gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impacts of bottom trawling on a deep-water Oculina coral ecosystem off florida (2007)

In 1984, a portion of the deep-water Oculina coral reef ecosystem off eastern Florida was protected as the Oculina Habitat Area of Particular Concern (OHAPC), prohibiting bottom trawls, longlines, dredges, and anchors. Unfortunately, the northern two thirds of the reef system remained open to these gear until 2000 when the OHAPC boundaries were expanded to 1029 km2. In the 1970s, the Oculina reefs were teeming with large spawning aggregations of grouper and snapper. By the early 1990s, commercial and recreational fishing had decimated the fish populations, and the coral had been severely impacted by bottom trawling for rock shrimp. Historical photographic transects, taken in the 1970s with the Johnson-Sea-Link sub-mersibles, provide crucial evidence of the status and health of the reefs prior to heavy fishing and trawling activities. Quantitative analyses of photographic images by point count reveal drastic loss of live coral cover between 1975 and 2001. Six coral reef sites had nearly 100% loss of live coral, whereas only two reefs which were within the boundaries of the original OHAPC since 1984 survived and were not impacted by trawling. Management and conservation plans for deep-sea coral reef ecosystems worldwide must be based on sound scientific understanding as well as adequate surveillance and enforcement; this study will help build a foundation for this understanding.
Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding properties of type X collagen (1991)

Type X collagen is a developmentally regulated collagen that is only synthesized by chondrocytes of the hypertrophic and calcifying zone in fetal cartilage. There is evidence in the literature that type X collagen may be involved in cartilage calcification. Here we show that type X collagen synthesis precedes calcium deposition in nodules of fetal human chondrocytes forming in cell culture and present evidence that type X collagen binds calcium in a specific and dose dependent manner. In an assay using bovine type X collagen coupled to beads and 45Ca2+ we determined a total of about 15 binding sites per alpha 1(X) chain with a dissociation of 32 microM.
Genome Sequence of Avery's Virulent Serotype 2 Strain D39 of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>and Comparison with That of Unencapsulated Laboratory Strain R6 (2006)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading human respiratory pathogen that causes a variety of serious mucosal and invasive diseases. D39 is an historically important serotype 2 strain that was used in experiments by Avery and coworkers to demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material. Although isolated nearly a century ago, D39 remains extremely virulent in murine infection models and is perhaps the strain used most frequently in current studies of pneumococcal pathogenesis. To date, the complete genome sequences have been reported for only two S. pneumoniae strains: TIGR4, a recent serotype 4 clinical isolate, and laboratory strain R6, an avirulent, unencapsulated derivative of strain D39. We report here the genome sequences and new annotation of two different isolates of strain D39 and the corrected sequence of strain R6. Comparisons of these three related sequences allowed deduction of the likely sequence of the D39 progenitor and mutations that arose in each isolate. Despite its numerous repeated sequences and IS elements, the serotype 2 genome has remained remarkably stable during cultivation, and one of the D39 isolates contains only five relatively minor mutations compared to the deduced D39 progenitor. In contrast, laboratory strain R6 contains 71 single-base-pair changes, six deletions, and four insertions and has lost the cryptic pDP1 plasmid compared to the D39 progenitor strain. Many of these mutations are in or affect the expression of genes that play important roles in regulation, metabolism, and virulence. The nature of the mutations that arose spontaneously in these three strains, the relative global transcription patterns determined by microarray analyses, and the implications of the D39 genome sequences to studies of pneumococcal physiology and pathogenesis are presented and discussed.
A Study of Radio-information Services for Networks of Cognitive Radios (2007)

