gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating Stuck at Coverage percentage through scan flops during scan (2019)

In SoC, every module must function properly even after fabrication. If a module is behaving properly in terms of it's functionality during the designing of the chip, it must be ensured that the module should work properly after the chip is being fabricated. This is because due to some manufacturing defect, the module may not function properly. As the process of manufacturing requires fine precision, the chip must undergo testing during it's designing phase. This is called design for testing. In SoC, it's an utmost important to insert DFT ( Design For Testing ) components to all the IP and the modules present in the SoC. There are many modules in SoC which contains thousands of flops. It's scan version is scan flops. During design for testing, a sequence of data is being sent to the scan flops which are stitched to each other in serial manner. The data is captured, shifted from the previous flop to the next flop and the value is loaded. The final output sequence is obtained from the final flip flop and is observed for proper functionality. Propagating signal from one flop to another flop is not an easy task as the sequence needs to be propagated from flops to flops thus experiencing delay, glitch, etc. All the scan flops must receive signals from proper source to avoid coverage loss. Thus early testability of RTL is necessary which detects the fault if the flop is not receiving proper signal and if some signal dedicated for scan operation is not properly constrained. Generally, the scan coverage may vary from 20 % to 100 %. There are partition achieving 100 % coverage but there are some partition too having coverage of just 20 % and the aim is to increase the scan coverage thus minimising the coverage loss to ensure proper scan operation.
Anti-Intellectualism in U.S. Schools (1993)

In this essay we present an argument about the relationship between schools' intellectual mission and their role in advancing social justice. In providing an argument of this sort, we claim neither to present a comprehensive review of literature nor to analyze specific educational policies. Rather, we bring together findings about certain features of schools in the United States that we believe contribute to their anti-intellectualism. This examination allows us to tell a story about schools that we think needs to be told; and it also elaborates a frame of reference from which to reconsider schools' mission and practice. Reframing these bases of schooling may be a necessary prelude to educational policies that promote both intellectual and egalitarian outcomes.
Polymer Inclusion Compounds by Polymerization of Monomers in β-Cyclodextrin Matrix in DMF Solution (1979)

Abstract The investigations of the synthesis of polyrotaxanes by the radical polymerization of monomers (vinylidene chloride, methyl acrylate, styrene, and methacrylonitrile) in DMF in the presence of β-cyclodextrin have been carried out. The possibility of formation β-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds with some vinyl monomers or some other organic substances in DMF solution has been established. We assume that the inclusion in presence of the solvent is related to the unusual phenomenon of β-cyclodextrin crystallization in hot DMF solutions. The polymerization of vinyl monomers in DMF solution at increased temperatures in the presence of β-cyclodextrin leads to compounds containing a great amount of cyclic compounds (up to 80%). Similar results have been obtained for monomers introduced as previously prepared adducts with β-cyclodextrin. Stable compounds of polymer and β-cyclodextrin have been obtained in the case of vinylidene chloride. The lack of carbohydrate moieties in the product obtained by polymerization of vinylidene chloride in the presence of linear dextrin suggest the inclusion character of the linkage between polymer and β-cyclodextrin molecules. The structure of a topological compound of polyrotaxane type is most feasible after dehydrochlorination.
Absence of citrulline‐specific autoantibodies in animal models of autoimmunity (2004)

Contains fulltext : 57611.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Compact circularly-polarised circular microstripantenna withcross-slot and peripheral cuts (1998)

Novel compact circular-polarisation (CP) operation of a circular microstrip antenna, with a cross-slot in the patch centre and a pair of peripheral cuts at opposite sides of the patch boundary, is proposed and experimentally studied. For operation at a fixed frequency, the proposed antenna, using a single probe feed, can have an antenna size reduction of ~ 20%, as compared to regular-size CP operation of a circular microstrip antenna. Details of the experimental results are presented and analysed.
Machine Learning in/for Blockchain: Future and Challenges (2019)

Machine learning and blockchain are two of the most noticeable technologies in recent years. The first one is the foundation of artificial intelligence and big data, and the second one has significantly disrupted the financial industry. Both technologies are data-driven, and thus there are rapidly growing interests in integrating them for more secure and efficient data sharing and analysis. In this paper, we review the research on combining blockchain and machine learning technologies and demonstrate that they can collaborate efficiently and effectively. In the end, we point out some future directions and expect more researches on deeper integration of the two promising technologies.
Machine learning guided exploration for sampling-based motion planning algorithms (2015)

We propose a machine learning (ML)-inspired approach to estimate the relevant region of a motion planning problem during the exploration phase of sampling-based path-planners. The algorithm guides the exploration so that it draws more samples from the relevant region as the number of iterations increases. The approach works in two steps: first, it predicts if a given sample is collision-free (classification phase) without calling the collision-checker, and it then estimates if it is a promising sample, i.e., if it has the potential to improve the current best solution (regression phase), without solving the local steering problem. The proposed exploration strategy is integrated to the RRT <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">#</sup> algorithm. Numerical simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
A single amino acid determines position specificity of an <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> CCoAOMT‐like <i>O</i>‐methyltransferase (2013)

Caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT)-like proteins from plants display a conserved position specificity towards the meta-position of aromatic vicinal dihydroxy groups, consistent with the methylation pattern observed in vivo. A CCoAOMT-like enzyme identified from Arabidopsis thaliana encoded by the gene At4g26220 shows a strong preference for methylating the para position of flavanones and dihydroflavonols, whereas flavones and flavonols are methylated in the meta-position. Sequence alignments and homology modelling identified several unique amino acids compared to motifs of other CCoAOMT-like enzymes. Mutation of a single glycine, G46 towards a tyrosine was sufficient for a reversal of the unusual para- back to meta-O-methylation of flavanones and dihydroflavonols.
The study on secure auto-configuration technology in IPv6 (2005)

As computers supplied in a homes, offices, and Internet use increases, various service based on the Internet are developed. In the future, many devices such as wireless PDA, Internet telephone, TV, refrigerator and oven will be connected on the Internet and the Internet address exhaustion problem is gradually raised. The present IPv4 address exhaustion problem is being solved through NAT (network address translation) and the transition to next generation Internet is accelerated because of the advantages offered in various functions of mobility security service, QoS, as well as solutions for IPv4's address exhaustion. In IPv6, all hosts are designed to create and set their address automatically without the manager's intervention using the neighbor discovery protocol. When IPv6 host sets its address automatically, there are serious security vulnerabilities. To solve this security problem, many people have researched about a secure auto-configuration. In this paper, we analyze the security vulnerabilities in auto-configuration and provide security requirements for secure auto-configuration
Bias and Precision of the fluoroBancroft Algorithm for Single Particle Localization in Fluorescence Microscopy (2011)

The fluoroBancroft (FB) algorithm is an analytical solution to the position estimation problem in single molecule fluorescence microscopy. In this paper we derive a theoretical description of the bias and precision of the estimator for three dimensional estimation based on a stack of charge-coupled device (CCD) images and illustrate the results through realistic simulations. The results indicate that the algorithm exhibits a small bias that is driven primarily by modeling error and is dependent on the location of the source particle relative to the set of pixels used for estimation. In the shot noise limited case, the precision scales approximately as the inverse square root of the number of photons detected and as the inverse of the number of photons detected in the background noise limited case. The results are compared through simulation to the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator based on the theoretical point spread function and found to have a similar performance. In general, the ML estimate had lower bias and variance, though at the lowest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), FB outperformed ML. The FB algorithm executes approximately three to four orders-of-magnitude faster than the ML estimator and is well-suited for applications in which real-time results are needed.
Surface stoichiometry determination of SiO <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> N <sub> <i>y</i> </sub> thin films by means of XPS (1994)

Abstract The surface stoichiometry of SiO x N y thin films has been studied by means of x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The modified Auger parameter, applied on the Si 2p core level and Si KL 2,3 L 2,3 Auger signal, has been used to calculate the surface composition of SiO x N y thin films prepared using different methods. The results have been compared with those obtained calculating the area under the XPS peaks and the Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The good agreement between these data indicates the validity of the modified Auger parameter as an easy and fast method, available in all electron spectroscopy laboratory, to study the surface stoichiometry of Si‐based compounds.
Site Assessment of Multiple-Sensor Approaches for Buried Utility Detection (2011)

The successful operation of buried infrastructure within urban environments is fundamental to the conservation of modern living standards. Open-cut methods are predominantly used, in preference to trenchless technology, to effect a repair, replace or install a new section of the network. This is, in part, due to the inability to determine the position of all utilities below the carriageway, making open-cut methods desirable in terms of dealing with uncertainty since the buried infrastructure is progressively exposed during excavation. However, open-cut methods damage the carriageway and disrupt society's functions. This paper describes the progress of a research project that aims to develop a multi-sensor geophysical platform that can improve the probability of complete detection of the infrastructure buried beneath the carriageway. The multi-sensor platform is being developed in conjunction with a knowledge-based system that aims to provide information on how the properties of the ground might affect the sensing technologies being deployed. The fusion of data sources (sensor data and utilities record data) is also being researched to maximize the probability of location. This paper describes the outcome of the initial phase of testing along with the development of the knowledge-based system and the fusing of data to produce utility maps.
Seamless gene correction of β-thalassemia mutations in patient-specific iPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9 and <i>piggyBac</i> (2014)

β-thalassemia, one of the most common genetic diseases worldwide, is caused by mutations in the human hemoglobin beta (HBB) gene. Creation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from β-thalassemia patients could offer an approach to cure this disease. Correction of the disease-causing mutations in iPSCs could restore normal function and provide a rich source of cells for transplantation. In this study, we used the latest gene-editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, combined with the piggyBac transposon to efficiently correct the HBB mutations in patient-derived iPSCs without leaving any residual footprint. No off-target effects were detected in the corrected iPSCs, and the cells retain full pluripotency and exhibit normal karyotypes. When differentiated into erythroblasts using a monolayer culture, gene-corrected iPSCs restored expression of HBB compared to the parental iPSCs line. Our study provides an effective approach to correct HBB mutations without leaving any genetic footprint in patient-derived iPSCs, thereby demonstrating a critical step toward the future application of stem cell-based gene therapy to monogenic diseases.
Neutrophil-Derived Exosomes: A New Mechanism Contributing to Airway Smooth Muscle Remodeling (2016)

Neutrophils infiltrate the airways of patients with asthma of all severities, yet their role in the pathogenesis of asthma and their contribution to airway remodeling is largely unknown. We hypothesized that neutrophils modulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) proliferation in asthma by releasing bioactive exosomes. These newly discovered nano-sized vesicles have the capacity to modulate immune responses, cell migration, cell differentiation, and other aspects of cell-to-cell communication. The aim of the study is to determine whether bioactive exosomes are released by neutrophils, and, if so, characterize their proteomic profile and evaluate their capacity to modulate ASM cell proliferation. Exosomes were isolated from equine neutrophil supernatants by differential centrifugation and filtration methods, followed by size-exclusion chromatography. Nanovesicles were characterized using electron microscopy, particle size determination, and proteomic analyses. Exosomes were cocultured with ASM cells and analyzed for exosome internalization by confocal microscopy. ASM proliferation was measured using an impedance-based system. Neutrophils release exosomes that have characteristic size, morphology, and exosomal markers. We identified 271 proteins in exosomes from both LPS and unstimulated neutrophils, and 16 proteins that were differentially expressed, which carried proteins associated with immune response and positive regulation of cell communication. Furthermore, neutrophil-derived exosomes were rapidly internalized by ASM cells and altered their proliferative properties. Upon stimulation of LPS, neutrophil-derived exosomes can enhance the proliferation of ASM cells and could therefore play an important role in the progression of asthma and promoting airway remodeling in severe and corticosteroid-insensitive patients with asthma.
Timeline Editing of Objects in Video (2012)

We present a video editing technique based on changing the timelines of individual objects in video, which leaves them in their original places but puts them at different times. This allows the production of object-level slow motion effects, fast motion effects, or even time reversal. This is more flexible than simply applying such effects to whole frames, as new relationships between objects can be created. As we restrict object interactions to the same spatial locations as in the original video, our approach can produce highquality results using only coarse matting of video objects. Coarse matting can be done efficiently using automatic video object segmentation, avoiding tedious manual matting. To design the output, the user interactively indicates the desired new life spans of objects, and may also change the overall running time of the video. Our method rearranges the timelines of objects in the video whilst applying appropriate object interaction constraints. We demonstrate that, while this editing technique is somewhat restrictive, it still allows many interesting results.
piggyBac-mediated Germline Transformation of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi Using the Red Fluorescent Protein dsRED as a Selectable Marker (2002)

It is estimated that every year malaria infects approximately 300 million people and accounts for the death of 2 million individuals. The Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria in humans are transmitted exclusively by mosquito species belonging to the Anopheles genus. The recent development of a gene transfer technology for Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, using the Minos transposable element marked with the enhanced green fluorescent protein EGFP (Catteruccia, F., Nolan, T., Loukeris, T. G., Blass, C., Savakis, C., Kafatos, F. C., and Crisanti, A. (2000) Nature 405, 959--962), provides now a powerful tool to investigate the role of mosquito molecules involved in the interaction with the malaria parasite. Such technology, when further developed with additional markers and transposable elements, will be invaluable for analyzing the biology of the vector and for developing malaria-resistant mosquitoes to be used as a tool to control malaria transmission in the field. We report here the germline transformation of A. stephensi mosquitoes using a piggyBac-based transposon to drive integration of the gene encoding for the red fluorescent protein dsRED. A. stephensi embryos were injected with transformation vector pPBRED containing the dsRED marker cloned within the arms of piggyBac. Microscopic analysis of G(1) larvae revealed the presence of seven fluorescent phenotypes whose different molecular origins were confirmed by Southern blotting analysis. Sequencing of the insertion sites in two lines demonstrated that integrations had occurred at TTAA nucleotides in accordance with piggyBac-mediated transpositions.
Memory Affinity for Hierarchical Shared Memory Multiprocessors (2009)

Currently, parallel platforms based on large scale hierarchical shared memory multiprocessors with Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) are becoming a trend in scientific High Performance Computing (HPC). Due to their memory access constraints, these platforms require a very careful data distribution. Many solutions were proposed to resolve this issue. However, most of these solutions did not include optimizations for numerical scientific data (array data structures) and portability issues. Besides, these solutions provide a restrict set of memory policies to deal with data placement. In this paper, we describe an user-level interface named Memory Affinity interface (MAi), which allows memory affinity control on Linux based cache-coherent NUMA (ccNUMA) platforms. Its main goals are, fine data control, flexibility and portability. The performance of MAi is evaluated on three ccNUMA platforms using numerical scientific HPC applications, the NAS Parallel Benchmarks and a Geophysics application. The results show important gains (up to 31\%) when compared to Linux default solution.
Wireless Biosensing Using Silver-Enhancement Based Self-Assembled Antennas in Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags (2015)

In this paper, we present a silver-enhancement technique for self-assembling radio frequency (RF) antennas and demonstrate its application for remote biosensing. When target analytes or pathogens are present in a sample the silver-enhancement process self-assembles a chain of micromonopole antennas. As the size of the silver-enhanced particles grows, the chain of microantenna segments bridge together to complete a macroantenna structure. The change in the electrical impedance across the bridge modulates the reflection properties of the antenna at a desired frequency. In this paper, we have used this principle to model, optimize and design a ratiometric mode 915-MHz RF identification-based biosensor which uses relative received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to measure and detect different concentration levels of target analytes. We have validated the proof-of-concept for detecting two types of analytes: 1) IgG in rabbit serum at concentration levels ranging from 20 to 60 ng and 2) moisture in a sample at volumes ranging from 5 to 40 μL . A significant advantage of the proposed biosensor is that the concentration level of target analytes or pathogens can be remotely interrogated in a concealed, packaged or in a biohazardous environment, where direct electrical or optical measurement is considered to be impractical.
The Discovery of Capsazepine, the First Competitive Antagonist of the Sensory Neuron Excitants Capsaicin and Resiniferatoxin (1994)

Capsaicin and resiniferatoxin are natural products which act specifically on a subset of primary afferent sensory neurons to open a novel cation-selective ion channel in the plasma membrane. These sensory neurons are involved in nociception, and so, these agents are targets for the design of a novel class of analgesics. Although synthetic agonists at the capsaicin receptor have been described previously, competitive antagonists at this receptor would be interesting and novel pharmacological agents. Structure-activity relationships for capsaicin agonists have previously been rationalized, by ourselves and others, by dividing the capsaicin molecule into three regions--the A (aromatic ring)-, B (amide bond)-, and C (hydrophobic side chain)-regions. In this study, the effects on biological activity of conformational constraint of the A-region with respect to the B-region are discussed. Conformational constraint was achieved by the introduction of saturated ring systems of different sizes. The resulting compounds provided agonists of comparable potency to unconstrained analogues as well as a moderately potent antagonist, capsazepine. This compound is the first competitive antagonist of capsaicin and resiniferatoxin to be described and is active in various systems, in vitro and in vivo. It has recently attracted considerable interest as a tool for dissecting the mechanisms by which capsaicin analogues evoke their effects. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography experiments, as well as molecular modeling techniques, were used to study the conformational behavior of a representative constrained agonist and antagonist. The conformation of the saturated ring contraint in the two cases was found to differ markedly, dramatically affecting the relative disposition of the A-ring and B-region pharmacophores. In agonist structures, the A- and B-regions were virtually coplanar in contrast to those in the antagonist, in which they were approximately orthogonal. A rationale for agonist and antagonist activity at the capsaicin receptor is proposed, based on the consideration of these conformational differences.