gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DEGENERATION AND REPAIR OF THE RAT RETINA IN AVITAMINOSIS A (1943)

Although night blindness and various other ocular disturbances have for centuries been associated with a dietary deficiency of the body, it is only within recent years, through the work of Fridericia and Holm,<sup>1</sup>Tansley<sup>2</sup>and others, that vitamin A deficiency has been identified as the specific cause of these visual defects. Still more recently the investigations of Wald<sup>3</sup>have revealed that vitamin A is directly concerned with the visual process in that it is the precursor of visual purple as well as a product of its decomposition. It has been shown also, in experimental studies, that adult human subjects (Wald, Jehgers and Arminio,<sup>4</sup>Wald and Steven,<sup>5</sup>Booher, Callison and Hewston<sup>6</sup>and Steven and Wald<sup>7</sup>) and infants (Lewis and Haig<sup>8</sup>) kept on a diet low in vitamin A until a certain degree of night blindness was exhibited recovered normal vision with startling rapidity
Evaluating the effect of chromosomal context on zinc finger nuclease efficiency (2013)

Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) technology has provided researchers with a tool for integrating exogenous sequences into most cell lines or genomes in a precise manner. Using current methods, the efficiency of targeted integration (TI) into the host genome is generally low and is highly dependent on the ZFN activity at the genomic locus of interest. It is unknown if the ZFN binding and cutting efficiency is more dependent on the nucleotide recognition sequence or the chromosomal context in which the sequence is located.

We have taken a highly efficient ZFN pair (hAAVS1) from human studies and introduced the exogenous DNA sequence into the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) genome in an attempt to improve the efficiency of targeted integration. A Pad comprised of human AAVS1 sequence has been integrated into the CHO genome at 3 separate loci to determine if the ZFN's will work across species and if the cutting efficiency is affected by chromosomal context. The results of this study will help us to improve the overall efficiency of TI by using Landing Pads, particularly for genomic targets in which suitable ZFN's may not be available.
Performance of link adaptation in GPRS networks (2002)

In GPRS four coding schemes have been defined with different degrees of data protection. The selection of a fixed one for a certain packet transmission would lead to a throughput loss if the channel quality conditions vary during the connection, therefore, a link adaptation algorithm based on a block error rate (BLER) estimation is proposed and analyzed. The BLER is calculated from the acknowledgement messages reported by the receiver; so the acknowledgement frequency impacts the link adaptation, and therefore, is studied in the present article. The resulting link adaptation algorithm has been analyzed with a dynamic network simulator, under different frequency reuse patterns and frequency hopping strategies. Furthermore, the mean user throughput for the fixed coding schemes and for link adaptation has been estimated from GSM network reported measurements, and a network operator planning tool.
Buried word line planarization and roughness control for tunnel junction magnetic random access memory switching (2000)

Spin dependent tunnel junctions were fabricated on top of buried word lines. This was achieved modifying an existent 1.2 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor backend metalization process. The word lines are 0.2 μm thick and 4 μm wide. Roughness over the buried line was decreased to 0.2 nm (rms), performing a spin-on-glass local planarization step. Tunnel junctions with 9–13 Å plasma oxidized Al barriers were patterned on top of the word line with different aspect ratios from 3×2 μm2 to 7×1 μm2 areas. Magnetoresistance values reach over 20% for top free electrode configurations. In this inverted structure the magnetization of the free electrode can be fully reversed with the field from word line. The word line creates a field of 0.7 Oe per mA. Applying simultaneously two perpendicular fields reduces the threshold for magnetization switching. The fabricated structure can be used to assess the junction switching mechanism for tunnel junction magnetic random access memories.
Taking Advantage of the Radical Character of Tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl To Synthesize New Paramagnetic Glassy Molecular Materials (2008)

