gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray: automating root-cause diagnosis of performance anomalies in production software (2012)

Troubleshooting the performance of production software is challenging. Most existing tools, such as profiling, tracing, and logging systems, reveal what events occurred during performance anomalies. However, users of such toolsmust infer why these events occurred; e.g., that their execution was due to a root cause such as a specific input request or configuration setting. Such inference often requires source code and detailed application knowledge that is beyond system administrators and end users.This paper introduces performance summarization, a technique for automatically diagnosing the root causes of performance problems. Performance summarization instruments binaries as applications execute. It first attributes performance costs to each basic block. It then uses dynamic information flow tracking to estimate the likelihood that a block was executed due to each potential root cause. Finally, it summarizes the overall cost of each potential root cause by summing the per-block cost multiplied by the cause-specific likelihood over all basic blocks. Performance summarization can also be performed differentially to explain performance differences between two similar activities. X-ray is a tool that implements performance summarization. Our results show that X-ray accurately diagnoses 17 performance issues in Apache, lighttpd, Postfix, and PostgreSQL, while adding 2.3% average runtime overhead.
Host dysosmia in SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021)

The respiratory condition COVID-19 arises in a human host upon the infection with SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus that was first acknowledged in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019 after its outbreak of viral pneumonia. The full-blown COVID-19 can lead, in susceptible individuals, to premature death because of the massive viral proliferation, hypoxia, misdirected host immunoresponse, microthrombosis, and drug toxicities. Alike other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has a neuroinvasive potential, which may be associated with early neurological symptoms. In the past, the nervous tissue of patients infected with other coronaviruses was shown to be heavily infiltrated. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 commonly report dysosmia, which has been related to the viral access in the olfactory bulb. However, this early symptom may reflect the nasal proliferation that should not be confused with the viral access in the central nervous system of the host, which can instead be allowed by means of other routes for spreading in most of the neuroanatomical districts. The dataset was used to write the hypothesis "Disentangling the Hypothesis of Host Dysosmia and SARS-CoV-2: The Bait Symptom That Hides Neglected Neurophysiological Routes", which was published by the Journal Frontiers in Physiology in 2020.
Designing Theory-Driven User-Centric Explainable AI (2019)

From healthcare to criminal justice, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly supporting high-consequence human decisions. This has spurred the field of explainable AI (XAI). This paper seeks to strengthen empirical application-specific investigations of XAI by exploring theoretical underpinnings of human decision making, drawing from the fields of philosophy and psychology. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework for building human-centered, decision-theory-driven XAI based on an extensive review across these fields. Drawing on this framework, we identify pathways along which human cognitive patterns drives needs for building XAI and how XAI can mitigate common cognitive biases. We then put this framework into practice by designing and implementing an explainable clinical diagnostic tool for intensive care phenotyping and conducting a co-design exercise with clinicians. Thereafter, we draw insights into how this framework bridges algorithm-generated explanations and human decision-making theories. Finally, we discuss implications for XAI design and development.
Building and searching an XML-based corporate memory (2000)

No matter who uses a corporate memory or how it is constructed, information search through that memory should be efficient and effective. In particular, it should adapt to the users' needs, activities, and work environments. For a document-based corporate memory distributed through the Web, which is our research area, these requirements raise two main questions: how will we describe the documents that will be part of this corporate memory? How can we improve their retrieval on the Web, particularly by taking advantage of knowledge models? To answer these questions, we have developed a strategy that applies the XML (Extensible Markup Language) metalanguage to knowledge management for an enterprise. In this case, an enterprise is an actual company or a virtual enterprise made of distributed organizations and teams of people who work together online. We have implemented this strategy in the Osirix (ontology-guided search for information retrieval in XML documents) system. Because Osirix performs search based on the semantics of the documents, it can find more relevant documents than classic search engines can.
Thermodynamics and Proton Transport in Nafion (2005)

A thermodynamic model is proposed to describe the sorption of water in Nafion based on the Flory-Huggins activity model and an appropriate osmotic pressure correction term for the chemical potential of water within the swollen membrane. The key variables for sorption are equivalent weight of ionomer, acid strength of the ionic groups, modulus of polymer elasticity, and interaction between water and polymer. The water uptake per unit mass of dry Nafion increases with the increasing acid strength of the functional groups, decreasing Young's modulus, and decreasing equivalent weight of Nafion. The model provides insights into the sorption and swelling behavior of ion-exchange membranes, and thus, may be useful in evaluating and designing alternate proton-exchange membranes for fuel cell applications. In a companion paper (Part II), a predictive model is presented for the transport of protons in Nafion. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Comparative pharmacologic study in vitro and in vivo with cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), cyclophosphamide metabolites, and plain nitrogen mustard compounds. (1976)

This paper deals with the problem of the relative selectivity of the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide (CP). CP and its metabolites are pharmacologically characterized by determining their chemical and biological activities in vitro and their pharmacotherapeutic properties in vivo. Of particular importance is the specificity of the cytotoxic activity (cytostatic units/mumol) in vitro and the margin of safety (therapeutic index) in vivo. The pharmacologic data reveal: a. Of the various metabolites of CP only 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, the primary activation product, exerts a highly specific cytotoxic activity in vitro and has a wide margin of safety in vivo. b. The decisive step in toxication is the formation of the alkylating N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid after acrolein has been split off.
Determination of anions in boiler blow-down water with ion chromatography (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of anions in boiler blow-down water with ion chromatographyTimothy S. Stevens, Virgil T. Turkelson, and William R. AlbeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1977, 49, 8, 1176–1178Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50016a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50016a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views145Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Attendees Preference Modelling for an International Art Festival Based on Show Attendances (2012)

Falassi (1997) regards festivals as a time of celebration. Can festivalsbe considered catalysts for experiencinglocal art and culture or do they serve to promote an internationalised version of culture? This paper explores therole of arts festivals on local cultural consumption through festival attendees’ preferences to particular styles ofcultural performances. Using data from the 2009 Hong Kong Arts Festival the paper seeks to identify the factorsunderlining attendee preferences. Findings show that there is a demand for a balance of local and internationalcultural experiences. This result highlights the dual role of major festivals of both bringing the best ofinternational art to local residents while also showcasing the traditional and contemporary culture of the region.
Unsupervised dimensionality estimation and manifold learning in high-dimensional spaces by tensor voting (2005)

We address dimensionality estimation and nonlinear manifold inference starting from point inputs in high dimensional spaces using tensor voting. The proposed method operates locally in neighborhoods and does not involve any global computations. It is based on information propagation among neighboring points implemented as a voting process. Unlike other local approaches for manifold learning, the quantity propagated from one point to another is not a scalar, but is in the form of a tensor that provides considerably richer information. The accumulation of votes at each point provides a reliable estimate of local dimensionality, as well as of the orientation of a potential manifold going through the point. Reliable dimensionality estimation at the point level is a major advantage over competing methods. Moreover, the absence of global operations allows us to process significantly larger datasets. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a variety of challenging datasets.
Effects of Sublethal Exposure to Boric Acid Sugar Bait on Adult Survival, Host-Seeking, Bloodfeeding Behavior, and Reproduction of Stegomyia albopicta (2006)

Effects of sublethal exposure to 0.1% boric acid sugar bait on adult survival, host-seeking, bloodfeeding behavior, and reproduction of Stegomyia albopicta were studied in the laboratory. Survival of males as well as females was significantly reduced when exposed to the bait, compared to control adults. The host-seeking and bloodfeeding activities in the baited females decreased, but the mean duration of blood engorgement (probing to voluntary withdrawal of proboscis) was not significantly different between the baited and control females. The landing and biting rates (human forearm) were significantly reduced in the baited females compared to nonbaited controls. Fecundity and fertility (based on number of laid eggs per female and percentage egg hatch, respectively) in the baited females were significantly reduced, and ovarian development was retarded. Sublethal exposure to sugar-based boric acid bait has the potential to reduce adult populations of St. albopicta.
Microfabricated System for Parallel Single-Cell Capillary Electrophoresis (2004)

Performing single-cell electrophoresis separations using multiple parallel microchannels offers the possibility of both increasing throughput and eliminating cross-contamination between different separations. The instrumentation for such a system requires spatial and temporal control of both single-cell selection and lysis. To address these problems, a compact platform is presented for single-cell capillary electrophoresis in parallel microchannels that combines optical tweezers for cell selection and electromechanical lysis. Calcein-labeled acute myloid leukemia (AML) cells were selected from an on-chip reservoir and transported by optical tweezers to one of four parallel microfluidic channels. Each channel entrance was manufactured by F2-laser ablation to form a 20- to 10-microm tapered lysis reservoir, creating an injector geometry effective in confining the cellular contents during mechanical shearing of the cell at the 10-microm capillary entrance. The contents of individual cells were simultaneously injected into parallel channels resulting in electrophoretic separation as recorded by laser-induced fluorescence of the labeled cellular contents.
Detection of the Acoustic Stapedius Reflex in Infants Using Wideband Energy Reflectance and Admittance (2005)

