gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Out-of-ecliptic studies of coronal holes and their relation to the solar wind (1976)

The advantages of observing coronal holes of the sun above the solar ecliptic plane by a solar probe are discussed. Also discussed are the size of coronal holes, their temperature, and magnetic fields associated with the holes. The role of coronal holes in contributing to the solar wind is examined. Data and observations on coronal holes from Skylab and OSO are treated. It is concluded that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would greatly add to the understanding of coronal holes (at high latitudes) thus adding a new perspective to the observation of these phenomena. (Photographs of the sun taken by Skylab are shown).
Iron Chelation for Amelioration of Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (2010)

Liver resections are frequently associated with significant ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury of the liver remnant. The aim of this study was to investigate whether deferoxamine (DFO) can ameliorate I-R injury during major hepatectomies performed under vascular exclusion of the liver in a porcine model. Twelve female domestic pigs were divided into control (n = 6) and DFO treatment (n = 6) groups and subjected to 150 min. liver ischemia followed by 70% hepatectomy and 24 hours reperfusion. Pigs in the DFO group received a continuous intravenous infusion of 100 mg/kg DFO. Liver remnant injury was evaluated by liver function tests, hepatic histology as well as serum and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Deferoxamine-treated animals had reduced total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase and ammonia levels as well as hepatocyte necrosis and oxidative injury. In a subsequent randomized clinical trial using DFO for I-R protection during major liver surgery, preliminary results revealed amelioration of hepatocellular damage, oxidative and inflammatory serum markers and apoptotic response in liver remnant biopsies.
An integrated CMOS PLL for low-jitter applications (2002)

This brief presents a fully integrated integer-N frequency synthesizer with a frequency-tuning range from 2.4 to 2.9 GHz and root-mean-square (rms) jitter below 2.5 ps over 350 MHz. The employed architecture using an inductance-capacitance (L-C) oscillator with two control inputs combines a wide tuning range with a low noise sensitivity. Potential applications include clock generation in microprocessors and clock recovery in fiberoptic receivers.
Androgen replacement therapy in the aging male. (2003)

Beginning around age 40 years, men experience a decrease in testosterone level-referred to as "andropause"-and the pathophysiologic changes that accompany this decrease. Androgen replacement therapy, typically used for the treatment of senile hypogonadism, is evolving as a potential treatment of various other conditions related to testosterone loss, such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and even psychological symptoms. As with any treatment modality, certain patient factors are more predictive of success with minimal adverse effects, and consideration must be given to concomitant conditions. This article will provide a review of recent studies examining the effects of androgen supplementation and evaluate the purported benefits and potential risks of this therapy. Further research is anticipated to elucidate the most appropriate candidates, as well as other potential indications, for this treatment.
Evaluating the Effect of Audio Feedback on the Behavior of Automotive Fatigue and Distraction Detection System Users (2019)

Vehicular fatigue and distraction detection systems are important tools to avoid traffic accidents. Furthermore, there are many related papers proposing compositions using these techniques. Nevertheless, most of the validation tests performed with these devices happen in simulated conditions or environments, without a test with actual users on a real situation. Also, few works analyze behavioral features using these systems. In this work, we analyze the behavioral aspects of users from a fatigue and distraction detection system with and without audio feedback. Our results indicate that this feature has a positive effect on the drivers' behavior.
Assembly, Activation, and Trafficking of the Fet3p·Ftr1p High Affinity Iron Permease Complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2006)

The high affinity iron uptake complex in the yeast plasma membrane (PM) consists of the ferroxidase, Fet3p, and the ferric iron permease, Ftr1p. We used a combination of yeast two-hybrid analysis, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) quantification to delineate the motifs in the two proteins required for assembly and maturation into an uptake-competent complex. The cytoplasmic, carboxyl-terminal domain of each protein contains a four-residue motif adjacent to the cytoplasm-PM interface that supports an interaction between the proteins. This interaction has been quantified by two-hybrid analysis and is required for assembly and trafficking of the complex to the PM and for the approximately 13% maximum FRET efficiency determined. In contrast, the Fet3p transmembrane domain (TM) can be exchanged with the TM domain from the vacuolar ferroxidase, Fet5p, with no loss of assembly and trafficking. A carboxyl-terminal interaction between the vacuolar proteins, Fet5p and Fth1p, also was quantified. As a measure of the specificity of interaction, no interaction between heterologous ferroxidase permease pairs was observed. Also, whereas FRET was quantified between fluorescent fusions of the copper permease (monomers), Ctr1p, none was observed between Fet3p and Ctr1p. The results are consistent with a (minimal) heterodimer model of the Fet3p.Ftr1p complex that supports the trafficking of iron from Fet3p to Ftr1p for iron permeation across the yeast PM.
Independent and Interactive Effects of OPRM1 and DAT1 Polymorphisms on Alcohol Consumption and Subjective Responses in Social Drinkers (2017)

These findings highlight the biological importance of interactions between these 2 genes and interactions between brain opioid and dopamine systems.
Bladder Cancer and Squamous Metaplasia in Spinal Cord Injury Patients (1977)

The influence of long-term indwelling urethral catheterization was studied by random bladder and urethral biopsies in 62 spinal cord injury patients. Six patients (10 per cent) had diffuse squamous cell bladder carcinoma, 4 of whom had no tumor visible endoscopically. Five of the patients with cancer were among 25 patients (20 per cent) managed with an indwelling urethral catheter for more than 10 years (average 21 years, range 15 to 30 years). The other cancer patient had been free of the catheter for 27 years after suprapubic cystotomy for 4 years. Gross and microscopic hematuria was associated with cancer. Squamous metaplasia of the bladder was significantly greater in patients who had been catheterized for more than 10 years (80 per cent), compared to those catheterized for less than 10 years (42 per cent) and patients without catheters (20 per cent). Urethral squamous metaplasia increased slightly in long-term catheterization patients. Urinary infection was universal and did not distinguish patients with inflammation, metaplasia or cancer. Therefore, the duration of indwelling catheterization seems to be the major factor in squamous changes in these patients.
Visualisation of ultrasound in solids (1979)

This article concentrates on visualisation and computer simulation of ultrasound in NDT. It begins with a survey of the various visualisation methods available for work in both fluid and solid media. The survey is followed by a description of a combined schlieren-photoelastic apparatus. The performance of the apparatus is illustrated by photographs depicting the ultrasonic pulses in the main stages of a standard test. The article then explains the modelling method employed in the parallel computer simulation work and presents a typical computer plot together with a corresponding visualisation output to show the good agreement achieved. Several examples are presented to illustrate the solution of practical problems
Three‐dimensional radiation pattern measurement strategy for ground station antennas (2012)

SUMMARY This article describes how to measure a three‐dimensional antenna radiation pattern and the most effective method to achieve this. We present a new automated three‐dimensional measurement scheme, inspired by the seed pattern of a sunflower seed head, where the seed placements are arranged in a way so that rotational symmetry is obtained to compromise the circular shape of a dish antenna radiation pattern in the three‐dimensional space. This new AU–TUM Antenna Radiation Measurement Strategy has produced superior results. It has been shown by this scheme that for instance the three‐dimensional transmission pattern of a dish antenna can be measured automatically and easily checked against present regulations. The generic AU–TUM Antenna Radiation Measurement Strategy was verified on a 4.8‐m Ka‐band dish antenna. It was concluded that a three‐dimensional radiation pattern can be measured two to thirteen times faster than the best performing current strategies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Tryprostatin B and Demethoxyfumitremorgin C Analogues (2000)

