gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organic electrosynthesis: a promising green methodology in organic chemistry (2010)

Over the last decade, organic electrosynthesis has become recognized as one of the methodologies that can fulfill several important criteria that are needed if society is to develop environmentally compatible processes. It can be used to replace toxic or dangerous oxidizing or reducing reagents, reduce energy consumption, and can be used for the in situ production of unstable and hazardous reagents. These are just a few of the most important attributes that render electrochemistry environmentally useful. In this review the main characteristics of electrochemistry as a promising green methodology for organic synthesis are described and exemplified. Herein we provide basic information concerning the nature of electrosynthetic processes, paired electrochemical reactions, electrocatalytic reactions, reactions carried out in ionic liquids, electrogeneration of reactants, electrochemical reactions that use renewable starting materials (biomass), green organic electrosynthesis in micro- and nano-emulsions, the synthesis of complex molecules using an electrosynthetic key step, and conclude with some insights concerning the future. Throughout the review the “green aspects” of these topics are highlighted and their relationship with the twelve green chemistry principles is described.
Cochlin, Intraocular Pressure Regulation and Mechanosensing (2012)

Fluid shear modulates many biological properties. How shear mechanosensing occurs in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is transduced into cytoskeletal change remains unknown. Cochlin is an ECM protein of unknown function. Our investigation using a comprehensive spectrum of cutting-edge techniques has resulted in following major findings: (1) over-expression and down-regulation of cochlin increase and decrease intraocular pressure (IOP), respectively. The overexpression was achieved in DBA/2J-Gpnmb(+)/SjJ using lentiviral vectors, down-regulation was achieved in glaucomatous DBA/2J mice using targeted disruption (cochlin-null mice) and also using lentiviral vector mediated shRNA against cochlin coding region; (2) reintroduction of cochlin in cochlin-null mice increases IOP; (3) injection of exogenous cochlin also increased IOP; (4) increasing perfusion rates increased cochlin multimerization, which reduced the rate of cochlin proteolysis by trypsin and proteinase K; The cochlin multimerization in response to shear stress suggests its potential mechanosensing. Taken together with previous studies, we show cochlin is involved in regulation of intraocular pressure in DBA/2J potentially through mechanosensing of the shear stress.
Effect of Aspect Ratio and Liquid‐Phase Content on Densification of Alumina‐Silicon Carbide Whisker Composites (1990)

Densification of alumina‐SiC whisker composites by pressureless sintering is inhibited as a result of whisker interference with particle rearrangement and composite shrinkage. Reduction of the aspect ratio improves densification by improving particle/whisker packing for increased green densities and enhances the ability of the whiskers to rearrange themselves during sintering. Increasing the amount of liquid phases present during sintering also improves densification by aiding whisker rearrangement.
Transposition of the maize <i>Ds</i> element from a viral vector to the rice genome (1994)

The geminivirus miscanthus streak virus (MiSV) was used as a gene vector to study the transposition of the maize Ds element in rice protoplasts. Efficient excision of the Ds from the MiSV vector was observed only when the MiSV vector was allowed to replicate and the plasmid expressing the transposase gene encoded by Ac was co-transfected. Under the same condition, the Ds carrying a hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (Ds::HPT) was also efficiently excised. Hygromycin-resistant calli were obtained by culturing these transfected protoplasts in order to examine the transposition of the excised Ds::HPT into the rice genome. In five out of 16 calli examined, the Ds::HPT, but not the vector sequence, was integrated into the rice genome and 8 bp target site duplication typical of Ac/Ds transposition was generated. These results show that the Ds::HPT inserted in the MiSV vector transposed directly into the rice genome. This demonstrates the direct transposition of a cloned plant transposable element into the plant genome. Implications of these finding are discussed.
Clydesdale (2012)

MapReduce has emerged as a promising architecture for large scale data analytics on commodity clusters. The rapid adoption of Hive, a SQL-like data processing language on Hadoop (an open source implementation of MapReduce), shows the increasing importance of processing structured data on MapReduce platforms. MapReduce offers several attractive properties such as the use of low-cost hardware, fault-tolerance, scalability, and elasticity. However, these advantages have required a substantial performance sacrifice.
\nMultiferroicity due to charge ordering (2008)

\n Contains fulltext :\n 72756.pdf (Author’s version preprint ) (Open Access)\n
Modulation of Human Neutrophil Functions In Vitro by <i>Treponema denticola</i> Major Outer Sheath Protein (2006)

In this study of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), pretreatment with Treponema denticola major outer sheath protein (Msp) inhibited formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced chemotaxis, phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G-coated microspheres, fMLP-stimulated calcium transients, and actin assembly. Msp neither altered oxidative responses to phorbol myristate or fMLP nor induced apoptosis. Msp selectively impairs chemotaxis and phagocytosis by impacting the PMN cytoskeleton.
A 49-to-62 GHz Quadrature VCO With Bimodal Enhanced-Magnetic-Tuning Technique (2014)

A bimodal enhanced-magnetic-tuning technique is proposed to extend the frequency tuning range of millimeter-wave (mmW) quadrature VCOs (QVCOs). First, the conventional magnetic tuning is reviewed, and its limitations for the frequency tuning at mmW frequencies are high-lighted. To enlarge the variable range of the magnetic field, a new transformer-based topology called enhanced-magnetic-tuning (EMT) is proposed and analyzed. In addition, by switching the polarity of the phase shift of the coupling currents, both of the two intrinsic modes in a quadrature VCO are exploited to ideally double the frequency tuning range. With a generic model, the proposed bimodal enhanced-magnetic-tuning (B-EMT) is analyzed mathematically and compared with the conventional frequency tuning techniques. Implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process, the QVCO prototype with the proposed B-EMT technique and 1-bit digitally controlled varactor measures a tuning range of 24% from 48.8 to 62.3 GHz and phase noise of -89 to -96 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset while drawing 13 to 25 mA from a 1.2-V supply, corresponding to FoM from 173 to 176 dBc and FoMT from 181 to 184 dBc/Hz.
Reductive One Batch Synthesis of<i>N</i>-Arylpiperidines From Primary Amines and Glutaraldehyde (1991)

The construction of the piperidine ring about an aromatic nitrogen atom, by a 5C + N reductiye condensation reaction, using glutaraldehyde (pentanedial) and sodium borohydride in acidic water/methanol medium is described. The reaction is fast, affords good to excellent yields and appears insensitive to electronic effects and severe steric hindrance; it is found to be compatible with a large variety of aryl substituents, including nitro and oxo groups.
Chronic <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> Infection as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in the Helsinki Heart Study (1992)

The results suggest that chronic C. pneumoniae infection may be a significant risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease.
The Cardiomyopathy and Lens Cataract Mutation in αB-crystallin Alters Its Protein Structure, Chaperone Activity, and Interaction with Intermediate Filaments in Vitro (1999)

Desmin-related myopathy and cataract are both caused by the R120G mutation in alphaB-crystallin. Desmin-related myopathy is one of several diseases characterized by the coaggregation of intermediate filaments with alphaB-crystallin, and it identifies intermediate filaments as important physiological substrates for alphaB-crystallin. Using recombinant human alphaB-crystallin, the effects of the disease-causing mutation R120G upon the structure and the chaperone activities of alphaB-crystallin are reported. The secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural features of alphaB-crystallin are all altered by the mutation as deduced by near- and far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and chymotryptic digestion assays. The R120G alphaB-crystallin is also less stable than wild type alphaB-crystallin to heat-induced denaturation. These structural changes coincide with a significant reduction in the in vitro chaperone activity of the mutant alphaB-crystallin protein, as assessed by temperature-induced protein aggregation assays. The mutation also significantly altered the interaction of alphaB-crystallin with intermediate filaments. It abolished the ability of alphaB-crystallin to prevent those filament-filament interactions required to induce gel formation while increasing alphaB-crystallin binding to assembled intermediate filaments. These activities are closely correlated to the observed disease pathologies characterized by filament aggregation accompanied by alphaB-crystallin binding. These studies provide important insight into the mechanism of alphaB-crystallin-induced aggregation of intermediate filaments that causes disease.
MESSENGER RNA ISOLATION USING NOVEL PNA ANALOGUES (2001)

