gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The gut microbiota and host innate immunity: Regulators of host metabolism and metabolic diseases in poultry? (2013)

The endogenous intestinal microbiota represents the multitudes of microbes residing in the intestine and is integral in multiple physiological processes of the host, including being a key factor involved in host metabolism, BW, and energy homeostasis. The gut microflora, together with other environmental factors such as diet and stress, can play a central role in both immune and nutritional physiological balance. The immune response and nutrient metabolism are 2 fundamental biological systems indispensable to maintaining and preserving life. Each of these systems is capable of modulating the activity of the other to ensure that the host animal is capable of coordinating the appropriate responses under any conditions. Thus, metabolic systems are integrated with pathogen-sensing and immune responses, and these pathways are evolutionarily conserved. Several important networks sense and manage nutrients and integrate with immune and inflammatory pathways to influence the physiological and pathological metabolic states. For example, the Toll-like receptors family of the innate immune system, found on immune cells, intestinal cells, and adipocytes, recognize specific microbial components (e.g., lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, nucleic acids, and so on) and can sense nutritional signals, such as elevated glucose levels and saturated fatty acids. Likewise, metabolism-signaling pathways, such as leptin and other hormones, can also regulate immune functions. Thus, any immune alteration, specifically inflammation, can cause disturbances in host metabolism. Gut microbiota have evolved with the host as a mutualistic partner, but dysbiosis in the form of altered gut microbiome and gut microbial activities, as well as environmental factors including stress, may promote the development of metabolic disorders of poultry. Using mammalian studies as the experimental models, this review will provide evidence to hypothesize that intestinal dysbiosis or recognition of nutrient-derived factors (fatty acids and glucose) by the avian intestinal innate immune system could activate signaling pathways that affect the avian gut microbiota and induce the dysfunction of the integrated immune and nutritional metabolic systems that could be responsible for initiating many metabolic disorders of poultry.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of a Bi–MnBi Composite (1968)

Composites made up of MnBi needles embedded in bismuth single crystals are grown from eutectic melts by both Czochralski and zone-melting techniques. The galvanomagnetic properties of the composite are determined mainly by the bismuth matrix. Magnetic measurements reveal a magnetic phase with an anisotropy field of more than 200 kOe at 77°K and a Curie point of 240°K. This phase is believed to be a modification of MnBi different from the two already known. The solubility of Mn in solid Bi is concluded to be less than 30 wt ppm.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 4‐ACYL‐2‐(ACYLAMINO)‐Δ2‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLINES AND 4‐ACYL‐2‐AMINO‐Δ2‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLINES BY ACYLATION OF THIOSEMICARBAZONES (1980)

Abstract Aus den Thiosemicarbazonen (I) erhält man mit den Säurechloriden (II) die Cyclisierungsprodukte (III), die zu den Derivaten (IV) bzw. (V) verseift werden.
Reference viruses for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine preparation (2007)

The production of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines depends on the timely availability of suitable reference viruses.Seasonal vaccines are traditionally produced from high-growth reassortant viruses, which have been derived empirically using well-established techniques. However, it is not possible to use such approaches in deriving vaccine reference viruses from highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses and alternative techniques such as reverse genetics must be employed.
African horsesickness virus VP7 sub-unit vaccine protects mice against a lethal, heterologous serotype challenge. (1997)

An established mouse model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the major outer core protein of African horsesickness virus (AHSV), VP7, as a subunit vaccine. Adult female BALB/c mice were immunized with VP7 crystals purified from BHK cells infected with AHSV serotype 9 (AHSV-9), using three inoculations in Freund's adjuvant. Eighty to one hundred per cent of the immunized mice were protected against a heterologous challenge with a known lethal dose of AHSV-7. The protected immunized mice did not develop any clinical signs characteristic of virulent AHSV infection in this model during the study. In contrast, 80-100% mortality was observed in the non-immunized mice that received the same challenge virus. Subsequent studies indicated that a single inoculation of 1.5 micrograms purified AHSV VP7 in Freund's complete adjuvant was sufficient to protect at least 90% of mice from AHSV-7 challenge. If the antigen was presented in the absence of Freund's complete adjuvant, 70% of the mice were still protected by one inoculation of VP7 crystals. Titres of circulating antibody against AHSV VP7, determined by competitive ELISA, did not appear to correlate with protection and passive antibody transfer from immunized BALB/c mice failed to protect syngeneic recipients from AHSV-7 challenge. Therefore, the observed protection is unlikely to be due to an antibody-mediated immune response. The number of viraemic mice and the duration of viraemia post-challenge was significantly reduced in vaccinated mice compared to non-vaccinated controls. However, the levels of viraemia were similar.
<i>In vitro</i>and<i>In vivo</i>Characterization of MDX-1401 for Therapy of Malignant Lymphoma (2009)

