gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogels for <i>in vivo</i>‐like three‐dimensional cellular studies (2012)

Extensive efforts have been made to understand the effects of extracellular microenvironments on phenotypic activities for a wide array of stem, progenitor, and precursor cells. Hydrogels have emerged as invaluable platforms for examining the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) properties on cell activities because of their several advantageous features. Specifically, hydrogels are unique materials that enable cell studies in three-dimensional (3D) environments, similar to in vivo environments. Recently, there have been increasing efforts to assemble cell-encapsulating hydrogels; however, hydrogel design strategies for 3D cell cultures have not been systematically discussed to date. Therefore, this review article summarizes current hydrogel designs for 3D cell culture studies and further discusses current challenges and potential resolutions for enhancing the controllability of hydrogel properties and microstructures. The hydrogels discussed herein include those of natural polymers (e.g., collagen, fibrinogen, alginate, and hyaluronic acids), synthetic polymers [e.g., poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and its derivatives], and mixtures of natural and synthetic polymers. We envision that hydrogels that enable 3D studies will greatly assist in the understanding of emergent cell behaviors, and ultimately become important biomedical tools for enhancing the quality of in vitro drug screening and clinical treatments.
Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice—Evidence‐based approach from the apheresis applications committee of the American society for apheresis (2007)

The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) Apheresis Applications Committee is charged with a review and categorization of indications for therapeutic apheresis. This elaborate process had been undertaken every 7 years resulting in three prior publications in 1986, 1993, and 2000 of "The ASFA Special Issues." This article is the integral part of the Fourth ASFA Special Issue. The Fourth ASFA Special Issue is significantly modified in comparison to the previous editions. A new concept of a fact sheet has been introduced. The fact sheet succinctly summarizes the evidence for the use of therapeutic apheresis. A detailed description of the fact sheet is provided. The article consists of 53 fact sheets devoted to each disease entity currently categorized by the ASFA. Categories I, II, and III are defined as previously in the Third Special Issue. However, a few new therapeutic apheresis modalities, not yet approved in the United States or are currently in clinical trials, have been assigned category P (pending) by the ASFA Clinical Categories Subcommittee. The diseases assigned to category IV are discussed in a separate article in this issue.
Optimization of the stimulated Raman scattering threshold (1969)

A theoretical analysis of the threshold condition for stimulated Raman oscillation is presented. The treatment, similar to that applied recently to optical parametric generation, assumes that a low loss resonator is provided for the Stokes radiation and accordingly pump depletion is neglected in the threshold calculation. Diffraction effects are included in detail, within the paraxial ray limits of Gaussian beam theory. The oscillation threshold for the fundamental resonator mode is expressed as a function of resonator losses, focusing conditions of pump and Stokes waves, and the length of the active medium.
The Condensation of 2-Hydroxyethyl Sulfides with Alcohols and Phenols<sup>1</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Condensation of 2-Hydroxyethyl Sulfides with Alcohols and Phenols1Frederick Richter, Frederick B. Augustine, Emil Koft Jr., and E. Emmet ReidCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 16, 4076–4079Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01136a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01136a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views132Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Automatic Measurement of a QoS Metric for Web Service Recommendation (2005)

Web services have enabled businesses and organizations to collaborate without platform interoperability and programming language barriers. Quality of service (QoS) of a Web service is an important factor that differentiates similar services offered by different service providers. Such a measure would allow Web service clients to choose and bind to a suitable Web service at run time (based on QoS attributes). Some researchers have proposed the integration of the QoS measure on the Web service directory server. However, a mechanism to maintain the QoS metric has not been defined yet. In this paper, we propose such a mechanism. This mechanism involves automated measurement of QoS attributes on both the client and provider sides, when the service is being used, and updating the QoS-aware Web services directory with this information. We describe a prototype we developed for this purpose and present the results of using this prototype for gathering QoS measurements at run time.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial of Apatinib in Patients With Chemotherapy-Refractory Advanced or Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or Gastroesophageal Junction (2016)

These data show that apatinib treatment significantly improved OS and PFS with an acceptable safety profile in patients with advanced gastric cancer refractory to two or more lines of prior chemotherapy.
At Least One Intron Is Required for the Nonsense-Mediated Decay of Triosephosphate Isomerase mRNA: a Possible Link between Nuclear Splicing and Cytoplasmic Translation (1998)

Mammalian cells have established mechanisms to reduce the abundance of mRNAs that harbor a nonsense codon and prematurely terminate translation. In the case of the human triosephosphate isomerase (TPI gene), nonsense codons located less than 50 to 55 bp upstream of intron 6, the 3'-most intron, fail to mediate mRNA decay. With the aim of understanding the feature(s) of TPI intron 6 that confer function in positioning the boundary between nonsense codons that do and do not mediate decay, the effects of deleting or duplicating introns have been assessed. The results demonstrate that TPI intron 6 functions to position the boundary because it is the 3'-most intron. Since decay takes place after pre-mRNA splicing, it is conceivable that removal of the 3'-most intron from pre-mRNA "marks" the 3'-most exon-exon junction of product mRNA so that only nonsense codons located more than 50 to 55 nucleotides upstream of the "mark" mediate mRNA decay. Decay may be elicited by the failure of translating ribosomes to translate sufficiently close to the mark or, more likely, the scanning or looping out of some component(s) of the translation termination complex to the mark. In support of scanning, a nonsense codon does not elicit decay if some of the introns that normally reside downstream of the nonsense codon are deleted so the nonsense codon is located (i) too far away from a downstream intron, suggesting that all exon-exon junctions may be marked, and (ii) too far away from a downstream failsafe sequence that appears to function on behalf of intron 6, i.e., when intron 6 fails to leave a mark. Notably, the proposed scanning complex may have a greater unwinding capability than the complex that scans for a translation initiation codon since a hairpin structure strong enough to block translation initiation when inserted into the 5' untranslated region does not block nonsense-mediated decay when inserted into exon 6 between a nonsense codon residing in exon 6 and intron 6.
Asymptotically optimal geometric mobile ad-hoc routing (2002)

In this paper we present AFR, a new geometric mobile ad-hoc routing algorithm. The algorithm is completely distributed; nodes need to communicate only with direct neighbors in their transmission range. We show that if a best route has cost c, AFR finds a route and terminates with cost O(c2) in the worst case. AFR is the first algorithm with cost bounded by a function of the optimal route. We also give a tight lower bound by showing that any geometric routing algorithm has worst-case cost $Ogr;(c2). Thus AFR is asymptotically optimal. We give a non-geometric algorithm that also matches the lower bound, but needs some memory at each node. This establishes an intriguing trade-off between geometry and memory.
Familial occurrence of gastric cancer in the 2-year experience of a population-based registry (1990)

The authors studied the familial occurrence of tumors in 154 individuals with gastric cancer by reviewing the clinical data and the genealogical tree of all patients registered in 1986 through 1987 in the Local Health Care District of Modena, Italy, for cancer of the stomach. Crude and age-adjusted (world population) incidence rates of gastric cancer were 34.0 and 21.4 new cases/100,000/year, respectively, in men, and 24.5 and 10.9 in women, respectively. Among first-degree relatives of the registered patients there were 30 cases of gastric carcinoma versus 15 cases in a control group matched for age and sex (Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio [M-H OR] 3.14, P less than 0.01). This excess of gastric neoplasms was observed in siblings (17 versus 7, M-H OR 4.33, P less than 0.02) but not in parents (13 versus 8, not significant). Besides gastric cancer, there was no significant excess of other type of tumors in case families. The familial occurrence of gastric cancer tended to be more frequent in patients with "diffuse" carcinoma (52%) than in subjects with "intestinal" cancer (33%), although the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the current investigation suggests that a "family history" for gastric neoplasms is usually observed in approximately 10% to 15% of the registered cases. As already described for other common malignancies, therefore, the familial occurrence of gastric carcinoma suggests the existence of a genetic susceptibility to cancer of the stomach, at least in a fraction of these patients.
Price elasticity and the growth of computer spending (1999)

The price of computers is a key factor in explaining the growth of computer spending. However, it remains unclear whether the price elasticity of the demand for computers is constant over time. Findings on the pattern of price elasticity will have important implications in the study of information technology (IT) innovation diffusion. To test the hypothesis of dynamic price elasticity, we extend existing growth models to include a price factor with different elasticity specifications. Nested specifications of three growth models were tested using spending data from 1955 to 1984 adjusted by a quality price index for computers. The results indicate that three out of four competing models depict dynamic price elasticity over the investigated period. A similar pattern is also observed when the models are estimated using more recent data on mainframe computer spending. Our results underscore the dynamic behavior of price sensitivity in computer spending over time. They offer a new perspective to study innovation attributes and to examine their impacts empirically over time. Implications for information systems (IS) management and IT suppliers are also discussed.
New time domain reflectometry techniques suitable for testing microwave and millimeter wave circuits (2002)

A superconducting circuit-based time-domain reflectometer with deconvolution has achieved a record 2.5-ps risetime at the device under test's (DUT's) interface. The corresponding spatial resolution approaches 0.1 mm for high dielectric media. Examples for applications are given. The tail effect caused by large discontinuities is eliminated by deconvolution. An innovative partial reflection calibration is suggested to improve the resolution for on-chip tests.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A monoclonal antibody to a cell wall component of Candida albicans (1986)

A heterologous fusion between mouse myeloma cells and rat lymphocytes resulted in the isolation of a rat immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody with both agglutinating and precipitating activity. Indirect immunofluorescence and direct agglutination tests showed that the corresponding antigen was present in the cell wall of the three Candida species considered to be the most pathogenic, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata, and also in the cell wall of C. guilliermondii. The antigen appeared to be predominantly polysaccharide in nature. Precipitation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis suggested that the epitope is shared by at least two separate molecules with different electrophoretic mobilities. Presence of this epitope varied from strain to strain within a given species and may be related to the morphological stage in the cell cycle. Antigen was shown to be present in the cytoplasm, in the periplasmic space, and at the cell surface of C. albicans. Indirect immunofluorescence also suggested that antigen is excreted from the cell.
A microfabricated phantom for diffusion tensor imaging (2010)

A microfabricated phantom with application in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is presented. Using lithography technique, we have the capability of creating microchannels in the same scale as actual neural fibers (few to tens of microns in diameter). The method is flexible in generating different geometrical patterns. Neural bundles were simulated by designing a large number of microchannels, running parallel to each other. PDMS, the casting material, is not diffusible to water. This applies the restriction to the diffusion of water molecules in different directions. The dimensions of the channels can be calculated based on the desired fractional anisotropy (FA) ratios. Many unresolved issues in studying and improving diffusion tensor imaging can be carefully investigated by implementing an artificial model of neural bundles with well-known geometrical parameters. Problems affiliated with the crossing fibers in 'tractography' are among these issues. Since the topology of the tracts is known, whenever the full characterization of water motion is desired, the elements of the diffusion tensor can be calculated to be compared to the measured values. Optimization of the pulse sequences and calibration of the gradients in DTI are among other application of such phantom. The phantom is made of PDMS, a silicon based, MRI compatible material. Once the mold is generated, creating new phantoms is easy, quick and inexpensive and requires no special equipment.
Inside-pumped Nd:YAG tube laser (1991)

A novel type of solid-state laser with a tubular active element made of Nd:YAG is presented. Using the tube geometry, one can achieve higher efficiency and higher output power per laser crystal than by using a rod or slab geometry. Our tube laser is pumped from the inside by four flash lamps. The slope efficiency of 9% and the total efficiency of 7.5% at as much as 400 W of output power are, to our knowledge, the highest values reported for flash-lamp-pumped Nd:YAG lasers. At 15 kW, 75% of the maximum available pumping power, the output power is 1000 W. Thermal lensing is five times lower than for an equivalent rod laser.
Glucose stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis by a dose-dependent recruitment of pancreatic beta cells. (1988)

Glucose is a well-known stimulus of proinsulin biosynthesis. In purified beta cells, the sugar induces a 25-fold increase in the synthesis of insulin immunoreactive material over 60-min incubation. Autoradiographic analysis of the individual cells shows that this effect is achieved via dose-dependent recruitment of pancreatic beta cells to biosynthetic activity. Recruitment of beta cells is also seen in isolated islets exposed to glucose. The sigmoidal dose-response curve for glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis thus reflects a heterogeneous responsiveness of pancreatic beta cells rather than a progressively increasing activity of functionally homogeneous cells. Dose-dependent recruitment of functionally diverse cells may be a ubiquitous mechanism in tissue function.
Nucleoside diphosphate and triphosphate prodrugs – An unsolvable task? (2017)

In this review, our recent advances in the development of nucleoside di- and nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is summarized. Previously, we had developed a successful membrane-permeable pronucleotide system for the intracellular delivery of nucleoside monophosphates as well, the so-called cycloSal-approach. In contrast to that work in which the delivery is initiated by a chemically driven hydrolysis reaction, for the di- and triphosphate delivery, an enzymatic trigger mechanism involving (carboxy)esterases had to be used. The other features of the new pronucleotide approaches are: (i) lipophilic modification was restricted to the terminal phosphate group leaving charges at the internal phosphate moieties and (ii) appropriate lipophilicity is introduced by long aliphatic residues within the bipartite prodrug moiety. The conceptional design of the di- and triphosphate prodrug systems will be described and the chemical synthesis, the hydrolysis properties, a structure-activity relationship and antiviral activity data will be discussed as well. The advantage of these new approaches is that all phosphorylation steps from the nucleoside analogue into the bioactive nucleoside triphosphate form can be bypassed in the case of the triphosphate prodrugs. Moreover, enzymatic processes like the deamination of nucleosides or nucleoside monophosphates which lead to catabolic clearance of the potential antivirally active compound can be avoided by the delivery of the higher phosphorylated nucleotides.
Automated classification of gaze direction using spectral regression and support vector machine (2009)

This paper presents a framework to automatically estimate the gaze direction of an infant in an infant-parent face-to-face interaction. Commercial devices are sometimes used to produce automated measurement of the subjects' gaze direction. This approach is intrusive, requiring cooperation from the participants, and cannot be employed in interactive face-to-face communication scenarios between a parent and their infant. Alternately, the infant gazes that are at and away from the parent's face may be manually coded from captured videos by a human expert. However, this approach is labor intensive. A preferred alternative would be to automatically estimate the gaze direction of participants from captured videos. The realization of a such a system will help psychological scientists to readily study and understand the early attention of infants. One of the problems in eye region image analysis is the large dimensionality of the visual data. We address this problem by employing the spectral regression technique to project high dimensionality eye region images into a low dimensional sub-space. Represented eye region images in the low dimensional sub-space are utilized to train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to predict the gaze direction (i.e., either looking at parent's face or looking away from parent's face). The analysis of more than 39,000 video frames of naturalistic gaze shifts of multiple infants demonstrates significant agreement between a human coder and our approach. These results indicate that the proposed system provides an efficient approach to automating the estimation of gaze direction of naturalistic gaze shifts.
Astana Finance's six-year restructure explained (2015)

The article discusses the completion of Kazakhstan's Astana Finance's 2 billion U.S. dollars restructuring on July 7, 2015 which was not considered systematically important at the time of default and was not supported by a single major shareholder. Key takeaways from the deals include Astana Finance as the last Kazakh financial institution to restructure after the global financial crisis and how the deal was challenging since it was not a systematically important financial institution
Molecular evolution and tempo of amplification of human LINE-1 retrotransposons since the origin of primates (2005)

We investigated the evolution of the families of LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons that have amplified in the human lineage since the origin of primates. We identified two phases in the evolution of L1. From approximately 70 million years ago (Mya) until approximately 40 Mya, three distinct L1 lineages were simultaneously active in the genome of ancestral primates. In contrast, during the last 40 million years (Myr), i.e., during the evolution of anthropoid primates, a single lineage of families has evolved and amplified. We found that novel (i.e., unrelated) regulatory regions (5'UTR) have been frequently recruited during the evolution of L1, whereas the two open-reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) have remained relatively conserved. We found that L1 families coexisted and formed independently evolving L1 lineages only when they had different 5'UTRs. We propose that L1 families with different 5'UTR can coexist because they don't rely on the same host-encoded factors for their transcription and therefore do not compete with each other. The most prolific L1 families (families L1PA8 to L1PA3) amplified between 40 and 12 Mya. This period of high activity corresponds to an episode of adaptive evolution in a segment of ORF1. The correlation between the high activity of L1 families and adaptive evolution could result from the coevolution of L1 and a host-encoded repressor of L1 activity.
Lithiation in flavones, chromones, coumarins, and benzofuran derivatives (1985)

Flavones are lithiated at position 3 by lithium di-isopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran at –78 °C and the products are stable at that temperature. Appropriate reagents replace the lithium by carboxy, ethoxycarbonyl, mercapto, methylthio, trimethylsilyl, hydroxy, and other groups, sometimes giving products not previously available.Benzofurans are preferentially lithiated at position 2 if this is free, and may not be attacked if it is blocked, but if there is an activating group (i.e., one able to co-ordinate with the lithium cation) at position 2, then lithiation occurs at position 3. In the benzofuran series ring-opening is easier and lithiation often leads directly to acetylenic phenols. Chromones can be lithiated at positions 2 and 3 depending upon the substitution pattern and whether the substituents are activating. Aurones are not easily deprotonated, and only the acetylenic phenol arising from ring opening was found in the one successful case. Coumarins tend to behave simply as esters and give amides with the lithiating reagent, but 4-methoxycoumarin is readily lithiated at position 3.It is suggested that 3-deprotonation in ethers occurs easily only when there is an ether link antiperiplanar to the proton removed, and that the lithiated species are really unstable intermediates in trans-eliminations leading to alkyne derivatives.