gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Algorithms of Finding the First Two Minimum Values and Their Hardware Implementation (2008)

Given a set of numbers X, finding the minimum value of X, min_1st, is a very easy task. However, efficiently finding its second minimum value, min_2nd, requires the derivations of min_1st and finding the minimum value from the set of the remaining numbers. Efficient algorithms and cost-effective hardware of finding the two smallest of X are greatly needed for the low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder design. The following two architectures are developed in this paper: (1) sorting-based (XS) approach and (2) tree structure (TS) approach. Experimental results show that the XS approach provides less number of comparisons, while the TS approach achieves higher speed performance at lower hardware cost. Since the hardware unit is repeatedly used in the LDPC decoder design, the proposed high-speed low-cost TS approach is strongly recommended.
Tivo-3: A phase 3, randomized, controlled, multi-center, open-label study to compare tivozanib hydrochloride to sorafenib in subjects with refractory advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). (2017)

TPS4600 Background: Tivozanib is a biochemically potent and selective VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitor in clinical development in RCC. Other agents used for treatment of RCC inhibit multiple tyrosine kinases in addition to the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase, leading to off-target toxicities such as fatigue, hand-foot syndrome, stomatitis, and neutropenia. The adverse event (AE) profile of tivozanib demonstrates minimal off-target toxicities. TIVO-1 (AV-951-09-301) was an open-label, randomized, controlled, multi-national, multi-center, parallel-arm trial comparing tivozanib to sorafenib in patients with advanced RCC. The blinded independent radiological assessment showed the median progression free survival (mPFS) in the tivozanib arm to be 11.9 months (95% confidence interval (CI) [9.3, 14.7]), compared with 9.1 months (95% CI [7.3, 9.5]) in the sorafenib arm (p = 0.042, HR = 0.797). Overall survival had a negative trend, most likely due to a one-way crossover for patients randomized to sorafenib. This study is designed, in part, to demonstrate that the negative trend in OS was an artifact. Methods: Subjects with metastatic RCC who have failed 2 or 3 prior systemic regimens, one of which includes a VEGFR TKI other than sorafenib or tivozanib, will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio stratified by the IMDC risk category (favorable; intermediate; poor) and prior therapy (two VEGFR TKIs; a prior checkpoint inhibitor plus a prior VEGFR TKI; a prior VEGFR TKI plus any other systemic agent). The primary objective is to compare the progression-free survival (PFS) of subjects randomized to tivozanib with those randomized to sorafenib as assessed by blinded independent radiological review (IRR). Secondary endpoints are overall survival, objective response rate, and duration of response. Clinical trial information: NCT02627963.
Regulation of Hepatic Apolipoprotein B-lipoprotein Assembly and Secretion by the Availability of Fatty Acids (2004)

The in vivo effects of increased delivery of fatty acids (FA) to the liver are poorly defined. Therefore, we compared the effects of infusing either 6 mM oleic acid (OA) bound to albumin, 0.5-20% Intralipid, or saline for 3 or 6 h into male C57BL/6J mice. Infusions were followed by studies of triglyceride (TG) and apoB secretion. Although plasma FA levels increased similarly after either 20% Intralipid or 6 mM OA, TG secretion increased only after infusion of 4-20% Intralipid; TG secretion was unchanged by 6 mM OA. By contrast, 6-h infusions of either 6 mM OA or 4-20% Intralipid increased apoB secretion. 6 mM OA and 20% Intralipid each increased secretion of apoB from primary hepatocytes ex vivo. Importantly, 0.5-2% Intralipid, which delivered more FA to the liver than 6 mM OA, did not stimulate apoB secretion. Hepatic apoB mRNA levels were unaffected by either 6 mM OA or 20% Intralipid, but microsomal triglyceride transfer protein mRNA was significantly lower after 6-h infusions with 6 mM OA versus either saline or 20% Intralipid. Lower microsomal triglyceride transfer protein mRNA levels were associated with reduced hepatic TG mass after 6-h infusions of 6 mM OA. We conclude that 1) increased FA delivery to the liver in vivo increases secretion of apoB-lipoproteins via post-transcriptional mechanisms, 2) OA-induced apoB-lipoprotein secretion occurred at least in part via mechanisms other than by providing substrate for TG synthesis, and 3) the route of delivery of FA is important for its effects on apoB secretion.
Rapid identification of architectural bottlenecks via precise event counting (2011)

On-chip performance counters play a vital role in computer architecture research due to their ability to quickly provide insights into application behaviors that are time consuming to characterize with traditional methods. The usefulness of modern performance counters, however, is limited by inefficient techniques used today to access them. Current access techniques rely on imprecise sampling or heavyweight kernel interaction forcing users to choose between precision or speed and thus restricting the use of performance counter hardware. In this paper, we describe new methods that enable precise, lightweight interfacing to on-chip performance counters. These low-overhead techniques allow precise reading of virtualized counters in low tens of nanoseconds, which is one to two orders of magnitude faster than current access techniques. Further, these tools provide several fresh insights on the behavior of modern parallel programs such as MySQL and Firefox, which were previously obscured (or impossible to obtain) by existing methods for characterization. Based on case studies with our new access methods, we discuss seven implications for computer architects in the cloud era and three methods for enhancing hardware counters further. Taken together, these observations have the potential to open up new avenues for architecture research.
Doping properties of cadmium-rich arsenic-doped CdTe single crystals: Evidence of metastable AX behavior (2017)

Cd-rich composition and group-V element doping are of interest for simultaneously maximizing the hole concentration and minority carrier lifetime in CdTe, but the critical details concerning point defects are not yet fully established. Herein, we report on the properties of arsenic doped CdTe single crystals grown from Cd solvent by the travelling heater method. The photoluminescence spectra and activation energy of 74 ± 2 meV derived from the temperature-dependent Hall effect are consistent with AsTe as the dominant acceptor. Doping in the 1016 to 1017/cm3 range is achieved for measured As concentrations between 1016 and 1020/cm3 with the highest doping efficiency of 40% occurring near 1017 As/cm3. We observe persistent photoconductivity, a hallmark of light-induced metastable configuration changes consistent with AX behavior. Additionally, quenching experiments reveal at least two mechanisms of increased p-type doping in the dark, one decaying over 2–3 weeks and the other persisting for at least 2 months. These results provide essential insights for the application of As-doped CdTe in thin film solar cells.
Direct Conversion of Aryl Silyl Ethers to Alkyl Aryl and Diaryl Ethers (1988)

The reaction of aryl silyl ethers with alkyl halide, or activated aryl halide, and tetrabutylammonium fluoride, yields alkyl aryl ethers or diaryl ethers, respectively. Alkyl silyl ethers under the same or related reaction conditions give mainly the corresponding alcohol, and only very low yields of the ether.
A Full-Wave Rectifier for Interfacing with Multi-Phase Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters (2008)

This paper describes an asynchronous full-wave rectifier for use with a multiple-electrode disk-shaped piezoelectric generator. By using quarter-circle shaped electrodes, similar to an ultrasonic motor, multiple output voltage phases are obtained from a single resonating piezoelectric disk. Two-electrode transducer outputs are often rectified using a full-wave diode bridge rectifier, which requires a significant voltage drop between input and output, decreasing the rectifier's voltage efficiency. Previous asynchronous rectifiers use MOS switches to avoid the diode drop, however they lack the ability to efficiently rectify the multiple output phases generated from a disk-shaped transducer. Other CMOS rectifiers need two input waveforms that are equal and opposite, which a piezoelectric transducer may not generate for many input vibrations.
Effect of arsenite on swimming motility delays surface colonization in Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans (2010)

Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans is a Gram-negative bacterium able to detoxify arsenic-contaminated environments by oxidizing arsenite [As(III)] to arsenate [As(V)] and by scavenging arsenic ions in an extracellular matrix. Its motility and colonization behaviour have been previously suggested to be influenced by arsenite. Using time-course confocal laser scanning microscopy, we investigated its biofilm development in the absence and presence of arsenite. Arsenite was shown to delay biofilm initiation in the wild-type strain; this was partly explained by its toxicity, which caused an increased growth lag time. However, this delayed adhesion step in the presence of arsenite was not observed in either a swimming motility defective fliL mutant or an arsenite oxidase defective aoxB mutant; both strains displayed the wild-type surface properties and growth capacities. We propose that during the biofilm formation process arsenite acts on swimming motility as a result of the arsenite oxidase activity, preventing the switch between planktonic and sessile lifestyles. Our study therefore highlights the existence, under arsenite exposure, of a competition between swimming motility, resulting from arsenite oxidation, and biofilm initiation.
Feasibility study of a plastic scintillating plate‐based treatment beam fluence monitoring system for use in pencil beam scanning proton therapy (2019)

This study evaluated the dosimetric characteristics of a plastic scintillating plate-based dosimetry system for use with scanning proton beams. The ability to account for the interference of the dosimetry system on the therapeutic beam enabled offline monitoring of the entrance beam fluence of the pencil beam scanning proton therapy independent of the treatment system with high resolution and in a cost-effective manner.
Characterization of proteins in detergent-resistant membrane complexes from Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells (1995)

We previously isolated detergent-resistant membrane complexes (DRMs) that were not solubilized after extraction of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with Triton X-100 on ice. The complexes were rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. In this study, we examined the protein composition of DRMs and further characterized the detergent solubility of these structures. Eight to ten cell-surface proteins, including proteins from both apical and basolateral membranes, were recovered in DRMs. Most DRM proteins, however, were not exposed to the surface of whole cells, and we did not detect the complex of cell-surface proteins described by Sargiacomo et al. in a similar study [Sargiacomo, M., et al. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 122, 789-807]. Almost all proteins in DRMs were solubilized by Triton X-100 at temperatures above 30 degrees C or by octyl glucoside on ice. In contrast, a GPI-anchored protein, placental alkaline phosphatase, was mostly solubilized by Triton X-100 after extraction at 10 degrees C. This protein was insoluble in ice-cold Triton X-100 when first delivered to the plasma membrane and remained so for at least 6 h after synthesis. A fraction of the lipids in DRMs remained insoluble after extraction with Triton X-100 at 37 degrees C. DRM lipids were not solubilized by octyl glucoside, suggesting that this detergent selectively extracts proteins from DRMs.
Apparatus for Thin Sample Ultrasonic Measurements (1966)

A detailed description is given of an apparatus which makes possible the propagation of ultrasonic pulses through very thin solid samples (foils, films, fine wires, whiskers, etc.). The apparatus includes means for mounting the sample, independent transducer supports, and means for bringing sample and transducer into nondestructive contact. Several sample holding devices and micromanipulator adaptations are described. The over-all measurement system is briefly described together with a few typical results for metal foil and fine wire specimens. Some applications of the apparatus are listed.
Evaluating ontological decisions with OntoClean (2002)

Explosing common misuses of the subsumption relationship and the formal basis for why they are wrong.
Sensing and protecting against superoxide stress in<i>Escherichia coli</i>– how many ways are there to trigger<i>soxRS</i>response? (2000)

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as an inescapable consequence of aerobic life. Their levels are kept low enough to be harmless by specific enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, which eliminate them. Expression of these defence enzymes is modulated depending on the environmental oxidative threat. This basic protection, however, is not sufficient to protect against sudden large increases in ROS production. To cope with oxidative stress, rapid global responses are induced that enable bacteria to survive the stress period by multiple means: elimination of ROS, repair of oxidative damage, bypass of damaged functions and induction of adapted metabolism. The soxRS response, which protects against superoxide (O2·-)- generating agents and nitric oxide (·NO), is triggered by activation of a sensor molecule, SoxR, containing two essential [2Fe–2S] clusters. The soxRS regulon is induced in a two-stage process. Upon activation, SoxR induces soxS expression and SoxS, in turn, activates transcription of genes of the regulon. The mechanism of signalling has been under debate for years. Evidence for several pathways of SoxR activation, mediated by the modifications of [2Fe–2S] centres, has emerged from recent data. The direct oxidation of [2Fe–2S] centres, any event that may interfere with the pathway maintaining SoxR in a reduced inactive form, and direct nitrosylation by ·NO can trigger SoxR activation. The multiple possibilities for SoxR activation, along with signal amplification via the two-stage process, constitute a unique, and particularly sensitive, system enabling cells to induce rapidly a protective response to a broad range of environmental changes indicative of possible oxidative stress.
Investigations of the Growth of TiN Thin Films from Ti ( NMe2 ) 4 and Ammonia (1993)

