gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some notes on the vocabulary of John Marston. II (1955)

Journal Article Some notes on the vocabulary of John Marston. II Get access Gustav Cross Gustav Cross 1Rhodes University, Grahamstown Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CC, Issue jan, 1 January 1955, Pages 20–21, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CC.jan.20 Published: 01 January 1955
Staphylococcus aureus Inactivation Using Pulsed UVlight for Continuous Milk Treatment (2005)

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen frequently associated with milk. Pulsed UV-light isa novel technology which can be used for inactivation of this pathogen in milk in a short time. PulsedUV-light damages DNA of the bacteria by forming thymine dimmers which leads to bacterial death.This study investigated the efficacy of the pulsed UV-light system for continuous milk treatment forinactivation of S. aureus. The effect of sample distance from the UV-light source, number of passes,and flow rate were investigated. A response surface method was used for design and analysis of theexperiments. Milk was treated at 5, 8, or 11 cm distance from UV-light strobe at 20, 30, or 40 ml/minflow rate and treated up to three times by recirculation of milk to find the effect of number of passeson inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. Log10 reductions varied from 0.55 to 7.26 log10CFU/ml. Complete inactivation was obtained in two cases and in most conditions, growth was notobserved following an enrichment procedure. This research demonstrates that pulsed UV-light has apotential to be used for inactivation of S. aureus in milk.
Immobilization Reduces the Activity of Surface-Bound Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides with No Influence upon the Activity Spectrum (2008)

Early studies of immobilized peptides mainly focused upon the relationship between structural properties and the activity of soluble and surface-tethered sequences. The intention of this study was to analyze the influence of immobilization parameters upon the activity profile of peptides. Resin beads (TentaGel S NH(2), HypoGel 400 NH(2), and HypoGel 200 NH(2)) with polyethylene glycol spacers of different lengths were rendered antimicrobial by linkage of an amphipathic model KLAL peptide and magainin-derived MK5E. Standard solid-phase peptide synthesis, thioalkylation, and ligation strategies were used to immobilize the peptides at the C and N termini and via different side-chain positions. Depending upon the resin capacity and the coupling strategies, peptide loading ranged between 0.1 and 0.25 micromol/mg for C-terminally and around 0.03 micromol/mg for N-terminally and side-chain-immobilized peptides. Tethering conserved the activity spectra of the soluble peptides at reduced concentrations. The resin-bound peptides were antimicrobial toward Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in the millimolar range compared to the results seen with micromolar concentrations of the free peptides. B. subtilis was more susceptible than E. coli. The antimicrobial activity distinctly decreased with reduction of the spacer length. Slight differences in the antimicrobial effect of KLAL and MK5E bound at different chain positions on TentaGel S NH(2) suggest that the activity is less dependent upon the position of immobilization. Soluble KLAL was active toward red blood cells, whereas MK5E was nonhemolytic at up to about 400 microM. Resin-induced hemolysis hampered the determination of the hemolytic effect of the immobilized peptides. TentaGel S NH(2)-bound peptides enhanced the permeability of the POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-choline) and mixed POPC/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (POPC/POPG) bilayers used to model the charge properties of the biological targets. The results suggest that surface immobilization of the cationic amphipathic antimicrobial peptides does not influence the membrane-permeabilizing mode of action. Peptide insertion into the target membrane and likely the exchange of membrane-stabilizing bivalent cations contribute to the antimicrobial effect. In conclusion, reasonable antimicrobial activity of surface-bound peptides requires the optimization of the coupling parameters, with the length of the spacer and the amount of target-accessible peptide being the most important factors.
Analysis of Total Dose-Induced Dark Current in CMOS Image Sensors From Interface State and Trapped Charge Density Measurements (2010)

The origin of total ionizing dose induced dark current in CMOS image sensors is investigated by comparing dark current measurements to interface state density and trapped charge density measurements. Two types of photodiode and several thick-oxide-FETs were manufactured using a 0.18-μm CMOS image sensor process and exposed to 10-keV X-ray from 3 krad to 1 Mrad. It is shown that the radiation induced trapped charge extends the space charge region at the oxide interface, leading to an enhancement of interface state SRH generation current. Isochronal annealing tests show that STI interface states anneal out at temperature lower than 100°C whereas about a third of the trapped charge remains after 30 min at 300°C.
Arsenic-Doped High-Resistivity-Silicon Epitaxial Layers for Integrating Low-Capacitance Diodes (2011)

An arsenic doping technique for depositing up to 40-μm-thick high-resistivity layers is presented for fabricating diodes with low RC constants that can be integrated in closely-packed configurations. The doping of the as-grown epi-layers is controlled down to 5 × 10<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>, a value that is solely limited by the cleanness of the epitaxial reactor chamber. To ensure such a low doping concentration, first an As-doped Si seed layer is grown with a concentration of 10<sup>16</sup> to 10<sup>17</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>, after which the dopant gas arsine is turned off and a thick lightly-doped epi-layer is deposited. The final doping in the thick epi-layer relies on the segregation and incorporation of As from the seed layer, and it also depends on the final thickness of the layer, and the exact growth cycles. The obtained epi-layers exhibit a low density of stacking faults, an over-the-wafer doping uniformity of 3.6%, and a lifetime of generated carriers of more than 2.5 ms. Furthermore, the implementation of a segmented photodiode electron detector is demonstrated, featuring a 30 pF capacitance and a 90 Ω series resistance for a 7.6 mm² anode area.
Gibberellin-GID1-DELLA: A Pivotal Regulatory Module for Plant Growth and Development (2010)

The diterpenoid hormone GA controls diverse developmental processes throughout the life cycle of a plant. Physiological and genetic studies show that active GA promotes seed germination and vegetative growth. In some species, GA also induces flowering and regulates flower, fruit, and seed development. This article highlights recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GA metabolism, transport, perception, and signaling, and the regulatory circuit between the GA pathway and other pathways to control plant growth and development in response to internal and external cues.
Enzyme catalyzed synthesis of structured phospholipids with conjugated linoleic acid and plant sterols (2006)

Structured phospholipids with functional ingredients like conjugated linoleic acid\n(CLA) and plant sterols to deliver their physiological effects in different food\nformulations were synthesized. The lipase and phospholipase A2 catalyzed enzymatic\nacidolysis reaction between phospholipids (PLs) and CLA was used for fatty acid\nmodification, while the phospholipase D catalyzed transphosphatidylation reaction\nbetween PLs and sterol was used for head group modification. Enzymatic processes\nwere an effective way to produce structured phospholipids. Screening of four lipases and\nimmobilized phospholipase A2 and combination of lipase and phospholipase showed that\nonly Lipozyme RM IM and Lipozyme TL IM were effective in incorporation of CLA\ninto PLs. The maximum incorporation achieved by the latter enzyme was 16% with soy\nPLs in 72 h. The class of phospholipids had a significant effect on the rate of\nincorporation of CLA compare to source of PLs. A method capable of predicting the rate\nof incorporation of CLA into phospholipids was developed using response surface\nmethodology. A three-level four-factor Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD)\nwas used. The four factors selected were lipase dosage (Ed, wt.% of substrate), substrate\nratio (Sr,mol%), reaction time (ti, h) and reaction temperature (Te,oC). The enzyme load\nand substrate ratio had a greater effect on the rate of incorporation than did reaction time\nand temperature. A polynomial regression equation was developed to predict the\nreaction rate. The new phosphatidyl derivative, phosphatidyl-sitosterol, was found to be\nsynthesized by the transfer reaction of phosphatidyl residue from phosphatidylcholine to\n&#946;-sitosterol by phospholipase D from Streptomyces sp. in biphasic medium. The novel\nphosphatidyl .sitosterol derivative was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.\nPlant sterols were modified to a more polar lipid class by synthesizing phospholipid\nderivatives of them. When these structured phospholipids were added to a whey protein\nbased oil-in-water emulsion, the CLA incorporated structured phospholipids (CLA-PL)\nhad higher heat stability and oxidative stability compared to the controls.
Cellulose Fermentation by an Asporogenous Mutant and an Ethanol-Tolerant Mutant of <i>Clostridium thermocellum</i> (1989)

Two mutants of Clostridium thermocellum were isolated after UV light mutagenesis. Mutant A1, selected as asporogenous, exhibited a fermentation pattern similar to that of the wild type. However, at pH 6.5, the mutant degraded 12% more cellulose than did the wild type, leading to enhanced ethanol production. Mutant 647, selected as ethanol tolerant, was able to grow in medium containing 4% ethanol. During the early stage of the exponential growth phase, ethanol was produced as the main product, up to a concentration of about 9 g/liter. After 3 days of culture, 48.3 g (89% of the initial amount) of degraded cellulose per liter was fermented into 12.7 g of ethanol per liter.
Hepatic Abscesses in a Bovine (1953)

On Dec. 1, 1952, a two-year-old Hereford heifer was presented to the Stange Memorial Clinic. The history was that of gradual emaciation, weakness, fetid feces containing mucus, temperature of 99°F. and with a suspicion of traumatic reticulitis. On Dec. 2, 1952, the patient died.
Preclinical development of a high affinity α-synuclein antibody, MEDI1341, that can enter the brain, sequester extracellular α-synuclein and attenuate α-synuclein spreading in vivo (2019)

There are no approved drug therapies that can prevent or slow the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein protein is observed throughout the nervous system in PD. α-Synuclein is a core component of Lewy bodies and neurites that neuropathologically define PD, suggesting that α-synuclein may be a key causative agent in PD. Recent experimental data suggest that PD progression may arise due to spreading of pathological forms of extracellular α-synuclein throughout the brain via a cellular release, uptake and seeding mechanism. We have developed a high affinity α-synuclein antibody, MEDI1341, that can enter the brain, sequester extracellular α-synuclein and attenuate α-synuclein spreading in vivo. MEDI1341 binds both monomeric and aggregated forms of α-synuclein. In vitro, MEDI1341 blocks cell-to-cell transmission of pathologically relevant α-synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs). After intravenous injection into rats and cynomolgus monkeys, MEDI1341 rapidly enters the central nervous system and lowers free extracellular α-synuclein levels in the interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments. Using a novel lentiviral-based in vivo mouse model of α-synuclein spreading in the brain, we show that treatment with MEDI1341 significantly reduces α-synuclein accumulation and propagation along axons. In this same model, we demonstrate that an effector-null version of the antibody was equally as effective as one with effector function. MEDI1341 is now in Phase 1 human clinical trial testing as a novel treatment for α-synucleinopathies including PD with the aim to slow or halt disease progression.
A simple pendulum laser interferometer for determining the gravitational constant (2014)

We present a detailed account of our 2004 experiment to measure the Newtonian constant of gravitation with a suspended laser interferometer. The apparatus consists of two simple pendulums hanging from a common support. Each pendulum has a length of 72 cm and their separation is 34 cm. A mirror is embedded in each pendulum bob, which then in combination form a Fabry-Perot cavity. A laser locked to the cavity measures the change in pendulum separation as the gravitational field is modulated due to the displacement of four 120 kg tungsten masses.
There is no free phish: an analysis of free and live phishing kits (2008)

Phishing is a form of identity theft in which an attacker attempts to elicit confidential information from unsuspecting victims. While in the past there has been significant work on defending from phishing, much less is known about the tools and techniques used by attackers, i.e., phishers. Of particular importance to understanding the phishers ’ methods and motivations are phishing kits, packages that contain complete phishing web sites in an easy-to-deploy format. In this paper, we study in detail the kits distributed for free in underground circles and those obtained by crawling live phishing sites. We notice that phishing kits often contain backdoors that send the entered information to third parties. We conclude that phishing kits target two classes of victims: the gullible users from whom they extort valuable information and the unexperienced phishers who deploy them. 1
High-temperature superconducting wide band delay lines (1995)

Stripline non-dispersive delay lines with 20 GHz of bandwidth were designed and fabricated using YBCO thin films deposited on both sides of 2-inch-diameter, 10-mil thick LaAlO/sub 3/ wafers. A double-wound spiral configuration was used yielding a line length of approximately 150 cm. Novel approaches were used to minimize the effect of air gaps between the two substrates needed to form the stripline structure, and to realize a wide band transition from the coaxial external connections to stripline. Experimental results showed 5 dB of insertion loss at 20 GHz, with 1 dB amplitude ripple over most of the 0-20 GHz, range for a 22.5 ns delay.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
fMRI in Cerebrovascular Disorders (2009)

Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. One of the key factors underpinning recovery of function is reorganization of surviving neural networks. Noninvasive techniques such as fMRI allow this reorganization to be studied in humans. However, the design of experiments involving patients with impairment requires careful consideration and is often constrained. Difficulty with some tasks can lead to a number of performance confounds, and so tasks and task parameters that avoid or minimize this should be selected. Furthermore, when studying patients with cerebrovascular disease, it is important to consider the possibility that the blood oxygen level dependent signal may be altered and affect interpretation of results. Despite these potential problems, careful experimental design can provide real insights into system-level reorganization after stroke and how it is related to functional recovery. Currently, results suggest that functionally relevant reorganization does occur in cerebral networks in human stroke patients. For example, it is apparent that initial attempts to move a paretic limb following stroke are associated with widespread activity within the distributed motor system in both cerebral hemispheres. This reliance on nonprimary motor output pathways is unlikely to support full recovery, but improved efficiency of the surviving networks is associated with behavioral gains. This reorganization can only occur in structurally and functionally intact brain regions. Understanding the dynamic process of system-level reorganization will allow greater understanding of the mechanisms of recovery and potentially improve our ability to deliver effective restorative therapy.
Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on sepsis- induced organ injury in rats (1994)

The administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to patients with severe active infections has been questioned because activation of neutrophils may cause tissue injury. To identify the effect of GM-CSF administration on severe sepsis, we examined the survival rate and pathologic changes in vital organs using the rat lethal sepsis model. Rats received 20 micrograms of recombinant murine GM-CSF (rmGM-CSF) 3 hours after the onset of peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. After 48 hours, the survival rate did not improve, and earlier deaths than in the control group were observed. In addition, the inhibition of early leuko-sequestration in the peritoneal cavity was seen in animals treated with GM-CSF. These results suggested that the administration of rmGM-CSF after the onset of sepsis was not beneficial; thus, we concluded that care should be taken in the clinical use of GM-CSF in severe infection.
Instruction Scheduling for TriMedia. (1999)

Instruction scheduling is a crucial phase in a compiler for very long instruction word (VLIW) processors. This paper describes the instruction scheduler of the second generation compiler for the TriMedia VLIW mediaprocessor family as well as related compiler issues to increase the size of a scheduling unit. The paper discusses the guarded decision tree scheduling unit, how guarded decision trees are scheduled, register allocation and its interaction with instruction scheduling, issue slot assignment, and scheduling of jump operations. Furthermore, the paper presents several experiments that quantify various aspects of scheduling. Keywords: Instruction scheduling, register allocation, VLIW, TriMedia 1. Introduction TM1000 is the first member of Philips Semiconductors&apos; TriMedia embedded mediaprocessor family [1] originating from the LIFE research project during the late eighties [2, 3]. The heart of TM1000 is a five-issue very long instruction word (VLIW) processor that contains...
Implementation schemes of multihop lightwave networks (2002)

The paper compares two implementation schemes of multihop virtual topologies in a WDM passive star network. The first implementation scheme, denoted by link mapping is the traditional one-to-one mapping of the virtual topology links to the system wavelengths. In the second scheme, denoted by node mapping, a unique wavelength is assigned to each node (transmitter) in the system. The comparison is given in terms of the system hardware (number of wavelengths, number of transmitters and receivers and their cost), the system performance (average delay, average queue length and capacity) and capacity per unit cost which reflects the system hardware, its cost and the system performance. The authors have shown that unless the receiver cost dominates the system cost it is always possible that the capacity per unit cost of the node mapping scheme is better than that of the corresponding link mapping scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Protein aggregation determinants from a simplified model: Cooperative folders resist aggregation (2005)

Two-chain aggregation simulations using minimalist models of proteins G, L, and mutants were used to investigate the fundamentals of protein aggregation. Mutations were selected to break up repeats of hydrophobic beads in the sequence while maintaining native topology and folding ability. Data are collected under conditions in which all chain types have similar folded populations and after equilibrating the separated chains to minimize competition between folding and aggregation. Folding cooperativity stands out as the best single-chain determinant under these conditions and for these simple models. It can be experimentally measured by the width of the unfolding transition during thermal denaturation and loosely related to population of intermediate-like states during folding. Additional measures of cooperativity and other properties such as radius of gyration fluctuations and patterning of hydrophobic residues are also examined. Initial contact system states with transition-state characteristics can be identified and are more expanded than average initial contact states. Two-chain minimalist model aggregates are considerably less structured than their native states and have minimal domain-swapping features.
Temporal Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Traits within the Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 Clonal Group and Its <i>H</i> 30 and <i>H</i> 30-Rx Subclones, 1968 to 2012 (2014)

To identify possible explanations for the recent global emergence of Escherichia coli sequence type (ST) 131 (ST131), we analyzed temporal trends within ST131 O25 for antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and the H30 and H30-Rx subclones. For this, we surveyed the WHO E. coli and Klebsiella Centre's E. coli collection (1957 to 2011) for ST131 isolates, characterized them extensively, and assessed them for temporal trends. Overall, antimicrobial resistance increased temporally in prevalence and extent, due mainly to the recent appearance of the H30 (1997) and H30-Rx (2005) ST131 subclones. In contrast, neither the total virulence gene content nor the prevalence of biofilm production increased temporally, although non-H30 isolates increasingly qualified as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Whereas virotype D occurred from 1968 forward, virotypes A and C occurred only after 2000 and 2002, respectively, in association with the H30 and H30-Rx subclones, which were characterized by multidrug resistance (including extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase [ESBL] production: H30-Rx) and absence of biofilm production. Capsular antigen K100 occurred exclusively among H30-Rx isolates (55% prevalence). Pulsotypes corresponded broadly with subclones and virotypes. Thus, ST131 should be regarded not as a unitary entity but as a group of distinctive subclones, with its increasing antimicrobial resistance having a strong clonal basis, i.e., the emergence of the H30 and H30-Rx ST131 subclones, rather than representing acquisition of resistance by diverse ST131 strains. Distinctive characteristics of the H30-Rx subclone-including specific virulence genes (iutA, afa and dra, kpsII), the K100 capsule, multidrug resistance, and ESBL production-possibly contributed to epidemiologic success, and some (e.g., K100) might serve as vaccine targets.
The Lecticans of Mammalian Brain Perineural Net Are O-Mannosylated (2013)

O-Mannosylation is an important protein modification in brain. During the last years, a few mammalian proteins have been identified as targets of the protein-O-mannosyltransferases 1 and 2. However, these still cannot explain the high content of O-mannosyl glycans in brain and the strong brain involvement of congenital muscular dystrophies caused by POMT mutations (Walker-Warburg syndrome, dystroglycanopathies). By fractionating and analyzing the glycoproteome of mouse and calf brain lysates, we could show that proteins of the perineural net, the lecticans, are O-mannosylated, indicating that major components of neuronal extracellular matrix are O-mannosylated in mammalian brain. This finding corresponds with the high content of O-mannosyl glycans in brain as well as with the brain involvement of dystroglycanopathies. In contrast, the lectican neurocan is not O-mannosylated when recombinantly expressed in EBNA-293 cells, revealing the possibility of different control mechanisms for the initiation of O-mannosylation in different cell types.