gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping critical sites in collagen II for rational design of gene-engineered proteins for cell-supporting materials (2001)

Collagen II is the most abundant protein of cartilage and forms a network of fibrils extended by proteoglycans that enables cartilage to resist pressure. The surface of the collagen fibril serves as a platform for the attachment of collagen IX, growth factors, and cells. In this study we examined the mechanism of the interaction of chondrocytes with recombinant versions of procollagen II, in which one of the four blocks of 234 amino acids that define repeating D periods of the collagen triple helix has been deleted. Analysis of the attachment of chondrocytes to collagen II variants with deleted D periods indicated that the collagen II monomer contains randomly distributed sites critical for cell binding. However, as was shown by spreading and migration assays, the D4 period, which is between residues 703 to 936, contains amino acids critical for cell motility. We also showed that binding, spreading, and migration of chondrocytes through three-dimensional nanofibrillar collagenous matrices are controlled by an interaction of the collagen triple helix with beta1 integrins. The results of this study provide a basis for the rational design of a scaffold containing genetically engineered collagen with a high density of specific sites of interaction.
A study on the number of memory ports in multiple instruction issue machines (1993)

One of the key design concerns of multiple instruction issue (MII) processors is deciding how many memory ports need to be provided, considering performance and efficiency of the target processor. For an MII processor that exploits instruction-level parallelism (ILP) in non-numerical code, this decision is difficult to make due to its irregularity. The authors perform an empirical study aimed at characterizing a suitable MII organization that best exploits irregular ILP. The study is based on the selective scheduling compiler that performs precise memory disambiguation for concurrent execution of multiple memory operations, along with renaming, speculation, and software pipelining. The result indicates that a small number of memory ports (i.e. less than half of the issue rate) is enough for exploiting most of irregular ILP. The authors also examine related issues such as the utilization of memory ports and additional data cache misses caused by speculative loads. >
Multisignal modeling for diagnosis, FMECA, and reliability (2002)

Multisignal modeling methodology is a simple and efficient knowledge representation scheme that captures the basic attributes of a system (structure, specifications, etc.) that are obtainable from design data and product specifications. QSI's TEAMS toolset employs multisignal modeling for testability analysis, test program set development, onboard monitoring and ground support systems. We outline the modeling methodology, its use in related areas of reliability analysis and failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), and our efforts in building a reusable test and model library.
Integrated text detection and recognition in natural images (2012)

Text detection and recognition in natural images have conventionally been seen in the prior art as autonomous tasks executed in a strictly sequential processing chain with limited information sharing between sub-systems. This approach is flawed because it introduces (1) redundancy in extracting the same text properties multiple times and (2) error by prohibiting verification of hard (often binarized) detection results at later stages. We explore the possibilities for integration of detection and recognition modules by a feedforward multidimensional information stream. Integration involves suitable characterization of the text string at detection and application of the knowledge to ease recognition by a given OCR system. The choice of characterization properties generally depends on the OCR system, although some of them have proven universally applicable. We show that the proposed integration measures enable more robust recognition of text in complex, unconstrained natural environments. Specifically, integration by the proposed measures (1) eliminates textual input irregularities that recognition engines cannot handle and (2) adaptively tunes the recognition stage for each input image. The former function boosts correct detections, while the latter mainly reduces the number of false positives. Our validation experiments on a set of low-quality natural images show that adaptively tuning the OCR stage to the typical text-to-background transitions in the input image (gradient significance profiling) allows to attain an improvement of 29% in the precision-recall performance, mostly through boosting precision.
Spectroscopic metrics allow in situ measurement of mean size and thickness of liquid-exfoliated few-layer graphene nanosheets (2016)

Liquid phase exfoliation is a powerful and scalable technique to produce defect-free mono- and few-layer graphene. However, samples are typically polydisperse and control over size and thickness is challenging. Notably, high throughput techniques to measure size and thickness are lacking. In this work, we have measured the extinction, absorption, scattering and Raman spectra for liquid phase exfoliated graphene nanosheets of various lateral sizes (90 ≤ 〈L〉 ≤ 810 nm) and thicknesses (2.7 ≤ 〈N〉 ≤ 10.4). We found all spectra to show well-defined dependences on nanosheet dimensions. Measurements of extinction and absorption spectra of nanosheet dispersions showed both peak position and spectral shape to vary with nanosheet thickness in a manner consistent with theoretical calculations. This allows the development of empirical metrics to extract the mean thickness of liquid dispersed nanosheets from an extinction (or absorption) spectrum. While the scattering spectra depended on nanosheet length, poor signal to noise ratios made the resultant length metric unreliable. By analyzing Raman spectra measured on graphene nanosheet networks, we found both the D/G intensity ratio and the width of the G-band to scale with mean nanosheet length allowing us to establish quantitative relationships. In addition, we elucidate the variation of 2D/G band intensities and 2D-band shape with the mean nanosheet thickness, allowing us to establish quantitative metrics for mean nanosheet thickness from Raman spectra.
Polymer Brushes by Living Anionic Surface Initiated Polymerization on Flat Silicon (SiO<i><sub>x</sub></i>) and Gold Surfaces:  Homopolymers and Block Copolymers (2002)

The formation of homopolymer and block copolymer brushes grafted from Au and Si (SiOx) surfaces via living anionic surface-initiated polymerization (LASIP) is described. The initiator precursor 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) was functionalized with alkylsilane or alkylthiol and grafted onto planar Si wafer and Au surfaces, respectively, by self-assembled monolayer techniques. n-BuLi was used to activate the DPE initiator for anionic polymerization of monomers at the interface. A high-vacuum reactor was used for polymerization at surfaces under anhydrous solution conditions. By a careful sequence of monomer introduction, reaction, and termination, homopolymer and block copolymer tethered polymer brushes were obtained. The grafted polymer chains were investigated using surface sensitive techniques such as ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface plasmon spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The importance of activation of the grafted initiator, control of polymerization conditions, and removal of excess BuLi is emphasized. Interesting differences in morphology, thickness, grafting density, and polymerization conditions contrast LASIP from solution and other surface-initiated polymerization mechanisms. The formation of block copolymer sequences highlights the unique utility of a living anionic polymerization technique on surfaces.
Dual-fiber laser doppler velocimeter and its application to the measurements of coronary blood velocity (1988)

To obtain a smaller sample volume and a suitable sample position for the measurement of blood velocity, we fabricated a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) with a dual-fiber pickup. The two fibers (clad: 62.5 micron and core: 50 micron) were placed side by side. An He-Ne laser was introduced into the blood through one fiber and the backscattered light was collected by the other fiber. The Doppler signal was analyzed by a spectrum analyzer. The spectrum of the Doppler shift frequency showed a sharp peaked pattern for both forward and reverse flows and exhibited an excellent correlation with the known blood velocity. The blood velocity in the poststenotic portion of canine coronary artery was successfully measured by the dual-fiber LDV. These results indicate that the dual-fiber LDV is useful for measuring blood velocity accurately with a small sample volume even in disturbed flow fields.
Integrated “3+1” Oxorhenium(V) Complexes as Estrogen Mimics (1998)

The diagnosis and staging of breast cancer could be improved by the development of imaging radiopharmaceuticals that provide a noninvasive determination of the estrogen receptor (ER) status of tumor cells. Toward this goal, we have synthesized a number of integrated "3+1" oxorhenium(V) complexes designed to mimic estradiol and a class of nonsteroidal estrogens, the tetrahydrochrysenes (THC). The monodentate component of the estradiol mimic is a p-hydroxyphenethyl thiol ligand with ethyl substituents at the benzylic and homobenzylic positions. Model complexes of this ligand were easily made, but steric hindrance of the secondary thiol prevented the formation of the complex with the disubstituted ligand. The three "3+1" oxorhenium(V) complexes prepared to mimic the THC class mimics represent the first pyridinedithiol rhenium complexes of their kind to be made. These complexes are quite stable to air and moisture. The target tridentate ligand was prepared from chelidamic acid, and the VT NMR of the rhenium complex displays interesting fluxional behavior. The binding affinities of these complexes for the estrogen receptor are low, and their lipophilicities are rather high. Nevertheless, our findings provide a further refinement of our understanding of ligand structure-binding affinity correlations for the estrogen receptor.
Tweaking the Human Circadian Clock with Light (1998)

The human body contains a clock, located in the brain, that controls the timing of functions such as sleep and body temperature. This clock can be reset by light shining on the eyes so that when days grow longer or shorter, human physiology will adapt appropriately. Now, in a report in the same issue,
 Campbell and Murphy
 show that the light signal to reset the clock can be applied by another route, through the skin on the back of the knees. In their commentary, Oren and Terman discuss the ways in which this unexpected mechanism may work and how this finding could affect the way depressed patients are treated with light.
Ecological and Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Agricultural Intensification in the West African Savannas: Evidence from Northern Nigeria (2005)

ABSTRACT Agricultural intensification in West Africa is at an early stage and the process is taking place through various pathways. Population pressure and market access are generally considered as major factors driving intensification and crop-livestock interaction. In this paper both ecology and economic factors and their interactions are hypothesized as driving forces in intensification and crop-livestock interaction. Analyses of a survey involving farming households in Nigeria confirm the hypothesis and show that the degree of intensification is higher in the Sudan savanna than the Northern Guinea savanna. Intensification is occurring mostly through higher land and labor use intensity, higher livestock stocking rates and application of more manure per hectare. It is concluded that policies to enhance market access will facilitate the process and that different technological options need to be pursued in the two agroecological zones to facilitate intensification.
Gastric cytoprotection by epidermal growth factor. Role of endogenous prostaglandins and DNA synthesis. (1981)

Abstract This study was designed to compare the gastric cytoprotective effects of epidermal growth factor and prostaglandin E 2 and I 2 in rats and cats treated with aspirin and i.v. histamine or intragastric instillation of HCl solution to develop gastric mucosal lesions. Epidermal growth factor given in nonantisecretory doses prevented dose-dependent aspirin-induced gastric ulcers, and this effect was similar to that obtained with nonantisecretory doses of prostaglandin E 2 or prostaglandin I 2 infused alone or in combination with aspirin did not affect the generation of mucosal prostaglandins, suggesting that its cytoprotective effect was not mediated by mucosal prostaglandins. The formation of aspirin-induced ulcers resulted in a significant reduction in DNA synthesis, and this was brought back to normal levels by the administration of epidermal grow factor or prostaglandins given in nonantisecretory cytoprotective doses. We conclude that epidermal growth factor is capable of protecting gastric mucosa against chemical injury caused by aspirin and this protective action is accompanied by a stimulation of DNA synthesis probably as the consequence of tissue preservation by this agent.
Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease (1992)

Objective-To evaluate longitudinal changes in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men with and without prostate disease.Design-Case-control study of men with and without prostate disease who were participants in a prospective aging study.
Acetylcholine Sensor Based on Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor and Acetylcholine Receptor (1987)

Abstract A new type of acetylcholine sensor was made with an Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) and acetylcholine receptor. The acetylcholine receptor was fixed on a polyvinylbutyral membrane which covered the ISFET gate. When acetylcholine was injected into this system, the differential gate output voltage gradually Shifted to the positive side and reached a constant value. This response was due to the positive charge of acetylcholine. A linear relationship was obtained between the initial rate of the differential gate output voltage change and the logarithmic value of the acetylcholine concentration. Acetylcholine was fixed in the range 0.1-10μM. When the acetylcholine receptor was immobilized with the lipid membrane, the response was amplified with both the positive charge of acetylcholine and sodium ion flux through the acetylcholine receptor's channel. Therefore, the difference in the differential voltage between the acetylcholine receptor-ISFET systems with and without the lipid membrane was caused by sodium ion flux through the acetylcholine receptor's channel.
An Evaluation of Several Wind Turbine Trailing-Edge Aerodynamic Brakes (1996)

An investigation was undertaken to identify the aerodynamic performance of five separate trailing-edge control devices and to evaluate their potential for wind turbine overspeed control applications. A modular two-dimensional wind tunnel model was constructed and aerodynamic performance data were acquired. To further interpret their potential, the controls were evaluated using a performance analysis computer program and a generic wind turbine geometry. On the basis of the investigation results, the Spoiler-Flap control configuration was deemed best suited for turbine braking applications. This particular control exhibited a good suction coefficient behavior over a broad angle-of-attack range and good turbine braking capabilities, especially at low tip-speed ratios.
SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOUR OF POLYSTYRENE WITH DIFFERENT END GROUP BY ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION (2010)

In this work, two different initiators were first synthesized by reaction of bromoacetylchloride with piperazine and 1-methyl piperazine in presence of sodium carbonate. The initiators prepared were used for the synthesis of polystyrene with bromine chain end via atom transfer radical polymerization. The polystyrenes with bromine chain end synthesized with initiators such as N,N&#039;-di(bromoasetyl) piperazine ve N-methyl-N&#039;-(bromoasetyl) piperazine were used as macroinitiator. The kinetic of the ATRP of styrene with CuBr/2,2&#039;-bipyridine and N-bromoacetyl as catalyst and initiators, respectively, was investigated at 130oC. The thermal behaviour of polymers was determined by DSC and TGA. The thermal degradation behavior of polystyrene prepared by ATRP was studied using thermogravimetry and a special degradation system with a single line vacuum system consisting of degradation tube with a condenser for product collection and a liquid nitrogen trap (-196oC). For this purpose, polystyrene prepared under ATRP conditions was heated from ambient temperature to 500oC. The products of degradation were collected at two different fractions, which are cold ring fraction (CRF) and volatile liquid fraction trapped at –196oC. The products were characterized by GC-MS, IR, 1H-NMR techniques. In this work, the most important products are given as styrene, dimer and trimer of styrene.
Chlordane, Chlorobromopropene, and Hexachlorocyclopentadiene for Pre-Emergence Control of Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) and Other Annual Grasses (1954)

C. Dean Dybing, Jess L. Fults, Roger M. Blouch, Chlordane, Chlorobromopropene, and Hexachlorocyclopentadiene for Pre-Emergence Control of Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) and Other Annual Grasses, Weeds, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Oct., 1954), pp. 377-386
Basal Ganglia Circuits as Targets for Neuromodulation in Parkinson Disease (2015)

Deep brain stimulation is now the treatment of choice for many patients with advanced PD and other movement disorders. The success of DBS and other forms of neuromodulation for neuropsychiatric disorders is the result of the ability to modulate circuit activity in discrete functional domains within the basal ganglia circuitry with highly focused interventions, which spare uninvolved areas that are often disrupted with drugs.
기혼직장여성의 일-가정 갈등이 심리적 웰빙에 미치는 영향 -가족건강성의 매개효과 중심으로- (2018)

본 연구는 일-가정 갈등과 심리적 웰빙, 그리고 가족건강성의 매개효과에 관하여 체계적으로 분석하여 유의미한 연구결과를 제시하였다.
첫째, 기혼직장여성의 삶의 영역은 가정과 직장에 공존하고 있으며, 가정과 직장에서 일-가정 업무의 갈등요소를 완화하는 가정환경 및 기업환경을 혁신적으로 조성하여 실천할 경우 가정과 기업 조직에 가져올 수 있는 이점의 근거를...
Insulin resistance : a universal finding in diabetic states (1981)

