gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Circulating and tumor-based biomarkers predict clinical activity in cancer patients treated with the engineered anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A (2014)

Meeting abstracts PD-L1 expressed in the tumor microenvironment regulates Th1 immune responses and mediates cancer immune evasion through interactions with PD-1 or B7.1 receptors on activated T cells. MPDL3280A, an engineered human monoclonal antibody, targets PD-L1 and inhibits its function. To
54.2: Tandem White OLEDs Combining Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Emission (2008)

Abstract Tandem white OLEDs with fluorescent and phosphorescent emission have been fabricated. Their electroluminescence performance is dependent on fluorescent blue‐emitting portion in a white spectrum. When CIEx = 0.33, CIEy = 0.35, the devices can achieve 22% external quantum efficiency, 50 cd/A, 25 lm/W, and ∼10,000 h lifetime, tested at 6.2 V and 1000 nits. If the blue‐emitting portion is reduced to produce color with CIEx = 0.34, CIEy = 0.40, the devices can exhibit ∼23% external quantum efficiency, 57 cd/A, 30 lm/W, and ∼30,000 h lifetime when tested at 5.9 V and 1000 nits.
Histamine is an Intracellular Messenger Mediating Platelet Aggregation (1989)

Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]ethanamine-HCl (DPPE), a novel antagonist of histamine binding, suggested that histamine might serve a critical role in cell function. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or collagen was found to increase platelet histamine content in parallel with promotion of aggregation. Inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) suppressed both aggregation and the elevation of histamine content, whereas DPPE inhibited aggregation only. In saponin-permeabilized platelets, added histamine reversed the inhibition by DPPE or HDC inhibitors on aggregation induced by PMA or collagen. The results indicate a role for histamine as an intracellular messenger, which in platelets promotes aggregation.
Constrained equational reasoning (1989)

We describe and give the foundation for constrained equational reasoning. Equational reasoning is based on replacement of equal by equal and these replacements use substitutions determined as solutions of equations. Constrained equational reasoning takes advantage from the information contained into the equation itself to develop equational reasoning, avoids instantiations as much as possible and solve constraints as late as possible. For theories like associativity-commutativity this can lead to a considerable reduction of the substitution computation overhead, bringing some problems, untractable in practice, to the realm of computational reality.
A New Genus and Species of Nygolaimidae (Enoplida) (1962)

Aetholaimus bucculentus n. sp., n. g., collected from soil around sugar cane roots in Mauritius, is described and figured. It differs from all previously known Nygolaimids by the sclerotization of its stoma.
Meiotic Abnormalities of c-mos Knockout Mouse Oocytes: Activation after First Meiosis or Entrance into Third Meiotic Metaphase1 (1996)

In Xenopus oocytes, Mos activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction cascade and regulates meiosis. In mammalian oocytes, however, the functions of Mos are still unclear. In the present study, we used c-mos knockout mouse oocytes and examined the roles of Mos in mouse oocyte maturation and fertilization, including whether Mos controls MAPK and maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity. The kinetics of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and the first polar body emission were similar in wild-type, heterozygous mutant, and homozygous mutant mice. Activities of MPF were also not significantly different among the three genotypes until the first polar body emission. In contrast, MAPK activity in c-mos knockout oocytes did not significantly fluctuate throughout maturation, and the oocytes had abnormal diffused spindles and loosely condensed chromosomes, although a clear increase in MAPK activities was observed after GVBD in wild-type and heterozygous mutant oocytes that had normal spindles and chromosomes. After the first polar body emission, 38% of c-mos knockout oocytes formed a pronucleus instead of undergoing second meiosis, indicating the crucial role of Mos in MPF reactivation after first meiosis. When oocytes that reached second metaphase were fertilized or stimulated by ethanol, many c-mos knockout oocytes emitted a second polar body and progressed into third meiotic metaphase instead of interphase, although all fertilized or activated oocytes in the heterozygote progressed to interphase, indicating that Mos deletion leads to compensatory factors that might not be degraded after fertilization or parthenogenetic activation. These results suggest that Mos is located upstream of MAPK in mouse oocytes as in Xenopus oocytes but is independent of MPF activity, and that Mos/MAPK is not necessary go GVBD and first polar body emission. Our results also suggest that Mos plays a crucial role in normal spindle and chromosome morphology and the reactivation of MPF after first meiosis.
Catalysis by Supported Single Metal Atoms (2016)

The recent explosive growth in research on catalysis by supported single metal atoms proves the scientific interest in this new frontier of heterogeneous catalysis. A supported single-atom catalyst (SAC) contains only isolated individual atoms dispersed on, and/or coordinated with, the surface atoms of an appropriate support. SACs not only maximize the atom efficiency of expensive metals but also provide an alternative strategy to tune the activity and selectivity of a catalytic reaction. When single metal atoms are strongly anchored onto high-surface-area supports, SACs offer a great potential to significantly transform the field of heterogeneous catalysis, which has been critical to enabling many important technologies. In this Perspective, I discuss the most recent advances in preparing, characterizing, and catalytically testing SACs with a focus on correlating the structural perspective of the anchored single metal atoms to the observed catalytic performances. The grand challenge to successfully developing practical SACs is to find appropriate approaches to strongly anchor the single metal atoms and to keep them stable and functional during the desired catalytic reactions. I will highlight the recent advances to overcome this barrier to develop SACs for a variety of important catalytic transformations of molecules.
Characterizing the Chain of Evidence for Software Safety Cases: A Conceptual Model Based on the IEC 61508 Standard (2010)

Increasingly, licensing and safety regulatory bodies require the suppliers of software-intensive, safety-critical systems to provide an explicit software safety case - a structured set of arguments based on objective evidence to demonstrate that the software elements of a system are acceptably safe. Existing research on safety cases has mainly focused on how to build the arguments in a safety case based on available evidence; but little has been done to precisely characterize what this evidence should be. As a result, system suppliers are left with practically no guidance on what evidence to collect during software development. This has led to the suppliers having to recover the relevant evidence after the fact - an extremely costly and sometimes impractical task. Although standards such as the IEC 61508 - which is widely viewed as the best available generic standard for managing functional safety in software - provide some guidance for the collection of relevant safety and certification information, this guidance is mostly textual, not expressed in a precise and structured form, and is not easy to specialize to context-specific needs. To address these issues, we present a conceptual model to characterize the evidence for arguing about software safety. Our model captures both the information requirements for demonstrating compliance with IEC 61508 and the traceability links necessary to create a seamless chain of evidence. We further describe how our generic model can be specialized according to the needs of a particular context, and discuss some important ways in which our model can facilitate software certification.
Epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis: do all 40 mg sublingual epinephrine tablet formulations with similar <i>in vitro</i> characteristics have the same bioavailability? (2006)

Epinephrine autoinjectors are underutilized in the first aid emergency treatment of anaphylaxis in the community; so non-invasive sublingual epinephrine administration is being proposed. In order to determine the effect of changing excipients on the bioavailability of sublingual epinephrine, four distinct fast-disintegrating epinephrine 40 mg tablet formulations, A, B, C and D, were manufactured using direct compression. All formulations were evaluated for tablet hardness (H), disintegration time (DT) and wetting time (WT). In a prospective 5-way crossover study, four sublingual formulations and epinephrine 0.3 mg i.m. as a control were tested sequentially in a validated rabbit model. Blood samples were collected before dosing and at intervals afterwards. Epinephrine plasma concentrations were measured using HPLC-EC. All tablet formulations met USP standards for weight variation and content uniformity, and resulted in similar mean H, DT and WT (n=6). The area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (C(max)) and time at which C(max) was achieved (T(max)) did not differ significantly after the sublingual administration of formulation A and epinephrine 0.3 mg i.m. The AUC after B, C and D were significantly lower (p<0.05) than after epinephrine 0.3 mg i.m. These results suggest that the selection of excipients used in these tablet formulations can affect the bioavailability of sublingually administered epinephrine.
Graded reflectance mirrors and phase-unifying mirrors for XeCl lasers (1994)

Graded reflectance mirrors and phase-unifying mirrors used as output couplers of laser resonators are both intended to improve the output laser beam quality. In the first case one takes advantage of the Gaussian or super-Gaussian profile of the reflected intensity, in the second case the most relevant feature is the ability to cancel out phase variations in the transmitted beam. In this work both types of mirrors are fabricated to be used in an XeCl unstable resonator and the possibility of obtaining graded reflectance mirrors that do not introduce significant phase distortion in the transmitted and reflected beam is demonstrated.
Implementing the Himeno benchmark with CUDA on GPU clusters (2010)

This paper describes the use of CUDA to accelerate the Himeno benchmark on clusters with GPUs. The implementation is designed to optimize memory bandwidth utilization. Our approach achieves over 83% of the theoretical peak bandwidth on a NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPU and performs at over 50 GFlops. A multi-GPU implementation that utilizes MPI alongside CUDA streams to overlap GPU execution with data transfers allows linear scaling and performs at over 800 GFlops on a cluster with 16 GPUs. The paper presents the optimizations required to achieve this level of performance.
Enhanced heat transfer with jet impingement on structured-porous surfaces (2012)

A new heat transfer method, which combines the merits of liquid jet impingement heat transfer with metallic porous surfaces, is proposed. The porous surface was made by sintering a single layer or multiple layers of copper wire mesh screen to a plain copper base heat transfer surface. Experiments were conducted with a 2.0-mm diameter circular water jet impinging onto a 6.35-mm diameter circular porous surface. The effects of jet subcooling, flow rates, and porous layer thickness on jet impingement heat transfer performance were explored under atmospheric pressure. The results show that increased subcooling improves heat transfer performance, and that flow rate has an insignificant effect on heat transfer performance when boiling is fully established. The effect of porous layer thickness depends on the specific working condition. With a four layer porous surface, a heat flux of 720 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was reached at a wall superheat of 12.4 K.
Sodium Overload and Water Influx Activate the NALP3 Inflammasome (2010)

The NALP3 inflammasome is activated by low intracellular potassium concentrations [K(+)](i), leading to the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. However, the mechanism of [K(+)](i) lowering after phagocytosis of monosodium urate crystals is still elusive. Here, we propose that endosomes containing monosodium urate crystals fuse with acidic lysosomes. The low pH in the phagolysosome causes a massive release of sodium and raises the intracellular osmolarity. This process is balanced by passive water influx through aquaporins leading to cell swelling. This process dilutes [K(+)](i) to values below the threshold of 90 mm known to activate NALP3 inflammasomes without net loss of cytoplasmic potassium ions. In vitro, the inhibitors of lysosomal acidification (ammonium chloride, chloroquine) and of aquaporins (mercury chloride, phloretin) all significantly decreased the production of IL-1β. In vivo, only the pharmacological inhibitor of lysosome acidification chloroquine could be used which again significantly reduced the IL-1β production. As a translational aspect one may consider the use of chloroquine for the anti-inflammatory treatment of refractory gout.
Explorers Wild: The Hubbards in Labrador (1996)

Brought up in Michigan, blooded as a newspaper reporter in Detroit and New York, and not long married to a Canadian (Mina), Leonidas Hubbard Jr. was a writer for the leisure magazine Outing when he conceived the idea of exploring unknown Labrador.
An Improved Algorithm for Discrete $l_1 $ Linear Approximation (1973)

By modifying the simplex method of linear programming, we are able to present an algorithm for $l_1 $-approximation which appears to, be superior computationally to any other known algorithm for this problem.
Regulation and a possible stage-specific function of Oct-2 during pre-B-cell differentiation. (1991)

The Oct-2 gene appears to encode a developmental regulator of immunoglobulin gene transcription. We demonstrate that the Oct-2 gene is expressed at low levels in a variety of transformed pre-B-cell lines and is induced specifically in these cells by lipopolysaccharide signalling. This work extends an earlier observation in the pre-B-cell line 70Z/3 and therefore suggests that the inducible expression of the Oct-2 gene, like that of the kappa gene, is a characteristic feature of the pre-B stage of B-cell development. In 70Z/3 cells, the lymphokine interleukin-1 also induces the expression of the Oct-2 and kappa loci. Interestingly, expression of the Oct-2 gene is rapidly induced at the transcriptional level and may not require de novo protein synthesis. Since the changes in the activity of the Oct-2 locus completely correlate with the changes of the activity of the kappa locus, the two genes may be transcriptionally regulated by a common trans-acting factor. In 70Z/3 cells, transforming growth factor beta, an inhibitor of kappa-gene induction, blocks the upregulation of Oct-2 but not the activation of NF-kappa B. These results suggest that the combinatorial action of increased levels of Oct-2 and activated NF-kappa B may be necessary for the proper stage-specific expression of the kappa locus.
Flexistap BC: a new flexible circular stapler for endoscopic surgery. (1994)

This article presents a new stapler characterised by a flexible arm and interchangeable cartridges. The stapler's flexibility and availability in different lengths up to 60 cm permits the placing of sutures even at significant distances from the point of entry; furthermore it is possible to perform more sutures on the same patient by replacing the cartridges. The author discusses the technical features of the instrument in detail.
Investigation of an Intermediate Temperature Molten Lithium Salt Based on Fluorosulfonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide as a Solvent-Free Lithium Battery Electrolyte (2013)

The asymmetric amide anion, such as (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (fTfN–), formed intermediate temperature molten lithium salts at 100 °C, which was the lowest among the lithium single molten salts composed of conventional halogenide, nitrate, perchlorate, and perfluoro anions. The molten Li[fTfN] was highly viscous (17 Pa·s at 110 °C, however, it was classified as a good ionic liquid by Walden plot analysis, which indicates the good-dissociation between Li+ and fTfN–. Due to the high transport number of the lithium cation (0.94), the Li[fTfN] behaves as a single lithium-ion conducting material. The Li[fTfN] possesses an electrochemical window (5.0 V) due to the oxidative resistance of the perfluoro anion. The charge and discharge for a conventional composite positive electrode containing LiCoO2 or LiFePO4 was successful. In particular, LiFePO4 showed a high capacity and Coulombic efficiency at 0.1–5 C.
Design Considerations for a Network of Thermodynamic Profilers (1989)

A modular design for a ground-based thermodynamic profiler is presented, based on experience with a six-channel microwave radiometer that has provided temperature, pressure, and moisture measurements continuously, unattended, since 1981. Each module consists of one pair of microwave channels, whose frequencies are chosen to facilitate the joint use of radio-frequency (RF) components, thus reducing hardware costs by nearly half. The number of modules included in a given system can be chosen to suit the altitude and accuracy requirements for that particular application. The accuracy of temperatures and pressure heights retrieved from simulated profilers with 4 to 18 channels is presented to illustrate the tradeoff between cost and accuracy.
Inhibition of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification by Background DNA: A Lateral Flow-Based Method for Enriching Target DNA (2015)

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) may be used to detect a variety of pathogens, often after minimal sample preparation. However, previous work has shown that whole blood inhibits RPA. In this paper, we show that the concentrations of background DNA found in whole blood prevent the amplification of target DNA by RPA. First, using an HIV-1 RPA assay with known concentrations of nonspecific background DNA, we show that RPA tolerates more background DNA when higher HIV-1 target concentrations are present. Then, using three additional assays, we demonstrate that the maximum amount of background DNA that may be tolerated in RPA reactions depends on the DNA sequences used in the assay. We also show that changing the RPA reaction conditions, such as incubation time and primer concentration, has little effect on the ability of RPA to function when high concentrations of background DNA are present. Finally, we develop and characterize a lateral flow-based method for enriching the target DNA concentration relative to the background DNA concentration. This sample processing method enables RPA of 10(4) copies of HIV-1 DNA in a background of 0-14 μg of background DNA. Without lateral flow sample enrichment, the maximum amount of background DNA tolerated is 2 μg when 10(6) copies of HIV-1 DNA are present. This method requires no heating or other external equipment, may be integrated with upstream DNA extraction and purification processes, is compatible with the components of lysed blood, and has the potential to detect HIV-1 DNA in infant whole blood with high proviral loads.
Source-Adaptive Encoding Options for HDTV and NTSC (1992)

Television images originate from many sources, including video cameras, motion-picture film, and digital still graphics. This article describes how future all-digital high-definition television (HDTV) transmission systems and NTSC receivers can be designed to adapt to the frame rate, aspect ratio, color mode, and resolution of the signal source in a simple and cost-effective manner. This can provide improved picture quality or reduced transmission bandwidth requirements for image segments from certain sources. In HDTV transmission systems, the transmission coder operates at the source frame rate, for example, 24 frames/sec for film sources. The receiver frame store performs frame-rate conversion for the display. In high-end receivers, this processing can reuse the motion vectors transmitted by the HDTV coder. In NTSC receivers incorporating field stores and progressive scan displays, source-adaptive processing allows perfect interlace to progressive scan conversion and luminance/chrominance decoding for still images, and improved decoding of images from motion-picture film. To make these methods more efficient, “origination-source ID” data is incorporated into the video signal during post-production.
Synthesis of ABCD‐type miktoarm star copolymers and transformation into zwitterionic star copolymers (2007)

Abstract ABCD‐type 4‐miktoarm star copolymers of styrene (St), α‐methylstyrene (αMSt), tert ‐butyl methacrylate ( t BuMA), and 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) were synthesized via anionic polymerization using 1,3‐bis(1‐phenylvinyl)benzene ( m ‐DDPE) as the linking molecule. The synthetic route was rationally designed with respect to the reactivity of individual propagating anion towards the double bond of m ‐DDPE. Thus the synthesis includes several consecutive key reactions, for example, the monoaddition of polystyryllithium towards m ‐DDPE, the polymerization of t BuMA initiated by the resulting monoadduct to produce a diblock macromonomer, the coupling of the macromonomer with poly(α‐methylstyryl)lithium to form a 3‐arm star anion, and the polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine initiated by the star anion. These reactions were conducted either in a one‐pot process, in which the diblock macromonomer was in situ coupled with poly(α‐methylstyryl)lithium, or in a batch polymerization process, in which the same diblock macromonomer was separated. The final product was hydrolyzed to produce a zwitterionic miktoarm star copolymer, which was soluble at lower pH but insoluble in neutral and basic solution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4818–4828, 2007
A monolithic even harmonic quadrature mixer using a balance type 90 degree phase shifter for direct conversion receivers (2002)

This paper proposes a novel circuit configuration of an even harmonic quadrature mixer (EHQMIX) for direct conversion receivers. In this EHQMIX, a 90 degree phase shifter consists of balance type high pass and low pass filters, and it does not require any circuits connecting to the ground plane. So this configuration is suitable for low cost monolithic IC without any via-holes, because amplitude and phase imbalance caused by inductance included in wires and leads of a package for circuits to the ground plane can be reduced. A developed L-band MMIC achieves good quadrature detecting characteristics.