gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of biological tissues for electron microscopy by freeze‐drying (1977)

A dependable method for freeze-drying tissues for electron microscopy has been developed. Thin slices of fresh tissue were frozen by bringing them into direct contact with a polished copper bar at liquid nitrogen temperature. The tissue was transferred to a copper specimen block equipped with a thermocouple and heating circuit for accurate control of the environmental temperature of the tissue, and evacuated in a glass freeze-drier using clean high vacuum techniques for keeping the system free of hydrocarbons. The tissue was dried by increasing the temperature of the specimen block 10 degrees C each hour while monitoring the rate of water removal from the tissue with a partial pressure analyzer. The dry tissue was fixed with OsO4 vapor, vacuum embedded in a low viscosity epoxy resin, sectioned, stained, and viewed with the electron microscope. Tissue processed in this manner exhibits excellent morphological preservation at both cellular and organellar levels without prefixation or the use of cryoprotective agents. The results of the experiments using the partial pressure analyzer indicate that small blocks of tissue can be dried in a short time at low temperature.
Normal contact of elastic solids – Hertz theory (1985)

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Optical fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer based on phase-shifting technique and birefringence crystals (2018)

In this paper, the optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometer based on phase-shifting technique and birefringence crystals is proposed and demonstrated. We use the characteristics of birefringence and four birefringence crystals with different thicknesses to obtain the quadrature phase-shifted signals, which are demodulated by phase-shifting technique. Two types of sensing interferometers are used in the experiment. One is the optical fiber F-P sensor and the other is composed of the fiber end face and the glass surface fixed on the nanopositioning stage. The experimental results show that the normalized standard deviation (SD) of the calibration microphone centerline is 1.97 and 2.63 times larger than the optical fiber F-P interferometer under the sinusoidal sonic signals of 21 kHz and 40 kHz, and the interferometer is effective in avoiding phase ambiguity. The proposed interferometer has high stability and can adapt to a larger measurement range.
Steady-state dendritic cells expressing cognate antigen terminate memory CD8+ T-cell responses (2007)

Antigen stimulation of naive T cells in conjunction with strong costimulatory signals elicits the generation of effector and memory populations. Such terminal differentiation transforms naive T cells capable of differentiating along several terminal pathways in response to pertinent environmental cues into cells that have lost developmental plasticity and exhibit heightened responsiveness. Because these cells exhibit little or no need for the strong costimulatory signals required for full activation of naive T cells, it is generally considered memory and effector T cells are released from the capacity to be inactivated. Here, we show that steady-state dendritic cells constitutively presenting an endogenously expressed antigen inactivate fully differentiated memory and effector CD8(+) T cells in vivo through deletion and inactivation. These findings indicate that fully differentiated effector and memory T cells exhibit a previously unappreciated level of plasticity and provide insight into how memory and effector T-cell populations may be regulated.
Efficacy of a Carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold: a randomized controlled trial (2013)

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN80148028.
Micro/macro properties of geomaterials: a homogenization method for viscoelastic problem (1996)

Geomaterials such as soil and rock are composed of discrete elements of microstructures with different grains and microcracks. The studies of these microstructures are of increasing interest in geophysics and geotechnical engineering relating to underground space development We first show experimental results undertaken for direct observation of microcrack initiation and propagation by using a newly developed experimental system, and next a homogenization method for treating a viscoelastic behavior of a polycrystalline rock.
Joint Angles Similarities and HOG2 for Action Recognition (2013)

We propose a set of features derived from skeleton tracking of the human body and depth maps for the purpose of action recognition. The descriptors proposed are easy to implement, produce relatively small-sized feature sets, and the multi-class classification scheme is fast and suitable for real-time applications. We intuitively characterize actions using pairwise affinities between view-invariant joint angles features over the performance of an action. Additionally, a new descriptor for spatio-temporal feature extraction from color and depth images is introduced. This descriptor involves an application of a modified histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) algorithm. The application produces a feature set at every frame, and these features are collected into a 2D array which then the same algorithm is applied to again (the approach is termed HOG <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). Both feature sets are evaluated in a bag-of-words scheme using a linear SVM, showing state-of-the-art results on public datasets from different domains of human-computer interaction.
Modeling the fluorescent lifetime of Y2O3:Eu (1998)

Phosphor thermography, relying on the temperature dependence of the decay time of photoluminescence from suitable phosphors, provides remote measurement of the temperature of components. Such a phosphor is yttrium oxide doped with europium (Y2O3:Eu). Associated with this phosphor is also a rise time. Demonstrated is that the rise time is also temperature dependent, as a result of known electronic transitions within the Eu ions. For the phosphor Y2O3:Eu (3.4 at.%), the rise time is an activated process in the temperature region between 25 and 850 °C. Faster than the decay time, the rise time offers the opportunity for measurement of higher velocity components.
Lane Detection Techniques: A Review (2015)

Many people die each year in roadway departure crashes caused by driver inattention. Lane detection systems are useful in avoiding these accidents as safety is the main purpose of these systems. Such systems have the goal to detect the lane marks and to warn the driver in case the vehicle has a tendency to depart from the lane. A lane detection system is an important element of many intelligent transport systems. Lane detection is a challenging task because of the varying road conditions that one can come across while driving. In the past few years, numerous approaches for lane detection were proposed and successfully demonstrated. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the literature in lane detection techniques is presented. The main objective of this paper is to discover the limitations of the existing lane detection methods.
Isolation, characterization and sequence analysis of the scrK gene encoding fructokinase of Streptococcus mutans (1993)

A gene encoding an ATP-dependent fructokinase from Streptococcus mutans GS-5 was identified within a 2 kb DNA fragment immediately downstream from the scrA gene. The gene cloned in Escherichia coli also expressed mannokinase activity. Insertional inactivation of this gene in S. mutans markedly decreased both fructokinase and mannokinase activities. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 2 kb fragment revealed an ORF starting 199 bp downstream from the scrA gene, preceded by potential ribosome-binding (Shine-Dalgarno) and promoter-like sequences. This ORF specified a putative protein of 293 amino acids with a calculated M(r) of 31,681. The deduced amino acid sequence of the fructokinase gene, scrK, from S. mutans exhibited no significant similarity to fructokinase genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli plasmid pUR400 or Vibrio alginolyticus, but was similar to a comparable gene from Zymomonas mobilis.
Concerted regulation of retinal pigment epithelium basement membrane and barrier function by angiocrine factors (2017)

The outer blood-retina barrier is established through the coordinated terminal maturation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), fenestrated choroid endothelial cells (ECs) and Bruch's membrane, a highly organized basement membrane that lies between both cell types. Here we study the contribution of choroid ECs to this process by comparing their gene expression profile before (P5) and after (P30) the critical postnatal period when mice acquire mature visual function. Transcriptome analyses show that expression of extracellular matrix-related genes changes dramatically over this period. Co-culture experiments support the existence of a novel regulatory pathway: ECs secrete factors that remodel RPE basement membrane, and integrin receptors sense these changes triggering Rho GTPase signals that modulate RPE tight junctions and enhance RPE barrier function. We anticipate our results will spawn a search for additional roles of choroid ECs in RPE physiology and disease.
Chronic pancreatitis is associated with increased concentrations of epidermal growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor alpha, and phospholipase C gamma. (1994)

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a transmembrane protein that binds EGF and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), and that stimulates phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) activity. In this study the role of the EGF receptor in chronic pancreatitis was studied. By immunohistochemistry, the EGF receptor, TGF alpha, and PLC gamma 1 were found to be expressed at high concentrations in pancreatic ductal and acinar cells from chronic pancreatitis patients. Northern blot analysis showed that, by comparison with normal controls, 19 of 27 chronic pancreatitis tissues exhibited a 5.7-fold increase in EGF receptor mRNA concentrations, and 20 of 27 chronic pancreatitis tissues exhibited a sixfold increase in TGF alpha mRNA concentrations. In situ hybridisation confirmed that overexpression occurred in ductal and acinar cells, and showed that both mRNA moieties colocalised with their respective proteins. These findings suggest that TGF alpha may act through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms to excessively activate the overexpressed EGF receptor in the two major cell types of the exocrine pancreas, thereby contributing to the pathobiology of this disorder.
Chemical modification of trehalose. Part XIV. Some tetra- and hexadeoxy-derivatives and their amino-analogues (1973)

2,2′,3,3′-Tetradeoxy-αα-trehalose has been synthesised by palladium-catalysed hydrogenolysis of the 2,2′-diene, 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-erthro-hex-2-enopyranoside, which reduced the double bonds and removed the benzylidene substituents simultaneously. The derived tetramesylate underwent replacement of all four sulphonate groups when treated with either azide or benzoate ions to give the threo-analogues. Selective displacement of the primary sulphonyloxy-groups was achieved with iodide ion and the 6,6′-di-iodo-derivative was subjected to reductive dehalogenation. The resulting 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-hexadeoxy-4,4′-dimesylate underwent a ready displacement with azide anion to give the 4,4′-diazide, but when benzoate ion was employed as nucleophile products arising from both nucleophilic displacement and elimination were obtained.
Double network hydrogels from polyzwitterions: high mechanical strength and excellent anti-biofouling properties (2013)

Polyzwitterionic materials, which have both cationic and anionic groups in the polymeric repeat unit, show excellent anti-biofouling properties and are drawing more attention in the biomedical field. In this study, we have successfully synthesized novel single network hydrogels and double network (DN) hydrogels from the zwitterionic monomer, N-(carboxymethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethanaminium, inner salt (CDME). The polyCDME (PCDME) single network hydrogel behaves like a hydrophilic neutral hydrogel and its properties are not sensitive to temperature, pH, or ionic strength over a wide range. DN hydrogels using the poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic) (PAMPS) as the first network and PCDME as the second network, having a Young's modulus of 0.2-0.9 MPa, possess excellent mechanical strength (fracture stress: 1.2-1.4 MPa, fracture strain: 2.2-6.0 mm/mm) and toughness (work of extension at fracture: 0.9-2.4 MJ m<sup>-3</sup>) depending on the composition ratio of PCDME to PAMPS. The strength and toughness of the optimized PAMPS/PCDME DN is comparable to the normal PAMPS/PAAm DN hydrogels that use poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) as the second network. By macrophage adhesion test, both the PCDME hydrogels and the PAMPS/PCDME DN hydrogels have shown excellent anti-biofouling properties. These results demonstrate that the PCDME-based DN hydrogels have high potential as a novel soft and wet biomaterial.
Mouse Modeling in Oncologic Preclinical and Translational Research (2006)

Through scientific and technological advancements, our ability to manipulate the mouse genome has allowed us to evaluate the effect of specific genetic alterations on in vivo tumorigenesis. This has allowed and will allow us to define molecular pathways describing the processes of tumor initiation, invasion, and progression to metastatic disease. Additionally, these models may serve as an excellent platform for the identification of novel molecular targets for therapy as well as to evaluate the efficacy of targeted therapies. Ultimately this will translate from preclinical mouse model trials to the development of clinical trials and protocols for cancer patients. Here we review the usefulness of mouse modeling in oncologic translational research.
An Unsupervised Method for Canonicalization of Japanese Postpositions. (2001)

We present an unsupervised method for canonicalizing joshi (postpositions) in Japanese. Some postpositions in Japanese do not specify semantic roles explicitly as case markers do, although those postpositions syntactically behave as the case markers. Such postpositions includes “wa, ” which topicalizes noun phrases, and “mo, ” which emphasizes noun phrases. For this paper, we replaced these postpositions in a sentence with case markers, without changing the meanings of the original sentence as little as possible. This leads to canonicalization or paraphrasing of verb phrases into canonical forms with desirable properties. Our method utilized case frames and semantic word classifications induced by the Expectation Maximization algorithm. The induction process was unsupervised in the sense that no semantic clues were given before the induction of the case frames and the word classifications. 1
Nanocomposite Ion Gels Based on Silica Nanoparticles and an Ionic Liquid: Ionic Transport, Viscoelastic Properties, and Microstructure (2008)

The dispersion of silica nanoparticles made an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([C(2)mim][NTf(2)]), gelled even by the addition of 2-3 wt %, due to the formation of interconnected particulate silica networks in [C(2)mim][NTf(2)]. The ionic transport and viscoelastic properties of these nanocomposite ion gels were investigated in relation to the microstructure. Despite their solid-like behavior, the nanocomposite ion gels exhibited a high ionic conductivity of approximately 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 30 degrees C, which is comparable to that of neat [C(2)mim][NTf(2)]. Intriguing viscoelastic responses, such as shear-thinning and shear-induced sol-gel transitions, were found in all of the nanocomposite ion gels. By adjusting the silica concentration, the elastic modulus ( G') could be precisely controlled in a range of more than 3 orders of magnitude and reached approximately 10(6) Pa without a considerable decrease in the ionic conductivity; the characteristic viscoelastic response was also maintained. For the aggregation mechanism in [C 2 mim][NTf(2)], the reaction-limited cluster aggregation (RLCA) model was proposed by rheology and light scattering measurements.
Development of wearable and flexible ultrasonic sensor for skeletal muscle monitoring (2013)

A wearable and flexible ultrasonic sensor was developed for monitoring of skeletal muscle contraction. The sensor was constructed using a PVDF piezoelectric polymer film without a matching layer or backing material. Due to its lightness (less than 1 gram), thinness (200 µm) and flexibility, this sensor was wearable and enabled non-invasive and continuous muscle monitoring without restricting muscle movement, which is not feasible using a conventional handheld ultrasonic probe. The developed sensor was used to monitor muscle contractions in the index finger by ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements and in the forearm by through-transmission measurements. It was successfully demonstrated that the tissue thickness variations were measured in accordance with the muscle contraction performed.
Ultrafast Fiber Pulsed Lasers Incorporating Carbon Nanotubes (2004)

We present the first passively mode-locked fiber lasers based on a novel saturable absorber incorporating carbon nanotubes (SAINT). This device offers several key advantages such as: ultrafast recovery time (<1 ps), high-optical damage threshold, mechanical and environmental robustness, chemical stability, and the ability to operate in transmission, reflection, and bidirectional modes. Moreover, the fabrication cost and complexity of SAINT devices are potentially lower than that of conventional semiconductor saturable absorber mirror devices. Therefore, it is expected that SAINT will greatly impact future pulsed laser design and development.
Parallel acquisition of MR images using time multiplexed coils (1992)

A new technique for parallel acquisition of magnetic resonance images is described. Two RF coils are time multiplexed into a single receiver channel, halving the effective image acquisition time with no degradation in signal-to-noise ratio. Noise filtering is performed with RF bandpass filters. In principle, the method can be extended to additional coils.
Young People’s Schools and Højskoler in the United States (2012)

It can be said that an organized effort to preserve Danish language and culture has existed here in America since the beginning of the seventies. The immigrants considered it essential that they develop plans to strengthen and design general education for young adults. Among the immigrants who immediately joined the Church right from the beginning, there were few academics. However, because many knew about the højskole concept in Denmark, this concept became the foundation for their church-sheltered schools.
A Gene Expression Map of the <i>Arabidopsis</i> Root (2003)

A global map of gene expression within an organ can identify genes with coordinated expression in localized domains, thereby relating gene activity to cell fate and tissue specialization. Here, we present localization of expression of more than 22,000 genes in the Arabidopsis root. Gene expression was mapped to 15 different zones of the root that correspond to cell types and tissues at progressive developmental stages. Patterns of gene expression traverse traditional anatomical boundaries and show cassettes of hormonal response. Chromosomal clustering defined some coregulated genes. This expression map correlates groups of genes to specific cell fates and should serve to guide reverse genetics.
Mapping of Expressive Language Cortex using Magnetic Source Imaging (2001)

The accurate localization of primary language cortex is one of the goals in the evaluation of brain surgery candidates. In this paper we describe the localization of expressive language cortex using magnetic source imaging (MSI) in a patient with refractory epilepsy caused by a tumor affecting the left inferior frontal gyrus. The magnetoencephalographic recordings during an expressive language task were co-registered with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan obtained after subdural grid placement and provided a cluster of sources of brain activation in the vicinity of the lesion. This map of expressive language provided by MSI was verified with electrocortical stimulation before the operation. No speech problems were reported in our patient after the resection of the lesion, suggesting that MSI is an accurate non-invasive method for the pre-surgical mapping of expressive language in cases where there is clear functional risk during tumor resection.
Integrating quantitative and qualitative aspects of digital line simplification (1992)

Digital line simplification is a common cartographic operator for removing redundant detail from encoded lines due to scale changes or in-stream digitising procedures. In most discussions of line simplification algorithms, it is assumed that the parameters for the simplification, such as the bandwidth or the percentage reduction in objects, have already been determined and are constant. There is rarely any discussion of how parameters are set. In this case, one enters the line simplification problem at the second stage, dealing only with the issue of determining which segments to retain. Although simplification operators exist to eliminate detail as map scale changes, there is little connection between scale and the bandwidth parameter. As scale changes, there are no established guidelines for setting a bandwidth. However, Topfer and Pillewizer's radical law states that the number of objects to be retained in a scale change is proportional to the square root of the scale change. This paper presents a method for combining the quantitative measure of how much detail to retain with a qualtitative measure of which detail to retain in an attempt to produce a better objective method for implementing the subjective rules of manual compilation.