gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Derivation of Research Diagnostic Criteria for Insomnia: Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Work Group (2004)

Insomnia is a highly prevalent, often debilitating, and economically burdensome form of sleep disturbance caused by various situational, medical, emotional, environmental and behavioral factors. Although several consensually-derived nosologies have described numerous insomnia phenotypes, research concerning these phenotypes has been greatly hampered by a lack of widely accepted operational research diagnostic criteria (RDC) for their definition. The lack of RDC has, in turn, led to inconsistent research findings for most phenotypes largely due to the variable definitions used for their ascertainment. Given this problem, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) commissioned a Work Group (WG) to review the literature and identify those insomnia phenotypes that appear most valid and tenable. In addition, this WG was asked to derive standardized RDC for these phenotypes and recommend assessment procedures for their ascertainment. This report outlines the WG's findings, the insomnia RDC derived, and research assessment procedures the WG recommends for identifying study participants who meet these RDC.
Regulation of matrix turnover in meniscal explants: role of mechanical stress, interleukin-1, and nitric oxide (2003)

The meniscus is an intra-articular fibrocartilaginous structure that serves essential biomechanical roles in the knee. With injury or arthritis, the meniscus may be exposed to significant changes in its biochemical and biomechanical environments that likely contribute to the progression of joint disease. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of mechanical stress on matrix turnover in the meniscus in the presence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in these processes. Explants of porcine menisci were subjected to dynamic compressive stresses at 0.1 MPa for 24 h at 0.5 Hz with 1 ng/ml IL-1, and the synthesis of total protein, proteoglycan, and NO was measured. The effects of a nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) inhibitor were determined. Dynamic compression significantly increased protein and proteoglycan synthesis by 68 and 58%, respectively, compared with uncompressed explants. This stimulatory effect of mechanical stress was prevented by the presence of IL-1 but was restored by specifically inhibiting NOS2. Release of proteoglycans into the medium was increased by IL-1 or mechanical compression and further enhanced by IL-1 and compression together. Stimulation of proteoglycan release in response to compression was dependent on NOS2 regardless of the presence of IL-1. These finding suggest that IL-1 may modulate the effects of mechanical stress on extracellular matrix turnover through a pathway that is dependent on NO.
A Practical and Highly Efficient Aminohydroxylation of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids (2001)

In water and in the absence of any ligands, salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids are readily and cleanly aminohydroxylated to provide vicinal hydroxyamino acid derivatives in high yields (see scheme).
Fast time-dependent isosurface extraction and rendering (2004)

For the visualisation of time-dependent data sets, interactive isosurface extraction and rendering is desirable. It allows the user to study the development of a surface shape in time, such as a moving front or an evolving object shape. For this purpose, the user must be able to interactively specify an isovalue, and a sequence of isosurfaces must be visualised, starting from any time step, in forward or backward direction in time. In this paper, we describe efficient and tightly coupled techniques for time-dependent isosurface extraction and rendering at interactive frame rates. In preprocessing, we create data structures from a time-dependent data set that allow real-time extraction of all isovalue-spanning cells, achieving rates of several hundreds of frames per second. These isovalued cells are then passed to a fast hardware-assisted direct point rendering algorithm for display, thus avoiding time expensive surface construction by triangulation. This algorithm makes effective use of the available graphics hardware.
Availability of 4'galactosyllactose (O-.BETA.-D-galactopyranosyl-(1.RAR.4)-O-.BETA.-D-galactopyranosyl-(1.RAR.4)-D-glucopyranose) in rat. (1990)

O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-D- glucopyranose (designated as 4'GL) is produced from lactose by Cryptococcus laurentii. The influence of chronic ingestion of 4'GL on body weight gain, organ weight, serum lipids, and liver lipids was investigated in rats. The body weight gains of the 5% and 10% 4'GL-diet groups were higher than that of the control group. Food intake and fecal dry weight were significantly increased (p less than 0.05) by 4'GL feeding. The 4'GL diet produced a significant increase (p less than 0.01) in the wet weight and contents of both the cecum and the colon. However, no significant increase was observed in the weight of the stomach, small intestine, liver, or other organs. The effects of 4'GL on serum and liver lipid levels were not observed in this experiment. The digestion of 4'GL was measured in vitro using the artificial gastric juice, alpha-amylase of human saliva, alpha-amylase of hog pancreas, and mucosa of rat intestine. 4'GL was not hydrolyzed by these enzymes. Long-term ingestion of 4'GL did not cause any induction of 4'GL hydrolyzing enzyme activity in the rat small intestine.
Effect of Stress on Energy Flux Deviation of Ultrasonic Waves in Ultrasonic Waves in GR/EP Composites (1990)

ABSTRACT on the flux deviation. Experimental measurement of the flux deviation has Ultrasonic waves suffer energy flux been made by Kriz and Stinchcomb [4] deviation in graphite/epoxy because of and Prosser [5] among others while the large anisotropy. The angle of measuring the elastic coefficients by deviation is a function of the elastic ultrasonic methods. Kriz [6] further coefficients. For nonlinear solids, showed that since the flux shift was a these coefficients and thus the angle function of the elastic coefficients, of deviation is a function of stress. it could be used to monitor changes in Acoustoelastic theory was used to model the composite elasticity. Thus the effect of stress on flux deviation moisture absorption by the matrix and for unidirectional T300/5208 using fiber degradation which altered the previously measured elastic elastic coefficients could be coefficients. Computations were made determined by measurements of the for uniaxial stress along the x3 axis energy flux shift.
Verification of Biomarkers for Diabetic Retinopathy by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (2009)

Multiple reaction monitoring was used to verify target proteins in 3 groups of vitreous and plasma samples from 3 stages of diabetic retinopathy: macular hole (nondiabetic control), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Twelve target proteins were quantified using triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS and 3 methods to determine the transitions (information-dependent analysis, the MIDAS workflow, and the PeptideAtlas database). This study might be the first MRM experiment to analyze large numbers of clinical vitreous and plasma samples for biomarker verification. Consequently, several biomarker candidates were identified for use in further applications.
Soybean Nodule Autoregulation Receptor Kinase Phosphorylates Two Kinase-associated Protein Phosphatases in Vitro (2008)

The NARK (nodule autoregulation receptor kinase) gene, a negative regulator of cell proliferation in nodule primordia in several legumes, encodes a receptor kinase that consists of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat and an intracellular serine/threonine protein kinase domain. The putative catalytic domain of NARK was expressed and purified as a maltose-binding or a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The recombinant NARK proteins showed autophosphorylation activity in vitro. Several regions of the NARK kinase domain were shown by mass spectrometry to possess phosphoresidues. The kinase-inactive protein K724E failed to autophosphorylate, as did three other proteins corresponding to phenotypically detected mutants defective in whole plant autoregulation of nodulation. A wild-type NARK fusion protein transphosphorylated a kinase-inactive mutant NARK fusion protein, suggesting that it is capable of intermolecular autophosphorylation in vitro. In addition, Ser-861 and Thr-963 in the NARK kinase catalytic domain were identified as phosphorylation sites through site-directed mutagenesis. The genes coding for the kinase-associated protein phosphatases KAPP1 and KAPP2, two putative interacting components of NARK, were isolated. NARK kinase domain phosphorylated recombinant KAPP proteins in vitro. Autophosphorylated NARK kinase domain was, in turn, dephosphorylated by both KAPP1 and KAPP2. Our results suggest a model for signal transduction involving NARK in the control of nodule development.
The effects of anneal time and cooling rate on the formation and texture of Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ films (1991)

