gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis of Evolved Gases in Polymerization and Pyrolysis Processes (1987)

The use of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for characterizing evolved gases produced during polymerization and pyrolysis processes is demonstrated. Several polyimides were polymerized and the evolved gases were identified and quantitatively determined by FT-IR spectroscopy. By monitoring of the infrared absorbance of the O-H bending vibrational mode of water as a function of temperature, different sources of the evolved water were observed. We also found a correlation between the temperature at which the maximum evolution of alcohol occurs in different polyimides and the strength of the alcoxy bond to the amic acid; a comparison of the data suggests the strong dependency of the mechanism of polyimidization upon the nature of the alcoxy group. We have also studied the decomposition products of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) at temperatures higher than 300°C in a nitrogen atmosphere and found that carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, benzoic acid, and an acid para-substituted aromatic ester are the major decomposition products; these observations suggest that under the experimental conditions PET degrades by cleavage of the C-O bonds on the ethylate part of the chain and produces benzoxy and aromatic ester groups.
T cell clones to two major T cell epitopes of myoglobin: effect of <i>I-A/I-E</i> restriction on epitope dominance. (1985)

The murine T cell response to sperm whale myoglobin was analyzed for polyclonal and monoclonal T cells. For polyclonal T cells, the immunodominant epitope included residue Glu 109 when the antigen-presenting cells expressed I-Ad, whereas a Lys 140-containing epitope was immunodominant when the antigen-presenting cells expressed I-Ed only. Monoclonal T cells specific for each epitope were derived from a polyclonal line. T cell clones specific for the Glu 109 epitope were restricted to I-Ad, whereas the clones specific for the Lys 140 epitope were restricted to I-Ed. Thus, for an antigen that can be presented in association with either I-Ad or I-Ed, the immunodominance of particular epitopes depends strongly on the restriction element used. The immunodominance of each epitope-Ia combination may be due to a limited repertoire of T cells or selective presentation of epitope and Ia by accessory cells.
Cataract Surgical Techniques (1995)

To characterize the intraoperative procedures employed by cataract surgeons in the United States and the beliefs underlying the practices, a standardized questionnaire was sent to a systematic random sample of members of the American Academy of Ophthalmology in 1992. Of 667 surveyed ophthalmologists, 550 completed the questionnaire (response rate, 82.5%). Phacoemulsification was used for more than 75% of routine cataract surgery by 46% of respondents, whereas standard extracapsular surgery was used for more than 75% of routine cataract surgery by 41% of respondents. Preferential use of phacoemulsification was independently associated with more recent graduation from medical school and higher reported annual surgical volume. Continuous tear capsulotomy was employed by 52% of ophthalmologists. Preference for this technique was independently associated with both the use of phacoemulsification and higher annual surgical volume. Seventy-one percent of respondents used retrobulbar anesthesia, whereas 28% used peribulbar anesthesia. Use of peribulbar anesthesia was independently associated with both greater surgical volume and performance of surgery in an ambulatory surgical center. Beliefs regarding comparative safety and effectiveness were reported to influence surgeons' preferences strongly among all of the competing techniques studied. Those performing phacoemulsification, in comparison with those performing extracapsular cataract extraction, reported that the expectation of reduced astigmatism and shorter recovery time strongly influenced their choice of procedure. Variation in preferred intraoperative techniques is substantial for cataract surgery and the beliefs that underlie the preferences. Such variation highlights the need to determine which techniques maximize patient outcomes and are most cost-effective.
A Comprehensive High Frequency Vibration Monitoring System for Incipient Fault Detection and Isolation of Gears, Bearings and Shafts/Couplings in Turbine Engines and Accessories (2007)

The authors have developed a comprehensive, high frequency (1–100 kHz) vibration monitoring system for incipient fault detection of critical rotating components within engines, drive trains, and generators. The high frequency system collects and analyzes vibration data to estimate the current condition of rotary components; detects and isolates anomalous behavior to a particular bearing, gear, shaft or coupling; and assesses the severity of the fault in the isolated faulty component. The system uses either single/multiple accelerometers, mounted on externally accessible locations, or non-contact vibration monitoring sensors to collect data. While there are published instances of vibration monitoring algorithms for bearing or gear fault detection, there are no comprehensive techniques that provide incipient fault detection and isolation in complex machinery with multiple rotary and drive train components. The author’s techniques provide an algorithm-driven system that fulfills this need. The concept at the core of high frequency vibration monitoring for incipient fault detection is the ability of high frequency regions of the signal to transmit information related to component failures during the fault inception stage. Unlike high frequency regions, the lower frequency regions of vibration data have a high machinery noise floor that often masks the incipient fault signature. The low frequency signal reacts to the fault only when fault levels are high enough for the signal to rise over the machinery noise floor. The developed vibration monitoring system therefore utilizes high frequency vibration data to provide a quantitative assessment of the current health of each component. The system sequentially ascertains sensor validity, extracts multiple statistical, time, and frequency domain features from broadband data, fuses these features, and acts upon this information to isolate faults in a particular gear, bearing, or shaft. The techniques are based on concepts like mechanical transmissibility of structures and sensors, statistical signal processing, demodulation, time synchronous averaging, artificial intelligence, failure modes, and faulty vs. healthy vibration behavior for rotating components. The system exploits common aspects of vibration monitoring algorithms, as applicable to all of the monitored components, to reduce algorithm complexity and computational cost. To isolate anomalous behavior to a particular gear, bearing, shaft, or coupling, the system uses design information and knowledge of the degradation process in these components. This system can function with Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) data acquisition and processing systems or can be adapted to aircraft on-board hardware. The authors have successfully tested this system on a wide variety of test stands and aircraft engine test cells through seeded fault and fault progression tests, as described herein. Verification and Validation (V&V) of the algorithms is also addressed.
Activating Mutations of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor: Management of Hypocalcemia (2001)

Activating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) can cause isolated hypoparathyroidism. Treatment of hypocalcemia in these patients remains to be optimized, because the use of 1-hydroxylated vitamin D3 derivatives can cause hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. We identified activating CaR mutations in 8 (42%) of 19 unrelated probands with isolated hypoparathyroidism. The severity of hypocalcemic symptoms at diagnosis was independent of age, mutation type, or mode of inheritance but was related to the degree of hypocalcemia; serum Ca was 1.97 +/- 0.08, 1.82 +/- 0.14, and 1.54 +/- 0.22 mmol/liter, respectively, in asymptomatic (n = 7), mildly symptomatic (n = 8), and severely symptomatic patients (n = 6). Hypocalcemia segregated with the CaR mutation, but no phenotype-genotype relationships were identified. Fourteen patients received regular 1-hydroxylated vitamin D3 treatment (mean duration, 7.2 +/- 4.9 yr). Nine had hypercalciuric episodes, which were associated with nephrocalcinosis in eight cases. Serum Ca during treatment predicted hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis poorly, because either or both of the latter could develop in hypocalcemic patients. Thus, mutational analysis of the CaR gene should be considered early in the work-up of isolated hypoparathyroidism. Treatment options should be weighed carefully in patients with serum Ca below 1.95 mmol/liter. The risk of nephrocalcinosis during treatment can be minimized by carefully monitoring urinary Ca excretion.
Reverse vaccinology 2.0: Human immunology instructs vaccine antigen design (2016)

Traditionally, vaccines have been developed by cultivating infectious agents and isolating the inactivated whole pathogen or some of its purified components. 20 years ago, reverse vaccinology enabled vaccine discovery and design based on information deriving from the sequence of microbial genomes rather than via the growth of pathogens. Today, the high throughput discovery of protective human antibodies, sequencing of the B cell repertoire, and the increasing structural characterization of protective antigens and epitopes provide the molecular and mechanistic understanding to drive the discovery of novel vaccines that were previously impossible. We are entering a "reverse vaccinology 2.0" era.
The impact of DRMs on personal use expectations and fair dealing rights (2005)

This study undertakes a review of fair dealing provisions in Australian copyright law and compares our fair dealing rights with the fair use rights under American law. It examines the impact of eight DRM systems providing music and films online on users' expectations of personal use and fair use of copyrightable material. Users of copyright information in whatever form - print, digital material, music, films and so on - hold certain expectations about their rights to use and copy that information and to communicate it to others. The fact that users may have no legal right to undertake any of these actions as they have not sought the approval of the copyright owner does not undermine the fact that users hold these expectations and have acted on them for many years without repercussion in a number of circumstances. Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems now have potential to remove from users the ability to use, copy and communicate copyright material without permission. This study finds that DRMs, for the most part, grant users rights to copyright digital content which exceed those permitted by the Copyright Act.
Cutoff decomposition on multiply clad fibers (1986)

It is shown that the set of modal cutoffs of a multiply clad fiber is, under suitable conditions, given by combining the sets of modal cutoffs of two simpler fibers. The results have been derived analytically as well as by numerical methods.
The Manganese Dioxide Electrode in Alkaline Electrolyte; The Electron-Proton Mechanism for the Discharge Process from MnO[sub 2] to MnO[sub 1.5] (1966)

In the study of cathodic reduction of electrolytic manganese dioxide at constant‐current discharge in alkaline electrolytes, effects of , Zn(II) ion added to the electrolyte, and of temperature on the discharge curves of the electrodeposited on a graphite rod were investigated. Results are discussed in view of the electron‐proton mechanism. The potential vs. x value in curve agrees in general with that calculated from
SAXS analysis of hyperstructure in carboxylato-telechelicpoly(tert.butyl acrylate)'s (1993)

A new class of Halato-Telechelic Polymers (HTP) has been prepared. Preleminary SAXS results on α, ω-carboxy poly (tert.butyl acrylate)s end-neutralized with Ba, Mg and Na alkoxides show that the "ionic peak" usually observed in ionomers goes undetected. In contrast, a series of peaks appear at very low angles corresponding to Bragg spacings from 70 to 14 nm. The successive peak positions are consistent with a hexagonal structure. In order to confirm this new experimental evidence, the effects of several parameters on the SAXS patterns have been investigated. Samples of various counterions and molecular weigths have been prepared under different conditions. Morphological changes have also been analyzed in the presence of a non-polar solvent (toluene).
Cortical GABA, Striatal Dopamine and Midbrain Serotonin as the Key Players in Compulsive and Anxiety Disorders - Results from In Vivo Imaging Studies (2010)

Various factors are discussed in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, including dysfunctions of the (DA)ergic, serotonin (5-HT)ergic and GABAergic system. We assessed the contribution of the individual synaptic constituents by subjecting all available in vivo imaging studies on patients with anxiety disorders to a retrospective analysis. On a total of 504 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), phobia, or posttraumatic stress-disorder (PTSD) and 593 controls, investigations of VMAT2, DAT, SERT, D1, D2, 5-HTIA, 5-HT2A, GABA(A), and NK1 receptor binding in neostriatum, ventral striatum, thalamus, neocortex, limbic system, cingulate, midbrain/ pons or cerebellum were performed using either PET or SPECT. Separate analyses of the individual disorders showed significant decreases of striatal D2 receptors in OCD (-18%), mesencephalic SERT in OCD (-13%), frontocortical GABAA receptors in PD (-13%) and temporocortical GABAA receptors in GAD (-16%). Pooling of all disorders yielded a significant reduction of mesencephalic SERT (-13%), mesencephalic (-27%) as well as cingulate 5-HT1A receptors (-18%), striatal D2 receptors (-21%) and frontal (-14%), temporal (-14%), occipital (-13%) and cingulate GABAA receptors (-15%). The results show that DA, 5-HT, and GABA play a major role in all subtypes of anxiety disorders. In particular, the findings imply that the regulation state of DA as modulated by GABA and 5-HT may be crucial for the development of anxiety- and compulsion-related disorders. As GABA and 5-HT inhibit DAergic neurotransmission, the reductions of GABAA, 5-HT1A and SERT can be assumed to result in an enhanced activity of the mesolimbic DAergic system. This notion is also reflected by the decrease of striatal D2 receptor binding, which is indicative of an increased availability of synaptic DA.
Retail Space Allocation (1984)

The aim of this monograph is to identify principles of retail space allocation (RSA), and discuss their role in sales creation. A number of considerations make an understanding of, and ability to apply, these principles more important today than before. Significant amongst these are the domination of multiples in a growing number of retail sectors, the continuing trend towards self‐service, the diminishing number of retail outlets, the pressure on retail margins and shifts in shopper buying behaviour.
Multi-objective Design of Survivable Flexible-Grid DWDM Networks (2014)

Emerging trends in optical transport networks aiming to support increasing data rates are reshaping the possibilities for network planning. The deployment of a flexible grid with multiple available channel bit rates and spectral widths gives way to a more clearly defined trade-off between spectrum and cost in the planning process. Furthermore, providing redundancy in these types of services is both crucial and costly. For this reason, it is important to consider all these aspects simultaneously in order to have an accurate view of the cost/spectrum trade-off in the optical backbone. This paper presents an evolutionary based multi-objective framework for optimizing network deployments with flexible-grid channel formats ranging from 40 to 400 Gbits/s with varying degrees of resilience to both link and transponder failures. The multi-objective algorithm can consider all these different aspects simultaneously and highlight the degree to which cost can be traded for spectrum, and how the protection/restoration schemes influence both parameters. After benchmarking the proposed algorithm on both objectives, we use it on two reference networks to trace the non-dominated front for multiple resilience schemes, offering different levels of protection against link and/or transponder failures. We also evaluate how the channel format selection for each demand evolves when considering single-rate or bit-rate variable transponders.
A 40 Gb/s integrated differential PIN+TIA with DC offset control using InP SHBT technology (2003)

Describes the design and measured performance of a 40 Gb/s integrated differential PIN+TIA with offset control using InP SHBT technology. The circuit was designed to handle large average optical input power levels (>5 dBm) encountered in short-haul networks where optical gain control may not be available or economical.
Medical Image Segmentation Using Genetic Algorithms (2009)

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been found to be effective in the domain of medical image segmentation, since the problem can often be mapped to one of search in a complex and multimodal landscape. The challenges in medical image segmentation arise due to poor image contrast and artifacts that result in missing or diffuse organ/tissue boundaries. The resulting search space is therefore often noisy with a multitude of local optima. Not only does the genetic algorithmic framework prove to be effective in coming out of local optima, it also brings considerable flexibility into the segmentation procedure. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the major applications of GAs to the domain of medical image segmentation.
Laser machining of objects with simultaneous visual monitoring in a copper vapor oscillator-amplifier system (1984)

The results are given of the first experiments on laser micromachining of objects by an amplified light beam of specified configuration with simultaneous visual monitoring of the machining process on a screen. A minimum cut width of 2 μ was achieved when machining metallic films deposited on a dielectric substrate. Maximum power densities of 0.1 GW/cm2 (average) and 1 TW/cm2 (peak) were obtained in a focal spot. Measurements of the contrast of the amplified image showed it to vary negligibly, even under conditions of considerable saturation, over a wide range of machining beam powers and to remain close to that obtained when the beam was absent.
PP.16.39 (2015)

Objective: The proportion of South African hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure (BP) is low. Non-adherence may play an important role but monitoring adherence remains difficult. Two commonly used antihypertensives are amlodipine and enalapril. This study aims to determine if monitoring amlodipine levels and inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are feasible means to determine patient adherence. Design and method: Patients attending a referral clinic for resistant hypertension that were prescribed enalapril and amlodipine (±other antihypertensives) were enrolled. After informed consent patients underwent BP monitoring; a questionnaire on adherence and blood samples for amlodipine levels and ACE activity. Assessments were repeated. Amlodipine was assayed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The degree of ACE inhibition was determined by the z-phenylalanine-histidine-leucine and hippuryl-histidine-leucine ratio. Results: One hundred patients (age ± 50.5y and 46% male) were enrolled, with 65 follow-up assessments. There was no difference between the mean BP from visit 1 to 2. Most patients (90%) self medicated, and 24% used pillboxes. ACE Results Control data suggest a ratio <1.4 to be consistent with no ACE inhibition. Ten patients (17%) were found to be non-adherent at both visits and 12 (20%) at either visit 1 or 2; 38 (63%) were adherent at both visits. Five patients had missing data. There were significant differences in BP between adherent and non-adherent patients: 141 ± 22/84 ± 15 mmHg vs.168 ± 30/105 ± 18 mmHg for visit 1, (p < 0.0001); and 146 ± 23/86 ± 17 mmHg vs.172 ± 34/99 ± 22 mmHg for visit 2 (p = 0.002 for SBP and p = 0.19 for DBP). Amlodipine results An undetectable level of amlodipine was found at both visits in 10 (15.4%) patients and in 4 (6.2%) patients at either visit. Fifty-one (78.5%) patients were adherent at both visits. The BP of patients adherent to amlodipine at visit 1 was 141 ± 22/85 ± 14 mmHg vs. 176 ± 27/108 ± 19 mmHg in the non-adherent group, p < 0.0001. At visit 2 the adherent group had a BP of 148 ± 29/86 ± 17 mmHg vs. 173 ± 21/102 ± 22 mmHg, p = 0.008 and p = 0.005 for SBP and DBP. At both visits 67% of those non-adherent to amlodipine were non-adherent to enalapril. Conclusions: Monitoring antihypertensive adherence through therapeutic drug monitoring is a feasible option at the clinic. Non-adherence strongly predicts the presence of uncontrolled BP.
Model-controlled hydrodynamic focusing to generate multiple overlapping gradients of surface-immobilized proteins in microfluidic devices (2007)

Historically, it has been difficult to generate accurate and reproducible protein gradients for studies of interactions between cells and extracellular matrix. Here we demonstrate a method for rapid patterning of protein gradients using computer-driven hydrodynamic focusing in a simple microfluidic device. In contrast to published work, we are moving the complexity of gradient creation from the microfluidic hardware to dynamic computer control. Using our method, switching from one gradient profile to another requires only a few hours to devise a new control file, not days or weeks to design and build a new microfluidic device. Fitting existing protein deposition models to our data, we can extract key parameters needed for controlling protein deposition. Several protein deposition models were evaluated under microfluidic flow conditions. A mathematical model for our deposition method allows us to determine the parameters for a protein adsorption model and then predict the final shape of the surface density gradient. Simple and non-monotonic single and multi-protein gradient profiles were designed and deposited using the same device.
Ultrasonic Standards for the Evaluation of Missile Materials and Components (1960)

Ultrasonic standards for evaluating internal discontinuities in high-temperature forgings, weldments, and brazed joints are discussed. The relatively large differences in ultrasonic attenuation between different materials show that requirements for reference test blocks should be based on ultrasonic properties rather than chemical composition or other attributes of the material. Several applications of specialized ultrasonic inspection techniques used on brazed joints and weldments are described.
IgA Nephropathy: Pathogenesis of the Most Common Form of Glomerulonephritis (1990)

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is being recognized increasingly as a common form of glomerulonephritis with progressive potential (17, 29, 42). Our initial goal here is briefly to consider the definition, clinical features, and major clinical problems of IgAN, and the special characteristics of the secretory immune system, the major source of IgA in the body. Then follows a critical discussion of experimental and clinical observations which provide a conceptual framework for a scheme of pathogenesis based on distinctive features of immunity in mucous membranes and altered regulation of mucosal immune responses due to a defect in mucosal IgG/IgM tolerogenesis. We believe that, in the main, IgAN is an immune complex disease resulting from a poorly controlled mucosal immune response to environmental antigens to which the host is chronically subject. The deposited IgA is likely antibody to viral or dietary antigen. Evidence exists for other mechanisms, which we consider less likely.