gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of emulsion theory to complex and real systems (1985)

Synopsis Theories of emulsion stability are discussed in relation to dilute, concentrated and semisolid emulsions. It is shown that whilst a unified theory cannot be applied quantitatively to emulsion systems, a better understanding of the various mechanisms of stabilization and breakdown is emerging. Established concepts, eg, the HLB concept, are now given a less empirical gloss. The application of colloid stability theory, even to very dilute emulsions, is difficult. This is because of the polydispersity of the systems and because surfactant and stabilizers may be free to move on the globule surfaces, as well as dissolve in the dispersed or continuous phases. Further difficulties arise because flocculation is not necessarily a sign of emulsion instability in the practical sense, as creamed or flocculated emulsions often may be redispersed by shaking. Crucial to emulsion stability is the prevention of coalescence, and this is governed by the nature of the adsorbed emulsifier film. The flocculation and coalescence that can be understood in dilute emulsions from the DVLO theory and the metastability of thin films against rupture do not address themselves to flocculation and coalescence in concentrated, structured or semi-solid emulsions. These may possess surfactant multilayers rather than monolayers at the oil/water interfaces and the bulk phases are frequently structured. Some emulsions invert at critical temperatures. In semi-solid emulsions, stability is controlled by the phase behaviour of the emulsifier components, rather than by the forces governing stability in dilute colloids and thin films. Stability is usually considered to be product stability during storage. The stability of an emulsion in use, eg, during and after application to the skin, is a topic of equal importance but little documented. This related problem is also discussed.
The effect of nickel plating on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel (1992)

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX175355 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply Centre
Complete DNA sequence of canine adenovirus type 1. (1997)

The complete DNA sequence of a field strain of canine adenovirus type 1 was determined by sequencing random fragments of viral DNA cloned into pBluescript. The virus has a genome of 30536 bp flanked by two identical 161 bp inverted terminal repeats. Thirty ORFs have been identified, based on genomic location or sequence identity with published adenoviruses. These are arranged into similar discrete regions found in the human adenoviruses. ORFs in the late region show greatest identity with published human adenovirus sequences, whereas the E3 and E4 ORFs show little or none.
Evidence That the Blood Biomarker SNTF Predicts Brain Imaging Changes and Persistent Cognitive Dysfunction in Mild TBI Patients (2013)

Although mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, is not typically associated with abnormalities on computed tomography (CT), it nevertheless causes persistent cognitive dysfunction for many patients. Consequently, new prognostic methods for mTBI are needed to identify at risk cases, especially at an early and potentially treatable stage. Here, we quantified plasma levels of the neurodegeneration biomarker calpain-cleaved αII-spectrin N-terminal fragment (SNTF) from 38 participants with CT-negative mTBI, orthopedic injury (OI), and normal uninjured controls (UCs) (age range 12-30 years), and compared them with findings from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and long-term cognitive assessment. SNTF levels were at least twice the lower limit of detection in 7 of 17 mTBI cases and in 3 of 13 OI cases, but in none of the UCs. An elevation in plasma SNTF corresponded with significant differences in fractional anisotropy and the apparent diffusion coefficient in the corpus callosum and uncinate fasciculus measured by DTI. Furthermore, increased plasma SNTF on the day of injury correlated significantly with cognitive impairment that persisted for at least 3 months, both across all study participants and also among the mTBI cases by themselves. The elevation in plasma SNTF in the subset of OI cases, accompanied by corresponding white matter and cognitive abnormalities, raises the possibility of identifying undiagnosed cases of mTBI. These data suggest that the blood level of SNTF on the day of a CT-negative mTBI may identify a subset of patients at risk of white matter damage and persistent disability. SNTF could have prognostic and diagnostic utilities in the assessment and treatment of mTBI.
The Alternatively Spliced Kunitz Protease Inhibitor Domain Alters Amyloid β Protein Precursor Processing and Amyloid β Protein Production in Cultured Cells (1996)

The insoluble amyloid deposited extracellularly in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is composed of amyloid beta protein, a approximately 4-kDa secreted protein that is derived from a set of large proteins collectively referred to as the amyloid beta protein precursor (betaAPP). During normal processing the betaAPP is cleaved by beta secretase, producing a large NH2-terminal secreted derivative (sAPPbeta) and a COOH-terminal fragment beginning at Abeta1, which is subsequently cleaved by gamma secretase releasing secreted Abeta. Most secreted Abeta is Abeta1-40, but approximately 10% of secreted Abeta is Abeta1-42. Alternative betaAPP cleavage by alpha secretase produces a slightly longer NH2-terminal secreted derivative (sAPPalpha) and a COOH-terminal fragment beginning at Abeta17, which is subsequently cleaved by gamma secretase releasing a approximately 3-kDa secreted form of Abeta (P3). Several of the betaAPP isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing contain a 56-amino acid Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI) domain known to inhibit proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin. To determine whether the KPI domain influences the proteolytic cleavages that generate Abeta, we compared Abeta production in transfected cells expressing human KPI-containing betaAPP751 or KPI-free betaAPP695. We focused on Abetas ending at Abeta42 because these forms appear to be most relevant to AD. Using specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we analyzed full-length Abeta1-42 and total Abeta ending at Abeta42 (Abeta1-42 + P3(42)). In addition, we analyzed the large secreted derivatives produced by alpha secretase (sAPPalpha) and beta secretase (sAPPbeta). In mouse teratocarcinoma (P19) cells expressing betaAPP695 or betaAPP751, expression of the KPI-containing betaAPP751 resulted in the secretion of a lower percentage of P3(42) and sAPPalpha and a correspondingly higher percentage of Abeta1-42 and sAPPbeta. Similar results were obtained in human embryonic kidney (293) cells. These results indicate that expression of the KPI domain reduces alpha secretase cleavage so that less P3 and relatively more full-length Abeta are produced. Thus, in human brain and in animal models of AD, the amount of KPI-containing betaAPP produced may be an important factor influencing Abeta deposition.
Conjoint Analysis of Online Content: a Case of Video on Demand Service (2007)

This study uses conjoint analysis technique to calculate relative importance of each attribute of a specific online content: video-on-demand (VoD) services of TV soap operas. A series of interviews were conducted to identify and derive critical attributes for VoD services. Conjoint instrument was constructed using attributes identified and administered among actual viewers. Price, genre, additional service, and actors were found to be the most highly valued attributes of the VoD services. While price was the most valued attribute for female viewers, it was genre for male viewers. The result suggests that these attribute differentiation would lead to more profitable pricing scheme, and development of additional services may be critical for online content business' success.
Measuring the Quality of Quality Measures (2010)

Print quality (PQ) is a composite attribute defined by human perception. As such, the ultimate way to determine and quantify PQ is by human survey. However, repeated surveys are time consuming and often represent a burden on processes that involve repeated evaluations. A desired alternative would be an automatic quality rating tool. Once such quality evaluation measure is proposed, it should be qualified. That is, it should be shown to reflect human assessment. If two of the human opinions conflict, the tool cannot possibly agree with both. Conflicts between human opinions are common, which complicates the evaluation of tool's success in reflecting human judgment. There are many optional ways for measuring the agreement between human assessment and tool evaluation, but different methods may have conflicting results. It is, therefore, important to pre-establish the appropriate method for the evaluation of quality-evaluation-tools, a method that takes the disagreement among the survey participants into account. In this paper, we model human quality preference and derive the most appropriate method to qualify quality evaluation tools. We demonstrate the resulting qualification method in a real life scenario-the qualification of the mechanical band meter.
High Permittivity Dielectric LDMOS for Improved Performance (2011)

This paper presents a lateral double diffusion MOSFET (LDMOS) using high permittivity (high-K) material as the dielectric instead of conventional SiO2. The high-K dielectric is capable of cutting the surface peak field of the device, which allows higher drift region doping concentration and results in the improvements of breakdown voltage, on-resistance, and threshold voltage for the device. The mechanism is analyzed in detail and the device behavior with varying parameters are simulated by Medici, whose results demonstrate that device performance is effective improved with the replacement of SiO2 by high-K material.
Analytical Evaluation of a Tradeoff Between Energy Efficiency and Responsiveness of Neighbor Discovery in Self-Organizing Ad Hoc Networks (2004)

Ad hoc networking enables novel communication paradigms which require the definition of new quality-of-service (QoS) parameters and frameworks for QoS support. The relevant QoS requirements are frequently antagonist and, consequently, an appropriate tradeoff has to be determined and achieved to fit all of them. As an example, the spontaneous networking featured by self-organizing ad hoc networks is possible only if neighboring communication nodes discover each other within a short period of time; however, velocity of discovery is paid in terms of energy consumption. In this paper, an analytical framework is derived which allows an evaluation of the tradeoff between energy efficiency and responsiveness in the discovery process. More specifically, the analytical framework allows either to achieve the highest velocity in the discovery process, given that the energy consumption is lower than a certain threshold, or to minimize the energy consumption given that specific requirements in terms of the discovery velocity are satisfied. The analytical framework is applied to significant case studies to derive design implications on neighbor discovery algorithms.
Scalable Directory Service for IoT Applications (2017)

Unprecedentedly, a massive number of devices are getting connected to the network in the new era of the Internet of Things. For the discovery, authentication,, secure access and management of these Internet of Things devices, an Internet of Things directory service is needed. Its responsibility would be to store and provide the attributes of Internet of Things devices, such as identifier, location, owner's name, generated data types, and security parameters. In this article, we present the architectural design of an Internet of Things directory service that is capable of storing a huge number of records and providing functions for their fast lookup (latency of a few milliseconds) and dynamic update (latency of a few seconds), while fully complying with owner-centric security and privacy policies. To demonstrate its feasibility and overall quality, we also discuss the experimental results obtained from a proof-of-concept implementation of the record database and related communication interfaces.
The ZnSO4.3Zn(OH)2-H2O system. I. Phase formation (1987)

The bzs-watersystem, where bzs is an abbreviation for ZnSO4.3Zn(OH)2, has been investigated by chemical, X-ray and thermal analyses. The bzs.5H2O was precipitated from solution. Four discrete lower hydrates, namely, the tetra-, tri-, mono- and hemi-hydrates, and an anhydrate were derived from the pentahydrate . The tetra- and tri-hydrates could be prepared by dehydration of the pentahydrate, either thermally or over desiccants; the monohydrate could only be prepared by dehydration of the higher hydrates over desiccants; the hemihydrate and anhydrate could only be prepared by thermal dehydration. Thermal dehydration of the pentahydrate to compositions between the tri- and hemihydrates resulted in the formation of intergrowth structures. Evidence is provided that the layer structure of the pentahydrate persists throughout the series until dehydroxylation of the anhydrate commences. X-ray powder data for the discrete phases have been indexed.
D8.4 - Foresighted Control of Active Foot Prostheses (2011)

For a better ground adaptation in walking and because of the still unsolved problem of not being able to prevent stumbling accidents with leg prostheses, there is a need to develop a system with a foresighted adaptation of the artificial limb to the ground. An optical measuring system is described which during the ongoing stance phase continually records the three dimensions of the ground in the target area of the next step. From the obtained three dimensional measuring data surrounding bodies or structures, like stairs or ramps, are detected. On the basis of this evaluation, the prosthetic control chooses the optimal adjustment of the prosthetic joint for walking the terrain in the following gait cycle.
La vitesse des transports publics comme facteur structurant de l'urbain (2001)

L'etude des pratiques modales dans les deplacements pendulaires au sein de deux couples de villes suisses, Berne et Zurich (120km), Lausanne et Geneve (60km), montre que le transport public occupe une place importante. En effet, la qualite de l'offre ferroviaire interville -confort, rapidite- frequence, est un facteur de choix determinant, malgre des temps de deplacement un peu plus longs qu'en voiture et parfois des ruptures de charge aux gares terminales. Meme lorsque les deplacements ont pour origine ou destination la couronne des villes, la qualite des transports urbains en correspondance rend encore le train attractif. En l'espace de deux decennies, et malgre l'amelioration des liaisons ferroviaires, les flux pendulaires ont ete sensiblement multiplies par dix sur les relations intervilles considerees (A)
Analysis of individual remodeled nucleosomes reveals decreased histone–DNA contacts created by hSWI/SNF (2009)

Chromatin remodeling enzymes use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter histone-DNA contacts and regulate DNA-based processes in eukaryotes. Whether different subfamilies of remodeling complexes generate distinct products remains uncertain. We have developed a protocol to analyze nucleosome remodeling on individual products formed in vitro. We used a DNA methyltransferase to examine DNA accessibility throughout nucleosomes that had been remodeled by the ISWI and SWI/SNF families of enzymes. We confirmed that ISWI-family enzymes mainly created patterns of accessibility consistent with canonical nucleosomes. In contrast, SWI/SNF-family enzymes generated widespread DNA accessibility. The protection patterns created by these enzymes were usually located at the extreme ends of the DNA and showed no evidence for stable loop formation on individual molecules. Instead, SWI/SNF family proteins created extensive accessibility by generating heterogeneous products that had fewer histone-DNA contacts than a canonical nucleosome, consistent with models in which a canonical histone octamer has been 'pushed' off of the end of the DNA.
Tactile Sensors for Friction Estimation and Incipient Slip Detection—Toward Dexterous Robotic Manipulation: A Review (2018)

Humans can handle and manipulate objects with ease; however, human dexterity has yet to be matched by artificial systems. Receptors in our fingers and hands provide essential tactile information to the motor control system during dexterous manipulation such that the grip force is scaled to the tangential forces according to the coefficient of friction. Likewise, tactile sensing will become essential for robotic and prosthetic gripping performance as applications move toward unstructured environments. However, most existing research ignores the need to sense the frictional properties of the sensor-object interface, which (along with contact forces and torques) is essential for finding the minimum grip force required to securely grasp an object. Here, we review this problem by surveying the field of tactile sensing from the perspective that sensors should: 1) detect gross slip (to adjust the grip force); 2) detect incipient slip (dependent on the frictional properties of the sensor-object interface and the geometries and mechanics of the sensor and the object) as an indication of grip security; or 3) measure friction on contact with an object and/or following a gross or incipient slip event while manipulating an object. Recommendations are made to help focus future sensor design efforts toward a generalizable and practical solution to sense, and hence control grip security. Specifically, we propose that the sensor mechanics should encourage incipient slip, by allowing parts of the sensor to slip while other parts remain stuck, and that instrumentation should measure displacement and deformation to complement conventional force, pressure, and vibration tactile sensing.
Social force model with explicit collision prediction (2011)

We introduce a new specification of the social force model in which pedestrians explicitly predict the place and time of the next collision in order to avoid it. This and other specifications of the social force model are calibrated, using genetic algorithms, on a set of pedestrian trajectories, obtained tracking with laser range finders the movement of pedestrians in controlled experiments, and their performance is compared. The results show that the proposed method has a better performance in describing the trajectory set.
Analysis of antigen‐specific antibodies and their isotypes in experimental malaria (2007)

Analysis of antibody responses using microspheres and flow cytometry offer significant advantages in speed, sample size, and quantification over standard ELISA-based titer methods.
Creep behavior of niobium alloy PWC-11 (1987)

The high vacuum creep and creep-rupture behavior of a Nb-1Zr-.1C alloy (PWC 11) was investigated at 1350 and 1400 K with an applied stress of 40 MPa. The material was tested in the following four conditions: annealed (1 hr 1755 K/2 hr 1475 K); annealed plus EB welded; annealed plus aged for 1000 hr at 1350 or 1400 K; and annealed, welded, and aged. It was found that the material in the annealed state was the most creep-resistant condition tested, and that aging the alloy for 1000 hr without an applied stress greatly reduced that strength; however, it was still approximately three times as creep resistant as Nb-1Zr. Additionally, the EB weld region was stronger than the base metal in each condition tested, and phase extraction of the dispersed precipitate revealed the presence of a 70%ZrC-30%NbC cubic monocarbide phase.
Effect of heat treatment on tensile properties of friction stir welded joints of 2219-T6 aluminium alloy (2006)

The effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the tensile properties of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of 2219-T6 aluminium alloy was investigated. The PWHT was carried out at aging temperature of 165°C for 18 h. The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated using tensile tests. The experimental results indicate that the PWHT significantly influences the tensile properties of the FSW joints. After the heat treatment, the tensile strength of the joints increases and the elongation at fracture of the joints decreases. The maximum tensile strength of the joints is equivalent to 89% of that of the base material. The fracture location characteristics of the heat treated joints are similar to those of the as welded joints. The defect free joints fracture in the heat affected zone on the retreating side and the joints with a void defect fracture in the weld zone on the advancing side. All of the experimental results can be explained by the hardness profiles and welding defects in the joints.
On using the dosimetric leaf gap to model the rounded leaf ends in VMAT/RapidArc plans (2014)

Partial transmission through rounded leaf ends of Varian multileaf collimators (MLC) is accounted for with a parameter called the dosimetric leaf gap (DLG). Verification of the value of the DLG is needed when the dose delivery is accompanied by gantry rotation in VMAT plans. We compared the doses measured with GAFCHROMIC film and an ionization chamber to treatment planning system (TPS) calculations to identify the optimum values of the DLG in clinical plans of the whole brain with metastases transferred to a phantom. We noticed the absence of a single value of the DLG that properly models all VMAT plans in our cohort (the optimum DLG varied between 0.93 ± 0.15 mm and 2.2 ± 0.2 mm). The former value is considerably different from the optimum DLG in sliding window plans (about 2.0 mm) that approximate IMRT plans. We further found that a single-value DLG model cannot accurately reproduce the measured dose profile even of a uniform static slit at a fixed gantry, which is the simplest MLC-delimited field. The calculation overestimates the measurement in the proximal penumbra, while it underestimates in the distal penumbra. This prompted us to expand the DLG parameter from a plan-specific number to a mathematical concept of the DLG being a function of the distance in the beam's eye view (BEV) between the dose point and the leaf ends. Such function compensates for the difference between the penumbras in a beam delimited with a rounded leaf MLC and delimited with solid jaws. Utilization of this concept allowed us generating a pair of step-and-shoot MLC plans for which we could qualitatively predict the value of the DLG providing best match to ionization chamber measurements. The plan for which the leafs stayed predominantly at positions requiring low values of the DLG (as seen in the profiles of 1D slits) yielded the combined DLG of 1.1 ± 0.2 mm, while the plan with leafs staying at positions requiring larger values of the DLG yielded the DLG 2.4 ± 0.2 mm. Considering the DLG to be a function of the distance (in BEV) between the dose point and the leaf ends allowed us to provide an explanation as to why conventional single-number DLG is plan-specific in VMAT plans.
Human Immune Response to Monoclonal Antibody Administration Is Dose-Dependent (1987)

When mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are injected into patients they usually induce an immune response. The resultant human anti-mouse-immunoglobulin antibody (Hu-aMAb) limits multiple injections of these reagents. A strategy to decrease the production of Hu-aMAb was tested in 20 patients with advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma. Ten patients received 700 mg of MAb as their initial exposure to mouse immunoglobulin, while the other ten patients received 100-mg of immunoglobulin initially. Each group received the same maintenance regimen until Hu-aMAb or disease progression was detected. Six patients in the high-dose group did not produce detectable Hu-aMAb for up to five months after initial exposure. All ten of the patients who received the low initial dose developed Hu-aMAb. Allergic reaction did not occur in the absence of Hu-aMAb. This larger initial dose in vivo injection strategy may allow repetitive exposure to MAb reagents without Hu-aMAb limiting further diagnostic or therapeutic use of murine immunoglobulin.