gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Petroleomics:  The Next Grand Challenge for Chemical Analysis (2003)

Ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry has recently revealed that petroleum crude oil contains heteroatom-containing (N,O,S) organic components having more than 20,000 distinct elemental compositions (C(c)H(h)N(n)O(o)S(s)). It is therefore now possible to contemplate the ultimate characterization of all of the chemical constituents of petroleum, along with their interactions and reactivity, a concept we denote as "petroleomics". Such knowledge has already proved capable of distinguishing petroleum and its distillates according to their geochemical origin and maturity, distillation cut, extraction method, catalytic processing, etc. The key features that have opened up this new field have been (a) ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR mass analysis, specifically, the capability to resolve species differing in elemental composition by C(3) vs SH(4) (i.e., 0.0034 Da); (b) higher magnetic field to cover the whole mass range at once; (c) dynamic range extension by external mass filtering; and (d) plots of Kendrick mass defect vs nominal Kendrick mass as a means for sorting different compound "classes" (i.e., numbers of N, O, and S atoms), "types" (rings plus double bonds), and alkylation ((-CH(2))(n)) distributions, thereby extending to >900 Da the upper limit for unique assignment of elemental composition based on accurate mass measurement. The same methods are also being applied successfully to analysis of humic and fulvic acids, coals, and other complex natural mixtures, often without prior or on-line chromatographic separation.
Control of texture in image halftoning (1996)

In image halftoning, texture is one of the important parameters that has a major effect on image reproduction as well as perception. We propose a halftoning algorithm based on a numerical texture metric and on the threshold accepting algorithm, which provides control of the occurrence of specific textures in the halftoned image. To conserve the image information a simultaneous control of the graytone rendition is implemented. Moreover, additional parameters may be added to control further image characteristics. The algorithm permits control of textures composed of symmetric as well as asymmetric texels and a weighted balance among the different control parameters.
An Overview of Recent DLR Contributions on Active Flow-Separation Control Studies for High-Lift Configurations (2013)

This is an overview of flow control experiments and simulations for flow separation control on high-lift configurations performed over the last seven years at the German Aerospace Center within national and European projects. Emphasis is placed on the low speed atmospheric and cryogenic experimental setups using the DLR F15 high-lift airfoil and on the numerical verification and validation of the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solver TAU for active flow control (AFC) simulations. The wind tunnel studies concern leading edge boundary layer control and flap separation control, both by means of pulsed blowing. The computational effort is mostly dedicated to the most promising technology out of the two concepts, namely the pulsed blowing through slots on the trailing edge flap. Experimental examples of successful flow control for enhancement of lift are given for moderate and high Reynolds numbers to prove the feasibility of the technology for implementation on real aircraft. The computational process chain is validated with wind tunnel measurements, but also applied for an optimization of the trailing edge flap shape for separation control.
Bacterial Disease Mechanisms (2002)

Antibiotic resistance and our consequent inability to treat many bacterial infections had fuelled an urgent need to understand the means by which bacteria cause disease. This has lead to a renaissance in research into bacterial disease mechanisms and the birth of a new discipline - cellular microbiology. The fruits of such research and how they have lead to an alternative perspective on bacteria-host interactions are described in this introductory textbook. The central premise is that bacteria have evolved means of manipulating normal host cell functions and overcoming host defence systems to ensure their survival. As well as offering an interesting perspective on the classical bacterial virulence mechanisms, this book outlines the molecular techniques developed to unravel the complexity of bacteria-host interactions. Research may lead not only to a better understanding of disease mechanisms, but also to alternative means of preventing and/or treating bacterial infections.
Protection of Mice Against Vaccinia Virus by Administration of Benzaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone. (1951)

SummaryBenzaldehyde thiosemicarba-zone prevents multiplication of vaccinia virus in chick embryonic tissues when present in a concentration of one μg per ml of medium. Substitutions in the para position of the benzene nucleus or in the 4-position of the thiosemicarbazone portion of the molecule reduce virostatic activity. 2. When fed in the diet, benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone produces a marked degree of protection of mice inoculated intracerebrally with vaccinia virus. Derivatives with substitutions in the para position of the benzene nucleus or in the 4-position of the thiosemicarbazone portion of the molecule produce little or no protection against vaccinia infection in mice. 3. The thiosemicarbazones do not appear to inactivate vaccinia virus as the result of prolonged contactin vitro.
Environmental and Resource Management under Myopia (2006)

Myopia is important in environmental and resource management. We present a parsimonious extension to a standard dynamic optimization in a continuous time and continuous state setting, which enables a rich description of myopic behavior. In our model, the process of planning future controls and choosing the current control are clearly distinguished. We examine the behavior of various types of myopic agents with a simple non-renewable resource extraction problem. We show that constant discounting may be a poor approximation to myopic agents in our model. We also discuss the relevance of the expiry of extraction permits in resource management.
An Algebraic Proof That the Sum of the Squared Errors in Estimating Y from X Via b 1 and b 0 is Minimal (1969)

Julian C. Stanley, Gene V. Glass, An Algebraic Proof That the Sum of the Squared Errors in Estimating Y from X Via b1 and b0 is Minimal, The American Statistician, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb., 1969), pp. 25-26
FDA Adverse Event Reports on Statin-Associated Rhabdomyolysis (2002)

Compared with the other statins, simvastatin and cerivastatin were implicated in a relatively higher number of reports. Because of the various limitations of a spontaneous reporting-system database, caution is urged when interpreting the relative number of cases reported.
Glycopeptide resistance mediated by enterococcal transposon Tn <i>1546</i> requires production of VanX for hydrolysis of D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine (1994)

Cloning and nucleotide sequencing indicated that transposon Tn1546 from Enterococcus faecium BM4147 encodes a 23,365 Da protein, VanX, required for glycopeptide resistance. The vanX gene was located downstream from genes encoding the VanA ligase and the VanH dehydrogenase which synthesize the depsipeptide D-alanyl-D-lactate (D-Ala-D-Lac). In the presence of ramoplanin, an Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 derivative producing VanH, VanA and VanX accumulated mainly UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Lac (pentadepsipeptide) and small amounts of UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (pentapeptide) in the ratio 49:1. Insertional inactivation of vanX led to increased synthesis of pentapeptide with a resulting change in the ratio of pentadepsipeptide: pentapeptide to less than 1:1. Expression of vanX in E. faecalis and Escherichia coli resulted in production of a D,D-dipeptidase that hydrolysed D-Ala-D-Ala. Pentadepsipeptide, pentapeptide and D-Ala-D-Lac were not substrates for the enzyme. These results establish that VanX is required for production of a D,D-dipeptidase that hydrolyses D-Ala-D-Ala, thereby preventing pentapeptide synthesis and subsequent binding of glycopeptides to D-Ala-D-Ala-containing peptidoglycan precursors at the cell surface.
Data caches for superscalar processors (1997)

As the number of instructions executed in parallel increases, superscalar processors will require higher bandwidth from data caches. Because of the high cost of true multi-ported caches, alternative cache designs must be evaluated. The purpose of this study is to examine the data cache bandwidth requirements of high-degree superscalar processors, and investigate alternative solutions.
Cellular immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. (1992)

Crohn's disease is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of the intestine of unknown cause. It has been suggested that the disease may result from an abnormality of the immunological functions of the gut. Recent advances in the study of the gastrointestinal immune system show that T cells in the intestinal mucosa are more activated, contain a higher proportion of T4 cells having the phenotypic and functional characteristics of helper-inducer cells, have greater capacity for IL-2 production, and have altered responsiveness to antigen stimulation. In the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's disease the predominance of T cells with helper-inducer function is maintained, and there is no evidence of augmented suppressor activity. Although natural killer cells are infrequent in the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's disease, lymphokine activated killer cell precursors and cytolytic T cell precursors are present and it is possible that these cells also play an important role in the disease. The failure to identify specific infections or environmental etiologies in Crohn's disease is consistent with the hypothesis that the disease is due to an inappropriate immunological hyper-responsiveness to ubiquitous components of the alimentary tract.
Quantum-dot size-distribution analysis and precipitation stages in semiconductor doped glasses (1990)

The sequence of stages during precipitation of semiconductor (e.g., CdS, CdSe) clusters from supersaturated glasses exhibiting quantum-confinement effects was investigated. The rate of formation of nanometer-size ‘‘quantum dots’’ distributed in a continuous glass matrix is critically determined by the time and temperature of the heat treatment given to the quenched glasses. The entire precipitation process was analyzed in terms of several decomposition stages: nucleation, normal growth, coalescence of quantum dots, and devitrification of the glass matrix itself. Experimental data obtained by differential thermal analysis were utilized to identify the heat-treatment temperature range associated with the precipitation stages. The size distribution of CdSe quantum-dot clusters was analyzed using our transmission electron microscopy data. The data of Ekimov et al. [Solid State Commun. 56, 921 (1975)] was reduced to time-temperature master plots useful for precipitating quantum dots of a given size in glasses.
Generation and control of sound bullets with a nonlinear acoustic lens (2010)

Acoustic lenses are employed in a variety of applications, from biomedical imaging and surgery to defense systems and damage detection in materials. Focused acoustic signals, for example, enable ultrasonic transducers to image the interior of the human body. Currently however the performance of acoustic devices is limited by their linear operational envelope, which implies relatively inaccurate focusing and low focal power. Here we show a dramatic focusing effect and the generation of compact acoustic pulses (sound bullets) in solid and fluid media, with energies orders of magnitude greater than previously achievable. This focusing is made possible by a tunable, nonlinear acoustic lens, which consists of ordered arrays of granular chains. The amplitude, size, and location of the sound bullets can be controlled by varying the static precompression of the chains. Theory and numerical simulations demonstrate the focusing effect, and photoelasticity experiments corroborate it. Our nonlinear lens permits a qualitatively new way of generating high-energy acoustic pulses, which may improve imaging capabilities through increased accuracy and signal-to-noise ratios and may lead to more effective nonintrusive scalpels, for example, for cancer treatment.
Expression of the fas antigen in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (1995)

Lymphocytes from patients with HIV infection have been shown to undergo accelerated apoptosis. Fas antigen is a cell surface protein known to initiate an apoptotic signal. Therefore, we undertook a study to examine the expression of the Fas antigen during HIV infection. Using three color flow cytometry, expression of the Fas antigen on lymphocytes of 23 HIV infected individuals (CDC category 2, CD4 200-499 cells/microL, n = 10; CDC category 3, CD4 < 200 cells/microL, n = 13) and 10 healthy controls was examined. Both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ subsets were examined for their expression of this marker. In lymphocytes of healthy controls, 47% of the CD3+CD4+ and 45% of the CD3+CD8+ cells were Fas antigen positive. This percentage was significantly increased in CD4 cells from HIV infected patients belonging to CDC category 3, but was unchanged from normal values in CDC category 2 subjects. The increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing Fas antigen in patients correlated significantly with the decrease in circulating CD4 T cell count (P < 0.009). In addition, by examining mean fluorescence intensity, we found that the amount of Fas expression per cell was increased threefold in CD3+CD4+ cells and increased twofold in CD3+CD8+ cells in category 3 patients. These results demonstrate that an increase in Fas antigen expression occurs during HIV infection.
Presence of circulating antibodies against cellular protein p53 in a notable proportion of children with B‐cell lymphoma (1987)

Serum samples taken from children bearing a wide variety of tumors were screened for the presence of circulating antibodies against the cellular tumor antigen p53. There was a significant correlation (p less than 0.001, n = 119) between the presence of such antibodies and the occurrence of cancer; 12% of the sera tested were positive. These sera were derived from children with a wide range of tumor types. In particular, 21% of the sera obtained from children suffering from a B-cell lymphoma contained anti-p53 antibodies. We were not able to establish a correlation between the secretion of p53-reactive antibodies and any other parameters, such as the age or sex of the child, presence of metastasis, stage or prognosis of disease, or treatment regimen. These results therefore show that the development of p53 immunogenicity is associated with a wide range of neoplastic diseases in children, and in particular with the presence of a B-cell lymphoma.
Mechanism of Electron-Induced Hydrogen Desorption from Hydroxylated Rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> (110) (2010)

The mechanism of hydrogen desorption from rutile TiO2(110)-(1 × 1) was studied by injecting electrons with controlled energy and flux into single surface hydroxyls (OH) in cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Desorption proceeds without a clear threshold already at much lower energies than reported previously.(1) Our analysis identifies a transfer of H atoms from the TiO2 surface to the STM tip, triggered by vibrational heating due to inelastic electron tunneling, as the desorption mechanism. The reversible H-atom transfer between sample and tip can be used as a tool to discriminate OH from other surface species on TiO2 and to control the density and configuration of OH by selective removal and redeposition of H atoms on the oxide surface.
PiuA and PiaA, iron uptake lipoproteins of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, elicit serotype independent antibody responses following human pneumococcal septicaemia (2004)

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. The need for a cheap and effective pneumococcal vaccine has necessitated the evaluation of common virulence-associated proteins as potential vaccine antigens. PiuA and PiaA are the lipoprotein components of two pneumococcal iron ABC transporters. Here, we show that patients with culture confirmed pneumococcal septicaemia have elevated levels of antibody to PiuA and PiaA in convalescent-phase, compared with acute-phase serum. Additionally, sera from septicaemic patients infected with 13 pneumococcal strains covering eight different serotypes, cross-reacted with recombinant PiuA-His(6) and PiaA-His(6) from a single pneumococcal strain, indicating that this immune response is serotype independent. Anti-PiuA and anti-PiaA antibodies were also found in healthy seven-month-old infants, indicating that they are immunogenic at a very early age.
The preparation of the poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene nanocomposites with low percolation threshold and high electrical conductivity by using the large-area reduced graphene oxide sheets (2013)

We report a method to prepare the poly(vinyl alcohol)/reduced graphene oxide (PVA/rGO) nanocomposites with low percolation threshold and high electrical conductivity by using the large-area reduced graphene oxide (LrGO) sheets. The large-area graphene oxide (LGO) sheets are expected to overlap better with each other and form the continuous GO network in PVA matrix than small-area graphene oxide (SGO). During the thermal reduction process, the LGO sheets are easily restored and improve the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites due to their low damage level of conjugate-structure. As a result, the percolation threshold of PVA/LrGO nanocomposites is ~0.189 wt% lower than present reports (0.5~0.7 wt%). At the LrGO content of 0.7 wt%, the electrical conductivity of PVA/LrGO nanocomposites reaches 6.310 -3 S/m. Besides that, this method only takes 15~30 min to reduce the PVA/GO nanocomposites effectively.
Macroscopic Stiffness of Breast Tumors Predicts Metastasis (2014)

Mechanical properties of tumors differ substantially from normal cells and tissues. Changes in stiffness or elasticity regulate pro-metastatic behaviors of cancer cells, but effects have been documented predominantly in isolated cells or in vitro cell culture systems. To directly link relative stiffness of tumors to cancer progression, we combined a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer with ex vivo measurements of bulk moduli of freshly excised, intact tumors. We found a high, inverse correlation between bulk modulus of resected tumors and subsequent local recurrence and metastasis. More compliant tumors were associated with more frequent, larger local recurrences and more extensive metastases than mice with relatively stiff tumors. We found that collagen content of resected tumors correlated with bulk modulus values. These data establish that relative differences in tumor stiffness correspond with tumor progression and metastasis, supporting further testing and development of tumor compliance as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer.
Meeting ISDN requirements in a switch mode power converter (2003)

The recommendations of Section 9 from CCITT 1.430 include several requirements that make the design of ISDN-compatible power supplies complicated. Solutions to simplify the design task are presented using a new pair of integrated circuits. Specific areas addressed include: providing a highly regulated output voltage while maintaining galvanic isolation; soft starting a power converter with an isolation barrier in the voltage feedback loop; synchronization of an isolated power converter; providing continuous inrush current limit capability; communicating restricted mode and other status information to a secondary-side CPU or controller; handling output overload conditions in a flyback topology; and power consumption budgeting for ISDN restricted mode operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope induces anti-tumor effects against human lung cancer in mouse xenograft model (2015)

Cancer immunotherapy is attractive for antigen-specific T cell-mediated anti-tumor therapy, especially in induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this report, we evaluated human CTL epitope-induced anti-tumor effects in human lung cancer xenograft models. The tumor associated antigen L6 (TAL6) is highly expressed in human lung cancer cell lines and tumor specimens as compared to normal lung tissues. TAL6 derived peptides strongly inhibited tumor growth, cancer metastasis and prolonged survival time in HLA-A2 transgenic mice immunized with a formulation of T-helper (Th) peptide, synthetic CpG ODN, and adjuvant Montanide ISA-51 (ISA-51). Adoptive transfer of peptide-induced CTL cells from HLA-A2 transgenic mice into human tumor xenograft SCID mice significantly inhibited tumor growth. Furthermore, combination of CTL-peptide immunotherapy and gemcitabine additively improved the therapeutic effects. This pre-clinical evaluation model provides a useful platform to develop efficient immunotherapeutic drugs to treat lung cancer and demonstrates a promising strategy with benefit of antitumor immune responses worthy of further development in clinical trials.
Synthesis of Poly(propyl ether imine) Dendrimers and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxic Properties (2003)

In this paper, we report the synthesis of several poly(propyl ether imine) dendrons and dendrimers. These dendrons and dendrimers were constructed by involving an ether as the linker component and an imine as the branching component. The divergent syntheses of dendrons and dendrimers were established with the aid of two alternate Michael addition reactions and two alternate reduction reactions in a four-step iterative synthetic sequence. Dendrons up to three generations were synthesized and some of the dendrons were attached to a benzenoid core so as to obtain dendrimers up to two generations containing 12 carboxylic acids at the periphery. Divergent synthesis involving ether as the core was found to be more facile, and dendrimers up to three generations having 16 carboxylic acids at the periphery were achieved in good to excellent yields in each individual step. The adopted synthetic sequence allows us to install either alcohol, an amine, or a carboxylic acid at their peripheries. The carboxylic acid-terminated dendrons and dendrimers were evaluated as to their cytotoxic properties, and while most dendrons and dendrimers did not exhibit any measurable cytotoxicity, even up to 100 microg/mL, the second-generation dendrimer with the benzenoid core exhibited a mild toxicity at concentrations above 30 microg/mL.
ChemInform Abstract: Further Studies on the Cyclization of Aromatic Azomethines Ortho‐ Substituted with a Trifluoromethyl Group: Synthesis of 2,4‐Di‐ or 2,3, 4‐Trisubstituted Quinolines. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.