gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An automatic chinese collocation extraction algorithm based on lexical statistics (2004)

We present an automatic Chinese collocation extraction system using lexical statistics and syntactical knowledge. This system extracts collocations from manually segmented and tagged Chinese news corpus in three stages. First, the bidirectional bigram statistical measures, including bidirectional strength and spread, and /spl chi//sup 2/ test value, are employed to extract candidate two-word pairs. These candidate word pairs are then used to extract high frequency multiword collocations from their context. In the third stage, precision is further improved by using syntactical knowledge of collocation patterns between content words to eliminate pseudo collocations. In the preliminary experiment on 30 selected headwords, this three-stage system achieves a 73% precision rate, a substantial improvement on the 61% achieved using an algorithm we developed earlier based on an improved version of the Smdja's 53% accurate Xtract system.
The Reactions of β-Aminoalkyl Hydrogen Sulfates. II. The Reaction of Sodium β-Aminoalkyl Sulfate with Potassium Ethyl Xanthate<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reactions of β-Aminoalkyl Hydrogen Sulfates. II. The Reaction of Sodium β-Aminoalkyl Sulfate with Potassium Ethyl Xanthate1Charles S. Dewey and Richard A. BaffordCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 2, 495–500Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01013a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01013a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 as a therapeutic target (2007)

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is essential for normal development and homeostasis. Insufficient apoptosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of malignancy and acute and chronic inflammation. Apoptosis may be induced by the death receptor or the mitochondrial pathways. Myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl)-1 is a member of the Bcl-2 family that contributes to the control of mitochondrial integrity, which is critical for maintaining cell viability. Mcl-1 has been shown to be essential for the development and survival of a variety of cell types. This review characterizes the role of Mcl-1 in the regulation of apoptosis and the promotion of disease, and defines novel strategies that have been identified to target this molecule.
Angular discrimination of light transmission through polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films (1987)

The refractive index of the polymer np is adjusted relative to the ordinary refractive index of dispersed droplets of nematic liquid crystal no to regulate the angle of maximum transmission through a film in the presence of an applied field. Maximum transmission occurs at normal incidence when np≤no with the breadth of the angle of view being largest at np=no. When np&gt;no, maximum transmission is peaked at an angle away from normal incidence, the value of the angle depending upon the ratio np/no. Angular discriminating filters are therefore possible with these films. The optical response of these materials as a function of applied field is also shown to be dependent on the ratio np/no as is the contrast exhibited by information displays. Methods for measuring the scattering cross section of a nematic droplet are also described.
PS-Pd–NHC: an efficient and heterogeneous recyclable catalyst for direct reductive amination of carbonyl compounds with primary/secondary amines in aqueous medium (2011)

A highly efficient polymer supported palladium-N–heterocyclic carbene (PS-Pd–NHC) catalytic system has been developed for direct reductive amination (DRA) of carbonyl compounds with primary/secondary amines in aqueous reaction medium. This new catalytic system represents a heterogeneous, recyclable and environmentally benign protocol. The developed methodology describes a simple one step approach for the synthesis of a wide variety of substituted amines exhibiting remarkable activity with excellent yield of a desired product. Furthermore, the catalyst was effectively recycled for six consecutive cycles without any significant loss in its catalytic activity.
Cryo‐Immunogold Electron Microscopy (2006)

This unit describes subcellular localization of proteins/antigens using high-resolution cryo-immunogold electron microscopy, which allows study of topological biochemistry at the ultrastructural level. This is the most sensitive procedure for immunodetection of antigens on ultrathin sections prepared from chemically fixed cells or tissues, because aldehyde fixation is the only denaturation step. The omission of harsh organic solvents (such as those used for plastic embedding) ensures better preservation of protein antigenicity. Support protocols describe how to embed fixed material in gelatin, cryosection, and mount the sections on Formvar-coated grids. This unit is accompanied by eleven videos that illustrate many of the procedures used in this unit.
Pulsed dye laser treatment of recalcitrant verrucae: A preliminary report (1993)

Patients with recalcitrant warts on the fingers and hands, periungual, and other parts of the body including verrucae plana and plantar surfaces were treated using the pulsed dye laser at 585 nm, 450 usec, and a spotsize of 5 mm diameter. Of the 39 patients treated, 28 (72%) were cleared of their warts after an average of 1.68 treatments at fluences of 6.25-7.5 J/cm2. Seven (18%) patients had a reduction of between 80-95% of their warts after 1.3 treatments, and verrucae reduced by 50% in four of the 39 patients after one treatment. The average follow-up period of the 28 cases cleared of their warts has been 5 months. Of this group, those with periungual warts have been followed for up to 6.4 months, compared to 4.8 months for those with warts on other parts of their body, 4.0 months for those with finger and hand warts, and 2.0 months for plantar warts. Only one of the 28 patients has had a recurrence after 3 months of clearance.
Interactive 3D architectural modeling from unordered photo collections (2008)

