gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Investigation of Asymptomatic Infection by <i>Pythium</i> spp. (1998)

ABSTRACT The influence exerted by Pythium group F (a minor pathogen ubiquitous in soilless cultures) and P. uncinulatum (a nonpathogenic species) colonization on tomato roots was investigated. In both interactions, infected roots did not exhibit obvious symptoms; however, major physiological changes occurred within the host tissues colonized by Pythium group F compared to P. uncinulatum. According to our cytological observations, Pythium group F colonization involved a series of events: first, development and growth of the fungus in the epidermis and outer cortex tissues, which was associated with marked host cell disorganization and even breakdown. In colonized roots, symptoms were not easily discernible because alterations were restricted to the epidermis and outer cortex tissues. Second, pathogen ingress in the inner cortex and stele tissues was associated with massive induction of host defense reactions and alteration of invading hyphae. In a complex interaction that involved major metabolic changes in root cells, an array of defense-related reactions was produced, as exemplified by the formation of wall appositions and plugging of host cells with osmiophilic, electron-dense, granular, or fibrillar materials. P. uncinulatum growth was restricted to the epidermis and outer cortex tissues and associated with relatively minor damage to host cells. P. uncinulatum colonization of root tissues did not result in defense events similar to those observed in Pythium group F-infected inner cortex and stele tissues. Moreover, most of the invading P. uncinulatum hyphae were moribund. The results of the current study indicated that symptomless infections can be insignificant in terms of pathology for the plant (i.e., P. uncinulatum) or can be potentially dangerous (i.e., Pythium group F). Our results clearly showed a striking difference between nonpathogenic and minor pathogenic Pythium spp. attacks. The description of the Pythium group F infection process suggests that this interaction is unique, because the fungus behaves as a necrotrophic fungus in the epidermis and outer cortex tissues, whereas it is a potential inducer of plant defense reactions in the inner cortex and stele tissues. To our knowledge, cytological events similar to those observed with Pythium group F have not been described until now, even though descriptions of these events could help elucidate several aspects of the relationships between plants and minor pathogens.
Microvascular blood flow distribution in skeletal muscle. An intravital microscopic study in the rabbit. (1983)

Distribution patterns of the microvascular blood flow and interactions of various microvascular elements were studied in the tenuissimus muscle of the rabbit with the aid of intravital microscopy. The modified technique employed permitted observation, with high resolution, of the microcirculation in the tenuissimus muscle in situ, with only minor surgical preparation and incision. Preparation and exposure of the muscle for vital microscopy did not alter the resting blood flow and did not limit the normal range of vascular control. Microvascular flow data agreed well with the whole organ blood flow and the vascular smooth muscle reacted vigorously to various stimuli. In the resting state one-third to one-half of the total number of capillaries were considered to be perfused, with a homogeneous spatial distribution. The average capillary red cell velocity at rest was less than 20% of the average maximal velocity. Alterations in the ambient oxygen tension to which the muscle tissue was exposed resulted in profound changes in capillary perfusion. These were mainly attributed to changes in the number of perfused capillaries, whereas changes in red cell velocity were of less significance. However, an increase in red cell velocity was considered to contribute substantially to the capillary flow response in situations with a markedly increased blood flow. The proportion of capillaries being perfused seemed to be a passive function of the pressure gradient over the capillary bed, in combination with a yield stress in the capillaries controlled by the arteriolar resistance. Apparently the active control of functional capillary was not anatomically separated from that of capillary flow velocity. The ultimate control of the capillary perfusion resided in the terminal arterioles, although the capillary flow was influenced also by the resistance in the proximal arteriolar segments. Vascular connections between the muscle tissue proper and adjacent connective tissue were a regular and frequent phenomenon. A majority of the transverse arterioles also supplied, in addition to the muscle capillaries, the connective tissue. The distribution of the arteriolar flow between these two vascular areas was determined by the interaction between the larger transverse and smaller terminal arterioles and their relative contributions to the vascular resistance. The terminal arterioles were clearly more responsive than the transverse arterioles to changes in ambient oxygen availability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Inhibition of multiplication of herpes simplex virus by caffeic acid (2011)

Hot water extracts of coffee grinds and commercial instant coffee solutions have been shown to exhibit marked antiviral and virucidal activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Specifically, it has been shown that caffeine and N-methyl-pyridinium formate inhibit the multiplication of HSV-1 in HEp-2 cells. The present study examined the virological properties and the antiviral activity of caffeic acid against HSV-1. Caffeic acid inhibited the multiplication of HSV-1 in vitro, while chlorogenic acid, a caffeic acid ester with quinic acid, did not. These reagents did not have a direct virucidal effect. The one-step growth curve of HSV-1 showed that the addition of caffeic acid at 8 h post infection (h p.i.) did not significantly affect the formation of progeny viruses. An analysis of the influence of the time of caffeic acid addition, revealed that addition at an early time post infection remarkably inhibited the formation of progeny infectious virus in the infected cells, but its addition after 6 h p.i. (i.e., the time of the completion of viral genome replication) did not efficiently inhibit this process. These results indicate that caffeic acid inhibits HSV-1 multiplication mainly before the completion of viral DNA replication, but not thereafter. Although caffeic acid showed some cytotoxicity by prolonged incubation, the observed antiviral activity is likely not the secondary result of the cytotoxic effect of the reagent, because the inhibition of the virus multiplication was observed before appearance of the notable cytotoxicity.
The Effect of Elastomers on the Efficiency of Oil Spill Dispersants (1989)

The concept that an oil spill might be immobilized on the surface of a body of water and subsequently dispersed has been advanced. The exploratory studies reported here demonstrate that an ultrahigh molecular weight elastomer, known to retard oil spreading, can be used in conjunction with an oil soluble surfactant to disperse the oil in water. The elastomer retards the dispersibility of the oil to some extent, but at concentrations of the elastomer sufficient to prevent oil spreading there is still significant dispersion.
Trap Layer Engineered FinFET NAND Flash with Enhanced Memory Window (2006)

This paper presents the trap layer engineered body-tied FinFET device for MLC NAND flash application. The device design parameters for high density NAND flash memory have been considered, and the advantages of FinFET structure and high-k blocking dielectric in such device have been demonstrated. Based on the WN nano-dot memory device, the trap layer engineering using nitride layer has been performed, and the results show that the memory window is improved from 2.6 V to 7.8 V by utilizing engineered trap layer at 14 MV/cm F-N programming, and it is proposed as a possible MLC NAND device structure
The evolution of space division packet switches (2005)

This paper traces the evolution of packet switches which employ an arrangement of multiple simultaneous paths, typically called 'switch fabrics'. These space-division packet switches represent recent advances in fast packet technology. Such switches offer reduced delay and increased throughput to satisfy the requirement of more bandwidth per user and of larger switch dimensions which can not be satisfied with reasonably sized packet switches employing the time-division multiplexing principle as in shared bus or ring structures. We trace the evolution of space-division packet switches by discussing, among others, Banyan networks and various variations, the packet-synchronous networks of the Balcher-Banyan type, and a packet-asynchronous approach with multiple alternate routes. These and other fabrics and the switches built using them are contrasted in terms of the capabilities of their most recent versions, including buffering techniques, types of data handled, feasibility of physical implementation and compatibility with proposed standards and protocols.
Photolithographic Patterning of Particulate Films (1987)

A method has been developed to produce an arbitrary pattern with a minimum feature size of 5 μm in a thin particle film on a snbstrate. In this method, a layer of photoresist is spun onto a continuous, uniform ceramic film which is then exposed to ultraviolet light under a mask with the desired pattern. After development of the photoresist the regions of the film no longer covered with photoresist are removed by immersion in an ultrasonic bath. The vacant regions in this first layer can then be filled with a second material, and multiple layers can be built up by slight modifications to this procedure.
Home automated telemanagement in hypertension (2004)

Recent studies demonstrated that successful chronic disease management requires a coordinated effort that includes health care providers who follow recent clinical guidelines in their every day practice, educated patients who are adherent to their prescribed treatment plans and comprehensive patient-provider communication. Studies employing telecommunication technologies have been successful in affecting the major components of chronic disease care including physician practice patterns, patient adherence to therapy, and patient-provider communication. These studies were focused mainly on an improvement of a single component of clinical care process. To date there have been no studies targeting a comprehensive coordinated approach that concurrently employs all of these components in an integrated framework linked to primary care. In this study we propose a multi-component telemanagement system providing an integrated support both to clinicians and patients in implementing hypertension treatment guidelines promulgated by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
Sugars‐grafted aliphatic biodegradable poly(<scp>L</scp>‐lactide‐<i>co</i>‐carbonate)s by click reaction and their specific interaction with lectin molecules (2007)

Abstract A novel biodegradable aliphatic poly( L ‐lactide‐ co ‐carbonate) bearing pendant acetylene groups was successfully prepared by ring‐opening copolymerization of L ‐lactide (LA) with 5‐methyl‐5‐propargyloxycarbonyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐one (PC) in the presence of benzyl alcohol as initiator with ZnEt 2 as catalyst in bulk at 100 °C and subsequently used for grafting 2‐azidoethyl β‐ D ‐glucopyranoside and 2‐azidoethyl β‐lactoside by the typical “click reaction,” that is Cu(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition of azide and alkyne. The density of acetylene groups in the copolymer can be tailored by the molar ratio of PC to LA during the copolymerization. The aliphatic copolymers grafted with sugars showed low cytotoxicity to L929 cells, improved hydrophilic properties and specific recognition and binding ability with lectins, that is Concanavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA). Therefore, this kind of sugar‐grafted copolymer could be a good candidate in variety of biomedical applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3204 –3217, 2007
Epidural analgesia management. (2002)

Epidural analgesia can provide excellent pain relief for patients. Nurses must have a knowledge of its application and possible adverse effects so as to provide high-quality care. Epidural analgesia may be delivered as a continuous infusion or a bolus injection. Opioids and local anaesthetics are the main drugs used. Close monitoring of the patient is vital to detect any adverse effects.
Performance evaluation of SRAM cells in 22nm predictive CMOS technology (2009)

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) units are often directly integrated onto the same die with the microprocessors and influence the design metrics significantly. SRAM often consumes large percentages of the die size and their leakages significantly contribute to the static power dissipation of those chips. The main objective of this article is to characterize the speed and power consumption of five different SRAM cells in a predictive high performance 22 nm transistor process and in a predictive low power 22 nm transistor process. The five types of studied cells are traditional 6T, gated-ground 7T, full Self- Controlled Voltage Level (SVL) 12T, SVL 9T Footed, and SVL 9T Headed. The simulation results indicate that the timing behavior of SRAM cells are largely the same but power dissipation, leakage power in particular, vary significantly in 22 nm technology. The gated-ground 7T cells are deemed superior in the high performance process, while traditional 6T cells are deemed the best in the low power process.
Morphologic and Biochemical Characterization of Brain Injury in a Model of Controlled Blast Overpressure Exposure (2010)

The proposed model of controlled nonpenetrating blast in rats demonstrates the critical pathologic and biochemical signatures of blast brain injury that may be triggered by cerebrovascular responses, including blood-brain barrier disruption, glia responses, and neuroglial alterations.
Hypometabolism as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (2008)

The pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cerebral atrophy in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, with senile plaques, dystrophic neurites, and neurofibrillar tangles within defined areas of the brain. Another characteristic of AD is regional hypometabolism in the brain. This decline in cerebral glucose metabolism occurs before pathology and symptoms manifest, continues as symptoms progress, and is more severe than that of normal aging. Ketone bodies are an efficient alternative fuel for cells that are unable to metabolize glucose or are 'starved' of glucose. AC-1202 is designed to elevate serum ketone levels safely. We previously showed that treatment with AC-1202 in patients with mild-to-moderate AD improves memory and cognition. Treatment outcomes were influenced by apolipoprotein E genotype status. These data suggest that AC-1202 may be an effective treatment for cognitive dysfunction by providing an alternative substrate for use by glucose-compromised neurons.
<i>In situ</i>nitroso formation induced structural diversity of uranyl coordination polymers (2019)

This work presents three possible pathways that could exist in the<italic>in situ</italic>reaction system. Structural analysis of these compounds revealed that the introduction of nitroso group exerted significant influences on the conformations of ligands, skeletons and 3D structures.
Nuclear export of proteins and RNAs (1997)

Our understanding of protein export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm has been advanced recently by the discovery of active, signal-mediated export pathways. Nuclear export signals have been identified in several proteins, the majority of which are RNA-binding proteins. Nuclear export of RNA molecules is likely to be driven by protein-based nuclear export signals.
An Application of Six Sigma and Simulation in Software Testing Risk Assessment (2010)

The conventional approach to Risk Assessment in Software Testing is based on analytic models and statistical analysis. The analytic models are static, so they don't account for the inherent variability and uncertainty of the testing process, which is an apparent deficiency. This paper presents an application of Six Sigma and Simulation in Software Testing. DMAIC and simulation are applied to a testing process to assess and mitigate the risk to deliver the product on time, achieving the quality goals. DMAIC is used to improve the process and achieve required (higher) capability. Simulation is used to predict the quality (reliability) and considers the uncertainty and variability, which, in comparison with the analytic models, more accurately models the testing process. Presented experiments are applied on a real project using published data. The results are satisfactorily verified. This enhanced approach is compliant with CMMI <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> and provides for substantial Software Testing performance-driven improvements.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Multivariate Normal Mixture Model (2009)

The Hessian of the multivariate normal mixture model is derived, and estimators of the information matrix are obtained, thus enabling consistent estimation of all parameters and their precisions. The usefulness of the new theory is illustrated with two examples and some simulation experiments. The newly proposed estimators appear to be superior to the existing ones.
DRM policies for web map service (2008)

Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) is an extensible language for specifying Rights Policy in the context of Digital Rights Management (DRM) applications. The OpenGIS® Web Map Service (WMS) supports the creation and display of maps. In this paper we extend ODRL to accommodate licensing for geographic data created by WMS.
Homoepitaxial n-core: p-shell gallium nitride nanowires: HVPE overgrowth on MBE nanowires (2011)

We present the homoepitaxial growth of p-type, magnesium doped gallium nitride shells by use of halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on n-type gallium nitride nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Scanning electron microscopy shows clear dopant contrast between the core and shell of the nanowire. The growth of magnesium doped nanowire shells shows little or no effect on the lattice parameters of the underlying nanowires, as measured by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Photoluminescence measurements of the nanowires show the appearance of sub-bandgap features in the blue and the ultraviolet, indicating the presence of acceptors. Finally, electrical measurements confirm the presence of electrically active holes in the nanowires.
Efficient iterative receiver for bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation according to the DVB-T2 standard (2011)

Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) offers a significant improvement in error correcting performance for coded modulations over fading channels compared to the previously existing techniques. Iterative processing at the receiver side can provide additional improvement to the BICM performance. In this paper, an efficient shuffled iterative receiver is investigated for the second generation of the terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard DVB-T2. The main contribution is scheduling an efficient message passing algorithm with low latency between the demapper and the IDPC decoder. A BER performance comparison between a fixed-point version that considers architectural constraints and a theoretical version over a fading channel with erasure is presented. It validates the potential of iterative receiver as practical and competitive solution for the DVB-T2 standard.
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase overexpression increases metastatic growth of B16 melanoma cells in the mouse liver (2002)

B16 melanoma (B16M) cells with high glutathione (GSH) content show rapid proliferation in vitro and high metastatic activity in the liver in vivo. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-mediated extracellular GSH cleavage and intracellular GSH synthesis were studied in vitro in B16M cells with high (F10) and low (F1) metastatic potential. GGT activity was modified by transfection with the human GGT gene (B16MF1/Tet-GGT cells) or by acivicin-induced inhibition. B16MF1/Tet-GGT and B16MF10 cells exhibited higher GSH content (35 +/- 6 and 40 +/- 5 nmol/10(6) cells, respectively) and GGT activity (89 +/- 9 and 37 +/- 7 mU/10(6) cells, respectively) as compared (P <.05) with B16MF1 cells (10 +/- 3 nmol GSH and 4 mU GGT/10(6) cells). Metastasis (number of foci/100 mm(3) of liver) increased in B16MF1 cells pretreated with GSH ester ( approximately 3-fold, P <.01), and decreased in B16MF1/Tet-GGT and B16MF10 cells pretreated with the GSH synthesis inhibitor L-buthionine (S,R)-sulphoximine ( approximately 5-fold and 2-fold, respectively, P <.01). Liver, kidney, brain, lung, and erythrocyte GSH content in B16MF1/Tet-GGT- or B16MF10-bearing mice decreased as compared with B16MF1- and non-tumor-bearing mice. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1-independent sinusoidal GSH efflux from hepatocytes increased in B16MF1/Tet-GGT- or B16MF10-bearing mice ( approximately 2-fold, P <.01) as compared with non-tumor-bearing mice. Our results indicate that tumor GGT activity and an intertissue flow of GSH can regulate GSH content of melanoma cells and their metastatic growth in the liver.
Thermostable Kidney Antigen and Its Excretion into Urine (1968)

Summary Fractions of bovine and human kidneys obtained by extraction at 100°C followed by ethanol precipitation (BE fractions) were used for immunization of rabbits. Untreated antisera contained many antibodies to bovine or human tissue extracts. Following proper absorption, anti-bovine kidney BE serum detected a kidney-specific antigen in BE preparations of bovine kidney and anti-human kidney BE serum detected a similar antigen in human kidney BE. There was, however, no cross-reaction between these two antigens. The antigens under investigation had an electrophoretic mobility comparable to serum α-globulin. They were demonstrated in separated cortical and medullary portions of kidneys, but were virtually absent from glomeruli isolated by the method of Krakower and Greenspon. Urinary excretion of the kidney-specific thermostable antigen was demonstrated in calves with experimentally induced tubular damage, and in a human patient suffering from acute tubular necrosis.