gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Osteochondral Allografts for Large Defects in the Knee (2006)

| ABSTRACT Localized osteochondral and chondral lesions of the knee are commonly encountered in orthopaedic practice. They may become symptomatic with patients experiencing pain, swelling, and mechanical symptoms. These lesions have limited ability to heal and may progress to osteoarthritis. This presents an especially difficult clinical problem in young, high-demand individuals. This has led surgeons to pursue biologic solutions for the restoration of damaged cartilage and underlying bone. We have investigated the use of prolonged fresh osteochondral allografts for the treatment of large defects of the knee. The surgical considerations and techniques are presented in this article.
Classification and quantification of neuronal fiber pathways using diffusion tensor MRI (2003)

Quantitative characterization of neuronal fiber pathways in vivo is of significant neurological and clinical interest. Using the capability of MR diffusion tensor imaging to determine the local orientations of neuronal fibers, novel algorithms were developed to bundle neuronal fiber pathways reconstructed in vivo with diffusion tensor images and to quantify various physical and geometric properties of fiber bundles. The reliability of the algorithms was examined with reproducibility tests. Illustrative results show that consistent physical and geometric measurements of novel properties of neuronal tissue can be obtained, which offer considerable potential for the quantitative study of fiber pathways in vivo.
<title>Fabrication of monolithic diamond probes for scanning probe microscopy applications</title> (1997)

A process relying on the molding technique for the fabrication of diamond cantilevers with diamond tips integrated on silicon wafers for scanning probe microscopy applications is described. Either hot filament or microwave CVD diamond deposition and standard techniques of silicon micro-machining are employed. The deposition of well- developed tips depends critically on the pretreatment applied to enhance nucleation density; abrasive treatment with diamond powder as well as the bias-enhanced nucleation turned out to be successful. With optimized processes, well- shaped tips with a radius of curvature in the order of 30 nm can be obtained. They consist of high quality diamond according to micro-Raman spectroscopy. The definition of the cantilever area is another critical step which can be solved by proper process design. The fabrication of conductive tips/cantilevers is possible by boron doping. Finally, first performance tests of the diamond tips and cantilevers are presented.
Adhesive improvement in optical coherence tomography combined with confocal microscopy for class V cavities investigations (2010)

The purpose of this study is to present a non invasive method for the marginal adaptation evaluation in class V composite restorations. Standardized class V cavities prepared in human extracted teeth were filled with composite resin (Premise, Kerr). The specimens were thermocycled. The interfaces were examined by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) combined with confocal microscopy and fluorescence. The optical configuration uses two single mode directional couplers with a superluminiscent diode as the source at 1300 nm. The scanning procedure is similar to that used in any confocal microscope, where the fast scanning is en-face (line rate) and the depth scanning is much slower (at the frame rate). Gaps at the interfaces as well as on the inside of the composite resin were identified. OCT has numerous advantages that justify its in vivo and in vitro use compared to conventional techniques. One of the main concerns was the fact that at the adhesive layer site it was very hard to tell the adhesive apart from material defects. For this reason the adhesive was optimized in order to be more scattering. This way we could make a difference between the adhesive layer and the material defects that could lead to microleakages.
Random GFP∷cDNA fusions enable visualization of subcellular structures in cells of <i>Arabidopsis</i> at a high frequency (2000)

We describe a general approach for identifying components of subcellular structures in a multicellular organism by exploiting the ability to generate thousands of independent transformants in Arabidopsis thaliana. A library of Arabidopsis cDNAs was constructed so that the cDNAs were inserted at the 3' end of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) coding sequence. The library was introduced en masse into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Fluorescence imaging of 5,700 transgenic plants indicated that approximately 2% of lines expressed a fusion protein with a different subcellular distribution than that of soluble GFP. About half of the markers identified were targeted to peroxisomes or other subcellular destinations by non-native coding sequence (i.e., out-of-frame cDNAs). This observation suggests that some targeting signals are of sufficiently low information content that they can be generated frequently by chance. The potential of the approach for identifying markers with unique dynamic processes is demonstrated by the identification of a GFP fusion protein that displays a cell-cycle regulated change in subcellular distribution. Our results indicate that screening GFP-fusion protein libraries is a useful approach for identifying and visualizing components of subcellular structures and their associated dynamics in higher plant cells.
Gray-preserving color correction without exposure value information (2007)

Digital cameras are widely used in many applications, such as digital still cameras, camcorders, camera phones, and video surveillance. Advances in large resolution CCD/CMOS sensors coupled with the availability of low-power image signal processors have led to the development of digital cameras with both high resolution image and short visual clip capabilities. The red, green, or blue color values obtained from a camera sensor are device-dependent. Thus there is a need to characterize these values in a device-independent fashion and provide a color correction. For simplicity, common methods presume a linear transformation to perform the color conversion. The problem translates to finding the transformation matrix and the offset vector. One well known approach uses a white-preserving constraint in the optimization. This approach requires that source data and reference data have the same exposure values. However, source data and reference data usually have different exposure values, and exposure information is either unavailable or inaccurate. We propose a new method that provides color conversion by linear transformation optimization with gray preservation. Our method allows for differing exposures between images from the target sensor and the color reference. Experiments show that images resulted from our method look more colorful than those from previous methods.
Parameters for 3‐O‐methyl glucose transport in human erythrocytes and fit of asymmetric carrier kinetics. (1988)

1. Equilibrium exchanges in the range of 2-40 mM-3-O-methyl glucose at 16 degrees C suggested that the half-saturation concentration for exchange was 22 mM and that the maximum velocity (Vmax) was ca. 149 mmol l-1 min-1. 2. Initial rates of exchange influx from 1, 2, 4 and 8 mM into 76 mM solution gave a half-saturation value of 3.6 mM and a Vmax of 122 mmol-1 min-1. 3. The non-transportable inhibitor 4,6-O-ethylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranose (ethylidene glucose) acting on the outside of the cells inhibited 3-O-methyl glucose exchanges at 16 degrees C with an inhibition constant (KI) of ca. 11 mM. 4. Sen-Widdas exit experiments gave the half-saturation for 3-O-methyl glucose at 16 degrees C as only ca. 2 mM and the KI for ethylidene glucose as ca. 4 mM. 5. Efflux inhibitions by ethylidene glucose are satisfactorily predicted by the asymmetric carrier kinetics of Regen & Tarpley (1974) when using the parameters derived from the exchange experiments but not with parameters from Sen-Widdas exits. 6. Uphill transfer by counterflow experiments and Sen-Widdas exits cannot be fitted by the Regen and Tarpley kinetics (using the same parameters) unless the kinetics are modified to provide for an extra exchange element which replaces some of the net exit component in the equations. 7. At present the modification to the kinetics is only possible in computer simulations and data handling, but with it the fit to experimental results is good. The nature of the modification is described and in the light of it a revised interpretation of the significance of the Km derived from Sen-Widdas exits is discussed.
Mutational Analysis Reveals That All-trans-retinoic acid, 9-cis-Retinoic acid, and Antagonist Interact with Distinct Binding Determinants of RARα (1997)

Retinoids exert their pleiotropic effects on cell differentiation and proliferation through specific nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Two biologically highly active natural retinoids have been identified, all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA). The RXRs exclusively bind 9-cis-RA, whereas the RARs bind both isomers of RA with comparable affinity. Recently published results suggest that RARs have the same binding site for t-RA and 9-cis-RA but with different determinants (1-3). Antagonist binding on RARalpha has been suggested to induce distinct conformational changes in comparison with agonist binding. To elucidate the region minimally required for efficient binding of agonist (t-RA and 9-cis-RA) and antagonist Ro 41-5253 to the RARalpha, we generated N- and C-terminally truncated mutants of the receptor. Characterization of these deletion mutant proteins using protease mapping and ligand binding experiments revealed that different parts of the ligand-binding domain are necessary for t-RA, 9-cis-RA, and antagonist binding. Three distinct regions of the ligand-binding domain of the human retinoic acid receptor-alpha are required for binding of t-RA (RARalpha187-402), 9-cis-RA (RARalpha188-409), and the antagonist Ro 41-5253 (RARalpha226-414).
Membrane-free microfiltration by asymmetric inertial migration (2007)

Membrane-free microfiltration by asymmetric inertial migration is studied and evidence of the filtration capability is presented. Centrifugal force induced by flow in spiral channel geometry modifies the lateral symmetry of straight-channel tubular pinch equilibrium resulting in a focused particle band nearer to the inner sidewall. Bifurcated outlets separately collect the concentrated particle band and remaining effluent. The spiral continuous flow filtration relies solely on internal fluidic shear characteristics, eliminating the need for membrane filters or external force fields. This device has the desirable combinations of high throughput and low cost, making it inherently suited for preparative filtration in the range of micro- to macroscale applications.
Precise Analysis of Polymer Rotational Dynamics (2016)

Through the analysis of individual chain dynamics alongside the corresponding molecular structures under shear via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of C178H358 linear and short-chain branched polyethylene melts under shear flow, we observed that the conventional method based on the chain end-to-end vector (and/or the gyration tensor of chain) is susceptible to quantitatively inaccurate measurements and often misleading information in describing the rotational dynamics of polymers. Identifying the flaw as attributed to strong irregular Brownian fluctuations inherent to the chain ends associated with their large free volume and strong molecular collisions, we propose a simple, robust way based on the chain center-to-center vector connecting the two centers of mass of the bisected chain, which is shown to adequately describe polymer rotational dynamics without such shortcomings. We present further consideration that the proposed method can be useful in accurately measuring the overall chain structure and dynamics of polymeric materials with various molecular architectures, including branched and ring polymers.
Depolarization of quasi-monochromatic light by thin resonant gratings (2009)

Using rigorous diffraction theory, we show that it is possible to depolarize quasi-monochromatic light using a fully deterministic, thin optical element. The principle is based on polarization-sensitive resonant gratings in total-internal-reflection configuration, and careful numerical design by the Fourier modal method. We present numerical examples for 0.1 nm and 10 nm bandwidths.
Power and Emission Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine with a Soybean Bio-diesel Fuel (2002)

This paper describes the power performance and emission characteristics of the high speed direct injection diesel engine (2.9 litter displacements) driven by soybean oil asknown a bio diesel fuel. The results were compared to diesel fuel with blending bio diesel fuels. The soybean bio diesel fuel was added in the diesel fuel in concentration varying from 25% to 75% volume rates. We measured the emissions according to ECE 13 mode and full load, fixedengine speed. When the 25% bio diesel fuel was used, NOx emission at the ECE 13 mode test slightly decreased compared with diesel base engine. Over engine speed of 2000 rpm, the level of unburned hydrocarbon(HC) and carbon monoxide(CO) were the same to the diesel engine. Smoke emission decreased asthe blending bio diesel fuel rate increased.
Structural Properties of High-T<sub>c</sub> Oxide Superconductors (1987)

Structural studies have played a key role in understanding the new oxide superconductors. Neutron powder diffraction techniques have been of particular importance because of the difficulty in synthesizing single crystals of the desired quality and compositions and because of the need to accurately determine the locations and site occupancies of the oxygen atoms. The electronic properties have been shown to depend in a critical way on the structural details of the Cu–O sublattices in these compounds. The La 2-x M x CuO 4-y (M=Ba, Sr, Ca,...) structure contains a two-dimensional square planar Cu–O sublattice with weak bonding between the layers. The YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x structure contains both two-dimensional and one-dimensional Cu–O sublattices, commonly referred to as “planes” and “chains.” Closely-related non-superconducting phases which exhibit small differences in stoichiometry or symmetry have also been studied and have provided key insights into the close relationship between structure and superconductivity in these systems.
Development of microfocused x-ray source by using carbon nanotube field emitter (2006)

To develop a microfocused x-ray source, field emission properties of a bundle of multiwalled carbon nanotubes were investigated under an ordinary vacuum pressure of 5×10−7Torr for a practical use. Total emission current reached up to 1.3mA at an applied voltage of −7kV. An emitted electron beam was focused on a Cu anode by using a simple electrostatic lens and excited an x ray with the source size of less than 30μm. X-ray transmission images were taken as a preliminary demonstration for a microfocused x-ray source and clear images whose resolutions were nearly equal to the source size of x ray were easily obtained.
Anomalous behavior of human leukocyte interferon subtypes on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate (1987)

35S-labeled human leukocyte interferon (IFN) subtypes produced in a cell-free system derived from Escherichia coli were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS (SDS-PAGE). Some IFN subtypes anomalously showed lower electrophoretic mobilities than those expected from their formula molecular masses. The results with hybrid IFNs and esterification suggest that this anomaly of IFN subtypes on SDS-PAGE is due to the introduction of one or two negative charges in the middle of the molecule.
A Low Power Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensor System (2007)

This paper presents an energy efficient chemical sensor system that uses carbon nanotubes (CNT) as the sensor. The room-temperature operation of CNT sensors eliminates the need for micro hot-plate arrays, which enables the low energy operation of the system. The sensor interface chip is designed in a 0.18 mum CMOS process and consumes, at maximum, 32 muW at 1.83 kS/s conversion rate. The designed interface achieves 1.34% measurement accuracy over 10 kOmega -9 MOmega dynamic range. The functionality of the full system, including CNT sensors, has been successfully demonstrated.
The Information in Neutron Fluctuations (1970)

Fundamental concepts of information theory are introduced to show the applicability of these concepts to the analysis of statistical fluctuations in the neutron density in nuclear reactors. The application of these concepts is illustrated by considering five questions in the field of reactor noise. It is shown that information theory possesses a considerable potential for putting many questions in this field into a more rational theoretical framework and thereby unifying the field. It is also shown that a quantity defined as information can be measured and interpreted.
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Does Not Influence Inflammatory Pathways during Human Endotoxemia (2001)

Activation of coagulation induces a proinflammatory response in in vitro and animal experiments. Inhibition of the tissue factor-dependent pathway of coagulation inhibits cytokine release and prevents death in gram-negative sepsis models in primates. This study investigated the influence of blocking the coagulation system by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in healthy humans. Eight men were studied in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study. They received a bolus intravenous injection of 4 ng/kg of endotoxin, followed by a 6-h continuous infusion of either TFPI (0.2 mg/kg/h after a bolus of 0.05 mg/kg) or placebo. Endotoxin induced-activation of coagulation was prevented completely by TFPI. In contrast, TFPI did not influence leukocyte activation, chemokine release, endothelial cell activation, or the acute phase response. Thus, complete prevention of coagulation activation by TFPI does not influence activation of inflammatory pathways during human endotoxemia.
Distinct and collaborative roles of<i>Drosophila</i>EXT family proteins in morphogen signalling and gradient formation (2004)

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) have been implicated in regulating the signalling activities of secreted morphogen molecules including Wingless (Wg), Hedgehog (Hh) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp). HSPG consists of a protein core to which heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. The formation of HS GAG chains is catalyzed by glycosyltransferases encoded by members of the EXT family of putative tumor suppressors linked to hereditary multiple exostoses. Previous studies in Drosophila demonstrated that tout-velu (ttv), the Drosophila EXT1, is required for Hh movement. However, the functions of other EXT family members are unknown. We have identified and isolated the other two members of the Drosophila EXT family genes, which are named sister of tout-velu (sotv) and brother of tout-velu (botv), and encode Drosophila homologues of vertebrate EXT2 and EXT-like 3 (EXTL3), respectively. We show that both Hh and Dpp signalling activities, as well as their morphogen distributions, are defective in cells mutant for ttv, sotv or botv in the wing disc. Surprisingly, although Wg morphogen distribution is abnormal in ttv, sotv and botv, Wg signalling is only defective in botv mutants or ttv-sotv double mutants, and not in ttv nor sotv alone, suggesting that Ttv and Sotv are redundant in Wg signalling. We demonstrate further that Ttv and Sotv form a complex and are co-localized in vivo. Our results, along with previous studies on Ttv, provide evidence that all three Drosophila EXT proteins are required for the biosynthesis of HSPGs, and for the gradient formation of the Wg, Hh and Dpp morphogens. Our results also suggest that HSPGs have two distinct roles in Wg morphogen distribution and signalling.
Coexpression of Intermediate Filaments in Human Epithelial Neoplasms (1985)

A wide variety of human neoplasms were examined by immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques. In most, one intermediate filament (IF) type was expressed reflecting the tissue of origin. However, multiple classes of intermediate filaments were regularly found in a subgroup of these tumors. We chose to subdivide them into those with a complex or mixed growth pattern, and those which showed a more "monomorphic" histologic growth pattern. This latter group is the subject of this paper. Regular coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin was observed in tumors of endometrial, thyroid, ovarian and renal origin, and coexpression of cytokeratin and neurofilament was observed in a subgroup of neuroendocrine tumors. Immunocytochemical/ultrastructural correlation demonstrated few, if any, observable intermediate filaments in tumors expressing only low molecular weight cytokeratin, whereas vimentin and neural filament characteristically were randomly dispersed or formed whorled bundles of cytoplasmic filaments. The potential diagnostic usefulness of these observations in surgical pathology is discussed.
Size and physical map of the chromosome of Haemophilus influenzae (1989)

A variation of pulse-field electrophoresis, field-inversion gel electrophoresis, was used to determine the size and physical map of the chromosome of Haemophilus influenzae. The DNA of H. influenzae had a low G + C content (39%) and no restriction sites for the enzymes NotI or SfiI. However, a number of restriction enzymes (SmaI, ApaI, NaeI, and SacII) that recognized 6-base-pair sequences containing only G and C nucleotides were found to generate a reasonable number of DNA fragments that were separable in agarose gels by field-inversion gel electrophoresis. The sizes of the DNA fragments were calibrated with a lambda DNA ladder and lambda DNA restriction fragments. The sum of fragment sizes obtained with restriction digests yielded a value for the chromosome of 1,980 kilobase pairs. Hybridization of a labeled fragment with two or more fragments from a digest with a different restriction enzyme provided the information needed to construct a circular map of the H. influenzae chromosome.
DIRECT VERSUS ITERATIVE MODEL UPDATING METHODS FOR MASS AND STIFFNESS MATRICES (2010)

A comparative study is performed for the direct and iterative methods for updating the structural matrices based on measured data. The former was derived from the orthogonality constraints by replacing the modal vector of concern by the modal matrix in computing the correction matrices. 1 The iterative method used is the improved inverse eigensenstivity method. 2 Through the numerical studies, it was demonstrated that both methods yield good results. However, the direct updating method is found to be more suitable for engineering applications due to its ease in treating multi-modes and higher efficiency, especially for complicated structures.