gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pomegranate: fast and flexible probabilistic modeling in python (2017)

We present pomegranate, an open source machine learning package for probabilistic modeling in Python. Probabilistic modeling encompasses a wide range of methods that explicitly describe uncertainty using probability distributions. Three widely used probabilistic models implemented in pomegranate are general mixture models, hidden Markov models, and Bayesian networks. A primary focus of pomegranate is to abstract away the complexities of training models from their definition. This allows users to focus on specifying the correct model for their application instead of being limited by their understanding of the underlying algorithms. An aspect of this focus involves the collection of additive sufficient statistics from data sets as a strategy for training models. This approach trivially enables many useful learning strategies, such as out-of-core learning, minibatch learning, and semi-supervised learning, without requiring the user to consider how to partition data or modify the algorithms to handle these tasks themselves. pomegranate is written in Cython to speed up calculations and releases the global interpreter lock to allow for built-in multithreaded parallelism, making it competitive with---or outperform---other implementations of similar algorithms. This paper presents an overview of the design choices in pomegranate, and how they have enabled complex features to be supported by simple code.
The effect of weight change on changes in breast density measures over menopause in a breast cancer screening cohort (2015)

Going through menopause is associated with a decrease in both percent density and dense area. Owing to an increase in the nondense tissue, the decrease in percent density is largest in women who gain weight. The decrease in dense area is not related to weight change. So the fact that both high percent density and high weight or weight gain are associated with high postmenopausal breast cancer risk can probably not be explained by an increase (or slower decrease) of dense area in women gaining weight compared with women losing weight or maintaining a stable weight. These results suggest that weight and dense area are presumably two independent postmenopausal breast cancer risk factors.
Synthesis of Thieno[3,4-b][1,4]diazepin-2-one (1979)

Thieno[3,4-b1[1,4ldiazepin-2-ones were prepared by condensation of 3.4-diaminothiophenes with 1.3-dicarbonyl compounds (ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl acetonedicarboxylate, diketene, ethyl benzoylacetate) in a good yield.Previously we reported a new synthesis of 3.4-diaminothiophenes. which were reacted with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds giving thieno[3,4-blpyrazines in a good yield.
The structure of credit risk: spread volatility and ratings transitions (2003)

ABSTRACT Ratings-based models are widely used by firms making their own capital decisions and by policy-makers designing regulatory capital requirements. By ignoring fluctuations in spreads for given rating categories, the current generation of ratings-based models leaves out a potentially important dimension of risk. This article extends standard ratings-based credit risk models to include spread risk. The main complication in incorporating spread risk is to infer a suitable joint distribution for spread changes over the long horizons that are typically used in portfolio credit risk calculations. Using our generalized credit risk framework, we provide a systematic quantification of different dimensions of credit risk. The key result is that spread fluctuations contribute most of the of risk for higher-rated credits.
Differential Expression of Nuclear Retinoid Receptors in Normal and Malignant Prostates (2000)

RARbeta and RXRbeta mRNAs are selectively lost in both prostate cancer and adjacent morphologically normal prostatic tissue, supporting the concept of a field of carcinogenesis. One month of oral fenretinide (200 mg/d) did not influence the expression of retinoid receptors in prostate cancer.
N‐linked glycan of a sperm CD52 glycoform associated with human infertility (1999)

In a benchmark study, Isojima and colleagues established H6-3C4, the first successful heterohybridoma immortalized from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of an infertile woman who exhibited high sperm-immobilizing antibody titers. The present report demonstrates the identity between the glycoprotein antigens recognized by the human H6-3C4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the murine S19 mAb, generated in our laboratory to sperm agglutination antigen-1 (SAGA-1). Both mAb's recognize N-linked carbohydrate epitopes on the 15-25 kDa, polymorphic SAGA-1 glycoprotein that is localized to all domains of the human sperm surface. Treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C demonstrated that SAGA-1 is anchored in the sperm plasmalemma via a GPI-lipid linkage. Immunoaffinity purification and microsequencing indicated that the core peptide of the SAGA-1 glycoprotein is identical to the sequence of CD52, a GPI-anchored lymphocyte differentiation marker implicated in signal transduction. Comparison of anti-SAGA-1 and anti-CD52 immunoreactivities revealed that the sperm form of CD52 exhibits N-linked glycan epitopes, including the epitope recognized by the infertility-associated H6-3C4 mAb, which are not detected on lymphocyte CD52. Thus, the two populations of the CD52 glycoprotein on lymphocytes and spermatozoa represent glycoforms, glycoprotein isoforms with the same core amino acid sequence but different carbohydrate structures. Furthermore, mAb's to the unique carbohydrate epitopes on sperm CD52 have multiple inhibitory effects on sperm function, including a cytotoxic effect on spermatozoa in the presence of complement. These results are the first to implicate unique carbohydrate moieties of a sperm CD52 glycoform as target epitopes in the anti-sperm immune response of an infertile woman. Furthermore, localization of CD52 on all domains of the sperm surface coupled with the multiple sperm-inhibitory effects of antibodies to its unique carbohydrate moieties suggest opportunities for immunocontraceptive development.
Urinary retention in adults: diagnosis and initial management. (2008)

Urinary retention is the inability to voluntarily void urine. This condition can be acute or chronic. Causes of urinary retention are numerous and can be classified as obstructive, infectious and inflammatory, pharmacologic, neurologic, or other. The most common cause of urinary retention is benign prostatic hyperplasia. Other common causes include prostatitis, cystitis, urethritis, and vulvovaginitis; receiving medications in the anticholinergic and alphaadrenergic agonist classes; and cortical, spinal, or peripheral nerve lesions. Obstructive causes in women often involve the pelvic organs. A thorough history, physical examination, and selected diagnostic testing should determine the cause of urinary retention in most cases. Initial management includes bladder catheterization with prompt and complete decompression. Men with acute urinary retention from benign prostatic hyperplasia have an increased chance of returning to normal voiding if alpha blockers are started at the time of catheter insertion. Suprapubic catheterization may be superior to urethral catheterization for short-term management and silver alloy-impregnated urethral catheters have been shown to reduce urinary tract infection. Patients with chronic urinary retention from neurogenic bladder should be able to manage their condition with clean, intermittent self-catheterization; low-friction catheters have shown benefit in these patients. Definitive management of urinary retention will depend on the etiology and may include surgical and medical treatments.
20.7 A 0.45-to-3V reconfigurable charge-pump energy harvester with two-dimensional MPPT for Internet of Things (2015)

Compared with inductive DC-DC boost converters [1], the charge pump (CP) features no off-chip inductors and is suitable for monolithic low power energy harvesting applications such as Internet of Things (loT) smart nodes. However, the single conversion ratio (CR) CP has a narrow input voltage range. This induces a charge redistribution loss (CRL) and becomes a bottleneck preventing highly efficient energy harvesting [2]. CRL stems from two facts: 1) The operating voltages of energy sources vary with environment, and 2) Different energy sources feature a wide range of output voltages. By tuning the CR as one dimension, reconfigurable CPs can eliminate CRL; however, they need complex control algorithms, lack maximum power point tracking (MPPT) [3], and only provide fractional ratios [4]. Thus, they are not preferable for energy harvesting from various sources.
Ideological Sublations: Resolution of Dialectic in Population-based Optimization (2017)

A population-based optimization algorithm was designed, inspired by two main thinking modes in philosophy, both based on dialectic concept and thesis-antithesis paradigm. They impose two different kinds of dialectics. Idealistic and materialistic antitheses are formulated as optimization models. Based on the models, the population is coordinated for dialectical interactions. At the population-based context, the formulated optimization models are reduced to a simple detection problem for each thinker (particle). According to the assigned thinking mode to each thinker and her/his measurements of corresponding dialectic with other candidate particles, they deterministically decide to interact with a thinker in maximum dialectic with their theses. The position of a thinker at maximum dialectic is known as an available antithesis among the existing solutions. The dialectical interactions at each ideological community are distinguished by meaningful distributions of step-sizes for each thinking mode. In fact, the thinking modes are regarded as exploration and exploitation elements of the proposed algorithm. The result is a delicate balance without any requirement for adjustment of step-size coefficients. Main parameter of the proposed algorithm is the number of particles appointed to each thinking modes, or equivalently for each kind of motions. An additional integer parameter is defined to boost the stability of the final algorithm in some particular problems. The proposed algorithm is evaluated by a testbed of 12 single-objective continuous benchmark functions. Moreover, its performance and speed were highlighted in sparse reconstruction and antenna selection problems, at the context of compressed sensing and massive MIMO, respectively. The results indicate fast and efficient performance in comparison with well-known evolutionary algorithms and dedicated state-of-the-art algorithms.
Simulation of abrasive waterjet machining based on unit event features (2003)

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining is a non-conventional process. Its most striking advantage is the absence of a heat-affected zone. AWJ machining can be successfully used on a very broad spectrum of materials, regardless of their brittleness, ductility or composition. However, this machining process has the disadvantage of striations being left on the surface of the machined workpiece. Since forecasting of the results of this process is still on the empirical level, great efforts are being put into the modelling of the AWJ process. In this paper, an original model of the AWJ machining process is presented. It is based on an AWJ process unit event, which in this case represents the impact of a particular abrasive grain. The geometrical characteristics of the unit event are measured on a physical model of the AWJ process. The measured dependencies and the proposed model relations are then implemented in AWJ machining process simulation.
Chemical Structure Searching in Derwent's World Patents Index (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTChemical Structure Searching in Derwent's World Patents IndexStuart M. KabackCite this: J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1980, 20, 1, 1–6Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/ci60021a002Request reuse permissionsArticle Views83Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (754 KB) Get e-Alerts
Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: An Applied Statistics Approach (1992)

"Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: An Applied Statistics Approach." Technometrics, 34(2), pp. 243–244
<title>On-orbit ion cleaning of cryogenic optical surfaces</title> (1992)

Two methods of ion cleaning of contaminant films from spacecraft optics while on orbit are examined. The first method uses energetic electron sputtering, and the second uses low-energy oxygen ion (LEOI) reactive etching. Water, ammonia, and carbon dioxide cryofilms with electron sputtering have been successfully removed. The mirror materials being cleaned include bare beryllium and protected aluminum coated optics. No damage to these ultralow-scatter mirror materials has been observed, even when the mirrors are purposely overcleaned with electrons by any orders of magnitude. Although electron cleaning sometimes polymerizes or carbonizes organic contamination instead of removing it, LEOIs are able to clean both polymerized and unpolymerized organic material at room temperature without causing damage.
Diagnóstico de infecção congênita e perinatal por citomegalovírus utilizando a reação em cadeia da polimerase (1998)

The practical application of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for the diagnosis of congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections was evaluated. Three hundred five urine samples were tested by PCR and conventional virus isolation in cell culture. Viruria was detected in 47 urine samples by PCR using a primer pair which amplifies part of the major immediate-early (MIE) CMV genome. The PCR compared to virus isolation showed 89.6% sensitivity, 98.5% specificity and 91.5% positive predictive value. PCR with primer pairs amplifying parts of the glycoprotein B and glycoprotein H genes of CMV were used for confirmation of the positivity of the 47 urine samples. We concluded that this CMV PCR assay in urine has a suitable sensitivity for the diagnosis of congenital and perinatal infections and its specificity is highly increased by use of more than one pair of primers among the ones we used.
Characterization of Novel Cysteine Proteases from Germinating Cotyledons of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] (1999)

The enzymatic properties of novel cysteine proteases D3-alpha and beta which were purified from germinating soybean cotyledons were investigated. The enzyme activities were exhibited in the presence of a thiol reagent, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, and apparently inhibited by E-64, a cysteine protease inhibitor. Hydrolytic activities toward carbobenzoxy-Phe-Arg-MCA were detected at a pH above 4.0. The optimum temperature for activities was about 40 degrees C. The isoelectric point of D3-alpha and beta was 4.4 and 4. 7, respectively. The molecular mass of D3-alpha and beta, measured by MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry, was 26,178 and 26,429 Da, respectively. The substrate specificities of the enzymes were examined using peptide-MCAs and peptides, and cathepsin L-like broad specificity was observed at pH 4.0. These results demonstrated that these enzymes are cysteine endopeptidases [EC 3.4.22.-] like papain [EC 3.4.22.2].
Direct observation of the electrical activity of coincidence‐site lattice boundaries in location‐controlled silicon islands using scanning spread resistance microscopy (2009)

Abstract— Scanning spread resistance microscopy (SSRM) was used to investigate the electrical activity of coincidence‐site lattice (CSL) boundaries in location‐controlled silicon islands fabricated using the μ‐Czochralski (μ‐CZ) process. Using SSRM, the electrical activity of random and Σ3 and Σ9 CSL boundaries, which are determined by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, were observed. Quantitative evaluation of the microscopic current mapping by SSRM revealed that Σ3 and Σ9 CSL boundaries, of which most of them are coherent, have much less electrical activity than the random grain boundaries. Some of the Σ3 and Σ9 CLS boundaries seemed to be incoherent, while the number of such incoherent CSL boundaries are very much limited according to previous TEM investigation and showed increased activities; however, their activities are still lower than that of the random boundaries.
The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile (1958)

