gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An integrated nonlinear placement framework with congestion and porosity aware buffer planning (2008)

Due to skewed scaling of interconnect versus cell delay in deep submicron CMOS, modern VLSI timing closure requires extensive buffer insertion. Inserting a large number of buffers may cause not only dramatic cell migration but also routing hotspots. If buffering is not controlled well, it may fail to close a design. Placement with buffer porosity (i.e., cell density) awareness can allocate space for inserting these buffers, and buffering with congestion awareness can improve the routability. Therefore, there is essential need for a placement framework with explicit porosity and congestion control. In this paper, we propose the first integrated nonlinear placement framework with porosity and congestion aware buffer planning. We demonstrate the integration of increasingly refined cell porosity and routing congestion aware buffer planning and insertion methodology in a high quality nonlinear placer. Our experiments show the improvement of average routing overflow by 69%, average wirelength by 28% and average buffer count by 40%, compared with the traditional placement framework without buffer planning.
Isolation and Analysis of Rubber Hevein Gene and Its Promoter Sequence (2002)

Hevein, a lectin_like protein, is a major factor of lutoids in the latex of rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell._Arg.). This factor is involved in coagulation of the latex and has the ability to bind chitin. The hevein gene with a length of 680 bp was cloned by the method of RT_PCR. Its promoter region with 1 306 bp of this gene was also isolated by genome walking, and its sequence included the typical TATA and CAAT boxes as well as the homologous sequence of abscisic acid (ABA) response elements. Expression of the hevein gene in the latex and leaves was detected by Northern blot. After treatment of the trees with ethylene and ABA, the results showed that the hevein gene was expressed principally in latex, and the expression could be induced by ethylene and ABA.
An Interference Spectrometer for the Remote Sensing of Pollutants (1972)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Sialylation of Lipooligosaccharides Promotes Biofilm Formation by Nontypeable <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (2003)

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major cause of opportunistic respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and bronchitis. The persistence of NTHi in vivo is thought to involve bacterial persistence in a biofilm community. Therefore, there is a need for further definition of bacterial factors contributing to biofilm formation by NTHi. Like other bacteria inhabiting host mucosal surfaces, NTHi has on its surface a diverse array of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) that influence host-bacterial interactions. In this study, we show that LOS containing sialic (N-acetyl-neuraminic) acid promotes biofilm formation by NTHi in vitro and bacterial persistence within the middle ear or lung in vivo. LOS from NTHi in biofilms was sialylated, as determined by comparison of electrophoretic mobilities and immunochemical reactivities before and after neuraminidase treatment. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced in media lacking sialic acid, and a siaB (CMP-sialic acid synthetase) mutant was deficient in biofilm formation in three different in vitro model systems. The persistence of an asialylated siaB mutant was attenuated in a gerbil middle ear infection model system, as well as in a rat pulmonary challenge model system. These data show that sialylated LOS glycoforms promote biofilm formation by NTHi and persistence in vivo.
Studies on Phytoalexins I. The Formation and the Immunological Significance of Phytoalexin Produced by Phaseolus Vulgaris in Response to Infections With Sclerotinia Fructicola and Phytophthora Infestans (1958)

In using the inner epidermis of Phaseolu8 vulgaris pods as host .tissue and Sclerotinia jructicola and Phytophthora infestans as pathogens which interact in a hypersensitive fashion, a principle (or principles?) was separated from the former which exerts a strongly inhibitory effect on the growth of the latter. It is shown that this principle (phytoalexin):
Microarray-based rapid cloning of an ion accumulation deletion mutant in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2004)

Here we describe the development of a microarray-based mapping strategy to rapidly isolate deletion mutant genes. The presented approach is particularly useful for mapping mutant genes that are difficult to phenotype. This strategy uses masking bulk segregant analysis to mask unrelated deletions, thus allowing identification of target deletions by microarray hybridization of pooled genomic DNA from both WT and mutant F2 populations. Elemental profiling has proven to be a powerful tool for isolation of nutrient and toxic metal accumulation mutants in Arabidopsis. Using microarray mapping, a sodium overaccumulation mutant FN1148 was identified as having a 523-bp genomic deletion within the second exon and intron of the AtHKT1 gene. Further cosegregation, complementation, and comparative analyses among different salt-sensitive mutants confirmed that the deletion within the AtHKT1 gene is responsible for the sodium overaccumulation in shoots and leaf sodium sensitivity of the FN1148 mutant. These results demonstrate that microarray-based cloning is an efficient and powerful tool to rapidly clone ion accumulation or other genetic deletion mutants that are otherwise difficult to phenotype for mapping, such as metabolic or cell signaling mutants.
Chiral <i>versus</i> racemic building blocks in supramolecular chemistry: tartrate salts of organic diamines (2002)

In the 1:1 adducts C(12)H(10)N(2).C(4)H(6)O(6) formed between 1,2-bis(4'-pyridyl)ethene and racemic tartaric acid [(I), triclinic P1;, Z' = 1] and (2R,3R)-tartaric acid [(II), triclinic P1, Z' = 2], the ionic components are linked by hard hydrogen bonds into single sheets, which are further linked by C-H.O hydrogen bonds. In the analogous adducts C(10)H(18)N(2).C(4)H(6)O(6) formed by 4,4'-bipyridyl with racemic tartaric acid [(III), triclinic P1;, Z' = 1] and the chiral acid [(IV), monoclinic P2(1), Z' = 1], the hard hydrogen bonds generate bilayers which are again linked by C-H.O hydrogen bonds. Piperazine forms a 1:1 salt [((C(4)H(10)N(2))H(2))(2+)].[(C(4)H(4)O(6))(2-)] with (2R,3R)-tartaric acid [(V), monoclinic P2(1)] sheets, which are linked by the cations to form a pillared-layer framework. In each of the 1:2 salts formed by racemic tartaric acid with piperazine [(VI), monoclinic P2(1)/n, Z' = 0.5] and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) [(VII), monoclinic P2(1)/n, Z' = 0.5], the cation lies across a centre of inversion, with the [(HN(CH(2)CH(2))(3)NH)(2+)] cation disordered over two sets of sites: in both (VI) and (VII) the anions form a three-dimensional framework encapsulating large voids which accommodate the cations. The salt formed between DABCO and (2R,3R)-tartaric acid [(VIII), orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1), Z' = 1] has 3:4 stoichiometry and contains four different types of ion, [(HN(CH(2)CH(2))(3)NH)(2+)](2).[N(CH(2)CH(2))(3)NH](+).3(C(4)H(5)O(6))(-).C(4)H(4)O(6)(2-): the hard hydrogen bonds generate a three-dimensional framework.
A Circular Polarization Selective Surface for Space Applications (2015)

In this paper, an LHCPSS based on the Pierrot cell has been theoretically studied and demonstrated experimentally. Design guidelines are given and an accurate fabrication process has been developed. Measurements of a fabricated prototype exhibit performance compliant with the requirements for space applications over a limited bandwidth. Axial ratio and insertion loss smaller than 1 and 0.5 dB, respectively, over a 7% bandwidth have been achieved at 9.8 GHz. Wider bandwidths with low axial ratio are possible by relaxing the requirements in terms of insertion loss.
VIBES: fast blockchain simulations for large-scale peer-to-peer networks (2017)

Following the success of Bitcoin, Ethereum and Hyperledger, blockchains are now gaining widespread adoption in a wide variety of applications, using a diversity of distributed ledger systems with varying characteristics. Yet, beyond the original bitcoin protocol, the safety and reliability properties of such systems are not sufficiently analyzed. To better understand the behavior of these systems, we propose VIBES: a configurable blockchain simulator for large scale peer-to-peer networks. With VIBES, users can explore important characteristics and metrics of the network, reason about interactions between nodes, and compare different scenarios in an intuitive way. VIBES differentiates itself from previous works in its ability to simulate blockchain systems beyond bitcoin and its support for large-scale simulations with thousands of nodes.
Vibrating systems and their equivalent circuits (1991)

1. Equivalent Electrical Circuits of Thin Diaphragms. Circular diaphragms. Equivalent circuit of a thin annular diaphragm. Thin rectangular diaphragms. A thin diaphragm as part of an electrostatic transducer. Quasistatic stability of a single-acting transducer. Stability of a push-pull transducer. Electrostatic transducer with a thin annular diaphragm. 2. Equivalent Circuits of Thin Plates and Bars. Circular plates. Equivalent circuit of a thin flexuarally vibrating circular plate clamped at the edge. Equivalent circuit of a circular plate supported at the edge. Transverse vibrations of bars and their equivalent circuits. A uniform bar of rectangular cross-section: clamped at both ends supported at both ends clamped at one end and free at the other. Longitudinal vibrations of thin rods. Longitudinal vibration of a free-free bar with structural damping. Longitudinal vibrations of a free-clamped bar with structural damping. 3. Solid-State Waveguides of Uniform and Non-Uniform Cross-Section. Hyperbolic waveguides. Wave equation of a hyperbolic waveguide. A hyperbolic divergent waveguide of finite length. Hyperbolic divergent waveguide of infinite length. Exponential waveguide of finite length. Input impedance of convergent and divergent exponential waveguides of infinite length. Conical waveguide of finite length. Wave equation of a conical waveguide. Convergent conical waveguide. Divergent conical waveguide. Analogue circuit of a solid-state waveguide. The effect of transverse displacements in a mechanical waveguide with a longitudinal wave. Wave equation of a waveguide with transverse contraction. The measurement of dispersion in a cylindrical waveguide. Waveguides of non-uniform cross-section. Bessel waveguides. A Bessel waveguide of: finite length infinite length. Some applications of equivalent circuits of solid-state waveguides. Waveguides of constant cross-section. Waveguides of non-uniform cross-section. Piezoelectric transducer with waveguides. 4. Acoustic Systems with Distributed Elements. Acoustic waveguides. Equivalent circuits for air-gaps. Air-gap with a centric opening. Air-gap with an opening on the circumference. Air-gap at low frequencies. Air-gap with an annular opening. Air-gap under a rectangular diaphragm. Impedance of an air-gap between two parallel planes. Resistance of an air-gap under: a rectangular diaphragm a circular diaphragm. Resistance of an air-gap between two parallel planes at low pressure. Applications of the theory of acoustic waveguides. Divergent conical horn of infinite length. Hyperbolic divergent waveguide of infinite length. Hyperbolic waveguide of finite length terminated by an infinitely long conical waveguide. Waveguide of finite length terminated by an infinite impedance. Bibliography. Index.
Fe - 36wt% Ni 인바합금의 산화막 형성에 관한 연구 (1994)

Oxide layers of an Fe-36wt%Ni Invar alloy produced by heating the specimen in air in the temperature range between 560℃ and 700℃ were investigated. According to XRD and AES analysis the oxide layers were composed of thin Fe₂O₃ on the surface, thick Fe_(3-x)Ni_xO₄(0≤x≤1) in the middle and thin NiO near the phase boundary. A thermodynamic evaluation has revealed that the Fe_(3-x)Ni_xO₄ layer is formed by the reaction of FeO with Ni which was enriched to a concentration above 70 at% through preferred oxidation of Fe at the initial stage of oxidation. NiO can be formed, on the other hand, by the reaction between Fe₂NiO₄ and Ni when the concentration of Ni reached over 90 at%. From the results of the XRD and AES analysis as well as the thermodynamic evaluation, the oxidation process of an Fe-36wt%Ni Invar alloy is proposed.
<i>FOXA1</i> Is a Potential Oncogene in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (2009)

FOXA1 is overexpressed in aggressive thyroid cancers and involved in cell cycle progression in an ATC cell line. Therefore, FOXA1 may be an important oncogene in thyroid tumorigenesis and a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancers.
Workload-Aware DRAM Error Prediction using Machine Learning (2019)

The aggressive scaling of technology may have helped to meet the growing demand for higher memory capacity and density, but has also made DRAM cells more prone to errors. Such a reality triggered a lot of interest in modeling DRAM behavior for either predicting the errors in advance or for adjusting DRAM circuit parameters to achieve a better tradeoff between energy efficiency and reliability. Existing modeling efforts may have studied the impact of few operating parameters and temperature on DRAM reliability using custom FPGAs setups, however they neglected the combined effect of workload-specific features that can be systematically investigated only on a real system. In this paper, we present the results of our study on workload-dependent DRAM error behavior within a real server considering various operating parameters, such as the refresh rate, voltage and temperature. We show that the rate of single- and multi-bit errors may vary across workloads by 8x, indicating that program inherent features can affect DRAM reliability significantly. Based on this observation, we extract 249 features, such as the memory access rate, the rate of cache misses, the memory reuse time and data entropy, from various compute-intensive, caching and analytics benchmarks. We apply several supervised learning methods to construct the DRAM error behavior model for 72 server-grade DRAM chips using the memory operating parameters and extracted program inherent features. Our results show that, with an appropriate choice of program features and supervised learning method, the rate of single- and multi-bit errors can be predicted for a specific DRAM module with an average error of less than 10.5 %, as opposed to the 2.9x estimation error obtained for a conventional workload-unaware error model. Our model enables designers to predict DRAM errors in advance for less than a second and study the impact of any workload and applied software optimizations on DRAM reliability.
A new structure of the 2-D silicon retina (1995)

A new silicon retina is proposed to realize the functions of the vertebrate retina. In the proposed silicon retina, each basic cell consists of two separated bipolar phototransistors only. The smooth function of the horizontal cell in the vertebrate retina is efficiently achieved by the diffusion and redistribution of the photogenerated excess carriers in the common base region of the phototransistors. Thus, the structure of the new silicon retina is very simple and compact. It can be easily implemented in both CMOS and BiCMOS technologies with a small chip area. A 2-D array of 32*32 new silicon retina cells has been designed and fabricated in 0.8 /spl mu/m N-well CMOS process. Experimental results show that the new silicon retina is capable of extracting the edge of the image and detecting the moving object.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cardiac imaging techniques: which, when, and why (1996)

SUMMARY Although a variety of cardiac imaging methods are available, their effective use requires knowledge of their underlying principles, clinical applications, potential pitfalls, and expense. This review outlines, for the generalist, the basics of echocardiography, nuclear imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and provides insight into their appropriate use.
Diluent effects on molecular motions and glass transition in polymers. I. Polystyrene–toluene (1975)

Abstract The effects of diluent on molecular motions and glass transition in the polystyrene–toluene system was studied by means of dielectric, thermal, and NMR measurements. Three dielectric relaxations were observed between 80 and 400°K. On the basis of NMR measurements on solutions in toluene and in deuterated toluene, relaxation processes were assigned to segmental motions of polystyrene, rotations of toluene, and the local motions of polystyrene and toluene in order of appearance from the high‐temperature side. The concentration dependence of the relaxation strength and of the activation energy for the primary relaxation (that at the highest temperature) show a step increment at about 50% by weight. The activation plots for the primary process were expressed by the Vogel–Tamman equation. With this equation, the temperatures at which the mean dielectric relaxation time becomes 100 sec is determined. This agrees well with the glass‐transition temperature T g and hence T g in concentrated solution is expressed by in terms of the parameters A, B , and T 0 of the Vogel–Tamman equation. The values of A and B are, respectively, about 12 and 0.65 and independent of the concentration. The physical meaning of these parameters is discussed.
Serum Levels of Soluble Mesothelin-Related Peptides in Malignant and Nonmalignant Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease: Relation with Past Asbestos Exposure (2009)

These data attest to good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of SMRP for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. We have also shown that serum SMRP levels might serve as a marker of asbestos exposure.
Effect of Antioxidant Therapy on Blood Pressure and NO Synthase Expression in Hypertensive Rats (2000)

Earlier studies have demonstrated evidence for increased reactive oxygen species, enhanced NO synthase (NOS) expression, and elevated NO production in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Given the negative-feedback regulation of NOS by NO, we hypothesized that enhanced NO inactivation by ROS may contribute to compensatory upregulation of NOS in SHR. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Eight-week-old male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated for 3 weeks with either a placebo or the potent antioxidant, lazaroid (desmethyltirilazad, 10 mg. kg(-1). d(-1), by gastric gavage). Tail arterial blood pressure, urinary excretion of NO metabolites (ie, nitrate and nitrite), and immunodetectable NOS isotype proteins in the vascular, renal, cardiac, and cerebral tissues were measured. The placebo-treated SHR group showed a marked elevation of blood pressure and a significant upregulation of aorta, kidney, and cardiac tissue endothelial and inducible NOS (eNOS and iNOS, respectively) proteins and of brain and renal tissue neuronal NOS. Lazaroid therapy ameliorated hypertension and mitigated the upregulation of eNOS and iNOS in vascular, renal, and cardiac tissues but had limited effect on the expression of renal and brain neuronal NOS. In contrast, lazaroid therapy had no effect on blood pressure, urinary nitrate and nitrite excretion, or tissue NOS isotype expressions in the Wistar-Kyoto group. These findings support the role of oxidative stress in the genesis and/or maintenance of hypertension and compensatory upregulation of the expression of eNOS and iNOS in SHR.
Pituitary Cushing's disease without adenoma (1980)

Recent reports of patients with Cushing's disease who have been explored via the transsphenoidal route indicate that the great majority has pituitary adenomas. We report a patient with biochemically documented pituitary-based hypercortisolism who had a clinical and biochemical remission following hypophysectomy. Serial sections of the pituitary tissue removed showed hyperplasia of corticotroph cells but no adenoma. Hypophysectomy was complete as documented by serum levels of FSH, LH, TSH, prolactin, hGH and ACTH at the lower limits of the respective assays, with no response to appropriate stimuli. This case demonstrates that a minority of patients with Cushing's disease has corticotroph cell hyperplasia without a pituitary adenoma.
Differences in the RNA binding sites of iron regulatory proteins and potential target diversity. (1996)

Posttranscriptional regulation of genes of mammalian iron metabolism is mediated by the interaction of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) with RNA stem-loop sequence elements known as iron-responsive elements (IREs). There are two identified IRPs, IRP1 and IRP2, each of which binds consensus IREs present in eukaryotic transcripts with equal affinity. Site-directed mutagenesis of IRP1 and IRP2 reveals that, although the binding affinities for consensus IREs are indistinguishable, the contributions of arginine residues in the active-site cleft to the binding affinity are different in the two RNA binding sites. Furthermore, although each IRP binds the consensus IRE with high affinity, each IRP also binds a unique alternative ligand, which was identified in an in vitro systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment procedure. Differences in the two binding sites may be important in the function of the IRE-IRP regulatory system.
Linguistic Ability in Early Life and Cognitive Function and Alzheimer's Disease in Late Life (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine if linguistic ability in early life is associated with cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. <h3>Design.</h3> —Two measures of linguistic ability in early life, idea density and grammatical complexity, were derived from autobiographies written at a mean age of 22 years. Approximately 58 years later, the women who wrote these autobiographies participated in an assessment of cognitive function, and those who subsequently died were evaluated neuropathologically. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Convents in the United States participating in the Nun Study; primarily convents in the Milwaukee, Wis, area. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Cognitive function was investigated in 93 participants who were aged 75 to 95 years at the time of their assessments, and Alzheimer's disease was investigated in the 14 participants who died at 79 to 96 years of age. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Seven neuropsychological tests and neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. <h3>Results.</h3> —Low idea density and low grammatical complexity in autobiographies written in early life were associated with low cognitive test scores in late life. Low idea density in early life had stronger and more consistent associations with poor cognitive function than did low grammatical complexity. Among the 14 sisters who died, neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease was present in all of those with low idea density in early life and in none of those with high idea density. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Low linguistic ability in early life was a strong predictor of poor cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1996;275:528-532)