gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cold-start Active Learning with Robust Ordinal Matrix Factorization (2014)

We present a new matrix factorization model for rating data and a corresponding active learning strategy to address the cold-start problem. Cold-start is one of the most challenging tasks for rec-ommender systems: what to recommend with new users or items for which one has little or no data. An approach is to use active learning to collect the most useful initial ratings. How-ever, the performance of active learning depends strongly upon having accurate estimates of i) the uncertainty in model parameters and ii) the in-trinsic noisiness of the data. To achieve these estimates we propose a heteroskedastic Bayesian model for ordinal matrix factorization. We also present a computationally efficient framework for Bayesian active learning with this type of complex probabilistic model. This algorithm successfully distinguishes between informative and noisy data points. Our model yields state-of-the-art predictive performance and, coupled with our active learning strategy, enables us to gain useful information in the cold-start setting from the very first active sample. 1.
The Effect of CM082, an Oral Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, on Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization in Rats (2017)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of CM082 on the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a laser-induced CNV rat model and to determine the drug concentration in the ocular tissues. After the laser-induced CNV model was established in rats, CM082 was orally administered. The effects of CM082 on the CNV lesions were assessed using fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), CNV histology, and retinal pigment epithelium- (RPE-) choroid-sclera eyecup analysis. The concentrations of CM082 in the plasma and eye tissues were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results of FFA, histology, and RPE-choroid-sclera eyecup analysis demonstrated that the CM082-treated (10 mg/kg/d or 30 mg/kg/d) rats exhibited significantly less neovascularization than did the control group. The total concentration of CM082 in the eyes (172.86 ± 57.11 ng/g) was similar to that in the plasma (196.87 ± 73.13 ng/ml). Within the eye, the concentrations of CM082 and its metabolites were highest in the retina-sclera. The orally administered CM082 thus effectively passed through the blood-retina barrier (BRB) to reach the retina in the Brown Norway rats. Therefore, at both 10 mg/kg/d and 30 mg/kg/d, CM082 was able to reduce CNV lesions in the laser-induced CNV rat model.
Methadone Use in Cancer Patients with Pain: A Review (2002)

In recent years a better understanding of the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties of methadone, including equianalgesic ratios has led to its increased use as a second line opioid for the treatment of pain in patients with cancer. Methadone may be an important alternative for those who have side effects related to the use of other opioids because it has no known active metabolites, is well absorbed by oral and rectal routes, and also has the advantage of very low cost. However, it has a long, unpredictable half-life, which can result in accumulation and toxicity in some patients. In addition, rotation to methadone as a second line agent is more complex than with other opioids because of its increased potency in those patients who are opioid tolerant, particularly those who have been on higher doses of other opioids. Future research should address the use of methadone as a first-line agent in the management of cancer pain, its use in patients with neuropathic pain, and in those who develop rapid tolerance to other opioids. In some patients with cancer the long half-life of methadone offers the advantage of extended dosing intervals to 12 and even 24 hours, further research is also needed in this area.
Über neue Metallate mit Sauerstoff und Fluor als Liganden (1954)

Abstract Es wird über Darstellung und Eigenschaften, magnetochemisches Verhalten und strukturelle Zuordnung zahlreicher neuer Oxometallate (IV) und (V) der Übergangselemente Ti bis Co berichtet; sie enthalten als basische Komponente vorzugsweise Barium‐ bzw. Strontium, im Falle des 5‐wertigen Mangans und Chroms Alkalimetalle. Dabei werden auch bemerkenswert stabile Verbindungen der ungewöhnlichen Wertigkeitsstufen Cr(IV), Cr(V), Fe(IV) und Co(IV) beschrieben. Von den bekannten Erdalkali‐Molybdaten(VI) ausgehend, können entsprechende Molybdate mit 4‐ und 5‐wertigem Mo dargestellt werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß die stark basischen Erdalkalioxyde mit Metall(II)‐oxyden verschiedener Übergangselemente unter Bildung gut definierter Erdalkalioxometallate (II) in Reaktion treten. Ausführliche Angaben bringen die in einiger Zeit in der „Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie”︁ erscheinenden Einzelarbeiten.
High Frequency Operation of Metal-halide Lamp Controlled by Microcomputer (1987)