This study examined the measurement of the contralateral acoustic stapedius reflex in six-week-old infants and adults using wideband shifts in admittance and energy reflectance (YR). The reflex activator was bandpass noise from 2,500 to 11,000 Hz presented at a maximum spectrum level of 51 dB SPL measured in the ear canal. Reflexes were detected by calculating a cross-correlation between one-twelfth-octave measurements of YR for the highest activator level and responses to lower levels. The reflex-induced shifts in YR for the infant ears were similar in pattern to adult responses but were noisy at frequencies below 1000 Hz. Infant reflexes were more successfully detected when the cross-correlation was calculated from 1000 to 8000 Hz, whereas adult reflexes were more successfully detected for a cross-correlation from 250 to 2000 Hz. This method may be useful in capturing the most robust frequency region for acoustic reflex detection across postnatal middle ear development.
Computer Calculation of Large-Signal GaAs FET Amplifier Characteristics (1985)

A simple and efficient method of GaAs FET amplifier analysis is presented. The FET is represented by its circuit-type nonlinear dynamic model taking into account the device's main nonlinear effects including gate-drain voltage breakdown. An identification procedure for extraction of the model parameters is described in detail and examples are given. The calculation of the amplifier response to a single-input harmonic signal is performed using the piecewise harmonic balance technique. As this technique is rather time-consuming in its original form, the optimization routine used to solve the network equations was replaced by the Newton-Raphson algorithm. Characteristics calculated with the use of the proposed method are compared with experimental data taken for a microwave amplifier using a 2SK273 GaAs FET unit. Good agreement at 9.5 GHz over wide ranges of bias voltage and input power levels are observed.
Ancestry informative marker sets for determining continental origin and admixture proportions in common populations in America (2008)

To provide a resource for assessing continental ancestry in a wide variety of genetic studies, we identified, validated, and characterized a set of 128 ancestry informative markers (AIMs). The markers were chosen for informativeness, genome-wide distribution, and genotype reproducibility on two platforms (TaqMan assays and Illumina arrays). We analyzed genotyping data from 825 subjects with diverse ancestry, including European, East Asian, Amerindian, African, South Asian, Mexican, and Puerto Rican. A comprehensive set of 128 AIMs and subsets as small as 24 AIMs are shown to be useful tools for ascertaining the origin of subjects from particular continents, and to correct for population stratification in admixed population sample sets. Our findings provide general guidelines for the application of specific AIM subsets as a resource for wide application. We conclude that investigators can use TaqMan assays for the selected AIMs as a simple and cost efficient tool to control for differences in continental ancestry when conducting association studies in ethnically diverse populations.
Broadband near-field filters for Simultaneous Transmit and Receive in a small two-dimensional array (2014)

In order to enable Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR), it is essential to provide high isolation between antenna elements. A novel technique is presented here in which tunable resonators are used in the near-field of an array of antennas to provide transmission zeros in the coupling between antennas. By using two sets of tunable resonators between each set of adjacent antennas, it is possible to significantly increase the bandwidth of the isolation provided relative to previous topologies used to give isolation between planar antennas.
Luminescence in Silicon-Doped GaAs Grown by Liquid-Phase Epitaxy (1968)

The radiative processes in closely compensated GaAs doped with Si (p-type) and Si+Te (n-type) have been studied by photoluminescence between 300° and 77°K. These materials were grown by liquid-phase epitaxy. The results strongly suggest that Si introduces two acceptor levels in GaAs with ionization energies of approximately 30 meV and ∼100 meV. In the n-type material containing Si and Te only the radiative transition involving the deeper acceptor is observed (hvp∼1.44 eV at 77°K). In moderately Si-doped, p-type material (∼1018 cm−3 range), transitions involving both levels are observed. The apparent ionization energy of the deeper level moves to higher energies with increasing Si concentration while the shallow acceptor band appears to merge with the valence band. In the p-type material, the electron transitions are assumed to originate at deep states (&gt;40 meV) in the ``tail'' of states below the conduction band introduced by the high Si donor concentration. An intense broad emission band centered in the range 1.26 to 1.23 eV at 77°K is observed in some p-type specimens. This band is attributed to an acceptor level 230±20 meV above the valence band. It is tentatively suggested that it involves an As vacancy or As vacancy complex.
Alkyl Abstraction from a Trialkylyttrium Complex [YR<sub>3</sub>(thf)<sub>2</sub>] (R = CH<sub>2</sub>SiMe<sub>3</sub>) Using a Group‐13 Element Lewis Acid ER<sub>3</sub> (E = B, Al, Ga, In) – Structural Characterisation of the Ion Pair [YR<sub>2</sub>(thf)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup>[GaR<sub>4</sub>]<sup>–</sup> and of ER<sub>3</sub> (E = B, Al, Ga) (2007)

