gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Die ersten synthetischen Kohlenhydrate mit den vollständigen antikoagulierenden Eigenschaften von Heparin (1998)

Ausgehend von einem einzigen Disaccharidbaustein wurden synthetische Kohlenhydrate erhalten, die die gerinnungshemmende Aktivität von Heparin aufweisen und Thrombin (n>6) und/oder Faktor Xa (n≥2) inhibieren (siehe Schema). Damit ist auch ein Hinweis darauf gegeben, daß für die Inhibierung von Thrombin Heparinfragmente aus mindestens 15 Zuckereinheiten erforderlich sind. Lev = Lävulinoyl.
Communications. A Convenient Synthesis of Alkyl Halides from Carboxylic Acids (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCommunications. A Convenient Synthesis of Alkyl Halides from Carboxylic AcidsStanley Cristol and William Firth, Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 1, 280Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1961Publication History Published online18 February 2003Published inissue 1 January 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01060a628https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01060a628research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1317Altmetric-Citations142LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Theory and Tools for Applying Sandboxes Effectively (2016)

It is more expensive and time consuming to build modern software without extensive supply chains. Supply chains decrease these development risks, but typically at the cost of increased security risk. In particular, it is often difficult to understand or verify what a software component delivered by a third party does or could do. Such a component could contain unwanted behaviors, vulnerabilities, or malicious code, many of which become incorporated in applications utilizing the component. Sandboxes provide relief by encapsulating a component and imposing a security policy on it. This limits the operations the component can perform without as much need to trust or verify the component. Instead, a component user must trust or verify the relatively simple sandbox. Given this appealing prospect, researchers have spent the last few decades developing new sandboxing techniques and sandboxes. However, while sandboxes have been adopted in practice, they are not as pervasive as they could be. Why are sandboxes not achieving ubiquity at the same rate as extensive supply chains? This thesis advances our understanding of and overcomes some barriers to sandbox adoption. We systematically analyze ten years (2004 { 2014) of sandboxing research from top-tier security and systems conferences. We uncover two barriers: (1) sandboxes are often validated using relatively subjective techniques and (2) usability for sandbox deployers is often ignored by the studied community. We then focus on the Java sandbox to empirically study its use within the open source community. We find features in the sandbox that benign applications do not use, which have promoted a thriving exploit landscape. We develop run time monitors for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to turn o these features, stopping all known sandbox escaping JVM exploits without breaking benign applications. Furthermore, we find that the sandbox contains a high degree of complexity benign applications need that hampers sandbox use. When studying the sandbox's use, we did not find a single application that successfully deployed the sandbox for security purposes, which motivated us to overcome benignly-used complexity via tooling. We develop and evaluate a series of tools to automate the most complex tasks, which currently require error-prone manual effort. Our tools help users derive, express, and refine a security policy and impose it on targeted Java application JARs and classes. This tooling is evaluated through case studies with industrial collaborators where we sandbox components that were previously difficult to sandbox securely. Finally, we observe that design and implementation complexity causes sandbox developers to accidentally create vulnerable sandboxes. Thus, we develop and evaluate a sandboxing technique that leverages existing cloud computing environments to execute untrusted computations. Malicious outcomes produced by the computations are contained by ephemeral virtual machines. We describe a field trial using this technique with Adobe Reader and compare the new sandbox to existing sandboxes using a qualitative framework we developed.
Time to Organize the Bioinformatics Resourceome (2005)

The initial steps toward a bioinformatics resourceome are clear. First, an overall ontology with the high-level concepts (algorithms, databases, organizations, papers, people, etc.) must be created, with a set of standard attributes and a standard set of relations between these concepts (e.g., people publish papers, papers describe algorithms or databases, organizations house people, etc.). The initial ontology should be compact and built for distributed collaborative extension. Second, a mechanism for people to extend this ontology with subconcepts in order to describe their own resources should be designed. The precise location of a tool within a taxonomy is not critical—the author will place it somewhere based on the location of similar/competing resources or based on a best-informed guess. Others may create links to the resource from other appropriate locations in the taxonomy in order to ensure that competing interpretations of the appropriate conceptual location for the resource are accommodated. Third, the formats for the ontologies and the resource descriptions should be published so enterprising software engineers can create interfaces for surfing, searching, and viewing the resources. The resulting distributed system of resource descriptions would be extensible, robust, and useful to the entire biomedical research community.
New Canadian Air Decompression Tables (1985)

Abstract : The Defense and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine (DCIEM) has recently developed a new set of decompression tables for compressed air diving for use by the Canadian Forces. Based on over 20 years of decompression research at DCIEM, these tables provide a more conservative approach to decompression procedures than those published by the United States Navy and the Royal Navy. Selected profiles were tested extensively using the Doppler ultrasonic bubble detector as an aid to assessing the severity of the decompression stress produced by these tables. These tables were tested in a hyperbaric chamber with wet-working divers in cold water at 10 Celsius as well as with dry-resting divers. No realistic decompression procedures can totally eliminate the occurrence of decompression sickness. However, these tables are believed to be safer than most existing tables. The tables, as developed by DCIEM, include Standard Ai, In-Water Oxygen Decompression, and Surface Decompression with Oxygen. In addition, tables for Repetitive Diving and Corrections for Altitude have been developed. Of interest to the recreational diver are three tables: Short Air Decompression. Repetitive Dive Factors and Allowable No-Decompression Limits for Repetitive Dives.
<title>Ultracam camera control and data acquisition system</title> (2002)

Ultracam is a high speed, three channel CCD camera designed to provide imaging photometry at high temporal resolution, allowing the study of rapidly changing astronomical phenomena such as eclipses, rapidly flickering light curves and occultation events. It is designed to provide frame rates up to 500 Hz with minimum inter-frame dead time and to time-tag each frame to within 1 millisecond of UT. The high data rates that this instrument produces, together with its use as a visitor instrument at a number of observatories, have lead to a highly modular design. Each major service (camera, control, sequencing, data handlers, etc.) is a separate process that communicates using XML documents via HTTP transport, allowing the services to be redeployed or reconfigured with minimal effort. The use of XML and HTTP also allows a web browser to act as a front end for any of the services, as well as providing easy access to services from other control systems. The overall design allows for simple re-engineering for a variety of imaging systems, and is already expected to provide control of IR arrays for the UKIRT Wide-Field Camera project. The instrument has been successfully commissioned on the William Herschel Telescope.
Structural and mutational studies of the amino acid-editing domain from archaeal/eukaryal phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (2006)

To achieve accurate aminoacylation of tRNAs with their cognate amino acids, errors in aminoacylation are corrected by the "editing" mechanism in several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) hydrolyzes, or edits, misformed tyrosyl-tRNA with its editing domain in the beta subunit. We report the crystal structure of an N-terminal fragment of the PheRS beta subunit (PheRS-beta(N)) from the archaeon, Pyrococcus horikoshii, at 1.94-A resolution. PheRS-beta(N) includes the editing domain B3/4, which has archaea/eukarya-specific insertions/deletions and adopts a different orientation relative to other domains, as compared with that of bacterial PheRS. Surprisingly, most residues constituting the editing active-site pocket were substituted between the archaeal/eukaryal and bacterial PheRSs. We prepared Ala-substituted mutants of P. horikoshii PheRS for 16 editing-pocket residues, of which 12 are archaea/eukarya-specific and four are more widely conserved. On the basis of their activities, Tyr-adenosine was modeled on the B3/4-domain structure. First, the mutations of Leu-202, Ser-211, Asp-234, and Thr-236 made the PheRS incorrectly hydrolyze the cognate Phe-tRNA(Phe), indicating that these residues participate in the Tyr hydroxy group recognition and are responsible for discrimination against Phe. Second, the mutations of Leu-168 and Arg-223, which could interact with the tRNA 3'-terminal adenosine, reduced Tyr-tRNA(Phe) deacylation activity. Third, the mutations of archaea/eukarya-specific Gln-126, Glu-127, Arg-137, and Asn-217, which are proximal to the ester bond to be cleaved, also reduced Tyr-tRNA(Phe) deacylation activity. In particular, the replacement of Asn-217 abolished the activity, revealing its absolute requirement for the catalysis.
An International Cooperative Study Evaluating Serum Thyroglobulin Standards (1985)

A number of research laboratories have reported great variability in the levels of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) in normal subjects, the reason for which is not immediately apparent. The present study was designed to determine how important these variations were by submitting three identical standards to all participating laboratories. Three lyophilized human sera (standards A, B, and C) with increasing concentrations of Tg (5.3, 30.6, and 80.6 ng/ml, respectively) were submitted to 37 laboratories (40 assays) in 18 different countries. Standard A gave detectable values in 19 assays. The mean serum Tg concentration was 6.3 +/- 1.4 (+/- SEM) ng/ml (n = 18). Standard B was detected in all but 3 assays. The mean serum Tg concentration in standard B was 15.7 +/- 1.4 ng/ml (n = 37). All laboratories were able to detect Tg in standard C, and reported a mean serum Tg concentration of 36.5 +/- 3.2 ng/ml (n = 40). Lyophilization affected the recovery of Tg in our assay. This was confirmed by a study in which lyophilized standards A, B, and C and frozen standards were analyzed in the same assays. The remarkable finding was that the variability in serum Tg values reported by the various assays was great despite the submission of an identical set of standards of each of the laboratories. Wide interassay variation raises problems with respect to the applicability of threshold levels proposed by certain studies. The latter is particularly germane to the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. It is concluded that the development of a world standard for Tg may be a first and important step toward standardization of Tg assays, and that other components of the assays may need standardization as well.
Determination of platinum, palladium, ruthenium and iridium in geological samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a sodium peroxide fusion and tellurium coprecipitation (1995)

A method was developed for the determination of Ru, Pd, Ir and Pt in geological samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After fusion of the sample with sodium peroxide, the platinum group elements were preconcentrated by Te coprecipitation. Results obtained for the reference materials WGB-1, TDB-1, UMT-1, WPR-1, WMG-1 and SARM-7 are in excellent agreement with the recommended values for elements above the detection limit level of 0.3–2.0 ng g–1(whole rock). Although the method used only 0.5 g of sample, no errors were found that could be associated with sample inhomogeneity effects in the analysis of the above reference materials. Further measurements indicated that the technique could be extended to the determination of Rh and Au by external calibration.
Inhibitory Effect of Breast Milk on Infectivity of Live Oral Rotavirus Vaccines (2010)

The lower immunogenicity and efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in poor developing countries could be explained, in part, by higher titers of IgA and neutralizing activity in breast milk consumed by their infants at the time of immunization that could effectively reduce the potency of the vaccine. Strategies to overcome this negative effect, such as delaying breast-feeding at the time of immunization, should be evaluated.
Large-deviation achromatic Risley prisms pointing systems (2002)

As part of the Infrared Eye project, this article describes the design of large-deviation, achromatic Risley prisms scanning systems operating in the 0.5 - 0.92 and 8 - 9.5 μm spectral regions. Designing these systems is challenging due to the large deviation required (zero - 25 degrees), the large spectral bandwidth and the mechanical constraints imposed by the need to rotate the prisms to any position in 1/30 second. A design approach making extensive use of the versatility of optical design softwares is described. Designs consisting of different pairs of optical materials are shown in order to illustrate the trade-off between chromatic aberration, mass and vignetting. Control of chromatic aberration and reasonable prism shape is obtained over 8 - 9.5 μm with zinc sulfide and germanium. The design is more difficult for the 0.5 - 0.92 μm band. Trade-offs consist in using sapphire with Cleartran® over a reduced bandwidth (0.75 - 0.9 μm ) or acrylic singlets with the Infrared Eye in active mode (0.85 - 0.86 μm). Non-sequential ray-tracing is used to study the effects of fresnelizing one element of the achromat to reduce its mass, and to evaluate detector narcissus in the 8 - 9.5 μm region.
RaSH, a rapid subtraction hybridization approach for identifying and cloning differentially expressed genes (2000)

Human melanoma cells growth-arrest irreversibly and terminally differentiate on treatment with a combination of fibroblast interferon and the protein kinase C activator mezerein. This experimental protocol also results in a loss of tumorigenic potential and profound changes in gene expression. Various cloning and cDNA microarray strategies are being used to determine the complete spectrum of gene expression changes underlying these alterations in human melanoma cells. An efficient approach, Rapid Subtraction Hybridization (RaSH), has been developed that is permitting the identification of genes of potential relevance to cancer growth control and terminal cell differentiation. RaSH cDNA libraries are prepared from double-stranded cDNAs that are enzymatically digested into small fragments, ligated to adapters, and PCR amplified followed by incubation of tester and driver PCR fragments. This subtraction hybridization scheme is technically simple and results in the identification of a high proportion of differentially expressed sequences, including known genes and those not described in current DNA databases. The RaSH approach represents an efficient methodology for identifying and cloning genes displaying differential expression that associate with and potentially regulate complex biological processes.
MAS5G: Move Around Smartly in 5G (2019)

5th Generation (5G) mobile networks is anticipated to serve large number of devices with multiple services in the single network. Due to heterogeneous service demand in a single network, 5G is presumed to be service based amalgamated with network slicing. The network will create a dedicated slice with dedicated resources and network elements based on the requested service. With so many devices and services under one umbrella of 5G, mobility becomes one of the crucial aspect, which can further have lot of impact on 5G NR (New Radio) requirements such as, radio resource optimization, seamless connectivity, minimal handovers and Quality of Experience (QoE). MAS5G (Move Smartly in 5G) explores the avenues of mobility management, wherein we consider three main services of 5G i.e. (1) enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), (2) Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) and (3) massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). Unlike considering single mobility policy for all type of services (in the current networks), we propose MAS5G Central Mobility Manager (CMM), which will create dedicated schema for each service based on the network slice. With the help of User Equipment (UE) capability if network slice subscribed by subscriber is having skewed features and mobility requirement, MAS5G CMM creates schema as per the requirements of a particular network slice. It can help Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) to provide dedicated attributes of Access and Mobility applied to devices based on predefined schemas. Through our simulation experiment, based on real time mMTC and eMBB traffic traces, we show that MAS5G is able to curtail the number of handovers, thus, saving the energy at UE significantly, which further helps to boost the QoE.
Choice of the regularization parameter in ill-posed problems with rough estimate of the noise level of data (2005)

We consider linear ill-posed problems Au = f in Hilbert spaces. Regularized approximations ur to solutions u* of problem Au = f are obtained by a general regularization scheme, including the Tikhonov method, iterative and other methods. We assume that instead of f ∈ R(A) noisy data f are available with the approximately given noise level δ: it holds ||f - f||/δ → C for δ → 0, but C = const is unknown. We propose a new a-posteriori rule for the choice of the regularization parameter r = r(δ) guaranteeing ur(δ) → u* for δ → 0. Note that such convergence is not guaranteed for the parameter choice by the discrepancy principle ||Aur - f|| = bδ with b < C and for parameter choice rules which do not use the noise level (quasioptimality criterion, Wahba's generalized cross-validation rule, Hansen's L-curve rule). We give error estimates which in case ||f - f|| ≤ δ are quasioptimal and order-optimal.
The New Era in Cancer Research (2006)

For many years, discoveries about the genetic determinants of cancer appeared to be having only minor effects on efforts to control the disease in the clinic. Following advances made over the past decade, however, a description of cancer in molecular terms seems increasingly likely to improve the ways in which human cancers are detected, classified, monitored, and (especially) treated. Achieving the medical promise of this new era in cancer research will require a deeper understanding of the biology of cancer and imaginative application of new knowledge in the clinic, as well as political, social, and cultural changes.
Transient Modeling of 3-Way Catalytic Converters (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The modeling of transient phenomena occurring inside an automotive 3-way catalytic converter poses a significant challenge to the emissions control engineer. Since the significant progress that has been observed with steady-state models cannot be directly exploited in this direction, it is necessary to develop a fully transient model and computer code incorporating dynamic behaviour of the three way catalytic converter in a relatively simple and effective way. The Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics (LAT), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, is cooperating with the Engine Direction of FIAT Research Center, in the development of a computer code fulfilling these objectives, within the framework of an EEC Brite EuRam cost shared project. The CRF and LAT modeling approaches, along with the underlying philosophy and experimental work, are presented in this paper. The model and computer codes developed are currently employed to establish and understand critical behaviour trends involved in engine emission control system optimization.</div>
Turbulence Characteristics and Dissipation Estimates in the Coastal Ocean Bottom Boundary Layer from PIV Data (2001)

Turbulence characteristics in the coastal ocean bottom boundary layer are measured using a submersible Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system with a sample area of 20 20 cm 2 . Measurements are performed in the New York Bight at elevations ranging from 10 cm to about 1.4 m above the seafloor. Recorded data for each elevation consists of 130 s of image pairs recorded at 1 Hz. After processing, the data at each elevation consist of 130 instantaneous spatial velocity distributions within the sample area. The vertical distribution of mean velocity indicates the presence of large-scale shear even at the highest measurement station. The flow also undergoes variations at timescales longer than the present data series.
Traditional dialogue design applied to modern user interfaces (1990)

Several examples show that principles for the design of usable dialogues are just as important for modern graphical user interfaces as they are for traditional text-based interfaces.
The Development of the Infant and Young Child--Normal and Abnormal (1960)

This reprint of Dr. Illingworth's book on child development comes at an opportune moment when government and lay people have started to realise that an environment of poverty, ignorance and malnutrition may prevent a child from attaining the physical and mental development of which he is capable.
What are the New Frontiers in Cast Metals? (1991)

Now that single crystal turbine blades are routine production statistics, what remains to be achieved? The developments in new cast alloys are reviewed, showing advances which have been made and remain to be achieved in Zn-, Al-, and ferrous-based systems. The advances in mouldmaking are also examined, together with the progress which would be desirable to obtain the finest dendrite arm spacings, and thus the optimum properties. The modelling of filling and feeding is a valuable aid, and although not yet always completely reliable, excellent progress is being made. Assessment of cast alloys by new concepts such as quality factors, and process specification and control, rather than by inspection techniques has to be tackled by education of the designer and customer; otherwise this will be the last, and insurmountable, frontier.