gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PC Program for Orthotropic Plate Box Girder Bridges (1990)

The analysis includes a classical elastic folded plate analysis of an assemblage of orthotropic or isotropic plates to form box or other (bridge) deck cross sections. Beam elements may be included in the assembly. A variety of load types are applied to the structure as Fourier series. Compatability of actions and displacements at element junctions is established by stiffness analysis under the effect of the applied loads, including the effect of setlement. Diaphragms are modelled by equivalent struts. The analysis is programmed for use on PC or PS/2 microcomputers. Use is made of graphics to display the computed actions and displacements. Salient data from the series summation is stored on disc to allow repeated visualizations of the loaded structure. A keyword input language was devised to describe the geometry of the structure and the applied loads. This facility is enhanced by the provision of data entry forms for interactive input.
Catalyzing Private Capital Flows: Do IMF Programs Work as Commitment Devices? (2005)

An objective of IMF programs is to help countries improve their access to international capital markets. In this paper, we examine if Fund programs influence the ability of developing country issuers to tap international bond markets and whether they improve spreads paid on the bonds issued. We find that Fund programs do not provide a uniformly favorable signaling effect, i.e., the mere presence of the IMF does not act as a strong seal of good housekeeping. Instead, the evidence is most consistent with a positive effect of IMF programs when they are viewed as likely to lead to policy reform and when undertaken before economic fundamentals have deteriorated significantly. The size of the Fund's program matters, but the credibility of a joint commitment by the country and the IMF appears to be critical.
Guidelines for the Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Systemic Hypertension in Dogs and Cats (2007)

Abstract Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provide veterinarians with guidelines regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, or treatment of animal diseases. The foundation of the Consensus Statement is evidence-based medicine, but if such evidence is conflicting or lacking, the panel provides interpretive recommendations on the basis of their collective expertise. The Consensus Statement is intended to be a guide for veterinarians, but it is not a statement of standard of care or a substitute for clinical judgment. Topics of statements and panel members to draft the statements are selected by the Board of Regents with input from the general membership. A draft prepared and input from Diplomates is solicited at the ACVIM Forum and via the ACVIM Web site and incorporated in a final version. This Consensus Statement was approved by the Board of Regents of the ACVIM before publication.
(Invited) Low Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Ru Thin Films with Enhanced Nucleation Using Various Ru(0) Metallorganic Precursors and Molecular O<sub>2</sub> (2011)

Ruthenium (Ru) thin films were grown on thermally-grown SiO2 substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using a sequential supply of three kinds of novel zero valence Ru precursors, isopropyl-methylbenzenecyclohexadiene Ru(0) (IMBCHRu, C16H22Ru), ethylbenzen-cyclohexadiene Ru(0) (EBCHRu, C14H18Ru), and ethylbenzen-ethyl-cyclohexadiene Ru(0) (EBECHRu, C16H22Ru) and molecular oxygen (O2) as a reactant at substrate temperatures ranging from 140 to 350 oC. It was shown that little incubation cycle was observed at ALD temperature window, indicating of the improved nucleation as compared to the use of typical higher valence Ru precursors such as cyclopendadienyl-based Ru (II) or β-diketonate Ru (III) metallorganic precursors. The step coverage of ALD-Ru was excellent, around 100 % at ultra-small trench with an aspect ratio of ~ 4.5 (top-opening diameter: ~ 25 nm). The developed ALD-Ru films was successfully used as a seed layer for Cu electroplating.
Neuroprotective Effect against Alzheimer's Disease of Porcine Brain Extract (2012)

Problem statement: Despite the increasing importance of Alzheimer's disease, no effective therapeutic strategy is available. Therefore, neuroprotective strategy is still required. Recent findings show that numerous substances possessing antioxidant can improve neurodegeneration and memory impairment. Based on the antioxidant effect and its reputation to serve as brain tonic in traditional folklore, we hypothesized that porcine brain extract could mitigate neurodegeneration and memory impairment. Therefore, this study was set up to determine the effect of porcine brain extract on memory impairment and neurodegeneration in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Approach: Male Wistar rats (180-220 g) had been orally given porcine brain extract at doses of 0.5 and 2.5 mg kg -1 BW for a period of 4 weeks before and 1 week after the induction of cognitive deficit condition as those found in early phase of Alzheimer's disease via the intraventricular injection of AF64A, a cholinotoxin. Rats were assessed the spatial memory using Morris water maze test. Then, they were determined neuron density in hippocampus using histological techniques. Moreover, the assessment of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in hippocampus were also performed. Results: It was found that both doses of porcine brain extract could enhance memory, neuron and cholinergic neuron density in all subregions of hippocampus. In addition, the decreased AChE and MDA were also observed. Therefore, our results suggested that the possible underlying mechanism of the extract might occur partly via the decrease in oxidative stress marker, MDA and AChE. Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrates that porcine brain extract can protect against memory impairment and neurodegeneration in animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it should be serve as the potential food supplement or adjuvant therapy against Alzheimer's disease and other age-related cognitive decline. However, further researches about therapeutic range and possible active ingredient are necessary.
Searching for the optimal stimulus eliciting auditory brainstem responses in humans (2004)

This study examines auditory brainstem responses (ABR) elicited by rising frequency chirps. Two chirp stimuli were developed and designed such as to compensate for cochlear travel-time differences across frequency, in order to maximize neural synchrony. One chirp, referred to as the O-chirp, was based on estimates of human basilar membrane (BM) group delays derived from stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAE) at a sound pressure level of 40 dB [Shera and Guinan, in Recent Developments in Auditory Mechanics (2000)]. The other chirp, referred to as the A-chirp, was derived from latency functions fitted to tone-burst-evoked ABR wave-V data over a wide range of stimulus levels and frequencies [Neely et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83(2), 652-656 (1988)]. In this case, a set of level-dependent chirps was generated. The chirp-evoked responses, particularly wave-V amplitude and latency, were compared to click responses and to responses obtained with the original chirp as defined in Dau et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107(3), 1530-1540 (2000)], referred to here as the M-chirp since it is based on a (linear) cochlea model. The main hypothesis was that, at low and medium stimulation levels, the O- and A-chirps might produce a larger response than the original M-chirp whose parameters were essentially derived from high-level BM data. The main results of the present study are as follows: (i) All chirps evoked a larger wave-V amplitude than the click stimulus indicating that for the chirps a broader range of spectral components contributes effectively to the ABR. (ii) Only small differences were found between the O-chirp and M-chirp responses at low and medium levels. This indicates that SFOAE may not provide a robust estimate of BM group delay, particularly at low frequencies, or that frequency-dependent neural delays exist which are not reflected in the design of these chirps. (iii) The A-chirp produced the largest responses, particularly at low stimulation levels. This chirp might therefore be valuable for clinical applications, particularly in tests where the click stimulus has been used so far.
Alteration of V3 loop context within the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances neutralization (1994)

Neutralization of a chimeric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, containing the V3 loop of the MN isolate substituted within the HXB2 envelope, was enhanced up to 20-fold compared with the HXB2 or MN parental isolates by human HIV-positive sera. MN V3 loop-specific monoclonal antibodies were better able to recognize the chimeric virus compared with MN, staining a greater percentage of infected cells and exhibiting slight increases in relative affinity with a concomitant increase in neutralization titer. Competition analysis revealed that enhanced neutralization by human HIV-positive sera of the chimera was attributable in some cases to better reactivity with the linear V3 loop epitope but in others to conformational loop epitopes or previously cryptic or poorly recognized epitopes outside the loop region. Mice primed with a vaccinia virus-chimeric envelope recombinant and boosted with gp160 developed a spectrum of antibodies different from that of mice similarly immunized with HXB2 or MN recombinants or that of naturally infected humans. The chimeric envelope elicited antibodies with enhanced binding to the native MN V3 loop; however, the sites seen by the BALB/c mice were not neutralizing epitopes. Nevertheless, similar to the observations made with use of human sera, the chimeric virus was more readily neutralized by all of the immune mouse sera, an effect apparently mediated by non-V3 loop epitopes. These studies illustrate that not only the V3 loop sequence and conformation but also its context within the viral envelope influence neutralization.
Quality control for VBR video over ATM networks (1997)

Uncontrolled variable-bit-rate (VBR) coded video yields consistent picture quality, but the traffic stream is very bursty. When sent over ATM networks, cell losses may be incurred due to limited buffer capacity at the switches; this could cause severe picture quality degradation. Source rate control can be implemented to generate a controlled VBR bit stream which conforms to specified bit rate bounds and buffer constraints. However, source rate control could result in picture quality degradation too. Hence, for real-time video services, an important issue to address is whether the picture quality degradation incurred by source rate control is within acceptable levels or how to choose the appropriate coding parameters to make it so. We establish quantitatively the relationship between picture quality and source rate control for the case of guaranteed service with different combinations of allocated bandwidth, buffer size, and other key video-coding parameters of MPEG-2. In addition, quality control in the context of two-layered scalable video service (basic and enhanced quality) is also considered. Our study reveals that, in order to maximize both the basic and the enhanced quality, source rate control should be implemented on both layers. The relationships between the two types of quality and different combinations of allocated bandwidths, buffer sizes, and some key coding parameters are also established quantitatively for MPEG-2 SNR scalability.
Minimal TCP/IP implementation with proxy support (2001)

Over the last years, interest for connecting small devices such as sensors to an existing network infrastructure such as the global Internet has steadily increased. Such devices often has very limited CPU and memory resources and may not be able to run an instance of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
P and W propulsion systems studies results/status (1992)

The topics covered include the following: Pratt and Whitney (P&W) propulsion systems studies - NASA funded efforts to date; P&W engine concepts; P&W combustor focus - rich burn quick quench (RBQQ) concept; mixer ejector nozzle concept - large flow entrainment reduces jet noise; technology impact on NO(x) emissions - mature RBQQ combustor reduces NO(x) up to 85 percent; technology impact on sideline noise characteristics of Mach 2.4 turbine bypass engines (TBE's) - 600 lb/sec airflow size; technology impact on takeoff gross weight (TOGW) - provides up to 12 percent TOGW reduction; HSCT quiet engine concepts; TBE inlet valve/ejector nozzle concept schematic; mixed flow turbofan study; and exhaust nozzle conceptual design.
Small-Molecule IAP Antagonists Sensitize Cancer Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis: Roles of XIAP and cIAPs (2013)

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent because it shows apoptosis-inducing activity in transformed, but not in normal, cells. As with most anticancer agents, however, its clinical use is restricted by either inherent or acquired resistance by cancer cells. We demonstrate here that small-molecule SMAC mimetics that antagonize the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) potently sensitize previously resistant human cancer cell lines, but not normal cells, to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and that they do so in a caspase-8-dependent manner. We further show that the compounds have no cytotoxicity as single agents. Also, we demonstrate that several IAP family members likely participate in the modulation of cellular sensitivity to TRAIL. Finally, we note that the compounds that sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL are the most efficacious in binding to X-linked IAP, and in inducing cellular-IAP (cIAP)-1 and cIAP-2 degradation. Our studies thus describe valuable compounds that allow elucidation of the signaling events occurring in TRAIL resistance, and demonstrate that these agents act as potent TRAIL-sensitizing agents in a variety of cancer cell lines.
Thermally expanded graphite: Synthesis, properties, and prospects for use (2006)

Results obtained in synthesis of thermally expanded graphite by chemical and electrochemical methods with sulfuric and nitric acids are summarized. The possibility of controlling the properties of thermally expanded graphite compounds in electrochemical synthesis is demonstrated. The existing and promising application areas of thermally expanded graphite are analyzed.
A clinical and laboratory study of ciclopirox olamine (8% Batrafen) in the treatment of onychomycosis. (1991)

Ciclopirox olamine, a new synthetic substituted pyridone derivative, is an antimycotic agent with activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi. The clinical efficacy and safety of 8% ciclopirox olamine nail liquor were evaluated in 100 cases with finger (or great toe) onychomycosis. After 16 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment for finger and great toe onychomycosis, respectively, the overall therapeutic results were excellent in 36 cases, good in 17, fair in 24, and poor in 23. The period of treatment was extended in 31 cases; among them, 10 cases showed further improvement. As for in vitro inhibitory activity, the MIC of ciclopirox olamine against T. rubrum and C. albicans was 1 to 4 mg/L and 1 to 16 mg/L, respectively. This study indicates that 8% ciclopirox olamine nail liquor, with its satisfactory efficacy and lack of side effects, is a good remedy for onychomycosis.
Detection of discontinuities of road curvature change by GLR (2002)

A new approach for spatial segmentation of a curved road for visual road recognition in far look-ahead distance, implemented in the autonomous road vehicle VaMP (a passenger car), is described. Based on the recognition of bright lane markings and the edges formed at the road borders, an estimation process performs an update of a state vector, which describes spatial road shape and vehicle orientation relative to the road. Kalman filter techniques for time-discrete measurements are applied to obtain an optimal estimate of the state vector at each time frame t/sub k/. By extending the Kalman filter method for space-discrete measurements at a fixed time frame, the modification of the road curvature along the look-ahead axis can be recursively estimated. By applying the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) approach, a segmentation of the road into segments with constant curvature change parameter can be obtained.
Comparative Disinfection Efficiency of Bromine Chloride and Chlorine for Poliovirus (1978)

Prompted by numerous problems connected with the use of chlorine as a water and wastewater disinfectant, experiments were done to compare the disinfection efficiencies of bromine chloride (BrCI) and chlorine. Results point to BrCI as the more effective disinfectant; followup studies now under way are outlined.
Isolation of an enzyme complex with carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity containing corrinoid and nickel from acetate-grown Methanosarcina thermophila (1986)

Fast protein liquid chromatography of cell extract from methanol- or acetate-grown Methanosarcina thermophila resolved two peaks of CO dehydrogenase activity. The activity of one of the CO dehydrogenases was sixfold greater in acetate-grown compared with methanol-grown cells. This CO dehydrogenase was purified to apparent homogeneity (70 mumol of methyl viologen reduced per min per mg of protein) and made up greater than 10% of the cellular protein of acetate-grown cells. The native enzyme (Mr 250,000) formed aggregates with an Mr of approximately 1,000,000. The enzyme contained five subunits (Mrs 89,000, 71,000, 60,000, 58,000, and 19,000), suggesting a multifunctional enzyme complex. Nickel, iron, cobalt, zinc, inorganic sulfide, and a corrinoid were present in the complex. The UV-visible spectrum suggested the presence of iron-sulfur centers. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum contained g values of 2.073, 2.049, and 2.028; these features were broadened in enzyme that was purified from cells grown in the presence of medium enriched with 61Ni, indicating the involvement of this metal in the spectrum. The pattern of potassium cyanide inhibition indicated that cyanide binds at or near the CO binding site. The properties of the enzyme imply an involvement in the dissimilation of acetate to methane, possibly by cleavage of acetate or activated acetate.
Differential and complementary roles of medial and lateral septum in the orchestration of limbic oscillations and signal integration (2017)

Abstract Anatomical differences between the medial and lateral septum have associated these nuclei with dissimilar functional roles and behaviours. While the medial septum has been implicated, predominantly, in theta rhythm generation along the septo‐hippocampal axis, the lateral septum has mainly been investigated in the context of septo‐hypothalamic dialogue. Recent advances suggest that medial and lateral septum are more closely functionally related than previously appreciated. Here, we explore the hypothesis that the medial septum mediates ascending septo‐hippocampal theta propagation, while the lateral septum processes a descending hippocampo‐septal and septo‐hypothalamic reinforcement signal that mediates navigation during motivated behaviour. The generation and propagation of theta rhythm are critical for the initiation of exploratory behaviour. Indeed, theta signal processing of medial and lateral septum nuclei may well be involved in the integration of spatial, rewarding and locomotor signals across different brain networks. We review here the structural features, anatomical connectivity and functional properties of the medial and lateral septum. We discuss the heterogeneous anatomy of the lateral septum, which is composed of diverse subregions with distinct ascending and descending projections, and we relate the physiological characteristics of septal nuclei to their functional relationships with the hippocampal formation, the hypothalamus and the brainstem reticular formation during motivated spatial navigation.
ROAD MAP FOR A 5000-FT MICROBOREHOLE (2009)

In 1994, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) advanced a concept for drilling deep, small holes with diameters from 2-3/8-in. to 1-3/8-in., for exploration holes, for reservoir monitoring, and for production of shallow- and medium-depth low-productivity reservoirs. This concept for coiled-tubing-deployed microdrilling evolved from theoretical studies and lab tests, to field demonstrations in which 1-3/4- and 2-3/8-in.-diameter holes were drilled to 700-ft deep. This design, developed with input from industrial collaborators and subcontractors, derives primarily from technologies and practices that are both familiar and in some use for drilling larger diameter wells. As a result of our experience, we believe that drilling microholes to depths of 5000 ft can be achieved with relatively modest modification of existing drilling equipment and coiled tubing technology. We prepared a draft Road Map. Industry input is now needed to add a commercial perspective and reality to this Road Map, and to bring potential users and providers into the process. The motivation for developing microhole technology is the potential for a significant reduction of both the cost and environmental impact of drilling. Industry evaluation and participation in a final draft of the Road Map is a prerequisite for moving this effort forward.
The magnitude and duration of the effects of some mouthrinse products on salivary bacterial counts (1994)

The persistence of action or substantivity of an antimicrobial agent in the mouth relates to the plaque inhibitory action of that compound. Substantivity can be assessed by measuring the magnitude and duration of the fall in salivary bacteria following single rinses with antimicrobials. This was a randomised single-blind, cross-over study measuring the effects of single 60-s rinses of 5 mouthwash products on salivary bacterial counts in 14 healthy human volunteers. Effects over a 7-h period were compared with a chlorhexidine rinse product (positive control) and saline (negative control). All but one rinse, containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), significantly reduced bacterial counts compared to saline up to 5-7 h. No rinse produced the magnitude or duration of effect noted for chlorhexidine and decrements from baseline, with one exception, were highly significantly lower than with the chlorhexidine product. Comparing the 2 CPC rinses, the findings suggest that the activity of one product was vitiated by some other ingredient. The triclosan/copolymer, the essential oil/phenolic and one CPC products exhibited similar persistence. In those cases where information is available, these data are consistent with comparative plaque inhibitory findings for the products or their active ingredients. Again, it is concluded that the method is a useful screening and comparison test for the potential plaque inhibitory activity of antimicrobial oral hygiene products.
Detection of vitamin C-induced singlet oxygen formation in oxidized LDL using MCLA as a chemiluminescence probe. (2002)

In this study, it was observed that addition of vitamin C (vit C) to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) by cupric ions (Cu2+) could result in the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2). In experiments, 1O2 was detected by chemiluminescence method using a Cypridina luciferin analog, 2-methyl-6-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3, 7-dihydroimidazo [1, 2-a] pyrazin-3-one (MCLA), as a selective and sensitive chemiluminescence probe. Additional experimental evidence for the formation of 1O2 came from the quenching effect of sodium azide (NaN3) on vit C-induced chemiluminescence in the reaction mixture of LDL-Cu(2+)-MCLA. Analysis based on the experimental results demonstrated the plausible reaction mechanism is that vit C first converts Cu2+ to its reduced state and vit C becomes vit C radical itself, thereby stimulating the formation of peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals, and bimolecular reaction of peroxyl radicals results in 1O2 production in the systems studied.