gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparison and combination of methods for OOV word detection and word confidence scoring (2002)

This paper examines an approach for combining two different methods for detecting errors in the output of a speech recognizer. The first method attempts to alleviate recognition errors by using an explicit model for detecting the presence of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. The second method identifies potentially misrecognized words from a set of confidence features extracted from the recognition process using a confidence scoring model. Since these two methods are inherently different, an approach which combines the techniques can provide significant advantages over either of the individual methods. In experiments in the JUPITER weather domain, we compare and contrast the two approaches and demonstrate the advantage of the combined approach. In comparison to either of the two individual approaches, the combined approach achieves over 25% fewer false acceptances of incorrectly recognized keywords (from 55% to 40%) at a 98% acceptance rate of correctly recognized keywords.
Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth of GaN on Sapphire Substrate Using High-Dose N[sup +]-Ion-Implantation (2010)

An epitaxial laterally overgrown (ELOG) GaN layer was deposited on a (0001) sapphire substrate. Here we introduce a maskless and single-step epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) process using high-dose -ion-implantation. We employed high-dose -ion-implantation as an ELO mask instead of usual dielectric material such as or . The GaN layer was laterally grown over the ion implanted array formed in a stripe pattern of width, resulting in a complete coalescence after approximately of growth in the [0001] direction. Transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence analysis confirmed the reduced dislocation density of the ELO grown GaN layer.
Dimerization among nuclear hormone receptors. (1990)

The nuclear hormone receptors comprise a superfamily of ligand-modulated transcription factors that regulate homeostasis, reproduction, development, and differentiation. The DNA-binding domain of the nuclear hormone receptors contains two zinc finger motifs and binds to response elements composed of two-half-sites separated by a variably sized gap. DNA binding specificity is accomplished by a combination of mechanisms. First, discrimination among half-site sequences is mediated by three amino acids within the first zinc finger. Second, response elements with different half-site spacing can be discriminated by five amino acids in the second zinc finger, which may act as a dimerization interface. A second dimerization signal is embedded within the ligand-binding domain of several receptors. Ligand binds to sequences adjacent to this region and enhances dimerization. It is possible that dimerization of these receptors could account for certain physiologic and pathologic conditions observed in vivo.
Cancellous bone material properties in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid total knee patients (1989)

One hundred and thirty-four cancellous bone biopsy specimens were taken from the proximal tibias and distal femurs of 55 patients undergoing total knee replacement for analysis of their area fraction and mechanical testing to determine their strength and stiffness. The purpose of the study was to measure the material properties of cancellous bone taken from arthritic patients and compare these with bone from normal subjects. The results showed a wide variation of strength (0.5-18.1 MPa, mean 5.6 MPa) and stiffness (11-504 MPa, mean 152 MPa). These values are in the same range or less than those reported for bone from normal tibias.
Silicon micromachined thermal profilers (2002)

This paper presents a class of scanning thermal profilers micromachined from bulk silicon. Each device consists of an Au-polysilicon thermocouple supported by a probe shank overhanging the edge of the device substrate. The probe shank is suspended by flexural beams and can be electrostatically excited into physical motion by lateral comb drives. A polysilicon heater that can be used to provide a thermal bias during the scan lies at its base. Variations of the basic design include suspension of the thermocouple on a dielectric diaphragm, and replacing the thermocouple by a thermopile. A single-sided, IC-compatible 8 mask process has been developed to fabricate these devices. Preliminary data from test scans obtained using a simple set-up indicates that temperature resolution better than 20/spl deg/mC is possible even with basic silicon shank devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of polymerase chain reaction primer sets for diagnosis of Lyme disease and for species-specific identification of Lyme disease isolates by 16S rRNA signature nucleotide analysis (1992)

We have determined and compared partial 16S rRNA sequences from 23 Lyme disease spirochete isolates and aligned these with 8 sequences previously presented. The 16S rRNA signature nucleotide compositions were defined for each isolate and compared with the genomic species signature nucleotide sets previously established. To identify positions truly indicative of species classification which could serve as targets for polymerase chain reaction species-specific identification primers, 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses were conducted. On the basis of the identified signature nucleotides, we designed polymerase chain reaction primer sets which (i) amplify all spirochete species associated with Lyme disease and (ii) differentiate between these species. The primer sets were tested on 38 Borrelia isolates associated with Lyme disease and were found to be sensitive and specific. All Lyme disease isolates tested were amplification positive. These primers allow for the rapid species identification of Lyme disease isolates.
The synthesis of monodispersed AgBiS2 quantum dots with a giant dielectric constant (2013)

Monodispersed AgBiS2 quantum dots of high phase purity with an average diameter of 8.5 ± 1.2 nm have been synthesized for the first time by a hot-injection method. The optical band gap of the well-dispersed quantum dots is ∼2.67 eV, indicating a strong quantum confinement. The quantum dot pellet shows a large dielectric constant of the order of 105. Independent measurements demonstrate that the large grain boundary resistance and capacitance contribute to the giant dielectric constant. Monodispersed AgBiS2 quantum dots may find significant implications in high-k applications.
FLT3 Ligand Preserves the Uncommitted CD34 <sup>+</sup> CD38 <sup>-</sup> Progenitor Cells During Cytokine Prestimulation for Retroviral Transduction (2000)

Before stem cell gene therapy can be considered for clinical applications, problems regarding cytokine prestimulation remain to be solved. In this study, a retroviral vector carrying the genes for the enhanced version of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and neomycin resistance (neo(r)) was used for transduction of CD34+ cells. The effect of cytokine prestimulation on transduction efficiency and the population of uncommitted CD34+CD38- cells was determined. CD34+ cells harvested from umbilical cord blood were kept in suspension cultures and stimulated with combinations of the cytokines stem cell factor (SCF), FLT3 ligand, interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and IL-7 prior to transduction. Expression of the two genes was assessed by flow cytometry and determination of neomycin-resistant colonies in a selective colony-forming unit (CFU) assay, respectively. The neomycin resistance gene was expressed in a higher percentage of cells than the EGFP gene, but there seemed to be a positive correlation between expression of the two genes. The effect of cytokine prestimulation was therefore monitored using EGFP as marker for transduction. When SCF was compared to SCF in combination with more potent cytokines, highest transduction efficiency was found with SCF and IL-3 and IL-6 (5.05% +/- 0.80 versus 2.66% +/- 0.53 with SCF alone, p = 0.04). However, prestimulation with SCF in combination with IL-3 and IL-6 also reduced the percentage of CD34+ cells (p = 0.02). Then, prestimulation with SCF and FLT3 ligand was compared. Significant difference in transduction efficiency was not found. Interestingly, FLT3 ligand seemed to preserve the population of CD34+CD38- cells compared to SCF (16.56% +/- 2.02 versus 9.39% +/- 2.35, p = 0.03). In conclusion, prestimulation with potent cytokine combinations increased the transduction efficiency, but reduced the fraction of CD34+ cells. Importantly, the use of FLT3 ligand seemed to preserve the population of uncommitted cells.
Adaptive Layouts and Nesting Templates for Hypermedia Composite Templates (2015)

Arranging interface components in a layout model, like a grid, is frequently supported in programming languages. However, in multimedia authoring declarative languages, those facilities are not provided and authors should declare presentation characteristics for each media item separately. Moreover, in hypermedia document template authoring languages, where generic media components can be defined, layout models would be very helpful for specifying presentation characteristics of media items. This paper proposes the use of Adaptive Layouts for hypermedia document templates. Adaptive Layouts allow the definition of generic layout models, such as grid or flow, to automatically place media items on the presentation device screen. This work presents the XTemplate 4.0 authoring language for specifying hypermedia composite templates including the adaptive layout facility. Another contribution of this work is related to template nesting. When defining new document templates, reusing previously-defined ones can be very helpful. As a hypermedia composite template specifies semantics for a document composite node, when nested compositions are supported in the document authoring model, nested templates can facilitate template definition and reuse. This work also includes the facility of nesting templates in XTemplate 4.0, specifying a well-defined interface for nesting templates, which satisfies the compositionality property.
Proliferation, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-receptor expression of alveolar macrophages in active sarcoidosis. (1990)

Alveolar macrophages (AM) in sarcoidosis display an enhanced mitotic activity. Immunocytochemical detection of the proliferation-associated Ki-67 antigen revealed significant increase in the number of proliferating AM in active sarcoidosis as compared with inactive stages of disease. Macrophage proliferation may provide an additional marker of disease activity. Since growth of macrophages is regulated by hematopoietic growth factors, we examined the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte M-CSF, and interleukin-3 by bronchoalveolar lavage cells in active sarcoidosis. Expression of granulocyte M-CSF or interleukin-3 genes could not be detected. AM in active sarcoidosis displayed M-CSF RNA to a comparable level like normal AM. They differed, however, in about 50% of cases analyzed, from normal AM by an enhanced level of c-fms proto-oncogene (M-CSF-receptor) expression. The enlarged proportion of proliferating AM in active sarcoidosis may be the result of an increased influx of strongly fms expressing macrophage precursors into the alveoli and autostimulation of macrophages by M-CSF.
3D-Printed Mechanochromic Materials (2014)