We present an interactive system for generating photorealistic, textured, piecewise-planar 3D models of architectural structures and urban scenes from unordered sets of photographs. To reconstruct 3D geometry in our system, the user draws outlines overlaid on 2D photographs. The 3D structure is then automatically computed by combining the 2D interaction with the multi-view geometric information recovered by performing structure from motion analysis on the input photographs. We utilize vanishing point constraints at multiple stages during the reconstruction, which is particularly useful for architectural scenes where parallel lines are abundant. Our approach enables us to accurately model polygonal faces from 2D interactions in a single image. Our system also supports useful operations such as edge snapping and extrusions. Seamless texture maps are automatically generated by combining multiple input photographs using graph cut optimization and Poisson blending. The user can add brush strokes as hints during the texture generation stage to remove artifacts caused by unmodeled geometric structures. We build models for a variety of architectural scenes from collections of up to about a hundred photographs.
Leprosy Susceptibility: Genetic Variations Regulate Innate and Adaptive Immunity, and Disease Outcome (2011)

The past few years have been very productive concerning the identification of genes associated with leprosy. Candidate gene strategies using both case-control and family-based designs, as well as large-scale approaches such as linkage and gene-expression genomic scans and, more recently, genome-wide association studies, have refined and enriched the list of genes highlighting the most important innate and adaptive immune pathways associated with leprosy susceptibility or resistance. During the early events of host-pathogen interaction identified genes are involved in pattern recognition receptors, and mycobacterial uptake (TLRs, NOD2 and MRC1), which modulate autophagy. Another gene, LTA4H, which regulates the levels of lipoxin A4 and possibly interacts with lipid droplet-related events, also plays a role in the early immune responses to Mycobacterium leprae. Together, the activation of these pathways regulates cellular metabolism upon infection, activating cytokine production through NF-κB and vitamin D-vitamin D receptor pathways, while PARK2 and LRRK2 participate in the regulation of host-cell apoptosis. Concomitantly, genes triggered to form and maintain granulomas (TNF, LTA and IFNG) and genes involved in activating and differentiating T-helper cells (HLA, IL10, as well as the TNF/LTA axis and the IFNG/IL12 axis) bridge immunological regulation towards adaptive immunity. Subtle variations in these genes, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms, alter the risk of developing the disease or the severity of leprosy. Knowing these genes and their role will ultimately lead to better strategies for leprosy prevention, treatment and early diagnosis. Finally, the same genes associated with leprosy were also associated with autoimmune (Crohn's disease, rheumathoid arthritis, psoriasis) or neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's). Thus, information retrieved using leprosy as a model could be valuable to understanding the pathogenesis of other complex diseases.
Synthesis, 5-Hydroxytryptamine<sub>1A</sub> Receptor Affinity and Docking Studies of 3-[3-(4-Aryl-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]-1<i>H</i>-Indole Derivatives (2012)

A series of 3-[3-(4-aryl-1-piperazinyl)-propyl]-1H-indole derivatives (12a-h) was synthesized and evaluated for binding affinity at the human 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor (5-HT(1A)R) compounds (12b) and (12h) showed the highest 5-HT(1A) receptor affinity (IC(50)=15 nM). Molecular docking studies with all the compounds in a homology model of 5-HT(1A) showed that the main interaction anchoring the ligand in the receptor was a charge-reinforced bond between the protonated nitrogen atom (N-4) of the piperazine ring and Aspartate(3.32).
Privacy preserving auctions and mechanism design (1999)

Article Free Access Share on Privacy preserving auctions and mechanism design Authors: Moni Naor Dept. of Computer Science and Applied Math, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel Dept. of Computer Science and Applied Math, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, IsraelView Profile , Benny Pinkas Dept. of Computer Science and Applied Math, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel Dept. of Computer Science and Applied Math, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, IsraelView Profile , Reuban Sumner Dept. of Computer Science and Applied Math, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel Dept. of Computer Science and Applied Math, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, IsraelView Profile Authors Info & Claims EC '99: Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Electronic commerceNovember 1999 Pages 129–139https://doi.org/10.1145/336992.337028Published:01 November 1999Publication History 518citation2,972DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations518Total Downloads2,972Last 12 Months298Last 6 weeks42 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Self-pumped phase-conjugate fiber-optic gyro (1986)

We describe a new type of phase-conjugate fiber-optic gyro that uses self-pumped phase conjugation. The selfpumped configuration is simpler than externally pumped configurations and permits the use of sensing fibers longer than the coherence length of the laser. A proof-of-principle demonstration of rotation sensing with the device is presented.
DNA damage-induced cellular senescence is sufficient to suppress tumorigenesis: a mouse model (2007)

Tumor suppressor p53-dependent apoptosis is critical in suppressing tumorigenesis. Previously, we reported that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the V(D)J recombination loci induced genomic instability in the developing lymphocytes of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-deficient, p53-deficient mice, which led to rapid lymphomagenesis. To test the ability of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest to suppress tumorigenesis in the absence of apoptosis in vivo, we crossbred NHEJ-deficient mice into a mutant p53R172P background; these mice have defects in apoptosis induction, but not cell cycle arrest. These double-mutant mice survived longer than NHEJ/p53 double-null mice and, remarkably, were completely tumor free. We detected accumulation of aberrant V(D)J recombination-related DSBs at the T cell receptor (TCR) locus, and high expression levels of both mutant p53 and cell cycle checkpoint protein p21, but not the apoptotic protein p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis. In addition, a substantial number of senescent cells were observed among both thymocytes and bone marrow cells. Cytogenetic studies revealed euploidy and limited chromosomal breaks in these lymphoid cells. The results indicate that precursor lymphocytes, which normally possess a high proliferation potential, are able to withdraw from the cell cycle and undergo senescence in response to the persistence of DSBs in a p53-p21-dependent pathway; this is sufficient to inhibit oncogenic chromosomal abnormality and suppress tumorigenesis.
Efficiency of Splitting Water with Semiconducting Photoelectrodes (1984)

Solar conversion efficiencies for splitting water with semiconducting photoelectrodes are calculated from basic thermodynamic principles combined with transport properties matching those of the best materials presently available. Assuming no further constraints, we derive in this way "upper limit" estimates of efficiencies achievable via semiconductor photoelectrochemical cells (PEC's), operating with no external electrical bias. Both one‐ and two‐photon configurations are considered. A one‐photon PEC is found to have an "upper limit" efficiency of ∼7% (AM 1.2 solar energy to chemical potential energy stored as ). For two‐photon configurations, the "upper limit" for a p‐n PEC is ∼10%, while for a tandem PEC it is ∼18%. The tandem cell configuration is the least sensitive to the choice of materials parameters and transport losses and yields the highest efficiencies. Significant increases in conversion efficiencies result from assuming lower oxygen overpotentials and higher photoelectrode fill factors than have been achieved so far, with the latter being the more important, however.
Photoinduced Postsynthetic Polymerization of a Metal–Organic Framework toward a Flexible Stand‐Alone Membrane (2015)

Abstract Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising class of nanoporous polymeric materials. However, the processing of such fragile crystalline powders into desired shapes for further applications is often difficult. A photoinduced postsynthetic polymerization (PSP) strategy was now employed to covalently link MOF crystals by flexible polymer chains, thus endowing the MOF powders with processability and flexibility. Nanosized UiO‐66‐NH 2 was first functionalized with polymerizable functional groups, and its subsequent copolymerization with monomers was easily induced by UV light under solvent‐free and mild conditions. Because of the improved interaction between MOF particles and polymer chains, the resulting stand‐alone and elastic MOF‐based PSP‐derived membranes possess crack‐free and uniform structures and outstanding separation capabilities for Cr VI ions from water.
Umlagerung von quartären Allyl‐, Benzyl‐ und Propargyl‐hydraziniumsalzen (1970)

Abstract 1.1‐Disubstituierte 1‐Allyl‐ und 1‐Benzyl‐hydraziniumchloride lassen sich in Gegenwart von Basen unter HCl‐Abspaltung zu 1.1‐disubstituierten 2‐Allyl‐ bzw. 2‐Benzyl‐hydrazinen umlagern. Die Reaktion verläuft zum Teil mit sehr guten Ausbeuten. Bei quartären Propargyl‐hydraziniumsalzen wird eine Umlagerung nur als Nebenreaktion beobachtet.
Lysosomal enzyme activities in skeletal muscle of patients with neuromuscular diseases (1995)

Activities of nine lysosomal enzymes and pH-dependent isozyme patterns of alpha-mannosidase were examined in the skeletal muscle of patients with neuromuscular diseases, and the ratios of these enzyme activities in leukocytes to those in myocytes (L/M ratio) were determined. The activities of enzymes with a high L/M ratio were markedly increased in the muscles of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), myotonic dystrophy (MyD), or polymyositis (PM). In contrast, those which showed a low L/M ratio were increased in the muscles of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and disuse muscle atrophy (DUA). The isozyme pattern of alpha-mannosidase in DMD muscle resembled that in leukocytes, while those in ALS and DUA muscle resembled that in normal muscle. These results may suggest that the increased activity of lysosomal enzymes in the muscles of patients with DMD, MyD, or PM is due primarily to infiltrating leukocytes, while that in patients with ALS or DUA is due to intramyofiber lysosomes.
Nitrite Therapy Improves Left Ventricular Function During Heart Failure via Restoration of Nitric Oxide–Mediated Cytoprotective Signaling (2014)

These results support the emerging concept that nitrite therapy may be a viable clinical option for increasing NO levels and may have a practical clinical use in the treatment of heart failure.
Centrosome amplification and overexpression of aurora A are early events in rat mammary carcinogenesis. (2002)

The cells of many solid tumors have been found to contain supernumerary centrosomes, a condition known as centrosome amplification. Centrosome amplification, accompanied by the overexpression of an associated kinase, Aurora A (AurA), has been implicated in mechanisms leading to mitotic spindle aberrations, aneuploidy, and genomic instability. Using a well-established rat mammary model favorable for experimental carcinogenesis, we analyzed centrosome amplification as a cellular marker for early stages of transformation and its regulation by the kinase ratAurA. Parity or treatment with estrogen and progesterone conferred resistance to tumorigenesis, as well as to overexpression of ratAurA and to centrosome amplification. ratAurA, cloned from a rat mammary gland cDNA library, is a bona fide Ser/Thr kinase, and sequence comparison demonstrated high homology to members of the entire AurA kinase family. Using immunocytochemical localization with confocal microscopy, we found ratAurA to be localized at the centrosome in normal and neoplastic tissues of the rat mammary gland. Normal ductal epithelium and stromal cells displayed an expected complement of one to two centrosomes/cell, whereas comparable cells in methylnitrosourea-treated animals displayed significantly elevated centrosome numbers. In tumors, 46% of cells showed more than two centrosomes/cell, and ratAurA expression levels coincided with higher centrosome numbers. Both centrosome numbers and ratAurA expression were permanently elevated. Centrosome amplification was found to occur at a very early, premalignant stage prior to detectable lesions after treatment with methylnitrosourea, a condition that was not detected in mammary glands of rats made refractory to the carcinogen via pregnancy or estrogen and progesterone treatment. Our results indicate that hormones influence kinase expression, and progesterone had the major effect on ratAurA expression levels. Cumulatively, these results suggest that ratAurA overexpression and centrosome amplification were linked to tumor development and progression and may serve as early markers in tumorigenesis.
Transporters at CNS Barrier Sites: Obstacles or Opportunities for Drug Delivery? (2014)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSF) barriers are critical determinants of CNS homeostasis. Additionally, the BBB and BCSF barriers are formidable obstacles to effective CNS drug delivery. These brain barrier sites express putative influx and efflux transporters that precisely control permeation of circulating solutes including drugs. The study of transporters has enabled a shift away from "brute force" approaches to delivering drugs by physically circumventing brain barriers towards chemical approaches that can target specific compounds of the BBB and/or BCSF barrier. However, our understanding of transporters at the BBB and BCSF barriers has primarily focused on understanding efflux transporters that efficiently prevent drugs from attaining therapeutic concentrations in the CNS. Recently, through the characterization of multiple endogenously expressed uptake transporters, this paradigm has shifted to the study of brain transporter targets that can facilitate drug delivery (i.e., influx transporters). Additionally, signaling pathways and trafficking mechanisms have been identified for several endogenous BBB/BCSF transporters, thereby offering even more opportunities to understand how transporters can be exploited for optimization of CNS drug delivery. This review presents an overview of the BBB and BCSF barrier as well as the many families of transporters functionally expressed at these barrier sites. Furthermore, we present an overview of various strategies that have been designed and utilized to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain with a particular emphasis on those approaches that directly target endogenous BBB/BCSF barrier transporters.