gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optics of the eye and its impact in vision: a tutorial (2014)

The human eye is a relatively simple optical instrument. This limits the quality of the retinal image affecting vision. However, the neural circuitry seems to be exquisitely designed to match the otherwise limited optical capabilities, providing an exceptional quality of vision. In this tutorial article, the main characteristics of the eye’s geometry and optics will first be reviewed. Then, their impact on vision under a variety of normal conditions will be discussed. The information gathered here should serve both those readers interested in basic vision and physiological optics and those more interested in related applications. © 2014 Optical Society of America
Transaction management in mobile multidatabases (1999)

This dissertation studies transaction management in the mobile Multidatabase environment. That is, it studies the management of transactions within the context of the mobile and Multidatabase environments. Two new transaction management techniques for the mobile Multidatabase environment i.e., the PS and Semantic-PS techniques are proposed. These techniques define two now states (Disconnected and Suspended) to address the disconnectivity of the mobile user. A new Partial Global Serialization Graph algorithm is introduced to verify the isolation property of global transactions. This algorithm verifies the serializability of a global transaction by constructing a partial global serialization graph. This algorithm relies on the propagation of (serialization) information to ensure that the partial graph contains sufficient information to verify serializability of global transactions. The unfair treatment of mobile transactions due to their prolonged execution time is minimized through pre-serialization. Pre-serialization allows mobile transactions to establish their serialization order prior to completing their execution.
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 3<i>H</i>‐imidazo[4,5‐<i>c</i>]‐pyridazine, 1<i>H</i>‐imidazo[4,5‐<i>d</i>]pyridazine and 1<i>H</i>‐benzimidazole analogues of 9‐(2‐fluorobenzyl)‐6‐methylamino‐9<i>H</i>‐purine (1995)

Abstract The 3 H ‐imidazo[4,5‐ c ]pyridazine, 1 H ‐imidazo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine, and 1 H ‐benzimidazole analogues of the potent anticonvulsant purine 9‐(2‐fluorobenzyl)‐6‐methylamino‐9 H ‐purine (1, 78U79) were synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant activity. The 3 H ‐imidazo[4,5‐ c ]pyridazines 8 and 9 were prepared in five stages from 3,4,5‐trichloropyridazine (2) . The 1 H ‐imidazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine 15 was synthesized in four stages from 5‐[(benzyloxy)methyl]‐1,5‐dihydro‐4 H ‐imidazo[4,5‐ d ] pyridazin‐4‐one (10a) . The benz‐imidazole analogues 18 and 20 were prepared from 2,6‐dinitroaniline in three stages. These compounds were one‐tenth or less as active as 1 in protecting rats against maximal electroshock‐induced seizures.
1,4-Dihydropyridine (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1,4-DihydropyridineNewell C. Cook and James E. LyonsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 14, 3283–3284Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01092a074https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01092a074research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views488Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Carbon monoxide-driven reduction of ferric heme and heme proteins. (1984)

Oxidized cytochrome c oxidase in a carbon monoxide atmosphere slowly becomes reduced as shown by changes in its visible spectra and its reactivity toward oxygen. The "auto-reduction" of cytochrome c oxidase by this procedure has been used to prepare mixed valence hybrids. We have found that this process is a general phenomenon for oxygen-binding heme proteins, and even for isolated hemin in basic aqueous solution. This reductive reaction may have physiological significance. It also explains why oxygen-binding heme proteins become oxidized much more slowly and appear to be more stable when they are kept under a CO atmosphere. Oxidized alpha and beta chains of human hemoglobin become reduced under CO much more slowly than does cytochrome c oxidase, where the CO-binding heme is coupled with another electron accepting metal center. By observing the reaction in both the forward and reverse direction, we have concluded that the heme is reduced by an equivalent of the water-gas shift reaction (CO + H2O----CO2 + 2e- + 2H+). The reaction does not require molecular oxygen. However, when the CO-driven reduction of cytochrome c oxidase occurs in the presence of oxygen, there is a competition between CO and oxygen for the reduced heme and copper of cytochrome alpha 3. Under certain conditions when both CO and oxygen are present, a peroxide adduct derived from oxygen reduction can be observed. This "607 nm complex," described in 1981 by Nicholls and Chanady (Nicholls, P., and Chanady, G. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 634, 256-265), forms and decays with kinetics in accord with the rate constants for CO dissociation, oxygen association and reduction, and dissociation of the peroxide adduct. In the absence of oxygen, if a mixture of cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase is incubated under a CO atmosphere, auto-reduction of the cytochrome c as well as of the cytochrome c oxidase occurs. By our proposed mechanism this involves a redistribution of electrons from cytochrome alpha 3 to cytochrome alpha and cytochrome c.
Lipase mediated resolution of chiral (E)-vinylsilanes: an improved procedure for the production of (R)- and (S)-(E)-1-trialkylsilyl-1-buten-3-ol derivatives (1991)

A crude enzymic extract of Pseudomonas AK in pentane catalyzes the transesterification of chiral (E)-vinylsilanes 1, resulting in the production of highly enantiomerically enriched (R)- and (S)-(E)-1-trialkylsilyl-1-buten-3-ol derivatives (S)-2 and (R)-3. A series of related vinylsilanes and two-different lipases have been screened to identify optimal reaction conditions.
A compression algorithm for DNA sequences (2001)

We present a DNA compression algorithm, GenCompress, based on approximate matching that gives the best compression results on standard benchmark DNA sequences. We present the design rationale of GenCompress based on approximate matching, discuss details of the algorithm, provide experimental results, and compare the results with the two most effective compression algorithms for DNA sequences (Biocompress-2 and Cfact).
Structure—Activity Relationships for alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists (1987)

Ahlquist (1948) proposed that adrenergic receptors could be classified into two separate subtypes, designated as alpha and beta and invoked this hypothesis to explain the varying effects of sympathomimetic amines. Subsequently, it became apparent that these classifications were inadequate because of the demonstration by Furchgott (1967) and Lands et al. (1967) that the class of beta-adrenergic receptors consisted of at least two independent subtypes (beta-1 and beta-2), which could be identified and shown to mediate different pharmacologic responses. Recently, the alpha-adrenergic receptor was also shown to represent a nonhomogeneous population (Langer, 1973, 1974; Starke, 1972; Starke et al., 1975; Borowski et al., 1977), in that agonists and antagonists have been developed that demonstrate preferential activity at either a prejunctional alpha-adrenergic receptor located on the sympathetic nerve varicosity, or a postjunctional alpha-adrenergic receptor located on a particular effector organ and mediating its response. It was originally proposed that the terms alpha-1 and alpha-2 be used to designate the postjunctional and prejunctional alpha-adrenergic receptors, respectively (Langer, 1974).
New evidence of the nonequilibrium nature of the “slow modes” of diffusion in polyelectrolyte solutions (2000)

The time-dependent behavior of the dissolution of polyelectrolyte powders in pure water and moderate ionic strength aqueous solvent was monitored by flowing dissolving material through an online filter, and then through a multiangle light scattering unit, a refractometer, and a capillary viscometer. When the polyelectrolytes were dissolved in solutions of moderate ionic strength, their dissolution behavior was similar to that of neutral polymers. When dissolved in pure water, however, there was consistently a small population of aggregates that appeared at the beginning of the dissolution process, which then rapidly diminished. For large pore filtration, the aggregates reached a final low level, and slowly disappeared over the span of many days, whereas for small pore filtration the aggregates disappeared completely over a scale of minutes. The real-time data, together with size exclusion chromatography analysis, shed light on previously unanswered questions concerning the nonequilibrium nature of this small population of polyelectrolyte aggregates in low ionic strength solutions, and its relation to the "extraordinary phase" of diffusion (or "slow modes"). Further evidence is also provided that both angular scattering maxima due to interpolyion correlations and the maximum of reduced viscosity vs polyion concentration ("electroviscous" effect) at low ionic strength are equilibrium properties that are unrelated to these aggregates.
Optimal Curved Fences for Part Alignment on a Belt (1995)

In automated packing or assembly it is often necessary to bring randomly oriented parts into uniform alignment. Mechanical methods such as vibratory bowl feeders are often used for this purpose, although there is no theory for the systematic design of such feeders. A slanted “fence” attached to the stationary sides of a conveyor belt is also capable of orienting a stream of parts and a sequence of such fences has been shown [17] to function as a systematically designable linear parts feeder. A limitation of fence alignment is that once a part has left contact with a fence, its final orientation is confined to a narrow range of angles but is not unique. Here we consider the design of a single fence, consisting of a straight slanted section followed by an optimal curved tail. The straight section selectivity aligns certain edges of the part, while the curved tail preserves this alignment precisely as the part leaves contact with the fence. We have found the shortest tail which guarantees alignment. Optimal curved fences may be used individually for alignment of parts on a conveyor belt. They also lend themselves to systematic design of multi-fence linear parts feeders [8], [17].
Design of SLB systems in the presence of correlated ground clutter (2000)

Impulsive interference might increase the number of false alarms in a surveillance radar. The sidelobe-blanking (SLB) device, used in connection with the radar system, reduces the number of false alarms when the interference impinges on the antenna sidelobes. The paper describes how to design an SLB system operating in correlated Gaussian clutter with known Doppler spectrum plus white Gaussian thermal noise and impulsive interference. Closed-form expressions of the probability of false alarm, the probability of blanking a target received in the main lobe, and the probability of blanking a coherent repeater interference (CRI) are also derived for two statistical models of target/CRI, namely: Swerling-0 (known amplitude and random phase), and Swerling-I (random amplitude and random phase).
An Antifungal Constituents of Rice Bran Tar (1968)

