gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of electron beam irradiation on physico-chemical and functional properties of liquid egg yolk during frozen storage (1996)

Raw yolk of 1-d-old eggs was either subjected to linear electron beam irradiation at ∼2.5 kGy dosage or not processed. Both irradiated and nonprocessed egg yolk samples were stored at –15 C after irradiation. Testing was conducted on 0, 1, 7, 15, 30, and 60 d of storage. Development of storage modulus (G′) was delayed in irradiated samples after 7 d, which suggests that less structure was developed in irradiated egg yolk than in nonprocessed egg yolk during storage. Irradiated samples retained more soluble protein within the first 7 d and showed slightly improved emulsion capacity over that from nonprocessed samples. However, irradiated egg yolk was less bright than nonprocessed samples. No differences were observed in SDS-PAGE patterns of soluble proteins and delipidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). The LDL isolated from irradiated liquid egg yolk showed no difference in Nterminal amino acids compared to that of nonprocessed egg yolk, indicating no detectable cleavage of LDL. However, the denaturation temperature of irradiated samples at Day 0 shifted about 1 C lower than that of the nonprocessed sample. Results indicated that electron beam irradiation did not cause significant physical, chemical or functional changes of egg yolk, or cleavage of egg yolk protein. Therefore, electron beam irradiation could serve as a preservation method for liquid egg
A Functional T-Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway Is Required for p95<sup><i>vav</i></sup> Activity (1995)

Stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) induces activation of multiple tyrosine kinases, resulting in phosphorylation of numerous intracellular substrates. One substrate is p95vav, which is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic and trophoblast cells. It contains a number of structural motifs, including Src homology 2, Src homology 3, and pleckstrin homology domains and a putative guanine nucleotide exchange domain. The role of p95vav in TCR-mediated signaling processes is unclear. Here, we show that overexpression of p95vav alone in Jurkat T cells leads to activation of the nuclear factors, including NFAT, involved in interleukin-2 expression. Furthermore, p95vav synergizes with TCR stimulation in inducing NFAT- and interleukin-2-dependent transcription. In contrast, NFAT activation by a G-protein-coupled receptor is not modulated by p95vav overexpression, suggesting that the effect is specific to the TCR signaling pathways. Although removal of the first 67 amino acids of p95vav activates its transforming potential in NIH 3T3 cells, this region appears to be required for its function in T cells. We further demonstrate that the p95vav-induced NFAT activation is not mimicked by Ras activation, though its function is dependent upon Ras and Raf. Furthermore, the activating function of p95vav is blocked by FK506, suggesting that its activity also depends on calcineurin. To further dissect p95vav involvement in TCR signaling, we analyzed various Jurkat mutants deficient in TCR signaling function or TCR expression and showed that an intact TCR signaling pathway is required for p95vav to function. However, overexpression of p95vav does not appear to influence TCR-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation or increases in cytoplasmic free calcium. Taken together, our data suggest that p95vav plays an important role at an yet unidentified proximal position in the TCR signaling cascade.
Catalytic upgrading of biomass‐derived oils to transportation fuels and chemicals (1991)

Abstract This paper provides a review of the catalytic upgrading of biomass‐derived oils such as wood pyrolytic oils, plant/vegetable oils and tall oil to transportation fuels and useful chemicals. Both zeolite and hydrotreating type catalysts have been found suitable for upgrading which was usually done in fixed bed reactors. The hydrotreatment of pyrolytic oils at 250‐450°C and 15‐20 MPa H 2 pressures has been reported to yield up to 55 wt. % of liquid product containing 40‐50 wt. % of gasoline range hydrocarbons. In the case of HZSM‐5, the upgrading has been carried out at atmospheric pressure and 350‐500°C and over 85 wt. % conversions of plant oils and tall oil have been achieved under optimum conditions. Liquid product yields from these oils were up to 70 wt. % of feed which contained 40‐50 wt. % aromatic hydrocarbons. With the high pressure pyrolytic oil, pitch conversions of over 75 wt. % have been observed with HZSM‐5 using co‐feeds such as tetralin. However, there is only scant information available on the kinetic and mechanistic aspects of upgrading of these oils.
High‐precision calibration of MRS thermometry using validated temperature standards: effects of ionic strength and protein content on the calibration (2012)

Currently, there is very limited ability to measure the temperature of the brain, but a direct technique for its estimation in vivo could improve the detection of patients at risk of temperature-related brain damage, help in the diagnosis of stroke and tumour, and provide useful information on the mechanisms of thermoregulation of the brain. In this article, new calibrations in vitro of MRS thermometry using temperature-stabilised reference phantoms are reported. The phantoms comprise two concentric glass spheres: the inner sphere contains the phantom material to be measured by MRS, and the outer sphere contains a substance with a known temperature stable to within 0.2 °C. The substances were freezing organic fixed-point compounds (diphenyl ether and ethylene carbonate, freezing at 26.3 and 35.8 °C, respectively) or temperature-controlled circulating water. The phantom temperature was continuously monitored with a fluoroptic probe calibrated at the National Physical Laboratory with traceability to the International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS-90). The MRS temperature calibration was obtained by measuring the chemical shift of water relative to N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in a single voxel as a function of temperature using a 1.5-T Philips Intera scanner. Measurements were made for several phantom materials to assess the effect of tissue composition on the water-NAA chemical shift against temperature calibration. The phantom mixtures contained 25 mm of NAA buffered to pH 6.5 or 7.5 and several ionic salts or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Spectra were acquired from 25 to 45 °C. The correlation between frequency differences and phantom temperature was very linear with small residuals. However, the linear fitting parameters varied with ionic composition and BSA concentration. The 'apparent' temperature (calibrated using the water-NAA frequency differences) decreased by approximately 1 °C for every 100 mm increase in ionic concentration and increased proportionally to the concentration of BSA.
Why are tumour blood vessels abnormal and why is it important to know? (2009)

Tumour blood vessels differ from their normal counterparts for reasons that have received little attention. We report here that they are of at least six distinct types, we describe how each forms, and, looking forward, encourage the targeting of tumour vessel subsets that have lost their vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) dependency and so are likely unresponsive to anti-VEGF-A therapies.
A divide-by-3 frequency divider for I/Q generation in a multi-band frequency synthesizer (2008)

A divide-by-3 frequency divider for inphase and quadrature (I/Q) LO signal generation in a multi-band frequency synthesizer is presented. Using divisor numbers other than powers of 2 (2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> ) for quadrature signal generation, reduces the required frequency range of the VCO in multi-band frequency synthesizers. The divide-by-3 circuit is designed in a 0.18 um CMOS technology.
Thin film porous membranes for catalytic sensors (2002)

This paper reports on new and surprising experimental data for catalytic film gas sensing resistors coated with nanoporous sol-gel films to impart selectivity and durability to the sensor structure. This work is the result of attempts to build selectivity and reactivity to the surface of a sensor by modifying it with a series of sol-gel layers. The initial sol-gel SiO/sub 2/ layer applied to the sensor surprisingly showed enhanced O/sub 2/ interaction with H/sub 2/ and reduced susceptibility to poisons such as H/sub 2/S.
Metal contact reliability of RF MEMS switches (2007)

It is well-recognized that MEMS switches, compared to their more traditional solid state counterparts, have several important advantages for wireless communications. These include superior linearity, low insertion loss and high isolation. Indeed, many potential applications have been investigated such as Tx/Rx antenna switching, frequency band selection, tunable matching networks for PA and antenna, tunable filters, and antenna reconfiguration. However, none of these applications have been materialized in high volume products to a large extent because of reliability concerns, particularly those related to the metal contacts. The subject of the metal contact in a switch was studied extensively in the history of developing miniaturized switches, such as the reed switches for telecommunication applications. While such studies are highly relevant, they do not address the issues encountered in the sub 100μN, low contact force regime in which most MEMS switches operate. At such low forces, the contact resistance is extremely sensitive to even a trace amount of contamination on the contact surfaces. Significant work was done to develop wafer cleaning processes and storage techniques for maintaining the cleanliness. To preserve contact cleanliness over the switch service lifetime, several hermetic packaging technologies were developed and their effectiveness in protecting the contacts from contamination was examined. The contact reliability is also very much influenced by the contact metal selection. When pure Au, a relatively soft metal, was used as the contact material, significant stiction problems occurred when clean switches were cycled in an N<sub>2</sub> environment. In addition, various mechanical damages occurred after extended switching cycling tests. Harder metals, while more resistant to deformation and stiction, are more sensitive to chemical reactions, particularly oxidation. They also lead to higher contact resistance because of their lower electrical conductivity and smaller real contact areas at a given contact force. Contact reliability issues could also be tackled by improving mechanical designs. A novel collapsing switch capable of generating large contact forces (>300μN) was shown to be less vulnerable to contamination and stiction.
Incidence of central post-stroke pain (1995)

Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a neuropathic pain syndrome characterized by constant or intermittent pain in a body part occurring after stroke and associated with sensory abnormalities in the painful body part. This study describes CPSP prospectively during the first year after stroke and characterizes the cerebrovascular lesions and neurological signs associated with the CPSP syndrome. Two hundred and sixty-seven consecutively admitted patients younger than 81 years were examined in the first week, at 1, 6 and 12 months after stroke. Sensibility to touch (cotton wool), temperature (20 degrees C and 40 degrees C), and pinprick was studied using the contralateral face and extremity as control. A CT scan was done 8 (median) days (range: 1-34 days) after stroke. Two hundred and seven (78%) patients surviving at least 6 months who were able to communicate reliably formed the basis of the study. Abnormal sensory signs were found at least once in 87 (42%) patients. CPSP was found in 16 (8%) patients of whom all but 1 patient also had evoked dysesthesia or allodynia. Further 1 patient had persistent evoked dysesthesia but denied pain. CPSP was not related to sex or age. In patients with single acute cerebral lesions there were no relation between size or location of the lesions and the presence of CPSP. The pain was light in 6 (3%) patients and moderate to severe in 10 (5%) patients. The pain quality was usually lacerating or aching. Fifteen (94%) patients had decreased temperature, touch and pain sensibility and 9 (56%) reported allodynia to cold stimulation and another 9 (56%) patients reported this to touch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Role of the Imino Transporter Protein in Sepsis‐Impaired Intestinal Proline Absorption (1993)

Recently, sepsis has been shown to impair intestinal amino acid absorption in addition to gut metabolic and barrier functions. We investigated intestinal proline absorption in a rabbit model of sepsis. Twelve hours after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide, proline uptake by everted jejunal sacs prepared from septic animals (480.4 +/- 67.4 nmol per sac per hour) was significantly reduced compared with controls (846.8 +/- 73.5 nmol per sac per hour) (p < .001 by t test). We next investigated whether reduced expression of transporter proteins contributed to the impaired intestinal proline uptake during sepsis. The proline (imino) carrier of rabbit jejunum is covalently bound by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and/or phenylisothiocyanate with irreversible inhibition of proline uptake. This binding and inhibition is prevented by sodium chloride and L-proline. Single-cell suspensions of rabbit enterocytes were prepared 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide/saline or saline alone. Enterocytes were incubated for 30 minutes in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane/ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Tris/EDTA) buffer; buffer with 1 mM phenylisothiocyanate; or buffer with 10 mM proline, 100 mM sodium chloride, and 1 mM phenylisothiocyanate. After incubation with 10 microM FITC in Tris/EDTA buffer for 15 minutes, the percent positivity and fluorescent intensity of FITC binding to enterocytes were determined by using flow cytometry. Sepsis significantly reduced the percentage of enterocytes binding FITC and the fluorescent intensity of FITC binding of proline/sodium chloride-pretreated or untreated cells. This suggests that sepsis depresses the expression of imino transporters by rabbit enterocytes, which may explain the reduced intestinal proline absorption.
Electrical and Physical Characterization of Tetraethylorlthosilicate‐  O 3 Borophosphosilicate Glass (1996)

