gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using formal specifications to support testing (2009)

Formal methods and testing are two important approaches that assist in the development of high-quality software. While traditionally these approaches have been seen as rivals, in recent years a new consensus has developed in which they are seen as complementary. This article reviews the state of the art regarding ways in which the presence of a formal specification can be used to assist testing.
Information about Climate are missing (1998)

Među prirodnim resursima posebno je zanimljiva klima koja može pojacati elemente ponude nekog hotela, mjesta, ili regije. Turistima je potrebno pružiti sire klimatske karakteristike i informacije, koje bi gostu trebale biti pristupacne u blizini recepcije. Te informacije trebalo bi prezentirati na slican nacin, tabelama i drugim vidovima, kako to rade dnevni listovi. Jasno, objasnjenja bi trebalo dati na vise jezika. to su stvari koje ne stoje mnogo novca, ali kada pogledati malo po holovima nasih hotela, onda cemo uociti da takvih informacija u pravilu nema, jasno, uz određene izuzetke.
Scanning electron microscope matching and calibration for critical dimensional metrology (1997)

The mean value of a measurement set with precision σ has an offset relative to an accepted standard. Calibration of an instrument involves subtracting the offset between the mean value and the reference. Unfortunately, imaging characteristics for most types of microscopes are not constant. Slight changes in feature wall angle, edge and surface roughness, or material properties can dramatically affect the precision and accuracy offset of the metrology instrument. Of course it would be impossible to fabricate a reference standard for every type of sample, as this would require an a priori knowledge of the feature characteristics as well as an infinite number of reference artifacts. Typically the process engineer will use in-house or “golden standards” to track the repeatability of a measurement tool. Unfortunately, variations in the features to be measured will cause the accuracy offset to change in ways that are unknown to the engineer. Furthermore, the offsets of multiple tools in a set will not only change with respect to the reference but also relatively to each other. It is the minimization of this relative offset between the various measurement tools that is referred to as matching. It should be noted that one could use a member in the nonreference set of tools, but then the question naturally arises of which one is most correct. It is desirable for a reference tool to provide the complete topography of a structure, as well as the ability to reduce the effects of sample variation (i.e., edge roughness) through spatial averaging. In this article, a method for using atomic force microscopes to provide reference values for matching of on-line scanning electron microscopes will be described.
Extraction of Conditional Probabilities of the Relationships Between Drugs, Diseases, and Genes from PubMed Guided by Relationships in PharmGKB. (2009)

Guided by curated associations between genes, treatments (i.e., drugs), and diseases in pharmGKB, we constructed n-way Bayesian networks based on conditional probability tables (cpt's) extracted from co-occurrence statistics over the entire Pubmed corpus, producing a broad-coverage analysis of the relationships between these biological entities. The networks suggest hypotheses regarding drug mechanisms, treatment biomarkers, and/or potential markers of genetic disease. The cpt's enable Trio, an inferential database, to query indirect (inferred) relationships via an SQL-like query language.
Effect of Facilitation of Sensation From Plantar Foot-Surface Boundaries on Postural Stabilization in Young and Older Adults (1999)

This study provides evidence that mechanical facilitation of sensation from the boundaries of the plantar surface of the foot can improve the efficacy of certain types of stabilizing reactions evoked by unpredictable postural perturbation. The results may be directly transferable to the design of special footwear insoles to reduce instability and risk of falling in older adults.
Comparison of Suppression, Stereoacuity, and Interocular Differences in Visual Acuity in Monovision and Acuvue Bifocal Contact Lenses (1999)

In this study, correcting presbyopia with the Acuvue Bifocal versus monovision resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the interocular difference in visual acuity at distance and near. The decreased interocular difference in visual acuity improved certain aspects of binocularity as demonstrated by a decrease in suppression and an increase in stereoacuity.
Structure and Dynamics of Disodium Hydrogen 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid (2004)

The structure and dynamics of the limiting hydrated form of disodium hydrogen 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HNaPW) were investigated as a function of temperature using solid-state 1H, 23Na, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis. The 1H nonspinning (NS) and magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR results indicate that the limiting hydrated form of HNaPW has two types of protons. One type of proton corresponds to lone protons isolated from all other protons in the material. The second type of proton corresponds to an isolated proton pair of a water molecule. 1H NS NMR spectra recorded from 168 to 393 K, in combination with theoretical simulations, show that the proton dynamics of the water molecule can be characterized by four temperature ranges above 168 K, the temperature corresponding to a rigid lattice. From 168 to 203 K, proton motion is minimal; from 203 to 293 K, the proton motion is dominated by rotational diffusion; from 293 to 383 K, both translational and rotational diffusion characterize the motion; above 383 K, the water molecule protons undergo chemical exchange with the lone protons of the material. The 23Na NS and MAS NMR results, along with simulations of the spectra based on the second-order quadrupolar frequency shift, indicate that two six-coordinate sodium sites are present in this material. The six nearest neighbors of each sodium cation are oxygen atoms. 23Na{1H} spin−echo double-resonance (SEDOR) NMR and theoretical calculations show that sodium and proton sites are separated by at least 686 pm. The two sodium sites persist to temperatures near 383 K but the quadrupole coupling constant of each site decreases with temperature suggesting that the two sodium sites have increased mobility at higher temperature, possibly a result of lattice expansion. Results from 31P NS and MAS NMR experiments show that there are three different four-coordinate phosphorus sites. The nearest neighbors of each phosphorus site are oxygen atoms and each phosphorus site has local tetrahedral symmetry. A 31P{1H} SEDOR experiment shows that all phosphorus sites are coupled to 1H nuclei. Room-temperature 1H{31P} rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR experiments show that the lone proton and water molecule protons are both coupled to two phosphorus sites. Both of these types of protons are part of the secondary structure of the Keggin anion and are in relative motion to the two 31P sites. Infrared results show that the lone proton asymmetrically bridges four terminal oxygen atoms of the Keggin anion and that the water molecule protons are hydrogen bonded to terminal oxygen atoms of the Keggin anion. X-ray analysis shows that the unit cell has cubic symmetry with a cell parameter a = 1197 pm. Elemental analysis along with the results of NMR experiments show that the formula of the limiting hydrated form of this commercially available salt should be written as H0.5Na2.5PW12O40·4H2O.
Comparative studies on the constituents of Ophiopogonis Tuber and its congeners. IV. Studies on the homoisoflavonoids of the subterranean part of Ophiopogon ohwii OKUYAMA and O. jaburan (KUNTH) LODD. (1985)

Six homoisoflavonoidal compounds, tentatively named NE-I (1), NE-II (2), NE-III (3), NE-IV (4), NE-V (5) and NE-VI (6), were isolated from the ether-soluble fraction of the subterranean part of Ophiopogon ohwii OKUYAMA (Liliaceae) and four homoisoflavonoidal compounds, tentatively named JE-I (7), JE-II (8), JE-III (9) and JE-IV (10), were isolated from that of O. jaburan (KUNTH) LODD. NE-I and NE-II were identified as compound I (1) and compound II (2), respectively, which had been isolated by Kaneda et al. from an Ophiopogonis Tuber imported from China. NE-III, NE-IV and NE-V were identified as methylophiopogonanone A (3), methylophiopogonanone B (4) and methylophiopogonone A (5), respectively. The structures of NE-VI, JE-I, JE-II, JE-III and JE-IV were elucidated to be 5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 8-dimethyl-3-(2-hydroxy-3, 4-methylenedioxybenzyl) chromone (6), 3, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl) chroman-4-one (7), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methyl-3-(3, 4-dihydroxybenzyl) chromone (8), 5, 7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl) chromone (9), and 5, 7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl) chromone (10), respectively.
Bacterial chemotaxis-enabled autonomous sorting of nanoparticles of comparable sizes (2016)

High throughput sorting of micro/nanoparticles of similar sizes is of significant interest in many biological and chemical applications. In this work, we report a simple and cost-effective sorting technique for separation of similarly-sized particles of dissimilar surface properties within a diffusion-based microfluidic platform using chemotaxis in Escherichia coli bacteria. Differences in surface chemistry of two groups of similarly-sized nanoparticles in a mixture were exploited to selectively assemble one particle group onto motile E. coli, through either specific or non-specific adhesion, and separate them from the remaining particle group via chemotaxis of the attached bacteria. To enable optimal operation of the sorting platform, the chemotaxis behavior of E. coli bacteria in response to casamino acids, the chemoeffector of choice was first characterized. The chemical concentration gradient range within which the bacteria exhibit a positive chemotactic response was found to be within 0.25 × 10(-7)-1.0 × 10(-3) g ml(-1) mm(-1). We demonstrate that at the optimum concentration gradient of 5.0 × 10(-4) g ml(-1) mm(-1), a sorting efficiency of up to 81% at a throughput of 2.4 × 10(5) particles per min can be achieved. Sensitivity of the sorting efficiency to the adhesion mechanism and particle size in the range of 320-1040 nm was investigated.
A surface-micromachined resonant-beam pressure-sensing structure (2001)

The first study on an entirely surface-micromachined resonant-beam pressure sensor is presented. Using a fully surface-micromachined process, an encapsulated beam resonant pressure-sensor structure with a pressure-sensitive diaphragm of 100/spl times/150/spl times/2 /spl mu/m has been fabricated. The resonating beam is fully enclosed inside the reference vacuum cavity formed beneath the diaphragm. The new design enables high pressure sensitivity and a miniature chip size, essential for sensors such as catheter-mounted intravascular blood pressure sensors. The pressure sensitivity is measured at 3.2%/bar with a beam resonance frequency of about 700 kHz.
The Value of Unit Price Information (1977)

When unit prices were posted on separate shelf tags in a supermarket, consumer expenditures decreased by 1%. When unit prices were displayed also on an organized list, consumer savings were 3%. In addition, the list format caused a 5% increase in the market shares of store brands. The benefits to both consumers and retailers justify the cost of providing unit price information on a widespread basis.
VEGF is a chemoattractant for FGF-2–stimulated neural progenitors (2003)

Migration of undifferentiated neural progenitors is critical for the development and repair of the nervous system. However, the mechanisms and factors that regulate migration are not well understood. Here, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, a major angiogenic factor, guides the directed migration of neural progenitors that do not display antigenic markers for neuron- or glia-restricted precursor cells. We demonstrate that progenitor cells express both VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 and VEGFR2, but signaling through VEGFR2 specifically mediates the chemotactic effect of VEGF. The expression of VEGFRs and the chemotaxis of progenitors in response to VEGF require the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2. These results demonstrate that VEGF is an attractive guidance cue for the migration of undifferentiated neural progenitors and offer a mechanistic link between neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the nervous system.
G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase GRK2 Is a Phospholipid-dependent Enzyme That Can Be Conditionally Activated by G Protein βγ Subunits (1996)

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) mediate agonist-dependent phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) and initiate homologous receptor desensitization. Previously, we reported that charged phospholipids directly interacted with the two GRK isoforms, GRK2 and GKR3, via a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain to regulate GRK activity (DebBurman, S. K., Ptasienski, J., Boetticher, E., Lomasney, J. W., Benovic, J. L., and Hosey, M. M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270: 5742-5747). Here, evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that charged phospholipids are required for agonist-dependent phosphorylation of receptors by GRK2. In the absence of charged phospholipids, the purified human m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (hm2mAChR) reconstituted in pure phosphatidylcholine vesicles or in a noninhibitory detergent was not a substrate for GRK2. However, these receptor preparations were stoichiometrically phosphorylated in an agonist-dependent manner upon addition of charged phospholipids. The known ability of G protein betagamma subunits to stimulate mAChR phosphorylation also was found to be absolutely dependent on the presence of charged phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Phospholipids also regulated GRK-mediated phosphorylation of casein, a nonreceptor-soluble substrate. Among lipids tested, lipid inositol phosphates, PIP2 and phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate, were found to be the most potent activators of GRK2 and were the only lipids that regulated GRK2 in a complex biphasic manner. At low micro concentrations, PIP2 activated GRK2 via an interaction with the GRK pleckstrin homology domain; however, at high micro concentrations, PIP2 inhibited GRK2, apparently via another mechanism. PIP2-mediated inhibition could be partly relieved by increasing ATP. The results support the hypothesis that GRK2 is a lipid-dependent protein kinase that requires charged phospholipids for enzyme activation, for regulation by Gbetagamma subunits, and potentially for membrane association.
Cost Efficient Internet Path Tracking Based on Routing Changes Prediction (2019)

Distributed network measurement is critical for various service. Researchers always would like to achieve measurement goals while minimizing the total overhead/cost of measurements. Therefore, the strategy of measurement, such as the selection of probes and their probing rates, is very important. In this paper, we focus on the measurement task of monitoring routing changes to destinations under study with measurement cost in consideration. We propose a decision algorithm to adaptively select vantage points and adjust detection frequency of each selected path. The decision is made based on a learning process aiming to characterize path characteristics and predict path changes. We further develop a tracking system, and the system allows researchers to specify their tradeoff preference between measurement efficiency and cost. We measured 100 paths under different scenarios. The results show that our system can allocate the detection resources more efficiently and detect the same number of path changes as the traditional system by using about 57% of the detection resources.
Beyond Moore's law: Internet growth trends (2000)

To keep pace with the Internet's growth, the maximum speed of core routers and switches must increase at the same rate. In a study conducted in 1969, the author analyzed 39 scientific computers released or planned for release from 1958 to 1972 to determine optimal computer replacement strategy (http://www.ziplink.net/lroberts/Forecast69.htm). This study looked at the trend of CPU throughput per dollar and predicted that computer performance would double every 18.6 months. Updating the study using data for 1999 PCs shows that the trend over 41 years is a doubling of computer performance every 21 months, a remarkably small correction. A similar study tracking the costs from the first ARPA packet switches in 1969 to the most modern routers and ATM switches in 1999 confirms that packet switches have followed the same trend as computers, with performance per dollar doubling every 21 months. Although the computer performance rate predicted in the updated 1969 study is similar to Moore's law, the trends are not identical. It would appear that both the performance per dollar for computers and the serial interface speed for communications are increasing at 94 percent of the yearly growth rate of semiconductor performance. We can use this information about performance and cost trends to predict the cost of computers and communications and to understand the Internet traffic growth. Keeping up with these trends will be a major engineering challenge.
A miniature yaw rate sensor for intelligent chassis control (2002)

A yaw rate sensor designed for automotive chassis-control and vehicle navigation applications and currently in production for General Motor's StabiliTRAK integrated chassis control system (offered on certain models of the 1997 Cadillac) is described. It consists of a unique micromachined double-ended quartz tuning fork and senses the yaw rate via the Coriolis effect. Electrical and environmental performance data is presented together with salient features of the double-ended tuning fork geometry, associated electronics, sensor construction and calibration methodology.
Solid-phase synthesis of novel peptide nucleic acids (1997)

Novel peptide nucleic acids with configurationally and conformationally constrained glycylproline backbones have been synthesized by the solid-phase method from the Fmoc-protected dipeptide building blocks. Three decathymine peptide nucleic acids with different stereochemistry at the proline ring (cis-L, trans-D, cis-D) and mixed sequences in the cis-D series have been efficiently synthesized. In addition, oligothymine peptide nucleic acids with a conformationally flexible glycyl-N-ethylglycine backbone have also been synthesized from stepwise coupling of the Boc-protected monomer.
Spherical electric motors (1990)

The history of spherical motors is traced, beginning with the initial research in the mid-1950s. Interest grew in the 1960s in their use in space, due to their light weight compared with that of conventional motors. In the 1970s, the spherical concept was applied to pumps where the impeller is of spherical shape so that no shaft seals are required. The 1980s saw still more activity, this time with a heavy influence on analysis. The complicated geometry of the motor, which results in a high production cost and does not seem to enhance reliability, has prevented commercial success. It may prove useful for large weightless structures to be constructed out in space.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An integrated photoconductive detector and waveguide structure (1980)

A new photoconductive detector is described that uses the previously reported optical field effect transistor structure. The detector has good sensitivity (photoconductive gain of ∼5) and high speed (∼150 psec). Light was coupled to this detector via a 7059 glass over SiO2 waveguide. The overall coupling efficiency including losses in endfire coupling was about 40%.
Fluorometric Determination of Avian Sperm Viability and Concentration (1984)

A fluorometric technique for the evaluation of avian semen quality was studied. The fluorometric technique was precise, accurate, and rapid for simultaneous determination of concentration and percent damaged or dead spermatozoa.
Interactions between Renin Angiotensin System and Advanced Glycation in the Kidney (2005)

Although hemodynamic and metabolic factors are individually implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy, their interaction has not been defined clearly. In this study, the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) and advanced glycation end products (AGE) both individually on each other are explored and compared. In the first study arm, Sprague-Dawley rats received a continuous infusion of AGE-modified rat serum albumin (RSA) or unmodified RSA for 4 wk with or without the angiotensin receptor type 1 antagonist valsartan. In the second arm, animals received a continuous infusion of Ang II (58.3 ng/kg per min) with or without the AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine. Components of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system were measured using real time reverse transcription-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and standard angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity assays. Renal and serum AGE were quantified by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and AGE-fluorescence. After an infusion of AGE-RSA, renal expression of angiotensinogen, ACE, renin, and angiotensin receptor type 1 were increased significantly (all P < 0.01), and ACE activity was elevated. This was associated with tubular and glomerular hypertrophy and AGE accumulation, which could be antagonized by valsartan. However, valsartan had no effect on increased filtration fraction associated with an AGE-RSA infusion. At the same time, an infusion of Ang II increased the serum and renal accumulation of AGE and advanced oxidation protein products and induced renal hypertrophy and salt retention that could be antagonized by pyridoxamine. However, pyridoxamine had no effect on renal vasoconstriction manifested by reduced renal blood flow. AGE and Ang II have overlapping activities in the kidney. The beneficial effects of blockade of either pathway underline the importance of this interaction in diabetic renal disease and the aging kidney.
Bacterial chitinase: nature and perspectives for sustainable bioproduction (2015)

Concurrent advances in a number of fields have fostered the development of bioprocesses for biochemical production. Ideally, future bioprocesses will meet the demands of commercial chemical markets in an economical fashion while being sustainable through the use of renewable starting materials. A number of different renewable and abundant biopolymers (e.g., cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and chitin) are potential starting material for sustainable bioprocesses, but a broad challenge remains on how to efficiently depolymerize these biopolymers to generate monomeric sugars that can be metabolized by industrial microorganisms or other useful building block chemicals. Indeed, a variety of specialty chemicals may be able to be generated from these various monomers. This review focuses on the biopolymer chitin and discusses research and knowledge relevant to chitin degradation and potential chemical products that can be made from chitin degradation products.