gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring Human Development (1993)

The uneven distribution of resources, income and wealth in the world makes it desirable to devise a method for evaluating the relative levels of human development in different countries, but a satisfactory approach needs to go beyond calibration of output per head. This paper explores key issues concerning the measurement of human development and examines the UNDP's modified Human Development Index, assessing its potential usefulness and limitations in enabling comparisons across countries. The extent to which the approach can provide the basis for a profile of an individual country is also analysed, using Singapore as a case study.
Precision of dosimetry‐related measurements obtained on current multidetector computed tomography scanners (2010)

From a dosimetry perspective, the MDCT scanners tested in this study demonstrated a high degree of within-run, between-run, and between-scanner precision (with relative precision errors typically well under 5%).
Variability of .BETA.-Amyloid Protein Deposited Lesions in Down's Syndrome Brains. (1994)

An immunohistochemical study was carried out on the brains of 7 adult Down's syndrome cases (ages 31 to 62) using antibodies to beta-protein, beta-amyloid protein precursor and tau-protein. Variable forms of beta-protein deposited lesions (including senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloidosis) were observed in extensive areas of the neocortex of all cases and coexistence of both beta-protein amyloid fibrils and beta-amyloid protein precursors was also seen in some of these lesions. Moreover, 3 cases at an advanced stage showed a few plaque-like lesions with beta-protein immunoreactivity in the white matter. The following temporal morphological change is suggested for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: senile plaque undergo sequential structural changes and beta-protein amyloid deposits in the form of "early plaque" precede the development of tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary degeneration.
SILICA BIOMINERALIZATION OF UNICELLULAR MICROBES UNDER STRONGLY ACIDIC CONDITIONS (2001)

Silica biomineralization associated with unicellular microbes ( Cyanidium caldarium) living in strongly acidic hot springs were observed by electron microscopy. The unicellular microbes form green biomats undergoing photosynthesis in Kamuiwakka Falls, Hokkaido, Japan. The hot-spring water is strongly acidic, with pH less than 2, and rich in S. Electron microscopy observ ations showed that the cell walls of unicellular microbes served as sites for nucleation of silica, polymerization of silicic ac id and adhesion of colloidal silica. The precipitates formed an amorphous silica crust on the cell walls, which consist of granular si lica spherules with a uniform size. The spherules commonly assimilate the cell walls. Data from X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction of the silica crusts reveal that the crusts are amorphous or of low crystallinity. Electron-dispersion X-ray spectr oscopy also showed that the crusts are mainly composed of Si with traces of S and Cl. The unicellular microbes have a double-layer cel l wall; therefore, silica crusts may form a double layer. FT–IR spectra of cells with and without silica crusts indicated that N–H, C=O and C–N–H bands were derived from peptides in cells, whereas the Si–O band was derived from silica crusts. Some models also are suggested on the interaction between cell wall and silica under strongly acidic conditions. Processes of silica biomineralization of unicellular microbes as described in this paper have profound implications for evolution of siliciferous microbes.
High-temperature superconducting dual-spiral resonators and their application in filter miniaturization (2000)

10.1088/0953-2048/13/4/306
Pathogen Transmission and Clinic Scheduling (2006)

We developed a model of pathogen dissemination in the outpatient clinic that incorporates key kinetic aspects of the transmission process, as well as uncertainty regarding whether or not each incident patient is contagious. Assigning appointments late in the day to patients suspected of being infectious should decrease pathogen dissemination.
DSDP5 : software for semidefinite programming. (2008)

DSDP implements the dual-scaling algorithm for semidefinite programming. The source code for this interior-point algorithm, written entirely in ANSI C, is freely available. The solver can be used as a subroutine library, as a function within the Matlab environment, or as an executable that reads and writes to data files. Initiated in 1997, DSDP has developed into an efficient and robust general-purpose solver for semidefinite programming. Its features include a convergence proof with polynomially bounded worst-case complexity, primal and dual feasible solutions when they exist, certificates of infeasibility when solutions do not exist, initial points that can be feasible or infeasible, relatively low memory requirements for an interior-point method, sparse and lowrank data structures, extensibility that allows applications to customize the solver and improve its performance, a subroutine library that enables it to be linked to larger applications, scalable performance for large problems on parallel architectures, and a well-documented interface and examples of its use. The package has been used in many applications and tested for efficiency, robustness, and ease of use.
Au-In bonding below the eutectic temperature (1993)

A bonding method using Au-In alloy which requires a low process temperature of 200 degrees C to produce high temperature (454 degrees C) bonds is reported. Multiple layers of Au and In are deposited on semiconductor wafers in one vacuum cycle to reduce In oxidation. The semiconductor dice are then bonded to substrates coated with Au. Above 157 degrees C, the indium layer melts and dissolves the Au layers to form a mixture of liquid and solid. The solid-liquid interdiffusion process continues until the mixture solidifies to form the Au-In bond. A scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) was used to determine the excellent bonding quality before and after thermal shock tests while an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was employed to determine the composition of the resulting bonds. The resulting bond has an unbonding temperature greater than 545 degrees C. Due to the low process temperature, the stress on the bonded structure caused by thermal expansion mismatch is reduced. This type of bonding is useful when bonding at a low temperature is followed by a subsequent higher temperature process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Near-duplicate keyframe retrieval with visual keywords and semantic context (2007)

Near-duplicate keyframes (NDK) play a unique role in large-scale video search, news topic detection and tracking. In this paper, we propose a novel NDK retrieval approach by exploring both visual and textual cues from the visual vocabulary and semantic context respectively. The vocabulary, which provides entries for visual keywords, is formed by the clustering of local keypoints. The semantic context is inferred from the speech transcript surrounding a keyframe. We experiment the usefulness of visual keywords and semantic context, separately and jointly, using cosine similarity and language models. By linearly fusing both modalities, performance improvement is reported compared with the techniques with keypoint matching. While matching suffers from expensive computation due to the need of online nearest neighbor search, our approach is effective and efficient enough for online video search.
Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Protein Binding Affinity of New Water-Soluble Hetero- and Homometallic Tetranuclear [Cu<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>Zn<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>] and [Cu<sup>II</sup><sub>4</sub>] Clusters (2013)

Two new water-soluble hetero- and homometallic tetranuclear clusters, Na4[Cu2Zn2(ccdp)2(μ-OH)2]·CH3OH·6H2O (1) and K3[Cu4(ccdp)2(μ-OH)(μ-OH2)]·14H2O (2), have been synthesized in methanol-water at room temperature by exploiting the flexibility, chelating ability, and bridging potential of a carboxylate-rich dinucleating ligand, N,N'-bis(2-carboxybenzomethyl)-N,N'-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,3 diaminopropan-2-ol (H5ccdp). Complex 1 is obtained through the self-assembly of two monoanionic [CuZn(ccdp)](-)fragments, which are, in turn, exclusively bridged by two μ-OH(-)groups. Similarly, complex 2 is formed through the self-assembly of two monoanionic [Cu2(ccdp)](-) species exclusively bridged by one μ-OH(-) and one μ-OH2 groups. Complexes 1 and 2 are fully characterized in the solid state as well as in solution using various analytical techniques including a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 reveals that two Cu(II) centers are in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, whereas two Zn(II) centers are in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. The solid-state structure of 2 contains two dinuclear [Cu2(ccdp)](-) units having one Cu(II) center in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry and another Cu(II) center in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry within each dinuclear unit. In the powder state, the high-field EPR spectrum of complex 1 indicates that two Cu(II) ions are not spin-coupled, whereas that of complex 2 exhibits at least one noninteracting Cu(II) center coordinated to a nitrogen atom of the ligand. Both complexes are investigated for their binding affinity with the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) in an aqueous medium at pH ~7.2 using fluorescence spectroscopy. Synchronous fluorescence spectra clearly reveal that complexes 1 and 2 bind to the active sites in the protein, indicating that the effect is more pronounced toward tyrosine than tryptophan. Density functional theory calculations have been carried to find the Fukui functions at the metal sites in complexes 1 and 2 to predict the possible metal centers involved in the binding process with BSA protein.
A planar thermoelectric power generator for integration in wearable microsystems (2010)

A technique for IC-compatible fabrication of a planar (in-plane) thermoelectric (TE) power generator using a thermopile composed of n-type bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and p-type antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) thin-films is presented. The research demonstrates that the thermal co-evaporation of bismuth/antimony (Bi/Sb) and telluride (Te) is the most suitable deposition technique. The measurements showed TE performance properties of the deposited thin-films that are comparable to those reported for the same materials in the bulk form. The measurements showed absolute values of the Seebeck coefficient in the range 91–248 μV K−1, an electrical resistivity in the 7.6–39.1 μΩ m range and a thermal conduction between 1.3 and 1.8 W m−1 K−1. The best resulting figures-of-merit, ZT, at room temperatures were 0.97 and 0.56 (equivalent to power-factors, PF, of 4.87 × 10−3 and 2.8 × 10−3 W K−1 m−2) for the Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 thin-films, respectively. The IC-compatibility and the dependence of the TE performance on technological details, such as photolithography and wet etching used for patterning the thin-films have also been investigated. The converter dimensions for best performance were analysed and a prototype of a planar TE power generator was fabricated.
Depositional and diagenetic variability within the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone: Implications for carbon dioxide sequestration (2011)

The Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone is the major target reservoir for ongoing geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration demonstrations throughout the midwest United States. The potential CO2 reservoir capacity, reactivity, and ultimate fate of injected CO2 depend on textural and compositional properties determined by depositional and diagenetic histories that vary vertically and laterally across the formation. Effective and efficient prediction and use of the available pore space requires detailed knowledge of the depositional and diagenetic textures and mineralogy, how these variables control the petrophysical character of the reservoir, and how they vary spatially. Here, we summarize the reservoir characteristics of the Mount Simon Sandstone based on examination of geophysical logs, cores, cuttings, and analysis of more than 150 thin sections. These samples represent different parts of the formation and depth ranges of more than 9000 ft (2743 m) across the Illinois Basin and surrounding areas. This work demonstrates that overall reservoir quality and, specifically, porosity do not exhibit a simple relationship with depth, but vary both laterally and with depth because of changes in the primary depositional facies, framework composition (i.e., feldspar concentration), and diverse diagenetic modifications. Diagenetic processes that have been significant in modifying the reservoir include formation of iron oxide grain coatings, chemical compaction, feldspar precipitation and dissolution, multiple generations of quartz overgrowth cementation, clay mineral precipitation, and iron oxide cementation. These variables provide important inputs for calculating CO2 capacity potential, modeling reactivity, and are also an important baseline for comparisons after CO2 injection.
Inner-Shell Excitation Spectroscopy of <i>closo</i>-Carboranes (1997)

Oscillator strength spectra in the region of B 1s and C 1s excitation of three isomeric carborane cage compounds [closo-1,2-orthocarborane, closo-1,7-metacarborane, closo-1,12-paracarborane (C2B10H12)] have been derived from inner-shell electron energy loss spectra (ISEELS) recorded under electric dipole-scattering conditions. Total ion yield spectra recorded at high resolution with synchrotron radiation are also reported. The spectral features are assigned on the basis of comparisons with spectral predictions derived from the results of ab initio and semiempirical (extended Hückel) molecular orbital calculations. The isomeric and core level variations in the discrete core excitations are related to changes in orbital symmetries as well as variations in electron localization in these isomers. The ionization efficiency in the region of the B 1s and C 1s edges is derived.
Detecting phase transitions in supercritical mixtures: an enabling tool for greener chemical reactions (2010)

Detecting phase transitions in high-pressure CO 2 and supercritical fluids was first attempted in the nineteenth century. By contrast, Green Chemistry, the design and implementation of cleaner methods of manufacturing and processing chemicals, is barely 20 years old. Now, the use of CO 2 as an environmentally more acceptable replacement for traditional solvents for greener chemical reactions is creating the need for new, more rapid methods for elucidating high-pressure phase behaviour. This paper describes the advantages and limitations of a number of approaches, developed in Nottingham, to meet this need, including acoustic measurements, shear-mode quartz sensors, the fibre-optic reflectometer, the use of holey fibres, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and pressure drop measurements.
Automatic Calibration Procedure for a Robotic Manipulator Force Observer (2006)

In this paper, we propose a method for self-calibration of a robotic manipulator force observer, which fuses information from force sensors and accelerometers in order to estimate the contact force exerted by a manipulator to its environment, by means of active motion. In robotic operation, during contact transition accelerometers and force sensors play a very important role and serve to overcome many of the difficulties of uncertain world models and unknown environments, limiting the domain of application of current robots used without external sensory provided. The calibration procedure helps to improve the performance as well as enhanced stability and robustness for the transition phase. A variety of accelerometers were used to validate the procedure. A dynamic model of the robot-grinding tool using the new sensors was obtained by system identification. An impedance control scheme was proposed to verify the improvement. The experiments were carried out on an ABB industrial robot with open control system architecture.
A new amino acid racemase with threonine alpha-epimerase activity from Pseudomonas putida: purification and characterization (1993)

We have found that Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17642 cells grown in a medium containing D-threonine as the sole nitrogen source produce an enzyme that catalyzes epimerization of threonine. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the enzyme reaction in deuterium oxide clearly showed epimerization from L- to D-allo-threonine and also from D- to L-allo-threonine. This is the first example of an enzyme that was clearly shown to epimerize threonine. The enzyme has been purified to homogeneity, which was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 82,000 and consists of two subunits identical in molecular weight (about 41,000). The enzyme contains 1 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mol of subunit as a cofactor, and its absorption spectrum exhibits absorption maxima at 280 and 420 nm. The enzyme catalyzes not only epimerization of threonine by stereoconversion at the alpha position but also racemization of various amino acids, except acidic and aromatic amino acids. The enzyme is similar to amino acid racemase with low substrate specificity (EC 5.1.1.10) in enzymological properties but is distinct from it in the action on threonine.
Non-Alignment Fingerprint Matching Based on Local and Global Information (2006)

This paper proposes a novel triangle descriptor taking advantage of global orientation and local triangle structure information for fingerprint representation . The representation allows the derivation of a fixed-size feature vector with which we can reliably achieve corresponding triangles that is invariant to the rotation and translation of the fingerprint. With these corresponding triangles as seeds, we develop a non-alignment fingerprint matching scheme based on triangular framework. Experimental results show that the proposed method performs better than other approaches.
Compact antenna test range without reflector edge treatment and RF anechoic chamber (2004)

There are several types of CATRs (compact antenna test ranges) used in antenna-pattern measurements. An offset reflector is generally used to generate the quiet zone of a CATR. Serrated edges, rolled edges, or R-cards are generally chosen along the reflector's edge to reduce the edge-diffraction field inside the quiet zone of the CATR. In order to reduce stray signals from the environment, a high-quality RF anechoic chamber is required for a CATR. In this paper, a new type of CATR, without either a reflector edge treatment or an RF anechoic chamber, is developed. A commercially available DBS (direct-broadcast satellite) reflector antenna, without edge treatment, is used as the reflector antenna of the CATR to generate the quiet zone of the antenna test range. In order to improve the quiet zone's performance, the fields due to feed spillover, edge diffractions, and other stray signals are gated out by the ITDAMS (impulse time-domain antenna measurement system). The RF interference in the environment can also be reduced by time synchronization and pulse integration of the impulse time-domain antenna measurement system. In order to verify the capabilities of the proposed CATR, three kinds of antennas (a low-directivity horn antenna, a high-directivity 60 cm direct-broadcast satellite reflector antenna, and a 25 cm Ka-band Cassegrain LMDS - local microwave distribution system - antenna) were measured by the proposed CATR. The antenna-pattern results agreed quite well with those of a near-field range and a far-field range.
The role of inertial cavitation in acoustic droplet vaporization (2009)

The vaporization of a superheated droplet emulsion into gas bubbles using ultrasound--termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV)--has potential therapeutic applications in embolotherapy and drug delivery. The optimization of ADV for therapeutic applications can be enhanced by understanding the physical mechanisms underlying ADV, which are currently not clearly elucidated. Acoustic cavitation is one possible mechanism. This paper investigates the relationship between ADV and inertial cavitation (IC) thresholds (measured as peak rarefactional pressures) by studying parameters that are known to influence the IC threshold. These parameters include bulk fluid properties such as gas saturation, temperature, viscosity, and surface tension; droplet parameters such as degree of superheat, surfactant type, and size; and acoustic properties such as pulse repetition frequency and pulse width. In all cases the ADV threshold occurred at a lower rarefactional pressure than the IC threshold, indicating that the phase transition occurs before IC events. The viscosity and temperature of the bulk fluid are shown to influence both thresholds directly and inversely, respectively. An inverse trend is observed between threshold and diameter for droplets in the 1 to 2.5 microm range. Based on a choice of experimental parameters, it is possible to achieve ADV with or without IC.
Glucose Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase in Intact Cells of <i>Escherichia coli</i> B (1974)

Previous studies in E. coli B have demonstrated an inverse correlation between the presence of glucose in the medium and the accumulation of cyclic AMP in the medium. This observation could not be explained by the action of glucose as a repressor of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) synthesis, as a stabilizer of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) activity, or as a direct inhibitor of adenylate cyclase activity in cell-free preparations. The recent development of an in vivo assay for adenylate cyclase has provided a basis for further exploring the inhibitory action of glucose in intact cells. With this assay it has been possible to show that, while glucose does not affect adenylate cyclase in vitro, it rapidly inhibits the enzyme activity in intact cells. Extensive metabolism of glucose is not required, since alpha-methylglucoside also inhibits adenylate cyclase in vivo. When cells are grown on glucose as carbon source, some sugars (mannose, glucosamine) substitute for glucose as adenylate cyclase inhibitors while others (e.g., fructose) do not. Dose-response studies indicate that low concentrations of glucose lead to essentially complete inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity while only moderately decreasing intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations. The evidence presented suggests that the decreased cellular cyclic AMP levels resulting from glucose addition can be accounted for by inhibition of adenylate cyclase without any significant effect on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase or the transport of cyclic AMP from the cells to the medium.