gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early-stage power grid analysis for uncertain working modes (2005)

High-performance integrated circuits are now reaching the 100-plus watt regime, and power delivery and power grid signal integrity have become critical. Analyzing the performance of the power delivery system requires knowledge of the current drawn by the functional blocks that comprise a typical hierarchical design. However, current designs are of such complexity that it is difficult for a designer to determine what a realistic worst-case switching pattern for the various blocks would be in order to maximize noise at a specific location. This paper uses information about the power dissipation of a chip to derive an upper bound on the worst-case voltage drop at an early stage of design. An exact integer linear programming (ILP) method is first developed, followed by an effective heuristic to speed up the exact method. A circuit of 43 K nodes is analyzed within 70 s, and the worst-case scenarios found correlate well with the results from an ILP solver.
IL-4 inhibits the costimulatory activity of IL-2 or picolinic acid but not of lipopolysaccharide on IFN-gamma-treated macrophages (1991)

We reported previously that IL-2 induces tumoricidal activity in IFN-gamma-treated murine macrophages. The present study was performed to investigate the regulation of IL-2-dependent tumoricidal activity in murine macrophage cell lines. The v-raf/v-myc-immortalized murine macrophage cell lines ANA-1, GG2EE, and HEN-CV did not express constitutive levels of cytotoxic activity against P815 mastocytoma cells. Moreover, these macrophage cell lines did not become tumoricidal after exposure to IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-2 or LPS. However, these macrophages developed cytotoxic capabilities after incubation with either IFN-gamma plus IL-2 or IFN-gamma plus LPS. IL-4 inhibited IFN-gamma plus IL-2- but not IFN-gamma plus LPS-induced tumoricidal activity. This effect of IL-4 was not restricted to v-raf/v-myc-immortalized macrophage cell lines because similar results were obtained by using a macrophage cell line that was established from a spontaneous histiocytic sarcoma. The suppressive activity of IL-4 on the ANA-1 macrophage cell line was dose-dependent (approximately 12-200 U/ml) and was neutralized by the addition of anti-IL-4 mAb. IL-4 decreased the IFN-gamma-induced expression of mRNA for the p55 (alpha) subunit of the IL-2R in ANA-1 macrophages. Therefore, at least one mechanism by which IL-4 may have inhibited IFN-gamma plus IL-2-induced tumoricidal activity was by reducing macrophage IL-2R alpha mRNA expression. We have previously reported that picolinic acid, a tryptophan metabolite, is a costimulator of macrophage tumoricidal activity. We now report that IL-4 also inhibited IFN-gamma plus picolinic acid-induced cytotoxicity in ANA-1 macrophages. We propose that IL-2 and picolinic acid may have a common mechanism of action that is susceptible to IL-4 suppression.
Genetic Manipulation of Human Intestinal Enteroids Demonstrates the Necessity of a Functional Fucosyltransferase 2 Gene for Secretor-Dependent Human Norovirus Infection (2020)

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression is an important susceptibility factor for HuNoV infection based on controlled human infection models and epidemiologic studies that show an association of secretor status with infection caused by several genotypes. The fucosyltransferase 2 gene (<i>FUT2</i>) affects HBGA expression in intestinal epithelial cells; secretors express a functional FUT2 enzyme, while nonsecretors lack this enzyme and are highly resistant to infection and gastroenteritis caused by many HuNoV strains. These epidemiologic associations are confirmed by infections in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures. GII.4 HuNoV does not replicate in HIE cultures derived from nonsecretor individuals, while HIEs from secretors are permissive to infection. However, whether FUT2 expression alone is critical for infection remains unproven, since routinely used secretor-positive transformed cell lines are resistant to HuNoV replication. To evaluate the role of FUT2 in HuNoV replication, we used CRISPR or overexpression to genetically manipulate <i>FUT2</i> gene function to produce isogenic HIE lines with or without FUT2 expression. We show that FUT2 expression alone affects both HuNoV binding to the HIE cell surface and susceptibility to HuNoV infection. These findings indicate that initial binding to a molecule(s) glycosylated by FUT2 is critical for HuNoV infection and that the HuNoV receptor is present in nonsecretor HIEs. In addition to HuNoV studies, these isogenic HIE lines will be useful tools to study other enteric microbes where infection and/or disease outcome is associated with secretor status.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Several studies have demonstrated that secretor status is associated with susceptibility to human norovirus (HuNoV) infection; however, previous reports found that FUT2 expression is not sufficient to allow infection with HuNoV in a variety of continuous laboratory cell lines. Which cellular factor(s) regulates susceptibility to HuNoV infection remains unknown. We used genetic manipulation of HIE cultures to show that secretor status determined by <i>FUT2</i> gene expression is necessary and sufficient to support HuNoV replication based on analyses of isogenic lines that lack or express FUT2. Fucosylation of HBGAs is critical for initial binding and for modification of another putative receptor(s) in HIEs needed for virus uptake or uncoating and necessary for successful infection by GI.1 and several GII HuNoV strains.
Deficiency of CD8<sup>+</sup> effector memory T cells is an early and persistent feature of multiple sclerosis (2014)

Deficiency of effector memory CD8+ T cells is an early and persistent feature of MS and might underlie the impaired CD8+ T cell control of EBV.
An all solid state pulse power source for high PRF induction accelerators (2002)

Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are developing a flexible, all solid-state pulsed power source that will enable an induction accelerator to produce multikiloampere electron beams at a maximum pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 2 MHz. The prototype source consists of three, 15 kV, 4.8 kA solid-state modulators stacked in an induction adder configuration. Each modulator contains over 1300 field-effect transistors (FETs) that quickly connect and disconnect four banks of energy storage capacitors to a magnetic induction core. The FETs are commanded on and off by an optical signal that determines the duration of the accelerating pulse. Further electronic circuitry is provided that resets the magnetic cores in each modulator immediately after the accelerating pulse. The system produces bursts of five or more pulses with an adjustable pulse width that ranges from 200 ns to 2 /spl mu/s. The pulse duty factor within a burst can be as high as 25% while still allowing time for the induction core to reset. The solid-state modulator described above is called ARM-II and is named for the Advanced Radiographic Machine (ARM)-a powerful radiographic accelerator that will be the principal diagnostic device for the future Advanced Hydrotest Facility (AHF).
Electrodynamic balance stability characteristics and applications to the study of aerocolloidal particles (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrodynamic balance stability characteristics and applications to the study of aerocolloidal particlesE. James DavisCite this: Langmuir 1985, 1, 3, 379–387Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/la00063a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views449Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Issues in distance teaching in languages (1995)

The production of any language teaching course involves complex issues which, in the normal commissioning process, would be led by professional linguists and driven by their decisions. In the case of distance teaching materials at the Open University, teams comprising academics from a number of specialisms are involved. The language writers work alongside researchers, specialists in educational technology and other experts in distance education.
Orchestrating massively distributed CDNs (2012)

We consider a content delivery architecture based on geographically dispersed groups of "last-mile" CDN servers, e.g., set-top boxes located within users' homes. These servers may belong to administratively separate domains, such as multiple ISPs. We propose a set of scalable, adaptive mechanisms to jointly manage content replication and request routing within this architecture. Relying on primal-dual methods and fluid-limit techniques, we formally prove the optimality of our design. We further evaluate its performance on both synthetic and trace-driven simulations, based on real BitTorrent traces, and observe a reduction of network costs by more than 50% over traditional mechanisms such as LRU/LFU with closest request routing.
(Carboxyalkyl)pyrroles in Human Plasma and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins (1997)

Free-radical oxidation of human plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) produces (carboxyalkyl)pyrrole (CAP) epitopes that were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using antibodies raised against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-bound 2-(omega-carboxyheptyl)-pyrrole (CHP) and 2-(omega-carboxypropyl)pyrrole (CPP). These antibodies exhibit high structural selectivity (< 0.5% cross-reactivity) in competitive binding inhibition assays with the corresponding human serum albumin (HSA)-bound pyrroles. No cross-reactivity was detected for HSA-bound 2-pentylpyrrole, an epitope that is generated by a reaction of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) with protein lysyl residues. Oxidation of either arachidonic or linoleic acid in the presence of HSA produced an HNE-derived 2-pentylpyrrole epitope. However, only oxidation of linoleic acid formed HSA-bound CHP, while only oxidation of arachidonic acid generated HSA-bound CPP. Since ester hydrolysis with KOH markedly elevated levels of immunoreactive epitopes detected in oxidized LDL, the CAPs are presumably generated by reactions of oxidized cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids with LDL protein, and only some of these oxidized esters are hydrolyzed, e.g., by phospholipase activity associated with LDL. Protein-bound CHP immunoreactivity was detected in human plasma, and levels are significantly elevated in renal failure and atherosclerosis patients compared with healthy volunteers. This provides the first evidence for the biological occurrence of protein-bound CAPs in vivo and further suggests that free-radical oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids produces hydroxyalkenal carboxylate esters whose gamma-hydroxy-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde functionality and reactivity resemble that of HNE.
Effect of berberine on p53 expression by TPA in breast cancer cells (2011)

Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline derivative alkaloid compound, has been reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects. A loss of functional p53 is involved with an increased risk of cancer proliferation and metastasis. Here, we investigated the effect of BBR on the transcriptional activity and the protein expression of p53 in p53-positive (wild- type, MCF7 cells) and p53-negative (mutant, MDA-MB231 cells) human breast cancer cells. Our results showed that the basal level of p53 mRNA and protein expression was increased by BBR treatment. However, tumor promoter, TPA, decreased the level of p53 mRNA and protein expression in MCF7 cells with wild-type p53. In addition, TPA-induced down-regulation of p53 mRNA and protein expression was increased by UO126, but not by SP600125 and SB203580. To verify the regulatory mechanism of p53 protein expression, we investigated the effects of proteasomal inhibitors (ALLN and MG132) or a lysosomal inhibitor (chloroquine) on TPA-induced down-regulation of p53. We observed that TPA-induced down-regulation of p53 protein was prevented by ALLN and MG132, but not by chloroquine. Further, we investigated the effect of BBR on TPA-induced down-regulation of p53 mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, the levels of TPA-induced down-regulation of p53 mRNA and protein were prevented by BBR, but MDA-MB231 cells with mutated p53 were not affected. In addition, TPA-induced down-regulation of p53 mRNA was also prevented by BBR. Taken together, we suggest that BBR may be used as an effective ingredient for anticancer products, which trigger the transcriptional activity and the inhibition of the degradation of p53, a tumor suppressor gene, in human breast cancer.
Depth profiling organic/inorganic interfaces by argon gas cluster ion beams: sputter yield data for biomaterials, <i>in‐vitro</i> diagnostic and implant applications (2013)

Argon gas cluster ion beam sources are likely to become much more widely available on XPS and SIMS instruments in the next few years. Much attention has been devoted to their ability to depth profile organic materials with minimum damage. What has not been the focus of attention (possibly because it has been very difficult to measure) is the large ratio of sputter yield for organic materials compared with inorganic materials using these sources and the special opportunities this presents for studies of organic/inorganic interfaces. Traditional depth profiling by monatomic argon ions introduces significant damage into the organic overlayer, and because sputter rates in both organic and inorganic are similar for monatomic ions the interface is often ‘blurred’ due to knock‐on and other damage mechanisms. We have used a quartz crystal technique to measure the total sputter yield for argon cluster ions in a number of materials important in medical implants, biomaterials and diagnostic devices, including polymethyl methacrylate, collagen, hydroxyapatite, borosilicate glass, soda lime glass, silicon dioxide and the native oxides on titanium and stainless steel. These data fit a simple semi‐empirical equation very well, so that the total sputter yield can now be estimated for any of them for the entire range of cluster ion energy typical in XPS or SIMS. On the basis of our total sputter yield measurements, we discuss three useful ‘figures‐of‐merit’ for choosing the optimum cluster ion energy to use in depth profiling organic/inorganic samples. For highest selectivity in removing the organic but not the inorganic material the energy‐per‐atom in the cluster should be below 6 eV. A practical balance between selectivity and reasonably rapid depth profiling is achieved by choosing a cluster ion energy having between around 3 and 9 eV energy‐per‐atom. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Link-level connection control schemes in a high-speed satellite data network: a performance comparison (1992)

The author makes a performance comparison between a connection-oriented (CO) logical link control (LLC) protocol and a connectionless (CL) LLC protocol in a high-speed satellite packet network with the time-division-multiple-access (TDMA)-reservation multiple-access protocol. In particular, the way that the channel transmission rate affects the performance of the two LLC protocols is examined. The most suitable LLC protocol for any given system environment is determined. The comparison indicates that the CL-LLC protocol has more advantages over the CO-LLC protocol as the channel transmission rate increases and that the suitable region for the CL-LLC protocol becomes wider as the receiver-buffer capacity increases and as the network load decreases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Intergranular films in metal-ceramic composites and the promotion of metal particle occlusion (2004)

Abstract Sintering metal particle (Cu or Ni) reinforced alumina composites, doped with CaO and SiO2 additives, resulted in metal particles found as occlusions within alumina grains, and located at alumina grain boundaries and triple junctions. In composites sintered without additives, only isolated cases of metal particle occlusion were found. In the doped samples, intergranular films were observed at alumina grain boundaries and metal-alumina interfaces, for both types of particles. The occluded particles were found to have a limited size-range of 250 ± 20 nm, while particles at alumina grain boundaries had an average size of ∼1.4 ± 0.3 μm. It is suggested that the higher driving force for grain growth during the initial stages of sintering, together with an increase in grain boundary mobility due to the intergranular films, results in increased particle – grain boundary detachment during the initial stages of sintering.
Closed-loop ultrasonic power and communication with multiple miniaturized active implantable medical devices (2017)

An ultrasonic array system is designed for wirelessly powering and communicating with implantable medical devices. A flexible hardware interface is used to drive a 32-element linear phased array with emphasis on programmability and efficiency rather than bandwidth or peak power. Various beam patterns and data modulation schemes are verified at a depth of 6 cm in a tissue phantom with more than sufficient harvested power for typical implant applications. The power transfer efficiency is also characterized versus depth. Finally, a closed-loop test is performed with two mm-sized devices demonstrating both power and data transfer. This system provides a platform for more complex adaptive therapies combining sensing, communication, and stimulation.
Pain and death: Neurodegenerative disease mechanisms in the nociceptor (2010)

Chronic peripheral neuropathic pain is the result of abnormal activity in sensory nerves. It is well recognized that this sensory nerve dysfunction can be caused by traumatic, toxic, or metabolic insult to the nerve. In addition, there is growing recognition that neuropathic pain is a frequent manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. In this regard, important clues to the cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain may be found by close examination of neurodegenerative diseases (including Parkinson's disease) in which neuropathic pain is often an underappreciated but important clinical manifestation. This approach identifies specific mitochondrial and cytoskeletal mechanisms, previously implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system, that might contribute to neuropathic dysfunction in peripheral sensory nerve fibers. Investigations in preclinical models of common peripheral neuropathic pain conditions have supported the idea that a subset of these cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration can produce painful hyperactivity in primary afferent nociceptors. Importantly, this emerging concept of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms in the primary afferent nociceptor identifies novel molecular targets for the treatment neuropathic pain.
Fast random bits generation based on a single chaotic semiconductor ring laser (2012)

The use of the postprocessing method consisting of bitwise Exclusive-OR and least significant bits extraction to generate random bit sequences typically requires two distinct chaotic outputs. While the two signals are, in general, generated using two separated devices, e.g. two Fabry-Perot lasers, a single semiconductor ring laser can be used as an alternative due to its circular symmetry which facilitates lasing in two counterpropagating mode directions. We consider a chaotic semiconductor ring laser and investigate both numerically and experimentally its characteristics for fast random bit generation. In particular, we show that by sampling each directional mode's output signal using a 8-bit analog-digital converter and through Exclusive-OR operation applied to the two resulting signals (after throwing away 4 most significant bits), we can achieve fast random bit-streams with a bit rate 4 × 10 = 40 Gbit/s, passing the statistical randomness tests. To optimize the system performance, we also study the dependence of randomness on the main system parameters and on noise.
A method to identify trace sulfated IgG N-glycans as biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (2017)

N-linked glycans on immunoglobulin G (IgG) have been associated with pathogenesis of diseases and the therapeutic functions of antibody-based drugs; however, low-abundance species are difficult to detect. Here we show a glycomic approach to detect these species on human IgGs using a specialized microfluidic chip. We discover 20 sulfated and 4 acetylated N-glycans on IgGs. Using multiple reaction monitoring method, we precisely quantify these previously undetected low-abundance, trace and even ultra-trace N-glycans. From 277 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 141 healthy individuals, we also identify N-glycan biomarkers for the classification of both rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive and negative RA patients, as well as anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)-positive and negative RA patients. This approach may identify N-glycosylation-associated biomarkers for other autoimmune and infectious diseases and lead to the exploration of promising glycoforms for antibody therapeutics.Post-translational modifications can affect antibody function in health and disease, but identification of all variants is difficult using existing technologies. Here the authors develop a microfluidic method to identify and quantify low-abundance IgG N-glycans and show some of these IgGs can be used as biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis.
A novel regulator (USP10) of p53: Implications for tumor suppression and therapeutic targeting (2010)

p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a central role in oncogenesis by regulating cell fate after cellular stress and repressing the proliferation of damaged cells.1 The importance of p53 in preventing tumor development is highlighted by the fact that the p53 pathway is mutated in most types of human cancers, thus making it a desirable target for cancer therapeutics.2,3 p53 promotes tumor suppression through its ability to function as a sequence-specific transcription factor that induces the expression of genes involved in a variety of cellular functions including cell growth arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell senescence.4,2,1