gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Social Learning in Networks of Friends versus Strangers (2015)

Networks and the embedded relationships are critical determinants of how people communicate and form beliefs. The explosion of social media has significantly increased the scope and impact of social learning among consumers. This paper studies observational learning in networks of friends versus strangers. A consumer decides whether to adopt a product after receiving a private signal about product quality and observing the actions of others. The preference for the product has greater heterogeneity in the stranger-network than in the friend-network. We show that when the network is small, observing friends’ actions helps the consumer make more accurate inferences about quality. As the network grows, however, the stranger-network becomes more effective. Underlying these results are two competing effects of network heterogeneity on social learning. These are the individual preference effect, which allows one to make a better quality judgment when the preference element of past actions is more certain, and the social conforming effect, wherein private signals are underused in quality judgment as people follow others’ actions. We find cascading is more likely to occur in the friend-network than in the stranger-network. For a high-quality firm, the stranger-network generates greater sales than the friend-network when the network size is sufficiently large or the private signal is sufficiently accurate. We also examine the existence of experts and firms using advertising to influence consumers. Finally, we show how networks that are highly homogeneous or heterogeneous could impede observational learning.
Open loop pole location bounds for partial positive feedback gain enhancement operational amplifiers (2002)

For conventional op amps design open loop poles are usually in the left-half plane. For amplifiers with negative impedance gain enhancement, the open loop pole is adjustable and it can be in the left-half plane or in the right-half plane. In this paper, we justify that it does not require a left-half plane open loop pole for designing a stable close loop amplifier. As a matter of fact, the amplifier exhibits both faster and more accurate settling when the open-loop pole is modestly in the right-half plane. New open loop pole bounds are derived for amplifiers with adjustable open loop pole to guarantee stability and to enhance settling time performance.
Small-Signal Characteristics of the Diode-Stabilized Linear Integrated Devices (1968)

The small-signal characteristics and the frequency response of the diode-stabilized linear integrated devices (circuits) are examined. The built-in feedback property is explained. It is found that the circuit provides low input impedance, high output impedance, and small internal feedback. The frequency response of the circuit with the bias-diode is superior to that without the bias-diode. The current gain of the circuit can be controlled by appropriate design of active or passive elements. The experimental results using discrete components agree with the analysis.
Story Representation and Interactive Drama (2005)

When building a story-intensive game, there is always the question of how much freedom to give the player. Give the player too little, and he may feel constrained and disconnected from the character he is controlling. Give him too much freedom, and the progression of the story may lag or stop altogether. The field of interactive drama attempts to strike a balance between interaction and authorship. The story experienced in an interactive drama is dependent both on the plot content authored as well as the player&rsquo;s choices in the story. Which story representation is appropriate for a particular approach to interactive drama and the relationship between that language and other elements of the architecture is a key factor in design. This paper introduces our interactive drama architecture, IDA, and addresses the requirements it has for a story representation. How those requirements are met by our representational choices is the focus of the rest of the paper.
<title>Enhanced quantum well intermixing using multiple ion implantation</title> (1994)

Quantum well intermixing has been performed using ion implantation techniques to increase the optical bandgap in a spatially selective manner. We show that there is a maximum single dose beyond which further intermixing of the QWs is impeded by damage to the semiconductor surface. We overcome this problem by using a series of implants and rapid thermal anneals, with each rapid thermal anneal repairing the crystal surface. Using this technique we have demonstrated shifts in optical bandgap for multiple implants greater than seven times that observed for a single implant.
A new hybrid VDMOS-LIGBT transistor (1988)

A p-channel vertical DMOSFET structure coupled with a lateral IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) path is described. External resistors are placed in series with either the collector terminal (the bipolar-enhanced MOSFET (BIENFET) mode) or the drain terminal (the substrate collector-shorted (SCOSH) LIGBT mode) to vary the degree of minority-carrier injection. This creates the opportunity to obtain a device with externally programmable forward-drop/switching speed tradeoff. The device is shown experimentally to have forward drops close to those of vertical and lateral IGBTs and turn-off times close to that of MOSFETs. Typical forward drops at 93 A/cm/sup 2/ range from 3-4 V and corresponding turn-off times from 4.3 to 0.22 mu s when the drain resistor is varied. This device is considered particularly attractive as a high-frequency and high-voltage power switch.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stoichiometry-related defects in GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at low temperatures (1989)

GaAs layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) at very low substrate temperatures have gained considerable interest as buffer layers for GaAs metal–semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFET’s) due to high resistivity and excellent device isolation. However, the structure and the electronic properties of such layers have not yet been investigated in detail. We have studied unannealed low temperature (LT) MBE layers grown at 200 °C using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical TEM, x-ray diffraction, the Hall effect, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. TEM data indicated large arsenic-rich deviations from stoichiometry of ∼1–1.5 at. %. X-ray rocking curves showed a uniform increase of 0.1% in all directions of lattice parameters compared to semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The Hall effect and thermally induced changes of photo-EPR measurements revealed the presence of an acceptor level at an energy of ∼0.3 eV above the valence band. This acceptor level has been tentatively attributed to a gallium vacancy defect.
A phase 2 trial of azacitidine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin therapy in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (2013)

This trial tested the safety and efficacy of a regimen consisting of hydroxyurea followed by azacitidine, 75 mg/m(2) for 7 days, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin, 3 mg/m(2) on day 8, in older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Those achieving a complete remission received 1 consolidation treatment followed by 4 cycles of azacitidine. The patients were stratified into good-risk (age 60-69 years or performance status 0-1) and poor-risk (age ≥70 years and performance status 2 or 3) groups. Specific efficacy and safety goals were defined as being supportive of further study of the regimen. Eighty-three patients were registered in the good-risk cohort and 59 in poor-risk cohort, with median age of 71 and 75 years, respectively. In the good-risk group, 35 patients (44%) achieved a complete remission. Median relapse-free and overall survivals were 8 and 11 months, respectively. Six patients (8%) died within 30 days of registration. In the poor-risk group, 19 (35%) achieved a complete remission. Median relapse-free and overall survivals were 7 and 11 months, respectively. Seven patients (14%) died early. The results of this trial met predefined goals for efficacy and safety for the poor-risk cohort but not the good-risk group. .
A Learning-Based Network Selection Method in Heterogeneous Wireless Systems (2011)

With the coexistence of various wireless technologies, next generation wireless communications will likely consist of an integrated system of networks, where the Access Points (APs) and Base Stations (BSs) work together to maximize the mobile-user Quality of Service (QoS). In such heterogeneous environment where handheld devices with different access technologies are not uncommon, it should be possible to select networks and seamlessly switch from one AP/BS to another in order to elevate user performance. In this paper, this type of network selection and handover mechanism with the goal of maximizing QoS is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). An algorithm based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) is then obtained that selects the best network based not only on the current network load but also the potential future network states. This algorithm aims at balancing the number of handovers and the achievable QoS. The results illustrate that while the QoS performance of the proposed algorithm is comparable to the performance of the optimum opportunistic selection algorithm, fewer number of network handovers (on average) are required. In addition, compared to the existing predefined network selection strategies with no handover, the MDP-based algorithm offers significantly better QoS.
Identifying unintentional touches on handheld touch screen devices (2012)

Accidental triggering of unwanted interaction when using a handheld touch screen device is a problem for many users. Accidental touches on capacitive touch screen based mobile telephones were analyzed in a user test. Patterns that are characteristic of unintentional touches were identified. Layout guidelines to reduce the amount of unintentional touches are presented. Additionally, filtering criteria is defined that rejected 79.6% of unintentional touches whilst rejecting only 0.8% of intentional touches.
Long‐term outcome of Hurler syndrome following bone marrow transplantation (1993)

Previous reports suggested a therapeutic response of lysosomal storage diseases such as Hurler syndrome following bone marrow transplantation. However, a clearer understanding of outcome has awaited long-term follow-up. We evaluated prospectively 11 consecutive patients with Hurler syndrome receiving marrow from an HLA-identical sib donor between September 1983-October 1988. Follow-up evaluations included assessment of donor engraftment by restriction fragment polymorphism analysis, determination of leukocyte alpha-L-iduronidase level, measurement of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, computerized tomography (CT) of the brain, and psychometric testing. In this series there was a survival rate of 9/11 (82%) with all survivors showing complete (7 patients) or partial (2 patients) donor engraftment. Prospective longitudinal evaluation of the 9 surviving children, now 3.8-8.9 years posttransplantation (median 5.5) demonstrated persistence of previously deficient leukocyte alpha-L-iduronidase at levels reflecting the donor genotype and degree of donor engraftment. Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion declined to near-normal within 5 months of donor engraftment. Prior to treatment, 7 of 8 children studied were found to have occult intracranial hypertension (lumbar CSF pressure > 20 cm CSF); however, all surviving children attained normal or near-normal pressure within 18 months of donor engraftment. Longterm follow-up CT imaging of the brain did not show progressive volume loss (cerebral atrophy) after donor engraftment. Of 9 survivors, 4 children having a developmental quotient (DQ, Mental Development Index on Bayley Scales of Infant Development) above 80 prior to transplantation subsequently maintained IQ scores above this level. However, 5 patients with lower pretransplant DQ scores now have significant cognitive deficits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progressive brain damage resulting from communicating hydrocephalus may be prevented by successful engraftment. Early transplantation of children with Hurler syndrome who have normal intelligence is likely to have the clearest benefit because long-term intellectual outcome will be limited by brain damage which has occurred prior to treatment.
Thyroid hormones in benign breast disease normalization of exaggerated prolactin responsiveness to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (1985)

To investigate the exaggerated prolactin (PRL) responsiveness to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with benign breast disease (BBD), 18 patients and 13 healthy controls underwent an 8-week-long thyroid hormone treatment. The clinical effect of thyroid hormones on cyclical mastodynia and concomitant galactorrhea was evaluated. TRH-stimulated PRL and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) responses and thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine-binding globulin, as well as serum estradiol and progesterone levels, were measured before and during hormone treatment. Thirteen of the patients and one of the controls had euthyroid diffuse goiter. Patients and controls had normal thyroid function parameters. During thyroid hormone treatment, significantly elevated TRH-induced PRL responses of the patients decreased by 50% and reached levels of the controls, whereas responses of the controls decreased insignificantly. Patients exhibited significantly lower serum progesterone levels than the controls; the estradiol levels were not different. Thyroid hormone treatment had no significant influence on luteal function of patients or controls. In 16 of 18 patients thyroid hormones were of benefit to mastodynia, whereas galactorrhea remained unaffected.
Prior Heavy Exercise Enhances Performance during Subsequent Perimaximal Exercise (2003)

This study demonstrate that prior HE, which caused a significant elevation of blood [lactate], resulted in an increased time to exhaustion during subsequent perimaximal exercise presumably by enabling a greater aerobic contribution to the energy requirement of exercise.
Autoantibody to centromere (kinetochore) in scleroderma sera. (1980)

Sera from patients with scleroderma contained several autoantibodies to nuclear antigens which were distinguished by different patterns of nuclear immunofluorescence staining. One of these autoantibodies reacted with centromeric regions of chromosomes. In chromosome spreads, the staining appeared as two small spheres at the centromere, resembling kinetochores. The antigenic determinant appeared to be a protein or polypeptide tightly bound to DNA. The autoantibody was reactive with centromeres of cells derived from humans, mice, and Chinese hamsters. The autoantibody was present in high frequency in the calcinosis/Raynaud's phenomenon/esophageal dysmotility/sclerodactyly/telangiectasia variant (CREST) of scleroderma.
Reconstructed Skin from Cultured Human Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts on a Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Biopolymer Substrate (1990)

A lattice prepared from biopolymer substrate bovine skin collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate (glycosaminoglycan) served as a support for normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Air exposure of the lattice on an agarose block gave rise to reconstructed epidermis, the histological features of which are very similar to normal human epidermis. Indirect immunofluorescence staining of the plasma membrane-associated transglutaminase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the cornified envelope, revealed the same tissue distribution as observed in vivo. Cell cycle analysis showed a large shift of the normal human keratinocyte population into S-phase and cell division during the 1st week postinoculation. Furthermore, the effects of two modulators of differentiation (25-hydroxycholesterol and sodium butyrate) on the reconstruction of the epidermis were evaluated.
Surface Current Extraction by Onboard High Frequency SAR (2006)

To meet the requirement of extracting sea surface current information by a single station, we present the new concept of high frequency SAR (HF-SAR), and consider the feasibility of extracting sea surface current by HF-SAR. Firstly the implementation aspects are described, then system model and velocity estimation algorithm are designed, and finally simulation model to extract surface current is implemented on a single resolution cell. Additive complex Gaussian noise is included in the model of SAR echo, and also an iterative approach is adopted to estimate the parameters of chirp signals. Simulation results show that by estimating the phase parameters from azimuth echoes, the velocity estimates of surface current are obtained, and the precision is enough to meet the requirements. It indicates that HF-SAR is theoretically feasible to be used in sea surface current extraction
Triethylamine (2001)

[121-44-8] C6H15N (MW 101.22) InChI = 1S/C6H15N/c1-4-7(5-2)6-3/h4-6H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (tertiary amine base used in oxidation, dehydrohalogenation, and substitution reactions) Alternate Name: TEA. Physical Data: bp 88.8 °C; mp −115 °C; d 0.726 g cm−3. Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Purification: dried over CaSO4, LiAlH4, 4Å sieves, CaH2, KOH, or K2CO3, then distilled from BaO, sodium, P2O5 or CaH2.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is a corrosive and flammable liquid. Bottles of triethylamine should be flushed with nitrogen or argon to prevent exposure to carbon dioxide. The vapors are harmful and care should be taken to avoid absorption through the skin. Use in a fume hood.
Feverfew: A Review of Its History, Its Biological and Medicinal Properties, and the Status of Commercial Preparations of the Herb (1998)

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip.) has been used since antiquity to reduce fever and pain and there are many anecdotal claims of efficacy. Placebo-controlled clinical trials have been performed in prophylaxis of migraine and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In migraine good evidence has been obtained for a reduction in frequency and severity of attacks and degree of nausea and vomiting following administration of feverfew leaf. No clear clinically demonstrable benefit has been achieved in rheumatoid arthritis. Extracts of feverfew tested in vitro have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and granule secretion (release of serotonin) and to inhibit some functions of white blood cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Most of these inhibitory effects appear to be mediated by parthenolide, the principal sesquiterpene lactone present in the efficacious feverfew, probably through Michael addition of sulphydryl groups to its α-methylenebutyrolactone function. Commercial preparations of feverfew leaf in capsules or tablet form vary enormously in their parthenolide content, and if parthenolide is a clinically significant active constituent of feverfew some of these may be expected to offer poor therapeutic effectiveness. However, the parthenolide-based hypothesis is challenged by results of a recent trial of a parthenolide-rich ethanolic extract of feverfew in migraine prophylaxis.
Clostridial toxins (2012)

The current global outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection exemplifies the major public health threat posed by clostridial glucosylating toxins. In the western world, C. difficile infection is one of the most prolific causes of bacterial-induced diarrhea and potentially fatal colitis. Two pathogenic enterotoxins, TcdA and TcdB, cause the disease. Vancomycin and metronidazole remain readily available treatment options for C. difficile infection, but neither is fully effective as is evident by high clinical relapse and fatality rates. Thus, there is an urgent need to find an alternative therapy that preferentially targets the toxins and not the drug-resistant pathogen. Recently, we addressed these critical issues in a Nature Medicine letter, describing a novel host defense mechanism for subverting toxin virulence that we translated into prototypic allosteric therapy for C. difficile infection. In this addendum article, we provide a continued perspective of this antitoxin mechanism and consider the broader implications of therapeutic allostery in combating gut microbial pathogenesis.
Sheath criterion and boundary conditions for an electrostatic sheath (1998)

The effect of collisionality of ions on the formation of a positive sheath is investigated using a two-fluid model. It is the definition of the sheath edge that determines the sheath criterion. Bohm’s sheath criterion is based on the collisionless sheath and a quasineutral presheath. When collisions of ions in the sheath or finite space charge of presheath are taken into account, a sheath criterion can also be obtained based on the boundary conditions chosen at the sheath edge.
Image compression with competing multilayer perceptrons (1989)

Simple three-layer perceptrons with linear units working in auto-association with a reduced number of hidden units are applied to the task of digitized image compression. First, an algorithm developed using several multilayer perceptrons in competition for the coding of a TV-image is explained. A theoretical interpretation in terms of principal component analysis is also developed. Then, a study of its performances at different bit-rates is presented. This leads to an extension of the algorithm in image segmentation through texture analysis. Next, the results are compared with conventional methods: the optimal stationary process known as Karhunen-Loeve transform, and an algorithm often proposed for real-time applications, the discrete cosine transform. Finally, an estimation of hardware complexity in the case of real-time television is presented.
Functional loss of tumour suppressor genes in multistage chemical carcinogenesis. (1991)

Studies of multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin have provided many of the early concepts of tumour initiation, promotion and progression. Genetic approaches have led to the identification of a number of mutational alterations in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes which take place at specific stages of carcinogenesis in this particular system. Initiation involves, at least in a proportion of tumours, mutational activation of the cellular H-ras proto-oncogene. Trisomy of chromosome 7, which develops during the premalignant clonal expansion phase, possibly as a consequence of tumour promoter treatment, is followed by further alterations on chromosome 7 which lead to a relative increase in the expression of mutant ras alleles. The p53 tumour suppressor gene undergoes mutational alteration and loss of heterozygosity in a proportion of squamous carcinomas but this particular gene does not appear to be involved in the further transition of squamous carcinomas to highly undifferentiated spindle cell tumours. The latter transition appears to be a recessive event which can be complemented by fusion with cells at earlier stages of malignancy. Mouse skin carcinogenesis therefore continues to provide invaluable information on the nature of the genetic and biological transitions which occur during the step-wise progression of normal cells to malignancy.