The reflow properties of tetraethylorthosilicate‐ (TEOS‐) borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) under furnace and rapid thermal processing conditions that we have studied show good void‐free, subquarter micron gapfill, and planarization. Thick BPSG films on reflow exhibit positive charge buildup at the oxide/Si interface that cause a shift in the flatband voltage. The amount of phosphorous in the BPSG film, the BPSG film thickness, and the BPSG deposition temperature determine the extent of this flatband shift. We observed a linear correlation of the flatband shift and the amount of carbon migration and pileup at the oxide/Si interface during reflow. Using current‐voltage, triangular voltage sweep, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy and field threshold voltage measurements, we demonstrate that under appropriate deposition conditions the flatband shift can be brought to negligible levels.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9/Gelatinase B Is Required for Process Outgrowth by Oligodendrocytes (1999)

Oligodendrocytes (OLs) extend processes to contact axons as a prerequisite step in myelin formation. As the OL processes migrate toward their axonal targets, they modify adhesion to their substrate, an event that may be regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In the mouse optic nerve, MMP-9/gelatinase B increases during myelin formation. Although tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 also increases in parallel, the developing optic nerve has focally active MMPs demonstrable by in situ zymography. The distribution of proteolytic activity is similar to that of myelin basic protein, a marker of myelin formation. OLs in culture secrete MMP-9 and express active cell-associated metalloproteinases at the growing tips of their processes. TIMP-1 and a function-perturbing anti-MMP-9 antibody attenuate outgrowth of processes by OLs, indicating a requirement for MMP-9 in process outgrowth. Process reformation is retarded significantly in OLs cultured from MMP-9 null mice, as compared with controls, providing genetic evidence that MMP-9 is necessary for process outgrowth. These data show that MMP-9 facilitates process outgrowth by OLs in vivo and in culture.
Electrical and optical properties of rare earth dopants (Yb, Er) in n-type III-V (InP) semiconductors (1990)

Rare earths (REs) diluted into MBE grown and synthesised n-type InP samples create an acceptor-like level (at 30 meV for Yb and 60 meV for Er) below the conduction band; the activation energies are deduced from temperature dependent Hall effect measurements. From EPR experiments where the authors observe resonance due to the Yb3+ ground state in n-type samples, they deduce that this acceptor-like level is not the Yb2+/Yb3+ acceptor level. They propose that the RE creates an attractive potential for electrons in III-V semiconductors. They discuss the consequences of this property for the luminescence excitation mechanism of the luminescence.
ORIGINAL CLINICAL STUDIES (1998)

pared with 150 patients who had rAAAs that were more than 5 cm. Results: The mortality rates were similar in both of the groups—70% for small rAAAs versus 66% for large rAAAs. No significant differences were seen between the patients with small and large ruptured aneurysms with respect to the prevalence rates of hypertension (60% vs 50%) or of cardiac disease (20% vs 22%). However, the prevalence rate of obstructive lung disease was significantly different (64% vs 25%; P = .02) as was the rate of diabetes (28% vs 3%; P = .004). Five aneurysms were measured at exactly 5 cm. This suggests that approximately 10% of all aneurysms that rupture in this series do so at 5 cm or less. Conclusion: In view of the safety of elective repair as compared with the prohibitive risk associated with aneurysm rupture, patients who are at good risk with small AAA (between 4 and 5 cm) should be considered for elective aneurysm resection. For unclear reasons, obstructive lung disease and diabetes are associated with a significantly greater risk for rupture of small AAA. Patients with these risk factors should be given special consideration. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:884-8.)
Clean out existing well perforations by surging the formation (1989)

The authors discuss how surging the formation with a wireline retrievable tool can remove debris from perforations and increase flow channel area, thereby potentially increasing production from existing wells. The basic procedure for surging the formation with the backsurge tool is described, as are procedures for formations with sufficient pressure and for those with lower pressure. Applications of back surge tools are discussed and the use of the tubing conveyed perforating system (TCP) is focused on in this article.
Characteristics of the SAR distributions in a head exposed to electromagnetic fields radiated by a hand-held portable radio (1996)

Presents characteristics of the specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions calculated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method using a heterogeneous and realistic head model and a realistic hand-held portable radio model. The difference between the SAR distributions produced by a 1/4-wavelength monopole antenna and those produced by a 1/2-wavelength dipole antenna is investigated. The dependence of the maximum local SAR on the distance d/sub a/ between the auricle of the head and the antenna of the radio is evaluated. It is shown that the maximum local SAR decreases as the antenna length extends from 1/4 to 1/2 of the wavelength. The maximum local SAR's in a head model with auricles are larger than these in one without auricles. The dependence of the SAR on the electrical inhomogeneity of the tissues in the head model is not significant with regard to the surface distribution and the maximum local SAR when the radio is near the head. It is also shown that the maximum local SAR is not strongly dependent on the position of the hand when the hand does not shade the antenna. Furthermore, the SAR's experimentally measured in a homogeneous head phantom are compared with the calculated SAR's.
Cough Sensitivity in Pure Cough Variant Asthma Elicited Using Continuous Capsaicin Inhalation (2006)

The cough sensitivity of patients with cough variant asthma is not necessarily identical to that of healthy individuals.
Analytical modeling of asymmetric HALO-doped surrounding-gate MOSFET with gate overlapped lightly-doped drain (2012)

A novel asymmetric HALO-doped surrounding-gate MOSFET with gate overlapped lightly-doped drain is presented. The performance of the new structure is studied by developing physics-based analytical models for surface potential, threshold voltage, and subthreshold current. It is found that the new structure can effectively suppress the short-channel effects and the hot-carrier effects, and simultaneously reduce the off-state current. It is also revealed that subthreshold current is a slight function of doping concentration of overlapped region, while work-function of gate electrode has a strong influence on subthreshold current. The accuracy of the analytical model is verified by its good agreement with the three-dimensional numerical device simulator ISE.
Pleural Effusion (2002)

A 70-year-old man with an 80-pack-year history of smoking and a history of congestive heart failure presents with increasing shortness of breath. He also has aching chest pain on the right side that worsens with deep inspiration. He is afebrile. The chest radiograph reveals asymmetrical bilateral pleural effusions, with more fluid on the right. How should this patient be evaluated?
Novel endothelial cell markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (2004)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by hypervascularity and a propensity for vascular invasion. Detailed analysis of complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray global gene expression data and further validation on a smaller independent sample set by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction established the presence of two endothelial gene clusters in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cluster I, consists of 20 cDNA clones, representing 15 unique genes. Cluster II consists of nine unique genes. The expression of the cluster I genes appeared to be significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma compared with normal liver, cirrhotic liver, or nontumor liver tissues adjacent to the hepatocellular carcinoma. The pattern of gene expression of cluster I genes correlated positively with the 'proliferation gene cluster' and 'stromal cells cluster 2'. Expression of cluster II genes, in contrast, was not significantly different between hepatocellular carcinoma and non-neoplastic liver tissues. Studies conducted to localize the protein products of these genes by immunohistochemical staining of tissue arrays with up to 350 cores of tissues, and by in situ hybridization led to the discovery of novel sinusoidal endothelial cell markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: podocalyxin-like and regulator of G protein signaling-5. Our results underscore fundamental differences not only between neoplastic vs non-neoplastic liver cells but also between the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium of hepatocellular carcinoma and normal liver.
Protective effect of dexamethasone on enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability caused by electroconvulsive shock. (1976)

Penetration of Evans blue from the brain blood vessel into the brain tissue was increased by electroconvulsive shock (ECS), indicating the enhancement of the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) permeability. The staining with Evans blue was most prominent in the thalamus. The enhancement was scarcely observed 60 min after ECS, suggesting that the effect is of a temporary nature. Dexamethasone could protect BBB from its enhancement caused by ECS.