gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of a Glycosaminoglycan (1982)

The mechanical properties of membranes composed of fibrils reconstituted from solubilized and purified rat skin collagen were investigated following the addition of various concentrations of dermatan sulfate. Dermatan sulfate was added to collagen 48 hrs before and immediately after aggregation into fibrils and was added to membranes prematured for various time periods. Dermatan sulfate reduced the mechanical strength developed below the levels observed for control membranes during maturation. The stiffness was analyzed as a function of strain and for each increment of per cent strain was expressed in relation to the maximum stiffness of the membrane under consideration. When dermatan sulfate was added to the membranes in concentrations that were the same or higher than those in skin (about 1%) an increase in the relative stiffness was observed during the first part of the deformation. The length of time that the membranes were matured before the addition of dermatan sulfate did not correlate with any of the effects of dermatan sulfate.
Research on Lithium Ion Battery Material LiCoO<sub>2</sub> for Hybrid Supercapacitor (2011)

The electrochemical performance of capacitor was studied with LiCoO 2 /AC as composite cathode and activated carbon (AC) as anode, in 1.0 mol/L LiPF 6 /EC+DMC electrolyte. Cyclic Voltammetary, Constant-Current Charge and Discharge, Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS) and Leakage Current Test were tested to study the characteristics of supercapacitors. The results illustrate that recharging voltage of hybrid supercapacitor can reach to 3.0 V and show good capacitance characteristics. The supercapacitor can rapidly charge and discharge and show good cycling performance. There is a great effect to the performance of the capacitors by adopting different proportional composite electrode. When the ratio of composite electrode is 6:4, we get maximum symmetrical Cyclic Voltammetary and short charge-discharge time only 26.4min; When the ratio is 7:3, the minimum AC impedance of 26.2W can be attained and least leakage current is only 19.92mA/g; When the ratio is 5:5, the best first specific capacity can reach to 70.17F/g but a lower capacity retention rate is 74.86%.
An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal or Slightly Deviated Fully Eccentric Annuli (2000)

Abstract A mechanistic model is formulated to predict the flow behavior of two-phase mixtures in horizontal or slightly inclined fully eccentric annuli. The model is composed of a procedure for flow pattern prediction and a set of independent models for calculating gas fraction and pressure drop in stratified, intermittent, dispersed bubble, and annular flow. Small-scale experimental data performed in a 50 m long straight 4" (101.6 mm) ID pipe containing a 2" (50.8 mm) OD tube lying at the bottom validate the predictions of the model. Test matrix covered not only the horizontal inclination, but also –4° and +4° relative to the horizontal. A total number of 115 tests were carried out with the following mixtures: (1) air and water were used in 61, and (2) diesel oil and N2 in 54 tests. The mechanistic model presents also better performance when compared to the results of some empirical models, as the Beggs and Brill1 correlation and a modified version of the Aziz, Govier, and Fogarasi2 method.
Linking single-cell measurements of mass, growth rate, and gene expression (2018)

Mass and growth rate are highly integrative measures of cell physiology not discernable via genomic measurements. Here, we introduce a microfluidic platform enabling direct measurement of single-cell mass and growth rate upstream of highly multiplexed single-cell profiling such as single-cell RNA sequencing. We resolve transcriptional signatures associated with single-cell mass and growth rate in L1210 and FL5.12 cell lines and activated CD8+ T cells. Further, we demonstrate a framework using these linked measurements to characterize biophysical heterogeneity in a patient-derived glioblastoma cell line with and without drug treatment. Our results highlight the value of coupled phenotypic metrics in guiding single-cell genomics.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Dispersive Mixing of Agglomerates (2015)

The degree of filler dispersion has a major influence on the physical properties of rubber compounds. Typical fillers, e.g. carbon black and silica, are difficult to disperse, particularly if they are fine and low structured. As a result, the quantity of undispersed fillers generally amounts for 1 % to 10 % of the compound. The elimination, or at least the reduction, of agglomerates will result in rubber parts (e.g. tires, seals, belts) with improved properties and higher reliability. Clearly, a better understanding of the physics of batch mixers would help improve their mixing performance. Due to the complexity of the real process, experiments on a representative device were held from which a model has been deduced. It appears to be a generalization of the law of Kao and Mason, but for high viscous matrices. The next step was to get a model available for statistically large number of pellets as can be found in any sample taken out of the mixer. A statistical approach is used where we define a model describing the evolution of mass density function of agglomerate sizes. Eventually, we implement this model within available numerical simulation tools to estimate dispersion in real mixers.
Water scarcity in developing countries (1998)

Due to population growth, water is reported to be becoming increasingly scarce throughout the world. Some 1.3 billion people are without access to clean water, and in some regions water wars are already threatening. These reports are well known - but are they also true? The present paper will argue that it is not global water scarcity but policy failure and misallocation of resources that are responsible for the inadequate access to drinking water: • Many countries are aiming for national self-sufficiency in staple foods. Some countries in arid areas are subsidizing the expansion of irrigated agriculture, which accounts for roughly 70 % of the world's water consumption. • In the cities a good share of water is lost from the water-supply network, and supply failures often occur because public water utilities, which are often poorly managed, are at the end of their financial tether. • Many residents of urban slums are not connected to the water-supply network and are thus forced to pay prices to water vendors that are far higher than the subsidized drinking-water tariffs. • Water wars are for the most part not genuine conflicts over scarce water but a symptom of deeply rooted historical and political conflicts, while water scarcity presents the occasion, or at best a catalyst, for additional tensions.
Intense pulsed light (IPL): A review (2010)

Most comparative trials attest IPLs similar effectiveness to lasers (level of evidence: 2b to 4, depending on the indication). However, large controlled and blinded comparative trials with an extended follow-up period are necessary.
Charge Carrier Formation in Polythiophene/Fullerene Blend Films Studied by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (2008)

We report herein a comparison of the photophysics of a series of polythiophenes with ionization potentials ranging from 4.8 to 5.6 eV as pristine films and when blended with 5 wt % 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-[6,6]C61 (PCBM). Three polymers are observed to give amorphous films, attributed to a nonplanar geometry of their backbone while the other five polymers, including poly(3-hexylthiophene), give more crystalline films. Optical excitation of the pristine films of the amorphous polymers is observed by transient absorption spectroscopy to give rise to polymer triplet formation. For the more crystalline pristine polymers, no triplet formation is observed, but rather a short-lived (approximately 100 ns), broad photoinduced absorption feature assigned to polymer polarons. For all polymers, the addition of 5 wt % PCBM resulted in 70-90% quenching of polymer photoluminescence (PL), indicative of efficient quenching of polythiophene excitons. Remarkably, despite this efficient exciton quenching, the yield of dissociated polymer+ and PCBM- polarons, assayed by the appearance of a long-lived, power-law decay phase assigned to bimolecular recombination of these polarons, was observed to vary by over 2 orders of magnitude depending upon the polymer employed. In addition to this power-law decay phase, the blend films exhibited short-lived decays assigned, for the amorphous polymers, to neutral triplet states generated by geminate recombination of bound radical pairs and, for the more crystalline polymers, to the direct observation of the geminate recombination of these bound radical pairs to ground. These observations are discussed in terms of a two-step kinetic model for charge generation in polythiophene/PCBM blend films analogous to that reported to explain the observation of exciplex-like emission in poly(p-phenylenevinylene)-based blend films. Remarkably, we find an excellent correlation between the free energy difference for charge separation (deltaG(CS)rel) and yield of the long-lived charge generation, with efficient charge generation requiring a much larger deltaG(CS)rel than that required to achieve efficient PL quenching. We suggest that this observation is consistent with a model where the excess thermal energy of the initially formed polaron pairs is necessary to overcome their Coulombic binding energy. This observation has important implications for synthetic strategies to optimize organic solar cell performance, as it implies that, at least devices based on polythiophene/PCBM blend films, a large deltaG(CS)rel (or LUMO level offset) is required to achieve efficient charge dissociation.
Glenn G. Morgan (1973)

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Studies on Fructose Metabolism in Cultured Astroglial Cells and Control Hepatocytes: Lack of Fructokinase Activity and Imrrunoreactivity in Astrocytes (1996)

Astroglia-rich primary cultures derived from the brains of newborn rats can be grown in the presence of sorbitol or fructose. In the present study, evidence was obtained by enzymatic analysis and immunocytochemistry that fructose is further metabolized to fructose-6-phosphate and that fructokinase is lacking in the astrocytes. In contrast, fructose-1-phosphate as well as fructokinase immunoreactivity could be detected in cultured hepatocytes. Considerable amounts of astroglial glycogen were synthesized from fructose. Lactate release in fructose-fed cultures was still 30% that of glucose-fed cells and was abolished in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose. No glycogen was synthesized when sorbitol, which is converted intracellularly to fructose, replaced glucose in the incubation medium. However, lactate release from sorbitol-fed cultures was still significant and was not abolished by 2-deoxyglucose. The results are compatible with the idea of astroglial glycogen being a store of lactate rather than glucose. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that sorbitol is an adequate substrate for astroglial glycolysis but, in contrast to fructose, cannot be utilized for the buildup of glycogen stores.
Effect of the thermostable protein kinase inhibitor on intracellular localization of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (1992)

cAMP-dependent protein kinase mediates a variety of cellular responses in most eukaryotic cells. Many of these responses are cytoplasmic, whereas others appear to require nuclear localization of the catalytic subunit. In order to understand further the molecular basis for subcellular localization of the catalytic subunit, the effect of the heat stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) was investigated. The subcellular localization of the catalytic (C) subunit was determined both in the presence and absence of PKI, by microinjecting fluorescently labeled C subunit into single living cells. When injected alone, a significant fraction of the dissociated C subunit localized to the nucleus. When coin-injected with an excess of PKI, little of the C subunit localized to the nucleus, suggesting that accumulation of catalytic subunit in the nucleus requires either enzymatic activity or a nuclear localization signal. Inactivation of the catalytic subunit in vitro by treatment with N-ethylmaleimide did not prevent localization in the nucleus, indicating that enzymatic activity was not a prerequisite for nuclear localization. In an effort to search for a specific signal that might mediate nuclear localization, a complex of the catalytic subunit with a 20-residue inhibitory peptide derived from PKI (PKI(5-24)) was microinjected. In contrast to intact PKI, the peptide was not sufficient to block nuclear accumulation. In the presence of PKI(5-24), the C subunit localized to the nucleus in a fashion analogous to that of dissociated, active C subunit despite evidence of no catalytic activity in situ. Thus, nuclear localization of the C subunit appears to be independent of enzymatic activity but most likely dependent upon a signal. The signal is apparently masked by both the regulatory subunit and PKI but not by the inhibitory peptide.
RF characterization of metal T-gate structure in fully-depleted SOI CMOS technology (2003)

The metal T-gate structure in fully-depleted (FD) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET's is investigated from the RF perspective. With the expected low gate resistance R/sub G/, the metal T-gate FD-SOI MOSFET achieves a higher f/sub max/ of 67 GHz as compared with 12.5 GHz in the silicided polysilicon gate counterpart. However, the metal T-gate FD-SOI MOSFET has a lower f/sub T/ of 35 GHz as compared with 44 GHz for the self-aligned polysilicon gate. The extracted parameters reveal that the T-gate structure results in an extra 40% and 80% increase in the parasitic capacitances C/sub gs/ and C/sub gd/ respectively. The metal gate structure together with the source-drain structure have to be co-optimized to boost the RF performance of FD-SOI MOSFET. A simple guideline to optimize the structure is included.
Use of Paraffin Wax Film in MALDI-TOF Analysis of DNA (1998)

Poor detection limits and strong salt effects are two of the main problems encountered in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis of DNA. This work demonstrates that a probe tip with a paraffin wax film (Parafilm) surface improves the MALDI performance in DNA analysis compared to the commonly used metal surface. First, the use of Parafilm increases the detection sensitivity. It was found that the detection limit achieved with Parafilm was 5 times better than that obtained using stainless steel for a 85mer. More importantly, the Parafilm method could improve detection of larger DNA components in the presence of a large excess of a smaller DNA component or in a DNA mixture. This feature is important to analyses of PCR and sequencing products. Second, we found that the use of Parafilm increased the salt tolerance limits for the 17-, 41-, and 85mers studied in this work and that the salt effect was less sensitive to the DNA size. Third, this method offers other analytical benefits, including producing a more homogeneous coverage of matrix/DNA, adding no extra cost and time to sample preparation, and eliminating the commonly required step for cleaning the probe after analysis. In this paper, we will also present our perspectives on why the use of Parafilm can improve the MALDI-TOF performance in DNA analysis.
The apoplastic oxidative burst in response to biotic stress in plants: a three-component system (2002)

The oxidative burst, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to microbial pathogen attack, is a ubiquitous early part of the resistance mechanisms of plant cells. It has also become apparent from the study of a number of plant-pathogen interactions and those modelled by elicitor treatment of cultured cells that there may be more than one mechanism operating. However, one mechanism may be dominant in any given species. NADPH oxidases have been implicated in a number of systems and have been cloned and characterized. However, the enzyme system which is the major source of ROS in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cells treated with a cell wall elicitor from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, appears to be dependent on an exocellular peroxidase. The second component, the extracellular alkalinization, occurs as a result of the Ca(2+) and proton influxes and the K(+) efflux common to most elicitation systems as one of the earliest responses. The third component, the actual reductant/substrate, has remained elusive. The low molecular weight compound composition of apoplastic fluid was compared before and after elicitation. The substrate only becomes available some min after elicitation and can be extracted, so that by comparing the profiles by LC-MS it has been possible to identify possible substrates. The mechanism has proved to be complex and may involve a number of low molecular weight components. Stimulation of H(2)O(2) production was observed with saturated fatty acids such as palmitate and stearate without concomitant oxylipin production. This biochemical evidence is supported by immunolocalization studies on papillae forming at bacterial infection sites that show the peroxidase isoform present at sites of H(2)O(2) production revealed by cerium chloride staining together with the cross-linked wall proteins and callose and callose synthase. The peroxidase has been cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris and has been shown to catalyse the oxidation reaction with the same kinetics as the purified enzyme. Furthermore, Arabidopsis plants transformed heterologously using the French bean peroxidase in antisense orientation have proved to be highly susceptible to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Thus it is possible that Arabidopsis is another species with the potential to mount an apoplastic oxidative burst and these transformed plant lines may be useful to identify the peroxidase that is responsible.
Building Confidence in Information-Trustworthiness Metrics for Decision Support (2013)

In light of the significant amount of information available online today and its potential application to a range of situations, the importance of identifying trustworthy information, and secondly, of building user confidence in that information is paramount. With this in mind, we have developed a novel trustworthiness metric which is designed to provide a relative score based on several key factors that influence trust, such as information's provenance and quality, and the integrity of the infrastructure through which the information passes. In this paper we consider whether providing insight into the various factors that make-up the resulting trustworthiness score actually helps to build trust in the metric itself, and whether users can successfully understand the advice being conveyed. Specifically, we present here the results of experiments which explore whether or not the visual interface that enables users to understand how the metric is composed of a combination of scores, across a range of factors, is a feature they are cognitively able to process, and whether it might help to build confidence in the trustworthiness advice being provided.
Endothelin in septic patients: Effects on cardiovascular and renal function and its relationship to proinflammatory cytokines (2000)

In patients with severe sepsis, big-ET plasma levels are markedly increased, even above those of multiple trauma patients, in close relationship to IL-6 and IL-8, and with significant correlation to renal function and pulmonary vascular tone.
Clickbait Convolutional Neural Network (2018)

With the development of online advertisements, clickbait spread wider and wider. Clickbait dissatisfies users because the article content does not match their expectation. Thus, clickbait detection has attracted more and more attention recently. Traditional clickbait-detection methods rely on heavy feature engineering and fail to distinguish clickbait from normal headlines precisely because of the limited information in headlines. A convolutional neural network is useful for clickbait detection, since it utilizes pretrained Word2Vec to understand the headlines semantically, and employs different kernels to find various characteristics of the headlines. However, different types of articles tend to use different ways to draw users’ attention, and a pretrained Word2Vec model cannot distinguish these different ways. To address this issue, we propose a clickbait convolutional neural network (CBCNN) to consider not only the overall characteristics but also specific characteristics from different article types. Our experimental results show that our method outperforms traditional clickbait-detection algorithms and the TextCNN model in terms of precision, recall and accuracy.
A short introduction to probabilistic soft logic (2012)

Probabilistic soft logic (PSL) is a framework for collective, probabilistic reasoning in relational domains. PSL uses first order logic rules as a template language for graphical models over random variables with soft truth values from the interval [0, 1]. Inference in this setting is a continuous optimization task, which can be solved efficiently. This paper provides an overview of the PSL language and its techniques for inference and weight learning. An implementation of PSL is available at http://psl.umiacs.umd.edu/.
Dynamic scanned-probe lateral-force determination (1995)

A continuum-mechanical model of the dynamics of a scanned probe is described that includes intrinsic losses as well as the effect of a lateral force on the end of the probe. A method for the determination of calibrated lateral force is experimentally evaluated and the sensitivity of the method is analyzed.
Conformational Changes of Transcobalamin Induced by Aquocobalamin Binding (2000)

Binding of aquo-, cyano-, or azidocobalamin (Cbl.OH(2), Cbl.CN, and Cbl.N(3), respectively) to the recombinant human transcobalamin (TC) and haptocorrin from human plasma was investigated via stopped-flow spectroscopy. Association of cobalamins with haptocorrin always proceeded in one step. TC, however, displayed a certain selectivity for the ligands: Cbl.CN or Cbl.N(3) bound in one step with k(+1) = 1 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) (20 degrees C), whereas binding of Cbl.OH(2) under the same conditions occurred in two steps with k(+1) = 3 x 10( 7) M(-1) s(-1) (E(a) = 30 kJ/mol) and k(+2) = 0.02 s(-1) (E(a) = 120 kJ/mol). The second step of Cbl.OH(2) binding was interpreted as a transformation of the initial "open" intermediate TC.Cbl.OH(2) to the "closed" conformation TC(Cbl) with displaced water. The backward transition from the closed to the open conformation was the reason for the identical rate-limiting steps during substitution of H(2)O in TC.Cbl.OH(2) for cyanide or azide according to the reaction TC(Cbl) --> TC.Cbl.OH(2) + CN(-)/N(3)(-). The cyano and azido forms of holo-TC which were produced behaved as the open proteins. Different conformations of holo-TC, determined by the nature of the active group in the bound Cbl, may direct transportation of cobalamins in the organism.
Link-layer jamming attacks on S-MAC (2005)

We argue that among denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, link-layer jamming is a more attractive option to attackers than radio jamming is. By exploiting the semantics of the link-layer protocol (aka MAC protocol), an attacker can achieve better efficiency than blindly jamming the radio signals alone. In this paper, we investigate some jamming attacks on S-MAC, the level of effectiveness and efficiency the attacks can potentially achieve and a countermeasure that can be implemented against one of these attacks.