gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generating performance portable code using rewrite rules: from high-level functional expressions to high-performance OpenCL code (2015)

Computers have become increasingly complex with the emergence of heterogeneous hardware combining multicore CPUs and GPUs. These parallel systems exhibit tremendous computational power at the cost of increased programming effort resulting in a tension between performance and code portability. Typically, code is either tuned in a low-level imperative language using hardware-specific optimizations to achieve maximum performance or is written in a high-level, possibly functional, language to achieve portability at the expense of performance. We propose a novel approach aiming to combine high-level programming, code portability, and high-performance. Starting from a high-level functional expression we apply a simple set of rewrite rules to transform it into a low-level functional representation, close to the OpenCL programming model, from which OpenCL code is generated. Our rewrite rules define a space of possible implementations which we automatically explore to generate hardware-specific OpenCL implementations. We formalize our system with a core dependently-typed lambda-calculus along with a denotational semantics which we use to prove the correctness of the rewrite rules. We test our design in practice by implementing a compiler which generates high performance imperative OpenCL code. Our experiments show that we can automatically derive hardware-specific implementations from simple functional high-level algorithmic expressions offering performance on a par with highly tuned code for multicore CPUs and GPUs written by experts.
Preparation of silver nanoparticles in solution from a silver salt by laser irradiation (2002)

A new method is proposed for the fabrication of a well-defined size and shape distribution of silver nanoparticles in solution; the method employs direct laser irradiation of an aqueous solution containing a silver salt and a surfactant in the absence of reducing agents.
Purification and properties of an NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase from human brain. Relationship to prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase and xenobiotic ketone reductase. (1981)

A nonspecific NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase from human brain (formerly designated as aldehyde reductase 1; Ris, M. M., and von Wartburg, J. P. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 37, 69-77) has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme reduces a number of biologically and pharmacologically active carbonyl compounds. Quinones, e.g. menadione, ubiquinone, and tocopherolquinone are the best substrates, followed by aldehydes containing an activated carbonyl moiety, e.g. 4-nitrobenzaldehyde or methylglyoxal. The enzyme also reduces ketones, e.g. prostaglandins of the E and A class, the anthracycline antibiotic daunorubicin and 3-ketosteroids. During catalysis the pro 4S hydrogen atom of the nicotinamide ring of NADPH is transferred to the substrate. Flavonoids, e.g. quercetin and rutin, indomethacin, ethacrynic acid, and dicoumarol inhibit the enzyme activity. 4-Hydroxymercuribenzoate and iodoacetate inactivate the enzyme. NADPH and substrate do not protect against the loss of activity. Carbonyl reductase consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 30,000. The native enzyme occurs in three molecular forms with similar substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity. The isoelectric points of the three enzyme species are 6.95, 7.85, and 8.5. In the presence of coenzyme the isoelectric points are shifted to 5.2 to 5.9. The comparison of structural and enzymic features of carbonyl reductase with other monomeric oxidoreductases suggests a close relationship of carbonyl reductase with prostaglandin 9-keto-reductase and xenobiotic ketone reductase.
Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Studies on Resistance Degradation of Ni-MLCC (2007)

To avoid the influence of spontaneous polarization, thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements of BaTiO3-based multilayer ceramic capacitors with Ni internal electrodes were performed within the paraelectric phase. We observed two TSC peaks and inferred that one of them was related to the resistance degradation according to the electromigration of oxygen vacancies. Further, we proposed that the two peaks resulted from the relaxation phenomenon of the oxygen vacancies, which migrated under dc electrical field stresses, in the grains and over the grain boundaries.
Strong-coupling regime for quantum boxes in pillar microcavities: Theory (1999)

A study of quantum box transitions coupled to three-dimensionally confined photonic modes in pillar microcavities is presented, focusing on the conditions for achieving a vacuum-field Rabi splitting. For a single InAs quantum box the oscillator strength is a factor of ten too small for being in strong coupling. A calculation of exciton states localized to monolayer fluctuations in quantum wells leads to much larger values of the oscillator strengths. Single localized excitons embedded in state-of-the-art micropillars can be in strong-coupling regime with a vacuum-field Rabi splitting.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolterodine in man: a new drug for the treatment of urinary bladder overactivity. (1997)

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of tolterodine following single oral and intravenous doses in healthy volunteers. A secondary aim was to identify major urinary metabolites and determine mass balance. Single oral doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8 mg of tolterodine (as the tartrate salt) were given to 17 healthy male volunteers. Two intravenous doses (0.64 and 1.28 mg) were administered to 8 of the volunteers and mass balance was studied after a single oral dose of 5 mg (14C)-tolterodine in 6 subjects. Tolterodine was rapidly absorbed following oral administration (time to peak serum concentration 0.9 +/- 0.4 h). The absolute bioavailability was highly variable, ranging from 10 to 70%. The volume of distribution at steady-state ranged from 0.9 to 1.6 l/kg and systemic clearance ranged from 0.23 to 0.52 l/h/kg, which resulted in a terminal half-life of 2-3 h. Tolterodine exhibited high first-pass metabolism and 2 hepatic metabolic pathways were identified: oxidation and dealkylation. Independent of route of administration, < 1% of the parent compound was excreted unchanged in urine. Five metabolites were structurally identified in urine. Following oral administration of (14C)-tolterodine, the excretion of radioactivity into urine and feces was 77 +/- 4.0% and 17 +/- 3.5%, respectively. Tolterodine decreased stimulated salivation after 3.2 mg, increased heart rate after 6.4 mg, and nearpoint of vision after 12.8 mg. Six of 8 subjects reported micturition difficulties after a dose of 12.8 mg. The lack of a direct relationship between tolterodine serum concentrations and effects on stimulated salivation suggested the presence of pharmacologically active metabolite(s).
Dystrophin Deficiency Compromises Force Production of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle in the Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (2012)

Loss of muscle force is a salient feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a fatal disease caused by dystrophin deficiency. Assessment of force production from a single intact muscle has been considered as the gold standard for studying physiological consequences in murine models of DMD. Unfortunately, equivalent assays have not been established in dystrophic dogs. To fill the gap, we developed a novel in situ protocol to measure force generated by the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) muscle of a dog. We also determined the muscle length to fiber length ratio and the pennation angle of the ECU muscle. Muscle pathology and contractility were compared between normal and affected dogs. Absence of dystrophin resulted in marked histological damage in the ECU muscle of affected dogs. Central nucleation was significantly increased and myofiber size distribution was altered in the dystrophic ECU muscle. Muscle weight and physiological cross sectional area (PCSA) showed a trend of reduction in affected dogs although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Force measurement revealed a significant decrease of absolute force, and the PCSA or muscle weight normalized specific forces. To further characterize the physiological defect in affected dog muscle, we conducted eccentric contraction. Dystrophin-null dogs showed a significantly greater force loss following eccentric contraction damage. To our knowledge, this is the first convincing demonstration of force deficit in a single intact muscle in the canine DMD model. The method described here will be of great value to study physiological outcomes following innovative gene and/or cell therapies.
Pueden darse argumentos nuevos contra la pena de muerte (1992)

3.
Modified Duplex PSA. 2. Sharp Separation and Process Intensification for N<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>2</sub>-5A Zeolite System (2011)

We present the simulation studies carried on separation of the N2−O2 mixture with the original and modified duplex PSA. The purities of products were in excess of 99 mol % with the modified duplex PSA, whereas the original duplex PSA yielded product purities of 72 mol %. For both product purities of 95 mol %, the bed size and energy requirements with the modified duplex PSA were less by 10 and 2.5 times respectively compared to the conventional PSA and were less by an order of magnitude compared to those with original duplex PSA.
GlyCAM-1, a physiologic ligand for L-selectin, activates beta 2 integrins on naive peripheral lymphocytes. (1996)

Naive T cells are selectively recruited from the blood into peripheral lymph nodes during lymphocyte recirculation. L-selectin, a lectin-like receptor, mediates the initial attachment of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules (HEV) in lymph nodes. A subsequent step involving the activation of beta 2 integrins has been proposed to facilitate firm adhesion, but the activating signals are poorly understood. We report here that either antibody-mediated cross-linking of L-selectin on human lymphocytes or treatment of the cells with GlyCAM-1, an HEV-derived, secreted ligand for L-selectin, stimulates their binding to ICAM-1 through the beta 2 integrin pathway. Furthermore, GlyCAM-1 causes the rapid expression of a neoepitope on beta 2 integrins associated with a high-avidity state. Naive (CD45RA+), but not memory (CD45R0+) lymphocytes, respond to L-selectin cross-linking or GlyCAM-1 treatment. Thus, the complexing of L-selectin by specific ligands may provide key signals to naive lymphocytes, contributing to their selective recruitment into peripheral lymphoid organs.
Internal Functionalization of Three‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks (2012)

Thinking inside the COF: Internally functionalized, boroxine-linked, three-dimensional, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be synthesized by co-crystallizing a truncated, trifunctional monomer with the parent tetrafunctional building block. The functionalized COFs possess accessible functional groups and a distinct interior microenvironment. In the picture the orange sphere corresponds to an alkyl chain or an allyl group in the pore interior.
Photoassisted Corona Poled YLD-124/DR1-co-PMMA Electrooptic Device Using Photoisomerization (2011)

A photoassisted corona poling technique (PACP) was applied to a binary chromophore system that was composed of YLD-124 and DR1-co-PMMA to enhance the poling efficiency of an electrooptic (EO) polymer device. The DR1 chromophores as a photoaddressable host material were resonantly irradiated by a polarized pumping green laser beam at a wavelength of 532 nm which is within its molecular absorption band. This process caused the DR1 chromophore's reorientation via a cis-trans photoisomerization process. The coupled YLD-124 system's dipoles were then poled with the assistance of a static electrical field applied to the EO core layer. In this letter, we report the experimental demonstration of the photoassisted corona poling scheme in a binary chromophore system that improved Mach-Zehnder optical modulator performance by lowering its <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> . It was shown that the device's <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</sub> was reduced by 21%-23% compared to a regular device that was only corona poled without the green light assistance.
Site-selective rhodium(II) acetate mediated intramolecular metal-carbene insertions into carbon-hydrogen bonds of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes: effcient syntheses of (+)-albene and (-)-.beta.-santalene (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSite-selective rhodium(II) acetate mediated intramolecular metal-carbene insertions into carbon-hydrogen bonds of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes: effcient syntheses of (+)-albene and (-)-.beta.-santaleneHarikisan R. Sonawane, Nanjundiah S. Bellur, Jaimala R. Ahuja, and Dilip G. KulkarniCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4, 1434–1439Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00004a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00004a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views570Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The Implicit Bias of Gradient Descent on Separable Data (2017)

We examine gradient descent on unregularized logistic regression problems, with homogeneous linear predictors on linearly separable datasets. We show the predictor converges to the direction of the max-margin (hard margin SVM) solution. The result also generalizes to other monotone decreasing loss functions with an infimum at infinity, to multi-class problems, and to training a weight layer in a deep network in a certain restricted setting. Furthermore, we show this convergence is very slow, and only logarithmic in the convergence of the loss itself. This can help explain the benefit of continuing to optimize the logistic or cross-entropy loss even after the training error is zero and the training loss is extremely small, and, as we show, even if the validation loss increases. Our methodology can also aid in understanding implicit regularization n more complex models and with other optimization methods.
Syntheses of 5, 5'-Methylenebisisoxazole Derivative and Its Reactions with Electrophiles (1972)

A potential tetra-β A-ketide compound, 5, 5'-methylenebisisoxazole-3, 3'-dicarboxylate (IV) was prepared from 1, 4-pentadiyne (I) and carboethoxynitriloxide (II). The bisisoxazole (IV) was also synthesized by way of diethyl 5, 5'-methylene-bis (2-isoxazoline)-3, 3'-dicarboxylate (VII)(racemi) and (VIII)(meso). The methylene hydrogens of the compound (IV) was shown to have a nature of an active methylene group and to react with various electrophiles. The four position of the isoxazole ring of IV had also nucleophilic character, which was useful for obtaining a cyclohexane derivative. A possibility was presented that the compound (IV) could be an important starting material for a synthesis of poly β-diketone system.
Characterization of the Escherichia coli prsA1-encoded mutant phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase identifies a divalent cation-nucleotide binding site (1989)

The prsA1 allele, specifying a mutant Escherichia coli phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase, has been cloned. The mutation was shown by nucleotide sequence analysis to result from substitution of Asp-128 (GAT) in the wild type by Ala (GCT) in prsA1. This alteration was confirmed by chemical determination of the amino acid sequence of a tryptic peptide derived from the purified mutant enzyme. The mutation lies at the N-terminal end of a 16 residue sequence that is highly conserved in E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and rat PRPP synthetases and has the following consensus sequence: DLHAXQIQGFFDI/VPI/VD. There was little alteration in the Km for ribose 5-phosphate. The Km for ATP of the mutant enzyme was increased 27-fold when Mg2+ was the activating cation but only 5-fold when Mn2+ was used. Maximal velocities of the wild type and mutant enzymes were the same. The mutant enzyme has a 6-fold lower affinity for Ca2+, as judged by the ability of Ca2+ to inhibit the reaction in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. Wild type PRPP synthetase is subject to product inhibition by AMP, but AMP inhibition of the prsA1 mutant enzyme could not be detected. It has been previously proposed that a divalent cation binds to PRPP synthetase and serves as a bridge to the alpha-phosphate of ATP and AMP at the active site. The prsA1 mutation appears to alter this divalent cation site.
Thermophysical Properties of Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids (2009)

Ionic liquids (ILs) having either cations or anions derived from naturally occurring amino acids have been synthesized and characterized as amino acid-based ionic liquids (AAILs). In this work, the experimental measurements of the temperature dependence of density, viscosity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of several AAILs, namely, tributylmethylammonium serinate ([N4441][Ser]), tributylmethylammonium taurinate ([N4441][Tau]), tributylmethylammonium lysinate ([N4441][Lys]), tributylmethylammonium threonate ([N4441][Thr]), tetrabutylphosphonium serinate ([P4444][Ser]), tetrabutylphosphonium taurinate ([P4444][Tau]), tetrabutylphosphonium lysinate ([P4444][Lys]), tetrabutylphosphonium threonate ([P4444][Thr]), tetrabutylphosphonium prolinate ([P4444][Pro]), tetrabutylphosphonium valinate ([P4444][Val]), and tetrabutylphosphonium cysteinate ([P4444][Cys]), are presented. The influence of cations and anions on studied properties is discussed. On the basis of experimental data, the QSPR (quantitative structure−property relationship) correlations and group contribution methods for thermophysical properties of AAILs have been developed, which form the basis for the development of the computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) of AAILs. It has also been demonstrated that that the predictive data obtained by correlation methods are in good agreement with the experimental data. The correlations developed, herein, can thus be used to evaluate the studied thermophysical properties of AAILs for use in process design or in the CAMD of new AAILs.
Radiomimetic activity of phorbol esters exerted in HeLa cells in comparison with their tumor-promoting capacity. (1984)

The biological activities exerted in mouse skin by three closely related phorbol esters were compared with the effects of these compounds on HeLa cells. The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate has been shown previously to influence various cell cycle parameters of these cells, thereby mimicking X-irradiation [Kinzel, V., Richards, J., and Stöhr, M. Science (Wash. D. C.), 210: 429-431, 1980]. Qualitatively similar effects were exerted by the mitogenic and irritant but almost nonpromoting "incomplete" phorbol esters 12-O-tetradeca-2-cis-4-trans-6,8-tetraenoylphorbol-13-acetate and 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cell cycle parameters were analyzed by measuring thymidine incorporation rates, labeling indices, DNA histograms gained through flow cytometry, and mitotic activity. In every case, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate was more effective than 12-O-tetradeca-2-cis-4-trans-6,8-tetraenoylphorbol-13-acetate or 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate. The analysis of the influence of phorbol esters in G2 phase showed that, in order to reach the effectiveness of 10(-8) M 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, approximately 10 times the concentration of either 12-O-tetradeca-2-cis-4-trans-6,8-tetraenoylphorbol-13-acetate or 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate has to be applied. Therefore, the susceptibility of replicating HeLa cells to these phorbol derivatives reflects the promoting rather than the mitogenic and irritant capacity of these compounds.
Allyl Protection in the Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Phosphorothioates (1994)

Abstract Allyl and allyloxycarbonyl groups serve as useful protectors for internucleotide linkages and nucleoside bases, respectively, in the synthesis of partially or fully phosphorothioate-modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Potent inhibition of HIV replication by certain oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphorothioates1) has motivated chemists to develop efficient syntheses.2) Although mild deprotection conditions are crucial for attaining high synthetic efficiency, existing methods do not satisfy this requirement.1–3) The procedures usually use acyl protectors for nucleoside bases as the strong basic conditions needed for their removal often causes hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphate and phosphorothioate linkages. We describe here a convenient synthesis of phosphorothioate-incorporated oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The key procedure is the allylic protection aided by organotransition metal chemistry which can be used safely.for sulfur-containing compounds.4)
Synthesis and Functionalization of Unsymmetrical Arylsulfonyl Bisindoles and Bisbenzazoles (2012)

Abstract A three‐component coupling of two different benzazole compounds with p ‐toluenesulfinic acid allows the efficient preparation of unsymmetrical arylsulfonyl bisbenzazole derivatives. Substitution of the arylsulfonyl group from these adducts using sodium borohydride leads to the corresponding bisbenzazoles. Functional implementation of the bisbenzazole system can be achieved using Grignard and Reformatsky reagents.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Grb2-Associated Proteins Correlates with Phospholipase Cγ1 Activation in T Cells (1996)

Ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) results in the rapid activation of several protein tyrosine kinases, with the subsequent phosphorylation of numerous cellular proteins. We investigated the requirement for tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins which bind the Grb2 SH2 domain in TCR-mediated signal transduction by transfecting the Jurkat T-cell line with a cDNA encoding a chimeric protein designed to dephosphorylate these molecules. Stimulation of the TCR on cells expressing this engineered enzyme fails to result in sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of a 36-kDa protein likely to be the recently cloned pp36/Lnk. Interestingly, TCR ligation of the transfected cells also fails to induce soluble inositol phosphate production and intracellular calcium mobilization, although receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C gamma 1 still occurs. TCR-mediated Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation remain intact in cells expressing the engineered phosphatase. These data demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein(s) which binds the SH2 domain of Grb2 correlates with phospholipase C gamma 1 activation and suggest that such a phosphoprotein(s) plays a critical role in coupling the TCR with the phosphatidylinositol second-messenger pathway.