gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frequency modulation of GaAlAs injection lasers at microwave frequency rates (1980)

Frequency modulation of GaAlAs double heterostructure injection lasers at microwave frequencies is reported for the first time. The lasers are operating at a 0.85 μm wavelength and have been modulated at frequencies up to 2.25 GHz with a modulation index of 2.4. The laser FM modulation is displayed by a high resolution spectral measuring setup comprising a monochromator and a Fabry-Perot interferometer. A simple laser model is presented which allows the static frequency shift of the laser resonance frequency to be calculated as a function of the bias current change. The results are compared with measured data.
Buried J-FET Powered Static RAM Cell (1979)

A new high density static RAM cell is designed utilizing a merged junction FET (J-FET) structure. The cell is basically composed of high resistivity-load flipflop and a buried J-FET to supply current to the cell. By eliminating the need for the Al power supply line running through each cell, a smaller-size cell is achieved, i.e. about 900 µm2. To demonstrate the advantages of the new cell, a 2048 word by 8 bit fully static RAM is fabricated with high-performance CMOS (Hi-CMOS) technology. The technology features 3 µm gate length and 4 µm line width. The RAM realizes a typical address access time of 55 ns., and an active power dissipation of 200 mW. The die measures about 26 mm2 and fits into a standard 24 pin package.
Focusing of X-rays by Total External Reflection from a Paraboloidally Tapered Glass Capillary (1995)

The first observation of a true geometrical focus of X-rays well beyond the exit of a paraboloidally tapered glass monocapillary is reported. An intensity gain of 250 +/- 20 into a 6 x 9 mum pinhole for 8 keV X-rays and transmission efficiencies of more than 90% below 20 keV were observed.
Approaches to Increasing Skin Melanin with MSH Analogs and Synthetic Melanins (2001)

Increased public awareness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin cancers has lead to new interest in technologies for protection from sun exposure. Although many sun protection formulations are available, few of them attempt to achieve that provided by melanin itself, i.e., wide-spectrum absorbance of radiant energy coupled with anti-oxidant activity from a single product. In that regard, technologies in two separate areas are at or near the commercialization stage: 1) hormonal enhancement of natural skin melanin content, and 2) inclusion of natural and synthetic melanins in cosmetic formulations to impart melanin-like color to the skin. In this article, these approaches are briefly summarized using as examples Melanotans I and II, superpotent analogs of the melanin-stimulating hormone melanocortin (MSH), and Melasyn, a group of plant-derived synthetic melanins that have successfully been incorporated into cosmetic formulations for use as sun protectants and as cover-ups for problems resulting from uneven pigmentation, such as seen in vitiligo.
Simple and Effective Preparation of N-doped TiO_2 Nanocrystallites with Visible-light Activities (2005)

N-doped Ti02 nanocrystallites were prepared by mixing tetrabutyl titanate and urea in ethanol, then calcined at a certain temperature and time. The prepared powders were characterized by XRD, XPS and UV-Vis absorbance spectra and their photocatalytic activities under visible-light irradiation were also investigated. N-doped TiO2 prepared by this method could make its absorbance shoulder evidently shift into visible-light region. Also it has high photocatalytic activities in the degradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation.
Rho GTPase Cdc42 is essential for B-lymphocyte development and activation (2009)

Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family that has been implicated in several cell functions including proliferation and migration, but its physiologic role needs to be dissected in each cell type. We achieved B-cell and hematopoietic stem cell deletion of Cdc42 by conditional gene targeting in mice. Deletion of Cdc42 from proB/preB-cell stage significantly blocked B-cell development at T1 and later stages, resulting in reduced mature B-cell populations and reduced antigen-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG1, and IgG3 production. The Cdc42(-/-) B cells, themselves, were abnormal with impaired proliferation and survival. The mutant B cells were further characterized by a B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling defect with increased Erk and decreased Akt activation, as well as a defect in BCR-mediated B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) receptor up-regulation and subsequent BAFF receptor signaling in mature resting B cells. Surprisingly, Cdc42 was dispensable for stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha)- or B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC)-induced B-cell migration. Finally, loss of Cdc42 from hematopoietic stem cells did not alter common lymphoid progenitor production but severely reduced proB/preB- and immature B-cell populations, indicating that Cdc42 is also involved in B-cell precursor differentiation. These results reveal multifaceted roles of Cdc42 in B-cell development and activation.
The Laboratory Cat (1997)

