gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
BIOSYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES USING FUNGI AND ACTINOMYCETE (2003)

There is little doubt that nanomaterials will play a key role in many technologies of the future. One key aspect of nanotechnology concerns the development of reliable experimental protocols for the synthesis of nanomaterials over a range of chemical compositions, sizes and high monodispersity. In the context of the current drive to develop green technologies in materials synthesis, this aspect of nanotechnology assumes considerable importance. An attractive possibility is to use micro-organisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the research efforts worldwide on the use of micro-organisms in the biosynthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on the recent and exciting results obtained at the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune on the biosynthesis of noble-metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete. Some of the challenges in this emerging approach are highlighted.
Linking electrical with mechanical quantities through electro-mechanical resonance (2002)

The possibility of an electro-mechanical harmonic oscillator obtained by coupling two linear capacitive voltage-force transducers with a common floating mass is shown. Approaching a constant-charge operation, the system yields a very-low-frequency ac voltage related to mass through capacitance, length and frequency. A possible use in the determination of the Josephson constant or the Planck constant is also outlined.
Reducing Power Costs for Pumping Water (1987)

This article discusses the adjustment of pumping procedures as water usage rates change as a method of reducing power costs for pumping water. In general treated water is stored in ground‐storage tanks and then transferred to elevated storage tanks, by pumping, when the water level in the elevated storage tank falls below a preset point. The key idea in the cost‐cutting procedure is to lower the preset points during periods of low water consumption so that the pump is activated fewer times but runs longer. Research shows that it is more expensive to have the pump activated frequently for short periods of time than it is to have it activated less often but run longer.
Keratinocyte gene therapy: inducible promoters and<i>in vivo</i>control of transgene expression (2001)

Modulation of transgene expression by exogenous agents is an optimal goal in gene therapy. Successful keratinocyte gene therapy requires a promoter-enhancer cassette to regulate expression of the therapeutic gene in vivo. In this study, we first transferred plasmids, constructed by introducing inducible promoters fused to the beta-galactosidase gene (LAC Z), into keratinocytes in vitro. Metallothionein (MT) and 1,24-vitamin D(3)(OH)(2) dehydroxylase (VDH) promoters responded to the inducing agents, Cadmium and 1,25-vitamin D(3)(OH)(2) (VitD(3)), respectively. The plasmids were then introduced in vivo using a naked DNA method and the inducible promoters were evaluated by measuring beta-gal activity in rat keratinocytes. Zinc induced the transferred MT promoter activity by approximately 2-fold or 10-fold when administered systemically and topically, respectively. In addition, VitD(3) induced the transferred VDH promoter activity approximately 10-fold when administered topically. These data are useful for developing inducible promoters for keratinocyte gene therapy.
INTERACTION OF AN AMPHOTERIC SURFACTANT WITH LECITHIN AT THE AIR/WATER AND OIL/WATER INTERFACES AND ITS EFFECT ON EMULSION STABILITY (1984)

ABSTRACT The interaction of the amphoteric surfactant Empi-gen BB (Em) with lecithin at the air/water and xylene/ water interfaces was studied at the isoelectric point of lecithin (pH≃3). Surface and interfacial tension, surface elasticity and viscosity measurements and elec-trophoretie mobility data showed that the interaction between lecithin and Em leads to the formation of a mixed film with no elasticity and very low interfacial viscosity. The coalescence rate K of xylene/water emulBion was measured by droplet counting as a function of time. The results showed that the emulsions stabilised with the mixed surfactant and lecithin films were less stable than those stabilised with lecithin alone. This showed the importance of the Theological property of the film in reducing coalescence.
Semiconductor streamer lasers (1977)

A new method of electrically exciting generation of light behind the ionization front in streamers is theoretically and experimentally considered. Light intensity of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim 10^{9}</tex> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was generated in Cd <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Se <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> and ZnSe crystals from radiation regions having characteristic dimensions of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim5 \mu</tex> m, and moving with velocities <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim3.10^{8}</tex> cm/s.
General Framework and Algorithm for Data Rate Maximization in DSL Networks (2014)

In this paper, we treat the combined signal and spectrum coordination problem in digital subscriber line (DSL) networks with linear design for transmitters and receivers. The transmission is modeled as a multitone MIMO system where each user has a number of transceivers and there is coordination between sets of users on the transmitter and on the receiver sides. We consider the possibility of an asynchronous transmission, i.e. when the transmission of DMT blocks for different users is not aligned in time. This gives rise to inter-carrier interference. Our objective is the maximization of the weighted sum of users' data rates subject to power constraints. Although this problem is well known in the literature, previous works have always based their designs on strong assumptions about the network infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a general framework and algorithm that apply for any infrastructure, including any number of users, any number of transceivers, any number of tones, any kind of coordination on both the transmitter and on the receiver sides, and synchronous or asynchronous transmission. We also do not assume any special structure of the channel matrix. Our algorithm is seen to perform very well and is polynomial time solvable.
[Cerebral oximetry in neurosurgical patients with cerebrovascular diseases. II. Comparison of electrophysiological methods of examination and cerebral oximetry]. (2000)

Simultaneous monitoring by cerebral oximetry and electrophysiological methods (electroencephalography and electrocorticography) was performed in 21 patients with arterial cerebral aneurysms during direct intracranial interventions, endovascular interventions, and Matas' test. Electrophysiological methods are sufficiently accurate indicators of cerebral ischemia even at a functionally reversible level. The results of simultaneous monitoring were similar in 80% cases, indicating cerebral ischemia even at functionally reversible level, which was detected by both electrophysiological methods and cerebral oximetry. Variously directed shifts were detected in 4 cases; the causes are discussed. Cerebral oximetry detects cerebral ischemia with a sensitivity similar to that of electrophysiological methods. The method does not depend on temperature or anesthetics. Limitations of the method are due to its local application.
Ring transformation of 3-(2-aminoaryl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles into 3-acylaminoindazoles; extension of the Boulton–Katritzky scheme (1982)

The ring transformation of 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (1) into acylaminopyrazolines (2) reported earlier has been extended to 5-substituted 3-(2-aminoaryl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (3), (5), (7), and (9). Depending on the reaction conditions and the substitution at the amino-group, the isomerization of 3-(2-aminophenyl)oxadiazoles (3) to 3-acylaminoindazoles (4) follows two different mechanisms (A and B), but is invariably promoted by electron-attracting substituents at C-5. Mechanism A differs from those proposed earlier for azole–azole rearrangements, and resembles the transformation (1)→(2). An extended general scheme is suggested.
RCS: a reference model architecture for intelligent control (2005)

The Real-time Control System (RCS) is a reference model architecture for intelligent real time control systems. It partitions the control problem into four basic elements: task decomposition, world modeling, sensory processing, and value judgment. It clusters these elements into computational nodes that have responsibility for specific subsystems and arranges these nodes in hierarchical layers such that each layer has characteristic functionality and timing. The RCS architecture has a systematic regularity, and recursive structure that suggests a canonical form. Systems based on the RCS architecture have been implemented more or less for a wide variety of applications that include loading and unloading of parts and tools in machine tools, controlling machining workstations, performing robotic deburring and chamfering, and controlling space station telerobots, multiple autonomous undersea vehicles, unmanned land vehicles, coal mining automation systems. postal service mail handling systems, and submarine operational automation systems. Software developers accustomed to using RCS for building control systems have found it provides a structured design approach that makes it possible to reuse a great deal of software.
Die Anfänge der Geschichte Frankreichs (2000)

Die Kenntnisse, die Heinrich Heine über die Anfänge der Geschichte Frankreichs besitzt, scheinen in Anbetracht seines langjährigen Frankreichaufenthalts, seines ausgesprochenen Interesses für Frankreichs jüngste Geschichte und das ist für ihn v.a. die Französische Revolution von 1789, und seiner regen Teilnahme am politischen Tagesgeschehen eher bescheiden zu sein. Die Frage nach Heines Kenntnissen über die „mythologische“ Geschichtsversicherung Frankreichs steht deshalb mit Recht zu Beginn einer Untersuchung von Heines Beziehung zur Geschichte Frankreichs.
2-(Oxalylamino)-Benzoic Acid Is a General, Competitive Inhibitor of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatases (2000)

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critically involved in regulation of signal transduction processes. Members of this class of enzymes are considered attractive therapeutic targets in several disease states, e.g. diabetes, cancer, and inflammation. However, most reported PTP inhibitors have been phosphorus-containing compounds, tight binding inhibitors, and/or inhibitors that covalently modify the enzymes. We therefore embarked on identifying a general, reversible, competitive PTP inhibitor that could be used as a common scaffold for lead optimization for specific PTPs. We here report the identification of 2-(oxalylamino)-benzoic acid (OBA) as a classical competitive inhibitor of several PTPs. X-ray crystallography of PTP1B complexed with OBA and related non-phosphate low molecular weight derivatives reveals that the binding mode of these molecules to a large extent mimics that of the natural substrate including hydrogen bonding to the PTP signature motif. In addition, binding of OBA to the active site of PTP1B creates a unique arrangement involving Asp(181), Lys(120), and Tyr(46). PTP inhibitors are essential tools in elucidating the biological function of specific PTPs and they may eventually be developed into selective drug candidates. The unique enzyme kinetic features and the low molecular weight of OBA makes it an ideal starting point for further optimization.
Radiosurgery for Spinal Metastases (2007)

The results indicate the potential of radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with spinal metastases, especially those with solitary sites of spine involvement, to improve long-term palliation.
Heterotelechelic and In-Chain Polar Functionalized Stereoregular Poly(dienes) (2018)