The next generation of wireless networks, as envisioned by recent advances in cognitive radio (CR) technologies, will be autonomic and able to adjust their configurations to changes in the communications environment. There are three types of CRs, such as IEEE 802.22 radio, multiple-radio with CR functions, and so- called fully configurable radios. Reconfigurable networks use these CRs and spectra efficiently. This paper discusses various cognitive radios from the viewpoint of re-configurable radio-information management for CR networks. We then propose a flexible and scalable network architecture for CR networks that enables management of re-configurable radio information. We classify radio information and propose the summarization of re-configuration information to enable efficient data exchanges between mobile terminals and the network. We intend to evaluate the efficiency of information services in the near future focusing on network traffic on wireless links.
Simultaneous detection of deuterium oxide and indocyanine green in flowing blood (1981)

A spectrophotometer designed to measure simultaneously traces of deuterium oxide (12 mg.1-) and indocyanine green (0.12 mg.1-1) in flowing blood is described. Its symmetrical four-beam design enabled direct readings in optical density units to be obtained in the infrared region without interference due to atmospheric CO2 and water. This system was validated by the measures of pulmonary extravascular water in the rat in heart-lung preparations and in whole animals. An example of its application showed that, with this system, it was possible to evaluate correctly an alloxan edema in the rat a short time (105 min) after its induction. In these experiments lung water calculated by indicator curves represented 80% of the lung water content (r = 085, n = 10).
Covalently Linked Au Nanoparticles to a Viral Vector:  Potential for Combined Photothermal and Gene Cancer Therapy (2006)

Hyperthermia can be produced by near-infrared laser irradiation of gold nanoparticles present in tumors and thus induce tumor cell killing via a bystander effect. To be clinically relevant, however, several problems still need to be resolved. In particular, selective delivery and physical targeting of gold nanoparticles to tumor cells are necessary to improve therapeutic selectivity. Considerable progress has been made with respect to retargeting adenoviral vectors for cancer gene therapy. We therefore hypothesized that covalent coupling of gold nanoparticles to retargeted adenoviral vectors would allow selective delivery of the nanoparticles to tumor cells, thus feasibilizing hyperthermia and gene therapy as a combinatorial therapeutic approach. For this, sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide labeled gold nanoparticles were reacted to adenoviral vectors encoding a luciferase reporter gene driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter (AdCMVLuc). We herein demonstrate that covalent coupling could be achieved, while retaining virus infectivity and ability to retarget tumor-associated antigens. These results indicate the possibility of using adenoviral vectors as carriers for gold nanoparticles.
Microwave-mediated analysis for sugar, fatty acid, and sphingoid compositions of glycosphingolipids (2004)

For chemical characterization of glycosphingolipids, it is necessary to determine the chemical compositions of three constituents, i.e., sugars, fatty acids, and sphingoids. A new rapid analytical method is described using a one-pot reaction in a household microwave oven, producing sugars, fatty acids, and especially sphingoids free of by-products, from a single aliquot of a biological sample. Glycosphingolipids were hydrolyzed by microwave exposure with 0.1 M NaOH/CH(3)OH for 2 min followed by 1 M HCl/CH(3)OH for 45 s. The alkaline methanolysis step produced intermediate lysoglycosphingolipids virtually free of by-products such as the O-methyl ethers usually seen. The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with n-hexane, and other reaction products were dried, taken up in aqueous alkaline methanol, and shaken with chloroform. Sphingoids partitioned into the organic phase under these conditions, whereas the sugar portion that partitioned into the aqueous phase was re-N-acetylated and remethanolyzed for 30 s by microwave exposure. Analysis of the profiles of glycosphingolipid constituents obtained using the microwave oven method showed that they were quantitatively and qualitatively comparable to those obtained by time-consuming conventional methods, which require reaction for several hours. Analysis of the three constituents, including analysis by gas chromatography, may be obtained within 1 day using the method described here.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Endocrine Glands of the Rat. (1998)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted polypeptide with specific effects on endothelial cell growth and vascular permeability. While previous studies have focused on the expression of VEGF associated with angiogenesis in tumor and embryonal tissues, little is known about the role of VEGF in normal adult tissues. In the present study, a specific antibody was used to study the immunohistochemical localization of VEGF in the entire body of normal adult rats. Intense to moderate immunoreactivities for VEGF were detected in some endocrine cell types, namely, the parafollicular cell of thyroid gland, B cell of endocrine pancreas, N cell of adrenal medulla and a minority of the thyrotrophs of the pituitary gland. A certain exocrine cell type, i.e., the surface mucous cell of stomach, was also immunoreactive for VEGF. At the ultrastructural level, VEGF immunoreactivity was localized exclusively in the secretory granules of all immunopositive endocrine and exocrine cells examined. The present study provided immunohistochemical evidence for the occurrence of VEGF in subsets of endocrine and exocrine cells of normal adult rats, suggesting that these secretory cells regulate local vascular permeability through a paracrine action of VEGF.
Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of matrilysin expression at the invasive front in human colorectal cancers (2001)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in tumor progression. Matrilysin, one of the matrix metalloproteinases, is frequently overexpressed in gastrointestinal cancers. The aim of our study was to assess the validity of matrilysin as a prognostic marker of colorectal cancers. Matrilysin expression was immunohistochemically analyzed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens from 113 colorectal cancer patients who had undergone curative surgery. The lumenal surface of neoplastic glands in the superficial layer was apically stained, while the cytoplasm of cancer cells at the invasive front was diffusely stained for matrilysin. Sections with immunostaining signals in more than 30% of carcinoma cells at the invasive front, which were observed in 47 (42%) cases, were judged as being positive for matrilysin. Matrilysin positivity was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, advanced Dukes' stage and poor outcome. Patients with matrilysin-positive cancer had a significantly shorter overall survival time than those with matrilysin-negative cancer. For patients with intermediate invasive tumor (T2 or T3), only matrilysin was a significant prognostic variable for predicting overall survival in multivariate analysis. Matrilysin expression at the invasive front could be an important marker, predicting an unfavorable prognosis after surgical treatment in patients with colorectal cancer.
Erosiones dentales: medidas preventivas y terapéuticas recomendadas para pacientes de riesgo (2008)

Los pacientes que presentan un alto riesgo de padecer erosiones dentales necesitan una asistencia odontologica intensiva que incluye tanto medidas preventivas como medidas terapeuticas. Para la prevencion de las erosiones, se debera establecer en primer lugar un diagnostico etiologico a partir del cual se adoptaran las medidas necesarias para disminuir la exposicion al medio acido. Los tejidos duros dentarios desmineralizados pueden remineralizarse mediante un flujo salival suficiente y el aporte de fluoruro, calcio y fosfato en forma de pasta dentifrica o geles con fluor. Las medidas de higiene bucal no deben instaurarse inmediatamente despues de un ataque erosivo para proteger de la abrasion mecanica la superficie dentaria reblandecida por la erosion. Ademas, la aplicacion de sistemas adhesivos puede disminuir la hipersensibilidad asociada a las erosiones de la dentina y puede proteger la superficie dentaria de otros efectos erosivos y/o abrasivos. El presente articulo describe las opciones terapeuticas definitivas para la restauracion de los defectos erosivos.
ChemInform Abstract: Long‐Range Charge Transfer in DNA: Transient Structural Distortions Control the Distance Dependence (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
[Oral challenge with cow's milk in patients with IgA nephropathy--estimation of serum antibodies to cow's milk protein]. (1991)

The author investigated the serum levels of antibodies against casein, beta-lactoglobulin and lactalbumin before and after challenging with cow's milk in 35 patients with IgA nephropathy, 18 with primary glomerulonephritis except for IgA nephropathy (GN control) and 11 healthy volunteers (H control). Blood samples were obtained at fasting, and at 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after oral challenging with 400 ml of cow's milk. IgA and IgG anti-cow's milk proteins antibodies were analyzed by ELISA. The same challenge was tested after administration of the antiallergic agent, sodium cromoglycate (SCG), in 11 patients with IgA nephropathy and 4 H controls. Serum levels of IgA anti-casein, -beta-lactoglobulin and lactalbumin antibodies in patients with IgA nephropathy were significantly higher than in control groups before challenging. However, those of IgG antibodies were not. The percent change of antibody titer after challenging with cow's milk did not elevate in any group, except for the level of IgA anti-beta-lactoglobulin antibody at 60 min in IgA nephropathy. Cases in which challenging produced marked elevation above the M + 2SD of the levels found in H control were expressed as "positive". The number of "positive" cases was 16 (45.7%) with IgA nephropathy, but none with GN control. There was no significant correlations between "positive" and "negative" cases with IgA nephropathy in clinical manifestations. In 3 out of 4 "positive" patients with IgA nephropathy, the levels of IgA antibody were suppressed after administration of SCG. It is concluded that the serum levels of IgA antibodies against cow's milk proteins are significantly elevated in IgA nephropathy, and are inhibited in elevation after oral challenge with cow's milk by administration of an antiallergic agent in some patients with IgA nephropathy.
CD44 stimulation induces integrin-mediated adhesion of colon cancer cell lines to endothelial cells by up-regulation of integrins and c-Met and activation of integrins. (1999)

For cancer metastasis, tumor cells present in the circulation must first adhere to the endothelium. Integrins lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA) 1 and very late antigen 4 play a central role in leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and subsequent migration into tissues. The majority of tumor cells derived from solid cancers including colorectal cancer do not express suitable adhesion receptors, LFA-1 and very late antigen 4. We investigated the mechanisms of adhesion and transendothelial migration of cancer cells using colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Our results showed the following novel features of CD44 on the cells: (a) colon cancer cells express high levels of CD44; (b) stimulation of cancer cells by CD44 cross-linking or fragmented hyaluronan markedly induces the expression of LFA-1s, some of which reveal an activation epitope on the cells; (c) CD44 cross-linking induces F-actin polymerization in the cell cortex; (d) fragmented hyaluronan induces up-regulation of the activation epitope of LFA-1, which is mediated through protein kinase C; (e) stimulation of CD44 augments the LFA-1-mediated adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells and intercellular adhesion molecule 1-transfected cells and facilitates transendothelial migration; (f) stimulation of CD44 also induces expression of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor c-Met on cancer cells; and (g) HGF further amplifies the LFA-1-mediated adhesion of cells prestimulated by CD44-derived signaling. Our results indicated that stimulation by CD44 induces "outside-in signaling," which consists of a direct pathway via CD44 and an alternate pathway through the induction of c-Met expression via HGF. Such stimuli augment the expression and trigger the function of integrins via "inside-out signaling" in colon cancer cells, which leads to amplification of integrin-mediated adhesion to the vessel wall and subsequent transendothelial migration.
POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN THE BEETLE TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM. I. GENETIC ARCHITECTURE (2007)

We used joint-scaling analyses in conjunction with rearing temperature variation to investigate the contributions of additive, non-additive, and environmental effects to genetic divergence and incipient speciation among 12 populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, with small levels of pairwise nuclear genetic divergence (0.033 < Nei's D < 0.125). For 15 population pairs we created a full spectrum of line crosses (two parental, two reciprocal F1's, four F2's, and eight backcrosses), reared them at multiple temperatures, and analyzed the numbers and developmental defects of offspring. We assayed a total of 219,388 offspring from 5147 families. Failed crosses occurred predominately in F2's, giving evidence of F2 breakdown within this species. In all cases where a significant model could be fit to the data on offspring number, we observed at least one type of digenic epistasis. We also found maternal and cytoplasmic effects to be common components of divergence among T. castaneum populations. In some cases, the most complex model tested (additive, dominance, epistatic, maternal, and cytoplasmic effects) did not provide a significant fit to the data, suggesting that linkage or higher order epistasis is involved in differentiation between some populations. For the limb deformity data, we observed significant genotype-by-environment interaction in most crosses and pure parent crosses tended to have fewer deformities than hybrid crosses. Complexity of genetic architecture was not correlated with either geographic distance or genetic distance. Our results support the view that genetic incompatibilities responsible for postzygotic isolation, an important component of speciation, may be a natural but serendipitous consequence of nonadditive genetic effects and structured populations.
Studies on the Mechanism of Ventricular Activity (1954)

