gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protein folding (2003)

The problem of protein folding is that how proteins acquire their native unique three-dimensional structure in the physiological milieu. To solve the problem, the following key questions should be answered: do proteins fold co- or post-translationally, i.e. during or after biosynthesis, what is the mechanism of protein folding, and what is the explanation for fast folding of proteins? The two first questions are discussed in the current review. The general lines are to show that the opinion, that proteins fold after they are synthesized is hardly substantiated and suitable for solving the problem of protein folding and why proteins should fold cotranslationally. A possible tentative model for the mechanism of protein folding is also suggested. To this end, a thorough analysis is made of the biosynthesis, delivery to the folding compartments, and the rates of the biosynthesis, translocation and folding of proteins. A cursory attention is assigned to the role of GroEL/ES-like chaperonins in protein folding.
How to achieve nanotesla resolution with integrated silicon magnetotransistors (2003)

Dual-collector magnetotransistors with large current gain beta /sub F/>>1, have been developed for the detection of magnetic fields in the nanotesla range. Although the magnetic response associated with such structures is very low ( Delta I/sub c//I/sub c/<0.1/T), there is a strong positive correlation between output collector noise voltages. Consequently, very large signal-to-noise ratios are obtained resulting in high resolution (B/sub min/ approximately 189 nT/ square root Hz at 10 Hz) at low operating current (I/sub c/<1 mA). Noise measurements performed for a variety of devices show that the limitations associated with resolution of such field strengths will not be imposed by the sensing device, but rather by the in situ amplification circuitry fabricated in standard IC technologies. Although the nanotesla magnetotransistor device discussed is fabricated in bipolar technology, a device with similar characteristics can just as well be fabricated in CMOS technology by placing the collectors in the substrate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Medical image processing system (1994)

In this paper a medical image processing system is described. That system is named NAI200 Medical Image Processing System and has been appraised by Chinese Government. Principles and cases provided here. Many kinds of pictures are used in modern medical diagnoses, for example B-supersonic, X-ray, CT and MRI. Some times the pictures are not good enough for diagnoses. The noises interfere with real situation on these pictures. That means the image processing is needed. A medical image processing system is described in this paper. That system is named NAI200 Medical Image Processing System and has been appraised by Chinese Government. There are four functions in that system. The first part is image processing. More than thirty four programs are involved. The second part is calculating. The areas or volumes of single or multitissues are calculated. Three dimensional reconstruction is the third part. The stereo images of organs or tumors are reconstructed with cross-sections. The last part is image storage. All pictures can be transformed to digital images, then be stored in hard disk or soft disk. In this paper not only all functions of that system are introduced, also the basic principles of these functions are explained in detail. This system has been applied in hospitals. The images of hundreds of cases have been processed. We describe the functions combining real cases. Here we only introduce a few examples.
Accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy (2018)

A beam shaping assembly (BSA), a neutron moderator system, is a key component of an accelerator based boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facility. The neutron energy recommended in the IAEA TECDOC-1223 for the BNCT is much lower than the energy of the neutrons produced by accelerator induced nuclear reactions. The neutron energy depends on the energy of the incident particle and nuclear reaction. Therefore, the BSA should be designed considering the neutron energy dependency. Now, several kinds of accelerators and reactions are used and proposed. Here, neutron producing reaction, moderator system, and activations are introduced.
Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms (2010)

We present methods for the detection of sites of architectural distortion in prior mammograms of interval-cancer cases. We hypothesize that screening mammograms obtained prior to the detection of cancer could contain subtle signs of early stages of breast cancer, in particular, architectural distortion. The methods are based upon Gabor filters, phase portrait analysis, a novel method for the analysis of the angular spread of power, fractal analysis, Laws' texture energy measures derived from geometrically transformed regions of interest (ROIs), and Haralick's texture features. With Gabor filters and phase portrait analysis, 4224 ROIs were automatically obtained from 106 prior mammograms of 56 interval-cancer cases, including 301 true-positive ROIs related to architectural distortion, and from 52 mammograms of 13 normal cases. For each ROI, the fractal dimension, the entropy of the angular spread of power, 10 Laws' measures, and Haralick's 14 features were computed. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves obtained using the features selected by stepwise logistic regression and the leave-one-ROI-out method are 0.76 with the Bayesian classifier, 0.75 with Fisher linear discriminant analysis, and 0.78 with a single-layer feed-forward neural network. Free-response receiver operating characteristics indicated sensitivities of 0.80 and 0.90 at 5.8 and 8.1 false positives per image, respectively, with the Bayesian classifier and the leave-one-image-out method.
Dinitrogen extrusion from enoldiazo compounds under thermal conditions: synthesis of donor–acceptor cyclopropenes (2015)

