gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field nanoemitter: One-dimension Al4C3 ceramics (2011)

As a kind of ionic (or salt-like) carbide, Al(4)C(3) hardly any active functions have been found except for structure material purposes. However, considering the unique characteristic features of its crystal structure, we think Al(4)C(3) in fact might have huge potential for exhibiting active functionality on field-emission application. Herein, we report for the first time the catalyst-free synthesis and excellent field emission properties of Al(4)C(3) one-dimension (1-D) nanostructures. The 1-D nanostructures acting as cold electron emitters display excellent field emission performance with the turn-on field as low as 1.4-2.0 V μm(-1) and the threshold field down to 4.2-4.4 V μm(-1). Such emitters are technologically useful, because they can be easily fabricated on large substrates, and the synthesis process is simple and broadly applicable. The findings conceptually provide new opportunities for the application of Al(4)C(3) ceramic material in vacuum microelectronic devices.
Wide Angle Lens Systems (1980)

Characteristics of wide angle (fish-eye) optical systems having fields of view greater than 100 degrees are discussed. Design problems such as pupil aberration and glass selection are discussed. A table of lens characteristics for lenses of 140 to 190 degree fields is presented comparing image heights, lens diameters, focal length, etc. It is demonstrated that such lenses generally obey an image height relationship of y = .015F0 (0 is in degrees)
Computer architecture for commercial workloads (2003)

Various architectures for a database system are reviewed. First the database workload on a single processor is characterized and then several ways to construct parallel database systems are described. If the database contents are too large to fit in main memory, it is critical that the architecture offer a decent memory hierarchy. It is equally important for the database software to be aware of the memory hierarchy and to take advantage of locality of reference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaporation and drying of drops in superheated vapors (1970)

Abstract The evaporation of pure liquid drops and the drying of drops containing suspended and dissolved solids in an atmosphere of superheated vapor were studied. Changes in the weight and temperature of approximately 2 μliter drops of four food products, five miscellaneous materials, and pure water were measured as evaporation and drying proceeded at different drying temperatures. Evaporation of water was found to take place more slowly in superheated steam than in air. However, the medium, in which faster drying occurred, depended upon the material being dried. No major differences between the final products were observed for these two drying media except that some materials yielded denser particles in superheated steam than in air.
Functional organization of rat olfactory bulb analysed by the 2‐deoxyglucose method (1979)

The spatial patterns of activity elicited in the rat olfactory bulb under different odor conditions have been analysed using the 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) technique. Rats were injected with 14C-2DG, exposed to controlled environments of amyl acetate, camphor, cage air, dimethyl disulfide, and pure air and autoradiographs prepared by the method of Sokoloff. Amyl acetate was associated with regions of glomerular layer densities in the anterolateral and mid- to posteromedial parts of the bulbar circumference, as previously reported. The extents of the densities increased with increasing concentration. Camphor odor was associated with regions of increased density in the anterodorsal and mid- to posteromedial parts of the bulb. Exposure to cage air produced scattered densities in the posteromedial and posterolateral bulb. Exposure to dimethyl disulfide gave variable results. Pure air was associated with a minimal number of small dense foci. The results with amyl acetate, camphor and cage air suggest that patterns for different odors are distinguishably different but overlapping. The regions of activity are greatest in extent and density with the highest odor concentrations. These define the regions within which more restricted and isolated foci appear at lower concentrations. The results thus provide evidence for the specific role of spatial factors in the neural processing of odor quality and odor concentration.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors: discovery and development as anticancer agents (2005)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a new class of targeted anticancer agents. Several HDAC inhibitors are in clinical trials and have shown significant activity against a spectrum of both haematological and solid tumours at doses that are well tolerated by patients. HDACs and histone acetyltransferases can, by reversible acetylation, modify the structure and function of histones and proteins in transcription factor complexes, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression, as well as many non-histone proteins that are involved in regulating cell proliferation and cell death. HDAC inhibitors are a structurally diverse group of molecules; these agents selectively alter the expression of genes. HDAC inhibitors can induce cancer cell death, whereas normal cells are relatively resistant to HDAC inhibitor-induced cell death.
Output Characteristics of a Thin-Film Piezoelectric AE Sensor for Magnetic Head-Disk Interaction (1997)

A new type of acoustic emission(AE)sensor was developed for detecting head-disk interaction in magnetic disk devices. In order to develop a small sensor, we used a thin-film piezoelectric material and mounted it on the Si slider using micromachining techniques. We conducted a basic experiment and a simulation of sensor output, and confirmed that the simulation used here can predict sensor output characteristics. This paper describes the structure of the sensor and the method of simulation. We also performed several other simulations of sensor output characteristics using this method, and confirmed that the new sensor is applicable to tribological research on head-disk interaction.
CDMA/FDMA-interconnects for future ULSI communications (2005)

Future inter- and intra-ULSI interconnect systems demand extremely high data rates as well as bidirectional multi-I/O concurrent service, reconfigurable computing/processing architecture, and total compatibility with mainstream silicon SOC (system-on-chip) and SIP (system-in-package) technologies. In this talk, we review recent advances in CDMA and FDMA interconnect schemes that promise to meet all of the above system requirements. The physical transmission line is no longer limited to a direct-coupled metal wire. Rather, it can be accomplished via either wired or wireless mediums through capacitor couplers that reduce the baseband noise and DC power consumption. These new advances in interconnect schemes would fundamentally alter the paradigm of ULSI data communications and enable the design of next generation computing/processing systems.
A MTC traffic generation and QCI priority-first scheduling algorithm over LTE (2015)

As (M2M) Machine-To-Machine, communication continues to grow rapidly, a full study on overload control approach to manage the data and signaling of H2H traffic from massive MTC devices is required. In this paper, a new M2M resource-scheduling algorithm for Long Term Evolution (LTE) is proposed. It provides Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee to Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) services, we set priorities for the critical M2M services to guarantee the transportation of GBR services, which have high QoS needs. Additionally, we simulate and compare different methods and offer further observations on the solution design.
Characterization of ultrathin insulating Al2O3 films grown on Nb(110)/sapphire(0001) by tunneling spectroscopy and microscopy (2003)

Various structural as well as chemical properties of ultrathin Al2O3 films prepared on Nb(110)/sapphire(0001) were analyzed. For this purpose, in a first step, 40-nm-thick Nb(110) films are grown epitaxially by sputtering on top of sapphire(0001). The Nb(110) films are (1×1) reconstructed and exhibit the epitaxial relations Nb(110)‖Al2O3(0001), Nb[001]‖Al2O3[1_010] and equivalents as determined by x-ray diffraction. In a second step, a 1-nm-thick Al film is evaporated on top of the Nb(110) and oxidized ex situ in an oxygen plasma resulting in a polycrystalline Al2O3 film of thickness ∼1.3 nm. This oxide film was characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STS) as well as by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, the ultrathin Al-oxide films were tested as insulators in large area metal-insulator-metal (MIM) or superconductor-insulator-metal tunneling contacts. According to these experiments, the niobium film underneath is completely protected from oxidation, while the Al film is fully oxidized without pinholes over areas of some mm2. The tunneling barrier heights range from 1.0 to 1.5 eV according to MIM tunneling and STS.
Sequential Changes of Plasma Proteins after Surgical Trauma (1972)

AbstractThe response of 18 plasma proteins after cholecystectomy has been followed up for 3 weeks. The acute phase reaction has been compared with that after mastectomy. The response to these tissue lesions were very similar but more intense after cholecystectomy. The finding suggest that a2-macroglobulin may be used as an internal standard since no apparent changes appear. The concentration decreases during the first few postoperative days for albumin, α-lipoproteins, transferrin and prealbumin. No common cause is probable. C-reactive protein and antichymotrypsin begin to rise within eight hours. One day later orosomucoid, fibrinogen, haptoglobin and α1-antitrypsin show a strong reaction. Hemopexin, β1c-globulin, prothrombin, ceruloplasmin, Gc-globulin, α1, easily precipitable glycoprotein, plasminogen and cold insoluble globulin showed a delayed reaction with a moderate increase within a week. The immunoglobulins show insignificant changes.Key Words: Mastectomycholecystectomyplasma proteinimmunochemical analysisacute phase reaction
Design of the exhale airway stents for emphysema (EASE) trial: an endoscopic procedure for reducing hyperinflation (2011)

