gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early seizure detection in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy (2007)

The performance of five seizure detection schemes, i.e., Nonlinear embedding delay, Hurst scaling, Wavelet Scale, autocorrelation and gradient of accumulated energy, in their ability to detect EEG seizures close to the seizure onset time were evaluated to determine the feasibility of their application in the development of a real time closed loop seizure intervention program (RCLSIP). The criteria chosen for the performance evaluation were, high statistical robustness as determined through the predictability index, the sensitivity and the specificity of a given measure to detect an EEG seizure, the lag in seizure detection with respect to the EEG seizure onset time, as determined through visual inspection and the computational efficiency for each detection measure. An optimality function was designed to evaluate the overall performance of each measure dependent on the criteria chosen. While each of the above measures analyzed for seizure detection performed very well in terms of the statistical parameters, the nonlinear embedding delay measure was found to have the highest optimality index due to its ability to detect seizure very close to the EEG seizure onset time, thereby making it the most suitable dynamical measure in the development of RCLSIP in rat model with chronic limbic epilepsy.
Diagnostic Immunology Laboratory Manual (1991)

Part 1 Assessment of complement components and their function: complement levels by RID complement functional assays - CH50 total hemolytic complement assay, alternative pathway of complement (AH50), assays for individual complement component function, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-1NH) function complement activation products - complement anaphylatoxin levels, C3-conversion by standard or crossed immunoelecrophoresis, C3 nephritic factor (C3-NeF analysis) reagents common to complement assays - complement buffers, cellular intermediates and other reagents, titration of hemolysin for complement assays. Part 2 Assessment of humoral immunity: immunoglobulin determinations IgG. subclasses by ELISA assessment of specific antibody activity - tetanus antitoxin by indirect hemagglutination, tetanus toxoid antibodies by ELISA, isohemagglutinin titers, anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide by indirect, hemagglutination, general ELISA procedure for detection of miscellaneous, antigens and antibodies, pneumococcal (polyvalent) antibodies by ELISA. Part 3 Assessment of cellular immunity: leucocyte immunophenotyping by flow cytometry adenosine deaminase nucleoside phosphorylase lymphocyte stimulation with mitogens and antigens. Part 4 Assessment of neutrophil functioning and general methods for neutrophil isolation: general neutrophil isolation techniques nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) slide test myeloperoxidase (MPO) stain neutrophil adherence assay chemiluminescence superoxide generation assay chemotaxis ingestion (phagocytosis) assay neutrophil bactericidal assay. Part 5 Hypersensitivity assessment: precipitins by gel immunodiffusion circulating immune complexes by the soluble Clq binding assay cryoglobulin autoantibodies.
Limitations of the Usefulness of the Limulus Assay for Endotoxin (1973)

Gelation of lysates of amebocytes of the horseshoe crab has been proposed as a highly sensitive and specific bioassay for endotoxin that might be of diagnostic value in infections due to gram-negative bacteria. To assess the diagnostic value of the test and evaluate the role of endotoxin in such infections, limulus assays were performed on 694 specimens collected during 344 episodes of suspected bacteremia and compared with qualitative and quantitative blood cultures. Positive assays were obtained from 28 of 65 patients (43 per cent) with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli and in 11 of 43 patients (26 per cent) with localized infections due to gram-negative organisms. However, the occurrence of positive assays in eight of 22 patients (36 per cent) with infections due to gram-positive bacteria, who had no concomitant infections with gram-negative organisms, casts doubt on the diagnostic value of the assay. In addition, no correlation was found between positive assays and the number of circulating gram-negative bacilli or the occurrence of shock or death. (N Engl J Med 288:1261–1264, 1973)
Characterization of the biochemical behavior of glucose oxidase entrapped in a polypyrrole film (1991)

This article reports the characterization of the biochemical behavior of glucose oxidase entrapped in polypyrrole. The immobilization of glucose oxidase in a polypyrrole film was performed by entrapment during the electropolymerization of pyrrole at a platinum electrode poised at 0.65 V vs. SCE in aqueous solution in a one-compartment electrochemical cell. Thin films of polypyrrole (0.11 microm) were obtained and the entrapped enzyme obeyed Michaelis kinetics, indicating no diffusional constraints of the substrate. Our results indicate that the entrapped glucose oxidase is more resistant to denaturation conditions such as alkaline pH and temperature (50 and 60 degrees C) than the soluble form of the enzyme. The autoinactivation constant for the entrapped enzyme was also determined in presence of 0.25M of glucose and was 6.19 x 10(-4) min(-1), i.e., corresponding to a half-life value of 20 h. The results reported here show clearly that polypyrrole matrix has a strong stabilizing effect on the stucture and on the activity of glucose oxidase.
Spreadsheet for Converting Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity to Long‐Term Acceptance Rate for On‐Site Wastewater Systems (2009)

Long‐term acceptance rates (LTAR) are used in specifying the area of the bottom of drain‐ field trenches required for onsite wastewater systems (OWSs). Our objective is to present a simple method for converting soil saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K ( s )) to LTAR, given a number of assumptions about soil and biomat hydraulic properties. In this paper, we describe an Excel spreadsheet that uses a modified equation from Bouma (1975) to calculate the steady trench bottom flux in an OWS based on an input of soil K ( s ). The soil water retention parameters are also required, but they can be taken from a table in the spreadsheet that provides parameters for the 12 USDA soil textural classes on the basis of the Rosetta database. Biomat thickness and saturated hydraulic conductivity are also required, and values are suggested in the spreadsheet. Bottom flux as a percentage of K ( s ) varied widely from 52% in the silt loam class to 2% in the sand class. To convert steady bottom flux to LTAR, a safety factor should be used, and we suggest that LTAR should be one‐half of the steady bottom flux. Using these assumptions we calculated LTAR for 12 USDA soil textural classes. The LTAR ranged from 1.48 cm d −1 (0.36 gal d −1 ft −2 ) for the sandy clay class to 5.40 cm d −1 (1.32 gal d −1 ft −2 ) for the silt class.
Optical and quantum efficiency analysis of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se<inf>2</inf> absorber layers (2009)

(Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> thin films have been deposited by elemental co-evaporation over a wide range of compositions and their optical properties characterized by transmission and reflection measurements and by relative shift analysis of quantum efficiency device measurements. The optical bandgaps were determined by performing linear fits of (ahv) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> vs. hv, and the quantum efficiency bandgaps were determined by relative shift analysis of device curves with fixed Ga/(In+Ga) composition, but varying Ag/(Cu+Ag) composition. The determined experimental optical bandgap ranges of the Ga/(In+Ga) = 0.31, 0.52, and 0.82 groups, with Ag/(Cu+Ag) ranging from 0 to 1, respectively. The optical bowing parameter of the different Ga/(In+Ga) groups was also determined.
An Overview of Microalgae Lipid Extraction in a Biorefinery Framework (2017)

The interest in algae based biofuels has increased over the past few years because of their high potential to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Many methods for converting microalgae to biofuel have been proposed in the past; however, an economical and energetically feasible process for algal fuel production has not yet emerged, leading to some disappointment. To get such a process, an integrated microalgal biorefinery approach to obtain a full valorization of each raw microalgae component seems necessary. Moreover, several steps of any microalgal biorefinery model, ranging from species selection, cultivation, harvesting &dewatering and lipids extraction need still improvements to lower the global cost of the process. This review focuses on this latter step. It is shown that the wet route, skipping the drying step preceding the extraction step, seems to be the only way to produce a viable microalgae based biorefinery industry. On the other hand, an efficient cell disruption method, based on scalability, energy consumption, ability to improve lipid accessibility as well as mass transfer must be selected and in this context two promising studies are presented.
<title>Image enhancement for computed radiographic images</title> (1995)

In this paper we propose an image enhancement algorithm that converts raw data from a storage phosphor scanner into a diagnostically optimized image. The spatial segmentation algorithm is applied to extract the body part of a clinical image, and histogram analysis is then used to develop the tonescale for the region of interest. This approach reduces the sensitivity to nonanatomical regions and allows full use of the display dynamic range for image viewing. The algorithms have been tested on clinical images and the results were reviewed by radiologists. Currently, these algorithms are being successfully used in the clinical environment.
The Role of Interleukin-6 in Pulmonary Inflammation and Injury Induced by Exposure to Environmental Air Pollutants (2002)

This study was designed to examine the role of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in environmental air pollutant-induced pulmonary inflammation, injury, and repair. IL-6 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to filtered air; aged and diluted cigarette smoke (ADSS), a surrogate for environmental tobacco smoke; ozone; or ADSS followed by ozone (ADSS/ozone). The proportion of monocytes and neutrophils recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as the level of total protein in BAL fluid were significantly increased in both IL-6 KO and WT mice following exposure to ozone or to ADSS/ozone. However, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling within terminal bronchiolar epithelium and proximal alveolar regions in IL-6 KO mice exposed to ozone or to ADSS/ozone was significantly reduced compared with IL-6 sufficient mice (WT). WT mice treated with IL-6 antibodies also demonstrated a reduction in BrdU cell labeling similar to that observed in IL-6 KO mice following exposure to ozone or ADSS/ozone. Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) abundance, a marker of Clara cell maturation and function, was markedly reduced in the terminal bronchiolar epithelium of WT mice following exposure to ADSS and/or ozone, whereas CCSP abundance was unchanged in IL-6 KO mice. We conclude that endogenous IL-6 in mice plays a critical role in the progress of lung inflammation/injury, but CCSP may also play a role to protect the lungs of mice exposed to toxic air pollutants. Data from this study further suggest that IL-6 antibody treatment modalities may be a means to attenuate pulmonary inflammation and injury.
VLSI implementation of a 32-bit Kozen formulation Ladner/Fischer parallel prefix adder (1995)

As modern processors' word lengths increase and clock cycle times get shorter, it becomes more and more important to have basic arithmetic functions which can be used without becoming a bottleneck. The parallel prefix adder has depth O(log n) and area O(n). Since the parallel prefix adder has a regular structure with very limited fan-out, it is ideally suited for use in VLSI applications.
TEXTURE OF FROZEN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (1977)

Abstract This review discusses factors responsible for the texture of fruits and vegetables and the changes brought about by freezing. It describes some of the early work on frozen food texture, as well as the more recent studies of cryogenic and other rapid freezing methods. The effects of storage and cooking on texture are also considered.
Increasing Incidences of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Decreasing Surgery Rates in Copenhagen City and County, 2003–2005: A Population-Based Study from the Danish Crohn Colitis Database (2006)

The incidence of IBD in Copenhagen increased noticeably during the last decades. Time from onset of symptoms until diagnosis decreased markedly, extent of CD was related to age at diagnosis, and the risk of surgery was low in UC.
Differentially amplitude and phase encoded QAM on Rayleigh fading channels (2002)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is an effective technique to achieve a high bit-rate transmission without increasing the transmission bandwidth. Due to the limitation on available spectrum, research in digital mobile data communications have considered employing QAM as the fundamental modulation format. This paper evaluates the bit error probability (BEP) of differentially amplitude encoded (DAPE) QAM over nonselective Rayleigh fading channels with switched diversity reception. The QAM transmitter employs a multiamplitude star constellation and modulates the information onto the amplitude ratio and phase difference between the transmitted signals in two consecutive signalling intervals. At the receiver, the amplitude ratio and phase difference between the received signals in two successive signalling intervals, corresponding to the diversity channel with the largest amplitude in the previous interval, are compared with preset thresholds for data demodulation. An exact closed form expression of BEP is given for a general system format and for channels with fading fluctuations. The results show how the DAPE QAM can be optimized and how fading fluctuations and the order of the switched diversity affect its performance.
Serial cloning of pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer: Restoration of phenotypic normality during serial cloning (2007)

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (scNT) is a useful way to create cloned animals. However, scNT clones exhibit high levels of phenotypic instability. This instability may be due to epigenetic reprogramming and/or genomic damage in the donor cells. To test this, we produced transgenic pig fibroblasts harboring the truncated human thrombopoietin (hTPO) gene and used them as donor cells in scNT to produce first-generation (G1) cloned piglets. In this study, 2,818 scNT embryos were transferred to 11 recipients and five G1 piglets were obtained. Among them, a clone had a dimorphic facial appearance with severe hypertelorism and a broad prominent nasal bridge. The other clones looked normal. Second-generation (G2) scNT piglets were then produced using ear cells from a G1 piglet that had an abnormal nose phenotype. We reasoned that, if the phenotypic abnormality of the G1 clone was not present in the G2 and third-generation (G3) clones, or was absent in the G2 clones but reappeared in the G3 clones, the phenotypic instability of the G1 clone could be attributed to faulty epigenetic reprogramming rather than to inherent/accidental genomic damage to the donor cells. Blastocyst rates, cell numbers in blastocyst, pregnancy rates, term placenta weight and ponderal index, and birth weight between G1 and G2 clones did not differ, but were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than control age- and sex-matched piglets. Next, we analyzed global methylation changes during development of the preimplantation embryos reconstructed by donor cells used for the production of G1 and G2 clones and could not find any significant differences in the methylation patterns between G1 and G2 clones. Indeed, we failed to detect the phenotypic abnormality in the G2 and G3 clones. Thus, the phenotypic abnormality of the G1 clone is likely to be due to epigenetic dysregulation. Additional observations then suggested that expression of the hTPO gene in the transgenic clones did not appear to be the cause of the phenotypic abnormality in the G1 clones and that the abnormality was acquired by only a few of the G1 clone's cells during its gestational development.
Mechanisms of benzene-induced hematotoxicity and leukemogenicity: cDNA microarray analyses using mouse bone marrow tissue. (2003)

Although the mechanisms underlying benzene-induced toxicity and leukemogenicity are not yet fully understood, they are likely to be complicated by various pathways, including those of metabolism, growth factor regulation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation, and programmed cell death. With this as a background, we performed cDNA microarray analyses on mouse bone marrow tissue during and after a 2-week benzene exposure by inhalation. Our goal was to clarify the mechanisms underlying the hematotoxicity and leukemogenicity induced by benzene at the level of altered multigene expression. Because a few researchers have postulated that the cell cycle regulation mediated by p53 is a critical event for benzene-induced hematotoxicity, the present study was carried out using p53-knockout (KO) mice and C57BL/6 mice. On the basis of the results of large-scale gene expression studies, we conclude the following: (a) Benzene induces DNA damage in cells at any phase of the cell cycle through myeloperoxidase and in the redox cycle, resulting in p53 expression through Raf-1 and cyclin D-interacting myb-like protein 1. (b) For G1/S cell cycle arrest, the p53-mediated pathway through p21 is involved, as well as the pRb gene-mediated pathway. (c) Alteration of cyclin G1 and Wee-1 kinase genes may be related to the G2/M arrest induced by benzene exposure. (d) DNA repair genes such as Rad50 and Rad51 are markedly downregulated in p53-KO mice. (e) p53-mediated caspase 11 activation, aside from p53-mediated Bax gene induction, may be an important pathway for cellular apoptosis after benzene exposure. Our results strongly suggest that the dysfunction of the p53 gene, possibly caused by strong and repeated genetic and epigenetic effects of benzene on candidate leukemia cells, may induce fatal problems such as those of cell cycle checkpoint, apoptosis, and the DNA repair system, finally resulting in hemopoietic malignancies. Our cDNA microarray data provide valuable information for future investigations of the mechanisms underlying the toxicity and leukemogenicity of benzene.
FLoc: Device-free passive indoor localization in complex environments (2017)

Localization in complex indoor environments with RF signal is a challenging task. Via this technique, the signal is easily affected by obstacles and environmental noise due to the broadcast nature of RF signal transmission. In this paper, we observe that seismic signal is more oriented than the RF signal, and thus is more suitable for localization in an complex indoor environment with obstacles. Motivated by this observation, we propose a device-free passive indoor localization system, namely Floc, that can fight against environmental impact and achieve high localization accuracy. FLoc is composed of three modules, which are sensing module that collects seismic signal from footsteps, footstep detection module that remove the environmental impact and recover the clean footsteps, and localization module that leverages seismic signal from footsteps for positioning. We implement FLoc on credit-card sized single-board computer Raspberry Pi equipped with geophones. To verify the effectiveness of our system, we conduct extensive experiments for different scenario in a complex indoor environment with the area of 6 × 8 square meter. The experimental results demonstrates that Floc can achieve up to 7cm localiztion accuracy on average, and can outperform the existing acoustic signal-based localization techniques.
Motion estimation with non-local total variation regularization (2010)

State-of-the-art motion estimation algorithms suffer from three major problems: Poorly textured regions, occlusions and small scale image structures. Based on the Gestalt principles of grouping we propose to incorporate a low level image segmentation process in order to tackle these problems. Our new motion estimation algorithm is based on non-local total variation regularization which allows us to integrate the low level image segmentation process in a unified variational framework. Numerical results on the Middlebury optical flow benchmark data set demonstrate that we can cope with the aforementioned problems.
Tunable hybridization between electronic states of graphene and a metal surface (2008)

We present an approach to monitor and control the strength of the hybridization between electronic states of graphene and metal surfaces. Inspecting the distribution of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ band in a high-quality graphene layer synthesized on Ni(111) by angle-resolved photoemission, we observe a new ``kink'' feature that indicates a strong hybridization between the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and the $d$ states of graphene and nickel, respectively. Upon deposition and gradual intercalation of potassium atoms into the graphene/Ni(111) interface, the kink feature becomes less pronounced, pointing at potassium mediated attenuation of the interaction between the graphene and the substrate.
An Upstream Open Reading Frame Is Essential for Feedback Regulation of Ascorbate Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (2015)

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential antioxidant and enzyme cofactor in both plants and animals. Ascorbate concentration is tightly regulated in plants, partly to respond to stress. Here, we demonstrate that ascorbate concentrations are determined via the posttranscriptional repression of GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), a major control enzyme in the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway. This regulation requires a cis-acting upstream open reading frame (uORF) that represses the translation of the downstream GGP open reading frame under high ascorbate concentration. Disruption of this uORF stops the ascorbate feedback regulation of translation and results in increased ascorbate concentrations in leaves. The uORF is predicted to initiate at a noncanonical codon (ACG rather than AUG) and encode a 60- to 65-residue peptide. Analysis of ribosome protection data from Arabidopsis thaliana showed colocation of high levels of ribosomes with both the uORF and the main coding sequence of GGP. Together, our data indicate that the noncanonical uORF is translated and encodes a peptide that functions in the ascorbate inhibition of translation. This posttranslational regulation of ascorbate is likely an ancient mechanism of control as the uORF is conserved in GGP genes from mosses to angiosperms.
Sparse, Hierarchical and Semi-Supervised Base Learning for Monaural Enhancement of Conversational Speech (2012)

We address the learning of noise bases in a monaural speaker-independent speech enhancement framework based on non-negative matrix factorization.Bases are estimated from training data in batch processing by means of hierarchical and non-hierarchical sparse coding, or determined during the speech enhancement process based on the divergence of the observed noisy speech signal and the speech base.In extensive test runs on the Buckeye corpus of highly spontaneous speech and the CHiME corpus of nonstationary real-life noise, we observe that semi-supervised learning of noise bases leads to overall best results while a-priori learning of noise bases is useful to speed up computation.