gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of hydrogenated Si2O films by UV laser photolysis of disiloxane (1999)

ArF laser-induced photolysis of disiloxane in the gas phase results in the cleavage of the Si–H bonds and affords chemical vapour deposition of novel hydrogenated silicon suboxide films. The films are sensitive to ambient atmosphere and were characterised by FTIR and XP spectroscopy and by SEM.
Inactivation of some Bacterial and Animal Viruses by Exposure to Liquid-air Interfaces (1974)

SUMMARY Surface inactivation of the bacteriophages T1, T3, T5, MS2, of EMC virus and Semliki Forest virus was studied, exposing the viruses to a large air/water interface by aeration or by rotating the fluid in a spherical flask. EMC virus in 1 m-NaCl was not sensitive to this treatment, phage T3 and T5 were only little affected, but the phages T1 and MS2 and Semliki Forest virus were rapidly inactivated by bubbling air or nitrogen gas through the suspension. In salt solutions at rest no inactivation of these viruses was observed. Inactivation by aeration was prevented by addition of peptone, by apolar carboxylic acids and by the surface active agent OED. If a large solution/glass interface is present, some loss of virus occurs by adsorption to the glass surface. Phenylalanine protected against adsorption to the glass surface, but protected less effectively against inactivation by aeration. The rate of surface inactivation was strongly dependent on the salt concentration in the medium. At low NaCl concentration (0.01 m) nearly no inactivation was found for phage T1 and MS2 and phage T3 was not sensitive to aeration in 1 m-NaCl but was rapidly inactivated in 2.6 m-NaCl. The rate of inactivation decreased with time of shaking and in the case of phage T1 a nearly completely resistant fraction of 10−4 of the original particles remained. The resistance against surface inactivation was a non-heritable property. Resistance against thermal inactivation was not correlated with resistance to surface inactivation, suggesting that the mechanism of inactivation differs in these processes.
Early accumulation of PrPSc in gut-associated lymphoid and nervous tissues of susceptible sheep from a Romanov flock with natural scrapie (2000)

The immune system is known to be involved in the early phase of scrapie pathogenesis. However, the infection route of naturally occurring scrapie and its spread within the host are not entirely known. In this study, the pathogenesis of scrapie was investigated in sheep of three PrP genotypes, from 2 to 9 months of age, which were born and raised together in a naturally scrapie-affected Romanov flock. The kinetics of PrP(Sc) accumulation in sheep organs were determined by immunohistochemistry. PrP(Sc) was detected only in susceptible VRQ/VRQ sheep, from 2 months of age, with an apparent entry site at the ileal Peyer's patch as well as its draining mesenteric lymph node. At the cellular level, PrP(Sc) deposits were associated with CD68-positive cells of the dome area and B follicles before being detected in follicular dendritic cells. In 3- to 6-month-old sheep, PrP(Sc) was detected in most of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and to a lesser extent in more systemic lymphoid formations such as the spleen or the mediastinal lymph node. All secondary lymphoid organs showed a similar intensity of PrP(Sc)-immunolabelling at 9 months of age. At this time-point, PrP(Sc) was also detected in the autonomic myenteric nervous plexus and in the nucleus parasympathicus nervi X of the brain stem. These data suggest that natural scrapie infection occurs by the oral route via infection of the Peyer's patches followed by replication in the GALT. It may then spread to the central nervous system through the autonomic nervous fibres innervating the digestive tract.
Using Loudness Data for Hearing Aid Selection: The IHAFF Approach (1995)

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development funds.
Performance of temporal filters for optical flow estimation in mobile robot corridor centring and visual odometry (2003)

We present a comparison of three temporal filters used in the estimation of optical flow for mobile robot navigation. Previous comparisons of optical flow and associated techniques have compared performance in terms of accuracy and/or e ciency, and typically in isolation. These comparisons are inadequate for addressing applicability to continuous, real-time operation as part of a robot control loop. We emphasise the need for comparisons that consider the context of a system, and that are confirmed by in-system results. To this end, we give results for on and off-board trials of two biologically inspired behaviours: corridor centring and visual odometry.
Micropatterned immobilization of membrane-mimicking polymer and peptides for regulation of cell behaviors<i>in vitro</i> (2018)

To regulate the behaviors and functions of endothelial cells (ECs) on the biomaterials on titanium (Ti), a biomimetic micropattern (ridge/groove: 25/25 μm) of polymer of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (polyMPC) and Gly-Arg-Glu-Asp-Val-Tyr (GREDVY) was fabricated. PMMPC (monomer contain MPC and methacrylic acid (MA)) containing carboxyl groups was chosen, and PMMPC was cross-linked with hexamethylene diamine through condensation reaction of amino and carboxyl. Simultaneously, the carboxyl groups of cross-linked PMMPC (PMMPC-HD) can react with amino groups of polydopamine which can adhered on many materials firmly. GREDVY was immobilized on polydopamine but not on PMMPC-HD because amino and carboxyl groups can react with catechol and amino groups of polydopamine. IR and <sup>1</sup>H NMR demonstrated that PMMPC-HD was successfully synthesized. And the QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation) and IR approved that PMMPC-HD and GREDVY can be immobilized on polydopamine (PDA). Platelet adhesion and whole blood adhesion on micropattern modificated with PMMPC and GREDVY (Ti-PDA-M/R(P)) showed better hemocompatibility than other samples. Endothelial cells were regulated in the direction of micropattern showing elongated ECs were closer to a healthy, athero-protective phenotype than ECs cultured <i>in vitro</i> without micropattern. NO and PGI<sub>2</sub> release were upregulated. Simultaneously the number of SMCs on Ti-PDA-M/R(P) was the smaller that of other samples, which demonstrated that the Ti-PDA-M/R(P) had property of inhibiting SMCs proliferation to a certain extent.
Down-regulation of leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor expression in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients after treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (2007)

We show that expression of LILRs in RA synovium was significantly reduced only in patients who responded to treatment. However, clinical responses may not be due to direct effects of DMARDs on LILR expression but due to partial inhibition of LIRA2-mediated TNF-alpha production by steroids leading to suppression of inflammation.
Automatic Identification of Replicated Criminal Websites Using Combined Clustering (2014)

To be successful, cyber criminals must figure out how to scale their scams. They duplicate content on new websites, often staying one step ahead of defenders that shut down past schemes. For some scams, such as phishing and counterfeit-goods shops, the duplicated content remains nearly identical. In others, such as advanced-fee fraud and online Ponzi schemes, the criminal must alter content so that it appears different in order to evade detection by victims and law enforcement. Nevertheless, similarities often remain, in terms of the website structure or content, since making truly unique copies does not scale well. In this paper, we present a novel combined clustering method that links together replicated scam websites, even when the criminal has taken steps to hide connections. We evaluate its performance against two collected datasets of scam websites: fake-escrow services and high-yield investment programs (HYIPs). We find that our method more accurately groups similar websites together than does existing general-purpose consensus clustering methods.
Eye Tracking: A Process-Oriented Method for Inferring Trust in Automation as a Function of Priming and System Reliability (2019)

Trust miscalibration, a mismatch between a person's trust in automation and the system's actual reliability, can lead to either misuse or disuse of automation. Existing techniques to measure trust (e.g., subjective ratings) tend to be discrete and/or disruptive. To better understand and support the process of trust calibration, a nonintrusive continuous measure of trust is needed. The present study investigated whether eye tracking can serve this purpose. In the context of an unmanned aerial vehicle simulation, participants monitored six video feeds to detect predefined targets with the assistance of onboard automation. Automation reliability (95% versus 50% reliable) and priming (reliability information provided or not) were manipulated. Eye movement data, subjective trust ratings, and performance data were collected. The eye tracking data show that people visit more frequently and spend more time on low reliable automation. Priming information could also affect the participants' trust level and trigger different types of searching behavior, as reflected in eye tracking data such as mean saccade amplitude. In summary, these findings confirm that eye tracking is a very promising tool for inferring trust and supporting future research into trust calibration.
Gelatinase (type iv collagenase) immunolocalization in cells and tissues: Use of an antiserum to rabbit bone gelatinase that identifies high and low <i>M</i> <i>r</i> forms (1989)

An antiserum was raised to rabbit bone gelatinase (type IV collagenase). It was shown by immunoblotting to detect both the low Mr (72,000) enzyme produced by connective tissue cells from rabbit, pig, human and mouse, as well as the high Mr (94,000-97,000) enzymes secreted by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from these species, and by rabbit chondrocytes and endothelial cells. Crossed immunoblotting, antibody inhibition and deglycosylation studies indicated that the high and low Mr forms of gelatinase are immunologically distinct gene products, although their substrate specificity profiles are identical. The anti-gelatinase antiserum was used to immunolocalize the enzyme. Gelatinase was most efficiently detected in rabbit monocytes and connective tissue cells, but cells derived from the human and pig gave poor immunostaining, although mouse gelatinase stained well. The anti-gelatinase antiserum stained cells of the synovial tissue of rabbits at 14 days after induction of an antigen-induced arthritis, demonstrating its usefulness as a tool to assess the role of this enzyme in degradative events.
Floating Zone Growth and Scintillation Characteristics of Cerium-Doped Gadolinium Pyrosilicate Single Crystals (2007)

Growth of cerium-doped gadolinium pyrosilicate single crystals, which show 2.5 times greater light output for gamma-rays and five times greater light output for alpha-particles than GSO single crystals, is accomplished using the floating zone growth method (FZ method). Although growth of (GPS) single crystal is considered to be difficult because it melts incongruently according to the phase diagram of system, we attempted crystal growth of Ce:GPS because of the possibility that heavy Ce doping would change the phase diagram. Transparent single crystals were obtained, although some cracks were observed in the crystals. The crystal structure was triclinic with P/1 space group and density of 5.5 . Two peaks, which were observed using photoluminescence spectrometry at 372 nm and 394 nm, were attributed to 5d-4f transition in . Decay times of Ce:GPS scintillation were 46 ns for gamma-ray excitation and 39 ns for alpha-particle excitation. We consider that fabrication of crack free crystals will improve the energy resolution.
Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Glucan and Fructan Exopolysaccharides Synthesized by the <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i> Wild-Type Strain and by Mutant Strains (1999)

Lactobacillus reuteri LB 121 cells growing on sucrose synthesize large amounts of a glucan (D-glucose) and a fructan (D-fructose) with molecular masses of 3,500 and 150 kDa, respectively. Methylation studies and 13C or 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the glucan has a unique structure consisting of terminal, 4-substituted, 6-substituted, and 4,6-disubstituted alpha-glucose in a molar ratio of 1.1:2.7:1.5:1.0. The fructan was identified as a (2-->6)-beta-D-fructofuranan or levan, the first example of levan synthesis by a Lactobacillus species. Strain LB 121 possesses glucansucrase and levansucrase enzymes that occur in a cell-associated and a cell-free state after growth on sucrose, raffinose, or maltose but remain cell associated during growth on glucose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sucrose culture supernatants, followed by staining of gels for polysaccharide synthesizing activity with sucrose as a substrate, revealed the presence of a single glucansucrase protein of 146 kDa. Growth of strain LB 121 in chemostat cultures resulted in rapid accumulation of spontaneous exopolysaccharide-negative mutants that had lost both glucansucrase and levansucrase (e.g., strain K-24). Mutants lacking all levansucrase activity specifically emerged following a pH shiftdown (e.g., strain 35-5). Strain 35-5 still possessed glucansucrase and synthesized wild-type glucan.
On-Column Electrochemical Detection for Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis (2003)

The development of a cellulose acetate decoupler for on-column electrochemical detection in microchip capillary electrophoresis is presented. The capillary based laser-etched decoupler is translated to the planar format to isolate the detector circuit from the separation circuit. The decoupler is constructed by aligning a series of 20 30-microm holes through the coverplate of the microchip with the separation channel and casting a thin film of cellulose acetate within the holes. The decoupler shows excellent isolation of the detection circuit for separation currents up to 60 microA, with noise levels at or below 1 pA at a carbon fiber electrode. Detection limits of 25 nM were achieved for dopamine. This decoupler design combines excellent mechanical stability, effective shunting of high separation currents, and ease of manufacture.
Agricultural use of marginal-quality water: opportunities and challenges (2007)

Millions of small-scale farmers around the world irrigate with marginal-quality water, often because they have no alternative.There are two major types of marginal-quality water: wastewater from urban and peri-urban areas, and saline and sodic agricultural drainage water and groundwater.Around cities in developing countries, farmers use wastewater from residential, commercial, and industrial sources, sometimes diluted but often without treatment.Sometimes farmers in deltaic areas and tailend sections of large-scale irrigation schemes irrigate with a blend of canal water, saline drainage water, and wastewater.Still others irrigate with saline or sodic groundwater, either exclusively or in conjunction with higher quality surface water.Many of those farmers cannot control the volume or quality of water they receive.Wastewater often contains a variety of pollutants: salts, metals, metalloids, pathogens, residual drugs, organic compounds, endocrine disruptor compounds, and active residues of personal care products.Any of these components can harm human health and the environment.Farmers can suffer harmful health effects from contact with wastewater, while consumers are at risk from eating vegetables and cereals irrigated with wastewater.Application of wastewater has to be carefully managed for effective use.In contrast to wastewater, saline and sodic water contains salts that can impair plant growth but rarely contains metals or pathogens.However, it can lead to soil salinization and waterlogging, which impair productivity on millions of hectares of agricultural land.Irrigating successfully with saline or sodic water requires careful management to prevent near-term reductions in crop yield and long-term reductions in productivity.
Role of Small GTPases in Endothelial Cytoskeletal Dynamics and the Shear Stress Response (2006)

Fluid shear stress caused by blood flow is a major determinant of vascular remodeling and arterial tone and can lead to development of atherosclerosis. The endothelial monolayer in vivo acts as a signal transduction interface for hemodynamic forces; these forces determine the shape, cytoskeletal organization, and function of endothelial cells, allowing the vessels to cope with physiological or pathological conditions. The Ras superfamily of GTPases have been revealed to be master regulators of many cellular activities. In particular, the GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 are known to regulate cell shape changes through effects on the cytoskeleton, but their ability to influence polarity, microtubule dynamics, and transcription factor activity is just as significant. Shear stress modulates the activity of small GTPases, which are critical for both cytoskeletal reorganization and changes in gene expression in response to shear stress. The goal of this article is to review what is known about Ras and more so about Rho GTPases in mechanotransduction and the responses of cells to fluid flow. Several distinct signaling pathways can be coordinately activated by flow, and small GTPases are strongly implicated in some of them; thus possible connections will be explored and a unifying hypothesis offered.
Syntheses of model oligosaccharides of biological significance. XI. A short synthesis of fucosylated chitobiosides, also bound to asparagine in a synthon (as in <i>N</i>-linked glycoproteins) (1990)

We describe a simple and efficient method for the preparation of the trisaccharide GlcNAc(β1-4)-[Fuc(α 1-6)-]GlcNAc(β 1-) (1) and of the protected form of GlcNAc(β 1-4)-[Fuc(α 1-6)-]GlcNAc(β1-Asn) (2). The key intermediate is benzyl 4,6-benzylidene chitobioside 5 giving the desired trisaccharide by insitu anomerization–glycosylation reaction with 2,3,4-tribenzylfucosyl bromide. The benzyl glycoside in the trisaccharide 6 has been replaced by acetate and then bromine; this glycosylating agent was used to prepare methyl and 8-methoxycarbonyloctyl glycosides as well as isothiocyanate 12, in a series of reactions. The latter compound gave, on reaction with 1-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-asparate, compound 13 (a protected derivative of 2), which should serve as a synthon for syntheses of glycopeptides. Keywords: glycopeptide, synthesis; oligosaccharide, synthesis; chitobiosides; fucosylated chitobiosides; N-linked oligosaccharides.
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1986)

Because they can be transmitted to others, infectious diseases of all kinds have for many years been the subject of statutes, regulations, and court decisions imposing special constraints on both the patient's freedom and the physician's practice. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is now known to be an infectious disease. Three laboratories have recovered from patients with AIDS unique T-lymphocyte–associated retroviruses (the so-called AIDS retroviruses) that are almost certainly the etiologic agent.1 2 3 Serologic studies have confirmed the relation between AIDS retrovirus infection, AIDS, and the AIDS-related complex.2 , 3 The legality of measures to control the spread of infectious diseases is determined . . .
Fast and effective optimization of statically typed object-oriented languages (1997)

In this dissertation, we show how a relatively simple and extremely fast interprocedural optimization algorithm can be used to optimize many of the expensive features of statically typed, object-oriented languages-- in particular, C++ and Java. We present a new program analysis algorithm, Rapid Type Analysis, and show that it is fast both in theory and in practice, and significantly out-performs other &amp;quot;fast &amp;quot; algorithms for virtual function call resolution. We present optimization algorithms for the resolution of virtual function calls, conversion of virtual inheritance to direct inheritance, elimination of dynamic casts and dynamic type checks, and removal of object synchronization. These algorithms are all presented within a common framework that allows them to be driven by the information collected by Rapid Type Analysis, or by some other type analysis algorithm. Collectively, the optimizations in this dissertation free the programmer from having to sacrifice modularity and extensibility for performance. Instead, the programmer can freely make use of the most powerful features of object-oriented programming, since the optimizer will remove unnecessary extensibility from the program.
Hydrocarbons (1982)

The sensible place to begin is with compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen: the 'hydrocarbons'. Hydrocarbons are divided into three types of compound depending on the type of bonding between carbon atoms: alkanes have only carbon—carbon single bonds, alkanes contain a carbon—carbon double bond, and alkynes a triple bond. The reactions of each type of hydrocarbon are rather different.
Machine learning for interactive systems and robots (2013)

Research on interactive systems and robots, i.e. interactive machines that perceive, act and communicate, has applied a multitude of different machine learning frameworks in recent years, many of which are based on a form of reinforcement learning (RL). In this paper, we will provide a brief introduction to the application of machine learning techniques in interactive learning systems. We identify several dimensions along which interactive learning systems can be analyzed. We argue that while many applications of interactive machines seem different at first sight, sufficient commonalities exist in terms of the challenges faced. By identifying these commonalities between (learning) approaches, and by taking interdisciplinary approaches towards the challenges, we anticipate more effective design and development of sophisticated machines that perceive, act and communicate in complex, dynamic and uncertain environments.
Genetic manipulation of brewing and related yeast strains (1984)

Biochimie et physiologie des levures du genre Saccharomyces. Techniques de fusion des spheroplastes et de transformation genetique chez les levures de brasserie. Applications