gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting the Permeability of PE Blown Films (1997)

The vast majority of packaged foods require a barrier to gases, flavors or odors to maintain product quality and provide acceptable shelf-life. For example, baked foods often require moisture protection, while fresh meats and vegetables require low or controlled oxygen exposure to maximize shelf-life and consumer appeal. Single and multi-layer polyethylene-based films are being used to package many different food products. The specific permeation properties of these films determine the shelf-life of the packaged food products that they contain. Information is presented on the factors affecting the permeation rates of polyethylene (PE) blown films. Models correlating permeation rates with the major effects of density, film thickness and crystalline orientation are shown. In addition, the impact of processing conditions and resin molecular weight distribution are discussed.
Comparison of variable region 3 sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from infected children with the RNA and DNA sequences of the virus populations of their mothers. (1993)

We have compared the variable region 3 sequences from 10 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected infants to virus sequences from the corresponding mothers. The sequences were derived from DNA of uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), DNA of cultured PBMC, and RNA from serum collected at or shortly after delivery. The infected infants, in contrast to the mothers, harbored homogeneous virus populations. Comparison of sequences from the children and clones derived from DNA of the corresponding mothers showed that the transmitted virus represented either a minor or a major virus population of the mother. In contrast to an earlier study, we found no evidence of selection of minor virus variants during transmission. Furthermore, the transmitted virus variant did not show any characteristic molecular features. In some cases the transmitted virus was more related to the virus RNA population of the mother and in other cases it was more related to the virus DNA population. This suggests that either cell-free or cell-associated virus may be transmitted. These data will help AIDS researchers to understand the mechanism of transmission and to plan strategies for prevention of transmission.
Technology-enhanced Pathways to Active Learning: Student Response Systems Facilitating Peer-instruction and Self-assessment in Large Classrooms (2019)

This paper describes an active learning approach implemented in a first-year undergraduate course in Introductory Macroeconomics taught at the University of East Anglia. The first part of the paper explains the motivation that led me to introduce this approach, which builds on powerful pedagogies such as self-assessment and peer-instruction, as well as on technology-enhanced learning through Student Response Systems. In the second part of the paper, I report on the mixed-methods evaluation strategy implemented to appraise pedagogical effectiveness. Whilst only briefly commenting on quantitative indicators, which have been the focus of previous publications, the focus of this paper is on qualitative data that conveys students’ perceptions of their learning experiences when using the approach. Analysis of the qualitative data highlights that students view my pedagogical approach, as well as its technology-enhanced implementation, as supportive of student learning, and as a means of enhancing their self-efficacy beliefs. The pedagogic approach is especially welcomed by students coming from an international background, characterised by diverse previous learning experiences. The approach also appears to be particularly effective for students who are struggling with their learning.
The α3(IV)185–206 Peptide from Noncollagenous Domain 1 of Type IV Collagen Interacts with a Novel Binding Site on the β3Subunit of Integrin αvβ3 and Stimulates Focal Adhesion Kinase and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Phosphorylation (2000)

We have recently identified integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and the associated CD47/integrin-associated protein (IAP) together with three other proteins as the potential tumor cell receptors for the alpha(3) chain of basement membrane type IV collagen (Shahan, T.A., Ziaie, Z., Pasco, S., Fawzi, A., Bellon, G., Monboisse, J. C., and Kefalides, N. A. (1999) Cancer Res. 59, 4584-4590). Using different cell lines expressing alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(IIb)beta(3), and/or CD47 and a liquid phase receptor capture assay, we now provide direct evidence that the synthetic and biologically active alpha3(IV)185-206 peptide, derived from the alpha3(IV) chain, interacts with the beta(3) subunit of integrin alpha(v)beta(3), independently of CD47. Increased alpha3(IV) peptide binding was observed on transforming growth factor-beta(1)-stimulated HT-144 cells shown to up-regulate alpha(v)beta(3) independently of CD47. Also, incubation of HT-144 melanoma cells in suspension induced de novo exposure of ligand-induced binding site epitopes on the beta(3) subunit similar to those observed following Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) stimulation. However, RGDS did not prevent HT-144 cell attachment and spreading on the alpha3(IV) peptide, suggesting that the alpha3(IV) binding domain on the beta(3) subunit is distinct from the RGD recognition site. alpha3(IV) peptide binding to HT-144 cells in suspension stimulated time-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, while the RGDS peptide did not. Two major phosphotyrosine proteins of 120-130 and 85 kDa were immunologically identified as focal adhesion kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). A direct involvement of PI3-kinase in alpha3(IV)-dependent beta(3) integrin signaling could be documented, since pretreatment of HT-144 cells with wortmannin, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, reverted the known inhibitory effect of alpha3(IV) on HT-144 cell proliferation as well as membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase gene expression. These results provide evidence that the alpha3(IV)185-206 peptide, by directly interacting with the beta(3) subunit of alpha(v)beta(3), activates a signaling cascade involving focal adhesion kinase and PI3-kinase.
Airport configuration planning with uncertain weather and noise abatement procedures (2010)

This paper develops a runway resource allocation model that is suitable for airport strategical planning. The model optimizes the selection of landing and takeoff runways and allocates capacity according to air traffic demand by minimizing delay and noise costs. The multi-objective optimization model is subject to a number of constraints, related to operational procedures, runway configuration capacity, safety, and weather conditions. Because weather accuracy is far from the accuracy requirements to make a deterministic perfect decision at the right time, we provide a method to quantify weather forecast accuracy. By using the probability density function of forecast errors, we derive formulations to calculate the probability that a runway configuration satisfies safety constraints given the predicted wind, ceiling, and visibility. Therefore, the optimization model will generate a best solution in the sense of probability.
Devising a flexible event model on top of a common data : knowledge storage manager (1996)

ADOME (ADvanced Object Modeling Environment) is a common data/knowledge storage manager that we have developed for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data objects, rules and procedures. Characterized by a versatile bridging mechanism which facilitates direct integration of a commercial OODBMS with a production rule base system, ADOME provides a native basis for accommodating those systems/applications that utilize Condition-Action (or alternatively, IF-THEN) rule paradigm. With its comprehensive integrated data and knowledge management facilities, ADOME can be naturally extended to support a wider range of applications and systems. This paper describes an approach we are taking for devising (re)active capability upon ADOME, by presenting in detail an event model that has been designed and introduced into it, thereby accommodating &quot;event-driven&quot; applications and systems (i.e., those employ Event-Condition -Action rules). Notable features of this event model include a layered structur...
Room-Temperature Strength of Sintered Silicon Nitride Subjected to High-Temperature Creep Loading (1994)

Room-temperature strength was evaluated using sintered silicon nitride crept specimens. Creep tests were performed using 4-point bending loading at 1400°C in air. The bending creep tests applied stresses from 100 to 400 MPa for 10−1 to 3×103 hours. For applied stress over 200 MPa, the room-temperature strength of the crept specimen had two stages. In the first stage the strength degraded slowly, and in the second stage the strength degraded rapidly. In the first stage, oxidation caused the strength degradation, since the degradation was similar for the different applied stresses. In the second stage, large creep deformation mainly caused the strength degradation. Early in the stage, creep induced matrix and boundary damage under the oxidation layer caused the degradation. At the end of the stage, cracks induced by creep caused the degradation.
Phytogenic additive as an alternative to growth promoters in broiler chickens (2009)

This study evaluated a phytogenic feed additive for broiler chickens. A total of 1,632 broiler chicks were distributed into four treatments: negative control (without growth promoter); positive control (avilamycine, 10ppm + colistin, 15ppm); and two alternative treatments with 150ppm of phytogenic additive, one with a reduced Ca and P levels diet (PA-R1) and the other with lower energy, and amino acids, besides Ca and P (PA-R2). The trial was conducted with 12 replicates, each consisted of a pen with 34 birds. The alternative diets showed body weight intermediate to the two controls at 42 days, with no significant (P>0.05) treatment effect on feed conversion ratio. No treatment differences (P>0.05) on carcass yield and composition was observed. There was a tendency of abdominal fat lipids saturation, when the phytogenic additive was used, as possible consequence of a decreased level of soybean oil in the diets. A difference (P<0.001) on ingredient consumption profile was observed between the treatments. All together, this study showed a possibility to reduce the cost of total feed used to produce a broilers or a ton of body weight by the utilization of the tested phytogenic additive.
High Affinity for Farnesyltransferase and Alternative Prenylation Contribute Individually to K-Ras4B Resistance to Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors (2003)

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) block Ras farnesylation, subcellular localization and activity, and inhibit the growth of Ras-transformed cells. Although FTIs are ineffective against K-Ras4B, the Ras isoform most commonly mutated in human cancers, they can inhibit the growth of tumors containing oncogenic K-Ras4B, implicating other farnesylated proteins or suggesting distinct functions for farnesylated and for geranylgeranylated K-Ras, which is generated when farnesyltransferase is inhibited. In addition to bypassing FTI blockade through geranylgeranylation, K-Ras4B resistance to FTIs may also result from its higher affinity for farnesyltransferase. Using chimeric Ras proteins containing all combinations of Ras background, CAAX motif, and K-Ras polybasic domain, we show that either a polybasic domain or an alternatively prenylated CAAX renders Ras prenylation, Ras-induced Elk-1 activation, and anchorage-independent cell growth FTI-resistant. The polybasic domain alone increases the affinity of Ras for farnesyltransferase, implying independent roles for each K-Ras4B sequence element in FTI resistance. Using microarray analysis and colony formation assays, we confirm that K-Ras function is independent of the identity of the prenyl group and, therefore, that FTI inhibition of K-Ras transformed cells is likely to be independent of K-Ras inhibition. Our results imply that relevant FTI targets will lack both polybasic and potentially geranylgeranylated methionine-CAAX motifs.
Influence of surface stress on the equilibrium shape of strained quantum dots (1998)

The equilibrium shapes of InAs quantum dots (i.e., dislocation-free, strained islands with sizes $>~10000$ atoms) grown on a GaAs (001) substrate are studied using a hybrid approach that combines density functional theory (DFT) calculations of microscopic parameters, surface energies, and surface stresses with elasticity theory for the long-range strain fields and strain relaxations. In particular we report DFT calculations of the surface stresses and analyze the influence of the strain on the surface energies of the various facets of the quantum dot. The surface stresses have been neglected in previous studies. Furthermore, the influence of edge energies on the island shapes is briefly discussed. From the knowledge of the equilibrium shape of these islands, we address the question whether experimentally observed quantum dots correspond to thermal equilibrium structures or if they are a result of growth kinetics.
Mode of Selection and Experimental Evolution of Antifungal Drug Resistance in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2003)

We show that mode of selection, degree of dominance of mutations, and ploidy are determining factors in the evolution of resistance to the antifungal drug fluconazole in yeast. In experiment 1, yeast populations were subjected to a stepwise increase in fluconazole concentration over 400 generations. Under this regimen, two mutations in the same two chromosomal regions rose to high frequency in parallel in three replicate populations. These mutations were semidominant and additive in their effect on resistance. The first of these mutations mapped to PDR1 and resulted in the overexpression of the ABC transporter genes PDR5 and SNQ2. These mutations had an unexpected pleiotropic effect of reducing the residual ability of the wild type to reproduce at the highest concentrations of fluconazole. In experiment 2, yeast populations were subjected to a single high concentration of fluconazole. Under this regimen, a single recessive mutation appeared in each of three replicate populations. In a genome-wide screen of approximately 4700 viable deletion strains, 13 were classified as resistant to fluconazole (ERG3, ERG6, YMR102C, YMR099C, YPL056C, ERG28, OSH1, SCS2, CKA2, SML1, YBR147W, YGR283C, and YLR407W). The mutations in experiment 2 all mapped to ERG3 and resulted in the overexpression of the gene encoding the drug target ERG11, but not PDR5 and SNQ2. Diploid hybrids from experiments 1 and 2 were less fit than the parents in the presence of fluconazole. In a variation of experiment 2, haploids showed a higher frequency of resistance than diploids, suggesting that degree of dominance and ploidy are important factors in the evolution of antifungal drug resistance.
Loss-Aversively Fair Classification (2019)

The use of algorithmic (learning-based) decision making in scenarios that affect human lives has motivated a number of recent studies to investigate such decision making systems for potential unfairness, such as discrimination against subjects based on their sensitive features like gender or race. However, when judging the fairness of a newly designed decision making system, these studies have overlooked an important influence on people's perceptions of fairness, which is how the new algorithm changes the status quo, i.e., decisions of the existing decision making system. Motivated by extensive literature in behavioral economics and behavioral psychology (prospect theory), we propose a notion of fair updates that we refer to as loss-averse updates. Loss-averse updates constrain the updates to yield improved (more beneficial) outcomes to subjects compared to the status quo. We propose tractable proxy measures that would allow this notion to be incorporated in the training of a variety of linear and non-linear classifiers. We show how our proxy measures can be combined with existing measures for training nondiscriminatory classifiers.Our evaluation using synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrates that the proposed proxy measures are effective for their desired tasks.
Structural consequences ofD-amino acids in collagen triple-helical peptides (1999)

The effects of racemization of aspartic acid on triple-helical formation have been studied using a "host-guest" peptide approach where selected guest Gly-Xaa-Yaa triplets were included within a common acetyl-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)3-Gly-Xaa-Yaa-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)4-Gly-Gly-amide frame-work. Four guest triplets, Gly-Asp-Hyp and Gly-Asp-Ala where Asp is either L-Asp or D-Asp were studied. Thermal stability data indicated that incorporation of D-Asp residues prevented triple-helix formation in phosphate buffered saline, although triple-helical structures were formed in a stabilizing solvent, 67% aqueous ethylene glycol. In this solvent the melting temperatures of D-Asp containing peptides were more than 30 degrees C lower than the corresponding peptides containing L-Asp. For Gly-Asp-Ala peptides, but not Gly-Asp-Hyp, peptides, melting profiles indicated that a mixture of the D- and L-Asp containing peptides were able to form heterotrimer triple-helical molecules. These studies illustrate the dramatic destabilizing effect of D-amino acids on the triple-helix stability, but indicate that they can be accommodated in this conformation.
Low power signal processing architectures using residue arithmetic (2002)

Recent trends like increasing operating frequencies, larger die sizes and demand for greater portability make power reduction a hard taskmaster. It is acknowledged that the greatest returns come from optimization at the architectural and technology level. We present, for the first time, residue architectures that reduce the power by more than 70% without changes in technology. This reduction is achieved without sacrificing performance and with minimal sacrifice in area (less than 60%). The key to such low power solutions is trading-off the speed gained by parallelism for lower power. Existing proposals that achieve similar trade-offs demand an area increase of more than a factor of two and also increased control complexity. Other benefits of using residue arithmetic for low power is the significant reduction in peak current and increased design locality. The role of the number of computations per forward (or reverse) conversion in determining the power characteristics of the system are also analyzed and explained. The effectiveness of the methodology is illustrated using a system that extracts a 256-point FFT of the input signal.
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) - a universal biomarker? (2010)

Many clinical conditions including various types of cancers are complex and generally require invasive, laborious, expensive and time-consuming investigations for their diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. There is therefore a general need for exploring non-invasive markers in clinical medicine. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is currently being applied in various subspecialties of medicine either for the purpose of rapid diagnosis or as a predictor of prognosis. Nevertheless, there is need for large-scale studies to substantiate accuracy and outcome. This article will summarize current evidence suggesting that Interleukin 8 (IL-8) may serve as a useful biomarker.
Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Xenografts With Multiagent HER-Targeted Therapy (2007)

Combined treatment with gefitinib, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab to block signals from all HER homo- and heterodimers inhibited growth of HER2-overexpressing xenografts statistically significantly better than single agents and dual combinations.
Expanding repertoire in the oculomotor periphery: selective compartmental function in rectus extraocular muscles (2011)

Since connective tissue pulleys implement Listing's law by systematically changing rectus extraocular muscle (EOM) pulling directions, non-Listing's law gaze dependence of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is currently inexplicable. Differential activation of compartments within rectus EOMs may endow the ocular motor system with more behavioral diversity than previously supposed. Innervation to horizontal, but not vertical, rectus EOMs of mammals is segregated into superior and inferior compartments. Magnetic resonance imaging in normal subjects demonstrates contractile changes in the lateral rectus (LR) inferior, but not superior, compartment during ocular counter-rolling (OCR) induced by head tilt. In human orbits ipsilesional to unilateral superior oblique palsy, neither LR compartment exhibits contractile change during head tilt, although the inferior compartment contracts normally in contralesional orbits. This suggests that differential compartmental LR contraction assists normal OCR. Computational simulation suggests that differential compartmental action in horizontal rectus EOMs could achieve more force than required by vertical fusional vergence.
Detecting persons on changing background (2002)

We need a reliable visual surveillance system that can work under various disturbances, such as changes of lighting and movements of background objects. We propose a method exploiting information over space and time. First, optical flow is computed, and then regions with uniform flow are extracted. The regions are hypothesized as parts of detection targets. Assuming that the targets move in constant directions at constant speeds, we predict a path of each region and vote it in the space-time cube. If enough number of votes support a particular path, the method reports the detection of the intruder. We have implemented this method using multiple DSP boards and constructed a system that works in real time. Experimental results show that the system can detect intruders walking with many objects moving in their backgrounds.
Colloidal Interactions between Particles with Tethered Nonpolar Chains Dispersed in Polar Media:  Direct Correlation between Dynamic Rheology and Interaction Parameters (1999)

Colloidal interactions between particles dispersed in a liquid can be suitably tailored by modifying the surface chemistry of the particles. In the case of fumed silica particles, the surface can be systematically altered from hydrophilic to hydrophobic by replacing a portion of the original silanol (Si−OH) groups by nonpolar alkyl chains. In this study, we probe the effect of surface modification of fumed silica on their rheology and microstructure in polar media. Variables of interest include the length of the tethered alkyl chain and the extent of surface coverage. For the continuous phase, we examine a range of polyether liquids comprising different architectures and molecular weights. We find that when the alkyl chains are C8 or longer, and are attached at saturation levels, a dense nonpolar surface layer is formed on each silica unit. Such particles experience strong interactions in polar media, leading to the formation of a volume-filling network (gel). We show that these interactions arise as a result of the negative free energy of mixing between the tethered chains, owing to the mismatch in chemical nature between chains and solvent. In this flocculation process van der Waals interactions between the particles play a negligible role. We also find that the greater the mismatch between particle surface and liquid, the greater the “stickiness” of the surface chains and correspondingly, the higher the elastic modulus (G‘) of the fumed silica network. This leads to a unique correlation between G‘ and a term comprising the χ parameter for the chain-solvent pair. An approximate but useful form of this correlation can be written as G‘ ∼ (δs − δm)2 where the latter expression characterizes the mismatch in solubility parameters between the surface chains (δs) and the liquid medium (δm).