gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cyclic variations during mode switching between spark ignition and controlled auto-ignition combustion operations (2014)

Controlled auto-ignition, also known as homogeneous charge compression ignition, has been the subject of extensive research because of their ability to provide simultaneous reductions in fuel consumption and NOx emissions from a gasoline engine. However, due to its limited operation range, switching between controlled auto-ignition and spark ignition combustion is needed to cover the complete operating range of a gasoline engine for passenger car applications. Previous research has shown that the spark ignition –controlled auto-ignition hybrid combustion (SCHC) has the potential to control the ignition timing and heat release process during the mode transition operations. However, it was found that the SCHC is often characterized with large cycle-to-cycle variations. The cyclic variations in the in-cylinder pressure are particularly noticeable in terms of both their peak values and timings while the coefficient of variation in the indicated mean effective pressure is much less. In this work, the cyclic variations in SCHC operations were analyzed by means of in-cylinder pressure and heat release analysis in a single-cylinder gasoline engine equipped with Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) systems. First, characteristics of the in-cylinder pressure traces during the spark ignition–controlled auto-ignition hybrid combustion operation are presented and their heat release processes analyzed. In order to clarify the contribution to heat release and cyclic variation in SCHC, a new method is introduced to identify the occurrence of auto-ignition combustion and its subsequent heat release process. Based on the new method developed, the characteristics of cyclic variations in the maximum rate of pressure rise and different stages of heat release process have been analyzed and discussed.
Comparison of Heating Methods for In-situ Oil Shale Extraction (2013)

Oil shales are lamellar, non-porous, impermeable hydrocarbon bearing rocks that contain organic matter called kerogen which, when heated at pyrolysis temperature of approximately 650-700 oF, thermo-chemically decomposes to liberate hydrocarbons. They are at the base of the resource triangle because cutting edge technology and higher fuel prices are required to economically produce them. Technologies for oil shale production include surface and in-situ retorting. This study focusses on in-situ oil shale production methodologies. The process of heating oil shale to the pyrolysis temperature can be achieved by direct or indirect heating. Direct heating geometries include the Shell in-situ conversion process (ICP) using downhole electric heaters in vertical holes and the ExxonMobil approach using longitudinal vertical fractures created from horizontal wells and propped with electrically conductive material such as calcined coke. Indirect heating approaches propose injection and circulation of steam or a non-condensable gas like CO2. These include the Chevron concept of creating horizontal fractures in vertical wells or the Texas A&M concept using multiple vertical transverse fractures penetrated by horizontal wells. The objective of this paper is to compare energy and recovery efficiency of various in-situ retorting technologies using different heating schemes and well configurations as mentioned above. Thermo-physical parameters like thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, porosity, permeability needed for the numerical simulation have been obtained by extensive literature survey of various oil shale deposits in Green river formation of USA. A sensitivity analysis of direct heating pattern and spacing reproduces previous work. Then the validated model is used to evaluate the size and fracture spacing sufficient to heat the oil shale in the direct and indirect heating approaches and to compare pressurized hot fluid circulation to heating elements. The use of the same wells for both heating and hydrocarbon production offer an economic edge for indirect heating approaches.
Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated DNA Damage (2005)

