gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Familial Hypocalcemia Due to Germline Mosaicism for an Activating Mutation of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene (2003)

De novo activating mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene are a common cause of sporadic isolated hypoparathyroidism. Here, we describe a family in which two affected siblings were found to be heterozygous for a novel F788L mutation in the fifth transmembrane domain encoded by exon 7 of the CASR. Both parents and the third sibling were clinically unaffected and genotypically normal by direct sequencing of their leukocyte exon 7 PCR amplicons. However, the mother was revealed to be a mosaic for the mutation by sequence analysis of multiple subclones as well as denaturing HPLC of the CASR exon 7 leukocyte PCR product. A functional analysis of the mutation was performed by transiently transfecting wild-type and mutant CASRs tagged with a c-Myc epitope in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. The mutant CASR was expressed at a similar level as the wild type. The F788L mutant produced a significant shift to the left relative to the wild-type CASR in the MAPK response to increasing extracellular calcium concentrations. This is the first report of mosaicism for an activating CASR mutation and suggests that care should be exercised in counseling for risks of recurrence in a situation where a de novo mutation appears likely.
The role of mast cells in ischaemia-reperfusion injury in murine skeletal muscle (2000)

To determine the role of mast cells in ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to skeletal muscle, W(f)/W(f) mast cell-deficient and their corresponding wild-type mice were subjected to 70 min tourniquet ischaemia and 24 h reperfusion. As measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining, muscle viability was 9% in wild-type and 94% in mast cell-deficient animals (p<0.001). Assay of residual lactate dehydrogenase activity within the injured muscle (p<0.05) and histological examination confirmed the greater muscle necrosis in treated wild-type than in treated mast cell-deficient mice. There was no significant difference in the degree of neutrophil infiltration, tissue myeloperoxidase content or water content of IR-injured muscle in the two mouse phenotypes. To determine further the role of mast cells in IR injury, wild-type mice were treated 30 min prior to reperfusion with an intraperitoneal dose of either saline or the mast cell-stabilizing agent lodoxamide trometamol (2.5, 7.5, 25 or 75 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours after removal of the tourniquet, saline-treated gastrocnemius muscle had a mean viability of 14% compared with 28% (p<0.05) and 48% (p<0.01) after 25 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg of lodoxamide treatment, respectively. The ability of lodoxamide to stabilize mast cells was confirmed by histological examination. Ischaemic muscle reperfused for 1 h showed much less degranulation of mast cells in mice pretreated with lodoxamide (50 mg/kg) than in saline-treated controls. These findings suggest that mast cells are a major source of mediators of necrosis in IR injury to skeletal muscle.
The antibacterial activity of honey against coagulase-negative staphylococci (2005)

Typical honeys are about eight times more potent against coagulase-negative staphylococci than if bacterial inhibition were due to their osmolarity alone. Therefore, honey applied to skin at the insertion points of medical devices may have a role in the treatment or prevention of infections by coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Learning to Count Objects in Natural Images for Visual Question Answering (2018)

Visual Question Answering (VQA) models have struggled with counting objects in natural images so far. We identify a fundamental problem due to soft attention in these models as a cause. To circumvent this problem, we propose a neural network component that allows robust counting from object proposals. Experiments on a toy task show the effectiveness of this component and we obtain state-of-the-art accuracy on the number category of the VQA v2 dataset without negatively affecting other categories, even outperforming ensemble models with our single model. On a difficult balanced pair metric, the component gives a substantial improvement in counting over a strong baseline by 6.6%.
Entanglement generated by dissipation (2010)

Entanglement is a striking feature of quantum mechanics and an essential ingredient in most applications in quantum information. Typically, coupling of a system to an environment inhibits entanglement, particularly in macroscopic systems. Here we report on an experiment, where dissipation continuously generates entanglement between two macroscopic objects. This is achieved by engineering the dissipation using laser- and magnetic fields, and leads to robust event-ready entanglement maintained for 0.04s at room temperature. Our system consists of two ensembles containing about 10^{12} atoms and separated by 0.5m coupled to the environment composed of the vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field. By combining the dissipative mechanism with a continuous measurement, steady state entanglement is continuously generated and observed for up to an hour.
A foveated wide angle lens for active vision (2002)

