gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PageRank as a function of the damping factor (2005)

PageRank is defined as the stationary state of a Markov chain. The chain is obtained by perturbing the transition matrix induced by a web graph with a damping factor α that spreads uniformly part of the rank. The choice of α is eminently empirical, and in most cases the original suggestion α = 0.85 by Brin and Page is still used. Recently, however, the behaviour of PageRank with respect to changes in α was discovered to be useful in link-spam detection[21]. Moreover, an analytical justification of the value chosen for α is still missing. In this paper, we give the first mathematical analysis of PageRank when α changes. In particular, we show that, contrarily to popular belief, for real-world graphs values of α close to 1 do not give a more meaningful ranking. Then, we give closed-form formulae for PageRank derivatives of any order, and an extension of the Power Method that approximates them with convergence O (tk αt) for the k-th derivative. Finally, we show a tight connection between iterated computation and analytical behaviour by proving that the k-th iteration of the Power Method gives exactly the PageRank value obtained using a Maclaurin polynomial of degree k. The latter result paves the way towards the application of analytical methods to the study of PageRank.
Adapting branch-target buffer to improve the target predictability of java code (2005)

Java programs are increasing in popularity and prevalence on numerous platforms, including high-performance general-purpose processors. The success of Java technology largely depends on the efficiency in executing the portable Java bytecodes. However, the dynamic characteristics of the Java runtime system present unique performance challenges for several aspects of microarchitecture design. In this work, we focus on the effects of indirect branches on branch-target address prediction performance. Runtime bytecode translation, just-in-time (JIT) compilation, frequent calls to the native interface libraries, and dependence on virtual methods increase the frequency of polymorphic indirect branches. Therefore, accurate target address prediction for indirect branches is very important for Java code.This paper characterizes the indirect branch behavior in Java processing and proposes an adaptive branch-target buffer (BTB) design to enhance the predictability of the targets. Our characterization shows that a traditional BTB will frequently mispredict a few polymorphic indirect branches, significantly deteriorating predictor accuracy in Java processing. Therefore, we propose a rehashable branch-target buffer (R-BTB), which dynamically identifies polymorphic indirect branches and adapts branch-target storage to accommodate multiple targets for a branch.The R-BTB improves the target predictability of indirect branches without sacrificing overall target prediction accuracy. Simulations show that the R-BTB eliminates 61% of the indirect branch mispredictions suffered with a traditional BTB for Java programs running in interpreter mode (46% in JIT mode), which leads to a 57% decrease in overall target address misprediction rate (29% in JIT mode). With an equivalent number of entries, the R-BTB also outperforms the previously proposed target cache scheme for a majority of Java programs by adapting to a greater variety of indirect branch behaviors.
TBK1 Protects Vacuolar Integrity during Intracellular Bacterial Infection (2007)

TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1) is an integral component of Type I interferon induction by microbial infection. The importance of TBK1 and Type I interferon in antiviral immunity is well established, but the function of TBK1 in bacterial infection is unclear. Upon infection of murine embryonic fibroblasts with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella), more extensive bacterial proliferation was observed in tbk1(-/-) than tbk1(+/+) cells. TBK1 kinase activity was required for restriction of bacterial infection, but interferon regulatory factor-3 or Type I interferon did not contribute to this TBK1-dependent function. In tbk1(-/-)cells, Salmonella, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes escaped from vacuoles into the cytosol where increased replication occurred, which suggests that TBK1 regulates the integrity of pathogen-containing vacuoles. Knockdown of tbk1 in macrophages and epithelial cells also resulted in increased bacterial localization in the cytosol, indicating that the role of TBK1 in maintaining vacuolar integrity is relevant in different cell types. Taken together, these data demonstrate a requirement for TBK1 in control of bacterial infection distinct from its established role in antiviral immunity.
Intestinal Carriage of Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms: Current Status of Surveillance Methods (2016)

Carbapenemases have become a significant mechanism for broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and other Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter spp. Intestinal carriage of carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) is an important source of transmission. Isolation of carriers is one strategy that can be used to limit the spread of these bacteria. In this review, we critically examine the clinical performance, advantages, and disadvantages of methods available for the detection of intestinal carriage of CPOs. Culture-based methods (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] protocols, chromogenic media, specialized agars, and double-disk synergy tests) for detecting carriage of CPOs are convenient due to their ready availability and low cost, but their limited sensitivity and long turnaround time may not always be optimal for infection control practices. Contemporary nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) such as real-time PCR, hybridization assays, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), or a combined culture and NAAT approach may provide fast results and/or added sensitivity and specificity compared with culture-based methods. Infection control practitioners and clinical microbiologists should be aware of the strengths and limitations of available methods to determine the most suitable approach for their medical facility to fit their infection control needs.
A Novel Hybrid Parallel-Prefix Adder Architecture With Efficient Timing-Area Characteristic (2008)

Two-operand binary addition is the most widely used arithmetic operation in modern datapath designs. To improve the efficiency of this operation, it is desirable to use an adder with good performance and area tradeoff characteristics. This paper presents an efficient carry-lookahead adder architecture based on the parallel-prefix computation graph. In our proposed method, we define the notion of triple-carry-operator, which computes the generate and propagate signals for a merged block which combines three adjacent blocks. We use this in conjunction with the classic approach of the carry-operator to compute the generate and propagate signals for a merged block combining two adjacent blocks. The timing-driven nature of the proposed design reduces the depth of the adder. In addition, we use a ripple-carry type of structure in the nontiming critical portion of the parallel-prefix computation network. These techniques help produce a good timing-area tradeoff characteristic. The experimental results indicate that our proposed adder is significantly faster than the popular Brent-Kung adder with some area overhead. On the adder hand, the proposed adder also shows marginally faster performance than the fast Kogge-Stone adder with significant area savings.
Influence of Na2O on Phase Relation between Mold Flux Composition and Cuspidine (2004)

Phase relation between mold flux composition and cuspidine was researched fundamentally. Solidification temperatures of the mold flux were measured at various compositions, and crystal compositions in their solidified structure were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Based on these results, the phase relation between the mold flux composition and cupsidine was considered. In the relation between basicity (T.CaO/SiO2) and the solidification temperature, there was a peak of the solidification temperature and the basicity at the peak varied according to the contents of Na2O and F. Taking the affinity of F to Na rather than Ca into consideration, NaF was considered to exist as a component of the molten flux. Treating the mold flux composition as CaO-SiO2-CaF2-NaF system, it became possible to estimate the phase relation between the mold flux composition and crystal composition such as cuspidine, CaF2 and NaCa2FSiO4 accurately.According to this study, conventional compositions of the mold flux were estimated to be out of the primary crystallization field of cuspidine. On the other hand, the composition of the mold flux, that enabled the high speed casting of hypoperitectic steel slabs at 5.0m/min without longitudinal surface cracking, was estimated to be in the field and close to be cuspidine.
Evaluation of lipophilicity, antimicrobial activity and mutagenicity of some novel ester prodrugs of metronidazole (2009)

Various novel aliphatic and aromatic esters of metronidazole have been synthesized to improve the physicochemical properties (Rm values, lipophilicity) using prodrug approach. The alcoholic functional group of metronidazole is readily esterified, thus several novcl ester prodrugs of metronidazole have been synthesized and evaluated for their anacrobic antibacterial activity and mutagenicity, These compounds have been characterized by UV, IR, 1 H NMR, mass spectra and elemental analysis. The partition coefficient of esters is determined by n-octanol/water system, RP-TLC and computed in silico. Anaerobic activity against C. perfingens,determined in terms of MIC (μg/mL) show the esters, particularly SDS-18 and SDS-19, to be more potent in comparison to metronidazole. The Amcs test is used to compare the mutagenic potential of the synthesized 5-nitroimidazoles.
Methodology and architecture of JIVE (2005)

A novel approach to the runtime visualization and analysis of object-oriented programs is presented and illustrated through a prototype system called JIVE: Java Interactive Visualization Environment. The main contributions of JIVE are: multiple concurrent representations of program state and execution history; support for forward and reverse execution; and graphical queries over program execution. This model facilitates program understanding and interactive debugging. Our visualization of runtime states clarifies the important point that objects are environments of execution. The history of object interaction is displayed via sequence diagrams, and in this way we help close the loop between design-time and run-time representations. Interactive execution is made possible by maintaining a runtime history database, which may be queried for information on variable behavior, method executions, and object interactions. We illustrate the capabilities of this system through examples. JIVE is implemented using the Java Platform Debugger Architecture and supports the Java language and libraries, including multithreaded and GUI applications.
Secrecy in Science (1996)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTSecrecy in ScienceMADELEINE JACOBSCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1996, 74, 8, 5Publication Date (Print):February 19, 1996Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 19 February 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v074n008.p005https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n008.p005editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views76Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (88 KB) SUBJECTS:Agriculture,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
A taxonomy for denial of service attacks in content-based publish/subscribe systems (2007)

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks continue to affect the availability of critical systems on the Internet. The existing DoS problem is enough to merit significant research dedicated to analyzing and classifying DoS attacks in the Internet context. However, no such research exists for DoS attacks in the domain of Content-based Publish/Subscribe (CPS) systems despite CPS being at the forefront of business process execution, application integration, and event processing applications. This can be attributed to the lack of structure and understanding of key issues in the area of DoS in CPS systems. In this paper, we propose to address these problems by presenting a taxonomy for classifying DoS characteristics and concerns new to CPS systems. Our taxonomy is motivated by a number of experimental results that were obtained using our CPS middleware implementation and that highlight fundamental DoS concerns in this domain. Finally, we discuss some example DoS attacks in detail with respect to our taxonomy and experimental results. We find that localization, message content complexity, and filter statefulness are the key CPS characteristics to consider when designing DoS resilient CPS systems.
Protein-inspired antibiotics active against vancomycin- and daptomycin-resistant bacteria (2017)

The public health threat posed by a looming 'post-antibiotic' era necessitates new approaches to antibiotic discovery. Drug development has typically avoided exploitation of membrane-binding properties, in contrast to nature's control of biological pathways via modulation of membrane-associated proteins and membrane lipid composition. Here, we describe the rejuvenation of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin via selective targeting of bacterial membranes. Peptide libraries based on positively charged electrostatic effector sequences are ligated to N-terminal lipophilic membrane-insertive elements and then conjugated to vancomycin. These modified lipoglycopeptides, the 'vancapticins', possess enhanced membrane affinity and activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other Gram-positive bacteria, and retain activity against glycopeptide-resistant strains. Optimised antibiotics show in vivo efficacy in multiple models of bacterial infection. This membrane-targeting strategy has potential to 'revitalise' antibiotics that have lost effectiveness against recalcitrant bacteria, or enhance the activity of other intravenous-administered drugs that target membrane-associated receptors.
Esterification at Room Temperature:A Mixing Affair Only (1984)

Abstract Carboxylic acids in absolute alcohols, on treatment with thionyl chloride at room temperature give good yields of corresponding esters. Photochemistry1 of maleianilic acid and its derivatives has been of interest to us. It was thought that the yield of the photocyclised product is less because of probable decarboxylation which may be resulting during photolysis, and hence the need for esterification. Numerous new methods of esterification have been developed and reviewed by Haslam2, but we like to claim our method as the simplest and the easiest method to date. Another report by Huber and Brenner4,5 has used absolute methanol, thionyl chloride and HCl for preparing methyl esters of two amino acids (Methionine and Leucine) using a methodology which includes an unnecessary use of HCl.
Characterizing fault propagation in safety-critical processor designs (2015)

Achieving reduced time-to-market in modern electronic designs targeting safety critical applications is becoming very challenging, as these designs need to go through a certification step that introduces a non-negligible overhead in the verification and validation process. To cope with this challenge, safety-critical systems industry is demanding new tools and methodologies allowing quick and cost-effective means for robustness verification. Microarchitectural simulators have been widely used to test reliability properties in different domains but their use in the process of robustness verification remains yet to be validated against other accepted methods such as RTL or gate-level simulation. In this paper we perform fault injections in an RTL model of a processor to characterize fault propagation. The results and conclusions of this characterization will serve to devise to what extent fault injection methodologies for robustness verification using microarchitectural simulators can be employed.
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF NEW, SYNTHETIC ABO IMMUNOABSORBENTS (1995)

Synthetic ABO immunoabsorbents (known as Synsorbs) were in use for several years to specifically eliminate ABO antibodies from the patient's circulation before ABO-incompatible organ or bone marrow transplantation. Because Synsorbs are no longer available, we have developed new ABO immunoabsorbents. These substances, termed BioSorbents A and B, respectively, consist of synthetic A or B trisaccharides covalently coupled to macroporous glass beads via polyacrylamide. Here we report the evaluation of BioSorbents in regard to efficacy, specificity, and biocompatibility. Using a closed-circuit in vitro system, representing a 1:10-1:20 scale as compared with the immunoabsorption procedure with an adult patient, blood group O plasma was run through columns filled with ethylene oxide-sterilized BioSorbent. Hemagglutination was reduced by 4 titer steps after absorption, and anti-A and/or anti-B IgM/G/A, as measured by ABO ELISA, dropped by 85% or more, while no nonspecific absorption of immunoglobulins occurred. No significant changes could be observed for complement (C3, C4, and total hemolytic complement of the classical pathway) or for coagulation parameters (fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time). As monitored by immunoblotting, neither factor XII nor high molecular weight kininogen was cleaved. In addition, a monocyte phagocytosis inhibition test provided evidence that no significant aggregation of IgG had occurred during absorption. We conclude that BioSorbents A and B are efficient, specific, and biocompatible with human plasma.
Selective Molecularly Mediated Pseudocapacitive Separation of Ionic Species in Solution (2016)

We report the development of a dual-electrode pseudocapacitive separation technology (PSST) to capture quantitatively, remotely, and in a reversible manner value-added carboxylate salts of environmental and industrial significance. The nanostructured pseudocapacitive cell exhibits elegant molecular selectivity toward ionic species: upon electrochemical oxidation, a poly(vinylferrocene) (PVF)-based anodic electrode shows high selectivity toward carboxylates based on their basicity and hydrophobicity. Simultaneously, on the other side of the electrochemical cell, a poly(anthraquinone) (PAQ)-based cathodic electrode undergoes electrochemical reduction and captures the counterions of these carboxylates. The separation and regeneration capability of the electrochemical cell was evaluated through the variations in concentration of the carboxylates in polar organic solvents (often used in electrocatalytic processes) upon electrochemical charging and neutralization of the polymeric cargo of the electrodes, respectively. The strong separation efficiency of the system was indicated by its ability to capture an individual carboxylate (acetate, formate, or benzoate) selectively over other competing ions present in solution in significant excess, with an electrosorption capacity in the range of 122-157 mg anions/g<sub>cell</sub> (polymer and CNT components on the anodic and cathodic side of the cell). The ion sorption capacity of the cell was high even after five adsorption/desorption cycles (18 000 s of continuous operation). In addition, the cell exhibited molecular selectivity even between two carboxylates (e.g., between benzoate and acetate or formate) which differ only in terms of basicity and hydrophobicity. We anticipate that this strategy can be employed as a versatile platform for selective ion separations. In particular, the functionalization of electrochemical cells with the proper polymers would enable the remote and economically viable electro-mediated separation of the desired ionic species in a quantitative and reversible manner.
Decrease of serum paraoxonase activity in chronic renal failure. (1998)

Paraoxonase is an esterase that hydrolyzes organophosphate compounds. The enzyme is associated with HDL and could protect LDL against peroxidation, which suggests a possible involvement of paraoxonase in the antiatherogenic properties of HDL. Paraoxonase activity has been shown to be low in patients with myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, or familial hypercholesterolemia. Because cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in chronic renal failure, serum paraoxonase activity was measured by spectrophotometry using three synthetic substrates (phenyl acetate, paraoxon, and 4-nitrophenyl acetate) in 305 patients with kidney disease, including 47 patients with non-end-stage chronic renal failure, 104 patients treated with hemodialysis, 22 patients treated with peritoneal dialysis, and 132 renal transplant patients. Patients were compared with two groups of aged-matched control subjects (total number = 195). Especially with 4-nitrophenyl acetate, paraoxonase activity was lower in patients with some degree of renal insufficiency (chronic renal failure [P < 0.05], chronic hemodialysis [P < 10(-4)], chronic peritoneal dialysis [P < 10(-4)]) than in control subjects. In transplant patients, paraoxonase activity was not found to be different from that in control subjects. The decrease of paraoxonase activity and thus the reduction of its antiatherogenic properties in renal failure could be an essential factor of premature vascular aging, especially when dialysis is used. Renal transplantation seems to restore paraoxonase activity.
Controls for Interorganization Networks (1987)

Interorganization computer networks support person-to-person communication via electronic mail; exchange of cad/cam data, software modules, or documents via file transfer; input to an order-entry or accounting system via a database query and update protocol; and use of shared computational resources via an asynchronous message protocol or remote login. In most such interorganization arrangements, the set of resources that an organization wants to make accessible to outsiders is significantly smaller than the set of resources that it wants to remain strictly-internal (i.e., accessible to employees of the organization only). In addition, because the potential user is a person (or machine) outside the boundaries of the organization, the damage associated with undesired use can be high. Because of these characteristics, Interorganization Networks (ION's) have unique usage-control requirements.