gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Parallel Level Sets and Bowsher’s Method as Segmentation-Free Anatomical Priors for Time-of-Flight PET Reconstruction (2017)

In this article, we evaluate Parallel Level Sets (PLS) and Bowsher's method as segmentation-free anatomical priors for regularized brain positron emission tomography (PET) reconstruction. We derive the proximity operators for two PLS priors and use the EM-TV algorithm in combination with the first order primal-dual algorithm by Chambolle and Pock to solve the non-smooth optimization problem for PET reconstruction with PLS regularization. In addition, we compare the performance of two PLS versions against the symmetric and asymmetric Bowsher priors with quadratic and relative difference penalty function. For this aim, we first evaluate reconstructions of 30 noise realizations of simulated PET data derived from a real hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR) acquisition in terms of regional bias and noise. Second, we evaluate reconstructions of a real brain PET/MR data set acquired on a GE Signa time-of-flight PET/MR in a similar way. The reconstructions of simulated and real 3D PET/MR data show that all priors were superior to post-smoothed maximum likelihood expectation maximization with ordered subsets (OSEM) in terms of bias-noise characteristics in different regions of interest where the PET uptake follows anatomical boundaries. Our implementation of the asymmetric Bowsher prior showed slightly superior performance compared with the two versions of PLS and the symmetric Bowsher prior. At very high regularization weights, all investigated anatomical priors suffer from the transfer of non-shared gradients.
Interactions among Hydrophobically Modified Polyelectrolytes and Surfactants of the Same Charge (2000)

Effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on surface tension and rheology of aqueous solutions of an associative polymer, poly(ethylene oxide)−b-poly(propylene oxide)−b-(poly(ethylene oxide))−g-poly(acrylic acid) (Pluronic-PAA) have been studied. SDS starts to bind to the Pluronic-PAA copolymer at a concentration that is 25-fold lower than the critical micellization concentration (CMC) of the surfactant. The data indicate predominant binding between SDS and polyether segments of Pluronic-PAA. Incorporation of SDS into the Pluronic micelles makes the polymer less surface-active, as the surface tension increases. The Pluronic-PAA chains collapse when SDS binds, because the surfactant enhances hydrophobic intramolecular associations.
ChemInform Abstract: Fabrication of High‐Density, High Aspect Ratio, Large‐Area Bismuth Telluride Nanowire Arrays by Electrodeposition into Porous Anodic Alumina Templates. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Defend against Internet censorship in named data networking (2016)

Named Data Networking (NDN), as a promising next generation network, has several advantages in scalability, mobility and network efficiency compared with IP-based Internet. These advantages come with the usage of named content, powerful routers and intermediate cache. These, however, make censorship in NDN more easily to deploy. In this paper we give an analysis of the possible censorship techniques in NDN and come up with two most effective attacks: name-watchlist attack and deep packet inspection. Existing solutions against censorship in IP-based network and NDN either cannot defend against both attacks or disable the cache mechanism, thus decrease the network efficiency. We propose a scheme which adopts the idea of proxy web servers and brings in the concept of smart routers to partially persevere the functionality of intermediate cache and improve network performance. Security analysis shows that as long as the consumer can connect to a smart router which performs a second-time disguise of the requested name without going through a compromised smart router, he can retrieve his interested Data packet. Simulation result shows that the usage of smart routers helps mitigate the performance overhead to disguise Interest names and Data content.
The cognitive features of idiopathic and DYT1 dystonia (2017)

Dystonia is a common movement disorder. In this paper, we review the literature on cognitive function in idiopathic and DYT1 dystonia. In idiopathic or DYT1 dystonia, cognition is largely intact with only isolated executive dysfunction. Dystonia patients also have increased temporal and spatial discrimination thresholds, considered endophenotypes of the disorder because deficits are also shown by unaffected relatives and nonmanifesting carriers of the DYT1 mutation. Anticholinergic medication in high doses can be associated with memory impairment in dystonia. The successful treatment of dystonia with botulinum toxin injections or deep brain stimulation does not produce any major adverse effects on cognition. The aspects of cognition that require further investigation in future studies of dystonia include inhibitory control, decision making, and social cognition. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Computer Security Reference Book (1992)

Computer Security Reference Book provides a comprehensive treatment of computer security, featuring chapters written by many of the most highly respected authorities in their fields. The book covers all aspects of computer security, but avoids unnecessary mathematics. It will be an excellent reference for computer security professionals in banking, consultants, system designers, product manufacturers, data processing managers, and anyone involved with computer security.
Anionic and pseudoanionic polymerization of lactones ‐ a comparison (1990)

Abstract Polymerization via anionic mechanisms or insertion mechanisms (pseudoanionic mechanisms) are compared for β‐lactones and L‐lactide. The following aspects are discussed: initiation and deprotonation of β‐lactones, back‐biting degradation, stereosequences of poly(β‐D,L‐butyrolactone), racemization of L‐lactide, systematic variation of endgroups including synthesis of macromers.
A new adaptive resonance frequency of piezoelectric components used for vibration damping (2010)

This paper describes two methods for vibration damping in a broad band frequency range using a piezoelectric patch. The first method, applied to an adaptive device, uses a bias (static voltage control), which applies stresses or releases stresses in a piezoelectric component to modify its mechanical characteristics and thereby its resonance frequency. The second method is based on a semipassive approach [synchronized switch damping (SSD)], developed to control structural vibration damping using a piezoelectric component. Attenuations of 10 and 4.8 dB in vibration velocity have been obtained using the adaptive frequency and SSD methods.
Patient-derived heavy chain antibody targets cell surface HSP90 on breast tumors (2015)

From our screening methodology, we identified HCAb2 as a breast tumor specific heavy chain antibody targeting cell surface HSP90. HCAb2 also targeted MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in vivo suggesting that HCAb2 could be an ideal tumor targeting antibody.
Varietal Differences in the Phenolic Content and Superoxide Radical Scavenging Potential of Wines from Different Sources (1996)

Thirty-one wine samples differing in their origin of production and vintages were analyzed for total phenolic content, total and free sulfur dioxide contents, and superoxide radical scavenging potentials. The polyphenol content of red wine ranged from 735.9 to 2858 ppm, and that of white wine was in the range 259.4−720.5 ppm. Total sufur dioxide content ranged from 21.9 to 270.7 ppm, and had no correlation to the color of the wine. Superoxide radical scavenging activity values ranged from 39.3 to 215.9 units/mL for the white wine, and those of red varieties were ∼5−10 times higher. No correlation was observed between the free and total sulfur dioxide contents in the different wine samples tested and their superoxide radical scavenging activity values. A direct correlation between the color of the wine (r = 0.7517), its phenolic content (r = 0.9908), and the ability of the wine constituents to scavenge superoxide radical was, however, established by a simple regression analysis. Keywords: Wine; phenolics; radical scavenger; varietal difference
Phage display screening of TIGIT-specific antibody for antitumor immunotherapy (2019)

The fully synthetic humanized phage antibody library has the advantages including the minimized immunogenicity, which frequently happened in hybridoma cell-based antibody production. In this paper, using the constructed diverse complementarity determining region gene library and the germline gene as the backbone, we constructed eight single-chain antibody libraries and a combinatorial antibody library with a big capacity of 1.41 × 10<sup>10</sup>. M13EEA helper phage that was engineered from M13KO7 was applied to prepare phage antibody library. The eukaryotic expression of T-cell immune receptor with Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) antigen was used as a target antigen for screening. The screening of antigen-specific single-chain Fc-fused protein was performed through evaluation of binding affinity based on ELISA analysis. The IgG antibody was prepared with the screened single-chain protein. Finally, the CB3 antibody was screened out which exhibits the highest binding affinity with TIGIT with the <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> value of 8.155 × 10<sup>-10</sup> M.
Radiotherapy with or without Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (2012)

Synchronous chemotherapy with fluorouracil and mitomycin C combined with radiotherapy significantly improved locoregional control of bladder cancer, as compared with radiotherapy alone, with no significant increase in adverse events. (Funded by Cancer Research U.K.; BC2001 Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN68324339.).
Key contributors for improvement of line width roughness, line edge roughness, and critical dimension uniformity: 15 nm half-pitch patterning with extreme ultraviolet and self-aligned double patterning (2013)

The approach for patterning 15-nm half-pitch (HP) structures using extreme ultraviolet lithography combined with self-aligned double patterning is discussed. A stack composed of a double hard mask, which allows decoupling photoresist transfer and trim, and an α-Si mandrel, which offers better mechanical properties during the mandrel and spacer patterning, is proposed. A break-down study with the patterning steps was performed to investigate the key contributors for improvement of linewidth roughness (LWR), line-edge roughness (LER), and critical dimension uniformity (CDU), targeting integrated solutions with lithography, etch, thin film deposition, and wet cleans for selected applications. Based on the optimization of these key patterning contributors, optimum LWR, LER, and CDU at 15 nm HP are demonstrated.
Selective Laser Melting of Aluminum and Titanium Matrix Composites: Recent Progress and Potential Applications in the Aerospace Industry (2020)

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a near-net-shape time- and cost-effective manufacturing technique, which can create strong and efficient components with potential applications in the aerospace industry. To meet the requirements of the growing aerospace industrial demands, lighter materials with enhanced mechanical properties are of the utmost need. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are extraordinary engineering materials with tailorable properties, bilaterally benefiting from the desired properties of reinforcement and matrix constituents. Among a wide range of MMCs currently available, aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) and titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are highly potential candidates for aerospace applications owing to their outstanding strength-to-weight ratio. However, the feasibility of SLM-fabricated composites utilization in aerospace applications is still challenging. This review addresses the SLM of AMCs/TMCs by considering the processability (densification level) and microstructural evolutions as the most significant factors determining the mechanical properties of the final part. The mechanical properties of fabricated MMCs are assessed in terms of hardness, tensile/compressive strength, ductility, and wear resistance, and are compared to their monolithic states. The knowledge gained from process–microstructure–mechanical properties relationship investigations can pave the way to make the existing materials better and invent new materials compatible with growing aerospace industrial demands.
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7 in maxillary sinus floor elevation surgery in 3 patients compared to autogenous bone grafts (2000)

These findings indicate that the OP-1 device has the potential for initiating bone formation in the human maxillary sinus within 6 months after a sinus floor elevation operation. However, the various findings in these 3 patients indicate that the behaviour of the material is at this moment insufficiently predictable, in this indication area. Further investigation is indicated before OP-1 can be successfully used instead of the "gold standard" autogenous bone graft.
Toward Accommodating Gender Differences in Multimedia Communication (2004)

While there have been measurable improvements in the technical development of multimedia, research from a socio-technical viewpoint suggests that the benefits of multimedia technology, especially in fulfilling user requirements, do not always live up to initial promises. This paper aims to address one of the fundamental but often neglected areas in user requirements, i.e., gender-related issues. The paper identifies and discusses gender differences in multimedia communication and recommends how the differences can be addressed. It proposes a model for accommodating gender differences in multimedia communication.
Hydrolysis of Bimatoprost (Lumigan) to its Free Acid by Ocular Tissue <i>In Vitro</i> (2003)

We determined whether bimatoprost, which has been reported to act via putative prostamide receptors, could be hydrolyzed to its free acid (17-phenyl-PGF(2 alpha)), a potent FP receptor agonist, by human ocular tissue in vitro. We developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometric method to measure 17-phenyl-PGF(2 alpha) levels at sub-picomolar levels. We then analyzed the amount of 17-phenyl-PGF(2 alpha) present after incubation of 50 microl Lumigan (0.03% bimatoprost) with eye tissue using this assay. We found that cornea, sclera, iris, and ciliary body, all rapidly hydrolyzed bimatoprost to 17-phenyl-PGF(2 alpha) with linear kinetics at a rate of 6.3, 2.0, 2.8, and 1.5 pmol mg tissue(-1) hr(-1), respectively. For cornea, sclera, and ciliary body, this linear rate of hydrolysis continued over a period of at least three hours, while iris-induced hydrolysis did not continue beyond one hour. Our findings suggest that bimatoprost can act as prodrug for FP receptor activation and questions the concept of a "prostamide receptor" agonist.
Spectral Radius of Nonnegative Centrosymmetric Matrices (2011)

In this paper, we present some results about the spectral radius of a kind of structured matrices, nonnegative centrosymmetric matrices. Furthermore, we constructrue a algorithm to compute the spectral radius of nonnegative centrosymmetric matrices.
Synthesis and Thermal Reactivity of Enyne Allene Esters. An Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition as a New Mode of Cycloisomerization (1995)

Enyne allene esters 4 and 5 were prepared under mild conditions using a Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reaction as the key step. Upon heating in the presence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 5 gave naphthalenes, while 4, in an unprecedented mode of cycloisomerization, was found to intramolecularly undergo a [2+2] cycloaddition leading to benzofulvene derivative 9.
A Functional Data-flow Architecture Dedicated to Real-time Image Processing (1993)

This paper presents a data-flow computer developed at ETCA and dedicated to real-time image processing. Two types of data-driven processing elements, dedicated respectively to low and mid-level processings are integrated in a regular 3D array. Its design relies on a close integration of the data-flow architecture principles and the functional programming concept. Image processing data-flow graphs, first expressed using a functional syntax are directly mapped onto the processor array. The programming environment includes a complete FP-specification to network configuration compilation stream along with a global operator database. An experimental system, including 1024 low-level custom data-flow processors (6 x 25 MBytes/s, 50 million operations per second) and 12 T800 transputers , was built and several image processing algorithms were run in real time at digital video speed.
Q-Cop: Avoiding bad query mixes to minimize client timeouts under heavy loads (2010)

In three-tiered web applications, some form of admission control is required to ensure that throughput and response times are not significantly harmed during periods of heavy load. We propose Q-Cop, a prototype system for improving admission control decisions that considers a combination of the load on the system, the number of simultaneous queries being executed, the actual mix of queries being executed, and the expected time a user may wait for a reply before they or their browser give up (i.e., time out). Using TPC-W queries, we show that the response times of different types of queries can vary significantly depending not just on the number of queries being processed but on the mix of other queries that are running simultaneously. We develop a model of expected query execution times that accounts for the mix of queries being executed and integrate this model into a three-tiered system to make admission control decisions. Our results show that this approach makes more informed decisions about which queries to reject and as a result significantly reduces the number of requests that time out. Across the range of workloads examined an average of 47% fewer requests are unsuccessful than the next best approach.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(<i>N</i>-trialkylsilylmaleimide)s through Radical and Anionic Polymerizations (1991)

Abstract N-Trialkylsilylmaleimides bearing trimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl and dimethylthexylsilyl groups as N-substituents were prepared and polymerized with a radical or anionic initiator. It was revealed that the resulting polymers had a high molecular weight, and showed excellent thermal stability. These polymers were readily converted to polymaleimide by acid hydrolysis.
Intrusion Detection System for Ad hoc Mobile Networks (2011)

Proactive security mechanism like authentication, confidentiality and non-repudiation are difficult to implement in MANETs. Some additional security necessities are always desirable like co- operation fairness, location confidentiality, data freshness and absence of traffic diversion. Traditional security mechanism (authentication, encryption) provide abstract level of security but some reactive security mechanism and deep level of inspection is always required. Here local-distributed intrusion detection system for ad hoc networks has proposed. In the proposed distributed-ID, a smart agent in each mobile node analyzes the routing packets and also checks the overall network behavior of MANETs. It works like a Client-Server model using Markov process. The proposed local distributed- IDS shows a balance between false positive and false negative rate.
New fabrication method of silicon field emitter arrays using thermal oxidation (1995)

The fabrication and emission characteristics of a silicon field emitter array using pure thermal oxide as a gate insulator are described. Since the thermally grown oxide film has a better stoichiometry and is a better insulator than the evaporated oxide, the fabrication process could be stabilized and the tip-to-tip uniformity improved. In addition, the aspect ratio can be controlled easily by this process free from the shadowing effect that appears in the evaporation process. Fabricated samples have been measured electrically in the vacuum of 1×10−8 Torr. The anode current of 290 nA (37 nA) for a single tip was observed at the gate voltage of 130 V (100 V), and the gate current was less than 1% of the emission current. The emission patterns of a 625-tip array showed a very uniform phosphor luminescence due to the averaging effect resulting from the multiple silicon tips.
Hydrogen depolarized carbon dioxide concentrator performance improvements and cell pair structural tests (1973)

The investigations and testing associated with the CO2 removal efficiency and voltage degradation of a hydrogen depolarized carbon oxide concentrator are reported. Also discussed is the vibration testing of a water vapor electrolysis cell pair. Performance testing of various HDC cell pairs with Cs2CO3 electrolyte provided sufficient parametric and endurance data to size a six man space station prototype CO2 removal system as having 36 HDC cell pairs, and to verify a life capability exceeding six moths. Testing also demonstrated that tetramethylammonium carbonate is an acceptable HDC electrolyte for operating over the relative humidity range of 30 to 90 percent and over a temperature range of 50 to 80 F.
In Situ Synthesis of Silver−Epoxy Nanocomposites by Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Cationic Polymerization Processes (2007)

The in situ synthesis of silver-epoxy nano composite was described. A radical photoinitiator was used to generate electron donating radicals upon photolysis. Subsequent oxidation of these radicals to the corresponding cations in the presence of silver hexafluoroantimonate (AgSbF6) leads to the simultaneous formation of silver nanoparticles and initiation of cationic polymerization of epoxy resin, 1,3-bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane (EPOX) present in the formulation. The cured nanocomposites were characterized by FT-IR, DSC and TEM measurements
Efficacies of antiherpesvirus nucleosides against two strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Vero and human embryo lung fibroblast cells (1988)

Antiviral activities of five nucleoside analogs against the VR-3 and WT-34 strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were investigated in Vero and human embryo lung fibroblast (HEL) cells. In HEL cells, the compounds showed antiviral activities against both strains of HSV-1, but in Vero cells, the antiviral activities of the compounds were reduced in proportion to their antiviral indexes (the 50% inhibitory dose [ID50] for cell growth divided by the 50% plaque reduction dose for virus). The ratio of the ID50 in Vero cells to the ID50 in HEL cells was larger in VR-3-infected cells than in WT-34-infected cells. The following results were obtained. (i) Thymidine kinase (TK; EC 2.7.1.21) activity in the VR-3- or WT-34-infected Vero cells was about half that in VR-3- or WT-34-infected HEL cells. Induction of viral TK was especially low in the VR-3-infected Vero cells. (ii) The ID50 of the plaque reduction assay in hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine medium revealed that the activity of cellular thymidylate synthetase (EC 2.1.1.45) was important in viral replication in VR-3-infected Vero cells. (iii) The VR-3-infected cells required larger thymidine and thymidine phosphate pools for viral replication than the WT-34-infected cells did, although uptake of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl) uracil into infected cells was equal for both strains. (iv) In the VR-3-infected Vero cells, the quantity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil triphosphate was smaller than that in VR-3-infected HEL cells and WT-34-infected Vero and HEL cells.