gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identifying sources of overlay error in FinFET technology (2005)

In recent years as transistor gate lengths are driven to 50nm and below, several new advanced transistor architectures have been introduced. These transistor structures require the use of distinctly different materials and process technology, each of which imposes new challenges. In the early development phase of our FinFET technology, which utilizes Silicon On Insulator (SOI), very large overlay errors were observed. These overlay errors could be as much as ten times larger than the overlay capability of the state of the art exposure tools used. Traditionally when analyzing such overlay errors we characterize the systematic or correctable components and the residual errors. The modeling of these overlay errors in terms of grid and intrafield components is well understood and provides an extremely effective means of detecting registration errors associated with the exposure tools. Nevertheless, when large overlay errors are observed, the tendency remains to suspect that the exposure tool is the cause of the overlay errors. In these situations alignment often and very quickly becomes the focus of attention. By using experimental splits and appropriate analysis techniques, we were able to identify the specific process steps and equipment responsible. This allowed those process steps to be replaced by alternative integration strategies, before the technology was finalized. By detection of these errors early in the development phase and by working closely with integration, a well characterized process, eliminating FinFET material and process induced overlay errors can be achieved. In this paper we report on the methodology used and show that overlay performance can be achieved consistent with the capabilities of the state of the art exposure tools used.
Gravel Roads and Dust Suppression (2009)

ABSTRACT This review paper deals with the field of dust generation on gravel roads, dust suppressant performance and evaluation techniques. By applying the proper dust suppressant, matching the gravel road condition specific to the site, dust emission can be reduced, thereby providing a healthier ambient air environment, increasing road safety and ride comfort while reducing the need and cost of vehicle repair, road maintenance activities, and aggregate replacement. By applying the proper application rate of the dust suppressant, the cost of annual dust control as well as the environmental impact can be significantly reduced. Suitable measuring techniques for evaluating dust suppressant efficiency will facilitate the choice of the most appropriate dust suppressant and its optimal application rate. KEYWORDS: Gravel RoadsDeteriorationParticulate MatterDust SuppressantsMeasuring Techniques
Structural basis for self-assembly of a cytolytic pore lined by protein and lipid (2015)

Pore-forming toxins (PFT) are water-soluble proteins that possess the remarkable ability to self-assemble on the membrane of target cells, where they form pores causing cell damage. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of action of the haemolytic protein fragaceatoxin C (FraC), a α-barrel PFT, by determining the crystal structures of FraC at four different stages of the lytic mechanism, namely the water-soluble state, the monomeric lipid-bound form, an assembly intermediate and the fully assembled transmembrane pore. The structure of the transmembrane pore exhibits a unique architecture composed of both protein and lipids, with some of the lipids lining the pore wall, acting as assembly cofactors. The pore also exhibits lateral fenestrations that expose the hydrophobic core of the membrane to the aqueous environment. The incorporation of lipids from the target membrane within the structure of the pore provides a membrane-specific trigger for the activation of a haemolytic toxin.
Upstream-FDMA/downstream-TDM optical fiber multiaccess network (2003)

The upstream-frequency-division-multiple access/downstream-time-division multiplexing (UFDMA/DTDM) optical multiaccess network is discussed. The system design for the proposed network is outlined. In this network, superluminescent diodes, which have a wide optical spectrum linewidth, are used as transmitter light sources in the network terminators to avoid optical beat interference. The carrier to noise ratio (CNR) and the dispersion power penalty are calculated to determine the channel capacity. For example, in the 1.5 mu m wavelength region. 800 Mb/s downstream channel capacity and 1.5 Mb/s upstream channel capacity are applicable for 32 network terminators and a 10 km optical fiber.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rapid Quenching Technique Using Thermal‐Image Furnace for Glass Preparation (1981)

A new technique combining a thermal‐image furnace and a twin roller is described for quenching the melt to form glass. The technique was applied to the simple system Li 2 O‐SiO 2 , since its fundamental parameters in the estimation of critical cooling rate are available. Glass flakes were obtained in the composition Li 4 SiO 4 , for which a very large critical cooling rate (∼10 9 K·s −1 ) was needed for glass formation.
Improved Statistical Inference from DNA Microarray Data Using Analysis of Variance and A Bayesian Statistical Framework (2001)

We describe statistical methods based on the t test that can be conveniently used on high density array data to test for statistically significant differences between treatments. These t tests employ either the observed variance among replicates within treatments or a Bayesian estimate of the variance among replicates within treatments based on a prior estimate obtained from a local estimate of the standard deviation. The Bayesian prior allows statistical inference to be made from microarray data even when experiments are only replicated at nominal levels. We apply these new statistical tests to a data set that examined differential gene expression patterns in IHF(+) and IHF(-) Escherichia coli cells (Arfin, S. M., Long, A. D., Ito, E. T., Tolleri, L., Riehle, M. M., Paegle, E. S., and Hatfield, G. W. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29672-29684). These analyses identify a more biologically reasonable set of candidate genes than those identified using statistical tests not incorporating a Bayesian prior. We also show that statistical tests based on analysis of variance and a Bayesian prior identify genes that are up- or down-regulated following an experimental manipulation more reliably than approaches based only on a t test or fold change. All the described tests are implemented in a simple-to-use web interface called Cyber-T that is located on the University of California at Irvine genomics web site.
Network rigidity at finite temperature: Relationships between thermodynamic stability, the nonadditivity of entropy, and cooperativity in molecular systems (2003)

A statistical mechanical distance constraint model (DCM) is presented that explicitly accounts for network rigidity among constraints present within a system. Constraints are characterized by local microscopic free-energy functions. Topological rearrangements of thermally fluctuating constraints are permitted. The partition function is obtained by combining microscopic free energies of individual constraints using network rigidity as an underlying long-range mechanical interaction, giving a quantitative explanation for the nonadditivity in component entropies exhibited in molecular systems. Two exactly solved two-dimensional toy models representing flexible molecules that can undergo conformational change are presented to elucidate concepts, and to outline a DCM calculation scheme applicable to many types of physical systems. It is proposed that network rigidity plays a central role in balancing the energetic and entropic contributions to the free energy of biopolymers, such as proteins. As a demonstration, the distance constraint model is solved exactly for the alpha-helix to coil transition in homogeneous peptides. Temperature and size independent model parameters are fitted to Monte Carlo simulation data, which includes peptides of length 10 for gas phase, and lengths 10, 15, 20, and 30 in water. The DCM is compared to the Lifson-Roig model. It is found that network rigidity provides a mechanism for cooperativity in molecular structures including their ability to spontaneously self-organize. In particular, the formation of a characteristic topological arrangement of constraints is associated with the most probable microstates changing under different thermodynamic conditions.
Facile Access to Highly Fluorescent Nanofibers and Microcrystals via Reprecipitation of 2-Phenyl-benzoxazole Derivatives (2011)

2-Phenyl-benzoxazole and five derivatives bearing an alkyl or alkoxy substituent on the phenyl ring were used to prepare aqueous suspensions of particles via a solvent-exchange method. In these conditions, the methyl and methoxy derivatives spontaneously gave nanofibers, while the other compounds led to microcrystals. This shows that minor chemical changes are enough to direct the formation of a given type of particle. From a spectroscopic viewpoint, all compounds strongly emit blue light in the solid state, with spectra much broader than those registered in n-heptane and ethanol solutions. The photoluminescence quantum yields reached 38% and were slightly affected in aqueous suspension by the polarity of the environment. The molecular arrangement, deduced from X-ray analysis for the methyl and methoxy derivatives, was used to explain the fluorescence properties in the solid state. This work shows that 2-phenyl-benzoxazole derivatives are interesting candidates for applications as fluorescent nanomaterials, including in aqueous and biological media.
Synthesis of the insect dyestuff kermesic acid and related anthraquinones (1978)

The structurally related anthraquinones kermesic acid, laccaic acid D, and aloesaponarin-I and -II have been synthesised efficiently, key steps involving Diels–Alder additions and addition of 1,1-dimethoxyethene.
Region- or state-related differences in expression and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in naïve and pain-experiencing rats (2007)

Taken these results together, we conclude that: (1) under normal state, while ERK immunoreactivity is broadly distributed in the rat central nervous system in general, the relative abundance of ERK1 and ERK2 differs greatly among specific regions; (2) under pain state, either ERK1 or ERK2 can be effectively phosphorylated with a long-term duration by both transient and persistent pain, but their response patterns differ from each other across distinct regions; (3) The long-lasting ERKs activation induced by bee venom injection is highly correlated with our previous behavioral, electrophysiological, morphological and pharmacological observations, lending further support to the functional importance of ERKs-mediated signaling pathways in the processing of negative consequences of pain associated with sensory, emotional and cognitive dimensions.
Remarkably stable gold nanoparticles functionalized with a zwitterionic liquid based on imidazolium sulfonate in a high concentration of aqueous electrolyte and ionic liquid (2004)

A new type of gold nanoparticle with a zwitterionic liquid function (zwitter-Au) has been prepared using an imidazolium sulfonate-terminated thiol as a capping agent. Zwitter-Au was found to be remarkably stable in high concentrations of aqueous electrolytes, ionic liquids, and protein.
Cross-talk reduction by correcting the subpixel position in a multiview autostereoscopic three-dimensional display based on a lenticular sheet (2010)

A method is proposed to alleviate the cross talk in multiview autostereoscopic three-dimensional displays based on a lenticular sheet. We analyze the positional relationship between subpixels on the image panel and the lenticular sheet. According to this relationship, optimal synthetic images are synthesized to minimize cross talk by correcting the positions of subpixels on the image panel. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly reduces the cross talk of view images and improves the quality of stereoscopic images.
Coenzyme Q10 and α-Tocopherol Concentrations in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cervix Cancer (2001)

Mikhail, Magdy S. MD; Palan, Prabhudas R. PhD; Romney, Seymour L. MD Author Information
Design of an on-chip test pattern generator without prohibited pattern set (PPS) (2003)

This paper reports the design of a Test Pattern Generator (TPG) for VLSI circuits. The on-chip TPG is so designed that it generates test patterns while avoiding generation of a given Prohibited Pattern Set (PPS). The design ensures the desired pseudo-random quality of the test patterns generated. The experimental results confirm the high quality of randomness while ensuring fault coverage close to the figures achieved with a typical Pseudo Random Pattern Generator (PRPG) designed around maximal length LFSR/CA. Compared to the conventional PRPG, our method incurs no additional cost.
Tolterodine and Tamsulosin for Treatment of Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Overactive Bladder (2006)

These results suggest that treatment with tolterodine ER plus tamsulosin for 12 weeks provides benefit for men with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms including overactive bladder. Clinical Trials Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00147654.
Characterization of cultured human ovarian surface epithelial cells: phenotypic plasticity and premalignant changes. (1994)

Cultured OSE is more accurately identified if the demonstration of keratin is supplemented by 2G3, laminin, or the lack of endothelial markers. The modulation to a fibroblast-like morphology by OSE cells may reflect the expression of their dual epithelio-mesenchymal phenotype rather than epithelio-mesenchymal conversion. Possible indicators of early neoplastic change in immortalized OSE cells include reduced morphologic plasticity and increased 2G3 binding.
Open Sound Control : Constraints And Limitations (2008)

Open Sound Control (OSC) is being used successfully as amessaging protocol among many computers, gesturalcontrollers and multimedia systems. Although OSC hasaddressed some of the shortcomings of MIDI, OSC cannotdeliver on its promises as a real-time communication protocolfor constrained embedded systems. This paper will examinesome of the advantages but also dispel some of the mythsconcerning OSC. The paper will also describe how some of thebest features of OSC can be used to develop a lightweightprotocol that is microcontroller friendly.
Evaluation of Titanium Alloys Fabricated Using Rapid Prototyping Technologies—Electron Beam Melting and Laser Beam Melting (2011)