This guide was created especially for individuals performing research with cats whose duties include animal facility management, animal husbandry, regulatory compliance, and technical procedures involved with their research. Basic information and common procedures are presented in detail.
Protection Measures for Buildings Based on Coordinating Action Theory of Ground, Foundation and Structure (2006)

基于协调造地面，基础和结构的行动的理论，这篇论文由在大楼上考虑弯曲变丑和水平变丑的联合效果在采矿区域在大楼上为精明的另外的压力论述一个修改方法。他们什么时候被采矿影响，指出为在煤支柱上的大楼，弄软大楼的中间的地面是明智的。为在废矿上的大楼，在大楼的两结束弄软地面更好。以便提高能力对兴建中抵抗张力的变丑，关键措施是增强大楼的底部基础。另外，“造的裂缝的角度”的概念被建议。因为保护的煤支柱是左的这个角度，它比占优势的答案是一个更好的答案是因为这个角度保护的煤支柱是左的调查结果在大楼下面为采矿提供一个更科学的基础。
Macrocyclisation of small peptides enabled by oxetane incorporation (2019)

Cyclic peptides are an important source of new drugs but are challenging to produce synthetically. We show that head-to-tail peptide macrocyclisations are greatly improved, as measured by isolated yields, reaction rates and product distribution, by substitution of one of the backbone amide C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds with an oxetane ring. The cyclisation precursors are easily made by standard solution- or solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques. Macrocyclisations across a range of challenging ring sizes (tetra-, penta- and hexapeptides) are enabled by incorporation of this turn-inducing element. Oxetane incorporation is shown to be superior to other established amino acid modifications such as <i>N</i>-methylation. The positional dependence of the modification on cyclisation efficiency is mapped using a cyclic peptide of sequence LAGAY. We provide the first direct experimental evidence that oxetane modification induces a turn in linear peptide backbones, through the observation of <i>d</i> <sub>NN</sub> (<i>i</i>, <i>i</i> + 2) and <i>d</i> <sub>αN</sub> (<i>i</i>, <i>i</i> + 2) NOEs, which offers an explanation for these improvements. For cyclic peptide, cLAGAY, a combination of NMR derived distance restraints and molecular dynamics simulations are used to show that this modification alters the backbone conformation in proximity to the oxetane, with the flexibility of the ring reduced and a new intramolecular H-bond established. Finally, we incorporated an oxetane into a cyclic pentapeptide inhibitor of Aminopeptidase N, a transmembrane metalloprotease overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. The inhibitor, cCNGRC, displayed similar IC<sub>50</sub> values in the presence or absence of an oxetane at the glycine residue, indicating that bioactivity is fully retained upon amide C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bond replacement.
Synthesis and Ring Transformation of Pyrrolo[2,3‐<i>d</i>][1,3]oxazine to Pyrrolo[2,3‐<i>d</i>]Pyrimidines (1992)

Abstract A convenient route is reported for the synthesis of fused pyrrolo[2,3‐ d ][1,3]oxazine and pyrrolo[2,3‐ d ]‐pyrimidine derivatives from 2‐amino‐1‐benzyl‐3‐ t ‐butoxycarbonyl]‐4,5‐dimethylpyrrole.
Coherent excitation of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>to<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>electric-quadrupole transition in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>138</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math>Ba<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:math> (2012)

The electric dipole-forbidden, quadrupole $6{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}5{D}_{3/2}$ transition in Ba${}^{+}$ near 2051 nm, with a natural linewidth of 13 mHz, is attractive for potential observation of parity nonconservation, and also as a clock transition for a barium ion optical frequency standard. This transition also offers a direct means of populating the metastable $5{D}_{3/2}$ state to measure the nuclear magnetic octupole moment in the odd barium isotopes. Light from a diode-pumped, solid-state Tm,Ho:YLF laser operating at 2051 nm is used to coherently drive this transition between resolved Zeeman levels in a single trapped ${}^{138}$Ba${}^{+}$ ion. The frequency of the laser is stabilized to a high-finesse Fabry-P\'erot cavity at 1025 nm after being frequency doubled. Rabi oscillations on this transition indicate a laser-ion coherence time of 3 ms, most likely limited by ambient magnetic field fluctuations.
<title>Relationship between brightness, hue, and saturation when the inverted human retina is interpreted as a cellular diffractive 3D chip</title> (1995)

The nonlinear relationship between brightness, hue and saturation in human vision becomes clear if, in addition to the pupil as brightness regulator, the inverted retina is interpreted as a cellular multilayer phase grating optical 3D chip, i.e. as a chromaticity and brightness regulator. Both regulators are optical information preprocessors which determine the signal input into the photoreceptors and thus represent the basis for subsequent electrical information processing in retinal neural networks. Data from the interference-optical 3D phase calculation (von Laue equation) are compared with experimental data on phenomena in human vision which are critical to this question, to show the interdependence of brightness, hue and saturation. This gives new insights into the function of the pupil, the Purkinje shift, the Bezold-Brucke phenomenon, the Stiles-Crawford aperture effects I/II and the saturation effects in human vision, all of which can be derived from a single pupil/retina/photopigment equation.
In vivo cytotoxicity and antineoplastic activity of a transferrin-daunorubicin conjugate. (1993)

Transferrin, the major iron-binding protein in the plasma of vertebrate species, is an essential growth factor for proliferating malignant cells. The specific receptor binds diferric transferrin and is endocytosed into the cell. We would like to take advantage of this physiologic phenomenon using an active transferrin-daunorubicin conjugate to target cancer cells. We have compared the in vitro and the in vivo activity of free daunorubicin and of daunorubicin transferrin conjugate on cancer cells. The results suggest that our conjugate is less toxic and more active upon malignant cells than the free drug, daunorubicin, while being less toxic for normal cells.
Hard-limiting of two signals in random noise (1963)

Two sinusoidal signals and Gaussian noise lying in a narrow band are passed through an ideal band-pass limiter that confines the output spectrum to the vicinity of the input frequencies. The output spectrum, consisting of both discrete and continuous components, is studied in terms of its corresponding autocorrelation function. The discrete output components are identified with the output signals and intermodulation products due to interference between the two input signals. The continuous part of the spectrum is associated with the output noise. The effects of limiting are expressed by ratios among the average powers of the output spectral components. Performance curves are given that show signal suppression, the ratio of output to input SNR's, and the relative strength of the intermodulation terms.
Power management strategy study for a multiple unit train (2010)

The use of multiple power sources in railway applications is common on modern rolling stock. Prime movers are usually distributed along the length of the train, and are able to provide distributed traction. If the primary power for such vehicles comes from individual diesel engines, or if there are non-linear efficiency characteristics within the drive train, then the supervisory controllers for each motive unit may be decoupled and operated independently. This can potentially save energy. This paper investigates two global optimisation algorithms. These are the dynamic programming method, and the greedy algorithm. Both of these two graphic searching algorithms help to find the optimum power distribution between engines for a typical Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU) train. It is found that the application of Dijkstra's Algorithm, in association with a Fibonacci heap (F-heap) based advanced data structure, can significantly improve the computing efficiency while maintaining the same optimisation precision as the dynamic programming method. In an optimisation process with M power requirements and n possible engine power states for each requirement, the time complexity will be reduced from O(M*n 2 ) to O(M*(n log(n) + n)).
The First Extracellular Loop of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G Protein-coupled Receptor Ste2p Undergoes a Conformational Change upon Ligand Binding (2007)

In this study of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G protein-coupled receptor Ste2p, we present data indicating that the first extracellular loop (EL1) of the alpha-factor receptor has tertiary structure that limits solvent accessibility and that its conformation changes in a ligand-dependent manner. The substituted cysteine accessibility method was used to probe the solvent exposure of single cysteine residues engineered to replace residues Tyr(101) through Gln(135) of EL1 in the presence and absence of the tridecapeptide alpha-factor and a receptor antagonist. Surprisingly, many residues, especially those at the N-terminal region, were not solvent-accessible, including residues of the binding-competent yet signal transduction-deficient mutants L102C, N105C, S108C, Y111C, and T114C. In striking contrast, two N-terminal residues, Y101C and Y106C, were readily solvent-accessible, but upon incubation with alpha-factor labeling was reduced, suggesting a pheromone-dependent conformational change limiting solvent accessibility had occurred. Labeling in the presence of the antagonist, which binds Ste2p but does not initiate signal transduction, did not significantly alter reactivity with the Y101C and Y106C receptors, suggesting that the alpha-factor-dependent decrease in solvent accessibility was not because of steric hindrance that prevented the labeling reagent access to these residues. Based on these and previous observations, we propose a model in which the N terminus of EL1 is structured such that parts of the loop are buried in a solvent-inaccessible environment interacting with the extracellular part of the transmembrane domain bundle. This study highlights the essential role of an extracellular loop in activation of a G protein-coupled receptor upon ligand binding.
The heterochromatin-associated protein HP-1 is an essential protein in Drosophila with dosage-dependent effects on position-effect variegation. (1992)

Chromosome rearrangements which place euchromatic genes adjacent to a heterochromatic breakpoint frequently result in gene repression (position-effect variegation). This repression is thought to reflect the spreading of a heterochromatic structure into neighboring euchromatin. Two allelic dominant suppressors of position-effect variegation were found to contain mutations within the gene encoding the heterochromatin-specific chromosomal protein HP-1. The site of mutation for each allele is given: one converts Lys169 into a nonsense (ochre) codon, while the other is a frameshift after Ser10. In flies heterozygous for one of the mutant alleles (Su(var)2-504), a truncated HP-1 protein was detectable by Western blot analysis. An HP-1 minigene, consisting of HP-1 cDNA under the control of an Hsp70 heat-inducible promoter, was transduced into flies by P element-mediated germ line transformation. Heat-shock driven expression of this minigene results in elevated HP-1 protein level and enhancement of position-effect variegation. Levels of variegating gene expression thus appear to depend upon the level of expression of a heterochromatin-specific protein. The implications of these observations for mechanism of heterochromatic position effects and heterochromatin function are discussed.
Effects of Ni Doping on [MnO<sub>6</sub>] Octahedron in LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (2004)

LiNixMn2-xO4 (x ≤ 0.5) powders were synthesized using a sol−gel technique. It was found that partial Ni atoms occupy the 8a sites in heavy doped LiNixMn2-xO4 via X-ray diffraction. XPS results showed an increase and a decrease in the average valence state of Mn and Ni ions, respectively, with the nickel content. Five Raman modes of LiNixMn2-xO4 were observed. The A1g band was observed being shifted to higher frequency for x ≤ 0.2 and shifted to lower frequency for x > 0.2. It was indicated that the most rigid [MnO6] octahedron occurs at x = 0.2. [MnO6] octahedron in LiNi0.2Mn1.8O4 possesses the strongest rigidity with respect to the other LiNixMn2-xO4 (x < 0.5 and ≠ 0.2).
Advances in Potential Drop Techniques for Non-Destructive Testing (2009)

In the field of Non-Destructive Testing, Potential Drop (PD) techniques have been used for decades, especially in the petrochemical and power generation industries, for monitoring crack growth and wall thickness variations due to corrosion and/or erosion in pipes, pressure vessels and other structures. Inspection is carried out by injecting currents in the specimen to be tested and measuring the arising electrical potential di erence between two or more electrodes placed on its surface. The presence of a defect generally increases the resistance and hence the measured voltage drop; inversion of these data can give information on the size and shape of the defect. However, while the principle underlying these techniques is relatively simple, some di culties have been encountered in their practical applications. Many commercial systems based on PD methods, for instance, require the injection of very large currents in order to obtain su ciently large signals; doubts have been raised on the stability of these methods to variations in the contact resistance between the electrodes and the inspected material. The present work aims to show that some of these problems can be easily overcome, and to evaluate the capabilities of PD techniques for crack sizing and corrosion mapping. After a brief review of the advantages, disadvantages and applications of the main electromagnetic methods for Non-Destructive Testing, an experimental setup for Potential Drop measurements which was developed for this work and which uses small alternating currents (AC) is described. The setup is benchmarked against existing PD systems and then used to validate a model that allows AC PD simulations to be run with a commercial Finite Element code. The results of both numerical simulations and experimental measurements are used to investigate the possibility of sizing defects of complex geometry by repeating the analysis at several di erent frequencies over a broad range, and of reconstructing the depth pro le of surfacebreaking defects without the need for assumptions on their shape. Subsequently, the accuracy to which it is possible to obtain maps of corrosion/erosion on the far surface of an inspected structure is discussed, and results obtained with an array probe that employs a novel arrangement of electrodes are presented. Finally, conclusions are drawn and suggestions for further research are made.
Developing tendency of the Chinese health-keeping sports (2002)

Through studies on the nature of health keeping sports,this paper puts forth the five developing tendencies of the Chinese health keeping sports and analyzes the causes and contents of these tendencies,which include more participants,more scientific activities,forms with more individuality, consumer guided operation mechanism and comprehensive idea of values.
4-Phosphopyrazol-2-yl alanine: a non-hydrolysable analogue of phosphohistidine (2015)

We report the synthesis of a stable analogue of τ-phosphohistidine: 4-phosphopyrazol-2-yl alanine (pPza). Polyclonal antibodies generated against the mimic show high reactivity and selectivity for τ-phosphohistidine, with minor or no cross-reactivity towards non-phosphorylated histidine or O-phosphoamino acids, including phosphotyrosine.
Improved Flow Cytometric Assessment Reveals Distinct Microvesicle (Cell-Derived Microparticle) Signatures in Joint Diseases (2012)

Our results suggest that improved flow cytometric assessment of MVs facilitates the detection of previously unrecognized disease-associated vesicular signatures.
Evaluation of the Orthogonal Projection on Latent Structure Model Limitations Caused by Chemical Shift Variability and Improved Visualization of Biomarker Changes in <sup>1</sup>H NMR Spectroscopic Metabonomic Studies (2004)

In general, applications of metabonomics using biofluid NMR spectroscopic analysis for probing abnormal biochemical profiles in disease or due to toxicity have all relied on the use of chemometric techniques for sample classification. However, the well-known variability of some chemical shifts in 1H NMR spectra of biofluids due to environmental differences such as pH variation, when coupled with the large number of variables in such spectra, has led to the situation where it is necessary to reduce the size of the spectra or to attempt to align the shifting peaks, to get more robust and interpretable chemometric models. Here, a new approach that avoids this problem is demonstrated and shows that, moreover, inclusion of variable peak position data can be beneficial and can lead to useful biochemical information. The interpretation of chemometric models using combined back-scaled loading plots and variable weights demonstrates that this peak position variation can be handled successfully and also often provides additional information on the physicochemical variations in metabonomic data sets.
Antiviral activity of aspirin against <scp>RNA</scp> viruses of the respiratory tract—an in vitro study (2016)

These data demonstrate a specific antiviral activity of aspirin against influenza A virus and HRV. The mode of action against rhinoviruses is still unknown and requires further investigation, as does the possibility of aspirin being effective in vivo to treat the common cold.