gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Flow Control Devices (FCDs) to Enforce Conformance in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Completions (2015)

Abstract Flow Control Devices (FCDs) have demonstrated significant potential for improving recovery in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) production wells. One initial hypothesis was that steam breakthrough was delayed because the FCDs better homogenized injection and production by equalizing flow and compensating for pressure changes along the wellbore. However, in many cases, the field results were far greater than such an approach would have justified. The actual physics for this process are unclear, and not demonstrated in literature. Upon review of field data published by ConocoPhillips, the possibility of a steam blocking effect was proposed (Stalder, 2012), although the physical basis for this effect was not explored. This paper proposes an updated hypothesis to explain this effect, presents preliminary data to support the assumption, and introduces a new apparatus and methodology to characterize FCDs for SAGD applications. The traditional approach to steam control states that steam flashing at the producer should be avoided, as it will eventually lead to a completion failure. Alternatively, the proposed hypothesis contemplates using steam flashing at the producer to regulate flow in various segments of the completion, thus better enforcing conformance. The physics of this process will primarily be described analytically; however, this effect was also observed qualitatively in a small-scale experiment where water was flashed across an orifice. In order to design SAGD completions that leverage FCDs (and this effect), it was necessary to accurately characterize different FCDs under these challenging multiphase flow conditions. Since vendors use a variety of approaches when designing their FCDs, a protocol was developed to create a characterization procedure which was independent of the underlying FCD design and architecture, resulting in a direct comparison of the overall performance of each FCD. Part of this protocol required the construction of a new, high temperature multiphase flow loop capable of subjecting FCDs to representative SAGD operating conditions. Through fine control of the relevant test parameters, accurate performance measurements can be obtained for each FCD. This paper will present some information regarding the design and specifications of this new flow loop, as well as impart some of the lessons learned from its commissioning and initial operation.
Enhancement of Human Adaptive Immune Responses by Administration of a High-Molecular-Weight Polysaccharide Extract from the Cyanobacterium <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (2008)

The effect of consumption of Immulina, a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide extract from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, on adaptive immune responses was investigated by evaluation of changes in leukocyte responsiveness to two foreign recall antigens, Candida albicans (CA) and tetanus toxoid (TT), in vitro. Consumption of Immulina by 11 healthy male volunteers caused an immediate, but temporary, increase of CA-induced CD4+ T-helper (Th) cell proliferation (P < .02). TT-induced Th cell proliferation was increased in individuals over 50 years of age (P < .05) and correlated with age (P < .02). Consumption for 8 days enhanced the CA-induced B cell proliferation (P < .02), but after 56 days a diminution was seen (P < .03). The CA-elicited production of the Th1 cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-2, and interferon (IFN)-gamma was increased after Immunlina administration for 3 days (P < .001, < .03, and < .007, respectively), and increased IL-2 production persisted after 56 days (P < .004). The TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 responses to TT were enhanced after 8 and 14 days (P < .002-.05), while IL-5 responses increased significantly within 3 days (P < .04) and fell below baseline levels after 14 days (P < .008). Conversely, consumption for 3 days inhibited the IL-4 responses to both CA and TT (P < .008 and P < .03, respectively). No effects on IL-10 responses were observed. Upon addition to normal mononuclear cells in vitro, Immulina elicited strong TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 responses, indicating that it acts by inducing a pro-inflammatory state. Taken together, the data suggest that Immulina causes an age-dependent, temporary enhancement of adaptive immune responses.
Characterization of solvatomorphs of methotrexate using thermoanalytical and other techniques (2009)

Identification and characterization of different forms of methotrexate were carried out by crystallization from different solvents. Five different forms of the drug were obtained. Appearance of a desolvation endotherm in the DSC accompanied by mass loss in TGA for forms I, II, IV and V showed these forms to be acetonitrile solvate hydrate (form I), trihydrate (forms II and IV) and dimethylformamide solvate (form V), respectively. However, the desolvation peak was absent in form III (obtained from methanol) indicating the absence of any solvent of crystallization. This form was found to be partially crystalline by its XRPD pattern. Solution calorimetry was further used to differentiate between the forms as they differ in lattice energy, resulting in different enthalpies of solution. The dissolution and solubility profiles were correlated with the enthalpy of solution and subsequently with crystallinity of all the forms; the least endothermic form (form III) had the highest dissolution rate.
Introduction to Machine Learning (2019)

The goal of machine learning is to program computers to use example data or past experience to solve a given problem. Many successful applications of machine learning exist already, including systems that analyze past sales data to predict customer behavior, optimize robot behavior so that a task can be completed using minimum resources, and extract knowledge from bioinformatics data. Introduction to Machine Learning is a comprehensive textbook on the subject, covering a broad array of topics not usually included in introductory machine learning texts. In order to present a unified treatment of machine learning problems and solutions, it discusses many methods from different fields, including statistics, pattern recognition, neural networks, artificial intelligence, signal processing, control, and data mining. All learning algorithms are explained so that the student can easily move from the equations in the book to a computer program. The text covers such topics as supervised learning, Bayesian decision theory, parametric methods, multivariate methods, multilayer perceptrons, local models, hidden Markov models, assessing and comparing classification algorithms, and reinforcement learning. New to the second edition are chapters on kernel machines, graphical models, and Bayesian estimation; expanded coverage of statistical tests in a chapter on design and analysis of machine learning experiments; case studies available on the Web (with downloadable results for instructors); and many additional exercises. All chapters have been revised and updated. Introduction to Machine Learning can be used by advanced undergraduates and graduate students who have completed courses in computer programming, probability, calculus, and linear algebra. It will also be of interest to engineers in the field who are concerned with the application of machine learning methods. Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning series
ATM Networks: Concepts, Protocols, Applications (1998)

From the Publisher:
If you are struggling to find your way through the ATM jungle, this book will help prevent you from getting lost in too much specialized technical detail. This third edition of ATM Networks provides a comprehensive overview of all the current trends and reflects the accelerated development of recent ATM specifications. This book gives a thorough introduction to the whole technical concept of ATM, from architecture and functions to networking techniques and performance issues, as laid down in various specifications from the ATM Forum and the ITU. It explains the rationale for Introducing ATM networking into your organization, and illustrates its potential in terms of the applications and services that ATM networks can offer.
De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing and Analysis for Venturia inaequalis, the Devastating Apple Scab Pathogen (2013)

Venturia inaequalis is the causal agent of apple scab, one of the most devastating diseases of apple. Due to several distinct features, it has emerged as a model fungal pathogen to study various aspects of hemibiotrophic plant pathogen interactions. The present study reports de novo assembling, annotation and characterization of the transcriptome of V. inaequalis. Venturia transcripts expressed during its growth on laboratory medium and that expressed during its biotrophic stage of infection on apple were sequenced using Illumina RNAseq technology. A total of 94,350,055 reads (50 bp read length) specific to Venturia were obtained after filtering. The reads were assembled into 62,061 contigs representing 24,571 unique genes. GO analysis suggested prevalence of genes associated with biological process categories like metabolism, transport and response to stimulus. Genes associated with molecular function like binding, catalytic activities and transferase activities were found in majority. EC and KEGG pathway analyses suggested prevalence of genes encoding kinases, proteases, glycoside hydrolases, cutinases, cytochrome P450 and transcription factors. The study has identified several putative pathogenicity determinants and candidate effectors in V. inaequalis. A large number of transcripts encoding membrane transporters were identified and comparative analysis revealed that the number of transporters encoded by Venturia is significantly more as compared to that encoded by several other important plant fungal pathogens. Phylogenomics analysis indicated that V. inaequalis is closely related to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (the causal organism of tan spot of wheat). In conclusion, the findings from this study provide a better understanding of the biology of the apple scab pathogen and have identified candidate genes/functions required for its pathogenesis. This work lays the foundation for facilitating further research towards understanding this host-pathogen interaction.
Optimum Mismatched Filters for Sidelobe Suppression (1973)

This paper discusses the application of least-mean-squares approximate inverse filtering techniques to radar range sidelobe reduction. The method is illustrated by application to the 13-element Barker code. The performance of the least-mean-square inverse filter is compared with the matched filter and with the simplified sidelobereducing filters of Rihaczek and Golden. A filter which completely suppresses the range sidelobes of a 13-element Barker sequence is only 0.2 dB worse than a matched filter in noise.
A Model of Airway Narrowing in Asthma and in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (1992)

