gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Femto-photography (2013)

We present femto-photography , a novel imaging technique to capture and visualize the propagation of light. With an effective exposure time of 1.85 picoseconds (ps) per frame, we reconstruct movies of ultrafast events at an equivalent resolution of about one half trillion frames per second. Because cameras with this shutter speed do not exist, we re-purpose modern imaging hardware to record an ensemble average of repeatable events that are synchronized to a streak sensor, in which the time of arrival of light from the scene is coded in one of the sensor's spatial dimensions. We introduce reconstruction methods that allow us to visualize the propagation of femtosecond light pulses through macroscopic scenes; at such fast resolution, we must consider the notion of time-unwarping between the camera's and the world's space-time coordinate systems to take into account effects associated with the finite speed of light. We apply our femto-photography technique to visualizations of very different scenes, which allow us to observe the rich dynamics of time-resolved light transport effects, including scattering, specular reflections, diffuse interreflections, diffraction, caustics, and subsurface scattering. Our work has potential applications in artistic, educational, and scientific visualizations; industrial imaging to analyze material properties; and medical imaging to reconstruct subsurface elements. In addition, our time-resolved technique may motivate new forms of computational photography.
Effect of Ionophores on Survival, Penetration, and Development of Eimeria tenella Sporozoites In vitro (1981)

Free Eimeria tenella sporozoites were exposed to the anticoccidial ionophores monensin, lasalocid, narasin, or salinomycin for 4 hr at 40 C, whereupon the drugs were removed by dilution centrifugation and the parasites inoculated into cultures of chick kidney cells. Cultures were fixed and stained at 4 and 96 hr postinoculation to determine the effect of ionophore uptake by the extracellular sporozoites on invasion and development. Pretreatment with each of these antibiotics significantly reduced the number of intracellular sporozoites and dramatically inhibited asexual development. These effects were dose-dependent. Exposure of free (extracellular) sporozoites to monensin at 40 C caused a significant decline in the number of surviving organisms over time as compared to nontreated sporozoites. This response also appeared to be dose-dependent. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the surface of the treated sporozoites was very irregular and the organisms often exhibited a gross swelling. These results indicated that free Eimeria tenella sporozoites may incorporate a potentially lethal concentration of the polyether ionophorous antibiotics and that a coccidiocidal activity may be expressed whether or not penetration of host's cells occurs.
Quantum-interferometric optical lithography: Towards arbitrary two-dimensional patterns (2001)

As demonstrated by Boto et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2733 (2000)], quantum lithography offers an increase in resolution below the diffraction limit. Here, we generalize this procedure in order to create patterns in one and two dimensions. This renders quantum lithography a potentially useful tool in nanotechnology.
Active surveillance for early‐stage prostate cancer (2008)

The natural history of prostate cancer is remarkably heterogeneous and, at this time, not completely understood. The widespread adoption and application of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has led to a dramatic shift toward the diagnosis of low-volume, nonpalpable, early-stage tumors. Autopsy and early observational studies have shown that approximately 1 in 3 men aged >50 years has histologic evidence of prostate cancer, with a significant portion of tumors being small and possibly clinically insignificant. Utilizing the power of improved contemporary risk stratification schema to better identify patients with a low risk of cancer progression, several centers are gaining considerable experience with active surveillance and delayed, selective, and curative therapy. A literature review was performed to evaluate the rationale behind active surveillance for prostate cancer and to describe the early experiences from surveillance protocols. It appears that a limited number of men on active surveillance have required treatment, with the majority of such men having good outcomes after delayed selective intervention for progressive disease. The best candidates for active surveillance are being defined, as are predictors of active treatment. The psychosocial ramifications of surveillance for prostate cancer can be profound and future needs and unmet goals will be discussed.
Dominant Effect of Antiangiogenesis in Combination Therapy Involving Cyclophosphamide and Axitinib (2009)

In axitinib-cyclophosphamide combination therapy, enhanced anticancer activity can be achieved when the reduced tumor cell exposure to the cancer chemotherapeutic agent is compensated by antiangiogenesis-induced tumor cell starvation. This intrinsic antitumor effect was particularly evident in PC-3 tumor xenografts, where tumor blood flow deprivation dominates the overall therapeutic response.
Meeting the Needs of All Students: A Universal Design Approach to Computer-Based Testing. (2009)

Over the past two decades, many large-scale testing programs have transitioned to computer-based delivery in order to increase the efficiency of delivering and scoring tests and reporting results. Computer-based testing, if carefully designed and administered, may also have the potential to increase test validity, particularly for students with disabilities and other special needs, by providing a consistent testing environment for all students that accommodates special needs in an equitable manner. Applying the principles of universal design to the development of computer-based testing systems can remove many of the barriers to the accurate measure of achievement for students with special needs. Nimble Assessment Systems has worked with several state testing programs and schools to access this potential; the result is NimbleTools, a universally designed test-delivery system that embeds several different accessibility and accommodation tools to facilitate testing of students with disabilities and special needs. In this article, we outline some of the shortcomings of current approaches to testing for students with special needs, discuss the benefits of a universal design approach, and explore how the principles of universal design were applied to the design and development of NimbleTools. Current Approaches to Test Accommodations Traditionally, paper-based testing programs have attempted to increase test validity for students with special
A Controlled Comparative Study of Ibuprofen Arginate versus Conventional Ibuprofen in the Treatment of Postoperative Dental Pain (2002)

The analgesic efficacy of an arginine salt of ibuprofen was compared to one of the commercially available forms of conventional ibuprofen in a 500-patient clinical trial in postoperative dental pain. Patients were administered a single dose of ibuprofen arginate (200 mg or 400 mg), conventional ibuprofen (200 mg or 400 mg), orplacebo in this double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial. Results demonstrated that ibuprofen arginate was a safe and effective analgesia that was superior to conventional ibuprofen in both the amount of pain relief achieved and the time to onset of pain relief. Onset of analgesia, assessed as the median amount of time to achieve meaningful pain relief, was reached after 32 and 31 minutes with ibuprofen arginate 200 and 400 mg, respectively, and 64 and 58 minutes with conventional ibuprofen 200 and 400 mg, respectively (p < 0.05). Patients treated with ibuprofen arginate rated its overall effectiveness higher than those patients treated with conventional ibuprofen. Adverse event profiles were similar across all treatment groups.
A systematic approach to user interface design for hypertext systems (2002)

Proposes a systematic process for the design of user interfaces for hypertext systems, within the context of a general-purpose semantic framework for hypertext functionality. Although a number of guidelines exist to enhance the usability of interactive systems, there has been no systematic and comprehensive approach to the design of self-evident interfaces for hypertext systems. We believe that there is a strong need for such an approach to user interface design for hypertext systems that should also include the semantic types of the underlying objects. This will not only reduce functional opacity but also system opacity. We present examples from a screen prototype to illustrate our design methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dietary fibers: V. Binding of bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol from mixed micelles by bile acid sequestrants and dietary fibers (1980)

Mixed micelles were prepared containing combinations of either taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate, monoolein, oleic acid, dioleylphosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and cholesterol. These were incubated with commercial bile-acid-sequestering resins, cholestyramine and DEAE-Sephadex, or various dietary fibers and fiber components including wheat bran, cellulose, alfalfa, lignin and 2 viscosity grades of guar gum. Binding was determined as the difference between the radioactivity of each micellar component added and that recovered in the centrifugal supernatant after incubation. In general, the extent of bile salt sequestration was characteristic and reproducible for each bile salt, and was largely unaffected by the presence of one or more additional components of the micellar mixture, including the other bile salt. Cholestyramine bound 81-92% of the bile salts and 86-99% of the phospholipid and cholesterol present in micelles. DEAE-Sephadex sequestered only 49% of the taurocholate and 84% of the taurochenodeoxycholate, but completely removed all of the phospholipid and cholesterol from micelles containing either bile salt. Among the dietary fibers, guar gum of either viscosity bound between 20-38% of each micellar component, whereas lignin, alfalfa, wheat bran and cellulose were progressively less effective in sequestration of individual components of mixed micelles. The extent of sequestration of micellar components by these resins and fibers is reasonably correlated with the effects of these same materials on lymphatic absorption of lipids and to their suggested hypocholesteremic properties.
Design and implementation of high-speed Reed-Solomon decoder (2003)

This paper presents a new VLSI design and implementation of a high-speed three-stage pipelining Reed-Solomon decoder based on the modified Euclidean algorithm. A new multiplier and inversion for GF(2/sup m/) are implemented on the composite field GF(2/sup 2n/) (m=2n), which offers lower hardware requirements compared to standard Mastrovito multiplier and ROM respectively. By setting the new initial conditions of MEA, not only decoding latency but also hardware overheads of RS (204,188) decoder is reduced greatly compared to the conventional architecture with the same decoding rate. The complexity of the proposed RS decoder is about 118,000 gates, and the decoding latency is only 220 clock cycles and has a throughput of 800 Mbit/s using 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process.
Selective partial oxidation in supercritical water: the continuous generation of terephthalic acid from para-xylene in high yield (2002)

The continuous selective oxidation of p-xylene (p-X) by O2 (generated by thermal decomposition of aqueous H2O2) catalyzed by MnBr2 in supercritical H2O at ca. 400 oC is reported for the first time. The selectivity for terephthalic acid (TA) is >90%. Compared to existing industrial processes, the reaction has the potential for a significant increase in energy efficiency and a substantial reduction in waste. This reaction is significant because the presence of H2O lowers the catalytic activity of MnBr2 in the conventional route to TA via oxidation of p-X in CH3COOH.
Digital signal processing techniques for application in the analysis of pathological voice and nof (2008)

La voz cantada nos ofrece un ejemplo especifico del sonido de la voz humana, Si consideramos el aparato de la laringe como una especie de instrumento para el canto podremos suponer asimismo que la voz cantada nos muestra quizas la mejor y mas estable forma de uso de tal instrumento. El canto permanece en una frecuencia estable durante un periodo de tiempo y puede considerarse que los cantantes profesionales son aquellos sujetos que utilizan las cuevas vocales de forma mas apropiada.
Si comparamos una vocal estable y continua producida por un cantante no formado con la misma producida por un cantante profesional, la diferencia en la calidad del registro se aprecia en la estabilidad de la energia, frecuencia, jitter, shimmer y los parametros clasicos de perturbacion de uso en la evaluacion de la Calidad de la Voz. Para formular una hipotesis acerca de la salud de la voz, las senales mas interesantes son las asociadas a las variables dinamicas en las cuerdas vocales porque la mayoria de los problemas de la voz se ponen alli de manifiesto.
Al utilizar las tecnicas de DSP para extraer tales senales se consigue extraer asimismo una serie de evidencias de gran interes. En primer lugar se puede examinar la dinamica que tiene lugar en la estructura de las cuerdas vocales respecto a la entonacion y, en particular, que parametros guardan relaciones mas importantes que otros en el analisis de la dinamica de dicho sistema. En segundo lugar, se puede utilizar los resultados para llevar a cabo investigaciones estadisticas con grupos de individuos para averiguar si los parametros pertinentes muestran desviaciones anomalas.
Los resultados de este estudio poseen un indudable interes medico.
La presente tesis tiene como objetivo proporcionar una descripcion del analisis de la voz cantada. Dirige su atencion hacia los camios en la dinamica de la cuerda vocal producidos por las variaciones de la frecuencia y ofrece un ejemplo pormenorizado de la experimentacion a mediante la parametrizacion avanzada de las variables dinamicas de interes.
A universal test set for CMOS circuits (1988)

A universal test set for CMOS circuits is demonstrated that can be derived from the functional description of the circuit alone. It is shown that for a restricted class of CMOS circuits, the gate-level universal test set (UTS/sub g/) consisting of maximal false vectors and minimal true vectors can sensitize every detectable stuck-open fault in the circuit. A universal initialization set (UIS) is defined which can also be derived from just the functional description, and which contains initialization vectors for each of the test vectors. This set consists of maximal true vectors and minimal false vectors. It is shown that a test set on UTS/sub g/ and UIS can be guaranteed to detect every detectable stuck-open fault in both redundant and irredundant CMOS implementation of the function, even in the presence of arbitrary delays and timing-skews. The size of the test set is also investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lateral integration of MEMS VCSEL and slow light amplifier boosting single mode power (2012)

We propose the lateral integration scheme of an MEMS tunable VCSEL and a slow light amplifier for increasing single-mode power. The modeling result predicts the maximum output power over several tens mW for a compact slow light amplifier monolithically integrated with an MEMS VCSEL. In addition, the efficient excitation of slow light in the integrated slow light amplifier is shown. A high coupling efficiency and a radiation angle from the amplifier are almost constant during wide wavelength tuning.
Modification of Activity and Selectivity of NiMo/SBA-15 HDS Catalysts by Grafting of Different Metal Oxides on the Support Surface (2008)

In the context of searching for new catalysts for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of petroleum, in the present work a series of NiMo catalysts supported on SBA-15 materials modified by different metal oxides were prepared and tested in dibenzothiophene HDS. The behavior of the HDS catalysts prepared using SBA-15 supports grafted with alkaline earth metal oxides (MgO, CaO, BaO) is described for the first time and compared to that observed for the supports modified with alumina (Al2O3) or transition metal oxides (TiO2, ZrO2) in order to inquire into the effect of the nature of the metal oxide incorporated in the support on the catalytic activity and selectivity of the NiMo catalysts.
Live coding in laptop performance (2003)

Seeking new forms of expression in computer music, a small number of laptop composers are braving the challenges of coding music on the fly. Not content to submit meekly to the rigid interfaces of performance software like Ableton Live or Reason, they work with programming languages, building their own custom software, tweaking or writing the programs themselves as they perform. Often this activity takes place within some established language for computer music like SuperCollider, but there is no reason to stop errant minds pursuing their innovations in general scripting languages like Perl. This paper presents an introduction to the field of live coding, of real-time scripting during laptop music performance, and the improvisatory power and risks involved. We look at two test cases, the command-line music of slub utilising, amongst a grab-bag of technologies, Perl and REALbasic, and Julian Rohrhuber's Just In Time library for SuperCollider. We try to give a flavour of an exciting but hazardous world at the forefront of live laptop performance.
Thyristor controlled AC induction motors using a discrete frequency control method (2002)

The AC thyristor controllers have been traditionally used for starting induction motors to reduce the current. In this work it is proposed that the utilization of the AC thyristor controllers be used like inverters by increasing the frequency in discrete steps until the line frequency is reached. These discrete steps are sub-multiples of the line frequency. They are generated by the omission or inclusion of the line frequency half cycles. The sequences voltages are predefined for each sub-multiple of the frequency. In order to obtain positive torque for all the frequencies, the system must be unbalanced. This strategy was simulated using EMTP. The traditional starting method was compared with the new discrete frequencies method in the simulations. The results were the reduction of RMS starting current and the possibilities to work at low velocities.
Modeling 3D Microstructure and Ion Transport in Porous Li-Ion Battery Electrodes (2011)

This work combines experiments and computer models in order to understand the relationships between electrode microstructure and ionic transport resistances so that one may predict cell performance from fundamental principles. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) with focused ion beam (FIB) was used to image sections of commercially made porous electrodes utilizing LiCoO2 active material. The images reveal the existence of discrete porous carbon domains in the microstructure. Further experiments indicated that these carbon domains are highly tortuous and restrict to a large degree the overall ion transport in the cathode. Two types of 3D models for correlating and predicting the electrode microstructure were explored. The first, known as the dynamic particle packing (DPP) model, is based on aggregates of spheres that move collectively in response to interparticle forces. The second is a stochastic grid (SG) model closely related to Monte Carlo techniques used in statistical physics to study cooperative and competitive phase behavior. The models use a small set of fundamental interdomain and bulk interaction parameters to generate structures from a given electrode mass composition and porosity. Both models were able to semi-quantitatively reproduce experimental tortuosity measurements of cathodes at different porosity values.
Polyester Microfilament Woven Fabrics (2012)

Synthetic fiber industry has been enforced to make developments due to the increasing performance demand for textile products. One of the most important developments in synthetic fiber industry, is absolutely producing extremely fine fibers which are named as microfibers and nanofibers (Kaynak & Babaarslan, 2010). Until today, there is no exact definition for microfibers. But common opinion is defining a fiber finer than 1 dtex or 1 denier as microfiber (Leadbetter & Dervan, 1992; Bianchi & Maglione, 1993; Purane & Panigrahi, 2007; Basu, 2001; Mukhopadhyay, 2002; Falkai, 1991; Rupp & Yonenaga, 2000). 1 dtex polyester fiber has a fiber diameter of approximately 10 μm (Falkai, 1991). On the other hand, nanotechnology refers to the science and engineering concerning materials, structures and devices which at least one of the dimensions is 100 nanometers (0.1 μm) or less (Ramakrishna, et al., 2005).
Analogs of oxybutynin. Synthesis and antimuscarinic and bladder activity of some substituted 7-amino-1-hydroxy-5-heptyn-2-ones and related compounds (1991)

Oxybutynin chloride [4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl alpha-cyclohexyl-alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetate hydrochloride, Ditropan] is widely used for the relief of symptoms in neurogenic bladder. This is a result of its combined anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and local anesthetic activities. In a study directed toward development of agents possessing the beneficial properties of oxybutynin, but having a longer duration of action, a series of metabolically more stable keto analogues of the parent ester, i.e. substituted 7-amino-1-hydroxy-5-heptyn-2-ones along with some analogues and derivatives, was prepared and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antimuscarinic action in guinea pig preparations. Several members of the series were potent antimuscarinics having a longer duration of activity than that of oxybutynin in a guinea pig cystometrogram model. On the basis of its in vitro and in vivo antimuscarinic activity, coupled with a 5-fold greater duration of action than that of oxybutynin, 1-cyclobutyl-7-(dimethylamino)-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-5-heptyn-2-one (14b) was selected for clinical evaluation.
Cross-Feeding between<i>Bifidobacterium longum</i>BB536 and Acetate-Converting, Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria during Growth on Oligofructose (2006)

In vitro coculture fermentations of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and two acetate-converting, butyrate-producing colon bacteria, Anaerostipes caccae DSM 14662 and Roseburia intestinalis DSM 14610, with oligofructose as the sole energy source, were performed to study interspecies interactions. Two clearly distinct types of cross-feeding were identified. A. caccae DSM 14662 was not able to degrade oligofructose but could grow on the fructose released by B. longum BB536 during oligofructose breakdown. R. intestinalis DSM 14610 could degrade oligofructose, but only after acetate was added to the medium. Detailed kinetic analyses of oligofructose breakdown by the last strain revealed simultaneous degradation of the different chain length fractions, in contrast with the preferential degradation of shorter fractions by B. longum BB536. In a coculture of both strains, initial oligofructose degradation and acetate production by B. longum BB536 took place, which in turn also allowed oligofructose breakdown by R. intestinalis DSM 14610. These and similar cross-feeding mechanisms could play a role in the colon ecosystem and contribute to the combined bifidogenic/butyrogenic effect observed after addition of inulin-type fructans to the diet.