This study characterized properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI (extra low interstitial, ASTM grade 23) specimens fabricated by a laser beam melting (LBM) and an electron beam melting (EBM) system for dental applications. Titanium alloy specimens were made into required size and shape for each standard test using fabrication methods. The LBM specimens were made by an LBM machine utilizing 20 µm of Ti-6Al-4V ELI powder. Ti-6Al-4V ELI specimens were also fabricated by an EBM using 40 µm of Ti-6Al-4V ELI powder (average diameter, 40 µm: Arcam AB<sup>Ò</sup>) in a vacuum. As a control, cast Ti-6Al-4V ELI specimens (Cast) were made using a centrifugal casting machine in an MgO-based mold. Also, a wrought form of Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Wrought) was used as a control. The mechanical properties, corrosion properties and grindability (wear properties) were evaluated and data was analyzed using ANOVA and a non-parametric method (α = 0.05). The strength of the LBM and wrought specimens were similar, whereas the EBM specimens were slightly lower than those two specimens. The hardness of both the LBM and EBM specimens was similar and slightly higher than that of the cast and wrought alloys. For the higher grindability speed at 1,250 m/min, the volume loss of Ti64 LBM and EBM showed no significant differences among all the fabrication methods. LBM and EBM exhibited favorable results in fabricating dental appliances with excellent properties as found for specimens made by other fabricating methods.
An automatic tuning method for cascade control systems (2006)

In this paper, we present a new design method for cascade control systems. The proposed (open-loop) identification procedure allows to perform a one stage tuning of the PID controllers, whose parameters are selected in order to ensure a good load disturbance rejection performance. Then, the model of the overall control system is reduced in order to apply the closed-form solution of an analytical stable inversion procedure as a command function. Thus, a high (predefined) performance is achieved also in the set-point following task. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the methodology
Pervasive pheromone-based interaction with RFID tags (2007)

Despite the growing interest in pheromone-based interaction to enforce adaptive and context-aware coordination, the number of deployed systems exploiting digital pheromones to coordinate the activities of situated autonomous agents is still very limited. In this article, we present a simple low-cost and general-purpose implementation of a pheromone-based interaction mechanism for pervasive environments. This is realized by making use of RFID tags to store digital pheromones and by having humans or robots spread/sense pheromones by properly writing/reading RFID tags populating the surrounding physical environment. We exemplify and evaluate the effectiveness of our approach via an application for object-tracking. This application allows robots and humans to find forgotten-somewhere objects by following pheromones trails associated with them. In addition, we sketch further potential applications of our approach in pervasive computing scenarios, discuss related work in the area, and identify future research directions.
NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF MAGNETOBREMSSTRAHLUNG EMISSION AND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS (2011)

Magnetobremsstrahlung (MBS) emission and absorption play a role in many astronomical systems. We describe a general numerical scheme for evaluating MBS emission and absorption coefficients for both polarized and unpolarized light in a plasma with a general distribution function. Along the way we provide an accurate scheme for evaluating Bessel functions of high order. We use our scheme to evaluate the accuracy of earlier fitting formulae and approximations. We also provide an accurate fitting formula for mildly relativistic (kT/(mec2) ≳ 0.5) thermal electron emission (and therefore absorption). Our scheme is too slow, at present, for direct use in radiative transfer calculations but will be useful for anyone seeking to fit emission or absorption coefficients in a particular regime.
Trauma and Stress Response Among Hurricane Katrina Evacuees (2007)

Katrina-related trauma and its psychological sequelae will remain a significant public health issue for years to come. The identification of several vulnerability factors related to ASD and PTSD provides a brief sketch of those at greatest risk.
Heteropolynuclear Palladium Complexes with Pyrazolate and Its 3‐<i>tert</i>‐Butyl Derivatives: The Effect of Heterometal Ions on the Rate of Isomerization (2006)

