gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>ISO 20462: a psychophysical image quality measurement standard</title> (2003)

ISO 20462, a three-part standard entitled “Psychophysical experimental methods to estimate image quality,” is being developed by WG18 (Electronic Still Picture Imaging) of TC42 (Photography). As of late 2003, all three parts were in the Draft International Standard (DIS) ballot stage, with publication likely during 2004. This standard describes two novel perceptual methods, the triplet comparison technique and the quality ruler, that yield results calibrated in just noticeable differences (JNDs). Part 1, “Overview of psychophysical elements,” discusses specifications regarding observers, test stimuli, instructions, viewing conditions, data analysis, and reporting of results. Part 2, “Triplet comparison method,” describes a technique involving simultaneous five-point scaling of sets of three stimuli at a time, arranged so that all possible pairs of stimuli are compared exactly once. Part 3, “Quality ruler method,” describes a real-time technique optimized for obtaining assessments over a wider range of image quality. A single ruler is a series of ordered reference stimuli depicting a common scene but differing in a single perceptual attribute. Methods for generating quality ruler stimuli of known JND separation through modulation transfer function (MTF) variation are provided. Part 3 also defines a unique absolute Standard Quality Scale (SQS) of quality with one unit equal to one JND. Standard Reference Stimuli (SRS) prints calibrated against this new scale will be made available through the International Imaging Industry Association.
AlGaAs/GaInP heterojunction tunnel diode for cascade solar cell application (1993)

A p+-AlGaAs/n+-GaInP heterojunction tunnel diode with band gap Eg≊1.9 eV was fabricated by the atomic layer epitaxy growth. Doping levels of 1×1020 cm−3 and 5×1019 cm−3 were achieved in the p and n side of the diode using carbon and selenium, respectively. The diode can be used to interconnect the high and low band-gap cells in the AlGaAs/GaAs cascade solar cell structure. For forward current of 20 A/cm2, which is the expected current density at 1000 suns operation, there is only ∼20 mV voltage drop across the tunnel junction. When annealed at 650 and 750 °C to simulate the growth of the top cell, the diode was still suitable for 1000 suns operation. This is the first reported tunnel diode fabricated in high band-gap material systems that can be used as the connecting junction in the cascade solar cell structure operating at 1000 suns.
Calcium channel blockers and Alzheimer's disease. (2012)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by two pathological hallmarks: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In addition, calcium homeostasis is disrupted in the course of human aging. Recent research shows that dense plaques can cause functional alteration of calcium signals in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Calcium channel blockers are effective therapeutics for treating Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the current research of calcium channel blockers involved in Alzheimer's disease therapy.
Convergent Assembly and Surface Modification of Multifunctional Dendrimers by Three Consecutive Click Reactions (2010)

Multifunctional dendrimers bearing two or more surface functionalities have the promise to provide smart drug delivery devices that can for example combine tissue targeting and imaging or be directed more precisely to a specific tissue or cell type. We have developed a concise synthetic methodology for efficient dendrimer assembly and heterobifunctionalization based on three sequential azide-alkyne cycloadditions. The methodology is compatible with biologically important compounds rich in chemical functionalities such as peptides, carbohydrates, and fluorescent tags. In the approach, a strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) between polyester dendrons modified at the focal point with an azido and 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO) moiety provided dendrimers bearing terminal and TMS-protected (TMS=trimethylsilyl) alkynes at the periphery. The terminal alkynes were outfitted with azido-modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains or galactosyl residues by using Cu(I) -catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC). Next, a one-pot TMS deprotection and second click reaction of the resulting terminal alkyne with azido-containing compounds gave multifunctional dendrimers bearing complex biologically active moieties at the periphery.
Correction: Immunization with SARS Coronavirus Vaccines Leads to Pulmonary Immunopathology on Challenge with the SARS Virus (2012)

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in China in 2002 and spread to other countries before brought under control. Because of a concern for reemergence or a deliberate release of the SARS coronavirus, vaccine development was initiated. Evaluations of an inactivated whole virus vaccine in ferrets and nonhuman primates and a viruslike-particle vaccine in mice induced protection against infection but challenged animals exhibited an immunopathologictype lung disease.
High fat diet blunts the effects of leptin on ventilation and on carotid body activity (2017)

Leptin plays a role in the control of breathing, acting mainly on central nervous system structures. Leptin receptors are expressed in the carotid body (CB) and this finding has been associated with a putative physiological role of leptin in the regulation of CB function. Since, the CBs are implicated in energy metabolism, here we tested the effects of different concentrations of leptin administration on ventilatory parameters and on carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activity in control and high-fat (HF) diet fed rats, in order to clarify the role of leptin in ventilation control in metabolic disease states. We also investigated the expression of leptin receptors and the neurotransmitters involved in leptin signalling in the CBs. We found that in non-disease conditions, leptin increases minute ventilation in both basal and hypoxic conditions. However, in the HF model, the effect of leptin in ventilatory control is blunted. We also observed that HF rats display an increased frequency of CSN discharge in basal conditions that is not altered by leptin, in contrast to what is observed in control animals. Leptin did not modify intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> in CB chemoreceptor cells, but it produced an increase in the release of adenosine from the whole CB. We conclude that CBs represent an important target for leptin signalling, not only to coordinate peripheral ventilatory chemoreflexive drive, but probably also to modulate metabolic variables. We also concluded that leptin signalling is mediated by adenosine release and that HF diets blunt leptin responses in the CB, compromising ventilatory adaptation.
Pigment Production from Immobilized <i>Monascus</i> sp. Utilizing Polymeric Resin Adsorption (1984)

Pigment production by the fungus Monascus sp. was studied to determine why Monascus sp. provides more pigment in solid culture than in submerged culture. Adding a sterilized nonionic polymeric adsorbent resin directly to the growing submerged culture did not enhance the pigment production, thus indicating that pigment extraction is probably not a factor. Monascus cells immobilized in hydrogel were studied and exhibited decreased pigment production as a result of immobilization. This result is thought to be due to diffusional resistance of the pigment through the hydrogel beads. Addition of the adsorbent resin to the immobilized Monascus culture increased both the maximum pigment yield and the production rate above those of the free-cell fermentations. The provision of a support for the mycelium may explain enhanced pigment production by the solid-state culture. These results indicate that product diffusion from immobilized cell systems can be the limiting factor and that in situ extraction is one possible way to circumvent this problem.
A Survey of Different Approaches for Overcoming the Processor - Memory Bottleneck (2017)

The growing rate of technology improvements has caused dramatic advances in processor performances, causing significant speed-up of processor working frequency and increased amount of instructions which can be processed in parallel. The given development of processor's technology has brought performance improvements in computer systems, but not for all the types of applications. The reason for this resides in the well known Von-Neumann bottleneck problem which occurs during the communication between the processor and the main memory into a standard processor-centric system. This problem has been reviewed by many scientists, which proposed different approaches for improving the memory bandwidth and latency. This paper provides a brief review of these techniques and also gives a deep analysis of various memorycentric systems that implement different approaches of merging or placing the memory near to the processing elements. Within this analysis we discuss the advantages, disadvantages and the application (purpose) of several well-known memory-centric systems.
High-gain, low-noise avalanche photodiodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy (2015)

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are important components in short-wave and mid-wave infrared detection systems (imaging, laser radar, communications, etc.) because their internal gain can improve receiver sensitivity and enables the detection of weak photon fluxes. In the mid-infrared, HgCdTe APDs represent the current state-of-the-art; at liquid nitrogen temperatures, advanced devices offer excellent low noise characteristics, multiplication gains of > 1000, and excellent dark currents. However, challenges associated with the growth and fabrication of II-VI compounds has motivated the search for alternative APD materials. InAs APDs, which offer a cutoff wavelength of 3-3.5 μm, have recently been found to exhibit gain and noise characteristics similar to HgCdTe APDs. These characteristics, in addition to the inherent compositional uniformity, stability at temperatures in excess of 500 °C, and potential availability from commercial III-V foundries, make InAs APDs attractive for a variety of applications in the short-wave and mid-wave infrared, including free-space optical communications, chalcogenide fiber-optics, gas detection and monitoring, thermal imaging, and 3D laser detection and ranging (LIDAR). However, the performance of state-of-the-art InAs APDs has thus-far been limited by excessive dark current and unintentional background doping concentrations, which restrict the practical operating temperatures and limit the achievable multiplication gain. In this dissertation, we describe advances made in the design, growth and fabrication of low-noise InAs APDs that resulted in reduced dark currents and background doping, culminating in record high multiplication gains in excess of 300 while maintaining extremely low-noise operation. In addition, we explore one promising approach for extending the cutoff wavelength of these devices, namely the incorporation of dilute amounts of bismuth (Bi) into InAs, resulting in the highly-mismatched alloy InAsBi. Finally, we report, for the first time, on the development of novel AlInAsSb staircase APDs, which are predicted to provide further enhanced gain and noise characteristics over bulk InAs APDs through application of the staircase APD concept, first proposed by Capasso et al.
Evolving Web Service Applications Using UML and OWL-S (2007)

Web service provides a way to satisfy time-to-market and quality need by reusing services and building applications. Dynamic evolution offers flexibility so that software can adapt to unforeseen and fluctuating business requirements. OWL-S, based on OWL, is a service ontology language. The semantics provided by OWL-S support automation of service discovery, invocation, and service composition. In this paper we propose a framework to support dynamic evolution of Web applications based on semantic web service. This framework proposes a method to consider Web service features and to derive service description from use- case model. A prototype is implemented to show the validity of this framework.
FASTBUS Dual-Port Memory and Display Diagnostic Module (1987)

A dual-port FASTBUS memory module has been designed as a diagnostic tool for both Crate and Cable Segments.
Urinary acidification in the prevention and treatment of feline struvite urolithiasis (1984)

Two groups of 12 cats were fed ad libitum an experimental dry expanded ration high in magnesium (0.37%, dry matter basis) and similar to most commercial dry cat foods in all other nutrients. The diet of one of the groups contained 1.5% ammonium chloride, which was added to the diet before processing. Urethral obstruction developed twice in 7 of the 12 cats fed the ration without ammonium chloride. Of the 5 remaining cats in that group, 2 had calculi in the urinary bladder and urethra at necropsy. In contrast, only 2 of the 12 cats fed the ration containing ammonium chloride had urethral blockage once; neither cat had another blockage. Both cats had been catheterized twice as paired controls before urethral obstruction. One of these 2 cats died from a urinary tract infection apparently introduced through the indwelling catheter, and at necropsy there were 2 small calculi in the urethra. At the end of the study, only 1 other cat fed the ammonium chloride diet had a calculus in the urinary bladder at necropsy; this cat had not had a urethral obstruction throughout the study. After each cat had 2 urethral blockages, its diet was changed. Four cats were fed the ration containing ammonium chloride and 3, a dry, commercial ration. Of the 4 cats fed the diet containing ammonium chloride, none developed another urethral obstruction within 6 months, and at necropsy, no calculi were in the urinary bladder or urethra. Two of the 3 cats fed the commercial ration experienced urethral blockage within 3 months. These 2 cats were then fed the diet containing ammonium chloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Genetic structure and function of an early transcript of visna virus (1988)

During the early step of the lytic cycle, visna provirus is first transcribed into two small multispliced mRNAs of 1.6 and 1.2 kilobases which may encode factors regulating the replication of visna virus (R. Vigne, V. Barban, G. Quérat, V. Mazarin, I. Gourdou, and N. Sauze, Virology 161:218-227, 1987). By cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequencing, we determined that the 1.2-kilobase mRNA is 1,174 nucleotides long without the 3'-polyadenylated tail and is composed of four exons, two of which originated from the 5' and 3' ends, respectively, of the env gene region. Two overlapping open reading frames are present in each of these two exons. They were translated in vitro and gave rise to three proteins, two of 19 and 17 kilodaltons, termed VEP1, and one of 16.5 kilodaltons, termed STM. Only the VEP1 proteins were recognized by a hyperimmune anti-visna virus serum of infected sheep. Transient-expression assays performed in eucaryotic cells demonstrated that the cDNA clone described here has a trans-acting effect on transcription of the visna virus genes.
Maintaining Architecture-Implementation Conformance to Support Architecture Centrality (2018)

Architecture-centric development addresses the increasing complexity and variability of software systems by focusing on architectural models, which are generally easier to understand and manipulate than source code. It requires a mechanism that can maintain architecture-implementation conformance during architectural development and evolution. The challenge is twofold. There is an abstraction gap between software architecture and implementation, and both may evolve. Existing approaches are deficient in support for both change mapping and product line architecture. This article presents a novel approach named 1.x-way mapping and its extension, 1.x-line mapping to support architecture-implementation mapping in single system development and in product line development, respectively. They specifically address mapping architecture changes to code, maintaining variability conformance between product line architecture and code, and tracing architectural implementation. We built software tools named xMapper and xLineMapper to realize the two approaches, and conducted case studies with two existing open-source systems to evaluate the approaches. The result shows that our approaches are applicable to the implementation of a real software system and are capable of maintaining architecture-implementation conformance during system evolution.
SIGMA: A System for Integrative Genomic Microarray Analysis of Cancer Genomes (2006)

In this study we have developed an application for the visualization and analysis of data from high resolution array CGH platforms that can be adapted for analysis of multiple types of high throughput genomic datasets. Furthermore, we invite researchers using array CGH technology to deposit both their raw and processed data, as this will be a continually expanding database of cancer genomes. This publicly available resource, the System for Integrative Genomic Microarray Analysis (SIGMA) of cancer genomes, can be accessed at http://sigma.bccrc.ca.
Role of CD44 in the development of natural killer cells from precursors in long-term cultures of mouse bone marrow. (1994)

The role of the adhesion molecule CD44 in the development of NK cells was analyzed in a mouse long-term bone marrow culture system. After 4 wk of culture (day 0), recombinant human IL-2 was added and 13 days later the cells generated were shown to have substantial cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 and to be enriched for NK cells, as assessed for NK-1.1 phenotype by flow cytometric analysis. Physical separation between stroma and precursors partially inhibited proliferation and, consequently, a lower number of cytotoxic cells were produced. Similar results were obtained when an anti-CD44 mAb was added together with IL-2 at day 0. The disruption of hyaluronic acid (HA), one of the ligands of CD44, by hyaluronidase or the competition for the binding of CD44 by soluble HA added with IL-2 on day 0 inhibited both proliferation and development of cytotoxicity to a greater degree than did anti-CD44. These results indicate that interaction of CD44 with HA plays an important role in the development of pre-NK cells into cytotoxic effector cells.
A study on the electron transport properties of ZnON semiconductors with respect to the relative anion content (2016)

High-mobility zinc oxynitride (ZnON) semiconductors were grown by RF sputtering using a Zn metal target in a plasma mixture of Ar, N2, and O2 gas. The RF power and the O2 to N2 gas flow rates were systematically adjusted to prepare a set of ZnON films with different relative anion contents. The carrier density was found to be greatly affected by the anion composition, while the electron mobility is determined by a fairly complex mechanism. First-principles calculations indicate that excess vacant nitrogen sites (VN) in N-rich ZnON disrupt the local electron conduction paths, which may be restored by having oxygen anions inserted therein. The latter are anticipated to enhance the electron mobility, and the exact process parameters that induce such a phenomenon can only be found experimentally. Contour plots of the Hall mobility and carrier density with respect to the RF power and O2 to N2 gas flow rate ratio indicate the existence of an optimum region where maximum electron mobility is obtained. Using ZnON films grown under the optimum conditions, the fabrication of high-performance devices with field-effect mobility values exceeding 120 cm(2)/Vs is demonstrated based on simple reactive RF sputtering methods.
Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Affective Symptoms: A Review (2004)

Atypical antipsychotics have demonstrated beneficial effects on affective symptoms, in addition to antipsychotic activity. Consequently, their role in the treatment of bipolar disorder and treatment-resistant or psychotic depression has been explored. Adjunctive atypical antipsychotic therapy appears to benefit patients experiencing manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and some studies suggest that monotherapy may also be efficacious. Clinical studies of patients with schizoaffective disorder and major depression support the use of atypical antipsychotics to treat depression. This review focuses on risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone and provides evidence that these drugs demonstrate activity against manic episodes of bipolar disorder when used as adjunctive therapy and possibly as monotherapy and that depression in patients with schizoaffective disorder also responds to these agents.
Deviations in human gut microbiota: a novel diagnostic test for determining dysbiosis in patients with IBS or IBD (2015)

The GA-map Dysbiosis Test identifies and characterises dysbiosis in IBS and IBD patients, and provides insight into a patient's intestinal microbiota. Evaluating microbiota as a diagnostic strategy may allow monitoring of prescribed treatment regimens and improvement in new therapeutic approaches.
New PEGs for Peptide and Protein Modification, Suitable for Identification of the PEGylation Site (2001)

New PEG derivatives were studied for peptide and protein modification, based upon an amino acid arm, Met-Nle or Met-beta Ala, activated as succinimidyl ester. PEG-Met-Nle-OSu or PEG-Met-beta Ala-OSu react with amino groups in protein-yielding conjugates with stable amide bond. From these conjugates PEG may be removed by BrCN treatment, leaving Nle or beta Ala as reporter amino acid, at the site where PEG was bound. The conjugation of PEG and its removal by BrCN treatment was assessed on a partial sequence of glucagone and on lysozyme as model peptide or protein. Furthermore, insulin, a protein with three potential sites of PEGylation, was modified by PEG-Met-Nle, and the PEG isomers were separated by HPLC. After removal of PEG, as reported above, the sites of PEGylation were identified by characterization of the two insulin chains obtained after reduction and carboxymethylation. Mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis and Edman sequence, could reveal the position of the reporter norleucine that corresponds to the position of PEG binding.
Area efficient architectures for information integrity in cache memories (1999)

Information integrity in cache memories is a fundamental requirement for dependable computing. Conventional architectures for enhancing cache reliability using check codes make it difficult to trade between the level of data integrity and the chip area requirement. We focus on transient fault tolerance in primary cache memories and develop new architectural solutions, to maximize fault coverage when the budgeted silicon area is not sufficient for the conventional configuration of an error checking code. The underlying idea is to exploit the corollary of reference locality in the organization and management of the code. A higher protection priority is dynamically assigned to the portions of the cache that are more error-prone and have a higher probability of access. The error-prone likelihood prediction is based on the access frequency. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes using a trace-driven simulation combined with software error injection using four different fault manifestation models. From the simulation results, we show that for most benchmarks the proposed architectures are effective and area efficient for increasing the cache integrity under all four models.
Controlled, randomized study evaluating the effects of treating cellulite with AWT®/EPAT® (2010)

The study showed that the AWT/EPAT treatment using the D-ACTOR 200 appears to be a safe and effective treatment alternative for the temporary improvement in the appearance of cellulite.