Homo-Thy hetero-oligomer probes composed of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline based PNA-like (HypNA) monomers and phosphono PNA (pPNA) monomers demonstrated strong binding to complementary poly A+ RNA strands. We used a mixture of chimeric oligomers containing both "linear" and "clamping" PNA-analogues to develop an mRNA isolation procedure and demonstrate the improved recovery of RNA molecules with secondary structure at the 3'end as well as RNAs with short poly A tails.
The protein-phosphatome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (2008)

The considerable phylogenetic distance between Apicomplexa and other Eukaryotes is reflected by profound divergences between the phosphatome of malaria parasites and those of representative organisms from all major eukaryotic phyla, which might be exploited in the context of efforts for the discovery of novel targets for antimalarial chemotherapy.
RF techniques in plasma diagnostics (1998)

An overview is given on active and passive microwave diagnostics established on fusion experiments. The basic principles of the various techniques are briefly outlined and their limits as well as recent developments are discussed.
The chemical and electrochemical reductions of 5-bromodecalone [(4aα,5α,8aβ)-5-Bromooctahydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one] and 4-bromodecalone [(4α,4aβ,8aα)-4-bromooctahydronaphthalen- 1(2H)-one] (1983)

5-Bromodecalone (1) was prepared by the reaction of potassium bromide in acetonitrile on(4aa,5a,8aß)-5-tosyloxyoctahydronaphthalen-l(2H)-one (15) with apparent retention of configuration. It was also prepared by hydrogen bromide cleavage of (3aRS,3bRS,7aSR)-octahydro-7H-cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa[1,2]benzen-7-one (17). On reaction with sodium potassium alloy ketone (1)gives a-decalone (33) and ketone (17) as the principal products whereas reduction with tributylstannane gives only ketone (33). Electrochemical reduction of ketone (1) gives trans -cyclodec-5-en-1-one (3) as well as ketones (17) and (33). 4-Bromodecalone (2) was prepared from(4a,4aa,8aß)-4-tosyloxyoctahydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (29), by the reaction with potassium bromidein acetonitrile, with inversion of configuration. Electrochemical reduction of ketone (2) gives trans -1-acetyl-2-vinylcyclohexane (36), a-decalone (33), (E)-cyclodec-4-en-1-one (4) and (laRS,-1bSR,5aRS,6aRS)-octahydrocycloprop[a]inden-6(6aH)-one(24).
Performance of TCP/IP over ABR service on ATM networks (2002)

The available bit rate (ABR) service has been developed to support data applications over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). It is hence interesting to study the performance of reliable data transport protocols like the "transport control protocol (TCP)" over ABR. We study the effect of running large unidirectional file transfer applications on TCP over ABR with an explicit rate algorithm (ERICA) implemented at the ATM switches. The paper shows that it is possible to get maximum TCP throughput when there are enough buffers at the switches. However, when the number of buffers is smaller, there is a large reduction in TCP throughput even though the cell loss ratio (CLR) is very small. We study the effect of various factors which affect TCP throughput and fairness. These factors include the TCP timer granularity, switch buffering, ABR parameters, and the cell drop policy at the switches.
A New Class of Supramolecular, Mixed-Metal DNA-Binding Agents:  The Interaction of Ru<sup>II</sup>,Pt<sup>II</sup> and Os<sup>II</sup>,Pt<sup>II</sup> Bimetallic Complexes with DNA (1997)

A new type of mixed-metal, supramolecular complex has been designed that incorporates a platinum center to allow binding to DNA. The interaction of two such platinum heterobimetallic complexes of the general formula [(bpy)(2)M(dpb)PtCl(2)]Cl(2) (M = Ru(II), Os(II); bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; dpb = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline) with DNA is reported herein. The modular design of these systems allows for synthetic variation of individual components within this structural motif. In this case, the remote metal is varied from Ru(II) to Os(II). DNA binding was analyzed using non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis. The interaction of these complexes with DNA was studied relative to the known DNA cross-linkers, cis-[Pt(NH(3))Cl(2)] (cisplatin) and trans-{[PtCl(NH(3))(2)](2)(&mgr;-H(2)N(CH(2))(6)NH(2))}(2+) (1,1/t,t). Our mixed-metal Ru,Pt and Os,Pt compounds retard the migration of DNA through the gel in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Their effect on the migration of DNA is similar to, although much more dramatic than, that observed for either cisplatin or 1,1/t,t. Our evidence suggests a covalent binding of our mixed-metal complexes to DNA through the platinum site. The degree of retardation of DNA migration suggests a large change in DNA conformation is induced by binding of our mixed-metal complexes. This work establishes these inorganic systems as a new class of DNA-binding agents and lays the groundwork for future efforts to enhance binding in an effort to develop novel anticancer drugs through serial design and testing.
Purdue pegboard age and sex norms for people 40 years old and older (1988)

A group of 212 healthy 40‐ to 85‐year‐olds were administered the Purdue Pegboard test of manual dexterity. The four subtests included dominant hand, nondominant hand, and bimanual performance as well as a more complex bimanual task, assembly. Differences between scores of each hand were calculated to evaluate lateralization. Performance on all subtests slowed significantly with increasing age. Women were significantly faster than men on all tasks, but the rate of age‐related decline in performance did not differ between sexes. Lateralization, which was significantly greater in women (p < .01), tended to increase with age, but this trend was not statistically significant. This study provides age‐ and sex‐specific normative values for Purdue Pegboard performance in individuals over age 40 and specifically emphasizes the need to consider sex when evaluating manual dexterity.
Catalytic Effects of Ultraviolet Light and/or Ultrasound On The Ozone Oxidation of Humic Acid and Trihalomethane Precursors (1985)

This paper describes the singular and composite effects of two catalysts; ultraviolet (UV) light and ultrasound (US) on the ozone (O3) oxidation of a purified solution of a commercially available humic acid with the objective of minimizing trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The principal findings are that (1) the most effective reactor conditions for both thedestruction of nonvolatile total organic carbon (NVTOC) and THMFP utilized both US and UV in combination with ozon, and (2) bicarbonate alkalinity reduces the oxidation efficiency of the US–UV–O3 system apparently asa consequence ofradical scavenging.
Bayesian tangent shape model: estimating shape and pose parameters via Bayesian inference (2003)

In this paper we study the problem of shape analysis and its application in locating facial feature points on frontal faces. We propose a Bayesian inference solution based on tangent shape approximation called Bayesian tangent shape model (BTSM). Similarity transform coefficients and the shape parameters in BTSM are determined through MAP estimation. Tangent shape vector is treated as the hidden state of the model, and accordingly, an EM based searching algorithm is proposed to implement the MAP procedure. The major results of our algorithm are: 1) tangent shape is updated by a weighted average of two shape vectors, the projection of the observed shape onto tangent space, and the reconstruction of shape parameters. 2) Shape parameters are regularized by multiplying a ratio of the noise variations, which is a continuous function instead of a truncated function. We discussed the advantages conveyed by these results, and demonstrate the accuracy and the stability of the algorithm by extensive experiments.
Noise measurement from magnitude MRI using local estimates of variance and skewness (2010)

In this note, we address the estimation of the noise level in magnitude magnetic resonance (MR) images in the absence of background data. Most of the methods proposed earlier exploit the Rayleigh distributed background region in MR images to estimate the noise level. These methods, however, cannot be used for images where no background information is available. In this note, we propose two different approaches for noise level estimation in the absence of the image background. The first method is based on the local estimation of the noise variance using maximum likelihood estimation and the second method is based on the local estimation of the skewness of the magnitude data distribution. Experimental results on synthetic and real MR image datasets show that the proposed estimators accurately estimate the noise level in a magnitude MR image, even without background data.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM BROMATE IN BARLEY STEEP-WATER* (1957)

In a series of laboratory malting experiments and pilot-scale commercial trials, potassium bromate has been added to barley steep-water in an attempt to control the proteolytic activity of the grain. At an optimum concentration of 500 p.p.m. in the last change of water, potassium bromate delays the development of proteolytic activity during germination, and restricts respiration and rootlet formation. Growth on the malting floor is cooler and less vigorous than with untreated barley. The treatment normally reduces malting loss by 1–2% and raises the extract of the finished malt by 1–11/2 Ib. per Qr. The malts have a residual bromate concentration of less than 5 p.p.m., and their flavour and tenderness are quite normal, lodates and chlorates are not effective.
Measurement System for Derivative Studies (1972)

A system for measuring I-V, dI/dV, and d2I/dV2 characteristics of two-terminal devices is described. An operational amplifier integrator is used to produce a sweep voltage. For derivative measurements the dc bias voltage is modulated by a constant ac voltage signal. Current is detected by a near-zero input impedance circuit with adjustable gain. A simple circuit utilizing an IGFET at zero drain voltage as a voltage controlled resistor compensates for harmonic content in the oscillator signal. It also enhances the detectability of weak harmonic signals in the presence of a strong fundamental signal by rejecting more than 90% of the strong signal. The system has been used to measure devices with impedances from a few ohms to over 105 Ω.
Acoustic analysis of the Sonic Guide (1981)

The Sonic Guide is an eyeglass configured sonar-type device available for the orientation and mobility of blind individuals. It operates by emitting toward and receiving from target objects modulated stimuli whose intensity and frequency components directly result from the distance and physical properties of the target. This investigation measured the sound pressure level output, via a sound level meter, of four Sonic Guide temples, at three volume control settings, for six octave frequencies (250–8000 Hz), at six distances (35.6 cm–4.6 m) for a total of 432 measurements. Means, standard deviations, and an ANOVA were computed to investigate the consistency of output across temples and the interactions among frequencies with volume control setting and with distance. Across temples, the Sonic Guide devices were found consistent at each volume control setting, at each frequency, and for each distance measured. Higher volume control settings produced proportionally greater output in the higher frequencies than in the lower frequencies. As distance increased, the peak of the response shifted upward in frequency, although overall, targets at shorter distances produced greater intensity at lower frequencies than did the more distant targets at higher frequencies. Implications for use of the Sonic Guide by hearing-impaired individuals are discussed.
The 'PREXCEL-Q Method' for qPCR. (2008)

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a reliable approach to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay development and project management, which is currently embodied in the Excel 2003-based software program named "PREXCEL-Q" (P-Q) (formerly known as "FocusField2-6Gallup-qPCRSet-upTool-001," "FF2-6-001 qPCR set-up tool" or "Iowa State University Research Foundation [ISURF] project #03407"). Since its inception from 1997-2007, the program has been well-received and requested around the world and was recently unveiled by its inventor at the 2008 Cambridge Healthtech Institute's Fourth Annual qPCR Conference in San Diego, CA. P-Q was subsequently mentioned in a review article by Stephen A. Bustin, an acknowledged leader in the qPCR field. Due to its success and growing popularity, and the fact that P-Q introduces a unique/defined approach to qPCR, a concise description of what the program is and what it does has become important. Sample-related inhibitory problems of the qPCR assay, sample concentration limitations, nuclease-treatment, reverse transcription (RT) and master mix formulations are all addressed by the program, enabling investigators to quickly, consistently and confidently design uninhibited, dynamically-sound, LOG-linear-amplification-capable, high-efficiency-of-amplification reactions for any type of qPCR. The current version of the program can handle an infinite number of samples.
Folding of Viral Envelope Glycoproteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (2000)

Viral glycoproteins fold and oligomerize in the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. They employ the cellular machinery and receive assistance from cellular folding factors. During the folding process, they are retained in the compartment and their structural quality is checked by the quality control system of the endoplasmic reticulum. A special characteristic that distinguishes viral fusion proteins from most cellular proteins is the extensive conformational change they undergo during fusion of the viral and cellular membrane. Many viral proteins fold in conjunction with and dependent on a viral partner protein, sometimes even synthesized from the same mRNA. Relevant for folding is that viral glycoproteins from the same or related virus families may consist of overlapping sets of domain modules. The consequences of these features for viral protein folding are at the heart of this review.