gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constitutive NF-kB Activity in Neurons (1994)

NF-kappa B is inducible transcription factor present in many cell types in a latent cytoplasmic form. So far, only immune cells including mature B cells, thymocytes, and adherent macrophages have been reported to contain constitutively active forms of NF-kappa B in the nucleus. A recent study showed that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promoter is highly active in several brain regions of transgenic mice (J. R. Corboy, J. M. Buzy, M. C. Zink, and J. E. Clements, Science 258:1804-1807, 1992). Since the activity of this viral enhancer is governed mainly by two binding sites for NF-kappa B, we were prompted to investigate the state of NF-kappa B activity in neurons. Primary neuronal cultures derived from rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex showed a high constitutive expression of an HIV-1 long terminal repeat-driven luciferase reporter gene, which was primarily dependent on intact NF-kappa B binding sites and was abolished upon coexpression of the NF-kappa B-specific inhibitor I kappa B-alpha. Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal laser microscopy showed that the activity of NF-kappa B correlated with the presence of the NF-kappa B subunits p50 and RelA (p65) in nuclei of cultured neurons. NF-kappa B was also constitutively active in neurons in vivo. As investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, constitutive NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity was highly enriched in fractions containing neuronal nuclei prepared from rat cerebral cortex. Nuclear NF-kappa B-specific immunostaining was also seen in cryosections from mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Only a subset of neurons was stained. Activated NF-kappa B in the brain is likely to participate in normal brain function and to reflect a distinct state of neuronal activity or differentiation. Furthermore, it may explain the high level of activity of the HIV-1 enhancer in neurons, an observation potentially relevant for the etiology of the AIDS dementia complex caused by HIV infection of the central nervous system.
Multi-stand radar modeling from a boreal forest: Results from the BOREAS Intensive Field Campaign-1993 (2002)

A Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Intensive Field Campaign was conducted in August 1993 to study portions of the Canadian boreal forest. The overall project has a strong remote sensing and modeling component to assess and monitor important ecosystem attributes as they relate to carbon, water and energy fluxes. The objective of the work is to assess the capabilities of multi-frequency and multi-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to remotely sense forest stands of different species and age. NASA/JPL's airborne SAR was flown over forested areas reasonably pure stands of old and young aspen (broad-leaf) and jack pine (needle-leaf) trees. Ground truth, stand characteristics and tree architecture data were collected over the period of the experiment from four stands (one stand for each species and age type). L and C-band portable dielectric probes were used to measure the dielectric properties of the trees. The model parameters of each stand have been derived from this data set. They have been used in the GWU vegetation model to compute the backscattering coefficients. At L-band, model calculations show that large HH backscatter from the old jack pine stand is due to double bounce scattering from tree trunks while VV backscatter arises from direct backscatter from the tree canopy. It is also observed that L-band like and cross polarization ratios tracked biomass for old and young jack pine stands. These findings have been confirmed by comparison with AIRSAR data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic Stabilization of Background Color in Color TV Receivers (1977)

Since the introduction of color in T. V. broadcast in the middle fifties, millions of color T. V. receivers have been manufactured. To day's products of the industry differ substantially from the early models.
An heuristic-based context-free parsing algorithm (1993)

A heuristic-based parsing algorithm for general stochastic context-free grammars is presented. The algorithm is basically a top-down parser that combines an extension of the A* search paradigm with a constraint satisfaction procedure. Heuristics are used to increase the likelihood of making a correct choice while constraint satisfaction eliminates states that cannot lead to a solution. Two simple heuristics are introduced ensuring convergence to the solution and guaranteeing the choice of the most probable parsing in the case of ambiguous grammars. A comparison of the proposed parser with J. Earley's (1986) algorithm on four different grammars is presented. The efficiency of the proposed method relies on three main aspects: guidance of the search through promising paths, pruning of the state space, based on elimination criteria, and restriction of the number of solutions encountered to the best or the n-best. The last two aspects cannot be met by Earley's algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lactate-to-pyruvate or pyruvate-to-lactate assay for lactate dehydrogenase: a re-examination. (1979)

The pyruvate-to-lactate assay for determining lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) can now yield linearity equal to or better than that obtained by the lactate-to-pyruvate assay. In addition, there are significant advantages to the pyruvate-to-lactate reaction: (a) a greater change in absorbance per unit time, which allows more accurate spectrophotometric readout; (b) lower reactant concentrations are required, which substantially reduces the cost per assay; (c) solid reagents are used to prepare the assay solution; and (d) reagent solutions are more stable. However, impurities present in commercial NADH preparations may substantially affect measured lactated dehydrogenase activities; therefore, a Standard Reference Material for NADH is being developed for issuance by the National Bureau of Standards.
Association and Haplotype Analysis of the Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (IDE) Gene, a Strong Positional and Biological Candidate for Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility (2003)

The gene for insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) represents a strong positional and biological candidate for type 2 diabetes susceptibility. IDE maps to chromosome 10q23.3, a region linked to diabetes in several populations; the rat homolog has been directly implicated in diabetes susceptibility; and known functions of IDE support an important role in glucose homeostasis. We sought evidence for association between IDE variation and diabetes by mutation screening, defining local haplotype structure, and genotyping variants delineating common haplotypic diversity. An initial case-control analysis (628 diabetic probands from multiplex sibships and 604 control subjects) found no haplotypic associations, although one variant (IDE2, -179T-->C) showed modest association with diabetes (odds ratio [OR]1.25, P = 0.03). Linkage partitioning analyses failed to support this association, but provided borderline evidence for a different variant (IDE10, IVS20-405A-->G) (P = 0.06). Neither variant was associated with diabetes when replication was sought in 377 early onset diabetic subjects and 825 control subjects, though combined analysis of all typed cohorts indicated a nominally significant effect at IDE2 (OR 1.21 [1.04-1.40], P = 0.013). In the absence of convincing support for this association from linkage partitioning or analyses of continuous measures of glycemia, we conclude that analysis of over 2,400 samples provides no compelling evidence that variation in IDE contributes to diabetes susceptibility in humans.
Autotaxin hydrolyzes sphingosylphosphorylcholine to produce the regulator of migration, sphingosine-1-phosphate. (2003)

Autotaxin (ATX) is an exoenzyme that potently induces tumor cell motility, and enhances experimental metastasis and angiogenesis. ATX was shown recently to be identical to serum lysophospholipase D activity, producing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lyso-glycerophospholipids. LPA, itself a strong chemoattractant for tumor cells, may mediate the actions of ATX. We now extend the substrate specificity to sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), which ATX hydrolyzes to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Under migration assay conditions, this novel reaction for the production of S1P has a substrate (SPC) K(m) = 0.23 +/- 0.07 mM. In our responder cell lines (NIH3T3 clone7 and A2058), S1P exerts maximal biological effects at concentrations of 10-100 nM and is mimicked in its biological effects by ATX plus SPC. These effects include inhibition of ATX- and LPA-stimulated motility, and elevation of activated Rho. In NIH3T3 clone7 cells stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor and treated with 10-25 nM S1P, motility is not inhibited and activation of Rho is unaffected, indicating that S1P possesses specificity in its effects. The exoenzyme ATX can potentially regulate diverse processes such as motility and angiogenesis via the S1P family of receptors. Because ATX hydrolyzes nucleotides, lyso-glycerophospholipids, and phosphosphingolipids into bioactive products, it possesses the ability, depending on the availability of substrates, to act as positive or negative regulator of receptor-mediated activity in the cellular microenvironment.
A note on the use of timestamps as nonces (1993)

The use of timestamps in key distribution protocols was suggested by Denning and Sacco [DS81]. Timestamps are now used in most production authentication services including Kerberos [SNS88]. Concerns have been raised about the security implications of this practice [Gon92]. Timestamps are necessary in authentication protocols that support multiple authentication without multiple requests to an authentication server. Kehne, SchSnwKlder, and Lan-gendSrfer [KSL92] have proposed a nonce-based protocol for multiple authentications that they claim improves upon the Kerberos protocol because it does not depend on the presence of synchronized clocks.
Human antigen‐presenting cell/tumour cell hybrids stimulate strong allogeneic responses and present tumour‐associated antigens to cytotoxic T cells <i>in vitro</i> (1999)

Most tumours do not stimulate effective antitumour immune responses in vivo. In order to enhance the immunogenicity of human tumour cells, we fused a variety of tumour cell lines with an Epstein-Barr virus transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell line (EBV B-LCL) in vitro, to produce stable hybrid cells. Hybrid cell lines showed a marked increase in their ability to stimulate primary allogeneic T-cell responses in vitro, as compared with the parent tumour cells. The hybrid cells induced proliferation of naive (CD45RA+) as well as memory (CD45RO+) T lymphocytes, and both CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations of T cells were directly stimulated. The stimulatory hybrids expressed human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II, and a wide range of surface accessory molecules, including the T-cell co-stimulatory ligand molecules CD40, CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2), the expression of which was required for optimal stimulation of T-cell responses. Fusion of the EBVB-LCL with a melanoma cell line (518.A2) yielded hybrid cells that expressed the melanoma-associated antigens MAGE-1 and MAGE-3, and presented these antigens to antigen-specific, HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones with greater efficiency than the parent melanoma cell line. These findings suggest that the generation of human antigen-presenting cell/tumour cell hybrids offers promise as an approach to cancer immunotherapy.
Performance of a straw-based portable neutron coincidence/multiplicity counter (2011)

We propose a boron-coated straw (BCS) based fission counter that incorporates a 3×20 array of individually sealed BCS detectors, each 4.43 mm in diameter and 48 cm long. The straws are embedded inside a high-density polyethylene block with dimensions 48.3×38.1×5.08 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (H×W×D), matching the outer dimensions of a commercially available fission counter (Ortec Fission Meter). The latter consists of two folding panels, each comprised of a single row of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He tubes in front of a 48.3×38.1×2.54 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (H×W×D) moderator slab. The <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He tubes, 15 in each panel, are 2.54 cm (1 inch) in diameter, 48.3 cm long, and pressurized to 7.5 atm. The total volume of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He contained in the system is 55 liters. The response of the two systems - two BCS panels, and Ortec FM - was measured with a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> Cf source at various distances. The source was configured either with no moderation, or with a 2.5-inch thick moderator around it. Measurements were repeated both indoors, in a laboratory area, and outdoors, in an open space. The two BCS panels were placed adjacent to one another, with the source centered between them, 91 cm above the ground. The FM was positioned in a similar manner, with its two panels unfolded ( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He tubes facing the source). The results show that the two systems have similar response to the unmoderated source when the source is near. As the source moves further away, the ratio BCS-to- <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He drops to about 0.4. This is due to the fact that the Ortec FM is more sensitive to lower energy neutrons that have scattered in the ground and eventually reach the detector. For the same reason, the straw-based system response to the moderated source is about 30% that of the FM response. Here, neither the location (outdoors/indoors), nor the distance, play a significant role, since a sufficient fraction of neutrons are moderated at the source, thus minimizing the effect of reflections. Pointing to further applications, a modeling study of a high performance multiplicity detection instrument is also presented. Through use of high straw density, a detection efficiency of 48% can be reached with a rapid die-away time of 50 μs.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Opportunities as Research and Development Tools in 21st Century Drug Discovery (2010)

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs), when compared with transformed, primary or engineered cells, have unique characteristics and advantages that have resulted in the development of important cell-based tools in modern drug discovery. However, a key limitation has been the availability of human ESCs from patients with specific medical needs and the broad range of genetic variation represented worldwide. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are derived from somatic cells that are reprogrammed to a pluripotent stem cell state and have functional characteristics similar to ESCs. The demonstration that human iPS cells can be derived, with relative ease, through the introduction of transcription factor combinations has allowed the generation of disease-specific iPS cell lines. Therefore, iPS cell technology may deliver robust, human pluripotent cell lines from a wide range of clinical phenotypes and genotypes. Although human iPS cell technology is still a new tool in drug discovery, the promise that this technology will impact the discovery of new therapies can be projected based on the uptake of stem cell applications in biopharmaceutical sciences. Here, the near-term opportunities that iPS cells may deliver to drug discoverers to generate and test hypotheses will be discussed, with a focus on the specific strengths and weaknesses of iPS cell technology. Finally, the future perspective will address novel opportunities iPS cells could uniquely deliver to the preclinical development of new drug therapies.
Macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling for dosimetry of Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy: an <i>in-vivo</i> study (2016)

Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established modality for cancer treatment, current dosimetric quantities, such as light fluence and PDT dose, do not account for the differences in PDT oxygen consumption for different fluence rates ( ? ). A macroscopic model was adopted to evaluate using calculated reacted singlet oxygen concentration ( [ O 2 1 ] rx ) to predict Photofrin-PDT outcome in mice bearing radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors, as singlet oxygen is the primary cytotoxic species responsible for cell death in type II PDT. Using a combination of fluences (50, 135, 200, and 250 ?? J / cm 2 ) and ? (50, 75, and 150 ?? mW / cm 2 ), tumor regrowth rate, k , was determined for each condition. A tumor cure index, CI = 1 ? k / k control , was calculated based on the k between PDT-treated groups and that of the control, Available on the SPIE Digital Library.
Oncolytic adenovirus co-expressing IL-12 and IL-18 improves tumor-specific immunity via differentiation of T cells expressing IL-12Rβ2 or IL-18Rα (2011)

The oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) is currently being advanced as a promising antitumor remedy as it selectively replicates in tumor cells and can transfer and amplify therapeutic genes. Interleukin (IL)-12 induces a potent antitumor effect by promoting natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T cell activities. IL-18 also augments cytotoxicity of NK cells and proliferation of T cells. This effect further enhances the function of IL-12 in a synergistic manner. Therefore, we investigated for the first time an effective cancer immunogene therapy of syngeneic tumors via intratumoral administration of oncolytic Ad co-expressing IL-12 and IL-18, RdB/IL-12/IL-18. Intratumoral administration of RdB/IL-12/IL-18 improved antitumor effects, as well as increased survival, in B16-F10 murine melanoma model. The ratio of T-helper type 1/2 cytokine as well as the levels of IL-12, IL-18, interferon-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was markedly elevated in RdB/IL-12/IL-18-treated tumors. Mice injected with RdB/IL-12/IL-18 also showed enhanced cytotoxicity of tumor-specific immune cells. Consistent with these results, immense necrosis and infiltration of NK cells, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, were observed in RdB/IL-12/IL-18-treated tumor tissues. Importantly, tumors treated with RdB/IL-12/IL-18 showed an elevated number of T cells expressing IL-12Rβ2 or IL-18Rα. These results provide a new insight into therapeutic mechanisms of IL-12 plus IL-18 and provide a potential clinical cancer immunotherapeutic agent for improved antitumor immunity.
Interfacing parallel applications and parallel databases (2002)

The use of parallel database systems to deliver high performance has become quite common. Although queries submitted to these database systems are executed in parallel, the interaction between applications and current parallel database systems is serial. As the complexity of the applications and the amount of data they access increases, the need to parallelize applications also increases. In this parallel application environment, a serial interface to the database could become the bottleneck in the performance of the application. Hence, parallel database systems should support interfaces that allow the applications to interact with the database system in parallel. We present a taxonomy of such parallel interfaces, namely the Single Coordinator, Multiple Coordinator, Hybrid Parallel, and Pure Parallel interfaces. Furthermore, we discuss how each of these interfaces can be realized and in the process introduce new constructs that enable the implementation of the interfaces. We also qualitatively evaluate each of the interfaces with respect to their restrictiveness and performance impact.
Female Sex Pheromone of Cameraria ohridella Desch. and Dim. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): Structure Confirmation, Synthesis and Biological Activity of (8E,10Z)-8,10-tetradecadienal and Some Analogues (2002)

Mass spectrometric investigations confirmed the structure of the female produced sex pheromone of the horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Desch. and Dim. to be (8E,IOZ)-8,10-tetradecadienal. Pure samples, prepared in a straightforward synthesis, were highly attractive in field tests and proved to be suitable for monitoring of flight activities and population dynamics. In mixtures with the synthetic pheromone, analogues like 9-tridecynal and 7-dodecynyl formate were shown to reduce trap catches. In electroantennographic experiments, pheromone analogues were less active than the pheromone. 9-Tridecynal was the most EAG active analogue tested, followed by 7-dodecyn-1-yl formate and 7-undecyn-1-yl formate.
Geminal Dialkylation of Ketones with Grignard Compounds and Methyltitanium(<scp>IV</scp>) Chlorides (1980)

The methylation of tert ‐alkyl chlorides —obtained from ketones via the Grignard compounds and their chlorination—can be achived with Me 2 TiCl 2 , MeTiCl 3 , or even ZnMe 2 and TiCl 4 as catalyst under very mild conditions. equation image
Atmospheric wind measurements with the high-resolution Doppler imager (1995)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Acid-catalyzed rearrangement of spiro[adamantane-2,1'-cyclobutane]. The case for a transannular alkyl shift (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcid-catalyzed rearrangement of spiro[adamantane-2,1'-cyclobutane]. The case for a transannular alkyl shiftDan Farcasiu, Elina Seppo, Mark Kizirian, David B. Ledlie, and Alain SevinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 22, 8466–8470Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00204a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00204a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views342Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts