gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> HN001 decreases the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice and preterm piglets: evidence in mice for a role of TLR9 (2014)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal disease in premature infants and develops partly from an exaggerated intestinal epithelial immune response to indigenous microbes. There has been interest in administering probiotic bacteria to reduce NEC severity, yet concerns exist regarding infection risk. Mechanisms of probiotic activity in NEC are unknown although activation of the microbial DNA receptor Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) has been postulated. We now hypothesize that the Gram-positive bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 can attenuate NEC in small and large animal models, that its microbial DNA is sufficient for its protective effects, and that protection requires activation of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). We now show that oral administration of live or UV-inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 attenuates NEC severity in newborn mice and premature piglets, as manifest by reduced histology score, attenuation of mucosal cytokine response, and improved gross morphology. TLR9 was required for Lactobacillus rhamnosus-mediated protection against NEC in mice, as the selective decrease of TLR9 from the intestinal epithelium reversed its protective effects. Strikingly, DNA of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 reduced the extent of proinflammatory signaling in cultured enterocytes and in samples of resected human ileum ex vivo, suggesting the therapeutic potential of this probiotic in clinical NEC. Taken together, these findings illustrate that Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 is an effective probiotic for NEC via activation of the innate immune receptor TLR9 and that Lactobacillus rhamnosus DNA is sufficient for its protective effects, potentially reducing concerns regarding the infectious risk of this novel therapeutic approach.
Multiple Regression of Log Spectra for In-Car Speech Recognition Using Multiple Distributed Microphones (2005)

This paper describes a new multi-channel method of noisy speech recognition, which estimates the log spectrum of speech at a closetalking microphone based on the multiple regression of the log spectra (MRLS) of noisy signals captured by distributed microphones. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows: 1) The method does not require a sensitive geometric layout, calibration of the sensors nor additional pre-processing for tracking the speech source; 2) System works in very small computation amounts; and 3) Regression weights can be statistically optimized over the given training data. Once the optimal regression weights are obtained by regression learning, they can be utilized to generate the estimated log spectrum in the recognition phase, where the speech of close-talking is no longer required. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated by speech recognition of real in-car dialogue data. In comparison to the nearest distant microphone and multi-microphone adaptive beamformer, the proposed approach obtains relative word error rate (WER) reductions of 9.8% and 3.6%, respectively.
X-ray diffraction study of the binding of the antisickling agent 12C79 to human hemoglobin. (1991)

The hemoglobin binding site of the antisickling agent 12C79 has been determined by x-ray crystallography. 12C79 is recognized as one of the first molecules to reach clinical trials that was designed, de novo, from x-ray-determined atomic coordinates of a protein. Several previous attempts to verify the proposed Hb binding sites via crystallographic studies have failed. Using revised experimental procedures, we obtained 12C79-deoxyhemoglobin crystals grown after reaction with oxyhemoglobin and cyanoborohydride reduction to stabilize the Schiff base linkage. The difference electron-density Fourier maps show that two 12C79 molecules bind covalently to both symmetry-related N-terminal amino groups of the hemoglobin alpha chains. This is in contrast to the original design that proposed the binding of one drug molecule that spans the molecular dyad to interact with both N-terminal alpha-amino groups.
Determination of the redox potentials and electron transfer properties of the FAD‐ and FMN‐binding domains of the human oxidoreductase NR1 (2003)

Human novel reductase 1 (NR1) is an NADPH dependent diflavin oxidoreductase related to cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). The FAD/NADPH- and FMN-binding domains of NR1 have been expressed and purified and their redox properties studied by stopped-flow and steady-state kinetic methods, and by potentiometry. The midpoint reduction potentials of the oxidized/semiquinone (-315 +/- 5 mV) and semiquinone/dihydroquinone (-365 +/- 15 mV) couples of the FAD/NADPH domain are similar to those for the FAD/NADPH domain of human CPR, but the rate of hydride transfer from NADPH to the FAD/NADPH domain of NR1 is approximately 200-fold slower. Hydride transfer is rate-limiting in steady-state reactions of the FAD/NADPH domain with artificial redox acceptors. Stopped-flow studies indicate that hydride transfer from the FAD/NADPH domain of NR1 to NADP+ is faster than hydride transfer in the physiological direction (NADPH to FAD), consistent with the measured reduction potentials of the FAD couples [midpoint potential for FAD redox couples is -340 mV, cf-320 mV for NAD(P)H]. The midpoint reduction potentials for the flavin couples in the FMN domain are -146 +/- 5 mV (oxidized/semiquinone) and -305 +/- 5 mV (semiquinone/dihydroquinone). The FMN oxidized/semiquinone couple indicates stabilization of the FMN semiquinone, consistent with (a) a need to transfer electrons from the FAD/NADPH domain to the FMN domain, and (b) the thermodynamic properties of the FMN domain in CPR and nitric oxide synthase. Despite overall structural resemblance of NR1 and CPR, our studies reveal thermodynamic similarities but major kinetic differences in the electron transfer reactions catalysed by the flavin-binding domains.
Thermally assisted-writing giant magnetoresistance with perpendicular magnetization (2005)

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) samples composed of TbCo∕Co∕Cu∕Co∕TbFeCo layers were fabricated with a GMR ratio of 4% and magnetization perpendicular to the film planes. A large coercivity (12 kOe) of the free layer (TbCo∕Co) guarantees the thermal stability at room temperature. A lower Curie temperature of the free layer than that of the pinned layer (Co∕TbFeCo) enables us to switch the magnetization of the free layer by thermally assisted writing while that of the pinned layer keeps unchanged at the temperatures between Curie temperatures of two layers. When the sample was heated up to 180 °C, the required switching field was only 10 Oe.
Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies (1990)

This paper reviews clinical and basic science research reports and is directed toward an understanding of visceral pain, with emphasis on studies related to spinal processing. Four main types of visceral stimuli have been employed in experimental studies of visceral nociception: (1) electrical, (2) mechanical, (3) ischemic, and (4) chemical. Studies of visceral pain are discussed in relation to the use and 'adequacy' of these stimuli and the responses produced (e.g., behavioral, pseudoaffective, neuronal, etc.). We propose a definition of an adequate noxious visceral stimulus and speculate on spinal mechanisms of visceral pain.
Recursive Versus Batch Processing Algorithms For Bearings-Only Tracking (1983)

At long ranges, bearings-only tracking becomes increasingly difficult because the bearing rate approaches zero.Under such conditions,system observability is severely degraded and linearization errors take on added significance. To minimize their effects, iterative batch processing estimation algorithms have been proposed, even though they are computationally cumbersome. Recent studies have shown, however, that recursive algorithms formulated in modified polar coordinates possess substantially better performance characteristics than their traditional Cartesian counterparts.Consequently,this paper addresses the question of whether iterative batch type schemes are actually necessary; specifically, do they provide sufficient performance gains to justify the additional computational burden. Recursive and iterative batch algorithms are developed utilizing modified polar coordinates. Analysis reveals that the primary difference between these two estimation schemes is their linearization procedure.The effects of linearization errors on performance is depicted via simulation experiments. Optimal system performance (i.e., the Cramer-Rao bound) is also determined by employing an "idealized" filter, which subsequently serves as a basis for comparison and evaluation.
Role of Calprotectin in Withholding Zinc and Copper from Candida albicans (2017)

The opportunistic fungal pathogen <i>Candida albicans</i> acquires essential metals from the host, yet the host can sequester these micronutrients through a process known as nutritional immunity. How the host withholds metals from <i>C. albicans</i> has been poorly understood; here we examine the role of calprotectin (CP), a transition metal binding protein. When CP depletes bioavailable Zn from the extracellular environment, <i>C. albicans</i> strongly upregulates <i>ZRT1</i> and <i>PRA1</i> for Zn import and maintains constant intracellular Zn through numerous cell divisions. We show for the first time that CP can also sequester Cu by binding Cu(II) with subpicomolar affinity. CP blocks fungal acquisition of Cu from serum and induces a Cu starvation stress response involving <i>SOD1</i> and <i>SOD3</i> superoxide dismutases. These transcriptional changes are mirrored when <i>C. albicans</i> invades kidneys in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, although the responses to Cu and Zn limitations are temporally distinct. The Cu response progresses throughout 72 h, while the Zn response is short-lived. Notably, these stress responses were attenuated in CP null mice, but only at initial stages of infection. Thus, Zn and Cu pools are dynamic at the host-pathogen interface and CP acts early in infection to restrict metal nutrients from <i>C. albicans</i>.
Production of Bioactive Soluble Interleukin-15 in Complex with Interleukin-15 Receptor Alpha from a Conditionally-Replicating Oncolytic HSV-1 (2013)

Oncolytic type-1 herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) lacking the γ134.5 neurovirulence gene are being evaluated for treatment of a variety of malignancies. oHSVs replicate within and directly kill permissive cancer cells. To augment their anti-tumor activity, oHSVs have been engineered to express immunostimulatory molecules, including cytokines, to elicit tumor-specific immune responses. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) holds potential as an immunotherapeutic cytokine because it has been demonstrated to promote both natural killer (NK) cell-mediated and CD8(+) T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells. The purpose of these studies was to engineer an oHSV producing bioactive IL-15. Two oHSVs were constructed encoding murine (m)IL-15 alone (J100) or with the mIL-15 receptor α (mIL-15Rα, J100D) to determine whether co-expression of these proteins is required for production of bioactive mIL-15 from oHSV. The following were demonstrated: i) both oHSVs retain replication competence and cytotoxicity in permissive tumor cell lines. ii) Enhanced production of mIL-15 was detected in cell lysates of neuro-2a cells following J100D infection as compared to J100 infection, suggesting that mIL-15Rα improved mIL-15 production. iii) Soluble mIL-15 in complex with mIL-15Rα was detected in supernates from J100D-infected, but not J100-infected, neuro-2a, GL261, and CT-2A cells. These cell lines vary in permissiveness to oHSV replication and cytotoxicity, demonstrating soluble mIL-15/IL-15Rα complex production from J100D was independent of direct oHSV effects. iv) The soluble mIL-15/IL-15Rα complex produced by J100D was bioactive, stimulating NK cells to proliferate and reduce the viability of syngeneic GL261 and CT-2A cells. v) J100 and J100D were aneurovirulent inasmuch as no neuropathologic effects were documented following direct inoculation into brains of CBA/J mice at up to 1x10(7) plaque forming units. The production of mIL-15/mIL-15Rα from multiple tumor lines, as well as the lack of neurovirulence, renders J100D suitable for investigating the combined effects of oHSV and mIL-15/IL-15Rα in various cancer models.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2012)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common liver diseases, is caused by the disruption of hepatic lipid homeostasis. It is associated with insulin resistance as seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin that increases insulin sensitivity and aids glucose metabolism. In recent in vivo and in vitro studies, GLP-1 presents a novel therapeutic approach against NAFLD by increasing fatty acid oxidation, decreasing lipogenesis, and improving hepatic glucose metabolism. In this report, we provide an overview of the role and mechanism of GLP-1 in relieving NAFLD.
Effect of Low Temperature Aging on Superelastic Behavior in Biocompatible &beta; TiNbSn Alloy (2007)

Superelasticity of β Ti-16 at%Nb-4.8 at%Sn alloy consisting of non- (or minimal-) cytotoxic elements was investigated for biomedical applications as functions of deformation temperature and aging heat treatment after quenching. As-quenched Ti-16Nb-4.8Sn having Af (the reverse martensitic transformation finish temperature) of 266 K exhibits superelasticity at human body temperature (310 K) with an elastic recovery strain of 3.2%. Af decreases with increasing aging temperature in the range of 353 to 423 K or with increasing aging time at 423 K. It is confirmed from TEM observation and Young’s modulus measurements that ω transformation occurs on aging at 423 K for 500 h. Stress for inducing martensitic transformation, σM, increases with aging. Stress-strain curves showing superelasticity are quite similar to each other when as-quenched or aged samples are deformed at such temperatures that they have the same σM. It is concluded that maximum superelastic recovery strain can be obtained at intended temperature, e.g. human body temperature, in β Ti-Nb-Sn alloys by aging at relatively low temperatures.
GABAergic modulation of complex spike activity by the cerebellar nucleoolivary pathway in rat (1996)

1. The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the pattern generation properties of neuronal ensembles in the olivocerebellar system was studied utilizing multiple electrode recordings of complex spikes (CSs) from rat crus 2a Purkinje cells (PCs). Initially multiple electrode experiments were combined with microinjections of picrotoxin into the inferior olive (IO). To corroborate the picrotoxin findings, the cerebellar nuclei, a major source of the GABAergic terminals in the IO, were chemically lesioned with the use of microinjections of kainic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate. Both procedures generated comparable results. 2. After intraolivary picrotoxin injection there was an increase in the average firing rate, synchrony, and rhythmicity of spontaneous CS activity. In addition, the neuronal oscillation frequency tended to shift to lower frequencies. 3. The spatial distribution of synchronous CS activity in control conditions displayed a predominantly rostrocaudal orientation. Injection of picrotoxin to the IO disrupted this rostrocaudal organization and led to synchronous CS activity among PCs throughout crus 2a. Similar effects were observed relating to the distribution of CSs evoked via the "climbing fiber reflex," in which antidromic activation of the climbing fibers is followed by a return excitation that is mediated by the gap junctions between olivary neurons. 4. Chemical lesions of the cerebellar nuclei resulted in increased CS average firing rates. The effect of the lesions on CS synchronicity was similar to that following the picrotoxin injections, but greater in magnitude. In contrast to the olivary picrotoxin injections, the cerebellar nuclear lesions did not lead to an enhanced CS rhythmicity. 5. Bilateral recordings from left and right crus 2a demonstrated significant interhemispheric synchronization of CS activity, consistent with a previous report. Both unilateral olivary injections of picrotoxin and unilateral cerebellar nuclear lesions resulted in increased synchronization of CS activity between the left and right crus 2a. 6. We conclude that the cerebellar nucleoolivary projection to the olivary glomeruli modulates the effective electrotonic coupling between olivary neurons, and thereby carves out ensembles of neurons whose activity is synchronized. Thus these two nuclei may form the basis for a flexible and sophisticated motor coordination system able to help generate the many distinct movements that organisms are capable of performing.
INTRASCHISIS CAVITY FLUID COMPOSITION IN CONGENITAL X-LINKED RETINOSCHISIS (2006)

Tenascin-C has previously been described in its complex relationship with decorin and fibronectin in normal wound healing. Tenascin's upregulation in sites of inflammation and tenascin's role as an antiadhesive molecule may contribute to the pathogenesis of CXLRS. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of intraschisis cavity fluid.
Carotid artery occlusion and pulsatile tinnitus (1985)

内頚動脈の閉塞あるいは狭窄が拍動性耳鳴の原因となることは比較的知られていない.著者らは拍動性耳鳴を訴える2症例を経験し, 1例で同側の内頚動脈の狭窄を, 他の1例で対側の内頚動脈の閉塞を確認した症例1は56歳の女性で右の拍動性耳鳴を訴え, 右の頚部および眼窩に血管雑音を聴取した.血管造影で右内頚動脈の壁不整と狭窄を認めた.右の耳管狭窄が検出され通気で耳鳴は減少した.症例2は50歳の男性で左の拍動性耳鳴と左片麻痺を主訴とし, 右内頚動脈起始部および右中大脳動脈の閉塞と, 左内頚動脈よりの側副血行が認められた.左頚部に血管雑音を聴取し運動負荷で血管雑音と耳鳴は増強し安静で減少した.これらはそれぞれ血管内腔の不整および血流増加により血管雑音・耳鳴を生じたと考えられる.拍動性耳鳴の発現機序およびその修飾因子について考察を加え, 報告した.
Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Glasses (1996)

Abstract This article discusses the fracture behavior of silicate glasses, more specifically, soda-lime-silicate glass, borosilicate glass and vitreous silica. It analyzes the testing and calculation of dynamic fatigue and slow-crack-growth for lifetime prediction of glasses. The article illustrates the phenomenon of static fatigue and concludes with a discussion on the role of surface damage in strength and fatigue behavior.
Piwil2 modulates the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer via regulation of matrix metallopeptidase 9 transcriptional activity (2012)

Piwi-like protein 2 (Piwil2) has recently emerged as a putative oncogene which is amplified in several human malignancies. However, the role of Piwil2 in colon cancer remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and pathological significance of Piwil2, and the possible role in the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer. Primary colon cancer paired with adjacent normal colon tissue and lymph node metastasis (LNM) lesions in 66 patients' tissue microarrays (TMA) were used to determine the expression of Piwil2. Knocked down Piwil2 expression in SW620 and SW480 colon cancer cell lines was performed to evaluate the role of Piwil2 in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. The possible roles of Piwil2 in the regulation of a 2 kb matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) promoter fragment and on the regulation of apoptotic pathways were evaluated by using a luciferase reporter construct and Western blots, respectively. Significantly higher expression levels of Piwil2 were observed in primary colon cancer tissue and in LNM in comparison with normal colon mucosa. Piwil2 expression significantly correlated with more aggressive clinical and pathological parameters with poorer five-year metastasis-free survival and overall survival. Piwil2 silencing significantly reduced cancer cell proliferation, colony formation ability and increased apoptosis in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Piwil2 knockdown also attenuated migration and invasion of colon cancer cells via modulation of MMP9 transcriptional activities. Our results indicate that Piwil2 moderates the proliferation and metastasis potential of colon cancer.
Immunohistochemical Markers of Melanocytic Lesions (2002)

We critically reviewed recent literature reports of 25 melanocytic immunohistochemical markers. This review organizes and summarizes the many new studies of old and novel melanocytic markers and identifies the most promising diagnostic immunohistochemical markers that can be used to distinguish melanocytic from nonmelanocytic lesions and benign melanocytic from malignant melanocytic lesions.
Rate compatible punctured turbo-coded hybrid ARQ for OFMD in a frequency selective fading channel (2004)

Recently orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has gained a lot of attention in mobile radio communications because of its ability to allow high data rate transmission in a severe frequency selective fading channel. Rate compatible punctured turbo coded hybrid ARQ (RCPT HARQ) has been found to give improved throughput performance in a DS-CDMA system. However the extent to which the RCPT HARQ improves the throughput performance of the OFDM system has not been fully understood. In this paper we evaluate by computer simulations the performance of the RCPT HARQ for the OFDM system. It is found that the type II RCPT HARQ has the highest throughput when minimum amount of redundancy bits are transmitted with each retransmission, typical case is when the puncturing period for the parity sequences is 8. It was found that the OFDM system with RCPT HARQ outperforms the DS-CDMA system with RCPT HARQ in a frequency selective channel.
HOXA5 Regulates Expression of the Progesterone Receptor (2000)

The majority of breast carcinomas show reduced or no expression of the transcription factor, HOXA5. Recently, we have shown that HOXA5 is a potent transactivator of p53 in breast cells and thus may affect the response of breast cancer cells to DNA damage. To determine whether HOXA5 played a role in growth and homeostasis in breast cells, we studied its interaction with the progesterone receptor. The progesterone receptor (PR) belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors whose members co-ordinate morphogenesis of the mammary gland in response to binding to their cognate ligands. An increased expression of the endogenous PR gene was seen in MCF-7 cells following induced expression of an exogenously transfected HOXA5 gene. HOXA5, but not HOXB4, -B5, or -B7 activated the PR promoter in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and Hs578T. Deletion and mutation analysis of the promoter identified a single HOXA5-binding site required for transactivation of the PR gene by HOXA5. HOXA5 binds directly to this site in the PR promoter. Thus, HOXA5 may behave as a transcriptional regulator of multiple target genes, two among which are p53 and the progesterone receptor.
Learning Convolutional Nonlinear Features for K Nearest Neighbor Image Classification (2014)

Learning low-dimensional feature representations is a crucial task in machine learning and computer vision. Recently the impressive breakthrough in general object recognition made by large scale convolutional networks shows that convolutional networks are able to extract discriminative hierarchical features in large scale object classification task. However, for vision tasks other than end-to-end classification, such as K Nearest Neighbor classification, the learned intermediate features are not necessary optimal for the specific problem. In this paper, we aim to exploit the power of deep convolutional networks and optimize the output feature layer with respect to the task of K Nearest Neighbor (kNN) classification. By directly optimizing the kNN classification error on training data, we in fact learn convolutional nonlinear features in a data-driven and task-driven way. Experimental results on standard image classification benchmarks show that the proposed method is able to learn better feature representations than other general end-to-end classification methods on kNN classification task.