gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ischemic stroke: experimental models and reality (2017)

The vast majority of cerebral stroke cases are caused by transient or permanent occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel ("ischemic stroke") eventually leading to brain infarction. The final infarct size and the neurological outcome depend on a multitude of factors such as the duration and severity of ischemia, the existence of collateral systems and an adequate systemic blood pressure, etiology and localization of the infarct, but also on age, sex, comorbidities with the respective multimedication and genetic background. Thus, ischemic stroke is a highly complex and heterogeneous disorder. It is immediately obvious that experimental models of stroke can cover only individual specific aspects of this multifaceted disease. A basic understanding of the principal molecular pathways induced by ischemia-like conditions comes already from in vitro studies. One of the most frequently used in vivo models in stroke research is the endovascular suture or filament model in rodents with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), which causes reproducible infarcts in the MCA territory. It does not require craniectomy and allows reperfusion by withdrawal of the occluding filament. Although promptly restored blood flow is far from the pathophysiology of spontaneous human stroke, it more closely mimics the therapeutic situation of mechanical thrombectomy which is expected to be increasingly applied to stroke patients. Direct transient or permanent occlusion of cerebral arteries represents an alternative approach but requires craniectomy. Application of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor, allows induction of transient focal ischemia in nearly any brain region and is frequently used to model lacunar stroke. Circumscribed and highly reproducible cortical lesions are characteristic of photothrombotic stroke where infarcts are induced by photoactivation of a systemically given dye through the intact skull. The major shortcoming of this model is near complete lack of a penumbra. The two models mimicking human stroke most closely are various embolic stroke models and spontaneous stroke models. Closeness to reality has its price and goes along with higher variability of infarct size and location as well as unpredictable stroke onset in spontaneous models versus unpredictable reperfusion in embolic clot models.
Hypoxia Regulates Macrophage Functions in Inflammation (2005)

The presence of areas of hypoxia is a prominent feature of various inflamed, diseased tissues, including malignant tumors, atherosclerotic plaques, myocardial infarcts, the synovia of joints with rheumatoid arthritis, healing wounds, and sites of bacterial infection. These areas form when the blood supply is occluded and/or unable to keep pace with the growth and/or infiltration of inflammatory cells in a given area. Macrophages are present in all tissues of the body where they normally assist in guarding against invading pathogens and regulate normal cell turnover and tissue remodeling. However, they are also known to accumulate in large numbers in such ischemic/hypoxic sites. Recent studies show that macrophages then respond rapidly to the hypoxia present by altering their expression of a wide array of genes. In the present study, we outline and compare the phenotypic responses of macrophages to hypoxia in different diseased states and the implications of these for their progression and treatment.
Azoarcus anaerobius sp. nov., a resorcinol-degrading, strictly anaerobic, denitrifying bacterium (1998)

A strictly anaerobic, nitrate-reducing bacterium, strain LuFRes1, was isolated using resorcinol as sole source of carbon and energy. The strain reduced nitrate to dinitrogen gas and was not able to use oxygen as an alternative electron acceptor. Cells were catalase-negative but superoxide-dismutase-positive. Resorcinol was completely oxidized to CO2. 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed a high similarity with sequences of Azoarcus evansii and Azoarcus tolulyticus. Strain LuFRes1T (= DSM 12081T) is described as a new species of the genus Azoarcus, Azoarcus anaerobius.
Structure and Function of a Recombinant von Willebrand Factor Drug Candidate (2010)

The complex structure, large size, and multiple posttranslational modifications of von Willebrand factor (VWF) presented a technological challenge for the production of recombinant VWF (rVWF). Nonetheless, we developed an rVWF product for treating von Willebrand disease, whereupon rVWF is coexpressed with recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) in Chinese hamster ovary cells used to produce rFVIII for the treatment of hemophilia A. Here we describe the characterization of the structure and function of the rVWF drug product, with a focus on its in vitro platelet aggregation and matrix protein binding functions. Electron microscopy and multimer analysis revealed a highly organized structure for the rVWF protein, with a homogeneous multimer distribution including ultrahigh molecular weight multimers. The specific activity for binding to collagen and platelets mediated by ristocetin is higher in rVWF than in commercial plasma-derived VWF-FVIII complex products. The affinity and binding capacity of rVWF to FVIII is comparable to VWF in plasma. rVWF effectively binds to platelets and promotes platelet adhesion under shear stress similar to VWF in human plasma.
Endocrine-Dependent Rat Mammary Tumor Regression: Use of a Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analog (1976)

Long-term administration of [D-Leu6, des-Gly-NH210, Pro-ethylamide9]-GnRH, an analog of gonadotropin releasing hormone, caused regression of neoplastic tissue in a rat bearing a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma and in rats in which tumors had been induced by treatment with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). During two separate treatment periods with the analog, the tumor in the single animal regressed although it had previously grown spontaneously. After a third period of growth, ovariectomy also induced regression, suggesting endocrine dependency of the tumor. These observations were confirmed in the DMBA-induced tumor system, where tumor regression in the analog-treated rats was comparable to that observed in the ovariectomized rats, and in both cases the tumor regression was significant when compared to untreated controls.
Siloxane‐Based Cross‐Coupling of Bromopyridine Derivatives: Studies for the Synthesis of Streptonigrin and Lavendamycin. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fetal ECG extraction with nonlinear state-space projections (1998)

We describe a method to suppress maternal and noise contaminations in single-lead fetal ECG recordings. A nonlinear state space projection technique originally developed for noise reduction in deterministically chaotic signals is used. The method is successfully applied to recordings with fetal components and noise of comparable amplitude.
A Collaborative Epidemiological Investigation into the Criminal Fake Artesunate Trade in South East Asia (2008)

An international multi-disciplinary group obtained evidence that some of the counterfeit artesunate was manufactured in China, and this prompted a criminal investigation. International cross-disciplinary collaborations may be appropriate in the investigation of other serious counterfeit medicine public health problems elsewhere, but strengthening of international collaborations and forensic and drug regulatory authority capacity will be required.
Selective jamming/dropping insider attacks in wireless mesh networks (2011)

Wireless mesh networks promise to extend high-speed wireless connectivity beyond what is possible with the current WiFi-based infrastructure. However, their unique architectural features leave them particularly vulnerable to security threats. In this article we describe various forms of sophisticated attacks launched from adversaries with internal access to the WMN. We further identify possible detection and mitigation mechanisms.
In Vivo Electromechanical Reshaping of Ear Cartilage in a Rabbit Model (2012)

Electromechanical reshaping can alter the shape of the rabbit auricle, providing good creation and retention of shape, with limited skin and cartilage injury. Needle electrode electromechanical reshaping is a viable technique for minimally invasive tissue reshaping, with potential applications in otoplasty, septoplasty, and rhinoplasty. Further studies to refine dosimetry parameters will be required before clinical trials.
Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Sportmenlik Davranışları Hakkındaki Görüşleri (2017)

Spor gunumuzde ilgi duyulan bir aktivite yumagi olmakla beraber bu organizasyonlarda etik kurallara bazi davranis bozukluklari gorulmeye baslanmistir. Bu davranislar insanlari catisma ortamina suruklemeye baslamistir. Bu calisma; Spor bilimleri fakultesinde okuyan ogrencilerin, sportmenlik davranislarini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Spor Bilimleri Fakulte ve Beden Egitimi ve Spor Yuksekokullari spor egitiminin verildigi kurumlardir. Bu okullarda spor egitimi okutulmakla beraber sportmenlik davranislari ve fair play ruhunu kazandirilmasi beklenmektedir. Bu okullarda fair play dersi secmeli olarak okutulmaktadir. Sportmenlik davranisi sporculara veya ogrencilere egitimin her asamasinda kazandirilmasi onem arz etmektedir. Arastirmada tarama modeli kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin evrenini 2015-2016 egitim ogretim yilinda Spor Bilimleri Fakultesinde okuyan ogrencilerden tesadufu orneklem yontemiyle 106 ogrenci olusturmaktadir. Arastirmada veri toplama araci olarak Koc (2013) tarafindan gelistirilen “Beden Egitimi Dersi ve Sportmenlik Davranis Olcegi” kullanilmistir. Olcek 5’li likert olup 20 maddeden olusmaktadir. Arastirmada elde edilen verilerin analizi SPSS 16.0 paket programi ile analiz edilmis olup, yuzde frekans, standart sapma ve aritmetik ortalama teknikleri kullanilmistir.  Sonuc olarak; arastirmada ogrencilerin, “centilmenlik, erdemlilik, dostca oynama ve yarisma, kaybetmeyi kabul etme” gibi temalarda olumlu davranislar ifade ettikleri gorulmustur. Diger taraftan fair-play’e aykiri davranis olarak, “kazanma oncelikli anlayis” ile hareket ettikleri, takim arkadaslarina ve rakibe karsi “siddet boyutunda” olumsuz dusunceleri oldugu belirlenmistir. Ogrencilere fairplay’in ozunu olusturan ortak temalar konusunda,  calismalar yapilmasi gerekliligi kanisina varilmistir.
An Automated SEU Fault-Injection Method and Tool for HDL-Based Designs (2013)

