gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (1989)

Peritoneal lavage is a useful adjunct to physical examination and to other traditional means of assessing the patient with potential intraabdominal injury. The procedure is safe in experienced hands and may be easily and rapidly performed with a minimum of equipment. The information that lavage provides may spare some patients an exploratory laparotomy and, more important, may identify those patients who appear to be in stable condition but who, in fact, need immediate lifesaving intervention.
Development of an implicit material point method for geotechnical applications (2015)

An implicit material point method (MPM), a variant of the finite element method (FEM), is presented in this paper. The key feature of MPM is that the spatial discretisation uses a set of material points, which are allowed to move freely through the background mesh. All history-dependent variables are tracked on the material points and these material points are used as integration points similar to the Gaussian points. A mapping and re-mapping algorithm is employed, to allow the state variables and other information to be mapped back and forth between the material points and background mesh nodes during an analysis. In contrast to an explicit time integration scheme utilised by most researchers, an implicit time integration scheme has been utilised here. The advantages of such an approach are twofold: firstly, it addresses the limitation of the time step size inherent in explicit integration schemes, thereby potentially saving significant computational costs for certain types of problems; secondly, it enables an improved algorithm accuracy, which is important for some constitutive behaviours, such as elasto-plasticity. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a unified MPM framework, in which both quasi-static and dynamic analyses can be solved, and to demonstrate the model behaviour. The implementation closely follows standard FEM approaches, where possible, to allow easy conversion of other FEM codes. Newton’s method is used to solve the equation of motion for both cases, while the formation of the mass matrix and the required updating of the kinematic variables are unique to the dynamic analysis. Comparisons with an Updated Lagrangian FEM and an explicit MPM code are made with respect to the algorithmic accuracy and time step size in a couple of representative examples, which helps to illustrate the relative performance and advantages of the implicit MPM. A geotechnical application is then considered, illustrating the capabilities of the proposed method when applied in the geotechnical field.
CCR4 Controls the Suppressive Effects of Regulatory T Cells on Early and Late Events during Severe Sepsis (2015)

Sepsis is a deadly disease characterized by an overwhelming release of inflammatory mediators and the activation of different types of cells. This altered state of cell activation, termed leukocyte reprogramming, contributes to patient outcome. However, the understanding of the process underlying sepsis and the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in sepsis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of CCR4, the CCL17/CCL22 chemokine receptor, in the innate and acquired immune responses during severe sepsis and the role of Tregs in effecting the outcome. In contrast with wild-type (WT) mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis, CCR4-deficient (CCR4-/-) septic mice presented an increased survival rate, significant neutrophil migration toward the infection site, a low bacterial count in the peritoneum, and reduced lung inflammation and serum cytokine levels. Thus, a better early host response may favor an adequate long-term response. Consequently, the CCR4-/- septic mice were not susceptible to secondary fungal infection, in contrast with the WT septic mice. Furthermore, Tregs cells from the CCR4-/- septic mice showed reduced suppressive effects on neutrophil migration (both in vivo and in vitro), lymphocyte proliferation and ROS production from activated neutrophils, in contrast with what was observed for Tregs from the WT septic mice. These data show that CCR4 is involved in immunosuppression after severe sepsis and suggest that CCR4+ Tregs negatively modulate the short and long-term immune responses.
Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatase Ptc2p Negatively Regulates the Unfolded-Protein Response by Dephosphorylating Ire1p Kinase (1998)

Cells respond to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by increasing the transcription of the genes encoding ER-resident chaperone proteins. Ire1p is a transmembrane protein kinase that transmits the signal from unfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER by a mechanism that requires oligomerization and trans-autophosphorylation of its cytoplasmic-nucleoplasmic kinase domain. Activation of Ire1p induces a novel spliced form of HAC1 mRNA that produces Hac1p, a transcription factor that is required for activation of the transcription of genes under the control of the unfolded-protein response (UPR) element. Searching for proteins that interact with Ire1p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we isolated PTC2, which encodes a serine/threonine phosphatase of type 2C. The Ptc2p interaction with Ire1p is specific, direct, dependent on Ire1p phosphorylation, and mediated through a kinase interaction domain within Ptc2p. Ptc2p dephosphorylates Ire1p efficiently in an Mg2+-dependent manner in vitro. PTC2 is nonessential for growth and negatively regulates the UPR pathway. Strains carrying null alleles of PTC2 have a three- to fourfold-increased UPR and increased levels of spliced HAC1 mRNA. Overexpression of wild-type Ptc2p but not catalytically inactive Ptc2p reduces levels of spliced HAC1 mRNA and attenuates the UPR, demonstrating that the phosphatase activity of Ptc2p is required for regulation of the UPR. These results demonstrate that Ptc2p downregulates the UPR by dephosphorylating Ire1p and reveal a novel mechanism of regulation in the UPR pathway upstream of the HAC1 mRNA splicing event.
A Dilemma: How Does One Treat Anaphylaxis in the Sulfite Allergic Patient Since Epinephrine Contains Sodium Metabisulfite? (2004)

To the Editor: Drs. Hepner and Castells remind us that immediate discontinuation of the offending agent and epinephrine administration are the cornerstones of treating anaphylaxis (1). However, this may present a problem in the patient with a sulfite allergy. Sodium metabisulfite (MBS) is a commonly used food and drug preservative. In particular, according to Drug Facts and Comparisons (a standard pharmacy reference published by Wolters Kluwer and updated monthly), every commercially available preparation of epinephrine contains MBS. In addition to reports of bronchospasm, urticaria, angioedema, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, seizures, and death, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions to sulfites have been documented (2–6). Of particular note, anaphylactoid shock occurred during epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery in which the responsible agent was metabisulfite, an additive agent of the epinephrine containing local anesthetic (5). Thus we would like to ask what options exist for treating anaphylaxis to either MBS or another medication in the sulfite allergic patient, since epinephrine contains MBS. Additionally, is it possible to desensitize a patient to MBS, and if so, how long does it take? Is “quick” desensitization possible for the emergent situation, and how effective and long lasting is the desensitization for the prevention of anaphylaxis to MBS? Jonathan V. Roth, MD Anastasia Shields, PharmD Department of Anesthesiology Department of Pharmacy Albert Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, PA
Off-resonance correction of MR images (1999)

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the spatial inhomogeneity of the static magnetic field can cause degraded images if the reconstruction is based on inverse Fourier transformation. This paper presents and discusses a range of fast reconstruction algorithms that attempt to avoid such degradation by taking the field inhomogeneity into account. Some of these algorithms are new, others are modified versions of known algorithms. Speed and accuracy of all these algorithms are demonstrated using spiral MRI.
Preparation and Some Properties of [CoIIorIII{RhIII(aet or <scp>l</scp>-cys-<i>N</i>,<i>S</i>)3}2]-Type S-Bridged Trinuclear Complexes (1990)

Abstract The reactions of fac-[Rh(aet)3] (aet=2-aminoethanethiolate) or ΔLLL-fac-[Rh(l-cys-N,S)3]3− (l-cys=l-cysteinate) with [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ produced [CoIII{RhIII(aet or l-cys-N,S)3}2]3+or3−, while the reactions with Co2+ formed [CoII{RhIII(aet or l-cys-N,S)3}2]2+or4− which were oxidized to give [CoIII{RhIII (aet or l-cys-N,S)3}2]3+or3−. These complexes were optically resolved or separated by fractional crystallization or column chromatography, and characterized from their absorption, CD and 13C NMR spectra. The reactions of fac-ΔLLL-[Rh(l-cys-N,S)3]3− with [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ or Co2+ at room temperature proceeded with retention of the starting ΔLLL configuration to give the ΔLLLΔLLL isomer, while the reaction with Co2+ at high temperature (ca. 95 °C) was accompanied by inversion to form the ΔLLLΛLLL, ΛLLLΛLLL, and ΔLLLΔLLL isomers. Cyclic voltammetric measurements of [CoIII {RhIII(aet or l-cys-N,S)3}2]3+or3− in water showed a quasi-reversible redox couple corresponding to the central Co(III)/(II) at ca. −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Their absorption and CD spectra and cyclic voltammograms are discussed in comparison with those of the corresponding [CoIII{CoIII (aet or l-cys-N,S)3}2]3+or3−.
Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Superbacterial Activity of Polyphenols Isolated from Black Raspberry (2013)

The fruit of the black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) has been employed in traditional medicine, and recent studies have demonstrated its measureable biological activities. However, the root of the black raspberry has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of the root and unripe fruit polyphenols of the black raspberry. Both polyphenols proved to have anti-inflammatory activity as evidenced by the decreased nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (IL-1β , IL-6, and IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. However, root polyphenols showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than fruit polyphenols. LPS-induced mRNA and protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 levels were also decreased, confirming the anti-inflammatory activity. Root polyphenols showed lethal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and Bacillus anthracis. In contrast, the black raspberry fruit did not demonstrate these properties. These data provide the first demonstration that black raspberry root has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-superbacterial properties that can be exploited as alternatives for use in the food and cosmetic industries and/or as pharmaceuticals.
Chemiluminescent immunoassay technology: what does it change in autoantibody detection? (2017)

Diagnostic technology is rapidly evolving, and over the last decade, substantial progress has been made even for the identification of antibodies, increasingly approaching this type of diagnostic to that of automated clinical chemistry laboratory. In this review, we describe the analytical and diagnostic characteristics of chemiluminescence technology in its strength and in its applicability for a more rapid and accurate diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. The wide dynamic range, greater than that of immunoenzymatic methods, the high sensitivity and specificity of the results expressed in quantitative form, the high degree of automation and the clinical implications related to the reduction in the turnaround time, and the ability to run a large number of antibody tests (even of different isotypes), directed towards large antigenic panels in random access mode, make this technology the most advanced in the clinical laboratory, with enormous repercussions on the workflow and on the autoimmunology laboratory organisation. Further improvements are expected in the coming years with the development of new analytical platforms such as the flow-injection chemiluminescent immunoassay, the two-dimensional resolution for chemiluminescence multiplex immunoassay and the magnetic nanoparticles chemiluminescence immunoassay, which will likely result in additional increases in the clinical efficacy of antibody tests.
Vascular endothelial responses to altered shear stress: Pathologic implications for atherosclerosis (2008)

Atherosclerosis preferentially develops at branches and curvatures of the arterial tree, where blood flow is disturbed from a laminar pattern, and wall shear stress is non-uniform and has an irregular distribution. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs), which form an interface between the flowing blood and the vessel wall, are exposed to blood flow-induced shear stress. There is increasing evidence suggesting that laminar blood flow and sustained high shear stress modulate the expression of EC genes and proteins that function to protect against atherosclerosis; in contrast, disturbed blood flow and the associated low and reciprocating shear stress upregulate proatherosclerotic genes and proteins that promote development of atherosclerosis. Understanding of the effects of shear stress on ECs will provide mechanistic insights into its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this review article is to summarize current findings on the effects of shear stress on ECs, in terms of their signal transduction, gene expression, structure, and function. These endothelial cellular responses have important relevance to understanding the pathophysiological effects of altered shear stress associated with atherosclerosis and thrombosis and their complications.
Effect of LongoVital treatment on development of periodontal disease in rats (1993)

LongoVital is a herbal tablet with documented immunostimulatory effects in man. In the present study the effect of LongoVital on development of periodontal disease was investigated in a rat model. Fifty-four conventional rats, 5 wk old, were distributed into the following groups: A) untreated, uninfected; B) untreated, infected with Actinomyces viscosus and Porphyromonas gingivalis wk 8; C) treated with LongoVital 80 mg x 3/wk, wk 5-14, uninfected; D) treated with LongoVital 80 mg x 3/wk, wk 5-14, infected with A. viscosus and P. gingivalis wk 8; E) treated with LongoVital 200 mg x 1 in wk 8 and 80 mg wk 9-14, uninfected; F) infected with A. viscosus and P. gingivalis wk 8, subsequently treated with LongoVital 200 mg x 1 in wk 8 and 80 mg wk 9-14. All animals were killed when they were 15 wk old, and periodontal bone support was assessed radiographically. Statistically significant bone loss was found in untreated, infected rats, as compared with untreated, uninfected rats. In LongoVital-treated animals, no significant difference was seen in bone level between infected and uninfected rats. These results indicate that LongoVital-treated rats were protected against periodontal bone loss caused by infection with A. viscosus and P. gingivalis. Furthermore, the protection seemed effective both when LongoVital was administered prophylactically and after exposure to periodontal pathogens. The active components of LongoVital, as well as the mechanisms responsible for the protection, remain obscure.
Carbazole substituted boron dipyrromethenes (2014)

meso-Substituted BODIPY with N-butylcarbazole () was prepared and derivatized. Dibromo BODIPY , α-formyl BODIPY and β-formyl BODIPY were synthesized. All compounds were characterized by HRMS, NMR, UV-vis absorption, electrochemical and fluorescence techniques. The crystal structures of BODIPY and its dibromo derivative were also solved. In both the X-ray structures, the dihedral angle between the meso-carbazole group and the dipyrrin plane was decreased, suggesting the increased interaction between the two units. meso-Substitution with the N-butylcarbazole group on the BODIPY core rendered huge Stokes shifts (111-168 nm) and higher quantum yields as compared to meso-aryl BODIPY. An efficient energy transfer from the carbazole unit to the BODIPY core was observed by fluorescence spectroscopy for all the compounds . CV studies of compounds showed anodic shifts of the reduction and oxidation potentials, suggesting that the meso-carbazole group is affecting the electronic properties of the BODIPY core and making them easier to reduce.
Inhaled phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors restore chloride transport in cystic fibrosis mice (2010)

Sildenafil and vardenafil, two selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) are able, when applied by intraperitoneal injection, to activate chloride transport in cystic fibrosis (CF) mice homozygous for the F508del mutation. Oral treatment with the drugs may be associated with adverse haemodynamic effects. We hypothesised that inhaled PDE5 inhibitors are able to restore ion transport in F508del CF airway epithelium. We developed a restraint-free mouse chamber for inhalation studies. PDE5 inhibitors were nebulised for 15 min at concentrations adjusted from recommended therapeutic oral doses for male erectile dysfunction. We measured in vivo nasal transepithelial potential difference 1 h after a single inhalation of sildenafil, vardenafil or tadalafil in F508del CF and normal homozygous mice. After nebulisation with the drugs in F508del mice, chloride transport, evaluated by perfusing the nasal mucosa with chloride-free buffer containing amiloride followed by forskolin, was normalised; the forskolin response was increased, with the largest values being observed with tadalafil and intermediate values with vardenafil. No detectable effect was observed on sodium conductance. Our results confirm the role of PDE5 inhibitors in restoring chloride transport function of F508del CF transmembrane conductance regulator protein and highlight the potential of inhaled sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil as a therapy for CF.
FLUID THERAPY (1950)

Probably the proper use of water and electrolyte solutions is responsible for saving more lives of seriously ill patients than is the use of any other group of substances. The beneficial effect may be direct, or the patients may be supported until the pathologic process can be corrected by specific measures or surgical intervention. Without a considerable knowledge of the physiology of body water and electrolytes, physicians cannot properly treat diseases accompanied by dehydration, edema, acidosis, alkalosis and shock or plan a rational therapy when fluids must be given parenterally or when electrolytes have been lost in sweat, urine and gastrointestinal secretions. Previous concepts of the physiology of body fluids were dominated by two postulates which are now known to be erroneous. First, cellular membranes were regarded as practically impervious to sodium and potassium, and second, only alterations in extracellular fluids were thought to be readily accessible to fluid therapy.
Static analysis for syntax objects (2006)

We describe an s-expression based syntax-extension framework much like Scheme macros, with a key additional facility: the ability to define static semantics, such as type systems or program analysis, for the new, user-defined forms or embedded languages, thus allowing us to construct "towers" of language levels. In addition, the static semantics of the languages at two adjacent levels in the tower can be connected, allowing improved reasoning power at a higher (and perhaps more restricted) level to be reflected down to the static semantics of the language level below. We demonstrate our system by designing macros for an assembly language, together with some example static analyses (termination analysis, type inference and control-flow analysis).
Three new alleles of <i>IGHG2</i> and their prevalence in Danish Caucasians, Mozambican Blacks and Japanese (2003)

The human IGHG2 gene locus is polymorphic, encoding two known allotypes of IgG2: G2m(n-) and G2m(n+). The allele prevalence varies greatly between different ethnic groups and individual genotypes correlate with the level of plasma IgG2 and with antibody responses to certain polysaccharide antigens. In this study, we present three new alleles of IGHG2 (IGHG2*03, 04, and 05), and a complete sequence specific PCR typing system allowing discrimination between the different allotypes of IgG2. A hitherto unknown allotype, which we name G2m(ny), is encoded by IGHG2*04 and differs from G2m(n-) by asparagine rather than serine in CH1 residue 75 and by phenylalanine rather than leucine in CH1 residue 76 (EU numbering 192 and 193). The polymorphic residues are probably surface exposed near the hinge region. The same residues are also found in IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4, and G2m(ny) is therefore an isoallotype that probably arises by gene conversion within the heavy chain locus. The IGHG2*04 allele is present among Danish Caucasians with a low prevalence (2.5%), but was not found in Japanese or Mozambicans. The two other new alleles (IGHG2*03 and IGHG2*05) both encode the G2m(n-) allotype. The IGHG2*03 allele encodes most of the IgG2 of the G2m(n-) allotype in Danish Caucasians.
Polymer Coatings by Rapid Expansion of Suspensions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (1999)

Suspensions of poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) in supercritical CO2 formed by dispersion polymerization with a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based surfactant were sprayed to form uniform films. The viscosity reduction of the dispersed phase caused by dissolved CO2 is crucial for atomization to produce fine droplets, and for coalescence and leveling on the surface to form a uniform film. Re-suspension of the polymer after de-pressurization and re-pressurization led to modestly larger droplets in the suspension which produced a film nearly as uniform as the original one. Inferior films were produced by suspensions without surfactant. Unlike previous studies of rapid expansion of homogeneous polymer solutions and related techniques, films were produced from concentrated polymer mixtures without any organic solvent.
Power-Efficient Explicit-Pulsed Dual-Edge Triggered Sense-Amplifier Flip-Flops (2009)

A novel explicit-pulsed dual-edge triggered sense-amplifier flip-flop (DET-SAFF) for low-power and high-performance applications is presented in this paper. By incorporating the dual-edge triggering mechanism in the new fast latch and employing conditional precharging, the DET-SAFF is able to achieve low-power consumption that has small delay. To further reduce the power consumption at low switching activities, a clock-gated sense-amplifier (CG-SAFF) is engaged. Extensive post-layout simulations proved that the proposed DET-SAFF exhibits both the low-power and high-speed properties, with delay and power reduction of up to 43.3% and 33.5% of those of the prior art, respectively. When the switching activity is less than 0.5, the proposed CG-SAFF demonstrates its superiority in terms of power reduction. During zero input switching activity, CG-SAFF can realize up to 86% in power saving. Lastly, a modification to the proposed circuit has led to an improved common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) DET-SAFF.