gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A study of millimeter-wave sintering of fine-grained alumina compacts (2000)

A number of high-frequency microwave sintering studies of alumina have reported that sintering proceeds much faster in microwave furnaces when compared to conventional furnaces, and that densification can occur at lower temperatures. These differences have motivated the search for a nonthermal microwave enhancement effect such as the time-averaged microwave field-induced mass transport effect proposed by Rybakov and Semenov (1994). To assess the difference between microwave and conventional sintering, and the presence of a nonthermal effect in microwave sintering, a study of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) (35 GHz) sintering has been conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) using a well-studied fine-grained (submicron) commercial alumina with reproducibly manufactured properties, Sumitomo AKP-50. This paper reports our results, which generally indicate no large differences in the required temperatures for densification of conventionally and microwave sintered compacts, or between the resulting microstructures. The nonthermal effect proposed by Ryakov and Semenov was evaluated for fine-grained alumina and found to be small compared to the surface energy driving force for sintering.
An innovative bonding technique for optical chips using solder bumps that eliminate chip positioning adjustments (1992)

The valuable feature of this technique is self-alignment of the optical chips due to the surface tension of the molten solder. This eliminates the need for painstaking adjustments of chips positioning for coupling purposes. The alignment accuracy increases as the solder bump diameter decreases and as the number of bumps increases. An average misalignment of 1.0 mu m was obtained for specimens with four bumps 75 mu m in diameter, whereas an average misalignment of 0.8 mu m was obtained for specimens with 16 bumps 130 mu m in diameter. The long-term stability of the alignment accuracy was tested by subjecting the specimens to thermal cycling. Alignment fluctuations of less than +or-0.5 mu m were found after 1000 h (over 300 cycles). These results suggest that the solder bumps are suitable for such applications as the bonding of photodetectors to optoelectronic circuit boards.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterisation of intact microorganisms using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (1999)

We report the first application of electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the reproducible characterisation of strains of intact Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Electrospray ionisation was performed in both the positive and negative ion modes and the spectra obtained from Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were very information rich. Several of the observed negative mass ion fragments from E. coli could be assigned to specific fragmentation from bacterial phospholipids. Cluster analyses of these spectra showed that ESI-MS could be used to discriminate between these microorganisms to below species level. Therefore we conclude that ESI-MS constitutes a powerful approach to the characterisation and speciation of intact microorganisms.
Research advances on blockchain-as-a-service: architectures, applications and challenges (2021)

Due to the complexity of blockchain technology, it usually costs too much effort to build, maintain and monitor a blockchain system that supports a targeted application. To this end, the emerging “Blockchain as a Service” (BaaS) makes the blockchain and distributed ledgers more accessible, particularly for businesses, by reducing costs and overheads. BaaS combines the high computing power of cloud computing, the pervasiveness of IoT and the decentralization of blockchain, allowing people to build their own applications while ensuring the transparency and openness of the system. This paper surveys the research outputs of both academia and industry. First, it introduces the representative architectures of BaaS systems and then summarizes the research contributions of BaaS from the technologies for service provision, roles, container and virtualization, interfaces, customization and evaluation. The typical applications of BaaS in both academic and practical domains are also introduced. At present, the research on the blockchain is abundant, but research on BaaS is still in its infancy. Six challenges of BaaS are concluded in this paper for further study directions.
As the world grows: contraception in the 21st century (2008)

Contraceptives that are readily available and acceptable are required in many poorer countries to reduce population growth and in all countries to prevent maternal morbidity and mortality arising from unintended pregnancies. Most available methods use hormonal steroids or are variations of barrier methods. Reports from several fora over the last 12 years have emphasized the number of unwanted pregnancies and resultant abortions, which indicate an unmet need for safe, acceptable, and inexpensive contraceptive methods. This unmet need can be assuaged, in part, by development of new nonhormonal contraceptive methods. This Review addresses the contribution that the "omic" revolution can make to the identification of novel contraceptive targets, as well as the progress that has been made for different target molecules under development.
Multi-Layer Background Subtraction Based on Color and Texture (2007)

In this paper, we propose a robust multi-layer background subtraction technique which takes advantages of local texture features represented by local binary patterns (LBP) and photometric invariant color measurements in RGB color space. LBP can work robustly with respective to light variation on rich texture regions but not so efficiently on uniform regions. In the latter case, color information should overcome LBP's limitation. Due to the illumination invariance of both the LBP feature and the selected color feature, the method is able to handle local illumination changes such as cast shadows from moving objects. Due to the use of a simple layer-based strategy, the approach can model moving background pixels with quasi-periodic flickering as well as background scenes which may vary over time due to the addition and removal of long-time stationary objects. Finally, the use of a cross-bilateral filter allows to implicitly smooth detection results over regions of similar intensity and preserve object boundaries. Numerical and qualitative experimental results on both simulated and real data demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method.
Approximate Maximum Likelihood Radio Emitter Geolocation With Time-Varying Doppler (2018)

Direct geolocation of radio emitters has traditionally been formulated using short measurement intervals over which delay and Doppler frequency shift are approximated as constant. In this paper, we consider maximum likelihood position estimation using long measurement intervals for which the Doppler is time varying. A series of assumptions and approximations are used to develop an efficient solution involving coherent combining of traditional, complex ambiguity function processing outputs. Simulation results are used to demonstrate potential gains.
Mineral phases of calcium phosphate (1989)

Many studies of calcium phosphate precipitation have been made using relaxation techniques in which the concentrations of the lattice ions are allowed to decrease as equilibrium is approached. Since the nature of the phases that form depend markedly on the solution composition, this decrease can lead to concomitant phase transformations during the crystallization experiments. The results of the present constant composition (CC) studies show that defect apatites may be formed under conditions of sustained supersaturation with a non-stoichiometric coefficient dependent on the pH of the growth medium. An important factor in analyzing these experiments is the initial surface modification and ion-exchange processes involving H+ and Ca2+ ions after inoculation of the supersaturated solutions. Thereafter, active growth sites may be eliminated as the crystals undergo lattice perfection. Transformation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate to octacalcium phosphate, involving dissolution and subsequent nucleation and growth of the new phase, is also influenced by surface roughening of the initial phase. Typical inhibitors that reduce the rate of growth of seed crystals in supersaturated solutions may actually induce the nucleation of calcium phosphate phases when immobilized on inert surfaces. This may be a factor in the modulation of crystal growth in many biological systems.
Relationship between herpes simplex virus-1-specific antibody titers and cortical brain damage in Alzheimerâ€™s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (2014)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease with a still barely understood etiology. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) has long been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of AD because of its neurotropism, high rate of infection in the general population, and life-long persistence in neuronal cells, particularly in the same brain regions that are usually altered in AD. The goal of this study was to evaluate HSV-1-specific humoral immune responses in patients with a diagnosis of either AD or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and to verify the possible relation between HSV-1-specific antibody (Ab) titers and cortical damage; results were compared to those obtained in a group of healthy controls (HC). HSV-1 serum IgG titers were measured in 225 subjects (83 AD, 68 aMCI, and 74 HC). HSV-specific Ab avidity and cortical gray matter volumes analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated as well in a subgroup of these individuals (44 AD, 23 aMCI, and 26 HC). Results showed that, whereas HSV-1 seroprevalence and IgG avidity were comparable in the three groups, increased Ab titers (p < 0.001) were detected in AD and aMCI compared to HC. Positive significant correlations were detected in AD patients alone between HSV-1 IgG titers and cortical volumes in orbitofrontal (region of interest, ROI1 RSp0.56; p = 0.0001) and bilateral temporal cortices (ROI2 RSp0.57; p < 0.0001; ROI3 RSp0.48; p = 0.001); no correlations could be detected between IgG avidity and MRI parameters. Results herein suggest that a strong HSV-1-specific humoral response could be protective toward AD-associated cortical damage.
Enzymatic conversions of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid with PGH synthase and soybean lipoxygenase (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnzymatic conversions of 10,10-difluoroarachidonic acid with PGH synthase and soybean lipoxygenasePui Yan Kwok, Frank W. Muellner, and Josef FriedCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 12, 3692–3698Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00246a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00246a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views114Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Discrimination of the road condition toward understanding of vehicle driving environments (2001)

The detection of vehicle driving environments is necessary to secure transport facilities safe from accidents and to keep the performance smooth. The road condition is one of the most important factors toward detection of vehicle driving environments. Conventional discrimination methods for road conditions involved the use of optical or ultrasonic sensors. However, since these sensors can only provide spot information, detected results do not always reflect the spacious condition. To deal with this problem, a new algorithm that employs image analysis technology for discrimination of road conditions is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, for discrimination of road conditions, we focused on features related to water and snow on the road, and we extracted these features by image analysis. Features related to water were extracted by the ratio of horizontal polarization image intensity to vertical polarization image intensity for each pixel. Features related to snow were extracted by texture analysis using the co-occurrence matrix. We employ a multivariate analysis to discriminate five kinds of the road conditions: "Dry," "Wet," "Slushy," "Icy" and "Snowy," on the basis of these features extracted from the road images as well as temperature. Furthermore, we conducted field tests to verify the accuracy of this algorithm and obtained favorable discrimination accuracy rate of 92.3% on the average.
Implementations of artificial neural networks using current-mode pulse width modulation technique (1997)

The use of a current-mode pulse width modulation (CM-PWM) technique to implement analog artificial neural networks (ANNs) is presented. This technique can be used to efficiently implement the weighted summation operation (WSO) that are required in the realization of a general ANN. The sigmoidal transformation is inherently performed by the nonlinear transconductance amplifier, which is a key component in the current integrator used in the realization of WSO. The CM-PWM implementation results in a minimum silicon area, and therefore is suitable for very large scale neural systems. Other pronounced features of the CM-PWM implementation are its easy programmability, electronically adjustable gains of neurons, and modular structures. In this paper, all the current-mode CMOS circuits (building blocks) required for the realization of CM-PWM ANNs are presented and simulated. Four modules for modular design of ANNs are introduced. Also, it is shown that the CM-PWM technique is an efficient method for implementing discrete-time cellular neural networks (DT-CNNs). Two application examples are given: a winner-take-all circuit and a connected component detector.
Characterization of alkylacyl, alk‐1‐enylacyl and lyso subclasses of glycerophosphocholine by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (2003)

Positive ion tandem quadrupole mass spectrometric methods for structural characterization of the subclasses of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC), including alkylacyl- and alk-1-enylacylphosphocholine and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), are described. Following collisionally activated dissociation, the [M + Li](+) ions generated by electrospray ionization yield abundant informative fragment ions that permit structural determination, and distinction of regioisomers among lysophosphatidylcholine can be easily achieved. In contrast, structurally informative ions arising from [M + H](+) or [M + Na](+) ions are less prominent. The most abundant ion observed in the product-ion spectra of the [M + Li](+) ions of plasmenyl- and plasmanyl-PC and of LPC arises from loss of N(CH(3))(3) ([M + Li - 59](+)). This feature permits their distinction from a product-ion spectrum arising from a diacylphosphatidylcholine, in which the [M + Li - 183](+) ion reflecting loss of phosphocholine is the most prominent. Examples for identification of various subclasses of PC in biological extracts by tandem mass spectrometry applying various constant neutral loss scannings are also shown.
Extreme loss of immunoreactive p-Akt and p-Erk1/2 during routine fixation of primary breast cancer (2010)

The delay in fixation in core-cuts taken after post-operative X-ray of resection specimens has no significant impact on expression of Ki67, ER, PgR, HER2, p-Akt or p-Erk1/2. However extreme loss of phospho-staining can occur during routine fixation of resection specimens. These differences are likely attributable to suboptimal fixation and may have major repercussions for clinical research involving these markers.
5‐HT<sub>1</sub> agonists reduce 5‐hydroxytryptamine release in rat hippocampus <i>in vivo</i> as determined by brain microdialysis (1989)

1. An intracerebral perfusion method, brain microdialysis, was used to assess changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release in the ventral hippocampus of the chloral hydrate-anaesthetized rat in response to systemic administration of a variety of 5-HT1 receptor agonists. 2. A stable output of reliably detectable endogenous 5-HT was measured in dialysates collected from ventral hippocampus with the 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, citalopram, present in the perfusion medium. 3. Under these conditions the putative 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) caused a dose-dependent (5-250 micrograms kg-1, s.c.) reduction of 5-HT in hippocampal dialysates. 4. Similarly, the putative 5-HT1A agonists gepirone (5 mg kg-1, s.c.), ipsapirone (5 mg kg-1, s.c.) and buspirone (5 mg kg-1, s.c.) markedly reduced levels of 5-HT in hippocampal perfusates whereas their common metabolite 1-(2-pyrimidinyl) piperazine (5 mg kg-1, s.c.), which does not bind to central 5-HT1A recognition sites, had no effect. 5. 5-Methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole (RU 24969), a drug with reported high affinity for brain 5-HT1B binding sites, also produced a dose-dependent (0.25-5 mg kg-1, s.c.) decrease of hippocampal 5-HT output. 6. These data are direct biochemical evidence that systemically administered putative 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists markedly inhibit 5-HT release in rat ventral hippocampus in vivo.
A structured TDMA-based V2I MAC protocol for automated guided vehicle control systems (2012)

Recently, IEEE 802.11p based vehicular communication has been widely studied in different area of vehicular applications. In this paper, we mainly focus on the automated guided vehicle (AGV) applications which have a strict communication requirement for very low transmission delay and very high reliability. However, CSMA-based 802.11p standard has problems with unbounded channel access delay and multiple consecutive packet losses due to random access the channel without any control. With this motivation, this paper proposes a novel TDMA-based MAC protocol in order to deliver the vehicle control information with high reliability and bounded latency to satisfy the proposed V2I based AGV system. The proposed TDMA-based MAC protocol is evaluated in comparison with the IEEE 802.11p, i.e., WAVE standard. Simulation results show that the proposed MAC protocol is performed better than IEEE 802.11p in terms of end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio in desired vehicular applications.
Development of a New Pre-crash Safety System (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Systems already exist that reduce collision damage through collision-danger alarms and by operating such features as pre-tensioning seat belts and collision mitigation brakes when the system has determined the possibility of a collision by using millimeter-wave radar. Conversely, at present, carelessness in observing oncoming traffic accounts for a large percentage of head-on collisions. Timely collision warnings are effective in avoiding accidents and for mitigating the severity of the collision. However, warnings given too early even before the driver has had a chance to carry out normal evasive maneuvers, can annoy the driver. Accordingly, by adding a driver face direction sensor, the authors have developed in the present research a system that will only hasten the timing of warnings when the system has detected the direction of the driver's face and determined that they are not facing the front of the vehicle. The driver face detection sensor is comprised of a camera located in the vicinity of the steering wheel column and an image processing ECU. An algorithm was newly devised to lend strong reliability and high precision to the system under a variety of different circumstances. The system then uses this value to determine whether the driver is facing the front of the vehicle. By adding this sensor we have realized a pre-crash safety system (hereunder PCS) with a high level of precision whilst also reducing the number of nuisance warnings. The present paper will give an outline of the new PCS and give details of the algorithm used in the driver face detection sensor.</div>
Not So Fast on Recombination Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus (2008)

Regarding the letter of Han et al. published earlier in the Journal of Virology (3) indicating that "powerful evidence" of recombination is a call for caution in the use of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-based vaccines, I would like to suggest that the evidence for recombination is still weak.The authors cite three reports that suggest the existence of recombination, but a closer look reveals the possibility of oversight in the interpretation of the data (1, 2, 5).There is evidence of recombination in the existing GenBank NDV sequences, but unfortunately, the vast majority of these available NDV sequences have been obtained by PCR amplification of RNAs from crude field samples grown in eggs.The possibility of reporting artificial recombination caused by polymerase template switching in these samples or by laboratory-generated recombinants needs to be considered.The widespread use of live vaccines in poultry and the extensive presence of nonvirulent endemic NDVs in live bird markets and in wildlife (4) make the existence of unnoticed mixed infections in field samples likely.In the particular case of the three publications cited, the Chare et al. and Han et al. results are based on the analysis of GenBank sequences that were obtained without any purification.In the Qin et al. paper, three plaque purification steps were performed, but no attempts were made to confirm the absence of contaminant viruses in the original samples or to investigate the possibility of contamination with PCR products, which normally abound in NDV sequencing laboratories.In fact, despite the availability of a large number of NDV sequences in GenBank databases, no NDV report exists that describes the generation of a natural progeny of viruses de-rived from a recombination event.Although I agree with the authors in the need for caution in the use of live NDV vectored vaccines, caution in the interpretation of the data is also needed.