gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MoS<sub>2</sub>Field-Effect Transistor with Sub-10 nm Channel Length (2016)

Atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) is an ideal semiconductor material for field-effect transistors (FETs) with sub-10 nm channel lengths. The high effective mass and large bandgap of MoS<sub>2</sub> minimize direct source-drain tunneling, while its atomically thin body maximizes the gate modulation efficiency in ultrashort-channel transistors. However, no experimental study to date has approached the sub-10 nm scale due to the multiple challenges related to nanofabrication at this length scale and the high contact resistance traditionally observed in MoS<sub>2</sub> transistors. Here, using the semiconducting-to-metallic phase transition of MoS<sub>2</sub>, we demonstrate sub-10 nm channel-length transistor fabrication by directed self-assembly patterning of mono- and trilayer MoS<sub>2</sub>. This is done in a 7.5 nm half-pitch periodic chain of transistors where semiconducting (2H) MoS<sub>2</sub> channel regions are seamlessly connected to metallic-phase (1T') MoS<sub>2</sub> access and contact regions. The resulting 7.5 nm channel-length MoS<sub>2</sub> FET has a low off-current of 10 pA/μm, an on/off current ratio of >10<sup>7</sup>, and a subthreshold swing of 120 mV/dec. The experimental results presented in this work, combined with device transport modeling, reveal the remarkable potential of 2D MoS<sub>2</sub> for future sub-10 nm technology nodes.
Sequential cytokine dynamics in chronic rejection of rat renal allografts: roles for cytokines RANTES and MCP-1. (1995)

Chronic rejection, the most important cause of long-term graft failure, is thought to result from both alloantigen-dependent and -independent factors. To examine these influences, cytokine dynamics were assessed by semiquantitative competitive reverse transcriptase-PCR and by immunohistology in an established rat model of chronic rejection lf renal allografts. Isograft controls develop morphologic and immunohistologic changes that are similar to renal allograft changes, although quantitatively less intense and at a delayed speed; these are thought to occur secondary to antigen-independent events. Sequential cytokine expression was determined throughout the process. During an early reversible allograft rejection episode, both T-cell associated [interleukin (IL) 2, IL-2 receptor, IL-4, and interferon gamma] and macrophage (IL-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6) products were up-regulated despite transient immunosuppression. RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) peaked at 2 weeks; intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) was maximally expressed at 6 weeks. Macrophage products such as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) increased dramatically (to 10 times), presaging intense peak macrophage infiltration at 16 weeks. In contrast, in isografts, ICAM-1 peaked at 24 weeks. MCP-1 was maximally expressed at 52 weeks, commensurate with a progressive increase in infiltrating macrophages. Cytokine expression in the spleen of allograft and isograft recipients was insignificant. We conclude that chronic rejection of kidney allografts in rats is predominantly a local macrophage-dependent event with intense up-regulation of macrophage products such as MCP-1, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The cytokine expression in isografts emphasizes the contribution of antigen-independent events. The dynamics of RANTES expression between early and late phases of chronic rejection suggest a key role in mediating the events of the chronic process.
A new multicarrier transceiver based on the discrete cosine transform (2005)

We derive conditions on the impulse response and input signal of a frequency-selective FIR channel to be diagonalized by the DCT into parallel, decoupled, and memoryless subchannels. We show how these conditions can be satisfied in a practical multi-carrier transceiver through a novel design of the guard sequence and the front-end prefilter. This DCT-based design completely eliminates inter-block and inter-carrier interference at a lower complexity and without incurring any additional guard sequence overhead, compared to DFT-based multicarrier transceivers. Extensions to multi-input multi-output frequency-selective channels are also described.
Articulating political knowledge in deliberation (2006)

The theory and practice of deliberative democracy have attracted considerable attention from political scientists in recent years. The reason for the increasing interest in this form of communicati...
Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Application (2006)

In order to solve the key technology of electric vehicle (EV), a battery management system (BMS) is proposed here to settle the critical issues. The system includes several common modules: data acquisition unit, communication unit and battery state estimation model. Two additional management units are developed here, one is thermal management and the other is high voltage management which improve the safety condition of the battery. The BMS has been successfully used in the Qi Rui Pure Electric Vehicle (QRPEV), the test results prove the validity and reliability of the system.
Having it both ways: transcription factors that bind DNA and RNA (2002)

Multifunctional proteins challenge the conventional 'one protein-one function' paradigm. Here we note apparent multifunctional proteins with nucleic acid partners, tabulating eight examples. We then focus on eight additional cases of transcription factors that bind double-stranded DNA with sequence specificity, but that also appear to lead alternative lives as RNA-binding proteins. Exemplified by the prototypic Xenopus TFIIIA protein, and more recently by mammalian p53, this list of transcription factors includes WT-1, TRA-1, bicoid, the bacterial sigma(70) subunit, STAT1 and TLS/FUS. The existence of transcription factors that bind both DNA and RNA provides an interesting puzzle. Little is known concerning the biological roles of these alternative protein-nucleic acid interactions, and even less is known concerning the structural basis for dual nucleic acid specificity. We discuss how these natural examples have motivated us to identify artificial RNA sequences that competitively inhibit a DNA-binding transcription factor not known to have a natural RNA partner. The identification of such RNAs raises the possibility that RNA binding by DNA-binding proteins is more common than currently appreciated.
Krill for Human Consumption: Nutritional Value and Potential Health Benefits (2008)

The marine crustacean krill (order Euphausiacea) has not been a traditional food in the human diet. Public acceptance of krill for human consumption will depend partly on its nutritive value. The aim of this article is to assess the nutritive value and potential health benefits of krill, an abundant food source with high nutritional value and a variety of compounds relevant to human health. Krill is a rich source of high-quality protein, with the advantage over other animal proteins of being low in fat and a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. Antioxidant levels in krill are higher than in fish, suggesting benefits against oxidative damage. Finally, the waste generated by the processing of krill into edible products can be developed into value-added products.
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]. By Anna P. Schreiber [Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff. 1970. 187 pp. Fl.19.] (1971)

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Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in Asthma (2001)

Noninflammatory structural alterations, variously referred to as airway remodeling, are well documented in the asthmatic airway. However, the pathogenesis of these alterations, the importance of airway remodeling in generating the asthma phenotype, and the natural history of airway remodeling responses have not been adequately defined. Because exaggerated cytokine production is a characteristic feature of the asthmatic airway, we used constitutive and inducible overexpression transgenic systems to investigate the contributions that interleukin 11 (IL-11) and IL-13 might make to airway remodeling responses. These studies demonstrated that both cytokines produce responses in the murine airway with features similar to those in human asthmatic tissues. IL-11 caused airway fibrosis with the enhanced accumulation of interstitial collagens, myocytes, and myofibroblasts. IL-13 caused mucous metaplasia, enhanced mucin gene expression, enhanced tissue hyaluronic acid accumulation, and subepithelial fibrosis. Importantly, IL-11 was detected most readily in tissues from asthmatic subjects with severe airway remodeling that was similar to that seen in the IL-11 transgenic mice. In addition, IL-11 was shown to inhibit asthma-like inflammation while stimulating airway fibrosis. This suggests that IL-11 elaboration is, in part, an attempt at airway healing. Last, a novel triple transgenic system is described that allows transgene expression to be regulated in a true "on/off" manner. This system may be useful in defining the reversibility of transgene-induced airway remodeling responses.
Intranasal Exposure of Mice to House Dust Mite Elicits Allergic Airway Inflammation via a GM-CSF-Mediated Mechanism (2004)

It is now well established that passive exposure to inhaled OVA leads to a state of immunological tolerance. Therefore, to elicit allergic sensitization, researchers have been compelled to devise alternative strategies, such as the systemic delivery of OVA in the context of powerful adjuvants, which are alien to the way humans are exposed and sensitized to allergens. The objectives of these studies were to investigate immune-inflammatory responses to intranasal delivery of a purified house dust mite (HDM) extract and to evaluate the role of GM-CSF in this process. HDM was delivered to BALB/c mice daily for 10 days. After the last exposure, mice were killed, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed, and samples were obtained. Expression/production of Th2-associated molecules in the lymph nodes, lung, and spleen were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively. Using this exposure protocol, exposure to HDM alone generated Th2 sensitization based on the expression/production of Th2 effector molecules and airway eosinophilic inflammation. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated expansion and activation of APCs in the lung and an influx of activated Th2 effector cells. Moreover, this inflammation was accompanied by airways hyper-responsiveness and a robust memory-driven immune response. Finally, administration of anti-GM-CSF-neutralizing Abs markedly reduced immune-inflammatory responses in both lung and spleen. Thus, intranasal delivery of HDM results in Th2 sensitization and airway eosinophilic inflammation that appear to be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous GM-CSF production.
Shared source CLI essentials (2003)

Microsoft's Shared Source CLI (code-named Rotor) is the publicly available implementation of the ECMA Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) and the ECMA C# language specification. Loaded with three million lines of source code, it presents a wealth of programming language technology that targets developers interested in the internal workings of the Microsoft .NET Framework, academics working with advanced compiler technology, and people developing their own CLI implementations. The CLI, at its heart, is an approach to building software that enables code from many independent sources to co-exist and interoperate safely. Shared Source CLI Essentials is a companion guide to Rotor's code. This concise and insightful volume provides a road map for anyone wishing to navigate, understand, or alter the Shared Source CLI code. This book illustrates the design principles used in the CLI standard and discusses the complexities involved when building virtual machines. Included with the book is a CD-ROM that contains all the source code and files. After introducing the CLI, its core concepts, and the Shared Source CLI implementation, Shared Source CLI Essentials covers these topics: The CLI type systemComponent packaging and assembliesType loading and JIT CompilationManaged code and the execution engineGarbage collection and memory managementThe Platform Adaptation Layer (PAL): a portability layer for Win32®, Mac OS® X, and FreeBSD Written by members of the core Microsoft® team that designed the .NET Framework, Shared Source CLI Essentials is for anyone who wants a deeper understanding of what goes on under the hood of the .NET runtime and the ECMA CLI. Advanced .NET programmers, researchers, the academic community, and CLI implementers who have asked hard questions about the .NET Framework will find that this behind-the-scenes look at the .NET nucleus provides them with excellent resources from which they can extract answers.
Effect on Tissue Differentiation and Articular Cartilage Degradation of a Polymer Meniscus Implant (2008)

Although clinical application of a polymer implant for the replacement of the entire meniscus is not supported by this study, the authors strongly believe in the concept, but further improvements in the implant and surgical technique are needed before such an implant can be recommended for human clinical use.
National EMS Curricula: Guidelines or Policies for Practice? (1999)

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Ultrasonics in medicine and biology (1977)

The generation and detection of US and some fundamental physics of US propagation are summarised. Interactions with and effects on biological materials are described and pulse-echo, Doppler and other diagnostic methods and therapeutic and surgical methods are reviewed.
Survey of sensitivity of twelve yeast genera toward T-2 toxin (1984)

A survey was made to detect the sensitivity of 12 yeast genera to T-2 toxin. Seventy-five yeasts isolated from various sources were tested for their susceptibility to T-2 toxin. The MIC of T-2 for these yeasts varied from 1.0 to greater than 8.0 micrograms/ml. Of the yeasts studied, Kluyveromyces fragilis showed the greatest sensitivity, which ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 micrograms of T-2 toxin per ml of culture medium. The roles of incubation temperature, size of the inoculum, and incubation time on the MICs were determined. The results suggest that in comparison with other yeasts, K. fragilis is very sensitive to T-2 toxin.
The shearing properties of single osteons (1972)

Abstract The shearing strength of single human osteons has been investigated using a microtesting machine equipped with a microwave micrometer. The results Were related to the degree of calcification and the orientation of collagen fiber bundles in successive lamellae of the osteons. The following conclusions were made: (1) Osteons having a marked longitudinal spiral course of fiber bundles in successive lamellae are least able to support shearing stress. This suggests that in the other types of osteon the compactness of bone is strengthened by the lamellae having marked transversal spiral course of the fiber bundles. (2)Ultimate shearing strength and modulus of elasticity of osteons increase as calcification proceeds. (3) The shearing strength of single osteons is markedly lower than the tensile and compressive strength for samples of the same type. (4) In osteons loaded along their axis the range of elastic deformation is barely more than 1% of the length of the sample. (5) With the technical procedure used in this investigation the shearing of osteons appears to be preferentially related to the lamellar structure. In osteons loaded excentrically the portions which have slipped out have a rather irregular shape and in many cases one or two fractures occur. (6) The resistance to shearing of the cementing substance at the boundaries of the osteon may be greater than the resistance of the osteon itself.
Bacterial adaptation to oxidative stress: implications for pathogenesis and interaction with phagocytic cells (1989)

During phagocytosis, phagocytic cells generate superoxide and other reactive oxygen species, which are involved in antibacterial activity. However, many bacteria possess antioxidant defenses that may explain their survival in inflammatory foci. These defenses include antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, DNA repair systems, scavenging substrates, and competition with phagocytes for molecular oxygen. These defenses are probably coordinated, and different responses occur with different reactive oxygen species. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium mutants have allowed the demonstration of a variety of critical genes for enzymatic defense and DNA repair, as well as an oxyR regulon system. In more complex systems, the conditions found in inflammatory foci, such as decreasing glucose and the production of lactate, enhance bacterial catalase production and resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Resistance and adaptation to phagocyte-derived oxidant stress are critical aspects of bacterial pathogenesis.
The TMEM106B risk allele is associated with lower cortical volumes in a clinically diagnosed frontotemporal dementia cohort (2017)

The TMEM106B risk allele is associated with lower cortical volumes in a clinically diagnosed frontotemporal dementia cohort intRoduction Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with impaired behaviour, language and motor function. Around a third of FTD is familial, with mutations in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), progranulin (GRN) and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) being the most common genetic causes. No other risk factors for FTD had been identified until a genome-wide association study of patients with the most common pathological form of FTD, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP), showed an association with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a region encoding transmembrane protein 106b (TMEM106b). 1 For the rs1990622 SNP the minor G allele was found to be less common in patients with FTLD-TDP than in a healthy control population, that is, those expressing this allele were less likely to develop disease, and this effect was greatest in those with GRN mutations (who have on August 21, 2023 by guest.
Analysis of double-gate thin-film transistor (1967)

An analysis is made of a double-gate thin-film transistor structure, and equations are derived for current flow for different input conditions on each gate. The use of two independent gates allows the possibility of simultaneously maintaining depletion and enhancement regions along the channel, and Poisson's equation is used to find the field and potential distribution along the channel. It is shown that by proper manipulation of the second gate, characteristic curves ranging from the normal TFT "pentode" curves to "triode" curves can be obtained from the same device. A comparison is given of experimental and theoretical results.
Glycoconjugate microarray based on an evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted detection principle for investigation of glycan-binding proteins (2008)

The extensive involvement of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) as regulators in diverse biological phenomena provides a fundamental reason to investigate their glycan-binding specificities. Here, we developed a glycoconjugate microarray based on an evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted detection principle for investigation of GBPs. Eighty-nine selected multivalent glycoconjugates comprising natural glycoproteins, neo-glycoproteins, and polyacrylamide (PAA)-conjugated glycan epitopes were immobilized on an epoxy-activated glass slide. The GBP binding was monitored by an evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted scanner at equilibrium without washing steps. The detection principle also allows direct application of unpurified GBPs with the aid of specific antibodies. Model experiments using plant lectins (RCA120, ConA, and SNA), galectins (3 and 8), a C-type lectin (DC-SIGN) and a siglec (CD22) provided data consistent with previous work within 4 h using less than 40 ng of GBPs per analysis. As an application, serum profiling of antiglycan antibodies (IgG and IgM) was performed with Cy3-labeled secondary antibodies. Moreover, novel carbohydrate-binding ability was demonstrated for a human IL-18 binding protein. Thus, the developed glycan array is useful for investigation of various types of GBPs, with the added advantage of wash-free analysis.
COMIT - Cryptographically-secure Off-chain Multi-asset Instant Transaction Network (2018)

Since the creation of Bitcoin in 2009 we have seen a great push towards public and private blockchains. In order to avoid fragmentation, a global network connecting all these blockchains is envisioned. Just like the Internet facilitates communication and the transfer of information, we propose a system, similar in size and reach for payments and transactions: A cryptographically-secure off-chain multi-asset instant transaction network (COMIT) can connect and exchange any asset on any blockchain to any other blockchain using a cross-chain routing protocol (CRP). COMIT is a super blockchain network that allows for instant transactions which are enforced using off-chain smart contracts. It leverages Payment Channels and Hashed Timelock Contracts (HTLC) across chains to solve the problem of double spending attacks without requiring a settlement onto the underlying blockchains. COMIT's connectivity is provided by Liquidity Providers (LP), who operate on one or more blockchains, acting as payment hubs and nodes on a single chain and market makers in a decentralized network for cross-chain asset conversions. This paper lays out how COMIT works, the benefits for Users, Liquidity Providers and Businesses; and how this does not only accelerate the adoption of blockchain technology, but furthermore allows for an integration with the traditional banking system.
Effect of diets containing different levels of linoleic acid on human breast cancer growth and lung metastasis in nude mice. (1993)

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of three different levels of dietary linoleic acid (LA) intake on the growth of MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells in the mammary fat pads of nude mice, and their metastasis to the lungs. These diets were isocaloric, and contained different mixtures of safflower (LA-rich) and coconut (saturated fatty acid-rich) oils to provide 23% (w/w) total fat, with 2, 8, and 12% (w/w) LA. A fourth group was fed a low-fat, 5% (w/w) corn oil diet. There were 25 mice in each dietary group. A necropsy, 12 weeks after the tumor cell injections, the primary tumor weights in the 12% LA (4.1 +/- 2.7 g)- and 8% LA (3.5 +/- 1.7 g)-fed groups were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those fed the 2% LA diet (2.5 +/- 1.5 g); they did not differ significantly from the weights of mammary fat pad tumors in the 5% corn oil-fed mice. The incidence of grossly visible pulmonary metastatic nodules was not significantly different between the 8 and 12% LA-fed mice, but was higher for both groups compared with the 2% LA-fed group (P < 0.05), with a similar trend in comparison with the 5% corn oil group. The mean total calculated volumes of the macroscopic metastases per tumor-bearing mouse were significantly greater in the 8 and 12% LA (157 +/- 250.7 and 99.1 +/- 140.0 mm3, respectively), compared with the 2% LA (23.3 +/- 51.8 mm3)- and 5% corn oil (24.5 +/- 35.1 mm3)-fed mice; all P < 0.05. Micrometastases were observed most frequently in the 5% corn oil and 2% LA dietary groups, but none of the differences were statistically significant. No differences were detected in the concentrations of prostaglandin E, leukotriene B4, or 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in tumors from mice fed the four different diets.