gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol Derivatives Using Ni-Mo/Al2O3 and Co-Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts. (1997)

置換フェノール類の水素化脱酸素反応 (HDO) を市販のNi-Mo/Al2O3触媒およびCo-Mo/Al2O3触媒を用いて流通式反応装置で検討した。Ni-Mo/Al2O3触媒での主生成物は芳香環水素化の後に脱酸素されることによって得られる置換シクロヘキサン類であったが, Co-Mo/Al2O3触媒での主生成物は芳香環からの直接脱酸素によるベンゼン類であった。3,4または5位にメチル置換されたフェノール類の反応性はメチル基の電子供与性効果によりOH基と触媒表面とのより強い相互作用が生じるため, 置換基が存在しないフェノールの反応性より増大する傾向が認められたが, メチル基の電子供与性による促進効果はCo-Mo/Al2O3触媒の方がNi-Mo/Al2O3触媒より顕著に認められた。2,6位にメチル置換されたフェノール類の反応性は置換基の立体障害により触媒への吸着が阻害され, 著しく低下した。この傾向もまた, Co-Mo/Al2O3触媒の方がNi-Mo/Al2O3触媒より明確に現れ, Ni-Mo/Al2O3触媒では芳香環の水素化後に脱水反応により脱酸素反応が起こるため, 2,6位の置換基の影響を受けにくかったものと考えると, 両触媒の作用機構の差異が説明される。
Determination of the mechanical properties of the different layers of blood vessels in vivo. (1995)

The structure and materials of the blood vessel wall are layered. This article presents the principle of a method to determine the mechanical properties of the different layers in vivo. In vivo measurement begets in vivo data and avoids pitfalls of in vitro tests of dissected specimens. With the proposed method, we can measure vessels of diameters 100 microns and up and obtain data on vascular smooth muscles and adventitia. To derive the full constitutive equations, one must first determine the zero-stress state, obtain the morphometric data on the thicknesses of the layers, and make mechanical measurements in the neighborhood of the zero-stress state. Then eight small perturbation experiments are done on earth blood vessel in vivo to determine eight incremental elastic moduli of the two layers of the blood vessel wall. The calculation requires the morphometric data and the location of the neutral axis. The experiments are simple, the interpretation is definitive, but the analysis is somewhat sophisticated. The method will yield results that are needed to assess the stress and strain in the tissues of the blood vessel. The subject is important because blood vessels remodel themselves significantly and rapidly when their stress and strain deviate from their homeostatic values, and because cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, contraction, and locomotion depend on stress and strain in the tissue.
Road Detection and Centerline Extraction Via Deep Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network U-Net (2019)

Road information extraction based on aerial images is a critical task for many applications, and it has attracted considerable attention from researchers in the field of remote sensing. The problem is mainly composed of two subtasks, namely, road detection and centerline extraction. Most of the previous studies rely on multistage-based learning methods to solve the problem. However, these approaches may suffer from the well-known problem of propagation errors. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning model, recurrent convolution neural network U-Net (RCNN-UNet), to tackle the aforementioned problem. Our proposed RCNN-UNet has three distinct advantages. First, the end-to-end deep learning scheme eliminates the propagation errors. Second, a carefully designed RCNN unit is leveraged to build our deep learning architecture, which can better exploit the spatial context and the rich low-level visual features. Thereby, it alleviates the detection problems caused by noises, occlusions, and complex backgrounds of roads. Third, as the tasks of road detection and centerline extraction are strongly correlated, a multitask learning scheme is designed so that two predictors can be simultaneously trained to improve both effectiveness and efficiency. Extensive experiments were carried out based on two publicly available benchmark data sets, and nine state-of-the-art baselines were used in a comparative evaluation. Our experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed RCNN-UNet model for both the road detection and the centerline extraction tasks.
Initial Evolution of a Laser Wake-Field in Plasmas (1993)

Numerical calculations are used to study the initial temporal evolution of the wake-field produced by a short laser pulse. Results are compared to the previous quasi-static solutions. The usually adopted quasi-static approximation is found not appropriate for describing the wake-field generation at initial stages.
Appearance-and-Relation Networks for Video Classification (2017)

Spatiotemporal feature learning in videos is a fundamental problem in computer vision. This paper presents a new architecture, termed as Appearance-and-Relation Network (ARTNet), to learn video representation in an end-to-end manner. ARTNets are constructed by stacking multiple generic building blocks, called as SMART, whose goal is to simultaneously model appearance and relation from RGB input in a separate and explicit manner. Specifically, SMART blocks decouple the spatiotemporal learning module into an appearance branch for spatial modeling and a relation branch for temporal modeling. The appearance branch is implemented based on the linear combination of pixels or filter responses in each frame, while the relation branch is designed based on the multiplicative interactions between pixels or filter responses across multiple frames. We perform experiments on three action recognition benchmarks: Kinetics, UCF101, and HMDB51, demonstrating that SMART blocks obtain an evident improvement over 3D convolutions for spatiotemporal feature learning. Under the same training setting, ARTNets achieve superior performance on these three datasets to the existing state-of-the-art methods.
Measurement of fast proton exchange rates in isotopically labeled compounds (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMeasurement of fast proton exchange rates in isotopically labeled compoundsGerd Gemmecker, Wolfgang Jahnke, and Horst KesslerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 24, 11620–11621Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00077a080https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00077a080research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views546Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Multifunction, distributed optical fiber sensor for composite cure and response monitoring (1990)

Bragg gratings have been exposed into the core of optical fibers at specific locations to implement distributed, discrete gages for measurement of strain and temperature. Demonstrations using these devices to monitor composite specimen curing and bending are discussed. The sensor signals are also used in a control loop to drive an actuator for active damping of the test sample.
Statistical learning in reading: Variability in irrelevant letters helps children learn phonics skills. (2012)

Early reading abilities are widely considered to derive in part from statistical learning of regularities between letters and sounds. Although there is substantial evidence from laboratory work to support this, how it occurs in the classroom setting has not been extensively explored; there are few investigations of how statistics among letters and sounds influence how children actually learn to read or what principles of statistical learning may improve learning. We examined 2 conflicting principles that may apply to learning grapheme-phoneme-correspondence (GPC) regularities for vowels: (a) variability in irrelevant units may help children derive invariant relationships and (b) similarity between words may force children to use a deeper analysis of lexical structure. We trained 224 first-grade students on a small set of GPC regularities for vowels, embedded in words with either high or low consonant similarity, and tested their generalization to novel tasks and words. Variability offered a consistent benefit over similarity for trained and new words in both trained and new tasks.
Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (2008)

Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy with a dismal 5-year survival of less than 5%. The scarcity of early biomarkers has considerably hindered our ability to launch preventive measures for this malignancy in a timely manner. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a 24-kDa glycoprotein, was reported to be upregulated nearly 27-fold in pancreatic cancer cells compared to normal ductal cells in a microarray analysis. Given the need for biomarkers in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, we investigated the expression of NGAL in tissues with the objective of examining if NGAL immunostaining could be used to identify foci of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, premalignant lesions preceding invasive cancer. To examine a possible correlation between NGAL expression and the degree of differentiation, we also analysed NGAL levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines with varying grades of differentiation. Although NGAL expression was strongly upregulated in pancreatic cancer, and moderately in pancreatitis, only a weak expression could be detected in the healthy pancreas. The average composite score for adenocarcinoma (4.26±2.44) was significantly higher than that for the normal pancreas (1.0) or pancreatitis (1.0) (P<0.0001). Further, although both well- and moderately differentiated pancreatic cancer were positive for NGAL, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was uniformly negative. Importantly, NGAL expression was detected as early as the PanIN-1 stage, suggesting that it could be a marker of the earliest premalignant changes in the pancreas. Further, we examined NGAL levels in serum samples. Serum NGAL levels were above the cutoff for healthy individuals in 94% of pancreatic cancer and 62.5% each of acute and chronic pancreatitis samples. However, the difference between NGAL levels in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer was not significant. A ROC curve analysis revealed that ELISA for NGAL is fairly accurate in distinguishing pancreatic cancer from non-cancer cases (area under curve=0.75). In conclusion, NGAL is highly expressed in early dysplastic lesions in the pancreas, suggesting a possible role as an early diagnostic marker for pancreatic cancer. Further, serum NGAL measurement could be investigated as a possible biomarker in pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
The Chemical Properties of Elements 94 and 93 (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Chemical Properties of Elements 94 and 93Glenn T. Seaborg and Arthur C. WahlCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 3, 1128–1134Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01183a076https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01183a076research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views209Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Beamspace DOA estimation featuring multirate eigenvector processing (1996)

A novel approach to angle of arrival estimation in beamspace for a uniform linear array is presented. Beamspace noise eigenvectors may be telescoped to vectors in the element-space noise subspace. The telescoped noise eigenvectors are bandpass, facilitating multirate processing involving modulation to baseband, filtering, and decimation. As these operations are linear, a matrix transformation applied to the eigenvectors may be constructed a priori. Incorporation of the technique into either the Root-MUSIC or ESPRIT prescriptions provides a computationally efficient procedure. Compared to past efforts to adapt Root-MUSIC and ESPRIT to beamspace, this approach circumvents the need for restrictive requirements on the form of the beamforming transformation. An asymptotic theoretical performance analysis is also included to provide an alternative to computationally intensive Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation studies show the validity of the performance predictive expressions and verify that the procedure, when incorporated into the Root-MUSIC/ESPRIT formulations, produces a direction finding technique that nearly attains the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB).
Automatic Inference of Structural Changes for Matching across Program Versions (2007)

Mapping code elements in one version of a program to corresponding code elements in another version is a fundamental building block for many software engineering tools. Existing tools that match code elements or identify structural changes - refactorings and API changes - between two versions of a program have two limitations that we overcome. First, existing tools cannot easily disambiguate among many potential matches or refactoring candidates. Second, it is difficult to use these tools' results for various software engineering tasks due to an unstructured representation of results. To overcome these limitations, our approach represents structural changes as a set of high-level change rules, automatically infers likely change rules and determines method-level matches based on the rules. By applying our tool to several open source projects, we show that our tool identifies matches that are difficult to find using other approaches and produces more concise results than other approaches. Our representation can serve as a better basis for other software engineering tools.
Site-Specific Integrative Elements of Rhizobiophage <i>16-3</i> Can Integrate into Proline tRNA (CGG) Genes in Different Bacterial Genera (2002)

The integrase protein of the Rhizobium meliloti 41 phage 16-3 has been classified as a member of the Int family of tyrosine recombinases. The site-specific recombination system of the phage belongs to the group in which the target site of integration (attB) is within a tRNA gene. Since tRNA genes are conserved, we expected that the target sequence of the site-specific recombination system of the 16-3 phage could occur in other species and integration could take place if the required putative host factors were also provided by the targeted cells. Here we report that a plasmid (pSEM167) carrying the attP element and the integrase gene (int) of the phage can integrate into the chromosomes of R. meliloti 1021 and eight other species. In all cases integration occurred at so-far-unidentified, putative proline tRNA (CGG) genes, indicating the possibility of their common origin. Multiple alignment of the sequences suggested that the location of the att core was different from that expected previously. The minimal attB was identified as a 23-bp sequence corresponding to the anticodon arm of the tRNA.
Electric field induced fluid flow on microelectrodes: the effect of illumination (1999)

The electrokinetic manipulation of particles suspended in a fluid medium is accomplished using microelectrodes that generate non-uniform fields of significant strength from low applied potentials. The high strength fields produce not only forces on the particles but also on the fluid medium used for suspension. This paper presents qualitative and semi-quantitative observations of the movement of the fluid at applied field frequencies of the order of 1MHz and higher. The importance of the illumination in generating the fluid flow is described, the flow depending on both the intensity of illumination and the applied electric field. The theory of electrothermally induced fluid flow is briefly described and compared with the experimental observations. Reasonable agreement is found between the experiments and the theory, with the light generating temperature gradients, and therefore gradients in fluid permittivity and conductivity, and the electric field responsible for the motive force.
Cloning and sequencing of a cellobiose phosphotransferase system operon from Bacillus stearothermophilus XL-65-6 and functional expression in Escherichia coli (1993)

Cellulolytic strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus were isolated from nature and screened for the presence of activities associated with the degradation of plant cell walls. One isolate (strain XL-65-6) which exhibited strong activities with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MUG) and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-cellobiopyranoside (MUC) was used to construct a gene library in Escherichia coli. Clones degrading these model substrates were found to encode the cellobiose-specific genes of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS). Both MUG and MUC activities were present together, and both activities were lost concurrently during subcloning experiments. A functional E. coli ptsI gene was required for MUC and MUG activities (presumably a ptsH gene also). The DNA fragment from B. stearothermophilus contained four open reading frames which appear to form a cel operon. Intergenic stop codons for celA, celB, and celC overlapped the ribosomal binding sites of the respective downstream genes. Frameshift mutations or deletions in celA, celB, and celD were individually shown to result in a loss of MUC and MUG activities. On the basis of amino acid sequence homology and hydropathy plots of translated sequences, celA and celB were identified as encoding PTS enzyme II and celD was identified as encoding PTS enzyme III. These translated sequences were remarkably similar to their respective E. coli homologs for cellobiose transport. No reported sequences exhibited a high level of homology with the celC gene product. The predicted carboxy-terminal region for celC was similar to the corresponding region of E. coli celF, a phospho-beta-glucosidase. An incomplete regulatory gene (celR) and proposed promoter sequence were located 5' to the proposed cel operon. A stem-loop resembling a rho-independent terminator was present immediately downstream from celD. These results indicate that B. stearothermophilus XL-65-6 contains a cellobiose-specific PTS for cellobiose uptake. Similar systems may be present in other gram-positive bacteria.
Thermomechanical Characterization of NiTiNb Shape Memory Alloy for Concrete Active Confinement Applications (2012)

Despite growing interest in the use of shape memory alloys (SMAs) in civil structures, much is still to be understood about their behavior in real loading environments. This experimental work focuses on characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of a thermally prestressed NiTiNb SMA under thermal and loading conditions pertinent to civil structural applications. The work aims at exploring the feasibility of using this type of alloy in developing seismic retrofitting spirals that could be used to actively confine vulnerable reinforced concrete columns to improve their flexural ductility and shear strength under earthquake loading. Differential scanning calorimetry tests are conducted to determine the transformation temperatures of the used alloy. A testing program is carried out on 2-mm-diameter NiTiNb wires to examine the recovery stress of prestrained wires and the monotonic and cyclic behaviors of thermally prestressed wires under various testing durations and ambient temperatures. A thermal chamber is used to induce a realistic range of ambient temperature (−10°C to 55°C) during testing. The results show that the recovery stress is quite stable within the studied range of temperature. The prestressed NiTiNb alloy exhibits nonlinear behavior with a modulus that is highly dependent on ambient temperature.
The colony-stimulating factors and myeloid leukemia (1995)

The production of granulocytes and macrophages is under the control of at least four well defined haemopoietic growth factors or colony-stimulating factors (CSF's) which differ in their actions within the hierarchical organization of haemopoietic progenitor cells and in the different cell lineages they affect. Multi-CSF has an extremely broad haemopoietic specificity, GM-CSF stimulates all granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells and G-CSF and M-CSF have actions essentially restricted to the granulocyte or macrophage cell lineages, respectively. They are each, however, required for cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and mature cell activation within the cell lineages they act on. They each exert their actions through specific high-affinity cell surface receptors which show no direct cross reactivity with each other and which are structurally distinct. However, at physiological temperatures the CSF's show a specific pattern of receptor co-down-modulation which might reflect their cell lineage specificities. A major defect in myeloid leukaemias is a block to differentiation so that cell divisions result in self-renewal of the leukaemic stem cells rather than terminal differentiation to non-dividing cells. In murine models such a defect does not result in malignancy until it is accompanied by autonomy from external CSF growth control but in human myeloid leukaemias there is no evidence for autonomy from CSF growth control and CSF's may play a permissive role in the emergence of myeloid leukaemias. The possibility of using CSF's to override the differentiation block in leukaemias and cause suppression of leukaemic growth by differentiation induction has been examined for the action of G-CSF on murine leukaemic WEHI-3B D+ cells. G-CSF induces differentiation in these cells, strongly suppresses cell divisions leading to self-renewal and increases the survival time of mice injected with treated cells. The possible importance of this factor in cell differentiation is indicated by the loss of G-CSF receptors in a differentiation-defective mutant of WEHI-3B, the conservation of G-CSF and its receptor from mouse to man and the observation that all primary human myeloid leukaemias exhibit specific receptors for this factor.