gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of Operating Wind Farms (2017)

This work proposes a methodology to evaluate the performance of operating wind farms via the use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) and modeled data. The potential annual energy is calculated per individual turbine considering underperforming/loss events to have their power output in accordance with a representative derived operational power curve. Losses/underperformance events are calculated and categorized into several groups aiming at identifying and quantify their causes. The methodology requires both anemometry data from SCADA system as well as modeled data. The discrepancy of the data representing the valid points of the power curve is taken into consideration as well when assessing the performance, i.e. wind speed vs power output of events that are not loss/underperformance. Production loss and relative standard deviation of power output of what is defined as “valid sample” in this work (per each turbine) are the main results obtained in this work. Finally, a number of optimization measures are suggested in order to enhance the performance, which can lead to a boost in the financial output of a wind farm. Aiming at judging the reliability of the proposed methodology, a case study is conducted and evaluated. The investigated case study shows that the methodology is capable of determining potential energy and associated losses/underperformance events. Several questions were raised during the assessment and are discussed in this report, recommendation for optimization measures are presented at the end of the study. Also, a discussion on the limitations and uncertainties associated to the presented methodology and the case study.
Distributed Rule-Regulated Spectrum Sharing (2008)

Dynamic spectrum access is a promising technique to use spectrum efficiently. Without being restricted to any prefixed spectrum bands, nodes choose operating spectrum on-demand. Such flexibility, however, makes efficient and fair spectrum access in large-scale networks a great challenge. Prior work in this area focused on explicit coordination where nodes communicate with peers to modify local spectrum allocation, and may heavily stress the communication resource. In this paper, we introduce a distributed spectrum management architecture where nodes share spectrum resource fairly by making independent actions following spectrum rules. We present five spectrum rules to regulate node behavior and maximize system fairness and spectrum utilization, and analyze the associated complexity and overhead. We show analytically and experimentally that the proposed rule-based approach achieves similar performance with the explicit coordination approach, while significantly reducing communication cost.
A Review of Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle) as a Treatment for Alcoholic Liver Disease (2005)

Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and its derivatives have been used for centuries for the treatment of liver disease. This review focuses exclusively on published literature pertaining to the potential use of Silybum marianum or its derivatives for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Clinical studies have varied greatly in quality, with the majority limited by inadequate sample size, lack of uniformity in the population treated, lack of standardization of preparations studied, variability in dosing regimens, inconsistent outcome measures, and lack of information on concurrent use of alcohol during the treatment period. While Silybum marianum and its derivatives appear to be safe and the available evidence on the mechanisms of action appears promising, there are currently insufficient data from well-conducted clinical trials to recommend their use in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
On the geographic location of internet resources (2003)

One relatively unexplored question about the Internet's physical structure concerns the geographical location of its components: routers, links, and autonomous systems (ASes). We study this question using two large inventories of Internet routers and links, collected by different methods and about two years apart. We first map each router to its geographical location using two different state-of-the-art tools. We then study the relationship between router location and population density; between geographic distance and link density; and between the size and geographic extent of ASes. Our findings are consistent across the two datasets and both mapping methods. First, as expected, router density per person varies widely over different economic regions; however, in economically homogeneous regions, router density shows a strong superlinear relationship to population density. Second, the probability that two routers are directly connected is strongly dependent on distance; our data is consistent with a model in which a majority (up to 75%-95%) of link formation is based on geographical distance (as in the Waxman (1988) topology generation method). Finally, we find that ASes show high variability in geographic size, which is correlated with other measures of AS size (degree and number of interfaces). Among small to medium ASes, ASes show wide variability in their geographic dispersal; however, all ASes exceeding a certain threshold in size are maximally dispersed geographically. These findings have many implications for the next generation of topology generators, which we envisage as producing router-level graphs annotated with attributes such as link latencies, AS identifiers, and geographical locations.
A new data structure for cumulative frequency tables (1994)

Abstract A new method (the ‘binary indexed tree’) is presented for maintaining the cumulative frequencies which are needed to support dynamic arithmetic data compression. It is based on a decomposition of the cumulative frequencies into portions which parallel the binary representation of the index of the table element (or symbol). The operations to traverse the data structure are based on the binary coding of the index. In comparison with previous methods, the binary indexed tree is faster, using more compact data and simpler code. The access time for all operations is either constant or proportional to the logarithm of the table size. In conjunction with the compact data structure, this makes the new method particularly suitable for large symbol alphabets.
Cleaning Products-Related Asthma (2006)

In Brief Epidemiologic studies have identified cleaners as an occupational group at increased risk of asthma and asthma-type respiratory symptoms. The level of increased risk in cleaners for these respiratory problems has ranged from around 1.5 to 2.5 times the background risk. Specific chemicals in cleaning products identified to cause sensitization include disinfectants (chloramine, chlorhexidine, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and hexachlorophene); amine compounds (amino alcohols, aliphatic polyamines, and the quaternary amine, benzalkonium chloride); tall oil; the fungicide tributyltin oxide; and enzymes produced by Bacillus subtilis and other additives used in detergents. The mixing of cleaning products containing bleach and acid or bleach and ammonia, which causes the production of chlorine or chloramines, as well as the use of strong irritants to clean such as hydrofluoric acid have caused reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. Further research is needed to better elucidate the respiratory disease among cleaners. Questions that need to be resolved include: How much of the respiratory symptoms in cleaners are secondary to sensitization to ingredients of certain cleaning products, how much to their irritative properties, and how much to exposure to environmental allergens such as dust mites whose immunologic effect may be heightened by certain cleaning products? In the meantime, clinicians need to be aware when evaluating patients with asthma or asthma-like symptoms that cleaning agents at work or at home may be important triggers that are either initiating or aggravating the patient's disease. There is increased evidence of the occurrence of adverse respiratory health effects from the use of cleaning products from both case reports and epidemiologic studies. Given the ubiquitous use of cleaning products, it is important to consider cleaning products as a potential trigger when caring for asthmatic patients.
Toughening mechanism of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer laminates containing inkjet-printed poly(methyl methacrylate) microphases (2017)

It has previously been demonstrated that inkjet-printed thermoplastic microphases are capable of producing a significant increase in mode I interlaminar fracture toughness ( G Ic ) in carbon fibre-reinforced polymer with no significant reduction in other mechanical properties or increase in parasitic weight. In this work, the evolution of the microphase structure during processing and how this is influenced by the chosen printing parameters were investigated. Samples were prepared that enabled monitoring of the microphases during all steps of fabrication, with the thermoplastic polymer found to form a discrete spherical shape due to surface energy minimisation. Based upon the morphology and properties of the thermoplastic microphases, it was hypothesised that the increased toughness was due to a combination of crack deflection and plastic deformation of the microphases. Samples were produced for the double cantilever beam fracture toughness testing using the same printing conditions, and both G Ic values and scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surface supported the proposed hypothesis. The feasibility of selective toughening is also demonstrated, which presents potential to tailor the mechanical properties of the carbon fibre-reinforced polymer spatially.
The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of genotyping for CYP2D6 for the management of women with breast cancer treated with tamoxifen: a systematic review. (2011)

This is a relatively new area of research that is evolving rapidly and, although international consortia are collaborating, the data are limited and conflicting. Therefore, it is not possible to recommend pharmacogenetic testing in this patient population. Future research needs to focus on which alleles (including, or in addition to, those related to CYP2D6) reflect patient response, the link between endoxifen levels and clinical outcomes, and the appropriate pathways for implementation of such pharmacogenetic testing in patient care pathways.
Enabling resource-oriented Mobile Web Server for short-lived services (2009)

Mobile Web Services (MobWS) are a promising technology for the integration of Information Technology (IT) and Telecommunication (TelCo) domains. The advancements in mobile communication and device technology, in terms of software and hardware, have revolutionized the focus of research and industry to investigate mobile service provisioning platforms and architectures. In this paper, we present a concept and architecture of a REST-Interfaced Mobile Web Server as a service delivery platform. Here, we discuss about the interaction strategy and URL-based access techniques for short-lived synchronousMobWS. The paper focuses on in-depth explanation of software architecture and its components of server and compares the payload requirements with the state-or-the-art SOAP based MobWS. The REST architecture has significantly reduced payload demands that shows promising signs of optimized processing performance of the mobile server when compared to SOAP.
Comparison of Hepatic-like Cell Production from Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Adult Liver Progenitor Cells: CAR Transduction Activates a Battery of Detoxification Genes (2011)

