gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hype and heavy tails: A closer look at data breaches (2016)

Recent widely publicized data breaches have exposed the personal information of hundreds of millions of people. Some reports point to alarming increases in both the size and frequency of data breaches, spurring institutions around the world to address what appears to be a worsening situation. But, is the problem actually growing worse? In this article, we study a popular public dataset and develop Bayesian Generalized Linear Models to investigate trends in data breaches. Analysis of the model shows that neither size nor frequency of data breaches has increased over the past decade. We find that the increases that have attracted attention can be explained by the heavytailed statistical distributions underlying the dataset. Specifically, we find that the size of data breaches is well modeled by the log-normal family of distributions and that the daily frequency of breaches is described by a negative binomial distribution. These distributions may provide clues to the generative mechanisms that are responsible for the breaches. Additionally, our model predicts the likelihood of breaches of a particular size in the future. For example, we find that between 15 September 2015 and 16 September 2016 there is only a 53.6% chance of a breach of 10 million records or more in the USA. Regardless of any trend, data breaches are costly, and we combine the model with two different cost models to project that in the next 3 years breaches could cost up to $179 billion.
CaRuby-Nano: a novel high affinity calcium probe for dual color imaging (2015)

The great demand for long-wavelength and high signal-to-noise Ca(2+) indicators has led us to develop CaRuby-Nano, a new functionalizable red calcium indicator with nanomolar affinity for use in cell biology and neuroscience research. In addition, we generated CaRuby-Nano dextran conjugates and an AM-ester variant for bulk loading of tissue. We tested the new indicator using in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating the high sensitivity of CaRuby-Nano as well as its power in dual color imaging experiments.
Decreased NADH glutamate synthase activity in nodules and flowers of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) transformed with an antisense glutamate synthase transgene (2000)

Legumes obtain a substantial portion of their nitrogen (N) from symbiotic N2 fixation in root nodules. The glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2)/glutamate synthase (GOGAT) cycle is responsible for the initial N assimilation. This report describes the analysis of a transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) line containing an antisense NADH-GOGAT (EC 1.4.1.14) under the control of the nodule-enhanced aspartate amino-transferase (AAT-2) promoter. In one transgenic line, NADH-GOGAT enzyme activity was reduced to approximately 50%, with a corresponding reduction in protein and mRNA. The transcript abundance for cytosolic GS, ferredoxin-dependent GOGAT (EC 1.4.7.1), AAT-2 (EC 2.6.1.1), asparagine synthase (EC 6.3.5.4), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) were unaffected, as were enzyme activities for AAT, PEPC and GS. Antisense NADH-GOGAT plants grown under symbiotic conditions were moderately chlorotic and reduced in growth and N content, even though symbiotic N2 fixation was not significantly reduced. The addition of nitrate relieved the chlorosis and restored growth and N content. Surprisingly, the antisense NADH-GOGAT plants were male sterile resulting from inviable pollen. A reduction in NADH-GOGAT enzyme activity and transcript abundance in the antisense plants was measured during the early stages of flower development. Inheritance of the transgene was stable and resulted in progeny with a range of NADH-GOGAT activity. These data indicate that NADH-GOGAT plays a critical role in the assimilation of symbiotically fixed N and during pollen development.
Mismatch cancellation for double-sampling sigma-delta modulators (2002)

The performance of double-sampling sigma-delta A/Ds can suffer due to capacitor mismatch as well as uneven clock phases. Improving the resulting SNR is essential. This paper presents a method that uses DSP techniques to filter out the mismatch. Simulation results of applying an adaptive LMS filter to a fourth-order double-sampling bandpass sigma delta modulator are presented that show an improvement in SNR of more than 30 dB.
A Versatile Biomolecular Charge-Based Sensor Using Oxide-Gated Carbon Nanotube Transistor Arrays (2008)

Label-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization detection using carbon nanotube transistor (CNT) arrays is demonstrated. The present scheme is distinguished from other CNT sensing methods as it uses a gate oxide overlayer on top of the carbon nanotubes, which function solely as charge sensors but are not participants in the chemical binding process. Because it involves DNA probe attachment on the gate oxide rather than on the CNT, this approach allows the use of conventional DNA functionalization and bioassay protocols, and is less prone to false positives. The signal sought is a few tens of millivolts in threshold voltage shift due to the increase of surface charges after target hybridization. The hybridization detection is shown to be highly specific and sensitive to a minimum concentration of about 30 nM of 61-mer DNA. Despite differences in the transistor properties due to the spread in the CNT parameters during fabrication, the yields are very high and the sensing characteristics are uniformly consistent in nearly all transistors.
Color space selection for unsupervised color image segmentation by histogram multithresholding (2005)

We propose a new color image segmentation algorithm by unsupervised classification of pixels. This procedure iteratively constructs the classes by histogram multi-thresholding. For this purpose, the procedure selects different color spaces in which the modes of the 1D-histograms are separated as well as possible, so that each mode corresponds effectively to a region in the image.
Robust Resource Allocation for Parallel Distributed Computing Systems (2010)

This book investigates a problem of robust resource allocation for distributed computing systems operating under QoS constraints. Often, such systems function in a physical environment replete with uncertainty causing the amount of processing required over time to fluctuate substantially. The first two chapters show how an effective resource allocation can be achieved in the shipboard distributed computing system and IBM cluster based imaging system. The general form of stochastic robustness metric is presented next, where the relationship between uncertainty in system and its impact on performance are linked stochastically. The utility of the established metric is exploited for the large class of distributed systems operating on periodically updated data sets. One of the major reasons for possible QoS violations in distributed systems is a loss of resources, frequently caused by abnormal operating conditions. The last chapter describes a solution method based on the concepts of the Derman- Lieberman- Ross theorem. The experimental results indicate a significant potential of this approach to generate robust resource allocations in unstable distributed systems.
Automatic Description Generation from Images: A Survey of Models, Datasets, and Evaluation Measures (2016)

Automatic description generation from natural images is a challenging problem that has recently received a large amount of interest from the computer vision and natural language processing communities. In this survey, we classify the existing approaches based on how they conceptualize this problem, viz., models that cast description as either generation problem or as a retrieval problem over a visual or multimodal representational space. We provide a detailed review of existing models, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, we give an overview of the benchmark image datasets and the evaluation measures that have been developed to assess the quality of machine-generated image descriptions. Finally we extrapolate future directions in the area of automatic image description generation.
Insulin secretion from ob/ob mouse pancreatic islets: effects of neurotransmitters (1992)

Effects of glucose, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine on insulin secretion from pancreatic islets of 8- to 9-wk-old female genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean mice were determined. The ob/ob islets were 60% larger in diameter than lean mouse islets, secreted fourfold more insulin in response to glucose, and secreted insulin at lower glucose concentrations than lean islets. In the presence of 15 mM glucose, ob/ob islets showed an 8-fold greater absolute increase in insulin secretion in response to acetylcholine and a 12-fold greater absolute decrease in insulin secretion in response to norepinephrine inhibition compared with lean islets. In the presence of 5 mM glucose, acetylcholine increased insulin secretion by threefold from ob/ob islets with no effect on lean islets. When both ob/ob and lean islets were stimulated by glucose to equivalent levels of insulin secretion, acetylcholine potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion equally in ob/ob and lean islets. Enhanced glucose-induced responsiveness of ob/ob islets thus can explain the greater acetylcholine potentiation of insulin secretion and probably the greater norepinephrine inhibition of insulin secretion in ob/ob islets compared with lean islets. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that the major alteration in ob/ob mouse islets is in glucose sensitivity and responsiveness, which subsequently increases ob/ob islet susceptibility to neural regulation of insulin secretion.
Analysis and Validation of a Planar High-Frequency Contactless Absolute Inductive Position Sensor (2014)

This paper presents a low cost precise and reliable inductive absolute position measurement system. It is suitable for rough industrial environments, offers a high inherent resolution (0.1%-0.01% of measurement range), can measure target position over a wide measurement range, and can potentially measure multiple target locations simultaneously. The basic position resolution is improved by adding two additional finer pitched receive channels. The sensor works on principles similar to contactless resolvers. It consists of a rectangular antenna printed circuit board and a passive LC resonant circuit. A mathematical model and the equivalent circuit of this kind of sensor are explained in detail. Such sensors suffer from transmitter to receiver coil capacitive crosstalk, which results in a phase sensitive offset. This crosstalk will be analyzed by measurements. Moreover, the mechanical transducer arrangement, the measurement setup, and the measured results will be presented.
Regulation of the xylanase‐encoding <i>xlnA</i> gene of <i>Aspergilius tubigensis</i> (1994)

A gene encoding an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from Aspergillus tubigensis was cloned by oligonucleotide screening using oligonucleotides derived from amino acid sequence data obtained from the purified protein. The isolated gene was functional as it could be expressed in the very closely related fungus Aspergillus niger. The xylanase encoded by this gene is synthesized as a protein of 211 amino acids. After cleavage of the presumed prepropeptide this results in a mature protein of 184 amino acids with a molecular weight of 19 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.6. The regulatory region of the xlnA gene was studied with respect to the response to xylan induction and carbon catabolite repression. By deletion analysis of the 5' upstream region of the gene a 158 bp region involved in the xylan specific induction was identified. To study this regulatory element a reporter system for transcriptional activating sequences was developed that is based on the A. niger glucose oxidase-encoding gene. From the results with this reporter system it is concluded that this 158 bp fragment not only contains the information required for induction of transcription but that it also plays a role in carbon catabolite repression of the xlnA gene. The region directly upstream of this fragment contains four potential CREA target sites; deletion of this region leads to an increase in the level of transcription. These results suggest that carbon catabolite repression of the xlnA gene is controlled at two levels, directly by repression of xlnA gene transcription and indirectly by repression of the expression of a transcriptional activator. This type of mechanism would be similar to the double lock mechanism for the regulation of gene expression of alcA in Aspergillus nidulans. The reporter system was also used to study the regulation of expression via the functions located on this fragment in A. niger and in A. nidulans. Essentially the same pattern of regulation was found in both of these hosts. Therefore, regulation of xylanase gene expression is basically conserved in all three aspergilli.
Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors: A Review (2012)

In recent years, driver drowsiness has been one of the major causes of road accidents and can lead to severe physical injuries, deaths and significant economic losses. Statistics indicate the need of a reliable driver drowsiness detection system which could alert the driver before a mishap happens. Researchers have attempted to determine driver drowsiness using the following measures: (1) vehicle-based measures; (2) behavioral measures and (3) physiological measures. A detailed review on these measures will provide insight on the present systems, issues associated with them and the enhancements that need to be done to make a robust system. In this paper, we review these three measures as to the sensors used and discuss the advantages and limitations of each. The various ways through which drowsiness has been experimentally manipulated is also discussed. We conclude that by designing a hybrid drowsiness detection system that combines non-intrusive physiological measures with other measures one would accurately determine the drowsiness level of a driver. A number of road accidents might then be avoided if an alert is sent to a driver that is deemed drowsy.
Effectiveness of multi-device testing mobile applications (2015)

The paper evaluates methods of selecting mobile devices (i.e., Smartphones and tablets) to test mobile software applications. Due to the number of such devices on the market and the variations in their characteristics, it is hard to guarantee that an application will work properly on all devices. Software faults found only in certain devices are known as device-specific faults. The goal of this research was to determine how many devices must be tested and which methods of device selection are best for revealing these device-specific faults. To collect the experimental data, 15 Android applications were tested on 30 mobile devices using real devices and remote testing services such as Test Object, pCloudy, and others. In total, 24 device-specific faults were detected. Using our data, we analyzed the different methods of selection based on the characteristics of each device. Our research showed that a random selection of 13 devices achieved 100% effectiveness. However, coverage of device characteristics in the selection process enables the achievement of an acceptable 90% level of effectiveness with sets of only five devices. The most successful approach was the coverage of different types of Android operating systems. Our results include recommendations that will help increase the effectiveness and decrease the costs of mobile testing.
High frequency link DC/AC converter with PWM cycloconverter (2002)

A high-frequency link DC/AC converter developed for flexible, compact, and high-efficiency uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems is discussed. The DC/AC converter consists of a 50% duty ratio rectangular voltage output inverter, a high-frequency transformer, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) cycloconverter, and an LC filter. For this converter, a three-phase output DC/AC converter can be easily realized with only one inverter and one three-phase cycloconverter. Conversion efficiency is inherently high because the inverter can utilize zero-current switching to minimize the switching loss. Output waveform control is improved because the dead time in the cycloconverter PWM can be eliminated. The main circuit configuration, the PWM method of the cycloconverter used to obtain a sinusoidal output voltage and the switching method of the inverter are described. The experimental results of a 1 kVA DC/AC converter using a high-frequency link of 20 kHz in both single-phase and three-phase output are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An algorithm for calculation of bed thickness and reflection coefficients from amplitude spectrum (2006)

An algorithm for the calculation of bed thickness, reflection coefficients, and time location is described and applied. The algorithm is derived from the amplitude spectrum and has been tested on thin beds below one‐quarter wave‐length with variable reflection coefficient ratios. While the results have been very encouraging thus far, further testing is warranted.
Constant pressure molecular dynamics for molecular systems (1983)

Abstract Technical aspects of the constant pressure molecular dynamics (MD) method proposed by Andersen and extended by Parrinello and Rahman to allow changes in the shape of the MD cell are discussed. The new MD method is extended to treat molecular systems and to include long range charge-charge interactions. Results on the conservation laws, the frequency of oscillation of the MD cell, and the equations which constrain the shape of the MD cell are also given. An additional constraint is introduced to stop the superfluous MD cell rotation which would otherwise complicate the analysis of crystal structures. The method is illustrated by examining the behaviour of solid nitrogen at high pressure. Issued as N.R.C.C. No. 22766. Issued as N.R.C.C. No. 22766. Notes Issued as N.R.C.C. No. 22766.
Practical Organocatalytic Synthesis of Functionalized Non‐<i>C</i><sub>2</sub>‐Symmetrical Atropisomeric Biaryls (2015)

