gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of open and sealed fractures on fluid flow and water saturation in sandstone cores using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2001)

We use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to image the imbibition of water by capillary action in a right-cylindrical sample of a porous sedimentary rock with low iron content. In the method some 55 repeat images are taken over a period of approximately two hours, covering five vertical sections. The evolution of the water flood front and the degree of water saturation can be observed by examining snapshots of proton density. The results clearly show (a) the development of a rising wetting front in the rock matrix (b) preferential flow along open fractures observed on the core surface, and (c) reduced flow associated with sealed fractures. The inferred location, orientation and connectivity of conducting and sealing fractures are confirmed by impregnating the sample after the test with an appropriate low-viscosity setting resin and taking serial thin sections in destructive mode. The results validate the utility of MRI as a non-destructive analytical tool for visualizing the distribution of water inside fractured porous media with low iron content. The technique identifies paths of high and low permeability in the sample, and quantifies the fracture location, orientation, and connectivity in sedimentary rocks. Preferential fluid flow in open fractures during capillary imbibition implies that the fractures are more water-wet than the clasts within the matrix. This may be due to due to differences in the age, morphology and mineral structure on the surface of the pores and the fractures.
A compliant hand based on a novel pneumatic actuator (2013)

The RBO Hand is a novel, highly compliant robotic hand. It exhibits robust grasping performance, is easy to build and prototype, and very cheap to produce. One of the primary design motivations is the extensive leverage of compliance to achieve robust shape matching between the hand and the grasped object. This effect results in robust grasping performance under sensing, model, and actuation uncertainty. We show the feasibility of our approach to constructing robotic hands in extensive grasping experiments on objects with varying properties, included water bottles, eye glasses, and sheets of fabric. The RBO hand is based on a novel pneumatic actuator, called PneuFlex, which exhibits desirable properties for robotic fingers.
The American Behavioral Scientist (1963)

Hate crimes and bullying behaviors among children have similarities. Both often focus on "different" individuals as preferred targets, such as those from controversial groups (e.g., homosexuals). Thus, unequal power exists between a bully and his or her victim, and this dynamic precludes the use of equal-power interventions such as mediation. A second similarity is a lack of basic respect for all persons and the subsequent justification of violence against a particular person or group. A third similarity is the predominance of these behaviors among young (juvenile) offenders. These similarities between hate crimes and bullying in children may inform bullying-prevention efforts. Programs need to reduce bullying behaviors by focusing on tolerance of differences, the promotion of positive attitudes toward diversity, and negative attitudes toward hate-based victimization of people who may be different from the mainstream. The Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center's Anti-Bullying Program provides a model for this approach.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa cholinesterase and phosphorylcholine phosphatase: two enzymes contributing to corneal infection (1991)

Choline, acetylcholine and betaine used as the sole carbon, nitrogen or carbon and nitrogen source increase cholinesterase activity in addition to phosphorycholine phosphatase and phospholipase C activities in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cholinesterase activity catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (Km approx. 0.13 mM) and propionylthiocholine (Km approx. 0.26 mM), but not butyrylthiocholine, which is a pure competitive inhibitor (Ki 0.05 mM). Increasing choline concentrations in the assay mixture decreased the affinity of cholinesterase for acetylthiocholine, but in all cases prevented inhibition raised by high substrate concentrations. Considering the properties of these enzymes, and the fact that in the corneal ephitelium there exists a high acetylcholine concentration and that Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces corneal infection, it is proposed that these enzymes acting coordinately might contribute to the breakdown of the corneal epithelial membrane.
Foot and Ground Measurements Using Portable Sensors (2005)

A portable gait measurement system for foot dynamic analysis is proposed. Portable cheap sensors are suitable in active control rehabilitation equipment such as prostheses and orthoses. A system of one gyroscope and two accelerometers was used to measure the foot movement in the sagital plane. Both ground inclination during stance and foot angle relative to ground during swing are estimated. This enables fast detection of changing environments such as hills and stairs.
The discrete ion theory and viscous flow in liquid silicates (1957)

J. D. Mackenzie, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1957, 53, 1488 DOI: 10.1039/TF9575301488
Fermentation of Insoluble Cellulose by Continuous Cultures of <i>Ruminococcus albus</i> (1988)

The hydrolysis and fermentation of insoluble cellulose (Avicel) by continuous cultures of Ruminococcus albus 7 was studied. An anaerobic continuous culture apparatus was designed which permitted gas collection, continuous feeding, and wasting at different retention times. The operation of the apparatus was controlled by a personal computer. Cellulose destruction ranged from ca. 30 to 70% for hydraulic retention times of 0.5 to 2.0 days. Carbon recovery in products was 92 to 97%, and the oxidation-reduction ratios ranged from 0.91 to 1.15. The total product yield (biomass not included) per gram of cellulose (expressed as glucose) was 0.83 g g, and the ethanol yield was 0.41 g g. The product yield was constant, indicating that product formation was growth linked.
New phosphorylated derivatives of carboxymethylcellulose with osteogenic activity (2008)

Abstract New phosphorylated derivatives of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and amidic CMC were realized using trisodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as the phosphating agent. The new polysaccharides were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The characterized polysaccharides were then crosslinked and their rheological and swelling properties determined. The presence of phosphate groups made the three‐dimensional structures more compact and harder than the corresponding non‐phosphated hydrogels. Evaluation of the bioactivity of phosphorylated hydrogels toward osteoblast‐like cells (MG63) showed a significant increase in the osteocalcin production. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spinal pharmacology of tactile allodynia in diabetic rats (1997)

1. Rats develop tactile allodynia to stimulation of the plantar surface of the hindpaw with von Frey filaments within days of the onset of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This is prevented by insulin and alleviated by systemic lignocaine, but the aetiology is unknown. 2. Using indwelling lumbar intrathecal catheters to deliver pharmacological agents, we have investigated whether tactile allodynia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats is dependent on mechanisms associated with spinal sensitization, by assessing the efficacy of agents that inhibit specific components of spinal nociceptive processing. 3. Dose-dependent inhibition of tactile allodynia in diabetic rats was noted with the N-type calcium channel antagonist SNX 239, the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine, the mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist AP5 and the non-NMDA receptor antagonist NBQX. 4. No effect on tactile allodynia was noted after intrathecal administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor ketorolac, the L-type calcium channel inhibitor diltiazem or any vehicle. 5. These data suggest that the tactile allodynia of diabetic rats involves spinal glutamatergic pathways but is not associated with spinal release of nitric oxide or prostaglandins.
Combined <i>sacB</i> -Based Negative Selection and <i>cre-lox</i> Antibiotic Marker Recycling for Efficient Gene Deletion in <i>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</i> (2005)

The complete genome of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has now been sequenced, allowing gene deletion, one of the most frequently used methods in gene function study, to be fully exploited. In this study, we combine the sacB-based negative selection system with a cre-lox antibiotic marker recycling method. This methodology allows allelic exchange between a target gene and a gentamicin cassette flanked by the two lox sequences. A tetracycline plasmid expressing the cre recombinase is then introduced in the mutant strain to catalyze the excision of the lox-flanked resistance marker. We demonstrate here the efficiency of the combination of these two methods in P. aeruginosa by successively deleting ExoS and ExoT, which are two genetically independent toxins of the type-three secretion system (TTSS). This functional cre-lox recycling antibiotic marker system can create P. aeruginosa strains with multiple mutations without modifying the antibiotic resistance profile when compared to the parental strain.
Regulation of V-ATPase recycling via a RhoA- and ROCKII-dependent pathway in epididymal clear cells (2011)

Luminal acidification in the epididymis is critical for sperm maturation and storage. Clear cells express the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) in their apical membrane and are major contributors to proton secretion. We showed that this process is regulated via recycling of V-ATPase-containing vesicles. We now report that RhoA and its effector ROCKII are enriched in rat epididymal clear cells. In addition, cortical F-actin was detected beneath the apical membrane and along the lateral membrane of "resting" clear cells using a pan-actin antibody or phalloidin-TRITC. In vivo luminal perfusion of the cauda epididymal tubule with the ROCK inhibitors Y27632 (10-30 μM) and HA1077 (30 μM) or with the cell-permeable Rho inhibitor Clostridium botulinum C3 transferase (3.75 μg/ml) induced the apical membrane accumulation of V-ATPase and extension of V-ATPase-labeled microvilli in clear cells. However, these newly formed microvilli were devoid of ROCKII. In addition, Y27632 (30 μM) or HA1077 (30 μM) decreased the ratio of F-actin to G-actin detected by Western blot analysis in epididymal epithelial cells, and Y27632 also decreased the ratio of F-actin to G-actin in clear cells isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting from B1-enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) transgenic mice. These results provide evidence that depolymerization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton via inhibition of RhoA or its effector ROCKII favors the recruitment of V-ATPase from the cytosolic compartment into the apical membrane in clear cells. In addition, our data suggest that the RhoA-ROCKII pathway is not locally involved in the elongation of apical microvilli. We propose that inhibition of RhoA-ROCKII might be part of the intracellular signaling cascade that is triggered upon agonist-induced apical membrane V-ATPase accumulation.
Welcome to the ICD‐10 code for sarcopenia (2016)

The new ICD-10-CM (M62.84) code for sarcopenia represents a major step forward in recognizing sarcopenia as a disease. This should lead to an increase in availability of diagnostic tools and the enthusiasm for pharmacological companies to develop drugs for sarcopenia.
Synthesis of [3,4-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>]-Enriched Bile Salts as NMR Probes of Protein−Ligand Interactions (2002)

Synthetic methodology that allows for incorporation of isotopic carbon at the C-3 and C-4 positions of bile salts is reported. Three [3,4-(13)C(2)]-enriched bile salts were synthesized from either deoxycholic or lithocholic acid. The steroid 3alpha-OH group was oxidized and the A-ring was converted into the Delta(4)-3-ketone. The C-24 carboxylic acid was next converted into the carbonate group and selectively reduced to the alcohol in the presence of the A-ring enone. Following protection of the 24-OH group, the Delta(4)-3-ketone was converted into the A-ring enol lactone. Condensation of the enol lactone with [1,2-(13)C(2)]-enriched acetyl chloride and subsequent Robinson annulation afforded a [3,4-(13)C(2)]-enriched Delta(4)-3-ketone that was subsequently converted back into a 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-reduced bile steroid. C-7 hydroxylation, when necessary, was achieved via conversion of the Delta(4)-3-ketone into the corresponding Delta(4,6)-dien-3-one, epoxidation of the Delta(6)-double bond, and hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation of the 5,6-epoxy enone system. The [3,4-(13)C(2)]-enriched bile salts were subsequently complexed to human ileal bile acid binding protein (I-BABP), and (1)H-(13)C HSQC spectra were recorded to show the utility of the compounds for investigating the interactions of bile acids with I-BABP.
Photonic crystal defect tuning for optimized light-matter interaction (2008)

Photonic crystal microcavities with multi-hole defects were simulated using finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis. Subwavelength, multi-hole defects (MHD) offer a significant increase in defect surface area without compromising the quality factor of the photonic crystal. Calculations of the increase in surface area compared to a traditional, single hole defect are performed for MHD structures with varying subwavelength defect hole size, subwavelength defect hole spacing, and effective defect radius. For active photonic crystal applications, the resonance wavelength and quality factor of several different MHD photonic crystal structures was calculated as a function of the dielectric constant of the defect. MHD photonic crystals can be designed to enable large changes in resonance wavelength for small changes in defect dielectric constant. These structures would be advantageous for applications in biosensing and optical switching.
Urea Finishing Process: Prilling Versus Granulation (2015)

Solid urea is the largest nitrogen fertilizer product which is produced in two forms of granules and prills. Although the chemical properties of both prills and granules remain similar, their different physical and mechanical properties are distinguishable and make them suitable for different application either as fertilizer or raw materials for chemical industry. The objective of this work is to analyses physical and mechanical properties of urea granules produced in two different plants in Malaysia using fluidized bed process and compare them with the imported urea prills to the country; hence make a process-product relationship for urea finishing processes. Results of size distribution of the samples show that the most of the granules fall in the size range between 2.82 and 3.06 mm, whereas the prills size is around 1.65 mm. Strength measurement using side crushing test also shows that the prills with the average failure load of 3.80 N remain significantly weaker than the granules with failure load of 10-17 N. Strength distribution of the particles also shows that a more uniform strength distribution is observed for the prills than the granules. It is concluded that the urea prilling process is the finishing process which produces the weaker and the more uniform size and strength of the particles than the fluidized-bed granulation process.
Making sense of meta‐analysis (1993)

Abstract Meta‐analyses of clinical trials have become increasingly popular over the last decade. This technique pools data from different studies in order to provide an overview and obtain more precise estimates of treatment effects. Meta‐analyses may thus detect or exclude small but clinically relevant effects or side effects. A number of criteria have to be met for a reliable meta‐analysis of clinical trials. Only randomized trials analysed according to the intention‐to‐treat principle with complete follow‐up information and comparable, objective outcome assessments should generally be included. Treatments must be comparable from a clinical and pharmacological point of view and similarity of lengths of follow‐up is important when the effect of a treatment varies over time. In this review, the statistical models commonly used are discussed and an example of a well conducted meta‐analysis is given. Several unresolved problems pertinent to meta‐analysis are considered. It is difficult to ensure that all relevant trials have been identified. Selective inclusion of trials may distort results. Important differences in the quality of the studies are generally not taken into account in meta‐analyses. Statistical testing for heterogeneity and the use of random effects models cannot resolve the problems which arise when study results are highly variable. Finally, the clinical application of the results from meta‐analysis may be problematic, since the patients included in the constituent trials are often not representative of the range of patients seen in clinical practice. Meta‐analyses should be viewed as a powerful addition to traditional methods of reviewing medical evidence. In interpreting their results, however, care should be taken not to go beyond the available data.
Calculation of Antenna Radiation Center Using Angular Momentum (2013)

An algorithm to compute the radiation center of an antenna, using the Spherical wave expansion (SWE) of the far field or the far field directly, is introduced. The method is based on the angular momentum that is uniquely defined for any antenna far field pattern. The radiation center is defined as the phase reference point where the angular momentum is minimized and corresponds to minimizing the phase variations in the antenna far field pattern. In addition, this approach also allows for determination of the current distribution axis.
Therapeutic Antibodies by Phage Display (2016)

With evolving novel disease targets and therapeutic strategies, antibody phage display is expected to continue to play a central role in the development of the next generation of therapeutic antibodies.
Learning Spatial Regularization with Image-level Supervisions for Multi-label Image Classification (2017)

Multi-label image classification is a fundamental but challenging task in computer vision. Great progress has been achieved by exploiting semantic relations between labels in recent years. However, conventional approaches are unable to model the underlying spatial relations between labels in multi-label images, because spatial annotations of the labels are generally not provided. In this paper, we propose a unified deep neural network that exploits both semantic and spatial relations between labels with only image-level supervisions. Given a multi-label image, our proposed Spatial Regularization Network (SRN) generates attention maps for all labels and captures the underlying relations between them via learnable convolutions. By aggregating the regularized classification results with original results by a ResNet-101 network, the classification performance can be consistently improved. The whole deep neural network is trained end-to-end with only image-level annotations, thus requires no additional efforts on image annotations. Extensive evaluations on 3 public datasets with different types of labels show that our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-arts and has strong generalization capability. Analysis of the learned SRN model demonstrates that it can effectively capture both semantic and spatial relations of labels for improving classification performance.
Tolerability and safety of novel half milliliter formulation of glatiramer acetate for subcutaneous injection: an open-label, multicenter, randomized comparative study (2010)

Daily glatiramer acetate (GA) 20 mg/1.0 mL is a first-line treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). To reduce the occurrence of injection pain and local injection site reactions (LISRs), a reduced volume formulation of GA was developed. This study compared pain and LISRs after injecting the marketed and the novel formulations. RRMS patients currently injecting GA participated in this multicenter, randomized, crossover comparative study. All patients administered once-daily subcutaneous injections of GA 20 mg/1.0 mL (marketed formulation) or GA 20 mg/0.5 mL (reduced volume formulation) for 14 days. Patients were crossed-over to the alternate treatment for an additional 14 days. Using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), patients recorded in daily diaries the severity of injection pain immediately and 5 min post-injection, and the presence and severity of LISRs (swelling, redness, itching, lump) within 5 min and 24 h post-injection. VAS pain scores were ranked significantly lower immediately and 5 min after GA 20 mg/0.5 mL injections (p < 0.0001). Although LISRs were rare for both preparations, the severity of reactions ranked significantly lower and fewer symptoms occurred within 5 min and 24 h of using the reduced volume formulation (p < 0.0001). GA injected subcutaneously in a reduced volume formulation is a more tolerable option.
Improving Productivity with Group Technology (1984)

The paper looks first at the various types of classification and coding methods used in group technology. A discussion is provided on the pros and cons of classification and its relevance and significance to the establishment of cellular manufacturing. Secondly, the formation of production cells is examined. Some of the factors considered include the optimum cell size, the effect of numerically‐controlled machines, and quality assurance. The introduction of GT (group technology) cells imposes a marked change in the role of the foreman and working relationship of the operators. The social aspect of GT is discussed against the background of current motivational theories and results from surveys are presented.
Shape-retaining carbonization of γ-cyclodextrin microcube (2012)

Microcubes prepared from γ-cyclodextrin by the precipitation method were carbonized by heating from room temperature to 900 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min under flowing argon. The as-prepared γ-cyclodextrin microcubes were changed to a carbonaceous material with a spongy form through a softening and/or fusing process. In contrast, an I2 doped γ-cyclodextrin microcube was steadily converted to a carbon microcube while retaining the shape of the starting material. This latter material had characteristics of amorphous carbon and a microporous material.
The Mohawk‐Mohican War (1624–28): The Establishment of a Pattern (1971)

THE YEAR 1624 MARKED THE OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES between the Mohawk and Mahican tribes, who both lived in the upper reaches of the Hudson Valley. These hostilities lasted for about four years and ended with the Mahican being driven east of the Hudson River, thus setting the stage for the close relationship between the Mohawk and the European inhabitants of the Albany area that was to last throughout the colonial period. There is very little documentation for this event which, as far as upper New York State is concerned, took place at the dawn of its recorded history. The resuk has been a considerable amount of unbridled speculation. For lack of better evidence, most Iroquoianists, myself included, have been inclined to accept G.T. Hunt's explanation that the Mohawk went to war in order to eliminate the Mahican as middlemen in their trade with the Dutch x