gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CdSe/CdTe type-II superlattices grown on GaSb (001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (2012)

CdSe/CdTe superlattices are grown on GaSb substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffraction measurements and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images indicate high crystalline quality. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements show the effective bandgap varies with the superlattice layer thicknesses and confirm the CdSe/CdTe heterostructure has a type-II band edge alignment. The valence band offset between unstrained CdTe and CdSe is determined as 0.63 ± 0.06 eV by fitting the measured PL peak positions using the envelope function approximation and the Kronig-Penney model. These results suggest that CdSe/CdTe superlattices are promising candidates for multi-junction solar cells and other optoelectronic devices based on GaSb substrates.
Structural Search and Optimization in Social Networks (2011)

The explosive growth in the variety and size of social networks has focused attention on searching these networks for useful structures. Like the Internet or the telephone network, the ability to efficiently search large social networks will play an important role in the extent of their use by individuals and organizations alike. However, unlike these domains, search on social networks is likely to involve measures that require a set of individuals to collectively satisfy some skill requirement or be tightly related to each other via some underlying social property of interest. The aim of this paper is to highlight—and demonstrate via specific examples—the need for algorithmic results for some fundamental set-based notions on which search in social networks is expected to be prevalent. To this end, we argue that the concepts of an influential set and a central set that highlight, respectively, the specific role and the specific location of a set are likely to be useful in practice. We formulate two specific search problems: the elite group problem (EGP) and the portal problem (PP), that represent these two concepts and provide a variety of algorithmic results. We first demonstrate the relevance of EGP and PP across a variety of social networks reported in the literature. For simple networks (e.g., structured trees and bipartite graphs, cycles, paths), we show that an optimal solution to both EGP and PP is easy to obtain. Next, we show that EGP is polynomially solvable on a general graph, whereas PP is strongly NP-hard. Motivated by practical considerations, we also discuss (i) a size-constrained variant of EGP together with its penalty-based relaxation and (ii) the solution of PP on balanced and full d-trees and general trees.
The pattern of nocturnal and diurnal esophageal acid exposure in the pathogenesis of erosive mucosal damage. (1994)

We conclude from these data that 1) specific evaluation of recumbent reflux and acid exposure can add substantially to the interpretation of 24-h esophageal pH studies, particularly with regard to identifying patients at risk for the development of erosive esophagitis or other potential complications; 2) esophageal mucosal erosions are associated with an increase in percent acid contact time in both the upright and supine positions, but the pattern of reflux, particularly during the nocturnal interval in terms of the number of episodes greater than 5 min, adds significant predictive value in discriminating patients with erosive mucosal damage.
Measurement of guided mode phase velocities using multi-emitters and multi-receivers arrays in contact and transmission matrix analysis (2009)

Structural and material properties of elastic waveguides can be characterized by fitting measured to theoretical guided mode phase velocities. Here emitters and receivers are placed in contact on the same side of the waveguide (i.e. axial transmission geometry). Multi-receivers arrays allow the determination of phase velocities using two dimensional spatio-temporal Fourier Transform, which requires a large distance probed by the receivers. A technique, taking benefit of using both multiple emitters and multiple receivers, is proposed. The guided mode phase velocities are obtained using a projection in the singular vectors basis, obtained by the singular values decomposition of the transmission matrix between the two arrays at different frequencies. Experimental guided mode phase velocities, obtained for a 2 mm thick copper plate, are in good agreement with Lamb waves theoretical values. The transmission matrix analysis method shows similar results to the spatiotemporal Fourier transform with a better contrast compared to the noise. Bi-directional correction applied to all the experimental phase velocities is proposed. These results allow a good evaluation of the thickness knowing the transverse and longitudinal bulk waves velocities. Further applications concerning evaluation of elastic properties of cortical bone are finally mentioned.
Deep Supervision for Pancreatic Cyst Segmentation in Abdominal CT Scans (2017)

Automatic segmentation of an organ and its cystic region is a prerequisite of computer-aided diagnosis. In this paper, we focus on pancreatic cyst segmentation in abdominal CT scan. This task is important and very useful in clinical practice yet challenging due to the low contrast in boundary, the variability in location, shape and the different stages of the pancreatic cancer. Inspired by the high relevance between the location of a pancreas and its cystic region, we introduce extra deep supervision into the segmentation network, so that cyst segmentation can be improved with the help of relatively easier pancreas segmentation. Under a reasonable transformation function, our approach can be factorized into two stages, and each stage can be efficiently optimized via gradient back-propagation throughout the deep networks. We collect a new dataset with 131 pathological samples, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the largest set for pancreatic cyst segmentation. Without human assistance, our approach reports a 63.44% average accuracy, measured by the Dice-Sørensen coefficient (DSC), which is higher than the number (60.46%) without deep supervision.
Fabricating Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Simultaneous Cell Growth and Drug Delivery (2010)

The formulation and fabrication methods for several types of tissue engineering scaffolds with drug delivery capabilities are presented in this review. Tissue engineered constructs are temporary substitutes developed to treat damaged or lost tissue. One key component of such constructs is scaffolds that are often developed to mimic the extra cellular matrix (ECM). As natural ECM contains biomolecules to support proper growth and function of cells, inclusion of these biomolecular cues have been shown to be necessary for proper cell growth and function in tissue engineering. Thus, an effective tissue engineering scaffold should provide such biomolecular cues. This can be achieved through drug delivery in scaffolds. Studies have shown that drug delivery systems are necessary to protect drugs, and provide sustained drug release that is often needed for effective therapy. The tissue engineering features of 4 scaffold types are described, including films, hydrogels, fibers, and microspheres/nanospheres. Fabrication techniques and drug encapsulation methods for these scaffolds are reviewed in addition to some observations arising from the use of these techniques and methods.
Determination of Fracture Toughness of Granitic Rock by Means of AE Technique (1984)

This paper describes the results of an experimental research in which the fracture toughness of a granitic rock is determined by means of AE technique. ASTM standard specimens of the notched bend type having width from 30 to 508mm were tested.The deformation and fracture behavior showed a significant nonlinearity and a stable crack growth were observed in all the tests. AE signals were detected at low load level, which indicates the occurrence of microcracking near the initial notch tip. Furthermore an analysis of the waveform and frequency spectrum of AE signals leads to a conclusion that there exists a close relationship between micro-fracture process at the crank tip and AE signals.J-integral procedure were reasonably used because of the nonlinear deformation behavior. The relationship between the accumulated AE energy and J-integral provides a clear indication of the onset of a stable crack extension, denoted by JiAE The values of JiAE determined on the different specimens are independent of specimen size. This evidence suggests the feasibility of using a J-integral fracture criterion for this materials. A combination of non-linear fracture mechanics and AE technique provides a suitable procedure for determining the fracture toughness of rocks.
Homeostatic (IL-7) and effector (IL-17) cytokines as distinct but complementary target for an optimal therapeutic strategy in inflammatory bowel disease (2009)

The persistence of IL-7-dependent colitogenic memory CD4+ T cells is critical to the maintenance of experimental colitis. On the other hand, though Th1 and Th2 colitogenic memory CD4+ cells exist, in recent years the central role of IL-17-producing Th17-type cells in IBD has attracted renewed interest. The development of molecularly targeted therapies aimed at a variety of different Th-dependent pathogenic mechanisms may represent a novel approach to IBD therapy.
Expression, purification and properties of lycopene cyclase from <i>Erwinia uredovora</i> (1996)

Lycopene cyclase, an enzyme responsible for the formation of cyclic carotenoids from acyclic precursors has been purified to homogeneity in an active state. The Erwinia uredovora lycopene cyclase gene (crtY) was over-expressed in Escherichia coli. From this recombinant strain the enzyme was purified by immuno-affinity chromatography and its cyclization activity characterized as a two-step reaction in which both sides of the lycopene molecule are cyclized to beta-ionone rings with the monocyclic gamma-carotene as an intermediate. Furthermore, neurosporene as well as l-hydroxylycopene were cyclized to beta-zeacarotene and hydroxy-gamma-carotene respectively. In contrast, neither 1,1'- dihydroxylycopene nor the tetra-cis-prolycopene were accepted as substrates. The cofactors involved in the reaction were either NADH or NADPH. K(m) values were determined for lycopene and NADPH to be 1.8 microM and 2.5 mM respectively.
Efficient 8-cycle DES implementation (2002)

This paper describes an efficient DES implementation that encrypts a 64-bit plain text block in 8 clock cycles. The 8 cycle processing latency optimizes the throughput of a pipelined DES system, where a byte-wide bus is used. Also, by decreasing the system clock frequency by a factor of 2, the switching power consumption is reduced compared to the conventional implementations. Our approach is based on the time multiplexed cipher function that requires only one copy of S-Box realization unlike other 8-cycle implementations.
On the effects of hydrogen in p-n-p transistors under forward current stress in a C-BiCMOS technology (1993)

Boron-doped polysilicon emitter p-n-p transistors show current gain ( beta ) increase after forward current stress and recovery by subsequent low-temperature annealing. The results of isothermal and isochronal annealing suggest that the dissociation of boron-hydrogen pairs is responsible for recovery from the beta increase. Current stress indicates that atomic hydrogen transported to the poly/monosilicon interface and polysilicon grain boundaries by electromigration pairs with boron dopants, thereby reducing surface recombination velocity and increasing beta .< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tumour inhibitory plants. Amides of <i>Piper novae-hollandiae</i> (Piperaceae) (1969)

A new amide, ?aß-dihydropiperine (I), has been isolated from the wood of Piper novae-hollandiae and synthesized. Two amides, N-isobutyl-trans- 2,trans-4-octadienamide and 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamoylpiperidide, previously unreported from natural sources but known from synthesis, were present as were five amides already established as plant constituents, namely, N-isobutyl-trans-2,trans-4-decadienamide, fagaramide, piperlonguminine, piperine, and an isomer of piperine, probably chavicine, as well as the essential oil, dillapiole. ?aß-and ?ß?-Dihydro-piperlonguminine, (VIII) and (IX), and ?ß?-dihydropiperine (III) were also synthesized.
Incidence and specificity of interference in two-site immunoassays. (1986)

Using a modified "two-site" immunoradiometric assay, termed an "interference assay," we have demonstrated the occurrence of non-analyte antibody-binding substances in approximately 40% of serum samples. These substances multivalently bind antibodies from any of several species at a site other than the antigen-binding site. Using a two-site immunoradiometric assay for human choriogonadotropin, we have investigated their effect on analyte quantification. In this system these antibody-binding substances mimic the presence of analyte; when analyte is actually present, they can also cause over- or underestimates. Addition of excess nonspecific immunoglobulin from an appropriate species eliminates this interference. However, the amount of nonspecific immunoglobulin added to an assay system may not always be enough to block interference in all samples.
Structural analysis of thermostabilizing mutations of cocaine esterase (2010)

Cocaine is considered to be the most addictive of all substances of abuse and mediates its effects by inhibiting monoamine transporters, primarily the dopamine transporters. There are currently no small molecules that can be used to combat its toxic and addictive properties, in part because of the difficulty of developing compounds that inhibit cocaine binding without having intrinsic effects on dopamine transport. Most of the effective cocaine inhibitors also display addictive properties. We have recently reported the use of cocaine esterase (CocE) to accelerate the removal of systemic cocaine and to prevent cocaine-induced lethality. However, wild-type CocE is relatively unstable at physiological temperatures (tau(1/2) approximately 13 min at 37 degrees C), presenting challenges for its development as a viable therapeutic agent. We applied computational approaches to predict mutations to stabilize CocE and showed that several of these have increased stability both in vitro and in vivo, with the most efficacious mutant (T172R/G173Q) extending half-life up to 370 min. Here we present novel X-ray crystallographic data on these mutants that provide a plausible model for the observed enhanced stability. We also more extensively characterize the previously reported variants and report on a new stabilizing mutant, L169K. The improved stability of these engineered CocE enzymes will have a profound influence on the use of this protein to combat cocaine-induced toxicity and addiction in humans.
Ultrasonic microparticle trapping by multi-foci Fresnel lens (2011)

This paper describes an acoustic tweezers consisting of a multi-foci Fresnel lens on 127 μm thick PZT sheet, designed to capture micron-sized particles. The multi-foci Fresnel lens was designed to have similar working mechanism as that of an axicon lens to generate an acoustic Bessel beam and, correspondingly, to generate negative axial radiation force capable of trapping one or more microparticle(s). The fabricated acoustic tweezers successfully trapped lipid particles ranging in diameter from 50 to 200 μm and microspheres ranging in diameter from 70 to 90 μm at a distance of 2 to 5 mm from the tweezers without any contact between the transducer and microparticles.
A Simulation Framework for Virtual Integration of Integrated Systems (2007)

The simulation of distributed applications on virtual integration platforms has the benefit of shortening the time-to-market by reducing the required number of physical prototype setups. This paper presents a simulation framework for a novel type of platforms for large distributed real-time systems, namely integrated architectures based on time-triggered control (e.g., DECOS architecture). The simulation framework captures the specific temporal properties of the execution platform in an integrated architecture, where the communication resources (e.g., network bandwidth) and the computational resources (e.g., CPU time of node computers) are shared between multiple application subsystems. The simulation framework combines a simulation of the communication system, a simulation of the operating system, an environmental simulation, and application code created from MATLAB/Simulink models of the application behavior. We show an implementation of the introduced framework for the DECOS architecture and describe an example based on an automotive headlamp system.
Introduction (2011)

Abstract This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, namely to discuss the performance of the labour market in the United Kingdom in the recession period of 2008–9. It also notes the rapid growth of wage inequality in the UK and the variation of job prospects based on education, region, age, gender, and ethnicity. It reports that despite the expansion of inequality, about half a million children were raised from poverty during the decade following the 1997 labour government.
Probabilistic path queries in road networks (2010)

Path queries such as "finding the shortest path in travel time from my hotel to the airport" are heavily used in many applications of road networks. Currently, simple statistic aggregates such as the average travel time between two vertices are often used to answer path queries. However, such simple aggregates often cannot capture the uncertainty inherent in traffic. In this paper, we study how to take traffic uncertainty into account in answering path queries in road networks. To capture the uncertainty in traffic such as the travel time between two vertices, the weight of an edge is modeled as a random variable and is approximated by a set of samples. We propose three novel types of probabilistic path queries using basic probability principles: (1) a probabilistic path query like "what are the paths from my hotel to the airport whose travel time is at most 30 minutes with a probability of at least 90%?"; (2) a weight-threshold top-k path query like "what are the top-3 paths from my hotel to the airport with the highest probabilities to take at most 30 minutes?"; and (3) a probability-threshold top-k path query like "what are the top-3 shortest paths from my hotel to the airport whose travel time is guaranteed by a probability of at least 90%?" To evaluate probabilistic path queries efficiently, we develop three efficient probability calculation methods: an exact algorithm, a constant factor approximation method and a sampling based approach. Moreover, we devise the P* algorithm, a best-first search method based on a novel hierarchical partition tree index and three effective heuristic evaluation functions. An extensive empirical study using real road networks and synthetic data sets shows the effectiveness of the proposed path queries and the efficiency of the query evaluation methods.
Over‐expression of a pepper plastid lipid‐associated protein in tobacco leads to changes in plastid ultrastructure and plant development upon stress (2000)

Proteins homologous to fibrillin, a pepper plastid lipid-associated protein involved in carotenoid storage in fruit chromoplasts, have been recently identified in leaf chloroplasts from several species and shown to be induced upon environmental stress. To further investigate the role of the protein, transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants over-expressing fibrillin using a constitutive promoter were generated. Transgenics grown under standard light intensities (300 micromol photons m-2 sec-1) were found to contain substantial amounts of fibrillin in flowers and leaves. In leaves, the protein was immunolocalized within chloroplasts in both stromal and thylakoid subfractions. No change was noticed in thylakoid structures from transgenics, but chloroplasts contained an increased number of plastoglobules organized in clusters. In petals, leucoplasts were also found to contain more agglutinated plastoglobules. The effects of environmental factors on fibrillin gene expression and protein localization were studied in tobacco leaves. Less fibrillin was present in plants grown under low light intensities, which can be explained by the involvement of a light-dependent splicing step in the control of fibrillin gene expression in leaves. Analysis of protein subfractions from plants subjected to drought or high light showed that both stresses resulted in fibrillin association with thylakoids. Whereas no growth difference between wild-type (WT) and transgenic plants was noticed under low light conditions, transgenics exhibit a longer main stem, enhanced development of lateral stems and accelerated floral development under higher light intensities. These data suggest that fibrillin-related proteins fulfil an important function in plant development in relation to environmental constraints.
Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>: Experiments Concerning the Origin of Its Molecular Structure (1988)

Abstract Following the chemical synthesis of vitamin B 12 , a search was begun for a potentially biomimetic “dark” variant of the photochemical A/D‐secocorrin → corrin cycloisomerization, the central ring‐closure step in one of the two cobyric acid syntheses. Significantly, not just one but a whole family of such variants was discovered. According to what is currently known, one of these variants can indeed be regarded as a chemical model for the reaction path followed by Nature in the biosynthetic construction of the corrin ring. These chemical studies of vitamin B 12 biosynthesis had revealed that the A/D‐ring junction, regarded as the main obstacle to a chemical vitamin B 12 synthesis at the outset, is in fact a structural element that is formed readily and in a variety of ways from structurally appropriate precursors. More recent investigations have shown that the same holds for other specific structural elements of the vitamin B 12 molecule, including the characteristic arrangement of double bonds in the corrin chromophore, the special dimension of the macrocyclic ring of the corrin ligand, the specific attachment of the nucleotide loop to the propionic acid side chain of ring D, and the characteristic constitutional arrangement of the side chains around the ligand periphery (which vitamin B 12 shares with all uroporphinoid cofactors). All these outwardly complex structural elements are found to “self‐assemble” with surprising ease under structurally appropriate preconditions; the amount of “external instruction” required for their formation turns out to be surprisingly small in view of the complexity and specificity of these structural elements. We view these findings as steps on the way toward a chemical rationalization of the vitamin B 12 structure. The goal is to arrive experimentally at a perception of the biomolecule's intrinsic potential for structural self‐assembly. This potential, together with the specific type of reactivity related to the biological function, is considered to be responsible for the biomolecule having been chosen by natural selection. The chemical rationalization of the structure of biomolecules is an objective of organic natural product chemistry. The field of natural product synthesis provides appropriate conceptual and methodological tools to approach this objective experimentally.
Backlash Error Measurement and Compensation on the Vertical Machining Center (2010)

The position errors in the axis direction of a vertical machine center have been measured by means of the VM101 linear encored measurement system. The character of the backlash error is discussed; results show that the backlash error has great influence on the position error. The position accuracy is enhanced after the backlash errors are compensated.