gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amphiphilic Block Copolymers as Bile Acid Sorbents:  2. Polystyrene-<i>b</i>-poly(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride):  Self-Assembly and Application to Serum Cholesterol Reduction (2001)

This paper presents morphological studies and preliminary bile salt binding properties of the new amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-b-poly(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylene acrylamide chloride) (PS-b-PTMEACl)1 (see Figure 1), a derivative of PS-b-poly(tert-butylacrylate) (PS-b-PtBuA). In an aqueous environment, PS-b-PTMEACl forms simple spheres (∼20 nm diameter), large compound micelles (>100 nm diameter), and larger, more complex architectures as presented and discussed below. The colloidal stability with respect to sodium chloride and as a function of particle concentration is also considered. Finally, PS-b-PTMEACl aggregates were prepared and tested as an alternative to the commercially available bile salt sequestrant resins that target coronary heart disease due to elevated cholesterol levels. Electron micrographs were employed to visualize the colloid-based polyelectrolyte−biosurfactant interaction and chromatographic separation analytical methods were used to quantify the sequestration. The results indicate that although at this preliminary stage they require laborious preparation, self-assembled aggregates may present an interesting alternative to the clinically used bile salt sequestrants.
Method Validation for Automated Isolation of Viable Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (2015)

We validated the first fully automated method for isolating viable PBMCs, including RNA analysis and generation of LCLs. We recommend processing within 8 h of blood collection.
Activity of vancomycin against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model (2008)

Bacteriological response to vancomycin varies between strains causing CDI, possibly correlating with the extent of germination capacity. Vancomycin effectively reduced vegetative forms and cytotoxin titres of both of the epidemic C. difficile PCR ribotypes evaluated, but showed no anti-spore activity. Comparison with the results of a previous gut model study showed that vancomycin was more effective than metronidazole in reducing C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 numbers and cytotoxin titres.
EFECTIVIDAD DE DIFERENTES TRATAMIENTOS EN LA ADHESIÓN SOBRE CERÁMICA DE ZIRCONIO (2012)

Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto en la adhesión sobre cerámica de zirconio de diferentes tratamientos en ensayos de cizalla. Métodos: 160 cilindros de resina fueron unidos a especímenes de cerámica de zirconio, cerámica feldespática y metal siguiendo diferentes protocolos. Se utilizaron 4 tipos de cemento y se utilizaron 16 diferentes métodos de adhesión. Los cilindros se almacenaron por 24 horas en ambiente húmedo a 37ºC y luego sometidos a prueba de resistencia al corte. El análisis estadístico fue realizado con el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) a una y dos vías; procedimiento de diferencia mínima significativa (LSD) de Fisher bajo un nivel de significancia del 5% y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: el zirconio tratado, luego de la cerámica feldespática fue el que presentó mayor resistencia de unión al corte. La media general más grande de los grupos de cerámica de zirconio fue el grupo 5 (acido fluorhídrico 8.0859 Mpa), seguida del grupo 8 (coral experimental, 7.62965 Mpa), el grupo 7 (acido nítrico, 6.7618 Mpa), el grupo 6 (acido sulfúrico, 6.24245 Mpa) y el grupo 4 (zirconio tratado únicamente con silano, 3.66635 Mpa). En general para la cerámica de zirconio con los diferentes tratamientos superficiales se observa un mejor comportamiento en promedio del cemento RelyX® U100 (3M) (8.00428 Mpa) que el Multilink® (IVOCLAR) (4.95018 Mpa) con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: Los tratamientos superficiales como el acido nítrico a temperatura ambiente y coral experimental sobre la cerámica de zirconio, son una alternativa de fácil manipulación para mejorar valores de adhesión.
Evaluation of high-pressure drilling fluid supply systems (1981)

A study was undertaken to help determine the technical and economic feasibility of developing a high-pressure fluid-jet drilling system for the production of geothermal wells. Three system concepts were developed and analyzed in terms of costs, component availability, and required new-component development. These concepts included a single-conduit system that supplies the downhole cutting nozzles directly via surface-located high-pressure pumps; a single-conduit system utilizing low-pressure surface pumps to supply and operate a high-pressure downhole pump, which in turn supplies the cutting nozzles; and a dual-conduit system supplying surface-generated high-pressure fluid for cutting via one conduit and low-pressure scavenging fluid via the other. It is concluded that the single-conduit downhole pump system concept has the greatest potential for success in this application. 28 figures, 11 tables.
Hypoxia-inducible factor–dependent induction of netrin-1 dampens inflammation caused by hypoxia (2009)

The neuronal guidance molecule netrin-1 is linked to the coordination of inflammatory responses. Given that mucosal surfaces are particularly prone to hypoxia-elicited inflammation, we sought to determine the function of netrin-1 in hypoxia-induced inflammation. We detected hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha)-dependent induction of expression of the gene encoding netrin-1 (Ntn1) in hypoxic epithelia. Neutrophil transepithelial migration studies showed that by engaging A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) on neutrophils, netrin-1 attenuated neutrophil transmigration. Exogenous netrin-1 suppressed hypoxia-elicited inflammation in wild-type but not in A2BAR-deficient mice, and inflammatory hypoxia was enhanced in Ntn1(+/-) mice relative to that in Ntn1(+/+) mice. Our studies demonstrate that HIF-1alpha-dependent induction of netrin-1 attenuates hypoxia-elicited inflammation at mucosal surfaces.
Development of large area photon counting detectors optimized for Cherenkov light imaging with high temporal and sub-mm spatial resolution (2011)

Progress towards the development of a 20 cm sealed tube optical detector with imaging and photon event time stamping is presented. Novel microchannel plates employing borosilicate micro-capillary arrays have been tested. These provide many performance characteristics typical of conventional MCPs, but have been made in sizes up to 20 cm, have low intrinsic background (0.085 events cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ) and very stable gain behavior for at least 1 C cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> of charge extraction. Bialkali (Na <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> KSb) photocathodes with >; 20% quantum efficiency have also been made on borofloat-33 windows compatible with a 20 cm sealed tube device.
Distribution of immunity to pertussis in the population of England and Wales (1984)

This paper presents three different methods of estimating the number and age distribution of individuals susceptible to pertussis in England and Wales. The first approach is an extrapolation from data in the prevaccine era, the second is based upon theoretical consideration of the transmission dynamics of pertussis, and the third is a detailed cohort analysis of available notification and vaccination data. Each of these analyses suggests that the total number of people susceptible to pertussis infection in England and Wales has remained at 3-4 million for the past 40 years, despite the increase and changes in numbers vaccinated. The effect of vaccination has been to reduce the incidence of infection and disease, but not to reduce the number of susceptibles. These findings, which are consistent with 'mass action theory', could be tested by an appropriately designed seroepidemiological survey.
Integration of Requirements Engineering and Test-Case Generation via OSLC (2014)

We present a requirement-centered analysis and testing framework that integrates methods and tools for capturing and formalizing textual customer requirements, analyzing requirements consistency, generating test cases from formalized requirements and executing them on the implementation model. The framework preserves a fine grained traceability of informal and formal requirements, test cases and implementation models throughout every step of the workflow. We instantiate the framework with concrete tools that we integrate via a file repository and Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration (OSLC). The standardized integration ensures that the framework remains generic -- any specific tool used in our instantiation can be replaced by another one with compatible functionality. We apply our framework on an industrial airbag control chip case study that we use to illustrate step-by-step our requirements-driven analysis and test methodology.
Oral anticoagulation with factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors: on the threshold of change (2009)

New oral anticoagulant approval may provide safer and easier venous thromboembolism prevention and treatment than warfarin. As we stand on this threshold, this article reflects on anticoagulation breakthroughs, summarizes recent studies, and discusses potential drawbacks.
RhoG Signals in Parallel with Rac1 and Cdc42 (2002)

RhoG is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases and shares high sequence identity with Rac1 and Cdc42. Previous studies suggested that RhoG mediates its effects through activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. To further understand the mechanism of RhoG signaling, we studied its potential activation pathways, downstream signaling properties, and functional relationship to Rac1 and Cdc42 in vivo. First, we determined that RhoG was regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that also activate Rac and/or Cdc42. Vav2 (which activates RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42) and to a lesser degree Dbs (which activates RhoA and Cdc42) activated RhoG in vitro. Thus, RhoG may be activated concurrently with Rac1 and Cdc42. Second, some effectors of Rac/Cdc42 (IQGAP2, MLK-3, PLD1), but not others (e.g. PAKs, POSH, WASP, Par-6, IRSp53), interacted with RhoG in a GTP-dependent manner. Third, consistent with this differential interaction with effectors, activated RhoG stimulated some (JNK and Akt) but not other (SRF and NF-kappaB) downstream signaling targets of activated Rac1 and Cdc42. Finally, transient transduction of a tat-tagged Rac1(17N) dominant-negative fusion protein inhibited the induction of lamellipodia by the Rac-specific activator, Tiam1, but not by activated RhoG. Together, these data argue that RhoG function is mediated by signals independent of Rac1 and Cdc42 activation and instead by direct utilization of a subset of common effectors.
Simple RNAi Vectors for Stable and Transient Suppression of Gene Function in Rice (2004)

Since the recent sequencing of the rice genome, the functional identification of rice genes has become increasingly important. Various tagged lines have been generated; however, the number of tagged genes available is not sufficient for extensive study of gene function. To help identify the functions of genes in rice, we developed a Gateway vector, pANDA, for RNA interference of rice genes. This vector can be used for Agrobacterium transformation of rice and allows easy and fast construction of efficient RNAi vectors. In the construct, hairpin RNA derived from a given gene is transcribed from a strong maize ubiquitin promoter, and an intron is placed 5' upstream of inverted repeats to enhance RNA expression. Analysis of rice genes using this vector showed that suppression of mRNA expression was observed in more than 90% of transgenic plants examined, and short interfering RNA indicative of RNA silencing was detected in each silenced plant. A similar vector, pANDA-mini, was also developed for direct transfer into leaf cells or protoplasts. This vector can be used for transient suppression of gene function in rice. These vectors should help identify the functions of rice genes whose tagged mutants are not available at present and complement existing methods for functional genomics of rice.
Field Application of a New In-Depth Waterflood Conformance Improvement Tool (2003)

Abstract An Industry Consortium (BP, ChevronTexaco and Ondeo Nalco Energy Services) conducted a multi-company research project known as Bright Water. The goal of this project was to develop a time-delayed, highly expandable material that would improve the sweep efficiency of a water flood. In November 2001, the first of these water flood profile modification treatments was pumped in the Minas field. The Minas Field, located on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, has an OOIP of 8.7 billion barrels, is at nearly 50% recovery, and has water-cuts greater than 97%. Reservoir thief zones have been identified throughout the main reservoir layers. The main objective for pumping a profile modification material is usually to divert injected water out of thief zones and into zones with higher oil saturation, though areal sweep improvement can also be expected. The profile modification treatment of 42,000 barrels water containing 4500 ppm of active material was pumped into Minas injector 7E-12 ("A1" sand). The objective of the field trial was to verify that significant volumes of this low cost material could be pumped deep into the reservoir at low viscosity, and then expand after a pre-designed time interval. Injection tracer studies were conducted pre- and post-treatment to aid in determining changes to the injection sweep efficiency. A bottom hole pressure fall off test was also used to measure post – job permeability. The trial demonstrated that large volumes of the material can be pumped into the formation without raising the injection pressure or blocking the injection well bore, can propagate in the rock pore system, and then will expand at a pre-designed time. Changes in oil production after the trial will be discussed along with the field data acquired during and after the trial. As part of the continued development of this material, a second trial commenced in late November 2002 on a North Sea (UK) production platform. The treatment was successfully placed in mid December, 2002.
Giant Magnetoresistance and Oscillatory MagneticCoupling of Evaporated and MBE-Grown Co/Ag Multilayers (1991)

Co/Ag multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) exhibit giant magnetoresistance (MR). The spins of Co layers are aligned antiferromagnetically, which is the same as in Fe/Cr and Co/Cu. The MR ratio and saturation field showed oscillatory behavior as a function of Ag thickness with a period of about 16 Å. The MR ratio was obtained for [Co(6 Å)-Ag(25 Å)]×70, 16% at room temperature and 38% at 77 K.
Analyzing False Positive Source Code Vulnerabilities Using Static Analysis Tools (2019)

Static source code analysis for the detection of vulnerabilities may generate a huge amount of results making it difficult to manually verify all of them. In addition, static code analysis yields a large number of false positives. Consequently, software developers may ignore the results of static code analysis. This paper analyzes the results of static code analysis tools to identify false positive trends per tool. The novel idea is to assist developers and analysts identify the likelihood of a finding to be an actual true positive. This paper proposes an algorithm that makes use of a new critical feature, a personal identifier, which assists labeling the findings correctly as true or false. Experiments verified identification of true positives with a higher level of accuracy.
Effect of Noncompetitive Blockade of <i>N</i>‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate Receptors on the Neurochemical Sequelae of Experimental Brain Injury (1990)

Pharmacological inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission attenuates cell death in models of global and focal ischemia and hypoglycemia, and improves neurological outcome after experimental spinal cord injury. The present study examined the effects of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker MK-801 on neurochemical sequelae following experimental fluid-percussion brain injury in the rat. Fifteen minutes after fluid-percussion brain injury (2.8 atmospheres), animals received either MK-801 (1 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline. MK-801 treatment significantly attenuated the development of focal brain edema at the site of injury 48 h after brain injury, significantly reduced the increase in tissue sodium, and prevented the localized decline in total tissue magnesium that was observed in injured tissue of saline-treated animals. Using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we also observed that MK-801 treatment improved brain metabolic status and promoted a significant recovery of intracellular free magnesium concentrations that fell precipitously after brain injury. These results suggest that excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters may be involved in the pathophysiological sequelae of traumatic brain injury and that noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists may effectively attenuate some of the potentially deleterious neurochemical sequelae of brain injury.
Toward Smart and Ultra‐efficient Solid‐State Lighting (2014)

Solid‐state lighting has made tremendous progress this past decade, with the potential to make much more progress over the coming decade. In this article, the current status of solid‐state lighting relative to its ultimate potential to be “smart” and ultra‐efficient is reviewed. Smart, ultra‐efficient solid‐state lighting would enable both very high “effective” efficiencies and potentially large increases in human performance. To achieve ultra‐efficiency, phosphors must give way to multi‐color semiconductor electroluminescence: some of the technological challenges associated with such electroluminescence at the semiconductor level are reviewed. To achieve smartness, additional characteristics such as control of light flux and spectra in time and space will be important: some of the technological challenges associated with achieving these characteristics at the lamp level are also reviewed. It is important to emphasise that smart and ultra‐efficient are not either/or, and few compromises need to be made between them. The ultimate route to ultra‐efficiency brings with it the potential for smartness, the ultimate route to smartness brings with it the potential for ultra‐efficiency, and the long‐term ultimate route to both might well be color‐mixed RYGB lasers.
The Quintiles Prize Lecture 2004: The identification of the adenosine A<sub>2B</sub> receptor as a novel therapeutic target in asthma (2005)

Adenosine is a powerful bronchoconstrictor of asthmatic, but not normal, airways. In vitro studies on isolated human mast cells and basophils revealed that adenosine and selective analogues augmented inflammatory mediator release from mast cells by stimulating A(2) receptors. Pharmacological blockade of mast cell mediator release in vivo also attenuated adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction, as did theophylline, by adenosine A(2) receptor antagonism. Further in vitro studies revealed that the asthmatic response to adenosine is likely to be mediated via the A(2B) subtype which is selectively antagonised by enprofylline. Studies in animal models, especially mice, have shown a close synergistic interaction between adenosine, Th2 and airway remodelling responses. The recent description of A(2B) receptors on human airway smooth muscle cells that mediate cytokine and chemokine release and induce differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts strengthens the view that adenosine maybe more than an inflammatory mediator in asthma but also participates in airway wall remodelling in this disease. These data have provided a firm basis for developing adenosine A(2B) receptor antagonists as a new therapeutic approach to this disease.
A transgenic mouse model for measles virus infection of the brain (1997)

In addition to the rash, fever, and upper respiratory tract congestion that are the hallmarks of acute measles virus (MV) infection, invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) can occur, establishing a persistent infection primarily in neurons. The recent identification of the human membrane glycoprotein, CD46, as the MV receptor allowed for the establishment of transgenic mice in which the CD46 gene was transcriptionally regulated by a neuron-specific promoter. Expression of the measles receptor rendered primary CD46-positive neurons permissive to infection with MV-Edmonston. Notably, viral transmission within these cultures occurred in the absence of extracellular virus, presumably via neuronal processes. No infection was seen in nontransgenic mice inoculated intracerebrally with MV-Edmonston. In contrast, scattered neurons were infected following inoculation of transgenic adults, and an impressive widespread neuronal infection was established in transgenic neonates. The neonatal infection resulted in severe CNS disease by 3-4 weeks after infection. Illness was characterized initially by awkward gait and a lack of mobility, and in later stages seizures leading to death. These results show that expression of the MV receptor on specific murine cells (neurons) in vivo is absolutely essential to confer both susceptibility to infection and neurologic disease by this human virus. The disparity in clinical findings between neonatal and adult transgenic mice indicates that differences exist between the developing and mature CNS with respect to MV infection and pathogenesis.
Surface Modification of PVC Film with Allylamine Plasma Polymers (2014)

ABSTRACT In this study, surface modifications of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films were performed with the plasma polymerization process. For this purpose, allylamine was used as a hydrophilic polymer for surface modification of PVC films. The wettability of PVC films was investigated using contact angle measurement. The water contact angle values increased from 116.4° to 12° by 104.4° for the coated PVC film. Surface free energies of PVC films were calculated using acid–base approaches and increased with increasing plasma treatment time. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results, N–H peaks appeared in the expected wavelength. The thermal degradation behaviors of PVC films were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The degradation temperature of PVC films was altered by the plasma treatment from 275°C to 380°C. Surface topography of PVC films was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Distinct changes were observed in the topography of plasma‐treated PVC surface using AFM results. The results showed that allylamine plasma treatment can be used to enhance hydrophilicity of PVC surfaces.
Elliptic filter design for a class of generalized halfband filters (1985)

In multirate processing, symmetric finite impulse response halfband filters constitute an important class of filters that are useful for sampling rate alteration by a factor of two. Generalizing the notion of halfband filters to include infinite impulse response filters, a class of generalized halfband filters is examined and its properties are studied. The filters are efficient and have low roundoff noise. A filter design program has been developed to design a special class of elliptic filters taking into account restrictions due to the generalized halfband characteristics. The procedure adapts the results of elliptic filter design [10] to this special case. It is shown that if the passband and stopband edge frequencies are related, then these filters are computationally efficient even when no sampling rate change is needed.