gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Specialized Electrophysiological Properties of Anatomically Identified Neurons in the Hilar Region of the Rat Fascia Dentata (1998)

Because of their strategic position between the granule cell and pyramidal cell layers, neurons of the hilar region of the hippocampal formation are likely to play an important role in the information processing between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus proper. Here we present an electrophysiological characterization of anatomically identified neurons in the fascia dentata as studied using patch-pipette recordings and subsequent biocytin-staining of neurons in slices. The resting potential, input resistance (RN), membrane time constant (taum), "sag" in hyperpolarizing responses, maximum firing rate during a 1-s current pulse, spike width, and fast and slow afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) were determined for several different types of hilar neurons. Basket cells had a dense axonal plexus almost exclusively within the granule cell layer and were distinguishable by their low RN, short taum, lack of sag, and rapid firing rates. Dentate granule cells also lacked sag and were identifiable by their higher RN, longer taum, and lower firing rates than basket cells. Mossy cells had extensive axon collaterals within the hilus and a few long-range collaterals to the inner molecular layer and CA3c and were characterized physiologically by small fast and slow AHPs. Spiny and aspiny hilar interneurons projected primarily either to the inner or outer segment of the molecular layer and had a dense intrahilar axonal plexus, terminating onto somata within the hilus and CA3c. Physiologically, spiny hilar interneurons generally had higher RN values than mossy cells and a smaller slow AHP than aspiny interneurons. The specialized physiological properties of different classes of hilar neurons are likely to be important determinants of their functional operation within the hippocampal circuitry.
A Maritime Empire: Archaeological Evidence for Van Diemen's Land Whaling in the Southern Oceans (2008)

Tasmania's involvement in the colonial whaling industry has long been a proud part of its maritime heritage. At a time when other industries were still being established, whaling provided Van Diemen's Land with a source of income, employment for free men, and stimulus to port activities and shipbuilding. At the peak of the shore whaling trade in the 1830s, there were at least sixty stations around the colony's shores, producing exports worth 100 000 annually. A decade later at the beginning of the era of off-shore, deepwater whaling, Hobart had at least 37 ships involved in the trade, in addition to the many foreign whaling ships which called there. At the same time, the industry that had its base in Hobart had an influence far beyond Van Diemen's Land, extending throughout the Southern Oceans. The colony was the source of capital, expertise, personnel, and technology throughout the region. Ships owned and crewed by men from Van Diemen's Land worked waters as far south as Macquarie Island and Heard Island, around the Australian mainland, and across to New Zealand.
Welded solar cell interconnection (1982)

The efficiency of the welding of solar-cell interconnects is compared with the efficiency of soldering such interconnects, and the cases in which welding may be superior are examined. Emphasis is placed on ultrasonic welding; attention is given to the solar-cell welding machine, the application of the welding process to different solar-cell configurations, producibility, and long-life performance of welded interconnects. Much of the present work has been directed toward providing increased confidence in the reliability of welding using conditions approximating those that would occur with large-scale array production. It is concluded that there is as yet insufficient data to determine which of three methods (soldering, parallel gap welding, and ultrasonic welding) provides the longest-duration solar panel life.
Defect center room-temperature quantum processors (2010)

Quantum information devices promise unique opportunities in information technology. Physicists are intrigued with building such devices because they probe our understanding of the nature of quantum mechanics. Quantum effects, although providing the basis of atomic, molecular, and solid state physics, usually are not observed in everyday life because the highly fragile nature of coherence and entanglement requires extensive shielding against environmental effects. Early pioneers in the field of quantum information envisioned the quantum processor to be kept at Kelvin temperatures in an ultrahigh vacuum. And, indeed, most approaches today are based on such technology. Weber et al. (1) now pave the way for a systematic search of hardware for room-temperature quantum devices. The existence of such hardware would truly revolutionize our thinking about quantum hardware and bring quantum technology to a desktop experience.
Effects of antisense oligonucleotide to iNOS on hemodynamic and vascular changes induced by LPS (1998)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes impaired vascular contractility proposed to be mediated by induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Antisense (AS) oligonucleotide inhibits the translation of target mRNA into functional proteins. We hypothesize that in vivo pretreatment with AS oligonucleotide targeted to iNOS mRNA can prevent LPS-induced hyporeactivity to norepinephrine (NE). Three groups of conscious male Wistar rats received one of the following: saline, AS, or mismatch (MM) oligonucleotide at 0.4 mg/kg iv at 12 and 24 h before LPS (5 mg/kg iv). The fourth group received saline only. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded before and 6 h after LPS or saline administration. Aorta, lung lavage, and lung tissue were collected for determination of iNOS protein expression and NOS activity. Small mesenteric arteries ( approximately 250 micron) were isolated, denuded of endothelium, and maintained at a constant intraluminal pressure of 40 mmHg for study in vitro. LPS produced significant tachycardia that was not altered by AS or MM oligonucleotide. AS, but not MM oligonucleotide, reduced the accumulation of cGMP, the increase in conversion of L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline, and iNOS protein expression in tissue from LPS-treated rats. Small mesenteric arterial contraction to NE was significantly impaired in vessels from LPS-treated rats and was restored by AS, but not MM, oligonucleotide. In a rat model of septic shock, AS oligonucleotide to iNOS mRNA inhibits NOS activity and iNOS protein expression and prevents the vascular hyporeactivity to NE, which may contribute to hypotension in shock.
3,5-Bis(acetaldehyde) substituted BODIPY (2012)

Two versions of a facile and efficient synthetic approach to 3,5-bis(acetaldehyde) substituted BODIPY have been developed and this compound has been used to obtain, in high yields, a variety of 3,5-divinyl BODIPY derivatives (vinylacetates, enamines, vinyl chlorides, and some multiple-functionalized products). As shown, vinyl substituents have an additive effect on the position of the BODIPY absorption maximum. The dyes synthesized are quite stable and exhibit intense absorption and fluorescence with wavelengths longer than 600 nm.
Back-stepping control strategy for stabilization of a Tilt-rotor UAV (2012)

In today's world, the study and applications of Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) capable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have increased vastly. A wide variety of UAVs are currently being employed in both civilian and military sectors. In this paper, our focus will be on the Tilt-rotor UAV. The Tilt-rotor has a rotor on each side of its airframe, tilted to provide both lift and forward thrust to the rotor-craft. We develop a model that aims to enable the Tilt-rotor UAV to hover in one specific position. Because of the under-actuated property of the Tilt-rotor, we design a back-stepping based proportional-derivative (PD) controller. The controller was able to achieve the desired objective of stabilization.
A low phase noise silicon 18-GHz push-push VCO (2003)

The design and measurement of a push-push voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) at 18.66-18.3 GHz are presented in this paper. The circuit includes two packaged silicon transistors (Siemens BFP 540F) and a microstrip resonator tuned by two GaAs varactor diodes (M/A-COM ML46580). A 360-MHz tuning range is obtained with an output power of 0-3.1 dBm. The fundamental rejection is around 17 dB for a wide range of collector bias current. The phase noise is below -103 dBc/Hz at 100-kHz offset and below -122 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz for the entire tuning bandwidth.
Associations of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and CYP2E1 polymorphisms with lung cancer suggest cell type specificities to tobacco carcinogens. (1998)

The dramatic shift in the pathological presentation of lung cancer [the proportional decrease in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and increase in adenocarcinoma (AC)] observed in the United States after the 1950s may have taken place as the result of the reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the increase in N-nitrosamines in inhaled smoke from filtered low-yield cigarettes. The predominant mutation patterns of these tumors also suggest differences in their etiology. We tested the hypothesis that genetic susceptibility to PAHs, as determined by polymorphisms in CYP1A1 and GSTM1, predominantly causes lung SCCs, and susceptibility to nitrosamines, as determined by polymorphisms in CYP2E1, predominantly causes lung ACs. CYP1A1 and GSTM1 play a major role in the metabolic activation and detoxification of PAHs, respectively, and CYP2E1 plays a major role in the metabolic activation of nitrosamines. We conducted a population-based case-control study among 341 incident lung cancer cases and 456 controls of Caucasian, Japanese, or Hawaiian origin. In-person interviews collected detailed information on lifestyle risk factors, and DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes was used in PCR-based genotyping assays. Logistic regression analyses were used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each cell type, adjusting for smoking and dietary variables. The presence of at least one copy of the CYP1A1 MspI variant allele was found to be associated with a 2.4-fold (95% CI, 1.2-4.7) increase in the risk of SCC when this gene was considered singly and a 3.1-fold (95% CI, 1.2-7.9) increase in the risk of SCC when combined with a GSTM1 deletion. No significant association was found between MspI and all lung cancers or other cell types or with the CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism. In contrast, the CYP2E1 RsaI and DraI polymorphisms were not clearly related to SCC risk, but these homozygous variant genotypes were associated with a 10-fold (95% CI, 0.0-0.5) decrease in the risk of overall lung cancer (RsaI variant) and AC (DraI variant) compared to the homozygous wild-type genotypes. Inverse associations with these two closely linked CYP2E1 polymorphisms were also suggested for small cell carcinoma. In agreement with past experimental and epidemiological data, the associations found in this study between CYP1A1 and lung SCC and between CYP2E1 and lung AC suggest a certain specificity of tobacco smoke PAHs for lung SCC and tobacco-specific nitrosamines for lung ACs.
Comparison of New and Legacy TATBs (2007)

Two newly synthesized versions of the insensitive high explosive (IHE) 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzenes (TATBs) were compared to two legacy explosives currently used by the Department of Energy. Except for thermal analysis, small scale safety tests could not distinguish between the different synthetic routes. Morphologies of new TATBs were less faceted and more spherical. The particle size distribution of one new material was similar to legacy TATBs, but the other was very fine. Densities and submicron structure of the new TATBs were also significantly different from the legacy explosives. Pressed pellets of the new explosives were less dense. Recrystallization from sulfolane improved the density and thermal stability of both new TATBs, though the morphology of the recrystallized TATB was nearly hexagonal platelets.
Business Process Modeling: Active Research Areas and Challenges (2011)

Technological developments and changes in business process context pose new challenges for effective management of business processes. Business process modeling is one of the most important area in business process management. Business process modeling is used to graphically visualize the operations of a business process for a better understanding and different analyses. These new challenges are also investigated by researchers in business process modeling with different perspectives. In this report, we present active research areas of business process modeling. The active research areas and current challenges help us to outline future research directions in the business process modeling domain. Additionally, we also discuss the business process and detailed business process lifecycle from post execution perspective for a better understanding of business process context.
Hadoop++ (2010)

MapReduce is a computing paradigm that has gained a lot of attention in recent years from industry and research. Unlike parallel DBMSs, MapReduce allows non-expert users to run complex analytical tasks over very large data sets on very large clusters and clouds. However, this comes at a price: MapReduce processes tasks in a scan-oriented fashion. Hence, the performance of Hadoop --- an open-source implementation of MapReduce --- often does not match the one of a well-configured parallel DBMS. In this paper we propose a new type of system named Hadoop++: it boosts task performance without changing the Hadoop framework at all (Hadoop does not even 'notice it'). To reach this goal, rather than changing a working system (Hadoop), we inject our technology at the right places through UDFs only and affect Hadoop from inside . This has three important consequences: First, Hadoop++ significantly outperforms Hadoop. Second, any future changes of Hadoop may directly be used with Hadoop++ without rewriting any glue code. Third, Hadoop++ does not need to change the Hadoop interface. Our experiments show the superiority of Hadoop++ over both Hadoop and HadoopDB for tasks related to indexing and join processing.
Radiation Losses in MM-Wave Open Microstrip Filters (1987)

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the effect of radiation losses in the responses of parallel-line mm-wave open microstrip filters. The analysis presented is based on a method that accounts for the presence of the substrate and the associated surface wave propagation. This analysis is very accurate for a wide frequency range, starting from a few GHz up to millimeter and submillimeter waves, where existing techniques fail to apply. The computer codes generated by this work can be effectively used in conjunction with available design packages to evaluate unwanted radiation losses and possibly eliminate them by slightly modifying the geometry of the filters. Comparison of theoretical results from the presented analytical method with experimental data shows excellent agreement.
Deposition of hematite particles on alumina seal faceplates of nuclear reactor coolant pumps: Laboratory experiments and industrial feedback (2011)

In the primary circuit of pressurized water reactors (PWR), the dynamic sealing system in reactor coolant pumps is ensured by mechanical seals whose ceramic parts are in contact with the cooling solution. During the stretch-out phase in reactor operation, characterized by low boric acid concentration, the leak-off flow has been observed to abnormally evolve in industrial plants. The deposition of hematite particles, originating from corrosion, on alumina seals of coolant pumps is suspected to be the cause. As better understanding of the adhesion mechanism is the key factor in the prevention of fouling and particle removal, an experimental study was carried out using a laboratory set-up. With model materials, hematite and sintered alumina, the adhesion rate and surface potentials of the interacting solids were measured under different chemical conditions (solution pH and composition) in analogy with the PWR ones. The obtained results were in good agreement with the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey- Overbeek) theory and used as such to interpret this industrial phenomenon.
Fabrication of a four-channel DFB laser transmitter OEIC for 1550 nm operation (1993)

A four-channel DFB laser transmitter OEIC incorporating JFET drive electronics on an InP substrate is described. Fully functional circuits have been fabricated with singlemode lasers operating in the 1545–1560 nm window, with wavelength separation between adjacent channels of ̃0.8nm. Laser modulation at 155 Mbit/s was achieved. To the authors knowledge this is the first demonstration of a monolithic four-channel transmitter OEIC based on JFETs and DFB lasers.
Stereocontrol in Organic Synthesis Using the Diphenylphosphoryl Group (1996)

Abstract In 1959, Horner showed that metalated alkyldiphenylphosphane oxides react with aldehydes or ketones to give alkenes. With this reaction, the diphenylphosphoryl (Ph 2 PO) group made its entrance into synthetic organic chemistry. In the thirty‐six years since that date, extensive research has shown that this olefination, the Horner–Wittig reaction, has unique properties that make it much more than simply the phosphane oxide cousin of the more famous phosphorus‐based olefinations—the Wittig reaction (based on phosphonium salts) and the Wadsworth–Emmons reaction (based on phosphonate esters). Early work on the Horner–Wittig reaction concentrated on the reactivity of phosphane oxides and the regioselectivity of their reactions, but more recently the power of the Ph 2 PO group to control the stereochemistry of alkenes, and to produce “on demand” either stereoisomer in high stereochemical purity, has emerged. From the study of these stereocontrolled Horner–Wittig reactions arose the realization that the Ph 2 PO group is useful not only for the control of the two‐dimensional stereochemistry of alkenes, but also of three‐dimensional stereochemistry in general. After a brief introduction to phosphane oxide chemistry, this review will examine the Horner–Wittig reaction, in both its original and “stereocontrolled” varieties. From there, we will move on to an account of the stereoselective construction of molecules containing the Ph 2 PO group, concentrating on the stereochemical directing effects of the Ph 2 PO group and on the role of its unique combination of attributes—steric bulk, electronegativity, and Lewis basicity—in controlling these reactions. Finally, we will present what is intended as a practical guide to this chemistry, covering the type of functionalized alkenes that have been made with the help of the Ph 2 PO group and giving guidelines that we hope will help the organic chemist to make the most of the chemistry the Ph 2 PO group has to offer.
Smoothness Constraints in Recursive Search Motion Estimation for Picture Rate Conversion (2010)

Many motion compensation algorithms are based on block matching. The quality of the block correlation depends on the validity of the brightness constancy assumption and the assumption of fixed translational motion within a block. These assumptions are invalid in areas with texture changes, noise, lighting changes, and rapid deformations. Smoothness priors should enforce stable estimates in these regions by propagating neighboring estimates, while preserving hard object boundaries (piecewise smoothness). Most motion estimation algorithms that successfully implement these constraints are computationally complex. In this paper, we show an intuitive and computationally efficient way to implement them within the framework of (real-time) recursive search, targeting consumer-market embedded devices with limited resources.
Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Melanoma in Peripheral Blood: Too Early to Assess Clinical Value (1996)

The traditional approach to the study of tumor markers has been based on the detection of substances either induced by or released by cancer cells. In high-risk patients with melanoma, we and others {1-4) have evaluated several potential tumor markers including lipid-associated sialic acid (in plasma), neuron-specific enolase, and circulating SI00 protein (a marker of neuroendocrin e tumors). Preliminary results using these markers have indicated that they have limited value in the clinical setting. The development of new molecular biology techniques, particularly the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), has provided a means by which molecular markers present at low copy numbers can be detected with a sensitivity significantly higher than that achieved using antibody-based techniques. In 1991, Smith et al. (5) proposed for the first time that melanoma cells could be detected in the peripheral blood using coupled reverse-transcription (RT) and PCR (RT-PCR) to target tyrosinase messenger RNA (mRNA). Tyrosinase, the first enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, is a mono-oxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to dopa and of dopa to dopaquinone. Thus, tyrosinase is one of the most specific markers of melanocytic differentiation. Tyrosinase expression can be detected not only in melanocytes and melanoma cells but also in Schwann cells (6). Nonetheless, because these cell types are not known to circulate, the detection of tyrosinase transcripts in the peripheral blood of patients with melanoma has been considered evidence of circulating melanoma cells. Since the original report from Smith et al. (5), several other groups have pursued this lead (7-11). The results are summarized in Table 1. As clearly shown in the table, the results are extremely variable. The most striking discrepancies were seen in patients with stage IV disease, in whom the sensitivity rates ranged from 0% to 100%. For instance, in the series of Brossart et al. (7), 100% of the patients with stage IV disease had marker-positive RTPCR findings regardless of response to therapy, whereas in the current report by Kunter et al. (12), only 28% of the patients with stage IV disease had positive RT-PCR. Furthermore, in the series of Kunter et al., positive RT-PCR was observed only in patients whose disease progressed during therapy. Significant discrepancies were also observed in patients with stage I and stage II disease, for whom the positive RT-PCR frequency ranged from 0% to 71%. Interestingly, the expected disease
The erbB/HER type 1 tyrosine kinase receptor family (1998)

The erb type 1 tyrosine kinase receptors are important for mediating proliferation and differentiation, and aberrant activation may contribute to tumour development and progression. They comprise epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erbB-2, c-erbB-3, and c-erbB-4. There are overlaps and differences in the cellular distribution of the four receptors, which is of significance since they can form heterodimers that give differing responses to different ligands. The different distributions could be of particular importance in cancer if therapeutic modalities are identified to inhibit or stimulate the different ligands.
Basic molecular genetics for epidemiologists (2003)

This is the first of a series of three glossaries on molecular genetics. This article focuses on basic molecular terms.