When HID lamp is operated at high frequencies (several kHz to 100 kHz), arc instability caused by accoustic resonance occurs. Especially in metal-halide lamp, the frequency regions for the stable operation are narrow and vary with the operating condition. Therefore high frequency operation of the metal-halide lamp with fixed frequency is difficult.In this paper, a microcomputer (CPU and memories) is used to detect the instability of discharge and control the operating frequency.A CPU monitors the lamp voltage for detecting the instability. When the discharge is unstable, the frequency is swept to search the frequncy region of stable discharge. If the stable region is found, the value of the frequency at the lower edge of the region (f1) and that at the upper edge (f2) are stored in the memory (RAM). Then the frequency is set at the average value of f1 and f2, and the lamp operates in the middle in the frequency region of stable discharge. If the discharge become unstable, the above process is repeated to search the region of stable discharge.This procedure has an advantage that the interference with communication system is little compared with the operation with frequency modulation or square wave.
Genome Sequence of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (2010)

<p>During the spring and summer months, asexual females give birth to live clonal offspring (see photo). These offspring undergo four molts during larval development to become (A) unwinged or (B) winged asexually reproducing adults. Winged individuals, capable of dispersing to new plants, are induced by crowding or stress during prenatal stages. After repeated cycles of asexual reproduction, shorter autumn day lengths trigger the production of (C) unwinged sexual females and (D) males, which can be winged or unwinged in pea aphids, depending on genotype. After mating, oviparous sexual females deposit (E) overwintering eggs, which hatch in the spring to produce (F) wingless, asexual females. In some populations, especially in locations without a cold winter, the sexual and egg-producing portions of the life cycle are eliminated, leading to continuous cycles of asexual reproduction (photo by N. Gerardo; illustration by N. Lowe).</p>
Stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator production by retinoic acid: synergistic effect on protein kinase C-mediated activation (1992)

Trans retinoic acid (t-RA) stimulated the production of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in HeLa-S3 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) in a dose-dependent manner with maximal release (four to five times control) at 40 nmol/L and 40 mumol/L, respectively. In endothelial cells, the stimulation of tPA production by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was potentiated 1.9-fold by 10 mumol/L t-RA, or 1.8 times the additive effect. In HeLa cells, total tPA secretion with 10 nmol/L PMA was increased from 43 ng/mL to 96 ng/mL by 40 nmol/L t-RA, which was two times the additive effect. Higher concentrations of t-RA (400 nmol/L) depressed tPA secretion by itself and also suppressed PMA-induced tPA production by 50%. Histamine and thrombin also synergized with t-RA. t-RA (40 nmol/L) and 10 micrograms/mL histamine or 10 U/mL thrombin combined to induce tPA production 3.4 and 1.3 times the additive effect in HeLa cells. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were not significantly affected by 10 nmol/L to 10 mumol/L t-RA. Nor did 10 nmol/L PMA and 40 nmol/L t-RA together affect cAMP levels, suggesting that t-RA-mediated potentiation of PMA-induced tPA production occurred via a mechanism that was independent of cAMP levels. Downregulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by pretreatment of huvecs with 100 nmol/L PMA completely blocked a secondary response to PMA, but did not have a significant effect on t-RA induction. Pretreatment with 10 mumol/L t-RA, on the other hand, did not significantly affect a secondary stimulus by 100 nmol/L PMA, but completely suppressed a secondary stimulation by 10 mumol/L t-RA alone. These studies suggest that the mechanism mediating t-RA stimulation of tPA production interacts with the PKC pathway, resulting in synergism.
ReDAL: Request Distribution for the Application Layer (2005)

Modern application infrastructures are based on clustered, multi-tiered architectures, where request distribution occurs in two sequential stages: over a cluster of Web servers, and over a cluster of application servers. Much work has focused on strategies for distributing requests across a Web server cluster in order to improve overall throughput across the cluster. The strategies applied at the application layer are the same as those at the Web server layer, because it is assumed that they transfer directly. In this paper, we argue that the problem of distributing requests across an application server cluster is fundamentally different from the Web server request distribution problem, due to core differences in request processing in Web and application servers. We devise an approach for distributing requests across a cluster of application servers such that overall system throughput is enhanced, and load across the application servers is balanced. We compare the performance of our approach-with widely used industrial and recently proposed techniques from the literature experimentally in terms of throughput and response time performance, as well as resource utilization. Our experimental results show a significant improvement of up to nearly 80% in both throughput and response time, with a very low additional cost in terms of CPU overheads, 0.1% to 1.5%, on the Web server, and virtually no impact on CPU overheads on the application server
Separated High-Bandwidth and Low-Latency Communication in the Cluster Interconnect Clint (2002)

An interconnect for a high-performance cluster has to be optimized in respect to both high throughput and low latency. To avoid the tradeoff between throughput and latency, the cluster interconnect Clint1 has a segregated architecture that provides two physically separate transmission channels: A bulk channel optimized for high-bandwidth traffic and a quick channel optimized for low-latency traffic. Different scheduling strategies are applied. The bulk channel uses a scheduler that globally allocates time slots on the transmission paths before packets are sent off. This way collisions as well as blockages are avoided. In contrast, the quick channel takes a best-effort approach by sending packets whenever they are available thereby risking collisions and retransmissions. Simulation results clearly show the performance advantages of the segregated architecture. The carefully scheduled bulk channel can be loaded nearly to its full capacity without exhibiting head-of-line blocking that limits many networks while the quick channel provides low-latency communication even in the presence of high-bandwidth traffic.
Base excision repair targets for cancer therapy. (2011)

Cellular DNA repair is a frontline system that is responsible for maintaining genome integrity and thus preventing premature aging and cancer by repairing DNA lesions and strand breaks caused by endogenous and exogenous mutagens. However, it is also the principal cellular system in cancer cells that counteracts the killing effect of the major cancer treatments e.g. chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. The major goal of this review is to critically exam the base excision repair pathway and mechanisms regulating base excision repair capacity as a potential targets for improving cancer therapy.
Electric Field Modulation of Galvanomagnetic Properties of Mesoscopic Graphite (2005)

Electric field effect devices based on mesoscopic graphite are fabricated for galvanomagnetic measurements. Strong modulation of magnetoresistance and Hall resistance as a function of the gate voltage is observed as the sample thickness approaches the screening length. Electric field dependent Landau level formation is detected from Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. The effective mass of electron and hole carriers has been measured from the temperature dependent behavior of these oscillations.
Binarization using a two-dimensional pulse-density modulation (1987)

A binarization procedure based on a two-dimensional (2-D) pulse-density modulation (PDM) is shown. The concept underlying the 2-D PDM is the generalization of the analytic description of the one-dimensional error-diffusion algorithm.
Staphylococci-induced Human Platelet Injury Mediated by Protein A and Immunoglobulin G Fc Fragment Receptor (1979)

Bloodstream infections with staphylococci are accompanied by thromboembolic complications. We have studied the mechanism of the interaction of staphylococci with human blood platelets. Staphylococci that possess protein A, a bacterial receptor for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG), caused aggregation of human platelets in whole plasma accompanied by release of [(3)H]serotonin. These reactions were time and concentration dependent, requiring two or more staphylococci per platelet to give maximal response within 5 min. The interaction between staphylococci and platelets required the presence of cell wall-bound protein A and of IgG with an intact Fc fragment. It did not require an intact complement system. Cell wall-bound protein A (solid phase) was capable of aggregating human platelets in whole plasma. In contrast, free, solubilized protein A (fluid phase) did not cause measurable aggregation, and release of [(3)H]serotonin was reduced. An excess of free, solubilized protein A blocked aggregation of human platelets induced by staphylococci in whole plasma. The role of the Fc fragment of IgG in the staphylococci-human platelet interaction was demonstrated by an experiment in which free, isolated Fc fragment blocked aggregation of platelets in whole plasma induced by staphylococci. Furthermore, binding of (125)I-protein A to human platelets was demonstrated in the presence of complete IgG with intact Fc fragment but not in the presence of the F(ab)(2) fragment. Binding of the protein A-IgG complex to the human platelet Fc receptor was paralleled by the release of [(3)H]serotonin. These results represent a novel example of the interaction of two phylogenetically different Fc receptors, one on prokaryotic staphylococci and the other on human platelets. Their common ligand, IgG, is amplified by one Fc receptor (protein A) to react with another Fc receptor present on human platelets, which results in membrane-mediated aggregation and release reaction occurring in whole plasma. This mechanism can be of significance in the pathomechanism of thromboembolic complications at the site(s) of intravascular staphylococcal infection.
Regulation of bone remodeling by vitamin K2 (2016)

All living tissues require essential nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and water. The skeleton requires nutrients for development, maintaining bone mass and density. If the skeletal nutritional requirements are not met, the consequences can be quite severe. In recent years, there has been growing interest in promotion of bone health and inhibition of vascular calcification by vitamin K2. This vitamin regulates bone remodeling, an important process necessary to maintain adult bone. Bone remodeling involves removal of old or damaged bone by osteoclasts and its replacement by new bone formed by osteoblasts. The remodeling process is tightly regulated, when the balance between bone resorption and bone formation shifts to a net bone loss results in the development of osteoporosis in both men and women. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the effects of vitamin K2 on bone cells and its role in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Quercetin and rutin as inhibitors of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasia (1991)

Dietary quercetin (QU) and rutin (RU), phenolic flavonoids commonly found in many fruits and vegetables, were provided to CF1 female mice for 50 weeks to assess the ability of these compounds to inhibit azoxymethanol (AOM)-induced colonic neoplasia. In addition to a control group fed an AIN 76A diet, five other groups received that diet to which was added either 0.1, 0.5 or 2.0% QU and 1.0 or 4.0% RU. Acute studies revealed that, among saline controls, no alteration of any proliferative parameters of colonic epithelial cells was observed among those groups receiving any dose of QU or RU. However, among the AOM-treated mice, both 2% QU and 4% RU significantly reduced hyperproliferation and inhibited the shift of S-phase cells to the middle and upper portion of crypts. Moreover, mice fed these concentrations of QU and RU had significantly fewer AOM-induced focal areas of dysplasia (FADs) than those fed the control diet (0.2 +/- 0.4 and 0.4 +/- 0.5 versus 3.6 +/- 2.3 respectively). Tumors occurred more frequently in the distal half of the colon, regardless of treatment. Compared with controls, mice fed 2% QU had a significantly reduced tumor incidence (25.0% versus 5.9%, P = 0.03). Those fed 4% RU showed only a trend toward inhibition (25% versus 9.7%, P = 0.11). Nevertheless, both 2% QU and 4% RU suppressed tumor multiplicity, i.e. fewer tumors/animal arose in these groups than in the AOM-treated control mice (1.2 versus 2.3, P = 0.005; 1.1 versus 2.3, P = 0.003 respectively). Clearly, QU and RU exhibit significant activity in reducing AOM-induced hyperproliferation of colonic epithelial cells and FAD incidence. This behavior successfully forecast the ability of both flavonoids to suppress tumor multiplicity and ultimately tumor development.
Gene Silencing In Vitro and In Vivo Using Intronic MicroRNAs (2006)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small single-stranded regulatory RNAs capable of interfering with intracellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain either complete or partial complementarity, are useful for the design of new therapies against cancer polymorphism and viral mutation. Numerous miRNAs have been reported to induce RNA interference (RNAi), a posttranscriptional gene-silencing mechanism. Recent evidence also indicates that they are involved in the transcriptional regulation of genome activities. They were first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans as native RNA fragments that modulate a wide range of genetic regulatory pathways during embryonic development, and are now recognized as small gene silencers transcribed from the noncoding regions of a genome. In humans, nearly 97% of the genome is noncoding DNA, which varies from one individual to another, and changes in these sequences are frequently noted to manifest clinical and circumstantial malfunction. Type 2 myotonic dystrophy and fragile X syndrome were found to be associated with miRNAs derived from introns. Intronic miRNA is a new class of miRNAs derived from the processing of nonproteincoding regions of gene transcripts. The intronic miRNAs differ uniquely from previously described intergenic miRNAs in the requirement of RNA polymerase (Pol)-II and spliceosomal components for its biogenesis. Several kinds of intronic miRNAs have been identified in C. elegans, mouse, and human cells; however, neither function nor application has been reported. Here, we show for the first time that intron-derived miRNA is not only able to induce RNAi in mammalian cells but also in fish, chicken embryos, and adult mice, demonstrating the evolutionary preservation of this gene regulation system in vivo. These miRNA-mediated animal models provide artificial means to reproduce the mechanisms of miRNA-induced disease in vivo and will shed further light on miRNA-related therapies.
Effective improvement of symptoms in patients with acute migraine by GR43175 administered in dispersible tablets. (1989)

GR43175, a selective 5-HT 1-like agonist, was administered as oral dispersible tablets in an open, uncontrolled dose-ranging study to assess its efficacy as an agent for acute migraine. Nine patients, all with well established attacks, were assessed for changes in severity of headache and associated symptoms over 2 h. Drug absorption was compared during and between attacks in five patients. Doses of 140 mg and 280 mg resulted in complete relief of all symptoms within 2 h. Treatment was well tolerated in all patients.
Designing leadership development programs - The case for coaching (2012)

Leadership training programs take many forms. Components can include training, 360 degree assessment, coaching, mentoring and on-the-job assignments. As yet little work has been done to understand which methodologies work best in which contexts (Solansky, 2010), though workers such as Lombardo and Eichinger (2001) have developed models emphasising the value of experiential learning generally.
The stereoselective preparation of substituted pyrrolidines using titanium- and zirconium-mediated diene metallabicyclisation methodology: the total synthesis of (−)-α-kainic acid (2000)

Zirconium- and titanium-mediated diene metallabicyclisation–elimination–functionalisation have been compared, contrasted and utilised for the preparation of 3,4-disubstituted and 2,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidines in high yield and excellent stereoselectivity. The zirconium-mediated methodology has been employed as the key step in a partial synthesis of (−)-α-kainic acid starting from D-serine, but the key metallabicyclisation sequence proceeded with poor stereocontrol. By contrast, the total synthesis of (−)-α-kainic acid starting from L-serine was accomplished using a titanium-mediated cyclisation sequence which proceeded with excellent stereocontrol. Novel kainoids and piperidines are also reported.
Distributed call processing for wireless mobile networks (2002)

This paper presents the design and implementation of call processing and mobility management software created for wireless networks using an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) backbone. It describes the motivation for the work, reviews the system design and research results, and discusses the implementation of the system. It also presents ongoing work that incorporates the lessons learned from the implementation into a system that complies with major telecommunications standards. The system uses commercially available hardware and networking software to reduce cost, and a modular and distributed design to facilitate a scaleable system. Among its other benefits are its ability to reduce call establishment time and to lower signaling loads.
Prefetched Address Translation (2019)

With explosive growth in dataset sizes and increasing machine memory capacities, per-application memory footprints are commonly reaching into hundreds of GBs. Such huge datasets pressure the TLB, resulting in frequent misses that must be resolved through a page walk -- a long-latency pointer chase through multiple levels of the in-memory radix tree-based page table.