gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
P2 receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system (1998)

Extracellular nucleotides have been implicated in a number of physiological functions. Nucleotides act on cell-surface receptors known as P2 receptors, of which several subtypes have been cloned. Both ATP and ADP are stored in platelets and are released upon platelet activation. Furthermore, nucleotides are also released from damaged or broken cells. Thus during vascular injury nucleotides play an important role in haemostasis through activation of platelets, modulation of vascular tone, recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury, and facilitation of adhesion of leucocytes to the endothelium. Nucleotides also moderate these functions by generating nitric oxide and prostaglandin I2 through activation of endothelial cells, and by activating different receptor subtypes on vascular smooth muscle cells. In the heart, P2 receptors regulate contractility through modulation of L-type Ca2+ channels, although the molecular mechanisms involved are still under investigation. Classical pharmacological studies have identified several P2 receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system. Molecular pharmacological studies have clarified the nature of some of these receptors, but have complicated the picture with others. In platelets, the classical P2T receptor has now been resolved into three P2 receptor subtypes: the P2Y1, P2X1 and P2TAC receptors (the last of these, which is coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, is yet to be cloned). In peripheral blood leucocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes, the effects of classical P2X, P2Y and P2U receptors have been found to be mediated by more than one P2 receptor subtype. However, the exact functions of these multiple receptor subtypes remain to be understood, as P2-receptor-selective agonists and antagonists are still under development.
Making Concrete "Greener" with Fly Ash (1999)

Environmental issues will play a leading role in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry in the 21st century. The World Earth Summits in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, and Kyoto, Japan in 1997, have made it abundantly clear that unchecked increased emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere is no longer environmentally and socially acceptable for overall sustainable development. The primary greenhouse gas emissions discussed in the sessions of the above conferences are carbon dioxide emissions. Other greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane, are of serious concern, but the amount involved is relatively small compared with that of carbon dioxide. Consequently, developed countries are considering regulations and mandatory quotas on the emission of these gases, and the main thrust is to stabilize these emissions to the 1990 level by the year 2010. Since the manufacture of portland cement contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions, this article discusses the increase use of large volumes of fly ash and other supplementary cementing materials in the construction industry and its role in reducing these emissions.
pH-Sensitive Hydrogels Composed of Chitosan and Polyacrylamide – Preparation and Properties (2004)

Three types of polymer networks of chitosan and polyacrylamide (PAAm) – semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs) of chitosan and crosslinked PAAm ( net-PAAm– t-chitosan), semi-IPNs of PAAm and crosslinked chitosan ( net-chitosan– t-PAAm), and interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of crosslinked chitosan and crosslinked PAAm ( net-PAAm– net-chitosan) were prepared. Chitosan, in a two-fold molar excess to PAAm, provided pH-sensitivity to hydrogel networks. The amount of the crosslinking agent did not have much influence on the microhardness of network films, while higher contents of PAAm increased it. The equilibrium degree of swelling of the hydrogels had the highest values at pH 4 and decreased on increasing pH (pH 7, pH 9) or the ionic strength of the medium as well as with increasing of the degree of crosslinking. The networks in which chitosan was crosslinked, – semi-IPNs net-chitosan– t-PAAm and IPNs net-chitosan– net-PAAm, showed five cycles of completely reversible swelling.
Towards an artificial cell (2012)

We are on the verge of producing "synthetic cells," or protocells, in which some, many or all of the tasks of a real biological cell are harnessed into a synthetic platform. Such advances are made possible through genetic engineering, microfabrication technologies, and the development of cellular membranes from new surfactants that extend beyond phospholipids in stability and chemical control, and can be used to introduce designer functionality into membranes and cells. We review some of the recent advances in the development of synthetic cells and suggest future exciting directions.
Attachment of Nucleosides and Other Linkers to Solid‐Phase Supports for Oligonucleotide Synthesis (2013)

Specific step-by-step instructions for conversion of 5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)- and base-protected nucleosides and other mono-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-protected diols to their hemisuccinate esters and their coupling to CPG (controlled-pore glass) supports bearing aminopropyl or long chain aminoalkyl groups are presented. Additional guidelines are provided for selecting a coupling protocol and performing in-process control.
A Bifunctional Converter: Fluorescein Quenching scFv/Fluorogen Activating Protein for Photostability and Improved Signal to Noise in Fluorescence Experiments (2014)

Monoclonal antibodies are one of the most useful and ubiquitous affinity reagents used in the biological sciences. Immunostaining of fixed and live cells for microscopy or cytometry measurements frequently employs fluorescently labeled antibodies, in particular fluorescein-labeled antibodies. This dye emits light at a wavelength overlapping with cellular autofluorescence, making it difficult to measure antibody binding to proteins of relatively low copy number or in cells of high green autofluorescence. A number of high affinity fluorescein binding antibodies and antibody domains have been developed that quench the dye's fluorescence. Using a fluorescein-binding recombinant antibody domain genetically fused to a fluorogen activating protein (FAP), we demonstrate a molecular converter capable of binding and quenching fluorescein, while binding and activating a fluorogenic triarylmethane dye. This reagent converts fluorescein conjugates to far-red fluorescent probes, where cellular autofluorescence is low, improving signal-to-background of cell-based antibody binding measurements by ∼7-fold. Microscopy experiments show colocalization of both fluorescein and MG fluorescence. This dual affinity fluorescein-quenching-FAP can also be used to convert fluorescein to the red fluorescing MG fluorogen on biological molecules other than antibodies.
Development of Course Modules for Powder Processing Education (1994)

Professors and students at Iowa State University are developing a unique flexible modular concept for promoting undergraduate education in powder processing. The approach consists of developing computer-based course modules in specialized processes, which emphasize application and industrial practice before designing model experiments and exploring fundamental concepts. Several such modules are being developed with emphasis on ceramic and metal powder processing.
PRODUCTION CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PIGS (2004)

Management control requires a production system to have, amongst other things, the following components: 1. Real time and continuous measurement of body size and weight change. 2. Response prediction models that can be optimised to particular production circumstance. 3. Feed systems that can deliver, upon instruction, stated quantities and qualities of feed to the pigs. Central to the control system is the ability to assess pig growth frequently (daily) and without physical interference. Visual Imaging provides such opportunity. The paper reports that Visual Image Analysis is sufficiently accurate to provide the required tool, and models can be fitted effectively to individual production circumstance by modulation of few parameters. It also appears probable that Visual Imaging may be able to sort pigs according to their type.
A new self-aligning process for whole-wafer tunnel junction fabrication (1989)

The authors have developed a processing method for whole-wafer tunnel junctions which allows the preparation of planar tunnel junctions with just two lithographic steps and largely eliminates the inherent capacitance and potential failure problems associated with overlap between the base electrode and the counterelectrode metallization common to all existing methods. The basic feature of this self-aligning whole-wafer (SAWW) process is that the pattern used to create the counterelectrode metallization also defines the junction area. Results of preliminary trials of this method are presented and possible future developments discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multi-Modal Data Fusion for Person Authentication using SVM (1998)

In the context of multi-modal person authentication, a set of experts (face recognizer, speaker recognizer, etc. ) give their opinion about the identity of an individual. The opinions of the experts can be combined to form a final decision (rejecting or accepting the claim). We show that the final decision is a binary classification problem and propose to solve it by a Support Vector Machine (SVM). We compare our approach with other proposed methods for an identical verification task and show that it leads to considerably higher performance.
Location and Mobility Aware Resource Management for 5G Cloud Radio Access Networks (2017)

Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has recently gained much attention for 5G and Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A) cellular networks. The recent technology advancement in network virtualization function and software defined radio has enabled virtualization of Baseband Units (BBU) and sharing of underlying general purpose processing infrastructure. All these advancements have made C-RAN feasible and practical. This paper proposes new algorithms for clustering towers based on location and for packing BBU clusters based on the prediction of mobility and traffic patterns and analyzes their complexities. Unlike existing C-RAN studies that compared their performance with that of traditional distributed RAN methods, we evaluate and compare the performance with that of existing C-RAN strategies, based on real cellular tower maps provided by the FCC. The proposed combined clustering and packing algorithms have achieved up to 34.8% better QoS while using only up to 5.8% most towers and 7.4% most hosts than other methods. We believe that the proposed combination of clustering and packing algorithms for C-RAN would be significant for the success of emerging 5G networks.
Procedures for the Evaluation of Monoclonal Immunoglobulins (1999)