We present a novel design and implementation of a foveated wide angle lens. It is strongly motivated towards applications for active vision in complex and dynamic environments. The projection curve is designed so that it facilitates active vision algorithms for motion analysis, object identification, and precise fixation. The implementation achieves small size and light weight so that the lens can be swung at a high speed.
<title>New Methods Of Designing Holographic Optical Elements</title> (1977)

Holographic optical elements (photographically produced Fresnel zone plates) can be easily designed with lens design computer codes using an analogous lens model. From a ray tracing point of view this lens model focuses light exactly the same as a holographic optical element. The analog works for on-axis rays, off-axis rays and any wavelength.
The geography of Medicare: explaining differences in payment and costs. (2003)

This issue brief examines the sources of variation in Medicare payment and costs across different geographic areas and different sites of care. It discusses payment policies that address variation in the cost of providing care, such as input price adjustments and special payments to hospitals. It also considers differences due to beneficiaries' health status and physicians' practice patterns. Finally, it explores policy options to address Medicare geographic variation.
Ag-loaded zeolites Y and USY as catalysts for selective ammonia oxidation (2015)

IR spectroscopic studies of NH<sub>3</sub> and CO adsorption were applied to establish the status of Ag<sup>0</sup> and Ag<sup>+</sup> in silver loaded zeolites Y and USY.
Implementation of the Routine Use Clause of the Privacy Act (1991)

Information privacy, the privacy of personally identifiable data held by organizations, gained access to the federal policy agenda in the sixties. The passage of several legislative acts resulted in protection for information privacy in specific environments and circumstances. In 1974, the Privacy Act was passed, providing citizens limited protection for data held by agencies of the federal government. While the Privacy Act is the cornerstone of protection for citizens with regard to government‐held data, the law has been less effective than its designers hoped it would be. One major deject of the law is the routine use clause, which has been subjected to broad interpretation and distortion, to the benefit of executive branch agencies which handle personally identifiable data. This article examines the issue of information privacy, with focus on the misuse of the routine use clause and subsequent implications for citizen privacy.
Efficient Linear Elastic Models of Soft Tissues for real-time surgery simulation (1999)

In this paper, we describe the basic components of a surgery simulator prototype developed at INRIA. We present two physical models which are well suited for surgery simulation. These models are based on linear elasticity theory and finite elements modeling. The former model can deforme large tetrahedral meshes in real-time but does not allow any topological changes. On the contrary, the latter biomechanical model can simulate the cutting and tearing of soft tissue but must have a limited number of vertices to run in real-time. We propose a method for combining these two approaches into a hybrid model which may allow real time deformations and cuttings of large enough anatomical structures.
Development and evaluation of a novel pH indicator biodegradable film based on cassava starch (2010)

Abstract A pH indicator film based on cassava starch plasticized with sucrose and inverted sugar and incorporated with grape and spinach extracts as pH indicator sources (anthocyanin and chlorophyll) has been developed, and its packaging properties have been assessed. A second‐order central composite design (2 2 ) with three central points and four star points was used to evaluate the mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensile strength at break, and elongation at break percentage), moisture barrier, and microstructure of the films, and its potential as a pH indicator packaging. The films were prepared by the casting technique and conditioned under controlled conditions (75% relative humidity and 23°C), at least 4 days before the analyses. The materials were exposed to different pH solutions (0, 2, 7, 10, and 14) and their color parameters ( L *, a *, b *, and haze ) were measured by transmittance. Grape and spinach extracts have affected the material characterization. Film properties (mechanical properties and moisture barrier) were strongly influenced by extract concentration presenting lower results than for the control. Films containing a higher concentration of grape extract presented a greater color change at different pH's suggesting that anthocyanins are more effective as pH indicators than chlorophyll or the mixture of both extracts. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Cyclopentane synthesis via free radical mediated addition of functionalized alkenes to substituted vinyl cyclopropanes (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclopentane synthesis via free radical mediated addition of functionalized alkenes to substituted vinyl cyclopropanesKen S. Feldman, Anthony L. Romanelli, Robert E. Ruckle, and Raymond F. MillerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 10, 3300–3302Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00218a050RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1187Altmetric-Citations106LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (394 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Variational Federated Multi-Task Learning (2019)

