gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Macroscopic Correlates of Minicolumnar Pathology in Autism (2002)

All subcortical arrangements are primarily nuclear in type. The cortex has been the first part of the brain to evolve a radial and laminar arrangement of cells. The resultant modular arrangement is based on the cell minicolumn: a self-contained ecosystem of connectivity linking afferent, efferent, and inerneuronal connections. Recently, the cell minicolumn has been found to be abnormal in patients with autism. This article relates different aspects of the cell minicolumn and larger-scale neuronal assemblies to potential research techniques and their application to clinical practice.
Chelating C4‐Bound Imidazolylidene Complexes through Oxidative Addition of Imidazolium Salts to Palladium(0) (2011)

Abstract Oxidative addition of donor‐functionalised 4‐iodoimidazolium salts to palladium(0) provides a selective route for the preparation of abnormal chelating N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes and enables the introduction of a variety of donor groups. The activation of the C4 position does not necessitate protection of the imidazolium C2 position, thereby leaving this site available for further modification. While metallation of the unsubstituted C2 position of the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand was unsuccessful when palladium was bound to the C4 carbon atom, sequential metallation of first the C2 position, by means of transmetallation, followed by C4–I oxidative addition, afforded a dimetallic complex comprised of two palladium centres bridged by a single NHC ligand.
Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a NovelEscherichia coli Thioredoxin (1997)

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small ubiquitous protein that displays different functions mainly via redox-mediated processes. We here report the cloning of a gene (trxC) coding for a novel thioredoxin in Escherichia coli as well as the expression and characterization of its product. The gene encodes a protein of 139 amino acids (Trx2) with a calculated molecular mass of 15.5 kDa. Trx2 contains two distinct domains: an N-terminal domain of 32 amino acids including two CXXC motifs and a C-terminal domain, with the conserved active site, Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys, showing high homology to the prokaryotic thioredoxins. Trx2 together with thioredoxin reductase and NADPH is an efficient electron donor for the essential enzyme ribonucleotide reductase and is also able to reduce the interchain disulfide bridges of insulin. The apparent Km value of Trx2 for thioredoxin reductase is similar to that of the previously characterized E. coli thioredoxin (Trx1). The enzymatic activity of Trx2 as a protein-disulfide reductase is increased by preincubation with dithiothreitol, suggesting that oxidation of cysteine residues other than the ones in the active site might regulate its activity. A truncated form of the protein, lacking the N-terminal domain, is insensitive to the presence of dithiothreitol, further confirming the involvement of the additional cysteine residues in modulating Trx2 activity. In addition, the presence of the N-terminal domain appears to confer heat sensitivity to Trx2, unlike Trx1. Finally, Trx2 is present normally in growing E. coli cells as shown by Western blot analysis.
Volumetric scintillation dosimetry for scanned proton beams (2014)

Scanned beam proton therapy is a promising cancer treatment modality which is becoming more widely available with the increasing number of proton radiotherapy centers. Scanned proton beams can produce complex 3D dose distributions, presenting a challenge for adequate quality assurance testing. Because each scanned beam dose measurement requires the delivery of the entire field, multiple measurements can be time consuming. These quality assurance challenges limit the number of patients who can be treated with this modality. The overall objective of this project is to increase the safety and availability of complex proton therapy treatments by developing a fast volumetric scintillation detector. Volumetric scintillation dosimetry is a new technique with the potential to provide fast, high-resolution measurements of scanned proton beams. Initial studies using scintillation dosimetry for IMPT quality assurance have shown promise, despite quenching effects caused by the nonlinear response of the scintillator to low-energy protons. All previous studies have used a single camera to image a tank of scintillator. However, to obtain real-time 3D information, at least two cameras are required. The purpose of this study is to develop a dual-camera volumetric scintillation dosimetry system and test its capabilities for quality assurance of scanned proton beams. A prototype detector was built, consisting of a tank of LS imaged by two orthogonally-positioned CCD cameras. The optical response of the system was evaluated, and correction methods were developed for optical artifacts. Quenching correction methods were developed to preserve the linearity of dose measurement in the Bragg peak. The new detector was used to measure the range, lateral profile, and lateral position of scanned proton beams of multiple energies and lateral locations. A high level of accuracy was obtained with the range and lateral profile measurements. The lateral position measurements were precise but suffered from systematic errors related to uncertainties in the day-to-day setup of the detector. The new detector design shows the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and comprehensiveness of quality assurance measurements for scanned proton beam delivery systems. It provides the novel capability of measuring the proton beam range, lateral profile, and lateral position simultaneously and rapidly with high resolution. These capabilities will facilitate increased patient safety and an improved capacity to detect beam delivery errors.
Controlled Release of Simvastatin from Biomimetic β-TCP Drug Delivery System (2013)

Simvastatin have been shown to induce bone formation and there is currently a urgent need to develop an appropriate delivery system to sustain the release of the drug to increase therapeutic efficacy whilst reducing side effects. In this study, a novel drug delivery system for simvastatin by means of hydrothermally converting marine exoskeletons to biocompatible beta-tricalcium phosphate was investigated. Furthermore, the release of simvastatin was controlled by the addition of an outer apatite coating layer. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and mass spectroscopy confirming the conversion process. The in-vitro dissolution of key chemical compositional elements and the release of simvastatin were measured in simulated body fluid solution showing controlled release with reduction of approximately 25% compared with un-coated samples. This study shows the potential applications of marine structures as a drug delivery system for simvastatin.
Toward an Efficient C-RAN Optical Fronthaul for the Future Networks: A Tutorial on Technologies, Requirements, Challenges, and Solutions (2017)

The exponential traffic growth, demand for high speed wireless data communications, as well as incessant deployment of innovative wireless technologies, services, and applications, have put considerable pressure on the mobile network operators (MNOs). Consequently, cellular access network performance in terms of capacity, quality of service, and network coverage needs further considerations. In order to address the challenges, MNOs, as well as equipment vendors, have given significant attention to the small-cell schemes based on cloud radio access network (C-RAN). This is due to its beneficial features in terms of performance optimization, cost-effectiveness, easier infrastructure deployment, and network management. Nevertheless, the C-RAN architecture imposes stringent requirements on the fronthaul link for seamless connectivity. Digital radio over fiber-based common public radio interface (CPRI) is the fundamental means of distributing baseband samples in the C-RAN fronthaul. However, optical links which are based on CPRI have bandwidth and flexibility limitations. Therefore, these limitations might constrain or make them impractical for the next generation mobile systems which are envisaged not only to support carrier aggregation and multi-band but also envisioned to integrate technologies like millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and massive multiple-input multiple-output antennas into the base stations. In this paper, we present comprehensive tutorial on technologies, requirements, architectures, challenges, and proffer potential solutions on means of achieving an efficient C-RAN optical fronthaul for the next-generation network such as the fifth generation network and beyond. A number of viable fronthauling technologies such as mm-wave and wireless fidelity are considered and this paper mainly focuses on optical technologies such as optical fiber and free-space optical. We also present feasible means of reducing the system complexity, cost, bandwidth requirement, and latency in the fronthaul. Furthermore, means of achieving the goal of green communication networks through reduction in the power consumption by the system are considered.
Real-Time Simulation and Visualization of Large Sea Surfaces (2007)

The open ocean is the setting for enterprises that require extensive monitoring, planning and training. In the offshore industry, virtual environments have been embraced to improve such processes. The presented work focuses on real-time simulation and visualization of open seas. This implies very large water surfaces dominated by wind-driven waves, but also influenced by the presence of watercraft activity and offshore installations. The implemented system treats sea surfaces as periodic elevation fields, obtained by synthesis from statistically sampled frequency spectra. Apparent repeating structures across a surface, due to this periodic nature, are avoided by decomposing the elevation field synthesis, using two or more discrete spectra with different frequency scales. A GPU-based water solver is also included. Its implementation features a convenient input interface, which exploits hardware rasterization both for efficiency and to supply the algorithm with arbitrary data, e.g. smooth, connected deflective paths. Finally, polygonal representations of visible ocean regions are obtained using a GPU-accelerated tessellation scheme suitable for wave fields. The result is realistic, unbounded ocean surfaces with natural distributions of wind-driven waves, avoiding the artificial periodicity associated with previous similar techniques. Further, the simulation allows for superposed boat wakes and surface obstacles in regions of interest. With the proposed tessellation scheme, the visualization is economic with regards to data transfer, conforming with the goal of delivering highly interactive rendering rates.
Interfacial Profile and Propagation of Frontal Photopolymerization Waves (2014)

We investigate the frontal photopolymerization of a thiol-ene system with a combination of experiments and modeling, focusing on the interfacial conversion profile and its planar wave propagation. We spatially resolve the solid-to-liquid front by FT-IR and AFM mechanical measurements, supplemented by differential scanning calorimetry. A simple coarse-grained model is found to describe remarkably well the frontal kinetics and the sigmoidal interface, capturing the effects of UV light exposure time (or dose) and temperature, as well as the front position and resulting patterned dimensions after development. Analytical solutions for the conversion profile enable the description of all conditions with a single master curve in the moving frame of the front position. Building on this understanding, we demonstrate the design and fabrication of gradient polymer materials, with tunable properties along the direction of illumination, which can be coupled with lateral patterning by modulated illumination or grayscale lithography.
Impact of Ti/Al atomic ratio on the formation mechanism of non-recessed Au-free Ohmic contacts on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures (2016)

The formation mechanism of non-recessed Au–free Ohmic contacts on the AlGaN/GaN heterostructures is investigated for various Ti/Al atomic ratios (Al–rich versus Ti–rich) and annealing temperatures ranging from 500 to 950 °C. It is shown that Ti/Al atomic ratio is the key parameter defining the optimum annealing temperature for Ohmic contact formation. Ti–rich contacts processed at high temperature result in low contact resistance ∼0.7 Ω mm, better to those obtained at low temperature or with Al–rich metal stacks. The variation of the contact resistance with Ti/Al atomic ratio and annealing temperature is correlated with the intermetallic phase changes and interfacial reaction. Depending on the Ti/Al atomic ratio, two distinct mechanisms can be distinguished. For a small quantity of Ti (e.g., Al–rich contacts), Ohmic contact formation is done through a weak interfacial reaction which is nonexistent at high temperature due to the degradation of the metal morphology. However, for a quantity of Ti higher than 25 at. % (e.g., Ti–rich contacts), the agglomeration is delayed by 200 °C as compared to Al–rich contacts, and optimal contacts are formed at high temperature through a strong interfacial reaction.
Some consequences of capillary permeability to macromolecules: Starling's hypothesis reconsidered (1986)

Starling's hypothesis ascribes fluid movements across capillary walls to the interaction of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces. For 90 years it has been recognized as the basis of plasma-to-interstitial fluid balance. Its original statement was based on the notion of capillary impermeability to plasma proteins. However, as knowledge of transcapillary exchange of plasma proteins developed, its formulation was progressively modified to allow for protein transport and for interaction of protein transport with volume flow. The most important aspects of the conceptual evolution of Starling's hypothesis are reviewed in the text of this lecture.
High-Performance Integrated Circuits for High-Gain FM-IF Systems (1970)

Two new high-gain FM-IF linear integrated circuits (IC's) are now commercially available. These devices provide the cost and performance advantages generally associated with integrated circuits and are well suited for all FM-IF applications including automobile radio. This paper describes the application and design feature of two circuits: a high-gain amplifier limiter RCA CA3076 and an RCA CA3075 FM subsystem which employs a newly developed differential peak-detection method.
Diels-Alder reactions in the presence of a minimal amount of water (2008)

Diels-Alder reactions of neat reactive dienes and dienophiles are frequently vigorous and have a limited preparative value. It is possible to control the temperature of multi-gram scale Diels-Alder reactions by adding a minimal amount of water to neat reactants. In addition, the presence of water resulted in an increased reaction rate and formation of a higher purity product. The use of minimal amounts of other solvents, with lower heat capacities, did not give good results. Furthermore, some dienophiles, e.g. maleic anhydride, reacted poorly in a dilute water suspension or solution, but worked well in the presence of a minimal amount of water. This is an environmentally friendly, practical and efficient approach to preparation of Diels-Alder adducts on a multi-gram scale.
Observation of Fast Hydrogen Atoms Formed by Ion Bombarding of Surfaces (2002)

We report on the observation of fast hydrogen atoms in a capacitively coupled RF reactor by optical emission spectroscopy. For the analysis we use the prominent Hα emission line of atomic hydrogen in combination with other lines from molecular hydrogen and argon. Several characteristic emission structures can be identified. One of these structures is related to fast hydrogen atoms traveling from the surface of the powered electrode to the plasma bulk. From the appearance time within the RF period we conclude that this feature originates from ion bombardment of the electrode surface. Measured pressure dependencies and a simple model for the ion dynamics support this assumption.
Moore’s law realities for recording systems and memory storage components: HDD, tape, NAND, and optical (2017)

This paper describes trends in the storage technologies associated with Linear Tape Open (LTO) Tape cartridges, hard disk drives (HDD), and NAND Flash based storage devices including solid-state drives (SSD). This technology discussion centers on the relationship between cost/bit and bit density and, specifically on how the Moore’s Law perception that areal density doubling and cost/bit halving every two years is no longer being achieved for storage based components. This observation and a Moore’s Law Discussion are demonstrated with data from 9-year storage technology trends, assembled from publically available industry reporting sources.
Effect of fiber length on the mechanical properties of high dosage carbon reinforced (2017)

Short fibers are effective reinforcements in strengthening and toughening polymer materials. It is reported that even small amounts of fibers drastically increased composite strength. However, for high fiber dosage the dispersion and interface adhesion is quite poor reaching to lower stiffness and strength efficiency. The effects of fiber length on mechanical properties of low content of short fiber reinforced composites is usually associated with a gain with the increasing of fiber length, but for high dosage this statement is not entirely consensual. This paper intends to contribute for the better understanding of the effect of the fiber length on the mechanical performance of high dosage fiber reinforced composites. Composite plates were manufactured by compression moulding, using short carbon fibers reinforcements (2, 4 and 6 mm in length) with 60% wt fiber fraction and the Biresin®CR120 resin as matrix. The specimens were machined from the plates for desired dimensions to the tensile and DMA tests. High dosage composites exhibits very low efficiency parameters both in stiffness and particularly in tensile strength. Stiffness increases in order of 25% when fiber length increases from 2mm to 4mm, but afterwards decreases for 6mm fiber length composites. The same tendency was observed for the tensile strength meaning that poor fiber dispersion and disorder was achieved for 6mm fiber length. The results of DMA indicate, however, that modulus storage increases when fiber length increases from 2mm to 6mm.
Beginning T-SQL with Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2008 (2008)

If you have never programmed with T-SQL but have some background programming knowledge and experience, Beginning T-SQL with Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2006 will provide you with an overview of SQL Server query operations and tools used with T-SQL, Microsoft's implementation of the SQL database query language. Review basic query language commands and syntax, learn how to design and build applications, and understand how to optimize query performance. Improve your skills with the most up-to-date T-SQL guide, which provides hands-on examples and instructions to guide you through the process.
Automatic speaker verification on site and by telephone: methods, applications and assessment (2006)

Speaker verification is the biometric task of authenticating a claimed identity by means of analyzing a spoken sample of the claimant's voice. The present thesis deals with various topics related to automatic speaker verification (ASV) in the context of its commercial applications, characterized by co-operative users, user-friendly interfaces, and requirements for small amounts of enrollment and test data. A text-dependent system based on hidden Markov models (HMM) was developed and used to conduct experiments, including a comparison between visual and aural strategies for prompting claimants for randomized digit strings. It was found that aural prompts lead to more errors in spoken responses and that visually prompted utterances performed marginally better in ASV, given that enrollment data were visually prompted. High-resolution flooring techniques were proposed for variance estimation in the HMMs, but results showed no improvement over the standard method of using target-independent variances copied from a background model. These experiments were performed on Gandalf, a Swedish speaker verification telephone corpus with 86 client speakers. A complete on-site application (PER), a physical access control system securing a gate in a reverberant stairway, was implemented based on a combination of the HMM and a Gaussian mixture model based system. Users were authenticated by saying their proper name and a visually prompted, random sequence of digits after having enrolled by speaking ten utterances of the same type. An evaluation was conducted with 54 out of 56 clients who succeeded to enroll. Semi-dedicated impostor attempts were also collected. An equal error rate (EER) of 2.4% was found for this system based on a single attempt per session and after retraining the system on PER-specific development data. On parallel telephone data collected using a telephone version of PER, 3.5% EER was found with landline and around 5% with mobile telephones. Impostor attempts in this case were same-handset attempts. Results also indicate that the distribution of false reject and false accept rates over target speakers are well described by beta distributions. A state-of-the-art commercial system was also tested on PER data with similar performance as the baseline research system.
Cassegrain Systems (1961)

The effective <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F/D</tex> ratio for a parabolic-hyperbolic (Cassegrain) antenna system is shown under practical considerations to be only slightly larger than that of the parabola alone. Furthermore, when advantage is being taken of this increase in effective <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F/D</tex> ratio for the purpose of providing wider angle multiple beam antenna systems, it is shown that the size of the feed horn structure may become prohibitive.
Implementation of a Total System Production Optimization Model in a Complex Gas-Lifted Offshore Operation (2006)

Abstract A total system production optimization model has been implemented in a complex gas-lifted offshore operation, resulting in production gains and operating cost reductions. Whereas previous optimization models considered only the wells and production gathering network, the new model is able to consider the combined performance of the total system, including downhole well configurations, the complex production gathering and lift-gas distribution pipeline networks, separators, compressors and pumps. The model is applicable to most gas-lifted fields, and will be particularly beneficial when applied to those with complex production systems, and where compressors are a constraint on total system performance. The output from the optimization model principally comprises recommended values for individual well gas lift injection rates, separator pressures, compressor discharge pressures and compressor utilization. Field results are presented in the paper to demonstrate how implementing the optimizer's recommendations in the field resulted in economic benefits through increased production and reduced operating costs. Also described is how the model allows field operations engineers to re-optimize field control parameters on a more frequent basis and with less manpower than previously. The successful implementation of a complex model with such a broad scope is as dependent upon the implementation process as it is upon the technology. Therefore, in addition to describing the details of the model itself, this paper will cover the issues that arose during the implementation and how they were resolved. These include the level of manpower and support required, project organization and execution, and the processes required to sustain the benefits after the initial optimization gains have been realized.