gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Pore Sizes in Mesoporous Materials:  A Simplified Standard Adsorption Method and a Simplified Broekhoff−de Boer Method (1999)

The diameters of primary mesopores in materials with well-defined cylindrical pores can be accurately determined by the 4V/A method when the volume and surface area are determined by a standard adsorption method and 13.5 Å2 is used as the molecular area of adsorbed nitrogen. A simple method for determining standard adsorption using the statistical thickness of the adsorbed gas layer defined by Frenkel−Halsey−Hill (FHH) theory is described. For materials in which the pores are not cylindrical or well-defined, a simplified Broekhoff−de Boer method can be used to determine pore dimensions. The use of Hill's approximation for the thickness of the adsorbed gas layer in the Broekhoff−de Boer method simplifies its use. The results of these methods on small pore MCM-41 materials, large pore SBA-15 materials, and spherical pore mesocellular foams are reported.
Preparation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Serotonin Binding Protein (1990)

Serotonin binding protein (SBP) is a constituent of the synaptic vesicles of serotonergic neurons. Two types of SBP, with molecular masses of 45 kDa and 56 kDa, have been purified. To determine whether there are shared epitopes between the two forms of SBP, we raised and tested for cross-reactivity monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against each form of SBP. We obtained 12 MAbs, all of which recognize both forms of SBP. Hybridoma clones were produced by fusing P3 X 63Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse that had been immunized with 45-kDa or 56-kDa SBP. Culture supernatants were screened for the presence of anti-SBP antibodies. MAb isotypes were determined by immunodiffusion, using immunoglobulin type-specific antisera. Each antibody to SBP consisted of only a single subclass of immunoglobulin (IgM). We obtained 12 MAbs, each of which interacted with both forms of SBP, as judged by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis. Ascites fluid to one clone (44-10) was obtained and affinity-purified. In the presence of goat anti-mouse IgM, the partially purified 44-10 antibodies quantitatively immunoprecipitated SBP from crude brain extracts. Immunoblotting revealed two major bands corresponding to 45 kDa and 56 kDa and a minor band corresponding to 68 kDa. MAb 44-10 blocked the binding of [3H]serotonin ([3H]5-HT) to 45-kDa and 56-kDa SBP in a concentration-dependent manner. The 68-kDa protein was found to bind [3H]5-HT. Sites reacting with MAB 44-10 were located immunocytochemically in sections of rat brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Subcellular localization of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in plants. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> accumulation in papillae and hypersensitive response during the barley—powdery mildew interaction (1997)

Active oxygen species (AOS) are believed to have important roles in plants in general and in plant—pathogen interactions in particular. They are believed to be involved in signal transduction, cell wall reinforcement, hypersensitive response (HR) and phytoalexin production, and to have direct antimicrobial effects. Since current methods are inadequate for localizing AOS in intact plant tissue, most studies have been conducted using cell suspension culture/elicitors systems. 3,3‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) polymerizes instantly and locally as soon as it comes into contact with H 2 O 2 in the presence of peroxidase, and it was found that, by allowing the leaf to take up this substrate, in‐vivo and in‐situ detection of H 2 O 2 can be made at subcellular levels. This method was successfully used to detect H 2 O 2 in developing papillae and surrounding haloes (cell wall appositions) and whole cells of barley leaves interacting with the powdery mildew fungus. Thus, H 2 O 2 can be detected in the epidermal cell wall subjacent to the primary germ tube from 6 h after inoculation, and subjacent to the appressorium from 15 h. The earliest time point for observation of H 2 O 2 in relation to epidermal cells undergoing HR is 15 h after inoculation, first appearing in the zones of attachment to the mesophyll cells underneath, and eventually in the entire epidermal cell. Furthermore, it was observed that proteins in papillae and HR cells are cross‐linked, a process believed to be fuelled by H 2 O 2 . This cross‐linking reinforces the apposition, presumably assisting the arrest of the pathogen.
Novel Dicationic Imidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyridines and 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-imidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyridines as Antiprotozoal Agents (2004)

