gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ReSurf: Reconstructing web-surfing activity from network traffic (2013)

More and more applications and services move to the web and this has led to web traffic amounting to as much as 80% of all network traffic. At the same time, most traffic classification efforts stop once they correctly label a flow as web or HTTP. In this paper, we focus on understanding what happens “under the hood” of HTTP traffic. Our first contribution is ReSurf, a systematic approach to reconstruct web-surfing activity starting from raw network data with more than 91% recall and 95% precision over four real network traces. Our second contribution is an extensive analysis of web activity across these traces. By utilizing ReSurf, we study web-surfing behaviors in terms of user requests and transitions between websites (e.g. the click-through history of following hyperlinks). A surprising result is the prevalence of advertising and tracking services that are being accessed during web-surfing that are without the user's explicit consent. In our traces, we found that with 90% chance a user will access such a service after just three user requests (or “clicks”). We believe that our methodology and findings provide valuable insights into modern traffic that can allow: (a) network administrators to better manage and protect their networks, (b) traffic regulators to protect the rights of on-line users, and (c) researchers to better understand the evolution of the traffic from modern websites.
Involvement of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha in breast cancer cell migration through human brain microvascular endothelial cells. (2004)

In this study, we have characterized the signaling pathways mediated by CXCR4 in breast cancer cells and its role in breast cancer cell invasion and migration. Stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha; CXCL12) stimulation of breast cancer cells resulted in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) activation, AKT phosphorylation, and activation of the FKHRL1 transcription factor. In addition, SDF-1alpha induced activation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as well as the migration of breast cancer cells. Expression of SDF-1alpha, the ligand of CXCR4, was about 2-fold higher in microdissected human breast epithelial cancer cells as compared with normal epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that SDF-1alpha expression is consistently higher in primary breast tumor cells than in normal breast epithelial cells. Furthermore, SDF-1alpha induced blood vessel instability, through increased vascular permeability, resulting in the penetration of breast tumor cells through the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Notably, the migration of breast cancer cells was inhibited by the PI-3K inhibitor, Wortmannin, and the Ca(2+) inhibitor BAPTA/AM, indicating that transendothelial breast cancer cell migration induced by SDF-1alpha is mediated by activation of the PI-3K/AKT pathway and Ca(2+)-mediated signaling. Blockade of the CXCR4/SDF1 signaling pathway with anti-CXCR4 antibody also decreased transendothelial breast cancer cell migration as well as vascular permeability. This study focuses on novel interactions between highly relevant signaling pathways in breast cancer cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells and may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of CXCR4/SDF-1alpha-mediated breast cancer metastasis to the brain.
NailQoL: a quality‐of‐life instrument for onychomycosis (2007)

NailQoL represents a new concise, valid, reliable, and responsive instrument for measuring burden of skin disease for patients with onychomycosis.
Regulation of multidrug resistance 1 expression by <scp>CDX</scp>2 in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma (2016)

Epithelial ovarian cancer is an aggressive gynecological malignancy with a high mortality rate. Resistance against chemotherapeutic agents often develops in ovarian cancer patients, contributing to high recurrence rates. The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1/ABCB1) gene encodes P-glycoprotein, which affects the pharmacokinetic properties of anticancer agents. We previously reported that the Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor CDX2 transcriptionally regulates MDR1 expression in colorectal cancer. CDX2 is a factor that influences cancer cell differentiation, malignancy, and cancer progression. We hypothesized that profiling of CDX2 and MDR1 expression could be an effective strategy for predicting anticancer drug resistance. We studied the expression of these factors in clinical samples from ovarian cancer patients. We found that endogenous MDR1 expression was positively associated with CDX2 expression in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma. Using ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma cell lines, we also observed decreased MDR1 expression following inhibition of CDX2 by RNA interference. In addition, CDX2 overexpression in MN-1 cells, which display low endogenous CDX2, resulted in upregulation of MDR1 expression. CDX2 induced MDR1-dependent resistance to vincristine and paclitaxel, which was reversed by treatment with the MDR1-specific inhibitor verapamil. Our findings show that CDX2 promotes upregulation of MDR1 expression, leading to drug resistance in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma. Therefore, our study demonstrates the potential of novel chemotherapy regimens based on CDX2 status and MDR1 expression in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Domain wall motion in epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 capacitors investigated by modified piezoresponse force microscopy (2008)

