gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RNA silencing: no mercy for viruses? (2004)

'RNA silencing' is a highly conserved mechanism leading to suppression of gene expression through nucleotide sequence-specific interactions that are mediated by 21-24 nucleotide-long RNAs. This process was first discovered as an unexpected consequence of transgenesis in plants, and similarly, it was subsequently identified in animals as an anomaly of antisense gene inhibition. We summarize the progressive steps that paved the way to our current understanding of the molecular basis and fundamental biological roles of RNA silencing in both plants and animals. In particular, we describe the general antiviral function of this mechanism in higher plants where it forms the basis of a highly elaborate immune system. All defense systems show some level of fallibility, and RNA silencing is no exception to this rule, as plant viruses have developed sophisticated ways to counteract various steps of the process. Recent work indicates that viruses are also engaged into a similar arms race in insects, but it remains unclear if RNA silencing plays a defensive role against virus infection of higher vertebrates. We also discuss some biotechnological applications of RNA silencing in mammalian cells that have fueled optimism that this mechanism may hold a promising future in antiviral human therapy.
Apoptosis‐related genes confer resistance to Fusarium wilt in transgenic ‘Lady Finger’ bananas (2011)

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is one of the most devastating diseases of banana (Musa spp.). Apart from resistant cultivars, there are no effective control measures for the disease. We investigated whether the transgenic expression of apoptosis-inhibition-related genes in banana could be used to confer disease resistance. Embryogenic cell suspensions of the banana cultivar, 'Lady Finger', were stably transformed with animal genes that negatively regulate apoptosis, namely Bcl-xL, Ced-9 and Bcl-2 3' UTR, and independently transformed plant lines were regenerated for testing. Following a 12-week exposure to Foc race 1 in small-plant glasshouse bioassays, seven transgenic lines (2 × Bcl-xL, 3 × Ced-9 and 2 × Bcl-2 3' UTR) showed significantly less internal and external disease symptoms than the wild-type susceptible 'Lady Finger' banana plants used as positive controls. Of these, one Bcl-2 3' UTR line showed resistance that was equivalent to that of wild-type Cavendish bananas that were included as resistant negative controls. Further, the resistance of this line continued for 23-week postinoculation at which time the experiment was terminated. Using TUNEL assays, Foc race 1 was shown to induce apoptosis-like features in the roots of wild-type 'Lady Finger' plants consistent with a necrotrophic phase in the life cycle of this pathogen. This was further supported by the observed reduction in these effects in the roots of the resistant Bcl-2 3' UTR-transgenic line. This is the first report on the generation of transgenic banana plants with resistance to Fusarium wilt.
Temperature-controlled radiofrequency catheter ablation of manifest accessory pathways (1996)

Temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation of manifest accessory pathways is highly effective and safe. The temperature response is faster and significantly higher in left-sided energy applications compared to right-sided pulses. Peak temperature levels measured at the electrode tip are significantly higher during effective than ineffective pulses. Sudden rises in impedance are not completely prevented during temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathway, although no procedure-related complications were noted in this patient cohort.
Transient Performance of Vacuum-Switched Static VAR Compensators Optimised for Large Inductive Loads (2001)

ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), an experimental tokamak device for nuclear fusion research, requires an electrical power up to a few hundred MVA for a time period of 10 – 20 s. Static converters powered by flywheel generators are used to feed the magnet coils of AUG. Engineering activities devoted to optimising the existing power supply by static var compensators (SVC) are under way to satisfy future power demands. Sudden load changes can occur in the flywheel generator networks and the busbar voltages can be extremely distorted while thyristor converters are operated at high current levels during an AUG load pulse. A major concern under these conditions is to avoid a resonant excitation of SVC modules. The paper presents the design criteria for the installed SVC modules, measurement results under normal and fault conditions (switching, resonant excitation) and design improvements derived from numerical simulations. These will provide harmonic filtering and allow to economically compensate large amounts of reactive power (120 MVAr) by vacuum-switched SVC devices.
Parkinson's disease as multifactorial oxidative neurodegeneration: implications for integrative management. (2000)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement pathology, severely afflicting dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra (SN) along with non-dopaminergic, extra-nigral projection bundles that control circuits for sensory, associative, premotor, and motor pathways. Clinical, experimental, microanatomic, and biochemical evidence suggests PD involves multifactorial, oxidative neurodegeneration, and that levodopa therapy adds to the oxidative burden. The SN is uniquely vulnerable to oxidative damage, having high content of oxidizable dopamine, neuromelanin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and iron, and relatively low antioxidant complement with high metabolic rate. Oxidative phosphorylation abnormalities impair energetics in the SN mitochondria, also intensifying oxygen free radical generation. These pro-oxidative factors combine within the SN dopaminergic neurons to create extreme vulnerability to oxidative challenge. Epidemiologic studies and long-term tracking of victims of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,-tetrahydropyridine) poisoning, suggest oxidative stress compounded by exogenous toxins may trigger the neurodegenerative progression of PD. Rational, integrative management of PD requires: (1) dietary revision, especially to lower calories; (2) rebalancing of essential fatty acid intake away from pro-inflammatory and toward anti-inflammatory prostaglandins; (3) aggressive repletion of glutathione and other nutrient antioxidants and cofactors; (4) energy nutrients acetyl L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, NADH, and the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS), (5) chelation as necessary for heavy metals; and (6) liver P450 detoxification support.
8‐Aminoquinoline: A Powerful Directing Group in Metal‐Catalyzed Direct Functionalization of CH Bonds (2013)

Chelate me if you can: Over the last decade, strategies for the functionalization of both C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds have witnessed an increasing use of a simple, yet powerful directing group, 8-aminoquinoline (in blue). This auxiliary is very efficient in a wide range of metal-mediated reactions, and can be readily removed to afford the desired carboxylic acids or corresponding derivatives.
GDSI: a Web-based decision support system to facilitate the efficient and effective use of clinical practice guidelines (2004)

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are systematically developed healthcare recommendations designed to improve quality and control costs by reducing errors, minimizing practice variability, and promoting best practices. Although considerable effort and resources have been applied to CPG design, development, and deployment, the impact of CPGs on clinician behavior is inconsistent at best. The biomedical literature suggests that CPG efficacy could be improved using information systems that make CPGs and related patient-specific decision support functions available and easier to use at the point of care. This approach also depends upon the ability to integrate CPG information systems into the clinician workflow. Based on an analysis of the barriers to efficient and effective guideline use, researchers from City of Hope National Medical Center's Division of Information Sciences were motivated to develop a Web-based expert system to facilitate CPG utilization in a variety of clinical environments. The resulting Graphical Decision Support Interface (GDSI) employs a relational database-driven state machine architecture adapted from an instrument control system developed by one of the authors. The user interface was designed to facilitate clinician interaction with large, complex decision hierarchies. As users enter information about an individual patient, the system computes additional derived values and provides context-specific recommendations. It also documents when and why clinicians intentionally deviate from guideline recommendations to assist with organizational benchmarking and CPG modification efforts. This report describes the GDSI prototype and our experience with the translation of breast cancer treatment guidelines into algorithms with explicit states and decision points. It also describes a pilot study of the system at two Southern California cancer treatment facilities. Preliminary results suggest that the GDSI system is well received among clinicians and is capable of making a positive contribution toward CPG development and use. Lessons learned and directions for future research are also discussed.
Work with Children in the Family Context (1990)

As defined in the introduction, child abuse occurs in the family context and therefore it would seem logical that helping the child should, in many cases, take place within the family context. This chapter is not designed as an in-depth study of family therapy. It looks at the type of help which a social worker, with some understanding of family dynamics, can undertake. All the suggestions are based on practical experience. The workers who used the methods described were all busy professionals with many other demands on their time and with few facilities. They did not regard themselves as 'experts' but they acquired an expertise by careful planning, by accepting guidance from colleagues, by practising techniques and by always being sensitive to the feelings and needs of the clients.
Relationship Between Cerebrospinal Fluid Visfatin (PBEF/Nampt) Levels and Adiposity in Humans (2008)

Our data indicate that visfatin concentrations in human CSF decrease with rising body fat, supporting the assumption that visfatin transport across the blood-brain barrier is impaired in obesity and that central nervous visfatin insufficiency or resistance are linked to pathogenetic mechanisms of obesity.
Longwall Tailgates: The Technology For Roof Support Has Improved But Optimization Is Still Not There (2003)

Roof support technology for longwall tailgates has changed dramatically during the past decade. Filling tailgates with conventional wood cribs is becoming the exception rather than the rule. Modern engineered timber support systems and a host of other alternative support products provide far greater capacity as well as stiffer response, thereby allowing the supports to resist roof movement with much less displacement than the soft wood cribbing used in the past. For these reasons, these products can provide superior roof control. In addition, the material handling requirements for support installation have now become a major consideration in the support design and selection process. Products such as conventional wood cribbing that require piece-meal construction of bulky, heavy components have diminished, while prop-type supports and products that can be installed with machinery and pumpable support technologies have grown in use resulting in fewer injuries to mine workers. Now, the opportunity exists to provide the safest, most cost effective support system, through engineering design rather than by trial and error and to optimize the use of the support system chosen. Yet this is rarely done. The key to accomplishing this task is to understand the interaction of the support system with the ground conditions at the installation site. A major focus of the paper is to conceptualize the support and interaction through the use of a ground reaction curve which relates the support resistance to the convergence of the longwall tailgate. The goal of any roof support design is to control the ground deformations and maintain the structural integrity of damaged or broken ground to the extent possible to provide a stable mine opening. In general, deformations will be a function of the stress environment and inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass. However, if the deformations are intimately linked to the stress changes such that the deformation can be controlled by the load resistance or reinforcement provided by a roof support system, then the loading behavior can be described as load-controlled. Conversely, if the deformation occurs irrespective of the installed support (assuming practical limitations), then the loading behavior is described as displacement-controlled. In this case, the deformation can be considered irresistible from a practical standpoint. In this context, the nature of the loading has significant consequences on the support design requirements. Finally, examples using the NIOSH Support Technology Optimization Program (STOP) to develop design criteria using ground reaction data from underground studies and ways to include uncontrolled convergence as part of the design criteria for standing roof supports will also be discussed.
Acetylene black: a single-layer microwave absorber (1987)

The reflectivity properties and applications of acetylene black rubber composites are described.
Semantic Enterprise Architecture Management (2013)

Enterprise architecture management (EAM) provides information about an enterprise and its information systems landscape for thorough analysis.Semantic technologies allow for integrating data sets from various relevant information sources within enterprises in a so-called EA repository, which serves as a comprehensive formal information base for EAM.We call this approach Semantic Enterprise Architecture Management, SEAM for short.We show how SEAM uses semantic technologies to bridge the heterogeneity between various data sets relevant for EAM, such as The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) models, Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) business process models and Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) models.Query answering and reasoning enable detailed analysis and consistency checks on the SEAM repository in order to discover complex dependencies and implicit knowledge.
Narrow-linewidth idler generation in fiber four-wave mixing and parametric amplification by dithering two pumps in opposition of phase (2002)

Wide-bandwidth and high-gain fiber optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) have been demonstrated recently. Their application as all-optical wavelength converters has been hampered by pump-induced converted-signal spectrum broadening, due to the required pump phase modulation. In this paper, we theoretically investigate and experimentally demonstrate a technique to cancel the converted-signal broadening by using four-wave mixing (FWM) or parametric amplification with two pumps phase-modulated 180/spl deg/ out of phase. The resulting converted-signal quality is comparable to that of the output signal.
Rapid-prototyping designs for the three-power-source hybrid electric scooter with a fuzzy-control energy management (2016)

This study mainly develops a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform for a hybrid electric scooter (HES). The fuzzy control strategy is utilized for the energy management among three power sources. A low-order scooter dynamics is constructed including subsystems such as the spark-ignition engine, high-power traction motor, integrated starter-generator (ISG), high-power battery module, transmission, longitudinal vehicle dynamics, etc. For energy management of three power sources, the 73-rule fuzzy control is designed and compared to the traditional rule-based control. Three inputs are the battery state-of-charge (SOC), required torque and engine speed. Three outputs are torque commands for the engine, the motor, and the ISG. The system model and the energy management system are integrated for off-line simulation then. The verified models of control strategy and the vehicle dynamics are downloaded to two real-time simulators for the close-loop control with A/D D/A interface. Simulation results show that the vehicle model details the dynamics of key components, while the energy consumptions of these two control modes are nearly 170kJ under ECE40 driving cycle. This HIL platform can be used for rapid prototyping for vehicle control unit (VCU) designs of HES. The general vehicle model can be extended to various power-level hybrid vehicles with three power sources.
A Lambert targeting procedure for rocket systems that lack velocity control (1989)

A modified Lambert targeting procedure is described which is applicable to multiple stage rocket systems that lack a velocity control capability. Velocity control is typically mechanized as a thrust cut-off or payload separation system, which can be activated when guidance velocity-to-go requirements have been satisfied. The Lambert targeting procedure discussed in this paper is based upon accepted and proven Lambert targeting techniques, but is modified to compensate for the lack of velocity control. The modified procedure uses an outerloop iterative process to constrain the magnitude of the Lambert required velocity-to-go to that of the nominal delta-velocity capability of the rocket motor while allowing a variable time-of-transfer. The resulting algorithm effectively eliminates target miss due to performance uncertainty in the boost stages, and reduces the target miss to that due to off-nominal performance of the Lambert targeted final stage. The details of the modified Lambert procedure are described, and simulation results for several traje~t~ories are presented. The computation requirements of this algorithm on the Sandia Airborne Computer are also discussed.
Design And Testing Of Lenses For Optical Disk Technology (1983)

Optical disk technology today finds widespread application in laser vision, compact disk, and data storage equipment. The required specifications of lenses which meet these requirements are discussed. Their image quality is given by rms of wave aberration, by point spread function, by encircled energy, or by modulation transfer function (MTF). Due to the automatic servo focusing technique, a certain amount of field curvature can be tolerated. Measured results of image quality are compared with theoretical values.
Immersive Visual Communication (2010)

The National Academy of Engineering recently identified 14 grand challenges for engineering in the 21st century (www.engineeringchallenges. org). We believe that the continuing advances in ubiquitous sensing, processing, and computing provide the potential to tackle two of these 14 grand challenges: specifically, enhancing virtual reality and advancing personalized learning.
Advances in the Knowledge about Kidney Decellularization and Repopulation (2017)

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is characterized by the progressive deterioration of renal function that may compromise different tissues and organs. The major treatment indicated for patients with ESRD is kidney transplantation. However, the shortage of available organs, as well as the high rate of organ rejection, supports the need for new therapies. Thus, the implementation of tissue bioengineering to organ regeneration has emerged as an alternative to traditional organ transplantation. Decellularization of organs with chemical, physical, and/or biological agents generates natural scaffolds, which can serve as basis for tissue reconstruction. The recellularization of these scaffolds with different cell sources, such as stem cells or adult differentiated cells, can provide an organ with functionality and no immune response after <i>in vivo</i> transplantation on the host. Several studies have focused on improving these techniques, but until now, there is no optimal decellularization method for the kidney available yet. Herein, an overview of the current literature for kidney decellularization and whole-organ recellularization is presented, addressing the pros and cons of the actual techniques already developed, the methods adopted to evaluate the efficacy of the procedures, and the challenges to be overcome in order to achieve an optimal protocol.
Review on powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing technology (2014)

This paper presents a thorough literature review of the powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) technology. EBAM, a relatively new additive manufacturing (AM) process, can produce full-density metallic parts directly from the electronic data of the designed part geometry. EBAM has gained broad attentions from different industries such as aerospace and biomedical, with great potential in a variety of applications. The paper first introduces the general aspects of EBAM. The unique characteristics, advantages and challenges of EBAM are then presented. Moreover, the hub of this paper includes extensive discussions of microstructures, mechanical properties, geometric attributes, which impact the application ranges of EBAM parts, with focus on commonly used titanium alloys (in particular, Ti-6Al-4V). In the end, modeling efforts and process metrology of the EBAM process are discussed as well.
Immunoprotective oral whole cell vaccine for enterotoxigenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>diarrhea prepared by in situ destruction of chromosomal and plasmid DNA with colicin E2 (1988)

Vaccine regimens which mimic actual infection with bacterial enteropathogens should offer the best opportunity for successful long-term immunoprotection against diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) or Vibrio cholerae. Based on this principle, we designed and tested an oral whole cell anti-ETEC vaccine consisting of intact cells of ETEC strain H-10407 (ST+LT+; O78:H11:CFA/I) which were rendered incapable of replication by treatment with a potent DNA endonuclease, colicin E2. Young healthy volunteers were administered two oral doses of either placebo or approx. 3 X 10(10) vaccine cells. In a double-blind study, 9 of 10 vaccinees responded with an increase in CFA/I-specific intestinal IgA antibody, determined as percent of total IgA. Challenge with virulent strain H-10407 (5 X 10(9) living cells) produced diarrhea in 8 of 9 (89%) of the placebo-treated volunteers and in 2 of 10 (20%) of the vaccinees. Thus, the colicin E2-killed whole cell vaccine afforded both a significant intestinal immune response and significant protection against challenge with the virulent organism. The data presented here suggest that for this vaccine preparation an intestinal anti-CFA/I IgA response is a good indicator of a protective immune response, which most likely involves antibody responses to a number of antigens in addition to CFA/I. We conclude that the colicin E2 method for preparing an oral anti-ETEC vaccine merits further study and that this method may also be applicable to other enteropathogens.