gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Content addressable memory for flash redundancy (2002)

The authors describe content addressable memory (CAM) used on a 1-Mb flash memory. Yield is improved by replacing defective columns containing fatal random defects. The CAM provides the address of a redundant column as an output needed to implement column redundancy. Novel placement of the CAM can decrease redundant CAM area, decreases the total chip area, and increases the redundancy efficiency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor pathway in breast cancer (2015)

Inhibition of FGFR signaling is under investigation in the treatment of breast cancer with increasing interest. Next steps will include the optimal selection of patients to be treated with this class of drugs and the development of new-generation FGFR inhibitors to face with the resistance issue.
HCV quasispecies evolution: association with progression to end-stage liver disease in hemophiliacs infected with HCV or HCV/HIV (2004)

Patients with inherited bleeding disorders who received clotting factor concentrates before 1987 have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HCV/HIV infection. We evaluated HCV quasispecies evolution in longitudinally collected specimens comparing those from patients with progression to end-stage liver disease (ESLD; cases) to those with compensated chronic hepatitis (controls). Plasma samples were obtained from the National Cancer Institute Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. Controls were matched for age, sex, infection duration, and presence/absence of HIV. Samples from early infection were compared to those obtained after onset of ESLD in the cases. The first hypervariable (HVR1) and core proteincoding regions were amplified, subcloned, and sequenced. Complexity and diversity were determined. More than 700 sub-clones from 10 pairs of patients (8 with HIV) followed over approximately 9.3 years were evaluated. HVR1 complexity narrowed over time in the cases, whereas it increased in controls (P = .01). Similar trends were observed for diversity within HVR1 and the core region (P = .04). HCV-infected patients with inherited bleeding disorders undergo quasispecies evolution over time. Evolution patterns differ for progressors and nonprogressors. Further understanding of these mechanisms may help identify factors related to progression rate and treatment response.
Lithographic characteristics of alicyclic polymer based ArF single layer resists. (1994)

A new positive-tone ArF single layer resist based on chemical amplification is described. High transparency at 193 nm and dry-etch resistance required for ArF single layer resist can be achieved by introducing compounds containing alicyclic groups, such as adamantyl derivatives, in the resins. The dry-etch resistance of the resist is comparable to that of novolac resists, and high transparency ensures pattern imaging at 193 nm. This resist is capable of resolving 0.2 um features with an ArF exposure system, and is suitable for ArF single layer resist.
Interindividual methylomic variation across blood, cortex, and cerebellum: implications for epigenetic studies of neurological and neuropsychiatric phenotypes (2015)

Given the tissue-specific nature of epigenetic processes, the assessment of disease-relevant tissue is an important consideration for epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS). Little is known about whether easily accessible tissues, such as whole blood, can be used to address questions about interindividual epigenomic variation in inaccessible tissues, such as the brain. We quantified DNA methylation in matched DNA samples isolated from whole blood and 4 brain regions (prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and cerebellum) from 122 individuals. We explored co-variation between tissues and the extent to which methylomic variation in blood is predictive of interindividual variation identified in the brain. For the majority of DNA methylation sites, interindividual variation in whole blood is not a strong predictor of interindividual variation in the brain, although the relationship with cortical regions is stronger than with the cerebellum. Variation at a subset of probes is strongly correlated across tissues, even in instances when the actual level of DNA methylation is significantly different between them. A substantial proportion of this co-variation, however, is likely to result from genetic influences. Our data suggest that for the majority of the genome, a blood-based EWAS for disorders where brain is presumed to be the primary tissue of interest will give limited information relating to underlying pathological processes. These results do not, however, discount the utility of using a blood-based EWAS to identify biomarkers of disease phenotypes manifest in the brain. We have generated a searchable database for the interpretation of data from blood-based EWAS analyses ( http://epigenetics.essex.ac.uk/bloodbrain/).
Transport and reactivity of hydrocarbon molecules in a shape-selective zeolite (1981)

For the catalytic cracking of C6 to C9 hydrocarbons on ZSM-5, we demonstrate quantitatively the contributions of each of two mechanisms for molecular shape selectivity. Using crystallites of different sizes and activities, and classical methods for evaluating diffusion inhibition of the reaction rate, we separate the effects of mass-transport-induced selectivity from that created by steric inhibition by the size of a reaction complex. The selective cracking of n-paraffins compared to monomethyl paraffins (from C6 to C9) is due to a higher intrinsic rate constant of the n-paraffin, with diffusional mass transport playing no appreciable role. In contrast, dimethyl paraffin cracking is strongly diffusion-inhibited. The methyl paraffin/n-paraffin discrimination is a result of steric constraint on the sizeable methyl paraffin/carbonium ion reaction complex. This structural selectivity is shown to be absent for the corresponding olefins where such complexes do not arise. The diffusivities at reaction conditions have been determined. For the linear hydrocarbon, diffusivity notably exceeds that expected from the Knudsen model. This reminds us to review assumptions of conventional concepts of mass transport. The availability of zeolites now allows us to probe many basic phenomena in catalysis, molecular configuration and dynamics, including mass transport.
Development of potent and selective CCK-A receptor agonists from Boc-CCK-4: tetrapeptides containing Lys(N.epsilon.)-amide residues (1992)

A series of Boc-CCK-4 derivatives represented by the general structure Boc-Trp-Lys(N epsilon-COR)-Asp-Phe-NH2, where R is an aromatic, heterocyclic, or aliphatic group, are potent and selective CCK-A receptor agonists. These amide-bearing compounds complement the previously described urea-based tetrapeptides (Shiosaki et al. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 2837-2842); structure-activity studies revealed parallel as well as divergent trends between these two series. A significant correlation was observed between pancreatic binding affinity and the resonance constant R of the phenyl substituent in one particular series of derivatives. Sulfation of phenolic amides appended onto the epsilon-amino group of the lysine did not affect affinity for the CCK-A receptor in contrast to the 500-fold increase in binding potency observed upon sulfation of CCK-8, suggesting that the lysine appendage and the sulfated tyrosine in CCK-8, both key structural elements that impart high affinity for the CCK-A receptor, are interacting differently with the receptor. The amide-bearing tetrapeptides are full agonists relative to CCK-8 in stimulating pancreatic amylase release while being partial agonists in eliciting phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis. Both effects were blocked by selective CCK-A receptor antagonists.
JAM: java agents for meta-learning over distributed databases (1997)

In this paper, we describe the JAM system, a dis-tributed, scalable and portable agent-based data mining system that employs a general approach to scaling data mining applications that we call meta-learning. JAM provides a set of learning programs, implemented either as JAVA applets or applications, that compute models over data stored locally at a site. JAM also provides a set of meta-learning agents for combining mul-tiple models that were learned (perhaps) at dif-ferent sites. It employs a special distribution mechanism which allows the migration of the de-rived models or classifier agents to other remote sites. We describe the overall architecture of the JAM system and the specific implementation cur-rently under development at Columbia Univer-sity. One of JAM’s target applications is fraud and intrusion detection in financial information systems. A brief description of this learning task and JAM’s applicability are also described. Interested users may download JAM from
A power scalable SAR-ADC in 0.18&#x00B5;m-CMOS with 0.5V nano-watt operation (2011)

This paper presents an extremely low-power and low-voltage Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for wireless sensor networks or medical implantable devices. Top plate sampling and bootstrap switch are used to realize ultra low-voltage (0.5V) operation. Configuration of capacitor array which can decrease the number of control bus lines are proposed to reduce the circuit area and power consumption. To further reduce the power consumption, optimal power supply voltages are determined independently for analog blocks and digital blocks considering the tradeoff between the speed and power. Test ADC chip fabricated in 0.18μm-CMOS process has achieved 0.5V, 6nW operation at sampling frequency of 0.4kS/s. The achieved effective number of bit (ENOB) is 7.19-bit. When the supply voltage is increased to 1V, the ADC operates at 820kS/s with power consumption of 30.9μW and ENOB of 7.41-bit.
Variables in abortion counselling (1975)

Abstract Five variables involved in abortion counselling are examined: the religioethical beliefs of the counsellor, the religio-ethical beliefs of the counselee, the status of abortion laws, the available techniques for abortion, and the counsellor's assumptions about the ‘sequellae’ of abortion. Illustrations are drawn from both the recently published Lane Report and a set of medical case-studies. An attempt is made to assess the relative importance of the five variables.
The Enjoyment of Formal and Informal Recreation and Leisure Activities: A comparison of school‐aged children with and without physical disabilities (2009)

Despite the fairly extensive literature on the developmental benefits of youth's participation in organised, out‐of‐school activities, little is known about the participation of school‐aged children with physical disabilities in formal recreation and leisure activities, both in comparison with their participation in informal activities and with children who are typically developing. Enjoyment of formal and informal activities was examined for 427 children with physical disabilities and 354 children without disabilities, aged 6–14 years. It was predicted that children without disabilities would report significantly greater enjoyment of formal than informal activities, whereas this would not be the case for children with disabilities. This prediction was confirmed. Children with disabilities also participated in significantly fewer formal and informal activities, and participated in these activities less intensely than did children without disabilities. The mechanisms responsible for psychological engagement, enjoyment, and the developmental benefits of participation in activities are discussed, along with implications for research and clinical practice.
Dielectric particle and void resonators for thin film solar cell textures (2011)

Using Mie theory and Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) we compare the properties of dielectric particle and void resonators. We show that void resonators-low refractive index inclusions within a high index embedding medium-exhibit larger bandwidth resonances, reduced peak scattering intensity, different polarization anisotropies, and enhanced forward scattering when compared to their particle (high index inclusions in a low index medium) counterparts. We evaluate amorphous silicon solar cell textures comprising either arrays of voids or particles. Both designs support substantial absorption enhancements (up to 45%) relative to a flat cell with anti-reflection coating, over a large range of cell thicknesses. By leveraging void-based textures 90% of above-bandgap photons are absorbed in cells with maximal vertical dimension of 100 nm.
Development of acetic-acid tolerant Zymomonas mobilis strains through adaptation (2008)

Zymomonas mobilis is one of the most promising microorganisms for bioethanol production. However, its practical use on industrial scale is impeded by its high sensitivity to acetate, which is present in high concentration in pretreated biomass.\n\nThis research develops an adaptive mutation method for generating acetate-tolerant strains for bioethanol production. The goal is to obtain Zymomonas mobilis strain capable of growing and producing ethanol in the presence of acetate at a concentration typical of a pretreated biomass (2-3%). The interplay between the ability of fermentative production of ethanol and acetate tolerance will be investigated through careful fermentation studies. The potential cross-tolerance to other inhibitors, commonly present in pretreated biomass will be evaluated. A preliminary study on the mechanism of acetate tolerance at the cell membrane level will be conducted.\n\nThe strain developed through this research will be useful in bioethanol production from biomass. The insights into tolerance mechanisms gained through this study will allow a more rational approach to further engineer a better producing strain.
Efficient Presentation of Multivalent Antigens Targeted to Various Cell Surface Molecules of Dendritic Cells and Surface Ig of Antigen-Specific B Cells (1998)

To study the relation between the form of an Ag and the response to it, we compared presentation in vitro with hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific T cells from TCR transgenic mice of free HEL and liposome-encapsulated HEL by different APC. HEL-specific splenic B cells or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were incubated with free HEL or HEL-containing liposomes targeted by Ab to either surface Ig, the Fc receptor, or MHC class I and II molecules. Ag presentation by HEL-specific B cells was at least 100-fold more efficient for HEL in surface Ig-targeted liposomes than free HEL taken up by the same receptor or HEL in liposomes targeted to class I or II molecules. Ag presentation by dendritic cells from Fc receptor-targeted vesicles was augmented 1,000-10,000-fold compared with free Ag or nontargeted liposomes, but presentation was also efficient when Ag was targeted to class I or II molecules. These results indicate that Ag-specific B cells and dendritic cells can be equally efficient in stimulating IL-2 production by Ag-specific T cells from unimmunized TCR transgenic mice when the Ag is multivalent and taken up by appropriate receptors. In contrast to B cells, which require engagement of surface Ig for optimal presentation, dendritic cells may present Ag by means of several different cell surface molecules.
Auxins Affect Posttransplant Shoot and Root Growth of Vinca Seedlings (1998)

Transplanting often causes root damage, and rapid root growth following transplanting may help to minimize the effects of transplant shock. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of NAA and IAA on posttransplant growth of vinca ( Catharanthus roseus L.). Bare-root seedlings were germinated in a peat-based growing mix and transplanted into diatomaceous earth 10 days after seeding. Immediately after transplanting, seedlings were drenched with several concentrations of IAA or NAA (62.5 mL/plant). Both auxins increased posttransplant root and shoot growth, but the response was dose-dependent. The maximum growth occurred at concentrations of 10 mg·L -1 (IAA) or 0.1 mg·L -1 (NAA). The growth-stimulating effect of these auxins decreased at higher rates and NAA was highly toxic at 100 mg·L -1 , killing most of the plants. Unlike the growth of bare-root seedlings, plug seedling growth was not stimulated by drenching with NAA solutions. These results show that auxins have the ability to stimulate posttransplant growth of vinca, but their effects may depend on the application method, rate, and timing, and transplanting method. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Transcranial brain stimulation to promote functional recovery after stroke (2013)

This review addressed six questions: How does NIBS facilitate the recovery of function after stroke? Which brain regions should be targeted by NIBS? Is there a particularly effective NIBS modality that should be used? Does the location of the stroke influence the therapeutic response? How often should NIBS be repeated? Is the functional state of the brain during or before NIBS relevant to therapeutic efficacy of NIBS? We argue that these questions need to be tackled to obtain sufficient mechanistic understanding of how NIBS facilitates the recovery of function. This knowledge will be critical to fully unfold the therapeutic effects of NIBS and will pave the way towards adaptive NIBS protocols, in which NIBS is tailored to the individual patient.
Rapid Generation of Functional Dopaminergic Neurons From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Through a Single-Step Procedure Using Cell Lineage Transcription Factors (2013)

Current protocols for in vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate dopamine (DA) neurons are laborious and time-expensive. In order to accelerate the overall process, we have established a fast protocol by expressing the developmental transcription factors ASCL1, NURR1, and LMX1A. With this method, we were able to generate mature and functional dopaminergic neurons in as few as 21 days, skipping all the intermediate steps for inducting and selecting embryoid bodies and rosette-neural precursors. Strikingly, the resulting neuronal conversion process was very proficient, with an overall efficiency that was more than 93% of all the coinfected cells. hiPSC-derived DA neurons expressed all the critical molecular markers of the DA molecular machinery and exhibited sophisticated functional features including spontaneous electrical activity and dopamine release. This one-step protocol holds important implications for in vitro disease modeling and is particularly amenable for exploitation in high-throughput screening protocols.
Analysis of the Diminished Skin Perfusion in Elderly People by Laser Doppler Flowmetry (1992)

Clinical observations suggest an age-associated decline in skin perfusion but there are few quantitative in vivo data on skin perfusion at various ages. We studied skin perfusion of the dorsum of the foot by determining the capillary blood flow velocity (CBFV) expressed in millivolts (mV), using laser Doppler flowmetry, in ten young and 12 elderly men. Our data revealed that, at 32 degrees C skin temperature, the CBFV oscillations (vasomotions) are of higher median amplitude in young people than in elderly subjects: 9.4 mV (95% CI, 8.8-10.0 mV) and 4.6 mV (95% CI, 4.1-7.4 mV), respectively (p less than 0.05). The vasomotion frequency was similar in both age groups. At 44 degrees C skin temperature, the median CBFV peak in the young was 163 mV (95% CI, 128-192 mV), as opposed to 102 mV (95% CI, 92-124 mV) in the aged subjects (p less than 0.0005). The median increment in CBFV, driven by every heart beat, was also higher in the young age group: 86 mV (95% CI, 76.4-96.0 mV) compared with the elderly group: 63 mV (95% CI, 50-72 mV, p less than 0.005). Considering the fact that the magnitude but not the pattern of skin perfusion varied between the two groups, we conclude that ageing is associated with loss of capillary plexus functional units, and therefore the skin perfusion is lower in aged people.
Transformation of the Fungal Soybean Pathogen <i>Cercospora kikuchii</i> with the Selectable Marker <i>bar</i> (1994)

An improved transformation protocol, utilizing selection for resistance to the herbicide bialaphos, has been developed for the plant pathogenic fungus Cercospora kikuchii. Stable, bialaphos-resistant transformants are recovered at frequencies eight times higher than those achieved with the previous system that was based on selection for benomyl resistance. In addition to C. kikuchii, this improved method can also be used to transform other species of Cercospora.
Knowledge-Based Biomedical Word Sense Disambiguation: An Evaluation and Application to Clinical Document Classification (2012)

Motivation: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) methods automatically assign an unambiguous concept to an ambiguous term based on context, and are important to many text processing tasks. In this study, we developed and evaluated a knowledge-based WSD method that uses semantic similarity measures derived from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), and we evaluated the contribution of WSD to clinical text classification. Results: We evaluated our system on biomedical WSD datasets; our system compares favorably to other knowledge-based methods. We evaluated the contribution of our WSD system to clinical document classification on the 2007 Computational Medicine Challenge corpus. Machine learning classifiers trained on disambiguated concepts significantly outperformed those trained using all concepts. Availability: We integrated our WSD system with MetaMap and cTAKES, two popular biomedical natural language processing systems. We released all code required to reproduce our results and all tools developed as part of this study as open source, available under http://code.google.com/p/ytex.
OPTIMAL CONTROLLER FOR SINGLE PHASE ISLAND PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS (2014)

Increasing of word demand load caused a new Distributed Generation (DG) to enter to power system. One of the most renewable energy is the Photovoltaic System. It is beneficial to use this system in both separately as well as connected to power system using power electronics interface. In this paper an optimal PID controller for Photovoltaic System systems has been developed. The optimization technique is applied to PID optimal controller in order to control the voltage of Photovoltaic System against load variation, is presents. Nonlinear characteristics of load variations as plant input, Photovoltaic System operational behavior demand for high quality optimal controller to ensure both stability and safe performance. Thus, Honey Bee Mating Optimization (HBMO) is used for optimal tuning of PID coefficients in order to enhance closed loop system performance. In order to use this algorithm, at first, problem is written as an optimization problem which includes the objective function and constraints, and then to achieve the most desirable controller, HBMO algorithm is applied to solve the problem. In this study, the proposed controller is applied to the closed loop photovoltaic system behavior. Simulation results are done for various loads in time domain, and the results show the efficiency of the proposed controller in contrast to the previous controllers.
Formation Mechanism of Monodehydro-<scp>l</scp>-ascorbic Acid and Superoxide Anion in the Autoxidation of<scp>l-</scp>Ascorbic Acid (1997)

The oxidation of l-ascorbic acid (ASA) by molecular oxygen was studied in the absence of heavy metal ion catalysts. The formation of superoxide anion was confirmed during the autoxidation of ASA not only in aqueous solution but also in MeOH. The formation mechanism of superoxide anion was discussed based on both experimental and molecular orbital (MO) calculation results. It was proposed that ASA autoxidation proceeded via the C(2) oxygen adduct of ASA, and superoxide anion would be directly released from the C(2) oxygen adduct of ASA, forming monodehydro-ASA (MDASA).