gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tight Junction Proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudins in Developing and Adult Human Perineurium (2004)

In peripheral nerves, groups of Schwann cell-axon units are isolated from the adjacent tissues by the perineurium, which creates a diffusion barrier responsible for the maintenance of endoneurial homeostasis. The perineurium is formed by concentric layers of overlapping, polygonal perineurial cells that form tight junctions at their interdigitating cell borders. In this study, employing indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate that claudin-1 and -3, ZO-1, and occludin, but not claudin-2, -4, and -5, are expressed in the perineurium of adult human peripheral nerve. We also describe the expression of occludin, ZO-1, claudin-1, -3, and -5 in the developing human perineurium, showing that the expressions of claudin-1 and -3, ZO-1, and occludin follow similar spatial developmental expression patterns but follow different timetables in achieving their respective adult distributions. Specifically, claudin-1 is already largely restricted to perineurium-derived structures at 11 fetal weeks, whereas claudin-3 and occludin are weakly expressed in the perineurial structures at this age and acquire a well-defined perineurial distribution only between 22 and 35 fetal weeks. ZO-1 appears to acquire its mature profile even later during the third trimester. The results of the present and previous studies show that the perineurial diffusion barrier matures relatively late during human peripheral nerve development.
Utterance Generation With Variational Auto-Encoder for Slot Filling in Spoken Language Understanding (2019)

Slot filling must be trained using human-labeled data that are expensive and only a limited amount of labeled utterances are readily available for learning. Data generation methods can help increase the size of the dataset and make variations to the training dataset by means of emerging new instances. We propose a novel labeled utterance generation algorithm to augment training data. Our hypothesis is that words in an utterance can be separated into the two parts, namely, slot values that are instances of slot types and the accompanying contexts. Our model aims to generate utterances that are diverse combinations of slot values and contexts that can appear together. To create various utterances containing a given condition, our deep generative model uses a conditional variational auto-encoder architecture. We conduct experiments on various slot filling datasets, specifically airline travel information systems (ATIS), Snips, and MIT Corpus. A quantitative analysis shows that the application of data augmentation using the proposed model improves the F1 score for slot filling. We also demonstrate that our labeled utterance generation model yields more desirable utterances.
A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise (1995)

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) equation has a simple, open loop structure (no feedback), which renders it susceptible to large sources of error and uncertainty over variable atmospheric and canopy background conditions. In this study, a systems analysis approach is used to examine noise sources in existing vegetation indices (VI'S) and to develop a stable, modified NDVI (MNDVI) equation. The MNDVI, a closedloop version of the NDVI, was constructed by adding 1) a soil and atmospheric noise feedback loop, and 2) an atmospheric noise compensation forward loop. The coefficients developed for the MNDVI are physically-based and are empirically related to the expected range of atmospheric and background “boundary” conditions. The MNDVI can be used with data uncorrected for atmosphere, as well as with Rayleigh corrected and atmospherically corrected data. In the field observational and simulated data sets tested here, the MNDVI was found to considerably reduce noise for any complex soil and atmospheric situation. The resulting uncertainty, expressed as vegetation equivalent noise, was +0.11 leaf area index (LAI) units, which was 7 times less than encountered with the NDVI (+0.8 LAI). These results indicate that the MNDVI may be satisfactory in meeting the need for accurate, long term vegetation measurements for the Earth Observing System (EOS) program.
Intracranial Venous Haemodynamics in Multiple Sclerosis (2007)

In multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques are known to be venocentric; in addition, MS lesions and peripheral venous disorders share a number of key features. To date, however, despite the anatomical relationship between MS lesions and the venous system, no information on the intracranial venous haemodynamics of MS is available. Eighty-nine consecutive MS patients (58 relapsing-remitting, 31 secondary progressive) matched with 60 controls underwent transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS). We assessed, in supine as well as in sitting positions, the direction of flow at the activation of the thoracic pump in the deep middle cerebral veins (dMCVs), and in the transverse sinus (TS). In the dMCVs, we also measured peak systolic velocity (PSV), peak diastolic velocity (PDV), as well as the resistance index (RI). Reflux/bidirectional flow rate was significantly higher in the MS population determining also significant differences in PDV, characterized by negative values (16.2+/-1 cm/sec in controls vs. -1.3 +/-2.6 cm/sec in MS, respectively, p<0.0001). Consequently, RI was dramatically increased in the MS group, affecting impedance of cerebral venous drainage (0.48+/-0.04 in controls vs. 1.1 +/-0.08 in MS, respectively p<0.0001). Therefore, the detection of reflux directed toward the subcortical grey matter was significantly associated to highest disability scores (p < 0.0001). Our study of MS patients demonstrated significant haemodynamic alterations detected in veins anatomically related to plaque disposition. Our findings should contribute towards understanding the role of altered venous flow and tissue drainage in the MS inflammatory chain, as well as in the neurodegenerative process.
Correlated growth in ultrathin pentacene films on silicon oxide: Effect of deposition rate (2004)

Understanding the growth mechanism in molecular organic thin films is fundamental to their applications in organic electronics. We present an extensive study of the growth mechanism of pentacene thin films on silicon dioxide $({\mathrm{SiO}}_{2})$ using atomic force microscopy. For a fixed substrate temperature ${T}_{s},$ the deposition rate \ensuremath{\kappa} is found to be a key parameter in controlling the nucleation density in the submonolayer regime and hence transport properties in the first layer of the organic field effect transistors. At a fixed ${T}_{s}=338\mathrm{K}$ the maximum number of pentacene islands per unit area $N$ follows the scaling law $N\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\kappa}}^{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ with $\ensuremath{\delta}=1.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10.$ A mechanism of homogeneous nucleation followed by diffusive growth accounts for this behavior and allows us to estimate the critical nucleus size of the pentacene islands. The results obtained from a statistical analysis of the island size distribution are fully consistent with a phenomenological capture zone model. The validity of this model depends on the extent of reevaporation of pentacene admolecules during deposition, which is moderated by the deposition rate. We demonstrate that the rate dependence of island nucleation has important implications for the density of grain boundaries, which may play an important role in the transport mechanism.
Drone-Assisted Inspection for Automated Accident Damage Estimation: A Deep Learning Approach (2019)

Drones have been used in many application domains nowadays including traffic congestion control, weather information collection, disaster and rescue interventions, and surveillance operations. The drone adoption lies on their capabilities to collect images, videos as well as other sensory data from the air, stream this data to the cloud for processing, and analytics in order to derive important real-time decisions. In this paper, we propose a drone assisted inspection for accident damage estimation based on deep learning approach. Drones are automatically scheduled to visit the accident locations, and data is retrieved for further processing and analytics. We developed a two-phases damage estimation approach, where in the first phase we use deep learning approach to identify and classify objects from accident's images, and in the second phase we measure the size of damaged objects and we estimate the overall cost of the accident's damages. We evaluated our two-phase approach using data of various accidents, and the classification accuracy we have obtained vary between 0.79 and 0.94 and the accident's damage cost estimation most of time is 100% accepted by the expert.
Surfactants for producing low interfacial tensions: III. Di and tri n‐alkylbenzenesulfonates (1978)

Abstract The synthesis of several di and tri n‐alkylbenzene‐sulfonates is described. Low interfacial tensions can be obtained against alkanes by using these materials as surfactants. The low interfacial tension properties of these surfactants are shown to be profoundly influenced by the presence or absence of an alkyl group in the ortho position relative to the sulfonate group and also to depend on the length of this alkyl chain relative to other chains in the molecule. Surfactants where this chain is relatively long tend to give their lowest interfacial tensions against the lowest molecular weight alkanes and also to be effective at lower surfactant molecular weight.
TRA-931: USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR) TO IDENTIFY TURTLE NESTS (2016)

Many turtle species are considered species at risk in Ontario and Canada. Legislation and policy protects individuals, habitats and nests. Turtles nest in areas with sand and gravel and other loose substrates, with suitable sunlight and good drainage, including roadsides, and other disturbed areas. The presence of nests may pose constraints to construction and operation of roads and other engineering projects in Ontario.\nThroughout Ontario, turtles have been observed to nest in the embankments and gravel shoulders of roadways located near wetlands. The ease of access to these nests enables the use of non-destructive technologies, such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), that are capable of locating these nests. During a GPR survey, the radar scans cross subsurface features such as pipes, walls, rocks or void spaces which generate hyperbolic reflections. The turtle nests are essentially void spaces in the gravel shoulder and can be detected using GPR because of the change in the reflected radar signal velocity. Once the data has been collected, it is imported into a data reduction software which digitizes the radar reflections and can also be linked to GPS coordinates. The depth and location of the nests can then be exported into an Excel spreadsheet.\nIn this paper, we will draw on recent project experiences in Ontario to: describe the process for identifying suitable nesting habitat and finding nests; and regulatory approval requirements, including avoidance, mitigation, and compensation requirements. The paper also provides suggestions for improvements in ground-truthing the collected data in order to refine data processing and identification techniques.
Properties of biaxially oriented Nylon 66 film (1987)

Abstract Biaxially oriented Nylon 66 film has been developed by a new tubular process. The relationship between the structure resulting from the manufacturing conditions and properties have been examined. A key technology of manufacturing is quenching of the melt, because of the high rate of polymer crystallization. The properties of biaxially oriented Nylon 66 film are found to be determined mainly by the degree of polymerization, the molecular and hydrogen bond plane structure, orientation within the film, and the degree of crystallinity. Toughness and high thermal resistance are also properties of this film. Therefore, applications for packaging have been examined, and a “retortable pouch” seems especially promising.
Improvement of convection heat transfer by using porous media and nanofluid: review (2013)

Abstract: Porous media has two specifications: First its dissipation area is greater than the conventional fins that enhance heat convection. Second the irregular motion of the fluid flow around the individual beads mixes the fluid more effectively. Nanofluids are mixtures of base fluid with a very small amount of nanoparticles having dimensions from 1 to 100 nm, with very high thermal conductivities, so it would be the best convection heat transfer by using porous media and nanofluids. Thus studies need to be conducted involving nanofluids in porous media. For that, the purpose of this article is to summarize the published subjects respect to the enhancement of convective heat transfer using porous media and nanofluids and identifies opportunities for future research.
Anatomically Tailored k-Space Sampling for Bolus-Chase Three-dimensional MR Digital Subtraction Angiography (2001)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a variable k-space sampling method for bolus-chase three-dimensional magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography in the arterial system from the abdomen to the calf. Imaging time was minimized by tailoring the acquisition according to the vascular anatomy of the station. For images obtained in 30 patients, results with the modified protocol were compared to those with the previously published protocol. For all stations, significant improvement (P <.001) was found with the modified protocol.
Harmol induces autophagy and subsequent apoptosis in U251MG human glioma cells through the downregulation of survivin (2013)

The β-carboline alkaloids are plant substances that exhibit a wide spectrum of neuropharmacological, psychopharma-cological and antitumor effects. In the present study, we found that harmol, a β-carboline alkaloid, induced autophagy and suppression of survivin expression, and subsequently induced apoptotic cell death in U251MG human glioma cells. Autophagy was induced within 12 h by treatment with harmol. When treated for over 36 h, however, apoptotic cell death was induced. Harmol treatment also reduced survivin protein expression. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of survivin enhanced the harmol-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of survivin by siRNA also induced autophagy. Therefore, harmol-induced apoptosis is a result of the reduction in survivin protein expression. Treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in the presence of harmol did not affect the expression of survivin and diminished harmol-induced cell death. Treatment with chloroquine in the presence of harmol did not suppress the reduction of survivin expression and increased harmol-induced cell death. From these results, harmol-induced reduction of survivin expression was closely related to autophagy. It is assumed that when isolation membrane formation is inhibited by treatment with 3-MA, reduction of survivin protein expression and apoptotic cell death were not induced. However, when isolation membrane formation is started and an autophagosome is formed, survivin expression is suppressed and apoptosis is executed. Harmol treatment reduced phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream targets p70-ribosomal protein S6 kinase and 4E-binding protein 1, resulting in induction of autophagy. Conversely, activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway inhibited harmol-induced autophagy and cell death. These findings indicate that harmol-induced autophagy involves the Akt/mTOR pathway. Taken together, autophagy induced by harmol represented a pro-apoptotic mechanism, and harmol suppressed the expression of survivin and subsequently induced apoptosis.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT (2005)

The small visual area known as MT or V5 has played a major role in our understanding of the primate cerebral cortex. This area has been historically important in the concept of cortical processing streams and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fertile culture dish--full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons--exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship between neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do?
Early Solid Feeding and Recurrent Childhood Eczema: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study (1990)

The relationship between early solid feeding practices and risks of recurrent or chronic eczema in childhood was examined in a birth cohort of New Zealand children studied to the age of 10. By the age of 10 years, 7.5% of children had chronic or recurrent eczema. There were clear and consistent associations between the diversity of the child's diet during the first 4 months and risks of eczema. Even when due allowance was made for a range of confounding factors--including parental atopic illness, atopic illness in siblings, the child's early milk diet, and family social background--children exposed to four or more different types of solid food before 4 months had risks of recurrent or chronic eczema that were 2.9 times those of children who were not exposed to early solid feeding. It is concluded that early exposure to a diet diverse in potential food antigens may act to predispose susceptible children to recurrent or chronic childhood eczema.
P2-type Na<sub>2/3</sub>Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>2/3−x</sub>Ti<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> as a new positive electrode for higher energy Na-ion batteries (2014)

