gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening for Colorectal Cancer (1990)

Letters1 December 1990Screening for Colorectal CancerAlfred I. Neugut, MD, PhDAlfred I. Neugut, MD, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-11-899_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors:In a recent analysis of colorectal cancer screening, Eddy (1) mentions the concept of using colonoscopy for screening asymptomatic persons at average risk, a notion that we have previously suggested (2) and that will likely be explored with great interest in the future. The logic for such an approach is based on several premises, the main one being the importance of adenomatous polyps as a positive finding in a colorectal cancer screening examination. In the few studies of colonoscopy done in asymptomatic, persons at average risk, investigators have found adenomatous polyp rates virtually identical to those in...References1. Eddy D. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:373-84. LinkGoogle Scholar2. NeugutForde AK. Screening colonoscopy: has the time come? Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;83:295-7. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. JohnsonGurneyVolpe DMR. A prospective study of the prevalence of colonic neoplasms in asymptomatic patients with an age-related risk [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 1988:94:209. Google Scholar4. LiebermanDenbergSmith DTF. Screening for colon malignancy with colonoscopy in asymptomatic subjects [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:174. Google Scholar5. MaiFoutchSanowski HTR. Hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for colorectal adenomas in asymptomatic men [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35:174. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Alfred I. Neugut, MD, PhD PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 December 1990Volume 113, Issue 11Page: 899-900KeywordsCancer screeningColonoscopyColorectal cancerColorectal cancer screeningForecasting ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 December 1990 PDF downloadLoading ...
Intranasal Vaccination with 1918 Influenza Virus-Like Particles Protects Mice and Ferrets from Lethal 1918 and H5N1 Influenza Virus Challenge (2009)

Influenza vaccines capable of inducing cross-reactive or heterotypic immunity could be an important first line of prevention against a novel subtype virus. Influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying functional viral proteins are effective vaccines against replication-competent homologous virus, but their ability to induce heterotypic immunity has not been adequately tested. To measure VLP vaccine efficacy against a known influenza pandemic virus, recombinant VLPs were generated from structural proteins of the 1918 H1N1 virus. Mucosal and traditional parenteral administrations of H1N1 VLPs were compared for the ability to protect against the reconstructed 1918 virus and a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus isolated from a fatal human case. Mice that received two intranasal immunizations of H1N1 VLPs were largely protected against a lethal challenge with both the 1918 virus and the H5N1 virus. In contrast, mice that received two intramuscular immunizations of 1918 VLPs were only protected against a homologous virus challenge. Mucosal vaccination of mice with 1918 VLPs induced higher levels of cross-reactive immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies than did parenteral vaccination. Similarly, ferrets mucosally vaccinated with 1918 VLPs completely survived a lethal challenge with the H5N1 virus, while only a 50% survival rate was observed in parenterally vaccinated animals. These results suggest a strategy of VLP vaccination against a pandemic virus and one that stimulates heterotypic immunity against an influenza virus strain with threatening pandemic potential.
Modified Wendan Decoction Can Attenuate Neurotoxic Action Associated with Alzheimer′s Disease (2007)

We observed the effect of modified Wendan decoction (modified Wen-Dan-Tang) on a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid beta (Abeta) 25-35 segment neurotoxin was employed to induce a PC12 cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. After modified Wendan decoction was fed to rats, the serum containing medicine was prepared and changes in cell morphology observed. Cell mortality and survival rate was examined by trypan blue stain assay and MTT method and caspase-3 expression was detected by western blot, while cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Cell morphology of prepared serum group was better than that of controls, and cell survival rate in prepared serum group was higher than that in control (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Cell mortality, caspase-3 expression and apoptosis rate in prepared serum group were lower than that in control (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). We conclude that Modified Wendan Decoction can attenuate the neurotoxicity of Abeta 25-35 and rescue neurons via suppressing apoptotic process.
Is intrinsic nanocrystalline stability practically achievable? Insights from investigations with Pt-Au alloys. (2017)

Abstract not provided.
Synthesis of chromones by cyclization of 2-hydroxyphenyl ketones with boron trifluoride–diethyl ether and methanesulphonyl chloride (1976)

R. J. Bass, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1976, 78 DOI: 10.1039/C39760000078
A method for an accurate T1 relaxation-time measurement compensating B1 field inhomogeneity in magnetic-resonance imaging (2005)

Two-point gradient echo methods are practical means for estimating T1 value in magnetic-resonance (MR) imaging. Meanwhile, the inhomogeneity of the transmitted B1 field and the imperfect slice profile severely distorts the estimated T1 value. We propose a method for an accurate T1 measurement compensating the inhomogeneity of the B1 field and the effects of the imperfect slice profile. Three MR images of a whole human brain were obtained by multisliced spoiled gradient echo sequences on a 1.5-T scanner with different repetition times and flip angles to calculate the quantitative T1 maps. The histograms of the T1 maps showed two distinguishable peaks of the white matter (672.9±15.5ms) and the gray matter (921.1±24.7ms) of the human brain. The results indicate that the T1 value was properly estimated compensating the B1 field inhomogeneity and the slice profile imperfection. The proposed method is applicable to images obtained on any scanners with different parameters, because the method needs neither the information of the flip angle calibrations nor the phantom data to compensate the B1 field inhomogeneity.
A programmable clock generator that uses noise shaping and its application in switched-capacitor filters (1995)

A programmable digital clock generator that produces a wide range of clock frequencies with fine resolution is described. The clock generator consists of a noise-shaping control loop and a number-controlled oscillator. The generated clock has a time-varying period. When this clock is used as the sampling clock in a switched-capacitor filter (SCF) to set its frequency response, the time-varying period causes nonuniform sampling, which is acceptable under certain conditions that are described. Measured performance of a 2-/spl mu/m CMOS implementation of the clock generator is presented. Also, measured data for the clock generator driving two SCF's are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Complement Activation in Angiotensin II–Induced Organ Damage (2005)

We tested whether or not complement activation participates in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced vasculopathy. We used double transgenic rats harboring human renin and angiotensinogen genes (dTGR) with or without losartan or the human renin inhibitor aliskiren. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were controls. DTGR had increased blood pressure at week 5 that increased further by week 7. Albuminuria was absent at week 5 but increased markedly in weeks 6 and 7. C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation, macrophages, T cells, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, C1q, C3, C3c, and C5b-9 expression preceded albuminuria. C1q, C3, C3c, and C5b-9 were observed in the dTGR vessel media. C5b-9 colocalized with interleukin (IL)-6. Losartan and aliskiren reduced albuminuria and complement expression. We also studied vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from dTGR compared VSMC from SD. C3 and IL-6 mRNA were analyzed after Ang II, TNF-alpha, and CRP stimulation. VSMC from dTGR showed increased proliferation and C3 expression compared with SD. Ang II did not induce C3 mRNA in either VSMC type. However, TNF-alpha and CRP induced C3 mRNA slightly in SD VSMC but markedly in dTGR VSMC, whereas IL-6 induction was similar in both. Thus, complement activation and cell infiltration occurred before the onset of albuminuria in Ang II-mediated renal damage. TNF-alpha and CRP played a major role in C3 activation. VSMC from dTGR are more sensitive for C3 activation. Our data show that, in this Ang II-induced model, complement activation is a major participant and suggest that TNF-alpha and CRP may play a role in its induction.
Rock Property Inversion in Organic-Rich Shale: Uncertainties, Ambiguities, and Pitfalls (2012)

Geophysical characterization of organic-rich shales involves remote estimation of the geological and geomechanical properties. Important geological properties are porosity, clay content (Vclay), and the total organic carbon (TOC). Important geomechanical properties are natural fractures and fracability (ease of hydraulically fracturing the rock). Apart from various engineering factors, the fracability depends on the following geological factors: in-situ stress (the vertical effective stress and the minimum and maximum horizontal effective stresses), pore pressure, brittleness, and rock strength. At well locations, we sometimes have the luxury of having enough measurements to completely characterize the shale properties of interest. However, we do not normally have enough measurements away from wells, and as a result the estimation of rock properties remains under-determined. On the other hand, the seismic measurements typically can be used to provide an estimate of the acoustic impedance (AI) and Vp/Vs ratio of the rock. Occasionally we may estimate density if seismic data have sufficient quality and enough offset coverage, and the anisotropic elastic properties with varying degrees of measurement errors. Due to the complexity of shale reservoirs, the relatively large number of rock properties, and the limited amount of independent information that we can measure at the field, the inversion for the rock properties often remains non-unique.
A Review of Retirement Income Policy Models (1995)

Public policymakers and program administrators often face decisions that impact the retirement incomes of individuals. An important question that these decision-makers may wish to address concerns the distributional impacts of the programmatic changes under consideration. Who (what population groups) would gain income and how much? Who would be unaffected? Who would lose and by how much? The question that this paper investigates is the extent to which computer models and associated policy analysis capability are available to provide decision makers with this kind of information. Specifically, the paper reviews a class of models that may be designated as retirement income policy models. The review is limited to existing models of programs within the U.S. retirement income system. The paper presents a general discussion of the components of such models. It describes features of models that are in the current portfolio and assesses components of those models. It furthermore presents examples of how the existing models might analyze two policy initiatives changing the 'bend points' of the Social Security old-age and survivors insurance benefits and increasing the maximum allowable contributions to IRAs. The paper finds that the current capacity is not great, nor is it fully utilized. However, a foundation exists to be able to examine distributional impacts of retirement policy changes. Three concerns that need to be addressed now to assure that this foundation will be useful in the future are (1) assessing whether the existing modeling capacity is substantive enough and flexible enough to gear up in a short amount of time, (2) assessing whether decision makers will have adequate resources to support the necessary development and refinement of models, and (3) assuring that appropriate recent data sources are available to support the models.
Modulation analysis for wireless infrared communications (2002)

The channel model for indoor wireless optical communication links is unusual in that it combines the intensity-modulation constraints of the Poisson photon-counting channel with the multipath dispersion, bandwidth constraints, and additive white Gaussian noise of the conventional radio channel. In this paper we examine the performance of several modulation schemes on the indoor wireless optical channel. Modulation schemes having low duty cycle, such as pulse-position modulation (PPM), offer improved power efficiency at the expense of decreased bandwidth efficiency. We compare the power and bandwidth efficiency of several forms of PPM, including multiple PPM, overlapping PPM, convolutional coded PPM, and trellis coded OPPM. We also examine the differences between the wireless infrared communications channel and the quantum-limited photon-counting channel.
Graphene growth directly on functional substrate (2010)

Graphene is perhaps the most promising material ever discovered for microelectronics applications, but its preparation includes either high-temperature processing or film transfer, and sometimes both of them, which forbids for the moment its introduction into fabrication lines. In this communication we report a synthesis route involving exposure of nickel thin films deposited on silicon oxide to a mixture of methane and hydrogen activated by DC plasma at 450°C. In addition of the awaited graphene film formed at the surface of catalyst layer, we observed the formation of a second graphene film at the catalyst/silicon oxide interface. To our knowledge, no other team have yet reported graphene synthesis directly on a dielectric substrate at low temperature. With the idea of increasing the graphene structural quality, we studied the effect of additional post growth high temperature annealing. The films synthesized were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Nucleic‐Acid Analogs with Restricted Conformational Flexibility in the Sugar‐Phosphate Backbone (‘Bicyclo‐DNA’). Part 5. Synthesis, Characterization, and Pairing Properties of Oligo‐α‐<scp>D</scp>‐(bicyclodeoxynucleotides) of the Bases Adenine and Thymine (α‐Bicyclo‐DNA) (1995)

Abstract A conformational analysis of the (3′S,5′R)‐2′‐deoxy‐3′,5′‐ethano‐α‐ D ‐ribonucleosides (a‐D‐bicyclodeoxynucleosides) based on the X‐ray analysis of N 4 ‐benzoyl‐α‐ D ‐(bicyclodeoxycytidine) 6 and on 1 H‐NMR analysis of the α‐ D ‐bicyclodeoxynucleoside derivatives 1 ‐ 7 reveals a rigid sugar structure with the furanose units in the l′‐exo/2′‐endo conformation and the secondary OH groups on the carbocyclic ring in the pseudoequatorial orientation. Oligonucleotides consisting of α‐ D ‐bicyclothymidine and α‐ D ‐bicyclodeoxyadenosine were successfully synthesized from the corresponding nucleosides by phosphoramidite methodology on a DNA synthesizer. An evaluation of their pairing properties with complementary natural RNA and DNA by means of UV/melting curves and CD spectroscopy show the following characteristics: i) α‐bcd(A 10 ) and α‐bcd(T 10 ) (α = short form of α‐ D )efficiently form complexes with complementary natural DNA and RNA. The stability of these hybrids is comparable or slightly lower as those with natural β‐d(A 10 ) or β‐d(T 10 )( β = short form ofβ‐ D ). ii) The strand orientation in α‐bicyclo‐DNA/β‐DNA duplexes is parallel as was deduced from UV/melting curves of decamers with nonsymmetric base sequences. iii) CD Spectroscopy shows significant structural differences between α‐bicyclo‐DNA/β‐DNA duplexes compared to α‐DNA/β‐DNA duplexes. Furthermore, α‐bicyclo‐DNA is ca. 100‐fold more resistant to the enzyme snake‐venom phosphodiesterase with respect to β‐DNA and about equally resistant as α‐DNA.
Crosslinking reaction of epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) by anionically polymerized polycaprolactam: I. Mechanism and optimization (2003)

Abstract Different ratios of epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and ϵ‐caprolactam (starting from 10:90 DGEBA and vice versa), were used to synthesize reactive DGEBA and polycaprolactam blends by the anionic polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactam at 140°C. Anionic polymerization was conducted with a strong base such as sodium hydride as a catalyst along with a cocatalyst such as N ‐acetyl caprolactam. The reaction mechanism, possible cure reactions, and reaction conditions of the reactive blends were studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The experiments were carried to study the optimization ratio and the effect of the composition on properties such as hardness and tensile strength of the reactive blends. The DGEBA was crosslinked by polycaprolactam through the reaction of the oxirane group with the amide nitrogen, and the reaction was very fast. A ratio of 80:20 (DGEBA:ϵ‐caprolactam) was optimum, and the resulting blend showed the highest tensile strength and hardness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3237–3247, 2003
A lanthanum macrocycle catalysed hydrolysis of a phosphate triester (1990)

A lanthanum macrocycle is shown to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of the phosphate triester 2,4-dinitrophenyl diethyl phosphate, at pH 9 the rate enhancement using 2.5 × 10–3 mol dm–3 catalyst at 25 °C being ca. 103-fold; the reaction is shown to be catalytic rather than stoicheiometric, and possible mechanisms are considered to account for the catalysis.
A METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE - BASED TESTS USING ASPHALT MODIFIERS (1991)

This paper focuses on the methodology for evaluating the performance-based laboratory tests developed by SHRP contractors using modified asphalt systems with varying levels of historical pavement performance. The SHRP contracts A-002A and A-003A have been charged with developing performance based laboratory tests for asphalt binders and mixtures, respectively. These tests will measure fundamental properties that relate to pavement performance. These tests will also be suitable for specification development.
High-Quality White Light Using Core–Shell RE<sup>3+</sup>:LaPO<sub>4</sub> (RE = Eu, Tb, Dy, Ce) Phosphors (2012)

Rare-earth (RE = Eu, Dy, Tb, and Ce) ion doped core and core–shell LaPO4 phosphors were synthesized to elucidate the effect of spatial distribution of dopants on the emission spectra. The core–shell architecture was designed as a single particle that can be excited by a single wavelength and yield a balanced white light appearance with long emission lifetimes. Specifically, a multishell architecture was employed to separate the Eu3+ and Tb3+ within the phosphor to circumvent the energy transfer between them, passivate the surface quenching sites, and control Ce3+ doping to sensitize other RE ions. To assess the effectiveness of these core–shell phosphors, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) coordinates and luminescence lifetimes are quantified as the figures of merit. The Eu3+:LaPO4|Ce3+,Dy3+:LaPO4|Tb3+:LaPO4 layering resulted in CIE coordinates of (0.34, 0.35) using 365 nm excitation, nearly at center of the white light regime at (0.35, 0.35). Finally, the emission lifetimes were measured to be 0.85, 4.34, and 3.26 ms and resulted in a total increase of 31, 36, and 16% over the RE3+:LaPO4 reference phosphors, where RE = Dy, Tb, and Eu, respectively. The synthesized phosphor material has high-quality white light with improved emission lifetimes, suitable for application in white light LED devices.
The Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence (1990)

The drawbacks pure probabilistic methods and the certainty factor model have led us in recent years to consider alternate approaches. Particularly appealing is the mathematical theory evidence developed by Arthur Dempster. We are convinced it merits careful study and interpretation in the context expert systems. This theory was first set forth by Dempster in the 1960s and subsequently extended by Glenn Sharer. In 1976, the year after the first description CF’s appeared, Shafer published A Mathematical Theory Evidence (Shafer, 1976). Its relevance to the issues addressed in the CF model was not immediately recognized, but recently researchers have begun to investigate applications the theory to expert systems (Barnett, 1981; Friedman, 1981; Garvey et al., 1981). We believe that the advantage the Dempster-Shafer theory over previous approaches is its ability to model the narrowing the hypothesis set with the accumulation evidence, a process that characterizes diagnostic reasoning in medicine and expert reasoning in general. An expert uses evidence that, instead bearing on a single hypothesis in the original hypothesis set, often bears on a larger subset this set. The functions and combining rule the Dempster-Shafer theory are well suited to represent this type evidence and its aggregation. For example, in the search for the identity an infecting organism, a smear showing gram-negative organisms narrows the hypothesis set all possible organisms to a proper subset. This subset can also be thought as a new hypothesis: the organism is one the gram-negative organisms. However, this piece evidence gives no information concerning the relative likelihoods the organisms in the subset. Bayesians might assume equal priors and distribute the weight this evidence equally among the gram-negative organisms, but, as Shafer points out, they would thus fail to distinguish between uncertainty, or lack of knowledge, and
A design and test of Chinese word segmentation based on Lucene (2010)

This paper designs and implements a Chinese words segmentation module,which mainly deals with Chinese words to improve the ability of full text search system.The whole module based on the most widely used architecture Lucene,and combines the maximum matching algorithm and optimized Chinese words dictionary to achieve a high efficiency and accuracy of Chinese words segmentation.The paper also compares the module with StandardAnalyze and CJKAnalyzer in function and efficiency by the experiment,and brings forward a implementation about how to construct a high efficiency Chinese searching system.
A design-based approach to planarization in multilayer surface micromachining (1999)

This paper describes a design-based planarization strategy that can control topography to within submicron levels. The design concept takes advantage of the inherent conformability of the film deposition processes to achieve planar topography, without the need for an additional planarization step. It is based on a universally regulating line spacing in patterned layers to within a predefined amount, thus allowing subsequent layers to fill in as they grow, conforming to the previous layer. Test structures were fabricated to study the effect of different feature sizes in underlying layers on the topography of subsequent layers. Predictions based on numerical and geometric models for topography generation are compared to fabricated devices. An example of successful application to a micromachined adaptive mirror is presented.