gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic Silencing of Plasmodium falciparum Genes Linked to Erythrocyte Invasion (2007)

The process of erythrocyte invasion by merozoites of Plasmodium falciparum involves multiple steps, including the formation of a moving junction between parasite and host cell, and it is characterised by the redundancy of many of the receptor-ligand interactions involved. Several parasite proteins that interact with erythrocyte receptors or participate in other steps of invasion are encoded by small subtelomerically located gene families of four to seven members. We report here that members of the eba, rhoph1/clag, acbp, and pfRh multigene families exist in either an active or a silenced state. In the case of two members of the rhoph1/clag family, clag3.1 and clag3.2, expression was mutually exclusive. Silencing was clonally transmitted and occurred in the absence of detectable DNA alterations, suggesting that it is epigenetic. This was demonstrated for eba-140. Our data demonstrate that variant or mutually exclusive expression and epigenetic silencing in Plasmodium are not unique to genes such as var, which encode proteins that are exported to the surface of the erythrocyte, but also occur for genes involved in host cell invasion. Clonal variant expression of invasion-related ligands increases the flexibility of the parasite to adapt to its human host.
<title>HgCdTe Infrared Focal Plane Arrays For Imaging Spectrometer Applications</title> (1983)

HgCdTe focal plane arrays (FPA) have been fabricated for use in an Imaging Spectrometer instrument developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA. Imaging Spectrometer, developed for earth remote sensing applications, provides simultaneous imaging in 100 or more spectral bands. This is achieved by placing an area FPA at the focus of a spectrom-eter. The resultant instrument performs as a pushbroom imager with one axis of the focal plane corresponding to spatial information, and the other axis to spectral information. FPA requirements for current imaging spectrometer designs are discussed. A backside-illuminated hybrid FPA architecture which uses HgCdTe photovoltaic detectors interfaced to a Si CCD multiplexer is presented. HgCdTe material is grown by liquid phase epitaxy on CdTe. The detectors are planar, ion implanted junctions on 68 micron centers. 32 x 32 FPAs have been fabricated from this material for use in the 1 - 4.5 micron and in the 1 - 2.4 micron (short wavelength infrared or SWIR) spectral regions. Complete electro-optical characterization has been done in conditions expected in actual operation. The SWIR FPAs have been evaluated at temperatures of 120 - 150K in backgrounds of 1 x 1012 ph/cm2-s to 5 x 1013 ph/cm2-s. Peak quantum efficiency of the arrays is near 70% with excellent uniformity. Broadband spectral response to 1 micron has been achieved by proper epitaxial layer thickness on these backside-illuminated devices. Near background limited performance has been achieved for over 98% of the detectors.
Refinement of a Bag Mini-Diluter System (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">As automakers begin to develop and certify vehicles that meet the California Air Resources Board LEV II and Environmental Protection Agency Tier II Regulations, the study/usage of the Bag Mini-Diluter (BMD, or Mini-Diluter) sampling system continues to increase. Previous papers have provided an overview of the BMD and compared the measurements from the BMD to the measurements from a traditional constant volume sampler (CVS). These papers have suggested that the BMD approach offers new opportunities to improve the quality of vehicle exhaust measurement at very low levels, which will be crucial for accurate measurements on vehicles meeting LEV II SULEV standards (NMOG = 10 mg/mile, NOx = 20 mg/mile).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper continues the effort to study and implement the BMD sampling system as the optimal sampling system for SULEV measurements. Based on the results from previous testing, a number of investigations have been initiated to improve the quality and understanding of BMD measurements. To improve understanding of the Mini-Diluter concept, the critical components are divided into “functionality modules”. The “functionality modules” include; (1) control of the fixed dilution ratio using critical flow venturis, (2) exhaust flow measurement using an Ultrasonic Meter, (3) bag fill and proportionality control using a mass flow controller, and (4) gas analysis and material selection for gas preservation. Each of the “functionality modules” are discussed in detail, including estimated errors due to the current state of performance, recent investigations to improve the understanding of the module, and recent improvements in each module's performance. Suggestions to improve the measurement accuracy of the BMD (these revisions are to be adopted during the redesign of the BMD for implementation into a new SULEV Test Cell) and to identify areas where technical improvements will be beneficial to BMD measurements are presented. The paper concludes by presenting Mini-Diluter test data from a Prototype SULEV Test Cell. This Mini-Diluter data supports the position that the BMD is the most effective sampling system for accurate SULEV measurements, with potential for further improvements in the future.</div>
Impact of Copper and Silver Ionization on Fungal Colonization of the Water Supply in Health Care Centers: Implications for Immunocompromised Patients (2007)

Copper and silver ionization is a well-recognized disinfection method to control Legionella species in water distribution systems in hospitals. These systems may also serve as a potential indoor reservoir for fungi. The prevalence of fungi was significantly lower in ionized than in nonionized water samples from health care facilities. The clinical consequences of this finding require further investigation.
Multi-core real-time scheduling in multilevel feedback queue with starvation mitigation (MLFQ-RT) (2018)

Process scheduling for real-time processes is a critical function of real-time operating systems, which are required to guarantee soft and hard deadlines for completing real-time processes. The behavior of Multi-Level Feedback Queue (MLFQ) scheduling mechanisms intrinsically support a scheduling that favors short CPU bursts to the complete exclusion of all other processes in the ready queues. This MLFQ feature has been extended to support meeting both hard and soft real-time process deadlines in robotics and automated manufacturing applications. This research explores a new derivative of MLFQ for real-time scheduling called MLFQ-Real-Time (MLFQ-RT) investigated through simulation for multi-core processors.
Identification of neutralizing epitopes on Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase and effects of cross-reactions on other thermolysin-like proteases (1997)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to a Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia 36-kDa protease (PSCP) which neutralize PSCP and Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase but not P. aeruginosa alkaline protease have been isolated (C. Kooi et al., Infect. Immun. 62:2811-2817, 1994). These MAbs, designated 36-6-6 and 36-6-8, react with N-chlorosuccinimide cleavage products of P. aeruginosa elastase, consistent with the recognition of a 13.9-kDa fragment which contains the active site. Overlapping 9-mer peptides that span this region were synthesized. Neutralizing MAbs to PSCP reacted strongly with two peptides (341HGFTEQNSG349 and 395RYM DQPSRD403). Peptide 341HGFTEQNSG349 overlaps the motif 337HEXXH341, which has been found in many zinc-dependent endopeptidases. Peptide 395RYMDQPSRD403 lies between E361, which binds a zinc atom, and H420, which acts as a proton donor at the active site. Polyclonal rabbit sera raised against these peptides reacted with elastase on Western immunoblots and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. With hide powder azure as the substrate, antisera to either HGFTEQNG and RYMDQPSRD completely neutralized the activities of elastase, thermolysin, Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease, and PSCP but had no effect on P. aeruginosa alkaline protease or the Serratia marcescens major protease. These results suggest that the MAbs recognize two different epitopes on P. aeruginosa elastase and that antibodies raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to either of these epitopes neutralize proteolytic activity.
Realistic simulation environments for IP-based networks (2008)

During development of new protocols and systems researchers in most cases use simulations for evaluation of their product, especially in the area of communication networks. The quality of the simulation environment, however, significantly influences the quality of a product's evaluation. Therefore,
An experiment with inline substitution (1991)

Abstract This paper describes an experiment undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of inline substitution as a method of improving the running time of compiled code. Our particular interests are in the interaction between inline substitution and aggressive code optimization. To understand this relationship, we used commercially available FORTRAN optimizing compilers as the basis for our study. This paper reports on the effectiveness of the various compilers at optimizing the inlined code. We examine both the runtime performance of the resulting code and the compile‐time performance of the compilers. This work can be viewed as a study of the effectiveness of inlining in modern optimizers; alternatively, it can be viewed as one data point on the overall effectiveness of modern optimizing compilers. We discovered that, with optimizing FORTRAN compilers, (1) object‐code growth from inlining is substantially smaller than source‐code growth, (2) compile‐time growth from inlining is smaller than source‐code growth, and (3) the compilers we tested were not able to capitalize consistently on the opportunities presented by inlining.
An information-theoretic approach to text searching in direct access systems (1974)

Using direct access computer files of bibliographic information, an attempt is made to overcome one of the problems often associated with information retrieval, namely, the maintenance and use of large dictionaries, the greater part of which is used only infrequently. A novel method is presented, which maps the hyperbolic frequency distribution of text characteristics onto a rectangular distribution. This is more suited to implementation on storage devices. This method treats text as a string of characters rather than words bounded by spaces, and chooses subsets of strings such that their frequencies of occurrence are more even than those of word types. The members of this subset are then used as index keys for retrieval. The rectangular distribution of key frequencies results in a much simplified file organization and promises considerable cost advantages.
Modal Interference Techniques for Strain Detection in Few-mode Optical Fibers (1988)

Interference between the modes of an optical fiber results in specific intensity patterns which can be modulated as a function of disturbances in the optical fiber system. These modulation effects are a direct result of the difference in propagation constants of the constituent modes. In this presentation it is shown how the modulated intensity patterns created by the interference of specific mode groups in few-mode optical fibers (V < 5.0) can be used to detect strain. A detailed discussion of the modal phenomena responsible for the observed strain induced pattern modulation is given and it is shown that strain detection sensitivities on the order of 10-9 can be expected. Data taken during the evaluation of an actual experimental strain detection system based on the developed theory is also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: New Method for Isomerization of Z‐Stilbenes into the E‐Isomers Catalyzed by Diaryl Disulfide. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evolutionary Genomics of Lactic Acid Bacteria (2007)

The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) might be the most numerous group of bacteria linked to humans. They are naturally associated with mucosal surfaces, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, and are also indigenous to food-related habitats, including plant (fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains), wine
P<scp>HOSPHORUS IN THE</scp>E<scp>NVIRONMENT</scp>: Natural Flows and Human Interferences (2000)

▪ Abstract Phosphorus has a number of indispensable biochemical roles, but it does not have a rapid global cycle akin to the circulations of C or N. Natural mobilization of the element, a part of the grand geotectonic denudation-uplift cycle, is slow, and low solubility of phosphates and their rapid transformation to insoluble forms make the element commonly the growth-limiting nutrient, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Human activities have intensified releases of P. By the year 2000 the global mobilization of the nutrient has roughly tripled compared to its natural flows: Increased soil erosion and runoff from fields, recycling of crop residues and manures, discharges of urban and industrial wastes, and above all, applications of inorganic fertilizers (15 million tonnes P/year) are the major causes of this increase. Global food production is now highly dependent on the continuing use of phosphates, which account for 50–60% of all P supply; although crops use the nutrient with relatively high efficiency, lost P that reaches water is commonly the main cause of eutrophication. This undesirable process affects fresh and ocean waters in many parts of the world. More efficient fertilization can lower nonpoint P losses. Although P in sewage can be effectively controlled, such measures are often not taken, and elevated P is common in treated wastewater whose N was lowered by denitrification. Long-term prospects of inorganic P supply and its environmental consequences remain a matter of concern.
The Role of Copper in Resisting Metal Dusting of Ni-Base Alloys (2006)

The present study focuses on a new technique for the prevention of metal dusting in carbonaceous gas environments at intermediate temperature. Preliminary laboratory metal dusting test was conducted for Ni-x%Cu binary alloys and Ni-Cr alloys with various Si and Cu content in a simulated 60%CO-26%H2 -11.5%CO2-2.5%H2O (in vol.%) gas mixture at 650°C. Specimens of the binary alloys containing low Cu were entirely covered with coke and showed rough metal surfaces due to the degradation of metal. Alloys of 20% and more Cu, on the contrary, had no coke deposition and smooth metal surfaces, suggesting alloys with an adequate Cu do not react with CO in the syngas mixture without an oxide scale barrier. Based on these results, we conclude that Cu does not protect by formation of the oxide scale but has a “Surfactant-Mediated Suppression” against metal dusting. This effect can be explained in terms of atomistic interaction of CO with transition-metal surfaces by electronic structure analyses. For the Ni-Cr alloy, both addition of Si and Cu played a role of preventing pit formation in the simulated syngas atmosphere. The concept can be also useful for the practical material design of Ni-Cr-Si-Cu alloy with excellent metal dusting resistance.
Matrix Metalloproteinases and TIMP in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1996)

To investigate the implication of extracellular matrix proteinases in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we determined 92 kD gelatinase (92 G'ase) and its natural antagonist, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma of 33 intensive care unit (ICU) patients presenting with trauma or septic shock. Eleven of these patients developed short-course ARDS, nine developed prolonged ARDS, and 13 did not progress to ARDS. Ten non-ICU patients served as controls. During the early phase of disease, 92 G'ase in BALF of ICU patients was higher than in controls, but plasma levels were not different. TIMP was increased in BALF and plasma in ARDS as compared with those of patients at risk. The 92 G'ase/TIMP ratio in BALF remained elevated in late phases of prolonged ARDS. The high intrapulmonary levels of 92 G'ase in patients at risk and with ARDS may reflect increased turnover of extracellular matrix in acute lung injury. Increased TIMP may interfere with tissue repair and fibrosis by its inhibition of 92 G'ase. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) could be involved in enhanced local synthesis of TIMP. The balance between 92 G'ase and TIMP may play an important role in lung remodeling, which is characteristic of ARDS.
Transfection of <i>HeLa</i>‐cells with <i>pEGFP</i> plasmid by impedance power‐assisted electroporation (2005)

Bioimpedance spectrometry was applied to study cell viability and pEGFP plasmid-transfection efficiency in electroporation (EP) of 20,000 HeLa cells with 0.3 microg DNA in 90 microl low conductivity 0.32 M sucrose medium of pH 7.5. Monopolar rectangular pulses, of field strength 75 V/mm, and pulse length 0.1 ms were applied in 1-16 repetitions with a 10-sec pause interval between pulses. Surviving cells were stained by crystal violet and counted using a confocal microscope. Transfected cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and counted as green spots in a fluorescence microscope. In the present investigation we used the method of bioimpedance spectrometry to analyze the effect of EP on survival and transfection ratio of cells in suspension. DC and low-frequency AC currents preferably pass through the medium due to the high impedance of the cell membrane. At frequencies above 10 kHz the impedance of the cell membrane starts to decrease and the impedance value of the cell suspension approach a lower limit value Rinfinity at infinite frequency. Recording of electrical impedance spectra of cells in culture was performed over a frequency range of 10 Hz to 125 kHz, allowing separation of the contribution from extracellular space and that of the cell membranes. A parallel resistance capacitance model of the cell suspension was used to evaluate the response of applying EP pulses. The values of the collective membrane resistance RM decay exponentially (r2=0.995) with the number of applied pulses. The ratio of the extrapolated value of the intact membrane resistance before pulsing, RM,0, and the value RM,N after each pulse makes an index of the effect of electroporation on the cells. The ratio RM,N/RM,0 as well as the relative change of the dissipation factor, tandelta, on the "Loss Change Index" (LCI) fits well a dose-response model (r2=0.98) with the number of applied pulses. The changes in the model parameters membrane resistance DeltaRM=[1-RM,N/RM,o] and loss factor [1-tandelta0/tandeltaN] correlate well with the transfection ratio and fraction of dead cells. Those parameters were used for power-assisted electroporation in monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the EP procedure.
Wave–particle duality of a photon in emission (1992)

