gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenotypical characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor gene. (1991)

In situ hybridization experiments were performed in rat brain sections from normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats in order to map and identify the neurons expressing the D1 receptor gene in the striatum and the substantia nigra. Procedures of combined in situ hybridization, allowing the simultaneous detection of two mRNAs in the same section or in adjacent sections, were used to characterize the phenotypes of the neurons expressing the D1 receptor gene. D1 receptor mRNA was found in neurons all over the caudate-putamen, the accumbens nucleus, and the olfactory tubercle but not in the substantia nigra. In the caudate-putamen and accumbens nucleus, most of the neurons containing D1 receptor mRNA were characterized as medium-sized substance P neurons and distinct from those containing D2 receptor mRNA. Nevertheless, 15-20% of the substance P neurons did not contain D1 receptor mRNA. The neurons containing preproenkephalin A mRNA did not contain D1 receptor mRNA but contained D2 receptor mRNA. A small number of cholinergic and somatostatinergic neurons exhibited a weak reaction for D1 receptor mRNA. These results demonstrate that dopamine acts on efferent striatal neurons through expression of distinct receptors--namely, D1 and D2 in separate cell populations (substance P and preproenkephalin A neurons, respectively)--and can also act on nonprojecting neurons through D1 receptor expression.
Architectural <i>contesting</i> (2007)

Previous studies have proposed techniques to dynamically change the architecture of a processor to better suit the characteristics of the workload at hand. However, all such approaches are prone to a fundamental trade-off between the architectural diversity they can provide and the latency of architectural change, their fixed-configuration performance and the complexity of finding the best architectural configuration for the workload at hand. In this study we argue that the full potential of dynamic architectural customization can only be achieved by diminishing the effect of the degree of available architectural diversity on the aforementioned performance factors. The performance of a statically designed processing core in a heterogeneous multi-core system is independent of the architectural diversity available. In addition, it is apparent that concurrent execution of code on differently architected cores automatically reveals which architecture is more suitable for the characteristics of a particular workload. We therefore propose architectural contesting; the redundant execution of code on a number of differently architected processors (each customized for a different set of workload characteristics) in a leader follower arrangement, such that the leader and follower cores continuously shift roles as one core or the other becomes more favorable for new code phases. In this manner effective execution is naturally transferred from one static architecture to the other with little latency. In this study, we show that the contesting of only processor width can yield an average speedup of 7.5% and up to 12.5% in integer SPEC benchmarks.
Critical Plane Analysis of Rubber Bushing Durability under Road Loads (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">We demonstrate here an accounting of damage accrual under road loads for a filled natural rubber bushing. The accounting is useful to developers who wish to avoid the typical risks in development programs: either the risk of premature failure, or of costly overdesign. The accounting begins with characterization of the elastomer to quantify governing behaviors: stress-strain response, fatigue crack growth rate, crack precursor size, and strain crystallization. Finite Element Analysis is used to construct a nonlinear mapping between loads and strain components within each element. Multiaxial, variable amplitude strain histories are computed from road loads. Damage accrues in this reckoning via the growth of cracks. Crack growth is calculated via integration of a rate law from an initial size to a size marking end-of-life. Multiaxiality is addressed via Critical Plane Analysis, in which damage accrual is computed for all potential crack plane orientations, prior to selecting the most critical orientation and its associated life. Variable amplitudes in the energy release rate history are considered via the application of rainflow counting, which is applied on each potential plane during the critical plane search. The analysis produces estimates of life for each element in the finite element model. These are visualized to identify bushing life and failure mode. Also, the analysis produces a diagnostic database enabling damage sources to be identified with respect to time, space, and orientation, and giving various details of the micromechanics of damage accumulation.</div></div>
Dual Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents and Photoredox Catalysis Enable Decarboxylative Ynonylation under Mild Conditions (2015)

A combination of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents (HIR) and photoredox catalysis with visible light has enabled chemoselective decarboxylative ynonylation to construct ynones, ynamides, and ynoates. This ynonylation occurs effectively under mild reaction conditions at room temperature and on substrates with various sensitive and reactive functional groups. The reaction represents the first HIR/photoredox dual catalysis to form acyl radicals from α-ketoacids, followed by an unprecedented acyl radical addition to HIR-bound alkynes. Its efficient construction of an mGlu5 receptor inhibitor under neutral aqueous conditions suggests future visible-light-induced biological applications.
A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies (2017)

Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques such as Angle of Arrival (AoA), Time of Flight (ToF), Return Time of Flight (RTOF), Received Signal Strength (RSS); based on technologies such as WiFi, Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID), Ultra Wideband (UWB), Bluetooth and systems that have been proposed in the literature. The paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.
Investing in the health of at-risk youth: school-based health clinics in the South. (1987)

The goal of school-based health clinics is broader than the reduction of adolescent pregnancy and birthrates. Yet because teenage births, especially to single mothers, have reached such epidemic rates in some communities and are associated with such high public costs, their prevention is often the galvanizing issue behind the establishment of these clinics. Each year, 1 out of 10, (1 million) teenage girls, becomes pregnant in the US. Although the teenage birthrate has declined in recent years in most states, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Florida had increased birth rates among 15-19 year-olds between 1978 and 1983. This report discusses school-based health clinics is Denmark, South Carolina; Snow Hill, North Carolina; Quincy, Florida; and Jackson, Mississippi. Levy asserts that the programs' intense but caring counseling, combined with appropriate medical attention and followup, has had a positive effect on teenage birthrates. The estimated pregnancy rate in Bamberg County, South Carolina, declined from 67.1/1000 in 1982 to 36.6 in 1985. Teen births in Greene County, North Carolina, dropped from 65 in 1983 to 35 in 1985. Birthrates at Lanier High School in Mississippi have declined from about 65% in 1979-1980 to about 16% in 1985-1986. Dropout rates there have also declined significantly; of 182 mothers followed for 1 year or more, there were no dropouts, compared to a 50% dropout rate for teen mothers before the program began. The author concludes that these school-based programs have gained respect and support from students, their parents, and the community. All function as the focal point for coordinating a variety of services for adolescents, and guiding students through the maze of organizations and procedures that too often has deterred them from seeking help or locating necessary resources.
The etching of silicon carbide in inductively coupled SF<sub>6</sub>/O<sub>2</sub>plasma (2003)

The etching mechanisms of silicon carbide in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor using a SF6/O2 gas mixture, have been investigated using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and Langmuir probe measurements. The etching is shown to be ion induced with a high degree of anisotropy. An optimum etch rate is achieved with 20% oxygen content within the gas mixture. By studying the independent influence of the ICP power and the substrate bias voltage on the ion current density, as well as the fluorine and oxygen radical densities in the plasma, the etch mechanism is found to be dominated by the number of ions bombarding the SiC surface. The steady state sputter yield observed at P>0.7 Pa, despite the increase in F radical concentration indicates the dominant role of ion bombardment in this etch regime, while at P<0.7 Pa, the etch mechanism is limited by the number of F radicals in the plasma. The OES results have shown that the etch rate is dependent upon the concentration of reactive radicals present with the [F]/[0] ratio = 8 at the optimum. Whilst using the optimum gas composition, the parameters which dominate the physical side of the reaction, ICP power and bias voltage, produce an increase of the etch rate as the potential difference between the substrate and the plasma is increased.
Analysis of a polarized seismic wave model (1996)

We present a model for polarized seismic waves where the data are collected by three-component geophone receivers. The model is based on two parameters describing the polarization properties of the waveforms. These parameters are the ellipticity and the orientation angle of the polarization ellipse. The model describes longitudinal waveforms (P-waves) as well as elliptically polarized waves. For the latter waves the direction-of-propagation of the waveform is in the plane spanned by the ellipse's major and minor axes; Rayleigh waves are treated as a special case. We analyze the identifiability of the models and derive the Cramer-Rao and mean-square-angular-error (MSAE) bounds involving one or two three-component geophones.
Organoclay Effect on Mechanical Responses of Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites (2008)

This research aims to perform a symmetric investigation regarding the organoclay effect on the mechanical behaviors of glass/epoxy nanocomposites. Tensile, flexural, as well as interlaminar fracture toughness are of concern in this study. To demonstrate the organoclay effect, three different loadings, 2.5, 5 and 7.5wt% of organoclay were dispersed in the epoxy resin using a mechanical mixer followed by sonication. The corresponding glass/epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by inserting the organoclay epoxy mixture into the dry glass fiber through a vacuum hand lay-up process. Tensile tests revealed that longitudinal tensile strength decreases as organoclay loading increases; on the other hand, transverse tensile strength increases with the increase of the organoclay. Furthermore, SEM observation on the transverse failure specimens indicates that the enhanced mechanism is due to the improved interfacial bonding between the fibers and the surrounding matrix modified by organoclay. The increasing tendency was also found in the transverse flexural strength of the nanocomposites. However, mode I fracture tests indicated that with the increase of the organoclay, the corresponding fracture toughness of the nanocomposites decreases appreciably. For the quasi-isotropic glass/epoxy laminates, since the failure is dominated by fiber rupture, the strength is not influenced significantly by the organoclay.
The effect of nanoparticle shape on polymer‐nanocomposite rheology and tensile strength (2007)

Abstract Nanoparticles can influence the properties of polymer materials by a variety of mechanisms. With fullerene, carbon nanotube, and clay or graphene sheet nanocomposites in mind, we investigate how particle shape influences the melt shear viscosity η and the tensile strength τ, which we determine via molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations of compact (icosahedral), tube or rod‐like, and sheet‐like model nanoparticles, all at a volume fraction ϕ ≈ 0.05, indicate an order of magnitude increase in the viscosity η relative to the pure melt. This finding evidently can not be explained by continuum hydrodynamics and we provide evidence that the η increase in our model nanocomposites has its origin in chain bridging between the nanoparticles. We find that this increase is the largest for the rod‐like nanoparticles and least for the sheet‐like nanoparticles. Curiously, the enhancements of η and τ exhibit opposite trends with increasing chain length N and with particle shape anisotropy. Evidently, the concept of bridging chains alone cannot account for the increase in τ and we suggest that the deformability or flexibility of the sheet nanoparticles contributes to nanocomposite strength and toughness by reducing the relative value of the Poisson ratio of the composite. The molecular dynamics simulations in the present work focus on the reference case where the modification of the melt structure associated with glass‐formation and entanglement interactions should not be an issue. Since many applications require good particle dispersion, we also focus on the case where the polymer‐particle interactions favor nanoparticle dispersion. Our simulations point to a substantial contribution of nanoparticle shape to both mechanical and processing properties of polymer nanocomposites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1882–1897, 2007
Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the amyloid imaging agent 11C-PIB in humans. (2007)

The established clinical dose of (11)C-PIB required for 3-dimensional PET amyloid imaging has an acceptable effective radiation dose. This dose is comparable with the average exposure expected in other PET brain receptor tracer studies. (11)C-PIB is rapidly cleared from the body, largely by the kidneys. From the viewpoint of radiation safety, these results support the use of (11)C-PIB in clinical PET studies.
Dipolar Halbach magnet stacks made from identically shaped permanent magnets for magnetic resonance (2010)

Abstract NMR Mandhalas ( M agnetic A rrangement for N ovel D iscrete H albach LA yout) are arrays of identically shaped magnets in a Halbach‐type arrangement. They provide a simple and cost‐effective way to generate high magnetic fields for mobile applications, for example, in magnetic resonance. Based on the introductory publication by Raich and Blümler (Concepts Magn Reson 2004;23B:16–25), we extend the notion of Mandhalas from cube‐shaped magnets to polygonal and cylindrical ones and present construction guidelines for the stacking of such rings to generate homogeneous magnetic fields over larger volumes. For this purpose, we present formulas and numerical values based on a dipole approach to calculate the flux density of single rings and composed 3D systems and compare to corresponding results obtained by 3D boundary element method calculations. As an application of the approach presented here, we constructed prototypes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 211–222, 2010.
<i>S</i>-Adenosyl-<scp>l</scp>-Methionine:<scp>l</scp>-Methionine<i>S</i>-Methyltransferase from Germinating Barley (1998)

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:L-methionine S-methyltransferase (MMT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM) from L-methionine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. SMM content increases during barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germination. Elucidating the role of this compound is important from both a fundamental and a technological standpoint, because SMM is the precursor of dimethylsulfide, a biogenic source of atmospheric S and an undesired component in beer. We present a simple purification scheme for the MMT from barley consisting of 10% to 25% polyethylene glycol fractionation, anion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose, and affinity chromatography on adenosine-agarose. A final activity yield of 23% and a 2765-fold purification factor were obtained. After digestion of the protein with protease, the amino acid sequence of a major peptide was determined and used to produce a synthetic peptide. A polyclonal antibody was raised against this synthetic peptide conjugated to activated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The antibody recognized the 115-kD denatured MMT protein and native MMT. During barley germination, both the specific activity and the amount of MMT protein increased. MMT-specific activity was found to be higher in the root and shoot than in the endosperm. MMT could be localized by an immunohistochemical approach in the shoot, scutellum, and aleurone cells but not in the root or endosperm (including aleurone).
수입경쟁과 우리 나라 숙연노동자의 상대소득 변화 (1999)

최근 들어 미국을 위시한 선진국에서 가장 논란이 되고 있는 주제 중 하나는 숙련노동자와 비숙련노동자 간 상대임금 및 소득격차가 꾸준히 확대되고 있는 현상에 대한 원인규명이다. 본 논문은 이러한 주제를 전형적인 소규모 개방경제인 우리 나라 제조업을 대상으로 실증분석하였다. 수입경쟁을 나타내는 변수를 상품수입국가군에 따라 선진국과 개도국의 둘로 나누어 이 변수들의 계수가 부호와 유의성에서 차이를 보이는지를 검증하였다. 중분류로 분류된 제조업의 각 산업들을 중심으로 산업의 임금총액에서 숙련노동자들의 임금이 차지하는 비율(학력, 경력 및 직종의 세 가지 기준으로 나누어 각각에 대하여)의 연도별 변화를 종속변수로 하여 분석한 결과, 1988-1992년의 기간에 개도국으로부터 수입증가는 숙련노동자들의 임금이 총임금에서 차지하는 비율의 연평균증가율을 최저 13%에서 최고 22%까지 설명한다고 분석되었다.
Development of a digital high frequency ultrasound array imaging system (2010)

In order to improve the lateral resolution and extend the image view of the previously developed 16-channel digital beamformer for a 30MHz ultrasound linear array, the design of an ultrasound imaging system with a higher frame rate and increased channel count is reported in this paper. The system is composed of 256 channels of analog front-end pulser/receiver, 64 channels of Time-Gain Compensation (TGC), 64 channels of high-speed digitizer as well as a beamformer. A PC is used as user interface to display the real time images. This system is designed for imaging using up to 256 elements linear arrays. The system provides 64 channels of excitation pulsers while receiving simultaneously at a 20 MHz-500 MHz sampling rate with 12-bit resolution. The digitized data of all channels are first fed through FPGAs, and then stored in memories. Those raw data are accessed by the beamforming processor to rebuild the image or download to the PC for further processing. The beamformer that applies delays to the echoes of each channel is implemented with the strategy that combines coarse and fine delays. The coarse delays are integer multiple the sampling clock rate. They are achieved by controlling write enable pin of First-In-First-Out memory to obtain valid beamforming data. The fine delays are accomplished with interpolation filters. The design allows a maximum frame rate of 50 frames per second to be achieved. The wire phantom images show the spatial resolution of 146 μm (lateral) and 54 μm (axial). Images with excised rabbit and pig eyeball as well as mouse embryo were acquired.
EFFECTS OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR ON THE INVASION ACTIVITY OF THE BLADDER CANCER CELL LINE (1998)

EGF increased the invasive activity of KU-1 bladder cancer cells in part by increasing the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases. Morphologic changes may result from altered composition of cytoskeletal proteins.
SUIT: software user interface design tool (2002)

SUIT, a software user interface design tool, is a visualization and prototyping tool that facilitates collaboration between programmers and usability personnel by offering multiple views of a user interface design. The authors describe the roles of different views on prototypes in user interface design and then explain how SUIT generates multiple views with a node-flow model of object-based and event-driven programs. The node-flow model allows visualization of programs with graphical user interfaces, which make it easy for people not skilled in window programming to find usability problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatically checking an implementation against its formal specification (2000)

We propose checking the execution of an abstract data type's imperative implementation against its algebraic specification. An explicit mapping from implementation states to abstract values is added to the imperative code. The form of specification allows mechanical checking of desirable properties such as consistency and completeness, particularly when operations are added incrementally to the data type. During unit testing, the specification serves as a test oracle. Any variance between computed and specified values is automatically detected. When the module is made part of some application, the checking can he removed, or may remain in place for further validating the implementation. The specification, executed by rewriting, can be thought of as itself an implementation with maximum design diversity, and the validation as a form of multiversion-programming comparison.