The low doses of antibody required for ADCC activity irrespective of donor genotype, the ability to mediate ADCC in target cells expressing low levels of CD30, and increased in vivo efficacy support the development of MDX-1401 for treatment of malignant lymphoma.
3G Long Term Evolution Baseband Processing with Application-Specific Processors (2009)

Data rates in the upcoming 3G long term evolution (LTE) standard will be manifold when compared to the current universal mobile telecommunications system. Implementing receivers conforming with the high-capacity transmission techniques is challenging due to the complexity and computational requirements of algorithms. In this study, the software defined radio (SDR) is targeted and the four essential baseband functions of the 3G LTE receiver, namely, list sphere decoding, fast Fourier transform, QR decomposition, and turbo decoding, are addressed and the functions are implemented as application specific processors (ASPs). As a result, the design space that describes the essential computational challenges of 3G LTE receivers is clarified and estimates of area, power, and interprocessor communication buffer requirements are presented.
Biological therapy and nail psoriasis (2007)

Nail psoriasis affects 50% of psoriasis patients and in many cases causes impairment of manual dexterity, pain, and psychologic stress. Despite the fact that about 80% of psoriatic arthritis patients have nail involvement, patients rarely receive treatment for nail disease. Because of great difficulty in drug delivery to site of action and significant toxicities of most conventional systemic therapies, treatment of nail psoriasis can be very challenging. Biological therapy for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis is now widely used, and early evidence indicates it may have significant benefit for some patients with psoriatic nail disease. This article reviews the clinical manifestations of nail psoriasis and discusses how to use specific biologic therapies that may provide significant new treatment options for this challenging disease.
Studies of the cognitive representation of spatial relations: II. A familiar environment. (1979)

This experiment tested the ability of people to recall the locations of buildings in a familiar campus setting. Ten graduate students represented the relative locations of buildings by pairwise distance judgments (on a 100-point scale) and by direct mapping of locations on a Tektronix cathode ray terminal. As evaluated by Stevens's power law, both methods led to accurate judgments of relative distance (the average exponent was close to 1). In addition, the pairwise judgments were analyzed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and the buildings were located in a two-dimensional map. When asked to choose between the MDS representation and the map created directly on the Tektronix, all 10 subjects chose the latter as the more accurate. Moreover, 6 out of 10 subjects thought the direct map was more accurate than the actual map of the building locations. These results suggest that either pairwise judgment or direct mapping yield accurative representations of spatial relations in a familial environment, but that subjects favor the direct map.
Measurement of total antioxidant capacity (2001)

The accurate assessment of oxidative stress in biological systems is a problem for all investigators working on the role of free radical damage in disease. Numerous assays have been described to measure various free radical damage products or antioxidant status, and the plethora of available techniques attests to the fact that no ideal method is available. The concept of a single test that might reflect total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is an attractive one, and in this issue Koracevic et al describe one such test.1 Low total antioxidant capacity could be indicative of oxidative stress or increased susceptibility to oxidative damage.

The idea of a single measurement of total antioxidant capacity is not a new one. Wayner et al in 1985 described the total radical trapping parameter (TRAP) assay, based on the generation of peroxyl radicals from 2,2`-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH).2 After adding AAPH to a …
A New Synthesis of Oxime Derivatives from Carbonyl Compounds and<i>N,O</i>-Bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine (1987)

Reaction of a series of aldehydes and ketones with the potassium salt of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine (2) gave high yields of the corresponding oximate anion 5. This anion, formed in a Peterson-type reaction, could be protonated to the oxime 7 or trapped in situ with a variety of electrophiles to give O-substituted oxime derivatives.8
Evolution of Hair Treatment and Care: Prospects of Nanotube-Based Formulations (2019)

A new approach for hair treatment through coating with nanotubes loaded with drugs or dyes for coloring is suggested. This coating is produced by nanotube self-assembly, resulting in stable 2-3 µm thick layers. For medical treatment such formulations allow for sustained long-lasting drug delivery directly on the hair surface, also enhanced in the cuticle openings. For coloring, this process allows avoiding a direct hair contact with dye encased inside the clay nanotubes and provides a possibility to load water insoluble dyes from an organic solvent, store the formulation for a long time in dried form, and then apply to hair as an aqueous nanotube suspension. The described technique works with human and other mammal hairs and halloysite nanoclay coating is resilient against multiple shampoo washing. The most promising, halloysite tubule clay, is a biocompatible natural material which may be loaded with basic red, blue, and yellow dyes for optimized hair color, and also with drugs (e.g., antilice care-permethrin) to enhance the treatment efficiency with sustained release. This functionalized nanotube coating may have applications in human medical and beauty formulations, as well as veterinary applications.
Crystal and amorphous orientation behavior of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) films in relation to crystalline superstructure (1978)

