gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
p21/WAF1, p53 and PCNA expression andp53 mutation status in hepatocellular carcinoma (1998)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/WAF1 is regulated by p5S3-dependent and p53-independent pathways. In addition, p21/WAF1 binds with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and inhibits the action of PCNA. To investigate the possible role of p21/WAF1 in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), we examined the expression of p21/WAF1 and its relation with PCNA and p53 expression in 97 surgically resected HCCs by immunohistochemistry and with the mutation status of p53 in 26 HCCs. p53 mutation status was examined by direct DNA sequencing using 3 sets of primers covering exons 5-9. Six of the 26 tumors showed p53 point mutations and only 33% of these HCCs demonstrated p21/WAF1 expression. In contrast, 75% of HCCs without p53 mutations showed p21/WAF1 expression. Of all 97 HCCs, p21/WAF1 expression was significantly higher in the tumors than in corresponding non-tumorous liver. When the tumors were stratified into 2 groups by the median tumor p21/WAF1 score, those with higher expression were found to have a lower incidence of multiple tumor nodules (p = 0.008) and tumor microsatellite formation (p = 0.050). The tumor p21/WAF1 score was positively associated with tumor PCNA expression (p = 0.036) but not with tumor p53 expression. Thus, in HCC, expression of p21/WAF1 is in part dependent on p53 status, but a p53-independent pathway also plays a significant role in the regulation of p21/WAF1 expression. High p21/WAF1 expression is significantly associated with solitary tumor nodules and, to a lesser extent, tumor microsatellites but may not be enough to suppress tumor progression.
A randomized trial comparing cadexomer iodine and standard treatment in the out-patient management of chronic venous ulcers (1983)

Ninety-three patients with treatment-resistant venous ulcers were included in a multicentre randomized trial to compare cadexomer iodine and the standard treatment used in each centre combined with compression bandages, in healing venous ulcers. The mean duration of ulcers before the trial was more than 2 years. With standard treatment the mean ulcer size increased slightly during the 6-week trial whereas with cadexomer iodine the ulcer size was significantly reduced. Cadexomer iodine was more effective than standard treatment for reduction of pain, removal of pus and debris, removal of exudate, stimulation of granulation and reduction of surrounding erythema. Bacterial infection of ulcers increased or did not change during treatment with the standard therapy whereas cadexomer iodine significantly reduced infection with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pathogenic organisms. A correlation was seen between the time taken to reduce or eliminate infection with Staphylococcus aureus and rate of ulcer healing. Four patients complained of transient pain in the ulcer after application of the cadexomer iodine. It is concluded that cadexomer iodine increased the rate of healing of infected chronic venous ulcers.
Sideways FIB TEM sample preparation for improved construction analysis in TEM (2012)

Conventional TEM sample preparation for full-stack BEOL construction analysis (CA) has several issues such as the difficulty of achieving full metal layers intact in a single lamella, and also a curtaining effect that adversely impacts TEM analysis. This paper presents and successfully demonstrates an alternative sample preparation technique for preparing CA samples with full-BEOL metal stack. The procedure involves changing the orientation of the lamella by rotating the sample during in situ FIB attachment and milling it sideways to achieve lamella thickness of 100 nm, with uniform thickness at the area of interest. With this new method, full metal layers can be preserved while minimizing the curtaining effect often observed in heterogeneous TEM sample preparation.
Myofibrillar protein turnover. Synthesis of protein-bound 3-methylhistidine, actin, myosin heavy chain and aldolase in rat skeletal muscle in the fed and starved states (1983)

The turnover of 3-methylhistidine (N tau-methylhistidine) and in some cases actin, myosin heavy chain and aldolase in skeletal muscle was measured in a number of experiments in growing and adult rats in the fed and overnight-starved states. In growing fed rats in three separate experiments, measurements of the methylation rate of protein-bound 3-methylhistidine by either [14C]- or [3H]-methyl-labelled S-adenosylmethionine show that 3-methylhistidine synthesis is slower than the overall rate of protein synthesis indicated by [14C]tyrosine incorporation. Values ranged from 36 to 51%. However, in one experiment with rapidly growing young fed rats, acute measurements over 1 h showed that 3-methylhistidine synthesis could be increased to the same rate as the overall rate. After overnight starvation in these rats, the steady-state synthesis rate of 3-methylhistidine was 38.8% of the overall rate. This was a similar value to that in adult non-growing rats, in which measurements of the relative labelling of 3-methylhistidine and histidine after a single injection of [14C]histidine indicated that 3-methylhistidine synthesis was 37% of the overall rate in the fed or overnight-starved state. According to measurements of actin, myosin heavy-chain and aldolase synthesis in the over-night-starved state with young rats, with a variety of precursors, slow turnover of 3-methylhistidine results from the specific slow turnover of actin, since turnover rates of myosin heavy chain, mixed protein and aldolase were 2.5, 3 and 3.4 times faster respectively. However, in the fed state synthesis rates of actin were increased disproportionately to give similar rates for all proteins. These results show that (a) 3-methylhistidine turnover in muscle is less than half the overall rate in both young and adult rats, (b) slow 3-methylhistidine turnover reflects the specifically slow turnover of actin compared with myosin heavy chain and other muscle proteins, and (c) during growth the synthesis rate of actin is particularly sensitive to the nutritional state and can be increased to a similar rate to that of other proteins.
Viral interference with apoptosis (1998)

Viruses have exploited a fascinating array of mechanisms to inhibit programed cell death. Different viruses tamper with cell suicide pathways by terminating cell death receptor signalling, mimicking cellular Bc1-2 functions, encoding protease inhibitors and other tactics. These stealth strategies are likely to be essential for the preservation of some viruses as it appears nearly impossible for a virus to enter a cell and set up housekeeping without setting off the alarm system that triggers activation of the cell death pathway. Thus, many viruses have developed strategies to subvert the cellular selfdestruct mechanisms, thereby providing suitable environments for long-term persistence, the establishment of latency or for progeny virus production. Investigation of these viral strategies has significantly advanced our knowledge of cellular death pathways and has impacted on our understanding of viral pathogenesis.
Regulation of Dendritic Spine Density in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons by Steroid Hormones (1996)

The effects of gonadal steroid hormones on dendritic spines were studied in hippocampal neurons that were dissociated and grown in culture for 2-3 weeks. Exposure to estradiol caused up to a twofold increase in dendritic spine density in these neurons. The effect of estradiol was stereospecific and blocked by the steroid antagonist tamoxifen. The estradiol-induced rise in spine density was blocked by the NMDA antagonist APV, but not by the AMPA/KA antagonist DNQX. The estradiol-induced rise in spine density was blocked by the serine/threonine kinase inhibitor H7, but not by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genestein, and was partially mimicked by PMA, an activator of protein kinase C. Estradiol also caused an increase in the fluorescence intensity of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminals, corresponding to presynaptic boutons. Finally, estradiol caused a rise in [Ca]i reactivity of the cultured neurons to topical application of glutamate. These studies are the first to examine receptor and second messenger regulation of dendritic spines, and they illustrate the viability of cultured neurons as a powerful test system to address issues related to the regulation of dendritic spine maturation.
The World Wide Web (2018)

The World Wide Web provides access to a digital compendium of information that is unprecedented in terms of its scale, scope, and accessibility. It is, in addition, a resource that plays an ever-greater role in shaping our epistemic capabilities, both at the individual and collective (social) levels. Relative to such features, the epistemological significance of the Web should not be in doubt. Indeed, in an era dominated by concerns about the reliability of online information, the Web is a potential focal point for applied epistemology. The present chapter surveys some of the issues, challenges, and opportunities that arise in respect of this important area of applied epistemological research.
Derivatives of cyclosporin compatible with antibody-based assays: I. The generation of [125I]-labeled cyclosporin. (1985)

The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, has been successfully iodinated to a specific activity of 300 Ci per gram. 125I-labeled cyclosporin and [3H]cyclosporin are nearly equivalent as tracers in a radioimmunoassay in producing standard lines (suppression by unlabeled cyclosporin) and in assigning values to clinical samples. In addition, the [125I]-labeled cyclosporin has greater than twice the sensitivity, and it is stable to long-term storage. Use of a [125I]-labeled cyclosporin tracer is more convenient, more reproducible, more precise, and easier than the tritiated-cyclosporin alternative in radioimmunoassay of this compound.
Manganese oxide/carbon composite nanofibers: electrospinning preparation and application as a bi-functional cathode for rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries (2012)

Manganese oxide/carbon composite nanofibers are fabricated via an electrospinning technique. The electrospun composite nanofibers show an excellent catalytic performance for oxygen reduction and evolution, leading to reduced discharge–charge overpotentials and improved cycling properties of a Li–O2 battery with a hybrid electrolyte.
Manufacturing issues related to RTP induced overlay errors in a global alignment stepper technology (1996)

The effect of rapid thermal processing on wafer distortion and overlay accuracy in global alignment photolithography in the fabrication of 0.85 /spl mu/m CMOS Flash EPROM integrated circuits was studied. Both rapid thermal process parameters and system design (single and multi-lamp processors) were evaluated for their effect on overlay accuracy. It was found that a rapid thermal process (following contact etch and ion implantation) at set temperatures greater than or equal to 950/spl deg/C resulted in interconnect metallization-to-contact overlay errors in excess of 1.0 /spl mu/m across the wafer, which led to a 20% functional circuit yield loss. In the case of the single lamp processor, this misalignment was attributed to wafer distortion due to the temperature overshoot during the ramp step, which subsequently resulted in an across wafer temperature range of greater than 120/spl deg/C. This temperature overshoot and nonuniformity was eliminated by reducing the ramp rate below 100/spl deg/C/s. This ramp rate reduction, however, decreased the system wafer throughput, and required optimization to eliminate the overlay errors and minimize the effect on throughput. In this study, a 60/spl deg/C/s ramp rate was found to be optimum. For the multi-lamp RTP system, the metal-to-contact overlay error was not observed. This was believed to be due to the design of the heating mechanism in the multi-lamp processor, which did not produce the large wafer temperature overshoot and nonuniformity that was observed in the single lamp processor.
Determination of Free and Total Phenolic Acids in Plant-Derived Foods by HPLC with Diode-Array Detection (2002)

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode-array detection (DAD) was used to identify and quantify free and total phenolic acids (m-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ellagic acid) in plant foods. Free phenolic acids were extracted with a mixture of methanol and 10% acetic acid. Bound phenolic acids were liberated using first alkaline and then acid hydrolysis followed by extraction with diethyl ether/ethyl acetate (1:1). All fractions were quantified separately by HPLC. After HPLC quantification, results of alkali and acid hydrolysates were calculated to represent total phenolic acids. Ellagic acid was quantified separately after long (20 h) acid hydrolysis. The methods developed were effective for the determination of phenolic acids in plant foods. DAD response was linear for all phenolic acids within the ranges evaluated, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999. Coefficients of variation for 4-8 sample replicates were consistently below 10%. Recovery tests of phenolic acids were performed for every hydrolysis condition using several samples. Recoveries were generally good (mean >90%) with the exceptions of gallic acid and, in some cases, caffeic acid samples.
Alternating line high dynamic range imaging (2011)

In this paper, a novel method of improving dynamic range of imaging device is proposed. Unlike multi-capture HDR methods, the suggested method requires only a small modification to existing CMOS imaging sensor. By changing exposure time line by line, one can obtain a multi-exposure image in a single capture of an image. With such captured image, digital image processing algorithms are applied to recover the lost vertical resolution with minimal degradation. This paper will cover overall system issues as well as detailed description of the algorithms applied to recover high dynamic range image.
Pulsed laser treatment of diamondlike carbon films (1986)

Conducting (10−1 Ω cm) pathways have been directly written into an insulating (106 Ω cm) diamondlike carbon film using pulsed laser irradiation (0.53 μm). The morphological and structural changes caused by the laser suggest that the film has been transformed into a form of graphite preserving some of the diamondlike properties of the original coating.
A bus-oriented multiprocessor fast Fourier transform (1991)

A bus-oriented multiprocessor architecture specialized for computation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a length N=2/sup M/ sequential data stream is developed. The architecture distributes computation and memory requirements evenly among the processors and allows flexibility in the number of processors and in the choice of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. With three buses, the bus bandwidth equals the input data rate. A single time-multiplexed bus with a bandwidth of three times the input data rate can alternatively be used. The architecture requires processors that have identical hardware, which makes it more attractive than the cascade (pipeline) FFT for multiprocessor implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Functional Graphene Nanomaterials Based Architectures: Biointeractions, Fabrications, and Emerging Biological Applications (2017)

Functional graphene nanomaterials (FGNs) are fast emerging materials with extremely unique physical and chemical properties and physiological ability to interfere and/or interact with bioorganisms; as a result, FGNs present manifold possibilities for diverse biological applications. Beyond their use in drug/gene delivery, phototherapy, and bioimaging, recent studies have revealed that FGNs can significantly promote interfacial biointeractions, in particular, with proteins, mammalian cells/stem cells, and microbials. FGNs can adsorb and concentrate nutrition factors including proteins from physiological media. This accelerates the formation of extracellular matrix, which eventually promotes cell colonization by providing a more beneficial microenvironment for cell adhesion and growth. Furthermore, FGNs can also interact with cocultured cells by physical or chemical stimulation, which significantly mediate their cellular signaling and biological performance. In this review, we elucidate FGNs-bioorganism interactions and summarize recent advancements on designing FGN-based two-dimensional and three-dimensional architectures as multifunctional biological platforms. We have also discussed the representative biological applications regarding these FGN-based bioactive architectures. Furthermore, the future perspectives and emerging challenges will also be highlighted. Due to the lack of comprehensive reviews in this emerging field, this review may catch great interest and inspire many new opportunities across a broad range of disciplines.
An autonomous molecular transport system using DNAs and motor proteins in molecular communication (2007)

This paper describes a molecular transport system in molecular communication that uses the machinery in living cells. The molecular transport system requires: 1) loading of the specified cargo molecules at a loading site (at a sender); 2) transport of the loaded cargoes to an unloading site (to a receiver); and 3) unloading of the transported cargoes at the unloading site, all without using external stimuli. Through the DNA strand exchange at a loading site and at an unloading site, and through motility of a biological motor system (kinesins and microtubules), the authors of this paper constructed a molecular transport system and demonstrated that kinesin-driven microtubules autonomously load, transport and unload cargoes to which a specified DNA strand is attached.
The Comparison of Success Rates in Cross-Over Trials in the Presence of an Order Effect (1981)

R. J. Prescott, The Comparison of Success Rates in Cross-Over Trials in the Presence of an Order Effect, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), Vol. 30, No. 1 (1981), pp. 9-15
The Effects of Oxidizing Species Derived from Molecular Oxygen on the Proliferation <i>In Vitro</i> of Human Granulocyte‐Macrophage Progenitor Cells <sup>a</sup> (1989)

In order to better understand the enhancing effects of lowered oxygen (O2) tension on the growth in vitro of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM), the effects of oxidizing species derived from molecular O2 were assessed on CFU-GM. Low density or nonadherent low density normal human bone marrow cells were plated at ambient (20%) or lowered (5%) O2 tension in the presence of a source of colony stimulating factors, and in the absence or presence of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose oxidase or horseradish peroxidase, alone or in various combinations. Enhanced colony and cluster formation of CFU-GM was noted when low density cells were grown at 5% O2, or when cells were grown at 20% O2 in the presence of superoxide dismutase or glucose oxidase. Both of these enzymes are capable of generating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), although by different mechanisms. Low concentrations of glucose oxidase resulted in increased formation of colonies and clusters, but higher concentrations of glucose oxidase were inhibitory. Catalase, which converts H2O2 to H2O, had no effect by itself on cells growing at 20% O2, but it eliminated the superoxide dismutase and glucose oxidase enhancing effects. Catalase decreased colony formation of cells grown at 5% O2. Removal of adherent cells ablated the growth-enhancing effects noted at lowered (5%) O2 tension and also the superoxide dismutase and catalase effects at 20% or 5% O2. Horseradish peroxidase, which converts H2O2 to a more toxic oxidant, hypochlorite, had a suppressive effect on colony and cluster numbers and at 20% O2 converted the glucose oxidase effects from stimulatory to inhibitory. The results suggest that adherent cells and low concentrations of H2O2 may mediate growth-enhancing effects of CFU-GM seen at lowered (5%) O2 tension.
Some aspects of process control in semiconductor manufacturing (2020)

This paper outlines some aspects of process control in semiconductor manufacturing. Starting with an outline of the semiconductor manufacturing process, the contribution will discuss temperature control of the chemical vapour deposition stage and the control of the wafer etching process, based on the industrial experience of the first two authors. Subsequently, the authors draw the attention of the semiconductor manufacturing community to the potential of properly tuned PID controllers for the achievement of simple and high performance control solutions.
A Simple and Efficient Method for Synthesis of Carboxymethylated Polyethyleneglycol (2005)

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of carboxymethylated polyethylene glycol (CM-PEG) by the oxidation of the corresponding monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) with catalytic amounts of TEMPO and hypobromide as a regenerating oxidant and water as solvent was developed.
Erratum: ‘‘Extracting physical structure information from thin organic films with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy’’ [J. Appl. Phys. <b>5</b> <b>5</b>, 3354 (1983)] (1987)

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Development and validation of an RP‐HPLC method for quantitative determination of vanillin and related phenolic compounds in <i>Vanilla planifolia</i> (2007)

A simple and fast method was developed using RP-HPLC for separation and quantitative determination of vanillin and related phenolic compounds in ethanolic extract of pods of Vanilla planifolia. Ten phenolic compounds, namely 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and piperonal were quantitatively determined using ACN, methanol, and 0.2% acetic acid in water as a mobile phase with a gradient elution mode. The method showed good linearity, high precision, and good recovery of compounds of interest. The present method would be useful for analytical research and for routine analysis of vanilla extracts for their quality control.
Cerebellar learning for control of a two-link arm in muscle space (2002)

Biological control systems have long been studied as possible inspiration for the construction of robotic controllers. The cerebellum is known to be involved in the production and learning of smooth, coordinated movements. In this paper, we present a model of cerebellar control of a muscle-actuated, two-link, planar arm. The model learns in a trial-and-error fashion to produce bursts of muscle activity that accurately bring the arm to a specified target. When the cerebellum fails to bring the arm to the target, an extra-cerebellar module performs four-quality corrective movements, from which the cerebellum may update its program. In learning to perform the task, the cerebellum constructs an implicit inverse model of the plant. This model uses a combination of delayed sensory signals and recently-generated motor commands to compute the new output motor signal.