The rice bran tar has been used for a long time as a home remedy for eczema. It was clarified that a mixture of sat. fatty acids with 7-10 carbons in their structures, play important part in antifungal activity of the tar. These fatty acids would be produced from the fat in the rice bran by pyrolysis.
Prognostic Value of Immunohistochemical Expression of p53 in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer (1996)

The prognostic value of the immunohistochemical expression of p53 was evaluated in 133 patients with pancreatic cancer. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas retrieved at the time of operation were stained with the monoclonal antibody DO-7. Approximately half of the tumors (47%) showed a high level of p53 immunoreactivity (> or = 20% positive nuclei). No correlation was demonstrated between the level of p53 immunoreactivity and age of the patient, gender, TNM stage, resectability or site of the tumor. A high level of p53 staining was seen in a slightly smaller proportion (30%) of patients with well-differentiated tumors than in patients with moderately (50%) or poorly differentiated (50%) tumors, but the difference was not significant. In a multivariate survival analysis, stage, grade and postoperative chemotherapy emerged as independent prognostic factors. Surgical resectability, if entered instead of stage as a variable in a separate Cox model, predicted prognosis independently. In univariate analysis, the site of the tumor was also a significant prognostic variable. However, no association between the level of p53 immunoreactivity and survival in either uni- or multivariate analysis was found.
Robust translation of spontaneous speech: a multi-engine approach (2001)

Verbmobil is a speaker-independent and bidirectional speech-to-speech translation system for spontaneous dialogs that can be accessed via GSM mobile phones. It handles dialogs in three business-oriented domains, with context-sensitive translation between four languages (English, German, Japanese, and Chinese). We show that in Verbmobil's multi-blackboard and multi-engine architecture the results of concurrent processing threads can be combined in an incremental fashion. We argue that all results of concurrent processing modules must come with a confidence value, so that statistically trained selection modules can choose the most promising result. Packed representations together with formalisms for underspecification capture the uncertainties in each processing phase, so that the uncertainties can be reduced by linguistic, discourse and domain constraints as soon as they become applicable. Distinguishing features like the multilingual prosody module and the generation of dialog summaries are highlighted. We conclude that Verbmobil has successfully met the project goals with more than 80% of approximately correct translations and a 90% success rate for dialog tasks. One of the main lessons learned from the Verbmobil project is that the problem of speech-tospeech translation can only be cracked by the combined muscle of deep and shallow processing approaches.
Two zinc finger proteins from<i>Xenopus laevis</i>bind the same region of 5S RNA but with different nuclease protection patterns (1991)

Immature oocytes from Xenopus laevis contain a 42S ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) containing 5S RNA, tRNA, a 43 kDa protein, and a 48 kDa protein. A particle containing 5S RNA and the 43 kDa protein (p43-5S) liberated from the 42S particle upon brief treatment with urea can be purified by anion exchange chromatography. The purified p43-5S RNA migrates as a distinct species during electrophoresis on native polyacrylamide gels. Radiolabeled 5S RNA can be incorporated into the p43-5S complex by an RNA exchange reaction. The resulting complexes containing labeled 5S RNA have a mobility on polyacrylamide gels identical to that of purified p43-5S RNPs. RNP complexes containing 5S RNA labeled at either the 5' or 3' end were probed with a variety of nucleases in order to identify residues protected by p43. Nuclease protection assays performed with alpha-sarcin indicate that p43 binds primarily helices I, II, IV, and V of 5S RNA. This is the same general binding site observed for TFIIIA on 5S RNA. Direct comparison of the binding sites of p43 and TFIIIA with T1 and cobra venom nucleases reveals striking differences in the protection patterns of these two proteins.
The analyses of residue of Zanthoxylum nitidum decoction as gasification feedstock. (2007)

With the help of Proximate analysis,Ultimate analysis,Analysis of ash,TG,DTG,DTA,the paper analysed the residue of decoction,the result show that the wet and volatile are about 90%,there is little fixed carbon and ash,C/H ratio is about 1:1,there is almost no S in it and almost no ash slag,when the temperature is over 400 ℃,the DTG curve changes slowly.The residue of wooden herbs such as anthoxylumnitidum decoction can be used as gasification feedstock for clean fuel gas,this will change the waste to fuel and reduce pollution.
Analysis of the Cell and Erythrocyte Binding Activities of the Dimple and Canyon Regions of the Canine Parvovirus Capsid (1995)

Canine parvovirus (CPV) binds to a number of cell and erythrocyte receptors, some of which are involved in cell infection, while others are used for other viral functions. Little is known about the regions of the virus capsid which bind to the cell receptors. CPV binds sialic acid through a region within or adjacent to the dimple on the surface of the capsid (Barbis, D. P., Chang, S-F., and Parrish, C. R., 1992, Virology 191, 301-308). In order to map the sialic acid binding site in more detail and to examine other regions of the capsid for cell receptor binding, a variety of mutant capsids were analyzed which had changes in two depressions within the surface of the capsid--the "canyon" and "dimple." In most cases recombinant VP1 and VP2 proteins were stably expressed together in canine A72 cells from a plasmid expression vector. The purified empty capsids were tested for their ability to bind sialic acid and thereby hemagglutinate (HA) erythrocytes and for binding to permissive host cells. In addition, the ability of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to block cell attachment was also examined. Mutations of amino acids on a wall of the dimple eliminated or severely decreased HA. Changing various residues within the canyon had no effect on binding to either sialic acids or other receptors on feline lymphoblastoid cells, suggesting that the canyon is not the site of cell receptor attachment. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against both major antigenic determinants had variable effects on cell binding, but no consistent inhibition of binding was observed by antibodies directed against either of those two major antigenic determinants of the capsid.
Allpass forward equalizer for decision feedback equalization (1995)

An allpass forward equalizer (APFE) for use with decision feedback equalization (DFE) is described, The APFE has poles, unlike the normally implemented FIR (finite impulse response) forward equalizer; equalizers with poles can provide superior performance or reduced hardware complexity when compared to all-zero equalizers, but can have local optima and are more difficult to design. A theoretical basis for the allpass is presented and a systematic design procedure is described. It is shown that there are no local optima in a sufficient region about the global optimum such that adaptation is feasible. A performance vs. complexity advantage is shown for the APFE relative to the FIR forward equalizer, and implementation as a continuous-time filter is proposed.
The Position of the Altar in Early Anglo-Saxon Churches (1973)

Summary A survey of the structural and contemporary literary evidence for the position of the altar in Anglo-Saxon churches before the Viking invasions of the ninth century indicates that it was not at the east end of the church but in a more central position. This was sometimes near the east end of the nave and sometimes in the eastern compartment. As an indication of how this practice may have arisen in England, references are given to evidence for similar treatment of the altar in Continental and North African churches at somewhat earlier dates.
Spin-offs (1987)

An electronic tracking system may make the incarceration of nonviolent offenders unnecessary — something that would please taxpayers, as well as prison officials faced with increasingly crowded facilities.
A New Algorithm for Large-Scale Scheduling Problems:  Sequence Branch Algorithm (1998)

Mixed integer linear programming based methods have been widely employed but have been limited to problems with simple recipes or small-scale scheduling problems. This paper proposes the sequence branch algorithm (SBA) that can handle large-scale complex scheduling problems for batch processes under unlimited intermediate storage policy. The SBA generates the schedule tree in which all feasible schedules are included. A heuristic function is employed to accelerate the searching speed and it causes the results somewhat deviated from the optimal solution. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is illustrated through complex and large-scale problems including a case study of a semiconductor fabrication process.
« L'interdisciplinarité vue et pratiquée par les chercheurs en Sciences de la vie » (2004)

La table ronde des Journées NSS 2002
Expression of recombinant human type I‒III collagens in the yeast Pichia pastoris (2000)

An efficient expression system for recombinant human collagens will have numerous scientific and medical applications. However, most recombinant systems are unsuitable for this purpose, as they do not have sufficient prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity. We have developed methods for producing the three major fibril-forming human collagens, types I, II and III, in the methyl-otrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. These methods are based on co-expression of procollagen polypeptide chains with the α- and β-subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase. The triple-helical type-I, -II and -III procollagens were found to accumulate predominantly within the endoplasmic reticulum of the yeast cells and could be purified from the cell lysates by a procedure that included a pepsin treatment to convert the procollagens into collagens and to digest most of the non-collagenous proteins. All the purified recombinant collagens were identical in 4-hydroxyproline content with the corresponding non-recombinant human proteins, and all the recombinant collagens formed native-type fibrils. The expression levels using single-copy integrants and a 2 litre bioreactor ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 g/l depending on the collagen type.
Immobilization of the Plug Domain Inside the SecY Channel Allows Unrestricted Protein Translocation (2010)

The SecYEG complex forms a protein-conducting channel in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli to support the translocation of secretory proteins in their unfolded state. The SecY channel is closed at the periplasmic face of the membrane by a small re-entrance loop that connects transmembrane segment 1 with 2b. This helical domain 2a is termed the plug domain. By the introduction of pairs of cysteines and crosslinkers, the plug domain was immobilized inside the channel and connected to transmembrane segment 10. Translocation was inhibited to various degrees depending on the position and crosslinker spacer length. With one of the crosslinked mutants translocation occurred unrestricted. Biochemical characterization of this mutant as well as molecular dynamics simulations suggest that only a limited movement of the plug domain suffices for translocation.