanium in Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (1962)

The dissolution of germanium in aqueous hydrogen peroxide of from 3 to 90% and pH from 1 to 9 has been studied at temperatures varying from 25° to 90°C. It has been found that dissolution rate remains constant in solutions of 3–30% by weight of at low pH, then decreases with increasing content. The reaction is highly pH dependent above pH 4, and this pH dependence varies as a function of concentration. This indicates that the rate‐controlling step in low and high concentration solutions at pH 5 and above may be different. Reaction mechanism to explain this situation is proposed.
A low-complexity LDPC decoder for NAND flash applications (2014)

This paper presents an efficient min-sum-based decoder for high-rate low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, where the first minimum and second minimum values are stored in registers. In order to meet a strict cost requirement imposed by NAND flash applications, we provide different upper limits for the first and second minimum values. Furthermore, we use non-uniform quantization for the second minimum value so as to reduce storage complexity. In order to enhance the error-rate performance, the normalization factor is determined based on the difference between the first two minimum values. Using the proposed techniques, a reduction in gate count of 13.36% can be achieved without suffering any degradation in error-rate performance. The implementation results for a rate-0.896 length-18624 layered decoder show that this decoder can achieve a throughput of 765.24 Mb/s at a clock frequency of 166 MHz with a gate count of 620K.