gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Static Magnetic Fields Dampen Focused Ultrasound–mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening (2021)

Background Focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles has been used in clinical studies for blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening in conjunction with MRI. However, the impact of the static magnetic field generated by an MRI scanner on the BBB opening outcome has not been evaluated. Purpose To determine the relationship of the static magnetic field of an MRI scanner on focused ultrasound combined with microbubble-induced BBB opening. Materials and Methods Thirty wild-type mice were divided into four groups. Mice from different groups were sonicated with focused ultrasound in different static magnetic fields (approximately 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.7 T), with all other experimental parameters kept the same. Focused ultrasound sonication was performed after intravenous injection of microbubbles. Microbubble cavitation activity, the fundamental -physical mechanism underlying focused ultrasound BBB opening, was monitored with passive cavitation detection. After sonication, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI was performed to assess BBB opening outcome. Intravenously injected Evans blue was used as a model agent to evaluate trans-BBB delivery efficiency. Results The microbubble cavitation dose decreased by an average of 2.1 dB at 1.5 T (<i>P</i> = .05), 2.9 dB at 3.0 T (<i>P</i> = .01), and 3.0 dB at 4.7 T (<i>P</i> = .01) compared with that outside the magnetic field (approximately 0 T). The static magnetic field of an MRI scanner decreased BBB opening volume in mice by 3.2-fold at 1.5 T (<i>P</i> < .001), 4.5-fold at 3.0 T (<i>P</i> < .001), and 11.6-fold at 4.7 T (<i>P</i> <.001) compared with mice treated outside the magnetic field. It also decreased Evans blue trans-BBB delivery 1.4-fold at 1.5 T (<i>P</i> = .009), 1.6-fold at 3.0 T (<i>P</i> < .001), and 1.9-fold at 4.7 T (<i>P</i> < .001). Conclusion Static magnetic fields dampened microbubble cavitation activity and decreased trans-blood-brain barrier (BBB) delivery by focused ultrasound combined with microbubble-induced BBB opening. © RSNA, 2021 <i>An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared online. This article was corrected on July 8, 2021.</i>
Using checksum to reduce power consumption of display systems for low-motion content (2009)

Power consumption of the display subsytem has been a relatively less explored area compared to other components of a mobile device including computing, storage, and networking units, although the former often constitutes one of the most power-hungry portions of the system. Typical applications on a mobile device such as Web browsing and text editing tend to have rather static image content; each frame hardly changes from the previous one. Efficiently detecting and handling no-motion scenarios is thus critical to extend the battery life. This paper focuses on image change detection. We propose to use checksum to detect image changes. Specifically, CRC hardware is used to optimize the power consumption of (1) refresh of a local display and (2) data compression for wireless remote display. Compared with a traditional, pixel-by-pixel comparison approach, using checksum for image change detection is not only fast, but also reduces accesses to the frame buffer, resulting in significant power savings. We have built a FPGA prototype to verify that CRC can capture image changes well enough to ensure a ¿visually lossless¿ quality.
Wireless Headstage for Neural Prosthetics (2005)

The continuous monitoring of electrical brain activity with implanted electrodes is essential for understanding the neural substrates of many physiological and pathological brain functions. Although this is done in some patients before undergoing surgical treatment, such recordings are extremely difficult in experimental animals, particularly in small rodents. The wires from the implanted electrodes restrain and interfere with the natural behavior of the animals. Consequently, it has been impossible to correlate truly normal behavior with neuronal activity. In addition, it would be ideal if brain activity could be monitored while animals live in a natural and enriched environment. A neural prosthetic device is comprised of a hardware system that records neural activity from the brain and then decodes it into control signals that in turn can be used to move robotic devices or muscles. Today's neural prosthetic devices typically use tethered headstage connections that interface the brain headstage electronics to the remote spike sorting processors located at the controlled devices. In this paper we present the circuits, layouts and test data for a multi-channel wireless headstage system which includes the headstage transmitter and receiver components
A Game Theory Based Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Personal Area Networks (2015)

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the presence of congestion increases the ratio of packet loss and energy consumption and reduces the network throughput. Particularly, this situation will be more complex in Internet of Things (IoT) environment, which is composed of thousands of heterogeneous nodes. RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol in low power and lossy networks standardized by IETF. However, the RPL can induce problems under network congestion, such as frequently parent changing and throughput degradation. In this paper, we address the congestion problem between parent nodes and child nodes in RPL-enabled networks, which typically consist of low power and resource constraint devices. To mitigate the effect of network congestion, we design a parent-change procedure by game theory strategy, by which the child nodes can change next hop neighbors toward the sink. Comparing to the ContikiRPL implementation, the simulation results show that our protocol can achieve more than two times improvement in throughput and reduce packet loss rate with less increasing of average hop count.
Preparation and evaluation of a doubly tethered chiral stationary phase based on (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid (2005)

A new doubly tethered chiral stationary phase (CSP) was prepared to enhance CSP stability as well as to take advantage of the tertiary amide linkage by bonding (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid to bis(3-aminopropyl)silica gel. The new CSP was quite effective in the resolution of alpha-amino acids, beta-amino acids, amino alcohols, and amines and the chromatographic resolution behaviors of the new CSP were exactly consistent with those of the corresponding singly tethered CSP containing N-CH3 tertiary amide linkage. Direct comparison between the stabilities of the new CSP and the corresponding singly tethered CSP containing N-CH3 tertiary amide linkage under harsh chromatographic conditions reveals that the new CSP is more stable than the latter.
Modelling Valence and Arousal in Facebook posts (2016)

Daniel Preoţiuc-Pietro, H. Andrew Schwartz, Gregory Park, Johannes Eichstaedt, Margaret Kern, Lyle Ungar, Elisabeth Shulman. Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis. 2016.
Lexicon Infused Phrase Embeddings for Named Entity Resolution (2014)

Most state-of-the-art approaches for named-entity recognition (NER) use semi supervised information in the form of word clusters and lexicons. Recently neural network-based language models have been explored, as they as a byproduct generate highly informative vector representations for words, known as word embeddings. In this paper we present two contributions: a new form of learning word embeddings that can leverage information from relevant lexicons to improve the representations, and the first system to use neural word embeddings to achieve state-of-the-art results on named-entity recognition in both CoNLL and Ontonotes NER. Our system achieves an F1 score of 90.90 on the test set for CoNLL 2003---significantly better than any previous system trained on public data, and matching a system employing massive private industrial query-log data.
Study on the dielectric properties of (Sr.Ca)TiO/sub 3/-based ceramics for the capacitor materials (2002)

The dielectric properties of (Sr.Ca)TiO/sub 3/-based boundary layer (BL) capacitor materials were investigated. (Sr.Ca)TiO/sub 3/-based compositions were fired at 1350/spl deg/C in a N/sub 2/ atmosphere to get the based semiconductive ceramics. The Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/ was chosen for semiconductor of grain. The metal oxides of CuO were printed on the semiconductive ceramics, and those were fired at 1200/spl deg/C for the subsequent grain boundary diffusion. The grain size of the semiconductive ceramics was about 20 /spl mu/m and the apparent permittivity of the resulting material varied between 2/spl times/10/sup 4/ and 3/spl times/10/sup 4/.
Polysilphenylenesiloxane Resist with Three-Dimensional Structure (1993)

A newly designed organosilicon resist, three-dimensional structure polysilphenylenesiloxane (TSPS), had been developed for use as a high-resolution negative bi-level electron-beam or KrF-excimer laser resist. The TSPS molecule is structured as a rigid three-dimensional mesh consisting of a silphenylenesiloxane core surrounded by functional groups. The advantages of such a structure are lower degree of swelling, a high oxygen-reactive ion etching resistance, and a high softening temperature. A 0.075 μm line-and-space pattern is well-defined after electron beam exposure. TSPS can also be used as a deep-UV resist. The addition of 10% of DMPA (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone) makes TSPS's deep-UV sensitivity about 20 times that of TSPS alone. A 0.25 μm pattern can be delineated with TSPS/novolak bi-level resist systems using a KrF-excimer laser stepper (NA = 0.37).
Tuning the electrocatalytic properties of a Cu electrode with organic additives containing amine group for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction (2019)

MC could tune the electronic structure of Cu and improve the selectivity for CH<sub>4</sub> by altering the adsorption strength of the key intermediates.
Negative autoregulation of the <i>Arabidopsis</i> homeobox gene <i>ATHB‐2</i> (2001)

The Arabidopsis homeobox gene ATHB-2 is tightly regulated by light signals, and is thought to direct morphological changes during shade avoidance responses. To understand how ATHB-2 mediates light signals in plant morphogenesis, we investigated its transcriptional network. We constructed a gene encoding a chimeric transcription factor (HD-Zip-2-V-G) that is expected to activate target genes of ATHB-2 in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. In transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing HD-Zip-2-V-G, glucocorticoid treatment activates the ATHB-2 gene itself, independent of de novo protein synthesis. An in vitro DNase I-footprinting experiment showed that recombinant ATHB-2 protein specifically bound to an ATHB-2 promoter region. These complementary results indicate that ATHB-2 recognizes its own promoter. Consistent with the fact that ATHB-2 itself has been shown to act as a repressor, expression of the endogenous ATHB-2 gene was repressed in transgenic plants overexpressing an ATHB-2 transgene. Moreover, target-gene analysis using the HD-Zip-2-V-G suggested that ATHB-2 recognizes other HD-Zip II subfamily genes. We conclude that ATHB-2 has a negative autoregulatory loop and may be involved in a complicated transcriptional network involving paralogous genes, as is the case with animal homeobox genes.
Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes (1952)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of dissociation of ligand-induced dimers of vancomycin antibiotics (1997)

The thermodynamics of dissociation of vancomycin and ristocetin dimers in the presence and absence of specific ligands has been studied by direct microcalorimetry over a range of temperature, pH and ionic strength conditions in H 2 O and D 2 O. Dimerization of these antibiotics is exothermic with large temperature dependence (ΔC p ) and consequent entropy–enthalpy compensation effects that may be consistent with solvation changes associated with burial of non-polar surfaces during macromolecular association. For vancomycin, no significant ionic strength effects are observed, so non-specific electrostatic contributions are probably discounted, but pH and buffer effects on the thermodynamic parameters are consistent with hydrogen ion uptake and pK shift in the dimerization process. Vancomycin dimerization is significantly enhanced in the presence ofspecifically binding ligands: acetate, N-acetyl-D-Ala, and N α ,N ε -diacetyl-L ys-D-Ala-D-Ala, in increasing order of effectiveness.The dipeptide ligand N-acetyl-D-Ala-D-Ala promotes higher oligomerization and crystallization of the complex. Ristocetin, in contrast, displays no such ligand effects; it shows a slight reduction in dimerization in the presence of strongly binding N α ,N ε -diacetyl-L ys-D-Ala-D-Ala. This difference may reflect the need for flexibility in the antibiotic structure to allow ligand-induced aggregation. Eremomycin dimerizes strongly even in the absence of ligand. Dissociation of the vancomycin–N α ,N ε -diacetyl-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala dimer complex is slow (k diss ca. 0.005 s -1 ) and kinetics can be measured by conventional UV difference techniques.
The pinhole interface for IMS/MS (1995)

An important supplementary technique for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is mass spectrometry (MS). A mass spectrometer coupled to an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS/MS) can provide significant information on the composition of the ions contributing to an ion mobility peak. On the other hand, the interpretation of IMS/MS results requires knowledge of processes which can occur at the pinhole interface. When the ion composition is a mixture of ion clusters, the observed cluster distribution may not be an accurate representation of the ion clusters in the IMS. Depending on the buffer gas, lower clusters can form by equilibrating with reduced concentrations in the continuum regime of the expansion and larger clusters can form by collisional stabilization in the cooled jet stream. Besides water, nitrogen molecules can also add to the ion clusters. Even though nitrogen is non-polar, this addition is made possible by an ion-induced dipole interaction between the ion and molecule.
Characterization and determination of holin protein of Streptococcus suis bacteriophage SMP in heterologous host (2012)

Abstract Background Holins are a group of phage-encoded membrane proteins that control access of phage-encoded endolysins to the peptidoglycan, and thereby trigger the lysis process at a precise time point as the 'lysis clock'. SMP is an isolated and characterized Streptococcus suis lytic phage. The aims of this study were to determine the holin gene, HolSMP , in the genome of SMP, and characterized the function of holin, HolSMP, in phage infection. Results HolSMP was predicted to encode a small membrane protein with three hydrophobic transmembrane helices. During SMP infections, HolSMP was transcribed as a late gene and HolSMP accumulated harmlessly in the cell membrane before host cell lysis. Expression of HolSMP in Escherichia coli induced an increase in cytoplasmic membrane permeability, an inhibition of host cell growth and significant cell lysis in the presence of LySMP, the endolysin of phage SMP. HolSMP was prematurely triggered by the addition of energy poison to the medium. HolSMP complemented the defective λ S allele in a non-suppressing Escherichia coli strain to produce phage plaques. Conclusions Our results suggest that HolSMP is the holin protein of phage SMP and a two-step lysis system exists in SMP.
A fundamental study of chlorine dioxide bleaching of kraft pulp (1992)

The fundamentals of chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp are studied by measuring the development of the inorganic chlorine species: chloride, hypochlorous acid, chlorite, chlorine dioxide and chlorate, as well as organically bound chlorine in the pulp and bleach solution. The pulp delignification is characterized by determining the development of the concentration of methanol and methoxyl group containing material in the bleach liquor and that of the functional groups in the residual lignin.
<i>In Vitro</i> Antioxidant Activity of Pigment Extracted from Fruits of <i>Padus racemosa</i> and <i>Padus virginiana</i> (2011)

The total anthocyanin content (TAC) of pigment extracted from fruits of Padus racemosa and Padus virginiana was determined by pH-differential method. TAC in pigment from fruits of Padus racemosa was higher than that in Padus virginiana. The vitro antioxidant activity of the two kinds of pigment was evaluated by different assays, including DPPH• assay, ABTS• + assay, OH• assay and reducing power assay. The results showed that except for reducing power, pigment from fruit of Padus racemosa showed stronger ABTS• + , DPPH• and OH• radical scavenging activity than pigment from fruit of Padus virginiana. The study concluded that pigment extracted from fruit of Padus racemosa and Padus virginiana can be used as a source of natural antioxidants instead of synthetic antioxidants.
Detection of linear errors via domain testing (1992)

Domain testing attempts to find errors in the numeric expressions affecting the flow of control through a program. Intuitively, domain testing provides a systematic form of boundary value testing for the conditional statements within a program. Several forms of domain testing have been proposed, all dealing with the detection of linear errors in linear functions. Perturbation analysis has been previously developed as a measure of the volume of faults, from within a selected space of possible faults, left undetected by a test set. It is adapted here to errors and error spaces. The adapted form is used to show that the different forms of domain testing are closer in error detection ability than had been supposed. They may all be considered effective for finding linear errors in linear predicate functions. A simple extension is proposed, which allows them to detect linear errors in nonlinear predicate functions using only a single additional test point.
D-Arabinose dehydrogenase and its gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)

D-Arabinose dehydrogenase was purified 843-fold from the cytosolic fraction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a recovery of 9%. The purified enzyme gave two bands with a molecular mass of 40 and 39 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The native enzyme had a molecular mass of 74 kDa as estimated by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. Therefore, this enzyme was considered to be a heterodimer. The purified enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 10.0 and around 30 degrees C. The enzyme catalysed the oxidation of D-arabinose, L-xylose, L-fucose and L-galactose in the presence of NADP+. The apparent Km values at pH 10.0 with 50 microM NADP+ for D-arabinose, L-xylose, L-fucose, and L-galactose were 161, 24, 98 and 180 mM, respectively. The pH profile of Vmax and kcat/Km showed one ionisable groups around pH 8.3. D-Erythroascorbic acid was formed in vitro from D-arabinose by D-arabinose dehydrogenase and D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the heavy subunit was Ser-Thr-Glu-Asn-Ile-Val-Glu-Asn-Met-Leu-His-Pro-Lys-Thr-. The N-terminus of the light subunit was blocked. The obtained peptide sequence was identical to the translational product of an unknown open reading frame, YBR149W, in chromosome II of S. cerevisiae. When compared with the translational product of this open reading frame, the peptide sequence was identical to the amino acid sequences of residues 7 to 20. The first six amino acids of this open reading frame were lost in protein sequence, which may be modified post-translationally. The heavy subunit was composed of 344 amino acid residues and its deduced amino acid sequence contained the motifs I, II, and III of aldo-keto reductase and also leucine zipper motif. This enzyme is the first heterodimeric protein of aldo-keto reductase family. In the deletion mutant of this gene, D-arabinose dehydrogenase activity and D-erythroascorbic acid were not detected.
Generalized optical memory effect (2017)

The optical memory effect is a well-known type of tilt/tilt wave correlation that is observed in coherent fields, allowing control over scattered light through thin and diffusive materials. Here we show that the optical memory effect is a special case of a more general class of combined shift/tilt correlations occurring in media of arbitrary geometry. We experimentally demonstrate the existence of these correlations, and provide an analytical framework that allows us to predict and understand this class of scattering correlations. This “generalized optical memory effect” can be utilized for maximizing the imaging field-of-view of deep tissue imaging techniques such as phase conjugation and adaptive optics.
A 5 GHz 56 dB voltage gain 0.18 μm CMOS LNA with built-in tunable channel filter for direct conversion 802.11a wireless LAN receiver (2003)

A 5 GHz, 56 dB voltage gain Low Noise Amplifier with built-in tunable center frequency and 30 MHz bandwidth channel selection filter was implemented using 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Using compact high quality-factor 3-dimensional solenoid on-chip inductors, the LNA drains 0.9 mA current from the 1.5 V power supply and has 6.5 dB noise figure. The power consumption can be further reduced if a smaller gain is desirable.
P[N(<i>i</i>-Bu)CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>N:  A Versatile Ligand for the Pd-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides (2003)

[reaction: see text] Palladium-catalyzed amination reactions of aryl chlorides with amines proceeded in the presence of the bicyclic triaminophosphine P[N(i-Bu)CH(2)CH(2)](3)N to afford the corresponding arylamines in good to excellent yields. Electron-poor, electron-neutral, and electron-rich aryl chlorides all participated with equal ease.
Advances in elucidating the function of leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2 in normal cells and Parkinson's disease (2020)

Autosomal dominant missense mutations that hyperactivate the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of inherited Parkinson's disease and therapeutic efficacy of LRRK2 inhibitors is being tested in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the nuts and bolts of our current understanding of how the LRRK2 is misregulated by mutations and how pathway activity is affected by LRRK2 binding to membrane, microtubule filaments, and 14-3-3, as well as by upstream components such as Rab29 and VPS35. We discuss recent work that points toward a subset of Rab proteins comprising key physiological substrates that bind new sets of effectors, such as RILPL1/2, JIP3 and JIP4 after phosphorylation by LRRK2. We explore what is known about how LRRK2 regulates ciliogenesis, the endosomal-lysosomal system, immune responses and interplay with alpha-synuclein and tau and how this might be linked to Parkinson's' disease.