gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Medicinal Chemistry of Botulinum, Ricin and Anthrax Toxins (2005)

The potential use of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological or chemical) by terrorist organizations represents a major threat to world peace and safety. Only a limited number of vaccines are available to protect the general population from the medical consequences of these weapons. In addition there are major health concerns associated with a pre-exposure mass vaccination of the general population. To reduce or eliminate the impact of these terrible threats, new drugs must be developed to safely treat individuals exposed to these agents. A review of all therapeutic agents under development for the treatment of the illnesses and injuries that result from exposure to nuclear, biological or chemical warfare agents is beyond the scope of any single article. The intent here is to provide a focused review for medicinal and organic chemists of three widely discussed and easily deployed biological warfare agents, botulinum neurotoxin and ricin toxins and the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax will be addressed because of its similarity in both structure and mechanism of catalytic activity with botulinum toxin. The common feature of these three agents is that they exhibit their biological activity via toxin enzymatic hydrolysis of a specific bond in their respective substrate molecules. A brief introduction to the history of each of the biological warfare agents is presented followed by a discussion on the mechanisms of action of each at the molecular level, and a review of current potential inhibitors under investigation.
Practical barrier to hydrogen diffusion into optical fibres (1984)

The diffusion of hydrogen (at 65 atm) into optical fibres coated with silicon oxynitride is found to be several orders of magnitude lower than that for uncoated fibres. Extrapolation of the data using a diffusion model predicts that such coatings should provide a practical and effective barrier against lower hydrogen pressures over system lifetimes. Thus all hydrogen-related optical ageing effects are significantly reduced.
Mutation of Single Hydrophobic Residue I27, L35, F39, L58, L65, L67, or L71 in the N Terminus of VP5 Abolishes Interaction with the Scaffold Protein and Prevents Closure of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Capsid Shells (2003)

Protein-protein interactions drive the assembly of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsid. A key interaction occurs between the C-terminal tail of the scaffold protein (pre-22a) and the major capsid protein (VP5). Previously (Z. Hong, M. Beaudet-Miller, J. Durkin, R. Zhang, and A. D. Kwong, J. Virol. 70:533-540, 1996) it was shown that the minimal domain in the scaffold protein necessary for this interaction was composed of a hydrophobic amphipathic helix. The goal of this study was to identify the hydrophobic residues in VP5 important for this bimolecular interaction. Results from the genetic analysis of second-site revertant virus mutants identified the importance of the N terminus of VP5 for the interaction with the scaffold protein. This allowed us to focus our efforts on a small region of this large polypeptide. Twenty-four hydrophobic residues, starting at L23 and ending at F84, were mutated to alanine. All the mutants were first screened for interaction with pre-22a in the yeast two-hybrid assay. From this in vitro assay, seven residues, I27, L35, F39, L58, L65, L67, and L71, that eliminated the interaction when mutated were identified. All 24 mutants were introduced into the virus genome with a genetic marker rescue/marker transfer system. For this system, viruses and cell lines that greatly facilitated the introduction of the mutants into the genome were made. The same seven mutants that abolished interaction of VP5 with pre-22a resulted in an absolute requirement for wild-type VP5 for growth of the viruses. The viruses encoding these mutations in VP5 were capable of forming capsid shells comprised of VP5, VP19C, VP23, and VP26, but the closure of these shells into an icosahedral structure was prevented. Mutation at L75 did not affect the ability of this protein to interact with pre-22a, as judged from the in vitro assay, but this mutation specified a lethal effect for virus growth and abolished the formation of any detectable assembled structure. Thus, it appears that the L75 residue is important for another essential interaction of VP5 with the capsid shell proteins. The congruence of the data from the previous and present studies demonstrates the key roles of two regions in the N terminus of this large protein that are crucial for this bimolecular interaction. Thus, residues I27, L35, and F39 comprise the first subdomain and residues L58, L65, L67 and L71 comprise a second subdomain of VP5. These seven hydrophobic residues are important for the interaction of VP5 with the scaffold protein and consequently the formation of an icosahedral shell structure that encloses the viral genome.
High-density power converters for sub-module photovoltaic power management (2014)

This work presents an overview of distributed submodule power electronics based on resonant and switched-capacitor topologies configured in a ladder architecture. We present a new resonant switched-capacitor topology, termed a `direct conversion' topology because current flow is always uni-directional in the inductor component. The direct topology can be seen as a resonant version of the more common 3-level buck converter. We discuss some of the relevant theory for the direct topology compared to past work on the `indirect' resonant switched capacitor architecture. We also present a high-density DC-DC converter that can be used in resonant or switched capacitor modes that is implemented in a 0.18 μm bulk CMOS integrated circuit. The presented topologies implement voltage equalization to mitigate power loss due to mismatch at the sub-module level in PV systems. We provide measurement results of key converter specifications based on laboratory testing and also with real PV setups. To test the chip-scale converter, we used a PV module built up from individual cells on a Lexan laminate to provide custom string lengths of 4-6 individual PV cells.
Hamamatsu R5900-01-L16 photomultiplier tube spectral / spatial characterization (2000)

Not provided.
B Cell Deficiency Confers Protection from Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (2003)

Recent data have demonstrated a role for CD4(+) cells in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Identifying engagement of adaptive immune cells in IRI suggests that the other major cell of the adaptive immune response, B cells, may also mediate renal IRI. An established model of renal IRI was used: 30 min of renal pedicle clamping was followed by reperfusion in B cell-deficient ( mu MT) and wild-type mice. Renal function was significantly improved in mu MT mice compared with wild-type mice at 24, 48, and 72 h postischemia. mu MT mice also had significantly reduced tubular injury. Both groups of mice had similar renal phagocyte infiltration postischemia assessed by myeloperoxidase levels and similar levels of CD4(+) T cell infiltration postischemia. Peritubular complement C3d staining was also similar in both groups. To identify the contribution of cellular vs soluble mechanism of action, serum transfer into mu MT mice partially restored ischemic phenotype, but B cell transfers did not. These data are the first demonstration of a pathogenic role for B cells in ischemic acute renal failure, with a serum factor as a potential underlying mechanism of action.
Keratocyte activation and apoptosis in transplanted human corneas in a xenograft model. (2002)

Substantial keratocyte activation and low levels of cellular apoptosis occur 1 week after human corneal transplantation. The human-to-cat xenograft model of corneal transplantation demonstrated endothelial cell loss and other clinical findings similar to human allografts. The model will be useful for preclinical testing of new methods of long-term corneal preservation and of donor endothelial cell augmentation, as well as the study of human corneal wound healing and keratocyte replacement during the early postoperative period.
A Variety of Silver Nanoparticle Pastes for Fine Electronic Circuit Pattern Formation (2007)

Metal powder-based thick-film pastes are limited to make the electronic circuit pattern on the refractory ceramics or glass, because of their firing temperature. In addition, the line width and space of the circuit pattern are limited over 50 μm. However, the electronic devices are recently demanded to be compact, lightweight and flexible. For this demand, recent progress of nanotechnology has accelerated to develop a new type of materials for electronic devices. From this point of view, much attention has been paid to metal nanoparticles with diameters ranging from several nanometers to tens of nanometers, which may be expected to be fired at low temperature less than 300°C based on their physical property. Using a series of silver nanoparticles, we have developed the low temperature firing silver nanoparticle pastes, including silver nanoparticles stabilized by a series of organic ligands. The silver contents of the manufactured silver nanoparticle pastes are easily controlled ranging from 50 to 90 wt%. The electronic circuit pattern can be formed on a polyimido film by screen printing technique and fired at low temperatures of 150 to 300°C. The formed conductive films exhibit the resistivity compared with that of bulk metal. The film thickness ranges from 2.6 to 30 μm and their resistivity is 2.46 to 40 μΩcm. This paper describes a variety of silver nanoparticle pastes and the properties of their fired film.
CSF, blood-brain barrier, and brain drug delivery (2016)

The barrier between blood and brain was discovered in 1913, when it was believed that the BBB was localized to the choroid plexus, and that nutrient flow from blood passed through the CSF en route to brain. These misconceptions are still widely held, and hinder progress in the development of technology for BBB drug delivery.
Fungal pathogens secrete an inhibitor protein that distinguishes isoforms of plant pathogenesis‐related endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases (1997)

Plant endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases and chitinases inhibit the growth of some fungi and generate elicitor‐active oligosaccharides while depolymerizing polysaccharides of mycelial walls. Overexpression of the endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases and/ or chitinases in transgenic plants provides, in some cases, increased protection against fungal pathogens. However, most of the phytopathogenic fungi that have been tested in vitro are resistant to endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases and chitinases. Furthermore, some phytopathogenic fungi whose growth is inhibited by these enzymes are able to overcome the effect of these enzymes over a period of hours, indicating an ability of those fungi to adapt to the enzymes. Evidence is presented indicating that fungal pathogens secrete proteins that inhibit selective plant endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases.A glucanase inhibitor protein (GIP‐1) has been purified to homogeneity from the culture fluid of the fungal pathogen of soybeans, Phytophthora sojae f. sp. glycines (Psg), and two basic pathogenesis‐related endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases (EnGL soy ‐A and EnGL soy ‐B) have been purified from soybean seedlings. GIP‐1 inhibits EnGL soy ‐A but not EnGL soy ‐B. Moreover, GIP‐1 does not inhibit endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases secreted by Psg itself nor does GIP‐1 inhibit PR‐2c, a pathogenesis‐related endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase of tobacco. Evidence is presented that Psg secretes other GIPs that inhibit other endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase(s) of soybean. Furthermore, GIP‐1 does not exhibit proteolytic activity but does appear to physically bind to EnGL soy ‐A. The results reported herein demonstrate specific interactions between gene products of the host and pathogen and establish the need to consider fungal proteins that inhibit plant endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases when attempting to use the genes encoding endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanases to engineer resistance to fungi in transgenic plants.
Quantitative chromatographic studies on urinary amino acid excretion. A new method of representation. (1968)

Amino acid excretions of 82 individuals were quantitatively determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The results are expressed as µmoles amino acid per day, divided by milligrams α-amino acid nitrogen per day. This index is independent of age and provides a more useful method of representation than those presently employed in the literature.
Intermail (1991)

Article Free Access Share on Intermail: a prototype hypermedia mail system Authors: Shari Jackson Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS), Box 1946, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS), Box 1946, Brown University, Providence, Rhode IslandView Profile , Nicole Yankelovich Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS), Box 1946, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS), Box 1946, Brown University, Providence, Rhode IslandView Profile Authors Info & Claims HYPERTEXT '91: Proceedings of the third annual ACM conference on HypertextSeptember 1991 Pages 405–409https://doi.org/10.1145/122974.125121Online:01 September 1991Publication History 1citation253DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1Total Downloads253Last 12 Months6Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
The influence of protein adsorption on interactions of cultured human endothelial cells with polymers (1987)

A systematic study of the effects of polymer surface properties on the interaction with human endothelial cells (HEC) may lead to the development of small-diameter vascular grafts. HEC, suspended in culture medium containing 20% serum adhered and spread onto moderately wettable polymers such as TCPS (tissue culture polystyrene). Reduced or no adhesion of HEC was observed upon the hydrophobic polymers PETP (polyethyleneterephthalate, Dacron) and FEP (fluoroethylenepropylene copolymer, Teflon). Polymers precoated with the proteins albumin (Alb), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) inhibited the adhesion of HEC, whereas fibronectin (Fn) coatings promoted cell adhesion. Endothelialization of PETP and FEP only occurred after precoating of these materials with Fn. The adsorption of Fn, Alb, HDL, and IgG from solutions of different serum concentrations onto TCPS, PETP, and FEP was related to the adhesion of HEC. Serum Fn only adsorbed onto TCPS, with the maximum at 0.1% serum concentration. Maximal cell adhesion onto TCPS was also observed after pretreatment with a solution containing 0.1% serum. The cell adhesion inhibiting proteins Alb and HDL preferentially adsorbed at higher serum concentrations. Desorption of these proteins and exchange for, e.g., cellular Fn may result in cell spreading and proliferation of HEC upon TCPS.
The CLP( ℛ ) language and system (1992)

The CLP( ℛ ) programming language is defined, its underlying philosophy and programming methodology are discussed, important implementation issues are explored in detail, and finally, a prototype interpreter is described. CLP( ℛ ) is designed to be an instance of the Constraint Logic Programming Scheme, a family of rule-based constraint programming languages defined by Jaffar and Lassez. The domain of computation ℛ of this particular instance is the algebraic structure consisting of uninterpreted functors over real numbers. An important property of CLP( ℛ )is that the constraints are treated uniformly in the sense that they are used to specify the input parameters to a program, they are the only primitives used in the execution of a program, and they are used to describe the output of a program. Implementation of a CLP language, and of CLP( ℛ ) in particular, raises new problems in the design of a constraint-solver. For example, the constraint solver must be incremental in the sense that solving additional constraints must not entail the resolving of old constraints. In our system, constraints are filtered through an inference engine, an engine/solver interface, an equation solver and an inequality solver. This sequence of modules reflects a classification and prioritization of the classes of constraints. Modules solving higher priority constraints are isolated from the complexities of modules solving lower priority constraints. This multiple-phase solving of constraints, together with a set of associated algorithms, gives rise to a practical system.
The importance of sleep following ENT surgery (1998)

This study reviewed a group of 48 children following ENT surgery and considered the implications of too little sleep after their operation. All the children had either an adenoidectomy, a tonsillectomy, or an adenotonsillectomy. Their post-operative sleep was timed and their state of nausea was recorded when they awoke. There appeared to be a correlation between the length of undisturbed sleep and the incidence of nausea or vomiting. It is suggested that this result should influence the advice given to parents of the benefits about sleep for their child in the post-operative period.
Peptide-loaded Nanoparticles and Radionuclide Imaging for Individualized Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia (2014)

VEGF peptides have angiogenic potential and resulted in therapeutic effectiveness. Adjunct use of single photon emission computed tomography was also demonstrated for individualized treatment of myocardial ischemia by further tailoring the therapeutic dosing. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
The development and characterisation of porphyrin isothiocyanate–monoclonal antibody conjugates for photoimmunotherapy (2005)

A promising approach to increase the specificity of photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy has been through conjugation to monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against tumour-associated antigens. Many of the conjugations performed to date have relied on the activated ester method, which can lead to impure conjugate preparations and antibody crosslinking. Here, we report the development of photosensitizer-MAb conjugates utilising two porphyrin isothiocyanates. The presence of a single reactive isothiocyanate allowed facile conjugation to MAb FSP 77 and 17.1A directed against internalizing antigens, and MAb 35A7 that binds to a non-internalizing antigen. The photosensitizer-MAb conjugates substituted with 1-3 mol of photosensitizer were characterised in vitro. No appreciable loss of immunoreactivity was observed and binding specificity was comparable to that of the unconjugated MAb. Substitution with photosensitizer had a minimal effect on antibody biodistribution in vivo for the majority of the conjugates, although a decreased serum half-life was observed using a cationic photosensitizer at the higher loading ratios. Tumour-to-normal tissue ratios as high as 33.5 were observed using MAb 35A7 conjugates. The internalizing conjugate showed a higher level of phototoxicity as compared with the non-internalizing reagent, using a cell line engineered to express both target antigens. These data demonstrate the applicability of the isothiocyanate group for the development of high-quality conjugates, and the use of internalizing MAb to significantly increase the photodynamic efficiency of conjugates during photoimmunotherapy.
Molecular Determinants of Agonist and Antagonist Signaling through the IL-36 Receptor (2014)

The IL-1 family consists of 11 cytokines that control a complex network of proinflammatory signals critical for regulating immune responses to infections. They also play a central role in numerous chronic inflammatory disorders. Accordingly, inhibiting the activities of these cytokines is an important therapeutic strategy for treating autoimmune diseases and lymphomas. Agonist cytokines in the IL-1 family activate signaling by binding their cognate receptor and then recruiting a receptor accessory protein. Conversely, antagonist cytokines bind their cognate receptor but prohibit recruitment of receptor accessory protein, which precludes functional signaling complexes. The IL-36 subfamily of cytokines is the most diverse, including three agonists and at least one antagonist, and is the least well-characterized group within this family. Signaling through the IL-36 receptor directly stimulates dendritic cells and primes naive CD4 T cells for Th1 responses. Appropriately balanced IL-36 signaling is a critical determinant of skin and lung health. IL-36 signaling has been presumed to function analogously to IL-1 signaling. In this study, we have defined molecular determinants of agonist and antagonist signaling through the IL-36 receptor. We present the crystal structure of IL-36γ, which, to our knowledge, is the first reported structure of an IL-36 agonist. Using this structure as a guide, we designed a comprehensive series of IL-36 agonist/antagonist chimeric proteins for which we measured binding to the IL-36 receptor/IL-1 receptor accessory protein complex and functional activation and inhibition of signaling. Our data reveal how the fine specificity of IL-36 signaling is distinct from that of IL-1.
Resonant gate tunneling current in double-gate SOI: a simulation study (2003)

Gate tunneling current in fully depleted, double-gate (DG) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is characterized based on quantum-mechanical principles. The gate tunneling current for symmetrical DG SOI with ground-plane (t/sub ox/ = 1.5 nm and T/sub SI/ = 5 nm) is shown to be higher relative to single-gate (bulk) MOS structure. The tunneling is enhanced as the silicon layer becomes thinner since the thinner silicon layer acts a deep quantum well. The simulated I/sub G/-V/sub G/ of DG SOI has negative differential resistance like that of the resonant tunnel diodes at the gate bias /spl sim/ 1.4 V.
A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (2011)

Potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be seen in various fields like disaster management, battle field surveillance and border security surveillance since last few years. In such applications, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed, which are often unattended and work autonomously. Clustering is a key technique used to extend the lifetime of a sensor network by reducing energy consumption. It can also increase network scalability. Sensor nodes are considered to be homogeneous since the researches in the field of WSNs have been evolved, but some nodes may be of different energy to prolong the lifetime of a WSN and its reliability. In this paper, we study the impact of heterogeneity of nodes to the performance of WSNs. This paper surveys different clustering algorithms for heterogeneous WSNs by classifying algorithms depending upon various clustering attributes.
Nonbinary Arithmetic AN Codes Using Odd Radix Expressions (1985)

Arithmetic AN codes are useful for error correction in both arithmetic operations and digital data transmission. This paper presents a theoretical approach to a new class of nonbinary arithmetic AN codes using symmetric R-ary expressions and Lee-type arithmetic distance.