gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spin caloritronics (2014)

This review provides an in-depth examination of the current status of research in the burgeoning field of spin caloritronics, which examines the relationships between spin and heat transport in materials. Within the context of energy conversion applications, thermal spin transport provides conceptually new mechanisms for solid-state thermal-to-electrical energy conversion that may be used for waste heat recovery and temperature control. In order to develop an appropriate background for our discussion of these new developments, we begin with a brief introduction to both spin-independent and spin-dependent transport phenomena. From there, we describe the various processes through which thermal spin currents can be actively generated, manipulated, and detected, with an emphasis on the recent discoveries related to the spin Seebeck effect. A description of spin transport in magnetic and non-magnetic insulators, semiconductors, and metals is provided, along with a discussion of various spin injection methods and geometries. We conclude by providing several examples of proposed thermal energy conversion devices based on spin caloritronic effects, as well as a brief outline of ongoing research challenges and open questions in this nascent field.
Address-aware fences (2013)

Many modern multicore architectures support shared memory for ease of programming and relaxed memory models to deliver high performance. With relaxed memory models, memory accesses can be reordered dynamically and seen by other processors. Therefore, fence instructions are provided to enforce the memory orderings that are critical to the correctness of a program. However, fence instructions are costly as they cause the processor to stall. Prior works have observed that most of the executions of fence instructions are unnecessary. In this paper we propose address-aware fence, a hardware solution for reducing the overhead of fence instructions without resorting to speculation. Address-aware fence only enforces memory orderings that are necessary to maintain the effect that the traditional fence strives to enforce. This is achieved by dynamically checking a condition for when an execution of a fence must take effect and delay the memory accesses following the fence. When a fence instruction is encountered, first, necessary memory addresses are collected to form a watchlist, and then, only the memory accesses to addresses that are contained in the watchlist are delayed. The memory accesses whose addresses are not contained in the watchlist are allowed to complete without waiting for the completion of pending memory accesses from before the fence. Our experiments conducted on a group of concurrent lock-free algorithms and SPLASH-2 benchmarks show that address-aware fence eliminates nearly all the overhead due to fences and achieves an average improvement of 12.2\% on programs with traditional fences.
Ethics (1995)

Despite books, courses, lectures, panels, and a lot of hand wringing, business ethics remains a vague and troublesome area, primarily because no one can quite figure out what it is. Is ethics making sure no laws are broken while conducting business? Expense accounts honestly reported? Strategies planned that take their effects on employees, customers, and the communities into account?
Comparison of HEC and XC Polymer Gravel Pack Fluids (1989)

ABSTRACT Several service companies are promoting the use of XC polymers to replace HEC polymers in gravel pack fluids. The XC polymer system 1s advertised as providing better gravel carrying capacity and less formation damage than HEC polymer systems. Results of laboratory and field tests with XC and HEC polymers show that the final properties of the fluid system are dependent upon mixing procedures. Hydration and shearing of the XC polymer system prior to the addition of the salt gives a gravel pack fluid with the most consistent fluid properties. High shear and filtration through too fine a filter causes severe loss of gravel carrying capacity and viscosity for both the HEC and XC systems. Filtration through a ten (10) micron absolute cartridge filter is the last step in the preparation. Formation damage studies show that initial exposure to a XC polymer system causes minimal damage. The formation damage is minimized by proper mixing, proper filtration of the system and the proper amount of breaker. However, testing has shown that repeated exposure of the formation to the XC or HEC polymer systems after breaking causes substantial formation damage even with the proper mixing, filtering and breaker systems.
A modified human ELISPOT assay to detect specific responses to primary tumor cell targets (2004)

BACKGROUND: The desired outcome of cancer vaccination is to induce a potent T cell response which can specifically recognize and eliminate autologous tumor cells in vivo. Accordingly, immunological assays that demonstrate recognition of native tumor cells (tumor-specific) may be more clinically relevant than assays that demonstrate recognition of tumor protein or peptide (antigen-specific). METHODS: Towards this goal, we adapted the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay to measure immune responses against autologous primary tumor cells in vaccinated cancer patients. As a model system to develop the assay, we utilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) directly isolated from follicular lymphoma patients vaccinated with tumor-derived idiotype protein. RESULTS: After optimizing several variables, we demonstrated that the modified IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay could be used to reliably and reproducibly determine the tumor-reactive T cell frequency in the PBMC of these patients. The precursor frequency of tumor-reactive T cells was significantly higher in the postvaccine PBMC, compared with prevaccine samples in all patients tested. Furthermore, the specificity of these T cells was established by the lack of reactivity against autologous normal B cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the feasibility of quantitating tumor-specific T cell responses when autologous, primary tumor cells are available as targets.
A Reversible Extraction Process of Phenethyl Alcohol, A Fragrance (1996)

An extraction/separation process for phenethyl alcohol is described. The extraction takes place into a solution of common hydrotrope, sodium xylene sulfonate, and the separation is achieved by addition of water to the water hydrotrope/phenethyl alcohol solution. The system was optimized for the ratio of the amount amount extracted fragrance to amount of water that needs to be evaporated for each extraction/separation cycle.
Burn Wound Assessment in Porcine Skin Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence (1999)

Deep partial-thickness burns were differentiated from deep dermal full-thickness burns in a porcine skin burn model independent of body location. Diagnosis was possible between 1 and 72 hours after injury.
Two-dimensional model for material damage due to melting and vaporization during laser irradiation (1990)

A two-dimensional model is developed for material damage caused by melting and vaporization during pulsed laser irradiation. The problem is formulated by using the energy conservation equation (the Stefan condition) at various points on the solid-liquid and liquid-vapor interfaces. The effect of curvature of the solid-liquid and liquid-vapor interfaces are taken into account and the problem is solved numerically by using the Runge–Kutta method. For determining the maximum damage that can occur during laser irradiation, the laser energy is considered to be utilized only to melt and vaporize the material. The effect of various laser parameters, such as the laser power, laser beam diameter, pulse-on time, and the number of pulses per second on the depth and the radius of the crater is presented. Also, the tapering angle of the crater and the formation of recast layer in the crater during laser irradiation are examined in this study. Finally, a linear relationship between the maximum crater depth and the ‘‘gross’’ laser intensity is derived phenomenologically and verified by using the numerical results of this study.
Inhibition of HIV infectivity by a natural human isolate of <i>Lactobacillus jensenii</i> engineered to express functional two-domain CD4 (2003)

The predominant mode of HIV transmission worldwide is via heterosexual contact, with the cervico-vaginal mucosa being the main portal of entry in women. The cervico-vaginal mucosa is naturally colonized with commensal bacteria, primarily lactobacilli. To address the urgent need for female-controlled approaches to block the heterosexual transmission of HIV, we have engineered natural human vaginal isolates of Lactobacillus jensenii to secrete two-domain CD4 (2D CD4) proteins. The secreted 2D CD4 recognized a conformation-dependent anti-CD4 antibody and bound HIV type 1 (HIV-1) gp120, suggesting that the expressed proteins adopted a native conformation. Single-cycle infection assays using HIV-1 HxB2 carrying a luciferase reporter gene demonstrated that Lactobacillus -derived 2D CD4 inhibited HIV-1 entry into target cells in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, coincubation of the engineered bacteria with recombinant HIV-1 HxB2 reporter virus led to a significant decrease in virus infectivity of HeLa cells expressing CD4–CXCR4–CCR5. Engineered lactobacilli also caused a modest, but statistically significant, decrease in infectivity of a primary isolate, HIV-1 JR-FL . This represents an important first step toward the development of engineered commensal bacteria within the vaginal microflora to inhibit heterosexual transmission of HIV.
Quantitative determination of anti-A-dependent cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood monocytes. (1986)

A simple test is suggested for the quantitative measurement of the cytotoxic activity of human peripheral monocytes. Adherent cells are separated from non-adherent cells in the wells of the microtiter plates, thus tedious resuspension of effector cells can be omitted. Effector cell number is accurately determined by isotope labelling. Maximum of cytotoxic activity is measured in the enzyme-like kinetic model of cytotoxicity as a function of target cell number. It was found that 34.2-51.2% of unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were adherent. More than 80% of these were shown to be monocytes by monoclonal antibodies and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining. Depletion of SRBC rosette forming cells prior to adherence (PBMC, E-) resulted in enrichment of adherent cells (61.3-82.8%), which were exclusively monocytes. Cytotoxic activity of both adherent populations (PBMC and PBMC, E-) for human red blood cells sensitized with anti-A was determined experimentally and also extrapolated by using the Michaelis-Menten equation. It was estimated that one monocyte was able to lyse more than 4 erythrocytes.
Caveolin-1-deficient Mice Are Lean, Resistant to Diet-induced Obesity, and Show Hypertriglyceridemia with Adipocyte Abnormalities (2002)

Caveolae organelles and caveolin-1 protein expression are most abundant in adipocytes and endothelial cells. Our initial report on mice lacking caveolin-1 (Cav-1) demonstrated a loss of caveolae and perturbations in endothelial cell function. More recently, however, observation of the Cav-1-deficient cohorts into old age revealed significantly lower body weights, as compared with wild-type controls. These results suggest that Cav-1 null mice may have problems with lipid metabolism and/or adipocyte functioning. To test this hypothesis directly, we placed a cohort of wild-type and Cav-1 null mice on a high fat diet. Interestingly, despite being hyperphagic, Cav-1 null mice show overt resistance to diet-induced obesity. As predicted, adipocytes from Cav-1 null null mice lack caveolae membranes. Early on, a lack of caveolin-1 selectively affects only the female mammary gland fat pad and results in a near complete ablation of the hypo-dermal fat layer. There are also indications of generalized adipose tissue pathology. With increasing age, a systemic decompensation in lipid accumulation occurs resulting in dramatically smaller fat pads, histologically reduced adipocyte cell diameter, and a poorly differentiated/hypercellular white adipose parenchyma. To gain mechanistic insights into this phenotype, we show that, although serum insulin, glucose, and cholesterol levels are entirely normal, Cav-1 null mice have severely elevated triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, especially in the post-prandial state. However, this build-up of triglyceride-rich chylomicrons/very low density lipoproteins is not due to perturbed lipoprotein lipase activity, a major culprit of isolated hypertriglyceridemia. The lean body phenotype and metabolic defects observed in Cav-1 null mice are consistent with the previously proposed functions of caveolin-1 and caveolae in adipocytes. Our results show for the first time a clear role for caveolins in systemic lipid homeostasis in vivo and place caveolin-1/caveolae as major factors in hyperlipidemias and obesity.
Size-Dependent Interaction of Silica Nanoparticles with Different Surfactants in Aqueous Solution (2012)

The size-dependent interaction of anionic silica nanoparticles with ionic (anionic and cationic) and nonionic surfactants has been studied using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The surfactants used are anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), and nonionic decaoxyethylene n-dodecylether (C(12)E(10)). The measurements have been carried out for three different sizes of silica nanoparticles (8, 16, and 26 nm) at fixed concentrations (1 wt % each) of nanoparticles and surfactants. It is found that irrespective of the size of the nanoparticles there is no significant interaction evolved between like-charged nanoparticles and the SDS micelles leading to any structural changes. However, the strong attraction of oppositely charged DTAB micelles with silica nanoparticles results in the aggregation of nanoparticles. The number of micelles mediating the nanoparticle aggregation increases with the size of the nanoparticle. The aggregates are characterized by fractal structure where the fractal dimension is found to be constant (D ≈ 2.3) independent of the size of the nanoparticles and consistent with diffusion-limited-aggregation-type fractal morphology in these systems. In the case of nonionic surfactant C(12)E(10), micelles interact with the individual silica nanoparticles. The number of adsorbed micelles per nanoparticle increases drastically whereas the percentage of adsorbed micelles on nanoparticles decreases with the increase in the size of the nanoparticles.
TechMIS Memorandum (February 2003) (2003)

A memorandum from Charles Blaschke summarizing the FY 2003 Omnibus Appropriation Bill and its impact on education funding.
Developmental Regulation of Chromatin Conformation by Hox Proteins in Drosophila (2012)

We present a strategy to examine the chromatin conformation of individual loci in specific cell types during Drosophila embryogenesis. Regulatory DNA is tagged with binding sites (lacO) for LacI, which is used to immunoprecipitate the tagged chromatin from specific cell types. We applied this approach to Distalless (Dll), a gene required for limb development in Drosophila. We show that the local chromatin conformation at Dll depends on the cell type: in cells that express Dll, the 5' regulatory region is in close proximity to the Dll promoter. In Dll-nonexpressing cells this DNA is in a more extended configuration. In addition, transcriptional activators and repressors are bound to Dll regulatory DNA in a cell type-specific manner. The pattern of binding by GAGA factor and the variant histone H2Av suggest that they play a role in the regulation of Dll chromatin conformation in expressing and nonexpressing cell types, respectively.
No End to Nonsense (2002)

Two of the hottest topics in eukaryotic gene expression research involve absolute nonsense: nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and nonsense-associated altered splicing (NAS). “Nonsense” in this case refers to a type of mutation in mRNA transcripts that causes the protein synthesis machinery to terminate prematurely their translation into proteins. Nonsense mutations were originally thought to affect only the length, and therefore the function, of the encoded protein. However, it is now apparent that they can dramatically decrease the half-lives of mutant mRNAs as well as alter the pattern of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing (see the figure). The molecular basis of the latter phenomenon (NAS) is particularly mysterious, because it is generally accepted that nonsense mutations cannot be recognized as nonsense until after the splicing process is complete. Two papers, one by Mendell et al. on page 419 of this issue (1) and another by Wilkinson and co-workers in a recent issue of Molecular Cell (2), now begin to unravel this mystery by showing that NMD and one type of NAS (reading frame-dependent NAS) are functionally distinct processes that rely on different, but overlapping, sets of proteins.
The MOSTRAIN (mobile services for high speed trains) system demonstrator (2002)

High speed trains are becoming an increasingly common mode of transport, and one of their advantages is the range of services which can be offered on board. The aim of the ACTS project MOSTRAIN was to address the challenges of providing the full range of UMTS services to high speed trains for the travelling public, as well as allowing for train control and signalling applications. Part of this process was to examine a number of different options for an architecture for providing such services. This paper describes the demonstrator to test these various options.
Development in Over The Rhine: Can OTR Defeat the Pitfalls of Gentrification and Create an Economically Diverse Community? (2020)

This paper focuses on the emergence of gentrification, the negative consequences it creates, and the ways in which these consequences can be alleviated. These topics are addressed both through a broad national lens and through a more narrow focus on Over-the-Rhine (OTR), a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio. This paper specifically focuses on displacement in the realm of housing, culture, and economics as well as the potential creation of long-term segregation, and on how such displacement has led to a loss of autonomy of existing residents. The rise of gentrification and its impact is explored through an examination of literature, personal interviews with people who live and work in OTR, and photos of the changing area. This paper argues that, by understanding the history and causes of gentrification, individuals and agencies can work to alleviate disparity and create opportunities for existing residents to engage and succeed in the changing community. Examples of such interventions in OTR include initiatives to promote both affordable housing and wealth-generation capacities to benefit low-income and minority residents.
EMG activity of trunk muscles and torque output during isometric axial rotation exertion: a comparison between back pain patients and matched controls (2002)

Abnormal patterns of trunk muscle activity could affect the biomechanics of spinal movements and result in back pain. The present study aimed to examine electromyographic (EMG) activity of abdominal and back muscles as well as triaxial torque output during isometric axial rotation at different exertion levels in back pain patients and matched controls. Twelve back pain patients and 12 matched controls performed isometric right and left axial rotation at 100%, 70%, 50% and 30% maximum voluntary contractions in a standing position. Surface EMG activity of rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum and multifidus were recorded bilaterally. The primary torque in the transverse plane and the coupling torques in sagittal and coronal planes were measured. Results showed that there was a trend (P = 0.08) of higher flexion coupling torque during left axial rotation exertion in back pain patients. Higher activity for external oblique and lower activity for multifidus was shown during left axial rotation exertion in back pain group when compared to the control group. In right axial rotation, back pain patients exhibited lesser activity of rectus abdominis at higher levels of exertion when compared with matched controls. These findings demonstrated that decreased activation of one muscle may be compensated by overactivity in other muscles. The reduced levels of activity of the multifidus muscle during axial rotation exertion in back pain patients may indicate that spinal stability could be compromised. Future studies should consider these alternations in recruitment patterns in terms of spinal stability and internal loading. The findings also indicate the importance of training for coordination besides the strengthening of trunk muscles during rehabilitation process.
Biological Control beneath the Feet: A Review of Crop Protection against Insect Root Herbivores (2016)

Sustainable agriculture is certainly one of the most important challenges at present, considering both human population demography and evidence showing that crop productivity based on chemical control is plateauing. While the environmental and health threats of conventional agriculture are increasing, ecological research is offering promising solutions for crop protection against herbivore pests. While most research has focused on aboveground systems, several major crop pests are uniquely feeding on roots. We here aim at documenting the current and potential use of several biological control agents, including micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes) and invertebrates included among the macrofauna of soils (arthropods and annelids) that are used against root herbivores. In addition, we discuss the synergistic action of different bio-control agents when co-inoculated in soil and how the induction and priming of plant chemical defense could be synergized with the use of the bio-control agents described above to optimize root pest control. Finally, we highlight the gaps in the research for optimizing a more sustainable management of root pests.
Two-stage IP-address lookup in distributed routers (2008)

IP-address lookup is the primary processing function of Internet routers. While a wide range of algorithms have been developed to perform lookups, very few of them have the distributed architecture of current and future routers in consideration. To support rapidly increasing high data rates, packet processing in commercial routers today are divided into an ingress and an egress part, with the lookup performed at the ingress. In the lookup, the egress line card, the outgoing interface and the nexthop address of a given packet are determined. In this paper, we propose an alternative scheme to perform the lookup by dividing the task, which is named two-stage lookup scheme. In the lookup, the ingress determines the egress only, then it is up to the egress to determine the outgoing interface and the nexthop address. Based on our analysis and experimental study, we conclude that the proposed scheme has several advantages in both hardware lookup technologies and software lookup algorithms. In particular, it provides significantly more efficient high-speed packet lookup.