gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonthermalized Electron Transport in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> Films:  Transient Photocurrent and Random-Walk Modeling Studies (2001)

A random-walk approach is developed to model the electron-transport dynamics in dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells within a multiple-trapping framework, and the predicted results are compared with those measured by transient photocurrent. The illumination geometry and the wavelength of the probe light are used to create certain initial spatial distributions of photoinjected electrons in the TiO2 films. Both have a dramatic effect on the shape of the measured photocurrent transient. Cells are probed with light incident from either the collecting (substrate) electrode side or the counter-electrode side. Excellent correspondence between simulated and measured current transients is observed. When electrons are injected far from the collecting electrode, their diffusion is found to be classical, corresponding to thermalized (nondispersive) transport. Nonthermalized (dispersive) electron transport is shown to be important when electrons are injected near the collecting electrode, which corresponds to the illumination condition under which the cell normally operates. For strongly absorbed light incident from the collecting electrode side, it is estimated that about 80% of injected electrons are collected before they are within 95% of complete thermalization. Failure to account for the presence of nonthermalized electrons is shown to be a major limitation of previous theories of electron transport. The total density of trap states is estimated to be relatively small, on the order of 1 trap per particle. The average detrapping time is on the order of 10 ns. When electrons are generated far from the collecting electrode, they undergo an average of about 106 trapping events before being collected. Analytical expressions are derived that relate the experimentally measured collection time to other parameters affecting transport (e.g., trap density, light intensity, film thickness, and free-electron mobility). Experimental evidence is presented for ambipolar diffusion.
Organizational Barriers to Using Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in Practice (2014)

Article AbstractPatients with schizophrenia who have been nonadherent to oral antipsychotics may experience better outcomes with long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. Studies have shown that LAI medications help prevent relapse and rehospitalization in schizophrenia. Despite the evidence that they are beneficial, LAI antipsychotics continue to be underutilized in the United States, partly due to organizational barriers such as concerns about the time and effort related to their use, the costs, and misunderstanding and overall lack of experience on the part of medical staff and patients alike. Doctors and the entire treatment team should become educated on the use and benefits of LAI medications, which they can then impart to their patients and their families, and create treatment plans for the betterment of the patients.See the entire activity.
Initial results from the first MEMS fabricated thermal transpiration-driven vacuum pump (2001)

The success of NASA’s future space missions and the development of portable, commercial instrument packages will depend greatly on miniaturized components enabled by the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Both of these application markets for miniaturized instruments are governed by the use of MEMS components that satisfy stringent power, mass, volume, contamination and integration requirements. An attractive MEMS vacuum pump for instruments requiring vacuum conditions is the Knudsen Compressor, which operates based on the rarefied gas dynamics phenomenon of thermal transpiration. Thermal transpiration describes the regime where gas flows can be induced in a system by maintaining temperature differences across porous materials under rarefied conditions. This pumping mechanism provides two overwhelmingly attractive features as a miniature vacuum pump-no moving parts and no working fluids or lubricants. Due to favorable power, volume and mass estimates a Knudsen Compressor fabricated using MEMS fabrication techniques (lithography, deep reactive ion etching) and new materials (silicon, aerogel) has been completed. The experimental testing of this MEMS Knudsen Compressor device’s thermal and pumping performance are outlined in this manuscript. Good agreement between experiments and numerical predictions using a transitional flow analysis have also been obtained although simple simulations based on the aerogel’s structure are difficult to perform.
The Rate of Deuterium Exchange between Ethanol and Water. A Reinvestigation<sup>1</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Rate of Deuterium Exchange between Ethanol and Water. A Reinvestigation1Jack Hine and Cyrus H. ThomasCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 3, 739–740Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01099a503https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01099a503research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views200Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ATP is essential for protein translocation into Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. (1985)

The energy requirement for translocation of alkaline phosphatase and the outer membrane protein OmpA into Escherichia coli membrane vesicles was studied under conditions that permit posttranslational translocation and, hence, prior removal of various components necessary for protein synthesis. Translocation could be supported by an ATP-generating system or, less well, by the protonmotive force generated by D-lactate oxidation; the latter might act by generating ATP from residual bound nucleotides. However, when protonmotive force inhibitors were used or when ATP was further depleted by E. coli glycerol kinase, D-lactate no longer supported the translocation. Furthermore, ATP could still support protein translocation in the presence of proton uncouplers or with membranes defective in the F1 fraction of the H+-ATPase. We conclude that ATP is required for protein translocation in this posttranslational system (and probably also in cotranslational translocation); the protonmotive force may contribute but does not appear to be essential.
Alginate dressings in surgery and wound management: part 2 (2000)

This second in a three-part series looks at the use of seaweed-derived dressings in specific types of wounds
Visualization of Graphs with Associated Timeseries Data (2006)

The most common approach to support analysis of graphs with associated time series data include: overlay of data on graph vertices for one timepoint at a time by manipulating a visual property (e.g. color) of the vertex, along with sliders or some such mechanism to animate the graph for other timepoints. Alternatively, data from all the timepoints can be overlaid simultaneously by embedding small charts into graph vertices. These graph visualizations may also be linked to other visualizations (e.g., parallel co-ordinates) using brushing and linking. This paper describes a study performed to evaluate and rank graph+timeseries visualization options based on users' performance time and accuracy of responses on predefined tasks. The results suggest that overlaying data on graph vertices one timepoint at a time may lead to more accurate performance for tasks involving analysis of a graph at a single timepoint, and comparisons between graph vertices for two distinct timepoints. Overlaying data simultaneously for all the timepoints on graph vertices may lead to more accurate and faster performance for tasks involving searching for outlier vertices displaying different behavior than the rest of the graph vertices for all timepoints. Single views have advantage over multiple views on tasks that require topological information. Also, the number of attributes displayed on nodes has a non trivial influence on accuracy of responses, whereas the number of visualizations affect the performance time.
Measurement of Aircraft-Antenna Patterns Using Models (1947)

Methods of measuring the patterns of airborne antennas using models have been investigated. The conditions which have to be satisfied in a model for accurate simulation are well known. However, in a practical model it is generally impossible to satisfy these conditions exactly, so it is necessary to consider the approximations which are permissible. Methods for measuring directly the patterns of transmitting and receivng antennas are described. For low frequencies it has been found advantageous to operate in a vertical direction instead of horizontal when making such measurements, in order to control ground reflections. The equipment which has been used for measuring patterns over a wide frequency range is discussed. A new method for measuring the patterns of antennas which makes use of the energy reradiated from a receiving antenna when excited by a plane wave has been developed. The reradiated field is distinguished from the exciting field by its modulation, which results from varying the impedance of the receiver periodically. The method has been found to be useful in determining the right- or left-handedness of elliptically polarized fields. The accuracy of model-antenina-pattern measurements is discussed. Short radial antennas mounted on cylinders have been found to be very useful in evaluating the accuracy of measurements, since their patterns can be calculated. Models have been used for measuring the patterns of a wide variety of antennas, including simple arrays. Propeller modulation of patterns can be studied with models.
Solid-state high voltage, DC power distribution and control (2003)

Future high voltage, high power systems in the early stages of planning include U.S. large accelerator programs such as the Next Linear Collider (NLC), Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), and international systems at DESY, CERN and KEK. There are also many nuclear fusion and multi-megawatt systems proposed for construction or upgrade. Each of these programs faces the challenge of distributing and controlling the high power required by tens to hundreds of RF amplifier tubes (e.g., klystrons) cost effectively. In this paper, we present a new approach for distributing and modulating power based upon recent technological developments in high voltage, high power, solid state switching. DTI's development of fast, high voltage, opening and closing solid state switches enable, for the first time at high voltage, a nearly lossless "DC transformer". With this DC transformer (i.e., down converter or buck regulator), it is now possible to distribute unregulated high voltage DC power in a large facility, and regulate and control it at the klystron. This approach is significantly more compact, less expensive, and more reliable than conventional methods of power distribution.
IEEE 802.16e System Performance: Analysis and Simulations (2006)

In this paper, the performance of a prototypical IEEE 802.16e network is analyzed via link and system simulations. The exponential effective SIR mapping (EESM) is used to map the instantaneous SINR of received signals to a service-specific packet erasure rate (PER), which is in turn used to assess the downlink and uplink network and user data throughput. A variety of data traffic models are considered, including web browsing (HTTP) and full buffer sessions, operating in flat-fading and frequency-selective multipath channels such as the ITU Pedestrian-B model. The downlink network performance of the prototypical IEEE 802.16e network is compared to a 3GPP UMTS high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) system of similar physical dimensions. System simulation results for the prototypical IEEE 802.16e network considered show-when frequency-selective scheduling is not applied-that the IEEE 802.16e downlink has similar throughput performance as HSDPA for a 70/30 TDD DL/UL frame split but approximately 40%-50% higher spectral efficiency, although control channel overhead and uplink capacity limitation remain significant open issues for further study
Single crystal 6H-SiC MEMS fabrication based on smart-cut technique (2005)

A new single crystal silicon carbide (SiC) MEMS fabrication process is developed using a proton-implantation smart-cut technique. A 6H-SiC layer with 1.3 µm thickness has been achieved over an oxidized silicon substrate using the proposed technique. TEM analyses of the silicon carbide thin film reveal single crystal characteristics, which is attractive for potential integration of MEMS devices with high-temperature microelectronics in the same structural layer for harsh environment applications. Implant-induced defect density in the silicon carbide can be substantially reduced to a negligible level through high-temperature annealing. Prototype single crystal 6H-SiC MEMS devices, such as strain sensors, have been successfully fabricated as demonstration vehicles for future harsh-environment micro-system implementation.
Site-specific RNA cleavage generates the 3' end of a poxvirus late mRNA. (1992)

The cowpox virus late mRNAs encoding the major protein of the A-type inclusions have 3' ends corresponding to a single site in the DNA template. The DNA sequence of the Alu I-Xba I fragment at this position encodes an RNA cis-acting signal, designated the AX element, which directs this RNA 3' end formation. In cells infected with vaccinia virus the AX element functions independently of either the nature of the promoter element or the RNA polymerase responsible for generating the primary RNA. At late times during virus replication, vaccinia virus induces or activates a site-specific endoribonuclease that cleaves primary RNAs within the AX element. The 3' end produced by RNA cleavage is then polyadenylylated to form the 3' end of the mature mRNA. Therefore, the poxviruses employ at least two mechanisms of RNA 3' end formation during the viral replication cycle. One mechanism, which is operative at early times in viral replication, involves the termination of transcription [Rohrmann, G., Yuen, L. & Moss, B. (1986) Cell 46, 1029-1035]. A second mechanism, which is operative at late times during viral replication, involves the site-specific cleavage of primary RNAs.
<i>Xenopus</i> GDF6, a new antagonist of noggin and a partner of BMPs (1999)

In Xenopus, ectodermal cell fates are determined by antagonistic interaction between the BMP subfamily of TGF-(beta) ligands and the organizer-specific secreted factors (e.g. noggin, chordin and follistatin). Inhibition of BMP function by these factors can convert cells from an epidermal to a neural cell fate. In this study, we report that GDF6, a new member of the Xenopus TGF-(beta) family, can function in antagonistic interaction with neural inducers. GDF6 induces epidermis and inhibits neural tissue in dissociated cells, and this activity is blocked by the presence of noggin. We demonstrate that GDF6 binds directly to the neural inducer noggin. Furthermore, we find that GDF6 and BMP2 can form heterodimers and the process seems to require cotranslation of the proteins in the same cells. In normal embryos, GDF6 and BMP2 are coexpressed in several places, including the edge of the neural plate at early neurula stages, suggesting that GDF6 may synergize with BMPs to regulate patterning of the ectoderm. Our data show for the first time that noggin can bind directly to and inhibit another TGF-(beta) family member: GDF6. In addition, BMP and GDF6 heterodimers may play an important role in vivo to regulate cell fate determination and patterning.
The Numerical Solution of Systems of Polynomials Arising in Engineering and Science (2005)

Background: Polynomial Systems Homotopy Continuation Projective Spaces Probability One Polynomials of One Variable Other Methods Isolated Solutions: Coefficient-Parameter Homotopy Polynomial Structures Case Studies Endpoint Estimation Checking Positive Dimensional Solution Sets: Some Concepts from Algebraic Geometry Basic Numerical Algebraic Geometry Cascading Through Embedded Systems The Numerical Irreducible Decomposition Intersection of Algebraic Sets.
Neuraminidase and N-Acetylneuraminate Pyruvate-Lyase of Pasteurella multocida (1972)

SUMMARY Neuraminidase was found in nearly all strains of Pasteurella multocida, in some strains of P. haemolytica, but not in P. pseudotuberculosis. The enzyme of P. multocida is bound to the bacterial cell. It is inducible by N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and by free and bound sialic acid. After solubilization it has a molecular weight of about 250000, a pH optimum = 6.0, and a Michaelis constant Km = 2 ⨯ 10-4 M when 3’-sialyllactose is used as substrate. N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase activity present in Pasteurella multocida is higher in the cell-free culture medium than in the bacterium. It is suggested that the stimulating effect of blood sera on the production of neuraminidase by Pasteurella multocida is due to the delayed release of the inducer N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
Addition of Ethyl Alcohol to Triethyl Propargyl Ammonium Bromide (1990)

Rearrangement of propargyl amine salt, in the presence of a base was studied and it was concluded that this occurs through an allenic intermediate.
Hybrid Method of Analysis for Aperture-Coupled Patch Antenna Array for MIMO Systems (2015)

The performance of microstrip patch antenna system depends on the characteristics of the antenna element and the substrate as well as the feed configuration employed. Here the principal characteristics of interest are the antenna input impedance, mutual coupling, bandwidth, radiation pattern and return loss. In large multilayer array networks the computational time and effort required for the analysis of these characteristics become important with size and complexity of the geometries of the antenna systems. In this paper, we combine the simplicity of the Transmission Line method and the accuracy of the Integral Equation method to obtain a Hybrid method. First we develop a simplified equivalent circuit model of a single aperture-coupled patch antenna using the Transmission Line method. Then we develop a simplified model that can be used to efficiently analyse the characteristics of an aperture-coupled patch antenna array, using the Integral Equation Method. For its application to the problems of antenna phased arrays, a modification of the model will be obtained, taking into account the effects of coupling between the antenna elements and the resulting reflection coefficient which is related to scan blindness and surface waves. The major advantage of the proposed model is the reduction of the large computing time involved in the existing rigorous method which is based on the combined field Integral Equations and the Method of Moments (MoM).
Synthesis and Design of Superhard Materials (2001)

▪ Abstract The synthesis of the two currently used superhard materials, diamond and cubic boron nitride, is briefly described with indications of the factors influencing the quality of the crystals obtained. The physics of hardness is discussed and the importance of covalent bonding and fixed atomic positions in the crystal structure, which determine high hardness values, is outlined. The materials investigated to date are described and new potentially superhard materials are presented. No material that is thermodynamically stable under ambient conditions and composed of light (small) atoms will have a hardness greater than that of diamond. Materials with hardness values similar to that of cubic boron nitride (cBN) can be obtained. However, increasing the capabilities of the high-pressure devices could lead to the production of better quality cBN compacts without binders.
Static and dynamic responses of polyelectrolyte brushes under external electric field (2009)

The static and dynamic behaviors of partially charged and end-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes in response to electric fields were investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the polymer brushes can be partially or fully stretched by applying an external electric field. Moreover, the brushes can switch reversibly from collapsed to stretched states, fully responding to the AC electric stimuli, and the gating response frequency can reach a few hundred MHz. The effects of the grafting density, the charge fraction of the brushes and the strength of the electric field on the average height of the polymer brushes were studied through the simulations.
Moving Toward Semantic Interoperability of Medical Devices (2007)

NIST researchers are collaborating with medical device experts to facilitate the development and adoption of standards for medical device communications throughout the healthcare enterprise as well as integrating it into the electronic health record. NIST researchers have developed a tool and corresponding electronic representation of an international standard's information model that provides several important capabilities leading toward device semantic interoperability. We describe our XML schema and tool developed which is built upon the medical device communication standard ISO/IEEE 11073. Central to this approach is a capability of the tool to develop and produce implementation conformance statements (ICSs). Users execute the tool to produce statements disclosing details of a specific implementation and specifying features provided by a particular medical device. Device ICSs can subsequently be compared and utilized across device interfaces to help overcome the semantic interoperability problem that is so prevalent today and has prevented proliferation of plug-and-play interoperable solutions.
Donor Diffusion into GaAs from Group VI Compounds (1965)

A simple and reproducible technique is presented for diffusing donors into p‐type using binary sulfides, selenides, or tellurides as donor sources. Using compound sources, the effective vapor pressure of the donor impurity is reduced, thereby limiting troublesome surface erosion of the wafers during diffusion. Either a sealed or a "closed box" system is suitable. With as a doping source, observed junction depth in zinc or in cadmium doped varied linearly with the square root of time. The diffusion coefficient of sulfur is given by in Zn doped . Anomalous results were obtained in Cd doped substrates at higher temperatures where higher values of the effective diffusion coefficients were observed.