The heteropolynuclear complexes [Pd(2)M'(2)(mu-pz)(6)] (M'=Ag (1), Au (2); pzH=pyrazole), HT-[Pd(2)M'(2)(mu-3-tBupz)(6)] (M'=Ag (3 a), Au (4 a); 3-tBupzH=3-tert-butylpyrazole), and HH-[Pd(2)Au(2)(mu-3-tBupz)(6)] (4 b) have been prepared and some of them were structurally characterized. When 3-tert-butylpyrazolate was employed as a bridging ligand, two linkage isomers (head-to-tail (HT) and head-to-head (HH)) arise from the difference in orientation of the substituent groups on the pyrazolate bridges between the two Pd atoms. (1)H NMR spectroscopy has been used to identify and to follow the reversible stereochemical rearrangement of the HH isomer of [Pd(2)Ag(2)(mu-3-tBupz)(6)] (3 b) to form the HT isomer 3 a in CDCl(3) and the HT isomer of [Pd(2)Au(2)(mu-3-tBupz)(6)] (4 a) to form the HH isomer 4 b in C(6)D(6). Kinetic studies of the reaction have established the rate law to be -d(HH)/dt=d(HT)/dt=k(2)[HH]-k(1)[HT] for 3 b and -d(HT)/dt=d(HH)/dt=k(1)[HT]-k(2)[HH] for 4 a, where k(1) and k(2) denote the rate of isomerization from the HT to the HH isomer and that from the HH to the HT isomer, respectively. For typical runs at 50 degrees C in C(6)D(6), k(1)=13.8x10(-5) s(-1), k(2)=18.6x10(-5) s(-1), and K(eq)=k(2)/k(1)=1.24 for 3 b, and k(1)=1.26x10(-5) s(-1), k(2)=3.52x10(-5) s(-1), and K(eq)=k(1)/k(2)=0.36 for 4 a. Temperature-dependent rate measurements reveal DeltaH(not equal) and DeltaS(not equal) to be 100(1) kJ mol(-1) and 0(3) J mol(-1) K(-1) for 3 b and 112(5) kJ mol(-1) and 20(17) J mol(-1) K(-1) for 4 a, respectively. The rate of isomerization is essentially unaffected by the concentration of the complex or by the presence of neutral bridging ligands. These data and observations imply that the isomerization involves an intramolecular exchange process.
Transgenic mice expressing a pH and Cl<sup>–</sup> sensing yellow‐fluorescent protein under the control of a potassium channel promoter (2002)

During the last few years a variety of genetically encodable optical probes that monitor physiological parameters such as local pH, Ca2+, Cl-, or transmembrane voltage have been developed. These sensors are based on variants of green-fluorescent protein (GFP) and can be synthesized by mammalian cells after transfection with cDNA. To use these sensor proteins in intact brain tissue, specific promoters are needed that drive protein expression at a sufficiently high expression level in distinct neuronal subpopulations. Here we investigated whether the promoter sequence of a particular potassium channel may be useful for this purpose. We produced transgenic mouse lines carrying the gene for enhanced yellow-fluorescent protein (EYFP), a yellow-green pH- and Cl- sensitive variant of GFP, under control of the Kv3.1 K+ channel promoter (pKv3.1). Transgenic mouse lines displayed high levels of EYFP expression, identified by confocal microscopy, in adult cerebellar granule cells, interneurons of the cerebral cortex, and in neurons of hippocampus and thalamus. Furthermore, using living cerebellar slices we demonstrate that expression levels of EYFP are sufficient to report intracellular pH and Cl- concentration using imaging techniques and conditions analogous to those used with conventional ion-sensitive dyes. We conclude that transgenic mice expressing GFP-derived sensors under the control of cell-type specific promoters, provide a unique opportunity for functional characterization of defined subsets of neurons.
INTEGRATING ACTIVE OBJECTS WITH STEREO IMAGES FOR MAP PRODUCTION (2000)

Photogrammetric feature extraction has traditionally been a standalone activity, feeding data into GIS and mapping systems. New environments however, bring together the previously separate disciplines of photogrammetry, object data modelling and cartography to produce a unified flowline for production of maps, charts, and geospatial data. This paper overviews the capabilities of a modern stereo photogrammetric workstation and of a map production application built on an object-oriented geospatial database, to explore the synergy arising from the close interfacing of the two. The technology, merits and deployment of the integration are discussed.