We have examined the effect of airway wall thickening, loss of lung recoil, and airway smooth muscle shortening on the increase in airway resistance using a model of the human tracheobronchial tree. The values for airway wall thickening were determined morphometrically on the postmortem or surgically resected lungs of normal subjects, patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and patients with severe asthma. Loss of recoil was simulated by deflating airways along their pressure-area curves by 1 to 3 cm H2O. Values of smooth muscle shortening between 20 and 40% were used in the model to generate sigmoidal-shaped "dose-response" curves. The analysis shows that moderate amounts of airway wall thickening, which have little effect on baseline resistance, can profoundly affect the airway narrowing caused by smooth muscle shortening--especially if the wall thickening is localized in peripheral airways. The combination of a loss of recoil and airway wall thickening are more than additive in their effect on simulated airway responsiveness. We conclude that airway wall thickening and a loss of lung recoil can partially explain the airway hyperresponsiveness observed in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma.
Bayesian Cluster Analysis : Some Extensions to Non-standard Situations (2008)

The Bayesian approach to cluster analysis is presented. We assume that all data stem from a finite mixture model, where each component corresponds to one cluster and is given by a multivariate normal distribution with unknown mean and variance. The method produces posterior distributions of all cluster parameters and proportions as well as associated cluster probabilities for all objects. We extend this method in several directions to some common but non-standard situations. The first extension covers the case with a few deviant observations not belonging to one of the normal clusters. An extra component/cluster is created for them, which has a larger variance or a different distribution, e.g. is uniform over the whole range. The second extension is clustering of longitudinal data. All units are clustered at all time points separately and the movements between time points are modeled by Markov transition matrices. This means that the clustering at one time point will be affected by what happens at the neighbouring time points. The third extension handles datasets with missing data, e.g. item non-response. We impute the missing values iteratively in an extra step of the Gibbs sampler estimation algorithm. The Bayesian inference of mixture models has many advantages over the classical approach. However, it is not without computational difficulties. A software package, written in Matlab for Bayesian inference of mixture models is introduced. The programs of the package handle the basic cases of clustering data that are assumed to arise from mixture models of multivariate normal distributions, as well as the non-standard situations.
Noncoherently detected trellis-coded partial response CPM on mobile radio channels (2002)

This paper presents a noncoherent receiver for partial response trellis-coded continuous phase modulation (TC-CPM) on interleaved flat Rician fading channels. By using a multiple-symbol observation interval and a simple metric calculator, the power efficiency is improved as compared to the conventional single-symbol observation interval, without significantly increasing the receiver complexity. Performance bounds on the bit error probability are derived, by defining a set of characteristic distances for CPM signals and showing that TC-CPM is equivalent to a TCM scheme. Our results show that, with the same observation length, the proposed receiver is less than 0.5 dB inferior to the coherent receiver for which perfect channel information is needed. We also conclude that in terms of joint power-bandwidth-complexity, 2RC is the best candidate for rate-1/2 TCM codes.
Therminator (2014)

Maintaining safe chip and device skin temperatures in small form-factor mobile devices (such as smartphones and tablets) while continuing to add new functionalities and provide higher performance has emerged as a key challenge. This paper presents Therminator, an early stage, fast, full-device thermal analyzer, which generates accurate steady-state temperature maps of the entire smartphone starting from the Application Processor and other key device components, extending to the skin of the device itself. The thermal analysis is sensitive to detailed device specifications (including its material composition and 3-D layout) as well as different use cases (each case specifying the set of active device components and their activity levels). Therminator considers all major components within the device, builds a corresponding compact thermal model for each component and the whole device, and produces their steady-state temperature maps. Temperature results obtained by using Therminator have been validated against a commercial computational fluid dynamics-based tool, i.e., Autodesk Simulation CFD, and thermocouple measurements on a Qualcomm Mobile Developer Platform. A case study on a Samsung Galaxy S4 using Therminator is provided to relate the device performance to the skin temperature and investigate the thermal path design.
On-Line Parameter Estimation in a Continuous Polymerization Process (1996)

A large number of high activity catalysts are used to produce different grades of polymers in a continuous olefin polymerization reactor. Often the transition from one grade to another is carried out by changing the reactor operating conditions as well as the catalyst. The major kinetic parameters are seldom known for all the different types of catalysts. The catalyst composition may differ only slightly from each other but enough to result in significant differences in polymer properties. In practice, it is very time consuming and costly to carry out extensive plant tests to identify the kinetics of polymerization for a given catalyst system. In this paper, two different on-line parameter estimation schemes (extended Kalman filtering and nonlinear dynamic parameter estimation) are investigated to estimate key kinetic parameters of transition-metal-catalyzed olefin polymerization. Parameter estimation using an extended Kalman filter is shown to perform robustly even in the presence of substantial measurement noise because of greater flexibility in tuning parameters, while the parameter estimator based on nonlinear programming techniques (nonlinear dynamic parameter estimator) shows a stronger sensitivity to measurement noise due to a lack of sufficient tuning parameters. Both the extended Kalman filter and the nonlinear dynamic parameter estimator give identical results after a sufficient number of measurements have been obtained.
Signal integrity analysis of DDR3 high-speed memory module (2008)

In this paper, a complete simulation methodology is introduced to analyze the signal integrity in a Double Data Rate (DDR3) high-speed memory module. The equivalent models of the first-level package and various discontinuities in Printed Circuit Board (PCB) are extracted, and then linked together by using general transmission-line models for the interconnections. Good agreements between the simulated and measured scattering parameters have confirmed the practicability of the simulation methodology. The fly-by structure is found to be crucial and thinner transmission lines around the Synchronous Dynamic Random Memory (SDRAM) region should be employed for achieving impedance matching with suitable design graph constructed accordingly. Finally, the effects of these models on the eye diagram are simulated to access their significance, for which the fly-by design is found to be the most critical, followed in order by package connections, via transitions, serpentine delay lines, and bends.
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Control the Transcription Factor CHOP-10/GADD153 and Adipocyte Differentiation (2004)

Recent reports emphasize the importance of mitochondria in white adipose tissue biology. In addition to their crucial role in energy homeostasis, mitochondria are the main site of reactive oxygen species generation. When moderately produced, they function as physiological signaling molecules. Thus, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species trigger hypoxia-dependent gene expression. Therefore the present study tested the implication of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in adipocyte differentiation and their putative role in the hypoxia-dependent effect on this differentiation. Pharmacological manipulations of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation demonstrate a very strong and negative correlation between changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Moreover, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species positively and specifically control expression of the adipogenic repressor CHOP-10/GADD153. Hypoxia (1% O2) strongly increased reactive oxygen species generation, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and CHOP-10/GADD153 expression, and inhibited adipocyte differentiation. All of these hypoxia-dependent effects were partly prevented by antioxidants. By using hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha)-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, HIF-1alpha was shown not to be required for hypoxia-mediated CHOP-10/GADD153 induction. Moreover, the comparison of hypoxia and CoCl2 effects on adipocyte differentiation of wild type or HIF-1alpha deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts suggests the existence of at least two pathways dependent or not on the presence of HIF-1alpha. Together, these data demonstrate that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species control CHOP-10/GADD153 expression, are antiadipogenic signaling molecules, and trigger hypoxia-dependent inhibition of adipocyte differentiation.
Concurrent read/write: real-time theory and practice (2002)

Read/write conflicts, be it on the task or transaction level, may have harmful consequences for the real-time performance, particularly in distributed systems. Under safety-critical constraints (where task arrival is unpredictable) such conflicts would then impose an unpredictable overhead. Static solutions of conflict handling by utilizing shadow copies have been suggested, even under non-preemptive object access (where shadow copies are almost useless). This paper reports on research concerning adaptive preemptive methods for handling record-based read/write access to objects providing shadow copies. We present a new refined task and resource scheduling method based on measures that take task or transaction criticality into account. A potential advantage with shadow copies stems from the fact that shadow copies are still available to readers once a writer has been preempted whereas otherwise all scheduled (conflicting) readers have to wait until the writer has been finished (unless the write action is rolled back). In our model, readers that are preempted through writers (or writers that are preempted through readers) need not acquire their locks anew after preemption thus allowing for a higher scheduling flexibility and choice through keeping their locks. We study the trade-off between the higher flexibility of preemptive shadow copy models and the higher overhead they incur, due to refreshing shadow copies in due time.