gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functionally identifiable apoptosis-insensitive subpopulations determine chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia (2016)

Upfront resistance to chemotherapy and relapse following remission are critical problems in leukemia that are generally attributed to subpopulations of chemoresistant tumor cells. There are, however, limited means for prospectively identifying these subpopulations, which hinders an understanding of therapeutic resistance. BH3 profiling is a functional single-cell analysis using synthetic BCL-2 BH3 domain-like peptides that measures mitochondrial apoptotic sensitivity or "priming." Here, we observed that the extent of apoptotic priming is heterogeneous within multiple cancer cell lines and is not the result of experimental noise. Apoptotic priming was also heterogeneous in treatment-naive primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) myeloblasts, and this heterogeneity decreased in chemotherapy-treated AML patients. The priming of the most apoptosis-resistant tumor cells, rather than the median priming of the population, best predicted patient response to induction chemotherapy. For several patients, these poorly primed subpopulations of AML tumor cells were enriched for antiapoptotic proteins. Developing techniques to identify and understand these apoptosis-insensitive subpopulations of tumor cells may yield insights into clinical chemoresistance and potentially improve therapeutic outcomes in AML.
A Facile Synthesis of Racemic N<sup>α</sup>-FMOC-2-Phenyltryptophan (1997)

Abstract A multigram synthesis of racemic Ná-Fmoc-2-phenyltryptophan (6) from 3-diethylaminomethyl-2-phenylindole (2) and ethyl nitroacetate is described.
A Generalized Kernel Consensus-Based Robust Estimator (2009)

In this paper, we present a new Adaptive-Scale Kernel Consensus (ASKC) robust estimator as a generalization of the popular and state-of-the-art robust estimators such as RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC), Adaptive Scale Sample Consensus (ASSC), and Maximum Kernel Density Estimator (MKDE). The ASKC framework is grounded on and unifies these robust estimators using nonparametric kernel density estimation theory. In particular, we show that each of these methods is a special case of ASKC using a specific kernel. Like these methods, ASKC can tolerate more than 50 percent outliers, but it can also automatically estimate the scale of inliers. We apply ASKC to two important areas in computer vision, robust motion estimation and pose estimation, and show comparative results on both synthetic and real data.
Global Volatility and Forex Returns in East Asia (2008)

The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate.
Over-expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)-MAPK in hepatocellular carcinoma: Its role in tumor progression and apoptosis (2003)

In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MEK-MAPK plays an important role in the growth and survival of liver cancer cells and suggest that blocking MEK-MAPK activity may represent an alternative approach for the treatment of liver cancer.
Neural correlates of a single-session massage treatment (2012)

The current study investigated the immediate neurophysiological effects of different types of massage in healthy adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Much attention has been given to the default mode network, a set of brain regions showing greater activity in the resting state. These regions (i.e. insula, posterior and anterior cingulate, inferior parietal and medial prefrontal cortices) have been postulated to be involved in the neural correlates of consciousness, specifically in arousal and awareness. We posit that massage would modulate these same regions given the benefits and pleasant affective properties of touch. To this end, healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: 1. Swedish massage, 2. reflexology, 3. massage with an object or 4. a resting control condition. The right foot was massaged while each participant performed a cognitive association task in the scanner. We found that the Swedish massage treatment activated the subgenual anterior and retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortices. This increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal was maintained only in the former brain region during performance of the cognitive task. Interestingly, the reflexology massage condition selectively affected the retrosplenial/posterior cingulate in the resting state, whereas massage with the object augmented the BOLD response in this region during the cognitive task performance. These findings should have implications for better understanding how alternative treatments might affect resting state neural activity and could ultimately be important for devising new targets in the management of mood disorders.
Crystal structure of Spa40, the specificity switch for the <i>Shigella flexneri</i> type III secretion system (2008)

The pathogenic bacterium Shigella flexneri uses a type III secretion system to inject virulence factors from the bacterial cytosol directly into host cells. The machinery that identifies secretion substrates and controls the export of extracellular components and effector proteins consists of several inner-membrane and cytoplasmic proteins. One of the inner membrane components, Spa40, belongs to a family of proteins proposed to regulate the switching of substrate specificity of the export apparatus. We show that Spa40 is cleaved within the strictly conserved amino acid sequence NPTH and substitution of the proposed autocatalytic residue abolishes cleavage. Here we also report the crystal structure of the cytoplasmic complex Spa40(C) and compare it with the recent structures of the homologues from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. These structures reveal the tight association of the cleaved fragments and show that the conserved NPTH sequence lies on a loop which, when cleaved, swings away from the catalytic N257 residue, resulting in different surface features in this region. This structural rearrangement suggests a mechanism by which non-cleaving forms of these proteins interfere with correct substrate switching of the apparatus.
The Issuance of Securities by Small and Growing Businesses: A Primer (1996)

Capital is the lifeblood of all business enterprises.For new, growing or well-established businesses, capital may be raised from a variety of sources that change over time as the enterprise evolves.'The ability to raise capital and to navigate successfully through the labyrinth of securities laws, rules, regulations, and safe harbors is critical to the success (or even survival) of the enterprise.Capital formation is heavily regulated at both the federal and state level. 2 All businesses, even small, closely-held businesses, and their legal counsel must be aware of applicable securities laws, rules and regulations when raising capital.Failure to comply with applicable legal requirements could subject the enterprise, its principals, and the professionals representing the enterprise' to substantial liabilities and even criminal penalties.Actions taken in connection with an early round of financing 1.There are numerous sources of capital for the small and growing enterprise.The founders of a new business often provide the first capital in exchange for the initial ownership interests (whether shares of stock, partnership interests, limited liability company membership interests or otherwise) in the enterprise.Private investors contribute large sums to start-up ventures with the expectation that substantial returns will be generated in exchange for the significant risks that may be inherent in their early-stage investment in a business enterprise.Capital may be raised from the public markets through various mechanisms such as stock offerings, the sale of limited partnership interests and the issuance of debt instruments.Funds are available from a variety of federal and state governmental sources such as the Small Business Administration and, by way of example, the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board in Minnesota.See
Lymphotoxin-beta receptor blockade reduces CXCL13 in lacrimal glands and improves corneal integrity in the NOD model of Sjögren's syndrome (2011)

Blockade of LTBR pathways may have therapeutic potential for treatment of Sjögren's syndrome.
QUASI-ELLIPTIC WIDEBAND BANDPASS FILTERS USING STUBS LOADED ANTI-PARALLEL COUPLED-LINE (2013)

This paper presents a new type of wideband bandpass fllter (BPF) with quasi-elliptic frequency response by using proposed stubs loaded anti-parallel coupled-line. With difierent loads, the proposed stubs loaded anti-parallel coupled-line has difierent numbers of transmission zeros (TZs). These TZs are symmetrical along the designing frequency f0. By using a quarter-wavelength parallel coupled-line to connect two proposed stubs loaded anti-parallel coupled-line, three wideband BPFs centered at f0 = 1:575GHz with quasi-elliptic frequency response are successfully designed. Good agreements between the simulations and measurements can be observed. The measured results also exhibits that the fabricated BPFs have the merits of low in-band insertion loss, good in-band return loss, sharp passband selectivity and high out-of-band rejection.
Heart on the road (2009)

Driving a vehicle is a task affected by an increasing number and a rising complexity of Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) resulting in a raised cognitive load of the driver, and in consequence to the distraction from the main activity of driving. A number of potential solutions have been proposed so far, however, although these techniques broaden the perception horizon (e. g. the introduction of the sense of touch as additional information modality or the utilization of multimodal instead of unimodal interfaces), they demand the attention of the driver too. In order to cope with the issues of workload and/or distraction, it would be essential to find a non-distracting and noninvasive solution for the emergence of information.In this work we have investigated the application of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis to electrocardiography (ECG) data for identifying driving situations of possible threat by monitoring and recording the autonomic arousal states of the driver. For verification we have collected ECG and global positioning system (GPS) data in more than 20 test journeys on two regularly driven routes during a period of two weeks.The first results have shown that an indicated difference of the arousal state of the driver for a dedicated point on a route, compared to its usual state, can be interpreted as a warning sign and used to notify the driver about this, perhaps safety critical, change. To provide evidence for this hypothesis it would be essential in the next step to conduct a large number of journeys on different times of the day, using different drivers and various roadways.
Lateral epitaxial overgrowth of GaN on a patterned GaN-on-silicon substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (2011)

We report here the lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) of GaN on a patterned GaN-on-silicon substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth with radio frequency nitrogen plasma as a gas source. Two kinds of GaN nanostructures are defined by electron beam lithography and realized on a GaN substrate by fast atom beam etching. The epitaxial growth of GaN by MBE is performed on the prepared GaN template, and the selective growth of GaN takes place with the assistance of GaN nanostructures. The LEO of GaN produces novel GaN epitaxial structures which are dependent on the shape and the size of the processed GaN nanostructures. Periodic GaN hexagonal pyramids are generated inside the air holes, and GaN epitaxial strips with triangular section are formed in the grating region. This work provides a promising way for producing novel GaN-based devices by the LEO of GaN using the MBE technique.
KorSA from the <i>Streptomyces</i> Integrative Element pSAM2 Is a Central Transcriptional Repressor: Target Genes and Binding Sites (2000)

pSAM2, a 10.9-kb mobile integrative genetic element from Streptomyces ambofaciens, possesses, as do a majority of Streptomyces conjugative plasmids, a kil-kor system associated with its transfer. The kor function of pSAM2 was attributed to the korSA gene, but its direct role remained unclear. The present study was focused on the determination of the KorSA targets. It was shown that KorSA acts as a transcriptional repressor by binding to a conserved 17-nucleotide sequence found upstream of only two genes: its own gene, korSA, and pra, a gene positively controlling pSAM2 replication, integration, and excision. A unique feature of KorSA, compared to Kor proteins from other Streptomyces conjugative plasmids, is that it does not directly regulate pSAM2 transfer. KorSA does not bind to the pSAM2 genes coding for transfer and intramycelial spreading. Through the repression of pra, KorSA is able to negatively regulate pSAM2 functions activated by Pra and, consequently, to maintain pSAM2 integrated in the chromosome.
Nonlinear repetitive control (2000)

Repetitive controllers are generally applied to reject periodic disturbances and to track periodic reference signals with a known period. Their design is based on the internal model principle, proposed by Francis and Wonham (1975). This paper describes a new finite-dimensional SISO repetitive controller for two different classes of nonlinear plants. Simulation results show asymptotic tracking of the periodic reference signal by the proposed repetitive controller in closed loop up to the Nth harmonic frequency. A proof of robustness of the repetitive control system to small nonlinearities, like actuator nonlinearities, is provided.
Characterization of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor GABAB(1e), a GABAB(1) splice variant encoding a truncated receptor. (2001)

In this manuscript, the GABAB(1e) splice variant is incorrectly described as lacking exon 11 as defined in Ref. 21. Rather, the nucleotides encoding exon 10 are absent from this splice variant. This error has no bearing on the data or conclusions that are presented.
Structural modeling of flames for a production environment (2002)

In this paper we describe a system for animating flames. Stochastic models of flickering and buoyant diffusion provide realistic local appearance while physics-based wind fields and Kolmogorov noise add controllable motion and scale. Procedural mechanisms are developed for animating all aspects of flame behavior including moving sources, combustion spread, flickering, separation and merging, and interaction with stationary objects. At all stages in the process the emphasis is on total artistic and behavioral control while maintaining interactive animation rates. The final system is suitable for a high volume production pipeline.
Alzheimer Disease-specific Conformation of Hyperphosphorylated Paired Helical Filament-Tau Is Polyubiquitinated through Lys-48, Lys-11, and Lys-6 Ubiquitin Conjugation (2006)

One of the key pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD) is the accumulation of paired helical filaments (PHFs) of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein Tau. Tandem mass spectrometry was employed to examine PHF-Tau post-translational modifications, in particular protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination, to shed light on their role in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. PHF-Tau from Alzheimer disease brain was affinity-purified by MC1 monoclonal antibody to isolate a soluble fraction of PHF-Tau in a conformation unique to human AD brain. A large number of phosphorylation sites were identified by employing a data-dependent neutral loss algorithm to trigger MS3 scans of phosphopeptides. It was found that soluble PHF-Tau is ubiquitinated at its microtubule-binding domain at residues Lys-254, Lys-311, and Lys-353, suggesting that ubiquitination of PHF-Tau may be an earlier pathological event than previously thought and that ubiquitination could play a regulatory role in modulating the integrity of microtubules during the course of AD. Tandem mass spectrometry data for ubiquitin itself indicate that PHF-Tau is modified by three polyubiquitin linkages, at Lys-6, Lys-11, and Lys-48. Relative quantitative analysis indicates that Lys-48-linked polyubiquitination is the primary form of polyubiquitination with a minor portion of ubiquitin linked at Lys-6 and Lys-11. Because modification by Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains is known to serve as the essential means of targeting proteins for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and it has been reported that modification at Lys-6 inhibits ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, a failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome system could play a role in initiating the formation of degradation-resistant PHF tangles.
Reprogramming, Circular Reasoning and Self versus Non-self: One-Stop Shopping with RNA Editing (2016)

Transcription of genetic information from archival DNA into RNA molecule working copies is vital for proper cellular function and is highly accurate. In turn, RNAs serve structural, enzymatic, and regulatory roles, as well as being informational templates for the ribosomal translation of proteins. Following RNA synthesis, maturing of RNA molecules occurs through various RNA processing events. One component of the collection of processes involving RNA species, broadly defined as RNA metabolism, is the RNA-editing pathway and is found in all animals. Acting specifically on RNA substrates with double-stranded character, RNA editing has been shown to regulate a plethora of genomic outputs, including gene recoding, RNA splicing, biogenesis and targeting actions of microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, and global gene expression. Recent evidence suggests that RNA modifications mediated via RNA editing influence the biogenesis of circular RNAs and safeguard against aberrant innate immune responses generated to endogenous RNA sources. These novel roles have the potential to contribute new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis mediated by mishandling of double-stranded RNA. Here, we discuss recent advances in the field, which highlight novel roles associated with the RNA-editing process and emphasize their importance during cellular RNA metabolism. In addition, we highlight the relevance of these newly discovered roles in the context of neurological disorders and the more general concept of innate recognition of self versus non-self.
Development and Implementation of a Calibration Procedure for Complex Impedance Spectrum Measurements with Applications to Embedded Battery Health Monitoring and Management Systems (2012)

Energy storage devices such as rechargeable Lithium ion batteries are assuming an increasingly prominent role in society, covering applications from electric / hybrid electric vehicles to personal portable electronics. In response to this increasing demand, technologies that monitor battery health and remaining useful life have developed. One such system is the Smart Battery Status Monitor (SBSM), developed by the Idaho National Laboratory, Montana Tech and Qualtech Systems, Inc. The SBSM utilizes impedance spectrum measurements using a subsystem called the Impedance Measurement Box (IMB). The impedance measurements are complex quantities (having both a resistive and a reactive component) and are made at ultra-low frequencies (~0.01Hz). As such, a major technical challenge has been the development of an effective robust calibration procedure. This thesis presents the realization of just such a procedure where successful calibration of both the resistive and the reactive components is accomplished using purely resistive calibration shunts.
Sattelite and in situ monitoring of ocean magnitudes: applications to the mediterranean sea (2008)

Se presentan distintas aplicaciones de sensores in-situ y satelite para la monitorizacion de magnitudes oceanograficas. Se presentan ademas tecnicas matematicas aparejadas al analisis de esos datos: Para la monitorizacion in-situ de magnitudes del oceano se ha utilizado la red de oceanografia y meteorologia de puertos del estado. Llevandose a cabo un analisis de la senal estacional en el nivel del mar y en la temperatura superficial del agua del mar, asi como oscilaciones de corto periodo en medidas de mareografos. En el caso de la monitorizacion por satelite se han utilizado datos provenientes de distintos satelites (desde satelites altimetricos hasta misiones dedicadas a la gravedad) para realizar un analisis de tendencias en el Mar Mediterraneo. Finalmente se ofrece una vision general de las iniciativas internacionales en redes de monitorizacion globales utilizando sensores in-situ y montados en satelites, y se recalca la importancia de utilizar conjuntamente la informacion proporcionada por ambos tipos de sensores. Se adjuntan distintos anexos que pueden ser considerados como una introduccion a la teledeteccion por satelite. Describe desde los sensores utilizados y sus limitaciones hasta la recuperacion de datos y su distribucion.
Sliding Mode Control, with Integrator, for a Class of Mimo Nonlinear Systems (2011)

In this paper, the robust control problem of general nonlinear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems is proposed. The robustness against unknown disturbances is considered. Two algorithms based on the Sliding Mode Control (SMC) for nonlinear coupled multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems are proposed: the first order sliding mode control (FOSMC) with saturation (sat) function and the FOSMC with sat combined with integrator controller. Those algorithms were simulated and implemented on the three tanks test-bed system and the exprimental results confirm the effectiveness of our control design.
A Surveillance Testbed with Networked Sensors for Integrated Target Inference (2007)

Target inference in surveillance systems includes target detection, localization, tracking, recognition, etc. Existing surveillance systems which consist of either non-mobile sensing devices or mobile wireless sensor nodes usually can not provide both a large coverage area and a high accuracy of target inference. In this paper, we present a surveillance testbed with networked sensors of both stationary and mobile types for the inference of moving targets in a region of interest. The testbed is intended to serve as a platform to perform integrated target inference for moving ground vehicles. Although the testbed can be used for multiple purposes, the joint decision and estimation (JDE) framework and its solution are particularly emphasized. The experimental study upon the testbed is trying to investigate the practical issues and factors involved in JDE framework with the application of moving vehicle detection and tracking. To combine data from sensors/processors of different types, fusion techniques with various practical constraints have to be implemented. We demonstrate the vehicle detection and tracking capability with multiple cameras and wireless sensors and point out several challenges in achieving persistent surveillance with high accuracy.