gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity (2005)

The syndrome resulting from combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema has not been comprehensively described. The current authors conducted a retrospective study of 61 patients with both emphysema of the upper zones and diffuse parenchymal lung disease with fibrosis of the lower zones of the lungs on chest computed tomography. Patients (all smokers) included 60 males and one female, with a mean age of 65 yrs. Dyspnoea on exertion was present in all patients. Basal crackles were found in 87% and finger clubbing in 43%. Pulmonary function tests were as follows (mean+/-sd): total lung capacity 88%+/-17, forced vital capacity (FVC) 88%+/-18, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 80%+/-21 (% predicted), FEV1/FVC 69%+/-13, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity of the lung 37%+/-16 (% predicted), carbon monoxide transfer coefficient 46%+/-19. Pulmonary hypertension was present in 47% of patients at diagnosis, and 55% during follow-up. Patients were followed for a mean of 2.1+/-2.8 yrs from diagnosis. Survival was 87.5% at 2 yrs and 54.6% at 5 yrs, with a median of 6.1 yrs. The presence of pulmonary hypertension at diagnosis was a critical determinant of prognosis. The authors hereby individualise the computer tomography-defined syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema characterised by subnormal spirometry, severe impairment of gas exchange, high prevalence of pulmonary hypertension, and poor survival.
An Experiment for Determining the VLF Permittivity of Deep Antarctic Ice (1971)

An experiment that has been designed to yield the dielectric and loss properties of the ice cap near Byrd Station, Antarctica, in the very low-frequency range, subsequent to proper interpretation of the input admittance of an electrically short dipole probe, is described. The probe is lowered into a deep drill hole, together with appropriate measuring and telemetering equipment, in order that the parameters of interest may be recorded as functions of vertical depth and frequency. The motivation for such an experiment is discussed and the environmental conditions described, insofar as they restrict the kinds of experimental procedures that can be carried out with reasonable safety and economy. The measurement technique itself is outlined, together with some background material concerning the use of a dipole antenna as a probe for exploring the properties of the medium in which it is immersed. Also discussed is a related experiment performed to provide a check on the method. It involved the use of the same probe and instrumentation to measure the complex permittivity of sawdust, a lossy dielectric material. The results are shown to be in good agreement with those obtained by a more conventional laboratcry method.
Cytochrome c Oxidase from Bakers' Yeast (1973)

Cytochrome aa3 was purified 35- to 40-fold from submitochondrial particles of commercial bakers' yeast. The purification procedure involved solubilization of the enzyme with cholate, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in the presence of Triton X-100. The purified, active enzyme contained approximately 10 nmoles of heme a per mg of protein and was free of other hemoproteins. Upon sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of Triton X-100, it sedimented as a single peak with an apparent molecular weight of 190,000 to 225,000. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate resolved the enzyme into six major polypeptide bands of apparent molecular weight 42,000, 34,500, 23,000, 14,000, 12,500, and 9,500. The six components could be specifically precipitated from a crude mitochondrial extract with rabbit antiserum against the holoenzyme. The six components behaved as a single species during DEAE-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation, and all could be precipitated with an antiserum against the three small components only. These and other observations indicate that all six components are physically associated with cytochrome c oxidase, even after solubilization of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Lubrication Properties of a Brushlike Copolymer as a Function of the Amount of Solvent Absorbed within the Brush (2005)

The shear forces between poly(l-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG)-modified SiO2 tribopairs have been measured with colloidal-probe, lateral force microscopy (LFM) and related to the mass of solvent absorbed within the brushlike structure of immobilized PEG chains. The amount of solvent (per unit substrate area) absorbed within the tethered, brushlike polymer, referred to as areal solvation, Ψ, appears to be of importance in determining the lubrication properties of the tethered polymers. In this study, the degree of solvation was varied by choosing different solvents (aqueous buffer solution, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol) and was determined by a technique that combines the results of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) experiments and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS). The highest degree of solvation was measured for aqueous buffer solutions, and a progressive decrease in solvation of PLL-g-PEG was observed in moving from methanol to ethanol to 2-propanol. A concomitant increase in the measured shear force was observed with this decrease in solvation. The lubrication mechanism of the PLL-g-PEG-coated SiO2 tribopair is discussed in terms of solvation and solvent quality and compared with the lubrication mechanism of the corresponding tribopair where only one surface is coated with the polymer brush.
Modification of Arginine Side Chains with p-Hydroxyphenylglyoxal (2003)

A variety of dicarbonyl compounds including phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanendione, and 1,2-cyclohexanedione selectively modify the guanidine group of arginine (-). The main advantage of p-hydroxyphenylglyoxal is in the ability to determine the number of modified arginines spectrophotometrically. This reagent is also reactive at mildly alkaline pH (usually 8.0-9.0) and yields a single product that is relatively stable ().
Fundamental Physical Aspects of Carbon Nanotube Transistors (2010)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
Nanoantenna-coupled MIM nanodiodes for efficient vis/nir energy conversion (2007)

Nanoantennas, coupled to rectifying nanodiodes ("rectennas"), could be used for converting broadband visible/near-infrared energy to direct current, and could serve as fast, high-Q infrared detectors at designed wavelengths. We study and model the efficiency of antennas coupled to metal-insulator-metal (MIM) and thermionic emission diodes, over a wide range of incident wavelengths. We find that tuning the antenna's reactance, so that the antenna acts as an inductor and resonantly cancels the diode capacitance, can enhance energy conversion efficiency by more than an order of magnitude above the broadband level, at the resonance frequency. We discuss maximizing the efficiency of a modern rectenna-based broadband energy conversion system, especially in the challenging visible regime, and recommend using nanodiodes with conduction via thermionic emission. We recommend further modeling of and experiments with nanoantennas, in order to calculate total efficiency of the nanorectenna's energy conversion.
FGF8 can activate <i>Gbx2</i> and transform regions of the rostral mouse brain into a hindbrain fate (1999)

The mid/hindbrain junction region, which expresses Fgf8, can act as an organizer to transform caudal forebrain or hindbrain tissue into midbrain or cerebellar structures, respectively. FGF8-soaked beads placed in the chick forebrain can similarly induce ectopic expression of mid/hindbrain genes and development of midbrain structures (Crossley, P. H., Martinez, S. and Martin, G. R. (1996) Nature 380, 66-68). In contrast, ectopic expression of Fgf8a in the mouse midbrain and caudal forebrain using a Wnt1 regulatory element produced no apparent patterning defects in the embryos examined (Lee, S. M., Danielian, P. S., Fritzsch, B. and McMahon, A. P. (1997) Development 124, 959-969). We show here that FGF8b-soaked beads can not only induce expression of the mid/hindbrain genes En1, En2 and Pax5 in mouse embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) caudal forebrain explants, but also can induce the hindbrain gene Gbx2 and alter the expression of Wnt1 in both midbrain and caudal forebrain explants. We also show that FGF8b-soaked beads can repress Otx2 in midbrain explants. Furthermore, Wnt1-Fgf8b transgenic embryos in which the same Wnt1 regulatory element is used to express Fgf8b, have ectopic expression of En1, En2, Pax5 and Gbx2 in the dorsal hindbrain and spinal cord at E10.5, as well as exencephaly and abnormal spinal cord morphology. More strikingly, Fgf8b expression in more rostral brain regions appears to transform the midbrain and caudal forebrain into an anterior hindbrain fate through expansion of the Gbx2 domain and repression of Otx2 as early as the 7-somite stage. These findings suggest that normal Fgf8 expression in the anterior hindbrain not only functions to maintain development of the entire mid/hindbrain by regulating genes like En1, En2 and Pax5, but also might function to maintain a metencephalic identity by regulating Gbx2 and Otx2 expression.
Pre-analytical-related variability influencing serum peptide profiles demonstrated in a mass spectrometry-based search for colorectal and prostate cancer biomarkers. (2013)

Although the degradome, which comprises proteolytic fragments of blood proteins, presents a potential source of diagnostic biomarkers, studies on cancer peptide biomarkers have provided inconsistent conclusions. In the present study, we reevaluated the usefulness of serum degradome analyses for searching peptide cancer biomarker candidates. Particular attention was paid to pre-analytical factors influencing the variability of determined peptide levels, including clotting time and control group selection. Studies were conducted on 44 and 86 serum samples collected from cancer patients and healthy individuals, respectively, using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS)-based analyses. We identified 1373 unique peptides, nearly 40% of which originated from five blood proteins: fibrinogen alpha chain, apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4), complement C3, apolipoprotein A-I, and alpha-1-antitrypsin. A set of 118 and 88 peptides exhibited highly significant differences (adjusted p-value ≤ 0.01 and fold change ≥ 2) in pair-wise comparisons of control vs. prostate cancer and control vs. colorectal cancer, respectively, with 37 peptides displaying a consistent direction of change for these pair-wise comparisons. The levels of 67 peptides differed significantly in serum samples collected from healthy individuals immediately prior to colonoscopy and those who underwent colonoscopic examination at least four weeks earlier. Of them, 49 peptides originated from APOA4. Whereas earlier studies, including ours, have utilized fragments of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) to distinguish cancer from healthy cases, here we show that their absolute abundance is a sensitive indicator of clotting time. These observations may have implications for future serum peptidome studies since these issues have not previously been recognized.
Facial Expression Recognition for Intelligent Tutoring Systems in Remote Laboratories Platform (2015)

In this paper, we present a Web-based intelligent tutoring system, called Remote Laboratory (RL). It is a computer-based learning environment that allows students from anywhere to access and perform experiments on real laboratory equipment from a distance via the Internet. As such, RLs are excellent platforms for students to network and collaborate with students from other. The project creates a platform in higher education sector, to be used to support student collaborative activities in RLs in a structured way that will enable students to develop in technical skills. We discuss how to employ facial expression recognition (FER) to develop an intelligent system to guide the students and also help them to improve the teaching and learning process.
Miniature Implantable Tantalum/Tantalum Oxide Stimulating Electrodes (1982)

Methods for fabricating miniature capacitor-type Ta/Ta2O5 stimulating electrodes suitable for intracortical implantation were developed. In vitro studies have shown them to be stable for over 1000 h of continuous pulsing. An in vivo study performed elsewhere has reported that they are safe, effective, and more stable than conventional metallic electrodes.
Acellular Human Dermis Implantation in 153 Immediate Two-Stage Tissue Expander Breast Reconstructions: Determining the Incidence and Significant Predictors of Complications (2010)

Acellular human dermis is a useful adjunct for intraoperative pocket development in immediate tissue expander reconstruction but can result in an increased risk of complications, in particular, seroma and reconstructive failure.
Structural Characterization of Emeraldine-Salt Polyaniline/Gold Nanoparticles Complexes (2011)

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) stabilized with polyamidoamine dendrimers (Au-PAMAM) or sodium citrate (Au-CITRATE) were synthesized and complexed with polyaniline emeraldine-salt form (ES-PANI). The complexes were characterized using structural and morphological techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zeta Potential analyses, and Fourier-Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). When the Au-CITRATE NPs are added to the polymeric solution, the formation of a precipitate is clearly observed. The precipitate exhibited a different morphology from that found for ES-PANI and Au-CITRATE NPs, suggesting the formation of ES-PANI coating over the surface of Au-CITRATE NPs. On the other hand, when the Au-PAMAM NPs are incorporated into the ES-PANI solution, none interaction was observed, probably due to the repulsive electrostatic interactions, being the organization of the ES-PANI chains unaffected by the presence of the Au-PAMAM NPs.
Hybrid huberized support vector machines for microarray classification and gene selection (2008)

R code are available at http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~jizhu/code/hhsvm/.
Anti‐immunoglobulin E treatment with omalizumab in allergic diseases: an update on anti‐inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy (2005)

Omalizumab is a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody developed for the treatment of allergic disease, with established efficacy in patients with moderate-to-severe allergic asthma and in patients with intermittent (seasonal) and persistent (perennial) allergic rhinitis (AR). Omalizumab is known to result in a marked reduction in serum levels of free IgE and down-regulation of IgE receptors on circulating basophils. Recent work has shed further light on its mechanism of action, showing significant and profound reductions in tissue (nasal and bronchial) eosinophils and in bronchial IgE+ cells (mast cells), as well as T cells and B cells. Omalizumab treatment was also shown to be associated with down-regulation of IgE receptors on circulating (precursor) dendritic cells, suggesting that blocking IgE may inhibit more chronic aspects of allergic inflammation involving T cell activation. Further work with omalizumab demonstrated it to have important benefits in patients with poorly controlled asthma despite high-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy, and analysis of clinical data suggests that the patients who are the best 'responders' to anti-IgE treatment are those with asthma at the more severe end of the spectrum. Notably, systemic anti-IgE therapy with omalizumab has been shown to improve symptoms, quality of life and disease control (asthma exacerbations) in patients with concomitant asthma and persistent AR. These impressive clinical data and the studies elucidating the anti-inflammatory profile of omalizumab also serve to emphasize the fundamental importance of IgE in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
Hypocretin-1 Modulates Rapid Eye Movement Sleep through Activation of Locus Coeruleus Neurons (2000)

The hypocretins (hcrts), also known as orexins, are two recently identified excitatory neuropeptides that in rat are produced by approximately 1200 neurons whose cell bodies are located in the lateral hypothalamus. The hypocretins/orexins have been implicated in the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and the pathophysiology of narcolepsy. In the present study, we investigated whether the locus coeruleus (LC), a structure receiving dense hcrtergic innervation, which is quiescent during REM sleep, might be a target for hcrt to regulate REM sleep. Local administration of hcrt1 but not hcrt2 in the LC suppressed REM sleep in a dose-dependent manner and increased wakefulness at the expense of deep, slow-wave sleep. These effects were blocked with an antibody that neutralizes hcrt binding to hcrt receptor 1. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry showed the presence of hcrt receptor 1 but not the presence of hcrt receptor 2 in the LC. Iontophoretic application of hcrt1 enhanced the firing rate of LC neurons in vivo, and local injection of hcrt1 into the LC induced the expression of c-fos in the LC area. We propose that hcrt receptor 1 in the LC is a key target for REM sleep regulation and might be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of narcolepsy.
Influence of Different Oil Properties on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent years concern has arisen over a new combustion anomaly, which was not commonly associated with naturally aspirated engines. This phenomenon referred to as Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI), which often leads to potentially damaging peak cylinder pressures, is the most important factor limiting further downsizing and the potential CO<sub>2</sub> benefits that it could bring. Previous studies have identified several potential triggers for pre-ignition where engine oil seems to have an important influence. Many studies [<span class="xref">1</span>], [<span class="xref">2</span>] have reported that detached oil droplets from the piston crevice volume lead to auto-ignition prior to spark ignition. Furthermore, wall wetting and subsequently oil dilution [<span class="xref">3</span>] and changes in the oil properties by impinging fuel on the cylinder wall seem to have a significant influence in terms of accumulation and detachment of oil-fuel droplets in the combustion chamber. For this reason the interaction of fuel and engine oil at the combustion chamber walls was investigated in a comprehensive parameter variation. During these investigations the parameters oil temperature, start of injection and injection strategy were varied. Other studies [<span class="xref">4</span>], [<span class="xref">5</span>] have demonstrated the influence of metal-based detergents on pre-ignitions. To investigate this hypothesis the influence of various additives on pre-ignitions were examined. Besides the investigations on different additive treat rates the focus was on metal-based detergents. While various test oils with different calcium-based detergents show a strong influence on preignition frequency a specially blended detergent-free test oil showed no tendency to pre-ignite.</div></div>
Ni-based protective-lubricant coatings for zirconium alloys (2012)

