gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Context-dependent alignment models for statistical machine translation (2009)

We introduce alignment models for Machine Translation that take into account the context of a source word when determining its translation. Since the use of these contexts alone causes data sparsity problems, we develop a decision tree algorithm for clustering the contexts based on optimisation of the EM auxiliary function. We show that our context-dependent models lead to an improvement in alignment quality, and an increase in translation quality when the alignments are used in Arabic-English and Chinese-English translation.
Effect of Si substitution on the structural and transport properties of superionic Li-argyrodites (2017)

Aliovalent substitution increases the conductivity in the superionic argyrodite solid electrolytes.
Characterization of G-Protein-Gated K<sup>+</sup>Channels Composed of Kir3.2 Subunits in Dopaminergic Neurons of the Substantia Nigra (1999)

G-protein-gated K+ (KG) channels generate slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the brain. Current opinion suggests that neuronal KG channels are heterotetramers of Kir3.1 and Kir3.2. In substantia nigra (SN), however, mRNA of Kir3.1 does not express, whereas that of Kir3.2 clearly does. Therefore, we have characterized the KG channels containing Kir3.2 subunits in SN using biochemical and immunological techniques. We found that they were composed of only Kir3.2 subunits and did not contain significant amounts of either Kir3.1 or Kir3.3. Furthermore, at least some of the KG channels in SN were assemblies of the splicing variants Kir3. 2a and Kir3.2c. The channels were localized specifically at the postsynaptic membrane on the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons. Kir3. 2c, but not Kir3.2a, could bind a PDZ domain-containing protein, PSD-95. The heterologously expressed KG channels composed of Kir3.2a plus Kir3.2c or Kir3.2a alone were activated by G-protein stimulation, but expression of Kir3.2c alone was not. This study reveals that the Kir3.2 splicing variants play distinct roles in the control of function and localization of some of the KG channels in dopaminergic neurons of SN.
Identification and Verification of Simple Claims about Statistical Properties (2015)

In this paper we study the identification and verification of simple claims about statistical properties, e.g. claims about the population or the inflation rate of a country. We show that this problem is similar to extracting numerical information from text and following recent work, instead of annotating data for each property of interest in order to learn supervised models, we develop a distantly supervised baseline approach using a knowledge base and raw text. In experiments on 16 statistical properties about countries from Freebase we show that our approach identifies simple statistical claims about properties with 60% precision, while it is able to verify these claims without requiring any explicit supervision for either tasks. Furthermore, we evaluate our approach as a statistical property extractor and we show it achieves 0.11 mean absolute percentage error.
The causes of convergence in Western immigration control (2002)

In recent years, some scholars have argued that there has been a convergence of the immigration control policies of the industrial democracies. This article demonstrates that, in fact, there has been an extraordinary similarity among the immigration control policies of the major receiving countries for over a century. It examines six alternative explanations for these similarities in immigration control policies: (1) a global hegemon that forces or persuades various countries to act in unison; (2) global or regional migration regimes and organizations; (3) interdependence between the immigration control policies of various countries; (4) emulation of immigration control policies of one country by other countries; (5) the world system approach; and (6) interdependence between the socioeconomic and foreign policy factors that lead to immigration control policies. The article argues that it is the last factor that explains most of the similarity among the immigration control policies. It demonstrates how global economic cycles, shared migratory pressures, alliances that produce common foreign policy considerations, wars that receiving countries are involved in and global ideological cycles produce the convergence of immigration control policies in various receiving countries.
Field Weakening for Radial Force Reduction in Brushless Permanent-Magnet DC Motors (2004)

In brushless permanent-magnet dc (BLDC) machines, the attraction between the rotor permanent magnets and the stator iron causes radial stator forces that excite the stator structural response and radiate unwanted acoustic noise. In this paper, we develop an analytical model that predicts rotor torque and radial force ripple as functions of the stator currents. The model shows that field weakening of sinusoidally commutated BLDC machines can reduce radial forces but requires higher currents to maintain the desired torque. We confirmed the analytical results numerically on a BLDC motor using ANSYS finite-element analysis and found a 30% reduction in force ripple at no load.
Accuracy of paramedic identification of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the field (1998)

Paramedics in San Francisco County were correct three-fourths of the time when their documentation listed patients as having stroke/TIA. However, they did not identify 39% of stroke victims, a patient population who may benefit from urgent therapy. A substantial period elapses before stroke victims access 911. This highlights the need to develop an educational program for the community at risk for stroke, and another for paramedics directed toward more accurate identification of acute stroke victims.
Cell Therapies for Liver Diseases (2011)

Cell therapies, which include bioartificial liver support and hepatocyte transplantation, have emerged as potential treatments for a variety of liver diseases. Acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, and inherited metabolic liver diseases are examples of liver diseases that have been successfully treated with cell therapies at centers around the world. Cell therapies also have the potential to be widely applied to other liver diseases, including noninherited liver diseases and liver cancer, and to improve the success of liver transplantation. Here we briefly summarize current concepts of cell therapy for liver diseases.
Framework-Topology-Dependent Catalytic Activity of Zirconium-Based (Porphinato)zinc(II) MOFs (2016)

Catalytic activity for acyl transfer from N-acetylimidazole (NAI) to different pyridylcarbinol (PC) regioisomers (2-PC, 3-PC, and 4-PC) is demonstrated for a set of topologically diverse, zirconium-based (porphinato)zinc metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The MOFs studied are PCN-222, MOF-525, and NU-902, which are based on the csq, ftw, and scu topologies, respectively. The experimentally obtained reaction kinetics are discussed in light of molecular modeling results. The catalytic activity is shown to vary across the series of MOFs due to the different extent to which each topology facilitates reactant preconcentration and alignment of PC and NAI via coordination to framework porphyrin sites (orientation effects). Trends of experimental initial reaction rates with MOF topology and PC regioisomer are consistent with preconcentration effects, which depend on the number of porphyrin sites per volume of MOF, as well as with orientation effects, which depend on the number of porphyrin pairs per volume of MOF that bind PC and NAI in such a way that they are primed to form the required transition state. The present work shows how the proper alignment of catalytic linkers can enhance reaction rates in MOFs.
Oral Administration of Ibrutinib Is Ineffective at Preventing Scleroderma in Chronic Gvhd in Two Preclinical Mouse Models (2014)

Abstract We have established two mouse models of chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD): one is an MHC-matched DBA/2 donor to BALB/c recipient, and this model amplifies the role of CD4+ T and B cells in transplants; the other model is an MHC-mismatched C57BL/6 donor to BALB/c recipient, and this model amplifies the role of de novo-developed CD4+ T and B cells. BALB/c recipients in both models started to develop scleroderma ~35 days after transplantation of donor spleen and bone marrow cells and this peaked ~50 days after transplantation. BALB/c recipients given DBA/2 transplants also developed proteinuria due to IgG anti-dsDNA autoantibody deposition in the glomeruli. We have reported that donor CD4+ T and B cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of chronic GVHD (J. Immunol 2012 and 2013). Administration by I.V. injection of depleting anti-CD20 prevented induction of chronic GVHD in both models (Biol. Blood and Marrow Transplant 2014). In the current studies, using these two models, we tested whether oral administration of Ibrutinib could prevent induction of cGVHD. Ibrutinib was gavaged at 12.5 mg/kg/day from day 0 to day 30 or given in drinking water at 35 mg/kg/day (0.16 mg/ml) from day 0 to day 50. We found that administration of Ibrutinib significantly delayed the onset of proteinuria in the model of DBA/2 donor to BALB/c recipient, but accelerated the onset and increased the severity of scleroderma in 20/20 recipients given DBA/2 transplants and 9/9 recipients given C57BL/6 transplants as measured by a clinical score system. Administration of Ibrutinib significantly reduced CD138+B220lo plasma cells but not CD138-B220+ B cells in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes of both recipients. Administration of Ibrutinib slightly reduced CD4+ T cell numbers in the spleen but significantly increased CD4+ T cell numbers in the peripheral lymph nodes, although there was no significant impact on CD4+ T cell expression of IFN-g and TNF-α in both recipients. These results indicate that, although oral administration of Ibrutinib is able to reduce B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells, it is ineffective at inhibiting the CD4+ T cell expansion that mediates scleroderma in the models of DBA/2 donor to MHC-matched BALB/c recipient and C57BL/6 donor to MHC-mismatched BALB/c recipient. Our result is in contrast to a previous report showing that oral administration of Ibrutinib prevented induction of chronic GVHD with bronchiolitis obliterans in a mouse model and reversed scleroderma in another mouse model (Poster 2591, AACR 2014, San Diego). Further discussion about the differences is warranted. (This work was supported by Nesvig Lymphoma Foundation). Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
An architecture and implementation for IP Network and Service Quality Measurements (2010)

Network and service performance measurements are essential in IF (Internet Protocol) networks, e.g., for network management, network monitoring, and service quality assurance. In order to measure the service quality received by individual users, a service-specific measurement system is required. Therefore, this paper develops and implements the Network and Service Quality Measurement (NSQM) architecture, which integrates network- and service-specific measurements and can configure all measurement components on demand and according to service signaling in order to setup network-wide measurements in an automated manner. NSQM supports the correlation of measurement data from multiple locations, enabling the determination of link-specific and end-to-end performance characteristics. NSQM allows for measurements at different aggregation levels, including service-class and per-flow measurements. It integrates both active and passive measurements and supports a fine-grained selection of traffic to be measured, which reduces the amount of measurement data to be collected and processed.
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias: Current and Future Treatments (2007)

The trigeminal autonomic cephalgias include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT). The evidence for the current treatment options for each of these syndromes is considered, including oxygen, sumatriptan, and verapamil in cluster headache, indomethacin in paroxysmal hemicrania, and intravenous lidocaine and lamotrigine in SUNCT. Some treatments such as topiramate have an effect in all of these, as well as in migraine and other pain syndromes. The involvement of the hypothalamus in functional imaging studies implies that this may be a substrate for targeting treatment options in the future.
Synchronization of pipelines (1993)

A recently formulated general timing model of synchronous operation is applied to the special case of latch-controlled pipelined circuits. The model accounts for multiphase synchronous clocking, correctly captures the behavior of label-sensitive latches, handles both short- and long-path delays, accommodates wave pipelining, and leads to a comprehensive set of timing constraints. Concurrency of pipeline circuits is defined as a function of the clock schedule and degree of wave pipelining. The authors then identify a special class of clock schedules, coincident multiphase clocks, which provide a lower bound on the value of the optimum cycle time. It is shown that the region of feasible solutions for single-phase clocking can be nonconvex or even disjoint, and a closed-form expression for the minimum cycle time of a restricted but practical form of single-phase clocking is derived. The authors compare these forms of clocking on three pipeline examples and highlight some of the issues in pipeline synchronization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Colorimetric Determination of Lithium Content in Electrodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries (2008)

Graphites, as well as other intercalation materials used in lithium-ion batteries, change their color upon electrochemical insertion of lithium ions. In this study, in situ colorimetry was developed as a straightforward technical method to measure the local state of charge of lithium-ion battery electrodes. A laboratory cell with a glass window was built for in situ characterization of intercalation materials. Calibration curves of red, green, and blue color values vs state of charge were acquired and used for mapping of lithium distribution in battery electrodes. The lithium distribution in anodes of aged lithium-ion batteries was found to be highly heterogeneous.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Associated with Neomycin Eardrops and Nonintact Tympanic Membranes (2012)

Short-term use of neomycin eardrops in patients with NITMs is not associated with an increased risk of SNHL; however, repeated doses (ie, ≥ 2 prescriptions) showed a significant association with an increased risk of SNHL.
Laboratory and Field Testing of an Ultra-High-Pressure, Jet-Assisted Drilling System (1991)

Abstract Small-scale laboratory tests of an ultrahigh-pressure jet-assisted drilling system have been carried out in a pressure drilling test stand. Increases in the penetration rate are greatest in permeable rock and are proportional to the hydraulic pressure. The results of field tests with the drilling system are consistent with those obtained in the laboratory.
Model Order Selection for Short Data: An Exponential Fitting Test (EFT) (2006)

High-resolution methods for estimating signal processing parameters such as bearing angles in array processing or frequencies in spectral analysis may be hampered by the model order if poorly selected. As classical model order selection methods fail when the number of snapshots available is small, this paper proposes a method for noncoherent sources, which continues to work under such conditions, while maintaining low computational complexity. For white Gaussian noise and short data we show that the profile of the ordered noise eigenvalues is seen to approximately fit an exponential law. This fact is used to provide a recursive algorithm which detects a mismatch between the observed eigenvalue profile and the theoretical noise-only eigenvalue profile, as such a mismatch indicates the presence of a source. Moreover this proposed method allows the probability of false alarm to be controlled and predefined, which is a crucial point for systems such as RADARs. Results of simulations are provided in order to show the capabilities of the algorithm.
Exploiting the locality of memory references to reduce the address bus energy (1997)

The energy consumption at the I of the overall chip consumption. 4 0 pins is a significant part his paper presents a method for encoding an external address bus which lowers its activity and, thus, decreases the energy. This method relies on the locality of memory references. Since applications favor a few working zones of their address space at each instant, for an address to one of these zones only the offset of this reference with respect to the previous reference to that zone needs to be sent over the bus, along with an identifier of the current working zone. This is combined with a modified one-hot encoding for the offset. An estimate of the area and energy overhead of the encoder/decoder are given; their effect is small. The approach has been applied to two memory-intensive examples, obtaining a bus-activity reduction of about.2 3 in both of them. Comparisons are given with previous metho L for bus encoding, showing significant improvement. I .
Viscosity of Semiflexible Chitosan Solutions: Influence of Concentration, Temperature, and Role of Intermolecular Interactions (2002)

The influence of polymer concentration and temperature on the rheological behavior of chitosan solution was studied. The threshold concentrations for the different viscometric regimes were determined and the different power laws exponents were calculated and compared with those predicted from models. Different observations and the high values of these exponents within the high concentration region lead to consideration of the presence of intermolecular interactions as soon as the polymer concentration is larger than the overlap concentration. The activation energy was determined as a function of the polymer concentration, and its evolution was compared with theoretical predictions. A gel-sol transition was demonstrated at high concentrations.
Studies on annelated 1,4-benzothiazines and 1,5-benzothiazepines. VII. Synthesis and inhibition of benzodiazepine receptor binding of some 4,5-dihydro-tetrazolo[5,1-d]-1,5-benzothiazepines and 5-phenyl-s-triazolo[3,4-d]-1,5-benzothiazepines. (1993)

The 4,5-dihydro-tetrazolo[5,1-d]-1,5-benzothiazepines 3a-k and the 5-phenyl-s-triazolo[3,4-d]-1,5-benzothiazepines 6a-f and 11a-c have been prepared and tested for their ability to displace [3H] flunitrazepam binding from bovine brain membranes. Some of the triazoloderivatives showed moderate binding affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor.
A self-adjusting sinusoidal power source suitable for driving capacitive loads (2004)

A new self-adjusting current-fed push-pull parallel inverter (SA-CFPPRI) is presented and tested by simulation and experimentally. The power source includes a soft switching control circuitry and a controllable inductor. The SA-CFPPRI can drive a capacitive load at any frequency within the design range. It will maintain zero voltage switching of the main transistors and follow the input frequency signal even when the resonant elements and/or the load vary. Possible range of applications for the proposed power source is: piezoelectric transformers and motors, AC bus for a distributed power system and other loads that need to be fed by a sinusoidal waveform. The experimental results of the laboratory unit (160 Vrms at 93 kHz and nominal output power of 5 W) verify the analytical analysis and proposed design procedure.
Mathematical Registers in Aboriginal Languages (1998)

These are three different ways of requesting money. Although all are grammatically correct, their success would depend not just on how well the information was conveyed, but also how each request respects the relationships among the speaker, the listener and the circumstances. In any language, there are many ways of saying or writing the same thing. However, the one chosen is the one that 'sounds right': that is, it is the one which, in a given situation, best matches the purpose of the communication to the audience, whether listener or reader.
Efficacy of Two Alternate Vaccines Based on<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in an<i>Aotus</i>Challenge Trial (2001)

In an attempt to produce a more defined, clinical-grade version of a vaccine based on Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), we evaluated the efficacy of two recombinant forms of MSP1 in an Aotus nancymai challenge model system. One recombinant vaccine, bvMSP1(42), based on the 42-kDa C-terminal portion of MSP1, was expressed as a secreted protein in baculovirus-infected insect cells. A highly pure baculovirus product could be reproducibly expressed and purified at yields in excess of 8 mg of pure protein per liter of culture. This protein, when tested for efficacy in the Aotus challenge model, gave significant protection, with only one of seven monkeys requiring treatment for uncontrolled parasitemia after challenge with P. falciparum. The second recombinant protein, P30P2MSP1(19), has been used in previous studies and is based on the smaller, C-terminal 19-kDa portion of MSP1 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Substantial changes were made in its production process to optimize expression. The optimum form of this vaccine antigen (as judged by in vitro and in vivo indicators) was then evaluated, along with bvMSP1(42), for efficacy in the A. nancymai system. The new formulation of P30P3MSP1(19) performed significantly worse than bvMSP1(42) and appeared to be less efficacious than we have found in the past, with four of seven monkeys in the vaccinated group requiring treatment for uncontrolled parasitemia. With both antigens, protection was seen only when high antibody levels were obtained by formulation of the vaccines in Freund's adjuvant. Vaccine formulation in an alternate adjuvant, MF59, resulted in significantly lower antibody titers and no protection.
A PARAFFIN EMBEDDING TECHNIQUE FOR STUDIES EMPLOYING IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE (1962)

A method is described for the fixation of blocks of tissue for use in studies employing immunofluorescence. This method consists of fixing thin blocks in 95% ethanol and carrying out the subsequent dehydration and clearing at refrigerator temperatures (4°C). Thereafter, embedding in paraffin and sectioning by the standard microtomy is easy. This method results in preparations which are histologically more precise in the localization of antigen or antibody than preparations of frozen tissues; and with rabbit antibody and bovine serum albumin, the sensitivity of detection is enhanced. Bovine serum albumin can be found for longer periods after injection than is possible with frozen sections. Other antigens for which this procedure has proved satisfactory are bovine gamma globulin, horse ferritin, influenza A virus, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Hen's ovalbumin deteriorated. New antigens or new antibodies should be tested before being committed to this method.
Leading-Edge "Pop-Up" Spoiler For Airfoil (1991)

New concept places spoiler in leading edge of airfoil, hinged along its trailing edge, so airflow helps to deploy it and force it against mechanical stop. Deployed pop-up spoiler quickly eliminates almost all aerodynamic lift of stabilator. Designed to be added to leading edge of existing stabilator, without major rework. Though initial application to be on helicopter stabilators, equally applicable to wings or winglike components.