gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Acid-Placement Model for Long Horizontal Wells in Carbonate Reservoirs (2007)

Abstract In several places around the world, notably the North Sea and the Middle East, carbonate reservoirs are being accessed with very long horizontal wells (2000 to 20,000 feet of reservoir section.) These wells are often acid stimulated to remove drilling fluid filter cakes and to overcome formation damage effects, or to create acid fractures or deep matrix stimulation to enhance productivity. Good acid coverage with a relatively small acid volume is required to economically obtain the desired broad reservoir access. We have developed a model to predict the placement of injected acid in a long horizontal well, and to predict the subsequent effect of the acid in creating wormholes, overcoming damage effects, and stimulating productivity. The model tracks the interface between the acid and the completion fluid in the wellbore, models transient flow in the reservoir during acid injection, considers frictional effects in the tubulars, and predicts the depth of penetration of acid as a function of the acid volume and injection rate at all locations along the completion. We have used this model to simulate treatments that are typical of those performed in the North Sea and in the Middle East. We present a hypothetical example of acid placement in a long horizontal section and an example of using the model to history match actual treatment data from a North Sea chalk well.
Focused-Laser-Enabled p–n Junctions in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors (2013)

With its electrical carrier type as well as carrier densities highly sensitive to light, graphene is potentially an ideal candidate for many optoelectronic applications. Beyond the direct light–graphene interactions, indirect effects arising from induced charge traps underneath the photoactive graphene arising from light–substrate interactions must be better understood and harnessed. Here, we study the local doping effect in graphene using focused-laser irradiation, which governs the trapping and ejecting behavior of the charge trap sites in the gate oxide. The local doping effect in graphene is manifested by large Dirac voltage shifts and/or double Dirac peaks from the electrical measurements and a strong photocurrent response due to the formation of a p–n–p junction in gate-dependent scanning photocurrent microscopy. The technique of focused-laser irradiation on a graphene device suggests a new method to control the charge-carrier type and carrier concentration in graphene in a nonintrusive manner as well as elucidate strong light–substrate interactions in the ultimate performance of graphene devices.
Vilsmeier Reaction of 3-Aminopropenamides: One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrimidin-4(3<i>H</i>)-ones (2011)

A facile one-pot synthesis of pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones was developed via reactions of a series of readily available 3-aminopropenamides with varied Vilsmeier reagents, and a mechanism involving sequential halogenation, formylation, and intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization is proposed.
The Use of a Fully Coupled Geomechanics-Reservoir Simulator to Evaluate the Feasibility of a Cavity Completion (2007)

Abstract Cavity completions have been widely used to increase productivity from non-conventional sources such as coalbed methane reservoirs and "heavy" oil from weakly consolidated formations. In the 1990s, the technique was applied to conventional wells where massive sand production was allowed with the objective of creating a cavity. The benefits expected from a cavity completion are four-fold: 1) increase in PI by reducing skin, 2) increase in effective wellbore radius 3) creation of an enhanced permeability (dilatant) zone near the wellbore, and 4) decrease in pressure drop near the wellbore to values below the critical threshold for sanding. Even though there are analytical tools available for predicting the initiation of sanding for simple well configurations, there are very few models that are capable of predicting cavity stability or cavity growth for general field applications. This paper introduces results from a fully-coupled geomechanical/reservoir simulator, GMRS®, which predicts cavity geometry evolution, sanding rates, cavity stability/instability, and production enhancement because of the creation of a cavity. In this study, GMRS® is used to investigate the feasibility of a cavity completion in a well located offshore West Africa. This well started producing moderate amounts of sand in 1993. GMRS® is history matched with historical production data prior to sand predictions, and is used to investigate cavity initiation and growth for the well. An axisymmetric model is used with the reservoir treated as a poroelastic-poroplastic material with hardening. Porous flow is modeled as a black-oil two phase (oil and water) flow model. For the well investigated, sensitivity studies with varying formation properties predict that sand production and cavity generation will be unstable.
Anterior Spinal Arthrodesis With Structural Cortical Allografts and Instrumentation for Spine Tumor Surgery (2004)

Anterior column reconstruction with structural cortical allografts proved to be a reliable technique in patients with spine tumors. Postoperative complications can often be successfully managed.
Genetically Determined Murine Models of Immunodeficiency (1987)

We have discussed more than 30 mutant genes known to cause abnormalities in the development and regulation of the immune system. The loci defined by these deleterious alleles have been assigned to 13 different autosomal chromosomes in addition to X and Y. It is important to note that these single genes do not act alone but function in concert with the background genome. Studies of these mutations on different inbred strain backgrounds are contributing important information on the influence of background modifying genes. The development of stocks of mice carrying multiple mutations on an inbred strain background enables the use of a well-characterized mutation to explore a less-well-understood genetic model. Investigators are urged to assure proper conditions for studies with immunological mutants by using the appropriate methods of animal husbandry. A detailed guide for maintaining immunologically compromised rodents has been prepared. These experiments performed by nature provide a valuable resource for investigating the immune system in normal and pathologic states. As the gene products of the loci defined by these mutations become known, the information obtained will provide additional insight into mechanisms underlying normal immune function as well as immunologic disease processes in man.
Trans-membrane transport of n-octadecane by Pseudomonas sp. DG17 (2013)

The trans-membrane transport of hydrocarbons is an important and complex aspect of the process of biodegradation of hydrocarbons by microorganisms. The mechanism of transport of (14)C n-octadecane by Pseudomonas sp. DG17, an alkane-degrading bacterium, was studied by the addition of ATP inhibitors and different substrate concentrations. When the concentration of n-octadecane was higher than 4.54 μmol/L, the transport of (14)C n-octadecane was driven by a facilitated passive mechanism following the intra/extra substrate concentration gradient. However, when the cells were grown with a low concentration of the substrate, the cellular accumulation of n-octadecane, an energy-dependent process, was dramatically decreased by the presence of ATP inhibitors, and n-octadecane accumulation continually increased against its concentration gradient. Furthermore, the presence of non-labeled alkanes blocked (14)C n-octadecane transport only in the induced cells, and the trans-membrane transport of n-octadecane was specific with an apparent dissociation constant K t of 11.27 μmol/L and V max of 0.96 μmol/min/mg protein. The results indicated that the trans-membrane transport of n-octadecane by Pseudomonas sp. DG17 was related to the substrate concentration and ATP.
Na<sup>+</sup>‐H<sup>+</sup> exchanger 3 (NHE3) is present in lipid rafts in the rabbit ileal brush border: a role for rafts in trafficking and rapid stimulation of NHE3 (2001)

1. Rabbit ileal Na+-absorbing cell Na+-H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) was shown to exist in three pools in the brush border (BB), including a population in lipid rafts. Approximately 50% of BB NHE3 was associated with Triton X-100-soluble fractions and the other approximately 50% with Triton X-100-insoluble fractions; approximately 33% of the detergent-insoluble NHE3 was present in cholesterol-enriched lipid microdomains (rafts). 2. The raft pool of NHE3 was involved in the stimulation of BB NHE3 activity with epidermal growth factor (EGF). Both EGF and clonidine treatments were associated with a rapid increase in the total amount of BB NHE3. This EGF- and clonidine-induced increase of BB NHE3 was associated with an increase in the raft pool of NHE3 and to a smaller extent with an increase in the total detergent-insoluble fraction, but there was no change in the detergent-soluble pool. In agreement with the rapid increase in the amount of NHE3 in the BB, EGF also caused a rapid stimulation of BB Na+-H+ exchange activity. 3. Disrupting rafts by removal of cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) or destabilizing the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D decreased the amount of NHE3 in early endosomes isolated by OptiPrep gradient fractionation. Specifically, NHE3 was shown to associate with endosomal vesicles immunoisolated by anti-EEA1 (early endosomal autoantigen 1) antibody-coated magnetic beads and the endosome-associated NHE3 was decreased by cytochalasin D and MbetaCD treatment. 4. We conclude that: (i) a pool of ileal BB NHE3 exists in lipid rafts; (ii) EGF and clonidine increase the amount of BB NHE3; (iii) lipid rafts and to a lesser extent, the cytoskeleton, but not the detergent-soluble NHE3 pool, are involved in the EGF- and clonidine-induced acute increase in amount of BB NHE3; (iv) lipid rafts and the actin cytoskeleton play important roles in the basal endocytosis of BB NHE3.
Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in hematologic malignancies: updates (2004)

This review focuses primarily on insights gained during recent years into the mechanism of the signaling pathways responsible for mediating glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in hematologic malignancies. This information provides a scientific basis to explore synergistic approaches that may enhance glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and may bypass mechanism of resistance.
Evaluation and fabrication of pore‐size‐tuned silica membranes with tetraethoxydimethyl disiloxane for gas separation (2010)

Abstract Organic/inorganic hybrid silica membranes were prepared from 1,1,3,3‐tetraethoxy‐1,3‐dimethyl disiloxane (TEDMDS) by the sol‐gel technique with firing at 300–550°C in N 2 . TEDMDS‐derived silica membranes showed high H 2 permeance (0.3–1.1 × 10 −6 mol m −2 s −1 Pa −1 ) with low H 2 /N 2 (∼10) and high H 2 /SF 6 (∼1200) perm‐selectivity, confirming successful tuning of micropore sizes larger than TEOS‐derived silica membranes. TEDMDS‐derived silica membranes prepared at 550°C in N 2 increased gas permeances as well as pore sizes after air exposure at 450°C. TEDMDS had an advantage in tuning pore size by the “template” and “spacer” techniques, due to the pyrolysis of methyl groups in air and SiOSi bonding, respectively. For pore size evaluation of microporous membranes, normalized Knudsen‐based permeance, which was proposed based on the gas translation model and verified with permeance of zeolite membranes, reveals that pore sizes of TEDMDS membranes were successfully tuned in the range of 0.6–1.0 nm. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Integration of InAs/AlSb/GaSb resonant interband tunneling diodes with heterostructure field-effect transistors for ultra high-speed digital circuit applications (2003)

Resonant tunnelling diode based logic circuits offer significant advantages for low power, ultra-high-speed applications. In this work, a low-power resonant interband tunneling diode (RITD)-based logic technology capable of operating at clock rates of at least 12 GHz is reported. The circuits are fabricated using InAs/AlSb/GaSb RITDs. Fanout of at least two at a clock rate of 10 GHz is also reported for two AND gates in a two-stage pipelined configuration. Simulation results for an RITD/HFET circuit based on measured characteristics of InAs/AlSb/GaSb RITDs and InAs-channel HFETs for a simple inverting Schmitt trigger are presented to demonstrate the advantages of an integrated RITD/HFET technology. This circuit architecture demonstrates proper operation with power supply voltages as low as 0.5 V. In addition, well defined logic levels and abrupt logic transitions are achieved, despite the limited transconductance and large output conductance typical of InAs-channel HFETs.
Direct identification and decongestion of Fermi resonances by control of pulse time ordering in two-dimensional IR spectroscopy (2007)

We show that it is possible to both directly measure and directly calculate Fermi resonance couplings in benzene. The measurement method used was a particular form of two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) known as doubly vibrationally enhanced four wave mixing. By using different pulse orderings, vibrational cross peaks could be measured either purely at the frequencies of the base vibrational states or split by the coupling energy. This capability is a feature currently unique to this particular form of 2D-IR and can be helpful in the decongestion of complex spectra. Five cross peaks of the ring breathing mode nu13 with a range of combination bands were observed spanning a region of 1500-4550 cm(-1). The coupling energy was measured for two dominant states of the nu13+nu16 Fermi resonance tetrad. Dephasing rates were measured in the time domain for nu13 and the two (nu13+nu16) Fermi resonance states. The electronic and mechanical vibrational anharmonic coefficients were calculated to second and third orders, respectively, giving information on relative intensities of the cross peaks and enabling the Fermi resonance states of the combination band nu13+nu16 at 3050-3100 cm(-1) to be calculated. The excellent agreement between calculated and measured spectral intensities and line shapes suggests that assignment of spectral features from ab initio calculations is both viable and practicable for this form of spectroscopy.
Plant-derived Foods for the Attenuation of Allergic Airway Inflammation (2014)

Asthma is an allergy-mediated inflammatory disease characterised by infiltration of the airway with mast cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The disease is induced by co-ordination of T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines and inflammatory signal molecules. Fruits and vegetables are a rich source of polyphenolic bioactive compounds, which have been observed to have health-promoting properties when consumed by humans. In particular, fruit-derived proanthocyanins and anthocyanins have been found to attenuate lung inflammation. Epidemiological studies have revealed correlations between fruit consumption and a lower prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lower incidence of non-specific lung diseases. In this review we summarise the current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanism(s) involved in the development of allergic airway disease. We also review evidence of the beneficial effects of plant-derived foods, their components and metabolites in allergic airway inflammation arising from in vitro and rodent studies, epidemiological studies and human intervention trials. The mechanism, biological relevance and functional benefits, such as immune modulation (e.g. reduction in cytokine and eotaxin production), antioxidant ability, tissue remodelling and tight junction function are also discussed.
Local characterization of hindered Brownian motion by using digital video microscopy and 3D particle tracking (2014)

In this article we present methods for measuring hindered Brownian motion in the confinement of complex 3D geometries using digital video microscopy. Here we discuss essential features of automated 3D particle tracking as well as diffusion data analysis. By introducing local mean squared displacement-vs-time curves, we are able to simultaneously measure the spatial dependence of diffusion coefficients, tracking accuracies and drift velocities. Such local measurements allow a more detailed and appropriate description of strongly heterogeneous systems as opposed to global measurements. Finite size effects of the tracking region on measuring mean squared displacements are also discussed. The use of these methods was crucial for the measurement of the diffusive behavior of spherical polystyrene particles (505 nm diameter) in a microfluidic chip. The particles explored an array of parallel channels with different cross sections as well as the bulk reservoirs. For this experiment we present the measurement of local tracking accuracies in all three axial directions as well as the diffusivity parallel to the channel axis while we observed no significant flow but purely Brownian motion. Finally, the presented algorithm is suitable also for tracking of fluorescently labeled particles and particles driven by an external force, e.g., electrokinetic or dielectrophoretic forces.
Classified vector quantizer technique for image coding employing the linear phase paraunitary <italic>M</italic>‐band filter bank (1996)

We propose an efficient classified vector quantizer (CVQ) technique employing the linear phase paraunitary (LPPU) M-band filter bank. Based on the asymptotic distortion of VQ, a coding gain, which includes the gain by the correlation in the vector as well as the energy compaction, is first derived. Then we design the LPPU four-band and eight-band filter banks, with various lengths, that maximize the coding gain. Among the designed LPPU filter banks, we select the LPPU four- band filter bank for the proposed CVQ technique, since we can signifi- cantly alleviate the complexity of CVQ and classify the input image more accurately with 434 blocks than with 838 blocks. However, the side information for the 434 blocks is four times that for the 838 blocks. In order to reduce the side information, we propose the quadtree method, which reduces the side information by about 50%. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique yields about 0.8- to 1.0-dB peak-SNR gain over that of the Joint Photographic Experts Group in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 bits per pixel. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Uptake of Lead and Cadmium by Maize Seedlings and the Effect of Heavy Metals on the Activity of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Isolated from Maize (1991)

