gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
15.1 A 5nm 135Mb SRAM in EUV and High-Mobility-Channel FinFET Technology with Metal Coupling and Charge-Sharing Write-Assist Circuitry Schemes for High-Density and Low-V<sub>MIN</sub> Applications (2020)

Despite recent advances, low-voltage operation remains one of the key approaches for power reduction. However, the continuous scaling of the SRAM bit cell, in advanced technologies, based on the transistor's minimum geometry is accompanied by increased random threshold voltage variations that limit the SRAM's minimum operating voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> ). The introduction of FinFET transistors has provided better short channel effects and less random dopant fluctuation, compared to prior bulk CMOS technology. However, the quantization of transistor sizing continues to be a major challenge for high-density 6T SRAM design. Figure 15.1.1(a) shows the layout of a high-density 6T SRAM bit cell in a 5nm EUV and high-mobility channel FinFET technology. In order to achieve a compact bit-cell area, using FinFET technology, all transistors have to consist of a single fin. Figure 15.1.1(b) shows the SRAM bit-cell area scaling trend since 2011: area continues to scale, even as technology evolved into the sub-20nm era. This work reports a 0.021 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> high-density SRAM bit cell for a leading edge 5nm technology [1]. Figure 15.1.2(a) shows the SRAM voltage scaling trend: where the blue line indicates the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> of the SRAM bit cell without circuit assist and the red line indicates the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> with circuit assist. Write assist is the key enabler for lowering V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> operation in 5nm technology. Figure 15.1.2(b) shows a contention between pull-up (PU) and pass-gate (PG) transistors during a write operation. A stronger PU transistor yields higher read stability, but it degrades the write margin significantly and results in a contention write V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> issue. In order to improve the write V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> , the negative BL (NBL) and lower cell V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> (LCV) techniques have been proposed [2], [6]. However, the write-assist circuitry results in area overhead. In order to reduce the area of the assist circuitry, this work proposes NBL [7] and LCV with metal coupling/charge sharing capacitors to reduce the area overhead of the NBL-boosted and LCV charge-sharing capacitors. Furthermore, the flying BL (FBL) architecture [8] is also implemented to further reduce area.
Exploring chemistry with the fragment molecular orbital method (2012)

The fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method makes possible nearly linear scaling calculations of large molecular systems, such as water clusters, proteins and DNA. In particular, FMO has been widely used in biochemical applications involving protein-ligand binding and drug design. The method has been efficiently parallelized suitable for petascale computing. Many commonly used wave functions and solvent models have been interfaced with FMO. We review the historical background of FMO, and summarize its method development and applications.
A magnetically levitated, automated, contact analytical probe tool (1995)

With the challenge of the shrinking dimensions in the fabrication process, demands are growing for higher precision and more powerful analytical probing stations to be used for characterization and failure analysis of integrated circuits. A magnetic levitation-based approach to analytical probing stations is proposed and investigated in this paper. This approach permits the process to be automated while maintaining better resolution and easier operation than is currently available. Further, force control can be implemented to ensure that the probe contact does not scratch the device under testing. Feedback controllers are designed and used in both the suspension and the XY positioning. The suspension motion controller is implemented in analog circuitry while the XY motion controller is implemented in a digital controller. An air gap sensor and optical position sensors are used for the position feedback. A simple open loop control method is derived for the force control. A positioning repeatability of 0.2 /spl mu/m and a force repeatability of 80 mgf are observed from the experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Separation of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds from Model Coal Tar Fraction by Solvent Extraction (2005)

Abstract The separation of four kinds of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) from a model mixture comprising NHCs [indole (In), quinoline (Q), iso‐quinoline (iQ), quinaldine (Qu)], three kinds of bicyclic aromatic compounds [BACs; 1‐methylnaphthalene (1MN), 2‐methylnaphthalene (2MN), dimethylnaphthalene (DMN)], biphenyl (Bp) and phenyl ether (Pe) was examined by a solvent extraction. The model mixture used as a raw material of this work was prepared according to the components and compositions contained in coal tar fraction (the temperature ranges of fraction: 240–265°C). The distribution equilibrium between the coal tar fraction and the solvent was measured with eight kinds of solvents. An aqueous solution of methanol, ethanol, iso‐propyl alcohol, N,N‐dimethyl acetamide, DMF, formamide, N‐methylformamide/methanol, and formamide/methanol were used as solvents. An aqueous solution of formamide was found to be suitable for separating NHCs contained in coal tar fraction based on distribution coefficient and selectivity. The effect of operation factors on separating NHCs was investigated by the distribution equilibrium using an aqueous solution of formamide. Increasing the operation temperature and the volume ratio of solvent to feed at initial (S/F)0 resulted in improving the distribution coefficients of each NHC, but increasing the volume fraction of water in the solvent at initial (yw,0) resulted in deteriorating the distribution coefficients of each NHC. With increasing yw,0 and (S/F)0, the selectivities of each NHC in reference to DMN increased. Increasing the operation temperature resulted in decreasing the selectivities of each NHC in reference to DMN. At an experimental condition fixed, the sequence of the distribution coefficient and selectivity in reference to DMN for each NHC was In>iQ>Q>Qu, and also the sequence of the distribution coefficient for each BAC was 1MN>2MN>DMN. The sequence of the distribution coefficient for entire compounds analyzed by this work was In> iQ>Q>Qu>Bp>1MN>2MN>Pe>DMN. Keywords: Coal tar fractionnitrogen heterocyclic compoundsindolesolvent extractionliquid‐liquid equilibrium Acknowledgments This work was supported by grant No. R01‐2003‐000‐11750‐0 from the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.
Proteomic risk markers for coronary heart disease and stroke: validation and mediation of randomized trial hormone therapy effects on these diseases (2013)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00000611.
Solution-processable pentacene microcrystal arrays for high performance organic field-effect transistors (2007)

The authors report the fabrication of one-dimensional crystal arrays of triisopropylsilylethynyl pentacene (TIPS PEN) via simple drop casting on a tilted substrate. By pinning a solution droplet on the tilted substrate, an array of ribbon-shaped crystals aligned in the tilted direction was formed on the substrate. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that these crystals were oriented in the crystal growth direction. A thin film transistor based on such an array of TIPS PEN crystals was found to have a high field-effect mobility of 0.3cm2∕Vs, which results from the directed organization of the π-conjugated molecules.
A simple approach for the reduction of knotted coronary catheter in the radial artery during the transradial approach. (2011)

Development of a catheter knot is uncommon but still a matter of concern for a catheterizing cardiologist. There are only a few case reports of percutaneous catheter unknotting in the literature. We describe for the first time a case of catheter unknotting in a radial artery using a simple technique via the transradial approach. We concluded that percutaneous catheter unknotting in a radial artery using basic and simple hardware is a good alternative option to surgical management.
DEVELOPING PRESCHOOL TEACHERS' MATHEMATICAL TEACHING KNOWLEDGE THROUGH PEER DISCUSSION USING THE LOMT MODEL (2013)

The purpose of this study was to inquire into five preschool teachers’ mathematics teaching practice knowledge development in Taiwan. Through a community called a “Learning Organization of Mathematics Teaching” (LOMT), the researchers provided the participants with opportunities to better understand the theories of teaching activity design, design mathematics activities and to share them with others. Various data were obtained through observations, interviews and the collection of relevant documents. From analyses of these data, it was found that changes took place in terms of the preschool teachers’ views about mathematics teaching, their understandings of mathematics conceptions and of students’ learning of mathematics, and the operation of classrooms. Finally, from reflection on the process of investigating participating preschool teachers’ teaching practice knowledge development in mathematics, the researcher developed a gateway for the operation of the LOMT model.
Nitrate Is a Preferred Electron Acceptor for Growth of Freshwater Selenate-Respiring Bacteria (1992)

An anaerobic, freshwater enrichment grew with either nitrate or selenate as an electron acceptor. With both ions present, nitrate reduction preceded selenate reduction. An isolate from the enrichment grew on either ion, but the presence of nitrate precluded the reduction of selenate. Stock cultures of denitrifiers grew anaerobically on nitrate but not on selenate.
A Model Predictive Controller for Multivariable Temperature Control in Rapid Thermal Processing (1993)

An improved dynamic model for a multi-zone circularly symmetric rapid thermal processing (RTP) system has been developed and validated. The model incorporates radiative, conductive and convective heat transfer mechanisms and allows for chamber heat-up as observed in real RTP systems. A multivariable nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) has been developed for this system. We investigate how the choice of the objective function in the NMPC formulation of a distributed parameter system impacts controller performance.
Residual Effects of Zopiclone (Imovane) (1987)

A double-blind, randomized, cross-over study has been conducted with zopiclone (Imovane), a new cyclopyrrolone hypnotic in ten healthy volunteers. Hypnotic efficacy has previously been demonstrated at a dose of 7.5 mg. The present study was designed to determine the overnight residual effects of different doses of the drug ranging from 2.5 to 10 mg. Measurement of complex reaction time was used as an objective test of impairment of psychomotor function. To supplement this, the volunteers were asked to report, by means of visual analogue scales, any perceived changes in their performance in the complex reaction time test, in their mood, and in the onset and quality of sleep. Complex reaction time testing revealed no significant impairment except at 12 h after the 10 mg dose. Subjective assessments of onset of sleep showed a dose-dependent shortening of sleep latency, confirming the hypnotic action of the drug. Volunteers were aware of a decline in psychomotor performance, of some sleepiness on awakening, and decreased alertness after previous night doses of 7.5 and 10 mg. It is concluded that a dose of 7.5 mg is optimal, producing significant hypnotic effect with minimal residual impairment.
Analysis of diversity reception improvements in spread spectrum receivers (2002)

This paper describes how bearing estimation techniques may be applied to a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) system in order to provide an effective spatial diversity receiver. This structure is proposed as a method of increasing the capacity of a cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) system. Firstly, the subject of an optimum diversity system using bearing estimation is addressed. It is demonstrated that a N-element antenna diversity system improves the mean signal-to-noise ratio for a CDMA system in proportion to N, which can considerably improve bit error rate (BER) performance. The operation of the receiver in a cellular telephone network is discussed and the improvement in user capacity provided by such a system with perfect power control is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cryosurgery of Tumors of the Skin and Oral Cavity. (1974)

This book is an exceptional treatise that represents extensive basic research and clinical experience in cryosurgery by the main author. His anecdotal experiences and clinical results with cryosurgery have reintroduced into the field of dermatology and other disciplines treating carcinoma of the skin an "old" yet "new" modality that is common surgical and medical practice in 1974. His explanations of the physical and histopathological modes of destruction and healing are well documented. Perhaps the greatest contribution in this book other than this report of the author's experiences is his bibliography. The collection of articles read by the author and listed at the conclusion of each chapter represents tremendous time and effort. This catalogue serves as an important starting point for the beginner in the field of cryosurgery. One primary criticism involves the chapter on the use of cryosurgery in otolaryngology. It is weak in detail and experience; the bibliography is
Modulation of Inflammation and Cachectin Activity in Relation to Treatment of Experimental Hemophilus influenzae Type b Meningitis (1989)

By use of an experimental lapin model, the effect of ceftriaxone therapy on inflammation during Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis was evaluated. Meningitis was induced by intracisternal inoculation of 2 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(5) colony-forming units of Hib. Administration of ceftriaxone 6 h after infection provoked rapid bacterial lysis associated with greatly increased concentrations of bacteria-free endotoxin (lipooligosaccharide) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF TNF activity peaked 2 h after initiation of antibiotic therapy (24.4 +/- 2 ng/ml), was significantly higher than that in untreated controls (1.4 +/- 1.1 ng/ml; P less than .05), and was associated with a substantially increased inflammatory response as reflected by higher CSF white blood cell count (24,500 +/- 8,151 vs. 1,920 +/- 644 in untreated controls; P less than .05), lower glucose, and higher protein and lactate concentrations. Simultaneous administration of dexamethasone with antibiotic therapy resulted in a significant reduction in CSF TNF activity that was associated with a substantial reduction in CSF white blood cell count. These data suggest that initiation of ceftriaxone therapy in experimental Hib meningitis exacerbates the meningeal inflammatory response, which can be modulated by concurrent dexamethasone administration.
Orphan Nuclear Receptor Modulators (2003)

Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate gene expression and play a critical role in endocrine signaling. Orphan nuclear receptors belong to this gene super-family but their target genes and physiological function have not been completely elucidated. In recent years, the identification of natural ligands for these orphan receptors, their expression pattern in different tissues and studies with knock-out animals has delineated distinct regulatory functions for these proteins. The orphans belonging to the PPAR, LXR and FXR family function as lipid and bile-acid sensors while PXR and CAR function as xenobiotic sensors. This review will describe the discovery of natural and synthetic ligands for a number of these orphan receptors (excluding the PPARs) and the identification and characterization of novel signaling pathways and new hormone response systems linked to these targets. Small-molecule modulators of LXR and FXR control key genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. PXR is a highly promiscuous xenosensor that responds to xenobiotic ligands (antibiotics, statins, glucocorticoids) and induces the Cyp3A gene, thereby playing a role in hepatoprotection and bile acid metabolism. A related receptor from the gene subfamily, CAR, displays high ligand selectivity and modulation of its activity in humans may significantly alter metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. The role of the ER relatives, the ERRs will become more apparent as ligands are identified and linked to target genes and physiological function. These targets offer multiple opportunities for therapeutic intervention with small-molecule drugs, in diseases related to neuronal function, inflammation, lipid homeostasis, metabolic function and cancer.
Solidification/stabilization of hazardous waste: evidence of physical encapsulation (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolidification/stabilization of hazardous waste: evidence of physical encapsulationAmitava Roy, Harvill C. Eaton, Frank K. Cartledge, and Marty E. TittlebaumCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 7, 1349–1353Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/es00031a011RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views404Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (4 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Laboratory Bioassay of Crude Extracts as Anti-feedants for the Southern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1985)

Crude extracts of five plant species which in previous experiments significantly limited corn wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal, feeding damage were tested for deterrence of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. When offered extract-treated and untreated corn seeds, rootworms damaged significantly fewer treated seeds than untreated seeds with four of the extracts. In a “no-choice” test design, with the three most effective extracts, there was a significantly lower frequency of damage to treated baits compared to control baits.
Simple modeling allows prediction of steady-state glucose disposal rate from early data in hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps (2009)

After a constant insulin infusion is initiated, determination of steady-state conditions for glucose infusion rates (GIR) typically requires >or=3 h. The glucose infusion follows a simple time-dependent rise, reaching a plateau at steady state. We hypothesized that nonlinear fitting of abbreviated data sets consisting of only the early portion of the clamp study can provide accurate estimates of steady-state GIR. Data sets from two independent laboratories were used to develop and validate this approach. Accuracy of the predicted steady-state GDR was assessed using regression analysis and Altman-Bland plots, and precision was compared by applying a calibration model. In the development data set (n = 88 glucose clamp studies), fitting the full data set with a simple monoexponential model predicted reference GDR values with good accuracy (difference between the 2 methods -0.37 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and precision [root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.11], validating the modeling procedure. Fitting data from the first 180 or 120 min predicted final GDRs with comparable accuracy but with progressively reduced precision [fitGDR-180 RMSE = 1.27 (P = NS vs. fitGDR-full); fitGDR-120 RMSE = 1.56 (P < 0.001)]. Similar results were obtained with the validation data set (n = 183 glucose clamp studies), confirming the generalizability of this approach. The modeling approach also derives kinetic parameters that are not available from standard approaches to clamp data analysis. We conclude that fitting a monoexponential curve to abbreviated clamp data produces steady-state GDR values that accurately predict the GDR values obtained from the full data sets, albeit with reduced precision. This approach may help reduce the resources required for undertaking clamp studies.
Use of different alkoxysilanes as external donors in MgCl<sub>2</sub>‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts to obtain propene/1‐butene copolymers with different microstructure (1994)

Abstract The effects of different alkoxysilane donors (Ph(EtO) 3 Si, Me(EtO) 3 Si and Ph 2 (EtO) 2 Si) have been compared in propene/1‐butene copolymerization with MgCl 2 ‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts. The copolymers obtained were fractionated and the fractions characterized by 13 C NMR analysis. The influence of the different alkoxysilanes on the yield, the fraction distribution and the composition, the reactivity ratios and the number‐average sequence lengths of all the fractions were analyzed. The results obtained show that it is possible to vary the characteristics of propene/1‐butene copolymers by varying the bulkiness of the hydrocarbon substituent and/or the number of the alkoxy groups of the silane donor. It was also possible to correlate the effect of the silane donor on the homopolymerization stereochemistry and on the characteristics of the copolymers.
A block-based 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform structure with new scan method for overlapped sections (2011)

Regarding internal memory size, we proposed a new scan method for block-based structure to provide an efficient parametric structure for two Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform (2-D DWT). The main challenge in 2-D DWT structure is the amount of internal memory required to produce wavelet coefficients. The previous structures need fixed memory size depend on input frame size, but in proposed architecture, memory size is parametric and in trade off with the number of output memory access. Lifting scheme is incorporated to implement DWT.