2-[5-(4-Amidinophenyl)-furan-2-yl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxamidine acetate salt (7) was synthesized from 2-[5-(4-cyanophenyl)-furan-2-yl]-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carbonitrile (4a), through the bis-O-acetoxyamidoxime followed by hydrogenation in glacial acetic acid. Compound 4a was obtained in four steps starting with two successive brominations of 2-acetylfuran first with N-bromosuccinimide, and second with bromine to form alpha-bromo-2-acetyl-5-bromofuran (2) in a moderate yield. The product (3a), of the condensation reaction between 6-amino-nicotinonitrile and 2, undergoes Suzuki coupling with 4-cyanophenylboronic acid to furnish 4a in good yield. Acetate salt of 2-[5-(4-amidinophenyl)-furan-2-yl]-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxamidine (8a) was obtained from 4a, through the bis-O-acetoxyamidoxime followed by hydrogenation in a mixture of ethanol/ethyl acetate. N-Methoxy-2-(5-[4-(N-methoxyamidino)-phenyl]-furan-2-yl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxamidine (6) was prepared via methylation of the respective diamidoxime 5a with dimethyl sulfate. By these approaches eight new diamidines and four potential prodrugs were prepared. All of the diamidines showed strong DNA affinities as judged by high DeltaT(m) values. Six of the eight diamidines gave in vitro IC(50) values of 63 nM or less vs T. b. rhodesiense with two exhibiting values of 6 nM and 1 nM. Also, six of the eight diamidines gave in vitro IC(50) values of 88 nM or less vs P. falciparum with two exhibiting values of 14 nM. Excellent in vivo activity in the trypanosomal STIB900 mouse model was found for five of the diamidines on ip dosage; these compounds gave 4/4 cures in this model. The oral activity of the prodrugs was modest with only one showing 2/4 cures in the same mouse model.
Issues associated with the use of electroless copper films for submicron multilevel interconnections (2002)

Cu films between 1000 AA and 1 mu m thick were deposited from an electroless Cu plating bath on various metal seed layers. The bulk resistivity of Cu films was a function of the film thickness. For thin films of 1000 AA, the electrical resistivity was three times greater than reported bulk values. For 1- mu m films, resistivities of 2.3 mu Omega -cm were obtained. This larger resistivity is apparently influenced by defects grown into the film. The electrical and physical properties of these films were examined after rapid thermal processing at temperatures of up to 900 degrees C on inert substrates. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses indicated changes in grain size from 600 AA to 2500 AA. Thin layers of FCC metals in contact with Cu, such as Ni or Pt, were detrimental to the electrical resistivity after moderate thermal processing. These interactions could be easily predicted from phase diagrams of Cu with other FCC metals and indicate that Ni encapsulation of Cu is impractical. Selective Cu deposition into dielectric channels on seed layers was found to be clean with little if any random field nucleation. Copper that was selectively deposited into contacts of a test gate array exhibited electrical continuity on CVD W but showed contact resistances substantially larger than standard metallurgies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The C-Terminal Domain of B-Myb Acts As a Positive Regulator of Transcription and Modulates Its Biological Functions (1998)

The myb gene family consists of three members, named A-, B-, and c-myb. All three members of this family encode nuclear proteins that bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner and function as regulators of transcription. In this report, we have examined the biochemical and biological activities of murine B-myb and compared these properties with those of murine c-myb. In transient transactivation assays, murine B-myb exhibited transactivation potential comparable to that of c-myb. An analysis of deletion mutants of B-myb and c-myb showed that while the C-terminal domain of c-Myb acts as a negative regulator of transcriptional transactivation, the C-terminal domain of B-Myb functions as a positive enhancer of transactivation. To compare the biological activities of c-myb and B-myb, the two genes were overexpressed in 32Dcl3 cells, which are known to undergo terminal differentiation into granulocytes in the presence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). We observed that c-myb blocked the G-CSF-induced terminal differentiation of 32Dcl3 cells, resulting in their continued proliferation in the presence of G-CSF. In contrast, ectopic overexpression of B-myb blocked the ability of 32D cells to proliferate in the presence of G-CSF and accelerated the G-CSF-induced granulocytic differentiation of these cells. Similar studies with B-myb-c-myb chimeras showed that only chimeras that contained the C-terminal domain of B-Myb were able to accelerate the G-CSF-induced terminal differentiation of 32Dcl3 cells. These studies show that c-myb and B-myb do not exhibit identical biological activities and that the carboxyl-terminal regulatory domain of B-Myb plays a critical role in its biological function.
EBES: A practical electron lithographic system (1975)

An electron beam exposure system (EBES) has proven to be practical and economic for generating high-quality fine-featured integrated circuit masks. It is also capable of exposing patterns directly on resist-coated silicon wafers and, when so used, is an effective tool with which to develop new semiconductor devices. EBES combines continuous translation of the mask or wafer substrate with periodic deflection of the electron beam in a raster-scan mode of exposure. Substrate position is monitored by means of laser interferometers. The strategy permits both the electronic and mechanical subsystems to work well within their limits of capability and contributes to system reliability. It also permits the system to be stepped up to higher resolution and faster exposure as brighter electron sources, more sensitive resist, and faster data processing techniques are developed.
Syntheses and properties of surfactants containing organometals: IV. Organo silicone (1969)

Abstract The authors synthesized nonionic surfactants containing dimethylpolysilane, dimethylpolysilmethylene and dimethylopolysiloxane as the hydrophobic groups, and investigated their surface activities. In their ability to lower the aqueous surface tension, the polysiloxane surfactants were the most active, and there is little reason to choose between the other two kinds of surfactants. With regard to the ability of lowering the interfacial tension between water and silicone oil, the polysilmethylene surfactants were most effective when the concentration of aqueous solution was below 0.5 wt %. Above this concentration, however, the polysiloxane surfactants were superior. Also investigated was the lowering of surface tension of nonaqueous polyols and their ability to wet low energy hydrophobic surfaces such as polyethylene.
<title>Comparing robustness of watermarking techniques</title> (1999)

A methodology for comparing robustness of watermarking techniques is proposed. The techniques are first modified into a standard form to make comparison possible. The watermark strength is adjusted for each technique so that a certain perceptual measure of image distortion based on spatial masking is below a predetermined value. Each watermarking technique is further modified into two versions for embedding watermarks consisting of one and 60-bits, respectively. Finally, each detection algorithm is adjusted so that the probability of false detections is below a specified threshold. A family of typical image distortions is selected and parametrized by a distortion parameter. For the one-bit watermark, the robustness with respect to each image distortion is evaluated by increasing the distortion parameter and registering at which value the watermark bit is lost. The bit error rate is used for evaluating the robustness of the 60-bit watermark. The methodology is explained with two frequency-based spread spectrum techniques. The paper is closed with an attempt to introduce a formal definition of robustness.
Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands for Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (2003)

As the incidence of Type 2 diabetes has reached near epidemic proportions, the quest for novel therapies to combat this disorder has intensified dramatically. In recent years, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family has received tremendous attention as perhaps an ideal target class to address the multiple metabolic anomalies associated with the diabetic state. This review focuses on a variety of novel PPAR approaches currently being investigated for Type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome, including the highly potent selective PPAR agonists, PPAR combination agonists and alternative PPAR ligands.
Structure of SnF2-SnO-P2O5 Glasses (2013)

Low melting point glasses, specifically tin fluorophosphates, have recently received attention as a successful host matrix to rare earth metals to be used in photon conversion for solar cell applications. We have used high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman microscopy to investigate the structure of 50SnF2-20SnO-30P2O5 glass. To compliment this experimental study density functional theory was used to predict Raman spectra. The O 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra indicate a high non-bridging to bridging oxygen ratio, a sign of relatively high durability needed for this glass to be applied to solar energy. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Platelets and Endothelial Cells (2007)

The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrial countries, is multifactorial. Atherogenesis, the development of atherosclerotic lesions, is initiated by a mechanical or functional injury of the endothelium. The function of the endothelium is influenced by multiple factors as a consequence of cell-cell interactions. Cell-cell communication between endothelial cells with platelets has only recently begun to receive systematic study. In recent years it has been established that platelet-endothelial interactions are involved at all stages of atherosclerotic disease. This article reviews the interactions between endothelial cells and platelets in the context of their role to initiate and accelerate atherothrombosis, as well as in acute thrombotic occlusion (e.g., at the site of atherosclerotic plaque rupture or subsequent to coronary angioplasty). From a mechanistic standpoint, platelets and endothelial cells communicate on multiple levels. Cross-talk may occur over a distance (paracrine signaling), via transient interactions (so-called give-and-go mechanism), or through receptor-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Platelets may release or transfer substances that influence endothelial cell function, and vice versa. Among many others, adhesion molecules, such as P-selectin (CD62P), are of special interest because of their role in modulating interactions between blood cells and the endothelium, and also because of the possible use of the soluble form as a plasma predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. In addition to dietary, cholesterol and lipid lowering, and other pharmaceutical approaches, antiplatelet therapy plays an important part in the treatment of atherosclerosis and its multifactorial clinical manifestations. Understanding the specific interactions between platelets and the endothelium may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Absorption Characteristics of Transdermally Administered Fentanyl (1989)

Fentanyl was administered intravenously and transdermally to eight surgical patients to determine the systemic bioavailability and rate of absorption of the transdermally administered drug. Serum fentanyl concentrations reached a plateau approximately 14 h after placement of the transdermal fentanyl delivery system. This plateau was maintained until removal of the system at 24 h. The decline in serum fentanyl concentrations after removal of the transdermal system had a terminal half-life of 17.0 +/- 2.3 h (mean +/- SD), considerably longer than the terminal elimination half-life seen after intravenous administration of fentanyl in the same patients (6.1 +/- 2.0 h). The rate of fentanyl absorption, predicted to be 100 micrograms/h from in vitro data, appeared to be relatively constant during a period starting 4-8 h after placement of the transdermal system until removal of the system at 24 h. The rate of absorption during this period was 91.7 +/- 25.7 micrograms/h. After removal of the transdermal fentanyl delivery system, absorption continued at a declining rate. This indicates that the long terminal half-life of serum fentanyl concentrations after transdermal system removal is due to continued slow absorption of fentanyl, probably from a cutaneous depot of drug at the site of prior transdermal system placement. At the time of removal of the transdermal fentanyl system, 1.07 +/- 0.43 mg of drug remained in this depot. Systemic fentanyl bioavailability was found to be 0.92 +/- 0.33, with no evidence of significant cutaneous metabolism or degradation by the skin's bacterial flora. The transdermal administration of fentanyl produces relatively constant serum fentanyl concentrations for significant periods of time in the postsurgical patient requiring analgesic therapy.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FISH MUSCLE PROTEASES USING RADIO‐LABELED PROTEIN SUBSTRATES (1980)

ABSTRACT Cathepsin D and alkaline protease in the kidney and skeletal muscle tissues of Atlantic croaker were studied using either 14 C‐casein or 14 C‐hemoglobin. In general, the alkaline protease is more stable than cathepsin D upon heat treatment and the alkaline protease from muscle is more heat stable than that of kidney tissue. Both cathepsin D and alkaline protease showed specificity toward the different protein substrates. Under the defined conditions, it is possible to use a single substrate (casein or hemoglobin) for, the study of both proteases. The pH activity curves using both substrates suggest that at physiological pH, both acid and alkaline proteases may contribute to the proteolytic activity observed during holding or processing of fish products at lower temperatures (45–60°C). It was demonstrated that pepstatin may be effectively used to selectively inhibit the catheptic activity so that the relative contribution of alkaline protease to the degradation of the fish protein may be evaluated.
Printed antennas in multiple layers: general considerations and infinite array analysis by a unified method (1989)

Infinite array analysis is described, and experimental results from a waveguide simulator are discussed. Considerations for the use of a stripline-aperture-coupled microstrip antenna geometry are given, and further research plans are outlined. >
Selected sources of current population, vital, and health statistics. (1972)

This annotated list is a guide to government and nongovernment sources of population, vital, and health statistics. It is arranged first geographically, giving sources for local, regional, state, national, and international statistics, and secondly by issuing body. Below the national level sources for only the California area are included, but they are representative of publications of similar health jurisdictions. The list is selective and concentrates on recent or regularly updated publications. A brief list of guides to other sources is included at the end.
Asymmetric hydrogenation (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleAsymmetric hydrogenationWilliam S. KnowlesCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1983, 16, 3, 106–112Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00087a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00087a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6806Altmetric-Citations696LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
MR imaging of focal lung lesions: Elimination of flow and motion artifact by breath-hold ECG-gated and black-blood techniques on T2-weighted turbo SE and STIR sequences (1999)

Respiratory and cardiac motion correction may result in better turbo spin-echo (SE) imaging of the lung. To compare breath-hold cardiac-gated black-blood T2-weighted turbo SE and turbo short-inversion-time inversion-recovery (STIR) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pulse sequences with conventional breath-hold turbo SE and half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequences for lesion conspicuity of focal lung lesions, 42 patients with focal lung lesions were prospectively studied with MR imaging at 1.5 T. Helical computed tomography was used as a reference. In comparison with the conventional breath-hold turbo SE sequence, all black-blood sequences had fewer image artifacts arising from the heart and blood flow. The overall image quality for the black-blood turbo SE and turbo STIR sequences was superior to that for the breath-hold turbo SE and HASTE sequence (P < 0.01). Not only focal lung lesions but also surrounding inflammatory changes were clearly visualized with these two sequences. With the HASTE sequence, although several slices could be obtained in one breath-hold, both the tumor and vessels appeared blurred. We conclude that T2-weighted turbo SE and turbo STIR imaging of the lung with effective suppression of flow and motion artifacts provide high-quality images in patients with focal lung lesions.