Evaluating the sensitivity to soft-errors of integrated circuits and systems became a main issue especially if they are intended to operate in space or at high altitudes. In this paper, a new fully automated SEU fault-injection method is presented and illustrated by its application to an 8051 microcontroller. Predicted SEU error-rates are in a good agreement with results issued from radiation ground testing, thus putting in evidence the accuracy of the studied method.
Scanning Nanospin Ensemble Microscope for Nanoscale Magnetic and Thermal Imaging (2015)

Quantum sensors based on solid-state spins provide tremendous opportunities in a wide range of fields from basic physics and chemistry to biomedical imaging. However, integrating them into a scanning probe microscope to enable practical, nanoscale quantum imaging is a highly challenging task. Recently, the use of single spins in diamond in conjunction with atomic force microscopy techniques has allowed significant progress toward this goal, but generalization of this approach has so far been impeded by long acquisition times or by the absence of simultaneous topographic information. Here, we report on a scanning quantum probe microscope which solves both issues by employing a nanospin ensemble hosted in a nanodiamond. This approach provides up to an order of magnitude gain in acquisition time while preserving sub-100 nm spatial resolution both for the quantum sensor and topographic images. We demonstrate two applications of this microscope. We first image nanoscale clusters of maghemite particles through both spin resonance spectroscopy and spin relaxometry, under ambient conditions. Our images reveal fast magnetic field fluctuations in addition to a static component, indicating the presence of both superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic particles. We next demonstrate a new imaging modality where the nanospin ensemble is used as a thermometer. We use this technique to map the photoinduced heating generated by laser irradiation of a single gold nanoparticle in a fluid environment. This work paves the way toward new applications of quantum probe microscopy such as thermal/magnetic imaging of operating microelectronic devices and magnetic detection of ion channels in cell membranes.
Sensitive, hydrosoluble, macromolecular fluorogenic substrates for human immunodeficiency virus 1 proteinase (1993)

Hydrosoluble macromolecular fluorogenic substrates specific for the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) proteinase have been prepared. The fluoresceinyl peptide Ftc-epsilon-Ahx-Ser-Phe-Asn-Phe-Pro-Gln-Ile-Thr-(Gly)n, corresponding to the first cleavage site of HIV-1 gag-pol native precursor was linked to a water-soluble neutral (Lys)n derivative. The epsilon-aminohexanoyl residue (epsilon-Ahx) and the glycyl sequence were added in order to improve the stability of the substrate and the accessibility of the cleavage site to the HIV-1 proteinase respectively. This macro-molecular peptidic-substrate conjugate is significantly more water-soluble than the free peptide itself on a substrate molar concentration basis. The assay is based on the quantitative precipitation of the polymeric material by adding propan-2-ol whereas the fluorescent peptide moiety released upon proteolysis remains soluble in the supernatant. The proteinase activity is assessed by measuring the fluorescence of the supernatant. This assay allows the detection of a few fmol of HIV-1 proteinase, even in the presence of cell culture media, plasma or cell lysate and it gives accurate results within a large proteinase concentration range. The hydrosoluble macromolecular substrate is also suitable for determining the HIV-1 proteinase activity using 96-well microplates, allowing us to test accurately and rapidly numerous enzyme samples and/or the potency of new proteinase inhibitors.
Reduction of complex safety models based on Markov chains (2012)

This paper presents a method how to reduce safety models based on Markov chains. The safety model is used to calculate the probability and rate of an event leading to the hazard state - situation, where safety of a modeled system is violated, so the system may cause material loss or mortality. The reduction method allows us to prove that the rate of the event is sufficiently small hence the hazard state may be neglected. The real safety model of railway station signaling and interlocking equipments is used as a case study.
Electrophilicity Index (1999)

Prompted by a recent paper by Maynard and co-workers (Maynard, A. T.; Huang, M.; Rice, W. G.; Covel, D. G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95, 11578), we propose that a specific property of a chemical species, the square of its electronegativity divided by its chemical hardness, be taken as defining its electrophilicity index. We tabulate this quantity for a number of atomic and molecular species, for two different models of the energy−electron number relationships, and we show that it measures the second-order energy change of an electrophile as it is saturated with electrons.
Experimental demonstration of an excited-state Faraday filter operating at 532 nm (1995)

We outline what is to our knowledge the first experimental demonstration of an excited-state Faraday filter. The filter consists of potassium vapor between crossed polarizers in a dc magnetic field and operates on the 4P((1/2)) ? 8S((1/2)) transition in potassium. The 4P((1/2)) state is populated by a linearly polarized, 10-ns light pulse from a dye laser operating at 769.9 nm. Another linearly polarized, 10-nsec pulse at 532.33 nm traverses the pumped volume of the K cell and is absorbed from the 4P((1/2)) state to the 8S((1/2)) state. The transmission of the filter is approximately 3.5% at 532.33 nm with a bandwidth of less than 10 GHz.
The ROS-sensitive microRNA-9/9* controls the expression of mitochondrial tRNA-modifying enzymes and is involved in the molecular mechanism of MELAS syndrome (2014)

Mitochondrial dysfunction activates mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling pathways whose components are mostly unknown. Identification of these components is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial diseases and to discover putative therapeutic targets. MELAS syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial (mt) DNA affecting mt-tRNA(Leu(UUR)). Patient and cybrid cells exhibit elevated oxidative stress. Moreover, mutant mt-tRNAs(Leu(UUR)) lack the taurine-containing modification normally present at the wobble uridine (U34) of wild-type mt-tRNA(Leu(UUR)), which is considered an etiology of MELAS. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. We found that MELAS cybrids exhibit a significant decrease in the steady-state levels of several mt-tRNA-modification enzymes, which is not due to transcriptional regulation. We demonstrated that oxidative stress mediates an NFkB-dependent induction of microRNA-9/9*, which acts as a post-transcriptional negative regulator of the mt-tRNA-modification enzymes GTPBP3, MTO1 and TRMU. Down-regulation of these enzymes by microRNA-9/9* affects the U34 modification status of non-mutant tRNAs and contributes to the MELAS phenotype. Anti-microRNA-9 treatments of MELAS cybrids reverse the phenotype, whereas miR-9 transfection of wild-type cells mimics the effects of siRNA-mediated down-regulation of GTPBP3, MTO1 and TRMU. Our data represent the first evidence that an mt-DNA disease can directly affect microRNA expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that the modification status of mt-tRNAs is dynamic and that cells respond to stress by modulating the expression of mt-tRNA-modifying enzymes. microRNA-9/9* is a crucial player in mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling as it regulates expression of nuclear genes in response to changes in the functional state of mitochondria.
Time delay estimation using phase data (1981)

The estimation of time delays between two received signals using phase measurements is discussed and the accuracy of such estimates is detailed. For the ideal case of statistically independent noise and no scattering at the receiver locations, it is shown that phase data regression lines yield time delay estimates with the same accuracy as other optimal time delay estimation procedures. For less ideal situations, the potential advantages of time delay estimation using phase data are discussed and illustrated. It is shown that regression analysis of phase estimates at properly selected frequencies can sometimes be employed to reduce bias errors in time delay estimates due to correlated receiver noise. It is also shown that the estimation errors due to scattering at the receiver location can often be assessed in nonparametric terms to provide time delay estimates with a realistic error bound.
A novel introduction system for hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: determination of selenium in biological materials (2000)

A novel, robust hydride generation system compatible with sample introduction with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is described and applied to the determination of Se in biological tissues. A short reaction time (60 ms) and a rapid separation of the reaction products is obtained by mixing the acidified sample and the sodium borohydride reductant solution at the tip of a cross-flow nebuliser. A modified Scott spray chamber serves as a gas–liquid separator, providing 30 s wash-in and wash-out times. Analytical results generated by external calibration and isotope dilution methodologies agree well with the certified values for Se in certified biological reference materials DORM-2 and DOLT-2. Detection limits for Se and other hydride forming elements, i.e., As, Sn and Sb, are below 10 ng l−1 with typical precision of 2% RSD at the 10 ng ml−1 level. Volatile species of Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Au, Hg, Tl and Pb are also produced, and estimated sensitivities and detection limits for these elements are reported.
570. The photolysis of 3-t-butyldiazirine (1965)

H. M. Frey and I. D. R. Stevens, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 3101 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650003101
Comparative bone growth behavior in granules of bioceramic materials of various sizes (1999)

Various bioceramic materials were implanted into 6-mm-diameter holes made in the femoral condyles of mature Japanese white rabbits using different-sized granules to find an optimal material and granule diameter for use as a bone graft. Bioceramics include a bioinert ceramic (Alumina), surface-bioactive ceramics [hydroxyapatite (HAp) and Bioglass(R)], and resorbable bioactive ceramics [alphatricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP), beta-TCP, tetracalcium phosphate (TeCP), Te. DCPD, Te. DCPA, and low-crystalline HAp]. Granule sizes were 100-300, 10, and 1-3 microm. Bone growth behavior varied with the kind of bioceramic and the size used. For surface-bioactive ceramics, 45S5 Bioglass(R) led to more rapid bone proliferation than synthetic HAp. In resorbable bioactive ceramics, the order of resorption was: low-crystalline HAp and OCP > TeCP, Te DCPD, Te DCPA > alpha-TCP, beta-TCP. In terms of biocompatibility, alpha-TCP was better than beta-TCP.
Increased expression of soluble inducible costimulator ligand (ICOSL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2009)

To investigate the level of costimulating molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we assessed the plasma concentrations of soluble forms of costimulatory molecules such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), B7-H1 (also called PD-L1 or CD274) and inducible costimulator ligand (ICOSL) in patients with SLE. Plasma concentrations of soluble PD-1, B7-H1 and ICOSL were measured by ELISA using plasma samples from 57 SLE patients with or without the active disease, 21 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 35 healthy subjects. We also evaluated surface ICOSL expression on B cells using flow cytometry to gain a better understanding of ICOSL expression. To compare the level of ICOSL mRNA expression, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using total RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from eight healthy subjects and 11 patients with SLE. The concentration of plasma ICOSL was significantly higher in patients with SLE compared with healthy subjects (P = 0.005). Plasma ICOSL concentrations in patients with active SLE were also significantly higher than those of either patients with inactive SLE or patients with RA (P = 0.001, P = 0.015, respectively). Plasma ICOSL concentrations in patients with SLE correlated modestly with the SLE disease activity index score (r = 0.298, P = 0.024). We also found a significant inverse correlation between the soluble ICOSL expression and the surface ICOSL expression on B cells (r = -0.690, P = 0.001). However, ICOSL mRNA levels of patients with SLE were comparable with those of the control subjects. There was also no significant difference in plasma B7-H1 concentrations between groups, and plasma PD-1 was not detectable in any of the groups. The plasma concentration of soluble ICOSL might be correlated to the disease severity of lupus. The increased levels of ICOSL in active lupus suggest that this pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. The mechanism and physiological role of soluble ICOSL in the pathogenesis of SLE, however, remains to be investigated.