gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A six-month clinical comparison of the efficacy of the Sonicare and the Braun Oral-B electric toothbrushes on improving periodontal health in adult periodontitis patients. (1997)

A sonic electric toothbrush (Sonicare) and an oscillating/rotating electric brush (Braun Oral-B) were compared for efficacy in removing supragingival plaque, reducing gingival inflammation, reducing probing pocket depth (Pd) and improving probing attachment levels (PAL) in a 6-month, single-blind clinical trial. Sixty-six adults with early-moderate periodontitis (5-7 mm Pd in at least two quadrants) entered the study, and 54 completed the entire study. The Sonicare and Braun groups were equally matched for plaque scores, and balanced for age, race and gender. Plaque was scored using the Turesky, Gilmore and Glickman Index. Gingival inflammation was determined by the Papillary Bleeding Score (PBS) of Loesche. Probing depths and attachment levels were determined using a manual North Carolina probe. All measurements were recorded at baseline, 2, 4 and 6 months. The mean overall plaque scores improved in both the Sonicare and the Braun groups at each of the follow-up visits. Interproximal plaque scores also improved in both groups with time, and the mean differential Sonicare post-brushing score was significantly better than the Braun at the 6-month visit (t-test; p = 0.039). Gingival inflammation also decreased in both groups over the 6-month period, but the Sonicare group showed significantly superior PBS scores at 4 months (t-test; p = 0.002) and 6 months (p = 0.005). The percentage reduction in inflammation from baseline at 6 months was 31.9% for Sonicare and 18.1% for Braun. Probing depth scores followed a similar pattern, with the Sonicare showing a mean reduction of 0.84 mm (15.8%) from baseline at 6 months, and Braun showing a 0.39 mm (7.2%) reduction (p = 0.002). In the Sonicare group probing attachment levels improved by 8.6% (MANOVA; p = 0.01), but no PAL improvement was seen in the Braun group. Overall, this study demonstrates that long-term use of these two electric toothbrushes improves periodontal health in adult periodontitis patients, and that the Sonicare brush is superior to the Braun brush in reducing gingival inflammation and probing depth. Moreover, 6 months' use of Sonicare led to actual improvement in probing attachment levels of periodontal pockets.
Classification of Multispectral Image Data by Extraction and Classification of Homogeneous Objects (1976)

A method of classification of digitized multispectral image data is described. It is designed to exploit a particular type of dependence between adjacent states of nature that is characteristic of the data. The advantages of this, as opposed to the conventional "per point" approach, are greater accuracy and efficiency, and the results are in a more desirable form for most purposes. Experimental results from both aircraft and satellite data are included.
Algorithm based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis for diffractive optical element design (2001)

Diffractive optical element design is an important problem for many applications and is usually achieved by the Gerchberg-Saxton or the Yang-Gu algorithm. These algorithms are formulated on the basis of monochromatic wave propagation and the far-field assumption, because the Fourier transform is used to model the wave propagation. We propose an iterative algorithm (based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis) for the design of a diffractive optical element. Since rigorous coupled-wave analysis (instead of Fourier transformation) is used to calculate the light-field distribution behind the optical element, the diffractive optical element can thus be better designed. Simulation results are provided to verify the proposed algorithm for designing a converging lens. Compared with the well-known Gerchberg-Saxton and Yang-Gu algorithms, our method provides 7.8% and 10.8%, respectively, improvement in converging the light amplitude when a microlens is desired. In addition, the proposed algorithm provides a solution that is very close to the solution obtained by the simulated annealing method (within 1.89% error).
A new algorithm for the estimation of hidden Markov model parameters (2003)

Discusses the problem of estimating the parameter values of hidden Markov word models for speech recognition. The authors argue that maximum-likelihood estimation of the parameters does not lead to values which maximize recognition accuracy and describe an alternative estimation procedure called corrective training which is aimed at minimizing the number of recognition errors. Corrective training is similar to a well-known error-correcting training procedure for linear classifiers and works by iteratively adjusting the parameter values so as to make correct words more probable and incorrect words less probable. There are also strong parallels between corrective training and maximum mutual information estimation. They do not prove that the corrective training algorithm converges, but experimental evidence suggests that it does, and that it leads to significantly fewer recognition errors than maximum likelihood estimation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extending Order Preserving Encryption for Multi-User Systems. (2012)

Abstract. Several order preserving encryption (OPE) algorithms have been developed in the literature to support search on encrypted data. However, existing OPE schemes only consider a single encryption key, which is infeasible for a practical system with multiple users (implying that all users should have the single encryption key in order to encrypt or decrypt confidential data). In this paper, we develop the first protocols, DOPE and OE-DOPE, to support the use of OPE in multi-user systems. First, we introduce a group of key agents into the system and invent the DOPE protocol to enable “distributed encryption ” to assure that the OPE encryption key is not known by any entity in the system. However, in DOPE, if a key agent is compromised, the share of the secret data that is sent to this key agent is compromised. To solve the problem, we developed a novel oblivious encryption (OE) protocol based on the oblivious transfer concept to deliver and encrypt the shares obliviously. Then, we integrate it with DOPE to obtain the OE-DOPE protocol. Security of OE-DOPE is further enhanced with additional techniques. Both DOPE and OE-DOPE can be used with any existing OPE algorithms while retaining all the advantages of OPE without requiring the users to share the single encryption key, making the OPE approach feasible in practical systems.
An Optimization Framework for LTE eICIC and Reduced Power eICIC (2015)

Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) is used in LTE heterogeneous networks to reduce interference in the small cell expansion region. Service areas of small cells are often expanded by a Cell Selection Offset (CSO) to increase their traffic uptake and offload macro cell traffic. eICIC relies on Almost Blank Subframes (ABS) or Reduced Power Almost Blank Subframes (RP-ABS) to manage interference between macro and small cellular layers. Gains achieved from deploying intra-carrier small cells are highly dependent on the optimization of eICIC parameters. This paper provides a novel optimization formulation to achieve optimal small cell CSOs and macro cell ABS or RP-ABS patterns. The performance of the outlined optimization framework is evaluated by state-of-the-art LTE system level simulations. Simulation results indicate an average network capacity gain of 19.4% from optimizing ABS-eICIC parameters, and a 22.8% gain from optimizing RP-ABS-eICIC parameters. Similarly, a 42.2% average gain in user data rates is achieved from optimizing ABS-eICIC parameters, and a 45.9% gain from optimizing RP-ABS-eICIC parameters.
Urinary Connective Tissue Growth Factor Excretion Correlates With Clinical Markers of Renal Disease in a Large Population of Type 1 Diabetic Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy (2006)

This is the first large cross-sectional study addressing U-CTGF in human type 1 diabetes. The observed association of U-CTGF with UAE and glomerular filtration rate might reflect a role of CTGF as progression promoter in diabetic nephropathy.
Expression of human Mn SOD in Chinese hamster ovary cells confers protection from oxidant injury (1993)

Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) is an important component of antioxidant defense in aerobic cells because of its location in the mitochondria, a significant source of oxygen radicals and an important target of oxidant injury. To test the hypothesis that increased mitochondrial Mn SOD protects from oxidant injury, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector containing the human Mn SOD cDNA. In recombinant CHO cells, Mn SOD activity was increased threefold over wild-type controls. Acute survival during paraquat exposure (0-500 microM) was significantly improved in CHO cells expressing human Mn SOD, with 71% of recombinant CHO cells surviving at the 50% lethal dose (LD50) for wild-type CHO controls. Cell growth following exposure to paraquat (100 microM) was also significantly improved in recombinant CHO cells. CHO cells expressing human Mn SOD continued to grow and divide after paraquat exposure, whereas growth of wild-type CHO cells was negligible. Protection against oxidant-induced injury was directly related to increased Mn SOD, occurring in the absence of changes in other antioxidant enzymes including catalase, Cu,Zn SOD, and glutathione associated cellular antioxidant mechanisms. We conclude that increased expression of human Mn SOD in vitro directly confers protection against oxidant injury.
Electropharmacological assessment of the risk of drug-induced long-QT syndrome using native cardiac cells and cultured cells expressing HERG channels. (2003)

In order to prevent the drug-induced long-QT syndrome it is important to assess the risk in the early phase of drug development. Most of the drugs, which clinically prolong the QT interval and induce torsades de pointes (Tdp), are known to inhibit the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(Kr)) in cardiac cells. It is acknowledged that HERG (human ether-a-go-go-related gene) encodes the channel pore protein underlying I(Kr). The most sensitive method to evaluate the risk would be electropharmacological assessment using patch clamp techniques. When enzymatically-dissociated native cardiac cells are used, overlapping contamination of the slow component of the delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(Ks)) makes it difficult to analyze the drug effect on I(Kr) accurately. Therefore, heterologous expression systems of HERG channel are usually used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of drugs on I(Kr). Since the Xenopus oocyte system expressing HERG channels appears to be less sensitive to drug inhibition, use of a mammalian cell expression system may be desirable for the screening. A detailed analysis using various pulse protocols may be needed for the careful assessment of the HERG channel inhibition. In addition, many factors that may affect the susceptibility of patients to QT prolongation must be also taken into consideration.
Dichotomy between factors inducing the immunosuppressive enzyme IL‐4‐induced gene 1 (IL4I1) in B lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes (2010)