The mechanisms contributing to the impairment in glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and diabetic ketoacidosis are summarized in Table 2. Impaired insulin secretion is characteristic of patients with IDD and DKA. In contrast, insulin secretion in NIDD may be normal, increased, or decreased. Peripheral tissue resistance to the action of insulin is present in all three diabetic conditions; it is moderate in NIDD and IDD and severe in DKA. Basal hepatic glucose production in NIDD and IDD can be either normal or increased, and correlates closely with the fasting plasma glucose concentration. In DKA, HGP is elevated. Suppression of HGP by insulin is normal in NIDD and IDD but severely impaired in DKA. Hepatic glucose uptake following oral glucose is decreased in NIDD; hepatic uptake of ingested glucose has not been examined in IDD and DKA.
Cognate peptides induce self-destruction of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes. (1990)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been shown to be relatively resistant to cytolytic attack by other CTLs. We show here, however, that cloned CTLs, in the absence of other cells, are destroyed by exposure to their cognate peptides (defined as those that in association with major histocompatibility complex proteins are recognized by the antigen-specific receptor of the T cell). Destruction is proportional to peptide concentration and can be prevented by a second peptide that competes with the cognate peptide for presentation by the class I major histocompatibility complex proteins of the CTLs. The speed and extent of peptide-induced changes in the appearance of CTLs suggest that the destruction may be due primarily to self-recognition and self-destruction of individual CTLs (suicide) rather than to the destruction of some CTLs by others of the same clone in the same culture (fratricide). This effect may also take place in vivo because the appropriately timed injection of a cognate peptide into ovalbumin-immunized mice appeared to deplete their spleens of primed anti-ovalbumin CTLs. The results point to a possible physiologic mechanism for postthymic elimination of cytolytic T cells that recognize their own peptides in association with their own major histocompatibility complex protein. The results also raise the possibility that cognate peptides might eventually prove therapeutically useful for eliminating CTL clones that cause pathological cell destruction, as in some autoimmune diseases and some viral infections.
A neural-net-based device for monitoring amtrak railroad track system (2003)

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of employing artificially intelligent automation for the task of monitoring the Amtrak railroad track system in a real-time transportation environment. The neural-net-based device (automation) processes several quantities that portray the localized existence of the Amtrak system. These quantities may be one or more of the following: location of the switch on the railroad track; time of observation; and the direction of travel. Given these quantities, it is desired that the state of the system, (which can only belong to one of several distinct categories) be predicted as outputs of the automation. Possible outputs are conditions classified as NORMAL, NOT NORMAL , REVERSE, and NOT REVERSE . Implicit in the choice of a configuration of inputs and outputs is the hypothesis of the existence of a multivariable mapping connecting these inputs and outputs-a mapping that hopefully coincides with the real-world dynamics of the railroad track. The neural-net-based device is tested on a specific, already-in-place transportation control system-the Centralized Electrification & Traffic Control (CETC) system operated by Amtrak on the northeast corridor. The CETC is chosen because of the clear value which such an operational safety and security monitor would bring to it. The test results obtained in this paper confirm that artificial neural networks can be effectively used to solve the pattern recognition problem posed by the Amtrak system. To the best of the author's knowledge, no similar work is outstanding, planned, or anticipated at this time.
LQT1 mutations in KCNQ1 C-terminus assembly domain suppress IKs using different mechanisms (2014)

Distinct LQT1 mutations in KCNQ1 assembly domain decrease IKs using unique combinations of biophysical and trafficking mechanisms. Functional deficits in IKs observed in heterologous cells are mostly, but not completely, recapitulated in adult rat cardiomyocytes. A 'methodological chain' combining approaches in heterologous cells and cardiomyocytes provides mechanistic insights that may help advance personalized therapy for LQT1 mutations.
AMP‐activated protein kinase and cancer (2009)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that is conserved in eukaryotes. Elevated AMP/ATP ratio activates AMPK, which inhibits energy-consuming processes and activates energy-producing processes to restore the energy homeostasis inside the cell. AMPK activators, metformin and thiazolidinediones, are used for the treatment of type II diabetes. Recently, reports have indicated that AMPK may also be a beneficial target for cancer treatment. Cancer cells have characteristic metabolic changes different from normal cells and, being a key metabolic regulator, AMPK may regulate the switch. AMPK may act to inhibit tumorigenesis through regulation of cell growth, cell proliferation, autophagy, stress responses and cell polarity.