gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of dementia with neurotransmission modulation (2003)

The prevalence of dementia is growing in developed countries where elderly patients are increasing in numbers. Neurotransmission modulation is one approach to the treatment of dementia. Cholinergic precursors, anticholinesterases, nicotine receptor agonists and muscarinic M(2) receptor antagonists are agents that enhance cholinergic neurotransmission and that depend on having some intact cholinergic innervation to be effective in the treatment of dementia. The cholinergic precursor choline alfoscerate may be emerging as a potential useful drug in the treatment of dementia, with few adverse effects. Of the anticholinesterases, donepezil, in addition to having a similar efficacy to tacrine in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), appears to have major advantages; its use is associated with lower drop-out rates in clinical trials, a lower incidence of cholinergic-like side effects and no liver toxicity. Rivastigmine is efficacious in the treatment in dementia with Lewy bodies, a condition in which the other anticholinesterases have not been tested extensively to date. Galantamine is an anticholinesterase and also acts as an allosteric potentiating modulator at nicotinic receptors to increase the release of acetylcholine. Pooled data from clinical trials of patients with mild-to-moderate AD suggest that the benefits and safety profile of galantamine are similar to those of the anticholinesterases. Selective nicotine receptor agonists are being developed that enhance cognitive performance without influencing autonomic and skeletal muscle function, but these have not yet entered clinical trial for dementia. Unlike the cholinergic enhancers, the M(1) receptor agonists do not depend upon intact cholinergic nerves but on intact M(1) receptors for their action, which are mainly preserved in AD and dementia with Lewy bodies. The M(1) receptor-selective agonists developed to date have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials and have a high incidence of side effects. A major recent advancement in the treatment of dementia is memantine, a non-competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors. Memantine is beneficial in the treatment of severe and moderate-to-severe AD and may also be of some benefit in the treatment of mild-to-moderate vascular dementia. Drugs that modulate 5-HT, somatostatin and noradrenergic neurotransmission are also being considered for the treatment of dementia.
Happy Saint Patrick's Day (1987)

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph.\n"How did I spend Saint Patrick's Day 1983? I bought a car. Fifteen minutes later, I was calling for someone to pick me up. How did it happen? Did I spark your imagination?"
High Performance Pseudocapacitor Based on 2D Layered Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystals (2015)

Single-layer and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides have been extensively studied for their electronic properties, but their energy-storage potential has not been well explored. This paper describes the structural and electrochemical properties of few-layer TiS2 nanocrystals. The two-dimensional morphology leads to very different behavior, compared to corresponding bulk materials. Only small structural changes occur during lithiation/delithiation and charge storage characteristics are consistent with intercalation pseudocapacitance, leading to materials that exhibit both high energy and power density.
The Escherichia coli K-12 ORFeome: a resource for comparative molecular microbiology (2010)

The E. coli ORFeome provides a useful resource for functional genomics and other areas of protein research in a highly flexible format. Our comparison with other ORFeomes makes comparative analyses straighforward and facilitates direct comparisons of many proteins across many genomes.
A Three‐Component Reaction for Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Polysubstituted Piperidines: Solution and Solid‐Phase Optimization of the First Tandem Aza[4 + 2]/Allylboration. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Information conveyed through brain-control: cursor versus robot (2003)

Microwire electrode arrays were implanted in the motor and premotor cortical areas of rhesus macaques. The recorded activity was used to control the three-dimensional movements of a virtual cursor and of a robotic arm in real time. The goal was to move the cursor or robot to one of eight targets. Average information conveyed about the intended target was calculated from the observed trajectories at 30-ms intervals throughout the movements. Most of the information about intended target was conveyed within the first second of the movement. For the brain-controlled cursor, the instantaneous information transmission rate was at its maximum at the beginning of each movement (averaged 4.8 to 5.5 bits/s depending on the calculation method used). However, this instantaneous rate quickly slowed down as the movement progressed and additional information became redundant. Information was conveyed more slowly through the brain-controlled robot due to the dynamics and noise of the robot system. The brain-controlled cursor data was also used to demonstrate a method for optimizing information transmission rate in the case where repeated cursor movements are used to make long strings of sequential choices such as in a typing task.
Femtosecond Electron and Spin Dynamics in Gd(0001) Studied by Time-Resolved Photoemission and Magneto-optics (2005)

