gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reforming Petroleum-Based Fuels for Fuel Cell Vehicles: Composition-Performance Relationships (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Onboard reforming of petroleum-based fuels, such as gasoline, may help ease the introduction of fuel cell vehicles to the marketplace. Although gasoline can be reformed, it is optimized to meet the demands of ICEs. This optimization includes blending to increase the octane number and addition of oxygenates and detergents to control emissions. The requirements for a fuel for onboard reforming to hydrogen are quite different than those for combustion. Factors such as octane number and flame speed are not important; however, factors such as hydrogen density, catalyst-fuel interactions, and possible catalyst poisoning become paramount. In order to identify what factors are important in a hydrocarbon fuel for reforming to hydrogen and what factors are detrimental, we have begun a program to test various components of gasoline and blends of components under autothermal reforming conditions. The results indicate that fuel composition can have a large effect on reforming behavior. Components which may be beneficial for ICEs for their octane enhancing value were detrimental to reforming. Fuels with high aromatic and naphthenic content were more difficult to reform. Aromatics were also found to have an impact on the kinetics for reforming of paraffins. The effects of sulfur impurities were dependent on the catalyst. Sulfur was detrimental for Ni, Co, and Ru catalysts. Sulfur was beneficial for reforming with Pt catalysts, however, the effect was dependent on the sulfur concentration.</div>
The practical and cost saving approach of ESD control solution in manufacturing (2002)

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) control in manufacturing line using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head requires more than the conventional prevention methods that had been established in the past. Practical strategies of controlling ESD against GMR heads in headstack assembly (HSA) manufacturing line will be shown. It is concluded that in order to establish effective and cost saving ESD prevention in HSA manufacturing line, innovative ideas and practical approaches are needed and therefore extensive capital investment for excessive control monitoring devices could be avoided.
15-Oxygenated sterols by m-chloroperbenzoic acid oxidation of 3.beta.-acetoxy-5.alpha.-cholesta-8,14-diene (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT15-Oxygenated sterols by m-chloroperbenzoic acid oxidation of 3.beta.-acetoxy-5.alpha.-cholesta-8,14-dieneMario Anastasia, Pietro Allevi, Alberto Fiecchi, and Antonio ScalaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 16, 3265–3267Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00329a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00329a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Optimum-Capacity MIMO Satellite Broadcast System: Conceptual Design for LOS Channels (2008)

In line-of-sight (LOS) radio channels maximum multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel capacity is obtained if an orthogonal MIMO channel transfer matrix is available. For the special case of the MIMO satellite channel, we will analytically derive a design prescript that allows for the construction of orthogonal channel matrices via the explicit positioning of two satellite antennas in the geostationary orbit. Simultaneously, a particular arrangement of an arbitrary number of ground station antennas placed on earth is assumed. In a computer simulation this conceptual design rule is illustrated and verified with a satellite communication link consisting of both a MIMO uplink channel and a MIMO downlink channel. The uplink is established between two anchor stations and a satellite system, also equipped with two antenna elements. In downlink direction the information is transferred from the two-antenna satellite system to a mobile receiver with an arbitrary number of antenna elements. The MIMO capacity optimization strategy is shown to exceed at least 90% of its theoretical maximum in all cases, nearly doubling the data rate compared to ordinary two- satellite MIMO systems, which are currently found in literature.
Antifungal Activities of Magainin-2 Hybrid Peptides against Trichosporon beigelii (1997)

In order to obtain a synthetic peptide with a more potent antifungal activity than magainin-2 but without hemolytic activity, four hybrid peptides were designed from the sequences of magainin 2 and cecropin A and their antifungal activities against Trichosporon beigelii were investigated. The result showed that analogue 2 and 4 exhibited better antifungal activity against T. beigelii than magainin-2 but no hemolytic activities. The peptides, therefore, could be used as models for the development of potent antifungal peptides.
Mass spectrometric characterization of substituted 2‐thiazolin‐4‐one derivatives (2002)

