gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic Nervous System in Heart Failure (2013)

Heart failure (HF), the leading cause of death in the western world, develops when a cardiac injury or insult impairs the ability of the heart to pump blood and maintain tissue perfusion. It is characterized by a complex interplay of several neurohormonal mechanisms that become activated in the syndrome to try and sustain cardiac output in the face of decompensating function. Perhaps the most prominent among these neurohormonal mechanisms is the adrenergic (or sympathetic) nervous system (ANS), whose activity and outflow are enormously elevated in HF. Acutely, and if the heart works properly, this activation of the ANS will promptly restore cardiac function. However, if the cardiac insult persists over time, chances are the ANS will not be able to maintain cardiac function, the heart will progress into a state of chronic decompensated HF, and the hyperactive ANS will continue to push the heart to work at a level much higher than the cardiac muscle can handle. From that point on, ANS hyperactivity becomes a major problem in HF, conferring significant toxicity to the failing heart and markedly increasing its morbidity and mortality. The present review discusses the role of the ANS in cardiac physiology and in HF pathophysiology, the mechanisms of regulation of ANS activity and how they go awry in chronic HF, methods of measuring ANS activity in HF, the molecular alterations in heart physiology that occur in HF, along with their pharmacological and therapeutic implications, and, finally, drugs and other therapeutic modalities used in HF treatment that target or affect the ANS and its effects on the failing heart.
Autoregulation of the Human Liver X Receptor α Promoter (2001)

Previous work has implicated the nuclear receptors liver X receptor alpha (LXR alpha) and LXR beta in the regulation of macrophage gene expression in response to oxidized lipids. Macrophage lipid loading leads to ligand activation of LXRs and to induction of a pathway for cholesterol efflux involving the LXR target genes ABCA1 and apoE. We demonstrate here that autoregulation of the LXR alpha gene is an important component of this lipid-inducible efflux pathway in human macrophages. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein, oxysterols, and synthetic LXR ligands induce expression of LXR alpha mRNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages and human macrophage cell lines but not in murine peritoneal macrophages or cell lines. This is in contrast to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma)-specific ligands, which stimulate LXR alpha expression in both human and murine macrophages. We further demonstrate that LXR and PPAR gamma ligands cooperate to induce LXR alpha expression in human but not murine macrophages. Analysis of the human LXR alpha promoter led to the identification of multiple LXR response elements. Interestingly, the previously identified PPAR response element (PPRE) in the murine LXR alpha gene is not conserved in humans; however, a different PPRE is present in the human LXR 5'-flanking region. These results have implications for cholesterol metabolism in human macrophages and its potential to be regulated by synthetic LXR and/or PPAR gamma ligands. The ability of LXR alpha to regulate its own promoter is likely to be an integral part of the macrophage physiologic response to lipid loading.
Large-scale content-based audio retrieval from text queries (2008)

In content-based audio retrieval, the goal is to find sound recordings (audio documents) based on their acoustic features. This content-based approach differs from retrieval approaches that index media files using metadata such as file names and user tags. In this paper, we propose a machine learning approach for retrieving sounds that is novel in that it (1) uses free-form text queries rather sound sample based queries, (2) searches by audio content rather than via textual meta data, and (3) can scale to very large number of audio documents and very rich query vocabulary. We handle generic sounds, including a wide variety of sound effects, animal vocalizations and natural scenes. We test a scalable approach based on a passive-aggressive model for image retrieval (PAMIR), and compare it to two state-of-the-art approaches; Gaussian mixture models (GMM) and support vector machines (SVM).
Strategies for Applying the Circular Economy to Prefabricated Buildings (2018)

In this paper, a circular-economy framework is applied to the prefabricated building sector to explore the environmental advantages of prefabrication in terms of reduction, reusability, adaptability, and recyclability of its components. A qualitative approach is used to revisit the design, construction, and demolition stages of prefabricated buildings; in so doing, the circular-economy framework is applied to foster circular prefabricated modi operandi. Prefabrication of buildings can be divided into four entities: elements and components, panels (or non-volumetric elements), volumetric, and entire modules. Through an analysis of published research on how the circular economy can be applied to different industry sectors and production processes, seven strategies emerged, each of which revealed the potential of improving the circular economy of buildings. The first strategy is reduction of waste through a lean production chain. By reusing the waste, the second strategy investigates the use of by-products in the production of new components. The third strategy focuses on the reuse of replacement parts and components. The fourth strategy is based on design toward adaptability, respectively focusing on reusability of components and adapting components for a second use with a different purpose. Similarly, the fifth strategy considers the implications of designing for disassembly with Building Information Modeling so as to improve the end-of-life deconstruction phase. The sixth strategy focuses on design with attention to recyclability of used material. Finally, the seventh strategy considers the use of tracking technologies with embedded information on components’ geometric and mechanic characteristics as well as their location and life cycle to enable second use after deconstruction. It is demonstrated that prefabricated buildings are key to material savings, waste reduction, reuse of components, and various other forms of optimization for the construction sector. By adopting the identified strategies in prefabricated buildings, a circular economy could be implemented within the construction industry. Finally, seven guidelines were distilled from the review and linked to the identified strategies. Owing to their degree of adaptability and capacity of being disassembled, prefabricated buildings would allow waste reduction and facilitate a second life of components.
Total Synthesis, Stereochemical Revision, and Biological Reassessment of Mandelalide A: Chemical Mimicry of Intrafamily Relationships (2015)

Mandelalide A and three congeners had recently been isolated as the supposedly highly cytotoxic principles of an ascidian collected off the South African coastline. Since these compounds are hardly available from the natural source, a concise synthesis route was developed, targeting structure 1 as the purported representation of mandelalide A. The sequence involves an iridium-catalyzed two-directional Krische allylation and a cobalt-catalyzed carbonylative epoxide opening as entry points for the preparation of the major building blocks. The final stages feature the first implementation of terminal acetylene metathesis into natural product total synthesis, which is remarkable in that this class of substrates had been beyond the reach of alkyne metathesis for decades. Synthetic 1, however, proved not to be identical with the natural product. In an attempt to clarify this issue, NMR spectra were simulated for 20 conceivable diastereomers by using DFT followed by DP4 analysis; however, this did not provide a reliable assignment either. The puzzle was ultimately solved by the preparation of three diastereomers, of which compound 6 proved identical with mandelalide A in all analytical and spectroscopic regards. As the entire "northern sector" about the tetrahydrofuran ring in 6 shows the opposite configuration of what had originally been assigned, it is highly likely that the stereostructures of the sister compounds mandelalides B-D must be corrected analogously; we propose that these natural products are accurately represented by structures 68-70. In an attempt to prove this reassignment, an entry into mandelalides C and D was sought by subjecting an advanced intermediate of the synthesis of 6 to a largely unprecedented intramolecular Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, which furnished the γ-lactone derivative 74 as a mixture of diastereomers. Whereas (24R)-74 was amenable to a hydroxyl-directed dihydroxylation by using OsO4 /TMEDA as the reagent, the sister compound (24S)-74 did not follow a directed path but simply obeyed Kishi's rule; only this unexpected escape precluded the preparation of mandelalides C and D by this route. A combined spectroscopic and computational (DFT) study showed that the reasons for this strikingly different behavior of the two diastereomers of 74 are rooted in their conformational peculiarities. This aspect apart, our results show that the OsO4 /TMEDA complex reacts preferentially with electron deficient double bonds even if other alkenes are present that are more electron rich and less encumbered. Finally, in a brief biological survey authentic mandelalide A (6) was found to exhibit appreciable cytotoxicity only against one out of three tested human cancer cell lines and all synthetic congeners were hardly active. No significant fungicidal properties were observed.
Simultaneous inhibition of focal adhesion kinase and SRC enhances detachment and apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. (2003)

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src have been shown to be overexpressed in colon cancer. We have studied the role of these two kinases in resistance to apoptosis. Adenovirus-containing FAK-CD (Ad-FAK-CD), a dominant-negative, COOH-terminal portion of FAK, was used to inhibit FAK and cause apoptosis. Colon cancer cell lines were more resistant to Ad-FAK-CD-induced detachment and apoptosis than the breast cancer cell line, BT474. Colon cancer cell lines overexpressed highly active Src and FAK. Ad-FAK-CD-induced apoptosis was significantly increased by PP2, an inhibitor of Src family kinases. Activation of caspase-3, down-regulation of FAK, and Src and AKT activities were demonstrated in Ad-FAK-CD + PP2-treated colon cancer cells undergoing apoptosis. The results suggest that FAK and Src are both important survival factors, playing a role in protecting colon cancer cell lines from Ad-FAK-CD-induced apoptosis. Dual inhibition of these kinases may be important for therapies designed to enhance the apoptosis in colon cancers.
Large area smoothing of surfaces by ion bombardment: fundamentals and applications (2009)

Ion beam erosion can be used as a process for achieving surface smoothing at microscopic length scales and for the preparation of ultrasmooth surfaces, as an alternative to nanostructuring of various surfaces via self-organization. This requires that in the evolution of the surface topography different relaxation mechanisms dominate over the roughening, and smoothing of initially rough surfaces can occur. This contribution focuses on the basic mechanisms as well as potential applications of surface smoothing using low energy ion beams. In the first part, the fundamentals for the smoothing of III/V semiconductors, Si and quartz glass surfaces using low energy ion beams (ion energy: ≤2000 eV) are reviewed using examples. The topography evolution of these surfaces with respect to different process parameters (ion energy, ion incidence angle, erosion time, sample rotation) has been investigated. On the basis of the time evolution of different roughness parameters, the relevant surface relaxation mechanisms responsible for surface smoothing are discussed. In this context, physical constraints as regards the effectiveness of surface smoothing by direct ion bombardment will also be addressed and furthermore ion beam assisted smoothing techniques are introduced. In the second application-orientated part, recent technological developments related to ion beam assisted smoothing of optically relevant surfaces are summarized. It will be demonstrated that smoothing by direct ion bombardment in combination with the use of sacrificial smoothing layers and the utilization of appropriate broad beam ion sources enables the polishing of various technologically important surfaces down to 0.1 nm root mean square roughness level, showing great promise for large area surface processing. Specific examples are given for ion beam smoothing of different optical surfaces, especially for substrates used for advanced optical applications (e.g., in x-ray optics and components for extreme ultraviolet lithography).
Effect of superlattice layer elastic moduli on hardness (1994)

Epitaxial V0.6Nb0.4N/NbN superlattices have been deposited on MgO(100) by reactive magnetron sputtering. The V0.6Nb0.4N alloy was chosen for one layer, rather than VN, in order to reduce the lattice mismatch from 5.7% to 3.5%, allowing growth of superlattices with relatively planar layers. The elastic moduli of NbN and V0.6Nb0.4N are nearly equal, in contrast to previously studied high-hardness nitride superlattices where the layer moduli differed substantially. Vickers microhardness measurements showed no measurable deviation (&lt;4 GPa) from alloy values. The results verify that the difference in layer elastic moduli is the primary parameter determining nitride superlattice hardening.
Recent developments in the cell biology and biochemistry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipids (Review) (2000)

Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) represent an abundant and ubiquitous class of eukaryotic glycolipids. Although these structures were originally discovered in the form of GPI-anchored cell surface glycoproteins, it is becoming increasingly clear that a significant proportion of the GPI synthetic output of a cell is not directed to protein anchoring. Indeed, pools of non-protein-linked GPIs can approach 10(7) molecules per cell in some cell types, especially the protozoa, with a large proportion of these molecules being displayed at the cell surface. Recent studies which form the subject of this review indicate that there is (a) considerable diversity in the range of structural modifications found on GPI glycolipids within and between species and cell types, (b) complexity in the topological arrangement of the GPI biosynthetic pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum, and (c) spatial restriction of the biosynthetic pathway within the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, consistent with additional functional roles for these lipids beyond serving as protein anchor precursors, products of the GPI biosynthetic pathway appear to be widely distributed in the cellular endomembrane system. These studies indicate that there is still much to learn about the organization of glycolipid biosynthetic pathways in eukaryotic cells, the nature and subcellular distribution of the lipid products of these pathways, and the function of these lipids within cells.
Lunar ejecta and meteorites experiment (1973)

The test equipment installed during the Apollo 17 flight to conduct the lunar ejecta and meteorites (LEAM) investigation is described. The LEAM experiment intercepts ejecta particles created by meteoroid impact on the lunar surface and records information useful in establishing the history of the moon. The deployment of the system in the Taurus-Littrow area and the method for controlling the equipment are explained. The effects of lunar surface temperatures on the operation of the sensors are reported.
Review of near-field thermal radiation and its application to energy conversion (2009)

Understanding energy transfer via near-field thermal radiation is critical for the future advances of nanotechnology. Evanescent waves and photon tunneling are responsible for the near-field energy transfer being several orders of magnitude greater than that between two blackbodies. The enhanced energy transfer may be used for improving the performance of energy conversion devices, developing novel nanofabrication techniques, and imaging nanostructures with higher spatial resolution. Near-field heat transfer can be analyzed using fluctuational electrodynamics. This article reviews the fundamentals of near-field radiation and outlines the recent advances in this field. Important results are presented for near-field energy transfer between parallel plates and between multilayered structures. Application of near-field thermal radiation in near-field thermophotovoltaic devices is also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spinal Cord Stimulation Reduces Mechanical Hyperalgesia and Glial Cell Activation in Animals with Neuropathic Pain (2013)

Six-hour duration SCS with 90% MT showed the largest increase in mechanical withdrawal threshold, suggesting that the variables of stimulation are important for clinical effectiveness. One potential mechanism for SCS may be to reduce glial activation at the level of the spinal cord.
Novel 3-Aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine Synthesis via a Silicon-directed Anionic Cyclization (2004)

A novel strategy yielding a 3-aminothiophene is described herein.This specifically relies upon an α-thiomethylsilane directing deprotonation, thereafter cyclization of the resultant anion into a pendant nitrile forms the necessary 3aminothiophene ring.During the course of one of our medicinal chemistry programs, the synthesis of 1 was required.Although there are few reports of thieno [2,3-b]pyridine syntheses in the literature, none allow for the substitution pattern we desired, as indicated in pyridine (1).Herein we report a novel thieno[2,3-b]pyridine synthesis, specifically via a silicon-directed anionic cyclization constructing the thiophene ring.
Preparation and assay of urogastrone, an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion (1971)

1. Urogastrone, an acid gastric secretion inhibitor extracted from human urine, was assayed in the anaesthetized rat by circulating through its stomach a succinic-propionic buffer and recording electrometrically the secretion of acid in response to carbachol, and inhibition of carbachol secretion by urogastrone.2. Quantitative assay procedures are described requiring the administration of only one or two doses of urogastrone to each rat.3. An extraction procedure for urogastrone is described based on the use of zeocarb, a cationic polystyrene resin.4. The most purified samples contained 40-80 times the amount/milligram which was just detectable by the assay method.
Multivariate analysis of chromosomal imbalances in breast cancer delineates cytogenetic pathways and reveals complex relationships among imbalances. (2002)

More than 550 breast adenocarcinomas with clonal chromosomal abnormalities have been reported. Although the aberration pattern is clearly nonrandom, no specific primary or secondary karyotypic abnormality has been identified, and furthermore the chronological order in which the aberrations appear during disease progression is not well known. The high degree of karyotypic complexity in epithelial tumors such as breast cancer is one reason why our understanding of the sequential order of cytogenetic evolution is unclear. To overcome some of these difficulties, we have used several statistical methods that allow identification and interpretation of karyotypic pathways. These methods were applied on 538 breast cancer karyotypes. The distribution of the number of imbalances/tumor showed a monomodal appearance, indicating that one single mode of karyotypic evolution is operating in this tumor type. We show that there exists a temporal order with respect to the appearance of chromosomal imbalances. The imbalances +1pq, 1q-, 3p-, and +7 appear earlier than expected from random events, and two cytogenetic pathways, one initiated by +1q and followed by 11q- and -22, the other initiated by either 3p- or 1q- and followed by 1p-, 3q-, and 6q-, can be discerned. We also show that +7 and +8q behave independently of the other imbalances and cannot, by simple means, be incorporated in the identified pathway scheme. Although the cytogenetic pathways are well separated at earlier stages, they later converge and include a common set of late imbalances.
Clinical Biomechanics of Spinal Manipulation (2000)

PART 1 BASIC MECHANICS: Vector Algebra, Force System Analysis, Newton's Laws, Particle Kinematics, Particle Kinetics, Inverse Statics Approach. PART 2 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LUMBAR AND THORACIC SPINE. PART 3 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE CERVICAL SPINE PART 4 THE MECHANICS OF SPINAL MANIPULATION PART 5 THE MECHANICAL, NEUROMUSCULAR, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY CHIROPRACTIC SPINAL MANIPULATIVE TREATMENTS (CSMT): Movement and Relative Movements of Vertebrae During CSMT, Force Applied During CSMT, Audible Release, Reflex Phenomena, Viscerosomatic Responses. PART 6 SPINAL MANIPULATION IN THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPINE PAIN
Autonomous pipeline inspection and maintenance robot with inch worm mobile mechanism (2005)

A new type of mobile robots with the inch worm mechanism is presented in this paper for inspecting pipelines from the outside of pipe surfaces under hostile environments. This robot, Mark III, is made after the successful investigation of the prototypes, Mark I and II, which can pass over obstacles on pipelines, such as flanges and T-joints and others. Newly developed robot, Mark III, can move vertically along the pipeline and move to the adjacent pipeline for the inspection. The sensors, infra ray proximity sensor and ultra sonic sensors and others, are installed to detect these obstacles and can move autonomously controlled by the microprocessor. The control method of this robot can be carried out by the dual control mode proposed in this paper.
Real-Time Obstacles Detection and Status Classification for Collision Warning in a Vehicle Active Safety System (2017)

This paper presents real-time obstacles detection and their status classification method for collision warning in the vehicle active safety system. Specifically, stereo cameras and millimeter wave (mmw)-radar are fused to help the driving ego-vehicle to find “Danger” or “Potential Danger” in a timely way through combining with the vehicle kinematic model. The proposed method makes full use of the unique advantages of stereo cameras and mmw-radar to sense the environment through several modules. Cameras are mainly used to detect the near or lateral dynamic objects and to obtain the obstacles region of interest (ROI) considering its rich information and high sensitivity to the lateral displacement, while far or longitudinal relative dynamic objects are detected by mmw-radar according to its observational ability to make up for the disadvantage of cameras. In detail, a cameras detector utilizes ”error vectors” rather than the optical flow to obtain dynamic classes through two times clustering. Mmw-radar mainly detects relative dynamic objects, whose absolute speed can be computed according to the ego-vehicle's state. Then, the detected objects of these two detectors are integrated in an obstacles ROI map, which is obtained through an UV-disparity obstacles detection algorithm to get the final dynamic and relative dynamic objects. Finally, they are classified by comparing them with a dangerous area that is acquired according to the vehicle kinematic model in a special vehicle coordinate system, which is fixed to the ground temporarily. This method is tested on our mobile platforms and the results prove that it can work effectively even though the ego-vehicle drives quickly.