gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atom Transfer Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and <i>n</i>-Butyl Acrylate (1999)

Styrene and n-butyl acrylate were copolymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization catalyzed by CuBr/4,4‘-di(5-nonyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine. Composition was consistent with a simple terminal model analysis and was independent of [CuBr]0, [I]0, and temperature for copolymerizations with initial feed content of styrene (fst)0 = 0.510. Monomer reactivity ratios evaluated from experimental data by nonlinear least-squares calculations were 0.68 ≤ r1 ≤ 0.82 and 0.22 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.26. 13C NMR spectra of styrene/n-butyl acrylate copolymers were very similar to copolymers prepared through conventional radical polymerizations, indicating that carbon-centered free radicals were generated under these conditions. Conversion/molecular weight plots showed no evidence of transfer, though measured molecular weights were consistently higher than theoretical ones. Semilogarithmic plots of monomer conversion versus time were nonlinear, indicating an irreversible termination reaction whose contribution decreases with decreasing temperature. Polymerizations of styrene in n-butyl propionate (a nonpolymerizable model for n-butyl acrylate) were also nonlinear, suggesting that end group decomposition of styrene units was enhanced by the presence of n-butyl acrylate.
A Multiagent Architecture for Concurrent Design, Process Planning, Routing, and Scheduling (1996)

A concurrent engineering system has been developed using a multiagent architecture to address the issues of design, manufactur ability analysis, incremental process planning, dynamic routing, and scheduling simultaneously The system includes a feature-based intelligent design subsystem for prismatic components, a shop-floor subsystem to represent available resources, and a supervisory control interface to manage the shop-floor resources The evaluation of the system used a simulated shop-floor environment with four production machines for the design of a prismatic component. As the design progressed, manufacturability was evaluated and shop-floor planning was carried out concur rently Valid process plans, routing, and scheduling were generated The system is now being extended to incorporate additional design systems and shop-floor environments
Coupling Chemical Modification and Immobilization to Improve the Catalytic Performance of Enzymes (2011)

Abstract Chemical modification and immobilization of enzymes have been usually considered unrelated tools to improve biocatalyst features. However, there are many examples where a chemically modified enzyme is finally used in an immobilized form, and that exemplifies how both tools may be complementary resulting in a synergism in the final results. In this review we present some of the strategies that may give that result. For example, the chemical modification of soluble enzymes may be used to improve their immobilization (reinforcing adsorption or improving multipoint covalent attachment), or just to improve enzyme stability and facilitate the selection of the immobilization conditions. Chemical modification of previously immobilized enzymes benefits from solid‐phase chemistry due to the nature of enzymes (e.g., prevention of inactivation, aggregation, etc.). The use of different targets for chemical modifications with small molecules or multifunctional polymers are also discussed: intramolecular or intersubunit cross‐linking, one‐point modification, generation of artificial microenvironments, etc.
Analysis of integrin receptors for laminin and type IV collagen on metastatic B16 melanoma cells. (1990)

As tumor cells invade surrounding tissue, they adhere to various extracellular matrix components. Previously we reported that B16-BL6 melanoma cell adhesion to both basement membrane and purified protein substrates was blocked by antibody to beta 1-integrin adhesion receptors (R. H. Kramer et al., Cancer Res., 49: 393-402, 1989). In the present study we found, using immunofluorescent staining, that beta 1-integrin complexes were colocalized with vinculin in focal adhesion plaques on laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin substrates. To identify potential adhesion receptors on B16 cells, the cells were surface-labeled with 125I, solubilized with detergent, and chromatographed on laminin-, type IV collagen-, and fibronectin-Sepharose columns. On laminin-Sepharose, an integrin heterodimer complex was eluted with EDTA that contained a beta 1 chain at Mr 120,000 and an alpha subunit at Mr 140,000 (nonreduced). This complex was specific for laminin and failed to bind to collagen- or fibronectin-Sepharose columns. Immunoprecipitation with specific monoclonal antibody identified this complex as alpha 6 beta 1 (VLA-6). Furthermore, monoclonal antibody to the alpha 6 beta 1 complex effectively blocked the attachment of B16-BL6 cells to laminin but did not affect adhesion to fibronectin or type IV collagen. We recovered a different integrin complex from type IV collagen-Sepharose columns that was composed of a beta 1 chain and an alpha chain of Mr 180,000 (nonreduced). This same complex also exhibited a weak affinity for laminin-affinity chromatography. The laminin-binding complex and the type IV collagen-binding complex were clearly distinct from the fibronectin-binding receptor and were not eluted by arginyl-glycyl-aspartate-containing peptides. The results suggest that the B16 melanoma cells express multiple integrin-related receptors that appear to mediate cell adhesion to basement membrane matrices.
Point-of-Care Testing in Diabetes Mellitus (2003)

Diabetes mellitus is an excellent case study of the evolution, and successful application, of point-of-care testing. It offers a valuable history of the way in which technology has evolved, and continues to evolve, to meet the needs of patients whilst also providing for a more optimal delivery of care. Diabetes mellitus is also a good exemplar of where test and treatment regimes must operate in complete harmony in order to achieve the greatest benefit. Thus whilst the measurement of blood glucose is central to the screening, diagnosis and management of diabetes, it is in the latter use, largely related to supporting compliance with therapy, that point-of-care testing is of greatest relevance. In addition, there are other tests, more associated with the management of diabetes and early detection of the complications associated with diabetes, that are appropriate to the point-of-care testing modality. This Review will focus on the developments in technology and the harnessing of this innovation to support the delivery of clinical, organisational and economic benefits in the care of patients with diabetes mellitus.
A widely distributed antigen developmentally regulated in the nervous system (1990)

We have identified a glycoprotein (BEN) of 95-100 x 10(3) Mr using a monoclonal antibody. This protein is transiently expressed at the cell surface of the peripherally projecting neurons, i.e. motoneurons of the spinal cord and cranial nuclei, sensory neurons of the dorsal root and cranial sensory ganglia and sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric neurons. In vitro cultures of dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia have shown that BEN is expressed on neurons but not on glial cells. On motor and sensory neurons, BEN first appears at the level of the cell body just after withdrawal from the cell cycle. Soon afterwards, expression of the antigen extends to the elongating axon. After a few days, BEN is no longer expressed by the motor and sensory neurons, disappearing first from the cell body and then progressively from the fibres. The loss of expression is concomitant with the onset of intense proliferation of satellite and Schwann cells. This modulated expression within the nervous system is unlike that of any surface glycoprotein so far described in vertebrates. Preliminary biochemical analysis indicates that, although it bears the adhesion-associated epitope HNK-1, BEN does not share characteristics with any previously described axonal glycoprotein. Consequently, we speculate that this glycoprotein might be a novel molecule implicated in selective adhesion phenomena, such as axonal fasciculation.
Radiation Effects In Polarization-Maintaining Fibers (1989)

This paper reports the results of low dose rate (< 1 rad/hr) exposures of several different kinds of polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers. In addition, the relationship between stress and radiation sensitivity has been investigated using otherwise identical fibers in which varying levels of both symmetric and asymmetric stress have been induced by grinding the preform to varying depths.
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in both cancer cells and hosts contributes to tumour growth, invasion and metastasis (2009)

mPGES-1 (microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1) is a stimulus-inducible enzyme that functions downstream of COX (cyclo-oxygenase)-2 in the PGE2 (prostaglandin E2)-biosynthesis pathway. Although COX-2-derived PGE2 is known to play a role in the development of various tumours, the involvement of mPGES-1 in carcinogenesis has not yet been fully understood. In the present study, we used LLC (Lewis lung carcinoma) cells with mPGES-1 knockdown or overexpression, as well as mPGES-1-deficient mice to examine the roles of cancer cell- and host-associated mPGES-1 in the processes of tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. We found that siRNA (small interfering RNA) silencing of mPGES-1 in LLC cells decreased PGE2 synthesis markedly, accompanied by reduced cell proliferation, attenuated Matrigel invasiveness and increased extracellular matrix adhesion. Conversely, mPGES-1-overexpressing LLC cells showed increased proliferating and invasive capacities. When implanted subcutaneously into wild-type mice, mPGES-1-silenced cells formed smaller xenograft tumours than did control cells. Furthermore, LLC tumours grafted subcutaneously into mPGES-1-knockout mice grew more slowly than did those grafted into littermate wild-type mice, with concomitant decreases in the density of microvascular networks, the expression of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Lung metastasis of intravenously injected LLC cells was also significantly less obvious in mPGES-1-null mice than in wild-type mice. Thus our present approaches provide unequivocal evidence for critical roles of the mPGES-1-dependent PGE2 biosynthetic pathway in both cancer cells and host microenvironments in tumour growth and metastasis.
Spatiotemporal video segmentation based on graphical models (2005)

This paper proposes a probabilistic framework for spatiotemporal segmentation of video sequences. Motion information, boundary information from intensity segmentation, and spatial connectivity of segmentation are unified in the video segmentation process by means of graphical models. A Bayesian network is presented to model interactions among the motion vector field, the intensity segmentation field, and the video segmentation field. The notion of the Markov random field is used to encourage the formation of continuous regions. Given consecutive frames, the conditional joint probability density of the three fields is maximized in an iterative way. To effectively utilize boundary information from the intensity segmentation, distance transformation is employed in local objective functions. Experimental results show that the method is robust and generates spatiotemporally coherent segmentation results. Moreover, the proposed video segmentation approach can be viewed as the compromise of previous motion based approaches and region merging approaches.
Effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on LDL-cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in hypercholesterolemic men. (1992)

The goal of the current study was to determine the mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic effect of psyllium using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Twenty males (age 44 +/- 4 yr, weight 79 +/- 10 kg) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (total 265 +/- 17 mg/dl, low density lipoprotein (LDL) 184 +/- 15 mg/dl) were studied at baseline (B) and after randomization to receive a 40-day course of 15 g/day of either psyllium (Ps) or placebo (Pl) (cellulose). After a washout period (11 +/- 2 days), subjects were crossed over to the other fiber treatment for an additional 40 days and restudied. Intestinal cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bile acid kinetics, gallbladder motility, and intestinal transit were measured at each study period. Psyllium lowered LDL cholesterol (x:184 (B), 169 (Ps), and 179 (Pl) mg/dl; Ps vs. B,Pl: P less than 0.004, P less than 0.02), decreased relative cholesterol absorption (x:51 (B), 45 (Ps), and 49 (Pl) %; Ps vs. B,Pl: P less than 0.03, P less than 0.03), did not alter absolute cholesterol absorption, and increased the fractional turnover of both chenodeoxycholic acid (x:0.176 (B), 0.203 (Ps), and 0.170 (Pl) day-1; Ps vs. B,Pl: P less than 0.0001, P less than 0.01) and cholic acid (x:0.303 (B), 0.411 (Ps), and 0.301 (Pl) d-1; Ps vs. B, Pl: P less than 0.006, P less than 0.002). Bile acid synthesis increased in subjects whose LDL cholesterol was lowered by more than 10% (Ps vs. B: 1304 +/- 489 vs 992 +/- 307 mumol/day, P less than 0.006; Ps vs. PI: 1304 +/- 489 vs. 914 +/- 321 mumol/day, P less than 0.0002). We conclude that psyllium lowers LDL cholesterol primarily via stimulation of bile acid synthesis.
Improved Data Services in GSM: GPRS, HSCSD and EDGE (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: GPRS HSCSD EDGE
Concomitant BRAF and PI3K/mTOR Blockade Is Required for Effective Treatment of <i>BRAFV600E</i> Colorectal Cancer (2013)

We have established a novel GEMM to interrogate BRAF(V600E) CRC biology and identify more efficacious treatment strategies. Combination BRAF and PI3K/mTOR inhibitor treatment should be explored in clinical trials.
Enzymatic Proteolysis of a Surface-Bound α-Helical Polypeptide (2008)

In this work, we studied the interactions of enzymes with model substrate surfaces using label-free techniques. Our model system was based on serine proteases (a class of enzymes that digests proteins) and surface-bound polypeptide substrates. While previous studies have focused on bulk media factors such as pH, ionic strength, and surfactants, this study focuses on the role of the surface-bound substrate itself. In particular, we assess how the substrate density of a polypeptide with an alpha-helical secondary structure influences surface reactivity. An alpha-helical secondary structure was chosen based on literature indicating that stable alpha-helices can resist enzymatic digestion. To investigate the protease resistance of a surface-bound a-helix, we designed an a-helical polypeptide (SS-polypeptide, where SS = disulfide), used it to form films of varying surface coverage and then measured responses of the films to enzymatic exposure. Using quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS), grazing-angle infrared spectroscopy (GAIRS), and other techniques, we characterized the degradation of films to determine how the lateral packing density of the surface-bound SS-polypeptide substrate affected surface proteolysis. Characterization of pure SS-polypeptide films indicated dense packing of helices that maintained their helical structure and were generally oriented normal to the surface. We found that films of pure SS-polypeptide significantly resisted enzymatic digestion, while incorporation of very minor amounts of a diluent in such films resulted in rapid digestion. In part, this may be due to the need for the enzyme to bind several peptides along the peptide substrate within the cleft for digestion to occur. Only SS-polypeptide films that were densely packed and did not permit catalytic access to multiple peptides (e.g., terminal peptides only) were resistant to enzymatic proteolysis.
Dixons set to pick its first legal panel (2015)

Section:
The world this week
Telecoms retail giant Dixons Carphone will launch its first formal panel process in December 2015, with the aim to formalise external legal relationships.
The panel -- the company's first since Dixons and Carphone Warehouse merged earlier this year -- may see the current informal legal roster change or even shrink.
This is also the first formal panel that general counsel (GC) Nigel Paterson, who moved to the company from BT earlier this year, will oversee.
Problems (1990)

Ronald L. Graham, Murray Hill, Keith Loseke, Fullerton Problem Group, Jerry M. Metzger, James O. Chilaka, W. Weston Meyer, Murray S. Klamkin, Florentin Smarandache, Allen J. Schwenk, Irl C. Bivens, David Doster, Chris Hill, Jeffrey Shallit, David W. Koster, Daniel B. Shapiro, Vaclav Konecny, J. Heuver, Richard E. Pfiefer, Mihaly Bencze, Robert E. Shafer, Problems, Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 125-133
A comparison of the<i>in vitro</i>activity of DNA-armed and all-RNA hammerhead ribozymes (1995)

Hammerhead ribozymes targeted against two unrelated RNA substrates have been prepared. For each substrate, four ribozymes, differing in their hybridising arm length and composition (DNA or RNA), have been synthesised and kinetically characterised. The presence of DNA in the hybridising arms had little effect on the overall cleavage rate when the cleavage step was rate determining. Shortening each of the hybridising arms of ribozymes from 10 to 6 nucleotides generally resulted in modest changes in rate constants for cleavage of the same 13mer substrate. In one case the presence of long RNA hybridising arms significantly impeded the cleavage reaction. Cleavage rates displayed first order dependence on hydroxide ion concentration at low pHs. At higher pH, some ribozymes deviated from this first order dependence because of a change in the rate-determining step, possibly due to a requirement for a conformation change in the ribozyme-substrate complex prior to cleavage. Ribozyme cleavage was strongly dependent on temperature in the range 5-45 degrees C, with an activation energy for the reaction of approximately 60 kJ mol-1. The ribozymes displayed biphasic dependence on magnesium ion concentration; evidence of strong apparent binding (Kd approximately 10 mM) as well as a looser interaction was observed for all ribozymes.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of tricyclic fused oxazolidinone as antibacterial agent (2006)

Abstract magnified image Tricyclic fused oxazolidinone 3a and 3b have been synthesized as antibacterial agents in 12 and 11 steps respectively. The key intermediates 10a and 10b have been developed via opening of epoxide 9a and 9b and cyclization by the resulting oxygen anion attack.
Immunologic characterization of a cloned fragment containing the species-specific epitope from the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis (1990)

A 183-bp fragment encoding variable domain IV (VD IV) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar B major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (amino acids 273 to 333) and containing the species-specific epitope was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GST-VD IV). The fusion protein was affinity purified under nondenaturing conditions and used to immunize rabbits. Antisera were characterized by microimmunofluorescence, immunoblot, dot blot, peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and in vitro neutralization assays. Antisera recognized MOMP from all 12 tested serovars of C. trachomatis but not from Chlamydia psittaci. In a dot blot assay, antisera bound to elementary bodies of serovars B, D, E, L2, and K in a strong fashion and to elementary bodies of serovars F, G, A, and H in a weak fashion but not to elementary bodies of serovars C, J, and I. High-resolution peptide mapping with synthetic overlapping serovar B MOMP peptides in a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that immunization with GST-VD IV produced a serologic response that closely mimicked the response produced with purified serovar B elementary bodies. Antipeptide antibodies with strong binding to species- and subspecies-specific epitopes were elicited. Antisera were able to neutralize only those C. trachomatis serovars that bound antibodies in the dot blot assay. These results suggest that antigenic fragments from VD IV containing the species-specific epitope may be useful in the construction of a chlamydial vaccine for some but not all C. trachomatis serovars.
Chemical Composition, <i>in Vitro</i> Fermentation Characteristics, and <i>in Vivo</i> Digestibility Responses by Dogs to Select Corn Fibers (2008)

The objective was to examine the chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses of fiber-rich corn coproducts resulting from corn wet milling. Native corn fibers, native corn fibers with fines, hydrolyzed corn fibers, and hydrolyzed extracted corn fibers were analyzed chemically and their capacity to produce short-chain fatty acids determined. Ash content was low (<1.2%), crude protein content varied little, but fat and fiber concentrations varied widely. Most fiber was in the insoluble form, with glucose being predominant followed by xylose. Total short-chain fatty acid production ranged from 211.6 to 699.52 micromol/g of dry matter, whereas branched-chain fatty acid production was low. Four corn fibers (native and processed) were included in a canine diet matrix at the 7% inclusion level. Nutrient digestibility, food intake, and fecal characteristics were not affected by corn fiber inclusion in canine diets, suggesting that they should be considered as potential dietary fiber sources in dog foods.
LiBOB as Additive in LiPF[sub 6]-Based Lithium Ion Electrolytes (2005)

Lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) was tested as an additive in propylene carbonate (PC)-rich electrolytes that uses as the conductive solute. At as low as 5% molar LiBOB showed a distinctive additive effect, i.e., its participation in the initial surface chemistry on graphitic anode surface effectively prevented exfoliation. This property of LiBOB provides an opportunity of formulating PC-rich electrolytes with improvements in rate capabilities and performances at both high and low temperatures, as compared with the electrolytes based on or LiBOB as the sole electrolyte solute.
Electrolyte-Solution-Gate FETs Using Diamond Surface for Biocompatible Ion Sensors (2001)

Diamond field effect transistors have operated in electrolyte solution for the first time. Since the hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces are stable enough for the use as an electrochemical electrode, the diamond surface channels are exposed to the electrolyte in the transistor structure. A perfect pinch-off and saturated current–voltage characteristics have been obtained for bias voltages within the potential window. The threshold voltages are almost constant in electrolytes with different pH values of 7–13, indicating pH insensitiveness of the hydrogen-terminated diamond surface. Based on this pH insensitive surface, ion selective regions can be fabricated to form transistor-based biosensors.
Si-Induced Disordering of In<sub>0.53</sub>Ga<sub>0.47</sub>As/In<sub>0.52</sub>Al<sub>0.48</sub>As Multiquantum Well Structures (1988)

Disordering of In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/In 0.52 Al 0.48 As multiquantum well structures by Si doping and following annealing was demonstrated for the first time. Sputtering Auger electron depth profiling and photoluminescence measurements revealed that a Si-doped In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/In 0.52 Al 0.48 As multiquantum well structure is easily disordered during annealing. The mechanism of disordering is discussed based on the fact that disordering takes place when the Si doping level exceeds 1.3×10 19 cm -3 .