gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Achieving antigen-specific immune regulation (2004)

A study in this issue of the JCI shows that in response to autoantigens consisting of peptides from normal proteins, patients with diabetes mount a T cell response characterized by production of IFN- (see the related article beginning on page 451). However, in response to these same antigens, T cells from normal control subjects produce IL-10. The antigen-specific response characterized by release of a regulatory cytokine suggests a mechanism for the control of autoimmunity that is initiated at the time of antigen presentation.
Towards the development of flexible CIGS solar cells on polymer films with efficiency exceeding 15% (2005)

Development of Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ (called CIGS) solar cells on polymers is challenging because of the thermo-physical properties of layers and substrates. CIGS layers of suitable structural and opto-electronic properties should be grown at low temperature (< 500/spl deg/C) as polyimides tend to degrade at higher deposition temperatures. Additionally, a method for controlled incorporation of an optimum amount of Na in CIGS is needed for high-efficiency cells since polyimides do not contain Na. Solar cells were developed on commercially available Upilex foils. CIGS layers were grown by evaporation of elemental Cu, In, Ga and Se at different substrate temperatures. Na from a NaF film was incorporated into CIGS layers with a post-deposition diffusion method that is suitable for in-line production of solar cells. Independent measurements have confirmed 14.1% efficiency under simulated AM1.5 standard test conditions. This is the highest efficiency reported to date for any kind of solar cell grown on polymer films. An average reflectance loss of about 13% was measured for these cells. Application of a commonly used anti-reflection coating would enable more than 15% efficiency flexible CIGS solar cells on polyimide foils.
Correcting Mutations by RNA Repair (2014)

Animal cells use an editing mechanism that converts adenosine residues to inosine residues (which masquerade as guanosine residues) in messenger RNA. A recent study shows that this mechanism can be tweaked to correct a disease-causing mutation that causes cystic fibrosis.
A Scintillation Pair Spectrometer (1954)

A scintillation pair spectrometer involving the use of three NaI(Tl) crystals has been developed which has a high rejection of all unwanted pulses. As in the usual scintillation pair spectrometer, the gamma rays pass into a center crystal and the pair events are selected by detecting the two annihilation quanta in two side crystals. High rejection of unwanted coincidences is obtained by using a cathode-ray tube differential discriminator set on the photoelectron peaks of the annihilation quanta in the side crystals, along with coincidence circuits of moderately good resolution (0.15 μsec). In this way pair distributions from Na24 (1.38 and 2.76 Mev) and Co60 (1.17 and 1.33) have been observed with almost no background. The apparatus has also been found useful in many other scintillation counter applications involving energy differentiation and coincidence counting.
General and Scalable Amide Bond Formation with Epimerization-Prone Substrates Using T3P and Pyridine (2011)

The mild combination of T3P (n-propanephosphonic acid anhydride) and pyridine has been developed for low-epimerization amide bond formation and implemented for the synthesis of a key intermediate to a glucokinase activator. This robust method is general for the coupling of various racemization-prone acid substrates and amines, including relatively non-nucleophilic anilines, and provides amides in high yields with very low epimerization. With easy reaction setup and product isolation, this protocol offers several practical and experimental benefits.
Extracurricular Activities Provide Training For Business Positions (1946)

Tony DeLay, '45, former sports editor of the Daiiy Student, explains value of college activity programs as related to possible future positions
Activation-dependent intrachromosomal interactions formed by the<i>TNF</i>gene promoter and two distal enhancers (2007)

Here we provide a mechanism for specific, efficient transcription of the TNF gene and, potentially, other genes residing within multigene loci. We identify and characterize highly conserved noncoding elements flanking the TNF gene, which undergo activation-dependent intrachromosomal interactions. These elements, hypersensitive site (HSS)-9 and HSS+3 (9 kb upstream and 3 kb downstream of the TNF gene, respectively), contain DNase I hypersensitive sites in naive, T helper 1, and T helper 2 primary T cells. Both HSS-9 and HSS+3 inducibly associate with acetylated histones, indicative of chromatin remodeling, bind the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)p in vitro and in vivo, and function as enhancers of NFAT-dependent transactivation mediated by the TNF promoter. Using the chromosome conformation capture assay, we demonstrate that upon T cell activation intrachromosomal looping occurs in the TNF locus. HSS-9 and HSS+3 each associate with the TNF promoter and with each other, circularizing the TNF gene and bringing NFAT-containing nucleoprotein complexes into close proximity. TNF gene regulation thus reveals a mode of intrachromosomal interaction that combines a looped gene topology with interactions between enhancers and a gene promoter.
Path loss study for millimeter wave device-to-device communications in urban environment (2014)

In the recent years the millimeter wave spectrum is being explored as a prospective band for the next generation (5G) cellular communications. In this paper we study the propagation of the the millimetre wave spectrum using ray tracing model for an urban environment. We consider the ISM bands in 24GHz and 61GHz in particular and conduct ray tracing simulations to study the path loss behaviour in terms of the path loss exponent and the shadowing variance for both Line of Sight and Non Line of Sight conditions. As a potential application we examine the device to device (D2D) communication, which is currently being developed for LTE-A standard. The resulting pathloss exponents and the shadow variances are presented here based on ray tracing simulations for an ITU-R statistical urban model, moreover this paper shows that intelligent beam steering can significantly improve the throughput for the considered D2D scenarios.
Gut instincts: CYP3A4 and intestinal drug metabolism (2007)

First-pass metabolism is a common cause of incomplete and variable absolute bioavailability for an orally dosed drug. The drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 is often implicated in this process, resulting, in some cases, in systemic exposures of less than 15% of the administered dose. By creating an elegant CYP3A4-transgenic mouse model, van Herwaarden et al. show in this issue of the JCI that first-pass metabolism of the anticancer agent docetaxel by the gut wall, and not the liver, is likely to be the major cause of its low oral bioavailability in humans (see the related article beginning on page 3583). This study helps explain interpatient differences in efficacy and safety following oral therapy with approved CYP3A4 substrates and provides a powerful new tool for preclinical predictions of first-pass metabolism for new drugs in development.
Widespread changes in dendritic and axonal morphology in <i>Mecp2</i>‐mutant mouse models of rett syndrome: Evidence for disruption of neuronal networks (2009)

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked gene MECP2. Girls with RTT show dramatic changes in brain function, but relatively few studies have explored the structure of neural circuits. Examining two mouse models of RTT (Mecp2B and Mecp2J), we previously documented changes in brain anatomy. Herein, we use confocal microscopy to study the effects of MeCP2 deficiency on the morphology of dendrites and axons in the fascia dentata (FD), CA1 area of hippocampus, and motor cortex following Lucifer yellow microinjection or carbocyanine dye tracing. At 3 weeks of age, most (33 of 41) morphological parameters were significantly altered in Mecp2B mice; fewer (23 of 39) were abnormal in Mecp2J mice. There were striking changes in the density and size of the dendritic spines and density and orientation of axons. In Mecp2B mice, dendritic spine density was decreased in the FD (approximately 11%), CA1 (14-22%), and motor cortex (approximately 16%). A decreased spine head size (approximately 9%) and an increased spine neck length (approximately 12%) were found in Mecp2B FD. In addition, axons in the motor cortex were disorganized. In Mecp2J mice, spine density was significantly decreased in CA1 (14-26%). In both models, dendritic swelling and elongated spine necks were seen in all areas studied. Marked variation in the type and extent of changes was noted in dendrites of adjacent neurons. Electron microscopy confirmed abnormalities in dendrites and axons and showed abnormal mitochondria. Our findings document widespread abnormalities of dendrites and axons that recapitulate those seen in RTT.
Low Incidence of Spontaneous Type 1 Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Raised on Gluten-Free Diets Is Associated with Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome (2013)

Human and animal studies strongly suggest that dietary gluten could play a causal role in the etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the mechanisms have not been elucidated. Recent reports indicate that the intestinal microbiome has a major influence on the incidence of T1D. Since diet is known to shape the composition of the intestinal microbiome, we investigated using non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice whether changes in the intestinal microbiome could be attributed to the pro- and anti-diabetogenic effects of gluten-containing and gluten-free diets, respectively. NOD mice were raised on gluten-containing chows (GCC) or gluten-free chows (GFC). The incidence of diabetes was determined by monitoring blood glucose levels biweekly using a glucometer. Intestinal microbiome composition was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons derived from fecal samples. First of all, GCC-fed NOD mice had the expected high incidence of hyperglycemia whereas NOD mice fed with a GFC had significantly reduced incidence of hyperglycemia. Secondly, when the fecal microbiomes were compared, Bifidobacterium, Tannerella, and Barnesiella species were increased (p = 0.03, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively) in the microbiome of GCC mice, where as Akkermansia species was increased (p = 0.02) in the intestinal microbiomes of NOD mice fed GFC. Thirdly, both of the gluten-free chows that were evaluated, either egg white based (EW-GFC) or casein based (C-GFC), significantly reduced the incidence of hyperglycemia. Interestingly, the gut microbiome from EW-GFC mice was similar to C-GFC mice. Finally, adding back gluten to the gluten-free diet reversed its anti-diabetogenic effect, reduced Akkermansia species and increased Bifidobacterium, Tannerella, and Barnesiella suggesting that the presence of gluten is directly responsible for the pro-diabetogenic effects of diets and it determines the gut microflora. Our novel study thus suggests that dietary gluten could modulate the incidence of T1D by changing the gut microbiome.
Passively mode-locked 914-nm Nd:YVO_4 laser (2005)

We demonstrate what is to our knowledge the first mode-locked Nd:YVO4 laser operating on the 4F3/2-4I9/2 transition at 914 nm. Using a semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror for passive mode locking, we have obtained 3-ps pulses at a repetition rate of 233.8 MHz. The laser is based on a standard delta cavity and is pumped by a Ti:sapphire laser. We obtained an average output power of 42 mW through one mirror and an accumulated output power of approximately 150 mW (through all cavity mirrors) at a pump power of 1.4 W.
Paired Box Gene 5 Is a Novel Tumor Suppressor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Interaction With p53 Signaling Pathway §Δ (2010)

PAX5 is frequently inactivated by promoter methylation in HCC. PAX5 appears to be a functional tumor suppressor involved in liver carcinogenesis through direct regulation of the p53 signaling pathway.
A Novel Automatic Power Control Method for Multichannel VCSEL Driver (2006)

We present a novel method of automatic power control (APC) for multichannel VCSEL driver ICs. The APC function is achieved by monitoring the junction voltage change of VCSEL with temperature variations. It demonstrates the designed VCSEL driver IC can control the optical power without an additional monitoring-photodiode (M-PD) and operates up to 2.5 Gb/s using 0.18-μm CMOS technology.
Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Treatment: A Biomaterials Approach (2015)

Tumors are complex tissues that consist of stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, immune cells and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as non-cellular components, in addition to neoplastic cells. Increasingly, there is evidence to suggest that these non-neoplastic cell components support cancer initiation, progression and metastasis and that their ablation or reprogramming can inhibit tumor growth. Our understanding of the activities of different parts of the tumor stroma in advancing cancer has been improved by the use of scaffold and matrix-based 3D systems originally developed for regenerative medicine. Additionally, drug delivery systems made from synthetic and natural biomaterials deliver drugs to kill stromal cells or reprogram the microenvironment for tumor inhibition. In this article, we review the impact of 3D tumor models in increasing our understanding of tumorigenesis. We also discuss how different drug delivery systems aid in the reprogramming of tumor stroma for cancer treatment.
Digital video compression-an overview (1993)

Although transmission of compressed digital video over fiber may seem paradoxical, it is, in fact, a reality. Fiberoptic links such as Vyvx are currently transmitting digitally compressed video in DS3 format. In addition, the desirability of pass-through transmission between fiber and other media would seem to indicate increased use of fiber for digital video transmission. This paper presents a review of some of the more commonly employed video compression schemes. The use of motion compensation to improve compression is also discussed.
Negative regulation of cell proliferation by mevalonate or one of the mevalonate phosphates. (1991)

The role of mevalonate and its products in the regulation of cellular proliferation was examined using 6-fluoromevalonate (Fmev), a compound that blocks the conversion of mevalonate pyrophosphate to isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Fmev suppressed DNA synthesis by a variety of transformed and malignant T cell, B cell, and myeloid cell lines. In contrast to results previously reported with mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood T cell DNA synthesis, low concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) alone could not restore proliferation to these cell lines. The same concentrations of LDL were able to provide sufficient cholesterol and support the growth of all cell lines when mevalonate synthesis was blocked with a specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, lovastatin. Fmev-mediated inhibition was totally prevented in some but not all cell lines when the concentration of exogenous LDL was increased 5-10-fold above that required to permit proliferation of lovastatin-blocked cells. Residual HMG-CoA reductase activity of cells cultured with LDL inversely correlated with the restoration of growth to Fmev-blocked cultures. Confirmation of the critical role of HMG-CoA reductase activity and mevalonate synthesis in the inhibition of cellular proliferation by Fmev was obtained by demonstrating that the specific inhibitor of this enzyme, lovastatin, restored proliferation of Fmev-blocked cells. Furthermore, supplementation of cultures with mevalonate, the product of HMG-CoA reductase activity, markedly inhibited proliferation of Fmev-blocked cells. These findings indicate that mevalonate or one of the mevalonate phosphates, which accumulates in Fmev-blocked cells, is a critical negative regulator of cellular proliferation.
Emissions Study of A Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine <xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">*</xref> (1974)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Exhaust measurements of NO, soot, and hydrocarbons were made on a 2340-cm<sup>3</sup> displacement, single-cylinder diesel engine operated over a range of speed, fuel-air ratio, and timing. Modifications systematically tested include chamber shape (open and divided chamber, prechamber volume ratio, and compression ratio), air swirl, thermodynamic state of the intake charge (EGR, turbocharging, water injection, and air temperature), and fuel injection parameters (orifice size, rate of injection, cam shape, pilot injection).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Exhaust data suggest that the phenomena of air swirl, fuel spray, and diffusion flames are key elements in diesel combustion behavior. The sensitivity of emissions to time-dependent phenomena such as mixing rates, ignition, heat transfer, and burning rates is apparently connected to the extent to which heat release is delayed.</div>
High Efficiency GaAs/Si Monolithic Three-Terminal Cascade Solar Cells Grown by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (1994)

A high-efficiency GaAs/Si monolithic three-terminal cascade solar cell is proposed and fabricated by the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method and thermal diffusion method. The quantum efficiency in the long wavelength region was improved by using p-Si substrates with the resistivity of 10 Ω ·cm as the Si bottom cells. Adopting a graded band-gap layer (GBL) of Al x Ga 1- x As, the collection efficiency of the GaAs top cell was increased considerably. A total conversion efficiency of 19.1% was achieved at the AM0 condition for the GaAs/Si three-terminal cascade solar cell.
Multipath Extensions for MPLS Traffic Engineering (2012)