Maize seeds and five-day-old maize seedlings were incubated in media containing Pb2+ at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg 1-1 and Cd2+ at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 mg 1-1. After five days of incubation, both heavy metals were determined by means of AAS following wet mineralisation of roots and shoots. The results obtained indicate that Pb2+ were transported to shoots from roots at a lower rate than Cd2+.Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) isolated from germinating maize seeds was inhibited to a comparable degree by solutions containing 0.001 mmol 1-1 Pb2+, 0.01 mmol 1-1 Cd2+, and 0.005 mmol 1-1 Cu2+. The enzyme was protected against this inhibition by the addition of mercaptoethanol, the substrate (PEP), or the cofactor (Mg2+). The inhibition increased during a 20 min incubation of the enzyme with salts of the metals. Mn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ ions could partially substitute for the metal cofactor Mg2+. Km values for these metal ions were as follows: for Mg2+ 0.07 mmol 1-1 in the range from 0 to 0.30 mmol 1-1 Mg2+; 0.71 mmol 1-1 for 0.30 to 2.50 mmol 1-1 Mg2+; for Mn2+ 0.36 mmol 1-1; for Ni2+ 0.34 mmol 1{-1}; and for Co2+ 0.20 mmol 1-1. The activity of the enzyme reached with Mn2+ 85 %, with Ni2+ 65 %, and with Co2+ 55 % of the activity recorded with Mg2+.
Understanding neural networks via rule extraction (1995)

Although backpropagation neural networks generally predict better than decision trees do for pattern classification problems, they are often regarded as black boxes, i.e., their predictions are not as interpretable as those of decision trees. This paper argues that this is because there has been no proper technique that enables us to do so. With an algorithm that can extract rules, by drawing parallels with those of decision trees, we show that the predictions of a network can be explained via rules extracted from it, thereby, the network can be understood. Experiments demonstrate that rules extracted from neural networks are comparable with those of decision trees in terms of predictive accuracy, number of rules and average number of conditions for a rule; they preserve high predictive accuracy of original networks.
A Comparison of Structure−Activity Relationships between Spermidine and Spermine Analogue Antineoplastics (1997)

A systematic investigation of the impact of spermidine analogues both in vitro and in vivo is described. The study characterizes the effects of these analogues on L1210 cell growth, polyamine pools, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, the maintenance of cellular charge, i.e., cationic equivalence associated with the polyamines and their analogues, and compares their ability to compete with spermidine for transport. The findings clearly demonstrate that the activity of the linear polyamine analogues is highly dependent on the length of the triamines and the size of the N(alpha),N(omega)-substituents. It appears that there is an optimum chain length for various activities and that the larger the N(alpha),N(omega)-alkyls, the less active the compound. Metabolic transformation including N-dealkylation of these compounds is also evaluated. While there is no monotonic relationship between chain length and the ability of the analogue to be metabolized, the dipropyl triamines are clearly more actively catabolized than the corresponding methyl and ethyl systems. A comparison of the triamines with the corresponding tetraamines is made throughout the text regarding both in vitro activity against L1210 cells and in vivo toxicity measurements, suggesting that several triamine analogues may offer therapeutic advantages over the corresponding tetraamines.
Model-Less Hybrid Position/Force Control: A Minimalist Approach for Continuum Manipulators in Unknown, Constrained Environments (2016)

Continuum manipulators are designed to operate in constrained environments that are often unknown or unsensed, relying on body compliance to conform to obstacles. The interaction mechanics between the compliant body and unknown environment present significant challenges for traditional robot control techniques based on modeling these interactions exactly. In this letter, we describe a hybrid position/force control method that uses a model-less approach. Model-less control is a recently-described approach to control that learns the continuum manipulator Jacobian and adapts to constraints in the environment in a safe manner. When interacting with the environment using the end-effector, these tip-constraints can affect the manipulator Jacobian estimates to become ill-conditioned. This letter addresses this issue by defining a hybrid control approach for simultaneously controlling end-effector position and forces while still maintaining the minimalist approach of model-less control. Under this method, continuum manipulators can safely and effectively interact with the environment, even when these interactions are arbitrary and unknown constraints.