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00391612.
An efficient RP(rendezvous point) replacement mechanism for rendezvous-based multicast routing (2004)

There are basically three types of multicast routing protocols: broadcast and prune, membership advertisement and rendezvous-based whose examples can be DVMRP MOSPF and PIM-SM respectively. In rendezvous-based protocol, each multicast group address is mapped to a address called 'core' or 'rendezvous-point' (RP). Members willing to receive data sent to the group first join the RP When a RP fails, a new RP should be selected and the multicast group should be mapped to it. In this paper, unlike bootstrap mechanism which redistributes RP-set should a RP fails, we propose a mechanism to construct a RP table at each PIM-SM router and to distribute a pair of (RP/sub primary/, RP/sub secondary/) which is a column of the RP table. In this mechanism initially a multicast group addresses are mapped to RP/sub primaries/. When a RP/sub primary/ fails corresponding RP/sub secondary/ takes over the function of the failed RP/sub primary/ (i.e. becomes RP/sub primary/), selects a new RP/sub secondary/ from the table, updates the table with the new (RP/sub primary/, RP/sub secondary/) and distributes the new (RP/sub primay/, RP/sub secondary/) to all routers in the domain. When the RP/sub secondary/ fails the RP/sub primary/ selects a new RP/sub secondary/ from the table, updates the table and distributes the new (RP/sub primary/, RP/sub secondary/) pair to all routers. Each router in the domain after receiving the (RP/sub primary/, RP/sub secondary/), updates its table accordingly RP/sub primary/, RP/sub secondary/ exchange live message periodically to check each others liveliness.
In-orbit performance of the XMM-Newton x-ray telescopes: images and spectra (2002)

The XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory was launched by an ARIANE V from Kourou, French Guiana, on 10 December 1999. First light was received by one of the three X-ray telescopes on 19 January 2000. Since then an extensive program, comprising commissioning, calibration and performance verification of the scientific payload, has been carried out, followed by regular scientific Guaranteed Time Observations which are interleaved with observations drawn from the Guest Observer (AO-1) program. I present the in-orbit performance of the three X-ray telescopes and demonstrate the excellent agreement with the ground calibration measurements. This includes the imaging characteristics both on-axis and off-axis, the effective collecting area and vignetting making use of in-orbit images and spectra. The scientific impact of a few of these observations is highlighted as well.
The Study and Methods for Cloud Based CDN (2011)

Cloud computing becomes a popular trend in recent years. In the meanwhile, content delivery network has been used for many years to distribute content all over the world. The relation between cloud computing and content delivery network is very interesting. In this paper, we proposed a cloud based content delivery network. This architecture integrates cloud infrastructure and content delivery network system together. It provides a low cost and elastic web serving cloud platform. Besides, it also provides easy way to manage data for web content developers, and accelerate the speed for users to access web sites. This system uses Hadoop Distributed File System as a cloud infrastructure service, and creates many data clusters around the world. Therefore, content providers could place content to closest node from end users. The result shows a high performance and flexible solution to build a personal content delivery network over cloud.
AT-AC Introns—An ATtACk on Dogma (1996)

Messenger RNAs are initially made as long precursor molecules from which final, transcribable mRNAs are assembled. A specialized organelle, the spliceosome, contains small RNAs with pairs of dinucleotides that can pick out complementary pairs of nucleotides at the ends of the introns that are to be spliced together. It has been assumed that these pairs were always GU-AG (or GT-AG in the DNA), but in findings described in this week's issue of Science ( p. 1716 ) and the current issue of Cell (vol. 84, p. 801) a minor class of intron is shown to be flanked by AU-AC (or AT-AC in the DNA). In his Perspective, Mount explains how these maverick introns were discovered and why their existence is so surprising.
Open Automated Demand Response Communications Specification (Version 1.0) (2009)

The development of the Open Automated Demand Response Communications Specification, also known as OpenADR or Open Auto-DR, began in 2002 following the California electricity crisis. The work has been carried out by the Demand Response Research Center (DRRC), which is managed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This specification describes an open standards-based communications data model designed to facilitate sending and receiving demand response price and reliability signals from a utility or Independent System Operator to electric customers. OpenADR is one element of the Smart Grid information and communications technologies that are being developed to improve optimization between electric supply and demand. The intention of the open automated demand response communications data model is to provide interoperable signals to building and industrial control systems that are preprogrammed to take action based on a demand response signal, enabling a demand response event to be fully automated, with no manual intervention. The OpenADR specification is a flexible infrastructure to facilitate common information exchange between the utility or Independent System Operator and end-use participants. The concept of an open specification is intended to allow anyone to implement the signaling systems, the automation server or the automation clients.
Hierarchical classification as an aid to database and hit-list browsing (1994)

A navigational aid for databases that relies on unsupervised hierarchical classification is presented. The approach to hierarchical classification, based on both functional and topological features, supports the creation of deep hierarchies in which succeeding levels represent increasing degrees of abstraction. This allows the user to quickly evaluate the result of a query and to locate interesting items and classes of items by performing a tree traversal rather than a sequential perusal of a hit list or a series of ad hoc query refinements. In very large databases where classical querying methods are increasingly inadequate such as chemical reaction databases, such a browsing method is required in order to manage the flood of information with which the user is confronted.
Improvement in the Prediction of Ventilator Weaning Outcomes by an Artificial Neural Network in a Medical ICU (2015)

The ANN model improved the accuracy of predicting successful extubation. By applying it clinically, clinicians can select the earliest appropriate weaning time.
Indirect Electroorganic Syntheses—A Modern Chapter of Organic Electrochemistry [New Synthetic Methods (59)] (1986)

Abstract The electrochemical formation and regeneration of redox agents for organic syntheses ( indirect electrolysis ) widens the potential of electrochemistry, as higher or totally different selectivities can often be obtained while at the same time the energy input can be lowered significantly. Higher current densities can also be obtained by preventing otherwise often encountered electrode inhibition. New types of redox catalysts can be formed in‐situ and can be regenerated after reaction with the substrates. This principle is of increasing importance also for the application of already known redox agents with regard to environmental protection, since large amounts of a product can be generated in a closed circuit using only relatively small amounts of the redox reagent. Consequently the operation of such a process can be greatly simplified, and the release of ecologically objectionable spent reagents into the environment can be prevented. The broad spectrum of redox catalysts currently in use includes, inter alia, metal salts in very low or high oxidation states, halogens in various oxidation states, and, in particular, a wide variety of transition‐metal complexes. A great deal of progress has recently been made in the application of organic electron transfer agents, since compounds have been found that are sufficiently stable in both the reduced as well as the oxidized state.
Maternal thyroid hormones are transcriptionally active during embryo–foetal development: results from a novel transgenic mouse model (2009)

Even though several studies highlighted the role of maternal thyroid hormones (THs) during embryo-foetal development, direct evidence of their interaction with embryonic thyroid receptors (TRs) is still lacking. We generated a transgenic mouse model ubiquitously expressing a reporter gene tracing TH action during development. We engineered a construct (TRE2×) containing two TH-responsive elements controlling the expression of the LacZ reporter gene, which encodes β-galactosidase (β-gal). The specificity of the TRE2× activation by TH was evaluated in NIH3T3 cells by cotransfecting TRE2× along with TRs, retinoic or oestrogen receptors in the presence of their specific ligands. TRE2× transgene was microinjected into the zygotes, implanted in pseudopregnant BDF1 (a first-generation (F1) hybrid from a cross of C57BL/6 female and a DBA/2 male) mice and transgenic mouse models were developed. β-gal expression was assayed in tissue sections of transgenic mouse embryos at different stages of development. In vitro, TRE2× transactivation was observed only following physiological T3 stimulation, mediated exclusively by TRs. In vivo, β-gal staining, absent until embryonic day 9.5-10.5 (E9.5-E10.5), was observed as early as E11.5-E12.5 in different primordia (i.e. central nervous system, sense organs, intestine, etc.) of the TRE2× transgenic embryos, while the foetal thyroid function (FTF) was still inactive. Immunohistochemistry for TRs essentially colocalized with β-gal staining. No β-gal staining was detected in embryos of hypothyroid transgenic mice. Importantly, treatment with T3 in hypothyroid TRE2× transgenic mice rescued β-gal expression. Our results provide in vivo direct evidence that during embryonic life and before the onset of FTF, maternal THs are transcriptionally active through the action of embryonic TRs. This model may have clinical relevance and may be employed to design end-point assays for new molecules affecting THs action.
Synthesis and antiviral properties of 5-(2-substituted vinyl)-6-aza-2'-deoxyuridines (1986)

The following 5-(2-substituted vinyl)-6-aza-2'-deoxyuridines were synthesized: (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl) (2) (6-aza-BVDU), 5-(2-bromo-2-fluorovinyl) (a mixture of E and Z isomers) (3), (E)-5-(2-chlorovinyl) (4), (E)-5-[2-(methylthio)vinyl] (5), 5-(2,2-dibromovinyl) (6), and 5-(3-furyl) (7). The synthesis of 2-6 utilized Wittig-type reactions on 5-formyl-1-(2'-deoxy-3', 5'-di-O-p-toluoyl-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-6-azauracil (16). 6-Aza-BVDU (and its alpha-anomer) was also synthesized from (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-6-azauracil (12) by using standard deoxyribosidation methodology. Compound 7 was prepared from 5-(3-furyl)-6-azauracil (33) via a ribosidation/deoxygenation sequence. An attempt to prepare the corresponding 5-(2,2-difluorovinyl) analogue afforded instead a mixture of the 5-[(2,2-difluoro-2-methoxy)ethyl] and 5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) derivatives 29 and 30. Compounds 2-7, 29, and 30 were tested for in vitro activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2). 6-Aza-BVDU (2) exhibited ID50s of 8 micrograms/mL vs. HSV-1 and 190 micrograms/mL vs. HSV-2. BVDU (1) had ID50s of 0.015 and 1.6 micrograms/mL against HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Compound 4 showed a similar profile of activity, but the other analogues were either weakly active or inactive.
Vitamin A, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 5’ Nucleotidase: Regulatory Factors in Tumor Growth (1985)

Vitamin A and the retinoids have been described as chemopreventative agents, which under normal conditions may prevent the action of carcinogenesis promoters such as the phorbol esters (TPA). In an excellent editorial in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, DeLuca (1) described a mechanism for growth autonomy and proliferation activity in tumors as being related to the action of vitamin A and/or the retinoics which interface with factors (glycoproteins which are responsible for cellular differentiation). DeLuca's concept has been considerably strengthened by the observation of his group (2) that there are marginal levels of vitamin A in a wide range of hepatomas from the most differentiated to undifferentiated tumors. Membranes from hepatoma contain less than detectable levels of retinal acyl esters, while normal host liver tissue and regenerating liver contain levels of retinal palmitate within normal ranges.DeLucas work regarding the Morris hepatomas indicate that we may have a new definition of malignancy wherein vitamin A synthesis or vitamin A carrying proteins are defective in the cancer cell (2). Vitamin A loss within the cell may be fundamental to malignant transformation and the autonomy of tumor cells regardless of the degree of differentiation.