Abstract The relationship between the crystalline superstructure of polymer films and molecular orientation was studied in cold‐drawn poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) films by wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction, birefringence, and depolarized light scattering. By changing crystallization conditions, specimens with almost identical crystallinity but different crystalline superstructures were obtained; i.e., (1) a structure having a random array of crystallites, (2) a superstructure having a rod‐like orientation correlation of the chains (a prespherulitic and sheaf‐like superstructure), and (3) spherulitic superstructure. Upon stretching of specimens, crystallites initially randomly arranged orient with their chain axes along the stretching direction in accord with simple affine deformation. The amorphous chains also orient along the stretching direction. The orientation behavior of the specimens having the rod‐like superstructure is similar to that of the specimens with a random array of crystallites, indicating that the interaction between the crystallites in the superstructure is relatively weak. The molecular orientation behavior of the spherulitic specimens, however, strongly deviates from simple affine deformation owing to strong interaction of the crystallites in the spherulites. The deviation can be interpreted in terms of spherulite deformation and of internal reorientation of chains within deformed spherulites.
Through-silicon via (TSV) depletion effect (2011)

The effects of through-silicon via (TSV) depletion are analyzed based on the frequency- and time-domain measurements in this paper. As TSV dc bias voltage increases, a TSV depletion region is generated; this region decreases TSV noise coupling at frequencies below 1 GHz. It also creates duty-cycle distortion of the coupled signal, which results from the nonlinearity of the TSV.
Mucus hypersecretion: a common symptom, a common mechanism? (2004)

The secretion of mucus is an inherent part of the defence of the airways with the amount of mucus secretion varying with a range of stimuli, including bacteria, particles and chemical irritants 1. Hypersecretion occurs in many disease states, but is a major clinical and pathological feature in cystic fibrosis (CF) related bronchiectasis, nonCF bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, which are all associated with the considerable activation of the host inflammatory response 2. In these disorders there is an expansion of the goblet cell population derived from the airways epithelium. Indeed, this response can be seen as an epithelial cell adaptation to injury, which constitutes a limb of the local host defences of the airway, with epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation into goblet cells and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and growth factors 3–6.

In CF the quantity and nature of the mucus produced is altered and there are additional effects of the mucopolysaccharide alginate secreted by mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and host derived inflammatory cells and their contents adding substantially to the raised viscosity of the airways secretions. These changes provide a favourable environment for bacterial growth, shelter for bacteria from the host inflammatory response and may reduce the response to systemic antibiotics in patients with chronic pulmonary infection. Therefore, it is of interest that in this issue of the European Respiratory Journal Hauber et al. 7 report on mechanisms linking mucus hypersecretion and airways inflammation in …
Robust adiabatic sum frequency conversion (2009)

We discuss theoretically and demonstrate experimentally the robustness of the adiabatic sum frequency conversion method. This technique, borrowed from an analogous scheme of robust population transfer in atomic physics and nuclear magnetic resonance, enables the achievement of nearly full frequency conversion in a sum frequency generation process for a bandwidth up to two orders of magnitude wider than in conventional conversion schemes. We show that this scheme is robust to variations in the parameters of both the nonlinear crystal and of the incoming light. These include the crystal temperature, the frequency of the incoming field, the pump intensity, the crystal length and the angle of incidence. Also, we show that this extremely broad bandwidth can be tuned to higher or lower central wavelengths by changing either the pump frequency or the crystal temperature. The detailed study of the properties of this converter is done using the Landau-Zener theory dealing with the adiabatic transitions in two level systems.
Dew Point Effect of Cooled Hydrogel Pads on Human Stratum Corneum Biosurface (2007)

The similar changes disclosed in vitro and in vivo suggest that a common physical process is operating in these conditions. The observed phenomenon is opposite to the predicted events given by the Arrhenius law probably because of the combination of cooling and occlusion by the pads. A dew point effect (air temperature at which relative humidity is maximal) is likely involved in the moisture content of the stratum corneum. Thus, the biological impact of using cooling hydrogel pads during laser therapy is different from the effect of a cryogenic spray cooling procedure. The better preservation of the water balance in the stratum corneum by the cooled hydrogel pads could have a beneficial esthetic effect on laser treated areas.
The state and pattern of health information technology adoption (2005)

Methamphetamine (METH) exposure reportedly promotes microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. Sustained inflammation in abusers of psychostimulant drugs further induces neural damage. Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) is a gut-brain peptide which exerts a wide range of biological activities in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. We previously found that pre-treatment with CCK-8 inhibited behavioural and histologic changes typically induced by repeated exposure to METH. Here, we aimed to estimate the effects of CCK-8 on METH-induced neuro-inflammation, which is markedly characterized by microglia activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines production in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we assessed the subtypes of the CCK receptor mediating the regulatory effects of CCK-8, and the changes in the NF-κB signalling pathway. We found that CCK-8 inhibited METH-induced microglial activation and IL-6 and TNF-α generation in vivo and in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, co-treatment of CCK-8 with METH significantly attenuated the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway by activating the CCK2 receptor subtype in N9 cells. In conclusion, our findings indicated the inhibitory effect of CCK-8 on METH-induced neuro-inflammation in vivo and in vitro, and suggested the underlying mechanism may involve the activation of the CCK2 receptor, which downregulated the NF-κB signalling pathway induced by METH stimulation.
Esophageal motility abnormalities in gastroesophageal reflux disease (2014)

Esophageal motility abnormalities are among the main factors implicated in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The recent introduction in clinical and research practice of novel esophageal testing has markedly improved our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease, allowing a better management of patients with this disorder. In this context, the present article intends to provide an overview of the current literature about esophageal motility dysfunctions in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Esophageal manometry, by recording intraluminal pressure, represents the gold standard to diagnose esophageal motility abnormalities. In particular, using novel techniques, such as high resolution manometry with or without concurrent intraluminal impedance monitoring, transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxations, hypotensive LES, ineffective esophageal peristalsis and bolus transit abnormalities have been better defined and strongly implicated in gastroesophageal reflux disease development. Overall, recent findings suggest that esophageal motility abnormalities are increasingly prevalent with increasing severity of reflux disease, from non-erosive reflux disease to erosive reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus. Characterizing esophageal dysmotility among different subgroups of patients with reflux disease may represent a fundamental approach to properly diagnose these patients and, thus, to set up the best therapeutic management. Currently, surgery represents the only reliable way to restore the esophagogastric junction integrity and to reduce transient LES relaxations that are considered to be the predominant mechanism by which gastric contents can enter the esophagus. On that ground, more in depth future studies assessing the pathogenetic role of dysmotility in patients with reflux disease are warranted.
Proteases and antiproteases in chronic neutrophilic lung disease – relevance to drug discovery (2009)

Chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and emphysema are characterized by higher-than-normal levels of pulmonary proteases. While these enzymes play important roles such as bacterial killing, their dysregulated expression or activity can adversely impact on the inflammatory process. The existence of efficient endogenous control mechanisms that can dampen or halt this overexuberant protease activity in vivo is essential for the effective resolution of inflammatory lung disease. The function of pulmonary antiproteases is to fulfil this role. Interestingly, in addition to their antiprotease activity, protease inhibitors in the lung also often possess other intrinsic properties that contribute to microbial killing or termination of the inflammatory process. This review will outline important features of chronic inflammation that are regulated by pulmonary proteases and will describe the various mechanisms by which antiproteases attempt to counterbalance exaggerated protease-mediated inflammatory events. These proteases, antiproteases and their modifiers represent interesting targets for therapeutic intervention.
Markov-chain Monte-Carlo approach for association probability evaluation (2004)

Data association is one of the essential parts of a multiple-target-tracking system. The paper introduces a report-track association-evaluation technique based on the well known Markov-chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) method, which estimates the statistics of a random variable by way of efficiently sampling the data space. An important feature of this new association-evaluation algorithm is that it can approximate the marginal association probability with scalable accuracy as a function of computational resource available. The algorithm is tested within the framework of a joint probabilistic data association (JPDA). The result is compared with JPDA tracking with Fitzgerald's simple JPDA data-association algorithm. As expected, the performance of the new MCMC-based algorithm is superior to that of the old algorithm. In general, the new approach can also be applied to other tracking algorithms as well as other fields where association of evidence is involved.
Cardiac stroke volume: Effects of athletic training (1975)

A high capacity oxygen transport system requires a large cardiac stroke volume. This may be achieved by an increase in the systolic emptying of the heart as might occur with training programs of one to three months. Any major increase in stroke volume must be achieved by an increase in the diastolic heart volume. Only the athlete with an extraordinary degree of endurance fitness develops this change and it likely requires at least a few years of training. Some of this training may have to take place during puberty and rapid growth years. To some extent the capacity to increase stroke volume may be genetically determined. We have no information on the best way to train the heart to have a high stroke volume. The inadequate data available suggest that moderately intense interval work with supine recovery periods results in the largest possible stroke volume, but it is not known whether this is of any practical value for training athletes.