gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Applicability of Various Winding Methods in Centrifugal Forming of Composite Materials (1985)

Although a variety of patents have been applied of the methods of centrifugal pipe forming of cylindrical composite materials, few studies have systematically been made in the winding characteristics. This paper classifies representative methods of fiber winding. Their characteristics and application limits are clarified through analysis and experiments.
Improvements in stochastic language modeling (1992)

We describe two attempt to improve our stochastic language models. In the first, we identify a systematic overestimation in the traditional backoff model, and use statistical reasoning to correct it. Our modification results in up to 6% reduction in the perplexity of various tasks. Although the improvement is modest, it is achieved with hardly any increase in the complexity of the model. Both analysis and empirical data suggest that the modification is most suitable when training data is sparse.In the second attempt, we propose a new type of adaptive language model. Existing adaptive models use a dynamic cache, based on the history of the document seen up to that point. But another source of information in the history, within-document word sequence correlations, has not yet been tapped. We describe a model that attempts to capture this information, using a framework where one word sequence triggers another, causing its estimated probability to be raised. We discuss various issues in the design of such a model, and describe our first attempt at building one. Our preliminary results include a perplexity reduction of between 10% and 32%, depending on the test set.
Automatic, template-based run-time specialization: implementation and experimental study (2002)

Specializing programs with respect to run time values has been shown to drastically improve code performance on realistic programs ranging from operating systems to graphics. Recently, various approaches to specializing code at run time have been proposed. However, these approaches still suffer from shortcomings that limit their applicability: they are manual, too expensive, or require programs to be written in a dedicated language. We solve these problems by introducing new techniques to implement run time specialization. The key to our approach is the use of code templates. Templates are automatically generated from ordinary programs and are optimized before run time, allowing high quality code to be quickly generated at run time. Experimental results obtained on scientific and graphics code indicate that our approach is highly effective. Little run time overhead is introduced, since code generation primarily consists of copying instructions. Run time specialized programs run up to 10 times faster, and are nearly as fast as fully optimized programs (80% on average). The combination of low run time overhead and high code quality enables specialization to be amortized in as few as 3 runs. Although this approach is highly effective, its implementation is relatively simple since it exploits existing partial evaluation and compiler technologies.
Recursively implementating the Gaussian and its derivatives (1993)

Gaussian filtering is one of the most successfully operation in computer vision in order to reduce noise, calculating the gradient intensity change or performing Laplacian or the second directional derivative of an image. However, it is well known that in a multi-resolution context, where the need for large filters is required, this technique suffers from the fact it is a computationally expensive since the number of operations per point in convolving an image with a Gaussian filter is directly proportional to the width of the operator. We propose in this paper a technique in order to use Gaussian filtering with a reduced and fixed number of operations per output independently of the size of the filter. The key of our approach is to approximate in a mean square sense the prototype Gaussian filters with an exponentially based filter family depending on the same scale factor than the Gaussian filters (i.e. s) and then to implement in an exact and recursive way the approximate filters. An important point of the design presented in this paper is that dealing with Gaussian filters having different scale factor (i.e. s) will not require a new design algorithm as. The coefficients looked for in the recursive realization are determined function of the scale factor of each considered prototype filter, namely the Gaussian filter, its first and second derivative. Some experimental results will be shown to illustrate the efficiency of the approximation process and some applications to edge detection problems and multi-resolution techniques will be considered and discussed.
Low phase-noise microwave oscillators with interferometric signal processing (2006)

Phase-noise spectral density of a 9-GHz oscillator has been reduced to -160 dBc/Hz at 1-kHz offset frequency, which is the lowest phase noise ever measured at microwave frequencies. This performance was achieved by frequency locking a conventional loop oscillator to a high-Q sapphire dielectric resonator operating at the elevated level of dissipated power (/spl sim/0.4 W). Principles of interferometric microwave signal processing were applied to generate the error signal for the frequency control loop. No cryogenics were used. Two almost identical oscillators were constructed to perform classical two-oscillator phase-noise measurements where one oscillator was phase locked to another. The phase locking was implemented by electronically controlling the level of microwave power dissipated in the sapphire dielectric resonator.
Metallothionein expression and roles in the central nervous system (2002)

Metallothioneins (MTs) are low-molecular-weight (6-7kD) nonenzymatic proteins (60-68 amino acid residues, 25-30% being cysteine) ubiquitously expressed in the animal kingdom. In the central nervous system (CNS), three MT isoforms are known, namely MT-I, MT-II, andMT-III. MT-I andMT-II (MT-I+II) are regulated and expressed coordinately and are currently the best characterized MT isoforms. This review will focus on the expression and roles of MT-I+II in the CNS. MT-I+II are implicated in diverse physiological and pathophysiological functions, such as metal ion metabolism, regulation of the CNS inflammatory response, protection against reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, reduction of apoptotic cell death, and stimulation of neuroregeneration and brain tissue repair in vivo. Accordingly, brain tissue damage and neuro degeneration during pathological conditions and the accompanying mortality and clinical symptoms are altogether significantly increased in MT-I+II deficient mice, while the opposite is observed after medical MT-II treatment and in MT-I overexpressing mice. Consequently, MT-I+II are likely essential factors in CNS disorders, which suggests a potential therapeutic use of these proteins. Biomedical Reviews 2002; 13: 1-15.
Direction of heading from image deformations (2002)

A method is proposed to compute the direction of heading from the differential changes in the angles between the projection rays of pairs of point features. These angles, the image deformations, do not depend on viewer rotation. The key problem of separating the effects of rotation from those of translation is solved at the input. Experiments show both the feasibility of the method on real images and the advantages of using deformation rather than optical flow.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of the silicon nitride-thermal oxide interface in ONO structures by ELS, XPS, ellipsometry, and numerical simulation [SONOS EEPROM] (1997)

Using electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS), XPS, and ellipsometry measurements, large amount of Si-Si bonds at Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//thermal SiO/sub 2/ interface are identified. Abnormally large value of refractive index (n=2.1) in the Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//SiO/sub 2/ interface layer was obtained. The effective width of Si-rich interfacial layer is estimated to be about 5-10 /spl Aring/. The excess silicon at Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//SiO/sub 2/ interface was created by replacing nitrogen with oxygen during the oxidation of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/. The abnormally large electron capturing at Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//SiO/sub 2/ interface observed previously and the accumulation of positive charge at top interface of nitrided oxide under ionizing irradiation are explained with the existence of Si-Si bonds at Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//SiO/sub 2/ interface.
Nanogap Electrodes towards Solid State Single‐Molecule Transistors (2015)

With the establishment of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based integrated circuit technology, it has become more difficult to follow Moore's law to further downscale the size of electronic components. Devices based on various nanostructures were constructed to continue the trend in the minimization of electronics, and molecular devices are among the most promising candidates. Compared with other candidates, molecular devices show unique superiorities, and intensive studies on molecular devices have been carried out both experimentally and theoretically at the present time. Compared to two-terminal molecular devices, three-terminal devices, namely single-molecule transistors, show unique advantages both in fundamental research and application and are considered to be an essential part of integrated circuits based on molecular devices. However, it is very difficult to construct them using the traditional microfabrication techniques directly, thus new fabrication strategies are developed. This review aims to provide an exclusive way of manufacturing solid state gated nanogap electrodes, the foundation of constructing transistors of single or a few molecules. Such single-molecule transistors have the potential to be used to build integrated circuits.
Collagen Density Modulates the Immunosuppressive Functions of Macrophages (2020)

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) support tumor growth by suppressing the activity of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Consistently, TAMs are considered a major limitation for the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. However, the molecular reason behind the acquisition of an immunosuppressive TAM phenotype is not fully clarified. During tumor growth, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is degraded and substituted with a tumor-specific collagen-rich ECM. The collagen density of this tumor ECM has been associated with poor patient prognosis but the reason for this is not well understood. In this study, we investigated whether the collagen density could modulate the immunosuppressive activity of TAMs. The murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was three-dimensionally cultured in collagen matrices of low and high collagen densities mimicking healthy and tumor tissue, respectively. Collagen density did not affect proliferation or viability of the macrophages. However, whole-transcriptome analysis revealed a striking response to the surrounding collagen density, including the regulation of immune regulatory genes and genes encoding chemokines. These transcriptional changes were shown to be similar in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and TAMs isolated from murine tumors. Strikingly, coculture assays with primary T cells showed that macrophages cultured in high-density collagen were less efficient at attracting cytotoxic T cells and capable of inhibiting T cell proliferation more than macrophages cultured in low-density collagen. Our study demonstrates that a high collagen density can instruct macrophages to acquire an immunosuppressive phenotype. This mechanism could reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy and explain the link between high collagen density and poor prognosis.
Differential lectin binding to cellular membranes in the epidermis of the newborn rat. (1980)

Three fluorescein-labeled lectins have been shown to exhibit specificity for the surface of cells in different layers of the epidermis in the newborn rat. An isolectin from seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia with specificity for alpha-D-galactosyl end groups labeled the basal and lower spinous cells; a lectin from Ulex europaeus exhibiting specificity for alpha-L-fucosyl units outlines the surface of spinous cells, and a second lectin from B. simplicifolia, with specificity for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, labels the cornified cells. Appropriate blocking experiments have confirmed the specific nature of the binding.
LoPC (1997)

Parallel algorithm designers need computational models that take first order system costs into account, but are also simple enough to use in practice. This paper introduces the LoPC model, which is inspired by the LogP model but accounts for contention for message processing resources in parallel algorithms on a multiprocessor or network of workstations. LoPC takes the L , o and P parameters directly from the LogP model and uses them to predict the cost of contention, C .This paper defines the LoPC model and derives the general form of the model for parallel applications that communicate via active messages. Model modifications for systems that implement coherent shared memory abstractions are also discussed. We carry out the analysis for two important classes of applications that have irregular communication. In the case of parallel applications with homogeneous all-to-any communication, such as sparse matrix computations, the analysis yields a simple rule of thumb and insight into contention costs. In the case of parallel client-server algorithms, the LoPC analysis provides a simple and accurate calculation of the optimal allocation of nodes between clients and servers. The LoPC estimates for these applications are shown to be accurate when compared against event driven simulation and against a sparse matrix computation on the MIT Alewife multiprocessor.
Surface tensions of simple liquids (1982)

Surface tensions of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon liquids are calculated from triplet point to critical temperature. Compared with experiments the theory over estimates surface tensions by about 10%. It is discovered that the accuracy of pair interaction potential can be quite important in the calculation.
Antitumoral activity of L-ascorbic acid-poly-D,L-(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles containing violacein (2010)

It has been demonstrated that tumoral cells have a higher uptake of ascorbic acid compared to normal cells. This differential characteristic can be used as a way to improve the specificity of antitumoral compounds if combined with polymeric drug delivery systems. The aim of this study was to prepare, characterize and evaluate the antitumoral activity of poly- D,L-(lactide-co-glycolide) 50:50 loading the antitumoral compound violacein and capped with L-ascorbic acid. Nanoparticles were prepared using the nanoprecipitation method and morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The average diameter and Zeta potential were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy method (PCS), and assays were carried out to determine the content of ascorbic acid and in vitro drug release kinetics. The antitumoral activity of this system was also evaluated against HL-60 cells by tetrazolium reduction assay. Nanoparticles with size distribution between 300-400 nm and strong negative outer surface (-40 mV) were obtained by this method. Analysis of ascorbic acid content showed that this compound was mainly localized on the external surface of nanoparticles. Violacein loading efficiency was determined as 32% +/- 1% and this drug was gradually released from nanoparticles at different rates depending on the composition of the release media. In addition, this system was observed to be 2 x more efficient as an antitumoral compared with free violacein.
Membrane lipid saturation activates <scp>IRE</scp>1α without inducing clustering (2013)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive stress response that responds to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that adjusts the protein-folding capacity to the needs of the cell. Perturbation of cellular lipids also activates the UPR. Lipid-induced UPR has attracted much attention because it is associated with the pathology of some metabolic diseases. However, how the lipid-induced UPR is activated remains unclear. We previously showed that palmitic acid treatment or knockdown of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in HeLa cells promotes membrane lipid saturation and activates the UPR. In this study, we compared UPR activation by membrane lipid saturation with UPR activation by conventional ER stressors that cause the accumulation of unfolded proteins such as tunicamycin and thapsigargin. Membrane lipid saturation induced autophosphorylation of inositol-requiring 1α (IRE1α) and protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, but not the conversion of activating transcription factor-6α to the active form. A conventional ER stressor induced clustering of fluorescently tagged IRE1α fusion protein, but palmitic acid treatment did not, suggesting that IRE1α was activated without large cluster formation by membrane lipid saturation. Together, these results suggest membrane lipid saturation, and unfolded proteins activate the UPR through different mechanisms.
Evidence that the feeder effect in mammalian cells is mediated by a diffusible substance (1989)

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), baby hamster kidney (BHK), and NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells were heated and then plated for the colony-formation assay either with or without feeder cells present. Besides these cell lines, four other cell types were used as feeders. All cell lines functioned equally well as feeders for each of the heated cell lines. In some experiments the heated and feeder cells were separated by semipermeable membranes. This separation had no effect on the feeder effect, indicating that cell-to-cell contact was not requisite. The feeder effect appears to be mediated by a low molecular weight, diffusible substance produced by the feeder cells.
The Effects of Halide Anions on the Partitioning Behavior of Pertechnetate in Polyethylene Glycolbased Aqueous Biphasic Systems (1997)

