gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant defense of the brain: a role for astrocytes (1997)

Partially reduced forms of oxygen are produced in the brain during cellular respiration and, at accelerated rates, during brain insults. The most reactive forms, such as the hydroxyl radical, are capable of oxidizing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Oxidative injury has been implicated in degenerative diseases, epilepsy, trauma, and stroke. It is a threshold phenomenon that occurs after antioxidant mechanisms are overwhelmed. Oxidative stress is a disparity between the rates of free radical production and elimination. This imbalance is initiated by numerous factors: acidosis; transition metals; amyloid beta-peptide; the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, and nitric oxide; and uncouplers of mitochondrial electron transport. Antioxidant defenses include the enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, as well as the low molecular weight reductants alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), glutathione, and ascorbate (reduced vitamin C). Astrocytes maintain high intracellular concentrations of certain antioxidants, making these cells resistant to oxidative stress relative to oligodendrocytes and neurons. Following reactive gliosis, the neuroprotective role of astrocytes may be accentuated because of increases in a number of activities: expression of antioxidant enzymes; transport and metabolism of glucose that yields reducing equivalents for antioxidant regeneration and lactate for neuronal metabolism; synthesis of glutathione; and recycling of vitamin C. In the latter process, astrocytes take up oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid, DHAA) through plasma membrane transporters, reduce it to ascorbate, and then release ascorbate to the extracellular fluid, where it may contribute to antioxidant defense of neurons.
MULTICULTURALISMO E OS FUNDAMENTOS CONSTITUCIONAIS DOS DIREITOS DE GRUPO (2013)

Growing evidence implicates synaptic proteins in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID) and schizophrenia. In fact, mutations in genes encoding synaptic proteins are enriched and overlap among different conditions highlighting the complex and pleiotropic nature of these disorders. In this review, we discuss recently described candidate genes that affect excitatory synapse function and result in changes in spine number and morphology. Spine pathology has been observed in several animal models of disease and in human brain post-mortem samples from ID, ASD, and schizophrenia patients. Recent data point to convergent mechanisms, such as dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton and dysfunction of microglia synaptic remodeling, underlying dendritic spine dysgenesis. Interestingly, the reversion of important pathologic features, including spine abnormalities, has been observed in adult animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting that therapies may not be restricted to a specific developmental window. Shedding light on the specific mechanisms impacted in neuropsychiatric disorders will undeniably contribute to the development of more directed and personalized therapies.
Decarboxylative transamination. A new route to spirocyclic and bridgehead-nitrogen compounds. Relevance to α-amino acid decarboxylases (1984)

N-Substituted and α,α-disubstituted amino acids react with carbonyl compounds to generate 1,3-dipolar species under mild conditions mimicking α-amino acid decarboxylases; the 1,3-dipoles can be trapped both inter- and intra-molecularly to give bridgehead-nitrogen and spirocycli products in goood yield; pyridoxal is shown to react in an analogous fashion.
<i>Total Network Data System</i>: System Plan (1983)

The Total Network Data System (TNDS) is a coordinated family of operations systems that work together to mechanize telephone traffic data gathering and reporting. This paper describes the component parts of the TNDS, their functions, their interactions, and their inputs and outputs. The paper also presents the managerial view of TNDS: its product, its size, the number of people involved, how the overall project is organized and coordinated, and how the system evolves to meet the needs of a continually changing environment.
Semi-Conduction and Electron Hopping in Vitreous Systems: Magnetic Properties, Micro-Structure, and Ultra-Structure of Partially Crystallised B203-BaO-Fe203 Glass. (1971)

Abstract : The crystallisation products and morphology of a 68B2O3 - 17 BaO - 15 Fe2O3 mole % glass have been studied using magnetisation measurements, small angle x-ray scattering measurements and replica electron microscopy. The glasses containing the crystallised phases were super-paramagnetic down to 77 degrees K, and the magnetisation curves are analysed in terms of a bimodal distribution of magnetic moments. The SAXS and electron micrographs confirmed the bimodal distribution of particle sizes, and a very precise correlation between magnetic properties and microstructure is obtained. By quantitative calculations, it is shown that the precipitate phases themselves are complex in structure, and most likely consist of an inner ferrimagnetic core surrounded by an anti-ferromagnetic grape-fruit skin. This structure for the precipitates is confirmed directly by electron microscope observations. (Author)
Requirement of glycosylation of the human thyrotropin receptor ectodomain for its reactivity with autoantibodies in patients' sera (1997)

To understand the role of glycosylation on autoantibody reactivity, we expressed cDNA encoding amino acid residues 22 to 416 of the human thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), along with the baculovirus-encoded glycoprotein 67 signal sequence (ETSHR-gp) in insect cells. N-terminal sequence analysis revealed that the signal peptide was cleaved and confirmed the identity of ETSHR-gp protein. The molecular mass of the ETSHR-gp protein was 63 kDa and was higher than the expected molecular mass of 45 kDa, suggesting that the protein was glycosylated. Carbohydrate analysis showed that the protein was glycosylated and that mannose was the major oligosaccharide. A nonglycosylated recombinant ETSHR protein expressed earlier in our laboratory neutralized TSH-binding-inhibitory Ig (TBII) activity in the sera of rabbits immunized with the protein but did not neutralize TBII activity in the sera of patients. In contrast, the glycosylated ETSHR-gp protein neutralized TBII activity in the sera of both experimental animals and patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders. Furthermore, only the ETSHR-gp protein completely neutralized the activities of stimulatory and blocking Abs in the sera of patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively. These data clearly show that glycosylated ETSHR-gp, but not the nonglycosylated ETSHR protein, can react with autoantibodies in patients' sera and that it has the epitopes required for the binding of TBII, thyroid stimulatory Abs, and thyroid stimulatory blocking Abs. Moreover, these data suggest that glycosylation might be an important determinant of autoantigenicity of human TSHR.
Multivalent glycocalixarenes for recognition of biological macromolecules: glycocalyx mimics capable of multitasking (2013)

The glycoside cluster effect, a special case of multivalency involving carbohydrates, is a powerful tool exploited by Nature to make relatively weak interactions stronger and more specific. Organic and supramolecular chemists have been applying this concept and are devising a plethora of neo-glycoconjugates which can interfere with a series of pathological events such as infections due to viruses and bacteria, tumour progression and migration, and inflammation processes. In the present Tutorial Review, we will illustrate the factors that make calixarenes, the cyclic oligomers obtained by the condensation of phenols/resorcinols and aldehydes, unique scaffolds for the construction of multivalent glycosylated ligands, individually analysing how structural parameters such as the size, valency, conformation, self-assembling behaviour of the macrocycle and especially the topology of the saccharide presentation in space influence the biological properties. We will not only survey the most significant results obtained to date in the inhibition of carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins), but we will also try to paint a picture of the potential that multivalent glycocalixarenes might have in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine, that are especially related to their combined ability to load cargo and to specifically deliver that cargo to target cells.
Automated Protein Hydrolysis Delivering Sample to a Solid Acid Catalyst for Amino Acid Analysis (2010)

In this study, we developed an automatic protein hydrolysis system using strong cation-exchange resins as solid acid catalysts. Examining several kinds of inorganic solid acids and cation-exchange resins, we found that a few cation-exchange resins worked as acid catalysts for protein hydrolysis when heated in the presence of water. The most efficient resin yielded amounts of amino acids that were over 70% of those recovered after conventional hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid and resulted in amino acid compositions matching the theoretical values. The solid-acid hydrolysis was automated by packing the resin into columns, combining the columns with a high-performance liquid chromatography system, and heating them. The amino acids that constitute a protein can thereby be determined, minimizing contamination from the environment.
Simultaneous assays of cancer associated antigens in benign and malignant breast diseases (1977)

Five tumor markers can be simultaneously determined in the serum by radioimmunoassay: carcino-embryonal antigen (CEA), α-fetoprotein (αFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), β-subunit of HCG (βHCG) and K-Casein. In a series of 935 healthy subjects, these antigens remain undetectable or are detected within very precise limits. At the start of the clinical evolution of breast cancer, the incidence of pathological concentrations (i.e. increased as compared with the highest level observed in normal subjects) of at least one antigen is 69% in stages T1, T2, T3, N0, N1, M0. This high incidence is mainly due to a concomitant determination of CEA, K-casein, HCG and β-HCG. The α-FP test is never positive, while the k-casein concentration is particularly high in the first clinical stages of breast cancer and with metastases. The concomitant determination of these tumor markers may be a biological element contributing to the diagnosis of neoplasia, although it is neither an absolute nor a specific criterion. Indeed, a pathological concentration of at least one antigen was observed in 5.5% of the subjects presenting with benign mastopathy. When metastases occur (25 patients), the incidence of pathological concentrations of at least one antigen increases: at 88%, the absolute values of these levels are increasing simultaneously. The determination of the antigen concentration therefore allows an evaluation of the extension of the disease. Surgical removal reduces the incidence of positivity of these antigens to 34%. Persistance of pathological levels seems to be related to a possibility of relapse or metastatic spreading. Finally, chemotherapy and radiotherapy applied on a tumor which is not excised, do not decrease the incidence of positivity of the tumoral markers, although their levels seem to fluctuate with the clinical evolution.
Administrative Reflections From World War II. By Luther Gulick. (University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. 1948. Pp. 139. $2.50.) (1949)

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Pesquisadores determinam equações de função de dano (EFD) para o patossistema múltiplo mancha-marrom e oídio da cevada (2014)

Researchers from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), in Santa Catarina, of Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF) and of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, determined the damage function equations (DFE) for the multiple pathosystem of brown spot and powdery mildew in barley. The study was published in Ciencia Rural journal, v.44, n.6, of June 2014. To obtain the equations of the damage function (EFD), researchers have focused on grain yield and disease intensity at different growth stages of barley cultivar 'BRS Caue' harvests in 2009 and 2010 in southern Brazil. They did a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of different doses and number of applications of strobilurin and triazole fungicides to generate gradients of disease severity. Applications of fungicides and ratings of the incidence and severity were performed on leaf phenological stage (EF) 22, 31, 39, 45 and 56. Equations were obtained by analysis of variance and linear regression between yield and disease severity. The EFD were significant and negative coefficients and damage ranged from 29.48 to 100.08 kg ha-1 (2009) and from 36.08 to 11113.57 kg ha-1 (2010) for the incidence and 219.5 to 6276.6 kg ha-1 (2009) and from 102.3 to 5292.5 kg ha-1 (2010). The highest rates of injury were obtained in stadiums EF 22:31 in both seasons. The EFD were used to calculate the economic damage threshold, which is a criterion that indicates the correct time to apply fungicides to control diseases in similar cultivars 'BRS Caue' in southern Brazil. The importance of the research is due the space of culture barley culture have in Brazilian production, as it is the second most important winter crop in southern Brazil. Increased productivity of barley faces, however, the incidence of foliar diseases caused by excessive rains during the growing season of the crop. The authors comment that the study aimed to reduce the use of fungicides to control foliar pathogens in barley and gives technical and economic subsidy for technical field assistance in making the correct season and rational application of fungicides decision. In addition, studies to obtain equations of the damage functions are essential to elucidate the relationship between the intensity of the disease in different stages of plant development and yield. In Brazil, other studies have already been conducted in the same line of research with crops of wheat, oat and corn.
Audio watermarking using m-sequences and temporal masking (2002)

A novel algorithm for embedding a spread-spectrum based watermark into uncompressed, raw audio sequences is presented. The scheme takes advantage of temporal masking phenomenon in the human auditory system (HAS) in order to embed watermark data below the masking threshold of the audio signal. Detection of the watermark is done by blind detection, without using the original audio. As watermarking embedding and extraction are performed in the temporal domain, transformations to and from the frequency domain are not performed, neither on the embedding nor extraction part of the proposed scheme, resulting in the calculation simplicity of the embedding and detection process. The algorithm proved to be robust against mp3 compression (resulting in a BER of about 1.7%) and other common signal processing attacks, while the embedded watermark introduces no audible distortion of the host audio signal.
Vacuum-encapsulated thermistor bolometer type miniature infrared sensor (2002)

Clinical tympanic thermometers detecting infrared radiation from the tympanic membrane of the ear have been used in the field of medical care. Because of the weakness of the infrared radiation, infrared sensors for clinical thermometers need high sensitivity, good resolution and small size. Therefore, we have developed a vacuum-encapsulated thermistor bolometer type infrared sensor for this purpose using semiconductor micromachining techniques. The sensor has a heat-sensitive portion on the micro-air-bridge designed to minimize heat capacity. To decrease the heat loss to the ambient air, the micro-air-bridge is encapsulated in a vacuum micro-chamber. Two thermistors on the individual micro-air-bridge are contained in the same micro-chamber. In order to cancel the thermally induced background noise, the differential output signal from the two thermistors is monitored. In this work, two types of thermistor were investigated. One was a germanium thin film thermistor (germanium thermistor) and the other a polycrystalline silicon Schottky barrier thermistor. The former has a thermistor constant B of 3500 K to 4300 K while the latter shows a larger equivalent thermistor constant of 5300 K to 6400 K. A hermetically sealed small packaging (2.0 mm/spl times/2.5 mm/spl times/0.8 mm) could be achieved. These sensors were fabricated through a successive batch process. Furthermore, the whole fabrication process, including the hermetic sealings is essentially compatible with the integrated circuit process. The sensitivity of the germanium thermistor is better than 560 V/W at 5.0 V dc, in spite of absorption loss through the silicon window.
The effect of a concurrent cognitive task on cortical potentials evoked by unpredictable balance perturbations (2004)

Based on previous notions that the N1 response represents sensory processing of the balance disturbance, we suggest that the attenuation of the N1 response is an important central mechanism that may provide insight into the relationship between attention and postural control.
Suicide Attempts Among Indian women in Singapore (1992)

Statistical studies in Singapore have indicated that the rate of attempted suicide for Indian females is strikingly higher than that of Chinese and Malay families. This study covered Indian women aged 15–39 years who had been admitted to a government hospital after a suicide attempt. Analysis of interviews undertaken revealed that a complex synergy of sociopsychological cum cultural factors explained the problem at hand.
A Miniature Methanol/Air Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (1999)

A design for a miniaturized methanol/air polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is described. The design incorporates all the basic parts of a large methanol/air PEFC in a smaller, simpler package. The electrodes for the mini‐HPEFC are constructed via standard microelectromechanical systems and microelectronic fabrication techniques using silicon substrates. Testing results show that the design successfully miniaturizes a large methanol/air PEFC and that such mini‐PEFCs are able to perform to the levels of large cells in terms of current density. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society
ALK and crizotinib: after the honeymoon…what else? Resistance mechanisms and new therapies to overcome it. (2014)

The last few decades have witnessed a silent revolution in the war against NSCLC, thanks to the discovery of "oncogenic drivers" and the subsequent development of targeted therapies. The discovery of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in a subgroup of patients with NSCLC and the subsequent clinical development of crizotinib has been an amazing success story in lung cancer translational-research, and its accelerated approval [only 4 years from the discovery of ALK rearrangement in NSCLC to the approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)] marked the beginning of the new decade of targeted therapy. However, common to all targeted therapies, despite an initial benefit, patients inevitably experience tumor progression, due to the development of resistance. Several molecular mechanisms are responsible for acquired resistance, such as secondary mutations of ALK kinase domain or amplification of ALK fusion gene, or the activation of other oncogenic drivers, which may cause resistance independently of ALK genetic alterations. Pre-clinical data and early clinical trials showed the promising efficacy of a new class of ALK-inhibitors in overcoming acquired resistance. The inhibition of the molecular chaperone, HSP90, represents another promising strategy to overcome crizotinib resistance in ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Several molecules are currently under investigation in order to establish their specific role in the treatment of ALK-rearranged NSCLC.
Improvements in the Operation of SO<sub>2</sub> Scrubbers in China’s Coal Power Plants (2010)

China has deployed the world's largest fleet of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) scrubbers (flue gas desulfurization systems), and most of them now appear to be operating properly. Although many plant managers avoided using their SO(2) scrubbers in the past, recent evidence, based on a series of field interviews conducted by the author, suggests that managers of coal power plants now have incentives to operate their scrubbers properly. China's new policy incentives since 2007 appear well designed to overcome the hurdle of high operation and maintenance costs of SO(2) scrubbers. Furthermore, it is now far more likely that offenders will be caught and punished. Continuous emission monitoring systems have played a key role in this change of attitudes. Plant inspections have become much more common, facilitated by a significant increase in the number of inspectors and the fact that the 461,000-megawatt SO(2) scrubbers at the end of 2009 were located in only 503 coal power plants, making frequent inspections little constrained by the shortage of inspectors. Because SO(2) is the precursor of sulfate particles believed to cause significant cooling effects on climate, China's SO(2) mitigation may make it more urgent to control the world's greenhouse gas emissions.
Fiber-distributed-data-interface (FDDI) bypass switch for ruggedized applications (1993)

Designers of airborne and shipboard systems are increasingly specifying the use of the fiber distributed-data interface (FDDI) for next-generation platforms. FDDI represents a 100-Mbit/s, dual, counterrotating-ring local-area-network (LAN) standard that provides unprecedented fault tolerance, flexibility, and performance. Perhaps the most critical fault-tolerance component in the FDDI is the optical bypass switch. The bypass switch is required for operating in two states, ring join and bypass. In the ring-join state, power is applied to the bypass control interface, which permits a FDDI station to be coupled into the ring. When power is removed, the bypass must return to the bypass state, which causes the signal from the previous station to the next station in the ring to be directly routed to the subsequent station. Local loopback is also provided, which allows a station to fully test itself before being readmitted into the ring.
Digital image analysis of the effect of topically applied linoleic acid on acne microcomedones (1998)

A major pathogenic factor of acne is the disturbed keratinization of the follicular infundibulum. It has been hypothesized that a relative decrease in linoleic acid in the sebum could be responsible, in part, for this. The aim of the present study was objectively to evaluate the effects of topically applied linoleic acid on the size of microcomedones in patients with mild acne. The design was a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized cross-over study. Evaluations were performed by digital image analysis of cyanoacrylate follicular biopsies. There was a significant effect of topically applied linoleic acid on the size of follicular casts and microcomedones, an almost 25% reduction in their overall size being achieved over a 1-month treatment period. In contrast, no change was found at placebo-treated sites. It is concluded that topical linoleic acid might play a role as a comedolytic agent in acne-prone patients.