gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential Routes and Mitigation Strategies for Contamination in Interfacial Specific Infrared Spectroelectrochemical Studies (2018)

Attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) is a powerful tool for probing the electrochemical interface; however, inconsistencies in reported spectroscopic observations persist. In this work, we identify potential sources of contamination in ATR-SEIRAS using CO as a probe molecule by varying the electrolyte purity, counter electrode (CE), and anolyte/catholyte separator. We show that only a linearly bound CO near 2050–2100 cm–1 is observed in clean experiments, whereas the use of low-purity electrolytes and Pt CEs leads to additional bands near 1800–1950 and 1920–2020 cm–1, respectively, which are commonly assigned to bridge-bonded CO in the previous literature. These observations highlight the extreme sensitivity of ATR-SEIRAS and the importance of avoiding contaminants which lead to additional spectroscopic features.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION‐RATE‐LIMITING STEPS IN CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION PROCESSES (1985)

Abstract Es wird die Produktion von β′‐Sialon (Si 3 Al 3 O 3 N 5 ) und nichtoxidischen Pulvern durch thermi‐ sche Reduktion an Kohlenstoff in Festbett‐Reaktoren untersucht.
Super-Resolution Imaging of Self-Assembled Nanocarriers Using Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis for Cluster Extraction (2020)

Self-assembled nanocarriers have inspired a range of applications for bioimaging, diagnostics, and drug delivery. The noninvasive visualization and characterization of these nanocarriers are important to understand their structure to function relationship. However, the quantitative visualization of nanocarriers in the sample's native environment remains challenging with the use of existing technologies. Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has the potential to provide both high-resolution visualization and quantitative analysis of nanocarriers in their native environment. However, nonspecific binding of fluorescent probes used in SMLM can introduce artifacts, which imposes challenges in the quantitative analysis of SMLM images. We showed the feasibility of using spectroscopic point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (sPAINT) to visualize self-assembled polymersomes (PS) with molecular specificity. Furthermore, we analyzed the unique spectral signatures of Nile Red (NR) molecules bound to the PS to reject artifacts from nonspecific NR bindings. We further developed quantitative spectroscopic analysis for cluster extraction (qSPACE) to increase the localization density by 4-fold compared to sPAINT; thus, reducing variations in PS size measurements to less than 5%. Finally, using qSPACE, we quantitatively imaged PS at various concentrations in aqueous solutions with ∼20 nm localization precision and 97% reduction in sample misidentification relative to conventional SMLM.
Energy Efficiency: The New Holy Grail of Data Management Systems Research (2009)

Energy costs are quickly rising in large-scale data centers and are soon projected to overtake the cost of hardware. As a result, data center operators have recently started turning into using more energy-friendly hardware. Despite the growing body of research in power management techniques, there has been little work to date on energy efficiency from a data management software perspective. In this paper, we argue that hardware-only approaches are only part of the solution, and that data management software will be key in optimizing for energy efficiency. We discuss the problems arising from growing energy use in data centers and the trends that point to an increasing set of opportunities for software-level optimizations. Using two simple experiments, we illustrate the potential of such optimizations, and, motivated by these examples, we discuss general approaches for reducing energy waste. Lastly, we point out existing places within database systems that are promising for energy-efficiency optimizations and urge the data management systems community to shift focus from performance-oriented research to energy-efficient computing.
The Effects of Digital Anesthesia on Force Control Using a Precision Grip (2003)

A total of 20 right-handed subjects were asked to perform a grasp-lift-and-hold task using a precision grip. The grasped object was a one-degree-of-freedom manipuladum consisting of a vertically mounted linear motor capable of generating resistive forces to simulate a range of object weights. In the initial study, seven subjects (6 women, 1 man; ages 24-56 yr) were first asked to lift and hold the object stationary for 4 s. The object presented a metal tab with two different surface textures and offered one of four resistive forces (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 N). The lifts were performed both with and without visual feedback. Next, the subjects were asked to perform the same grasping sequence again after ring block anesthesia of the thumb and index finger with mepivacaine. The objective was to determine the degree to which an internal model obtained through prior familiarity might compensate for the loss of cutaneous sensation. In agreement with previous studies, it was found that all subjects applied significantly greater grip force after digital anesthesia, and the coordination between grip and load forces was disrupted. It appears from these data, that the internal model alone is insufficient to completely compensate for the loss of cutaneous sensation. Moreover, the results suggest that the internal model must have either continuous tonic excitation from cutaneous receptors or at least frequent intermittent reiteration to function optimally. A subsequent study performed with 10 additional subjects (9 women, 1 man; ages 24-49 yr) indicated that with unimpaired cutaneous feedback, the grasping and lifting forces were applied together with negligible forces and torques in other directions. In contrast, after digital anesthesia, significant additional linear and torsional forces appeared, particularly in the horizontal and frontal planes. These torques were thought to arise partially from the application of excessive grip force and partially from a misalignment of the two grasping fingers. These torques were further increased by an imbalance in the pressure exerted by the two opposing fingers. Vision of the grasping hand did not significantly correct the finger misalignment after digital anesthesia. Taken together, these results suggest that mechanoreceptors in the fingertips signal the source and direction of pressure applied to the skin. The nervous system uses this information to adjust the fingers and direct the pinch forces optimally for grasping and object manipulation.
논문(論文) : 새로 공개된 겸재(謙齋) 정선(鄭敾)의 1742년작〈련강임술첩(漣江壬戌帖)〉 - 소동파(蘇東坡) 적벽부(赤壁賦)의 조선적 형상화 - (2013)

《연강임술첩(漣江壬戌帖)》은 겸재 정선이 양천현령시절 제작한 화첩이다. 영조 18년(1742) 10월 보름날, 임술년을 맞아 경기도관찰사 홍경보가 경기 동부지역을 순시 중에 삭녕 우화정으로 경기도 관내 최고의 시인 연천현감 신유한과 최고의 화가 양천현령 정선을 불러들여 연천의 웅연까지 뱃놀이를 즐겼고, 정선은 이 이벤트를 〈우화등선(羽化登船)〉과 〈웅연계람(熊淵繫纜)〉두 점으로 그렸다. 그림의 제목대로 삭녕 우화정에서 배를 타고 출발하는 장면과 웅연에 도착하여 닻을 내리는 장면을 각각 담은 것이다. 이 모임은 같은 임술년(1082)에 가졌던 북송대 문인 소동파(蘇東坡)의 일화에서 비롯되었다. 660년 전의 고사(故事)를 추모하여 재연한 행사였던 셈이다. 이를 밝힌 홍경보의 서문과 신유한의 글 ‘의적벽부(擬赤壁賦)’ 일부, 그리고 정선의 발문(跋文)을 합하여 꾸민 서화첩이 《연강임술첩》이다. 기존에 알려져 있던 화첩본 이외에 새로이 2011년 11월 필자가 참여한 동산방화랑 기획전에 또 다른 《연강임술첩》이 공개되었다. 정선이 화첩의 발문에 밝힌 대로 세 화첩 가운데 두 번째가 출현한 셈이다. 《연강임술첩》의 〈우화등선〉(도6)과 〈웅연계람〉(도7) 두 폭은 소동파 적벽부 관련 고사도이자 실경산수화이면서, 동시에 경기도관찰사의 선유 행사를 담은 기록화이다. 옆으로 긴 화면을 적절히 소화한 대가다운 구성방식을 보여준다. 고운 비단에 비교적 강한 먹을 쓰고 옅은 담채와 먹의 농담으로 늦가을의 정취가 살짝 감돌게 그렸다. 강변의 절벽과 암봉(岩峰)은 북종화풍인 농묵의 부벽준(斧劈埈)을, 먼 토산과 근경언덕은 피마준(披麻埈)과 태점(苔點)의 남종산수화풍을 구사했다. 남북종화풍을 조화시켜 임진강변의 풍광을 그렇게 담아낸 것이다. 겸재가통상 현장사생을 거의 하지 않았듯이, 아마 두 점도 관아에 돌아와 기억으로 이미지를 재구성했을 것으로 본다. 실경그림과 실경현장을 비교하기 난감할 정도로 이상화 시켜 놓았다. ‘의취(意趣)를 살리며 외형 닮기에 소홀히 했다’는 당대 문인 이하곤(李夏坤)의 지적을 실감케 하는 진경작품이다. 그리고 좌우로 긴 풍경에 행사장면과 그 주변 등장인물이나 경물들을 소홀히 다루지 않고, 기록화적 성격까지 적절히 살려놓은 명작이다.
Study of voice packet reconstruction methods applied to CELP speech coding (1992)

Four voice packet reconstruction methods used for speech coded by code excited linear prediction (CELP)-type speech coders are described. In the first method, the authors generalize the waveform substitution technique originally developed for the PCM coded speech to the CELP speech coding. In the second method, a priority level is assigned to each speech frame to protect against those perceptually important and hard-to-reconstruct speech frames being lost. The third and fourth methods both split the information bits in a frame into two groups of different levels of importance. In method three, the bits for representing the filter parameters are given high priority and bits for representing the excitation signals are given low priority. Method four is an embedded coding technique based on two-stage CELP. The four methods were tested in combination with a simulated voice activity and queuing model and their performance is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to the complement fixation antigen of Coccidioides immitis (1991)

Detection of complement-fixing antibody to coccidioidin by using the complement fixation test or an immunodiffusion assay for complement-fixing antibody (IDCF) is widely viewed as the most useful immunodiagnostic test for coccidioidomycosis. In this investigation, we report the production of an immunoglobulin G subclass 1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the IDCF antigen for use as a biospecific ligand for purifying the IDCF antigen on solid-phase immunosorbents and for use as a reagent for screening genomic or cDNA expression libraries from Coccidioides immitis. BALB/c mice were immunized by intramuscular injections of coccidioidin in adjuvant, followed by an intrasplenic booster injection of coccidioidin in saline. The spleen cells were fused with SP2/0 Ag14 myeloma cells, and the fusion products were screened for IgG antibody to coccidiodin by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive hybridomas were cloned and evaluated for reactivity to the IDCF antigen by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis and by immunoblotting. An IgG1 Mab was produced that was specific for the IDCF antigen when evaluated by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis and immunoblotting. The epitope recognized by the MAb was heat labile (60 degrees C, 30 min) and susceptible to enzymatic digestion with pronase but was resistant to treatment with lipase, alpha-mannosidase, glucose oxidase, and endoglycosidase H. This heat-labile peptide epitope appears to be specific to C. immitis, as judged by the fact that the MAb was not reactive in immunoblots or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of histoplasmin or blastomycin.
Reduction Characteristics of Ceria under Ethanol Steam Reforming Conditions: Effect of the Particle Size (2014)

Reducibility of ceria under steam reforming conditions and the effect of particle size on its reducibility was examined using two ceria samples with distinctly different mean particle sizes (3.5 nm versus 120 nm), but with similar polyhedral morphologies. The degree of reduction from Ce4+ to Ce3+ was characterized by temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) where the nanopolyhedra were observed to reduce much more readily compared to the larger particle-size sample. There was also significant reduction of the nanopolyhedra under ethanol steam reforming conditions. Ceria nanopolyhedra exhibited significantly more Ce3+ sites which contributed to a lower occurrence of surface acidic sites. The acidic/basic sites were probed by probe molecules such as pyridine and CO2 through in situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The particle size also showed major differences in the steam reforming activity of ceria, with nanopolyhedra with a 3.5-nm mean particle size exhibiting significantly higher carbon cleavage and ethanol dehydration activity than its counterpart of 120 nm mean particle size.
<i>Arabidopsis</i> polyamine biosynthesis: absence of ornithine decarboxylase and the mechanism of arginine decarboxylase activity (2001)

Unlike other eukaryotes, which can synthesize polyamines only from ornithine, plants possess an additional pathway from arginine. Occasionally non-enzymatic decarboxylation of ornithine could be detected in Arabidopsis extracts; however, we could not detect ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4. 1.1.17) enzymatic activity or any activity inhibitory to the ODC assay. There are no intact or degraded ODC sequences in the Arabidopsis genome and no ODC expressed sequence tags. Arabidopsis is therefore the only plant and one of only two eukaryotic organisms (the other being the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi) that have been demonstrated to lack ODC activity. As ODC is a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, Arabidopsis is reliant on the additional arginine decarboxylase (ADC; EC 4.1.1.9) pathway, found only in plants and some bacteria, to synthesize putrescine. By using site-directed mutants of the Arabidopsis ADC1 and heterologous expression in yeast, we show that ADC, like ODC, is a head-to-tail homodimer with two active sites acting in trans across the interface of the dimer. Amino acids K136 and C524 of Arabidopsis ADC1 are essential for activity and participate in separate active sites. Maximal activity of Arabidopsis ADC1 in yeast requires the presence of general protease genes, and it is likely that dimer formation precedes proteolytic processing of the ADC pre-protein monomer.
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a neglected therapeutic target (2013)

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. In patients with MI, the treatment of choice for reducing acute myocardial ischemic injury and limiting MI size is timely and effective myocardial reperfusion using either thombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). However, the process of reperfusion can itself induce cardiomyocyte death, known as myocardial reperfusion injury, for which there is still no effective therapy. A number of new therapeutic strategies currently under investigation for preventing myocardial reperfusion injury have the potential to improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute MI treated with PPCI.
Modeling and control of intelligent flexible structures (1994)

The research effort reported here summarizes the issues and discoveries of a three year effort to examine the modeling and control of intelligent structures for aerospace applications. Intelligent structures or smart structures or more appropriately, active structures are defined here in a narrow sense as structures with highly integrated sensors and actuators (piezoceramic elements in this case). The major control thrust is vibration suppression. The issues of interest are (a) is the complexity of a smart structure control system worth it, (b) how detailed must modeling be to produce effective results, and (c) does the choice of a control law make a significant difference on the response. The results show clearly that improved models and complex control strategies form the most effective combination. The results show three experimental examples which clearly indicate the usefulness and advantages of smart structures over conventional vibration suppression methodologies. In particular, active structures improve overall efficiency in cases involving both flexible and rigid body control. In addition, some tangent results on nonlinear control, control in the presence of uncertainties and control of thermoelastic systems are presented. Smart intelligent structure, Slewing, solar arrays, Antenna, Structural control, Nonlinear controller, Thermoelastic response, Critical speed control.
[Molecular immunology of Japanese cedar pollen allergens: analysis of T cell epitopes]. (1996)

Recent studies demonstrated that partial alteration of the amino acid sequence of T cell epitopes induced a stimulatory signal that was qualitatively different. Therefore, it is conceivable that immunotherapy using peptides representing dominant T cell epitopes could modulate the T cell response of allergic patients and prevent the production of IgE antibodies. Accordingly, a number of allergens have been molecularly cloned to determine their amino acid sequences. In Japan, the number of patients suffering from Japanese cedar pollinosis is steadily increasing and it has become a serious social problem. In this paper, we review the recent advances on T cell epitope mapping of Japanese cedar pollen, Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 and immunomodulating trials based on the mechanisms of T cell antigen-recognition.
Repositioning to prevent pressure sores — what is the evidence? (1998)

The prevention of pressure sores by frequent repositioning of patients is a widely accepted practice. In this article, the author questions whether this should be so and suggests that there may be more effective ways of relieving pressure damage.
Specific Signatures of the Gut Microbiota and Increased Levels of Butyrate in Children Treated with Fermented Cow's Milk Containing Heat-Killed Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 (2017)

We recently demonstrated that cow's milk fermented with the probiotic <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> CBA L74 (FM-CBAL74) reduces the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in young children attending school. This effect apparently derives from a complex regulation of non-immune and immune protective mechanisms. We investigated whether FM-CBAL74 could regulate gut microbiota composition and butyrate production. We randomly selected 20 healthy children (12 to 48 months) from the previous randomized controlled trial, before (t0) and after 3 months (t3) of dietary treatment with FM-CBAL74 (FM) or placebo (PL). Fecal microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and the fecal butyrate concentration was also measured. Microbial alpha and beta diversities were not significantly different between groups prior to treatment. FM-CBAL74 but not PL treatment increased the relative abundance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> Individual <i>Blautia</i>, <i>Roseburia</i>, and <i>Faecalibacterium</i> oligotypes were associated with FM-CBAL74 treatment and demonstrated correlative associations with immune biomarkers. Accordingly, PICRUSt analysis predicted an increase in the proportion of genes involved in butyrate production pathways, consistent with an increase in fecal butyrate observed only in the FM group. Dietary supplementation with FM-CBAL74 induces specific signatures in gut microbiota composition and stimulates butyrate production. These effects are associated with changes in innate and acquired immunity.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The use of a fermented milk product containing the heat-killed probiotic strain <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i> CBAL74 induces changes in the gut microbiota, promoting the development of butyrate producers. These changes in the gut microbiota composition correlate with increased levels of innate and acquired immunity biomarkers.
Mobile Voice Access in Social Networking Systems (2008)

This paper presents a multimodal social networking system aimed at sharing geographic information among proximate users. The system provides users with a traditional Web-based interface along with a voice-based interface that can be accessed over a mobile phone. We describe the main design features of the system, different aspects of its functionality, as well as a number of design challenges imposed by multimodality on a social networking system. This paper also presents the results of the end-user acceptance study conducted to assess the usability of the system.
Measurement of the relationship between perceived and computed color differences (2007)

Using simulated data sets, we have analyzed some mathematical properties of different statistical measurements that have been employed in previous literature to test the performance of different color-difference formulas. Specifically, the properties of the combined index PF/3 (performance factor obtained as average of three terms), widely employed in current literature, have been considered. A new index named standardized residual sum of squares (STRESS), employed in multidimensional scaling techniques, is recommended. The main difference between PF/3 and STRESS is that the latter is simpler and allows inferences on the statistical significance of two color-difference formulas with respect to a given set of visual data.
Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope (1994)

The "four principles plus scope" approach provides a simple, accessible, and culturally neutral approach to thinking about ethical issues in health care. The approach, developed in the United States, is based on four common, basic prima facie moral commitments--respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice--plus concern for their scope of application. It offers a common, basic moral analytical framework and a common, basic moral language. Although they do not provide ordered rules, these principles can help doctors and other health care workers to make decisions when reflecting on moral issues that arise at work.
New therapeutic targets revealed through investigations of innate immunity (2001)

Evidence demonstrates the utility of anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody therapy in septic shock and the potential value of targeting intracellular kinases to modulate harmful cellular responses during sepsis. The key element to each of these approaches is to blunt, but not eliminate, the dysregulated inflammatory response that may occur in sepsis.
Frequency-Modulation Distortion Caused by Multipath Transmission (1945)

When a frequency-modulated wave is received by more than one path, so that two or more of the voltages which are induced in the antenna have nearly the same amplitude, considerable distortion can result. Large objects, such as hills or high buildings, can reflect and absorb the waves and thus cause interference. Two interfering waves will be in phase part of the time and out of phase part of the time during modulation. This causes amplitude modulation on the resultant carrier, and a sharp irregularity in the instantaneous frequency, corresponding to each hole in the carrier caused by the interference. The distortion can often be greatly reduced by detuning the re ceiver or discriminator until the hole in the carrier coincides with the zero-balance point of the discriminator. Directional antennas are helpful when the signals from the desired station are not coming from the same direction. Formulas are derived for the modulated envelope and for the distortion. A Fourier-series analysis of the distorted audio output makes it possible to calculate the effects of de-emphasis networks and other audio selectivity.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF LaBa<sub>2−x</sub>Ca<sub>x</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (1987)

The samples with nominal composition LaBa 2−x Ca x Cu 3 O 7 (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) have been prepared by solid state reactions and studied by x-ray diffraction method and transmission electron microscopy. The substitution of Ba by Ca results in the decrease of the cell volume, increase of the structural orthorhombic distortion and appearance of the c/3 translation domain. Of the five samples studied only those with x=0, 1.0, and 1.5 are superconductors. The x=0 sample shows onset temperature 90 K, the zero resistance temperature 45 K and a weak diamagnetic effect. The x=1.5 sample shows zero resistance at 72 K and sustantial diamagnetic effect. The relation between the crystal structure and superconductivity is discussed.
A novel switched-capacitor AC-AC converter with a ratio of 1/4 (2014)

The paper proposes a novel AC-AC converter based on the Switched-Capacitor principle, which can achieve a ratio of 1/4. Its circuit topology and the conversion principle of the details are given in this paper. Based on the theoretical analysis, a simulation model was established to simulate the circuit topology. A switching frequency of 50 kHz 500W 220V/55V prototype converter has been designed to carry out the experiment. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the topology.