Growth of clean (<5% carbon), stoichiometric titanium nitride thin films on Si(100) substrates from the reaction of tetrakisdimethylamido titanium, , and ammonia is reported. Films were deposited using a novel gas delivery system which allowed the reactants to be mixed at elevated pressures with the substrate held in high vacuum. The films were analyzed using Rutherford backscattering and Auger electron spectroscopy while the gas‐phase chemistry was monitored by mass spectrometry. The quality of the films was measured as a function of gas pressure, reactant ratio, and substrate temperature. Growth on patterned wafers gave information on reactant sticking coefficients and surface mobilities. The reaction of with or clearly showed that both the nitrogen in a clean film and the hydrogen (deuterium) in the gaseous dimethylamine product are derived exclusively from the ammonia. Mass spectrometry studies indicate that the reactive intermediate may be a high molecular weight oligomer consisting of Ti, N, H, and perhaps C. These finding are discussed both in terms of their impact on understanding the growth mechanism, as well as on the potential of this precursor system to be used in a manufacturing process.
A Distinct Subset of Highly Proliferative and Lentiviral Vector (LV)-Transducible NK Cells Define a Readily Engineered Subset for Adoptive Cellular Therapy (2019)

Genetic engineering is an important tool for redirecting the function of various types of immune cells and their use for therapeutic purpose. Although NK cells have many beneficial therapeutic features, genetic engineering of immune cells for targeted therapy focuses mostly on T cells. One of the major obstacles for NK cell immunotherapy is the lack of an efficient method for gene transfer. Lentiviral vectors have been proven to be a safe tool for genetic engineering, however lentiviral transduction is inefficient for NK cells. We show in this study that lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with a modified baboon envelope glycoprotein can transduce NK cells 20-fold or higher in comparison to VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vector. When we investigated the mechanism of transduction, we found that activated NK cells expressed baboon envelope receptor ASCT-2. Further analysis revealed that only a subset of NK cells could be expanded and transduced with an expression profile of NK56<sup>bright</sup>, CD16<sup>dim</sup>, TRAIL<sup>high</sup>, and CX3CR1<sup>neg</sup>. Using CD19-CAR, we could show that CD19 redirected NK cells efficiently and specifically kill cell lines expressing CD19. Taken together, the results from this study will be important for future genetic modification and for redirecting of NK cell function for therapeutic purpose.
Viruses in water systems: Detection and identification (1988)

Waterbone viruses - the classification of viruses in environmental waters, viral contamination of water, epidemiology gathering, monitoring and storage of samples - sampling material, control of the sampling personnel and technicians, sampling design for monitoring waters, storage of samples concentration methods - the gauze pad method, adsorption-elution methods, secondary concentration methods, decontamination of the samples, detoxification of the samples systems for the detection of viruses - cell cultures, animals isolation techniques - isolation on cell cultures, isolation by inoculation of mice identification techniques - identification of viruses provoking a cytopathic effect on cell cultures, identification of the viruses multiplying on cell cultures without provoking a cytopathic effect, identification of viruses isolated from newborn mice, identification without inoculation into susceptible systems methods for quantifying results - dilution of the samples, enumerative methods, quantal numerative methods, choice of a method of quantification organization of a virology laboratory for water systems - definitions of work units, equipment for the work units, maintenance of the work units, organization of the work units conducting a virological analysis - sampling of waste waters, sampling of surface waters, sampling potable water, concentration of the samples, detection of viruses.
Current collapse in GaN heterojunction field effect transistors for high-voltage switching applications (2014)