Donor–acceptor cyclopropenes are formed quantitatively or in high yield from enoldiazoacetates and enoldiazoacetamides under moderate thermal conditions.
A New Humidity Sensor Using the Composite Film Derived from Poly(o‐phenylenediamine) and Poly(vinyl alcohol) (1996)

A composite film consisting of conducting poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (PoPD) and insulating poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been prepared in a proportion which possesses satisfactory mechanical strength and characteristics favorable for a humidity senor. The electrical conductivity and PoPD content curves were measured, and it was found that the conductivity of the composite film rose sharply at about 0.1 volume percent (v/o) of the PoPD content, reaching a value of ∼10−2 S cm−1 corresponding to that of PoPD itself. The change in conductivity was as large as four orders of magnitude, which was attributed to the formation of networks that enable the insulating composite to reveal the electrical conduction. The conductivity of the composite film was linearly related to the humidity, extending from to between the dry and wet states. Measurements of the conductivity were not attended with hysteresis in the moistening or desiccating runs. The change in conductivity was caused by a shift of the equilibrium between the conducting and the insulating PoPD depending on the atmospheric humidity in which, e.g., in the drying process the reaction of the protonated and conjugated PoPD with the OH group of PVA occurred to form the insulating PoPD and a water molecule resulting in the decrease of the conductivity of the composite film.
The future of programming (2006)

article Share on The future of programming: an interview with Paul Graham Author: Crossroads staff View Profile Authors Info & Claims XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for StudentsVolume 12Issue 3March 2006 pp 2https://doi.org/10.1145/1144366.1144368Online:01 May 2006Publication History 0citation225DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads225Last 12 Months6Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Analyzing Somatosensory Axon Projections with the Sensory Neuron-Specific<i>Advillin</i>Gene (2007)

Peripheral sensory neurons detect diverse physical stimuli and transmit the information into the CNS. At present, the genetic tools for specifically studying the development, plasticity, and regeneration of the sensory axon projections are limited. We found that the gene encoding Advillin, an actin binding protein that belongs to the gelsolin superfamily, is expressed almost exclusively in peripheral sensory neurons. We next generated a line of knock-in mice in which the start codon of the Advillin is replaced by the gene encoding human placenta alkaline phosphatase (Avil-hPLAP mice). In heterozygous Avil-hPLAP mice, sensory axons, the exquisite sensory endings, as well as the fine central axonal collaterals can be clearly visualized with a simple alkaline phosphatase staining. Using this mouse line, we found that the development of peripheral target innervation and sensory ending formation is an ordered process with specific timing depending on sensory modalities. This is also true for the in-growth of central axonal collaterals into the brainstem and the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate that Avil-hPLAP mouse is a valuable tool for specifically studying peripheral sensory neurons. Functionally, we found that the regenerative axon growth of Advillin-null sensory neurons is significantly shortened and that deletion of Advillin reduces the plasticity of whisker-related barrelettes patterns in the hindbrain.
Fabrication process for tall, sharp, hollow, high aspect ratio polymer microneedles on a platform (2013)

This paper reports on a new lithographic process for fabricating arrays of tall, high aspect ratio (defined as height/wall thickness), hollow, polymer microneedles on a platform. The microneedles feature a high sharpness (down to 3 µm tip radius) and aspect ratio (>65) which is a factor 2 and 4 better than the state of the art, respectively. The maximum achievable needle shaft length is over 1 mm. The improved performance was obtained by using an anisotropically patterned silicon substrate covered with an antireflective layer as mold for the needle tip and an optimized SU-8 lithographic process. Furthermore, a platform containing liquid feedthroughs holding an arbitrary number of needles out of plane can be manufactured with only one additional process step. The high aspect ratio microneedles undergo failure at the critical load of around 230 mN in case of 1 mm long hollow needles with triangular cross-section and a base of 175 µm. Penetration into human skin is demonstrated as well.
Induction of Cell Death Mechanisms and Apoptosis by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (nsPEFs) (2013)

Pulse power technology using nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) offers a new stimulus to modulate cell functions or induce cell death for cancer cell ablation. New data and a literature review demonstrate fundamental and basic cellular mechanisms when nsPEFs interact with cellular targets. NsPEFs supra-electroporate cells creating large numbers of nanopores in all cell membranes. While nsPEFs have multiple cellular targets, these studies show that nsPEF-induced dissipation of ΔΨm closely parallels deterioration in cell viability. Increases in intracellular Ca2+ alone were not sufficient for cell death; however, cell death depended of the presence of Ca2+. When both events occur, cell death ensues. Further, direct evidence supports the hypothesis that pulse rise-fall times or high frequency components of nsPEFs are important for decreasing ΔΨm and cell viability. Evidence indicates in Jurkat cells that cytochrome c release from mitochondria is caspase-independent indicating an absence of extrinsic apoptosis and that cell death can be caspase-dependent and -independent. The Ca2+ dependence of nsPEF-induced dissipation of ΔΨm suggests that nanoporation of inner mitochondria membranes is less likely and effects on a Ca2+-dependent protein(s) or the membrane in which it is embedded are more likely a target for nsPEF-induced cell death. The mitochondria permeability transition pore (mPTP) complex is a likely candidate. Data demonstrate that nsPEFs can bypass cancer mutations that evade apoptosis through mechanisms at either the DISC or the apoptosome.
Characterization of Forest Tree Seed Quality with Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis (2003)

The thesis presents a rapid and non-destructive method for characterizing the genetic, physiological and technical qualities of both temperate and tropical tree species on single seed basis. It is based on ‘cross fertilization’ of near infrared technology and multivariate analysis. The result demonstrated that seed sources, mothers and fathers of Pinus sylvestris could be identified using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with 100%, 93% and 71% classification accuracies, respectively. NIRS was employed to detect internal insect infestation in Cordia africana and a 100% classification of sound and insect infested seeds were achieved on the basis of insect cuticular components and moisture difference between the two fractions. An extension of this study was performed on Picea abies seeds differing in origin and year of collection. Detection of infested and uninfested seeds with NIRS was found insensitive to subtle differences in proteins, lipids and moisture provided that between-seed lot spectral variability is removed a priori with appropriate spectral pretreatment technique or the calibration model takes into account this natural variability. Sound and insect-damaged seeds of Albizia schimperiana were also successfully separated based on differences in relative water content. The moisture gradient between sound and insect-damaged seeds was intentionally created by soaking both fractions in water at room temperature for a specified time owing to the fact that the hard and impermeable seed coat of intact seeds does not allow the diffusion of water. The application of NIRS for the discrimination of viable and empty seeds of Pinus patula was evaluated and the two fractions were discriminated with 100% accuracy on the basis of divergence in lipid and protein contents. A further study was made to simultaneously discriminate filled, empty and insect-infested seeds of three Larix species. The result demonstrated a 100% recognition of infested and empty seeds while the recognition rates of filled seeds ranged between 90% and 100%; the highest being for Larix sukaczewii followed by Larix decidua and Larix gmelinii, respectively. In seed vigour analysis, it was also possible to distinguish between vigorous and aged seeds with 100% classification accuracy. The results reported in this thesis demonstrate the capability of NIRS combined with multivariate analysis as a tool for rapid and non-destructive analysis of several seed quality attributes. As establishment of new forest plantations shows an increasing trend globally, NIRS will play a pivotal role in upgrading seed lot quality through sorting of unproductive seeds, and hence facilitating single seed sowing for containerised seedling production in nurseries and/or direct sowing out in the field. Therefore, continued emphasis should be given towards developing simple, cost-effective and automated sorting system in the future.
United States Multicenter Study of Arsenic Trioxide in Relapsed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (2001)

This study establishes ATO as a highly effective therapy for patients with relapsed APL.
Clinical Trials of Adult Stem Cell Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease (2013)

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) refers to noncoronary vascular disease affecting the peripheral arteries. Most commonly the term is applied to occlusive arterial disease affecting the limb arteries, typically due to atherosclerosis. Preclinical studies indicate that a variety of stem cell therapies provide growth factors and cytokines for therapeutic angiogenesis. Small clinical trials with bone marrow mononuclear cells, as well as other cell types, have shown promise. However, mechanisms of therapeutic effect, if any, are not understood. Definitive clinical trials are needed to determine if there are any beneficial effects on functional capacity or morbidity.
Heterologous expression of bacterial nitric oxide synthase gene: a potential biological method to control biofilm development in the environment (2012)

The nitric oxide synthase gene from Bacillus subtilis was heterologously expressed in Pseudomonas putida using a broad-host expression vector. Both the performance of the nitric oxide-specific fluorescent probe and the quantitative assessment of the nitric oxide end products demonstrated the generation of nitric oxide. The endogenous nitric oxide increased the motility of P. putida and decreased the capacity of P. putida and other multispecies bacteria to develop biofilms. On the practical side, endogenous nitric oxide offers an advantage in generating continuous, controllable levels of nitric oxide, which suggests a new method to use nitric oxide in the control of biofilms.
Effects of aging on the thermomechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (2010)

Abstract In this study, we examined the role of environmental parameters and physical structure in the aging process of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The role of heating history on the aging behavior of the material was also investigated. PLA samples with a D ‐content of 4.25% were exposed to a relative humidity of 80% at three different temperatures, 20, 40, and 50°C (below the glass‐transition temperature of the material), at various aging periods of 30, 60, 80, 100, and 130 days. Selected samples were subjected to two consecutive heating runs. The stability of PLA was monitored by a number of techniques, including size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile measurements. The initial thermal processing (150°C) of the material resulted in an overall molecular weight reduction. A substantial lowering of properties was observed for PLA samples aged at 20°C for 30 days. No further loss of properties was observed for samples aged up to 40°C for several time intervals. A major portion (80–90%) of the induced changes in the tensile properties could be reversed after drying. At 50°C and 100 days of aging, a sharp decrease in the overall properties was noticed. The results seem to confirm the earlier finding that PLA degradation driven by hydrolysis needs a higher temperature (>50°C) in combination with ample time to take place. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Análisis de las sociedades gestoras de fondo de inversión en España (1999)

En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis del sector de las Sociedades Gestoras de Instituciones de\nInversión Colectiva en España, no desde el punto de vista del inversor, sino desde la perspectiva de los propios\ngestores de las instituciones. Se lleva a cabo un análisis sectorial basado en su evolución histórica durante la\ndécada de los 90, y se estudian los extraordinarios niveles de rentabilidad que el negocio parece ofrecer,\nestableciendo matizaciones al respecto. Se realiza también un análisis de las características determinantes de las\nrelaciones entre las sociedades gestoras y sus correspondientes empresas matrices, tanto en lo que se refiere al\nfuncionamiento interno como a los intereses en las empresas participadas por sus fondos.
Arf-like GTPase Arl8: Moving from the periphery to the center of lysosomal biology (2015)

Lysosomes are dynamic organelles that not only mediate degradation of cellular substrates but also play critical roles in processes such as cholesterol homeostasis, plasma membrane repair, antigen presentation, and cell migration. The small GTPase Arl8, a member of Arf-like (Arl) family of proteins, has recently emerged as a crucial regulator of lysosome positioning and membrane trafficking toward lysosomes. Through interaction with its effector SKIP, the human Arl8 paralog (Arl8b) mediates kinesin-1 dependent motility of lysosomes on microtubule tracks toward the cell periphery. Arl8b-mediated kinesin-driven motility is also implicated in regulating lytic granule polarization in NK cells, lysosome tubulation in macrophages, cell spreading, and migration. Moreover, Arl8b regulates membrane traffic toward lysosomes by recruiting subunits of the HOPS complex, a multi-subunit tethering complex that mediates endo-lysosome fusion. Here we provide a brief review on this recently characterized lysosomal GTPase and summarize the studies focusing on its known functions in regulating lysosomal motility and delivery of endocytic cargo to the lysosomes. We also explore the role of human Arl8b and its orthologs upon infection by intracellular pathogens.
Low-Complexity, Low-Memory EMS Algorithm for Non-Binary LDPC Codes (2007)

In this paper, we propose a new implementation of the EMS decoder for non binary LDPC codes presented in (D. Declencq and M. Fossorier, 2007). A particularity of the new algorithm is that it takes into accounts the memory problem of the non binary LDPC decoders, together with a significant complexity reduction per decoding iteration. The key feature of our decoder is to truncate the vector messages of the decoder to a limited number nm of values in order to reduce the memory requirements. Using the truncated messages, we propose an efficient implementation of the EMS decoder which reduces the order of complexity to O(n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> ), which starts to be reasonable enough to compete with binary decoders. The performance of the low complexity algorithm with proper compensation are quite good with respect to the important complexity reduction, which is shown both with a simulated density evolution approach and actual FER simulations.
Case 19-2007 (2007)

A previously healthy 19-year-old college student was transferred to this hospital with fever, hypotension, and pain in the right elbow and left ankle. Eleven days earlier, sore throat and fatigue had developed, and a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was made; 1 week later, corticosteroids were prescribed because of severe pharyngitis. On the day of admission, the patient awoke with severe joint pain. Laboratory studies on admission showed leukocytosis and anemia. The next day, the result of a diagnostic test was reported.