gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Specification and Patterning of Progenitor Cells in the Lateral and Medial Ganglionic Eminences (2008)

We characterized intrinsic and extrinsic specification of progenitors in the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences (LGE and MGE). We identified seven genes whose expression is enriched or restricted in either the LGE [biregional cell adhesion molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes binding protein (Boc), Frizzled homolog 8 (Fzd8), Ankrd43 (ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 43), and Ikzf1 (Ikaros family zinc finger 1)] or MGE [Map3k12 binding inhibitory protein 1 (Mbip); zinc-finger, SWIM domain containing 5 (Zswim5); and Adamts5 [a disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5]]. Boc, Fzd8, Mbip, and Zswim5 are apparently expressed in LGE or MGE progenitors, whereas the remaining three are seen in the postmitotic mantle zone. Relative expression levels are altered and regional distinctions are lost for each gene in LGE or MGE cells propagated as neurospheres, indicating that these newly identified molecular characteristics of LGE or MGE progenitors depend on forebrain signals not available in the neurosphere assay. Analyses of Pax6(Sey/Sey), Shh(-/-), and Gli3(XtJ/XtJ) mutants suggests that LGE and MGE progenitor identity does not rely exclusively on previously established forebrain-intrinsic patterning mechanisms. Among a limited number of additional potential patterning mechanisms, we found that extrinsic signals from the frontonasal mesenchyme are essential for Shh- and Fgf8-dependent regulation of LGE and MGE genes. Thus, extrinsic and intrinsic forebrain patterning mechanisms cooperate to establish LGE and MGE progenitor identity, and presumably their capacities to generate distinct classes of neuronal progeny.
Transcranial attenuation in bone conduction audiometry (1981)

Abstract Transcranial attenuation for bone conduction as a function of frequency (0.25 to 4 kHz.) was measured on a group of unilaterally deaf (n 15) and a group of normal (n = 35) ears. The results indicate a positive mean attenuation for all frequencies with a peak value of 13 db. for both groups at 2 kHz. Inter-subject variability was extremely large. This is considered to be a result of variability in skull bone thickness.
All-<i>trans</i>retinoic acid modulates radiation-induced proliferation of lung fibroblasts via IL-6/IL-6R system (2005)

Although high-dose thoracic radiotherapy is an effective strategy for some malignancies including lung cancers and malignant lymphomas, it often causes complications of radiation fibrosis. To study the mechanism initiating tissue fibrosis, we investigated irradiation-induced cytokine production from human lung fibroblastic cells and found that IL-6 production was stimulated by irradiation. IL-6 is an autocrine growth factor for human myeloma cells, and retinoic acid is reported to inhibit their growth. Thus we evaluated the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on cell proliferation of lung fibroblasts along with the cytokine/receptor system. Irradiation-dependent stimulation of IL-6 production was correlated with increased NF-kappaB activity, and ATRA reduced this effect. Irradiation also increased the levels of mRNA for IL-6R and gp130, which were blocked by coexisting ATRA. Furthermore, IL-6 stimulated cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner but was overcome by pharmacological concentration of ATRA. These effects of ATRA were inhibited by rottlerin, which suggests ATRA abolished irradiation-induced stimulation through a PKCdelta-dependent pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that IL-6 transcripts in the lung were upregulated at 2 mo after irradiation, and the effect was inhibited by the intraperitoneal administration of ATRA. ATRA is expected to have an advantage for radiotherapy in its antitumor effects, as reported previously, and to prevent radiotherapy-induced pulmonary injury.
Differential multiple-valued logic using resonant tunneling diodes (2002)

Differential multiple-valued logic (MVL) based on resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) and heterojunction bipolar transistors is described. The novel gates are of the emitter-coupled current-switch type and can implement a wide range of MVL functions, including sums of products and multiple-threshold elements. One of the gates consists of diodes performing the input-thresholding functions and current switches generating the summation currents; the other consists of current switches with settable reference voltages generated by vertically integrated multiple RTDs. The thresholds can be switched to any value between zero and maximum input sum. The differential MVL is demonstrated theoretically with SPICE simulations based on device data and advanced RTD models, and experimentally with breadboard circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Differential Fault Analysis on Block Cipher Piccolo. (2012)

Abstract. Piccolo is a 64-bit block cipher suitable for the constrained environments such as wireless sensor network environments. In this paper, we propose differential fault analysis on Piccolo. Based on a random byte fault model, our attack can recover the secret key of Piccolo-80 by using an exhaustive search of 2 24 and six random byte fault injections on average. It can be simulated on a general PC within a few seconds. In the case of Piccolo-128, we require an exhaustive search of 2 40 and eight random byte fault injections on average. This attack can be simulated on a general PC within one day. These results are the first known side-channel attack results on them.
COMPUTER SYSTEMS AS INSTITUTIONS: SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF COMPUTING IN ORGANIZATIONS (1988)

This paper introduces terminology and develops a framework for incorporating and emphasizing important social and political choices that become part of the history of Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) and are embedded in the social structure which supports its development and use. These social and political elements of a CBIS are not just discrete elements in an environment. They can be organized in specific ways which may enhance usability and performance and, paradoxically, constrain implementations and post-implementations. It is argued argue that CBIS, developed from complex, interdependent social and technical choices are better conceptualized as institutions than as tools. The distinction between tools and institutions is important for several reasons: the usability of CBIS is the critical factor, not the technology itself; CBIS that are well-used and have stable social structures are more difficult to replace than those with less social structure and fewer participants; and CBIS vary from one social sctting to another according to the ways in which they are organized and embedded in organized social systems.
Whose coal in the power stations (1989)

Etude comparative des prix du charbon anglais et etranger. Necessite de la reduction des couts de production du charbon en Grande-Bretagne
A long-term wearable electrocardiogram measurement system (2013)

A low-power, wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor was developed for long-term data acquisition and analysis. It was designed to maximize both comfort and ECG signal quality, and minimize obtrusiveness. The monitor consists of a central PCB that contains one electrode and most of the electronics. Two additional satellite PCBs house the remaining electrodes and buffer circuits and complete the system. It consumes 7.3 mW and can record single lead ECG for over one week under a variety of activity levels. A clinical test was performed to validate the monitor. Participants (N = 6) wore both the experimental cardiac monitor and a commercially available monitor while engaging in physical activities such as walking, stepping, and running. QRS sensitivity and QRS positive predictability were determined for each ECG waveform. The monitor performed as well or better than the commercial monitor in all interventions. It performed well even under high activity levels such as running, and may be a viable alternative to commercially available monitors.
The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs) family (2015)

The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs) enzymes are secreted, multi-domain matrix-associated zinc metalloendopeptidases that have diverse roles in tissue morphogenesis and patho-physiological remodeling, in inflammation and in vascular biology. The human family includes 19 members that can be sub-grouped on the basis of their known substrates, namely the aggrecanases or proteoglycanases (ADAMTS1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 15 and 20), the procollagen N-propeptidases (ADAMTS2, 3 and 14), the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-cleaving enzymes (ADAMTS7 and 12), the von-Willebrand Factor proteinase (ADAMTS13) and a group of orphan enzymes (ADAMTS6, 10, 16, 17, 18 and 19). Control of the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a central theme of the biology of the ADAMTS, as exemplified by the actions of the procollagen-N-propeptidases in collagen fibril assembly and of the aggrecanases in the cleavage or modification of ECM proteoglycans. Defects in certain family members give rise to inherited genetic disorders, while the aberrant expression or function of others is associated with arthritis, cancer and cardiovascular disease. In particular, ADAMTS4 and 5 have emerged as therapeutic targets in arthritis. Multiple ADAMTSs from different sub-groupings exert either positive or negative effects on tumorigenesis and metastasis, with both metalloproteinase-dependent and -independent actions known to occur. The basic ADAMTS structure comprises a metalloproteinase catalytic domain and a carboxy-terminal ancillary domain, the latter determining substrate specificity and the localization of the protease and its interaction partners; ancillary domains probably also have independent biological functions. Focusing primarily on the aggrecanases and proteoglycanases, this review provides a perspective on the evolution of the ADAMTS family, their links with developmental and disease mechanisms, and key questions for the future.
Packing congruent spheres into a multi‐connected polyhedral domain (2012)

Abstract In this paper, we have considered a problem of packing the maximal number of congruent spheres into a multi‐connected polyhedral domain. A mathematical model of the problem has been formulated on the basis of Φ functions. This paper proposes a special way of constructing starting points. To find local maxima, a modification of the Zoutendijk method of feasible directions and a strategy of active inequalities are used. We developed a special approach to search for an approximation to a global maximum. A number of numerical examples are also provided.
Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes (2003)

Hydrogen storage in new nano-structured carbonic materials is a topic for lively discussion. The measured storage capacities of these materials, which have been announced in the literature during the last ten years are spread over an enormous range from about 0.1 wt% up to 67 wt%. This paper will give a report on the state of the art of hydrogen storage in carbon nano-structures. We shall critically review the recent ‘key publications’ on this topic, which claim storage capacities clearly above the technological bench mark set by the US Department of Energy, and we shall report new results which have been obtained in a joint project sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research in Germany (BMBF).
Vertical Transmission of Endobacteria in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus<i>Gigaspora margarita</i>through Generation of Vegetative Spores (2004)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi living in symbiotic association with the roots of vascular plants have also been shown to host endocellular rod-shaped bacteria. Based on their ribosomal sequences, these endobacteria have recently been identified as a new taxon, Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum. In order to investigate the cytoplasmic stability of the endobacteria in their fungal host and their transmission during AM fungal reproduction (asexual), a system based on transformed carrot roots and single-spore inocula of Gigaspora margarita was used. Under these in vitro sterile conditions, with no risk of horizontal contamination, the propagation of endobacteria could be monitored, and it was shown, by using primers designed for both 16S and 23S ribosomal DNAs, to occur through several vegetative spore generations (SG0 to SG4). A method of confocal microscopy for quantifying the density of endobacteria in spore cytoplasm was designed and applied; endobacteria were consistently found in all of the spore generations, although their number rapidly decreased from SG0 to SG4. The study demonstrates that a vertical transmission of endobacteria takes place through the fungal vegetative generations (sporulation) of an AM fungus, indicating that active bacterial proliferation occurs in the coenocytic mycelium of the fungus, and suggests that these bacteria are obligate endocellular components of their AM fungal host.
Functional Cross-talk between β-Catenin and NFκB Signaling Pathways in Colonic Crypts of Mice in Response to Progastrin (2009)

We recently reported a critical role of NFkappaB in mediating hyperproliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of progastrin on proximal colonic crypts of transgenic mice overexpressing progastrin (Fabp-PG mice). We now report activation of beta-catenin in colonic crypts of mice in response to chronic (Fabp-PG mice) and acute (wild type FVB/N mice) progastrin stimulation. Significant increases were measured in relative levels of cellular and nuclear beta-catenin and pbeta-cat45 in proximal colonic crypts of Fabp-PG mice compared with that in wild type littermates. Distal colonic crypts were less responsive. Interestingly, beta-catenin activation was downstream of IKKalpha,beta/NFkappaB, because treatment of Fabp-PG mice with the NFkappaB essential modulator (NEMO) peptide (inhibitor of IKKalpha,beta/NFkappaB activation) significantly blocked increases in cellular/nuclear levels of total beta-catenin/pbeta-cat45/and pbeta-cat552 in proximal colons. Cellular levels of pbeta-cat33,37,41, however, increased in proximal colons in response to NEMO, probably because of a significant increase in pGSK-3betaTyr216, facilitating degradation of beta-catenin. NEMO peptide significantly blocked increases in cyclin D1 expression, thereby, abrogating hyperplasia of proximal crypts. Goblet cell hyperplasia in colonic crypts of Fabp-PG mice was abrogated by NEMO treatment, suggesting a cross-talk between the NFkappaB/beta-catenin and Notch pathways. Cellular proliferation and crypt lengths increased significantly in proximal but not distal crypts of FVB/N mice injected with 1 nM progastrin associated with a significant increase in cellular/nuclear levels of total beta-catenin and cyclin D1. Thus, intracellular signals, activated in response to acute and chronic stimulation with progastrin, were similar and specific to proximal colons. Our studies suggest a novel possibility that activation of beta-catenin, downstream to the IKKalpha,beta/NFkappaB pathway, may be integral to the hyperproliferative effects of progastrin on proximal colonic crypts.
Physical Properties of Ponderosa Pine Tree (1981)

ABSTRACT A detailed investigation of density, moisture content, mass distribution, Poisson's ratio, internal and ex-ternal damping, and moduli of elasticity and rigidity of Ponderosa Pine tree is presented. This information allows simulating of vibrational characteristics of an en-tire tree in relation to mechanized removal of cones for seed harvesting.
Chinese Companies in Switzerland (2014)

In recent years, some of China's leading firms have made headlines with their European expansion, by either opening new facilities or by acquiring or merging with significant enterprises in Europe. The goal of this paper is to contribute to the existing literature by examining Chinese enterprises expanding into Switzerland. The study also allows some conclusions for Chinese companies entering Central and Eastern Europe. We analyze via interviews the motivations of Chinese companies to expand into Switzerland as well as their behavior and the impediments in their internationalization process. Our findings show that Chinese companies fail to take advantage of certain benefits of western economies (such as open information and stable rule of law). To move forward efficiently, they should develop competence in dealing systematically with readily available market information, building professional networks that recognize a separation between business life and personal life, and managing their Chinese and foreign employees in the foreign cultural environment.
Biotin−Fluorophore Conjugates with Poly(ethylene glycol) Spacers Retain Intense Fluorescence after Binding to Avidin and Streptavidin (1997)

Conventional biotin-fluorophore conjugates with approximately 14 atom spacers lose most of their fluorescence when binding to avidin or streptavidin, as is demonstrated in the present study. This explains the unusual fact that only biotinylated marker enzymes, but not fluorescent biotins, are regularly used in bioanalytic assays. Novel biotin-spacer-fluorophore conjugates are presented that retain intense fluorescence when binding to avidin or streptavidin. Preservation of fluorescence depends upon the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacers, which are shown not to interfere with biotin function. The observed absence of nonspecific interactions may also be attributed to the PEG chain. These novel fluorescent biotins are expected to be excellent new tools in fluorescence microscopy and related techniques.
Effects of a minor isoleucyl tRNA on heterologous protein translation in Escherichia coli (1995)

In Escherichia coli, the isoleucine codon AUA occurs at a frequency of about 0.4% and is the fifth rarest codon in E. coli mRNA. Since there is a correlation between the frequency of codon usage and the level of its cognate tRNA, translational problems might be expected when the mRNA contains high levels of AUA codons. When a hemagglutinin from the influenza virus, a 304-amino-acid protein with 12 (3.9%) AUA codons and 1 tandem codon, and a mupirocin-resistant isoleucyl tRNA synthetase, a 1,024-amino-acid protein, with 33 (3.2%) AUA codons and 2 tandem codons, were expressed in E. coli, product accumulation was highly variable and dependent to some degree on the growth medium. In rich medium, the flu antigen represented about 16% of total cell protein, whereas in minimal medium, it was only 2 to 3% of total cell protein. In the presence of the cloned ileX, which encodes the cognate tRNA for AUA, however, the antigen was 25 to 30% of total cell protein in cells grown in minimal medium. Alternatively, the isoleucyl tRNA synthetase did not accumulate to detectable levels in cells grown in Luria broth unless the ileX tRNA was coexpressed when it accounted for 7 to 9% of total cell protein. These results indicate that the rare isoleucine AUA codon, like the rare arginine codons AGG and AGA, can interfere with the efficient expression of cloned proteins.
pH-Control System Based on Artificial Neural Networks (1998)

