gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Expression of the Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in Hippocampal Microcultures (1998)

To address the question of the relative contributions of glial and neuronal glutamate transport in the vertebrate CNS, we studied the distribution of forebrain glutamate transporters in rat hippocampal microcultures, a preparation in which physiological functions of glutamate transporters have been well characterized. Two of the three transporters, GLAST (EAAT1) and EAAC1 (EAAT3), are localized to microculture glia and neurons, respectively, as expected. However, we find strong immunoreactivity for the third glutamate transporter GLT-1 (EAAT2), a putatively glial transporter, in microculture neurons and in a small subset of microculture glia. Indistinguishable immunohistochemical staining patterns for GLT-1 were obtained with antibodies directed against both the N terminal and C terminal of the GLT-1 protein. Double-labeling experiments suggest that neuronal GLT-1 protein is primarily localized to the dendrites of excitatory neurons. Neuronal electrogenic transport currents in response to D-aspartate applications were occluded by the selective GLT-1 inhibitor dihydrokainate. In contrast, glia exhibited a larger transporter current density than did neurons, and the glial transport current was less sensitive to dihydrokainate. Neuronal transport currents were potentiated less than were glial currents when the chaotropic anion thiocyanate was substituted for gluconate in the whole-cell recording pipette, consistent with the previously reported lower anion permeability of EAAC1 and GLT-1 compared with that of GLAST. After microculture glia were rendered nonviable, excitatory autaptic currents (EACs) were prolonged in the presence of dihydrokainate, suggesting that neuronal GLT-1 is capable of participating in the clearance of synaptically released glutamate. Our results suggest that the initially proposed characterization of GLT-1 as a purely glial transporter is too simplistic and that under certain conditions functional GLT-1 protein can be expressed in brain neurons. The study suggests that changes in GLT-1 levels that occur with pathology or experimental manipulations cannot be assumed to be glial.
Characterizing anatomical variability in breast CT images (2008)

Previous work [Burgess et al., Med. Phys. 28, 419-437 (2001)] has shown that anatomical noise in projection mammography results in a power spectrum well modeled over a range of frequencies by a power law, and the exponent (beta) of this power law plays a critical role in determining the size at which a growing lesion reaches the threshold for detection. In this study, the authors evaluated the power-law model for breast computed tomography (bCT) images, which can be thought of as thin sections through a three-dimensional (3D) volume. Under the assumption of a 3D power law describing the distribution of attenuation coefficients in the breast parenchyma, the authors derived the relationship between the power-law exponents of bCT and projection images and found it to be betasection=betaproj-1. They evaluated this relationship on clinical images by comparing bCT images from a set of 43 patients to Burgess' findings in mammography. They were able to make a direct comparison for 6 of these patients who had both a bCT exam and a digitized film-screen mammogram. They also evaluated segmented bCT images to investigate the extent to which the bCT power-law exponent can be explained by a binary model of attenuation coefficients based on the different attenuation of glandular and adipose tissue. The power-law model was found to be a good fit for bCT data over frequencies from 0.07 to 0.45 cyc/mm, where anatomical variability dominates the spectrum. The average exponent for bCT images was 1.86. This value is close to the theoretical prediction using Burgess' published data for projection mammography and for the limited set of mammography data available from the authors' patient sample. Exponents from the segmented bCT images (average value: 2.06) were systematically slightly higher than bCT images, with substantial correlation between the two (r=0.84).
Beyond Mortality: Future Clinical Research in Acute Lung Injury (2010)

Mortality in National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored clinical trials of treatments for acute lung injury (ALI) has decreased dramatically during the past two decades. As a consequence, design of such trials based on a mortality outcome requires ever-increasing numbers of patients. Recognizing that advances in clinical trial design might be applicable to these trials and might allow trials with fewer patients, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute convened a workshop of extramural experts from several disciplines. The workshop assessed the current state of clinical research addressing ALI, identified research needs, and recommended: (1) continued performance of trials evaluating treatments of patients with ALI; (2) development of strategies to perform ALI prevention trials; (3) observational studies of patients without ALI undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation; and (4) development of a standardized format for reporting methods, endpoints, and results of ALI trials.
Substitutional phosphorus incorporation in nanocrystalline CVD diamond thin films (2014)

Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin films were produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and doped by the addition of phosphine to the gas mixture. The characterization of the films focused on probing the incorporation and distribution of the phosphorus (P) dopants. Electron microscopy evaluated the overall film morphology and revealed the interior structure of the nanosized grains. The homogeneous films with distinct diamond grains featured a notably low sp2:sp3-ratio as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. High resolution spectroscopy methods demonstrated a homogeneous P-incorporation, both in-depth and in-plane. The P concentration in the films was determined to be in the order of 1019 cm–3 with a significant fraction integrated at substitutional donor sites. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative studies of AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMTs with stacked gate dielectrics by the mixed thin film growth method (2013)

This paper reports Al0.27Ga0.73N/GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor high electron mobility transistors (MOS-HEMTs) with stacked Al2O3/HfO2 gate dielectrics by using hydrogen peroxideoxidation/sputtering techniques. The Al2O3 employed as a gate dielectric and surface passivation layer effectively suppresses the gate leakage current, improves RF drain current collapse and exhibits good thermal stability. Moreover, by stacking the good insulating high-k HfO2 dielectric further suppresses the gate leakage, enhances the dielectric breakdown field and power-added efficiency, and decreases the equivalent oxide thickness. The present MOS-HEMT design has demonstrated superior improvements of 10.1% (16.4%) in the maximum drain–source current (IDS, max), 11.4% (22.5%) in the gate voltage swing and 12.5%/14.4% (21.9%/22.3%) in the two-terminal gate–drain breakdown/turn-on voltages (BVGD/VON), and the present design also demonstrates the lowest gate leakage current and best thermal stability characteristics as compared to two reference MOS-HEMTs with a single Al2O3/(HfO2) dielectric layer of the same physical thickness.
More about the stereodependence ofDD andLL pair linkages during the ring-opening polymerization of racemic lactide (1997)

For the last two decades, mixtures of D- and L-lactides, the DD and LL cyclic dimers of lactic acid enantiomers, were polymerized under various conditions of temperature, time, and initiators. Consequences of the dimeric structure of lactide molecules on the distribution of chiral units and on the properties of resulting PLAs were discussed occasionally. In the meantime, NMR techniques have grown up and are now powerful tools to investigate configurational structures from stereosensitive resonances. Thus far, correlation between experimental data and theoretical n-ades were based on Bernoullian-type enchainments of DD and LL pairs of lactyl units present in PLA stereocopolymer chains obtained by ring-opening polymerization. Analysis of NMR spectra of racemic PLAs of different origins, including literature data, was reconsidered on the basis of the probabilities to form iso- and hetero-dyads during chain propagation. Consideration of equireactivity and stereodependent reactivity between the DD and LL pairs generated from a racemic mixture of D- and L-lactide diastereoisomers led us to the conclusion that DD/LL and LL/DD heterotactic junctions are preferentially formed when one uses Sn octoate and Zn metal as initiator systems, even though completed macromolecules remain predominantly isotactic because of the isodyads inherently present in lactide diastereoisomers. A simple method is proposed to determine whether homo- or cross-addition of DD and LL pairs is favorized in any poly(racemic lactide) in the absence of transesterification rearrangements. This method is based on the comparison of experimental relative weights of the three distinct groups of resonances due to carbonyl carbon atoms with relative weights calculated according to the Bernoullian statistics. It allows the determination of a coefficient of stereoselectivity Pi from which one can easily evaluate the average length of isotactic blocks Li without any computation approximations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1651–1658, 1997
Osmotic Response Element-binding Protein (OREBP) Is an Essential Regulator of the Urine Concentrating Mechanism (2004)

OREBP (osmotic response element-binding protein), also called TonEBP or NFAT5, is thought to induce the expression of genes that increase the accumulation of organic osmolytes to protect cells against a hypertonic environment. To investigate the consequences of lacking OREBP activity, transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress OREBPdn (dominant negative form of OREBP) specifically in the epithelial cells of the renal collecting tubules were generated. These mice showed impairment in their urine concentrating mechanism, most likely due to reduced expression of the aquaporin AQP2 and the urea transporter UT-A1 and UT-A2 mRNAs. When deprived of water or after the administration of a vasopressin analogue, urine osmolality of the Tg mice was significantly increased but not to the same extent as that of the wild type mice. The expression of AQP2 and UT-A1, but not UT-A2 mRNAs, was increased to the same level as that of the wild type mice in the water deprivation state, indicating that the vasopressin regulatory mechanism was not affected by OREBPdn. These data indicate that in addition to vasopressin, OREBP is another essential regulator of the urine concentrating mechanism. Furthermore, the OREBPdn Tg mice developed progressive hydronephrosis soon after weaning, confirming the osmoprotective function of OREBP implicated by the in vitro experiments.
Efficient retrovirus transduction of mouse pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells mobilized into the peripheral blood by treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and stem cell factor (1994)

Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood cells have been shown to participate in hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow (BM) transplantation, and are proposed to be useful targets for retrovirus- mediated gene transfer protocols. We treated mice with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells into the peripheral blood. These cells were analyzed for the number and frequency of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC). We found that splenectomized animals treated for 5 days with G-CSF and SCF showed a threefold increase in the absolute number of PHSC over normal mice. The number of peripheral- blood PHSC increased 250-fold from 29 per untreated mouse to 7,200 in peripheral-blood PHSC in splenectomized animals treated for 5 days with G-CSF and SCF. Peripheral blood PHSC mobilized by treatment with G-CSF and SCF were analyzed for their ability to be transduced by retroviral vectors. Peripheral-blood PHSC from splenectomized animals G-CSF and SCF were transduced with a recombinant retrovirus containing the human MDR-1 gene. The frequency of gene transfer into peripheral blood PHSC from animals treated for 5 and 7 days was two-fold and threefold higher than gene transfer into PHSC from the BM of 5-fluorouracil-treated mice (P < .01). We conclude that peripheral blood stem cells mobilized by treatment with G-CSF and SCF are excellent targets for retrovirus- mediated gene transfer.
Analgesic effect of topical sevoflurane on venous leg ulcer with intractable pain (2011)

Summary We are presenting the case of a patient with a very painful venous ulcer for whom therapy with different analgesic combinations (including acetaminophen, metamizol, tramadol, morphine, fentanyl, buprenorphine, pregabal-in, gabapentin, as well as applications of lido-caine/prilocaine eutectic cream and infusion of epidural ropivacaine) was unsatisfactory. Analgesic control was finally achieved through applications of liquid sevoflurane to the wound, which resulted in immediate, intense, and long-lasting analgesia. To the patients satisfaction, the same response was obtained throughout the 16 days it took the ulcer to heal. The compassionate use of sevoflurane in this innovative and promising manner warrants further research to evaluate its efficacy and safety.
Correlation between in vivo inhibition of gonadotropin release induced by LH-RH and the blockade of ovulation by synthetic analogues of LH-RH. (1978)

Several antagonists of LH-RH were examined for their anti-LH/FSH releasing activities in an immature male rat assay and for their ability to block ovulation. The in vivo inhibition of the release of LH and FSH induced by LH-RH over a 4-h period of time and the antiovulatory activity of these analogues were parallel to each other. The analogues that exhibited at least a 95% inhibition of LH and 77% of FSH release at 1 h and 75% and 40% of FSH release at 4 h in immature male rats, gave high blockade of ovulation. [D-Phe2, D-Trp3, D-Phe6]-LH-RH was the most potent analogue of the series and it seems to be active in men.
A Review on Internet of Things for Defense and Public Safety (2016)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is undeniably transforming the way that organizations communicate and organize everyday businesses and industrial procedures. Its adoption has proven well suited for sectors that manage a large number of assets and coordinate complex and distributed processes. This survey analyzes the great potential for applying IoT technologies (i.e., data-driven applications or embedded automation and intelligent adaptive systems) to revolutionize modern warfare and provide beneﬁts similar to those in industry. It identiﬁes scenarios where Defense and Public Safety (PS) could leverage better commercial IoT capabilities to deliver greater survivability to the warﬁghter or ﬁrst responders, while reducing costs and increasing operation efﬁciency and effectiveness. This article reviews the main tactical requirements and the architecture, examining gaps and shortcomings in existing IoT systems across the military ﬁeld and mission-critical scenarios. The review characterizes the open challenges for a broad deployment and presents a research roadmap for enabling an affordable IoT for defense and PS.
Parallel Operation of Battery Power Modules (2006)

Operating batteries in parallel is attempted to overcome the problems with the conventionally used battery bank in which the batteries are operated in series. With parallel operation, a more reasonable management can be made to prevent the batteries from being over-charged or over-discharged. The discharging currents of the parallel batteries are independently controlled but are coordinated to execute a full amount of the load current. Some of the batteries may take rest or be isolated from the system for the detections at a time. This facilitates the estimations of the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH). In addition, sophisticated discharging profiles can be realized to efficiently utilize the available stored energy in batteries.
Synthesis and Characterization of 2,2'-Biimidazole (1998)

The 2,2'-Biimidazole was synthesized by the reaction between glycol and ammonium solution. The correct solid structure of 2,2'-biimidazole in this method reported either trans () or cis () form. In this study, the correct structure of 2,2'-biimidazole was analysed by both FTIR and Raman spectroscopy using mutual exclusion properties of them. Also, it was analysed by and NMR and computer molecular modeling. The structure of 2,2'-biimidazole found to be trans () than cis () by comparison between FTIR and Raman Spectra. This results agree with computer molecular modeling and x-ray crystallography. This study provide good evidence for identifying structural orientation of the 2,2'-biimidazole containing pyridyl nitrogen.
Magnetic excitations in a nanocontact (2001)

The domain wall in a ferromagnetic nanocontact adopts a specific configuration---N\'eel-like, vortex, or Bloch-like---depending on the dipole-dipole interactions governed by the size and shape of the contact and its atomic structure. Spontaneous thermal fluctuations between these modes arise in a soft ferromagnet at room temperature when the dimensions of the contact are less than about 10 nm. The giant magnetoresistance of a nanocontact may be reduced, but not eliminated by the mode fluctuations.
Remerciements (2017)

Dans la vie, les hommes sont tributaires les uns des autres.Il y a donc toujours quelqu’un à maudire ou à remercier.— Madeleine FerronJ’aime bien cette citation de Ferron. Tant et aussi longtemps qu’une vie sociétale existera, en plusieurs sens, elle demeurera pertinente. Reste maintenant à avoir un peu de veine et rencontrer les bonnes personnes. Celles que nous devrons, tôt ou tard, remercier. Probité et modestie sincère ob
Permissive Hypercapnia and Intravascular Oxygenator in the Treatment of Patients with ARDS (1994)

This open clinical study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that an intravascular oxygenator (IVOX) may help to perform permissive hypoventilation in 10 patients with severe ARDS. After initial evaluation, we tried to reduce ventilator settings before and after IVOX implantation. Before IVOX, poor clinical tolerance and worsening oxygenation did not allow for a significant decrease in ventilator settings. With IVOX, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) was reduced from 47 to 39 cm H2O (p = 0.005) and minute ventilation from 13 +/- 3.5 to 11 +/- 3 L/min. CO2 removal by IVOX allowed a significant decrease in PaCO2 from 66 +/- 15 to 59 +/- 13 mm Hg. Improvement of oxygenation with IVOX was not significant. Furthermore, interruption of oxygen flow through IVOX did not change oxygenation variables. Tolerance of the IVOX device was good, but insertion of the device was followed by a significant decrease in both cardiac index and pulmonary wedge pressure. In conclusion, IVOX improves tolerance of hypoventilation by limiting hypercapnia in ARDS patients. These preliminary results must be confirmed by a randomized controlled study.
Efficacy of Atomoxetine Versus Placebo in School-Age Girls With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2002)

Atomoxetine was found to be effective and well tolerated for the treatment of ADHD in school-age girls.
Biochemical Characterization and Biologic Actions of Two Toxins (D-l and D-2) from Clostridium difficile (1984)

Two toxins were isolated from a toxigenic strain of Clostridium difficile. The toxins were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography to homogeneity as judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were designated D-1 and D-2. Toxin D-1 was lethal for mice, increased vascular permeability, and induced fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and toxin D-2 displayed cytotoxicity in HeLa cells with a minimum of 1 pg of toxin. The molecular weights of toxins D-1 and D-2, as estimated by gel filtration, ranged from 550,000 to 600,000 and from 450,000 to 500,000, respectively. These toxins were heat labile and inactivated by pronase and trypsin. Amino acid analyses of both toxins showed them to be of relatively similar composition. Antisera prepared against purified toxin D-1 neutralized all of the biologic activities of toxin D-1, whereas it did not affect any of the biologic activities of toxin D-2. A sensitive latex-agglutination immunoassay was developed for screening for C. difficile toxin D-1 in patients with pseudomembranous colitis.
Improved linear matrix inequality conditions for gain scheduling (2002)

We consider a linear system whose state-space equations depend rationally on real time-varying parameters, which are positive or bounded. Assuming that every parameter is measured in real-time, a stabilizing, parameter-dependent controller is sought, such that a given /spl Lscr//sub 2/-gain bound for the closed-loop system is ensured. Sufficient linear matrix inequality conditions are known, that guarantee the existence of such "gain-scheduled" controllers. We first devise a general result pertaining to control synthesis of a class of linear fractional transformation systems with positive and bounded operators. Using this result, we obtain improved LMI conditions for gain scheduling control. These conditions take into account not only the structure but also the realness of the perturbation. Numerical experiments demonstrate a drastic improvement in the achievable /spl Lscr//sub 2/-gain bound.
A Decision Framework for Cloud Computing (2012)

Cloud computing technology is garnering success and wisdom-like stories of savings, ease of use, and increased flexibility in controlling how resources are used at any given time to deliver computing capability. This paper develops a preliminary decision framework to assist managers who are determining which cloud solution matches their specific requirements and evaluating the numerous commercial claims (in many cases unsubstantiated) of a cloud's value. This decision framework and research helps managers allocate investments and assess cloud alternatives that now compete with in-house data centers that previously stored, accessed, and processed data or with another company's (outsourced) data center resources. The hypothetically newly captured corporate value (from cloud) is that resources are no longer idle most of the time, and are now much more fully utilized (with lower unit costs). This reduces high ownership and support costs, improves capital leverage, and delivers increased flexibility in the use of resources.
Replay debugging of real-time systems using time machines (2004)

In this paper we present a new approach to deterministic replay using standard components. Our method facilitates cyclic debugging of real-time systems with industry standard real-time operating systems using industry standard debuggers. The method is based on a number of new techniques: A new marker for deterministic differentiation between e.g., loop iterations for deterministic reproduction of interrupts and task preemptions, an algorithm for finding well-defined starting points of replay sessions, as well as a technique for using conditional breakpoints in standard debuggers to replay the target system. We also propose and discuss different methods for deterministic monitoring, and provide benchmarking results from an industrial strength case study demonstrating the feasibility of our method. Previously published solutions to the problem of debugging real-time systems have been based on the concept of deterministic replay: where significant system events like task-switches of multitasking software and external inputs are recorded during run-time, and later replayed (re-executed) off-line. Previous works have been based on either non-standard hardware, specially designed compilers or modified real-time operating systems. The reliance on non-standard components has limited the success of the approach. Even though this idea has been around for 20 years, no industrial application for debugging of real-time systems of the method has been presented.