gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diode-like electron transfer across nanostructured films containing a redox ligand (2000)

Novel redox active dithiols containing the viologen (4,4′-bipyridinium group) have been synthesised. Monolayers and multilayers consisting of alternating layers of the dithiol and gold nanoparticles have been self-assembled on a gold substrate and visualised using SPM. Such materials have been investigated for their electroactivity and their ability to mediate electron transfer to an external redox couple, [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+, in aqueous solution. Viologen moieties in these multilayers are addressable electrochemically provided they are within 6–8 layers of the external surface and it is shown that electron transfer through the deeper layers is very facile as a consequence of the presence of partially filled viologen π-orbitals. When the viologen containing dithiol is present in the outer layer, a diode effect is observed; electron transfer from the multilayer to the external couple takes place, but the reverse electron transport is inhibited.
Acute Phosphate Nephropathy following Oral Sodium Phosphate Bowel Purgative (2005)

The findings of diffuse tubular injury with abundant tubular calcium phosphate deposits on renal biopsy are referred to as nephrocalcinosis, a condition typically associated with hypercalcemia. During the period from 2000 to 2004, 31 cases of nephrocalcinosis were identified among the 7349 native renal biopsies processed at Columbia University. Among the 31 patients, 21 presented with acute renal failure (ARF), were normocalcemic, and had a history of recent colonoscopy preceded by bowel cleansing with oral sodium phosphate solution (OSPS) or Visicol. Because the precipitant was OSPS rather than hypercalcemia, these cases are best termed acute phosphate nephropathy. The cohort of 21 patients with APhN was predominantly female (81.0%) and white (81.0%), with a mean age of 64.0 yr. Sixteen of the 21 patients had a history of hypertension, 14 (87.5%) of whom were receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. The mean baseline serum creatinine was 1.0 mg/dl, available within 4 mo of colonoscopy in 19 (90.5%) patients. Patients presented with ARF and a mean creatinine of 3.9 mg/dl at a median of 1 mo after colonoscopy. In a few patients, ARF was discovered within 3 d of colonoscopy, at which time hyperphosphatemia was documented. Patients had minimal proteinuria, normocalcemia, and bland urinary sediment. At follow-up (mean 16.7 mo), four patients had gone on to require permanent hemodialysis. The remaining 17 patients all have developed chronic renal insufficiency (mean serum creatinine, 2.4 mg/dl). Acute phosphate nephropathy is an underrecognized cause of acute and chronic renal failure. Potential etiologic factors include inadequate hydration (while receiving OSPS), increased patient age, a history of hypertension, and concurrent use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker.
Effects of steroid treatment on activation of nuclear factor κB in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (1998)

Nuclear factor kappB (NFkappaB) is a transcription factor that controls several genes important for immunity and inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess if activation of NFkappaB plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and whether steroid treatment affects NFkappaB activation. Activation of NFkappaB was analysed in colon biopsy samples of 13 patients with active IBD (8 Crohn's colitis, 5 ulcerative colitis) by electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, under basal conditions and 3 weeks after treatment with 0.75 mg kg(-1) day(-1) prednisolone. The presence of interleukin-8 mRNA in biopsies was assessed by RT-PCR. A specific NFkappaB band was present in all nuclear extracts from inflamed mucosa, whereas the band was barely detectable in uninflamed colonic mucosa. NFkappaB bands were super-shifted by antibodies against p50 subunit, whereas antibodies against p65, p52, c-Rel, or Rel B did not modify the mobility of the band. Increased interleukin-8 mRNA was detected at the same sites of NFkappaB activation. Steroid-induced healing of colonic inflammation was associated with disappearance of NFkappaB from nuclear extracts. These results support the notion that NFkappaB plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD, and that blockade of NFkappaB activation is one of the mechanisms by which steroids suppress the inflammatory cascade in IBD.
Chemicals from biobutanol: technologies and markets (2012)

Abstract This review provides a technical description of the range of commercial products that can be accessed from n‐butanol, with specific emphasis on n‐butanol derived from renewable sources (biobutanol). n‐Butanol itself and primary derivatives in which the oxygen functionality of the molecule is retained (butyraldehyde and butyric acid) have mainstream applications in the solvent, polymer, fuel oxygenate, and/or specialty chemical markets, while butanol dehydration products (butenes and butadiene) present additional opportunities in the hydrocarbon fuel and synthetic elastomers markets. The volume and value of these markets are noted and specific applications of first‐ and second‐generation n‐butanol derivatives are discussed. Selected technologies for the conversion of butenes into other valuable olefins are described and current biobutanol producers and technology providers are identified and profiled. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Design and simulation of a modular multi-level converter for MVDC application (2011)

A modular converter structure for medium voltage DC (MVDC) applications is presented in this paper. The new converter structure is designed in such a way that, the modularity is available not only for voltage but also for current ratings, using the available devices. The new converter will be applicable for a wide range of medium voltage applications and using its modularity it also can be scaled up for high voltage applications. The proposed-converter control is described and the overall operation is explained through simulation. A simple active-reactive power control is utilized for the converter control. It has been highlighted, through simulation, that the proposed converter has a high degree of design flexibility introduced by its high number of redundant switching states. These redundancies are implemented for controlling the capacitor voltages of the converter modules. More importantly, they provide the converter with a DC and AC sides fault-handling capability; a function that is essential for an MV converter. It is explicitly shown that the converter can provide ancillary services to the grid during DC faults.
Key Mixing in Block Ciphers through Addition modulo 2 n . (2005)

Abstract. The classical technique to perform key mixing in block ciphers is through exclusive-or (exor). In this paper we show that when the n-bit key is mixed in a block cipher of size n bits via addition modulo 2n, the bias of the linear approximations falls exponentially fast. Experimental results have been provided to show that such a scheme cannot be cryptanalyzed using Linear Cryptanalysis. Keywords: Block Ciphers, Key Mixing, Linear Approximations, Piling-Up Lemma
Early Mucosal Sensing of SIV Infection by Paneth Cells Induces IL-1β Production and Initiates Gut Epithelial Disruption (2014)

HIV causes rapid CD4+ T cell depletion in the gut mucosa, resulting in immune deficiency and defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier. Breakdown in gut barrier integrity is linked to chronic inflammation and disease progression. However, the early effects of HIV on the gut epithelium, prior to the CD4+ T cell depletion, are not known. Further, the impact of early viral infection on mucosal responses to pathogenic and commensal microbes has not been investigated. We utilized the SIV model of AIDS to assess the earliest host-virus interactions and mechanisms of inflammation and dysfunction in the gut, prior to CD4+ T cell depletion. An intestinal loop model was used to interrogate the effects of SIV infection on gut mucosal immune sensing and response to pathogens and commensal bacteria in vivo. At 2.5 days post-SIV infection, low viral loads were detected in peripheral blood and gut mucosa without CD4+ T cell loss. However, immunohistological analysis revealed the disruption of the gut epithelium manifested by decreased expression and mislocalization of tight junction proteins. Correlating with epithelial disruption was a significant induction of IL-1β expression by Paneth cells, which were in close proximity to SIV-infected cells in the intestinal crypts. The IL-1β response preceded the induction of the antiviral interferon response. Despite the disruption of the gut epithelium, no aberrant responses to pathogenic or commensal bacteria were observed. In fact, inoculation of commensal Lactobacillus plantarum in intestinal loops led to rapid anti-inflammatory response and epithelial tight junction repair in SIV infected macaques. Thus, intestinal Paneth cells are the earliest responders to viral infection and induce gut inflammation through IL-1β signaling. Reversal of the IL-1β induced gut epithelial damage by Lactobacillus plantarum suggests synergistic host-commensal interactions during early viral infection and identify these mechanisms as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Role of pudendal afferents in voiding efficiency in the rat (2007)

The reciprocal activities of the bladder and external urethral sphincter (EUS) are coordinated by descending projections from the pontine micturition center but are subjected to modulation by peripheral afferent inputs. Transection of the somatic pudendal nerve innervating the striated EUS decreases voiding efficiency and increases residual urine in the rat. The reduction in voiding efficiency was attributed to the lack of phasic bursting activity of the EUS following denervation. However, transection of the pudendal nerve also eliminates somatic sensory feedback that may play a role in voiding. We hypothesized that feedback from pudendal afferents is required for efficient voiding and that the loss of pudendal sensory activity contributes to the observed reduction in voiding efficiency following pudendal nerve transection. Quantitative cystometry in urethane anesthetized female rats following selective transection of pudendal nerve branches, following chemical modulation of urethral afferent activity, and following neuromuscular blockade revealed that pudendal nerve afferents contributed to efficient voiding. Sensory feedback augmented bladder contraction amplitude and duration, thereby increasing the driving force for urine expulsion. Second, sensory feedback was necessary to pattern appropriately the EUS activity into alternating bursts and quiescence during the bladder contraction. These findings demonstrate that the loss of pudendal sensory activity contributes to the reduction in voiding efficiency observed following pudendal nerve transection, and illustrate the importance of urethral sensory feedback in regulating bladder function.
Design and analysis of a fault-tolerant mechanism for a server-less video-on-demand system (2003)

Video-on-demand (VoD) systems have traditionally been built on the client-server architecture, where a video server stores, retrieves, and transmits video data to video clients for playback This paper investigates a radically different approach to building VoD systems, one where the server, and hence the primary bottleneck, is completely eliminated. This server-less architecture comprises homogeneous hosts, called nodes, which serve both as client and as mini-server. Video data are distributed over all nodes and these nodes cooperatively stream video data to one another for playback. However, unlike traditional video server that runs on high-end server hardware in a carefully controlled and protected data centre, a node in a server less system is likely to be far more unreliable. Therefore it is essential that sufficient data and capacity redundancies are incorporated to maintain an acceptable set-vice reliability. This paper presents and analyzes a fault tolerant mechanism based on inter-node striping and erasure correction codes to tackle this challenge. By formulating the system's reliability as a Markov chain model, we obtain insights into the feasible operating region of the system, such as the amount of redundancy required and the node-level reliability that can be tolerated. Numerical results show that a server-less VoD system of 200 nodes can achieve reliability surpassing that of dedicated video server using a redundancy overhead of only 21.2% even though individual nodes are highly unreliable.
Genome-Wide Investigation of Biofilm Formation in Bacillus cereus (2017)

<i>Bacillus cereus</i> is a soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium capable of forming structured multicellular communities, or biofilms. However, the regulatory pathways controlling biofilm formation are less well understood in <i>B. cereus</i> In this work, we developed a method to study <i>B. cereus</i> biofilms formed at the air-liquid interface. We applied two genome-wide approaches, random transposon insertion mutagenesis to identify genes that are potentially important for biofilm formation, and transcriptome analyses by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to characterize genes that are differentially expressed in <i>B. cereus</i> when cells were grown in a biofilm-inducing medium. For the first approach, we identified 23 genes whose disruption by transposon insertion led to altered biofilm phenotypes. Based on the predicted function, they included genes involved in processes such as nucleotide biosynthesis, iron salvage, and antibiotic production, as well as genes encoding an ATP-dependent protease and transcription regulators. Transcriptome analyses identified about 500 genes that were differentially expressed in cells grown under biofilm-inducing conditions. One particular set of those genes may contribute to major metabolic shifts, leading to elevated production of small volatile molecules. Selected volatile molecules were shown to stimulate robust biofilm formation in <i>B. cereus</i> Our studies represent a genome-wide investigation of <i>B. cereus</i> biofilm formation.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> In this work, we established a robust method for <i>B. cereus</i> biofilm studies and applied two genome-wide approaches, transposon insertion mutagenesis and transcriptome analyses by RNA-seq, to identify genes and pathways that are potentially important for biofilm formation in <i>B. cereus</i> We discovered dozens of genes and two major metabolic shifts that seem to be important for biofilm formation in <i>B. cereus</i> Our study represents a genome-wide investigation on <i>B. cereus</i> biofilm formation.
A study on appropriate function allocation for an end customer controlled network operation system (computer networks) (2002)

Appropriate function allocation is presented that improves the total performance of an end customer control (ECC) system connected by networks that accommodate various speeds of communication. A four-layer functional architecture for an ECC's functional distribution is proposed. It consists of a network element function, a terminal function realized by efficient terminals, and two management functions: one manages end customers, the other manages network elements. The characteristics determined from an ECC prototype system based on the proposed architecture prove the merit of the architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Active Control of Drive Motion of Four Wheel Steering Car with Neural Network (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Two kinds of active control systems, using neural networks (NN), are presented for realizing optimal driving motion of four wheel steer (4WS) cars. The first system is based on the assumption that the car is simplified as a linear two wheel bycycle model, and that the friction force between tire and road surface is represented by Fiala's nonlinear model. The nonlinear relation between the slip angle of tire and the cornering force is expressed with NN. A model-following type control strategy is adopted in the first system, with both the feedforward and feedback gains for the control of the rear wheel steering angle adaptively determined with NN according to change of front wheel steering angle. The second system is based on the assumption that both the dynamical characteristics of the car and the tire friction force are nonlinear. The nonlinear dynamical characteristics of the car and the friction force are identified with NN, using the measured data of an actual car. The second control system is composed of only the NN model. It becomes evident by the simulation and the experiment using an actual car that driving performance of a car with the active control systems presented is far better than that of a car with the usual control system of fixed control gain.</div>
Visual-Inertial Odometry on Chip: An Algorithm-and-Hardware Co-design Approach (2017)

Autonomous navigation of miniaturized robots (e.g., nano/pico aerial vehicles) is currently a grand challenge for robotics research, due to the need for processing a large amount of sensor data (e.g., camera frames) with limited on-board computational resources. In this paper we focus on the design of a visual-inertial odometry (VIO) system in which the robot estimates its ego-motion (and a landmark-based map) from onboard camera and IMU data. We argue that scaling down VIO to miniaturized platforms (without sacrificing performance) requires a paradigm shift in the design of perception algorithms, and we advocate a co-design approach in which algorithmic and hardware design choices are tightly coupled. Our contribution is four-fold. First, we discuss the VIO co-design problem, in which one tries to attain a desired resource-performance trade-off, by making suitable design choices (in terms of hardware, algorithms, implementation, and parameters). Second, we characterize the design space, by discussing how a relevant set of design choices affects the resource-performance trade-off in VIO. Third, we provide a systematic experiment-driven way to explore the design space, towards a design that meets the desired trade-off. Fourth, we demonstrate the result of the co-design process by providing a VIO implementation on specialized hardware and showing that such implementation has the same accuracy and speed of a desktop implementation, while requiring a fraction of the power.
Reaction of gaseous sulfur mustard with zeolite 13X (1994)

The behaviour of zeolite 13X, both dried and impregnated with H2O and various amines, when treated with gaseous sulfur mustard, (CICH2CH2)2S, has been studied. The capacity to absorb/react with S-mustard was largest for the dried zeolite 13X (1.24–1.41 mmol S-mustard g–1), with the capacity of the other samples appearing to depend upon the free space within the zeolite rather than upon the type or loading of the potential decontaminant. The product formed from S-mustard within dried zeolite 13X has been investigated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and tentatively assigned the structure HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+(CH2CH2OH)2.
Lipid lowering activity of novel<i>N</i>-(benzoylphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats (2016)

Context: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Many dyslipidemic patients do not achieve their target lipid levels with the currently available medications, and most of them may experience many side effects.Objective: The present work aimed toward identifying a new class of novel nicotinic acid-carboxamide derivatives as promising antihyperlipidemic compounds.Materials and methods: Six novel N-(benzoylphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized using acid chloride pathways. All structures were confirmed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, and HRMS. The evaluation of biological activity was conducted using Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats model.Results: This study revealed that some of the newly synthesized novel N-(benzoylphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives mainly C4 and C6 possessed significant antihyperlipidemic activities on lipid components TG and TC (p value <0.05).Discussion and conclusion: This research opens the door for new potential antihyperlipidemic compounds derived from nicotinic acid that need further optimization of their biological activities.
Distributed hash sketches (2009)

Counting items in a distributed system, and estimating the cardinality of multisets in particular, is important for a large variety of applications and a fundamental building block for emerging Internet-scale information systems. Examples of such applications range from optimizing query access plans in peer-to-peer data sharing, to computing the significance (rank/score) of data items in distributed information retrieval. The general formal problem addressed in this article is computing the network-wide distinct number of items with some property (e.g., distinct files with file name containing “spiderman”) where each node in the network holds an arbitrary subset, possibly overlapping the subsets of other nodes. The key requirements that a viable approach must satisfy are: (1) scalability towards very large network size, (2) efficiency regarding messaging overhead, (3) load balance of storage and access, (4) accuracy of the cardinality estimation, and (5) simplicity and easy integration in applications. This article contributes the DHS (Distributed Hash Sketches) method for this problem setting: a distributed, scalable, efficient, and accurate multiset cardinality estimator. DHS is based on hash sketches for probabilistic counting, but distributes the bits of each counter across network nodes in a judicious manner based on principles of Distributed Hash Tables, paying careful attention to fast access and aggregation as well as update costs. The article discusses various design choices, exhibiting tunable trade-offs between estimation accuracy, hop-count efficiency, and load distribution fairness. We further contribute a full-fledged, publicly available, open-source implementation of all our methods, and a comprehensive experimental evaluation for various settings.
Overcoming HIV-1 resistance to RNA interference (2007)

RNAi refers to the sequence-specific degradation of RNA that follows the cellular introduction of homologous short interfering (si) RNA. RNAi has emerged as a powerful tool to probe the function of genes of known sequence in vitro and in vivo. Advances in vector design permit the effective expression of siRNA in human cells. Numerous recent investigations have described the ability of RNAi to decrease the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in lymphocytic cells using siRNA targeting viral (e.g. tat, gag, rev) and host (e.g. CCR5, CD4) proteins. Can RNAi be used as a form of genetic therapy for HIV-1 infection? Recent data indicate that the dynamic replication kinetics of HIV-1 pose a considerable barrier to achieving durable virus suppression by RNAi with the rapid emergence of HIV-1 mutants resistant to siRNA. This review summarizes recent work on HIV-1 specific RNAi with a focus on potential strategies to overcome HIV-1 resistance to RNAi.
Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.<i>n</i>.1]alkenediones (2011)

An acid-catalyzed Dieckmann-type reaction has been developed to access functionalized bicyclo[3.2.1]alkenediones. This methodology has been successfully extended to more substituted and larger ring homologues, providing a new and efficient route to the core of numerous attractive natural products and their analogues.