Abstract There is a surprising lack of agreement between the values which have been reported for both the number‐average and weight‐average molecular weights of polyacrylonitrile. We have undertaken an investigation of both whole polymers and polymer fractions to discover and eliminate the sources of systematic error which would lead to these differences, and thereby to develop procedures yielding reliable molecular weight values for this polymer. Our experience indicates that the procedure which must be followed to obtain reliable osmotic data depends upon the conditions under which the polymer was prepared, whether the sample is a whole polymer or a fraction, and the purity of the solvent. Designating solution polymers by S and those prepared in an aqueous system with a persulfate‐bisulfite initiator by A, we conclude that reliable M̄ n values can be obtained for S polymers by using dimethylformaide (DMF) which has been purified by deionization or distillation, for fractions of A polymers by using deionized DMF, and for whole A polymers by performing the measurements upon DMF solutions which have been deionized by passage through a column of Amberlite MB‐3 resin. Fictitiously low M̄ n values are observed for A polymers dissolved in distilled DMF. The value of the secon virial coefficient is very ensitive to the presence of traces of water. Turning to weight‐average molecular weights, a 60% discrepancy exists between the values obtained from light scattering by Stockmayer and Casassa and by Bisschops from sedimentationdiffusion. We believe the correct M̄ w values lie midway between these. A part of the 60% difference is due to the omission of a correction to the sedimentation data for the effect of hydrostatic pressure. This correction was evaluated from sedimentation data by the procedure of Oth and Desreux and increases the molecular weight values deduced from sedimentation by 30%. The remainder of the difference appears to be due to the effects of depolarization and fluorescence upon the light scattering data. Thus, our data for two fractions which exhibited a limiting depolarization ρ u = 0.09 yielded high M̄ w values standing in agreement with the relation of Stockmayer and Casassa, while the result obtained for a whole polymer having a negligible limiting depolarization agrees with those obtained from the corrected sedimentation data. The latter polymer also exhibited a more normal scattering behavior. A comparison of the weight and number‐average values indicates that the M̄ w /M̄ n ratio is 2.1 ± 0.1 for the whole S polymers and 2.8 ± 0.3 for the whole A polymers. The broader distribution in the latter case suggests that termination occurs by both coupling and disproportionation in the aqueous polymerization.
Preclinical evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of plasmid DNA-based prophylactic vaccines for human cytomegalovirus (2012)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes a lifelong persistent infection characterized by periods of latency and sporadic viral replication and is a major infectious cause of birth defects following congenital infection. Currently, no licensed vaccine is available that would prevent CMV infection. In an effort to develop a prophylactic CMV vaccine, the effects of different formulations, immunization routes and delivery devices on the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA (pDNA)-based vaccines were evaluated in rabbits and mice. Compared with PBS- and poloxamer-based formulations, significantly higher antibody responses were obtained with pDNA formulated with Vaxfectin (®) , a cationic lipid-based adjuvant. With low vaccine doses, the intradermal (ID) route resulted in higher antibody responses than obtained when the same dose was administered intramuscularly (IM). Since the IM route allowed injection of larger volumes and higher doses than could be administered at a single ID site, better antibody responses were obtained using the IM route. The needle-free injection system Biojector (®) 2000 and electroporation devices enhanced antibody responses only marginally compared with responses obtained with Vaxfectin (®) -formulated pDNA injected IM with a needle. A single-vial Vaxfectin (®) formulation was developed in a dosage form ready for use after thawing at room temperature. Finally, in a GLP-compliant repeat-dose toxicology study conducted in rabbits, single-vial Vaxfectin (®) -formulated vaccines, containing pDNA and Vaxfectin (®) up to 4.5 mg and 2 mg/injection, respectively, showed a favorable safety profile and were judged as well-tolerated. The results support further development of a Vaxfectin (®) -formulated pDNA vaccine to target congenital CMV infection.
Twenty-four-Hour Intraocular Pressure Pattern Associated with Early Glaucomatous Changes (2003)

Compared with healthy eyes, the diurnal IOP is higher, the diurnal-to-nocturnal change of habitual IOP is less, and the posture-independent IOP pattern around normal awakening time is different in eyes with early glaucomatous changes.
Paracyanogen: its formation and properties. Part I (1954)

L. L. Bircumshaw, F. M. Tayler and D. H. Whiffen, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 931 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540000931