gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Language Model Adaptation For Statistical Machine Translation Based On Information Retrieval (2004)

Language modeling is an important part for both speech recognition and machine translation systems. Adaptation has been successfully applied to language models for speech recognition. In this paper we present experiments concerning language model adaptation for statistical machine translation. We develop a method to adapt language models using information retrieval methods. The adapted language models drastically reduce perplexity over a general language model and we can show that it is possible to improve the translation quality of a statistical machine translation using those adapted language models instead of a general language model. 1.
Bimodal speech recognition using lip movement measured by optical flow analysis (2001)

This paper proposes bimodal speech recognition using lip movements measured by optical-flow analysis. The optical flow is defined as the distribution of apparent velocities of brightness pattern movements. Since the optical flow can be computed without extracting the speaker’s lip contours and location, robust visual features can be obtained on lip movements. Our method calculates two visual features in each frame: variances of horizontal and vertical components of flow velocities. Since these features represent movement of the speaker’s mouth, they are especially useful for estimating pause/silence periods in noise-corrupted speech. The visual features are combined with acoustic features in the framework of HMM-based recognition. Phoneme HMMs are trained using the combined features extracted from clean speech data. In recognizing noise-corrupted speech, the observation probability of visual features are weighted. Experiments have been carried out using audio-visual data by 11 male speakers uttering connected digits. The following improvements of word accuracy over the audio-only recognition scheme were achieved by combining visual information only for silence HMM; 5% at SNR=5dB and 12% at SNR=10dB.
Impedance Diagnostic for Overcharged Lithium-Ion Batteries (2012)

The impedance response of LiCoO2|C battery cells is exploited to develop a single-frequency (500 Hz) diagnostic tool to detect overcharge abuse. The impedance data are reversible at all states-of-charge during normal charge/discharge operations (2.8–4.2 V), with little change in Z' or Z'' at 500 Hz even after 200 cycles. However, a single 4.6 V overcharge shows clear differentiation in the impedance values at 500 Hz, which is responsive to the cell passivation layers, with the Z' and Z'' first decreasing and then irreversibly increasing with cycling. Thus, this single-frequency impedance method provides a simple means of monitoring battery health.
Identification of a melanosomal membrane protein encoded by the pink-eyed dilution (type II oculocutaneous albinism) gene. (1994)

The pink-eyed dilution (p) locus in the mouse is critical to melanogenesis; mutations in the homologous locus in humans, P, are a cause of type II oculocutaneous albinism. Although a cDNA encoded by the p gene has recently been identified, nothing is known about the protein product of this gene. To characterize the protein encoded by the p gene, we performed immunoblot analysis of extracts of melanocytes cultured from wild-type mice with an antiserum from rabbits immunized with a peptide corresponding to amino acids 285-298 of the predicted protein product of the murine p gene. This antiserum recognized a 110-kDa protein. The protein was absent from extracts of melanocytes cultured from mice with two mutations (pcp and p) in which transcripts of the p gene are absent or greatly reduced. Introduction of the cDNA for the p gene into pcp melanocytes by electroporation resulted in expression of the 3.3-kb mRNA and the 110-kDa protein. Upon subcellular fractionation of cultured melanocytes, the 110-kDa protein was found to be present in melanosomes but absent from the vesicular fraction; phase separation performed with the nonionic detergent Triton X-114 confirmed the predicted hydrophobic nature of the protein. These results demonstrate that the p gene encodes a 110-kDa integral melanosomal membrane protein and establish a framework by which mutations at this locus, which diminish pigmentation, can be analyzed at the cellular and biochemical levels.
CRTAM Confers Late-Stage Activation of CD8+ T Cells to Regulate Retention within Lymph Node (2009)

In vivo immune response is triggered in the lymph node, where lymphocytes for entry into, retention at, and migration to effector sites are dynamically regulated. The molecular mechanism underlying retention regulation is the key to elucidating in vivo regulation of immune response. In this study, we describe the function of the adhesion molecule class I-restricted T cell-associated molecule (CRTAM) in regulating CD8+ T cell retention within the lymph node and eventually effector function. We previously identified CRTAM as a receptor predominantly expressed on activated CD8+ T cells, and nectin-like molecule-2 (Necl2) as its ligand. In vivo function of CRTAM-Necl2 interaction was analyzed by generating CRTAM(-/-) mice. CRTAM(-/-) mice exhibited reduced protective immunity against viral infection and impaired autoimmune diabetes induction in vivo. Although Ag-specific CRTAM(-/-) CD8+ T cells showed normal CTL functions in vitro, their number in the draining lymph node was reduced. Because CRTAM+ T cells bound efficiently to Necl2-expressing CD8+ dendritic cells (DCs) that reside in T cell area of lymph node, CRTAM may induce retention by binding to CD8+ DCs at the late stage of activation before proliferation. The CRTAM-mediated late interaction with DCs induced retention of activated CD8+ T cells in an Ag-independent fashion, and this possibly resulted in effective CTL development in the draining lymph node.
Carnisone Increases Efficiency of DOPA Therapy of Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study (2008)

The addition of the neuropeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) as a food additive to the basic protocol of Parkinson's disease treatment results in significant improvement of neurological symptoms, along with increase in red blood cell Cu/Zn-SOD and decrease in blood plasma protein carbonyls and lipid hydroperoxides, with no noticeable change in platelets MAO B activity. The combination of carnosine with basic therapy may be a useful way to increase efficiency of PD treatment.
twoddpcr: an R/Bioconductor package and Shiny app for Droplet Digital PCR analysis (2017)

anthony.chiu@cruk.manchester.ac.uk.
Sequence dependence for the energetics of dangling ends and terminal base pairs in ribonucleic acid (1987)

Stability increments of terminal unpaired nucleotides (dangling ends) and terminal base pairs on the core helixes AUGCAU and UGCGCA are reported. Enthalpy, entropy, and free energy changes of helix formation were measured spectrophotometrically for 18 oligoribonucleotides containing the core sequences. The results indicate 3' dangling purines add more stability than 3' dangling pyrimidines. In most cases, the additional stability from a 3' dangling end on an AU base pair is less than that on a GC base pair [Freier, S.M., Burger, B.J., Alkema, D., Neilson, T., & Turner, D.H. (1985) Biochemistry 22, 6198-6206]. The sequence dependence provides a test for the importance of dangling ends for various RNA interactions. Correlations are suggested with codon context effects and with the three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. In the latter case, all terminal unpaired nucleotides having stability increments more favorable than -1 kcal/mol are stacked on the adjacent base pair. All terminal unpaired nucleotides having stability increments less favorable than -0.3 kcal/mol are not stacked on the adjacent base pair. In several cases, this lack of stacking is associated with a turn in the sugar-phosphate backbone. This suggests stability increments measured on oligoribonucleotides may be useful for predicting tertiary structure in large RNA molecules. Comparison of the stability increments for terminal dangling ends and base pairs, and of terminal GC and AU base pairs, indicates the free energy increment associated with forming a hydrogen bond can be about -1 kcal/mol of hydrogen bond.
Deep Exploration via Randomized Value Functions (2017)

We study the use of randomized value functions to guide deep exploration in reinforcement learning. This offers an elegant means for synthesizing statistically and computationally efficient exploration with common practical approaches to value function learning. We present several reinforcement learning algorithms that leverage randomized value functions and demonstrate their efficacy through computational studies. We also prove a regret bound that establishes statistical efficiency with a tabular representation.
Two Separate Quorum-Sensing Systems Upregulate Transcription of the Same ABC Transporter in<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2004)

