gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Activity Iron Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Hindered, Unfunctionalized Alkenes (2012)

The activity of aryl-substituted bis(imino)pyridine and bis(arylimidazol-2-ylidene)pyridine iron dinitrogen complexes has been evaluated in a series of catalytic olefin hydrogenation reactions. In general, more electron donating chelates with smaller 2,6-aryl substituents produce more active iron hydrogenation catalysts. Establishment of this structure-activity relationship has produced base metal catalysts that exhibit high turnover frequencies for the hydrogenation of unfunctionalized, tri- and tetrasubstituted alkenes, one of the most challenging substrate classes for homogenous hydrogenation catalysts.
Characterization of Mitophagy in the 6-Hydoxydopamine Parkinson’s Disease Model (2012)

In the present study, the activation of autophagy and its interaction with the mitochondrial fission machinery was investigated in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. The addition of 50µM 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to the dopaminergic cell line SH-SY5Y profoundly stimulated formation of autophagosomes within 12h. Under these conditions, mitochondrial fission was also activated in a sustained manner, but this occurred at earlier time points (after 3h). Upon 6-OHDA treatment, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) transiently translocated to mitochondria, with increased levels of mitochondrial Drp1 being observed after 3 and 9h. Pharmacological inhibition of Drp1, through treatment with the mitochondrial-division inhibitor-1 (mdivi-1), resulted in the abrogation of mitochondrial fission and in a decrease of the number of autophagic cells. In addition, 6-OHDA failed to induce the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax in total cellular extracts although it did induce its migration to mitochondria. In our model, Bax migrated later than Drp1. However, Drp1 inhibition did not block Bax migration. These results show that reactive oxygen species but not quinone derivates act as mediators of autophagy at an early stage of the process. 6-OHDA induces hydrogen peroxide production, which was placed upstream of mitochondrial fission, given that mdivi-1 did not abrogate this increase. Furthermore, the 6-OHDA-induced activation of autophagy was also suppressed by addition of the free radical scavengers TEMPOL and MnTBAP. This effect could be reproduced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide, but not with aged 6-OHDA. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study highlighting the various mediators that are implicated in mitochondrial alterations and autophagy of cells in response to 6-OHDA.
On a Real-Time Scheduling Problem (1978)

We study the problem of scheduling periodic-time-critical tasks on multiprocessor computing systems. A periodic-time-critical task consists of an infinite number of requests, each of which has a prescribed deadline. The scheduling problem is to specify an order in which the requests of a set of tasks are to be executed and the processor to be used, with the goal of meeting all the deadlines with a minimum number of processors. Since the problem of determining the minimum number of processors is difficult, we consider two heuristic algorithms. These are easy to implement and yield a number of processors that is reasonably close to the minimum number. We also analyze the worst-case behavior of these heuristics.
Enantioselective disposition of hydroxychloroquine after a single oral dose of the racemate to healthy subjects [see comments] (1995)

1. Stereoselectivity in the disposition of hydroxychloroquine was investigated in 23 healthy males following a single oral dose of 200 mg racemic HCQ (rac-HCQ) sulphate. Total concentrations (R+S) and R/S ratios of HCQ and its metabolites were measured by stereoselective h.p.l.c. 2. HCQ was detected in whole blood and urine, up to 91 and 85 days after dosing, respectively. Metabolites could not be detected in whole blood while in urine detectable concentrations were still present after 85 days. The blood concentrations of HCQ enantiomers were measurable until 168 h post-dose. 3. R(-)-HCQ accounted for 62 +/- 3% (mean +/- s.d.) of the AUC of rac-HCQ AUC. The elimination half-life of S(+)-HCQ (457 +/- 122 h) was significantly shorter than that of R(-)-HCQ (526 +/- 140 h), partly due to its faster urinary excretion and hepatic metabolism. Its renal clearance was twice that of R(-)-HCQ (4.61 +/- 4.01 vs 1.79 +/- 1.30 1 h-1), and metabolites derived from the S-isomer represented 80-90% of the urinary recovery of the dose. 4. Over 85 days, 4.4 +/- 2.9 and 3.3 +/- 1.8% of the dose was recovered in urine as unchanged S(+)-HCQ and R(-)-HCQ, respectively. For the first 2 weeks, S(+)-HCQ excretion rate clearly surpassed that of R(-)-HCQ whereas afterwards the inverse was observed. However, since the first 2 weeks account for 95% of rac-HCQ renal excretion, the total urinary excretion of S(+)-HCQ clearly surpassed that of R(-)-HCQ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Radar contrast polarization dependence on subsurface sensing (1998)

Planar homogeneous layers with rough boundaries often are used as a model of sea ice, glaciers, the upper soil, and other natural layered structures for interpreting the results of remote sensing using very high frequency (VHF) radio waves. In the framework of small perturbation theory (sloping surface roughness with low heights compared with radio wavelength), the surface backscattering (radar) specific cross section (SCS) from a layered media with a rough upper boundary has been calculated. The radar contrast (RC) was introduced as the ratio of the SCS of a layered medium to the SCS of a homogeneous medium. It was shown that the RC of buried interfaces between the two media is an oscillating function of the probing signal frequency, the angle of incidence, and the layer thickness. The RC does not depend on surface roughness and, after averaging these oscillations, it increases with increasing radio wavelength and the dielectric permeability of a layer substance, and decreases with increasing layer thickness (or the depth of object burying) and soil conductivity. The RC for horizontal polarization always exceeds the RC for a vertically polarized probing signal and increases with increasing angle of incidence. For the Brewster angle of incidence, the RC for a vertically polarized probing signal has a minimal value and becomes equal to zero for unabsorbed media, although in this case all energy of the incident wave penetrates into the layer and does not reflect at all into the upper half-space for zero approximation (for a smooth upper boundary). For both polarizations, the RC was investigated numerically for two different media, dry sand and humid clay, as a function of frequency and layer thickness, and it was shown that the RC can have a value of several decibels even for objects buried in dry sand at a depth of several tens of meters.
Separation of Viable <i>Rickettsia typhi</i> from Yolk Sac and L Cell Host Components by Renografin Density Gradient Centrifugation (1975)

Rickettsia typhi cultivated in the yolk sac of chicken embryos or in L cells irradiated 7 days previously was separated from host cell components by two cycles of Renografin density gradient centrifugation. Preliminary steps involved differential centrifugation and centrifugation over a layer of 10% bovine plasma albumin of infected yolk sac suspensions, or trypsinization and passage through filters of wide porosity of infected L cell suspensions. Rickettsial preparations obtained by these methods appeared to be free from host cell components while retaining high levels of hemolytic activity, egg infectivity, and capacity to catabolize glutamate. Average yields were 3.3 mg of rickettsial protein per yolk sac or 0.44 mg per 16-oz (ca. 475-ml) L cell culture. Extracts from these two preparations displayed malate dehydrogenase activity of electrophoretic mobility identical to each other but quite different in migration patterns from the corresponding host cell enzymes. This method of separation of rickettsiae from host cell constituents appears to be particularly well suited for the study of rickettsial enzymatic activity.
Patency of skeletonized versus pedicled internal thoracic artery in coronary bypass graft surgery: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression (2014)

In terms of patency, skeletonized ITA appears to be non-inferior in comparison to pedicled ITA after CABG.
A neural model of cerebellar learning for arm movement control: cortico-spino-cerebellar dynamics. (1997)

A neural network model of opponent cerebellar learning for arm movement control is proposed. The model illustrates how a central pattern generator in cortex and basal ganglia, a neuromuscular force controller in spinal cord, and an adaptive cerebellum cooperate to reduce motor variability during multijoint arm movements using mono- and bi-articular muscles. Cerebellar learning modifies velocity commands to produce phasic antagonist bursts at interpositus nucleus cells whose feed-forward action overcomes inherent limitations of spinal feedback control of tracking. Excitation of alpha motoneuron pools, combined with inhibition of their Renshaw cells by the cerebellum, facilitate movement initiation and optimal execution. Transcerebellar pathways are opened by learning through long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in response to conjunctive stimulation of parallel fibers and climbing fiber discharges that signal muscle stretch errors. The cerebellar circuitry also learns to control opponent muscles pairs, allowing cocontraction and reciprocal inhibition of muscles. Learning is stable, exhibits load compensation properties, and generalizes better across movement speeds if motoneuron pools obey the size principle. The intermittency of climbing fiber discharges maintains stable learning. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to uncorrelated parallel fiber signals enables previously weakened synapses to recover. Loss of climbing fibers, in the presence of LTP, can erode normal opponent signal processing. Simulated lesions of the cerebellar network reproduce symptoms of cerebellar disease, including sluggish movement onsets, poor execution of multijoint plans, and abnormally prolonged endpoint oscillations.
A Dictyostelium discoideum cellulase is a member of a spore germination-specific gene family (1991)

A member of the 270 spore germination-specific gene family in Dictyostelium discoideum is shown to encode a cellulase (endo-(1,4)-beta-D-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.4) activity. The 270-6 deduced protein shows 38% identity and 58% similarity to an avocado (Persea americana) cellulase. During spore germination in Dictyostelium extracellular cellulase activity starts to accumulate coincident with the appearance of the 270-6 gene transcript. Amoebae transformed by a vector containing the 270-6 mRNA sequence express an extracellular cellulase during vegetative growth when there would otherwise be no cellulase activity. In addition, the expression of a truncated 270-6 polypeptide lacking the 270 gene family-defining tetrapeptide repeat and the C-terminal region, in suitably transformed amoebae, also produces an extracellular cellulase activity. Several differently sized cellulase activities are shown to accumulate during spore germination, and it is possible that the 270 gene family represents a coordinately expressed family of cellulases.
Structure of the AvrBs3–DNA complex provides new insights into the initial thymine-recognition mechanism (2013)

Transcription activator-like effectors contain a DNA-binding domain organized in tandem repeats. The repeats include two adjacent residues known as the repeat variable di-residue, which recognize a single base pair, establishing a direct code between the dipeptides and the target DNA. This feature suggests this scaffold as an excellent candidate to generate new protein-DNA specificities for biotechnological applications. Here, the crystal structure of AvrBs3 (residues 152-895, molecular mass 82 kDa) in complex with its target DNA sequence is presented, revealing a new mode of interaction with the initial thymine of the target sequence, together with an analysis of both the binding specificity and the thermodynamic properties of AvrBs3. This study quantifies the affinity and the specificity between AvrBs3 and its target DNA. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo analyses reveal that AvrBs3 does not show a strict nucleotide-binding preference for the nucleotide at the zero position of the DNA, widening the number of possible sequences that could be targeted by this scaffold.
A new method for dealing with the stimulus artefact in electrically evoked compound action potential measurements (2004)

It is worthwhile implementing the electrical compensation method proposed herein in clinical neural response imaging or neural response telemetry systems, as it represents a more robust way of assessing the eCAP.
오대산국립공원 열목어의 미소서식처 비교 (2013)

연어목 연어과에 속하는 열목어 Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis는 냉수성 담수어류로 시베리아, 연해주, 흑룡 강, 한국 등의 동북아시아 지역에 분포한다. 최근 들어 인위 적인 서식지 파괴와 남획으로 개체수가 감소 추세에 있고 2012년 환경부 멸종위기 야생동식물Ⅱ급으로 지정되었다. 열목어의 서식처는 안정적인 집단유지의 중요한 요인으 로 작용한다. 본 연구는 오대산국립공원내 열목어의 집단서 식지인 강원도 홍천군 내면 명개리계곡(명개리집단)과 강 원도 평창군 진부면 월정사계곡(월정사집단)의 미소서식처 를 비교하여 종 보존 및 서식처 복원에 필요한 기초자료를 확보하는데 목적이 있다. 조사는 2013년 5월, 8월, 10월에 시행하였고 서식처 특성 을 파악하기 위해 하상구조, 수온, 수심, 유폭, 유속, 서식처 길이, 동소종, 열목어 개체수, 저서무척추동물상을 파악하 였다. 명개리집단 미소서식처의 하상구조는 암석(40%), 큰돌 (10%), 작은돌(10%), 자갈(20%) 모래(20%)로 구성된 Aa type이었다. 하천의 최상류지역으로 여울과 소가 1회 이상 반복적으로 확인되었다. 수온은 6.0~20.3℃이었고 수심은 0.9±0.5(0.4~2)m, 유폭은 6~11.3m, 유속은 4.6±3.9 (0.2~15.6)m/sec이었다. 서식처 길이는 41.8±10.8(32~56)m 이었다. 동소종은 미유기, 금강모치 2종이었다. 열목어는 조 사시기마다 20개체 이상씩 확인되었고 수심이 깊고 유속이 빠른 폭포와 여울지점에 집중적으로 분포하였다. 저서무척 추동물은 수서곤충이 92%로 대부분이었고, 하루살이목 13 종(30%), 날도래목이 10종(23%)을 차지하였다. 월정사집단 미소서식처의 하상구조는 암석(50%), 큰돌 (10%), 작은돌(20%), 자갈(10%) 모래(10%)로 구성된 Aa type으로 전형적인 하천의 최상류지역이었다. 수온은 5.1~21.3℃이었고 수심은 1.1±1.0(0.2~3)m, 유폭은 약 5~20m, 유속은 6.9±5.2(0.7~14.6)m/sec이었다. 서식처 길 이는 46.3±6.2(40~55)m이었다. 동소종은 미유기, 퉁가리, 산천어, 무지개송어, 꺽지, 둑중개, 쉬리, 새미, 가는돌고기, 돌고기, 금강모치, 대륙종개, 새코미꾸리의 13종이었다. 열 목어는 5월에 3개체, 8월에 16개체, 10월에 8개체가 확인되 었고 수심이 깊고 유속이 빠른 지점에서 집중적으로 분포하 였다. 저서무척추동물은 수서곤충이 94%로 대부분이었고 하루살이목 17종(30%), 강도래목과 파리목이 12종(21%) 을 차지하였다. 두 지역을 비교해 보면 수온, 수심, 유폭, 유속, 서식처 길이, 하상구조는 유사하였다. 열목어 개체군의 크기는 명 개리집단이 높았고 열목어가 집중적으로 서식하는 지점의 하상구조는 명개리집단의 경우 자갈과 모래의 비율이 높은 반면에 월정사집단은 암반과 큰돌의 비율이 높았다. 또한 열목어의 난·자치어를 포식할 것으로 추정되는 동소 경쟁종 도 월정사집단에서 많았다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 열목어 개체군 크기는 서식처의 하상구조와 동소 경쟁어종의 영향 을 받는 것으로 추정된다.
Immune Thrombocytopenia Due to Tranilast (Rizaben®): Detection of Drug‐dependent Platelet‐associated IgG (1998)

Tranilast (Rizaben)-induced thrombocytopenia occurring in a 17-year-old man was reported. After withdrawal of the drug, he recovered within a week with oral prednisolone administration. Serological examination revealed no anti-platelet antibody, but platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) was found. After incubation of peripheral blood of the patient with the drug in vitro, the level of PAIgG was significantly increased. These findings suggest the presence of a drug-dependent anti-platelet IgG in the patient's serum. This is the first report of immune thrombocytopenia caused by Tranilast. Our method for detecting drug-dependent platelet antibody in vitro is safe and useful for diagnosing drug-induced thrombocytopenia.
Reduction of 6,6-Disubstituted Fulvenes and 1,2-Benzoheptafulvene by Naphthalene Radical Anion (1979)

Abstract Structural effects of fulvenes in the electron transfer reaction were examined by using naphthalene radical anion (1) as a homogeneous electron source in aprotic media. The reduction of 6,6-diphenylfulvene (2) with 1 in THF at−78 °C gave 3-benzhydrylcyclopentadiene (34%) and its 2-isomer (13%). The structures were determined by hydrogenation and by the reaction with N-phenylmaleimide. The reaction of 6,6-dimethylfulvene (3) with 1 gave bi(2-isopropylidene-3-cyclopentenyl) as the major product (39%) besides bi(2-isopropyl-1,3-cyclopentadienyl) (5%). The reaction of 3,3′,4′,5,5′,6,6′-heptamethyl-1,2-benzoheptafulvene (4) with 1 gave 3,3′,4′,5,5′,-6′,7-octamethyl-1,2-benzo-1,3,6-cycloheptatriene (32%) and 3,3′,4′,5,5′,6,6′,7-octamethyl-1,2-benzo-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (18%). These product structures as well as the CH3I- and D2O-quenching of the reduction intermediates indicate that 2 is reduced by the EEC-mechanism and 3 by the ECC-mechanism, whereas the results are rather complicated in the case of 4 to distinguish between EEC and ECC mechanism.
X-linked liver glycogenosis: localization and isolation of a candidate gene (1993)

X-linked phosphorylase kinase (PHK) deficiency causes X-linked liver glycogenosis (XLG) which is the most frequent liver glycogen storage disorder in man. Recently we assigned XLG to the Xp22 chromosomal region by linkage analysis in two families segregating XLG. In this study a further localization of XLG in Xp22 was performed by extending the number of Xp22 markers, by extension of the number of family members from the two families of our previous study and by linkage analysis in four additional XLG families. Two-point linkage analysis revealed lod scores of 4.60, 5.73, 5.28, 8.62 and 5.14 for linkage between XLG and the DNA markers pXUT23 and pSE3.2-L(DXS16), pD2(DXS43), pTS247-(DXS197) and pPA4B(DXS207), respectively, all at 0% recombination. Linkage heterogeneity was not observed in this set of families. Multipoint linkage analysis increased the lod score for linkage between XLG and Xp22 to 16.79 relative to DXS197/DXS207. The position of the XLG gene was confirmed by analysis of recombinational events locating the XLG gene between DXS85 and DXS41. The XLG gene could not be mapped more precisely in this chromosomal region of approximately 20cM because of the absence of recombinational events between the XLG gene and the Xp22 markers. As we have previously shown that the rabbit liver alpha subunit of PHK (PHKA2) hybridizes to human Xp22, we isolated a human PHKA2 cDNA from a human hepatoma lambda gt11 cDNA library. Fluorescent in situ hybridization mapped human PHKA2 to Xp22. As this physical mapping coincides with the genetic mapping of XLG by linkage analysis, PHKA2 most probably harbours the mutation(s) responsible for XLG.
Formation of Volatile Compounds DuringBacillus subtilis Fermentation of Soya Beans (1997)

The formation of volatile compounds during the Bacillus subtilis fermentation of cooked, roasted soya bean cotyledons was investigated. The materials examined were: dry roasted cotyledons; autoclaved, roasted cotyledons; and autoclaved, roasted cotyledons fermented for 18 h and 36 h at 35°C. Growth of B subtilis led to the formation of many volatile compounds. The volatile compounds formed in the largest amounts during fermentation were 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (acetoin), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and trimethylpyrazine. Compounds present at concentrations exceeding their odour threshold values included nonanal, decanal, 1-octen-3-ol, butanedione, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-octanone, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 3,6-dimethyl-2-ethylpyrazine, 2-pentylfuran, dimethyl sulfide, benzaldehyde and 2-methoxyphenol. Compounds found in 18 h fermented cotyledons which were absent, or present in much lower concentrations, in roasted or autoclaved cotyledons included several aliphatic ketones, acetic acid, two aliphatic esters, several pyrazines, 2-pentylfuran, dimethyl sulphide, 2-methoxyphenol and trimethyloxazole. The total mass of volatile compounds present after 36 h incubation was less than half that present after 18 h. This was mainly due to the disappearance of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine. The biogenesis of the volatile compounds is discussed. © 1997 SCI.
Production of Auroxanthins from Violaxanthin and 9-<i>cis</i>-Violaxanthin by Acidic Treatment and the Antioxidant Activities of Violaxanthin, 9-<i>cis</i>-Violaxanthin, and Auroxanthins (2016)

Violaxanthin and 9-cis-violaxanthin (major epoxycarotenoids in fruit) were prepared from mango fruit, purified, and converted to other carotenoids under acidic conditions. The resulting carotenoid structures were then analyzed in detail. Not only violaxanthin but also 9-cis-violaxanthin were found to be converted to (8S,8'S)-, (8S,8'R)-, and (8R,8'R)-auroxanthin at an approximate ratio of 4:6:1. Antioxidant activities of violaxanthin, 9-cis-violaxanthin, (8S,8'S)-auroxanthin, and (8S,8'R)-auroxanthin were examined. They possessed potent lipid peroxidation inhibitory and very weak <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> quenching activities.
Complement protein C9 labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate can be used to monitor C9 polymerization and formation of the cytolytic membrane lesion (1984)

Human complement protein C9 was covalently labeled with the fluorescent chromophore fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) with only a small reduction in the cytolytic activity of the protein. Polymerization of the labeled protein--either by incubating with lipid vesicles treated with complement proteins C5b-8 (activating the C5b-9 membrane lesion) or by heating the protein [Tschopp, J., Muller-Eberhard, H.J., & Podack, E.R. (1982) Nature (London) 298, 534]--resulted in a 40-60% decrease in the fluorescence emission from FITC. The decrease in total fluorescence was accompanied by an increase in the steady-state anisotropy following activation and polymerization of FITC-C9 by C5b-8 membranes, while heat-induced aggregation of the protein resulted in a dramatic depolarization of fluorescence. Only small changes in either the absorbance spectrum or fluorescence lifetime of the chromophore were detected upon FITC-C9 polymerization. Evidence is presented that the measured changes in FITC fluorescence upon C9 activation are due to self energy transfer between closely apposed fluorescein chromophores which occur in the polymerized form of the protein. The significance of these observations to the molecular structure of the assembled C5b-9 complex is discussed, as are the potential applications of this fluorescent derivative of C9.
A Fast Crosstalk- and Performance-Driven Multilevel Routing System (2003)

In this paper, we propose a novel framework for fast multilevel routing considering crosstalk and performance optimization. To handle the crosstalk minimization problem, we incorporate an intermediate stage of layer/track assignment into the multilevel routing framework. For performance-driven routing, we propose a novel minimum-radius minimum-cost spanning-tree (MRMCST) heuristic for global routing. Compared with the state-of-the-art multilevel routing, the experimental results show that our approach achieved a 6.7X runtime speedup, reduced the respective maximum and average crosstalk (coupling length) by about 30% and 24%, reduced the respective maximum and average delay by about 15% and 5%, and resulted in fewer failed nets.
A unique real-time speech decoder that operates from new perspectives (2005)

Four new techniques for real-time speech decoding have been combined to decode speech without training the device and to give speaker-independent segmentation and phoneme-like decoding. The first technique is a new time-domain process which detects the mouth resonance with high accuracy. The second process compensates for mouth-size and pitch fluctuations. The third technique provides vowel-like segmentation and consonant-like classification. Because of the combined power of these algorithms, a fourth technique can be used to form a table look-up of real-time analog and digital orthography of speech under non-ideal conditions. This system appears to be immune to co-articulation difficulties. Actual performance results are given.