gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the static analysis of loops by dynamic partitioning techniques (2004)

Many static analyses aim at assigning to each control point of a program an invariant property that characterizes any state of a trace corresponding to this point. The choice of the set of control points determines the states of an execution trace for which a common property must be found. We focus on sufficient conditions to substitute one control flow graph for another during an analysis. Next, we introduce a dynamic partitioning algorithm that improves the precision of the calculated invariants by deciding dynamically how to map the states of the traces to the control points, depending on the properties resulting from the first steps of the analysis. In particular, this algorithm enables the loops to be unfolded only if this improves the precision of the final invariants. Its correctness stems from the fact that it uses legal graph substitutions.
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>PrsA2 Is Required for Virulence Factor Secretion and Bacterial Viability within the Host Cell Cytosol (2010)

In the course of establishing its replication niche within the cytosol of infected host cells, the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes must efficiently regulate the secretion and activity of multiple virulence factors. L. monocytogenes encodes two predicted posttranslocation secretion chaperones, PrsA1 and PrsA2, and evidence suggests that PrsA2 has been specifically adapted for bacterial pathogenesis. PrsA-like chaperones have been identified in a number of Gram-positive bacteria, where they are reported to function at the bacterial membrane-cell wall interface to assist in the folding of proteins translocated across the membrane; in some cases, these proteins have been found to be essential for bacterial viability. In this study, the contributions of PrsA2 and PrsA1 to L. monocytogenes growth and protein secretion were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Neither PrsA2 nor PrsA1 was found to be essential for L. monocytogenes growth in broth culture; however, optimal bacterial viability was found to be dependent upon PrsA2 for L. monocytogenes located within the cytosol of host cells. Proteomic analyses of prsA2 mutant strains in the presence of a mutationally activated allele of the virulence regulator PrfA revealed a critical requirement for PrsA2 activity under conditions of PrfA activation, an event which normally takes place within the host cell cytosol. Despite a high degree of amino acid similarity, no detectable degree of functional overlap was observed between PrsA2 and PrsA1. Our results indicate a critical requirement for PrsA2 under conditions relevant to host cell infection.
New and emerging treatments for irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia (2002)

The symptomatic management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia, which often overlap, can be frustrating and difficult. Education and reassurance remain central for management although controlled trials are lacking. Psychological interventions may be useful in select patients but methodological inadequacies in clinical trials limit their interpretability. For symptom exacerbations, drug treatment is reasonable but no current treatment successfully targets the full symptom complex. Bulking agents are not of proven efficacy in IBS; they may improve constipation but worsen bloating and pain. Anticholinergics are of uncertain value in IBS. A meta-analysis of trials of smooth muscle relaxants for IBS has been reported to be positive but the quality of the trials included was poor. Antidepressants for IBS and functional dyspepsia appear to be efficacious based on the limited published evidence; both global symptoms and abdominal pain improve. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are of uncertain efficacy but anecdotally appear to be useful. Laxatives are not of proven efficacy in IBS. Loperamide improves diarrhea, but not abdominal pain in IBS. No drug is of proven efficacy for bloating. Acid suppression remains the mainstay of therapy for functional dyspepsia but the majority of patients do not have an adequate response. Promising drugs include new prokinetics for constipation-predominant IBS (e.g., tegaserod, a partial 5-HT4 agonist, prucalopride, a full 5-HT4 agonist, and dexloxiglumide, a cholecystokinin1 antagonist), agents for diarrhea-predominant IBS (e.g., 5-HT3 antagonists, alpha2 receptor agonists and corticotrophin receptor-1 antagonists), other visceral analgesics (e.g. tachykinin antagonists, opioid agonists) and in dyspepsia fundus relaxing agents (e.g., 5-HT1 agonists, tegaserod).
Aspiration-induced lung injury (2011)

Aspiration in the intensive care unit is a clinically relevant problem requiring expertise and awareness. A definitive diagnosis of aspiration pneumonitis or pneumonia is challenging to make. Advances in specific biomarker profiles and prediction models may enhance the diagnosis and prognosis of clinical aspiration syndromes. Evidence-based management is supportive, including mechanical ventilation, bronchoscopy for particulate aspiration, consideration of empiric antibiotics for pneumonia treatment, and lower respiratory tract sampling to define pathogenic bacteria that are causative.
Knowledge Management Enhances Technical Training Program (2006)

Pillars of the Industry - How knowledge management enhances technical training programs. World demand for oil is at an all-time high, and the oil industry is riding one of its busiest cycles in history. This creates a wonderful market in which current college graduates and young professionals can get involved. Positions are open across the industry for almost any type of technical degree. While this is great for the young professionals of the world, it creates many challenges for the industry. Issues arise regarding how to train and mentor these new employees as they progress into productive positions as quickly as possible. If it isn't enough to provide training on oilfield practices and technology; we are also facing what many in the industry are referring to as "the great crew change." In the next 5–10 years, a large majority of employees who hired on in the boom of the 1970s and early 1980s will be retiring. These employees are commonly referred to as the "knowledge base" for the industry. This means that in addition to training young professionals on general oilfield material, we must also pass along or otherwise retain as much of this knowledge as possible. Halliburton has taken a somewhat blended approach to this problem involving a tailored Technical Training Program (TTP) and what we refer to as Knowledge Management (KM) communities for collaborating on and cataloging solutions to issues. This article will address each one of these separately to point out their unique benefits, but also explain how they complement each other to create a complete training and development environment. First look at the TTP.
Mice Transgenic for the Human CGM6 Gene Express Its Product, the Granulocyte Marker CD66b, Exclusively in Granulocytes (1998)

The nonspecific cross-reacting antigen-95 (NCA-95/CD66b), is a member of the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family encoded by the CGM6 gene that is exclusively expressed in neutrophils and eosinophils. No murine counterpart is known to exist. We have analyzed a cosmid containing the complete CGM6 gene. The coding sequence is contained within six exons spanning a 16.5 kb region. The main transcriptional start site was mapped to a tight cluster between nucleotides -95 and -101 relative to the translational start site. As with other members of the CEA gene family, no typical TATA or CAAT-box sequences were found in the CGM6 gene. Transgenic mice were established with the cosmid insert. CD66b expression is first seen in the fetal liver on day 12.5 of mouse embryonic development, and it first appears in the bone marrow at day 17.5. Northern blot analysis showed that CD66b transcripts are confined to the bone marrow of adult mice, whereas immunohistochemistry also showed CD66b-positive granulocytes in the spleen, thymus, and lungs. FACScan analyses of bone marrow and spleen cells showed CD66b expression to be exclusive to granulocytes. Thus, all the elements necessary for regulating granulocyte-specific expression are present within this cosmid clone. These mice could provide a model for transplantation and for inflammation studies using CD66b as a granulocyte-specific marker.
Inhibitory effect of vascular endothelial growth factor siRNA on retinal neovascularization in mouse (2011)

Background To suppress vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a researching hot topic for the treatment and prevention of retinal neovascularization.Some detectable efficacy of VEGF small interference RNA (VEGF siRNA) in anti-tumor neovascularization has been well-known.But relevant study on VEGF siRNA on retinal neovascularization is seldom.Objective Present study was to investigate the inhibiting effect of VEGF siRNA on retinal neovascularization.Methods The 48 clean C57BL/6J mice aged 7-day-old were randomly divided into normoxia group,hypoxia control group,vector group and VEGF siRNA group and 12 mice for each.Hypoxia models were established by raising the pups with mother mice in the airtight oxygen-cabin for 5 days.The lipofectamineTM 2000 (LF2000)-mediated vector plasmids or VEGF siRNA recombinant plasmids were then injected intravitreally in 12 12-day-old pup mice respectively.The animals were sacrificed in 1 week after intravitreal injection,and the numbers of vascular endothelial cell nuclei extending beyond the internal limiting membrane (ILM) were counted by hematoxylin-eosin stain.The expressions of VEGF protein and mRNA in retina were assayed by immunoinfluorescence technique and RT-PCR.Results The numbers of vascular endothelial cell nuclei extending beyond the ILM were 0.19±0.09,24.89±2.03,23.65±2.15 and 8.83±1.12 in normoxia group,model control group,vector group and VEGF siRNA group separately,showing significant decrease in VEGF siRNA group compared with model control group or vector group (q=5.67,q=4.97,P＜0.01).RT-PCR revealed that VEGF mRNA was faintly expressed in mouse retina in normoxia group.However,in model control group and vector group,the level of VEGF mRNA was 52.3 times and 36.7 times more than that of normoxia group respectively and only 3.5 times in VEGF siRNA group,presenting a inhibitory rate of 43.39% of VEGF siRNA on VEGF.Immunofluorescence showed that the expression of VEGF was weaker in normoxia group and strong positive response in model control group and vector group,but the expression intensity of VEGF protein was significantly weaker in VEGF siRNA group.Conclusion VEGF siRNA recombinant plasmids can efficiently inhibit retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model through intravitreal injection.

Key words: 
RNA interference; Retina; Neovascularization; Vascular endothelial growth factor; lipofectamine-mediated vector plasmids
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Anthraquinone−Oligodeoxynucleotide Conjugates (1999)

Electroactive oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with specific base sequences have a potential application as electrical sensors for DNA molecules. To this end, a phosphoramidite that bears a 9, 10-anthraquinone (AQ) group tethered to the 2'-O of the uridine via a hexylamino linker, 2'-O-[6-[2-oxo(9, 10-anthraquinon-2-yl)amino]hexyl]-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)uridi ne 3'-[2-(cyanoethyl)bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite] (3), has been synthesized and used to prepare three ODNs with tethered AQs using standard phosphoramidite chemistry. The synthetic methodology thus allows the synthesis of ODNs with electroactive tags attached to given locations in the base sequence. Cyclic voltammetric behavior of these AQ-ODN conjugates was examined in aqueous buffer solutions at a hanging mercury drop electrode. At slow sweep rates, nearly reversible two-electron waves characteristic of an adsorbed anthraquinone/hydroquinone redox couple was observed for all of the AQ-ODN conjugates. Approximate Langmuirian isotherms were found for the AQ-ODNs with molecular footprints, calculated from the saturation coverages, that scaled with molecular size. The cyclic voltammetric response of the duplexes formed from the AQ-ODNs and their complementary ODN was complicated by the competitive adsorption of the individual ODNs and possibly the duplex species as well.
Sulfation of CeO2 and ZrO2 Relating to Hot Corrosion (1985)

The reactions of SO/sub 2/-SO/sub 3/ (SO/sub 2/ + 1/2 O/sub 2/in equilibriumSO/sub 3/) with ceria (CeO/sub 2/) are of interest in the development of materials for resisting hot corrosion in gas turbine engines. Addition of CeO/sub 2/ as a dispersed oxide phase in the metal reduces sulfidation-oxidation attack on nickel-based turbine blade super alloys presumably by reducing the sulfur activity through formation of Ce/sub 2/O/sub 2/S. Ceria appears also to promote hot corrosion resistance in ZrO/sub 2/based ceramics. In material tests for MHD channels, CeO/sub 2/-ZrO/sub 2/ has shown good resistance to 1200/sup 0/C K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/K/sub 2/CO/sub 2/ melts. And, of more immediate relevance to hot corrosion in gas turbines, plasma-sprayed CeO/sub 2/-ZrO/sub 2/ has been patented as protecting super alloys against attack by vanadium and SO/chi/ impurities in turbine gas. In the experiments reported here, the authors have applied the techniques of Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-HfO/sub 2/ investigation to study the sulfation behavior of CeO/sub 2/ and ZrO/sub 2/. Their goals were to determine if CeO/sub 2/ is more resistant to SO/sub 3/-Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ reaction than Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and if ZrO/sub 2/, like HfO/sub 2/, is strongly resistant to sulfation (Hf and Zr commonly show similarmore » chemical behavior). The first finding could help to confirm whether CeO/sub 2/- or Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stabilized zirconia should be best against molten sulfate hot corrosion, while the second would aid in defining the corrosion resistance of zirconia itself.« less
High-Resolution Functional Epoxysilsesquioxane-Based Patterning Layers for Large-Area Nanoimprinting (2010)

Epoxysilsesquioxane (SSQ)-based materials have been developed as patterning layers for large-area and high-resolution nanoimprinting. The SSQ polymers, poly(methyl-co-3-glycidoxypropyl) silsesquioxanes (T(Me)T(Ep)), poly(phenyl-co-3-glycidoxypropyl) silsesquioxanes (T(Ph)T(Ep)), and poly(phenyl-co-3-glycidoxypropyl-co-perfluorooctyl) silsesquioxanes (T(Ph)T(Ep)T(Fluo)), were precisely designed and synthesized by incorporating the necessary functional groups onto the SSQ backbone. The materials possess a variety of characteristics desirable for NIL, such as great coatability, high modulus, good mold release, and excellent dry etch resistance. In particular, the presence of epoxy functional groups allows the resists to be solidified within seconds under UV exposure at room temperature, and the presence of the fluoroalkyl groups in the SSQ resins greatly facilitate mold release after the imprint process. In addition, the absence of metal in the resins makes the materials highly compatible with applications involving Si CMOS integrated circuits fabrication.
Rule-Based Prediction of Medical Claims' Payments: A Method and Initial Application to Medicaid Data (2011)

Imperfections in healthcare revenue cycle management systems cause discrepancies between submitted claims and received payments. This paper presents a method for deriving attributional rules that can be used to support the preparation and screening of claims prior to their submission to payers. The method starts with unsupervised analysis of past payments to determine normal levels of payments for services. Then, supervised machine learning is used to derive sets of attributional rules for predicting potential discrepancies in claims. New claims can be then classified using the created models. The method was tested on a subset of Obstetrics claims for payment submitted by one hospital to Medicaid. One year of data was used to create models, which were tested using the following year's data. Results indicate that rule-based models are able to detect abnormal claims prior to their submission.
Myocardial T2* mapping: influence of noise on accuracy and precision (2015)

A method for applying an automatic truncation method to pixel-wise T2* mapping that reduces T2* overestimation due to noise bias was proposed. A formulation for estimating pixel-wise standard deviation (SD) maps for T2* that can serve as a quality map for interpreting images and for comparison of imaging protocols was also proposed and validated.
Gene Promoter Methylation Patterns throughout the Process of Cervical Carcinogenesis (2010)

Objectives : To determine methylation status of nine genes, previously described to be frequently methylated in cervical cancer, in squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). Methods : QMSP was performed in normal cervix, low-grade (L)SIL, high-grade (H)SIL, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell cervical cancers, and in corresponding cervical scrapings. Results : Only CCNA1 was never methylated in normal cervices and rarely in LSILs. All other genes showed methylation in normal cervices, with CALCA, SPARC and RAR- β 2 at high levels. Methylation frequency of 6 genes ( DAPK , APC , TFPI2 , SPARC , CCNA1 and CADM1 ) increased with severity of the underlying cervical lesion. DAPK showed the highest increase in methylation frequency between LSIL and HSIL (10% vs. 40%, p < 0.05), while CCNA1 and TFPI2 were most prominently methylated in cervical cancers compared to HSILs (25% vs. 52%, p < 0.05, 30% vs. 58%, p < 0.05). CADM1 methylation in cervical cancers was related to depth of invasion ( p < 0.05) and lymph vascular space involvement ( p < 0.01), suggesting a role in invasive potential of cervical cancers. Methylation ratios in scrapings reflected methylation status of the underlying lesions ( p < 0.05). Conclusion : Methylation of previously reported cervical cancer specific genes frequently occurs in normal epithelium. However, frequency of methylation increases during cervical carcinogenesis, with CCNA1 and DAPK as the best markers to distinguish normal/LSIL from HSIL/cancer lesions.
High reliability of silicone materials for use as polymer waveguides (2003)

Silicones are known for their excellent performance in applications with harsh environmental conditions. They are very well known for their high temperature stability, resistance to moisture and other adverse conditions. This paper will overview key properties of siloxanes that make them attractive materials for numerous photonics device applications with emphasis on polymer waveguides. Both thermal-mechanical and optical properties will be reviewed. Testing of key optical properties of several siloxane materials, both before and after exposure to heat, humidity, and high optical flux will be discussed. Fabrication and processing for production of polymer waveguides, and the resulting polymer device performance will be shown. Finally, the high reliability of siloxane based waveguides is demonstrated by the Telcordia testing of a fully functional, packaged, Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA).
Automated Text Analysis: Cautionary Tales (1994)

The increasing availability of electronic text and text analysis tools has made it possible to analyse vast amounts of data in a short amount of time. However, natural language processing is not a solved problem, and even large research systems representing decades of development do not perform at the level of human language processors. Since such systems are not sufficiently robust for general use, most literary and linguistic corpus analysts make use of heuristics and simple tools for text analysis. But while such ‘shallow’ approaches offer improvements in speed and accuracy over traditional manual methods, there are many pitfalls for the unwary. In this paper we consider some pitfalls and temptations that attend the automated analysis of large text corpora: sample size, the recall problem, analysing only what is easy to find, and counting what is easiest to count. We suggest that, given the state of the art in text processing tools, such tools must be used with a full awareness of their limitations, and should be coupled with or replaced by manual methods when appropriate.
<title>Passive piezoelectric damping tuned by using measured electrical impedance</title> (2001)

In this paper, multi-mode piezoelectric shunt damping and the damping performance comparison according to different piezoelectric materials are studied. Multi-mode damping is tried by using a newly proposed tuning method. This method is based on electrical impedance model and maximizing the dissipated energy at the shunt circuit. By measuring the electrical impedance at the piezoelectric patch bonded on a structure, an equivalent electrical model is constructed near the system resonance frequency. After shunting elements are connected to the equivalent circuit, the shunt parameters are optimally searched based on the criterion of maximizing the dissipated energy at the shunt circuit. This is for a single mode and it is expanded to multi-mode damping. Cantilever beam is taken as examples. Piezoceramics are bonded near root of the beam and electrical impedance is measured using HP 4192 impedance analyzer. Small electronic shunt circuits are made according to the found optimal shunt parameters. The first and second vibration modes are damped out independently. However, it was found that the presence of the shunt circuit tuned for the second resonance deteriorates the electrical impedance near the first resonance. Discussion on this fact is provided. The piezoelectric damping performance is compared according to different piezoelectric materials. Three piezoelectric materials are selected: PZT-5, PZN-PT single crystal and QuickPack IDE actuator. When resonant shunt circuit is considered, the use of PZN-PT single crystal exhibited the best piezoelectric damping performance. When IDE actuator is used with resistive shunt, although the tip displacement reduction is not so large, the first and second resonance modes can be damped out by a simple passive electronics- a resistor.
Goniometric Spectrometer for the Measurement of Diffuse Reflectance and Transmittance of Skin in the Infrared Spectral Region (1953)

An instrument is described for the study of diffuse reflectance and transmittance at various wavelengths in the visible and infrared spectral regions. The apparatus consists essentially of a monochrometer and a goniometer arranged in such a way that the material to be studied is illuminated with monochromatic light and the diffuse reflected and transmitted energy is measured by scanning the goniometer about the sample. The advantages of the instrument are (a) absolute measurements of total reflectance and transmittance are obtained; and (b) the angular distribution of the scattering of the reflected and transmitted energy are determined.