gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Salmonella nanoparticle mimic overcomes multidrug resistance in tumours (2016)

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen that also selectively grows in tumours and functionally decreases P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance transporter. Here we report that the Salmonella type III secretion effector, SipA, is responsible for P-gp modulation through a pathway involving caspase-3. Mimicking the ability of Salmonella to reverse multidrug resistance, we constructed a gold nanoparticle system packaged with a SipA corona, and found this bacterial mimic not only accumulates in tumours but also reduces P-gp at a SipA dose significantly lower than free SipA. Moreover, the Salmonella nanoparticle mimic suppresses tumour growth with a concomitant reduction in P-gp when used with an existing chemotherapeutic drug (that is, doxorubicin). On the basis of our finding that the SipA Salmonella effector is fundamental for functionally decreasing P-gp, we engineered a nanoparticle mimic that both overcomes multidrug resistance in cancer cells and increases tumour sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutics.
The Choice Between Public and Private Debt: A Survey (2011)

The key insight from the seminal work by Modigliani and Miller (1958) is that market imperfections are necessary for financial decisions such as the debt vs. equity to impact firm value. When firms choose debt finance, they must also decide between public debt (e.g., corporate bonds) and private debt (either bank or non-bank). While there are excellent articles that summarize the research on the various aspects of the choice between equity and debt financing, to the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to survey research on the firm’s choice between public and private debt and on the subsequent choice between bank and non-bank private debt. There is significant diversity in the sources and design of debt financing used by firms and evidence suggests that these decisions affect firm value. We present the major theoretical and empirical findings of the research on a firm’s decision to choose between public and private debt, as well as among the types of private debt. Our discussion of the extant research suggests that the choice between public and private debt is governed by four basic factors, which are not mutually exclusive. The first is the degree to which a firm needs certification; the greater the certification need the greater the preference for bank debt. Second, issuing public debt may result in the leakage of (valuable) proprietary information and, thus, firms with greater proprietary information will prefer bank debt. Third, when monitoring of managerial actions (such as investment choices) creates value, bank debt will be preferred over public debt. Finally, firms will exhibit a preference for bank debt when the flexibility to renegotiate debt contracts is valuable for example, when the firm is in financial distress.
Effects of Caffeoylglycosides on Arachidonate Metabolism in Leukocytes (1987)

The effects of caffeoylglycosides (forsythiaside, suspensaside, acteoside, and β-hydroxyacteoside), isolated from dried fruits of Forsythia species, on the formations of the 5-lipoxygenase products 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), the 15-lipoxygenase product 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosastetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and the cyclooxygenase products 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-PGF1α in rat peritoneal cells and human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes were studied. Forsythiaside, suspensaside, acteoside, and β-hydroxyacteoside were found to inhibit selectively the formation of the 5-lipoxygenase products 5-HETE and LTB4 in human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes; their concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) of 5-HETE formation being 1.92, 49.0, 4.85, and 40.0 µM, and their IC50 values for LTB4 formation being 1.01, 8.85, 2.93, and 8.50 µM, respectively.
Structuring of Liquid Crystals for Optical Technologies (2012)

The objective of this thesis is to engineer different optical devices based on structuring of the liquid crystals. Initially, we presented various methods to align the liquid crystal molecules and we have detailed the ones which we used during the course of this work. In combination with alignment of liquid crystals we exploited certain physical properties of the liquid crystals to engineer few optical devices. Broadly speaking one can divide these types of devices in three categories viz. Optical filters, spatial modulators and optical waveguides. All three of these devices have an application in telecommunication sector as well as in the other sectors. The structure of cholesteric liquid crystals has a periodic birefringence and gives rise to selective reflection of the circularly polarised light. We exploited these properties to fabricate a switchable Bragg mirror. This Bragg mirror made up of cholesteric liquid crystals was later on used to fabricate switchable and tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer. A polymer network was used to stabilise the cholesteric liquid crystal in order to give the mechanical strength and sustainability to the electric fields. The ferroelectric liquid crystals have very pertinent electro-optical properties especially the response times. This property was exploited to fabricate optical shutters for 3D active glasses based on ferroelectric liquid crystals. Although, the response times for these liquid crystals are higher than nematics, they have some structural defects. We have proposed a new alignment to technique to overcome such defects. Lastly, we have fabricated the waveguides etched in the liquid crystal polymer. We have patterned the liquid crystal polymer in such a way that we have two different phases of liquid crystal namely isotropic and anisotropic present on the same substrate. Waveguides were etched on such a substrate with two different phases to give rise to the polarisation separator to separate TE mode and TM mode in two different branches of the waveguide.
Coboglobins: Oxygen-Carrying Cobalt-Reconstituted Hemoglobin and Myoglobin (1970)

In this work we show that it is possible to prepare and study a cobalt-substituted hemoglobin-a coboglobin (Cb).-and that this reconstituted metalloprotein exhibits reversible oxygen binding. The effect of the protein environment on Co(II)-protoporphyrin IX is directly observed by esr measurements on deoxy- and oxy-Cb and by oxygen uptake measurements, all of which may be compared with similar measurements on the free metalloporphyrin. Reversing our point of view, we compare oxygen binding to Cb with that of hemoglobin, and thus investigate the relationship of the metal atom and metaloxygen binding to such characteristics of the nature proteins as cooperative oxygen uptake.
Intraoperative, fluoroscopy-based planning for complex osteotomies of the proximal femur (2005)

Intertrochanteric osteotomy of the proximal femur is a surgical technique that aims at changing the orientation of the proximal part of the femur in the hip joint by removing a bone wedge between the trochanters. Due to its six degrees of freedom, it presents a complex planning problem for the surgeon. In this paper, we propose an intraoperative planning system for proximal femur osteotomies. Based on two fluoroscopic images taken during the procedure, a primitive femur model is reconstructed, which then allows the user to interactively determine the osteotomy parameters and perform the intervention with the help of a navigation system. Besides the fluoroscopic images, no other imaging is needed. Compared to the traditional approach, this system allows the intervention to be performed with higher precision and less radiation exposure for both patient and surgeon, requiring only little time overhead. An in vitro study has demonstrated the high accuracy and ease of use of this system.
A micromachined resonant magnetic field sensor (2002)

A micromachined magnetic field sensor has been designed, fabricated and tested. Its principle of operation is based on the change of resonant frequency of a magnetically sensitive micromechanical resonator as a function of applied external magnetic field. Magnetic sensitivity is achieved by incorporating magnetically soft (permeable) or hard (permanent magnet) materials into the resonator structure. The fabrication of these devices is based on electroplating through sacrificial molds and is completely CMOS-compatible. The functionality of the device has been demonstrated as both an intensity sensor and an angular sensor (i.e., compass). The intensity sensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 20 Oersted in magnetic field intensity, while the angular sensor demonstrated a resolution of approximately 20 degrees. Performance improvements are expected upon integration of these devices with appropriate circuitry.
Effect of Rapamycin on Mouse Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and the Development of Nonhematopoietic Malignancies in <i>Eμ-TCL1</i> Transgenic Mice (2006)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the world. The TCL1 gene, responsible for prolymphocytic T cell leukemia, is also overexpressed in human B cell malignancies and overexpression of the Tcl1 protein occurs frequently in CLL. Aging transgenic mice that overexpress TCL1 under control of the mu immunoglobulin gene enhancer, develop a CD5+ B cell lymphoproliferative disorder mimicking human CLL and implicating TCL1 in the pathogenesis of CLL. In the current study, we exploited this transgenic mouse to investigate two different CLL-related issues: potential treatment of CLL and characterization of neoplasms that accompany CLL. We successfully transplanted CLL cells into syngeneic mice that led to CLL development in the recipient mice. This approach allowed us to verify the involvement of the Tcl1/Akt/mTOR biochemical pathway in the disease by testing the ability of a specific pharmacologic agent, rapamycin, to slow CLL. We also showed that 36% of these transgenic mice were affected by solid malignancies, in which the expression of the Tcl1 protein was absent. These findings indicate that other oncogenic mechanism(s) may be involved in the development of solid tumors in Emu-TCL1 transgenic mice.
Formation of an ordered boron nitride matrix for fiber reinforced composites (1994)

In recent work, we have fabricated carbon fiber/boron nitride matrix composites which exhibited excellent mechanical properties (900MPa in flexure). Using a borazine precursor, highly ordered boron nitride was formed at temperatures as low as 1200{degrees}C. Work currently being published suggests the formation of a liquid crystalline phase in the borazine oligomer which may account for the tendency for orientation in the resultant boron nitride. In this paper, new data will be presented including mass spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction which further characterize the ordering process. Its relationship to the final composite properties will then be discussed.
Scriabin's Implicit Tonality (1980)

Scriabin's Implicit Tonality Get access James M. Baker James M. Baker Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Music Theory Spectrum, Volume 2, Issue 1, Spring 1980, Pages 1–18, https://doi.org/10.2307/746177 Published: 01 March 1980
Non-invasive study of nerve fibres using laser interference microscopy (2008)

This paper presents the results of a laser interference microscopy study of the morphology and dynamical properties of myelinated nerve fibres. We describe the principles of operation of the phase-modulated laser interference microscope and show how this novel technique allows us to obtain information non-invasively about the internal structure of different regions of a nerve fibre. We also analyse the temporal variations in the internal optical properties in order to detect the rhythmic activity in the nerve fibre at different time scales and to shed light on the underlying biological processes. We observe pronounced frequencies in the dynamics of the optical properties and suggest that the oscillatory modes have similar origin in different regions, but different strengths and mutual modulation properties.
Optical nonlinearities in hydrogenated-amorphous silicon waveguides (2010)

We experimentally measure the optical nonlinearities in hydrogenated-amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) waveguides through the transmission of ultra-short pulses. The measured two-photon absorption coefficient beta is 4.1 cm/GW and we obtain a 3.5pi nonlinear phase shift at 4.1 W coupled input power corresponding to a nonlinear refractive index n(2) of 4.210(-13) cm(2)/W. The measured nonlinear coefficient gamma = 2003 (Wm)(-1) is at least 5 times the value in crystalline silicon. The measured free carrier absorption coefficient sigma = 1.910(-16) cm(2) agrees with the values predicted from the Drude-Lorenz model. It is seen that a-Si:H exhibits enhanced nonlinear properties at 1550 nm and is a promising platform for nonlinear silicon photonics.
Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Inorganic Perovskite Cesium Lead Halides (CsPbX<sub>3</sub>) (2015)

Novel quantum-dot light-emitting diodes based on all-inorganic perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals are reported. The well-dispersed, single-crystal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit high quantum yields, and tunable light emission wavelength. The demonstration of these novel perovskite QDs opens a new avenue toward designing optoelectronic devices, such as displays, photodetectors, solar cells, and lasers.
Twenty-Two–Year Trends in Incidence of Myocardial Infarction, Coronary Heart Disease Mortality, and Case Fatality in 4 US Communities, 1987–2008 (2012)

Although these findings from 4 communities may not be directly generalizable to blacks and whites in the entire United States, we observed significant declines in MI incidence, primarily as a result of downward trends in rates between 1997 and 2008.
Effect of carbonization temperature and chemical pre-treatment on the thermal change and fiber morphology of kenaf-based carbon fibers (2011)

Kenaf fibers, cellulose-based natural fibers, were used as precursor for preparing kenafbased carbon fibers. The effects of carbonization temperature (<TEX>$700^{\circ}C$</TEX> to <TEX>$1100^{\circ}C$</TEX>) and chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and <TEX>$NH_4Cl$</TEX>) at various concentrations on the thermal change, chemical composition and fiber morphology of kenaf-based carbon fibers were investigated. Remarkable weight loss and longitudinal shrinkage were found to occur during the thermal conversion from kenaf precursor to kenaf-based carbon fiber, depending on the carbonization temperature. It was noted that the alkali pre-treatment of kenaf with NaOH played a role in reducing the weight loss and the longitudinal shrinkage and also in increasing the carbon content of kenaf-based carbon fibers. The number and size of the cells and the fiber diameter were reduced with increasing carbonization temperature. Morphological observations implied that the micrometer-sized cells were combined or fused and then re-organized with the neighboring cells during the carbonization process. By the pre-treatment of kenaf with 10 and 15 wt% NaOH solutions and the subsequent carbonization process, the inner cells completely disappeared through the transverse direction of the kenaf fiber, resulting in the fiber densification. It was noticeable that the alkali pre-treatment of the kenaf fibers prior to carbonization contributed to the forming of kenaf-based carbon fibers.
Assay and regulation of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis (1975)

A simple and sensitive assay for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase is described which depends on the quantitative separation of the product, [14CH3]S-adenosylmethionine, from the substrate, L-[14CH3]methionine, on a Bio-Rex 70 column. L-Methionine protects the enzyme during preparation of cell extracts by sonic treatment but causes repression of enzyme activity during growth of Candida utilis. The presence of 5 mM methionine in the growth medium repressed SAM synthetase specific activity threefold compared to the specific acitivity of the enzyme isolated from cells grown in unsupplemented medium. Conversely, the presence of methionine in the growth medium resulted in an 80-fold increase in the intracellular concentration of SAM as compared to the Sam accumulated intracellularly in unsupplemented cultures.
Acquisition Design for Incoherent Shooting (2010)

In blended seismic data acquisition, the blended source wavefield should be designed in such a way that it has a large spatial bandwidth without notches. This corresponds to using blended source arrays with a high degree of incoherency. The three-dimensional (x,y,t) autocorrelation function of the blended source wavefield at the surface is proposed as a surface-related, quantitative measure of incoherency. In this assessment the subsurface is not involved. A second measure is proposed that does include the propagation effects of the near- and subsurface on the illumination by the blended source wavefield. For each subsurface gridpoint the autocorrelation function of the incident blended source wavefield - being represented by a dispersed time series - is judged for its whiteness. This result can be extended to angle-dependent illumination by computing the cross-correlation function as well.
An emotionally intelligent tutoring system (2017)

Recent explorations in the field of human computer interaction has led to innovations in the area of intelligent tutoring systems. Prior computer systems that have tried to “tutor” users have failed, since they could not replace a human teacher. Emotional intelligence, however, can be incorporated into such systems for better assistance. To accomplish this, concepts of emotion recognition must be integrated into an intelligent tutoring system. Such a system could deliver a course in different teaching styles, so the student can easily understand the course material. Also, a more sophisticated tutoring avatar could be developed, which would adopt a better teaching style for a particular subject and then change the style dynamically according to emotional feedback given by the student. Based on response time, facial expressions or feedback obtained by a few questions, analysis can be made and the interface can be changed according to the needs of the user. This paper proposes an emotionally intelligent tutoring system (EITS), which could be used to detect and analyze the emotional state of a learner and respond in a way similar to human tutors.
Adapting to astigmatism (2010)

Adapting to blurred or sharpened images alters the perceived focus of subsequently viewed images. We examined whether these adaptation effects could arise from actual sphero-cylindrical refractive errors, and whether they can be selective for specific aberrations by testing different axes of second-order astigmatism. Arrays of images were generated by titrating the magnitude of astigmatism over +0.3 microns, with varying defocus added to maintain constant blur strength (0.35 microns). The two ends of the series thus contained images blurred by only astigmatism, while the center image in the series was isotropically blurred with spherical defocus. Images subtended 4 deg, and were spatially jittered in time to avoid local light adaptation. Subjects adapted for 1 min to full astigmatic blur along either axis and then to 5-sec top-ups interleaved with test images. A 2AFC staircase was used to estimate the stimulus that appeared isotropic. Adaptation to horizontally blurred images caused a stimulus with no astigmatic blur to appear vertically biased and vice versa, shifting the perceived isotropic point to images that were thus more blurred along the adapting axis. Similar orientation-selective aftereffects were found for images of filtered noise or natural scenes. Because astigmatic blur distorts perceived shapes in the images (in addition to perceived “fuzziness”), the observed effects could reflect figural aftereffects for shape rather than adaptation to blur per se. These figural changes are larger in smaller images, since the angular distortion from blur is constant while the object angle varies with size or distance. In further measurements we compared aftereffects in different-sized images that have equivalent blur but different shapes or vice versa. Our results suggest that at least for lower-order aberrations, spatial vision can selectively adapt to the blur introduced by the eye's optics, and that this adaptation may include meridionally specific adjustments to perceived defocus and shape.
MUTANTS OF YEAST DEFECTIVE IN ISO-1-CYTOCHROME <i>c</i> (1974)

A medium containing chlorolactate has been devised to enrich for mutants that are unable to utilize lactate for growth, and therefore that may be defective in cytochrome c. Complementation tests of 6,520 chlorolactate-resistant mutants that were obtained spontaneously or induced with UV, ICR-170, or nitrosoimidazolidone resulted in the identification of 195 mutations at the cyc1 locus, which controls the primary structure of iso-1-cytochrome c. These 195 mutants, with 16 cyc1 mutants previously isolated, were examined for total cytochrome c by spectroscopic methods, growth on lactate medium, suppressibility by defined nonsense suppressors, mutational sites by x-ray-induced recombination, ability to revert, and in 86 cases, whether intragenic revertants contain altered iso-1-cytochrome c. Except for the deletion mutant cyc1-1, all of the mutants appeared to contain single-site mutations that could be assigned to at least 35 different sites within the gene. The cyc1 mutants either completely lacked iso-1-cytochrome c or contained iso-1- cytochromes c that were completely or partially nonfunctional. In spite of the fact that the cyc1 mutants obtained by the chlorolactate procedure were selected on the basis of defective function, 68% appeared to completely lack iso-1-cytochrome c. The remaining cyc1 mutants contained below normal amounts of iso-1-cytochromes c. Studies at several incubation temperatures indicated that these nonfunctional iso-1-cytochromes c were thermolabile. It is suggested that the predominant means for abolishing iso-1-cytochrome c by mutations are either through a complete loss, such as produced by chain terminating codons, or impairments through drastic changes of tertiary structure which lead to instability and thermolability.