gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Fracture Strength of Porous Alumina Sintered by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) (1998)

Porous alumina ceramics were sintered by conventional sintering (CSing) and hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) without encapsulating at temperatures between 1200°C and 1400°C under pressures between 0.1MPa and 200MPa of Ar gas. Pending strength and Weibull modulus of sintered porous aluminas were evaluated by three-point bending tests. The HIPed samples have well-grown necks and roundish pore shape compared to the CSed ones due to enhanced surface diffusivity, which results in lower specific surface area of HIPed samples than that of CSed ones with the same porosity and pore size. As increasing gas pressure, the bending strength increased for porous materials with same porosity. The bending strength of samples HIPed under 200MPa was about 30% higher than that of CSed ones having the same porosity of about 40%. The increase in bending strength by HIPing was significant as decrease in sintering temperature. The enhancement of bending strength by HIPing is caused by well-grown necks that reduce stress concentration around necks. On Weibull plots, kinks were observed for HIPed samples. As increasing gas pressure, Weibull modulus for weak samples increased, while that of strong samples was constant. Enhanced surface diffusivity by high gas pressure causes deviation of defect distribution from single Weibull distribution. As a result, a kink appears on Weibull plots. The increase in Weibull modulus for weak samples is caused by removal of insufficiently grown necks by enhanced surface diffusivity.
Roles of IKK kinases and protein kinase CK2 in activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in breast cancer. (2001)

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)/Rel transcription factors regulate genes that control cell proliferation, survival, and transformation. In normal breast epithelial cells, NF-kappaB/Rel proteins are mainly sequestered in the cytoplasm bound to one of the specific inhibitory IkappaB proteins, whereas in breast cancers they are activated aberrantly. Human breast tumor cell lines, carcinogen-transformed mammary epithelial cells, and the majority of primary human or rodent breast tumor tissue samples express constitutively high levels of nuclear NF-kappaB/REL: To begin to understand the mechanism of this aberrant NF-kappaB/Rel expression, in this study we measured the activity of the major kinases implicated in regulation of IkappaB stability, namely IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and protein kinase, CK2 (formerly casein kinase II). Hs578T, D3-1, and BP-1 breast cancer cell lines displayed higher levels of IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and CK2 activity than untransformed MCF-10F mammary epithelial cells. Inhibition of IKK activity upon expression of dominant negative kinases or of CK2 activity by treatment with selective inhibitors decreased NF-kappaB/Rel activity in breast cancer cells. Inactivation of the IkappaB kinase complex in Hs578T cells via expression of a dominant negative IKKgamma/NF-kappaB essential modulator/IKK-associated protein 1 reduced soft agar colony growth. Thus, the aberrant expression of CK2 or IKK kinases promotes increased nuclear levels of NF-kappaB/Rel and transformation of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, primary human breast cancer specimens that displayed aberrant constitutive expression of NF-kappaB/Rel were found to exhibit increased CK2 and/or IKK kinase activity. These observations suggest these kinases play a similar role in an intracellular signaling pathway that leads to the elevated NF-kappaB/Rel levels seen in primary human mammary tumors and, therefore, represent potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of patients with breast cancer.
Synthesis of 4-Amino-5-<i>H</i>-2,3-dihydroisothiazole-1,1-dioxide Ring Systems on Sugar Templates via Carbanion-Mediated Sulfonamide Intramolecular Cyclization Reactions (CSIC Protocols) of Glyco-α-sulfonamidonitriles (2004)

The carbanion-mediated sulfonate intramolecular cyclizations (CSIC protocols) of glyco-alpha-sulfonamidonitriles derived from readily available monosaccharides have been extensively investigated using potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, n-BuLi, and LDA as bases. As a result, a series of enantiomerically pure spiro(4-amino-5-H-2,3-dihydroisothiazole-1,1-dioxide) derivatives have been prepared efficiently and isolated in good yield. The synthesis of these new bicyclic systems is key to accessing a novel range of aza analogues of TSAO nucleosides (ATSAOs).
Surface and interface structures of epitaxial silicon nitride on Si(111) (2003)

Surface and interface structures of an ultrathin silicon nitride film grown epitaxially on the Si(111) surface are investigated by core-level and valence-band photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The Si $2p$ photoelectron spectra reveal a characteristic series of components for the Si species not only in stoichiometric ${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ $({\mathrm{Si}}^{4+})$ but also in the intermediate nitridation states with one $({\mathrm{Si}}^{+})$ or three $({\mathrm{Si}}^{3+})$ nitrogen nearest neighbors. The Si $2p$ core-level shifts for the ${\mathrm{Si}}^{+},$ ${\mathrm{Si}}^{3+},$ and ${\mathrm{Si}}^{4+}$ components are determined to be 0.64, 2.21, and 2.74 eV, respectively. In sharp contrast to the well-known ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}/\mathrm{Si}(111)$ case, no trace of the ${\mathrm{Si}}^{2+}$ species is observed, indicating an atomically abrupt and defect-free interface in accordance with a recent interface model of $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}/\mathrm{Si}(111).$ In addition, the origin of the characteristic N $1s$ spectra and a strong surface-state emission observed in the valence-band spectra are discussed.
Palladium Complex Catalyzed Acylation of Allylic Esters with Acylsilanes (2001)

Acylation of allylic esters (2) with acylsilanes (1) in the presence of a catalytic amount (5 mol %) of a palladium complex is reported. The reaction proceeds selectively to afford beta,gamma-unsaturated ketones (3) in high yields. [Pd(eta3-C6H5CH=CHCH2)(CF3COO)]2 (4a) showed the best catalytic activity. After the reaction, formation of CF3COOSiMe3 (5a) was confirmed by 29Si NMR measurement of the resulting reaction mixture, indicating the trimethylsilyl moiety effectively traps the CF3COO leaving group from 2. The leaving group of the allylic esters affects the reaction considerably: allylic trifluoroacetate gave the best result, while the corresponding acetates and trichloroacetates did not afford any acylation products at all. Stoichiometric reaction of 4a with 1 gave acylation product 3 with a formation of 5a and Pd(0), whereas no acylation reaction took place with the corresponding acetate complex [Pd(eta3-C6H5CH=CHCH2)(CH3COO)]2 (4b). A DFT calculation suggests that interaction of high-lying HOMO of 1 and low-lying LUMO of eta3-allylpalladium trifluoroacetate intermediate 4 would be indispensable in the catalytic cycle.
Specifying telephone systems in LOTOS (1993)

A method for detecting feature interactions in the design of telephone systems using LOTOS (language of temporal ordering specifications) is described. The specification discussed includes call forwarding on a busy line, setting a three-way call, and call waiting. The ways in which a specification of a telephone system involving such features can be constructed in LOTOS and the ways in which LOTOS tools can be used to detect unwanted interactions of the features are illustrated using simple examples. The techniques used are step-by-step execution, symbolic execution, and compositional execution with test processes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Observed Relativistic Time Gains (1972)

Four cesium beam clocks flown around the world on commercial jet flights during October 1971, once eastward and once westward, recorded directionally dependent time differences which are in good agreement with predictions of conventional relativity theory. Relative to the atomic time scale of the U.S. Naval Observatory, the flying clocks lost 59 +/- 10 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and gained 273 +/- 7 nanoseconds during the westward trip, where the errors are the corresponding standard deviations. These results provide an unambiguous empirical resolution of the famous clock "paradox" with macroscopic clocks.
Analysis of unconjugated pterins in food resources and human urine. (1980)

A sensitive and simple method for separation of eight unconjugated pterins has been developed and used to analyze banana, seeds, nuts, cereals, leaves, royal jelly and human urine. Acid extraction, a simple clean-up using Florisil, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector were employed. The eight pterins analyzed were: 6-carboxypterin, erythro-neopterin, threo-neopterin, xanthopterin, biopterin, isoxanthopterin, 6-hydroxymethylpterin and pterin. Lumazine compounds, 6-hydroxymethyllumazine and lumazine, were tentatively identified. Over ten ng of the unconjugated pterins/g of sample were quantified. Characteristic patterns of pterins were observed in each product. It was also shown that this analytical method was useful in diagnosis of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia.
Sleep and Its Disorders (1999)

Sleep disorders are very prevalent in the general population and are associated with significant medical, psychological, and social disturbances. Insomnia is the most common. When chronic, it usually reflects psychological/behavioral disturbances. Most insomniacs can be evaluated in an office setting, and a multidimensional approach is recommended, including sleep hygiene measures, psychotherapy, and medication. The parasomnias, including sleepwalking, night terrors, and nightmares, have benign implications in childhood but often reflect psychopathology or significant stress in adolescents and adults and organicity in the elderly. Excessive daytime sleepiness is typically the most frequent complaint and often reflects organic dysfunction. Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia are chronic brain disorders with an onset at a young age, whereas sleep apnea is more common in middle age and is associated with obesity and cardiovascular problems. Therapeutic naps, medications, and supportive therapy are recommended for narcolepsy and hypersomnia; continuous positive airway pressure, weight loss, surgery, and oral devices are the common treatments for sleep apnea.
In Vivo Comparison of Conventional and Cone Beam CT Synthesized Cephalograms (2008)

Measurements from in vivo CBCT synthesized cephalograms are similar to those based on conventional radiographic images. Thus, additional conventional imaging may generally be avoided when CBCT scans are acquired for orthodontic diagnosis.
Auditing the Internet (1996)

The audit function is frequently an afterthought in the design and installation of security. The primary goal of security is viewed as the prevention of compromise, and often only after a breach is it realized that existing audit abilities, if at all present, are grossly deficient. Auditing allows transactions and activities to be tracked — from their point of origin, through intermediate steps, to their final state. Since it is possible to breach any security, an extensive audit ability is necessary to determine how the breach succeeded (i.e. how the intruder/unauthorized user got in) and what damages, if any, were done.
HQSAR Study of Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase (mPGES-1) Inhibitors (2006)

Microsomal prostaglandin <TEX>$E_2$</TEX> synthase (mPGES-1) is an enzyme that is associated with inflammation, pain, fever and cancer. Hologram quantitative structure activity relationship (HQSAR) was conducted on the series of MK-886 compounds acting as mPGES-1 inhibitors. A training set with 24 compounds was used to establish the HQSAR model. The best model was chosen based on the cross-validated correlation coefficient (<TEX>$q^2$</TEX>=0.884) and the correlation coefficient(<TEX>$r^2$</TEX>=0.976). The model was utilized to predict the activity of the eight-test set of compounds giving the predictive <TEX>$r^2$</TEX> value of 0.845. The descriptors of the model are based on fragment distinction (atoms, bond and connectivity) and fragment size (2-5 atoms). The atomic contribution maps generated from HQSAR were useful in identifying the important structural features responsible for the inhibitory activity of MK-886 inhibitors. Based on the generated model, the presence of hydrophobic biphenyl group seems to enhance inhibition of mPGES-1 that is in agreement with the previous experiments. In addition, it seems important for a halogen to be substituted to the biphenyl ring and for an acyl group to be attached to the indole moiety for enhanced activity.
TRAUMA RESEARCH (1969)

Chief, Research Grants Branch National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Application of T-PROGS to a 3-D numerical simulation of groundwater flow (2009)

The transition probability geostatistical software is introduced in this paper.On the basis of borehole data,the hydrogeological structure model in the study area is constructed by using geostatistics condition simulation,and the hydrogeological conceptual model in the study area is constructed by using conceptual model approach.With the aid of hydrogeologic-unit flow package,the integration and the 3-D numerical simulation of groundwater in the Liziyuan wellfield is built and calibrated,and the parameters are defined by lithology.By using this method,water supply of 8×10~4m~3/d in the Liziyuan wellfield is secured,and the safe yield is 26.23×10~4m~3/d.
Risks of brain tumour following treatment for cancer in childhood: Modification by genetic factors, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (1998)

A cohort of 4,400 persons treated for various cancers of childhood in France and the UK was followed up over an extended period to assess risks of subsequent brain tumour in relation to the radiotherapy and chemotherapy that the children received for their first cancer. Elevated risks of subsequent brain tumours were associated with first central nervous system (CNS) tumour (two-sided p = 0.0002) and neurofibromatosis (two-sided p = 0.001). There was also elevated brain tumour risk (two-sided p = 0.003) associated with ionising radiation exposure, the risk being concentrated among benign and unspecified brain tumours. The radiation-related risk of benign and unspecified brain tumours was significantly higher than that of malignant brain tumours (two-sided p< or =0.05); there was no significant change of malignant brain tumour risk with ionising radiation dose (two-sided p > 0.2). In general, there were no strong associations between alkylating agent dose and brain tumour risk. The only significant association between brain tumour risk and alkylating agent dose was in relation to compounds used (bleomycin, chloraminophen) that are thought not to deliver substantial doses to the brain; the statistical significance of the trend with dose depended on a single case, and thus must be considered a weak result.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of human kallikrein 7, a serine protease of the multigene kallikrein family (2007)

Human kallikreins are a group of serine proteases of high sequence homology whose genes are grouped as a single cluster at chromosome 19. Although the physiological roles of kallikreins are generally still unknown, members of the kallikrein family have been clearly implicated in pathological situations such as cancer and psoriasis. Human kallikrein 7 (hK7) has been shown to be involved in pathological keratinization, psoriasis and ovarian cancer. In order to gain insight into the molecular structure of this protein, hK7 was crystallized after recombinant production in its folded and active form using a periplasmic secretion vector in Escherichia coli. The crystals belonged to the rhombohedral space group H32 and diffracted to 2.8 A. The phase problem was solved by molecular replacement using the mouse kallikrein-related protein neuropsin. Completion of the model and structure refinement are under way.
Spatially Resolved<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:math>Emission from Laser Fusion Targets (1977)

The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle emission from laser-compressed, D-T-filled microshells has been imaged using a zone-plate-coded imaging technique. Nominal image resolution was 10 \ensuremath{\mu}m. Approximately 97% of the recorded $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emission was found to originate within a thermonuclear burn region of diameter roughly $\frac{1}{3}$ that of the original target. The full width at half-maximum of the burn region had a diameter roughly $\frac{1}{6}$ that of the target.
Gain of chromosome arm 17q is associated with unfavourable prognosis in neuroblastoma, but does not involve mutations in the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) gene at 17q24 (1999)

Deletion of chromosome arm 1p and amplification of the MYCN oncogene are well-recognized genetic alterations in neuroblastoma cells. Recently, another alteration has been reported; gain of the distal part of chromosome arm 17q. In this study 48 neuroblastoma tumours were successfully analysed for 17q status in relation to known genetic alterations. Chromosome 17 status was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Thirty-one of the 48 neuroblastomas (65%) showed 17q gain, and this was significantly associated with poor prognosis. As previously reported, 17q gain was significantly associated with metastatic stage 4 neuroblastoma and more frequently detected than both deletion of chromosome arm 1p and MYCN amplification in tumours of all stages. 17q gain also showed a strong correlation to survival probability (P = 0.0009). However, the most significant correlation between 17q gain and survival probability was observed in children with low-stage tumours (stage 1, 2, 3 and 4S), with a survival probability of 100% at 5 years from diagnosis for children with tumours showing no 17q gain compared to 52.5% for those showing 17q gain (P = 0.0021). This suggests that 17q gain as a prognostic factor plays a more crucial role in low-stage tumours. Expression of the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), localized in chromosome region 17q24, has in previous studies been shown to be positively related to survival in neuroblastoma. A point mutation in the SSTR2 gene has earlier been reported in a human small-cell lung cancer. In this study, mutation screening of the SSTR2 gene in 43 neuroblastoma tumours was carried out with polymerase chain reaction-based single-stranded conformation polymorphism/heteroduplex (SSCP/HD) and DNA sequencing, and none of the tumours showed any aberrations in the SSTR2 gene. These data suggest that mutations in the SSTR2 gene are uncommon in neuroblastoma tumours and do not correlate with either the 17q gain often seen or the reason some tumours do not express SSTR2 receptors. Overall, this study indicates that gain of chromosome arm 17q is the most frequently occurring genetic alteration, and that it is associated with established prognostic factors.
Energy-Efficient Federated Learning With Intelligent Reflecting Surface (2021)

Federated learning is a new paradigm to support resource-intensive and privacy-aware learning applications. It enables the Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices to collaboratively train a global model to accomplish a machine learning task without sharing private data. In practice, the IoT devices powered by batteries finish the local training and interact with the central server via wireless links. However, the repeated interaction between IoT devices and the central server would consume considerable resources. Motivated by the emerging technology of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), we propose to leverage the IRS to reconfigure the wireless propagation environment to maximize the utilization of the available resources. Specifically, we consider the critical energy efficiency issue in the reconfigurable wireless communication network. We formulate an energy consumption minimization problem in an IRS-assisted federated learning system subject to the completion training time constraint. An iterative resource allocation algorithm is proposed to jointly configure the parameters with proven fast convergence. Simulation results validate that the proposed algorithm converges fast and can achieve significant energy savings, especially when the number of reflecting elements is large and when the IRS is properly configured.
Structural and Functional Basis of CXCL12 (Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1α) Binding to Heparin (2007)

CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) and CXCR4 are critical for embryonic development and cellular migration in adults. These proteins are involved in HIV-1 infection, cancer metastasis, and WHIM disease. Sequestration and presentation of CXCL12 to CXCR4 by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is proposed to be important for receptor activation. Mutagenesis has identified CXCL12 residues that bind to heparin. However, the molecular details of this interaction have not yet been determined. Here we demonstrate that soluble heparin and heparan sulfate negatively affect CXCL12-mediated in vitro chemotaxis. We also show that a cluster of basic residues in the dimer interface is required for chemotaxis and is a target for inhibition by heparin. We present structural evidence for binding of an unsaturated heparin disaccharide to CXCL12 attained through solution NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. Increasing concentrations of the disaccharide altered the two-dimensional (1)H-(15)N-HSQC spectra of CXCL12, which identified two clusters of residues. One cluster corresponds to beta-strands in the dimer interface. The second includes the amino-terminal loop and the alpha-helix. In the x-ray structure two unsaturated disaccharides are present. One is in the dimer interface with direct contacts between residues His(25), Lys(27), and Arg(41) of CXCL12 and the heparin disaccharide. The second disaccharide contacts Ala(20), Arg(21), Asn(30), and Lys(64). This is the first x-ray structure of a CXC class chemokine in complex with glycosaminoglycans. Based on the observation of two heparin binding sites, we propose a mechanism in which GAGs bind around CXCL12 dimers as they sequester and present CXCL12 to CXCR4.
Analysis of random and site‐directed mutations in <i>rhlI</i>, a <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> gene encoding an acylhomoserine lactone synthase (1997)

The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses two cell density-dependent genetic regulatory systems that control expression of a number of secreted virulence factors. These two systems, the lasI-lasR and rhII-rhIR gene pairs, are members of the luxI-luxR family of quorum-sensing signal generators and signal receptors. The rhII gene in P. aeruginosa encodes a 201-amino-acid protein that catalyses the synthesis of an autoinducer, butyrylhomoserine lactone. Through a programme of random and site-specific mutagenesis of rhII we have gained a better understanding of how its protein product functions. Eight residues critical to butyrylhomoserine lactone synthesis by RhiI were identified by random mutagenesis, and all mapped to a conserved region that spans residues 24-104. Seven of the eight residues were charged amino acids and the other was a glycine. By using site-specific mutagenesis we showed that an active-site cysteine or serine was not required for butyrylhomoserine lactone synthesis, and that two conserved aromatic amino acids in the postulated active site region could be altered without complete loss of RhII activity. Furthermore, two residues towards the C-terminus that align with critical residues in LuxI can be altered in RhII without loss of activity. These studies suggest that as opposed to the current models for acyl substrate binding to quorum-sensing signal generators, charged amino acid residues participate directly in the catalysis of butyrylhomoserine lactone synthesis rather than cysteines, serines or hydrophobic amino acids.