This paper describes the synthesis of the novel bis[4-(N-carbazolyl)-2,6-dichlorophenyl](2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl radical (2*) and tris[4-(N-carbazolyl)-2,6-dichlorophenyl]methyl radical (3*). A Friedel-Crafts reaction on [4-(N-carbazolyl)-2,6-dichlorophenyl)bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl]methyl radical (1*), 2*, and 3* leads to the introduction of acyl chains in the 3- and 6-positions of the carbazolyl moiety without impairment of the radical character of the molecule to give radicals 5*, 6*, and 7*. All of these novel radical adducts are thermally stable, 5* and 6* being amorphous solids by differential scanning calorimetry. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of them show a multiplet at low temperature due to the electron-coupling with six aromatic hydrogens. They show electrochemical amphotericity being reduced and oxidized to their corresponding stable anionic and cationic species, respectively. These radical adducts have luminescent properties covering the red spectral band of the emission with high intensities.
Analysis of Theoretical Background for Current Research on Science Curriculum and Teaching/Learning and Implications for Future Science Education (1988)

During the last decade researchers in science education and psychology have emphasized the importance of children's ideas, or what they already know, which they bring to their related learning situations. Most research reports on the children's prior ideas reject both the traditional epistemologies and the conventional learning theories. Therefore, this study has its objective to analyze the traditional epistemologies as well as post-positivism contemporarily in vogue, to examine both the conventional learning theories and the constructivism of psychology, and then, based on the analyses, to draw the implications for the future science education. The implications are described under such headings as the nature of science, the science curricula, and the science teaching/learning. The implications are drawn in logical relation to the post-positivism and constructivism, and some of which are empirically validated by the research on the children's conceptions.
Cartilage Repair with Chondrocytes: Clinical and Cellular Aspects (2003)

Articular cartilage has a limited potential to repair. Unsatisfactory results with current treatment methods (e.g. osteochondral autografts, drilling or microfracturing) has triggered the development of new cartilage restoration techniques including autologous cell transplantation (mesenchymal stem cells or chondrocytes) with or without supporting scaffolds. Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) was first used in humans in 1987 and the first pilot was published in 1994. Two years after transplantation, 14 of the 16 patients with femoral condyle transplants had a restored joint function and 11 of 15 femoral transplants demonstrated a hyaline repair tissue. Results from patellar transplants were less encouraging. To date, we have treated over 1000 and other groups over 6000 patients. The technique gives stable long-term results with a high percentage of good to excellent results (84-90%) in patients with different types of single femoral condyle lesions, whereas in patients with other types of lesions in the knee it is less successful (average 74%). A better understanding of the repair mechanism induced by the cultured chondrocytes and the regulatory mechanisms controlling chondrogenic differentiation combined with identification and culture of stem cells with chondrogenic potential will be the key to new cartilage treatments.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. 5. The Transformation of Formycin and Tubercidin into 2′- and 3′-Deoxynucleosides (1973)

Reaction of tubercidin (4-amino-7-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) (1) with α-acetoxyisobutyryl chloride in the presence of excess sodium iodide in acetonitrile gave an acylated iodo intermediate (2) which was converted into 3′-deoxytubercidin (4) by hydrogenolysis and subsequent saponification.Analogous treatment of formycin (7-amino-3-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine) (5) gave 3′-deoxyformycin (6) and 2′-deoxyformycin (7) in an approximate ratio of 3:2. These purified nucleosides, 6 and 7 were individually deaminated enzymatically to give 3′-deoxyformycin B (8) and 2′-deoxyformycin B(9).Biological rationale, n.m.r., and mass spectra of these antibiotic-derived deoxynucleosides are discussed.
Cluster computing environment supporting single system image (2005)

Single system image (SSl) systems have been the mainstay of high-performance computing for many years. SSI requires the integration and aggregation of all types of resources in a cluster to present a single interface to users. We describe a cluster computing environment supporting SSI, constructed through three components: single process space (SPS), process migration, and dynamic load balancing. These components attempt to share all available resources in the cluster among all executing processes, so that the cluster operates like a single node with much more computing power. The most important goal is to combine these constructs in innovative ways for building cluster computing environment for SSI, as well as individually take an approach to improve performance or functionality. Our implementation of process migration has the capability of resolving broken pipe problems and bind errors on server socket reconstruction. We realize SPS based on block PID allocation. We also designed and implemented a dynamic load balancing scheme which resolves the limitations of our previous work by continuously tracing the job resource usage at runtime. The experimental results show that these three constructs for SSI clusters realized scalability, functionality and performance improvement. The cluster computing environment allows these constructs to cooperate implicitly so that they create a synergy effect at the SSI cluster system level and successfully provide a single system image to users and administrators.
Limbal fibroblast conditioned media: a non-invasive treatment for limbal stem cell deficiency. (2011)

Cell culture media conditioned by limbal fibroblasts appear to contain factor(s) that are therapeutically beneficial in a model of limbal stem cell deficiency. The current results further support the notion that the essential limbal stem cell niche is provided by limbal fibroblasts and suggest a new, non-invasive option in the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency.
Thermal Deformations Observed in Leadless Ceramic Chip Carriers Surface Mounted to Printed Wiring Boards (1983)

Leadless ceramic chip carriers and other surface mountable components can be soldered to printed wiring boards. It is wellknown, however, that temperature changes and temperature gradients can cause large strains in the solder joints. What is not widely appreciated is that the joints are not in simple shear even on a macro scale, much less on a micro scale. We consider three modes of joint deformation, characterized by the disp!acement of the pads (or lands) to which the solder is attached. Mode A, which is "shearlike," is characterized by a difference in the in-plane displacements of the two pads. Mode B, associated with bending, is characterized by a change in the angle between the planes of the two pads. Mode C, which is "tensionlike," is characterized by a difference in out-of-plane displacement of the two Pads. Any given thermal change Will produce a superposition of these three modes of deformation. These deformations were measured using strain gauges and holographic interferometry, two techniques which complement each other in several ways. A strain guage measures in-plane displacements, giving modes A and B; it measures only one part of the sample; and it is suitable for thermal chamber or power cycling. Holographic interferometry measures out-of-plane displacements, giving modes B and C; it measures every part of the sample; and it is most suitable for power cycling studies. In thermal chamber cycling, we find that above 50°C the chip carrier and the board expand as if they were independent. At lower temperatures, the considerable tractions that develop cause board bending (mode B), as well as nonlinearity in the temperature dependence of the mode A deformation. The board tends toward the chip carrier for decreasing temperature. The bending causes any given row of solder joints to have a distribution of mode C deformations, some tensile and some compressive (corner joints are in tension). When power is applied to a chip carrier mounted on a printed wiring board, the average temperature rises, causing mode A deformation similar to that in a thermal chamber. The temperature gradient through the thickness Of the board, however, causes the board to bend toward the chip carrier, overcoming the effect of the traction on the joints, which is in the opposite direction. All three modes of deformation are proportional to the power. Mounting of the printed wiring board has a strong influence on modes B and C. Rigid clamping of the board decreased modes B and C deformation by a factor of two compared to that of a board with free edges.
Superconducting Neuromorphic Computing Using Quantum Phase-Slip Junctions (2019)

Superconducting circuits based on quantum phase-slip junctions (QPSJs) can conduct quantized charge pulses, which naturally resemble action potentials generated by biological neurons. A corresponding synaptic circuit, which works as a weighted connection between two neurons, can also be realized by circuits comprised of QPSJs and magnetic Josephson junctions (MJJs) as a means of charge modulation for quantized charge propagation. In this paper, we present basic neuromorphic computing circuitry components, such as neuron and synaptic circuits, based on superconducting QPSJs and MJJs. Using a SPICE model developed for QPSJs, neuron and synaptic circuits were simulated in WRSPICE to demonstrate possible operation. We provide estimates for QPSJ energy dissipation and operation speed based on calculations using simple models. Some of the challenges for implementation of this technology are also briefly discussed.
Whole blood microvolume laser scanning cytometry for monitoring resting and activated platelets (2001)

Enumerating and phenotyping of platelets, resting and activated, from whole blood is important for both the identification and verification of many disease states. Microvolume laser scanning cytometry (MLSC) has been shown to be a simple method for enumerating and phenotyping peripheral blood cells. Here, the utility of MLSC, in conjunction with an anticoagulant containing platelet activation inhibitors, for simultaneously measuring platelet count, phenotype and responsiveness directly from non-fixed whole blood was examined. CTAD or EDTA anticoagulated blood was collected from five to 20 healthy volunteers, stained with fluorescence-labeled antibodies specific for platelet antigens, and run on an in-house modified MSLC device. MLSC was able to measure antigens CD9, CD29, CD36, CD41, CD42a, CD42b, and CD61 on platelets and determine an average of 2.3 x 10(5) +/- 7 x 10(4) platelets per microliter. Counts correlated well with those obtained from the Cell-Dyn 3500 (r(2)=0.84). Agreeing with previous data, less than 2% of platelets from peripheral blood of normal individuals expressed the activation markers CD62P or CD63. After in vitro thrombin activation, >93% of the platelets expressed activation markers. Data presented here shows the benefits of using MLSC in combination with platelet inhibitors to quantitate and phenotype platelets while maintaining a viable responsive state.
Pipe line pumping and automatic control (1933)

Discovery within recent years of large oil-producing areas has greatly stimulated the development of the pipe line industry, making it an important customer of the electric utility and manufacturing companies. The application of electric motors and control equipment to pipe line pumping stations is described in this article. The fundamentals of pipe line pumping are emphasized for the benefit of electrical engineers not familiar with this industry.
Transverse-Field Traveling-Wave Tubes with Periodic Electrostatic Focusing (1956)

Traveling-wave tubes are described in which the wave-propagating structure constitutes a smooth, balanced transmission line for radio frequency signals while at the same time providing a space-periodic focusing field at zero frequency. Experimental structures for the 500-900 mc band have wave velocities of 1 to 2 per cent of light and characteristic impedances of about 500 ohms. A simplified theoretical analysis is given, based on the readily visualized concept of transverse electron waves in a focusing field. In order to get gain, the electron stream must travel faster than the circuit wave by a substantial margin which is determined by the strength of the focusing field. The gain is proportional to the square root of the beam current. Experimental data are presented concerning the relation between focusing field and effective beam velocity, and between beam current and gain. They are in good agreement with the theory. Noise figures as low as 6 db have been measured.
Novel high efficiency vertical to in-plane optical coupler (2012)

We propose a novel vertical optical coupler using subwavelength high contrast grating. The surface normal incidence light can be coupled into the in-plane waveguide with peak efficiency of 92% over a broad wavelength range. Such structure can be also designed as the in-plane reflector or in-plane to vertical coupler. The reflectivity for waveguide propagation mode is 97.5% and the coupling efficiency is 96%, respectively.
Convenient Routes to Substituted Benzimidazoles and Imidazolo[4,5-b]pyridines Using Nitrobenzene as Oxidant (1990)

Abstract Various substituted benzimidazoles and imidazolo[4,5-b] pyridines 5a-c have been prepared by condensation of appropriate diamines and aldehydes in nitrobenzene. This method has been utilized to synthesize compounds 5f-h, which are analogues of the DNA binding fluorochrome Hoechst 33258.
High-resolution pattern replication using soft X rays (1972)

A soft X ray lithographic technique capable of contactless replication of submicrometre linewidth planar-device patterns is described. Special soft X ray exposure masks have been developed for the 4–14 Å wavelength region. Elastic-surface-wave-transducer patterns with 1.3 μm electrode spacings were fabricated onto such masks using electron-beam techniques, and were successfully replicated.
Multi-Stage Threshold Decoding for Self-Orthogonal Convolutional Codes (2010)