Streptococcus pneumoniae secretes two different peptide pheromones used for intercellular communication. These peptides, which have completely unrelated primary structures, activate two separate signal transduction pathways, ComABCDE and BlpABCSRH, which regulate natural genetic transformation and bacteriocin production, respectively. Each signal transduction pathway contains a response regulator (ComE and BlpR, respectively) that activates transcription of target genes by binding to similar, but not identical, imperfect direct repeat motifs. In general the direct repeat binding sites are specific for one or the other of the two response regulators, ensuring that competence development and bacteriocin production are regulated separately. However, in the present study we show that the rate of transcription of an operon, encoding an ABC transporter of unknown function, can be stimulated by both peptide pheromones. We also show that this cross-induction is due to a hybrid direct repeat motif that can respond to both ComE and BlpR. To our knowledge this kind of convergent gene regulation by two separate two-component regulatory systems has not been described before in bacteria.
Machine Learning-based Pre-discharge Prediction of Hospital Readmission (2018)

In this paper, we describe the application of data mining techniques in relation to an important clinical care quality indicator: the prediction of hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. We retrieved six months of encounter data between dates April through September, 2017, from five inpatient hospitals in a large US metropolitan area. Each encounter includes both administrative and clinical data. We utilized a feature reduction technique to replace thousands of clinical features with a much smaller number of proxy features. The dimensionally reduced dataset was then used in the development, training and evaluation of numerous readmission predictive models. Using standard implementation techniques, our model can function within the hospital EHR from where the data was sourced, in real- time, for all patients, prior to discharge. Model performance of the best performing model compares favorably to existing comparable pre-discharge, all-patient predictive model studies.
Effect of facet coating on the reliability of InGaAlP visible light laser diodes (1988)

Effect of facet coating on the reliability of InGaAlP visible light laser diodes is investigated. Uncoated InGaAlP laser diodes showed facet oxygen related degradation after aging as the gradual degradation mode. Such degradation was drastically suppressed by facet coating. InGaAlP laser diodes with Al2O3-coated facets have operated for more than 2500 h at 50 °C at an optical output power of 3 mW without any significant degradation.
An ultra high throughput and memory efficient pipeline architecture for multi-match packet classification without TCAMs (2009)

The emergence of new network applications like network intrusion detection system, packet-level accounting, and load-balancing requires packet classification to report all matched rules, instead of only the best matched rule. Although several schemes have been proposed recently to address the multi-match packet classification problem, most of them require either huge memory or expensive Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) to store the intermediate data structure, or suffer from steep performance degradation under certain types of classifiers. In this paper, we decompose the operation of multi-match packet classification from the complicated multi-dimensional search to several single-dimensional searches, and present an asynchronous pipeline architecture based on a signature tree structure to combine the intermediate results returned from single-dimensional searches. By spreading edges of the signature tree in multiple hash tables at different stages of the pipeline, the pipeline can achieve a high throughput via the inter-stage parallel access to hash tables. To exploit further intra-stage parallelism, two edge-grouping algorithms are designed to evenly divide the edges associated with each stage into multiple work-conserving hash tables with minimum overhead. Extensive simulation using realistic classifiers and traffic traces shows that the proposed pipeline architecture outperforms HyperCut and B2PC schemes in classification speed by at least one order of magnitude, while with a similar storage requirement. Particularly, with different types of classifiers of 4K rules, the proposed pipeline architecture is able to achieve a throughput between 19.5 Gbps and 91 Gbps.
<title>Photodynamic therapy with ultrafast lasers</title> (1999)

The photodynamic properties of several photosensitive compounds have been evaluated in vivo using simultaneous two-photon excitation (TPE) and multi-photon excitation (MPE). TPE and MPE are effected using a mode-locked laser, such as the mode-locked titanium:sapphire or Nd:YLF laser, the near infrared output of which allows direct promotion of various non-resonant transitions. Such lasers are exceptionally well suited for non-linear activation of exogenous or endogenous PDT agents in biological systems due to their extremely short pulse width, modest pulse energy, and high repetition rate; these features combine to effect efficient PDT activation with minimal potential for non- specific biological damage, improved spatial localization of activation, and enhanced depth of penetration. Results in several murine models are presented.
Lanthanide <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminodiboranates: Highly Volatile Precursors for the Deposition of Lanthanide-Containing Thin Films (2010)

New lanthanide CVD precursors of stoichiometry Ln(H(3)BNMe(2)BH(3))(3) have been prepared, where Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu. The ligand is N,N-dimethylaminodiboranate, a new kind of multidentate borohydride. The structures of the Ln(H(3)BNMe(2)BH(3))(3) complexes are highly dependent on the size of the lanthanide ions: the coordination number decreases from Pr (CN = 14) to Sm (CN = 13) to Er (CN = 12) corresponding with the decrease in ionic radii. The Ln(H(3)BNMe(2)BH(3))(3) complexes are highly volatile and sublime at temperatures as low as 65 degrees C in vacuum. These complexes are useful CVD precursors; for example, Y(H(3)BNMe(2)BH(3))(3) has been used to deposit Y(2)O(3) on silicon at 300 degrees C by CVD using water as a coreactant.
LASER MICROFABRICATION OF THIN FILMS AND MICROSTRUCTURES. (1986)

The photolithographic technique is central to the manufacture of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. Where low volume integrated circuits (IC's) are required photolithography becomes prohibitively expensive in terms of the cost of masks, production line efficiency, etc. As microelectronic device dimensions extend below 1 um, there is also an increased need to minimize high temperature processing used in their manufacture. 'Pyrogenic' reactions are also undesirable in compound semiconductor device technology. Lasers and other intense photon sources provide a variety of reaction possibilities for tackling these problems. These include laser-induced deposition, removal, and ablation of films, and photon-induced oxygen reactions with metals and semiconductor materials.
Chemical model of osteoarthritis--a pharmacological evaluation. (1987)

For pharmacological testing of drugs with antidegenerative potency we developed an animal model of biochemically induced osteoarthritis (OA) by blocking the glycolytic energy metabolism and synthetic processes in articular chondrocytes. After local injection of sodium iodoacetate osteoarthritic reactions will progress within 2-4 months. Using a standardized radiological, histological, and macroscopical grading we could demonstrate that corticosteroids and some NSAID exert negative effects on articular cartilage, while a few other NSAID showed no influence. Diclofenac had even a pronounced antidegenerative potency which was comparable to the antiosteoarthritic properties of two glycosaminoglycan derivatives investigated in the model of biochemically induced OA in the knee joint of hens and rats.
Induction of Common Scab Symptoms in Aseptically Cultured Potato Tubers by the Vivotoxin, Thaxtomin (1990)

Inoculation of aseptically cultured minitubers with cell-free extracts from scab lesions of field-grown and cultured tubers infected with Streptomyces scabies reproduced symptoms typical of the common scab disease. Isolation and fractionation of the active components in tissue extracts by a combination of normal and reversed phase thin-layer chromatography yielded two active compounds. These have been designated thaxtomin A and thaxtomin B and characterized as unique 4-nitroindol-3-yl containing 2,5-dioxopiperazines. These phytotoxic principles satisfy all of the basic criteria of vivotoxins
Graphene covalently functionalized with 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DQ) as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitors (2020)

2,6-Diaminoaquinone molecules were covalently modified onto the surface of GO <italic>via</italic> a nucleophilic displacement reaction between the epoxy groups on the surface of GO and the –NH<sub>2</sub> groups of DQ molecules in the presence of ammonia to form a composite material.
Does Magnesium Produce Anesthesia? (1968)

ALDRETE, J. ANTONIO M.D., M.S.; BARNES, DONALD R. M.D.; AIKAWA, JERRY K. M.D. Author Information
Contribution of Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-Cl<sup>−</sup>cotransporter to high-[K<sup>+</sup>]<sub>o</sub>- induced swelling and EAA release in astrocytes (2002)

We hypothesized that high extracellular K(+) concentration ([K(+)](o))-mediated stimulation of Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) may result in a net gain of K(+) and Cl(-) and thus lead to high-[K(+)](o)-induced swelling and glutamate release. In the current study, relative cell volume changes were determined in astrocytes. Under 75 mM [K(+)](o,) astrocytes swelled by 20.2 +/- 4.9%. This high-[K(+)](o)-mediated swelling was abolished by the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide (10 microM, 1.0 +/- 3.1%; P < 0.05). Intracellular (36)Cl(-) accumulation was increased from a control value of 0.39 +/- 0.06 to 0.68 +/- 0.05 micromol/mg protein in response to 75 mM [K(+)](o). This increase was significantly reduced by bumetanide (P < 0.05). Basal intracellular Na(+) concentration ([Na(+)](i)) was reduced from 19.1 +/- 0.8 to 16.8 +/- 1.9 mM by bumetanide (P < 0.05). [Na(+)](i) decreased to 8.4 +/- 1.0 mM under 75 mM [K(+)](o) and was further reduced to 5.2 +/- 1.7 mM by bumetanide. In addition, the recovery rate of [Na(+)](i) on return to 5.8 mM [K(+)](o) was decreased by 40% in the presence of bumetanide (P < 0.05). Bumetanide inhibited high-[K(+)](o)-induced (14)C-labeled D-aspartate release by ~50% (P < 0.05). These results suggest that NKCC1 contributes to high-[K(+)](o)-induced astrocyte swelling and glutamate release.
Malware Diffusion Models for Modern Complex Networks: Theory and Applications (2016)

Malware Diffusion Models for Wireless Complex Networks: Theory and Applications provides a timely update on malicious software (malware), a serious concern for all types of network users, from laymen to experienced administrators. As the proliferation of portable devices, namely smartphones and tablets, and their increased capabilities, has propelled the intensity of malware spreading and increased its consequences in social life and the global economy, this book provides the theoretical aspect of malware dissemination, also presenting modeling approaches that describe the behavior and dynamics of malware diffusion in various types of wireless complex networks. Sections include a systematic introduction to malware diffusion processes in computer and communications networks, an analysis of the latest state-of-the-art malware diffusion modeling frameworks, such as queuing-based techniques, calculus of variations based techniques, and game theory based techniques, also demonstrating how the methodologies can be used for modeling in more general applications and practical scenarios
Medical image segmentation using level set and watershed transform (2003)

One of the most popular level set algorithms is the so-called fast marching method. In this paper, a medical image segmentation algorithm is proposed based on the combination of fast marching method and watershed transformation. First, the original image is smoothed using nonlinear diffusion filter, then the smoothed image is over-segmented by the watershed algorithm. Last, the image is segmented automatically using the modified fast marching method. Due to introducing over-segmentation, the arrival time the seeded point to the boundary of region should be calculated. For other pixels inside the region of the seeded point, the arrival time is not calculated because of the region homogeneity. So the algorithm’s speed improves greatly. Moreover, the speed function is redefined based on the statistical similarity degree of the nearby regions. We also extend our algorithm to 3D circumstance and segment medical image series. Experiments show that the algorithm can fast and accurately obtain segmentation results of medical images.
Photodesorption of rubidium atoms from a sapphire surface (2017)

Photodesorption of rubidium atoms from crystalline sapphire surface is experimentally studied using the time-of-flight method and the total internal reflection effect. The adsorption energy of rubidium atoms on sapphire is determined to be ~0.7 eV. The dependence of the kinetic energy of desorbed rubidium atoms on the desorbing photon energy in the sapphire transparency range and in the absorption band of rubidium adatoms is determined. It is found that the average kinetic energy of outgoing atoms decreases at desorbing photon energies exceeding 2.3 eV. A model is proposed that relates the decrease in the kinetic energy of desorbed atoms to the appearance of a new channel of desorption of atoms in an excited electronic state.
Origin of antifreeze protein genes: A cool tale in molecular evolution (1997)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.