In federated learning, a central server coordinates the training of a single model on a massively distributed network of devices. This setting can be naturally extended to a multi-task learning framework, to handle real-world federated datasets that typically show strong statistical heterogeneity among devices. Despite federated multi-task learning being shown to be an effective paradigm for real-world datasets, it has been applied only on convex models. In this work, we introduce VIRTUAL, an algorithm for federated multi-task learning for general non-convex models. In VIRTUAL the federated network of the server and the clients is treated as a star-shaped Bayesian network, and learning is performed on the network using approximated variational inference. We show that this method is effective on real-world federated datasets, outperforming the current state-of-the-art for federated learning, and concurrently allowing sparser gradient updates.
Side‐Chain Modifications of C<sub>60</sub> via Activation of the Easily Accessible Fulleromalonic Acid C<sub>61</sub>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (1997)

Abstract Side‐chain modifications of fullerenes can be achieved starting from the malonic acid 2 , which is easily accessible by saponification of the corresponding diethyl malonate adduct 1 and is therefore an ideal building block for side chain chemistry on fullerenes. Coupling reactions are carried out via the synthesis of the fullerene active ester 4 , which is formed by the reaction of the malonic acid 2 with N ‐hydroxysuccinimide. During this reaction the malonic acid undergoes decarboxylation, yielding an acetic acid derivative instead of a malonic system. The active ester 4 is isolable and represents an ideal building block for fullerene chemistry. Sidechain modifications can also be carried out as one‐step reactions by preparing 4 in situ. We have performed coupling reactions with various compounds containing primary or secondary amino groups.
MYB5 and MYB14 Play Pivotal Roles in Seed Coat Polymer Biosynthesis in <i>Medicago truncatula</i>    (2014)

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the major MYB protein regulating proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis is TT2, named for the transparent testa phenotype of tt2 mutant seeds that lack PAs in their coats. In contrast, the MYB5 transcription factor mainly regulates seed mucilage biosynthesis and trichome branching, with only a minor role in PA biosynthesis. We here characterize MYB5 and MYB14 (a TT2 homolog) in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Overexpression of MtMYB5 or MtMYB14 strongly induces PA accumulation in M. truncatula hairy roots, and both myb5 and myb14 mutants of M. truncatula exhibit darker seed coat color than wild-type plants, with myb5 also showing deficiency in mucilage biosynthesis. myb5 mutant seeds have a much stronger seed color phenotype than myb14. The myb5 and myb14 mutants accumulate, respectively, about 30% and 50% of the PA content of wild-type plants, and PA levels are reduced further in myb5 myb14 double mutants. Transcriptome analyses of overexpressing hairy roots and knockout mutants of MtMYB5 and MtMYB14 indicate that MtMYB5 regulates a broader set of genes than MtMYB14. Moreover, we demonstrate that MtMYB5 and MtMYB14 physically interact and synergistically activate the promoters of anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase, the key structural genes leading to PA biosynthesis, in the presence of MtTT8 and MtWD40-1. Our results provide new insights into the complex regulation of PA and mucilage biosynthesis in M. truncatula.
Enumeration of the Elementary Circuits of a Directed Graph (1973)

An algorithm to enumerate all the elementary circuits of a directed graph is presented. The algorithm is based on a backtracking procedure of Tiernan, but uses a lookahead and labeling technique to avoid unnecessary work. It has a time bound of $O((V \cdot E)(C + 1))$ when applied to a graph with V vertices, E edges, and C elementary circuits.
The Effect of Biodiesel Fuel Composition on Diesel Combustion and Emissions (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Biodiesel, a fuel produced by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The properties of biodiesel can vary depending on its chemical composition. Biodiesel produced from vegetable oils is higher in esters of unsaturated fatty acids and biodiesel from animal fats is higher in esters of saturated fatty acids. This paper attempts to identify the mechanism for biodiesel's emissions reduction effect and discusses the effects of blending various pure esters with No. 2 diesel fuel on engine performance and emissions. This project concludes that biodiesel's particulate reducing effect can be attributed to two factors: its displacement of aromatic and shorter chain paraffin hydrocarbons and its oxygen content. The pure ester tests showed that while all esters demonstrated reductions in hydrocarbon and particulate emissions, methyl palmitate was the most effective ester in achieving these reductions. NOx emissions increased from 2-5% for the different esters while CO emissions generally decreased slightly or stayed the same. Thermal efficiency did not change for the esters.</div>
Molecular analysis and functional expression of the human type E neuronal Ca2+ channel alpha 1 subunit. (1994)

A human brain alpha 1 Ca2+ channel subunit was cloned and expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The open reading frame, encoding 2,312 amino acids, has high homology to the marine ray doe-1, the rat E-type, and the rabbit brain BII alpha 1 subunits. The amino and carboxy termini of this human.E-type alpha 1 subunit (alpha 1E) are most similar to the rabbit BII-1 splice variant, the remainder being colinear with the BII alpha 1 with the exception of two insertions, one of 43 amino acids in the C-terminus and another of 7 amino acids, found also in the rat alpha 1E, between domains II and III. Two potential Ca2+ binding sites are predicted from its primary structure. The expression of inward Ba2+ currents reveals voltage-dependent activation and inactivation measured by the cut-open oocyte vaseline-gap technique, with kinetics that correspond to that of a high-voltage-activated neuronal Ca2+ channel, and pharmacologic properties that resemble those of some low-voltage-activated neuronal Ca2+ currents. The human alpha 1E currents are insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (1 microM), omega-agatoxin-IVA (200 nM), a synthetic funnel web spider toxin (FTX, 20 microM), and Bay-K8644 (0.5 microM); they are inhibited 20% by high concentrations of methoxyverapamil and diltiazem, 65% by 0.1% crude funnel web spider venom and 100% by Ni2+ (IC50 = 30 nM). Single-channel records show a complex activity pattern with several apparent conductance states, the largest having a conductance of 14 pS.
Homolytic arylation of pyridine and pyridine N-oxide and the effect of localization energy and temperature on arylation patterns (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHomolytic arylation of pyridine and pyridine N-oxide and the effect of localization energy and temperature on arylation patternsRichard M. Elofson, F. F. Gadallah, and Karlo F. SchulzCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 11, 1526–1531Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00810a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00810a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase separation in the flow of suspensions through a bifurcation with applications to blood flow in the microcirculation (2015)

Quantitative analysis of blood is complicated by several factors.One observable phenomenon is plasma skimming.Plasma skimming is the reduction in concentration present in the more slowly flowing branch of a bifurcation.Due to the problems associated with quantitative measurements on systems the size of vessels in microcirculation, and because of the complex nature of non-Newtonian blood flow in small vessels, plasma skimming was investigated by means of a model using a Newtonian suspension of rigid spheres.The present research investigated situations of vertical flows through a bifurcation having equal diameter branches.Also considered were horizontal flows through 45and 90bifurcations having equal diameter branches and a 90bifurcation whose side branch was two-thirds the diameter of the main branch.The Reynolds numbers for vertical and horizontal flows, based on flows through the upstream branch and using the physical properties of the suspending media, were 3 x 10^-2 and 160 respectively.Concentration changes were measured using tube and mixing cup concentration ratios.On the basis of this research, it was concluded that the ratio of relative flow rates in the two branches downstream from the bifurcation and the ratio of the diameters of these branches were important parameters in determining the extent of plasma skimming.The angle of bifurcation and the upstream concentration had little effect for the 45and 90bifurcations with equal diameter branches.The 90b ifurcation having the smaller diameter side branch exhibited a dependence on upstream concentration.The degree of plasma skimming being less at the higher concentrations.Of unknown importance is the particle to tube size ratio, the shape and flexibility of the particle, and the density of differences between particles and the fluid.There is also the possibility that inertial effects may be present in the horizontal flows.The mixing cup and tube concentration ratios are identical for bifurcations having equal diameter downstream branches.For bifurcations having different diameter downstream branches, the mixing cup and tube concentration ratios are not identical.'
Emotional Support Following Cancer: A Test of the Stigma and Social Activity Hypotheses (1994)

Reports of changes in emotional support following surgery for breast cancer can be attributed to one of two factors: (1) the stigma associated with cancer, or (2) illness-imposed restrictions in one's activities. These explanations were assessed using data from a longitudinal study of women, following their surgical treatment for early breast cancer (N = 145), gallbladder disease (N = 90), benign breast disease (N = 87), or no surgery (N = 90). Multiple regression analysis was used to test the two models. Contrary to the cancer stigma hypothesis, women with breast cancer initially perceived themselves to have more emotional support, rather than less. Type of surgery did not explain the level of emotional support as post-surgery time increased. Instead, support for the social activity hypothesis was found. The results are interpreted as indicating that breast cancer no longer carries with it a stigma, at least not to the extent of reducing the level of women's emotional support.