We have investigated current collapse in GaN heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs) for high voltage power switching applications. With a novel technique in which the gate and drain pulses are controlled independently, we have measured the current collapse under various switching conditions. We found that the current collapse improves under hard switching in which the loadline passes through high current and high voltage area. This was attributed to holes that are generated through impact ionization and compensate trapped electrons at device surface. We show that optimized field plate and surface treatment significantly improves the current collapse for high voltage GaN HFETs.
Infrequent genomic rearrangement and normal expression of the putative RB1 gene in retinoblastoma tumors. (1988)

Retinoblastoma (RB) tumors develop when both alleles of a gene (RB1) are mutated and unable to function normally. Recently, Friend et al. [S. H. Friend, R. Bernards, S. Rogelj, R. A. Weinberg, J. M. Rapaport, D. M. Albert, and T. P. Dryja, Nature (London) 32:643-646, 1986] reported the cloning of a gene, 4.7R, with some properties expected for the RB1 gene, namely, a high frequency (30%) of genomic rearrangements in tumors and absence of message in all RB tumors examined. To extend the characterization of this gene, we used 4.7R probes to search for genomic rearrangements of DNA and to study the expression of the 4.7R gene in RB tumors, osteosarcoma (OS) tumors arising in RB patients, and other normal and malignant tissues. In 34 previously unreported RB and OS tumors arising in RB patients, we observed only four (12%) with genomic abnormalities. Transcripts of 4.7R were present in 12 of 17 RB tumors, 2 of 2 OS tumors, and all non-RB tumors and normal tissues tested. We were unable to confirm the high frequency of truncated messages of 4.7R in RB tumors reported by Lee et al. (W. H. Lee, R. Bookstein, F. Hong, L. J. Young, J. Y. Shaw, and E. Y. Lee, Science 235:1394-1399, 1987) and Fung et al. (Y. K. Fung, A. L. Murphree, A. Tang, J. Qian, S. H. Hinrichs, and W. F. Benedict, Science 236:1657-1661, 1987) but did confirm the presence of a truncated transcript in the RB cell line Y79. Of the RB and RB-related OS tumors which appeared normal on Southern blots, 2 of 26 or 12% had abnormal transcripts, giving a combined frequency of 22% abnormalities in the 4.7R gene detectable by Southern and Northern (RNA) blot analyses.
Intraoperative Transfusion of 1 U to 2 U Packed Red Blood Cells Is Associated with Increased 30-Day Mortality, Surgical-Site Infection, Pneumonia, and Sepsis in General Surgery Patients (2009)

Intraoperative transfusion of PRBCs increases risk for mortality and several morbidities in general surgery patients. These risks, substantial for even 1 U, remain after adjustment for transfusion propensity and numerous risk factors available in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Transfusion for mildly hypovolemic or anemic patients should be discouraged in light of these risks.
Empirical Bernstein Inequalities for U-Statistics (2012)

We present original empirical Bernstein inequalities for U-statistics with bounded symmetric kernels q. They are expressed with respect to empirical estimates of either the variance of q or the conditional variance that appears in the Bernsteintype inequality for U-statistics derived by Arcones [2]. Our result subsumes other existing empirical Bernstein inequalities, as it reduces to them when U-statistics of order 1 are considered. In addition, it is based on a rather direct argument using two applications of the same (non-empirical) Bernstein inequality for U-statistics. We discuss potential applications of our new inequalities, especially in the realm of learning ranking/scoring functions. In the process, we exhibit an efficient procedure to compute the variance estimates for the special case of bipartite ranking that rests on a sorting argument. We also argue that our results may provide test set bounds and particularly interesting empirical racing algorithms for the problem of online learning of scoring functions. 1
A Facile Synthesis of Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-3-ol (1991)

Abstract Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-3-ol (2) has been synthesized in good yield via a Baeyer-Villiger reaction of the corresponding aldehyde 5 with permonophosphoric acid.
CD147 silencing inhibits lactate transport and reduces malignant potential of pancreatic cancer cells in in vivo and in vitro models (2009)

The function of CD147 as an ancillary protein that is required to sustain the expression and function of MCT1 and MCT4 is involved in the association of CD147 expression with the malignant potential of pancreatic cancer cells exhibiting the Warburg effect.