gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Limiting Factors of the Safe Operating Area for Power Devices (2012)

This paper gives an overview about different failure mechanisms which limit the safe operating area of power devices. It is demonstrated how the device internal processes can be investigated by means of device simulation. For instance, the electrothermal simulation of high-voltage diode turn-off reveals how a backside filament transforms into a continuous filament connecting the anode and cathode and how this can be accompanied with a transition from avalanche-induced into thermally driven carrier generation. A similar current destabilization may occur during insulated-gate bipolar transistor turn-off with a high turn-off rate, when the channel is closed quickly leading to strong dynamic avalanche. It is explained how the current filamentation depends on substrate resistivity, device thickness, channel width, and switching conditions (gate resistor and overcurrent). Filamentation processes during short-circuit events are discussed, and possible countermeasures are suggested. A mechanism of a periodically emerging and vanishing filament near the edge of the chip is presented. Examples on current destabilizing effects in gate turn-off thyristors, integrated gate-commutated thyristors, and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors are given, and limitations of current device simulation are discussed.
Automated status identification of microscopic images obtained from malaria thin blood smears using bayes decision: A study case in plasmodium falciparum (2011)

Diagnosing malaria, as the first step to control the spread of the infectious disease, can be significantly optimized with a Computer Aided Diagnosis system. This study is proposed to develop a novel image processing algorithm to realiably detect the presence of malaria parasites from Plasmodium falciparum species in this smears of Giemsa stained peripheral blood sample. The proposed system was built using malaria samples that were specifically prepared by Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology. Digital microphotographs were acquired using a digital camera connected to a light microscope. Global thresholding and connected component extraction were implemented to identify blood cell components. Two stage classification using separate set of features was built based on Bayes Decision Theory. Infected erythrocytes were identified with sensitivity of 92.59%, specificity of 99.65%, and PPV of 67.56%. The system provided an F 1 measure of 0.78.
Chemische Untersuchungen über die molekularen Ursachen biologischer Strahlenschäden (1969)

Abstract Die bei der Einwirkung von UV‐ und ionisierender Strahlung an biologischen Objekten beobachteten Strahlenschäden werden in vielen Fällen durch Veränderungen der Nucleinsäuren verursacht. Bei der UV‐Bestrahlung dieser Verbindungen in vitro und in vivo kommt es u. a. zur Dimerisierung der Pyrimidin‐Basen zu Cyclobutan‐Derivaten und zur Addition von Wasser an die 5,6‐Doppelbindung der Pyrimidin‐Basen unter Bildung von Derivaten des 6‐Hydroxy‐dihydropyrimidin‐Systems. Die Struktur der Bestrahlungsprodukte konnte bewiesen werden. Die Dimerisierung behindert die Reduplikation der DNA, die Wasseraddition scheint Ursache der UV‐Mutationen zu sein. Ionisierende Strahlung bewirkt in wäßriger Lösung u. a. Addition von H‐ und/oder HO‐Radikalen an die 5,6‐Doppelbindung der Pyrimidin‐Basen und Spaltung des Imidazolringes der Purinbasen. Die durch ionisierende Strahlung ausgelösten Mutationen dürften zum Teil ebenfalls auf die Bildung von 6‐Hydroxy‐dihydropyrimidin‐Derivaten zurückzuführen sein.
Generalized Cylinder based on Linear Interpolation by Direction Map (2003)

Abstract − We propose two algorithms to generate (1) polygonal meshes and (2) developable surface patches for generalized cylinders defined by contours of discrete curves. To solve the contour blending problem of generalized cylinder, the presented algorithms have adopted the algorithm and related properties of LIDM (linear interpolation by direction map) that interpolate geometric shapes based on direction map merging and group scaling operations. Proposed methods are fast to compute and easy to implement.
Production of Phytoalexins in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Seed Elicited by Selected Microorganisms (2013)

Under favorable conditions, the peanut plant demonstrates appreciable resistance to fungal invasion by producing and accumulating phytoalexins, antimicrobial stilbenoids. This mechanism for resistance is little understood, yet it is crucial for breeding and genetically modifying peanut plants to develop new cultivars with fungal resistance. The dynamics of phytoalexin production in peanut seeds and embryos challenged by selected important fungi and bacteria was investigated. Different biotic agents selectively elicited production of major peanut stilbenoids, resveratrol, arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and SB-1. Aspergillis species, compared to other biotic agents, were more potent elicitors of stilbenoids. Embryos demonstrated significantly higher production of stilbenoids compared to cotyledons and may serve as a convenient source of genetic material in isolating genes for peanut plant defense enhancement.
Fast and accurate front propagation for simulation of geological folds (2013)

