gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validating a clinical workload measurement instrument for documenting pharmaceutical care. (1996)

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a workload documentation instrument to manually record clinically oriented pharmaceutical care activities. Previous research documents clinical workload by pharmacists; however, the tools employed have not been tested for validity. Reported information is difficult to interpret since individuals are unlikely to categorize activities in a consistent manner. PharmaTrend was used as a template for defining activity and problem categories that corresponded to various clinical activities performed by our clinical, faculty, and staff pharmacists. Because the institution was not completely computerized, the actual documentation tool was portable and manual. Testing of the original instrument was accomplished using a survey consisting of written scenarios. Two phases of testing were required to achieve an overall 80 percent accuracy rate. At least 60 percent of available pharmacists participated in both phases and completed 90 percent or more of the surveys. The investigators concluded that an instrument to record clinically oriented pharmaceutical care activities had been developed, tested, and validated.
Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic migraine: Already advised? (2012)

Chronic migraine is a relatively new concept in the headache world. Until recently, the biased view in many headache specialist centres was that chronic migraine was usually due to medication overuse and improved once patients were detoxified (1). Large population-based studies, however, identified patients with chronic migraine without medication overuse (2–5). With such a recent addition to the nomenclature of headaches (6), it is easily understood that only a handful of intervention studies have addressed drug therapy for the treatment of chronic migraine. Examples are the studies with topiramate (7,8) and onabotulinumtoxinA (9–11). These studies showed that active treatment was superior to placebo, that the treatment difference to placebo was small and that the placebo effect was very high. Neuro-modulation has experienced a renaissance in recent years for the treatment of pain conditions including chronic headache (12). Most of the studies have been conducted among patients with treatment refractory cluster headache (13–15). Failure to treatment was defined as a patient who did not respond to treatment of cluster attacks (by oxygen or triptans) and failing preventive drug therapy with verapamil, lithium, methysergide and topiramate. The study by Silberstein and colleagues published in this issue of Cephalalgia investigated occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) in patients with chronic migraine refractory to treatment of acute migraine attacks and having failed at least two different classes of prophylactic medication. One-hundred and fifty-seven patients received ONS device implants of whom 105 were randomised to active and 52 to sham stimulation. The study failed to show a significant benefit for the primary endpoint, defined as a 50% reduction in mean daily visual analogue scale score after 12 weeks. The study was positive for a number of secondary endpoints, including 30% reduction in mean daily visual analogue scale scores, number of headache days, and migrainerelated disability. Seventy-three patients in the active group (69%) and 34 in the sham group (65%) had adverse events. Common adverse events were lead migration (13% of all patients) and consistent implant site pain or numbness (15% of all patients). Should ONS be recommended for the treatment of patients with chronic migraine? I think at present there is not enough evidence to promote this procedure for patients with chronic treatment refractory migraine for the following reasons:
The Design and Performance of MedJava. (1998)

The Java programming language has gained substantial popularity in the past two years. Java’s networking features, along with the growing number of Web browsers that execute Java applets, facilitate Internet programming. Despite the popularity of Java, however, there are many concerns about its efficiency. In particular, networking and computation performance are key concerns when considering the use of Java to develop performance-sensitive distributed applications. This paper makes three contributions to the study of Java for performance-sensitive distributed applications. First, we describe an architecture using Java and the Web to develop Med-Java, which is a distributed electronic medical imaging system with stringent networking and computation requirements. Second, we present benchmarks of MedJava image processing
Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Human Granzyme B for Targeted Cancer Therapy (2013)

Conventional cancer treatments lack specificity and often cause severe side effects. Targeted therapeutic approaches are therefore preferred, including the use of immunotoxins (ITs) that comprise cell-binding and cell death-inducing components to allow the direct and specific delivery of pro-apoptotic agents into malignant cells. The first generation of ITs consisted of toxins derived from bacteria or plants, making them immunogenic in humans. The recent development of human cytolytic fusion proteins (hCFP) consisting of human effector enzymes offers the prospect of highly-effective targeted therapies with minimal side effects. One of the most promising candidates is granzyme B (GrB) and this enzyme has already demonstrated its potential for targeted cancer therapy. However, the clinical application of GrB may be limited because it is inactivated by the overexpression in tumors of its specific inhibitor serpin B9 (PI-9). It is also highly charged, which means it can bind non-specifically to the surface of non-target cells. Furthermore, human enzymes generally lack an endogenous translocation domain, thus the endosomal release of GrB following receptor-mediated endocytosis can be inefficient. In this review we provide a detailed overview of these challenges and introduce promising solutions to increase the cytotoxic potency of GrB for clinical applications.
Bayesian propensity scores for high‐dimensional causal inference: A comparison of drug‐eluting to bare‐metal coronary stents (2018)

High-dimensional data provide many potential confounders that may bolster the plausibility of the ignorability assumption in causal inference problems. Propensity score methods are powerful causal inference tools, which are popular in health care research and are particularly useful for high-dimensional data. Recent interest has surrounded a Bayesian treatment of propensity scores in order to flexibly model the treatment assignment mechanism and summarize posterior quantities while incorporating variance from the treatment model. We discuss methods for Bayesian propensity score analysis of binary treatments, focusing on modern methods for high-dimensional Bayesian regression and the propagation of uncertainty. We introduce a novel and simple estimator for the average treatment effect that capitalizes on conjugacy of the beta and binomial distributions. Through simulations, we show the utility of horseshoe priors and Bayesian additive regression trees paired with our new estimator, while demonstrating the importance of including variance from the treatment regression model. An application to cardiac stent data with almost 500 confounders and 9000 patients illustrates approaches and facilitates comparison with existing alternatives. As measured by a falsifiability endpoint, we improved confounder adjustment compared with past observational research of the same problem.
Influence of antimicrobial therapy on kinetics of tumor necrosis factor levels in experimental endocarditis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (1994)

The kinetics of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in serum during therapy with cell wall-active agents (ceftriaxone, imipenem) and gentamicin were investigated in rabbits with experimental endocarditis caused by an isogenic pair of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains: a TEM-3 beta-lactamase-producing strain (KpR) or its susceptible variant (KpS). In vitro, KpR was resistant to ceftriaxone and was susceptible to gentamicin and imipenem, while KpS was susceptible to all three antibiotics. Serum TNF levels were determined in control rabbits hourly after bacterial inoculation and then daily; they were determined in treated animals hourly after the first antibiotic injection and then daily during a 4-day therapy with either imipenem (60 mg/kg of body weight four times daily), ceftriaxone (75 mg/kg once daily), or gentamicin (4 mg/kg once daily) alone or in combination with ceftriaxone. After a transient peak (10.2 +/- 3.1 ng/ml) at 90 min following bacterial challenge, serum TNF levels remained low and stable in control animals. The peak in the serum TNF levels occurred 4 h after the first antibiotic injection and with ceftriaxone was significantly higher (P < 0.05) against KpS (1.99 +/- 0.52 ng/ml) than against KpR (1.40 +/- 0.17 ng/ml). Against the KpR strain, the levels observed with ceftriaxone were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained with the other therapeutic regimens (0.70 to 0.80 ng/ml). On the day of sacrifice, effective regimens were associated with low TNF levels. We concluded that TNF production depends on (i) the antiobiotic's mechanism of action and the susceptibility of the strain at the early phase of therapy, without any effect of the rapidity of bacterial killing, and (ii) the final reduction of the bacterial count at a later stage of therapy.
Electrodeposition Studies of Aluminum on Tungsten Electrode from  DMSO 2 Electrolytes: Determination of AlIII Species Diffusion Coefficients (1994)

Aluminum electrodeposition from mixtures of [dimethylsulfone ] has been studied employing the techniques of chronopotentiometry, voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The diffusion coefficient of the reducible AlIII species was determined by each of the three electrochemical techniques and found to be in reasonable agreement with each other. Analysis of chronoamperograms indicate that the deposition process involves progressive nucleation with diffusion‐controlled growth of the nuclei. Calculated nuclear site densities and average nuclei sizes are in agreement with scanning electron microscopy images.
DIRECT ELECTROLYSIS OF URANIUM DIOXIDE TO URANIUM METAL IN FLUORIDE MELTS (1963)

Uranium metal was electrowon from uranium dioxide dissolved in fluoride melts. The UO/sub 2/ was fed directiy to the cell in a continuous manner. Electrolysis was performed at 1200 to 1300 deg C in electrolytes composed of UF/ sub 4/, LiF, and BaF/sub 2/. A single regulus of metal was collected in a confined area of the crucible. Product purity of 99.8 percent was attained. Carbon was the major contaminant. Compartraented cells were studied as a means of confining the oxide feed to the vicinity of the anodes. (auth)
Efficient solution and performance analysis of 3-D position estimation by trilateration (1996)

A new exact, explicit, and computationally efficient solution for three-dimensional (3-D) position estimation based on range measurements from three stations is proposed. The simple polynomial-type form of the new algorithm facilitates the performance analysis. Formulae are provided for both the variance and the bias of the position estimates. The systematic error is a joint effect of both the measurement noise and the system nonlinearity and its magnitude cannot be ignored if highly accurate localization is required. Performance evaluation results are presented for various conditions.
Inhibition of translation initiation by antisense oligonucleotides via an RNase-H independent mechanism (1991)

We have used alpha-oligomers as antisense oligonucleotides complementary to three different sequences of the rabbit beta-globin mRNA: a region adjacent to the cap site, a region spanning the AUG initiation codon or a sequence in the coding region. These alpha-oligonucleotides were synthesized either with a free 5' OH group or linked to an acridine derivative. The effect of these oligonucleotides on mRNA translation was investigated in cell-free extracts and in Xenopus oocytes. In rabbit reticulocyte lysate and in wheat germ extracts oligomers targeted to the cap site and the initiation codon reduced beta-globin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the target mRNA remained intact. The anti-cap alpha-oligomer was even more efficient that its beta-counterpart in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. In contrast, only the alpha-oligomer, linked to the acridine derivative, complementary to the cap region displayed significant antisense properties in Xenopus oocytes. Therefore initiation of translation can be arrested by oligonucleotide/RNA hybrids which are not substrates for RNase-H.
A framework for community identification in dynamic social networks (2007)

We propose frameworks and algorithms for identifying communities in social networks that change over time. Communities are intuitively characterized as "unusually densely knit" subsets of a social network. This notion becomes more problematic if the social interactions change over time. Aggregating social networks over time can radically misrepresent the existing and changing community structure. Instead, we propose an optimization-based approach for modeling dynamic community structure. We prove that finding the most explanatory community structure is NP-hard and APX-hard, and propose algorithms based on dynamic programming, exhaustive search, maximum matching, and greedy heuristics. We demonstrate empirically that the heuristics trace developments of community structure accurately for several synthetic and real-world examples.
Affinity of Phytoestrogens for Estradiol-Binding Proteins and Effect of Coumestrol on Growth of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-Induced Rat Mammary Tumors23 (1980)

A number of nonsteroidal estrogens, which are common naturally occurring substances in human foods, were examined for competitive binding to estrogen receptor proteins. These compounds bound competitively to estrogen receptor proteins in rat uterine cytosol, in tissue from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors, and in human mammary tumor tissue. The relative affinity of these estrogens for rat uterine cytosol receptors paralleled closely the affinities reported for other receptors. Oral administration of coumestrol did not appear to support the growth of DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors, nor did coumestrol act as an antiestrogen when administered orally in combination with 17 beta-estradiol. Coumestrol administered sc might, however, be able to support the growth of these tumors.
Enhanced Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Electrostatically Self-Assembled Multilayer Films Made from New Fluorescently Labeled Polycations (2003)

The synthesis of two new complementary fluorescently labeled polycations, which are derived from 4-(vinylbenzyl chloride) and coumarin, and their use for layer-by-layer multilayers films applying electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) are reported. The alternating polyelectrolyte deposition cycles were followed by UV−vis spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and X-ray reflectivity. Regular growth was observed. Fluorescence and UV−vis measurements showed the formation of fluorescent dye aggregates for one coumarin derivative in the ESA multilayers. The resulting shift in the spectra enhances the spectral overlap between the two fluorescently labeled polycations when used in mixed thin films, improving the efficiency of the Förster resonance energy transfer between the chromophores. The nonradiative nature of the energy transfer was confirmed by fluorescence decay time measurements.
Dynamic spectral width of an InGaAsP/InP electroabsorption light modulator under high-frequency large-signal modulation (1986)

The first measurements of dynamic spectra of an InGaAsP/InP electroabsorption light modulator under high-frequency large-signal modulation are reported. A spectral broadening factor α was determined from the relative sideband strength to the carrier, and it decreased with increasing operating electric field in the modulator. The estimated α-value for full modulation was |α| = 2.3, which can be reduced by designing a modulator to give a more effective change of electro-absorption.
Homomorphic Analysis and Modeling of ECG Signals (1979)

Homomorphic analysis and pole-zero modeling of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are presented in this paper. Four typical ECG signals are considered and deconvolved into their minimum and maximum phase components through cepstral filtering, with a view to study the possibility of more efficient feature selection from the component signals for diagnostic purposes. The complex cepstra of the signals are linearly filtered to extract the basic wavelet and the excitation function. The ECG signals are, in general, mixed phase and hence, exponential weighting is done to aid deconvolution of the signals. The basic wavelet for normal ECG approximates the action potential of the muscle fiber of the heart and the excitation function corresponds to the excitation pattern of the heart muscles during a cardiac cycle. The ECG signals and their components are pole-zero modeled and the pole-zero pattern of the models can give a clue to classify the normal and abnormal signals. Besides, storing only the parameters of the model can result in a data reduction of more than 3:1 for normal signals sampled at a moderate 128 samples/s.
Distinct Gene Expression–Defined Classes of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (2008)

CD26 appears to be a reliable biomarker of malignant GISTs of the stomach. The postoperative recurrence rate of CD26-negative cases was as low as 2.0% (two of 102). Therefore, postoperative follow-up of such patients might be made less intensive. CD26 may play an important role in the malignant progression of gastric GISTs and serve as a therapeutic target.
Protein Kinase C and Guanosine Triphosphate Combine to Potentiate Calcium-dependent Membrane Fusion Driven by Annexin 7 (2002)

Exocytotic secretion is promoted by the concerted action of calcium, guanine nucleotide, and protein kinase C. We now show that the calcium-dependent membrane fusion activity of annexin 7 in vitro is further potentiated by the combined addition of guanine nucleotide and protein kinase C. The observed increment involves the simultaneous activation of annexin 7 by these two effectors. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and its non-hydrolyzable analogues optimally enhance the phosphorylation of annexin 7 by protein kinase C in vitro. Reciprocally, phosphorylation by protein kinase C significantly potentiates the binding and hydrolysis of GTP by annexin 7. Only protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation has a significant positive effect on annexin 7 GTPase, although other protein kinases, including cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and pp60(c-)(src), have been shown to label the protein with high efficiency. In vivo, the ratio of bound GDP/GTP and phosphorylation of annexin 7 change in direct proportion to the extent of catecholamine release from chromaffin cells in response to stimulation by carbachol, or to inhibition by various protein kinase C inhibitors. These results thus lead us to hypothesize that annexin 7 may serve as a common site of action for calcium, guanine nucleotide, and protein kinase C in the exocytotic membrane fusion process in chromaffin cells.
EWI-2 Is a Major CD9 and CD81 Partner and Member of a Novel Ig Protein Subfamily (2001)

A novel Ig superfamily protein, EWI-2, was co-purified with tetraspanin protein CD81 under relatively stringent Brij 96 detergent conditions and identified by mass spectrometric protein sequencing. EWI-2 associated specifically with CD9 and CD81 but not with other tetraspanins or with integrins. Immunodepletion experiments indicated that EWI-2-CD9/CD81 interactions are highly stoichiometric, with approximately 70% of CD9 and CD81 associated with EWI-2 in an embryonic kidney cell line. The EWI-2 molecule was covalently cross-linked (in separate complexes) to both CD81 and CD9, suggesting that association is direct. EWI-2 is part of a novel Ig subfamily that includes EWI-F (F2alpha receptor regulatory protein (FPRP), CD9P-1), EWI-3 (IgSF3), and EWI-101 (CD101). All four members of this Ig subfamily contain a Glu-Trp-Ile (EWI) motif not seen in other Ig proteins. As shown previously, the EWI-F molecule likewise forms highly proximal, specific, and stoichiometric complexes with CD9 and CD81. Human and murine EWI-2 protein sequences are 91% identical, and transcripts in the two species are expressed in virtually every tissue tested. Thus, EWI-2 potentially contributes to a variety of CD9 and CD81 functions seen in different cell and tissue types.
Low-energy etching of GaAs using a single-grid ion beam (1992)

When microfabricating semiconductor materials, it is necessary to reduce etching damage and to apply a high-selectivity mask. A single-grid ion beam etching system can generate much larger ion currents at low accelerator voltages than a dual grid system. In this experiment, a tenfold ion current as that from a dual grid system is extracted at accelerator voltages below 1000 eV. Here, GaAs samples are etched with an Ar ion beam in order to evaluate the physical etching damage, as measured from the I–V curves of a Schottky diode. The normalized n factor, which indicates the amount of etching damage, is less than 1.2 for an accelerator voltage less than 100 eV. The ion current density can be increased without increasing the etching damage. Additionally, several mask materials for GaAs etching are examined. Ion beam sputtered carbon has the highest selectivity, about 15–20 at Va below 150 eV, among the materials examined. The selectivities of Ti for a metal mask and Al2O3 for a transparent mask are more than 10 at Va below 100 eV, whereas the selectivity of SiO2 is 2.6.
Precision control of carrier-envelope phase in grating based chirped pulse amplifiers (2006)

It is demonstrated that the carrier-envelope (CE) phase of pulses from a high power ultrafast laser system with a grating-based stretcher and compressor can be stabilized to a root mean square (rms) value of 180 mrad over almost 2 hours, excluding a brief re-locking period. The stabilization was accomplished via feedback control of the grating separation in the stretcher. It shows that the long term CE phase stability of a grating based chirped pulse amplification system can be as good as that of lasers using a glass-block stretcher and a prism pair compressor. Moreover, by adjusting the grating separation to preset values, the relative CE phase could be locked to an arbitrary value in the range of 2pi. This method is better than using a pair of wedge plates to adjust the phase after the hollow-core fiber compressor. The CE phase stabilization after a hollow-core fiber compressor was confirmed by a CE-phase meter based on the measurement of the left-to-right asymmetry of electrons produced by above-threshold ionization.