gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase I from <i>Trichoderma reesei</i> (1991)

The reaction mechanism of the non-specific endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 (endoglucanase I) was investigated using both reducing-end3H-labelled and universally 14C-labelled cellooligosaccharides, as well as reducing-end3H-labelled xylooligosaccharides. The bond cleavage frequencies of cellooligosaccharides proved to be dependent upon the substrate concentration, especially in the case of cellotriose. In addition to simple hydrolytic cleavage, the enzyme catalyzes reactions along alternative pathways, including transglycosylations leading to products larger than the substrate. Some of these pathways were shown to be reversible. During cellotriose or cellopentaose degradation, substrate resynthesis was demonstrated by incorporation of added radioactive D-glucose or cellobiose. The endoglucanase I is active on xylan and xylooligosaccharides, but less than on soluble cellulose derivatives (e.g. hydroxyethylcellulose) and cellooligosaccharides. The fact that for these different types of substrates the same active site is operative is proven by the ability of the enzyme to utilize cellooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides as both glycosyl donors and acceptors. The mixed substrate reactions lead to products composed of D-glucosyl and D-xylosyl residues. The kinetic parameters for cellooligosaccharide degradation can be used for the description of an extended substrate binding site. Of the four putative glycosyl subsites, -II and +II show the highest affinities, 16.7 kJ.mol-1 and 7.1 kJ.mol-1, respectively.
Survival strategies of a sterol auxotroph (2010)

The high sterol concentration in eukaryotic cell membranes is thought to influence membrane properties such as permeability, fluidity and microdomain formation. Drosophila cannot synthesize sterols, but do require them for development. Does this simply reflect a requirement for sterols in steroid hormone biosynthesis, or is bulk membrane sterol also essential in Drosophila? If the latter is true, how do they survive fluctuations in sterol availability and maintain membrane homeostasis? Here, we show that Drosophila require both bulk membrane sterol and steroid hormones in order to complete adult development. When sterol availability is restricted, Drosophila larvae modulate their growth to maintain membrane sterol levels within tight limits. When dietary sterol drops below a minimal threshold, larvae arrest growth and development in a reversible manner. Strikingly, membrane sterol levels in arrested larvae are dramatically reduced (dropping sixfold on average) in most tissues except the nervous system. Thus, sterols are dispensable for maintaining the basic membrane biophysical properties required for cell viability; these functions can be performed by non-sterol lipids when sterols are unavailable. However, bulk membrane sterol is likely to have essential functions in specific tissues during development. In tissues in which sterol levels drop, the overall level of sphingolipids increases and the proportion of different sphingolipid variants is altered. These changes allow survival, but not growth, when membrane sterol levels are low. This relationship between sterols and sphingolipids could be an ancient and conserved principle of membrane homeostasis.
Optical characterization of photonic crystal delay lines based on one-dimensional coupled defects (2002)

We performed optical characterizations of optical delay lines based on photonic crystal waveguides. The delay lines were composed of cylindrical air holes in silicon-on-silicon-dioxide ridge waveguides, defects were periodically created by means of increasing the separation of two neighboring air holes, and the structure was designed to have flat-transmittance impurity band. We clearly observed an impurity band with a bandwidth of ~30 nm and a maximum transmittance of ~0.5 at an operating wavelength of ~1.55 microm . A 600-fs delay was confirmed with a 20-microm -long delay line. A good agreement was confirmed between the experimental results and the calculations.
NovelMLL-CBP fusion transcript in therapy-related chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with a t(11;16) (q23;p13) chromosome translocation (1997)

CBP, which is located on 16p13 and encodes a transcriptional adaptor/coactivator protein, has been shown to fuse by the t(8;16)(p11;p13) translocation to MOZ on 8p11 in acute myeloid leukemia. We found a t(11;16)(q23;p13) in a child with therapy-related chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Subsequent reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analyses revealed the MLL-CBP fusion transcript in CMML cells. Because 11q23 translocations involving MLL and t(8;16) involving MOZ and CBP have been reported in therapy-related leukemias, both the MLL and CBP genes may be targets for topoisomerase II inhibitors. Accordingly, we believe that most t(11;16)-associated leukemias may develop in patients who have been treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy for primary malignant diseases.
All-optical switches based on Mach-Zehnder configuration with improved extinction ratios (1997)

