gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic and Hydrodynamic Separation of DNA Fragments in Capillary Tubes (1996)

Two separation mechanisms are demonstrated for DNA fragments in free solution inside narrow capillary tubes. No sieving medium or buffer additive is needed. In the electromigration mode, a likely model is that dissociated silanol groups on the capillary walls create an excess of positive charges in the diffuse layer near the surface. These provide electrostatic shielding of the negatively charged DNA fragments to lower their electrophoretic mobility against electroosmotic flow. Small fragments can access the diffuse layer more readily because of lower steric hindrance and larger diffusion coefficients and are therefore eluted earlier than the large fragments. In the hydrodynamic mode, the Poisseuille flow profile causes molecules near the surface to move slower. So, the smaller DNA fragments are eluted later than the larger fragments.
Efecto de los tipos marginales del IRPF sobre los ingresos fiscales y la actividad económica en España: un análisis empírico (2014)

Este trabajo aporta evidencia para la economia espanola del valor de la elasticidad de la
renta declarada ante variaciones en los tipos marginales del IRPF. Para ello se emplean
microdatos del Panel de Declarantes del Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, correspondientes
a los ejercicios de 2006 y 2007. El valor medio estimado de este parametro para todo el
territorio espanol es 1,541, aunque parece existir una considerable heterogeneidad en los
valores de dicha elasticidad en funcion de las caracteristicas de los individuos. Los
resultados obtenidos constituyen evidencia de que ante los cambios impositivos, los
agentes economicos reaccionan modificando sus decisiones de participacion laboral, de
numero de horas trabajadas, de ahorro, de elusion y evasion fiscal, etc. Ademas, las
estimaciones realizadas en esta investigacion, indican que en el caso de Espana esas
reacciones tienen magnitudes considerables.
An Experimental Study on Installation Effects of Pipe Elbow on the Electromagnetic Flowmeter Characteristics (Turbulent Flow) (2002)

An electromagnetic flowmeter(EMF) essentially averages the velocity distribution over the pipe crossarea, and the measured value is dependent on the velocity profiles. In this study, installation effects of 90' long elbow(KS B 1522, ISO 3419) on the EMF characteristics was investigated. A commercial EMF was adopted and the distribution of magnetic field in the electrodes cross section was measured. In the experiment, the national flow standard system, of which measurement uncertainty was evaluated in accordance with ISO 17025 recommendation, was used for characterization of EMF. The leading line has 150D long straight pipe to established a fully developed flow before entering into the elbow and the elbow was installed downstream of it, then the flowmeter was tested within 50 D from the elbow. The installation effects of the flowmeter were investigated by varying the mean velocity(Reynolds No.)in pipe section, the locations and the direction of electrodes plane.(φ) From the experimental results, we find the optimal conditions to get most accurate measurements. Generally, the deviations from the calibration value were less than 0.5 % in farther than 10D distance from the elbow and the direction of electrode plane, φ = 90' yielded the smallest measurement deviation. These characteristics were shown consistently in turbulent region regardless of the mean Reynolds number.<br/> <br/>
Potentials and promises of computational intelligence for smart grids (2009)

The electric power grid is a complex adaptive system under semi-autonomous distributed control. It is spatially and temporally complex, non-convex, nonlinear and non-stationary with a lot of uncertainties. The integration of renewable energy such as wind farms, and plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles further adds complexity and challenges to the various controllers at all levels of the power grid. A lot of efforts have gone into the development of a smart grid to align the interests of the electric utilities, consumers and environmentalists. Advanced computational methods are required for planning and optimization, fast control of power system elements, processing of field data and coordination across the grid. Distributed and coordinated intelligence at all levels and across levels of the electric power grid - generation, transmission and distribution is inevitable if a true smart grid is to be reality. Computational intelligence (CI) is the study of adaptive mechanisms to enable or facilitate intelligent behavior in complex, uncertain and changing environments. These adaptive mechanisms include artificial and bio-inspired intelligence paradigms that exhibit an ability to learn or adapt to new situations, to generalize, abstract, discover and associate. The paradigms of CI mimic nature for solving complex problems. CI is successor of artificial intelligence and is the way of the future computing. This paper presents the potentials and promises of CI to realize an intelligent smart grid.
Isolation of prostate cancer-related exosomes. (2014)

The immunoaffinity-based method we developed is capable of isolating prostate cancer-related exosomes from blood, the use of which will enhance investigation processes on exosomes in prostate cancer.
On the Quality of Color-Television Images and the Perception of Color Detail (1958)

A theoretical and experimental study of the NTSC color system supported by color photographs shows that contrast range and color saturation obtained with commercial tricolor kinescopes provide a larger color space than provided by color motion pictures. In fine detail more than 60% of full color information is transmitted and reproduced by the NTSC system, because the bandwidth restrictions of the electrical color signals (I, Q) do not affect definition in the vertical dimension and have a smaller effect on the reproduction of horizontal color detail than indicated by earlier evaluations which disregarded the two-dimensional nature of the image. — The detail color reproduction appears adequate to the eye, because the color errors remaining are small although perceptible. This fact is significant because the spatial sine-wave response functions of the color discriminators of the visual system are found to be substantially independent of the color of light and similar to the spatial sine-wave luminance response function of the eye.
<title>Optical waveguide based on CdS quantum-dot-doped sodium borosilicate glass fabricated by the sol-gel technique</title> (1997)

Semiconductor CdS quantum dot-doped sodium borosilicate glasses were successfully fabricated by the sol-gel technique. The dot size and concentration of CdS are controlled by chemistry and processing conditions. Optical absorption spectra were measured for these quantum dot-doped glasses, and absorption shoulder due to the exciton effect was observed. Nonlinear optical properties of high third-order susceptibility, (chi) <SUP>(3</SUP>), and room-temperature optical gain were observed. Potassium ion exchange was performed on the glass, and channel waveguides were successfully fabricated in the CdS-doped glass. The waveguide was tested with single mode laser pulses, and single mode output was demonstrated. Spectral broadening of the output pulses was observed.
Theory and implementation of an electronic, automated measurement system for images obtained from immunohistochemically stained slides. (2006)

An Internet-based automated image measurement system has been developed that offers worldwide access to the major requests for quantification of immunohistochemically stained slides-tissue array analysis, nuclear stains (MIB, hormones), membrane stains (CerbB2), vascularization and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Regulation of gastric acid secretion via modulation of a chloride conductance. (1984)

When gastric microsomes were purified from resting and stimulated rabbit mucosae, they were found to be generally similar in (H+ + K+)-ATPase activity, peptide composition in single-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, and in size. In the stimulated vesicles, optimal proton transport activity was found at pH 7.4, 20-50 mM KCl, and 1 mM ATP-Mg. However, in the case of resting vesicles, the presence of valinomycin and an inward Cl-gradient was also necessary for Mg-ATP-dependent proton transport. Measurement of K+ and Cl-diffusion potentials using 3,3-dipropylthiadicarboxocyanine iodide as a potential sensitive dye showed that both resting and stimulated vesicles developed K+ gradient-dependent potentials in the presence of an impermeant anion, but that Cl- gradient-dependent potentials were observed only in the stimulated preparation. 86Rb+ self-exchange was found in both types of vesicles, but Cl- self-exchange was confined to vesicles derived from stimulated mucosae. Putative inhibitors of anion conductance such as furosemide and anthracene 9-carboxylic acid blocked proton transport, Cl- conductance, 36Cl- uptake, and Cl- exchange. The inhibition of proton transport was overcome by valinomycin. ATPase activity in the presence of nigericin, an H+:K+ exchanger, was unaffected by these inhibitors. K+ conductance, Rb+ uptake, and Rb+ exchange were insensitive to these inhibitors. Thus, activation of acid secretion by the stimulated parietal cell appears to involve at least the appearance of a discrete Cl- conductance in the pump-associated membrane.
MTU and Fragmentation Issues with In-the-Network Tunneling (2006)

Tunneling techniques such as IP-in-IP when deployed in the middle of
the network, typically between routers, have certain issues regarding
how large packets can be handled: whether such packets would be
fragmented and reassembled (and how), whether Path MTU Discovery would
be used, or how this scenario could be operationally avoided. This
memo justifies why this is a common, non-trivial problem, and goes on
to describe the different solutions and their characteristics at some
length. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2007)

The first human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines were isolated by Thomson et al. 1998 and subsequently hundreds of labs have derived their own lines worldwide. Such cells represent an important new tool for studying aspects of early human development in vitro. This chapter describes the most efficient and robust method for deriving human ES cells identified to date: the inner cell masses (ICMs) from day 5 blastocysts are removed and transferred to mitotically-inactivated feeder layers. From the resultant outgrowths, colonies of human ES cells are then identified, isolated and expanded. Typical derivation frequencies using this method range from 10-25% of all good quality cultured blastocysts. (Cowan, Klimanskaya et al. 2004) The main variables affecting derivation frequencies include the quality of cultured blastocysts, feeders and medium as well as aspectic technique or exposure to enzymes during disaggregation. Protocols described in this chapter include: the isolation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), generation of mitotically-inactivated feeder layers from MEFs, extraction of the inner cell mass from human blastocysts by immunosurgery or laser dissection, outgrowth analysis, mechanical disaggregation of human ES cell colonies, and adaptation of the cells to enzymatic disaggregation. Cumulatively with the embryo culture protocols outlined in previous chapter, they represent all necessary protocols required to successfully derive new human ES stem cell lines.
A biologically constrained encoding solution for long-term storage of images onto synthetic DNA (2019)

Living in the age of the digital media explosion, the amount of data that is being stored increases dramatically. However, even if existing storage systems suggest efficiency in capacity, they are lacking in durability. Hard disks, flash, tape or even optical storage have limited lifespan in the range of 5 to 20 years. Interestingly, recent studies have proven that it was possible to use synthetic DNA for the storage of digital data, introducing a strong candidate to achieve data longevity. The DNA’s biological properties allows the storage of a great amount of information into an extraordinary small volume while also promising efficient storage for centuries or even longer with no loss of information. However, encoding digital data onto DNA is not obvious, because when decoding, we have to face the problem of sequencing noise robustness. Furthermore, synthesizing DNA is an expensive process and thus, controlling the compression ratio by optimizing the rate-distortion trade-off is an important challenge we have to deal with. This work proposes a coding solution for the storage of digital images onto synthetic DNA. We developed a new encoding algorithm which generates a DNA code robust to biological errors coming from the synthesis and the sequencing processes. Furthermore, thanks to an optimized allocation process the solution is able to control the compression ratio and thus the length of the synthesized DNA strand. Results show an improvement in terms of coding potential compared to previous state-of-the-art works.
The Metabolism of 2-Oxogluconate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1973)

SUMMARY: The 2-oxogluconate kinase and 2-oxogIuconate 6-phosphate reductase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were purified approx. 100-fold. The activities of these enzymes, and a 2-oxogluconate transport system, were induced when the organism was grown on glucose, gluconate or 2-oxogluconate but were absent when the organism was grown on glycerol, succinate or citrate. Gluconate dehydrogenase is membrane-bound and acts extracellularly.
IS FlowMap, a novel tool to examine blood flow changes induced by flow diverter stent treatment: initial experiences with pipeline cases (2013)

We present a novel approach to map blood flow motion within aneurysms and have shown the feasibility of the technique in clinical aneurysms. This new technology can help monitor flow changes induced by stents and study the relationship between the modified flow and treatment outcome.
Analysis of the m-value Change in the Equilibrium Unfolding of Hydrophobic Core Variant Ubiquitin (2005)

. native state . native state unfolding Linear Extrapolation Method(LEM) .LEM m-value
A Framework for Automatic Categorization of Social Data Into Medical Domains (2019)

Nowadays, everyone is surrounded by a large volume of data which is generated from multiple sources. Every day 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created worldwide. It is a very complicated task to manage and extract useful information from social media platforms. As people are more interested in seeking online health guidance, the medical textual data created by patients, healthcare professionals, and medical staff are expanding fast. In order to address this challenge, an ontology-based approach is used to annotate the medical domain data in this article. We have considered Twitter as our social media platform to filter the medical data from the general category data. In this article, we have used the Open Biomedical Annotator (OBA), which is an ontology-based Web service that annotates raw text with biomedical ontology concepts based on their textual metadata. Domain-specific knowledge is gathered by using MedlinePlus Health Topics and National Drug Data File (NDDF) ontologies licensed under the U. S. National Library of Medicine (UMLS), which will filter out all medical related terms. Furthermore, these medical terms are stored in a medical term database, which will then be forwarded to the UMLS REST Application Programming Interface (API) that provides important entities, such as Concept Unique Identifier (CUIs), semantic relations, attributes, definitions, and much more under the subset of SNOMEDCT_US which is the most precise and comprehensive health terminology platform in the world.
Comparative inhibition of .BETA.-lactamases by cephamycin antibiotics. (1981)

Cefoxitin (CFX), cefmetazole (CMZ) and YM093301), and 6059-S2) have a 7a-methoxyl group (a unique structural feature of the cephamycin family) in the cephalosporin nucleus and 1oxa cephalosporin nucleus, respectively (Fig.
Comparison of Neural Blockade and Pharmacokinetics after Subarachnoid Lidocaine in the Rhesus Monkey. II (1983)

The effects of volume, osmolality, and baricity on lidocaine spinal anesthesia in the rhesus monkey were studied. Changes in neural blockade, physical properties of cerebrospinal fluid, and arterial pharmacokinetics associated with variations in injectate composition were assessed. Wide ranges of volume, baricity, and osmolality were studied using 1, 2, and 5% lidocaine prepared in either sterile water or 7.5% dextrose. Minimal changes in neural blockade were found in the ranges of osmolality and baricity studied, although 5% lidocaine in sterile water resulted in significantly shorter complete recovery times for both sensory and motor block when compared to other solutions. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid obtained after injection of lidocaine showed increases or decreases in specific gravity and osmolality depending on the physical properties of the solution injected. No differences in elimination phase pharmacokinetics were found with any of the lidocaine solutions. Rates of systemic absorption increased with decreasing osmolality. Osmotic potentiation of lidocaine spinal anesthesia could not be demonstrated.
Effect of Salts on the Solubility of Thermolysin: A Remarkable Increase in the Solubility as Well as the Activity by the Addition of Salts without Aggregation or Dispersion of Thermolysin (1998)

