gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
5‐HT evokes sensory long‐term facilitation of rodent carotid body via activation of NADPH oxidase (2006)

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) evokes long-term activation of neuronal activity in the nervous system. Carotid bodies, the sensory organs for detecting arterial oxygen, express 5-HT. In the present study we examined whether 5-HT evokes sensory long-term facilitation (LTF) of the carotid body, and if so by what mechanism(s). Experiments were performed on anaesthetized adult rats and mice. Sensory activity was recorded from carotid bodies ex vivo. Spaced (3 x 15 s of 100 nm at 5 min intervals) but not mass (300 nm, 45 s) application of 5-HT elicited LTF, whereas both modes of 5-HT application evoked initial sensory excitation of the carotid bodies in rats. Ketanserin, a 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist prevented sensory LTF but not the initial sensory excitation. Spaced application of 5-HT activated protein kinase C (PKC) as evidenced by increased phosphorylations of PKC at Thr(514) and myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and these effects were abolished by ketanserin as well as bisindolylmaleimide (Bis-1), an inhibitor of PKC. Bis-1 prevented 5-HT-evoked sensory LTF. 5-HT increased NADPH oxidase activity and PKC-dependent phosphorylation of p47(phox) subunit of the oxidase complex. NADPH oxidase inhibitors (apocynin and diphenyl iodinium), as well as an anti-oxidant (N-acetyl cysteine), prevented 5-HT-evoked sensory LTF. Mice deficient in gp91(phox), the membrane subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex, showed no sensory LTF, although responding to 5-HT with initial afferent nerve activation, whereas both LTF and initial excitation by 5-HT were seen in wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that spaced but not mass application of 5-HT elicits sensory LTF of the carotid body via activation of 5-HT(2) receptors, which involves a novel signalling mechanism coupled to PKC-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase.
The pillars of the scapula (2006)

Total shoulder replacement has been shown to provide predictable pain relief and functional improvement in patients with glenohumeral arthritis. Loosening of the glenoid component remains the most frequent indication for revision surgery at long-term follow-up. The component most widely used is an all-polyethylene keeled or pegged design cemented to the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The glenoid is small and its cup-shaped morphology allows only a restricted site for limited fixation devices. This is particularly so in revision surgery where there are often large bony defects of the glenoid. In an anatomical study, we investigated the scapula in order to identify substantial bony pillars for better component fixation. Forty cadaveric shoulders (mean age 86, range 67-101) were dissected, the glenoids were denuded from cartilage, and the subchondral and cancellous bone was removed. Two bony pillars approaching the glenoid were consistently identified in all scapulae investigated. These pillars were outlined by three cortices and orientated to the circle formed by the rim of the inferior quadrants of the glenoid. One pillar is directed inferiorly near the margo lateralis and the other pillar is directed superiorly into the spine of the scapula. We defined these pillars in length and direction, and three-dimensionally located them in relation to the joint surface. This study demonstrated two bony pillars as important anatomical landmarks in the scapula. They were constant in presence, surgically accessible, and have not been described before. These results can be used as a guideline in the development of prosthetic designs to improve the fixation of glenoid components.
Seeding Bioreactor-Produced Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes on Different Porous, Degradable, Polyurethane Scaffolds Reveals the Effect of Scaffold Architecture on Cell Morphology (2008)

A successful regenerative therapy to treat damage incurred after an ischemic event in the heart will require an integrated approach including methods for appropriate revascularization of the infarct site, mechanical recovery of damaged tissue, and electrophysiological coupling with native cells. Cardiomyocytes are the ideal cell type for heart regeneration because of their inherent electrical and physiological properties, and cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent an attractive option for tissue-engineering therapies. An important step in developing tissue engineering-based approaches to cardiac cell therapy is understanding how scaffold architecture affects cell behavior. In this work, we generated large numbers of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes in bioreactors and seeded them on porous, 3-dimensional scaffolds prepared using 2 different techniques: electrospinning and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). The effect of material macro-architecture on the adhesion, viability, and morphology of the seeded cells was determined. On the electrospun scaffolds, cells were elongated in shape, a morphology typical of cultured ESC-derived cardiomyocytes, whereas on scaffolds fabricated using TIPS, the cells retained a rounded morphology. Despite these gross phenotypic and physiological differences, sarcomeric myosin and connexin 43 expression was evident, and contracting cells were observed on both scaffold types, suggesting that morphological changes induced by material macrostructure do not directly correlate to functional differences.
Cavernous Malformations:<i>Results of Image-Guided Resection</i> (1995)

With increased use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diagnosis of cavernous malformations (CMs) has become straightforward.Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for these lesions.These malformations, though, are often small and can be difficult to localize during surgery.In these cases, stereotactic resection with a frame-based system is recommended to aid in localization of the malformation.However, use of these frame-based systems can be time consuming for the surgeon and onerous for the patient.With the advent of frameless stereotactic systems, these probIems can be circumvented.Therefore, stereotactic resection of 17 CMs was performed for 15 patients over the course of 2 years at our institution during an investigative trial of a frameless stereotactic device.Eight patients presented with seizures, five patients with hemorrhage, and two patients with progressive headaches.Twelve of fifteen patients had normal neurological examination results on presentation, whereas three patients had deficits resulting from intracranial hemorrhages.All patients underwent diagnostic MRI preoperatively.Fourteen lesions were found to be cortical and subcortical; the other three lesions were in the basal ganglia, lateral ventricle, and pons.Following resection, 11 of 15 patients improved.Two patients developed postoperative deficits shortly after resection.One patient with a preoperative neurological deficit remained unchanged, and one patient had a recurrence of a deficit several months following resection.Image-guided stereotactic resection provides for easy localization of small malformations without requiring the use of a stereotactic frame or retractor and is well suited for resection of cavernous malformations.
Quantitative carcinogenesis and dosimetry in rainbow trout for aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxicol, two aflatoxins that form the same DNA adduct (1994)

Two exposure protocols were used to establish complete dose-response relationships for the hepatic carcinogenicity and DNA adduction in vivo of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxicol (AFL) in rainbow trout. By passive egg exposure, AFL was taken up less well than AFB1, but was more efficiently sequestered into the embryo itself, to produce an embryonic DNA binding curve that was linear with carcinogen dose and with a DNA binding index three-fold greater than AFB1. Both aflatoxins produced the same phenotypic response, predominantly mixed hepatocellular/cholangiocellular carcinoma. Tumor responses as logit [incidence] vs. In [dose] were parallel-offset, non-linear responses showing a three-fold greater carcinogenic potency for AFL at all doses examined (i.e. 3 times more AFB1 than AFL required to produce an equivalent liver tumor incidence). By molecular dosimetry analysis (logit [incidence] vs. In [DNA adducts]), the two data sets were coincident, indicating that, per DNA adduct formed in vivo in total embryonic DNA, these two aflatoxins were equally efficient in tumor initiation. By dietary fry exposure, both carcinogens produced linear DNA binding dose responses in liver, but with an AFL target organ DNA binding index only 1.14 times that of AFB1 by this exposure route. The tumor dose-response curves also did not exhibit the three-fold difference shown by embryo exposure, but were closely positioned non-linear curves. Since the DNA binding indices differed by only 14%, the resulting molecular dosimetry curves for AFL and AFB1 by dietary exposure were similar to the tumor response curves. These results indicate that differing exposure routes produced differing relative carcinogenicity estimates based on doses applied, as a result of protocol-dependent differences in AFL and AFB1 pharmacokinetic behaviors, but that potency comparisons based on molecular dose received were similar for the two protocols. By comparison with standard DNA adducts produced in vitro using the dimethyloxirane-produced 8,9-epoxides of AFB1 and AFL, we conclude that > 99% of AFL-DNA adducts produced in vivo were identical to those produced by AFB1. Thus similar molecular dosimetry responses should be expected under all exposure protocols in which the two parent carcinogens do not exhibit differing toxicities to the target organ.
Carboranes Increase the Potency of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltranferase (2012)