The wave–particle duality of a photon in emission is demonstrated by measuring the interference between spontaneous emissions in nearly opposite directions from a thin layer of organic dye. The interference is the product of a single photon from a single-emission process. It is shown that the Heisenberg uncertainty relation requires that the interference generated by the spontaneously emitted photon and the recoil transferred to the molecule by the emission cannot be observed simultaneously.
Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants with peroxy acids. (1978)

We observed that the performance of all similarity metrics is largely dependent on the quality of the US images, sufficient field of view of the reconstructed 3D US and absence of motion artifacts.
Desiccation injury, anhydrobiosis and survival (1989)

Water is, of course, essential for plant growth, but one of the themes of this chapter is that it may not be necessary for plant survival. Although most agronomically important plants are very sensitive to internal water deficits, the majority of plants at some stage of their life cycle are tolerant of desiccation. Few of these have vegetative parts which are desiccation tolerant, but the survival of even so-called drought-evading species, such as the ephemeral desert annuals, rests on the tolerance of their seeds to desiccation.
Nonuniform Noise Propagation by Using the Ramp Filter in Fan-Beam Computed Tomography (2004)

It is observed that when the homogeneity property of the ramp filter is used to derive a filtered backprojection algorithm in fan-beam tomography, the reconstructed images have nonstationary frequency components and nonstationary noise. When a short focal-length is used, higher frequency components are amplified more at the edge of the image than at the center of the image, resulting in higher noise at the edge of the image.
A further study of the problem of nuclear isomerism: the application of the method of coincidence counting to the investigation of the <i>γ</i> -rays emitted by uranium Z and the radioactive silver Ag106 (1938)

Abstract The application of the method of coincidence conuting by electrical means to the study of essentially nuclear phenomena was made first by Bothe and v. Baeyer in 1935. Since that time, and chiefly as the result of further experiments carried out in Heidelberg, much important information has been obtained by the use of this method. It is the object of the present paper to describe the application of the method to the elucidation of certain features of the problem of isomerism in redioactive nuclei. As pointed out in a discussion of this problem by Feather and Bretscher (1938), if such isomerism is to be explained in terms of close nuclear states differing considerably in nuclear spin, it is frequently to be expected that the disintegration is to be explained in terms of close unclear states differing considerably in unclear spin, it is frequently to be expected that the disintegration of one or other isomeric uncleus will be followed by the emission of two or more quanta of γ-radiation in succession. The aim of the coincidence experiments, therefore, was to explore this possibility in a number of cases—and particularly to look for evidence of paired γ-rays following the β-disintegration of uranium Z, as suggested in Paper I. Clear evidence of the latter effect has been found, and the case of isomerism in radioactive silver (Ag106) has also been studied with positive results. Since the information provided by the coincidence method cannot profitably be discussed without data concerning the particel radiations emitted by the isomeric nuclei as well, full details of absorption measurements on the β- and γ-radiations from the radioactive silver are also given in this paper. During the investigation one of us (N. F) has been responsible chiefly for the absorption measurements, using a single counter, the other (J. V. D.) for the coincidence experiments with two counter. The artificially redioactive sources were prepared for us in the High Voltage Laboratory and we are greatly indebted to the workers in that Laboratory, and particularly to Dr W. E. Burcham, for their efficient and kind co-operation in this under-taking.
Novel Risk Loci for Rheumatoid Arthritis in Han Chinese and Congruence With Risk Variants in Europeans (2014)

This study has expanded the list of alleles that confer risk of RA, provided new insight into the pathogenesis of RA, and added empirical evidence to the emerging polygenic nature of complex trait variation driven by common genetic variants.
The Use of Image Intensification as an Aid to Femoral Cement Extraction in Revision Hip Surgery (1994)

Revision hip surgery for a loose or infected prosthesis is becoming more common as increasing numbers of total hip replacement are performed each year. The use of the image intensifier to aid in the removal of the femoral cement is described, and the results of eighteen cases perfomed in this fashion reported.