gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An energy extrapolation-based concealment algorithm for an erased excitation signal (2005)

We propose an energy extrapolation-based concealment algorithm for an excitation signal of a CELP decoder. In the concealment algorithm, adaptive codebook excitation is generated to maintain continuity of excitation energy on consecutive frames, and high-frequency regions are replaced with random excitation processed through a high-pass filter. The cut-off frequency of the filter is switched according to mode information. The algorithm was implemented on the 3GPP AMR standard decoder, and its performance was compared with that of the standard algorithm. Listening test results suggested that improved subjective quality was produced by the new algorithm.
On the Evolution of Wikipedia (2007)

A recent phenomenon on the Web is the emergence and pro-liferation of new social media systems allowing social inter-action between people. One of the most popular of these systems is Wikipedia that allows users to create content in a collaborative way. Despite its current popularity, not much is known about how users interact with Wikipedia and how it has evolved over time. In this paper we aim to provide a first, extensive study of the user behavior on Wikipedia and its evolution. Compared to prior studies, our work differs in several ways. First, previ-ous studies on the analysis of the user workloads (for systems such as peer-to-peer systems [10] and Web servers [2]) have mainly focused on understanding the users who are accessing information. In contrast, Wikipedia’s provides us with the opportunity to understand how users create and maintain in-formation since it provides the complete evolution history of its content. Second, the main focus of prior studies is eval-uating the implication of the user workloads on the system performance, while our study is trying to understand the evo-lution of the data corpus and the user behavior themselves. Our main findings include that (1) the evolution and up-dates of Wikipedia is governed by a self-similar process, not by the Poisson process that has been observed for the general Web [4, 6] and (2) the exponential growth of Wikipedia is mainly driven by its rapidly increasing user base, indicating the importance of its open editorial policy for its current suc-cess. We also find that (3) the number of updates made to the Wikipedia articles exhibit a power-law distribution, but the distribution is less skewed than those obtained from other studies.
Abundance and stability of erythropoietin receptor mRNA in mouse erythroid progenitor cells (1991)

The abundance and stability of erythropoietin (EPO) receptor mRNA was measured in Friend virus-infected mouse splenic erythroblast (FVA) cells. FVA cells correspond to the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and cluster-forming unit-erythroid stages of differentiation and they mature in vitro into reticulocytes during 45 to 60 hours of culture. After 20 hours, there was a rapid decline in the EPO receptor mRNA level through the 45-hour culture period. Levels of actin and beta-globin mRNAs were monitored as two representative proteins that are actively synthesized in early versus late stages of terminal erythroid differentiation. A general decrease of actin mRNA level was apparent, whereas globin mRNA levels increased throughout the culture period. The greatest decrease in both EPO receptor and actin mRNA was observed when the cell population was at the stage of basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblasts. The half-life for EPO receptor mRNA was approximately 75 minutes, as determined using the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D. The half-life measured at several times during the 48-hour culture period remained constant. These results indicate that EPO receptor mRNA must be transcribed continuously until late in the maturation process of FVA cells in order to maintain the levels seen by Northern analysis. The number of copies of EPO receptor mRNA at 0 hours was determined to be 25 copies per cell. This low number and the decline of EPO receptor mRNA correlate with the low receptor numbers on FVA cells, as well as the decline of binding sites with cell maturation.
Silent chromatin determines target preference of the <i>Saccharomyces</i> retrotransposon Ty5 (1997)

The HML and HMR mating loci of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are bound in silent chromatin, which is assembled at the flanking E and I transcriptional silencers. The retrotransposon Ty5 preferentially integrates into regions of silent chromatin, and Ty5 insertions near the HMR-E silencer account for approximately 2% of total transposition events. Most Ty5 insertions occur within 800 bp on either side of the autonomously replicating consensus sequence within HMR-E. Ty5 target preference is determined by silent chromatin, because integration near HMR-E is abolished in strains with silencer mutations that alleviate transcriptional repression. The recognition of specific DNA sequences per se does not direct integration, rather, it is the protein complex assembled at the silencers. As demonstrated here for Ty5, recognition of specific chromatin domains may be a general mechanism by which retrotransposons and retroviruses determine integration sites.
Pat: A P2P Based Publish/Subscribe System for QoS Information Dissemination of Web Services (2009)

A fundamental problem that confronts QoS-aware service selection and composition is the efficient and timely QoS information obtainment. Current research on this problem usually involves query-based or monitoring-based methods. However, in a dynamic and volatile service oriented Computing (SOC) environment, these solutions suffer some or all of the limitations, such as cost, timeliness guarantee and salability. This paper presents Pat, a P2P based publish/subscribe system to disseminate new revised QoS information. Pat aims at reliable and efficient QoS information dissemination in large-scale SOC environments. It exploits specialized rendezvous points (RP) and a replicas mechanism to reduce the risk of subscriptions loss and consequently improve reliability. A reverse RP ring is designed to quicken subscription delivery and QoS information publication. In addition, an optimization mechanism for composite services is built into Pat, which helps to reduce notification traffic. Simulation results show that Pat is reliable, efficient and scalable.
Tool Support for Software Architecture Design with Genetic Algorithms (2010)

Automated support for software architecture design is discussed. The proposed approach is based on a tool applying genetic algorithms for producing potential architecture proposals. The tool requires a basic functional decomposition of the system and the specification of the quality requirements as input, relying on a repository of standard solutions like patterns and architectural styles. The underlying techniques and the design of the tool are discussed, and the usage of the tool is illustrated by an example.
Primary Cilia and Signaling Pathways in Mammalian Development, Health and Disease (2009)

Although first described as early as 1898 and long considered a vestigial organelle of little functional importance, the primary cilium has become one of the hottest research topics in modern cell biology and physiology. Primary cilia are nonmotile sensory organelles present in a single copy on the surface of most growth-arrested or differentiated mammalian cells, and defects in their assembly or function are tightly coupled to many developmental defects, diseases and disorders. In normal tissues, the primary cilium coordinates a series of signal transduction pathways, including Hedgehog, Wnt, PDGFRalpha and integrin signaling. In the kidney, the primary cilium may function as a mechano-, chemo- and osmosensing unit that probes the extracellular environment and transmits signals to the cell via, e.g., polycystins, which depend on ciliary localization for appropriate function. Indeed, hypomorphic mutations in the mouse ift88 (previously called Tg737) gene, which encodes a ciliogenic intraflagellar transport protein, result in malformation of primary cilia, and in the collecting ducts of kidney tubules this is accompanied by development of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (PKD). While PKD was one of the first diseases to be linked to dysfunctional primary cilia, defects in this organelle have subsequently been associated with many other phenotypes, including cancer, obesity, diabetes as well as a number of developmental defects. Collectively, these disorders of the cilium are now referred to as the ciliopathies. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the structure and function of primary cilia and some of their roles in coordinating signal transduction pathways in mammalian development, health and disease.
Lack of correlation between repair of DNA interstrand cross‐links and hypersensitivity of hamster cells towards mitomycin C and cisplatin (1998)

The ability to repair DNA interstrand cross-links may be an important factor contributing to mitomycin C (MMC) and cisplatin cytotoxicities. We have assessed the repair of interstrand cross-links induced by MMC in two MMC-hypersensitive hamster cell mutants and their resistant parental cell line. Using a gene-specific repair assay, we found no evidence for repair of MMC cross-links in either parental or mutant cells, suggesting that persistence of DNA interstrand cross-links is not responsible for the differential toxicity of MMC towards hypersensitive cells. Repair of cisplatin-induced interstrand cross-links was efficient in resistant as well as in mutant cells. Therefore we concluded that a defect in excision repair of interstrand cross-links was not responsible for the cytotoxic effects of MMC and cisplatin in these hypersensitive mutants.
Heart Failure in Outpatients (1982)

The view that digitalis clinically benefits patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm lacks support from a well-controlled study. Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover protocol, we compared the effects of oral digoxin and placebo on the clinical courses of 25 outpatients without atrial fibrillation. According to a clinicoradiographic scoring system, the severity of heart failure was reduced by digoxin in 14 patients; in nine of these 14, improvement was confirmed by repeated trials (five patients) or right-heart catheterization (four patients). The other 11 patients had no detectable improvement from digoxin. Patients who responded to digoxin had more chronic and more severe heart failure, greater left ventricular dilation and ejection-fraction depression, and a third heart sound. Multivariate analysis showed that the third heart sound was the strongest correlate of the response to digoxin (P less than 0.0001). These data suggest that long-term digoxin therapy is clinically beneficial in patients with heart failure unaccompanied by atrial fibrillation whose failure persists despite diuretic treatment and who have a third heart sound.
The binding properties of human complement component C1q. Interaction with mucopolysaccharides. (1983)

Quantitative measurements have been made of the interaction of human complement subcomponent C1q with mucopolysaccharides. The binding of C1q to heparin was quantitatively examined by utilizing an assay that employs a 125I-labeled low molecular weight heparin glycosaminoglycan (LMW-Hep) (Mr = 8500). Two classes of binding sites were detected. The first class of sites bound 2.02 mol of LMW-Hep/mol of C1q with a Kd of 76.6 nM. The second class of sites complexes with 12 mol of LMW-Hep with a Kd of 1.01 microM. The higher affinity-binding site for LMW-Hep could be assigned to the collagenous region of C1q (C1q-c); 2.2 mol of 125I-LMW-Hep were bound/mol of purified isolated C1q-c with a Kd = 381 nM. In contrast, the isolated C1q globular region did not bind to 125I-LMW-Hep. The binding of LMW-Hep to C1q and the C1q-c region was confirmed by fluorescence polarization experiments; C1q and C1q-c bound 2.3 and 2.02 mol of fluorescamine-labeled LMW-Hep/mol of protein, respectively. A variety of mucopolysaccharides were able to inhibit interaction of C1q with 125I-LMW-Hep, the most effective being heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. LMW-Hep (2.5 nM) inhibited the ability of C1q (0.5 nM) to recombine with C1r (1.4 nM) and C1s (1.6 nM) to form hemolytically active C1. At 250 mM, LMW-Hep inhibited the hemolytic activity of reconstituted C1. The ability of mucopolysaccharides to interact with purified C1q suggests a role for such molecules in the regulation of the first component of complement.
Immunoadsorbent for the Isolation of Bacterial Specific Antibodies (1967)

A new method is described for the isolation and purification of large quantities of bacterial specific antibodies. The technique involves the use of polymerized microorganisms as a specific immunoadsorbent. There should be wide application of this method for the purification of antibodies to various types of microorganisms, provided that the polymerization process does not result in the loss of specific antigenic determinants.
Development and Characterization of a Spheroidal Coculture Model of Endothelial Cells and Fibroblasts for Improving Angiogenesis in Tissue Engineering (2005)

Neovascularization is a critical step in tissue engineering applications since implantation of voluminous grafts without sufficient vascularity results in hypoxic cell death of central tissues. We have developed a three-dimensional spheroidal coculture system consisting of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human primary fibroblasts (hFBs) to improve angiogenesis in tissue engineering applications. Morphological analysis of cryosections from HUVEC/hFB cospheroids revealed a characteristic temporal and spatial organization with HUVECs located in the center of the cospheroid and a peripheral localization of fibroblasts. In coculture spheroids, the level of apoptosis of endothelial cells was strongly decreased upon cocultivation with fibroblasts. Collagen-embedded HUVEC spheroids develop numerous lumenized capillary-like sprouts. This was also apparent for HUVEC/hFB cospheroids, albeit to a lesser extent. Quantification of cumulative sprout length revealed an approximately 35% reduction in endothelial cell sprouting upon cocultivation with fibroblasts in cospheroids. The slight reduction in endothelial cell sprouting was not mediated by a paracrine mechanism but is most likely due to the formation of heterogenic cell contacts between HUVECs and hFBs within the cospheroid. The model system introduced in this study is suitable for the development of a preformed lumenized capillary-like network ex vivo and may therefore be useful for improving angiogenesis in in vivo tissue engineering applications.
Characterization of proinsulin-insulin intermediates in human plasma. (1978)

This work addressed the problem of heterogeneity of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in human plasma. Subjects with normal glucose tolerance were given 75g of an oral glucose solution, followed in 30 min by an intravenous infusion of 30g of arginine over 30 min. At the end of the infusion blood was withdrawn for analysis. IRI was extracted from plasma of individual subject by immunosorbent columns and was fractionated by gel filtration, disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Human IRI components were identified by molecular size, immunoreactivity with a human proinsulin antibody, sensitivity to trypsin, and by comparison of electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point with porcine pancreatic products, after suitable correction for electric charge and molecular weight differences. The pattern of IRI heterogeneity was the same among six healthy subjects. Heterogeneity of proinsulin-size IRI in circulation was more marked than that of insulin-size material. Proinsulin and desdipeptide proinsulin were present in approximately equal amounts accompanied by minor amounts of split proinsulin and monodesamido-desdipeptide proinsulin. Insulin-size IRI contained over 80% insulin. Minor amounts of monodesamidoinsulin and diarginylinsulin were observed in some cases. The types of IRI components observed in plasma are evidence in support of a physiologic role of trypsin-and carboxypeptidase B-like enzymes in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Moreover, this study provides a base line for investigation of abnormalities in proinsulin-to-insulin conversion that may be associated with certain pathologic states.
Introduction to C. elegans (1997)

I. THE BIOLOGICAL MODEL In 1965, Sydney Brenner settled on Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism to study animal development and behavior for reasons that are now well known (Brenner 1973Brenner 1988). This soil nematode offered great potential for genetic analysis, partly because of its rapid (3-day) life cycle, small size (1.5-mm-long adult), and ease of laboratory cultivation. One might imagine how the ability to grow thousands of animals on a single petri dish seeded with a lawn of Escherichia coli as the food source had a certain appeal to a bacteriophage geneticist such as Brenner. Indeed, the 300–350 progeny produced by a single animal is even greater than the burst of progeny produced by a T4 phage upon lysis of its E. coli host. The natural C. elegans mode of inbreeding by the self-fertilizing hermaphrodite combined with the ability to cross hermaphrodites with males (Fig. 1) offered conveniences previously enjoyed only in plant genetic systems such as Zea mays, in which crossing or selfing can be manipulated at will. Other key features were the nematode’s small genome (only 20 times that of E. coli ) and anatomical simplicity ( An important reason C. elegans was...
Study on Enhancement of Quality of Motion in “Quick Shuttle Running” (2014)

本稿は，巧みな動きを高める運動の一つである「素早い往復走」の実践を通して，素早い往復走での折り返し局面における巧みの動きの高まりについて質的側面から明らかにすることを目的とした。小学校6年生を対象にした素早い往復走の実践を行い，子どもの運動経過の中で、折り返し局面に関して特徴的な場面を4件のエピソードとして抽出した。その結果，素早い往復走における動きの質の高まりとは，【往路】の〈終末局面〉と【復路】の〈準備局面〉が一つの〈融合局面〉として現れることであると明らかになった。さらに，〈融合局面〉は，予め決められた「コース」で行われる往復走の中で現れるだけではなく，瞬時に様々な方向へ向かうことが必要な「空間」の中で行う往復走でも，「運動の先取り」をすることにより，状況に合わせた形で出現することが明らかとなった。
Comparison of node architectures for elastic optical networks with waveband conversion (2013)

In Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) with flexible bandwidth allocation, the blocking probability is high because of spectral contention. Similar to the functionality of wavelength conversion in Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (WDM) networks, waveband conversion has been proposed to solve spectral contention in EONs. In this paper, we discuss the design of node architectures for an EON with waveband conversion. Four node architectures with shared Tuneable Waveband Converters (TWBCs) are proposed, and their blocking performances are evaluated by simulation. Simulation results show that the blocking probability of a node is significantly improved by waveband conversion. The sharing efficiency of waveband converters is also investigated. Simulation results show that at the same blocking rate, the node architecture with converters shared per node can save more than 20% waveband converters compared with that of the one with converters shared per link.
Solution route to single crystalline SnO platelets with tunable shapes (2004)

Square and round single crystalline SnO platelets have been prepared in a solution-based chemical route aided with sonication at room temperature.
Host Defense Mechanism-Based Rational Design of Live Vaccine (2013)

Live attenuated vaccine (LAV), mimicking natural infection, provides an excellent protection against microbial infection. The development of LAV, however, still remains highly empirical and the rational design of clinically useful LAV is scarcely available. Apoptosis and caspase activation are general host antiviral responses in virus-infected cells. Utilizing these tightly regulated host defense mechanisms, we present a novel apoptosis-triggered attenuation of viral virulence as a rational design of live attenuated vaccine with desired levels of safety, efficacy, and productivity. Mutant influenza viruses carrying caspase recognition motifs in viral NP and the interferon-antagonist NS1 proteins were highly attenuated both in vitro and in vivo by caspase-mediated cleavage of those proteins in infected cells. Both viral replication and interferon-resistance were substantially reduced, resulting in a marked attenuation of virulence of the virus. Despite pronounced attenuation, the viruses demonstrated high growth phenotype in embryonated eggs at lower temperature, ensuring its productivity. A single dose vaccination with the mutant virus elicited high levels of systemic and mucosal antibody responses and provided complete protection against both homologous and heterologous lethal challenges in mouse model. While providing a practical means to generate seasonal or pandemic influenza live vaccines, the sensitization of viral proteins to pathogen-triggered apoptotic signals presents a potentially universal, mechanism-based rational design of live vaccines against many viral infections.
Heterodimerization of the Two Major Envelope Proteins Is Essential for Arterivirus Infectivity (2002)

The two major envelope proteins of arteriviruses, the membrane protein (M) and the major glycoprotein (GP(5)), associate into a disulfide-linked heterodimer that is incorporated into the virion and has been assumed to be a prerequisite for virus assembly. Using an equine arteritis virus (EAV) infectious cDNA clone, we have analyzed the requirement for GP(5)-M heterodimerization and have identified the Cys residues involved in the formation of the GP(5)-M disulfide bond. The single Cys residue (Cys-8) in the M ectodomain was crucial for heterodimerization and virus infectivity. Mutagenesis of any of the five Cys residues in the GP(5) ectodomain or removal of the single GP(5) N-glycosylation site also rendered the full-length clone noninfectious. However, an analysis of revertants yielded an exceptional pseudorevertant in which residues 52 to 79 of the GP(5) ectodomain had been deleted and the original Cys-80-->Ser mutation had been maintained. Consequently, this revertant lacked the GP(5) N-glycosyation site (Asn-56) and retained only a single cysteine residue (Cys-34). By using this GP(5) deletion, we confirmed that Cys-34 of GP(5) and Cys-8 of M are essential for GP(5)-M heterodimerization, a key event in the assembly of the EAV envelope.
Under-sampling trajectory design for compressed sensing MRI (2012)

The under-sampling trajectory design plays a key role in compressed sensing MRI. The traditional design scheme using probability density function (PDF) is based up observation on energy distribution in k-space rather than systematic optimization, which results in non-deterministic trajectory even with a fixed PDF. Guidance-based method like Bayesian inference scheme is always bothered with high computational complexity on entropy. In this paper, we study how to adaptively design an under-sampling trajectory in the context of CS with systematic optimization and small complexity. Simulation results conducted on images from different slices and dynamic sequence demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing the designed trajectory with those by traditional method.
DMAP-Catalyzed [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions between [60]Fullerene and Unmodified Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts in the Presence of Ac<sub>2</sub>O (2013)

One-step DMAP-catalyzed [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between C(60) and unmodified Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts in the presence of Ac(2)O have been developed for the easy preparation of cyclopentene- and cyclohexene-fused [60]fullerene derivatives. When the MBH adducts bear an alkyl group, two different reaction pathways could be controlled selectively depending on the conditions.