Tryprostatin B and demethoxyfumitremorgin C are fungal inhibitors of mammalian cell cycle progression at the G(2)/M transition. N-Alkyl derivatives of the L-Trp-L-Pro diketopiperazine were prepared as analogues of tryprostatin B, and two of these were more active than the natural product. A second series of cis- and trans-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines annulated to a diketopiperazine were prepared as analogues of demethoxyfumitremorgin C. The nature of the alkyl substituent, as well as its cis or trans relationship in the tetrahydro-beta-carboline ring, was found to have a significant effect on cytotoxic activity. Small cis-alkyl substituents fall into the demethoxyfumitremorgin C family, whereas bulky benzyl trans compounds appear to act via a different mechanism of action.
The role of vertical anisotropy in interpreting marine controlled‐source electromagnetic data (2005)

Recently, much effort has been focused on the interpretation of marine controlled‐source electromagnetic data for hydrocarbon detection. Of particular importance is the nature of resistivity anisotropy in horizontally‐layered sedimentary sequences as this can have a profound effect on recorded electric fields and subsequent data interpretations. In this paper, we investigate the effects of vertical anisotropy and demonstrate that recorded electric field amplitudes increase dramatically with increasing subsurface anisotropy. We also show that electrical anisotropy in the overburden has a much greater effect on surface measurements than reservoir anisotropy. Furthermore, if data, recorded over a vertically anisotropic earth, are interpreted assuming isotropic earth models, reservoir properties, such as depth, resistivity, or lateral extent, will be erroneously estimated with errors depending on the extremity of the anisotropy. We demonstrate these errors using isotropic electromagnetic imaging of data simulated over a weakly anisotropic earth and show that a portion of the errors can be mitigated by accounting for an anisotropic source function in the early stages of the imaging process.
Robust congestion signaling (2005)

We present an improved explicit congestion notification (ECN) mechanism that enables a router to signal congestion to the sender without trusting the receiver or other network devices along the signaling path. Without our mechanism, ECN-based transports can be manipulated to undermine congestion control. Web clients seeking faster downloads, for example, can trivially conceal congestion signals from Web servers. A misbehaving connection would exceed its fair bandwidth share at the expense of competing traffic by as much as an order of magnitude in our simulations. Our improved mechanism is robust because it does not depend on correct implementation at locations other than the sender and marking router, and it is practical because it admits an efficient implementation that is backwards-compatible with prior ECN and TCP/IP mechanisms.
On optimal pooling designs to identify rare variants through massive resequencing (2011)

The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has facilitated the detection of rare variants. Despite the significant cost reduction, sequencing cost is still high for large-scale studies. In this article, we examine DNA pooling as a cost-effective strategy for rare variant detection. We consider the optimal number of individuals in a DNA pool to detect an allele with a specific minor allele frequency (MAF) under a given coverage depth and detection threshold. We found that the optimal number of individuals in a pool is indifferent to the MAF at the same coverage depth and detection threshold. In addition, when the individual contributions to each pool are equal, the total number of individuals across different pools required in an optimal design to detect a variant with a desired power is similar at different coverage depths. When the contributions are more variable, more individuals tend to be needed for higher coverage depths. Our study provides general guidelines on using DNA pooling for more cost-effective identifications of rare variants.
The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications (1992)

The startle reflex is a contraction of the skeletal and facial musculature in response to an intense sensory stimulus. While the 'primary' neural control of startle involves brain structures at, or below, the level of the mesencephalon, the startle reflex (SR) exhibits several forms of plasticity that are modulated by the forebrain. Sensorimotor gating of the SR occurs when the reflex is inhibited by a weak 'pre-pulse' that occurs 30-500 ms prior to the startling stimulus. Since 'pre-pulse inhibition' (PPI) of startle may be impaired in certain psychiatric and neurologic disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder and Huntington's disease), there has been considerable interest in determining the neural substrates of this form of startle plasticity. In rats, PPI is modulated by neural elements linking the limbic cortex with the striatum and pallidum. These substrates may include hippocampal glutamate efferents to the ventral striatum and striatal GABAergic efferents to the ventral pallidum. The striatal dopaminergic modulation of PPI appears to involve primarily D2, but not D1, receptors. Pallidal efferents may impinge directly on the 'primary' startle circuitry via projections to the mesencephalon or, indirectly, via projections to the thalamus. Evidence is reviewed for other neurochemical substrates of PPI-including acetylcholine and opiates. Sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex appears to have a discrete and identifiable set of neural substrates that may be important for our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by deficient suppression or 'gating' of sensory, cognitive or motor processes.
On the shear rate dependence of red cell aggregation in vitro (1968)

Non-Newtonian viscosity of blood, i.e., the rise in apparent viscosity at low flow, was believed to be a result of reversible aggregation of red cells at low velocity gradients (shear rate). By making a cone-plate viscometer transparent, direct observation was made possible of the blood flowing under defined shear rates. Red cell aggregates, occurring in all cases at low flow, were reversibly dispersed by increasing the shear rate. This behavior was independent of the addition of anticoagulants, but it could be altered by changing the plasma protein composition. Red cells in serum did not form aggregates; such nonaggregating samples did show an increase in viscosity at low shear rates. Since the sedimentation rate can be influenced by many parameters, it is not reliable in describing red cell aggregation. Aggregation of red cells is linked with a marked separation of plasma and cells. Such a separation is of considerable influence on cone-plate viscometry.
Proteasome inhibitor PS‐341 down‐regulates prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and induces growth arrest and apoptosis of androgen‐dependent human prostate cancer LNCaP cells (2004)

Proteasome inhibitor PS-341 induces growth arrest and apoptosis of multiple myeloma (MM) cells via inactivation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in vitro. In addition, recent clinical studies of PS-341 have demonstrated some objective responses in individuals with relapsed, refractory MM. However, the activity of PS-341 against non-hematological malignancies remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that PS-341 induced growth arrest and apoptosis of androgen-dependent human prostate cancer LNCaP cells in conjunction with markedly up-regulated levels of p21(waf1) and p53. In addition, we found that PS-341 down-regulated both 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)- and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as measured by western blot analysis. PS-341 down-regulated basal levels of the androgen receptor (AR) in the nucleus; however, it did not affect DHT-induced nuclear translocation of AR in these cells. Reporter assays using a series of promoters of the PSA gene showed that down-regulation of PSA by PS-341 was caused by inhibition of the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor response element (ARE) in these cells. Taken together, the results indicate that PS-341 induced growth arrest and apoptosis of LNCaP cells by blockade of the AR signaling pathway. The proteasome may be a molecular target for treatment of a variety of cancers including prostate cancer.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance During 24-Hour Fluid and/or Energy Restriction (2013)

Weight categorized athletes use a variety of techniques to induce rapid weight loss (RWL) in the days leading up to weigh in. This study examined the fluid and electrolyte balance responses to 24-hr fluid restriction (FR), energy restriction (ER) and fluid and energy restriction (F+ER) compared with a control trial (C), which are commonly used techniques to induce RWL in weight category sports. Twelve subjects (six male, six female) received adequate energy and water (C) intake, adequate energy and restricted water (~10% of C; FR) intake, restricted energy (~25% of C) and adequate water (ER) intake or restricted energy (~25% of C) and restricted (~10% of C) water intake (F+ER) in a randomized counterbalanced order. Subjects visited the laboratory at 0 hr, 12 hr, and 24 hr for blood and urine sample collection. Total body mass loss was 0.33% (C), 1.88% (FR), 1.97% (ER), and 2.44% (F+ER). Plasma volume was reduced at 24 hr during FR, ER, and F+ER, while serum osmolality was increased at 24 hr for FR and F+ER and was greater at 24 hr for FR compared with all other trials. Negative balances of sodium, potassium, and chloride developed during ER and F+ER but not during C and FR. These results demonstrate that 24 hr fluid and/ or energy restriction significantly reduces body mass and plasma volume, but has a disparate effect on serum osmolality, resulting in hypertonic hypohydration during FR and isotonic hypohydration during ER. These findings might be explained by the difference in electrolyte balance between the trials.
Preliminary Studies of a Karst Warm Spring in Mt. Kräuterin, Austria (1996)

A warm spring occurs at the west foot of Mt. Kruterin, characterized by relatively higher temperature (17.4°C) and sulfate concentration (162 mg/L) against with the regional background level (4∼8°C, [(SO 4 ) 2- ] = 14.9 mg/L). An origin from direct infiltration of local precipitation water is concluded from the δD and δ 18 O values (-81.2 and -11.29 respectively) and the tritium concentration (3.4 TU). SiO 2 geothermometer indicates the temperature of the geothermal reservoir is 108°C and quartz might be the mineral playing the role of equilibrium. The normal water is locally recharged with a mean filtration depth of 74 m. The good linear correlation between water temperature and the sulfate concentration evidences a simply mixing of the normal shallow water with the warm, high-sulfate-content water. According to geological setting, Permian Gypsum can be at the thermal reservoir. The mixture ratio between old thermal water and young normal water is 10:90. Calculation of 14 C dilution by carbonate dissolution gives an age range of 6973±1382 years to the warm water component. However, this age might be overestimated due to the sulfate reduction mediated by bacterial action.
Sequence of the murine Huntington dusease gene: evidence for conservation, and polymorphism in a triplet (CCG) repeat alternate splicing (1994)

Huntington disease (HD) is associated with significant expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat within a novel gene. However, no clues to the function of this gene were apparent by sequence alignment to other proteins. We have therefore sought to identify the mouse gene (<it>hd</it>) as a first step in the development of an animal model for HD to provide insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we report the sequencing of cDNA clones spanning 9,992 nucleotides encoding the murine HD homologue (<it>hd</it>), which exhibits 90&percnt; peptide sequence identity, including conservation of the CAG and adjacent CCG repeats. In addition, we show that the CCG is polymorphic in the mouse. Sequence analysis provides strong evidence that the first in frame methionine 5' to the CAG repeat, is the translations start site, for both the mouse and human transcript. As in human, the gene appears expressed in the mouse as 2 large transcripts. We observe evidence for alternate splicing of the hd gene in mouse tissues which would predict two protein products differing by 480 amino acid residues with a molecular mass difference of approximately 54 kilodaltons.
<title>Thermal inspection of solder quality of electronic components</title> (1999)

Solder quality of two ball grid array electronic components were studied by using a photothermal inspection technique. In order to introduce artificial defects into the components, columns of soldering joint balls were removed between the electronic component and the printed circuit board. From one of the components, the copper heat slug was also removed to enhance the possibilities for detecting the defects. The components were heated with laser light, and their surface temperatures were monitored with an infrared camera. After heating the component for 1.5 seconds, the defects were resolved, if the plastic covering was removed. In the case of the second component with intact plastic covering, the defects under the component were not resolved. The defects were not visible through the printed circuit board either.
Uptake and fate of water-soluble, nondegradable polymers with antiviral activity in cells and animals (1977)

Poly(9-vinyladenine) and poly(1-vinyluracil) which are nondegradable, soluble polymers are taken up partially by mammalian cells grown in culture. The polymers remain associated with cells for several generations. In mice, after ip application, polymers slowly accumulate in liver, spleen, and thymus and remain there for as long as a month. Thus, these polymers which suppress the replication of murine leukemia viruses also accumulate in organs where the virus replicates. However, their antiviral activity does not reflect the amount of polymer found in these animal tissues. We propose that the polymers are gradually segregated into a group of cells or into subcellular organelles away from primary sites of virus replication. The results suggest that for a directly acting polymeric drug, a half-life over 24 h is without advantage.