gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IL-15 inhibits caspase-3-mediated T cell apoptosis (47.9) (2012)

Abstract Active caspase-3 is an effector cysteine protease crucial for apoptosis. T lymphocyte survival impinges on the ability of the cell to keep the levels of active caspase-3 in check. Previous studies have shown that despite IL-2 and IL-15 sharing γc and IL-2Rβ (CD122) receptor subunits and being capable of stimulating proliferation and activation of T cells, these cytokines differentially regulate the survival of T cells. Although IL-2 plays a crucial role in activation-induced cell death (AICD) of peripheral T cells whereas IL-15 extends survival of T cells by inhibiting AICD, the mechanism behind this difference in susceptibility to AICD is not well understood. In this study, we report that IL-2-cultured primary murine T cells manifest considerably higher levels of active caspase-3 compared to IL-15-cultured T cells. This was independent of initiator caspases, such as caspase-8 and -9. Furthermore, there was a very robust increase in caspase activity as well as cell death following α-CD3 restimulation of IL-2-cultured T cells, whereas the IL-15-cultured T cells manifested almost no increase in caspase activity or cell death. Taken together these data support the hypothesis that IL-15 can inhibit T cell apoptosis and therefore prolong T cell survival by maintaining low levels of active caspase-3.
Cyclical Variations in the Performance of Exchange-traded Funds (2012)

This paper investigates the link between exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and the macroeconomy. Using a nonlinear approach, we find that the one-month T-bill rate, default risk premium, change in the money supply, growth of industrial production, and dividend yield have predictive power with regards to the return on ETFs. Moreover, the predictive power of these macro variables depends both on the underlying volatility state as well as the focus of the ETF. Additionally, our evidence suggests that ETFs have asymmetric risk exposure across expansion and recession states.
Heterogeneous Epoxide Carbonylation by Cooperative Ion-Pair Catalysis in Co(CO)<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup>-Incorporated Cr-MIL-101 (2017)

Despite the commercial desirability of epoxide carbonylation to β-lactones, the reliance of this process on homogeneous catalysts makes its industrial application challenging. Here we report the preparation and use of a Co(CO)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>-incorporated Cr-MIL-101 (Co(CO)<sub>4</sub>⊂Cr-MIL-101, Cr-MIL-101 = Cr<sub>3</sub>O(BDC)<sub>3</sub>F, H<sub>2</sub>BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) heterogeneous catalyst for the ring-expansion carbonylation of epoxides, whose activity, selectivity, and substrate scope are on par with those of the reported homogeneous catalysts. We ascribe the observed performance to the unique cooperativity between the postsynthetically introduced Co(CO)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> and the site-isolated Lewis acidic Cr(III) centers in the metal-organic framework (MOF). The heterogeneous nature of Co(CO)<sub>4</sub>⊂Cr-MIL-101 allows the first demonstration of gas-phase continuous-flow production of β-lactones from epoxides, attesting to the potential applicability of the heterogeneous epoxide carbonylation strategy.
Phylogenetic probes for analyzing abundance and spatial organization of nitrifying bacteria (1996)

A hierarchical set of five 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide DNA probes for phylogenetically defined groups of autotrophic ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was developed for environmental and determinative studies. Hybridization conditions were established for each probe by using temperature dissociation profiles of target and closely related nontarget organisms to document specificity. Environmental application was demonstrated by quantitative slot blot hybridization and whole-cell hybridization of nitrifying activated sludge and biofilm samples. Results obtained with both techniques suggested the occurrence of novel populations of ammonia oxidizers. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas species occurred in clusters and frequently were in contact with each other within sludge flocs.
Superconductivity in the Y-Sr-Cu-O system (1988)

Samples with the nominal composition $\mathrm{YSrCu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4\ensuremath{-}y}$ processed at temperatures above 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C exhibit two superconducting transitions, one at 80 K and another at 40 K. The 80-K transition may be due to the 1:2:3 phase, and the 40-K transition to the 2:1:4 phase. The dc magnetic-moment measurements showed an anomaly at 14 K, which suggests the possible existence of a magnetically ordered state.
CO<sub>2</sub> hydration by immobilized carbonic anhydrase (2003)

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (isoform II) from bovine and human erythrocytes was immobilized using different covalent coupling methods on inert matrices. Immobilized carbonic anhydrase may enable concentration of CO2 for Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)-catalysed fixation in bioreactors. In the present study the activity of carbonic anhydrase with respect to hydration of CO2 using soluble and immobilized enzymes was determined. The stability of the immobilization matrix, the properties of the immobilized enzymes subjected to a variation in operation variables and the activity profile with respect to storage are reported. Immobilization imparted greater thermal and storage stability and enhanced reusability.
Much Anticipated—The Bioactive Conformation of Epothilone and Its Binding to Tubulin (2005)

Filled pockets: Epothilones initiate apoptosis in eukaryotic cells by inducing extensive polymerization of αβ-tubulin. Until recently, little was known about the binding mode of epothilones within the tubulin binding cavity. The structure of the epothilone A/tubulin complex (see picture) determined by electron crystallography has dramatically reversed the situation.
Honeycomb-Patterned Film Segregated with Phenylboronic Acid for Glucose Sensing (2011)

Phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized materials have attracted considerable attention because of their potential applications in many fields. In this paper, we report a PBA-segregated honeycomb-patterned porous film (HPPF) for glucose sensing. Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) with different contents of PBA pendants was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) followed by a coupling reaction. PBA-functionalized HPPFs were then fabricated by the breath figure method. Results indicate that the composition of the copolymers and the relative humidity play key roles in pore size and regularity of the films. Using Alizarin Red S (ARS) that does not emit fluorescence itself as a fluorescent probe, it is confirmed that PBA pendants are mainly distributed at the pore wall, instead of at the outer surface of HPPFs. This distribution is caused by the segregation of hydrophilic PBA-blocks toward the condensed water droplets, which act as templates for the pore formation. Quartz crystal microbalance results demonstrate that the PBA-functionalized HPPFs show high sensitivity in glucose sensing, which is owing to the segregation of PBA pendants at the pore wall as well as the large specific surface area of the porous films.
Kinetics of copper drift in low-κ polymer interlevel dielectrics (1999)

This paper addresses the drift of copper ions (Cu/sup +/) in various low-permittivity (low-/spl kappa/) polymer dielectrics to identify copper barrier requirements for reliable interconnect integration in future ULSI. Stressing at temperatures of 150-275/spl deg/C and electric fields up to 1.5 MV/cm was conducted on copper-insulator-silicon capacitors to investigate the penetration of Cu/sup +/ into the polymers. The drift properties of Cu/sup +/ in six industrially relevant low-/spl kappa/ organic polymer insulators-parylene-F, benzocyclobutene, fluorinated polyimide, an aromatic hydrocarbon, and two varieties of poly(arylene ether)-were evaluated and compared by capacitance-voltage, current-time, current-voltage, and dielectric time-to-failure measurements. Our study shows that Cu/sup +/ drifts readily into fluorinated polyimide and poly(arylene ether), more slowly into parylene-F, and even more slowly into benzocyclobutene. Among these polymers, the copper drift barrier property appears to be improved by increased polymer crosslinking and degraded by polar functional groups in the polymers. A thin nitride cap layer can stop the drift. A physical model has been developed to explain the kinetics of Cu/sup +/ drift.
Reinvigorating the Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making: Toward a Constructivist Approach (2006)

For many years, the study of foreign policy analysis (FPA) has been a kind of free-floating enterprise, logically unconnected to the main theories of international relations (IR). Sometimes, it has been subsumed under the liberal or pluralist sections of textbooks, and at other times placed within a discussion of realism. But the logical connections to both of these paradigms were always strained. The appeal of FPA approaches has also waxed and waned over the years, in part because these approaches do not appear to "fit" anywhere within the framework of the larger debates going on in IR. This article suggests that a dialogue with social constructivism provides the most logical base from which to launch a revitalized approach to FPA, especially the cognitive psychological approach to the study of foreign policy. If the FPA agenda is to be reinvigorated and taken more seriously outside the subfield itself, this article suggests, it must hitch its wagon to some of the critical substantive debates going on in IR theory today. Indeed, there are already some signs that the cognitive approach to FPA in particular is increasingly being associated with this larger body of theory.
Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Ball-Joint-Like Variable-Reluctance Spherical Motor (1996)

Examination of existing joint designs for robot wrist applications has indicated that a spherical wrist motor offers a major performance advantage in trajectory planning and control as compared to the popular three-consecutive-rotational joint wrist. The tradeoff, however, is the complexity of the dynamic modeling and control. This paper presents the dynamic modeling and the control strategy of a three degree-of-freedom (DOF) variable-reluctance (VR) spherical motor which presents some attractive possibilities by combining pitch, roll, and yaw motion in a single joint. The spherical motor dynamics consist of the rotor dynamics and a torque model. The torque model is described as a function of coil excitations and a permeance model in terms of the relative position between the rotor and the stator. Both the forward dynamics which determine the rotor motion as a result of activating the electromagnetic coils and the inverse model which determines the coil excitations required to generate the desired torque are derived in this paper. The solution to the forward dynamics of the spherical motor is unique, but the inverse model has many solutions and therefore an optimization is desired. Experimental results verifying the dynamic model are presented. The control of a VR spherical motor consists of two parts; namely, the control of the rotor dynamics with the actuating torque as system input, and the determination of the optimal electrical inputs for a specified actuating torque. The simulation results and implementation issues in determining the optimal control input vectors are addressed. It is expected that the resulting analysis will serve as a basis for dynamic modeling, motion control development, and design optimization of the VR spherical motor.
Selection of aptamers against cardiac troponin I by SELEX (2011)

The cardiac troponin (cTn) is a regulatory protein related with cardiac contractility variability, it consists of three subunits, cTnI, cTnT and cTnC. Detection of cardiac troponin I in serum is very specific for myocardial injury, cTnI is rapidly released into the serum when the cardiac muscle is damaged. Therefore, cTnI has become the preferred biomarkers of early diagnosis of myocardial injury. The procedure of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is a method in which single-stranded oligonucleotides are selected from a wide variety of sequences, based on their interaction with a target molecule. In this work, A 81bp single stranded DNA random library was subjected to 12 rounds of selection against cardiac troponin I by SELEX. The PCR conditions for ssDNA amplification were optimized, for the purpose of establishing a more simple practical SELEX technology to screen the aptamers of cTnI for clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The result showed that, after 12 round selection, the binding rates against cTnI increased from 1.3% at first round to 33.1% at the last round, the specific oligonucleotides were enriched to a considerable degree.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Our case series and literature review (2010)

Recently, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been considered to be another cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The natural history and prognosis of NASH are controversial. Accordingly, we assessed the clinicopathological features of NASH-associated HCC in our experience and reviewed the literature of NASH-associated HCC. We experienced 11 patients with NASH-associated HCC (6 male, 5 female; mean age 73.8 +/- 4.9 years) who received curative treatments. Most (91%) patients had been diagnosed with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. Seven patients (64%) also had a non-cirrhotic liver. The recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 72%, 60%, and 60%. We also summarized and reviewed 94 cases of NASH-associated HCC which were reported in the literature (64 male; mean age 66 years). The majority of patients (68%) were obese, 66% of patients had diabetes, and 24% had dyslipidemia. Furthermore, 26% of the HCCs arose from the non-cirrhotic liver. In conclusion, patients with non-cirrhotic NASH may be a high-risk group for HCC, and regular surveillance for HCC is necessary in non-cirrhotic NASH patients as well as cirrhotic patients.
Generation of Anti‐tumour Effector T Cells from Naïve T Cells by Stimulation with Dendritic/tumour Fusion Cells (2007)

Tumour-draining lymph node T cells are an excellent source of effector T cells that can be used in adoptive tumour immunotherapy because they have already been sensitized to tumour-associated antigens in vivo. However, such tumour-specific immune cells are not readily obtained from the host due to poor immunogenicity of tumours and reduced host immune responses. One obstacle in implementation of adoptive immunotherapy has been insufficient sensitization and expansion of tumour-specific effector cells. In this study, we aim to improve adoptive immunotherapy by generating anti-tumour effector T cells from naïve T lymphocytes. We attempted to achieve this by harnessing the advantages of dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-cancer vaccine strategies. Electrofusion was routinely employed to produce fusion cells with 30-40% efficiency by using the poorly immunogenic murine B16/F10 cell line, D5 cells, and DC generated from bone marrow cells. CD62L-positive T cells from spleens of naïve mice and the fusion cells were cocultured with a low concentration of IL-2. After 9 days of culture, the antigen-specific T cells were identified with an upregulation of CD25 and CD69 expression and a downregulation of CD62L expression. These cells secreted IFN-gamma upon stimulation with irradiated tumour cells. Moreover, when transferred into mice with 3-day established pulmonary metastases, these cells with coadministration of IL-2 exhibited anti-tumour efficacy. In contrast, naïve T cells cocultured with a mixture of unfused DC and irradiated tumour cells did not exhibit anti-tumour efficacy. Our strategy provides the basis for a new approach in adoptive T cell immunotherapy for cancer.
Study on the anti-quorum sensing activity of a marine bacterium Staphylococcus saprophyticus 108 (2013)

Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) may provide new research direction for the defense of bacterial diseases and biofilm related marine biofouling. QSI screening and development from natural source have received great interest in recent years. In this study, 17 marine bacterial strains, which were found exhibiting anti-quorum sensing activity in previous study, were secondary screened using pigment inhibition assay. One active bacterium 108 was identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus based on the 16S rDNA sequence analysis and morphological observation. The culture condition of bacterium 108 was optimized. The results showed that moderate pH (6.0-7.0) and temperature (25°C) favored the bacterial growth and bioactive metabolites production. Yeast extracts content was the most importantmediumcomponent affecting the bacterial growth and bioactive metabolites production. By culturing under the optimized condition, the anti-quorum sensing activity of S. saprophyticus 108 and the yield of crude extracts was increased about 50% and 1.5 times, respectively, compared to the bacterial cultures before optimization. The active metabolites in S. saprophyticus 108 cultures were further extracted, isolated and identified. Cyclo (Pro-Leu), was identified from the active subfraction of the bacterium by GC-MS analysis. It was found for first time that Cyclo (Pro-Leu) exhibitedmoderate anti-quorumsensing activity.
The Efficacy of Cricoid Pressure in Preventing Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Rapid Sequence Induction of Anaesthesia (2007)

Aspiration pneumonitis (AP) is a recognised complication of general anaesthesia (GA) that has an associated morbidity and mortality. Sellick's manoeuvre--the application of a sustained pressure to the cricoid cartilage--is one commonly taught anaesthetic practice that is deemed to reduce this risk of aspiration. However, this practice is not without its failings and some of the evidence base surrounding the use of cricoid pressure is examined in this short article.
Cerasee, a traditional treatment for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. (1985)

Cerasee, a wild variety of Momordica charantia is traditionally prepared as a tea for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the West Indies and Central America. To investigate a possible hypoglycaemic effect, concentrated aqueous extracts of cerasee were administered to normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. In normal mice, intraperitoneal administration of cerasee improved glucose tolerance after 8 hr, and in streptozotocin diabetic mice the level of hyperglycaemia was reduced by 50% after 5 hr. Chronic oral administration of cerasee to normal mice for 13 days improved glucose tolerance. The cerasee extracts did not significantly alter plasma insulin concentrations, suggesting that cerasee may exert an extrapancreatic effect to promote glucose disposal.
Electroluminescence induced by photoluminescence excitation in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes (2009)

Optical emission resulting from 405 nm selective photoexcitation of carriers in the GaInN/GaN quantum well (QW) active region of a light-emitting diode reveals two recombination channels. The first recombination channel is the recombination of photoexcited carriers in the GaInN QWs. The second recombination channel is formed by carriers that leak out of the GaInN QW active region, self-bias the device in forward direction, induce a forward current, and subsequently recombine in the GaInN active region in a spatially distributed manner. The results indicate dynamic carrier transport involving active, confinement, and contact regions of the device.
Fault detection in routing protocols (2005)

Routing protocol faults cause problems ranging from an inability to communicate to excessive routing overhead. This paper proposes a system for detecting a wide range of routing protocol faults. The system deploys virtual routers called RouteMonitors to monitor a routing protocol. We deployed RouteMonitors in the MBone DVMRP infrastructure and uncovered a number of faults. We were also able to identify the cause of these errors and deploy fixes. The result was a substantial improvement in DVMRP route stability. This paper reviews the RouteMonitor approach and details the results achieved in the MBone.
Topical Antineoplastic Agents in the Treatment of Mucocutaneous Diseases (2011)

Topical antineoplastic agents have a well-established role in the treatment of several dermatological conditions. Their use in the treatment of mucosal skin disease also has gained increasing recognition. Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite, and imiquimod, an immunomodulatory agent with antitumor properties, are the two principal topical antineoplastic agents used in the treatment of mucocutaneous diseases. Although the vast majority of their mucosal uses are currently not approved by the Federal Drug Administration, there are numerous case series, open-label studies and randomized controlled trials supporting their uses in the treatment of mucocutaneous diseases. Both topical 5-FU and imiquimod have been successfully utilized in the treatment of a wide range of mucosal diseases, including actinic cheilitis, Bowen's disease of the anal and vulvar mucosa, and genital and perianal condyloma. Reports of their uses in the treatment of mucocutaneous diseases indicate that these agents can be safely administered, though adverse effects such as local inflammation may be augmented when these agents are applied to mucosal surfaces. Additionally, locally acting intralesional chemotherapeutic agents, such as bleomycin and interferon, have well-defined applications in the treatment of mucosal skin diseases such as condyloma acuminata. As further studies are conducted, these topical and intralesional neoplastic agents, in addition to emerging agents that are in various stages of development, such as Toll-like receptor 9 agonists and ingenol mebutate, may play an increasingly important role in the future treatment of mucocutaneous diseases.
An 18b 12.5MHz ADC with 93dB SNR (2010)

This ADC is aimed at medical imaging such as digital x-ray where multiple channels from a photodiode array are multiplexed to a number of ADCs. These ADCs need to have a dynamic range in excess of 90dB to cater for the distance and composition of tissues that the x-rays have passed through. INL matching between converters of about 1 LSB at the 16b level is also required to avoid visible artifacts across pixel boundaries. These INL and dynamic range specifications are met by a number of commercially available 16b successive approximation (SA) ADCs but none at conversion rates more than 4 MHz. Conversion rate can be increased by determining 2 or more bits per bit trial by using a low resolution flash within a SA ADC. In [1] the residue amplifier (RA) that drives the inputs of the flash converter is within the SA loop. Sufficient time must be allowed for this RA to settle to the required accuracy each bit trial. [2] has no gain between the SA DACs and the flash and so avoids any RA settling delays. However to avoid upsetting the SA algorithm, the flash comparator errors must remain smaller than the size of each trial space. As a result this latter approach has so far been limited to low to medium resolution ADCs.
High‐Throughput Screening by Using a Blue‐Fluorescent Antibody Sensor (2003)

Blue lights the way! The rapid evaluation of enantiomeric excess in the high-throughput screening of libraries has been a hurdle to the discovery of effective catalysts. A blue-fluorescent monoclonal antibody (mAb) addresses this problem; mAb 19G2 is used as a fluorescent sensor (see picture) to evaluate a panel of Cinchona alkaloid derivatives in the synthesis of asymmetric amino acids by phase-transfer catalysis.