gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oil recovery by alkaline waterflooding (1974)

Flooding of oil containing organic acids with alkaline water under favorable conditions can result in recovery of around 50% of the residual oil left in a watered-out model. A high recovery efficiency results from the formation of a bank of viscous water-in-oil emulsion as surface active agents (soaps) are created by reactions of base in the water with the organic acids in the oil. The type and amount of organic acids in the oil, the pH and salt content of the water, and the amount of fines in the porous medium are the primary factors which determine the amount of additional oil recovered by this method. Interaction of alkaline water with reservoir rock largely determines the amount of chemical needed to flood a reservoir. Laboratory investigations using synthetic oils and crude oils show the importance of oil-water and liquid-solid interfacial properties to the results of an alkaline waterflood. A small field test demonstrated that emulsion banks can be formed in the reservoir and that chemical costs can be reasonable in selected reservoirs. Although studies have provided many qualitative guide lines for evaluating the feasibility of alkaline waterflooding, the economic attractiveness of the process must be considered on an individual reservoir.
Chirped coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering as a high-spectral- and spatial-resolution microscopy (2007)

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is a promising tool for chemically selective imaging based on molecular vibrations. While CARS is currently used as a biological imaging tool, many variations are still being developed, perhaps the most important being multiplex CARS microscopy. Multiplex CARS has the advantage of comparing images based on different molecular vibrations without changing the excitation wavelengths. Here we demonstrate both high-spectral- and spatial-resolution multiplex CARS imaging of polymer films, using a simple scheme for chirped CARS with a spectral bandwidth of 300 cm(-1).
From the President (1992)

IALL's 1992 Summer Leadership meetings at Boulder, Colorado, are now behind us, but the work and projects generated from discussions at those meetings lie yet ahead! The Summer Leadership meetings provide a forum for addressing IALL' s nittygritty business issues as well as serve to "set the course" for IALL activities and involvement with other organizations. We did a lot in both of these areas while in Boulder. I want to thank those Council members (from regional leaders to committee chairs) who attended for their invaluable contributions. For those who couldn't attend, I'd like to outline some of the directions that IALL will be heading in the next several years. You will find details on these and other meeting items in the summer issue of the IALL News Review.
Radiometric Calibration of Terrestrial Laser Scanners with External Reference Targets (2009)

The intensity data produced by terrestrial laser scanners has become a topic of increasing interest in the remote sensing community. We present a case study of radiometric calibration for two phase-shift continuous wave (CW) terrestrial scanners and discuss some major issues in correcting and applying the intensity data, and a practical calibration scheme based on external reference targets. There are differences in the operation of detectors of different (although similar type) instruments, and the detector effects must be known in order to calibrate the intensity data into values representing the target reflectance. It is, therefore, important that the effects of distance and target reflectance on the recorded intensity are carefully studied before using the intensity data from any terrestrial laser scanner.
Object tracking (1999)

Object tracking means tracing the progress of objects (or object features) as they move about in a visual scene. It involves processing spatial and temporal changes. Some approaches are discussed together with applications and challenges.
An XML-based collaborative framework for ASIC eDesign (2006)

Efficient management of the large number of expertise and services required for design and verification of complex integrated circuits demands a collaborative design environment. Such an environment should be able to accommodate distributed design teams and design services, as well as heterogeneous design tools and data models. This paper describes a web-based framework for collaborative design of complex integrated circuits such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) and System-on-a-chip (SoC). The XML-based framework provides a collaborative environment for secure exchange and OnDemand conversion of heterogeneous design data and delivery of design services. It enables sharing of design data among various design tools and applications by utilizing a central data XML schema. The framework enables transport of integrated design data, design services and EDA tools across a unified XML protocol. The virtual central database provides managed access, control, collaboration, and sharing of expertise and design services across LAN, Intranet, or Internet. Secure design data and silicon IP interchange are supported across distributed design centers. Outsourced resources and internal expertise are integrated via IBM Customer Connect or industry standard HTTP tunnel protocols. A web-based silicon IP portal for OnDemand IP design specification, qualification and data exchange is developed based on the system architecture described in this paper.
National Bureau of Standards mobile low-level sounding system (1953)

The National Bureau of Standards Mobile Low-l evcl Sounding System is a combination of an improved wiredsonde and an Army SCM-IA mobile weather s tation. Its purpose is to meas ure temperature and moisture distributions and their associated gradients and h eights from n ear the ground up t o a maximum h eight of 2,000 feet over different types of terrain . The system has six distinguishing features: 1. Balloo n-I cvel h eigh ts can bc determined at all times during a fl ight by data r ecord cd at th c ground level by an elcctric al tim eter. 2. Humidity data reco rded with t his system , which is energized with 60-cycles-per-second alternatin g current, a re reliable for longer periods of time than those obtained by direct-curren t so unding systems. 3. The s.vstem can b e opcrated from within t he h cated truck body and is s uitable for use in d ense fo g, at night, or during vcry cold wcather. 4. Th c air-bornc unit is of lightcr co nstr uctio n b ecause s witching and ventilating of the circuit meas uring elcments are don e b~r a gravity motor instcad of a battery-drivcn moLor. 5. Th e system providcs a condition of radio s il encc durin g operation . 6. The sys tem is dcsigncd to opcrate into rccordcrs rcq uirin g up to 500 microampcres of dircct curre nt. Thc in Lcll igencc from t h e Hyst-c m can t hercfo ,'c be record ed directly on t hc cquipment in a standard radiosondc rcceptor installatio n.
Physiological responses of <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> to fungal endophyte infection (1996)

summary Enhanced growth rates of several grass species infected by fungal endophytes are known, but the underlying changes in plant physiology are not. Carbon exchange rates (CER) and leaf conductances (g) of 13 genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. var. KY 31) infected by the fungal endophyte Acremomum coenophialum Morgan‐Jones and Gams were measured at ambient conditions. Endophyte‐free ramets of the same genotypes were also measured. Correlations were calculated between environmental conditions at the time of measurement, and physiological responses. The only differential response of infected and uninfected ramets was to temperature. At low leaf temperatures no difference was seen between infected and uninfected plants. However, at leaf temperatures above 35°C infected tall fescue plants photosynthesized at a significantly greater rate (20–25%) than uninfected plants. This resulted from a decrease in the CER of uninfected plants, not an increase in the rate of infected plants, at high temperature. There were also significant infection × genotype interactions, indicating that the response to infection was specific to a given genotype. These results indicate that physiological responses of host plants to fungal endophyte infection depend both on the physical environment and the genotype of the plants.
Matrix metalloproteinases in lung biology (2000)

Despite much information on their catalytic properties and gene regulation, we actually know very little of what matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) do in tissues. The catalytic activity of these enzymes has been implicated to function in normal lung biology by participating in branching morphogenesis, homeostasis, and repair, among other events. Overexpression of MMPs, however, has also been blamed for much of the tissue destruction associated with lung inflammation and disease. Beyond their role in the turnover and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, MMPs also process, activate, and deactivate a variety of soluble factors, and seldom is it readily apparent by presence alone if a specific proteinase in an inflammatory setting is contributing to a reparative or disease process. An important goal of MMP research will be to identify the actual substrates upon which specific enzymes act. This information, in turn, will lead to a clearer understanding of how these extracellular proteinases function in lung development, repair, and disease.
Voltage enhancement in quantum well solar cells (1996)