The effects of anneal time and cooling rate on the formation and texturing of superconducting Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ (BSCCO) films were investigated. Samples were prepared by sputter-depositing amorphous BSCCO films, annealing them at 870 degrees C in flowing 20% O/sub 2/-80% Ar for 30, 60, or 180 min, and then cooling them. Two cooling rates were investigated: a fast cool of 80 degrees C/min and a slow cool of 9 degrees C/min. It was observed that effective coupling between superconducting 2212 grains occurs when films exhibit a minimum amount of (00l) texturing. The nucleation and growth kinetics are significantly different for the isothermal and cooling regimes of thermal processing. Consequently, anneal time and cooling rate play distinct roles in the achievement of the appropriate texture and microstructure in the films: longer anneal times increase the volume fraction of the 2212 phase, while slower cooling rates enhance grain growth and texturing. The mechanism by which 2212 grains are coupled within a film is not well understood. It is suggested that grain growth mechanisms and rates may determine the extent of coupling between grains.
The "El Nino" image database system (2003)

The paper presents the main features of the image database El Nino. The main characteristic of El Nino is its search model which, rejecting the idea of querying image databases, proposes an approach based on a mix of browsing and querying that we call exploration. The paper presents the interface and query models of El Nino, as well as some of the architectural issues deriving from our query model.
Treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil: a randomized comparison of two routes of delivery. (1980)

Fifty-seven patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were randomized to receive 15 mg/kg/week of 5-fluorouracil by either the iv or oral route. Toxic effects of treatment included nausea and vomiting (40% with the oral route versus 35% with the iv route) and myelosuppression, with a wbc count of less than 4000/mm3 (28% with the oral route versus 32% with the iv route). The frequency of partial response was 12% (three of 25 patients) for the oral route and 16% (five of 32 patients) for the iv route. Only two of 36 patients with liver metastases responded. No advantage was seen for the oral versus the iv route of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma.
An Intrusion Tolerant CA Scheme (2002)

CA (certificate authority) is a critical component in PKI. When the private key of a CA is compromised, all the certificates issued by that CA should be revoked. Keeping the private key secret while providing service on line is very important for a CA. Rather than prevent intrusions or detect them after the fact, the project ensures that the compromise of a few system components does not compromise the private key of the CA. The private key is protected by distributing it across a few servers. The private key is never reconstructed at a single online location.
Chemical Modification of Erythromycins. XI. Synthesis of Clarithromycin (6-O-Methylerythromycin A) via Erythromycin A Quaternary Ammonium Salt Derivative (1993)

Synthesis of clarithramycin quaternary ammonium salt of erythromycin A , 2'-Q-benzyl-3'-[benzyl(dimethyl)ammonio)-3'de(dimethy1amino)erythromycin A bromide 9-Q-(benzyloxime) ( 2 1 , was reported.Clarithromycin was obtained in 53 % overall yield from erythromycin A 9-oxime (1).
Establishment and characterisation of a new breast cancer xenograft obtained from a woman carrying a germline BRCA2 mutation (2010)

This study describes a new human breast cancer xenograft obtained from a BRCA2-mutated patient. This xenograft provides a new model for the pre-clinical drug development and for the exploration of the drug response biological basis.
Autocrine growth of small cell lung cancer mediated by coexpression of c-kit and stem cell factor. (1996)

At least 70% of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumors and tumor-derived cell lines coexpress the genes for stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor, the c-kit proto-oncogene. To assess the impact of coexpression of the growth factor and receptor on SCLC growth, the NCI-H146 SCLC cell line, which expresses only SCF, was transfected with a c-kit expression vector. Kit protein immunoprecipitated from the transfected cells had a constitutive level of tyrosine phosphorylation, and these cells grew more vigorously in serum-free medium compared to control-transfected cells. This growth advantage could be blocked by the addition of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. Growth of the c-kit-transfected cells could be further enhanced by the addition of bombesin or insulin-like growth factor-1, suggesting that the SCF/c-kit autocrine loop could function cooperatively with other SCLC autocrine loops. To further investigate the importance of this autocrine loop, a cell line that naturally coexpresses SCF and c-kit was transfected with a kinase-defective c-kit gene. Cells transfected with the defective gene showed a marked decrease in their ability to grow under growth factor-free conditions compared to cells transfected with the empty expression vector. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the coexpression of the stem cell factor and c-kit genes is a major contributor to the growth factor independence of SCLC.
Long-term photoreceptor transplants in dystrophic and normal mouse retina. (1994)

Transplanted progenitor photoreceptors develop and survive well for long periods of time in either the rd mutant or normal retina if they are properly positioned. In the former, they reconstitute a photoreceptor layer; in the latter, they replace the host photoreceptor layer, which degenerates after being displaced from the RPE. Areas of potential contact between donor and host neurons exist in these transplants.
Machine learning and glioma imaging biomarkers (2019)

Although pioneering, most of the evidence is of a low level, having been obtained retrospectively and in single centres. Studies applying ML to build neuro-oncology monitoring biomarker models have yet to show an overall advantage over those using traditional statistical methods. Development and validation of ML models applied to neuro-oncology require large, well-annotated datasets, and therefore multidisciplinary and multi-centre collaborations are necessary.
Durkheim and Criminology: Reconstructing the Legacy (2008)

The article offers an overview of Emile Durkheim's substantial and surprisingly diverse legacy for criminology. This is shown to run the gamut from positivism through to social constructivism. Further, it includes insights into deviance, social control and the law. Although broad in scope and often brilliant, his contribution is perhaps insufficiently acknowledged. Reasons for this oversight are given, as are some indications of future directions for Durkheimian criminology.
A Comparative Study of Three Types Shear Mode Piezoelectric Wafers in Shear Horizontal Wave Generation and Reception (2018)

Guided wave-based inspection has emerged as a promising tool to evaluate the reliability of key components in modern industries. The fundamental shear horizontal (SH₀) wave is always of great interests for plate-like structures because of its non-dispersion characteristics. However, the generation and reception of SH₀ wave using piezoelectric wafers is not straightforward. In this paper, we firstly define three types shear mode piezoelectric wafers, i.e., the conventional in-plane poled thickness-shear (d<sub>15</sub>) mode, the thickness-poled thickness-shear (d<sub>15</sub>) mode, and the face-shear (d<sub>24</sub>) mode. Then, finite element simulations were conducted to demonstrate their performance in SH wave generation and reception. The results indicated that the face shear d<sub>24</sub> wafer can generate almost single mode SH₀ wave, while both types of d<sub>15</sub> wafers would generate Lamb waves and SH₀ wave simultaneously. Finally, experiments were carried out to check the efficiency of different shear mode piezoelectric wafers in SH₀ wave generation and reception. The results indicated that the d<sub>24</sub> wafer can generate and receive SH₀ wave of high signal to noise ratio (SNR) with high energy conversion efficiency, while the in-plane poled d<sub>15</sub> wafer would generate SH₀ wave of high amplitude and acceptable SNR but with relatively low energy conversion efficiency. The performances of thickness-poled d<sub>15</sub> wafer was not as good as the other two in both SH wave generation and reception. This work will be helpful for the applications of SH waves in plate-like structures.
Molecular cloning of the genes encoding two chaperone proteins of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. (1991)

Molecular chaperones help other proteins in their correct folding and assembly. We have cloned the genes, cpn60 and dnaK, which encode proteins belonging to the chaperonin-60 and the 70-kDa heat shock protein families from the transformable cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. These genes are present in single copies in the genome, and the major transcripts for each gene are monocistronic. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequences reveals that cyanobacterial chaperonin-60 is equally homologous to bacterial and plant chaperonin-60 proteins while the product of dnaK is more similar to its bacterial homologues than to its eukaryotic counterparts. The DNA fragments sequenced in these studies also contain five other open reading frames. One of them, ORF60-5, encodes a protein whose deduced amino acid sequence shows remarkable similarity to those of a family of peripheral membrane proteins involved in metabolite transport in bacteria. The transcript levels of dnaK and cpn60 of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 increase in response to stress conditions such as heat shock, ultraviolet exposure, and oxidative stress. This is one of the first examples of cyanobacterial gene expression being regulated by environmental stresses.
Fast time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy: Achieving sub-cycle time resolution (2016)

The ability to measure microsecond- and nanosecond-scale local dynamics below the diffraction limit with widely available atomic force microscopy hardware would enable new scientific studies in fields ranging from biology to semiconductor physics. However, commercially available scanning-probe instruments typically offer the ability to measure dynamics only on time scales of milliseconds to seconds. Here, we describe in detail the implementation of fast time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy using an oscillating cantilever as a means to measure fast local dynamics following a perturbation to a sample. We show how the phase of the oscillating cantilever relative to the perturbation event is critical to achieving reliable sub-cycle time resolution. We explore how noise affects the achievable time resolution and present empirical guidelines for reducing noise and optimizing experimental parameters. Specifically, we show that reducing the noise on the cantilever by using photothermal excitation instead of piezoacoustic excitation further improves time resolution. We demonstrate the discrimination of signal rise times with time constants as fast as 10 ns, and simultaneous data acquisition and analysis for dramatically improved image acquisition times.
A study of hydrogenated amorphous silicon deposited by rf glow discharge in silane-hydrogen mixtures (1984)

The rf glow discharge deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon from silane-hydrogen mixtures has been studied as a function of silane fraction. Discharge processes were investigated using optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The deposited films were characterized using UV and IR spectroscopy, dark conductivity, and photoconductivity. The dilution of silane in hydrogen resulted in an increase in deposition rate by as much as an order of magnitude over the rate for pure silane, for constant values of total flow rate, pressure, substrate temperature, and rf power. The dependence of deposition rate on silane fraction is attributed to changes in the electron energy distribution in the plasma. The hydrogen content and optical gap of the films are independent of the silane fraction. Photoconductivity values, corrected for slight variations of the Fermi level, increase with silane dilution.
Vehicle Ownership and Income Growth, Worldwide: 1960-2030 (2007)

The speed of vehicle ownership expansion in emerging market and developing countries has important implications for transport and environmental policies, as well as the global oil market. The literature remains divided on the issue of whether the vehicle ownership rates will ever catch up to the levels common in the advanced economies. This paper contributes to the debate by building a model that explicitly models the vehicle saturation level as a function of observable country characteristics: urbanization and population density. Our model is estimated on the basis of pooled time-series (1960-2002) and crosssection data for 45 countries that include 75 percent of the world’s population. We project that the total vehicle stock will increase from about 800 million in 2002 to more than two billion units in 2030. By this time, 56% of the world’s vehicles will be owned by non-OECD countries, compared with 24% in 2002. In particular, China’s vehicle stock will increase nearly twenty-fold, to 390 million in 2030. This fast speed of vehicle ownership expansion implies rapid growth in oil demand.
Analysis and Prediction of Translation Rate Based on Sequence and Functional Features of the mRNA (2011)

Protein concentrations depend not only on the mRNA level, but also on the translation rate and the degradation rate. Prediction of mRNA's translation rate would provide valuable information for in-depth understanding of the translation mechanism and dynamic proteome. In this study, we developed a new computational model to predict the translation rate, featured by (1) integrating various sequence-derived and functional features, (2) applying the maximum relevance & minimum redundancy method and incremental feature selection to select features to optimize the prediction model, and (3) being able to predict the translation rate of RNA into high or low translation rate category. The prediction accuracies under rich and starvation condition were 68.8% and 70.0%, respectively, evaluated by jackknife cross-validation. It was found that the following features were correlated with translation rate: codon usage frequency, some gene ontology enrichment scores, number of RNA binding proteins known to bind its mRNA product, coding sequence length, protein abundance and 5'UTR free energy. These findings might provide useful information for understanding the mechanisms of translation and dynamic proteome. Our translation rate prediction model might become a high throughput tool for annotating the translation rate of mRNAs in large-scale.