In vitro production of human hepatocytes is of primary importance in basic research, pharmacotoxicology and biotherapy of liver diseases. We have developed a protocol of differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (ES) towards hepatocyte-like cells (ES-Hep). Using a set of human adult markers including CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPalpha), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4/7 ratio (HNF4alpha1/HNF4alpha7), cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), CYP3A4 and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and fetal markers including alpha-fetoprotein, CYP3A7 and glutathione S-transferase P1, we analyzed the expression of a panel of 41 genes in ES-Hep comparatively with human adult primary hepatocytes, adult and fetal liver. The data revealed that after 21 days of differentiation, ES-Hep are representative of fetal hepatocytes at less than 20 weeks of gestation. The glucocorticoid receptor pathway was functional in ES-Hep. Extending protocols of differentiation to 4 weeks did not improve cell maturation. When compared with hepatocyte-like cells derived from adult liver non parenchymal epithelial (NPE) cells (NPE-Hep), ES-Hep expressed several adult and fetal liver makers at much greater levels (at least one order of magnitude), consistent with greater expression of liver-enriched transcription factors Forkhead box A2, C/EBPalpha, HNF4alpha and HNF6. It therefore seems that ES-Hep reach a better level of differentiation than NPE-Hep and that these cells use different lineage pathways towards the hepatic phenotype. Finally we showed that lentivirus-mediated expression of xenoreceptor CAR in ES-Hep induced the expression of several detoxification genes including CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, UDP-glycosyltransferase 1A1, solute carriers 21A6, as well as biotransformation of midazolam, a CYP3A4-specific substrate.
Hydroconversion of heavier n-paraffins with Pt/ZrO sub 2 /SO sub 4 sup 2 minus (1990)

The development of effective solid acid catalysts has gained great interest in the refining and petrochemical industries for the last two decades, mainly due to the advantages of less corrosivity, fewer environmental problems, and easy separation from reaction mixtures of these solid acids. Recently, Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}}, a solid superacid, was reported to be active for the hydroisomerization of n-pentane and desulfurized light naphtha at low temperatures. In a previous study, the same catalyst was also found effective for hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of n-heptane and n-hexadecane under mild reaction conditions, i.e., 130-170 C and 300 psig hydrogen pressure. Results indicated that the conversion to isobutane and n-butane was greater than expected, with more than 90% selectivity to isobutane. In addition, the multibranched-to-monobranched ratio of isohexadecanes was found to be greater than two. The preparation of a zirconium superacid from zirconium salts containing noncomplexing species, such as Cl{sup {minus}} and NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}, has been established. However, the preparation of a similar catalyst from a zirconium salt containing SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} has not been reported. The Pt/ZrO{sub 2}/SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} showed high activity for hydroconversion of long chain n-paraffins; even the zirconium sulfate oxide heated to 650 C showed activity.more » In addition, catalyst activity was enhanced by further treatment with 1N-H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. Isomerization of high molecular weight n-paraffins (waxes) for the production of premium engine oil (VI > 145) has been a constant interest in refining industries. Use of a solid superacid, such as Pt/ZrO{sub 2}SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}}, with hydride donor solvents may provide a new route for possible cheaper premium lubricant oils from waxes.« less
Thalamic reticular nucleus induces fast and local modulation of arousal state (2015)

During low arousal states such as drowsiness and sleep, cortical neurons exhibit rhythmic slow wave activity associated with periods of neuronal silence. Slow waves are locally regulated, and local slow wave dynamics are important for memory, cognition, and behaviour. While several brainstem structures for controlling global sleep states have now been well characterized, a mechanism underlying fast and local modulation of cortical slow waves has not been identified. Here, using optogenetics and whole cortex electrophysiology, we show that local tonic activation of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) rapidly induces slow wave activity in a spatially restricted region of cortex. These slow waves resemble those seen in sleep, as cortical units undergo periods of silence phase-locked to the slow wave. Furthermore, animals exhibit behavioural changes consistent with a decrease in arousal state during TRN stimulation. We conclude that TRN can induce rapid modulation of local cortical state.
<scp>l</scp>-cysteine reversibly inhibits glucose-induced biphasic insulin secretion and ATP production by inactivating PKM2 (2015)

Increase in the concentration of plasma L-cysteine is closely associated with defective insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, which results in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we investigated the effects of prolonged L-cysteine treatment on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) cells and from mouse pancreatic islets, and found that the treatment reversibly inhibited glucose-induced ATP production and resulting GSIS without affecting proinsulin and insulin synthesis. Comprehensive metabolic analyses using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed that prolonged L-cysteine treatment decreased the levels of pyruvate and its downstream metabolites. In addition, methyl pyruvate, a membrane-permeable form of pyruvate, rescued L-cysteine-induced inhibition of GSIS. Based on these results, we found that both in vitro and in MIN6 cells, L-cysteine specifically inhibited the activity of pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2), an isoform of pyruvate kinases that catalyze the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. L-cysteine also induced PKM2 subunit dissociation (tetramers to dimers/monomers) in cells, which resulted in impaired glucose-induced ATP production for GSIS. DASA-10 (NCGC00181061, a substituted N,N'-diarylsulfonamide), a specific activator for PKM2, restored the tetramer formation and the activity of PKM2, glucose-induced ATP production, and biphasic insulin secretion in L-cysteine-treated cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that impaired insulin secretion due to exposure to L-cysteine resulted from its direct binding and inactivation of PKM2 and suggest that PKM2 is a potential therapeutic target for T2D.
Universal Surface-Initiated Polymerization of Antifouling Zwitterionic Brushes Using a Mussel-Mimetic Peptide Initiator (2012)

We report a universal method for the surface-initated polymerization (SIP) of an antifouling polymer brush on various classes of surfaces, including noble metals, metal oxides, and inert polymers. Inspired by the versatility of mussel adhesive proteins, we synthesized a novel bifunctional tripeptide bromide (BrYKY) that combines atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiating alkyl bromide with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and lysine. The simple dip-coating of substrates with variable wetting properties and compositions, including Teflon, in a BrYKY solution at pH 8.5 led to the formation of a thin film of cross-linked BrYKY. Subsequently, we showed that the BrYKY layer initiated the ATRP of a zwitterionic monomer, sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), on all substrates, resulting in high-density antifouling pSBMA brushes. Both BrYKY deposition and pSBMA grafting were unambiguously confirmed by ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and goniometry. All substrates that were coated with BrYKY/pSBMA dramatically reduced bacterial adhesion for 24 h and also resisted mammalian cell adhesion for at least 4 months, demonstrating the long-term stability of the BrYKY anchoring and antifouling properties of pSBMA. The use of BrYKY as a primer and polymerization initiator has the potential to be widely employed in surface-grafted polymer brush modifications for biomedical and other applications.
Is Prostate-Specific Antigen a Valid Surrogate End Point for Survival in Hormonally Treated Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer? Joint Research of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, the Limburgs Universitair Centrum, and AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals (2005)

It is a common misconception that high correlation between biomarkers and true end point justify the use of the former as surrogates. To statistically validate surrogate end points, a high correlation between the treatment effects on the surrogate and true end point needs to be established across groups of patients treated with two alternative interventions. The levels of association observed in this study indicate that the effect of hormonal treatment on OS cannot be predicted with a high degree of precision from observed treatment effects on PSA end points, and thus statistical validity is unproven. In practice, non-null treatment effects on OS can be predicted only from precisely estimated large effects on time to PSA progression (TTPP; hazard ratio, < 0.50).
Antineoplastic Agents. 445. Synthesis and Evaluation of Structural Modifications of (<i>Z</i>)- and (<i>E</i>)-Combretastatin A-4 (2005)

A series of cis- and trans-stilbenes related to combretastatin A-4 (1a), with a variety of substituents at the 3'-position of the aryl B-ring, were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity employing six human cancer cell lines (NCI-H460 lung carcinoma, BXPC-3 pancreas, SK-N-SH neuroblastoma, SW1736 thyroid, DU-145 prostate, and FADU pharynx-squamous sarcoma) as well as the P-388 murine lymphocyte leukemia cell line. Several of the cis-stilbene derivatives were significantly inhibitory against all cell lines used, with potencies comparable to that of the parent 1a. All were potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. The corresponding trans-stilbenes had little or no activity as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and were relatively inactive against the seven cancer cell lines. In terms of inhibition of both cancer cell growth and tubulin polymerization, the dimethylamino and bromo cis-stilbenes were the most potent of the new derivatives, the latter having biological activity approaching that of 1a. As part of the present study, the X-ray crystal structure of the 3'-O-phosphate of combretastatin A-4 (1b) was successfully elucidated. Compound 1b has been termed the "combretastatin A-4 prodrug", and it is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of human cancer patients.
Gas-Phase and Pd-Catalyzed Hydrodehalogenation of CBrClF<sub>2</sub>, CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, CHClF<sub>2</sub>, and CH<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> (2005)

Hydrodehalogenation of CBrClF2, CCl2F2, CHClF2, and CH2F2 with hydrogen has been studied in the gas phase and over supported Pd catalysts in a tubular alumina reactor. During gas-phase reactions, selectivity to CH2F2 is low for the hydrodehalogenation of CBrClF2, CCl2F2, and CHClF2. CHClF2 is the primary product for the hydrodehalogenation of CBrClF2 and CCl2F2, whereas C2F4 is the major product for the hydrodehalogenation of CHClF2. Over Pd/C catalysts, CH2F2 is the primary product, with selectivities generally over 60% for the hydrodehalogenation of CBrClF2, CCl2F2, and CHClF2. Halocarbons and hydrogen compete for the available surface sites on Pd, and it is suggested that the rate-limiting step during the catalytic hydrodehalogenation of the four halocarbons involves the cleavage of C−halogen bonds, that is, C−Br in CBrClF2, C−Cl in CCl2F2 and CHClF2, and C−F in CH2F2.