gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellulose acetate / plasticizer systems : structure, morphology and dynamics (2015)

Polysaccharides are one of the main options to the on-going move towards the use of renewable polymers. The industrial interest in this type of polymers drastically shrunk by the advent of synthetic polymers in the fifties, but is currently reviving due to the public awareness on the limit of fossil resources. These biopolymers are nowadays offering a challenging and industrially profitable playground for researchers. However, current polysaccharides based materials are mostly processed with extensive use of solvents (including water) making the total process an environmental burden despite the advantage of the starting material. Development of thermoplastic cellulose-based materials is very challenging regarding both final material properties and polymer processing. The degradation temperature of Cellulose Acetate (CA) (degree of substitution 2.5) is so close to its melting temperature that it can only be processed with a significant amount of external plasticizers (between 20 et 30 wt.% depending on the type of the additive). Behavior of a CA-plasticizer blend is mainly governed by a ‘network’ of high polar interactions, the strength and the density of which clearly depend of 3 specific parameters: the CA’s degree of substitution, the typology of the plasticizer, the amount of plasticizer. In an attempt to explain the different plasticization mechanisms, it is thus of utmost importance for us to study and understand the dynamic properties (regarding the relaxation phenomena) of this kind of systems and how the three levers that we identified can influence or modulate the different interactions exchanged within the blends
Synthesis and characterization of fluorine‐containing polybenzimidazole for proton conducting membranes in fuel cells (2010)

Abstract Two new kinds of fluorine‐containing polybenzimidazoles (PBI), poly(2,2′‐(tetrafluoro‐ p ‐phenylene)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole) and poly(2,2′‐tetradecafluoroheptylene‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole), were synthesized by condensation polymerization of 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine and perfluoroterephthalic acid (or perfluoroazelaic acid), with polyphosphoric acid as solvent. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that the fluorine‐containing polymers synthesized exhibit promising thermal stability. The film‐forming properties of the fluorine‐containing polymers are improved over nonfluorinated PBI. The introduction of fluorine into the backbone of the polymers has significant positive affection on their chemical oxidation stability demonstrated by Fenton test. Compared with poly(2,2′‐( m ‐phenylene)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole)/phosphoric acid (PA) composite membrane, the resulting fluorinated membranes with a same PA doping level exhibit better flexibility and higher proton conductivity. The maximum proton conductivity gained is 3.05 × 10 −2 S/cm at 150 °C with a PA doping level of 7. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2115–2122, 2010
Mechanics of Active Contraction in Cardiac Muscle: Part I—Constitutive Relations for Fiber Stress That Describe Deactivation (1993)

Constitutive relations for active fiber stress in cardiac muscle are proposed and parameters are found that allow these relations to fit experimental data from the literature, including the tension redeveloped following rapid deactivating length perturbations. Contraction is driven by a length-independent free calcium transient. The number of actin sites available to react with myosin is determined from the total number of actin sites (available and inhibited), free calcium and the length history-dependent association and dissociation rates of two Ca2+ ions and troponin as governed by a first-order, classical kinetics, differential equation. Finally, the relationship between active tension and the number of available actin sites is described by a general cross-bridge model. Bridges attach in a single configuration at a constant rate, the force within each cross-bridge varies linearly with position, and the rate constant of bridge detachment depends both on position and time after onset of contraction. In Part II, these constitutive relations for active stress are incorporated in a continuum mechanics model of the left ventricle that predicted end-systolic transmural strain distributions as observed experimentally.
Consequences of Oxygen-Vacancy Correlations at the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>SrTiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Interface (2014)

The Kondo effect and ferromagnetism are the two many-body phenomena that emerge at the SrTiO(3) interfaces with polar materials, but do not occur in bulk SrTiO(3). By regarding the oxygen vacancy (OV) in SrTiO(3) as a magnetic impurity, we show that these two interface-specific phenomena can be attributed to the vacancies residing in the top TiO(2) plane of SrTiO(3). We identify three crucial ingredients: the local orbital mixing caused by an OV, reduced symmetry at the interface, and a strong in-plane stray electric field of the polar material. All three factors combine to result in the coupling between the impurity and conduction band at the interface, and can lead to both emergent phenomena. An OV-based Anderson impurity model is derived and solved using the numerical renormalization group method. The Kondo and Curie temperatures are estimated. Several experiments are discussed based on this interpretation.
Utility of Volumetric Metabolic Parameters on Preoperative FDG PET/CT for Predicting Tumor Lymphovascular Invasion in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2021)

<b>BACKGROUND</b>. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an adverse prognostic indicator in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and serves as an indication for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy recommendation after resection. <b>OBJECTIVE</b>. The purpose of this article was to assess the utility of clinicopathologic factors and volumetric metabolic parameters from preoperative FDG PET/CT in predicting primary tumor LVI in NSCLC. <b>METHODS</b>. This retrospective study included 161 patients (mean age, 61.8 ± 8.1 [SD] years; 111 men, 50 women) with surgically confirmed NSCLC who underwent preoperative FDG PET/CT between January 2018 and November 2020. Two nuclear medicine physicians used software to place automated volumes of interest delineating each tumor to record metabolic indexes (SUV<sub>max'</sub>, SUV<sub>mean'</sub>, and metabolic tumor volume [MTV]), which in turn were used to calculate total lesion glycolysis (TLG). Measurements were first performed independently to determine interobserver agreement using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and then repeated in consensus. Associations of clinicopathologic and metabolic parameters with tumor LVI status were assessed using <i>t</i> test, Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test, and chi-square test. Diagnostic performance was assessed using ROC analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of tumor LVI. <b>RESULTS</b>. A total of 23.6% (38/161) of patients had LVI. The ICCs were 1.000 for SUV<sub>max'</sub>, 0.997 for SUV<sub>mean'</sub>, and 0.999 for MTV. Tumors with LVI, compared with tumors without LVI, exhibited higher SUV<sub>max</sub> (15.4 ± 5.9 vs 11.7 ± 7.5; <i>p</i> = .006), SUV<sub>mean</sub> (6.0 ± 1.6 vs 5.1 ± 2.0; <i>p</i> = .009), MTV (median, 15.8 cm<sup>3</sup> vs 5.5 cm<sup>3</sup>; <i>p</i> < .001), and TLG (median, 88.8 vs 24.5; <i>p</i> < .001). Among the metabolic parameters, AUC was highest for MTV (0.704), with an optimal MTV cutoff of 6.4 cm<sup>3</sup> yielding sensitivity of 92.1% (35/38), specificity of 56.1% (69/123), PPV of 39.3% (35/89), and NPV of 95.8% (69/72) for LVI. Independent predictors (<i>p</i> < .05) of LVI were MTV (≥ 6.4 cm<sup>3</sup>; odds ratio [OR], 6.5), category N1 (OR, 6.4) or N2 (OR, 4.0) disease, and category T2 disease (OR, 3.6). These factors combined achieved AUC of 0.854 for LVI. <b>CONCLUSION</b>. The volumetric metabolic parameter MTV from preoperative FDG PET/CT is an independent predictor of tumor LVI in NSCLC. <b>CLINICAL IMPACT</b>. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential role of preoperative prediction of LVI using FDG PET/CT to help guide clinical decision making in NSCLC.
Generating Bessel beams with a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens (2006)

The Tunable Acoustic Gradient Index of Refraction (TAG) lens is shown to be an alternative method of generating Bessel beam for optical manipulation. The TAG lens exhibits a combination of tunability, optical throughput, and fast switching speed, overcoming many limitations linked with conventional Bessel beam techniques. A refractive fluid is contained within a circular piezoelectric that is driven with an AC signal to establish a periodic index of refraction in the liquid. Simple changes in amplitude or frequency of the driving signal allows for the rapid modification to the transmitted pattern. The switching speed is characterized by the time to reach a steady state pattern, which is shown to depend primarily on the viscosity of the filling liquid. Times between 300 and 2000 μs are obtained corresponding to fluids with viscosity of 640 cs and 0.65 cs respectively.
Flat short-circuited strip of one wavelength width and acting at quarter-wave resonance (1981)

