gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feeding and grazing in Lake George, Uganda (1973)

Abstract The fauna of Lake George is dominated by herbivores, in particular the fish Tilapia nilotica and Haplochromis nigripinnis, and the cyclopoid copepod Thermocyclops hyalinus. Digestion, and the assimilation of carbon from algae, by these herbivores were studied in detail. It was found that, contrary to previous observations reported in the literature, both fish and zooplankton were able to digest and assimilate blue-green algae. The diurnal feeding patterns of the herbivores were examined, and methods devised for assessing, in terms of carbon, the daily ingestion of algae. Hence, using biomass data, the total amount grazed by the herbivores was calculated. Estimates of carbon requirements at other trophic levels were made, as was an assessment of the required level of net production by the algae for comparison with figures for standing crop and net algal production measured by other means. Food selection by secondary and tertiary producers is discussed, and in several species age correlated changes in selectivity were examined. Both the major herbivorous species of fish adopt phytoplankton feeding after a period of carnivorous or omnivorous feeding as fry. Thermocyclops hyalinus is herbivorous all its life, but the size of particle taken changes with age. There are more species of carnivorous than herbivorous fish and these exploit a wider variety of food sources; the few species studied also show changes in food preference with age.
Basic Concepts of Neuronal Function: A Multilevel, Self-Teaching Textbook (1983)

Basic Concepts o Neuronal Function ultilevel, Self-Teaching Textbook Don L. J e w e t t , M.D., I l l J i T l Martin D. Rayner, Ph.D.
PKC Activity and Protein Phosphorylation in Regulation of sig Mediated B Cell Activation (1995)

The inhibitory and stimulatory elements of cellular signalling associated with activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in murine B lymphocytes were investigated by employing two PKC activators with opposing effects on cell proliferation. Being an inhibitor of anti-Ig mediated proliferation, the phorbol ester PDBU induced a more substantial translocation of cytosolic PKC activity than the alkaloid PKC activator indolactam, which enhances anti-Ig mediated B cell proliferation. PDBU and indolactam were equally effective kinase activators, as determined by 32P incorporation of the substrate proteins. Concentrations of indolactam which induced an inhibition of anti-Ig mediated B cell proliferation also induced a precipitous decline in detergent soluble cellular PKC activity, which was comparable with 1 microM PDBU. The induced phosphoprotein patterns were similar, with an exception of the nuclear envelope protein lamin B, which was prominently phosphorylated by PDBU but not by stimulatory concentrations of indolactam. The enhanced phosphorylation of lamin B was associated with cellular growth arrest: inhibitory concentrations of indolactam induced the phosphorylation of lamin B equal to PDBU, whereas an increased phosphorylation of lamin B was never observed upon stimulation with anti-Ig. Together, inhibition of anti-Ig mediated B cell proliferation was related to down-regulation of cytoplasmic PKC and induction of nuclear PKC-dependent phosphorylation.
Evidence for preferential adhesion of ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells to type I collagen mediated by the αA2β1 integrin (1996)

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma, the leading cause of gynecologic cancer death, is characterized by widespread intra-abdominal metastases mediated primarily by surface shedding of tumor cells and peritoneal implantation. Whereas hematogenous metastasis is known to involve cellular adhesion, extracellular matrix proteolysis and cell migration, the role of these processes in the intraperitoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer remains unclear. To analyze further the role of adhesion and proteolysis in ovarian carcinoma dissemination, we have characterized the adhesive profiles of 4 primary cultures of ovarian carcinoma cells and 5 ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Our data demonstrate preferential adhesion of ovarian carcinoma cells to interstitial type I collagen. Analysis of adhesion molecule expression demonstrated the presence of the alpha2 and beta1 integrin subunits by cell surface ELISA, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, antibodies directed against the alpha2 and beta1 subunits inhibited adhesion of ovarian carcinoma cells to type I collagen by 56% and 95%, respectively. Plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase production by adherent cells was not altered as a consequence of adhesion to individual extracellular matrix proteins; however, adhesion to an extracellular matrix comprised primarily of interstitial collagen increased plasminogen activator activity in 5 of 5 cell lines. Since the ovarian carcinoma micro-environment is rich in type I collagen, our data suggest that preferential adhesion to type I collagen followed by secretion of serine and metalloproteinases may represent a biochemical mechanism by which the intraperitoneal dissemination of ovarian carcinoma is mediated.
Natural variation in the extent of phosphorylation of bone phosphoproteins as a function of in vivo new bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix in soft tissue and bony environments (2002)

Implants of allogenic demineralized bone matrix were placed in distinct in vivo environments, i.e. calvarial (bony) and subcutaneous (soft tissue) sites. Detailed analyses of the biochemical components were performed. Quantitative levels of osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and calcium phosphate (Ca-P) deposition within each implant environment varied as a function of new bone formation, and were substantially different in samples from calvarial and subcutaneous sites. Quantification of the extent of phosphorylation of affinity-purified OPN and BSP from such implants indicated that: (i) the number of mols of phosphoserine (P-Ser)/mol of affinity-purified OPN or BSP varied as a function of implant time and bone formation within both implant sites, and (ii) the ‘effective P-Ser concentration’ provided by the total OPN and BSP within each implant site varied and increased as a function of time, being approx. 5-fold higher for BSP in calvarial compared with subcutaneous implants. Peak levels of mols of P-Ser/mol of BSP coincided with maximum rates of Ca-P deposition in calvarial implants. Levels of OPN phosphorylation from both calvarial and subcutaneous implants also indicated fluctuations as a function of bone formation. Hence the present study, for the first time, provides direct evidence of natural variation in the extent of phosphorylation of both OPN and BSP as a function of time of mineralized tissue formation. Further evaluation of the data provides the first evidence of a direct and linear relationship between the rate of Ca-P deposition and the ratio of P-Ser-BSP/P-Ser-OPN for calvarial implants. Data for subcutaneous implants failed to provide such correlation. Overall, the present work demonstrates that the natural biological progression of the process of biomineralization follows strict criteria consistent with the anatomical location. Biomineralization fails to proceed in the same way in a soft tissue environment.
Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh, 2007–2012 (2018)

Avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic strains, pose severe economic, animal and public health concerns. We implemented live bird market surveillance in Bangladesh to identify the subtypes of avian influenza A viruses in domestic waterfowl and market environments. We collected waterfowl samples monthly from 4 rural sites from 2007 to 2012 and environmental samples from 4 rural and 16 urban sites from 2009 to 2012. Samples were tested through real-time RT-PCR, virus culture, and sequencing to detect and characterize avian influenza A viruses. Among 4,308 waterfowl tested, 191 (4.4%) were positive for avian influenza A virus, including 74 (1.9%) avian influenza A/H5 subtype. The majority (99%, n = 73) of the influenza A/H5-positive samples were from healthy appearing waterfowl. Multiple subtypes, including H1N1, H1N3, H3N2, H3N6, H3N8, H4N1, H4N2, H4N6, H5N1 (clades 2.2.2, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.4.2), H5N2, H6N1, H7N9, H9N2, H11N2 and H11N3, H11N6 were detected in waterfowl and environmental samples. Environmental samples tested positive for influenza A viruses throughout the year. Avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes were also identified in backyard and small-scale raised poultry. Live bird markets could be high-risk sites for harboring the viruses and have the potential to infect naive birds and humans exposed to them.
Pharmacokinetics of Iodine-125 CC49 Monoclonal Antibody in Patients with Colon Cancer (1996)

Radioiodinated 125I CC49 MAb remains in serum of cancer patients approximately 14 days, and tissue radioactivity beyond this time may reflect tissue sequestered MAb and/or free 125I and not "bloo pool" radioactivity. CC49 MAb appears to be deiodinated in small but significant quantities before it is metabolized, and clearance of radioactivity is mainly in free 125I form in urine. Measurable quantities of a < 1 Kda MAb fragment in urine and not serum may suggest a renal mechanism of MAb metabolism, but may also represent a metabolic end product of MAb metabolism with a very short serum half-life (T1/2) which accumulates in urine.
High Salt Stability and Protein Resistance of Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine)-<i>g</i>-poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymers Covalently Immobilized via Aldehyde Plasma Polymer Interlayers on Inorganic and Polymeric Substrates (2006)

The electrostatic adsorption onto charged surfaces of comb copolymers comprising a polyelectrolyte backbone and pendent PEG side chains, such as poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG), has in previous studies provided protein-repellent thin coatings, particularly on metal oxide surfaces. A drawback of this approach is, however, the instability of such adsorbed layers under extreme pH values or high ionic strength. We have overcome this limitation in the present study by covalently immobilizing PLL-g-PEG copolymers onto aldehyde plasma-modified substrates. Silicon wafers, optical waveguide chips, and perfluorinated ethylene-co-propylene (FEP) polymer substrates were first coated with a thin plasma polymer layer using a propionaldehyde plasma, followed by covalent immobilization of PLL-g-PEG via reductive amination between amine groups of the PLL backbone with aldehyde groups on the plasma-deposited interlayer. The stability in high salt media and the protein resistance of different molecular architectures of immobilized PLL-g-PEG layers were quantitatively investigated by XPS, an optical waveguide technique (OWLS), and ToF-SIMS. The adsorption of bovine serum albumin was found to be below the detection limit (<2 ng/cm(2)), as for electrostatically adsorbed PLL-g-PEG layers. However, after 24 h of exposure of covalently immobilized layers of PLL-g-PEG to high ionic strength buffer (2400 mM NaCl), no significant change in the protein resistance was observed, whereas under the same conditions electrostatically adsorbed PLL-g-PEG coatings lost their protein resistance. Moreover, covalent immobilization via an aldehyde plasma interlayer enabled the application of PLL-g-PEG layers onto substrates such as FEP onto which electrostatic binding is not possible. These findings create a generic platform for the covalent immobilization of PLL-g-PEG onto a wide variety of substrates.
Second harmonic generation from arrays of subwavelength cylinders (2007)

We show that periodic arrays of thin dielectric cylinders with dielectric constant higher than that of surrounding media can be used for an efficient second harmonic generation. The amplitude of the second harmonic reaches its absolute maximum when the fundamental and second harmonic fields are both in resonance with trapped modes (quasistationary states) of the structure. It is shown that the double resonance condition together with the phase matching condition for the second harmonic generation can be achieved by a suitable choice of the array geometry. The physical reason for the efficient second harmonic generation is an enhancement of electromagnetic fields on the cylinders at resonances, and a long interaction time between fundamental and second harmonic fields trapped by the structure. The same structure can be used within a wide range of the incident radiation wavelength, because the resonant conditions are shown to be always satisfied through the choice of the angle of incidence.
Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of SiO<sub>2</sub>Nanoparticles/Tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ΙΙ) Multilayer Films on Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes (2003)

In this paper, a simple method of preparing {SiO2/Ru(bpy)32+}n multilayer films was described. Positively charged tris(2,2‘-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ΙΙ) (Ru(bpy)32+) and negatively charged SiO2 nanoparticles were assembled on ITO electrodes by a layer-by-layer method. Electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) behaviors of the {SiO2/Ru(bpy)32+}n multilayer film-modified electrodes were studied. Cyclic voltammetry, UV−visible spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, and ECL were adopted to monitor the regular growth of the multilayer films. The multilayer films containing Ru(bpy)32+ was used for ECL determination of TPA, and the sensitivity was more than 1 order of magnitude higher than that observed for previous reported immobilization methods for the determination of TPA. The multilayer films also showed better stability for one month at least. The high sensitivity and stability mainly resulted from the high surface area and special structure of the silica nanoparticles.
NF-κB1 (p50) Homodimers Differentially Regulate Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Macrophages (2006)

NF-kappaB/Rel is a family of transcription factors whose activation has long been linked to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we studied NF-kappaB signaling in the regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). We identified a role for a single NF-kappaB family member, NF-kappaB1 (p50), in promoting the transcription of IL-10. The NF-kappaB ciselement on IL-10 proximal promoter was located to -55/-46, where p50 can homodimerize and form a complex with the transcriptional co-activator CREB-binding protein to activate transcription. The other Rel family members appear to play a negligible role in IL-10 transcription. Mice lacking p50 were more susceptible to lethal endotoxemia, and macrophages taken from p50-/- mice exhibit skewed cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide, characterized by decreased IL-10 and increased tumor necrosis factor and IL-12. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that NF-kappaB1 (p50) homodimers can be transcriptional activators of IL-10. The reciprocal regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by NF-kappaB1 (p50) may provide potential new ways to manipulate the innate immune response.
Treatment of IgA Nephropathy with ACE Inhibitors (2003)

Some retrospective studies have suggested a beneficial influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on the progression of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but prospective and controlled studies demonstrating this effect are lacking. Forty-four patients with biopsy-proven IgAN, proteinuria > or = 0.5 g/d, and serum creatinine (SCr) < or = 1.5 mg/dl were randomly assigned either to receive enalapril (n = 23) or to a control group (n = 21) in whom BP was controlled with antihypertensives other than ACE inhibitors. Primary outcome was renal survival estimated by a 50% increase in baseline SCr. Secondary outcomes were the presence of a SCr > 1.5 mg/dl at the last visit and the evolution of proteinuria. Baseline clinical findings were similar at baseline between enalapril-treated and control group, and there were no differences in BP control during follow-up. Mean follow-up was 78 +/- 37 mo in the enalapril group and 74 +/- 36 mo in the control group. Three patients (13%) in the enalapril group and 12 (57%) in the control group reached the primary end point (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier renal survival was significantly better in enalapril group than in control group: 100% versus 70% after 4 yr and 92% versus 55% after 7 yr (P < 0.05). Three patients in the enalapril group (13%) and 11 (52%) in the control group showed SCr > 1.5 mg/dl at the last visit (P < 0.05). Proteinuria significantly decreased in the enalapril group, whereas it tended to increase in the control group (P < 0.001 between groups). In conclusion, ACE inhibitors significantly improve renal survival in proteinuric IgAN with normal or moderately reduced renal function.
Schwann cells and the pathogenesis of inherited motor and sensory neuropathies (Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease) (2006)

Over the last 15 years, a number of mutations in a variety of genes have been identified that lead to inherited motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN), also called Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). In this review we will focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause the Schwann cell pathologies observed in dysmyelinating and demyelinating forms of CMT. In most instances, the underlying gene defects alter primarily myelinating Schwann cells followed by secondary axonal degeneration. The first set of proteins affected by disease-causing mutations includes the myelin components PMP22, P0/MPZ, Cx32/GJB1, and periaxin. A second group contains the regulators of myelin gene transcription EGR2/Krox20 and SOX10. A third group is composed of intracellular Schwann cells proteins that are likely to be involved in the synthesis, transport and degradation of myelin components. These include the myotubularin-related lipid phosphatase MTMR2 and its regulatory binding partner MTMR13/SBF2, SIMPLE, and potentially also dynamin 2. Mutations affecting the mitochondrial fission factor GDAP1 may indicate an important contribution of mitochondria in myelination or myelin maintenance, whereas the functions of other identified genes, including NDRG1, KIAA1985, and the tyrosyl-tRNA synthase YARS, are not yet clear. Mutations in GDAP1, YARS, and the pleckstrin homology domain of dynamin 2 lead to an intermediate form of CMT that is characterized by moderately reduced nerve conduction velocity consistent with minor myelin deficits. Whether these phenotypes originate in Schwann cells or in neurons, or whether both cell types are directly affected, remains a challenging question. However, based on the advances in systematic gene identification in CMT and the analyses of the function and dysfunction of the affected proteins, crucially interconnected pathways in Schwann cells in health and disease have started to emerge. These networks include the control of myelin formation and stability, membrane trafficking, intracellular protein sorting and quality control, and may extend to mitochondrial dynamics and basic protein biosynthesis.
New Liquid Crystal Polarized Color Projection Principle (1990)

A wide-aperture, color projection principle is presented whose functional parts, namely, polarizers, bandpass filters and electrooptical modulators, consist entirely of liquid crystal elements. The concept ideally enables one hundred percent input-output light conversion. The angular and wavelength dependences of planar cholesteric layers and layer combinations are shown. From them optical filter/polarizer elements result with adjustable center wavelengths and tunable bandwidths. The filters comprise novel cholesteric liquid crystals with a temperature dependence of their center wavelengths as low as 0.06 nm/°C. New, circularly polarized operating modes for twisted nematic (TN-LCDs) and other field effects exhibit not only low threshold voltages, but also voltage-transmission (reflection) characteristics whose slope is adjustable over a wide range. Thus, the new modes are applicable in high-information-content, actively addressed television TN-LCDs requiring gray scale, as well as in displays requiring large time multiplexing rates approaching those of supertwist LCDs.
Membrane Mimetic Chemistry: Characterizations and Applications of Micelles, Microemulsions, Monolayers, Bilayers, Vesicles, Host-Guest Systems, and Polyions (1982)

A comprehensive reference on micelles and vesicles as membrane models. Describes the properties of different membrane mimetic agents and emphasizes such applications as those in enzymology, reactivity control, and solar energy. Includes thorough data tabulations and references to original research publications.
Colonization of the Stratified Squamous Epithelium of the Nonsecreting Area of Horse Stomach by Lactobacilli (2000)

Selective adhesion to only certain epithelia is particularly common among the bacterial members of the indigenous microflora of mammals. We have found that the stratified squamous epithelium of the nonsecreting area of horse stomach is colonized by gram-positive rods. The microscopic features of a dense layer of these bacteria on the epithelium were found to be similar to those reported in mice, rats, and swine. Adhering microorganisms were isolated and identified as Lactobacillus salivarius, L. crispatus, L. reuteri, and L. agilis by DNA-DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques. These lactobacilli associated with the horse, except for L. reuteri, were found to adhere to horse epithelial cells in vitro but not to those of rats. A symbiotic relationship of these lactobacilli with the horse is suggested.
Suppression of appetite by parenteral nutrition in humans. (1984)

The effects of parenteral nutrition on appetite during and after therapy are unclear. Previous studies done in animals, as well as in humans, are inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of parenteral nutrition on voluntary oral intake of food. The study was done on ten stable patients receiving parenteral nutrition for transient dysfunction of their gastrointestinal tract. For each patient, a calorie count of the ingested food was obtained for 3 consecutive days. Parenteral calories were then decreased without the patient's knowledge. A calorie count for 3 more days was obtained following the day of change. The mean daily oral intake was 823 kcal when the mean daily parenteral nutrition intake was 2,902, providing a total of 3,723 kcal. When parenteral nutrition calories were decreased to a mean of 1,550, the mean daily oral intake increased to 1,396. This difference in oral and parenteral calorie intake was statistically significant (P less than .001). It can be concluded from this data that parenteral nutrition decreases voluntary oral intake of food. It is therefore suggested that if the gastrointestinal tract is functionally satisfactory, parenteral nutrition can be rapidly weaned off, provided oral consumption is monitored to assure adequacy.