gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of multiple lesions during radiation therapy and chemotherapy in patients with gliomas (1986)

To determine the percentage of patients who developed multiple central nervous system (CNS) gliomas during postoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the authors reviewed the records of 1047 patients treated between December 2, 1976, and August 16, 1985, who had an original diagnosis of supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme or other anaplastic glioma. The occurrence of multiple lesions was verified by neurodiagnostic studies (computerized tomography or myelography) or by findings at operation or autopsy. Twelve patients (1.1%) who presented with multiple lesions were excluded from this analysis. There were 405 patients with glioblastoma multiforme; their median age was 46.5 years (range 22 to 70 years). Eighteen (5%) of these patients had multiple CNS lesions, five of which were in the spinal cord. The median time from diagnosis to detection of the second lesion in this group was 59.5 weeks (range 10 to 182 weeks). There were 630 patients with anaplastic glioma (which included mixed malignant glioma and highly anaplastic, gemistocytic, moderately anaplastic, and anaplastic astrocytomas); their median age was 30 years (range 2 to 62 years). Fifty-four (8.6%) of these patients had multiple lesions, 10 of which were in the spinal cord; only one case of extraneural metastasis was found. The median time from diagnosis to detection of the second lesion in this group was 101 weeks (range 14 to 459 weeks). These results show that more than 90% of CNS gliomas recur at the site of the original tumor. Considering the high frequency of intellectual dysfunction after whole-brain radiation therapy, the use of focal radiation fields appears to be the most judicious approach to the treatment of patients with gliomas.
Ferroelectric thin films for electronic applications (1991)

This is a review paper on the history of ferroelectric thin films, current practices in their fabrication, characteristics of interest which relate to their use, and the application of these films to memory and electrooptic devices.
Artificial Intelligence for Space Station Automation: Crew Safety, Productivity, Autonomy, Augumented Capability (1986)

Artificial intelligence (AI) R&D projects for the successful and efficient operation of the Space Station are described. The book explores the most advanced AI-based technologies, reviews the results of concept design studies to determine required AI capabilities, details demonstrations that would indicate the existence of these capabilities, and develops an R&D plan leading to such demonstrations. Particular attention is given to teleoperation and robotics, sensors, expert systems, computers, planning, and man-machine interface.
EM Based Approximation of Empirical Distributions with Linear Combinations of Discrete Gaussians (2007)

We propose novel expectation maximization (EM) based algorithms for accurate approximation of an empirical probability distribution of discrete scalar data. The algorithms refine our previous ones in that they approximate the empirical distribution with a linear combination of discrete Gaussians (LCDG). The use of the DGs results in closer approximation and considerably better convergence to a local likelihood maximum compared to previously involved conventional continuous Gaussian densities. Experiments in segmenting multimodal medical images show the proposed algorithms produce more adequate region borders.
Correction - Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data for Cation-Macrocycle Interaction. (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrection - Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data for Cation-Macrocycle Interaction.Reed Izatt, Jerald Bradshaw, Steven Nielson, John Lamb, James Christensen, and Dehabrata SenCite this: Chem. Rev. 1986, 86, 1, 239Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1986Publication History Published online5 January 2004Published inissue 1 February 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00071a600https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00071a600research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views157Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Operation of a fully integrated GaAs-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As FET-SEED: a basic optically addressed integrated circuit (1992)

The authors experimentally demonstrate the operation of a fully integrated optoelectronic circuit with optical input and output consisting of a p-i-n photodetector and load resistor, a depletion-mode GaAs-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As heterostructure field-effect transistor (HFET) and self-biased HFET load, together with an output GaAs-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As multiple quantum-well optical modulator. All elements have been monolithically integrated within a 50- mu m*50- mu m area. A low optical power input causes a modulation of a higher-power output, demonstrating optical signal amplification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Functional Activities and Immunoglobulin Variable Regions of Human and Murine Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for the P1.7 PorA Protein Loop of<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2000)