We study driving conditions to improve the extinction ratios in 2/spl times/2 and 1/spl times/2 all-optical switches based on semiconductor optical amplifiers in Mach-Zehnder configuration. In 2/spl times/2 switches, the optimization of the relative phases of both arms of the interferometer together with the introduction of an optical push-pull lead to enhanced and symmetrical extinctions. In 1/spl times/2 switches, perfect extinctions can theoretically be obtained by adapting the splitting ratios of the input and output couplers to the saturation behavior of the amplifiers.
Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Evaluation of New Pyrrolidine Derivatives as Neuraminidase Inhibitors (2008)

A series of pyrrolidine derivatives were designed and synthesized in good yields starting from commercially available 4-hydroxy-L-proline using a suitable synthetic strategy. And their ability to inhibit neuraminidase was evaluated. These compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against influenza A (H3N2) neuraminidase. Within this series, four compounds, 6e, 9c, 9f and 10e, have the good potency (IC(50)=1.56 approximately 2.40microM) which is compared to the NA inhibitor oseltamivir (IC(50)=1.06microM), and could be used as lead compound in the future.
Quantitative and qualitative feed restriction on growth characteristics of male broiler chickens (2002)

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative feed restriction on the performance of male broiler chickens. In the first experiment, broilers fed identical pelleted diets were feed-restricted from 5 to 42 d by giving 95, 90, or 85% of the feed consumed ad libitum by control birds the previous day. In a second experiment, broilers were fed pellet or mash diets from 1 to 7 wk. In Experiments 3 and 4, broilers were feed-restricted to 90% of the ad libitum intake of a control group during different intervals. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that live body weight at 42 d was significantly different between unrestricted and restricted broilers (P < 0.01). A reduction in mortality was noted when feed intake was reduced (P < 0.05). In the second experiment, broilers fed mash had lower body weights and breast meat yields at 42 and 49 d (P < 0.05). Cumulative mortality at 42 and 49 d was reduced in broilers fed mash (P < 0.05). Results from Experiment 3 indicated that body weight and mortality were not significantly different (P > 0.05) at 42 d across treatments. There was a significant (P < 0.01) linear improvement on feed conversion at 42 d due to duration of feed restriction. Breast meat yield at 42 d was less in broilers subjected to mild feed restriction (P > 0.05) (Experiments 3 and 4). Broilers appeared able to recover from mild feed restriction, and there was always an associated reduction in mortality.
Performance of checksums and CRCs over real data (1995)

Checksum and CRC algorithms have historically been studied under the assumption that the data fed to the algorithms was entirely random. This paper examines the behavior of checksums and CRCs over real data from various UNIX® file systems. We show that, when given real data in small to modest pieces (e.g., 48 bytes), all the checksum algorithms have skewed distributions. In one dramatic case, 0.01% of the check values appeared nearly 19% of the time. These results have implications for CRCs and checksums when applied to real data. They also cause a spectacular failure rate for the both TCP and Fletcher's checksums when trying to detect certain types of packet splices.
A short-channel CMOS/SOS technology in recrystallized 0.3-µm-thick silicon-on-sapphire films (1984)

CMOS/SOS devices and circuits were fabricated in 0.3-µm-thick epitaxial silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) films. Two solid-phase epitaxial recrystallization techniques double solid-phase epitaxy (DSPE) and solid-phase epitaxy and regrowth (SPEAR) reduced the total microtwin concentrations in the Si layers more than tenfold, while increasing electron and hole inversion-layer mobilities between 30 and 45 percent. Leakage currents were substantially reduced in all SPEAR devices and in n-channel DSPE transistors, with some increase observed for p-channel DSPE devices. Drive currents and subthreshold slopes also showed significant improvement in both n- and p-devices. Propagation delays below 75 ps were obtained for CMOS/SOS inverters with L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</inf> = 0.5 µm. The application of DSPE and SPEAR techniques to 0.3-µm SOS films will extend the scaling of CMOS/SOS to circuits with VLSI complexity.
Membrane Fusion of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles of Neutral Phospholipid Membranes Induced by La<sup>3+</sup> (2004)

Membrane fusions of vesicles of biomembranes play various important roles in cells, but their mechanisms are unclear and controversial. In the present study, we found that 30 microM to 1 mM La3+ induced membrane fusion of two giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed of a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPOPE). We succeeded in observing a process of this membrane fusion in detail. First, two GUVs became strongly associated, with a partition membrane between them composed of two bilayers, one from each GUV. Then, the partition membrane was suddenly broken at one site on its edge. The area of this breakage site gradually spread, until it was completely separated from the GUV to complete the membrane fusion. Here, we propose a new model (i.e., the partition breakage model) for the mechanism of La3+ -induced membrane fusion of GUVs.
Don't be Half-Educated About Haff Disease in Louisiana. (2017)

Cases of Haff disease, a syndrome of severe myalgia and rhabdomyolysis, have been reported after eating cooked fish in Europe and the US. A retrospective review of US cases was conducted to identify seafood vectors, describe presenting manifestations, and compare the Haff disease toxidrome with other seafood-borne toxidromes. Internet search engines were queried to identify all US reports of Haff disease. The case definition of Haff disease required cooked seafood ingestion history within 24 hours and markedly elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) with CK-muscle/brain (MB) fraction < 5 percent. Twenty-six cases of Haff disease were reported in the US over 30 years, 1984-2014, with spring-summer occurrences. The mean age of cases was 54.8 years without gender difference. Most cases (58 percent) followed consumption of cooked buffalo fish, Ictiobus cyprinellus, (n = 15); other cases followed consumption of boiled crayfish in Louisiana (n = 9) and baked salmon in North Carolina (n = 2). California and Louisiana accounted for most cases (n = 18, p = 0.012). Following mean incubation periods of eight hours; the most common presenting manifestations included vomiting, myalgia, muscle rigidity, chest pain mimicking myocardial infarction, diaphoresis, dyspnea, and brown urine indicating myoglobinuria. Most patients recovered within 2-5 days. Haff disease may follow the consumption of freshwater buffalo fish, freshwater crayfish, and saltwater Atlantic salmon. The bioconcentration of a new, unidentified heat-stable, freshwater and/or brackish/saltwater algal myotoxin in seafood, similar to palytoxin, is suspected of causing Haff disease. Experimental animals fed toxic buffalo fish developed rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria.
Differential and collaborative actions of Rad51 paralog proteins in cellular response to DNA damage (2005)

Metazoan Rad51 plays a central role in homologous DNA recombination, and its activity is controlled by a number of Rad51 cofactors. These include five Rad51 paralogs, Rad51B, Rad51C, Rad51D, XRCC2 and XRCC3. We previously hypothesized that all five paralogs participate collaboratively in repair. However, this idea was challenged by the biochemical identification of two independent complexes composed of either Rad51B/C/D/XRCC2 or Rad51C/XRCC3. To investigate if this biochemical finding is matched by genetic interactions, we made double mutants in either the same complex (rad51b/rad51d) or in both complexes (xrcc3/rad51d). In agreement with the biochemical findings the double deletion involving both complexes had an additive effect on the sensitivity to camptothecin and cisplatin. The double deletion of genes in the same complex, on the other hand, did not further increase the sensitivity to these agents. Conversely, all mutants tested displayed comparatively mild sensitivity to gamma-irradiation and attenuated gamma-irradiation-induced Rad51 foci formation. Thus, in accord with our previous conclusion, all paralogs appear to collaboratively facilitate Rad51 action. In conclusion, our detailed genetic study reveals a complex interplay between the five Rad51 paralogs and suggests that some of the Rad51 paralogs can separately operate in later step of homologous recombination.
A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SERUM ACID PHOSPHATASE OF PROSTATIC ORIGIN APPLIED TO THE CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF CANCER OF THE PROSTATE 12 (1953)

Since the studies of Gutman and Gutman (2, 3), measurements of the serum acid phosphatase have become a recognized and widely used ancillary procedure for the diagnosis of cancer of the prostate and a practical means for the evaluation of the functional status of the tumor in many patients with metastasizing cancer of the prostate. While an abnormally increased value of serum acid phosphatase is considered to be a specific index for the presence of carcinoma of the prostate, a normal serum acid phosphatase value in itself cannot be interpreted as signifying absence of this disease. According to Bodansky and Bodansky (4) in their review of the literature, only 24 per cent of unselected patients without and 81 per cent with bone metastases from cancer of the prostate show elevated serum acid phosphatase values. Thus, 20 to 75 per cent of proven cases of cancer of the prostate show equivocal or normal serum acid phosphatase levels.
The biosynthesis of 4-hydroxycoumarin and dicoumarol by <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> Fresenius (1970)

A strain of Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, isolated from spoiled hay, converts melilotic acid (o-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid) and o-coumaric acid into 4-hydroxycoumarin and dicoumarol. The sequence is shown to be melilotic acid (I) [Formula: see text] coumaric acid (IV) [Formula: see text] beta-hydroxymelilotic acid (II) [Formula: see text] beta-oxomelilotic acid (III) [Formula: see text] 4-hydroxycoumarin (VI), on the basis of (1) studies on the formation of postulated intermediates, (2) experiments with isotopically labelled materials and (3) sequential enzyme induction. In the presence of semicarbazide, o-coumaraldehyde is formed from o-coumaric acid: there is no evidence, however, that this lies on the normal metabolic pathway.
Isolation, characterization, and purification to homogeneity of an endogenous polypeptide with agonistic action on benzodiazepine receptors. (1983)

A brain polypeptide termed diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) and thought to be chemically and functionally related to the endogenous effector of the benzodiazepine recognition site was purified to homogeneity. This peptide gives a single band of protein on NaDodSO4 and acidic urea gel electrophoresis. A single UV-absorbing peak was obtained by HPLC using three different columns and solvent systems. DBI has a molecular mass of approximately equal to 11,000 daltons. Carboxyl-terminus analysis shows that tyrosine is the only residue while the amino-terminus was blocked. Cyanogen bromide treatment of DBI yields three polypeptide fragments, and the sequences of two of them have been determined for a total of 45 amino acids. DBI is a competitive inhibitor for the binding of [3H]diazepam, [3H]flunitrazepam, beta-[3H]carboline propyl esters, and 3H-labeled Ro 15-1788. The Ki for [3H]-diazepam and beta-[3H]carboline binding were 4 and 1 microM, respectively. Doses of DBI that inhibited [3H]diazepam binding by greater than 50% fail to change [3H]etorphine, gamma-amino[3H]butyric acid, [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate, [3H]dihydroalprenolol, [3H]adenosine, and [3H]imipramine binding tested at their respective Kd values. DBI injected intraventricularly at doses of 5-10 nmol completely reversed the anticonflict action of diazepam on unpunished drinking and, similar to the anxiety-inducing beta-carboline derivative FG 7142 (beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester), facilitated the shock-induced suppression of drinking by lowering the threshold for this response.
Kinetic Study on Hydrolysis of Various Pectins by Aspergillus niger Polygalacturonase (2008)

Hydrolysis of pectins from various sources by a polygalacturonase (PG) enzyme was studied from a kinetic point of view. Pectin substrates – which are commercially not available – were extracted from sugar beet pulp, apple, red currant and black currant. Strong product inhibition was found in each pectin preparations that could be described by a competitive mechanism. The kinetic parameters (Michaelis-Menten constants, maximal reaction rates and inhibition constants) were determined and compared. Differences in the parameters imply distinctions in structure of the pectins studied.
Liposomal formulation of glycosphingolipids from<i>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</i>induces antitumour immunity in mice (2018)

Natural Killer T (NKT) cells play an important role in host's anti-tumour immune response. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) isolated from Sphingomonas paucimobilis have the ability to stimulate NKT cells. In this study, the activity of free GSLs or GSLs-incorporated liposomes (glycosphingosomes) was investigated against dimethyl-α-benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced tumours in mice. The anti-tumour immunity of GSLs- or glycosphingosomes-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was investigated in tumour-bearing mice. The Immunotherapeutic potential of co-administration of liposomal doxorubicin (Lip-Dox) and GSLs or glycosphingosomes was assessed by measuring cytokine levels and VEGF in the tumour tissues. Pretreatment with glycosphingosomes significantly delayed the frequency of tumour formation. Immunotherapy with glycosphingosomes-loaded BMDCs increased serum IFN-γ level and survival rate in mice. The effect of immunotherapy was dependent on effector functions of NK cells because the depletion of NK cells abolished the effects of immunotherapy. There was reduced tumour growth with low expression of VEGF in the group of mice treated with glycosphingosomes and Lip-Dox combination. Moreover, the splenocytes secreted higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 and lower TGF-β level. The results of this study indicate that glycosphingosomes can induce better antitumour immunity and may be considered a novel formulation in antitumour therapy.
Terawatt diode-pumped Yb:CaF_2 laser (2008)

We present what we believe to be the first terawatt diode-pumped laser employing single-crystalline Yb:CaF(2) as the amplifying medium. A maximum pulse energy of 420 mJ at a repetition rate of 1 Hz was achieved by seeding with a stretched femtosecond pulse 2 ns in duration, preamplified to 40 mJ. After recompression, a pulse energy of 197 mJ and a duration of 192 fs were obtained, corresponding to a peak power of 1 TW. Furthermore, nanosecond pulses containing an energy of up to 905 mJ were generated without optical damage.
A W-band monolithic low noise AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic HEMT amplifier mounted on a small hermetically-sealed package with waveguide interface (2002)

A W-band monolithic low noise AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic HEMT amplifier mounted on a small hermetically-sealed package has been developed for use in Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer. A six-stage amplifier cascading three two-stage MMIC amplifier chips is assembled on a small hermetically-sealed package with waveguide interface and has achieved a noise figure of 4.3 dB with a gain of 28.1 dB at 91 GHz. The overall amplifier measures 12/spl times/32.8/spl times/5.4 mm/sup 3/. This is the first W-band multi-stage monolithic low noise amplifier mounted on a hermetically-sealed package.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Easy Calibration of a Blind-Spot-Free Fisheye Camera System Using a Scene of a Parking Space (2010)

Mounting three fisheye cameras, on the sides and rear of a vehicle, can help a driver maneuver his/her vehicle in restricted environments by providing a top view that is generated from these three fisheye cameras. To generate the top view, the pose of each fisheye camera must first be calibrated. In this paper, we propose an easy method of calibrating such a fisheye camera system by observing the scene of a parking space. First, each camera pose relative to the ground is estimated from the typical line pattern of a parking space. Then, the relative pose among the three cameras is refined using the overlapping region of the ground between the neighboring cameras. Finally, if necessary, any small deviation of the pose of the camera system can manually be adjusted by an interactive interface. Since the calibration of the fisheye camera system can be performed without preparing a specific calibration pattern for this particular purpose beforehand, the proposed method can reduce the workload on the user. Experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Altered serotonin synthesis in the dentatothalamocortical pathway in autistic boys (1997)

Based on reports of increased platelet serotonin in 30 to 50% of autistic subjects, abnormal serotonergic neurotransmission may be important in the pathogenesis of autism. However, serotonin metabolite measurements in cerebrospinal fluid of autistic subjects have failed to demonstrate consistent abnormalities. Using alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan as a tracer for serotonin synthesis with positron emission tomography, we now report unilateral alterations of serotonin synthesis in the dentatothalamocortical pathway in autistic boys. Asymmetries of serotonin synthesis were found in frontal cortex, thalamus, and dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in all 7 boys, but not in the 1 autistic girl studied. Decreased serotonin synthesis was found in the left frontal cortex and thalamus in 5 of the 7 boys and in the right frontal cortex and thalamus in the 2 remaining autistic boys. In all 7 cases, elevated serotonin synthesis in the contralateral dentate nucleus was observed. Statistically significant differences between autistic boys and their nonautistic siblings (n = 5) were obtained when comparing asymmetry indices for frontal cortex, thalamus, and dentate nucleus combined as well as individually for frontal cortex and thalamus. These serotonergic abnormalities in a brain pathway, important for language production and sensory integration, may represent one mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of autism.