gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on Onion-like Fullerenes Prepared by Vacuum Heat Treatment (2005)

The synthesis of onion-like fullerenes(OLFs) by two-step vacuum heat-treatment of pure graphite powders was investigated using Al as catalyst. High resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to characterize the morphologies and micro-structures of the products. Results indicate that lots of graphite pieces, amorphous spherical carbon and metal particles exist in sample after vacuum heat-treatment at 800℃.After vacuum heat-treatment at 1800℃, OLFs in sample are perfectly structured and highly graphitized, with external diameter between 15nm and 35nm. Moreover, the growth mechanism of OLFs and metal-encapsulating OLFs are also discussed.
Gravel Packing of Horizontal Wells (1987)

ABSTRACT One hundred percent gravel packing of horizontal wells has been demonstrated in the laboratory using bidirectional (two lift), water slurrified gravel packing. The first lift provides 70–90+% fill. A second, subsequent, reverse direction lift provides both 100% fill and consolidation. Deviation has been varied from 70° to 110°; the process is self-regulating.
Reinforcement Learning Based Routing in Networks: Review and Classification of Approaches (2019)

Reinforcement learning (RL), which is a class of machine learning, provides a framework by which a system can learn from its previous interactions with its environment to efficiently select its actions in the future. RL has been used in a number of application fields, including game playing, robotics and control, networks, and telecommunications, for building autonomous systems that improve themselves with experience. It is commonly accepted that RL is suitable for solving optimization problems related to distributed systems in general and to routing in networks in particular. RL also has reasonable overhead-in terms of control packets, memory and computation-compared to other optimization techniques used to solve the same problems. Since the mid-1990s, over 60 protocols have been proposed, with major or minor contributions in the field of optimal route selection to convey packets in different types of communication networks under various user QoS requirements. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the topic. The review is structured in a way that shows how network characteristics and requirements were gradually considered over time. Classification criteria are proposed to present and qualitatively compare existing RL-based routing protocols.
Update on the clinical utility of an RNA interference-based treatment: focus on Patisiran (2017)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally existing endogenous mechanism for post-transcriptional gene regulation, nowadays commonly utilized for functional characterization of genes and development of potential treatment strategies for diseases. RNAi-based studies for therapy, after being examined for over a decade, are finally in the pipeline for developing a potential treatment for the mutated transthyretin (TTR) gene, which gives rise to a dysfunctional TTR protein. This dysfunctional protein causes TTR amyloidosis (ATTR), an inherited, progressively incapacitating, and often fatal genetic disorder. TTR is a protein produced in the liver, and functions as a carrier for retinol-binding protein and also thyroxine. This protein facilitates the transport of vitamin A around the human body. A mutation or misprint in the code of this protein results in an abnormal folding of the protein. Therefore, not only does the transportation of the vitamin A become disabled, but also there will be formation of clusters called amyloid deposits, which attack the heart and the nerves causing some patients to be unconditionally bound to bed. ATTR is a hereditary autosomal dominant disease with a 50% chance of inheritance by offspring, even with just one of the parents having a single defective allele of this gene. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals worked on the concept of RNAi therapy for years, which led to the introduction of lipid nanoparticles encircling small interfering RNAs. The drug showed extremely positive results since the first trial, and a great percentage of defective protein reduction. This drug was later named Patisiran.
The effect of strain rate and strain range on bending fatigue test (2008)

There’re many kinds of bending test conditions according to different control modes: displacement control, force control and strain control. In our paper, strain-controlled bending test was chosen, since the lifetime and failure modes were more sensitive relating to different loading strain range and strain rate. ANSYS was used to simulate the bending test to predict board level solder joint reliability. The relationship between loading strain range and lifetime for 60BOC was measured in a similar type to Coffin-Manson equation. 5 failure modes were investigated, component side bulk crack, component side IMC interface crack, board side bulk crack, board side IMC interface crack and pad lift. The simulation results indicated that with the increase of strain range, the fatigue performance of device decreased.
Reconfigurable Tooling by Using a Reconfigurable Material (2012)

Changes in manufacturing environment are characterized by aggressive competition on a global scale and rapid changes in process technology; these require creation of production systems easily upgradable by themselves and into which new technologies and new functions can be readily integrated (Mehrabi et al, 2000). In USA; industry, government and other institutions have identified materials and manufacturing trends for 2020 (Vision 2020 Chemical Industry of The Future, 2003 & National Research Council, 1998). The materials Technology Vision committee, in the publication of “Technology Vision 2020The U.S. Chemical Industry” has identified a number of broad goals, which are enclosed in five main areas:  New materials  Materials characterization  Materials modeling and prediction  Additives  Recycling
Participación de las entidades promotoras de salud (EPS) en el mercado del aseguramiento de salud, Colombia, 1995-1998 (2012)

La Ley 100 de 1993 creó un marco normativo en busca de consolidar un mercado del aseguramiento de los riesgos de salud.En ese contexto, las Entidades Promotoras de Salud (EPS) pueden afiliar y recaudar las cotizaciones de las personas que, de acuerdo con la Ley deben asegurarse para la protección de su salud en el régimen contributivo o administrar los recursos que el sistema destina para el aseguramiento de quienes tienen derecho de hacerlo en el régimen Subsidiado.En este artículo se analiza comparativamente cual ha sido la participación de cada una de las EPS en el mercado del aseguramiento en salud, en el periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 1998.La información analizada fue tomada del estudio Impacto de la reforma de la seguridad social sobre la organización institucional y la prestación de los servicios de salud en Colombia, realizado por un grupo de profesores de la Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Antioquia.El análisis se hizo separadamente para el Régimen Contributivo y el Régimen Subsidiado.Para realizar las comparaciones se utilizan medidas de frecuencia absoluta y proporciones.Los resultados permiten concluir que hay una tendencia a que las EPS de naturaleza privada se consoliden en el mercado del aseguramiento de los riesgos de salud en el país.Así, en Junio de 1998 congregaban el 29,7% de los afiliados al régimen contributivo y el 25,7% de los afiliados al régimen subsidiado, mientras que las EPS públicas tienen serios problemas que les está llevando a registrar perdidas paulatinas de participación en ese mercado
Sugar/gadolinium-loaded gold nanoparticles for labelling and imaging cells by magnetic resonance imaging (2013)

Targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes for selective cell labelling and tracking are highly desired. We here present biocompatible sugar-coated paramagnetic Gd-based gold nanoparticles (Gd-GNPs) and test them as MRI T<sub>1</sub> reporters in different cellular lines at a high magnetic field (11.7 T). With an average number of 20 Gd atoms per nanoparticle, Gd-GNPs show relaxivity values r<sub>1</sub> ranging from 7 to 18 mM<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at 1.41 T. The multivalent presentation of carbohydrates on the Gd-GNPs enhances the avidity of sugars for carbohydrate-binding receptors at the cell surface and increases the local concentration of the probes. A large reduction in longitudinal relaxation times T<sub>1</sub> is achieved with both fixed cells and live cells. Differences in cellular labelling are obtained by changing the type of sugar on the gold surface, indicating that simple monosaccharides and disaccharides are able to modulate the cellular uptake. These results stress the benefits of using sugars to produce nanoparticles for cellular labelling. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on labelling and imaging cells with Gd-based gold nanoparticles which use simple sugars as receptor reporters.
Advanced pattern recognition for detection of complex software aging phenomena in online transaction processing servers (2003)

Software aging phenomena have been recently studied; one particularly complex type is shared memory pool latch contention in large OLTP servers. Latch contention onset leads to severe performance degradation until a manual rejuvenation of the DBMS shared memory pool is triggered. Conventional approaches to automated rejuvenation have failed for latch contention because no single resource metric has been identified that can be monitored to alert the onset of this complex mechanism. The current investigation explores the feasibility of applying an advanced pattern recognition method that is embodied in a commercially available equipment condition monitoring system (SmartSignal eCM/spl trade/) for proactive annunciation of software-aging faults. One hundred data signals are monitored from a large OLTP server, collected at 20-60 sec. intervals over a 5-month period. Results show 13 variables consistently deviate from normal operation prior to a latch event, providing up to 2 hours early warning.
Yb^3+:YAG silica fiber laser (2009)

We demonstrate a compact, room-temperature, cw Yb(3+):Y(3)Al(5)O(12) silica (Yb(3+):YAG silica) fiber laser grown by the codrawing laser-heated pedestal growth technique. A slope efficiency of 76.3% was achieved from a 7 mm Yb(3+):YAG silica fiber, corresponding to an extracted power of nearly 1 W/cm. A laser side-mode suppression ratio of 70 dB was obtained with a 3 dB linewidth of 0.15 nm. Additionally, the propagation loss and emission cross section were determined by analyzing the lasing thresholds and slope efficiencies.
Regulation of bone development and maintenance by Runx2 (2007)

Runx2 and Sp7/Osterix determine the osteoblast lineage from mesenchymal stem cells with canonical Wnt signaling. In the process of osteoblast differentiation, these factors and canonical Wnt signaling molecules inhibit mesenchymal cells from differentiating into chondrocytes and adipocytes. After the commitment to osteoblast lineage, Runx2 maintains the osteoblasts in an immature stage, during which immature bone forms with randomly and loosely packed collagen fibrils and low mineralization. Runx2 must be suppressed for immature osteoblasts to become fully mature osteoblasts, which form mature bone with regularly and densely packed collagen fibrils and high mineralization. During the early stage of osteoblast differentiation, Runx2 regulates the expression of major bone matrix protein genes. However, Runx2 is not essential for the maintenance of the expression of the major bone matrix protein genes in mature osteoblasts. Estrogen and parathyroid hormone (PTH) enhance Runx2 expression and activity through anabolic effects, however, estrogen negatively regulates Runx2 in osteoclastogenesis. Runx2 is also involved in the catabolic effect of PTH through the induction of Tnfsf11. Thus, Runx2 regulates bone development, bone maturation, and bone maintenance through the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and function.
The effect of<i> Momordica charantia</i> and<i> Mucuna pruriens</i> in experimental diabetes and their effect on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (2002)

The Indian traditional system of medicine prescribed traditional plant therapies. Two such plants, i.e. Momordica charantia (MC) and Mucuna pruriens (MP), earlier shown to reduce hyperglycaemia, were assessed for their anti hyperglycaemic effect on varying degrees of hyperglycaemia and diabetic complications. Alcohol and aqueous extracts of MC (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) and only an alcohol extract of MP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day) were evaluated in a pilot study (plasma glucose >180 mg/dL, 21 days), a chronic study in alloxanized rats (plasma glucose >280mg/dL, 120 days) and streptozotocin (STZ) mice (plasma glucose >400 mg/dL, 60 days). In the pilot study, the maximum antihyperglycaemic effect occurred with an aqueous extract of MC at week 3 and an alcohol extract of MP at week 6 at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day. In chronic alloxanized rats, the selected dose of MC led to a significant fall of 64.33%, 66.96%, 69.7% and 70.53% in plasma glucose levels at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months, respectively. MP showed a decrease of 40.71%, 45.63%, 50.33% and 51.01% at the same time period. In chronic STZ diabetic mice, MC led to a mean reduction of 15.37%, 18.68% and 22.86% in plasma glucose levels on days 40, 50 and 60 of sampling while MP had no significant effect. The alteration in hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content and hepatic glucokinase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate and phosphofructokinase levels in diabetic mice were partially restored by MC but not by MP. The mechanism of action of MC and MP is discussed.
Stability and Phase Behavior of Acrylamide-Based Emulsions before and after Polymerization (2006)

The stability and phase behavior of acrylamide-based emulsions, prepared with surfactants consisting of lipophilic Span80 and hydrophilic OP10, before or after polymerization were investigated. The research results indicated that the phase separation behavior of the W/O-type emulsions is related to the toluene/water ratio. When the water volume fraction was larger, the phase separation mechanism was mainly a penetration of aqueous molecules from the dispersed-phase droplets. When the water volume fraction was smaller, the phase separation mechanism was mainly a sedimentation of the separated aqueous droplets. At a fixed toluene/water ratio, the emulsion stability and the emulsion type are related not only to the ratio of the two surfactants but also to the acrylamide concentration, and the effect of increasing acrylamide concentration on the character of the emulsions is similar to that of increasing OP10 mass fraction (increasing HLB value), which determines the corresponding relationship between acrylamide concentration and HLB value in the most stable emulsion system. To obtain the most stable emulsion at a fixed acrylamide concentration, the emulsion with higher acrylamide concentration needs a lower HLB value for the emulsion systems.
An Introduction to Harmonic Analysis (2004)

First published in 1968, An Introduction to Harmonic Analysis has firmly established itself as a classic text and a favorite for students and experts alike. Professor Katznelson starts the book with an exposition of classical Fourier series. The aim is to demonstrate the central ideas of harmonic analysis in a concrete setting, and to provide a stock of examples to foster a clear understanding of the theory. Once these ideas are established, the author goes on to show that the scope of harmonic analysis extends far beyond the setting of the circle group, and he opens the door to other contexts by considering Fourier transforms on the real line as well as a brief look at Fourier analysis on locally compact abelian groups. This new edition has been revised by the author, to include several new sections and a new appendix.
A non-canonical DNA structure is a binding motif for the transcription factor SP1 in vitro (2011)

SP1 is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of various house-keeping genes. It is known that it acts by binding to a double-stranded consensus motif. Here, we have discovered that SP1 binds also to a non-canonical DNA structure, a G-quadruplex, with high affinity. In particular, we have studied the SP1 binding site within the promoter region of the c-KIT oncogene and found that this site can fold into an anti-parallel two-tetrad G-quadruplex. SP1 pull-down experiments from cellular extracts, together with biophysical binding assays revealed that SP1 has a comparable binding affinity for this G-quadruplex structure and the canonical SP1 duplex sequence. Using SP1 ChIP-on-chip data sets, we have also found that 87% of SP1 binding sites overlap with G-quadruplex forming sequences. Furthermore, while many of these immuoprecipitated sequences (36%) even lack the minimal SP1 consensus motif, 5'-GGGCGG-3', we have shown that 77% of them are putative G-quadruplexes. Collectively, these data suggest that SP1 is able to bind both, canonical SP1 duplex DNA as well as G-quadruplex structures in vitro and we hypothesize that both types of interactions may occur in cells.
Fragment-Based Deconstruction of Bcl-x <sub>L</sub> Inhibitors (2010)

Fragment-based drug design consists of screening low-molecular-weight compounds in order to identify low-affinity ligands that are then modified or linked to yield potent inhibitors. The method thus attempts to build bioactive molecules in a modular way and relies on the hypothesis that the fragment binding mode will be conserved upon elaboration of the active molecule. If the inverse process is considered, do the fragments resulting from the deconstruction of high-affinity inhibitors recapitulate their binding mode in the large molecule? Few studies deal with this issue. Here, we report the analysis of 22 fragments resulting from the dissection of 9 inhibitors of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L). To determine if the fragments retained affinity toward the protein and identify their binding site, ligand-observed and protein-observed NMR experiments were used. The analysis of the fragments behavior illustrates the complexity of low-affinity protein-ligand interactions involved in the fragment-based construction of bioactive molecules.
Identification and characterization of genes controlled by the sporulation-regulatory gene spo0H in Bacillus subtilis (1989)

We describe a general strategy for the identification of genes that are controlled by a specific regulatory factor in vivo and the use of this strategy to identify genes in Bacillus subtilis that are controlled by spo0H, a regulatory gene required for the initiation of sporulation. The general strategy makes use of a cloned regulatory gene fused to an inducible promoter to control expression of the regulatory gene and random gene fusions to a reporter gene to monitor expression in the presence and absence of the regulatory gene product. spo0H encodes a sigma factor of RNA polymerase, sigma H, and is required for the extensive reprograming of gene expression during the transition from growth to stationary phase and during the initiation of sporulation. We identified 18 genes that are controlled by sigma H (csh genes) in vivo by monitoring expression of random gene fusions to lacZ, made by insertion mutagenesis with the transposon Tn917lac, in the presence and absence of sigma H. These genes had lower levels of expression in the absence of sigma H than in the presence of sigma H. Patterns of expression of the csh genes during growth and sporulation in wild-type and spo0H mutant cells indicated that other regulatory factors are probably involved in controlling expression of some of these genes. Three of the csh::Tn917lac insertion mutations caused noticeable phenotypes. One caused a defect in vegetative growth, but only in combination with a spo0H mutation. Two others caused a partial defect in sporulation. One of these also caused a defect in the development of genetic competence. Detailed characterization of some of the csh genes and their regulatory regions should help define the role of spo0H in the regulation of gene expression during the transition from growth to stationary phase and during the initiation of sporulation.
3‐Äthenyl‐5‐methoxy‐indol‐Derivate Mitt. über die Darstellung antiphlogistisch wirksamer Indol‐Derivate (1971)

Abstract Aus 5‐Methoxy‐indol‐3‐aldehyden und CH‐aciden Heterocyclen oder aus 5‐Methoxy‐indolen und Formyl‐Derivaten CH‐acider Heterocyclen wurden die 3‐Äthenyl‐5‐methoxy‐indole 3, 5, 7, 8 dargestellt, die mit Kaliumcyanid Nitrile ( 12 ), durch katalytisches Hydrieren Skatyl‐Derivate ( 4 und 9 ) bilden. Solche Verbindungen entstehen auch aus Gramin‐Derivaten und CH‐aciden Heterocyclen.
The use of distortion product otoacoustic emission suppression as an estimate of response growth (2002)

Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) levels in response to primary pairs (f2=2 or 4 kHz, L2 ranging from 20 to 60 dB SPL, L1=0.4L2+39 dB) were measured with and without suppressor tones (f3), which varied from 1 octave below to 12 octave above f2, in normal-hearing subjects. Suppressor level (L3) varied from −5 to 85 dB SPL. DPOAE levels were converted into decrements by subtracting the level in the presence of the suppressor from the level in the absence of a suppressor. DPOAE decrement vs L3 functions showed steeper slopes when f3&lt;f2 and shallower slopes when f3&gt;f2. This pattern is similar to other measurements of response growth, such as direct measures of basilar-membrane motion, single-unit rate-level functions, suppression of basilar-membrane motion, and discharge-rate suppression from lower animals. As L2 increased, the L3 necessary to maintain 3 dB of suppression increased at a rate of about 1 dB/dB when f3 was approximately equal to f2, but increased more slowly when f3&lt;f2. Functions relating L3 to L2 in order to maintain a constant 3-dB reduction in DPOAE level were compared for f3&lt;f2 and for f3≈f2 in order to derive an estimate related to “cochlear-amplifier gain.” These results were consistent with the view that “cochlear gain” is greater at lower input levels, decreasing as level increases.
Process Development of the PDE IV Inhibitor 3-(Cyclopentyloxy)-<i>N</i>-(3,5-dichloropyrid-4-yl)-4-methoxybenzamide (1998)

Development of an industrial process for 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-N-(3,5-dichloropyrid-4-yl)-4-methoxybenzamide, a potent PDE IV type inhibitor, is described. The rapid identification of scalable reaction conditions allowed pilot-scale synthesis of kilogramme quantities for early clinical evaluation. However, as more compound was demanded, better reaction conditions were required in the interests of safety, economics, and environmental impact. This led to the derivation of a high-yielding and very robust procedure which included various safeguards to ensure that high-quality product was obtained and that new trace impurities were effectively removed. The large-scale oxidation of a benzaldehyde derivative to the corresponding benzoic acid using hydrogen peroxide under aqueous alkaline conditions is described.