Abstract A wide variety of techniques are available for the screening, characterization, and quantification of monoclonal proteins. These techniques vary in regard to the expense, skill and intensity of labor involved, and sensitivity for detection of low levels of monoclonal proteins or of those with unusual migration. Detection of monoclonal proteins requires the use of high-resolution electrophoresis (either gel-based or capillary) and immunofixation (or immunosubtraction). Immunoelectrophoresis is not recommended. Urine for detection of monoclonal free light chains should be from 24-hour samples, and the aliquot should be concentrated at least 100-fold prior to electrophoresis and immunofixation. Dipstick and sulfosalicylic acid techniques are not sensitive enough to detect small quantities of monoclonal free light chains and should not be used as screening tests for this purpose.
Nitro enol ether 4-nitro-1-cyclohexyl-3-ethoxy-2-oxo-3-pyrroline. Synthesis and use as a reagent for amino group protection (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNitro enol ether 4-nitro-1-cyclohexyl-3-ethoxy-2-oxo-3-pyrroline. Synthesis and use as a reagent for amino group protectionPhilip L. Southwick, Richard F. Dufresne, and John J. LindseyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 23, 3351–3354Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00937a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00937a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views96Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nature and Location of Cationic Lanthanum Species in High Alumina Containing Faujasite Type Zeolites (2011)

The nature, concentration, and location of cationic lanthanum species in faujasite-type zeolites (zeolite X, Y and ultrastabilized Y) have been studied in order to understand better their role in hydrocarbon activation. By combining detailed physicochemical characterization and DFT calculations, we demonstrated that lanthanum cations are predominantly stabilized within sodalite cages in the form of multinuclear OH-bridged lanthanum clusters or as monomeric La3+ at the SI sites. In high-silica faujasites (Si/Al = 4), monomeric [La(OH)]2+ and [La(OH)2]+ species were only found in low concentrations at SII sites in the supercages, whereas the dominant part of La3+ is present as multinuclear OH-bridged cationic aggregates within the sodalite cages. Similarly, in the low-silica (Si/Al = 1.2) La–X zeolite, the SI′ sites were populated by hydroxylated La species in the form of OH-bridged bi- and trinuclear clusters. In this case, the substantial repulsion between the La3+ cations confined within the small sodalite cages induces the migration of La3+ cations into the supercage SII sites. The uniquely strong polarization of hydrocarbon molecules sorbed in La–X zeolites is caused solely by the interaction with the accessible isolated La3+ cations.
A sophisticated bit-by-bit verifying scheme for NAND EEPROMs (2002)

A sophisticated bit-by-bit verifying scheme, which is able to realize a tight programmed threshold voltage distribution of 0.8 V, has been proposed for NAND EEPROMs. A new bit-by-bit verifying circuit is composed of a conventional sense amplifier and a dynamic latch circuit with only three transistors, increasing the chip size of the 64 Mbit NAND EEPROM less than 1%.
Enabling Streaming Remoting on Embedded Dual-Core Processors (2008)

Dual-core processors (and, to an extent, multicore processors) have been adopted in recent years to provide platforms that satisfy the performance requirements of popular multimedia applications. This architecture comprises groups of processing units connected by various interprocess communication mechanisms such as shared memory, memory mapping interrupts, mailboxes, and channel-based protocols. The associated challenges include how to provide programming models and environments for developing streaming applications for such platforms. In this paper, we present middleware called streaming RPC for supporting a streaming-function remoting mechanism on asymmetric dual-core architectures. This middleware has been implemented both on an experimental platform known asthe PAC dual-core platform and in TI OMAP dual-core environments. We also present an analytic model of streaming equations to optimize the internal handshaking for our proposed streaming RPC. The usage and efficiency of the proposed methodology are demonstrated in a JPEG decoder, MP3 decoder, and QCIF H.264 decoder. The experimental results show that our approach improves the performance of the decoders of JPEG, MP3, and H.264 by 24%, 38%, and 32% on PAC, respectively. The communication load of internal handshaking has also been reduced compared to the naive use of RPC over embedded dual-core systems. The experiments also show that the performance improvement can also be achieved on OMAP dual-core platforms.
Evidence that the protein C activation pathway amplifies the inhibition of thrombin generation by recombinant human thrombomodulin in plasma. (1993)

