gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiological Use of Fast Protons (1946)

Except for electrons, the particles which have been accelerated to high energies by machines such as cyclotrons or Van de Graaff generators have not been directly used therapeutically. Rather, the neutrons, gamma rays, or artificial radioactivities produced in various reactions of the primary particles have been applied to medical problems. This has, in large part, been due to the very short penetration in tissue of protons, deuterons, and alpha particles from present accelerators. Higher-energy machines are now under construction, however, and the ions from them will in general be energetic enough to have a range in tissue comparable to body dimensions. It must have occurred to many people that the particles themselves now become of considerable therapeutic interest. The object of this paper is to acquaint medical and biological workers with some of the physical properties and possibilities of such rays. To be as simple as possible, let us consider only high-energy protons: later we can generalize to other particles. The accelerators now being constructed or planned will yield protons of energies above 125 Mev (million electron volts) and perhaps as high as 400 Met. The range of a 125 Met proton in tissue is 12 cm., while that of a 200 Met proton is 27 cm. It is clear that such protons can penetrate to any part of the body. The proton proceeds through the tissue in very nearly a straight line, and the tissue is ionized at the expense of the energy of the proton until the proton is stopped. The dosage is proportional to the ionization per centimeter of path, or specific ionization, and this varies almost inversely with the energy of the proton. Thus the specific ionization or dose is many times less where the proton enters the tissue at high energy than it is in the last centimeter of the path where the ion is brought to rest. These properties make it possible to irradiate intensely a strictly localized region within the body, with but little skin dose. It will be easy to produce well collimated narrow beams of fast protons, and since the range of the beam is easily controllable, precision exposure of well defined small volumes within the body will soon be feasible. Let us examine the properties of fast protons somewhat more quantitatively. Perhaps the most important biological quantity is the specific ionization, or number of ions per centimeter of track. This quantity is not difficult to calculate. The results of such calculations are shown in Figure 1, where the range of protons in tissue is plotted for protons of various energies. In the same figure, the specific ionization is plotted as a function of the range in tissue. For purposes of calculation, tissue has been assumed to have the molecular formula (1): C0.5H8O3.8N0.14, and to be of unit density, i.e., 15 per cent protein and 85 per cent water. The calculations can be easily extended to other materials and densities.2 The accuracy is perhaps 5 per cent.
SARS‐CoV‐2 and Mitochondrial Proteins in Neural‐Derived Exosomes of COVID‐19 (2022)

Abnormal NDEV and ADEV levels of SARS-CoV-2 N and S1 protein and MPs correlate with NP and may be biomarkers for long-COVID prognostics and therapeutic trials. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:772-781.
Tracing traitors (2000)

We give cryptographic schemes that help trace the source of leaks when sensitive or proprietary data is made available to a large set of parties. A very relevant application is in the context of pay television, where only paying customers should be able to view certain programs. In this application, the programs are normally encrypted, and then the sensitive data is the decryption keys that are given to paying customers. If a pirate decoder is found, it is desirable to reveal the source of its decryption keys. We describe fully resilient schemes which can be used against any decoder which decrypts with nonnegligible probability. Since there is typically little demand for decoders which decrypt only a small fraction of the transmissions (even if it is nonnegligible), we further introduce threshold tracing schemes which can only be used against decoders which succeed in decryption with probability greater than some threshold. Threshold schemes are considerably more efficient than fully resilient schemes.
Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Epoxidation of Homoallylic and Allylic Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Selenium-Containing Dinuclear Peroxotungstate (2009)

The reaction of peroxotungstates (H(2)WO(4) + H(2)O(2)) with H(2)SeO(4) gave the novel selenium-containing dinuclear tungsten species, (TBA)(2)[SeO(4){WO(O(2))(2)}(2)] (I, TBA = [(n-C(4)H(9))(4)N](+)), which was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, Raman, UV-vis, (77)Se NMR, (183)W NMR, and CSI-MS. Various kinds of homoallylic and allylic alcohols were efficiently epoxidized to the corresponding epoxy alcohols in high yields with 1 equiv. H(2)O(2) with respect to the substrates. Compound I showed the highest catalytic activity for H(2)O(2)-based epoxidation of homoallylic and allylic alcohols among selenium and tungsten complexes. The turnover frequency reached up to 150 h(-1) in a 10 mmol-scale epoxidation of cis-3-hexen-1-ol and this value was the highest among those reported for the transition-metal catalyzed epoxidation of homoallylic alcohols with H(2)O(2). The kinetic, mechanistic, computational studies showed that the stabilization of the transition-state by the hydrogen bonding between I and the substrates results in the high reactivity for the I-catalyzed epoxidation of homoallylic and allylic alcohols. The nature of the hetero atoms in the di- and tetranuclear peroxotungstates with XO(4)(n-) ligands (X = As(V), P(V), S(VI), Si(IV), etc.) was crucial in controlling the Lewis acidity of the peroxotungstates, which significantly affects their electrophilic oxygen transfer reactivity. All the data of the structural, kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational comparison show that the dimeric peroxotungstate unit, {WO(O(2))(2)}(2), in I is activated by the SeO(4)(2-) ligand.
Mutations in HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 affect sugar response and gene expression in Arabidopsis (2013)

Nutrient response networks are likely to have been among the first response networks to evolve, as the ability to sense and respond to the levels of available nutrients is critical for all organisms. Although several forward genetic screens have been successful in identifying components of plant sugar-response networks, many components remain to be identified. Toward this end, a reverse genetic screen was conducted in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify additional components of sugar-response networks. This screen was based on the rationale that some of the genes involved in sugar-response networks are likely to be themselves sugar regulated at the steady-state mRNA level and to encode proteins with activities commonly associated with response networks. This rationale was validated by the identification of hac1 mutants that are defective in sugar response. HAC1 encodes a histone acetyltransferase. Histone acetyltransferases increase transcription of specific genes by acetylating histones associated with those genes. Mutations in HAC1 also cause reduced fertility, a moderate degree of resistance to paclobutrazol and altered transcript levels of specific genes. Previous research has shown that hac1 mutants exhibit delayed flowering. The sugar-response and fertility defects of hac1 mutants may be partially explained by decreased expression of AtPV42a and AtPV42b, which are putative components of plant SnRK1 complexes. SnRK1 complexes have been shown to function as central regulators of plant nutrient and energy status. Involvement of a histone acetyltransferase in sugar response provides a possible mechanism whereby nutritional status could exert long-term effects on plant development and metabolism.
Returns to Schooling (2008)

The returns to schooling represent the incremental increase in earnings associated with an increase in schooling. Under assumptions first spelled out by Jacob Mincer in 1958, each additional year of schooling will lead to a percentage gain in earnings that is equal to the interest rate. More recent research has treated the return to schooling as a causal parameter that can vary across people, and by the level of education.
Insect-like flapping wing mechanism based on a double spherical Scotch yoke (2005)

We describe the rationale, concept, design and implementation of a fixed-motion (non-adjustable) mechanism for insect-like flapping wing micro air vehicles in hover, inspired by two-winged flies (Diptera). This spatial (as opposed to planar) mechanism is based on the novel idea of a double spherical Scotch yoke. The mechanism was constructed for two main purposes: (i) as a test bed for aeromechanical research on hover in flapping flight, and (ii) as a precursor design for a future flapping wing micro air vehicle. Insects fly by oscillating (plunging) and rotating (pitching) their wings through large angles, while sweeping them forwards and backwards. During this motion the wing tip approximately traces a "figure-of-eight" or a "banana" and the wing changes the angle of attack (pitching) significantly. The kinematic and aerodynamic data from free-flying insects are sparse and uncertain, and it is not clear what aerodynamic consequences different wing motions have. Since acquiring the necessary kinematic and dynamic data from biological experiments remains a challenge, a synthetic, controlled study of insect-like flapping is not only of engineering value, but also of biological relevance. Micro air vehicles are defined as flying vehicles approximately 150 mm in size (hand-held), weighing 50-100g, and are developed to reconnoitre in confined spaces (inside buildings, tunnels, etc.). For this application, insect-like flapping wings are an attractive solution and hence the need to realize the functionality of insect flight by engineering means. Since the semi-span of the insect wing is constant, the kinematics are spatial; in fact, an approximate figure-of-eight/banana is traced on a sphere. Hence a natural mechanism implementing such kinematics should be (i) spherical and (ii) generate mathematically convenient curves expressing the figure-of-eight/banana shape. The double spherical Scotch yoke design has property (i) by definition and achieves (ii) by tracing spherical Lissajous curves.
Domain Adaptation for Pedestrian Detection Based on Prediction Consistency (2014)

Pedestrian detection is an active area of research in computer vision. It remains a quite challenging problem in many applications where many factors cause a mismatch between source dataset used to train the pedestrian detector and samples in the target scene. In this paper, we propose a novel domain adaptation model for merging plentiful source domain samples with scared target domain samples to create a scene-specific pedestrian detector that performs as well as rich target domain simples are present. Our approach combines the boosting-based learning algorithm with an entropy-based transferability, which is derived from the prediction consistency with the source classifications, to selectively choose the samples showing positive transferability in source domains to the target domain. Experimental results show that our approach can improve the detection rate, especially with the insufficient labeled data in target scene.
Characterization of Two <i>Acacia</i> Gums and Their Fractions Using a Langmuir Film Balance (2000)

The mechanical properties of monolayers from two Acacia gums [Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. and Acacia seyal Del.] and their three fractions isolated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography were studied with a Langmuir film balance to obtain a more complete understanding of their action mode. The analysis of compression isotherms revealed that A. senegal gums globally exhibit better interfacial properties than A. seyal ones. The behavior of the whole gums appeared to be strongly influenced by their arabinogalactan-protein complex.
Performance Evaluation of Remote Memory Access (RMA) Programming on Shared Memory Parallel Computers (2002)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of remote memory access (RMA) programming on shared memory parallel computers. We discuss different RMA based implementations of selected CFD application benchmark kernels and compare them to corresponding message passing based codes. For the message-passing implementation we use MPI point-to-point and global communication routines. For the RMA based approach we consider two different libraries supporting this programming model. One is a shared memory parallelization library (SMPlib) developed at NASA Ames, the other is the MPI-2 extension to the MPI Standard. We give timing comparisons for the different implementation strategies and discuss the performance. We also include the application programming interface (API) for SMPlib at the end of this report. 1.
Steroid resistant asthma: what is the clinical definition? (1993)

Asthma is usually a steroid responsive disease. A few patients respond poorly to these drugs, and others need such high doses to control the disease that side-effects become a serious problem. The term steroid resistant asthma is used for both groups. In some patients, factors may be operating to make the asthma worse and, thus, to increase the requirement for steroids. In order to make a clinical diagnosis of steroid resistant asthma, it is therefore necessary to investigate the factors that could be operating to prevent a "normal" response to steroids. These factors include wrong diagnosis, insufficient steroid reaching the airway mucosa, continuing exposure to sensitizing agents, unrecognized aggravating agents, excessive use of beta-agonist aerosols, and failure to undertake regular management according to a strict management plan. Using a strict clinical definition of steroid resistant asthma leads to better investigation and treatment of individual patients, allows steroids to be stopped when they are not indicated, allows other anti-inflammatory drugs to be used with confidence, and provides a well-defined group of patients for further research relating to the mechanisms of action of steroids.
Construction of vectors with the pl5a replicon, kanamycin resistance, inducible<i>lacZ</i>α and pUC18 or pUC19 multiple cloning sites (1990)

Journal Article Construction of vectors with the pl5a replicon, kanamycin resistance, inducible lacZα and pUC18 or pUC19 multiple cloning sites Get access Michael G. Jobling, Michael G. Jobling Department of Microbiology, Uniformed Services Universify of the Health Sciences4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814–4799, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Randall K. Holmes Randall K. Holmes * Department of Microbiology, Uniformed Services Universify of the Health Sciences4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814–4799, USA *To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 18, Issue 17, 11 September 1990, Page 5315, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.17.5315 Published: 11 September 1990 Article history Received: 17 July 1990 Published: 11 September 1990
ESIR: End-to-end Scene Text Recognition via Iterative Image Rectification (2018)

Automated recognition of texts in scenes has been a research challenge for years, largely due to the arbitrary variation of text appearances in perspective distortion, text line curvature, text styles and different types of imaging artifacts. The recent deep networks are capable of learning robust representations with respect to imaging artifacts and text style changes, but still face various problems while dealing with scene texts with perspective and curvature distortions. This paper presents an end-to-end trainable scene text recognition system (ESIR) that iteratively removes perspective distortion and text line curvature as driven by better scene text recognition performance. An innovative rectification network is developed which employs a novel line-fitting transformation to estimate the pose of text lines in scenes. In addition, an iterative rectification pipeline is developed where scene text distortions are corrected iteratively towards a fronto-parallel view. The ESIR is also robust to parameter initialization and the training needs only scene text images and word-level annotations as required by most scene text recognition systems. Extensive experiments over a number of public datasets show that the proposed ESIR is capable of rectifying scene text distortions accurately, achieving superior recognition performance for both normal scene text images and those suffering from perspective and curvature distortions.
Citrate process demonstration plant design (1979)

This Bureau of Mines report presents the design for a commerical-sized flue gas desulfurization (FGD) demonstration plant that uses the citrate process. The goal of the Bureau's citrate process is to minimize the undesirable environmental impacts of industrial plants emitting SO/sub 2/-bearing gas. The FGD plant is located at the George F. Weaton powerplant, Monaca, Pa. Construction was completed in April 1979 and will be followed by preliminary testing and a 1-year testing and evaluation program. Design capacity of the FGD plant is 156,000 scfm of 0.2-volume-percent-SO/sub 2/ flue gas yielding abut 16 tons of sulfer per day. The plant is intended to (1) clean fly ash, SO/sub 3/, and C1/sup -/ from the gas while cooling the gas in a venturi scurbber, (2) absorb SO/sub 2/ from the gas using 1,200 gpm of a cuntercurrent-flowing citric acid-sodium citrate-sodium thiosulfate solution, (3) react the absorbed SO/sub 2/ in two 13,000-gal stirred closed vessels with added H/sub 2/S, thus precipitating elemental sulfur and regenerating the citrate solution for recycle, and (4) recover the sulfur from the slurry by air flotation, followed by melting in a heat exchanger and separation from the occluded citrate solution in a sulfur decanter at 35 psi more » and 135/sup 0/ C. « less
The gene for the muted (mu) mouse, a model for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, defines a novel protein which regulates vesicle trafficking (2002)

The muted (mu) mouse is a model for Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS), an inherited disorder of humans causing hypopigmentation, hemorrhaging and early death due to lung abnormalities. The mu gene regulates the synthesis of specialized mammalian organelles such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules and lysosomes. Further, balance defects indicate that it controls the synthesis of otoliths of the inner ear. The mu gene has been identified by a positional/candidate approach involving large mouse interspecific backcrosses. It encodes a novel ubiquitously expressed transcript, specifying a predicted 185 amino acid protein, whose expression is abrogated in the mu allele which contains an insertion of an early transposon (ETn) retrotransposon. Expression is likewise expected to be lost in the mu( J) allele which contains a deletion of a single base pair within the coding region. The presence of structurally aberrant melanosomes within the eyes of mutant mice together with localization of the muted protein within vesicles in both the cell body and dendrites of transfected melan-a melanocytes emphasizes the role of the mu gene in vesicle trafficking. The mu gene is present only in mice and humans among analyzed genomes. As is true for several other recently identified mouse HPS genes, the mu gene is absent in lower eukaryotes. Therefore, the mu gene is a member of the novel gene set that has evolved in higher eukaryotes to regulate the synthesis/function of highly specialized subcellular organelles such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.
Validation of geolocation estimates based on light level and sea surface temperature from electronic tags (2004)

Electronic tags have enhanced our understanding of the movements and behavior of pelagic animals by providing position information from the Argos system satellites or by geolocation estimates using light levels and/or sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The ability to geolocate animals that remain submerged is of great value to fisheries management, but the accuracy of these geolocation estimates has to be validated on free-swimming animals. In this paper, we report double-tagging experiments on free-swimming salmon sharks Lamna ditropis and blue sharks Prionace glauca, tagged with satellite telemetry and pop-up satellite tags, which provide a direct comparison between Argos positions and geolocation estimates derived from light levels and SSTs. In addition, the Argosbased pop-up satellite tag endpoints and GPS-based recapture locations of Atlantic bluefin tunas Thunnus thynnus were compared with the last geolocation estimates from pop-up satellite and archival tags. In the double-tagging experiments, the root mean square errors of the light level longitude estimates were 0.89 and 0.55; while for SST latitude estimates, the root mean square errors were 1.47 and 1.16for salmon sharks and blue sharks respectively. Geolocation estimates of Atlantic bluefin tuna, using archival data from surgically implanted archival tags or recovered pop-up satellite tags, had root mean square errors of 0.78 and 0.90for light level longitude and SST latitude estimates, respectively. Using data transmitted by pop-up satellite tags deployed on Atlantic bluefin tunas, the light level longitude and SST latitude estimates had root mean square errors of 1.30 and 1.89, respectively. In addition, a series of computer simulations were performed to examine which variables were most likely to influence the accuracy of SST latitude estimates. The simulations indicated that the difference between the SST measured by the electronic tag and the remotely sensed SST at a given location was the predominant influence on the accuracy of SST latitude estimates. These results demonstrate that tag-measured SSTs can be used in conjunction with light level data to significantly improve the geolocation estimates from electronic tags.
Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the Overtraining Syndrome (2006)

Abstract Successful training must involve overload but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short term performance decrement, without severe psychological, or lasting other negative symptoms. This Functional Overreaching (FOR) will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, Non‐Functional Overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and the Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be ‘prolonged maladaptation’ not only of the athlete, but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirm or refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the aetiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, etc. together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this paper we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meets all criteria to make its use generally accepted. We propose a “check list” that might help the physicians and sport scientists to decide on the diagnosis of OTS and to exclude other possible causes of underperformance.