gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Downscaling of floating‐gate EEPROM modules for ASIC applications (1992)

Abstract Downscaling methods of electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) for application‐specific integrated circuit (ASIC) applications based on the double‐poly floating‐gate process were studied. Simple scaling of ASIC and EEPROM modules with the same scaling factor can significantly reduce the time for design and development. Horizontal scaling of the memory cell with unchanged vertical dimensions does not alter the cell performance because the capacitance coupling ratios are kept constant. Vertical scaling, which further reduces the cell size due to less short channel effects, requires the improvement in the tunnel oxide quality. For this purpose, an improved process also was studied in terms of process temperature and phosphorus concentration in polysilicon gate.
An electron-beam microcolumn with improved resolution, beam current, and stability (1995)

We have built and tested a 1 keV electron-beam microcolumn that focuses 1 nA of beam current into a 10 nm full width half-maximum beam diameter at a working distance of 1 mm. The electron source is a miniaturized Zr/O/W Schottky field emitter with 150 μA/sr angular emission current density operating at about 1800 K at a distance of only 100 μm from a silicon membrane extractor electrode. The actual microcolumn is 3.5 mm long assembled mainly from silicon membrane electrodes. Improved einzel lens design and fabrication allowed the operation of this beam focusing element in the accelerating mode. Spherical and chromatic aberrations were reduced by factors of about 2–3, respectively, as compared to the retarding lens mode. Excellent beam current stability with less than 1% variation over several hours has been observed.
Applications Engineering For Composite Coiled Tubing (1999)

Abstract The addition of composites to the range of materials available for coiled tubing manufacture has raised a number of issues. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of this new material will serve to more clearly identify the niche for composite coiled tubing in oilfield service. Current assumptions as to what diameter of coiled tubing is suitable for a particular application are no longer valid. The change in stiffness for any given coiled tubing diameter associated with a custom designable composite matrix requires careful modeling of all forces acting on the tubing during well interventions. Hardware issues must also be addressed if a new tube material is to be integrated into the existing world wide coiled tubing fleet. Bend radius limitations related to product stiffness will have an impact on the suitability of existing reels and injector goosenecks. Field serviceable flush OD end and repair connections are necessary if composites are to approach the versatility of metal coiled tubing products. Previous industry efforts have identified three principle applications for composite coiled tubing. Permanent wellbore installations such as velocity, production, and injection strings in harsh environments appear to be an obvious fit. Service strings for workovers also appear to be a good application due to the fatigue characteristics of composite materials. Composite tailpieces have also been proposed to take advantage of the best properties of both materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each application identified by modeling and hardware ultimately decide whether composites are more suitable than conventional coiled tubing materials.
Digital Signal Processing Techniques:Calculating Biological Functionalities (2011)

Calculating Biological functionalities of proteins and presenting them numerically is an approach that will benefit the designing of drugs and vaccines. For example, potency of vaccines is known to be measured in terms of specificity, which is determined by bio-recognition (affinity), and sensitivity. Calculating the bio-recognition of peptides employed in the design of vaccines by means of procedures like the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques rather than clinical experimentations not only gives room for the manipulation of the amino acids sequences of the peptides but also helps determine the degree of specificity of the antibody generated, hence the potency of the vaccine produced. This also provides opportunity for optimatization of the peptides for the desired biological characteristics. Also comparing the potency of peptide-based drugs through calculation of their biological functions is a faster, easier and resource-saving approach to pharmacotherapeutic investigations. In this study, two DSP techniques are fully explained and demonstrated. They are Resonant Recognition Model and Informational Spectrum Method. They are employed in the calculation of some physiological characteristics of Plasmodial peptides (P18 and P32), which are still being study for possible use as materials for the designing of anti-Malaria vaccines. Furthermore, the approaches are utilised to assess the pharmacological activities of two Fusion inhibitors (Enfuvirtide and Sifuvirtide). Enfuvirtide is currently in use for the management of anti-HIV/AIDS while Sifuvirtide is still being studied. Our calculated results demonstrate strong correlation with the preliminary clinical findings. They also seem to suggest that presenting biological characteristics in numerical terms is an easier and more rational approach to designing drugs and vaccines as it save resources and time unlike clinical experimentations. The methods also appear to help simplify the manoeuvring of the protein residues, which are employed in the designing and development of drugs and vaccines in order to obtain maximal biological characteristics.
Hydrogen in aromatics. III. Chemisorption of hydrogen in graphite–alkali metal intercalation compounds (1983)

The hydrogen chemisorption mechanism in the graphite–alkali metal intercalation compounds has been investigated by means of ESR and electrical resistivity under hydrogen atmosphere. In the first stage rubidium compound C8Rb, hydrogen molecules are dissociated into atoms which are stabilized in the interstices of Rb atoms in the gaps of the graphite layers. C8K has a two-stage hydrogen absorption. In the initial stage, the dissociated hydrogen atoms are transiently yielded and then, in the second stage, the formation of hydride ions H− takes place through the charge transfer from C8K to H. C8Cs shows no change in the ESR signal under hydrogen atmosphere. This finding suggests that its catalytic activity for an H–D exchange reaction is due to the surface activity. For the second stage compounds C24K and C24Rb, there exists a one-stage hydrogen absorption process, i.e., absorbed hydrogen directly becomes hydride ion H−. C24Cs shows no change in the ESR signal under hydrogen atmosphere. For the chemisorption activity, the order of the strength is K≳Rb≳Cs in both first and second stage compounds.
Resistance profiles and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli strains isolated from acute bovine mastitis (2013)

Between March 2011 and February 2012 83 E. coli strains were isolated from mastitis milk samples from 83 different animals (67 farms) and tested for their sensitivity to various antibiotics by means of disk diffusion method and genotyped by determination of the phylogenetic groups as well as by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The antibiotics were chosen on the basis of their licenses for intramammary application in Switzerland. As many as 16.9 % of the isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin and third generation cephalosporins proved effective against the majority of these strains. Nevertheless, one blaCTX-M-14 harbouring extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase producing strain was found. Genetic analysis grouped most of the strains (87 %) into phylogenetic groups A and B1. PFGE genotyping demonstrated that E. coli from cows with mastitis even from the same farm were genotypically very diverse.
DNA photo-cross-linking using a pyranocarbazole-modified oligodeoxynucleotide with a <scp>d</scp>-threoninol linker (2019)

An alternative photo-cross-linker having a d-threoninol skeleton instead of the 2'-deoxyribose backbone in 3-cyanovinylcarbazole (<sup>CNV</sup>K) was investigated to improve the photoreactivity of photo-cross-linkers; the photo-cross-linking rate of 3-cyanovinylcarbazole with d-threoninol (<sup>CNV</sup>D) was found to be greater than that of <sup>CNV</sup>K. Therefore, in this study, a novel photo-cross-linker having pyranocarbazole (<sup>PC</sup>X) and d-threoninol instead of the 2'-deoxyribose backbone in <sup>PC</sup>X (<sup>PCX</sup>D) was developed. The <sup>PCX</sup>D in double-stranded DNA photo-cross-linked to a pyrimidine base at the -1 position of a complementary strand similar to <sup>PC</sup>X. Furthermore, the photoreactivity of <sup>PCX</sup>D was significantly higher than that of <sup>PC</sup>X. The introduction of d-threoninol improved the reactivity of pyranocarbazole to cytosine, the use of <sup>PCX</sup>D may extend the applicability of the photo-cross-linking reaction for DNA manipulation. In particular, this novel photo-cross-linker can contribute to the photochemical regulation of gene expression or biological events in a living cell.
Organo-Silicon Compounds for Insulating Electric Machines (1945)

The general problem of electrical insulation is reviewed in relation to silicone insulating materials. Silicone compounds are described and their chemical and physical characteristics discussed. Thermal stability and moisture resistance of silicone insulation are compared to that of conventional class-A and class-B insulation. Predictions are made as to the field of usefulness of silicones in electrical insulation. Recommendations are made for widespread investigation to evaluate the over-all advantages of this new type of insulation.
High room-temperature hole mobility in Ge0.7Si0.3/Ge/Ge0.7Si0.3 modulation-doped heterostructures (2001)

Modulation-doped two-dimensional hole gas structures consisting of a strained germanium channel on relaxed Ge0.7Si0.3 buffer layers were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Sample processing was optimized to substantially reduce the contribution from the parasitic conducting layers. Very high hall mobilities of 1700 cm2/V s for holes were observed at 295 K which are the highest reported to date for any kind of p-type silicon-based heterostructures. Hall measurements were carried out from 13 to 300 K to determine the temperature dependence of the mobility and carrier concentration. The carrier concentration at room temperature was 7.9×1011 cm−2 and decreased by only 26% at 13 K, indicating very little parallel conduction. The high-temperature mobility obeys a T−α behavior with α∼2, which can be attributed to intraband optical phonon scattering.
<b>Reactions of 1-stearoyl-2-(13'-oxo-9',11'-tridecadienoyl)-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine with amino acids and peptides and its differential generation from hydroperoxides of 1-stearoyl-2-&alph;-linolenoyl-<i>sn</i> -glycero-3-phosphocholine and</b> (2008)

Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) bearing various kinds of aldehydic acyl chains at the sn-2 position have been detected in atherosclerotic tissues. However, 1-acyl-2-(13'-oxo-9',11'-tridecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and other a,b,g,d-unsaturated aldehyde PCs have not. To determine whether this might be due to their high chemical reactivity with biomolecules, we investigated the reactions of 1-stearoyl-2-(13'-oxo-9',11'-tridecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OTDA-PC, where OTDA refers to the oxo-tridecadienoyl moiety) with nucleophilic amino acids and peptides by means of electrospray mass spectroscopy. OTDA-PC formed Michael adducts with lysine, arginine, histidine, hippuryl lysine and hippuryl arginine, but was surprisingly unreactive with cysteine or glutathione. When 1-stearoyl-2-(13'-hydroperoxy-9'Z,11'E,15'Z-octadecatrienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC-LNA-OOH, where LNA-OOH denotes the linolenic acid hydroperoxide moiety)　was decomposed in the presence of the reactive lysine, OTDA-PC was still detected as a major product. However, OTDA-PC could not be detected when 1-stearoyl-2-(13'-hydroperoxy-9'Z,11'E-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC-LA-OOH, where LA-OOH refers to linoleic acid hydroperoxide) was decomposed in the presence or absence of lysine.  Since linoleic acid is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in atherosclerotic tissues, these results indicate that formation of OTDA-PC in only minor amounts in such tissues may explain its not having been detected in them. Surprisingly, 1-stearoyl-2-(9'-oxononanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was the major aldehydic product of the decomposition of PC-LA-OOH under anaerobic conditions. KEY WORDS: Lipid oxidation, Bioactive phospholipid aldehydes (core aldehydes), Michael addition  Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2008, 22(2), 269-276.
Altering the coenzyme preference of xylose reductase to favor utilization of NADH enhances ethanol yield from xylose in a metabolically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2008)

Integration of enzyme and strain engineering to enhance utilization of NADH in the XR-catalyzed conversion of xylose results in notably improved fermentation capabilities of recombinant S. cerevisiae.
Response to mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine in 108 patients with metastatic or unresectable sarcoma and no prior chemotherapy. (1989)

In this phase II trial, 105 eligible patients with no prior chemotherapy and advanced sarcoma received doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine (DTIC) with mesna uroprotection (MAID). Starting doses of these drugs were 60, 7,500, and 900 mg/m2 divided over 72 hours by continuous infusion, respectively. Mesna was given for 84 to 96 hours at 2,500 mg/m2/d. Myelosuppression was dose limiting, causing the only toxic death (sepsis). Nonhematologic toxicity consisted predominantly of anorexia and vomiting. Severe mucositis, macroscopic hematuria, renal tubular acidosis, renal failure, and CNS toxicity occurred in less than 5% of cycles. No cardiotoxicity was detected. The overall response rate (10% complete response [CR]) was 47% (95% confidence intervals, 5% to 18% and 37% to 57%, respectively). Most responses (approximately 70%) were observed within two cycles. Median times to progression were 10 and 9 months, respectively. Histologic high tumor grade, lesions less than 5 cm, and less than 1 year from diagnosis to study entry correlated with the probability of response. The median survival was 16 months. Time from diagnosis to study entry, performance status, and extent of disease, but not histologic grade, correlated with survival. Following CR, two patients remain disease-free at 32 and 16 months. Of the 15 additional patients rendered disease-free with surgery, two remain disease-free at 30 and 18 months with no further therapy. While most relapses occurred in sites of prior involvement, death from CNS metastases occurred in 11 of the 80 patients with high-grade sarcomas, of whom seven were still responding systematically (three complete responders). Because of its substantial response in this phase II trial, the MAID regimen is being compared with doxorubicin and DTIC alone in advanced sarcomas and to observation in the adjuvant treatment of high-grade sarcomas in randomized trials.
Sequencing in the presence of betaine: Improvement in sequencing of the localized repeat sequence regions. (2002)

The presence of several copies of the same class of repetitive element in DNA templates increases the probability of ambiguous base calling caused by band compression artifacts in the BigDye (Applied Biosystems, Foster City,CA) terminator cycle sequencing method. The presence of di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats and short tandem repeats, which is widespread in the genome, poses a daunting task in sequencing laboratories, where a variety of DNA templates are submitted for sequencing.These base anomalies arise mainly as a result of the formation of secondary structures, including hairpins, and intramolecular base pairing between guanine and cytosine bases on the template strand. A common approach to the optimization of such sequencing reactions is either to replace the guanine with a base analog (such as deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate [dITP] or 7-deaza-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate [dGTP]) or to add a denaturant (such as dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO]) to the reaction mixture to overcome the undesired sequencing artifacts. Additives sometimes are ineffective for sequencing templates with GC-rich regions and repeat sequences. Herein we describe the effectiveness of (carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium (betaine) inner salt as an additive in the reaction mixture for reducing band compressions. The results presented show that betaine outperformed DMSO in sequencing through the localized regions containing GC-rich base pairs, guanine stretches, or TGC-type repeats in several DNA templates.
Acute olfactory response of <i>Culex</i> mosquitoes to a human- and bird-derived attractant (2009)

West Nile virus, which is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes while feeding on birds and humans, has emerged as the dominant vector borne disease in North America. We have identified natural compounds from humans and birds, which are detected with extreme sensitivity by olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on the antennae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). One of these semiochemicals, nonanal, dominates the odorant spectrum of pigeons, chickens, and humans from various ethnic backgrounds. We determined the specificity and sensitivity of all ORN types housed in different sensilla types on Cx. quinquefasciatus antennae. Here, we present a comprehensive map of all antennal ORNs coding natural ligands and their dose-response functions. Nonanal is detected by a large array of sensilla and is by far the most potent stimulus; thus, supporting the assumption that Cx. quinquefasciatus can smell humans and birds. Nonanal and CO(2) synergize, thus, leading to significantly higher catches of Culex mosquitoes in traps baited with binary than in those with individual lures.
The New Science of Technical Analysis (1994)

Trendlines. Retracements. Overbought/Oversold. Wave Analysis. Accumulation/Distribution. Moving Averages. Sequential. Gaps. Daily Range Projections. Rate of Change. Equities. Options. Waldo Patterns. Conclusion. Index.
Superhuman Accuracy on the SNEMI3D Connectomics Challenge (2017)

For the past decade, convolutional networks have been used for 3D reconstruction of neurons from electron microscopic (EM) brain images. Recent years have seen great improvements in accuracy, as evidenced by submissions to the SNEMI3D benchmark challenge. Here we report the first submission to surpass the estimate of human accuracy provided by the SNEMI3D leaderboard. A variant of 3D U-Net is trained on a primary task of predicting affinities between nearest neighbor voxels, and an auxiliary task of predicting long-range affinities. The training data is augmented by simulated image defects. The nearest neighbor affinities are used to create an oversegmentation, and then supervoxels are greedily agglomerated based on mean affinity. The resulting SNEMI3D score exceeds the estimate of human accuracy by a large margin. While one should be cautious about extrapolating from the SNEMI3D benchmark to real-world accuracy of large-scale neural circuit reconstruction, our result inspires optimism that the goal of full automation may be realizable in the future.
Efficient Bayesian Parameter Estimation in Large Discrete Domains (1998)

In this paper we examine the problem of estimating the parameters of a multinomial distribution over a large number of discrete outcomes, most of which do not appear in the training data. We analyze this problem from a Bayesian perspective and develop a hierarchical prior that incorporates the assumption that the observed outcomes constitute only a small subset of the possible outcomes. We show how to efficiently perform exact inference with this form of hierarchical prior and compare our method to standard approaches and demonstrate its merits. Category: Algorithms and Architectures Presentation preference: none This paper was not submitted elsewhere nor will be submitted during NIPS review period. 1 Introduction One of the most important problems in statistical inference is multinomialestimation: Given a past history of observations independent trials with a discrete set of outcomes, predict the probability of the next trial. Such estimators are the basic building blocks in mor...
Probing Strain in Thermoplastic Elastomers Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (2009)

Strain in polyetherurea thermoplastic elastomers with poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft blocks and well-defined bisurea hard blocks was probed through changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer between both covalently linked and randomly dispersed donor and acceptor probe molecules. The covalently linked fluorophores are shown to have superior strain sensitivity, while the dispersed probes give information on the affinity of deformation at the nanometer length scale. The method is proposed to be generally applicable to study deformation of elastomers at the molecular scale.
Determination of Fetal Hemoglobin by Time-Resolved Immunofluorometric Assay (1992)

We have developed a "sandwich"-type time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) for fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in hemolysates from adults and newborns, amniotic fluid, and plasma, based on a polyclonal and a monoclonal antibody against human fetal hemoglobin. Microtiter wells are coated with polyclonal capture antibody, and the gamma-chain-specific monoclonal tracer antibody is labeled with a europium chelate. In a simple and fast assay procedure, prediluted hemolysates are incubated in the microtiter wells first with capture antibody for 1 h and, after washing, for 1 h with tracer antibody. The wells are washed and the fluorescence of europium is measured. The mean analytical recovery is 102% and results by IFMA agreed well with values obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. The analytical range of IFMA is large and well suited for clinical purposes. The detection limit of the assay is 0.2 microgram/L and the measuring range extends to 500 micrograms/L.
Design and Control of a Modular Multilevel DC/DC Converter for Regenerative Applications (2012)

This paper compares different cascaded and multilevel topologies to interface supercapacitors to a dc bus in regenerative braking applications. It is shown that the modular multilevel dc/dc converter (MMC) can benefit from both reduced voltage and increased frequency across the inductor to reduce its weight and volume when using phase shifting modulation. The proposed control method is able to balance supercapacitor voltage while providing precise output current control. The converter topology and control method are validated with simulations and experimental results.