gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Generation of Optimal Code for Arithmetic Expressions (1970)

The problem of evaluating arithmetic expressions on a machine with N ≥ 1 general purpose registers is considered. It is initially assumed that no algebraic laws apply to the operators and operands in the expression. An algorithm for evaluation of expressions under this assumption is proposed, and it is shown to take the shortest possible number of instructions. It is then assumed that certain operators are commutative or both commutative and associative. In this case a procedure is given for finding an expression equivalent to a given one and having the shortest possible evaluation sequence. It is then shown that the algorithms presented here also minimize the number of storage references in the evaluation.
Direct transformation of cubic diamond to hexagonal diamond (2002)

For a long time, hexagonal diamond has been formed only by static and shock wave compression of well-crystallized graphites. Here, we demonstrate that cubic diamond loses its structure stability and transforms to hexagonal diamond in massive. This transformation has been completed in nanoseconds under a shock wave compression of cubic diamond, in which the shock pressure and temperature are only tens of giga pascal and hundreds of kelvin, thermodynamically being within the stability of cubic diamond. The formation of hexagonal diamond is interpreted as a direct transition (solid to solid) of cubic diamond by a kinetic mechanism due to the shear stress and enhanced temperature induced by the rapid shock wave compression.
First-Principles Based Kinetic Simulations of Acetic Acid Temperature Programmed Reaction on Pd(111) (2001)

A first-principles based stochastic kinetic algorithm is developed and used to monitor the molecular transformations associated with the decomposition acetic acid on Pd(111). Ab initio quantum chemical studies were used to calculate the adsorption energies and key activation barriers. These results are used to modify a bond order conservation approach that subsequently provides the activation barriers for additional steps and for coverage effects internal to the simulation. The simulation of acetic acid temperature-programmed desorption appears to represent experiments satisfactorily, especially considering the first-principles foundation of the approach. With initial adsorption at 100 K, acetic acid desorption occurs at 190 and 260 K in the absence of oxygen, without acetic acid decomposition. In the presence of 0.05 ML of preadsorbed oxygen, acetic acid desorbs in three peaks at 190, 260, and 350 K, with decomposition to form CO2 at 350 K. The peak positions and the peak widths compare well with those from the experiment which occur at 205, 270, and 330 K.1 Acetate is found to island on the surface. A more advanced interaction model suggests that oxygen atoms surround these acetate islands. The simulation results suggest that a low temperature path to form small (<5 %) amounts of atomic oxygen on the surface is present. This chemisorbed oxygen subsequently affects the low-temperature desorption spectra.
Cyclic ADP‐ribose induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> release in rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (1993)

The Ca(2+)-mobilizing metabolite cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) has been shown to release Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive stores in many cells. We show that this metabolite at a concentration of 17 microM, but not its precursor beta-NAD+ nor non-cyclic ADPR at the same concentration, is active in releasing Ca2+ from rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The release was not sensitive to Ruthenium red (1 microM) nor to the ryanodine receptor-specific scorpion toxin Buthotus1-1 (10 microM). In planar bilayer single channel recordings, concentrations up to 50 microM cADPR did not increase the open probability of Ruthenium red and toxin-sensitive Ca2+ release channels. Thus Ca2+ release induced by cADPR in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum may not involve opening of ryanodine receptors.
An informal paper on large-scale dynamic systems (1975)

Large scale systems are defined as systems requiring more than one decision maker to control the system. Decentralized control and decomposition are discussed for large scale dynamic systems. Information and many-person decision problems are analyzed.
The evolutionary potential of crop pests. (1991)

bark, the moths became more conspicu? ous targets for preying birds. Under in? tense selection pressure from these predators, moth populations in some polluted areas evolved dark wings and regained their cryptic status within a few decades (Kettlewell 1973). This story of rapid adaptation is de? serving of fame. Yet many equally or more spectacular cases exist in the sci? entific literature on crop pests and have considerable social relevance. Over the
Buttress: A Toolkit for Flexible and High Fidelity I/O Benchmarking (2004)

In benchmarking I/O systems, it is important to generate, accurately, the I/O access pattern that one is intending to generate. However, timing accuracy ( issuing I/Os at the desired time) at high I/O rates is difficult to achieve on stock operating systems. We currently lack tools to easily and accurately generate complex I/O workloads on modern storage systems. As a result, we may be introducing substantial errors in observed system metrics when we benchmark I/O systems using inaccurate tools for replaying traces or for producing synthetic workloads with known inter-arrival times.

In this paper, we demonstrate the need for timing accuracy for I/O benchmarking in the context of replaying I/O traces. We also quantitatively characterize the impact of error in issuing I/Os on measured system parameters. For instance, we show that the error in perceived I/O response times can be as much as+350% or-15% by using naive benchmarking tools that have timing inaccuracies. To address this problem, we present Buttress, a portable and flexible toolkit that can generate I/O workloads with microsecond accuracy at the I/O throughputs of high-end enterprise storage arrays. In particular, Buttress can issue I/O requests within 100µs of the desired issue time even at rates of 10000 I/Os per second (IOPS).
Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels in chick neural retina cells characterized by 1,4-dihydropyridine antagonists and activators (1989)

The voltage-sensitive calcium channel in cultured chick neural retina cells was characterized by the actions of the enantiomers of Bay K 8644 and 202-791 and other 1,4-dihydropyridines. These cells showed time- and voltage-dependent Ca2+ uptake that was stimulated by K+ depolarization and blocked by the inorganic calcium channel blockers Cd2+ and Co2+. A small fraction only (15% maximum) of the uptake was inactivated by predepolarization of the cells with 80 mM K+. Ca2+ uptake was sensitive to the 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists and activators. (S)-Bay K 8644 and (S)-202-791 stimulated the Ca2+ uptake, and (R)-Bay K 8644 and (R)-202-791 as well as nitrendipine and PN 200-110 inhibited Ca2+ uptake stimulated by K+ depolarization or channel activators. The K+ depolarization-stimulated uptake was inhibited by 90%, but the activator-stimulated uptake was completely blocked by the 1,4-dihydropyridine antagonists. The potencies of these agents as inhibitors of Ca2+ uptake were significantly lower than the binding affinities in membrane preparations from the same cells or their binding and pharmacologic affinities in vascular smooth muscle. K+ depolarization or (S)-Bay K 8644 induced 45Ca2+ uptake was not observed in a glial cell culture. [3H]Nitrendipine and [3H]PN 200-110 bound to membrane preparations of the cells consistent with the presence of a single type of high affinity binding site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Application of time reversal to underwater acoustic communications (2001)

Underwater acoustic communication systems must mitigate the intersymbol interference caused by the time-varying multipath dispersion. Time-reversal (TR), or phase-conjugation, focuses energy back to its origin despite the complexity of the propagation channel. The TR properties of dispersion reduction and the mitigation of the effects of channel fading make time-reversal a potentially attractive component of a coherent communications system. An overview of TR ocean acoustics concepts illustrated with data is presented as related to underwater acoustic communications. Experimental results of TR and control transmissions of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) communication sequences are also presented together with measured bit error rates. These results will be discussed in relation to environmental fluctuations and their effects on the time-reversal focus. Extended duration (tens of minutes) time-reversal pulse transmissions will be examined as well as the time-evolving characteristics of the channel impulse response. [Work supported by ONR.]
AFLP-Based Genetic Linkage Map for the Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum) (2004)

The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a major pest of stored grain and grain products and a popular model species for a variety of ecological, evolutionary, and developmental biology studies. Development of a linkage map based on reproducible and highly polymorphic molecular markers would greatly facilitate research in these disciplines. We have developed a genetic linkage map using 269 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Ten previously known random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used as anchor markers for linkage group assignment. The linkage map was constructed through genotyping two independent F(2) segregating populations with 48 AFLP primer combinations. Each primer combination generated an average of 4.6 AFLP markers eligible for linkage mapping. The length of the integrated map is 573 cM, giving an average marker resolution of 2.0 cM and an average physical distance per genetic distance of 350 kb/cM. A cluster of loci on linkage group 3 exhibited significant segregation distortion. We have also identified six X-linked and two Y-linked markers. Five mapped AFLP fragments were sequenced and converted to sequence-tagged site (STS) markers.
Facile and Reproducible Synthesis of Red-Emitting CdSe Nanocrystals in Amine with Long-Term Fixation of Particle Size and Size Distribution (2006)

Numerous approaches have been reported for the synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals, but there is no effective facile method for the synthesis of high-quality large, red-emitting CdSe nanocrystals. Herein we report a convenient and reproducible approach for the preparation of high-quality (high luminescent quantum yield, nearly uniform size and shape distribution) large, red-emitting CdSe nanocrystals via injection of cadmium oleate solution into oleylamine media containing Se precursor at high temperature. The obtained red-emitting CdSe nanocrystals possess an unusually long-term (∼15 h) fixation of particle size, size distribution, and high luminescent quantum yields in the high temperature annealing process. In addition, the final size of the CdSe nanocrystals obtained is heavily dependent on the amount of trioctylphosphine used, but it is insensitive to other parameters such as reaction temperature, precursor concentration, and reaction time. Through the variation of the amount of trioctylphosphine used, a large range of particle sizes and a wide variety of luminescent colors were obtained. The reported approach is suitable for large-scale production of high-quality CdSe nanocrystals, especially for large, red-emitting ones, due to its easy scale-up, high reproducibility, and low cost.
Novel Method of Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Tribromides and Investigation of Catalytic Role of Benzyltrimethylammonium Tribromide in Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds (2013)

Abstract Stable crystalline organic quaternary ammonium tribromides (QATBs) have been easily synthesized by the oxidation of the corresponding organic ammonium bromides (QABs) with ammonium persulfate. The reactions have been performed under solvent-free conditions in the presence of sulfuric acid and silica as supporting agent. Two equivalents of potassium bromide have been used as the source of additional bromides for quantitative conversion of QABs to QATBs. Ammonium persulfate, a cheap and readily available oxidant, carries out the bromide oxidation to tribromide very effectively under solvent-free conditions. The synthesized QATBs have been shown to catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Unsedated Transnasal Endoscopy: A Canadian Experience in Daily Practice (2008)

Transnasal EGD is generally well tolerated, feasible and safe. It can be performed with topical anesthesia in an outpatient setting. The low complication rate, high patient satisfaction and potential cost savings make transnasal endoscopy an attractive alternative to conventional EGD to screen patients for upper gastrointestinal tract diseases.
Ray-Tracing Procedural Displacement Shaders (1998)

Displacement maps and procedural displacement shaders are a widely used approach of specifying geometric detail and increasing the visual complexity of a scene. While it is relatively straightforward to handle displacement shaders in pipeline based rendering systems such as the Reyes-architecture, it is much harder to efficiently integrate displacement-mapped surfaces in ray-tracers. Many commercial ray-tracers tessellate the surface into a multitude of small triangles. This introduces a series of problems such as excessive memory consumption and possibly undetected surface detail. In this paper we describe a novel way of ray-tracing procedural displacement shaders directly, that is, without introducing intermediate geometry. Affine arithmetic is used to compute bounding boxes for the shader over any range in the parameter domain. The method is comparable to the direct ray-tracing of Bezier surfaces and implicit surfaces using Bezier clipping and interval methods, respectively.
Structure-activity Studies of Tylosin-related Macrolides. (1996)

The effects of tylosin-related macrolide antibiotics were examined in cell-free protein synthesis (using a coupled transcription-translation system derived from Streptomyces lividans) and against whole cells of that organism. Anti-ribosomal potency was determined primarily by the number and nature of the glycosyl substituents, and was not significantly influenced by lactone ring oxidation or sugar methylation. In contrast, uptake of the drugs into S. lividans was influenced, either positively or negatively, by each of these structural parameters. The presence of erm type I or erm type II resistance genes in S. lividans markedly affected the resistance phenotype and studies involving ribosomes from such strains revealed differences in macrolide activity that were not otherwise apparent.
Negative-tone molecular resists based on cationic polymerization (2009)

There is increasing demand for higher performance resists with superior resolution, sensitivity, and line edge roughness for both electron beam and extreme ultraviolet lithography applications. A new class of negative tone chemically amplified molecular resists has been developed based on epoxide cross-linking that combines high sensitivity with low line edge roughness and excellent resolution. Three different resists from this class have been made that all show superior performance compared to SU-8 in high resolution dense patterns. The functionality and size of the resist molecules were systematically changed to investigate these effects on imaging performance under e-beam lithography. The di-functional epoxy resist, 2-Ep, had < 25 nm half-pitch resolution in dense 1:1 line-space patterns, sensitivity of 38 μC/cm<sup>2</sup>, and low 3σ LER of 2.9 nm for 30 nm half-pitch. The tri-functional epoxy resist, 3-Ep, showed 30 nm resolution in dense features, 3σ LER of 2.3 nm, and a sensitivity of 20 μC/cm<sup>2</sup>. The tetra-functional epoxy resist, 4-Ep, likewise showed good resolution of 35 nm half-pitch in dense features, sensitivity of 22 μC/cm<sup>2</sup>, and a low 3σ LER of 2.3 nm. This class of negative tone resist compounds are able to obtain an excellent combination of resolution, LER, and sensitivity, and show promise as high performance resists for next generation lithography.
Sharing @ The Edge: Secure Information Sharing. (2002)

Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing promises to return the World Wide Web to an environment where the edge of the network is as important as the Web servers that have dominated its early years. This paper describes issues associated with P2P computing that must be solved before widespread deployment is possible. The paper presents a P2P solution where services and content are equally secured and can be dynamically added to and removed from the network.
Improved Postsynthesis Strategy to Sn-Beta Zeolites as Lewis Acid Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Hydration of Epoxides (2014)

Nanocrystalline Sn-Beta zeolites have been successfully prepared via an improved two-step postsynthesis strategy, which consists of creating vacant T sites with associated silanol groups by dealumination of parent H-Beta and subsequent dry impregnation of the resulting Si-Beta with organometallic dimethyltin dichloride. Characterization results from UV–vis, XPS, Raman, and 119Sn solid-state MAS NMR reveal that most Sn species have been successfully incorporated into the framework of Beta zeolite through the postsynthesis process and exist as isolated tetrahedral Sn(IV) in open arrangement. The creation of strong Lewis acid sites upon Sn incorporation is confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy with pyridine adsorption. The Sn-Beta Lewis acid catalysts are applied in the ring-opening hydration of epoxides to the corresponding 1,2-diols under near ambient and solvent-free conditions, and remarkable activity can be obtained. The impacts of Lewis acidity, preparation parameters, and reaction conditions on the catalytic performance of Sn-Beta zeolites are discussed in detail.
Enterocyte digestive enzyme activity along the crypt-villus and longitudinal axes in the neonatal pig small intestine. (2001)

Our objective was to examine the distribution of enterocyte digestive enzyme activity along the crypt-villus and longitudinal axes of the small intestine in formula-fed neonatal pigs between the ages of 14 and 18 d. The distended intestinal sac method was used to isolate 12 sequential fractions (F1 through F12) of epithelial cells. Enterocyte migration rate was measured in the proximal and distal intestine using in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Specific activities of representative villus cell marker enzymes of alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, sucrase, and lactase increased 6- to 17-fold from F12 (crypt cells) to F1 (villus cells), whereas the crypt cell marker [3H]thymidine incorporation increased 8- to 18-fold from F1 (villus cells) to F12 (crypt cells). Enterocyte migration rate was similar (3.2 vs 3.0 microm/h), whereas the villus height (547.4 vs 908.5 microm) and enterocyte life span (4.7 vs 10.2 d) were markedly lower (P < 0.05) in the proximal than in the distal segments, respectively. In general, the specific activities of all enzymes were lowest in the crypt fractions (F9 through F12) but increased markedly (ranging from 8- to 17-fold) from F12 to F1. The activity of aminopeptidase N was higher and that of sucrase was lower in the distal than in the proximal segment. The activities of the remaining enzymes were similar in the proximal and the distal segments. Our results suggest that the enterocyte life span in the distal small intestine is approximately twice as long as in the proximal small intestine. However, despite the difference in life span, the patterns of enzyme activities along the crypt-villus axis were generally similar in the proximal and the distal regions.
Extending NFSv4 for Petascale Data Management (2006)

Designed with Internet data management in mind, NFSv4 is meeting the needs of widely distributed collaborations. Anticipating terascale and petascale HPC demands, NFSv4 architects are designing pNFS, a standard extension that supports parallel access to cluster file systems, object stores, and massive SANs. In combination with advances in optical networking, pNFS decouples computing from storage, even for petascale computations. CITI's GridNFS project integrates NFSv4 into the ecology of Grid middleware with critical virtual organization management: Globus support, name space construction and management, fine-grained access control with foreign user support, and high performance secure file system access for jobs scheduled in an indeterminate future. GridNFS and pNFS combine and integrate standard Internet protocols, promising near-universal compatibility with standards-compliant desk-top and enterprise network services.
Proapoptotic bax is hyperexpressed in isolated human islets compared with antiapoptotic bcl-21 (2002)

Our finding that isolated human islets express Bax at a higher level compared with Bcl-2 suggests a molecular mechanism for islet cell death by apoptosis. We hypothesize that reducing islet expression of Bax, or regulating its activation, will help preserve islet cell mass after islet transplantation.
Re-examining Scheduling and Communication in Parallel Programs (1994)

Modern MPPs and NOWs have evolved in ways that affect both the scheduling of parallel applications as well as the communication layer. The presence of a full operating systems upon each processor as well as the need to support interactive users substantially alter the traditional environment. Parallel applications may no longer be executing in the dedicated environment that fast communication layers, such as Active Messages, assume. In this paper we present a simulation-based study of the effects of a non-dedicated environment on parallel applications and investigate one method for reducing the resulting performance impact. <p>Our results quantify the performance impact of the size of the flow-control window on parallel applications. We investigate increasing the size of this window to ameliorate the effect of various scheduling disturbances. Our results show that additional buffering in the communication layer significantly improves performance in the presence of large scheduling irregularities (e.g., those that occur when parallel applications are locally scheduled) but has a detrimental effect with smaller disturbances (e.g., quantum skew, daemon activity, and interactive users)
Breastfeeding and Women's Health (1998)

Breastfeeding often is promoted mainly as an infant health issue, with little if any mention of its importance to the mother's health. Despite its significant impact on women's health, breastfeeding is rarely emphasized in women's health programs. This article reviews the current medical literature regarding women's health aspects of breastfeeding, including medical, psychosocial, and environmental issues. Strategies for increasing health care professionals' awareness and promotion of breastfeeding as a women's health issue are discussed in the hope of reversing the worldwide decline in breastfeeding.
Strong Light-Matter Coupling in Subwavelength Metal-Dielectric Microcavities at Terahertz Frequencies (2009)

We have demonstrated that a metal-dielectric-metal microcavity combined with quantum well intersubband transitions is an ideal system for the generation of cavity polariton states in the terahertz region. The metallic cavity has highly confined radiation modes that can be tuned in resonance with the intersubband transition. In this system we were able to measure a very strong light-matter splitting (the Rabi splitting 2 variant Planck's over 2pi Omega R), corresponding to 22% of the transition energy. We believe this result to be the first demonstration of intersubband polaritons in the terahertz frequency range.