gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular origins and target cells of immunoregulatory factors in mice with disseminated histoplasmosis. (1984)

Disseminated infection with Histoplasma capsulatum stimulates the production of a suppressor factor (SF-H) by spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice and a helper factor (HF-H) by spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice. In the present study these disparate immunoregulatory factors were analyzed in detail with regard to: a) the surface phenotype of the cells that produce SF-H and HF-H; b) the role of accessory cells in the production of these factors; and c) the surface phenotype of the target cells activated by SF-H and HF-H. Treatment of spleen cells from Histoplasma-infected C3H/HeJ mice with anti-Thy-1.2 plus complement (C) or with anti-Ly-2 plus C or with anti-I-Jk antiserum plus C abolished production of SF-H. Conversely, generation of HF-H by spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice was abrogated by treatment with either anti-Thy-1.2 plus C or with anti-Ly-1 plus C. Thus, a Thy-1.2+, Ly-2+, I-J+ T cell releases SF-H, and a Thy-1.2+, Ly-1+ T cell secretes HF-H. Production of SF-H and HF-H by splenic T cells was reduced markedly by depletion of macrophages (M phi); readdition of 1% syngeneic, plastic-adherent splenocytes from normal or infected mice to M phi-depleted, splenic T cell cultures of either strain restored the capacity to generate immunoregulatory factors. Furthermore, adherent splenocytes from normal or infected mice liberated a factor or factors that enhanced production of both SF-H and HF-H. Kinetic studies demonstrated that activation of normal spleen cells required at least 48 hr of exposure to SF-H or HF-H. Both factors failed to activate splenocytes pretreated with anti-Thy-1.2 plus C. Spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice depleted of Ly-1+, Ly-2+, or I-J+ cells and exposed to SF-H did not demonstrate suppressor activity, whereas Ly-1-depleted splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice exposed to HF-H failed to exert helper activity. Therefore, the target of SF-H is a Thy-1.2+, Ly-1+2+, I-J+ T cell, and the target of HF-H is a Thy-1.2+, Ly-1+ T cell.
A Bicycle Electric Assist Unit (2010)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2010.
Foscarnet treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (1989)

Ten patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with newly diagnosed cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis were treated with an induction regimen of intravenous foscarnet, 60 mg/kg of body weight, administered as a 2-h infusion and repeated every 8 h for 14 days. At the end of induction, 9 of 10 patients had stabilized (no new retinal lesions and stable old lesions [7 patients]) or improved (decreased retinal opacification [2 patients]). All eight patients with CMV in urine or blood upon entry into the study had negative urine and blood cultures at the end of induction. After induction therapy, seven patients continued maintenance foscarnet therapy, 60 mg/kg as a single daily infusion, 5 days/week. In six patients, retinal lesions increased in size after 2 to 32 weeks of maintenance therapy. One was invaluable because a retinal detachment developed. Only 9 of 42 blood and urine cultures obtained during maintenance foscarnet therapy yielded CMV, compared with 7 of 14 obtained prior to the initiation of foscarnet induction therapy (P = 0.04). Foscarnet toxicity was mild and infrequent: elevation in serum creatinine by 0.5 to 1.3 mg/dl over the base line (two patients), muscle twitching (three patients), hemoglobin decrease by 1 mg/dl (two patients), nausea (two patients), absolute neutrophil count decrease by 50% (one patient), rise in serum phosphorus to greater than 5.5 mg/dl (four patients), and proteinuria (two patients). Intermittently administered intravenous foscarnet appears to be an effective, relatively nontoxic therapy for CMV retinitis. Additional studies to determine the optimal dosage for maintenance therapy are needed, as are comparative trials with ganciclovir.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antifolate Properties of 9‐Alkyl‐10‐deazaminopterins. (1990)

Abstract The carboxylic acid (I) is converted to the ‐amino ketone hydro chloride (VI).
Three-dimensional computer model for simulating realistic solid-state lasers (2007)

We developed an accurate and fast three-dimensional computer model for simulating realistic solid-state laser systems. An iteration of the beam propagation calculation was developed to account for the counterpropagation of the laser beams in the saturated gain medium and eventually obtain the converged solution for the output beam. An analytic method was devised to account for the curved cavity mirror and the surface deformation of the gain medium induced by the temperature gradient due to pump absorption. The temperature gradient induced thermal lensing and stress birefringence is also properly included in the model calculation. This model has been validated and shown to be very accurate and efficient for modeling three-dimensional laser systems in a personal computer.
Proteins of Iron Metabolism (2001)

Proteins of Iron Metabolism presents a clear picture of the structure and function of the main proteins involved in iron metabolism. The book gives you a detailed description of the structure and function of each protein, and discusses the structure and regulation of the corresponding genes in parallel. It supplies an analysis of the differential e
Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic roles of carbonic anhydrase in algae and cyanobacteria (1995)

Abstract The possible roles of intra-and extracellular carbonic anhydrase in cyanobacterial and algal photosynthesis are discussed. Carbonic anhydrase is likely to have a role in photosynthetic (C3 biochemistry) inorganic C acquisition by most algae under their natural growth conditions. The inorganic C substrate, intracellular location, metabolic roles and taxonomic distribution of non-photosynthetic carboxylases of algae and cyanobacteria are reviewed. From the quantitative role of these (cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in red and green algae; acetyl CoA carboxylase predominantly in plastids in all taxa) it is likely that carbonic anhydrase is needed to account for the expressed activity of these HCO3− using enzymes under natural conditions when CO2 is the inorganic C substrate supplied to the organism.
The Diels-Alder Reaction of Levopimaric Acid and Its Use in Quantitative Determinations<sup>2</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Diels-Alder Reaction of Levopimaric Acid and Its Use in Quantitative Determinations2W. D. LLOYD and G. W. HEDRICKCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 6, 2029–2032Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01065a085https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01065a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (WFIMS) with enhanced dynamic size range (2017)

A water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (WFIMS) with enhanced dynamic size range is developed. The WFIMS builds on two established technologies: the fast integrated mobility spectrometer and laminar flow water-based condensation methodology. Inside WFIMS, particles of differing electrical mobility are separated in a drift tube and subsequently enlarged through water condensation. Particle size and concentration are measured via digital imaging at a frame rate of 10 Hz. By measuring particles of different mobilities simultaneously, the WFIMS resolves particle diameters ranging from 8 to 580 nm within 1 s or less. The performance of WFIMS was characterized with differential mobility analyzer (DMA) classified (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>2</sub> particles with diameters ranging from 8 to 265 nm. The mean particle diameters measured by WFIMS were found to be in excellent agreement with DMA centroid diameters. Furthermore, detection efficiency of WFIMS was characterized using a condensation particle counter as a reference and is nearly 100% for particles with diameter greater than 8 nm. In general, measured and simulated WFIMS mobility resolutions are in good agreement. However, some deviations are observed at low particle mobilities, likely due to the non-idealities of the WFIMS electric field. Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research
Effect of curing mode on the hardness of dual-cured composite resin core build-up materials (2010)

This study evaluated the Knoop Hardness (KHN) values of two dual-cured composite resin core build-up materials and one resin cement exposed to different curing conditions. Two dual-cured core build-up composite resins (LuxaCore-Dual, DMG; and FluoroCore2, Dentsply Caulk), and one dual-cured resin cement (Rely X ARC, 3M ESPE) were used in the present study. The composite materials were placed into a cylindrical matrix (2 mm in height and 3 mm in diameter), and the specimens thus produced were either light-activated for 40 s (Optilux 501, Demetron Kerr) or were allowed to self-cure for 10 min in the dark (n = 5). All specimens were then stored in humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 h in the dark and were subjected to KHN analysis. The results were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test at a pre-set alpha of 5%. All the light-activated groups exhibited higher KHN values than the self-cured ones (p = 0.00001), regardless of product. Among the self-cured groups, both composite resin core build-up materials showed higher KHN values than the dual-cured resin cement (p = 0.00001). LuxaCore-Dual exhibited higher KHN values than FluoroCore2 (p = 0.00001) when they were allowed to self-cure, while no significant differences in KHN values were observed among the light-activated products. The results suggest that dual-cured composite resin core build-up materials may be more reliable than dual-cured resin cements when curing light is not available.
The Potential Anti-Migraine Compound SB-220453 does not Contract Human Isolated Blood Vessels or Myocardium; A Comparison with Sumatriptan (2000)

The mechanistically novel benzopyran derivative SB-220453, which is undergoing clinical evaluation in migraine, exhibits a high affinity for a selective, but not yet characterized, binding site in the human brain. It inhibits nitric oxide release and cerebral vasodilatation following cortical spreading depression as well as carotid vasodilatation induced by trigeminal nerve stimulation in the cat. The aim of our study was to investigate the contractile properties of SB-220453 on a number of human isolated blood vessels (coronary artery, saphenous vein and middle meningeal artery) as well as atrial and ventricular cardiac trabeculae. While sumatriptan induced marked contractions in three blood vessels investigated, SB-220453 was devoid of any effect. In atrial and ventricular cardiac trabeculae, neither SB-220453 nor sumatriptan displayed a positive or negative inotropic effect. Since SB-220453 did not contract the middle meningeal artery, we conclude that potential anti-migraine effects are not mediated via a direct cerebral vasoconstriction. The lack of activity of SB-220453 in coronary artery, saphenous vein and cardiac trabeculae demonstrates that the compound is unlikely to cause adverse cardiac side-effects.
Predicting the onset of thermoacoustic oscillations in supercritical fluids (2009)

Sound waves in gas are capable of converting energy from one form to another. In these 'thermoacoustic' processes heat or chemical energy can be converted into acoustic power. In small channels, the acoustical power can couple with the heat transfer process to create oscillations. Pressure and flow oscillations in convective heat transfer applications have been reported in literature for many years. Both bulk mode/Helmholtz low frequency (frequency < 60) and acoustic high frequency (frequency > 60) have been reported. Herring studied these oscillations at Purdue University using JP-10. Using the same facility as Herring a similar parameter space was explored using the same small diameter (0.125 in) tubes with a different fluid. Methanol was chosen as a simulant fluid because of its similar properties to JP-10 in the supercritical phase. A test matrix was established that covered a range of parameters including tube inner diameter, tube length, fluid pressure, mass flow rate, and power. During the experiments two types of oscillations were observed. Bulk mode oscillations were observed at a relatively low frequencies of 0.05 to 10 Hz. Acoustic oscillations were also observed in pressure data between 360 and 581 Hz. Many observations and notes as the to the behavior of both types of oscillations were made based on the relationship they had with test parameters. A similar parameter space to Herring was outlined as a region of possible thermoacoustic instabilities. No method of damping the oscillations in this region was discovered. A model was developed to analyze the bulk behavior of system similar to the one tested in these experiments. The model is a starting point and successfully addresses bulk mode behavior in the subcritical temperature range. The model failed to produce bulk mode oscillations but should provide groundwork for future models.
Modification of Activated Carbon Using Microwave Radiation and Its Effects on the Adsorption of SO<sub>2</sub> (2016)

Modification of a coconut shell-based activated carbon under N2 atmosphere has been carried out using a microwave device operating at 2,450 MHz and different microwave powers. The samples were characterized by means of low temperature N2 adsorption, elemental analysis, and Boehm titration. The results show that microwave heating treatment results in a minor increase in micropore surface area and pore volume and has little effect on average micropore width. The results also show that microwave heating treatment is a very effective method for modifying the surface chemistry of the activated carbon. A gradual decrease in the surface acidic functional groups is observed, while the surface basicity is enhanced with increasing microwave power. Adsorption studies show enhanced adsorption of SO2 onto microwave-treated carbon, caused by modification of the surface chemistry. During microwave treatment, the active sites are induced by decomposition of CO-type surface oxygen groups, which favors the adsorption and oxidation of SO2.
Rapid Species Identification and Partial Strain Differentiation of <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> by PCR Using 16S‐23S rDNA Intergenic Spacer Regions (2005)

Some Clostridium butyricum strains have been used as probiotics for both humans and animals. Strain-specific identification is necessary for the manufacturing process of probiotics. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are sufficient genetic variations in 16S-23S intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) to discriminate C. butyricum at the biovar level. We amplified ISRs from five reference strains, a probiotic strain (MIYAIRI 588) and 22 isolates, and we classified them into four groups on the basis of amplification patterns (type A through D). However, amplification of ISRs is not sufficient for discriminating strains. Moreover, we compared genetic structures of these ISRs. Sequence analysis revealed that the size variations of ISRs were generated by the insertion of tRNA genes and unique sequences into the internal portion, while the external portions were highly conserved. On the basis of the highly conserved nucleotide sequences within the ISRs, we developed a PCR primer set specific to C. butyricum. In addition, the PCR primer designed from the unique inserted sequence in type B strain was useful to differentiate probiotic strains at the biovar level.
Crystal polymorphism in pendimethalin herbicide is driven by electronic delocalization and changes in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. A crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational study (1998)

Pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine, is a potent herbicide that exists in two differently coloured polymorphic crystal habits. Triclinic pendimethalin I (P) is the orange-coloured thermodynamically stable form, whereas monoclinic pendimethalin II (P21/c) is a bright-yellow metastable form. The latter is normally produced first upon cooling the molten chemical, whereas the orange form is formed by a polymorphic phase transition which occurs slowly upon long term storage of the yellow form at temperatures below its melting point. Such phase transitions are rapidly revealed by calorimetry. The crystal structures of the polymorphs have been determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Solid state NMR spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy and UV–VIS spectroscopy were applied to further study the nature of the polymorphism in terms of intra- and inter-molecular properties. Solid state CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy was shown to be the method of choice for quantitative analysis of polymorphic mixtures. The differences in spectral properties and crystal habits were investigated by computational methods which included molecular exciton, molecular orbital and molecular mechanics calculations. The dramatic colour change from yellow to orange-red during the polymorphic transition is discussed in terms of competing inter- and intra-molecular electronic effects. The driving force for the yellow (II) to orange (I) polymorphic transition is attributed to the change in the electronic delocalization achieved from shortening, strengthening, and partially straightening the ‘bent’ hydrogen bond between the secondary amino hydrogen and an oxygen of the 6′-nitro group. This results in increased overlap between the amino nitrogen’s lone pair and the π-electron orbitals of the aromatic ring. The calculated lattice stabilization energy due to this process is 4 to 5 kcal mol–1, and the relative lattice energies are consistent with the observed stabilities of the polymorphs. The slow kinetics of the polymorphic transition are largely governed by the steric interaction of the 1-ethylpropyl side chain and the two nitro groups. During crystallization, the more compact side chain conformation required to form the energetically more stable orange (I) polymorph appears to be more difficult to achieve than that required for the yellow (II) polymorph.
Mitochondrial Genome Instability and mtDNA Depletion in Human Cancers (2005)

An increase in the rate of glycolysis is one of the metabolic alterations in most cancer cells. However, the role of alterations in mitochondrial function and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in carcinogenesis still remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of the D-loop and the copy number of mtDNA in 54 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), 31 gastric, 31 lung, and 25 colorectal cancers as well as their corresponding non-tumorous tissues. The results revealed that 42.6% (23/54) of the HCCs, 51.6% (16/31) of the gastric cancers, 22.6% (7/31) of the lung cancers, and 40.0% (10/25) of the colorectal cancers harbored mutation(s) in the D-loop of mtDNA. The mtDNA mutations in 43.5% (10/23) of the HCCs, 62.5% (10/16) of the gastric cancers, 57.1% (4/7) of the lung cancers, and 90.0% (9/10) of the colorectal cancers were changes in the mononucleotide or dinucleotide repeats, deletions, or multiple insertions. Moreover, we found that there is a significant decrease in mtDNA copy number in 57.4% (31/54) of the HCCs, 54.8% (17/31) of the gastric cancers, 22.6% (7/31) of the lung cancers, and 28.0% (7/25) of the colorectal cancers compared with the corresponding non-tumorous tissues. It is noteworthy that the incidence of somatic mutations in the D-loop of mtDNA in the cancers of later stages was higher than that of the early-stage cancers. Taken together, our findings suggest that instability in the D-loop region of mtDNA, together with the decrease in mtDNA copy number, is involved in the carcinogenesis of human cancers.
Multiwavelength lightwave networks for computer communication (1993)

The different approaches being considered to build high-capacity lightwave networks are described. Two kinds of lightwave network architectures are examined: broadcast-and-select networks and wavelength-routing networks. A comparison of the two shows that broadcast-and-select networks may be more suitable for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs), while wavelength-routing networks are suitable for wide area networks (WANs). The overall network may then be a combination of broadcast subnets interconnected by a point-to-point wavelength-routing network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dendritic polyamine architectures with lipophilic shells as nanocompartments for polar guest molecules: A comparative study of their transport behavior (2007)

Abstract Dendritic core‐shell architectures were synthesized by simple melt reactions of polyethylenimine (PEI) with different fatty acids. These systems were investigated towards their ability to encapsulate various guest molecules. Parameters, such as the length of the attached alkyl chain, size of the polymer core, concentration of the core‐shell architecture in solution, pH, and nature of the guest molecule were investigated and compared. Guest molecules that bear anionic groups, such as carboxylate, phosphate, sulfonate, or acidic OH groups, as present in phenol units, are readily encapsulated and transferred from the aqueous phase to the organic phase because of multiple anionic–cationic interactions. Hyperbranched polymer architectures exhibit enhanced encapsulation properties when compared with their linear counterparts. In case of the hyperbranched system PEI 25 C16 amide higher transport capacities were observed at lower concentrations of the polymer, for example, 26 guest molecules at 10 −5 mol L −1 versus 143 at 10 −6 mol L −1 , suggesting formation of larger aggregates. The aggregation behavior of these polar nanocompartments were investigated at different concentrations by AFM showing particle aggregates of typically 250 nm at a concentration of 10 −5 M. The individual particle sizes in these aggregates are similar to the particle size at 10 −6 M concentration, typically 4.0–5.5 nm (AFM height). This indicates that aggregate formation takes place at concentrations higher than 10 −8 M and transport might be mediated by small aggregates rather than unimolecular particles. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2287–2303, 2007