gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inherent specificities of purified cytochromes P-450 and P-448 toward biphenyl hydroxylation and ethoxyresorufin deethylation. (1975)

Liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated Long-Evans rats catalyzed the 2- and the 4-hydroxylation of biphenyl and the O-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin, sustained by either NADPH or cumene hydroperoxide. In contrast, the liver microsomes from corn oil- or phenobarbital-pretreated rats catalyzed the NADPH- or cumene hydroperoxide-sustained 4-hydroxylation of biphenyl, but the rates of 2-hydroxylation or ethoxyresorufin deethylation were negligible. A monooxygenase system reconstituted with partially purified NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-448 catalyzed NADPH-supported biphenyl 2- and 4-hydroxylation and ethoxyresorufin deethylation. A monooxygenase system reconstituted with the reductase and cytochrome P-450 catalyzed NADPH-supported biphenyl 4-hydroxylation but exhibited negligible 2-hydroxylation or ethoxyresorufin deethylation activites. Solubilized cytochrome P-448 catalyzed biphenyl 2- and 4-hydroxylation and ethoxyresorufin deethylation sustained by cumene hydroperoxide in the absence of both NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, whereas solubilized cytochrome P-450, under the same conditions, catalyzed only biphenyl 4-hydroxylation. It is concluded that the patterns of biphenyl hydroxylation and ethoxyresorufin deethylation observed with live- microsomes from untreated or inducer-treated rats are due largely to the inherent enzymic specificities of their cytochromes P-450 and P-448.
FABRICATION OF THROUGH-WAFER FLUID INTERCONNECTS WITH LOW DEAD VOLUME AND INTEGRATED BACK-PLANE FLUID JUMPERS (2003)

(1) Through-wafer fluid interconnects allow the various components of a fluidic system to be built on both sides of a wafer rather than on just a single side. This physical separation can lead to flexibility in fabrication and the realization of high-density, complex systems. In most existing microfluidic systems, jluidic components (e.g., channels and reaction chambers) and elect!-omechranical components (e.g., valves, pumps, electrodes, mixers) tend to reside in one common plane, which ultimately requires that complex systems consume a large chip area. (2) By using fluid interconnects, two streams of fluid can cross over one another by diverting one stream to a different physical plane and returning that stream at a different location on the original plane. Analogous to using air-bridges in integrated circuits, this fluid jumper could simplify the design of complex fluid systems that may otherwise require crowded channel routing.
Assessment of fetal anatomy in the first trimester using two- and three-dimensional ultrasound (2002)

The objective of this study was to perform a complete anatomical survey of the fetus at 12-13 weeks gestation using stored volumes acquired by a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. 159 consecutive women at 12-13 weeks gestation who had a routine early pregnancy scan in our unit were recruited. A complete survey of the fetal anatomy was attempted by two-dimensional (2D) transabdominal and, if needed, transvaginal ultrasound. Then, using a 3D transvaginal probe, two volumes of the whole fetus were acquired. A complete anatomical survey (excluding anatomy of the heart) was attempted using the stored data. A complete anatomical survey was achieved in 93.7% (149) of cases with 2D ultrasound compared to 80.5% (128) of cases with 3D volume acquisition (p<0.001). The nuchal translucency was measured with 2D scanning in 98.7% of cases and in 91.8% of cases using 3D volumes. The mean time to perform a 2D scan was 12.2 min standard deviation (SD 3.4 min) while the mean time to obtain and examine the stored volumes was 8.4 min (SD 1.45 min, p<0.001). Real-time 2D ultrasound is still the best way to examine fetal anatomy in the first trimester. However, 3D ultrasound can be a useful addition to clinical practice, providing views not easily obtained by conventional 2D ultrasound. It can potentially minimize actual scanning time and provides an excellent way to store scanned data.
Efficient Classification for Additive Kernel SVMs (2012)

We show that a class of nonlinear kernel SVMs admits approximate classifiers with runtime and memory complexity that is independent of the number of support vectors. This class of kernels, which we refer to as additive kernels, includes widely used kernels for histogram-based image comparison like intersection and chi-squared kernels. Additive kernel SVMs can offer significant improvements in accuracy over linear SVMs on a wide variety of tasks while having the same runtime, making them practical for large-scale recognition or real-time detection tasks. We present experiments on a variety of datasets, including the INRIA person, Daimler-Chrysler pedestrians, UIUC Cars, Caltech-101, MNIST, and USPS digits, to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for efficient evaluation of SVMs with additive kernels. Since its introduction, our method has become integral to various state-of-the-art systems for PASCAL VOC object detection/image classification, ImageNet Challenge, TRECVID, etc. The techniques we propose can also be applied to settings where evaluation of weighted additive kernels is required, which include kernelized versions of PCA, LDA, regression, k-means, as well as speeding up the inner loop of SVM classifier training algorithms.
CONFRONTARÁN ENFOQUES ARQUITECTOS JÓVENES DE IBEROAMÉRICA (2002)

