gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactive Multi-task Relationship Learning (2016)

Multi-task learning (MTL) is a learning paradigm that provides a principled way to improve the generalization performance of a set of related machine learning tasks by transferring knowledge among the tasks. The past decade has witnessed many successful applications of MTL in different domains. In the center of MTL algorithms is how the relatedness of tasks are modeled and encoded in learning formulations to facilitate knowledge transfer. Among the MTL algorithms, the multi-task relationship learning (MTRL) attracted much attention in the community because it learns task relationship from data to guide knowledge transfer, instead of imposing a prior task relatedness assumption. However, this method heavily depends on the quality of training data. When there is insufficient training data or the data is too noisy, the algorithm could learn an inaccurate task relationship that misleads the learning towards suboptimal models. To address the aforementioned challenge, in this paper we propose a novel interactive multi-task relationship learning (iMTRL) framework that efficiently solicits partial order knowledge of task relationship from human experts, effectively incorporates the knowledge in a proposed knowledge-aware MTRL formulation. We propose an efficient optimization algorithm for kMTRL and comprehensively study query strategies that identify the critical pairs that are most influential to the learning. We present extensive empirical studies on both synthetic and real datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed framework.
Effect of the Stoiehiometry Control on the Photoelectrical Properties of ZnSxSe1−x (1984)

The effect of the stoichiometry deviation y of Zn1 +y(S0.25Se0.75) single crystals on the photoelectrical properties is examined. The stoichiometry is controlled through the vapour growth process by regulating the sum of chalcogen partial pressure PVI( = P + P), and by keeping the partial pressure ratio Pr(= P/P) constant in each vapour growth experiment. With increasing PVI, the emission intensity of the broad band observed at 485.5 nm (named A-peak) increases, but the intensities of the band edge emissions, I2, and free excitonic peak, Ex, decrease. The dark electrical conductivity at room temperature of the grown crystals increases from 10−14 to 10−12 (Ωcm)−1 with increasing PVI. From these results, it is found that the deviation y from stoichiometry is controlled effectively and the results can be explained by the increase of native defects such as zinc vacancy Vzn with increasing PVI. Es wird der Einf luß einer Stöchiometrieabweichung y von Zn1 + y (S0.25Se0.76)-Einkristallen auf diephotoelektrischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die Stochiometrie wird fiber den Wachstumsprozeß aus der Dampfphase gesteuert, indem die Summe der Chalkogenpartialdücke PVI(= P + P) reguliert und das Verhaltnis der Partialdrucke Pr(= P/P) bei jeder Dampfphasenzuchtung konstant gehalten wird. Mit wachsendem PVI nimmt die Emissionsintensität der breiten Bande, die bei 485,5 nm (A-Maximum) beobachtet wird, zu, jedoch nehmen die Intensitaten der Bandkantenemissionen I2, und das Maximum der freien Exzitonen ab. Die elektrische Dunkelleitfahig-keit der gewachsenen Kristalle bei Zimmertemperatur nimmt von 10−14 bis 10−12 (Ωcm)−1 mit wachsendem PVI zu. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß die Stochiometrieabweichung y effektiv gesteuert wird, und die Ergebnisse lassen sich durch das Anwachsen von Eigendefekten, z.B. Zinklücken Vzn, mit steigendem PVI erklaren.
Multi-layer insulator for low voltage and breakdown voltage enhancement in electrowetting-on-dielectric (2014)

Low applied voltage in electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) can be achieved using thin dielectric. However it is followed by high possibility of dielectric failure. On the other hand, multi-layer dielectric has been known as a way to enhance the dielectric reliability by delaying the dielectric breakdown. In this paper, we report a modified structure of multi-layer insulator called sandwich-like multi-layer structure. This structure is built by dividing one layer into two sections and inserting the other layer between them, resulting a stack with an additional layer but identical in thickness with the conventional multi-layer structure. Using Parylene C and Aluminum Oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), sandwich-like multi-layer structure shows an improvement in dielectric reliability by delaying the occurrence of dielectric breakdown without sacrificing the operational voltage. Dielectric breakdown is investigated by observing the bubbles forming during electrowetting test caused by electrolysis.
Luminescence materials for pH and oxygen sensing in microbial cells – structures, optical properties, and biological applications (2016)

Luminescence including fluorescence and phosphorescence sensors have been demonstrated to be important for studying cell metabolism, and diagnosing diseases and cancer. Various design principles have been employed for the development of sensors in different formats, such as organic molecules, polymers, polymeric hydrogels, and nanoparticles. The integration of the sensing with fluorescence imaging provides valuable tools for biomedical research and applications at not only bulk-cell level but also at single-cell level. In this article, we critically reviewed recent progresses on pH, oxygen, and dual pH and oxygen sensors specifically for their application in microbial cells. In addition, we focused not only on sensor materials with different chemical structures, but also on design and applications of sensors for better understanding cellular metabolism of microbial cells. Finally, we also provided an outlook for future materials design and key challenges in reaching broad applications in microbial cells.
Comparison of Bactericidal Activity of Five Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus (1990)

Ten volunteers were given each of five antibiotics, sequentially, until steady state was reached. Peak and trough sera were then drawn, and bactericidal titers were determined to two different isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, both sensitive in vitro to all antibiotics tested. The antibiotics were cephalexin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ), clindamycin, dicloxacillin, and ciprofloxacin. Mean peak serum bactericidal titers (SBT) were significantly higher for cephalexin than for dicloxacillin, ciprofloxacin, and TMP/SMZ (P less than .05). The difference between cephalexin and clindamycin did not achieve statistical significance. Dicloxacillin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin were not statistically different from each other. Mean SBT for TMP/SMZ was less than 1:2, significantly less than that achieved by the other antibiotics. Only clindamycin achieved a trough SBT greater than 1:2. This was statistically significant compared with each of the other antibiotics.
Evidence for glomerular actions of epidermal growth factor in the rat. (1988)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), an endogenous mitogenic peptide, has recently been shown to be a potent vasoconstrictor of vascular smooth muscle. In view of its potential role in proliferative and inflammatory renal glomerular diseases, we examined the effects of EGF both on cultured rat mesangial cells and on in vivo glomerular hemodynamics. Mesangial cells possess specific, saturable EGF receptors of differing affinities, with Kd's of 0.1 and 1.7 nM, respectively. EGF produced a rapid increase in intracellular pH of 0.12 +/- 0.01 pH U, which was sodium dependent and amiloride inhibitable. The addition of EGF to mesangial cells cultured on either glass or dimethylpolysiloxane substratum induced reproducible cell contraction. Intrarenal EGF infusion did not affect systemic blood pressure or hematocrit but reversibly decreased GFR and renal blood flow from 4.19 +/- 0.33 to 3.33 +/- 0.26 and from 1.17 +/- 0.09 to 0.69 +/- 0.07 ml/min, respectively. Glomerular micropuncture confirmed decreases in single nephron plasma flow and in single nephron GFR (from 142 +/- 9 to 98 +/- 8 and from 51.6 +/- 11.7 to 28.5 +/- 3.5 nl/min, respectively) which were due to significant increases in both pre- and postglomerular arteriolar resistances (from 1.97 +/- 0.31 to 2.65 +/- 0.36 and from 1.19 +/- 0.11 to 2.00 +/- 0.15 10(10) dyn.s.cm-5 respectively) and to a significant decrease in the ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, which fell from 0.100 +/- 0.019 to 0.031 +/- 0.007 nl/(s.mmHg). These studies demonstrate that mesangial cells possess specific receptors for EGF, and exposure of these cells to physiologic concentrations of EGF results in an in vitro functional response characterized by activation of Na+/H+ exchange and by resultant intracellular alkalinization, as well as by cell contraction. EGF administration in vivo significantly reduces the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf, which, in combination with EGF-induced constriction of both preglomerular and postglomerular arterioles, results in acute major reductions in the rates of glomerular filtration and perfusion.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Spirally Fluted Annuli: Part I—Hydrodynamics (1995)

This paper is the first of two papers that present the results of a comprehensive study of heat transfer and pressure drop in annuli with spirally fluted inner tubes for the laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes. To understand the underlying physical phenomena responsible for heat transfer enhancement, flow mechanisms documented elsewhere are combined with pressure drop measurements to propose friction factor correlations for the low Re range (Re < 800) and the high Re range (800 < Re < 43,500). Friction factors were found to be functions of the flute depth, pitch and angle, and the annulus radius ratio. These correlations are used in the second paper to develop Nusselt number correlations in terms of the fluted annulus friction factor. Transition in these annuli occurred in the 310 < Re < 1000 range. In Part II of this study, this early transition is shown to be responsible, in part, for significant heat transfer enhancement. Friction factor increases were typically between 1.1 and 2.0 in the laminar regime, and up to 10 in the turbulent regime. These enhancement values can be used in conjunction with heat transfer enhancement values reported in Part II to determine appropriate ranges of applicability for spirally enhanced annuli.
TREMENDOUS NUTRITION TASK AHEAD (1951)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTTREMENDOUS NUTRITION TASK AHEADFood shipments to Yugoslavia and military rations for Korea are but tokens of the gigantic demands on the horizonC. G. KINGView Author Information Nutrition Foundation, Inc., New York, N.Y.Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1951, 29, 1, 24–27Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1951Publication History Published online5 November 2010Published inissue 1 January 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v029n001.p024https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v029n001.p024newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1951 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views4Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Food Get e-Alerts
The cationic dimerization of 1,1‐diphenylethylene. II. Cation formation with titanium tetrachloride in dichloromethane solution (1978)

Abstract The initiation reaction of 1,1‐diphenylethylene (DPE) dimerization by TiCl 4 in dichloromethane has been studied at −30 and −70°C in the presence and absence of added cocatalyst. When water was added to the medium, the concentration of active centers was proportional to cocatalyst concentration. When carbocations R + are formed without a cocatalyst, their usually low concentration depends on initial concentrations of reagents; thus |R + | ∝ |C| 0 /|M| 0 , which indicates that the olefin has an inhibiting effect. The simplest hypothesis applicable to these two observations is the existence of a secondary reaction parallel to initiation which traps the initiator in an inactive form; for example, as a complex with the monomer. The two kinetic schemes, which are proposed according to the stoichiometry of the inactive complex (bimolecular C,M or trimolecular C,M 2 ), support mechanisms that would involve solvent cocatalysis, electronic transfer, or direct addition of TiCl 4 on the monomer double bond. Consideration of these rival theories reveals that the most likely is the direct addition of TiCl 4 on monomer, but unfortunately the known instability of the corresponding organotitanium intermediates does not allow their characterization.
Ordering nano- and microparticles assemblies with liquid crystals (2013)

Besides nanostructured materials, individual particles are key elements for nanosciences. The structuring properties of liquid crystals (LCs) are appealing to assemble them, to organize them on substrates or to design functional composites. We present here an overview on particles/LC systems, the size of the dispersed particles being larger than the typical LC length. We first summarize the large number of advances made these last 10 years concerning microparticles assemblies. We then discuss the evolution of the relevant interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in LCs when their size decreases from micrometers to nanometers. Various NPs assemblies obtained, either in LC bulk, at interfaces or within LC distorted areas or topological defects are then reported and discussed. Finally, we consider the recent possibilities to use NPs as building elements of complex fluids. We discuss accordingly the LC phases, which can be obtained with pure inorganic NPs in concentrated solution, as well as the self-assemblies which can be obtained when NPs are covered by organic mesogenic ligands.
Sensitivity analysis of excimer fluorescence generated from charged particle excitation (1987)

Sensitivity analysis is a powerful first-order mathematical technique that identifies the major reactions, the effects of errors in rate constants, pressure effects, and temperature effects in a plasma chemistry type model. Several methods of sensitivity analysis have been discussed in the literature. This paper describes the successful implementation of the state transition matrix method to the sensitivity analysis of a plasma chemistry model using both e-beams and ions for excitation. The ion excited plasma study is important to the field of nuclear-pumped lasers. This model examines 8 species and 37 reactions.
Kinetics of the reaction between hydrofluoric acid and calcium oxide for fluoride emission control (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of the reaction between hydrofluoric acid and calcium oxide for fluoride emission controlStephen G. Byer, Chor. Wong, Ralph T. Yang, and James R. ReinhardtCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983, 17, 2, 84–88Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00108a004https://doi.org/10.1021/es00108a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views558Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Historical View of the Stress Field (1975)

