gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between frequency and amplitude dependence in the lung: a nonlinear block-structured modeling approach (1995)

During lung constriction, there is an increase in both the frequency and tidal volume (VT) dependences of lung tissue resistance (Rti) and elastance (Eti). This suggests that 1) significant alterations take place in the mechanisms contributing to both the linear and nonlinear characteristics of lung tissues; and 2) the frequency and VT dependences of Rti and Eti are coupled. We examined these issues for the case of sine wave and special pseudorandom inputs by utilizing the theory of nonlinear block-structured systems. Two basic model structures were considered: the Hammerstein and the Wiener structures. The Hammerstein structure is a cascade connection of a nonlinear zero-memory (N) system and a linear dynamic process (L). This structure predicts that frequency and VT dependences of Rti and Eti are decoupled. The Wiener structure is an inverse cascade of these two blocks (i.e., L-N) in which the frequency and VT dependences of Rti and Eti are coupled. These two structures were combined with a nonlinear airway compartment and fitted to measured airway opening and alveolar capsule pressure-flow time domain data in dogs before and after histamine-induced constriction. The best lung model was a linear airway compartment combined with a Wiener structure consisting of a constant-phase linear tissue impedance in cascade with a polynomial nonlinearity, suggesting that frequency and VT dependences of Rti and Eti are indeed coupled during control and constricted conditions. Moreover, histamine caused much larger changes in the linear tissue parameters than in the nonlinear coefficients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Garage Door Openers: An Internet of Things Case Study (2015)

The MyQ Internet Gateway, its new system for monitoring and controlling the opener via the Internet. The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has turned trusted, long-standing companies into unwitting network attack vectors. But the MyQ is different from- and more impactful than-other IoT devices: it controls access to the house. Thus Internet-connected garage door opener (“IoT opener”) is designed to be adequately secure.
Vaccine Prevention of Maternal Cytomegalovirus Infection (2009)

Congenital infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with auditory, cognitive, and neurologic impairment in newborns. An effective vaccine for the prevention of CMV infection has remained elusive since trials began more than 30 years ago. Clinical trials begun in the 1990s showed that a new vaccine that was based on CMV envelope glycoprotein B with a new adjuvant, MF59 (a squalene-in-water emulsion) was immunogenic and had acceptable adverse event profiles. This phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial compared the efficacy and safety of this vaccine with placebo in a population of women of childbearing age who had a high rate of incident CMV infection. The study subjects, 464 CMV-seronegative women, were randomized to receive either the CMV vaccine (n = 234) or placebo (n = 230) at 0, 1, and 6 months after delivery. The relative risk of infection with CMV was estimated with Cox proportional-hazards modeling after adjusting for potential confounders. Following a scheduled interim review, the data showed that the vaccine had crossed the preset boundary (P = 0.0197) for efficacy and a recommendation was made to stop the study prematurely. At a minimum of 1 year of follow-up, 49 study subjects had confirmed infections. Of these, 18 occurred in the vaccine group and 31 in the placebo group. Analysis with the Kaplan-Meier method showed that patients in the vaccine group were more likely to remain uninfected during a 42-month period (P = 0.02). Rates of infection per 100 person-years were 3.3 in the vaccine group and 6.6 in the placebo group, indicating an overall vaccine efficacy of 50% (95% confidence interval, 7%-73%). Congenital CMV infection was detected in 1% of infants (1/81) born to mothers in the vaccine group and in 3% of infants (3/97) born to mothers in the placebo group (P = 0.41). All such infections resulted from maternal infection during pregnancy. Although there were more local adverse reactions (pain, warmth, erythema, and induration) and systemic reactions (fever, chills, myalgia, and arthralgia) in the vaccine group compared to the placebo, there was no statistically significant difference in serious adverse events. The investigators conclude from these findings that CMV glycoprotein B vaccine may confer protection against CMV infection in young women and congenital CMV in their infants. Future studies are needed to confirm these data.
Comparison of the Preventive Activity of Isorhamnetin Glycosides from Atsumi-kabu (Red Turnip,<i>Brassica, campestris</i>L.) Leaves on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Mice (2008)

Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, which was contained together with isorhamnetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside in atsumi-kabu leaves, suppressed increases in the plasma ALT and AST activities of mice with liver injury induced by the injection of carbon tetrachloride, but no suppression by isorhamnetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside was apparent. This result indicates that the release of glucose at the 7-position in isorhamnetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside was very important to mitigating liver injury.
A general formulation for the sound radiation from rectangular, baffled plates with arbitrary boundary conditions (1990)

The radiation of sound from a baffled, rectangular plate with edges elastically restrained against deflection and rotation is analyzed. The elastic constants along the contour can be varied to reproduce simply supported, clamped, free, or guided edges as limiting cases. The formulation is based on a variational method for the vibration of the plate, and assumes no fluid loading of the structure. The elastic boundary conditions appear in the Hamiltonian of the plate through a dynamic contribution, which is expressed in terms of nondimensional edge parameters. The extremalization of the Hamiltonian is achieved using a Rayleigh–Ritz method, and both the free vibrations and the forced vibrations of the plate are presented. The radiation of sound from the plate is analyzed in the far field, and is calculated from one-dimensional Fourier transforms. Numerical results are presented for the radiation efficiency of modes of simply supported, clamped, free, and guided plates. The values found agree well with predictions of Wallace in the simply supported case, and of Gomperts in the guided case. It is found that a low deflection stiffness at the edges decreases the radiation efficiency of the elastic modes in a spectacular manner. The radiation efficiency of the rigid modes of the plate is derived analytically in low frequencies. It is seen that, when rigid motion of the plate is permitted, it is responsible for almost all the acoustical power radiated. The new case of a plate which is locally clamped along its four edges is also presented.
Fault Isolation of Sub-Surface Leakage Defects Using Electron Beam Induced Current Characterization in Next-Generation Flash Memory Technology Development (2010)

Abstract This paper covers methods used to isolate single leaky junctions in a test structure designed for Flash memory technology development. It may be possible to isolate this failure through micro probing or a combination of electrical testing and physical structure modification by FIB, but at the expense of spending numerous days. The paper shows that a combination of emission microscopy (EMMI), electron beam induced current (EBIC) characterization and a SEM nano-probing can drastically simplify the fault isolation process. Results of nano-probing are also shown to prove the level of leakage detected in the faulty junction. A combination of EMMI and EBIC characterization was able to pinpoint the problematic junction from approximately 2500 junctions in the structure. Furthermore, the nano-probing IV characterization proved the identified junction to be indeed high in leakage current, providing further confidence for physical failure analysis.
Study on the Relationship between Performance and Risk Taking of the Mutual Fund (2006)

Assuming there are only two representative portfolios in the market, we study on the relationship between performance and risk taking of the mutual fund. Based on the linear relative performance contract and constructing a dynamic model of portfolio selection, we get that the risk measured by the variance of absolute return of mutual fund does not increase all the time when the relative performance of mutual fund decline, but the tracking error increases. The higher the risk coefficient of manager, the more the asset is allocated on the benchmark portfolio. The constant term of linear fee structure do not affect the risk taking. We test the relationship between closed-end mutual performance and risk taking empirically with the data of weekly return from 2002 to 2005 of 54 close-end funds in China
Stress Enhancement of Craving During Sobriety: A Risk for Relapse (2005)

This report of the proceedings of a symposium presented at the 2004 Research Society on Alcoholism Meeting provides evidence linking stress during sobriety to craving that increases the risk for relapse. The initial presentation by Rajita Sinha summarized clinical evidence for the hypothesis that there is an increased sensitivity to stress-induced craving in alcoholics. During early abstinence, alcoholics who were confronted with stressful circumstances showed increased susceptibility for relapse. George Breese presented data demonstrating that stress could substitute for repeated withdrawals from chronic ethanol to induce anxiety-like behavior. This persistent adaptive change induced by multiple withdrawals allowed stress to induce an anxiety-like response that was absent in animals that were not previously exposed to chronic ethanol. Subsequently, Amanda Roberts reviewed evidence that increased drinking induced by stress was dependent on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). In addition, rats that were stressed during protracted abstinence exhibited anxiety-like behavior that was also dependent on CRF. Christopher Dayas indicated that stress increases the reinstatement of an alcohol-related cue. Moreover, this effect was enhanced by previous alcohol dependence. These interactive effects between stress and alcohol-related environmental stimuli depended on concurrent activation of endogenous opioid and CRF systems. A.D. Lê covered information that indicated that stress facilitated reinstatement to alcohol responding and summarized the influence of multiple deprivations on this interaction. David Overstreet provided evidence that restraint stress during repeated alcohol deprivations increases voluntary drinking in alcohol-preferring (P) rats that results in withdrawal-induced anxiety that is not observed in the absence of stress. Testing of drugs on the stress-induced voluntary drinking implicated serotonin and CRF involvement in the sensitized response. Collectively, the presentations provided convincing support for an involvement of stress in the cause of relapse and continuing alcohol abuse and suggested novel pharmacological approaches for treating relapse induced by stress.
A novel electrical and optical confinement scheme for surface emitting optoelectronic devices (2006)

A novel electrical and optical confinement scheme for surface emitting optoelectronic devices is presented. The scheme is based on epitaxial regrowth of a pnp current blocking layer structure around a mesa etched in the vertical cavity region of the device. The lateral size and orientation of the mesa is defined lithographically and dry etching is used to create vertical mesa sidewalls. By orienting the mesa sidewalls in certain crystallographic directions, it is possible to selectively grow a current blocking pnp layer structure on the exposed n-type lower cladding layer of the cavity whithout obstructing the electrical injection into the active region. The concept is evaluated in 1.2-μm GaAs-based light emitting diodes with InGaAs quantum wells. This type of structure can easily be used as the amplifying region of a vertical cavity laser, providing a good alternative to selective oxidation confinement.
Use of Contrasting Fluorescent Dye as Counterstain in Fixed Tissue Preparations (1959)

A counterstaining method is described that gives a contrasting reddish-orange background when used with fluorescein-labeled antibody systems. It curtails non-specific fluorescence in tissues and tissue cultures. The possibility of a nonspecific protein-protein reaction is discussed. This reaction apparently plays no part in the serological system to which it has been added.
Signal in Noise: Evaluating Reported Reproducibility of Serum Proteomic Tests for Ovarian Cancer (2005)

Proteomic profiling of serum initially appeared to be dramatically effective for diagnosis of early-stage ovarian cancer, but these results have proven difficult to reproduce. A recent publication reported good classification in one dataset using results from training on a much earlier dataset, but the authors have since reported that they did not perform the analysis as described. We examined the reproducibility of the proteomic patterns across datasets in more detail. Our analysis reveals that the pattern that enabled successful classification is biologically implausible and that the method, properly applied, does not classify the data accurately. We show that the method used in previously published studies does not establish reproducibility and performs no better than chance for classifying the second dataset, in part because the second dataset is easy to classify correctly. We conclude that the reproducibility of the proteomic profiling approach has yet to be established.
Corticosteroids Regulate Epithelial Cell Differentiation and Hassall Body Formation in the Human Thymus (2004)

The presence of characteristic epithelial swirls called Hassall bodies within the human thymic medulla has been used as an indicator of ongoing or recent thymopoiesis. We present a case where Hassall bodies were present in the absence of current or past thymopoiesis. The patient had been treated with corticosteroids for presumed asthma before his diagnosis of X-linked SCID. Two other cases of nonimmunodeficient patients treated with high-dose corticosteroids had markedly increased numbers of thymic Hassall bodies. To determine whether corticosteroid treatment induces thymic epithelial (TE) differentiation to form Hassall bodies, mAbs reactive with specific cytokeratins (CKs), filaggrin, and involucrin were used to define distinct stages of TE cell differentiation. Treatment of primary TE monolayers with hydrocortisone in vitro induced expression of involucrin and high-molecular-mass CKs that are characteristic of TE differentiation. Treatment of thymic organ cultures with hydrocortisone induced both medullary and subcapsular cortical TE cells to express CK6, a differentiation marker that is normally expressed only by Hassall bodies in vivo. These experimental studies combined with the case observations indicate that exogenous corticosteroids can regulate terminal differentiation of TE cells both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the presence of Hassall bodies in thymus from corticosteroid-treated patients cannot be taken as an absolute indication of previous thymopoiesis. Because corticosteroids are also made within the thymus under normal physiologic conditions, these studies support the hypothesis that endogenous corticosteroids may play a role in normal TE differentiation and Hassall body formation in vivo.
The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. (2000)

Chewing sticks (Miswak) is most commonly used int he Middle East and Indian Subcontinent Salvadora persica (Arak) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) are commonly used as oral hygiene tools in different parts of the world, Several studies have demonstrated the anti-plaque anticarious and antibacterial effect of these sticks. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity of Neem and Arak chewing stick's aqueous extracts at various concentrations. The microbial inhibition was measured using blood agar and ditch plate method up to 48 hous. The pH of Neem extract was 6.1 and of Arak was 4.9 Data suggested that both chewing stick extracts are effective at 50% concentration on strept mutans and Strept faecalis. Arak extract was more effective at lower concentrations for Strept faecalis. The effect may be due to the difference of their chemical composition and variability in their PH. Further research is needed to extrapolate other plants used for oral hygiene. Chewing sticks are recommended as oral hygiene tools for health promotion in developing countries.
VyrdMC: Driving Runtime Refinement Checking with Model Checkers (2006)

This paper presents VyrdMC, a runtime verification tool we are building for concurrent software components. The correctness criterion checked by VyrdMC is refinement: Each execution of the implementation must be consistent with an atomic execution of the specification. VyrdMC combines testing, model checking, and Vyrd, the runtime refinement checker we developed earlier. A test harness first drives the component to a non-trivial state which serves as the starting state for a number of simple, very small multi-threaded test cases. An execution-based model checker explores for each test case all distinct thread interleavings while Vyrd monitors executions for refinement violations. This combined approach has the advantage of improving the coverage of runtime refinement checking at modest additional computational cost, since model checkers are only used to explore thread interleavings of a small, fixed test program. The visibility and detailed checking offered by using refinement as the correctness criterion differentiate our approach from simply being a restricted application of model checking. An important side benefit is the reduction in program instrumentation made possible if VyrdMC is built using a model checker with its own virtual machine, such as Java PathFinder [Guillaume Brat, Klaus Havelund, Seung-Joon Park, and Willem Visser. Model Checking Programs. In IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE), September 2000]. We are investigating the use of two different model checkers for building VyrdMC: Java PathFinder, an explicit-state model checker and Verisoft, a “stateless” model checker [P. Godefroid. Model Checking for Programming Languages using VeriSoft. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, pages 174–186, Paris, January 1997].
Granular tricalcium phosphate in large cancellous defects. (1987)

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a porous ceramic which has biological properties of being non-reactive and resorbable, and acts as a scaffolding for bone ingrowth, undergoing progressive degradation and replacement by bone. Tricalcium phosphate has been shown to be comparable to autogenous bone graft in small periodontal defects. However, orthopedic defects are much larger. This prompted us to review the bone ingrowth potential in large cancellous bone defects (up to 12 cm3) in adult pigs. To quantitate bone ingrowth potential, three skeletally mature pigs had metaphyseal defects created in the tibia and femur of each hind limb, for 12 total sites. Twelve-cc defects in the distal femur and eight cc defects in the proximal tibia were made. Bone curetted was saved to be used as autogenous graft in the control, while the other ipsilateral defect was packed with tricalcium phosphate. Four months following the initial defect, the opposite hind extremity was similarly operated. All animals were sacrificed at nine months. Specimens were imbedded in methyl-methacrylate, cut at 120 microns, and stained. The quantity of regenerated bone was measured by histomorphometric techniques. Qualitative assessment at four months revealed absence of inflammation and TCP surrounded by trabecular bone, which was uniformly viable. There was very little TCP left by nine months. Quantitative analysis revealed the tibias to have a higher percent net bone replacement with TCP as compared to the control (32 percent versus 13 percent). The femoral TCP-filled defects were comparable to autogenous bone (both measured 29 percent).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Massively multi-player games (2004)

We propose a framework model to facilitate the prototyping and refinement of Massively Multi-player Online Games (MMOG), when included in the appropriate development environment. This work-in-progress report is motivated by observations made in the video game industry about the industrial process of designing such a demanding application, and based upon the technical know-how in that domain. A major benefit of the development environment based on this framework would be to validate game-design interactions when confronted with technical feasibility. A further benefit of this tool would be to assist the rest of the development process: for a spiral life-cycle style process, the tool could provide some interesting ways for analyzing the performance of more and more accurate prototypes at each stage of the development.
Advances in MoS2-Based Field Effect Transistors (FETs) (2015)

This paper reviews the original achievements and advances regarding the field effect transistor (FET) fabricated from one of the most studied transition metal dichalcogenides: two-dimensional MoS<sub>2</sub>. Not like graphene, which is highlighted by a gapless Dirac cone band structure, Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> is featured with a 1.9 eV gapped direct energy band thus facilitates convenient electronic and/or optoelectronic modulation of its physical properties in FET structure. Indeed, many MoS<sub>2</sub> devices based on FET architecture such as phototransistors, memory devices, and sensors have been studied and extraordinary properties such as excellent mobility, ON/OFF ratio, and sensitivity of these devices have been exhibited. However, further developments in FET device applications depend a lot on if novel physics would be involved in them. In this review, an overview on advances and developments in the MoS<sub>2</sub>-based FETs are presented. Engineering of MoS<sub>2</sub>-based FETs will be discussed in details for understanding contact physics, formation of gate dielectric, and doping strategies. Also reported are demonstrations of device behaviors such as low-frequency noise and photoresponse in MoS<sub>2</sub>-based FETs, which is crucial for developing electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Detection of rat basophilic leukemia by cyclic voltammetry for monitoring allergic reaction (1989)

Electrochemical detection of the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells has been carried out by applying cyclic voltammetry. The detection system consists of a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode and a porous nitrocellulose membrane filter to trap RBL-1 cells. When the potential of the graphite electrode was run in the range of 0-1.0 V vs SCE, RBL-1 cells gave peak currents at 0.34 V vs SCE as well as 0.65 V vs SCE. There is a linear relationship between the peak current at 0.34 V vs SCE and the cell numbers of RBL-1. In the range of (0.4-2.0) X 10(5) cells. The peak current of RBL-1 cells was attributed to serotonin. When dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) as a model allergen was added to RBL-1 cells sensitized with anti-DNP IgE, the peak current decreased because of the degranulation of RBL-1 cells leading to serotonin release. On the other hand, RBL-1 cells sensitized with anti-DNP IgE did not respond to egg white, pollens, house dust, and milk.