gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemoprevention: Increased potential to bear fruit (2001)

The prevention of degenerative disease through dietary intervention (chemoprevention), either by the recommendation of specific diets or by the use of dietary supplements, has enormous potential for improving human health. This is particularly the case for the prevention of cancer, where current therapeutic approaches are crude or limited. It has been appreciated through history that diet can affect disease pathogenesis and progression. However, it is only in recent times that we have begun to gain an understanding of what the dietary factors are and how they act at a mechanistic level.
The <i>Arabidopsis LUT1</i> locus encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 family that is required for carotenoid ε-ring hydroxylation activity (2004)

Lutein, a dihydroxy xanthophyll, is the most abundant carotenoid in plant photosynthetic tissues and plays crucial structural and functional roles in the light-harvesting complexes. Carotenoid beta-and epsilon-hydroxylases catalyze the formation of lutein from alpha-carotene (beta,epsilon-carotene). In contrast to the well studied beta-hydroxylases that have been cloned and characterized from many organisms, the epsilon-hydroxylase has only been genetically defined by the lut1 mutation in Arabidopsis. We have isolated the LUT1 gene by positional cloning and found that, in contrast to all known carotenoid hydroxylases, which are the nonheme diiron monooxygenases, LUT1 encodes a cytochrome p450-type monooxygenase, CYP97C1. Introduction of a null mutant allele of LUT1, lut1-3, into the beta-hydroxylase 1/beta-hydroxylase 2 (b1 b2) double-mutant background, in which both Arabidopsis beta-hydroxylases are disrupted, yielded a genotype (lut1-3 b1 b2) in which all three known carotenoid hydroxylase activities are eliminated. Surprisingly, hydroxylated beta-rings were still produced in lut1-3 b1 b2, suggesting that a fourth unknown carotenoid beta-hydroxylase exists in vivo that is structurally unrelated to beta-hydroxylase 1 or 2. A second chloroplast-targeted member of the CYP97 family, CYP97A3, is 49% identical to LUT1 and hypothesized as a likely candidate for this additional beta-ring hydroxylation activity. Overall, LUT1 defines a class of carotenoid hydroxylases that has evolved independently from and uses a different mechanism than nonheme diiron beta-hydroxylases.
Parallel Synthesis of “Click” Chalcones as Antitubulin Agents (2013)

It has been shown that some chalcones are able to inhibit tubulin polymerization, giving cytotoxicity and destruction of tumoral vasculature. A library of 180 novel chalcone analogs has been synthesized via click chemistry and screened for their cytotoxicity and tubulin assembly inhibition. 10 out 180 click chalcones displayed low micromolar cytotoxicity but only compound Nf depicted antitubulin activity. While Nf displayed only micromolar potency this result shows click-chalcones may be anti-tubulin agents and validate this strategy to search for novel active chemical entities.
Therapy Development for Diffuse Axonal Injury (2012)

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) remains a prominent feature of human traumatic brain injury (TBI) and a major player in its subsequent morbidity. The importance of this widespread axonal damage has been confirmed by multiple approaches including routine postmortem neuropathology as well as advanced imaging, which is now capable of detecting the signatures of traumatically induced axonal injury across a spectrum of traumatically brain-injured persons. Despite the increased interest in DAI and its overall implications for brain-injured patients, many questions remain about this component of TBI and its potential therapeutic targeting. To address these deficiencies and to identify future directions needed to fill critical gaps in our understanding of this component of TBI, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke hosted a workshop in May 2011. This workshop sought to determine what is known regarding the pathogenesis of DAI in animal models of injury as well as in the human clinical setting. The workshop also addressed new tools to aid in the identification of this axonal injury while also identifying more rational therapeutic targets linked to DAI for continued preclinical investigation and, ultimately, clinical translation. This report encapsulates the oral and written components of this workshop addressing key features regarding the pathobiology of DAI, the biomechanics implicated in its initiating pathology, and those experimental animal modeling considerations that bear relevance to the biomechanical features of human TBI. Parallel considerations of alternate forms of DAI detection including, but not limited to, advanced neuroimaging, electrophysiological, biomarker, and neurobehavioral evaluations are included, together with recommendations for how these technologies can be better used and integrated for a more comprehensive appreciation of the pathobiology of DAI and its overall structural and functional implications. Lastly, the document closes with a thorough review of the targets linked to the pathogenesis of DAI, while also presenting a detailed report of those target-based therapies that have been used, to date, with a consideration of their overall implications for future preclinical discovery and subsequent translation to the clinic. Although all participants realize that various research gaps remained in our understanding and treatment of this complex component of TBI, this workshop refines these issues providing, for the first time, a comprehensive appreciation of what has been done and what critical needs remain unfulfilled.
Device-to-device communications achieve efficient load balancing in LTE-advanced networks (2014)

In LTE-Advanced networks, besides the overall coverage provided by traditional macrocells, various classes of low-power nodes (e.g., pico eNBs, femto eNBs, and relays) can be distributed throughout the macrocells as a more targeted underlay to further enhance the area's spectral efficiency, alleviate traffic hot zones, and thus improve the end-user experience. Considering the limited backhaul connections within lowpower nodes and the imbalanced traffic distribution among different cells, it is highly possible that some cells are severely congested while adjacent cells are very lightly loaded. Therefore, it is of critical importance to achieve efficient load balancing among multi-tier cells in LTE-Advanced networks. However, available techniques such as smart cell and biasing, although able to alleviate congestion or distribute traffic to some extent, cannot respond or adapt flexibly to the real-time traffic distributions among multi-tier cells. Toward this end, we propose in this article a device-to-device communication-based load balancing algorithm, which utilizes D2D communications as bridges to flexibly offload traffic among different tier cells and achieve efficient load balancing according to their real-time traffic distributions. Besides identifying the research issues that deserve further study, we also present numerical results to show the performance gains that can be achieved by the proposed algorithm.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Pyrroles to Enones by Cinchona Alkaloid-Derived Primary Amines (2013)

The enantioselective synthesis of 2-alkylated pyrroles via Michael addition of pyrroles to α,β-unsaturated ketones employing cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amines as organocatalysts is described. Good to excellent yields (78–99%) and good to very good enantioselectivities (75–93% ee) are obtained. With this protocol highly enantioenriched C-alkylated pyrroles can be synthesized easily, thus facilitating their possible application in medicinal chemistry.
Estimating Bernoulli trial probability from a small sample (2011)

The standard textbook method for estimating the probability of a biased coin from finite tosses implicitly assumes the sample sizes are large and gives incorrect results for small samples. We describe the exact solution, which is correct for any sample size.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COW EGGS IN THE RABBIT OVIDUCT AND THEIR VIABILITY AFTER RE-TRANSFER TO HEIFERS (1972)

Sheep eggs continue to cleave and retain their viability following transfer to the rabbit oviduct irrespective of the endocrine status of the recipient (Averill, Adams & Rowson, 1955; Hunter, Bishop, Adams & Rowson, 1962; Adams, Moor & Rowson, 1968). In the case of cow eggs, Hafez & Sugie (1963) concluded that the environment provided in the genital tract of the pseudopregnant rabbit was unsuitable to support their development. Subsequently, however, Adams et al. (1968) found that a high proportion of cow morulae could develop into blastocysts in the oviducts of follicular-phase rabbits whilst Sreenan, Scanlon & Gordon (1968) reported that about half of the transferred eggs underwent some development in pseudopregnant rabbits. In none of these studies, however, was the viability of cow eggs tested by retransferring them from the
Evaluation of novel stimulus waveforms for deep brain stimulation (2010)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for the treatment of a wide range of neurological disorders. Historically, DBS and other neurostimulation technologies have relied on rectangular stimulation waveforms to impose their effects on the nervous system. Recent work has suggested that non-rectangular waveforms may have advantages over the traditional rectangular pulse. Therefore, we used detailed computer models to compare a range of charge-balanced biphasic waveforms with rectangular, exponential, triangular, Gaussian and sinusoidal stimulus pulse shapes. We explored the neural activation energy of these waveforms for both intracellular and extracellular current-controlled stimulation conditions. In the context of extracellular stimulation, we compared their effects on both axonal fibers of passage and projection neurons. Finally, we evaluated the impact of delivering the waveforms through a clinical DBS electrode, as opposed to a theoretical point source. Our results suggest that DBS with a 1 ms centered-triangular pulse can decrease energy consumption by 64% when compared with the standard 100 µs rectangular pulse (energy cost of 48 and 133 nJ, respectively, to stimulate 50% of a distributed population of axons) and can decrease energy consumption by 10% when compared with the most energy efficient rectangular pulse (1.25 ms duration). In turn, there may be measureable energy savings when using appropriately designed non-rectangular pulses in clinical DBS applications, thereby warranting further experimental investigation.
Development of the Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale (2000)

This scale has good face validity, high internal consistency, and high test-retest reliability. It may be useful for evaluating functional limitation and perceived handicap or disability before and after intervention and for helping patients become more realistic in understanding their own capabilities.
Comparison of Elastin Peptide Concentrations in Body Fluids from Healthy Volunteers, Smokers, and Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (1992)

Proteolysis of elastic fibers is central to the development of emphysema, and a simple, noninvasive assay of elastin degradation would be useful in diagnosis and in therapeutic monitoring. We have adapted an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine plasma, urine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) elastin peptide concentrations in nonsmokers, healthy smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Plasma elastin peptide concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with COPD (66.8 +/- 5.8 ng/ml, n = 10) compared with nonsmokers (23.4 +/- 4.6 ng/ml, n = 12), and healthy smokers had intermediate values (36.0 +/- 6.8, n = 6), p less than 0.05. Urine values (both unadjusted and normalized to urine creatinine concentration) were approximately 10-fold higher than plasma in all subject groups, and the relative differences among groups were the same as for plasma with values of 910.8 +/- 105.6, 358.1 +/- 101.2, and 281.0 +/- 67.8 ng/ml for subjects with COPD (n = 10), healthy smokers (n = 6), and healthy nonsmokers (n = 12), respectively. Poor recovery of BALF in COPD subjects reduced differences in the BALF elastin peptide concentrations among subjects groups, although the healthy smokers and COPD subjects tended to have higher amounts. Assuming some dilution due to lavage technique, elastin peptide concentrations were estimated to be substantially higher in epithelial lining fluid than in plasma, suggesting lung as a significant source of elastin peptides in COPD. This is the first application of elastin peptide measurement to human urine or BALF, and we conclude that this assay in urine is useful in characterizing elastin turnover in patients with or at risk for emphysema.
Point Visibility Meter: a forward scatter instrument for the measurement of aerosol extinction coefficient (1975)

A new instrument for the measurement of atmospheric extinction coefficient-the Point Visibility Meter (PVM)-is introduced and its principle of operation discussed. The instrument measures the amount of light scattered at a particular forward scattering angle by haze or fog; the extinction coefficient sigma is then found from the empirical law relating sigma to the scatter at this angle. Detailed calculations of aerosol scattering properties using Mie theory are given to support this empirical law. Error estimates based on these calculations indicate rms errors of less than +/-12% for a range of sigma values 2-60 km(-1). Field trials of the instrument against standard transmissometers confirm these theoretical findings and show a linearity of instrumental output with extinction coefficient, with an rms error of +/-11.7%.
Architecture and design of storage and data management for the NASA Earth observing system Data and Information System (EOSDIS) (2002)

Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) is a long-term NASA research mission to study the processes leading to global climate change. The EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is the component within MTPE that will provide the Earth science community with easy, affordable, and reliable access to Earth science data. EOSDIS is a distributed system, with major facilities at eight Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) located throughout the United States. At the DAACs the Science Data Processing Segment (SDPS) will receive, process, archive, and manage all data. It is estimated that several hundred gigaflops of processing power will be required to process and archive the several terabytes of new data that will be generated and distributed daily. Thousands of science users and perhaps several hundred thousand nonscience users will access the system.
Waste vitrification at Battelle Northwest. [Comparison of three vitrification techniques] (1976)

The aim of this report was to identify the basic sanitary situation and that of a series of health markers, in the area of influence of our health centre. The population studied have all come from places under the census and the measuring system used was a prepared survey and also, direct observation. The information collected was verified by revising all the clinical notes of the affected people. The results found are presented, referring to the characteristics of the houses and the stables, the sanitary situation of the livestock, water supply and excrement removal, rubbish removal methods and health markers. The high number of houses without adequate installation maintenance (water, excrement...) and the high incidence of infectious diseases should be highlighted.
A 1.5-mm diameter single-chip CMOS front-end system with transmit-receive capability for CMUT-on-CMOS forward-looking IVUS (2011)

Integration of receive and transmit electronics and transducer array elements on a single chip is critical for successful implementation of a highly-flexible forward-looking (FL) IVUS imaging catheter. Single-chip integration reduces the interconnect complexity significantly, and enables the ultimate miniaturization of IVUS arrays. Here we describe a single-chip FL-IVUS system based on a front-end IC implemented in 0.35-μm CMOS that is integrated with a 1.4-mm diameter CMUT array using CMUT-on-CMOS technology. The IC incorporates a pulser capable of generating 25-V pulses and a low-noise receiver transimpedance amplifier dedicated to each of the 56 Tx and 48 Rx CMUT array elements, respectively. The chip also includes a digital control circuitry that is designed to synchronize transmitting and receiving sequence during the data acquisition. All of the active circuitry fits into a size of 1.5-mm diameter silicon donut shape with a 430-μm gap left inside for a guide wire. The single-chip FL-IVUS system requires only 13 external connections and provides 4 parallel outputs. The average power consumption of the chip is reduced to 20 mW by biasing off the unused receive amplifiers using the digital logic. Characterization results of the low-noise preamplifiers in the IC after monolithic integration with the FL-IVUS CMUT array are presented. Successful implementation of the single-chip FL-IVUS system is also demonstrated through a volumetric imaging experiment.
Molecular Mechanism of the Effects of Salt and pH on the Affinity between Protein A and Human Immunoglobulin G1 Revealed by Molecular Simulations (2011)

Protein A from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) has been widely used as an affinity ligand for purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG). The affinity between SpA and IgG is affected differently by salt and pH, but their molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area analysis were performed to investigate the salt (NaCl) and pH effects on the affinity between SpA and human IgG1 (hIgG1). It is found that salt and pH affect the interactions of the hot spots of SpA by different mechanisms. In the salt solution, the compensations between helices I and II of SpA as well as between the nonpolar and electrostatic energies make the binding free energy independent of salt concentration. At pH 3.0, the unfavorable electrostatic interactions increase greatly and become the driving force for dissociation of the SpA-hIgG1 complex. They mainly come from the strong electrostatic repulsions between positively charged residues (H137, R146, and K154) of SpA and the positively charged residues of hIgG1. It is considered to be the molecular basis for hIgG1 elution from SpA-based affinity adsorbents at pH 3.0. The dissociation mechanism is then used to refine the binding model of SpA to hIgG1. The model is expected to help design high-affinity peptide ligands of IgG.
CSL: A Language to Specify and Re-specify Mobile Sensor Network Behaviors (2009)

The Collaborative Sensing Language (CSL) is a high-level feedback control language for mobile sensor networks (MSN). It specifies MSN controllers to accomplish network objectives with a dynamically changing ad-hoc resource pool. Furthermore, CSL is designed to allow the updating of controllers during execution (patching). This enables hierarchical control with simpler controllers at lower levels. The CSL Execution Engine contains the intelligence to allocate resources to tasks dynamically and adjust in real time to resource motion, this enables CSL controllers to be simple, intuitive and scalable. Experimental results show that the CSL Execution Engine performs these services with the addition of very little overhead.
Nonlinear reduced-order state and parameter observer (2001)

A globally stable algorithm for jointly estimating the state and parameters in deterministic nonlinear dynamic systems is developed. This is accomplished by combining the concepts developed by Raghavan (1992) for the design of a full-order adaptive observer with the techniques used by Friedland (1997) for development of reduced-order estimators. The result is a method whose applicability exceeds that of many existing techniques in that it can accommodate multi-output systems. Several previously developed methods applicable to the same class of nonlinear system are restricted to single-output systems. In addition, the new method is shown to have some computational, advantages.
THE INVENTORY THEORTETIC APPROACH IN TRANSPORTATION SELECTION MODELS: A CRITICAL REVIEW (1991)

The inventory theoretic approach represents the mainstream framework for building models that try to evaluate transportation-inventory decisions jointly from a total logistics cost perspective. This paper reviews that framework, focusing on the limitations of the standard pattern of implementation in stochastic transportation selection models. Although the approximate solutions of existing models might offer better results than the methods currently in use, the logistics profession is far from the ultimate model. Recommendations are given for improving the resolution, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness of these models.
Medical Mission to the Yemen, Southwest Arabia, 1951 (1953)

SummaryA geomedical survey of three geographic regions of the Yemen was made during January and February, 1951. On the basis of this survey it would appear that there are at least 10 major disease problems in the Yemen, irregularly distributed through the principal geographic regions. In the lowlands (Tihama) as well as elsewhere, dysenteries, intestinal parasitism, venereal diseases, nutritional diseases, tuberculosis and eye diseases are common. This region has more malaria than the highlands but considerably less than the middle heights. Schistosomiasis occurs here to about the same extent as it does in the highlands but far less frequently than in the vicinity of Ta'izz in the middle heights. Typhoid fever appears to be fairly common in all three regions. In the middle heights, major disease emphasis is on schistosomiasis, malaria, veneral diseases, the dysenteries, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus and trachoma. The highlands differ in that there is less schistosomiasis and malaria, and perhaps less dysentery.
Computer vision-based recognition of liquid surfaces and phase boundaries in transparent vessels, with emphasis on chemistry applications (2014)

The ability to recognize the liquid surface and the liquid level in transparent containers is perhaps the most commonly used evaluation method when dealing with fluids. Such recognition is essential in determining the liquid volume, fill level, phase boundaries and phase separation in various fluid systems. The recognition of liquid surfaces is particularly important in solution chemistry, where it is essential to many laboratory techniques (e.g., extraction, distillation, titration). A general method for the recognition of interfaces between liquid and air or between phase-separating liquids could have a wide range of applications and contribute to the understanding of the visual properties of such interfaces. This work examines a computer vision method for the recognition of liquid surfaces and liquid levels in various transparent containers. The method can be applied to recognition of both liquid-air and liquid-liquid surfaces. No prior knowledge of the number of phases is required. The method receives the image of the liquid container and the boundaries of the container in the image and scans all possible curves that could correspond to the outlines of liquid surfaces in the image. The method then compares each curve to the image to rate its correspondence with the outline of the real liquid surface by examining various image properties in the area surrounding each point of the curve. The image properties that were found to give the best indication of the liquid surface are the relative intensity change, the edge density change and the gradient direction relative to the curve normal.