gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Persistence of Lung CD8 T Cell Oligoclonal Expansions upon Smoking Cessation in a Mouse Model of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema (2008)

The role of adaptive immunity in the development or progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains undefined. Recently, the presence of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells has been demonstrated in COPD patients. In addition, oligoclonal expansions of lung T cells have been observed in COPD patients, but the overlapping incidence of infections, tumors, and cigarette smoke exposure obscures the antigenic stimulus. We analyzed the TCR Vbeta repertoire of CD4 and CD8 T cells purified from the lungs and spleens of mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. In a mouse model of COPD, we demonstrate that chronic cigarette smoke exposure causes oligoclonal expansions of T cells isolated from the lungs, but not spleens. TCR Vbeta repertoire analyses revealed oligoclonal expansions predominantly occurred in lung CD8 T cells, with preferential usage of Vbeta7, Vbeta9, Vbeta13, and Vbeta14. Using nucleotide sequence analysis based on Jbeta analyses, we demonstrate selection of CDR3 amino acid motifs, which strongly suggests Ag-driven oligoclonal T cell expansion. Analysis of the lung TCR Vbeta repertoire of mice with cigarette smoke-induced emphysema, which had undergone smoking cessation for 6 mo, revealed that oligoclonal expansions persisted. This study formally demonstrates that chronic cigarette smoke exposure, alone, causes a persistent adaptive T cell immune response. These findings have important implications for therapeutic approaches in the treatment of COPD, and provide insight into potential mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis.
Reinforcing Silicas and Silicates (1976)

Abstract Since the first intensive literature review on silicas and silicates was published, significant new technology for their use in rubber has developed. Usage in the rubber industry has broadened considerably, and increases in their consumption have occurred during the ensuing fifteen years. From the “soles and heels” fillers of the 1950's, the usage of precipitated silicas and silicates since has gained significantly in quality components of tires and mechanical goods. Potential applications in the immediate future are no longer limited by the “good, but second to carbon black” performance that has prevailed for the past twenty-five years. Besides the traditional unique properties of tear resistance, hardness, stiffness, flex resistance, heat resistance, low modulus, and neutral color imparted to rubber by silicas and silicates, it is now possible to add adhesion, low heat buildup, high resilience, high modulus, and high abrasion resistance. This is part of the new technology which has developed that provides an alternative type of filler to meet the demanding needs of tire components, conveyor belts, automotive mounts, gaskets and seals, and other quality rubber compounds previously inaccessible to silicas. The present review covers the period 1960–1975. Because of the volume of available literature, it became necessary to be quite selective, in a way perhaps that may seem arbitrary. Nevertheless, coverage will be confined largely to that relevant to more general rubber uses. Silicone rubber technology was not covered because of its highly specialized and generally proprietary nature. The definitions used in the previous review were expanded somewhat. Silicas and silicates (henceforth, “silicas”) germane to this review were generally restricted to those which are synthetic and amorphous. However, the size limitations were relaxed somewhat to include those having a specific surface area greater than 25 m 2 /g or an average particle diameter less than 100 nm. Natural products ( e.g. , clays, diatomaceous earth, sand, etc.), as well as their modified forms, were excluded.
Acquisition of spread spectrum signals by an adaptive array (1989)

Discrete-time processing techniques are discussed for the acquisition of direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals by an antenna array. Both constant data and random data modulation of the code are considered. The maximum-likelihood (ML) procedures for estimating the received code lag are described, assuming an unknown channel and interference signal of either known or unknown covariance. Analytic and simulation results for performance of the optimum estimators are presented. Simulation results for the ML data estimators are shown to be close to analytical predictions of bit error rate (BER) performance. The ML procedure for data demodulation is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Migration and sedimentation of spherical particles in a yield stress fluid flowing in a horizontal cylindrical pipe (2009)

Abstract This study looks at the dynamics of a particle suspended in a viscoplastic fluid, flowing in a horizontal circular cylindrical pipe. Inertia effects are negligible in comparison with viscous effects and plastic effects. The suspensions are highly stabilized and at rest the spheres cannot settle under gravity alone. The results of Merkak et al. ( AIChE J . 2008;54:1129–1138) are extended, taking into consideration both particles of the same density or denser than the fluid and pipe‐to‐particle diameter ratios of 8 or 56. New migration phenomena in the sheared zone are thus evidenced when buoyancy forces are nil. In the case of particles denser than the fluid, it is shown how the spheres settle by bypassing the plug‐flow zone. A map showing the stability of flowing suspensions could, thus, be drawn. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Solvent effect on carboxymethylation of cellulose (1993)

Solvent Effect on Carboxymethylation of CelluloseThe mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol is the ideal solvent for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) .lThe effect of the proportion of isopropyl alcohol to water in the solvent on the degree of substitution and viscosity of the CMC product has been reported.'However, no reports that studied the mechanism of such a n effect have been found.This work used the X-diffraction method to determine various crystalline structures of cellulose caused by different compositions of the solvent.The relationship between the composition of the solvent and the degree of substitution, viscosity, and molecular weight of CMC is correlated quantitatively by us.
Put: language-based interactive manipulation of objects (1996)

Our approach to scene generation capitalizes the expressive power of natural language by separating its aptness in specifying spatial relations from the difficulties of understanding text. We are implementing an object-placement system called Put that uses a combination of linguistic commands and direct manipulation. The system is language-based, meaning that its design and structure are guided by natural language. Our approach (inspired by research in cognitive linguistics) is to analyze the natural use of spatial relations, define a well-understood class of fundamental relationships, and gradually build a coherent and natural spatial-manipulation system. Just a few simple spatial relationships, such as in, on, and at, parameterized by a limited number of environmental variables can provide comfortable object manipulation. These natural commands can be used to quickly prototype a complex scene and constrain object placement. We believe that we have an extensible, predictable, and computationally feasible environment for object manipulation. We have focused first on spatial relationships because they are fundamental to many conceptual domains beyond object placement, including motion and time. These particular domains are very important to areas of computer graphics such as animation. Uses of spatial relationships in these areas can be quite complex. We briefly introduce the complexities of understanding spatial relations and summarize related work. Then we describe the core of the Put placement system, followed by its linguistic, procedural, and interactive interfaces. We conclude by discussing future enhancements to the system.
AC losses of HTS power transmission cables using Bi-2223 tapes with twisted filaments (2001)

TEPCO and Furukawa have been developing compact 66 kV HTS power cables that can fit into 150 mm ducts. To realize these compact and highly efficient cables, decreasing AC losses in the cables is important. An effective method for reducing the AC losses is to suppress the electromagnetic coupling between layers and between filaments: equalizing the impedance of each layer suppresses the electromagnetic coupling between layers; and using twisted filaments in Bi-2223 tape suppresses the electromagnetic coupling between filaments. An HTS conductor was fabricated using Ag-Mg sheathed tapes that had twisted filaments, and the AC losses in the conductor were measured. The AC losses were lower than that of nontwisted filamentary conductors. Furthermore, the AC losses in an HTS cable were measured at temperatures ranging from 67 K to 77 K, using a device that can cool liquid nitrogen to less than 77 K. As a result of twisting the filaments in the tape and uniform current distribution for the conductor, the AC losses were reduced to the lowest levels ever achieved.
In vitro mineralization of functional polymers (2015)

This review covers studies in which simulated body fluid (SBF) has been used either to evaluate in vitro the bone bonding ability of a material or to produce a biomimetic coat on a material surface. The review focuses on materials with grafted functional polymer chains and functional polymer substrates. It is restricted to the phosphate, phosphonate, carboxylate and sulfonate functional groups as these mimic the anionic groups which are found on biological molecules implicated in mammalian bone mineralization. In this regard, the review covers articles from 1990 to mid-2015.
Cubic-HfN Formation in Hf-Based High-k Gate Dielectrics with N Incorporation and Its Impact on Electrical Properties of Films (2005)

We examined the effect of the annealing conditions on cubic-HfN (c-HfN) segregation in N-incorporated hafnium aluminate (HfAlON). Low-temperature activation (850°C, 30 min) leads to the inhibition of c-HfN segregation in HfAlON, which occurs at 1000°C for 30 s. This results in a reduced leakage current of the film in the 850°C annealing. k values of HfAlON ( k ∼22) higher than those of hafnium aluminate are confirmed, through the polarization enhancement by Hf-N bonds without a long-range order of c-HfN. We also checked c-HfN segregation in N-incorporated HfO 2 (HfON) and N-incorporated hafnium silicate (HfSiON), by changing the annealing conditions. HfON causes the segregation of Hf 2 NO 2 and c-HfN at the 1065°C spike, whereas HfSiON maintains a homogeneous structure. We also found that, in the case of an excessive annealing of 1050°C for 30 min, HfSiON decomposes to HfO 2 /c-HfN. We think that the phase separation is thermodynamically favorable in N-incorporated Hf-based dielectrics at this temperature, however, HfSiON is fully sustainable under practical activation conditions for conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor logic devices.
The complete amino acid sequence of bovine cathepsin S and a partial sequence of bovine cathepsin L (1991)

The complete amino acid sequence of bovine spleen cathepsin S has been determined. The single-chain protein contains 217 residues and has a Mr of 23,682. The primary structure was determined by sequencing of native protein and the peptides obtained by proteolytic cleavage with beta-trypsin, papaya proteinase IV and by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Comparison of the amino terminal sequences of the heavy and the light chain of bovine cathepsin L with that of bovine cathepsin S clearly indicates that the enzymes are structurally different.
Biodegradable Polymer Based Particulate Carrier(s) for the Delivery of Proteins and Peptides (2008)

Construction of safe and effective delivery systems for proteins and peptides is demand of current clinical practices. Biodegradable polymers based particulates carriers fulfill much of the requirement in this applicable field. Number of marketed products related to biodegradable polymers encapsulating proteins is increasing. However, it has not achieved its proper place since problems related to the protein processing and stabilization limits the scientific community. In this present review we have summarized various aspects related to the formulation and processing of biodegradable polymerized microparticles/ nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic proteins and peptides. A brief introduction of biodegradable polymers has been incorporated for readers benefit. In addition, biodegradable polymers based carriers designed for vaccine delivery has been incorporated in detail. Functionalized biodegradable carrier(s) for site specific delivery of proteineous matter has also been discussed. Keywords: Biodegradable polymers, protein, peptide, vaccine, microparticles, nanoparticles, lectins, poloxamer, PEGylation
Metal reduction of di- and trisubstituted styrylbenzenes: formation of the highly charged tetra- and hexaanions (1999)

The highly charged tetraanion of the unsubstituted p-bistyrylbenzene (1) and the hexaanion of 1,3,5-tristyrylbenzene (4) were generated and studied in vacuo at low temperatures. The various reduction steps were followed by UV and several NMR techniques. Extensive folding resulting from quinoid forms, determined to exist in the dianion of p-bistyrylbenzene, 1 2−, are absent in the highly charged tetraanion 1 4−. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A murine nephritogenic monoclonal anti‐DNA autoantibody binds directly to mouse laminin, the major non‐collagenous protein component of the glomerular basement membrane (1989)

The interaction of the murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibody H241 with extracellular glomerular antigens was found to be due to the binding of this antibody to laminin, the major non-collagenous protein constituent of the glomerular basement membrane. This interaction is specific, since it is inhibited by laminin, double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA in solution. Furthermore, the binding of H241 to mouse laminin is mediated by conformational properties of the antigen because mild denaturation of laminin strongly decreases the binding capacity of H241, while exposure of laminin to sodium dodecyl sulfate, completely abolishes this interaction. H241 is able to bind to both, human and mouse laminin. These findings are in agreement with the ligand binding specificities of the autoantibodies spontaneously produced, that differ from those generated by artificial immunization. We conclude that the polyreactivity of H241 that confers to it the capacity to bind laminin, may account for its ability to form immune deposits by binding directly to non-DNA glomerular antigens.
Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (2005)

Noninvasive ventilation reduces the need for intubation and mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Although the level of evidence is higher for CPAP, there are no significant differences in clinical outcomes when comparing CPAP vs NIPSV.
Crystal Structure of Bee-Venom Phospholipase A <sub>2</sub> : Correction (1991)

We would like to call attention to some errors in our report "Crystal structure of bee-venom phospholipase A 2 in a complex with a transition-state analogue" (14 Dec., p. 1563). 1) The legend to figure 2B should have read '. . . bee-venom PLA 2 (blue) superimposed upon that of the uninhibited form of the bovine pancreative PL 2 (red)." 2) The sequence used to interpret the structure of the bee-venom phospholipase 2 and cited in figure 2A is in error and differs from that inferred from the published cDNA sequence as follows. Leu should have been Glu at position 20, Arg should have been Lys at positions 47 and 72, Thr should have been His at position 56, Ala should have been Asp at position 92, and Arg should have been Thr at position 57. Lys was typographically omitted at position 124. Re-refinement of the structure with the corrected sequence neither alters the backbone conformation nor affects the disposition of surface residues 20, 47, 72, and 92. Thr57 replaces Arg57 in forming the hydrogen bond with the nonbridged oxygen of the inhibitor's sn -3 phosphate, and His56 replaces Thr56 at the opening of the hydrophobic channel. These changes do not alter our conclusions or those of its companion papers on phospholipase 2 . Corrected stereopairs (figures 3 and 4) are available from the authors on request, and the revised coordinates have been deposited in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank.
Membrane topology of the ArsB protein, the membrane subunit of an anion-translocating ATPase. (1992)

The ars operon of the conjugative R-factor R773 encodes an oxyanion pump that catalyzes extrusion of arsenicals from cells of Escherichia coli. The oxyanion translocation ATPase is composed of two polypeptides, the catalytic ArsA protein and the intrinsic membrane protein, ArsB. The topology of regions of the ArsB protein in the inner membrane was determined using a variety of gene fusions. Random gene fusions with lacZ and phoA were generated using transposon mutagenesis. A series of gene fusions with blaM were constructed in vitro using a beta-lactamase fusion vector. To localize individual segments of the ArsB protein, a ternary fusion method was developed, where portions of the arsB gene were inserted in-frame between the coding regions for two heterologous proteins, in this case a portion of a newly identified arsD gene and the blaM sequence encoding the mature beta-lactamase. The location of a periplasmic loop was determined from V8 protease digestion of an ArsA-ArsB chimera. From analysis of data from 26 fusions, a topological model of the ArsB protein with 12 membrane-spanning regions is proposed.
Improving chemical plant safety training using virtual reality (2002)

The chemical engineering industry often requires people to work in hazardous environments and to operate complicated equipment which often limits the type of training that be carried out on site. The daily job of chemical plant operators is becoming more demanding due to the increasing plant complexity together with increasing requirements on plant safety, production capacity, product quality and cost effectiveness. The importance of designing systems and environments that are as safe as possible to educate and train personnel is vital for the chemical process industries. Virtual reality offers the potential to expose personnel to hazardous situations in a safe, highly visual and interactive manner.\n\nVirtual reality has been proposed as a technological breakthrough that holds the power to facilitate learning. The ability to visualise complex and dynamic systems involving personnel, equipment and layouts during any real operation is a potential advantage of such an approach. Virtual reality and multimedia training is commonly used in many industries, aiding understanding and memory retention and creating a more interactive learning experience.\n\nFour desktop virtual reality training environments were developed for this research which highlighted issues related to chemical process dynamic simulation and plant safety. The pump training system is a virtual reality environment, which was built using the SAFE-VR virtual engine, to train personnel to operate two centrifugal pumps. The virtual hazard spotting exercise focuses on improving the users' safety awareness of electrical and occupational hygiene hazards. The virtual boiler plant is a complicated and high detailed virtual training environment, which is characterised by its flexibility and by a real time dynamic simulation of the steam generation chemical process. The virtual flooding and gas absorption experiment was based on an undergraduate laboratory experiment for the Chemical Engineering degree course at the University of Nottingham, focusing primarily on training and safety issues of students using the equipment. The dynamic features of the virtual absorption column simulation give high level of realism in the virtual environment.
Two-photon calcium imaging of evoked activity from L5 somatosensory neurons in vivo (2011)

Multiphoton imaging (MPI) is widely used for recording activity simultaneously from many neurons in superficial cortical layers in vivo. We combined regenerative amplification multiphoton microscopy (RAMM) with genetically encoded calcium indicators to extend MPI of neuronal population activity into layer 5 (L5) of adult mouse somatosensory cortex. We found that this approach could be used to record and quantify spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in populations of L5 neuronal somata located as much as 800 μm below the pia. In addition, we found that RAMM could be used to simultaneously image activity from large (80) populations of apical dendrites and follow these dendrites down to their somata of origin.
Following Trendsetters: Collective Decisions in Online Social Networks (2012)

The convenience of sharing information online led to a tremendous amount of information available to Web users. The present work examines how people process information in online social networks, using Digg as an example. In Digg, users submit and vote for news stories they like, and the collective decisions of the users determine which news stories become prominent. How do Digg users scan the sea of submissions for stories they like? The results from the statistical analyses and computer simulations of Digg users' voting behavior reveal that users filter out stories using the choices of trendsetters, rather than using the majority decisions. Stories that trendsetters like attract many followers and gain vast popularity.
Cellular interactions and the role of interleukin 2 in the expression and induction of immunity against a syngeneic murine sarcoma. (1987)

We have previously demonstrated that following the adoptive transfer of immune cells, the regression of established pulmonary metastases from a weakly immunogenic sarcoma, MCA 105, required the collaboration of two T cell subsets. In this study, we found that the critical role played by L3T4+ immune cells was to provide a helper function since tumor regression proceeded in the absence of L3T4+ immune cells if exogenous interleukin 2 (IL-2) was administered. To extend these observations, we analyzed the events leading to the induction and generation of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ immune T cells after immunization of mice with viable tumor cells admixed with Corynebacterium parvum. The basic protocol involved immunization, surgical excision of the immunization site on day 7, and challenge with viable tumor cells on day 21. The ability of mice to reject tumor challenge provided a means to evaluate the occurrence of a systemic antitumor immunity. With the use of this experimental protocol, we have found that depletion of T cell subsets in vivo with either L3T4 or Lyt-2 monoclonal antibodies after active immunization abrogated the development of antitumor immunity. Mice immunized and depleted of L3T4+ but not Lyt-2+ T cells were able to reject tumor challenge if exogenous IL-2 was given for 7 days. However, the rejection of tumor challenge required 3 days of additional exogenous IL-2 administration. These results indicate that the induction of Lyt-2+ immune T cells depended on the helper function of L3T4+ T cells via the secretion of IL-2. In the absence of L3T4+ immune lymphocytes, the expression of antitumor immunity by Lyt-2+ immune cells could be facilitated by in vivo administration of exogenous IL-2. The induction of L3T4+ immune T cells, on the other hand, occurred independently of the Lyt-2+ T cell response because the transfer of spleen cells from Lyt-2+ cell-depleted, immunized animals was able to restore antitumor reactivity in L3T4+ cell-depleted, immunized mice. These results demonstrate the intricate cellular interactions leading to the induction as well as the expression of antitumor immunity.