We describe the preparation and characterization of photo- and mechanochromic 3D-printed structures using a commercial fused filament fabrication printer. Three spiropyran-containing poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) polymers were each filamentized and used to print single- and multicomponent tensile testing specimens that would be difficult, if not impossible, to prepare using traditional manufacturing techniques. It was determined that the filament production and printing process did not degrade the spiropyran units or polymer chains and that the mechanical properties of the specimens prepared with the custom filament were in good agreement with those from commercial PCL filament. In addition to printing photochromic and dual photo- and mechanochromic PCL materials, we also prepare PCL containing a spiropyran unit that is selectively activated by mechanical impetus. Multicomponent specimens containing two different responsive spiropyrans enabled selective activation of different regions within the specimen depending on the stimulus applied to the material. By taking advantage of the unique capabilities of 3D printing, we also demonstrate rapid modification of a prototype force sensor that enables the assessment of peak load by simple visual assessment of mechanochromism.
Liver transplantation (2001)

Continued discussion over organ allocation and distribution remained a focal point in the field of liver transplantation in the year 2000. Despite the ongoing debate, no significant changes were implemented in the current allocation system. By far, the most widely discussed topic in liver transplantation this year was live donor adult-to-adult liver transplantation. Several authors reported on their initial experience, with both recipient and donor outcomes appearing excellent. As the number of transplant centers performing this procedure increases we look forward to further studies regarding the safety and long-term outcome of this innovative procedure. Studies on viral hepatitis after liver transplantation again focused on the problem of recurrent hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Several small studies found benefit in patients with hepatitis B treated with intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulin and lamivudine after transplantation. Although breakthrough replication remains a problem in some patients, these studies offer hope that combination therapy for hepatitis B may provide improved long-term graft survival in these patients. In patients with hepatitis C, several studies focused on identifying risk factors to predict graft recurrence of the virus after liver transplantation. Both cellular rejection and level of viral replication may be important predictors of recurrent hepatitis C virus in the graft. Early treatment reports using interferon and ribavirin suggest that some patients may have a viral response during therapy; however, it is short lived, and tolerance of medication is difficult. Certainly, we look forward to further studies looking at means of prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis in patients undergoing liver transplantation.
Overexpressing the ANR1 MADS-Box Gene in Transgenic Plants Provides New Insights into its Role in the Nitrate Regulation of Root Development (2012)

The expression of the ANR1 MADS-box gene was manipulated in transgenic plants to investigate its role in the NO(3)(-)-dependent regulation of root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Constitutive overexpression of ANR1 in roots, achieved using GAL4 enhancer trap lines, resulted in more rapid early seedling development, increased lengths and numbers of lateral roots and increased shoot fresh weight. Based on results obtained with five different enhancer trap lines, the overexpression of ANR1 in the lateral root tips appears to be more important for this phenotype than its level of expression in the developing lateral root primordia. Dexamethasone-mediated induction of ANR1 in lines expressing an ANR1-GR (glucocorticoid receptor) fusion protein stimulated lateral root growth but not primary root growth. Short-term (24 h) dexamethasone treatments led to prolonged stimulation of lateral root growth, whether the lateral roots were already mature or still unemerged at the time of treatment. In split-root experiments, localized application of dexamethasone to half of the root system of an ANR1-GR line elicited a localized increase in both the length and numbers of lateral roots, mimicking the effect of a localized NO(3)(-) treatment. In both types of transgenic line, the root phenotype was strongly dependent on the presence of NO(3)(-), indicating that there are additional components involved in ANR1 function that are NO(3)(-) regulated. The implications of these results for our understanding of ANR1's mode of action in the root response to localized NO(3)(-) are discussed.
A 64Mb SRAM in 32nm High-k metal-gate SOI technology with 0.7V operation enabled by stability, write-ability and read-ability enhancements (2011)

A 64Mb SRAM macro is fabricated in a 32nm high-k metal-gate (HKMG) SOI technology (Greene et al., 2009). Figure 14.1.1 shows the 0.154μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> bitcell (BC). A 2x size reduction from the previous 45nm design (Pilo et al., 2008) is enabled by an equal 2x reduction in BC area. No corner rounding of BC gates allows tighter overlay of gate electrode and active area. The introduction of HKMG provides a significant reduction in the equivalent oxide thickness, thereby reducing the Vt mismatch. This reduction allows aggressive scaling of device dimensions needed to achieve the small area footprint. A 0.7V VDD <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> operation is enabled by three assist features. Stability is improved by a bitline (BL) regulation scheme. Enhancements to the write path include an increase of 40% of BL boost voltage. Finally, a BC-tracking delay circuit improves both performance and yield across the process space.
<i>In Vitro</i> Potency of CXA-101, a Novel Cephalosporin, against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Displaying Various Resistance Phenotypes, Including Multidrug Resistance (2009)

We describe the activity of a novel cephalosporin, CXA-101 (FR26 4205), against a panel of highly resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected from U.S. hospitals. CXA-101 demonstrated increased potency against this population of resistant isolates, with activity that is 4- to 10-fold higher than that of comparator agents in each phenotypic category. The addition of tazobactam did not improve its activity. CXA-101 appears to be a promising addition to the category of antipseudomonal beta-lactams.
Invasive Enteric Pathogens (1983)

Invasive enteric pathogens of the Salmonella or Shigella genera initiate infections by invading the intestinal epithelium. Depending on the species, salmonellae either translocate across the mucosa of the small intestine and cause a systemic febrile disease or they evoke a localized inflammatory response in discreet areas of the infected mucosa. The latter type of infection is characterized by gastroenteritis, and a choleragen-like enterotoxin may contribute to the symptomology. Shigellae can also evoke diarrheal episodes; however, classic shigellosis is characterized by localized invasion of the colonic epithelium, with inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa. Derangement of the colonic mucosa is manifested in the bloody, mucoid stool characteristic of bacillary dysentery. Genetic analysis of invasive enteric pathogens has shown that extrachromosomal elements (plasmids) are required for full expression of virulence in Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sonnei, and Shigella flexneri. In the latter species, at least three chromosomal regions are also necessary for virulence.
Delineation among eight major hematopoietic subsets in murine bone marrow using a two-color flow cytometric technique (2001)

A two-color flow cytometric assay profiles six bone marrow populations with identifiable phenotypes and two additional unique, putative hematopoietic precursor populations.
Solvent Effects on Bonding Organo-silane to Silica Surfaces (1982)

Interfacial bonding and stability of gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane with silica surfaces have been studied by means of infrared spectroscopy. The addition of n-propylamine enhances silanization of gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane to silica surfaces in normal aliphatic hydrocarbons, and cyclohexane yields a more water-resistant silica-silane bond, and improves the diametral tensile strength of the composite.
Interrelationship between histopathologic characteristics of melanoma and estrogen receptor status (1991)

To evaluate whether the increase in disease-free survival and survival previously reported for women with melanomas with estrogen receptors (ER) was a reflection of the histopathology of the primary melanoma, the interrelationship of histopathologic characteristics of 143 patients with such tumors was examined. The ER was assayed in the primary tumor from 44 patients and in 99 metastatic deposits from the other patients. Tumor thickness, level of invasion, prognostic index, mitoses/mm2, ulceration, vascular invasion, necrosis, histologic grade, preexisting nevus, and predominant malignant cell type were examined. There was no relationship between ER presence and any histopathologic characteristic examined, irrespective of the tumor source (primary or metastatic). Examination of histopathologic characteristics as a function of sex and receptor status showed a slight but insignificant predominance of more well-differentiated, thinner tumors in women whose lesions were positive for the ER. These results suggest that the increased disease-free survival in patients with ER-positive lesions is not attributable to the pathologic characteristics of the primary tumor examined during this study.
Solving a Global Piracy Problem (2017)

This thesis presents a novel method to design a global cross-platform Software License Validation system, using cryptocurrency blockchain technology to ameliorate software piracy and provide controls for software creators to protect their copyright. Protecting software copyright has been an issue since the introduction of desktop computers in the late 1970s and Software License Validation has been a primary method employed in an attempt to minimise software piracy. More recently, the software piracy problem has expanded to include mobile platforms, presenting a distinct challenge for software creators to retain copyright. The objective of this research is to design a system that demonstrates software piracy prevention and provenance of software applications through cryptocurrency blockchain technologies.
Demethylated CD8 Gene in CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cells Suggests that CD4 <sup>+</sup> Cells Develop from CD8 <sup>+</sup> Precursors (1988)

Mature T cells and medullary thymocytes bear either the CD4 or CD8 differentiation antigen. Precursor cells in the thymus express neither CD4 nor CD8 (CD4-8-), but most cortical thymocytes are CD4+8+. Whether CD4+ and CD8+ mature T cells arise directly from CD4-8- precursors or from a CD4+8+ intermediate remains unresolved. In this study, methylation of the CD8 gene in murine T cells and thymocytes was examined. There was progressive demethylation of the CD8 gene in the thymus during the transition from CD4-8- to CD4+8+. A similar pattern of demethylation of the CD8 gene was seen in CD4+ mature T cells, suggesting previous expression of CD8 in the CD4+ lineage.