A control system based on a combination of two artificial neural networks (ANN's) was designed for the pH-neutralization of acidic liquid streams. The first ANN is a plant neural model that predicts future pH values from past/present values of pH and valve stem position and future values of valve stem position. The second ANN is a plant inverse neural model that calculates the future valve stem positions from present/past values of pH and valve stem position and future values of set point. The performance of the controller was studied first by numerical simulation. The controller was further implemented in a continuous stirred tank reactor in which the neutralization of acetic and propionic acids with sodium hydroxide was performed. The controller robustness and adaptive performance were tested under different perturbations of flow, composition, and set point and several buffering changes.
Niemann–Pick Type C Mutations Cause Lipid Traffic Jam (2000)

The Niemann-Pick C protein (NPC1) is required for cholesterol transport from late endosomes and lysosomes to other cellular membranes. Mutations in NPC1 cause lysosomal lipid storage and progressive neurological degeneration. Cloning of the NPC1 gene has given us tools with which to investigate the function of this putative cholesterol transporter. Here, we discuss recent studies indicating that NPC1 is not a cholesterol-specific transport molecule. Instead, NPC1 appears to be required for the vesicular shuttling of both lipids and fluid-phase constituents from multivesicular late endosomes to destinations such as the trans-Golgi network.
Surface characterization of vinyl polymer–silica colloidal nanocomposites using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2002)

We report the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize the surface compositions of colloidal nanocomposite particles. Each nanocomposite was synthesized by (co)polymerizing 4-vinylpyridine in the presence of an ultrafine silica sol. Thus, nitrogen and silicon were utilized as unique elemental markers for the (co)polymer and silica components, respectively, and the silicon/nitrogen atomic ratios determined by XPS were used to assess the surface compositions of the particles. For all the homopoly(4-vinylpyridine)–silica nanocomposites examined, the XPS surface compositions are comparable to the bulk compositions determined by thermogravimetric analyses and elemental microanalyses. This is consistent with the ‘currant bun’ particle morphologies observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and indicates that the silica particles are uniformly distributed throughout the nanocomposite particles. In contrast, the particle surface of a poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine)–silica nanocomposite is distinctly silica-rich, as judged by XPS; this suggests a core–shell morphology, with the silica component forming the shell and the hydrophobic copolymer forming the core. Both the ‘currant bun’ and core–shell particle morphologies are supported by TEM studies of nanocomposite particles sectioned using cryo-ultramicrotomy. A poly(methyl methacrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine)–silica nanocomposite shows an XPS surface composition which is intermediate between those found for the ‘currant bun’ particles and the core–shell particles. In view of its relatively high silica content, a ‘raspberry’ particle morphology, similar to that previously reported for conducting polymer–silica nanocomposites, is suggested. Finally, it is shown that, in the case of the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine)–silica nanocomposite, it is possible to use the carbonyl carbon signal of the methyl methacrylate residues as an unambiguous marker for the copolymer component; the surface composition obtained from this alternative analysis is consistent with that calculated using the nitrogen XPS signal. This approach may be particularly useful for assessing the surface compositions of nanocomposites containing a relatively low (or zero) proportion of 4-vinylpyridine co-monomer.
High Δ, small core, single-mode fibers and their uses (1990)

High Delta, small core single-mode fibers were investigated with emphasis on clarifying both their fundamental optical characteristics and on possible uses. Preparation of such high Delta single-mode fibers through the vapor phase axial deposition process made it possible to achieve the low transmission losses of 0.82 dB/km (at 1.61 microm) for a 2.9%-Delta fiber and 0.68 dB/km (at 1.62 microm) for a 1.9%-Delta fiber. Measurements of fundamental characteristics such as transmission loss spectrum, bending loss, dispersion, stimulated Raman scattering, and frequency chirping were made for high Delta single-mode fibers. Two possible uses were investigated: a direct coupling experiment achieved 43% coupling efficiency between high Delta fiber and a LED, and an optical pulse compression experiment in the 1.5-microm wavelength region provided pedestal-free optical pulses with 1.2-ps (FWHM) width.