FELIPE LEAL, DIRECTOR DE LA FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y UNO DE LOS MEXICANOS QUE PARTICIPAR N EN EL TERCER CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE ARQUITECTURA ARQUINE/NUEVA GENERACION, ASEVERO QUE EXISTE UN PENSAMIENTO COMUN EN ESTA GENERACION DE ARQUITECTOS QUE NO REBASAN LOS 45 ANOS DE EDAD. ESTA PREOCUPACION, DIJO, ES POR IR MAS ALL  DEL TERRENO INMEDIATO EN EL QUE SE CONSTRUYE; HAY UNA CONCIENCIA CLARA SOBRE EL DETERIORO URBANO Y SOCIAL. CONFRONTAR LAS CONVERGENCIAS, DIVERGENCIAS Y PARTICULARIDADES DE LOS ARQUITECTOS JOVENES DE IBEROAMERICA ES EL RETO DEL CONGRESO, QUE CENTRAR  LA ATENCION EN LAS NUEVAS GENERACIONES DEDICADAS A ESTA PROFESION EN PAISES COMO BRASIL, ESTADOS UNIDOS, PORTUGAL, CHILE, ESPANA Y MEXICO. A PESAR DE QUE EN EL PAIS EXISTEN 110 ESCUELAS DE ARQUITECTURA -20 EN LA CIUDAD DE MEXICO-, DE LAS QUE EGRESAN ANUALMENTE DE 15 A 20 MIL ESTUDIANTES, POCAS SON LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE TRABAJO. DE AHI QUE EL CONGRESO SEA CONSIDERADO UN FORO PARA ENCONTRAR LOS MECANISMOS QUE FACILITEN LA LABOR DE LA ARQUITECTURA Y ABRAN OPORTUNIDADES A LOS NUEVOS TALENTOS. EN ESE MISMO SENTIDO, Y AL CONTRARIO DE LO QUE SENALO EN SU MOMENTO EL ESTADUNIDENSE PHILIP JOHNSON, DE QUE UN ARQUITECTO COMIENZA A SERLO DESPUES DE LOS 45 ANOS, MIQUEL ADRI , DIRECTOR DE ARQUINE Y ORGANIZADOR DEL TERCER CONGRESO, DIJO QUE LAS NUEVAS GENERACIONES HAN DEMOSTRADO EN LOS ULTIMOS ANOS PROPUESTAS SOLIDAS E INTERESANTES. EL ENCUENTRO SE REALIZAR  EL 15 Y 16 DE MARZO EN EL TEATRO JULIO CASTILLO (BOSQUE DE CHAPULTEPEC, ATR S DEL AUDITORIO NACIONAL).
Detection and Correction of Non-Words in Arabic: A Hybrid Approach (2007)

As Arabic is known for its highly inflectional morphological structure, this hybrid approach is utilizing morphological knowledge in form of consistent root-pattern relationships, and some morpho-syntactical knowledge based on affixation and morphographemic rules to specify the word recognition and non-word correction process. Furthermore this paper is proposing novel probabilistic measures for completing the task of the correction by locating, reducing and ranking of the most probable correction candidates in Arabic derivative words. In this context based on frequency of occurrence analysis, two probabilistic measures are introduced, Root-Pattern Predictive Value, RPV, and Pattern-Root Predictive Value, PPV. Moreover, keyboard effect, letter sound and similarity are considered in addition to some lexical features as a supplementary aid to improve the process of error detection and correction.
DEA모형을 이용한 인큐베이터의 운영 효율성 펑가에 관한 연구 (2002)

벤처 인류베이터 평가와 관련된 연구로는 주로 인큐베이팅 성과를 측정하기 위한 요소를 찾아내는 연구가 대부분으로 연구자 각자의 주관적인 척도와 가중치를 사용함으로써 그 결과를 객관화·계량화하기에 적합하지 못하였다. 본 연구는 다수의 동질적 기관의 다수투입·다수산출의 효율성을 상대적으로 평가하기 위한 방법인 DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis; 자료포괄분석) 모형을 이용하여 국내의 대표적인 인큐베이터인 전국 15개 IT 번처인큐베이터에 대한 상대적인 효율성 평가와 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 효율성 측정치가 1.0으로 효율적으로 운영된 센터와, 반면에 효율성 측정치가 1.0 미만으로 비효율적으로 운영된 센터로 구분되었으며, 비효율적인 센터는 다수 투입 대비 다수 산출 활동의 효율성 제고를 위한 계량적 개선조치가 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 기존의 인큐베이터 평가방법과는 달리, 상대적 효율성을 평가의 기준으로 설정하였으며, 평가의 주관성을 배제하고 인큐베이터의 운영결과 발생한 실측치를 평가에 적용하기 위하여 DEA모형을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과 인큐베이터의 운영 효율성을 제고하기 위한 계량적 평가결과를 제시하였음에 의의가 있다.
Synthesis of<i>N</i>-Methyl Secondary Amines (2003)

Abstract A diverse set of N-methyl secondary amines are obtained in high yields by an expedient reductive alkylation of commercially available methanolic methylamine.
Visceral Leishmaniasis Unresponsive to Pentostam caused by Leishmania Tropica in Kenya (1989)

We report the characterization of 6 Leishmania tropica isolates from 2 patients with visceral leishmaniasis who were unresponsive to treatment with sodium stibogluconate. The Leishmania isolates, MHOM/KE/81/NLB-029A, -029XIB, and -029XIC and MHOM/KE/81/NLB-030I, -030B, and -030XXA, all from splenic aspirates, were characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis using 11 enzymes: malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, adenylate kinase, nucleoside hydrolase, mannose phosphate isomerase, glucose phosphate isomerase, and phosphoglucomutase. Isozyme migration patterns were indistinguishable from those of 2 WHO reference strains of Leishmania tropica (MHOM/SU/60/LRC-L39, NLB-305 and MHOM/IQ/OO/LRC-L36, NLB-067). These are the first reported cases of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) caused by L. tropica in Africa; these cases were refractory to sodium stibogluconate.
Genetic algorithm for job shop scheduling problemsbased on two representational schemes (1995)

The Letter explains the application of a genetic algorithm (GA) to job shop scheduling problems with a new crossover and two kinds of mutation based on two representational schemes. Simulation results show that our genetic operators and representational schemes are very powerful and suitable to job shop scheduling problems.
[Immunologic studies of plant combination preparations. In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the stimulation of phagocytosis]. (1991)

The activity of phagocytosis was tested in the in vitro granulocyte test and the in vivo carbon-clearance-test in the mouse for an extract combination consisting of four plant extracts (Echinacea angustifolia, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Baptisia tinctoria and Arnica montana). In both immune models, a step by step stimulation of the activity of phagocytosis by the addition of the four plant extracts was shown with an increase in effectiveness of partially over 50% in comparison to the pure Echinacea angustifolia mono-extract. The extract combination showed also in both test models a higher efficiency than two other differently composed combination preparations and two Echinacea mono-preparations.
Logarithmic A/D Converters Used in Video Signal-Processing Systems (1992)

Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters that can be clocked at video rates and that have a logarithmic transfer characteristic between the input and output are now available. Video signal processing using this transfer curve can more closely match the performance of the visual system than normal signal processing. This reduces the visibility of contouring when signals are digitized. It also facilitates the production of color signals that are independent of luminance, thus reducing many of the artifacts in saturated colors. Comparisons are shown on real images between standard processing and improvements that can be achieved by using digital processing of logarithmic signals.
Overexpression of a Novel Cytochrome P450 Promotes Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis (2019)

Flavonoids are mainly associated with growth, development, and responses to diverse abiotic stresses in plants. A growing amount of data have demonstrated the biosynthesis of flavonoids through multienzyme complexes of which the membrane-bounded cytochrome P450 supergene family shares a crucial part. However, the explicit regulation mechanism of Cytochrome P450s related to flavonoid biosynthesis largely remains elusive. In the present study, we reported the identification of a stress-tolerant flavonoid biosynthetic <i>CtCYP82G24</i> gene from <i>Carthamus tinctorius.</i> The transient transformation of <i>CtCYP82G24</i> determined the subcellular localization to the cytosol. Heterologously expressed <i>CtCYP82G24</i> was effective to catalyze the substrate-specific conversion, promoting the de novo biosynthesis of flavonoids in vitro. Furthermore, a qRT-PCR assay and the accumulation of metabolites demonstrated that the expression of <i>CtCYP82G24</i> was effectively induced by Polyethylene glycol stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. In addition, the overexpression of <i>CtCYP82G24</i> could also trigger expression levels of several other flavonoid biosynthetic genes in transgenic plants. Taken together, our findings suggest that <i>CtCYP82G24</i> overexpression plays a decisive regulatory role in PEG-induced osmotic stress tolerance and alleviates flavonoid accumulation in transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i>.
The nanostructure problem (2010)

