gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scintigraphic Manifestations of Thyrotoxicosis (2003)

The term thyrotoxicosis refers to the clinical syndrome of increased systemic metabolism that results when the serum concentrations of free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, or both are elevated. The term hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland with a resultant increase in thyroid hormone synthesis and release into the systemic circulation. These terms are not interchangeable, since thyrotoxicosis can develop in thyroid conditions that are not associated with increased thyroid function, such as thyroiditis, or in so-called factitious hyperthyroidism. The clinical signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis are virtually identical regardless of the cause. However, in a given patient, every attempt should be made to determine the exact cause of the thyrotoxicosis, as this in turn determines the prognosis and treatment. Since thyroid scintigraphy demonstrates the functional state of the thyroid gland, it should be used, in conjunction with determination of radioactive iodine uptake, as the imaging modality of choice for diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Although the scintigraphic features of several of the thyroid disorders that cause thyrotoxicosis may overlap, their recognition helps narrow the differential diagnosis, thereby guiding the referring physician in the work-up and management of this disorder.
Velocity Control of Hydraulic Cylinders With Only Pressure Feedback (2001)

Abstract The lack of position or velocity feedback is a very common problem particularly on construction equipment such as excavators and backhoes. The extra cost of adding position/velocity sensors is prohibitive as well as the high likelihood of sensor failure in such a harsh environment. These factors make the possibility of improving control performance with limited sensory feedback very attractive. This paper studies the velocity control of a single-rod double actuating hydraulic cylinder utilizing a programmable valve with only cylinder pressure feedback. The boom motion control of a scaled-down model of an industrial backhoe loader arm is used as a case study. The programmable valve used in this study is a unique combination of five proportional cartridge valves connected in such a way that the meter-in and meter-out flows can be independently controlled by four of the valves as well as a true cross port flow controlled by the fifth valve. The programmable valve decouples the control of the meter-in and meter-out flows providing tremendous control flexibility to control the cylinder motion while decreasing the pump energy required by utilizing the potential and kinetic energy of the load. This paper demonstrates the potential energy savings possible through the use of the programmable valve. The paper also proves that significant improvements in the velocity tracking performance of hydraulic cylinders can be attained with only pressure feedback.
Computational Intelligence for Decision Support (1999)

Intelligent decision support relies on techniques from a variety of disciplines, including artificial intelligence and database management systems. Most of the existing literature neglects the relationship between these disciplines. By integrating AI and DBMS, Computational Intelligence for Decision Support produces what other texts don't: an explanation of how to use AI and DBMS together to achieve high-level decision making.Threading relevant disciplines from both science and industry, the author approaches computational intelligence as the science developed for decision support. The use of computational intelligence for reasoning and DBMS for retrieval brings about a more active role for computational intelligence in decision support, and merges computational intelligence and DBMS. The introductory chapter on technical aspects makes the material accessible, with or without a decision support background. The examples illustrate the large number of applications and an annotated bibliography allows you to easily delve into subjects of greater interest.The integrated perspective creates a book that is, all at once, technical, comprehensible, and usable. Now, more than ever, it is important for science and business workers to creatively combine their knowledge to generate effective, fruitful decision support. Computational Intelligence for Decision Support makes this task manageable.
Utilizing the Gate-Opening Mechanism in ZIF-7 for Adsorption Discrimination between N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> (2014)

N2O is a greenhouse gas with tremendous global warming potential, and more importantly it also causes ozone depletion; thus, the separation of N2O from industrial processes has gained significant attention. We have demonstrated that N2O can be selectively separated from CO2 using the zeolite imidazolate framework ZIF-7. The adsorption/desorption isotherms of both N2O and CO2 in ZIF-7 indicate the gate-opening mechanism of this material, and surprisingly, the threshold pressure for the gate opening with N2O is lower than that with CO2. Theoretical calculations indicate that both gas–host and gas–gas interaction energies for N2O are more favorable than those for CO2, giving rise to the difference in the threshold pressure between N2O and CO2 in ZIF-7. Breakthrough experiments for N2O/CO2 mixtures confirm that ZIF-7 is capable of separating N2O and CO2 mixtures under the optimized conditions, in reasonable agreement with simulation results, making it a promising material for industrial applications.
Light outcoupling efficiency enhancement in organic light emitting diodes using an organic scattering layer (2013)

