gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors Altering Response of Plants to Triacontanol (1983)

Abstract Triacontanol (TRIA), a 30-carbon primary alcohol, was shown to be a more effective plant growth stimulator when formulated as a colloidal dispersion than as a suspension in chloroform and Tween 20 or acetone naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and CaCl 2 . TRIA applied at rates of 0.1 and 1.0 μg/liter consistently increased the dry weight of maize ( Zea mays L.) shoots and rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in short-term greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. This application rate is 1000-fold lower than optimum levels applied with other formulations. A 99.45% pure sample of TRIA stimulated maize growth 2 times more than a sample containing 96.40% TRIA at a concentration of 0.5 μg/liter. Neither dispersion pH nor water hardness altered activity of TRIA formulated as a colloidal dispersion. It may be practical to apply TRIA with a controlled-droplet applicator in volumes of water as low as 8–11 liters/ha. The most important environmental factors evaluated for their effect on crop response to TRIA were time of day and temperature prior to spraying. In growth chamber studies, foliar application of TRIA 3 to 7 hours into the photoperiod resulted in twice the growth increase as applications made 11 hours into the photoperiod. In the greenhouse, with supplemental high intensity lamps, sprays were about twice as effective applied 11 hours (5 pm ) as 3 hours (9 am ) into the photoperiod. There was a positive correlation between the temperature of the growth chamber environment one hour before spraying and the response to TRIA; however, temperature of the environment for one hour after spray application had no effect on TRIA activity.
Least-squares storage-channel identification (1986)

Pulse (dibit) and step (transition) responses for magnetic-storage channels are important for detection-circuitry design and for comparison of various media, heads, and other channel components. This paper presents a least-squares procedure that can be used to identify the dibit and transition responses from measurements of the read-head response to any known data sequence written on the medium. The method yields significantly higher-quality estimates for the dibit and step shapes than does determining these same characteristics by measuring the average response to isolated transition or by performing a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on the response to a pseudorandom data pattern. The new method can be implemented off line but also can be made sufficiently efficient to be implemented with a microprocessor for use in self-optimizing (adaptive) channel detection circuitry.
The Dopamine D4 Receptor: A Novel Site for Antipsychotic Action (1995)

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that hyperactivity of the dopamine neurotransmitter system underlies the symptoms of schizophrenia. Conventional neuroleptic drugs usually bind to the D2 receptor, one of three D2-like receptors identified in recent years, and the efficacy of these agents correlates well with their affinity for this receptor. Atypical neuroleptic agents, such as clozapine, appear to bind preferentially to the D4 receptor, another D2-like receptor, and to be associated with a reduced incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms. Recent work on the structure, pharmacology, signal transduction, and polymorphic variants of the D4 receptor is summarized, and the possible relationships of this receptor to the symptoms of schizophrenia and to the side effects of conventional treatment are discussed. Present knowledge suggests that the effects of neuroleptic agents cannot be explained as an interaction with a single dopamine-receptor type. Instead, the variable effects of the neuroleptics may be the result of their differing affinities for the three types of D2-like receptors. Further examination of this proposed mechanism of action will require the development of antagonists that are specific for the D2, D3, and D4 receptors.
Novel Class of Potent 4-Arylalkyl Substituted 3-Isoxazolol GABA<sub>A</sub> Antagonists:  Synthesis, Pharmacology, and Molecular Modeling (2002)

A number of analogues of the low-efficacy partial GABA(A) agonist 5-(4-piperidyl)-3-isoxazolol (4-PIOL, 5), in which the 4-position of the 3-isoxazolol ring was substituted by different groups, were synthesized and tested as GABA(A) receptor ligands. Substituents of different size and structural flexibility such as alkyl, phenylalkyl, diphenylalkyl, and naphthylalkyl were explored. Pharmacological characterization of the synthesized compounds was carried out using receptor binding assays and by electrophysiological experiments using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Whereas none of these compounds significantly affected GABA(B) receptor sites or GABA uptake, they did show affinity for the GABA(A) receptor site. While alkyl or benzyl substitution, compounds 7a-h, provided receptor affinities comparable with that of 5 (K(i) = 9.1 microM), diphenylalkyl and naphthylalkyl substitution, as in compounds 7m-t, resulted in a dramatic increase in affinity relative to 5. The 3,3-diphenylpropyl and the 2-naphthylmethyl analogues, compounds 7s and 7m, respectively, showed the highest affinities of the series (K(i) = 0.074 microM and K(i) = 0.049 microM). In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from cultured cerebral cortical neurons, all of the tested compounds were able to inhibit the effect of the specific GABA(A) agonist isoguvacine (1), compounds 7m and 7s showing antagonist potency (IC(50) = 0.37 microM and IC(50) = 0.02 microM) comparable with or markedly higher than that of the standard GABA(A) antagonist 4 (IC(50) = 0.24 microM). Highly potent convulsant activity was demonstrated in mice with compounds 7m (ED(50) = 0.024 micromol/kg) and 7s (ED(50) = 0.21 micromol/kg) after intracerebroventricular administration, whereas no effects were found after subcutaneous administration. According to a previously proposed pharmacophore model for GABA(A) receptor agonists, a receptor cavity in the vicinity of the 4-position of the 3-isoxazolol ring in 4-PIOL exists. A molecular modeling study, based on compounds 7o,m,l,q,s, was performed to explore the dimensions and other properties of the receptor cavity. This study demonstrates the importance of the arylalkyl substituents in 7m and 7s and the considerable dimensions of this proposed receptor cavity.
Optimization of Time of Day Plan Scheduling Using a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (2005)

