gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A General Method for Fouling Injectors in Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and the Effects of Deposits on Vehicle Performance (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The ubiquity of gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles has been rapidly increasing across the globe due to the increasing demand for fuel efficient vehicles. GDI technology offers many advantages over conventional port fuel injection (PFI) engines, such as improvements in fuel economy and higher engine power density; however, GDI technology presents unique challenges as well. GDI engines can be more susceptible to fuel injector deposits and have higher particulate emissions relative to PFI engines due to the placement of the injector inside the combustion chamber. Thus, the need for reliable test protocols to develop next generation additives to improve GDI vehicle performance is paramount. This work discloses a general test method for consistently fouling injectors in GDI vehicles and engines that can accommodate multiple vehicle/engine types, injector designs, and drive cycles, which allows for development of effective GDI fuel additives. A key factor to the versatility of this test protocol is the test fuel formulation, which uses added chemical accelerants to mimic the fouling effects of fuel aging and sulfur accumulation in the injector nozzle. The test fuel formulation serves to accelerate the fouling potential of fuels that are already capable of dirtying-up fuel injectors on their own without chemical accelerants and allows real-world fuels to be evaluated for fuel additive performance within more reasonable test times. This test method was also complimented by emissions and fuel economy measurements in order to quantify the negative effects of injector fouling on vehicle performance and the opportunity for DCAs to help prevent these problems.</div></div>
High‐energy radiation effects on polyacrylates and polymethacrylates (1959)

Abstract Chemical and physical changes produced in polymethacrylates and polyacrylates by ionizing radiations are examined in the light of data revealing molecular structural changes and ultimate fragmentation products. A 1,4‐diradical or concerted mechanism is postulated for polymethacrylate main‐chain scission.
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in human colon epithelial cells: modulation by T lymphocyte derived cytokines (1998)

The data suggest that the epithelium is the major source of iNOS activity in ulcerative colitis and that IL-13 and IL-4 may act as intrinsic regulators of NO generation in intestinal inflammation.
MicroRNAs and their regulatory roles in animals and plants (2006)

microRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of newly identified endogenous non-protein-coding small RNAs. They exist in animals, plants, and viruses, and play an important role in gene silencing. Translational repression, mRNA cleavage, and mRNA decay initiated by miRNA-directed deadenylation of targeted mRNAs are three mechanisms of miRNA-guided gene regulation at the post-transcriptional levels. Many miRNAs are highly conserved in animals and plants, suggesting that they play an essential function in plants and animals. Lots of investigations indicate that miRNAs are involved in multiple biological processes, including stem cell differentiation, organ development, phase change, signaling, disease, cancer, and response to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. This review provides a general background and current advance on the discovery, history, biogenesis, genomics, mechanisms, and functions of miRNAs.
Boron-Containing Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane/Propane Mixtures (2019)

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane and propane feeds has been examined under a variety of temperatures, flow rates, and gas compositions in a fixed bed reactor using boron nitride-based catalysts either promoted with various metal oxides or supported on silica. Tests performed at low conversion in the presence of a large amount of N2 diluent indicated that addition of MgO to boron nitride (BN) led to a ∼10-fold increase in alkane conversion, with a drop in the C2–C3 olefin selectivity from 90% to 79%. Testing using concentrated feeds with small amounts of diluent (3%) indicated that metal-oxide promoted BN catalysts could maintain C2–C3 olefin selectivities as high as 65% at high alkane conversion (∼60%). Catalyst productivity values under these conditions approached 16 kgolefins kgcat–1 h–1. Under nondilute conditions, the catalysts appear to act as initiators of radical reactions at the surface, after which the radicals desorb into the gas phase and undergo propagation steps.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: A Novel Endocrine Defensive Response to Hypoglycemia (2002)

Glucose, the most important fuel for the brain, is supplied by the actions of counterregulatory hormones and the sympathetic nervous system. Yet to obtain access to the brain, glucose must pass the blood-brain barrier. Here we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent regulator of blood vessel function, is a candidate hormone for facilitating glucose passage across the blood-brain barrier under critical conditions. In 16 healthy men, VEGF serum concentrations increased under 6 h of insulin-induced hypoglycemic conditions from 86.1 +/- 13.4 to 211.6 +/- 40.8 pg/ml (P = 0.002), whereas in the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic control condition, no change was observed. During hypoglycemia serum VEGF, but no other counterregulatory hormone, was associated with preserved neurocognitive function, as measured with a memory test (r = 0.539; P = 0.031) and the Stroop interference task (r = 0.569; P = 0.021). Findings show that acute hypoglycemia is accompanied by a brisk increase in circulating VEGF concentration and that VEGF could mediate rapid adaptation of the brain to neuroglycopenia.
Towards Secure Slicing: Using Slice Isolation to Mitigate DDoS Attacks on 5G Core Network Slices (2019)

In this paper, we propose a solution to proactively mitigate Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks in 5G core network slicing using slice isolation. Network slicing is one of the key technologies that allow 5G networks to offer dedicated resources to different industries (services). However, a Distributed Denial-of-Service attack could severely impact the performance and availability of the slices as they could share the same physical resources in a multi-tenant virtualized networking infrastructure. Slice isolation is an essential requirement for 5G network slicing. In this paper, we use network isolation to tackle the challenging problem of Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks in 5G network slicing. We propose the use of a mathematical model that can provide on-demand slice isolation as well as guarantee end-to-end delay for 5G core network slices. We evaluate the proposed work with a mix of simulation and experimental work. Our results show that the proposed isolation could mitigate Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks as well as increase the availability of the slices. We believe this work will encourage further research in securing 5G network slicing.
Porphyrins: Powerful Chromophores for Structural Studies by Exciton-Coupled Circular Dichroism (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPorphyrins: Powerful Chromophores for Structural Studies by Exciton-Coupled Circular DichroismStefan Matile, Nina Berova, Koji Nakanishi, Snejana Novkova, Irena Philipova, and Blagoy BlagoevCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 26, 7021–7022Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00131a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00131a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1189Altmetric-Citations144LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Repetitive Fragmentation Products of Albumin and α1-Antitrypsin in Glomerular Diseases Associated with Nephrotic Syndrome (2006)

Even if nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive urinary loss of major plasma proteins, a clear structural characterization based on proteomics has never been reported. Urine and plasma of 23 patients with different idiopathic nephrotic syndromes (10 steroid-sensitive minimal-change nephropathy, seven steroid-resistant FSGS, and six membranous glomerulonephritis) were analyzed with two-dimensional electrophoresis in soft gel, Western blot, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; 72 urinary components corresponded to fragments of albumin and/or of alpha1-antitrypsin. Several repetitive fragmentation motives and a few differences among different pathologies were found. Several (21 of 72) urinary albumin fragments also were detected in plasma, although in lower concentration, suggesting a preferential excretion. The bulk of components with low molecular weight were detected only in urine, suggesting an in situ formation; zymograms with albumin as substrate showed the presence in urine of specific proteases. A final but not secondary point was the characterization of albumin adducts that harbor both the COOH and NH2 terminal parts of the protein, suggesting the formation of new covalent chemical groups. Altogether, these new findings reveal unexpected structural and functional aspects of proteinuria that may play a key role in pathogenesis. Characterization of urinary fragmentation patterns should be extended to other renal diseases.
Libro de reglas únicas del mercado financiero europeo. Single rule book in the European financial market (2011)

Las normas tecnicas de regulacion o de ejecucion son disposiciones de caracter tecnico aprobadas por la Comision Europea como actos delegados o de ejecucion, de conformidad con los articulos 290 y 290 del Tratado de Lisboa. La elaboracion de tales normas tecnicas se realiza por parte de las Autoridades Europeas de Supervision con arreglo a lo establecido en sus respectivos Reglamentos (UE) de creacion: No 1094/2010 (Autoridad Europea Bancaria) ,No 1095/2010 (Autoridad Europea de Seguros y Pensiones de Jubilacion) y No1096/2010 (Autoridad Europea de Valores y Mercados). Las normas tecnicas de regulacion constituyen un instrumento eficaz para elaborar normas armonizadas en los servicios financieros, garantizando, a traves de un unico codigo normativo, condiciones de competencia equitativas y la proteccion adecuada de depositantes, inversores, titulares de polizas de seguros, participantes en planes de pensiones y consumidores en toda la Union Europea. ABSTRACT: Regulatory or implementing technical standards are rules of technical nature endorsed by the European Commission as delegated or implemented acts pursuant to articles 290 and 291 or the Treaty Of Lisbon. The elaboration of technical standards is entrusted to the European Supervisory Authorities in accordance to their respective founding Regulations: No. 1094/2010 (European Banking Authority), No. 1095/2010 (European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority) and No. 1096/2010 (European Securities and Markets Authority). Technical standards constitute an effective instrument to establish harmonized rules in financial services, ensuring, through a single rule book, a level playing field and adequate protection of depositors, investors, policyholders, pension scheme members and consumers across the European Union.
Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 5. Edited by F. A. Cotton (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProgress in Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 5. Edited by F. A. CottonHenry A. BentCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1964, 3, 2, 308Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50012a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50012a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Localization of an abundant myeloid mRNA to individual leukocytes in mixed cell populations. (1987)

Differential screening of cDNA libraries with radiolabeled RNAs isolated from various sources provides a convenient way to identify cDNA clones representing RNAs that are more (or less) abundant in selected tissues. This strategy was previously used to isolate cDNA clones representing poly(A+)RNAs (mRNA) that are abundant in leukocytes from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. One limitation with the initial experiments was that the RNAs were isolated from heterogenous cell populations and it was impossible to distinguish whether all of the cells were producing the abundant mRNAs or if a subset of the cell population was responsible for the majority of the RNA species. To resolve this important issue, we have directly hybridized radiolabeled cDNAs to the cellular RNAs of intact, morphologically distinguishable, primary hematopoietic cells. In the present study clone pC-A3, which represents an mRNA species that is abundant in the chronic phase of CML, was used to examine three samples from normal bone marrow, one sample from normal peripheral blood, and four samples from peripheral blood of leukemic patients (one Ph1 + AL, two CML in compensated phase, and one CML in accelerated phase). The results show that while C-A3 gene expression is detectable in cells from the granulocytic, monocytic, and lymphoid lineage, its relative abundance peaks at the level of the neutrophilic myelocytes and promyelocytes. Earlier myeloid precursors like myeloblasts or mature neutrophilic granulocytes show less labeling. Further, all maturation stages of eosinophils (Eos) and basophil (Baso) are highly labeled. This finding reinforces recent evidence that Eos and Baso share a common progenitor and suggests that these two cell types may have a stronger role than previously noted in the prominent myeloproliferative response that is characteristic of CML.
Microbial Evaluation in Capsular Contracture of Breast Implants (2017)

Therapeutic, IV.
Experience gained with the Synroc demonstration plant at ANSTO and its relevance to plutonium immobilization (1996)

The Synroc Demonstration Plant (SDP) was designed and constructed at Lucas Heights to demonstrate the feasibility of Synroc production on a commercial scale (10 kg/hr) with simulated Purex liquid HLW. Since commissioning of the SDP in 1987, over 6000 kg of Synroc has been fabricated with a range of feeds and waste loadings. The SDP utilises uniaxial hot-pressing to consolidate Synroc. Pressureless sintering and hot-isostatic pressing have also been studied at smaller scales. The results of this extensive process development have been incorporated in a conceptual design for a radioactive plant to condition HLW from a reprocessing plant with a capacity to treat 800 tpa of spent LWR fuel. Synroic containing TRU, including Pu, and fission products has been fabricated and characterised in a glove-box facility and hot cells, respectively. The extensive experience in processing of Synroc over the past 15 years is summarised and its relevance to immobilization of surplus plutonium is discussed.
Optics and Photonics: Key Enabling Technologies (2012)

The fields of optics and photonics have experienced dramatic technical advances over the past several decades and have cemented themselves as key enabling technologies across many different industries. This paper explores past milestones, present state of the art, and future perspectives of several different topics, including: lasers, materials, devices, communications, bioimaging, displays, manufacturing, and industry evolution.
24 GHz On-Chip Antennas and Balun on Bulk Si for Air Transmission (2008)

The conditions are investigated under which standard digital bulk Si technology can yield efficient on-chip antennas and baluns for fully differential transmitter and receiver implementations. The effects of the IC material properties and the antenna geometry on radiation and impedance characteristics have been studied. 24 GHz on-chip antennas on lossy Si have been successfully demonstrated, using a standard IC fabrication compatible Cu process. The fabricated antennas demonstrate a gain ranging from 8- to - 10.5 dBi, which is to the best of the author's knowledge, the highest gain reported for antennas in a 10 Omega-cm Si substrate to date.
Interrelationship Between Critical Cement Properties and Volume Changes During Cement Setting (1991)

Summary This paper surveys cementing terminology for clarifying cement setting and its capability to control interzonal fluid flow. It also demonstrates the results of several test procedures designed to measure two or more cement properties simultaneously under conditions that simulate job applications. These procedures test the validity of theories and procedures for controlling annular gas flow, cement bonding, interzonal channeling, and intrazone isolation. From these results, guidelines may be developed for using laboratory data to determine times for temperature logs, perforating, and stimulation treatments. Existing laboratory equipment was modified and new equipment was designed to measure the interrelationships between static-gel-strength development, volume reductions, hydration temperatures, permeability changes, net plastic-state shrinkage, and compressive strength. Test results indicated that (1) hydration volume reduction (HVR) during the transition period is relatively small and shows a general correlation to unit volume cement content; (2) temperature increases from hydration show a rough correlation to static-gel-strength development; (3) permeability during static-gel-strength development decreases rapidly and shows a definite correlation to fluid-loss test values; (4) plastic-state shrinkage is only a very small part of the total HVR; (5) a general correlation exists between compressive strength, HVR, and heat of hydration; (6) the HVR for an expansive cement was greater than that of a nonexpansive cement, but its plastic-state shrinkage was less.
Testing context-sensitive middleware-based software applications (2004)

Context-sensitive middleware-based software is an emerging kind of ubiquitous computing application. The components of such software communicate proactively among themselves according to the situational attributes of their environments, known as the "contexts". The actual process of accessing and updating the contexts lies with the middleware. The latter invokes the relevant local and remote operations whenever any context inscribed in the situation-aware interface is satisfied. Since the applications operate in a highly dynamic environment, the testing of context-sensitive software is challenging. Metamorphic testing is a property-based testing strategy. It recommends that, even if a test case does not reveal any failure, follow-up test cases should be further constructed from the original to check whether the software satisfies some necessary conditions of the problem to be implemented. This work proposes to use isotropic properties of contexts as metamorphic relations for testing context-sensitive software. For instance, distinct points on the same isotropic curve of contexts would entail comparable responses by the components. This notion of testing context relations is novel, robust, and intuitive to users.
Radiological and Functional Assessment of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in the Rat (1998)

The purpose of this study is to develop an experimental model to measure localized radiation-induced lung injury using multiple end-points including breathing frequency, high-resolution computed tomography (CT), and radionuclide perfusion. The rats were anesthetized and the right lung irradiated with a single dose of 18 Gy using 200-kVp x-rays. The lung function of the animals was measured every 2 weeks after irradiation with the breathing rate assay. CT scanning and radionuclide lung perfusion assay were performed prior to and 2, 4, 10, 16, and 34 weeks after irradiation. Significant elevation in breathing rate occurred after 16 weeks, with a maximal increase between 22 and 28 weeks. An increase in the right lung density started 4 weeks after irradiation. Regional measurements indicated a relatively uniform increase in density at 4 and 10 weeks, while foci of high-density areas were observed at the later time points. Changes in rat lung volume indicated shrinkage of the irradiated right lung and accompanying compensatory hypertrophy of the shielded left lung. Radionuclide perfusion assay showed significant decrease in relative blood flow in the irradiated right lung 4 weeks after hemithoracic irradiation. Changes in breathing rate provide an index of overall lung function while changes in lung density, volume, and perfusion are of particular importance for evaluating loco-regional differences in lung sensitivity. This study is the first demonstration that CT can be used to measure volume changes after thoracic irradiation in rats.
TACItly changing tunes: farewell to a yin and yang of BAFF receptor and TACI in humoral immunity? (2005)

In this review we will discuss recent progress made in the understanding of the BAFF/APRIL-TACI/BCMA/BAFF receptor system in relation to the recent discovery that mutations in human TACI cause a primary humoral immunodeficiency. This suggests a refined role for TACI in human B-cell biology.
Channel capacity enhancement by polarization and pattern of access point antenna in indoor MIMO systems (2008)

Under the various conditions such as the positional changes of AP and UT, aspect ratio of the room size, and radiation pattern of UT, we evaluated the channel capacity which depends on AP antenna configuration in indoor MIMO systems by the ray-tracing simulation. As a result, when radiation pattern of UT is isotropic, channel capacity enhancement by directional antennas and orthogonal polarization at the AP was confirmed, and we showed that this improvement was related to the spatial correlation at the AP and received power. This was also verified for the different aspect ratio of the room size. On the other hand, when radiation pattern of UT is considered, the channel capacity enhancement by directional antennas was also confirmed. The discussion for an optimum radiation pattern of UT to make best use of orthogonal polarization is left for the future problem.