gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tar Sands (2000)

Abstract Tar sands (also known as oil sands and bituminous sands) are sand deposits impregnated with the dense, viscous petroleum‐like material called bitumen and are widely distributed throughout the world. Commercial methods for the recovery of bitumen from tar sand involve mining and nonmining operations. The Athabasca deposit is mineable within concepts of the economics and technology of open‐pit mining. Nonmining ( in situ ) recovery techniques using steam have not had the same degree of success for bitumen recovery but have had notable success in heavy oil reservoir operations. The hot‐water process is the only successful commercial process in the 1990s to be applied to bitumen recovery from mined tar sand. Various process options have been tested. The API gravity of tar sand bitumen varies greatly depending on the deposit; viscosity is very high and volatility low. The bitumen is upgraded by a combination of carbon rejection (coking) and product hydrotreating. Bitumen is converted commercially by delayed coking and fluid coking to distillate oils, coke, and light gases. The coker distillate is a partially upgraded material and is a suitable feed for hydrodesulfurization to produce a low sulfur synthetic crude oil.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC ANALOGS OF THE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE β‐ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENT (S)‐2‐(3‐(TERT‐BUTYLAMINO)‐2‐HYDROXYPROPOXY)‐3‐CYANOPYRIDINE (1980)

Abstract Wie im Formelschema skizziert, werden isoelektronische Analoga (VIII) und (XIII) des Cyanopyridins (I) dargestellt, von denen letzteres nicht durch Entschwefelung von (XV) zugänglich ist.
Synthesis, processing, and oligomerization of bovine herpesvirus 1 gE and gI membrane proteins (1996)

This study reports the identification and initial characterization of the precursors, modified forms, and oligomers of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) gI and gE proteins with polyvalent rabbit serum specific for gI or gE. Our experiments used the Colorado strain of BHV-1 and mutant viruses with insertions of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene into the predicted gE and gI reading frames. We also translated the gE and gI open reading frames in vitro and expressed them in uninfected cells using eukaryotic expression vectors. Precursor-product relationships were established by pulse-chase analysis and endoglycosidase H and glycopeptidase F digestions. Like the homologous glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus type 1, pseudorabies virus, and varicella-zoster virus, BHV-1 gI and gE are modified by N-linked glycosylation and associate with each other soon after synthesis, forming a noncovalent complex in infected and transfected cells. An analysis of mutant and wild-type-virus-infected cells and transfected COS cells expressing gE or gI alone suggested that gE-gI complex formation is necessary for efficient processing of the gE precursor to its mature form. One new finding was that unlike the other alphaherpesvirus gI homologs, a fraction of pulse-labeled gI synthesized in BHV-1-infected cells apparently is cleaved into two relatively stable fragments 2 to 4 h after the pulse. Finally, we incubated BHV-1-infected cell extracts with nonimmune mouse, rabbit, horse, pig, and calf sera and found no evidence that gE or gI functioned as Fc receptors as reported for the herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus homologs.
Meeting the challenges of vascular dementia. Introduction. (2001)

Ongoing controversy over the challenges associated with the diagnosis and management of patients with vascular dementia (VaD) or Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) has led to difficulties with establishing epidemiology and diagnostic guidelines, as well as deciding upon optimal management practices. In March 2001, an international group of physicians and researchers gathered to resolve some of these issues and provide clinicians with useful information relating to this large patient group. In addition to simple coexistence, VaD and Alzheimer's disease appear to share common pathophysiological mechanisms, such as neurotransmitter abnormalities. Treatments that target the common pathophysiology of the two conditions may prove useful. To date, no reports have been published of any agent demonstrating broad efficacy (on cognitive and noncognitive outcomes) in VaD and Alzheimer's disease with CVD in randomised, controlled trials. Recent developments in understanding the pathophysiology of the conditions, however, have taken researchers an important step closer to finding an effective treatment, not only for patients with Alzheimer's disease, but also for those with coexisting CVD and those with VaD.
Enhanced Crystallizability by Protein Engineering Approaches: A General Overview (2012)

The limiting step in macromolecular crystallography is the preparation protein crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies. A strong prerequisite for the success of crystallization experiments is the ability to produce monodisperse and properly folded protein samples. Since the production of most protein is usually achieved using recombinant methods, it has become possible to engineer target proteins with increased propensities to form well diffracting crystals. Recent advances in bioinformatics, which takes advantage from an enhanced information in the protein databases, are of enormous help for the design of modified proteins. Based on bioinformatics analyses, the reduction of the structural complexity of proteins or their site-specific mutagenesis has proven to have a dramatic impact on both the yield of heterologous protein expression and its crystallizability. Therefore, protein engineering represents a valid tool which supports the classical crystallization screenings with a more rational approach. This review describes key methods of protein-engineering and provides a number of examples of their successful use in crystallization. Scope of proposed topic: This Topic is focused on state-of-art protein engineering techniques to increase the propensity of proteins to form crystals with suitable X-ray diffraction properties. Protein engineering methods have proven to be of great help for the crystallization of difficult targets. We herein review molecular biology and chemical methods to help protein crystallization.
Cryptkeeper: Improving security with encrypted RAM (2010)

Random Access Memory (RAM) was recently shown to be vulnerable to physical attacks exposing the totality of memory, including user data and encryption keys. We present Cryptkeeper, a novel software-encrypted virtual memory manager that mitigates data exposure when used with a secure key-hiding mechanism. Cryptkeeper significantly reduces the amount of cleartext data in memory by dividing RAM into a smaller, cleartext working set and a larger, encrypted area. This extends the standard memory model and provides encrypted swap as a side effect. Despite a 9x slowdown in pathological cases, target applications such as Firefox are only 9% slower with our Linux-based prototype. We also identify several optimizations which can significantly improve performance. Cryptkeeper enables the expression of new security policies for memory, and demonstrates that modern personal computers can perform heavy-duty work on behalf of operating systems with surprisingly low overhead.
Robust ground plane detection from 3D point clouds (2014)

Ground provides useful and basic information such as traversal regions and location of 3D objects. The given point cloud may contain a point not only from ground, but also from other objects such as walls and people. Those points from other objects can disturb to find and identify a ground plane. In this paper, we propose robust and fast ground plane detection with an asymmetric kernel and RANSAC. We derive a probabilistic model of a 3D point based on an observation that a point from other objects is always above the ground. The asymmetric kernel is its approximation for fast computation, which is incorporated with RANSAC as a score function. We demonstrate effectiveness of our proposed method as quantitative experiments with our on-road 3D LiDAR dataset. The experimental result presents that our method was sufficiently accurate with slightly more computation. Finally, we also show our ground detection's application to augmented perception and visualization for drivers and remote operators.
Superdirective miniature antennas embedded within magnetic photonic crystals (2005)

In this paper, we specifically consider the performance of printed antennas embedded within the magnetic photonic crystals (MPC) structure. As part of this process, we develop and implement Green's functions for multilayered anisotropic media and employ them in the context of the moment method (MoM) to evaluate the printed dipole currents. As is shown, miniature dipole arrays can be realized with significant gain and narrow beamwidths.
Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Natural Products Research: Mixtures of Solids as Extraction Solvents (2013)

Mixtures of solid chemicals may become liquid under certain conditions. These liquids are characterized by the formation of strong ionic (ionic liquids) or hydrogen bonds (deep eutectic solvents). Due to their extremely low vapor pressure, they are now widely used in polymer chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry, yet little attention has been paid to their use as extraction solvents of natural products. This review summarizes the preparation of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents with natural product components and recent progress in their applications to the extraction and analysis of natural products as well as the recovery of extracted compounds from their extracts. Additionally, various factors affecting extraction features of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, as well as potential useful technologies including microwave and ultrasound to increase the extraction efficiency, are discussed.
Retracted: Analysis of the Influence of Complexity and Entropy of Odorant on Fractal Dynamics and Entropy of EEG Signal (2018)

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2016/5469587.].
An virtual vehicle control game for online brain computer interface feedback training (2010)

An challenge issue in Brain-computer Interface (BCI) research is that one can hardly control his/her own EEG signals without any feedback. A suitable training protocol is necessary for an online BCI system, which provides some visual feedback allowing subjects to see their progress. Conventional feedbacks such as cursor control which subjects could easily find boring and not intuitive. In this study, we develop a 3D interactive game as the visual feedback for an online MI EEG based BCI training, and the program is integrated into application module of BCI2000 system for others using. Some preliminary results suggest that this game feedback is a more attractive training protocol for the subject than the conventional simple visual presentation feedback.
Strong‐field photoemission from silicon field emitter arrays (2012)

Strong‐field photoemission from silicon field emitter arrays is investigated experimentally and results are explained using a “simple‐man” optical‐field emission model. Spectra are collected throughout an in‐situ laser annealing process, leading to a red‐shift in emitted electron energy along with an increase in electron yield. After the annealing process, a high energy plateau is formed which is explained through optical‐field emission along with electron re‐scattering with the tip surface.
O<sub>2</sub>Activation by Metal Surfaces: Implications for Bonding and Reactivity on Heterogeneous Catalysts (2017)

The activation of O<sub>2</sub> on metal surfaces is a critical process for heterogeneous catalysis and materials oxidation. Fundamental studies of well-defined metal surfaces using a variety of techniques have given crucial insight into the mechanisms, energetics, and dynamics of O<sub>2</sub> adsorption and dissociation. Here, trends in the activation of O<sub>2</sub> on transition metal surfaces are discussed, and various O<sub>2</sub> adsorption states are described in terms of both electronic structure and geometry. The mechanism and dynamics of O<sub>2</sub> dissociation are also reviewed, including the importance of the spin transition. The reactivity of O<sub>2</sub> and O toward reactant molecules is also briefly discussed in the context of catalysis. The reactivity of a surface toward O<sub>2</sub> generally correlates with the adsorption strength of O, the tendency to oxidize, and the heat of formation of the oxide. Periodic trends can be rationalized in terms of attractive and repulsive interactions with the d-band, such that inert metals tend to feature a full d band that is low energy and has a large spatial overlap with adsorbate states. More open surfaces or undercoordinated defect sites can be much more reactive than close-packed surfaces. Reactions between O and other species tend to be more prevalent than reactions between O<sub>2</sub> and other species, particularly on more reactive surfaces.
Achieving dynamic inter-organizational workflow management by integrating business processes, events and rules (2003)

In the competitive global marketplace, business organizations often need to team up and operate as a virtual enterprise to achieve common business goals. Since the business environment of a virtual enterprise is highly dynamic, it is necessary to develop a workflow technology that is capable of handling dynamic workflows across enterprise boundaries. The paper describes a dynamic workflow model and a dynamic workflow management system for modeling and controlling the execution of inter-organizational business processes. The model extends the underlying model of WfMC's WPDL by adding connectors, events, triggers and rules as its modeling constructs, encapsulating activity definitions, and allowing e-service requests as a part of the activity specification. The workflow management system makes use of an event and rule server to trigger business rules during the enactment of workflow processes to enforce business constraints and policies and/or to modify the process model at run-time. It also provides a mechanism to dynamically bind e-service requests to e-services.
Targeted delivery of protein and gene medicines through the blood–brain barrier (2014)

The development of biologic drugs (recombinant proteins, therapeutic antibodies, peptides, nucleic acid therapeutics) as new treatments of brain disorders has been difficult, and a major reason is the lack of transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of these large molecule pharmaceuticals. Biologic drugs can be re-engineered as brain-penetrating neuropharmaceuticals using BBB molecular Trojan horse technology. Certain peptidomimetic monoclonal antibodies that target endogenous receptors on the BBB, such as the insulin or transferrin receptor, enable the re-engineering of biologic drugs that cross the BBB.
Hemizygous or homozygous deletion of the chromosomal region containing thep16INK4a gene is associated with amplification of the EGF receptor gene in glioblastomas (1997)

The p16INK4a gene product acts as a negative regulator of the cell cycle by binding to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6, thereby inhibiting the formation of an active CDK/cyclin D complex. Deletion of the p16 locus has been observed in tumor cell lines and, less frequently, in primary human neoplasms. We analyzed 31 glioblastomas and identified 6 cases with hemizygous and 6 with homozygous deletions of the p16 locus. Eight of these cases showed a concurrent amplification of the EGFR gene (epidermal growth factor receptor) while the overall frequency was 35%. This close correlation suggests that deletion of the p16 chromosomal region constitutes another genetic hallmark of the primary glioblastoma, which rapidly develops de novo, without a less malignant precursor lesion and for which EGFR amplification is a characteristic genetic change. The p16 protein was not detectable in 15 of 22 glioblastomas but only 4 of these showed homozygous deletion of the gene. The alternative transcript p16 beta, for which a growth-suppressing function has been suggested, was co-expressed with p16 alpha mRNA in most cases. Hypermethylation of CpG islands in the 5' region of the p16 gene was identified in only 1 case, suggesting that this alternative mechanism of gene silencing is rarely responsible for loss of p16 expression in glioblastomas. Likewise, only 1 glioblastoma carried a p16 mutation and in addition, unexpectedly, a homozygous deletion of p16 in approximately 80% of tumor cells. This mutation, Arg24Pro, has previously been identified in a melanoma kindred.
Well-Ordered Spherical Mesoporous Materials CMI-1 Synthesized via an Assembly of Decaoxyethylene Cetyl Ether and TMOS (2001)

Well-ordered spherical CMI-1 mesoporous materials with a hexagonal arrangement of channels, analogous to MCM-41, have been directly synthesized by variation of the weight percentage of decaoxyethylene cetyl ether [C16(EO)10] in aqueous solution. XRD, TEM, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption−desorption results led us to propose two different synthesis pathways for surfactant concentrations higher and lower than 30 wt %, respectively. For samples obtained with an elevated surfactant concentration (>30 wt %), in addition to the possible perturbation induced by methanol released in low amount during the hydrolysis of TMOS, other factors such as the interactions of the silica source with hydrophilic chain heads of surfactant molecules should also disturb the preformed hexagonal micelle array, and disordered wormhole mesostructured materials (DWM), analogous to MSU, are obtained. For the synthesis with a C16(EO)10 concentration less than 30 wt %, a cooperative mechanism, which involves the polymerization of silica source and the interface interactions between the hydroxyl groups of silica source produced from the hydrolysis of TMOS and hydrophilic chain heads of surfactant molecules which are present in the single rod micelle form, has been evidenced, leading to well-ordered CMI-1 materials with hexagonal arrangement of their channels.
Enhancing monochromatic multipole emission by a subwavelength enclosure of degenerate Mie resonances (2017)

Sound emission is inefficient at low frequencies as limited by source size. This letter presents enhancing emission of monochromatic monopole and multipole sources by enclosing the source with a subwavelength circular enclosure filled of an anisotropic material of a low radial sound speed. The anisotropy is associated with an infinite tangential density along the azimuth. Numerical simulations show that emission gain is produced at frequencies surrounding degenerate Mie resonant frequencies of the enclosure, and meanwhile the radiation directivity pattern is well preserved. The degeneracy is theoretically analyzed. A realization of the material is suggested by using a space-coiling structure.
Simple event correlator - Best practices for creating scalable configurations (2015)

During the past two decades, event correlation has emerged as a prominent monitoring technique, and is essential for achieving better situational awareness. Since its introduction in 2001 by one of the authors of this paper, Simple Event Correlator (SEC) has become a widely used open source event correlation tool. During the last decade, a number of papers have been published that describe the use of SEC in various environments. However, recent SEC versions have introduced a number of novel features not discussed in existing works. This paper fills this gap and provides an up-to-date coverage of best practices for creating scalable SEC configurations.
A wearable augmented reality system for navigation using positioning infrastructures and a pedometer (2003)

This paper describes a wearable augmented reality system using positioning infrastructures and a pedometer. To realize augmented reality systems, the position and orientation of user's viewpoint should be obtained in real time. The proposed system measures the orientation of user's viewpoint by an inertial sensor and the user's position using positioning infrastructures in environments and a pedometer. The system specifies the user's position using the position ID received from RFID tags or IrDA markers which are the components of positioning infrastructures. When the user goes away from them, the user's position is alternatively estimated by using a pedometer. We have developed a navigation system using the proposed techniques and have proven the feasibility of the system with experiments.
The intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>channels of membrane traffic (2012)

Regulation of organellar fusion and fission by Ca ( 2+) has emerged as a central paradigm in intracellular membrane traffic. Originally formulated for Ca ( 2+) -driven SNARE-mediated exocytosis in the presynaptic terminals, it was later expanded to explain membrane traffic in other exocytic events within the endo-lysosomal system. The list of processes and conditions that depend on the intracellular membrane traffic includes aging, antigen and lipid processing, growth factor signaling and enzyme secretion. Characterization of the ion channels that regulate intracellular membrane fusion and fission promises novel pharmacological approaches in these processes when their function becomes aberrant. The recent identification of Ca ( 2+) permeability through the intracellular ion channels comprising the mucolipin (TRPMLs) and the two-pore channels (TPCs) families pinpoints the candidates for the Ca ( 2+) channel that drive intracellular membrane traffic. The present review summarizes the recent developments and the current questions relevant to this topic.
Defensive potential of components of the larval osmeterial secretion of papilionid butterflies against ants (1983)

ABSTRACT. Toxicity and repellency of components of larval osmeterial secretions of the Papilionidae to the ants Lasius niger and Crematogaster matsumurai were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. The test chemicals comprised five aliphatic acids, five esters, three monoterpene hydrocarbons and four sesquiterpenes. The majority of aliphatic acids and esters exhibited weak to potent toxicity, but exposure to acetic, isobutyric, 2‐methylbutyric and isovaleric acids, ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate and methyl 3‐hydroxy‐ n ‐butyrate proved fatal to both ant species. Monoterpene hydrocarbons also had considerable toxicity, whereas sesquiterpenes were only slightly or not toxic. Of the terpenic compounds tested, α‐pinene was found to be the most toxic. L. niger ejected formic acid in response to d ‐limonene. Field experiments revealed that all the compounds examined except 3‐hydroxy‐ n ‐butyric acid were significantly repellent to worker ants of both species. Acetic, isobutyric and 2‐methylbutyric acids especially showed pronounced repellency, while the esters were less deterrent. Among terpenic compounds, the repellency of caryophyllene oxide was noticeable. d ‐Limonene elicited no particular response, other than rapid evasion, by L. niger.
Reducing Qubit Requirements for Quantum Simulations Using Molecular Point Group Symmetries (2020)

Simulating molecules is believed to be one of the early stage applications for quantum computers. Current state-of-the-art quantum computers are limited in size and coherence; therefore, optimizing resources to execute quantum algorithms is crucial. In this work, we develop the second quantization representation of spatial symmetries, which are then transformed to their qubit operator representation. These qubit operator representations are used to reduce the number of qubits required for simulating molecules. We present our results for various molecules and elucidate a formal connection of this work with a previous technique that analyzed generic <i>Z</i><sub>2</sub> Pauli symmetries.