It is known that quantum well solar cells (QWSCs) can enhance short circuit current and power conversion efficiency in comparison with similar, conventional solar cells made from the quantum well (QW) barrier material alone. In this article we report measurements of the dark-current and open-circuit voltage (Voc) of a number of quantum well cells in three different lattice-matched material systems, namely, Al0.35Ga0.65As/GaAs, GaInP/GaAs, and InP/InGaAs. We also present the results obtained from comparable control cells without wells formed either from the material of the barriers or the well material alone. Our results clearly demonstrate in all three cases that, at fixed voltage, QWSC dark currents are systematically lower than would be expected from control cells with the same effective absorption edge. Measurements of Voc in a white-light source show that the open-circuit voltages of the QWSCs are higher than those of control cells formed from the well material. Furthermore, this enhancement is more than is expected from the shift in the absorption edge due to the effect of confinement in the wells. We discuss these results in the light of recent theoretical speculation about the upper limit to the efficiency of an ideal quantum well solar cell. We report on a 50 well QWSC with open-circuit voltage higher than the world record conventional cell formed from the well material, namely, GaAs.
Recent advances in the preclinical and clinical immunopharmacology of interleukin-2: emphasis on IL-2 as an immunorestorative agent. (1988)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a chemically defined lymphokine (LK) available as mixed human (LK) preparations, as partially purified lymphoblastoid IL-2, or as recombinant human IL-2. Each has different actions dependent on companion LKs showing synergistic interaction (e.g., IL-1 and gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN]). IL-2 acts to expand activated T cells; to activate natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, and cytolytic T cells (CTL); to regulate T-cell ontogeny via actions on prothymocytes and immature T cells; and to induce gamma-IFN and activate tumoricidal macrophages. IL-2 acts via specific cell surface receptors on protein kinase C and cyclic GMP-related mechanisms. While stable, its in vivo half-life is short and its persistence is important for it to induce a response. Toxicities include an influenzia-like syndrome, anemia, eosinophilia, and fluid accumulation. In vivo actions include augmentation of cytotoxic responses at high doses, T-cell adjuvant actions, and T-cell restorative actions at midrange doses and at low doses with companion LKs. Antitumor responses in man and animals occur, but irregularly. They are maximized by the concomitant use of LAK cells, cytoreductive therapy, antisuppressor cell therapy, and regional or persistent administration. IL-2 offers hope for more effective therapy of cancer and a variety of immunodeficiency diseases involving IL-2 defects, including AIDS, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases.
High performance presence-accelerated ray casting (1999)

We present a novel presence acceleration for volumetric ray casting. A highly accurate estimation for object presence is obtained by projecting all grid cells associated with the object boundary on the image plane. Memory space and access time are reduced by run-length encoding of the boundary cells, while boundary cell projection time is reduced by exploiting projection templates and multiresolution volumes. Efforts have also been made towards a fast perspective projection as well as interactive classification. We further present task partitioning schemes for effective parallelization of both boundary cell projection and ray traversal procedures. Good load balancing has been reached by taking full advantage of both the optimizations in the serial rendering algorithm and shared-memory architecture. Our experimental results on a 16-processor SGI Power Challenge have shown interactive rendering rates for 2563 volumetric data sets at 10 - 30 Hz. This paper describes the theory and implementation of our algorithm, and shows its superiority over the shear-warp factorization approach.
Metabolic phenotyping for monitoring ovarian cancer patients (2016)

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most deadly of the gynecological cancers. New approaches and better tools for monitoring treatment efficacy and disease progression of EOC are required. In this study, metabolomics using rapid resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was applied to a systematic investigation of metabolic changes in response to advanced EOC, surgery and recurrence. The results revealed considerable metabolic differences between groups. Moreover, 37, 30, and 26 metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers for primary, surgical and recurrent EOC, respectively. Primary EOC was characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism and energy disorders. Oxidative stress and surgical efficacy were clear in the post-operative EOC patients. Recurrent EOC patients showed increased amino acid and lipid metabolism compared with primary EOC patients. After cytoreductive surgery, eight metabolites (e.g. l-kynurenine, retinol, hydroxyphenyllactic acid, 2-octenoic acid) corrected towards levels of the control group, and four (e.g. hydroxyphenyllactic acid, 2-octenoic acid) went back again to primary EOC levels after disease relapse. In conclusion, this study delineated metabolic changes in response to advanced EOC, surgery and recurrence, and identified biomarkers that could facilitate both understanding and monitoring of EOC development and progression.
Angiotensin II Receptor Subtypes in the Human Renal Cortex and Renal Cell Carcinoma (1994)

Selective antagonists were used to determine the presence of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor subtypes (AT1 and AT2) in normal human renal cortex and renal cell carcinoma. Normal and tumor tissues were obtained from fresh radical nephrectomy specimens in 7 patients. All patients had a patent renal artery, and the mean preoperative serum creatinine level was 1.1 mg./dl. Tissues were snap frozen and sectioned (14 microns.) for in vitro autoradiography, then incubated in 125I-Ang II (0.3 nM.), with or without unlabeled Ang II or subtype selective antagonists (1 nM. to 1 microM.), rinsed, air dried and apposed to SB-5 X-ray film for 3 to 21 days. In normal renal tissue, low densities of diffuse 125I-Ang II binding sites were observed in cortical areas containing tubules. Higher densities of binding sites occurred over glomeruli and large cortical vessels. Specific binding ranged between 60 and 90% depending on the area as determined by displacement with excess unlabeled Ang II. Specific binding in large cortical vessels was displaced by the two AT2 selective antagonists PD123177 (1 microM.) or CGP 42112A (0.01 microM.), whereas these antagonists were less effective competitors for 125I-Ang II binding in glomeruli. In contrast, the AT1 selective antagonists, DuP 753 and L-158,809 (0.1 and .01 microM., respectively), were potent competitors for glomerular, but not extraglomerular, cortical vessel binding. In the normal cortical tubulointerstitium, both AT1 and AT2 antagonists caused partial displacement of specific binding (55 +/- 12% AT1, 39 +/- 12% AT2). Low density 125I-Ang II binding was present in all tumors. Specific binding averaged 59 +/- 10% as defined by displacement with unlabeled Ang II (1 microM.). As in the normal tubulointerstitial area, each of the selective antagonists produced partial displacement of the specific binding (60 +/- 12% AT1, 31 +/- 8% AT2). In conclusion, AT1 receptors predominate in glomeruli, while AT2 binding sites predominate in large preglomerular vessels of the human renal cortex. In the normal tubulointerstitium and renal cell carcinoma, a 60%/40% mixture of AT1 to AT2 receptors exists. These findings provide a pharmacologic framework for the differential effects of Ang II receptor-mediated function in the human kidney.
IQ Imbalance Compensation in OFDMA based WiMAX Digital Receivers (2008)

WiMAX is one of the most promising technologies for broadcast wireless communication and based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. The WiMAX networks support high speed transmission. But some hardware design, such as the IQ (inphase quadrature) imbalance due to direct conversion in RF front-end, limits their throughput. This problem is especially serious in high-order modulation. Most current papers of this field focus on OFDM based systems, such as wireless local area networks (WLAN). Little attention has been paid to OFDMA based WiMAX systems. So we propose some time-domain compensation strategies to work on this problem according to the preamble symbol. In order to test the performance of compensation, we carry out simulation experiments in AWGN and multi-path fading conditions respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed strategies offer good effect.
Genome‐wide association study of shared components of reading disability and language impairment (2013)

Written and verbal languages are neurobehavioral traits vital to the development of communication skills. Unfortunately, disorders involving these traits-specifically reading disability (RD) and language impairment (LI)-are common and prevent affected individuals from developing adequate communication skills, leaving them at risk for adverse academic, socioeconomic and psychiatric outcomes. Both RD and LI are complex traits that frequently co-occur, leading us to hypothesize that these disorders share genetic etiologies. To test this, we performed a genome-wide association study on individuals affected with both RD and LI in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The strongest associations were seen with markers in ZNF385D (OR = 1.81, P = 5.45 × 10(-7) ) and COL4A2 (OR = 1.71, P = 7.59 × 10(-7) ). Markers within NDST4 showed the strongest associations with LI individually (OR = 1.827, P = 1.40 × 10(-7) ). We replicated association of ZNF385D using receptive vocabulary measures in the Pediatric Imaging Neurocognitive Genetics study (P = 0.00245). We then used diffusion tensor imaging fiber tract volume data on 16 fiber tracts to examine the implications of replicated markers. ZNF385D was a predictor of overall fiber tract volumes in both hemispheres, as well as global brain volume. Here, we present evidence for ZNF385D as a candidate gene for RD and LI. The implication of transcription factor ZNF385D in RD and LI underscores the importance of transcriptional regulation in the development of higher order neurocognitive traits. Further study is necessary to discern target genes of ZNF385D and how it functions within neural development of fluent language.
Discovery and Optimization of nTZDpa as an Antibiotic Effective Against Bacterial Persisters (2018)

Conventional antibiotics are not effective in treating infections caused by drug-resistant or persistent nongrowing bacteria, creating a dire need for the development of new antibiotics. We report that the small molecule nTZDpa, previously characterized as a nonthiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma partial agonist, kills both growing and persistent Staphylococcus aureus cells by lipid bilayer disruption. S. aureus exhibited no detectable development of resistance to nTZDpa, and the compound acted synergistically with aminoglycosides. We improved both the potency and selectivity of nTZDpa against MRSA membranes compared to mammalian membranes by leveraging synthetic chemistry guided by molecular dynamics simulations. These studies provide key insights into the design of selective and potent membrane-active antibiotics effective against bacterial persisters.
Versatile Strategy for Oligonucleotide Derivatization. Introduction of Lanthanide(III) Chelates to Oligonucleotides (2001)

[reaction: see text] Novel nucleosidic phosphoramidite blocks were synthesized by a Mitsunobu reaction between 2'-deoxy-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)uridine and a primary alcohol containing a conjugate group in its structure (a protected functional group, an organic dye, or a precursor of a lanthanide(III) chelate) followed by phosphitylation. They were used in machine-assisted DNA synthesis in the standard manner. A slightly modified deprotection procedure was used for the preparation of oligonucleotide conjugates tethered to lanthanide(III) chelates. For the latter application one non-nucleosidic block was also synthesized.
Coherent cancellation of surface clutter for radar sounding (2003)

Considers the cancellation of surface clutter returns from the composite surface/subsurface signal received by a low frequency nadir looking pulsed radar sounder. The two considered techniques are Doppler filtering for along track clutter cancellation and dual-antenna processing for cross track clutter cancellation. The improvement factor due to the application of the cancellation techniques is derived as a function of various operative parameters.
Selective Antibody Intervention of Toll-like Receptor 4 Activation through Fc γ Receptor Tethering (2014)

Inflammation is mediated mainly by leukocytes that express both Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Fc γ receptors (FcγR). Dysregulated activation of leukocytes via exogenous and endogenous ligands of TLR4 results in a large number of inflammatory disorders that underlie a variety of human diseases. Thus, differentially blocking inflammatory cells while sparing structural cells, which are FcγR-negative, represents an elegant strategy when targeting the underlying causes of human diseases. Here, we report a novel tethering mechanism of the Fv and Fc portions of anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies that achieves increased potency on inflammatory cells. In the presence of ligand (e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), TLR4 traffics into glycolipoprotein microdomains, forming concentrated protein platforms that include FcγRs. This clustering produces a microenvironment allowing anti-TLR4 antibodies to co-engage TLR4 and FcγRs, increasing their avidity and thus substantially increasing their inhibitory potency. Tethering of antibodies to both TLR4 and FcγRs proves valuable in ameliorating inflammation in vivo. This novel mechanism of action therefore has the potential to enable selective intervention of relevant cell types in TLR4-driven diseases.