gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiologic Features of Small Pulmonary Nodules and Lung Cancer Risk in the National Lung Screening Trial: A Nested Case-Control Study (2017)

Purpose To extract radiologic features from small pulmonary nodules (SPNs) that did not meet the original criteria for a positive screening test and identify features associated with lung cancer risk by using data and images from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). Materials and Methods Radiologic features in SPNs in baseline low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening studies that did not meet NLST criteria to be considered a positive screening examination were extracted. SPNs were identified for 73 incident case patients who were given a diagnosis of lung cancer at either the first or second follow-up screening study and for 157 control subjects who had undergone three consecutive negative screening studies. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between radiologic features and lung cancer risk. All statistical tests were two sided. Results Nine features were significantly different between case patients and control subjects. Backward elimination followed by bootstrap resampling identified a reduced model of highly informative radiologic features with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.932 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88, 0.96), a specificity of 92.38% (95% CI: 52.22%, 84.91%), and a sensitivity of 76.55% (95% CI: 87.50%, 95.35%) that included total emphysema score (odds ratio [OR] = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.39, 2.01), attachment to vessel (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 0.99, 5.81), nodule location (OR = 3.25; 95% CI: 1.09, 8.55), border definition (OR = 7.56; 95% CI: 1.89, 30.8), and concavity (OR = 2.58; 95% CI: 0.89, 5.64). Conclusion A set of clinically relevant radiologic features were identified that that can be easily scored in the clinical setting and may be of use to determine lung cancer risk among participants with SPNs. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Multipotent neural progenitor or stem-like cells may be uniquely suited for therapy for some neurodegenerative conditions. (1997)

Multipotent neural progenitors or stem cells (or cells which mimic their behavior) are capable of differentiating along multiple central nervous system (CNS) cell-type lineages, neuronal and glial. They can engraft as integral members of normal structures throughout the host CNS without disturbing other neurobiological processes. By exploiting their basic biologic properties, these cells may be able to disseminate therapeutic gene products in a sustained, direct fashion throughout the CNS. In addition, they may replace dysfunctional neurons and glia in both a site-specific and global manner. They may play a therapeutic role in neurodegenerative conditions that occur both during development and in the mature brain. The ability of neural stem cells to respond to neurogenic cues not only when they occur during their normal developmental expression but even when induced or "reactivated" at later stages following injury, may entrance their utility in reconstituting damaged CNS regions. Thus, these vehicles may overcome many of the limitations of viral and non-neural cellular vectors, as well as pharmacologic and genetic interventions. The feasibility of this broadly applicable neural stem cell-based strategy has been demonstrated in a number of murine models of neurodegenerative disease. The focus of this review will be our recent observation of a possible tropism of such cells for neurodegenerative environments.
An architectural infrastructure and topological optimization for end system multicast (2003)

Although IP-multicast has been proposed and investigated for the some time, there are major problems inherent in the IP-multicasting technique, for example, scalability problems, difficulty to allocate a globally unique multicast address, complexity to support higher level features such as reliable data transfer congestion/flow control and security, and more importantly, deployment problem due to architectural changes to core routers. Recently, end-system multicast (ESM) has been proposed as an alternative solution so that multicasting services can be quickly deployed. In this paper we consider the "architectural" and "optimization " issues on designing an ESM-tree. Specifically, we present a distributed algorithm on how to create and maintain an ESM-tree. We also propose a distributed algorithm to perform a tree optimization (TO) so that an ESM-tree can dynamically adapt to the changing network condition (e.g., drop in transfer bandwidth) so that nodes can receive the multicast data more efficiently. The propose distributed algorithm has the theoretical properties that at all times, a tree-topology can be maintained and that any node joining, leaving, as well as any tree optimization operation will not "partition" an ESM-tree. Therefore, our work can be used to provide an efficient architectural infrastructure for ESM services. We have implemented a prototype ESM system and carried out experiments to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of our ESM optimization protocol.
A1 and A2 erythrocytes can be distinguished by reagents that do not detect structural differences between the two cell types. (1985)

The differential reactivity of four mouse monoclonal antibodies (AbCB, AbHT29-36, AbM2, and AbS12) and Dolichos biflorus lectin with A1 and A2 erythrocytes was analyzed. Only AbS12 and D. biflorus lectin were able to preferentially agglutinate A1 erythrocytes. AbS12 is known to react only with short chain, unbranched structures (such as Aa-2 and Ab-2 glycolipids) and not with longer chains or with type 3 and type 4 structures. D. biflorus was shown to have a similar specificity by lectin staining of glycolipids separated by thin-layer chromatography. Analysis of the binding of radiolabeled AbCB and AbS12 to A1 and A2 erythrocytes by Scatchard analysis showed that, whereas the former antibody recognizes high-affinity sites on both A1 and A2 cells, AbS12 reacts with high-affinity sites only on A1 cells. Because A1 and A2 erythrocytes have a similar complement of short chain type 2 glycolipids, although in different amounts, it is suggested that AbS12 and D. biflorus lectin differentiate between the two cell types on the basis of quantitative, nonstructural features. This is in contrast to AbTH1, which reacts with a repetitive A epitope (type 3 A chain) and distinguishes between A1 and A2 cells based on the preferential expression of type 3 A chains in A1 erythrocytes. Thus, two views of A1/A2, i.e., qualitative vs quantitative are correct, depending on the properties of the reagent being used to distinguish between the two cell types.
Chemical characterisation and fabrication of chitosan–silica hybrid scaffolds with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (2013)

Chitosan has been explored as a potential component of biomaterials and scaffolds for many tissue engineering applications. Hybrid materials, where organic and inorganic networks interpenetrate at the molecular level, have been a particular focus of interest using 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as a covalent crosslinker between the networks in a sol-gel process. GPTMS contains both an epoxide ring that can undergo a ring opening reaction with the primary amine of chitosan and a trimethoxysilane group that can co-condense with silica precursors to form a silica network. While many researchers have exploited this ring-opening reaction, it is not yet fully understood and thus the final product is still a matter of some dispute. Here, a detailed study of the reaction of GPTMS with chitosan under different pH conditions was carried out using a combination of solution state and solid state MAS NMR techniques. The reaction of GPTMS with chitosan at the primary amine to form a secondary amine was confirmed and the rate was found to increase at lower pH. However, a side-reaction was identified between GPTMS and water producing a diol species. The relative amounts of diol and chitosan-GPTMS species were 80 and 20% respectively and this ratio did not vary with pH. The functionalisation pH had an effect on the mechanical properties of 65 wt% organic monoliths where the properties of the organic component became more dominant. Scaffolds were fabricated by freeze drying and had pore diameters in excess of 140 μm, and tailorable by altering freezing temperature, which were suitable for tissue engineering applications. In both monoliths and scaffolds, increasing the organic content disrupted the inorganic network, leading to an increase in silica dissolution in SBF. However, the dissolution of silica and chitosan was congruent up to 4 weeks in SBF, illustrating the true hybrid nature resulting from covalent bonding between the networks.
Passive Detection of Motion Transverse to the Optical Viewing Axis (1975)

The passive detection of velocities of objects moving transverse to the optical viewing axis is discussed from the standpoint of the spatial Fourier transform of the image. A simple algorithm is developed which yields the velocity, as a function of time, of an object moving against a complicated background. This algorithm relies on monitoring magnitude and phase of two prominent spatial Fourier components. Measurement of the Fourier components is most simply accomplished with the direct electronic Fourier transform (DEFT) sensor. This device employs coupling between the image intensity, surface acoustic waves, and electron current in a CdS film to decompose the image into Fourier components. Experimental results show strong confirmation between theory and experiment. The paper concludes with a brief comparison of the DEFT implementation versus other systems in terms of speed, sensitivity, and cost.
Synthesis of (S)-(−)-N-acetylcolchinol using intramolecular biaryl oxidative coupling (2006)

An asymmetric synthesis of the tubulin polymerisation inhibitor (S)-(-)-N-acetylcolchinol is reported based on an intramolecular biaryl oxidative coupling of a 1,3-diarylpropyl acetamide intermediate using phenyliodonium bis(trifluoroacetate) as the final step. Three syntheses of the penultimate 1,3-diarylpropyl acetamide intermediate (S)-(-)-N-[1-[3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenyl)]-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propyl] acetamide are described which differ in the means by which the stereogenic centre was introduced.
[The social hygienic assessment of pathological affectedness of population]. (2013)

The article considers the indicator of pathological affectedness to assess population health. This technique enables to forecast beforehand the occurrence of problematic situations in population health and development of diseases. The main elements of social hygienic evaluation of pathological affectedness of population including the results of mass diagnostics of population pathology on the basis of objective (macro-diagnostic, micro-diagnostic and functional analysis) and subjective (counseling, health self-assessment) assessments and the results of autopsy of the deceased from bureau of forensic medical examination and departments of morbid anatomy of large-size hospitals. The need in development of corresponding classifiers and prognostic criteria is declared to determine the relationship of pathological affectedness, the medical technologies demand, the optimization of organizational functional structure of public health, medical services and organizations.
Effects of Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on Cell-to-Cell Communication Function Mediated by Gap Junctions (2001)

Gap junctions have been shown or are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of many inherited and acquired human diseases. Agents that regulate the gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) function may facilitate prevention and treatment of GJIC-involved diseases. In the present study we examined the effects of 27 ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng on GJIC. The results show that compounds 1 (oleanolic acid), 2 (ginsenoside-R0), 3 (ginsenoside-Rb1), 5 (ginsenoside-Rb2), 7 (ginsenoside-Rd), 8 (ginsenoside-Rg3), 12 (panaxadial), 13 (notoginsenoside-R4), 17 [ginsenoside-Rg2 (20S)], 18 (ginsenoside-Rf), and 26 (ginsenoside-F3) did not obviously affect GJIC, whereas compounds 4 (ginsenoside-Rc), 6 (ginsenoside-Rb3), 9 (ginsenoside-Rd2), 10 (notoginsenoside-Fe), 11 (ginsenoside-Rh2),14 (ginsenoside-Ra1), 15 (ginsenoside-Re), 16 [ginsenoside-Rg2 (20R)], 19 (ginsenoside-Ia), 20 [ginsenoside-Rh1 (20S)], 21 [ginsenoside-Rh1 (20R)], 22 (ginsenoside-F1), 23 (protopanaxatriol), 24 (panaxatriol), 25 (ginsenoside-Rg1), and 27 (chikusetsaponin-L8) induced GJIC reductions at various degrees. Compounds 2, 7, and 8 protected against the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate-induced GJIC reduction, while compounds 1, 5, 7, and 17 inhibited the cytokine interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1alpha)-induced reduction in GJIC. Nevertheless, no compounds protected against the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced GJIC inhibition. On the other hand, GJIC reductions induced by compounds 6, 9,10, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 were inhibited by the tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor genistein, while GJIC reductions induced by compounds 6, 9, 14, 16, 19, 21, and 24 were attenuated in the presence of the PKC inhibitor calphostin C. However, GJIC reductions induced by compounds 4, 23, and 27 were not inhibited either by genistein or by calphostin C. These data indicate that various mechanisms are responsible for effects of ginsenosides on GJIC.
Compilation of mRNA Sequences Surrounding the AUG Translation Initiation Codon in the Green Alga<i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> (1998)

Sequences of 118 mRNAs of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in the GenBank data base were compiled to examine the consensus sequence surrounding the AUG translation initiation codon. The consensus sequence for C. reinhardtii was found to be gc(A/C)A(A/C)(A/C) AUGGC. The AUG context of chloroplast proteins (nuclear coded) and non-chloroplast proteins were compared by a separate compilation, and some distinctive features in AUG context of chloroplast proteins were found.
Design of Automotive X-by-Wire Systems (2005)

Design of automotive X-by-Wire systems....................................................................................................... 1 Abstract:............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Five-Port Optical Router Design Based on Mach–Zehnder Switches for Photonic Networks-on-Chip (2016)

We design and simulate a five-port optical router, which is composed of twenty Mach-Zehnder-based switching elements and twelve waveguide crossings for use in integrated photonic interconnection networks. We simulated and analyzed the operation of the proposed optical router from the aspects of insertion loss,power budget, Q-factor and the minimum bit error ratio by use of OptiSystem simulator. The simulation results show that twenty possible input/output routing paths of the five-port optical router are verified at a data transmission rate of 20 Gbps for all input-output channels.
Experimental studies on the effects of recombinant human matrix metalloproteinases on herniated disc tissues—how to facilitate the natural resorption process of herniated discs (2004)

Exposure to rh MMP-7 resulted in promising proteoglycan loss in human surgical samples, normal rabbit intervertebral discs, and natural canine herniated discs. Administration of rh MMP-7 may facilitate the resorption process of herniated discs.
A role for the anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor Emi2/XErp1, a homolog of early mitotic inhibitor 1, in cytostatic factor arrest of <i>Xenopus</i> eggs (2005)

Unfertilized vertebrate eggs are arrested in metaphase of meiosis II with high cyclin B/Cdc2 activity to prevent parthenogenesis. Until fertilization, exit from metaphase is blocked by an activity called cytostatic factor (CSF), which stabilizes cyclin B by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) ubiquitin ligase. The APC inhibitor early mitotic inhibitor 1 (Emi1) was recently found to be required for maintenance of CSF arrest. We show here that exogenous Emi1 is unstable in CSF-arrested Xenopus eggs and is destroyed by the SCF(betaTrCP) ubiquitin ligase, suggesting that endogenous Emi1, an apparent 44-kDa protein, requires a stabilizing factor. However, anti-Emi1 antibodies crossreact with native Emi2/Erp1/FBXO43, a homolog of Emi1 and conserved APC inhibitor. Emi2 is stable in CSF-arrested eggs, is sufficient to prevent CSF release, and is rapidly degraded in a Polo-like kinase 1-dependent manner in response to calcium-mediated egg activation. These results identify Emi2 as a candidate CSF maintenance protein.
A Whiff of Chemistry in Heavy Electron Physics (2007)

Calculations show how electrons in a rare earth compound develop their unusual low-temperature properties.
An efficient catalyst-free chemoselective multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of pyrimidine functionalized pyrrolo-annelated derivatives (2015)

An efficient catalyst-free, one-pot multicomponent reaction has been developed for the synthesis of pyrimidine functionalized pyrrolo-annelated derivatives. The method offers easy and column free separation, mild reaction conditions and high yields.
RIP Kinase-Mediated Necrosis as an Alternative Mechanism of Photoreceptor Death (2011)

Photoreceptor cell death is the terminal event in a variety of retinal disorders including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and retinal detachment. Apoptosis has been thought to be the major form of cell death in these diseases, however accumulating evidence suggests that another pathway, programmed necrosis is also important. Recent studies have shown that, when caspase pathways are blocked, receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases promote necrosis and overcome apoptosis inhibition. Therefore, targeting of both caspase and RIP kinase pathways are required for effective photoreceptor protection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of RIP kinase-mediated necrotic signaling and its contribution to photoreceptor death.
AM noise impact on low level phase noise measurements (2002)

The influence of the source AM noise in microwave residual phase noise experiments is investigated. The noise floor degradation problem, caused by the parasitic detection of this type of noise by an unperfectly balanced mixer, is solved thanks to a refinement of the quadrature condition. The parasitic noise contribution attributable to the AM to PM (phase modulation) conversion occurring in the device under test is minimized through the development of a dedicated microwave source featuring an AM noise level as low as -170 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset from a 3.5 GHz carrier.
Mobility enhancement in strained p-InGaSb quantum wells (2007)

Quantum wells of InGaSb clad by AlGaSb were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The InGaSb is in compressive strain, resulting in a splitting of the heavy- and light-hole valence bands and an enhancement of the mobility. The mobility was found to increase with increasing InSb mole fraction for values of strain up to 2%. Room-temperature mobilities as high as 1500cm2∕Vs were reached for 7.5nm channels of In0.40Ga0.60Sb. These results are an important step toward the goal of high-performance p-channel field-effect transistors for complementary circuits operating at extremely low power.
The measurement of total respiratory resistance in pre-school children using a modification of the forced oscillation technique (1978)

The forced oscillation technique has recently been modified for use in children. The technique involves a child breathing an oscillating airflow at the resonant frequency of the respiratory tract. At this frequency, the reactive components of respiratory impedance are equal and opposite in sign, and it is therefore possible to measure directly the resistive component of respiratory impedance. This is known as the total respiratory resistance. Full descriptions of the theory, apparatus and method involved in the technique are given with a discussion of the common artefacts encountered. Examples of typical clinical applications are included to illustrate the usefulness of the technique.
ATTED-II Updates: Condition-Specific Gene Coexpression to Extend Coexpression Analyses and Applications to a Broad Range of Flowering Plants (2011)

ATTED-II (http://atted.jp) is a gene coexpression database for a wide variety of experimental designs, such as prioritizations of genes for functional identification and analyses of the regulatory relationships among genes. Here, we report updates of ATTED-II focusing on two new features: condition-specific coexpression and homologous coexpression with rice. To analyze a broad range of biological phenomena, it is important to collect data under many diverse experimental conditions, but the meaning of coexpression can become ambiguous under these conditions. One approach to overcome this difficulty is to calculate the coexpression for each set of conditions with a clear biological meaning. With this viewpoint, we prepared five sets of experimental conditions (tissue, abiotic stress, biotic stress, hormones and light conditions), and users can evaluate the coexpression by employing comparative gene lists and switchable gene networks. We also developed an interactive visualization system, using the Cytoscape web system, to improve the network representation. As the second update, rice coexpression is now available. The previous version of ATTED-II was specifically developed for Arabidopsis, and thus coexpression analyses for other useful plants have been difficult. To solve this problem, we extended ATTED-II by including comparison tables between Arabidopsis and rice. This representation will make it possible to analyze the conservation of coexpression among flowering plants. With the ability to investigate condition-specific coexpression and species conservation, ATTED-II can help researchers to clarify the functional and regulatory networks of genes in a broad array of plant species.
Nucleophilic opening of the oxirane ring of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-epoxypiperidine (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophilic opening of the oxirane ring of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-epoxypiperidineRobert E. Lyle and William E. KruegerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 9, 2873–2876Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01284a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01284a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views164Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts