gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and application of chitosan microspheres as oral and nasal vaccine carriers: an updated review (2012)

Chitosan, a natural biodegradable polymer, is of great interest in biomedical research due to its excellent properties including bioavailability, nontoxicity, high charge density, and mucoadhesivity, which creates immense potential for various pharmaceutical applications. It has gelling properties when it interacts with counterions such as sulfates or polyphosphates and when it crosslinks with glutaraldehyde. This characteristic facilitates its usefulness in the coating or entrapment of biochemicals, drugs, antigenic molecules as a vaccine candidate, and microorganisms. Therefore, chitosan together with the advance of nanotechnology can be effectively applied as a carrier system for vaccine delivery. In fact, chitosan microspheres have been studied as a promising carrier system for mucosal vaccination, especially via the oral and nasal route to induce enhanced immune responses. Moreover, the thiolated form of chitosan is of considerable interest due to its improved mucoadhesivity, permeability, stability, and controlled/extended release profile. This review describes the various methods used to design and synthesize chitosan microspheres and recent updates on their potential applications for oral and nasal delivery of vaccines. The potential use of thiolated chitosan microspheres as next-generation mucosal vaccine carriers is also discussed.
Robust Plane-Based Calibration of Multiple Non-Overlapping Cameras (2016)

The availability of commodity multi-camera systems such as Google Jump, Jaunt, and Lytro Immerge have brought new demand for reliable and efficient extrinsic camera calibration. State-of-the-art solutions generally require that adjacent, if not all, cameras observe a common area or employ known scene structures. In this paper, we present a novel multi-camera calibration technique that eliminates such requirements. Our approach extends the single-pair hand-eye calibration used in robotics to multi-camera systems. Specifically, we make use of (possibly unknown) planar structures in the scene and combine plane-based structure from motion, camera pose estimation, and task-specific bundle adjustment for extrinsic calibration. Experiments on several multi-camera setups demonstrate that our scheme is highly accurate, robust, and efficient.
Implementing Dynamic Arrays: A Challenge for High-Performance Machines, (1986)

There is an increasing need for high-performance AI machines. What is unusual about AI is that its programs are typically dynamic in the way their execution unfolds and in the data structures they use. AI therefore needs machines that are late-binding. Multiprocessors are often held out as the answer to AI's computing requirements. However, most success with multiprocessing has come from exploiting numerical computations' basic data structure - the static array (as in FORTRAN). A static array's structure does not change, so its elements (and the processing on them) may be readily distributed. In AI, the ability to change and manipulate the structure of data is paramount; hence, the pre-eminence of the LISP list. Unfortunately, the traditional pointer-based list has serious drawbacks for distributed processing. The dynamic array is a data structure that allows random access to its elements (like static arrays) yet whose structure - size and dimensions - can be easily changed, i.e., bound and re-bound at run - time. It combines the flexibility that AI requires with the potential for high performance through parallel operation. A machine's implementation of dynamic arrays gives a good insight into its potential usefulness for AI applications. Therefore, the authors outline themore » implementation of dynamic arrays on a machine that we are developing.« less
Adhesiveness of Mononuclear Cells in Hypercholesterolemic Humans Is Normalized by Dietary <scp>l</scp> -Arginine (1997)

Hypercholesterolemia reduces vascular nitric oxide (NO) activity. This dysfunction may promote endothelial monocyte interaction, as NO is a potent inhibitor of cell adhesion. We have previously shown that in hypercholesterolemic (HC) rabbits, chronic oral supplementation of L-arginine (Arg) restores NO activity and inhibits monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, in association with a reduction in atherogenesis. We hypothesized that enhancement of endothelial NO activity in HC humans would reduce monocyte adhesiveness. We used a functional binding assay to assess the adhesiveness of human mononuclear cells (MNCs) ex vivo to determine the effects of hypercholesterolemia and L-arginine administration. MNCs from HC subjects adhered in greater numbers (50% more cells per high-power field; P < .0001) than cells derived from normocholesterolemic (NC) subjects. To determine whether enhancement of endogenous NO activity could inhibit mononuclear cell adhesiveness, in a double-blinded placebo-controlled study, oral arginine HCl (8.4 g/d) was administered to HC subjects. Over a course of 2 weeks, this treatment abolished the increased adhesiveness of HC MNCs (160 +/- 11% versus 104 +/- 5%; before and after 2 weeks of Arg treatment; results expressed as a percentage of the binding values obtained using cells derived from paired NC individuals). By contrast, MNC adhesion remained significantly elevated in placebo-treated HC subjects. To examine whether endothelium-derived NO could act as a paracrine modulator of monocyte behavior, monocytes were exposed to NO donors or cocultered in the presence of endothelial cells exposed to antagonists of NO synthase in the presence or absence of L-arginine. NO donors inhibited monocyte adhesiveness. Furthermore, the adhesiveness of monocytes cocultured with endothelial cells was increased by antagonists of NO synthase; this effect was reversed by L-arginine. This study shows that the adhesiveness of human MNCs is increased by hypercholesterolemia. The increase in adhesiveness was reversed in vivo by administration of the NO precursor L-arginine. NO donors or endothelium-derived NO inhibits the adhesiveness of monocytes in vitro, supporting the hypothesis that the effects of L-arginine are mediated by NO.
Studies on Carbohydrates X. A New Method for the Preparation of Isopropylidene Saccharides (1992)

Abstract Cabohydrates reacting with acetone in the presence of molecular sieve and p—toluene sulfonic acid provided a simple, convenient, high yield and good selective process for preparation of isopropylidene carbohydrates.
Influence of cell culture media and feed supplements on cell metabolism and quality of IgG produced in CHO-K1, CHO-S, and CHO-DG44 (2015)

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the preferred expression system for the production of complex recombinant proteins. In this study, chemically defined CHO cell culture media and feed substrates from different vendors were investigated regarding their influence on cell metabolism, antibody titer and quality. Special emphasis was put on elucidating how these attributes change with the use of different CHO host cell lines. For this purpose, CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, and CHO-S -each producing the same IgG antibody -were adapted to ActiCHO P and CD CHO medium. All three cell lines were grown both in batch and in fedbatch cultures using the manufacturer's specific concentrated feed supplements. The impact of the different media and feeds on antibody production, cell growth, cell-specific nutrient consumption, by-product formation and IgG quality was analyzed throughout the process.
Sequential induction of heme pathway enzymes during erythroid differentiation of mouse Friend leukemia virus-infected cells. (1976)

The process of erythroid differentiation in mouse Friend leukemia virus transformed cells (T3-C1-2) was examined by following changes in several enzyme activities of the heme biosynthetic pathway and in heme concentration while the cells were undergoing erythroid differentiation after treatment with dimethylsulfoxide. Untreated cells on the one hand, have a limited capacity for spontaneous differentiation. On the other hand, dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)-treated cells showed an increase in the activities of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, ALA dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen-I synthetase, ferrochelatase, and heme concentration by days 1, 1.5, 2, and 4, respectively. The increase of the heme pathway enzymes and heme concentration followed the order of these enzymes or products as they are arranged in the heme biosynthetic pathway. These changes induced by DMSO were effectively inhibited by treatment with actinomycin D, suggesting that continued RNA synthesis is required for the differentiation process. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) (10(-5) M) inhibited the DMSO-induced changes of the heme pathway enzymes. BrdU was most effective when it was present during the first 2 days of cell culture. It gradually lost its inhibitory effect when added after the 3rd day or later. The BrdU-mediated inhibition was completely overcome by the addition of thymidine (7 x 10(-5) M), but not by uridine (7 x 10(-5) M). All these data suggest that a sequential induction of the heme pathway enzyme takes place during erythroid differentiation of Friend leukemia cells, and that the sequential induction of the enzymes may be due to a sequential activation of genes coding for these enzyme activities.
Crystal Structure of a Covalent DNA-Drug Adduct: Anthramycin Bound to C-C-A-A-C-G-T-T-G-G and a Molecular Explanation of Specificity (1994)

A 2.3-A X-ray crystal structure analysis has been carried out on the antitumor drug anthramycin, covalently bound to a ten base pair DNA double helix of sequence C-C-A-A-C-G-T-T-G-G. One drug molecule sits within the minor groove at each end of the helix, covalently bound through its C11 position to the N2 amine of the penultimate guanine of the chain. The stereochemical conformation is C11S, C11aS. The natural twist of the anthramycin molecule in the C11aS conformation matches the twist of the minor groove as it winds along the helix; a C11aR drug would only fit into a left-handed helix. The C11S attachment is roughly equatorial to the overall plane of the molecule, whereas a C11R attachment would be axial and would obstruct the fitting of the drug into the groove. The six-membered ring of anthramycin points toward the 3' end of the chain to which it is covalently attached or toward the end of the helix. The acrylamide tail attached to the five-membered ring extends back along the minor groove toward the center of the helix, binding in a manner reminiscent of netropsin or distamycin. The drug-DNA complex is stabilized by hydrogen bonds from C9-OH, N10, and the end of the acrylamide tail to base pair edges on the floor of the minor groove. The origin of anthramycin specificity for three successive purines arises not from specific hydrogen bonds but from the low twist angles adopted by purine-purine steps in a B-DNA helix. Binding of anthramycin induces a low twist at T-G in the T-G-G sequence of this DNA-drug complex, by comparison with the structure of the free DNA. The origin of anthramycin's preference for adenines flanking the alkylated guanine arises from a netropsin-like fitting of the acrylamide tail into the minor groove.
Anisotropy of elastic wave velocities in deformed shales: Part 1 — Experimental results (2008)

Abstract Elastic wave velocity measurements in the laboratory are used to assess the evolution of the microstructure of shales under triaxial stresses, which are representative of in situ conditions. Microstructural parameters such as crack aperture are of primary importance when permeability is a concern. The purpose of these experiments is to understand the micromechanical behavior of the Callovo-Oxfordian shale in response to external perturbations. The available experimental setup allows for the continuous, simultaneous measurement of five independent elastic wave velocities and two directions of strain (axial and circumferential), performed on the same cylindrical rock sample during deformation in an axisymmetric triaxial cell. The main results are (1) identification of the complete tensor of elastic moduli of the transversely isotropic shales using elastic wave velocity measurements, (2) assessment of the evolution of these moduli under triaxial loading, and (3) assessment of the evolution of the elastic anisotropy under loading in terms of Thomsen's parameters. This last outcome allows us to use the anisotropy of the elastic properties of this rock as an indicator of the evolution of its microstructure. In particular, ε in the dry case decreases from 0.5 (ambient pressure) toward 0.37 (55MPa), while γ and δ are almost insensitive to pressure. In the wet case, ε decreases from 0.3 (ambient pressure) toward 0.2 (55MPa). Deviatoric stresses have a strong effect on ε, γ, and δ variations. In this case, ε drops (both for the dry and wet conditions) when failure is approached.
Cloning and functional characterization of early B-cell factor, a regulator of lymphocyte-specific gene expression. (1993)

Early B-cell factor (EBF) was identified previously as a tissue-specific and differentiation stage-specific DNA-binding protein that participates in the regulation of the pre-B and B lymphocyte-specific mb-1 gene. Partial amino acid sequences obtained from purified EBF were used to isolate cDNA clones, which by multiple criteria encode EBF. The recombinant polypeptide formed sequence-specific complexes with the EBF-binding site in the mb-1 promoter. The cDNA hybridized to multiple transcripts in pre-B and B-cell lines, but transcripts were not detected at significant levels in plasmacytoma, T-cell, and nonlymphoid cell lines. Expression of recombinant EBF in transfected nonlymphoid cells strongly activated transcription from reporter plasmids containing functional EBF-binding sites. Analysis of DNA binding by deletion mutants of EBF identified an amino-terminal cysteine-rich DNA-binding domain lacking obvious sequence similarity to known transcription factors. DNA-binding assays with cotranslated wild-type and truncated forms of EBF indicated that the protein interacts with its site as a homodimer. Deletions delineated a carboxy-terminal dimerization region containing two repeats of 15 amino acids that show similarity with the dimerization domains of basic-helix-loop-helix proteins. Together, these data suggest that EBF represents a novel regulator of B lymphocyte-specific gene expression.
Sustained Sub-60 mV/decade Switching via the Negative Capacitance Effect in MoS<sub>2</sub> Transistors (2017)

It has been shown that a ferroelectric material integrated into the gate stack of a transistor can create an effective negative capacitance (NC) that allows the device to overcome "Boltzmann tyranny". While this switching below the thermal limit has been observed with Si-based NC field-effect transistors (NC-FETs), the adaptation to 2D materials would enable a device that is scalable in operating voltage as well as size. In this work, we demonstrate sustained sub-60 mV/dec switching, with a minimum subthreshold swing (SS) of 6.07 mV/dec (average of 8.03 mV/dec over 4 orders of magnitude in drain current), by incorporating hafnium zirconium oxide (HfZrO<sub>2</sub> or HZO) ferroelectric into the gate stack of a MoS<sub>2</sub> 2D-FET. By first fabricating and characterizing metal-ferroelectric-metal capacitors, the MoS<sub>2</sub> is able to be transferred directly on top and characterized with both a standard and a negative capacitance gate stack. The 2D NC-FET exhibited marked enhancement in low-voltage switching behavior compared to the 2D-FET on the same MoS<sub>2</sub> channel, reducing the SS by 2 orders of magnitude. A maximum internal voltage gain of ∼28× was realized with ∼12 nm thick HZO. Several unique dependencies were observed, including threshold voltage (V<sub>th</sub>) shifts in the 2D NC-FET (compared to the 2D-FET) that correlate with source/drain overlap capacitance and changes in HZO (ferroelectric) and HfO<sub>2</sub> (dielectric) thicknesses. Remarkable sub-60 mV/dec switching was obtained from 2D NC-FETs of various sizes and gate stack thicknesses, demonstrating great potential for enabling size- and voltage-scalable transistors.
Microfluidic Techniques for Single-Cell Protein Expression Analysis (2006)

Immunofluorescence detection in a microfluidic channel demonstrates the potential for assaying surface protein expression in a few individual cells and will permit the development of future iterations not requiring cell handling. The flow retardation device represents the first application of this technology for assessing cell-surface protein expression in cancer cells and may provide a way for analyzing expression profiles of single cells without preanalytical manipulation.
Using Physical Context in a Mobile Social Networking Application for Improving Friend Recommendations (2011)

In online social networks such as Facebook, people receive friend recommendations that are based usually on common friends or similar profile such as having the same interest or coming from the same company. However, people receive friend spam in which they do not know why they should add this friend. If we can record the physical context then we can determine how you met that person, and use that for recommending that person to you. In this paper, we create a friend recommendation system using proximity encounters and meetings as physical context called Encounter Meet. We conduct a user study to examine whether physical context-based friend recommendations is better than common friends. Results show that on average, the Encounter Meet algorithm recommended more friends to participants that they added and more recommendations were ranked as good, compared with the common friend algorithm. The results can be used to help design context-aware recommendations in physical environments.
A Search for Far-Ultraviolet Emissions from the Lunar Atmosphere (1973)

An ultraviolet spectrometer aboard the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft attempted to measure ultraviolet emissions from the lunar atmosphere. The only emissions observed were from a transient atmosphere introduced by the lunar landing engine. The absence of atomic hydrogen implies that solar wind protons are converted to hydrogen molecules at the lunar surface.
Automatic alignment of high-resolution multi-projector display using an un-calibrated camera (2000)