Extensions to OSPF-TE, ISIS-TE, and RSVP-TE are defined in support of
carrying LSP with strict packet ordering requirements over multipath
and and carrying LSP with strict packet ordering requirements within
LSP without violating requirements to maintain packet ordering. LSP
with strict packet ordering requirements include MPLS-TP LSP. OSPF-TE
and ISIS-TE extensions defined here indicate node and link capability
regarding support for ordered aggregates of traffic, multipath traffic
distribution, and abilities to support multipath load distribution
differently per LSP. RSVP-TE extensions either identifies an LSP as
requiring strict packet order, or identifies an LSP as carrying one or
more LSP that requires strict packet order further down in the label
stack, or identifies an LSP as having no restrictions on packet
ordering except the restriction to avoid reordering microflows. In
addition an extension indicates whether the first nibble of payload
will reliably indicate whether payload is IPv4, IPv6, or other type of
payload, most notably pseudowire using a pseudowire control word.
Submicron Magneto-Optical Spatial Light Modulation Device for Holographic Displays Driven by Spin-Polarized Electrons (2010)

We have proposed a spin transfer switching (STS MO-SLM) device, based on Magneto-optical (MO) spatial light-modulation and driven by spin-polarized current flow, and confirmed its basic operation and characteristics experimentally. The proposed SLM device can be operated without active-matrix devices, has a spatial resolution as small as several hundred nanometers and possesses the potential for being driven at ultra-high speed of several tens of nanoseconds. Unlike existing SLM devices, this device satisfies both the size and speed requirements of SLMs for use in displaying holographic three-dimensional (3D) moving images. To improve the light modulation characteristics of SLM device, we carried out studies on magnetic films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy to obtain large magneto-optical signals, which enabled us to realize enhanced light modulation performance. In addition, we measured a MO signal that was about twenty-times larger than that possible with in-plane anisotropy. We conclude that the MO-SLM device that we are developing is suitable for displaying future super-high definition, holographic three-dimensional moving images.
Combining audio content and social context for semantic music discovery (2009)

When attempting to annotate music, it is important to consider both acoustic content and social context. This paper explores techniques for collecting and combining multiple sources of such information for the purpose of building a query-by-text music retrieval system. We consider two representations of the acoustic content (related to timbre and harmony) and two social sources (social tags and web documents). We then compare three algorithms that combine these information sources: calibrated score averaging (CSA), RankBoost, and kernel combination support vector machines (KC-SVM). We demonstrate empirically that each of these algorithms is superior to algorithms that use individual information sources.
Attomolar protein detection using a magnetic bead surface coverage assay (2013)

We demonstrate a microfluidic method for ultra-sensitive protein detection in serum. First, 'large' (2.8 μm) antibody-functionalized magnetic beads specifically capture antigen from a serum matrix under active microfluidic mixing. Subsequently, the large beads loaded with the antigens are gently exposed to a surface pattern of fixed 'small' (1.0 μm) antibody-coated magnetic beads. During the exposure, attractive magnetic bead dipole-dipole interactions improve the contact between the two bead types and help the antigen-antibody immunocomplex formation, while non-specific large bead adsorption is limited by exploiting viscous drag forces in the microfluidic channel on the small-bead pattern. This efficient antigen-antibody recognition and binding mechanism mimics a biological process of selective recognition of tissue molecules, like is the case when leukocytes roll and slow down on blood vessel walls by selectin-mediated adhesion. After exposure of the large beads to the pattern of small beads, the antigen concentration is detected by simply counting the number of surface pattern-bound large magnetic beads. The new technique allows detection of proteins down to the sub-zeptomole range. In particular, we demonstrate detection of only 200 molecules of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in a serum sample volume of 5 μL, corresponding to a concentration of 60 attomolar or 1 fg mL(-1).
Treatment of Urinary Incontinence: The Place of Drugs (1990)

A good pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence must be based on an appropriate understanding of the underlying physiological disturbance and on a basic knowledge of drugs, their mode of action on the urinary tract and their side effects. A general drug treatment policy must be established. This involves indications for treatment with the best drug, adjustment of the dosage, follow-up of the patient as well as the combination of drug treatment with nonpharmacological interventions like behavioral treatment procedures and pelvic floor training.