gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An elongated position sensitive block detector design using the PMT quadrant-sharing configuration and asymmetric light partition (1999)

Although the photomultiplier tube (PMT) quadrant-sharing design introduced by our group for position-sensitive detector blocks is very effective for reducing the cost of a high-resolution PET camera, a section of the PMT's sensitive windows at the edge of the block array remains unused. An elongated, asymmetrically offset position-sensitive detector block has been developed to utilize this unused area of the PMT's window. The block design employed asymmetric light partitions to achieve an evenly distributed 2D position-decoding map. The block was divided into 7/spl times/8 elements. For this study, the dimensions of each detector element were 2.66/spl times/3.05 mm, with a depth of 18 mm. This detector design is applicable to any camera using the PMT quadrant-sharing detector design, such as the variable-field prototype PET camera developed at the authors' institution and the Siemens/CTI LSO cameras. A second improvement incorporated into the detector design was the replacement of the saw-cut grooves in the detector blocks by painted masks. The application of the present block design to a clinical high-resolution camera expands the axial field-of-view, which, when combined with the gapless block design used in this study, increases the coincidence detection efficiency of the camera by factor of about 2.9 in 3D data acquisition.
Novel oligonuclear copper complexes featuring exciting luminescent characteristics (2013)

A series of highly luminescent mono-, di-, and trinuclear copper(I) complexes has been synthesized using modular ligand systems of easily accessible N^N, P^P or P^N ligands in order to show the rich structural diversity of copper(I) compounds. Those systems allow for the design of various emitting materials with desired photophysical properties, such as emission colors and high efficiencies. The complexes were characterized with well-established methods such as X-ray crystallographic studies or elemental analysis and, in addition, due to their interesting photoluminescence characteristics, their emission properties were further investigated by means of spectroscopic methods as well as DFT-calculations. In detail, various cationic and neutral mononuclear complexes have been synthesized in order to investigate the photophysical properties of this these different types of emitting compounds. It has been found that neutral copper(I) complexes show superior emission properties (with PLQY up to 89%) compared to their cationic counterparts. Furthermore, a series of dinuclear and trinuclear copper(I) complexes has been synthesized featuring an easy tunable emission maximum from sky blue to deep red (481 nm to 713 nm) with extraordinary high photoluminescence quantum yields up to 99%. In addition, a new crosslinking-technique has been developed to open up the door for a new way to fully solution processed OLED using these promising emitting compounds: Alkyne-substituted emitting complexes crosslink automatically with azide-polymers in a copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide Click reaction.
Common‐mode suppression for balanced bandpass filters in multilayer liquid crystal polymer technology (2015)

A new multilayer differential transmission line for common‐mode suppression fabricated using an organic liquid crystal polymer multilayer substrate is proposed and analysed. The structure consists of a pair of parallel strip lines printed on the top layer of the substrate that are capacitively coupled to conductor patches periodically etched in an intermediate interface. These patches are symmetrically connected to a solid ground plane by means of short‐circuited high‐impedance microstrip line sections and metalised via holes. The differential signal supported by the coupled strips is not significantly affected by the presence of the middle layer layout, whereas the common‐mode signal propagation is strongly suppressed within a certain frequency band. When this structure is cascaded with a simple differential bandpass filter exhibiting poor common mode rejection, a good common mode response is achieved within the unperturbed differential passband. The measurements confirm a significant enhancement of common‐mode rejection thanks to the use of the proposed differential lines.
Distinct pathways of genomic progression to benign and malignant tumors of the liver (2007)

We used several of the genetic lesions commonly associated with human liver tumors to reconstruct genetic progression to hepatocellular carcinoma and adenoma in mouse models. We initiated tumorigenesis with a transgene of the protooncogene MET or by hydrodynamic transfection of MET in combination with other genes into the livers of adult animals. Hepatocellular carcinoma in both instances arose from cooperation between MET and constitutively active versions of beta-catenin. In contrast, adenomas were produced by cooperation between MET and defective signaling through the transcription factor HNF1alpha. Prompted by these findings, we uncovered a coincidence between activation of the protein-tyrosine kinase encoded by MET and activating mutations of beta-catenin in a subset of human hepatocellular carcinomas. Inactivation of MET transgenes led to regression of hepatocellular carcinomas despite the persistence of activated beta-catenin. The tumors eventually recurred in the absence of MET expression, however, presumably after the occurrence of one or more events that cooperated with activated beta-catenin in lieu of MET. These results offer insight into hepatic tumorigenesis, provide mouse models that should be useful in the further study of hepatic tumorigenesis and for preclinical testing, and identify a subset of human hepatocellular carcinomas that may be susceptible to combination therapy directed against Met and the Wnt signaling pathway.
“And Today’s Top Donator is”: How Live Streamers on <i>Twitch.tv</i> Monetize and Gamify Their Broadcasts (2019)

This article examines cultural and economic behavior on live streaming platform Twitch.tv, and the monetization of live streamers’ content production. Twitch is approximately the thirtieth most-viewed website in the world, with over 150 million spectators, and 2 million individuals around the world regularly broadcasting. Although less well-known than Facebook or Twitter, these figures demonstrate that Twitch has become a central part of the platformized Internet. We explore a seven-part typology of monetization extant on Twitch: subscribing, donating and “cheering,” advertising, sponsorships, competitions and targets, unpredictable rewards for viewers, and the implementation of games into streaming channels themselves. We explore each technique in turn, considering how streamers use the affordances of the platform to earn income, and invent their own methods and techniques to further drive monetization. In doing so, we look to consider the particular kinds of governance and infrastructure manifested on Twitch. By governance, we mean how the rules, norms, and regulations of Twitch influence and shape the cultural content both produced and consumed within its virtual borders; and by infrastructure, we mean how the particular technical affordances of the platform, and many other elements besides, structure how content production on Twitch might be made profitable, and therefore decide what content is made, and how, and when. Examining Twitch will thus advance our understanding of the platformization of amateur content production; methodologically, we draw on over 100 interviews with successful live streamers, and extensive ethnographic data from live events and online Twitch broadcasts.
Base Line Normalization of High Energy Physics Detector Signals Using Sparse Median Operations (2005)

Efficient median-based operations for normalization of base line fluctuations in high energy physics detector signals are introduced. High processing rates are required in real-time implementations of digital signal processing systems for future high energy physics detectors. By shortening the median operator using sparse input and sparse recursive input the number of comparisons needed to obtain the operator output is greatly reduced. The sparse recursive median operator is comparable in base line normalization performance to the standard median (SM) operator, which is shown using threshold decomposition and stack filter representation. The different algorithms are applied to simulated detector signal sequences and the performances are compared using a mean squared error (MSE) based criterion.
Unilamellar vesicle formation and encapsulation by microfluidic jetting (2008)

Compartmentalization of biomolecules within lipid membranes is a fundamental requirement of living systems and an essential feature of many pharmaceutical therapies. However, applications of membrane-enclosed solutions of proteins, DNA, and other biologically active compounds have been limited by the difficulty of forming unilamellar vesicles with controlled contents in a repeatable manner. Here, we demonstrate a method for simultaneously creating and loading giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using a pulsed microfluidic jet. Akin to blowing a bubble, the microfluidic jet deforms a planar lipid bilayer into a vesicle that is filled with solution from the jet and separates from the planar bilayer. In contrast with existing techniques, our method rapidly generates multiple monodisperse, unilamellar vesicles containing solutions of unrestricted composition and molecular weight. Using the microfluidic jetting technique, we demonstrate repeatable encapsulation of 500-nm particles into GUVs and show that functional pore proteins can be incorporated into the vesicle membrane to mediate transport. The ability of microfluidic jetting to controllably encapsulate solutions inside of GUVs creates new opportunities for the study and use of compartmentalized biomolecular systems in science, industry, and medicine.
Dynamic 3-D scene analysis through synthesis feedback control (1993)

The analysis of 3-D scenes consisting of nonrigid moving objects using 2-D image sequences is discussed. A parametric description of dynamic objects is extracted, and the time-variant scene parameters are estimated throughout the sequence by employing an analysis-by-synthesis approach. Images are synthesized from the parametric scene description and compared with the original images input to the camera. Frame differences between the synthesized and original images are evaluated to obtain an estimated scene parameter update. The analysis method is applied to videophone scenes in the form of a data compression algorithm, whereby the scene parameters are transmitted and the output sequence is synthesized at the receiver.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Technologies for high recording density in large-capacity fast-access magnetic disk storage (1987)

A large-capacity fast-access magnetic disk storage unit (GEMMY) has been developed. This storage unit has a capacity of 8.8 GByte, an average seek time of 12ms and a data transfer rate of 4.4 MByte/s. A high areal density of 62 kbit/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> has been achieved using a thin film medium and film head combination while at the same time minimizing head/disk spacing to less than 0.2 μm. In addition, high-speed operation and good reliability have been assured through the use of a compact two-in-one dual actuator and a symmetrical shell-shaped head disk assembly.
Thermal Performance of a Heat Storage Module Using PCM’s With Different Melting Temperatures: Mathematical Modeling (1989)

In the present study, the performance of a heat storage unit consisting of number of vertical cylindrical capsules filled with phase change materials, with air flowing across them for heat exchange has been analyzed. Earlier theoretical models did not consider temperature distribution in the radial direction within the capsules, an assumption that limits their applications for small diameter capsules. The mathematical model developed in this work is based on solving the heat conduction equation in both melt and solid phases in cylindrical coordinates, taking into account the radial temperature distribution in both phases. Heat flux was then evaluated at the surface of the first row of the capsules to determine the temperature of the air leaving that row by a simple heat balance. It was found that such computation may be carried out for every few rows rather than for a single row to minimize computer time. The simulation study showed a significant improvement in the rate of heat transfer during heat charge and discharge when phase change materials with different melting temperatures were used. Air must flow in the direction of decreasing melting temperature during heat charge, while it must be reversed during heat discharge.
Super solution to energy crisis (1999)

Your editorial casts around for basic research that has potential for patents and pay-back (May p3). The article by Phil Walker on pl9 of the same issue has the very subject – "nuclear isomers" as energy stores.
Antitumor Effect of Indomethacin and Telomerase Activity in the Tumor in Colon 26 Bearing CDFl Mice. (1997)

The antitumor effect of indomethacin on Colon 26 was investigated in vivo and the telomerase activity in the tumor tissues was monitored under chronic indomethacin treatment. Tumor growth was significantly suppressed with indomethacin treatment compared to the controls. In addition, telomerase activity in the tumor tissues markedly declined in contrast to the telomerase activity in the testis and liver, which was not affected by indomethacin treatment. This is the first observation that indomethacin can suppress tumor growth in association with a preferential decrease in telomerase activity in tumor tissues. This study suggests a method to investigate the mechanism(s) of tumor suppression by indomethacin. Furthermore, this study suggests that telomerase activity in the tumor tissues might be a good index to estimate the effectiveness of antitumor agents.
Domain portability in speech-to-speech translation (2001)

Speech-to-speech translation has made significant advances over the past decade, with several high-visibility projects (C-STAR, Verb-mobil, the Spoken Language Translator, and others) significantly advancing the state-of-the-art. While speech recognition can currently effectively deal with very large vocabularies and is fairly speaker independent, speech translation is currently still effective only in limited, albeit large, domains. The issue of domain portability is thus of significant importance, with several current research efforts designed to develop speech-translation systems that can be ported to new domains with significantly less time and effort than is currently possible.
Dynamic performances of small-radius curved track for mountain strengthened railway (2005)

New strengthening technologies of laying concrete sleeper and matching measurement have been adopted to raise train speeds on the small-radius curved tacks of Chinese mountain railways. In order to investigate the dynamic performances of the curved track structure the dynamic properties of the strengthened track and the unstrengthened track were compared based on system engineering theory and vehicle-track coupling dynamics. Analysis result shows that the dynamic interaction between wheel and rail and the rail-pad force of the strengthened track are little bigger than those of the unstrengthened track, the safety grades of the tracks are same, the strengthened track can benefit to decrease the displacements of all components of track structure obviously, to restrain the deformation of track effectively, and to reinforce the stability of railway, especially the lateral displacement and the gauge enlargement of the strengthened rail are about 33% of original rail. Furthermore, the strengthened track can help to reduce the vibration of the sub-rail structure and to lighten the destruction of track caused from raising train speeds.
Resistance-Modifying Agents. 11. Pyrimido[5,4-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Modulators of Antitumor Drug Activity. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships for Nucleoside Transport Inhibition and Binding to α<sub>1</sub>-Acid Glycoprotein (2004)

The cardiovascular and antithrombotic agent dipyridamole (DP) has potential therapeutic utility as a modulator of the activity of antimetabolite antitumor agents by virtue of its inhibition of nucleoside transport. However, the activity of DP can be compromised by binding to the acute phase serum protein, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Analogues of DP were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of (3)H-thymidine uptake into L1210 leukamia cells in the presence and absence of 5 mg/mL AGP. Compounds with potency similar to that of DP were identified where the piperidino substituents at the 4,8-positions were replaced by 4'-methoxybenzylamino, 3',4'-dimethoxybenzylamino, or piperonylamino groups. Replacement of the diethanolamino groups at the 2,6-positions of DP by alkylamino or alkoxy substituents was tolerated, although at least one oxygen-bearing function (hydroxyl or alkoxy) was required in the side chain for activity comparable to that of DP. Whereas AGP completely ablated the activity of DP, the majority of the newer compounds synthesized retained significant activity in the presence of excess AGP, although replacement of the piperidino groups at the 4,8-positions by N-methylbenzylamino substituents did, in some cases, restore susceptibility to AGP. Selected compounds have been demonstrated to prevent rescue from antifolate cytotoxicity, mediated by nucleoside salvage.
Measuring the Multimedia Performance of Server-Based Computing (2000)

The server-based computing (SBC) model is becoming an increasingly popular approach for delivering computational services with reduced administrative costs and better resource utilization. In this paper, we examine how effectively SBC architectures support multimedia applications. We focus on the effectiveness of the remote display protocol used in three popular SBC platforms for supporting video applications, Citrix Metaframe, Windows Terminal Server, and AT&amp;T VNC. Our results show that SBC can be a viable approach for delivering VCR-quality video in LAN environments, but that existing solutions are inadequate at network access bandwidths found in broadband environments. Our results also show that SBC can deliver video with comparable network efficiency as streaming media solutions. We show that there is wide variation in the performance of the remote display technologies and discuss the factors that influence their performance. 1 Introduction Anticipating the growing demand for mul...
Modelling the impact of virtual identities on communication infrastructures (2009)

The virtual identity concept has been introduced to protect the user's privacy towards service providers as well as towards access network providers on a service session basis. So far the concept has been only considered from the security and privacy perspective. However, performance analysis is necessary as well to gain insights into the additional costs and their scaling behavior with respect to signaling load and state management. In this paper we propose an analytical model to evaluate the cost introduced by virtual identities. The model allows to quantify the additional signaling overhead and the additional states created by distributing service sessions of users across several virtual identities. We exemplify the use of the model for an authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) infrastructure based on EAP-TLS and derive figures on the required signaling bandwidth and state overhead to support the virtual identity concept in various service usage scenarios.
Some general principles of tissue crushing and regeneration during sutureless anastomosis of hollow organs of the alimentary tract. (1979)

Tissues of the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract are crushed in order to create an anastomosis. The processes taking place in the tissues have been inadequately studied. A model of the tissue crushing process is suggested and the results of theory and experiments are compared. Dependence of the rejection time of the crushing influence on the crushing force was demonstrated experimentally. The relationship obtained can be explained on the grounds that migration of cell destruction products from the zone of crushing to the zones of healing stimulates adequate cellular immunologic processes. The views developed in this paper may prove useful for the elaboration of new surgical techniques.
Inp-based 1.55 &#x03BC;m high-speed photodetectors for 80 Gbit/s systems and beyond (2005)

The paper reviews the key characteristics of recent developments in the field of ultra fast photodetectors for 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength. In detail, we report on a fully packaged highly efficient photodetector with 100 GHz bandwidth, suitable for 160 Gbit/s return-to-zero (RZ) detection. Furthermore, a monolithically integrated balanced photodetector is described, to be applied for direct detection of 80 Gbit/s differential phase shift keyed (DPSK) transmission formats. Achievements in the development of travelling wave photodetectors are summarized.
Molecular and developmental mechanisms of congenital heart valve disease (2011)

Congenital heart disease occurs in approximately 1% of all live births and includes structural abnormalities of the heart valves. However, this statistic underestimates congenital valve lesions, such as bicuspic aortic valve (BAV) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP), that typically become apparent later in life as progressive valve dysfunction and disease. At present, the standard treatment for valve disease is replacement, and approximately 95,000 surgical procedures are performed each year in the United States. The most common forms of congenital valve disease include abnormal valve cusp morphogenesis, as in the case of BAV, or defects in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and homeostasis, as occurs in MVP. The etiology of these common valve diseases is largely unknown. However, the study of murine and avian model systems, along with human genetic linkage studies, have led to the identification of genes and regulatory processes that contribute to valve structural malformations and disease. This review focuses on the current understanding and therapeutic implications of molecular regulatory pathways that control valve development and contribute to valve disease.
Epidemic thresholds in real networks (2008)

How will a virus propagate in a real network? How long does it take to disinfect a network given particular values of infection rate and virus death rate? What is the single best node to immunize? Answering these questions is essential for devising network-wide strategies to counter viruses. In addition, viral propagation is very similar in principle to the spread of rumors, information, and “fads,” implying that the solutions for viral propagation would also offer insights into these other problem settings. We answer these questions by developing a nonlinear dynamical system ( NLDS ) that accurately models viral propagation in any arbitrary network, including real and synthesized network graphs. We propose a general epidemic threshold condition for the NLDS system: we prove that the epidemic threshold for a network is exactly the inverse of the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix. Finally, we show that below the epidemic threshold, infections die out at an exponential rate. Our epidemic threshold model subsumes many known thresholds for special-case graphs (e.g., Erdös--Rényi, BA powerlaw, homogeneous). We demonstrate the predictive power of our model with extensive experiments on real and synthesized graphs, and show that our threshold condition holds for arbitrary graphs. Finally, we show how to utilize our threshold condition for practical uses: It can dictate which nodes to immunize; it can assess the effects of a throttling policy; it can help us design network topologies so that they are more resistant to viruses.