gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A low cost open source high frame-rate high-frequency imaging system (2013)

In this paper a low cost open source approach to high-frequency ultrasound imaging is described. This complete imaging system is based around four core components: A single-element geometrically focused imaging transducer, a low cost high frame-rate mechanical scanner, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) controlled pulser-receiver unit, and a data acquisition system running open source interface software. The single-element imaging transducer is spherically curved composite based on Lithium Niobate that has a centre frequency of 45 MHz, a bandwidth of 65%, and an insertion loss of −19dB. The mechanical scanning mechanism is based on a 45 mm long PZT bimorph attached to an extension arm. The mechanism can scan up to a 10 mm displacements at 100 Hz and is driven with a low cost Arduino microcontroller. The mechanism is mounted in an enclosed probe holder filled with deionized water. The FPGA accurately controlling the variable timing of the pulser-receiver unit is a Xilinx Virtex V and the data acquisition hardware consists of an off the shelf AlazarTech PCIe digitizing card and a PC. The hardware communication, GUI/plotting libraries, and data collection is all controlled with an open source Python application we have named OpenHiFUS.
Phenylene sulfide polymers. II. Structure of polymers obtained by the Macallum polymerization (1960)

Abstract Polymers prepared by the Macallum homopolymerization and copolymerization were compared to a linear phenylene sulfide polymer prepared by the self‐condensation of sodium p ‐chlorothiophenoxide. The properties compared included solubility, softening point, melting point, x‐ray diffraction pattern, infrared spectrum, and thermal stability. For the last named, both differential thermal analyses and thermal gravimetric analyses were obtained. The linear polyphenylene sulfide and the Macallum polymers were found to be essentially identical in all of these properties, even though the sulfur contents ofthe latter were generally higher by 15–20% of the amount present than in the linear polymer. Consideration of this identity and of the probable mechanism of the Macallum polymerization led to the postulation of a structure for the Macallum polymers consisting of a crosslinked core to which are attached more or less extended, linear chains.
Transparent Conductive Oxides in Thin Film Photovoltaics (2014)

This paper show results from the development of transparent conductive oxides (TCO's) on large areas for the use as front electrode in thin film silicon solar modules. It is focused on two types of zinc oxide, which are cheap to produce and scalable to a substrate size up to 6 m2. Low pressure CVD with temperatures below 200°C can be used for the deposition of boron doped ZnO with a native surface texture for good light scattering, while sputtered aluminum doped ZnO needs a post deposition treatment in an acid bath for a rough surface. The paper presents optical and electrical characterization of large area samples, and also results about long term stability of the ZnO samples with respect to the so called TCO corrosion.
Diazaphospholene Precatalysts for Imine and Conjugate Reductions (2017)

The first examples of 1,3,2-diazaphospholene-catalyzed imine reduction and conjugate reduction reactions are reported. This approach employs readily synthesized alkoxydiazaphospholene precatalysts that can be handled in open air. Reduction of substrates containing Lewis basic functionality, isolated unsaturation, and protic functional groups was accomplished. The synthetic utility of this approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of the important antiparkinson medicine rasagiline and the natural product zingerone.
Introduction (2003)

This book is an attempt to describe and analyse the monopolization of privileged occupational positions by different social groups. It focuses in particular on the position and experience of ethnic minority groups within professions. The social group that I will mainly though not exclusively focus on is African-Caribbean women. My interest in this area may seem strange to some, as I am a white man. However, more than anything, this book is an exploration and discussion of how the notion of ethnic difference is articulated theoretically and practically in the world of work. It is the way in which difference and otherness is constructed that forms the basis for exclusion, both between and within professions. In the wake of the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, notions of difference that are based on Islamic and Arabic identities are likely to take on a new and greater political significance within the United States, with profound consequences for the definitions of ‘others’ who are different and regarded as a potential threat to security. To characterize this as an esoteric debate that has no relevance to ‘real people’ is to miss the point. In both the UK and the US, ethnic minority groups live with the realities of discrimination and the consequences of that discrimination, be it a lack of promotion prospects, poorer pay than their peers or outright rejection from a particular occupational sphere because they are not ‘one of us’.
Side-channel attack mitigation using dual-spacer Dual-rail Delay-insensitive Logic (D<sup>3</sup>L) (2010)

Side-channel attacks have become a threat to secure electronic circuits, due to the strong correlation between data pattern and leaking power/timing information. By monitoring the power/timing behavior of a synchronous circuit, an attacker can easily obtain the secret data stored in the device. Although dual-rail asynchronous circuits have more stable power traces, they still show power fluctuation because of the imbalanced load between two rails. Moreover, asynchronous circuits are the most prone to timing attacks since delay is data dependent. Dual-spacer Dual-rail Delay-insensitive Logic (D <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> L), presented in this paper, is able to mitigate power and timing based side-channel attacks. Power fluctuation is decoupled from data pattern by the use of a dual-spacer protocol, while timing-data correlation is broken by insertion of random delays.
A secure video on demand system (2002)

Prevention of viewing by unauthorized customers remains a concern of video on demand service providers. The paper introduces a technique based on bit-serial cryptosystem to perform full encryption of the entire signal stream. The technique is simple, fast, secure enough, and extendable.
Switch-level concurrent fault simulation based on a general purpose list traversal mechanism (2003)

A general-purpose traversal mechanism is described which is used to perform concurrent simulation for complex devices. This traversal mechanism performs all list handling necessary for an accurate and efficient concurrent simulation at a complexity level much higher than that of the gate level. The work on this general-purpose traversal mechanism project has been done within the DECSIM logic simulator. The work to date includes the realization of concurrent MOS fault simulation and the early stage of designing concurrent behavior fault simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Function of Ca~(2+) in Mammal Cells and the Relationship between Ca~(2+) and Disease (2004)

Calcium in the cytoplast has wide regulative function to kinds of physiological activity as the messenger, plays a important role in the contraction of muscle and the release of hormones, digesting enzymes and neurotransmitter. Calcium participates in wider physiological process, like the control of biomembrane permeability and cell excitability, the metabolism of cells, the maintainnence of cell configuration, the regulation of cell cycle and the maturation and impregnation of germ cell, ets. Ca 2+ also involved in the process of cell damage and in the cardiovascular disease and liver cell damage.
[Chemical study on ethyl acetate portion of Ehretia thyrsiflora, boraginaceae species of Kudingcha]. (2008)

All these compounds were isolated from E. thyrsiflora for the first time. Compounds 2-7 were isolated from genus Ehretia for the first time.
The Nature and Causes of “Hookworm Anemia” (1966)

Preface. A number of studies have shown the prevalence of anemia in tropical areas—in great majority of the iron deficiency type—to be staggering; and it is probable that lack of iron is even more widespread than figures for circulating hemoglobin would indicate, if the rate of intestinal absorption for this substance can be taken as an early indication of its want.Yet the reasons for the wide distribution of iron deficiency are not clearly known: in affected areas, often iron ingestion is relatively high, hookworm infections may be of low intensity, and there are no other obvious avenues of iron loss.More information of a quantitative nature on the subject of iron metabolism in the tropics and its relation with anemia and hookworm was clearly needed, and, in 1955, we began measuring, in Venezuelan rural populations, chiefly by means of radioactive isotopes, various factors which influence the utilization and loss of iron.
The (-)-enantiomer of gossypol possesses higher anticancer potency than racemic gossypol in human breast cancer. (2002)

Natural gossypol (GP), a polyphenolic pigment in cottonseed, is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, (+)GP and (-)GP. Our aim was to compare the abilities of (+/-)GP, (+)GP and (-)GP to reduce proliferation of breast cancerous epithelial cells (cEC) and cancerous stromal cells (cSC). Proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine uptake. Results showed that (+)GP had no effect on both cEC and cSC. In contrast, in both cell types, (+/-)GP and (-)GP significantly inhibited proliferation. (+/-)GP caused reductions of 15, 46 and 82% at 25, 5.0 and 7.5 microM, respectively, in cEC, and reductions of 17, 28, 39 and 56% at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 microM, respectively, in cSC. (-)GP induced reductions of 33, 89 and 98% at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 microM, respectively, in cEC, and reductions of 29, 51, 64 and 72% at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 microM, respectively, in cSC. By RT-PCR, we found that 3 microM of (+/-)GP and (-)GP decreased cyclin D1 mRNA expression in both cell types (52% and 71%, respectively, in cEC; and 47% and 71%, respectively, in cSC), and increased transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) mRNA expression in both cell types (93% and 130%, respectively, in cEC; and 45% and 89%, respectively, in cSC). Interestingly, (-)GP was significantly more potent than (+/-)GP. These results show that (-)GP is the major inhibitory component of (+/-)GP, (-)GP is the more potent inhibitor of cancerous breast cell growth, and the inhibitory activity of (-)GP and (+/-)GP is related to the reduction of the cell cycle regulator, cyclin D1, and the induction of the cell proliferation inhibitor, TGFbeta.
Ageing Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Applied to a Three-Wheel PHEV Roadster (2013)

Predicting the ageing behaviour of a lithium-ion battery is a challenging difficulty in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles applications. Invoking the expensive price of the energy density linked with considerable performances degradation over cycling, it is worth considering a battery lifetime optimization in the design process. The degradation will materialize by a capacity loss and an increase of the internal resistance. Capacity loss will affect the autonomy of the vehicle while an increase of the internal resistance will lead to an increase of the battery power losses and overheating. In the paper, the lifetime of a PHEV roadster battery pack is estimated by applying a real-life current discharge pattern, instead of the common ageing experiments based on constant current discharge patterns. A current cycle corresponding to a roadster power load has been used as input. This work involves an accelerated ageing experiment of individual LiFePO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> battery cells through cycling. The cycle applied is derived from a speed cycle comprised of three parts: urban roads, rural roads and highways. For more than 1400 cycles, the capacity, internal resistance, voltage, current and temperature have been monitored.
Economics of isomeric energy (2007)

A high energy density source based on nuclear isomers may be conceptually attractive; but it is unrealistic if the energy’s price is too excessive. This paper estimates the price of isomeric energy, and shows that isomers can become practical only for low-energy applications.
Differential hashing functions: application to reachability graph generation (2002)

The paper presents the differential hashing functions. A differential computation process enables hashing function processing time to be optimized. After a formal definition of the differential property for hashing functions, we show that not all hashing functions have this property, then we propose a characterization of the differential hashing function set. Next, we show the performance acceleration produced by the differential algorithms applied to five hashing functions found in common applications. The observed accelerations can be significant because they are proportional to key length. Last we study the performances of a differential hashing function for the reachability graph exploration of distributed systems specified by a Petri net. This application demonstrates the advantages and the limits of the differential technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are released by activated human endothelial cells in vitro. (1992)

Endothelial cells respond to several cytokines by a rapid increase in expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), followed by a gradual decline. The fate of these molecules, which was so far unknown, was studied. Specific sandwich ELISA for the detection of soluble (s)E-selectin and sICAM-1 were developed. In supernatant, centrifuged 3 hr at 100,000 g to remove microparticles, from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) activated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), E-selectin and ICAM-1 molecules could be detected. Biochemical analysis revealed that sE-selectin migrated as a band of approximately 94,000 MW. The amount of soluble adhesion molecules released was directly correlated with cell surface expression. Maximal release of E-selectin was observed 6-12 hr after activation of HUVEC and decreased to below detection limit 24 hr after activation. After activation, release of ICAM-1 gradually increased with ICAM-1 cell surface expression, and reached a plateau after 24 hr, which was constant for 3 days. Since E-selectin and ICAM-1 are highly expressed at inflammatory sites, the resulting high concentrations of released E-selectin and ICAM-1 may affect interactions of leucocytes with endothelial cells. The physiological role, however, of the release of E-selectin and ICAM-1 remains to be elucidated.
Fluid transport and bacterial penetration along root canal fillings (1993)

Convective transport of water from the coronal to the apical end of obturated root canals was determined by the movement of an air bubble in a capillary glass tube connected to the apex of the experimental root section using a headspace pressure of 120 kPa (1.2 atm). Water transport through existing voids in the obturated canals could be measured reproducibly in this way. The root canals of 60 human maxillary canines were filled with gutta-percha and sealer by the cold lateral condensation technique. Thirty of these were first exposed to a small motile bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, growing in a reservoir at the coronal end of each root. After 50 days, two specimens allowed penetration of bacteria to a reservoir at the apical end. All the roots were then assessed quantitatively for convective transport of water. The results were divided into three defined categories: 39 obturated canals were in the 'bacteria tight' category, 14 canals in the 'slight leakage' and 7 canals in the 'gross leakage' category. The two specimens that showed bacterial penetration fell into the slight and gross leakage categories. The previous test for bacterial passage did not statistically influence the fluid transport pattern of these roots which was measured subsequently. These findings indicate that fluids transport through obturated root canals, most of which do not allow the passage of bacteria.
Defect-Engineered Three-Dimensional Graphene–Nanotube–Palladium Nanostructures with Ultrahigh Capacitance (2012)

The development of three-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures is the next step forward for boosting industrial applications of carbon nanomaterials such as graphenes and carbon nanotubes. Some defects, which have been considered as detrimental factors for maintaining exceptional materials properties of two-dimensional graphene, can be actively used to synthesize three-dimensional graphene-based carbon nanostructures. Here we describe a fast and heretofore unreported defect-engineered method to synthesize three-dimensional carbon nanohybrid structures with strong bonding between graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes using simple microwave irradiation and an ionic liquid. Our one-pot method utilizes defect-engineered sequential processes: microwave-based defect generation on graphene nanoplatelets, anchoring of palladium nanoparticles on these defects, and subsequent growth of carbon nanotubes by use of an ionic liquid. The unique three-dimensional nanostructures showed an ultrahigh redox capacitance due to high porosity, a high surface-to-volume ratio from the spacer role of vertically standing one-dimensional carbon nanotubes on graphene sheets, and capacitance-like redox response of the palladium nanoparticles. The proposed defect-engineered method could lead to novel routes to synthesizing three-dimensional graphene-based nanostructures with exceptionally high performance in energy storage systems.
SU‐F‐BRB‐11: An Integrated Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Treatment Planning Optimization (2015)

Purpose: To propose a new parallel‐friendly optimization algorithm, based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), for solving optimization problems emerging in treatment planning and imaging Methods: ADMM, emerging as a powerful tool for distributed optimization, is employed here for IMRT treatment planning. We modify the existing ADMM by integrating that with two optimization techniques known as Barzilai‐Borwein gradient method and line search. We apply original and integrated ADMM, with various penalty parameter values, on three IMRT treatment planning cases and we compare their performance. Each algorithm terminates once it found a solution within the relative error of 1E‐4 from the optimal solution. We also compare the performance of original and integrated ADMM against the commercial optimization software CPLEX. Results: Our experiments on three different cancer sites (prostate, head and neck, and GYN) indicate that integrated ADMM is much faster than original ADMM (5.8 times faster on average). Moreover, while the performance of original ADMM heavily depends on the selected penalty parameter, integrated ADMM performs very robust against the penalty parameter. Compared to the commercial software CPLEX, integrated ADMM turns out to be around 4–7 times faster. Conclusion: Integrated ADMM is a very efficient optimization algorithm to cope with the large‐scale optimization problems. It is a parallel‐friendly optimization algorithm and provides an idea platform for cloud‐based treatment planning and imaging.
40-Gbit/s transmission over high-PMD fiber with automatic PMD compensation (1999)

We achieved 40-Gb/s transmission over high-PMD fiber (/spl sigma//sub PMD/=9.7 ps) with automatic polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensation. We adopted a PMD monitor using the 20-GHz intensity of the received baseband signals and feedback control of an optical PMD compensator.
Noise-immune phase unwrapping by use of calculated wrap regions (1997)

We implement a proposed method for noise-immune phase unwrapping through the calculation of what may be called wrap regions. The theory of this method is reformulated and discussed with regard to random wrapping, a phenomenon that occurs with diffusely reflecting objects if the optical phase change caused by a deformation is calculated by subtraction of the phases calculated before and after the deformation. Two methods of eliminating random wrapping are presented. The algorithm for phase unwrapping is described, and experimental results are presented.
Polarization-Insensitive All-Optical Wavelength Conversion Using Dispersion-Shifted Fiber With a Fiber Bragg Grating and a Faraday Rotator Mirror (2004)

We demonstrate a simple technique for polarization-insensitive all-optical wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing in dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) with a fiber Bragg grating and a Faraday rotator mirror. The experimental residual polarization sensitivity is reduced from more than 22-2 dB with 4 km of DSF, and the power penalty incurred in wavelength conversion for 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero data is less than 1 dB for a 20-nm conversion distance. Theoretically, this technique will have negligible polarization sensitivity when the propagation loss of the pump through the DSF approaches zero.
Synthesis and some properties of yttrium and lanthanide isopropoxides (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and some properties of yttrium and lanthanide isopropoxidesKhodabakhsh S. Mazdiyasni and Lawrence Milton BrownCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1970, 9, 12, 2783–2786Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50094a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50094a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views566Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Wideband Cavity-backed Folded Dipole Superstrate Antenna for 60 GHz Applications (2006)

The wideband and high efficiency folded dipole antenna for 60 GHz applications with the integration capability in a low-cost plastic packaging technology was presented. The proximity of the cavity metal walls was used in an input impedance bandwidth enhancement process. Moreover, the metal cavity has the potential to make the antenna performance to a large extend insensitive to the surrounding package and PCB-level dielectric and metal structures. The antenna performance showed an extremely low sensitivity to the cavity manufacturing and attachment tolerances which is of special importance at mm-wave frequencies. The ideas presented in this paper are patent pending