gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct evidence that the glucocorticoid receptor binds to hsp90 at or near the termination of receptor translation in vitro (1989)

We have translated the rat glucocorticoid receptor in both reticulocyte lysate and in wheat germ extract. Receptor synthesized in the reticulocyte lysate is immunoadsorbed by the 8D3 monoclonal antibody directed against the 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) and it has a normal ability to bind glucocorticoid in a high affinity manner. Although the wheat germ extract synthesizes the full length receptor, the receptor is not immunoadsorbed by 8D3 and we cannot demonstrate high affinity steroid binding. Receptor synthesized by the reticulocyte lysate can be immunoadsorbed by antibody directed against hsp90 as soon as the translation product is full length, suggesting that the receptor becomes associated with hsp90 late during translation or immediately at the termination of translation. When newly synthesized receptor is bound with steroid and incubated at 25 degrees C, it is converted to a form that binds to DNA. This study provides direct evidence that association of hsp90 with the glucocorticoid receptor is a very early event and that the newly formed heteromeric receptor-hsp90 complex is fully competent to undergo transformation.
Fractionation of oligosaccharides by nanofiltration (2003)

Abstract Two loose nanofiltration membranes (NF‐CA‐50 and NF‐TFC‐50) and one dense ultrafiltration membrane (UF‐CA‐1) were used to fractionate commercial oligosaccharide mixtures by applying diafiltration in a ‘dead‐end’ filtration cell at 40 bar constant pressure with a maximum volume concentration ratio (VCR) of 6 at each fractionation. The rejections of a monosaccharide (glucose) and a disaccharide (lactose) were determined for each membrane; the results indicated that fractionation between these two sugars was possible using the two nanofiltration membranes. During the nanofiltration purification of a commercial oligosaccharide mixture, yields of 19% (w/w) for monosaccharides and 88% (w/w) for di‐ and oligosaccharides were obtained with the NF‐TFC‐50 membrane after four filtration steps, indicating that removal of the monosaccharides is possible with only minor losses of the oligosaccharide content of the mixture. The ultrafiltration membrane, at the same time, gave purification levels similar to the NF‐TFC‐50 membrane with fewer diafiltration steps but with higher losses of di‐ and oligosaccharides (12% (w/w) for monosaccharides and 53% (w/w) for di‐ and oligosaccharides on the third run). © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Lyme Disease in Dogs: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention (2006)

The purpose of this report is to offer a consensus opinion of ACVIM diplomates on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs (canine Lyme disease). Clinical syndromes known to commonly be associated with canine Lyme disease include polyarthritis and glomerulopathy. Serological test results can be used to document exposure to B. burgdorferi but not prove illness. Although serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/indirect fluorescent antibody assay titers can stay positive for months to years after treatment, quantitative C6 peptide antibody paired tests need more study. Serological screening of healthy dogs is controversial because it can lead to overdiagnosis or overtreatment of normal dogs, most of which never develop Lyme disease. However, serological screening can provide seroprevalence and sentinel data and stimulate owner education about tick infections and control. Although it is unknown whether treatment of seropositive healthy dogs is beneficial, the consensus is that seropositive dogs should be evaluated for proteinuria and other coinfections and tick control prescribed. Tick control can include a product that repels or protects against tick attachment, thereby helping to prevent transmission of coinfections as well as Borrelia spp. Seropositive dogs with clinical abnormalities thought to arise from Lyme disease generally are treated with doxycycline (10 mg/kg q24h for 1 month). Proteinuric dogs might need longer treatment as well as medications and diets for protein-losing nephropathy. The ACVIM diplomates believe the use of Lyme vaccines still is controversial and most do not administer them. It is the consensus opinion that additional research is needed to study predictors of illness, "Lyme nephropathy," and coinfections in Lyme endemic areas.
PDK-1 regulates lactate production in hypoxia and is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cancer (2008)

Here we describe the expression and function of a HIF-1-regulated protein pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK-1) in head and neck squamous cancer (HNSCC). Using RNAi to downregulate hypoxia-inducible PDK-1, we found that lactate and pyruvate excretion after 16-48 h of hypoxia was suppressed to normoxic levels. This indicates that PDK-1 plays an important role in maintaining glycolysis. Knockdown had no effect on proliferation or survival under hypoxia. The immunohistochemical expression of PDK-1 was assessed in 140 cases of HNSCC. PDK-1 expression was not expressed in normal tissues but was upregulated in HNSCC and found to be predominantly cytoplasmic with occasional strong focal nuclear expression. It was strongly related to poor outcome (P=0.005 split by median). These results indicate that HIF regulation of PDK-1 has a key role in maintaining lactate production in human cancer and that the investigation of PDK-1 inhibitors should be investigated for antitumour effects.
Novel optical fibre hydrophone array using a single laser source and detector (1984)

The letter describes a new method of achieving a fibre optic hydrophone array using a single laser source and detector. The array consists of several sections of fibre which are spliced together with retroreflective splices and form part of a pulsed Michelson interferometer.
Understanding source code through projectional editor (2015)

The purpose of this paper is to give a report of an observational study involving program comprehension with the projectional editor that enables custom views of the source code. We briefly discuss the issues of program comprehension and motives behind projectional code editing. We also give an overview of two projectional editors focused on concern location and compare their features and use cases. The Code Bubbles editor is evaluated in an observational study observing the process of a source code comprehension. The study suggests the benefits of code projections even for large, unknown code base.
Synthesis, Structure−Activity Relationships, and Biological Profiles of a Quinazolinone Class of Histamine H<sub>3</sub>Receptor Inverse Agonists (2008)

A new series of quinazolinone derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as nonimidazole H3 receptor inverse agonists. 2-Methyl-3-(4-{[3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propyl]oxy}phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone (1) was identified as a promising derivative for further evaluation following optimization of key parameters. Compound 1 has potent H3 inverse agonist activity and excellent selectivity over other histamine receptor subtypes and a panel of 115 unrelated diverse binding sites. Compound 1 also shows satisfactory pharmacokinetic profiles and brain penetrability in laboratory animals. Two hours after oral administration of 30 mg/kg of 1 to SD rats, significant elevation of brain histamine levels was observed where the brain H3 receptor was highly occupied (>90%). On the basis of species differences in P-glycoprotein (P-gp) susceptibility of 1 between human and rodent P-gps, the observed rodent brain permeability of 1 is significantly limited by P-gp mediated efflux in rodents, whereas the extent of P-gp mediated efflux in humans should be very small or negligible. The potential of 1 to be an efficacious drug was demonstrated by its excellent brain penetrability and receptor occupancy in P-gp-deficient CF-1 mice.
The Group-Lasso for generalized linear models (2008)

The Group-Lasso method for finding important explanatory factors suffers from the potential non-uniqueness of solutions and also from high computational costs. We formulate conditions for the uniqueness of Group-Lasso solutions which lead to an easily implementable test procedure that allows us to identify all potentially active groups. These results are used to derive an efficient algorithm that can deal with input dimensions in the millions and can approximate the solution path efficiently. The derived methods are applied to large-scale learning problems where they exhibit excellent performance and where the testing procedure helps to avoid misinterpretations of the solutions.
Effect of Microbial Interactions on In Vitro Plaque Formation by Streptococcus mutans (1974)

Eight non-plaque-forming oral organisms were grown in paired mixed cultures with Streptococcus mutans in an in vitro plaque assay system. The amount of plaque that formed was compared with that formed by pure cultures of S mutans. Four organisms had no effect on the total amount of plaque that formed, three organisms caused decided inhibitions, and one organism greatly increased total plaque formation.
Comparative Efficacy of miniKexin DNA versus protein vaccination against Pneumocystis infection. (166.13) (2012)

Abstract Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) is a leading cause of death in individuals with AIDS or other immunocompromised conditions. We have previously shown that mice vaccinated with DNA encoding full-length PC antigen Kex1 have approximately a three-log reduction in PC organism burden after challenge. Full length Kex1 is poorly expressed so to improve on this we developed codon optimized vectors expressing a truncated conserved form of Kex1, mini-kexin. This also allowed investigation of a prime boost strategy since mini-kexin could be efficiently packaged into recombinant adenovirus. Mice were vaccinated with DNA encoding mini-kexin followed by boosting with adenovirus, CD4+ T cells were then depleted by GK1.5, and finally the mice were challenged with live Pneumocystis. The results showed significantly reduced PC burden in vaccinated mice. We then proceeded to generate a protein-based, E coli produced vaccine, however, this time vaccine elicited similar anti-Kex1 titers but lacked protection. We hypothesize that post-translational modification such as glycosylation could play a role in the efficacy of mini-kexin vaccination.
Organic Chemistry With a Biological Emphasis (2016)

This is a free, open-access organic chemistry textbook (volumes I and II) in which the main focus is on relevance to biology and medicine. This is a PDF version of a wiki project called Chemwiki at the University of California, Davis. There are also supplementary materials, such as PowerPoint slides and a solutions manual available for this textbook at the Chemwiki website.
Three-level molecular iodine laser pumped by a cw dye laser (1979)

An experimental investigation was made of laser action due to the B3ΠOu+–X1Σg+ electronic transition in molecular iodine in the 0.67–1.24 μ range pumped by a cw rhodamine 6G dye laser. The total number of lasing lines in this range was estimted to be ~105. The threshold pump power was 10–30 mW for the 1.1–1.2 μ range and 30–100 mW outside this range. An investigation was made of the lasing line profile.
Electro-optic control of the superprism effect in photonic crystals (2003)

We have designed a two-dimensional photonic crystal in electro-optic materials that can actively control the superprism effect. By applying an electric field to the photonic crystal, the electro-optic effect will change the dielectric constant of the material, which modifies both the band structure and the dispersion surfaces. In the proposed structures, we show that electric fields of up to 6 V/μm in (Pb0.09La0.91)(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3-based photonic crystals can deflect light up to 49°. This device concept can be used for a class of optical modulation devices that can provide a local control of dispersion surfaces within a photonic crystal.
Purification from Sf9 cells and characterization of recombinant Gq alpha and G11 alpha. Activation of purified phospholipase C isozymes by G alpha subunits (1993)

Members of the Gq alpha subfamily of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) activate phospholipase C (PLC). The complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for the G protein alpha subunits Gq alpha and G11 alpha were expressed in insect (Sf9) cells using recombinant baculovirus. Active, nonaggregated, and membrane-associated protein was generated only when the alpha subunit cDNA was expressed together with cDNAs encoding G protein beta and gamma subunits. Recombinant alpha subunits (rGq alpha and rG11 alpha) were purified by three-step procedures, as was a PLC-activating alpha subunit(s) endogenous to Sf9 cells. Guanosine 5'-3-(thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) activated rGq alpha and rG11 alpha with an apparent K0.5 of 30 microM; similarly high concentrations of the nucleotide were required to observe [35S]GTP gamma S binding to rGq alpha. Activated rGq alpha and rG11 alpha each stimulated all three isoforms of purified PLC-beta with the rank order of potency PLC-beta 1 = PLC-beta 3 > or = PLC-beta 2; both alpha subunits also stimulated PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 3 to a much greater extent (10-fold) than they did PLC-beta 2. In contrast, activated rGq alpha and rG11 alpha failed to stimulate either PLC-delta 1 or PLC-gamma 1. Recombinant Gi alpha 1, Gi alpha 2, Gi alpha 3, Go alpha (A), Gs alpha, and Gz alpha all failed to stimulate any of the isoforms of PLC. The apparent affinities of rGq alpha and rG11 alpha for PLC-beta 1 and their capacities to activate the enzyme were similar to values observed for purified brain Gq alpha/11 alpha. Purified brain beta gamma subunits also stimulated the three isoforms of PLC-beta. The capacities of rGq alpha and rG11 alpha to activate PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 3 greatly exceeded those of beta gamma, whereas Gq alpha, G11 alpha and beta gamma were roughly equiefficacious with PLC-beta 2; the alpha subunits were more potent than beta gamma in all cases. The effects of alpha and beta gamma together were nonadditive for both PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 2. These results demonstrate that Gq alpha and G11 alpha specifically and selectively stimulate beta isoforms of PLC and confirm the idea that these members of the Gq alpha subfamily of G proteins are physiological regulators of this signaling pathway.
Utrasonic Gas Leak Detection (2014)

Introduction: Ultrasonic technology has been around since early 1930's. For many years, detecting combustible gas leaks has been accomplished through the use of catalytic bead and infrared point detectors along with open path infrared perimeter detectors In past 20 years, ultrasonic sensing has become the leading standard in many different industries, including gas measurement for custody transfer and, of course, leak detection. Advantages to using ultrasonic leak detectors: ƒ. It Detects gas leak before a hazardous concentration is present ƒ. Suitable for all weather conditions ƒ. The gas cloud no contact with the sensor during Operation. ƒ. Detection is instantaneous for all types of gas leak (toxic or combustible) ƒ. Not affected by wind direction and noisy environments (audible noise is not an issue) ƒ. Wide area coverage with a single unit (up to 40 meter radius) PMS - Uncoated Challenges ƒ. Not suited for low pressure application (below 30 psi). ƒ. Cannot distinguish gas types leaking, e.g. air/nitrogen/methane ƒ. Time delays need pre configured for press releases, etc There are only two types of ultrasonic leak detectors on the market today. The first utilizes traditional ultrasonic sensing technology through the use of a moving metal diaphragm (microphone) that requires frequent calibration and periodic replacement. Because of its design, mounting orientation is also limited and it can be affected by temperature changes. This unit also has a single sensor element that covers a max range of a 12 meter radius with medium background noise The latest ultrasonic sensing technologies uses a resonant sensor. The active element is a piezo-electric material(which converts mechanical deformation into electrical voltage) embedded in a ceramic medium. These sensors have an extremely high chemical resistance and a wide frequency range response band. The unit can be mounted in any orientation required for the application. Its sensor design has no moving parts so wear and tear is completely eliminated. Detector design come with four sensors, which covers a max range of 40 meters radius. After Factory Calibration, It will be Lifetime usage and there is no zeroing or calibration required. No Maintenance required.
Improved channel estimation for OFDM based systems with transmitter diversity (2004)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmitter diversity techniques have been shown to be efficient means of achieving near optimal diversity gain in frequency selective fading channels. For these systems, knowledge of the channel parameters is required at the receiver for diversity combining and decoding. We propose a pilot-symbol assisted channel estimator using DFT-based and linear interpolation for OFDM based systems with two antenna transmitter diversity. We then consider four transmit antenna systems and propose new channel estimation techniques, which allow estimation and separation of the channel state information of the different transmit antennas without changing the preamble structure of the system.
Sleep-stage regulation of ventricular arrhythmias in the unanesthetized pig. (1975)

In two groups of purebred juvenile Hampshire pigs, left anterior descending coronary occluders were implanted. The pigs were then adapted to the recording chamber until they would manifest a criterion pattern of sleep while in it. In group A, permanent coronary artery occlusions were produced, and the effects of various sleep stages on the resultant cardiac arrhythmias were observed. Sleep intervals during which transitional and slow wave (SW) sleep alternated were correlated with increased arrhythmias relative to the awake state (P less than 0.04). The increase was maximum during sustained periods of SW sleep. Intervals during which rapid eye movement (REM) sleep predominated were correlated with a reduction in arrhythmias. In group B, temporary occlusions were made during both an awake condition and after criterion patterns of either SW or REM sleep. Occlusions after SW sleep reduced the ventricular fibrillation latency compared with that during the awake control state (P less than 0.05), whereas occlusions after REM sleep increased ventricular fibrillation latency (P less than 0.05). We conclude that SW SLEEP, BUT NOT REM sleep, has a deleterious effect on the ischemic myocardium. REM sleep may have a beneficial effect, since it increases ventricular fibrillation latency. Heart rate changes do not appear to be correlated with the effects of either sleep stage.
Semantic reliability in distributed AI systems (2003)

Generally the concept of reliability has been interpreted as applied to hardware and software and has been based upon the composition of components assuming perfect semantic transactions between them, i.e., with no consideration to variation in the interpretation of the meanings of messages between various components. In multi-agent systems, where the agents interact with each other more than merely sending and receiving messages, cooperative decisions are made based upon beliefs, desires, intentions and autonomy of individual agents. In such cases even if the components as well as the interconnections are error free in the classical sense, there can be serious failures due to semantic variability and consequently the concepts of reliability need to be extended to semantics as well. This paper explores this new concept of semantic reliability and its relationship to the system reliability and information extraction processes. This paper examines the communication between agents and semantic error modes in multi-agent systems. Rao and Georgeff's (1995) BDI (Belief-Desire-Intention) model of intelligent agents is used to decompose the semantic variation into its contributing parts from various subsystems comprising the agents. From this the impact and the risk management strategies including fault tolerance are evolved. World representation, domain ontologies, and knowledge representation are brought out as important determinants of error control. Fault tolerance design based on goal hierarchy is suggested.
Terahertz bandwidth RF spectrum analysis of femtosecond pulses using a chalcogenide chip (2009)

We report the first demonstration of the use of an RF spectrum analyser with multi-terahertz bandwidth to measure the properties of femtosecond optical pulses. A low distortion and broad measurement bandwidth of 2.78 THz (nearly two orders of magnitude greater than conventional opto-electronic analyzers) was achieved by using a 6 cm long As(2)S(3) chalcogenide waveguide designed for high Kerr nonlinearity and near zero dispersion. Measurements of pulses as short as 260 fs produced from a soliton-effect compressor reveal features not evident from the pulse's optical spectrum. We also applied an inverse Fourier transform numerically to the captured data to re-construct a time-domain waveform that resembled pulse measurement obtained from intensity autocorrelation.
The Secret Life of the Brain (2001)

Ten years ago a presidential proclamation ushered in the 'Decade of the Brain'. We have since realized enormous benefits from this decade of discovery. Scientists now have a better understanding and appreciation of the complexity of this rather unassuming three-pound mass of interwoven cells. Over the years, we have gleaned insights into how the brain functions, physically and chemically. We have even seen evidence of how a healthy brain contributes to our overall sense of wellness. And perhaps most important of all, we now - more than ever - recognize the awesome power and potential of the human brain. Each of the brain's developmental stages provides its own opportunities and perils. Each is part of a marvelous narrative - opening at the very moment of conception, building to peak adult neurological performance when the brain contains its full repertoire of cells, and slowly edging toward the denouement of old age.The Secret Life of the Brain tells this fascinating story by tracing the patterns that only careful study has revealed to us. Equal parts fragile and tenacious, development continues unabated across the entire life span through five specific stages: gestation, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. In each of these phases, the opportunities are abundant, while the dangers remain equally apparent. Deprive a baby's brain of light and sound and human contact, and you stunt normal development. Should a teenager take drugs, the brain becomes contaminated by the unnatural chemicals that are introduced into the body.Like a muscle in our arms or legs, if we ignore the brain, leave it untended, it becomes flaccid and slow, especially as we move into old age, when the brain is more vulnerable to afflictions. The Secret Life of the Brain explores each of these five stages in detail. Like the PBS series of the same name, the complex subject of leading-edge brain science is presented in terms accessible to all and brought to life through anecdotes and real-life stories. Told by best-selling author Dr. Richard Restak, the majesty and the mystery of human intelligence are unveiled.