Herein we report the use of carboranes to significantly increase the potency of small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltranferase (Nampt), an enzyme that is central to metabolism and cell survival. We compare the inclusion of carborane with other similarly sized substituents and demonstrate that, compared with their purely organic counterparts, these molecules exhibit up to 10-fold greater antiproliferative activity against cancer cells in vitro and a 100-fold increase in Nampt inhibition.
Rapid fabrication of nanostructured surfaces using nanocoining (2012)

A new process for creating high quality ordered arrays of nanofeatures called nanocoining is presented. A diamond die with a structured area of nanofeatures (1600 features in a 20 μm × 20 μm area) is used to physically transfer features to a mold surface. The die is attached to an actuator capable of producing an elliptical tool-path, the dimensions of which are process dependent and enable the die to match velocity with the moving mold during contact to avoid dragging the nanostructured area along the mold surface (smear). Nanocoining process parameters are discussed which enable indents to be indexed precisely to completely cover target areas. Techniques for die alignment and depth control are also required to create large areas (339 mm(2)) of nanofeatures in short times (∼20 min). Nanocoining experiments were performed at 1 kHz (1000 indents or 1.6 million features per second) on a flat electroless nickel sample. UV curable replicates were then created from the nickel mold and both the mold and replicate were examined in an SEM and AFM.
Determining the Vapor Pressures of Diacetone Diperoxide (DADP) and Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine (HMTD) (2009)

Abstract The vapor signature of diacetone diperoxide (DADP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) were examined by a gas chromatography (GC) headspace technique over the range of 15 to 55 °C. Parallel experiments were conducted to redetermine the vapor pressures of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). The TNT and TATP vapor pressures were in agreement with the previously reported results. Vapor pressure of DADP was determined to be 17.7 Pa at 25 °C, which is approximately 2.6 times higher than TATP at the same temperature. The Clapeyron equation, relating vapor pressure and temperature, was LnP (Pa)=35.9−9845.1/ T (K) for DADP. Heat of sublimation, calculated from the slope of the line for the Clapeyron equation, was 81.9 kJ mole −1 . HMTD vapor pressure was not determined due to reduced thermal stability resulting in vapor phase decomposition products.
POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION (1978)

After outlining the unique functions of the Lending Division, the paper explains the interaction between it and the British Library as a whole. Policy‐making in such an organisation is complex and this is achieved by a series of meetings ranging from the British Library Board, which deals with major decisions for the whole Library, through senior management at the Lending Division holding regular meetings to discuss all aspects of its work to meetings between junior management with their staff, where minor and major problems can be ironed out. The staff structure of the Lending Division emphasises the low ratio of senior to junior staff. Because of its size and uniqueness the Lending Division pays particular attention to communications both within and without; internally this is achieved by meetings between various grades of staff and a Newsletter, externally by a number of publications, participation in conferences, extensive advisory machinery and the publication of its own journal.
Comparison of Textile Mechanical Properties of Cotton in Crosslinking with Dimethylolethyleneurea and Formaldehyde (1976)

Cotton fabrics were crosslinked with dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU) and with formaldehyde by the pad-dry-cure process. The following parameters were varied: concentration of catalyst (MgCl 2 ) and crosslinking agent, reaction time, and temperature. The crosslinked fabrics were characterized by dry and wet crease-recovery angles, tensile strength, and degree of polymerization. The results show that with DMEU a significantly better dry crease-recovery angle/tensile strength relation is obtainable. This difference is due entirely to a greater degradation of cellulose by hydrolysis in treatments with formaldehyde. Furthermore, in the case of DMEU the effect/strength loss relation can be improved by using very high resin concentrations in the padding liquor.
Measuring spatial fiber orientation—A method for quality control of fiber reinforced plastics (1990)