Front propagations described by static Hamilton-Jacobi equations can be used to simulate folded geological structures. Simulations of geological folds are a key ingredient in the Compound Earth Simulator (CES), an industrial software tool used in the exploration of oil and gas. In this thesis, local approximation techniques are investigated with respect to accuracy and efficiency. Several novel algorithms are also introduced, of which some are accelerated by parallel implementations on both multicore CPUs and Graphic Processing Units. These algorithms are able to simulate folds at a fraction of the time needed by the CES industry code, while retaining the same level of accuracy. Complicated tasks that previously needed several minutes to be computed can now be performed in just a matter of a few seconds, thus significantly improving the CES user experience.
Recognition and Killing of Autologous, Primary Glioblastoma Tumor Cells by Human Cytomegalovirus pp65-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells (2014)

These data collectively demonstrate that CMV-specific T cells can effectively target glioblastoma tumor cells for immunologic killing and support the rationale for the development of CMV-directed immunotherapy in patients with GBM.
Clinical Relevance of all-<i>trans</i>Retinoic Acid Pharmacokinetics and Its Modulation in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (1996)

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is uniquely sensitive to treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) which exerts its action via a well-documented cytodifferentiating mechanism. The combination of this retinoid with anthracyclines gives high percentages of complete remission and is now considered the optimal induction treatment for APL patients. Continuous treatment with ATRA, however, induces accelerated drug catabolism, with progressive decline in plasma drug concentrations potentially to below the levels required to maintain differentiation of leukemic cells. This process, which occurs rapidly and consistently has led to the hypothesis that the development of acquired clinical resistance to ATRA in APL has a pharmacologic basis. The rapid autoinduction of the hypercatabolic state precludes maintenance with continuous ATRA oral dosing, and is a limitation of better use of the drug both in APL and in other disorders in which it could be beneficial. Here we briefly review the pharmacologic alterations of ATRA metabolism induced by continuous oral administration, the clinical implications of this phenomenon, and the strategies currently under investigation to prevent or overcome the induced catabolism of this retinoid.
Display of the earth taking into account atmospheric scattering (1993)

Article Free Access Share on Display of the earth taking into account atmospheric scattering Authors: Tomoyuki Nishita View Profile , Takao Sirai View Profile , Katsumi Tadamura View Profile , Eihachiro Nakamae View Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGGRAPH '93: Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniquesSeptember 1993 Pages 175–182https://doi.org/10.1145/166117.166140Published:01 September 1993Publication History 83citation2,037DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations83Total Downloads2,037Last 12 Months298Last 6 weeks31 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Image based methods for nondestructive detection of compression wood in sawn timber (1999)

Compression wood is an anomaly in wood formed by the living softwood tree to compensate for excessive, asymmetric loads by developing special fibres. Compression wood has special properties that ar ...
Über die Substitution von Tosyloxy‐Gruppen durch Acetoxy‐Gruppen in Polyoxy‐Verbindungen. Eine neue Darstellungsweise von l‐Idose‐Derivaten aus d‐Glucose (1954)

Abstract Es wurde der Austausch von Tosyloxy‐Gruppen gegen Acetoxy‐Gruppen in einigen Zucker‐Derivaten untersucht. Tosylester, welche die Tosyloxy‐Gruppe an einem Ring‐Kohlenstoffatom tragen, erwiesen sich unter den angewandten Reaktionsbedingungen als sehr beständig. Dagegen ließen sich die Tosyloxy‐Gruppen durch Acetoxy‐Gruppen in solchen Verbindungen ersetzen, in denen sie sich in der Seitenkette eines Furanose‐Ringes befinden. Es wurde so ein neuer, ergiebiger präparativer Weg von der d ‐Glucose zur l ‐Idose gefunden. Die l ‐Idose konnte nicht in kristallinem Zustand gewonnen werden; sie wandelte sich beim Aufbewahren allmählich in l ‐Sorbose um.
Gateway placement optimization for load balancing in wireless mesh networks (2009)

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have recently evoked much research attention as a novel technology for last-mile broadband Internet access. When designing a WMN, gateway placement is significant for it determines the total network throughput. To address this problem, a novel gateway placement approach is proposed in this paper, in which three objectives are optimized, i.e. the number of gateways, the average MR (mesh router)-GW (gateway) hop count and the variance of gateway load. The gateway placement problem is modeled as a multiple objective linear program first, and then a two-stage load balanced gateway placement algorithm is proposed. The first stage is weight-based greedy gateway selection, and the second stage is load balanced MR attachment. Simulation results show that the algorithm behaves similarly compared with existing approaches in both number of gateways and average MR-GW hop count, while achieving better load balance.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of N‐Substituted Benzotriazoles into the Corresponding Carbanions by C‐Benzotriazole Bond Scission. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Biodegradation of poly(ester-urethane)s by a pure strain of micro-organisms (1999)

Poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and poly(ethylene succinate) (PEgS) with a Mn of 2 000 were used as building blocks of poly(ester-urethane)s. Trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI), TMDI/2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine (MPDA)/TMDI and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) were used to build diurethane units into the polymer with a final Mn of the order of 30 000. Oxygen consumption was measured during incubation of a pure strain of gram-positive non-sporulating bacteria isolated from an industrial compost for household refuse, in the presence of powder and films. The diurethane junction units and the diurethane model compounds are not assimilated on the time-scale of the present work. The relative biodegradability of PBA, PEgS and the various poly(ester-urethane)s has been assigned to the mobility of the polyester chain segments.
Silver Nanoparticle Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Inflammation and Increased Permeability in Primary Rat Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells (2010)

The current report examines the interactions of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with the cerebral microvasculature to identify the involvement of proinflammatory mediators that can increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Primary rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMEC) were isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rats for an in vitro BBB model. The Ag-NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The cellular accumulation, cytotoxicity (6.25-50 μg/cm(3)) and potential proinflammatory mediators (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor [TNF] α, and prostaglandin E(2) [PGE(2)]) of Ag-NPs (25, 40, or 80 nm) were determined spectrophotometrically, cell proliferation assay (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and ELISA. The results show Ag-NPs-induced cytotoxic responses at lower concentrations for 25 and 40 nm when compared with 80-nm Ag-NPs. The proinflammatory responses in this study demonstrate both Ag-NPs size and time-dependent profiles, with IL-1B preceding both TNF and PGE(2) for 25 nm. However, larger Ag-NPs (40 and 80 nm) induced significant TNF responses at 4 and 8 h, with no observable PGE(2) response. The increased fluorescein transport observed in this study clearly indicates size-dependent increases in BBB permeability correlated with the severity of immunotoxicity. Together, these data clearly demonstrate that larger Ag-NPs (80 nm) had significantly less effect on rBMEC, whereas the smaller particles induced significant effects on all the end points at lower concentrations and/or shorter times. Further, this study suggests that Ag-NPs may interact with the cerebral microvasculature producing a proinflammatory cascade, if left unchecked; these events may further induce brain inflammation and neurotoxicity.
Display and projection devices for HDTV (1988)

A 50 in rear projection display for consumer use and a 180 in front projection display for video theatres and other extra-large display applications are discussed. The 50 in display uses an optical coupling system. The contrast ratio has been more than doubled to a level approximately equivalent to that of a CRT, and resolution has been increased, owing to improvements in the screen, to 1000 TV lines. The TV set depth is 65 cm as a result of a reduced projection distance, and peak luminance is 120 ft-L, double that of conventional designs. For the 180 in display the development of a 12 in liquid-cooled projection tube allows high beam current loading, providing a light output approximately twice that of conventional designs and realizing a peak luminance of 15 ft-L, equivalent to that of a movie screen. Its contrast ratio has also been greatly improved with the optical coupling system. The projection lens is also newly developed and is compatible for use with 150 in to 250 in screens.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Contingency tables with given marginals (1968)

In its simplest formulation the problem considered is to estimate the cell probabilities Pij of an r × c contingency table for which the marginal probabilities Pi and Pj are known and fixed, so as to minimize ΣΣpij In (pij/πij), where πij are the corresponding entries in a given contingency table. An iterative procedure is given for determining the estimates and it is shown that the estimates are BAN, and that the iterative procedure is convergent. A summary of results for a four-way contingency table is given. An illustrative example is given.
Reproducible growth of low-threshold single and multiple quantum well InGaAs/InP lasers by a novel interlayer growth technique (1989)

High quality single (SQW) and multiple (MQW) quantum well InGaAs/InP lasers have been realized for the first time utilizing a newly developed interlayer growth technique. The technique utilizes separate confinement SQW and MQW lasers grown by atmospheric pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) having 10–20 nm InGaAs well(s) cladded by 50-nm-thick InGaAsP (λg=1.46 μm) waveguide layers. Carrier confinement and interfacial layer perfection are improved by growth of a few monolayers (∼1 nm) of InP at the QW-barrier interface and by using a novel flushing technique between growth of layers of different compositions. Both SQW and MQW lasers exhibit threshold current density of ∼2 kA/cm2. Buried-heterostructure lasers grown entirely by MOVPE in a two-growth step show threshold current of 18–40 mA and quantum efficiency as high as 21% facet with good linearity up to 15 mW.
2-Monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD), 3-Monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), and Glycidol in Infant and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2018.12 (2019)

<i>Background:</i> Fatty acid esters of glycidol, 2-Monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and 3-MCPD are heat-induced foodborne processing contaminants with possible adverse health effects. These compounds occur frequently in refined edible oils. Consequently, glycidyl esters and 2- and 3-MCPD esters might also be present in foods that contain refined edible oils. <i>Objective:</i> This manuscript describes the single-laboratory validation of an analytical method for the quantitative determination of glycidol, 2-MCPD, and 3-MCPD present as fatty acid esters or as free 2- or 3-MCPD in infant and adult/pediatric nutritional formula. <i>Methods:</i> Technically, the presented method is based on the combination of a Heat-Ultrasound Pressure-supported Solvent Extraction and a GC-MS determination of glycidol, 2-MCPD, and 3-MCPD. From a chemical perspective, the method includes an alkaline catalyzed transesterification, conversion of the unstable glycidol into monobromopropanediol, and the parallel derivatization of all analytes with phenylboronic acid. <i>Results:</i> Validation results showed that method linearity for all analytes in powdered and liquid infant formula ranged from 0.9981 to 0.9999 (<i>n</i> = 18). Repeatability relative standard deviation values for concentration levels between 1.3 μg/kg and 331 μg/kg were in the range of 1 to 12%. Relative recoveries were found to be between 93 and 107%. The analytes were quantifiable down to 5-10 μg/kg in powdered samples and 1-2 μg/kg in liquid samples. <i>Conclusions:</i> The reported results met actual AOAC <i>Standard Method Performance Requirements. Highlights:</i> In terms of consumer protection, the presented method is a novel approach for the sensitive and accurate determination of glycidol, 2-MCPD, and 3-MCPD in infant formula and related foodstuffs.
Naked-Eye Detection of Phosphate Ions in Water at Physiological pH: A Remarkably Selective and Easy-To-Assemble Colorimetric Phosphate-Sensing Probe (2002)

A color change occurs when phosphate anions are added to an aqueous solution of H-bpmp (2,6-bis(bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl)-4-methylphenol), zinc perchlorate, and pyrocatechol violet in a 1:2:1 molar ratio. The photograph shows the color of the mixture in the presence of no anions (far left), phosphate ions (yellow solution), and various other inorganic anions. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2002/z19274_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Electromagnetic induction in thin sheet conductivity anomalies at the surface of the earth (1979)

Lateral variations in the Earth's conductivity complicate considerably the calculation of the electromagnetic response of the Earth to an external inducing field which is uniform and horizontal. Although analytic solutions have been found for a few simple two-dimensional models in which the conductivity varies in one horizontal direction only, it is necessary, in general, to resort to numerical methods. If the conductivity variations of interest are confined to a surface layer it is often possible to represent the Earth mathematically as a uniform conducting half-space covered by an infinitely thin sheet of variable surface conductance. This simplification effectively reduces by one the number of dimensions over which the field equations need to be integrated numerically. It is shown that for a two-dimensional model the horizontal component of the electric field satisfies an integral equation on the surface of the thin sheet, which can be solved numerically for arbitrary sheet conductance. The accuracy of the numerical procedure is confined by applying it to E- and B-polarization induction in two adjacent half-sheets and then comparing the solution obtained with known analytic solutions of the same problem. In three-dimensions the two horizontal components of the surface electric field satisfy a coupled pair of double integral equations which can also be solved numerically for an arbitrarily varying conductance of the surface sheet.
Internal Field Emission in Silicon<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>Junctions (1957)

Internal field emission is believed to occur in narrow $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junctions in silicon. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (i) as in wide junctions, the multiplication characteristic has a positive temperature coefficient whereas the reverse characteristic, unlike wide junctions, possesses a negative temperature coefficient; (ii) the forward and reverse currents are relatively insensitive to temperature; (iii) radiative transitions of energetic carriers in the high-field region result in the emission of visible light, the pattern of which shows that the current flows more or less uniformly through the whole extent of the junction but that the array of fewer and more intense light spots characteristic of avalanche breakdown is absent; (iv) the noise associated with the onset of avalanche breakdown is absent. It is concluded that in these narrow junctions the junction space charge field due to the built-in potential alone is sufficient to result in a rate of carrier generation much greater than that of the normal thermal processes. By assuming a reasonable form for the voltage dependence of the field-generated current, it proves possible to account qualitatively for the complex forward-bias characteristics of these junctions. The reverse characteristics show the onset of multiplication of field-emitted carriers at a reasonable threshold. Possible causes of the softness of the reverse characteristics are discussed.
Meat and Chemical Residues (1965)

Chemicals important to efficient livestock production, but public concern over possible chemical residues is on the increase. Here is background on the residue problem including consumer protection and withdrawal regulations.