gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A liquid caesium field ion source for space propulsion (1984)

Liquid metal ion sources usually employ a single point geometry for the anode either in the form of a wetted needle or a capillary. The realisation of high ion currents whilst, at the same time, maintaining a low neutral mass emission rate has necessitated a different approach. Here the authors report a Cs field ion source which is novel in that emissions issue from a multitude regularly spaced liquid cusps. These sites are anchored at the mouth of a micrometre-sized slit which forms a channel of high flow impedance through which liquid caesium is constrained to flow. The properties of this emitter have been investigated by electrical and mass-loss measurements, the latter having been performed on a sensitive dual-axis vacuum microbalance permitting independent real time measurements of the total mass emission rate and of the thrust. Some properties of the emitter may be understood from a consideration of the hydrodynamic stability where the applied electric field acts on the liquid surface at the mouth of the emitter slit. Following this, a simple viscous flow model of the emitter is given which agrees well with experiments.
New Insights into Neuron-Glia Communication (2002)

Two-way communication between neurons and nonneural cells called glia is essential for axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, and information processing and thus is required for normal functioning of the nervous system during development and throughout adult life. The signals between neurons and glia include ion fluxes, neurotransmitters, cell adhesion molecules, and specialized signaling molecules released from synaptic and nonsynaptic regions of the neuron. In contrast to the serial flow of information along chains of neurons, glia communicate with other glial cells through intracellular waves of calcium and via intercellular diffusion of chemical messengers. By releasing neurotransmitters and other extracellular signaling molecules, glia can affect neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission and perhaps coordinate activity across networks of neurons.
THE ARTERIAL PRESSURE PULSE IN MUSCULAR SUBAORTIC STENOSIS (1963)

have appeared concerning this condition, the majority of which have noted the characteristic arterial pulse contour described by Brachfeld and Gorlin (1959). The latter authors (1959) and Goodwin et al. (1960) drew attention to the fast rising, early peaked arterial pulse pressure in muscular subaortic stenosis, which contrasted with the anacrotic slow rising pulse seen in valvular aortic stenosis. There appeared, however, to be a conflict of opinion concerning the arterial pulse contour in discrete, fixed subaortic stenosis. Thus, Brachfeld and Gorlin (1959) stated "a tight fibrous subaortic ring unassociated with muscular hypertrophy could theoretically be associated with an anacrotic shoulder. The relative rarity of such a lesion, however, makes the presence of marked anacrotism probably incompatible with a diagnosis of subaortic stenosis." Hancock (1961), on the other hand, de- scribed an anacrotic pulse in a case of membranous subaortic stenosis proven at operation and con- trasted this pulse contour with that seen in muscular and fibromuscular subaortic stenosis, where the pulse contour was fast rising with an early peak systolic pressure. Kjellberg et al. (
Ultrasonic Reflectivity Imaging in Three Dimensions: Exact Inverse Scattering Solutions for Plane, Cylindrical, and Spherical Apertures (1981)

The problem of reconstructing the reflectivity of a three-dimensional medium with density and compressibility variations is examined. For the special case of continuous-wave (CW) insonification, exact inversion formulas have recently been reported for recovering an unknown scattering parameter from scattering measurements. In this work, exact solutions, or inversion formulas, are obtained for the general case of arbitrary broad-band insonification where the incident wave is assumed to be a spherically diverging broad-bandwidth pulse of arbitrary shape. Solutions are derived under the assumption that the scattering is sufficiently weak for the Born approximation to hold. Exact inversion formulas are obtained for three aperture geometries: a plane, cylindrical, or spherical recording surface enclosing the scattering region. Under most practical conditions, the process of back projection and coherent summation over spherical surfaces in image space, without prior filtering, is shown to provide a close approximation to the exact inversion procedure. Finally, in the case of the spherical geometry, the mathematical equivalence between the three-dimensional inverse Radon transform and the far-field approximation to the exact solution is demonstrated.
Diagnosing potassium deficiency by soil analysis (1973)

Soil analysis, especially nitric acid extraction of potassium appears to be a very useful means of diagnosing potassium-deficient soils in California. Studies reported here compared two analytical methods for determining soil potassium levels. Plant growth responses were determined by greenhouse pot tests.
On the Attenuation of DAC Aliases Through Multiphase Clocking (2009)

ldquoL-foldrdquo interpolation can be used to lower aliases of digital-to-analog converters (DACs). L-fold interpolation uses multiple DACs, each clocked with different phases of a single clock frequency with each DAC using the same signal data. The literature on this topic indicates that lowering the aliases can only be done by increasing the number of DACs and clock phases. This brief shows that by proper selection of clock phases, precise cancelling of certain aliases for a two-phase clock with two DACs is already possible. The cancellation of aliases helps reduce unwanted spurious emissions when DACs are used as amplitude modulators in polar transmitters.
Optimization of Synthetic Conditions for the Preparation of Dihomo‐γ‐Linolenic Acid from γ‐Linolenic Acid (2008)