An analysis is presented of selected aspects of stress theory and research in biology and medicine, both before and after the introduction of Selye's stress formulations, which have been of major importance in the development and popularity of this research area. An attempt is made to explore some possible sources of present confusion and controversy in the stress field, with a view to the development of new research strategies that may enable us to clarify, update, and revise stress concepts and to facilitate future progress. In particular, it is suggested that an experimental reevaluation of the concept of the non-specificity of pituitary-adrenal cortical response is a matter of particular strategic importance, if we are to move out of the present prolonged period of stalemate and confusion over stress theory and terminology. Recent experimental studies which suggest that the nonspecificity concept may have been applied erroneously to lower level physiological mechanisms, rather than to higher level psychological processes, are reviewed. The possible implications of this development are discussed in terms of clarifying current concepts and providing guidelines for future lines of approach in stress research.
Average Information REML: An Efficient Algorithm for Variance Parameter Estimation in Linear Mixed Models (1995)

A strategy of using an average information matrix is shown to be computationally convenient and efficient for estimating variance components by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) in the mixed linear model. Three applications are described. The motivation for the algorithm was the estimation of variance components in the analysis of wheat variety means from 1,071 experiments representing 10 years and 60 locations in New South Wales. We also apply the algorithm to the analysis of designed experiments by incomplete block analysis and spatial analysis of field experiments.
Vendor Extensions for Service Location Protocol, Version 2 (2002)

This document specifies how the features of the Service Location Protocol, Version 2 allow for vendor extensibility safely, with no possibility of collisions.The specification introduces a new SLPv2 extension: The Vendor Opaque Extension.While proprietary protocol extensions are not encouraged by IETF standards, it is important that they not hinder interoperability of compliant implementations when they are undertaken.This document udpates RFC 2608, "The Service Location Protocol.
Microcutting of living tissue slices and stem cell colonies by using mechanical tool and liquid jet (2008)

There is a growing need for methods to cut living tissues in vitro and cell cultures in microscale in biological and medical research. This paper presents two different microrobotic methods for cutting: mechanical microdissection using a sharp needle and liquid jet cutting utilizing a pressured liquid jet. Test devices for both the methods were built and the experiments were conducted with thin tissue slices and stem cell colonies. The devices built as well as the structure of the experiments and the results gained are discussed in this paper and the methods are compared with each other.
Adaptation to a Cortex-Controlled Robot Attached at the Pelvis and Engaged during Locomotion in Rats (2011)

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) should ideally show robust adaptation of the BMI across different tasks and daily activities. Most BMIs have used overpracticed tasks. Little is known about BMIs in dynamic environments. How are mechanically body-coupled BMIs integrated into ongoing rhythmic dynamics, for example, in locomotion? To examine this, we designed a novel BMI using neural discharge in the hindlimb/trunk motor cortex in rats during locomotion to control a robot attached at the pelvis. We tested neural adaptation when rats experienced (1) control locomotion, (2) "simple elastic load" (a robot load on locomotion without any BMI neural control), and (3) "BMI with elastic load" (in which the robot loaded locomotion and a BMI neural control could counter this load). Rats significantly offset applied loads with the BMI while preserving more normal pelvic height compared with load alone. Adaptation occurred over ∼100-200 step cycles in a trial. Firing rates increased in both the loaded conditions compared with baseline. Mean phases of the discharge of cells in the step cycle shifted significantly between BMI and the simple load condition. Over time, more BMI cells became positively correlated with the external force and modulated more deeply, and the network correlations of neurons on a 100 ms timescale increased. Loading alone showed none of these effects. The BMI neural changes of rate and force correlations persisted or increased over repeated trials. Our results show that rats have the capacity to use motor adaptation and motor learning to fairly rapidly engage hindlimb/trunk-coupled BMIs in their locomotion.
Chemistry of singlet oxygen. IV. Oxygenations with hypochlorite-hydrogen peroxide (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of singlet oxygen. IV. Oxygenations with hypochlorite-hydrogen peroxideChristopher S. Foote, Sol Wexler, Wataru Ando, and Raymond HigginsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 4, 975–981Publication Date (Print):February 14, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 14 February 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01006a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01006a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1812Altmetric-Citations209LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts