gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hands Free Texting While Driving - Is It Safer than Conventional Texting While Driving? (2013)

Hands Free Texting While Driving -Is It Safer than Conventional Texting While Driving?Motivation: The research aim of this project was to observe any safety benefits that hands free (voice activated) texting may have over manual texting during simulated driving.Background: Many states have instated cell phone use bans; these restrictions generally target specific types of phone use and demographic groups.Currently ten states and Washington D.C. have bans on hand held cell phone use while driving for all adults, yet no state restricts hands free use by the average adult.Methods: Fifty participants (25 friend pairs, ages 18-30) drove in a mid-fidelity simulator where they engaged in a single task (driving only) and two dual tasks (hands free and conventional texting, coupled with driving).Results: When compared to not texting, drivers that used conventional texting methods experienced a significant degradation of driving abilities, demonstrated through their increase in lane deviations, increase in reaction time (0.71 seconds) and 2.8 times more likely to be involved in a crash.The crash likelihood was less when using voice activated texting methods.Conclusion: These findings confirm that texting while driving is distracting.Voice activated texting is not equivalent to driving without texting; however, it did prove to be a safer alternative to conventional texting while driving.
The distribution of colloids in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans (1994)

The concentrations and size distributions of small (<200 nm) colloids were measured at three stations in the North Atlantic and two stations in the Southern Ocean. The stations were chosen to cover a range of oceanographically distinct regimes, from highly productive nearshore environments to oligotrophic open‐ocean waters. Colloid number concentrations decreased appreciably from the surface to ∼150‐m depth at three of these stations. Concentrations in deep waters of the North Atlantic were high but erratic, suggesting that colloid abundance is regulated by rapid rates of reactions. The colloids were mainly organic and their immediate sources appear to include both autotrophic and heterotrophic activity as well as sediment resuspension. Transmission electron microscope examination of colloid size distributions and morphology indicates that aggregation is the principal removal mechanism for these colloids. Evidence from the cumulative size spectra of small colloids indicates that colloid aggregation is most intense in vertically delineated zones near the surface, around the main thermocline (∼1,000–1,500 m), and in bottom waters. These findings show that the marine colloidal state is abundant but discontinuous in both space and time throughout a wide range of oceanographic environments.
Papillary meningioma: a rare but distinct variant of malignant meningioma. (2007)

Papillary meningiomas are rare but well recognized variants of meningioma. They need to be differentiated from other intracranial tumors with a papillary pattern. They are malignant, frequently show bone and parenchymatous invasion and have the potential for extracranial metastasis. Their timely recognition could prevent local and distant metastasis and the mortality or morbidity associated with it.
High Stokes Shift Anilido‐Pyridine Boron Difluoride Dyes (2011)

To dye for: Three related families of fluorescent dyes, rigidified by boron difluoride and based on bidentate anilido-pyridyl donor ligands, are reported (see picture). The dyes show quantum yields up to 0.75 and improved Stokes shifts of >100 nm relative to the widely employed BODIPY family of dyes. Furthermore, the new dyes are exceptionally photostable and membrane-specific. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The mcrA gene as an alternative to 16S rRNA in the phylogenetic analysis of methanogen populations in landfill b bThe GenBank accession numbers for the mcrA sequences reported in this paper are AF414034–AF414051 (see Fig. 2) and AF414007–AF414033 (environmental isolates in Fig. 3). (2002)

Inferred amino acid sequences of the methyl coenzyme-M reductase (mcrA) gene from five different methanogen species were aligned and two regions with a high degree of homology flanking a more variable region were identified. Analysis of the DNA sequences from the conserved regions yielded two degenerate sequences from which a forward primer, a 32-mer, and a reverse primer, a 23-mer, could be derived for use in the specific PCR-based detection of methanogens. The primers were successfully evaluated against 23 species of methanogen representing all five recognized orders of this group of Archaea, generating a PCR product between 464 and 491 bp. Comparisons between the mcrA and 16S small subunit rRNA gene sequences using PHYLIP demonstrated that the tree topologies were strikingly similar. Methods were developed to enable the analysis of methanogen populations in landfill using the mcrA gene as the target. Two landfill sites were examined and 63 clones from a site in Mucking, Essex, and 102 from a site in Odcombe, Somerset, were analysed. Analysis revealed a far greater diversity in the methanogen population within landfill material than has been seen previously.
Motif module map reveals enforcement of aging by continual NF-κB activity (2007)

Aging is characterized by specific alterations in gene expression, but their underlying mechanisms and functional consequences are not well understood. Here we develop a systematic approach to identify combinatorial cis-regulatory motifs that drive age-dependent gene expression across different tissues and organisms. Integrated analysis of 365 microarrays spanning nine tissue types predicted fourteen motifs as major regulators of age-dependent gene expression in human and mouse. The motif most strongly associated with aging was that of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Inducible genetic blockade of NF-kappaB for 2 wk in the epidermis of chronologically aged mice reverted the tissue characteristics and global gene expression programs to those of young mice. Age-specific NF-kappaB blockade and orthogonal cell cycle interventions revealed that NF-kappaB controls cell cycle exit and gene expression signature of aging in parallel but not sequential pathways. These results identify a conserved network of regulatory pathways underlying mammalian aging and show that NF-kappaB is continually required to enforce many features of aging in a tissue-specific manner.
Performance Evaluation of Rotating Biological Contactor Process (1987)

Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) have only recently been introduced in Japan as a means of providing secondary treatment to domestic wastewaters. The use of RBCs appears to be particularly attractive for small communities because of their low energy demand and reduced O-M requirements. To evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of the process as an alternative to conventional secondary treatment, a field study was performed at three municipal facilities in Japan. A single, fundamental model of biofilm kinetics was shown to be capable of accurately predicting soluble BOD5 removals throughout the RBC. Model and field study results indicated that effluent soluble BOD5 should be 3 to 7 mg/l for conventional loads. Approximately 30 percent of the RBC effluent solids were found to be fine particles having a settling velocity of less than 10 to 15 m/day and which exerted 60 to 70 percent of the final effluent total BOD5. Therefore, special attention must he given to solids-liquid separation of the RBC effluent to ensure that the final effluent is of acceptable quality. Several solids-liquid separation methods, including direct screening of RBC effluent, were shown to be feasible in upgrading the effluent quality.
Knee Instability After Fractures of the Intercondylar Eminence of the Tibia (1984)

Fifteen children with fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia were reviewed. Three with type I or type II fractures had closed treatment. Twelve with type III fractures had open reduction and internal fixation. Follow-up examination included history and examination of the knee; nine had follow-up radiographs. The mean follow-up period was 7 years. Seven patients were free of symptoms; eight had varying degrees of pain, of which four had to avoid some athletic activities; and two described subluxation episodes. All had normal motion, four had atrophy, and all had some evidence of anterior cruciate ligament laxity. The anterior cruciate ligament probably stretches before its tibial attachment fractures. Even though the fracture heals in its normal position, mild degrees of anterior cruciate ligament laxity often will result.
Studies on Microspore Development in Liliaceous Plants III. Pollen Tube Development in Lily Pollens Cultured from the Uninucleate Microspore Stage (1981)

Uninucleate microspores of Lilium longiflorum isolated at the Gi phase of the cell cycle were cultured on a solid nutrient medium for 12 days. The typical pollens produced in the culture germinated on a germination medium and developed a structure resembling a pollen tube. The elongating pollen tubes occasionally contained dividing generative nuclei or two sperm nuclei.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Reaction Conditions at Active Catalyst-Ionomer Interfaces in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2022)

Understanding the local reaction conditions at the catalyst-ionomer interfaces inside of polymer electrolyte fuel cells is vital for improving cell performance and stability. Properties of the water film and distributions of protons and oxygen molecules at the catalyst-ionomer interface are affected by the state of the catalyst and support surfaces and the structure of the ionomer skin layer. In this work, the interfacial region between catalyst and support surface and ionomer skin is simulated using molecular dynamics. This water-filled nanopore model is constructed to study the impact of local charge density, density of sidechains at the ionomer layer, and water layer thickness on the water structure and electrostatic conditions in the pore as well as the transport properties of water, hydronium, and molecular oxygen at the interface. The analysis of the flooded pore model indicates that surface hydrophilicity, represented by water adsorption and the formation of an ordered water layer at the surface, is a major factor determining the interfacial proton density, ionomer sidechain mobility, and interfacial oxygen transport resistance. The results obtained can guide the design of new catalyst materials, where the hydrophilicity of the surface can be tailored to minimize the local proton transport resistance and improve electrode performance.
Intercalative G-Tetraplex Stabilization of Telomeric DNA by a Cationic Porphyrin<sup>1</sup> (1999)

DNA tetraplex (“quadruplex”) structures formed from guanine tetrads and significant to the regulation of telomerase activity have recently been shown to be stabilized by interaction with a cationic porphyrin [Anantha, N. V.; Azam, M.; Sheardy, R. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 2709−2714. Wheelhouse, R. T.; Sun, D.; Han, H.; Han, F. X.; Hurley, L. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3261−3262]. Porphyrin binding to DNA sequences from the Oxytricha and human telomeres and a thrombin-binding aptamer is here examined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and spectrophotometry under conditions that favor self-assembly to their respective intermolecular or intramolecular tetraplex structures. Analysis of the ITC and optical data reveals (i) saturating porphyrin/tetraplex binding stoichiometries of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 for d(G2T2G2TGTG2T2G2), d(AG3[T2AG3]3), and [d(T4G4)]4, respectively, involving near-equivalent sites, (ii) weak binding of only (0.3−2) × 105 M-1 per site, and (iii) no evidence for stepwise complexation in solutions containing K+ ions. This stoichiometry is maintained in Na+ solutions, if the tetraplex is stable, but nondegenerate sites are implicated for the 2:1 and 3:1 complexes where the first porphyrin binds with 20−40-fold greater affinity than any subsequent ligand(s). Importantly, the stoichiometries correspond to the number of intervals between successive G-tetrad planes in each tetraplex. The results indicate binding by threading intercalation at each closely similar GpG site, possibly without invoking neighbor exclusion for adjacent sites, rather than through either external electrostatic processes or end-pasted stacking modes. This mechanism is supported by dynamic molecular modeling simulations with two DNA tetraplexes which show that stable intercalated complexes can be realized. A plausible model is developed that accounts for the occupation of adjacent sites, where unfavorable interligand contacts are avoided by phased asymmetric positioning of the porphyrin molecules within each G-tetrad intercalation pocket.
Src Inhibition Ameliorates Polycystic Kidney Disease (2008)

Despite identification of the genes responsible for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD), the precise functions of their cystoprotein products remain unknown. Recent data suggested that multimeric cystoprotein complexes initiate aberrant signaling cascades in PKD, and common components of these signaling pathways may be therapeutic targets. This study identified c-Src (pp60(c-Src)) as one such common signaling intermediate and sought to determine whether Src activity plays a role in cyst formation. With the use of the nonorthologous BPK murine model and the orthologous PCK rat model of ARPKD, greater Src activity was found to correlate with disease progression. Inhibition of Src activity with the pharmacologic inhibitor SKI-606 resulted in amelioration of renal cyst formation and biliary ductal abnormalities in both models. Furthermore, the effects of Src inhibition in PCK kidneys suggest that the ErbB2 and B-Raf/MEK/ERK pathways are involved in Src-mediated signaling in ARPKD and that this occurs without reducing elevated cAMP. These data suggest that Src inhibition may provide therapeutic benefit in PKD.
Reviews (2001)

Journal Article Reviews Get access JANET DILLON , Theater, Court and City, 1595–1610: Drama and Social Space in London . Pp. x + 187 . Cambridge, New York Oakleigh : Cambridge University Press , 2000 . £35.00 ( ISBN 0-521-66118-8 ). ANDREW GURR and MARIKO ICHIKAWA , Staging in Shakespeare's Theaters . Pp. vi + 181 (Oxford Shakespeare Topics). Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 . £25.00 ( ISBN 0-19-87 1159-X ). WILLIAM PROCTOR WILLIAM WILLIAM PROCTOR WILLIAM University of AkronOhio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 48, Issue 1, March 2001, Pages 54–55, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/48-1-54 Published: 01 March 2001
The Fluorochlorosilanes<sup>1</sup> (1935)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Fluorochlorosilanes1Harold Simmons Booth and Carl F. SwinehartCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 7, 1333–1337Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1935Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1935https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01310a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01310a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views157Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of Degradable Mg-Ca Alloys on Dendritic Cell Function (2010)

Degradable magnesium alloys are new materials for implants used in orthopedic and trauma surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of degradable magnesium alloys on the function of dendritic cells (DC) as these cells represent the major antigen presenting cells of the body. MgP (pure magnesium), MgCa 0.6 (0.6% calcium), MgCa 0.8 (0.8% calcium), MgCa 1.0 (1% calcium), and MgCa 1.2 (1.2% calcium) alloys were degraded in cell culture medium. In parallel, murine bone marrow-derived DC were incubated with increasing concentrations (0.1-10 mmol/L) of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, respectively. Incubation of DC with degradation media over 6 days had no influence on cell viability and only marginal influence on DC migration. Also, the production of TNFα and expression of CD86 was not enhanced by incubation with degraded magnesium alloys. The mixed leukocyte reaction revealed that there was also no increase of the T-cell proliferation in comparison to untreated controls. However, there was a trend toward macrophage development at the expense of DC expansion and an enhanced DC migration was induced by incubation with higher magnesium concentrations. Particularly the latter should be verified in in vivo experiments.
Effect of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids as Replacements for Volatile Organic Solvents in Free-Radical Polymerization (2002)

Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are a class of solvents that can be used in polymer synthesis to replace volatile organic compounds. However, to make the transition of ionic liquids from laboratory scale to industrial scale, the reactions must be feasible, they must produce polymers that have similar or better mechanical properties to traditional methods, and the ionic liquids must be recyclable. Polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were made by bulk and solution polymerization using both traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids. The monomer and polymer solubilities were tested in the ionic liquids, and physical properties, including the tensile moduli and glass transition temperatures, were measured. Results are encouraging, in that the tensile moduli are not statistically different whether the polymer was formed in organic solvent or in ionic liquid solvent.
Two-mode fiber-optic resonant ring interferometer as a sensor (1990)

A fiber-optic resonant ring interferometer using a directional coupler was fabricated using a single-mode fiber. It is an unbalanced interferometer functioning on the optical path-length difference. We have measured the phase shift caused by temperature changes with this setup and can determine the direction of temperature variance when a light source of appropriate wavelength is used. Using a prism output coupler for an optical fiber in the resonant ring interferometer, we determine the intensity variation of the radiation pattern caused by the thermally induced phase shift.
A mixture model of nuchal translucency thickness in screening for chromosomal defects (2008)

Abstract Objective Fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness increases with crown–rump length (CRL). In screening for chromosomal defects patient‐specific risks are derived by multiplying the a priori maternal age‐related risk by a likelihood ratio, determined from the deviation of the measured NT from the expected median. To quantify this deviation the measured NT is either subtracted (delta NT) or divided by the expected median (multiple of the median method, MoM). This study examines the validity of these methods. Methods NT was prospectively measured at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks in screening for chromosomal defects. The distribution of NT in euploid and chromosomally abnormal fetuses was examined. Results There were 37 078 normal pregnancies and 264 with trisomy 21, 81 with trisomy 18, 38 with trisomy 13 and 27 with Turner syndrome. We found that firstly, contrary to the assumption underlying the delta NT method, the distribution of delta NT changes with CRL and secondly, contrary to the assumption underlying the MoM method the distribution of NT was not Gaussian. Fetal NT followed two distributions, one that was dependent on CRL and one that was independent of CRL. The distribution in which NT increases with CRL was observed in about 95% of euploid fetuses, 5% with trisomy 21, 30% with trisomy 18, 15% with trisomy 13 and 10% with Turner syndrome. The median CRL‐independent NT was 2.0 mm for the euploid group and 3.4, 5.5, 4.0 and 7.8 mm for trisomies 21, 18, 13 and Turner syndrome, respectively. Conclusions The NT thickness in chromosomally normal and abnormal fetuses follows a mixture of a gestation‐dependent and gestation‐independent distribution. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly for the Direct Drug Templating of Therapeutic Vectors with High Loading Fractions, Tunable Drug Release, and Controlled Degradation (2013)

A novel one-step approach for designing nonaggregated silica-based mesostructured therapeutic vectors is presented. Evaporation-induced self-assembly was used in combination with amphiphilic drugs for preparing already loaded class I and class II hybrid materials containing from 50 to 60 wt % (up to 75 vol %) of three drugs (glucosyl-resveratrol, stearoyl choline, sophorolipid). A good mesostructuration was able to promote an interfacial control of the drug release in PBS medium. The investigation of both release mechanisms and matrix dissolution was conducted via in situ ellipsometry and NMR. It proved that the nature of the drug/matrix interaction, the chemical composition of the drug/matrix interface, and the mesostructuration quality parameters must be taken into account at the same time for tuning the drug release rate, while maintaining the dissolution rate of silica at a reasonable level for limiting its toxicity. It proved also that noncalcined as-made silica-based class I hybrid materials can be efficiently used for tuning drug release kinetics from 1 h to day scale.
Modular design aspects of the FMIT drift-tube linac (1979)

The Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) Facility drift-tube linac may be subject to high levels of activation because of distributed spill of the deuteron beam. The drift-tube suspension system will use a modular design to allow repairs and alignment to be made without manned entry into the tanks. Design details are presented that show the resulting high degree of flexibility. Because the accelerator will be installed at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory (HEDL) at Richland, Washington, it is desirable that large prefabricated tank assemblies (15 m and 18 m long by 2.5 m diameter) be delivered to the construction site. Stress studies and vacuum sealing tests have influenced the design and these results are given. The rf power dissipation in the tank walls is 1.5 MW and requires a high-capacity cooling system. Finally, rf tuning of the tanks is complicated by the presence of girder slots and open vacuum ports.