Properties of a large, flat short-circuited half-radiating strip acting at a quarterwave resonance are presented. It is excited by means of several feed points. The obtained bandwidth is large. When the width is about one wavelength, it appears as an antenna with excellent efficiency and high directivity. Correct agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental results.
Chip Technology Based on High Efficiency DC Power Supply (2014)

The switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics, by controlling the switching transistor turn-on and turn-off time ratio, maintaining a stable output voltage of the power supply. Switching power supply technology at the core, it is mainly divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories. Switching power supply eliminates bulky frequency transformers, replacing tens of kHz, MHz or even hundreds of kHz frequency transformer. Since the adjustment pipe work in the off state, and thus low power consumption and high efficiency.
Preparation of copolymer microspheres of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (1992)

Abstract Preparation of copolymer microspheres of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (2G) with several comonomers by radiation‐induced radical polymerization is described. Ethyl methacrylate (EMA), acrylamide, maleic anhydride, and styrene gave microspheres successively. The copolymerization resulted in gelation more easily than the 2G homopolymerization. The allowed ratio of copolymerization is up to about 0.4 as the mole fraction of comonomer for the solution containing 10 vol % 2G monomer. Copolymerization affected the size of microspheres by keeping its narrow distribution. The size of microspheres was increased by the copolymerization with EMA and styrene and, was decreased with acrylamide. The formation of microsphere strongly depends on the crosslinking ability of monomers. The crosslinking ability and reactivity in the copolymerization cause the change of the size of the microspheres. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of red meat and arachidonic acid in protein kinase C activation in rat colonie mucosa (1998)

Two studies were conducted to investigate the role of meat and arachidonic acid in colonic signal transduction, particularly protein kinase C (PKC) activation. In Study 1, 26 male Wistar rats were fed a casein- or a beef-based diet for four weeks. PKC activity was measured from the proximal and distal colonic mucosa and diacylglycerol concentration from fecal samples. The beef diet significantly increased membrane PKC activity in the proximal and distal colon and cytosolic PKC in the distal colon. No differences were found in fecal diacylglycerol concentration for the rats maintained on the two diets. In Study 2, 57 male Wistar rats were divided into three dietary treatment groups: a control group, a group supplemented with arachidonic acid at 8 mg/day (an amount equivalent to that available from the beef diet in Study 1), and a group supplemented with fish oil at 166 mg/day. After a four-week supplementation period, 6 rats per group were used for colonic phospholipid fatty acid analysis and 13 rats per group were used for analysis of colonic prostaglandin E2 concentration, sphingomyelinase, and PKC activities. Supplementation of dietary arachidonic acid resulted in incorporation of arachidonic acid into colonic phosphatidylcholine, which was associated with an increase in mucosal prostaglandin E2 concentration compared with the fish oil group. However, arachidonate supplementation had no effect on sphingomyelinase or PKC activities. These data indicate that meat significantly increases colonic PKC activity, but this effect is probably not due to the arachidonic acid content of meat.
IPL technology: A review (2003)

The distinctive technical conditions involved combine to make IPL technology an alternative and auxiliary treatment option to existing laser systems and conventional therapies.
Punishment and Classroom Control (1988)

(1988). Punishment and Classroom Control. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 261-264.
Glucose Sensing in Saline Solutions using V-Band Waveguides (2014)

We present results from an experimental system employed to study the impact of glucose content on measured transmission data. The measurements have been performed at frequencies between 50 GHz and 75 GHz using V-Band waveguides, and the measured samples consisted of saline solutions with glucose con
Electrical resistivity and ESCA studies on neutral poly(alkylbenzimidazoles), their salts, and complexes (1979)

Abstract A series of metal and acid salts having poly(alkylbenzimidazoles) as the parent ligand were synthesized. The room‐temperature electrical resistivity of the parent and the salts was measured. Values for the dc electrical resistivity varied from ∼1 × 10 13 ohm.cm for the neutral polymers to ∼1 × 10 6 ohm·cm for the acid conjugate formed by reaction with HCl. Unexpectedly, changes in resistivity did not correlate with acid strength as measured by us but could be roughly correlated with the molar volume of the corresponding acid or metal salt. The nature of the complexes was elucidated using the ESCA technique. The electron core levels of nitrogen, chlorine, and the various metals were examined. The observed photoelectron spectra indicated the formation of polybenzimidazole/acid and polybenzimidazole/metal salts. In addition, one was able to conclude that the complexes of Co and Ni were high spin, thus ruling out a planar geometry for the Ni(II) complex.
Micelle Detection for Optimising Corrosion Inhibitor Dose on an Offshore Platform (2012)

Abstract This paper builds on the evidence for the optimum dose of organic film-forming corrosion inhibitor (FCCI) being at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant components, and the concept of micelle detection as a tool for understanding the effectiveness of the inhibitor dose in the field, which has been presented previously. It extends the underlying principles from laboratory testing, to the rapid analysis of field fluids and explores the different results available from alternative instrumentation. An inhibitor optimisation trial was undertaken on an offshore oil production platform for protection of a subsea pipeline used to tie back wells 10 miles from the platform. Two micelle detection devices were used, both primarily using fluorescence detection – a simple handheld device for offshore testing and a more complex device used for testing shipped samples in an onshore lab. Electrochemical corrosion monitoring was also used to analyse the produced fluids as the inhibitor dose was varied from zero to 200% of the estimated optimum dose. Results were clouded by a number of operational issues outside the control of the experiment but interpretation of the whole suggested that the offshore portable micelle analysis was overcome by large quantities of dispersed oil which masked the optical process. However the onshore testing gave some promising results, demonstrating a correlation between increased micelle levels and high inhibitor dose and suggesting that the original dose was sub-optimal. These experiments supported the need to use the more complex instrument to be able to detect micelles in very impure systems. Making and testing such a device suitable for field operations is now a priority.
Recognition of rotavirus antigens by mouse L3T4-positive T helper cells (1994)

A lymphocyte proliferation assay was used to examine the helper T cell response to rotavirus in mice following parenteral immunization with the UK strain of bovine rotavirus. Mixed populations of lymphocytes prepared from spleen or peripheral lymph nodes were tested for proliferation in the presence of UK strain rotaviruses, prepared as cell culture lysates, ultracentrifuged (pelleted) lysates, sucrose-purified virus and caesium chloride-purified virus. Live rotavirus induced non-specific stimulation of lymphocytes, which was not observed in response to inactivated virus. Putative helper T cells of the L3T4+ phenotype were prepared as an enriched population from UK strain-immunized mice or grown in vitro as a polyclonal T cell line. The response of L3T4(+)-enriched cells from mice immunized with inactivated virus was dependent on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Cells obtained following immunization with live virus did not require further addition of APCs. The response of the L3T4+ T cell line was wholly dependent on APCs. UK strain-specific L3T4+ cells responded to whole UK rotavirus and to isolated VP6 of both UK and C486 rotavirus strains. The results indicate that virus-specific L3T4+ T cells are induced following rotavirus immunization and can respond to epitopes on VP6. UK strain-primed L3T4+ cells also responded to an avian rotavirus strain, Ch2, which shares only minimal serological cross-reactivity with the UK strain. T cell recognition of rotavirus may thus be broadly cross-reactive.
Infrared nonlinear neurons using the field shielding effect in CdTe (1990)

We report on a novel IR neuron device that utilizes the field shielding effect in CdTe:In, wherein optical activation beams create an intensity dependent space-charge field. The induced electrooptic birefringence or index change is used in a neuron-type configuration to demonstrate a high sensitivity nonlinear saturated response with an absorption loss of </=1.0 dB. We have also demonstrated operation with synchronous microsecond pulses as well as the availability of both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Additional interesting features include the possibility of a broadband (0.9-1.4-microm) response to incoherent inputs and a configuration for a bidirectional neuron which can be used in backpropagating error learning networks.
A Review of Experimental Techniques for NVH Analysis on a Commercial Vehicle (2015)

Noise and vibration of automotive vehicles are an increasingly important issue in the automobile industry, for implications on both environmental noise pollution and comfort perceived by driver and passengers. Since noise and vibration performances affect the overall image of a vehicle, they are now considered important factors in the entire vehicle design process. In this regard, an accurate experimental evaluation of vehicle noise and vibration levels in both stationary conditions and urban driving conditions are often necessary for undertaking a refinement process of vehicle sound quality, satisfying the development targets. This paper provides a review of the main experimental techniques adopted for the measurement and analysis of noise and vibration in a commercial vehicle. In order to monitor sound generation in terms of both air-borne and structure-borne noise, the source, transfer path and receiver have to be investigated by noise measurement. For this purpose, different techniques can be employed. Some of them make use of instrumentation (i.e. condenser microphone, sound level meter, sound intensity probe, acoustic holography) which requires particular measurement environments, as it ensures sufficient measuring accuracy only in free field or anechoic conditions. On the contrary, the more innovative pressure-velocity sound intensity method can be used for in-situ tests, without the need to create acoustically treated environments. At the same time, vibration measurements by using proper transducers allow to minimize the structure-borne vibration transmitted from vehicle power plant to chassis and body structure. Experimental modal analysis is another standard tool in vehicle NVH development for determining the dynamic characteristics of a system, and therefore for reducing the risk of failure or excessively high structural vibration or sound pressure levels. Hence, in present work, noise and vibration frequency spectra of experimentally analyzed case studies are given, to illustrate how accurate experimental tests are fundamental for identifying the generation causes of typical noise and vibration problems.
Unrelatedness of groups of yeasts within the Candida haemulonii complex (1993)

Isoenzyme and protein profiles of clinical isolates initially identified as Candida haemulonii demonstrated the presence of two distinct groups. DNA relatedness studies with representative cultures confirmed the presence of two species. Physiological features that can be used to separate two groups within C. haemulonii are reported.
A flexible class of parallel matrix multiplication algorithms (2002)

This paper explains why parallel implementation of matrix multiplication, a seemingly simple algorithm that can be expressed as one statement and three nested loops, is complex. Practical algorithms that use matrix multiplication tend to use matrices of disparate shapes, and the shape of the matrices can significantly impact the performance of matrix multiplication. We provide a class of algorithms that covers the spectrum of shapes encountered and demonstrate that good performance can be attained if the right algorithm is chosen. While the paper resolves a number of issues, it concludes with discussion of a number of directions yet to be pursued.
Detection of Nocturnal Scratching Movements in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Using Accelerometers and Recurrent Neural Networks (2017)

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting both children and adults and is associated with pruritus. A method for objectively quantifying nocturnal scratching events could aid in the development of therapies for atopic dermatitis and other pruritic disorders. High-resolution wrist actigraphy (three-dimensional accelerometer sensors sampled at ≥20 Hz) is a noninvasive method to record movement. This paper presents an algorithm to detect nocturnal scratching events based on actigraphy data. The twofold process consists of segmenting the data into “no motion,” “single handed motion,” and “both handed motion” followed by discriminating motion segments into scratching and other motion using a bidirectional recurrent neural network classifier. The performance was compared against manually scored infrared video data collected from 24 subjects (6 healthy controls and 18 atopic dermatitis patients) demonstrating an F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> score of 0.68 and a rank correlation of 0.945. The algorithm clearly outperformed a published reference method based on wrist actigraphy (F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> score of 0.09 and a rank correlation of 0.466). The results suggest that scratching movements can be discriminated from other nocturnal movements accurately.