Coordinating traffic signals can provide great savings to motorists in terms of reduced delays and number of vehicular stops. In order to maximize benefits, engineers need to use a mechanism by which the most optimal timing plans are activated when the traffic patterns change. Common ways of accomplishing this need is by using Time of Day (TOD) plan scheduling, or Traffic Responsive Plan Selection (TRPS). Out of the two modes, the TOD mode is by far the most common. Engineers, however, typically use their judgment to determine the TOD plan scheduling. Unless traffic patterns change at certain times of the day and remain constant until the next change—which is highly unlikely—it is very difficult to determine what the optimal break point would be. In addition, engineers would also face the challenge of selecting the timing plan that would be active during every scheduling period. This paper proposes the use of a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm to address these challenges. The authors introduce the Degree of Detachment (DOD) as a performance measure of scheduling continuity. A high DOD translates into frequent changes in timing plans. Whereas a zero DOD translates into a one timing plan applied throughout the day. The authors then use a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII) to optimize the TOD scheduling. This approach results in different Pareto fronts, corresponding to different DODs, where engineers can evaluate the incremental benefits associated with increasing the frequency of timing plan changes.
The role of fidelity in fuzzy-logic inference (2002)

The concept of fidelity of inference is introduced to quantify the degree to which the inferred value of a consequent can be regarded as valid. This concept also enhances the understanding of other aspects of fuzzy-logic inference including transitivity, intuitive leap, rada, and coupled implicative equations. It also enables many of the results derived earlier for element-by-element implication and derived implication to be taken over to inclusion and derived inclusion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of Adaptive Uniform Circular Array Using Normalized Fractional Least Mean Squares Algorithm (2016)

Uniform circular arrays are commonly used geometrical arrangements in smart antenna systems. These arrangements of antennas radiate their own individual beam patterns adaptively producing different radiation properties for different geometrical arrangements. The array factor determines the overall radiation pattern. The radiation patterns for uniform circular arrays and planar uniform circular arrays are presented in this paper using Normalized fractional Least Mean Squares as the weighting scheme. Results obtained show that planar uniform circular array (4:8) using Normalized Fractional Least Mean Squares algorithm is more suitable for high-end applications as its side lobe levels are greatly reduced compared to the other geometry.
Evaluation of MR-compatibility of Electrostatic Linear Motor (2006)

This paper reports a new MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) compatible actuator that can operate near an MRI without degrading its imaging quality. A high-power electrostatic motor is introduced and its MR-compatibility is examined, both experimentally and theoretically. The proposed motor was fabricated with only paramagnetic materials, and its MR-compatibility was evaluated by measuring the output performance of the motor and the signal-to-noise ratios of the MRI images. The experimental results showed that motor’s thrust force while positioned within the MRI is almost the same as that in normal operation. The signal-to-noise investigation indicated that the motor did not affect the MRI images when it was operated over 60 cm away from the MRI’s RF coil. The theoretical calculations showed that the magnetic field generated by the motor is relatively small and the effect of the MRI’s magnetic fields on the motor is negligible, suggesting that the motor is MR-compatible.
IL-4/IL-13-Dependent and Independent Expression of miR-124 and Its Contribution to M2 Phenotype of Monocytic Cells in Normal Conditions and during Allergic Inflammation (2013)

Monocytic cells exhibit a high level of heterogeneity and have two distinct modes of their activation: 1) classical M1 path associated with inflammation and tissue damage, and 2) alternative M2 path. Although it has been demonstrated that M2 macrophages play an important role in the regulation of the allergic immune responses, tissue maintenance and repair, little is known about the mechanisms that determine the M2 phenotype. We have previously shown that miR-124 is expressed in microglia that exhibit the M2 phenotype and overexpression of miR-124 in macrophages resulted in downregulation of a number of M1 markers (MHC class II, CD86) and up-regulation of several M2 markers (Fizz1, Arg1). We further investigated whether the polarization of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype induced miR-124 expression. We found that exposure of cells to IL-4 and IL-13 resulted in the upregulation of miR-124 in macrophages. We also demonstrated that IL-4 induced expression of three miR-124 precursor transcripts with predominant expression of pri-miR-124.3, suggesting regulation of miR-124 expression by IL-4 on a transcriptional level. Expression of miR-124 in microglia did not depend on IL-4 and/or IL-13, whereas expression of miR-124 in lung resident macrophages was IL-4 and IL-13-dependent and was upregulated by systemic administration of IL-4 or during allergic inflammation. Upregulation of several M2 markers (CD206, Ym1) and downregulation of the M1 markers (CD86, iNOS, TNF) in M2-polarized macrophages was abrogated by a miR-124 inhibitor, suggesting that this microRNA contributed to the M2 phenotype development and maintenance. Finally we showed that human CD14(+)CD16(+) intermediate monocytes, which are found in increased numbers in patients with allergies and bronchial asthma, expressed high levels of miR-124 and exhibited other properties of M2-like cells. Thus, our study suggests that miR-124 serves as a regulator of the M2 polarization in various subsets of monocytic cells both in vitro and in vivo.
A cluster of four Sp1 binding sites required for efficient expression of the human insulin receptor gene (1991)

Fragments of 5'-flanking sequences of the human insulin receptor gene were analyzed in transient expression assays after transfection of cell lines with expression assays after transfection of cell lines with an improved low background chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase vector system pSVOOCAT (Araki, E., Shimada, F., Shichiri, M., Mori, M., and Ebina, Y. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 1627). Transfection of chimeric chloramphenicol acetyltransferase plasmids containing various deletions and insertions of the promoter of HIR gene into CHO and COS cells indicated that the region between -629 and -1 (initiator ATG is +1) is sufficient for maximal promoter activity. The DNA element of the cluster of four G-C boxes (-593 to -618) enhanced the transcription, examined by the low background pSVOOCAT vector system in vivo. DNase I footprinting and gel retardation experiments using partially purified LacZ-Sp1 hybrid proteins showed that the transcription factor Sp1 can bind to the cluster of the four G-C boxes of the promoter. Thus, the efficient expression of the human insulin receptor gene possibly requires the binding of transcriptional factor Sp1 to four G-C boxes located -593 to -618 base pairs upstream of the ATG translation initiation codon.
An Intelligent Maximum Power Extraction Algorithm for Inverter-Based Variable Speed Wind Turbine Systems (2004)

This paper focuses on the development of maximum wind power extraction algorithms for inverter-based variable speed wind power generation systems. A review of existing maximum wind power extraction algorithms is presented in this paper, based on which an intelligent maximum power extraction algorithm is developed by the authors to improve the system performance and to facilitate the control implementation. As an integral part of the max-power extraction algorithm, advanced hill-climb searching method has been developed to take into account the wind turbine inertia. The intelligent memory method with an on-line training process is described in this paper. The developed maximum wind power extraction algorithm has the capability of providing initial power demand based on error driven control, searching for the maximum wind turbine power at variable wind speeds, constructing an intelligent memory, and applying the intelligent memory data to control the inverter for maximum wind power extraction, without the need for either knowledge of wind turbine characteristics or the measurements of mechanical quantities such as wind speed and turbine rotor speed. System simulation results and test results have confirmed the functionality and performance of this method.
Blockchain Router (2017)

Cross-chain communication is one of the major design considerations in current blockchain systems [4-7] such as Ethereum[8]. Currently, Blockchain operates like information isolated island, they cannot obtain external data or execute transactions on their own.
Analysis and interpretation of a constrained notch filter (1992)

A notch filter based on discounted recursive least squares sinusoidal modeling is presented. This gives analytical insight both into least squares modeling of sine waves in noise and the use of constrained notch filters. Especially, it is shown that the discounted least squares solution converges to a commonly used notch filter with constrained poles and zeros, where the forgetting factor in the criterion corresponds to the pole radii in the filter. Also a Kalman filter interpretation is given for the derived constrained notch filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pharmacokinetic Study of Dexamethasone Disodium Phosphate using Intravitreal, Subconjunctival, and Intravenous Delivery Routes in Rabbits (2008)

Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid with proven efficacy for treating both anterior- and posterior-segment ocular diseases. Delivery of drugs to the back of the eye has always been a challenge, with dexamethasone being no exception. There are multiple delivery routes to the retina, with each exhibiting different pharmacokinetics, depending on the drug molecule and specific route of administration. In this study, we used intravenous (IV), subconjunctival (SC), and intravitreal (IVT) injections in rabbits to determine the pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone phosphate and its metabolic product, dexamethasone, at low (25 μg/kg) and high (250 μg/kg) doses. Plasma samples were collected from each group of animals at different time points up to 24 h after the injection. Using a liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric method with a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL, the plasma concentration for dexamethasone and its prodrug compound were quantified. IV delivery showed the fastest plasma elimination, followed by SC delivery. IVT delivery exhibited a depot effect, with very low plasma levels throughout the 24-h time course. At 24 h postinjection, only the high-dose IVT and low- and high-dose SC dexamethasone injections were still detectable in the plasma.
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and p56 <i>lck</i> modification in IL-2 or phorbol ester-activated human natural killer cells. (1990)

