gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Genomic Characterization of Virulence Factors from Necrotizing Fasciitis-Causing Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila (2014)

The genomes of 10 Aeromonas isolates identified and designated Aeromonas hydrophila WI, Riv3, and NF1 to NF4; A. dhakensis SSU; A. jandaei Riv2; and A. caviae NM22 and NM33 were sequenced and annotated. Isolates NF1 to NF4 were from a patient with necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Two environmental isolates (Riv2 and -3) were from the river water from which the NF patient acquired the infection. While isolates NF2 to NF4 were clonal, NF1 was genetically distinct. Outside the conserved core genomes of these 10 isolates, several unique genomic features were identified. The most virulent strains possessed one of the following four virulence factors or a combination of them: cytotoxic enterotoxin, exotoxin A, and type 3 and 6 secretion system effectors AexU and Hcp. In a septicemic-mouse model, SSU, NF1, and Riv2 were the most virulent, while NF2 was moderately virulent. These data correlated with high motility and biofilm formation by the former three isolates. Conversely, in a mouse model of intramuscular infection, NF2 was much more virulent than NF1. Isolates NF2, SSU, and Riv2 disseminated in high numbers from the muscular tissue to the visceral organs of mice, while NF1 reached the liver and spleen in relatively lower numbers on the basis of colony counting and tracking of bioluminescent strains in real time by in vivo imaging. Histopathologically, degeneration of myofibers with significant infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells due to the highly virulent strains was noted. Functional genomic analysis provided data that allowed us to correlate the highly infectious nature of Aeromonas pathotypes belonging to several different species with virulence signatures and their potential ability to cause NF.
Immunosuppressive and Nonimmunosuppressive Cyclosporine Analogs Are Toxic to the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>via Cyclophilin-Dependent Inhibition of Calcineurin (2000)

Cyclosporine (CsA) is an immunosuppressive and antimicrobial drug which, in complex with cyclophilin A, inhibits the protein phosphatase calcineurin. We recently found that Cryptococcus neoformans growth is resistant to CsA at 24 degrees C but sensitive at 37 degrees C and that calcineurin is required for growth at 37 degrees C and pathogenicity. Here CsA analogs were screened for toxicity against C. neoformans in vitro. In most cases, antifungal activity was correlated with cyclophilin A binding in vitro and inhibition of the mixed-lymphocyte reaction and interleukin 2 production in cell culture. Two unusual nonimmunosuppressive CsA derivatives, (gamma-OH) MeLeu(4)-Cs (211-810) and D-Sar (alpha-SMe)(3) Val(2)-DH-Cs (209-825), which are also toxic to C. neoformans were identified. These CsA analogs inhibit C. neoformans via fungal cyclophilin A and calcineurin homologs. Our findings identify calcineurin as a novel antifungal drug target and suggest nonimmunosuppressive CsA analogs warrant investigation as antifungal agents.
Pharmacology of anistreplase (1990)

Eminase (anistreplase), or anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), is a reversibly inactivated lys-plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex that is given rapidly over a period of 2-5 minutes, and has a half-life in the circulation of 90-105 min. Eminase represents a significant advance in drug design for therapeutic thrombolysis based on convenience in administration, high gradient (especially initially) for diffusion into thrombus, improved fibrin binding, ability to lyse fibrin rapidly, improved stability in the circulation, long duration of action, and production of an antithrombotic state.
Mechanoradical formation and its effects on birch kraft pulp during the preparation of nanofibrillated cellulose with Masuko refining (2011)

Abstract Masuko refining of unbleached kraft birch pulp has been noted to result in more thorough fibrillation than the refining of its bleached counterpart. This result is observed through different fractionation behavior of once refined pulps and is further supported by different relative changes in pulp viscosity. The formation of mechanoradicals during refining is observed with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the role of lignin and hemicelluloses [quantified using kappa number determination and UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy] in the progress of refining is discussed. Lignin, a known antioxidant, is capable of stabilizing radicals, which could potentially counteract recombination reactions between highly reactive cellulose radicals. On the other hand, lignin’s ability to promote fibrillation could also lie in its amorphous nature and not solely in its antioxidant characteristics. Furthermore, bleaching removes not only lignin but also hemicelluloses, which affects both the charge density and the structure of the fiber material, and this is another likely contributor to the easier fibrillation of lignin-containing pulps.
Permanent Magnets in Use Today (1966)

The present status of our concepts as to the origin of the structure and behavior of permanent magnet materials now in use is discussed. It is shown that domain theory can at least qualitatively explain the properties of all these permanent magnet materials. In some cases quantitative agreement between theory and observed properties has been achieved, e.g., with elongated single-domain particle magnets and with iron and iron-cobalt whiskers smaller than about 1000 Å in diameter. Such cases are shown to improve our understanding of both the structure and properties of the more complex Alnico alloys.
Determinants of Portfolio Performance (1995)

In order to delineate investment responsibility and measure performance contribution, pension plan sponsors and investment managers need a clear and relevant method of attributing returns to those activities that compose the investment management process—investment policy, market timing, and security selection. The authors provide a simple framework based on a passive, benchmark portfolio representing the plan's long-term asset classes, weighted by their long-term allocations. Returns on this "investment policy" portfolio are compared with the actual returns resulting from the combination of investment policy plus market timing (over- or underweighting within an asset class). Data from 91 large U.S. pension plans over the 1974-83 period indicate that investment policy dominates investment strategy (market timing and security selection), explaining on average 95.6 percent of the variation in total plan return. The actual mean average total return on the portfolio over the period was 9.01 percent, versus 10.11 percent for the benchmark portfolio. Active management cost the average plan 1.10 percent per year, although its effects on individual plans varied greatly, adding as much as 3.69 percent per year. Although investment strategy can result in significant returns, these are dwarfed by the return contribution from investment policy—the selection of asset classes and their normal weights.
Catalytic Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer Michael Reaction and Mannich‐Type Reaction of Glycine Schiff Bases with Tartrate‐Derived Diammonium Salts (2007)

Catalytic asymmetric Michael and Mannich-type reactions of glycine Schiff bases with chiral two-center organocatalysts, tartrate-derived diammonium salts (TaDiASs), are described. On the basis of conformational studies, optimized TaDiASs with a 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexane spiroacetal were newly designed. These TaDiASs catalyzed the asymmetric Michael and Mannich-type reactions of glycine Schiff bases with higher enantioselectivity than previous catalysts. In the Mannich-type reaction, aromatic N-Boc-protected imines (Boc = tert-butoxycarbonyl) as well as enolizable alkyl imines were applicable. As a synthetic application of the catalytic asymmetric Mannich-type reaction with the optimized TaDiASs, we developed a catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-nemonapride, which is an antipsychotic agent.
Burst Discharge in Primary Sensory Neurons: Triggered by Subthreshold Oscillations, Maintained by Depolarizing Afterpotentials (2002)

Afferent discharge generated ectopically in the cell soma of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons may play a role in normal sensation, and it contributes to paraesthesias and pain after nerve trauma. This activity is critically dependent on subthreshold membrane potential oscillations; oscillatory sinusoids that reach threshold trigger low-frequency trains of intermittent spikes. Ectopic firing may also enter a high-frequency bursting mode, however, particularly in the event of neuropathy. Bursting greatly amplifies the overall ectopic barrage. In the present report we show that subthreshold oscillations and burst discharge occur in vivo, as they do in vitro. We then show that although the first spike in each burst is triggered by an oscillatory sinusoid, firing within bursts is maintained by brief regenerative post-spike depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs). Numerical simulations were used to identify the cellular process underlying rebound DAPs, and hence the mechanism of the spike bursts. Finally, we show that slow ramp and hold (tonic) depolarizations of the sort that occur in DRG neurons during physiologically relevant events are capable of triggering sustained ectopic bursting, but only in cells with subthreshold oscillatory behavior. Oscillations and DAPs are an essential substrate of ectopic burst discharge. Therefore, any consideration of the ways in which cellular regulation of ion channel synthesis and trafficking implement normal sensation and, when disrupted, bring about neuropathic pain must take into account the effects of this regulation on oscillations and bursting.
Iodine monofluoride 140-kW laser: small signal gain and operating parameters (1981)

Output energies in excess of 4 mJ in a ~30-nsec FWHM pulse (~140-kW peak power) have been obtained from a discharge-pumped IF laser for a cavity output coupling of 35%. In addition, oscillation on a new transition of the IF (E ? A) band at 472.7 nm has been observed. By measurement of the output power of the laser for various values of output mirror transmission, the small signal gain and loss coefficients were found to be (3.1 +/- 0.7)%-cm(-1) and ~0.3%-cm(-1), respectively.
Carbonation Curing of Slag-Cement Concrete for Binding CO2 and Improving Performance (2009)

Early age carbonation curing of slag-cement concrete was investigated to assess the feasibility of binding CO2 in slag-cement building products while improving their short-term and long-term performances. Four binder types were compared: an ordinary portland cement; an 85/15 slag cement; a 75/25 slag blend; and a 50/50 slag blend. A 2-h carbonation-curing treatment allowed concretes to bind 8–10% CO2 by mass of binder and attain as much as 82% of the 24-h hydration strength. The subsequent strength development of carbonated concrete was slower in the first 24 h possibly due to the carbonate buildup, but it was comparable to the conventionally hydrated concrete after 28 days. The carbonated concrete was shown to have a fracture toughness comparable to that of the hydrated concrete. The freeze/thaw durability of the concrete in deicing salt solution was vastly improved by the carbonation treatment. The pH of the carbonated concrete was reduced but was still above the threshold level required for the passivation of iron. The use of slag in carbonation curing is beneficial to strength gain, shrinkage reduction, and deicing salt resistance.
Performance Comparison of OFDM-FH and MC-CDM in Single- and Multi-Cell Environments (2005)

Multi-carrier code division multiplexing (MC-CDM) has been drawing attention as a promising downlink physical layer protocol for next generation mobile communications systems, because it can obtain frequency diversity effect in frequency selective fading channels, thanks to spreading in the frequency domain. Also, FLASH-OFDM (called "orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with frequency hopping (OFDM-FH)" in this paper) has been also discussed for IEEE Std 802.20. Using a forward error correction technique, OFDM-FH can also achieve frequency diversity effect. Moreover, for a one-cell reuse cellular system, OFDM-FH and MC-CDM employ a frequency hopping technique and cell-specific long code, respectively. This paper compares OFDM-FH and MC-CDM in a downlink channel in single- and multi-cell environments, from the viewpoint of frequency diversity effect and mitigation of inter-cell interference.
One-Pot Synthesis of Novel Branched Polylactide Through the Copolymerization of Lactide with Mevalonolactone (2001)

Polylactide, which is a biodegradable and bio-absorbable polymer having low immunogenicity and good biocompatibility, has been mainly studied for biomedical applications. Branched polymers have different rheological and mechanical properties compared with their linear counterparts owing to their molecular architectures. We synthesized novel biodegradable polylactide having a branched structure composed of metabolically degradable and/or absorbable materials only. The branched polylactide was obtained from a one-pot copolymerization of L-lactide using metabolic intermediate dl-mevalonolactone as a bifunctional comonomer having both lactone ring and pendant hydroxy group. The glass transition point, melting point and crystallinity of the branched polylactide are lower than those of linear polylactide.
The European AUDETEL project-enhancing television for visually impaired people (1993)

AUDETEL aims to help visually impaired people to gain more enjoyment and information from television by conveying to them a spoken commentary which describes actions, locations, facial expressions, costumes, etc that are present on the screen. This description, which is delivered in the gaps between the normal programme dialogue, will be carried within the conventional television signal and will be received by a special decoder. This paper provides an overview of the activities of the European AUDETEL project and concentrates on the achievements made during the Pilot Phase and the ambitious plans for the Service Development Phase which will lead to the operation of a pilot service during 1994.
On the Interactions of Alkyl 2‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids with Alkoxysilanes: Selective Esterification of Simple 2‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids (2007)

The interactions of a range of monocarboxylic acids with tetramethoxysilane Si(OMe)(4) (TMOS), in methanol (MeOH), have been investigated by using (1)H, (13)C and (29)Si solution-phase NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS). Si(OMe)(4) acts as a catalyst/reagent in the selective methylation of 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids (2HOAs) in MeOH at room temperature: glycolic acid, lactic acid and 2-hydroxybutyric acid are esterified more than a hundred times faster in MeOH and Si(OMe)(4) than in MeOH alone. No acceleration of methylation is observed for carboxylic acids lacking the 2-hydroxy group. Methylation of the 2HOAs is associated with the condensation of individual siloxane units to form oligomers. A mechanism is proposed in which 2HOAs attach to silicon via the alkoxy group, then subsequently via the carboxyl group in an intramolecular rearrangement to form an unstable and reactive cyclic intermediate. This intermediate may lead to accelerated methylation of the carboxylic acid via nucleophilic attack of MeOH at the carbonyl group, while a separate reaction pathway leads to condensation of silanols and/or alkoxysilanes leading to oligosiloxanes. The mechanism has implications for the use of 2HOAs as templates in sol-gel silica preparation.
Optical Rotatory Silica Materials Prepared via Sol−Gel Processes (1997)

A series of transparent, monolithic silica materials doped with 5−20 wt % of (−)-dibenzoyl-l-tartaric acid (DBTA) and (+)-d-glucose have been prepared via the acid-catalyzed sol−gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of the organic dopants. The materials show optical rotations, which can be directly measured on a common polarimeter. The optical rotation was found to be proportional to the dopant concentration and to the thickness of the samples. The specific rotations measured at 589 nm at 25 °C are +53° for the d-glucose-doped and −112° for the DBTA-doped silica samples, which are close to those for the same compounds measured in liquid solutions. Both the DBTA- and d-glucose-doped silicas exhibit a simple normal dispersion with negligible concentration effects. The organic compounds retain their stereochemical structures during the sol−gel reactions and, therefore, their optical activities. These materials can be regarded as nanocomposites in which the organic dopants uniformly distribute in the amorphous silica networks.
A 32b 66 MHz 1.8 W microprocessor (2002)

A high-performance 32b CMOS microprocessor with an on-chip cache and low power for functional and standby modes has performance of 26MIPS and dissipates only 1.77 W in functional mode. The features include a 16 b data interface and 24 b address bus, a 16 kB four-way set associative cache, and a clock doubler for operation at 33/66 MHz. The chip is 9/spl times/7.7 mm/sup 2/. It uses single-latch LSSD design and has 99.5% stuck-at fault test coverage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Achromatic Fringes Formed in a Triangular Path Interferometer (1959)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text P. Hariharan and R. G. Singh, "Achromatic Fringes Formed in a Triangular Path Interferometer," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 732-733 (1959) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
A Derandomized Approach to Self-Adaptation of Evolution Strategies (1994)

Comparable to other optimization techniques, the performance of evolution strategies (ESs) depends on a suitable choice of internal strategy control parameters. Apart from a fixed setting, ESs facilitate an adjustment of such parameters within a self-adaptation process. For step-size control in particular, various adaptation concepts have been evolved early in the development of ESs. These algorithms mostly work very efficiently as long as the scaling of the parameters to be optimized is known. If the scaling is not known, the strategy has to adapt individual step-sizes for all the parameters. In general, the number of necessary step-sizes (variances) equals the dimension of the problem. In this case, step-size adaptation proves to be difficult, and the algorithms known are not satisfactory. The algorithm presented in this paper is based on the well-known concept of mutative step-size control. Our investigations indicate that the adaptation by this concept declines due to an interaction of the random elements involved. We show that this weak point of mutative step-size control can be avoided by relatively small changes in the algorithm. The modifications may be summarized by the word “derandomization.” The derandomized scheme of mutative step-size control facilitates a reliable self-adaptation of individual step-sizes.
Reconfigurable Hybrid Beamforming for Dual-Polarized mmWave MIMO Channels: Stochastic Channel Modeling and Architectural Adaptation Methods (2017)

A reconfigurable hybrid beamforming (HBF) system is presented to dynamically exploit the channel diversities and antenna array directivity in millimeter wave (mmWave) channels. To develop an effective method for HBF architecture adaptation in wideband mmWave channels, the performance of an architecture is evaluated based on its average frequency-domain channel capacity. According to our analysis and simulations, the spatial covariance of the frequency-domain channels of using HBF can still be approximately modeled in a Kronecker form. Furthermore, beamforming directivity and channel spatial diversity have different advantages on capacity improvement in different transceiving conditions. Based on the results of channel modeling, system analysis, and simulations, a reconfigurable HBF architecture is thus proposed to enable flexible adjustments of the active subarrays, the antennas and polarizations of each subarray, and the active analog front-end and radio frequency chains linked to the active subarrays. A training procedure is meanwhile developed for the HBF system to learn proper architectures according to the system constraints, the channel statistics, the baseband precoder structure, and the channel capacity between the transmitter and the receiver. Compared with a fixed HBF system, such a reconfigurable system provides 3-15-dB power gains in channel capacity under various simulated channel conditions.
Genetic causes of congenital hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis (2011)

Congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid dyshormonogenesis is a heterogenic disorder that may be caused by mutations in any of the known steps in the thyroid hormone biosynthesis pathway. An exact molecular diagnosis allows genetic counseling and the identification of asymptomatic mutation carriers at risk of recurrent hypothyroidism, and provides a rationale for adjunct iodide supplementation.
Epithelial sodium channel in human epidermal keratinocytes: expression of its subunits and relation to sodium transport and differentiation (1999)

The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a main determinant of sodium absorption in renal and colonic epithelial cells. Surprisingly, it is also expressed in non-transporting epithelia such as the epidermis. To gain insight into the putative role of ENaC in keratinocytes, we have evaluated its expression in human skin and in cultured human keratinocytes. Our results indicate that (1) ENaC is expressed in the epidermis and in cultured keratinocytes, at the mRNA and at the protein levels, (2) the ratio of expression of the different ENaC subunits is drastically modified at the protein level during cell growth and differentiation, with a selective upregulation of the &bgr; subunit, (3) no transepithelial sodium transport function is apparent in cultured keratinocytes, but patch-clamp recordings indicate the existence of functional sodium channels with properties similar to those of the cloned ENaC and (4) ENaC inhibition does not alter keratinocyte proliferation, but it significantly decreases the frequency of dome formation in confluent keratinocyte cultures. These results document for the first time the characteristics of ENaC subunit expression in human keratinocytes, and suggest that ENaC may be important during differentiation.