gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constraints on collective density variables: One dimension (1991)

Collective density variables \ensuremath{\rho}(k) are frequently employed in many-body physics to describe a wide variety of static and dynamic phenomena. These variables are nonlinear functions of particle positions, and consequently exhibit subtle couplings and kinematic constraints. We examine some of these features for one-dimensional systems, using both numerical exploration and analytical techniques. In particular we have considered the consequences of quenching density fluctuations [minimizing the \ensuremath{\rho}(k)'s] for sets of wave vectors surrounding the origin. This is shown, under proper circumstances, to force other sets of \ensuremath{\rho}(k)'s automatically to their minima, and even to induce perfect crystallization of the many-particle system.
Short-lived positron emitters in beam-on PET imaging during proton therapy (2015)

The only method for in vivo dose delivery verification in proton beam radiotherapy in clinical use today is positron emission tomography (PET) of the positron emitters produced in the patient during irradiation. PET imaging while the beam is on (so called beam-on PET) is an attractive option, providing the largest number of counts, the least biological washout and the fastest feedback. In this implementation, all nuclides, independent of their half-life, will contribute. As a first step towards assessing the relevance of short-lived nuclides (half-life shorter than that of (10)C, T1/2 = 19 s) for in vivo dose delivery verification using beam-on PET, we measured their production in the stopping of 55 MeV protons in water, carbon, phosphorus and calcium The most copiously produced short-lived nuclides and their production rates relative to the relevant long-lived nuclides are: (12)N (T1/2 = 11 ms) on carbon (9% of (11)C), (29)P (T1/2 = 4.1 s) on phosphorus (20% of (30)P) and (38m)K (T1/2 = 0.92 s) on calcium (113% of (38g)K). No short-lived nuclides are produced on oxygen. The number of decays integrated from the start of an irradiation as a function of time during the irradiation of PMMA and 4 tissue materials has been determined. For (carbon-rich) adipose tissue, (12)N dominates up to 70 s. On bone tissue, (12)N dominates over (15)O during the first 8-15 s (depending on carbon-to-oxygen ratio). The short-lived nuclides created on phosphorus and calcium provide 2.5 times more beam-on PET counts than the long-lived ones produced on these elements during a 70 s irradiation. From the estimated number of (12)N PET counts, we conclude that, for any tissue, (12)N PET imaging potentially provides equal to superior proton range information compared to prompt gamma imaging with an optimized knife-edge slit camera. The practical implementation of (12)N PET imaging is discussed.
Limitations of Peptide Retro-inverso Isomerization in Molecular Mimicry (2010)

A retro-inverso peptide is made up of d-amino acids in a reversed sequence and, when extended, assumes a side chain topology similar to that of its parent molecule but with inverted amide peptide bonds. Despite their limited success as antigenic mimicry, retro-inverso isomers generally fail to emulate the protein-binding activities of their parent peptides of an alpha-helical nature. In studying the interaction between the tumor suppressor protein p53 and its negative regulator MDM2, Sakurai et al. (Sakurai, K., Chung, H. S., and Kahne, D. (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 16288-16289) made a surprising finding that the retro-inverso isomer of p53(15-29) retained the same binding activity as the wild type peptide as determined by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The authors attributed the unusual outcome to the ability of the D-peptide to adopt a right-handed helical conformation upon MDM2 binding. Using a battery of biochemical and biophysical tools, we found that retro-inverso isomerization diminished p53 (15-29) binding to MDM2 or MDMX by 3.2-3.3 kcal/mol. Similar results were replicated with the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 capsid protein (3.0 kcal/mol) and the Src homology 3 domain of Abl tyrosine kinase (3.4 kcal/mol). CD and NMR spectroscopic as well as x-ray crystallographic studies showed that D-peptide ligands of MDM2 invariably adopted left-handed helical conformations in both free and bound states. Our findings reinforce that the retro-inverso strategy works poorly in molecular mimicry of biologically active helical peptides, due to inherent differences at the secondary and tertiary structure levels between an l-peptide and its retro-inverso isomer despite their similar side chain topologies at the primary structure level.
Thermal degradation mechanisms of polyetherimide investigated by direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry (1999)

The thermal degradation mechanisms of poly[2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenylpropane-2-phenylenediimide] (PEI) have been investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and by direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry (DPMS). TG data show that PEI has a main decomposition step centred at about 510°C followed by a less marked step in the 600–650°C temperature range and leaving about 60% of charred residue at 800°C. The total ion curve (TIC) of a purified PEI sample, obtained by DPMS, closely reproduces the two maxima appearing in the derivative TG (DTG) curve, whereas the TIC curve of a crude PEI sample shows two less pronounced maxima in the temperature range of 250–450°C due to low molar mass compounds, which volatilize undecomposed in the high vacuum of the MS. The structure of the pyrolysis compounds obtained in the first thermal degradation step of a purified PEI sample suggest that they are mainly formed by the scission of: i) the isopropylidene bridge of bisphenol A; ii) the oxygen-phthalimide bond; iii) the phenyl-phthalimide bond, which are apparently the weakest bonds of PEI. Extensive hydrogen transfer reactions and subsequent condensation reactions may account for the high amount of char residue. The pyrolysis compounds obtained in the second degradation step (620°C) are mainly constituted of CO2, benzene, aniline, benzonintrile, phenylenediamine, and dibenzonitrile, which may be generated by further thermal degradation reactions of pyrolysis compounds containing N—H phthalimide as end groups. Another degradation processes which may account for CO2 formation is the hydrolysis of the imide moiety to form poly(amic acid) units which produce an aromatic amide structure by decarboxylation. The pyrolysis of an aromatic polyamide (NOMEX) was then studied for comparison. The structure of the pyrolysis products detected by the DPMS analysis of both polymers allowed a detailed schematization of the thermal degradation pathways involved in the degradation of PEI and on the reactions leading to the formation of the charred residue.
X-ray diffraction analysis of molten NaCl near its melting point (1981)

The first peak position in the radial distribution curve g(r) of molten NaCl was obtained as 2.73 Å by an X-ray diffraction analysis, which was consistent with that of Zarzycki. Therefore, the first peak position in g(r), 2.6 Å, obtained by neutron diffraction has too low a value and cannot be used as evidence of coincidence with the computer-simulation calculations.
Inflammatory Responses in a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Line (BPH-1) Infected with <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> (2016)

Trichomonas vaginalis causes the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Trichomonads have been detected in prostatic tissues from prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. Chronic prostatic inflammation is known as a risk factor for prostate enlargement, benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, and acute urinary retention. Our aim was to investigate whether T. vaginalis could induce inflammatory responses in cells of a benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cell line (BPH-1). When BPH-1 cells were infected with T. vaginalis, the protein and mRNA of inflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL8, CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6, were increased. The activities of TLR4, ROS, MAPK, JAK2/STAT3, and NF-κB were also increased, whereas inhibitors of ROS, MAPK, PI3K, NF-κB, and anti-TLR4 antibody decreased the production of the 4 cytokines although the extent of inhibition differed. However, a JAK2 inhibitor inhibited only IL-6 production. Culture supernatants of the BPH-1 cells that had been incubated with live T. vaginalis (trichomonad-conditioned medium, TCM) contained the 4 cytokines and induced the migration of human monocytes (THP-1 cells) and mast cells (HMC-1 cells). TCM conditioned by BPH-1 cells pretreated with NF-κB inhibitor showed decreased levels of cytokines and induced less migration. Therefore, it is suggested that these cytokines are involved in migration of inflammatory cells. These results suggest that T. vaginalis infection of BPH patients may cause inflammation, which may induce lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
Open wedge high tibial osteotomy using fractioned drill osteotomy: a surgical modification that lowers the complication rate (1996)

We investigated retrospectively 132 cases of open wedge high tibial osteotomy using an external fixation device, concentrating on the rate of neurological complications. One group of patients underwent surgery according to the conventional technique (n = 89). The rate of transient neurological complications was 15.7%; 7 months after surgery the rate of persistent deficits was 12.4%. For the second group (n = 43) a modified surgical technique was used that lowered the complication rate significantly (transient deficits 14%, persistent deficits 4.7%). In the modified technique the osteotomy is not performed in the conventional way using an oscillating saw but through consecutive drill holes of increasing diameter followed by osteoclasis. The lower complication rate in the second group is mainly due to the less extensive approach that leads to a smaller number of postoperative tibialis anterior syndromes (type B lesion). No differences were found with type C lesions (extension deficit of D1). No complete peroneal nerve palsy (type A) occurred in either group. We conclude that the reduction of neurological complications in group 2 is related to the less extensive approach of the proposed technique.
ISSP 2004 Germany, Citizenship I : ZUMA report on the German study (2005)

Das International Social Science Programme (ISSP) ist ein weltweiter Forschungsverbund von mittlerweile 38 Mitgliedsländern, der seit 1996 regelmäßig sozialwissenschaftliche Umfragen mit wechselnden Themenschwerpunkten durchführt. Für 2004 wird das ISSP-Modul zum Untersuchungsgegenstand 'Bürger und Staat I' entwickelt, das mitsamt eines Fragebogens an die 38 teilnehmenden Länder der Studie versendet wird. Der ZUMA-(Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen )Methodenbericht informiert nun zunächst über die Archivierung der erhobenen Datensets (Stand Dezember 2005) zum Forschungsgegenstand in den einzelnen Ländern. Ferner werden die seit 1985 entwickelten ISSP-Module sowie die bis 2008 geplanten ISSP-Module genannt. Im Anschluss wird der Inhalt des ISSP-Moduls 'Bürger und Staat I' 2004 dargelegt. Vor diesem Hintergrund folgt schließlich die Beschreibung der ISSP-Studie für Deutschland. So liefert der Report Informationen über die Aspekte Befragung, Übersetzung des Fragenkatalogs zum Untersuchungsgegenstand, Datensample, Datengewinnung, Informationen zu den gewonnenen Antworten und Erkenntnissen sowie zur Dokumentation und Verfügbarkeit der Resultate. Im Anhang findet sich ferner der eingesetzte Fragebogen in englischer und deutscher Ausführung. (ICG)
Synthesis and evaluation of [<sup>123</sup>I]‐indomethacin derivatives as COX‐2 targeted imaging agents (2009)

Abstract A novel series of iodinated indomethacin derivatives was synthesized, and evaluated as selective inhibitors of COX‐2. Two candidate compounds N ‐( p ‐iodobenzyl)‐2‐(1‐( p ‐chlorobenzoyl)‐5‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐1 H ‐indol‐3‐yl)acetamide (3) and 1‐( p ‐iodobenzyl)‐5‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐3‐indoleacetic acid (9) possessed optimum properties suitable for potential in vivo imaging. Arylstannane precursors for radioiododestannylation were synthesized in 70–85% yield from the iodo compounds by reaction with hexabutylditin and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) in refluxing dioxane. Radioiododestannylation was conducted by reaction with carrier‐added Na[ 123 I] in the presence of Chloramine‐T in an EtOAc/H 2 O binary system under acidic conditions (pH 3.5), allowing direct isolation of the labeled products by separation of the organic phase. Radioiodinated products [ 123 I]3 and [ 123 I]9 were recovered in a decay‐corrected radiochemical yield of 86–87% and radiochemical purity of 98–99%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane reactors in chemical production processes and the application to the pervaporation‐assisted esterification (1996)

Abstract When appropriate membrane was used for the assistance of chemical and biochemical equilibrium reactions, it is possible to enhance the yield and the purity of the reaction product by selectively adding educts or selectively removing products and to a lower the energy input and the reaction time compared to conventional process. In this paper a review on membrane reactors with special emphasis on membrane‐assistance of esterification reactions and a continuous tube membrane reactor for the pervaporation‐assistance of the esterification are presented. The heterogeneously catalyzed esterification of ethanol and acetic acid to ethyl acetate and water was investigated as a typical chemical equilibrium reaction. The selective and simultaneous water separation from the reaction mixture of the esterification with polyvinyl alcohol pervaporation membranes is considered to be an interesting process alternative to the conventional distillation process. Compared to the distillation process, for the pervaporation‐assisted process a decrease of the energy input of over 75% and of the investment and operating coasts of over 50% each was calculated.
Using smart clients to build scalable services (1997)

Individual machines are no longer sufficient to handle offered load to many Internet sites. To use multiple machines for scalable performance, issues involving load balancing, fault tolerance, and backward compatibility with URL naming must be addressed . A number of server-side approaches have been developed to provide this level of transparent access to Internet services, including HTTP redirect, DNS aliasing, Magic Routers, and Active Networks. In this paper, we will argue that in many instances, a client-side approach to providing transparent access to Internet services provides increased flexibility and performance. We describe the design and implementation of Smart Clients and show how our system can be used to provide a transparently scalable and highly available interface to three network services: telnet, ftp, and an Internet chat application. 1 Introduction The explosive growth of the World Wide Web is straining the architecture of many Internet sites. Slow response times, ...
Conversion of Biovolume Measurements of Soil Organisms, Grown Under Various Moisture Tensions, to Biomass and Their Nutrient Content (1979)

Direct microscopic measurements of biomass in soil require conversion factors for calculation of the mass of microorganisms from the measured volumes. These factors were determined for two bacteria, five fungi, and a yeast isolated from soil. Moisture stress conditions occurring in nature were simulated by growth in two media using shake cultures, on agar plates, and on membranes held at 34, 330, and 1,390 kPa of suction. The observed conversion factors, i.e., the ratio between dry weight and wet volume, generally increased with increasing moisture stress. The ratios for fungi ranged from 0.11 to 0.41 g/cm with an average of 0.33 g/cm. Correction of earlier data assuming 80% water and a wet-weight specific gravity of 1.1 would require a conversion factor of 1.44. The dry-weight specific gravity of bacteria and yeasts ranged from 0.38 to 1.4 g/cm with an average of 0.8 g/cm. These high values can only occur at 10% ash if no more than 50% of the cell is water, and a specific conversion factor to correct past data for bacterial biomass has not yet been suggested. The high conversion factors for bacteria and yeast could not be explained by shrinkage of cells due to heat fixing, but shrinkage during preparation could not be completely discounted. Moisture stress affected the C, N, and P content of the various organisms, with the ash contents increasing with increasing moisture stress. Although further work is necessary to obtain accurate conversion factors between biovolume and biomass, especially for bacteria, this study clearly indicates that existing data on the specific gravity and the water and nutrient content of microorganisms grown in shake cultures cannot be applied when quantifying the soil microbial biomass.
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase and other cell cycle-dependent genes during senescence of IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts. (1988)

Aging of IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts in vitro is accompanied by significant changes of polyamine metabolism, most notably, a 5-fold decrease of serum-induced activity of ornithine decarboxylase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines (Chen, K. Y., Chang, Z. F., and Liu, A. Y.-C. (1986) J. Cell. Physiol. 129, 142-146). In this paper, we employed Northern blot hybridization and affinity radiolabeling techniques to investigate the molecular basis of this age-associated change of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Since the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by serum is a mid-G1 event, we also examined expressions of other cell cycle-dependent genes that are induced before and after the mid-G1 phase to determine if their expressions may also be age-dependent. Our results demonstrated a 3-fold decrease of the amount of active ornithine decarboxylase molecules that can be labeled by alpha-difluoromethyl[3H]ornithine in senescent IMR-90 cells (population doubling level (PDL) = 52) as compared to young cells (PDL = 22). However, the levels and kinetics of induction of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in both young and senescent IMR-90 cells were found to be identical throughout a 24-h time period after serum stimulation. The time course and the magnitude of the expression of c-myc, an early G1 gene, were quite similar in young and senescent IMR-90 cells and appeared to be PDL-independent. In contrast, the expression of thymidine kinase, a late G1/S gene, was significantly reduced in senescent IMR-90 cells. Levels of thymidine kinase mRNA and thymidine kinase activity in senescent IMR-90 cells were 6- and 8-fold less than those in young cells, respectively. Based on these data, we proposed that impairment of cell cycling in senescent IMR-90 cells may occur at the late G1/S phase and that decreases of ornithine decarboxylase activity and putrescine accumulation during cell senescence may contribute to this impairment.
NEMO tunable VCSEL using ultra compact high contrast grating for high speed tuning (2008)

We report a nano-electromechanical optoelectronic (NEMO) tunable VCSEL with a record compact (140 nm ×3 μm ×3 μm) TE-polarized high contrast grating (HCG). A record high tuning speed of ∼60 ns is experimentally demonstrated with single mode operation (SMSR ∼ 40 dB).
Introduction: 6 February 1934 (2007)

Coincidence is one of the materials of modern journalism. It has a number of different forms, which may be exploited to different ends. For example, the coincidence on the page of different narratives may be used to figure a cultural trend by making it specific, punctual. Consider in this light the following scene, from an article written sometime in the middle of February 1934; the author is Carlo Rim, a journalist, caricaturist and sometime scriptwriter, thus amongst other things a professional of coincidence.
Penning Ionization Electron Spectroscopy in Glow Discharge:  Another Dimension for Gas Chromatography Detectors (2002)

Admixtures to helium of 100 and 5 ppm of nitrogen, and 100 and 10 ppm of carbon monoxide were identified and measured in the helium discharge afterglow using an electrical probe placed into the plasma. For nitrogen and carbon monoxide gases, the measured electron energy spectra display distinct characteristic peaks (fingerprints). Location of the peaks on the energy scale is determined by the ionization energies of the analyte molecules. Nitrogen and carbon monoxide fingerprints were also observed in a binary mixture of these gases in helium, and the relative concentration of analytes has been predicted. The technically simple and durable method is considered a good candidate for a number of analytical applications, and in particular, in GC and for analytical flight instrumentation.
Well size related limitations on maximum electroabsorption in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures (1989)

Experimentally determined maximum electroabsorption in GaAs/Al0.33Ga0.67As multiple quantum wells over the quantum well width range of 17–260 Å is related to the confinement of the electronic wave functions in the quantum well, increasing with enhanced confinement. However, for very narrow wells, this increase in maximum electroabsorption is diminished by strong broadening of the excitonic resonances due to phonon scattering, eventually leading to a peak value of 22 200 cm−1 at a 35 Å well width.
The impact of the English language on cross‐cultural consumer research in Asia and Latin America (2004)

This article reports a study using respondents from three different cultures – traditional Americans, Hispanics, and Taiwanese – to assess the reliabilities of measures assessing 29 consumer constructs used in various studies reported in major marketing journals. In general, these measures were designed for use with a traditional American sample and are not reported to have been used with other cultural samples. Results indicate that for respondents who demonstrate a certain level of English language fluency, regardless of where they are from, these measures perform reliably across cultures. Thus, under certain circumstances, the fears that researchers have about instrument reliability across cultures may be largely ungrounded.
Enhancement of rat urinary bladder tumorigenesis by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. (1993)

Chronic inflammation of the urinary tract is a significant risk factor for the development of urinary bladder cancer in humans. We previously demonstrated that weekly treatment with killed Escherichia coli enhanced rat urinary bladder tumorigenesis initiated by the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. We conducted the present study to determine whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell wall component of E. coli, had a tumor-enhancing effect. LPS was instilled twice a week at three doses (100, 1.0, and 0.01 microgram/ml) into heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladders which were treated with a single low dose (0.25 mg) of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or vehicle. Rats treated with 100 micrograms/ml of LPS showed a significant increase in the incidence and number of tumors in the bladders pretreated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Treatment with LPS alone did not induce tumors. The enhancing effects were associated with a marked increase in the numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and an increase in the H2O2 concentration in the bladder lumen. Oxidative stress by reactive oxygen intermediates and a proliferative response of the carcinogen-exposed urothelium to the inflammatory stimulation appeared to play a significant role in tumor enhancement by LPS.