Controlled studies of ventricular excitation were performed in dogs exhibiting various Degreess of right and left bundle-branch block. Increases in the intraventricular conduction time during complete bundle-branch block are attributed to free wall as well as septal factors. Incomplete bundle-branch block may be either segmental or diffuse. In the segmental type, delayed excitation is present in only a portion of the involved ventricle. In the diffuse type, delayed excitation of the entire homolateral ventricle occurs, but some portions of the ventricle tend to be delayed to a greater extent than others. Certain segements of the ventricular myocardium appear to be supplied by fixed portions of the conducting system, without cross connections operating physiologically. The clinical implications of these observations are briefly discussed.
Inhibition of elastase and other serine proteases by heterocyclic acylating agents. (1980)

The N-acylsaccharins and N-acylbenzoisothiazolinones form a new class of acylating inhibitors of the serine proteases with a broad spectrum of activity. However, they are unique in that they are able to differentiate between various serine proteases because of the differential stability of the presumptive acyl-enzyme formed. Furoyl saccharin was the best studied among this class of inhibitors. We report evidence that the amide bond in the heterocyclic ring of this compound is cleaved by porcine pancreatic and human leukocyte elastases and chymotrypsin, forming acyl-enzymes. Radioisotope studies indicate that the saccharin portion of furoyl saccharin is attached to these enzymes in approximately a 1:1 molar ratio with enzyme, blocking the active site serine. The acylelastases thus prepared are unusually stable to hydrolysis, with kdeacyl values at neutral pH of 2.3 x 10(-6) s-1 for porcine pancreatic elastase and 1.4 x 10(-6) s-1 for human leukocyte elastase. Trypsin appears to be inhibited by a different mechanism. These data suggest a new approach to the design of specific synthetic protease inhibitors.
Rapeseed Embryo Development in Culture on High Osmoticum Is Similar to That in Seeds (1986)

The development of Brassica napus L. cv Tower embryos of different ages cultured in vitro with and without high osmoticum (0.48 and 0.69 molar sorbitol) was compared with normal development in situ to investigate the role of a drying environment in embryo maturation. Sensitivity to osmoticum was assayed in terms of its ability to mimic normal development, i.e. to both suppress germination and maintain 12 S storage protein (cruciferin) synthesis at levels comparable to those seen in the developing seed. The osmotic conditions used block germination of predesiccation stage embryos but were not sufficient to prevent desiccation stage embryos from taking up water and germinating. At all stages tested, the osmotically treated embryos had approximately normal levels of cruciferin mRNA. Measurements of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) levels by radioimmunoassay indicated that the osmotic effects on germination and gene expression were not mediated by elevated embryonic ABA. Comparison of the kinetics of osmotic and ABA effects on gene expression showed that the osmotic effect is more rapid. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ABA acts by inhibiting water uptake, which mechanically prevents germination and affects gene expression in some unknown manner.
On-line small-bore chromatography for neurochemical analysis in the brain. (1989)

High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC/EC) has become a widely used technique for the separation and quantitation of biogenic amines in tissue, plasma, urine, and brain fluid. The majority of analyses are performed using conventional size (4.6 mm i.d. × 250 mm) reversed-phase columns and amperometric detectors. Several of the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) are present in very low concentrations (<100 nM) in these media and quantitation of these neuroaċtive compounds often approaches the detection limits of conventional HPLC/EC systems. As a result, large injection volumes are needed when performing the analysis. This represents an instrumental limitation in biological studies where the sample size is limited.