gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review The role of the T cell in autoimmune inflammation (2005)

T cells, in particular CD4 + T cells, have been implicated in mediating many aspects of autoimmune inflammation. However, current evidence suggests that the role played by CD4 + T cells in the development of rheumatoid inflammation exceeds that of activated proinflammatory T-helper (Th)1 effector cells that drive the chronic autoimmune response. Subsets of CD4 + T cells with regulatory capacity, such as CD25 + regulatory T (Treg) cells and Th2 cells, have been identified, and recent observations suggest that in rheumatoid arthritis the function of these regulatory T cells is severely impaired. Thus, in rheumatoid arthritis, defective regulatory mechanisms might allow the breakdown of peripheral tolerance, after which the detrimental Th1-driven immune response evolves and proceeds to chronic inflammation. Here, we review the functional abnormalities and the contribution of different T cell subsets to rheumatoid inflammation.
Role of the Air-Water-Solid Interface in Bacteriophage Sorption Experiments (1998)

Batch sorption experiments were carried out with the bacteriophages MS2 and phi X174. Two types of reactor vessels, polypropylene and glass, were used. Consistently lower concentrations of MS2 were found in the liquid phase in the absence of soil (control blanks) than in the presence of soil after mixing. High levels of MS2 inactivation (approximately 99.9%) were observed in control tubes made of polypropylene (PP), with comparatively little loss of virus seen in PP tubes when soil was present. Minimal inactivation of MS2 was observed when the air-water interface was completely eliminated from PP control blanks during mixing. All batch experiments performed with reactor tubes made of glass demonstrated no substantial inactivation of MS2. In similar experiments, bacteriophage phi X174 did not undergo inactivation in either PP or glass control blanks, implying that this virus is not affected by the same factors which led to inactivation of MS2 in the PP control tubes. When possible, phage adsorption to soil was calculated by the Freundlich isotherm. Our data suggest that forces associated with the air-water-solid interface (where the solid is a hydrophobic surface) are responsible for inactivation of MS2 in the PP control tubes. The influence of air-water interfacial forces should be carefully considered when batch sorption experiments are conducted with certain viruses.
Engineering magnetism in semiconductors (2006)

Transition metal doped III-V, II-VI, and group IV compounds offer an unprecedented opportunity to explore ferromagnetism in semiconductors. Because ferromagnetic spin-spin interactions are mediated by holes in the valence band, changing the Fermi level using co-doping, electric fields, or light can directly manipulate the magnetic ordering. Moreover, engineering the Fermi level position by co-doping makes it possible to modify solubility and self-compensation limits, affecting magnetic characteristics in a number of surprising ways. The Fermi energy can even control the aggregation of magnetic ions, providing a new route to self-organization of magnetic nanostructures in a semiconductor host.
Vanadium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyanohydrin Synthesis (2000)

Based on a mechanistic understanding of asymmetric cyanohydrin synthesis catalyzed by chiral titanium−salen complexes, a new catalyst based on vanadium(IV) has been developed. The chiral (salen)VO catalyst is more enantioselective than the titanium-based systems, 0.1 mol % of the catalyst being sufficient to convert aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes into the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers of cyanohydrins with 68−95% enantiomeric excess at room temperature.
Sympathetic ophthalmia and subretinal neovascularization. (1990)

We report a case of sympathetic ophthalmia with subretinal neovascularization of the macula. The subretinal neovascularization developed after penetrating trauma to the fellow eye. The occurrence of subretinal neovascularization in sympathetic ophthalmia is not surprising since disintegrative changes and breaks in Bruch's membrane have been reported in sympathetic ophthalmia. Subretinal neovascularization has also been reported in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, which is histopathologically similar to sympathetic ophthalmia.
Security Implementation of 3-Level Security System Using Image Based Authentication (2013)

Now a days, as information systems are more open to the Internet, the importance of security for networks is tremendously increased. Usable security has unique usability challenges because the need for security often means that standard human-computer-interaction approaches cannot be directly applied. An important usability goal for authentication systems is to support users in selecting better passwords. Users often create memorable passwords that are easy for attackers to guess, but strong system-assigned passwords are difficult for users to remember. So researchers of modern days have gone for alternative methods. Here a graphical password system with Onetime Password (OTP) is discussed. In proposed work a click-based graphical password scheme called Persuasive Cued Click Points (PCCP) is presented. In this system a password consists of sequence of some images in which user can select one click-point per a specific region of an image. In addition user receives a OTP through Email in order to verify himself to the system. The OTP is generated using random algorithm by which it is make unique for each and every time the user requests for logins. If the user chooses the correct click a point on each region of set of images chosen and has to verify the OTP sent to him in order to access his Information. System showed very good Performance in terms of speed, accuracy, and ease of use. Users preferred PCCP to Pass Points, saying that selecting and remembering only one point per image was easier.
Ghéon, de genade en De Gemeenschap (2005)

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Effect of implants on healing of experimental furcation defects in dogs (1985)

The present study was performed to find out whether implants placed around periodontally involved teeth during reconstructive surgery would support replaced flaps and prolong gingival coverage of the treated root surfaces facilitating new attachment. Through-and-through furcation defects were made in the mandibular second, third, and fourth premolars of 10 beagle dogs. Bone was surgically removed from the furcation and from the circumference of each tooth to a level 3 to 4 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. Steel wires were passed through the furcations and ligated to enhance plaque formation. At 6 weeks, the wires were removed. At 12 weeks, during reconstructive surgery, 4 dogs received implants of autogenous intraoral cancellous bone, 2 of autogenous iliac cancellous bone and marrow, 2 of Proplast, and 2 of Avitene. The results demonstrated that none of 12 teeth implanted with Avitene or Proplast showed new attachment. Only 2 of 6 teeth implanted with autogenous iliac bone showed new attachment, combined with extensive root resorption and ankylosis. Of 12 teeth implanted with autogenous intraoral bone, 6 showed new attachment. Our findings suggest that flap support by intraoral cancellous bone implants may facilitate new attachment. A more predictable technique, however, needs to be developed.
Fertilization and early embryology: Diagnosis of major chromosome aneuploidies in human preimplantation embryos (1993)

A short fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) procedure using fluorochrome and digoxigenin labelled DNA probes was developed for application in human preimplantation embryos in order to analyse the five chromosomes most involved in human aneuploidy (X, Y, 18, 13 and 21). The chromosomes were fluorescent-stained and detected simultaneously in 157 blastomeres from 30 human embryos. Successful FISH analysis was achieved in 93% of the blastomeres. Aberrations for these chromosomes were found in 70% of abnormally developing monospermic embryos. The majority of normally developing monospermic embryos obtained from older patients were also chromosomally abnormal. By analysing all or most of the cells from these embryos, true mosaicism was distinguished from technique failure. Mosaic embryos, polyploid embryos with ploidies as high as 8n, haploid embryos, embryos monosomic for 13/21 and for X, and embryos trisomic for 13/21 and 18, were common in abnormally developing embryos. In contrast, aneuploidy was the main chromosome abnormality found in normally developing monospermic embryos.
HOW ROOTS PERCEIVE AND RESPOND TO GRAVITY (1986)

Graviperception by plant roots is believed to occur via the sedimentation of amyloplasts in columella cells of the root cap. This physical stimulus results in an accumulation of calcium on the lower side of the cap, which in turn induces gravicurvature. In this paper we present a model for root gravitropism integrating gravity-induced changes in electrical potential, cytochemical localization of calcium in cells of gravistimulated roots, and the interdependence of calcium and auxin movement. Key features of the model are that 1) gravity-induced redistribution of calcium is an early event in the transduction mechanism, and 2) apoplastic movement of calcium through the root-cap mucilage may be an important component of the pathway for calcium movement.
p-cycle network design: From fewest in number to smallest in size (2007)

An idea seems to have spread that p-cycle networks are always based on a single Hamiltonian cycle. The correct understanding is that while they can be based on a Hamiltonian, network designs involving multiple p-cycles are far more capacity-efficient in general. In fact, from an optical networking standpoint one would probably like to work with p-cycles of the smallest size (circumference) possible, to satisfy optical reach considerations, and in this case the number of p-cycles might be even more numerous than a pure minimum capacity design. However, the fact that an entire network could be protected by a single cyclic structure could be attractive from another viewpoint simply because only one logical structure has to be managed. Thus, different recent orientations have brought us to realize the need for a study of p-cycle network designs that vary systematically across the range between the smallest size p-cycles, to using the fewest number of p-cycles. Questions include: What are the design models for p-cycle networks that use the fewest number of distinct structures? What are the capacity implications of a design restricted to a specific maximum number of structures? Can a capacity-optimal design be ¿nudged¿ into using fewer structures in total without requiring any extra capacity? What happens to the number of structures if the smallest possible p-cycles are insisted upon? Accordingly, we offer a systematic study of the optimal p-cycle network design problem addressing such questions about how the logical number of p-cycle structures present or allowed in a design interacts with the minimum spare capacity required for the design to be 100% restorable.
Anisotropic etching of polymers in SO2/O2 plasmas: Hypotheses on surface mechanisms (1994)

A study of the anisotropy of the etching of resists in SO2-based plasmas is performed in a distributed electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma excited at 2.45 GHz with independent radio frequency biasing at 13.56 MHz. Emphasis is put on the comparison of the profiles and etch rates obtained in pure oxygen and SO2-containing plasmas as a function of substrate temperature and ion bombardment energy. For a constant ion bombardment intensity, a significant decrease in the etch rate obtained using pure SO2 plasmas is observed as compared to pure O2 plasmas. The evolution of the etch rate with ion energy also shows quite different behavior. In contrast to pure oxygen plasmas, perfect anisotropic profiles can be obtained on cooled substrates with SO2-containing gas mixtures. A likely explanation for these results is to assume that sulfur acts as a passivating layer at temperatures close to or below room temperature. The surface mechanisms involved in this sulfur passivation and the conditions required to obtain an effective sidewall passivation are discussed. Based on similar mechanisms, the operating conditions required to obtain perfect anisotropic profiles in pure oxygen plasmas are deduced and compared to the experimental data.
Quantifying Relationships among the Molecular Weight Distribution, Non-Newtonian Shear Viscosity, and Melt Index for Linear Polymers (2003)

This paper presents methodologies to quantify the relationships among the molecular weight distribution (MWD), steady-shear non-Newtonian viscosity (i.e., flow curve), and melt index (MI) of three linear low-density polyethylenes manufactured using the same technology. With the aid of computer-aided process simulation tools (such as POLYMERS PLUS), polymer producers can predict accurately the MWD from manufacturing conditions. Our methodologies help the polymer producers to extend their simulation model to predict flow curves and MI from the MWD. To do this, this paper employs (1) a modified Carreau-Yasuda (CY) model or Bersted's partition model to relate the MWDs and flow curves, (2) Bremner and Rudin's model to relate the weight-average molecular weight (MWW) and MI, and (3) Rohlfing and Janzen's model to relate the flow curve and MI. We show that the Carreau-Yasuda, Bersted, and Bremner and Rudin models work very well for correlating our data, predicting flow curves that average 3−7% error and MI values that average 2% error. In addition, for the case in which we lack MI data, we use the CY or Bersted model predictions of the flow curve to generate MI values through Rohlfing and Janzen's model. These predictions are very good, averaging only 0.5−3% error. We also show how to use the CY or Bersted model and Rohlfing and Janzen's melt-indexer model to estimate closely the low shear rate region of the flow curve using MWD/MI data alone. This case corresponds to one in which we lack flow curve data. Last, we provide practical guidelines for polymer manufacturers who want to predict the flow curve and MI using the MWD.
Automating Staged Product Derivation for Heterogeneous Multi-Product-Lines (2012)

Software constitutes a major cost factor when developing technical systems. To reduce this cost, systematic reuse of assets is necessary from early on when developing similar products - an approach that has become known as software product line engineering. The automation of product derivation, that is, the automated product creation from core assets, is one of the success factors of product line engineering. It has two facets: automated support during configuration of a product, such as configuration consistency checks and automated fixes, and automation of the actual generation of the product, via generative technologies, which produce product artifacts from the configuration. Three critical factors, however, currently hamper the use of automated derivation techniques in industry: the heterogeneity of product derivation mechanisms, the stages in the derivation process, and the composition of several product lines to multi-product-lines. From feature modeling to C-preprocessor-based configuration, from the first decision taken during the initial customer contact stage to the last option set in a configuration file at the system startup stage - each of possibly multiple involved product lines brings distinct product configuration and generation facilities to be used by different stakeholders at dedicated stages in the derivation process. Up to now, there are hardly any solutions neither for heterogeneity, nor for stages, nor for multi-product-lines - product derivation in industry results in an immense manual effort. No technical support is provided for configuration checking across heterogeneous configuration mechanisms, product lines, or configuration stages. Configuration inconsistencies remain unnoticed and produce high cost due to prolonged testing and reconfiguration cycles and, ultimately, due to the delivery of defective products to customers. This thesis contributes the PLiC approach, which automates staged product derivation for heterogeneous multi-product-lines. Multi-product-lines are split up into product line components (PLiCs), which base upon three principles: extraction, declaration, and restriction. The legacy configuration data of each PLiC is automatically and transparently extracted into models. The product line engineer declares further information on stages and multi-product-lines in additional, concise models. This facilitates defining model-based constraint checks and fixes that ensure consistent product configuration and product generation over the whole staged derivation process of heterogeneous multi-product-lines. The validation results show that the approach is comprehensively applicable to legacy product lines in a light-weight, little-invasive, and scalable manner. In doing so, this thesis opens the way for bringing automated product derivation from research and insular productive use to broad applicability in industrial practice.
Anaerobic activation of <i>arcA</i> transcription in <i>Escherichia coli</i>: roles of Fnr and ArcA (1994)

The ArcA and Fnr regulators of Escherichia coli, both of which are activated in anaerobic conditions, negatively regulate the sodA gene (coding for manganese superoxide dismutase), but Fnr has no effect on anaerobic sodA expression in a delta arcA delta fnr background (Compan and Touati, 1993). We show here that the sdh gene (coding for succinate dehydrogenase) is also negatively regulated by Fnr, but again Fnr exerts no control in a delta arcA background. One interpretation of these results is that Fnr activates arcA transcription. Using arcA-lac transcriptional and translational fusions, we show that arcA expression increases (about fourfold) in anaerobiosis and that both Fnr and ArcA are required for full expression. In a delta fnr background, there is no autoactivation, suggesting that ArcA enhances activation by Fnr. Transcript and sequence analyses reveal that the arcA upstream regulatory region lies within a 530 bp non-coding DNA fragment, which contains five putative promoter sequences and a putative Fnr-binding site. Identification of the transcription start sites indicates that transcription occurs in aerobiosis from three constitutive upstream promoters (Pe, Pd, Pc). In anaerobiosis an additional completely Fnr-dependent transcript starting at Pa is present; expression from Pa is reduced in the absence of ArcA, and Fnr activation at Pa blocks the weak anaerobic-dependent expression from Pb. Fnr activation of arcA transcription may play an important role in the co-ordination of expression of genes associated with aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during environmental changes.
Joint tactical radio systems-a solution to avionics modernization (2003)

The goal of Avionics Modernization Programs (AMP) is to provide a flexible platform that is maintainable and expandable to meet mission requirements of today with defined growth paths to future requirements while maintaining low acquisition and ownership costs. The open architecture and modular construction of the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) provides this path and capability to meet both current radio communications requirements and growth capability needs. The JTRS is defined in terms of its hardware and software architecture. This paper addresses the hardware architecture.
A high speed magnetic-core output printer (1952)

In many data processing and scientific computing applications there exists a need for very rapidly converting a mass of coded data, centrally stored, to either immediate visual display or to a permanent form capable of being directly read. At present, the full potential effectiveness of many systems has been negated, not by their central decision-making arithmetic equipments, but by the limitations of their output conversion units. The need for a high-speed output device having the properties of flexibility and reliability, and yielding characters of high quality, yet still capable of being produced at an economical cost has been painfully evident.
Regulation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. I. Purification and properties of two forms of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase from rat liver. (1988)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase of animal tissues is known to be dependent on citrate for its activity. The observation that dephosphorylation abolishes its citrate dependence (Thampy, K. G., and Wakil, S. J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6318-6323) suggested that the citrate-independent form might exist in vivo. We have purified such a form from rapidly freeze-clamped livers of rats. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the enzyme gave one protein band (Mr 250,000). The preparation has high specific activity (3.5 units/mg in the absence of citrate) and low phosphate content (5.0 mol of Pi/mol of subunit). The enzyme isolated from unfrozen liver or liver kept in ice-cold sucrose solution for 10 min and then freeze-clamped has low activity (0.3 unit/mg) and high phosphate content (7-8 mol of Pi/mol of subunit). Citrate activated such preparations with half-maximal activation at greater than 1.6 mM, well above physiological range. The low activity may be due to its high phosphate content because dephosphorylation by [acetyl-CoA carboxylase]-phosphatase 2 activates the enzyme and reduces its dependence on citrate. Since freeze-clamping the liver yields enzyme with lower phosphate content and higher activity, it is suggested that the carboxylase undergoes rapid phosphorylation and consequent inactivation after the excision of the liver. The carboxylase is made up of two polymeric forms of Mr greater than or equal to 10 million and 2 million based on gel filtration on Superose 6. The former, which predominates in preparations from freeze-clamped liver, has higher activity and lower phosphate content (5.3 units/mg and 4.0 mol of Pi/mol of subunit, respectively) than the latter (2.0 units/mg and 6.0 mol of Pi/mol of subunit, respectively). The latter, which predominates in preparations from unfrozen liver, is converted to the active polymer (Mr greater than or equal to 10 million) by dephosphorylation. Thus, the two polymeric forms are interconvertible by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and may be important in the physiological regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.