gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boron-Silicon Film Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Boron Trichloride, Dichlorosilane and Monomethylsilane Gases (2021)

A boron-silicon film was formed by chemical vapor deposition at 800 °C and atmospheric pressure using boron trichloride, dichlorosilane and monomethylsilane gases. With the increasing boron trichloride gas flow rate at the fixed dichlorosilane gas flow rate, the deposition rate and the boron concentration decreased and saturated, respectively, following the rate theory assuming the Langmuir-type model. The obtained film was amorphous and dense without any voids. The monomethylsilane and the silicon hydrides, produced by the thermal decomposition of the monomethylsilane gas, were considered to help decomposing the intermediate boron species at the surface. The boron concentrations of 20%–40%, significantly greater than the solubility in the crystalline silicon, were concluded to be obtained using the boron trichloride gas.
Large computers (1995)

Provides an overview of the mainframe computer industry including: Hewlett Packard, the RISC community, IBM and Intel CISC. In the highest-performance segment of the market, a radical realignment already visible in 1993 kept going as vector supercomputers lost more ground to alternative architectures ranging from massively parallel processors (MPPs) to RISC-based SMP systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanisms of T cell organotropism (2016)

Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
Contribution of Polyol Pathway to Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress (2003)

Diabetes causes increased oxidative stress, which is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications. However, the source of the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is not clear. It was found that the polyol pathway is the major contributor to oxidative stress in the lenses and nerves of diabetic mice. The first enzyme in the pathway, aldose reductase (AR), reduces glucose to sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). Transgenic mice that overexpress AR specifically in their lenses showed a significant increase in oxidative stress when they became hyperglycemic, as indicated by a decrease in GSH and an increase in malondialdehyde in their lenses. Introducing an SDH-deficient mutation into these transgenic mice significantly normalized the GSH and malondialdehyde levels. These results indicate that both enzymes of the polyol pathway contributed to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the lens. In the wild-type mice, diabetes caused a significant decrease in GSH in their sciatic nerves, indicative of oxidative stress. In the AR null mutant mice, diabetes did not lead to any decrease in the nerve GSH level. These results indicate that similar to the situation in the lens, AR is also the major contributor to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the nerve. Although increased flux of glucose through the polyol pathway leads to diabetic lesions in both the lenses and nerve, the mechanisms may be different. AR-induced osmotic stress seems to be the cause of diabetic cataract, whereas AR-induced oxidative stress is probably the cause of neuronal dysfunction.
Multi-scale finite element analysis of porous materials and components by asymptotic homogenization theory and enhanced mesh superposition method (2003)

To analyse the macroscopic and microscopic behaviours of heterogeneous materials and components, a multi-scale computational method is studied. Although asymptotic homogenization theory has been the main tool during the last decade to solve various multi-scale problems, the assumption of the periodicity of the microscopic unit cell and the incapability of considering the scale effect have resulted in the limitations to this theory's applications. These problems should be overcome because advanced materials are often used as joint or laminated components and the interface crack problem must be analysed. For this sake, a novel multi-scale finite element method is proposed that uses the enhanced mesh superposition method together with the asymptotic homogenization theory. The finite element mesh superposition method uses the global mesh and the local mesh that is superimposed arbitrarily onto the global mesh. The enhanced method allows the adoption of different constitutive laws for the two meshes. The advantage of the homogenization theory to predict the homogenized material model accurately based on the complex microstructure is still utilized. The homogenized material model is used for the global mesh, whilst the microscopic heterogeneity and the crack are considered in the local mesh with the material properties of the constituents. The formulation, modelling strategy, implementation and numerical accuracy of the proposed method is described. A porous ceramic is studied in the numerical example.
Microreactor Technology and Process Intensification (2005)

The microscale revolution in chemistry promises to transform classical batch wise laboratory procedures into integrated systems capable of providing new understanding of fundamental chemical processes as well as rapid, continuous discovery and development of new products with less use of resources and waste generation. Applications of silicon based microreactors are illustrated with a broad range of cases studies, including high throughput experimentation in organic synthesis, integration of ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) spectroscopy; investigations of high temperature heterogeneous catalytic reactions, obtaining high mass transfer rates in gas-liquid reactions over solid catalysts, enabling difficult to perform reactions, synthesis of solid nanoparticles, and high temperature conversion of hydrocarbons to hydrogen.
New therapeutic targets for the treatment of high‐risk neuroblastoma (2009)

High-risk neuroblastoma remains a major problem in pediatric oncology, accounting for 15% of childhood cancer deaths. Although incremental improvements in outcome have been achieved with the intensification of conventional chemotherapy agents and the addition of 13-cis-retinoic acid, only one-third of children with high-risk disease are expected to be long-term survivors when treated with current regimens. In addition, the cost of cure can be quite high, as surviving children remain at risk for additional health problems related to long-term toxicities of treatment. Further advances in therapy will require the targeting of tumor cells in a more selective and efficient way so that survival can be improved without substantially increasing toxicity. In this review we summarize ongoing clinical trials and highlight new developments in our understanding of the molecular biology of neuroblastoma, emphasizing potential targets or pathways that may be exploitable therapeutically.
Photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus using protoporphyrin IX: the role of haem-regulated transporter HrtA (2015)

Light- and photosensitiser-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is a very promising approach to the control of microbial infections. How the phenotypic features of a microorganism affect its response to photosensitiser-based photokilling represents an area of substantial research interest. To understand the mechanisms governing the phenomenon of a strain-dependent response to photodynamic inactivation (PDI), we analysed the possible role of the membrane-located haem transporter HrtA in Staphylococcus aureus. We used a S. aureus strains with an inactivated component of the haem-regulated transporter, HrtA, along with its wild-type counterpart to determine differences in PDI outcome and photosensitiser uptake between the studied isogenic strains. We observed that a lack of HrtA protein potentiates the phototoxic effect towards S. aureus but only when extracellular protoporphyrin IX is used. The observed effect may depend on the function of the HrtA transporter but is likely to result from changed membrane properties following the absence of the protein in the membrane. This indicates that disturbing the membrane properties is an attractive method for improving the efficacy of the photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms.
Stopband filters built in the BAW technology [Application Notes] (2008)

This article presented the design of two band reject filters in the BAW technology. The two designs show different benefits. The ladder T topology has a better rejection bandwidth than the ladder topology because the bandwidth is controlled by resonance and antiresonance frequencies, which are selected by the loading layer. Moreover, the bandwidth is adjustable by the design. This setup presents a steeper rejection slope. The insertion loss can be reduced by increasing the bottom electrode's thickness. However, the fabrication process and the control of resonance frequency are more difficult since antiresonance frequencies of series resonators depend on the thickness of the loading layers.
On distributed computing systems reliability analysis under program execution constraints (1994)

Presents an algorithm for computing the reliability of distributed computing systems (DCS). The algorithm, called the Fast Reliability Evaluation Algorithm, is based on the factoring theorem employing several reliability preserving reduction techniques. The effect of file distributions, program distributions, and various topologies on reliability of the DCS is studied in detail using the proposed algorithm. Compared with existing algorithms on various network topologies, file distributions, and program distributions, the proposed algorithm is much more economical in both time and space. To compute the distributed program reliability, the ARPA network is studied to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular Meccano. 2. Self-Assembly of [n]Catenanes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular Meccano. 2. Self-Assembly of [n]CatenanesDavid B. Amabilino, Peter R. Ashton, Christopher L. Brown, Emilio Cordova, Luis A. Godinez, Timothy T. Goodnow, Angel E. Kaifer, Simon P. Newton, Marek Pietraszkiewicz, and Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4, 1271–1293Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00109a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00109a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1855Altmetric-Citations250LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and characterization of cationically modified nanocrystalline cellulose (2012)

In this study, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) resulting from sulfuric acid hydrolysis of wood cellulose fiber, was rendered cationic by grafting with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC). An optimization of the reaction parameters, such as water content, reactant mole ratio, and reaction media was performed. The presence of cationic GTMAC on the surface of NCC was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The cationically modified NCC was characterized by surface charge density, degree of substitution, ζ potential, and particle size. It was found that the cationic surface charge density of NCC can be increased by controlling the water content of the reaction system. Surface cationization of NCC led to an increase in the surface charge density over the un-modified NCC. The cationically modified NCC was well dispersed and stable in aqueous media due to enhanced cationic surface charge density. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the improvement in state of dispersion of cationically modified NCC over the un-modified NCC. The optimum water content was found to be 36 wt% for aqueous based media and 0.5 water to DMSO volume ratio for aqueous-organic solvent reaction media. The increased surface charge density of NCC also delayed the onset of gelation in aqueous system.
2D network simulation and luminescence characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> thin film modules (2012)

ABSTRACT Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin film modules have achieved a high degree of maturity. A major challenge for a large volume production is the development of inline characterization tools allowing the detection and interpretation of defects and inhomogeneities. The combination of luminescence characterization (electroluminescence and photoluminescence) and electrical 2D network simulation is proposed to detect shunt defects, defective interconnects, and photocurrent inhomogeneities. Additionally, simulation allows the assessment of the impact of such defects on the module performance. Our approach enables the implementation of an early warning system in a production line, helps to identify the origin of a reduced module performance, and enhances the understanding of defects and inhomogeneities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GPCR-Based Chemical Biosensors for Medium-Chain Fatty Acids (2015)

A key limitation to engineering microbes for chemical production is a reliance on low-throughput chromatography-based screens for chemical detection. While colorimetric chemicals are amenable to high-throughput screens, many value-added chemicals are not colorimetric and require sensors for high-throughput screening. Here, we use G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) known to bind medium-chain fatty acids in mammalian cells to rapidly construct chemical sensors in yeast. Medium-chain fatty acids are immediate precursors to the advanced biofuel fatty acid methyl esters, which can serve as a "drop-in" replacement for D2 diesel. One of the sensors detects even-chain C8-C12 fatty acids with a 13- to 17-fold increase in signal after activation, with linear ranges up to 250 μM. Introduction of a synthetic response unit alters both dynamic and linear range, improving the sensor response to decanoic acid to a 30-fold increase in signal after activation, with a linear range up to 500 μM. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a whole-cell medium-chain fatty acid biosensor, which we envision could be applied to the evolutionary engineering of fatty acid-producing microbes. Given the affinity of GPCRs for a wide range of chemicals, it should be possible to rapidly assemble new biosensors by simply swapping the GPCR sensing unit. These sensors should be amenable to a variety of applications that require different dynamic and linear ranges, by introducing different response units.
Broadcast Television, Political Knowledge, and Turnout (2007)

The growth of broadcast television is a text book example of a fundamental change in the media environment. Whether measured by the percentage of Americans watching television regularly, by the amount of time spent watching every day, or by the dominance of broadcast television over other media, broadcast television at its prime was the paradigm of a mass medium. More people than ever before and ever again followed the same homogenous programming as a daily routine. In this chapter, I show that this change in the media environment affected how Americans learned about politics, and whether or not they would go to the polls. Broadcast television brought Americans closer together in their political knowledge and their involvement in the electoral process. It did so by striking a bargain with many of those Americans who had previously ignored politics because it seemed too difficult to keep up with: “We will bring moving pictures right into your living room that you will find impossible to resist for many hours each day — but for an hour or two, the irresistible moving pictures will show you news and politics.”
Toward Visible Light Response: Overall Water Splitting Using Heterogeneous Photocatalysts (2011)

Abstract Extensive energy conversion of solar energy can only be achieved by large-scale collection of solar flux. The technology that satisfies this requirement must be as simple as possible to reduce capital cost. Overall water splitting by powder-form photocatalysts directly produces a mixture of H
Combining Priors, Appearance, and Context for Road Detection (2014)

Detecting the free road surface ahead of a moving vehicle is an important research topic in different areas of computer vision, such as autonomous driving or car collision warning. Current vision-based road detection methods are usually based solely on low-level features. Furthermore, they generally assume structured roads, road homogeneity, and uniform lighting conditions, constraining their applicability in real-world scenarios. In this paper, road priors and contextual information are introduced for road detection. First, we propose an algorithm to estimate road priors online using geographical information, providing relevant initial information about the road location. Then, contextual cues, including horizon lines, vanishing points, lane markings, 3-D scene layout, and road geometry, are used in addition to low-level cues derived from the appearance of roads. Finally, a generative model is used to combine these cues and priors, leading to a road detection method that is, to a large degree, robust to varying imaging conditions, road types, and scenarios.
Genetic heterogeneity in Niemann-Pick C disease: a study using somatic cell hybridization and linkage analysis. (1996)

The primary molecular defect underlying Niemann-Pick C disease (NPC) is still unknown. A wide spectrum of clinical and biochemical phenotypes has previously been documented. Indication of genetic heterogeneity has recently been provided for one patient. In the present study, somatic cell hybridization experiments were carried out on skin fibroblast cultures from 32 unrelated NPC patients covering the range of known clinical and biochemical phenotypes. The criterion for complementation was the restoration of a normal intracellular fluorescent pattern in polykaryons stained with filipin to document cholesterol distribution. Crosses between the various cell lines revealed a major complementation group comprising 27 unrelated patients and a second minor group comprising 5 patients. Linkage analysis in one multiplex family belonging to the minor complementation group showed that the mutated gene does not map to the 18q11-12 region assigned to the major gene. Patients in the first group spanned the whole spectrum of clinical and cellular phenotypes. No consistent clinical or biochemical phenotypes was associated with the second complementation group. Three of the five group 2 patients, however, presented with a new rare phenotype associated with severe pulmonary involvement leading to death within the first year of life. No biochemical abnormality specific of either group could be demonstrated with regard to tissue lipid storage pattern, intralysosomal cholesterol storage, and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Mutations affecting at least two different genes have thus been shown to underlie NPC. The two gene products may function together or sequentially in a common metabolic pathway affecting intracellular cholesterol transport.
Myotonia caused by mutations in the muscle chloride channel geneCLCN1 (2002)

Pure non-syndromic, non-dystrophic myotonia in humans is caused by mutations in the genes coding for the skeletal muscle sodium channel (SCN5A) or the skeletal muscle chloride channel (CLCN1) with similar phenotypes. Chloride-channel myotonia can be dominant (Thomsen-type myotonia) or recessive (Becker-type myotonia). More than 60 myotonia-causing mutations in the CLCN1 gene have been identified, with only a few of them being dominant. A common phenotype of dominant mutations is a dominant negative effect of mutant subunits in mutant-WT heterodimers, causing a large shift of the steady-state open probability voltage-dependence towards more positive, unphysiological voltages. The study of the properties of disease causing mutations has helped in understanding the functional properties of the CLC-1 channel that is part of a nine-member gene family of chloride channels. The large body of knowledge obtained for CLC-1 may also help to better understand the other CLC channels, three of which are also involved in genetic diseases.
Characterization and use of a novel optical position sensor for microposition control of a linear motor (1993)

The performance of an optical reflective position sensor is evaluated as the position feedback element in the microposition control of a linear electromagnetic motor. The open loop position sensor characteristics are first measured to determine the analog controller design parameters. The performance of the controller, evaluated using an integrated Michelson interferometer, measures the control loop bidirectional accuracy, hysteresis, long-term stability, and position linearity. Compensation of the small nonlinearity measured required linearization of the input command signal and a practical application is demonstrated with a constant velocity scan of one of the interferometer mirrors. A final result is the submicron square wave modulation of the interferometer output with its scan mirror under closed-loop control using feedback from the reflective position sensor.