An organic acid catalyzed direct arylation of aromatic C(sp(2))-H bonds in phenols and naphthols for the preparation of 1,1'-linked functionalized biaryls was developed. The products are non-C2-symmetrical, atropoisomeric, and represent previously untapped chemical space. Overall this transformation is operationally simple, does not require an external oxidant, is readily scaled up (up to 98 mmol), and the structurally diverse 2,2'-dihydroxy biaryl (i.e., BINOL-type), as well as 2-amino-2'-hydroxy products (i.e., NOBIN-type) are formed with complete regioselectivity. Density-functional calculations suggest that the quinone and imino-quinone monoacetal coupling partners are exclusively arylated at their α-position by an asynchronous [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of a mixed acetal species which is formed in situ under the reaction conditions.
Highly ordered nano-cone back reflector arrays for ultra-thin high performance CIGS cells (2013)

Design variations of our Light and Carrier Collection Management (LCCM) architecture were simulated for ultra-thin CIGS cells. Two back reflector materials (Au and Mo) were used. With a nominal CIGS thickness of 200nm, the Mo LCCM and Au LCCM cells produced 28.7 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 31.9 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sc</sub> , respectively. This J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sc</sub> production by the Mo-backed LCCM cell is comparable to a conventional planar cell with a 1.5 um thick CIGS layer. Importantly, the current/absorber volume ratio for the CIGS LCCM cells and for planar cells with Mo reflectors was examined and found to be as high as 1.1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> for LCCM cells versus 1.9×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> for the corresponding planar cell. Such a dramatic difference significantly impacts the all-important indium utilization as well as cost/watt considerations.
Bioreductive agents: a clinical update. (1997)

Bioreductive agents are drugs that must undergo reduction to form an active cytotoxic species. The existence within solid tumors of regions of hypoxia offers the possibility of using such bioreductive agents to exert tumor-specific cytotoxicity. The only drug with bioreductive properties that is in routine clinical use in mitomycin C. This is a relatively old drug that has cytotoxicity independent of its bioreductive properties. However, the results of recent randomized clinical trials of mitomycin C in combination with radiotherapy have suggested that its bioreductive properties may play an important part in its activity. EO9 is a new bioreductive agent. Phase I and II clinical trials with EO9 have failed to demonstrate any significant antitumor activity. However, the design of these studies was such that activity based on bioreductive properties may have been difficult to demonstrate. Tirapazamine is the lead compound of a novel class of bioreductive agents. It is currently undergoing extensive clinical evaluation alone, combined with radiotherapy, and in combination with other cytotoxic drugs. Although early results of these trials are encouraging, the results of randomized studies will be required before the true value of this drug can be assessed.
Comparison of noninvasive fluorescent and bioluminescent small animal optical imaging (2003)

Optical imaging is a modality that is cost-effective, rapid, easy to use, and can be readily applied to studying disease processes and biology in vivo. For this study, we used a green fluorescent protein (GFP)- and luciferase-expressing mouse tumor model to compare and contrast the quantitative and qualitative capabilities of a fluorescent reporter gene (GFP) and a bioluminescent reporter gene (luciferase). We describe the relationship between tumor volume, tumor mass, and bioluminescent/fluorescent intensity for both GFP and luciferase. Bioluminescent luciferase imaging was shown to be more sensitive than fluorescent GFP imaging. Luciferase-expressing tumors were detected as early as 1 day after tumor cell inoculation, whereas GFP-expressing tumors were not detected until 7 days later. Both bioluminescent and fluorescent intensity correlated significantly and linearly with tumor volume and tumor weight, as measured by caliper. Compared to bioluminescent imaging, fluorescent imaging does not require the injection of a substrate and may be appropriate for applications where sensitivity is not as critical. Knowing the relative strengths of each imaging modality will be important in guiding the decision to use fluorescence or bioluminescence.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Cyclohexenyl Nucleosides.<i>cis</i>-5-(9<i>H</i>-Purin-9-yl)-3-cyclohexenyl Carbinols and Their 8-Azapurinyl Analogs (1995)

Abstract 5-Azido-3-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid was reduced to an aminocyclohexenyl-carbinol which was coupled with either 5-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine or 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine, giving 5-pyrimidinyl-3-cyclohexencarbinols. Condensation with triethylorthoformate or nitrous acid formed the purine and 8-azapurine ring systems, respectively. Anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxicity testing results are also described.