gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic implants in bone tumour surgery (2004)

We reviewed the results of 51 patients with benign bone tumours treated by curettage and implantation of calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic (CHA). The mean follow-up was 11.4 years (10 to 15.5). Post-operative fractures occurred in two patients and three had local recurrences; three had slightly limited movement of the adjacent joint and one had mild osteoarthritis. There were no allergic or neoplastic complications. In all cases, radiographs showed that the CHA was well incorporated into the host bone. Statistical analysis showed that absorption of the implanted CHA was greater in males (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.6 to 23.7) and younger patients (odds ratio, 0.6 for increase in age of 10 years; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.99). However, the implanted CHA was not completely absorbed in any patient. We conclude that CHA is a useful and safe bone substitute for the treatment of benign bone tumours.
Studies of blood group antibodies. II. Fractionation of Rh antibodies by anion-cation cellulose exchange chromatography. (1959)

Summary A simple method is described for effecting separations of Rh saline agglutinins from other Rh antibodies. The method also can be used to separate Coombs-active and albumin-active antibodies from inert γ-globulins and from the bulk of the isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B.
Diffusion of Contingent Innovation: An Analysis of Interrelated Process between the Internet and DSL. (2003)

The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which the diffusion of the Internet-related product could be adequately described by dynamic diffusion models. Three diffusion models, Bass model, Logistic model, and Dynamic model, are applied to examine the DSL adoption pattern in Taiwan. The research results demonstrate that the dynamic model best describes the diffusion pattern of DSL users. It indicates that potential adopters of innovations emerging upon using the Internet are not static. The user increases along with the growth of Internet users. In order to analyse the interrelated process between Internet and DSL, a cumulative measure of the potential adopters of three models is quantified and discussed.
[Impact of Bestim on the immunological status and clinical course of ulcer]. (2004)

Ulcer disease is accompanied by all immune responses with the development of secondary immune deficiency. This makes it necessary to include immunomodulators into the complex antiulcer treatment. The application of a new drug Bestim in the combined antiulcer treatment affects the immune state of the patients favourably. It decreases the inflammatory effect in the stomach and duodenal mucosa, it precipitate regress of clinical symptoms and scarring of the ulcer.
The G-protein-coupled receptor 40 family (GPR40–GPR43) and its role in nutrient sensing (2006)

Recent deorphanization efforts have paired the G-protein-coupled receptors GPR40, GPR41 and GPR43 with fatty acids as endogenous ligands. While carboxylic acids have been historically known to serve as fuel sources and biomarkers of disease, these studies demonstrate that fatty acids can act as signalling molecules at the cell-surface level. This receptor subfamily shares approx. 30% identity among members, with some limited cross-over between ligand activities. Generalized expression patterns within the pancreatic beta-cell, adipose depots and the gastrointestinal tract infer involvement in energy source recognition, absorption, storage and/or metabolism. GPR40, activated by medium and long-chain fatty acids, has been shown to potentiate insulin secretion at the beta-cell, and has been hypothesized to participate in the detrimental effects of chronic fatty acid exposure on beta-cell function. GPR41 and GPR43 have been reported to stimulate leptin release and adipogenesis respectively via activation by short-chain fatty acids. These common themes implicate GPR40, GPR41 and GPR43 in playing significant roles in metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Thesaurus-assisted search term selection and query expansion: a review of user-centred studies (2002)

This paper provides a review of the literature related to the application of domain-specific thesauri in the search and retrieval process. Focusing on studies which adopt a user-centred approach, the review presents a survey of the methodologies and results from empirical studies undertaken on the use of thesauri as sources of term selection for query formulation and expansion during the search process. It summaries the ways in which domain-specific thesauri from different disciplines have been used by various types of users and how these tools aid users in the selection of search terms. The review consists of two main sections covering, firstly studies on thesaurus-aided search term selection and secondly those dealing with query expansion using thesauri. Both sections are illustrated with case studies that have adopted a user-centred approach.
First operation of the medical research facility at the NSLS for coronary angiography (1992)

The Synchrotron Medical Research Facility (SMERF) at the National Synchrotron Light Source has been completed and is operational for human coronary angiography experiments. The imaging system and hardware have been brought to SMERF from the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory where prior studies were carried out. SMERF consists of a suite of rooms at the end of the high-field superconducting wiggler X17 beam line and is classified as an Ambulatory Health Care Facility. Since October of 1990 the coronary arteries of five patients have been imaged. Continuously improving image quality has shown that a large part of both the right coronary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery can be imaged following a venous injection of contrast agent.
Studies on Optically Active Amino Acids. XI. Studies on α-Alkyl-α-amino Acids. VI. Chemical Correlation of Absolute configuration of α-Methylphenylalanine to α-Methylaspartic Acid (1966)

The absolute configuration of (+)-α-methylphenylalanine hydrochloride has been elucidated to be either R- or d-configuration by the chemical correlation with (-)-α-methylaspartic acid, whose absolute configuration had been cofirmed to be R-configuration. The resolution of N-acetyl-DL-α-methylphenylalanine through its menthyl esters was also reported.
Voltage clamp analysis of cholinergic action in the hippocampus (1987)

A slow muscarinic EPSP, accompanied by an increase in membrane input resistance, can be elicited in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in vitro by electrical stimulation of cholinergic afferents in the slice preparation. Associated with the slow EPSP is a blockade of calcium-activated potassium afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) (Cole and Nicoll, 1984a). In this study a single-electrode voltage clamp was used to examine the currents affected by activation of muscarinic receptors, using either bath application of carbachol or electrical stimulation of the cholinergic afferents. The 3 main findings of this study are that (1) of the 2 calcium-activated potassium currents (termed IAHP and IC) in hippocampal pyramidal cells, only IAHP is sensitive to carbachol; (2) IAHP is approximately 10-fold more sensitive to carbachol than is another muscarine-sensitive current, IM; and (3) neither blockade of IAHP nor of IM can account for the production of the slow EPSP. Rather, the slow EPSP appears to be generated by the blockade of a nonvoltage-dependent, resting potassium current. We propose that the muscarinic blockade of IAHP, which largely accounts for spike frequency adaptation, is primarily involved in enhancing action potential discharge to depolarizing stimuli, while the slow EPSP acts directly to cause action potential discharge.
An Initial Critical Summary of Models for Predicting the Attenuation of Radio Waves by Trees (1982)

Abstract : This report is a review of models and data that can be used to predict the increase in attenuation due to trees and underbrush that are located between a radio transmitter and receiver. Applications in the 3 MHz to 95 GHz band are addressed with emphasis placed on the 200 to 9200 MHz range. It is shown that the conventional technique for predicting the loss caused by propagation through a small grove of trees is often substantially in error. An improved empirical model is developed to mitigate the problem; a physical justification for the model is presented. (Author)
Structure of the <i>EmrE</i> multidrug transporter and its use for inhibitor peptide design (2018)

Small multidrug resistance (SMR) pumps represent a minimal paradigm of proton-coupled membrane transport in bacteria, yet no high-resolution structure of an SMR protein is available. Here, atomic-resolution structures of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> efflux-multidrug resistance E (<i>EmrE</i>) multidrug transporter in ligand-bound form are refined using microsecond molecular dynamics simulations biased using low-resolution data from X-ray crystallography. The structures are compatible with existing mutagenesis data as well as NMR and biochemical experiments, including pKas of the catalytic glutamate residues and the dissociation constant ([Formula: see text]) of the tetraphenylphosphonium<sup>+</sup> cation. The refined structures show the arrangement of residue side chains in the <i>EmrE</i> active site occupied by two different ligands and in the absence of a ligand, illustrating how <i>EmrE</i> can adopt structurally diverse active site configurations. The structures also show a stable, well-packed binding interface between the helices H4 of the two monomers, which is believed to be crucial for <i>EmrE</i> dimerization. Guided by the atomic details of this interface, we design proteolysis-resistant stapled peptides that bind to helix H4 of an <i>EmrE</i> monomer. The peptides are expected to interfere with the dimerization and thereby inhibit drug transport. Optimal positions of the peptide staple were determined using free-energy simulations of peptide binding to monomeric <i>EmrE</i> Three of the four top-scoring peptides selected for experimental testing resulted in significant inhibition of proton-driven ethidium efflux in live cells without nonspecific toxicity. The approach described here is expected to be of general use for the design of peptide therapeutics.
Context Sensitive Personalization Utilizing User Profiles: Standardization Work at European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) (2009)

As communication systems and technology become more advanced and complex, it will be increasingly important to focus on users' individual needs. Personalization can range from simple cosmetic factors such as customised ring tones to the complex tailoring of the presentation of a shopping Web site to a user's personal interests, or highly personalized eHealth systems including sensor networks. Personalization and effective user profile management will be necessary to ensure the uptake and success of new services and devices and it is therefore important to focus on the users' requirements in this area and define solutions that meet these requirements. This paper describes an architectural framework for user profile management and explains a solution for context sensitive automatic activation of user profiles.
技能学与社会的变革——知识、技能和社会的基本变化 (1990)