The meningococcal PorA protein is considered a promising vaccine candidate. Although much is understood regarding the structure of PorA proteins, little is known about the structure-function relationships of PorA antibodies. The aim of this study was to compare the functional and molecular characteristics of a human monoclonal antibody (MAb) and three murine MAbs specific for the PorA P1.7 serosubtype. Murine MAbs 207,B-4 (immunoglobulin G2a [IgG2a]) and MN14C11.6 (IgG2a) were both bactericidal and opsonophagocytic for P1.7-expressing meningococci, whereas human MAb SS269 (IgG3) and murine MAb 208,D-5 (IgA) initiated neither effector function. Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides revealed that MAbs 207,B-4 and 208,D-5 recognized the sequence ASGQ, which is the same specificity motif that a previous study had established for SS269 and MN14C11.6. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses of the variable regions of the four MAbs showed that the SS269 V(H) region belonged to the VH3 family and was approximately 70% homologous to those of the murine MAbs which were all from the 7183 family, whereas the SS269 V(L) region belonged to the Vlambda1-b family and was less than 40% homologous to those of the murine MAbs which were all members of the Vkappa1 family. The Fab fragment of SS269 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses to bind as well as intact SS269 MAb to P1.7,16 serosubtype group B strain 44/76. We conclude that distinct differences exist in the effector function activities and variable region gene sequences of human and murine P1.7-specific MAbs despite their recognition of similar epitopes.
A new storage node pad formation technology-line type SAC with oxide spacer (LSOS) and direct metal plug (DMP)-for 0.115 μm tech and beyond (2002)

A line type self-aligned contact (SAC) with oxide spacer (LSOS) and direct metal plug (DMP) were designed and developed as a storage node pad formation technology. This paper describes the physical and electrical characteristics of this new storage node pad formation process including the overall integration scheme for DRAM cells with a minimum feature size of 0.115 /spl mu/m and provides comparative analysis with other storage node pad formation techniques.
Apoptosis in multinucleated skeletal muscle myotubes. (1999)

Several recent studies report endonuclease-mediated DNA degradation as evidence of apoptotic degeneration of skeletal muscle in the muscular dystrophies and other muscle disorders. Interpretation of the results of such studies is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of non-muscle cells within muscle in vivo and by a lack of knowledge concerning the nature of the process of apoptosis in postmitotic, multinucleated skeletal muscle and the potential mechanisms involved. Staurosporine treatment of C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes induced several classic features of apoptosis, including cell and nuclear shrinkage with initial preservation of cellular membranes. Externalization of phosphatidylserine occurred within 2 hours of treatment, and myotubes contained procaspase 3, which seemed to be activated within 4 hours. DNA degradation was identified by transferase uridine triphosphate nick-end labeling within 4 hours, and DNA ladders were identified on agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA within 8 hours. Thus, the process of apoptosis in postmitotic multinucleated skeletal muscle shares many of the characteristics of apoptosis in mononuclear mitotic cells. However, the pattern of degeneration does not seem to be compatible with that seen in the muscular dystrophies.
9. An interpretation of the Sandmeyer reaction. Part IV. Catalysed decomposition of diazonium kations by anionoid complexes with special reference to those of cobalt and ferric iron (1944)

H. H. Hodgson, S. Birtwell and J. Walker, J. Chem. Soc., 1944, 18 DOI: 10.1039/JR9440000018
Pegylated arginine deiminase: a novel anticancer enzyme agent (2006)

Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) is a novel anticancer enzyme that produces depletion of arginine, which is a nonessential amino acid in humans. Certain tumours, such as malignant melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, are auxotrophic for arginine. These tumours that are sensitive to arginine depletion do not express argininosuccinate synthetase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of arginine from citrulline. ADI-PEG20 inhibits human melanomas and hepatocellular carcinomas in vitro and in vivo. Phase I - II trials in patients with melanoma and hepatocellular carcinomas have shown the drug to have antitumour activity and tolerable side effects. Large Phase II trials and randomised, controlled Phase III trials are needed to determine its overall efficacy in the treatment of these malignancies and others.
Adaptive coordination of agents for timely and resource-bounded information monitoring (2002)

Effective decision making often relies on timely information monitoring, which aims to capture the newest status of the critical information items that are updated in different ways. In this paper, we develop an adaptive agent coordination strategy ACAIM for directing the limited resources to the timely identification of important information updates. ACAIM automatically adapts its coordination strategy by observing each agent's performance of finding important information updates. Resource conflicts among agents are resolved by granting more requests from those agents that are expected to find important information updates. We also set up a list of evaluation criteria and experiments to evaluate those coordination strategies designed for timely and resource-bounded information monitoring. The result shows that ACAIM may achieve the more timely identification of important information updates using a controlled amount of system resources.
New Methods to Characterize Deterministic Jitter and Crosstalk-Induced Jitter From Measurements (2015)

A small amount of jitter can quickly eat up timing budgets and create timing issues. Precise characterization of deterministic and crosstalk-induced jitter can help isolate and solve issues within high-speed links. Characterizing deterministic and crosstalk-induced jitter is challenging, however, because many types of jitter work together to create the overall jitter profile. Methods are presented in this paper to characterize the deterministic and crosstalk-induced jitter from measurements of total jitter. An improved tail-fit deconvolution method is proposed for characterizing the impact of deterministic jitter in the presence of random jitter. The contribution of random jitter to total jitter is found first, and then that contribution is accounted for to find deterministic jitter. A Wiener filter deconvolution method is also presented for extracting the characteristics of crosstalk-induced jitter from measurements of total jitter made when the crosstalk sources were and were not present. The Wiener filter allows for accurate deconvolution of the measured histograms for total jitter even in the presence of the measurement noise. The proposed techniques are shown to work well both in simulations and in measurements of a high-speed link.
Development of a Recirculation Ejector for a Cryogenic Heat Sink for ECLSS (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In the development of advanced thermal control systems for use in hydrogen-powered space vehicles, utilization of the on-board hydrogen fuel as a heat sink for equipment cooling has many advantages. There are, however, significant challenges preventing the cryogenic temperatures of the stored fuel from causing heat transport fluid freezing. A shell and tube heat exchanger was developed to transfer heat from an ECLSS thermal control coolant loop to the cryogenic hydrogen fuel. To mitigate the potential for coolant freezing, it was necessary to recycle hydrogen from the heat exchanger outlet back to the inlet to moderate heat exchanger inlet temperatures. A recycle compressor could have been used with penalties in weight and reliability due to it's complexity. A superior solution was to use an ejector which has no moving parts, and uses the pressure head of the incoming hydrogen to develop the necessary pumping head and transport the hydrogen through the heat exchanger. This paper will present the design, development and testing of a recirculating ejector for a cryogenic heat sink for ECLSS.</div>
<title>Considerations for producing single-pulse fiber Bragg gratings</title> (1993)

The discussion of Bragg fiber gratings (FBGs) has expanded sharply in the last six years. FBGs were given versatility by the results at the United Technology Research Center when the technique of side-writing was pioneered (1989), which made the Bragg wavelength independent of the writing laser. The promise of economical production of these devices was advanced by the generation of FBGs with a single laser pulse at the Naval Research Laboratory (1992), and this result was expanded by the University of Southhampton in achieving saturated reflectivity with a single-pulse. The basis for manufacturing these excitingly versatile devices is near the point of supporting a new area of applications and industry. The intent of this article is to briefly discuss the conditions and requirements for the practical production of FBGs in support of the technology of distributed sensing.
Effects of derivatives of kahweol and cafestol on the activity of glutathione S-transferase in mice (1987)

The coffee constituents cafestol and kahweol are inducers of the activity of the detoxifying enzyme, glutathione S-transferase in laboratory animals. The two active functional groups, furan and glycol, on opposite ends of the diterpene nucleus of these two compounds have been modified. The resulting derivatives were evaluated for their ability to induce glutathione S-transferase activity in different tissues of the ICR/Ha mice. Derivatives of both cafestol and kahweol, which were the products of the modifications on the glycol function, retained much of the inducing properties of the parent compounds in the liver and mucosa of the small bowel. The effects of these compounds on the tissue acid-soluble sulfhydryl level, in general, were similar to those of the parent compounds. Some derivatives of kahweol, however, appeared to have lost their ability to induce increased levels of sulfhydryls in the liver. Catalytic hydrogenation of the furan moiety gave two products, the dihydro and tetrahydro derivatives. Both compounds and their corresponding acetates lost their effectiveness as inducers of glutathione S-transferase activity. In contrast, these compounds still retained their ability to induce increased levels of acid-soluble sulfhydryls in both the liver and the mucosa of the small bowel. These findings indicate that the furan moiety of cafestol and kahweol is vital to their biological activity as inducers of increased glutathione S-transferase activity.
Photocatalysis and solar hydrogen production (2007)

Abstract Photocatalytic water splitting is a challenging reaction because it is an ultimate solution to energy and environmental issues. Recently, many new powdered photocatalysts for water splitting have been developed. For example, a NiO (0.2 wt %)/NaTaO 3 :La (2 %) photocatalyst with a 4.1-eV band gap showed high activity for water splitting into H 2 and O 2 with an apparent quantum yield of 56 % at 270 nm. Overall water splitting under visible light irradiation has been achieved by construction of a Z-scheme photocatalysis system employing visible-light-driven photocatalysts, Ru/SrTiO 3 :Rh and BiVO 4 for H 2 and O 2 evolution, and an Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ redox couple as an electron relay. Moreover, highly efficient sulfide photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production in the presence of electron donors were developed by making solid solutions of ZnS with AgInS 2 and CuInS 2 of narrow band gap semiconductors. Thus, the database of powdered photocatalysts for water splitting has become plentiful.
Multifunctional Poly(ethylene glycol): Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications of Dendritic–Linear–Dendritic Block Copolymer Hybrids (2013)

Emerging dendritic–linear–dendritic (DLD) hybrids that possess synergetic properties of linear and highly functional branched dendritic polymers are becoming important macromolecular scaffolds in fields ranging from biomedicine to nanotechnology. By exploiting pseudo-one-step polycondensation reactions, a facile and scalable synthetic methodology for the construction of highly functional DLDs has been developed. A library of three sets of DLDs exhibiting a hydrophilic linear PEG core with covalently attached hyperbranched bis-MPA blocks was synthesized up to the seventh generation with 256 reactive peripheral hydroxyl groups. The degree of branching for the hybrids was found between 0.40 and 0.59 with dispersities ranging from 1.03 to 1.88. The introduction of hyperbranched components resulted in control over or even full disruption of the crystallinity of the PEG. Postfunctionalizations of the peripheral hydroxyl groups with azides, allyls, and ATRP initiators yielded reactive intermediates. These intermediates were successfully assessed through UV-initiated thiol–ene coupling reactions for the synthesis of charged hybrids. ATRP of styrene from the pheriphery afforded amphiphilic macromolecules. Finally, their scaffolding capacity was evaluated for the fabrication of 3D networks, i.e., novel dendritic hydrogels and highly ordered breath figures.
Warpage studies of HDI test vehicles during various thermal profilings (1999)

New techniques and technologies involved in the miniaturization of printed wiring board (PWB) fabrication are rapidly emerging. The quality, performance, and reliability of surface mount assemblies built on these next-generation boards will depend on many factors, including thermally induced warpage. Therefore, quantitative warpage measurement is critical in new PWB assembly design evaluation, and determining overall thermal performance characteristics. Using an automated infrared reflow oven simulation system, the warpage of six bare high density interconnect (HDI) samples is measured under two different heating profiles. Out-of-plane surface displacement is measured with a noncontact shadow Moire technique and resolution enhancement method called phase-stepping. The two types of samples evaluated were built for the purpose of warpage study, where physical data could be used to validate finite element analysis (FEA) results. The warpage results obtained with the two thermal profiles will be presented.
Drugs that Kill Cancer Stem-like Cells (2011)

The hallmarks of cancer include processes like self-sufficiency for growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (anti-growth) signals, evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis), unlimited replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis Recent research dictates that these definitions, while valid, ought to be enriched. That is, we should also consider tumours as a heterogeneous 'collection of cancer cells' with a hierarchy. This 'hierarchical hypothesis' tells us that tumours contain a minute (sometimes very small) sub-set of cells with distinct properties from the bulk of the tumour mass These cells feature certain characteristics inherent to stem cells, including the capacity of self-renewal, asymmetric division and differentiation. They have also a very high propensity to form tumours. Therefore these cells are referred to as cancer stem cells (CSC) or cancer stem-like cells or, better, tumour-initiating cells (TICs). The terminology, while not too important, may be misleading though, since the term 'cancer stem cells' implies that we are dealing with true stem cells, which is not possible to reconcile with at this stage, perhaps even more so, since the origin of CSCs is not exactly known. Recent evidence, rather circumstantial, indicates that CSCs may have developed during the stage of tumour immunoediting According to this concept, the immune system is actively involved in tumour initiation as well as progression, and this became known as the principle of 'three Es', involving the phases of 'elimination ', 'equilibrium' and 'escape' (Dunn et al., 2004b). The elimination phase of the process of immunoediting is responsible for the detection and elimination of cells that became malignant, usually due to the failure of their tumour suppressor mechanisms The selection of such CSCs is depicted schematically in Figure Here, certain cells, possibly with slightly different properties than the bulk of the cell population, survive the pressure of the immune system, while most of the cells are eliminated by the cells of the immune system such as the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (Schreiber et al.,
Constitutive Models for Concrete Penetration Analysis (1996)

Three-dimensional axisymmetric calculations of penetration of concrete targets have been conducted with the CALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) code. All the constitutive models studied accounted for the compressibility of concrete and employed either solid or porous equation of state models; the influence of these models on the penetration calculations is studied and presented. The size of the plastic zone in front of the penetrator is estimated from the calculations for both compressibility models and is compared with the available experimental data. Comparison between the calculated values of the extent of this zone and the experimental data indicates that the porous equation of state model is more realistic in representing the elastic-plastic deformation in concrete. Effects of the initial porosity of concrete on penetration calculations are also studied and discussed. The application of constant yield-strength and pressure-dependent yield-strength models for the concrete penetration analysis is studied, and the results of the calculations are presented and discussed. Crater profiles calculated with the pressure-dependent yield model showed good agreement with the available experimental penetration depths and the profiles of the tunnel portion of the crater.