gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Aspects of Nonleptonic Hyperon Decays (1961)

Recent experimental results on nonleptonic hyperon decays are studied on the basis of a doublet approximation for strong and weak interactions, with the implied suggestion that this higher symmetry may be more easily discernable in such reactions in which $K$-particles do not occur explicitly. The doublet approximation is characterized by a doublet spin $I$ which is equal to \textonehalf{}, 1, 0 for baryons, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $K$, respectively and by a $K$ spin. It is not necessary to assume that the strong $K$ interactions are weak compared to the strong $\ensuremath{\pi}$ interactions. For the mentioned reactions it is necessary to assume that the strong interactions which do not conserve $I$ play a minor role compared to those which conserve $I$.The following refinement of the nonleptonic $\ensuremath{\Delta}T=\frac{1}{2}$ rule is proposed. ($T=\mathrm{isotopic}\mathrm{spin}$). The weak nonleptonic interactions consist of two parts ${H}^{(0)}$, ${H}^{(1)}$ with $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=0, 1$, respectively. In the doublet approximation ${H}^{(0)}$ and ${H}^{(1)}$ separately conserve parity in the presence of all strong $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $K$ interactions. ${H}^{(0)}$ and ${H}^{(1)}$ together do not conserve parity, however. In addition to $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$, ${H}^{(1)}$ should in general satisfy a further constraint, but there are classes of graphs for which $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$ is sufficient.Current X current structures for ${H}^{(0)}$ and ${H}^{(1)}$ are examined. Results of an earlier paper can be viewed as a special case of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=0,1$ rule. The same is true for results obtained by Feldman, Matthews, and Salam and by Wolfenstein. The considerations of these authors can be extended to wider classes of graphs.Odd relative helicity and the relation between rates for $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ are consequences of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=0, 1$ rule only. So is the prediction that $\ensuremath{\Xi}$ decay is strongly $P$ nonconserving.The parity properties of ${H}^{(0)}$, ${H}^{(1)}$ are sufficient conditions. It is a delicate question whether they are necessary. For a subset of graphs they are not necessary, but this set seems arbitrary. If it is assumed that the parity conditions are necessary, the schizon scheme is ruled out.It is noted that the nonleptonic weak interactions may be generated by the strong interactions in terms of the following prescription. ${H}^{(1)}$ is generated by assuming that the $\ensuremath{\pi}(K)$ fields have small $K(\ensuremath{\pi})$ components. An ${H}^{(0)}$ is generated by assuming that the doublets ${N}_{1}({N}_{2})$ have small ${N}_{2}({N}_{1})$ components; likewise for ${N}_{3}$ and ${N}_{4}$. Further, it is observed that one can construct a non-electromagnetic $\ensuremath{\Delta}T=\frac{3}{2}$ interaction which is small in the sense that it only contributes to ${{K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}}^{+}$ to the extent that the doublet approximation is not valid.
Getting comforted by communication in the '90s. (1991)

The benefits scene is full of troubling, confusing changes. Employees need effective, "comforting" communication to help them understand these changes, Ms. Rhodes observes.
PEDF promotes self-renewal of limbal stem cell and accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing (2013)

Limbal epithelial stem cell (LSC) transplantation is a prevalent therapeutic method for patients with LSC deficiency. The maintenance of stem cell characteristics in the process of culture expansion is critical for the success of ocular surface reconstruction. Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) increased the numbers of holoclone in LSC monolayer culture and preserved the stemness of LSC in suspension culture by evidence of ΔNp63α, Bmi-1, and ABCG2 expression. BrdU pulse-labeling assay also demonstrated that PEDF stimulated LSCs proliferation. In air-lift culture of limbal equivalent, PEDF was capable of increasing the numbers of ΔNp63α-positive cells. The mitogenic effect of PEDF was found to be mediated by the phosphorylations of p38 MAPK and STAT3 in LSCs. Synthetic 44-mer PEDF (residues 78-121) was as effective as the full length PEDF in LSC expansion in suspension culture and limbal equivalent formation, as well as the activation of p38 MAPK and STAT3. In mice subjecting to mechanical removal of cornea epithelium, 44-mer PEDF facilitated corneal wound healing. Microscopically, 44-mer PEDF advanced the early proliferative response in limbus, increased the proliferation of ΔNp63α-positive cells both in limbus and in epithelial healing front, and assisted the repopulation of limbus in the late phase of wound healing. In conclusion, the capability of expanding LSC in cell culture and in animal indicates the potential of PEDF and its fragment (e.g., 44-mer PEDF) in ameliorating limbal stem cell deficiency; and their uses as therapeutics for treating corneal wound.
Binding characteristics of IgA 16.4.12E, a monoclonal antibody with specificity for the nonreducing terminal epitope of alpha-(1—-6)-dextrans. Comparisons between IgA hybridoma 16.4.12E and myeloma W3129 (1990)

IgA 16.4.12E is a murine monoclonal antibody obtained following immunization with isomaltohexose linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. We have studied its interaction with methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and its derivatives bearing deoxy or deoxyfluoro groups, and with the methyl alpha-glycosides of a series of isomalto-oligosaccharides, some bearing deoxy or deoxy-fluoro groups at selected positions. From the data it is concluded that the antibody binds optimally to 4 sequential glucopyranosyl residues and that the protein subsite possessing the major affinity binds the terminal, nonreducing glucosyl group of that antigenic epitope. All the hydroxyl groups of that terminal glucosyl group are involved in hydrogen bonding, some in a donating and some in an accepting capacity. In the last part of the paper we report the construction of a possible model of the antibody, derived from its known amino acid sequence and the known crystalline structures of two closely related antibodies. It shows a pronounced cavity in the general immunoglobulin combining area which is flanked by 2 solvent-exposed tryptophanyl residues. A model recently reported for anti-dextran IgA W3129 shows a similar cavity with one such residue. Guided by hydrogen bonds, experimentally deduced from the comparison of the affinities of variously derivatized ligands, we suggest a speculative fitting for the nonreducing terminus of the dextran antigen, in the respective cavities of both IgA 16.4.12E and W3129.
Structure of a Stapled Peptide Antagonist Bound to Nutlin-Resistant Mdm2 (2014)

As key negative regulator of the p53 tumour suppressor, Mdm2 is an attractive therapeutic target. Small molecules such as Nutlin have been developed to antagonise Mdm2, resulting in p53-dependent death of tumour cells. We have recently described a mutation in Mdm2 (M62A), which precludes binding of Nutlin, but not p53. This Nutlin-resistant variant is not, however, refractory to binding and inhibition by stapled peptide antagonists targeting the same region of Mdm2. A detailed understanding of how stapled peptides are recalcitrant to Mdm2 mutations conferring Nutlin-resistance will aid in the further development of potent Mdm2 antagonists. Here, we report the 2.00 Å crystal structure of a stapled peptide antagonist bound to Nutlin resistant Mdm2. The stapled peptide relies on an extended network of interactions along the hydrophobic binding cleft of Mdm2 for high affinity binding. Additionally, as seen in other stapled peptide structures, the hydrocarbon staple itself contributes to binding through favourable interactions with Mdm2. The structure highlights the intrinsic plasticity present in both Mdm2 and the hydrocarbon staple moiety, and can be used to guide future iterations of both small molecules and stapled peptides for improved antagonists of Mdm2.
Microwave-assisted enzyme-catalyzed reactions in various solvent systems (2005)

The work describes the accelerated enzymatic digestion of several proteins in various solvent systems under microwave irradiation. The tryptic fragments of the proteins were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Under the influence of rapid microwave heating, these enzymatic reactions can proceed in a solvent such as chloroform, which, under traditional digestion conditions, renders the enzyme inactive. The digestion efficiencies and sequence coverages were increased when the trypsin digestions occurred in acetonitrile-, methanol- and chloroform-containing solutions that were heated under microwave irradiation for 10 min using a commercial microwave applicator. The percentage of the protein digested under microwave irradiation increased with the relative acetonitrile content, but decreased as the methanol content was increased. These observations suggest that acetonitrile does not deactivate the enzyme during the irradiation period; in contrast, methanol does deactivate it. In all cases, the digestion efficiencies under microwave irradiation exceed those under conventional conditions.
Electrochemistry of the Rare Earth Group (1946)

Electrochemical methods have been useful in the study of the rare earth group metals in several ways: (1) Cathodic reduction has produced europous ion and ytterbous ion, both of which form insoluble sulfates. This has made possible the separation of these scarce elements from the others in the group. (2) The electrolysis of rare earth solutions, using a mercury cathode, has made possible the production of rare earth amalgams from which the rare earth metals may be obtained in a high state of purity. (3) Electrolysis of fused rare earth chlorides has been the most commonly used method of producing the metals. Those members of the group with smaller atomic weights have been produced and some of their individual properties have been determined. Misch metal, an alloy of rare earth metals with iron, is the most important metallic product.
The identification of missing information resources through the query difference operator (1999)

In this paper we consider the processing of queries posed over multiple information resources that advertise their contents in terms of globally available, domain-specific ontologies. We describe a technique to identify the exact portion of a user's query that may not be answered by the set of available information agents. This is achieved by reasoning over the advertisements of the agents relative to the user's query. Our technique is based on the realization that the set difference of the queries q/sub 1/ and q/sub 2/ may be computed as a syntactic manipulation of the expressions q/sub 1/ and q/sub 2/ for a well defined subset of the relational algebra over a restricted class of relational schemas. That is to say, one may, without materializing data, take the expressions for q/sub 1/ and q/sub 2/ apply the query difference formula to yield q/sub 3/, and be guaranteed that q/sub 3/ is logically equivalent to q/sub 1/-q/sub 2/. With this query difference operator defined, the ability to compute query intersection, subsumption and equivalence follow. These claims are formally defined and proven and an example from an on-line movie guide domain is provided. In addition to the identification of missing resource agents, we anticipate a number of other applications of the query difference operator. This includes, but is not limited to, limiting the generality of dynamically constructed user queries, efficient query planning, and monitoring and controlling access to sensitive information.
Nucleus centralis of the amygdala and the globus pallidus ventralis: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes (1992)

1. Neurons (n = 177) were recorded with extracellular micropipettes in and around the nucleus centralis of the amygdala (Ce), in anesthetized rats. The spontaneous activity of these neurons was variable (0.25 less than 3 less than 35 Hz, n = 175; 10th percentile less than median less than 90th percentile). A majority (80%) of these neurons were excited or inhibited exclusively or preferentially by noxious stimuli. These units were separated into two groups: 1) a group of neurons excited by noxious stimuli (46% of the whole population) and 2) a group of neurons inhibited by noxious stimuli (34% of the whole population). 2. The receptive fields of both groups of neurons were very large: in about one-half the cases the neurons responded similarly from all parts of the body, and in the other cases the responses were greater when the stimuli were applied to a restricted part of the body. 3. Seventy-seven percent of the excited neurons had responses of relatively high magnitudes. In this group, most cells (75%) were exclusively driven by noxious stimuli; the others (25%) were preferentially activated by noxious stimuli. These neurons responded to mechanical (pinch or squeeze) and/or thermal (water bath or water jet greater than 44 degrees C) noxious stimuli with a marked and sustained activation. 4. Sixty percent of the inhibited neurons had a marked decrease of activity in response to noxious stimuli. In this group, most of them (81%) were exclusively inhibited by noxious stimuli, whereas the remainder (19%) were preferentially inhibited by noxious stimuli. These neurons responded to mechanical (pinch or squeeze) and/or thermal (water bath or waterjet greater than 44 degrees C) noxious stimuli with a suppression or a marked and sustained decrease in activity. 5. All of the nociceptive neurons responded to intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation with one or several components of activation or inhibition. According to their latencies, three types of components were distinguished: early, intermediate, and late components. We estimate that the early and the intermediate components would be triggered by the activity of peripheral fibers in the 6- to 20-m/s range and therefore could be in the A delta fibers range, whereas the late component would be triggered by fibers in the 0.5- to 1-m/s range and therefore could be in the C fibers range. 6. The neurons excited or inhibited by noxious stimuli were not homogeneously distributed in and around the Ce.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Output of a Pulsed Atom Laser (1998)

We study the output properties of a pulsed atom laser consisting of an interacting Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic trap and an additional rf field transferring atoms to an untrapped Zeeman sublevel. For weak output coupling we calculate the dynamics of the decaying condensate population, of its chemical potential, and the velocity of the output atoms analytically.
Imprinting, expression, and localisation of DLK1 in Wilms tumours (2005)

LOI does not occur at the GTL2/DLK1 domain in Wilms tumour. This finding suggests that LOI at 11p15.5 does not reflect non-specific disruption of a shared imprinting mechanism. DLK1 expression in Wilms tumour might reflect the presence of myogenic differentiation, rather than an alteration of its imprinting status.
Strand-Specific Recognition of a Synthetic DNA Replication Fork by the SV40 Large Tumor Antigen (1992)

The mechanism by which DNA helicases unwind DNA was tested; an "unwinding complex" between the SV40 large tumor antigen (T antigen) and a DNA molecule designed to resemble a replication fork was probed. In an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent reaction, T antigen quantitatively recognized this synthetic replication fork and bound the DNA primarily as a hexamer. The T antigen bound only one of the two strands at the fork, an asymmetric interaction consistent with the 3'----5' directionality of the DNA helicase activity of T antigen. Binding to chemically modified DNA substrates indicated that the DNA helicase recognized the DNA primarily through the sugar-phosphate backbone. Ethylation of six top strand phosphates at the junction of single-stranded and double-stranded DNA inhibited the DNA helicase activity of T antigen. Neither a 3' single-stranded end on the DNA substrate nor ATP hydrolysis was required for T antigen to bind the replication fork. These data suggest that T antigen can directly bind the replication fork through recognition of a fork-specific structure.
A distributed approach to node clustering in decentralized peer-to-peer networks (2005)

Connectivity-based node clustering has wide-ranging applications in decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) networks such as P2P file sharing systems, mobile ad-hoc networks, P2P sensor networks, and so forth. This paper describes a connectivity-based distributed node clustering scheme (CDC). This scheme presents a scalable and efficient solution for discovering connectivity-based clusters in peer networks. In contrast to centralized graph clustering algorithms, the CDC scheme is completely decentralized and it only assumes the knowledge of neighbor nodes instead of requiring a global knowledge of the network (graph) to be available. An important feature of the CDC scheme is its ability to cluster the entire network automatically or to discover clusters around a given set of nodes. To cope with the typical dynamics of P2P networks, we provide mechanisms to allow new nodes to be incorporated into appropriate existing clusters and to gracefully handle the departure of nodes in the clusters. These mechanisms enable the CDC scheme to be extensible and adaptable in the sense that the clustering structure of the network adjusts automatically as nodes join or leave the system. We provide detailed experimental evaluations of the CDC scheme, addressing its effectiveness in discovering good quality clusters and handling the node dynamics. We further study the types of topologies that can benefit best from the connectivity-based distributed clustering algorithms like CDC. Our experiments show that utilizing message-based connectivity structure can considerably reduce the messaging cost and provide better utilization of resources, which in turn improves the quality of service of the applications executing over decentralized peer-to-peer networks.
A Requirement for Microglial TLR4 in Leukocyte Recruitment into Brain in Response to Lipopolysaccharide (2006)

To study the mechanisms involved in leukocyte recruitment induced by local bacterial infection within the CNS, we used intravital microscopy to visualize the interaction between leukocytes and the microvasculature in the brain. First, we showed that intracerebroventricular injection of LPS could cause significant rolling and adhesion of leukocytes in the brain postcapillary venules of wild-type mice, while negligible recruitment was observed in TLR4-deficient C57BL/10ScCr mice and CD14 knockout mice, suggesting recruitment is mediated by TLR4/CD14-bearing cells. Moreover, we observed reduced but not complete inhibition of recruitment in MyD88 knockout mice, indicating both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways are involved. The leukocyte recruitment responses in chimeric mice with TLR4-positive microglia and endothelium, but TLR4-negative leukocytes, were comparable to normal wild-type mice, suggesting either endothelium or microglia play a crucial role in the induction of leukocyte recruitment. LPS injection induced both microglial and endothelial activation in the CNS. Furthermore, minocycline, an effective inhibitor of microglial activation, completely blocked the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes in the brain and blocked TNF-alpha production in response to LPS in vivo. Minocycline did not affect activation of endothelium by LPS in vitro. TNFR p55/p75 double knockout mice also exhibited significant reductions in both rolling and adhesion in response to LPS, indicating TNF-alpha signaling is critical for the leukocyte recruitment. Our results identify a TLR4 detection system within the blood-brain barrier. The microglia play the role of sentinel cells detecting LPS thereby inducing endothelial activation and leading to efficient leukocyte recruitment to the CNS.
General Synthetic Route to Chiral Flexible Biphenylphosphine Ligands:  The Use of a Chiral Additive Enables the Preparation and Observation of Metal Complexes Incorporating the Enantiopure Form (2000)

[figure: see text] The enantio- and diastereomerically pure metal complex of a chirally flexible BIPHEP ligand is obtained through enantiomer-selective coordination of a BIPHEP-Ru complex with enantiopure 3,3'-dimethyldiaminobinaphthyl, DM-DBN, followed by epimerization of the remaining BIPHEP-Ru enantiomer to complex with DM-DABN. Thus, an efficient and general synthetic route to a variety of substituted BIPHEP ligands from biphenol and observation of the enantiomerically pure BIPHEP ligands in their Ru(II) complexes are described.
A Palm Size Micron-gap ThermoPhoto Voltaic (MTPV) Energy Converter (2002)

The goal of this project was to demonstrate that enhanced photovoltaic cell output can be achieved as a function of the physical gap between emitter and receiver in a Micron-gap ThermoPhotoVoltaic (MTPV) system. This was successfully demonstrated. Test specimen assemblies were first built for small gap MTPV testing. Tests were then performed with 0.2 micron gap heater chips on InGaAs photovoltaic cells provided by Dave Wilt of NASA Glenn. Small gap (down) and large gap (up) experiments at 300 deg C, 400 deg C, and 500 deg C were performed. Measurements with 0.2 micron gap heater chips were also made with 0.74 eV GaSb photovoltaic cells supplied by EdTek. In all conditions greater than 100% enhancement was measured. In both small gap ("DOWN") and large gap ("UP") positions heater power was shut off and the short circuit currents did not shut off but thermally decayed demonstrating that the short circuit current enhancement demonstrated were not artifacts of the heater electrical power.
Parabolic telescope and spectrometer combination (1980)

The properties of a nonfocusing collimating parabolic telescope are studied in detail by a ray-tracing method. The best optical quality with respect to coma and astigmatism is calculated for rays close to the optical axis of the telescope. For rectangular fields of view the borders are not sharp because of the aberration. A combination of a parabolic telescope and an echelle-type spectrometer gives very high spectral resolution. Wadsworth, Ebert-Fastie, and other types of spectrometers are equally well suited to be combined with this telescope. For some cases spot diagrams demonstrate the optical performance. In addition, diffraction by the aperture and its implications are discussed.