究竟什么是知识?我提议,把知识理解成一个双向的反馈过程。也就是说,把知识看成一个我们大脑的信息与自然界和社会环境的信息之间的反馈过程,我们观察后者,并试图对它们加以操作。知识恰恰不只是知识与自然的关系,而且也是知识与掌握知识的人的关系。凡是不能实现的东西,就是一种观点,而不是知识。当然,知识本身也有造成谬误的危险。在天文学中就有业已得以贯彻的理论,而它们后来被证明是完全错误的。可现实性与现实主义绝不是一回事。但是,知识却又意味着,我们相信能够知道的东西,一方面必须接受在没有我们的干预下仍然存在着的外部世界的检验,另一方面还必须受到我们的同时代人、我们的同事和与我们在一起的科学家们的试验。没有这个双向的反馈过程,就没有知识。
Externalities from Contract Length (1987)

An increase in the length of a firm's labor contract contributes to rigidity in the aggregate price level. This increases the variance of aggregate demand but decreases the variance of other firms' real wages. Under certain conditions, the net effect is to increase the variance of other firms' employment. This negative externality implies that the equilibrium contract length in a decentralized economy is greater than the social optimum-in other words, wages are too rigid. Copyright 1987 by American Economic Association.
Virtual Characters with Affective Facial Behavior (2014)

This paper describes an application that generates a simulation of a jury with one to three virtual humans capable of exhibiting facial and body expressions controllable in real-time. This control is performed through an interface that combines facial action elements (AU-Action Units, as described in the Facial Action Coding System), with upper-body postures. The level of detail of this control offers a range of possible combinations to obtain emotional expressions. Besides offering the possibility of controlling the postures of the virtual characters, the application allows the user to choose, among a pre-defined set, the virtual characters that compose the jury, and is able to introduce in the simulation some extra, potentially distractive or annoying events. We envisaged two contexts for using this application: i) assisting psychotherapists in exposure therapy of patients suffering from anxiety of public speaking, particularly in front of a jury in an assessment situation; ii) supporting nonverbal behaviour research carried out by psychologists. The development of the application has been closely monitored by a psychologist that is part of our team. This application is a low-cost approach, which uses only free software and models and resorts to common equipment; it is easy to install and use by people without expertise in informatics. So far, we have performed an evaluation with therapists in the first application context, obtaining encouraging results.
Understanding surface interactions in aqueous miscible organic solvent treated layered double hydroxides (2016)

Molecular modelling elucidates the mechanism of layered double hydroxide dispersion, increasing surface area, during aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment.
Removal of a Broken Instrument from a Tooth with Apical Periodontitis Using a Novel Approach. (2016)

A sinus tract can be a specific path to reach the root tip and get access to remove the foreign materials pushed beyond the root canal space.
[Immunostimulating action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants]. (1985)

From the water or alcaline-water extracts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. and -angustifolia DC., Eupatorium cannabium L. and -perfoliatum L., Chamomilla recutita L. Rauscher, Calendula officinalis L., Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. B., Achyrocline satureioides DC., Arnica montana L., Sabal serrulata Roem. et Schult., and Eleutherococcus (Acanthopanax) senticosus Maxim. polysaccharide fractions with molecular weights in the range of 25 000 to 500 000 and higher have been isolated, which, according to the granulocytes- and carbon clearance tests, showed significant immunostimulating activities. The isolated compounds belong to the group of watersoluble, acidic branched-chain heteroglycans. Their immunostimulating activity is compared and discussed with respect to other polysaccharides of biological activity.
Cholecystokinin and its COOH-terminal octapeptide in the pig brain. (1977)

Two components--one resembling intact cholecystokinin in size and charge and immunologic specificity, and the other resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin--have been found in extracts of the pig cerebral cortex. The relative concentrations of the two peptides in the extracts were dependent on the extractant, boiling 0.1 M HCl being more effective than boiling water for the extraction of intact cholecystokinin but less effective for the extraction of the octapeptide. The physiologic role of these peptides in the brain has yet to be elucidated.
Optically controllable THz chiral metamaterials (2014)

Switchable and tunable chiral metamaterial response is numerically demonstrated here in different uniaxial chiral metamaterial structures operating in the THz regime. The structures are based on the bi-layer conductor design and the tunable/switchable response is achieved by replacing parts of the metallic components of the structures by photoconducting Si, which can be transformed from an insulating to an almost conducting state through photoexcitation, achievable under external optical pumping. All the structures proposed and discussed here exhibit frequency regions with giant tunable circular dichroism, as well as regions with giant tunable optical activity, showing unique potential in the achievement of active THz polarization components, like tunable polarizers and polarization filters.
An automated method for rotational correction and centering of three-dimensional functional brain images. (1992)

The display and analysis of functional brain images often benefit from head rotational correction and centering. An automated method was developed to align brain PET images into a standard three-dimensional orientation. The algorithm performs transverse and coronal rotational correction as well as centering of a brain image set. Optimal rotational correction and centering are determined by maximizing a bilateral hemispheric similarity index, the stochastic sign change criterion. Testing of this algorithm on simulated symmetrical brain image sets showed errors less than 1.0 degree and 0.5 pixels for rotational correction and centering, respectively. With actual PET data, the algorithm results correlated well with those obtained by visual inspection. Testing on asymmetrical brain image sets with simulated lesions indicated that performance of the algorithm is not sensitive to focal asymmetries. This automated method provides objective, reproducible image alignment into a standard orientation and facilitates subsequent data analysis techniques for functional brain images.
The when, why and why not of the BETA programming language (2007)

This paper tells the story of the development of BETA: a programming language with just one abstraction mechanism, instead of one abstraction mechanism for each kind of program element (classes, types, procedures, functions, etc.). The paper explains how this single abstraction mechanism, the pattern, came about and how it was designed to be so powerful that it covered the other mechanisms.
PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM IN TISSUE CULTURE CELLS DERIVED FROM RAT HEPATOMAS. II. THYMIDINE UPTAKE IN SUSPENSION CULTURES DERIVED FROM THE NOVIKOFF HEPATOMA. (1965)

Summary Novikoff tissue culture cells were made totally dependent on thymidine supplied via the medium, by blocking with amethopterin. Radioactive thymidine then was supplied in various molarities, and after incubation periods of varying length the cultures were fractionated into medium, intracellular acid-soluble compounds, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the fractions assayed for radioactivity. Several observations were made. a )The cells rapidly concentrated thymidine from the medium into the acid-soluble fraction, reaching equilibrium in less than 10 min. b )Radiochromatographic studies showed that the intracellular thymidine was largely (80–90%) in the form of thymidine triphosphate, with some (10–20%) thymidine diphosphate and little, if any, thymidine monophosphate or thymidine. c )Increasing the concentration of thymidine in the medium caused an increase in the intracellular concentration of thymidine compounds. d )For cell multiplication, the optimal intracellular concentration of thymidine triphosphate was roughly 5–10 × 10 -5 m. This was inferred from growth rates in various external concentrations of thymidine, and the relationship of extracellular to intracellular concentrations of thymidine and thymidine compounds. e )While the over-all rate (but not onset) of DNA synthesis of Novikoff tissue culture cells can be modified by limiting the intracellular thymidine triphosphate concentration, the importance of this mechanism in vivo remains to be demonstrated.
Institutional Prescreening for Detection and Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Patients Undergoing Elective Orthopaedic Surgery (2010)

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Building book inventories using smartphones (2010)

Manual generation of a book inventory is time-consuming and tedious, while deployment of barcode and radio-frequency identification (RFID) management systems is costly and affordable only to large institutions. In this paper, we design and implement a mobile book recognition system for conveniently generating an inventory of books by snapping photos of a bookshelf with a smartphone. Since smartphones are becoming ubiquitous and affordable, our inventory management solution is cost-effective and very easy to deploy. Automatic and robust book recognition is achieved in our system using a combination of spine segmentation and bag-of-features image matching. At the same time, the location of each book is inferred from the smartphone's sensor readings, including accelerometer traces, digital compass measurements, and WiFi signatures. This location information is combined with the image recognition results to construct a location-aware book inventory. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our book spine recognition and location estimation techniques in recognition experiments and in an actual mobile book recognition system.
Voice Conversion Based on Weighted Frequency Warping (2009)

Any modification applied to speech signals has an impact on their perceptual quality. In particular, voice conversion to modify a source voice so that it is perceived as a specific target voice involves prosodic and spectral transformations that produce significant quality degradation. Choosing among the current voice conversion methods represents a trade-off between the similarity of the converted voice to the target voice and the quality of the resulting converted speech, both rated by listeners. This paper presents a new voice conversion method termed Weighted Frequency Warping that has a good balance between similarity and quality. This method uses a time-varying piecewise-linear frequency warping function and an energy correction filter, and it combines typical probabilistic techniques and frequency warping transformations. Compared to standard probabilistic systems, Weighted Frequency Warping results in a significant increase in quality scores, whereas the conversion scores remain almost unaltered. This paper carefully discusses the theoretical aspects of the method and the details of its implementation, and the results of an international evaluation of the new system are also included.
A Comprehensive Review of Catastrophic Faults in PV Arrays: Types, Detection, and Mitigation Techniques (2015)

Three major catastrophic failures in photovoltaic (PV) arrays are ground faults, line-to-line faults, and arc faults. Although there have not been many such failures, recent fire events on April 5, 2009, in Bakersfield, CA, USA, and on April 16, 2011, in Mount Holly, NC, USA, suggest the need for improvements in present fault detection and mitigation techniques, as well as amendments to existing codes and standards to avoid such accidents. This review investigates the effect of faults on the operation of PV arrays and identifies limitations to existing detection and mitigation methods. A survey of state-of-the-art fault detection and mitigation technologies and commercially available products is also presented.