gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Hydroxycalciumphosphate (1996)

The synthesis of Ca,,(PO,),(OH), by adding (NFIa)J),HPO, to lhe solution of Ca(NO,), dlssolvad CaO in HNO, and contmlled pH with NH,OH was carried out for certain time at room temperahire and atmosphere. Ca,,(PO,),(OH), was rorrned at the range from pN 10 to pH 13. The particle s~zeof Ca,,(PO,),(OH)i was 0.1-0.5 &In. Thc optimum reaction lime was 30 min, and the temperature was 40-70C. the shape also was not changed in spite of heating to iDVC hr 1 hour the c~ystalliratian temperature was 90C Ca,,(PO,),(OH), was calcinatcd and the shape also was not changzd, in spile of hcaling to 500C for 1 hour. But Ca,,(PO,),(OH), calcinated for lhour al 800C was changed to the spheric particle of Ca,,,(PO,),(OH),, CaO and Ca,(PO,),.
Reactions of dilithiooximes, dilithiophenylhydrazones and trilithiohydrazones with nitriles. Acid‐cyclization to isoxazoles or pyrazoles (1972)

Abstract Certain C(α)O ‐dilithiooximes, C(α)N ‐dilithiophenylhydrazones, and C(α)N,N ‐trilithiohydrazones were treated with a variety of nitriles. The intermediates were not isolated, but cyclized with acid to give isoxazoles or pyrazoles.
Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord-derived neurospheres support growth of supraspinal projections and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the neonatal rat (2005)

Great interest exists in using cell replacement strategies to repair the damaged central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that grafting rat fetal spinal cord into neonate or adult animals after spinal cord injury leads to improved anatomic growth/plasticity and functional recovery. It is clear that fetal tissue transplants serve as a scaffold for host axon growth. In addition, embryonic Day 14 (E14) spinal cord tissue transplants are also a rich source of neural-restricted and glial-restricted progenitors. To evaluate the potential of E14 spinal cord progenitor cells, we used in vitro-expanded neurospheres derived from embryonic rat spinal cord and showed that these cells grafted into lesioned neonatal rat spinal cord can survive, migrate, and differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes, but rarely into astrocytes. Synapses and partially myelinated axons were detected within the transplant lesion area. Transplanted progenitor cells resulted in increased plasticity or regeneration of corticospinal and brainstem-spinal fibers as determined by anterograde and retrograde labeling. Furthermore, transplantation of these cells promoted functional recovery of locomotion and reflex responses. These data demonstrate that progenitor cells when transplanted into neonates can function in a similar capacity as transplants of solid fetal spinal cord tissue.
Arc-Flash Energy Mitigation by Fast Energy Capture (2009)

The predominant technologies for reducing arc-flash incident energy today rely on the speed of protective devices, remote operation, encapsulating arc-flash energy in arc-resistant enclosures, and that channel energy where it is less dangerous, and on crowbars to divert the arc energy into a bolted fault. Though more thoughtfully applied than they may have been in the past, none of these methods has provided a solution for all situations, particularly in existing installations. This paper will describe a method, with test results, for arc-flash energy sequestration that is able to divert an arcing fault's energy into a specific environment within a half-cycle after initiation of the arc, without the need to introduce bolted fault current like a crowbar or for fast current interruption, such as a current-limiting fuse. The system protection provided is similar to that of arc-resistant switchgear without reliance on equipment sheathing and can be added after normal equipment is installed. Further advantages include the protection system and switchgear's ability for reuse after an event, as well as the ability to easily test in situ without the need for cumbersome high-current test equipment.
Effect of Accommodation on Peripheral Eye Lengths of Emmetropes and Myopes (2016)

During accommodation, eye length increased out to at least ±30° visual angle in young adult myopes and emmetropes. The increase was significantly greater for higher myopes than for the other groups at some positions. At all positions, there were significant correlations between myopia and accommodation-induced changes in axial length.
Syndiospecific Living Propylene Polymerization Catalyzed by Titanium Complexes Having Fluorine-Containing Phenoxy−Imine Chelate Ligands (2003)

The propylene polymerization behavior of a series of Ti complexes featuring fluorine-containing phenoxy-imine chelate ligands is reported. The Ti complexes combined with methylalumoxane (MAO) can be catalysts for living and, at the same time, stereospecific polymerization of propylene at room temperature or above. DFT calculations suggest that the attractive interaction between a fluorine ortho to the imine nitrogen and a beta-hydrogen of a growing polymer chain is responsible for the achievement of room-temperature living propylene polymerization. Although the Ti complexes possess C(2) symmetry, they are capable of producing highly syndiotactic polypropylenes. (13)C NMR is used to demonstrate that the syndiotacticity is governed by a chain-end control mechanism and that the polymerization is initiated exclusively via 1,2-insertion followed by 2,1-insertion as the principal mode of polymerization. (13)C NMR spectroscopy also elucidated that the polypropylenes produced with the Ti complexes possess regio-block structures. Substitutions on the phenoxy-imine ligands have profound effects on catalytic behavior of the Ti complexes. The steric bulk of the substituent ortho to the phenoxy oxygen plays a decisive role in achieving high syndioselectivity for the chain-end controlled polymerization. Over a temperature range of 0-50 degrees C, Ti complex having a trimethylsilyl group ortho to the phenoxy oxygen forms highly syndiotactic, nearly monodisperse polypropylenes (94-90% rr) with extremely high peak melting temperatures (T(m) = 156-149 degrees C). The polymerization behavior of the Ti complexes can be explained well by the recently proposed site-inversion mechanism for the formation of syndiotactic polypropylene by a Ti complex having a pair of fluorine-containing phenoxy-imine ligands.
Air deregulation in China and its impact on airline competition 1994–2012 (2015)

China's air transportation has experienced rapid growth and major reforms in the past three decades, some of which have been partially successful and are still ongoing today. The paper aims to analyze China's air deregulation experience over the last two decades and its impact on airline competition from a geographical perspective. After the establishment of the "Big Three" in 2002, the paper reveals that there has been a trade-off between the extent of deregulation and airline competition in China because the central government has tended to strengthen the "Big Three" rather than totally open the market to private and locally owned airlines. The paper uses each airline group as the basic unit of analysis and reveals that (1) the air market has been more concentrated in the "Big Three" as a result of the process of air deregulation; (2) airline competition in over two thirds of the airports and one half of the routes has increased in the last 18 years, but the core airports and trunk routes are chiefly dominated by the "Big Three". The peripheral airports and thin routes have been operated by private and locally owned airlines; and (3) regionally, airline competition has occurred in most airports of the eastern region, and it is more intense than in the central and western regions. But even here, competition in the eastern region has however decreased in 1994-2012. The three main contributions of the paper are: (1) the use of two measures of competition in the airline market; (2) the analysis of the historical evolution of competition; and (3) an understanding the role of the geography of competition in the Chinese airline market. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (2002)

A relative newcomer to the field of wireless communications, ad hoc networking is growing quickly, both in its importance and its applications. With rapid advances in hardware, software, and protocols, ad hoc networks are now coming of age, and the time has come to bring together into one reference their principles, technologies, and techniques.The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks does exactly that. Experts from around the world have joined forces to create the definitive reference for the field. From the basic concepts, techniques, systems, and protocols of wireless communication to the particulars of ad hoc network routing methods, power, connections, traffic management, and security, this handbook covers virtually every aspect of ad hoc wireless networking. It includes a section that explores several routing methods and protocols directly related to implementing ad hoc networks in a variety of applications.The benefits of ad hoc wireless networks are many, but several challenges remain. Organized for easy reference, The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks is your opportunity to gain quick familiarity with the state of the art, have at your disposal the only complete reference on the subject available, and prepare to meet the technological and implementation challenges you'll encounter in practice.
Fabrication of diffractive optical elements using a single optical exposure with a gray level mask (1995)

A method for mass fabrication of environmentally rugged monolithic diffractive optical elements (DOEs) is demonstrated. A one-step optical exposure, with a gray level mask, was used to produce analog resist profiles that were transferred into their substrates using chemically assisted ion beam etching in a single etching step. The described procedure allows mass fabrication of DOEs without the tedious multiple exposure and etching steps commonly used in multilevel DOE fabrication. To generate a multilevel DOE in an optical substrate, only a single exposure using a gray level mask and a single etching step are necessary. The fabrication method presented will reduce processing time and increase manufacturability, which will result in a general cost reduction per element.
<title>Recursive operations in image algebra</title> (1990)

The three commonly used high-level image-template operations provided by the image algebra are the generalized convolution the additive maximum or generalized lattice convolution and the multiplicative maximum These are used to realize various nonrecursive image transformations e. g. DFT edge detection and morphological operations. Along with nonrecursive transformations a class of recursive transformations are also widely used in signal and image processing e. g. hR filters sequential block labeling predictive coding etc. . In this paper a couple of new recursive operations are introduced which allow the image algebra to express a set of linear and nonlinear recursive transformations. Algebraic properties of these recursive operations are given which provide a mathematical basis for recursive template composition and decomposition. Also some applications of recursive operations in image processing are presented.
Transposon mediated BAC transgenesis via pronuclear injection of mouse zygotes (2012)

Pronuclear microinjection of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) is the preferred way to generate transgenic mice because the transgene accurately recapitulates expression of the endogenous gene. However, the method is demanding and the integrity and copy number of the BAC transgene is difficult to control. Here, we describe a simpler pronuclear injection method that relies on transposition to introduce full-length BACs into the mouse genome. The bacterial backbone of a hPAX6-GFP reporter BAC was retrofitted with PiggyBac transposon inverted terminal repeats and co-injected with PiggyBac transposase mRNA. Both the frequency of transgenic founders as well as intact, full-length, single copy integrations were increased. Transposition was determined by a rapid PCR screen for a transpositional signature and confirmation by splinkerette sequencing to show that the BACs were integrated as a single copy either in one or two different genomic sites. BAC transposons displayed improved functional accuracy over random integrants as evaluated by expression of the hPAX6-GFP reporter in embryonic neural tube and absence of ectopic expression. This method involves less work to achieve increased frequencies of both transgenesis and single copy, full-length integrations. These advantages are not only relevant to rodents but also for transgenesis in all systems.
Formation and properties of surface-anchored polymer assemblies with tunable physico-chemical characteristics (2003)

We describe two new methodologies leading to the formation of novel surface-anchored polymer assemblies on solid substrates. While the main goal is to understand the fundamentals pertaining to the preparation and properties of the surface-bound polymer assemblies (including neutral and chargeable polymers), several examples also are mentioned throughout the Thesis that point out to practical applications of such structures.\n\nThe first method is based on generating assemblies comprising anchored polymers with a gradual variation of grafting densities on solid substrates. These structures are prepared by first covering the substrate with a molecular gradient of the polymerization initiator, followed by polymerization from these substrate-bound initiator centers ("grafting from"). We apply this technique to prepare grafting density gradients of poly(acryl amide) (PAAm) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) on silica-covered substrates. We show that using the grafting density gradient geometry, the characteristics of surface-anchored polymers in both the low grafting density ("mushroom") regime as well as the high grafting density ("brush") regime can be accessed conveniently on a single sample. We use a battery of experimental methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Near-edge absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), contact angle, ellipsometry, to study the characteristics of the surface-bound polymer layers. We also probe the scaling laws of neutral polymer as a function of grafting density, and for weak polyelectrolyte, in addition to the grafting density, we study the affect of solution ionic strength and pH values.\n\nIn the second novel method, which we coined as "mechanically assisted polymer assembly" (MAPA), we form surface anchored polymers by "grafting from" polymerization initiators deposited on elastic surfaces that have been previously extended uniaxially by a certain length increment, &#923;x. Upon releasing the strain in the substrate after completion of polymerization, we show the grafting density of the polymers grafted to flexible substrates can be tuned as a function of &#923;x.
MDR1 Gene Expression: Its Effect on Drug Resistance to Doxorubicin in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines (1994)

Some widely used anticancer agents might be ineffective for treating hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical situations even when combined with reversing agents.
Hepatitis viruses: changing patterns of human disease. (1994)

Viral hepatitis is a disease of antiquity, but evidence for more than one etiologic agent has been recognized only since the 1940s, when two viruses (hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus) were thought to account for all disease. In the past 20 years, three additional hepatitis agents (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and hepatitis E virus) have been discovered, and there is evidence for at least one additional virus. Each of the five recognized hepatitis viruses belongs to a different virus family, and each has a unique epidemiology. The medical impact of these viruses on society has been strongly influenced by changes in human ecology. This has resulted in some cases in diminished disease and in others in increases in the incidence of disease.
A Preliminary Study of Superheating Boiling Reactors (1956)

The principles of gas-cooled and of boiling water reactors are combined in a preliminary study of the thermal characteristics of a reactor which can generate superheated steam. Heat transfer relations are developed and applied to a tubular fuel element of a reactor producing 10 Mw in the form of steam at 600 psi and 700°F.
Principles of imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance. (1984)

Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a new modality for obtaining anatomic data. Magnetic field gradients are used to obtain spatial information. The advantages of NMR imaging include the ability to obtain images in multiple orientations (coronal, sagittal, and transverse), absence of ionizing radiation, and the potential to obtain chemical information. NMR images of the central nervous system have been equal to those of TCT, and in some cases superior. The utility of NMR imaging is yet to be determined, although preliminary findings are encouraging.
Comparison of the Copan ESwab System with Two Amies Agar Swab Transport Systems for Maintenance of Microorganism Viability (2008)

Swab transport systems are used for a variety of specimen types and must maintain organism viability throughout the transport process. The Copan ESwab is a new nylon-flocked swab designed to optimize specimen collection and to minimize entrapment of the specimen. We used the quantitative elution method with recommended strains, as described in CLSI document M40-A, to evaluate the ESwab for maintenance of viability of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms for 0, 6, 24, and 48 h during room temperature and refrigerated temperature storage. The Becton Dickinson CultureSwab MaxV swab and the Remel BactiSwab were used as comparators. The ESwab met CLSI acceptance criteria for all aerobic isolates stored at both temperatures and for all anaerobic isolates stored at refrigerated temperature. The ESwab also met CLSI criteria for four of five anaerobic strains at room temperature. Prevotella melaninogenica was not recovered after 24 or 48 h of room temperature storage with any of the three swab transport systems tested. Overall, the ESwab was equivalent to the Becton Dickinson CultureSwab MaxV swab in organism recovery but recovered more isolates than Remel BactiSwab.
Venous Pressure Dynamics of the Healthy Human Leg (2001)

The delicate interplay between the muscle-joint unit and intact venous valves is mandatory for normal venous blood return from the human leg. We have investigated the potential role of (1) muscle activity and joint mobility, and (2) anthropometric factors for peripheral venous pressure physiology. 20 healthy young subjects (10 males, 10 females; mean age: 25.6 +/- 3.1 years) underwent direct venous blood pressure measurements during walking on a treadmill in 12 experimental conditions (duration, 1 min each): these resulted from a combination of two different walking velocities, two different degrees of ascent, and three different walking conditions. Anthropometric parameters (e.g., body height, weight and calf circumference) were also measured in all subjects. Outcome measures were the pressures (mm Hg) during quiet standing (resting pressure, P(0)), the maximal activity-induced pressure reduction (Delta P(max)), i.e., the difference between the resting pressure (P(0)) and minimal pressure during exercise (P(min)), the times (s) to minimal pressure during exercise (T(Pmin)) and to half-maximal recovery of P(0) after exercise (T(max1/2)). We found that the maximal venous pressure reduction (Delta P(max)) during walking increased at the higher walking speed and decreased with restricted joint mobility (p = 0.0001). Taller and heavier subjects, or subjects with a greater calf circumference had higher P(0) (p = 0.0001), showed greater Delta P(max) (p < 0.010), and took longer to achieve minimal pressure during exercise (T(Pmin); p < 0.010) than their corresponding counterparts. Females had lower levels of P(0) (p = 0.0001), but not of Delta P(max), and shorter T(Pmin) (p = 0.0076) than males. These gender effects largely result from differences in body height, weight, and calf circumference (p = 0.0001 for the appropriate ANOVA interaction terms). We conclude that during walking, a higher degree of muscle activity and a greater muscle mass enhance venous emptying of the healthy human leg. Conversely, impairments of joint mobility reduce the efficacy of the muscle-vein pump. Moreover, body height and weight significantly influence venous pressure physiology under both resting and activity-related conditions. These anthropometric factors also largely explain sex differences in peripheral venous hemodynamics.
24-Story office tower air-conditioning system employing ice storage: A case history (1984)

This paper presents a case history of an actual 24-story, 265,000 ft/sup 2/ (24,619 m/sup 2/) office building in San Francisco, California, that has installed a thermal storage system using ice. Reasons are presented why the first cost of the ice-thermal storage system was less than a system that would have used a conventional centrifugal cooling plant. The paper shows the specific selection of compressor and storage size, the refrigerating circuit design, the ice-builder storage system details, and the water and refrigerant flow diagrams. The cost impact and benefits to the structural, electrical, and architectural portions of the project are discussed as well as the effect on the mechanical design and construction.
Cryoprotective Effects of Cycloinulohexaose on Freezing and Freeze-Drying of Liposomes. (1996)

Cycloinulohexaose (CF-6) maintained the membrane structure of the liposomes during freeze-thawing, and thus CF-6 was very effective in inhibiting both drug leakage from liposomes and the size change of liposomes during freezing and freeze-drying. As the ratio of CF-6 to lipid increased from 1 to 5, calcein retention in the liposomes increased from 70% up to 85% and a maximum retention was obtained at a ratio of more than 2. The addition of glycerol enhanced the above cryoprotective effect of CF-6 and improved calcein retention up to 90%. Neither detectable leakage of calcein nor particle size change was observed after the storage of liposomes freeze-dried with CF-6 for 6 months at 4 and 25 degrees C.
Quantifying Selection against Synonymous Mutations in HIV-1 <i>env</i> Evolution (2013)

Intrapatient evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is driven by the adaptive immune system resulting in rapid change of HIV-1 proteins. When cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells or neutralizing antibodies target a new epitope, the virus often escapes via nonsynonymous mutations that impair recognition. Synonymous mutations do not affect this interplay and are often assumed to be neutral. We test this assumption by tracking synonymous mutations in longitudinal intrapatient data from the C2-V5 part of the env gene. We find that most synonymous variants are lost even though they often reach high frequencies in the viral population, suggesting a cost to the virus. Using published data from SHAPE (selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension) assays, we find that synonymous mutations that disrupt base pairs in RNA stems flanking the variable loops of gp120 are more likely to be lost than other synonymous changes: these RNA hairpins might be important for HIV-1. Computational modeling indicates that, to be consistent with the data, a large fraction of synonymous mutations in this genomic region need to be deleterious with a cost on the order of 0.002 per day. This weak selection against synonymous substitutions does not result in a strong pattern of conservation in cross-sectional data but slows down the rate of evolution considerably. Our findings are consistent with the notion that large-scale patterns of RNA structure are functionally relevant, whereas the precise base pairing pattern is not.