gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Electrons and Holes in Luminescence of Rare-earth Doped Semiconductors (2012)

The roles of electrons and holes in photo-excited samarium doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:Sm) thin film were investigated with electric measurement techniques. For this purpose, a structural modification using interface states in silicon oxide between TiO2:Sm and a conductive silicon substrate was used. Since the interface states make a barrier to electrons in positive DC bias VDC, selective injection of holes into TiO2:Sm can be realized in VDC>0. Photo-excited dielectric relaxation (PEDR) technique, namely frequency dispersion measurement of complex impedance under excitation light, and the selective injection revealed that the Sm excitation was induced by an electron trapping with a slow response of ∼12 Hz and following recombination with holes in host TiO2 with ∼950 Hz.
Solubilization of Leonardite by an Extracellular Fraction from <i>Coriolus versicolor</i> (1987)

Coriolus versicolor has previously been shown to degrade leonardite, an oxidized form of lignite. An extracellular fraction containing protein purified from a C. versicolor culture solubilized leonardite in vitro. Expression of the activity did not require the presence of leonardite and appeared during idiophase. During ion-exchange and gel filtration column chromatography, leonardite-biosolubilizing activity eluted with syringaldazine oxidase activity and with protein, as measured by A(280) and the biuret protein assay. Syringaldazine is a substrate of the polyphenol oxidase formed by C. versicolor. Comparison of leonardite-biosolubilizing activity with the effects of chelators and surface-active agents on leonardite showed that biosolubilization was not due to either surfactant or chelating ability. Heat treatment of the preparation at 60 degrees C for 30 min significantly reduced both syringaldazine oxidase and leonardite-biosolubilizing activities. Cyanide, azide, and thioglycolate, which are known inhibitors of syringaldazine oxidase activity of C. versicolor, also inhibited leonardite biosolubilization. From these data, we conclude that the purified protein fraction from C. versicolor contains a syringaldazine oxidase activity that participates in leonardite biosolubilization by enzymatic action.
Size-dependent superparamagnetic properties of MgFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanocrystallites (1998)

Superparamagnetism is a unique and important aspect of magnetism in nanoparticles. The superparamagnetic properties of the MgFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles with the particle size from about 6 to 18 nm are studied. The blocking temperature is a function of the particle size and increases with increasing particle size. The coercivity of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles also is a function of the particle size below the blocking temperature. When the temperature rises above the blocking temperature, the nanoparticles show nonhysteresis magnetization behaviors. With these interesting superparamagnetic properties, MgFe2O4 nanoparticles have potentials for applications such as ferrofluids, magnetocaloric refrigeration, and the contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.
Rapid assay for detection of<i>Eschenchia coli</i>xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in transduced cells (1985)

Cultured mammalian cells transduced with the Escherichia coli gene, Ecogpt, synthesize the bacterial enzyme xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XGPT) (1). This paper describes a method for measuring XGPT activity in crude cell extracts by following the conversion of 14C-xanthine (X) to 14C-xanthine monophosphate (XMP) and 14C-xanthosine (XR) by thin layer chromatography. The method is rapid, easy to use, sensitive and linear over a wide range of XGPT activity and has been useful for detecting XGPT in cells that were transiently transfected or stably transformed with Ecogpt. During our studies, we have found that a human cell line (XP20S) converts xanthine to XMP. This activity is probably catalyzed by a variant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPT) since the low activity is readily inhibited by hypoxanthine. A low level of conversion of X to XMP may explain why some cell lines are not killed in a medium containing mycophenolic acid and X.
Ultracompact dual-mode waveguide crossing based on subwavelength multimode-interference couplers (2018)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel ultracompact dual-mode waveguide crossing based on subwavelength multimode-interference couplers for a densely integrated on-chip mode-division multiplexing system. By engineering the lateral-cladding material index and manipulating phase profiles of light at the nanoscale using an improved inverse design method, a subwavelength structure could theoretically realize the identical beat length for both TE0 and TE1, which can reduce the scale of the device greatly. The fabricated device occupied a footprint of only 4.8  μm×4.8  μm. The measured insertion losses and crosstalks were less than 0.6 dB and −24  dB from 1530 nm to 1590 nm for both TE0 and TE1 modes, respectively. Furthermore, our scheme could also be expanded to design waveguide crossings that support more modes.
Minimizing data center cooling and server power costs (2009)

This paper focuses on power minimization in a data center accounting for both the information technology equipment and the air conditioning power usage. In particular we address the server consolidation (on/off state assignment) concurrently with the task assignment. We formulate the resulting optimization problem as an Integer Linear Programming problem and present a heuristic algorithm that solves it in polynomial time. Experimental results show an average of 13% power saving for different data center utilization rates compared to a baseline task assignment technique, which does not perform server consolidation.
Retrospective Conversion of Ancient Knowledge: Issues and Challenges: A Case Study of Central Library, Banaras Hindu University, India (2010)

The paper outlines the efforts of Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library, which belongs to Asia 's largest university system, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), to make their rich collection of manuscripts available to the world of scholars. It also includes an elaboration of the National Mission for Manuscripts of India and the affiliation of Central Library, BHU with it. A detailed account of the Central Library, BHU as Manuscript Conservation Centre is provided. The issues and future targets for the library pertaining to preservation of manuscripts are described. The paper is first to report the gradual evolution of Central Library, BHU as an essential part of the National Mission for Manuscripts, a National initiative by Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
Degradome expression profiling in human articular cartilage (2009)

This study is the most complete quantitative analysis of protease gene expression in cartilage to date. The data help give direction to future research on the specific function(s) of individual proteases or protease families in cartilage and may help to refine anti-proteolytic strategies in OA.
Mechanism-based inhibition of lactoperoxidase by thiocarbamide goitrogens. Identification of turnover and inactivation pathways (1988)

Direct evidence is presented in support of mechanism-based (suicide) inactivation of lactoperoxidase by thiocarbamide thyroid inhibitors. The turnover of 1-methylbenzimidazolidine-2-thione was demonstrated by identifying the inhibitor-derived products 1-methylbenzimidazole and bisulfite ion that are formed concurrent to enzyme inactivation. The turnover of a hydroperoxide cosubstrate, 5-phenyl-4-pentenyl hydroperoxide, was quantitated from formation of the corresponding alcohol during enzyme inactivation. A specific inactivation pathway is suggested by the covalent binding of 1 mol of 14C- and 35S-labeled benzimidazolidine-2-thione and 1-methylbenzimidazolidine-2-thione per mole of inactivated lactoperoxidase. These results are explained by partitioning of inhibitor-derived S-oxygenated intermediates between turnover and inactivation pathways. The properties of the inactivation process are unique among thiono-sulfur compounds and suggest that benzimidazolinesulfenic acids are the reactive intermediates.
Cellular ubiquitination and proteasomal functions positively modulate mammalian nucleotide excision repair (2004)

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is fundamental to synchronized continuation of many cellular processes, for example, cell-cycle progression, stress response, and cell differentiation. Recent studies have shown that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway functions in the regulation of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in yeast. In order to investigate the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the NER of mammalian cells, global genomic repair (GGR), and transcription-coupled repair (TCR) were examined in a mouse ts20 cell line that harbors a temperature-sensitive ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1). We found that E1 inactivation-induced ubiquitination deficiency decreased both GGR and TCR, indicating that the ubiquitination system is involved in the optimization of entire NER machinery in mammalian cells. We specifically inhibited the function of 19S proteasome subunit by overexpressing 19S regulatory complex hSug1 or its mutant protein hSug1mk in repair competent human fibroblast, OSU-2, cells and compared their capacity for NER. The results showed that 19S regulatory complex positively modulates NER in cells. In addition, we treated OSU-2 cells with the inhibitors of 20S subunit function, MG132 and lactacystin, and demonstrated that the catalytic activity of 20S subunit is also required for efficient NER. Moreover, the UV-induced recruitment of repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum protein C (XPC) to damage sites was negatively affected by treatment of repair competent cells with MG132. Taken together, we conclude that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has a positive regulatory role for optimal NER capacity in mammalian cells and appears to act through facilitating the recruitment of repair factors to DNA damage sites.
Hierarchical Multi-Scale Attention for Semantic Segmentation (2020)

Multi-scale inference is commonly used to improve the results of semantic segmentation. Multiple images scales are passed through a network and then the results are combined with averaging or max pooling. In this work, we present an attention-based approach to combining multi-scale predictions. We show that predictions at certain scales are better at resolving particular failures modes, and that the network learns to favor those scales for such cases in order to generate better predictions. Our attention mechanism is hierarchical, which enables it to be roughly 4x more memory efficient to train than other recent approaches. In addition to enabling faster training, this allows us to train with larger crop sizes which leads to greater model accuracy. We demonstrate the result of our method on two datasets: Cityscapes and Mapillary Vistas. For Cityscapes, which has a large number of weakly labelled images, we also leverage auto-labelling to improve generalization. Using our approach we achieve a new state-of-the-art results in both Mapillary (61.1 IOU val) and Cityscapes (85.1 IOU test).
Preheating Effects on Multiple Material Laser Densification (2002)

A 3-dimensional thermomechanical model has been developed to study laser powder densification of multiple materials in the multi-materials laser densification (MMLD) process. Thermal and mechanical properties of the materials are porosity- and temperature-dependent. In particular, the effect of the chamber preheating on residual stresses and warping of the part fabricated has been investigated. It is found that the chamber preheating can reduce warping and residual stresses of the laser-processed part. Furthermore, the extent of the preheating effect depends on the laser-scanning pattern. Implications of the simulation result on MMLD have been discussed.
Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) 1C3 inhibitors: a patent review (2017)

AKR1C3 is a drug target in hormonal and hormonal independent malignancies and acts as a major peripheral 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to yield the potent androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase to produce proliferative ligands for the PG FP receptor. AKR1C3 inhibitors may have distinct advantages over existing therapeutics for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer, breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. Area covered: This article reviews the patent literature on AKR1C3 inhibitors using SciFinder which identified inhibitors in the following chemical classes: N-phenylsulfonyl-indoles, N-(benzimidazoylylcarbonyl)- N-(indoylylcarbonyl)- and N-(pyridinepyrrolyl)- piperidines, N-benzimidazoles and N-benzindoles, repurposed nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (indole acetic acids, N-phenylanthranilates and aryl propionic acids), isoquinolines, and nitrogen and sulfur substituted estrenes. The article evaluates inhibitor AKR potency, specificity, efficacy in cell-based and xenograft models and clinical utility. The advantage of bifunctional compounds that either competitively inhibit AKR1C3 and block its androgen receptor (AR) coactivator function or act as AKR1C3 inhibitors and direct acting AR antagonists are discussed. Expert opinion: A large number of potent and selective inhibitors of AKR1C3 have been described however, preclinical optimization, is required before their benefit in human disease can be assessed.
Interleukin‐13 alters the activation state of murine macrophages <i>in vitro</i>: Comparison with interleukin‐4 and interferon‐γ (1994)

Interleukin (IL)-13 is a newly described cytokine expressed by activated lymphocytes. We examined the effects of the murine recombinant cytokine on the phenotype and activation status of elicited peritoneal macrophages (M phi), concentrating on activities which are known to be modulated by interferon-gamma and IL-4. IL-13 markedly suppressed nitric oxide release and to a lesser extent secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha. However, antimicrobial capacity was not completely jeopardized as the respiratory burst was unaffected, and indeed the enhanced expression of M phi mannose receptor and major histocompatibility class II, and regulation of sialoadhesin, the M phi sialic acid-specific receptor involved in hemopoietic and lymphoid interactions, suggest that these cells are not simply deactivated, but primed for an active role in immune and inflammatory responses. These activities closely mimic those of IL-4, but mediation of the effects by IL-4 was discounted by the use of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Thus, IL-13, like IL-4, is a cytokine which has complex effects on M phi behavior, inducing activities characteristic of both activation and deactivation.
Oncostatin M Differentially Regulates Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐3 Gene Expression in Human Synovial Lining Cells (1996)

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) 1, 2 and 3 are related proteins that can form complexes with all known matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). They inhibit the action of MMPs on extracellular matrix components. The balance of MMPs and TIMPs is important for tissue remodeling and its disturbance is believed to play a crucial role in pathophysiological processes such as tumor metastasis, destruction of cartilage and fibrosis. Cytokines and growth factors were found to regulate TIMPs and MMPs in a complex manner. In order to better understand the role of TIMPs in inflammatory joint diseases we have studied in vitro the regulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 by inflammatory cytokines in cultured human synovial lining cells. We found that transforming growth factor beta 1 as well as interleukin-1 beta induce gene expression of both TIMP-1 and TIMP-3. In contrast, oncostatin M, an interleukin-6-type cytokine produced by activated T-lymphocytes and monocytes, had a differential effect on TIMP mRNA levels. After oncostatin M treatment, TIMP-1 expression was up-regulated but basal, as well as interleukin-1 beta-induced, TIMP-3 expression was inhibited. Interleukin-6 itself had no effect on synovial lining cells but a complex of interleukin-6 and the soluble interleukin-6 receptor induced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors in these cells and regulated TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 expression in a similar fashion as oncostatin M. Since TIMP-3 is matrix-associated whereas TIMP-1 is found in many body fluids, the role of oncostatin M during inflammatory processes might be to promote ECM degradation in the local environment but to prevent it systemically.
Quantification of Salivation, Nasal Secretion and Tearing in Man (1983)

The purpose of this study has been to establish a battery of tests of autonomic functions: Quantification of submandibular/sublingual salivation, nasal secretion and tearing on both sides. The tests were performed in a control group of 20 healthy students. We used a parasympathomimetic drug, pilocarpine 0.1 mg/kg body weight, to stimulate the different secretory functions. Saliva was collected with a pair of dentistry spiral suctions. Tearing was assessed with Schirmer's test tapes. Nasal secretion was quantified using Schirmer's test tapes, too. Nasal secretion and salivation on average was fairly symmetrical, whereas there was some asymmetry in tearing (which may be artificial). In single individuals, there may be considerable asymmetry in salivation as well. This test battery will be used in the study of possible autonomic dysfunctions in patients with unilateral headache.
In vitro inhibition of estrogen sulfoconjugation by some 2- and 4-substituted estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17.beta.-ols (1986)

Hormone-responsive rat and human mammary tumor, unlike normal epithelium, actively sulfoconjugates estrogens. The title compounds (9-11) were synthesized in search of specific inhibitors of estrogen sulfotransferase as a possible means of developing effective chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of hormone-dependent human mammary cancer. 4-Nitroestrone 3-triflate (7a) was converted to the corresponding estradiol derivative (8a) in 93% yield by reduction with NaBH4 under phase-transfer conditions. Catalytic reduction (10% Pd/C) of the latter gave 4-aminoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 beta-ol (9a) in 77% yield. These same reactions were applied consecutively to 4-nitroestrone 3-nonaflate (7b) to give 9a in 56% overall yield. The amino steroid (9a) was converted to 4-fluoroestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 beta-ol (10a) via a Balz-Schiemann reaction, in 17% overall yield. Successive NaBH4 and (10% Pd/C) catalytic reductions of 4-fluoroestrone 3-O-(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) ether (2b) provided a less satisfactory route to 10a. MCPBA oxidation of 9a gave 4-nitroestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 beta-ol (11a) in 56% yield. The same series of reactions were applied to 2-nitroestrone 3-triflate (7c) to give 2-amino- (9b), 2-fluoro- (10b), and 2-nitro- (11b) estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-ols in comparable yields. Substitution in the A ring results in improved inhibition of porcine endometrial sulfotransferase sulfoconjugation of estradiol relative to estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17 beta-ol (4a). Moreover, electronegative substitution at C-4 of 4a is more effective than at C-2. In particular, the Ki (2.43 +/- 0.16 microM) of 11a is sixfold smaller than that of the unsubstituted steroid (4a).
Docking to Erlotinib Off-Targets Leads to Inhibitors of Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation with Suitable in Vitro Pharmacokinetics (2010)

In an effort to develop a rational approach to identify anti-cancer agents with selective polypharmacology, we mine millions of docked protein-ligand complexes involving more than a thousand cancer targets from multiple signaling pathways to identify new structural templates for proven pharmacophores. Our method combines Support Vector Machine-based scoring to enrich the initial library of 1,592 molecules, with a fingerprint-based search for molecules that have the same binding profile as the EGFR kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Twelve new compounds were identified. In vitro activity assays revealed that three inhibited EGFR with IC(50) values ranging from 250 nM to 200 µM. Additional in vitro studies with hERG, CYP450, DNA and cell culture-based assays further compared their properties to erlotinib. One compound combined suitable pharmacokinetic properties while closely mimicking the binding profile of erlotinib. The compound also inhibited H1299 and H460 tumor cell proliferation. The other two compounds shared some of the binding profile of erlotinib, and one gave the most potent inhibition of tumor cell growth. Interestingly, among the compounds that had not shown inhibition of EGFR, four blocked H1299 and H460 proliferation, one potently with IC(50) values near 1 µM. This compound was from the menogaril family, which reached Phase II clinical trial for the treatment of lymphomas. This suggests that our computational approach comparing binding profile may have favored molecules with anti-cancer properties like erlotinib.
See It Fast to Keep Calm: Real-Time Voltage Control Under Stressed Conditions (2012)

As the electrical utility industry addresses energy and environmental needs through greater use of renewable energy, storage, and other technologies, power systems are becoming more complex and stressed. Increased dynamic changes that require improvements in real-time monitoring, protection, and control increase the complexity of managing modern grids. In an effort to ensure the secure operation of power systems, more attention is being given to voltage management. Voltage management includes addressing voltage stability and fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) phenomena. Deployment of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology, in combination with recently developed methodologies for tracking voltage behavior, has resulted in improved real-time voltage monitoring, protection, and control.
Acquiring the alphabetic principle: A case for teaching recognition of phoneme identity. (1990)

Studied how two components of phonemic awareness recognition of phenomene identity across words and recognition of phonemic segmentation within words, influence acquisition of the alphabetic principle in preliterate children
Progressive magnesium deficiency increases mortality from endotoxin challenge (1995)

a) Endotoxin challenge causes significant increases in circulating total and ionized magnesium concentrations. b) Progressive magnesium deficiency is strongly associated with increased lethality, and magnesium replacement therapy provides significant protection from endotoxin challenge. c) These experimental results support the concept that cellular injury is probably associated with increases in circulating magnesium concentrations. Furthermore, these experimental findings suggest that magnesium deficiency predisposes to worse outcome from endotoxin challenge, and that replacement therapy in the setting of magnesium deficiency may be warranted, especially in critically ill subjects.