The durability of chemically deposited Ni based coatings was studied under heat treatment and hot deformation of Zr alloy ingots (Э125) over the temperature range of 700–1000°C. It was shown that a single-layer Ni coating retains its satisfactory protective-lubricating properties up to 800°C. Double-layer Ni-glass lubricant coatings efficiently protect Zr alloy against oxidation throughout the temperature range; the low friction factor of the coating allowed hot working to be carried out under low load values.
Effect of 3-Hydroxyphthaloyl-β-Lactoglobulin on Vaginal Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Rhesus Monkeys (1999)

Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the major cause of the ongoing AIDS epidemic. Application of chemical barrier methods is expected to contribute to the worldwide control of this epidemic. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3-hydroxyphthalovyl-beta-lactoglobulin [3HP-beta-LG]) was shown to inhibit HIV-1, HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro. Here, we show that 3HP-beta-LG not formulated into any vehicle protected three of six rhesus monkeys against vaginal infection by SIV. Incorporation of the compound into an appropriate vehicle is expected to increase the degree of protection. 3HP-beta-LG may be effective as a vaginal inhibitor of HIV-1 infection in humans.
Techniques for reducing the reverse short channel effect in sub-0.5 μm CMOS (1995)

Experimental evidence is presented demonstrating that the reverse short channel effect (RSCE) is initiated by damage from the source-drain implants which, in turn, causes defect-enhanced diffusion of the channel dopants toward the gate oxide interface. Several process options that attempt to modify the diffusion of the channel implants, such as channel doping profile engineering, vacancy injection into the silicon substrate through sputter-etch damage, and TEOS depositions on silicon followed by rapid thermal annealing, are described which reduce the magnitude of the reverse short channel effect. This often results in an increase in device short channel margin of as much as 50 nm and a concomitant increase in the n-channel drive current of as much as 10%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mutational analysis of the glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase pro-peptide. (1988)

Bacillus subtilis glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase is synthesized as a pro-enzyme having an 11-amino acid leader. Maturation requires insertion of a [4Fe-4S] cluster and processing of the pro-peptide to expose an NH2-terminal active site cysteine residue. Point and deletion mutations were constructed in the leader region. These mutations affect processing and enzyme activities. Processing of the leader is dependent upon glutamic acid residues at positions -2 and -1 as well as Cys1. In addition, processing requires a pro-peptide longer than 3 residues. Function of the active site cysteine is dependent on pro-peptide processing. Enzyme purified from a pro-peptide deletion strain has activity and iron content that is comparable to the wild type. These results establish that the pro-peptide is not essential for enzyme maturation, but they leave unanswered the question of pro-peptide function.
Gas-phase and supercritical n-pentane isomerization on H-mordenite (2007)

The skeletal isomerization of supercritical n-pentane on the H form of mordenite under flow conditions was studied for the first time. It was found that the conversion of supercritical n-pentane was 30–35% at 90% selectivity for isopentane at 260°C, 130 atm, and a liquid hourly space velocity of 30 h−1. The catalyst was deactivated as the temperature was increased above 280°C. According to differential thermal analysis data, the deactivation was related to the deposition of condensation products on the surface. The resistance of the H form of the zeolite to poisoning in n-pentane isomerization in a gas phase at 1–8 atm was lower than that under supercritical conditions. It was found that H-mordenite deactivated under gas-phase reaction conditions at 260°C and 8 atm can be regenerated by passing to supercritical isomerization conditions (260°C and 130 atm).