gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Research Note: Avian Sperm-Egg Interaction: Perivitelline Layer Possesses Receptor Activity for Spermatozoa (1990)

Sperm-egg interaction in mammals is initiated by the binding of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida (ZP), an acellular coat completely surrounding the vitelline membrane of unfertilized eggs. The perivitelline layer (PL) of the ovum of the hen is analogous to the mammalian ZP. In vitro incubation of the PL with spermatozoa results in fragmentation of the PL. The PL promotes the acrosome reaction whereby sperm acrosomal enzymes are released; the enzymes in turn dissolve the PL. The present study was conducted to determine if the PL removed from chicken ova, recovered immediately after ovulation, possess sperm-receptor activity. The results suggest that the solubilized PL does contain one or more components which behave in a manner analogous to sperm-receptors. Pretreatment of spermatozoa with solubilized PL prevented their subsequent attachment to and fragmentation of the intact PL which was observed with untreated spermatozoa.
Electrochemical gasification of lignite in phosphoric acid (1986)

A combination of simple voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, glc, proximate and ultimate analyses, and petrography were applied to the investigation of lignite electrogasification in phosphoric acid. Conversion of ~40% lignite to CO 2 occurs, in part by thermal reaction. Electrooxidation of the lignite occurs in part through electrocatalysis due to incorporated Fe(II). Lesser amounts of CO are produced thermally.
Design and evaluation of a novel reconfigurable ALU based on FPGA (2013)

Reconfigurable architecture requires many processing elements (PEs) and configuration switches for reconfigurable module. High performance is necessary for the reconfigurable module. In order to achieve data-intensive computation, we design a novel reconfigurable ALU for 32bit high-performance DSP. The ALU consists of sixteen unified arithmetic PEs, four configurable registers and one shared interconnection network, and efficiently achieves different arithmetic operations, such as integer, floating-point number and reconfigurable computation for various applications. Evaluating results show that the proposed reconfigurable ALU can work at 250.43MHz adopting FPGA XC6VSX475T-2FF1156 with lower power consumption and Look-Up Tables (LUTs).
Corrosion of Lithium in Alkaline Solution (1977)

The corrosion of Li was studied in at 25°C and in at 4°–60°C. The Arrhenius relationship is obeyed and the apparent activation energy for the Li corrosion reaction is found to be 15.5 kcal mole−1. An empirical relationship is derived from which the corrosion rate can be obtained at any molar . At 25°C . An equation is also given which allows calculation of the Li corrosion rate when the metal is anodically polarized. The kinetics of the evolution reaction (e.r.) on Li were determined, the transfer coefficient α has a value of 0.14. The rate‐controlling process of the Li dissolution reaction is the highly polarized evolution at cathodic sites. Based on the α value obtained, the enthalpy of activation for the e.r. on Li at OCV is calculated to be 22.8 kcal mole−1. It is proposed that the protective film on Li has a duplex structure with a thin oxide/ hydroxide layer adjacent to the metal and an outer porous hydrated layer through which the reaction products and reactants can pass freely.
Transmembrane Structures for Alzheimer’s Aβ<sub>1−42</sub> Oligomers (2010)

We model oligomers of the Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide Aβ(1-42) in an implicit membrane to obtain insight into the mechanism of amyloid toxicity. It has been suggested that Aβ oligomers are the toxic species, causing membrane disruption in neuronal cells due to pore formation. We use basin-hopping global optimization to identify the most stable structures for the Aβ(1-42) peptide monomer and small oligomers up to the octamer inserted into a lipid bilayer. To improve the efficacy of the basin-hopping approach, we introduce a basin-hopping parallel tempering scheme and an oligomer generation procedure. The most stable membrane-spanning structure for the monomer is identified as a β-sheet, which exhibits the typical strand-turn-strand motif observed in NMR experiments. We find ordered β-sheets for the dimer to the hexamer, whereas for the octamer, we observe that the ordered structures separate into distinct tetrameric units that are rotated or shifted with respect to each other. This effect leads to an increase in favorable peptide-peptide interactions, thereby stabilizing the membrane-inserted octamer. On the basis of these results, we suggest that Aβ pores may consist of tetrameric and hexameric β-sheet subunits. These Aβ pore models are consistent with the results of biophysical and biochemical experiments.
Characterization of a permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance plasma source (1991)

Experimental details and results are presented for a permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance plasma source matched to a multipolar confined process chamber. A Nd–Fe–B magnet structure provides a resonant axial magnetic field with no electrical or cooling input power, replacing the more typical current driven coils. Plasma parameter and etch characterization measurements in Ar and SF6 are presented for the pressure range 0.1–1.0 mTorr and input microwave power levels 100–500 W.
Interrogation of a fiber Fabry-Perot sensor by current modulation of a diode laser (2004)

We present a method for remote interrogation of passive fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot resonators, employing current modulation of the diode laser source. With the presence of both RF amplitude and frequency modulation, it is a variant of the ultra-sensitive Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency locking technique. We demonstrate that current modulation and interferometric demodulation removes the need for a phase modulator in the sensing architecture.
Mechanisms of Degradation and Failure in a Plasma-Deposited Thermal Barrier Coating (1990)

Failure of a two-layer plasma-deposited thermal barrier coating is caused by cyclic thermal exposure and occurs by spallation of the outer ceramic layer. Spallation life is quantitatively predictable, based on the severity of cyclic thermal exposure. This paper describes and attempts to explain unusual constitutive behavior observed in the insulative ceramic coating layer, and presents details of the ceramic cracking damage accumulation process, which is responsible for spallation failure. Comments also are offered to rationalize the previously documented influence of interfacial oxidation on ceramic damage accumulation and spallation life.
Total Iron-Overload Measurement in the Human Liver Region by the Magnetic Iron Detector (2010)

An accurate assessment of body iron accumulation is essential for the diagnosis and therapy of iron overload in diseases, such as hemochromatosis, thalassemia and other forms of severe anemias. The magnetic iron detector (MID) is a room-temperature susceptometer, which measures the total iron overload in the liver. Since February 2005, about 600 patients have been assessed using this device. The iron overload is obtained by calculating the difference between the measured magnetization signal of the patient and the patient's background signal. The latter is the magnetization signal that the patient would generate with normal iron content. This study presents the method for calculating the background signal of healthy volunteers and the application of the same method to patients with iron burden in order to evaluate their overload. The present MID sensitivity is 0.8 g and the reproducibility of the iron overload measurement of the same patients is lower than 0.5 g. The MID does not require calibration with liver biopsies. We correlated the MID measurements with the results of 26 biopsies (R = 0.62), 64 superconducting quantum interference device susceptometer measurements (R = 0.79), 666 serum ferritin concentration measurements (R = 0.72), and 41 MRI- R2* measurements (R = 0.71).
Efficient Preparation and Catalytic Activity of MgO(111) Nanosheets (2006)

Preferential growth of MgO(111) nanosheets with a thickness typically between 3 and 5 nm (see TEM image) has been achieved by a simple, efficient, and inexpensive wet chemical route. The MgO(111) nanosheets have been shown to have ultrahigh activity for the Claisen–Schmidt condensation of benzaldehyde and acetophenone. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z602393_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Optical Switching of Chiral Smectic C at Room Temperature (1985)

New chiral liquid crystal mixtures have been prepared, composed of a material exhibiting a smectic C phase and possessing a negative dielectric anisotropy and of a chiral material with or without, a chiral smectic C phase. These mixtures form room temperature eutectics with a large helical pitch and negative dielectric anisotropy. Uniform unwinding of the helix by an electric field has been obtained over large areas and leads to macroscopic ferroelectric domains of well defined optical properties. Chiral pitches and cell thickness were of the order of 15 μm, which is within the range of standard LCD fabrication techniques. Switching times of 3 ms have been obtained using 20 volts and latching of the switched status has been maintained under sustained AC fields we believe for the first time.
Carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes for amplified label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization (2003)

The preparation and attractive performance of carbon-nanotube modified glassy-carbon (CNT/GC) electrodes for improved detection of purines, nucleic acids, and DNA hybridization are described. The surface-confined multiwall carbon-nanotube (MWCNT) facilitates the adsorptive accumulation of the guanine nucleobase and greatly enhances its oxidation signal. The advantages of CNT/GC electrodes are illustrated from comparison to the common unmodified glassy carbon, carbon paste and graphite pencil electrodes. The dramatic amplification of the guanine signal has been combined with a label-free electrical detection of DNA hybridization. Factors influencing the enhancement of the guanine signal are assessed and optimized. The performance characteristics of the amplified label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization are reported in connection to measurements of nucleic-acid segments related to the breast-cancer BRCA1 gene.
A guide for primary care PAs (2006)

Pediatric clinicians should know how to distinguish juvenile-onset bipolar disorder from ADHD, since arriving at the right diagnosis is essential to providing the most effective treatment.
In vitro isolation and identification of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants with reduced sensitivity to C-2 symmetrical inhibitors of HIV type 1 protease. (1993)

Protease inhibitors are another class of compounds for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-caused disease. The emergence of resistance to the current anti-HIV drugs makes the determination of potential resistance to protease inhibitors imperative. Here we describe the isolation of an HIV type 1 (HIV-1) resistant to an HIV-protease inhibitor. Serial passage of HIV-1 (strain RF) in the presence of the inhibitor, [2-pyridylacetylisoleucylphenylalanyl-psi (CHOH)]2 (P9941), failed to yield a stock of virus with a resistance phenotype. However, variants of the virus with 6- to 8-fold reduced sensitivity to P9941 were selected by using a combination of plaque assay and endpoint titration. Genetic analysis and computer modeling of the variant proteases revealed a single change in the codon for amino acid 82 (Val-->Ala), which resulted in a protease with lower affinity and reduced sensitivity to this inhibitor and certain, but not all, related inhibitors.
pH-Tunable Ion Selectivity in Carbon Nanotube Pores (2010)

The selectivity of ion transport in nanochannels is of primary importance for a number of physical, chemical, and biological processes ranging from fluid separation to ion-channel-regulated cellular processes. Fundamental understanding of these phenomena requires model nanochannels with well-defined and controllable structural properties. Carbon nanotubes provide an ideal choice for nanofluidic studies because of their simple chemistry and structure, the atomic scale smoothness and chemical inertness of the graphitic walls, and the tunability of their diameter and length. Here, we investigate the selectivity of single and, for the first time, binary salt mixtures transport through narrow carbon nanotubes that act as the only pores in a silicon nitride membrane. We demonstrate that negatively charged carboxylic groups are responsible for the ion rejection performance of carbon nanotube pores and that ion permeation of small salts can be tuned by varying solution pH. Investigation of the effect of solution composition and ion valences for binary electrolytes with common cation in a pressure-driven flow reveals that the addition of slower diffusing multivalent anions to a solution of faster diffusing monovalent anions favors permeation of the monovalent anion. Larger fractions and valences of the added multivalent anions lower the rejection of the monovalent anion. In some cases, we observe negative rejection at low monovalent ion content.
High-power picosecond laser drilling/machining of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites (2016)

The large differences in physical and thermal properties of the carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite constituents make laser machining of this material challenging. An extended heat-affected zone (HAZ) often occurs. The availability of ultrashort laser pulse sources such as picosecond lasers makes it possible to improve the laser machining quality of these materials. This paper reports an investigation on the drilling and machining of CFRP composites using a state-of-the-art 400 W picosecond laser system. Small HAZs (<25 µm) were obtained on the entry side of 6-mm-diameter hole drilled on sample of 6 mm thickness, whereas no HAZ was seen below the top surface on the cut surfaces. Multiple ring material removal strategy was used. Furthermore, the effect of laser processing parameters such as laser power, scanning speed and repetition rate on HAZ sizes and ablation depth was investigated.
A Novel Cytotoxic Macrolide, Superstolide B, Related to Superstolide A, from the New Caledonian Marine Sponge Neosiphonia superstes (1994)

The structure of a new cytotoxic macrolide, superstolide B [1], isolated from the deep water sponge Neosiphonia superstes, collected off New Caledonia, was elucidated mainly on the basis of nmr data. Compound 1 is closely related to superstolide A [2], a major cytotoxic component isolated from that organism, but lacks the 25-hydroxyl group found in 2 and has a C-24 (C-25)-double bond.
The Laterolog: A New Resistivity Logging Method With Electrodes Using An Automatic Focusing System (1951)

Abstract A new electrical logging method called Laterolog is described which providesfor better recording of formation resistivity. In this method a current, preferably of constant intensity, is forced into the formation perpendicularlyto the wall of the hole as a sheet of predetermined thickness by means of aspecial electrode arrangement and of an automatic control system. The essential advantages of the Laterolog over the regular resistivity logsare explained. With the Laterolog, the mud column has much less influence thanwith conventional methods. The Laterolog is, therefore, particularly useful inwells drilled with highly conductive mud. Moreover, when the electrode systemis located opposite a bed of moderate or small thickness, the disturbing effectof the adjacent formations becomes practically eliminated, provided the bed isthicker than the sheet of current, which itself is usually a few inches to afew feet thick. The sequences of beds are, therefore, much more sharplydifferentiated, and, in many cases, it is possible to read directly from thelogs values close to the true resistivities of the formations without furthercorrections. Field examples are shown to illustrate the results of the method in varioustypes of formations. Introduction As soon as it was introduced into the petroleum industry, electrical loggingproved to be a powerful instrument for the delineation of the strata traversedby bore holes and for correlation of such strata. Research and engineeringefforts were mostly devoted at this early time to the design of the techniqueswhich could provide the best data for these purposes. Later, attention was directed toward the quantitative analysis of electricallogs, in order to obtain information on reservoir characteristics, and inparticular on oil and water saturation. Efforts have been made, accordingly, with a view to improving the already existing methods, or to finding newmethods which could satisfy these new requirements. Quantitative analysis implies a determination as accurate as possible of thetrue resistivity of the formations. In fact, however, the "apparentresistivity" recorded in front of a given bed by a conventional electricallogging method is frequently quite different from the true resistivity of thisbed. This is due to the combined influence of the mud column, of the adjacentformations both above and below the bed, and of the invaded zone, in which theoriginal fluid has been more or less replaced by mud filtrate. T.P. 3198
Laser-generated micro- and nanoeffects: inactivation of proteins coupled to gold nanoparticles with nano- and picosecond pulses (2001)

Background: Protein denaturation in the fs-ns time regime is of fundamental interest for high precision applications in laser tissue interaction. Conjugates of colloidal gold coupled to proteins are presented as a model system for investigating ultrafast protein denaturation. It is expected that irradiation of such conjugates in tissue using pico- up to nanosecond laser pulses could result in effects with a spatial confinement in the regime of single macromolecules up to organelles. Materials and Methods: Experiments were done with bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase (aP) coupled to 15 nm colloidal Gold. This complex was irradiated at 527 nm/ 532 nm with a variable number of pico- and nanosecond pulses. The radiant exposure per pulse was varied from 2 to 50 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> in the case of the picosecond pulses and 10 to 500 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> in the case of the nanosecond pulses. Denaturation was detected as a loss of protein function with the help of the uorescence substrate 4MUP. Results and Discussion: Irradiation did result in a steady decrease of the aP activity with increasing radiant exposures and increasing number of pulses. Inactivations up to 80% using 35 ps pulses at 527 nm with 50 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> and a complete inactivation induced by 16 ns pulses at 450 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> are discussed. The induced temperature in the particles and the surrounding water was calculated using Mie's formulas for the absorption of the nanometer gold particles and an analytical solution of the equations for heat diffusion. The calculated temperatures suggest that picosecond pulses heat a molecular scaled area whereas nanosecond pulses could be used for targeting larger cellular compartiments. It is difficult to identify one of the possible damage mechanisms, i.e. thermal denaturation or formation of micro bubbles, from the dependance of the inactivation on pulse energy and number of applied pulses. Therefore experiments are needed to further elucidate the damage mechanisms. The observed inactivation dependencies on applied energy and radiant power can not be explained with one or two photon photochemistry. In conclusion, denaturing proteins irreversibly via nanoabsorbers using pico-/ nanosecond laser pulses is possible. The expected confinement of the heat to the nanoabsorbers suggests that denaturation of proteins with nanometer precision could be possible with this approach. However, the mechanism of protein inactivation, which is part of present investigations, is crucial for the precision of such nanoeffects.
CHANGEMINER: A solution for discovering IT change templates from past execution traces (2009)

The main goal of change management is to ensure that standardized methods and procedures are used for the efficient and prompt handling of changes in IT systems, in order to minimize change-related incidents and service-delivery disruption. To meet this goal, it is of paramount importance reusing the experience acquired from previous changes in the design of subsequent ones. Two distinct approaches may be usefully combined to this end. In a top-down approach, IT operators may manually design change templates based on the knowledge owned/acquired in the past. Considering a reverse, bottom-up perspective, these templates could be discovered from past execution traces gathered from IT provisioning tools. While the former has been satisfactorily explored in previous investigations, the latter - despite its undeniable potential to result in accurate templates in a reduced time scale - has not been subject of research, as far as the authors are aware of, by the service operations and management community. To fill in this gap, this paper proposes a solution, inspired on process mining techniques, to discover change templates from past changes. The solution is analyzed through a prototypical implementation of a change template miner subsystem called CHANGEMINER, and a set of experiments based on a real-life scenario.
Combining character-based bigrams with word-based bigrams in contextual postprocessing for Chinese script recognition (2002)

It is crucial to use contextual information to improve the recognition accuracy of Chinese script in an offline, handwritten Chinese character-recognition system. However, with the increase in the number of candidates given by a character recognizer, contextual postprocessing using a word-based bigram is time-consuming. This article presents a novel contextual postprocessing method that integrates character-based bigram postprocessing with word-based bigram postprocessing in light of the complementary action between Chinese characters and Chinese words. On the basis of isolated character recognition, character-based bigram postprocessing using a forward-backward search is first executed on a big candidate set, which improves both the accuracy and efficiency of the candidate set (the cumulative accuracy of the top ten candidates is greatly boosted). Then, to further improve accuracy, word-based bigram postprocessing (WBP) is executed on a small candidate set. This method obtains high accuracy while paying attention to postprocessing speed at the same time. Experimental results for three Chinese scripts (about 66,000 characters in total) demonstrate the effectiveness of our method: character-based bigram postprocessing improves accuracy from 81.58% to 94.50%, and the cumulative accuracy of the top ten candidates rises from 94.33% to 98.25%. After WBP, 95.75% accuracy is achieved, which is equivalent to the accuracy of WBP executed on a big candidate set. However, our method is more than 100 times faster than that of WBP.