gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SoxRS-Mediated Lipopolysaccharide Modification Enhances Resistance against Multiple Drugs in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2009)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that serves as a barrier against harmful molecules, including antibiotics. The waaYZ locus that encodes the LPS core biosynthetic function in Escherichia coli was found to be induced strongly by superoxide generators but not by H(2)O(2), ethanol, or heat shock. This induction was dependent on SoxRS, a superoxide and nitric oxide sensing system, through a soxbox in the waaY promoter that binds SoxS. A DeltawaaYZ mutant became more sensitive to some superoxide generators, and the activation of SoxR by these drugs became more sensitized in the mutant. Through phenotypic microarray analysis, we found that the mutant became sensitive to a wide variety of chemicals not restricted to oxidizing agents. We found that the mutant is under envelope stress and is altered in LPS composition, as monitored by the level of sigma(E) activation and changes in the electrophoretic mobility of LPS, respectively. waaY expression was also regulated by MarA (multiple-antibiotic resistance regulator), which shares a binding site (soxbox) with SoxS, and was induced by salicylate, a nonoxidative compound. These results demonstrate a novel way of protecting gram-negative bacteria against various compounds by modifying LPS, possibly through phosphorylation. Since either oxidant or nonoxidant compounds elicit resistance toward themselves and other toxic drugs, this mechanism could serve as an efficient way for pathogenic bacteria to enhance survival during antibiotic treatment within an oxidant-rich host immune environment.
Genetic Variants in MUC4 Gene Are Associated with Lung Cancer Risk in a Chinese Population (2013)

Mucin MUC4, which is encoded by the MUC4 gene, plays an important role in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Aberrant MUC4 overexpression is associated with invasive tumor proliferation and poor outcome in epithelial cancers. Collectively, the existing evidence suggests that MUC4 has tumor-promoter functions. In this study, we performed a case-control study of 1,048 incident lung cancer cases and 1,048 age- and sex frequency-matched cancer-free controls in a Chinese population to investigate the role of MUC4 gene polymorphism in lung cancer etiology. We identified nine SNPs that were significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk (P = 0.0425 for rs863582, 0.0333 for rs842226, 0.0294 for rs842225, 0.0010 for rs2550236, 0.0149 for rs2688515, 0.0191 for rs 2641773, 0.0058 for rs3096337, 0.0077 for rs859769, and 0.0059 for rs842461 in an additive model). Consistent with these single-locus analysis results, the haplotype analyses revealed an adverse effect of the haplotype "GGC" of rs3096337, rs859769, and rs842461 on lung cancer. Both the haplotype and diplotype "CTGAGC" of rs863582, rs842226, rs2550236, rs842225, and rs2688515 had an adverse effect on lung cancer, which is also consistent with the single-locus analysis. Moreover, we observed statistically significant interactions for rs863582 and rs842461 in heavy smokers. Our results suggest that MUC4 gene polymorphisms and their interaction with smoking may contribute to lung cancer etiology.
Derivatization for liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry: synthesis of tris(trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium compounds and their derivatives of amine and carboxylic acids (2002)

A simple method for the derivatization of primary amines and carboxylic acids with tris(trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium (TMPP) reagents to enhance their detection by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been developed. The synthesis of novel TMPP reagents and their stable isotopically labelled analogues is described. Through the use of stable isotopically labelled TMPP ‘tags’, incorporation of a doublet (1:1, 1H/2H or 12C/13C) into the target molecule can be achieved, enabling the use of isotopic target analysis to detect compounds of unknown molecular weight but with a characteristic isotope pattern and accurate mass difference. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of carboxymethyl cellulose synthesized in two‐phase medium C6H6(SINGLE BOND)C2H5OH. I. Distribution of substituent groups in the anhydroglucose unit (1996)

Carboxymethyl cellulose was synthesized in two-phase medium containing benzene, ethanol, and water. The distribution of substitution of hydroxyl group attached to Ck Carbons (k = 2, 3, and 6) in an anhydroglucose unit (AGU) was determined by 1H-NMR method. It showed that the sequence of distribution of carboxymethyl group of the products in AGU was C6 > C2 > C3; and when degree of substitution (DS) was low to 1.0, the approximate value of C2: C3: C6 was 1.45: 1: 2.15. When DS was higher than 1.0 and increased, the distribution of substitution tends to identical. Through analysis of X-ray diffraction and calculation of crystallinity and interplanar distance of CMC, the principle of distribution of the substituent had been explained. The influence of benzene on distribution of substituent of CMC was also investigated. It was found that distribution of substituent of CMC prepared in medium benzene-ethanol at C6 position was higher than that prepared in ethanol. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improvement of Electronic Transport Characteristics of Amorphous Silicon by Hydrogen Dilution of Silane (1995)

We have investigated the electrical and material properties of intrinsic amorphous silicon deposited with hydrogen dilution of silane. The hydrogenated material was used as intrinsic layers of n-i-p diodes, which showed interesting electrical characteristics. From time of flight (TOF) measurement for our best samples produced at hydrogen to silane ratio of 15, we obtained mobility (µ) values about 3-4 times larger than our standard amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). Approximately a factor of 2 improvement was observed for µτ values. The N D * values of the hydrogen diluted a-Si:H were measured for the first time and show lower ionized dangling bond density than the normal a-Si:H material. At a hydrogen to silane gas flow ratio of 20, some microcrystalline formation was observed in the deposited material. We propose a simple macroscopic model to assess the effect of microcrystals and grain boundaries on the electronic properties of mixed amorphous and microcrystalline material.
Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis (2009)

Changes in epithelial tight junction protein expression and apoptosis increase epithelial permeability in inflammatory bowel diseases. The effect of the probiotic mixture VSL#3 on the epithelial barrier was studied in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Acute colitis was induced in BALB/c mice (3.5% DSS for 7 days). Mice were treated with either 15 mg VSL#3 or placebo via gastric tube once daily during induction of colitis. Inflammation was assessed by clinical and histological scores. Colonic permeability to Evans blue was measured in vivo. Tight junction protein expression and epithelial apoptotic ratio were studied by immunofluorescence and Western blot. VSL#3 treatment reduced inflammation (histological colitis scores: healthy control 0.94 +/- 0.28, DSS + placebo 14.64 +/- 2.55, DSS + VSL#3 8.43 +/- 1.82; P = 0.011). A pronounced increase in epithelial permeability in acute colitis was completely prevented by VSL#3 therapy [healthy control 0.4 +/- 0.07 (extinction/g), DSS + placebo 5.75 +/- 1.67, DSS + VSL#3 0.26 +/- 0.08; P = 0.003]. In acute colitis, decreased expression and redistribution of the tight junction proteins occludin, zonula occludens-1, and claudin-1, -3, -4, and -5 were observed, whereas VSL#3 therapy prevented these changes. VSL#3 completely prevented the increase of epithelial apoptotic ratio in acute colitis [healthy control 1.58 +/- 0.01 (apoptotic cells/1,000 epithelial cells), DSS + placebo 13.33 +/- 1.29, DSS + VSL#3 1.72 +/- 0.1; P = 0.012]. Probiotic therapy protects the epithelial barrier in acute colitis by preventing 1) decreased tight junction protein expression and 2) increased apoptotic ratio.
Plasma Motion Across Magnetic Fields (1960)

The analysis of plasma flow problems in magnetic fields is usually based on a hydromagnetic fluid model. In low-density collisionless plasmas, however, the limitations of the applicability of this method are not clearly understood. In this paper a simplified self-consistent field method is used, with particle motion considered in the guiding center approximation. In this case the high ``dielectric constant'' of the magneto-plasma plays the role of the infinite conductivity of the fluid model. Several experiments are analyzed on the basis of this model, and the limitations and shortcomings of the hydromagnetic treatment discussed.
A 1/4in 2M pixel CMOS image sensor with 1.75 transistor/pixel (2004)

A 2.5V CMOS image sensor using a pixel configuration of four photodiodes in one unit sharing seven transistors is presented. This image achieves a 2.25/spl mu/m pixel pitch with 25% aperture ratio in a 0.25/spl mu/m IP2M CMOS process.
On-Line Pseudo-Error Monitors for Digital Transmission Systems (1978)

Pseudo-error detectors are devices which show great potential for the measurement of the bit error rate of an on-line digital communications link. They are implemented in the form of a second detector (in addition and in parallel to the traffic data bit detector) which is very perturbation-sensitive. They do not compromise the traffic handling capacity of the system. Four methods of generating the pseudo-error characteristic are described: i) shifted detection threshold; ii) intersymbol interference enhancement; iii) noise addition; iv) sampling phase offset. Practical considerations generally govern the choice of method. Experimental results of pseudo-error detector behavior in the presence of Gaussian noise show that stable characteristics can be achieved to estimate a wide range of bit error rate (BER's) in very modest time intervals. In addition, experimental results in a real complex environment consisting of a 1.544 Mbits/s T1 capacity digital link using QPSK modulation techniques, including both Gaussian and non-Gaussian perturbations, show pseudo-error detection to be reliable for the measurement of BER and for controlling channel switching.
Microwave Properties of&lt;tex&gt;$rm MgB_2$&lt;/tex&gt;Thin Films Grown by Reactive Evaporation (2005)

We have grown MgB/sub 2/ films using the deposition technique of reactive evaporation. This method allows high-quality, large-area, double-sided films to be grown on a large variety of substrate materials. These films are therefore well suited for applications, several of which may exploit the low-loss high-frequency properties of MgB/sub 2/, including passive microwave resonators and filters, nuclear magnetic resonance coils, and RF cavities for particle accelerators. Determining the surface resistance and nonlinear properties of our films can thus give us an idea of their suitability for these applications, as well as tell us something about their fundamental superconducting nature. We have begun measuring the microwave properties of our films using both a parallel plate technique and by patterning the films into stripline resonators and lumped-element resonators and filters. The films display very low surface resistance values.
ORAL DISPERSIBLE TABLETS: AN OVERVIEW; DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGIES AND EVALUATION (2014)

Now-a-days, orodispersible drug delivery systems are extensively used to improve bioavailability and patient compliance. Over the past three decades,
Issues in the design of a parallel object-oriented language (1989)

Abstract This paper discusses the considerations that have played a role in the design of the language POOL2. This language integrates the structuring techniques of object-oriented programming with mechanisms for expressing parallelism. We introduce the basic principles of object-oriented programming and its significance for program development methodologies. Several approaches for integrating objects and parallelism are compared and arguments for the choices made in POOL2 are presented. We also explain why inheritance is not yet included in POOL2. A brief overview of the research in formal aspects of POOL is given. Finally we indicate some directions for future developments.
Odour intensities of hop oil components (1966)

Abstract Olfactory thresholds of a series of compounds previously identified in Brewers Gold Hop Oil are given. Thresholds of the oxygenated components ranged from 0.3 to 28 parts per 10° while those of the hydro‐carbon fraction ranged from 6 to 140 parts per 10°. For solutions of hop oil in water, myrcene accounted for about 58% of the total odour intensity of the whole oil and 85% of the odour of the hydrocarbon fraction. The oxygenated fraction amounted to about 1/7 of the whole oil but contributed about 1/3 of total odour intensity.
Algorithms for designing wavelets to match a specified signal (2000)

Algorithms for designing a mother wavelet /spl psi/(x) such that it matches a signal of interest and such that the family of wavelets {2/sup -(j/2)//spl psi/(2/sup -j/x-k)} forms an orthonormal Riesz basis of L/sup 2/(/spl Rscr/) are developed. The algorithms are based on a closed form solution for finding the scaling function spectrum from the wavelet spectrum. Many applications require wavelets that are matched to a signal of interest. Most current design techniques, however, do not design the wavelet directly. They either build a composite wavelet from a library of previously designed wavelets, modify the bases in an existing multiresolution analysis or design a scaling function that generates a multiresolution analysis with some desired properties. In this paper, two sets of equations are developed that allow us to design the wavelet directly from the signal of interest. Both sets impose bandlimitedness, resulting in closed form solutions. The first set derives expressions for continuous matched wavelet spectrum amplitudes. The second set of equations provides a direct discrete algorithm for calculating close approximations to the optimal complex wavelet spectrum. The discrete solution for the matched wavelet spectrum amplitude is identical to that of the continuous solution at the sampled frequencies. An interesting byproduct of this work is the result that Meyer's spectrum amplitude construction for an orthonormal bandlimited wavelet is not only sufficient but necessary. Specific examples are given which demonstrate the performance of the wavelet matching algorithms for both known orthonormal wavelets and arbitrary signals.
Solids with high ionic conductivity in group 1 halide systems (1967)

Phase diagrams have been determined for the systems MI+AgI (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl or NH4), MBr+AgBr (M = K, Rb or Cs) and MI+CuI (M = K or Rb). A group of isomorphous compounds MAg4I5(M = K, Rb, NH4) with exceptionally high ionic conductivity has been identified. At 20°C the conductivity of polycrystalline RbAg4I5 is 0.124 ± 0.006 ohm–1 cm–1, i.e., higher than the ionic conductivity of any other known solid. At this temperature RbAg4I5 is stable, but KAg4I5 and NH4Ag4I5 slowly disproportionate to AgI and K2AgI3 or (NH4)2AgI3. The ternary system KI+RbI+AgI contains a complete range of solid solutions (K,Rb) Ag4I5. Analogous bromides have not been found, but a compound KCu4I5 is stable between 257 and 332°.
Stimulation of nonspecific resistance to infection induced by 6-O-acyl muramyl dipeptide analogs in mice (1981)

The experimental system utilized in investigating the correlation between the chemical structures of muramyl peptides and their protective activities in the sepsis type of systemic infections caused by Escherichia coli was applied in evaluating the enhancement of resistance to infection induced by 32 synthetic glycopeptide analogs, including 6-O-acyl derivatives and 1-alpha-O-benzyl derivatives of muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine). In assessing the 6-O-acyl derivatives of muramyl dipeptide, we found that the degree of protective activity was attributable to the kinds of fatty acids introduced. Acylation of the 6-hydroxy group on the muramic acid moiety in muramyl dipeptide with natural mycolic acid or a synthetic fatty acid possessing either an alpha-branched or an alpha-branched, beta-hydroxylated group resulted in a decrease in or a disappearance of the protective activity of muramyl dipeptide. Acylation with a normal fatty acid or an iso fatty acid resulted in a retention or enhancement of muramyl dipeptide activity. The activity of acylated derivatives containing linear fatty acids was stimulated by increasing the chain length up to 18 carbon atoms. The highest degree of protective activity occurred with the derivatives acylated with straight-chain fatty acids, particularly with the derivatives acylated with palmitic acid and arachidic acid. Benzylation of the 1-hydroxy group of muramyl dipeptide resulted in a decrease in or a loss of protective activity.
<title>Efficient code for optimal realizable filter calculation</title> (1993)

We report a computer code that affects several efficiencies in taking a recently developed filter optimization algorithm into practice. The algorithm (Richard D. Juday, `Optimal realizable filters and the minimum Euclidean distance principle,' Applied Optics, in press) analytically optimizes filters on arbitrary modulators (coupled, binary, full complex, fractional 2(pi) phase, etc.). Its quadratic ratio metrics include intensity, signal to noise, and peak to correlation energy. The user supplies necessary information to the program, and also certain common complex arithmetic functions. The code is to be available from COSMIC under the name `MEDOF -- Minimum Euclidean Distance Optical Filters,' NT control number MSC-22380.
Comparison and evaluation of a novel bioassay and high‐performance liquid chromatography for the clinical measurement of serum voriconazole concentrations (2010)

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel bioassay for determining serum voriconazole (VRC) concentrations and to compare its routine clinical performance with that of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biological activity of VRC was measured by a plate diffusion assay using a VRC-hypersusceptible Candida kefyr strain. The bioassay's utility was tested by measuring steady-state VRC concentrations in 100 serum probes from VRC-treated patients. The HPLC system used solvent extraction with hexane:dichloromethane followed by reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy of the bioassay was <5%, while that of HPLC was <1%. The precision (mean coefficient of variation, 3.5%) was equal for both the methods. The limit of quantification was lower for HPLC (0.2 mg l(-1)) than for the bioassay (0.5 mg l(-1)). The result of linear regression analysis was HPLC = 1.0178 (bioassay) + 0.328; R(2) = 0.88; n = 100. Results of the serum panel ranged from 0.5 to more than 8.0 mg l(-1) for the bioassay and from 0.26 to 10.1 mg l(-1) for HPLC. Especially in laboratories without access to HPLC, the bioassay may be a clinically useful tool for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Systematic Redundant Residue Number System Codes: Analytical Upper Bound and Iterative Decoding Performance Over AWGN and Rayleigh Channels (2006)

The novel family of redundant residue number system (RRNS) codes is studied. RRNS codes constitute maximum-minimum distance block codes, exhibiting identical distance properties to Reed-Solomon codes. Binary to RRNS symbol-mapping methods are proposed, in order to implement both systematic and nonsystematic RRNS codes. Furthermore, the upper-bound performance of systematic RRNS codes is investigated, when maximum-likelihood (ML) soft decoding is invoked. The classic Chase algorithm achieving near-ML soft decoding is introduced for the first time for RRNS codes, in order to decrease the complexity of the ML soft decoding. Furthermore, the modified Chase algorithm is employed to accept soft inputs, as well as to provide soft outputs, assisting in the turbo decoding of RRNS codes by using the soft-input/soft-output Chase algorithm
The Effect of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Creep Properties of Powder Metallurgy Beta Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloys (2010)

The microstructure and creep properties of two powder metallurgy (PM) ‘beta gamma’ titanium aluminide alloys are presented. Alloy powders with nominal compositions of TiAl-4Nb-3Mn (G1) and TiAl-2Nb-2Mo (G2) were produced by gas atomization and consolidated by a two-step hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process (1250 °C/200 MPa/1 hour + 1100 °C/200 MPa/3 hours + slow cooling to room temperature). After HIP, the materials were given a step cooled heat treatment (SCHT) of 40 min at 1400 °C, furnace cooling to 1280 °C, and air cooling to room temperature. Selected specimens were aged at 900 °C for 6 or 24 hours. The SCHT yielded similar fully lamellar microstructures for both alloys, with a lamellar spacing of 0.04 m, but with different grain sizes averaging 80 m (G1) and 40 m (G2). The aging treatments generated  precipitates along lamellar colony boundaries in both alloys, but along lamellar interfaces only in alloy G2. Constant load tensile creep tests were performed at 760 °C and 276 MPa. Alloy G2 exhibited superior creep performance compared to alloy G1, due to the quantity and size of  precipitate particles at the lamellar interfaces.
Cementation Analysis by Eddy Current Method (2009)

Increase the hardness, the endurance and the life time of material can be realised by surface treatments and remetallings, the electromagnetic properties of steels depend on their composition, their microstructures and constraints applied. We can use the electric and magnetic parameters to evaluate their microstructure. The object of this work is the characterization of cementation by the nondestructive methods and the determination of physicochemical parameters. Samples of low carbon tenor steel were cemented with different alternatives. We studied these samples by eddy current method. The treatment of these results will be able to inform us about the cementation parameters. This work allow to determine the surface layers by NDT methods.
Bimode uninterruptible power supply compatibility in renewable hybrid energy systems (1990)

An alternative to inverters with add-on charging circuits or standby uninterruptible power supply (UPS) hardware, the bimode UPS, is discussed. The bimode UPS uses common circuitry and power components for DC-to-AC inversion and battery charging. It also provides an automatic and nearly instantaneous AC power transfer function when the engine-generator is started or stopped. The components of the renewable hybrid energy system are described to provide a background for understanding the bimode evaluation. Operating characteristics and requirements of each part of the system are provided. A short description of standby UPS is given, and a comparison of the two systems is made to establish their similarities; the similarities show how the UPS may be used in hybrid systems. Evolution of the UPS to the bimode UPS allows simplification of the hybrid system if the bimode UPS proves its compatibility with loads, batteries, and engine generator. The renewable conversion device operates independently of the UPS. The incorporation of the bimode UPS is discussed, and the Abacus bimode UPS is evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>