gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Haplotype Structure and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations of the Sulfonylurea Receptor and the Islet ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Gene Region (2004)

The genes for the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1; encoded by ABCC8) and its associated islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel (Kir6.2; encoded by KCNJ11) are adjacent to one another on human chromosome 11. Multiple studies have reported association of the E23K variant of Kir6.2 with risk of type 2 diabetes. Whether and how E23K itself—or other variant(s) in either of these two closely linked genes—influences type 2 diabetes remains to be fully determined. To better understand genotype-phenotype correlation at this important candidate gene locus, we 1) characterized haplotype structures across the gene region by typing 77 working, high-frequency markers spanning 207 kb and both genes; 2) performed association studies of E23K and nearby markers in &gt;3,400 patients (type 2 diabetes and control) not previously reported in the literature; and 3) analyzed the resulting data for measures of insulin secretion. These data independently replicate the association of E23K with type 2 diabetes with an odds ratio (OR) in the new data of 1.17 (P = 0.003) as compared with an OR of 1.14 provided by meta-analysis of previously published, nonoverlapping data (P = 0.0002). We find that the E23K variant in Kir6.2 demonstrates very strong allelic association with a coding variant (A1369S) in the neighboring SUR1 gene (r2 &gt; 0.9) across a range of population samples, making it difficult to distinguish which gene and polymorphism in this region are most likely responsible for the reported association. We show that E23K is also associated with decreased insulin secretion in glucose-tolerant control subjects, supporting a mechanism whereby β-cell dysfunction contributes to the common form of type 2 diabetes. Like peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ, the SUR1/Kir6.2 gene region both contributes to the inherited risk of type 2 diabetes and encodes proteins that are targets for hypoglycemic medications, providing an intriguing link between the underlying mechanism of disease and validated targets for pharmacological treatment.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of healthy and periodontally-involved subjects. (2005)

The aim of the present study was to determine, in vitro, the antimicrobial effect of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of 25 periodontally healthy subjects and 25 subjects with chronic periodontitis. One saliva sample from each subject was collected and spread on the surface of trypticase soy agar plates. Paper filter discs containing clove, sage, propolis, chlorhexidine 0.12% (positive control) and distilled water (negative control) were placed onto the plates, and incubated anaerobically for 72 hours. Significant differences in the antimicrobial effects of the different substances were tested using paired t-tests and the Spearman correlation coefficient, while differences in the effects of the extracts in periodontally healthy and diseased subjects were tested using Student's t-test. The highest means, in terms of size of microbial inhibition zones (cm) were obtained with chlorhexidine, followed by pure propolis, clove, and sage in subjects with periodontal health (1.35 +/- 0.22, 1.20 +/- 0.20, 0.94 +/- 0.14 and 0.44 +/- 0.38, respectively) or disease (1.38 +/- 0.23, 1.17 +/- 0.21, 0.94 +/- 0.07 and 0.78 +/- 0.07, respectively). There was a positive correlation between the inhibitory action of 11% propolis (w/v) and chlorhexidine (rho = 0.735, p < 0.001) in diseased subjects. The antimicrobial effects of clove and sage, particularly the latter, were less marked in comparison to propolis and chlorhexidine in both groups of subjects. In conclusion, propolis showed significant antimicrobial properties in saliva samples from periodontally healthy and diseased subjects, suggesting that this substance may be used therapeutically in the future to inhibit oral microbial growth.
A new antegrade femoral artery catheter needle set. (1984)

A needle-catheter-guide wire combination designed to overcome the problems inherent in introducing a catheter into the antegrade superficial femoral artery is described. The set includes an extra long puncture needle and a preshaped catheter sheath with a wing-shaped steering device.
Lossy power distribution networks with thin dielectric layers and/or thin conductive layers (2000)

Through their inherent skin losses, conductive planes around sufficiently thin dielectric layers may provide good suppression of plane resonances in printed-circuit-board power distribution networks. When combined with thin conductive layers, a resistor-like flat self-impedance and low-pass transfer-impedance profiles can be created. A lossy transmission-line grid model is used to simulate power-ground plane pairs with thin dielectric and thin conductive layers. Some of the modeling errors of the analytical plane-impedance expressions and lossy transmission-line grid plane models are compared. Simulated and measured impedances are compared on test structures with plane separation of 40 and 8 /spl mu/m (1.6 and 0.3 mils).
Technical delivery of myogenic cells through an endocardial injection catheter for myocardial cell implantation (2000)

BACKGROUND: The next clinical frontier in the therapeutics of ischemic heart disease may involve the development and delivery of specific molecules and cells into the myocardium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the MyoStar injection catheter (Biosense-Webster Inc.) that has recently been developed to deliver molecules and cells to the myocardium. The 8 Fr (110 cm length) catheter comprises a navigation sensor with a 27 gauge needle at the distal tip. METHODS: Mouse myogenic cells (C2) were delivered to a tissue culture dish through different modalities: a standard laboratory pipette, a syringe needle (27 gauge) and the injection catheter. The cells were counted and monitored for growth and differentiation in the tissue culture immediately after delivery and two, three and six days later. Cells that were injected through a regular syringe needle or through the injection catheter demonstrated the same capacity to proliferate in tissue culture up to six days. RESULTS: The behavior of the cells in culture (fusion) was identical for the cells delivered to the tissue culture by a pipette or by the injection catheter. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that delivery of cells through the MyoStar injection catheter is a method with no significant loss or adverse effects to the cells along the path of the catheter. The catheter, which possesses both injection and navigation capabilities, can be used to deliver cell therapy to patients with ischemic heart disease.
mPGES-1 null mice are resistant to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis (2011)

mPGES-1 expression is required for bleomycin-induced skin fibrogenesis. Inhibition of mPGES-1 may be a viable method to alleviate the development of cutaneous sclerosis and is a potential therapeutic target to control the onset of fibrogenesis.
Drugs in breast milk. (1978)

The amount of drug excreted into breast milk is dependent upon the lipid solubility of the medication, the mechanism of transport, the degree of ionization, and change in plasma pH. The higher the lipid solubility, the greater the concentration in human milk. The majority of drugs are transported into mammary blood capillaries by passive diffusion. The rest are transported by reverse pinocytosis. Once the drug has entered the epithelial cells of breast tissue, the drug molecules are excreted into the human milk by active transport, passive diffusion, or apocrine secretion. The amount of free (active) drug available for transport depends on the degree of protein binding the plasma pH. Another factor affecting excretion of drugs is the time when breast feeding occurs. In the 1st few days of life, when colostrum is present, water-soluble drugs pass through the breast more easily than afterwards when milk is produced. Then lipid-soluble drugs cross in higher concentrations. The effect on nursing infants is dependent on the amount excreted into the milk, the total amount absorbed by the infant, and the toxicity of the drug. The use of the following drugs in breast feeding mothers is reviewed: anticoagulants, antihypertensives and diuretics, antimicrobials, drugs affecting the central nervous system (alcohol, chloral hydrate, meprobamate, lithium, and aspirin), marijuana, other drugs (antihistamines, atropine, ergot alkaloids, laxatives, nicotine, iodides, propylthiouracil, theophylline), hormones (insulin, thyroxine, and oral contraceptives), and radiopharmaceuticals.
Cardiac Imaging with Tantalum-178 (1979)

Tantalum-178 is a potential tracer for the first transit studies of the heart. It has a short physical half-life (9.3 minutes) and is obtained as a generator product from its long-lived (21.3 days) parent, tungsten-178. First transit studies were performed in the monkey and dog following the intravenous injection of 20 mCi (740 MBq) of tantalum-178. Imaging was performed with a large field of view single crystal camera and a multicrystal camera. Pulmonary dilution curves were derived for the analysis of left-to-right intracardiac shunting and high temporal resolution studies were obtained to assess left ventricular function and to measure left ventricular ejection fraction. The short physical half-life of tantalum-178 permits fraction. The short physical half-life of tantalum-178 permits multiple sequential studies with reduced patient radiation dose compared to the current radionuclide of choice, technetium-99m.
The role of envelope glycoprotein processing in murine leukemia virus infection (1987)

The murine leukemia virus envelope protein is synthesized as a precursor molecule, Pr85env, which is proteolytically cleaved at an arginine residue to produce two mature envelope proteins, gp70 and p15(E). The results presented here indicate that mutation to lysine of the arginine found at the envelope precursor cleavage site results in a precursor which is cleaved with an efficiency at least 10-fold lower than the efficiency with which the wild-type protein is cleaved. This mutation has been used to investigate the requirement for envelope protein processing in various aspects of retroviral infection. Viruses produced by cells transfected with mutant proviral clones are approximately 10-fold less infectious than wild-type viruses. Mutant viruses are incapable of inducing XC cell syncytium formation and are 100-fold less efficient than wild-type viruses at rendering cells resistant to superinfection. Envelope glycoproteins bearing the lysine mutation are found in reduced amounts on the surface of infected cells, and as a result mutant virions contain significantly less envelope protein than do wild-type virions. The phenotypic effects of the processing mutation described here are most likely the result of this paucity of envelope glycoproteins in virions carrying the mutation.
Peptide‐mediated cancer targeting of nanoconjugates (2010)

Targeted use of nanoparticles in vitro, in cells, and in vivo requires nanoparticle surface functionalization. Moieties that can be used for such a purpose include small molecules as well as polymers made of different biological and organic materials. Short amino acid polymers, peptides, can often rival target binding avidity of much larger molecules. At the same time, peptides are smaller than most nanoparticles and thus allow for multiple nanoparticle modifications and creation of pluripotent nanoparticles. Most nanoparticles provide multiple binding sites for different cargo and targeting peptides which can be used for the development of novel approaches for cancer targeting, diagnostics, and therapy. In this review, we will focus on peptides which have been used for the preparation of different nanoparticles designed for cancer research.
In vitro inhibition of breast cancer spheroid-induced lymphendothelial defects resembling intravasation into the lymphatic vasculature by acetohexamide, isoxsuprine, nifedipin and proadifen (2013)

The targeting of different mechanisms was most likely the reason for synergistic effects of different drug combinations on the inhibition of CCID formation. Furthermore, the treatment with drug combinations allowed also a several-fold reduction in drug concentrations. These results encourage further screening of approved drugs and their in vivo testing.
Long Term Bridge Performance Program (2008)

This paper, from the Fourth US-Taiwan Bridge Engineering Workshop, describes the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) FHWA Long-Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) program, initiated in early 2006 with the objective of improving knowledge regarding bridge performance. The program will instrument, monitor, and evaluate a large number of bridges throughout the United States in order to capture performance data over a 20-year period of time. LTBP researchers will conduct detailed periodic inspections, monitoring, and evaluation of the population of bridges representing the national bridge inventory by taking advantage of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques and visual inspections. The authors describe how this program will contribute to improved knowledge of bridge performance; advances in deterioration and predictive models; deterioration models that can simulate interactions between pavement, bridges, and traffic; effective use of life cycle cost analysis; improved inspection/condition information through NDE and structural health monitoring; and the fostering of technology for assessment of critical but invisible bridge elements and components; support for development of improved design methods and maintenance/bridge preservation practices; quantification of the effectiveness of various maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation strategies; improvement of the operational performance of bridges with the potential to reduce congestion, delay, and crashes; the fostering of the next generation of bridge and bridge management systems; and contributions for setting national policy. The LTBP program will also conduct forensic investigations on decommissioned bridges, as the need and opportunity arise.
Monocyte Differentiation to Macrophage Requires Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (2001)

Interferon regulatory factors are a growing family of transcription factor that have been implicated in cellular events such as cell-growth regulation, antiviral defense, and development of the immune system. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) is expressed predominantly in lymphoid tissues and has been studied extensively in the context of viral infection and the induction of interferon and cytokine gene expression. In this paper, the involvement of IRF-7 in monocyte differentiation was examined in U937, HL60, and human primary macrophages. We report the induction of IRF-7 expression by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in U937 and HL60 cells and demonstrate that this induction is essential for the monocyte differentiation to macrophages. We show that the monocyte differentiation is inhibited in cells expressing a dominant negative IRF-7 mutant, as evidenced by decreased expression of two macrophage-differentiation markers, CD11b and CD11c, and impaired phagocytic activity. In addition, we demonstrate that overexpression of IRF-7 is sufficient to trigger monocyte differentiation and to induce cell cycle arrest. The identification of IRF-7 as a key regulator in monocyte differentiation suggests a novel function of IRF-7 in innate immunity.
Comparison of Five Commercial Anti-Tetanus Toxoid Immunoglobulin G Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (2009)

Five commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of anti-tetanus toxoid immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were evaluated for performance. The data suggest that there are manufacturer-dependent differences in sensitivity and accuracy for the determination of tetanus toxoid IgG antibodies that could result in different diagnostic interpretations.
Feasibility and assessment of non-invasive in vivo redox status using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (2002)

Using redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents, EPRI can non-invasively discriminate redox status differences between normal tissue and tumors.
Carbon Monoxide Metabolism in Roadside Soils (1981)

Air-dried soils which were equilibrated under relative humidities greater than 93% or moistened with liquid water showed marked increases in their capacities to oxidize CO to CO(2). Liquid water addition in excess of saturation resulted in lower CO oxidation rates, reflecting the limited diffusion of CO through the aqueous phase. After 35 days' storage under 100% relative humidity, the capacity for CO oxidation decreased to 21% of the value observed with a freshly collected sample. Incubation of this stored soil under an atmosphere containing 200 ppm of CO (250 mg/m) for 21 days resulted in a sevenfold increase in CO oxidation. A correlation was noted between the CO oxidative activity and the history of previous exposure of soils to high ambient levels of CO. The organisms responsible for CO oxidation apparently comprise a small fraction of the microbial population in the soils. With a roadside soil the oxidation of CO provided the driving force for the assimilation of CO(2). The stoichiometry of the oxidative and assimilatory reactions in soil was in the range of values reported from laboratory studies with CO chemoautotrophs (carboxydobacteria). It is proposed that the population and activity of CO-oxidizing microorganisms increase in response to increasing levels of CO in the environment.
Transcription Processivity: Protein-DNA Interactions Holding Together the Elongation Complex (1996)

