gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electroantennogram responses of the oriental fruit fly, <i>Dacus dorsalis</i>, to a spectrum of alcohol and aldehyde plant volatiles (1987)

Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, laboratory‐reared, male and female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis , in response to a range of between C 1 and C 12 carbon chain‐length saturated and unaturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, most all of which are known host‐plant volatiles. Only two of the 35 compounds tested elicited significantly larger EAGs from female than male antennae. For the two functional‐group series tested, aldehydes elicited responses greater than or equal to the responses to the alcohols. In general, the unsaturated alcohols did not elicit responses significantly different from the saturated alcohols. However, the unsaturated aldehydes, (E)‐2‐hexenal and 10‐undecenal, elicited larger amplitude EAGs than their saturated analogs. EAGs were significantly greater for a particular carbon chain‐length, with responsiveness to primary alcohols peaking at C 6 and aldehydes peaking at C 7 . The (E)‐2‐ monoenic alcohols peaked at C 6 , while the (E)‐3‐alcohols plateaued between C 5 and C 8 . The greatest EAG responses of all compounds tested were elicited by the saturated and unsaturated C 6 alcohols and aldehydes which are constituents of the “general green‐leaf volatile complex” that emanates from most plants. The potential adapative benefit of selective sensitivity to green‐leaf volatiles is discussed in regards to foraging behaviors of oriental fruit flies. RÉSUMÉ Electroantennogrammes des réponses de Dacus dorsalis à une gamme d'alcools et d'aldéhydes de substances volatiles de végétaux Des électroantennogrammes (EAG) ont enregistré les réponses, en élevages de femelles et ma&#x030c;les vierges de Dacus dorsalis , à une gamme de chai&#x030c;nes de carbones de C 1 à C 12 saturés et non‐saturés d'alcools aliphatiques et d'aldéhydes, dont beaucoup sont connus comme substances volatiles des végétaux. Seulement 2 des 35 composés examinés ont provoqué des EAG significativement plus importants chez les femelles que chez les ma&#x030c;les. Pour les séries des deux groupes fonctionnels examinés, les aldéhydes ont provoqué des réponses supérieures ou égales aux alcools. En général, les réponses aux alcools non‐saturés n'étaient pas significativement différentes des réponses aux alcools saturés. Cependant, les aldéhydes non‐saturés, (E)‐2‐hexénal et 10‐undécénal, ont induit des EAG de plus grande ampleur que leurs analogues saturés. Les EAG étaient significativement les plus importants pour une chai&#x030c;ne de longueur particulière, la réponse aux alcools primaires culminant en C 6 et les aldéhydes en C 7 . Les alcools monoéniques (E)‐2‐ culminaient en C 6 , tandis que les alcools (E)‐3‐ étaient étales entre C 5 et C 8 . Les EAG les plus importants ont été obtenus pour tous les composés examinés avec les alcools et aldéhydes en C 6 qui appartiennent à “l'odeur verte complexe” émise par beaucoup de plantes. Le bénéfice adaptatif potentiel de la sensibilité sélective à “l'odeur verte” des feuilles est examinée en fonction du comportement de prospection de D. dorsalis .
On Fairness and Calibration (2017)

The machine learning community has become increasingly concerned with the potential for bias and discrimination in predictive models. This has motivated a growing line of work on what it means for a classification procedure to be "fair." In this paper, we investigate the tension between minimizing error disparity across different population groups while maintaining calibrated probability estimates. We show that calibration is compatible only with a single error constraint (i.e. equal false-negatives rates across groups), and show that any algorithm that satisfies this relaxation is no better than randomizing a percentage of predictions for an existing classifier. These unsettling findings, which extend and generalize existing results, are empirically confirmed on several datasets.
Crosslinking of porous SiOCH films involving Si–O–C bonds: Impact of deposition and curing (2010)

This paper focuses on the properties of nanoporous SiOCH thin films deposited using a porogen approach by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The impact of deposition temperature, porogen loading and porogen removal treatment is investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and electrical and mechanical measurements. This work shows that a higher deposition temperature allows limiting the film shrinkage during the porogen removal treatment and leads to the best compromise in term of electrical and mechanical properties. Beside, the effect of Si–O–C bonds on the enhancement of mechanical properties is promoted since a typical crosslinking mechanism is highlighted in case of ultraviolet curing.
Sequential nuclear magnetic resonance assignment of .beta.-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides isolated from the phosphomannan of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans NIH B-792 strain (1992)

The H-1 and H-2 signals of beta-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides isolated from the phosphomannan of Candida albicans NIH B-792 strain by mild acid hydrolysis were assigned by a sequential NMR assignment method that combines two-dimensional 1H-1H correlated spectroscopy (COSY) and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement and exchange spectroscopy (NOESY). The results indicated that the H-1 and H-2 of each beta-1,2-linked mannopyranose unit show largely different signals compared with those of the alpha-linked ones and that the correlation between linkages and signals could not be explained by a conventional additivity rule. Furthermore, a regular proportional downfield shift of the H-1 signal was observed in the order of the mannose unit from the reducing terminal except those of the reducing and nonreducing terminal positions. Although the 1H NMR spectra of these oligosaccharides were complicated due to the presence of a large portion of the beta-anomer from the reducing terminal mannose unit, reduction of the oligosaccharides with NaBH4 to the corresponding alcohols gave simple and more readily interpretable 1H NMR spectra. Unexpectedly, however, a shift of H-1 signals by this reduction occurred not only on the second mannose unit but also on the third and fourth mannose units from the modified reducing terminal group of each oligosaccharide alcohol. This result indicates that the reducing terminal mannose unit is able to affect up to the fourth mannose unit from the reducing terminal. The presence of a long-distance interresidue NOE also suggests that the beta-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides have a compactly folded conformation in solution.
ReLayNet: Retinal Layer and Fluid Segmentation of Macular Optical Coherence Tomography using Fully Convolutional Network (2017)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used for non-invasive diagnosis of diabetic macular edema assessing the retinal layers. In this paper, we propose a new fully convolutional deep architecture, termed ReLayNet, for end-to-end segmentation of retinal layers and fluid masses in eye OCT scans. ReLayNet uses a contracting path of convolutional blocks (encoders) to learn a hierarchy of contextual features, followed by an expansive path of convolutional blocks (decoders) for semantic segmentation. ReLayNet is trained to optimize a joint loss function comprising of weighted logistic regression and Dice overlap loss. The framework is validated on a publicly available benchmark dataset with comparisons against five state-of-the-art segmentation methods including two deep learning based approaches to substantiate its effectiveness.
High-contrast all-optical bistable switching in photonic crystal microcavities (2003)

We present a bistable photonic crystal configuration consisting of a waveguide sided coupled to a single-mode cavity with instantaneous Kerr nonlinearity. We show that such a configuration can generate extremely high contrast between the bistable states in its transmission with low input power. We also provide an analytic theory that can completely account for the entire transient switching dynamics, as revealed by finite difference time domain simulations.
Assay for beta-glucuronidase in species of the genus Escherichia and its applications for drinking-water analysis (1991)

Recently, Escherichia species other than Escherichia coli have been isolated from potable water. Environmental isolates as well as clinical isolates of E. adecarboxylata, E. blattae, E. fergusonii, E. hermannii, and E. vulneris were assayed for the enzyme beta-glucuronidase by using EC MUG medium and the Colilert system. None of the isolates were positive for the enzyme by either method.
Microelectronic array system for molecular diagnostic genotyping: Nanogen NanoChip<sup>®</sup>400 and Molecular Biology Workstation (2006)

Hundreds of gene mutations responsible for Mendelian disorders are currently tested in the clinical laboratory for pre- and postnatal diagnosis, carrier screening and presymptomatic testing. Since human genetic research is currently focused on determining the etiology of complex diseases, including heart disease, diabetes and neuropsychiatric traits, laboratorians will genotype increasing numbers of clinically relevant loci in the future. This will require accurate, high-throughput and cost-effective genotyping platforms, such as the DNA microarray. The Nanogen NanoChip platforms employ hybridization-based technology, using fluorescent detection and electronic control of the target or probe, to obtain clear genotype signal relative to background, and increased flexibility relative to similar chip-based single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping platforms. The scope of this review is intended to describe the operating principle, chips and instrumentation, analyte-specific reagents, published assay protocols, assay development, and clinical use of the NanoChip platforms. It is beyond the scope of this review to describe the use of NanoChip platforms in basic research, and to compare it against all available clinical single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping applications and platforms.
Ketoconazole binds to glucocorticoid receptors and exhibits glucocorticoid antagonist activity in cultured cells. (1983)

We have recently found that ketoconazole inhibits adrenal steroidogenesis; in this paper we investigated whether imidazole antimycotic drugs additionally interact with glucocorticoid receptor sites in target tissues. Our approach was to assess the ability of three drugs: ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and RS 49910, to inhibit [3H]dexamethasone binding to hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell cytosol. The results indicated dose-dependent, competitive displacement of [3H]dexamethasone binding that was in the potency sequence: clotrimazole greater than ketoconazole greater than RS 49910. We then examined the functional response of this binding by measuring tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activity in HTC cells. The antimycotics did not exhibit TAT agonist activity and inhibition of basal enzyme levels was not detected. However, the drugs were potent antagonists of dexamethasone-induced TAT activity and the effect was temporally reversible. This antagonist activity was in the same sequence and closely correlated with the binding potency of the three drugs. We conclude that ketoconazole and other imidazole antimycotic drugs possess glucocorticoid antagonist activity by virtue of occupancy of glucocorticoid receptor sites in target tissues.
Gas Chromatograph-Combustion System for <sup>14</sup>C-Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (2009)

A gas chromatograph-combustion (GC-C) system is described for the introduction of samples as CO(2) gas into a (14)C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system with a microwave-plasma gas ion source. Samples are injected into a gas chromatograph fitted with a megabore capillary column that uses H(2) as the carrier gas. The gas stream from the outlet of the column is mixed with O(2) and Ar gas and passed through a combustion furnace where the H(2) carrier gas and separated components are quantitatively oxidized to CO(2) and H(2)O. Water vapor is removed using a heated nafion dryer. The Ar carries the CO(2) to the ion source. The system is able to separate and oxidize up to 10 microg of compound and transfer the products from 7.6 mL/min of H(2) carrier gas into 0.2-1.0 mL/min of Ar carrier gas. Chromatographic performance and isotopic fidelity satisfy the requirements of the (14)C-AMS system for natural abundance measurements. The system is a significant technical advance for GC-AMS and may be capable of providing an increase in sensitivity for other analytical systems such as an isotope-ratio-monitoring GC/MS.
LAN interconnection via ATM satellite links for CAD applications: the UNOM experiment (2002)

An extensive technical trial of ATM technology was conducted in the second half of 1994, as a joint effort among the partners in UNOM, a project of the RACE program of the Commission of the European Communities. The trial was based on LAN interconnection over virtual paths established by ATM cross-connects at two separate sites of the microelectronics manufacturer SGS-Thomson linked by digital satellite transmission systems. Details of the experimental satellite equipment used are set out in this paper. A Reed-Solomon block coding scheme, adapted to ATM cell transfer, was added onto the bit stream to achieve high-quality, cost-effective ATM transmission links. This field trial represents one of the first examples of ATM transport over satellite links established through compact VSAT earth stations installed at the user's premises. Trial users placed a strong emphasis on TCP-IP networking. Significant performance improvement in terms of transfer time was measured when using modified versions of kernel files and utilities providing enhancements to the basic TCP protocol as recommended in the Internet RFC 1323. This trial has explicitly validated the use of ATM satellite links based on VSATs, e.g. for B-ISDN user access and corporate networks. It has demonstrated that high-quality links are achievable with low-cost, compact earth stations and highlighted the fact that simple adjustments to the user's equipment prevent inadequate behavior of some communication protocols from compromising the efficient use of these links for data and multimedia business services.
On the application of hidden Markov models for enhancing noisy speech (2003)

An algorithm is proposed for enhancing noisy speech which has been degraded by statistically independent additive noise. The algorithm is based on modeling the clean speech as a hidden Markov process with mixtures of Gaussian autoregressive (AR) output processes and modeling the noise as a sequence of stationary, statistically independent, Gaussian AR vectors. The parameter sets of the models are estimated using training sequences from the clean speech and the noise process. The parameter set of the hidden Markov model is estimated by the segmental k-means algorithm. Given the estimated models, the enhancement of the noisy speech is done by alternate maximization of the likelihood function of the noisy speech, one over all sequences of states and mixture components assuming that the clean speech signal is given, and then over all vectors of the original speech using the resulting most probable sequence of states and mixture components. This alternating maximization is equivalent to first estimating the most probable sequence of AR models for the speech signal using the Viterbi algorithm, and then applying these AR models for constructing a sequence of Wiener filters which are used to enhance the noisy speech.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electronic structure of small band gap oligomers based on cyclopentadithiophenes and acceptor units (2009)

A combined experimental and theoretical study is presented on a series of well-defined small band gap oligomers. These oligomers comprise two terminal electron-rich cyclopentadithiophene units connected to six different electron deficient aromatic rings that allow tuning the optical band gap from 1.4 to 2.0 eV. Optical absorptions of the ground state, triplet excited state, and radical cation have been investigated. The optical band gaps correlate with the electrochemical oxidation and reduction potentials and are further supported by quantum-chemical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. The optical absorptions of the radical cations show only little variations among the different oligomers, suggesting that the charge is mainly localized on the donor moieties. Triplet energy levels are generally low (<1.2 eV) and the singlet–triplet splitting remains significant when going to smaller band gaps.
Emerging Pharmacotherapies for Diabetic Macular Edema (2012)

Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains an important cause of visual loss in patients with diabetes mellitus. Although photocoagulation and intensive control of systemic metabolic factors have been reported to achieve improved outcomes in large randomized clinical trials (RCTs), some patients with DME continue to lose vision despite treatment. Pharmacotherapies for DME include locally and systemically administered agents. We review several agents that have been studied for the treatment of DME.
The Oxidation of 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanedione by Hydrogen Peroxide (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Oxidation of 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanedione by Hydrogen PeroxideGeorge PayneCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 5, 719–720Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1959Publication History Published online9 July 2003Published inissue 1 May 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01087a618https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01087a618research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views175Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Precipitation of Proteins by Synthetic Detergents<sup>1a</sup> (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Precipitation of Proteins by Synthetic Detergents1aFrank W. Putnam and Hans NeurathCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 5, 692–697Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1944Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1944https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01233a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01233a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views313Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Splice Variants for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Penis of Adult Rats and Humans1 (1999)

Erectile dysfunction is often associated with problems in vascular perfusion to the erectile components of the penis. In order to better understand the factors that control vascular formation and perfusion in the erectile tissues of the penis, we have begun to characterize the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in penis tissues. VEGF is one of several polypeptides that have significant angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Extensive characterization of the VEGF gene and its products has shown that several different mature mRNA transcripts exist, originating from alternative splicing of the basic VEGF transcript. These variant transcripts can encode peptides with different biological activities. Penile tissue was obtained from adult rats and from human patients undergoing penile prosthesis implantation. Analysis of the forms of VEGF transcripts was performed using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique with primer pairs derived from the first and eighth exon of the VEGF gene. The expression levels of the various isoforms in the rat penis were then quantified using RNase protection assays. Four previously described splice variants of VEGF mRNA (VEGF 120, 144, 164, 188) were detected in rat and human penile tissues. In contrast to what is seen in the rat lung, where the most abundant form of VEGF mRNA is the 188 splice isoform, VEGF 164 is the most abundant transcript detected in the penis. Finally, sequence analysis of numerous VEGF cDNA clones obtained from the rat penis demonstrated the presence of a previously undescribed VEGF splice variant that could give rise to a protein of 110 amino acid residues (VEGF 110, GenBank accession no. AF080594). In summary, a number of VEGF mRNA isoforms are expressed in the rat and human penis, with the splice variant encoding a 164-amino acid protein present in greatest abundance. This study is a prelude to attempts to genetically manipulate VEGF expression in the penis as a therapy for erectile dysfunction.
Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with (R-)Oxycarbonyl Nitrenes (2003)

Sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) via the addition of (R-)oxycarbonyl nitrenes allows for the covalent binding of a variety of different groups such as alkyl chains, aromatic groups, dendrimers, crown ethers, and oligoethylene glycol units. Such additions lead to a considerable increase in the solubility in organic solvents such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (ODCB). The highest solubilities of 1.2 mg/mL were found for SWCNT adducts with nitrenes containing crown ether of oligoethylene glycol moieties in DMSO and TCE, respectively. The presence of chelating donor groups within the addends allowed for the complexation of Cu(2+) and Cd(2+). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the functionalized tubes form thin bundles with typical diameters of 10 nm. The presence of thin bundles in solution is supported by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The elemental composition of the functionalized SWCNT was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The use of Raman and electron absorption spectroscopy (UV/Vis-nIR) showed that the electronic properties of the SWCNTs are mostly retained after functionalization, indicating a low degree of addition within this series of SWCNT derivatives.