gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Cathode Materials for the Electrochemical Membrane  H 2 S  Separator (1991)

An electrochemical membrane cell which selectively removes from hot gas streams appears close to commercial application. In the present study alternative cathode materials are tested for performance and stability in gases with and without . Several candidates show strongly preferential kinetics for reduction over other gas‐phase reactants present in much higher concentrations. Cobalt sulfide is the best of the metal‐based materials and, of the ceramic oxides, lanthanum strontium chromium oxide is also promising.
Salt stress upregulates periplasmic arabinogalactan proteins: using salt stress to analyse AGP function* (2005)

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are implicated in cell expansion by unknown mechanisms, thus AGP content and cell-expansion rate might be correlated. We used Yariv reagent to quantify release rates and distribution of AGP at the cell surface of tobacco BY-2 cells: plasma membrane (M); soluble periplasmic AGPs released by cell rupture (S); cell wall (W); and growth medium (Gsink). In contrast to earlier reports, we observed massive upregulation of AGPs in salt-stressed cells, and hence the absence of a simple, direct cause-and-effect relationship between growth rate and AGP release. There was a more subtle connection. A dynamic flux model, M-->S-->W-->Gsink, indicated that turnover was nondegradative, with little free diffusion of AGPs trapped in the pectic matrix of nonadapted cells where transmural migration of high molecular-weight AGPs occurred mainly by plug flow (apposition and extrusion). In contrast, however, an up to sixfold increased AGP release rate in the slower-growing salt-adapted cells indicated a greatly increased rate of AGP diffusion through a much more highly porous pectic network. We hypothesize that classical AGPs act as pectin plasticizers. This explains how beta-D-glycosyl Yariv reagents might inhibit expansion growth by crosslinking monomeric AGPs, and thus mimic an AGP loss-of-function mutation.
Fuzzy Neural Networks (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Fuzzy Artificial Neural Network (FANN) Fuzzy Neural Example Neuro-Fuzzy Control Fuzzy Neural Nets??-??A Reality? Review Questions References
Polymerization of Acetaldehyde (1961)

It has long been known that acetaldehyde is polymerized to give amorphous polyacetaldehyde when the monomer is frozen. In this method freezing of the monomer was an indispensable process.Recently we found that alumina was a more effective catalyst for amorphous polymerization. Acetaldehyde was easily converted to high polymer without freezing of the monomer.Furthermore, Natta et al. and ourselves succeeded respectively in the preparation of the crystalline polymer of aldehydes by organometallic compounds and metal alkoxide. The crystalline polymer is much less soluble in organic solvents than the amorphous one.The mechanism of the stereoregular polymerization was considered in connection with several synthetic organic reactions which involve metal alkoxides and carbonyl compounds. The coordination complex of aldehyde to the metal alkoxide seems to play an influential role in the stereoregular polymerization.
Neurotrophin Binding to Human .alpha.2-Macroglobulin under Apparent Equilibrium Conditions (1994)

alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is a broad-spectrum proteinase inhibitor and a carrier of certain growth factors. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the interaction of alpha 2M with nerve growth factor-beta (NGF-beta), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) under apparent equilibrium conditions. Binding in solution was assessed using the cross-linking agent bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3). Noncovalent binding of NGF-beta, NT-3, NT-4, and BDNF to native alpha 2M and alpha 2M-methylamine (a conformationally modified form of alpha 2M that is recognized by the alpha 2M receptor) reached apparent equilibrium in less than 20 min at 37 degrees C. Apparent KD values for the binding of NT-4, NGF-beta, NT-3, and BDNF to alpha 2M-methylamine were 61, 110, 120, and 150 nM, respectively. Native alpha 2M bound all four neurotrophins with decreased affinity. Unlabeled NGF-beta competed with the radioiodinated neurotrophins for binding to immobilized alpha 2M-methylamine. The K1 for unlabeled NGF-beta was 120 nM, in good agreement with the apparent KD determined by the BS3 method. The number of NGF-beta binding sites per immobilized alpha 2M-methylamine was 1.0. CNTF bound minimally, if at all, to native alpha 2M and alpha 2M-methylamine as determined using a number of techniques. The extent of binding was insufficient for the determination of an affinity constant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-speed true random number generation based on paired memristors for security electronics (2017)

True random number generator (TRNG) is a critical component in hardware security that is increasingly important in the era of mobile computing and internet of things. Here we demonstrate a TRNG using intrinsic variation of memristors as a natural source of entropy that is otherwise undesirable in most applications. The random bits were produced by cyclically switching a pair of tantalum oxide based memristors and comparing their resistance values in the off state, taking advantage of the more pronounced resistance variation compared with that in the on state. Using an alternating read scheme in the designed TRNG circuit, the unbiasedness of the random numbers was significantly improved, and the bitstream passed standard randomness tests. The Pt/TaO <sub>x</sub> /Ta memristors fabricated in this work have fast programming/erasing speeds of ∼30 ns, suggesting a high random number throughput. The approach proposed here thus holds great promise for physically-implemented random number generation.
New viral vector for efficient production of target proteins in plants (2006)

A new potato virus X (PVX)-based viral vector for superproduction of target proteins in plants has been constructed. The triple gene block and coat protein gene of PVX were substituted by green fluorescent protein. This reduced viral vector was delivered into plant cells by agroinjection (injection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells, carrying viral vector cDNA within T-DNA, into plant leaves), and this approach allowed to dramatically reduce the size of the vector genome. The novel vector can be used for production of different proteins including pharmaceuticals in plants.
A new similarity rule for fluidized bed scale‐up (1986)

Abstract A rule of hydrodynamic similarity for a scale change of fluidized beds has been developed based on the governing equations of bubble and interstitial gas dynamics. When geometrically similar scale‐up is to be carried out maintaining hydrodynamic similarity, the proposed similarity rule requires that two conditions be satisfied. The first condition assures a similarity in bubble coalescence. The second assures the similarities in bubble splitting and in the interstitial flow pattern. The present work proves theoretically that these two conditions are the necessary, and almost sufficient, conditions for hydrodynamic similarity. They consider not only bubble coalescence but also bubble splitting. The theory proposed was first tested by previous correlations for bubble diameter and grid zone structure, and second by experiment. It has been proved that as long as the present rule is satisfied, the longitudinal distribution of the average bubble diameter, stochastic variation around it, and the radial distribution of superficial bubble velocity can be maintained similar for a scale change. Application of the present rule to predict the bubbling and solid circulation characteristics in a large‐scale unit by a small‐scale experiment has thus proved promising, at least for Geldart group B particles. In order to further study the possibility of a similarity in mass transfer and chemical reactions, computation was carried out using the three‐phase bubble assemblage model. If the effect of molecular diffusion is negligible, as in the case of fluidized bed combustion, even a chemical similarity is found to be possible.
Regulation of Melanopsin Expression (2006)

Circadian rhythms in mammals are adjusted daily to the environmental day/night cycle by photic input via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the RHT constitute a separate light-detecting system in the mammalian retina used for irradiance detection and for transmission to the circadian system and other non-imaging forming processes in the brain. The RGCs of the RHT are intrinsically photosensitive due to the expression of melanopsin, an opsin-like photopigment. This notion is based on anatomical and functional data and on studies of mice lacking melanopsin. Furthermore, heterologous expression of melanopsin in non-neuronal mammalian cell lines was found sufficient to render these cells photosensitive. Even though solid evidence regarding the function of melanopsin exists, little is known about the regulation of melanopsin gene expression. Studies in albino Wistar rats showed that the expression of melanopsin is diurnal at both the mRNA and protein levels. The diurnal changes in melanopsin expression seem, however, to be overridden by prolonged exposure to light or darkness. Significant increase in melanopsin expression was observed from the first day in constant darkness and the expression continued to increase during prolonged exposure in constant darkness. Prolonged exposure to constant light, on the other hand, decreased melanopsin expression to an almost undetectable level after 5 days of constant light. The induction of melanopsin by darkness was even more pronounced if darkness was preceded by light suppression for 5 days. These observations show that dual mechanisms regulate melanopsin gene expression and that the intrinsic light-responsive RGCs in the albino Wistar rat adapt their expression of melanopsin to environmental light and darkness.
PRISIONEIROS DE SI (2019)

Um homem e mantido em cativeiro em meio a guerra do Vietna, ao pensar que conseguiu a tao esperada liberdade, ve que sua real prisao sao suas lembrancas.
Frequency-Temperature-Angle Characteristics of AT-Type Resonators Made of Natural and Synthetic Quartz (1956)

Investigations into the frequency-temperature behavior of AT-type quartz resonators have revealed differences between natural and synthetic quartz. The differences refer mainly to a shift of the optimum angle of orientation by a few minutes of arc and to a slight change of the frequency-temperature characteristic itself. To describe the frequency-temperature behavior analytically, the measured change of frequency vs temperature can be developed in a power series, determined by first, second, and third-order temperature coefficients. In the temperature range from -60 to +100°C. higher-order temperature coefficients can be neglected. For a large number of AT-type resonators of various angles made from natural and several kinds of synthetic quartz, the temperature coefficients, and their variation with the angle have been determined. It is possible to modify the properties of synthetic quartz by introducing other elements during the growing process. An example is quartz grown in an alkaline solution containing germanium dioxide. Measurements have been made on AT-type resonators cut from such synthetic quartz. The third-order temperature coefficient for the AT-type resonator is found noticeably reduced; the frequency-temperature curves are flattened over a wider temperature range.
Cuestionar la autoridad (2001)

Guy Kawasaki busca constantemente ideas originales y ha construido su carrera profesional en torno a la innovacion. En este sentido ha creado Garage.com para poner en contacto prometedoras start-ups de alta tecnologia con inversores y ayudarlas con sus planes de empresa, estrategias de marketing y comunicacion. En esta entrevista reflexiona sobre la innovacion, los emprendedores y su entorno
Copper(I) Complexes of Normal and Abnormal Carbenes and Their Use as Catalysts for the Huisgen [3+2] Cycloaddition between Azides and Alkynes (2011)

Abstract Complexes of general formula [(NHC)Cu(μ‐I) 2 Cu(NHC)] (NHC = 1‐benzyl‐3‐butylbenzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene for 7 ; NHC = 1‐benzyl‐3‐isopropylbenzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene for 8 NHC = 1‐butyl‐3‐isopropylbenzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene for 9 ) and [( a NHC)CuI] { a NHC = 1‐benzyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1 H ‐1,2,3‐triazol‐3‐ium‐5‐ylidene for 10 ; 3‐methyl‐1‐[2‐(methylthio)phenyl]‐4‐phenyl‐1 H ‐1,2,3‐triazol‐3‐ium‐5‐ylidene for 11 } were synthesized from CuI and the corresponding azolium salts. All complexes were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods, and single‐crystal X‐ray structural analyses were performed for 7 and 11 . Complex 7 exhibits an iodido‐bridged dicopper(I) form in the solid state. The copper centers in 7 adopt a trigonal coordination. The intramolecular Cu–Cu distance is 2.896(2) Å. In contrast to 7 , 11 is mononuclear, and the copper center has a linear coordination. All the complexes were tested for their efficiency as catalysts in the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes. The benzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene‐containing complexes 7 – 9 as well as the triazol‐3‐ium‐5‐ylidene‐containing complexes 10 – 11 turned out to be highly efficient catalysts for the 1,3‐cycloaddition reaction, both under neat conditions and in water. Short reaction times as well as low catalyst loadings could be achieved, and all the manipulations were carried out under proper “click” conditions with simple product isolation and no purification steps. The efficiency of the catalysts seems to correlate well with the σ‐donor ability of the NHCs. Cycloaddition reaction with an internal alkyne was also achieved with these catalysts. Finally a bulky azide was used as a substrate to prepare compound 1‐(2,6‐dimesityl)phenyl‐4‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,3‐triazole ( 14 ) with the above mentioned copper catalysts. Such bulky azides are usually unreactive towards cycloaddition reactions with alkynes in the presence of the Cu II /ascorbate/tbta catalytic system.
Targeting the Bcl-2 family of proteins in Hodgkin lymphoma:<b><i>in vitro</i></b>cytotoxicity, target modulation and drug combination studies of the Bcl-2 homology 3 mimetic ABT-737 (2009)

With currently available treatment, patients with refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) or those who relapse multiple times have an extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, new agents and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-x have been associated with the growth and survival of Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells and are potential therapeutic targets. ABT-737 is a small molecule that inhibits the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators. In this study, we show the concentration-dependent and time-dependent cytotoxicity of ABT-737 against cell lines derived from patients with HL. A concurrent reduction in a number of intracellular cell growth and survival related molecules, such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, NF-kappaB and survivin was also seen. Drug combination studies using a panel of conventional and novel therapeutic agents show that ABT-737 potentiates the activity of agents that have inherent anti-lymphoma activity and provide support for the evaluation of ABT-737 in the clinical setting.
New non-geosynchronous orbits for communications satellites to off-load daily peaks in geostationary traffic (1987)

The potential for satellites in two orbits, the sun-synchronous 12-hour equatorial orbit (STET) and the apogee at constant time-of-day equatorial orbit (ACE), to off-load peaks in the CONUS geostationary communications traffic is discussed. These orbits are found to require maneuvers of smaller magnitudes for insertion than geostationary orbits. Advantages of the ACE orbit over the STET orbit are discussed, including larger satellite mass capability for a given launch vehicle, lower slant ranges, and larger angular separation from the geostationary arc for a nonequatorial ground observer.
Application of Catalytic Dynamic Resolution of <i>N</i>-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine to the Asymmetric Synthesis of 2-Aryl and 2-Vinyl Piperidines (2010)

The highly enantioselective synthesis of 2-aryl- and 2-vinyl-piperidines has been accomplished through a catalytic dynamic resolution (CDR) of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine. The method has been applied to the synthesis of both enantiomers of the tobacco alkaloid anabasine.
Potent Odorants of Raw Arabica Coffee. Their Changes during Roasting (2000)

Aroma extract dilution analysis of raw Arabica coffee revealed 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (I), 2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (II), ethyl 2-methylbutyrate (III), ethyl 3-methylbutyrate (IV), and 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine (V) as potent odorants. The highest odor activity value was found for I followed by II, IV, and V. It was concluded that I was responsible for the characteristic, peasy odor note of raw coffee. Twelve odorants occurring in raw coffee and (E)-beta-damascenone were also quantified after roasting. The concentration of I did not change, whereas methional, 3-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone, vanillin, (E)-beta-damascenone, and 4-vinyl- and 4-ethylguaiacol increased strongly during the roasting process.
Integration of item hierarchy and concept tree based on clustering approach with application in statistics learning (2010)

Abstract: Item hierarchy and concept tree provide references for cognition diagnosis and remedial instruction. Therefore, integration of data analysis on item hierarchy and concept tree should be important. The purpose of this study is to provide an integrated methodology of item hierarchy and concept tree analysis. Besides, fuzzy clustering is adopted to classify sample so that homogeneity appear in the same cluster and adaptive instruction will be more feasible. Polytomous item relational structure (PIRS) is the foundation of item hierarchy analysis. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) combined with calculation of ordering coefficient is to construct concept tree. Source data sets of PIRS and ISM are based on response data matrix and item-attribute matrix respectively. In this study, the empirical test data is the statistics assessment of university students. The results show that the integration of PIRS and ISM based on fuzzy clustering are useful for cognition diagnosis and adaptive instruction. Finally, further suggestions and recommendations based on findings are discussed. Key-Words: cognition diagnosis, concept tree, fuzzy clustering, ISM, item hierarchy, PIRS
Continuous-output terminal-shock-position sensor for mixed-compression inlets evaluated in wind tunnel tests of YF-12 aircraft inlet (1974)

An electronic sensor was built to measure the position of the terminal shock in a supersonic inlet. The sensor uses several static-pressure taps in the inlet wall. The sensor output is continuously proportional to shock position. When the sensor was installed in a YF-12 aircraft flight inlet during wind tunnel tests, it indicated shock position within + or - 5 percent of the total distance covered by the static-pressure-tap region. The maximum error caused by an angle of attack change of 4 deg was less than 25 percent. In the region of normal inlet operation, the angle of attack error is negligible. Frequency-response tests show the amplitude ratio is constant out to 60 Hz, and decreases to about 50 percent at 100 Hz, with a phase lag of 50 deg.
Early B-Cell Activation after West Nile Virus Infection Requires Alpha/Beta Interferon but Not Antigen Receptor Signaling (2008)

The B-cell response against West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic Flavivirus of global concern, is critical to controlling central nervous system dissemination and neurological sequelae, including death. Here, using a well-characterized mouse model of WNV infection, we examine the factors that govern early B-cell activation. Subcutaneous inoculation with a low dose of replicating WNV results in extensive B-cell activation in the draining lymph node (LN) within days of infection as judged by upregulation of the surface markers CD69, class II major histocompatibility complex, and CD86 on CD19(+) cells. B-cell activation in the LN but not the spleen was dependent on signals through the type I alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) receptor. Despite significant activation in the draining LN at day 3 after infection, WNV-specific B cells were not detected by immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunospot analysis until day 7. Liposome depletion experiments demonstrate that B-cell activation after WNV infection was not affected by the loss of F4/80(+) or CD169(+) subcapsular macrophages. Nonetheless, LN myeloid cells were essential for control of viral replication and survival from infection. Overall, our data suggest that the massive, early polyclonal B-cell activation occurring in the draining LN after WNV infection is immunoglobulin receptor and macrophage independent but requires sustained signals through the type I IFN-alpha/beta receptor.
Effects of itraconazole on cytochrome P-450-dependent sterol 14 alpha-demethylation and reduction of 3-ketosteroids in Cryptococcus neoformans (1993)

As in other pathogenic fungi, the major sterol synthesized by Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans is ergosterol. This yeast also shares with most pathogenic fungi a susceptibility of its cytochrome P-450-dependent ergosterol synthesis to nanomolar concentrations of itraconazole. Fifty percent inhibition of ergosterol synthesis was reached after 16 h of growth in the presence of 6.0 +/- 4.7 nM itraconazole, and complete inhibition was reached at approximately 100 nM itraconazole. This inhibition coincided with the accumulation of mainly eburicol and the 3-ketosteroid obtusifolione. The radioactivity incorporated from [14C]acetate in both compounds represents 64.2% +/- 12.9% of the radioactivity incorporated into the sterols plus squalene extracted from cells incubated in the presence of 10 nM itraconazole. The accumulation of obtusifolione as well as eburicol indicates that itraconazole inhibits not only the 14 alpha-demethylase but also (directly or indirectly) the NADPH-dependent 3-ketosteroid reductase, i.e., the enzyme catalyzing the last step in the demethylation at C-4. This latter inhibition obviates the synthesis of 4,4-demethylated 14 alpha-methylsterols that may function at least partly as surrogates of ergosterol. Eburicol and obtusifolione are unable to support cell growth, and the 3-ketosteroid has been shown to disturb membranes. The complete inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and the accumulation of the 4,4,14-trimethylsterol and of the 3-ketosteroid together with the absence of sterols, such as 14 alpha-methylfecosterol and lanosterol, which can partly fulfill some functions of ergosterol, are at the origin of the high activity of itraconazole against C. neoformans. Fifty percent inhibition of growth achieved after 16 h of incubation in the presence of 3.2 +/- 2.6 nM itraconazole.
Effect of Sintering Atmosphere on Interface Migration of Niobium‐Doped Strontium Titanate during Infiltration of Oxide Melts (1994)

The solid/liquid interface migration in Nb‐doped SrTiO 3 has been investigated. The specimen sintered in air shows no migration during oxide infiltration in air, whereas the specimen sintered in 5H 2 .95N 2 shows appreciable migration during similar infiltration. In the migrated layers of the specimen sintered in the reducing atmosphere and infiltrated in the oxidizing atmosphere, no cations of the infiltrants are detected by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. These results show that the change in defect concentration due to the atmosphere change can induce the interface migration as in the case of frequently observed migrations due to solute concentration change. The driving force for the migration is discussed in terms of the coherency strain energy in a thin diffusional oxidized layer of the receding grain.