Diffraction techniques are making progress in tackling the difficult problem of solving the structures of nanoparticles and nanoscale materials.
Botanicals as Grain Protectants (2012)

Prevention of food losses during postharvest storage is of paramount economic importance. Integrated pest management is now a widely accepted strategy in pest control including postharvest infestation control which involves the use of chemical (contact/residual) insecticides along with fumigants. The use of synthetic chemical insecticides is either not permitted or used restrictively because of the residue problem and health risks to consumers. In view of the above, there is a need for plants that may provide potential alternatives to the currently used insect control agents as they constitute a rich source of bioactive molecules. Available literature indicates that plant could be source for new insecticides. Therefore, there is a great potential for a plant-derived insecticidal compounds. This paper focuses on the current state of the botanical insecticides as grain protectants and its mode of action.
Energy storage on board of DC fed railway vehicles PESC 2004 conference in Aachen, Germany (2004)

The proposed energy storage on board of a DC-railway vehicle leads to a big step in the reduction of consumed energy. Up to 30% energy saving are expected in a light rail vehicle, at the same time reducing the peak power demand drastically. In addition, with the energy storage an operation without catenary could become reality, which was successfully demonstrated with the prototype light rail vehicle driving with switched off pantograph. This prototype vehicle is in passenger operation since September 2003, the implemented software is optimised on energy savings and first experience is very promising.
Classifying desirable features of software visualization tools for corrective maintenance (2008)

We provide an evaluation of 15 software visualization tools applicable to corrective maintenance. The tasks supported as well as the techniques used are presented and graded based on the support level. By analyzing user acceptation of current tools, we aim to help developers to select what to consider, avoid or improve in their next releases. Tool users can also recognize what to broadly expect (and what not) from such tools, thereby supporting an informed choice for the tools evaluated here and for similar tools.
[PEGylation of polyamidoamine dendrimer and the properties for gene vectors]. (2011)

Polyamidoamine-polyethylene glycol (PAMAM-PEG) copolymers were synthesized using IPDI as coupling reagent by two-step method. The copolymers were characterized by IR spectrum and 1H NMR spectrum, and the PEG conjugating ratios of the copolymers were calculated equal to 10% and 30% separately. MTT assay indicated that after PEGylation a lower cytotoxicity of the copolymers could be found, and with increasing PEG conjugating ratio the cytotoxicity decreased obviously. Agarose gel retardation assay demonstrated that PAMAM-PEG copolymers could be combined with DNA and PAMAM-PEG/DNA complexes were prepared by self-assembly. DLS measurement showed that when N/P > or = 50, the particle size of copolymer/ gene complexes was in a range of 150-200 nm, and the zeta potential was in a range of 10-25 mV. In vitro gene transfection illustrated that when N/P < or = 50, the gene transfection efficiency of PAMAM-PEG copolymers was a little less than that of PAMAM-G5, but the transfection efficiency can be raised by increasing N/P ratio or transfection time. Considering both cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency aspects PAMAM-PEG-13 was more effect than PAMAM-PEG-39 in PEGylation.
Replacement of the Os Trapezium by Polyurethane Implants (1993)

Twenty-five patients with arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint had the os trapezium replaced by a polyurethane implant (Tecoflex), and the results were evaluated after three years (range 28-47 months). There were three failures in which the implants had been removed because of dislocation with pain. The clinical results in the remaining 22 cases in terms of relief of pain and thumb function were comparable with previous series of silicone implants. Radiographic examination showed no signs of bone resorption or other unfavourable tissue reactions around the implants, but subluxation of the implants was seen in half of the cases. Implant subluxation might be caused by poor design of the implant or the limited amount of fibrous foreign-body reaction around the polyurethane material that resulted in less firm encapsulation than occurred around silicone implants.
Identification of T epitopes within a potential <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> vaccine antigen. A study of human lymphocyte responses to repeat and nonrepeat regions of Pf155/RESA. (1988)

PBMC from Melanesians who had high antibody reactivities to fusion proteins encompassing the 3' and the 5' repeat regions of the ring infected E surface antigen (Pf155/RESA), were tested for their ability to respond to synthetic and recombinant peptides representing regions of Pf155/RESA. The aim was to identify T cell epitopes within the Ag. Most of the synthetic peptides from the nonrepeat regions of Pf155/RESA were selected for study on the basis of their tendency to form amphipathic alpha-helices. Peptides representing immunodominant B cell epitopes were also tested. Three-quarters of the Melanesian donors responded to the recombinant peptides (Ag 1505 and Ag 632-100) and to the 8 x 4 mer, a synthetic peptide representative of the 3' repeat region. Whereas all the remaining eight peptides tested elicited a response in at least one donor, three peptides (M40, M42, and BTA3) representing sequences in the nonrepeat regions showed greatest promise as potentially useful T epitopes. Responses in control donors were also observed to most of the peptides but the percentage of responders was lower. T cell bulk lines specific to Ag 1505 and Ag 632-100 were established. All donors were HLA tissue typed, but no obvious correlations between responsiveness and HLA type were observed. Our results suggest that there are T cell epitopes within and outside the repeat regions of Pf155/RESA.
ASSESSMENT OF THE OUTPUT OF A STOCHASTIC DECISION MODEL (1973)

The concept of stochastic dominance is described and its use is illustrated in relation to the evaluation of the output of a systems simulation model of lucerne haymaking in south‐west Spain. Two alternative machinery systems are ranked for various lucerne areas using the criteria of stochastic dominance, and These results are compared with those obtained using mean‐variance analysis.
Pulse coupled neural network for motion detection (2004)

This paper presents a pulse coupled neural network that segments moving objects from background. The model is composed of Eckhorn's spike neurons arranged in two parts. Part I is a two layer network that performs local features matching. Part II is one layer of local connected neurons inhibiting false matching. The visual input is encoded in pulse sequence, whereas the motion direction and distance are built into synapse delay. The object contours within two consecutive frames of input video match each other through neurons acting as coincidence detectors. If an object is moving, its contours in consecutive frames will be fully matched; the neurons included within these contours will fire periodically. The contours of the still object will be inhibited by the false matching removing mechanism in part II. Finally, only the moving object(s) emerges from the background.
Finger recognition for hand pose determination (2009)

Hand pose and gesture recognition methods have been based on many properties of hand images, but using finger recognition is unique. Here we describe hand pose from finger recognition, its limitations and its advantages. The implementation is being used for some real applications, including interfaces and computer games, and has a success rate of over 98%.
A Perfluoroaryl-Cysteine S[subscript N]Ar Chemistry Approach to Unprotected Peptide Stapling (2013)

We report the discovery of a facile transformation between perfluoroaromatic molecules and a cysteine thiolate, which is arylated at room temperature. This new approach enabled us to selectively modify cysteine residues in unprotected peptides, providing access to variants containing rigid perfluoroaromatic staples. This stapling modification performed on a peptide sequence designed to bind the C-terminal domain of an HIV-1 capsid assembly polyprotein (C-CA) showed enhancement in binding, cell permeability, and proteolytic stability properties, as compared to the unstapled analog. Importantly, chemical stability of the formed staples allowed us to use this motif in the native chemical ligation-mediated synthesis of a small protein affibody that is capable of binding the human epidermal growth factor 2 receptor.
On Detecting Data Flow Errors in Workflows (2010)

When designing a business workflow, it is customary practice to create the control flow structure first and to ensure its correctness. Information about the flow of data is introduced subsequently into the workflow and its correctness is independently verified. Improper specification of data requirements of tasks and XOR splits can cause problems such as wrong branching at XOR splits and the failure of tasks to execute. Here we present a graph traversal algorithm called GTforDF for detecting data flow errors in both nested and unstructured workflows, and illustrate its operation on realistic examples. Two of these have interconnected loops and are free of control flow errors, and the third one is an unstructured loop-free workflow. Our approach extends and generalizes data flow verification methods that have been recently proposed. It also makes use of the concept of corresponding pairs lately introduced in control flow verification. It thus has the potential for development into a unified algorithmic procedure for the concurrent detection of control flow and data flow errors. The correctness of the algorithm has been proved theoretically. It has also been tested experimentally on many examples.
On a problem in radiotherapy: Questions of non‐negativity (1989)

Abstract A well‐known result is used to show that if g is a non‐negative function and the radiation field, f , is its Radon transform, the dose field, f̂, is the convolution of g with (1/π r ) and is necessarily non‐negative. Simple series expansions of f and f̂ are given, and the series for f is written as a finite Fourier series. Known properties of finite Fourier series are used to seek, fruitlessly, for useful conditions on the coefficients to ensure the non‐negativity of f .