gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Developments in three-dimensional cell culture technology aimed at improving the accuracy of<i>in vitro</i>analyses (2010)

Drug discovery programmes require accurate in vitro systems for drug screening and testing. Traditional cell culture makes use of 2D (two-dimensional) surfaces for ex vivo cell growth. In such environments, cells are forced to adopt unnatural characteristics, including aberrant flattened morphologies. Therefore there is a strong demand for new cell culture platforms which allow cells to grow and respond to their environment in a more realistic manner. The development of 3D (three-dimensional) alternative substrates for in vitro cell growth has received much attention, and it is widely acknowledged that 3D cell growth is likely to more accurately reflect the in vivo tissue environments from which cultured cells are derived. 3D cell growth techniques promise numerous advantages over 2D culture, including enhanced proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. The present review focuses on the development of scaffold technologies for 3D cell culture.
Insulin Action: Implications for the Clinical Laboratory (1990)

The determination of the amino acidsequence for insulin and the insulin receptor combined with recent findings related to rapid events that follow the binding of insulin to its membrane receptor have led to an explosion of pathophysiologic mechanisms to explain the etiology of diabetes mellitus (IDDM and NIDDM). These developments have direct implications for the clinical laboratory to assess the risk of acquiring diabetes or its complications, as well as establishing etiology. Defects in the three major sites of insulin action are reviewed: prereceptor defects, insulin receptor defects, and postreceptor defects.
The impact of a synchronous digital network on the end-user (1990)

The authors describe the present situation with respect to SONET (synchronous optical network). They describe the reasons for the SONET pull and delineate end-user SONET impact. It is pointed out that the high-speed synchronous digital transmission standards will allow for open interface network architectures that fit well with the desire for transport and signal manipulation for these emerging new broadband offerings. Such interfaces allow for the realization of new public network capabilities and services that heretofore have not been possible. In particular, synchronous digital networking allows for high-speed transmission, error-free bandwidth manipulation, and switching of DSO, DS1, DS3, and 150 Mb/s signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preparation of Superconducting Oxide Films from Metal Trifluoroacetate Solution Precursors (1988)

Superconducting thin films of Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ have been prepared on single-crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and SrTiO3 substrates using metal trifluoroacetate spin-on precursors. The films exhibit resistive transition widths of 1.5-1.7 K with zero resistance at temperatures as high as 91-94 K. The superconducting phase is formed by first decomposing the trifluroacetate film to the fluorides and then converting the fluorides by reaction with water vapor. The properties of the films prepared on YSZ substrates depend on the amount of conversion of the fluorides by reaction with water. Films which show the the presence of some unreacted barium fluoride have strong c-axis normal preferred orientation, with a sharp resistive transition. When all the barium fluoride is converted, the films are more randomly oriented, and have a broader transition to zero resistance. Films prepared on SrTiO3 show different preferential growth directions depending on substrate orientation. Unlike films grown on YSZ substrates, these films exhibit the best superconducting properties when all the fluoride phases in the films are converted.
A model of bidirectional synaptic plasticity: From signaling network to channel conductance (2005)

In many regions of the brain, including the mammalian cortex, the strength of synaptic transmission can be bidirectionally regulated by cortical activity (synaptic plasticity). One line of evidence indicates that long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) and long-term synaptic depression (LTD), correlate with the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of sites on the alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit protein GluR1. Bidirectional synaptic plasticity can be induced by different frequencies of presynaptic stimulation, but there is considerable evidence indicating that the key variable is calcium influx through postsynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Here, we present a biophysical model of bidirectional synaptic plasticity based on [Ca2+]-dependent phospho/dephosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit of the AMPA receptor. The primary assumption of the model, for which there is wide experimental support, is that the postsynaptic calcium concentration, and consequent activation of calcium-dependent protein kinases and phosphatases, is the trigger for phosphorylation/dephosphorylation at GluR1 and consequent induction of LTP/LTD. We explore several different mathematical approaches, all of them based on mass-action assumptions. First, we use a first order approach, in which transition rates are functions of an activator, in this case calcium. Second, we adopt the Michaelis-Menten approach with different assumptions about the signal transduction cascades, ranging from abstract to more detailed and biologically plausible models. Despite the different assumptions made in each model, in each case, LTD is induced by a moderate increase in postsynaptic calcium and LTP is induced by high Ca2+ concentration.
Optical I/O technology for digital VLSI (2004)

We describe the development of a high-speed, 12-channel (8-data, 2-clock and 2-alignment channels), parallel optical link with a unique packaging concept. The package is used to demonstrate the viability of chip-to-chip optical I/O in very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits. However, for implementation of optical systems in high performance computing applications, the cost of components and packaging has to come down significantly from the traditional optical communication distances. In the current work we attempted to realize such a system by using power efficient optical and electronic components together with a potentially low cost packaging solution compatible with the electronics industry. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL), positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodetectors, polymer waveguide arrays as well as CMOS transceiver chip were heterogeneously integrated on a standard microprocessor flip-chip pin grid array (FCPGA) substrate. The CMOS transceiver chip from 0.18μm processing technology contains VCSEL drivers, transimpedance and limiting amplifiers and on-chip self-testing circuits. A self-test circuit in such high-speed systems will be highly beneficial to reduce the testing cost in real products. For fully assembled packages we measured a 3 Gb/s optical eye for the transmitter (24Gb/s aggregate data rate) and a transmission over the complete link was achieved at 1 Gb/s (8Gb/s aggregate data rate).
Numerical Study of Alternative Seismic-Resisting Systems for CLT Buildings (2018)

Changes to building codes that enable use of materials such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) in mid- and high-rise construction are facilitating sustainable urban development in various parts of the world. Keys to this are the transition to multi-performance-based design approaches along with fewer limitations on heights or the number of storeys in superstructures constructed from combustible materials. Architects and engineers have increased freedom to apply new design and construction concepts and methods, as well as to combine timber with other structural materials. They also have started to develop wall arrangements that optimise interior space layouts and take advantage of the unique characteristics of CLT. This paper discusses the seismic response of multi-story buildings braced with a CLT core and perimeter shear walls anchored to foundations and floor platforms using modern high-capacity angle brackets and hold-downs, or X-Rad connectors. Linear dynamic finite element (FE) models of seismic responses of superstructures of various heights are presented, based on experimentally determined characteristics of wall anchor connections. Particular attention is given to fundamental vibration periods, base shear and uplift forces on walls, as well as inter-story drift. Discussion of FE model results focuses on structural engineering implications and advantages of using CLT to create shear walls, with emphasis on how choice of wall anchoring connections impacts the possible number of storeys and configurations of superstructures. Employing CLT shear walls with X-Rad or other types of high capacity anchoring connections makes possible the creation of building superstructures having eight and potentially more storeys even in high seismicity regions. However, it is important to emphasise that proper selection of suitable arrangements of shear walls for CLT buildings depends on accurate representation of the semi-rigid behaviors of anchoring connections. The linear dynamic analyses presented here demonstrates the need during engineering seismic design practices to avoid use of FE or other design models which do not explicitly incorporate connection flexibilities while estimating parameters like fundamental periods, base shear and uplift forces, as well as inter-story drift.
Transformation of chlorinated ethylenes by iron powder in 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer (1995)

Reduction of chlorinated organics by metals, particularly iron, has been shown to be an effective environmental remediation method. In this work, six chlorinated ethylenes were reduced by iron in HEPES buffer (pH 7) to ethene and ethane. Mass balances ranged from typically 50% for tetrachloroethylene (PCE) to 100% for vinyl chloride (VC). The only other products observed were trichlorethylene (TCE), a reactive intermediate of PCE transformation, and cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), a reactive intermediate of TCE transformation. No vinyl chloride was seen with any of the substrates. Normalized rate constants ranged from 0.13/day for PCE to 0.50/day for trans-DCE using 36g/L iron at 50{degrees}C. The order of reactivity was VC 30%) transformation to occur. The role of buffer appears to be simply maintenance of pH rather than a source of reducible sulfur since decreasing the buffer concentration 10-fold resulted in only a minor change in rate (k{sub obs} = 0.056/day at 0.5M buffer; k{sub obs} = 0.045/day at 0.05M buffer).
220- and 130-kDa MLCKs have distinct tissue distributions and intracellular localization patterns (2002)

To better understand the distinct functional roles of the 220- and 130-kDa forms of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), expression and intracellular localization were determined during development and in adult mouse tissues. Northern blot, Western blot, and histochemical studies show that the 220-kDa MLCK is widely expressed during development as well as in several adult smooth muscle and nonmuscle tissues. The 130-kDa MLCK is highly expressed in all adult tissues examined and is also detectable during embryonic development. Colocalization studies examining the distribution of 130- and 220-kDa mouse MLCKs revealed that the 130-kDa MLCK colocalizes with nonmuscle myosin IIA but not with myosin IIB or F-actin. In contrast, the 220-kDa MLCK did not colocalize with either nonmuscle myosin II isoform but instead colocalizes with thick interconnected bundles of F-actin. These results suggest that in vivo, the physiological functions of the 220- and 130-kDa MLCKs are likely to be regulated by their intracellular trafficking and distribution.
Electronic states and magnetism of monatomic Co and Cu wires (2000)

The electronic structure of monatomic Cu and Co wires grown by step decoration of the vicinal Pt(997) surface has been investigated by angle-resolved photoemission with synchrotron radiation. Sensitivity to the small amount (\ensuremath{\approx}0.1 monolayer) of deposited material that forms the one-dimensional wires could be achieved at photon energies close to the Pt $5d$ Cooper minimum, where the photoemission cross section of the substrate valence band is strongly reduced. A single photoemission feature is associated with the $3d$ emission from the Cu monatomic wire. A double-peaked $3d$ structure is instead observed for Co wires, suggesting the presence of a one-dimensional exchange-split band and of local magnetic moments.
Effects of lisdexamfetamine in a rat model of binge-eating (2015)

Binge-eating disorder is a common psychiatric disorder affecting ~2% of adults. Binge-eating was initiated in freely-fed, lean, adult, female rats by giving unpredictable, intermittent access to ground, milk chocolate over four weeks. The rats avidly consumed chocolate during 2 hr binge sessions, with compensatory reductions of normal chow intake in these sessions and the days thereafter. Bodyweights of binge-eating rats were normal. The model's predictive validity was explored using nalmefene (0.1-1.0mg/kg), R-baclofen (1.0-10mg/kg) and SB-334867 (3.0-30 mg/kg) (orexin-1 antagonist), which all selectively decreased chocolate bingeing without reducing chow intake. Sibutramine (0.3-5.0mg/kg) non-selectively reduced chocolate and chow consumption. Olanzapine (0.3-3.0mg/kg) was without effect and rolipram (1.0-10mg/kg) abolished all ingestive behaviour. The pro-drug, lisdexamfetamine (LDX; 0.1-1.5mg/kg), dose-dependently reduced chocolate bingeing by ⩽ 71% without significantly decreasing normal chow intake. Its metabolite, D-amphetamine (0.1-1.0mg/kg), dose-dependently and preferentially decreased chocolate bingeing ⩽ 56%. Using selective antagonists to characterize LDX's actions revealed the reduction of chocolate bingeing was partially blocked by prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor; 0.3 and 1.0mg/kg) and possibly by SCH-23390 (D1; 0.1mg/kg). RX821002 (α2-adrenoceptor; 0.1 and 0.3mg/kg) and raclopride (D2; 0.3 and 0.5mg/kg) were without effect. The results indicate that LDX, via its metabolite, d-amphetamine, reduces chocolate bingeing, partly by indirect activation of α1-adrenoceptors and perhaps D1 receptors.
An Efficient Hardware Support for Control Data Validation (2007)

Software-based, fine-grain control flow integrity (CFI) validation technique has been proposed to enforce control flow integrity of program execution. By validating every indirect branch instruction, it can prevent various control flow attacks, but at the cost of non-trivial overhead: up to 50% and on average 21% as reported in a case study. We propose a new hardware mechanism to accelerate the CFI validation. It utilizes the branch prediction unit of modern processors to reduce the frequency of necessary validation, and proposes to use a small hardware structure called indirect branch filter cache (IBF cache) to further reduce the frequency of validation. The small IBF cache buffers and reuses previous validation results, which dramatically reduces the frequency of validation for all workloads we have studied. We collect the trace of indirect branch of various workloads on an Intel P4 computer and conduct trace-based simulation to estimate the performance overhead. Our results show that the overhead is negligible for all SPEC CPU2000int, SPEC CPU2006intprograms, TPC-C, WebStone and FTP server benchmarks.
Probiotics and irritable bowel syndrome: a rationale for their use and an assessment of the evidence to date (2006)

Probiotics, defined as live organisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, exert a health benefit on the host, have been used for almost a century in the management of a variety of medical disorders, usually on the basis of little evidence. Advances in our understanding of the gut flora and of its relationship to the host, together with progress in microbiology, molecular biology and clinical research have identified important biological properties for probiotics and demonstrated efficacy in a number of gastrointestinal disorders. The clear delineation of a post-infective variety of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), as well as the description, in a number of studies, of evidence of low-grade inflammation and immune activation in IBS, suggest a role for a dysfunctional relationship between the indigenous flora and the host in IBS and, accordingly, provide a clear rationale for the use of probiotics in this disorder. Other modes of action, including bacterial displacement and alterations in luminal contents, are also plausible. While clinical evidence of efficacy is now beginning to emerge, a review of available trials emphasises the importance of clear definition of strain selection, dose and viability. This is evidently an area of great potential in IBS and deserves further study at all levels.
Anonymous Connections and Onion Routing (1998)

Onion routing is an infrastructure for private communication over a public network.It provides anonymous connections that are strongly resistant to both eavesdropping and traffic analysis.Onion routing's anonymous connections are bidirectional, near real-time, and can be used anywhere a socket connection can be used.Any identifying information must be in the data stream carried over an anonymous connection.An onion is a data structure that is treated as the destination address by onion routers; thus, it is used to establish an anonymous connection.Onions themselves appear different to each onion router as well as to network observers.The same goes for data carried over the connections they establish.Proxy-aware applications, such as web browsers and e-mail clients, require no modification to use onion routing, and do so through a series of proxies.A prototype onion routing network is running between our lab and other sites.This paper describes anonymous connections and their implementation using onion routing.This paper also describes several application proxies for onion routing, as well as configurations of onion routing networks.
Automated Dispatch of Helpdesk Email Tickets: Pushing the Limits with AI (2019)

Ticket assignment/dispatch is a crucial part of service delivery business with lot of scope for automation and optimization. In this paper, we present an end-to-end automated helpdesk email ticket assignment system, which is also offered as a service. The objective of the system is to determine the nature of the problem mentioned in an incoming email ticket and then automatically dispatch it to an appropriate resolver group (or team) for resolution.The proposed system uses an ensemble classifier augmented with a configurable rule engine. While design of a classifier that is accurate is one of the main challenges, we also need to address the need of designing a system that is robust and adaptive to changing business needs. We discuss some of the main design challenges associated with email ticket assignment automation and how we solve them. The design decisions for our system are driven by high accuracy, coverage, business continuity, scalability and optimal usage of computational resources.Our system has been deployed in production of three major service providers and currently assigning over 90,000 emails per month, on an average, with an accuracy close to 90% and covering at least 90% of email tickets. This translates to achieving human-level accuracy and results in a net saving of more than 50000 man-hours of effort per annum. Till date, our deployed system has already served more than 700,000 tickets in production.
Latein und Volkssprache im deutschen Mittelalter. 1100-1500. Zum Rahmenthema des Regensburger Colloquiums: Ein Forschungsbericht (2013)

Latein und Volkssprache im deutschen Mittelalter. 1100-1500. Zum Rahmenthema des Regensburger Colloquiums: Ein Forschungsbericht was published in Latein und Volkssprache im deutschen Mittelalter, 1100 - 1500 on page 1.
Targeted alterations in dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids improve life functioning and reduce psychological distress among patients with chronic headache (2015)

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are precursors of bioactive lipid mediators posited to modulate both physical pain and psychological distress. In a randomized trial of 67 subjects with severe headaches, we recently demonstrated that targeted dietary manipulation-increasing omega-3 fatty acids with concurrent reduction in omega-6 linoleic acid (the H3-L6 intervention)-produced major reductions in headache compared with an omega-6 lowering (L6) intervention. Because chronic pain is often accompanied by psychological distress and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL), we used data from this trial to examine whether the H3-L6 intervention favorably impacted these domains. Additionally, we examined the effect of the interventions on the number of cases with substantial physical or mental impairments as defined by cutoff values in the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18), Medical Outcomes Study Short Forms 12 (SF-12), Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), and the number of headache days per month. In the intention-to-treat analysis, participants in the H3-L6 group experienced statistically significant reductions in psychological distress (BSI-18 mean difference: -6.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -11.43 to -1.69) and improvements in SF-12 mental (mean difference: 6.01; 95% CI: 0.57 to 11.45) and physical (mean difference: 6.65; 95% CI: 2.14 to 11.16) health summary scores. At 12 weeks, the proportion of subjects experiencing substantial impairment according to cutoff values in the BSI-18, SF-12 physical, HIT-6, and headache days per month was significantly lower in the H3-L6 group. Dietary manipulation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, previously shown to produce major improvements in headache, was found to also reduce psychological distress and improve HRQOL and function.
Radiation effects on solids, including catalysts (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRadiation effects on solids, including catalystsEllison H. Taylor Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1959, 36, 8, 396Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1959Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 August 1959Published inissue 1 August 1959https://doi.org/10.1021/ed036p396RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views129Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (11 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts