gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the occurrence of snow‐cover in Great Britain (1939)

Abstract Hitherto practically no information has been forthcoming with regard to the frequency with which a snow‐cover may be expected on the uplands and mountains of Great Britain. Variations with altitude are very great; variations from year to year are also very great; few highland stations are available, while their records are often brief and interrupted. Further, the interpretation, analysis and criticism of the existing data with regard to snow‐lying are difficult, and are only to be undertaken after a close survey of the environment and other features of the reporting stations, of which the majority are on low ground. A relationship has now been derived between the mean temperature of the winter months and the average frequency of occurrence of snow‐lying, which after test appears to be generally applicable to any given place over a period of years. It is necessary, however, to allow for several additional factors, notably quantity of snowfall, which influence the duration if snow‐cover. It appears that, making these allowances, a reasonable estimate can be made of the frequency of snow‐cover a t the majority of places in Great Britain; also, of the extent to which the expectation of snow‐cover varies with small fluctuations in mean winter temperature, over a period. The deductions, with regard to uplands and mountains, should be of general interest to many beside those concerned with questions of transport. In the course of the work upwards of ninety observing stations have been investigated, and the tables of frequency of snow‐lying for eighty‐six of these may also be of value until more rigorous analysis can be undertaken.
A History of Livestock Raising in the United States, 1607-1860 (1943)

Excerpt from the report: The history of animal husbandry, as described in this report, is closely integrated with the general pattern of American development to 1860. In the acquisition and settlement of each frontier, livestock played a unique and vital role, providing the pioneers with transportation, food, draft power, and economic enterprises. Stock raising underwent many changes in the course of its westward march. In large measure, however, according to the author, the story is one of similarities rather than differences. The livestock industry of the Carolina Piedmont in the 1760's, for example, was remarkably similar to that of the Great Plains in the 1880's. Contents: The European Background of American Livestock; Stock Raising in Colonial New England; Stock Raising in the Middle Colonies; Stock Raising in the Southern Colonies; Stock Raising in the United States, 1775-1830; The Opening of the New West; The Spanish Southwest and California; The Beginnings of Stock Raising in Oregon Territory and Utah; Stock Raising in the United States during the Middle Era, 1830-1860; Literature Cited by James West fall Thompson; Selected References on the History of Livestock Raising in the United States to 1860, Published Since the Thompson Manuscript Was Completed.
Ökonomische Entscheidungskriterien beim Einsatz automatischer Datenverarbeitungsanlagen (1970)

ZusammenfassungBei der Beurteilung der Frage, ob die Verwendung der ADV wirtschaftlich ist, muß bedacht werden, daß es bei der Bewältigung wirtschaftlicher Vorgänge immer um die Erreichung folgender Ziele geht:(1) Ermöglichung oder Vorbereitung unternehmerischer Entschlüsse, (2) rationelle Abwicklung der sich aus solchen Entschlüssen ergebenden Denk-, Entscheidungs- und Arbeitsprozesse, (3) Kontrolle der Einhaltung von Weisungen und Feststellung von Abweichungen, wodurch Änderungen und Ergänzungen der unternehmerischen Entschlüsse ausgelöst werden können.
Bile Acid Sequestrants for Lipid and Glucose Control (2010)

Bile acids are generated in the liver and are traditionally recognized for their regulatory role in multiple metabolic processes including bile acid homeostasis, nutrient absorption, and cholesterol homeostasis. Recently, bile acids emerged as signaling molecules that, as ligands for the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5, activate and integrate multiple complex signaling pathways involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Bile acid sequestrants are pharmacologic molecules that bind to bile acids in the intestine resulting in the interruption of bile acid homeostasis and, consequently, reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemia. Bile acid sequestrants also reduce glucose levels and improve glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This article examines the mechanisms by which bile acid-mediated activation of FXR and TGR5 signaling pathways regulate lipid and glucose metabolism and the potential implications for bile acid sequestrant-mediated regulation of lipid and glucose levels in T2DM.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Heterocyclic Chlorides with Arylmagnesium Halides and of Polyfunctionalized Arylcopper Reagents with Aryl Bromides, Chlorides, Fluorides and Tosylates. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Twist of Two Turns: The Protagonist Who Almost Was (2008)

The Turn o f the Screw by Henry James has been adapted into several movies, inspired countless lesser works of horror, been debated by every school of criticism, and researched to no end.It is the story of an unlikely governess, who goes away to care for two young children in the countryside, completely on her own, and who begins to unravel under the pressure of having to manage not only the education of her charges but veiled supernatural threats against them.In its time the novella was sensational, scandalous, and chilling.As such, its place in the literary canon is secure.Even though it is part gothic tale and part female study, the fact that James wrote most of it in female first person sparks much feminist criticism today; likewise, gothic tales, which are studies in opposites, are rich in material for deconstructionists to draw from.The female protagonist is an ambiguous narrator reminiscent of past "madwomen in attics" due to her social position; she moves through her varying elevated stages of confusion and distress, considering the children as wholly innocent, beautiful beings and yet also as evil co-conspirators with the real (or imagined) ghosts that haunt Bly house.Before even the mention of a ghost enters into her story, the governess herself is a mass of entanglements: she is a narrator moderated by another narrator as ultimately told by James.As elaborated by Priscilla L. Walton in "What Then on Earth Was I? Feminine Subjectivity andThe Turn o f the Screw," "Just as James 'eyed' and assessed the potential of the feminine tale that he later transformed into his literary text, so his unnamed narrator and Douglas 'eye' and assess the governess and her tale before they relate her narrative" (Walton 255).Walton further suggests that these actions serve to bury the female narrative twice, first by the
Producer and Veterinarian (1979)

What I would like to do is divide my presentation into three parts: (I) where have we been in scientific agriculture? (2) where are we now? and (3) where are we going? As far as where we have been, as many of you older pract itioners know, in the last 40 years we have seen a tremendous increase in the quantity and quality of food produced in America. The two fields where America leads the world are in ( l) scientific agriculture and (2) food technology. What about the future? I think it is positive. I think there are a lot of things that we can do and it involves you and me getting involved in politics in addition to veterinary medicine.
Load Profiling Method in Detecting non-Technical Loss Activities in a Power Utility (2006)

This paper presents comprehensive review on nontechnical losses, load profiles and data mining techniques that currently being used in effort to minimize the non-technical loss activities. It also presents on the contributing factors in load profiles of electricity customers, using the knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) procedure, to determine the load profiles for different types of customers. In this paper, the customer load profiles are compared based on the type of day, by analysing their differences in their consumption behaviour. The objective of this study is to use the load profiling methods and data mining techniques to classify, detect and predict non-technical losses in the distribution sector, due to faulty metering and billing errors, as well as to gather knowledge on customer behaviour and preferences so as to gain a competitive advantage in the electricity market. This paper focuses mainly on the development of framework analysis of the customer behaviour.
A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar‐Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability (2014)

Abstract Two‐dimensional hybrid perovskites are used as absorbers in solar cells. Our first‐generation devices containing (PEA) 2 (MA) 2 [Pb 3 I 10 ] ( 1 ; PEA=C 6 H 5 (CH 2 ) 2 NH 3 + , MA=CH 3 NH 3 + ) show an open‐circuit voltage of 1.18 V and a power conversion efficiency of 4.73 %. The layered structure allows for high‐quality films to be deposited through spin coating and high‐temperature annealing is not required for device fabrication. The 3D perovskite (MA)[PbI 3 ] ( 2 ) has recently been identified as a promising absorber for solar cells. However, its instability to moisture requires anhydrous processing and operating conditions. Films of 1 are more moisture resistant than films of 2 and devices containing 1 can be fabricated under ambient humidity levels. The larger bandgap of the 2D structure is also suitable as the higher bandgap absorber in a dual‐absorber tandem device. Compared to 2 , the layered perovskite structure may offer greater tunability at the molecular level for material optimization.
Recent Developments in Tritium Incorporation for Radiotracer Studies (2000)

The essential nature of rapid radiotracer synthesis very early in drug discovery programs has driven the need for better and more varied tritium incorporation methods. This review presents a summary of recent advances for tritium introduction via tritiated water, tritium gas, complex tritides, and a range of recently improved tritiation reagents. Access to a wider range of tritiated reagents (for tritioacetylation, tritioformylation, methylation, etc.) and commercial manifolds for the transfer and use of tritium gas is also discussed.
Giga-bit ATM cross-connect system with STM-ATM conversion function (2002)

This paper proposes a large-capacity, Gbit-class ATM cross-connect (XC) system with an STM-ATM conversion function, which enables not only construction of virtual path network of B-ISDN but also emulations of STM digital paths such as TU-11, TU-2 and AU-3. The proposed system comprises a maximum of four main modules of 20 Gbit/s throughput and one junction module which enables the total throughput of 80 Gbit/s. The prototype of the main module and the STM-ATM convertor verifies the basic functions and performance of the XC system. It also demonstrates a compact and economical configuration to be suitable for handling large capacities by implementing high density packaging technologies, as well as high-speed and highly integrated LSIs providing high speed processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>BRCA1</i> Mutations in Primary Breast and Ovarian Carcinomas (1994)

Loss of heterozygosity data from familial tumors suggest that BRCA1, a gene that confers susceptibility to ovarian and early-onset breast cancer, encodes a tumor suppressor. The BRCA1 region is also subject to allelic loss in sporadic breast and ovarian cancers, an indication that BRCA1 mutations may occur somatically in these tumors. The BRCA1 coding region was examined for mutations in primary breast and ovarian tumors that show allele loss at the BRCA1 locus. Mutations were detected in 3 of 32 breast and 1 of 12 ovarian carcinomas; all four mutations were germline alterations and occurred in early-onset cancers. These results suggest that mutation of BRCA1 may not be critical in the development of the majority of breast and ovarian cancers that arise in the absence of a mutant germline allele.
A role for rhoB in the delamination of neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube (1998)

The differentiation of neural crest cells from progenitors located in the dorsal neural tube appears to involve three sequential steps: the specification of premigratory neural crest cell fate, the delamination of these cells from the neural epithelium and the migration of neural crest cells in the periphery. BMP signaling has been implicated in the specification of neural crest cell fate but the mechanisms that control the emergence of neural crest cells from the neural tube remain poorly understood. To identify molecules that might function at early steps of neural crest differentiation, we performed a PCR-based screen for genes induced by BMPs in chick neural plate cells. We describe the cloning and characterization of one gene obtained from this screen, rhoB, a member of the rho family GTP-binding proteins. rhoB is expressed in the dorsal neural tube and its expression persists transiently in migrating neural crest cells. BMPs induce the neural expression of rhoB but not the more widely expressed rho family member, rhoA. Inhibition of rho activity by C3 exotoxin prevents the delamination of neural crest cells from neural tube explants but has little effect on the initial specification of premigratory neural crest cell fate or on the later migration of neural crest cells. These results suggest that rhoB has a role in the delamination of neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube.
Pain During Insertion of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters With and Without Intradermal Lidocaine (1999)

Phase 1 of this study evaluated the perception of pain in 50 patients undergoing peripheral venous catheter insertion without the use of a local anesthetic. Phase 2 evaluated perceived pain in 50 patients who received intradermal lidocaine before the i.v. catheter was inserted. The researchers found that lidocaine injected intradermally before placement of an i.v. catheter resulted in significantly lower self-reported pain perceptions (p < 0.01). No additional time (determined in intervals of 15 minutes) was required for the study group. Based on these findings, the hospital policy was modified so that intradermal lidocaine would be offered to all patients requiring peripherally inserted i.v. catheters.
New Prospects for the Grafting of Functional Groups onto Aliphatic Polyesters. Ring‐Opening Polymerization of <b>α</b>‐ or <b>γ</b>‐Substituted <b>ε</b>‐Caprolactone Followed by Chemical Derivatization of the Substituents (2006)

Abstract Recent progress in the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters, substituted by pendent functional groups, has been reviewed. Two main strategies have to be distinguished. The first route consists of the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone substituted by various functional groups, protected if needed, in α‐ or γ‐position. In a second strategy, the functional groups are grafted onto preformed polyesters chains in α‐position of the carbonyl groups. α‐chloro‐ε‐caprolactone is quite an interesting monomer because, after polymerization, the activated chloride can be easily derivatized by atom transfer radical addition and “click” chemistry, respectively. Similarly, γ‐acrylic‐ε‐caprolactone is precursor of (co)polyesters well‐suited to derivatization of the pendent double bonds by Michael addition.
Successful characterization of radioactive waste at the Savannah River Site (1995)

Characterization of the low-level radioactive waste generated by forty five independent operating facilities at The Savannah River Site (SRS) experienced a slow start. However, the site effectively accelerated waste characterization based on findings of an independent assessment that recommended several changes to the existing process. The new approach included the development of a generic waste characterization protocol and methodology and the formulation of a technical board to approve waste characterization. As a result, consistent, detailed characterization of waste streams from SRS facilities was achieved in six months.
Paenibacillus tundrae sp. nov. and Paenibacillus xylanexedens sp. nov., psychrotolerant, xylan-degrading bacteria from Alaskan tundra (2009)

Eight psychrotolerant, xylan-degrading strains of bacteria that were catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and able to reduce nitrate to nitrite were isolated from soil beneath moist non-acidic and acidic tundra in northern Alaska. The DNA G+C contents for the strains ranged from 46.4-50.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that each strain belonged to the genus Paenibacillus. The highest level of 16S rRNA gene similarity was found between the eight strains and Paenibacillus amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290(T) (98.9-99.1 %). However, despite relatively high 16S rRNA gene similarity, DNA-DNA hybridization, repetitive elements genotyping and phenotypic analysis revealed that at least two of the strains differed from P. amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290(T). DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain A10b(T) and P. amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290(T) (4.3 %), between strain B22a(T) and P. amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290(T) (48.8 %) and between strain A10b(T) and strain B22a(T) (11.0 %) were below those recommended by the ad hoc committee for those belonging to the same species. Significant phenotypic features that differentiate these novel strains from P. amylolyticus included their inability to utilize l-arabinose and ability to utilize glycogen as sole carbon sources. Unlike strains 1B4a and B22a(T), strains A6a and A10b(T) produced ethanol as an end product of glucose fermentation, utilized acetic acid and 2,3-butanediol and did not utilize d-gluconic acid. MK-7 was the major isoprenoid quinone and anteiso-C(15 : 0) was the most abundant fatty acid for strains A10b(T) and B22a(T). On the basis of these results, strains A10b(T) and B22a(T) are each considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the names Paenibacillus tundrae sp. nov. and Paenibacillus xylanexedens sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Paenibacillus tundrae sp. nov. is A10b(T) (=NRRL B-51094(T)=DSM 21291(T)). The type strain of Paenibacillus xylanexedens sp. nov. is B22a(T) (=NRRL B-51090(T)=DSM 21292(T)).
Studies of the Australasian moss<i>Fissidens taylorii</i>C. Muel1. (1996)

AbstractA group of Australasian micro-Fissidens, which at various times have been placed in two genera and some 15 different species, are regarded as four varieties of the single species, Fissidens taylorii C.Muell., in Section Fissidens, Subgenus Fissidens. Descriptions, illustrations and a key to the varieties are provided.
Improvement of proteolytic resistance of immunoadsorbents by chemical modification with polyethylene glycol (1989)

Immunoadsorbents were modified with monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol (PEG; average molecular weights of 5000 (PEG-5000) and 1900 (PEG-1900)) activated with cyanuric acid (activated PEG) by four different methods. In the two methods, anti-BSA antibodies were modified with activated PEG with and without protection of antigen binding sites with BSA and then were coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. In the other two methods, Immunoadsorbents, which were prepared by coupling anti-BSA antibodies to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, were modified with activated PEG with and without the protection. The effects of PEG modification by these four methods on the binding ratio (the ratio of the numbers of moles of antigen adsorbed to the numbers of moles of binding sites of antibody coupled), the antigen binding property and the resistance to proteolytic digestion of immunoadsorbents were studied. The decrease in the binding ratio by the modification with activated PEG was small enough to use modified immunoadsorbents for industrial purification processes. The resistance to proteolytic digestion of immunoadsorbents was improved by modification with activated PEG. The modification without protection of antigen binding sites gave higher resistance to proteolytic digestion than that with protection, while the former caused larger decrease in the binding ratio of modification. The immunoadsorbents modified with activated PEG-5000 showed higher resistance to proteolytic digestion than those modified with activated PEG-1900.
Data and Model (2006)

This article discusses the role of data in mathematic modeling. It introduces the methods of data collection and selection. It also introduces the ways of using the data in mathematic modeling.
Highly Efficient, Inexpensive, Medium Current Ion Source (1967)

A newly designed ion source has provided deuterium ion currents up to 10 mA at input powers of about 100 W. The device utilizes a diffuse, filament-excited dc discharge produced in the 10−3 Torr pressure region and incorporates an ion extractor as a part of the plasma chamber. The extractor and discharge chamber exit aperture form a converging lens that shapes the ions into a small diameter beam, which exits the chamber through a small orifice in the extractor. The combination of low operating pressure and small diameter exit orifice results in low neutral gas leakage. Simplicity of design and operation renders the unit relatively inexpensive to build and maintain. Because the discharge is diffuse, it can be readily scaled up or down in size and modified for the extraction of a variety of beam shapes.
Potentiation of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated oncogenesis by c-Src: implications for the etiology of multiple human cancers. (1995)

c-Src is a nontransforming tyrosine kinase that participates in signaling events mediated by a variety of polypeptide growth factor receptors, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Overexpression and continual ligand stimulation of the EGFR results in morphological transformation of cells in vitro and tumor development in vivo. Elevated levels of c-Src and the EGFR are found in a variety of human malignancies, raising the question of whether c-Src can functionally cooperate with the EGFR during tumorigenesis. To address this issue, we generated c-Src/EGFR double overexpressors and compared their proliferative and biochemical characteristics to those of single overexpressors and control cells. We found that in cells expressing high levels of receptor, c-Src potentiated DNA synthesis, growth in soft agar, and tumor formation in nude mice. Growth potentiation was associated with the formation of a heterocomplex between c-Src and activated EGFR, the appearance of a distinct tyrosyl phosphorylation on the receptor, and an enhancement of receptor substrate phosphorylation. These findings indicate that c-Src is capable of potentiating receptor-mediated tumorigenesis and suggest that synergism between c-Src and the EGFR may contribute to a more aggressive phenotype in multiple human tumors.