gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards Optimization of Automotive Waste Heat Recovery Using Thermoelectrics (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The potential for thermoelectric power generation via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles to displace alternators and/or provide additional charging to a hybrid vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric materials processing. A preliminary design/modeling study was performed to optimize waste heat recovery for power generation using a modified radiator incorporating thermoelectric modules. The optimization incorporates not only thermoelectric performance but also critical systems issues such as accessory power consumption, vehicle drag, and added system weight. Results indicate the effectiveness of the thermoelectric module is extremely sensitive to ambient heat rejection and to the operating temperature range of the thermoelectric device. The study also details how radiator modifications can be made with minimal overall system performance penalties and what is the minimal thermoelectric performance necessary for the proposed integrated TE radiator to provide adequate power for displacing current day alternators. From the results, conclusions are drawn about the viability of the concept for integration into a passenger vehicle.</div>
Monocular gaze depth estimation using the vestibulo-ocular reflex (2019)

Gaze depth estimation presents a challenge for eye tracking in 3D. This work investigates a novel approach to the problem based on eye movement mediated by the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). VOR stabilises gaze on a target during head movement, with eye movement in the opposite direction, and the VOR gain increases the closer the fixated target is to the viewer. We present a theoretical analysis of the relationship between VOR gain and depth which we investigate with empirical data collected in a user study (N=10). We show that VOR gain can be captured using pupil centres, and propose and evaluate a practical method for gaze depth estimation based on a generic function of VOR gain and two-point depth calibration. The results show that VOR gain is comparable with vergence in capturing depth while only requiring one eye, and provide insight into open challenges in harnessing VOR gain as a robust measure.
Dual-feed ultra-compact reconfigurable handset antenna for penta-band operation (2010)

This paper proposes a very small (lcc) dual-feed reconfigurable antenna concept. The circuit layout of the dual-feed antenna system is shown in Figure 1(d). Since the low bands are more challenging to cover with a passive antenna, the frequency reconfigurability is more important there. Therefore, at the low band the antenna consists of a radiator element, a RF switch together with matching network to obtain a frequency-reconfigurable antenna system. The trade off is the complexity and loss which is introduced by the switch and matching network. At the high bands (DCS1800, PCS1900, WCDMAI) the antenna is electrically larger and will operate more independently of the phone chassis. Furthermore, the efficiency requirements are usually higher for the high bands. Therefore, the high bands are covered using a radiator element with matching network in order to reduce complexity and loss.
Effect of crystallinity of microcrystalline cellulose on the compactability and dissolution of tablets (1999)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was pulverized with a vibrational rod mill. The degree of crystallinity of MCC decreased from 65.5 to 12.1% with pulverization time due to mechanochemical effect. Pulverized MCCs were compressed at 155.6 MPa using a compression test apparatus, and the two parameters relating to compactability, the B value and yield pressure, were calculated using a Heckel plot. These values were lowered as the degree of crystallinity of MCC became smaller. These results suggest that the crystal region and the amorphous region in MCC particles may be mainly fractured and deformed plastically during compression, respectively. Then the dissolution test was performed for the acetaminophen-MCC (10:90) tablets. Dissolution profiles showed an interesting phenomenon, namely, the dissolution rate of acetaminophen from MCC tablet decreased when the degree of crystallinity of MCC was in the range from 65.5 to 37.6%, however, it increased markedly when the degree of crystallinity of MCC was in the range from 25.8 to 12.1%. The amount of water absorbed into tablets changed in accord with the dissolution rates of acetaminophen from tablets. The dissolution data indicate that drug release can be modified by changing the degree of crystallinity of MCC.
Report on the Oxford Energy Seminar. Oxford Energy Seminar hokoku (1993)

This paper reports on the 15th Oxford Energy Seminar entitled the 'World Energy to 2000'. Staff from the OPEC and major oil companies gave reports on the latest energy and petroleum situation and its future prospects. Speakers presented an agreeing view that the current worldwide stagnation in petroleum demand is caused mainly from economic recessions in industrialized countries. The OPEC side gave a view that, in addition to the above cause, taxation on petroleum in consumer countries is another factor for reducing the demand. The future prospects call for that the demand would increase in developing countries mainly in Asia, but its share is relatively small, and that the growth in the petroleum demand would be about 1.3% in average. These facts lead to an estimation that the future world oil supply would continue to be OPEC dependent. The recent demand increase in natural gas is forecasted to expand further particularly in Europe because of the increase in its reserve, diversity in supply systems, and advantages in environmental aspects. 35 refs., 14 figs.
Neurocognition in Depression: Patients on and Off Medication Versus Healthy Comparison Subjects (2006)

