gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical Characteristics of Ultra-Fine Trench Isolation Fabricated by a New Two-Step Filling Process (1996)

An ultra-fine trench isolation with superior electrical properties was formed using a new fabrication process. A void-free shape and sufficient thickness of the field oxide were realized by two-step filling using tetraethyl-ortho-silicate (TEOS) oxide as the lower layer and high-density CVD-SiO 2 as the upper capping layer. The breakdown voltages were as high as 7.7 V, even for an isolation space as narrow as 0.13 µm. The subthreshold characteristics of the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) isolated by the trench were kink-free. The threshold voltage of the parasitic MOSFET, furthermore, was more than 6 V, even without a channel stop implant to suppress punch-through.
Formation and Characteristics of Cu Colloids from CuO Powder by Laser Irradiation in 2-Propanol (1999)

The laser ablation technique has been employed to prepare Cu colloids from CuO powder in 2-propanol using wavelengths of 1064 and 532 nm. The copper colloids resulting from 1064 nm irradiation were conspicuously stable under aerobic conditions without any protective agent present. In addition to Cu particles, the formation of oxidized product, acetone, from 2-propanol was detected by gas chromatography. The discrepancy in the Cu colloidal formation between 1064 and 532 nm was analyzed on the basis of the absorptive ability of CuO powder, the results of the power dependence, and the measurements of the dose effect. The process of photoinduced coalescence that formed larger spherical particles was found to be wavelength-dependent. The stability of the Cu colloids could be the result of their near-perfect spherical shape and the effect of their larger size.
Die drawing technology of high molecular weight polyethylene (1993)

Abstract A comprehensive investigation of the die drawing technology of a high molecular weight polythylene (HMWPE) rod has been carried out. The effect of draw temperature, draw speed, nominal draw ratio, and exit diameter of the dies has been studied. The oriented HMWPE products were characterized mainly by the determination of the three‐point bend modulus and the tensile strength. The tensile strength and the modulus of the drawn HMWPE rod could reach 700 MPa and 18 GPa, respectively. In addition, it was found that forced cooling at the die exit was essential when drawing billets with large section areas. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Botnet Detection using Machine Learning Techniques- An Overview (2022)

Many bot-based attacks have been recorded globally in recent years. To carry out their harmful actions, they mostly use infected devices and systems. Because of the frequency of these attacks, people are more aware of the need of bot detection in network security. Machine learning based botnet detection is a tool that can detect the presence of bots on a network. It does so by analyzing the data collected from a targeted machine. The data collected includes scenarios where the traffic was normal and the bots were present. Botnet detection is dangerous in a network because bots have an influence on a variety of domains, including cyber security, finance, health care, law enforcement, and more. Botnets are getting progressively composite and unsafe, and most existing rule-based and flow-based detection systems may not be capable of identifying bot activity efficiently and effectively. Botnet analysis is used to determine the type and nature of an attack. This can be done using a variety of machine learning algorithms. The system can help in educating people understand the importance of security and be used as a base for creating real time systems.
Primary and secondary structure of the 18S ribosomal RNA of the bird spider <i>Eurypelma californica</i> and evolutionary relationships among eukaryotic phyla (1988)

The primary structure of the 18S rRNA of the bird spider Eurypelma californica has been determined in the framework of a study of metazoan phylogeny on the basis of ribosomal RNA structure. A secondary-structure model was derived by comparison of the sequence with that of 43 other eukaryotic small-ribosomal-subunit RNA sequences presently available. This comparison allows a rather detailed secondary-structure pattern to be postulated for a eukaryote-specific area of highly variable sequence and length for which no consensus model has hitherto been attained. A dendrogram, reflecting evolutionary relationships among the 40 eukaryotic species of known 18S rRNA structure, was constructed by a matrix method selecting the best-fitting tree on the basis of a least-squares criterion. The tree shows an early divergence of a microsporidium, an euglenoid, kinetoplastids and a slime mold. Among the remaining species, two main clusters are distinguishable, one comprising the Ciliata, the other comprising Metazoa, green plants, fungi and several protists. Among the Metazoa, the three phyla presently investigated, viz. Chordata, Arthropoda and Nemathelminthes, are distinguishable as three separate lines of descent.
[Effects of Lycium barbarum L and Drynaria fortunei J Smith on in vitro attachment and growth of human gingival fibroblasts on root surfaces]. (1992)

In this study, the effects of Lycium barbarum L and Drynarna fortunei J Smith on in vitro attachment and growth of human gingival fibroblasts to root surfaces were investigated. The results revealed that the above herbs at dose of 1.25 mg/ml could improve attachment and growth of fibroblast, on the planed diseased root surfaces to a certain extent. When exposed to Lycium brabrum L cells on the diseased root surfaces increased markedly in number, with more even distribution, better spread, and more exuberant growth. Drynaria fortunei J Smith was not as potent as Lycium brabarum L. The results suggest that the two drugs may improve the formation of new attachment of periodontal tissue.
The Osteogenic Potential of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cells Is Maintained with Aging (2005)

Although biologic differences exist between adipose-derived mesenchymal cells from juveniles and adults, the osteogenic capacity of these cells appears to be minimally affected by donor age. This suggests that these cells may be a particularly useful cellular resource in the design of cell-based therapies for skeletal regeneration in an aging population.
Dial m for money (2002)

This paper develops different models, using which the Wireless Service Providers (WSPs) can provide Payment Services to its subscriber base. The subscribers can use their prepaid or post-paid accounts for making purchases in a manner similar to using debit cards or credit cards.
Spectrophotometry of tissue thromboplastin in cerebrospinal fluid. (1981)

We describe a two-stage method for measuring thromboplastin in cerebrospinal fluid, based on the amidolytic determination of the generation rate of Factor Xa. We investigated the effect of variations in the duration of incubation, and in pH, temperature, and concentrations of calcium, buffer, and prothrombin complex (source of Factors VII and X). Optimal assay conditions are specified. The detection limit is 6 units/L and the results indicate an upper limit of normal of 14 units/L. The coefficients of variation were 7.7% within-day and 9.2--16.0% day-to-day, depending on the concentration.
Multi-excitation Magnetoacoustic Tomography With Magnetic Induction for Bioimpedance Imaging (2010)

Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is an imaging approach proposed to conduct noninvasive electrical conductivity imaging of biological tissue with high spatial resolution. In the present study, based on the analysis of the relationship between the conductivity distribution and the generated MAT-MI acoustic source, we propose a new multi-excitation MAT-MI approach and the corresponding reconstruction algorithms. In the proposed method, multiple magnetic excitations using different coil configurations are employed and ultrasound measurements corresponding to each excitation are collected to derive the conductivity distribution inside the sample. A modified reconstruction algorithm is also proposed for the multi-excitation MAT-MI imaging approach when only limited bandwidth acoustic measurements are available. Computer simulation and phantom experiment studies have been done to demonstrate the merits of the proposed method. It is shown that if unlimited bandwidth acoustic data is available, we can accurately reconstruct the internal conductivity contrast of an object using the proposed method. With limited bandwidth data and the use of the modified algorithm we can reconstruct the relative conductivity contrast of an object instead of only boundaries at the conductivity heterogeneity. Benefits that come with this new method include better differentiation of tissue types with conductivity contrast using the MAT-MI approach, specifically for potential breast cancer screening application in the future.
Parsimonious Asset Allocation (2009)

What can be done with fewer assumptions is done in vain with more. —William of Occam, c. 1288–c. 1348
Type VI secretion system translocates a phage tail spike-like protein into target cells where it cross-links actin (2007)

Genes encoding type VI secretion systems (T6SS) are widely distributed in pathogenic Gram-negative bacterial species. In Vibrio cholerae, T6SS have been found to secrete three related proteins extracellularly, VgrG-1, VgrG-2, and VgrG-3. VgrG-1 can covalently cross-link actin in vitro, and this activity was used to demonstrate that V. cholerae can translocate VgrG-1 into macrophages by a T6SS-dependent mechanism. Protein structure search algorithms predict that VgrG-related proteins likely assemble into a trimeric complex that is analogous to that formed by the two trimeric proteins gp27 and gp5 that make up the baseplate "tail spike" of Escherichia coli bacteriophage T4. VgrG-1 was shown to interact with itself, VgrG-2, and VgrG-3, suggesting that such a complex does form. Because the phage tail spike protein complex acts as a membrane-penetrating structure as well as a conduit for the passage of DNA into phage-infected cells, we propose that the VgrG components of the T6SS apparatus may assemble a "cell-puncturing device" analogous to phage tail spikes to deliver effector protein domains through membranes of target host cells.
Fabrication of low-cost submicron patterned polymeric replica mold with high elastic modulus over a large area (2011)

Low cost submicron patterning technique to fabricate a large area polymeric replica mold using an ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) technique is reported. A photo-curable polyurethane-acrylate (PUA) precursor was densified via UV light in order to form a solid polymeric replica mold and to maximise its stability, yet stable mechanical properties with different UV-exposure times were studied using a nanoindentation method as a function of the penetration depth during the loading–unloading cycles. The PUA replica mold demonstrated very high mechanical properties of hardness (0.15 GPa) and elastic modulus (2.7 GPa) due to the increased cross-linking density of the PUA precursor at an optimized UV-exposure time of 600 s. The PUA replica mold demonstrated potential for the fabrication of multi-scale line-and-space patterns with sizes of 350 nm or less with good uniformity and reproducibility over large areas. The replication of the polymeric mold with high durability and excellent mechanical properties can be economically valuable to physical contact nanolithography processes for the high throughput fabrication of micro- and nanodevices.
In-depth Exploration of Cerebrospinal Fluid by Combining Peptide Ligand Library Treatment and Label-free Protein Quantification (2010)

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the biological fluid in closest contact with the brain and thus contains proteins of neural cell origin. Hence, CSF is a biochemical window into the brain and is particularly attractive for the search for biomarkers of neurological diseases. However, as in the case of other biological fluids, one of the main analytical challenges in proteomic characterization of the CSF is the very wide concentration range of proteins, largely exceeding the dynamic range of current analytical approaches. Here, we used the combinatorial peptide ligand library technology (ProteoMiner) to reduce the dynamic range of protein concentration in CSF and unmask previously undetected proteins by nano-LC-MS/MS analysis on an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. This method was first applied on a large pool of CSF from different sources with the aim to better characterize the protein content of this fluid, especially for the low abundance components. We were able to identify 1212 proteins in CSF, and among these, 745 were only detected after peptide library treatment. However, additional difficulties for clinical studies of CSF are the low protein concentration of this fluid and the low volumes typically obtained after lumbar puncture, precluding the conventional use of ProteoMiner with large volume columns for treatment of patient samples. The method has thus been optimized to be compatible with low volume samples. We could show that the treatment is still efficient with this miniaturized protocol and that the dynamic range of protein concentration is actually reduced even with small amounts of beads, leading to an increase of more than 100% of the number of identified proteins in one LC-MS/MS run. Moreover, using a dedicated bioinformatics analytical work flow, we found that the method is reproducible and applicable for label-free quantification of series of samples processed in parallel.
Predictors of developmental dyslexia in European orthographies with varying complexity (2012)

Findings are largely consistent with the literature on predictors of dyslexia and literacy skills, while uniquely demonstrating how orthographic complexity exacerbates some symptoms of dyslexia.
Detection of cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with operable breast cancer (2009)

The detection of CK-19 mRNA-positive CTCs using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) both before and after chemotherapy is correlated with the detection of CK-19 mRNA-positive DTCs in patients with early-stage breast cancer. The determination of the CTC status by RT-PCR conveys clinically relevant information that is not inferior to DTC status and, owing to the ease of sampling, warrants further evaluation as a tool for monitoring minimal residual disease.
In Remembrance: Kaido Keerdo Estonian Demining Expert Killed in Libya (2012)

As efforts to clear landmines and other explosive remnants of war from Libya continue, international deminers risk their lives to eliminate the risks to people in the area. On 3 March 2012, a suspected Type 84 anti-tank mine, a Chinese-made cluster munition, killed civilian contractor Kaido Keerdo in Dafniya, 180 kilometers (112 miles) from the Libyan capital of Tripoli. Although Estonia's Government has not deployed any demining specialists to Libya, Estonian mine-expert Keerdo was working for DanChurchAid as a demining technician after having served six years with an explosive-ordnance disposal unit in the Estonian military.
Orientation of Hydraulic Fracture Initiation from Perforated Horizontal Wellbores (2019)

Abstract The orientation of hydraulic fractures controls the productivity from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Productivity from low permeability formations is greatly improved having multiple fractures oriented transversely rather than longitudinally, relative to a horizontal wellbore. Analytical approximations from the literature for the longitudinal and transverse fracturing stresses are modified to incorporate pore pressure effects and then used to develop a criterion for the orientation of fractures initiating from perforated wells. The validity of this criterion is assessed numerically and is found to overestimate transverse fracture initiation, which occurs under a narrow range of conditions; when the formation tensile strength is below a critical value and the breakdown pressure within a "window." In horizontal wells, it is easier to achieve longitudinal fracture initiation, as transverse fracture initiation only occurs over a narrow wellbore pressure-at-breakdown window, while longitudinal fracture initiation occurs at comparatively higher wellbore pressures. The numerical study shows that in contradiction with existing analytical approximations, the tangential stress which induces transverse fracture initiation, is a stronger function of wellbore pressure just as the stress inducing longitudinal fracture initiation is. This reduces the breakdown pressure window for transverse fracture initiation compared to what the derived analytical approximations predict. Furthermore, this creates an additional constraint for transverse fracture initiation; the critical tensile strength value, which determines the maximum tensile strength for which transverse fracture initiation is possible for a given stress state. The range of the in-situ stress states where transverse fracture initiation is promoted can be visualized in dimensionless plots for perforated wells. This is useful for completion engineers; when targeting low permeability formations, wells must be made to induce multiple transverse fractures. A numerical simulation scheme performed on several stress states demonstrates frequent occurrence of longitudinal fracture initiation, implying that the propagating fracture re-orients in the near-wellbore region to become aligned perpendicular to the least compressive in-situ principal stress. This is the cause of near-wellbore tortuosity, which in turn is a cause completions and production-related problems, such as early screenouts and post-stimulation well underperformance.
Analysis of the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke by Gas Chromatography Coupled with UV-Diode Array Detection (2006)

A gas chromatography method, coupled with diode array photometric spectral detection in the ultraviolet region (167-330 nm), was developed for the analysis of the gas phase of cigarette smoke. The method enabled us to identify more than 20 volatiles present in the vapor phase of cigarette smoke. In that way, all major volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes, conjugated dienes, ketones, sulfides, furans, and single-ring aromatics), as well as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), can be analyzed in a straightforward manner through a single chromatographic run of <50-min duration. The method can easily be applied by the introduction of a small volume of the gas-phase stream into the GC injection loop directly through the smoking apparatus exhaust circuit, thus providing an excellent alternative to available methods, which usually require extraction or concentration steps prior to any chromatographic analysis. Furthermore, all problems concerning aging of the gas phase are eliminated. Twelve compounds (including NO) were chosen for quantification through the use of appropriate calibration standards. Comparison of the vapor phase yields of these compounds for the reference cigarette Kentucky 1R4F with already reported data indicates that this method is very reliable as far as accuracy and reproducibility of the results are concerned. Finally, the proposed methodology was used to compare the concentration of these cigarette smoke gas-phase constituents among individual puffs.
Platelet integrins and immunoreceptors (2007)

Stable platelet adhesion to extracellular matrices and the formation of a hemostatic or pathological thrombus are dependent on integrin alphaIIbbeta3, also known as GPIIb-IIIa. However, maximal platelet responses to vascular injury may involve the participation of other integrins expressed in platelets (alphaVbeta3, alpha2beta1, alpha5beta1, and alpha6beta1). Platelet membrane 'immunoreceptors' contain at least one subunit with an extracellular immunoglobulin superfamily domain and/or an intracellular stimulatory immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). Platelet ITAM receptors, such as FcgammaRIIA and the GPVI-FcRgamma complex, promote activation of integrins, while ITIM receptors, such as platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, may promote their inhibition. This review summarizes the structure and function of platelet integrins and immunoreceptors, the emerging functional relationships between these receptor classes, and the consequences of their interaction for platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis.
Inosculation of Tissue-Engineered Capillaries with the Host's Vasculature in a Reconstructed Skin Transplanted on Mice (2005)

The major limitation for the application of an autologous in vitro tissue-engineered reconstructed skin (RS) for the treatment of burnt patients is the delayed vascularization of its relatively thick dermal avascular component, which may lead to graft necrosis. We have developed a human endothelialized reconstructed skin (ERS), combining keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells (EC) in a collagen sponge. This skin substitute then spontaneously forms a network of capillary-like structures (CLS) in vitro. After transplantation to nude mice, we demonstrated that CLS containing mouse blood were observed underneath the epidermis in the ERS in less than 4 days, a delay comparable to our human skin control. In comparison, a 14-day period was necessary to achieve a similar result with the non-endothelialized RS. Furthermore, no mouse blood vessels were ever observed close to the epidermis before 14 days in the ERS and the RS. We thus concluded that the early vascularization observed in the ERS was most probably the result of inosculation of the CLS network with the host's capillaries, rather than neovascularization, which is a slower process. These results open exciting possibilities for the clinical application of many other tissue-engineered organs requiring a rapid vascularization.
The mouse as a model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) (1990)

An EAU model has been developed in the mouse using the retinal soluble antigen (SAg), and the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Immunogenetic studies indicate that sensitivity to disease is H-2 dependent, but some data suggest that non-MHC genes may also contribute to the regulation of EAU. IRBP was a more potent uveitogen than SAg. Ability to mount lymphocyte and antibody responses was exhibited both by EAU-susceptible and by EAU-resistant strains, and could not be used as a predictive parameter. Dependence of disease induction on variables of immunization was studied in B10.A mice (I-Ak) immunized with IRBP. Use of Bordetella pertussis as additional adjuvant was a prerequisite for successful disease induction. Use of purified pertussis toxin (PTX), rather than a suspension of pertussis bacteria, allowed reduction of the immunization protocol to a single dose of IRBP in CFA. Severity and incidence of disease, as well as its clinical course, were directly affected by the dose of antigen and PTX, and could be controlled by varying their respective doses. A spectrum of disease, from hyperacute to chronic, could be obtained. The chronic type of EAU tended to relapse, with lesions reappearing after a brief period of essential quiescence. The special advantages of the murine EAU model for the study of ocular autoimmunity are discussed.
Hexafluoroalcohol (HFA) containing molecular resist materials for high-resolution lithographic applications (2011)

Molecular glass resists have gained attention for the past decade as a potential platform for high resolution lithography. Several molecular resist materials based on the calix[4]resorcinarene system have been developed. Though this molecular system is very versatile, there are several challenges with the synthesis and processing of these materials. The difficulty to synthesize a monodipserse unit, the poor solubility in casting solvents and incompatibility with conventional developer are some noted challenges. We have addressed these issues by designing a new calix[4]resorcinarene resist material with hexafluro alcohol (HFA) units. The resist platform has been evaluated with e-beam and EUV lithography.