gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classical and Novel Prognostic Markers for Breast Cancer and their Clinical Significance (2010)

The use of biomarkers ensures breast cancer patients receive optimal treatment. Established biomarkers such as estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) have been playing significant roles in the selection and management of patients for endocrine therapy. HER2 is a strong predictor of response to trastuzumab. Recently, the roles of ER as a negative and HER2 as a positive indicator for chemotherapy have been established. Ki67 has traditionally been recognized as a poor prognostic factor, but recent studies suggest that measurement of Ki67-positive cells during treatment will more effectively predict treatment efficacy for both anti-hormonal and chemotherapy. p53 mutations are found in 20-35% of human breast cancers and are associated with aggressive disease with poor clinical outcome when the DNA-binding domain is mutated. The utility of cyclin D1 as a predictor of breast cancer prognosis is controversial, but cyclin D1b overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Likewise, overexpression of the low molecular weight form of cyclin E1 protein predicts poor prognosis. Breast cancers from BRCA1/2 carriers often show high nuclear grades, negativity to ER/PR/HER2, and p53 mutations, and thus, are associated with poor prognosis. The prognostic values of other molecular markers, such as p14(ARF), TBX2/3, VEGF in breast cancer are also discussed. Careful evaluation of these biomarkers with current treatment modality is required to determine whether their measurement or monitoring offer significant clinical benefits.
Affordances and Emergence of Concepts. (2010)

In this paper, we used the aordance formal- ization framework (Sahin et al; Adaptive Be- havior, 15(4), 447-472, 2007) to link the con- cepts represented by verbs and nouns in lan- guage to the aordance relations that a robot acquires through its interaction with the en- vironment. First, we argued that a verb is linked not to a specific behavior of the robot, but to a specific eect that dierent behaviors may generate. We showed how demonstra- tions made by a human can allow the robot to learn an eect prototype in its own sensory- motor space, and use this to command the robot to achieve desired goals. Second, we investigated how the aordance relations of objects can be used to create noun concepts (to name objects) and how multi-task learning can utilize the learned object concepts to facil- itate the learning of new aordances. The re- sults are demonstrated on an iCub humanoid robot platform.
Twin Clouds: Secure Cloud Computing with (2011)

Cloud computing promises a cost effective enabling technol- ogy to outsource storage and massively parallel computations. However, existing approaches for provably secure outsourcing of data and arbitrary computations are either based on tamper-proof hardware or fully homo- morphic encryption. The former approaches are not scaleable, while the latter ones are currently not efficient enough to be used in practice. We propose an architecture and protocols that accumulate slow secure computations over time and provide the possibility to query them in parallel on demand by leveraging the benefits of cloud computing. In our approach, the user communicates with a resource-constrained Trusted Cloud (either a private cloud or built from multiple secure hardware modules) which encrypts algorithms and data to be stored and later on queried in the powerful but untrusted Commodity Cloud. We split our protocols such that the Trusted Cloud performs security-critical pre- computations in the setup phase, while the Commodity Cloud computes the time-critical query in parallel under encryption in the query phase.
Mentors and Modelling Primary Science Teaching Practices (2002)

Introduction There are concerns about the science performance of Australian primary school students (Good rum, Hackling & Rennie, 2001), which requires a “major set of initiatives that focus on teacher beliefs and practices in the teaching and learning of science” (Sharpley, Tytler & Conley, 2000, p. 1). The science education community is calling for a “new approach” to science education in American schools, with an approach where a “mentor models, then coaches, then scaffolds, and then gradually fades scaffolding” (Barab & Hay, 2001, pp. 74, 90). The mentor, as modeller of practice, appears to be a key factor for enhancing science teaching, which may assist towards implementing science education reform
Model Predictive Control for Load Frequency Control with Wind Turbines (2015)

