gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deposition of Lignin Droplets Produced During Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Maize Stems Retards Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose (2007)

Electron microscopy of lignocellulosic biomass following high-temperature pretreatment revealed the presence of spherical formations on the surface of the residual biomass. The hypothesis that these droplet formations are composed of lignins and possible lignin carbohydrate complexes is being explored. Experiments were conducted to better understand the formation of these "lignin" droplets and the possible implications they might have on the enzymatic saccharification of pretreated biomass. It was demonstrated that these droplets are produced from corn stover during pretreatment under neutral and acidic pH at and above 130 degrees C, and that they can deposit back onto the surface of residual biomass. The deposition of droplets produced under certain pretreatment conditions (acidic pH; T > 150 degrees C) and captured onto pure cellulose was shown to have a negative effect (5-20%) on the enzymatic saccharification of this substrate. It was noted that droplet density (per unit area) was greater and droplet size more variable under conditions where the greatest impact on enzymatic cellulose conversion was observed. These results indicate that this phenomenon has the potential to adversely affect the efficiency of enzymatic conversion in a lignocellulosic biorefinery.
IL-10 Is an Important Mediator of the Enhanced Susceptibility to Pneumococcal Pneumonia after Influenza Infection (2004)

Secondary pneumococcal pneumonia is a serious complication during and shortly after influenza infection. We established a mouse model to study postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia and evaluated the role of IL-10 in host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae after recovery from influenza infection. C57BL/6 mice were intranasally inoculated with 10 median tissue culture infective doses of influenza A (A/PR/8/34) or PBS (control) on day 0. By day 14 mice had regained their normal body weight and had cleared influenza virus from the lungs, as determined by real-time quantitative PCR. On day 14 after viral infection, mice received 10(4) CFU of S. pneumoniae (serotype 3) intranasally. Mice recovered from influenza infection were highly susceptible to subsequent pneumococcal pneumonia, as reflected by a 100% lethality on day 3 after bacterial infection, whereas control mice showed 17% lethality on day 3 and 83% lethality on day 6 after pneumococcal infection. Furthermore, 1000-fold higher bacterial counts at 48 h after infection with S. pneumoniae and, particularly, 50-fold higher pulmonary levels of IL-10 were observed in influenza-recovered mice than in control mice. Treatment with an anti-IL-10 mAb 1 h before bacterial inoculation resulted in reduced bacterial outgrowth and markedly reduced lethality during secondary bacterial pneumonia compared with those in IgG1 control mice. In conclusion, mild self-limiting influenza A infection renders normal immunocompetent mice highly susceptible to pneumococcal pneumonia. This increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia is at least in part caused by excessive IL-10 production and reduced neutrophil function in the lungs.
Role of leader peptide synthesis in tryptophanase operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12 (1986)

We used site-directed mutagenesis to replace the Escherichia coli tryptophanase (tna) operon leader peptide start codon with AUC. This change greatly decreased the uninduced rate of tna operon expression, and it also lowered the response to inducer. We conclude that leader peptide synthesis plays an essential role in tna operon expression.
Insulin enhances the effect of nitric oxide at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in a rat model of type 1 diabetes (2010)

Diabetes confers greater restenosis from neointimal hyperplasia following vascular interventions. While localized administration of nitric oxide (NO) is known to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia, the effect of NO in type 1 diabetes is unknown. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of NO following arterial injury, with and without exogenous insulin administration. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from lean Zucker (LZ) rats were exposed to the NO donor, DETA/NO, following treatment with different glucose and/or insulin concentrations. DETA/NO inhibited VSMC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner to a greater extent in VSMC exposed to normal-glucose vs. high-glucose environments, and even more effectively in normal-glucose/high-insulin and high-glucose/high-insulin environments. G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest and cell death were not responsible for the enhanced efficacy of NO in these environments. Next, type 1 diabetes was induced in LZ rats with streptozotocin. The rat carotid artery injury model was performed. Type 1 diabetic rats experienced no significant reduction in neointimal hyperplasia following arterial injury and treatment with the NO donor PROLI/NO. However, daily administration of insulin to type 1 diabetic rats restored the efficacy of NO at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia (60% reduction, P < 0.05). In conclusion, these data demonstrate that NO is ineffective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in an uncontrolled rat model of type 1 diabetes; however, insulin administration restores the efficacy of NO at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia. Thus insulin may play a role in regulating the downstream beneficial effects of NO in the vasculature.
High performance 0.3 μm CMOS using I-line lithography and BARC (2002)

TiN or organic Bottom AntiReflection Coatings (BARC), polysilicon hammerheads, phase shift masks, quadrupole off-axis illumination I-line lithography at N.A.=0.60, shallow source/drain extenders, LOCOS isolation, and 6 nm gate oxide are used to obtain high performance 0.30 /spl mu/m 2.5 V CMOS with effective channel lengths <0.20 /spl mu/m. The use of BARC reduces off current and improves PMOS hot carrier reliability.
A Survey of Network Design Problems and Joint Design Approaches in Wireless Mesh Networks (2010)

Over the last decade, the paradigm of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) has matured to a reasonably commonly understood one, and there has been extensive research on various areas related to WMNs such as design, deployment, protocols, performance, etc. The quantity of research being conducted in the area of wireless mesh design has dramatically increased in the past few years, due to increasing interest in this paradigm as its potential for the "last few miles", and the possibility of significant wireless services in metropolitan area networks. This recent work has focused increasingly on joint design problems, together with studies in designing specific aspects of the WMN such as routing, power control etc. in isolation. While excellent surveys and tutorials pertaining to WMNs exist in literature, the explosive growth of research in the area of specific design issues, and especially joint design, has left them behind. Our objective in this paper is to identify the fundamental WMN design problems of interference modeling, power control, topology control, link scheduling, and routing, and provide brief overviews, together with a survey of the recent research on these topics, with special stress on joint design methods. We believe this paper will fulfill an outstanding need in informing the interested student and researcher in getting familiar with this abundant recent research area, and starting research.
Lymphocytes in COVID-19 Patients (2021)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has so far caused over 108.2 million confirmed cases and over 2.3 million deaths all over the world as of February 14, 2021. Among in-hospital patients with COVID-19, the mortality was approximately 28%, though, the percentage increased to over 60% among critically ill patients, and over 80% among those who require mechanical ventilation. Treatment of these severe patients is becoming one of the major challenges. It has been hypothesized that a cytokine storm is the main cause of disease progression which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome and organ failure. For this reason, corticosteroids and/or immunomodulatory drugs have been lengthily used during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the clinical efficacy of corticosteroids remains controversial. Moreover, corticosteroid therapy was described to stay the clearance of SARS-CoV-2, and a high dose of corticosteroid was found to be related with death in severe COVID-19.3 Therefore, to classify patients most likely benefit from corticosteroid and give precise corticosteroid therapy is essential for the management of severe COVID-19 and saving lives.
Traveltime approximations for inhomogeneous transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis (2012)

ABSTRACT Traveltime information is crucial for parameter estimation, especially if the medium is described by a set of anisotropy parameters. We can efficiently estimate these parameters if we are able to relate them analytically to traveltimes, which is generally hard to do in inhomogeneous media. I develop traveltime approximations for transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis (HTI) as simplified and even linear functions of the anisotropy parameters. This is accomplished by perturbing the solution of the HTI eikonal equation with respect to the anellipticity parameter, η and the azimuth of the symmetry axis (typically associated with the fracture direction) from a generally inhomogeneous, elliptically anisotropic background medium. Such a perturbation is convenient since the elliptically anisotropic information might be obtained from well velocities in HTI media. Thus, we scan for only η and the symmetry‐axis azimuth. The resulting approximations can provide a reasonably accurate analytical description of the traveltime in a homogenous background compared to other published moveout equations. They also help extend the inhomogenous background isotropic or elliptically anisotropic models to an HTI one with a smoothly variable η and symmetry‐axis azimuth.
On the efficient gathering of sufficient statistics for classification from large SQL databases (1998)

For a wide variety of classification algorithms, scalability to large databases can be achieved by observing that most algorithms are driven by a set of sufficient statistics that are significantly smaller than the data. By relying on a SQL backend to compute the sufficient statistics, we leverage the query processing system of SQL databases and avoid the need for moving data to the client. We present a new SQL operator (Unpivot) that enables efficient gathering of statistics with minimal changes to the SQL backend. Our approach results in significant increase in performance without requiring any changes to the physical layout of the data. We show analytically how this approach outperforms an alternative that requires changing in the data layout. We also compare effect of data representation and show that a &quot;dense&quot; representation may be preferred to a &quot;sparse&quot; one, even when the data are fairly sparse. Introduction The classification problem is one of the most common operations in d...
Using Bayesian Networks for a Cyberattacks Propagation Analysis in Systems-of-Systems (2019)

System of Systems (SoS) represent a set of independent Constituent Systems (CS) that collaborate in order to provide functionalities that they are unable to achieve independently. We consider SoS as a set of connected services that needs to be adequately protected. The integration of these independent, evolutionary and distributed systems, intensifies SoS complexity and emphasizes the behavior uncertainty, which makes an SoS security analysis a critical challenge. One of the major priorities when designing SoS, is to analyze the unknown dependencies among CS services and vulnerabilities leading to potential cyberattacks. The aim of this work is to investigate how Software Engineering approaches could be leveraged to analyze the cyberattack propagation problem within an SoS. Such analysis is essential for an efficient SoS risk assessment performed early at the SoS design phase and required to protect the SoS from possibly high impact attacks affecting its safety and security. In order to achieve our objective, we present a model-driven analysis approach, based on Bayesian Networks, a sensitivity analysis and Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) with aim to discover potential cyberattacks propagation and estimate the probability of a security failure and its impact on SoS services. We illustrate this approach in an autonomous quarry example.
Color-Tunable Etalons Assembled from Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide) Based Microgels (2012)

Photonic materials (PMs) that are capable of manipulating and controlling light in systems have immense potential for the computing and communications industries. These materials are formed by assembling components of differing refractive indices in a periodic array. Light then interacts with this assembly, which results in constructive and destructive interference, and hence color. While many three-dimensional PMs have been reported, and have the most potential for the applications mentioned above, one-dimensional PMs have a multitude of potential uses, e.g., light filtration. In this review, we focus on one-dimensional PMs; specifically poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) microgel based etalons. The etalons can be fabricated to exhibit a single bright color, and because the diameter of the microgels is dependent on temperature and pH, the mirror-mirror spacing can be dynamically tuned; therefore the etalon’s color is dynamically tunable.
Robust QoS-Constrained Optimization of Downlink Multiuser MISO Systems (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The knowledge of the channel at the transmit side of a communication system can be exploited by using precoding techniques, from which the overall transmission quality might benefit significantly. However, in practical wireless systems, the channel state information is prone to errors, which sometimes deteriorates the performance drastically. In this paper, we address the problem of robust transceiver design in a downlink multiuser system, with respect to the erroneous channel knowledge at the transmitter. The base station is equipped with an antenna array, while users have single antennas. The transceiver optimization is performed under a set of predefined users' quality-of-service constraints, defined as maximum mean square errors, or minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs), which must be satisfied for all disturbances that belong to given, bounded uncertainty sets. Efficient numerical solutions are obtained using semidefinite programming methods from convex optimization theory. The proposed algorithms are found to outperform related approaches in the literature in terms of the achieved performance, while maintaining low computational complexity. The studied uncertainty models are applicable in mitigating typical errors that emerge as a result of quantization or channel estimation. </para>
Don't get caught with your pants down. (1996)

Albendazole is available free from its manufacturer, SmithKline Beecham, through a compassionate use program. The drug is the only known treatment for microsporidiosis, a common infection which causes severe diarrhea. A doctor's note stating the drug is specifically for microsporidiosis is required to be eligible for the program. No colonoscopy, biopsy, or stool specimen is required. There are some dosage limitations, but the manufacturer says these limitations can be easily resolved. However, the paperwork required for participation is lengthy and must be refiled every twenty-eight days.
Molecular characterization of the murine Hif-1 alpha locus. (1997)

Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) is a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS (bHLH-PAS) transcription factor that mediates certain cellular responses to low oxygen tension, iron chelators, Co2+, Ni2+, Mg2+, and low intracellular glucose concentration. Upon exposure to the above conditions, HIF-1 alpha is upregulated and heterodimerizes with the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT, also known as HIF-1 beta), the heterodimeric complex binds TACGTG-containing genomic enhancer elements, and activates transcription of target genes. As a first step in developing genetic models to study the biology related to cellular hypoxia, we have cloned the murine HIF-1 alpha cDNA, determined the tissue-specific expression of its mRNA, functionally analyzed its protein product, and characterized its promoter and its genomic structure. A comparison between the murine and human HIF-1 alpha protein sequence reveals 95%, 99%, and 83% identity in the bHLH, PAS, and variable domains, respectively. RNAse protection assays demonstrate that in adult mice, the mHIF-1 alpha mRNA is expressed at high levels in kidney, heart, brain, thymus, and placenta, with moderate expression in liver, spleen, testis, and lung and much lower expression in skeletal muscle testis. Northern blot analysis indicates that the mRNA of the murine HIF-1 alpha is transcribed in two forms, a major 4-kb species and a minor 5-kb species; both are present in all tissues examined. The Hif-1 alpha promoter is GC rich, does not have a TATA element near its transcriptional start site, and does not respond to hypoxia or Co2+. The mHIF-1 alpha structural gene is composed of 15 exons. The splice junction sites within the bHLH and the PAS domains of HIF-1 alpha gene are highly conserved with respect to a number of previously characterized members of the bHLH-PAS superfamily. However, unlike other bHLH-PAS genes, where the variable domain is encoded by 2 exons, the variable region of the mHIF-1 alpha gene is encoded by 7 exons. Furthermore, most of these splice junction sites in the variable region are conserved with that of HIF-2 alpha, a recently cloned hypoxia-responsive bHLH-PAS protein (also known as MOP2, EPAS1, and HLF). These data suggest that HIF-1 alpha, along with HIF-2 alpha, represents a new subclass of the bHLH-PAS superfamily.
Sex differences in musculoskeletal stress markers: Problems with activity pattern reconstructions (2010)

Abstract This study examined six musculoskeletal stress marker (MSM) scores that showed reverse sex differences in the previously published research. MSM scores often differ by sex within a population. Most often females have lower MSM scores than do males; however, reverse sex differences do occur. If reverse sex differences are culturally specific, then these MSM scores are more likely caused by activity patterns than biology. Yet, if the same MSM scores show reverse trends in multiple populations, then perhaps these reversals may be the result of biological sex differences, such as hormonal differences and body size, or methodological reasons, such as MSM location. In the current study, deltoideus , pronator quadratus and trapezius MSM scores were significantly more pronounced in males in the California Amerind population examined. Most MSM scores examined significantly correlated with body size and age. With articular size and age controls, only the pronator quadratus and trapezius continued to display significant sex differences. Males had greater MSM pronator quadratus and trapezius scores than did females. The lack of sex differences in four out of six MSM scores may relate to the confounding factor of body size. Thus, it is suggested that some reverse sex differences in the published literature may not relate to activity patterns whereas other MSM sites show more promise. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchronization and multiplexing of HDTV signals for transmission in broadband ISDN (1992)

Abstract When a high‐definition video signal such as HDTV is to be transmitted in a Broadband‐ISDN with a hierarchy, it is desirable that the video transmitter/receiver systems as well as the transmission system operate asynchronously, so that both synthesis and editing of the video are easier. It is also important to realize clock synchronization/transmission multiplexing without a deterioration of picture quality. From such a viewpoint, this paper first proposes a video stuffing method, which is a video/transmission clock synchronization method based on the concept of the synchronizer. Then the proposed multiplex video transmission system combines the synchronization detection for the video and the transmission in the receiver, based on the integer relation between the video block and the transmission frame. Lastly, the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) (STM 4‐frame or STM 1‐frame) transmission is investigated (it uses the HDTV encoding equipment); the SDH can transmit the Broadband‐ISDN signal with H 4 × 4 or H 4 rate, and the effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated. As a result of the experiment, the three clocks for the transmitter/receiver as well as the transmission system operated asynchronously, and a satisfactory video can be transmitted and reproduced without the video synchronization detection in the receiver, and without a deterioration of picture quality.
ApproxLUT: a novel approximate lookup table-based accelerator (2017)

Computing with memory, which stores function responses of some input patterns into lookup tables offline and retrieves their values when encountering similar patterns (instead of performing online calculation), is a promising energy-efficient computing technique. No doubt to say, with a given lookup table size, the efficiency of this technique depends on which function responses are stored and how they are organized. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive approximate lookup table based accelerator, wherein we store function responses in a hierarchical manner with increasing fine-grained granularity and accuracy. In addition, the proposed accelerator provides lightweight compensation on output results at different precision levels according to input patterns and output quality requirements. Moreover, our accelerator conducts adaptive lookup table search by exploiting input locality. Experimental results on various computation kernels show significant energy savings of the proposed accelerator over prior solutions.
The determination of solubility parameters of solvents and polymers by means of correlations with other physical quantities (1975)

Abstract Correlations of solvent solubility parameters with molar attraction constants and with properties like surface tension, dipole moment, and index of refraction have been explored. From relations found to be valid for solvents, it is possible to calculate the solubility parameters for polymers. A relation between the dispersion contribution to the surface energy of polymers (a measurable quantity) and the dispersion solubility parameter of polymers has been found which is similar to a relation established for low molecular weight substances.