Abstract Properties of short and especially long fiber reinforced thermoplastics highly depend on fiber length distribution in the processed material and local fiber orientation in the processed part. Good mechanical performance is achieved, if overall mean fiber length is high and fiber orientation is well adapted to the external stress situation. If non optimized processing parameters are applied, a decay in mean fiber length and unfavorably orientated fibers in areas of high stress may result. Knowledge of morphological parameters provides quantitative information about the injection molding process and the design of the cavity. Recent advances in automated methods of measuring fiber length and spatial fiber orientation, which are based on image processing systems, reveal even small differences in morphology. Measuring spatial fiber orientation on polished cross‐sections by means of an image processor is a newer concept, that allows fast and quantitative description and optimization of the mold filling process. Some examples show the performance of the method; the measured fiber orientation is used to model thermal expansion and Young's modulus.
The Amniotic Fluid As a Source of Neural Stem Cells in the Setting of Experimental Neural Tube Defects (2012)

We sought to determine whether neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated from the amniotic fluid in the setting of neural tube defects (NTDs), as a prerequisite for eventual autologous perinatal therapies. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams (n=62) were divided into experimental (n=42) and control (n=20) groups, depending on prenatal exposure to retinoic acid for the induction of fetal NTDs. Animals were killed before term for analysis (n=685 fetuses). Amniotic fluid samples from both groups underwent epigenetic selection for NSCs, followed by exposure to neural differentiation media. Representative cell samples underwent multiple morphological and phenotypical analyses at different time points. No control fetus (n=267) had any structural abnormality, whereas at least one type of NTD developed in 52% (217/418) of the experimental fetuses (namely, isolated spina bifida, n=144; isolated exencephaly, n=24; or a combination of the two, n=49). Only amniotic samples from fetuses with a NTD yielded cells with typical neural progenitor morphology and robust expression of both Nestin and Sox-2, primary markers of NSCs. These cells responded to differentiation media by displaying typical morphological changes, along with expression of beta-tubulin III, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and/or O4, markers for immature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, respectively. This was concurrent with downregulation of Nestin and Sox-2. We conclude that the amniotic fluid can harbor disease-specific stem cells, for example, NSCs in the setting of experimental NTDs. The amniotic fluid may be a practical source of autologous NSCs applicable to novel forms of therapies for spina bifida.
New vacuum-ultraviolet absorption data for lead vapour obtained by spin-polarisation measurements (1978)

The photoelectrons emitted by lead atoms exposed to circularly-polarised VUV radiation are partially spin polarised. Unlike the photoionisation cross section, the measured polarisation does not show autoionisation resonances as a function of wavelength. The polarisation and the known cross section results together yield new absorption data, which can be compared with the oscillator strengths of the Rydberg series in the discrete spectrum. Full information about the first three autoionisation resonances is also given. Some selected parts of the apparatus used for the spin-polarisation measurements are discussed in detail.
Reliability of Measurements Obtained With the Timed “Up & Go” Test in People With Parkinson Disease (2001)

Retest reliability and interrater reliability of the TUG measurements were high, and the measurements reflected changes in performance according to levodopa use. The TUG can also be used to detect differences in performance between people with PD and elderly people without PD.
Reexamination of Gene Targeting Frequency as a Function of the Extent of Homology between the Targeting Vector and the Target Locus (1992)

Mutations were targeted to the Hprt locus of mouse embryo-derived stem cells by using 22 different sequence replacement and sequence insertion vectors. The targeting frequency was examined at two sites within the Hprt locus as a function of the extent of homology between the targeting vector and the target locus. The targeting frequency was also compared by using vectors prepared from isogenic and nonisogenic DNA sources. With one exception, all of the vectors showed the same exponential dependence of targeting efficiency on the extent of homology between the targeting vector and the target locus. This was true regardless of whether they were sequence replacement or sequence insertion vectors, whether they were directed toward either of the two different sites within the Hprt locus, or whether they were prepared from isogenic or nonisogenic DNA sources. Vectors prepared from isogenic DNA targeted four to five times more efficiently than did the corresponding vectors prepared from nonisogenic DNA. The single case of unexpectedly low targeting efficiency involved one of the vectors prepared from nonisogenic DNA and could be attributed to an unfavorable distribution of heterology between the Hprt sequences present in the targeting vector and the endogenous Hprt gene.
A Primer in Synchrotron Radiation: Everything You Wanted to Know about SEX (Synchrotron Emission of X-rays) but Were Afraid to Ask (1995)

The basic properties of synchrotron radiation are derived with simple approaches, emphasizing phenomena rather than mathematical details.
Correlation between the presence of antibodies to the Epstein‐barr virus nuclear antigen type 2 and antibodies to the rheumatoid arthritis nuclear antigen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1986)

The incidence of antibodies to Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen type 2 (EBNA-2) was determined in sera from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and control subjects, by protein immunoblotting. Sixty-eight percent of the RA patients and 48% of the controls possessed anti-EBNA-2 antibodies. The titer of anti-rheumatoid arthritis nuclear antigen (RANA) in RA patient sera showed a stronger correlation with serum reactions to EBNA-2 than with reactions to EBNA-1. Our results indicate that the presence of EBNA-2 may make a major contribution to the RANA reaction.
A Low Complexity and Programmable Encoder Architecture of the LDPC Codes for DVB-S2 (2006)

We propose a low complexity and programmable encoder architecture of the LDPC codes for DVB-S2 standard, where 21 variations of LDPC codes are defined. The proposed LDPC encoder takes advantage of the features of the codes, that is quasi cyclic codes and irregular repeat-accumulator codes. The key issue for realizing low complexity is a quasi-cyclic encoder using RAMs instead of shift registers. We implemented a programmable encoder circuit which is applicable to all LDPC codes defined in DVB-S2 standard, achieving easy operation.
The Gene Frequency of Acute Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease (SMA Type 1). A Total Population Survey in North-East England (1973)

A retrospective total population study of acute Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (spinal muscular atrophy type 1) has been undertaken in three counties of North-East England (Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne, and Durham). The gene frequency for the disease is q=0·00625 with a carrier frequency for this part of the English population of 1 in 80. The data suggest that there may be differences in gene frequency within the region sampled, a finding in keeping with other investigations of variations in gene frequency in this region. The suggestion that this disease is the second most common fatal autosomal recessive disease of childhood in Britain is confirmed. An hypothesis of heterozygote advantage due to relative resistance to epidemic poliomyelitis is presented to account for the high gene frequency observed.
Two and higher dimensional pattern matching in optimal expected time (1994)

Algorithms with optimal expected running time are presented for searching the occurrences of a two-dimensional m×m pattern P in a two-dimensional n×n text T over an alphabet of size c. The algorithms are based on placing in the text a static grid of test points, determined only by n, m, and c (not dynamically by earlier test results). Using test strings read from the test points the algorithms eliminate as many potential occurrences of P as possible. The remaining potential occurrences are separately checked for actual occurrences. A suitable choice of the test point set leads to algorithms with expected running time O(n2 logcm 2/m2) using the uniform Bernoulli model of randomness. This is shown to be optimal by a generalization of a one-dimensional lower bound result by Yao. Experimental results show that the algorithms are efficient in practice, too. The method is also generalized for the k mismatches problem. The resulting algorithm has expected running time O(kn2 logcm 2/m2), provided that k ≤ (mbm/dlogcmec − 1)/2. All algorithms need preprocessing of P which takes time and space O(m2). The text processing can be done on-line, using a rather small window. The algorithms easily generalize to d-dimensional matching for any d.