gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Oxidation of Aromatic Amines to Nitro Derivatives using Potassium Iodide‐<i>tert</i>‐Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalytic System (2009)

Abstract The direct oxidation of aromatic primary amines to the corresponding nitro compounds selectively in 47–98% yields has been achieved by using potassium iodide as catalyst and tert ‐butyl hydroperoxide as the external oxidant. The present catalytic system works well for both electron‐rich and electron‐poor substrates.
HTS techniques to investigate the potential effects of compounds on cardiac ion channels at early-stages of drug discovery. (2003)

Within the past few years, the high-throughput screening (HTS) of compounds targeting cardiac ion channels has been primarily focused on the testing of the HERG channel, which is involved in the termination of cardiac action potential. Interaction of drugs with this channel may induce QT interval prolongation and cardiac arrhythmia. These undesirable side effects have forced several pharmaceutical companies to terminate drug discovery and development projects. The screening of compounds for HERG-mediated activity early in the drug development process may thus help reduce the number of compounds that are withdrawn from late preclinical or early clinical trials due to cardiovascular side effects. However, early screening implies the ability to test large numbers of compounds. Therefore, tests have to be performed rapidly, combining high-throughput and low costs, and allow the use of small amounts of compounds. In this review, the HTS systems currently available to investigate the potential effects of compounds on the activity of the cardiac HERG ion channel will be described and compared.
Phase unwrapping and background correction in MRI (2008)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been widely used for both clinical diagnostics and in-vivo research. Although MRI images are acquired in the complex number field, traditionally magnitude images are utilized for most applications, while the phase of the complex numbers is ignored due to various signal processing and visualization issues. However, there is substantial evidence that a phase of MRI image can contain additional useful diagnostic information. For example the phase of MRI image can be used to detect excessive iron accumulation associated with many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzeimerpsilas and Parkinson disease. Phase wrapping and background phase variations are two main problems, which prevent clinical use of phase images directly. In this paper, we propose 2-D technique for phase unwrapping and background phase correction based on spectral image segmentation and detrending algorithms. This method handles various noise levels successfully, and most importantly, its extension to 3-D volumetric MRI phase image processing is conceptually straightforward.
Coupling between Meshless FEM Modeling and Rendering on GPU for Real-time Physically-based Volumetric Deformation (2012)

For real-time rendering of physically-based volumetric deformation, a meshless finite element method (FEM) is\nproposed and implemented on the new-generation Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). A tightly coupled\ndeformation and rendering pipeline is defined for seamless modeling and rendering: First, the meshless FEM\nmodel exploits the vertex shader stage and the transform feedback mechanism of the modern GPU; and secondly,\nthe hardware-based projected tetrahedra (HAPT) algorithm is used for the volume rendering on the GPU. A\nremarkable feature of the new algorithm is that CPU readback is avoided in the entire deformation modeling and\nrendering pipeline. Convincing experimental results are presented.
Effect of date of harvest on the yield and nutritional quality of native grass hay (1999)

Native grass hay meadows in three Kansas Flint Hills counties were sampled at 2-week intervals during the 1997 and 1998 growing seasons to determine the effect of harvest date on forage quality and dry matter (DM) yield. Each sample was weighed and analyzed for crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and phosphorus (PHOS). The CP and PHOS contents declined, whereas ADF and DM yield increased as harvest date progressed. Although CP, ADF and DM yield were related highly to harvest date, the association for PHOS content was only moderate. Because harvest date of native grass hay can significantly influence supplemental protein needs for beef cows, mid-July harvesting appears to be the best compromise between yield and forage quality.
Macitentan (ACT-064992), a Tissue-Targeting Endothelin Receptor Antagonist, Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy of Paclitaxel by Modulating Survival Pathways in Orthotopic Models of Metastatic Human Ovarian Cancer (2011)

Potential treatments for ovarian cancers that have become resistant to standard chemotherapies include modulators of tumor cell survival, such as endothelin receptor (ETR) antagonist. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the dual ETR antagonist, macitentan, on human ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3ip1 and IGROV1, growing orthotopically in nude mice. Mice with established disease were treated with vehicle (control), paclitaxel (weekly, intraperitoneal injections), macitentan (daily oral administrations), or a combination of paclitaxel and macitentan. Treatment with paclitaxel decreased tumor weight and volume of ascites. Combination therapy with macitentan and paclitaxel reduced tumor incidence and further reduced tumor weight and volume of ascites when compared with paclitaxel alone. Macitentan alone occasionally reduced tumor weight but alone had no effect on tumor incidence or ascites. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that treatment with macitentan and macitentan plus paclitaxel inhibited the phosphorylation of ETRs and suppressed the survival pathways of tumor cells by decreasing the levels of pVEGFR2, pAkt, and pMAPK. The dose of macitentan necessary for inhibition of phosphorylation correlated with the dose required to increase antitumor efficacy of paclitaxel. Treatment with macitentan enhanced the cytotoxicity mediated by paclitaxel as measured by the degree of apoptosis in tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells. Collectively, these results show that administration of macitentan in combination with paclitaxel prevents the progression of ovarian cancer in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice in part by inhibiting survival pathways of both tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells.
A Simplified Procedure for the Concentration and Purification of Influenza Virus (1942)

Objectives Accurate measurement of syndesmophyte development and growth in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is needed for studies of biomarkers and of treatments to slow spinal fusion. We tested the longitudinal validity and sensitivity to change of quantitative measurement of syndesmophytes using CT. Methods We performed lumbar spine CT scans on 33 patients with AS at baseline, 1 year and 2 years. Volumes and heights of syndesmophytes were computed in four intervertebral disk spaces. We compared the computed changes to a physician9s ratings of change based on CT scan inspection. Sensitivity to change of the computed measures was compared with that of the modified Stoke AS Spinal Score (radiography) and a scoring method based on MRI. Results At years 1 and 2, respectively 24 (73%) and 26 (79%) patients had syndesmophyte volume increases by CT. At years 1 and 2, the mean (SD) computed volume increases per patient were, respectively 87 (186) and 201 (366) mm3. Computed volume changes were strongly associated with the physician9s visual ratings of change (p Conclusions CT-based syndesmophytes measurements had very good longitudinal validity and better sensitivity to change than radiography or MRI. This method shows promise for longitudinal clinical studies of syndesmophyte development and growth.
Egg cell-specific promoter-controlled CRISPR/Cas9 efficiently generates homozygous mutants for multiple target genes in Arabidopsis in a single generation (2015)

Arabidopsis mutants produced by constitutive overexpression of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system are usually mosaics in the T1 generation. In this study, we used egg cell-specific promoters to drive the expression of Cas9 and obtained non-mosaic T1 mutants for multiple target genes with high efficiency. Comparisons of 12 combinations of eight promoters and two terminators found that the efficiency of the egg cell-specific promoter-controlled CRISPR/Cas9 system depended on the presence of a suitable terminator, and the composite promoter generated by fusing two egg cell-specific promoters resulted in much higher efficiency of mutation in the T1 generation compared with the single promoters.
The Role of Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Differentiation of Naive T-Cells into Anti-Inflammatory Regulatory T-Cell or Proinflammatory Helper T-Cell 17 Population (2011)

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modulate immune response and can produce significant levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These 2 cytokines represent the key factors that reciprocally regulate the development and polarization of naive T-cells into regulatory T-cell (Treg) population or proinflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells. In the present study we demonstrate that MSCs and their products effectively regulate expression of transcription factors Foxp3 and RORγt and control the development of Tregs and Th17 cells in a population of alloantigen-activated mouse spleen cells or purified CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cells. The immunomodulatory effects of MSCs were more pronounced when these cells were stimulated to secrete TGF-β alone or TGF-β together with IL-6. Unstimulated MSCs produce TGF-β, but not IL-6, and the production of TGF-β can be further enhanced by the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 or TGF-β. In the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, MSCs secrete significant levels of IL-6, in addition to a spontaneous production of TGF-β. MSCs producing TGF-β induced preferentially expression of Foxp3 and activation of Tregs, whereas MSC supernatants containing TGF-β together with IL-6 supported RORγt expression and development of Th17 cells. The effects of MSC supernatants were blocked by the inclusion of neutralization monoclonal antibody anti-TGF-β or anti-IL-6 into the culture system. The results showed that MSCs represent important players that reciprocally regulate the development and differentiation of uncommitted naive T-cells into anti-inflammatory Foxp3(+) Tregs or proinflammatory RORγt(+) Th17 cell population and thereby can modulate autoimmune, immunopathological, and transplantation reactions.
Physics and Evolution of HEMP-Thrusters (2007)

Nine years after the first patent and 7 years after the start of hardware development, the physical properties and functioning principles of the HEMP-thruster (Highly Efficient Multistage Plasma Thruster, HEMP-T) concept are well understood only in a small group of people directly involved in the development programs of this new, promising thruster concept. This paper therefore tries to close an informational gap within the Electric Propulsion (EP) community and to foster the understanding of the HEMP-T as an own class of ion thrusters besides Grid Ion Thrusters (GITs) and Hall Effect Thrusters (HETs). This might be especially useful at a time where HEMP-Ts observe interest from spacecraft designers 1,2 , mission engineers and satellite operators, caused by the HEMP-Ts operational characteristics allowing reliable, low cost and low complexity EP systems. Though being a grid less device, the HEMP-T shows like a GIT a clear separation of ionization and ion acceleration zones. Therefore, performance similarities with GITs as e.g. high specific impulse (>3000 s) and high beam power efficiency (>80%) are found. Otherwise the HEMP-T is clearly a magnetic device. With ExB areas in the cusp zones it shows similarities to HETs. But unlike HETs, the unique cusp/mirror magnetic field topology, created by a Permanent Periodic Magnet (PPM) stack, confines the discharge plasma off the dielectric thruster channel walls and is reason for the channel erosion free operation. A detailed comparison will be presented between GIT, HET and HEMP-T, based on their respective physical properties. A power balance model of the HEMP-T is provided, showing good agreement to the observed thermal losses and their locations at thruster anode and magnetic cusp zones. The model explains the advantages of the multistage compared to a single cusp thruster concept.
Dendritic cell differentiation and tumor cell apoptosis induced by components of a poly-phenylpropanoid polysaccharide complex. (2010)

The effects on dendritic cells and the inhibition of tumor growth, if they occur to a significant level in vivo, could help explain the apparent usefulness of PPC in the treatment of cancer.
Time-resolved fluorometry for the identification of viral DNA in clinical specimens (1988)

Time-resolved fluorometry was used for the detection of DNA probes labeled directly with europium (Eu3+) chelate. The sensitivity of this nonisotopic hybridization assay was 100 pg of homologous DNA. Equivalent results with reference tests were obtained in the detection of adenoviruses in clinical specimens.
A possible glycine radical in anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the cloned nrdD gene. (1993)

During anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli an oxygen-sensitive ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase, different from the aerobic ribonucleoside diphosphate-reductase (EC 1.17.4.1), produces the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates required for DNA replication. The gene for the anaerobic enzyme has now been cloned and was found to contain a 2136-nucleotide coding region, corresponding to 712 amino acid residues, and an Fnr binding site 228 base pairs upstream of the initiator ATG. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 72% identity to a gene of coliphage T4, sunY, hitherto of unknown function, suggesting that the virus codes for its own anaerobic reductase. The location of an organic free radical formed during activation of the bacterial anaerobic reductase is proposed to be on Gly-681, since the pentapeptide RVCGY at positions 678-682 shows a striking similarity to the C-terminal sequence. RVSGY, of pyruvate formate-lyase. During activation of the anaerobically induced pyruvate formate-lyase, the glycine residue of the pentapeptide becomes an organic radical [Wagner, A. F. V., Frey, M., Neugebauer, F. A., Schäfer, W. & Knappe, J. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 996-1000]. The gene for the anaerobic reductase is located at a position around 96 min on the E. coli genomic map.
AGAROSE DROPLET MICROFLUIDICS FOR HIGHLY PARALLEL AND EFFICIENT EMULSION PCR (2010)

An agarose droplet method was developed for highly parallel and efficient single copy emulsion PCR. By capitalizing on the unique thermal-sensitive sol-gel switching property of agarose, PCR is efficiently performed in agarose solution droplets, which is gelated to agarose beads after PCR to capture amplicons to maintain the monoclonality of each droplet. This method allows high throughput generation of uniform droplets and enables high PCR efficiency, making it a promising platform for many single copy genetic studies.
The silver gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes multiple carboxypeptidases similar to mammalian prohormone-processing enzymes. (1995)

The silver (svr) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is required for viability, and severe mutant alleles result in death prior to eclosion. Adult flies homozygous or hemizygous for weaker alleles display several visible phenotypes, including cuticular structures that are pale and silvery in color due to reduced melanization. We have identified and cloned the DNA encoding the svr gene and determined the sequence of several partially overlapping cDNAs derived from svr mRNAs. The predicted amino acid sequence of the polypeptides encoded by these cDNAs indicates that the silver proteins are members of the family of preprotein-processing carboxypeptidases that includes the human carboxypeptidases E, M, and N. One class of svr mRNAs is alternatively spliced to encode at least two polyproteins, each of which is composed of two carboxypeptidase domains.
Sinusoidal Transforms in OFDM Systems (2004)

A method for using sinusoidal transforms as an alternative to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless transmission methods is presented. These transforms satisfy the cyclic convolution properties of the DFT when used with a symmetric extension. Analysis of interference in OFDM systems reveals that under certain channel conditions or modulation constellations, throughput is enhanced when using sinusoidal transforms rather than the DFT.
Crystal structure of LZ‐8 from the medicinal fungus <i>Ganoderma lucidium</i> (2008)

, where Fo and Fc are the observed and calculated structure-factor amplitudes, respectively. d R-free was calculated with 5% of the data excluded from the refinement. e Root-mean square-deviation from ideal values.
Bioreversible Derivatives of Phenol. 1. The Role of Human Serum Albumin as Related to the Stability and Binding Properties of Carbonate Esters with Fatty Acid-like Structures in Aqueous Solution and Biological Media (2007)

With the overall objective of assessing the potential of utilizing plasma protein binding interactions in combination with the prodrug approach for improving the pharmacokinetics of drug substances, a series of model carbonate ester prodrugs of phenol, encompassing derivatives with fatty acid-like structures, were characterized in vitro. Stability of the derivatives was studied in aqueous solution, human serum albumin solution, human plasma, and rat liver homogenate at 37 degrees C. Stability of the derivatives in aqueous solution varied widely, with half-lives ranging from 31 to 1.7 x 10(4) min at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The carbonate esters were subject to catalysis by plasma esterases except for the t-butyl and acetic acid derivatives, which were stabilized in both human plasma and human serum albumin solutions relative to buffer. In most cases, however, hydrolysis was accelerated in the presence of human serum albumin indicating that the derivatives interacted with the protein, a finding which was confirmed using the p-nitrophenyl acetate kinetic assay. Different human serum albumin binding properties of the phenol model prodrugs with fatty acid-like structure and neutral carbonate esters were observed. In the context of utilizing plasma protein binding in combination with the prodrug approach for optimizing drug pharmacokinetics, the esterase-like properties of human serum albumin towards the carbonate esters potentially allowing the protein to act as a catalyst of parent compound regenerations is interesting.
Remote Control using Mobile through Spoken Commands (2007)

Mobile phone can serve as powerful tool for world-wide communication for even roaming user. A system is developed to extend the capability of mobile phone for remote monitoring and control of devices. One mobile in this system is dedicated for receiving and executing commands from authentic users and informing status about change in input to the user through SMS. Mobile phone model 6610 is used for experimentation through AT commands protocols. The software algorithm is developed to generate text message from spoken commands of user through extraction of features like Cepstral coefficients, short time energy and zero crossing rate and multi layer feed-forward Neural Network is used for recognition of suitable words. The derived text message is then sent as SMS to the mobile connected to control system through PC. On receiving SMS, the system responds by activating appropriate port bits. The system is also designed to send SMS to specified mobile user if there is a change in the status of the input ports. The various applications of the system are described and further modifications and possibilities are discussed
A new method of filtering T waves to detect hidden P waves in electrocardiogram signals (2011)

T wave filtering based on wavelet transformation improves the capacity of the surface ECG to identify atrial activity in cases of regular narrow QRS supraventricular tachycardias.
Increased p16 levels correlate with pRb alterations in human urothelial cells. (1995)

The CDKN2 (MTS1) gene is located at 9p21; its product, p16, inhibits the cyclin D/CDK4 complex that phosphorylates pRb, thus negatively regulating cell cycle progression [M. Serrano et al., Nature (Lond.), 366: 704, 1994; A. Kamb et al., Science (Washington DC), 264: 436, 1994; T. Nobori et al., Nature (Lond.), 368: 753, 1994]. CDKN2 mutations are more common in cultured human uroepithelial cells (HUC) than in uncultured bladder cancers. We examined the status of CDKN2/p16 in early and late passage (P) cultures of HUC. HUC immortalization was not accompanied by p16 loss, even in cells with a hemizygous 9p21-pter deletion, but late passage cultures with a p16 loss showed decreased generation time. Thus, the data do not indicate that CDKN2 is a candidate for a chromosome 9 senescence gene but suggest that p16 loss may confer a growth advantage in vitro. Significant differences in p16 levels were observed among HUC cell lines, but no CDKN2 mutations were detected. However, an inverse correlation between elevated p16 and loss of pRb function was observed (P < 10(-4)). Ten samples with normal pRb showed low or undetectable p16 levels, while seven samples with known pRb alterations showed abundant p16 but nevertheless grew vigorously in culture. These results support the hypothesis that p16 mediated cell cycle inhibition, as well as p16 regulation, occurs via pRb dependent pathway(s).
Fixation Methods for Implantable Port Chamber: Comparative Study Using Glue, Self-stabilizing Leg and Suture Fixations in Rabbits (2004)

The glue fixation method exhibited equal fixation strength compared to the suture fixation, but showed cracking and a large amount of granulation tissue, whereas the fixation with a self-stabilizing leg showed weaker fixation strength.
Mucosal Vaccine Made from Live, Recombinant<i>Lactococcus lactis</i>Protects Mice against Pharyngeal Infection with<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (2004)

A novel vaccine (LL-CRR) made from live, nonpathogenic Lactococcus lactis that expresses the conserved C-repeat region (CRR) of M protein from Streptococcus pyogenes serotype 6 was tested in mice. Nasally vaccinated mice produced CRR-specific salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) and serum IgG. Subcutaneously vaccinated mice produced CRR-specific serum IgG but not salivary IgA. A combined regimen produced responses similar to the salivary IgA of nasally vaccinated mice and serum IgG of subcutaneously vaccinated mice. Mice vaccinated nasally or with the combined regimen were significantly protected against pharyngeal infection following a nasal challenge with S. pyogenes M serotype 14. Mice vaccinated subcutaneously were not protected against pharyngeal infection. Mice in all three LL-CRR vaccination groups were significantly protected against the lethal effects of S. pyogenes. Only 1 of 77 challenged mice that were vaccinated with LL-CRR died, whereas 60 of 118 challenged mice that were vaccinated with a control strain or phosphate-buffered saline died. In conclusion, mucosal vaccination with LL-CRR produced CRR-specific salivary IgA and serum IgG, prevented pharyngeal infection with S. pyogenes, and promoted survival.