Patients with depression have neuropsychological deficits in attention, memory, psychomotor speed, processing speed, and executive function. It is not clear, however, whether neurocognition in depression is impaired in a global or nonspecific way or if specific cognitive domains are selectively impaired. This naturalistic cross-sectional study employed a computerized neurocognitive screening battery to evaluate 38 depressed, drug-free patients, compared to 31 patients who responded to antidepressant monotherapy and to 69 healthy comparison subjects. There was evidence for global neuropsychological impairment in untreated depressed patients. In patients who had been successfully treated, performance was improved but not normalized. There was also evidence for specific depression-related deficits in executive function and processing speed but not in memory, psychomotor speed, or reaction time. Although depressed patients have global neurocognitive impairments, deficits in certain cognitive domains are more important than in others. In particular, impairments are noted in tests of executive control and in tests that demand effortful attention. Information processing speed is also impaired but not reaction time. Computerized testing in the clinic setting demonstrates a range of neurocognitive problems in patients with depression. These problems may have a bearing on treatment and outcome.
Instance Shadow Detection (2020)

Instance shadow detection is a brand new problem, aiming to find shadow instances paired with object instances. To approach it, we first prepare a new dataset called SOBA, named after Shadow-OBject Association, with 3,623 pairs of shadow and object instances in 1,000 photos, each with individual labeled masks. Second, we design LISA, named after Light-guided Instance Shadow-object Association, an end-to-end framework to automatically predict the shadow and object instances, together with the shadow-object associations and light direction. Then, we pair up the predicted shadow and object instances, and match them with the predicted shadow-object associations to generate the final results. In our evaluations, we formulate a new metric named the shadow-object average precision to measure the performance of our results. Further, we conducted various experiments and demonstrate our method's applicability on light direction estimation and photo editing.
STABILIZATION OF RH IN EXHIBITION CASES: HYGROMETRIC HALF-TIME (1977)

A formula is derived with experimental support for predicting the RH changes inside an unsealed exhibition case containing a buffer such as silica gel. It is shown that a well-constructed case containing about 20 kg silica gel per cubic metre of case volume should constrain seasonal humidity variation within reasonable limits and in some climates make air conditioning unnecessary. However the formula proposed requires full-scale practical tests before adoption.
Nitrogen bridgehead compounds. Part 7: Synthesis of anti-atherosclerotic pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines. (1979)

The synthesis of 9-substituted-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines are described. The new compounds exhibit antiatherosclerotic effects. The 3-ethoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine-9-acetic acid (Chinoin-123) has the most favourable effects.
Synthesis and anticancer activity evaluation of N-[4-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)phenyl]acetamide derivatives containing (benz)azole moiety (2013)

A new class of novel thiazole-(benz)azole derivatives was synthesized to investigate their anticancer activity. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by IR, (1)H-NMR, and MS spectral data and elemental analyses. Anticancer effect of the compounds was evaluated against A549 and C6 tumor cell lines. MTT, analysis of DNA synthesis, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining method and analysis of caspase-3 activation assays were performed for anticancer activity investigations. Compounds 6f and 6g, which carry 5-chloro and 5-methylbenzimidazole groups showed significant anticancer activity. Potential of these compounds to direct tumor cells to apoptotic pathway, which is a precondition of anticancer action, was also observed.
Weighted information flow (2002)

Information flow is a software metric designed to quantify the complexity of programs. A modification of information flow, weighted information flow assigns different values to the several types of program flows. Weighted information flow reduces the determination of information flows to a simple classification and, subsequently, of program complexity to simple counting.
A Direct Method for State-Space Model and Observer/Kalman Filter Gain Identification (2004)

This paper presents a new direct method that identifies a linear state-space model of a system from input-output data. This is in contrast to existing indirect methods that first solve for the system Markov parameters, then use one of various realization algorithms to find a state-space representation. The direct method is very simple to implement and consists of solving only a few linear equations, both in the identification step and the model reduction step. When combined with the Observer/Kalman filter Identification (OKID) algorithm, the method also yields a simple way to produce an optimal Kalman filter gain for systems corrupted by process and measurement noise of unknown statistics. Both simulation and experimental results are provided to illustrate the direct identification method.
Optimal Design of Pantograph Foldable Structures (1999)

In this paper, scissor-link foldable structures known as pantograph structures are studied. Recursive Quadratic Programming Method is used for optimal design of double layer grids, barrel vaults and antenna types of pantographs and space structures. Examples are provided to show the performance of the approach being employed.
Distribution of the geometric parameters of human aortic bifurcations. (1986)

The distribution of flow divider offset, branch angle, and angular asymmetry in a collection of 70 human aortic bifurcations are reported. A computer algorithm was used to determine these parameters objectively. The mean values with standard deviations and ranges are: 1) magnitude of flow divider offset = 1.4 +/- 1.4 mm (range = 0.04 to 8.1 mm); 2) branch angle = 35.0 degrees +/- 11.1 degrees (range = 10.4 degrees to 61.3 degrees); and 3) angular asymmetry = 15.3 degrees +/- 12.9 degrees (range 0.2 degrees to 56.1 degrees). Since these parameters have been shown to have a significant influence on hemodynamic shear, their variability suggests a corresponding variability in the fluid dynamic stresses to which the bifurcations were exposed in life.
Promiscuous Presentation and Recognition of Nucleosomal Autoepitopes in Lupus: Role of Autoimmune T Cell Receptor α Chain (1998)

T cells specific for nucleosomal autoepitopes are selectively expanded in lupus mice and these Th cells drive autoimmune B cells to produce pathogenic antinuclear antibodies. We transfected the TCR-alpha and -beta chain genes of a representative, pathogenic autoantibody-inducing Th clone specific for the nucleosomal core histone peptide H471-94 into TCR-negative recipient cells. Although the autoimmune TCRs were originally derived from SNF1 (I-Ad/q) mice, the transfectants could recognize the nucleosomal autoepitope presented by APC-bearing I-A molecules of all haplotypes tested, as well as human DR molecules. Competition assays indicated that the autoepitopes bound to the MHC class II groove. Most remarkably, MHC-unrestricted recognition of the nucleosomal peptide epitope was conferred by the lupus TCR-alpha chain even when it paired with a TCR-beta chain of irrelevant specificity. Several other disease-relevant Th clones and splenic T cells of lupus mice had similar properties. The TCR-alpha chains of these murine lupus Th clones shared related motifs and charged residues in their CDRs, and similar motifs were apparent even in TCR-alpha chains of human lupus Th clones. The lupus TCR-alpha chains probably contact the nucleosomal peptide complexed with MHC with relatively high affinity/avidity to sustain TCR signaling, because CD4 coreceptor was not required for promiscuous recognition. Indeed, pathogenic autoantibody-inducing, CD4-negative, TCR-alphabeta+ Th cells are expanded in systemic lupus erythematosus. These results have implications regarding thymic selection and peripheral expansion of nucleosome-specific T cells in lupus. They also suggest that universally tolerogenic epitopes could be designed for therapy of lupus patients with diverse HLA alleles. We propose to designate nucleosomes and other antigens bearing universal epitopes "Pantigens" (for promiscuous antigens).
Treatment monitoring and thermometry for therapeutic focused ultrasound (2007)

Therapeutic ultrasound is currently enjoying increasingly widespread clinical use especially for the treatment of cancer of the prostate, liver, kidney, breast, pancreas and bone, as well as for the treatment of uterine fibroids. The optimum method of treatment delivery varies between anatomical sites, but in all cases monitoring of the treatment is crucial if extensive clinical acceptance is to be achieved. Monitoring not only provides the operating clinician with information relating to the effectiveness of treatment, but can also provide an early alert to the onset of adverse effects in normal tissue. This paper reviews invasive and non-invasive monitoring methods that have been applied to assess the extent of treatment during the delivery of therapeutic ultrasound in the laboratory and clinic (follow-up after treatment is not reviewed in detail). The monitoring of temperature and, importantly, the way in which this measurement can be used to estimate the delivered thermal dose, is dealt with as a separate special case. Already therapeutic ultrasound has reached a stage of development where it is possible to attempt real-time feedback during exposure in order to optimize each and every delivery of ultrasound energy. To date, data from MR imaging have shown better agreement with the size of regions of damage than those from diagnostic ultrasound, but novel ultrasonic techniques may redress this balance. Whilst MR currently offers the best method for non-invasive temperature measurement, the ultrasound techniques under development, which could potentially offer more rapid visualisation of results, are discussed.
The PmrA‐PmrB two‐component system responding to acidic pH and iron controls virulence in the plant pathogen <i>Erwinia carotovora</i> ssp. <i>carotovora</i> (2003)

Efficient response to environmental cues is crucial to successful infection by plant-pathogenic bacteria such as Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora. The expression of the main virulence genes of this pathogen, encoding extracellular enzymes that degrade the plant-cell wall, is subject to complex regulatory machinery where two-component systems play an important role. In this paper, we describe for the first time the involvement of the PmrA-PmrB two-component system in regulation of virulence in a plant-pathogenic bacterium. Disruption of pmrB resulted in reduced virulence both in potato and in Arabidopsis. This is apparently due to reduced production of the extracellular enzymes. In contrast, a pmrA mutant exhibited increased levels of these enzymes implying negative regulation of the corresponding genes by PmrA. Furthermore, the pmrB but not pmrA mutant exhibited highly increased resistance to the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B suggesting alterations in cell surface properties of the mutant. A similar increase of polymyxin resistance was detected in the wild type at mildly acidic pH with low Mg2+. Functional pmrA is essential for bacterial survival on excess iron at acidic pH, regardless of the Mg2+ concentration. We propose that PmrA-PmrB TCS is involved in controlling of bacterial response to external pH and iron and is crucial for bacterial virulence and survival in planta.
Lesional-targeting of neuroprotection to the inflammatory penumbra in experimental multiple sclerosis (2013)

Progressive multiple sclerosis is associated with metabolic failure of the axon and excitotoxicity that leads to chronic neurodegeneration. Global sodium-channel blockade causes side effects that can limit its use for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Through selective targeting of drugs to lesions we aimed to improve the potential therapeutic window for treatment. This was assessed in the relapsing-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ABH mouse model of multiple sclerosis using conventional sodium channel blockers and a novel central nervous system-excluded sodium channel blocker (CFM6104) that was synthesized with properties that selectively target the inflammatory penumbra in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesions. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine were not immunosuppressive in lymphocyte-driven autoimmunity, but slowed the accumulation of disability in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when administered during periods of the inflammatory penumbra after active lesion formation, and was shown to limit the development of neurodegeneration during optic neuritis in myelin-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice. CFM6104 was shown to be a state-selective, sodium channel blocker and a fluorescent p-glycoprotein substrate that was traceable. This compound was >90% excluded from the central nervous system in normal mice, but entered the central nervous system during the inflammatory phase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. This occurs after the focal and selective downregulation of endothelial p-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier that occurs in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis lesions. CFM6104 significantly slowed down the accumulation of disability and nerve loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therapeutic-targeting of drugs to lesions may reduce the potential side effect profile of neuroprotective agents that can influence neurotransmission. This class of agents inhibit microglial activity and neural sodium loading, which are both thought to contribute to progressive neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.
Nutrition and national development planning. (1975)

We have argued that development strategies aimed at the reduction of all forms of deprivation, according to an explict statement of values and priorities, are necessary for the integration of nutrition planning into overall national development planning. We do not regard this as likely to lead to the neglect of the key issues of investment and production. Instead, we argue that consideration of investment and production strategies should be explicitly directed to their purpose, the reduction of deprivation, rather than, as in the past, treated as the necessary means to that purpose. Thus investment and production strategies would be aimed directly at relieving deprivation including, especially, nutritional deprivation, and their impact in this respect will need to be explicitly predicted and evaluated. We have argued that problems and potentials differ greatly at the area level and that planning must be an iterative process in which national and area-level strategies and programmes are brought to consistency through successive cycles of adjustment and reappraisal. A major role in planning, especially in detailed design and implementation, is assigned to area level. Planning must proceed from an identification of the deprivations under attack to the identification of intervention measures. Elsewhere we have argued the case for the 'functional classification" of malnutrition and the use of "typical profiles" in the understanding of "the ecology and etiology of malnutition". Where planning accepts the need for an integrated approach to the attack on all forms of deprivation, these analyses of nutritional deprivation would from part of a more comprehensive analysis of general deprivation. The existence of "functional classification" and "typical profiles" analysis with respect to malnutrition would provide an excellent base from which a more comprehensive view might be developed. The factors affecting the evolution of nutritional - and other - deprivation problems need to be understood in order that we can identify points in the system where intervention may control theri emergence. In any situation there will be alternative intervention points bearing either directly on the alleviation of symptoms (malnutrition) or, more or less indirectly, on the control of its causes. In general, mixed strategies will be called for. At this stage in our understanding no generalizations are possible about the nature of strategy choices. Our choice of intervention measures must be based upon an understanding of the overall system as it generates malnutrition, and of which forces exert the most powerful effects. One important element of this analysis will be an understanding of the behaviour of the malnourished. However, conventional planning approaches, in which ministries and departments concern themselves only with problems and measures which conform to the definition of their own spheres of responsibility, have failed to define these choices effectively...