Thermolysin is remarkably activated in the presence of high concentrations (1-5 M) of neutral salts [Inouye, K. (1992) J. Biochem. 112, 335-340]. The activity is enhanced 13-15 times with 4 M NaCl at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. In this study, the effect of neutral salts on the solubility of thermolysin has been examined. Although the solubility was only 1.0-1.2 mg/ml in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, in the temperature range between 0 and 60 degrees C, it was increased greatly by the addition of salts. With NaCl, the solubility showed a bell-shaped behavior with increasing NaCl concentration, and the maximum solubility (10 mg/ml) was at 2.0-2.5 M NaCl. With LiCl and NaI, it increased progressively to 20-50 mg/ml with increasing salt concentration up to 5 M. The solubility observed in the presence of salts decreased with increasing temperature from 0 to 60 degrees C, and also with the order of chaotropic anion effect. The molecular weight of thermolysin was estimated to be 33.0(+/-2.5) x 10(3) in the presence of 0-3 M NaCl, suggesting that thermolysin exists as a monomer in the presence or absence of 3 M NaCl. The possibility that aggregation and/or dispersion of thermolysin might be related to the remarkable activation by salt was ruled out.
Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging in Patients with Phenylketonuria: Relationship between Serum Phenylalanine Levels and ADC Values in Cerebral White Matter (2005)

Posterior deep white matter in patients with PKU and a serum phenylalanine level of more than 8.5 mg/dL showed high signal intensity in white matter on T2-weighted and FLAIR MR images and revealed decreased ADC. We suggest that to avoid brain-restricted diffusion due to hyperphenylalanemia, patients with PKU should maintain serum phenylalanine levels of less than 8.5 mg/dL (514.2 micromol/L).
Magnetooptic studies of thin GdIG sections (1968)

Thin wafers of GdIG, made by sectioning and polishing single- and polycrystals, were studied magnetooptically to determine the parameters useful for the memory element first proposed by Chang et al. It was found that coercivity determined by means of Faraday rotation in these wafers was tenfold higher than that in bulk materials determined by conventional means. Thermal and coercivity considerations showed that a steep and wide peak in the coercivity versus temperature curve was desirable for small bit size and high writing speed. This was confirmed experimentally, and bit density of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> /in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was obtained by laser beam writing on polycrystalline wafer. Bits were stable with temperature up to 50°C. They can be erased selectively by the same writing beam with reversed magnetic bias. Practical writing and reading techniques are proposed.
Syntheses and adrenergic activities of ring-fluorinated epinephrines (1988)

The study of chemical and biological effects of fluorine substitution on the aromatic ring of catecholamines has now been extended to epinephrine (Epi). 2- and 6-fluoroepinephrines (2-FEpi and 6-FEpi) have been synthesized. Fluorine substitution on the 2- or 6-carbon of the aromatic ring alters the selectivity of epinephrine toward alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, similar in manner to the change in selectivity seen with norepinephrine (NE). Thus, 2-FEpi is a relatively selective beta-adrenergic ligand, while 6-FEpi is a relatively selective alpha-adrenergic ligand. Fluorine substitution of Epi also can markedly increase potency at either alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors.
Regularized Multivariate Regression for Identifying Master Predictors with Application to Integrative Genomics Study of Breast Cancer. (2010)

In this paper, we propose a new method remMap - REgularized Multivariate regression for identifying MAster Predictors - for fitting multivariate response regression models under the high-dimension-low-sample-size setting. remMap is motivated by investigating the regulatory relationships among different biological molecules based on multiple types of high dimensional genomic data. Particularly, we are interested in studying the influence of DNA copy number alterations on RNA transcript levels. For this purpose, we model the dependence of the RNA expression levels on DNA copy numbers through multivariate linear regressions and utilize proper regularization to deal with the high dimensionality as well as to incorporate desired network structures. Criteria for selecting the tuning parameters are also discussed. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated through extensive simulation studies. Finally, remMap is applied to a breast cancer study, in which genome wide RNA transcript levels and DNA copy numbers were measured for 172 tumor samples. We identify a trans-hub region in cytoband 17q12-q21, whose amplification influences the RNA expression levels of more than 30 unlinked genes. These findings may lead to a better understanding of breast cancer pathology.
Rotation of two-dimensional arrays of microparticles trappedby circularly polarized light (2004)

We investigate the creation and the rotation of the array of microparticles trapped by circularly polarized light. We find that a smooth rotation requires two-dimensional structure having a rotational symmetry along the light beam axis. We show that it is possible to control smoothly both the rate and the sense of rotation not only by varying the handedness and the power of the incident beam but also by varying the position of the beam focus.