gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Pressure-Coordinated Control for Vehicle Electro-Hydraulic Braking Systems (2018)

The characteristics of electro-hydraulic braking systems have a direct influence on the fuel consumption, emissions, brake safety, and ride comfort of hybrid electric vehicles. In order to realize efficient energy recovery for ensuring braking safety and considering that the existing electro-hydraulic braking pressure control systems have control complexity disadvantages and functional limitations, this study considers the front and rear dual-motor-driven hybrid electric vehicle as the prototype and based on antilock brake system (ABS) hardware, proposes a new braking pressure coordinated control system with electro-hydraulic braking function and developed a corresponding control strategy in order to realize efficient energy recovery and ensure braking safety, while considering the disadvantages of control complexity and functional limitations of existing electro-hydraulic system. The system satisfies the pressure coordinated control requirements of conventional braking, regenerative braking, and ABS braking. The vehicle dynamics model based on braking control strategy and pressure coordinated control system is established, and thereafter, the performance simulation of the vehicle-based pressure coordinated control system under typical braking conditions is carried out to validate the performance of the proposed system and control strategy. The simulation results show that the braking energy recovery rates under three different conditions—variable braking intensity, constant braking intensity and integrated braking model—are 66%, 55% and 47%. The battery state of charge (SOC) recovery rates are 0.37%, 0.31% and 0.36%. This proves that the motor can recover the reduced energy of the vehicle during braking and provide an appropriate braking force. It realizes the ABS control function and has good dynamic response and braking pressure control accuracy. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the program which lays the foundation for further design and optimization of the new regenerative braking system.
NMR spectroscopy of dental materials. II. The role of tartaric acid in glass–ionomer cements (1982)

Abstract D(+) tartaric acid is incorporated into glass–ionomer cements to control the setting properties. 13 C NMR spectroscopy of the fluid cement pastes have shown that tartaric acid reacts more readily than the polyacid with the glass, and hence suppresses the premature gelation of the cement. As the cements set, the pH rises from ca. 1.25 to ca. 3 when tartaric acid is fully complexed. As the polyacid reacts the pH rises further to ca. 5.
Building large-scale Bayesian networks (2000)

Bayesian networks (BNs) model problems that involve uncertainty. A BN is a directed graph, whose nodes are the uncertain variables and whose edges are the causal or influential links between the variables. Associated with each node is a set of conditional probability functions that model the uncertain relationship between the node and its parents. The benefits of using BNs to model uncertain domains are well known, especially since the recent breakthroughs in algorithms and tools to implement them. However, there have been serious problems for practitioners trying to use BNs to solve realistic problems. This is because, although the tools make it possible to execute large-scale BNs efficiently, there have been no guidelines on building BNs. Specifically, practitioners face two significant barriers. The first barrier is that of specifying the graph structure such that it is a sensible model of the types of reasoning being applied. The second barrier is that of eliciting the conditional probability values. In this paper we concentrate on this first problem. Our solution is based on the notion of generally applicable “building blocks”, called idioms , which serve solution patterns. These can then in turn be combined into larger BNs, using simple combination rules and by exploiting recent ideas on modular and object oriented BNs (OOBNs). This approach, which has been implemented in a BN tool, can be applied in many problem domains. We use examples to illustrate how it has been applied to build large-scale BNs for predicting software safety. In the paper we review related research from the knowledge and software engineering literature. This provides some context to the work and supports our argument that BN knowledge engineers require the same types of processes, methods and strategies enjoyed by systems and software engineers if they are to succeed in producing timely, quality and cost-effective BN decision support solutions.
Super resolution image reconstruction using total variation regularization and learning-based method (2010)

Super resolution is not only a key word in active research but also has become a sale point for the recent consumer product such as HDTV. Among a lot of proposals for super resolution image reconstruction, the total variation regularization (TV) method seems to be the most successful approach with sharp edge preservation and no artifacts. The TV regularization method still has two problems. One is the computational time and the other is the texture interpolation. In this paper, we propose a system which offers solutions to these problems. In our system, the number of TV regularization processes is reduced compared with the conventional method, and the learning-based method is introduced instead of the texture interpolation. The experimental result shows that our approach realizes a super resolution image reconstruction with high performance and short computational time.
α<sub>1</sub>-Acid Glycoprotein in the Neonate with and without Infection (1983)

In a study of early neonatal infection, 278 babies had a blood culture and an alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) determination. There were significant differences between the mean (+/- SEM) levels of alpha 1-AGP in infants who were noninfected (26 +/- 1.3 mg/dl, n = 244), infected (81 +/- 11 mg/dl, n = 12) and proved to have sepsis (66 +/- 10 mg/dl, n = 22). In the 'noninfected' group, alpha 1-AGP levels increased with postnatal age. Increasing levels were seen on the 1st day with both increasing gestational age (15-34 mg/dl from less than 30 to greater than or equal to 38 weeks) and birth weight (17-42 mg/dl from less than 1,000 to greater than or equal to 4,000 g), irrespective of the infant's sex. Among the sepsis group, infants who died had lower levels than those who survived (19 mg/dl vs. 90 mg/dl).
Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines (2000)

Pressure is a crucial component of the cellular environment, and can lead to pathology if it varies beyond its normal range. The increased intra-ocular pressures in acute glaucoma are associated with the loss of neurons by apoptosis. Little is known regarding the interaction between pressure and apoptosis at the level of the cell. The model developed in this study examines the effects of elevated ambient hydrostatic pressure directly upon cultured neuronal lines. Conditions were selected to be within physiological limits: 100 mmHg over and above atmospheric pressure for a period of 2 hr, as seen clinically in acute glaucoma. This system can be used to investigate pressure relatively independently of other variables. Neuronal cell line cultures (B35 and PC12) were subjected to pressure conditions in specially designed pressure chambers. Controls were treated identically, except for the application of pressure, and positive controls were treated with a known apoptotic stimulus. Apoptosis was detected by cell morphology changes and by 2 specific apoptotic markers: TUNEL (Terminal transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling) and Annexin V. These fluorescent markers were detected and quantified by automated Laser Scanning Cytometry. All techniques showed that increased pressure was associated with a greater level of apoptosis compared to equivalent controls. Our results suggest that pressure alone may act as a stimulus for apoptosis in neuronal cell cultures. This raises the possibility of a more direct relationship at the cellular level between pressure and neuronal loss.
Fourth Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium. Development of a dedicated atomic-absorption spectrometer for the determination of elements that form volatile hydrides (1977)

J. R. S. Broughton and C. W. Fuller, Proc. Anal. Div. Chem. Soc., 1977, 14, 112 DOI: 10.1039/AD9771400112
<title>Synthesis of ultrafine ceramic powders by means of CO2 laser in a flow reactor</title> (1990)

High purity, ultrafine Si, SiC and Si N4 powders have been produced from gas phase reactants (SiH, hydrocarbons, NH3) in a C2 laser induced process. Optical on-line diagnostics have been performed to investigate the reaction mechanism in the gas phase. Final product chemical analysis has been employed to check the formation of stoichiometric compounds. Morphologic and crystallographic characterizations of the powders have been performed in order to establish their phase composition, their micro-structure and to understand the growth mechanism which is mostly affected by laser power and residence time.
Effect of Aluminum Sulfate in the Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte on Anodic Polarization (1956)

Anode polarization measurements have been made over a wide range of concentration of the electrolyte. For each concentration of acid, the coating ratio (weight of coating divided by weight of aluminum reacting) was also determined. Aluminum sulfate dissolved in the electrolyte decreased the polarization value, but was only about 1/5 as effective as free . The presence of aluminum sulfate in the electrolyte had little effect on the coating ratio. Additions of oxalic, glycolic, and tartaric acids had only a small effect on the polarization, but increased the coating ratio and decreased the rate of solution of the oxide coating in the electrolyte in which the coating was formed.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Diagnostics (2007)

Spinal muscular atrophy is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron gene (SMN), which exists in 2 nearly identical copies (SMN1 and SMN2). Exon 7 of SMN1 is homozygously absent in about 95% of spinal muscular atrophy patients, whereas the loss of SMN2 does not cause spinal muscular atrophy. Small mutations are found in the other 5% of affected patients, and these mutations cluster in the 3' end of SMN1, a region important for protein oligomerization. SMN1 dosage testing can be used to determine the SMN1 copy number and to detect spinal muscular atrophy carriers and affected compound heterozygotes. Dosage testing is compromised by the presence of 2 SMN1 copies per chromosome, which occurs in about 2% of carriers. Finally, although SMN2 produces less full-length transcript than SMN1, the number of SMN2 copies modulates the phenotype.
Analysis of Observer and Cultural Variability while Generating "Preferred" Color Reproductions of Pictorial Images (2005)

The goal of color reproduction is generally to maximize the accuracy between an original scene or image and a reproduction. The focus of this paper is to better understand color preference reproduction where the original image is the cognitive representation of the reproduced image rather than a physical original. In order to quantify the degree of accuracy when measuring cognition, the implementation of psychophysical techniques is required. This paper outlines two psychophysical experiments, a ranked-order design utilizing hard-copy reproduction, and the method of adjustments utilizing soft-copy reproduction. Both experiments depend on the application of five independent colorimetric adjustment dimensions to manipulate a set of scenic images so that observers could generate their preferred version of the given image. Sources of preference variability such as observers' cultural background, image content, and inter- and intra-observer variability were evaluated from the observations made in the experiments. The experiments yielded that inter-observer variability is approximately twice the magnitude of intra-observer variability. When analyzing the data set for image content variability, images that contained people (faces) were routinely less variable than images without people (faces). Furthermore, despite the fact that preference variability due to observers' cultural background was found to be statistically significant, it was also demonstrated not to be visually significant. Finally, variability in preference due to image content and differences among observers were visually more significant than the variability due to cultural background. In order to demonstrate the amount of variability experienced in these experiments, comparison image sets were generated and simulated sets are included in the analysis in this article.
A simplified tree bait for the mountain pine beetle (1993)

Seven, split-block experiments throughout British Columbia in 1989 tested the efficacy of binary tree baits containing the pheromones trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin or ternary baits with the addition of the host tree kairomone myrcene for containing and concentrating infestations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins, in stands of lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm. Attack densities on baited trees, attack frequencies of baited trees and trees within 10 m of the baited trees, and the ratios of newly attacked, green, trees to previously attacked, red, trees were generally statistically equal between sub-blocks containing binary or ternary baits. Where statistically significant differences occurred for one or more of the above criteria in one experiment, they were generally offset by statistically significant differences in the opposite direction in another experiment. Two individual-tree experiments in 1990 that supported the equality of binary and ternary baits indicated that raising the release rate of trans-verbenol in binary baits tended to reduce their efficacy (possibly because of contamination with the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone) and showed that increasing the release rate of exo-brevicomin tended to counteract this effect. When attack frequencies were subdivided by diameter class of available trees attacked, all baits were effective in inducing attack on available trees <30.0 cm diameter at breast height (1.3 m), but attack on baited and control trees ≥30 cm diameter at breast height was equal. Provided that the trans-verbenol in binary baits does not contain or autoxidize to verbenone, myrcene can be deleted from operational tree baits.
Component Fusion: Learning Replaceable Language Model Component for End-to-end Speech Recognition System (2019)

Recently, attention-based end-to-end automatic speech recognition system (ASR) has shown promising results. One of the limitations of an attention-based ASR system is that its language model (LM) component has to be implicitly learned from transcribed speech data which prevents one from uti-lizing plenty of text corpora to improve language modeling. In this work, the Component Fusion method is proposed to incorporate externally trained neural network (NN) LM into an attention-based ASR system. During training stage we equip the attention-based system with an additional LM component which is replaced by an externally trained NN LM at decoding stage. Experimental results show that the proposed Component Fusion outperforms two prior LM fusion approaches, i.e., Shallow Fusion and Cold Fusion, in both out-of-domain and in-domain scenarios. Further improvements can be achieved when combining Component and Shallow Fusion.
Study of azo dye surface command photoalignment material for photonics applications (2010)

We provide detailed quantitative characterization of sulfonic bisazodye SD1 as a photoalignment material for photonics applications. The reversibility of photoalignment was tested for transformations between planar and 90 degrees twist orientation states in a liquid crystal (LC) cell using polarized UV light. No degradation was observed for 100 cycles of transformations. A given twist angle of the LC orientation was obtained in a single step, as well as in a sequence of gradually increasing angles. A hysteresis is revealed in the latter case for planar-twist-planar cycles. The material was used for obtaining patterned orientation of a LC polymer providing similarly good quality photoalignment for UV as well as visible light. High efficiency large area and high spatial frequency optical axis gratings (or, polarization gratings) were demonstrated on a polycarbonate substrate. We show the opportunity of obtaining photoalignment in a multilayer system with single exposure to a polarized light. Finally, we provide evidence of a positive feedback in the dynamics of photoalignment due to the orientational effect of an increasing number of aligned molecules.
T-bet as a possible therapeutic target in autoimmune disease (2002)

The prominent role of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by T helper-1 (T(H1)) cells in regulating autoimmune responses in vitro and in vivo has been demonstrated. Recent observations of T cell polarisation by regulatory transcription factors--especially T-bet (T-box expressed in T cells)--raise the question of their influence in controlling autoimmune diseases. Here, the authors summarise recent observations of the role of T-bet in controlling chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and discuss the implications of these findings for future therapeutic approaches.
The homocamptothecin BN 80915 is a highly potent orally active topoisomerase I poison (2001)

BN 80915, a lead compound of the homocamptothecin (hCPT) family, has entered clinical trials. BN 80915 is a difluoro-hCPT where the six-membered alpha-hydroxylactone ring of camptothecin (CPT) is replaced by a seven-membered beta-hydroxylactone ring. Preclinical data reported here show that in spite of the modification to the crucial E-ring of CPTs, BN 80915 retains topoisomerase I poisoning activity as shown in living HT29 cells as well as in cell-free assays, where BN 80915 always performs better than SN-38 or TPT. In antiproliferative assays BN 80915 is also very potent as evidenced by IC50s values consistently lower than those of SN38 in sensitive cell lines as well as in their related multidrug-resistant lines overexpressing P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance-associated protein. Furthermore, in human plasma, in contrast to CPT analogs, the hydrolysis of BN 80915 is slow, leading to improved plasma stability, and irreversible, thus avoiding toxicity related to the accumulation of active principle during excretion in the urinary tract. These findings may account for the good in vivo efficacy observed in PC3 xenograft experiments where BN 80915 administered orally at very low doses doubled the tumor growth delay in comparison to CPT-11 administered i.p. Altogether, these results strongly support further development of BN 80915.
Technical and economic assessment on radio relay systems in the local and distribution Italian networks (1993)

Presents a technical and economic assessment on digital radio relay systems (DRRSs) for the Italian local and distribution network. The authors summarize the evolution trends for the Italian local and distribution network, outlining the modification of network structure to understand the possible application field of DRRSs. They deal with the role of the DRRSs for the introduction of SDH systems and architectures in the loop. Finally, they show the main results of an economic comparison between DRRSs and optical technology in local and distribution network for the case of ring topology and point-to-point solutions.
VUEMS: a virtual urban environment modeling system (2002)

The Praxitele project is responsible for the design of a new kind of transportation in an urban environment, which consists of a fleet of electric public cars. The realization of such a project requires experimentations with the behaviour of autonomous vehicles in the urban environment. It was necessary to design a virtual urban environment in which simulations could be done. Reproducing the real traffic of a city as completely as possible, implies the simulation of autonomous entities like living beings. Such entities are able to perceive their environment, to communicate with other creatures and to execute some actions either on themselves or on their environment. Interactions between an object and its environment are, most of the time, very simple: sensors and actuators are reduced to minimal capabilities which permit them only to avoid obstacles in a 2D or 3D world. This is due to the fact that databases for virtual environments are often confined to the geometric level, when they must also contain physical, topological and semantic information. Accordingly, we propose a model which is designed to connect different levels of representation, by assembling geometric, topological and semantic data in the field of traffic simulation, and its implementation in VUEMS, a Modelling System of Urban Road Network. From real world data (when available), we construct a model of the virtual urban environment, integrating all the information needed to describe the realistic behaviour of car drivers and pedestrians.
Flow analyses in the lower airways: Patient-specific model and boundary conditions (2007)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is increasingly applied in the respiratory domain. The ability to simulate the flow through a bifurcating tubular system has increased the insight into the internal flow dynamics and the particular characteristics of respiratory flows such as secondary motions and inertial effects. The next step in the evolution is to apply the technique to patient-specific cases, in order to provide more information about pathological airways. This study presents a patient-specific approach where both the geometry and the boundary conditions (BC) are based on individual imaging methods using computed tomography (CT). The internal flow distribution of a 73-year-old female suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is assessed. The validation is performed through the comparison of lung ventilation with gamma scintigraphy. The results show that in order to obtain agreement within the accuracy limits of the gamma scintigraphy scan, both the patient-specific geometry and the BC (driving pressure) play a crucial role. A minimal invasive test (CT scan) supplied enough information to perform an accurate CFD analysis. In the end it was possible to capture the pathological features of the respiratory system using the imaging and computational fluid dynamics techniques. This brings the introduction of this new technique in the clinical practice one step closer.
On Scaling and Accelerating Decentralized Private Blockchains (2017)

The increasing popularity of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies has made scalability a primary and urgent concern. Compared with the completely open, uncontrolled public blockchain system, private blockchain can provide better access control management. This paper proposes an architecture for distributed private blockchain. At the same time, we propose three strategies to improve the scalability of private blockchain: optimization of block construction, block size and time control optimization, and transaction security mechanism optimization. This system also redesigns the format of the trading, block structure and the way how system constructs blocks, makes it more suitable for the requirements of the private blockchain. From experiment results, we show that our system achieves better performance and scalability without compromising security guarantees.