gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Red blood cell deformability as a predictor of anemia in severe falciparum malaria. (1999)

Decreased erythropoiesis and increased clearance of both parasitized and noninfected erythrocytes both contribute to the pathogenesis of anemia in falciparum malaria. Erythrocytes with reduced deformability are more likely to be cleared from the circulation by the spleen, a process that is augmented in acute malaria. Using a laser diffraction technique, we measured red blood cell (RBC) deformability over a range of shear stresses and related this to the severity of anemia in 36 adults with severe falciparum malaria. The RBC deformability at a high shear stress of 30 Pa, similar to that encountered in the splenic sinusoids, showed a significant positive correlation with the nadir in hemoglobin concentration during hospitalization (r = 0.49, P < 0.002). Exclusion of five patients with microcytic anemia strengthened this relationship (r = 0.64, P < 0.001). Reduction in RBC deformability resulted mainly from changes in unparasitized erythrocytes. Reduced deformability of uninfected erythrocytes at high shear stresses and subsequent splenic removal of these cells may be an important contributor to the anemia of severe malaria.
TranslationRecall: A web-based translation toolset (2014)

Towards the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community, there is a need to develop translation of documents among languages in those AEC countries. While it is hard to create a machine translation engine that can perfectly translates a source language (Thai) to a target language (English), as a more manual method the Translation Memory-based method just provides a translation of an input text by listing the translations of sentences that are similar to that input text. In this work, we propose a method to combine the fully automatic machine translation approach and the Translation Memory-based approach. Our proposed computer-assisted translation system retrieves the translation pairs which are similar to the current input and then flexibly modifies some parts in the translations using a dictionary or translations in a corpus. The system we have constructed is comprised of various tools that each has its own specialty function including GIZA++, Lucene, and MongoDB in which each tool's functions in the system are provided. We also show the overall components, process, and the techniques we use in our system.
Impaired proteolysis underlies autophagic dysfunction in Niemann–Pick type C disease (2012)

Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a childhood onset neurodegenerative disorder arising from lipid-trafficking defects caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Marked accumulation of autophagosomes is a prominent feature of NPC cells, yet a detailed understanding of the disease-associated alterations in autophagy and their role in pathogenesis has been lacking. Prior studies have shown that lipid storage in NPC disease induces autophagy. Here, we additionally show that the clearance of autophagosomes in NPC1 deficiency is impaired due to inhibition of lysosomal protease activity by stored lipids. We also demonstrate that the autophagic pathway is a source of stored cholesterol in the NPC lysosome, thus creating a positive feedback loop wherein autophagy induction exacerbates the disease via increased lipid storage. Inhibition of autophagy reduces cholesterol storage and restores normal lysosomal proteolysis in NPC1-deficient cells, supporting a model in which activation of the autophagic pathway promotes disease pathogenesis.
<i>In Vivo</i> Excitotoxicity Induced by Ouabain, a Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase Inhibitor (2003)

The susceptibility of immature rat brain to neurotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) has provided a widely used paradigm to study excitotoxicity relevant to acute neurodegenerative diseases such as cerebral ischemia. In this study, excitotoxicity was induced via injection of ouabain (1 mM/0.5 microL), a Na+/K+ -ATPase-inhibitor, into neonatal rat brain and compared with NMDA injection. The aim of the study was to induce excitotoxicity secondary to cellular membrane depolarization, thereby more closely mimicking the pathophysiologic processes of ischemia-induced brain injury where NMDA-receptor overstimulation by glutamate follows, not precedes, membrane depolarization. Na+/K+ -ATPase-inhibition caused an acute, 40% +/- 8% decrease of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water, as measured using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and resulted in infarctlike lesions as measured using T2-weighted MRI and histology up to 2 weeks later. Localized one- and two-dimensional 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) demonstrated that the early excitotoxic diffusion changes were not accompanied by an overall metabolic disturbance. Furthermore, 31P-MRS demonstrated that energy depletion is not a prerequisite for ADC decrease or excitotoxic cell death. Treatment with the NMDA-antagonist MK-801 (1 mg/kg) attenuated the volume of tissue exhibiting a decreased ADC (P < 0.005), demonstrating that the ouabain-induced injury is indeed excitotoxic in nature. The authors argue that, compared with NMDA-injection, ouabain-induced excitotoxicity elicits more appropriate glutamate-receptor overstimulation and is better suited to detect relevant neuroprotection in that it is more sensitive to attenuation of synaptic glutamate levels.
Unsupervised spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral imagery using real and complex features and generalized histograms (2008)

In this work, we study unsupervised classification algorithms for hyperspectral images based on band-by-band scalar histograms and vector-valued generalized histograms, obtained by vector quantization. The corresponding histograms are compared by dissimilarity metrics such as the chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnorv, and earth mover's distances. The histograms are constructed from homogeneous regions in the images identified by a pre-segmentation algorithm and distance metrics between pixels. We compare the traditional spectral-only segmentation algorithms C-means and ISODATA, versus spectral-spatial segmentation algorithms such as unsupervised ECHO and a novel segmentation algorithm based on scale-space concepts. We also evaluate the use of complex features consisting of the real spectrum and its derivative as the imaginary part. The comparison between the different segmentation algorithms and distance metrics is based on their unsupervised classification accuracy using three real hyperspectral images with known ground truth.
Human phagocyte interactions with the Lyme disease spirochete (1984)

The interaction between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes and the Lyme disease spirochete was investigated by incubating phagocytes with microorganisms adherent to plastic or glass surfaces. Both cell populations readily phagocytized and killed spirochetes, and antibodies facilitated but were not essential for phagocytosis.
Improvements in Environmental Quality and Animal Productivity with Advanced Manure Treatment (2008)

To be permitted, new swine waste management systems in North Carolina need to meet the strict performance standards of an environmentally superior technology (EST). These technologies must be able to substantially remove nutrients, heavy metals, emissions of ammonia, odors, and pathogens. Our objective was to demonstrate, at full-scale, a second generation treatment system for swine waste that can achieve the high treatment performance standards of an EST, yet it is four times more economical than earlier versions. The system combines solid-liquid separation, biological ammonia treatment, and phosphorus removal and produces a deodorized and disinfected liquid effluent. The second generation system was installed full-scale in a 5,150-head finishing swine operation and demonstrated under steady-state conditions and cold and warm weather. The system removed 98% of the suspended solids, 100% of biological oxygen demand, 97% of the ammonia, 94% of the phosphorus, 99% of the copper and zinc, 99.9% of the odor compounds, and reduced pathogens 4-logs (99.99%). Ammonia concentration in the air of the barns was significantly reduced, and animal health and productivity were enhanced. Compared to the traditional lagoon management, the animal mortality decreased 57%, the rate of daily weight gain increased 11%, and the rate of feed conversion into meat improved 5.4% with the new manure management system. These findings showed that two or more simple processes can be combined into a practical system to achieve the strict EST performance standards and that these cleaner technologies can have significantly positive impacts on animal productivity and the environment.
A Note On Bacteriocine Typing Techniques (1969)

SUMMARY Strains of Pseudomonas pyocyanea and Shigella sonnei were tested for bacteriocine production both by the normal method and by a modification of it in which the producer strains were inoculated on to cellulose acetate membranes that had been placed on the surface of the culture medium. In only43.7 per cent, of 379 strains of Ps.pyocyanea were the results identical by the two methods.A higher correlation was noted in the case of Sh. sonnei and only 6 out of 89 strains of thisspecies gave different results by the two methods. We cannot recommend the use of cellulose acetate membranes in these bacteriocine typing techniques.
Structural and compositional control of the output wavelength of very high power 0.98 mu m GaInAs lasers for pumping fiber amplifiers (1991)

The authors report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of high-power strained-layer (SL) InGaAs single-quantum-well (SQW) lasers. The lasers emit a 0.980+or-0.002 mu m. They deliver over 100 mW CW optical power at room temperature in a stable single lateral mode with a beam divergence of 15 approximately=20 degrees . The maximum CW output power measured is 265 mW. The lasers have been successfully used as pump sources for an erbium-doped fiber amplifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Surface-Related Drain Current Dispersion Effects in AlGaN–GaN HEMTs (2004)

Drain current dispersion effects are investigated in AlGaN-GaN HEMTs by means of pulsed, transient, and small-signal measurements. Gate- and drain-lag effects characterized by time constants in the order of 10/sup -5/-10/sup -4/ s cause dispersion between dc and pulsed output characteristics when the gate or the drain voltage are pulsed. An activation energy of 0.3 eV is extracted from temperature-dependent gate-lag measurements. We show that two-dimensional numerical device simulations accounting only for polarization charges and donor-like traps at the ungated AlGaN surface can quantitatively reproduce all dispersion effects observed experimentally in the different pulsing modes, provided that the measured activation energy is adopted as the energetic distance of surface traps from the valence-band edge. Within this hypothesis, simulations show that surface traps behave as hole traps during transients, interacting with holes attracted at the AlGaN surface by the negative polarization charge.
Subject-specific modelling of pneumoperitoneum: model implementation, validation and human feasibility assessment (2019)

Simulation of pneumoperitoneum provides an accurate subject-specific 3D model of the inflated abdomen, which is a more realistic representation of the intraoperative scenario when compared to preoperative imaging alone. The simulation results in a stable and interactive framework that performs in real time, and supports patient-specific data, which can assist in surgical planning.
Designing an implant by CT scanning and solid modelling. Arthrodesis of the shoulder after excision of the upper humerus (1986)

Techniques are described by which metal implants can be designed and produced to fit precisely a bony site at a subsequent operation. CT scans and solid modelling were used to produce an accurate three-dimensional representation of the surface of the bone. These techniques were applied to the production of an internal fixation device for shoulder arthrodesis after the resection of a neoplasm of the proximal humerus. The reconstruction utilised a free vascularised fibular graft between the scapula and the distal humeral remnant, fixation being secured with the custom-made implant.
Genetic and phenotypic characterization of <i>cop</i>1 mutants of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1992)

Summary Ten Arabidopsis lines that carry recessive mutations in the cop 1 (constitutively photomorphogenic) locus have been isolated. These lines define at least four different alleles. All of the mutant lines produce dark‐grown seedlings that mimic wild‐type seedlings grown in the light. The phenotype of the dark‐grown mutant seedlings includes: short hypocotyls, open and enlarged cotyledons, accumulation of anthocyanin, cell‐type differentiation and chloroplast‐like plastid differentiation in cotyledons. Moreover, in more prolonged dark‐growth periods the mutants exhibit true leaf development that parallels that in light‐grown siblings. The four mutant alleles represent two types of mutations: three alleles ( cop 1‐1, cop 1‐2, and cop 1‐3) have severely affected phenotypes whereas one allele ( cop 1‐4) has a less severe phenotype. Compared to the severe alleles, the cop 1‐4 mutant has slightly longer hypocotyls in dark‐grown seedlings and does not accumulate abnormal levels of anthocyanin. The cop 1–1/ cop 1‐4 hybrid seedlings are intermediate in many physiological properties under both dark‐ and light‐growth conditions, relative to the two parents. These results may suggest that the extent of residual cop 1 gene activity in the mutants dictates the degree to which the aberrant plant phenotype is expressed. Analysis of plants carrying both cop 1 and hy , a mutation that results in a deficiency of active phyto‐chrome, suggests that the cop 1 gene product acts downstream of phytochrome. The differentiation of chloroplasts in the roots of light‐grown cop 1 plants but not in wild‐type plants suggests that the wild‐type cop 1 gene product also normally plays a role in suppressing chloroplast development in the roots of light‐grown plants. To aid the eventual molecular cloning of the cop 1 locus, its chromosomal location has been mapped and a molecular marker that is located about 1 centimorgan away from the cop 1 locus obtained.
Investigation of the III-V oxidation process for the fabrication of sub-micron three dimensional photonic devices (2006)

The lateral oxidation of epitaxially grown Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>As layers is investigated in an open-chamber system based on a conventional horizontal tube furnace, and in a closed-chamber system. The oxidation is selective and depends on the Al content, process temperature, and process time. The process is characterized as a function of these parameters. The closed chamber system provides faster oxidation with superior control, repeatability and uniformity of the oxidation extent as compared to the open-chamber system. Based on these investigations of the oxidation reaction, we propose a unique method for realizing 3D photonic crystals in GaAs/AlGaAs-based material.
Social potentials for scalable multi-robot formations (2002)

Potential function approaches to robot navigation provide an elegant paradigm for expressing multiple constraints and goals in mobile robot navigation problems. As an example, a simple reactive navigation strategy can be generated by combining repulsion from obstacles with attraction to a goal. Advantages of this approach can also be extended to multirobot teams. In this paper we present a new class of potential functions for multiple robots that enables homogeneous large-scale robot teams to arrange themselves in geometric formations while navigating to a goal location through an obstacle field. The approach is inspired by the way molecules "snap" into place as they form crystals; the robots are drawn to particular "attachment sites" positioned with respect to other robots. We refer to these potential functions as "social potentials" because they are constructed with respect to other agents. Initial results, generated in simulation, illustrate the viability of the approach.
Deep Learning for Emotion Recognition on Small Datasets using Transfer Learning (2015)

This paper presents the techniques employed in our team's submissions to the 2015 Emotion Recognition in the Wild contest, for the sub-challenge of Static Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild. The objective of this sub-challenge is to classify the emotions expressed by the primary human subject in static images extracted from movies. We follow a transfer learning approach for deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures. Starting from a network pre-trained on the generic ImageNet dataset, we perform supervised fine-tuning on the network in a two-stage process, first on datasets relevant to facial expressions, followed by the contest's dataset. Experimental results show that this cascading fine-tuning approach achieves better results, compared to a single stage fine-tuning with the combined datasets. Our best submission exhibited an overall accuracy of 48.5% in the validation set and 55.6% in the test set, which compares favorably to the respective 35.96% and 39.13% of the challenge baseline.
Liposomal membranes. XVIII. Interaction of spermicidal agents with liposomal membranes. (1983)

The release of a water soluble material, carboxyfluorescein (CF), from the interior of liposomes induced by several spermicidal agents, nonionic surfactants (TS-88, INP-90, and NOP-90), has been investigated. The efficiency of the agents for CF-release was significantly correlated with that for the inhibition of fertilizing ability of sea urchin sperm (p<0.01). On the other hand, it was also found that these nonionic surfactants promote the aggregation of liposomes at a concentration just below the cmc. The efficiency and the minimum concentration able to induce both CF-release and the aggregation of liposomes were closely related with not only the hydrophobicity but also the geometry of the hydrophobic moiety of the surfactant.
MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. (2004)

To investigate the remodelling of cartilage ECM proteins, the evaluation of synovial fluid concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 is more reliable than that determined in serum. In view of these data, MMPs inhibitors might represent a possible target for new therapies delivered directly in the joint space.
Jupiter Scleral Lenses in the Management of Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (2008)

Jupiter scleral lenses can relieve symptoms of KCS and may improve vision in patients with cGVHD.
Electrochemical Behavior of High Purity Aluminum in Chloride Containing Solutions (1971)

The electrochemical behavior of high purity aluminum has been studied to clarify the corrosion behavior of the metal when exposed to oxygen free and oxygen saturated saline solutions of varying pH. The mixed or corrosion potential, EM, of the electropolished high purity aluminum decreases as the pH is increased except in the intermediate pH range (4 to 8) where EM increases. A local maximum in the corrosion potential curve as a function of pH is thus observed. The potentiostatic polarization data and controlled potential weight loss data obtained at pH 4.0 suggest that the rate of dissolution of high purity aluminum is independent of electrode potential over a fairly wide range, relatively insensitive to the presence of dissolved oxygen in the electrolyte, and highly sensitive to changes in pH. Based on the potentiostatic data, a corrosion diagram believed to be approximately valid from pH 0 to pH 14 has been constructed. The corrosion diagram is consistent with the observed relation between EM and pH, and also yields estimates of the rate of dissolution of aluminum as a function of pH. The rate of dissolution of high purity aluminum increases slightly between pH 0 and 4, decreases between pH 4 and 8, and increases from pH 8 to 14. The minimum at pH 8 may be the point at which the rate of formation of aluminum hydroxide on the electrode surface equals the rate of formation of the aluminate ion.
The influence of quaternary electron blocking layer on the performance characteristics of intracavity-contacted oxide-confined InGaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (2015)

The effect of electron blocking layer (EBL) on the performance characteristics of InGaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) was numerically investigated using an integrated system engineering technical computer aided design (ISE TCAD) simulation program. Simulation results indicated that the performance characteristics of InGaN quantum well VCSEL were improved by the ternary [Formula: see text] EBL. Better performance was also obtained when [Formula: see text] EBL was replaced by a polarization-matched [Formula: see text] EBL having the same energy bandgap. The quaternary EBL enhances the output power and differential quantum efficiency (DQE) as well as reduces the threshold current compared with the ternary EBL. Enhancement in the value of the optical intensity was also observed in the VCSEL structure with quaternary EBL. Furthermore, the effect of Al composition of AlInGaN EBL on the performance of InGaN-based VCSEL structure that uses the quaternary AlInGaN EBL was studied. In mole fraction was 0.115, Al mole fraction changed from 0.260 to 0.290 by step 0.005, and optimum performance was achieved in 0.275 Al mole fraction of AlInGaN EBL.
Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in lattice-matched (Cd,Zn)O/(Mg,Zn)O multiquantum wells (2000)

Time-resolved photoluminescence studies have been performed on (Cd,Zn)O/(Mg,Zn)O multiquantum wells, which are almost perfectly lattice matched (0.034%), grown by laser molecular-beam epitaxy on a ScAlMgO4 substrate. Radiative recombination of excitons in the wells exhibits a significant spectral distribution of times. This distribution was interpreted in terms of localization of excitons by potential fluctuations due to alloy disorder and to well width and depth variations. The temperature dependence of the radiative lifetime of excitons was deduced from the measurement of both the photoluminescence decay time and intensity. We found that the radiative lifetime increases linearly with temperature, showing a two-dimensional feature of excitons in the quantum wells.
Post Retort, Pre Hydro-treat Upgrading of Shale Oil (2012)

Various oil feedstocks, including oil from oil shale, bitumen from tar sands, heavy oil, and refin- ery streams were reacted with the alkali metals lithium or sodium in the presence of hydrogen or methane at elevated temperature and pressure in a reactor. The products were liquids with sub- stantially reduced metals, sulfur and nitrogen content. The API gravity typically increased. Sodi- um was found to be more effective than lithium in effectiveness. The solids formed when sodium was utilized contained sodium sulfide which could be regenerated electrochemically back to so- dium and a sulfur product using a "Nasicon", sodium ion conducting membrane. In addition, the process was found to be effective reducing total acid number (TAN) to zero, dramatically reduc- ing the asphaltene content and vacuum residual fraction in the product liquid. The process has promise as a means of eliminating sulfur oxide and carbon monoxide emissions. The process al- so opens the possibility of eliminating the coking process from upgrading schemes and upgrad- ing without using hydrogen.