gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Architecture of field-programmable gate arrays (1993)

A survey of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architectures and the programming technologies used to customize them is presented. Programming technologies are compared on the basis of their volatility, size parasitic capacitance, resistance, and process technology complexity. FPGA architectures are divided into two constituents: logic block architectures and routing architectures. A classification of logic blocks based on their granularity is proposed, and several logic blocks used in commercially available FPGAs are described. A brief review of recent results on the effect of logic block granularity on logic density and performance of an FPGA is then presented. Several commercial routing architectures are described in the context of a general routing architecture model. Finally, recent results on the tradeoff between the flexibility of an FPGA routing architecture, its routability, and its density are reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Silica Decorated TiO<sub>2</sub> for Virus Inactivation in Drinking Water – Simple Synthesis Method and Mechanisms of Enhanced Inactivation Kinetics (2013)

A new method of modifying TiO2 photocatalysts with SiO2 is developed in which SiO2 nanoparticles are simply mixed with TiO2 in water under ambient conditions. This method does not require the use of toxic solvents or significant energy input. Although the SiO2 modification slightly reduces hydroxyl free radical production, the composite SiO2-TiO2 nanomaterials have markedly higher photocatalytic inactivation rates for a common surrogate virus, bacteriophage MS2 (up to 270% compared to the unmodified TiO2), due to the greatly improved adsorptive density and dark inactivation of MS2. The Langmuir isotherm describes the adsorption data well and shows that the TiO2 modified with 5% SiO2 has a maximum adsorption density qmax 37 times that of the unmodified TiO2. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model fits the photocatalytic inactivation kinetic data well. The SiO2-TiO2 material produces a greater maximum initial inactivation rate yet a lower intrinsic surface reaction rate constant, consistent with the reduced hydroxyl radical production and enhanced adsorption. These results suggest that modifying photocatalyst surface to increase contaminant adsorption is an important strategy to improve photocatalytic reaction efficiency. Simple and cheap synthesis methods such as that used in this study bring photocatalysis closer to being a viable water treatment option.
Applications Of Fluorescence Microscopy In Three Dimensions/Microtomoscopy (1986)

A confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) has been constructed at the EMBL1 and is applied in the investigation of fixed and of living specimens. Contrary to the conventional microscope the CSLM focuses the light emitted by a point source into an object and detects only the light emitted from a small volume in this object. When operated in either fluorescence or reflection mode the CSLM has a true resolution along the optical axis. This feature is used to record independent images at different levels of height in a fluorescently labelled object or to scan the object in a plane parallel to the optical axis.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERIC QUENCHANTS IN HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS (2009)

Aqueous polymer quenchants are being used increasingly in steel heat treatment industries as a substitution for conventional quenchants. By adjusting the quench parameters of the polymeric media, it is possible to achieve desirable microstructure and mechanical properties in addition to reduction in distortion and cracking. In this work, Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) aqueous solution was used as the quenching medium in the heat treatment of four grades of steels produced by Iran Alloy Steel Company including 1.7227, 1.6582, 1.1191 and 1.7765. In addition, the resultant mechanical properties of this procedure were compared with the properties of the specimens quenched in the conventional quenchants. The results showed that using polymer-based quenchants, the distortion and cracking can be minimized compared to water quenching. On the other hand, the mechanical properties which are not achievable by oil quenching can be obtained using polymeric quench medium.
Hydroisomerization of benzene-containing gasoline fractions on a Pt/SO2−4-ZrO2-Al2O3 catalyst: II. Effect of chemical composition on acidic and hydrogenating and the occurrence of model isomerization reactions (2011)

The acidic and hydrogenating of Pt/SO 4 2− -ZrO2-Al2O3 samples containing from 18.8 to 67.8 wt % Al2O3 as a support constituent were studied by the IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and pyridine, and the model reactions of n-heptane and cyclohexane isomerization on these catalysts were examined. The total catalyst activity in the conversion of n-heptane decreased with the concentration of Al2O3; this manifested itself in an increase in the temperature of 50% n-heptane conversion from 112 to 266°C and in an increase in the selectivity of isomerization to 94.2%. In this case, the maximum yield of isoheptanes was 47.1 wt %, which was reached on a sample whose support contained 67.8 wt % Al2O3. A maximum yield (69.6 wt %) and selectivity (93.7%) for methylcyclopentane formation from cyclohexane were also reached on the above catalyst sample. This can be explained by lower concentrations of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites in the Pt/SO 4 2− -ZrO2-Al2O3 system, as compared with those in Pt/SO 4 2− -ZrO2. The experimental results allowed us to make a preliminary conclusion that the Pt/SO 4 2− -ZrO2-Al2O3 catalyst whose support contains 67.8 wt % Al2O3 is promising for use in the selective hydroisomerization of benzene-containing gasoline fractions in the thermodynamically favorable process temperature range of 250–300°C.
Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry in Muscle Physiology (2007)

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) represents a unique Ca2+ entry mechanism, where Ca2+ channels located on the plasma membrane sense the Ca2+ filling status of intracellular Ca2+ stores and gate the entry of Ca2+ from the extracellular reservoir to replenish intracellular Ca2+ storage. This pathway has received great interest not only because of its unusual nature as a retrograde signal, but also due to its wide occurrence in both excitable and non-excitable cells and its potential role in various physiological and pathophysiological situations. In skeletal muscle, contractility is contingent upon the maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, which requires the preservation of low levels of resting cytosolic Ca 2+, readily available releasable pool of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, as well as functional Ca2+ uptake and extrusion mechanisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that SOCE is present in skeletal muscle, and may play a significant role in muscle physiology. While the need for SOCE is increased during strenuous muscle exercise and fatigue, disruption of this process can lead to pathophysiological conditions. Repressed SOCE activity has been linked to aging related dysfunction. Elevated SOCE could lead to elevated intracellular Ca2+ in dystrophic muscle cells and progression of muscular dystrophy. The role of SOCE in the physiology and pathophysiology of skeletal muscle is a subject of increasing interest in the muscle biology field. Manipulation of SOCE by chemical, pharmacological and genetic approaches should have great potential in the treatment of muscle disorders that involve dysfunctional Ca2+ homeostasis.
INHIBITION OF PANCREATIC CANCER CELL GROWTH BY AN E PIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR R ECEPTOR-R ELATED P ROTEIN (ERRP). (2004)

Background: Dysregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling network has been frequently reported in multiple human cancers including pancreatic cancer. Inhibition of the EGFR was associated with anti-tumor effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies of pancreatic cancer. We have previously reported the isolation and characterization of an E pidermal Growth Factor R eceptor-R elated P rotein (named ERRP), which appears to be a negative regulator of EGFR. We reported that purified recombinant ERRP resulted in a marked inhibition of proliferation and attenuation of basal and ligand-induced stimulation of EGFR phosphorylation of colon cancer cell lines. We also observed that ERRP is usually expressed in benign ductal epithelium, but not in ductal adenocarcinoma of the human pancreas. In the present investigation, we tested our hypothesis that ERRP could be an effective inhibitor of growth of pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: BxPC-3, PANC1 and HPAC pancreatic cancer cells were cultured and exposed to various concentrations of EGFR. Subsequently, changes in proliferation and apoptosis were measured using MTT and Apoptosis ELISA assay, respectively. To evaluate activation of EGFR and its down-stream signaling events, levels of phospho-EGFR, phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK were determined by Western-blot analysis. Results: Our data shows that ERRP inhibits proliferation of all three pancreatic cancer cell lines tested (BxPC3, PANC1 and HPAC) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The TGF-α-induced stimulation of proliferation and activation of EGFR were also inhibited by ERRP. These changes were accompanied by a concomitant attenuation of AKT and MAP kinases. ERRP also induced apoptosis after 72 hours of exposure. Conclusions: We conclude that ERRP is a potent inhibitor of proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, which could be due to attenuation of the EGFR cellular signaling processes. ERRP could be a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
A new sensor for thermal neutron imaging (2005)

Thermal neutrons serve as a useful tool in probing macromolecular structures in protein crystallography and in investigations of new materials. However, neutron techniques are underutilized due to the lack of high performance digital, position sensitive detectors. The primary limiting factor in current detectors is the converter screen which converts the neutron signal into visible light. Here we report on a new type of neutron sensitive screen for use in digital imaging systems. The screen consists of a pixelated, microstructured CsI(Tl) scintillator film sandwiched between two neutron converting layers of GdF/sub 3/. To increase the effective surface area of the GdF/sub 3/ conversion layer and to enhance the contrast resolution of the images, the CsI(Tl) layer is pixelated using micromachining techniques. For testing their imaging performance, the sensors were optically coupled to a CCD system to form an imaging detector. The system was subjected to imaging tests at a thermal neutron port of the University of Massachusetts Lowell Research Reactor. The results of these preliminary imaging experiments are presented here.
Systemic inflammation correlates with increased expression of skeletal muscle ubiquitin but not uncoupling proteins in cancer cachexia. (2005)

Muscle wasting in experimental cancer cachexia has been associated with increased ubiquitin proteasome proteolytic system activity and increased uncoupling protein (UCP) expression. Increased ubiquitin proteasome pathway activity has also been found in gastric, but not lung, cancer patients. It therefore remains unclear in which patients modulation of this proteolytic system could be a therapeutic target. We investigated markers of systemic inflammation, hypermetabolism and expression of ubiquitin and uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 in muscle of pancreatic cancer patients. Rectus abdominis muscle was sampled from 15 weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients and 11 controls. UCP2 and 3, and ubiquitin mRNA expression were measured by Northern blots and UCP3 protein by Western blotting. Resting energy expenditure and plasma IL-6, sTNF-R and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured. Cancer patients had lost 18% of pre-illness stable weight, but were not significantly hypermetabolic compared with controls. IL-6, sTNF-R and CRP levels and ubiquitin 2.4 kb, but not 1.2 kb, mRNA expression were increased in cancer patients. UCP-2 and 3 mRNA and UCP-3 protein were similar in both groups. Weight loss correlated with systemic inflammation and ubiquitin 1.2 and 2.4 kb mRNA expression. Weight loss in pancreatic cancer is associated with systemic inflammation and increased mRNA expression for ubiquitin but not uncoupling proteins in skeletal muscle. The pro-inflammatory network and ubiquitin proteasome pathway may be targets for intervention in pancreatic cancer cachexia.
ChemInform Abstract: SHORT STEP SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE EXO‐BREVICOMIN (1983)

Abstract Diethyl‐(S,S)‐(‐)‐tartrat (I) liefert mit dem Sulfonyl‐ketal (II) das entsprechende Ketal (IIIa).
CRISPR/Cas12-Based Ultra-Sensitive and Specific Point-of-Care Detection of HBV (2021)

Hepatitis B remains a major global public health challenge, with particularly high prevalence in medically disadvantaged western Pacific and African regions. Although clinically available technologies for the qPCR detection of HBV are well established, research on point-of-care testing has not progressed substantially. The development of a rapid, accurate point-of-care test is essential for the prevention and control of hepatitis B in medically disadvantaged rural areas. The development of the CRISPR/Cas system in nucleic acid detection has allowed for pathogen point-of-care detection. Here, we developed a rapid and accurate point-of-care assay for HBV based on LAMP-Cas12a. It innovatively solves the problem of point-of-care testing in 10 min, particularly the problem of sample nucleic acid extraction. Based on LAMP-Cas12a, visualization of the assay results is presented by both a fluorescent readout and by lateral flow test strips. The lateral flow test strip technology can achieve results visible to the naked eye, while fluorescence readout can achieve real-time high-sensitivity detection. The fluorescent readout-based Cas12a assay can achieve HBV detection with a limit of detection of 1 copy/μL within 13 min, while the lateral flow test strip technique only takes 20 min. In the evaluation of 73 clinical samples, the sensitivity and specificity of both the fluorescence readout and lateral flow test strip method were 100%, and the results of the assay were fully comparable to qPCR. The LAMP-Cas12a-based HBV assay relies on minimal equipment to provide rapid, accurate test results and low costs, providing significant practical value for point-of-care HBV detection.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of s‐Triazine Derivatives. (1988)

Abstract The triazine derivatives (III) and (VI) are synthesized by coupling the triazines (II) and (V) with the arylureas (I) or with o‐nitrophenylthiourea (IV).
A measuring method based on photodiodes for the diagnostic of optimal combustion conditions (2008)

A non-intrusive method for monitoring flames in gas burners is presented. The method is based on the optical analysis of the flame by using a Silicon Photodiodes array and a set of interference optical filters. The covered wavelengths evaluate the formation and behaviour of excited CH* and C 2 * radicals for confined gas flames. The monitoring of these radicals is carried out in the flame reaction region at the burner exit, where the C 2 */CH* ratio signals provide enough information to identify the optimal fuel-air ratio in order to obtain the boiler maximal efficiency and to prevent an incomplete combustion. The experimental results obtained for two power levels, in a boiler of 150 kW, demonstrate that the C 2 */CH* ratio provides important information concerning the combustion state and gives a clear indication about the burner adjustment when CO emissions begin to increase to the upper the levels accepted by environmental laws. The fast response and its non-intrusive character give to the proposed optical sensor an important potential to be used in advanced control strategies for the on-line optimization of the combustion process.
Separation of Music+Effects sound track from several international versions of the same movie (2010)

This article concerns the separation of the music+effects (ME) track from a movie sountrack, given the observation of several international versions of the same movie. The approach chosen is strongly inspired from existing stereo audio source separation and especially from spatial filtering algorithms such as DUET that can extract a constant panned source from a mixture very efficiently. The problem is indeed similar for we aim here at separating the ME track, which is the common background of all international versions of the movie soundtrack. The algorithm has been adapted to a number of channels greater than 2. Preprocessing techniques have also been proposed to adapt the algorithm to realistic cases. The performances of the algorithm have been evaluated on realistic and synthetic cases.
Ash Behavior in a CFB Boiler during Combustion of <i>Salix</i> (1997)

A study on the combustion characteristics of Salix viminalis, a fast growing willow, was conducted at a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler. The purpose of the study was to increase the understanding of the mineral matter behavior in the boiler and to foresee possible bed agglomeration or slagging and fouling problems that may occur during the combustion of this type of fuel. Special focus was given to the impact of ash chemistry on the slagging, fouling, and bed agglomeration. Samples from all ingoing (bed material, fuel) and outgoing solid material streams (secondary cyclone and bag filter) as well as from the bed and the return leg were collected and analyzed chemically. Selected bed samples and ash samples were also analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDAX). Deposit samples were collected at the cyclone inlet and from two different locations in the convective path using specially designed surface temperature-controlled deposit probes. All collected probe deposits were photographed and characterized visually. Selected samples from both windward (front) side and leeward (back) side of the sampling probes were analyzed chemically as well as with SEM/EDAX. In addition to these samples, the boiler operation was monitored carefully. This included collection of operational data (fuel feed, air distribution, and total air), collection and monitoring of pressure drops in the furnace, flue gas temperature profiles, and emissions. Multicomponent multiphase thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were then performed for predictions of the fly ash thermal characteristics, using the fly ash chemical composition as input data. The thermal characteristics, i.e., the melting behavior, were predicted for the different ash samples and compared with the results from the full scale fouling measurements. The paper discusses the impact of the ash chemistry on the bed agglomeration and fouling tendency found during the combustion tests and draws conclusions about their relevance to the operation of the boiler.
Temozolomide for immunomodulation in the treatment of glioblastoma (2018)

Temozolomide is the most widely used chemotherapy for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) despite the fact that approximately half of treated patients have temozolomide resistance and all patients eventually fail therapy. Due to the limited efficacy of existing therapies, immunotherapy is being widely investigated for patients with GBM. However, initial immunotherapy trials in GBM patients have had disappointing results as monotherapy. Therefore, combinatorial treatment strategies are being investigated. Temozolomide has several effects on the immune system that are dependent on mode of delivery and the dosing strategy, which may have unpredicted effects on immunotherapy. Here we summarize the immune modulating role of temozolomide alone and in combination with immunotherapies such as dendritic cell vaccines, T-cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with GBM.
A pattern edge profile simulation for oblique ion milling (1984)

An oblique ion milling simulation method is proposed in which etching and redeposition at the pattern side wall are taken into account. The effective etching rate at the pattern side wall is determined as the difference between the etching rate given by the angular dependency and the redeposition rate. The redeposition rate is assumed to be proportional to the etching rate of the material to be etched at the flat surface. A pattern edge profile simulation is carried out for an oblique ion milling of silicon. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results with a relatively large ion beam incident angle.
K-Max: a material with exceptional heat transfer properties (2003)

K-Max, a solid biporous material that has exceptional heat transfer properties similar to those of heat pipes but can be formed into any shape, bear mechanical loads, and have isotropic thermal conductivity like other solid structures, is introduced. Using porous bed flow correlations, an analytical model has been derived for the temperature drops and heat flux limits for heat transfer through K-Max, with and without gas buffering, as a function of material design parameters. The operating principles and the analytical model of K-MAX have been confirmed experimentally in both cases. Illustrative examples of its potential use are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
EFHD2 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and correlates with postsurgical recurrence of stage I lung adenocarcinoma (2017)

Surgery is the only curative treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, approximately one-third of these patients develop recurrence, which remains the main cause of mortality in the postsurgical treatment of NSCLC. Many molecular markers have been proposed to predict recurrence of early-stage disease, but no marker has demonstrated sufficient reliability for clinical application. In the present study, the novel protein EF-hand domain-containing protein D2 (EFHD2) was identified as expressed in highly metastatic tumor cells. EFHD2 increased the formation of protrusive invadopodia structures and cell migration and invasion abilities and promoted the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) character of lung adenocarcinoma cells. We demonstrated that the mechanism of EFHD2 in enhancing EMT occurs partly through inhibition of caveolin-1 (CAV1) for cancer progression. The expression of EFHD2 was significantly correlated with postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma in the Kaplan-Meier-plotter cancer database search and our retrospective cohort study (HR, 6.14; 95% CI, 2.40-15.74; P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that EFHD2 expression was an independent clinical predictor for this disease. We conclude that EFHD2 expression is associated with increased metastasis and EMT and could serve as an independent marker to predict postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
Photorefractive waveguides and nonlinear mode coupling effects (1989)

Nonlinear photorefractive wave mixing in waveguides provides unusual intermode coupling effects which are independent of the overall light intensities. We present and demonstrate processes in which high-order modes of a guided beam are converted into the low modes (funnel-like) and vice versa (antifunnel-like). We also show capabilities of launching and amplifying a guided beam by pumping the waveguide laterally. Another use of polarization state conversion is discussed.