The elongation of RNA chains during transcription occurs in a ternary complex containing RNA polymerase (RNAP), DNA template, and nascent RNA. It is shown here that elongating RNAP from Escherichia coli can switch DNA templates by means of end-to-end transposition without loss of the transcript. After the switch, transcription continues on the new template. With the use of defined short DNA fragments as switching templates, RNAP-DNA interactions were dissected into two spatially distinct components, each contributing to the stability of the elongating complex. The front (F) interaction occurs ahead of the growing end of RNA. This interaction is non-ionic and requires 7 to 9 base pairs of intact DNA duplex. The rear (R) interaction is ionic and requires approximately six nucleotides of the template DNA strand behind the active site and one nucleotide ahead of it. The nontemplate strand is not involved. With the use of protein-DNA crosslinking, the F interaction was mapped to the conserved zinc finger motif in the NH2-terminus of the beta' subunit and the R interaction, to the COOH-terminal catalytic domain of the beta subunit. Mutational disruption of the zinc finger selectively destroyed the F interaction and produced a salt-sensitive ternary complex with diminished processivity. A model of the ternary complex is proposed here that suggests that trilateral contacts in the active center maintain the nonprocessive complex, whereas a front-end domain including the zinc finger ensures processivity.
Visual Discrimination and Spatial Localization Deficits after Lesions of the Tectofugal Pathway in Pigeons; pp. 213–228 (1974)

21 White Carneaux pigeons (Columba livia) were trained on two identification tasks (intensity and pattern discriminations) and on two location tasks (right-left and four-key discriminations). Following training, lesions were placed in the optic tectum, or in nucleus rotundus or the nuclei isthmi, ascending and descending projections of the tectum, respectively. Large tectal lesions produced severe impairments on all tasks. The subjects were unable to relearn the identification tasks and, although able to relearn the location tasks, had great difficulty in locating the keys. The severity of deficits produced among subjects with lesions of nucleus rotundus depended on both lesion size and the extent to which the lesion infringed on the principal optic nucleus of the thalamus (OPT). Small rotundus lesions produced almost no impairment on any task. Larger lesions without OPT involvement produced impairment on identification tasks and differentially affected performance on location tasks. Large lesions of rotundus and OPT produced impairments on all tasks. The size of deficits produced among subjects with lesions of the nuclei isthmi were a function of the completeness of the lesion and did not depend on the extent of damage to other structures in the tectal core. Two control subjects showed unexpected impairment on the identification tasks which seemed to be related to damage to nucleus triangularis in the thalamus. Results of the research are compared with mammalian data.
In vitro interaction of alveolar macrophages and pneumocytes with feline respiratory viruses (1978)

Feline alveolar macrophages and feline pneumocytes were inoculated in vitro with low multiplicities of either feline calicivirus or feline viral rhinotracheitis virus. Pneumocytes were permissive for both viruses. High titers were attained, and characteristic cytopathic effects developed. Alveolar macrophages were permissive for feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, although the cycle of replication was delayed. Infection of macrophages with feline calicivirus resulted in the production of viral antigens and cytopathic effects; however, viral particles were not detected by electron microscopy, and viral infectivity titers rose only slightly and then fell to undetectable levels by 96 h. The differences in viral susceptibility between these two peripheral pulmonary cell populations that were demonstrated in vitro probably contribute to the differences in pathogenesis of viral rhinotracheitis and calicivirus infections in cats.
A 114-db 68-mW chopper-stabilized stereo multibit audio ADC in 5.62 mm/sup 2/ (2003)

A multibit delta-sigma audio stereo analog-to-digital converter has been developed. It employs a fifth-order single-loop 17-level delta-sigma modulator with an input feedforward gain stage. A second-order mismatch shaping (DEM) circuit is utilized to remove tones and nonlinearities caused by capacitor mismatch of the feedback digital-to-analog converter. The implementation of the DEM block introduces minimum latency into the delta-sigma feedback loop. Chopper stabilization is applied to the first integrator to eliminate the 1/f noise. The converter achieves 114-dB dynamic range and -105-dB total harmonic distortion over the 20-kHz audio band. This single chip includes stereo analog modulators, bandgap reference, serial interface, and a two-stage decimation filter, occupies 5.62-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> active area in a 0.35-μm double-poly, three-metal CMOS process and dissipates only 55-mW power in the analog circuits.