This paper describes a least complex, high speed decoding method named multi-stage threshold decoding (MTD-DR). Each stage of MTD-DR is formed by the traditional threshold decoder with a special shift register, called difference register (DR). After flipping each information bit, DR helps to shorten the Hamming and the Euclidian distance between a received word and the decoded codeword for hard and soft decoding, respectively. However, the MTD-DR with self-orthogonal convolutional codes (SOCCs), type 1 in this paper, makes an unavoidable error group, which depends on the tap connection patterns in the encoder, and limits the error performance. This paper introduces a class of SOCCs type 2 which can breakdown that error group, as a result, MTD-DR gives better error performance. For a shorter code (code length =4200), hard and soft decoding MTD-DR achieves 4.7dB and 6.5dB coding gain over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at the bit error rate (BER) 10-5, respectively. In addition, hard and soft decoding MTD-DR for a longer code (code length =80000) give 5.3dB and 7.1dB coding gain under the same condition, respectively. The hard and the soft decoding MTD-DR experiences error flooring at high Eb/N0 region. For improving overall error performance of MTD-DR, this paper proposes parity check codes concatenation with soft decoding MTD-DR as well.
Wind-tunnel Investigation of Effects of Rear Upper Surface Modification on a NASA Supercritical Airfoil (1972)

Wind tunnel tests were conducted at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 0.81 to examine the effects on supercritical airfoil of modifying the rear upper surface to reduce the magnitude of an intermediate off design second velocity peak. The modification was accomplished by increasing the upper surface curvature around the 50 percent chord station and reducing the curvature over approximately the rearmost 30 percent of the airfoil while maintaining the same trailing edge thickness.
Is there a link between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome? (2013)

“low-to-moderate alcohol intake (defined as one to two drinks or 15–30 g of ethanol/day) reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas high alcohol intake (more than three to four drinks or >45–60 g of ethanol/day) increases the risk.”
A Phase-Locking Method for Beam Steering in Active Array Antennas (1974)

A new principle for phase shifting, and hence beam steering, on an active array antenna is described. Each individual RF source is phase locked by a stable locking signal which is close in frequency to the nth harmonic of its free-running frequency. Pulses of appropriate amplitude and duration applied to the dc circuitry cause the fundamental output frequency of the RF source to shift in phase by increments of 2/spl pi//n. The construction and testing of a four-element L-band (1-GHz) array using transistor oscillators locked at S-band (4 GHz) to give 90/spl deg/ phase increments is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Glow Discharge: Considerations as a Versatile Analytical Source (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Excess portal venous long-chain fatty acids induce syndrome X via HPA axis and sympathetic activation (2000)

We tested the hypothesis that excessive portal venous supply of long-chain fatty acids to the liver contributes to the development of insulin resistance via activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and sympathetic system. Rats received an intraportal infusion of the long-chain fatty acid oleate (150 nmol/min, 24 h), the medium-chain fatty acid caprylate, or the solvent. Corticosterone (Cort) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured as indexes for HPA axis and sympathetic activity, respectively. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by means of an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Oleate infusion induced increases in plasma Cort (Delta = 13.5 +/- 3.6 microg/dl; P < 0.05) and NE (Delta = 235 +/- 76 ng/l; P < 0.05), whereas caprylate and solvent had no effect. The area under the insulin response curve to the IVGTT was larger in the oleate-treated group than in the caprylate and solvent groups (area = 220 +/- 35 vs. 112 +/- 13 and 106 +/- 8, respectively, P < 0.05). The area under the glucose response curves was comparable [area = 121 +/- 13 (oleate) vs. 135 +/- 20 (caprylate) and 96 +/- 11 (solvent)]. The results are consistent with the concept that increased portal free fatty acid is involved in the induction of visceral obesity-related insulin resistance via activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic system.
Activation of H2 by frustrated Lewis pairs derived from mono- and bis-phosphinoferrocenes and B(C6F5)3 (2009)

Mono- and bis-phosphinoferrocenes are shown to react as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to effect nucleophilic aromatic substitution on B(C(6)F(5))(3) and/or activate H(2) to form ferrocenylphosphonium borates.