Electron ionization mass spectrometry was used for the structural characterization of substituted 2-thiazolin-4-one derivatives in the gas phase. The compounds follow common fragmentation pathways, producing ions whose abundances are dependent on the chemical nature of the substituent at position 2. Collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometric experiments, carried out on both molecular ions and fragment ions produced in the source, allowed the elucidation of gas-phase decompositions. The presence of tautomeric forms is suggested for some ionic species. Rapid identification of a primary or secondary amine moiety at position 2 of the thiazoline ring can be achieved by the detection of characteristic fragmentations occurring both in the ion source and under the collision-induced dissociation regime.
Inversion of Fan-Beam Scans in Radio Astronomy (1967)

A classical problem of data reduction in radio astronomy is how to reconstruct a two-dimensional brightness distribution over a source from fan-beam scans taken in various position angles. The integral equation underlying the problem arises also in interferometry and in the reduction of data from occultations. A new solution to the integral equation for the case of infinitely narrow fan beams has been obtained, which makes use of numerical operations on the observational data in the sky plane and does not require the computation of Fourier transforms.
Optimizing instruction cache performance for operating system intensive workloads (2002)

High instruction cache hit rates are key to high performance. One known technique to improve the hit rate of caches is to use an optimizing compiler to minimize cache interference via an improved layout of the code. This technique, however, has been applied to application code only, even though there is evidence that the operating system often uses the cache heavily and with less uniform patterns than applications. Therefore, it is unknown how well existing optimizations perform for systems code and whether better optimizations can be found. We address this problem in this paper. This paper characterizes in detail the locality patterns of the operating system code and shows that there is substantial locality. Unfortunately, caches are not able to extract much of it: rarely-executed special-case code disrupts spatial locality, loops with few iterations that call routines make loop locality hard to exploit, and plenty of loop-less code hampers temporal locality. As a result, interference within popular execution paths dominates instruction cache misses. Based on our observations, we propose an algorithm to expose these localities and reduce interference. For a range of cache sizes, associativities, lines sizes, and other organizations we show that we reduce total instruction miss rates by 31-86% (up to 2.9 absolute points). Using a simple model this corresponds to execution time reductions in the order of 12-26%. In addition, our optimized operating system combines well with optimized or unoptimized applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Soluble bimetallic μ‐oxoalkoxides. VII. Characteristics and mechanism of ring‐opening polymerization of lactones (1977)

Abstract The ring‐opening polymerization of unsubstituted lactones by Al 2 Zn and Al 2 Co(II) μ‐oxoalkoxides in homogeneous organic phase is described. Under these conditions, the chain propagation is very fast and proceeds without transfer or termination reactions. The composition and structure of the main products resulting from the first polymerization steps have been determined, and fit with a monomer insertion mechanism into the aluminum‐alkoxide bonds of the catalyst.
The use of field effects to generate calcium alginate microspheres and its application in cell transplantation. (1994)

The diameter and sphericity of alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate microcapsules, which was determined by the size and shape of calcium alginate microspheres, affected durability and biocompatibility of microcapsules and the result of transplantation. The commonly used airjet spray method generated microspheres with wide variation in diameter and sphericity. In order to overcome these drawbacks, we designed a field effect microparticle generator which established a stable electric field. This generated calcium alginate microspheres with an adjustable diameter (range, 50-350 microns). Factors which influenced the diameter and sphericity of microspheres included the percentage of alginate, field strength, speed of extrusion of alginate, needle gauge, field distance, and cell density in sodium alginate. The conditions used for microencapsulation of rat, pig, and human islets were 5500-6500 volts, 22 gauge needle with blunt end, 1-cm field distance, 1.5% sodium alginate, and 0.57 mL/min extrusion speed. These combinations would give most of the islet-containing microcapsules a diameter of 300-450 microns when alginate microspheres were incubated with calcium chloride solution for a total of six minutes. If individual cells (eg, NS-1) were microencapsulated, a larger gauge needle resulted in smaller microcapsules. Field strength of 6500 volts at a distance of 1 cm did not change the doubling time of NS-1 myeloma cells. By using the electric field microparticle generator, encapsulated cells were distributed around the periphery of the microspheres and thus improved the oxygen and nutrient supply of these encapsulated cells.
Kinetics of amyloid deposition. II. The effects of dimethylsulfoxide and colchicine therapy. (1983)

Amyloid (AA) protein, when deposition begins, is deposited in two stages--a rapid deposition period of 2 weeks and a plateau stage. The effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and colchicine therapy on the kinetics of amyloid deposition was dependent on the stage of the disease at which therapy began. If given during the rapid deposition period, colchicine delayed the increase in amyloid but did not abolish it. Eventually, splenic and liver amyloid reached the level seen in untreated animals. On the other hand, DMSO given during the rapid deposition period led to significant resorption of both splenic and liver amyloid. By contrast, colchicine and DMSO given after the rapid deposition period were essentially without effect in promoting amyloid resorption. These results correlated well with the serum levels of SAA, the putative AA precursor. Colchicine given during the period of rapid AA deposition caused a transient decline in SAA levels, which eventually returned to levels seen in untreated animals. DMSO given during the rapid deposition period rapidly abolished the high SAA levels and maintained it at a level seen in normal animals. Both colchicine and DMSO therapy, if instituted after the rapid amyloid deposition period, failed to reduce SAA levels significantly below that of untreated controls.
Size Considerations for Custom Penile Prostheses (1990)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Dec 1990Size Considerations for Custom Penile Prostheses John N. Krieger, Sherry L. Roxer, and James A. Ronk John N. KriegerJohn N. Krieger More articles by this author , Sherry L. RoxerSherry L. Roxer More articles by this author , and James A. RonkJames A. Ronk More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)39777-XAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Size Considerations for Custom Penile Prostheses." The Journal of Urology, 144(6), pp. 1482–1483 © 1990 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 144Issue 6December 1990Page: 1482-1483 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1990 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information John N. Krieger More articles by this author Sherry L. Roxer More articles by this author James A. Ronk More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Securing Legacy Software against Real-World Code-Reuse Exploits (2015)

Exploitation of memory-corruption vulnerabilities in widely-used software has been a threat for over two decades and no end seems to be in sight. Since performance and backwards compatibility trump security concerns, popular programs such as web browsers, servers, and office suites still contain large amounts of untrusted legacy code written in error-prone languages such as C and C++. At the same time, modern exploits are evolving quickly and routinely incorporate sophisticated techniques such as code reuse and memory disclosure. As a result, they bypass all widely deployed countermeasures including data execution prevention (DEP) and code randomization such as address space layout randomization (ASLR).
Social Influence Based Clustering and Optimization over Heterogeneous Information Networks (2015)

Social influence analysis has shown great potential for strategic marketing decision. It is well known that people influence one another based on both their social connections and the social activities that they have engaged in the past. In this article, we develop an innovative and high-performance social influence based graph clustering framework with four unique features. First, we explicitly distinguish social connection based influence (self-influence) and social activity based influence (co-influence). We compute the self-influence similarity between two members based on their social connections within a single collaboration network, and compute the co-influence similarity by taking into account not only the set of activities that people participate but also the semantic association between these activities. Second, we define the concept of influence-based similarity by introducing a unified influence-based similarity matrix that employs an iterative weight update method to integrate self-influence and co-influence similarities. Third, we design a dynamic learning algorithm, called SI-C luster , for social influence based graph clustering. It iteratively partitions a large social collaboration network into K clusters based on both the social network itself and the multiple associated activity information networks, each representing a category of activities that people have engaged. To make the SI-C luster algorithm converge fast, we transform sophisticated nonlinear fractional programming problem with respect to multiple weights into a straightforward nonlinear parametric programming problem of single variable. Finally, we develop an optimization technique of diagonalizable-matrix approximation to speed up the computation of self-influence similarity and co-influence similarities. Our SI-Cluster-Opt significantly improves the efficiency of SI-Cluster on large graphs while maintaining high quality of clustering results. Extensive experimental evaluation on three real-world graphs shows that, compared to existing representative graph clustering algorithms, our SI-C luster -O pt approach not only achieves a very good balance between self-influence and co-influence similarities but also scales extremely well for clustering large graphs in terms of time complexity while meeting the guarantee of high density, low entropy and low Davies--Bouldin Index.
Cover Image (2018)

The cover image, by K. Nakamura et al., is based on the Original Article Head position affects the direction of occlusal force during tapping movement, DOI: 10.1111/joor.12618.
Introduction to Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (1990)