Stereoregular trans-poly(dienes) with three different types of functional groups were synthesized by insertion polymerization. The functional groups are located simultaneously in the polymer backbone and at both chain ends, yielding heterotelechelic and in-chain functionalized polymers. A combination of three compatible functionalization methods allows for the syntheses of these particular polymers. Nd(BH4)3·(THF)3 catalyzes, after activation with MgR2, the direct copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene or isoprene with polar functionalized dienes, thus enabling the functionalization of the polymer’s backbone. The use of functionalized organo-Mg compounds, e.g., (PhS-C5H10)2Mg, for the activation of Nd(BH4)3·(THF)3 enables the functionalization of the initiating chain-end and quenching of the polymerization with suitable reagents; e.g., Si(OEt)4 allows for the functionalization of the terminating chain-end.
On the comparison of FROC curves in mammography CAD systems (2005)

We present a novel method for assessing the performance of computer-aided detection systems on unseen cases at a given sensitivity level. The sampling error introduced when training the system on a limited data set is captured as the uncertainty in determining the system threshold that would yield a certain predetermined sensitivity on unseen data sets. By estimating the distribution of system thresholds, we construct a confidence interval for the expected number of false positive markings per image at a given sensitivity. We present two alternative procedures for estimating the probability density functions needed for the construction of the confidence interval. The first is based on the common assumption of Poisson distributed number of false positive markings per image. This procedure also relies on the assumption of independence between false positives and sensitivity, an assumption that can be relaxed with the second procedure, which is nonparametric. The second procedure uses the bootstrap applied to the data generated in the leave-one-out construction of the FROC curve, and is a fast and robust way of obtaining the desired confidence interval. Standard FROC curve analysis does not account for the uncertainty in setting the system threshold, so this method should allow for a more fair comparison of different systems. The resulting confidence intervals are surprisingly wide. For our system a conventional FROC curve analysis yields 0.47 false positive markings per image at 90% sensitivity. The 90% confidence interval for the number of false positive markings per image is (0.28, 1.02) with the parametric procedure and (0.27, 1.04) with the nonparametric bootstrap. Due to its computational simplicity and its allowing more fair comparisons between systems, we propose this method as a complement to the traditionally presented FROC curves.
Direction Controlled Descent of Samara Autorotating Wings (SAW) with N-Wings (2018)

The seeds of Maple trees (Samara) use autorotation as a unique mechanism to disperse their seeds. By exploiting gyroscopic stability of a spinning wing, the Samara is able to cover large horizontal distance despite having no form of propulsion. We applied and adapted this natural ability in our novel concept, the Samara Autorotating Wings (SAW), and extended its stability and direction controllability by generalizing the mechanism to incorporate designs with more than 1 wing. By conceiving cyclic control, the translational motion of autorotation is regulated. A nonlinear model of SAW with $n$ wings is derived and control schemes developed to control the translational position during autorotation. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the performance of the multi-wing SAW prototypes to track a conical spiral autorotation trajectory. Direct experiments were conducted in a vertical wind-tunnel through a special ball joint that allows z-axis translation and all three rotational degrees of freedom. Finally, free-fall drop tests are used to verify the directional controllability and performance of SAW.
Dynamic connection management between Web apps and peripheral devices by Web driver (2016)

Many people carry smartphones and tablets with them on a daily basis and are constantly connected via wireless. As the Internet of Things (IoT) comes of age, people increasingly want to use various devices in the surrounding environment in conjunction with their smartphones. The cost of developing services that cooperate with the devices is high because various kinds of devices exist and multiple OSs for smartphones need to be supported. To mitigate the issue, we propose a dynamic device connection method that can connect services (e.g. Web applications) with devices located close to users by installing the device drivers and/or protocol adapters dynamically. Developers can create new Web applications easily because the device drivers absorb the differences of the devices and provide a common Web interface for them. The protocol adapters provide access capability to OS application programming interfaces (APIs) for Web technology. We implemented the proposed method on an Android smartphone and evaluated it with Bluetooth Low Energy devices and a Classic Bluetooth device. Results showed that the method absorbs the difference of function and protocol and delivers a reasonable performance.
The Molten Carbonate Carbon Dioxide Concentrator: Cathode Performance at High  CO 2 Utilization (1983)

Representative cathode half‐cell polarization data at low inlet cathode concentrations are presented for the MCCDC operated in the fuel‐cell mode. A mathematical model is used to correlate the cathode data and to explain the observed behavior, especially at high utilization. Also presented are representative cathode removal and current efficiency data.
X-ray Laue Diffraction from Protein Crystals (1984)

In conventional x-ray diffraction experiments on single crystals, essentially monochromatic x-rays are used. If polychromatic x-rays derived from a synchrotron radiation spectrum are used, they generate a Laue diffraction pattern. Laue patterns from single crystals of macromolecules can be obtained in less-than 1 second, and significant radiation damage does not occur over the course of an exposure. Integrated intensities are obtained without rotation of the crystal, and individual structure factors may be extracted for most reflections. The Laue technique thus offers advantages for the recording of diffraction patterns from short-lived structural intermediates; that is, for time-resolved crystallography.
A new asynchronous PWM method for a three-level inverter (2002)

An asynchronous pulsewidth modulated (PWM) method for a three-level inverter based on quasi-circular locus method is described. This PWM method aims at an inverter with no frequency change of the noise generated from the inverter system. The principle of the PWM method, the voltage vector selection procedure, and various experimental results are shown. These results indicate the effectiveness of the PWM method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Graphical table of contents (1996)

This paper proposes a graphical table of contents (GTOC) that is functionally analogous to the table of contents. The proposed GTOC can be generated automatically from the text of documents. It visualizes document contents and relationships to allow easy access of underlying documents. It also provides various interactive tools to let the user explore the documents. Issues of how to generate such GTOC include how documents are indexed and organized, how the organized documents are visualized, and what interactive means are needed to provide necessary functionality of GTOC. These issues are discussed in this paper with a GTOC prototype based on Kohonen's selforganizing featore map algorithm.
Hollow core photonic crystal fiber surface-enhanced Raman probe (2006)

The authors demonstrate a hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) surface-enhanced Raman probe consisting of a HCPCF with Au nanoparticles coated on the inner surface of the air holes serving as the substrate of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The experimental results indicate that the confinement of light inside the HCPCF and the coating of nanoparticles/analyte inside the air holes of the HCPCF offer a large area for the light to interact with the SERS particles. An optimized design of the HCPCF is provided to further improve the probe sensitivity.
Optimized bi-metallic film over nanosphere SERS substrate for sensitive detection of folic acid (2012)

We report an optimized bi-metallic film over nanosphere (BMFON) substrate platform for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering- (SERS-) based detection of folic acid. Initially, the substrate was fabricated by spin-coating a mixture of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle of diameter 400 nm and sodium dodecyl sulphate on glass slide. These hexagonally packed nanostructures were subsequently coated with 80 nm of silver, followed by 120 nm of gold layer. The optimized substrate was analyzed by studying the SERS performance with covalently anchored Raman-active analyte, 2-naphthalene thiol. It was found that by increasing the PS concentration, the coverage of SERS-active sites was increased and also standard deviation of the SERS intensity at various location of the substrate was found to be only around 10% to as low as 3%. We used these substrates for proof-of-concept detection of folic acid, which has been identified as a factor for risk of cancers when consumed in high dosage. We found that optimized BMFON substrates could provide a means for sensitive SERS detection of folic acid.
The use of selegiline in Alzheimer's patients with behavior problems. (1991)

These data suggest that some Alzheimer's patients with behavior problems may benefit from selegiline therapy.
Backside-illuminated HgCdTe/CdTe photodiodes (1979)

This letter reports the first realization of backside-illuminated HgCdTe/CdTe photodiodes prepared by a liquid-phase-epitaxy technique. The thermal noise of these diodes is lower than that of bulk HgCdTe diodes fabricated under otherwise similar conditions. This is explained by an analytical model based on material parameters and the geometry of n+-p diodes.
Novel roles of osteopontin and CXC chemokine ligand 7 in the defence against mycobacterial infection (2005)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-induced human monocyte-derived macrophage (GM-Mphi) or macrophage CSF (M-CSF)-induced human monocyte-derived Mphi (M-Mphi) are distinct in terms of the resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To elucidate the role of molecules involved in the functional differences between these Mphis, we investigated the gene expression profiles using microarray. After culture of CD14+ monocytes with CSFs, Mphis were cultured with or without bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (GM-Mphi-BCG and M-Mphi-BCG). The gene expression profiles from these cells were compared. Chemokines highly expressed in M-Mphis were selected and evaluated for anti-mycobacterial activity and superoxide production. FN1 and FCGR2B were the most up-regulated genes in GM-Mphi and M-Mphi, respectively. After stimulation with BCG, three chemokine genes (Osteopontin (SPP1), CXC chemokine ligand 7 (CXCL7) and CC chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11)) were highly expressed in M-Mphi-BCG when compared to those in GM-Mphi-BCG. A significantly increased resistance to M. tuberculosis H37Ra was observed after the stimulation of GM-Mphi with SPP1 or CXCL7. Superoxide production levels of SPP1- or CXCL7-stimulated GM-Mphis were higher than those of GM-Mphis without stimulation. These results indicate that both SPP1 and CXCL7 might have a role in the resistance against mycobacteria, at least in part, through augmenting reactive oxygen intermediate production in Mphis.