Abstract Crystallized 4,7‐diphyenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BPhen) films deposited by convenient vacuum thermal evaporation technique have been found to be an efficient means to extract the substrate wave guided light in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The optimized BPhen film working as organic scattering layer was successfully used with OLEDs for light outcoupling efficiency improvement. Enhancement of 26%, 15% and 6% in efficiency of the blue, green and red OLEDs were obtained, respectively. The achievement was found to be advantageous in terms of simplicity of fabrication method and feasibility for large area OLED applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport and Signaling of SVC in IP Networks (2007)

The transport of scalable media, and in particular of scalable video conforming to the forthcoming Scalable Video Coding (SVC) technology, presents challenges not only in the video compression technology, but also in transport and signaling. This paper discusses the current status of standardization of the support for scalable media, and SVC in particular, over IP based networks. Both the transport of SVC over the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), and the signaling support-namely the additional mechanisms in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)-are covered. As it turns out, the support of SVC over RTP is not quite as straightforward as that of nonscalable video bit streams. Specifically, the signaling architecture requires an almost complete overhaul, and new protocol mechanisms need to be introduced into the packetization.
Stapp`s quantum dualism: The James/Heisenberg model of consciousness (1994)

Henry Stapp attempts to resolve the Cartesian dilemma by introducing what the author would characterize as an ontological dualism between mind and matter. His model for mind comes from William James` description of conscious events and for matter from Werner Heisenberg`s ontological model for quantum events (wave function collapse). His demonstration of the isomorphism between the two types of events is successful, but in the author`s opinion fails to establish a monistic, scientific theory. The author traces Stapp`s failure to his adamant rejection of arbitrariness, or `randomness`. This makes it impossible for him (or for Bohr and Pauli before him) to understand the power of Darwin`s explanation of biology, let along the triumphs of modern `neo-Darwinism`. The author notes that the point at issue is a modern version of the unresolved opposition between Leucippus and Democritus on one side and Epicurus on the other. Stapp`s views are contrasted with recent discussions of consciousness by two eminent biologists: Crick and Edelman. They locate the problem firmly in the context of natural selection on the surface of the earth. Their approaches provide a sound basis for further scientific work. The author briefly examines the connection between this scientific (rather than ontological) framework and the new fundamental theory based on bit-strings and the combinatorial hierarchy.
A Multicenter, Randomized Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous and/or Oral Levofloxacin versus Ceftriaxone and/or Cefuroxime Axetil in Treatment of Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (1998)

This study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin with that of ceftriaxone and/or cefuroxime in the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. The decisions to hospitalize patients, to use an intravenous or oral antimicrobial agent, and to add erythromycin or doxy-cycline to the cephalosporin regimen were made at the investigator's discretion. Four hundred fifty-six patients (226 given levofloxacin and 230 given ceftriaxone and/or cefuroxime axetil) were evaluable for efficacy. Clinical success at 5–7 days posttherapy was 96% in the levofloxacin group and 90% in the cephalosporin group. Microbio-logic success rates were 98% for levofloxacin and 85% for cephalosporin. Both drugs eradicated 100% of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Adverse effects were similar in both groups. The authors conclude that levofloxacin is superior to ceftriaxone and cefuroxime axetil therapy in the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.
Genetic mapping of the mouse c-fms proto-oncogene to chromosome 18 (1988)

Chinese hamster X mouse somatic cell hybrids were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization with a probe specific for the cellular c-fms proto-oncogene. Results demonstrate that Fms, the genetic locus containing this sequence, maps to mouse chromosome 18. Mouse Fms is thus not linked to the same set of genes involved in growth regulation that human FMS is linked to.
Ocular delivery of cyclosporine A based on glyceryl monooleate/poloxamer 407 liquid crystalline nanoparticles: preparation, characterization,<i>in vitro</i>corneal penetration and ocular irritation (2012)

The purpose of this study was to develop an ophthalmic drug delivery system for cyclosporine A (CsA) based on glyceryl monooleate (GMO)/poloxamer 407 liquid crystalline nanoparticles with reduced ocular irritancy and improved corneal penetration. CsA-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles were prepared via fragmentation of a bulk GMO/poloxamer 407 cubic phase gel by high-pressure homogenization and characterized. Corneal permeation and retention was evaluated using modified Franz diffusing cells. Intra-corneal transportation was investigated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Ocular irritation was then evaluated using the Draize method. The mean particle size of liquid crystalline nanoparticles was 193.5 nm and the entrapment efficiency was 95.11 ± 0.67%. A bicontinuous cubic phase of cubic P-type was determined using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) observation and small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) analysis. A 1.52-fold increase in J(s) and a 2.2-fold increase in corneal retention was achieved by liquid crystalline nanoparticles compared with oil solution. In vitro corneal permeation investigated with FITC-labeled liquid crystalline nanoparticles revealed that CsA penetrated across the cornea under the transportation of liquid crystalline nanoparticles. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles exhibited excellent ocular tolerance in the ocular irritation test. This low-irritant vehicle based on liquid crystalline nanoparticles might be a promising system for effective ocular CsA delivery.
Analysis of the expression, subcellular and tissue localisation of phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD/GWD3) in Solanum tuberosum L.: a bioinformatics approach for the comparative analysis of two α-glucan, water dikinases (GWDs) from Solanum tuberosum L. (2012)

There are several important factors affecting the rate of starch decomposition in plants, including the circadian clock, the regulation of gene expression, the regulation of enzyme activities and starch phosphorylation by glucan, water dikinase activities (GWDs). One isoform of glucan, water dikinase named GWD3 or PWD (EC 2.7.9.5) was isolated for the first time from Arabidopsis thaliana, and now we report its isolation and identification in Solanum tuberosum L. leaves and tubers. We compare StGWD3 sequence to the other GWDs sequences using bioinformatics tools and propose also structural models for the starch-binding domains in StGWD3 and StGWD1. The StGWD3 gene expression and protein were localised in different heterotrophic and autotrophic potato tissues and organs using in situ RT-PCR and immunolocalisation methods, respectively. Diurnal changes in the transcript abundance of StGWD3 in leaves were analysed using quantitative real-time PCR and they appeared to be typical for most genes involved in starch degradation in chloroplasts.
CH/π Interactions Implicated in the Crystal Structure of Transition Metal Compounds − A Database Study (2002)

A statistical study was carried out to investigate the role of the CH/π interaction in the crystal structure of transition metal compounds. Thus, short CH/π distances were surveyed in crystal structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database. Among organometallic entries bearing C6 or C5 aromatic rings, a substantial part of the structures has been found to have intermolecular CH/π contacts shorter than the van der Waals distance. Further, in many structures short intramolecular CH/π contacts have been found. Interligand and intraligand CH/π interactions were also surveyed in coordination compounds bearing the typical ligands 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2′-bipyridine, and 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine, as well as triphenylphosphane complexes of ruthenium, rhenium, and rhodium. The results were discussed in the context of the CH/π interaction in controlling the crystal packing and the molecular structure of transition metal compounds. The compact structure with CH/π interactions is a general aspect in coordination and organometallic chemistry. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
An ab initio MO and MM study of homogeneous olefin polymerization with silylene-bridged zirconocene catalyst and its regio- and stereoselectivity (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn ab initio MO and MM study of homogeneous olefin polymerization with silylene-bridged zirconocene catalyst and its regio- and stereoselectivityHiroshi Kawamura-Kuribayashi, Nobuaki Koga, and Keiji MorokumaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 22, 8687–8694Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00048a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00048a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views405Altmetric-Citations227LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
LaB6 single-crystal tips as an electron source of high brightness (1975)

A LaB6 single crystal produced at the National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials was used as an electron source of high brightness with a commercial-type electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). A single-crystal tip of 0.2 mm φ×4 mm was cut out from a mother crystal of LaB6 obtained by discharge machining. The tip, held with Ta ribbons by electron beam welding, was mounted in a conventional tungsten hairpin filament holder which is commonly used in electron microscopes (CEM), scanning electron microscopes (SEM), and EPMA. Using this LaB6 emitter in an electron gun of the commercial type EPMA, JAX-3, instead of the conventional tungsten hairpin, the gun was operated under the same conditions as the tungsten hairpin: vacuum between low 10−4 and high 10−5 Torr, emission current ∼100 μA at 25 kV. It is concluded from a comparison of the scanning electron micrographs obtained with the LaB6 emitter and the tungsten hairpin that the LaB6 emitter can well be used instead of the conventional tungsten hairpins as an electron source of higher brightness for CEM and SEM even in such a low vacuum as ∼10−5 Torr for practical use.
Semi-Supervised SAR ATR via Multi-Discriminator Generative Adversarial Network (2019)

As a supervised deep learning algorithm well-suited for image processing, convolutional neural network (CNN) has shown great potential on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) and achieved superior performance in recent years. However, the training of the deep convolution network depends heavily on sufficient labeled samples while the SAR images are scarce and difficult to obtain, and it is time-consuming to artificially annotate labels for raw images. In this paper, a semi-supervised recognition method combining generative adversarial network (GAN) with CNN is proposed. We generated unlabeled images with GAN and set them as the input of CNN together with original labeled images, so as to implement the effective training and recognition with limited training samples. In order to address the instability training issue caused by the adversarial principal of GAN, a dynamic adjustable multi-discriminator GAN (MGAN) architecture is introduced in the proposed framework. Meanwhile, the label smoothing regularization (LSR) is applied to regularize the semi-supervised recognition model of the CNN. Experiments carried out on the moving and stationary target acquisition and recognition (MSTAR) dataset have indicated that the proposed method possesses the ability to improves the accuracy and robustness of CNN system, especially when the training dataset is limited.
Primary Brain Tumors in Adults: Diagnosis and Treatment. (2016)

Primary intracranial tumors of the brain structures, including meninges, are rare with an overall five-year survival rate of 33.4%; they are collectively called primary brain tumors. Proven risk factors for these tumors include certain genetic syndromes and exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation. Primary brain tumors are classified by histopathologic criteria and immunohistochemical data. The most common symptoms of these tumors are headache and seizures. Diagnosis of a suspected brain tumor is dependent on appropriate brain imaging and histopathology. The imaging modality of choice is gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. There is no specific pathognomonic feature on imaging that differentiates between primary brain tumors and metastatic or nonneoplastic disease. In cases of suspected or pathologically proven metastatic disease, chest and abdomen computed tomography may be helpful, although determining the site of the primary tumor is often difficult, especially if there are no clinical clues from the history and physical examination. Using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to search for a primary lesion is not recommended because of low specificity for differentiating a neoplasm from benign or inflammatory lesions. Treatment decisions are individualized by a multidisciplinary team based on tumor type and location, malignancy potential, and the patient's age and physical condition. Treatment often includes a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. After craniotomy, patients should be followed closely for complications, including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, intracranial bleeding, wound infection, systemic infection, seizure, depression, worsening neurologic status, and adverse drug reaction. Hospice and palliative care should be offered when appropriate throughout treatment.
Asymmetric reduction of the prochiral carbon-carbon double bond of methyl 2-chloro-2-alkenoates by use of fermenting bakers' yeast (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric reduction of the prochiral carbon-carbon double bond of methyl 2-chloro-2-alkenoates by use of fermenting bakers' yeastMasanori Utaka, Satoshi Konishi, Ami Mizuoka, Toshiyasu Ohkubo, Takashi Sakai, Sadao Tsuboi, and Akira TakedaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 21, 4989–4992Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00282a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00282a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views385Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts