gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A mechanized gait trainer for restoration of gait. (2001)

The newly developed gait trainer allows wheel-chair-bound subjects the repetitive practice of a gait-like movement without overstressing therapists. The device simulates the phases of gait, supports the subjects according to their abilities, and controls the center of mass (CoM) in the vertical and horizontal directions. The patterns of sagittal lower limb joint kinematics and of muscle activation for a normal subject were similar when using the mechanized trainer and when walking on a treadmill. A non-ambulatory hemiparetic subject required little help from one therapist on the gait trainer, while two therapists were required to support treadmill walking. Gait movements on the trainer were highly symmetrical, impact free, and less spastic. The vertical displacement of the CoM was bi-phasic instead of mono-phasic during each gait cycle on the new device. Two cases of non-ambulatory patients, who regained their walking ability after 4 weeks of daily training on the gait trainer, are reported.
Variation in Ascorbic Acid and Oxalate Levels in the Fruit of <i>Actinidia chinensis</i> Tissues and Genotypes (2005)

Ascorbic acid and total oxalate were measured in fruit from six genotypes of Actinidia chinensis. Ascorbic acid was separated from oxalate in fruit extracts by HPLC and quantified from absorbance at 245 nm, whereas oxalate was measured enzymatically in the HPLC eluate. Levels of whole fruit mean ascorbic acid in the different genotypes ranged from 98 to 163 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW), whereas mean oxalate varied between 18 and 45 mg/100 g of FW. Ascorbic acid was highest in the inner and outer pericarp, whereas oxalate was concentrated in the skin, inner pericarp, and seed. Essentially no ascorbic acid was found in the seed. Each tissue clustered separately when the tissue ascorbic acid and oxalate data were normalized to the whole fruit level of ascorbic acid and oxalate in that genotype and plotted against each other, suggesting that oxalate is not a sink for excess ascorbic acid but that oxalate formation is regulated.
INHIBITION OF OIL OXIDATION BY 2,6-DI-t-BUTYL-4-SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS (1960)

A number of 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-substituted phenols have been prepared and their efficiencies in inhibiting the autoxidation of a saturated white mineral oil have been compared. Electron releasing 4-substituents increase the efficiency of the inhibitors and, provided the substituents are small, the results can be represented by a Hammett ρσ plot. For bulky alkyl substituents in the 4-position, the relative inhibiting efficiencies can be related to the Taft steric substituent constants Es. Replacement of the phenolic hydrogen by deuterium does not affect the efficiency of the inhibitors. It is concluded that the rate controlling step of inhibition involves an addition reaction, perhaps by a charge transfer process, in which the attacking peroxy radical becomes conjugated with the aromatic ring of the inhibitor, probably via the π electrons on the phenolic oxygen atom.
The Fracture of Liquids (1948)

A liquid subjected to negative pressure is metastable; vapor bubbles form spontaneously and grow until the pressure of the system rises to the equilibrium vapor pressure. The rate of bubble formation is calculated from the theory of nucleation, and the negative pressure pt that gives one bubble (i.e., fracture) in t seconds is determined. pt is very nearly independent of t, and is proportional to σ32 where σ is the surface tension. Subcooled liquids such as glass also are metastable under negative pressure; cracks form spontaneously and grow until the pressure rises to the equilibrium vapor pressure. Nucleation theory leads to an expression for the fracture stress of glass that is proportional to (E2σ3)¼ where E is the elastic modulus. The transition from high temperature cavity-nucleated fracture to low temperature crack-nucleated fracture is examined. Fracture strengths calculated from nucleation theory agree satisfactorily with the maximum experimental values, and are an order of magnitude smaller than the forces required for simultaneous separation of all atomic bonds cut by a plane surface. The frequent occurrence of premature failure is associated with the presence of pre-existing surface cracks in glass, and of positive contact-angle impurity in contact with liquids.
A Distributed Layer 7 Server Load Balancing (2008)

무선 인터넷 프록시 서버 클러스터링에서 저장공간을 최소화하기 위해서는 URL 해싱기법을 가진 Layer 7 부하분산기가 필요하다. 서버 클러스터 앞단에 위치한 Layer 4 부하분산기는 TCP 또는 UDP와 같은 트랜스포트 계층에서 컨텐츠 내용을 확인하지 않고 사용자 요청들을 똑같은 컨텐츠를 가진 서버들에게 분배한다. 서버 클러스터 앞단에 위치한 Layer 7 부하분산기는 응용계층에서 사용자 요청을 분석하여 요청 컨텐츠 유형에 따라 해당되는 서버들에게 분배한다. Layer 7 부하분산기를 이용하면 서버들이 배타적으로 각기 다른 컨텐츠를 가지게 할 수 있어서 서버들 저장공간을 최소화할 수 있으며 전체 클러스터 성능을 향상할 수 있다. 그러나 Layer 7 부하분산기는 응용계층에서 사용자 요청을 분석하는데 요구되는 큰 처리 부담으로 인해 Layer 4 부하분산기와 다르게 확장성이 제한된다. 본 논문에서는 그 확장성 제한을 극복하기 위해서 분산형 Layer 7 부하분산기를 제안한다. 종래의 방법에서는 한 대의 Layer 7 부하분산기 를 사용하는데 본 논문에서 제안한 방법에서는 서버 클러스터 앞에 한 대의 Layer 4 부하분산기를 설치하고 서버들에게 Layer 7 부하분산기들을 각각 설치한다. 클러스터 기반의 무선 인터넷 프록시 서버에서 종래의 방법을 리눅스기반의 Layer 7 부하분산기인 KTCPVS를 이용하여 구현하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법에서는 리눅스기반의 Layer 4 부하분산기인 IPVS를 사용하고 각 서버들에게 Layer 7 부하분산기인 KTCPVS를 설치하여 같이 동작하게 구현하였다. 실험은 16대의 컴퓨터를 사용하여 수행되었고, 실험 결과에 의하면 제안 방법이 종래 방법에 비해 서버 대수가 증가함에 따라 확장성 및 높은 성능 향상률을 가짐을 확인하였다. A Clustering based wireless internet proxy server needs a layer-7 load balancer with URL hashing methods to reduce the total storage space for servers. Layer-4 load balancer located in front of server cluster is to distribute client requests to the servers with the same contents at transport layer, such as TCP or UDP, without looking at the content of the request. Layer-7 load balancer located in front of server cluster is to parse client requests in application layer and distribute them to servers based on different types of request contents. Layer 7 load balancer allows servers to have different contents in an exclusive way so that it can minimize the total storage space for servers and improve overall cluster performance. However, its scalability is limited due to the high overhead of parsing requests in application layer as different from layer-4 load balancer. In order to overcome its scalability limitation, in this paper, we propose a distributed layer-7 load balancer by replacing a single layer-7 load balancer in the conventional scheme by a single layer-4 load balancer located in front of server cluster and a set of layer-7 load balancers located at server cluster. In a clustering based wireless internet proxy server, we implemented the conventional scheme by using KTCPVS(Kernel TCP Virtual Server), a linux based layer-7 load balancer. Also, we implemented the proposed scheme by using IPVS(IP Virtual Server), a linux-based layer-4 load balancer, installing KTCPVS in each server, and making them work together. We performed experiments using 16 PCs. Experimental results show scalability and high performance of the proposed scheme, as the number of servers grows, compared to the conventional scheme.
Reconstruction of stented coronary arteries from optical coherence tomography images: Feasibility, validation, and repeatability of a segmentation method (2017)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an established catheter-based imaging modality for the assessment of coronary artery disease and the guidance of stent placement during percutaneous coronary intervention. Manual analysis of large OCT datasets for vessel contours or stent struts detection is time-consuming and unsuitable for real-time applications. In this study, a fully automatic method was developed for detection of both vessel contours and stent struts. The method was applied to in vitro OCT scans of eight stented silicone bifurcation phantoms for validation purposes. The proposed algorithm comprised four main steps, namely pre-processing, lumen border detection, stent strut detection, and three-dimensional point cloud creation. The algorithm was validated against manual segmentation performed by two independent image readers. Linear regression showed good agreement between automatic and manual segmentations in terms of lumen area (r>0.99). No statistically significant differences in the number of detected struts were found between the segmentations. Mean values of similarity indexes were >95% and >85% for the lumen and stent detection, respectively. Stent point clouds of two selected cases, obtained after OCT image processing, were compared to the centerline points of the corresponding stent reconstructions from micro computed tomography, used as ground-truth. Quantitative comparison between the corresponding stent points resulted in median values of ~150 μm and ~40 μm for the total and radial distances of both cases, respectively. The repeatability of the detection method was investigated by calculating the lumen volume and the mean number of detected struts per frame for seven repeated OCT scans of one selected case. Results showed low deviation of values from the median for both analyzed quantities. In conclusion, this study presents a robust automatic method for detection of lumen contours and stent struts from OCT as supported by focused validation against both manual segmentation and micro computed tomography and by good repeatability.
Remoteness Rule under English Law (2006)

The article explains the working of remoteness rule under English shipping law and its effect on the responsibility of parties involved in a maritime claim. The influence of the rule on the quantification of a maritime claim and cases of exclusion of remoteness rules are also discussed.
An estimate concerning the Kolmogoroff limit distribution (1949)

We consider a sequence of independent random variables having the common distribution function F(x) which is assumed to be continuous. Let nFn(x) denote the number of random variables among the first n of the sequence whose values do not exceed x. Write (1.1) dn= sup \n(Fn(x) -F(x))\.
Magnetic Targeting and Cellular Uptake of Polymer Microcapsules Simultaneously Functionalized with Magnetic and Luminescent Nanocrystals (2005)

By using a flow channel system for modeling the bloodstream in the circulatory system and by locally creating a magnetic field gradient caused by a permanent magnet, we demonstrate specific trapping of polymer capsules simultaneously functionalized with two types of nanoparticles--magnetic and luminescent nanocrystals. In the regions where the capsules were trapped by the magnetic field, drastically increased uptake of capsules by cells has been observed. The uptake of capsules by cells could be conveniently monitored with a fluorescence microscope by the luminescence of CdTe nanocrystals that had been embedded into the shells of the capsules. Our experiments envisage the feasibility of magnetic targeting of polymer capsules loaded by pharmaceutical agents to pathogenic parts of a tissue.
A configurable sawtooth based PWM generator with 2 ns on-time for &#x003E;50 MHz DCDC converters (2015)

Size and cost of a switched mode power supply can be reduced by increasing the switching frequency. The maximum switching frequency and the maximum conversion ratio are limited by the duty cycle of a PWM signal. In DCDC converters, a sawtooth generator is the fundamental circuit block to generate the PWM signal. The presented PWM generator is based on two parallel, fully interleaved PWM generator stages, each containing an integrator based sawtooth generator and two 3-stage highspeed comparators. A digital multiplexing of the PWM signals of each stage eliminates the dependency of the minimum on-time on the large reset times of the sawtooth ramps. A separation of the references of the PWM comparators in both stage allows to configure the PWM generator for a DCDC converter operating in fixed frequency or in constant on-time mode, which requires an operation in a wide frequency range. The PWM generator was fabricated in an 180 nm HV BiCMOS technology, as part of a DCDC converter. Measurements confirm minimum possible on-time pulses as short as 2 ns and thus allows switching frequencies of DCDC converters of >50 MHz at small duty cycle of <;10%. At moderate duty cycles switching frequencies up to 100 MHz are possible.
BODIPY-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for Highly Selective Detection of Glutathione over Cysteine and Homocysteine (2012)

We report a ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on monochlorinated BODIPY for highly selective detection of glutathione (GSH) over cysteine (Cys)/homocysteine (Hcy). The chlorine of the monochlorinated BODIPY can be rapidly replaced by thiolates of biothiols through thiol-halogen nucleophilic substitution. The amino groups of Cys/Hcy but not GSH further replace the thiolate to form amino-substituted BODIPY. The significantly different photophysical properties of sulfur- and amino-substituted BODIPY enable the discrimination of GSH over Cys and Hcy. The sensor was applied for detection of GSH in living cells.
Demonstration of quantum confinement in InSb-In1−<i>x</i>Al<i>x</i>Sb multiquantum wells using photoluminescence spectroscopy (1994)

We report the observation of quantum confinement, using photoluminescence, in InSb-In1−xAlxSb (0.08≤x≤0.23) multiquantum well samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A series of samples were studied with different well widths and varying concentration of aluminum in the barriers. The upshifted luminescence energies behave qualitatively as expected due to changes in confinement, and are in good quantitative agreement with calculated upshifts taking into account strain in the barriers. These results demonstrate that good quality heterostructures can be obtained in this material system and show its potential for device applications.
Finger-writing-in-the-air system using Kinect sensor (2013)

A novel Kinect based finger-writing character recognition system called finger-writing-in-the-air is proposed in this paper. This system allows people to input characters by writing in the air virtually. We propose a mixture model for hand segmentation, which takes advantage of depth, color, and motion information. This model helps overcome problems arisen with traditional vision-based methods like illumination variation or hand-face overlapping, also solves the fatal color-depth mismatch problem accompanied by Kinect. A dual-mode switching algorithm is presented for accurate fingertip detection. It is less sensitive to noise along the segmented hand contour and can handle various hand poses. The positions of fingertip are linked and reconstructed as inkless character strokes. The recovered trajectory is recognized by the state-of-the-art handwriting character recognition method. Experiments show that user can write freely in the air inputting Chinese characters, English letters (upper and lower case) and digits in real time with over 90% accuracy rate for the first five candidates.
Self-Adaptive Decentralized Monitoring in Software-Defined Networks (2018)

The software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm can allow network management solutions to automatically and frequently reconfigure network resources. When developing SDN-based management architectures, it is of paramount importance to design a monitoring system that can provide timely and consistent updates to heterogeneous management applications. To support such applications operating with low latency requirements, the monitoring system should scale with increasing network size and provide precise network views with minimum overhead on the available resources. In this paper, we present a novel, self-adaptive, decentralized framework for resource monitoring in SDN. Our framework enables accurate statistics to be collected with limited burden on the network resources. This is realized through a self-tuning, adaptive monitoring mechanism that automatically adjusts its settings based on the traffic dynamics. We evaluate our proposal based on a realistic use case scenario, where a content distribution service and an on-demand gaming platform are deployed within an ISP network. The results show that reduced monitoring latencies are obtained with the proposed framework, thus enabling shorter reconfiguration control loops. In addition, the proposed adaptive monitoring method achieves significant gain in terms of monitoring overhead, while preserving the performance of the services considered.
Optical coatings with enhanced roughness for ultrahydrophobic, low-scatter applications (2002)

Optical coatings with enhanced roughness offer promising prospects for ultrahydrophobic transparent surfaces with controlled scatter losses. Our approach links roughness characteristics with both wetting behavior and scattering. Experiments with rough oxide layers yielded surfaces with a high water contact angle.
Selective and Nonselective Packaging of Cellular RNAs in Retrovirus Particles (2007)

Assembly of retrovirus particles normally entails the selective encapsidation of viral genomic RNA. However, in the absence of packageable viral RNA, assembly is still efficient, and the released virus-like particles (termed "Psi-" particles) still contain roughly normal amounts of RNA. We have proposed that cellular mRNAs replace the genome in Psi- particles. We have now analyzed the mRNA content of Psi- and Psi+ murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles using both microarray analysis and real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The majority of mRNA species present in the virus-producing cells were also detected in Psi- particles. Remarkably, nearly all of them were packaged nonselectively; that is, their representation in the particles was simply proportional to their representation in the cells. However, a small number of low-abundance mRNAs were greatly enriched in the particles. In fact, one mRNA species was enriched to the same degree as Psi+ genomic RNA. Similar results were obtained with particles formed from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein, and the same mRNAs were enriched in MLV and HIV-1 particles. The levels of individual cellular mRNAs were approximately 5- to 10-fold higher in Psi- than in Psi+ MLV particles, in agreement with the idea that they are replacing viral RNA in the former. In contrast, signal recognition particle RNA was present at the same level in Psi- and Psi+ particles; a minor fraction of this RNA was weakly associated with genomic RNA in Psi+ MLV particles.
Control of the location update and paging signaling load in cellular systems by means of planning tools (1999)

Efficient resource utilisation in future cellular systems requires the control of the signalling load imposed by the location update and paging operations. This relies on the "proper" planning of location areas. In this paper we define and solve a version of the location area planning problems. Starting from a formal definition and an optimal formulation, three computationally efficient algorithms, adhering to the simulated annealing, taboo search, and genetic algorithm paradigms, are presented.
Formal verification of safety and performance properties of TCP selective acknowledgment (2002)

We present a formal proof that the selective acknowledgment (SACK) mechanism that is being proposed as a new standard option for TCP does not violate the safety properties of the acknowledgment (ACK) mechanism that is currently used with TCP. The new mechanism is being proposed to improve the performance of TCP when multiple packets are lost from one window of data. With selective acknowledgment, non-contiguous blocks of data can be acknowledged, and the sender only has to retransmit data that is actually lost. The proposed mechanism for implementing the SACK option for TCP is sufficiently complicated that it is not obvious that it is indeed safe. Because this mechanism is being proposed as a new standard for TCP, we think it is important to formally verify its safety properties. We first present a formal automaton model of the SACK protocol. We then verify that SACK is indeed safe. The verification is done by first defining a simple specification of the required safety properties. The protocol is supposed to satisfy. We then use invariant assertion and simulation techniques to show the protocol indeed satisfies these properties. Using the model we also show that SACK can improve the time it takes for the sender to recover from multiple packet losses, compared to the cumulative ACK protocol. Since there is additional information at the sender, SACK can save a round-trip time while the cumulative ACK mechanism has to wait before retransmitting subsequent packets lost after the very first loss.
Emerging preclinical pharmacological targets for Parkinson's disease (2016)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological condition caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. It is the most prevalent form of Parkinsonism, categorized by cardinal features such as bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, and postural instability. Due to the multicentric pathology of PD involving inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis, and protein aggregation, it has become difficult to pin-point a single therapeutic target and evaluate its potential application. Currently available drugs for treating PD provide only symptomatic relief and do not decrease or avert disease progression resulting in poor patient satisfaction and compliance. Significant amount of understanding concerning the pathophysiology of PD has offered a range of potential targets for PD. Several emerging targets including AAV-hAADC gene therapy, phosphodiesterase-4, potassium channels, myeloperoxidase, acetylcholinesterase, MAO-B, dopamine, A2A, mGlu5, and 5-HT-1A/1B receptors are in different stages of clinical development. Additionally, alternative interventions such as deep brain stimulation, thalamotomy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and gamma knife surgery, are also being developed for patients with advanced PD. As much as these therapeutic targets hold potential to delay the onset and reverse the disease, more targets and alternative interventions need to be examined in different stages of PD. In this review, we discuss various emerging preclinical pharmacological targets that may serve as a new promising neuroprotective strategy that could actually help alleviate PD and its symptoms.
Crystalline Regio-/Stereoregular Glycine-Bearing Polymers from ROMP: Effect of Microstructures on Materials Performances (2016)

Synthesis of amino acid or peptide-bearing polymers with controlled microstructures is still a long-going challenge in polymer chemistry in contrast to natural biopolymers with exactly controlled microstructures like proteins and DNA. Here, a series of new glycine-substituted cyclooctenes monomers were designed and synthesized. Ring-opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP) of all 3-substituted monomers with Grubbs second-generation catalyst afford glycine-bearing polymers with high head-to-tail regioregularity and high trans-stereoregularity, whereas ROMP of 5-substituted monomers is neither regio- nor stereoselective. Theoretical study revealed that sterically cumbersome glycine substituent in the 3-position is crucial for the high regio- and stereochemistry in the polymerization. Of importance, differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements show that unsaturated 3-substituted polymers are semicrystalline due to their high degrees of structure regularity and the strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between glycine side-chains. Such obvious crystallization behaviors before the saturation of the backbone will facilitate its future applications as biomimetic materials. Moreover, 3-substituted polymers with high trans-HT regularity exhibit much bigger water contact angle and higher cloud point than its random 5-substituted analogues, indicating that structure regularity of these glycine-bearing polymers can decide the surface hydrophilicity and thermoresponsive behaviors. These results demonstrate the dependence of glycine-bearing polymer properties on their microstructures. Finally, the less reactive internal trans-double bonds of the polymers undergo thiol–ene addition effectively, allowing the preparation of regiospecific glycine-bearing polymers with a range of features in a facile way.