gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-RAY OPTICS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION (2002)

In two-dimensional X-ray diffraction the requirements of X-ray optics are different from the conventional diffractometer in many aspects. This paper discusses the performance requirements of various X-ray optics devices used for two-dimensional X-ray diffraction as well as commonly used X-ray optics components, such as monochromator, pinhole collimator, cross-coupled multilayer mirrors, UBC (universal beam concept ) device, polycapillary and monocapillary. IINTRODUCTION A two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (XRD 2 ) system has both the capability of acquiring diffraction patterns in 2D space simultaneously, and analyzing the 2D diffraction data accordingly [1-3]. In an XRD 2 system the function of X-ray optics is to condition the primary Xray beam into the required wavelength, beam focus size, beam profile and divergency. Figure 1 shows a typical X-ray optics assembly for an XRD 2 system (GADDS – from Bruker AXS), which includes X-ray tube, monochromator, collimator and beamstop. It also shows the instrument center and the shadow of a fixed chi stage. Using a point X-ray source with pinhole collimation enables small samples or small regions on larger samples to be examined. A beamstop is placed behind the sample in transmission mode diffraction to prevent the direct beam from striking the detector. This configuration enables crystallographic phase, texture, and residual stress to be measured from precise locations on irregularly shaped parts, including curved surfaces.
Influence of microstructure on laser damage threshold of IBS coatings (1996)

Multilayer coatings deposited by ion-beam sputtering with amorphous layers were found to have lower damage thresholds at 1064 nm than similar coatings with crystalline layers. Interestingly, at higher fluences the damage was less severe for the amorphous coatings. The magnitude of the difference in damage thresholds between the two different microstructures was strongly influenced by the size of the tested areas. To better understand the microstructure effect, single layers of HfO<SUB>2</SUB> with different microstructures were studied using transmission electron microscopy, ellipsometry, and a photothermal deflection technique. Since the laser damage initiated at defects, the influence of thermal diffusivity on thermal gradients in nodular defects is also presented.
MYOCARDITIS AS SYSTEMIC DISEASE: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON PATHOGENESIS (1997)

1. Myocarditis may be an early indicator of or may subsequently lead to dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. This hypothesis has evolved from research on viruses that induce myocarditis, wherein the coxsackie B group viruses (CVB) in the family Picornaviridae are the most common known viral infectants of heart muscle. 2. Many competing hypotheses exist as to the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced myocarditis, including direct virus-induced myocyte damage and immunopathological disease with autoimmune sequelae. Evidence to support the direct-damage and viral RNA-persistence hypothesis is derived from in situ hybridization and gene amplification studies. 3. Recent use of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labelling indicates that this injury in target organs is largely non-apoptotic in nature. Most apoptotic bodies in cardiac tissue are derived from immune cells. 4. Beyond infection of heart muscle, CVB3 can also associate with, infect and persist in cells of immune origin. The CVB3 localizes to follicles in spleens and lymph nodes of the murine host and this particular localization may continue in mice susceptible to more aggressive myocarditis. Whether virus-immune cell association in these compartments is advantageous (or essential) to the host in the evolution of anti-viral immune responses or whether it is more advantageous to the virus in immunosuppression of the host is not known. 5. We suggest that CVB3 can directly perturb or alter the immune response, thereby delaying viral clearance from vulnerable systemic organs. Both host and viral genetic factors can influence susceptibility, persistence and disease progression. 6. Picornaviruses use a unique method for the initiation of translation, involving the internal binding of the ribosome on a sequence element of the 5' untranslated region, termed an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). 7. The IRES of CVB3 is located at approximately stem loops G, H and I, spanning nucloetides 530 and 630. Arrest of host translation is also a feature of picornavirus infection. Such regulation of host cell translation machinery no doubt fosters viral replication at the expense of the host cell. 8. Differences between cell types in the mechanisms, along with those at other key steps in the viral life cycle and in signalling via kinase pathways, may determine viral tropism and cellular destruction and the physiological outcome of neighbouring cells.
Performance evaluation of autonomous vehicle navigation in dynamic, on-road environments (2005)

We are developing a novel framework, PRIDE (PRediction In Dynamic Environments), to perform moving object prediction (MOP) to assist unmanned ground vehicles in performing path planning within dynamic environments. In addition to predicting the locat
Self-sintering liquid metal colloidal inks for facile manufacture of stretchable conductors (2020)

As soft robotic, bio-integrated and wearable systems proliferate, the need for stretchable conductors follows. In order to instrument such highly deformable systems with electronics for sensing, communication, and power, similarly soft and stretchable conductors are required. Liquid metals are an attractive material solution because they possess both metallic conductivity and mechanical properties of a fluid. In particular, eutectic gallium-indium alloy (eGaIn) is of interest because gallium at the surface will rapidly oxidize in the presence of oxygen. While this non-conductive surface oxide layer can be problematic when trying to pattern the bulk material, this oxide shell acts to stabilize eGaIn nano- and microparticles. Colloidal suspensions of these particles are much more amenable to scalable manufacturing methods, and the oxide surface can serve as a tunable process handle that can be readily modified. Here, we leverage the oxide formation and modify its composition to facilitate the patterning and formation of stretchable conductive traces. We demonstrate that drying eGaIn microparticles from a water-containing solution results in a self-sintering phenomenon where liquid metal particles will coalesce into a conductive trace upon evaporation of the solvent. We characterize the eGaIn colloidal system and demonstrate its utility as a stretchable conductor.
Comparison of Trimming Techniques for Sub-Lithographic Silicon Structures (2006)

The trimming of electron beam features is investigated to explore the limits of this scaling technique for the fabrication of nano-scale devices. The semiconductor industry, in particular, needs features below 50 nm, e.g., for extremely small gates for future technology nodes. In addition, sub-lithographic structures are required for other device concepts, such as the fin-type field effect transistor (FinFET). The trimming of very thin layers of calixarene, an organic resist material, as well as an oxide-like resist (hydrogen-silesquioxane) were investigated and extremely small feature sizes, well below 10 nm, were achieved. Resist structures down to 4 nm in width and silicon features of about 8 nm have been successfully fabricated. Different trimming procedures utilizing plasma resist trimming, etching of Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) hard-masks in hydrofluoric acid (HF) and sacrificial oxidation were compared and, for the first time, a comprehensive study of these techniques applied to sub-10 nm-structuring is presented. In summary, results prove the potential of the trimming procedures investigated here, each of which has specific applications.
Molecular and Functional Analyses of a Human Parvovirus B19 Infectious Clone Demonstrates Essential Roles for NS1, VP1, and the 11-Kilodalton Protein in Virus Replication and Infectivity (2006)

ABSTRACT In an attempt to experimentally define the roles of viral proteins encoded by the B19 genome in the viral life cycle, we utilized the B19 infectious clone constructed in our previous study to create two groups of B19 mutant genomes: (i) null mutants, in which either a translational initiation codon for each of these viral genes was substituted by a translational termination codon or a termination codon was inserted into the open reading frame by a frameshift; and (ii) a deletion mutant, in which half of the hairpin sequence was deleted at both the 5′ and the 3′ termini. The impact of these mutations on viral infectivity, DNA replication, capsid protein production, and distribution was systematically examined. Null mutants of the NS and VP1 proteins or deletion of the terminal hairpin sequence completely abolished the viral infectivity, whereas blocking expression of the 7.5-kDa protein or the putative protein X had no effect on infectivity in vitro. Blocking expression of the proline-rich 11-kDa protein significantly reduced B19 viral infectivity, and protein studies suggested that the expression of the 11-kDa protein was critical for VP2 capsid production and trafficking in infected cells. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for the 11-kDa protein, and together the results enhance our understanding of the key features of the B19 viral genome and proteins.
Making the connection (2000)

In learning to program, students must gain an understanding of how their program works. They need to make a connection between what they have written and what the program actually does. Otherwise, students have trouble figuring out what went wrong when things do not work. One factor that contributes to making this connection is an ability to visualize a program's state and how it changes when the program is executed. In this paper, we present Alice, a 3-D interactive animation environment. Alice provides a graphic visualization of a program's state in an animated small world and thereby supports the beginning programmer in learning to construct and debug programs.
Computed SAR distributions for the occupants of a car with a 400 MHz transmitter on the rear seat (2007)

Numerical simulations have been used to investigate the impact of occupant distribution on the field exposure threat due to a transmitter operating at 400 MHz inside a car. Eight different occupancy configurations involving the driver and up to three passengers were considered, and both 10 g and 1 g SAR measures were determined. The models suggest that mean SAR limits are likely to be reached at lower power levels than would be needed to reach maximum SAR limits. The presence of the vehicle structures is found to result in higher mean SAR values for all occupant locations, although maximum SAR levels are lower with the vehicle for the driver position. It is concluded that evaluating the in-vehicle field exposure threat by comparing average fields over the interior of the empty vehicle with the reference levels recommended for assessing the exposure of the general public provides a safety factor approaching two for the source configuration under investigation.
The Province of Buenos Aires and Argentine Politics, 1912-1943 (1987)

List of tables List of figures List of illustrations Preface 1. Introduction 2. Marcelino Ugarte and the pursuit of the presidency 3. The Radical house divided: Yrigoyen versus Crotto 4. Alvear and non-intervention 5. The province of Buenos Aires and the fall of Yrigoyen 6. The provincial elections of April 1931 7. The presidential election of November 1931 8. The Conservative house divided: the overthrow of Governor Martinez de Hoz 9. The provincial elections of November 1935 10. Fresco and fraud 11. Ortiz and intervention 12. Rodolfo Moreno and the pursuit of the presidency 13. Conclusion Appendix Notes Bibliography Index.
A summary of research in science education for the years 1968‐1969: Elementary school level (1972)

*All references with an ED number may be obtained from ERIC Document Reproduction Service, P.O. Drawer 0, Bethesda, Md. 20014.
Expansion and Redifferentiation of Chondrocytes from Osteoarthritic Cartilage: Cells for Human Cartilage Tissue Engineering (2009)

Chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage can be stimulated to undergo 100-fold expansion and then redifferentiation, suggesting that they may be useful as a cell source for joint-scale cartilage tissue engineering.
Estimating gaze from a single view of a face (2002)

Current approaches to gaze tracking tend to be highly intrusive: the subject must either remain perfectly still, or wear cumbersome headgear to maintain a constant separation between the sensor and the eye. This paper describes a more flexible vision-based approach, which can estimate the direction of gaze from a single, monocular view of a face. The technique makes minimal assumptions about the structure of the face, requires very few image measurements, and produces a useful estimate of the facial orientation. The computational requirements are insignificant, so with automatic tracking of a few facial features it is possible to produce real-time gaze estimates.
The MCM Complex: Its Role in DNA Replication and Implications for Cancer Therapy (2005)

The MCM complex controls the once per cell cycle DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. In a process known as DNA replication licensing, it primes chromatin for DNA replication by binding origins of DNA replication during the late M to early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Activated by S phase promoting protein kinases, the origin-bound MCM complexes unwind the double stranded DNA at the origins, recruit DNA polymerases and initiate DNA synthesis. Coupled with the initiation of DNA replication in the S phase, the MCM complexes move away from replication origins as a component of the DNA replication fork, likely serving as DNA helicases. Their departure deprives replication origins the ability to re-initiate DNA replication for the reminder of the cell cycle. Because of its vital role in genome duplication in proliferating cells, deregulation of the MCM function results in chromosomal defects that may contribute to tumorigenesis. The MCM proteins are highly expressed in malignant human cancers cells and pre-cancerous cells undergoing malignant transformation. They are not expressed in differentiated somatic cells that have been withdrawn from the cell cycle. Therefore, these proteins are ideal diagnostic markers for cancer and promising targets for anti-cancer drug development. In this article, I will overview the structures and functions of the MCM complex with an effort to integrate insights from recent biochemical and structural studies. Discussions will also cover activities and structures of the complex that may be useful for the development of drug screens.
System Modeling and Simulation as a Tool for Developing a Vision for Future Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drivetrain Configurations (2006)

The escalating number of vehicles on the road has raised awareness to their environmental impacts and sustainability; this has provided a stimulus for future mobility considerations. The conventional car may not meet future requirements regarding noise, emissions and energy consumption. There is a distinct lack of short-term alternative solutions that meet consumer requirements and have a potential for mass production. Furthermore, the internal combustion engine has been developed over 100 years and there may be some risk that the automotive companies choose to invest into the "wrong" alternative. However, industry has to accept some responsibility for providing future solutions for the products they introduced and created the demand for in first place. Starting with a vision several years ago, Japanese car companies have now taken the lead with certain types of hybrid electric vehicles. These vehicles exhibit significantly reduced energy consumption, noise emission, exhaust emissions, and yet also have improved comfort and performance. They now thrive in the USA with seemingly unexpected popularity due to rocketing oil prices and increasing awareness of the risk of oil dependency. Many car companies now follow this lead. However, there are a vast variety of possible hybrid drivetrain configurations. Modelling and simulation can help in the development and assessment of future drivetrain solutions. This paper focuses on this task using a commercially available modelling and simulation package. A drivetrain design is developed going through some initial considerations based on vehicle performance criteria that take into account consumer expectations and operational/regulatory/environmental factors. Based on simulation studies the drive train components are identified, mostly from the available range. Finally, a computer simulation is used to assess the performance of the vehicle. The result of these investigations is a series hybrid electric vehicle that is recharged from the mains. The fuel consumption is four times better than that of a comparable car, but vehicle mass and cost have not increased significantly. The driving range of this vehicle is not limited by battery capacity. Such a vehicle can meet consumer expectations as well as environmental requirements with added driver comfort. Still being low-cost, it provides the potential for mass-production thus reducing overall impacts on the environment
Evaluation of the health risks associated with disinfection (1990)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey words: health risksdisinfectionwaterborne diseasesbyproductsoxidantozonechlorine dioxidechloramines
Comparison of the Conductivity Properties of the Tetrabutylammonium Salt of Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate Anion with Those of Traditional Supporting Electrolyte Anions in Nonaqueous Solvents (2004)

Cyclic voltammetry experiments at minielectrodes exhibit less ohmic error for lower polarity solvents when the supporting electrolyte anion is [B(C(6)F(5))(4)](-) rather than one of the smaller traditional anions such as [BF(4)](-), [PF(6)](-), or [ClO(4)](-). Conductance measurements have been performed for [NBu(4)][B(C(6)F(5))(4)] in tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, benzotrifluoride, and acetonitrile and compared with results for [NBu(4)](+) salts of several traditional anions in the same solvents. In solvents with dielectric constants of 10 or less, ion association constants, K(A), are as much as 2 orders of magnitude lower with [B(C(6)F(5))(4)](-), TFAB, as the electrolyte anion and the degree of this lowering is related to the acceptor property of the solvent. Analyses carried out on the basis of a Fuoss model attribute this fact to differences in concentrations of contact ion pairs rather than of solvent-separated ion pairs. The greater dissociation of the TFAB ion is attributed to its highly delocalized charge.
Optimum diversity combining and equalization in digital data transmission with applications to cellular mobile radio. I. Theoretical considerations (1992)

A comprehensive theory for Nth-order space diversity reception combined with various equalization techniques in digital data transmission over frequency-selective fading channels is developed. The channels are characterized by N arbitrary impulse responses possessing random parameters as well as N additive Gaussian noise sources. Various combiner-equalizers that minimize the mean-squared error are determined. Formulas are presented for the attainable least-mean-squared errors and upper bounds on average probabilities of error. The theory is applied to optimize system parameters and to predict performance for QAM data transmission operating over a model for the mobile radio channel. For this model, estimates of average attainable error rates and outage probabilities are provided as functions of system parameters. In the channel models the uncoded data rates as well as Shannon capacity are regarded as random variables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An efficient iterative algorithm for computation of scattering from dielectric objects (2011)

We have developed an efficient iterative algorithm for electromagnetic scattering of arbitrary but relatively smooth dielectric objects. The algorithm iteratively adapts the equivalent surface currents until the electromagnetic fields inside and outside the dielectric objects match the boundary conditions. Theoretical convergence is analyzed for two examples that solve scattering of plane waves incident upon air/dielectric slabs of semi-infinite and finite thicknesses. We applied the iterative algorithm for simulation of sinusoidally-perturbed dielectric slab on one side and the method converged for such unsmooth surfaces. We next simulated the shift in radiation pattern of a 6-inch dielectric lens for different offsets of the feed antenna on the focal plane. The result is compared to that of the Geometrical Optics (GO).
High Frequency GaAlAs Modulator And Photodetector For Phased Array Antenna Applications (1989)

A waveguide Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator and an interdigitated photoconductive detector designed to operate at 820 nm, fabricated on different GaAlAs/GaAs heterostructure materials, are being investigated for use in optical interconnects in phased array antenna systems. Measured optical attenuation effects in the modulator are discussed and the observed modulation performance up to 1 GHz is presented. Measurements of detector frequency response are described and results of these measurements are presented.
Appraisal of Incandescent Lamp Filling Gas Purity (1982)

A method for the non-destructive appraisal of the purity of the filling gas in incandescent lamps has been developed. The procedure involves the measurement of the characteristics of the glow discharge formed in the argon-nitrogen filling gas inside the lamp envelope by means of a high voltage, high frequency oscillator. The rate of decay with time of the glow discharge is measured at the wavelength of one of the molecular nitrogen bands in the glow discharge spectrum, and is correlated with the purity of the filling gas. Prototype electronic instrumentation is described which will perform the non-destructive measurement of afterglow time in incandescent lamps.
Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 1-aryl-3-halopropenes, 1-aryl-3-halobutenes, and (9-anthryl)arylmethyl halides. Nucleophilic substitution vs. single electron transfer (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLithium aluminum hydride reduction of 1-aryl-3-halopropenes, 1-aryl-3-halobutenes, and (9-anthryl)arylmethyl halides. Nucleophilic substitution vs. single electron transferTomoatsu Hirabe, Masato Takagi, Kiyoshige Muraoka, Masatomo Nojima, and Shigekazu KusabayashiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 11, 1797–1802Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00211a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00211a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views162Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts