gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
APX001 Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Determination against <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> in an <i>In Vivo</i> Model of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (2019)

APX001, the prodrug of APX001A, is a first-in-class antifungal agent that has a potent activity against <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> The goal of current study was to determine the pharmacodynamic (PD) index and target of APX001 in an immunocompromised murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis against 6 <i>A. fumigatus</i> isolates. Minimum effective concentration (MEC) values ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/liter. Dose fractionation was performed against isolate AF293 using total doses of APX001 ranging from 81 to 768 mg/kg of body weight/day fractionated into every 3-, 6-, and 8-h regimens over a 96-h treatment duration. Efficacy was assessed by <i>A. fumigatus</i> quantitative PCR (qPCR) of conidial equivalents from lung homogenates. Nonlinear regression analysis using the Hill equation demonstrated that the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MEC ratio was the pharmacokinetic (PK)/PD index that best correlated with efficacy (coefficient of determination [<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>] = 0.79). Treatment studies with the remaining strains utilized regimens of 40 to 1,536 mg/kg of APX001 administered every 3 h for a 96-h duration. Exposure-response relationships for all strains were similar, and the median free drug AUC/MEC PK/PD targets for stasis and 1-log-kill endpoints were 47.6 and 89.4, respectively. The present studies demonstrated <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> APX001A/APX001 potency against <i>A. fumigatus</i> These results have potential relevance for clinical dose selection and evaluation of susceptibility breakpoints.
Influence of Additives on the Speciation, Morphology, and Nanocrystallinity of Aluminium Electrodeposition (2012)

The effects of various additives, including alkali metal chlorides, rare earth chlorides, small organic molecules, and surfactants on the electrodeposition of aluminium were investigated. The analytical techniques of cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic coulometry, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction were applied to determine the speciation, morphology, and nanocrystallinity. It was found that additives significantly influence the morphology and grain parameters of the aluminium deposits. Inorganic additives and macromolecular surfactants play a prominent role in altering the speciation of aluminium. Small organic molecules (including surfactants) with simple structures have almost no effect on the aluminium separation process, but have a role in densification and homogenisation. In addition, the grain size can be adjusted after adding various additives, and then nanocrystallinity can be achieved. In conclusion, the effect of additive on the aluminium deposit can be predicted by cyclic voltammetry, which is a clue for smart-design on technological conditions of aluminium electrodeposition.
Devices That Tell On You: The Nike+iPod Sport Kit (2006)

Personal sensing devices are becoming more commonplace in everyday life. Unfortunately, radio transmissions from these devices can create unexpected privacy concerns if not carefully designed. We demonstrate these issues with a widely-available commercial product, the Nike+iPod Sport Kit, which contains a sensor that users put in one of their shoes and a receiver that users attach to their iPod Nanos. We find and technically explore example scenarios, such as stalking, where the Nike+iPod Sport Kit’s design can lead to a compromise of personal privacy and safety. Our re-sults exploit the fact that, when a Nike+iPod user walks or runs, the user’s Nike+iPod sensor broadcasts a unique identifier that can be detected up to 60 feet away. We im-plement a prototype surveillance system that can track peo-ple wearing Nike+iPod sensors, plotting their location on a GoogleMaps-based website and emailing and text-messaging real-time surveillance data to an attacker. Our surveillance system can track individuals when they are working out, as well as when they are casually walking and do not have their iPods with them. The smallest node in our real-time surveillance system is currently a miniature gumstix com-puter (8cm x 2.1cm x 1.3cm). We also develop a method to convert a third-generation iPod into a surveillance de-vice. Using a second-generation Intel Mote and a Microsoft SPOT Watch, we develop the means for an attacker to ob-tain real-time surveillance data on his or her wrist watch. To counterbalance our attacks, we present simple changes to the Nike+iPod Sport Kit’s design that, if implemented, would have significantly improved the kit’s resistance to the attacks in this paper. This work suggests a greater need for rigorously evaluating the privacy of new technologies before deployment. 1.
Thermal Expansion of Substituted Copper Aluminosilicate Glasses (1983)

The effects of various components on the thermal expansion coefficient of low‐expansion Cu 2 O‐Al 2 O 3 ‐SiO 2 glasses were examined. When a component of glass was substituted by another oxide, the expansion coefficient always increased, except for substitution of Al 2 O 3 by B 2 O 3 . This result indicates that the essential components to maintain the low expansivity are Cu 2 O, such trivalent oxides as Al 2 O 3 and B 2 O 3 , and tetravalent oxide SiO 2 . Glasses of the systems Cu 2 O‐Al 2 O 3 ‐B 2 O 3 , Cu 2 O‐Al 2 O 3 ‐GeO 2 , and Cu 2 O‐Al 2 O 3 ‐P 2 O 5 , which were derived by replacing SiO 2 by other network‐forming oxides, showed fairly low expansion coefficients compared with other conventional borate, germanate, and phosphate glasses. It was also found that the valence state of copper ions is important for the thermal expansion characteristics of these glasses; Cu + ions contribute to the low expansion coefficient.
Synthesis of dodecamolybdoantimonate(V) salts containing the Keggin structure (1990)

Ammonium dodecamolybdoantimonate, with a body-centred cubic symmetry, has been synthesized from antimony(III) oxide and ammonium heptamolybdate in aqueous acidic solution. The corresponding potassium, rubidium and caesium salts were prepared by ion exchange. They were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, i.r., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis.
Titelbild: Nontoxic Membrane‐Active Antimicrobial Arylamide Oligomers (Angew. Chem. 9/2004) (2004)

Die amphiphile Natur eines hochselektiven antimikrobiellen Arylamid‐Oligomers zeigt sich in der Simulation seiner Konformation an einer Wasser‐Octan‐Grenzfläche. Arginin‐Endgruppen machen es zum amphiphilsten aller untersuchten Oligomere und erhöhen sein hydrophobes Moment. Ersteres korreliert gut mit seiner geringen Toxizität, letzteres hingegen mit seiner hohen antimikrobiellen Aktivität. Mehr darüber berichten DeGrado et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1178 ff.
Mechanism of vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization (1958)

Abstract The emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate was investigated with the use of block copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides (commercially known as Pluronic surfactants) as emulsifying agents. By electron microscopy, the average polymer particle size was determined as a function of conversion of monomer to polymer and as a function of the surfactant concentration. It was found that the number of polymer particles remained constant during the reaction. The polymer surface area per unit volume of completely polymerized emulsion was proportional to the surfactant concentration. In contrast with styrene polymerization, the number of particles varied with the cube of the emulsifier concentration, and the number of particles per unit of surfactant was much less than the number that would have been expected with styrene. It was concluded that the results were consistent with polymerization theory. An expression giving the number of polymer particles produced in the reactions proved to be much simpler than the accepted equation used in the case of water insoluble monomers such as styrene. This simplicity arises from the partial water solubility of vinyl acetate, which enables the monomer to diffuse completely into the polymer particles very early in the reaction. The variation of latex viscosity with polymer particle size was also investigated. At constant solids concentration, the logarithm of the viscosity was proportional to the polymer surface area per unit of latex.
The undifferentiated and extended forms of C1300 murine neuroblastoma. An ultrastructural study and detection of concanavalin A binding sites on the plasma membrane. (1974)

Mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone neuro-2A) in the undifferentiated and "differentiated" form were compared by light and electron microscopy. "Cytodifferentiation" was induced in monolayer cultures by the addition of dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. The pattern of concanavalin A binding sites was studied after coupling with horseradish peroxidase. The following major differences were observed. The differentiated cells are characterized by numerous and long neurites, aggregation of ribosomes into polysomes, an extensive network of neurofilaments and microtubules, many dense-core neurosecretory-like vesicles, a discontinuous pattern of concanavalin A binding sites on the plasma membrane, and an increase of the specific activities of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetylase and tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, the undifferentiated cells grown in suspension culture lack neurites, contain dispersed ribosomes, infrequent neurofilaments and microtubules and dense-core neurosecretory-like vesicles, and exhibit a continuous pattern of concanavalin A binding sites. In addition, the specific activities of the above mentioned enzymes are significantly lower.
Alkylation and Acylation of 2-Hydroxy-9(10H)-acridinone and 2-Hydroxy-9(10H)-thioacridinone (1989)

New compounds, mostly referred as bis(10H)-acridinones and bis-(l0H)-lhioacridinones. have been prepared lrom 2-hydroxy~9(10H)-acridinone and 2-l~ydroxy~9(lOH)-ll~ioacridi11one.The aikylLiinked derivalives have been prepared under phase lrarlsier calaiysis condilions, while the acyi-linked derivatives have been prepared in pyridine by way of tile corresponding acridinyi lhalious sails.Some bis-acridines biiinked have been also prepared.
Voltage-Controlled Optics of a Quantum Dot (2004)

We show how the optical properties of a single semiconductor quantum dot can be controlled with a small dc voltage applied to a gate electrode. We find that the transmission spectrum of the neutral exciton exhibits two narrow lines with approximately 2 mueV linewidth. The splitting into two linearly polarized components arises through an exchange interaction within the exciton. The exchange interaction can be turned off by choosing a gate voltage where the dot is occupied with an additional electron. Saturation spectroscopy demonstrates that the neutral exciton behaves as a two-level system. Our experiments show that the remaining problem for manipulating excitonic quantum states in this system is spectral fluctuation on a mueV energy scale.
The Honan Intraocular Pressure Reducer (1985)

Although use of the Honan intraocular pressure reducer is believed to be clinically safe and effective in reducing IOP and the risk of vitreous loss, the IOPs achieved during application of the device have not been directly measured. Intraocular pressure dynamics in ten eyes of five patients were measured shortly after death, using a pressure transducer within the anterior chamber as the Honan device was applied. Pressures were measured again after enucleation. The peak IOPs produced in eyes in situ were much lower than in the same eyes after enucleation. The peak IOP increased as the initial IOP was raised. The Honan device would appear to be safe for eyes undergoing routine anterior segment surgery, but the pressures that may be generated in hypertensive eyes (IOP greater than or equal to 35 mm Hg) might put these eyes at risk for vascular occlusion.
Small Radiation Detectors for Bronchoscopic Tumor Localization (1980)

Tumor detection at bronchoscopy involves a linear visual search throughout the accessible part of the bronchial tree with biopsy at suspicious locations. We have designed, built and tested a series of small radiation detector probes that can be passed through the biopsy channel of a bronchoscope and used to locate sites of increased uptake of tumor-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Such probes can help to locate visually obscured or submucosal tumors and can identify sites for biopsy. NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) scintillation detectors with flexible fiber optic light guides and a CdTe semiconductor detector have been constructed. Tumor phantom studies have successfully predicted the performance of the NaI(Tl) probe in clinical studies using 57Co-bleomycin.
Adaptive Acquisition of Lumigraphs from Synthetic Scenes (1999)

Light fields and Lumigraphs are capable of rendering scenes of arbitrary geometrical or illumination complexity in real time. They are thus interesting ways of interacting with both recorded real‐world and high‐quality synthetic scenes. Unfortunately, both light fields and Lumigraph rely on a dense sampling of the illumination to provide a good rendering quality. This induces high costs both in terms of storage requirements and computational resources for the image acquisition. Techniques for acquiring adaptive light field and Lumigraph representations are thus mandatory for practical applications. In this paper we present a method for the adaptive acquisition of images for Lumigraphs from synthetic scenes. Using image warping to predict the potential improvement in image quality when adding a certain view, we decide which new views of the scene should be rendered and added to the light field. This a‐priori error estimator accounts for both visibility problems and illumination effects such as specular highlights.
Defining the consensus sequences of<i>E.coli</i>promoter elements by random selectio (1988)

The consensus sequence of E.coli promoter elements was determined by the method of random selection. A large collection of hybrid molecules was produced in which random-sequence oligonucleotides were cloned in place of a wild-type promoter element, and functional -10 and -35 E.coli promoter elements were obtained by a genetic selection involving the expression of a structural gene. The DNA sequences and relative levels of function for -10 and -35 elements were determined. The consensus sequences determined by this approach are very similar to those determined by comparing DNA sequences of naturally occurring E.coli promoters. However, no strong correlation is observed between similarity to the consensus and relative level of function. The results are considered in terms of E.coli promoter function and of the general applicability of the random selection method.
<title>New application system for laser and ultrasonic therapy in endoscopic surgery</title> (1996)

Flexible acoustic waveguides for selective tissue fragmentation are not yet commercially available. Experimental studies have shown the possibility of transmission of acoustical transients via optical silica glass fibers. The aim of this project is the development of a new endoscopic application system that would enable surgeons to use the laser and the ultrasound technique for therapy simultaneously. The concept of this application system is based on the transmission of laser radiation and ultrasound power via flexible silica glass fibers. Theoretical and experimental results on the feasibility of such an application system for an ultrasonic power delivery system are presented. Piezo-electric transducers are used to provide a high efficiency in generating the ultrasonic power. With reference to the CUSA-technique, a special flexible guiding system has been designed for providing aspiration at the tip and for protection of the fiber. The system transmits via an optical fiber up to 100 Watt Nd:YAG laser radiation. The axial oscillation of the fiber tip is +/- micrometers at a frequency of 27 kHz. First results of in vitro experiments are presented. The parenchymatous cells of liver can be fragmented without destruction of the collagenous matrix. The laser can be optionally used to coagulate bleedings or to cut collagenous tissues in contact. Applications for an acoustical and optical waveguide in ultrasonic surgery are demonstrated. This new approach in developing a first application system for the therapeutical use of laser radiation and power ultrasound in minimal invasive surgery via optical waveguides offers new possibilities in surgery. The laser ultrasonic surgical therapy (LUST) with its thin and flexible applicator provides new working fields especially for neuro or liver surgery. The tip can be bent and thus areas which could not be treated before have now been made accessible. Without changing the instrumentation, the surgeon can use the laser for tissue coagulation or cutting, next to the selective ultrasonic tissue fragmentation, where nerves or vessels will not be affected. Such a LUST-application system could be ready for clinical use in two to four years.
A lemma on the multiarmed bandit problem (1986)

We prove a lemma on the optimal value function for the multiarmed bandit problem which provides a simple direct proof of optimality of writeoff policies. This, in turn, leads to a new proof of optimality of the index rule.
An efficient human action recognition framework with pose-based spatiotemporal features (2019)

In the past two decades, human action recognition has been among the most challenging tasks in the field of computer vision. Recently, extracting accurate and cost-efficient skeleton information became available thanks to the cutting edge deep learning algorithms and low-cost depth sensors. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to recognize human actions using 3D skeleton information. The main components of the framework are pose representation and encoding. Assuming that human actions can be represented by spatiotemporal poses, we define a pose descriptor consisting of three elements. The first element contains the normalized coordinates of the raw skeleton joints information. The second element contains the temporal displacement information relative to a predefined temporal offset and the third element keeps the displacement information pertinent to the previous timestamp in the temporal resolution. The final descriptor of the whole sequence is the concatenation of frame-wise descriptors. To avoid the problems regarding high dimensionality, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied on the descriptors. The resulted descriptors are encoded with Fisher Vector (FV) representation before they get trained with an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated by three public benchmark datasets. The proposed method achieved competitive results compared to the other methods in the literature.
Steady-State Thermal-Solutal Convection and Diffusion in a Simulated Float Zone (1990)

Models describing the steady-state thermal diffusion in a pure system, the thermal-solutal diffusion in a binary system, and heat and momentum transverse in a pure system are presented. The geometry of the model is described by a 2D Cartesian coordinate system that is applicable for crystal sheets. The melting, solidifying, and melt/gas interfacial shapes as well as the thermal, flow, and solutal profiles are analytically evaluated as functions of the heat and ambient temperature profiles and material properties. The solution procedure involves a coupled asymptotic/numerical approach which reduces the coupled set of partial differential equations to ordinary type. The results should be applicable in situations where melt flows are not intense enough to change the thermal field in pure systems, or where the physical properties of the melt are such that the convective field is decoupled from the thermal field, the latter being established primarily by diffusion.
Transmitochondrial differences and varying levels of heteroplasmy in nuclear transfer cloned cattle (1999)

To assess the extent of cytoplasmic genetic variability in cloned cattle produced by nuclear transplantation procedures, we investigated 29 individuals of seven male cattle clones (sizes 2-6) from two different commercial sources. Restriction enzyme and direct sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) detected a total of 12 different haplotypes. Transmitochondrial individuals (i.e., animals which share identical nuclei but have different mitochondrial DNA) were detected in all but one of the clones, demonstrating that mtDNA variation among cloned cattle is a very common phenomenon which prevents true genetic identity. The analyses also showed that the cytoplasmic genetic status of some investigated individuals and clones is further complicated by heteroplasmy (more than one mtDNA type in an individual). The relative proportions of different mtDNA-types in two animals with mild heteroplasmy were estimated at 2:98% and 4:96% in DNA samples derived from blood. This is in agreement with values expected from karyoplast-cytoplast volume ratios. In contrast, the mtDNA haplotype proportions observed in six other heteroplasmic animals of two different clones ranged from 21:79% to 57:43%, reflecting a marked increase in donor blastomere mtDNA contributions. These results suggest that mtDNA type of donor embryos and recipient oocytes used in nuclear transfer cattle cloning should be controlled to obtain true clones with identical nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes.