gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error Detection Analysis of Automotive Communication Protocols (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Signals in Automotive Communication Networks often represent safety relevant information. Therefore, automotive network protocols provide multiple powerful mechanisms for error detection and for error reporting. The objective is to ensure that on average less than one undetected error occurs during the lifetime of a vehicle. This places an upper bound on the residual error probability of the communication network. The determination of this residual error probability requires new methods in order to account for the interaction of the various error detection mechanisms. This paper presents an analysis method that has been developed for the investigation of the CAN protocol.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This comprehensive investigation distinguishes two types of errors that contribute most significantly to the residual error probability of the CAN protocol. Errors of one type transform stuffbits into information bits or vice versa, and are related to the use of variable bit stuffing. Undetected message falsifications due to this class of error require very specific bit modifications. Errors of the other type are independent of bit stuffing. They are related to the finite coverage of the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). The probability of both types of error has been determined by combining computer based testing techniques with classical methods. The new approach takes into account the multiple error detection means of the CAN protocol. The expected number of undetected falsified messages during the lifetime of a vehicle is derived from calculation of the protocol's residual error probability. It is determined to several orders of magnitude less than 1.</div>
Climate Justice Planning in Global South: Applying a Coupled Nature–Human Flood Risk Assessment Framework in a Case for Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2021)

Developing countries in the global south that contribute less to climate change have suffered greater from its impacts, such as extreme climatic events and disasters compared to developed countries, causing climate justice concerns globally. Ho Chi Minh City has experienced increased intensity and frequency of climate change-induced urban floods, causing socio-economic damage that disturbs their livelihoods while urban populations continue to grow. This study aims to establish a citywide flood risk map to inform risk management in the city and address climate justice locally. This study applied a flood risk assessment framework integrating a coupled nature–human approach and examined the spatial distribution of urban flood hazard and urban flood vulnerability. A flood hazard map was generated using selected morphological and hydro-meteorological indicators. A flood vulnerability map was generated based on a literature review and a social survey weighed by experts’ priorities using the Fuzzy Delphi Method and Analytic Network Process. Vulnerability indicators including demographic characteristics, infrastructure, and land use patterns were used to generate a flood vulnerability map. The results illustrate that almost the entire central and northeastern parts of the city are at high flood risk, whereas the western part is at low flood risk. The findings have implications in urban planning via identifying risk hot spots in order to prioritize resources for mitigating hazards and enhancing community resilience to urban floods.
On Design of Agent Home Scheme for Prefetching Strategy in DSM Systems (2005)

In distributed shared memory (DSM) systems, it is the common need to access data in remote nodes. Thus, it induces to remote access performance latencies, which is the major factor of overhead for DSM systems. Prefetching strategies can improve these phenomena by reducing latencies, but it adds workload to home nodes. It is proposed in this paper a method to reduce overhead of home nodes, by providing an agent home to share the workload of home nodes, by distributing these workloads to other nodes, when sending data. The performance evaluation of proposed strategy is done by performing three well-known benchmark programs: NPB/IS, 3DFFT and Red-Black SOR. The experimental results show that our proposed agent home method achieves 8%- 40% of speedup against original JIAJIA.
Pathogenicity and virulence factors of Pseudomonas syringae. (2014)

In 1994, Oku reported that plant pathogens, mainly fungal pathogens, require three essential abilities to infect plants: to enter plants, to overcome host resistance, and to evoke disease. Because the infectious process of phytopathogenic bacteria differs from that of fungal pathogens, we have attempted to characterize pathogenic- ity, the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, using the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae as a representative pathogen. To establish infection and incite disease development, bacteria first have to enter a plant. This process requires flagella- and type IV pili-mediated motility, and active taxis is probably necessary for effec- tive infection. After bacteria enter a plant's apoplastic spaces, they need to overcome host plant resistance. To do this, they secrete a wide variety of hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) effector proteins into the plant cytoplasm to interfere with pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, pro- duce phytohormones and/or phytotoxins to suppress plant defense responses and extracellular polysaccharides to prevent access by antibiotics and to chelate Ca 2? , and activate the multidrug resistance efflux pump to extrude antimicrobial compounds for successful colonization. Furthermore, to evoke disease, bacteria produce toxins and Hrp effectors that compromise a plant's homeostasis and injure plant cells. The expression of these virulence factors depends on the infection processes and environmental conditions. Thus, the expression and function of virulence factors interact with each other, creating complex networks in the regulation of bacterial virulence-related genes.
Systemic Anti-Inflammatory Effect Associated with Enteric Trichinellosis in the Rat (1980)

The hypothesis tested was that enteric parasites that induce local inflammation in their host suppress inflammatory reactions at distant sites. A technique was developed to demonstrate, quantitatively, such an anti-inflammatory component. The systemic antiphlogistic effect produced by the intestinal stages of Trichinella spiralis was studied and compared with that caused by dexamethasone, a synthetic adrenocortical steroid. Inflammation was measured (dry weight, protein content, myeloperoxidase activity) as the amount of granulation tissue accumulated around a sterile cotton string implanted for 1 wk under the abdominal skin of rats. Based on this assay, T. spiralis infection had a systemic anti-inflammatory effect on the host which was directly dose related. Steroid treatment also had a dose-dependent suppressive effect on granuloma formation. The maximum dose (56 X 10(3) larvae/kg body weight) of T. spiralis used, had suppressive activity equivalent to 1.0 mg/kg body weight of steroid.
Neurotoxic Actions of Pyrethroid Insecticides (1989)

Pyrethroid insecticides interact with a variety of neurochemical processes, but not all of these actions are likely to be involved in the disruption of nerve function. Several lines of evidence suggest that the voltage-sensitive sodium channel is the single principal molecular target site for all pyrethroids and DDT analogs in both insects and mammals. The alterations of sodium channel functions identified in both biophysical and biochemical studies are directly related to the effects of these compounds on intact nerves. The pyrethroid recognition site of the sodium channel exhibits the stringent stereospecificity predicted by in vivo estimates of intrinsic neurotoxicity in both insects and mammals. Type I and Type II compounds produce qualitatively different effects on sodium channel tail currents, divergent actions on intact nerves, and different effects on the excitability of vertebrate skeletal muscle. Moreover, compounds that are defined as intermediate in the Type I/Type II classification scheme are also intermediate in their effects on sodium channel kinetics. The range of different actions on sensory and motor nerve pathways arising from these qualitatively different effects at the level of the sodium channel appear to be sufficient to explain the distinct poisoning syndromes that have been identified in both insects and mammals. Thus, it does not appear necessary to invoke different primary target sites for Type I and Type II compounds to explain their actions in whole animals. Although the voltage-sensitive sodium channel is likely to be the principal site of pyrethroid action, it is probably not the only site involved in intoxication. Insect neurosecretory neurons are sensitive to very low concentrations of pyrethroids, and disruption of the neuroendocrine system has been implicated as a factor contributing to the irreversible effects of pyrethroid intoxication in insects. Since action potentials in these nerves are carried by calcium ions through TTX-insensitive voltage-gated cation channels, these findings provide evidence that pyrethroids can alter neuronal excitability through an action on voltage-sensitive channels other than the sodium channel. Actions on voltage-sensitive calcium channels may also be involved in the effects of pyrethroids on neurotransmitter release in mammals. The proconvulsant actions of pyrethroids mediated through the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor may also contribute to pyrethroid intoxication. Both Type I and Type II compounds are potent proconvulsants in vivo at doses well below those required to produce pyrethroid-dependent intoxication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Simultaneous Measurement and Recording of Gastric Potential Difference and Intragastric pH in Man (1990)

Gastric potential difference (GPD) is used increasingly as an index of mucosal integrity. The technique for GPD measurement currently employed is however laborious due to the preparation and check of KCl-agarose bridges prior to each experiment. In addition, calculations - usually handmade - are time-consuming and inaccurate. Therefore, a new apparatus allowing continuous recording of basal and drug-induced changes in GPD values was developed. A commercially available 24-hour pH monitor (Proxima Light, Synectics Medical) was modified in order to allow GPD measurement and recording with subsequent elaboration of data. Furthermore, simultaneous measurement of GPD and intragastric pH through the use of a single stomach probe was made possible. The new method was checked towards the classical PD measuring system employing KCl-agarose bridges. The readings obtained with both systems, either in basal conditions or after aspirin, correlated in a highly significant way. Readings proved to be quite stable with a variation, for 150 consecutive values, of less than 2 mV. With this system the effect of pH modifications, obtained through H2 receptor stimulation and inhibition, on the behaviour of GPD values was investigated in healthy volunteers. Analysis of paired data obtained from these experiments showed an inverse relationship between these two parameters. This suggests that GPD and pH should be measured together, especially during experiments aiming to study drug effects on gastric mucosa. Although the apparatus described was developed for PD measurement and recording in the stomach, it can be used easily for PD measurement across the mucosa of the entire digestive tract, for example in the esophagus, colon or rectum.
Theoretical analysis of the max/Median filter (1987)

Median filtering has been used successfully for extracting features from noisy one-dimensional signals; however, the extension of the one-dimensional case to higher dimensions has not always yielded satisfactory results. Although noise suppression is obtained, too much signal distortion is introduced and many features of interest are lost. In this paper, we introduce a multidimensional filter based on a combination of one-dimensional median estimates. It is shown that threshold decomposition holds for this class of filters, making the deterministic analysis simpler. Invariant signals to the filter, called root signals, consist of very low resolution features making this filter much more attractive than conventional median filters.
Confidence Sets for Ratios: A Purely Geometric Approach To Fieller's Theorem (2004)

Abstract. We present a simple, geometric method to construct Fieller’s exact confidence sets for ratios of jointly normally distributed random variables. Contrary to previous geometric approaches in the literature, our method is valid in the general case where both sample mean and covariance are unknown. Moreover, not only the construction but also its proof are purely geometric and elementary, thus giving intuition into the nature of the confidence sets. 1
Higher Education and Scientific Research Sector in Algeria: What Kind of Challenges and Changes That Are Required for A Better System? (2017)

This paper highlighted the main reforms of the Higher Education and Scientific Research sector in Algeria from the independence (1962) until now (2016), as well as the reality of its scientific production (graduated students’ quality, publication, universities ranking, patents, and research) in the knowledge based economy. This sector needs some serious changes to function better that is what the paper has suggested.
Sustaining Conductivity (2006)

Abstract Rapid loss of fracture conductivity after hydraulic fracture stimulation has often been attributed to the migration of formation fines into proppant pack or the generation of fines derived from proppant crushing. Findings presented in this paper suggest that diagenesis-type reactions that can occur between proppant and freshly fractured rock surfaces can lead to rapid loss of proppant-pack porosity and loss of conductivity. Generation of crystalline and amorphous porosity filling minerals can occur within the proppant pack because of chemical compositional differences between the proppant and the formation, and the compaction of the proppant bed due to proppant pressure solution reactions. This damage mechanism is applicable to all propped, fracture-stimulated wells; however, it is more significant in high temperature and high stress wells. It provides a possible explanation for the difference often observed between reservoir simulation of production after fracturing and actual production. Studies indicate as little as 25% of the initial proppant- pack porosity may remain after only 40 days at 300°F and 6,000-psi closure stress. The rate of porosity loss can be influenced by the surface treatment of the proppant, which indicates that some control of this process may be accomplished. Significance of this discovery has great impact on the economic life of a fracture-stimulation treatment. It affects the choice of proppant composition and post-fracture cleanup procedures, and adds an additional dimension to the appropriate laboratory determination of fracture conductivity that might be expected with the use of a particular proppant.
Reconfigurable acceleration for Monte Carlo based financial simulation (2006)

This paper describes a novel hardware accelerator for Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, and illustrates its implementation in field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology for speeding up financial applications. Our accelerator is based on a generic architecture, which combines speed and flexibility by integrating a pipelined MC core with an on-chip instruction processor. We develop a generic number system representation for determining the choice of number representation that meets numerical precision requirements. Our approach is then used in a complex financial engineering application, involving the Brace, Gatarek and Musiela (BGM) interest rate model for pricing derivatives. We address, in our BGM model, several challenges including the generation of Gaussian distributed random numbers and pipelining of the MC simulation. Our BGM application, based on an off-the-shelf system with a Xilinx XC2VP30 device at 50 MHz, is over 25 times faster than software running on a 1.5 GHz, Intel Pentium machine
Electrochemical and Chemical Insertion for Energy Transformation and Switching (2018)

Insertion is a widely utilized process for reversibly changing the stoichiometry of a solid through a chemical or electrochemical stimulus. Insertion is instrumental to many energy technologies, including batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage, and has been the subject of extensive investigations. More recently, solid-state switching devices utilizing insertion have drawn significant interest; such devices dynamically switch a material's chemical stoichiometry, changing it from one state to another. This review illustrates the fundamental properties and mechanisms of insertion, including reaction, diffusion, and phase transformation, and discusses recent developments in characterization in these fields. We also review new classes of recently demonstrated insertion devices, which reversibly switch mechanical and electronic properties, and show how the fundamental mechanisms of insertion can be used to design improved switching devices.
Human Macrophage‐Activating Factors for Cytotoxicity (1987)

Two different factors (MAF-C I and MAF-C II) were obtained by anion exchange chromatography of the culture supernatant of a human T-cell hybridoma, H3-E9-6, which produces macrophage-activating factors for cytotoxicity (MAF-C). These 2 factors induced the cytotoxicity of monocytes synergistically as a priming signal (MAF-C I) and a triggering signal (MAF-C II), respectively. On gel filtration on a column of Superose 12, MAF-C II was eluted mainly at the void volume, whereas MAF-C I was eluted in the fractions corresponding to approximate molecular weights of 30-300 K. On the other hand, gel filtration in the presence of sodium deoxycholate revealed that MAF-C II has an approximate molecular weight of 40,000, but MAF-C I was unstable under these conditions. When the activity for mouse macrophages (MAF-Cm activity) was tested, the MAF-C II fraction showed high MAF-Cm activity in the presence of murine recombinant interferon gamma (rIFN-gamma), but the MAF-C I fraction did not show MAF-Cm activity even in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results suggest that MAF-C I (priming lymphokine) has species specificity but MAF-C II (triggering lymphokine) does not.
A probabilistic method for computing term-by-term relationships (1993)

This article suggests a probabilistic method to compute the term relationships from relevance information, which complements the studies on a non-probabilistic technique called pseudo-classification. A quadratic ranking function (i.e., a bilinear function) on the components of document and query vectors is derived by incorporating the term-by-term relationships. The conventional probabilistic indexing model, the probabilistic retrieval model, and our earlier generalized model are special cases of the proposed model. By exploring the different views of probability, procedures for estimating the required parameters are provided. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Probing the Electrostatics of Active Site Microenvironments along the Catalytic Cycle for <i>Escherichia coli</i> Dihydrofolate Reductase (2014)

Electrostatic interactions play an important role in enzyme catalysis by guiding ligand binding and facilitating chemical reactions. These electrostatic interactions are modulated by conformational changes occurring over the catalytic cycle. Herein, the changes in active site electrostatic microenvironments are examined for all enzyme complexes along the catalytic cycle of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR) by incorporation of thiocyanate probes at two site-specific locations in the active site. The electrostatics and degree of hydration of the microenvironments surrounding the probes are investigated with spectroscopic techniques and mixed quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations. Changes in the electrostatic microenvironments along the catalytic environment lead to different nitrile (CN) vibrational stretching frequencies and (13)C NMR chemical shifts. These environmental changes arise from protein conformational rearrangements during catalysis. The QM/MM calculations reproduce the experimentally measured vibrational frequency shifts of the thiocyanate probes across the catalyzed hydride transfer step, which spans the closed and occluded conformations of the enzyme. Analysis of the molecular dynamics trajectories provides insight into the conformational changes occurring between these two states and the resulting changes in classical electrostatics and specific hydrogen-bonding interactions. The electric fields along the CN axes of the probes are decomposed into contributions from specific residues, ligands, and solvent molecules that make up the microenvironments around the probes. Moreover, calculation of the electric field along the hydride donor-acceptor axis, along with decomposition of this field into specific contributions, indicates that the cofactor and substrate, as well as the enzyme, impose a substantial electric field that facilitates hydride transfer. Overall, experimental and theoretical data provide evidence for significant electrostatic changes in the active site microenvironments due to conformational motion occurring over the catalytic cycle of ecDHFR.
Induction of alveolar epithelial injury by phospholipase A2 (1989)

Severe damage to the alveolar type I epithelial cell is a characteristic morphological feature of lung injury due to numerous cases. It is postulated that excess phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity might be responsible for these changes, as one of the naturally occurring products of this enzyme, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) has been shown to cause selective injury to the type I pneumonocyte when it is instilled into the lower air spaces of the lung. To further investigate this potential mechanism of type I epithelial cell toxicity, we have measured the epithelial permeability-surface area product (PS) for [14C]sucrose as well as whole-lung lysoPC content at several times after instilling PLA2 (Naja naja venom) into either the air spaces or the perfusate of an isolated hamster lung preparation. As a molar percentage of total phospholipids, the normal hamster lung contains approximately 1.5% lysoPC, and this value is not affected by fluid filling of the air spaces or perfusion of the excised lung for periods up to 90 min. When 0.15 U/ml PLA2 is instilled into the air spaces, lung lysoPC content increases to approximately 2.5% and there are barely detectable increases in [14C]sucrose PS. With air space PLA2 concentrations of 0.30 U/ml, lysoPC content increases to between 4 and 5%, [14C]sucrose PS increases by greater than a factor of 10, and flooding of the alveolar spaces occur. Ultrastructural studies of similarly treated lungs show widespread but selective damage to the type I epithelial cells. These same biochemical and functional changes are not seen when the same concentrations of PLA2 are added to the lung perfusate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)