gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Combustion Model for Homogeneous Charge Natural Gas Rotary Engines (1989)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In previous papers a complete simulation model of the combustion in a gasoline rotary engine has been described. This combustion model, developed at the University of Gent and UMIST (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology), is based on a turbulence enhancement factor for the flame in various zones of the combustion chamber.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The purpose of this paper is to give a description of the modifications of the model for a homogeneous natural gas rotary engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The real geometry of the combustion chamber is incorporated In the model. Calculations are executed for different geometries of rotary engines (especially different positions and shapes of the recess in the rotor).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Different formulas of the laminar flame speed for natural gas are examined. The turbulent flame speed is calculated with a turbulence factor or with a turbulence intensity factor. A correlation between the engine conditions and the turbulence intensity is proposed.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The model is validated by experimental results (pressure measurements) for different load conditions of a particular engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A parametric study is carried out to examine the influence of equivalence ratio, turbulence, ignition timing, and so on.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The experimental data is also used to obtain the heat release curves and the Wiebe parameters for a natural gas, rotary engine. The recalculated pressure diagrams, based on the Wiebe parameters, are in very close agreement with the measured diagrams.</div>
SOI MOSFET structure with a junction-type body contact for suppression of pass gate leakage (2001)

A SOI MOSFET structure with a junction-type body contact [body-junctioned-to-gate (BJG)] is proposed to effectively suppress the parasitic bipolar effect in all kinds of MOSFETs including the pass transistor, which can be realized with compact design and simple processes. It utilizes the buried contact process to minimize the area consumption. Various on-chip test circuits have been fabricated to verify the BJG characteristics and it is shown that the proposed structure provides nearly perfect immunity against the circuit failure caused by the parasitic bipolar effect and an excellent speed performance, so that it can be a promising candidate for the SOI circuits.
Ethylene biosynthesis in oilseed rape pods in relation to pod shatter (1998)

Ethylene production was studied during the development and senescence of seeds and pericarp tissues of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) pods (siliquae). In the course of the rise to a pre-senescence climacteric, little change in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was recorded in the seeds, indicating a rapid conversion to ethylene. In contrast, very small amounts of ethylene were produced by the pod wall (PW) tissues, which included the dehiscence zone (DZ), while levels of free and conjugated ACC in the PW increased consistently. As climacteric ethylene production by the seeds declined, biosynthesis of ethylene by the PW increased. Effects of reducing ethylene production by various means were examined in relation to cell separation in the dehiscence zone. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applied during the presenescence climacteric reduced ACC levels and ethylene production by the seeds, but did not affect subsequent values in the PW. The production of β-1,4-glucanase and the separation of the cells of the DZ were delayed for 3–4 d by AVG, but the force required to open fully mature pods was unaltered. In parthenocarpic (seedless) pods, ethylene was produced during senescence. Cell separation in the DZ took place as in seeded pods, although it was also delayed by 3–4 d. The results are related to changes in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in oilseed rape pods which decline in PW and DZ tissues during senescence. It is concluded that separation in the cells of the dehiscence zone requires only small amounts of ethylene to trigger the process when IAA levels are low.
Sarpogrelate Hydrochloride, a Selective 5-HT2A Antagonist, Improves Vascular Function in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (2007)

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is 1 of the major manifestations of atherosclerosis. PAD is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Sarpogrelate hydrochloride, a selective 5-HT2A antagonist, has been widely used as an anti-platelet agent for the treatment of PAD. There is no information on whether endothelial function is improved after initiation of sarpogrelate treatment in patients with PAD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sarpogrelate on endothelial function in patients with PAD. We divided PAD patients into 2 groups: those treated with sarpogrelate at a dose of 100 mg 3 times per day orally for 12 weeks (sarpogrelate group, n = 10), and those who remained on conventional therapy (control group, n = 11). Forearm blood flow (FBF) and leg blood flow (LBF) responses to reactive hyperemia (RH) and sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) were measured using strain-gauge plethysmography. After 12 weeks of sarpogrelate administration, FBF and LBF responses during RH showed significant increases from 13.2 +/- 1.7 to 18.1 +/- 2.2 mL/min per 100 mL tissue (P < 0.01) and from 8.2 +/- 0.9 to 14.2 +/- 2.1 mL/min per 100 mL tissue (P < 0.05), respectively. Sarpogrelate-induced augmentation of FBF and LBF responses to RH was maintained at 24 weeks. No change was observed in the control group at each follow-up time point. The changes in FBF and LBF after sublingual NTG were similar during follow-up periods in the 2 groups. These findings suggest that long-term oral administration of sarpogrelate improves vascular function in patients with PAD.
Fundamental characteristics of a five-level double converter for induction motor drive (2002)

Multilevel power converters have been receiving increased attention because they can withstand high voltage and generate a nearly sinusoidal waveform. Large-motor drive systems are generally used with transformers to control the voltage stress on semiconductor devices in the converter circuit. If multilevel converters are instead used for this purpose, the transformers can be omitted because these converters reduce the voltage stress on each switching device. However, multilevel converters have certain disadvantages such as the need to balance the voltage of the DC-bus capacitors. In this paper, a control strategy for a five-level double converter system is investigated. First, the performance of a five-level diode clamped inverter is analyzed by simulation, secondly, a control method for a five-level double converter is proposed, and finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment.
Female Mate Choice in a Neotropical Frog (1980)

Female Physalaemus pustulosus choose their mates and are more likely to choose larger males. There is a significant negative correlation between the size of the male and the fundamental frequency of one of the components of its advertisement call. Playback experiments demonstrate that females are capable of choosing larger males by distinguishing among differences in spectral components of the advertisement call.
Antimicrobial Peptides: Diversity and Perspectives for Their Biomedical Application (2011)

For over fifty years, people have used antibiotics to treat illnesses caused by pathogens. However, the excessive and inappropriate use of these antibiotics in clinical treatment of humans and animals has increased pathogen resistance to these compounds, turning them into less effective agents. There has also been an increase in the generation of multidrugresistant pathogens, primarily bacteria and fungi that resist the effects of most currently available antibiotics (Heuer et al., 2006; Field, 2010). Until now, the pharmaceutical industry is facing this problem by looking for new antibiotics or modifying existing ones. However, pathogens have proven to have the ability to quickly develop and disseminate resistance mechanisms, which compromises this strategy, becoming it less effective. This clearly shows the need to develop new biomedical treatments with different action mechanisms from those of conventional antibiotics (Parisien et al., 2008). This problem has led that efforts being made on research and development of new biomedical alternatives, among which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered one of the most promising options. AMPs are produced by a wide variety of organisms as part of their first line of defense (eukaryotes) or as a competition strategy for nutrients and space (prokaryotes). These molecules are usually short peptides (12-100 amino acid residues); have a positive charge (+2 to +9), although there are also neutral and negatively charged. They are amphipathic and have been isolated from bacteria, plants and animals, including humans; which give us an overview of the enormous structural diversity of these molecules and their different action mechanisms (Murray & Liu, 2008). The continuous discovery of new AMPs groups in diverse organisms has turned these natural antibiotics into the basic elements of a new generation of potential biomedical treatments against infectious diseases in humans and animals. Besides the above, the broad spectrum of biological activities reported for these molecules suggests a potential benefit in cancer treatment, viral and parasitic infections and in the modulation of the immune system, which reinforces the importance of studying these molecules (Mercado et al., 2005; Schweizer, 2009).
Cellular In Vivo Assay of Calpain Activity Using a Fluorescent Substrate: Application to Study of Anoxic Liver Injury (2003)

Calpain proteases have been extensively studied over the past 20 years but substrate specificity and activity studies have been limited to investigations using isolated calpain proteases in vitro and in the presence of calcium concentrations beyond the physiologic range found in normal cells (1–3). Intracellular autolytic activation, interactions with small acidic phospholipids, and interactions with the calpain inhibitor protein calpastatin all modulate physiologic and pathophysiologic calpain activity (1–3). Thus, the development of calpain assays for use in intact cells is critical to the study of the normal and pathological activity of these proteases.
A Low-Complex Virtual Sub-Carrier Reservation Algorithm for PAPR Reduction (2009)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as the leading technology for future mobile communication, PAPR reduction is an important research subject which still needs to be researched on. Aiming at solving the problem that complexity of partial transmitting sequence (PTS) method, we propose a low-complex improved algorithm - iterative PTS based on the traditional PTS, and furthermore, a low complex virtual sub-carrier reservation algorithm is proposed according to reduction PAPR by virtual sub-carriers. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the method.
A 60&#x00B5;W LNA for 2.4 GHz wireless sensors network applications (2011)

This work reports on the implementation of a 2.4 GHz ultra low power (ULP) low noise amplifier (LNA) in a standard CMOS 0.13 μm process. The proposed design methodology consists in optimizing the tradeoff between RF performances and current consumption of the MOS transistor. The supply of the circuit controlled by a 3bits DAC varies from 0.4 to 0.6 V. This digital tuning allows maximizing the figure of merit of the LNA. The approach yields the operating point within the sweet spot region of the amplifying transistors. Experimental results of the circuit indicate a power dissipation of 60 μW@0.4V, a noise figure of 5.3 dB, and a forward gain of 13.1 dB. The IIP3 and ICP1 are -12 dBm and -19 dBm, respectively. This works aims the development of a complete RF front end for micro-watt radio.
종교개혁 초기 전단지에 투영된 농민의 이미지 －뉘른베르크 전단지 작가들의 작품 4편을 중심으로－ (2010)

This article attempts to reconstruct the images of peasants reflected in the broadsheets of the writers and painters who acted during the early phase of the Reformation in Nuremberg, one of the active places for the Lutheran Reformation. The imperial city was one of centers of the printing trade in Germany, so that many talented authors and printers in the city defending Luther produced various Protestant broadsheets and pamphlets. Four broadsheets from Nuremberg, `allegory of monasticism`, `the sheepfold of Christ`, `Luther and the artisans` and `the poor common ass`, allow us to learn the burghers views on the peasants who were dissatisfied with the unjust social structure and began to protest against their feudal lords in the beginning of 1520s. Hans Sachs, one of the most famous `mastersingers` in Nuremberg and the author of three texts of the broadsheets, refused as a ardent adherent of Luther all kinds of violences, whereas Sebald Beham, the designer of three woodcuts of the broadsheets and one of the so-called `three ungodly painters`, was banished from the imperial city because of his radical religious ideas. The different world views of two burghers were reflected in their works: Sachs stigmatized not only Catholic clergy and Luthers opponents as `ungodly bands`(in `the sheepfold of Christ`, `Luther and the artisans`), but also rejected the violent peasant struggle against the lords and the usurers as wrong actions which were inconsistent with God`s word, although he had pity on their miserable situation(in `the poor common ass`); Beham depicted the peasants as active subjects of the Reformation who took the head in running to the Christ(in `the sheepfold of Christ`), compelled the monks to accept the `right belief`(in `allegory of monasticism`), and were armed with flails to protect Luther against the `ungodly`(in `Luther and the artisans`). The images of the peasants in four broadsheets represent the burghers` mixed feeling-solidarity, compassionand concern-for the revolutionary peasants.
Increasing web accessibility by automatically judging alternative text quality (2007)

The lack of appropriate alternative text for web images remains a problem for blind users and others accessing the web with non-visual interfaces. The content contained within web images is vital for understanding many web sites but the majority are assigned either inaccurate alternative text or none at all. The capability to automatically judge the quality of alternative text has the promise to dramatically improve the accessibility of the web by bringing intelligence to three categories of interfaces: tools that help web authors verify that they have provided adequate alternative text for web images, systems that automatically produce and insert alternative text for web images, and screen reading software. In this paper we describe a classifier capable of measuring the quality of alternative text given only a few labeled training examples by automatically considering the image context.
Proteomic Analysis of Pathogenic Fungi Reveals Highly Expressed Conserved Cell Wall Proteins (2016)

We are presenting a quantitative proteomics tally of the most commonly expressed conserved fungal proteins of the cytosol, the cell wall, and the secretome. It was our goal to identify fungi-typical proteins that do not share significant homology with human proteins. Such fungal proteins are of interest to the development of vaccines or drug targets. Protein samples were derived from 13 fungal species, cultured in rich or in minimal media; these included clinical isolates of <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Candida</i>, <i>Mucor</i>, <i>Cryptococcus</i>, and <i>Coccidioides</i> species. Proteomes were analyzed by quantitative MS<sup>E</sup> (Mass Spectrometry-Elevated Collision Energy). Several thousand proteins were identified and quantified in total across all fractions and culture conditions. The 42 most abundant proteins identified in fungal cell walls or supernatants shared no to very little homology with human proteins. In contrast, all but five of the 50 most abundant cytosolic proteins had human homologs with sequence identity averaging 59%. Proteomic comparisons of the secreted or surface localized fungal proteins highlighted conserved homologs of the <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> proteins 1,3-β-glucanosyltransferases (Bgt1, Gel1-4), Crf1, Ecm33, EglC, and others. The fact that Crf1 and Gel1 were previously shown to be promising vaccine candidates, underlines the value of the proteomics data presented here.
Grundlagen der Koordinatentransformation bei Industrierobotern. (1986)

Far beyond psychoanalysis and the 20th century there is a very long tradition of the idea that under normal circumstances our convictions, values, attitudes and behaviour patterns are a more or less consistent system, not to be radically changed, unless a shaking-up happens, which reduces confidence into this value system. Only then would an intensive search for new and better possibilities of adaption to reality occur. In this paper, four theses on the problem of psychoanalytic crisis induction will first be presented. Thereafter, the phase of crisis induction within psychoanalytic therapy will be described in terms of Janzarik's concept of structural-dynamic coherence. Finally, a comparison between different forms of crisis induction such as psychoanalysis, group dynamics and trauma shall stress the ethical aspects of the matter.
Laser-induced vapor deposition of silicon (1979)

Silicon films were deposited when silane was irradiated with a pulsed CO2 laser. This laser-induced vapor deposition occurs effectively when the laser is tuned to an absorption frequency of SiH4. Efficiency was so high that an unfocused beam of 1.3 MW/cm2 sufficed. Any thermal effects are ruled out. Deposition is induced efficiently at gas pressures above 100 Torr, indicating that a collision-aided process is involved.
Vectorized LU Decomposition Algorithms for Large-Scale Circuit Simulation (1985)

Proposed here are two kinds of vectorized LU decomposition algorithms for an unstructured sparse matrix arising from large scale circuit simulation. Either algorithm implemented on our supercomputer S810 improves efficiency 11 to 82 times for LU decomposition and 2.1 to 8.9 times in total simulation, as compared with a conventional algorithm. Both algorithms detect operational parallelism in the irregularity of a matrix. While one of them limits the scope of parallelism detection to each set of consecutive columns so as to take advantage of the dense matrix method applicable to the lower right corner, the other tries to locate parallelism all over the matrix in every step without switching to a faster linear-index vector.
Iron-Catalyzed Polymerization of Alkoxysulfonate-Functionalized 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Gives Water-Soluble Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) of High Conductivity (2009)

Chemical polymerization of a 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene derivative bearing a sulfonate group (EDOT-S) is reported. The polymer, PEDOT-S, is fully water-soluble and has been produced by polymerizing EDOT-S in water, using Na2S2O8 and a catalytic amount of FeCl3. Elemental analysis and XPS measurements indicate that PEDOT-S is a material with a substantial degree of self-doping, but also contains free sulfate ions as charge-balancing counterions of the oxidized polymer. Apart from self-doping PEDOT-S, the side chains enable full water solubility of the material; DLS studies show an average cluster size of only 2 nm. Importantly, the solvation properties of the PEDOT-S are reflected in spin-coated films, which show a surface roughness of 1.2 nm and good conductivity (12 S/cm) in ambient conditions. The electro-optical properties of this material are shown with cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical experiment reveals an electrochromic contrast (∼48% at λmax = 606 nm).
Thermodynamics of phase equilibria in aqueous‐organic systems with salt (1994)

Abstract A semiempirical thermodynamic method is developed to establish a framework for calculating vapor‐liquid and liquid‐liquid equilibria in ternary systems containing water, an organic solvent, and a salt. Careful attention is given to precise definition of standard states. Short‐range ion‐solvent forces are taken into account primarily by a chemical‐equilibrium method based on stepwise ion solvation; however, physical contributions also contribute. Water‐cosolvent nonideality is described by an extended equation of the van Laar form. Long‐range electrostatic forces between ions are taken into account by an extended Debye‐Hückel equation with corrections for transferring from a McMillan‐Mayer to a Lewis‐Randall framework. The new method is illustrated with results for several systems including saturated aqueous mixtures of LiBr or LiCl with methanol where the salt concentration exceeds 20 molal. The method developed here is of particular interest for process calculations in extractive crystallization, a low‐energy operation for producing salt from aqueous solution.
Heterosubstituierte Acetylene, I. Darstellung und Reaktionen der Chloracetylenide in flüssigem Ammoniak (1959)

Abstract Vergleichende Versuche mit heterosubstituierten Acetylenen und Cyanverbindungen führten zur Darstellung der bisher unbekannten, reaktionsfähigen Alkali‐ und Erdalkali‐Chloracetylenide, deren Eigenschaften und metallorganische Umsetzungen in flüssigem Ammoniak beschrieben werden.