MPhi and DC are key elements in the control of tissue homeostasis and response to insult. In this work, we demonstrate that MPhi and DC are the major producers of the phenylalanine catabolizing enzyme IL-4-induced gene 1 (IL4I1) under inflammatory conditions. IL4I1 was first described in B cells, which indeed can produce IL4I1 in vitro, although at much lower levels. In vivo, IL4I1 is highly expressed by MPhi and DC of Th1 granulomas (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis) but poorly detected in Th2 granulomas (schistosomiasis). In vitro, expression of the enzyme is induced in mononuclear phagocytes by various pro-inflammatory stimuli through the activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and/or STAT1. B cells also express IL4I1 in response to NF-kappaB-activating stimuli such as CD40L; however, in contrast to myeloid cells, B cells are insensitive to IFN-gamma but respond to stimulation of the IL-4/STAT6 axis. As we show that the expression of IL4I1 by a monocytic cell line inhibits T-cell proliferation and production of IFN-gamma and inflammatory cytokines, we propose that IL4I1 participates in the downregulation of Th1 inflammation in vivo.
The Influence of Fault Distribution on Stochastic Prediction of Voltage Sags (2005)

This paper analyzes the influence of modeling of fault distribution along transmission line on the assessment of number and characteristics of voltage sags. The generic distribution network was used in all simulations. Different types of transformer winding connections were modeled and different (symmetrical and asymmetrical) types of faults were simulated. A line was selected from the previously identified area of vulnerability for a given bus and different faults having different distributions along the line were simulated. It was shown that depending on the fault distribution (uniform, normal, exponential) along the line, different numbers and characteristics of voltage sags could be expected at the selected bus.
Measurement of salivary cortisol in 2012 – laboratory techniques and clinical indications (2012)

The utility of measuring salivary cortisol has become increasingly appreciated since the early 1980s. Salivary cortisol is a measure of active free cortisol and follows the diurnal rhythm of serum or plasma cortisol. The saliva sample may be collected by drooling or through the use of absorbent swabs which are placed into the mouth until saturated. Salivary cortisol is therefore convenient for patients and research participants to collect noninvasively on an outpatient basis. Several assay techniques have been used to measure salivary cortisol, including radioimmunoassay and more recently liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical sensitivity varies between these assay methods, as does the potential for cross-reactivity with other steroids. The interpretation of salivary cortisol levels relies on rigorous standardization of sampling equipment, sampling protocols and assay technology with establishment of a local reference range. Clinically, the commonest use for salivary cortisol is measuring late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. Several studies have shown diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of over 90%, which compares very favourably with other screening tests for Cushing's syndrome such as the 24-h urinary-free cortisol and the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test. There are emerging roles for the use of salivary cortisol in diagnosing adrenal insufficiency, particularly in conditions associated with low cortisol-binding globulin levels, and in the monitoring of glucocorticoid replacement. Finally, salivary cortisol has been used extensively as a biomarker of stress in a research setting, especially in studies examining psychological stress with repeated measurements.
Amelioration of emphysema in mice through lentiviral transduction of long-lived pulmonary alveolar macrophages (2009)

Directed gene transfer into specific cell lineages in vivo is an attractive approach for both modulating gene expression and correcting inherited mutations such as emphysema caused by human alpha1 antitrypsin (hAAT) deficiency. However, somatic tissues are mainly comprised of heterogeneous, differentiated cell lineages that can be short lived and difficult to specifically transfect. Here, we describe an intratracheally instilled lentiviral system able to deliver genes selectively to as many as 70% of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the mouse lung. Following a single in vivo lentiviral transduction, genetically tagged AMs persisted in lung alveoli and expressed transferred genes for the lifetime of the adult mouse. A prolonged macrophage lifespan, rather than precursor cell proliferation, accounted for the surprisingly sustained presence of transduced AMs. We utilized this long-lived population to achieve localized secretion of therapeutic levels of hAAT protein in lung epithelial lining fluid. In an established mouse model of emphysema, lentivirally delivered hAAT ameliorated the progression of emphysema, as evidenced by attenuation of increased lung compliance and alveolar size. After 24 weeks of sustained gene expression, no humoral or cellular immune responses to hAAT protein were detected. Our results challenge the dogma that AMs are short lived and suggest that these differentiated cells may be a possible target cell population for in vivo gene therapy applications, including the sustained correction of hAAT deficiency.
Pathophysiology of acute lung injury in combined burn and smoke inhalation injury (2004)

In the U.S.A., more than 1 million burn injuries occur every year. Although the survival from burn injury has increased in recent years with the development of effective fluid resuscitation management and early surgical excision of burned tissue, the mortality of burn injury is still high. In these fire victims, progressive pulmonary failure and cardiovascular dysfunction are important determinants of morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality increases when burn injury is associated with smoke inhalation. In the present review, we will describe the pathophysiological aspects of acute lung injury induced by combined burn and smoke inhalation and examine various therapeutic approaches.
Architecture of SIPS, a real time image processing system (2003)

A real-time image processing system called SIPS (Sight Information Processing System) has been designed and constructed. SIPS realizes a high-speed performance of 2.7 Giga operations/s through parallel and distributed processing of its 82 independently controlled processors. SIPS provides both real-time processing of color video images and a high degree of flexibility. SIPS became operational in 1985 and has been used for research on video image processing such as low-level vision processing and image coding. The architectures and possible applications of SIPS are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A micromachined stationary lamellar grating interferometer for Fourier transform spectroscopy (2008)

10.1088/0960-1317/18/2/025023
Health benefit of vegetable/fruit juice-based diet: Role of microbiome (2017)

The gut microbiota is an important contributor to human health. Vegetable/fruit juices provide polyphenols, oligosaccharides, fiber and nitrate (beet juice), which may induce a prebiotic-like effect. Juice-based diets are becoming popular. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence of their health benefits. It was our hypothesis that changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by a juice-based diet play an important role in their health benefits. Twenty healthy adults consumed only vegetable/fruit juices for 3 days followed by 14 days of customary diet. On day 4 we observed a significant decrease in weight and body mass index (p = 2.0E<sup>-05</sup>), which was maintained until day 17 (p = 3.0E<sup>-04</sup>). On day 4 the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in stool was significantly decreased and Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria was increased compared to baseline and was partially reversed on day 17. On day 4 plasma and urine nitric oxide was increased by 244 ± 89% and 450 ± 360%, respectively, and urinary lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde was decreased by 32 ± 21% compared to baseline. General well-being score was increased at the end of the study. In summary a 3-day juice-based diet altered the intestinal microbiota associated with weight loss, increase in the vasodilator NO, and decrease in lipid oxidation.
Role of collagen type II specific antibodies in arthritis (2005)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting in destruction of cartilage and bone. The role of the B cells in RA pathogenesis clearly involves autoantibodies. Collagen type II (CII)-specific antibodies have been identified in RA synovium and synovial fluid. The work in this thesis is focused on the role of CII specific antibodies in the initiation and pathogenesis of arthritis. Additionally, the importance of B cell tolerance in the development of autoimmune disease has been investigated. To study some of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in RA, we used the animal model collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), where the disease characteristics resembles RA in many ways. We investigated the epitope selection and V gene usage of CII specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and demonstrated that the presence of a selective V gene repertoire could result in CII epitope binding capacity. Further, the antibody response and B cell epitope specificity was examined in chronic relapsing CIA models. We found that the B cell responses against CII in both mice and rats were directed against immunodominant epitopes that were conserved between the species, including humans. Here the development of chronic arthritis was related to an antibody response to defined epitopes on CII (C1, J1 and U1) and mAbs to these epitopes could induce relapses. A significant correlation between U1-specific antibodies and disease progression was found in CIA. We also detected U1-specific autoantibodies in RA, especially in association with early joint erosions. U1 specific antibodies bound cartilage in vivo and triggered the development of arthritis on its own. Therefore, antibodies directed to a specific epitope on CII could be related to arthritis progression and the epitope specificity of the mAb could determine its arthritogenicity. Finally, the importance of B cell tolerance in autoimmune arthritis development was investigated. By creating a gene replacement mouse with an inserted VDJ region coding for an anti-CII antibody, we could study some of the B cell tolerance mechanisms. Our findings suggested that B cells expressing autoantibodies directed against CII may escape negative selection events and could be present in the periphery with a maintained specificity. In conclusion, CII specific antibodies are essential for the induction and pathogenesis of arthritis.