gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethanol Oxidation on Carbon-Supported Pt, PtRu, and PtSn Catalysts Studied by Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (2010)

Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to study the adsorbates and structural changes and their dependence on potential, existing during the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) on carbon-supported Pt, PtRu, and PtSn anode catalysts. Conventional EXAFS was applied to identify nanoparticle structure and particle size. The Δμ-XANES technique was used to investigate adsorbed species with potential. On pure Pt, an overall increase in Δμ amplitude exists under EOR compared to that existing during the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). This increased amplitude was attributed mainly to the C1 species on the surface during the EOR; these C1 species and CO become oxidized when O(H) come down on the surface. On PtRu catalysts, the O(H) formation and C-species oxidation begins at lower potentials compared to Pt. The ligand effect from oxidized RuOx islands is operative in PtRu and responsible for the performance enhancement. On PtSn, we observe O(H) at nearly all potentials, which may be explained by a very strong ligand effect involving SnOx. The operando Δμ and EXAFS results enable the determination of relative active surface areas, particle structure, and adsorbate coverages with potential of C species, OH, and O providing new insights into the role of OH in the EOR.
The wobble motor: an electrostatic, planetary-armature, microactuator (2003)

A variety of micromotor concepts has been evaluated, with the wobble motor (WM) approach being one of those selected for extensive study. Various WM configurations have been analytically evaluated using finite-element methods and closed-form solutions. Important performance characteristics have been estimated such as stall torque and free speed, and alternate strategies for motor control have been examined. Five motor configurations and a variety of silicon-based and non-silicon-based fabrication techniques have been examined in detail. In exploratory exercises, motors have been fabricated using direct mechanical assembly, electro-discharge machining (EDM), cylindrical photolithographic etching, and coextrusion of metal and plastic. The EDM approach was selected as the motor alternative which could function as an experimental testbed. Fifteen EDM WMs have been constructed and utilized for experimental purposes. Experiments aimed at generating simple preliminary data have been conducted, and results compare reasonably to analytical studies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Delay-Based Circuit Authentication With Application to Key Cards (2002)

We describe a technique to reliably identify individual integrated circuits (ICs), based on a prior delay characterization of the IC.We describe a circuit architecture for a key card for which authentication is delay based, rather than based on a digital secret key.We argue that delaybased authentication of the key card is secure because it is hard to create an accurate timing model for the circuit used in the key card.We also argue that key cards built in this fashion are resistant to many known kinds of attacks.Since the delay of ICs can vary with environmental conditions such as temperature, we develop compensation schemes and show experimentally that reliable authentication can be performed in the presence of significant environmental variations.-
An efficient LSF quantization using dynamic bit allocation (2009)

The current paper is concerned with an effective method to quantize a spectrum envelope of a speech signal without having an inter-frame prediction. In this paper, we proposed a method referred to as dynamic bit allocation-split vector quantization (DBA-SVQ). The main feature of this structure is that it makes use of the ordering property of line spectral frequencies (LSF) and exploits multiple codebooks, normalization and the DBA technique. As a result, we can limit the dynamic range of LSF sub-vectors and allocate different numbers of bits in accordance with the range sizes to maximize the overall efficiency of quantization. The performance is compared with delta line spectral pairs (LSP) VQ, which is used in EVRC-B, demonstrating reduction in spectral distortion (SD).
Activation of the c-fos serum-response element by the activated c-Ha-ras protein in a manner independent of protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (1990)

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) activated the c-fos gene enhancer linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or luciferase reporter gene in the wild type PC-12 cells but not in the variant PC-12 cells that originated from the wild type cells. Transfection of the c-Ha-rasval12 complementary DNA (cDNA) or addition of dibutyryl cAMP to the wild type PC-12 cells as well as to the variant PC-12 cells activated the c-fos gene enhancer. Prolonged treatment of the wild type PC-12 cells with phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate caused down-regulation of protein kinase C. In these cells, TPA did not stimulate the c-fos gene enhancer any more, but transfection of the c-Ha-rasval12 cDNA still stimulated the c-fos gene enhancer to the same extent as induced in the control cells. Transfection of the c-Ha-rasval12 cDNA or addition of TPA to the wild type PC-12 cells stimulated the serum-response element but not the cAMP-response element. Dibutyryl cAMP stimulated both the serum-response element and the cAMP-response element in the wild type PC-12 cells. These results indicate that the c-Ha-rasval12 protein activates the serum-response element, but not the cAMP-response element in the c-fos gene enhancer, and that the signal pathway from the c-Ha-rasval12 protein to the c-fos serum-response element is independent of protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Tubular Plug Flow Reactors (2013)

This article contains sections titled: 1. General Plug Flow Reactor Characteristics 1.1. Fundamental Types of Chemical Reactors 1.2. Flow Patterns in Tubular Reactors 1.3. PFR Heating and Cooling via Tube Wall 1.4. Mass and Energy Balance 1.5. Adiabatic Temperature Increase 1.6. Pressure Drop 1.7. Residence Time Distribution 1.8. Dimensional Analysis of PFRs for Design and Scale-Up 2. PFR Types and Configurations 2.1. Adiabatic PFRs 2.1.1. Single-Stage Adiabatic PFR 2.1.2. Multistage PFRs with Interstage Heat Exchange 2.1.3. Stepwise Cold Shot Cooling 2.1.4. Feed-Effluent Heat Exchange 2.2. Polytropic PFRs 2.2.1. Jacketed PFRs 2.2.2. Radiation Heating 2.2.3. Tubular Loop Reactor 2.3. Multitubular PFR Configurations 3. Technical Applications 3.1. General Aspects 3.2. Large Scale Commercial Applications 3.2.1. Olefins by Steam Cracking of Naphtha 3.2.2. Gas Oil Cracking in the FCC Riser Reactor 3.2.3. Vinyl Chloride Production by EDC Dehydrochlorination 3.2.4. High Pressure Ethylene Polymerization for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) → Polyethylene 3.3. Other Commercial Applications 3.3.1. Gas Phase Halogenation of Methane and Light Alkanes 3.3.2. HCN-Production in the Degussa BMA Process 3.3.3. Ketene via Acetic Acid or Acetone Cracking 3.3.4. Ethylene Glycol via Ethylene Oxide Hydrolysis 3.3.5. Various Additional Applications 3.4. Research and Development
Is intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> involved in insulin stimulation of sugar transport? Fact and prejudice (1984)

Insulin stimulates the rate of glucose transport in muscle and fat tissue by incorporation of transporters from internal membranes into the plasma membrane. It is conceivable that cell Ca2+ ions could play a role in transporter translocation. Indeed Ca2+ has been thought to mediate insulin action, but the evidence remains highly controversial. Experiments to this effect include (i) determinations of a requirement for extracellular Ca2+ in the hormonal response, (ii) stimulation of glucose transport by agents thought to elevate cytosolic Ca2+, [Ca2+]i, and (iii) determinations of Ca2+ efflux. Actual measurements of the effect of insulin on [Ca2+]i were missing until recently. Current methods to measure [Ca2+]i include Ca2+-selective intracellular electrodes, metallochromic dyes, and photoproteins. Main drawbacks of these procedures have been the requirement of microinjection for their incorporation, which restricts their use to large cells, and their interaction with cytoplasmic Mg2+ and H+. Recently, a fluorescent Ca2+ chelator, quin-2, has been devised, which circumvents these difficulties. A permeable, nonchelating precursor of quin-2 penetrates cells and once in the cytosol becomes an impermeant, fluorescent Ca2+ chelator. With this technique it was shown that insulin does not change [Ca2+]i while stimulating glucose transport in L6 muscle cells.
Shear-Driven Solidification of Dilute Colloidal Suspensions (2011)

We show that shear-induced solidification of dilute charge-stabilized colloids is due to the interplay between shear-induced formation and breakage of large non-Brownian clusters. While their size is limited by breakage, their number density increases with shearing time. Upon flow cessation, the dense packing of clusters interconnects into a rigid state by means of grainy bonds, each involving a large number of primary colloidal bonds. The emerging picture of shear-driven solidification in dilute colloidal suspensions combines the gelation of Brownian systems with the jamming of athermal systems.
Atomic force microscopy using an integrated comb-shape electrostatic actuator for high-speed feedback motion (2000)

A microfabricated cantilever with integrated comb-shape electrostatic actuator is proposed to yield a high-speed feedback motion in atomic force microscopy with optical deflection detection. The actuator has a linear response to the driving voltage. The dynamic range of tip amounts to 1 μm with an actuation efficiency of 11.4 nm/V. Using this cantilever, an imaging bandwidth of ∼80 kHz was obtained. High-speed constant force imaging with a tip velocity of 1.22 mm/s is demonstrated. The tip-sample force is verified to be constant by using a cantilever with an integrated piezoresistor as the scanned sample.
Strong homonuclear metal-metal bonds (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStrong homonuclear metal-metal bondsF. Albert CottonCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1969, 2, 8, 240–247Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50020a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50020a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views898Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium Swarming Mutants with Altered Biofilm-Forming Abilities: Surfactin Inhibits Biofilm Formation (2001)

Swarming motility plays an important role in surface colonization by several flagellated bacteria. Swarmer cells are specially adapted to rapidly translocate over agar surfaces by virtue of their more numerous flagella, longer cell length, and encasement of slime. The external slime provides the milieu for motility and likely harbors swarming signals. We recently reported the isolation of swarming-defective transposon mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a large majority of which were defective in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis. Here, we have examined the biofilm-forming abilities of the swarming mutants using a microtiter plate assay. A whole spectrum of efficiencies were observed, with LPS mutants being generally more proficient than wild-type organisms in biofilm formation. Since we have postulated that O-antigen may serve a surfactant function during swarming, we tested the effect of the biosurfactant surfactin on biofilm formation. We report that surfactin inhibits biofilm formation of wild-type S. enterica grown either in polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells or in urethral catheters. Other bio- and chemical surfactants tested had similar effects.
Detection of Green Apples in Hyperspectral Images of Apple-Tree Foliage Using Machine Vision (2007)

It is important for orchard owners to be able to estimate the quantity of fruit on the trees at the various growth stages, because a tree that bears too many fruits will yield small fruits. Thus, if growers are interested in controlling the fruit size, knowing in advance that there are too many developing fruits will give them the opportunity to treat the tree. This study proposes a machine vision-based method of automating the yield estimation of apples on trees at different stages of their growth. Since one of the most difficult aspects of apple yield estimation is distinguishing between green varieties of apples or those that are green in the first stages of growth, and the green leaves that surround them, this investigation concentrates on estimating the yield of green varieties of apples. Hyperspectral imaging was used, because it is capable of giving a wealth of information both in the visible and the near-infrared (NIR) regions and thus offers the potential to provide useful results. A multistage algorithm was developed that uses several techniques, such as principle components analysis (PCA) and extraction and classification of homogenous objects (ECHO) for analyzing hyperspectral data, as well as machine vision techniques such as morphological operations, watershed, and blob analysis. The method developed was tested on images taken in a Golden Delicious apple orchard in the Golan Heights, Israel, in two sessions: one during the first stages of growth, and the second just before harvest. The overall correct detection rate was 88.1%, with an overall error rate of 14.1%.
Efficient 3-D Scene Prefetching From Learning User Access Patterns (2015)

Rendering large-scale 3-D scenes on a thin client is attracting increasing attention with the development of the mobile Internet. Efficient scene prefetching to provide timely data with a limited cache is one of the most critical issues for remote 3-D data scheduling in networked virtual environment applications. Existing prefetching schemes predict the future positions of each individual user based on user traces. In this paper, we investigate scene content sequences accessed by various users instead of user viewpoint traces and propose a user access pattern-based 3-D scene prefetching scheme. We make a relationship graph-based clustering to partition history user access sequences into several clusters and choose representative sequences from among these clusters as user access patterns. Then, these user access patterns are prioritized by their popularity and users' personal preference. Based on these access patterns, the proposed prefetching scheme predicts the scene contents that will most likely be visited in the future and delivers them to the client in advance. The experiment results demonstrate that our user access pattern-based prefetching approach achieves a high hit ratio and outperforms the prevailing prefetching schemes in terms of access latency and cache capacity.
Efficient BiVO<sub>4</sub> Thin Film Photoanodes Modified with Cobalt Phosphate Catalyst and W‐doping (2012)

Abstract Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) thin film photoanodes for light‐induced water oxidation are deposited by a low‐cost and scalable spray pyrolysis method. The resulting films are of high quality, as indicated by an internal quantum efficiency close to 100 % between 360 and 450 nm. However, its performance under AM1.5 illumination is limited by slow water oxidation kinetics. This can be addressed by using cobalt phosphate (Co‐Pi) as a water oxidation co‐catalyst. Electrodeposition of 30 nm Co‐Pi catalyst on the surface of BiVO 4 increases the water oxidation efficiency from ≈30 % to more than 90 % at potentials higher than 1.2 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Once the surface catalysis limitation is removed, the performance of the photoanode is limited by low charge separation efficiency; more than 60 % of the electron‐hole pairs recombine before reaching the respective interfaces. Slow electron transport is shown to be the main cause of this low efficiency. We show that this can be remedied by introducing W as a donor type dopant in BiVO 4 , resulting in an AM1.5 photocurrent of ≈2.3 mA cm −2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE for 1 % W‐doped Co‐Pi‐catalyzed BiVO 4 .
Adenovirus E1B oncoprotein tethers a transcriptional repression domain to p53. (1994)

Many DNA tumor viruses express a protein that inhibits transcriptional activation by the tumor-suppressing transcription factor p53. We report that adenovirus E1B 55K represses p53-mediated activation by a mechanism not described previously. E1B 55K binds p53 without displacing it from its DNA-binding site. A fusion of E1B 55K to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain represses transcription from a variety of promoters with engineered upstream GAL4-binding sites. Mutations within E1B 55K that interfere with its transforming activity and its ability to inhibit p53-mediated trans-activation also interfere with transcriptional repression by the GAL4-55K fusion. These results demonstrate that E1B 55K functions as a direct transcriptional repressor that is targeted to p53-responsive genes by binding to p53.
Dynamic monitoring of localized tumor oxygenation changes using RF pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance in conscious mice (2008)

Oxygenation status is a key determinant in both tumor growth and responses to therapeutic interventions. The oxygen partial pressure (pO2) was assessed using a novel pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at 750 MHz. Crystals of lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) implanted into either squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumor or femoral muscle on opposing legs of mice were tested by pulsed EPR. The results showed pO2 of SCC tumor was 2.7 +/- 0.4 mmHg, while in the femoral muscle it was 6.1 +/- 0.9 mmHg. A major advantage of pulsed EPR oximetry over conventional continuous-wave (CW) EPR oximetry is the lack of influence from subject motion, while avoiding artifacts associated with modulation or power saturation. Resonators in pulsed EPR are overcoupled to minimize recovery time. This makes changes in coupling associated with object motion minimal without influencing spectral quality. Consequently, pulsed EPR oximetry enables approximately a temporal resolution of approximately one second in pO2 monitoring in conscious subjects, avoiding significant influence of anesthetics on the physiology being studied. The pO2 in SCC tumor and muscle was found to be higher without anesthesia (3.9 +/- 0.5 mmHg for tumor, 8.8 +/- 1.2 mmHg for muscle). These results support the advantage of pulsed EPR in examining pO2 in conscious animals with LiPc chronically implanted in predetermined regions.
Adaptive registration of varying contrast‐weighted images for improved tissue characterization (ARCTIC): Application to T<sub>1</sub>mapping (2014)

The proposed nonrigid registration approach reduces the respiratory-induced motion that occurs during breath-hold T1 mapping, and significantly improves T1 map quality.
A Convenant Synthesis of 6-Formyl-5-Deazapterin (1988)

Abstract 6-Formyl-5-deazapterin, a key intermediate for the synthesis of a variety of 5-deaza analogues of folic acid, has been conveniently prepared by palladium-catalyzed coupling of 2-pivaloyl-6-bromo-5-deazapterin with siyrene, followed by ozonolysis of the resulting 6-styryl derivative, and final hydrolysis of the pivaloyl grouping. The penultimate compound in this sequence, 2-pivaloyl-6-formyl-5-deazapterin, is a partictularly convenient (and soluble) intermediate for further synthetic operations.
Multielectron Cycling of a Low-Potential Anolyte in Alkali Metal Electrolytes for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries (2017)

Recent efforts have led to the design of new anolytes for nonaqueous flow batteries that exhibit reversible redox couples at low potentials. However, these molecules generally cycle through just a single electron-transfer event, which limits the overall energy density of resulting batteries on account of the undesirably high equivalent weight (i.e., ratio of anolyte/supporting electrolyte molecular weight to electrons transferred). In addition, these anolytes generally require expensive alkylammonium salts as supporting electrolytes for stable cycling, which further increases the equivalent weight of the system. The current work describes the multielectron redox cycling of a low-potential anolyte using alkali metal salts as supporting electrolytes. These studies reveal that potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) dramatically lowers the equivalent weight of the anolyte system while supporting flow cell cycling through two redox events at low potentials for 150 cycles with no detectable degradation.
21 세기 교육대학교 교육과정 개발에 있어서의 기본 방향 모색 : 구성주의에 기초하여 (1997)

본고의 목적은 객관주의(objectivism)철학에 기초한 우리 나라 교육대학교 교육과정에 나타나 있는 문제점을 인식하고, 이를 극복하기 위한 대안으로서 구성주의(constructivism)교육 및 구성주의 철학에 입각한 교육대학교 교육과정의 방향을 모색하고자 했다. 그 동안, 교육대학교 교육과정은 객관주의 철학에 바탕을 두고 변천해 왔다고 볼 수 있으며, 지식의 객관성과 실증성을 강조하는 교육은 결국 지식 전달 중심의 교육으로 전락하고 말았다. 따라서, 많은 양의 지식을, 가능한한 짧은 시간에, 가능한한 잊지 않도록 하기 위한 교육과정의 운영은 지식의 폭발적 증가와 노후화 기간의 단축이 이루어지고 있는 21세기 정보화·세계화 시대에 대처할 수 없으며, 고등정신능력·창의력·자기학습능력 등을 통하여 자기창조 할 수 있는 교사를 양성하기에 효과적이지 못하다. 이에 대한 대안으로 구성주의 철학에 입각한 교육대학교 교육과정을 개발함으로써, 실제적이고 의미있는 지식을 예비교사 스스로가 창조해나갈 수 있도록 해야한다. 이를 위해, 지금까지는 일부학점(또는 사수)조정이나 교과 설·폐강에 그쳤던 교육대학 교육과정 개정에서 벗어나, 교육목적, 교육내용, 교육방법, 교육 평가의 모든 영역에서 패러다임적인 전환을 해야 한다. 더 나아가 학생 중심의 대학 수업, 양보다 질을 강조하는 교사교육, 다양한 선택이 있는 교육과정, 일선 초등교육 현장과 연계화된 교육과정, 의대 모형을 도입하여 교생실습의 강화 또는 교사 인턴제도 도입 등이 반영되어야 한다. 또한, 교육대학교 교육과정의 파행적 운영을 막기 위해서는 교원임용제도를 비롯한 여타 교육제도도 정비되어야 한다.
Effect of accelerated exposure conditions on the photodegradation of BPA polycarbonate/ABS blends (1997)

Abstract A BPA polycarbonate/ABS blend containing 2% TiO 2 was exposed to xenon are irradiation under SAE J 1885 conditions (quartz/borosilicate filters). “CRD” conditions (borosilicate/borosilicate filters), and ASTM D4459–86 conditions (borosilicate/soda lime filters). The results are consistent with the conclusion that polycarbonate dominates the photochemistry of polycarbonate/ABS blends under SAE J1885 and CRD xenon are exposure conditions. Exposure under ASTM D4459–86 conditions produced results similar to CRD conditions with some additional contribution attributable to the ABS component. The “activation spectrum” of PC/ABS blends under CRD conditions closely resembled the sum of the activation spectra of ABS and PC determined under similar conditions. The well‐known change in mechanism that occurs when polycarbonate is exposed to light with wavelengths < 300 nm was manifested by increased rates of yellowing, surface erosion. and loss of gloss under SAE J 1885 conditions. Because of the mechanism change, testing under quartz/borosilicate filtered xenon are exposure cannot be considered to be appropriate for polycarbonate‐containing formulations.