gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Condensation of Formaldehyde with Active Methylene Compounds. I (1951)

1) It was found that ethyl methylolmalonate was formed in a good yield by the reaction of ethyl malonate and formalin at below 40° under the presence of sodium acetate. This compound is a colorless, slightly viscous oil, easily soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. It is impossible to purify this compound as it decomposes by distillation.2) Ethyl methylolmalonate is dehydrated by a small amount of diethylamine and changes to the already-known ethyl methylenemalonate.3) Ethyl methylolmalanate and ethyl malonate condense easily under the presence of sodium ethoxide to form tetracarbethoxypropane. This method is valuable for the new synthetic method to obtain the latter.
Nociceptive Behavior Induced by Chemotherapeutic Paclitaxel and Beneficial Role of Antioxidative Pathways (2018)

Paclitaxel is used for the treatment of several types of cancers. However, one of the significant limiting complications of paclitaxel is painful peripheral neuropathy during its therapy. In this study we examined the engagement of antioxidative signal pathway of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity evoked by paclitaxel. Behavioral test was performed to determine mechanical and thermal sensitivity in rats. Western blot analysis and ELISA were used to examine expression of Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) and superoxide dismutases (SOD); and the levels of products of oxidative stress in the DRG. Our results show that paclitaxel increased mechanical and thermal sensitivity as compared with vehicle control animals. Paclitaxel also impaired Nrf2-ARE and SOD in the DRG and amplified products of oxidative stress, namely 8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Systemic administration of SOD mimetic using tempol, antioxidant vitamin C or blocking oxidative pathway using NADPH oxidase inhibitor (GKT137831) attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity induced by paclitaxel. This inhibitory effect was accompanied with decreases of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) such as IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the DRG. In conclusion, the data revealed impairment of Nrf2-ARE and heightened oxidative and PIC signals in the DRG of paclitaxel rats, leading to neuropathic pain. Balancing of reactive oxygen species by supplying antioxidants and/or inhibiting NADPH oxidase appears significant to yield beneficial effects in neuropathic pain conditions after chemotherapeutic paclitaxel.
Oxygen Tension Regulates Mitochondrial DNA-encoded Complex I Gene Expression (2005)

Oxygen is a major regulator of nuclear gene expression. However, although mitochondria consume almost all of the O2 available to the cells, little is known about how O2 tension influences the expression of the mitochondrial genome. We show in O2-sensitive excitable rat PC12 cells that, among the mtDNA-encoded genes, hypoxia produced a specific down-regulation of the transcripts encoding mitochondrial complex I NADH dehydrogenase (ND) subunits, particularly ND4 and ND5 mRNAs and a stable mRNA precursor containing the ND5 and cytochrome b genes. This unprecedented effect of hypoxia was fast (developed in <30 min) and fairly reversible and occurred at moderate levels of hypoxia (O2 tensions in the range of 20-70 mm Hg). Hypoxic down-regulation of the mitochondrial complex I genes was paralleled by the reduction of complex I activity and was retarded by iron chelation, suggesting that an iron-dependent post-transcriptional mechanism could regulate mitochondrial mRNA stability. It is known that cell respiration is under tight control by the amount of proteins in mitochondrial complexes of the electron transport chain. Therefore, regulation of the expression of the mitochondrial (mtDNA)-encoded complex I subunits could be part of an adaptive mechanism to adjust respiration rate to the availability of O2 and to induce fast adaptive changes in hypoxic cells.
Intracellular Localization of 8-Oxo-dGTPase in Human Cells, with Special Reference to the Role of the Enzyme in Mitochondria (1995)

We examined the intracellular distribution of 8-oxo-dGTPase (8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphatase) encoded by the MTH1 gene, a human mutator homologue. The activity of 8-oxo-dGTPase mainly located in cytosolic and mitochondrial soluble fractions of Jurkat cells, a human T-cell leukemia line. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, using a specific antibody against MTH1 protein, showed localization of MTH1 protein in the mitochondrial matrix. Activity in the mitochondria accounted for about 4% of the total activity. The specific activity in the mitochondrial soluble fraction (8093 units/mg protein) was as high as that in the cytosolic fraction (8111 unit/mg protein). The 8-oxo-dGTPase activities in cytosolic and mitochondrial soluble fractions co-eluted with MTH1 protein by anion-exchange chromatography, and the molecular mass of the mitochondrial MTH1 protein was much the same as that of the cytosolic MTH1 protein (about 18 kDa). HeLa cells expressing MTH1 cDNA showed an increased cytoplasmic signal together with a weak signal in the nucleus in in situ immunostaining of MTH1 protein, and the overexpressed MTH1 protein was recovered from both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. Thus, the 8-oxo-dGTPase encoded by MTH1 gene is localized in mitochondrial and cytosol.
Fabrication of macroporous SiC from templated preceramic polymers (2002)

Macroporous SiC with a highly ordered pore array was prepared for the first time using low molecular weight SiC preceramic polymers such as polymethylsilane or polycarbosilane by utilizing sacrificial colloidal silica crystalline arrays, as a template which were subsequently etched off after pyrolysis in an argon atmosphere.
Agrin Isoforms with Distinct Amino Termini (2000)

The proteoglycan agrin is required for postsynaptic differentiation at the skeletal neuromuscular junction, but is also associated with basal laminae in numerous other tissues, and with the surfaces of some neurons. Little is known about its roles at sites other than the neuromuscular junction, or about how its expression and subcellular localization are regulated in any tissue. Here we demonstrate that the murine agrin gene generates two proteins with different NH(2) termini, and present evidence that these isoforms differ in subcellular localization, tissue distribution, and function. The two isoforms share approximately 1,900 amino acids (aa) of common sequence following unique NH(2) termini of 49 or 150 aa; we therefore call them short NH(2)-terminal (SN) and long NH(2)-terminal (LN) isoforms. In the mouse genome, LN-specific exons are upstream of an SN-specific exon, which is in turn upstream of common exons. LN-agrin is expressed in both neural and nonneural tissues. In spinal cord it is expressed in discrete subsets of cells, including motoneurons. In contrast, SN-agrin is selectively expressed in the nervous system but is widely distributed in many neuronal cell types. Both isoforms are externalized from cells but LN-agrin assembles into basal laminae whereas SN-agrin remains cell associated. Differential expression of the two isoforms appears to be transcriptionally regulated, whereas the unique SN and LN sequences direct their distinct subcellular localizations. Insertion of a "gene trap" construct into the mouse genome between the LN and SN exons abolished expression of LN-agrin with no detectable effect on expression levels of SN-agrin or on SN-agrin bioactivity in vitro. Agrin protein was absent from all basal laminae in mice lacking LN-agrin transcripts. The formation of the neuromuscular junctions was as drastically impaired in these mutants as in mice lacking all forms of agrin. Thus, basal lamina-associated LN-agrin is required for neuromuscular synaptogenesis, whereas cell-associated SN-agrin may play distinct roles in the central nervous system.
A note on base-2 logarithm computations (1973)

The well-known methods of iteration used suitably can yield a more accurate and rapidly convergent computation for the values of many functions. One typical example is the base-2 logarithm-antilogarithm computation. Some recently proposed techniques are reviewed and compared with an iterative process for computation using a fixed number of iterations. It is shown that the latter yields improved accuracy and can be implemented either as a subroutine or as a hardwired peripheral device for, say, a minicomputer.
The Extent of and Reasons for Quality Circle Failures (1984)

Sixty‐seven British companies took part in a survey to determine causes of failure of quality circles. The main reasons determined were: rejection of the concept by top management and trade unions; the disruption caused by redundancies and company restructuring; labour turnover; lack of co‐operation from middle and first line management; and failure by circle leaders to find enough time to organise meetings. The author was optimistic about the findings since growth in the number of companies using circles and the average number of circles per company is still taking place.
Freebase QA: Information Extraction or Semantic Parsing? (2014)

We contrast two seemingly distinct ap-proaches to the task of question answering (QA) using Freebase: one based on infor-mation extraction techniques, the other on semantic parsing. Results over the same test-set were collected from two state-of-the-art, open-source systems, then ana-lyzed in consultation with those systems’ creators. We conclude that the differ-ences between these technologies, both in task performance, and in how they get there, is not significant. This sug-gests that the semantic parsing commu-nity should target answering more com-positional open-domain questions that are beyond the reach of more direct informa-tion extraction methods.
Biological activity and a modified synthesis of 8-amino-3-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-.alpha.]pyrazine, an isomer of formycin (1984)

A two-step synthesis of 8-amino-3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine (3), which is an isomer of formycin that resembles 3-deazaadenosine, is reported. Compound 3 is also described as as being a very poor substrate for adenosine deaminase and to be both a competitive and an irreversible inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteinase in the synthesis direction. L1210 cell growth in culture was inhibited by 3. Compound 3 was not converted to the nucleotide level in erythrocytes but was found to inhibit both the cellular uptake of nucleic acid precursors and their incorporation into the nucleic acids of L1210 cells. Finally, 3 was found to be a weak antiviral agent and coronary vasodilator.
Artistic thresholding (2008)

We consider the problem of depicting continuous-tone images using only black and white. Traditional solutions to this problem include halftoning, which approximates tones, and line drawing, which approximates edges. We introduce "artistic thresholding" as a technique that attempts to depict forms in an image. We apply segmentation to a source image and construct a planar subdivision that captures segment connectivity. Our artistic thresholding algorithm is a combinatorial optimization over this graph. The optimization is controlled by parameters that can be tuned to achieve different artistic styles.
Don José Rossi y Rubí and Spanish Freemasonry in the Revolutionary Atlantic, 1785–1798 (2019)

In 1795 Don José Rossi y Rubi, Italian-born, Spanish political diplomat was rising in the ranks. He was the newly assigned Alcalde-Mayor of the Guatemalan province Suchitequepez when he was captured off the coast of war-ravaged Saint Domingue during the slave rebellions of the Haitian Revolution. For the next five months Rossi was imprisoned in Guárico. Being that he spoke French fluently he occupied himself by conversing with his French captors and eventually ingratiated himself with the officers. A constant source of debate within this group was the liberal agenda of the French Republicans that the Spanish crown so feared. Rossi soon discovered that his French captors desired him to join them in the Order of the Freemasons. When news of this reached the Spanish Ministry, trust in Rossi began to wane. Upon his release from Guárico, Rossi penned a report titled “Discovery on the Freemason sect” intended to alleviate the implications of his supposed induction into the French Masonic Order, but his report came too late. While Rossi was imprisoned, the celebrated navigator employed under the Spanish crown and his fellow Italian and mentor, Allessandro Malespina, failed an attempt to overthrow Godoy’s Ministry. The Masonic rumors combined with his reformist editorials in the Mercurio peruano and his close relationship to Malespina, and therefore the attempted coup, meant that he had lost the faith of Spain. Echoing the Spanish tendency to discard any potential threat, whether real or imagined, into one of the empire’s periphery locales, Spain responded as it often did with any individual displaying suspicious political views. It relegated Rossi to the Guatemalan rural periphery where his political rhetoric was neutralized.
Nonoxide Chalcogenide Glass Films for Integrated Optics (1974)

We report the waveguiding properties of sputtered films of three chalcogenide glasses: As(2)S(3), Ge(28)Sb(l2)Se(60), and Ge(33)As(l2)Se(55), at 1.064microm. Propagation losses of less than 1 dB/cm have been measured for As(2)S(3) films. Delineated guides, as well as films, have been made and studied.
Rearing the Navel Orangeworm in the Laboratory (1967)

In 1961 work was initiated to develop methods and equipment for rearing the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella (Walker), in large numbers preparatory to the laboratory rearing of imported parasites to be used in the field against this pest. Methods and equipment that were developed are described and operational procedures involved in the successful rearing of this host insect are given.
Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in a chimpanzee is associated with emergence of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variant. (1995)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes a persistent infection in humans and chimpanzees despite the presence of virus-specific, class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the liver. The data presented here demonstrate that CTLs directed against a conserved epitope in the HCV nonstructural 3 protein persist in the liver of a chronically infected chimpanzee for at least 2 years after infection. However, these CTLs did not recognize the HCV quasi-species present in the plasma of this animal at week 16 postinfection or at later time points. Escape from the CTL response was facilitated by an aspartic acid to glutamic acid (D-->E) substitution at amino acid position 1449 in all HCV genomes that were sequenced. The results of this study strongly support the concept that CTL responses can select for variant viruses with an enhanced ability to persist in a host and have important implications for the design of vaccines against HCV.
Synthesis of GDP 4,6-Dideoxy-β-L-xylohexopyranose (GDP-4-deoxy-β-L-fucose) (1994)

GDP 4,6-dideoxy-ß-L-xylohexopyranose (GDP-4-deoxyfucose, 4) was synthesized from dibenzyl (2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4, 6-dideoxy-4-iodo-ß-L-glucopyranosyl) phosphate (1) by coupling with guanosine monophosphomorpholidate either directly after hydrogenation or after subsequent deesterification.
A Closed-Loop Controller to Ensure Performance and Temperature Constraints for Dynamic Applications (2019)

To secure correct system operation, a plethora of Reliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) techniques have been deployed by circuit designers. RAS mechanisms however, come with the cost of extra clock cycles. In addition, a wide variety of dynamic workloads and different input conditions often constitute preemptive dependability techniques hard to implement. To this end, we focus on a realistic case study of a closed-loop controller that mitigates performance variation with a reactive response. This concept has been discussed but was only illustrated on small benchmarks. In particular, the extension of the approach to manage performance of dynamic workloads on a target platform has not been shown earlier. We compare our scheme against the version of a Linux CPU frequency governor in terms of timing response and energy consumption. Finally, we move forward and suggest a new flavor of our controller to efficiently manage processor temperature. Again, the concept is illustrated with a realistic case study and compared to a modern temperature manager.
PREDICTING HOT-MIX PERFORMANCE FROM MEASURED PROPERTIES: PHASE I REPORT (2000)

The problem of providing pavements that perform as designed is a major concern among state transportation agencies. In the face of budget restrictions, it is imperative that the expected performance be achieved when a highway is put into service. Of importance to addressing this problem is the recognition that performance should drive not only the design process but also the construction process. This approach would necessitate the development of materials and construction specifications that are tied to pavement performance and the development of test equipment and procedures to evaluate the quality of the contractor's work based on predicted performance. Project 1708, Predicting Hot-Mix Performance from Measured Properties, aims to develop rational, reliable, and practical test procedures for evaluating the quality of the finished pavement based on predicted performance. To accomplish this objective, the Texas Department of Transportation established a three-phased work plan that calls for: 1) conducting a detailed review of recent and ongoing related studies at the state and federal level (Phase I); 2) identifying mixture-, construction-, and structural-related properties that are significant predictors of pavement performance and are under the contractor's control (Phase II); and 3) identifying/modifying existing procedures or developing new procedures that relate the properties identified in Phase II to the expected field performance (Phase III). This report represents the culmination of Phase I research activities. This report presents: 1) detailed review of the state-of-knowledge with respect to test methods for measuring construction quality indicators of relevance to this study; 2) available models to establish the impact of the contractor's operations and decisions on expected performance; and 3) a proposed work plan for Phase II and Phase III to develop rational and practical test methods for evaluating the quality of hot-mix asphalt concrete pavements.
Isolation, identification and characterization of a glyphosate-degrading bacterium, Bacillus cereus CB4, from soil (2012)

