gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation and evaluation of a voice-activated dialling system (2002)

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a voice-activated dialling (VAD) system. The system allows an open and customised vocabulary set. The pronunciation of the enrolled entry is produced by the system from spoken examples provided by the users. The recognition rate of the baseline system is 96.43% with vocabulary size of 52. System performance of both single utterance (SU) training and multiple utterance (MU) training approaches are evaluated. Various methods to implement the MU training in VAD is proposed. The system error rate can be reduced by up to 72% when MU training is used. If the system is moved from single user to multiple users environment where users other than the enrolled speaker are also allowed to use the same system without re-enrolment, recognition rate of up to 94.64% can be achieved with the application of MU training.
A Liquid-Crystal Video Stereoscope With High Extinction Ratios, A 28 % Transmission State, And One-Hundred-Microsecond Switching (1987)

A liquid-crystal pi-cell is an ideal choice for fabricating a video stereoscope because it can switch between states at speeds that approach vertical blanking times on a standard display monitor. Initial applications, although very good compared with alternative technologies, revealed several areas for improvement. First, extinction ratio measurements made from 470 to 630 nanometers varied between 20:1 and 35:1. This range of ratios falls far short of dichroic polarizer capability. Second, a noticeable color shift can occur in the transmissive state as the image is rastered down the screen. For instance, a white image can appear bluish white at the top and yellowish near the bottom. The problems associated with less than perfect extinction ratios are due to boundary-layer optics of the liquid-crystal device and with the drive waveforms applied to the liquid-crystal device. The coloration in the transmissive state occurs because the switching time from the extinction state to the transmission state is 2 to 4 msec, which exceeds typical submillisecond vertical blanking times. A second compensating liquid-crystal cell was introduced to cancel the two extinction-state problems. The compensating cell arrangement also allows simultaneous cell switching without changing the net optical state of the device. By pre-switching both cells prior to vertical blanking, a drive scheme was devised that allows less than 100 Asec switching to either the extinction or transmis-sion state. Although increased by two to three times, extinction ratios still failed to meet expectations. However, the double cell arrangement accentuated substrate index mismatches that accounted for the last bit of light leakage. Correcting this problem brought the extinction values near the limits of the polarizers and improved the transmission state to 28% .
Community Antenatal Care: The Sighthill Community Antenatal Scheme (1984)

Community antenatal care schemes are being developed in different parts of the country, and it has been shown that it is perfectly feasible to bring antenatal care closer to the consumer without an increase in cost or a decrease in efficiency. The scheme in Edinburgh highlights many of the advantages to be gained from this form of care.
Inhibitory Actions of Glycyrrhizic Acid on Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Activity in Strains of Helicobacter Pylori from Peptic Ulcer Patients (1998)

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activities with 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as substrates were determined in Helicobacter pylori, collected from patients with peptic ulcers. The NAT activity was determined using an acetyl CoA recycling assay and high pressure liquid chromatography. Inhibition of growth studies from H. pylori demonstrated that glycyrrhizic acid elicited dose-dependent bactericidal effect in H. pylori cultures, i.e.; the greater the concentration of glycyrrhizic acid, the greater the inhibition of growth of H. pylori. Cytosols or suspensions of H. pylori with and without selected concentrations of glycyrrhizic acid co-treatment showed different percentages of 2-AF and PABA acetylation. The data indicated that there was decreased NAT activity associated with increased glycyrrhizic acid in H. pylori cytosols and intact cells. For the cytosol and intact bacteria examinations, the apparent values of Km and Vmax were decreased after co-treated with 80 M glycyrrhizic acid. This report is the first demonstration of glycyrrhizic acid inhibition of arylamine NAT activity and glycyrrhizic acid inhibition of growth in the bacterium H. pylori.
New freeform NURBS imaging design code (2014)

A new optical imaging design code for NURBS freeform surfaces is described, with reduced optimization cycle times due to its fast raytrace engine, and the ability to handle larger NURBS surfaces because of its improved optimization algorithms. This program, FANO (Fast Accurate NURBS Optimization), is then applied to an f/2 three mirror anastigmat design. Given the same optical design parameters, the optical system with NURBS freeform surfaces has an average r.m.s. spot size of 4 microns. This spot size is six times smaller than the conventional aspheric design, showing that the use of NURBS freeform surfaces can improve the performance of three mirror anastigmats for the next generation of smaller pixel size, larger format detector arrays.
Misfolded proteins in Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes (2011)

This tutorial review presents descriptions of two amyloidogenic proteins, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), whose misfolding propensities are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type II diabetes, respectively. Protein misfolding diseases share similarities, as well as some unique protein-specific traits, that could contribute to the initiation and/or development of their associated conditions. Aβ and IAPP are representative amyloidoses and are used to highlight some of the primary considerations for studying misfolded proteins associated with human diseases in this review. Among these factors, their physiological formation, aggregation, interactions with metal ions and other protein partners, and toxicity are presented. Small molecules that target and modulate the metal-Aβ interaction and neurotoxicity are included to illustrate one of the current approaches for uncovering the complexities of protein misfolding at the molecular level.
Role of Diacylglycerol-Regulated Protein Kinase C Isotypes in Growth Factor Activation of the Raf-1 Protein Kinase (1997)

The Raf protein kinases function downstream of Ras guanine nucleotide-binding proteins to transduce intracellular signals from growth factor receptors. Interaction with Ras recruits Raf to the plasma membrane, but the subsequent mechanism of Raf activation has not been established. Previous studies implicated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in Raf activation; therefore, we investigated the role of the epsilon isotype of protein kinase C (PKC), which is stimulated by PC-derived diacylglycerol, as a Raf activator. A dominant negative mutant of PKC epsilon inhibited both proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells and activation of Raf in COS cells. Conversely, overexpression of active PKC epsilon stimulated Raf kinase activity in COS cells and overcame the inhibitory effects of dominant negative Ras in NIH 3T3 cells. PKC epsilon also stimulated Raf kinase in baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells and was able to directly activate Raf in vitro. Consistent with its previously reported activity as a Raf activator in vitro, PKC alpha functioned similarly to PKC epsilon in both NIH 3T3 and COS cell assays. In addition, constitutively active mutants of both PKC alpha and PKC epsilon overcame the inhibitory effects of dominant negative mutants of the other PKC isotype, indicating that these diacylglycerol-regulated PKCs function as redundant activators of Raf-1 in vivo.
Genetic Evidence That High Noninduced Maltase and Maltose Permease Activities, Governed by <i>MALx3</i> -Encoded Transcriptional Regulators, Determine Efficiency of Gas Production by Baker’s Yeast in Unsugared Dough (1999)

Strain selection and improvement in the baker's yeast industry have aimed to increase the speed of maltose fermentation in order to increase the leavening activity of industrial baking yeast. We identified two groups of baker's strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can be distinguished by the mode of regulation of maltose utilization. One group (nonlagging strains), characterized by rapid maltose fermentation, had at least 12-fold more maltase and 130-fold-higher maltose permease activities than maltose-lagging strains in the absence of inducing sugar (maltose) and repressing sugar (glucose). Increasing the noninduced maltase activity of a lagging strain 13-fold led to an increase in CO2 production in unsugared dough. This increase in CO2 production also was seen when the maltose permease activity was increased 55-fold. Only when maltase and maltose permease activities were increased in concert was CO2 production by a lagging strain similar to that of a nonlagging strain. The noninduced activities of maltase and maltose permease constitute the largest determinant of whether a strain displays a nonlagging or a lagging phenotype and are dependent upon the MALx3 allele. Previous strategies for strain improvement have targeted glucose derepression of maltase and maltose permease expression. Our results suggest that increasing noninduced maltase and maltose permease levels is an important target for improved maltose metabolism in unsugared dough.
Characterising emulsion effects on aged asphalt concrete surfaces using Bending Beam Rheometer mixture beams (2014)

A function of asphalt emulsions is often to rejuvenate the surface of an aged asphalt concrete roadway. However, it is unclear as to the effectiveness of different types of asphalt emulsions, as most current testing is empirical and does not give an indication of field performance. Using asphalt concrete beams from the surface of a roadway in the Bending Beam Rheometer is a new approach that may give an indication of an asphalt emulsion's ability to decrease the stiffness. Seven emulsions at three application rates on two roadways were examined to identify the effect of emulsion on the stiffness and m-value of asphalt concrete. The addition of asphalt emulsion generally decreased the stiffness of the aged pavement samples; however, results were fairly erratic and inconsistent compared to change in m-value. The addition of emulsion consistently increased the m-value. Requiring an aged asphalt m-value increase of 0.05–0.06 was suggested as an initial value for consideration within specifications for projects where rejuvenation is a first-order concern.
Improving SVM accuracy by training on auxiliary data sources (2004)

The standard model of supervised learning assumes that training and test data are drawn from the same underlying distribution. This paper explores an application in which a second, auxiliary, source of data is available drawn from a different distribution. This auxiliary data is more plentiful, but of significantly lower quality, than the training and test data. In the SVM framework, a training example has two roles: (a) as a data point to constrain the learning process and (b) as a candidate support vector that can form part of the definition of the classifier. The paper considers using the auxiliary data in either (or both) of these roles. This auxiliary data framework is applied to a problem of classifying images of leaves of maple and oak trees using a kernel derived from the shapes of the leaves. Experiments show that when the training data set is very small, training with auxiliary data can produce large improvements in accuracy, even when the auxiliary data is significantly different from the training (and test) data. The paper also introduces techniques for adjusting the kernel scores of the auxiliary data points to make them more comparable to the training data points.
Detailed Unfolding and Folding of Gaseous Ubiquitin Ions Characterized by Electron Capture Dissociation (2002)

The unfolding enthalpy of the native state of ubiquitin in solution is 5 to 8 times that of its gaseous ions, as determined by electron capture dissociation (ECD) mass spectrometry. Although two-state folding occurs in solution, the three-state gaseous process proposed for this by Clemmer and co-workers based on ion mobility data is supported in general by ECD mass spectra, including relative product yields, distinct Delta H(unfolding) values between states, site-specific melting temperatures, and folding kinetics indicating a cooperative process. ECD also confirms that the 13+ ions represent separate conformers, possibly with side-chain solvated alpha-helical structures. However, the ECD data on the noncovalent bonding in the 5+ to 13+ ions, determined overall in 69 of the 75 interresidue sites, shows that thermal unfolding proceeds via a diversity of intermediates whose conformational characteristics also depend on charge site locations. As occurs with increased acidity in solution, adding 6 protons to the 5+ ions completely destroys their tertiary noncovalent bonding. However, solvation of the newly protonated sites to the backbone instead increases the stability of the secondary structure (possibly an alpha-helix) of these gaseous ions, while in solution these new sites aid denaturation by solvation in the aqueous medium. Extensive ion equilibration can lead to even more compact and diverse conformers. The three-state unfolding of gaseous ubiquitin appears to involve ensembles of individual chain conformations in a "folding funnel" of parallel reaction paths. This also provides a further caution for characterizing solution conformers from their gas-phase behavior.
Nanocomposite liquids for 193 nm immersion lithography: a progress report (2005)

Immersion lithography is a new promising approach capable of further increasing the resolution of semiconductor devices. This technology requires the development of new immersion media that satisfy the following conditions: the media should have high refractive index, be transparent and photochemically stable in DUV spectral range. They should also be inert towards photoresists and optics and be liquid to permit rapid scanning. Here we propose and explore a novel strategy in which high refractive index medium is made of small solid particles suspended in liquid phases (nanocomposite liquids). The dielectric particles have high refractive index and the refractive index of nanocomposite liquids becomes volume weighted average between refractive indices of nanoparticles and the liquid phase. We investigate aluminum oxide (alumina) nanoparticles suspended in water. Alumina is known to have high (1.95) refractive index and low absorption coefficient at 193 nm. Alumina nanoparticles were prepared by chemical methods followed by removal of organic molecules left after hydrolysis reactions. Measurements of optical and reological properties of the nanocomposite liquid demonstrated potential advantage of this approach for 193 nm immersion lithography.
Concentrating Solar Power (2015)

Solar energy is a bountiful renewable energy resource: the energy in the sunlight that reaches Earth in an hour exceeds the energy consumed by all of humanity in a year. While the phrase “solar energy conversion” probably brings photovoltaic (PV) cells to mind first, PV is not the only option for generating electricity from sunlight. Another promising technology for solar energy conversion is solar–thermal conversion, commonly referred to as concentrating solar power (CSP). The first utility-scale CSP plants were constructed in the 1980s, but in the two decades that followed, CSP saw little expansion. More recent years, however, have seen a CSP renaissance due to unprecedented growth in the adoption of CSP. Photographs of two operating CSP plants, a parabolic trough collector plant and a central receiver (or “power tower”), are shown in this paper.
Transition-metal-catalyzed C–C bond formation through the fixation of carbon dioxide (2011)

Carbon dioxide is an important carbon source in the atmosphere and is "problematic" toward the activities of human beings. Although carbon dioxide is a cheap, abundant and relatively nontoxic C1 source, its chemical transformations have not been widely developed so far and are still far from synthetic applications, especially in the construction of the C-C bond. This critical review summarizes the recent advances on transition-metal-catalyzed C-C bond formation through the fixation of carbon dioxide and their synthetic applications (124 references).
Multi-Context-Aware cache accelerating processing on network processors for future Internet traffic (2010)

The next-generation backbone routers need large-bandwidth communication capability because of increased future Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. Providing these or other future ubiquitous services will require new Network Processor (NP) designs, since these protocols or services are expected to require enormous increases in processing power in order to address their fine-grain communication pattern. These improvements of processing power will not be enough for future NP designs due to the requirements of cost reduction and lower power consumption. To meet these requirements, the cache mechanism has received increasing attention in NP design. Cache can reduce the load and time needed for table lookup by taking advantage of temporal localities in network traffic. For these reasons P-Gear, an advanced cache-based network processor, has been proposed by our laboratory. P-Gear, which provides a sophisticated cache architecture, can be used not only for table lookup but also for determining processing results, and achieves high-speed packet processing. In this paper, the cache architecture of P-Gear is shown and an extended cache mechanism called Multi-Context-Aware cache is proposed. Multi-Context-Aware cache can improve the speed of packet processing because it can control cache entry by analyzing the packet header and payload. To evaluate the validity of this proposed method, simulators of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)-Aware cache, IKE (Internet Key Exchange)-Aware cache and FTP (File Transfer Protocol)- Aware cache were designed as subsets of Multi-Context-Aware cache. According to the simulation results, SIP-Aware, IKE-Aware and FTP-Aware cache can all make contributions to improving the cache hit rate by managing cache entry. In addition, they all can reduce processing unit requirements.
Proposal for Magnetic Domain-Wall Storage and Logic (1961)

Magnetic storage of binary digital information is currently accomplished by utilizing the two stable and degenerate energy states corresponding to opposite spatial directions of a magnetic domain. However, a second type of magnetic-energy degeneracy exists since a domain wall separating two domains has the same energy regardless of the sense (clockwise or counter-clockwise) of rotation of the magnetization M within the wall. Hence, the rotational sense of M in passing through a wall can be used to represent binary information. The two methods of representation are essentially different since different aspects of spatial symmetry are involved. A practical method of utilizing wall-rotation information coding can be effected by means of strips of thin magnetic film and nearby current conductors which are used to generate magnetic fields in specified directions at specified times and places. A shift register consists of a regular up-and-down domain pattern with M perpendicular to the long strip axis; no information is contained in the domain pattern itself, which only serves to separate spatially the information-bearing walls. Shifting is accomplished by two-phase clock pulses on a pair of shifting windings. Read-out requires the use of the operation of conditional erase, accomplished as follows: if two walls of the same sense are brought together they form a double wall which can subsequently be separated into two walls; if the walls are of the opposite sense they will destroy one another upon being brought together. Thus, erasure occurs on condition that two walls have opposite sense.
The Conical Scanner: A Two Transducer Ultrasound Scatter Imaging Technique (1981)

A new two transducer ultrasound scatter imaging system has been developed. In operation, a large conical transducer generates an ultrasound beam that converges to a sharp line focus in the tissue being imaged. The second transducer is aimed along the axis of the cone and detects scattered ultrasound as a function of time, converting this information into a high resolution image. Excellent focusing properties are maintained over a large depth of field with no increase in the complexity of standard B-scanner electronics. As well, no increase in time is required to generate the image. The performance of a 45° conical scanner is examined theoretically and experimentally. The FWHM of the lateral point response of the scanner remains 0.25 mm over a 5 cm depth of field. Images of phantoms and in vitro breast tissue demonstrate a great improvement in image quality compared with conventional pulse-echo imaging.
An NPN structure 484 × 384 MOS imager for a single-chip color camera (1979)

An MOS imager featuring an NPN structure for anti blooming and built-in double video lines for color signal pickup will be described. Imager is used in single-chip color camera with TV resolution.
Low‐avidity HPA‐1a alloantibodies in severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia are detectable with surface plasmon resonance technology (2009)

Our results demonstrated that the SPR method can facilitate the diagnosis of clinically relevant low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: BCR-ABL Inhibitors SRC Inhibitors JAK2 Inhibitors EGFR/ERBB Inhibitors IGF1R Inhibitors FLT3 Inhibitors KIT Inhibitors MET/RON Inhibitors RET Inhibitors Other Inhibitors References
Sweeping Jet Actuator in a Quiescent Environment (2013)

This study presents a detailed analysis of a sweeping jet (fluidic oscillator) actuator. The sweeping jet actuator promises to be a viable flow control actuator candidate due to its simple, no moving part structure and its high momentum, spatially oscillating flow output. Hot-wire anemometer and particle image velocimetry measurements were carried out with an emphasis on understanding the actuator flow field in a quiescent environment. The time averaged, fluctuating, and instantaneous velocity measurements are provided. A modified actuator concept that incorporates high-speed solenoid valves to control the frequency of oscillation enabled phase averaged measurements of the oscillating jet. These measurements reveal that in a given oscillation cycle, the oscillating jet spends more time on each of the Coanda surfaces. In addition, the modified actuator generates four different types of flow fields, namely: a non oscillating downward jet, a non oscillating upward jet, a non oscillating straight jet, and an oscillating jet. The switching from an upward jet to a downward jet is accomplished by providing a single pulse from the solenoid valve. Once the flow is switched, the flow stays there until another pulse is received. The oscillating jet is compared with a non oscillating straight jet, which is a typical planar turbulent jet. The results indicate that the oscillating jet has a higher (5 times) spreading rate, more flow entrainment, and higher velocity fluctuations (equal to the mean velocity).
Sleep Analysis Using Machine Learning (2022)

Abstract—This paper analyses human sleep and evaluates how various factors affect the sleep a human being. For every single human being sleep is an essential factor. The lack of adequate sleep leads to various health issues. Using Machine learning technique with the help of linear regression algorithm, the model predicts whether the human being is having enough sleep based on the various factors that affects the quality of sleep.