gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immune responses of leishmaniasis patients to heat shock proteins of Leishmania species and humans (1995)

The course of human infection with Leishmania braziliensis is variable, ranging from self-healing infection to chronic disease. It is therefore a useful system in which to study immunoregulatory aspects of leishmaniasis, including the effects of parasite antigens on host responses. In the present study, we report on the cloning of, expression of, and comparative analyses of patient immune response to two different L. braziliensis genes homologous to the genes for the eukaryotic 83- and 70-kDa heat shock proteins. rLbhsp83 contains a potent T-cell epitope(s) which stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from all L. braziliensis-infected individuals to proliferate and to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The elicitation of IL-4 and IL-10 mRNAs was found to differ depending on the portion of the rLbhsp83 used to stimulate PBMC. rLbhsp83a, which represents the nearly full-length protein, stimulated IL-10 but not IL-4 mRNA. In contrast, a approximately 43-kDa protein representing the C-terminal region of Lbhsp83 stimulated the production of IL-4 but not IL-10 mRNA. rLbhsp70 stimulated PBMC proliferation from patients with mucosal disease but, unlike rLbhsp83, did not stimulate PBMC from self-healing individuals. PBMC from mucosal patients were not stimulated by rHuhsp70 to either proliferate or produce cytokines. This suggests that the hyperresponsiveness of mucosal patient PBMC to Leishmania heat shock proteins does not involve an auto-immune phenomenon resulting from cross-reactivity with self hsp70. In general, although the cytokine profile of patient PBMC in response to both of these Leishmania heat shock proteins represents a mixed Th1-Th2 pattern, the levels of gamma interferon and IL-2 were significantly higher than those of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Patients with active mucosal and cutaneous disease but not self-healing individuals had significant anti-immunoglobulin G antibody titers to both rLbhsp83 and rLbhsp70 but not to the homologous rHuhsp70. It therefore appears that differential patient immune responses to Leishmania hsp83 and hsp70 may be of particular significance in the induction of protective immune responses as well as in the development of tissue damage in cases with particularly strong hypersensitive reactions.
In vivo responses of cutaneous C-mechanosensitive neurons in mouse to punctate chemical stimuli that elicit itch and nociceptive sensations in humans (2011)

Native cowhage spicules, and heat-inactivated spicules containing histamine or capsaicin, evoke similar sensations of itch and nociceptive sensations in humans. In ongoing studies of the peripheral neural mechanisms of chemical itch and pain in the mouse, extracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained, in vivo, from the cell bodies of mechanosensitive nociceptive neurons in response to spicule stimuli delivered to their cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) on the distal hindlimb. A total of 43 mechanosensitive, cutaneous, nociceptive neurons with axonal conduction velocities in the C-fiber range (C-nociceptors) were classified as CM if responsive to noxious mechanical stimuli, such as pinch, or CMH if responsive to noxious mechanical and heat stimuli (51°C, 5 s). The tips of native cowhage spicules, or heat-inactivated spicules containing histamine or capsaicin, were applied to the RF. Heat-inactivated spicules containing no chemical produced only a transient response occurring during insertion. Of the 43 mechanosensitive nociceptors recorded, 20 of the 25 CMHs responded to capsaicin, and of these, 13 also responded to cowhage and/or histamine. In contrast, none of the 18 CMs responded to any of the chemical stimuli. The time course of the mean discharge rate of CMHs was similar in response to each type of spicule and generally similar, although reaching a peak earlier, to the temporal profiles of itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by the same stimuli in humans. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by these punctuate chemical stimuli are mediated at least in part by the activity of mechanoheat-sensitive C-nociceptors. In contrast, activity in mechanosensitive C-nociceptors that do not respond to heat or to pruritic chemicals is hypothesized as contributing to pain but not to itch.
Towards a coherent approach to third generation system security (2001)

This paper provides an overview of a systematic approach to the definition of 3G security features. This is followed by a review of the disparate security technologies that may be employed in 3G systems. Some properties of a coherent 3G system security architecture are then identified. The paper does not define a coherent security architecture for the 3G environment, rather it gives some guidelines as to how this might be done and to the size of the task.
Apoptosis contributes to the involution of beta cell mass in the post partum rat pancreas. (1995)

