gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. (1978)

Five experiments are reported comparing memory for words that were generated by the subjects themselves with the same words when they were simply presented to be read. In all cases, performance in the generate condition was superior to that in the read condition. This held for measures of cued and uncued recognition, free and cued recall, and confidence ratings. The phenomenon persisted across variations in encoding rules, timed or selfpaced presentation, presence or absence of test information, and between- or within-subjects designs. The effect was specific to the response items under recognition testing but not under cued recall. A number of potential explanatory principles are considered, and their difficulties enumerated. It is concluded that the generation effect is real and that it poses an interesting interpretative problem. This is an empirically oriented article whose purpose is to report a set of simple experiments that establish the existence of a robust and interesting phenomenon of memory. This phenomenon, called the generation effect, is robust in that it manifests itself across a variety of testing procedures, encoding rules, and other situational changes. It is interesting in that it does not seem to be easily or satisfactoril y accommodated by any of the currently familiar explanatory notions. We expect that once the phenomenon is described in its initial form, it will be the subject of wider experimental analysis and will eventually become better understood. In contrast to the usual objective reasons for embarking upon a line of research, the present work was neither initiated by any extant theoretical issue nor inspired by any previously published findings. It was carried out with the sole purpose of arriving at a
Acoustic and perceptual studies of Lombard speech: application to isolated-words automatic speech recognition (2002)

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine what are the acoustic-phonetic differences between speech produced in quiet and speech produced in noise (Lombard speech) and (2) to evaluate the influence of these differences on human listeners and automatic speech recognizers. The acoustical analyses, done at the phonetic level on about 40 parameters, showed significant differences in variability for male and female speakers. In addition to replicating previous studies, the authors investigated more parameters, and examined the influence of the Lombard effect on female speakers. Perceptual experiments, run for foreign listeners, exhibited a decrease of the intelligibility for some confusable subsets of the vocabulary studied. The findings are correlated with the performance of a DTW-based recognizer, and it is observed that recognition scores cannot necessarily be improved by reducing the variability for one specific parameter. It is also found that recognition scores are not directly related to the increase of the vocal effort and cannot be predicted from speech variability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fruit and Vegetables Go Back to School (2007)

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
<i>RAS</i>and Leukemia: From Basic Mechanisms to Gene-Directed Therapy (1999)

An increasing body of data suggests that disruption of Ras signaling pathways, either directly through mutations or indirectly through other genetic aberrations, is important in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of cancers. Molecules such as farnesyl transferase inhibitors that interfere with the function of Ras may be exploitable in leukemia (as well as in solid tumors) as novel antitumor agents.
Marker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): the dimeric form of pyruvate kinase type M2 (Tu M2-PK). (1999)

Initial discrimination is not possible between localized and metastasized RCC using TuM2PK; however, it is possible to differentiate between benign and malignant renal processes; the specificity under these circumstances is 75%. After successful surgery of localized RCC, an elevated TuM2Pk will be normalized within 11 weeks, and will be remain elevated or will increase again in case of RCC-relapse or metastasis. Thus TuM2Pk would appear to be a useful marker for RCC detection and follow-up.
Specificity and biological distribution of coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) (1979)

The specificity of the growth requirement of Methanobacterium ruminantium strain M1 for a new coenzyme, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (HS--CoM), was examined. A variety of derivatives, analogs, and potential biosynthetic precursors of coenzyme M were tested; only a restricted range of thioether, thioester, and thiocarbonate derivatives of the cofactor were found to replace the HS--CoM requirement. Bromoethanesulfonic acid (BrCH2CH2SO3-), a halogenated analog of HS--CoM, potently inhibited the growth response. No coenzyme was detectable in a wide range of nonmethanogenic eucaryotic tissues and procaryotic organisms. However, all methanogens available in pure culture exhibited high levels of coenzyme M which ranged from 0.3 to 16 nmol/mg of dry weight.
Simple memory: a theory for archicortex (1971)

Abstract It is proposed that the most important characteristic of archicortex is its ability to perform a simple kind of memorizing task. It is shown that rather general numerical constraints roughly determine the dimensions of memorizing models for the mammalian brain, and from these is derived a general model for archicortex. The addition of further constraints leads to the notion of a simple representation, which is a way of translating a great deal of information into the firing of about 200 out of a population of 105 cells. It is shown that if about 105 simple representations are stored in such a population of cells, very little information about a single learnt event is necessary to provoke its recall. A detailed numerical examination is made of a particular example of this kind of memory, and various general conclusions are drawn from the analysis. The insight gained from these models is used to derive theories for various archicortical areas. A functional interpretation is given of the cells and synapses of the area entorhinalis, the presubiculum, the prosubiculum, the cornu ammonis and the fascia dentata. Many predictions are made, a substantial number of which must be true if the theory is correct. A general functional classification of typical archicortical cells is proposed.
German Language Research in East and West Germany (1970)

It is often quite difficult for American teachers of German to keep informed of new information in the field of linguistics.* This is especially true at a time when the appearance of new journals dealing with linguistic topics is steadily increasing, not to mention the proliferation of unpublished papers and other hard-to-obtain documents. But the major prob!em in this information explosion is perhaps not so much volume as direction. Most current work in the field of linguistics is at best of marginal interest for the FL teacher. This short paper is an attempt to introduce the readers of UP to some of the research in German linguistics presently in progress in East and West Germany. Specifically, it deals with the institut fir deutsche Sprache in Mannheim (68 Mannheim, 12 Friedrichsplatz) and the Arbeitsstelle far strukturelle Grammatik in East Berlin (08 Berlin, Otto Nuschke Str. 22/23). These are by no means the only institutions in Germany which are engaged in German linguistic research, but they are significant and should serve as an example of what is being done. It is hoped that future issues of UP will report on other current projects.
3D Mechanical Properties of the Layered Esophagus: Experiment and Constitutive Model (2006)

The identification of a three dimensional constitutive model is useful for describing the complex mechanical behavior of a nonlinear and anisotropic biological tissue such as the esophagus. The inflation tests at the fixed axial extension of 1, 1.125, and 1.25 were conducted on the muscle and mucosa layer of a porcine esophagus separately and the pressure-radius-axial force was recorded. The experimental data were fitted with the constitutive model to obtain the structure-related parameters, including the collagen amount and fiber orientation. Results showed that a bilinear strain energy function (SEF) with four parameters could fit the inflation data at an individual extension very well while a six-parameter model had to be used to capture the inflation behaviors at all three extensions simultaneously. It was found that the collagen distribution was axial preferred in both layers and the mucosa contained more collagen, which were in agreement with the findings through a pair of uniaxial tensile test in our previous study. The model was expected to be used for the prediction of stress distribution within the esophageal wall under the physiological state and provide some useful information in the clinical studies of the esophageal diseases.
Studies on hypolipidemic agents. IV. Syntheses and biological activities of trans- and cis-2-(4-alkylcyclohexyl)-2-oxoethyl arenesulfonates. (1987)

trans-and cis-2-Diazo-1- (4-alkylcyclohexyl) -1-ethanones were reacted with arenesulfonic acids to afford the corresponding 2- (4-alkylcyclohexyl) -2-oxoethyl arenesulfonates. The esteraseinhibitory activity and hypolipidemic effect of the arenesulfonates were examined, and it was found that in most cases, the trans-isomers were more active than the corresponding cis-isomers.Stereoselective syntheses of several biologically potent trans-isomers (trans-3) were also developed.
Subunit II of<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>Cytochrome<i>c</i>Oxidase Is a Lipoprotein (1999)

The sequence of the N-terminal end of the deduced ctaC gene product of Bacillus species has the features of a bacterial lipoprotein. CtaC is the subunit II of cytochrome caa3, which is a cytochrome c oxidase. Using Bacillus subtilis mutants blocked in lipoprotein synthesis, we show that CtaC is a lipoprotein and that synthesis of the membrane-bound protein and covalent binding of heme to the cytochrome c domain is not dependent on processing at the N-terminal part of the protein. Mutants blocked in prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) or signal peptidase type II (Lsp) are, however, deficient in cytochrome caa3 enzyme activity. Removal of the signal peptide from the CtaC polypeptide, but not lipid modification, is seemingly required for formation of functional enzyme.
Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde-containing micelles induce relaxation of isolated porcine coronary arteries: role of nitric oxide and calcium (2014)

The present findings demonstrate that cinnamaldehyde-loaded and poly(cinnamaldehyde) micelles possess vasodilator properties, but that the mechanism underlying the relaxation that they cause differs from that of cinnamaldehyde, and thus could be used both to relieve coronary vasospasm and for therapeutic drug delivery.
Network analysis based interface electronics for quartz crystal microbalance (2001)

The application of resonant sensors such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) resonators requires interface electronics to measure parameters that characterize sufficiently the resonant behavior of the sensor due to effects under investigation. Common oscillators as sensor electronics have two major disadvantages. Since they measure the resonant frequency shift as the only parameter their employment is restricted to mass sensing of thin and rigid films in terms of QCM. Because of spurious phase shifts the measured resonant frequency may be erratic. In order to characterize the sensor itself or a material on the sensor surface more parameters such as damping are to be measured. Therefore, a sensor electronics was developed that precisely acquires the impedance spectrum of the resonant sensor in a small frequency range which reflects properties like thickness of a sensor coating, its density, and shear moduli or the density-viscosity product when measuring in liquids. Originally developed as a sensor interface electronics this novel device can help researchers to investigate any effects or material parameters affecting the impedance spectrum of the sensor. In this article the measurement concept of the network analysis based device will be explained followed by details of realization on single printed cardboard. Measurement errors are estimated by simulation and by a comparison of measurement results from a commercially available network analyzer as a reference. Examples of laboratory and industrial applications will be given.
Multifunctional Lithium-Ion-Exchanged Zeolite-Coated Separator for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2018)

Positive electrodes utilizing more manganese are the primary choices for lithium-ion battery applications in electric vehicles and other large-scale energy storage systems because of the high price of cobalt. However, manganese deposition on negative electrode after its dissolution to electrolyte can cause capacity decay. To address this challenge, in this work, a multifunctional polymeric separator with lithium-ion-exchanged zeolite (Li-zeolite) coating has been developed using a simplified process to exchange undesirable cations in zeolite with lithium ions. The coin cell with Li-zeolite coated separator exhibits an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.89% and achieves a capacity retention rate of 78.3% after 500 cycles at 25 °C. From elevated temperature test, we find out that a lower amount of manganese is present on the cycled graphite electrode when Li-zeolite coated separator is used, suggesting less side reactions resulted from Mn. We propose that Li-zeolite can provide multiple functions to improve the cycle performance of manganese containing positive electrodes: (1) absorb trace water to reduce the formation of HF, (2) act as HF scavenger to mitigate its attack on the positive electrode, and (3) trap transition metal ions. Furthermore, the wettability and thermal stability of separator can be enhanced when Li-zeolite coating is applied.
Über den Einfluß einer Magnetfeldiemperung bei binären und molybdänhaltigen Nickel-Eisen-Legierungen mit 50 bis 65 Gew.-% Ni (1966)

Article Über den Einfluß einer Magnetfeldiemperung bei binären und molybdänhaltigen Nickel-Eisen-Legierungen mit 50 bis 65 Gew.-% Ni was published on March 1, 1966 in the journal International Journal of Materials Research (volume 57, issue 3).
Identification of tuberous sclerosis 2 messenger RNA splice variants that are conserved and differentially expressed in rat and human tissues. (1995)

Tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) gene is the target of a germline insertion in the Eker rat model of inherited cancer susceptibility. This tumor suppressor gene, when mutated, gives rise to a spectrum of epithelial and nonepithelial neoplasms in the rat, as well as multisystem involvement of hamartomas in the human. In this study, we characterized the rat Tsc2 cDNA and found that it is highly homologous with the human gene, including a conserved rap1GAP catalytic domain. Sequence analysis of independent rat clones from a kidney cDNA library revealed distinct but related variants of the Tsc2 transcripts stemming from alternative splicing involving two noncontiguous exons within the translated region. The first of these, located at amino acids 947 to 990, gives rise to isoforms with or without the 129-bp exon. There exists another variant related to the use of a "cryptic" splice acceptor site in the downstream exon that results in an in-frame 3-bp deletion. A separate 69-bp exon encoding a novel serine-rich amino acid sequence (1272 to 1295) was also alternatively spliced. Together, we have found a minimum of four and potentially eight Tsc2 isoforms that are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific manner. These splice variants are highly conserved in the human gene, suggesting a possible functional role of these Tsc2 isoforms in various cell regulatory and developmental processes.
Mapping genetic interactions in cancer: a road to rational combination therapies (2019)

The discovery of synthetic lethal interactions between poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and BRCA genes, which are involved in homologous recombination, led to the approval of PARP inhibition as a monotherapy for patients with BRCA1/2-mutated breast or ovarian cancer. Studies following the initial observation of synthetic lethality demonstrated that the reach of PARP inhibitors is well beyond just BRCA1/2 mutants. Insights into the mechanisms of action of anticancer drugs are fundamental for the development of targeted monotherapies or rational combination treatments that will synergize to promote cancer cell death and overcome mechanisms of resistance. The development of targeted therapeutic agents is premised on mapping the physical and functional dependencies of mutated genes in cancer. An important part of this effort is the systematic screening of genetic interactions in a variety of cancer types. Until recently, genetic-interaction screens have relied either on the pairwise perturbations of two genes or on the perturbation of genes of interest combined with inhibition by commonly used anticancer drugs. Here, we summarize recent advances in mapping genetic interactions using targeted, genome-wide, and high-throughput genetic screens, and we discuss the therapeutic insights obtained through such screens. We further focus on factors that should be considered in order to develop a robust analysis pipeline. Finally, we discuss the integration of functional interaction data with orthogonal methods and suggest that such approaches will increase the reach of genetic-interaction screens for the development of rational combination therapies.
Using rule induction for prediction of self-injuring behavior in animal models of development disabilities (2002)

The data mining system LERS (Learning from Examples using Rough Sets) was used to assess whether animal models of varying basal ganglia dopamine concentrations could be distinguished based on their behavioral responsiveness to a dopamine agonist, GBR12909. GBR12909 causes its agonist effects by increasing synaptic concentrations of dopamine. The three animal models included rats depleted as neonates of striatal dopamine, rats with hyper-innervation of striatal dopamine and control rats with normal striatal dopamine concentrations. The groups received five injections of GBR12909 and were observed for stereotyped and self-injurious behaviors immediately following the injections and six hours after injections. The data mining system LERS induced rules that indicated which of the injections caused several behaviors to be exhibited and which injections caused more focused behaviors. Prediction error rate analysis enable us to determine whether the pattern of behaviors displayed following GBR12909 administration could be distinguished among animal models. Differences in the rule sets formed for each group for each injection enables the prediction of the stereotyped behaviors that may occur prior to occurrence of self-injurious behavior. The ability to predict the occurrence of self-injurious behaviors in the animal models greatly increases our change of suppressing these behaviors through behavioral or pharmacological intervention.
Beitrag zur Filmdosimetrie energiereicher Quantenstrahlung. II. Experimentelle Ergebnisse (1961)

See also: Beitrag zur Filmdosimetrie energiereicher Quantenstrahlung. I. Theoretische GrundlagenRofo 1961; 95(11): 694-703DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1226902
TransWeb: a framework for development of transparent load-balanced Web applications (2002)

Clients (user agents) on the World Wide Web vary greatly in computing power-from low-end WAP devices to high-end desktops even other servers as in a B2B scenario. It should be possible to build applications, which transparently adapt to the varying user agents. Most of the existing applications are written to execute only on the server without taking the computation power available on the client into account. We suggest a mechanism where an application can be written such that parts of the application can be executed either on the client side or on the server. This decision about which part of the code should be executed where can be taken at compile time or run time. This can either be under full user control or can be done automatically based on parameters like user agent type or server load. Applications of this type will allow loaded servers to transfer part of the load to clients to exploit the computing power available at client side.
Self-assembled platinum nanoparticles on sulfonic acid-grafted graphene as effective electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in direct methanol fuel cells (2016)

In this article, sulfonic acid-grafted reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO) were synthesized using a one-pot method under mild conditions, and used as Pt catalyst supports to prepare Pt/S-rGO electrocatalysts through a self-assembly route. The structure, morphologies and physicochemical properties of S-rGO were examined in detail by techniques such as atomic force microscope (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The S-rGO nanosheets show excellent solubility and stability in water and the average particle size of Pt nanoparticles supported on S-rGO is ~3.8 nm with symmetrical and uniform distribution. The electrocatalytic properties of Pt/S-rGO were investigated for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In comparison to Pt supported on high surface area Vulcan XC-72 carbon (Pt/VC) and Pt/rGO, the Pt/S-rGO electrocatalyst exhibits a much higher electrocatalytic activity, faster reaction kinetics and a better stability. The results indicate that Pt/S-rGO is a promising and effective electrocatalyst for MOR of DMFCs.
Electron spectroscopic imaging for high-resolution immunocytochemistry: use of boronated protein A. (1989)

In the present study we adapted electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) for high-resolution immunocytochemistry. To accomplish this, we applied boronated protein A (B-pA) for indirect detection of specific antigenic sites using pre-embedding and post-embedding protocols. Isolated acinar cells were exposed to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and anti-WGA, followed by B-pA, to reveal WGA binding sites at the level of the plasma membrane. The cells were then embedded in Epon and unstained ultra-thin sections were examined by electron microscopy using the ESI mode. For post-embedding, ultra-thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, Lowicryl-embedded pancreatic tissue were exposed to specific antibodies (anti-insulin or anti-amylase), followed by B-pA. The unstained sections were examined using the ESI mode. In both cases, boron was detected with high resolution either at the level of the plasma membrane of acinar cells, demonstrating WGA binding sites, or over secretory granules in pancreatic insulin-secreting cells or acinar cells, demonstrating insulin and amylase, respectively. These findings were compared to those obtained with the protein A-gold technique, and have demonstrated the analogy of both types of labeling. In addition, several control experiments assessed this novel approach. They have demonstrated the specificity of labeling and the high reactivity of B-pA, as well as its antibody-binding properties. Finally, electron energy loss spectral analysis confirmed the presence of boron in the tissue sections at sites where immunolabeling was detected. These results demonstrate that ESI is an appropriate approach for cytochemistry. Since the technique is based on detection of elements, spatial resolution is considered to be in the magnitude of 0.5 nm, which represents a major improvement in resolution over actual electron microscopic cytochemical techniques.