gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes on the age of metamorphism of the Moinian (1970)

Synopsis A post-Cambrian age for the main metamorphism of the Moinian is supported by recent work in the Carn Chuinneag–Assynt region. The earliest structures in the Moinian ante-date the 530 m.y. old Carn Chuinneag granite and can only be assigned to the post-Cambrian orogenesis if a minimum age of 530±10 m.y. is assumed for the Cambro–Ordovician boundary.
Neural Trojans (2017)

While neural networks demonstrate stronger capabilities in pattern recognition nowadays, they are also becoming larger and deeper. As a result, the effort needed to train a network also increases dramatically. In many cases, it is more practical to use a neural network intellectual property (IP) that an IP vendor has already trained. As we do not know about the training process, there can be security threats in the neural IP: the IP vendor (attacker) may embed hidden malicious functionality, i.e neural Trojans, into the neural IP. We show that this is an effective attack and provide three mitigation techniques: input anomaly detection, re-training, and input preprocessing. All the techniques are proven effective. The input anomaly detection approach is able to detect 99.8% of Trojan triggers although with 12.2% false positive. The re-training approach is able to prevent 94.1% of Trojan triggers from triggering the Trojan although it requires that the neural IP be reconfigurable. In the input preprocessing approach, 90.2% of Trojan triggers are rendered ineffective and no assumption about the neural IP is needed.
Characterisation of electric arc furnace dust generated during plain carbon steel production (2008)

Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is a waste generated in the EAF during the steel production process. Among different wastes, EAF dust represents one of the most hazardous, since it contains heavy metals such as Zn, Fe, Cr, Cd and Pb. The goal of the present work is to characterise the waste through chemical analysis, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy detection and thermal analysis. The waste sample is composed essentially of spherical particles and has a very small particle size and the majority of the identified elements were Fe, Zn, Ca, Cr, Mn, K and Si. The XRD has presented compounds such as ZnO, ZnFe2O4, Fe2O3, MnO, SiO2, FeFe2O4 and MnAl2O4. According to the thermal analysis results, up to 1000 degrees C the total weight loss was similar to 5%. The results of waste characterisation are very important to these further investigations.
Transforming Growth Factors-βl and β2 Induce Synthesis and Accumulation of Hyaluronate and Chondroitin Sulfate<i>In Vivo</i> (1990)

Subcutaneous implantation in rats of partially purified transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) derived from bovine bone induced extensive development of connective tissue with associated edema. Subcutaneous injection of pure TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2 also induced connective tissue deposition in mice and guinea pigs. Sustained release of TGF-beta 1 from mini-osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously in mature guinea pigs promoted connective tissue deposition that encapsulated the pumps. Biochemical analyses of the connective tissue capsule demonstrated that TGF-beta 1 induced a dose-dependent accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The GAG/DNA ratio also increased as a function of the rate of TGF-beta 1 released, suggesting that the factor increased production of GAGs per cell. Cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis of the GAGs and hydrolysis with specific glycosidases revealed that the majority of GAGs consisted of hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 stimulate the production of not only collagenous extracellular matrix components, but also dramatically increase the in vivo synthesis of hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate.
Vaccinia virus encodes an essential gene with strong homology to protein kinases (1989)

The B1 gene of vaccinia virus encodes a 34-kDa protein which is essential for viral replication. Temperature-sensitive mutants bearing lesions in this gene arrest at the stage of DNA replication during nonpermissive infections. In this report, the sequence of the 34-kDa open reading frame is presented, and the mutations in two ts alleles are identified. Analysis of the deduced protein sequence reveals strong homology with catalytic domains of numerous protein kinases. The lesion in one of the mutants alters an invariant glycine residue within one such domain.
The molecular and genetic basis of pollen–pistil interactions (2001)

Over the past decade or so, there has been significant progress towards elucidating the molecular events occurring during pollination in flowering plants. This process involves a series of complex cellular interactions that culminates in the fusion between male and female gametes. The process also regulates crucial events such as pollen adhesion, hydration, pollen tube growth and guidance to the ovules. Additionally, in many instances, incompatibility mechanisms that control the acceptance or rejection of pollen alighting on a recipient plant play a major role in the pollination process. In this article we aim to review our current understanding of the components that are implicated in enabling the pollen to deliver the male gametes to the ovary and the molecular mechanisms by which they are thought to act. Contents Summary 565 I. Introduction 565 II. Adhesion of pollen to the stigma 566 III. Pollen hydration 567 IV. Pollen germination and initial growth on the stigma surface 568 V. Pollen tube growth through the style and pollen tube guidance 569 VI. Control of pollen viability by incompatibility responses 572 1. Self incompatibility (SI) 573 Gametophytic SI 573 SI in the Solanaceae 573 SI in Papaver 575 Sporophytic SI 577 SI in Brassica 577 SI in Ipomoea 579 2. Interspecific incompatibility responses 579 VII. Conclusions and perspective 580 References 580.
A router for improved fault isolation, scalability and diagnosis in CAN (2010)

Controller Area Network (CAN) provides an inexpensive and robust network technology in many application domains. However, the use of CAN is constrained by limitations with respect to fault isolation, bandwidth, wire length, namespaces and diagnosis. This paper presents a solution to overcome these limitations by replacing the CAN bus with a star topology. We introduce a CAN router that detects and isolates node failures in the value and time domain. The CAN router ensures that minimum message interarrival times are satisfied and reserves CAN identifiers for individual CAN nodes. In addition, the CAN router exploits knowledge about communication relationships for a more efficient use of communication bandwidth through multicast messaging. An implementation of the CAN router based on a Multi-Processor System-on-a-Chip (MPSoC) shows the feasibility of the proposed solution.
Reliability evaluation of stacked die BGA assemblies under mechanical bending loads (2006)

This thesis presents a reliability evaluation of stacked die ball grid array (BGA) assemblies under mechanical bending loads. The test specimens used in this investigation were four die stacked BGAs assembled on printed circuit boards (PCBs) with eutectic tin-lead solder and gold over nickel finishes, both as-reflowed and after aging. The failure envelopes of both types of specimen were quantified in terms of PCB flexural strain and strain rate. The experimental data from cyclic bending tests at three strain amplitudes with a constant strain rate have been used to determine the effect of strain amplitudes on cycles to failure. The experimental data from cyclic bending tests were combined with the data from impact tests to determine the effect of strain rate to cycles to failure. The failure sites associated with each test condition were identified, and failure site transition phenomena are reported and discussed.
Enhancement-Mode<i>m</i>-plane AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (2009)

The first demonstration of the m-plane AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistor was reported. This transistor exhibited enhancement-mode operation, with the threshold voltage of +2.0 V owing to the nonpolar AlGaN/GaN heterojunction. The maximum drain–source current density and the maximum transconductance were 130 mA/mm at a gate–source voltage (Vgs) of +9 V and 25 mS/mm at Vgs = +8 V, respectively. The on-to-off ratio was over 106.
A Randomized Trial Comparing Preoperative Chemotherapy Plus Surgery with Surgery Alone in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (1994)

Preoperative chemotherapy increases the median survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (1991)

Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used extensively as a research tool in the investigation of human physiology and pathology for over a decade. By labelling suitable compounds (for example, glucose, amino acids, ammonia, DOPA or drugs) with positron emitting isotopes which are then administered in tracer amounts, the blood flow, metabolism and even the cell receptor or neurotransmitter distributions may be assessed in vivo. Advances in PET technology and experience now make PET a powerful clinical diagnostic tool, enabling investigation of disease at a molecular level, even in the absence of anatomical abnormalities apparent on computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical PET is already utilised in the management of patients with epilepsy, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, dementia and a wide variety of oncological applications. PET will become more widely available shortly in the UK, with the opening of centres such as the Guy's and St Thomas's Clinical PET Centre in 1992. It will therefore become increasingly important that clinicians are aware of those specific areas in which PET may be the investigation of choice to optimise patient diagnosis, treatment and/or follow-up. This review will endeavour to explain briefly the principles of the PET technique, and then outline those areas where PET has already had an impact on patient management in comparison with the more widely available diagnostic tests, finally outlining promising areas where PET may become more clinically useful in the future.
Suradista NSC 651016 inhibits the angiogenic activity of CXCL12-stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha. (2002)

CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha), a ligand for CXCR4, has been shown to induce endothelial cell chemotaxis and to stimulate angiogenesis, suggesting that it may be a significant target for antiangiogenic therapy. Here we have tested suradista NSC 651016, a compound known to inhibit CXCL12-induced monocyte chemotaxis, for its ability to inhibit CXCL12-induced angiogenic activity. NSC 651016 inhibited CXCL12-mediated endothelial cell chemotaxis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, new vessel sprouting, by both rat and chick aorta in an angiogenesis model, was inhibited. Additionally, in vitro capillary-like structure formation induced by CXCL12 was inhibited by NSC 651016. Furthermore, NSC 651016 inhibited CXCL12-mediated angiogenesis in an in vivo s.c. assay. These data indicate that suradista NSC 651016 possesses in vitro and in vivo antiangiogenic activity and has the potential to interfere with neovacularization of tumors and their metastases.
Activation of the respiratory burst in eosinophil leucocytes—a transduction sequence decoupled from cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> rise (1995)

The activation of the respiratory burst by complement factor 5a (C5a), platelet-activating factor (PAF), formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and neutrophil-activating peptide IL-8 was explored in eosinophils from patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome. The amplitude of the response increased with increasing concentrations of C5a and PAF, but the time for its induction was unaffected by the amount of stimulus applied. Respiratory burst activity resulting from phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC) produced longer onset times, which shortened with increasing PMA concentrations. Total inhibition of the C5a- and PMA-mediated burst could be achieved with the PKC inhibitor staurosporine at concentrations of 100 and 5nM, respectively. Calcium depletion abolished agonist-induced rises in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and respiratory burst activity, but not PMA-mediated NADPH-oxidase activation. While PMA reduced elevations in [Ca2+]i, it restored the burst response to agonists in Ca(2+)-depleted eosinophils. These results agree with the agonist-induced activation of the NADPH-oxidase via PKC, but suggest a parallel, Ca(2+)-, phospholipase C- and PKC-independent signal transduction pathway. Data obtained with B. pertussis toxin showed that the respiratory burst in eosinophils is blocked by ADP-ribosylation of G(i)-proteins, but that in the presence of PMA portions of the agonist response could be recovered.
Fabrication of a 34 × 34 Crossbar Structure at 50 nm Half-pitch by UV-based Nanoimprint Lithography (2004)

We have developed a single-layer UV-nanoimprint process, which was utilized to fabricate 34 × 34 crossbar circuits with a half-pitch of 50 nm (equivalent to a bit density of 10 Gbit/cm2). This process contains two innovative ideas to overcome challenges in the nanoimprint at shrinking dimensions. First, our new liquid resist formulation allowed us to minimize the residual resist layer thickness after curing and requires the relatively low imprint pressure of 20 psi. Second, by engineering the surface energy of the substrate we also eliminated the problem of trapped air during contact with the mold such that it spreads the resist and expels trapped air uniformly. Our overall process required fewer processing steps than any bilayer process and yielded high quality results at 50 nm half-pitch.
A VLSI Design of a Pipeline Reed-Solomon Decoder (1985)

A pipeline structure of a transform decoder similar to a systolic array is developed to decode Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. An important ingredient of this design is a modified Euclidean algorithm for computing the error-locator polynomial. The computation of inverse field elements is completely avoided in this modification of Euclid's algorithm. The new coder is regular and simple, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation. An example illustrating both the pipeline and systolic array aspects of this decoder structure is given for a RS code.
Correlation between plasma dynamics and porosity of Ge films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (2006)

The porosity of Ge films deposited by pulsed laser deposition in an inert gas atmosphere is observed to be directly correlated with the kinetic energy of ablated species. The deposition conditions were modified by varying the pressure and the target-substrate distance. The evolution of the kinetic energy of ablated species as a function of deposition parameters, such as distance from target and background gas pressure, is described in terms of a theoretical model. The relationship between the density of Ge films and the kinetic energy of ablated species is discussed.
Small Molecules with Similar Structures Exhibit Agonist, Neutral Antagonist or Inverse Agonist Activity toward Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor (2012)

Small differences in the chemical structures of ligands can be responsible for agonism, neutral antagonism or inverse agonism toward a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Although each ligand may stabilize the receptor conformation in a different way, little is known about the precise conformational differences. We synthesized the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) olmesartan, R239470 and R794847, which induced inverse agonism, antagonism and agonism, respectively, and then investigated the ligand-specific changes in the receptor conformation with respect to stabilization around transmembrane (TM)3. The results of substituted cysteine accessibility mapping studies support the novel concept that ligand-induced changes in the conformation of TM3 play a role in stabilizing GPCR. Although the agonist-, neutral antagonist and inverse agonist-binding sites in the AT(1) receptor are similar, each ligand induced specific conformational changes in TM3. In addition, all of the experimental data were obtained with functional receptors in a native membrane environment (in situ).
An open source software framework for the implementation of an open systems architecture, run-time system (2012)

This paper presents the outcome of a UK MoD sponsored development effort to provide a suite of source code that will be made available to contractors employed in the provision of test system software to the MoD and coalition partners. The primary purpose of this `open source software' is to provide a working test system software framework that meets the requirements of the MoD's DEFSTAN 66-31 [1] (Open Systems Architecture); in particular, the use of IEEE 1641 [2] and ATML [3]. Using the interfaces and data exchange formats defined by both IEEE 1641 and ATML, a software framework has been written to bring together COTS tools and test information, in an application that sees ATML Test Description through to UUT test pin. Specifically, the framework is broken down into the areas of: ATML Test Description Importer - Converting test requirements into a test program implementation carrying 1641 Test Procedure Language. 1641 Signal Translator - Mapping test signal requirements onto test resource capabilities (making use of ATML Test Station Description). Signal Routing - Connecting test resources to UUT pins. 1641 Test Signal Framework IDL Generator - Generating a run-time interface from 1641 signal libraries. 1641 Run-time - Implementing a 1641 runtime interface with calls to underlying test resources. COTS tools have been chosen from three different manufacturers, encompassing test program generation, test signal allocation and switch path routing. This project is known as the Open Systems Architecture Runtime System (OSA RTS).
The thermal stability of sodium beta[sup ʺ]-Alumina solid electrolyte ceramic in AMTEC cells (1999)

A critical component of alkali metal thermal-to electric converter (AMTEC) devices for long duration space missions is the beta″-alumina solid electrolyte ceramic (BASE), for which there exists no substitute. The temperature and environmental conditions under which BASE remains stable control operational parameters of AMTEC devices. We have used mass loss experiments in vacuum to 1573K to characterize the kinetics of BASE decomposition, and conductivity and exchange current measurements in sodium vapor filled exposure cells to 1223K to investigate changes in the BASE which affect its ionic conductivity. There is no clear evidence of direct thermal decomposition of BASE below 1273K, although limited soda loss may occur. Reactive metals such as Mn or Cr can react with BASE at temperatures at least as low as 1223K.
A Monoclonal Antibody against Chicken Thrombocytes Reacts with the Cells of Thrombocyte Lineage (2004)

A new mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb), HUKT was raised against chicken peripheral blood thrombocytes. The mAb HUKT appeared to detect a specific marker on the surface of chicken thrombocytes. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis revealed that it did not react with cells from the normal thymus, bursa of Fabricius, six kinds of chicken cell lines, chicken erythrocytes or human platelets. In addition, HUKT(+) cells in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were CD45(low), Bu-1a(-) and CD3(-) cells. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the molecule recognized by HUKT is a monomer with an apparent molecular weight of 150 kDa under non-reducing and reducing conditions. Tissue distribution studies revealed that only cells of thrombocyte lineage in bone marrow and embryonic blood cells were stained by HUKT. The HUKT mAb presented here may be useful for both ontogenetic studies of thrombocyte lineage and immunological studies in the chicken.
Imaging flow cytometry for automated detection of hypoxia‐induced erythrocyte shape change in sickle cell disease (2014)

In preclinical and early phase pharmacologic trials in sickle cell disease, the percentage of sickled erythrocytes after deoxygenation, an ex vivo functional sickling assay, has been used as a measure of a patient's disease outcome. We developed a new sickle imaging flow cytometry assay (SIFCA) and investigated its application. To perform the SIFCA, peripheral blood was diluted, deoxygenated (2% oxygen) for 2 hr, fixed, and analyzed using imaging flow cytometry. We developed a software algorithm that correctly classified investigator tagged "sickled" and "normal" erythrocyte morphology with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.1%. The percentage of sickled cells as measured by SIFCA correlated strongly with the percentage of sickle cell anemia blood in experimentally admixed samples (R = 0.98, P ≤ 0.001), negatively with fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels (R = -0.558, P = 0.027), negatively with pH (R = -0.688, P = 0.026), negatively with pretreatment with the antisickling agent, Aes-103 (5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural) (R = -0.766, P = 0.002), and positively with the presence of long intracellular fibers as visualized by transmission electron microscopy (R = 0.799, P = 0.002). This study shows proof of principle that the automated, operator-independent SIFCA is associated with predictable physiologic and clinical parameters and is altered by the putative antisickling agent, Aes-103. SIFCA is a new method that may be useful in sickle cell drug development.
Introduction: Thinking about comedy (2009)

Consider the following series of questions. When you reach for a film in the Comedy section of the local video store, what are the inferred promises which have narrowed your search to this particular category? As you settle in to watch the film, what effect does knowing that it is considered a comedy have on the way you watch it, the way you process information, the way you form expectations about what will happen, and, eventually, how you describe it to other people? Or why, on the other hand, might you have chosen to avoid a film which appears in the Comedy section?
The Selective Clustering Energy Detector for Cognitive Radio Networks – Conceptual Design and Experimental Assessment (2018)

Spectrum sensing using energy detectors is a promising, simple and flexible approach for cognitive radio networks to detect primary users. In this paper, we present a new energy detector, called Selective Clustering Energy Detector (SCED. This detector determines dynamic thresholds based on clustering and aggregating selected sequences of energy measurements obtained from a software-defined radio. We assess SCED in a series of controlled experiments on real hardware, and compare its performance and reliability to reference cell based energy detectors reported in the literature. We show that SCED surpasses these detectors in all experiments, in particular in scenarios with non-transmission-free reference cells and during the startup phase.