New electrode materials of layered oxides, Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3-xTixO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2/3), are successfully synthesized, and their electrochemical performance is examined in aprotic Na cells. A Na//Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2 cell delivers 127 mA h g(-1) of reversible capacity and the average voltage reaches 3.7 V at first discharge with good capacity retention.
CHANGES IN PLASMA VOLUME AND CARDIAC OUTPUT FOLLOWING THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF GELATIN, SERUM, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SALINE SOLUTION 1 (1944)

There has recently been a renewed interest in the use of gelatin as a substitute for blood plasma (1 to 5). The purpose of the present study is to determine, in normal dogs, the degree to which a single large intravenous injection of gelatin solu- tion, physiological saline solution, or serum re- mains in the vascular bed and to determine the effect of these injections on cardiac output. METHODS Dogs were anesthetized with an intravenous injection of sodium barbital, 250 mgm. per kgm. body weight. A tracheotomy was performed and a tracheal cannula inserted. A cephalic vein, carotid artery, and a small branch of the right and left femoral arteries were exposed and cannulated. Arterial blood pressure was recorded by means of a Hg manometer that was connected to the carotid cannula. The cardiac output, right auricular pressure, and hematocrit were determined and, at the same time, 10 to 40 mgm. of the dye, T-1824, were injected intravenously to determine the plasma volume. One hour later, 50 cc. per kgm. body weight of warmed gelatin solution, physiological saline solution, or serum were injected into the cephalic vein at the rate of 5 cc. per kgm. per minute. Twenty minutes after the completion of the fluid injection, the cardiac output was determined, an "indirect" determination of plasma volume was made, and the hematocrit was determined. At 40 minutes after the completion of the injection, an "indirect" determination of plasma volume was made and the hematocrit was determined. At 60 minutes after the completion of the injection, the right auricular pressure, hematocrit, -and cardiac output were determined, and an "indirect" deter- mination of plasma volume was made. At the same time, 10 to 20 mgm. of dye were injected for a second "direct" determination of plasma volume. Two hundred and forty minutes after the completion of the injection, the hematocrit, right auricular pressure, and cardiac output were determined. At the same time, 10 mgm. of dye were injected intravenously for a third "direct" plasma volume determination.
D2 dopamine receptor-mediated antiproliferation in a small cell lung cancer cell line, NCI-H69 (2007)

The D2 dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine has been used clinically for reducing tumor mass of pituitary adenomas arising from lactotroph origins. As well, bromocriptine has been shown to have an antiproliferative effect on primary lactotrophs and lactotroph-derived cell lines. The presence of D2 dopamine-like receptors on NCI-H69 cells was previously established by the use of [(125)I]iodosulpride binding and has been confirmed in this study by use of reverse transcription PCR with receptor-specific primers. The reverse transcription PCR analysis of NCI-H69 cells demonstrates that both the D2s and D2l are expressed in NCI-H69 cells, with D2s having the higher relative expression. The activation of the D2R results in an inhibition of growth of NCI-H69 cells as assessed by the incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine; a process not sensitive to pertussis toxin. In NCI-H69 cells, the D2 dopamine-like receptor is coupled to the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation and to the stimulation of phospholipase D. The receptor-mediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation is ablated by overnight treatment with pertussis toxin but the stimulation of phospholipase D mediated by dopaminergic agonists is not. These data suggest that the phospholipase D pathway is responsible for the antiproliferative effects of D2 dopamine-like receptors agonists in small cell lung cancer cells. In support of this hypothesis, the inhibition of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation mediated by dopaminergic agonists was shown to be sensitive to the presence of ethanol. Taken together, these data suggest that the D2 dopamine-like receptor activates phospholipase D, which ultimately leads to an inhibition of growth of this small cell lung cancer cell line.
Recent advances and applications of machine learning in solid-state materials science (2019)

Abstract One of the most exciting tools that have entered the material science toolbox in recent years is machine learning. This collection of statistical methods has already proved to be capable of considerably speeding up both fundamental and applied research. At present, we are witnessing an explosion of works that develop and apply machine learning to solid-state systems. We provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of the most recent research in this topic. As a starting point, we introduce machine learning principles, algorithms, descriptors, and databases in materials science. We continue with the description of different machine learning approaches for the discovery of stable materials and the prediction of their crystal structure. Then we discuss research in numerous quantitative structure–property relationships and various approaches for the replacement of first-principle methods by machine learning. We review how active learning and surrogate-based optimization can be applied to improve the rational design process and related examples of applications. Two major questions are always the interpretability of and the physical understanding gained from machine learning models. We consider therefore the different facets of interpretability and their importance in materials science. Finally, we propose solutions and future research paths for various challenges in computational materials science.