gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions in Noble Gas Matrices (1979)

Molecular ions are of considerable chemical and physical interest for comparing the spectroscopic and bonding properties of neutral mole­ cules with their positive and negative molecular ions. The study of molecular ions in the gas phase by photoelectron, photoionization mass, and ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopies can be complemented by infrared and optical absorption spectra of the molecular ion trapped in a solid inert gas host. Further ion studies with tunable infrared lasers will be greatly aided by the vibrational data obtained for molecular ions in noble gas solids. The ion-matrix interaction is of fundamental and practical interest as matrix. spectra of ions are related to the gas phase. Charged species in matrices form two general classes described in the literature as and chemically with respect to the counterion. The first ionic species characterized in matrices, Li + 0;, is of the latter type where the lithium cation and the superoxide anion are Coulombically bound together (1, 2), and charge transfer occurs be­ cause this electrostatic attraction more than makes up for the difference between the ionization energy of lithium and the electron affinity of oxygen. The next molecular ions identified in matrices, B2H; and �-, are of the isolated type where the cation is separated by an unde­ termined number of matrix atoms from the anion (3, 4). These ionic systems have been characterized as Coulomb ion pairs, which exist because of essentially zero overlap between the wavefunctions for the electron on the recipient molecule and the cation that provided the electron (5). Clearly, the formation of ions of the isolated type requires
Thin film Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+<i>x</i> Josephson junctions and direct current superconducting quantum interference devices on (001) SrTiO3 bicrystals (1993)

Single-layer Josephson junctions and dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been prepared from epitaxial, laser-deposited thin films of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x on (001) SrTiO3 bicrystals with a misorientation angle of 36.8°. The current-voltage characteristics of the Josephson junctions are of resistively shunted junction type. The Ic(B) patterns look rather periodical and symmetrical but show clear irregularities in comparison to an ideal Fraunhofer-like pattern. However, the supercurrent can be suppressed almost completely by applying an external magnetic field. The best dc-SQUID—with a SQUID hole of 5 μm×20 μm and an estimated inductance of about 36 pH—works up to 77 K. At 76 K the flux to voltage conversion ∂V/∂Φ at the appropriate flux bias is 20 μV/Φ0. The best equivalent flux noise which was measured in the flux locked loop mode at 62 K is 25 μΦ0/√Hz at 1 Hz and 4 μΦ0/√Hz in the white noise region for f≥350 Hz, corresponding to an energy resolution of 4×10−29 J/Hz at 1 Hz and 9×10−31 J/Hz in the white noise region.
Ammonium [<sup>11</sup>C]thiocyanate: revised preparation and reactivity studies of a versatile nucleophile for carbon-11 radiolabelling (2018)

Herein we report the preparation of ammonium [<sup>11</sup>C]thiocyanate <i>via</i> the reaction of [<sup>11</sup>C]CS<sub>2</sub> with ammonia. The [<sup>11</sup>C]SCN<sup>-</sup> ion is demonstrated as a potent nucleophile that can be used to readily generate a range of <sup>11</sup>C-labelled thiocyanate molecules in high conversions. Furthermore, novel <sup>11</sup>C-labelled thiazolone molecules can be easily prepared from the intermediate α-thiocyanatophenones <i>via</i> an acid mediated cyclisation reaction.
Movement of nitrate‐N and transformations of urea‐N under field conditions (1977)

Abstract Summer and winter sodium nitrate treatments at 400 kg N/ha were given to ryegrass pasture on Horotiu sandy loam. The movement and adsorption of nitrate were studied under natural precipitation and ground water flow. Movement of nitrate to depths of 400 mm could be explained by miscible displacement when the soil was near field capacity, and movement was faster under unsaturated flow conditions. Adsorption measurements showed that the soil had an anion exhange capacity of 0.85 me./100 g in 0.025m CaCl 2 . These positively charged sites were able to retard nitrate movement below 400 mm. Simulated urine treatments were also made at 2‐monthly intervals at rates of 200–400 kg N/ha as urea. The transformations in exchangeable nitrogen were studied. Hydrolysis of urea was complete in 2 days in summer and 3 days in winter. Nitrification was not appreciable until after 7 days in all seasons. At soil temperatures of 7.5–10°c nitrification continued to be slow and was not complete until 60 days, but at temperatures above 15°c it was rapid, once initiated, and was complete in 30 days. Apparent volatilisation losses of ammonia of 20–37% were recorded, rate of application having the main effect. Leaching of nitrate from under sodium nitrate or simulated urine treatments was accompanied by substantial Mg movement.
Changes in rhythmic suckle feeding patterns in term infants in the first month of life (2002)

To quantify parameters of rhythmic suckle feeding in healthy term infants and to assess developmental changes during the first month of life, we recorded pharyngeal and nipple pressure in 16 infants at 1 to 4 days of age and again at 1 month. Over the first month of life in term infants, sucks and swallows become more rapid and increasingly organized into runs. Suck rate increased from 55/minute in the immediate postnatal period to 70/minute by the end of the first month (p<0.001). The percentage of sucks in runs of > or =3 increased from 72.7% (SD 12.8) to 87.9% (SD 9.1; p=0.001). Average length of suck runs also increased over the first month. Swallow rate increased slightly by the end of the first month, from about 46 to 50/minute (p=0.019), as did percentage of swallows in runs (76.8%, SD 14.9 versus 54.6%, SD 19.2; p=0.002). Efficiency of feeding, as measured by volume of nutrient per suck (0.17, SD 0.08 versus 0.30, SD 0.11 cc/suck; p=0.008) and per swallow (0.23, SD 0.11 versus 0.44, SD 0.19 cc/swallow; p=0.002), almost doubled over the first month. The rhythmic stability of swallow-swallow, suck-suck, and suck-swallow dyadic interval, quantified using the coefficient of variation of the interval, was similar at the two age points, indicating that rhythmic stability of suck and swallow, individually and interactively, appears to be established by term. Percentage of sucks and swallows in 1:1 ratios (dyads), decreased from 78.8% (SD 20.1) shortly after birth to 57.5% (SD 25.8) at 1 month of age (p=0.002), demonstrating that the predominant 1:1 ratio of suck to swallow is more variable at 1 month, with the addition of ratios of 2:1, 3:1, and so on, and suggesting that infants gain the ability to adjust feeding patterns to improve efficiency. Knowledge of normal development in term infants provides a gold standard against which rhythmic patterns in preterm and other high-risk infants can be measured, and may allow earlier identification of infants at risk of neurodevelopmental delay and feeding disorders.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) Promotes Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Activating Repair Schwann Cells (2018)

During the peripheral nerve regeneration process, a variety of neurotrophic factors play roles in nerve repair by acting on neuronal or non-neuronal cells. In this report, we investigated the role(s) of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-met, in peripheral nerve regeneration. When mice were subjected to sciatic nerve injury, the HGF protein level was highly increased at the injured and distal sites. The level of both total and phosphorylated c-met was also highly upregulated, but almost exclusively in Schwann cells (SCs) distal from the injury site. When mice were treated with a c-met inhibitor, PHA-665752, myelin thickness and axon regrowth were decreased indicating that re-myelination was hindered. HGF promoted the migration and proliferation of cultured SCs, and also induced the expression of various genes such as GDNF and LIF, presumably by activating ERK pathways. Furthermore, exogenous supply of HGF around the injury site, by intramuscular injection of a plasmid DNA expressing human HGF, enhanced the myelin thickness and axon diameter in injured nerves. Taken together, our results indicate that HGF and c-met play important roles in Schwann cell-mediated nerve repair, and also that HGF gene transfer may provide a useful tool for treating peripheral neuropathy.
Binuclear Platinum(II) Triazolopyrimidine Bridged Complexes. Preparation, Crystal Structure, NMR Spectroscopy, and ab Initio MO Investigation on the Bonding Nature of the Pt(II)···Pt(II) Interaction in the Model Compound {Pt<sub>2</sub>[NHCHN(C(CH<sub>2</sub>)(CH<sub>3</sub>))]<sub>4</sub>} (1996)

A condensation reaction between two cis-[PtCl2(Hmtpo)2] (where Hmtpo= 4,7-H-5-methyl-7-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5a]pyrimidine) molecules takes place in neutral aqueous media, giving [Pt2(μ-mtpo)4]·4H2O (1). The X-ray structure of the recrystallization product of 1 in DMSO:EtOH (1:1) (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide), namely, [Pt2(μ-mtpo)4]·2DMSO (2) has been determined. Compound 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn with unit cell dimensions a = 14.207(3) Å, b = 15.187(3) Å, c = 17.165(3) Å, and Z = 4. The molecular structure shows that the two Pt atoms are bridged by four mtpo ligands. Thus, it presents two face to face PtN4 units with a Pt···Pt 2.744(2) Å separation. Compound 1 has also been characterized by 1H and 195Pt NMR. The very short Pt(II)···Pt(II) contact suggests an interaction between the two metal centers, supported by the great deshielding observed for the platinum nuclei in the 195Pt NMR spectrum (δ = −2005 ppm) compared to a Pt(II) in a typical N4 environment. In order to make an approach to the possible bonding nature of the Pt(II)···Pt(II) interaction, a theoretical analysis has been performed on the basis of the properties of the electronic charge density distribution, derived from ab initio MO calculations for the model compound {Pt2[NHCHN(C(CH2)(CH3))]4} using RHF/LANL2DZ and B3LYP/LANL2DZ wave functions; both take into account relativistic effects and the second electronic correlation also. A significant directional interaction between the two metal centers has been found. Thus, a bond critical point appears between the two platinum nuclei, with a density of charge ρb = 0.056 e·bohr-3, which is half of that found for the platinum nitrogen bond. Moreover, a value of the energy density, Ed(rb) < 0 (Ed(r) = −0.0175 hartree·bohr-3), at this point, shows the bonding nature of the interaction.
Highly diastereoselective synthesis of 2-monosubstituted 1R,5S(1S,5R)-glycoluriles on the basis of S- and R-N-carbamoyl-α-amino acids (2003)

The reactions of 4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidin-2-one with chiral S- and R-N-carbamoyl-α-amino acids occur diastereoselectively with the formation of corresponding 1R,5S(1S,5R)-glycoluriles as predominant diastereomers; the absolute configuration is determined for three stereoisomers by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Direct Dc To Rf Conversion By Picosecond Optoelectronic Switching (1984)

We report dc to rf conversion, using picosecond optoelectronic switches for the first time. A rf pulse train of two and one half cycles has been obtained having a period of 4ns and a voltage switch-out efficiency better than 90%. This device exhibits future potential for high power pulse generation at high frequencies.
An Unusual Lightning Flash at Kennedy Space Center (1978)

A lightning flash that struck the 150-meter weather tower at Kennedy Space Center was studied by several research groups using varioul techniques. The flash had unusually large peak currents and a stepped leader of relatively short duration. The charged regions neutralized by the three return strokes were located within a horizontal layer between heights of about 6 and 8 kilometers, where environmental temperatures were about -10 degrees to -20 degrees C. The charge source for the first return stroke coincided with a vertical shaft of precipitation inferred to have been graupel or hail. Charge sources for subsequent strokes were near the edge of the detectable precipitation echo. The overall channel length was about 10 kilometers. A Vertically oriented intracloud discharge occurred after the three return strokes.
Biotechnological Strategies for the Modification of Food Lipids (1999)

(1999). Biotechnological Strategies for the Modification of Food Lipids. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 141-176.
Grounded theory as foundations for methods in applied ontology (2007)

Research into domain specific ontologies is difficult to treat empirically. This is because it is difficult to ground domain ontology while simultaneously being true to its guiding philosophy or theory. Further, ontology generation is often introspective and reflective or relies on experts for ontology generation. Even those relying on expert generation lack rigour and tend to be more ad-hoc. We ask how Grounded Theory can be used to generate domain specific ontologies where appropriate high level theory and suitable textual data sources are available. We are undertaking generation of a domain ontology for the discipline of information systems by applying the Grounded Theory method. Specifically we are using Roman Ingarden’s theory of scientific works to seed a coding family and adapting the method to ask relevant questions when analysing rich textual data. We have found that a guiding ontological theory, such as Ingarden’s, can be used to seed a coding family giving rise to a viable method for generating ontologies for research. This is significant because Grounded Theory may be one of the key methods for generating ontologies where substantial uniform quality text is available to the ontologist. We also present our partial analysis of information systems research.
Principles, Efficiency, and Blueprint Character of Solar-Energy Conversion in Photosynthetic Water Oxidation (2009)

Photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria involves two protein-cofactor complexes which are denoted as photosystems (PS), PSII and PSI. These solar-energy converters have powered life on earth for approximately 3 billion years. They facilitate light-driven carbohydrate formation from H(2)O and CO(2), by oxidizing the former and reducing the latter. PSII splits water in a process driven by light. Because all attractive technologies for fuel production driven by solar energy involve water oxidation, recent interest in this process carried out by PSII has increased. In this Account, we describe and apply a rationale for estimating the solar-energy conversion efficiency (eta(SOLAR)) of PSII: the fraction of the incident solar energy absorbed by the antenna pigments and eventually stored in form of chemical products. For PSII at high concentrations, approximately 34% of the incident solar energy is used for creation of the photochemistry-driving excited state, P680*, with an excited-state energy of 1.83 eV. Subsequent electron transfer results in the reduction of a bound quinone (Q(A)) and oxidation of the Tyr(Z) within 1 micros. This radical-pair state is stable against recombination losses for approximately 1 ms. At this level, the maximal eta(SOLAR) is 23%. After the essentially irreversible steps of quinone reduction and water oxidation (the final steps catalyzed by the PSII complex), a maximum of 50% of the excited-state energy is stored in chemical form; eta(SOLAR) can be as high as 16%. Extending our considerations to a photosynthetic organism optimized to use PSII and PSI to drive H(2) production, the theoretical maximum of the solar-energy conversion efficiency would be as high as 10.5%, if all electrons and protons derived from water oxidation were used for H(2) formation. The above performance figures are impressive, but they represent theoretical maxima and do not account for processes in an intact organism that lower these yields, such as light saturation, photoinhibitory, protective, and repair processes. The overpotential for catalysis of water oxidation at the Mn(4)Ca complex of PSII may be as low as 0.3 V. To address the specific energetics of water oxidation at the Mn complex of PSII, we propose a new conceptual framework that will facilitate quantitative considerations on the basis of oxidation potentials and pK values. In conclusion, photosynthetic water oxidation works at high efficiency and thus can serve as both an inspiring model and a benchmark in the development of future technologies for production of solar fuels.
Electrical properties of crystalline YSZ films on silicon as alternative gate dielectrics (2001)

10.1088/0268-1242/16/3/101
Measurement of guided mode wavenumbers in soft tissue–bone mimicking phantoms using ultrasonic axial transmission (2012)

Human soft tissue is an important factor that influences the assessment of human long bones using quantitative ultrasound techniques. To investigate such influence, a series of soft tissue-bone phantoms (a bone-mimicking plate coated with a layer of water, glycerol or silicon rubber) were ultrasonically investigated using a probe with multi-emitter and multi-receiver arrays in an axial transmission configuration. A singular value decomposition signal processing technique was applied to extract the frequency-dependent wavenumbers of several guided modes. The results indicate that the presence of a soft tissue-mimicking layer introduces additional guided modes predicted by a fluid waveguide model. The modes propagating in the bone-mimicking plate covered by the soft-tissue phantom are only slightly modified compared to their counterparts in the free bone-mimicking plate, and they are still predicted by an elastic transverse isotropic two-dimensional waveguide. Altogether these observations suggest that the soft tissue-bone phantoms can be modeled as two independent waveguides. Even in the presence of the overlying soft tissue-mimicking layer, the modes propagating in the bone-mimicking plate can still be extracted and identified. These results suggest that our approach can be applied for the purpose of the characterization of the material and structural properties of cortical bone.
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Asian Patients with Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases (2012)

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from disease patients are an invaluable resource for biomedical research and may provide a source for replacement therapies. In this study, we have generated iPS cells from Asian patients with chronic degenerative diseases of the nervous system, including spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Parkinson disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by transduction with four factors (KLF4, SOX2, OCT4 and c-MYC). All of the iPS cells showed pluripotency similar to that of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and were able to differentiate into various somatic cell types in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the iPS cells also can be committed to differentiate into neural cells, the cell type that is affected in chronic degenerative diseases. Therefore, the patient-specific iPS cells we generated offer a cellular model in which to investigate disease mechanisms, discover and test novel drugs and develop new therapies for chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Activation of cryptic aminoglycoside resistance in <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (2011)

Aminoglycoside resistance in bacteria can be acquired by several mechanisms, including drug modification, target alteration, reduced uptake and increased efflux. Here we demonstrate that increased resistance to the aminoglycosides streptomycin and spectinomycin in Salmonella enterica can be conferred by increased expression of an aminoglycoside adenyl transferase encoded by the cryptic, chromosomally located aadA gene. During growth in rich medium the wild-type strain was susceptible but mutations that impaired electron transport and conferred a small colony variant (SCV) phenotype or growth in glucose/glycerol minimal media resulted in activation of the aadA gene and aminoglycoside resistance. Expression of the aadA gene was positively regulated by the stringent response regulator guanosine penta/tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp). SCV mutants carrying stop codon mutations in the hemA and ubiA genes showed a streptomycin pseudo-dependent phenotype, where growth was stimulated by streptomycin. Our data suggest that this phenotype is due to streptomycin-induced readthrough of the stop codons, a resulting increase in HemA/UbiA levels and improved electron transport and growth. Our results demonstrate that environmental and mutational activation of a cryptic resistance gene can confer clinically significant resistance and that a streptomycin-pseudo-dependent phenotype can be generated via a novel mechanism that does not involve the classical rpsL mutations.
Kinetic modeling of tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate bypass in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its application to assessment of drug targets (2006)

We used kinetic modeling of biochemical pathways to assess various potential anti-tuberculous drug targets that interfere with the glyoxylate bypass flux, and indicated the type of inhibition needed to eliminate the pathogen. The advantage of such an approach to the assessment of drug targets is that it facilitates the study of systemic effect(s) of the modulation of the target enzyme(s) in the cellular environment.
Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2020)

Treatments that target alterations in gut microbiota may be beneficial for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Factors considered in the analysis included global IBS symptoms and/or abdominal pain, secondary symptoms and the frequency of adverse events. A total of 33 RCTs involving 4,321 patients were identified. Overall, probiotics significantly improved global IBS symptoms compared to placebos (standardised mean difference = -0.32, 95% confidence interval: -0.48 to -0.15; <i>P</i> <0.001), with significant heterogeneity between studies (<i>I</i> <i><sup>2</sup></i> = 72%; <i>P</i> <0.001). This remained apparent in both single- and multi-strain probiotic interventions as well as synbiotic formulations. However, evidence regarding prebiotics was scarce. There were no significant inter-group differences in terms of the frequency of adverse events. Future RCTs should address methodological limitations, including short follow-up periods and patient adherence.
Study on the Consolidation Potential of Construction Land in Bagongshan District of Huainan City (2014)

Based on grading of consolidation potential of rural construction land, coal mining subsidence areas, old towns and "villages within the city" in Bagongshan District, this article put forwards the following recommendations to fully tap the consolidation potential of construction land in Bagongshan District: strengthening the planning guidance; combining the construction land consolidation with beautiful countryside construction; focusing on the ecological civilization construction.
A new look at distributed RC notch filters (1970)

A new approach to the study of distributed RC notch filters is presented. The method is intended to impart a clearer understanding into the mechanism which causes the null to appear. It also leads to the introduction of different forms of notch filters than those previously considered.