gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Achiral Pyrazolidinone Templates in Enantioselective Diels−Alder Reactions:  Scope, Limitations, and Conformational Insights (2006)

We have evaluated the role of achiral pyrazolidinone templates in conjunction with chiral Lewis acids in room temperature, enantioselective Diels-Alder cycloadditions. The role of the fluxional N(1) substituent was examined, with the bulky 1-naphthylmethyl group providing enantioselectivities up to 99% ee, while templates with smaller fluxional groups gave lower selectivities. High selectivities were also observed in reactions of 7d with chiral Lewis acids derived from relatively small chiral ligands, suggesting the pyrazolidinone templates are capable of relaying stereochemical information from the ligand to the reaction center. Lewis acids capable of adapting square planar geometries, such as Cu(OTf)2, Cu(ClO4)2, and Pd(ClO4)2, were found to be particularly effective at providing high selectivities. Additionally, substitution at the C-5 position of the pyrazolidinone templates has been shown to be critical for optimal selectivity. Reactions of the optimal pyrazolidinone appended with a number of common dienophiles and various dienes demonstrate the utility of this achiral template. Furthermore, catalytic loadings could be lowered to 2.5 mol % with essentially no loss in selectivity. Pi-Pi interactions were evaluated as a means to explain the unusually high selectivity observed at room temperature. Finally, non-C2-symmetric ligands were employed as a test to determine if chiral relay was operative.
Filamentless neutralization of broad ion beams (1991)

A new, effective technique of broad ion beam neutralization, based on alternating ion and electron extraction via the same optic is presented and discussed. The screen and accelerator grids of a two-grid extraction system are biased with bipolar and unipolar pulses of varying amplitude and frequency, respectively. Pulse frequencies of 500 Hz–20 kHz have been tested. In each period ions are extracted with screen pulse amplitudes of 200–800 V and accelerator voltages kept at 10%–20% of the respective screen grid potential. Similarly, electrons are extracted with screen pulse amplitudes of −50–−200 V and a grounded or slightly negatively biased accelerator grid. An electrically nonconductive target bombarded subsequently by ions and electrons will charge and discharge periodically, possibly resulting in a zero target bias. The neutralization effect has been studied in two ways: (i) measurement of a metallic target bias being electrically insulated from ground by a 220 nF capacitor; (ii) etching experiments of 1.2 μm thick polyimide layers (HPR 204) deposited on a Si3N4/Si substrate. A high positive target bias resulting from insufficient beam neutralization correlates with low etch rate and poor quality of the etched substrate surface. A negative target bias (overneutralization) increases the energy of impinging positively charged ions resulting in increased etch rates. Although unwanted in general this effect may be used intentionally in some cases. Zero target bias in all cases assures good surface quality and high etch rates. The neutralization principle presented is of prime importance in reactive ion beam processes when filamentless ion sources are used. This holds especially when interactions of chemically reactive ions with electrically insulating surfaces are considered.
Increasing the working voltage across chains of Josephson junctions (1985)

Increasing the working voltage across chains of josephson junctions is considered during operation. (AIP)
Karen Santen's Stolen Moments (2006)

Karen Santen's sculpture, Foot of an Elk Lady has mythological status, reminiscent of artifacts found in archaeological digs. Her larger semi-abstract sculptures evoke the wonder and quietness of her stay that is mysterious.
Acupuncture and Reflexology for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Breast Cancer (2017)

The results of this study demonstrated that a joint protocol of acupuncture and reflexology has a potential to improve symptoms of CIPN in breast cancer patients. The protocol should be validated on a larger cohort with a control group. It also warrants testing as a preventive intervention.
Process Improvement Using In-Situ Particle Detection (1993)

An engineering criterion is derived to determine when the particle level detected in exhaust flow can be treated as a representiative measure of particle concentration in the reactor. It is established when gravitation sedimentation is the dominant phenomenon affecting particle deposition and when the particle distribution in the reactor is well-mixed. An example of using this technology to improve a plasma-en-hanced chemical vapor deposition process is presented.
A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of disulfiram and its metabolites (1992)

After ingestion, disulfiram (DSF) is rapidly converted, probably in the stomach, to its bis (diethyldithiocarbamato) copper complex. Consequently, absorption and distribution via the gastrointestinal mucosa into the blood might involve both the parent drug and its copper complex. In the blood, both compounds are rapidly degraded to form diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC), which is unstable and is further degraded to form diethylamine and carbon disulphide. DDC is also a substrate of phase II metabolism, which involves formation of diethyldithiomethylcarbamate (Me-DDC) and the glucuronic acid of DDC. Me-DDC also undergoes oxidative biotransformation to diethylthiomethylcarbamate (Me-DTC), which is further oxidized to its corresponding sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites. Me-DTC may to act as a suicide inhibitor with a preference for the mitochondrial low Km isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH 1), whereas the two S-oxidized metabolites, especially the sulfone metabolite, are more potent inhibitors not only of ALDH 1, but also of the cytosolic high Km isozyme of ALDH (ALDH 2). The inhibitory reaction between the enzyme and each of the three metabolites is characterized by a covalent adduct formation, probably with the cysteine residue at the active site of the enzymes. The adduct formed is nonreducible at a physiological concentration of glutathione, and inactivation in the presence of this endogenous tripeptide was increased by action in vitro of the sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites. Those findings are all in concordance with the in vivo observations made on DSF. In human volunteers treated with increasing doses of DSF and challenged with ethanol between each of the dosage periods, the mean plasma concentrations of Me-DTC at steady state were proportional to the DSF doses given. There was also a close relationship between increased oxidative metabolic formation of Me-DTC, high oxidative formation of acetaldehyde, and the full complements of a valid disulfiram ethanol reaction (DER). Consequently, Me-DTC in plasma may not only serve as a marker of the oxidative metabolic function of the liver, but also of the therapeutic effectiveness of the treatment in subjects at steady state. Obviously, there is a need for individual dose-titration regimens. In patients with alcohol-related severe hepatocellular damage, the oxidative P 450 catalyzed formation of the Me-DTC and probably also of its sulfoxide and sulphone metabolites is impaired, and thus inactivation of ALDH activity in the liver appears to be delayed or even completely absent. The consequence for the patient may be an insufficient DER.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A ligand‐pseudoreceptor system based on <i>de novo</i> designed peptides for the generation of adenoviral vectors with altered tropism (2008)

We have established a new system to produce AdVs ablated of natural tropism. This system should permit the retargeting of AdVs by inserting new ligands within the fiber or through the interaction with bispecific adaptors.
Current Cardiovascular Drugs (2000)

How to Use This Book.- Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers (Peripherally Acting Antihypertensive Agents).- Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists (Centrally Acting Antihypertensive Agents).- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.- Angiotensin-II Receptor Blockers.- Antiarrhythmic Agents.- Antithrombotic Therapy.- Beta-Adrenergic Blockers.- Calcium Antagonists.- Diuretics.- Inotropic and Vasopressor Agents.- Lipid-Lowering Drugs.- Neuronal and Ganglionic Blockers.- Vasodilators (Other Agents and Drug Classes).- Drugs in Development: New Agents, New Classes, New Indications.
In Vivo Protein Cyclization Promoted by a Circularly Permuted Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 DnaB Mini-intein (2002)

A synthetic Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 DnaB split mini-intein gene was constructed for the in vivo cyclization of recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. The system was used to cyclize the NH(2)-terminal domain of E. coli DnaB, the structure of which had been determined previously by NMR spectroscopy. Cyclization was found to proceed efficiently, with little accumulation of precursor, and the product was purified in high yield. The solution structure of cyclic DnaB-N is not significantly different from that of linear DnaB-N and it unfolds reversibly at temperatures approximately 14 degrees C higher. Improved hydrogen bonding was observed in the first and last helices, and the length of the last helix was increased, while the 9-amino acid linker used to join the NH(2) and COOH termini was found to be highly mobile. The measured thermodynamic stabilization of the structure (Delta Delta G approximately 2 kcal/mol) agrees well with the value estimated from the reduced conformational entropy in the unfolded form. Simple polymer theory can be used to predict likely free energy changes resulting from protein cyclization and how the stabilization depends on the size of the protein and the length of the linker used to connect the termini.
New approach for chipless and low cost identification tag in the THz frequency domain (2012)

In the present paper, we present a new approach for data encoding in the THz frequency domain. We proposed a structure based on a 1D periodic stack of dielectric layers whose thickness is of the order of the wavelength, i.e. in the millimeter range. Such a device exhibits well known forbidden band gap (FBG) behavior when illuminated by an electromagnetic wave. We suggest modifying the periodicity of the stack to create defect levels in the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> FBG to encode binary information. The layers are made of low cost dielectric materials such as pure low density polyethylene (LDPE) and a mixture of LDPE with mineral charges like CaCO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> or TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> as respectively low (L) and high (H) refractive index material. We show that such a device can be used for binary data encoding in the frequency range from 150 to 600 GHz with encoding capacities greater than 10 bits.
Phosphodiesterase-4 as a potential drug target (2005)

Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is the predominant enzyme in some specific cell types that is responsible for the degradation of the second messenger, cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 plays a crucial role in cell signalling and, as such, it has been the target of clinical drug development of various indications, ranging from anti-inflammation to memory enhancement. In this review, the fundamental biological role of PDE4 in intracellular signalling, its tissue distribution and regulation are described. The historical development of various chemical classes of PDE4 inhibitors and the challenges that face these inhibitors as therapeutics are also discussed. Finally, recent advances in the structural biology of PDE4 and their complexes with various inhibitors, as well as its potential impact on the rational design of potent and selective PDE4 inhibitors, are presented.
Blender Geometry in Mixing of Solids (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBlender Geometry in Mixing of SolidsD. S. Cahn, T. W. Healy, and D. W. FuerstenauCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1965, 4, 3, 318–322Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260015a017https://doi.org/10.1021/i260015a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views126Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Coupled vinyl and acetal ring‐opening polymerization (1964)

Abstract 4‐Methylene‐1,3‐dioxolane and its derivatives were polymerized by cationic catalysts. Infrared and ultraviolet studies showed that the polymers of 2,2‐dimethyl‐ or 2‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolane possess appreciable carbonyl content. This indicates that the polymerization takes place in such a manner that the carbon–carbon double bond opening is coupled with a concurrent acetal ring rearrangement in the propagation step to give “ketoether” sequences. 4‐Methylene‐1,3‐dioxolane, on the other hand, was found to polymerize mostly at the carbon–carbon double bond. Copolymerization of these monomers with acrylonitrile under ultraviolet irradiation was also studied.
Dendritic and Nanowire Assemblies of Condensed DNA Polymer Brushes (2014)

We investigated the collective conformational response of DNA polymer brushes to condensation induced by the trivalent cation spermidine. DNA brushes, a few kilobase-pairs long, undergo a striking transition into macroscopic domains of collapsed chains with fractal dendritic morphology. Condensation is initiated by focal nucleation of a towerlike bundle, which laterally expands in a chain-reaction cascade of structural chain-to-chain collapse onto the surface. The transition exhibits the hallmarks of a first-order phase transition with grain boundaries, hysteresis, and coexistence between condensed and uncondensed phases. We found that an extended DNA conformation is maintained throughout the transition and is a prerequisite for the formation of large-scale dendritic domains. We identified a critical DNA density above which the nucleation propensity and growth rate sharply increase. We hypothesize that the ability of DNA-scaffolding proteins to modify the local DNA density within a genome may act as a dynamic and sensitive mechanism for spatial regulation of DNA transactions in vivo by selective condensation of chromosomal territories. By assembling a DNA brush along a patterned line narrower than twice the DNA contour length and tuning the local surface densities, we were able to initiate nucleation at a predefined location and induced growth of a single condensed nanowire over a distance 2 orders of magnitude longer than the single-chain contour. Our results demonstrate spatial control of condensation as a new tool for constructing DNA-based synthetic systems with important implications for regulation of DNA transactions on surfaces.
Two NAD<sup>+</sup>-Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Forms in <i>Phycomyces blakesleeanus</i>. Induction in Response to Acetate Growth and Characterization, Kinetics, and Regulation of Both Enzyme Forms (1996)

Two forms of NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase, named ICDH-1 and ICDH-2, have been identified and purified in Phycomyces blakesleeanus NRRL-1555(-). These enzymes forms may be separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. ICDH-2 induction was a response to the adaptation of Phycomyes growth on acetate as the carbon source. Both enzyme forms were octamers of 388 + or - 30 kDa with apparently identical subunits of 40.5 +/- 5 kDa, but they were distinguishable by their electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric pH values were 5.28 and 4.96 for ICDH-1 and ICDH-2, respectively. ICDH-2 was more stable to urea denaturation than ICDH-1. At pH 7.6, ICDH-1 showed a markedly sigmoidal kinetic behavior with respect to isocitrate. However, ICDH-1 and ICDH-2 showed hyperbolic kinetics with respect to NAD+. THe tribasic form of isocitrate (I3-) and its magnesium complex (MI-) are the true substrates for both enzyme forms. Kinetic data obtained with Mg2+ as a divalent cation for both enzyme forms are compatible with the kinetic mechanism proposed by Cohen and Colman (1974) [Eur. J. Biochem. 47, 35-45] but assuming some degree of interaction between binding sites for the active form of isocitrate. This report describes for the first time the existence of two forms of NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase in filamentous fungi. From the changes in activity levels for each form, during adaptation of Phycomyces to growth on acetate and taking into account the kinetic and regulatory properties of both enzyme forms, we discuss the role of ICDH-1 and ICDH-2 in the control of isocitrate flux in Phycomyces.
Effects of bupropion on body weight. (1983)

Patients' weights were assessed during placebo-controlled, amitriptyline-controlled, and uncontrolled bupropion trials. Low-moderate (50-450 mg/day) to moderate-high (300-750 mg/day) doses of bupropion were consistently associated with a lack of weight gain (average weight loss of 1-2 pounds); placebo was associated with an average weight gain of 1 lb and 75-225 mg/day of amitriptyline was associated with an increase of 3-9 lb. Bupropion treatment was rarely accompanied by reports of appetite change and had no statistically significant effect on caloric intake when compared to placebo.
On the Potential of NoC Virtualization for Multicore Chips (2008)

As the end of Moores-law is on the horizon, power becomes a limiting
 factor to continuous increases in performance gains for single-core
 processors. Processor engineers have shifted to the multicore paradigm
 and many-core processors are a reality. Within the context of these
 multicore chips, three key metrics point themselves out as being of
 major importance, performance , fault-tolerance (including
 yield), and power consumption . A solution that optimizes all
 three of these metrics is challenging. As the number of cores increases
 the importance of the interconnection network-on-chip (NoC) grows as
 well, and chip designers should aim to optimize these three key
 metrics in the NoC context as well.
 In this paper we identify and discuss the main properties that a NoC
 must exhibit in order to enable such optimizations. In particular, we
 propose the use of virtualization techniques at the NoC level. As a major finding, we identify the
 implementation of unicast and broadcast routing algorithms to become a key design parameter
 in order to achieve an effective virtualization of the chip.
 The intention behind this paper is for it to serve as a position paper
 on the topic of virtualization for NoC and the challenges that should
 be met at the routing layer in order to optimize performance,
 fault-tolerance and power consumption in multicore chips.
Amphidinolide H, a novel type of actin-stabilizing agent isolated from dinoflagellate (2004)

The effect of novel cytotoxic marine macrolide, amphidinolide H (Amp-H), on actin dynamics was investigated in vitro. Amp-H attenuated actin depolymerization induced by diluting F-actin. This effect remained after washing out of unbound Amp-H by filtration. In the presence of either Amp-H or phalloidin, lag phase, which is the rate-limiting step of actin polymerization, was shortened. Phalloidin decreased the polymerization-rate whereas Amp-H did not. Meanwhile, the effects of both compounds were the same when barbed end of actin was capped by cytochalasin D. Quartz crystal microbalance system revealed interaction of Amp-H with G-actin and F-actin. Amp-H also enhanced the binding of phalloidin to F-actin. We concluded that Amp-H stabilizes actin in a different manner from that of phalloidin and serves as a novel pharmacological tool for analyzing actin-mediated cell function.
Identification and characterization of EspK, a type III secreted effector protein of enterohaemorrhagic<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 (2006)

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes bloody diarrhoea in humans and deploys a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement to elicit the formation of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions on intestinal epithelia. Here, we report the identification of a new secreted substrate of this system, z1829, which is encoded by cryptic prophage CP-933N. Elevated secretion of a beta-lactamase-z1829 fusion protein was detected upon mutation of sepD in EHEC O157:H7 and the fusion protein was translocated into infected epithelial cells in a T3SS-dependent manner; accordingly, we named the protein EspK. In common with the related Salmonella enterica type III secreted effector GogB, we observed that EspK localized to the cytoplasm when transiently expressed in COS-7 cells using EspK-specific antiserum. Inactivation of espK did not impair adherence or actin nucleation during infection of HeLa cells but affected persistence of EHEC O157:H7 in the intestines of orally inoculated calves. Inactivation of an orthologue of espK in the murine AE pathogen Citrobacter rodentium did not impair intestinal colonization in mice.
Spatial-temporal mapping of real applications on a Dynamically Reconfigurable Logic Engine (DRLE) LSI (2002)

We have used DES and Reed-Solomon applications to evaluate a dynamically reconfigurable logic engine (DRLE) LSI and have spatially mapped and temporally partitioned these applications into multiple contexts of a DRLE LSI. The evaluation shows that the DRLE improved by more than an order of magnitude over the conventional low-power /spl mu/P in both performance and energy consumption. We believe DRLE's scalability against various size applications, which is achieved by dynamic reconfiguration among multiple contexts, will be invaluable for on-chip programmable IP cores in system LSIs.
Cytotoxicity of some indium radiopharmaceuticals in mouse testes. (1988)

The biological effects of [111In]oxine, [111In]citrate, and [114mIn]citrate localized in mouse testes as well as the effects of external x-rays are investigated. The in vivo radiotoxicity of [111In] oxine is far greater than the chemotoxicity of oxine. Of these radiolabeled compounds, [111In] oxine is the most effective in reducing the sperm-head population, the mean lethal dose (D37) to the organ being about 0.16 Gy at 37% survival of the sperm heads. The corresponding values of D37 for [111In]citrate, [114mIn]citrate and x-rays are approximately 0.34, 0.57, and 0.67 Gy, respectively. The present results affirm our earlier finding of the inadequacy of conventional dosimetry in estimating the biologic consequences of Auger-electron emitters in vivo. The very different radiotoxicities of [111In]oxine and [111In]citrate draw attention to the role of the chemical nature of the radiolabeled compounds in the expression of biologic effects in vivo, an aspect that is not considered explicitly in the formulation of conventional dosimetry.