gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulation of protein secretion from rat lacrimal gland acini (1984)

The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on protein secretion from lacrimal gland was investigated by using acini prepared by collagenase digestion of rat exorbital lacrimal glands. Protein secretion was determined by incubating the acini for 0-40 min and analyzing the supernatant for peroxidase, a protein secreted by the rat exorbital lacrimal gland. VIP (10(-10) to 10(-7) M) stimulated secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. A maximum concentration of VIP (10(-8) M) stimulated secretion to the same extent as a maximum concentration of carbachol (10(-5) M). The cholinergic antagonist atropine at a concentration (10(-5) M) that completely abolished carbachol-induced secretion did not alter VIP-stimulated secretion. The secretory effects of maximal concentrations of VIP and carbachol were additive, but decreasing the carbachol concentration potentiated secretion. Unlike carbachol, which had no effect on the acinar cAMP level, VIP increased cAMP content sixfold. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated VIP-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers throughout the gland, distributed primarily around acini. We conclude that VIP-like immunoreactive nerves are present in the lacrimal gland and that VIP can stimulate protein secretion but utilizes a pathway separate from, but convergent with, that used by cholinergic agonists.
Effect of Baseline Breast Density on Breast Cancer Incidence, Stage, Mortality, and Screening Parameters: 25-Year Follow-up of a Swedish Mammographic Screening (2010)

Results suggest that the screening policy with a predominantly shorter screening interval and with alternative imaging techniques might be indicated in women with dense breast tissue.
Striatal Muscarinic Receptors Promote Activity Dependence of Dopamine Transmission via Distinct Receptor Subtypes on Cholinergic Interneurons in Ventral versus Dorsal Striatum (2010)

Striatal dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) regulate motivated behaviors and striatal plasticity. Interactions between these neurotransmitters may be important, through synchronous changes in parent neuron activities and reciprocal presynaptic regulation of release. How DA signaling is regulated by striatal muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) is unresolved; contradictory reports indicate suppression or facilitation, implicating several mAChR subtypes on various neurons. We investigated whether mAChR regulation of DA signaling varies with presynaptic activity and identified the mAChRs responsible in sensorimotor- versus limbic-associated striatum. We detected DA in real time at carbon fiber microelectrodes in mouse striatal slices. Broad-spectrum mAChR agonists [oxotremorine-M, APET (arecaidine propargyl ester tosylate)] decreased DA release evoked by low-frequency stimuli (1-10 Hz, four pulses) but increased the sensitivity of DA release to presynaptic activity, even enhancing release by high frequencies (e.g., >25 Hz for four pulses). These bidirectional effects depended on ACh input to striatal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on DA axons but not GABA or glutamate input. In caudate-putamen (CPu), knock-out of M(2)- or M(4)-mAChRs (not M(5)) prevented mAChR control of DA, indicating that M(2)- and M(4)-mAChRs are required. In nucleus accumbens (NAc) core or shell, mAChR function was prevented in M(4)-knock-outs, but not M(2)- or M(5)-knock-outs. These data indicate that striatal mAChRs, by inhibiting ACh release from cholinergic interneurons and thus modifying nAChR activity, offer variable control of DA release probability that promotes how DA release reflects activation of dopaminergic axons. Furthermore, different coupling of striatal M(2)/M(4)-mAChRs to the control of DA release in CPu versus NAc suggests targets to influence DA/ACh function differentially between striatal domains.
Collapse of nonaxisymmetric cavities (2010)

A round disk with a harmonic disturbance impacts on a water surface and creates a non-axisymmetric cavity which collapses under the influence of hydrostatic pressure. We use disks deformed with mode m=2 to m=6. For all mode numbers we find clear evidence for a phase inversion of the cavity wall during the collapse. We present a fluid dynamics video showing high speed imaging of different modes, pointing out the characteristic features during collapse.
Image indexing with mixture hierarchies (2005)

We present an image indexing method based on a hierarchical description of the density of each of the image classes in a given database. The method is similar in spirit to traditional agglomerative clustering procedures but produces a complete mixture density, instead of a representative point, at each node of the indexing tree. Estimation of the density at a given node only requires knowledge of the mixture parameters of the children nodes, not the original data. The process is very flexible and efficient, therefore suited to problems involving large databases where existing groupings may have to be combined, or new groupings created, frequently. Experimental results show that the new indexing structure consistently outperforms a linear search when both efficiency and retrieval accuracy are taken into account.
Evaluation of a magnetic method for the measurement of small intestinal transit time. (1977)

A new method for the measurement of small intestinal transit time is described. An externally applied magnetic transducer senses the presence of an ingested ferromagnetic material--50 gm. of magnesium ferrite dispersed in a test meal--upon its arrival at the cecal area. The mouth-to-cecum transit time is thus determined. The method is noninvasive and is not associated with any radiation. The method was compared to the commonly used x-ray method and good correlation was found in 24 of 28 studies. The mean transit time in a group of 20 normal subjects was 157.5 +/- 63.9 min.
Single-Site Tetracoordinated Aluminum Hydride Supported on Mesoporous Silica. From Dream to Reality! (2016)

The reaction of mesoporous silica (SBA15) dehydroxylated at 700 °C with diisobutylaluminum hydride, i-Bu2AlH, gives after thermal treatment a single-site tetrahedral aluminum hydride with high selectivity. The starting aluminum isobutyl and the final aluminum hydride have been fully characterized by FT-IR, advanced SS NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, multiple quanta (MQ) 2D 1H–1H, and 27Al), and elemental analysis, while DFT calculations provide a rationalization of the occurring reactivity. Trimeric i-Bu2AlH reacts selectively with surface silanols without affecting the siloxane bridges. Its analogous hydride catalyzes ethylene polymerization. Indeed, catalytic tests show that this single aluminum hydride site is active in the production of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Receptor-Specific Targeting Mediated by the Coexpression of a Targeted Murine Leukemia Virus Envelope Protein and a Binding-Defective Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein (2001)

The entry of retroviral vectors into cells requires two events: binding to a cell surface receptor and the subsequent fusion of viral and cellular membranes. The host range of a vector is therefore determined largely by the receptor specificity of the fusion protein contained in the outer viral envelope. Previous attempts to generate targeted retroviral vectors have included the addition of targeting ligands to the murine leukemia virus envelope protein (MuLV Env). Although such proteins frequently display modified cell-binding characteristics, the interaction with the targeted receptors fails to trigger virus-cell fusion. Here, we report the use of a binding-defective but fusion-competent hemagglutinin (HA) protein to complement the fusion defect in a chimeric MuLV Env targeted to the Flt-3 receptor. Retroviral vectors containing both proteins showed enhanced transduction of cells expressing Flt-3, which was abrogated by preincubating the target cells with soluble Flt-3 ligand. Furthermore, the fusion function of HA was absolutely required. These data demonstrate that it is possible to separate the binding and fusion events of retroviral entry, using two separate proteins, and suggest that varying the binding protein component in this scheme may allow a general strategy for targeting retroviral vectors.
Interferometric calibration of gauge blocks by using one stabilized laser and a white-light source (1991)

An automated interferometer for primary calibration of gauge blocks is described that requires no prior knowledge of the gauge length. For short gauge blocks, the results agree with previous calibrations to within 10 nm.
Clinical Care of the Aging Hypertensive Patient (1988)