Protein tyrosine kinases play fundamental roles in the transduction of signals that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and functional responses to a diversity of external stimuli. It is therefore likely that understanding protein tyrosine kinase activity in NK cells will be crucial in further defining the intracellular regulation of their unique and specialized functions. We investigated the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in receptor-mediated signal transduction using stimuli known to play major roles in regulating NK cell activation. Immunoblot analyses with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies demonstrated that IL-2, a potent stimulus for NK cell proliferation and an agent that enhances NK cytotoxic function, induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of at least eight proteins in clonal CD16+/CD3-human NK cells. In contrast, IL-4, which modulates NK cell function without inducing proliferation, had no apparent effect on protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Because protein kinase C (PKC) activation plays a prominent, yet distinct role in NK cell-mediated cytolytic reactions, we next investigated whether PKC activation affects NK cell protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Surprisingly, PKC-activating agents, including the phorbol esters 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 4 beta-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate, as well as the synthetic diacylglycerol,1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, also induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of a distinct set of proteins. The 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate homolog, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, which does not activate PKC, also failed to induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Further, the PKC inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methylglycerol blocked tyrosine phosphorylation induced by 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol. In subsequent studies, both CD8+ and CD8- NK clones were found to express the src-family tyrosine kinase, p56lck, which was detected by immunoblot analysis with anti-p56lck antiserum. In both types of clonal NK cell lines, IL-2 and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol appeared to stimulate the differential phosphorylation of p56lck as evidenced by the appearance of higher molecular mass isoforms on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Thus, our results identify and characterize a potential role for tyrosine phosphorylation and for the lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase p56lck in the signaling events that regulate NK cell activation.
Episodic non-Markov localization: Reasoning about short-term and long-term features (2014)

Markov localization and its variants are widely used for localization of mobile robots. These methods assume Markov independence of observations, implying that observations made by a robot correspond to a static map. However, in real human environments, observations include occlusions due to unmapped objects like chairs and tables, and dynamic objects like humans. We introduce an episodic non-Markov localization algorithm that maintains estimates of the belief over the trajectory of the robot while explicitly reasoning about observations and their correlations arising from unmapped static objects, moving objects, as well as objects from the static map. Observations are classified as arising from long-term features, short-term features, or dynamic features, which correspond to mapped objects, unmapped static objects, and unmapped dynamic objects respectively. By detecting time steps along the robot's trajectory where unmapped observations prior to such time steps are unrelated to those afterwards, non-Markov localization limits the history of observations and pose estimates to “episodes” over which the belief is computed. We demonstrate non-Markov localization in challenging real world indoor and outdoor environments over multiple datasets, comparing it with alternative state-of-the-art approaches, showing it to be robust as well as accurate.
Deep-level transient spectroscopy of low-free-carrier-concentration n-GaN layers grown on freestanding GaN substrates: Dependence on carbon compensation ratio (2016)

Abstract Electron traps in n-GaN layers with a relatively low-free-carrier-concentration of approximately 1 × 10 16 cm −3 were characterized by deep-level transient spectroscopy. Sample layers were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition with a thickness of 12 µm on freestanding GaN substrates, and were doped with both silicon and carbon. The measurement results showed a reduction in the density of carbon-related electron traps at an energy level of E C −0.40 eV in GaN on GaN samples, compared with GaN on SiC samples. It was also observed that the doping of carbon significantly suppressed electron traps at E C −0.61 eV, which was associated with the nitrogen antisite. Consequently, the possibility of minimizing all of the electron traps located between E C −0.19 and −0.89 eV in n-GaN was demonstrated by controlling the carbon doping in the nitrogen site.
Evaluation of RZ SSB receivers employing an improved linearizer (1987)

In this paper, the upper-bound for RZ SSB, determined from the thermal noise, has been experimentally revealed in SINAD performance. It is found that both an improved linearizer and a selective amplifier are useful in reaching the upper-bound and that the introduction of an amplitude limiter and a frequency discriminator for an RZ SSB signal does not influence the quality if the receiver is well implemented. BER evaluation of MODEM signals, with transmission speeds of 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 kbps, was performed by employing a well implemented RZ SSB receiver. It is also found that there is no 'floor' in BER characteristics.