gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intracranial Tumor Biopsy – CT-Guided Stereotactic Surgery (1985)

A modification of Gildenberg's technique for brain tumor biopsy is described. Marking the light beam of the gantry on the scalp with a pencil, when the lesion appears on the screen, no ScoutView is necessary. With radiopaque marks on the drawn lines, the levels of the slice are transferred to a lateral conventional X-ray, for calculation of the 'Z' coordinate. 'X' and 'Y' coordinates are determined on the CT scanner.
Proteolytic activation of the precursor of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase by human plasmin (1997)

Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) was suggested to play a critical role in the regulation of tissue invasion by normal and neoplastic cells by directly mediating the activation of pro-gelatinase A. Recently, the proteolytic activation of a pro-MT1-MMP by an intracellular proprotein convertase, furin, was reported. In this study, we found that plasmin efficiently activates the pro-MT1-MMP by cleaving immediately downstream of Arg108 and Arg111 in the multi-basic motif between its pro- and catalytic domains that participates in the activation of pro-gelatinase A. Our present data suggest that pro-MT1-MMP transported to the plasma membrane is activated by plasmin extracellularly and thus it may play an important role in the matrix degradation process.
CELP coding at 4.0 kb/sec and below: improvements to FS-1016 (1992)

While code excited linear prediction (CELP) speech coders can produce high levels of output speech quality at rates near 4 kb/s, they may not be suitable for toll quality communications. The authors propose several modifications to improve the quality of the standard CELP algorithm while simultaneously reducing its transmission rate. The modifications include a multimode excitation that increases the convergence rate of the adaptive (pitch) codebook. A low-complexity spectral vector quantization algorithm is also developed that reduces the coding rate and decreases the spectral distortion. SNR improvements of 2 dB and a significant reduction in perceptual artifacts have been observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phase 2 trial of eritoran tetrasodium (E5564), a Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, in patients with severe sepsis* (2009)

Eritoran tetrasodium treatment appears well tolerated. The observed trend toward a lower mortality rate at the 105-mg dose, in subjects with severe sepsis and high predicted risk of mortality, should be further investigated.
Role of nutrition in the management of malnutrition and immune dysfunction of trauma. (1992)

Current nutrition support improves patient outcome in trauma patients. It appears to do so by limiting the adverse effects of specific nutrient or generalized nutrient deficiencies. Immunosuppression, however, continues as a significant clinical problem. This immunosuppression appears to be part of the inflammatory response that accompanies trauma, and in part, to represent the need for conditional nutrients in this setting. Three nutrients that are being evaluated include arginine, uracil as ribonucleic acid and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Animal studies report improved immune function. Early clinical trials are reporting improved immune function and patient outcomes.
Mefluidide Effects on Growth of Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>) and the Synthesis of Protein by Cucumber (<i>Cucumis</i>sativus) Cotyledon Tissue (1977)

Mefluidide { N -[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl]amino] phenyl] acetamide} at concentrations of 2.9 × 10 -4 M and above retarded the growth of corn ( Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3369A’) grown in nutrient culture. Dwarfing was accompanied by some plant distortion and chlorosis of the bases of those leaves formed soon after treatment. The chlorosis was associated with decreased chlorophyll a content. Chlorophyll b content was not affected. The growth-retardant effects of mefluidide could not be reversed by applications of gibberellic acid. Using cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. ‘Ashley’) cotyledon discs, a low level of mefluidide (2.9 × 10 -5 M) increased the incorporation of 14 C from leucine into protein, while a high concentration (2.9 × 10 -4 M) reduced incorporation. Neither concentration affected the absorption of 14 C-leucine.
Overview. Type I interferons as primers, activators and inhibitors of innate and adaptive immune responses (2012)

The innate immune response recognises pathogens and sterile danger signals to generate effector cytokines, such as type I interferons (IFNs), with a high degree of sophistication. The May/June 2012 issue provides a series of reviews of the role of type I IFNs in regulating immune responses. Topics to be covered include the reason for the induction of IFNs, type I IFNs interactions with and regulation of target cells (e.g. T cells, B cells and Th10 cells) in the immune system, and the roles and mechanisms of IFNs in specific organs or diseases. The accompanying web focus presents links to related articles from across Nature Publishing Group to provide more background information about these proteins.
RL-Based Queue Management for QoS Support in Multi-channel Multi-radio Mesh Networks (2009)

In this paper, we consider the important aspect of quality of service (QoS) in wireless mesh networks, focusing on packet delays and packet drops. We observe that the options of solely focusing on throughput, and of only depending on the QoS type characterization by the application level protocol is not sufficient. We propose the use of multiple queues to hold the packets based on their QoS requirement (not necessarily corresponding to the QoS application types). We suggest the technique of reinforcement learning (RL) for the important step of assigning packet to one of the queues, and present an implementation using the TD(0) algorithm. We present various simulation results comparing our algorithm to other known algorithms and frameworks. Our results indicate that our RL-based algorithm is significantly better than previously known results in packet drop ratio.
Bis-Phosphoryl-Bridged Stilbenes Synthesized by an Intramolecular Cascade Cyclization (2008)

Bis-phosphoryl-bridged stilbenes have been synthesized using an intramolecular cascade cyclization. They show intense blue fluorescences at longer wavelengths with higher quantum yields compared to those of the known element-bridged stilbenes. In addition, they have much lower reduction potentials due to the inductive effect of phosphoryl groups. The incorporation of the phosphoryl moiety is an effective way for the construction of highly electron-accepting pi-conjugated systems.
Reliable link maintenance in cognitive radio systems (2005)

Recently, secondary usage of spectrum has been considered in order to better exploit spectral resources and overcome the under-utilization of licensed spectrum. Since the licensed user still keeps primary access rights to its spectrum in such a secondary usage scenario, potential secondary users (SUs) have to vacate the spectrum in case the licensed user claims it. In order to maintain the quality of the secondary communication nevertheless, efficient mechanisms for link maintenance are needed. In this paper we present a general model for link maintenance in secondary usage scenarios. We state that the traditional way of adding redundancy to improve the communication not necessarily works in secondary usage scenarios. Furthermore we present performance results of a link maintenance approach applied to a secondary usage system based on opportunistic spectrum sharing, which verifies our assumptions
Optical properties of Ce3+–Nd3+ co-doped YAG nanoparticles for visual and near-infrared biological imaging (2015)

Ce(3+)-Nd(3+) co-doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) nanoparticles, an average size of 20-30 nm clusters aggregated by 8-10 nm YAG nanoparticles, were synthesized by a solvothermal method. When excited by blue irradiation source, strong and broad yellow luminescence (centered at 526 nm) from Ce(3+) as well as near-infrared (NIR) luminescence (890, 1066 and 1335 nm) of Nd(3+) was observed simultaneously. It occurred by the effective dipole-dipole energy transfer from Ce(3+) to Nd(3+). Energy transfer efficiency from Ce(3+) to Nd(3+) was also calculated to be 50%. The optical property suggests that Ce(3+)-Nd(3+) co-doped YAG nanoparticles can be used as an efficient fluorescence imaging agent for not only visual but also near-infrared imaging.
Carbonic Anhydrase and Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors:  Sulfonylated Amino Acid Hydroxamates with MMP Inhibitory Properties Act as Efficient Inhibitors of CA Isozymes I, II, and IV, and <i>N</i>-Hydroxysulfonamides Inhibit Both These Zinc Enzymes (2000)

The 14 different carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes as well as the 23 different matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) isolated up to now in higher vertebrates play important physiological functions in these organisms. Unsubstituted sulfonamides act as high-affinity inhibitors for the first type of these enzymes, whereas hydroxamates strongly inhibit the latter ones. Since the active site geometry around the zinc ion in these two types of metalloenzymes is rather similar, we tested whether sulfonylated amino acid hydroxamates of the type RSO(2)NX-AA-CONHOH (X = H, benzyl, substituted benzyl; AA = amino acid moiety, such as Gly, Ala, Val, Leu) with well-known inhibitory properties against MMPs and Clostridium histolyticum collagenase (ChC, another zinc enzyme related to the MMPs) might also act as CA inhibitors. We also investigated whether N-hydroxysulfonamides of the type RSO(2)NHOH (which are effective CA inhibitors) inhibit MMPs and ChC. Here we report several potent sulfonylated amino acid hydroxamate CA inhibitors (with inhibition constants in the range of 5-40 nM, against the human isozymes hCA I and hCA II, and 10-50 nM, against the bovine isozyme bCA IV), as well as preliminary SAR for this new class of non-sulfonamide CA inhibitors. Some N-hydroxysulfonamides also showed inhibitory properties (in the micromolar range) against MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, and ChC. Thus, the SO(2)NHOH group is a new zinc-binding function for the design of MMP inhibitors. Both CA as well as MMPs are involved, among others, in carcinogenesis and tumor invasion processes. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that the mechanism of antitumor action with some hydroxamate inhibitors might also involve inhibition of some CA isozymes (such as CA IX, CA XII, and CA XIV) present only in tumor cell membranes, in addition to collagenases/gelatinases of the MMP type. Our data also suggest that it should be possible to develop dual enzyme inhibitors that would strongly inhibit both these metalloenzymes, CAs and MMPs, based on the nature of the R, AA, and X moieties in the above formula. Compact X (such as H) and AA (such as Gly) moieties favor CA over MMP inhibition, whereas bulkier X (benzyl, substituted benzyl, etc.) and AA (such as Val, Leu) moieties and substituted-aryl R groups are advantageous for obtaining potent MMP and ChC inhibitors, which show lower affinity for CA.
Endovascular AAA Exclusion: Will Stents With Hooks and Barbs Prevent Stent-Graft Migration? (1998)

Stent barbs and hooks increased the fixation of stent-grafts tenfold, while the radial force of stents had no impact. These data may prove important in future endograft development to prevent stent-graft migration after aneurysm exclusion.
An Interative Face Search Procedure For Multiple Objective linear Programming (1993)

This paper presents a new interactive procedure for multiple objective linear programming problem (MOLP). In practical multiple objective linear programming applications, there is usually no need for the decision maker to consider solutions which are not efficient. Therefore, the interactive procedure presented here searches only among efficient solutions and terminates with a solution that is guaranteed to be efficient. It also can converge to nonextreme efficient final solutions rather than being restricted to only extreme efficient points of the feasible set. The procedure does not require sophisticated judgements or inputs from the decision maker. One of the most attractive features of the procedure however, is that the method allows the DM to examine the efficient faces it finds. As iteration goes, the DM can explore a wide variety of efficient faces rather than efficient faces confined to only certain subregion of the feasible set of problem MOLP since the efficient faces that the procedure finds need not be adjacent. This helps the DM explore the nature of the efficient set of problem MOLP and also helps the DM have confidence with a final solution. For these reasons, I feel that the procedure offer significant promise in solving multiple objective linear programs rapidly and in a satisfying manner to the DM.
Geometric hashing techniques for watermarking (2002)

In this paper we introduce the idea of using computer vision techniques for improving and enhancing watermarking capabilities. Specifically, we incorporate geometric hashing techniques into the watermarking methodology. Geometric hashing was developed to detect objects in a visual scene under a class of geometric transformations. The technique is incorporated into watermarking to detect watermarks encoded under transformations. This allows randomization of the watermark code without the need of maintaining the random generator seed. In turn, this randomization increases robustness under attacks such as collusion (determining the watermark from multiple watermarked examples). Depending on the embedding domain, robustness of the watermark under geometric attacks can be achieved.
Photocontrolled Folding and Unfolding of a Collagen Triple Helix (2006)

At the flick of a switch: Two side chains of a collagen peptide containing (2S,4S)-mercaptoproline at two defined positions are linked with a diiodo azobenzene derivative. With the trans isomer of the azobenzene clamp (orange), the peptide folds into the collagen triple helix (green, blue, gray), which unfolds upon irradiation at 330 nm. The light-controlled folding/unfolding processes are fully reversible, making this system well-suited for ultrafast spectroscopic analysis. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z601432_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Alterations in fecal microbiota composition by probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (2016)

This systematic review of the pertinent literature demonstrates a lack of evidence for an impact of probiotics on fecal microbiota composition in healthy adults. Future studies would benefit from pre-specifying the primary outcome and transparently reporting the results including effect sizes, confidence intervals, and P values as well as providing a clear distinction of between-group and within-group comparisons.
X-band rapid-scan EPR of samples with long electron spin relaxation times: a comparison of continuous wave, pulse and rapid-scan EPR (2013)

X-band room temperature spectra obtained by rapid-scan, continuous wave, field-swept echo-detected and Fourier transform electron paramagnetic resonance (FTEPR) were compared for three samples with long electron spin relaxation times: amorphous hydrogenated silicon (T1 = 11 μs, T2 = 3.3 μs), 0.2% N@C60 solid (T1 = 120–160 μs, T2 = 2.8 μs) and neutral single substitutional nitrogen centres (NS0) in diamonds (T1 = 2300 μs, T2 = 230 μs). For each technique, experimental parameters were selected to give less than 2% broadening of the lineshape. For the same data acquisition times, the signal-to-noise for the rapid-scan spectra was one-to-two orders of magnitude better than for continuous wave or field-swept echo-detected spectra. For amorphous hydrogenated silicon, T2* (∼ 10 ns) is too short to perform FTEPR. For 0.2% N@C60, the signal-to-noise ratio for rapid scan is about five times better than for FTEPR. For NS0 the signal-to-noise ratio is similar for rapid scan and FTEPR.
Development of a MEMS based dynamic rheometer (2010)

Rheological methods that interrogate nanolitre scale volumes of fluids and solids have advanced considerably over the past decade, yet there remains a need for methods that probe the frequency-dependent complex rheological moduli through application of homogenous strain fields. Here we describe a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) based approach for the measurement of dynamic rheology of soft matter where oscillatory strain is produced in a sample sandwiched between an oscillating MEMS stage and a glass plate. The resulting stress-strain relationships are revealed by measurement and analysis of the stage motion. We present preliminary data on simple viscous fluids and on viscoelastic thin films. In this proof-of-principle device, we measure moduli in the range of 50 Pa to 10 kPa over a range of 3 rad s(-1) to 3000 rad s(-1) using less than 5 nL of sample material. The device's measurement window is limited primarily by our current ability to measure the motion of the stage. This device will provide a new way to characterize dynamic microrheology of an array of novel materials and will prove useful in a number of areas including biorheology, microfluidics and polymer thin films.
ES3: How to achieve 1000&#x00D7; more wireless data capacity? 5G? (2015)

Summary form only given as follows. Exponential growth cannot go on forever, but wireless data growth still does. Especially video and Cloud services drive wireless data consumption, and 1000x in data capacity is targeted in the next 10 years. 5G is in the process of being defined and may include data rates at Gb/s, seamless integration of wireless LAN, short latencies, expansion into mm-Wave, and massive MIMO. The envisioned systems likely reach the limits of Shannon's capacity and will exploit additional degrees of freedom. A group of experts has been invited to share their thoughts on key new technologies and their path to implementation.
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of fonofos pesticide adsorbed on silver and gold nanoparticles (2010)

Abstract Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of fonofos, an organophosphorous pesticide (OPP), were recorded using citrate‐reduced silver (Ag) and gold (Au) colloidal nanoparticles in the form of dried films. In this study, significant enhancements were achieved with fonofos concentrations down to ∼10 ppm with the Ag colloids, demonstrating a potential for the technique in the analysis of fonofos residues. Successful formation of the SERS‐active metal aggregates was indicated by the presence of a plasmon band at longer wavelengths in the UV–visible spectrum. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed distinctively different morphologies of the aggregates formed by the two metals, while the observed SERS spectral features of fonofos were also found to be different for molecules adsorbed on Ag and Au colloidal surfaces. This evidence suggests metal‐induced changes in adsorption behavior of the fonofos analyte, leading to the different binding structures onto the different metal surfaces. Comparisons between the most prominent SERS‐enhanced bands and the precise mode descriptions predicted through density functional theory (DFT) simulations at the B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) level allowed an in‐depth orientation analysis of the adsorbed species on metal surfaces. Nevertheless, the ring vibrations were found to possess a major contribution in the observed SERS enhancements for both metal nanoparticles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequence-specific cleavage of dsRNA by Mini-III RNase (2015)

Ribonucleases (RNases) play a critical role in RNA processing and degradation by hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds (exo- or endonucleolytically). Many RNases that cut RNA internally exhibit substrate specificity, but their target sites are usually limited to one or a few specific nucleotides in single-stranded RNA and often in a context of a particular three-dimensional structure of the substrate. Thus far, no RNase counterparts of restriction enzymes have been identified which could cleave double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in a sequence-specific manner. Here, we present evidence for a sequence-dependent cleavage of long dsRNA by RNase Mini-III from Bacillus subtilis (BsMiniIII). Analysis of the sites cleaved by this enzyme in limited digest of bacteriophage Φ6 dsRNA led to the identification of a consensus target sequence. We defined nucleotide residues within the preferred cleavage site that affected the efficiency of the cleavage and were essential for the discrimination of cleavable versus non-cleavable dsRNA sequences. We have also determined that the loop α5b-α6, a distinctive structural element in Mini-III RNases, is crucial for the specific cleavage, but not for dsRNA binding. Our results suggest that BsMiniIII may serve as a prototype of a sequence-specific dsRNase that could possibly be used for targeted cleavage of dsRNA.
Multiscale Feature-Clustering-Based Fully Convolutional Autoencoder for Fast Accurate Visual Inspection of Texture Surface Defects (2019)

Visual inspection of texture surface defects is still a challenging task in the industrial automation field due to the tremendous changes in the appearance of various surface textures. Current visual inspection methods cannot simultaneously and efficiently inspect various types of texture defects due to either the low discriminative capabilities of handcrafted features or their time-consuming sliding-window strategy. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised multiscale feature-clustering-based fully convolutional autoencoder (MS-FCAE) method that efficiently and accurately inspects various types of texture defects based on a small number of defect-free texture samples. The proposed MS-FCAE method utilizes multiple FCAE subnetworks at different scale levels to reconstruct several textured background images. The residual images are obtained by subtracting these texture backgrounds from the input image individually; then, they are fused into one defect image. To maximize the efficiency, each FCAE subnetwork utilizes fully convolutional neural networks to extract the original feature maps directly from the input images. Meanwhile, each FCAE subnetwork performs feature clustering to improve the discriminant power of the encoded feature maps. The proposed MS-FCAE method is evaluated on several texture surface inspection data sets both qualitatively and quantitatively. This method achieves a Precision of 92.0% while requiring only 82 ms for input images of $1920\times 1080$ pixels. The extensive experimental results demonstrate that MS-FCAE achieves highly efficient and state-of-the-art inspection accuracy. Note to Practitioners-Most conventional visual inspection methods can address only one specific type of texture defect, while multiscale feature-clustering-based fully convolutional autoencoder (MS-FCAE) can simultaneously and accurately inspect various types of texture surface defects, such as those of thin-film transistor liquid crystal displays, wood, fabrics, and ceramic tiles. Furthermore, MS-FCAE requires only a small number of surface texture samples to learn a robust network model, and its training requires no defect samples. This is extremely important for industrial applications because identifying and labeling defect samples is difficult. Moreover, MS-FCAE can be applied to online visual inspection utilizing a graphics processing unit-based parallel processing strategy.