A scalable, high-resolution display may be constructed by tiling many projected images over a single display surface. One fundamental challenge for such a display is to avoid visible seams due to misalignment among the projectors. Traditional methods for avoiding seams involve sophisticated mechanical devices and expensive CRT projectors, coupled with extensive human effort for fine-tuning the projectors. The paper describes an automatic alignment method that relies on an inexpensive, uncalibrated camera to measure the relative mismatches between neighboring projectors, and then correct the projected imagery to avoid seams without significant human effort.
INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): HISTORY OF<i>BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS</i>BERLINER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (1992)

Abstract This review article starts with the discovery of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in Japan at the turn of the century and notes that the observations of the early Japanese workers clearly show that they were aware of the toxin-mediated nature of the activity of B . thuringiensis toward insect larvae. The early work in Europe with B . thuringiensis against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) showed that the bacterium had promise as a microbial control agent. The commercial development of B . thuringiensis in France in the late 1930s, and in Eastern Europe and the United States in the 1950s, is traced.
An edge detection algorithm matching visual contour perception (2002)

For several applications, it is very important to have an edge detection technique matching human visual contour perception and less sensitive to noise. The edge detection algorithm describes in this paper based on the results obtained by Maximum a posteriori (MAP) and Maximum Entropy (ME) deblurring algorithms. The technique makes a trade-off between sharpening and smoothing the noisy image. One of the advantages of the described algorithm is less sensitive to noise than that given by Marr and Geuen techniques that considered to be the best edge detection algorithms in terms of matching human visual contour perception.
Discrimination between Composite Resin and Teeth using Fluorescence Properties (2003)

The differentiation of composite resin from teeth using fluorescence emission was investigated as basic research for the visual detection of resin filled teeth in mass dental health examinations. Fluorescence spectra were taken from extracted human maxillary central incisors and 12 types of light-cured composite resins with a maximum of 15 shades via excitation using light with wavelengths of 400-500 nm. The fluorescence intensity ratio of resin to tooth was lowest around 500 nm for all the resins. The fluorescent images were taken based on spectroscopic results, which confirmed discrimination between the resin part and the tooth in the resin filled tooth.
Epoxy Graft Functionalization of Poly(Butadiene) (1997)

Abstract A novel strategy for the polymer analogous functionalization of poly(butadienes) with epoxy groups was developed. Siloxane, I, bearing both Si—H and epoxycyclohexyl functional groups was appended onto the pendant vinyl groups of the poly(1,2-butadiene) repeating units using a polymer analogous hydrosilation reaction. The modified poly(butadienes) were polymerized by exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the presence of cationic photoinitiators to give crosslinked networks. Thermal analysis of the resulting crosslinked poly(butadienes) showed that by varying the microstructure of the poly(butadiene) and the degree of epoxide substitution, materials with a wide range of properties could be obtained.
Hitting a moving target (2002)

How rapidly our vocabulary can change, and how yesterday's expressions can vanish without trace. Even words which were used by people the age of the author's children just a few years ago have vanished without trace: untold had a brief flourishing in Wellington as a term of approval, but has vanished completely; grouse , a rather older term, still survives but again not among the young. If old words go, new words come. In a recent survey of the language of primary school children in New Zealand, a word was discovered that all the children knew and virtually none of the teachers knew. To understand the expression, one has to understand something about the games played by children in English-speaking countries.
SmartKom mobile (2004)

This paper presents SmartKom Mobile, the mobile version of the SmartKom system. SmartKom Mobile brings together highly advanced user interaction and mobile computing in a novel way and allows for ubiquitous access to multi-domain information. SmartKom Mobile is device-independent and realizes multi-modal interaction in cars and on mobile devices such as PDAs. With its siblings, SmartKom Home and SmartKom Public, it provides intelligent user interfaces for an extremely broad range of scenarios and environments.