Abstract Orthogonal experiments were employed to optimize the correlated parameters of reduction, sulfonation, substitution and hydrolysis. These reactions were used to convert γ‐linolenic acids into dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acids (DGLA). For the reduction, the best reaction conditions were at 35 °C for 4.5 h with LiAlH 4 and γ‐linolenic acid (in the ratio of 40 g:100 g); for the sulfonation, reaction at 29 °C for 3.5 h with 150 g γ‐linolenic alcohol and 65 mL mesyl chloride, then the water phase being extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 100 mL); for the substitution, the reaction at 80 °C for 2.5 h with metallic sodium and sulfonate (at a ratio of 8 g:100 g); and for the hydrolysis, reaction at 80 °C for 2.5 h with NaOH and dihomo dioate (at a ratio of 50 g:100 g). The four reactions gave yields that exceeded 90% for each step. Finally, crystallization and decarboxylation provided DGLA in an overall yield of 60% and >95% purity.
Frailty, inflammation, and immunity. (2011)

Frailty is an important geriatric syndrome that is characterized by multisystem dysregulation, leading to decreased physiological reserve and increased vulnerability for adverse health outcomes. A large number of studies have shown a heightened inflammatory state marked by elevated levels of inflammatory molecules, such as IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP), and increased counts of white blood cell (WBC) and WBC subpopulations in frail older adults. It has been postulated that this heightened inflammatory state, or chronic inflammation, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of frailty, directly or through its detrimental influence to other physiologic systems. Inflammatory and immune activation mediated by monocytes and macrophages demonstrated by upregulated expression of specific stress responsive inflammatory pathway genes and elevated neopterin levels may contribute, at least in part, to this chronically heightened inflammatory state in frailty. Decrease in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proliferation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), one of the functional readouts of the innate immune system, has also been observed in frail older adults. In the adaptive immune system, significant frailty-associated alterations have been identified in the T-cell compartment including expansion of CD8(+) and CCR5(+) T cells and loss of CD28 expression, above and beyond age-related senescent remodeling. Moreover, frailty is associated with impaired antibody responses to pneumococcal and influenza immunization and poor clinical protection against influenza infection in community-dwelling older adults. Taken together, these findings demonstrate significant inflammatory and immune dysregulation in frail older adults and highlight the need for strategies to improve the immune function for this vulnerable elderly population.
Athermalization and achromatization of multiband optics using instantaneous Abbe number (2016)

Over the past few years, new detector technologies have enabled multiband detection through a single aperture. This creates significant SWAP advantages (size, weight and power) and has spurred significant interest in multiband optics (for instance SWIR/MWIR, MWIR/LWIR, etc.). However, due to the small number of materials available in the infrared regions, passive optical athermalization and achromatization can be challenging even over single waveband. This becomes even more challenging in the case of multiband optics. One method for determining appropriate material combinations for athermalization and achromatization is use of a <i>y</i> ∗ <i>v</i> vs. <i>v</i> diagram. We examine an updated form of the <i>y</i> ∗ <i>v</i> vs. <i>v</i> diagram using instantaneous Abbe number. While Abbe number is an effective metric for dispersion within single bands, it becomes less reliable when extended to wider wavelength ranges. Instantaneous Abbe number allows for a wider waveband to be defined, without a loss of generality; and this allows for an updated definition of the <i>y</i> ∗ <i>v</i> vs. <i>v</i> diagram for the development of multiband optics. We present an example of a multiband lens as well as compare the typical definition of Abbe number with instantaneous Abbe number to determine the validity of the updated model.
Phase aberration correction and motion compensation for ultrasonic hyperthermia phased arrays: experimental results (1994)

In ultrasound hyperthermia, focal patterns generated by phased arrays can be degraded by phase errors due to tissue inhomogeneities, digitization of the driving signals, and imperfect fabrication of the transducers. The degree of degradation depends on the severity of phase aberrations. As predicted by simulation and verified by experimental results, focal degradation scales with the circular variance of phase errors. However, degraded power deposition patterns can be significantly improved after phase aberration correction, especially where patterns are complicated and the aberrations are severe. Also, as shown in motion compensation experiments, an aberration corrected pattern can be particularly sensitive to aberrator movement greater than the correlation length of the aberrator. After motion compensation, new sharply focused patterns can be accomplished, thus reducing the unwanted influence of "body" movement by stabilizing the positions of foci with respect to patient anatomy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Subject Content-Based Intelligent Cropping of Digital Photos (2007)

Image cropping is one of the most important operations performed to enhance photographs. The direct benefit is improved image composition in terms of better subject location, better subject magnification, and reduced background clutter. Indirectly, cropping can also help image and subject rendering because unwanted distractions are eliminated before image enhancement. We present a robust and efficient solution to this challenging problem for consumer snapshot photos. First, a main subject detection algorithm is employed to produce a belief map probabilistically indicating the subject content. Facilitated by the use of an integral image, a globally optimum cropping window is located to maximize the subject content within the cropping window while satisfying multiple constraints. Extensive evaluation using multiple judges has shown its overwhelming advantage over a commercially used cropping scheme.
Parametric Downconverter for Mixer-First Receiver Front Ends (2021)

In this article, we present a parametric downconverter that may be used in a mixer-first receiver front end. In such a receiver, the first mixer should offer a satisfactory low-noise figure (NF), high conversion gain (CG) to suppress the noise contribution of the next stages, and high linearity to avoid receiver saturation in the presence of interferences. Parametric mixers are known to offer parametric CG for frequency upconversion with no fundamental noise penalty due to its parametric amplification nature. This work is the first experimental demonstration of a parametric downconverter that achieves positive gain and low NF. The proof-of-concept mixer with a center input frequency of 1.9 GHz and an output frequency of 1.45GHz is designed and implemented on PCB. The mixer achieves a measured peak CG of 10 dB and a 1-dB compression point of +7 dBm. Furthermore, the fabricated mixer achieves a minimum NF of 2.8 dB over its bandwidth.
Phototransistors in digital optical communication systems (1983)

Analytic solutions for the sensitivity of long-wavelength ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-1.6 \mu</tex> m) optical receivers using heterojunction phototransistors (HPT's) require that the Shockley base-emitter resistance r <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</inf> should not be modulated by the optical signal. This implies that the ratio α of the dc bias and signal components of the collector current must be much greater than unity. In this paper, the sensitivity of such receivers is expressed explicitly in terms of α to indicate the range of values over which the derivation is valid. "State-of-the-art" HPT's are expected to give better results than the present-day pin-FET hybrid only at bit rates >1 Gbit/s. Reducing the input capacitance and increasing the current gain h <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FE</inf> of the HPT would give improved performance; but if the requirement <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\alpha > 1</tex> is to be satisfied, the load resistance must eventually be restricted to low values, giving sensitivity still comparable to the pin-FET hybrid up to several hundred megabaud. For <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\alpha < 1</tex> , an integrating receiver design may be operable, although a bounded disparity transmission code may be needed to avoid misequalization for frequencies below the 3 dB frequency of the HPT stage. The HPT for such a receiver would require a high current gain h <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FE</inf> and a low input capacitance C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> satisfying <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_{2} < 2 \times 10^{-3} \sqrt{h_{FE}}</tex> pF, and very low base-collector leakage and base-emitter defect currents.
Effiziente Simulationsmethoden für die Optimierung von komplexen Fahrzeugantennensystemen (2009)

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von Antennen, welche in die Fensterscheiben von Automobilen integriert sind, und die im Frequenzbereich von 50 bis 500 MHz arbeiten. Als geeignete Simulationsmethode wird die Momentenmethode (MoM) zur Losung der elektrischen Feldintegralgleichungen (EFIE) erlautert. Eine Methode zur numerischen elektromagnetischen Simulation der Autoantennen wird auf Basis der MoM entwickelt. Hierbei werden die Feldquellen durch in die Aperturen eingepragte magnetische Flachenstrome beschrieben. Diese Methode wird mit der Einheitlichen Geometrischen Beugungstheorie (UTD) zu einer hybriden Methode kombiniert, die effiziente Berechnungen fur bestimmte Typen von Fahrzeugantennen ermoglicht. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss der Modellgenauigkeit auf die Simulationsergebnisse betrachtet. Anhand systematischer Untersuchungen werden Modellierungsrichtlinien erstellt.
Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding a human type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor. (1995)

Vol. 270, p. 22661 Page 22663, Fig. 2: There are two errors in the sequence. The 16th line of nucleotide sequence (ending with nucleotide 900) has only 73 nucleotides; there should be 75 nucleotides. Two nucleotides, guanosine and thymidine, should be inserted at the beginning of that line. Thus, the nucleotide sequence of line 16 should begin GTG TTT GCG GTC AGC … The amino acid sequence is correct as printed. The sequence in GenBank(TM) is correct (accession number [GenBank]U32500).
Influence of particle size ratio on the continuity of aggregates (1977)

A model is developed which considers the volume fraction of dispersed phase necessary to form an infinitely long network as a function of the particle size ratio. Recognizing that neither a monolayer nor a double layer of dispersed particles around the primary phase is a necessary condition for continuity, the surface fraction of primary phase covered by the dispersed phase and the ratio of dispersed phase particles which are occluded from, versus contiguous to, the primary phase are estimated either empirically or by reference to probability theory. The theoretical results are compared with earlier experimental work on electrical properties of compacted mixtures of polymer and metal powders.
Improvement of Ferroelectric and Dielectric Properties of Annealed Pyrochlore Free PZT Based Ceramics (2011)

The method of thermal annealing was applied to 0.05PZN-0.15PNN-0.8PZT ceramics to improve its electrical properties. The ceramics were prepared via a columbite method: sintered at 1250°C for 2 h, followed by the thermal annealing at 900°C for 8–24 h. Improvements in many electrical properties such as dielectric and ferroelectric properties were observed. Annealing for 8 h was found to be the optimum annealing condition for the ceramics. The results were discussed in term of densification and composition variation after annealing.
Coherent Motions in the Turbulent Boundary Layer (1991)

The role of coherent structures in the production and dissipation of turbulence in a boundary layer is characterized, summarizing the results of recent investigations. Coherent motion is defined as a three-dimensional region of flow where at least one fundamental variable exhibits significant correlation with itself or with another variable over a space or time range significantly larger than the smallest local scales of the flow. Sections are then devoted to flow-visualization experiments, statistical analyses, numerical simulation techniques, the history of coherent-structure studies, vortices and vortical structures, conceptual models, and predictive models. Diagrams and graphs are provided.
Deployment status and common technical specifications for a B-PON system (2001)

Broadband passive optical networks (B-PONs) have entered the commercial deployment phase in North America, Japan, and Europe. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, BellSouth, France Telecom, British Telecommunications p.l.c., and SBC have developed a set of common technical specifications (CTS) for a B-PON system based on ITU-T Recommendations G.983.1, G.983.2 and G.983.3. They have deployed or plan to deploy B-PON systems based on this CTS. This article describes B-PON interface features, the outline of the CTS, and the deployment status of the B-PON systems around the world.
Silicon dew point hygrometer model (2002)

The paper presents a new complex model of silicon dew point hygrometer. Construction of fabricated hygrometer is briefly shown. Next the set of model equations is presented. The model describes: behavior of water vapor contained in measured gas (saturated vapor partial pressure, sub cooled water phenomenon), water mass transport (condensation and evaporation processes), heat transport across measurement head, silicon dew detector and regulator characteristics. The numerical dew point hygrometer model realized in SIMULINK environment is presented. Finally, comparison of measured data and model responses is discussed.
Harnessing the microbiomes of Brassica vegetables for health issues (2017)

Plant health is strongly connected with plants´ microbiome. In case of raw-eaten plants, the microbiome can also affect human health. To study potential impacts on health issues of both hosts, the microbiome composition of seven different Brassica vegetables, originating from different food processing pathways, was analyzed by a combined approach of amplicon sequencing, metagenomic mining and cultivation. All Brassica vegetables harbored a highly diverse microbiota as identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The composition of the microbiota was found to be rather driven by the plant genotype than by the processing pathway. We characterized isolates with potential cancer-preventing properties by tracing myrosinase activity as well as isolates with biological control activity towards plant pathogens. We identified a novel strain with myrosinase activity and we found bacterial myrosinase genes to be enriched in rhizosphere and phyllosphere metagenomes of Brassica napus and Eruca sativa in comparison to the surrounding soil. Strains which were able to suppress plant pathogens were isolated from naturally processed vegetables and represent a substantial part (4.1%) of all vegetable microbiomes. Our results shed first light on the microbiome of edible plants and open the door to harnessing the Brassica microbiome for plant disease resistance and human health.
Like‐ and cross‐polarized transmission scatter cross sections for random rough surfaces: Full wave solutions (1995)

In this work full wave expressions are derived for the incoherent diffuse scatter cross sections (per unit area) for waves transmitted across rough surfaces. Both the like‐ and cross‐polarized cross sections are considered since the surfaces are rough in two dimensions. The full wave solutions are compared with the small perturbation solutions as well as with the physical/geometrical solutions. It is shown that when the heights and slopes are of the same order of smallness, the full wave solutions are in agreement with the small perturbation solution, while in the high‐frequency limit the full wave solution is in agreement with physical/geometrical optics solutions, provided that specular (stationary phase) points exist on the surface. Several illustrative examples are considered and the refractive index is assumed to be larger or smaller than unity. The critical angle for total internal reflection has a significant impact on diffuse scattering in the nonspecular direction. Since the full wave solutions account for specular point scattering as well as Bragg type scattering in a uniform, self‐consistent manner, it is not necessary to adopt the two‐scale model for the rough surfaces.
Guide to Analysis (1988)

Guide to Analysis aims to minimise the difficulties which arise from the contrast between analysis and sixth form mathematics. It includes historical notes and anecdotes which will help the reader to appreciate how the subject developed to its present form. Plenty of worked and unworked examples, the latter with hints for solution and answers, are also included