We investigated the time-dependent domain wall motion of epitaxial PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 capacitors 100nm thick using modified piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). We obtained successive domain evolution images reliably by combining the PFM with switching current measurements. We observed that domain wall speed (v) decreases with increases in domain size. We also observed that the average value of v, obtained under applied electric field (Eapp), showed creep behavior, i.e., ⟨v⟩∼exp[−(E0∕Eapp)μ] with an exponent μ of 0.9±0.1 and an activation field E0 of about 700kV∕cm.
[Evaluation of western blot methods for serologic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections]. (2002)

Recent studies have demonstrated that immunoblot method is more sensitive and specific than enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infections, and it also permits the detection of antibody profiles against different bacterial antigens including the virulence factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of Western Blot (WB) method in the serological diagnosis of H. pylori infections. For this purpose, H. pylori IgG and IgA antibodies have been searched qualitatively by a commercial WB test (Euroimmun GmbH, Germany), in the sera of 23 patients (9 female, 14 male) ages between 6-70 years old (13 children, 10 adults), who were diagnosed as H. pylori infection with the positive results of at least three of the conventional methods (culture and polymerase chain reaction of endoscopic biopsy specimens, 13C urea breath test, serum IgG-EIA methods). All of the patients (100%) were found positive by WB-IgG, and 9 (39%) were positive by WB-IgA tests. H.pylori IgG and IgA antibodies showed reactivity with the different combinations of p120 (CagA), p95 (VacA), p29 (UreA) and p66 (UreB) antigens. The number of positive samples for CagA-IgG, VacA-IgG, UreA-IgG, CagA-IgA and UreA-IgA were 19, 17, 21, 8 and 4, respectively, while there were no positive sample for VacA-IgA. The antigenic distribution did not show any difference between age and sex of the patients. In our study the sensitivities of WB-IgG and WB-IgA methods were estimated as 100% and 39%, respectively, which were in accordance with the studies in literature. As a result, WB-IgG method appears to be useful and reliable for the detection of antibody profiles to H. pylori antigens and virulence factors, rather than routine and screening purposes, however the diagnostic value of WB-IgA method is low. It was thought that the results of our preliminary study should be confirmed by other studies including larger patient populations and control groups, in our country.
Purification and properties of ap-nitrobenzyl esterase fromBacillus subtilis (1995)

A procedure for purifying to homogeneity a microbially produced biocatalyst useful for deblocking intermediates in the manufacture of beta-lactam antibiotics is reported. In aqueous solution the purified p-nitrobenzyl (PNB) carboxyesterase was soluble, monomeric (molecular weight: 54000 by SDS-PAGE or by gel filtration) and exhibited an acidic pl, 4.1. The PNB carboxy-esterase catalyzed rapid ester hydrolysis for simple organic esters such as PNB-acetate, benzyl acetate and cPnaphthyl acetate and catalyzed deblocking (ester hydrolysis) of beta-lactam antibiotic PNB esters such as cephalexin-PNB and Ioracarbef-PNB. The N-terminal amino acid sequence and the amino acid composition are reported. A serine residue is involved in ester hydrolysis: the PNB carboxy esterase was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate; one mole of diisopropyl fluorophosphate titration was required per mole of PNB carboxy-esterase for complete inhibition. When the [3H]-diisopropyl fluorophosphate-treated biocatalyst was digested with Lys C and the resulting peptides separated by HPLC, a single [3H]labeled peptide was obtained; its amino acid sequence is reported. Inhibition of the PNB carboxy esterase by diethyl pyrocarbonate suggests that a histidinyl residue (or residues) is (are) also involved in the catalytic site of the esterass.
α-Hydroxy-carboxamide ausN,N-Bis(methoxymethyl)carbamoyllithium und Carbonylverbindungen (1976)

