gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of happiness, anger, and anxiety on the blood pressure of borderline hypertensives. (1986)

Differences in blood pressure associated with reported happiness, anger, and anxiety are examined among 90 borderline hypertensives during 24-hr blood pressure monitoring. There were 1152 individual ambulatory blood pressure readings for which subjects classified their emotional state as happy (n = 628), angry (n = 67), or anxious (n = 457) on scales from one (low) to ten (high). Pressures were transformed to z-scores using the subject's 24-hr mean and standard deviation to assess relative elevation during reported emotional arousal. The results show that emotional arousal significantly increases systolic and diastolic pressure (p less than 0.00001), an effect independent of posture and location of subject during measurement (at work, home, or elsewhere). On average, pressures during reported angry or anxious states were higher than those during a happy state (p less than 0.01). Examination of arousal intensity showed that scores on the happiness scale were inversely related to systolic pressure (p less than 0.01) whereas the degree of anxiety was positively associated with diastolic pressure (p less than 0.02). Emotional effects were also related to the degree of individual daily pressure variation such that the greater the variability, the larger the blood pressure change associated with the emotions. The results suggest that happiness, anger, and anxiety increase blood pressure to differing degrees and that emotional effects may be greater in individuals with more labile blood pressure.
Hierarchical current density verification for electromigration analysis in arbitrarily shaped metallization patterns of analog circuits (2002)

Electromigration is caused by high current density stress in metallization patterns and is a major source of breakdown in electronic devices. It is therefore an important reliability issue to verify current densities within all stressed metallization patterns. In this paper we propose a new methodology for hierarchical verification of current densities in arbitrarily shaped analog circuit layouts, including a quasi-3D model to verify irregularities such as vias. Our approach incorporates thermal simulation data to account for the temperature dependency of electromigration. The described methodology, which can be integrated into any IC design flow as a design rule check (DRC), has been successfully tested and verified in commercial design flows.
Methods for the estimation of sub-sample motion of digitized ultrasound echo signals in two dimensions (2008)

Motion estimation in sequences of ultrasound echo signals is essential for a wide range of modern ultrasound-based signal processing applications. Pattern matching algorithms are generally used for finding the motion within sampling accuracy. Subsequently, 1D interpolation techniques are employed to find any motion smaller than sampling accuracy. In this paper, we propose several interpolation schemes that are suited for 2D motion estimation. Simulations using Field II ultrasound simulation software and experiments using an Ultrasonix Sonix RP imaging system with a L9-4/38 linear array transducer are used to study these techniques and compare their performance to other methods reported in the literature. The results show that the proposed interpolation methods outperform other common techniques in terms of bias and jitter. The axial and the lateral bias of the proposed methods are measured to be less than 1 microm and 5 microm, respectively, in both the simulated and the experimental data.
Tracking alignment of sparse ultrasound with preoperative images of the liver and an interventional plan using models of respiratory motion and deformation (2004)

We present a method for non-rigid registration of preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images and an interventional plan to sparse intraoperative ultrasound (US) of the liver. Our clinical motivation is to enable the accurate transfer of information from preoperative imaging modalities to intraoperative ultrasound to aid needle placement for thermal ablation of liver metastases. An inital rigid registration to intraoperative coordinates is obtained using a set of ultrasound images acquired at maximum exhalation. A pre-processing step is applied to both the MR and US images. The preoperative image and plan are then aligned to a single ultrasound slice acquired at an unknown point in the breathing cycle where the liver is likely to have moved and deformed relative to the preoperative image. Alignment is constrained using a patient-specific model of breathing motion and deformation. Target registration error is estimated by carrying out simulation experiments using sparsely re-sliced MR volumes in place of real ultrasound and comparing the registration results to a gold-standard registration performed on the full MR volume. Experiments using real ultrasound are then carried out and verified using visual inspection.
New parallelization and convergence results for NC (2000)

The negotiation-based routing paradigm has been used successfully in a number of FPGA routers. In this paper, we report several new findings related to the negotiation-based routing paradigm. We examine in-depth the convergence of the negotiation-based routing algorithm. We illustrate that the negotiation-based algorithm can be parallelized. Finally, we demonstrate that a negotiation-based parallel FPGA router can perform well in terms of delay and speedup with practical FPGA circuits.
Late Complications of the Weight-Bearing Upper Extremity in the Paraplegic Patient (1988)

Paraplegic patients rely almost exclusively on their upper extremities for weight-bearing activities such as transfers and wheelchair propulsion. Eighty-four paraplegic patients whose injury level was T2 or below and who were at least one year from spinal cord injury were screened for upper extremity complaints. Fifty-seven (67.8%) had complaints of pain in one or more areas of their upper extremities. The most common complaints were shoulder pain and/or pain relating to carpal tunnel syndrome. Twenty-five (30%) complained of shoulder pain during transfer activities. Symptoms were found to increase with time from injury. As the long-term survival of spinal cord injured patients continues to improve, an increased awareness of the complications of the weight-bearing upper extremity is necessary to keep these patients functioning in society.
Broken rotor bars fault detection in squirrel cage induction machines (2005)

Intensive research efforts have been focused on the signature analysis (SA) to detect electrical and mechanical faults of three-phase squirrel-cage induction machines. For this purpose, different signals can be used such as stator voltages, stator currents, stray flux and input power. The diagnosis methods based on current signals analysis (CSA) are the most popular. The interpretation of one-phase current spectrum or three-phase current space vector spectrum provides direct information on the presence of abnormal conditions. In this paper, attention has been paid to the stray flux for rotor fault diagnosis of the three-phase squirrel-cage induction machines
Two-photon absorption of a series of V-shape molecules: the influence of acceptor's strength on two-photon absorption in a noncentrosymmetric D–π–A–π–D system (2007)

A series of V-shape D–π–A–π–D molecules were synthesized based on pyrimidine as the acceptor. The strength of the acceptor (A) in these molecules was systematically adjusted through changing the substituent group in pyrimidine. Their two-photon absorption properties were measured by two-photon induced fluorescence techniques with a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser (100 fs, 80 MHz) in the range of 720 to 880 nm. The results indicate that the strength of the acceptor has an important influence on the two-photon absorption properties of this noncentrosymmetric D–π–A–π–D system, and a molecule with a strong acceptor is liable to display a large two-photon absorption cross-section.
Beta-chemokine TCA3 binds to and activates rat vascular smooth muscle cells (1996)

The present study compares the activity of TCA3 with other beta-chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1) on rat vascular smooth muscle cells. TCA3, MIP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 (but not MIP-1 beta) treatment stimulates chemotaxis of vascular smooth muscle cells. TCA3-mediated chemotactic responses are sensitive to treatment with pertussis toxin, suggesting that G alpha-i proteins are involved in TCA3 signaling of smooth muscle. In addition, TCA3, MIP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 increase vascular smooth muscle cell adhesiveness to type III collagen. In contrast, stimulation with TCA3, but not other beta-chemokines, induces proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. TCA3 receptors were identified on rat vascular smooth muscle cells by direct binding of radiolabeled ligand. TCA3 binds to this receptor with high affinity (3 nM). Rat vascular smooth muscle cells display approximately 75,000 binding sites/cell. Competitive inhibition studies indicated that murine MIP-1 alpha, murine MCP-1, and human RANTES are weak partial competitors of TCA3 binding, demonstrating the existence of a unique receptor for TCA3. Murine MIP-1 beta, which fails to stimulate any biologic functions in vascular smooth muscle cells, also does not inhibit TCA3 binding. The combined data demonstrate that TCA3 and other beta-chemokines can modulate vascular smooth muscle cell function.
Exercise and Breast Cancer (2000)

There is a small amount of data on the role of exercise in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, but many of the studies are limited by small size, imperfect design or patient selection. More information about exercise in outpatient chemotherapy patients is needed, as are more comprehensive studies of the effects of chemotherapy on functional status and psychological states. In the mid 1980s, MacVicar and Winningham, two oncology nurses, began studying exercise in breast cancer patients (1-3). They noticed that patients who exercised during treatment experienced positive mood enhancing effects, and, incidently, reported less nausea (1). This led to a second study in 42 breast cancer patients, which confirmed that those who exercised experienced less nausea than the non-exercisers or those who stretched only (2). A third, similar study found that patients who exercised had significant improvements in functional capacity, as measured by Vo2Lmax (3). In 1991, Young-McCaughan and Sexton investigated the relationship between exercise and quality of life (QOL) (4). This retrospective study of 42 previously treated breast cancer patients found that those who had exercised during treatment had a significantly improved quality of life (based on an 18 question QOL Index) than the non-exercisers. This study was limited by size, as well as retrospective design and the select group of predominately white, upper class women with early stage breast cancer.
Calibration of gradient propagation delays for accurate two‐dimensional radiofrequency pulses (2004)

Hardware-related delays between the requested and actual start times of the gradient waveforms on each physical axis are of particular importance for multidimensional selective excitation in which the synchronization of gradient and radiofrequency (RF) waveforms is critical. A method is proposed for the accurate calibration of gradient propagation delays to optimize the spatial accuracy of 2D RF pulses, although the results may also be used to reduce artifacts in other MR techniques. The sensitivity of 2D RF pulses to uncorrected time shifts between the gradient and RF waveforms was exploited to calibrate accurately the propagation delays on each physical gradient axis. This was achieved using a technique that relates the effect of gradient delays in the component waveforms of a constant-angular rate spiral k-space trajectory 2D RF pulse to the spatial location of the subsequent excitation profile. Comparison was also made with a procedure based on a previously described k-space plotting method, showing broad agreement, but with some discrepancies that illustrate the value of a self-referenced correction method for multidimensional RF pulses.
Technical aspects of minimal residual disease detection in carcinoma patients (2001)

The burden of occult malignant cells which remains after a course of treatment that has resulted in clinical remission is referred to as minimal residual disease (MRD). MRD is increasingly considered as a determinant of local or systemic recurrence in cancer patients. During the last 20 years, methods for the detection of rare cancer cells have evolved from mere cytomorphological investigations to a variety of immunological and molecular assays. Since surgical therapy remains the best treatment option for cancer patients with resectable tumors, the first question to address is whether the removal of the tumor was complete or some cancer cells remained from the tumor at the primary site. Several tumor-associated DNA alterations have been identified to solve this diagnostic problem. Assays detecting tumor-associated DNA alterations have been applied to resection margins and body fluids such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, urine, pancreatic juice, colonic lavage, and stool. Due to the higher sensitivity of immunocytochemical and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assays, the second question to be addressed is whether systemic hematogenous or lymphatic spread of cancer cells occurred. Disseminated cancer cells have been detected in bone marrow aspirates, peripheral blood, and lymph node biopsies, and cancer cell dissemination is regarded as a relevant and independent prognostic factor. Thus, sensitive techniques for the detection of MRD are likely to guide indications for surgical or adjuvant therapy protocols in clinical oncology. However, since many of the assays for the detection of MRD are complex, and results are influenced by a variety of technical aspects, the majority of diagnostic applications have not yet been sufficiently standardized. Consequently, quality control and reproducibility of minimal disease detection assays remain unsolved problems. Therefore, well controlled collaborative studies are urgently required to evaluate indications and diagnostic standards for these assays. This review summarizes technical aspects and their implications for the clinical application of presently available assays for MRD detection in carcinoma patients.
A New Backoff Algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (2004)

In the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), network nodes experiencing collisions on the shared channel need to backoff for a random period of time, which is uniformly selected from the Contention Window (CW ). This contention window is dynamically controlled by the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) algorithm. The BEB scheme, as shown in some studies in the literature, suffers from a fairness problem and low throughput under high traffic load. In this paper, we propose a new backoff algorithm, termed the Linear/Multiplicative Increase and Linear Decrease (LMILD) backoff algorithm, for use with the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function. In the LMILD scheme, colliding nodes increase their contention windows multiplicatively, while other nodes overhearing the collisions increase their contention windows linearly. After successful transmissions, all nodes decrease their contention windows linearly. Our preliminary study shows that the LMILD scheme out-performs the BEB scheme employed in the IEEE 802.11 MAC standard and the Multiplicative Increase Linear Decrease (MILD) scheme over a wide range of network sizes.
A Tolerogenic Artificial APC Durably Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Directly and Selectively Modulating Myelin Peptide–Autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells (2018)

In this study, a tolerogenic artificial APC (TaAPC) was developed to directly and selectively modulate myelin-autoreactive CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)<sub>35-55</sub> peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6J mice. Cell-sized polylactic-coglycolic acid microparticles were generated to cocouple target Ags (MOG<sub>40-54</sub>/H-2D<sup>b</sup>-Ig dimer, MOG<sub>35-55</sub>/I-A<sup>b</sup> multimer), regulatory molecules (anti-Fas and PD-L1-Fc), and "self-marker" CD47-Fc and encapsulate inhibitory cytokine (TGF-β1). Four infusions of the TaAPCs markedly and durably inhibited the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis progression and reduced the local inflammation in CNS tissue. They circulated throughout vasculature into peripheral lymphoid tissues and various organs, but not into brain, with retention of 36 h and exerted direct effects on T cells in vivo and in vitro. Two infusions of the TaAPCs depleted 65-79% of MOG<sub>35-55</sub>-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and 46-62% of MOG<sub>40-54</sub>-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and CNS tissues in an Ag-specific manner and regulatory molecule-dependent fashion; induced robust T cell apoptosis; inhibited the activation and proliferation of MOG peptide-reactive T cells; reduced MOG peptide-reactive Th1, Th17, and Tc17 cells; and expanded regulatory T cells. They also inhibited IFN-γ/IL-17A secretion and elevated IL-10/TGF-β1 production in splenocytes but not in CNS tissue. More importantly, the TaAPCs treatment did not obviously suppress the overall immune function of host. To our knowledge, this study provides the first experimental evidence for the capability of TaAPCs to directly modulate autoreactive T cells by surface presentation of multiple ligands and paracrine release of cytokine, thus suggesting a novel Ag-specific immunotherapy for the T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Subtype switching of vesicular glutamate transporters at parallel fibre–Purkinje cell synapses in developing mouse cerebellum (2003)

Two subtypes of the vesicular glutamate transporter are expressed differentially in two excitatory afferents synapsing on to Purkinje cells: VGluT1 (BNPI) in axon terminals of cerebellar granule cells (i.e. parallel fibres; PFs) and VGluT2 (DNPI) in those of the inferior olivary neurons (climbing fibres; CFs). In the present study, we examined their expression in the developing mouse cerebellum. By in situ hybridization, the inferior olivary nucleus selectively expressed VGluT2 mRNA through postnatal life. In the cerebellum, both subtypes were transcribed in the external and internal granular layers during the first postnatal week. Thereafter, VGluT1 mRNA showed marked upregulation in the internal granular layer, whereas VGluT2 mRNA disappeared from the external and internal granular layers by the end of the third postnatal week. By immunohistochemistry, CF terminals consistently exhibited VGluT2 immunoreactivity in the postnatal cerebellum. By contrast, in the first 10 days of postnatal life, VGluT2 predominated in PF terminals, despite the transcription of both transporters in developing granule cells. During the second 10 days, VGluT2 in PF terminals was replaced with VGluT1 from deep regions of the molecular layer upwards, correlating with dendritic translocation of CFs. This replacement was accomplished by postnatal day 30. Taking that late-borne PFs are laid down successively on earlier ones in the molecular layer, the deep-to-superficial replacement represents maturation-linked switching from VGluT2 to VGluT1 in individual PFs, and is likely to be regulated at both the transcription and translation levels.
New poly(amidoamine)s containing disulfide linkages in their main chain (2005)

Abstract Novel poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) containing disulfide linkages regularly arranged along their backbones were synthesized by the stepwise polyaddition of 2‐methylpiperazine to N,N ′‐bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BACy1) or N,N ′‐bis(acryloyl)‐( L )‐cystine (BACy2). Both bisacrylamides had, in turn, been obtained by the reaction of acryloyl chloride with the corresponding amines. All the products were characterized with 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, and the average molecular weights of the polymers were determined by size exclusion chromatography. Both PAAs showed different solubility properties. In particular, PAA‐Cy1, derived from BACy1, was sparingly soluble in water, whereas PAA‐Cy2, derived from BACy2, was very soluble in aqueous media. The polymerization rates were investigated with 1 H NMR spectroscopy. In both cases, the experimental data were consistent with pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The calculated kinetic constants were 5.96 × 10 −3 and 5.90 × 10 −2 min −1 L mol −1 for the polyaddition of BACy1 and BACy2, respectively. The observed hydrolytic degradation rate of PAA‐Cy2 in a pH 7.4 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) buffer was comparable to that of conventional amphoteric PAAs, that is, PAAs containing carboxyl groups in their repeating unit. Degradation experiments carried out in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol with both PAAs demonstrated that the disulfide groups contained in its repeating units were susceptible to reductive cleavage in the presence of thiols. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1404–1416, 2005
WES: Agent-based User Interaction Simulation on Real Infrastructure (2020)

We introduce the Web-Enabled Simulation (WES) research agenda, and describe FACEBOOK's WW system. We describe the application of WW to reliability, integrity and privacy at FACEBOOK , where it is used to simulate social media interactions on an infrastructure consisting of hundreds of millions of lines of code. The WES agenda draws on research from many areas of study, including Search Based Software Engineering, Machine Learning, Programming Languages, Multi Agent Systems, Graph Theory, Game AI, and AI Assisted Game Play. We conclude with a set of open problems and research challenges to motivate wider investigation.
Preparation and glass transition temperatures of elastomeric PolyHIPE materials (1997)

Highly porous elastomeric PolyHIPE materials have been prepared by polymerisation of the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) containing styrene, divinylbenzene and varying amounts of either 2-ethylhexyl acrylate or the corresponding methacrylate monomer. The glass transition temperatures of the resulting copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For each series,Tg was found to vary non-linearly with copolymer composition. By consideration of the comonomer unit sequencing along the polymer backbone, as deduced from reactivity ratios, the relationship between Tg and composition in each case has been qualitatively explained. Comparison between experimental results and values calculated using an entropic approach have been made. It is thought that the (meth)acrylate comonomers reduce the overall Tg by three mechanisms: by introducing large amounts of free volume, due to their bulky side groups; by providing a much higher degree of flexibility to the polymer chains; and by reducing the proportion of adjacent styrene units, which display particularly unfavourable steric interactions.
Explaining Predictions of Non-Linear Classifiers in NLP (2016)

Layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) is a recently proposed technique for explaining predictions of complex non-linear classifiers in terms of input variables. In this paper, we apply LRP for the first time to natural language processing (NLP). More precisely, we use it to explain the predictions of a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on a topic categorization task. Our analysis highlights which words are relevant for a specific prediction of the CNN. We compare our technique to standard sensitivity analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively, using a "word deleting" perturbation experiment, a PCA analysis, and various visualizations. All experiments validate the suitability of LRP for explaining the CNN predictions, which is also in line with results reported in recent image classification studies.