A significant reduction of beta cell mass has been described during the post partum period in the endocrine rat pancreas. We examined the mechanisms of this involution in Sprague Dawley rats by analyzing beta cell mass, beta cell replication, and beta cell size at end of pregnancy and 4 and 10 days after delivery. beta cell replication was significantly decreased at 4 days post partum but had returned back to nonpregnant levels by 10 days post partum. Similarly, beta cell size was significantly decreased at 4 and 10 days post partum as compared with the end of pregnancy, and at 10 days post partum was significantly decreased as compared with controls. At 4-6 days post partum, DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis (programmed cell death) was detected in pancreatic islets, as assessed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assay. Only occasional cells were labeled with this assay in nonpregnant rats and at other time points after delivery. Condensed chromatin and apoptotic bodies, the morphological characteristics of apoptosis, were detected in beta cells of pancreatic islet at 3 and 4 days after delivery by electron microscopic analysis, confirming the occurrence of apoptosis in involuting islets. The expression of TRPM 2 and TGF beta 1, often enhanced in models of apoptosis, were studied during the post partum period by Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Levels of TRPM 2 gene and its protein, clusterin, were not different from controls; however, the TGF beta 1 gene and its protein expression were enhanced at 3 days post partum. Our study confirms the capability of beta cells to down-regulate their mass using the mechanisms of changes in rates of beta cell replication and of beta cell death, and changes in beta cell size to achieve homeostasis of the functional endocrine tissue.
Bedside Multimarker Testing for Risk Stratification in Chest Pain Units (2001)

Rapid multimarker analysis identifies positive patients earlier and provides better risk stratification for mortality than a local laboratory-based, single-marker approach.
Diclofenac in Combination with Opiate Infusion after Joint Replacement Surgery (1991)

The effect of intramuscular diclofenac or placebo on analgesia obtained and on opiate and antiemetic requirements was observed in a randomised double-blind study of sixty patients receiving continuous intravenous papaveretum. Those patients receiving diclofenac required less papaveretum (P = 0.001) than those receiving placebo. They also had lower visual analogue pain scores (VAS) at four hours (P less than 0.05) and decreased requirement for antiemetics (P less than 0.02). No gastrointestinal complications were observed in either group and blood loss did not differ significantly between the two.
Prediction of the human membrane proteome (2010)

Membrane proteins are key molecules in the cell, and are important targets for pharmaceutical drugs. Few three-dimensional structures of membrane proteins have been obtained, which makes computational prediction of membrane proteins crucial for studies of these key molecules. Here, seven membrane protein topology prediction methods based on different underlying algorithms, such as hidden Markov models, neural networks and support vector machines, have been used for analysis of the protein sequences from the 21,416 annotated genes in the human genome. The number of genes coding for a protein with predicted alpha-helical transmembrane region(s) ranged from 5508 to 7651, depending on the method used. Based on a majority decision method, we estimate 5539 human genes to code for membrane proteins, corresponding to approximately 26% of the human protein-coding genes. The largest fraction of these proteins has only one predicted transmembrane region, but there are also many proteins with seven predicted transmembrane regions, including the G-protein coupled receptors. A visualization tool displaying the topologies suggested by the eight prediction methods, for all predicted membrane proteins, is available on the public Human Protein Atlas portal (www.proteinatlas.org).
N3-o-toluyl-fluorouracil inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth via sustained release of 5-FU (2009)

These results demonstrate that TFU is a promising prodrug of 5-FU for cancer treatment via sustained release of 5-FU in liver.
Measurement of the chromium concentration in semi-insulating GaAs using optical absorption (1979)

Chromium has been observed to be responsible for a band of absorption in semi-insulating GaAs. The corresponding absorption coefficient has been carefully calibrated using three different chemical analysis methods. It is shown that the spatial distributions of Cr in semi-insulating GaAs ingots can be obtained very easily using optical absorption measurements and that the segregation coefficient of Cr in GaAs is equal to 8.9×10−4. The nature of the optical transitions due to the presence of Cr is discussed in detail and it is shown that they occur mainly on the Cr3+ in semi-insulating material.
Integrated Optical Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing Device using 3-D Waveguides and a Silica PLC (2013)

We demonstrate a low-loss hybrid-integrated device based on a silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) coupled to a 3-D photonic circuit that efficiently generates and multiplexes 15 optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in free space.
Progress toward high-performance thermopile imaging arrays (2001)

Thermopiles are uncooled, broadband detectors that require no chopper or temperature stabilizer. Their wide operating- temperature range, lack of temperature stabilization, and radiometric accuracy make thermopiles well suited for some space-based scientific imaging applications. These detectors may also offer advantages over bolometers for night vision. Previous work at JPL has produced thermopile linear arrays with D* values over 10<SUP>9</SUP> cmHz<SUP>1/2</SUP>/W by combining high- performance thermoelectric materials Bi-Te and Bi-Sb-Te with bulk micromachining processes. To date, however, 2-D thermopile arrays have demonstrated only moderate performance. The purpose of the present work is to improve thermopile 2-D arrays substantially by combining Bi-Te and Bi-Sb-Te thermoelectric materials with a unique pixel structure and low-noise readout circuitry. The initial goal is a 128 X 128 array with a single multiplexed analog output stream, with system D* values (including readout noise) of 10<SUP>9</SUP> cmHz<SUP>1/2</SUP>/W, and with a focal-plane power dissipation of 20 mW. 100 micrometers square detectors have been demonstrated with D* values of 2 X 10<SUP>8</SUP> cmHz<SUP>1/2</SUP>/W and response times of 4 ms. Models predict D* values well over 10<SUP>9</SUP> cmHz<SUP>1/2</SUP>/W for optimized detectors. Modeling of a preliminary readout design shows that, for the expected detector resistance of 100 kΩ, the total noise will be 50% higher than the detector Johnson noise. CMOS test chips containing front-end circuits presently display a noise about 2.5 times higher than modeled and a power dissipation of 0.6 μW per pixel.
N, N-Diisopropyl-O-Methyl-O-4-Nitrophenyl Phosphoramidite. New Flexible Phosphitylating Reagent in the Synthesis of Thio- and Seleno- Oligonucleotides (1993)

Abstract Internucleoside coupling by the title reagent, illustrated by synthesis of dinucleoside and trinucleoside thiophosphates and selenophosphates is accomplished by a new strategy involving the displacement of 4-nitrophenoxy group. Sodium 4-nitrophenolate formed in situ facilitates the oxidation of the intermediate pIII structures and acts as a demethylating reagent.
The Tubulin‐Bound Structure of the Antimitotic Drug Tubulysin (2010)

Bound to be active: The solution structure of tubulin-bound tubulysin A is determined from transferred NOE data (see picture; blue N, red O, yellow S, green C), and this bioactive conformation is compared to the unbound conformation. The binding site on tubulin is examined on the basis of the interligand NOEs observed between epothilone A and tubulysin A in the presence of tubulin. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effects of matrix elasticity and cell density on human mesenchymal stem cells differentiation (2013)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can differentiate into various cell types, including osteogenic and chondrogenic cells. The matrix elasticity and cell seeding density are important factors in hMSCs differentiation. We cultured hMSCs at different seeding densities on polyacrylamide hydrogels with different stiffness corresponding to Young's moduli of 1.6 ± 0.3 and 40 ± 3.6 kPa. The promotion of osteogenic marker expression by hard gel is overridden by a high seeding density. Cell seeding density, however, did not influence the chondrogenic marker expressions induced by soft gel. These findings suggest that interplays between cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions contribute to hMSCs differentiation. The promotion of osteogenic differentiation on hard matrix was shown to be mediated through the Ras pathway. Inhibition of Ras (RasN17) significantly decreased ERK, Smad1/5/8 and AKT activation, and osteogenic markers expression. However, constitutively active Ras (RasV12) had little effect on osteogenic marker expression, suggesting that the Ras pathways are necessary but not sufficient for osteogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that matrix elasticity and cell density are important microenvironmental cues driving hMSCs proliferation and differentiation.
Identification of Three Novel Fusion Oncogenes, <i>SQSTM1/NTRK3</i> , <i>AFAP1L2/RET</i> , and <i>PPFIBP2/RET</i> , in Thyroid Cancers of Young Patients in Fukushima (2017)

Three novel fusion oncogenes have been identified in young PTC patients in Fukushima, suggesting that rare fusions may be present among the cases negative for known oncogenes in this age group and that such rearrangements can play a significant role in thyroid carcinogenesis.
Fluorescent Conjugated Polyfluorene with Pendant Lactopyranosyl Ligands for Studies of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Mediated Carbohydrate−Carbohydrate Interaction (2009)

A well-defined fluorescent conjugated polyfluorene with pendant lactopyranosyl ligands was easily prepared through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide/alkyne "click" ligation and Suzuki coupling polymerization. As a fluorescent multivalent model system of glycoconjugates, the polymer was first used for studies of metal ion-mediated carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction based on fluorescence spectroscopy. A significant fluorescence quenching of the lactosyl-bearing polyfluorene was observed upon addition of calcium ion, which is attributed to the polymer aggregation derived from Ca(2+)-mediated complex formation. Dynamic light scattering can also prove Ca(2+)-induced aggregation of the polymer based on determination of the corresponding hydrodynamic diameters. The calcium-mediated lactose-lactose interaction was reversible when treated with EDTA. In control studies, Ca(2+)-induced fluorescence quenching can not be observed for cellobiosyl- or galactosyl-functionalized polymer analogues, which show that specific sugar structures are critical for carbohydrate-metal complex formation.
Thrombospondin modulates basic fibroblast growth factor activities on endothelial cells (1992)

We previously reported that thrombospondin (TSP) induces endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, spreading and motility, suggesting that it can play a role in angiogenesis. We then studied whether TSP might modulate EC response to known angiogenic stimuli in vitro. Here we describe that TSP inhibits EC chemotactic response to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Furthermore, TSP and its 140 kD fragment reduce EC proliferative response to serum and bFGF. These data support the indicated role of TSP and its 140 kD fragment in angiogenesis and in related pathologies including tumor malignancy.
The history of development of molybdenum alloys for structural applications (1993)

Molybdenum was first isolated as an element in 1893 and found initial commercial application as a filament support for incandescent lamps in 1910. The advent of arc melting practice in the 1940s led to an increase in availability of Mo sheet, bar, and plate products. Alloy development programs were heavily supported starting in the 1950s and several key alloys emerged over the next twenty years that remain in use to the present time such as Mo-TZM, unalloyed Mo, and Mo-Re. In recent years, improved understanding of the role of oxygen and carbide distributions at grain boundaries have led to increased reliability and use of Mo in aerospace products. Current developmental programs in areas of propulsion and energy conversion will ensure the prominent position of Mo as a high-temperature structural material. This paper highlights some of these key developments in the evolution of Mo alloys.
Cooperative localization in 5G networks: A survey (2017)

In upcoming 5G networks, key prospects such as increased bandwidth, smaller cells, higher mobile terminal (MT) densities, multiple radio access technologies, and the capability of device-to-device communication are beneficial for localization. Meanwhile, technologies suggested in 5G, such as massive multiple-in multiple-out, would also benefit from the accurate locations of MTs. Therefore, an opportunity to develop and integrate mobile localization technology in 5G networks has presented itself at this early stage. This paper reviews recent literature relating to localization in 5G networks, and emphasizes the prospect for implementing cooperative localization, which exploits the location information from additional measurements between MTs. To evaluate the accuracy of cooperative localization, a performance evaluation approach is also suggested.
Building a Multifunctional Aptamer-Based DNA Nanoassembly for Targeted Cancer Therapy (2013)

The ability to self-assemble one-dimensional DNA building blocks into two- and three-dimensional nanostructures via DNA/RNA nanotechnology has led to broad applications in bioimaging, basic biological mechanism studies, disease diagnosis, and drug delivery. However, the cellular uptake of most nucleic acid nanostructures is dependent on passive delivery or the enhanced permeability and retention effect, which may not be suitable for certain types of cancers, especially for treatment in vivo. To meet this need, we have constructed a multifunctional aptamer-based DNA nanoassembly (AptNA) for targeted cancer therapy. In particular, we first designed various Y-shaped functional DNA domains through predesigned base pair hybridization, including targeting aptamers, intercalated anticancer drugs, and therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides. Then these functional DNA domains were linked to an X-shaped DNA core connector, termed a building unit, through the complementary sequences in the arms of functional domains and connector. Finally, hundreds (~100-200) of these basic building units with 5'-modification of acrydite groups were further photo-cross-linked into a multifunctional and programmable aptamer-based nanoassembly structure able to take advantage of facile modular design and assembly, high programmability, excellent biostability and biocompatibility, as well as selective recognition and transportation. With these properties, AptNAs were demonstrated to have specific cytotoxic effect against leukemia cells. Moreover, the incorporation of therapeutic antisense oligonucleotides resulted in the inhibition of P-gp expression (a drug efflux pump to increase excretion of anticancer drugs) as well as a decrease in drug resistance. Therefore, these multifunctional and programmable aptamer-based DNA nanoassemblies show promise as candidates for targeted drug delivery and cancer therapy.
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN BERNALILLO COUNTY, NEW MEXICO: A COMPARISON WITH THREE OTHER AMERICAN POPULATIONS1 (1974)

Fraser, D. W., C. C. Geil and R. A. Feldman (Center for Disease Control. Atlanta, Ga. 30333). Bacterial meningitis in Bernalillo County, New Mexico: a comparison with three other American populations. Am J Epidemiol 100: 29–34, 1974.—In residents of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, 184 cases of bacterial meningitis or 7.3 cases per 100,000 population per year were found to have occurred between 1964 and 1971. A comparison of variables affecting bacterial meningitis risk in this and three other populations from different parts of the United States showed certain consistent patterns. The age distributions of cases of pneumococcal, meningococcal, and H. influenzae meningitis were similar in the four populations. The incidence rates of meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis varied markedly from one population to another but those of meningitis caused by H. influenzae and other bacteria were quite similar. Because most of the Bernalillo County population were whites, it was possible to examine the association of meningitis risk with average income and education without the confounding variable of race. The results showed that much of the differences in risk of H. influenzae and pneumococcal meningitis between blacks and whites in some populations may be associated with differences in level of education.