Femtosecond electron and spin dynamics of the Gd(0001) surface are investigated by time-resolved photoemission and second harmonic generation. Upon optical excitation the spin polarization of the surface state is reduced by half while its exchange splitting remains nearly unchanged. Electron-magnon interaction is proposed to facilitate electron-spin-flip scattering among spin-mixed surface and bulk states, which provides a mechanism for ultrafast demagnetization.
Substituent Effects on the Fluorescence Properties of <i>ortho</i>‐Carboranes: Unusual Emission Behaviour in <i>C</i>‐(2′‐Pyridyl)‐<i>ortho</i>‐carboranes (2016)

Abstract Seventeen compounds including the parent ortho ‐, meta ‐ and para ‐carboranes and derivatives of ortho ‐carborane were investigated for luminescence in cyclohexane and dichloromethane solutions. Fifteen of these carboranes revealed very weak emissions in the 285–493 nm range. These carboranes may arguably be viewed as non‐emissive in solutions at room temperatures. No emissions could be observed for 1,2‐dimethyl‐ ortho ‐carborane and 2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐ ortho ‐carborane. The carboranes with a 2′‐pyridyl substituent at the cluster carbon atom gave unusual local and charge‐transfer emissions indicating that different excited states are generated on photoexcitation. Of all the carboranes investigated, only 2‐(diphenylphosphino)‐1‐phenyl‐ ortho ‐carborane, 1,2‐diphenyl‐ ortho ‐carborane and 1‐phenyl‐2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐ ortho ‐carborane are luminescent in the solid state with emissions at 476–612 nm and large Stokes shifts of 12000–13600 cm –1 . The solid‐state structures of 1,2‐bis(2′‐pyridyl)‐ and 1‐phenyl‐2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐ ortho ‐carborane were determined by X‐ray crystallography.
Decreased phosphorus metabolite concentrations and alkalosis in chronic cerebral infarction. (1992)

A study was performed to determine quantitatively the alterations in phosphorus metabolite concentrations and pH in regions of the human brain damaged by chronic stroke. Image-guided phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on the brains of eight healthy subjects and six patients with cerebral infarction of more than 3 months duration. Phosphorus metabolite concentrations in infarcted regions were reduced 8%-67%. Significant decreases occurred in phosphomonoester (PME), phosphodiester (PDE), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, while inorganic phosphate (Pi) and phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations showed smaller, nonsignificant decreases. The PCr/ATP ratio was significantly increased, while the ATP/Pi ratio was somewhat lower. The phospholipid ratio PDE/PME was also significantly increased, while the ratios of phospholipid (PME, PDE) to phosphate (PCR, Pi) metabolites were significantly decreased. The pH of the infarcted region indicated significantly more alkalinity than in the normal brain. The results suggest that chronic stroke is associated with significant changes in brain metabolite concentrations and pH that are different from those reported for other brain diseases.
Structural Remodeling of Cocaine: Design and Synthesis of Trisubstituted Cyclopropanes as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (2005)

Blocking transporters: A series of novel cyclopropane analogues 1 structurally related to cocaine were synthesized by using a sulfonium ylide based cyclopropanation reaction of benzylidenemalonate. As selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have proven effective against depression and other neurological disorders, these easily synthesized ligands are of potential therapeutic interest.
Above, Within or Ahead Of? Pannenberg's Eschatologicalism as a Replacement for Supernaturalism (1991)

Supernaturalism became the philosophical assumption of Christian theology during the thirteenth century A.O.The term supernatural was specifically developed and widely used by Thomas Aquinas and the Scholastics as a technical term to describe God as eternally, self-subsistent and hence different in essence from the created, natural order.The term lost its technical meaning as it was more generally used outside the classroom and it eventually became more popularly understood to designate something as beyond the normal. 1 Because of this secondary meaning, some prefer to use the term supra-natural instead of super-natural since supra more precisely conveys the original, technical meaning of "above." 2The Latin term supernaturalis first appeared in the ninth century.John Scotus Erigena used it in his translation of the works of pseudo-Dionysius from Greek into Latin.He coined this Latin term as a translation for the Greek adjective huperphues.The prefix huper (beyond) was used in inference to phusis (the nature or essence of reality) to denote something as transcending the ordinary, visible world. 3 Thomas Aquinas featured this term prominently and is largely responsible for its widespread technical use in Christian theology. 4f Augustine is credited with providing the standardization of the various Christian doctrines for Western Christianity in the fourth century A.o.,
The Biosynthesis of β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A in Yeast (1966)

Abstract Attempts to separate β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaric acid coenzyme A-condensing enzyme and thiolase from yeast preparations by density gradient centrifugation, chromatography, and electrophoresis are described. In each case, it was not possible to prepare by these methods condensing enzyme free of thiolase activity. The results suggest that both proteins have closely similar physical properties. Each enzyme can be inactivated independently of the other by treatment with various reagents. Trypsin and chymotrypsin partially inactivate condensing enzyme. Papain, on the other hand, had no effect. The prior presence of acetoacetyl coenzyme A protects the condensing enzyme from inactivation by trypsin and chymotrypsin. Thiolase is completely inactivated by trypsin and chymotrypsin. The presence of CoA prior to treatment with trypsin partially protects thiolase from inactivation. Papain inactivates thiolase about 50% in the absence of substrates, but in the presence of acetoacetyl-CoA the inactivation goes rapidly to completion. Heat treatment inhibits condensing enzyme but not thiolase. The presence of acetyl-CoA protects condensing enzyme from heat inactivation and at the same time makes thiolase somewhat sensitive to heat. In agreement with previous results, iodoacetamide completely inhibits thiolase and only partially affects condensing enzyme. The presence of acetoacetyl-CoA or acetyl-CoA prior to the addition of iodoacetamide gives almost complete protection to condensing enzyme and partial protection to thiolase. CoA did not protect thiolase from inhibition. These results concerning the effect of substrates suggest that conformational changes in both condensing enzyme and thiolase are induced by the substrates, acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, and CoA. Kinetic measurements on condensing enzyme show that acetoacetyl-CoA exerts a large inhibitory effect. At low concentrations of acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA appears to act as a competitive inhibitor. In the case of thiolase both acetoacetyl-CoA and CoA show potent substrate inhibition. Specificity studies with various acyl thioesters indicate that the thiolase activity studied differs from the β-ketothiolase and mixed thiolase studied by Stern and Drummond (4, 18).
Detection of tunnels in low loss media illuminated by a transient pulse (1993)

The field scattered from a subsurface object illuminated by a transient pulse is determined using the T-matrix method. Although the method itself is a resonance-region, frequency-domain technique, it is shown that it can be applied to problems in which the pulse has energy that spans several decades in the frequency domain. The illuminating pulse simulates one used in an actual VHF subsurface radar exploration device. The pulse is radiated from an electric dipole in a vertical borehole. The scattered pulse is obtained by first calculating the components in the spectral description of the transmitting antenna current. The T-matrix method is then used to determine the system transfer function, which, in turn, gives the scattered energy in terms of the antenna current. An inverse Fourier transform yields the temporal scattered field. The scatterer is modeled as a dielectric ellipsoid, which is presented as an approximation to a cylindrical tunnel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Packet classification using adaptive rules cutting (ARC) (2005)

This paper introduces an advanced packet classification algorithm called adaptive rules cutting (ARC). In the same way as the HiCuts and HyperCuts Algorithm, ARC is based on cutting the multi-dimensional space into smaller segments for rule reduction. Unlike HiCuts where dividing the region takes more than 1 level, and unlike HyperCuts in which each node represents a k-dimensional hypercube, ARC allows the flexibility of considering all dimensions. This extra degree of freedom and a new set of heuristics allow adaptation for optimum rule cutting for a given amount of storage. Rule cutting simulations and performance studies show that ARC can provide a reduction of up to 98% of the given rules in the first instance.
Reducing the effect of parasitic capacitance on implantable passive resonant sensors (2016)

Passive, LC resonators have the potential to serve as small, robust, low cost, implantable sensors to wirelessly monitor implants following orthopedic surgery. One significant barrier to using LC sensors is the influence on the sensor's resonance of the surrounding conductive high permittivity media in vivo. The surrounding media can detune the resonant frequency of the LC sensor resulting in a bias. To mitigate the effects of the surrounding media, we added a "capping layer" to LC sensors to isolate them from the surrounding media. Several capping materials and thicknesses were tested to determine effectiveness at reducing the sensor's interaction with the surrounding media. Results show that a 1 mm glass capping layer on the outer surfaces of the sensor was sufficient to reduce the effects of the media on sensor signal to less than 1%.
Genetic analysis of KRAS mutation status in metastatic colorectal cancer patients (2009)

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents a serious problem worldwide: in the Slovak republic are diagnosed about 2600 new CRC cases annually and its incidence is increasing. Colorectal cancer patients may succumb to the disease because of local recurrence or local formation of metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to modulate therapeutic algorithm with new methods, leading to early diagnostic of CRC or changing the existing therapeutic procedures. Recent progresses have been made in understanding of EGFR pathway involved in CRC carcinogenesis, especially the role of Ras protein. Mutations in KRAS oncogene are frequently found in human cancers, particularly colorectal, pancreatic, billiary tract and lung tumors. The presence of the KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer patients correlates with lack of response to the certain epidemal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapies, such as Panitumumab and Cetuximab. Consequently, screening for KRAS mutations status may be used as a prognostic marker, because the CRC patients with KRAS positive tumors have a worse prognosis. The aim of our study was to establish the methods for rapid and sensitive detection of KRAS mutation status in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues DNA. We applied Real Time PCR analysis (TheraScreen KRAS Mutation Test Kit) and sequencing analysis (optimised for the analysis of FFPE tissues) to detect somatic mutations in codon 12 and 13 of KRAS gene. Both methods were used concurrently in the panel of DNA isolated from 25 colorectal FFPE tissues tumor. The positive or negative results from all 25 samples were identified by both methods independently. The KRAS mutations were presented in 8 of 25 patients (32%). Our results demonstrate that the Real Time PCR analysis can be used for detection of somatic KRAS mutations in FFPE clinical samples. However, we also recognize that the sequencing analysis of approximately 200bp amplicons may be used for mutations status screening, but with care of method sensitivity.
Novel Mammalian Cyclins (CYL Genes) Expressed during G1 (1991)

Polypeptide growth factors generally exert their proliferative effects on mammalian cells throughout the first gap phase (G1) of the cell cycle, during which they regulate the evolution of a genetic program that ultimately commits the cell to DNA synthesis (S phase) (Pardee 1989). The sequential steps that occur during the G1 interval are presumed to lead to the accumulation of labile regulatory proteins that irreversibly trigger S-phase entry. Once cells enter S phase, however, cell cycle control becomes relatively refractory to extracellular signals, and the processes governing DNA replication, preparation for cell division during a second gap phase (G2), and mitosis itself (M phase) rely more critically on intrinsic controls.
Antibodies to CD40 induce a lethal cytokine cascade after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (2001)

CD40 stimulation, by either antibody or ligand, has been shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of neoplastic cells, both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we assessed the effects of CD40 stimulation using a murine agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (FGK115) or a soluble recombinant murine CD40 ligand (srmCD40L) in both lethally irradiated and nonirradiated BALB/c mice. Toxicity after CD40 stimulation was not observed in nonirradiated animals receiving up to 100 microg of the agonist anti-CD40 MoAb. However, as little as 10 microg of the agonistic anti-CD40 MoAb induced acute toxicity resulting in 100% morbidity of lethally irradiated animals by 4 days after irradiation. Histological evaluation of animals receiving anti-CD40 MoAb revealed severe intestinal lesions with disruption of the villi, goblet cell depletion, and crypt hyperplasia of the small intestine, colon, and cecum. Delaying the administration of anti-CD40 MoAb or reducing the amount of irradiation given resulted in increased survival and less severe lesions. Analysis of serum cytokine levels in lethally irradiated mice receiving agonistic anti-CD40 showed a marked increase of interferon (IFN)-gamma. Lethally irradiated IFN-gamma knockout mice given the agonistic anti-CD40 MoAb demonstrated significant increases in survival and minimal gut lesions compared with wild-type mice receiving the same regimen, suggesting that IFN-gamma plays a major role in this toxic reaction. These results indicate that CD40 stimulation using agonistic antibodies following lethal irradiation leads to a fatal, cytokine-induced disease affecting the intestine.
Acid phosphatase activity in phosphorus‐deficient white lupin roots (1999)

White lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) develops proteoid roots when grown in phosphorus (P)‐deficient conditions. These short, lateral, densely clustered roots are adapted to increase P availability. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown proteoid roots have higher rates of non‐photosynthetic carbon fixation than normal roots and altered metabolism to support organic acid exudation, which serves to solubilize P in the rhizosphere. The present work indicates that proteoid roots possess additional adaptations for increasing P availability and possibly for conserving P in the plant. Roots from P‐deficient (–P) plants had significantly greater acid phosphatase activity in both root extracts and root exudates than comparable samples from P‐sufficient (+P) plants beginning 10 d after emergence. The increase in activity in –P plants was most pronounced in the proteoid regions. In contrast, no induction of phytase activity was found in –P plants compared to +P plants. The number of proteoid roots present was not affected by the source of phosphorus supplied, whether organic or inorganic forms. Adding molybdate to the roots increased the number of proteoid roots in plants supplied with organic P, but not inorganic P. Increased acid phosphatase activity was detected in root exudates in the presence of organic P sources. Native‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that under P‐deficient conditions, a unique isoform of acid phosphatase was induced between 10 and 12 d after emergence. This isoform was found not only within the root, but it comprised the major form exuded from proteoid roots of –P plants. The fact that exudation of proteoid‐root‐specific acid phosphatase coincides with proteoid root development and increased exudation of organic acids indicates that white lupin has several coordinated adaptive strategies to P‐deficient conditions.
Prevention of postsurgical adhesions using an ultrapure alginate-based gel (2013)

Ultrapure alginate gel decreased the incidence of postoperative adhesion formation in this rat model.
MEASUREMENT OF THE RATE OF UPTAKE AND SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF PORPHYRINS IN CELLS USING FLUORESCENCE DIGITAL IMAGING MICROSCOPY (1994)

A fluorescence imaging system incorporating a cooled slow-scan charge-coupled device camera was used to study the rate of uptake and subcellular localization of prophyrins in living cells. Measurements were carried out on human dermal fibroblasts (D532) using two different prophyrins meso-tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPP) and meso-tetra(4-N-hexylpyridyl)porphine (THPP). It was observed that TMPP was rapidly taken up by cells and principally located in the nucleus. The THPP, on the other hand, internalized more slowly and exhibited a particulate distribution in the cytoplasm.
Temperature dependence of the properties of DBR mirrors used in surface normal optoelectronic devices (1992)

The variation in the center wavelength of distributed Bragg reflectors used in optoelectronic devices, such as surface emitting lasers and Fabry-Perot modulators, is measured as the temperature of the mirrors changes over the range 25 degrees C to 105 degrees C. An analytic expression for the shift in center wavelength with temperature is presented. The mirrors measured are made of InP/InGaAsP ( lambda /sub gap/=1.15 mu m), GaAs/AlAs, and Si/SiN/sub x/. The linear shifts in center wavelength are 0.110+or-0.003 nm/ degrees C, 0.087+or-0.003 nm/ degrees C, and 0.067+or-0.007 nm/ degrees C for the InP/InGaAsP, GaAs/AlAs, and Si/SiN mirrors, respectively. Based on these data, the change in penetration depth with temperature is calculated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>