gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Strategy for Skin Irritation Testing (2002)

Skin irritation safety testing and risk assessment for new products, and the ingredients they contain, is a critical requirement before market introduction. In the past, much of this skin testing required the use of experimental animals. However, new current best approaches for skin corrosion and skin irritation testing and risk assessment are being defined, obviating the need for animal test methods. Several in vitro skin corrosion test methods have been endorsed after successful validation and are gaining acceptance by regulatory authorities. In vitro test methods for acute, cumulative (repeat exposure), and chronic (prolonged exposure) skin irritation are under development. Though not yet validated, many are being used successfully for testing and risk assessment purposes as documented through an expanding literature. Likewise, a novel acute irritation patch test in human subjects is providing a valid and ethical alternative to animal testing for prediction of chemical skin irritation potential. An array of other human test methods also have been developed and used for the prediction of cumulative/chronic skin irritation and the general skin compatibility of finished products. The development of instrumental methods (e.g., transepidermal water loss, capacitance, and so on) has provided the means for analyzing various biophysical properties of human skin and changes in these properties caused by exposure to irritants. However, these methods do not directly measure skin inflammation. A recently introduced skin surface tape sampling procedure has been shown to detect changes in skin surface cytokine recovery that correlate with inflammatory skin changes associated with chemical irritant exposures or existing dermatitis. It holds promise for more objective quantification of skin irritation events, including subclinical (sensory) irritation, in the future.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some 3‐Oxo‐3H‐pyrido(3,2,1‐kl)phenoxazine‐2‐carboxylic Acids. (1989)

Abstract The antimicrobial activity of the title compounds, e.g. (III) and (V), is tested in vitro.
A Facile and Convenient Synthesis of 3-Alkylamino-5-arylthiophenes with a Variety of Substituents at C-2 and Studies of Reaction Mechanisms (2000)

Thioaroylketene S,N-acetals were treated with active methylene compounds including beta-keto ester, nitromethane, cyanoacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonylacetone, 4-nitrophenylacetic acid, and diethyl (2-oxopropyl)phosphonate in the presence of mercury(II) acetate in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature. These reactions gave 3-alkylamino-5-arylthiophenes containing various substituents, which comprised, respectively, alkoxycarbonyl, nitro, cyano, p-toluenesulfonyl, 4-nitrophenyl, and diethylphosphono groups at C-2 in good yields. The reaction of 3-methylamino-3-methylthio-1-phenylthioxopropene with malonic acid or Meldrum's acid under the same conditions gave 3-methylamino-5-phenylthiophene. Similarly, treatment of 3-methylamino-3-methylthio-1-phenylthioxopropene with various enolizable cyclic ketones such as 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone, homophthalic anhydride, 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, and 1, 3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid gave thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-4-one, thieno[3,2-c]isoquinolin-5-one, thieno[3,2-c]benzazepine-1,6-dione, and thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione, respectively.
Product Production. (2004)

The primary goal of a software development organization is to develop successful products. Choosing the appropriate production techniques can have strategic implications for the organization. In this month's issue of Strategic Software Engineering I will explore how to organize to establish an explicit product production capability. This capability can be the basis for entering new markets or gaining advantage in your current market.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Ligand Binding by Cytochrome P450 3A4 (2006)

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4, the major catalyst involved in human drug oxidation, displays substrate- and reaction-dependent homotropic and heterotropic cooperative behavior. Although several models have been proposed, these mainly rely on steady-state kinetics and do not provide information on the contribution of the individual steps of P450 catalytic cycle to the observed cooperativity. In this work, we focused on the kinetics of substrate binding, and the fluorescent properties of bromocriptine and alpha-naphthoflavone allowed analysis of an initial ligand-P450 3A4 interaction that does not cause a perturbation of the heme spectrum. The binding stoichiometry for bromocriptine was determined to be unity using isothermal titration calorimetry and equilibrium dialysis methods, suggesting that the ligand bound to the peripheral site during the initial encounter dissociates subsequently. A three-step substrate binding model is proposed, based on absorbance and fluorescence stopped-flow kinetic data and equilibrium binding data obtained with bromocriptine, and evaluated using kinetic modeling. The results are consistent with the substrate molecule binding at a site peripheral to the active site and subsequently moving toward the active site to bind to the heme and resulting in a low to high spin iron shift. The last step is attributed to a conformational change in the enzyme active site. The later steps of binding were shown to have rate constants comparable with the subsequent steps of the catalytic cycle. The P450 3A4 binding process is more complex than a two-state system, and the overlap of rates of some of the events with subsequent steps is proposed to underlie the observed cooperativity.
Antipsychotic Induced Weight Gain in Schizophrenia: Mechanisms and Management (2008)

The aim of the present paper was to describe the mechanisms and management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients. A comprehensive literature review of all available articles on the mechanisms and management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain was done by searching databases PsychINFO and PubMed. A summary of the available guidelines for monitoring of antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic syndrome is also provided. There has been a substantial increase in the number of studies investigating the mechanisms and management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain after 2002. These include advances in the understanding of pharmacogenomics of weight gain and several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating pharmacological and psychological treatments to promote weight loss. The most effective strategy for prevention of weight gain is the choice of antipsychotic medication with low weight gain potential. In individuals with established weight gain and metabolic issues, switching to an antipsychotic agent with lower weight gain potential and/or lifestyle modifications with physical activity are most effective in promoting weight loss. Pharmacological agents such as orlistat and sibutramine are effective in general obesity but have not been sufficiently evaluated in antipsychotic-induced weight gain. The case to prescribe routine pharmacological treatment to promote weight loss is weak. Long-term, pragmatic studies are required to inform clinical practice. Weight gain in schizophrenia is associated with significant physical and psychological morbidity. Achieving an optimal trade-off between effectiveness and side-effects of antipsychotic agents, although difficult, is achievable. This should be based on three main principles: (i) a shared decision-making model between the patient, clinician and carer(s) when choosing an antipsychotic; (ii) a commitment to baseline and follow-up monitoring with explicit identification of the responsible individual or team; and (iii) the adoption of clear structured protocols for clinicians to follow in case of clinically significant weight gain and metabolic issues, which should incorporate greater collaboration between various health professionals from psychiatric and medical specialist services.
Harper's Bible Dictionary (1953)

Book Review| September 01 1953 Harper’s Bible Dictionary Harper’s Bible Dictionary, Madeleine S. Miller and J. Lane Miller. John Wick Bowman John Wick Bowman Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Biblical Literature (1953) 72 (3): 194–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/3262062 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation John Wick Bowman; Harper’s Bible Dictionary. Journal of Biblical Literature 1 September 1953; 72 (3): 194–195. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3262062 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveSBL PressJournal of Biblical Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
The off-label use, utility and potential value of tDCS in the clinical care of particular neuropsychiatric conditions (2016)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has attracted significant attention from patients and clinicians for its potential to elicit therapeutic benefit in a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions, and to facilitate rehabilitation after neurological injury. 1 Tested indications include recovery of speech and motor loss following stroke, 2 mitigation of various forms of chronic pain, 3 and reduction in signs and symptoms of particular types of depressive and anxiety disorders 4 (for overview, see Kuo et al., 2014 5 ). The mechanisms of transcranial electrical stimulation have been systematically characterized over decades, while the most rigorous clinical trials have considered 1 Min-
Heart Rate Variability as an Index of Regulated Emotional Responding (2006)

The study of individual differences in emotional responding can provide considerable insight into interpersonal dynamics and the etiology of psychopathology. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is emerging as an objective measure of regulated emotional responding (generating emotional responses of appropriate timing and magnitude). This review provides a theoretical and empirical rationale for the use of HRV as an index of individual differences in regulated emotional responding. Two major theoretical frameworks that articulate the role of HRV in emotional responding are presented, and relevant empirical literature is reviewed. The case is made that HRV is an accessible research tool that can increase the understanding of emotion in social and psychopathological processes.
RCE networks: an experimental investigation (2002)

The author briefly surveys the history of hyperspherical classifiers and restricted Coulomb energy (RCE) networks. The ability of a trained RCE classifier to correctly classify new instances is compared with that of several well-known classifiers. Two unexplored aspects of RCE network classifiers are experimentally examined: (1) the treatment of potential wells on the number of training epochs, storage requirements, and generalization; and (2) rejection of an instance from an unknown class. Modifications to a traditional RCE classifier improve average generalization from 83.2% to 90.7% with comparable computational cost. For comparison, a nearest-neighbor classifier performs at 93% and a feedforward network at 88.4% on the same data. When the improved RCE classifier is compared with its underlying adaptive nearest-neighbor classifier the results show that the incorporation of potential wells into the RCE classifier does not reduce training time, nor pattern storage, nor does it improve generalization to new instances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Neutron-capture cross sections of the tungsten isotopes /sup 182/W, /sup 183/W, /sup 184/W, and /sup 186/W from 2. 6 to 2000 keV (1982)

Neutron-capture cross sections of four stable tungsten isotopes were measured as a function of energy by time of flight at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator. The resolution achieved, ..delta..E/E about 1/750 FWHM, has allowed the analysis of several hundred resonance peaks at energies a few kiloelectron volts above the neutron-binding energy. Strength functions were fitted to the average cross sections up to about 100 keV, and average cross sections were extended with less precision from 100 to 2000 keV. The capture cross section of natural tungsten was calculated from measurements for individual isotopes. Compound nucleus calculations have been made with deformed optical model parameters for comparison with experimental cross sections.
Reduced EGFR causes abnormal valvular differentiation leading to calcific aortic stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy in C57BL/6J but not 129S1/SvImJ mice (2009)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling contributes to aortic valve development in mice. Because developmental phenotypes in Egfr-null mice are dependent on genetic background, the hypomorphic Egfr(wa2) allele was made congenic on C57BL/6J (B6) and 129S1/SvImJ (129) backgrounds and used to identify the underlying cellular cause of EGFR-related aortic valve abnormalities. Egfr(wa2/wa2) mice on both genetic backgrounds develop aortic valve hyperplasia. Many B6-Egfr(wa2/wa2) mice die before weaning, and those surviving to 3 mo of age or older develop severe left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. The cardiac phenotype was accompanied by significantly thicker aortic cusps and larger transvalvular gradients in B6-Egfr(wa2/wa2) mice compared with heterozygous controls and age-matched Egfr(wa2) homozygous mice on either 129 or B6129F1 backgrounds. Histological analysis revealed cellular changes in B6-Egfr(wa2/wa2) aortic valves underlying elevated pressure gradients and progression to heart failure, including increased cellular proliferation, ectopic cartilage formation, extensive calcification, and inflammatory infiltrate, mimicking changes seen in human calcific aortic stenosis. Despite having congenitally enlarged valves, 129 and B6129F1-Egfr(wa2/wa2) mice have normal lifespans, absence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and normal systolic function. These results show the requirement of EGFR activity for normal valvulogenesis and demonstrate that dominantly acting genetic modifiers curtail pathological changes in congenitally deformed valves. These studies provide a novel model of aortic sclerosis and stenosis and suggest that long-term inhibition of EGFR signaling for cancer therapy may have unexpected consequences on aortic valves in susceptible individuals.
Pancreatic pattern of expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone during rat embryonic development (2000)

In rodents, the first insulin-producing cells appear in the pancreas at mid-gestation around embryonic day 11 (E11). However, on the basis of various features, such as morphology or hormonal coexpression, it is apparent that these initial insulin-expressing cells are different from those that develop after E15. In the present study, the pancreatic expression of both thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA and insulin was studied during embryonic and fetal life. We report here that in the rat, while insulin mRNA is detected in the pancreas as early as E12, TRH mRNA cannot be detected before E16. At that stage and later on during fetal and early postnatal life, TRH mRNA is detected in insulin-producing cells, no signal being detected in other endocrine cell types or in exocrine tissue. It was also noted, by means of triple staining performed at E17, that the expression of TRH mRNA was restricted to insulin-expressing cells negative for glucagon, whereas the few insulin-expressing cells present at that stage, which coexpress insulin and glucagon, did not express TRH mRNA. Taken together, these data indicate that TRH is a marker of insulin-expressing cells, which develop after E15.
Dynamic Compressive Sensing-Based Multi-User Detection for Uplink Grant-Free NOMA (2016)

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can support more users than OMA techniques using the same wireless resources, which is expected to support massive connectivity for Internet of Things in 5G. Furthermore, in order to reduce the transmission latency and signaling overhead, grant-free transmission is highly expected in the uplink NOMA systems, where user activity has to be detected. In this letter, by exploiting the temporal correlation of active user sets, we propose a dynamic compressive sensing (DCS)-based multi-user detection (MUD) to realize both user activity and data detection in several continuous time slots. In particular, as the temporal correlation of the active user sets between adjacent time slots exists, we can use the estimated active user set in the current time slot as the prior information to estimate the active user set in the next time slot. Simulation results show that the proposed DCS-based MUD can achieve much better performance than that of the conventional CS-based MUD in NOMA systems.
The <i>Yin</i> and <i>Yang</i> of cell cycle progression and differentiation in the oligodendroglial lineage (2006)

In white matter disorders such as leukodystrophies (LD), periventricular leucomalacia (PVL), or multiple sclerosis (MS), the hypomyelination or the remyelination failure by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells involves errors in the sequence of events that normally occur during development when progenitors proliferate, migrate through the white matter, contact the axon, and differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. Multiple mechanisms underlie the eventual progressive deterioration that typifies the natural history of developmental demyelination in LD and PVL and of adult-onset demyelination in MS. Over the past few years, pathophysiological studies have mostly focused on seeking abnormalities that impede oligodendroglial maturation at the level of migration, myelination, and survival. In contrast, there has been a strikingly lower interest for early proliferative and differentiation events that are likely to be equally critical for white matter development and myelin repair. This review highlights the Yin and Yang principles of interactions between intrinsic factors that coordinately regulate progenitor cell division and the onset of differentiation, i.e. the initial steps of oligodendrocyte lineage progression that are obviously crucial in health and diseases.
Reversible dispersion and precipitation of single-walled carbon nanotubes using a pH-responsive rigid surfactant (2018)

A pH-responsive rigid surfactant derived from rosin was used to disperse and precipitate single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in aqueous solution. The precipitated SWNTs could be re-dispersed by changing the pH without sonication owing to the hydrophobic steric layers formed by the rigid group and π-π interactions from the azobenzene group.
Identification and Characterization of the Gene Cluster Involved in Chitin Degradation in a Marine Bacterium, <i>Alteromonas</i> sp. Strain O-7 (2002)

Alteromonas sp. strain O-7 secretes chitinase A (ChiA), chitinase B (ChiB), and chitinase C (ChiC) in the presence of chitin. A gene cluster involved in the chitinolytic system of the strain was cloned and sequenced upstream of and including the chiA gene. The gene cluster consisted of three different open reading frames organized in the order chiD, cbp1, and chiA. The chiD, cbp1, and chiA genes were closely linked and transcribed in the same direction. Sequence analysis indicated that Cbp1 (475 amino acids) was a chitin-binding protein composed of two discrete functional regions. ChiD (1,037 amino acids) showed sequence similarity to bacterial chitinases classified into family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases. The cbp1 and chiD genes were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant proteins were purified to homogeneity. The highest binding activities of Cbp1 and ChiD were observed when alpha-chitin was used as a substrate. Cbp1 and ChiD possessed a chitin-binding domain (ChtBD) belonging to ChtBD type 3. ChiD rapidly hydrolyzed chitin oligosaccharides in sizes from trimers to hexamers, but not chitin. However, after prolonged incubation with large amounts of ChiD, the enzyme produced a small amount of (GlcNAc)(2) from chitin. The optimum temperature and pH of ChiD were 50 degrees C and 7.0, respectively.
Three-dimensional characterization of fibroblast foci in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2016)

In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the fibroblast focus is a key histological feature representing active fibroproliferation. On standard 2D pathologic examination, fibroblast foci are considered small, distinct lesions, although they have been proposed to form a highly interconnected reticulum as the leading edge of a "wave" of fibrosis. Here, we characterized fibroblast focus morphology and interrelationships in 3D using an integrated micro-CT and histological methodology. In 3D, fibroblast foci were morphologically complex structures, with large variations in shape and volume (range, 1.3 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 9.9 × 10<sup>7</sup> μm<sup>3</sup>). Within each tissue sample numerous multiform foci were present, ranging from a minimum of 0.9 per mm<sup>3</sup> of lung tissue to a maximum of 11.1 per mm<sup>3</sup> of lung tissue. Each focus was an independent structure, and no interconnections were observed. Together, our data indicate that in 3D fibroblast foci form a constellation of heterogeneous structures with large variations in shape and volume, suggesting previously unrecognized plasticity. No evidence of interconnectivity was identified, consistent with the concept that foci represent discrete sites of lung injury and repair.
Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies (1997)

In typical British diets replacing 60% of saturated fats by other fats and avoiding 60% of dietary cholesterol would reduce blood total cholesterol by about 0.8 mmol/l (that is, by 10-15%), with four fifths of this reduction being in low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Clinical results of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with ligament remnant tissue preservation: A systematic review (2016)

Sufficient coverage of the graft with remnant tissue improves postoperative knee stability without any detrimental effects on the subjective and functional results.
Seeding of ePTFE carotid interposition grafts in sheep and dogs: species-dependent results. (1988)

Autologous endothelial seeding of thin-walled ePTFE vascular prostheses (I.D.4 mm), interposed in the carotid artery, was performed in 10 dogs and 14 sheeps. Aspirin (250 mg/day) and dipyridamole (75 mg/twice daily) were given throughout the study as antiplatelet therapy. Animals were killed 2 and 5 weeks after surgery. Patency rates for seeded grafts in dogs were 75% (6:8) and 83% (10:12) at 2 and 5 weeks, respectively. In control grafts the patency rates were identical. Patency rates for seeded grafts in sheep were 0% (0:5) and 11% (1:9) at 2 and 5 weeks, respectively. Control grafts in sheep had a patency rate of 40% (2:5) and 0% (0:9) at corresponding times. Scanning electron microscopy showed an almost complete endothelialization of seeded grafts in dogs after 5 weeks. Platelet deposition was studied in the dogs by means of chromium-51-labeled autologous platelets. Significantly fewer platelets accumulated on seeded grafts, and the ratio of 6-keto-PCF1 alpha to thromboxane B2 was significantly higher, compared with unseeded grafts, which indicated the presence of a functionally active endothelial lining in seeded grafts. Differences in the hemostatic system could account for the high clotting incidence in sheep, compared with that in dogs. Such species differences make extrapolations to the clinical situation from autologous endothelial seeding in experimental animals hazardous.