That elderly hypertensive patients need to be treated is now well established, as major clinical trials have confirmed the reduction in serious complications and organ damage in the treated patient. However, the concomitant findings on the high rates of adverse side effects of drug therapies to lower blood pressure are of concern. The physiologic and disease changes that occur with aging may explain some of the adverse drug responses encountered in this population. Nondrug treatment of hypertension, including sodium restriction and weight reduction, would be desirable in the elderly, but there are no trials of the efficacy and safety of these methods in this population. Homeostatic fragility in the elderly is the loss of the ability to regulate cardiovascular and respiratory function, and fluid and electrolyte balance under conditions of stress. Introduction of antihypertensive agents with their global effects on these homeostatic processes leads to frequent complications such as orthostatic hypotension, cardiac depression, reduced cerebral blood flow, and abnormalities in metabolic, volume, and electrolyte control. Although these adverse reactions explain some of the compliance problems in the elderly, several psychosocial factors also hinder the ability of older patients to follow therapeutic protocols. The need for alternative and more appropriate therapies tailored to fit these problems associated with aging is the desired goal of future blood pressure intervention policies.
Lameness in dairy cows and farmers' knowledge, training and awareness (1994)

Lameness in dairy cattle is important from welfare and economic points of view. In 15 dairy farms in England, the prevalence of lameness was correlated highly significantly and inversely with the knowledge, level of training and awareness of the farmers.
An all-digital IF GPS synchronizer for portable applications (2003)

GPS receivers typically employ an ASIC to compute correlation values and a general purpose DSP processor to perform the remaining digital processing operations. While this approach offers design flexibility, it is not well suited for portable applications because of relatively large power consumption and poor integration. Instead, an integrated GPS receiver that performs all of the digital processing is desirable. Toward that end, a power efficient highly-integrated GPS synchronizer is presented. The input to the GPS receiver chip is a 2 b data stream of sampled IF signal. The minimum operational frequency is 24 MHz at 1.5 V supply. The chip processes five channels and provides pseudorange estimates and navigation data. It is designed in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. One design objective is to demonstrate that all of the required GPS synchronization operations can be integrated at a minimum power level.
Make Easy Money with Google: Using the AdSense Advertising Program (2005)

Get your Web site to you the money by using Google to draw more eyes--and wallets--to your content. In this friendly, four-color guide from veteran author and Web developer Eric Giguere, you'll learn all about Google's AdSense program and how you can use it to make your Web site or blog more profitable. Written in an easy-to-read, non-technical style, this book follows three average people--Claude, Stef, and Anita--as they learn to create money-making blogs and Web sites. Through their experiences, you'll learn: basic Web terminology; the Google Adsense nuts and bolts; how to host, build, and publish targeted ads and Google search boxes to your Web site; filter out inappropriate ads; track page performance; drive traffic to your site; and more. A four-part companion Web site features a blog, includes reader resources, and details the techniques discussed in the book. Online marketers agree that AdSense is one of the best tools you can use to draw dollars to your site. Let Giguere show you how to make the most of Google and have fun doing it!
One flyback off line AC/DC switching power supply design (2014)

AC/DC switching power supply is widely used in various types of electronic equipment. In order to reduce the production cost and integrates multi-protection, a design based on off line flyback converter and 0.5μm CMOS process used in this paper. The chip works on constant current state achieved by pulse frequency modulation and constant voltage mode achieved by a unique off-time modulation method. It is also integrates multi-protection functions circuit to avoid the chip working extreme conditions. At last, each module circuit has been simulated by using EDA tools Spectre to meet the design specification.
Diamond Loudspeaker Cones for High-End Audio Components (2006)

Conventional loudspeaker membranes made of metal or synthetic material such as fabric, ceramics or plastics suffer from nonlinearities and cone breakup modes at fairly low audio frequencies. Due to their mass, inertia and limited mechanical stability the speaker membranes made of conventional materials cannot follow the high frequency excitation of the actuating voice-coil. Low sound velocity causes phase shift and sound pressure losses due to interference of adjacent parts of the membrane at audible frequencies. Therefore, loudspeaker engineers are searching for lightweight but extremely rigid materials to develop speaker membranes whose cone resonances are well above the audible range. With its extreme hardness, paired with low density and high velocity of sound, diamond is a highly promising candidate for such applications. We report on the realization of dome shaped CVD diamond membranes by deposition on curved silicon substrates. Domes with diameters between 20 and 65 mm and with a thickness ranging from 50 to 120 μm were prepared. After deposition, the substrate is dissolved and the rim of the diamond dome is cut by laser scribing. Free standing diamond membranes are mounted onto dynamic voice coils and integrated into tweeter and/or midrange driver chassis. Extended tests and optimisations led to loudspeaker systems that show a second and third harmonic distortion behaviour in the important frequency range between 3 to 10 kHz that is reduced by 40% in comparison to already excellent established values obtained with sapphire membranes. Cone resonance frequencies of CVD diamond membranes are increased by a factor of two, as predicted by simulations.
Third Phase Formation in the Solvent Extraction System Ir(IV)—Cyanex 923 (2005)

Abstract The splitting of a system from biphasic to triphasic was studied in the liquid‐liquid extraction of Ir(IV) and HCl using Cyanex 923 (C923). The limiting organic concentrations (LOC) of Ir(IV), which are the maximum possible concentrations of Ir(IV) in the organic phase without the formation of a third phase, were determined under different experimental conditions. The experimental conditions investigated were: concentrations of HCl and NaCl in the aqueous phase, concentrations of C923 and a modifier (tributyl phosphate (TBP) or decanol) in the organic phase, and an organic phase made with different diluents such as n‐octane, n‐nonane, n‐dodecane, kerosene, cyclohexane, toluene, and xylene. The formation of a third phase depends on the concentration of Ir(IV) and HCl in the aqueous phase, as well as on the other experimental conditions. The third phase appeared without Ir(IV) when the concentration of HCl in the equilibrated aqueous phase was 3.5 M and the organic phase contained 10% (v/v) C923/kerosene. The maximum LOC of Ir(IV) was obtained when the initial concentration of HCl in the aqueous phase was 2 M. The LOC of Ir(IV) can be increased though the addition of typical solvent modifiers (such as TBP or decanol) in the organic phase. The LOC of Ir(IV) varied significantly when it was extracted from an aqueous solution containing different concentrations of NaCl. The values obtained for the LOC using different diluents were in the following decreasing order: toluene ≈ xylene>cyclohexane>n‐octane>n‐nonane>kerosene>n‐dodecane. No third phase was detected when toluene and xylene were used as diluents. In the case of cyclohexane, no third phase was observed when the aqueous phase contained 4 M HCl. Spectral studies were performed to investigate the chemical composition of the third phase obtained with Ir(IV)‐HCl‐C923.
Cloning of the human type XVII collagen gene (COL17A1), and detection of novel mutations in generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa. (1997)

Generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB) is a nonlethal variant of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). Previous findings have suggested that type XVII collagen is the candidate gene for mutations in this disease. We now have cloned the entire human type XVII collagen gene (COL17A1) and have elucidated its intron-exon organization. The gene comprises 56 distinct exons, which span approximately 52 kb of the genome, on the long arm of chromosome 10. It encodes a polypeptide, the alpha1(XVII) chain, consisting of an intracellular globular domain, a transmembrane segment, and an extracellular domain that contains 15 separate collagenous subdomains, the largest consisting of 242 amino acids. We also have developed a strategy to identify mutations in COL17A1 by use of PCR amplification of genomic DNA, using primers placed on the flanking introns. The PCR products are scanned for sequence variants by heteroduplex analysis using conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis and then are subjected to direct automated sequencing. We have identified several intragenic polymorphisms in COL17A1, as well as mutations, in both alleles, in two Finnish families with GABEB. The probands in both families showed negative immunofluorescence staining with an anti-type XVII collagen antibody. In one family, the proband was homozygous for a 5-bp deletion, 2944del5, which resulted in frameshift and a premature termination codon of translation. The proband in the other family was a compound heterozygote, with one allele containing the 2944del5 mutation and the other containing a nonsense mutation, Q1023X. These results expand the mutation database in different variants of JEB, and they attest to the functional importance of type XVII collagen as a transmembrane component of the hemidesmosomes at the dermal/epidermal junction.
Slab Waveguides in Chemistry (1990)

Abstract Technological development in the telecommunications and related areas have made available a wide variety of optical structures such as thin silica rods, hollow cylinders, fiber bundles, and many planar geometries such as thin films or channels resting on flat substrates. These devices have become the basis of various chemical sensor studies. The application of cylindrical fiber optics has been leveraged heavily in developing microscopic detectors in which they serve as light pipes to transport spectrometric information between the source, analyte, and photodetector. Slab waveguides, on the other hand, offer many advantages over their cylindrical counterparts. Slab waveguides consist of planar or rectangular structures with a thickness ranging from 0.1 μm to 1 mm. They can also be molded as multilayers or channels on a substrate. Both thin and thick slab waveguides are useful in chemical sensing. In this article, the concept of waveguiding phenomena in thick and thin waveguides is introduced. Emphasis is placed on both the quantum nature and a phenomenological description of light guiding in thin slab waveguides. Several optical coupling techniques are discussed. The remainder of the article is devoted to specific applications in chemistry.
Design of Compact Directional Couplers for UWB Applications (2007)

This paper presents a simple design method for a class of compact couplers, which offer coupling in the range of 3-10 dB over an ultra-wide frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The proposed couplers are formed by two elliptically shaped microstrip lines, which are broadside coupled through an elliptically shaped slot. Their design is demonstrated for a 3-, 6-, and 10-dB coupling assuming a 0.508-mm-thick Rogers RO4003C substrate. Results of simulation and measurements show that the designed devices exhibit a coupling of 3plusmn1 dB, 6plusmn1.4 dB and 10plusmn1.5 dB across the 3.1-10.6-GHz band. This ultra-wideband coupling is accompanied by isolation and return loss in the order of 20 dB or better. The manufactured devices including microstrip ports occupy an area of 25 mm times 15 mm
The Acid-labile Subunit of the Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein Complexes (1999)

The acid-labile subunit (ALS) is a glycosylated 85-kDa member of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein superfamily and circulates in ternary complexes with the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs). These complexes are thought to regulate the serum IGFs by restricting IGF movement out of the circulation. However, little is known about how ALS binds to IGFBP-3 or -5, which link the IGFs to ALS. To investigate potential sites of interaction, the ALS structure has been modeled with the crystal structure of the LRR protein porcine ribonuclease inhibitor as a template. ALS is predicted to be a donut-shaped molecule with an internal diameter of 1.7 nm, an external diameter of 7.2 nm, and a thickness of 3.6 nm. These dimensions are supported by rotary shadowing electron microscopy of ALS. The internal face is lined with a substantial region of electronegative surface potential that could interact with the positively charged region on IGFBP-3 known to be involved in ALS binding. The model also predicts that three potential N-linked oligosaccharide sites within the LRR domain are clustered together, which may be important in light of recent studies showing ALS glycan involvement in complex formation with IGFBP-3.
Improved parameters for unsharp mask filtering of digital chest radiographs. (1993)

Observer performance with four unsharp mask filtering algorithms for storage phosphor chest radiographs was compared with that with conventional screen-film radiographs in the detection of three types of simulated lung disease: nodules, fine lines, and micronodule clusters. Previously studied parameter sets (small [1.4-mm] and medium [5-mm] filter masks) and two new parameter sets (large [2.5-cm] and ultralarge [7-cm] masks) were compared by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis. With medium and small masks, nodule detection was inferior to that achieved with other modes. Use of ultralarge masks decreased the detection of lines compared with detection with conventional screen-film radiographs. Although detection of micronodule clusters was worse with digital images than with conventional screen-film radiographs, results with large and ultralarge masks were better than with small masks. Overall, filtering with large masks was best suited for simultaneously matching linear, nodular, and micronodular structures. These results suggest that lesion-specific processing of digital chest images is not necessary.