gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive characterization of martensite in AISI type 304 stainless steel using SQUID and MBN methods (2001)

Detection and characterisation of small amounts of strain induced martensite in AISI tape 304 steinless steel is useful for early detection of in-service degradation. Since mertensite is a magnetic phase, magnetic methods of NDE are very attractive. Two such methods namely Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signal are discussed in this paper. Specimens with different degree of cold work have been prepared and investigated. A monotonic increase in SQUID and MBN Signal output has been noticed with cold work. Martensite in even 10 % cold woked specimens has been unambiguously characterised. Experimental studies have shown that the SQUIDs and MBN methods are more sensitive to detection of mertensite as compared to the other methods such as eddy currents testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and use of magnetic hysteresis loop parameters.
Patterning the Asteraceae Capitulum: Duplications and Differential Expression of the Flower Symmetry CYC2-Like Genes (2018)

There are several types of capitulum in the Asteraceae due to different combinations of florets varying in corolla shape and stamen development. Previous studies have shown that the formation of ray florets on a radiate capitulum may be related to the parallel co-option of <i>CYC2</i>-like genes among independent Asteraceae lineages. The present work tests that hypothesis and attempts to shed light on the pattern of evolution of the Asteraceae capitulum and floral heteromorphism under the regulation of <i>CYC2</i>-like genes. In this study, the evolutionary history of <i>CYC2</i>-like genes in the Asterales was reconstructed and their expression patterns were examined in species representing different capitulum types and several major Asteraceae lineages. To clarify the role of CYC2d clade genes in morphogenesis of ray flowers, overexpression of <i>ClCYC2d</i> was conducted in <i>Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium</i>. Our results show that there are six <i>CYC2</i>-like members in the Asteraceae; they are results of five duplication events starting from a single-copy gene in the common ancestor of the Goodeniaceae-Calyceraceae-Asteraceae group and completing before the divergence of the subfamily Carduoideae of Asteraceae. Spatial expression pattern of each of the Asteraceae <i>CYC2</i>-like members is conserved across the family. All the six members contribute to the development of the complexity of a capitulum: To form a ray floret, either <i>CYC2c</i> or <i>CYC2g</i> plays an essential role, while <i>CYC2d</i> represses the development of dorsal corolla lobes and stamens of the floret. In sum, the developmental program of making a ray flower is conserved involving functionally divergent <i>CYC2</i>-like genes. Based on extensive species sampling, this study provides an overview of the mode of regulation of <i>CYC2</i>-like genes that patterns the capitulum architectures and their transitions.
Adhesion of multi-level hierarchical attachment systems in gecko feet (2007)

Abstract Several creatures including insects, spiders and lizards have developed a unique clinging ability that utilizes dry adhesion. Geckos, in particular, have developed the most complex adhesive structures capable of smart adhesion — the ability to cling to different smooth and rough surfaces as well as detach at will. These animals make use of about three million microscale hairs (setae) (about 14 000/mm2) that branch off into hundreds of nanoscale spatulae (about a billion spatulae). Van der Waals forces are the primary mechanism utilized to adhere to surfaces, and capillary forces are a secondary effect that can further increase adhesion force. The hierarchical surface construction gives the gecko the adaptability to create a large real area of contact with surfaces. Modeling of the gecko attachment system as a hierarchical spring model has provided insight into adhesion enhancement generated by this system. It is shown that a multi-level hierarchical structure produces adhesion enhancement, and this enhancement increases with an increase in applied load and a decrease in the stiffness of springs. A significant adhesion enhancement occurs when the maximum spring deformation is greater than two to three times the root mean square amplitude of surface roughness. Although a gecko is capable of producing on the order of 20 N of adhesion force, it retains the ability to remove its feet from an attachment surface at will. Adhesion design databases for biomimetic attachment systems are presented. These adhesion design databases are useful for understanding biological systems and for guiding the fabrication of biomimetic attachment systems. A man-made fibrillar structure capable of replicating gecko adhesion has the potential for use in dry, superadhesive tapes that would be of use in a wide range of applications. These adhesives could be created using micro/nanofabrication techniques or self-assembly. Keywords: ADHESIONHIERARCHICAL STRUCTURESURFACE ENERGYGECKO
Fluorine-labeling as a diagnostic for thiol-ligand and gold nanocluster self-assembly (2009)

An omega-fluorine-labeled oxyethylene thiol ligand, F(CH2CH2O)2CH2CH2SH, was synthesized, characterized and incorporated into mixed self-assembled monolayers with CH3(OCH2CH2)3SH onto a planar gold substrate and onto 2 nm gold nanoclusters. The fluorine-labeled nanocluster was self-assembled onto gold substrates using alkane dithiol (HS(CH2)nSH; n = 5, 8, 11) and oxyethylene dithiol (HS(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2SH; n = 1, 2, 3) linking agents with equivalent chain lengths for comparative purposes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to track the fluorine-label in the self-assembly operations and to evaluate the effectiveness of the dithiols. For adequate XPS sensitivity at least 10% of the monolayer-forming molecules should be functionalized with this fluorine-label. In the comparative self-assembly of the fluorine-labeled gold nanoclusters in chloroform solution, the alkane dithiols were observed to be the more effective linking agents. This effectiveness correlates with the XPS analysis of alkane dithiols self-assembling onto the gold substrates with a higher packing density and with a larger fraction of molecules having one thiol group as opposed to two bonded to the gold surface. The oxyethylene dithiols self-assemble with a smaller packing density and a smaller fraction of molecules with an unbonded thiol group available for self-assembly.
Application of Photoautotrophic Suspension Cultures in Plant Science (2002)

Whereas most plant suspension cultures are grown heterotrophically in the presence of sugars, a limited number of photoautotrophic cultures have been established which are able to grow with CO2 as the sole carbon source. Photoautotrophic cultures are useful to address various aspects of photosynthesis, source-sink regulation, nitrogen metabolism, production of secondary metabolites, and defence responses. The homogenous populations of these cultures provide an ideal and sensitive system to obtain reproducible results. The availability of an increasing number of photoautotrophic cultures from different economically important species provides the basis also for practical applications.
<i>TET2</i> Mutations Improve the New European LeukemiaNet Risk Classification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study (2011)

TET2 mutations improve the ELN molecular-risk classification in primary CN-AML because of their adverse prognostic impact in an otherwise favorable-risk patient subset. Our data suggest that these patients may be candidates for alternative therapies.
Heme Biosynthesis in Intermittent Acute Porphyria: Decreased Hepatic Conversion of Porphobilinogen to Porphyrins and Increased Delta Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase Activity (1970)

Hepatic conversion of porphobilinogen to porphyrins was less than 50% of control levels in human subjects with the genetic disease, intermittent acute porphyria. This relative block in heme biosynthesis may be relevant to a concomitant 6- to 10-fold elevation in delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity, since this first and rate-controlling enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway is subject to negative feedback regulation by the end product, heme. A micro-radio-chemical assay of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, and some of its applications, are described.
Budget-constrained bulk data transfer via internet and shipping networks (2011)

Cloud collaborators wish to combine large amounts of data, in the order of TBs, from multiple distributed locations to a single datacenter. Such groups are faced with the challenge of reducing the latency of the transfer, without incurring excessive dollar costs. Our Pandora system is an autonomic system that creates data transfer plans that can satisfy latency and cost needs, by considering transferring the data through both Internet and disk shipments. Solving the planning problem is a critical step towards a truly autonomic bulk data transfer service. In this paper, we develop techniques to create an optimal transfer plan that minimizes transfer latency subject to a budget constraint. To systematically explore the solution space, we develop efficient binary search methods that find the optimal shipment transfer plan. Our experimental evaluation, driven by Internet bandwidth traces and actual shipment costs queried from FedEx web services, shows that these techniques work well on diverse, realistic networks.
Molecular Microanalysis of Pathological Specimens in Situ with a Laser-Raman Microprobe (1979)

A laser-Raman microprobe has been used to identify microscopic inclusions of silicone polymer in standard paraffin sections of lymph node. This example of organic chemical microanalysis in situ in pathological tissue represents an extension of microanalytical capabilities from elemental analysis, performed with electron and ion microprobes, to compound-specific molecular microanalysis.
Gene Expression Profile of <i>BRCA</i>ness That Correlates With Responsiveness to Chemotherapy and With Outcome in Patients With Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (2010)

The BRCAness profile correlates with responsiveness to platinum and PARP inhibitors and identifies a subset of sporadic patients with improved outcome. Additional evaluation of this profile as a predictive tool in patients with sporadic EOC is warranted.
A Creep Model for Solder Alloys (2011)

Demand for long-term reliability of electronic packaging has lead to a large number of studies on viscoplastic behavior of solder alloys. Various creep models for solder alloys have been proposed. They range from purely empirical to mechanism based models where dislocation motion and diffusion processes are taken into account. In this study, most commonly used creep models are compared with the test data and implemented in ABAQUS to compare their performance in cycling loading. Finally, a new creep model is proposed that combines best features of many models. It is also shown that, while two creep models may describe the same material stress–strain rate curves equally well, they may yield very different results when utilized for cycling loading. One interesting observation of this study is that the stress exponent, n., also depends on the grain size.
Detection of myocardial ischemic injury during simple cold storage by measurement of myocardial electrical impedance. (1996)

The purpose of this study was to determine if graft viability during simple cold storage can be monitored from alteration of myocardial electrical impedance. Six anesthetized dogs underwent rapid cardiac extirpation and were placed in simple cold storage in saline for 12 hours. Myocardial electrical impedance was measured serially by use of a LCR meter and the changes of myocardial resistivity analyzed. Myocardial specimens were taken for myocardial ATP analysis and electron microscopic study during preservation. We investigated the correlation between myocardial resistivity and myocardial ATP content. Moreover in order to predict cardiac function after simple cold storage in saline, heterotopic cardiac transplantation in the neck was performed in mongrel dogs and left ventricular Emax (LV Emax) was measured with a micromanometer and conductance catheter method. It was then investigated whether or not it is feasible to predict cardiac function of the graft afer reperfusion from the changes in myocardial resistivity. Myocardial ATP remained above 50% of preischemic value 4 hours after preservation. Ultrastructural alterations of ischemia were observed in hearts preserved for 8 and 12 hours. In heterotopic cardiac transplantation, LV Emax at 120 minutes after reperfusion recovered to 94 +/- 13% of preischemic function in 4 hour-preserved heart, 72 +/- 10% in 8 hour-preserved heart. Percent recovery of LV Emax in the former was significantly higher than that in the latter (p<0.05). Turning points from reversible conditions to irreversible ones were between 4 and 8 hours based on myocardial ATP content, cardiac function after transplantation and morphological changes. With the time of preservation, resistivity began to increase in every dog and peaked during preservation. The time required to reach the peak point of resistivity ranged from 4 to 5.5 hours. Resistivity increase rate (RIR) decreased gradually during preservation and it was over 0.1 omega cm/min until a half-life of ATP. These results suggested that measurement of myocardial electrical impedance in the preserved heart should be feasible as an indicator of graft viability during preservation in heart transplantation.
Fundamentals of computer security technology (1994)

Threats to computer systems threat trees categorization of attacks Trojan horses and viruses common attack methods security labels the lattice of security labels security policies the Bell-Lapadula disclosure model BLM analysis and debate non-deductibility and non-interference security the Biba integrity model the Clark-Wilson integrity model denial of service safeguards and countermeasures auditing intrusion detection identification and authentication passwords encryption key management protocols access control covert channels composing security privileges and roles security kernels network security database security security evaluation greatest works in computer security.
19 Initiation of Translation by Picornavirus RNAs (1996)

About 15 years ago, soon after the initial development of methods to apply recombinant DNA and powerful sequencing technology to RNA molecules, the complete sequence of poliovirus RNA was determined (Kitamura et al. 1981; Racaniello and Baltimore 1981). It was immediately apparent that the primary structure of the 5′ end of the viral RNA was inconsistent with the cap-dependent scanning model for translation initiation that was so successfully being developed and presented for most cellular and viral messenger RNAs (Kozak 1978Kozak 1989). There was a striking absence of an m 7 G cap on the 5′ terminus of poliovirus RNA, and the initiating AUG codon was located at a position 743 nucleotides downstream from the 5′ end. The resulting long 5′-untranslated region (5′ UTR) contained numerous unused AUG triplets as well as a complex predicted secondary structure that would present significant obstacles to a scanning ribosome. Evidence for an alternate ribosome-binding and translation initiation mechanism accumulated slowly, until poliovirus and another related viral RNA, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) RNA, became the first demonstrated examples of cap-independent internal translation initiation (Jang et al. 1988; Pelletier and Sonenberg 1988). The sequences and structures within the viral 5′ UTR required for translation initiation are known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The rationale for evolving a unique structure and mechanism of ribosome binding in the case of these rapidly growing, lytic viruses might appear to be to enable the viruses to interfere with cellular translation, thereby eliminating competition for essential cellular components, and to more...
Synthesis of organic polymer gels in microemulsions and lyotropic mesophases (1997)

Abstract The synthesis of fine polymer latices and ordered polymer gels by polymerization in microemulsions and lyotropic mesophases is described. For this purpose, a new class of surfactants based on the coupling of cetyl trimethylammonium groups with organic counterions was developed. Interface activity, critical micelle concentration as well as lyotropic liquid crystalline phase behavior of these surfactants were investigated, and very high efficiency and high phase stability was found. Systems optimized such do not only allow the synthesis of very small polymer latices ( R h ≥7.5 nm) in reverse systems, but also the generation of gels with lamellar order. Due to the occurrence of phase transitions during polymerization, direct templating of the original lyotropic phase by the polymer gel is prevented, but the final polymer gels are highly ordered and reflect some of the characteristics of the surfactant template.
Features of metastable states in liquid-vapor phase transitions (1991)

The current state of the physics of metastable liquid systems is reviewed. The experimental data and results of theoretical calculations of the properties of liquids in the metastable region near the binodal, including the critical point, are discussed. A classification of metastable states is presented. The criteria for the possible depth of intrusion into the metastable region are discussed, and their relation to the Ginzburg criterion known in the theory of critical phenomena is studied. Especial attention is paid to the problem of the equation of state. A comparative analysis is performed of the equations of state in the metastable region, both far from the critical point and in its close vicinity. The results are discussed of studies devoted to investigating metastable systems (liquids and liquid crystals) near the spinodal. The problem is discussed of the appearance and development of fractal structures in the metastable region.
Intense Dyes through Chromophore-Chromophore Interactions: Bi- and Trichromophoric Perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide)s (1998)

Simple perylene dyes, which are known for their high extinction coefficients, are converted into intense and highly fluorescent (at ca. 540 nm) dyes such as 1 by a directed chromophore-chromophore coupling. Molar extinction coefficients of more than 400 000 L mol<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup> are attained. R = CH(C<sub>6</sub> H<sub>13</sub> )<sub>2</sub> , CH(C<sub>7</sub> H<sub>15</sub> )<sub>2</sub> , CH(C<sub>9</sub> H<sub>19</sub> )<sub>2</sub> .
VASOCONSTRICTOR EFFECTS OF INSULIN IN THE HUMAN MICROCIRCULATION ARE MEDIATED VIA ENDOTHELIN-1-TYPE-B-RECEPTORS: 3D.04 (2010)

Objective: In the vasculature insulin activates two distinct signaling pathways that result in secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET-1), respectively. NO, stimulated by higher insulin doses, is thought to be the underlying agent in insulin-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, we have shown that at low doses insulin causes vasoconstriction in the human microcirculation. We postulated that ET-1 stimulated by insulin could be responsible for this vasoconstriction. In an earlier study we found, that insulin at a dose, that by itself caused vasoconstriction, inhibited vasodilation to an ET-1-type-A-receptor (ET-A)-antagonist, suggesting increased insulin-mediated ET-1-activity. The role of ET-1-type-B (ET-B)-receptors in this setting remained to be identified and was the focus of the present study. Methods: 18 healthy women and men (25 ± 4 years) were studied. We used a Laser-Doppler-Imager (moor LDI-V5.0, Axminister,UK) to measure changes in skin blood flow. 10-7 IU insulin (Insuman Rapid®, Sanofi,Germany) were injected intradermally alone or following injection of the ET-A-antagonist BQ123 10-8 mol, the ET-B-antagonist BQ788 10-8 mol (Bachem,Switzerland) and BQ123 10–8+BQ788 10–8 mol in combination. Effects of BQ123 10–8 mol and BQ788 (10–8 and 10–10 mol) were also recorded. Injection sites were scanned over 30 min. Data are presented as arbitrary perfusion units (PU) and are given as mean ± SD. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze time-effect responses. Results: Again insulin led to mild but significant vasoconstriction (P < 0.0001 vs. baseline) and reduced BQ123-mediated vasodilation (BQ123 vs. BQ123+insulin: +177 ± 60 vs. +87 ± 39PU, P < 0.0001). ET-B-blockade with BQ788 at the lower dose (10–10 mol) produced vasoconstriction (−24 ± 8PU, P < 0.0001 vs. baseline), which at the higher dose (10–8 mol) was no longer present. In the presence of ET-B-blockade (BQ788 10–8 mol) insulin induced vasodilation (+104 ± 32PU, P < 0.0001 vs. baseline). Blockade of both ET-A and ET-B-receptors induced pronounced vasodilation that was not different from vasodilation to ET-A-blockade alone. However, in the presence of BQ788 insulin no longer affected vasodilation induced by BQ123. Conclusions: Vasoconstrictor effects of low insulin doses in the peripheral microcirculation of healthy humans seem to be mediated via ET-B-receptors.
Tbx2 is required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early <i>Xenopus</i> development (2018)

Our studies demonstrate that Tbx2 functions as a transcriptional repressor during germ layer formation, and suggest that this activity is mediated in part through repression of target genes that are stimulated, in the mesendoderm, by transactivating T-box proteins. Taken together, our results point to a critical role for Tbx2 in limiting the potency of blastula-stage progenitor cells during vertebrate germ layer differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 247:903-913, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endoscopic suction cytology in upper gastrointestinal tract malignancy. (1988)

In 50 cases of radiographically suspected malignancies of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the lesions were sampled by suctioning following brushing and forceps biopsy. The cytologic smears prepared from the suctioned material were positive for malignancy in 48 cases (96%), as were the biopsy specimens; the cytologic smears from the brushings were positive in 92% of the cases. All 50 cases were diagnosed as malignant by one or more of the techniques. Suction cytology detected the ulcerated and stenotic growths that biopsy failed to diagnose in two cases. Endoscopic suction cytology, which is a simple and rapid procedure, seems able to assist in diagnosing lesions of the upper GI tract.
Controlling the Release of Proteins/Peptides via the Pulmonary Route (2008)

The inhalation route is seen as the most promising non-invasive alternative for the delivery of proteins; however, the short duration of activity of drugs delivered via this route brought about by the activities of alveolar macrophages and mucociliary clearance means there is a need to develop controlled release system to prolong the activities of proteins delivered to the lung. Polymeric materials such as (D,L)-poly(lactic glycolic acid) (PLGA), chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGs) have been used for controlled release of proteins. Other systems such as liposomes and microcrystallization have also proved effective. This chapter gives a more detailed understanding of these techniques and the manufacture of the delivery systems.
C-K-D: more vascular damage than kidney disease. (2009)

The perceived prevalence of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the increase worldwide. This has led to considerable debate and controversy as some believe such an increase reflects a genuine increase in the incidence and prevalence of CKD whilst others perceive it to be the result of the ageing of the population with the inherent decline in kidney function associated with advancing age. This review tries to reconcile both views drawing attention to the fact that the age-related decline in kidney function may not be physiological but instead a manifestation of diffuse vascular ageing and atherosclerosis affecting a number of endorgans including the kidneys. Consequently, the so-call age-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be better defined as Cardio-Kidney-Damage (C-K-D).