gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Polyunsaturated Oil by Repeated Transesterification with Lipase (1997)

Repeated transesterification of tuna orbital oil with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consists of 90% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and icosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was examined to prepare physiologically beneficial polyunsaturated triacylglycerol (PUFA-TG). The reaction was conducted under 60°C for 7.5 h with lipozyme, an immobilized lipase originated from Rhizomucor miehei, in combination with ethyleneglycol (EG) or propyleneglycol (PG) as alternatives for essential water which is indispensable to the activation of enzyme.Supercritical fluid extraction technique with carbon dioxide at 7 mL/min, 120 kg/cm2 was very effective in removing fatty acids from the substrate oil remained in the transesterified reaction mixture.Through the proposed triplicate transesterification process, PUFA-TG with 90% PUFA (75% DHA and 15% EPA) was obtained. This was a drastic increase compared to that of the original oil which contained 40% of PUFA.Employing glycols such as EG or PG instead of essential water in the transesterification process was extremely beneficial in preventing unfavorable hydrolytic side reaction. For this reason, the recovery of PUFA-TG was fairly increased.
Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus (1999)

An increase in Na+/glucose cotransport upstream to the macula densa might contribute to the increase in single nephron GFR (SNGFR) in early diabetes mellitus by lowering the signal of the tubuloglomerular feedback, i.e., the luminal Na+, Cl-, and K+ concentration sensed by the macula densa. To examine this issue, micropuncture experiments were performed in nephrons with superficial glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. First, in nondiabetic control rats, ambient early distal tubular concentrations of Na+, Cl-, and K+ were about 21, 20, and 1.2 mM, respectively, suggesting collection sites relatively close to the macula densa. Second, glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic rats was associated with a reduction in ambient early distal tubular concentrations of Na+, Cl-, and K+ by 20 to 28%, reflecting an increase in fractional reabsorption of these ions up to the early distal tubule. Third, in diabetic rats, early proximal tubular application of phlorizin, an inhibitor of Na+/glucose cotransport, elicited (1) a greater reduction in absolute and fractional reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and K+ up to the early distal tubule, and (2) a greater increase in early distal tubular concentration of these ions, which was associated with a more pronounced reduction in SNGFR. These findings support the concept that stimulation of tubular Na+/glucose cotransport by reducing the tubuloglomerular feedback signal at the macula densa may contribute to glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic rats. Glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic rats serves to compensate for the rise in fractional tubular reabsorption to partly restore the electrolyte load to the distal nephron.
The usefulness of contingent claims analysis in predicting corporate credit ratings (2011)

Recent research on credit risk focuses on contingent claims analysis, under which the probability a firm will default on its debt can be estimated using equity market and accounting data. As most of this research focuses on the usefulness of contingent claims analysis in the prediction of default and bankruptcy, relatively little attention has been paid to its use in the prediction of corporate credit ratings. This study utilizes a sample of U.S. manufacturing firms to examine the incremental usefulness of the contingent claims framework for predicting issuer credit ratings, given a set of basic accounting ratios. While the results generally indicate that a distance-to-default (DTD) measure derived from the contingent claims framework provides incremental information, notable exceptions occur with AA and A-rated firms. Further testing reveals that information is lost when the theoretical determinants of default risk are combined into a single DTD measure. These results are consistent with research that finds the contingent claims model less useful for investment grade bonds. © 2011 by the DreamCatchers Group, LLC, Arden NC, USA.
Lauric acid is desaturated to 12∶1n−3 by hepatocytes and rat liver homogenates (2002)

Lauric acid desaturation was investigated and described in liver homogenates and in cultured rat hepatocytes. The identification of the desaturated product of lauric acid has been performed using the oxidative cleavage method, and we showed that the obtained monoene was mainly 12:1n-3. This result suggests that lauric acid desaturation could be the first step in the biosynthesis of alpha-linolenic acid in animal cells.
Roles of Oxidative Stress in the Development and Progression of Breast Cancer (2014)

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in the redox status of the body. In such a state, increase of free radicals in the body can lead to tissue damage. One of the most important species of free radicals is reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by various metabolic pathways, including aerobic metabolism in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of various types of cancers. ROS affects different signaling pathways, including growth factors and mitogenic pathways, and controls many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, and thus stimulates the uncontrolled growth of cells which encourages the development of tumors and begins the process of carcinogenesis. Increased oxidative stress caused by reactive species can reduce the body's antioxidant defense against angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer cells. These processes are main factors in the development of cancer. Bimolecular reactions cause free radicals in which create such compounds as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyguanosine. These substances can be used as indicators of cancer. In this review, free radicals as oxidizing agents, antioxidants as the immune system, and the role of oxidative stress in cancer, particularly breast cancer, have been investigated in the hope that better identification of the factors involved in the occurrence and spread of cancer will improve the identification of treatment goals.
Dual band microstrip antenna using U and S slots for WLAN application (2007)

A dual band microstrip patch antenna for solution standard Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is presented. Dual band characteristic is produced by combining the 2.4 GHz band and the 5 GHz band by using slot U. Wideband characteristics is achieved at frequency 5 GHz by using slot S. This design can completely cover the IEEE standard (802.11 b/g and 802.11a) for WLAN.
Distribution of TAG‐1/Axonin‐1 in fibre tracts and migratory streams of the developing mouse nervous system (1994)

The axonal cell adhesion molecule, TAG-1/axonin-1, stimulates axonal growth and supports neurite fasciculation in vitro. Using a polyclonal antiserum raised against chick axonin-1, which shares 75% of its sequence with TAG-1 of the rat, we have mapped the distribution of TAG-1/axonin-1 throughout the developing nervous system of the mouse. Although absent from proliferating neuroepithelia and from non-neuronal cells, immunoreactivity for TAG-1/axonin-1 is expressed by stage-specific subpopulations of differentiating neurons from embryonic day 10 to postnatal day 15. It stains their axons and the surface of their parent somata during the early phases of axogenesis. In agreement with a putative role of TAG-1/axonin-1 as an axon-bound growth substrate, immunoreactivity is found in developing spinal and cranial nerves, in corticothalamic projections, as well as in subsets of fasciculating long projecting tracts of the central nervous system, such as the dorsal funiculi of the spinal cord, the lateral olfactory and optic tracts, the fasciculus retroflexus, and the predorsal bundle. High levels of immunoreactivity characterise the development of the cerebellar molecular layer, the corpus callosum, anterior and hippocampal commissure, and of crossed projections in the spinal cord and at several levels of the brainstem. Intense immunoreactivity in fine collaterals of cutaneous afferents, including their growth cones that are in contact with the embryonic skin, suggests a role of TAG-1/axonin-1 in target recognition. While staining is weak on the somata of radially migrating neurons such as cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells, strong immunoreactivity is associated with neural somata and processes of the three tangential migrations that form the precerebellar nuclei, indicating a possible involvement of TAG-1/axonin-1 in contacts between these neurons and the processes they migrate upon.
A proposal for the analysis of nitrocellulose in soil or compost (1993)

Currently, there is no ``standard`` analytical method for the measurement of nitrocellulose (NC) in soil or compost. At the present, an indirect method is used. This method extracts the NC from soil or compost, separates out nitrate or nitrite ions, hydrolyzes the NC nitrogroups, and measures the liberated nitrite colorimetrically. Major weaknesses are that the %N content or degree of nitrate substitution (DS) of the NC must be known to convert the nitrate measurements to NC concentrations, incomplete separation of nitrate/nitrite ions coextracted from the soil leads to over-estimation of NC, and incomplete extraction and/or hydrolysis of the NC cause a low bias to the NC estimations. Additionally, the method provides no information about the condition of the NC. Characterization of the molecular weight distribution and detection of functional groups in addition to nitrate ester would be highly useful in developing and applying remediation technologies. This paper proposes a size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based method for analysis of NC in soil, compost, or other sample matrices. The method has the potential to provide both quantitative and qualitative information. The proposed method is described and some of the factors which must be addressed in method development and validation are discussed. SEC has much potential as a tool for guiding the development and application of remediation technologies for NC contaminated soils and other matrices. The extraction of NC from soil without deterioration is probably the main technical difficulty to overcome. Development of an analytical method is encouraged.
Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (2013)

We have engineered the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to accumulate the high value omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was achieved by the generation of transgenic strains in which the Δ5-elongase from the picoalga Ostreococcus tauri was expressed to augment the endogenous fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Expression of the heterologous elongase resulted in an eight-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid content, representing a marked and valuable change in the fatty acid profile of this microalga. Importantly, DHA was shown to accumulate in triacylglycerols, with several novel triacylglycerol species being detected in the transgenic strains. In a second iteration, co-expression of an acyl-CoA-dependent Δ6-desaturase with the Δ5-elongase further increased DHA levels. Together, this demonstrates for the first time the potential of using iterative metabolic engineering to optimise omega-3 content in algae.
Highly efficient single longitudinal-mode oscillation capability of gain-coupled distributed feedback semiconductor lasers-advantage of asymmetric facet coating (1992)

The gain-coupled (GC) distributed feedback (DFB) laser is found to possess an uncommon and useful feature; unlike the quarter-wave phase-shifted (index-coupled) DFB laser, it is possible to enhance single-facet power extraction efficiency by applying an asymmetric antireflection-high-reflection (AR-HR) coating without demolishing its intrinsic single-mode property. A 1-90% coating gives more than 92% of output power from one of the facets while preserving Delta gL, the difference between the lowest and second lowest normalized threshold gains, larger than 0.2 in 90% of the devices. >
Drosophila are protected from Pseudomonas aeruginosa lethality by transgenic expression of paraoxonase-1 (2008)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses quorum sensing, an interbacterial communication system, to regulate gene expression. The signaling molecule N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL) is thought to play a central role in quorum sensing. Since 3OC12-HSL can be degraded by paraoxonase (PON) family members, we hypothesized that PONs regulate P. aeruginosa virulence in vivo. We chose Drosophila melanogaster as our model organism because it has been shown to be a tractable model for investigating host-pathogen interactions and lacks PONs. By using quorum-sensing-deficient P. aeruginosa, synthetic acyl-HSLs, and transgenic expression of human PON1, we investigated the role of 3OC12-HSL and PON1 on P. aeruginosa virulence. We found that P. aeruginosa virulence in flies was dependent upon 3OC12-HSL. PON1 transgenic flies expressed enzymatically active PON1 and thereby exhibited arylesterase activity and resistance to organophosphate toxicity. Moreover, PON1 flies were protected from P. aeruginosa lethality, and protection was dependent on the lactonase activity of PON1. Our findings show that PON1 can interfere with quorum sensing in vivo and provide insight into what we believe is a novel role for PON1 in the innate immune response to quorum-sensing-dependent pathogens. These results raise intriguing possibilities about human-pathogen interactions, including potential roles for PON1 as a modifier gene and for PON1 protein as a regulator of normal bacterial florae, a link between infection/inflammation and cardiovascular disease, and a potential therapeutic modality.
Different Female Reproductive Phenotypes Determined by Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Levels in hGH-Transgenic Rats1 (1997)

The effect of continuous human GH (hGH) secretion on female reproduction was studied in adult female transgenic rats expressing the hGH gene with a mouse whey acidic protein (mWAP) promoter. Two lines of transgenic female rats carrying the mWAP/hGH gene were established and used in the study. One was characterized by relatively high levels of serum hGH (high line), and the other had relatively low levels (low line). High-line female rats had recurring, pseudopregnancy-like estrous cycles accompanied by increased serum progesterone levels for 2 wk after ovulation, and they were fertile. In these rats, luteinization occurred spontaneously without cervical stimulation, probably due to high levels of serum hGH, which has prolactin (PRL)-like activity in the rat. Although low-line female rats had recurring, regular 4-day estrous cycles, they were sterile. In these rats, pseudopregnancy could not be induced by mating or by mechanical cervical stimulation. PRL surges following cervical stimulation were not detected, and PRL secretion was not induced by a dopamine antagonist, metoclopramide. The ovarian tissue in this line had a much higher number of corpora lutea and grew much heavier than in normal littermates, suggesting impairment of PRL-induced structural luteolysis. Suppression of PRL secretion in low-line rats was, at least in part, due to a marked decrease in the number of lactotrophs in the pituitary. The present study shows that the serum hGH level plays a crucial role in regulating luteal function in female transgenic rats expressing the hGH gene.
The retrieval of document images: a brief survey (2002)

The economic feasibility of creating large databases of document images has left a tremendous need for robust ways to access the information these images contain. Printed documents are often scanned for archiving or an an attempt to move toward a paper-less office and stored as images, but without adequate index information. In order to make full use of the capabilities of traditional database indexing and retrieval techniques, a full conversion of the document may be required. There are many factors, however, which may prohibit complete conversion including its high cost, insufficient document quality, or the fact that parts of the document can simply not be adequately represented in a converted form. In this paper, we provide a survey of methods developed by researchers to access document images without relying on complete and accurate conversion. We briefly discuss traditional text indexing techniques on imperfect data and the retrieval of partially converted documents, followed by a more complete review of techniques for the direct retrieval and characterization of document images including text, drawings and graphics.
Generation of Interhalogen Fluorides under Mild Conditions:  A Comparison of Sluggish and Reactive Interhalogen Fluorides (1999)

Interhalogen fluorides (XF; X = I, Br, or Cl) generated from xenon difluoride (XeF2) or triethylamine trihydrofluoride (TREAT HF) with iodine (I2), N-halosuccinimides (NXS; X = I, Br, or Cl), or alkylhypohalites (ROX; R = CH3 or t-Bu, X = Br or Cl) with alkenes and aromatics are reported. A comparison of the above reactions with other methods reported in the literature to generate interhalogen fluorides is made. Interhalogens generated from direct action of elemental fluorine (F2) or XF3 (X = I, Br, or Cl) with chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2), or iodine (I2) give a species that can react with electron-deficient alkenes or aromatics. These reagents are too reactive for electron-rich substrates. Interhalogen fluorides from reagents like NXS or ROX with XeF2 or amine HF are much less reactive and give good yields with electron-rich akenes or aromatics.
Characterization of a Diffusion Tube Hydrogen Detector in a Dynamic Sodium System (1971)

Monitoring of hydrogen in liquid sodium with a diffusion tube type hydrogen detector has recently become of interest in the liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) development program. The present investigation was undertaken to characterize a diffusion type detector and to study sodium-hydrogen chemistry with the aid of the detector and gas chromatography. The study was carried out in a cold-trapped pumped sodium loop.It was observed that the activity of hydrogen in sodium and in the cover gas is controlled by the temperature of the cold trap. This study also showed that at lower concentrations of hydrogen (∼<2 ppm), the activity of hydrogen in sodium decreases with increasing temperature, which is believed to be due to the interaction between oxygen and hydrogen. However, at higher hydrogen concentrations (∼>2 ppm), the activity of hydrogen is independent of temperature. Finally, it was observed that the permeation of hydrogen dissolved in sodium through a stainless-steel membrane is a diffusion controlled process.
Dasatinib worsens the effect of cetuximab in combination with fractionated radiotherapy in FaDu- and A431-derived xenografted tumours (2014)

In xenografts derived from these two cell lines, dasatinib did not improve the efficacy of cetuximab combined with radiotherapy. On the contrary, it worsened tumour control achieved by the combination of these two treatments.
23‐4: <i>Invited Paper</i> : Depth from Asymmetric Defocus using Color‐Filtered Aperture (2017)

We propose a new method, Depth from Asymmetric Defocus using a Color‐Filtered Aperture inserted into the camera lens aperture. The proposed method provides a highly accurate depth map from a single input image by combining a depth from defocus approach with color‐filtered aperture photography.
Convergence of Non-clathrin- and Clathrin-derived Endosomes Involves Arf6 Inactivation and Changes in Phosphoinositides (2003)

The trafficking of two plasma membrane (PM) proteins that lack clathrin internalization sequences, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), and interleukin 2 receptor alpha subunit (Tac) was compared with that of PM proteins internalized via clathrin. MHCI and Tac were internalized into endosomes that were distinct from those containing clathrin cargo. At later times, a fraction of these internalized membranes were observed in Arf6-associated, tubular recycling endosomes whereas another fraction acquired early endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1) before fusion with the "classical" early endosomes containing the clathrin-dependent cargo, LDL. After convergence, cargo molecules from both pathways eventually arrived, in a Rab7-dependent manner, at late endosomes and were degraded. Expression of a constitutively active mutant of Arf6, Q67L, caused MHCI and Tac to accumulate in enlarged PIP(2)-enriched vacuoles, devoid of EEA1 and inhibited their fusion with clathrin cargo-containing endosomes and hence blocked degradation. By contrast, trafficking and degradation of clathrin-cargo was not affected. A similar block in transport of MHCI and Tac was reversibly induced by a PI3-kinase inhibitor, implying that inactivation of Arf6 and acquisition of PI3P are required for convergence of endosomes arising from these two pathways.
Molecular Components of T-Cell Recognition (1992)

We review recent data that increase our understanding of the ternary complex of the T cell receptor (TCR), antigenic peptides, and molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Studies using synthetic peptide analogs for T-cell antigens have identified peptide residues that appear to interact with the MHC molecule and/or the TCR. The logical extension of these studies, using a complete replacement set of peptide analogues for a model peptide antigen, has more precisely defined the biochemical character of putative MHC and TCR contact residues, and indicated that the TCR is highly sensitive to subtle changes in peptide conformation. Insight into the binding site for peptide on the TCR has recently come from variant peptide immunization of TCR single-chain transgenic mice. These experiments indicate that residues encoded by the V(D)J junctions of both TCR chains contact peptide directly. TCR-MHC contacts have also been studied, using in vitro-mutagenized MHC molecules, particularly those altered at residues predicted to point "up," toward the TCR. These studies reveal that TCR-MHC contacts appear to be quite flexible, and vary between even closely related TCRs. A measure of the affinity of TCR for peptide/MHC complexes has come from competition experiments using soluble MHC complexed with specific peptides. This affinity, with a KD of 5 x 10(-5) M, is several orders of magnitude lower than that of most antibodies for their protein antigens and suggests that the sequence of events leading to T-cell activation begins with antigen-independent adhesion.