gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Porous polyurethane vascular prostheses with variable compliances (1992)

A new technique for the preparation of porous vascular prostheses was investigated. Polyurethane solution (5 to 15 wt%) was injected into a mold. After freezing at low temperature (0 degrees C-196 degrees C), solvents were dissolved out with water at 0 degrees C to form porous tubes. The average pore size (several microns to 70 microns), pore occupation (10% to 51%), and compliance (3% to 35%) were easily changed by changing polyurethane concentration, freezing temperature, and freezing methods. Compliances could be decreased gradually by heat treatment. This technique can give a proper pore size (30-60 microns) for tissue ingrowth, and a suitable compliance for matching with arteries and veins. This method might give a desired compliant graft for artificial implantation with the presently valid medical polymers.
Influence of postannealing on polycrystalline pentacene thin film transistor (2004)

We studied systematically the influence of in situ postannealing treatment of ultrahigh vacuum grown polycrystalline pentacene thin film transistor. The gradual grain growth with the elimination of defects and misoriented crystallites is confirmed in x-ray diffraction (XRD) data and the atomic force microscopy image as the annealing temperature increases. The XRD data reveal that the pentacene molecules are packed parallel to each other in an upright position with a tilting angle of 15.5°. The postannealing results in the enhanced field effect mobility of pentacene organic thin film transistors increases from 0.19±0.04 to 0.49±0.05 cm2/V s after annealing at 90 °C. We suggest that the abnormally small on/off current ratio (∼103) due to the large leakage current is attributed to the conduction via impurity levels originated from the structural isomers of pentacene.
Column Separation in a Shut-In Liquid Hydrocarbon Transmission Pipeline (2018)

Crude oil transportation pipelines depend on Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) systems for leak detection. Accurate prediction of the volume of vapor phase in the pipeline is very challenging when crude oil goes though phase change (column separation) in the pipeline. It is also challenging to accurately predict the vapor phase volume when the pipeline is started from extended shut-in period during which thermal cooling or heating can occur depending on the season of the year. Pipeline operators rely on the accuracy of CPMs to make decisions on column separation and to avoid the masking of a leak during column separation. The column separation can happen due to heating and/or cooling during extended pipeline shut-in, or due to elevation changes or due to flow transients. New methods of approach to address the hydraulics are necessary when dealing with a pipeline during shut-in period. Particularly a shut-in pipeline has no longitudinal motion of fluid, however phase change occurrence attempts to set the stationary fluid inside a pipe into motion and overcoming this difficulty was not available in the literature perhaps due to lack of encumberment with similar problems. This paper explains mechanism of column separation and its transients in pipelines during extended shut-in period. The results for a 90 Km long-pipeline shut-in over a 78-hour period will be presented to show the evolution of flow field and column separation (vapor phase change) prediction and hydrodynamic pressure in the whole pipeline over the shut-in period. This paper will also critically review the current approaches available in the literature to predict the column separation.
Chk1 inhibition potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of PARP inhibitor BMN673 in gastric cancer. (2017)

Globally, gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths because of the lack of effective treatments for patients with advanced tumors when curative surgery is not possible. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify molecular targets in gastric cancer that can be used for developing novel therapies and prolonging patient survival. Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a crucial regulator of cell cycle transition in DNA damage response (DDR). In our study, we report that Chk1 plays an important role in promoting gastric cancer cell survival and growth, which serves as an effective therapeutic target in gastric cancer. First, Chk1 ablation by small interfering RNA could significantly inhibit cell proliferation and sensitize the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) treatment in both p53 wild type gastric cancer cell line AGS, and p53 mutant cell line MKN1. Secondly, we tested the anticancer effects of Chk1 chemical inhibitor LY2606368, which is a novel Chk1/2 targeted drug undergoing clinical trials in many malignant diseases. We found that LY2606368 can induce DNA damage, and remarkably suppress cancer proliferation and induce apoptosis in AGS and MKN1 cells. Moreover, we identified that LY2606368 can significantly inhibit homologous recombination (HR) mediated DNA repair and thus showed marked synergistic anticancer effect in combination with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor BMN673 in both <i>in vitro</i> studies and <i>in vivo</i> experiments using a gastric cancer PDx model. The synergy between LY2606368 and PARP1 was likely caused by impaired the G2M checkpoint due to LY2606368 treatment, which forced mitotic entry and cell death in the presence of BMN673. In conclusion, we propose that Chk1 is a valued target for gastric cancer treatment, especially Chk1 inhibitor combined with PARP inhibitor may be a more effective therapeutic strategy in gastric cancer.
The Bradford Method For Protein Quantitation (2009)

A rapid and accurate method for the estimation of protein concentration is essential in various areas of biology and biochemistry. An assay originally described by Bradford (1) has become the preferred method for quantifying protein in many laboratories. This technique is simpler, faster, and more sensitive than the Lowry method. Moreover, when compared with the Lowry method, it is subject to less interference by common reagents and non-protein components of biological samples (see Note 1). Despite the introduction of alternative protein assays, the Bradford method remains a popular technique, with the original article (1) being cited over 3,500 times in primary research papers in 2006, thirty years after its initial publication. The Bradford assay relies on the binding of the dye Coomassie Blue G250 to protein. Detailed studies indicate that the free dye can exist in four different ionic forms for which the pKa values are 1.15, 1.82 and 12.4 (2). Of the three charged forms of the dye that predominate in the acidic assay reagent solution, the more cationic red and green forms have absorbance maxima at 470 nm and 650 nm, respectively. In contrast, the more anionic blue form of the dye, which binds to protein, has an absorbance maximum at 590 nm. Thus, the quantity of protein can be estimated by determining the amount of dye in the blue ionic form. This is usually achieved by measuring the absorbance of the solution at 595 nm (see Note 2).
ISP-friendly peer matching without ISP collaboration (2008)

In peer-to-peer (P2P) systems, a receiver needs to be matched with multiple senders, because peers have limited capacity and reliability. Efficient peer matching can reduce the cost on Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for carrying the P2P traffic. We study the following peer-matching problem: given a set of potential senders, find the best subset of them that will minimize the transit cost on ISPs. This problem is fairly general and the proposed algorithms for solving it can be used in many P2P systems. We propose two ISP-friendly algorithms for solving this problem: ISPF and ISPF-Lite. These two matching algorithms leverage public available information, such as BGP tables, to infer the network topology, and to minimize the cost on ISPs. The inference algorithms, however, are fairly complex, and we propose optimization techniques to reduce the inference time and to lower the memory requirement. We use trace-driven simulations to show that the proposed algorithms outperform other popular matching algorithms by a large margin. Between the two proposed algorithms, ISPF results in better matching, but incurs higher complexity. Hence, we recommend ISPF if resources are not stringent, otherwise ISPF-Lite is recommended.
FIBER DIAMETER DISTRIBUTIONS IN TYPICAL MMVF WOOL INSULATION PRODUCTS (1993)

In order to make available a consistent set of information about the fiber diameter distribution in man-made vitreous fiber (MMVF) products, we measured the length-weighted fiber diameter distribution in 22 samples of glass wool, rock and slag wool, refractory ceramic fiber, and special purpose fiber Insulation, from 11 different manufacturers. All of the samples were measured by the same procedures using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and gas adsorption (the BET method). We found that the length-weighted fiber diameters were neither approximately normally nor log normally distributed with arithmetic standard deviations typically 50–100% of the arithmetic mean. The geometric mean diameter was usually significantly smaller than the arithmetic mean diameter and the length-weighted median diameter lay between these two means. There was good agreement between the various means and standard deviations measured by LM and by SEM. In addition, the BET-measured fiber specific surface area agreed well with that calculated from the microscopically measured diameters. The length-weighted arithmetic mean diameters of the sampled glass wool products ranged from 1–8 µm, whereas for the rock and slag wool samples, it ranged from 2–5 µm.
BIDDING ON THE BUYING FUNNEL FOR SPONSORED SEARCH AND KEYWORD ADVERTISING (2011)

In this research, we evaluate the effectiveness of the buying funnel as a model for understanding consumer interaction with keyword advertising campaigns on web search engines. We analyze data of nearly 7 million records from a 33 month, $56 million (US) search engine marketing campaign of a major US retailer. We classify key phrases used in this campaign into stages of the buying funnel (i.e., Awareness, Research, Decision, and Purchase) and then compare the consumer behaviors associated with each stage of the buying funnel using the critical keyword advertising metrics of impressions, clicks, cost-per-click, sales revenue, orders, and items sold. Findings from our analysis show that the stages from the buying funnel are effective for classifying types of queries, with statistically different consumer behaviors for all attributes among all stages. However, results also indicate that the buying funnel model does not represent the actual process that consumer engage in when contemplating a potential purchase, as the stages do not seem to be associated with expected consumer actions as predicted by the model. Results show that Awareness key phrases cost less and generate more sales revenue than Purchase queries, indicating that these broader phases can be a lucrative advertising segment for sponsored search campaigns. The results reported in this paper are important to researchers interested in understanding online consumers interaction with search engines and beneficial to search engine marketers striving to design successful advertising campaigns. Insights from this research could produce keyword advertising efforts being more effectively targeted to consumers in order to achieve campaign goals.
QRAM-Quick access memory system (2002)

A quick access memory (QRAM) was developed that realizes a cost-effective high-performance memory architecture. The QRAM improves the effective data access speed by making maximum use of the page mode of memory, and hence acts like a pseudo-cache memory. For high performance and usability, it has three special features: built-in address latches/comparators, a direct handshake facility, and a multiple active island structure. It can communicate directly with the microprocessor by handshaking of the memory request and the memory ready. This reduces the amount of external logic needed for the memory system. The QRAM can be made with conventional technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Insulin-like growth factor I rapidly stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a Mr 185,000 protein in intact cells. (1987)

The type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor, like the insulin receptor, contains a ligand-stimulated protein-tyrosine kinase activity in its beta-subunit. However, in vivo, no substrates have been identified. We used anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies to identify phosphotyrosine-containing proteins which occur during IGF-I stimulation of normal rat kidney and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells labeled with ortho[32P]phosphate. Both cells provide a good system to study the function of the type I IGF receptors because they contain high concentrations of these receptors but no insulin receptors. In addition, physiological levels of IGF-I, but not insulin, stimulated DNA synthesis in growth-arrested cells. IGF-I stimulated within 1 min of tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins. One of them, with a molecular mass between 97 and 102 kDa, was supposed to be the beta-subunit of the type I IGF receptor previously identified. The other protein had an approximate molecular mass of 185 kDa, which resembled, by several criteria, pp 185, originally identified during the initial response of Fao cells to insulin binding (White, M. F., Maron, R., and Kahn, C. R. (1985) Nature 318, 183-186). These data suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of pp 185 may occur during activation of both the type I IGF receptor and the insulin receptor, and it could be a common substrate that transmits important metabolic signals during ligand binding.
Variable impedance control based on estimation of human arm stiffness for human-robot cooperative calligraphic task (2003)

This paper presents a novel variable impedance control method for a human-robot cooperative task. An impedance control system based on a positioning control of a robot with time delay of the robot and a human operator can become unstable when the stiffness of a human arm or body is increased in the human-robot cooperative task. The proposed variable impedance controller varies the viscosity coefficient of the robot in proportion to an estimated value of the stiffness of the tip of the human arm. A method of a proposed variable impedance control makes the human-robot cooperative system stable and the cooperative task easy. In order to confirm the usefulness of the proposed control method a cooperative calligraphic task, that is writing a Kanji character with a writing brush, is performed. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed control method is effective for the human-robot cooperative task.
Truncation and Mutation of a Transferrin Receptor Aptamer Enhances Binding Affinity (2016)

Aptamers are proving their utility in a number of applications. However, to be easily functionalized, their structure needs to be simplified. Therefore, we sought to truncate a 50-nucleotide aptamer specific to the transferrin receptor to its smallest functional unit using rational engineering of the predicted two-dimensional structure of the longer parent sequence. In addition, mutations were introduced into the binding loop to determine their effect on the selectivity of the aptamers. These base mutations enhanced the binding affinity of the aptamer, while retaining its specificity. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) was reduced sixfold following the substitution of all four bases in the binding region. In addition, these aptamers were efficiently internalized into transferrin receptor-positive cells in a similar manner to the transferrin receptor antibody and demonstrated colocalization with this antibody. This study has shown that the smallest functional unit of this aptamer was 14 nucleotides. This small size will be advantageous for future applications, such as drug delivery or functionalization of other therapeutic modalities.
Optimization of high-order non-uniform QAM constellations (2013)

Spectrally efficient transmission on the physical layer is a crucial attribute of state-of-the-art transmission systems. The latest broadcast and terrestrial point-to-point systems such as DVB-T2, DVB-C2 or LTE use LDPC- or Turbo-codes jointly with QAM constellations to achieve capacity approaching the Shannon limit. However, since the gap between the BICM capacity of conventional uniform QAM constellations and the Shannon limit increases for larger SNR, constellation shaping is required to closely approach the Shannon limit when leaving the low SNR region. We propose non-uniform QAM constellations with modulation orders until 1024k-QAM approaching the Shannon limit up to 0.036 b/s/Hz at 29 dB SNR, corresponding to a short-coming of 0.108 dB. To maintain low-complexity 1-dimensional demapping of each component, the symmetry of the constellations is kept. In addition, we propose quadrant symmetric non-uniform QAM constellations optimized in both dimensions, to improve the performance of the constellations at low SNR.
MUC1 Vaccine for Individuals with Advanced Adenoma of the Colon: A Cancer Immunoprevention Feasibility Study (2012)

Cancer vaccines based on human tumor-associated antigens (TAA) have been tested in patients with advanced or recurrent cancer, in combination with or following standard therapy. Their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy has been difficult to properly evaluate in that setting characterized by multiple highly suppressive effects of the tumor and the standard therapy on the patient's immune system. In animal models of human cancer, vaccines administered in the prophylactic setting are most immunogenic and effectively prevent cancer development and progression. We report results of a clinical study that show that in patients without cancer but with a history of premalignant lesions (advanced colonic adenomas, precursors to colon cancer), a vaccine based on the TAA MUC1 was highly immunogenic in 17 of 39 (43.6%) of vaccinated individuals, eliciting high levels of anti-MUC1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and long-lasting immune memory. Lack of response in 22 of 39 individuals was correlated with high levels of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) prevaccination. Vaccine-elicited MUC1-specific immune response and immune memory were not associated with significant toxicity. Our study shows that vaccines based on human TAAs are immunogenic and safe and capable of eliciting long-term memory that is important for cancer prevention. We also show that in the premalignant setting, immunosuppressive environment (e.g., high levels of MDSC) might already exist in some individuals, suggesting an even earlier premalignant stage or preselection of nonimmunosuppressed patients for prophylactic vaccination.
Selective Formation of a Coordinatively Unsaturated Metal Complex at a Surface: A SiO<sub>2</sub>‐Immobilized, Three‐Coordinate Ruthenium Catalyst for Alkene Epoxidation (2007)

Unsaturated but air-stable: A three-coordinate Ru complex, 2, highly active for alkene epoxidation and recyclable in air, was prepared on SiO2 by exploiting the exothermic reaction between O2 and isobutyraldehyde (IBA) to eliminate a p-cymene ligand from a coordinatively saturated precursor 1 (Ru red, Cl dark blue, N green, S yellow, O blue, C gray, H white). In contrast, direct activation with O2 alone was calculated to be endothermic.
Water Your Stock Automatically (1950)

Where livestock have access to water at all times, you'll find it cheaper and more convenient to use an electronically-heated stock waterer than to try to keep a stock tank open all winter.
15 The Hematopoietic System as a Target for Gene Therapy (1999)

The ability to transfer a gene into repopulating stem cells and to achieve lineage-specific expression in differentiating hematopoietic cells would create many therapeutic opportunities. The hemoglobin disorders, severe β-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, because of their frequency worldwide and their severe morbidity and mortality, were early targets for human gene therapy. Molecular cloning of the globin genes in the late 1970s (Efstratiadis et al. 1980; Lawn et al. 1980) fueled interest in these diseases as targets for genetic intervention. Demonstration that DNA fragments could be incorporated into the genome of eukaryotic cells by calcium-phosphate-mediated DNA uptake (Pellicer et al. 1978) provided the methodology for attempted gene transfer into stem cells. Reported success in a murine model (Cline et al. 1980) prompted an attempt to treat patients with severe β-thalassemia by introduction of a globin gene into hematopoietic cells using calcium-phosphate-mediated transfection. In retrospect, this attempt carried little, if any, risk to the patients, but it was widely discredited because the very low efficiency of transduction and gene integration achieved by this methodology rendered success very unlikely. Furthermore, the investigators failed to obtain prior approval from the appropriate regulatory bodies before undertaking clinical trials (Anderson and Fletcher 1980). The field of human gene therapy has evolved substantially from this uncertain beginning. Studies in the murine model provided a sound experimental basis for subsequent work in larger animal models and ultimately for the initiation of human clinical trials. Many additional diseases that are potentially amenable to gene-therapy intervention have been characterized. The...
Incorporation of the 1-<i>pro</i>-<i>R</i> and 1-<i>pro</i>-<i>S</i> hydrogen atoms of ethanol in the reduction of acids in the liver of intact rats and in isolated hepatocytes (1985)

Ethanol oxidation causes redox effects. The coupling of this oxidation via NADH to intermediary metabolism was studied in order to reveal the underlying mechanisms. Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with [1,1-2H2]-, (1R)-[1-2H]- and (1S)-[1-2H]-ethanol and the 2H incorporation was measured in lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, fumarate, malate, succinate, alpha-oxoglutarate and citrate. The results differed in the following ways from results obtained in intact rats. Lactate became labelled to an increasing extent, and in more than one position, indicating labelling of pyruvate. A small and constant fraction of malate and fumarate was formed without access to [2H]coenzyme. Addition of aspartate increased this fraction, which was concluded to be formed in the mitochondria. Citrate was essentially unlabelled. The 2H from (1R)-[1-2H]ethanol contributed to malate to a larger extent and to beta-hydroxybutyrate to a smaller extent, and 2H from (1S)-[1-2H]ethanol contributed to lactate to a smaller extent. These results indicate that the exchange via shuttle system was less efficient in isolated hepatocytes than in intact rats. The 2H incorporation was independent of concentration of [1,1-2H2]ethanol when this was above 5mM. Additions known to increase ethanol elimination, and cyanamide, which decreases it, had no marked effect on the 2H incorporation. This indicates equilibration of the NADH bound to alcohol dehydrogenase with free NADH. Disulfiram and cyanamide caused a decrease in the relative incorporation from (1S)-[1-2H]ethanol into malate in liver of intact rats. Addition of cyanamide to incubations with hepatocytes resulted in a decrease of the contribution of 2H from (1S)-[1-2H]ethanol in lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and malate. This indicates that acetaldehyde was only oxidized in the mitochondrial compartment.