Rat intestinal epithelial cells that express the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene permanently (RIES cells) were used as a model of in vivo oxidative stress. A targeted lipidomics approach showed that 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) was the major hydroxylated non-esterified lipid formed in unstimulated intact cells. The corresponding hydroperoxide, 15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HPETE) undergoes homolytic decomposition to the DNA-reactive bifunctional electrophile 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, a precursor of heptanone-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine. This etheno adduct was identified in the DNA of RIES cells. A dose-dependent increase in adduct levels was observed in the presence of vitamin C. This suggested that vitamin C increased lipid hydroperoxide-mediated 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal formation in the cells. The selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 was protective against cellular DNA damage but was less effective if vitamin C was present. Prostaglandin E(2) and 15(S)-HETE biosynthesis were completely inhibited by 110 mum NS-398 in the intact RIES cells. No inhibition of COX-1 was detected in the wild-type RIE cells at this concentration of NS-398. Arachidonic acid treatment of RIES cell lysates and ionophore stimulation of intact RIES cells produced significantly more 15(R)-HETE than the untreated intact cells. These preparations also both produced 11(R)-HETE, which was not detected in the intact cells. Aspirin treatment of the intact unstimulated RIES cells resulted in the exclusive formation of 15(R)-HETE in amounts that were slightly higher than the original 15(S)-HETE observed in the absence of aspirin, implying that significant amounts of 15(R)-HPETE had also been formed. 15(R)-HPETE should give exactly the same amount of heptanone-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine as its 15(S)-enantiomer. However, no increase in heptanone-etheno adduct formation occurred in the aspirin-treated cells. The present study suggests a potential mechanism of tumorigenesis that involves DNA adduct formation from COX-2-mediated lipid peroxidation rather than prostaglandin formation. Therefore, inhibition of COX-2-mediated lipid hydroperoxide formation offers a potential therapeutic alternative to COX-2 inhibitors in chemoprevention strategies.
Collaborative extremum seeking for welfare optimization (2014)

This paper addresses a distributed, model-free optimization problem in the context of multi-agent systems. The set-up comprises of a fixed number of agents, each of which can pick an action and receive/measure a private utility function that can depend on the collective actions taken by all agents. The exact functional form (or model) of the agent utility functions is unknown, and an agent can only measure the numeric value of its utility. The objective of the multi-agent system is to optimize the welfare function (i.e. sum of the individual utility functions). A model-free, distributed, on-line learning algorithm is developed that achieves this objective. The proposed solution requires information exchange between the agents over an undirected, connected communication graph, and is based on ideas from extremum seeking control. A result on local convergence of the proposed algorithm to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of a local minimizer of the welfare function is proved. Application of the solution to distributed control of wind turbines for maximizing wind farm-level power capture is explored via numerical simulations. Also included is a novel analysis of a dynamic average consensus algorithm that may be of independent interest.
Structural and electrical quality of the high-<i>k</i> dielectric Y2O3 on Si (001): Dependence on growth parameters (2002)

Thin films of the high-k dielectric Y2O3 are grown on Si (001) substrates by e-beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), aiming at correlating structural quality with electrical behavior. Films grown at high temperature of ∼450 °C have reproducibly good epitaxial crystalline quality although they exhibit poor electrical behavior. The best electrical properties are measured in films grown at a low to intermediate temperature range around 200 °C, although these films have inferior structural quality, exhibiting texturing or polycrystallinity. A possible explanation for the observed low leakage current (∼10−6 A/cm2 at +1 V) in these films is the presence of a thick (15–20 Å) and uniform interfacial amorphous layer typically formed during growth because of the oxidation of the silicon substrate. This layer is significantly reduced in samples grown at high temperature, while it almost disappears after in situ annealing to 650 °C in UHV, producing sharp interfaces and very good, stoichiometric crystalline Y2O3 epitaxial layers.
Limits to sensitivity in laser enhanced ionization (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReportNEXTLimits to sensitivity in laser enhanced ionizationJ. C. Travis Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1982, 59, 11, 909Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1982Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 November 1982Published inissue 1 November 1982https://doi.org/10.1021/ed059p909RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views132Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (4 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A New Whole-body Exposure Chamber for Human Skin and Lung Challenge Experiments—the Generation of Wheat Flour Aerosols (1998)

A new whole-body exposure chamber for human skin and lung challenge offers possibilities for experimental exposure challenges carried out in clinical practice, for exposure of patients, in research and for investigations of the effects of exposure on the skin and in the respiratory tract. The chamber system can be used for both aerosols and gases. Dynamically controlled, the chamber is relatively easy to operate and to clean. Air exchange rates can be varied between 6-12/h. Initial studies with wheat flour have been carried out. The homogeneity and stability of the wheat flour aerosol concentration (the spatial and the temporal variation) inside the chamber can be kept at acceptable levels.
SALP, a new single-stranded DNA library preparation method especially useful for the high-throughput characterization of chromatin openness states (2018)

After publication of the original article [1] the authors noted that the additional files had not been uploaded correctly.
The adenovirus E4 17-kilodalton protein complexes with the cellular transcription factor E2F, altering its DNA-binding properties and stimulating E1A-independent accumulation of E2 mRNA (1990)

E2F is a cellular DNA-binding factor. Its binding activity is changed within adenovirus-infected cells so that it binds cooperatively to pairs of properly spaced and oriented E2F recognition sites. In the work described in this report, the conversion to cooperative binding was shown to require the adenovirus E4 17-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide. Mutant viruses carrying alterations within the E4 17-kDa coding region failed to generate the infection-specific, cooperatively binding form of E2F. It was possible to alter E2F from uninfected cells so that it bound cooperatively by incubation with a partially purified fraction obtained from infected cells. The E4 17-kDa protein copurified with this activity and was also found to be present in a complex containing E2F. Consistent with its ability to alter the binding of E2F to its recognition sites within the E2 promoter, the E4 17-kDa polypeptide contributed to maximal expression of E2 mRNAs in some cell types. Its ability to enhance E2 transcription did not require expression of the E1A transactivator protein. These results are consistent with a model which proposes that the E4 17-kDa polypeptide binds to the cellular E2F factor, altering its binding behavior and thereby enhancing its ability to stimulate transcription.
Parameter Hub: High Performance Parameter Servers for Efficient Distributed Deep Neural Network Training. (2018)

Most work in the deep learning systems community has focused on faster inference, but arriving at a trained model requires lengthy experiments. Accelerating training lets developers iterate faster and come up with better models. DNN training is often seen as a compute-bound problem, best done in a single large compute node with many GPUs. As DNNs get bigger, training requires going distributed. Distributed deep neural network (DDNN) training constitutes an important workload on the cloud. Larger DNN models and faster compute engines shift training performance bottleneck from computation to communication. Our experiments show existing DNN training frameworks do not scale in a typical cloud environment due to insufficient bandwidth and inefficient parameter server software stacks. We propose PHub, a high performance parameter server (PS) software design that provides an optimized network stack and a streamlined gradient processing pipeline to benefit common PS setups, and PBox, a balanced, scalable central PS hardware that fully utilizes PHub capabilities. We show that in a typical cloud environment, PHub can achieve up to 3.8x speedup over state-of-theart designs when training ImageNet. We discuss future directions of integrating PHub with programmable switches for in-network aggregation during training, leveraging the datacenter network topology to reduce bandwidth usage and localize data movement.
Transgenic alteration of sow milk to improve piglet growth and health. (2001)

There are many potential applications of transgenic methodologies for developing new and improved strains of livestock. One practical application of transgenic technology in pig production is to improve milk production or composition. The first week after parturition is the period of greatest loss for pig producers, with highest morbidity and mortality attributed to malnutrition and scours. Despite the benefits to be gained by improving lactation performance, little progress has been made in this area through genetic selection or nutrition. Transgenic technology provides an important tool for addressing the problem of low milk production and its detrimental impact on pig production. Transgenic pigs over-expressing the milk protein bovine alpha-lactalbumin were developed. alpha-Lactalbumin was selected for its role in lactose synthesis and regulation of milk volume. Sows hemizygous for the transgene produced as much as 0.9 g bovine alpha-lactalbumin l-1 pig milk. The outcomes assessed were milk composition, milk yield and piglet growth. First parity alpha-lactalbumin gilts had higher milk lactose content in early lactation and 20-50% greater milk yield on days 3-9 of lactation than did non-transgenic gilts. Weight gain of piglets suckling alpha-lactalbumin gilts was greater (days 7-21 after parturition) than that of control piglets. Thus, transgenic over-expression of milk proteins may provide a means for improving the lactation performance of pigs.
A molecular dynamics study of the thermal conductivity of CaF<sub>2</sub>and UO<sub>2</sub> (1991)

Previous experimental work has revealed an anomalous increase of thermal conductivity lambda in solid UO2 above about 2000 K, which has been attributed to the effect of electronic excitations. The present molecular dynamics simulations of UO2 and the closely related material CaF2 are designed to test this explanation by providing quantitative results for the temperature dependence of lambda in the absence of electronic excitations. The simulation results for lambda , obtained by the Green-Kubo technique, are in fair agreement with the (limited) experimental results for CaF2. For UO2, close agreement with experiment exists for T<2000 K, but there is a large discrepancy for higher temperatures. This confirms the existence of an additional heat conduction mechanism in UO2 at high temperatures.
The Cultivation of Upper-Class Otium: Two Aquileian "Oratory" Pavements Reconsidered (2002)

Fourth-century mosaic pavements in domestic settings in Aquileia, the capital of the Tenth Augustan Region of Italy, can quite plausibly be interpreted as secular. In certain houses from the town, individual rooms with mosaic pavements have been identified as oratories or private domestic chapels solely on the basis of those pavements. In a profane context, however, the mosaics' essentially neutral imagery could be defined as secular Greco-Roman idyllic genre. These images' particular frequency in fourth-century private domestic art must also have been partly connected to a widespread and quite intense cultivation of otium by the upper classes.
Brain stem mechanisms underlying acupuncture modality-related modulation of cardiovascular responses in rats (2005)

The present study was designed to investigate brain stem responses to manual acupuncture (MA) and electroacupuncture (EA) at different frequencies at pericardial P (5-6) acupoints located over the median nerve. Activity of premotor sympathetic cardiovascular neurons in the rostral ventral lateral medulla (rVLM) was recorded during stimulation of visceral and somatic afferents in ventilated anesthetized rats. We stimulated either the splanchnic nerve at 2 Hz (0.1-0.4 mA, 0.5 ms) or the median nerve for 30 s at 2, 10, 20, 40, or 100 Hz using EA (0.3-0.5 mA, 0.5 ms) or at approximately 2 Hz with MA. Twelve of 18 cells responsive to splanchnic and median nerve stimulation could be antidromically driven from the intermediolateral columns of the thoracic spinal cord, T2-T4, indicating that they were premotor sympathetic neurons. All 18 neurons received baroreceptor input, providing evidence of their cardiovascular sympathoexcitatory function. Evoked responses during stimulation of the splanchnic nerve were inhibited by 49 +/- 6% (n = 7) with EA and by 46 +/- 4% (n = 6) with MA, indicating that the extent of inhibitory effects of the two modalities were similar. Inhibition lasted for 20 min after termination of EA or MA. Cardiovascular premotor rVLM neurons responded to 2-Hz electrical stimulation at P 5-6 and to a lesser extent to 10-, 20-, 40-, and 100-Hz stimulation (53 +/- 10, 16 +/- 2, 8 +/- 2, 2 +/- 1, and 0 +/- 0 impulses/30 stimulations, n = 7). These results indicate that rVLM premotor sympathetic cardiovascular neurons that receive convergent input from the splanchnic and median nerves during low-frequency EA and MA are inhibited similarly for prolonged periods by low-frequency MA and EA.
A Tumor-Associated Organ-Specific Antigen Characteristic of Spontaneously Metastatic .Rat Mammary Carcinomas<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">2</xref> (1979)

Illustration shows Theodore Roosevelt struggling to carry a huge hen labeled "Taft" to a nest of eggs labeled "State Delegations"; sitting on a fence in the background is a chicken with the head of Joseph G. Cannon and another chicken looking like Charles W. Fairbanks pokes his head through the fence. Caption: Getting the hen on the job.
Ray tracing kinoform lens surfaces (1992)

An exact ray trace (Snell's law of refraction) of discontinuous surfaces of kinoform lenses (surface relief lenses) is used to evaluate optical performance when used alone or when used in conjunction with conventional optical surfaces. A phase-based merit function that is generated by ray tracing is useful for the design and optimization of such systems including color correction. This ray trace approach can also explain and evaluate the dual focal length features of kinoform lens designs.
Phase II study of eribulin mesylate (E7389), a mechanistically novel inhibitor of microtubule dynamics, in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (2007)

7546 Background: Eribulin is a structurally-simplified, fully synthetic analog of the marine sponge natural product halichondrin B. Eribulin inhibits microtubule dynamics via a mechanistically novel mode of action. Methods: An open-label, single-arm, Phase II study of eribulin was conducted in patients with advanced NSCLC (ECOG of 0 or 1) who were treated with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy and stratified by prior taxane exposure. A total of 103 patients (83 with prior taxanes and 20 taxane naïve) were treated with eribulin (1.4 mg/m 2 ), administered as a bolus infusion over 2 –5 minutes on Days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle (N=77). Due to delays or skipped doses secondary to myelosuppression at Day 15 with recovery by Day 21, the protocol was amended to a schedule of Days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle (N=26). The primary efficacy endpoint was objective response rate. Independent radiologic review was used to confirm responses. Results: Of 106 enrolled patients, 103 received eribulin. Median age was 65 years and median number of prior therapies was 2, including taxanes (81%), gemcitabine (40%), pemetrexed (23%), and EGFR inhibitors (34%). Median number of cycles administered was 3 (range 1–15). Drug related toxicities included neutropenia grade 3 (23%) and 4 (26%), febrile neutropenia (4%), grade 3 fatigue (11%), grade 3 nausea (2%), and peripheral neuropathy grade 1/2 (37%) and 3 (2%). Based on RECIST criteria, the overall response rate (all partial responses) was 9.7% (95% CI: 4.0–15.4 %), with 10.8% PR in taxane pre-treated, and 5% PR in taxane naïve patients. Overall disease control rate (PR + SD) was 55.3%. 12-week progression free survival (PFS) rate was 53.0% (95% CI: 42.6–63.3%) and median PFS was 102 days (range 1–408+). Median duration of response was 176 days (range 50–291+), and median overall survival was 287 days (range 16–423+). The one year survival rate was 46.4% (95% CI: 34.9–58.0%). Conclusions: In this group of NSCLC patients who were treated with a median of two prior therapies, consisting in the majority of cases of two cytotoxic regimens, eribulin demonstrated an overall PR rate of 9.7% (10.8% in the taxane pre-treated) and 9.6 months median survival. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Photonic Color Filters Integrated with Organic Solar Cells for Energy Harvesting (2011)

Color filters are indispensable in most color display applications. In most cases, they are chemical pigment-based filters, which produce a particular color by absorbing its complementary color, and the absorbed energy is totally wasted. If the absorbed and wasted energy can be utilized, e.g., to generate electricity, innovative energy-efficient electronic media could be envisioned. Here we show photonic nanostructures incorporated with photovoltaics capable of producing desirable colors in the visible band and utilize the absorbed light to simultaneously generate electrical powers. In contrast to the traditional colorant-based filters, these devices offer great advantages for electro-optic applications.
Prospective Analysis of Preoperative and Intraoperative Investigations for the Diagnosis of Infection at the Sites of Two Hundred and Two Revision Total Hip Arthroplasties* (1999)

The combination of a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level is reliable for predicting the absence of infection. Aspiration should be used when the erythrocyte sedimentation rate or the C-reactive protein level is elevated or when a clinical suspicion of infection remains. We found the gram stain to be unreliable. Examination of intraoperative frozen sections is useful in equivocal cases or when hematological markers may be falsely elevated because of an inflammatory or other condition.