gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticle biocompatibility (2011)

Nanotechnology is an exciting field of investigation for the development of new treatments for many human diseases. However, it is necessary to assess the biocompatibility of nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo before considering clinical applications. Our characterization of polyol-produced maghemite γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles showed high structural quality. The particles showed a homogeneous spherical size around 10 nm and could form aggregates depending on the dispersion conditions. Such nanoparticles were efficiently taken up in vitro by human endothelial cells, which represent the first biological barrier to nanoparticles in vivo. However, γ-Fe(2)O(3) can cause cell death within 24 hours of exposure, most likely through oxidative stress. Further in vivo exploration suggests that although γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles are rapidly cleared through the urine, they can lead to toxicity in the liver, kidneys and lungs, while the brain and heart remain unaffected. In conclusion, γ-Fe(2)O(3) could exhibit harmful properties and therefore surface coating, cellular targeting, and local exposure should be considered before developing clinical applications.
Simulations and measurements of picosecond signal transients, propagation, and crosstalk on lossy VLSI interconnect (1995)

Signal transients, propagation, and crosstalk simulations of coupled interconnect lines have been performed, and the results verified by time-domain measurements. These simulations include frequency dependent interconnect circuit parameters, arbitrary loads, and 30 ps rise times. A generalized interconnect transfer function is used to calculate circuit responses in the frequency domain. Then an inverse Fourier transform is employed to predict the time-domain signals. Frequency variant TC interconnect models and PISCES-II simulations are used to determine the interconnect circuit model parameters. The simulation results are compared with conventional interconnect circuit models such as LC, RC, and RLC networks. Time-domain interconnect measurements using a HP54121T sampling oscilloscope show excellent agreement with simulations. Thus, signal transients, propagation, and coupling noise of on-chip interconnects are predicted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Defending against an Internet-based attack on the physical world (2002)

We discuss the dangers that scalable Internet functionality may present to the real world, focusing on a simple yet impactful attack that we believe may occur quite soon. We offer and critique various solutions to this class of attack and hope to provide a warning to the Internet community of what is currently possible. The attack is, to some degree, a consequence of the availability of private information on the Web, and the increase in the amount of personal information that users must reveal to obtain Web services.
Cloning of a gene encoding an antigen associated with the centrosome in <i>Drosophila</i> (1988)

The monoclonal antibody Bx63 recognizes a centrosomal antigen of Drosophila melanogaster by indirect immunofluorescence and identifies two proteins, with apparent molecular weights of 185 x 10(3) and 66 x 10(3), on Western blots. We have used this antibody to isolate five clones (lambda cs1, -2, -3, -4 and lambda j63) from lambda gt11 expression libraries of Drosophila DNA. Using polyclonal anti-centrosomal sera raised against both immunoaffinity-purified Bx63 antigen and electrophoretically purified fusion protein from clone lambda cs3, we have demonstrated that the fusion proteins encoded by four of these clones (lambda cs1-4) share at least two epitopes with the 185 x 10(3) Mr centrosomal antigen. This indicates that clones lambda cs1-4 contain DNA from the gene coding for this protein. The four clones are independent isolates from a single chromosomal site, which we show by in situ hybridization to correspond with salivary gland chromosome region 88E 4-8. A low-abundance transcript of approximately 4.0 x 10(3) bases corresponding to the cloned gene is detected in all stages of the Drosophila life-cycle.
Regulation of interleukin‐10 production by β‐adrenergic agonists (1996)

Catecholamines have been shown to inhibit some aspects of macrophage activation through a beta receptor-dependent mechanism. This study was undertaken to analyze the effects of isoproterenol, a specific beta-adrenergic agonist, on the synthesis of interleukin-10 (IL-10), a major macrophage-deactivating factor. Isoproterenol increased IL-10 release from lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. A significant effect was already observed with 1 microM isoproterenol, while a 4.5-fold increase was achieved with 10 microM. This increase was observed only if macrophages were exposed to isoproterenol for at least 2 h before LPS challenge. It was apparent within 0.5 h and persisted through 24 h at all the LPS concentrations used. A similar increase was observed at the IL-10 mRNA level, as judged by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-polymerase chain reaction. The macrophage response to isoproterenol that led to cyclic AMP accumulation was markedly inhibited by H-89, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase A. These data suggest the involvement of cyclic AMP in the regulation of IL-10 synthesis by isoproterenol. IL-10 was in turn partly responsible for a reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis. In vivo, the administration of oxprenolol, a beta-receptor antagonist, significantly reduced serum IL-10 levels 90 min after LPS challenge. Thus, the present study provides the first evidence that endogenous catecholamines are of critical importance in determining the magnitude of the IL-10 response in experimental endotoxemia.
Neural analysis of mobile radio access network (2002)

The self-organizing map (SOM) is an efficient tool for visualization and clustering of multidimensional data. It transforms the input vectors on two-dimensional grid of prototype vectors and orders them. The ordered prototype vectors are easier to visualize and explore than the original data. Mobile networks produce a huge amount of spatiotemporal data. The data consists of parameters of base stations (BS) and quality information of calls. There are two alternatives in starting the data analysis. We can build either a general one-cell-model trained using state vectors from all cells, or a model of the network using state vectors with parameters from all mobile cells. In both methods, further analysis is needed to understand the reasons for various operational states of the entire network.
Linkage Analysis in 16 Families with Incontinentia pigmenti (1997)

A locus for the X-linked dominant genodermatosis incontinentia pigmenti (IP) has been linked to markers in Xq28. Here we report high lod scores for markers spanning the interval DXS52-DXYS154 using 16 families, providing further evidence for a single major X-linked IP locus.
Epoxide Polymerization and Copolymerization with Carbon Dioxide Using Diethylaluminum Chloride-25,27-Dimethoxy-26,28-dihydroxy-<i>p-tert</i>-butyl-Calix[4]arene System as a New Homogeneous Catalyst (1998)

ABSTRACT Previously unknown substituted chelate phenolatoaluminum chloride, (25,27-dimethoxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-26,28-diolato) aluminum chloride, was derived from the reaction of diethyl-aluminum chloride and 25,27-dimethoxy-26,28-dihydroxy-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene at reactants 1:1 mole ratio. It was applied successfully for the polymerization of propylene oxide and cyclohexene oxide, and their copolymerization with carbon dioxide, leading to respective oligomers and co-oligomers. The catalyst structure and the structure of the obtained low-molecular-weight polymers and copolymers were studied using NMR spectroscopy. Poly(propylene oxide) obtained in the presence of the studied catalyst appeared to contain isotactic diads predominantly, whereas the obtained poly(cyclohexene oxide) did not exhibit any significantly prevailing sequences of either isotactic nor syndiotactic diads. The polymerization mechanism has been proposed and discussed in view of the obtained results.
Ultrasonic enhancement of αvβ3 expressing-cells with targeted contrast agents (2003)

Targeted contrast agents have the potential to substantially improve the ability of ultrasound contrast agents to delineate otherwise difficult-to-detect pathologies. In this manuscript, optical microscopy and acoustic backscatter measurements from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to targeted and control microbubbles illustrate the high affinity of targeted agents for the α vβ3 integrin. Backscatter measurements are provided for cell layers exposed to three types of targeted contrast agents in addition to two controls. Acoustic studies illustrate a backscatter amplitude increase from α vβ3 expressing cells exposed to the targeted contrast agent of up to 13 fold compared to non-targeted agents. Additionally, echo decorrelation is shown to be a function of acoustic pressure and microbubble density. Frequency domain analysis demonstrates that adherent targeted microbubbles exhibit a significantly more narrowband spectrum than free microbubbles. These results suggest that targeted contrast agents may provide additional sensitivity in the detection of tumors, and that adherent contrast agents may be differentiable from free-floating microbubbles.
Protein kinase A directly regulates the activity and proteolysis of <i>cubitus interruptus</i> (1998)

Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is a transcriptional factor that is positively regulated by the hedgehog (hh) signaling pathway. Recent work has shown that a 75-kDa proteolytic product of the full-length CI protein translocates to the nucleus and represses the transcription of CI target genes. In cells that receive the hh signal, the proteolysis of CI is inhibited and the full-length protein can activate the hh target genes. Because protein kinase A (PKA) inhibits the expression of the hh target genes in developing embryos and discs and the loss of PKA activity results in elevated levels of full-length CI protein, PKA might be involved directly in the regulation of CI proteolysis. Here we demonstrate that the PKA pathway antagonizes the hh pathway by phosphorylating CI. We show that the PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CI promotes its proteolysis from the full-length active form to the 75-kDa repressor form. The PKA catalytic subunit increases the proteolytic processing of CI and the PKA inhibitor, PKI, blocks the processing. In addition, cells do not process the CI protein to the 75-kDa repressor when all of the PKA sites in CI are mutated. Mutant CI proteins that cannot be phosphorylated by PKA have increased transcriptional activity compared with wild-type CI. In addition, exogenous PKA can increase further the transcriptional activity of the CI mutant, suggesting that PKA has a second positive, indirect effect on CI activity. In summary, we show that the modulation of the hh signaling pathway by PKA occurs directly at the level of CI phosphorylation.
Watt-level fiber-based femtosecond laser source tunable from 28 to 36  μm (2016)

The development of compact and reliable ultrafast sources operating in the mid-infrared region could lead to major advances in both fundamental and applied sciences. In this Letter, we report on a simple and efficient laser system based entirely on erbium-doped fluoride glass fibers that generates high-energy Raman soliton pulses tunable from 2.8 to 3.6 μm at a high average output power. Stable 160 fs pulses at 3.4 μm with a maximum energy of 37 nJ, a corresponding average output power above 2 W, and an estimated peak power above 200 kW are demonstrated. This tunable source promises direct applications in laser processing of polymers and biological materials.
Key Properties and Proposed Digital Code System for Glass Fiber Reinforcements for Filament Winding (1963)

A need exists for the development of national standards for materials for filament winding particularly for solid-propellant rocket casings. A classification system is under development which offers promise of covering glass fiber rovings and yarns, sized or finished, for use as reinforcements for organic resins. This method also offers promise of being adaptable for classifying resins and preimpregnated reinforcements. The selection of key properties for use in evaluating these materials is discussed and a tentative set of properties of reinforcements is proposed for adoption on a national basis. The status of methods of test for determining these properties is discussed. New methods for determining the strength retention after abrasion and the wetting time of uncured reinforcements and for determining the parallel interlaminar shear creep rates in a cured composite are described schematically.
Neuro-Symbolic Approaches for Knowledge Representation in Expert Systems (2005)

In this paper, we first present and compare existing categorization schemes for neuro-symbolic approaches. We then stress the point that not all hybrid neuro-symbolic approaches can be accommodated by existing categories. Such a case is rule-based ne
Effect of Microscopic Growth Rate on Oxygen Microsegregation and Swirl Defect Distribution in Czochralski‐Grown Silicon (1979)

Oxygen microsegregation and swirl defect formation in Czochralski‐grown silicon were studied by employing interface demarcation, spreading resistance measurements, infrared absorption, high resolution etching, and x‐ray topography. It was found that for forced convection conditions of growth, oxygen segregation is microscopic growth rate‐controlled. Maxima in oxygen concentration occurred at minima in the microscopic rates indicating that the segregation coefficient of oxygen is greater than 1. The distribution of swirl defects was found to be critically dependent on the amplitude of the microscopic growth rate fluctuations; this dependence made it possible to show that the critical impurity nuclei are not related to oxygen but to some impurity, most likely carbon, having a segregation coefficient less than 1.
Assessing the Stability of Membrane Proteins to Detect Ligand Binding Using Differential Static Light Scattering (2010)

Protein stabilization upon ligand binding has frequently been used to identify ligands for soluble proteins. Methods such as differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and differential static light scattering (DSLS) have been employed in the 384-well format and have been useful in identifying ligands that promote crystallization and 3D structure determination of proteins. However, finding a generic method that is applicable to membrane proteins has been a challenge as the high hydrophobicity of membrane proteins and the presence of detergents essential for their solubilization interfere with fluorescence-based detections. Here the authors used MsbA (an adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter), CorA (a Mg(++) channel), and CpxA (a histidine kinase) as model proteins and show that DSLS is not sensitive to the presence of detergents or protein hydrophobicity and can be used to monitor thermodenaturation of membrane proteins, assess their stability, and detect ligand binding in a 384-well format.
Bioremediation Of Heavy Metal Toxicity-With Special Reference To Chromium (2009)

All metals are toxic and our bodies require special transport and handling mechanisms to keep them from harming us. The toxicity occurs in humans due to environmental pollution via soil or water contamination or due to occupational exposure. Some of these metals are useful to us in low concentrations but are highly toxic in higher concentrations. These metal toxicity cause serious morbidity and mortality. Among these heavy metals chromium toxicity can cause serious carcinogenic, genotoxic and immunotoxic effects in humans and animals. Of the two oxidative states in which chromium can be present Cr (III) and Cr (VI), Cr (III) is essential for the human system whereas Cr (VI) has harmful effects. So, one of the ways of reducing Cr-toxicity in Cr-contaminated soil and water is to reduce soluble Cr (VI) to insoluble Cr (III). This can be achieved by microbial activity and is a cost-effective and environment friendly method. Many genera of microbes like Bacillus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas and also some yeasts and fungi help in bioremediation of metals and chromium-contaminated soil and water by bio-absorption and bioaccumulation of chromium. The potential of bioremediation of metal toxicity and its impact on the environment is discussed.
Increasing the synthetic performance of penicillin acylase PAS2 by structure-inspired semi-random mutagenesis (2004)

A semi-random mutagenesis approach was followed to increase the performance of penicillin acylase PAS2 in the kinetically controlled synthesis of ampicillin from 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and activated D-phenylglycine derivatives. We directed changes in amino acid residues to positions close to the active site that are expected to affect the catalytic performance of penicillin acylase: alpha R160, alpha F161 and beta F24. From the resulting triple mutant gene bank, six improved PAS2 mutants were recovered by screening only 700 active mutants with an HPLC-based screening method. A detailed kinetic analysis of the three most promising mutants, T23, TM33 and TM38, is presented. These mutants allowed the accumulation of ampicillin at 4-5 times higher concentrations than the wild-type enzyme, using D-phenylglycine methyl ester as the acyl donor. At the same time, the loss of activated acyl donor due to the competitive hydrolytic side reactions could be reduced to <20% with the mutant enzymes compared >80% wild-type PAS2. Although catalytic activity dropped by a factor of 5-10, the enhanced synthetic performance of the recovered penicillin acylase variants makes them interesting biocatalysts for the production of beta-lactam antibiotics.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel hyperbranched polyether (2004)

Abstract A hyperbranched polyether has been synthesized by a single‐step nucleophilic displacement polymerization technique between cyanuric chloride and the sodium salt of bisphenol‐A. The effects of various reaction parameters on the yield, and molecular weight, as measured by the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer, have been studied. The synthesized polymer has been characterized by FT‐IR, UV and 1 H NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, solubility and viscosity measurements. The polymer is soluble in highly polar solvents such as N , N ‐dimethylacetamide, N , N ‐dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, partially soluble in dilute aqueous NaOH solution, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, etc., but insoluble in water and non‐polar hydrocarbon solvents. The solubility parameter of the hyperbranched polymer has also been measured experimentally. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Molybdenum Hydroxylases as Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes (1985)

(1985). Molybdenum Hydroxylases as Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 16, No. 1-2, pp. 119-156.
Rhodamine123 reveals heterogeneity within murine Lin-, Sca-1+ hemopoietic stem cells. (1992)

Murine bone marrow Lin-, Ly6A/E+ cells have been fractionated on the basis of rhodamine123 retention into Rh123med/hi and Rh123lo subpopulations. These populations have different responses to hemopoietic growth factors with respect to in vitro colony formation. Cells from either fraction were not stimulated by only granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1 and -6), or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) alone. The Rh123med/hi, but not the Rh123lo fraction, contained cells that could be stimulated by either stem cell factor (SCF) or IL-3 alone. When combinations of growth factors were added, the Rh123med/hi fraction produced more colonies, and responded to a wider range of factor combinations than the Rh123lo population. When tested in vivo, both populations contained no detectable day 8 colony-forming unit-spleen (CFU-S), and similar frequencies of day 13 CFU-S. When transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients (100 cells/recipient), significant numbers of donor cells (67-73%) were found in the peripheral blood of Rh123lo recipients. Both myeloid and lymphoid cells were of donor origin. By comparison, the Rh123med/hi population produced recipients with 1-2% donor cells in peripheral blood, the majority of which were lymphoid.
Temporal and spatial control of expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in developing flowers of <i>Antirrhinum majus</i> (1992)

Summary The co‐ordination of expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was studied in developing flowers. Four genes encoding enzymes operating late in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway are induced together during flower development but the early steps appear to be induced more rapidly. Co‐ordination of expression could imply a common regulatory mechanism controlling the expression of metabolically related genes. The data presented here show that while four genes may share such a mechanism for the control of their expression during flower development, different control processes regulate the early steps of the pathway. Spatially, gene expression is patterned across the flower and appears to be very similar for all the biosynthetic genes. However, the observed influence of the regulatory gene Delila shows that the spatial co‐ordination of gene expression must involve more than one regulatory system. Delila itself appears to have a dual function, being required for activation of expression of the later genes in the flower tube but repressing chalcone synthase gene expression in the mesophyll of the corolla lobes. It is postulated that common signals induce the expression of genes in the pathway during flower development. The data presented here suggest that the same regulatory mechanism interprets these signals for four of the genes encoding the later biosynthetic enzymes, but that different or modified mechanisms interpret the signals to control expression of chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase genes in Antirrhinum flowers.
<i>Deinococcus radiodurans pprI</i> expression enhances the radioresistance of eukaryotes (2016)

PprI accelerates radiation-induced DNA damage repair via regulating the expression of DNA repair genes and enhances antioxidative enzyme activity in Deinococcus radiodurans after radiation. The main aim of our study was to determine whether the expression of pprI gene could fulfil its DNA repair function in eukaryotes and enhance the radioresistance of eukaryotic organism or not. In this study, we constructed pEGFP-c1-pprI eukaryotic expression vector and established a human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B with stable integration of pprI gene. We found that pprIexpression enhanced radioresistance of BEAS-2B cells, decreased γ-H2AX foci formation and apoptosis in irradiated BEAS-2B cells and alleviated radiation induced G2/M arrest of BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, we transferred pEGFP-c1-pprI vector into muscle of BALB/c mice by in vivo electroporation and studied the protective effect of prokaryotic pprI gene in irradiated mice. We found that pprI expression alleviated acute radiation induced hematopoietic system, lung, small intestine and testis damage and increased survival rate of irradiated mice via regulating Rad51 expression in different organs. These findings suggest that prokaryotic pprI gene expression in mammalian cells could enhance radioresistance in vitro and in vivo.