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a cofactor for the thrombin-catalyzed activation of anticoagulant protein C. However, we have no evidence that thrombomodulin actually activates protein C during blood coagulation processing, nor do we know whether this activated protein C acts as an anticoagulant. We studied the inhibitory action of recombinant human soluble TM (rhs-TM) on thrombin generation in whole plasma. Human plasma was activated with small amounts of tissue factor using phospholipid vesicles in place of activated platelets. Thrombin generation was observed. The addition of only 2 nM of rhs-TM prevented rapid generation of thrombin and reduced the total amount of thrombin generated. In order to study the influence of the protein C activation pathway on this inhibitory action of rhs-TM, protein C-depleted plasma was used. rhs-TM had little inhibitory effect on protein C-depleted plasma. However, the addition of protein C caused a delay in thrombin generation and a reduction of the maximum thrombin concentration. We concluded that the anticoagulant activity of rhs-TM was amplified by the protein C activation pathway.
Relief Well Planning (2014)

Abstract Relief well planning can be a critical safety measure, ensuring readiness and rapid response in the event of a catastrophic blowout that threatens human life and the environment. Recent regulatory changes in the oil industry have spurred a demand for extensive relief well planning for shelf and deepwater wells around the world. This paper discusses well planning, trajectory design, and drilling as it applies specifically to relief wells. A relief well is drilled adjacent to an existing well that has suffered an uncontrolled release of pressurized hydrocarbons. From an operational standpoint, a relief well is drilled only if surface intervention or capping attempts are taking too long or have failed to stop the flow. The goal of the relief well is to divert the pressurized hydrocarbons up a new wellbore in a controlled manner or to kill the blowout well with heavy mud and secure it with cement. For either remedy to succeed, precise interception of the existing wellbore becomes a key component in relief well design. This, in turn, makes the entire relief well planning component a very crucial and challenging aspect of the well design. This paper focuses on five phases of relief well planning: Surface location selection, including shallow hazard assessment, metocean considerations and rig logistics. Selection of drilling, evaluation, ranging and interception tools. Directional trajectory design utilizing a bottom-up approach. Project execution (drilling operations). Intercepting the well considering cased hole, openhole or the reservoir section of the blowout well. The United States Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) requires all operators to provide documentation demonstrating their capacity to drill a relief well. Operators in the Gulf of Mexico must submit the surface location for a relief well along with their application for a permit to drill. Two locations are generally identified, and relief well paths are planned for each at every casing point prior to an interval where hydrocarbons may be encountered. As many factors can change while drilling, the planned relief well paths would require appropriate modification, but the initial plans prove feasibility and provide a basis upon which a plan to an actual wellbore could be quickly designed. The regulations ensure safe planning and execution in response to a hazardous situation, and they are in the process of being adopted by worldwide government agencies.
Failure to reconstitute CD4+ T-cells despite suppression of HIV replication under HAART. (2006)

HAART in HIV-1-infected individuals has a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes. In the majority of patients, plasma viral load becomes undetectable and CD4+ T-cells increase over time. However, in a number of subjects a discrepancy between plasma viral load and the CD4+ T-cell recovery is observed. CD4+ T-cell count can rise despite persistently detectable plasma viral load (virologic nonresponders), or conversely does not increase despite full plasma viral load suppression (immunologic nonresponder). Defective immune reconstitution may depend on several factors including previous therapeutic failure, duration of antiretroviral therapy, low CD4+ T-cell count at the initiation of HAART, advanced stage of disease, low adherence to HAART, and previous treatment interruption. There is no definitive evidence that age, viral strain/clade, or host genetic factors play a role in these different responses to HAART. The roles of T-cell subsets, thymic function, and cytokines have been investigated. The increased T-cell activation/apoptosis has been associated with a lack of effective immunologic response. Unabated virologic replication in lymphoid tissues, despite undetectable plasma viral load, has been proposed as the underlying mechanism of cellular activation. However, this "paradoxical response" probably can be associated with other events. Insufficient CD4+ T-cell repopulation of lymphoid tissues may be due to a thymus failure or a defect in bone marrow function. Lifelong infection, the toxic effect of antiviral drugs on T- and B-cell precursors, the stage of disease, and the low number of CD4+ T-cells before HAART may also account for thymus exhaustion and insufficient T-cell renewal. Finally, an imbalance in the production of cytokines such as TNF, IL-2 and IL-7 may also be a crucial event for the induction of immune system failure. In patients in which CD4+ T-cells are not increased by HAART, therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing these cells and reducing the risk of infections are needed. IL-2 and/or other cytokines may be of benefit in this setting. Some antiviral drugs may be better than others in immunologic reconstitution. Protease inhibitors may have additional, independent positive effects on the immune system. On the other hand, there may be little rationale for using immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine or hydroxyurea in this subgroup of immunologic nonresponder patients, as these molecules may increase T-cell decline and/or favor susceptibility to infections.