Reliable load frequency (LFC) control is crucial to the operation and design of modern electric power systems. Considering the LFC problem of a four-area interconnected power system with wind turbines, this paper presents a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) based on coordination scheme. The proposed algorithm solves a series of local optimization problems to minimize a performance objective for each control area. The scheme incorporates the two critical nonlinear constraints, for example, the generation rate constraint (GRC) and the valve limit, into convex optimization problems. Furthermore, the algorithm reduces the impact on the randomness and intermittence of wind turbine effectively. A performance comparison between the proposed controller with and that without the participation of the wind turbines is carried out. Good performance is obtained in the presence of power system nonlinearities due to the governors and turbines constraints and load change disturbances.
5-Amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-(trifluoromethylsulfanyl)-1<i>H</i>-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile (2005)

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C12H4Cl2F6N4S, exhibits disorder of both trifluoro­methyl groups. Crystal packing is realised by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
Adipose Gene Expression Prior to Weight Loss Can Differentiate and Weakly Predict Dietary Responders (2007)

Adipose gene expression profiling prior to the consumption of a low-fat diet is able to differentiate responders from non-responders as well as serve as a weak predictor of subjects destined to lose weight. While the degree of prediction accuracy currently achieved with a gene expression snapshot is perhaps insufficient for clinical use, this work reveals that the comprehensive molecular signature of adipose tissue paves the way for the future of personalized nutrition.
A new algorithm for partial redundancy elimination based on SSA form (1997)

A new algorithm, SSAPRE, for performing partial redundancy elimination based entirely on SSA form is presented. It achieves optimal code motion similar to lazy code motion [KRS94a, DS93], but is formulated independently and does not involve iterative data flow analysis and bit vectors in its solution. It not only exhibits the characteristics common to other sparse approaches, but also inherits the advantages shared by other SSA-based optimization techniques. SSAPRE also maintains its output in the same SSA form as its input. In describing the algorithm, we state theorems with proofs giving our claims about SSAPRE. We also give additional description about our practical implementation of SSAPRE, and analyze and compare its performance with a bit-vector-based implementation of PRE. We conclude with some discussion of the implications of this work.
International Survey on the Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (2014)

Many aspects of NEC management are lacking consensus and surgeons differ especially over surgical treatment of complex cases and postoperative management. Prospective multi-center studies are needed to guide an evidence-based management of NEC.
Reaction of 111Cd7-Metallothionein with EDTA (1995)

The ligand substitution reaction of EDTA with Cd7-metallothionein (Cd7-MT) has been reinvestigated. NMR titration of the 111Cd-protein with EDTA showed that the ligand interacts preferentially and cooperatively with Cd2+ ions in the beta-domain cluster. NMR and ultrafiltration kinetic analysis of this reaction using 5.6 mM Cd2+ as 111Cd7-MT and 56 mM EDTA indicated that cadmium-EDTA formed less rapidly than 111Cd peak intensity declined. Spectrophotometric and gel filtration studies of the reaction with 20 microM Cd2+ as Cd7-MT with various concentrations of EDTA revealed biphasic kinetics with much larger rate constants than observed in the NMR experiments. The fraction of total ligand substitution occurring in each kinetic step varied with EDTA concentration. The EDTA concentration dependence of both kinetic steps was consistent with the initial formation of protein.EDTA adducts, followed by their breakdown into products. Kinetic measurements were also made for the reactions of the isolated Cd4-alpha- and Cd3-beta-domains with EDTA. The Cd4 domain reacted with EDTA with biphasic kinetics, in which one Cd2+ was removed rapidly with first-order kinetics, which were zero-order in EDTA. The other three reacted with kinetics like those for the slower step of the holoprotein. Cd3-beta reacted with EDTA like the faster rate process associated with the Cd7-protein. The observed rate constants for the reaction of Cd7-metallothionein with EDTA and the fraction of reaction in the faster rate process were sensitive to protein concentration. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the monomer-dimer equilibrium of the protein controls its kinetic reactivity with EDTA.
WHY THE U.S. NEEDS A MAGLEV SYSTEM. BEYOND PLANES, TRAINS, AND AUTOMOBILES (1991)

This article discusses magnetic levitation (maglev), a new mode of transportation that holds the promise of easing traffic, speeding travel, and saving energy. Maglev offers many advantages over other modes of transportation: it is powered by electricity; it is easy on the environment; it is less noisy than any other transport system at the same speed; it requires less land use per unit of capacity; it can carry five times as many passengers per hour as railway; it promises to be safer than other modes of intercity travel. The article also covers proposed costs of a maglev system, design elements to be considered, and scenarios for nationwide maglev systems.
Lateral laser speckle contrast analysis combined with line beam scanning illumination to improve the sampling depth of blood flow imaging (2012)

We present a lateral laser speckle contrast analysis method combined with line beam scanning illumination to improve the sampling depth of blood flow imaging. Both the phantom and animal experimental results suggest that localized illumination and lateral speckle contrast analysis can significantly enhance the deep blood flow signal to improve the sampling depth of laser speckle contrast imaging compared with the traditional full-field illumination laser speckle contrast analysis method.
Alle soglie della consapevolezza (2006)

L'incontro tra i modelli educativi di genitori (autoctoni o stranieri) e educatori nei servizi per l'infanzia è una necessità e un'opportunità per approfondire la riflessione pedagogica sull'infanzia, lo sviluppo e l'educazione, e per rileggere criticamente i modelli e le pratiche educative agite nei contesti ospitanti. La cura dei bambini, l'impegno e la responsabilità per la loro educazione e per il soddisfacimento dei loro bisogni costituiscono un terreno che rende evidenti molti aspetti implicati anche nella posizione di chi vive progetti migratori, sia rispetto alla definizione della propria identità, sia rispetto ai propri vissuti e alle concezioni educative. Il capitolo propone una riflessione sulla dimensione educativa interculturale che oggi interessa i contesti per i piccoli, esplorando la delicatezza culturale, educativa, e sociale dell’incontro con le famiglie e i bambini immigrati nei contesti educativi, e mettendo altresì in evidenza le potenzialità educativa di questi luoghi di vita e di educazione in cui è possibile avviare esperienze di dialogo, confronto e scambio che ampliano la discussione sui comportamenti educativi incoraggiando la revisione delle pratiche e l'apertura ad altre concezioni di cura, educazione e sviluppo.
Generative training of quantum Boltzmann machines with hidden units (2019)

In this article we provide a method for fully quantum generative training of quantum Boltzmann machines with both visible and hidden units while using quantum relative entropy as an objective. This is significant because prior methods were not able to do so due to mathematical challenges posed by the gradient evaluation. We present two novel methods for solving this problem. The first proposal addresses it, for a class of restricted quantum Boltzmann machines with mutually commuting Hamiltonians on the hidden units, by using a variational upper bound on the quantum relative entropy. The second one uses high-order divided difference methods and linear-combinations of unitaries to approximate the exact gradient of the relative entropy for a generic quantum Boltzmann machine. Both methods are efficient under the assumption that Gibbs state preparation is efficient and that the Hamiltonian are given by a sparse row-computable matrix.
Spectroscopy of short, intense laser pulses due to gas ionization effects (1997)

We study the effects of ionization of neutral gases by use of short, intense, chirped pulses with various higher-order distortions in the frequency domain. Investigations were carried out with a one-dimensional, fully relativistic fluid code, which included strong field tunneling and collisional ionization as well as quasi-two-dimensional focusing and defocusing. The resulting effects on the spectrum are explained in terms of blue shifting and depletion of different parts of the spectral intensity distribution according to their position within the laser pulse in the time domain. In turn, we point out that qualitative information about the pulse’s phase distortion may be gained from the observation of such spectral distributions. A comparison of the experimentally measured spectrum of a strongly distorted laser pulse with our simulations is given.
Highly Regioselective Hydrogenolysis of Bis(α-methylbenzyl)amine Derivatives Affected by the Trifluoromethyl Substituent on the Aromatic Ring (2003)

[reaction: see text] The highly regioselective hydrogenolysis of bis(alpha-methylbenzyl)amine derivatives proceeded with influence not from the electronic effect but from the steric effect of the trifluoromethyl substituent on the aromatic ring to provide a practical asymmetric synthesis of trifluoromethyl-substituted alpha-phenylethylamines.
Network Processing in Multi-core FPGAs with Integrated Cache-Network Interface (2010)

Per-core local (scratchpad) memories allow direct inter-core communication, with latency and energy advantages over coherent cache-based communication, especially as CMP architectures become more distributed. A multicore FPGA platform with cache-integrated network interfaces (NIs) is presented, appropriate for scalable multicores, that combine the best of two worlds -the flexibility of caches (using implicit communication) and the efficiency of scratchpad memories (using explicit communication): on-chip SRAM is configurable shared among caching, scratchpad, and virtualized NI functions. The proposed system has been implemented in a four-core FPGA. Special hardware primitives (counter, queues) are used for the the communication and synchronization of the cores that are most suitable in network processing applications. The paper presents the performance evaluation of the proposed system in the domain of network processing. Two representatives benchmarks are used, one for header processing and one for payload processing. The system is evaluated in terms of performance and the communication overhead is measured. Furthermore, two approaches for the communication of the processors are evaluated and compared, common queue and distributed queues.
A Complete Set of Fourier Descriptors for Two-Dimensional Shapes (1982)

A set of Fourier descriptors for two-dimensional shapes is defined which is complete in the sense that two objects have the same shape if and only if they have the same set of Fourier descriptors. It also is shown that the moduli of the Fourier coefficients of the parameterizing function of the boundary of an object do not contain enough information to characterize the shape of an object. Further a relationship is established between rotational symmetries of an object and the set of integers for which the corresponding Fourier coefficients of the parameterizing function are nonzero.
Dynamic reoptimization of a fed-batch fermentor (1999)

Traditionally, fed-batch biochemical process optimization and control use complicated models and off-line optimizers with no on-line model adaptation and re-optimization. This work demonstrates the applicability, effectiveness, and economic potential, of a simple phenomenological model for modeling, and a novel optimizer for on-line re-optimization and control of an aerobic fed-batch fermentor.
Generation of Interferon α–Producing Predendritic Cell (Pre-Dc)2 from Human Cd34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells (2000)

Upon viral stimulation, the natural interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta-producing cells (IPCs; also known as pre-dendritic cells (DCs 2) in human blood and peripheral lymphoid tissues rapidly produce huge amounts of IFN-alpha/beta. After performing this innate antiviral immune response, IPCs can differentiate into DCs and strongly stimulate T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. Using four-color immunofluorescence flow cytometry, we have mapped the developmental pathway of pre-DC2/IPCs from CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells in human fetal liver, bone marrow, and cord blood. At least four developmental stages were identified, including CD34(++)CD45RA(-) early progenitor cells, CD34(++)CD45RA(+) late progenitor cells, CD34(+)CD45RA(++)CD4(+)interleukin (IL)-3Ralpha(++) pro-DC2, and CD34(-)CD45RA(++) CD4(+)IL-3Ralpha(++) pre-DC2/IPCs. Pro-DC2s have already acquired the capacity to produce large amounts of IFN-alpha/beta upon viral stimulation and to differentiate into DCs in culture with IL-3 and CD40 ligand. CD34(++)CD45RA(-) early progenitor cells did not have the capacity to produce large amounts of IFN-alpha/beta in response to viral stimulation; however, they can be induced to undergo proliferation and differentiation into IPCs/pre-DC2 in culture with FLT3 ligand.
Optical transmission of narrow-band millimeter-wave signals by resonant modulation of monolithic semiconductor lasers (1994)

We demonstrate the use of monolithic semiconductor lasers as efficient narrow-band (20-300 MHz) millimeter-wave optical transmitters at a cavity round-trip resonant frequency of 45 GHz. The modulation efficiency within the passband is >10 dB above that of a conventional laser diode at frequencies below relaxation oscillation. At an input RF drive power of 10 dBm, a carrier-to-noise ratio of 90 dB (1 Hz) is achieved. We also present a system demonstration of this technique in which 50 Mb/s digital data is transmitted at a 45 GHz subcarrier over optical fiber. This is the highest subcarrier frequency transmission reported to date.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The power average operator (2001)

We introduce the power average to provide an aggregation operator which allows argument values to support each other in the aggregation process. The properties of this operator are described. We discuss the idea of a power median. We introduce some possible formulations for the support function used in the power average. We extend the supported aggregation facility of empowerment to a wider class of mean operators, such as the OWA (ordered weighted averaging) operator and the generalized mean operator.
Electrochemical Impedance: Analysis and Interpretation (1993)

Description Examines the state-of-the-art in interpretation and analysis of electrochemical impedance data. 27 papers characterize the major areas of research and engineering application of electrochemical impedance techniques in corrosion. In six sections: • Corrosion process characterization and modeling • Applications of Kramers-Kronig transformations for evaluation the validity of data • Corrosion and its inhibition by either corrosion products or specially added inhibitors • Corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys • Corrosion of steel in soils and concrete • Evaluation of coatings on metal substrates. The papers, written by many recognized contributors in the field, range from theoretical modeling to practical applications.
Truncating mutations of PPM1D are found in blood DNA samples of lung cancer patients (2015)

The truncating mutations of PPM1D are present in blood DNA of NSCLC patients at frequency similar to percentage determined for ovarian cancer patients. Our findings raise a question if the detected lesions are a result of chemotherapy.
Characterization of decohering quantum systems: Machine learning approach (2016)

Adaptive data collection and analysis, where data are being fed back to update the measurement settings, can greatly increase speed, precision, and reliability of the characterization of quantum systems. However, decoherence tends to make adaptive characterization difficult. As an example, we consider two coupled discrete quantum systems. When one of the systems can be controlled and measured, the standard method to characterize another, with an unknown frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{r}}$, is swap spectroscopy. Here, adapting measurements can provide estimates whose error decreases exponentially in the number of measurement shots rather than as a power law in conventional swap spectroscopy. However, when the decoherence time is so short that an excitation oscillating between the two systems can only undergo less than a few tens of vacuum Rabi oscillations, this approach can be marred by a severe limit on accuracy unless carefully designed. We adopt machine learning techniques to search for efficient policies for the characterization of decohering quantum systems. We find, for instance, that when the system undergoes more than 2 Rabi oscillations during its relaxation time ${T}_{1}, O({10}^{3})$ measurement shots are sufficient to reduce the squared error of the Bayesian initial prior of the unknown frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ by a factor $O({10}^{4})$ or larger. We also develop policies optimized for extreme initial parameter uncertainty and for the presence of imperfections in the readout.
3D Reconstruction methods based on the rational function model (2002)

The rational function model (RFM) is an alternative sensor model allowing users to perform photogrammetric processing. The RFM has been used as a replacement sensor model in some commercial photogrammetric systems due to its capability of maintaining the accuracy of the physical sensor models and its generic characteristic of supporting sensor-independent photogrammetric processing. With RFM parameters provided, end users are able to perform photogrammetric processing including ortho-rectification, 3D reconstruction, and DEM generation with an absence of the physical sensor model. In this research, we investigate two methods for RFM-based 3D reconstruction, the inverse RFM method and the forward RFM method. Detailed derivations of the algorithmic procedure are described. The emphasis is placed on the comparison of these two reconstruction methods. Experimental results show that the forward RFM can achieve a better reconstruction accuracy. Finally, real Ikonos stereo pairs were employed to verify the applicability and the performance of the reconstruction method.