Abstract Aluminum, the second most plentiful metallic element, is an economic competitor in various applications owing to its appearance, light weight, fabricability, physical properties, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. This article discusses the primary and secondary production of aluminum and classification system for cast and wrought aluminum alloys. It talks about various manufactured forms of aluminum and its alloys, which are classified into standardized products such as sheet, plate, foil, rod, bar, wire, tube, pipe, and structural forms, and engineered products such as extruded shapes, forgings, impacts, castings, stampings, powder metallurgy parts, machined parts, and metal-matrix composites. The article also reviews important fabrication characteristics in the machining, forming, forging, and joining of aluminum alloys. It concludes with a description of the major industrial applications of aluminum, including building and construction, transportation, consumer durables, electrical, machinery and equipment, containers and packaging, and other applications.
Terminal Position of the Caudal Sac. (1992)

The terminal position of the caudal sac is variable. We examined the position in 100 cases who had undergone myelography. The caudal sac closed proximally to the L5/S1 disc level in 3 cases, between L5/S1 and S1/S2 disc level in 41 cases, between S1/S2 and S2/S3 disc level in 55 cases, and caudally to S2/S3 disc level in one case.
Comment (1976)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Jul 1976Comment Victor F. Marshall Victor F. MarshallVictor F. Marshall More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58667-XAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Comment." The Journal of Urology, 116(1), p. 46 © 1976 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 116Issue 1July 1976Page: 46 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1976 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Victor F. Marshall More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Visual tracking with deformation models (2002)

A novel solution to the 2-D tracking problem is presented. This solution has two major components: a deformation model that constrains the interpretation of motion, and a set of energy-based match criteria that specify image features to be used in tracking. The separation of the motion model from the match features is an advantage of this approach over previous tracking systems. An implementation of these ideas has been shown to exhibit fast and flexible operation over a wide class of image motions. Experimental results are given for two real-world image sequences.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Curating the CIA World Factbook (2009)

The CIA World Factbook is a prime example of a curated database – a database that is constructed and maintained with a great deal of human effort in collecting, verifying, and annotating data. Preservation of old versions of the Factbook is important for verification of citations; it is also essential for anyone interested in the history of the data such as demographic change. Although the Factbook has been published, both physically and electronically, only for the past 30 years, we appear in danger of losing this history. This paper investigates the issues involved in capturing the history of an evolving database and its application to the CIA World Factbook. In particular it shows that there is substantial added value to be gained by preserving databases in such a way that questions about the change in data, (longitudinal queries) can be readily answered. Within this paper, we describe techniques for recording change in a curated database and we describe novel techniques for querying the change. Using the example of this archived curated database, we discuss the extent to which the accepted practices and terminology of archiving, curation and digital preservation apply to this important class of digital artefacts.
Activity of Platinum−Gold Alloys for Glucose Electrooxidation in Biofuel Cells (2007)

Carbon supported Pt-Au catalysts with different bimetallic compositions were prepared by water in oil (w/o) microemulsion. Carbon Vulcan XC-72 was added during the synthesis of particles in order to obtain their good dispersion and a mean particle size distribution of 5.02 +/- 0.56 nm. Structural characterization was performed using XRD at wide angles (WAXS), which showed that Pt-Au particles exhibited alloy properties. Electrochemical characterization allowed to estimate the surface composition of Pt-Au alloys, which was close to that of the bulk material Pt(20)Au(80). This catalyst composition displayed the best catalytic activity in steady-state conditions in comparison with Pt(50)Au(50) or Pt and Au alone. Moreover, a Pt-Au/C catalyst with a metal loading of 40 wt % was immobilized onto a carbon porous tube as anode. A membrane-less biofuel cell was tested using laccase/ABTS biocathode in phosphate buffer (pH 5).
Evaluating semantic-level confidence scores with multiple hypotheses (2008)

In any dialogue manager, confidence scores play a central role in ensuring robust operation.Recently, dialogue managers have attempted to exploit N-best lists of alternatives for the semantics rather than the single most likely interpretation.Each alternative in the N-best list must have an associated confidence score and it is very useful to be able to evaluate the utility of these scored lists independent of the application in which they are used.This paper adapts several traditional metrics for confidence scoring to the context of the N-best semantic hypotheses output by a speech understanding system.An alternative metric, called the Item-level Cross Entropy (ICE), is proposed and is shown to have good theoretical and experimental characteristics.As an example of the use of the metrics, various simple methods for assigning confidences are discussed and evaluated.Of all the metrics tested only the ICE metric provided a consistent monotonic ranking of the various systems.