Abstract The pertechnetate anion quantitatively partitions to the upper polyethylene glycol (PEG)-rich phase in aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) formed by the addition of aqueous high-molecular-weight PEG solutions to aqueous water-structuring salt solutions. Most metal cations partition to the salt-rich phase in these systems. Other matrix ions, such as those that might be present in real-world waste streams, affect the distribution ratios observed for TcO4 −, however, the effects are not well understood. The halide ions F−, Cl−, Br−, I− represent a wide range of water-structuring to chaotropic ions. The heavier halide ions have distribution ratios above one and are observed to follow the order DI > DBr > DCl. These ions depress DTc. Fluoride saltsout PEG and thus partitions primarily to the salt-rich phase and fluoride increases DTc. These trends can be correlated with the ions' Gibbs free energies of hydration (ΔGhyd), a measure of their interactions with water. Based upon these results, it is possible to predict which ions will depress, elevate, or not affect DTc for a given PEG-ABS based upon the matrix ion's Δ Ghyd.
New B-lymphocyte-specific enhancer-binding protein. (1989)

We report the discovery of a new B-lymphocyte-specific enhancer-binding protein. A series of gel retardation assays using fragments that scan the -2172 to -1180 region of the major histocompatibility complex class II gene E alpha reveal a site (W) that serves as the recognition sequence for two nuclear proteins, one B-cell restricted and the other ubiquitously occurring. Certain characteristics of the NF-W1 and NF-W2 pair recall the OTF-2/NF-A2 and OTF-1/NF-A1 pair that binds to the immunoglobulin octamer, but we demonstrate that the two protein pairs are distinguishable by several criteria. NF-W1 and NF-W2 interact differentially with their common GTTGCATC binding site, display a different affinity for it, and have molecular weights that differ by about 20,000. Yet, proteolysis experiments and cross-linking analyses indicate that the two W complexes show structural relatedness.
Interbead interactions within oligonucleotide functionalized ferrofluids suitable for magnetic biosensor applications (2007)

Interactions in oligonucleotide functionalized ferrofluids were investigated by measurements of frequency dependent complex magnetization in a superconducting quantum interference device. The ferrofluids consisted of aqueous suspensions of single-stranded oligonucleotide functionalized 130 nm sized magnetic beads, suitable for further use in magnetic biosensor applications based on changes in the Brownian relaxation behaviour of oligonucleotide-coated beads. The interbead interactions were found to depend strongly on the surface coverage by oligonucleotide molecules. At low surface coverage, aggregates of beads within the ferrofluid were formed, most likely due to interbead SS-crosslinking reactions. When the surface coverage increased, the entropic interbead repulsion arising from the thermal motion of oligonucleotide molecules began to stabilize the ferrofluid by preventing aggregation, and the crosslinking probability decreased. At a surface coverage, of ~40 oligonucleotides per bead, determined by a radioactive labelling analysis, an optimal configuration was obtained for which the ferrofluid behaved as consisting of almost non-interacting beads. At higher oligonucleotide functionalization degrees, the high coverage induced less thermal motion flexibility of the oligonucleotide chains which decreased the entropic repulsion effect. This in turn led to a higher crosslinking probability, as well as an increase in the hydrodynamic size of the beads. Thus, the ferrofluid sample of nearly non-interacting nature, in which an optimal degree of stabilization and the highest Brownian relaxation frequency are achieved in the low surface coverage region, may be considered as the most appropriate one for further use in magnetic biosensor applications, from both a functional and an economic point of view.
Collection of volatiles from honeybee larvae and adults enclosed on brood frames (2012)

Abstract We describe a system for the in situ collection of volatiles from bees enclosed on a standard Langstroth frame face. The system includes an observation frame consisting of a glass plate and an aluminum frame that encloses a single frame face. A push–pull airflow system and an in-line volatile collection filter allow for air exchange and headspace volatile capture. This system can provide insight into colony chemical communication. The emissions of four compounds (2-heptanone, methyl benzoate, decanal, and 3-carene) associated with adult bees or colony materials remained steady or increased slightly in repeated collections from frames with maturing larvae. The emissions of the larval food component octanoic acid reflected changes in food consumption patterns by differently aged larvae. The production of the primer pheromone E-β-ocimene was greatest in comb containing young larvae and recently capped brood, but was lower on comb with capping larvae.