gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser optoacoustic method for measuring relative isotopic abundances of molecules (1976)

A description is given of a method for measuring the relative abundances of isotopes in molecules with the aid of laser spectrophones. The basis of the method is the use of laser radiation of two frequencies and a periodic comparison of the signals produced by two spectrophones. The apparatus employed is described. The results are given of an experimental determination of changes in the ratio of the abundances of the B10 and B11 isotopes. The question of the maximum sensitivity of the proposed method is considered. In principle, the use of lasers with output powers of about 1 W should make it possible to measure deviations down to 10–4% from the standard isotopic composition of a molecule.
Interconnection Networks for Parallel and Distributed Processing: An Overview (1981)

CURRENT integrated circuit technology is making feasible computer systems consisting of hundreds or thousands of processors. One of the most difficult problems in the design of large-scale parallel and distributed computer systems is the choice of a communications network. An efficient method is needed for linking the system's processors, memories, and other devices to each other. As can be observed from the papers in this Special Issue, there are many different approaches to the solution of this problem. The best "solution" for a particular system is a function of the system's intended applications, size, speed requirements, cost constraints, etc.
Transport coefficients defined by arrival-time spectra of electron swarms in methane gas (1992)

An analysis of the swarm parameters defined by the arrival time spectra (ATS) of electron swarms in gases, using a multi-term expansion technique of calculation for solving the Boltzmann equation, is presented. The ATS method is important since it enables one to calculate directly important swarm parameters such as the ionization coefficient and the mean arrival-time drift-velocity. This method is applied to methane gas, which has extremely large inelastic electron collision cross-sections, not only in the high electron-energy region but also in the low electron-energy region, and the ATS swarm parameters and energy distributions are calculated by means of a multi-term technique for the first time. The multi-term technique utilizes an amalgamated procedure of the conventional two-term expansion and the Galerkin method. The results by this technique are compared with those by a Monte Carlo simulation, to show good agreement for both relatively high and low E/p0 conditions.
Detection of apoptotic cell death by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1996)

Cells undergoing apoptosis (programmed cell death) display profound morphologic and biochemical changes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. We have shown a direct temporal relationship between the onset of apoptosis in Jurkat T-cell lymphoblast cultures and a greater than two-fold increase in the signal intensity of the methylene resonance (at 1.3 ppm) as observed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). The increase in the methylene resonance intensity was seen when apoptosis was induced by serum deprivation, glucocorticoid, and doxorubicin treatment but not in necrotic (nonapoptotic) cell death. We have found similar changes in a variety of other cell lines undergoing apoptosis including the Hut 78 T-cell leukemia, JY natural killer T-cell leukemia, Daudi B-cell lymphoma, HeLa, and 3T3 fibroblast cell lines. Furthermore, this spectral change was diminished in Bcl-2 overexpressing HL-60 cell cultures treated with doxorubicin, which were relatively resistant to apoptosis, as compared to apoptotic HL-60 cultures. 1H NMR spectroscopy therefore may be useful in detecting apoptotic cell death in vivo.
Epidermal Growth Factor in the Germinal Disc and Its Potential Role in Follicular Development in the Chicken1 (1998)

The germinal disc region (GDR; germinal disc + overlying granulosa cells) of the hen's ovarian follicle secretes one or more factors that stimulate proliferation of, and decrease progesterone (P4) production by, granulosa cells. Destruction of the GDR results in apoptosis and atresia of the follicle. These data suggested that the GDR produces a growth factor(s) to sustain the development of the follicle. These findings prompted us to investigate two questions: 1) Is epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha), which binds to the EGF receptor, present in the GDR? 2) Does EGF regulate granulosa cell functions in the hen? Immunocytochemistry revealed that EGF, but not TGFalpha, was present in the germinal disc of the four largest preovulatory follicles of the hen. TGFalpha was found only in the theca interna. To determine whether EGF regulates granulosa cell functions, granulosa layer explants (13 mm in diameter) from the second-largest preovulatory follicle were cultured for 36 h with 0,0.017, or 0.17 microM EGF. Proliferation, apoptosis, and P4 production of granulosa layer explants were then measured by using a colorimetric method for determining viable cell number, gel electrophoresis, and RIA, respectively. EGF regulates several functions of granulosa layer explants by stimulating proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and decreasing basal P4 production. These data indicate that EGF is present in the germinal disc and may be one of the factors that regulate follicular development in the hen.
Why information security is hard - an economic perspective (2005)

According to one common view, information security comes down to technical measures. Given better access control policy models, formal proofs of cryptographic protocols, approved firewalls, better ways of detecting intrusions and malicious code, and better tools for system evaluation and assurance, the problems can be solved. The author puts forward a contrary view: information insecurity is at least as much due to perverse incentives. Many of the problems can be explained more clearly and convincingly using the language of microeconomics: network externalities, asymmetric information, moral hazard, adverse selection, liability dumping and the tragedy of the commons.
Role of the inner protein capsid on in vitro human rotavirus transcription (1986)

The inner protein shell of human rotavirus consists of a single polypeptide called VP6 which was removed from the single-shelled virus by treatment with CaCl2, leaving the viral core. The core thus obtained was unable to transcribe. However, the addition of a supernatant containing VP6 in the absence of Ca2+ restored the transcriptional activity. VP6 obtained from different electropherotypes and serotypes was able to restore transcriptional activity to homologous and heterologous cores. Viral cores obtained after incubation with purified VP6 had electron microscopic characteristics, polypeptide compositions, and transcription products similar to those of the single-shelled virus. The results suggested the successful in vitro reconstitution of the single-shelled virus.
Investigating strain dependency in the production of aromatic compounds in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2016)

Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most highly domesticated yeast, strain dependency in biotechnological processes still remains as a common, yet poorly understood phenomenon. To investigate this, the entrance to the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway was compared in four commonly used S. cerevisiae laboratory strains. The strains were engineered to accumulate shikimate by overexpressing a mutant version of the pentafunctional ARO1 enzyme with disrupted activity in the shikimate kinase subunit. Carbon tracing and <sup>13</sup> C metabolic flux analysis combined with quantitative PCR, revealed that precursor availability and shikimate production were dramatically different in the four equally engineered strains, which were found to be correlated with the strains' capacity to deal with protein overexpression burden. By implementing a strain-dependent approach, the genetic platform was reformulated, leading to an increase in yield and titer in all strains. The highest producing strain, INVSc1-SA3, produced 358 mg L<sup>-1</sup> of shikimate with a yield of 17.9 mg g<sup>-1</sup><sub>glucose.</sub> These results underline the importance of strain selection in developing biological manufacturing processes, demonstrate the first case of high production of shikimate in yeast, and provide an appropriate platform for strain selection for future production of aromatic compounds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2676-2685. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels Based on Gelatin and PVA by Biocompatible Approaches: Synthesis and Characterization (2013)

In this work, a new approach was introduced to prepare interpenetrating polymer network PVA/GE hydrogels by cross-linking of various concentration gelatin in the presence of transglutaminase enzyme by using the freezing-thawing cycles technique. The effects of freezing-thawing cycles on the properties of morphological characterization, gel fraction, swelling, mechanical, and MTT assay were investigated. The IPN PVA/GE hydrogels showed excellent physical and mechanical Properties. MTT assay data and the fibroblasts culture also showed excellent biocompatibility and good proliferation. This indicates that the IPN hydrogels are stable enough for various biomedical applications.
Dose and Shape Modification Proximity Effect Correction for Forward-Scattering Range Scale Features in Electron Beam Lithography (2000)

For forward-scattering range scale features (α-scale features), the exposure contrast has too small a value to delineate the α-scale features using conventional dose modification proximity effect correction (PEC) in electron beam lithography. To delineate the α-scale features, the exposure contrast should be increased by shape modification. Therefore, we propose a dose-and-shape-modification PEC for α-scale features. The proposed PEC consists of two steps. The first step is the conventional dose modification PEC for the backscattering effect. The second step is the shape modification and dose compensation for the forward-scattering effect. A significant advantage of the proposed PEC is its low cost in terms of computation time, because shape modification and dose compensation for forward scattering are noniterative computations which do not consider the backscattering effect. Considering the exposure contrast, a separation distance larger than 2α between patterns is sufficient to delineate the α-scale features in the case of an equal lines-and-spaces (L&S) array. Experimental results are consistent with the simulation results, within a margin of error of approximately 5%. Using the proposed PEC, a 1.32α L&S array was delineated.
Human Epidermal Growth Factor and Reaserch Progress on it (2011)

Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) is an important autocrine/paracrine factor in human body. hEGF and its receptor regulate key processes of cell biology, including proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival of cells. hEGF plays an important role in cell develepmnet, wound healing and organogenesis. This paper summarizes the hEGF synthesis, secretion, biochemical character, molecular structure, family, receptor, signal pathways, bioactivity, physiological function, applications, and the methods of production.
The ballot theorem strikes again: packet loss process distribution (2000)

The probability distribution of the number of lost packets within a block of consecutive packet arrivals into a finite buffer is an important quantity in various networking problems. In a previous paper, Cidon, Khamisy and Sidi (1993) introduced a recursive scheme to derive this distribution. In this paper, we derive explicit expressions for this distribution using various versions of the powerful ballot theorem. The expressions are derived for a single source M/M/1/K queue.
Automatic construction of networks of concepts characterizing document databases (1992)

Two East-bloc computing knowledge bases, both based on a semantic network structure, were created automatically from large, operational textual databases using two statistical algorithms. The knowledge bases were evaluated in detail in a concept-association experiment based on recall and recognition tests. In the experiment, one of the knowledge bases, which exhibited the asymmetric link property, outperformed four experts in recalling relevant concepts in East-bloc computing. The knowledge base, which contained 20000 concepts (nodes) and 280000 weighted relationships (links), was incorporated as a thesaurus-like component in an intelligent retrieval system. The system allowed users to perform semantics-based information management and information retrieval via interactive, conceptual relevance feedback.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structure of Hydroxyl Radical-induced DNA-protein Crosslinks in Calf Thymus Nucleohistone<i>in Vitro</i> (1988)

Hydroxyl radicals are known to produce DNA-protein crosslinks in chromatin in vivo and in vitro. Here we investigated DNA-protein crosslinks formed between aliphatic amino acids and thymine in calf thymus nucleohistone exposed predominantly to hydroxyl radicals in gamma-irradiated N2O-saturated aqueous solution. Aliphatic amino acids are the predominant types of amino acids in the core histones of calf thymus, and thus are likely to form crosslinks with DNA. For identification of the crosslinks we first investigated hydroxyl radical-induced crosslinking of thymine to aliphatic amino acids in model systems, i.e. an aqueous mixture of thymine and a single amino acid. Samples were analyzed for possible thymine-amino acid crosslinks by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using this approach the structure of the crosslinks was elucidated, and information on their gas chromatographic and mass spectral properties was obtained. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) was then used to identify DNA-protein crosslinks in acidic hydrolysates of calf thymus nucleohistone exposed to ionizing radiation in buffered aqueous solution. DNA-protein crosslinks involving thymine and the amino acids Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile and Thr were identified. In some cases several isomers of the same crosslink were observed. The yield of the crosslinks was measured by GC-MS/SIM and was found to be a linear function of radiation dose in the range 49 to 436 Gy. The mechanism for the formation of these DNA-protein crosslinks is thought to involve hydrogen atom abstraction by hydroxyl radicals from the aliphatic amino acid followed by addition of the amino acid radical to the carbon(6)-position of thymine and subsequent oxidation of the adduct radical.
SIF: enforcing confidentiality and integrity in web applications (2007)

SIF (Servlet Information Flow) is a novel software framework for building high-assurance web applications, using language-based information-flow control to enforce security. Explicit, end-to-end confidentiality and integrity policies can be given either as compile-time program annotations, or as run-time user requirements. Compile-time and run-time checking efficiently enforce these policies. Information flow analysis is known to be useful against SQL injection and cross-site scripting, but SIF prevents inappropriate use of information more generally: the flow of confidential information to clients is controlled, as is the flow of low-integrity information from clients. Expressive policies allow users and application providers to protect information from one another. SIF moves trust out of the web application, and into the framework and compiler. This provides application deployers with stronger security assurance. Language-based information flow promises cheap, strong information security. But until now, it could not effectively enforce information security in highly dynamic applications. To build SIF, we developed new language features that make it possible to write realistic web applications. Increased assurance is obtained with modest enforcement overhead. 1
Inhibition of growth, iron, and sulfur oxidation in <i>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</i> by simple organic compounds (1976)

Iron and sulfur oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans as well as growth on ferrous iron were inhibited by a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds. The influences of chemical structure of the organic inhibitors, pH, temperature, physical treatment of cells, and added inhibitory or stimulatory inorganic ions and iron oxidation suggest that a major factor contributing to the inhibitory effects on iron oxidation is the relative electronegativity of the organic molecule. The data also suggest that inhibitory organic compounds may (i) directly affect the iron-oxidizing enzyme system, (ii) react abiologically with ferrous iron outside the cell, (iii) interfere with the roles of phosphate and sulfate in iron oxidation, and (iv) nonselectively disrupt the cell envelope or membrane.
Developmental expression of the calcium release channels during early neurogenesis of the mouse cerebral cortex (2001)

The developmental changes of intracellular calcium release channels of mouse neocortex were studied at the onset of neurogenesis, which occurs between embryonic days E11 and E17. The three main isoforms of the two families of intracellular calcium release channels, namely the inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and the ryanodine receptors (RyR), were detected by their transcripts in the cerebral hemispheres, as early as stage E11. The major isoforms of each family, IP3R-1 and RyR-2, were found at the protein level by Western blot analysis. Expression of these proteins increases progressively throughout brain development. Their localization in coronal sections of cortex has been observed by immunodetection from E12, and compared to the TuJ1 (anti-class III beta-tubulin antibody) neuronal specific labelling. The expression of both channels is greatly enhanced after E12, and both were seen to be present in most of the proliferative and neuronal cells of the slice. Between E12 and E13, there is a striking transition in the pattern of calcium release elicited by specific agonists of these channels, thimerosal for IP3R and caffeine for RyR. The signals induced by thimerosal were not zone-specific, while the observed calcium release signals induced by caffeine were predominantly restricted out of the ventricular zone. This zone-specific caffeine sensitivity is consistent with the main RyR localization immunodetected at E13. Our results indicate that there is a time lag of several days between the molecular detection of calcium release channels and their functional expression, around the time of neuronal differentiation. Altogether, they provide a molecular basis for analyzing the developmental modulation of calcium signals useful for neurogenesis progression.
Low-Power Architecture and Circuit Techniques for High-Boost Wide-Band <formula> <tex>$G_m$</tex></formula>&ndash;<formula><tex>$C$</tex></formula> Filters (2007)

A 330-MHz fifth-order G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> -C continuous-time low-pass filter with 24-dB boost is presented. Existing solutions are found to be unsuitable for low-power, wide-band, and high-boost operation. The proposed solution realizes two symmetric real axis zeros by efficiently combining transfer functions associated with all nodes of cascaded biquad cells. Application of Gilbert cell as a variable transconductor, for achieving constant parasitic capacitance across wide programmability range, is illustrated. A new common-mode feedback error amplifier that improves common-mode accuracy without compromising on bandwidth or circuit complexity is introduced. A prototype is fabricated in a standard 0.35-mum CMOS process. Experimental results show -41 dB of IM3 for 250-mV peak-peak swing with 43 mW of power dissipation
Glutaminyl Cyclase Knock-out Mice Exhibit Slight Hypothyroidism but No Hypogonadism (2011)

Glutaminyl cyclases (QCs) catalyze the formation of pyroglutamate (pGlu) residues at the N terminus of peptides and proteins. Hypothalamic pGlu hormones, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are essential for regulation of metabolism and fertility in the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid and gonadal axes, respectively. Here, we analyzed the consequences of constitutive genetic QC ablation on endocrine functions and on the behavior of adult mice. Adult homozygous QC knock-out mice are fertile and behave indistinguishably from wild type mice in tests of motor function, cognition, general activity, and ingestion behavior. The QC knock-out results in a dramatic drop of enzyme activity in the brain, especially in hypothalamus and in plasma. Other peripheral organs like liver and spleen still contain QC activity, which is most likely caused by its homolog isoQC. The serum gonadotropin-releasing hormone, TSH, and testosterone concentrations were not changed by QC depletion. The serum thyroxine was decreased by 24% in homozygous QC knock-out animals, suggesting a mild hypothyroidism. QC knock-out mice were indistinguishable from wild type with regard to blood glucose and glucose tolerance, thus differing from reports of thyrotropin-releasing hormone knock-out mice significantly. The results suggest a significant formation of the hypothalamic pGlu hormones by alternative mechanisms, like spontaneous cyclization or conversion by isoQC. The different effects of QC depletion on the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid and gonadal axes might indicate slightly different modes of substrate conversion of both enzymes. The absence of significant abnormalities in QC knock-out mice suggests the presence of a therapeutic window for suppression of QC activity in current drug development.
Use of a Rights Expression Language for Secure Music Distribution (2005)

How to deal with digital rights is one of the main problems to solve when implementing systems for music distribution on the Web. Even when the business model problem is clarified, there are still technical problems to solve, such as the interchange of digital rights information and control over their use. Using a Rights Expression Language (REL) helps solve this problem. Although there are several international initiatives to standardise a REL, we mainly focus on the approach followed by MPEG-21, which in fact is trying to converge from existing alternatives. This article presents a new reference implementation of the ongoing standard, and raises the idea of specifying a subset of the REL standard (i.e., a profile) to ease its implementation. By analysing what the existing websites for music distribution are doing, we come to the conclusion that a specific profile for music distribution could be a starting point.
Thin Bipolar Leads: A Solution to Problems with Coaxial Bipolar Designs (1992)

A new type of bipolar lead has been designed to be thinner and more reliable than the standard coaxial design. The new lead has passed numerous bench tests to ensure its reliability. Improved fatigue performance was shown during comparisons between the new type of coil (bifilar DFT [drawn filled tube]) and previous standard coils (trifilar MP35N). During the initial animal studies no reliability concerns were raised and stable electrode thresholds were measured. If success in the test process of this lead continues, a bipolar lead may soon be marketed with a size and reliability comparable to unipolar leads.