A bacterial strain named CB4, with highly effective glyphosate degradation capability, was isolated from soil after enrichment. On the basis of the Biolog omniLog identification system (Biolog) and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing methods, strain CB4 was identified as Bacillus cereus. Further experiments were carried out to optimize the growth of strain CB4 and the glyphosate degradation activity by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimal conditions were found as follows: initial pH 6.0, incubation temperature 35°C, glyphosate concentration 6 g L(-1), inoculation amount 5% and incubation time 5 days. Under the optimal conditions, stain CB4 utilized 94.47% of glyphosate. This is the first report on B. cereus with a capacity to utilize herbicide glyphosate, and it can degrade glyphosate concentrations up to 12 g L(-1). Metabolization of glyphosate by strain B. cereus CB4 was studied. Results indicated that two concurrent pathways were capable of degrading glyphosate to AMPA, glyoxylate, sarcosine, glycine and formaldehyde as products. Glyphosate breakdown in B. cereus CB4 was achieved by the C-P lyase activity and the glyphosate oxidoreductase activity.
BIBR-1048 Boehringer Ingelheim. (2002)

BIBR-1048, a thrombin inhibitor and an orally-active prodrug of BIBR-953ZW, is under development by Boehringer Ingelheim as a potential antithrombotic agent [331881]. By 1999, BIBR-1048 was in phase II clinical trials for thromboembolism and the prevention of stroke due to atrial fibrillation [331881]; by April 2002, proof-of-principle had been demonstrated in phase II trials in deep vein thrombosis [446554]. In July 2001, the company revealed that an IND was expected to be filed for BIBR-953ZW in 2002 [415884].
Towards an Efficient Discovery of the Topological Representative Subgraphs (2013)

With the emergence of graph databases, the task of frequent subgraph discovery has been extensively addressed. Although the proposed approaches in the literature have made this task feasible, the number of discovered frequent subgraphs is still very high to be efficiently used in any further exploration. Feature selection for graph data is a way to reduce the high number of frequent subgraphs based on exact or approximate structural similarity. However, current structural similarity strategies are not efficient enough in many real-world applications, besides, the combinatorial nature of graphs makes it computationally very costly. In order to select a smaller yet structurally irredundant set of subgraphs, we propose a novel approach that mines the top-k topological representative subgraphs among the frequent ones. Our approach allows detecting hidden structural similarities that existing approaches are unable to detect such as the density or the diameter of the subgraph. In addition, it can be easily extended using any user defined structural or topological attributes depending on the sought properties. Empirical studies on real and synthetic graph datasets show that our approach is fast and scalable.
Kinetics and dynamics of the dissociative chemisorption of oxygen on Ir(111) (1997)

The initial dissociative chemisorption probability, S0, of O2 on Ir(111) has been investigated with molecular beam techniques and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The adsorption process on the clean surface occurs by distinct dynamical mechanisms. At incident kinetic energies, Ei, of 0.1 eV and below, the dissociative chemisorption probability decreases with increasing kinetic energy, indicating the dominance of a trapping-mediated mechanism. A decrease in the value of S0 with increasing surface temperature, Ts, is also characteristic of this regime. This temperature dependence reflects the participation of a physically adsorbed state and molecularly chemisorbed state in the dissociation scheme. Additionally, the dependence of S0 on incident angle, θi, in the low kinetic energy regime exhibits near normal energy scaling. At high kinetic energy (Ei&gt;0.1 eV), the initial dissociative chemisorption probability rises with increasing Ei indicating that translational energy is effective in surmounting a potential barrier to adsorption. Direct access of a molecularly chemisorbed state followed by dissociation, rather than direct access of the dissociated state, is hypothesized to be the primary initial adsorption step. Several observations support this mechanism, including a temperature dependence in the high kinetic energy regime and no observed increase in oxygen saturation coverage with increasing kinetic energy. In addition, EEL spectra show that molecularly chemisorbed states of oxygen are formed on the Ir(111) surface at Ts&lt;70 K after exposure to a 1.36 eV beam and partial saturation of the atomic overlayer. Attempts to identify molecularly chemisorbed oxygen at low coverages were unsuccessful and limited by the experimental setup which provides cooling of the iridium crystal to only ∼68 K.