gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IL-4 directs the development of Th2-like helper effectors. (1990)

Our studies show that the presence of IL-4 during the response of naive Th cells causes precursors to develop into a population comprised largely of "Th2-like" effectors that secrete IL-4 and IL-5, but little IL-2 or IFN-gamma. We find that the levels of IL-4 and IL-2 determine both the level of effectors developed in response to mitogen or Ag and the patterns of lymphokines they secrete when restimulated. IL-2 is required for optimum generation of effectors, and increasing levels of IL-2, augments the expansion of effectors secreting both IL-4/IL-5 and IFN-gamma. In contrast, IL-4 is required for the development of IL-4/IL-5 secreting effectors but suppresses the development of IL-2 and at higher doses IFN-gamma-secreting effectors detected after 4 days. Also dramatic are the effects of the presence or absence of IL-4 evaluated after an additional 1 to 2 wk. When cultures with or without initial IL-4 are cultured in IL-2 alone from days 4 to 11, they retain their distinct patterns of lymphokine production. Those cells that developed in cultures without IL-4 progressively secrete more IL-2 and can be maintained and expanded in IL-2. They continue to produce IFN-gamma, though the levels decrease somewhat with time, but they do not acquire the ability to produce IL-4 or IL-5. These cells thus increasingly resemble Th1 cell lines. In contrast, those cells in cultures initially exposed to IL-4, generate effectors which secrete high levels of IL-4/IL-5 (plus variable levels of IFN-gamma) at days 4 to 5, but the populations of cells developed, are not maintained well on IL-2 alone. Those cells that do survive continue to secrete IL-4 and IL-5 but not IL-2. In addition, IFN-gamma production, if present, falls off with time. Thus the cells in these cultures take on an increasingly Th2-like phenotype. It appears that the effects of low levels of IL-4 in suppressing IL-2 production by day 4 effectors appear to be transient whereas the higher levels appear to drive the development along a distinct pathway which is irreversible. These studies support the concept that different subsets of helper cells, which correspond roughly to Th1 and Th2 subsets, can develop rapidly in short term culture with respectively low vs high levels of IL-4. They support the concept that such distinct phenotypes arise from alternate pathways of differentiation that can be expected to reflect pathways available for helper T cell differentiation in the animal.
Inhibition of Erythropoiesis by Inflammatory Cytokines (2005)

The anemia of chronic disease is one of the most common hematologic syndromes encountered in clinical medicine. It is probably the most frequent type of anemia other than iron deficiency resulting from blood loss (1). When all the anemic patients admitted to the medical center of an urban hospital in Texas were evaluated during 4 months in 1985-1986 (excluding those who were actively bleeding, undergoinghemolysis, or had a diagnosis of a clonal hematologic disorder), 52% met laboratory diagnostic criteria for the anemia of chronic disease (low serum iron concentration and normal or elevated serum ferritin concentration) (2). The anemia of chronic disease is traditionally associated with chronic infectious diseases like tuberculosis, empyema and lung abscess, osteomyelitis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, cellulitis, chronic fungal infections, and the human immunodeficiency virus (3,4); with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus (5-7); and with cancer (8-10). While the majority of diseases associated with the anemia of chronic disease fall into one of these categories, in one series 40% of patients with this form of anemia lacked a traditional ‘‘chronic disease’’ (2).
Growth and interfacial chemistry of insulating (100) barium fluoride on gallium arsenide (1995)

The epitaxial growth of insulating BaF2 films on (100) and (111)-oriented GaAs substrates has been investigated. (100)-oriented BaF2 was successfully deposited on (100) GaAs at temperatures as low as room temperature, in contrast to a previous report. This was accomplished by first establishing a chemically reacted template layer a few monolayers thick at the BaF2/GaAs interface. These films consistently exhibited epitaxial reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns with three-dimensional growth modes for a wide range of incident BaF2 flux rates. The epitaxial quality of the (100) films was, however, temperature dependent. A film deposited on a (111) wafer at 600 °C was (111) oriented and showed two-dimensional growth. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the interface chemistry indicate the existence of a Ba state other than that of the BaF2, authenticating the relevance of the template layer. The (100) BaF2 films are insulating, with a breakdown field of ∼1×106 V/cm.
Lysozyme Separation from Egg White by Cation Exchange Column Chromatography (1986)

ABSTRACT Cation exchange column chromatography was investigated for simple and efficient separation of lysozyme from homogenized egg white. A macroporus weak acid type resin, Duolite C‐464, was selected based on high lysozyme recovery in the90–95% range, retention of whipping and gelling properties in the lysozyme‐separated egg white, and ease of column operation. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated high purity of the recovered lysozyme and simultaneous recovery of avidin under the eluting conditions used. The process for lysozyme separation from egg white using Duolite C‐464 is suitable for operation in an automated, continuous mode.
Electron Beam Microfabrication Systems (1977)

Integrated circuit components are built into single crystal semiconductor wafers by a series of processes which use patterned resist layers. Images are normally formed in the resist layers by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light through a contact mask. The minimum features that can be formed with this method are about 2.5μ in size. Devices with smaller dimensions however, are faster, and potentially cheaper because more of them can be built into a single wafer. Considerable effort has therefore been expended on improving the resolution and reliability of the image forming process. Electron beam, x-ray and UV methods are all being explored and each method offers unique advantages. This paper briefly describes the two basic electron beam methods; scanning and image projection. A fuller description of novel lithography processes, and a more complete set of references has been given by the author elsewhere. (Proc. Electron & Ion Beam Conf., Wash., D. C. (1976)).
Loss of the Cytoskeletal Protein Pdlim7 Predisposes Mice to Heart Defects and Hemostatic Dysfunction (2013)

The actin-associated protein Pdlim7 is essential for heart and fin development in zebrafish; however, the expression and function of this PDZ-LIM family member in the mammal has remained unclear. Here, we show that Pdlim7 predominantly localizes to actin-rich structures in mice including the heart, vascular smooth muscle, and platelets. To test the requirement for Pdlim7 in mammalian development and function, we analyzed a mouse strain with global genetic inactivation of Pdlim7. We demonstrate that Pdlim7 loss-of-function leads to significant postnatal mortality. Inactivation of Pdlim7 does not disrupt cardiac development, but causes mild cardiac dysfunction in adult mice. Adult Pdlim7(-/-) mice displayed increased mitral and tricuspid valve annulus to body weight ratios. These structural aberrations in Pdlim7(-/-) mice were supported by three-dimensional reconstructions of adult cardiac valves, which revealed increased surface area to volume ratios for the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets. Unexpectedly, we found that loss of Pdlim7 triggers systemic venous and arterial thrombosis, leading to significant mortality shortly after birth in Pdlim7(+/-) (11/60) and Pdlim7(-/-) (19/35) mice. In line with a prothrombotic phenotype, adult Pdlim7(-/-) mice exhibit dramatically decreased tail bleed times compared to controls. These findings reveal a novel and unexpected function for Pdlim7 in maintaining proper hemostasis in neonatal and adult mice.
Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of human 4-beta-galactosyltransferase. (1986)

A cDNA clone to human 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.38) was isolated from a human liver lambda gt11 expression library by using a monospecific polyclonal antiserum to affinity-purified bovine enzyme. The authenticity of this cDNA clone has been demonstrated by several criteria. Under conditions of chronic treatment with the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, rat parotid glands show an approximately 10-fold increase in 4-beta-galactosyltransferase activity. The increased enzyme activity was reflected in dot-blot analysis of control and isoproterenol-treated rat parotid RNA by using the human cDNA as probe. Hybrid-selection and in vitro translation identified a protein product with a molecular mass of 47 kDa that was immunoprecipitated with the bovine antiserum. The full-length human cDNA clone was then isolated and the DNA sequence for the NH2-terminal portion of the protein was deduced. Comparison of the NH2-terminal protein sequence from the bovine protein with that of the human cDNA clone confirmed its identity. In addition, the human cDNA clone was used to localize the gene for 4-beta-galactosyltransferase to human chromosome 4 by Southern analysis of a somatic cell hybrid panel.
Enacyloxin IIa Pinpoints a Binding Pocket of Elongation Factor Tu for Development of Novel Antibiotics (2005)

Elongation factor (EF-) Tu.GTP is the carrier of aminoacyl-tRNA to the programmed ribosome. Enacyloxin IIa inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by hindering the release of EF-Tu.GDP from the ribosome. The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli EF-Tu.guanylyl iminodiphosphate (GDPNP).enacyloxin IIa complex at 2.3 A resolution presented here reveals the location of the antibiotic at the interface of domains 1 and 3. The binding site overlaps that of kirromycin, an antibiotic with a structure that is unrelated to enacyloxin IIa but that also inhibits EF-Tu.GDP release. As one of the major differences, the enacyloxin IIa tail borders a hydrophobic pocket that is occupied by the longer tail of kirromycin, explaining the higher binding affinity of the latter. EF-Tu.GDPNP.enacyloxin IIa shows a disordered effector region that in the Phe-tRNAPhe.EF-Tu (Thermus aquaticus).GDPNP.enacyloxin IIa complex, solved at 3.1 A resolution, is stabilized by the interaction with tRNA. This work clarifies the structural background of the action of enacyloxin IIa and compares its properties with those of kirromycin, opening new perspectives for structure-guided design of novel antibiotics.
Aberration theory and correction of optical systems (2007)

Preface. Introduction. 29 Aberrations. 29.1 Introduction. 29.2 Power Series Expansions. 29.3 Chromatic Aberrations. 29.4 Primary Aberrations. 29.5 Pupil Aberrations. 29.6 High-order Aberrations. 29.7 Zernike Polynomials. 29.8 Special Aberration Formulae. 29.9 Literature. 30 Image Quality Criteria. 30.1 Introduction. 30.2 Geometrical Aberrations. 30.3 Wave Aberrations. 30.4 Strehl Ratio. 30.5 Special Criteria. 30.6 Criteria for PSF and Intensity Distributions. 30.7 Point Resolution. 30.8 Depth of Focus. 30.9 MTF Criteria. 30.10 Edge Criteria. 30.11 Line Criteria. 30.12 Encircled Energy. 30.13 Special Criteria. 30.14 Distortion. 30.15 Color Aberrations. 30.16 Transmission and Illumination. 30.17 Field Dependence of the Quality. 30.18 Statistical Aberrations. 30.19 Special Aspects. 30.20 Literature. 31 Correction of Aberrations. 31.1 Strategies. 31.2 Monochromatic Aberrations. 31.3 Chromatic Aberrations. 31.4 Coexistence of Aberrations. 31.5 Literature. 32 Principles of Optimization. 32.1 Introduction. 32.2 Numerics of Optimization. 32.3 Constraints. 32.4 Local Solution Methods. 32.5 Global Optimization Methods. 32.6 Optimization of Optical Systems. 32.7 Starting Systems in Lens Design. 32.8 Controlling the Optimization Process. 32.9 Literature. 33 Optimization Process. 33.1 General Aspects. 33.2 Properties of Microscope Objective Lenses. 33.3 Development of a Monochromatic High NA Microscope Lens. 33.4 Literature. 34 Special Correction Features. 34.1 Aspherical Surfaces. 34.2 Gradient Index Media. 34.3 Systems with Diffractive Elements. 34.4 Non-axisymmetrical Systems. 34.5 Literature. 35 Tolerancing. 35.1 Introduction. 35.2 Tolerances for Optical Elements and Optical Systems. 35.3 Decenter and Tilt Tolerances. 35.4 Tolerance Costs. 35.5 Tolerances, Compensators and Adjustment. 35.6 Tolerance Distributions. 35.7 Practical Tolerancing. 35.8 Prism Tolerances. 35.9 Literature. A2 Optical Design Software OptaliX. A2.1 Introduction. A2.2 Program User Interface. A2.3 Configuration and System Data. A2.4 Surface Data. A2.5 Worked Examples. A2.6 Optical Design Import and Export. A2.7 OpTaliX-PRO Capabilities. A2.8 Obtaining OpTaliX-LT. Index.
Motivation: revitalizing performance. (1996)

It is difficult for health information managers to maintain their career motivation in times of financial cutbacks, reforms, and changing technologies. Diminished motivation leads to poor job performance, which harms the department's productivity and the manager s job security. Revitalizing performance through improved motivation does not depend on fate. The article explains why motivation diminishes and suggests a plan for recapturing lost motivation.
Improving the controlled cooling of hot-rolled steel coils (2010)

The thermostatting of alloy-steel coils after hot rolling in a continuous broad-strip mill is considered. A technological chart of slow controlled cooling of the coils is developed. Measures are proposed for the production of high-quality and highly profitable steel coils without additional capital expenditures or operating costs.
Enhanced phosphorus removal by microbial-collaborating sponge iron (2015)

The collaborative and mutually reinforcing phosphorus removal in domestic wastewater in a sponge iron and microorganisms system was studied through a laboratory and a pilot scale experiment. The results showed that the total phosphorus concentration of the effluent of less than 0.5 mg/L could be achieved. The results also support that the biochemical reaction accelerated the iron electrochemical corrosion. As a driving force, iron bacteria strengthened the chemical oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). The chemical precipitation of Fe(III) is the main form of phosphorus removal. In addition, there exists adsorption phosphorus removal by phosphate-accumulating organisms. The mechanism of the enhanced phosphorus removal by microbial-collaborating sponge iron was thus proposed.
Induction of T <sub>H</sub> 1 and T <sub>H</sub> 2 Immunity in Neonatal Mice (1996)

The neonatal period has been thought of as a window in ontogeny, during which the developing immune system is particularly susceptible to tolerization. In the present study, the classic system for induction of neonatal tolerance to protein antigens was reexamined in mice. The presumably tolerogenic protocol was found to trigger a vigorous T helper cell type 2 (T H 2) immune response. Thus, neonatal “tolerization” induces immune deviation, not tolerance in the immunological sense. Neonates are not immune privileged but generate T H 2 or T H 1 responses, depending on the mode of immunization.
Contractual Controls of Damages in Commercial Transactions (1960)

Parties to contracts undertake to control damages for three general reasons.They undertake to control damages if, because of their uncertain or speculative nature, they will be difficult to prove.They undertake to control damages because they foresee that, while they will be provable, they will, when awarded, pose a problem in collection.They undertake to control damages because they will be liable for them and because the law will, to some extent, allow them to contract away such liability.The first control is liquidated damages.The second control does not have a label so that of forfeiture clause is given it for the purposes of this article.The third control is mainly the exculpatory clause.These various devices will be the subject matter of this article.They will be discussed in the order in which they have been introduced.They will be discussed from the standpoint of the California law and lawyer.To make it something of a working tool for him, considerable attention will be given to problems of drafting.This much more may be said by way of introduction.Parties have a free hand in the substantive areas of contract.They may, for example, write their own ticket on consideration, subject only to equitable limitations.This is the policy of freedom of contract.The remedial area, on the other hand, is the province of the courts.It is their function to fix and enforce damages.Parties can play but a small role here.The only case in which they are given power to fix damages is where it would be difficult for the courts to do so, in which case they may liquidate damages.To an extent as yet undefined, they have power to limit damages for breach of contract.Parties have always sought to enlarge their role in the matter of fixing damages.Since they do have power in the substantive areas of contract and since they can, in a proper case, liquidate damages, it is not surprising to find their attempts in this direction camouflaged in the garb of the areas in which they may act.Thus the seller calls his forfeiture clause "liquidated damages" or makes the forfeiture "consideration for execution" of the contract.The net result has been that
Toward the correction of muscular dystrophy by gene editing (2021)

Recent advances in gene editing technologies are enabling the potential correction of devastating monogenic disorders through elimination of underlying genetic mutations. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an especially severe genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin, a membrane-associated protein required for maintenance of muscle structure and function. Patients with DMD succumb to loss of mobility early in life, culminating in premature death from cardiac and respiratory failure. The disease has thus far defied all curative strategies. CRISPR gene editing has provided new opportunities to ameliorate the disease by eliminating DMD mutations and thereby restore dystrophin expression throughout skeletal and cardiac muscle. Proof-of-concept studies in rodents, large mammals, and human cells have validated the potential of this approach, but numerous challenges remain to be addressed, including optimization of gene editing, delivery of gene editing components throughout the musculature, and mitigation of possible immune responses. This paper provides an overview of recent work from our laboratory and others toward the genetic correction of DMD and considers the opportunities and challenges in the path to clinical translation. Lessons learned from these studies will undoubtedly enable further applications of gene editing to numerous other diseases of muscle and other tissues.
THE RÔLE OF CUMULUS CELLS AND SERUM IN MOUSE OOCYTE MATURATION <i>IN VITRO</i> (1973)

Summary. Mouse oocytes were matured in vitro with or without cumulus cells and in medium containing non-dialysable or dialysable serum fractions. The criterion for successful maturation of the oocytes was the formation of two-cell embryos after fertilization in vitro. The data demonstrated that (1) cumulus cells do not improve oocyte maturation and subsequent fertilization in vitro and (2) the large molecular weight fraction of serum is the critical component of the system involving maturation in vitro.
Person Re-identification Using Visual Attention (2017)

Despite recent attempts for solving the person re-identification problem, it remains a challenging task since a person's appearance can vary significantly when large variations in view angle, human pose, and illumination are involved. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on using a gradient-based attention mechanism in deep convolution neural network for solving the person re-identification problem. Our model learns to focus selectively on parts of the input image for which the networks' output is most sensitive to and processes them with high resolution while perceiving the surrounding image in low resolution. Extensive comparative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on the challenging CUHK01, CUHK03, and Market 1501 datasets.
Control of spontaneous emission in a volume of functionalized hyperbolic metamaterial (2011)

We have developed a simple method to fabricate lamellar metal-dielectric hyperbolic metamaterials on flat, flexible, and curvilinear substrates, which allows for functionalization of dielectric layers by dye molecules. The control of spontaneous emission of dye molecules with hyperbolic metamaterials has been studied in two different sample configurations, and the effect has been found to be much stronger when emitters are placed inside the metamaterial rather than on its surface.
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of HaSNPV Protein Kinase. (1997)

The protein kinase gene of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HaSNPV) has been cloned and sequenced. It is located approximately 1.25 kb downstream of the polyhedrin gene. The predicted molecular mass of this 267 amino acid protein (HavPK) is 31 kD. HavPK shows a 43.0% amino acid homology to vPK from Lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) and a 39.0% homology to PK-1 from Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). Comparison of HavPK with protein kinases from other organisms showed that HavPK was also homologous to the catalytic domains of eukaryotic protein kinases and strongly indicated that HavPK was a serine/threonine protein kinase.
A Geometric Modeling System for Automated Mechanical Assembly (1980)

Very high level languages for describing mechanical assembly require a representation of the geometric and physical properties of 3-D objects including parts, tools, and the assembler itself. This paper describes a geometric modeling system that generates a data base in which objects and assemblies are represented by nodes in a graph structure. The edges of the graph represent relationships among objects such as part-of, attachment, constraint, and assembly. The nodes also store positional relationships between objects and physical properties such as material type. The user designs objects by combining positive and negative parameterized primitive volumes, for example, cubes and cones, which are represented internally as polyhedra. The data base is built by invoking a procedural representation of the primitive volumes, which generates vertex, edge, and surface lists of instances of the volumes. Several applications in the automatic assembly domain have been implemented using the geometric modeling system as a basis.
Een nieuwe atoomlaagdepositieproces voor efficiëntere zonnecellen (2016)

De prijs van zonnecellen is de laatste jaren aanzienlijk gedaald, waardoor geïnstalleerde zonnecellen tegenwoordig binnen afzienbare tijd zijn terugverdiend. Echter, om vooruitgang in het rendement en de kostprijs te kunnen blijven boeken zijn nieuwe technieken en materialen nodig. Een techniek die interessante mogelijkheden biedt voor de zonnecelindustrie is atoomlaagdepositie (ALD). Deze techniek wordt gebruikt om zeer dunne lagen, van slechts enkele nanometers dik, te ‘deponeren’ of ‘aan te groeien’. Op deze manier kunnen deze ‘films’ met zeer grote controle over de dikte én de ateriaaleigenschappen aangebracht worden. In dit artikel beschrijven we hoe we een nieuw ALDproces voor molybdeenoxide (MoOx) hebben ontwikkeld en hoe dit proces mogelijk gebruikt kan worden om het rendement te verhogen van zonnecellen van het zogenaamde type ‘silicium-heterojunctie’. We laten zien dat het materiaal zeer puur en transparant is en dat we goede prestaties kunnen verwachten voor een zonnecel met MoOx.