Abstract The alkyl abstraction reaction of [YR 3 (thf) 2 ] (R = CH 2 SiMe 3 ) with group‐13 trialkyl complexes [(ER 3 ) n ] (E = B, Ga, In: n = 1; E = Al: n = 2) forming cationic yttrium species [YR 2 (thf) 4 ] + [ER 4 ] – (E = Al, Ga, In) shows a strong dependence on the Lewis acidic metal centre E and on the solvent basicity. Whilst the boron compound does not react with [YR 3 (thf) 2 ], the heavier homologues form the ion pairs [YR 2 (thf) 4 ] + [ER 4 ] – (E = Al, Ga, In) which dissociate to give the neutral compounds in apolar solvents such as benzene. Single‐crystal structure analysis of the gallate [YR 2 (thf) 4 ] + [GaR 4 ] – shows the presence of an ion pair with cis ‐arranged alkyl ligands in the octahedral yttrium cation and a tetrahedral gallate anion. Group‐13 trialkyl compounds [(ER 3 ) n ] (E = B, Al, Ga), all liquids at room temperature, and [Li(12‐crown‐4) 2 ] + [AlR 4 ] – were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Interaction of Tubulin with Neurofilaments: Formation of Networks by Neurofilament-Dependent Tubulin Polymerization (1982)

Interaction between porcine brain tubulin and neurofilaments was investigated with reference to network formation in vitro. When a mixture of tubulin and neurofilaments was incubated at 33--34 degrees C, its low-shear viscosity measured with a falling ball viscometer, was far above the sum of viscosities of the separate components and gelation was observed upon increasing the concentrations of both tubulin and neurofilaments above a certain level. Gelation that required Mg2+ and GTP was inhibited by Ca2+,Ca2+-calmodulin or ATP. Antimitotic drugs suppressed gelation at substoichiometric concentrations and cold treatment destroyed the formed gel, which indicated that gelation occurred in conjunction with tubulin polymerization. Assaying by centrifugation revealed that the amount of tubulin co-sedimented with neurofilaments was evidently larger in the presence of neurofilaments than in their absence. Furthermore, electron micrographs showed that a large number of microtubules which were shorter than usual were formed in the presence of neurofilaments. Interestingly, measurements with an Ostwald-type viscometer demonstrated that neurofilaments elevated the viscosity of the tubulin solution in a concentration-dependent fashion. In other words, neurofilaments had the ability to stimulate polymerization of tubulin. We conclude that polymerization of tubulin with neurofilaments produces three-dimensional networks in vitro.
P300 Measures and Drive-Related Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020)

Detecting signs for an increased level of risk during driving are critical for the effective prevention of road traffic accidents. The current study searched for literature through major databases such as PubMed, EBSCO, IEEE, and ScienceDirect. A total of 14 articles that measured P300 components in relation to driving tasks were included for a systematic review and meta-analysis. The risk factors investigated in the reviewed articles were summarized in five categories, including reduced attention, distraction, alcohol, challenging situations on the road, and negative emotion. A meta-analysis was conducted at both behavioral and neural levels. Behavioral performance was measured by the reaction time and driving performance, while the neural response was measured by P300 amplitude and latency. A significant increase in reaction time was identified when drivers were exposed to the risk factors. In addition, the significant effects of a reduced P300 amplitude and prolonged P300 latency indicated a reduced capacity for cognitive information processing. There was a tendency of driving performance decrement in relation to the risk factors, however, the effect was non-significant due to considerable variations and heterogeneity across the included studies. The results led to the conclusion that the P300 amplitude and latency are reliable indicators and predictors of the increased risk in driving. Future applications of the P300-based brain–computer interface (BCI) system may make considerable contributions toward preventing road traffic accidents.
Evaluation of Succinimides by LTD Engine Test (1971)

Three succinimides having different amino groups were evaluated by CRC-LTD engine test. The succinimide which has more basic nitrogens shows better test results. Test results were obtained in the following order, with succinimide-A giving the best results;succinimide-A>succinimide-B>succinimide-C.These results are consistent with the mechanism of additive action previously proposed by the author.
Automatic migration of files into relational databases (1999)

In order to provide database-like features for files, particularly for searching in Web data, one solution is to migrate file data into a relational database. Having stored the data, the capabilities of SQL can be used for querying, provided, the data has been given some structure. To this end, an adapter must be implemented that converts data from files into the database. This paper proposes a specification-based automation for this procedure: Given some descriptive specification of file contents, those file adapters are generated. An adequate specification language provides powerful concepts to describe the contents of files. In contrast to similar work, directory structures are taken into account because they often contain useful semantics.