Vielfältig abwandelbare Zwischenprodukte sind die α-Hydroxycarboxamide (2). Sie waren bisher aus Carbonylverbindungen nur über Cyanhydrine zugänglich, ein in vielen Fällen ungangbarer Weg. Jetzt wurde eine neue Synthese entwickelt, die von den Formamiden (1) ausgeht .
Thermodynamic Analysis of α-spectrin SH3 and Two of Its Circular Permutants with Different Loop Lengths:  Discerning the Reasons for Rapid Folding in Proteins<sup>,</sup> (1998)

The temperature dependences of the unfolding-refolding reaction of a shorter version of the alpha-spectrin SH3 domain (PWT) used as a reference and of two circular permutants (with different poly-Gly loop lengths at the newly created fused loop) have been measured by differential scanning microcalorimetry and stopped-flow kinetics, to characterize the thermodynamic nature of the transition and native states. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that all these species do not belong to the same temperature dependency of heat effect. The family of the N47-D48s circular permutant (with 0-6 Gly inserted at the fused-loop) shows a higher enthalpy as happens with the PWT domain. The wild type (WT) and the S19-P20s permutant family have a more similar behavior although the second is far less stable. The crystallographic structure of the PWT shows a hairpin formation in the region corresponding to the unstructured N-terminus tail of the WT, explaining the enthalpic difference. There is a very good correlation between the calorimetric changes and the structural differences between the WT, PWT, and two circular permutants that suggests that their unfolded state cannot be too different. Elongation of the fused loop in the two permutants, taking as a reference the protein with one inserted Gly, results in a small Gibbs energy change of entropic origin as theoretically expected. Eyring plots of the unfolding and refolding semireactions show different behaviors for PWT, S19-P20s, and N47-D48s in agreement with previous studies indicating that they have different transition states. The SH3 transition state is relatively close to the native state with regard to changes in heat capacity and entropy, indicating a high degree of compactness and order. Regarding the differences in thermodynamic parameters, it seems that rapid folding could be achieved in proteins by decreasing the entropic barrier.
Retrograde transport of neurotrophins: Fact and function (2003)

Retrograde signals generated by nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins promote the survival of appropriately connected neurons during development, and failure to obtain sufficient retrograde signals may contribute to neuronal death occurring in many neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery over 25 years ago that NGF supplied to the axon terminals is retrogradely transported to the cell bodies suggested that NGF must reach the cell body to promote neuronal survival. Research during the intervening decades has produced a refinement of this hypothesis. The current hypothesis is that NGF bound to TrkA at the axon terminal is internalized into signaling endosomes, with NGF in their lumens bound to phosphorylated TrkA in their membranes, which are retrogradely transported to the cell bodies, where TrkA activates downstream signaling molecules that promote neuronal survival and regulate many aspects of neuronal gene expression. This model has been extrapolated to retrograde signaling by all neurotrophins. We consider the evidence for this model, focusing on results of experiments with neurons in compartmented cultures. Results to date indicate that while the transport of signaling endosomes containing NGF bound to TrkA may carry retrograde signals, retrograde survival signals can be carried by another mechanism that is activated by NGF at the axon terminal surface and travels to the cell body unaccompanied by the NGF that initiated it. It is hypothesized that multiple mechanisms of retrograde signaling exist and function under different circumstances. The newly discovered potential for redundancy in retrograde signaling mechanisms can complicate the interpretation of experimental results.
Esophageal cancer phospholipids correlated with histopathologic findings: a31P NMR study (1999)

We analyzed 36 esophageal tumor specimens for phospholipid content using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) and correlated the individual phospholipid profiles with specific clinical and histopathologic features. Among the 18 phospholipids identified in the esophageal tumor specimens, the mean mole percentage concentration of dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine, lysoalkylacylphosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine (deacylated at the glycerol-1 carbon), and lysoethanolamine plasmalogen correlated with pathologic T stage, nuclear grade, or the presence of lymphatic invasion. 31P NMR produces well-dispersed phospholipid spectra and a precise determination of phospholipid relative mole percentages. These data provide a statistical correlation between histopathologic features and molecules known to play an important role in cellular activities and processes unique to malignant tissues.
Multi-sensor data fusion and its application to industrial control (2002)

In this paper, a new cluster fusion control strategy based on multisensor data fusion technique is presented from a perspective of industrial control application. The MSIF system consists of n sensors, n data-fusion nodes, a data-fusion database, and a expert knowledge database. Data-fusion mechanisms, including data coordination, data-fusion method and expert knowledge database, are discussed. A modified ART-2 neural network which can process analog data is applied to realize the data-fusion machine. Details about data acquisition and process, cluster-fusion control, interpretative mechanism and executive framework are discussed.
RIG-I Selectively Discriminates against 5′-Monophosphate RNA (2019)

The innate immune sensor RIG-I must sensitively detect and respond to viral RNAs that enter the cytoplasm, while remaining unresponsive to the abundance of structurally similar RNAs that are the products of host metabolism. In the case of RIG-I, these viral and host targets differ by only a few atoms, and a molecular mechanism for such selective differentiation has remained elusive. Using a combination of quantitative biophysical and immunological studies, we show that RIG-I, which is normally activated by duplex RNAs containing a 5'-tri- or diphosphate (5'-ppp or 5'-pp RNAs), is actively antagonized by RNAs containing 5'-monophosphates (5'-p RNAs). This is accomplished by a gating mechanism in which an alternative RIG-I conformation blocks the C-terminal domain (CTD) upon 5'-p RNA binding, thereby short circuiting the activation of signaling.
Why on-chip cache coherence is here to stay (2012)

On-chip hardware coherence can scale gracefully as the number of cores increases.
Fabrication of an InAlN/AlGaN/AlN/GaN Heterostructure with a Flat Surface and High Electron Mobility (2008)

We fabricated a novel heterostructure comprising InAlN/AlGaN/AlN/GaN by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Owing to the flat surface of the AlGaN underlayer, the obtained surface is flatter [root mean square (RMS) roughness of 0.27 nm] than that for the conventional InAlN/AlN/GaN heterostructure (RMS roughness of 0.53 nm). The electron mobility in the new structure is 1360 cm2 V-1 s-1 with NS of 1.85×1013 cm-2, which is higher that in the conventional one. The insertion of the AlGaN layer into the conventional structure is effective for improving surface morphology and electron mobility.
STUDIES ON LIPASE (1970)

A crystalline lipase from Aspergillus niger was most severely inactivated by both Fe2+ and Fe3+ among the various metal ions tested. There were two types of inactivation depending on the extent of treatment of the enzyme with Fe ions, a reversible inhibition by a short-time contact with a lower concentration of Fe ions and irreversible inactivation by a longtime treatment with a higher concentration of Fe ions.The amount of Fe ions bound to the irreversibly inactivated lipase was determined at various inactivation degrees. It was found that the amount of Fe ions bound per mg of the inactivated enzyme protein was constant at any degree of inactivation.
Tendon Healing in Vivo and in Vitro: Neutralizing Antibody to TGF-β Improves Range of Motion After Flexor Tendon Repair (2010)

Adhesion formation between the flexor tendon and its surrounding fibro-osseous sheath results in a decreased postoperative range of motion (ROM) in the hand. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. In this study, the effects of TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro investigation, primary cell cultures from rabbit flexor tendon sheath, epitenon, and endotenon were established and each was supplemented with TGF-β along with increasing doses of TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody. Collagen I production was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the in vivo study, rabbit zone-II flexor tendons were transected and then immediately repaired. Transforming growth factor-β1 neutralizing antibody or phosphate-buffered saline solution (control) was added to the repair sites, and the forepaws were tested for ROM and repair strength at 8 weeks postoperatively. Transforming growth factor-β1 neutralizing antibody reduced TGF-β upregulated collagen production. Intraoperative application of TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody significantly improved the ROM of the operatively treated digits. The effect on breaking strength of the tendon repair was inconclusive.
Variability of cannabis potency in the Venice area (Italy): A survey over the period 2010–2012 (2013)

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance globally, with an estimated annual prevalence in 2010 of 2.6-5.0% of the adult population. Concerns have been expressed about increases in the potency of cannabis products. A high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content can increase anxiety, depression, and psychotic symptoms, and can increase the risk of dependence and adverse effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in regular users. The aim of this study was to report statistical data about the potency of cannabis products seized in the north-east of Italy, in a geographical area centred in Venice and extending for more than 10,000 km(2) with a population of more than two million, by investigating the variability observed in THC levels of about 4000 samples of cannabis products analyzed over the period 2010-2012. Overall median THC content showed an increasing trend over the study period from about 6.0% to 8.1% (6.2-8.9% for cannabis resin, 5.1-7.6% for herbal cannabis). The variation in the THC content of individual samples was very large, ranging from 0.3% to 31% for cannabis resin and from 0.1 to 19% for herbal cannabis. Median CBN:THC ratios showed a slightly decreasing trend over the study period, from 0.09 (2010) to 0.03 (2012), suggesting an increasing freshness of submitted materials. Median CBD:THC ratios also showed a decreasing trend over the study from about 0.52 (2010) to 0.18 (2012), likely due to the increase in submissions of materials from indoor and domestic cultivation with improved breeding methods.
Characterization of Fluvial Sedimentology for Reservoir Simulation Modeling (1990)

Summary This paper presents a critical study of a 3D stochastic simulation of a fluvial reservoir and of the transfer of the geological model to a reservoir simulation grid. The stochastic model is conditioned by sand-body thickness and position in wellbores. Geological input parameters—sand-body orientation and width/thickness ratios—are often difficult to determine, and are invariably subject to interpretation. Net/gross ratio (NGR) and sand-body thickness are more easily estimated. Sand-body connectedness varies, depending on the modeling procedure; however, a sedimentary process-related model gives intermediate values for connectedness between the values for a regular packing model and the stochastic model. The geological model is transferred to a reservoir simulation grid by use of transmissibility multipliers and an NGR value for each block. The transfer of data smooths out much of the detailed geological information, and the calculated recovery factors are insensitive to the continuity measured in the geological model. Hence, we propose improvements to the interface between geological and reservoir simulation models. Input for our conditional, statistical, sedimentary, process-related model includes regional geological parameters (rates of subsidence and aggradation and grossly contoured paleotopography) and local values (depth, thickness, and direction and width of sand bodies ascertained from well-test and core analyses). Integration of sedimentological understanding of the reservoir's depositional environment is emphasized.
Physical Limitations on Detecting Tunnels Using Underground-Focusing Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar (2010)

This paper examines the feasibility of underground-focusing spotlight synthetic aperture radar (UF-SL-SAR) systems for tunnel detection applications. A general formulation is reviewed for generating UF-SL-SAR imaging by using multiple frequencies across a wide band and by focusing in space to subsurface points using well-known ray refraction at the nominal ground surface. A full-wave finite-difference frequency-domain model is used to consider wave propagation in realistic soil with loss- and frequency-dependent dielectric constant and a randomly rough ground surface, both of which serve to obscure and distort the returned tunnel target signal. Imaging results are presented for two representative soil scenarios: dry sand and moist clay loam. Considering the ground surface ray refraction for focusing greatly improves the SAR image relative to conventional SAR focusing at the ground surface. Using UF-SL-SAR, a small shallow tunnel is reasonably imaged for the sand case, despite the roughness of the ground interface. However, for higher conductivity moist clay loam, the clutter from the rough surface overwhelms the significantly attenuated target signal, which must propagate through the lossy intervening soil. It is demonstrated that, despite ideal focusing, the tunnel is successfully imaged only for the sand case.