gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effect of caramelisation products on enzymic browning (1997)

Caramelisation products (CP) were prepared by heating a sucrose solution (1.47 M) at 200 °C under various conditions to study the inhibitory activity of CP on enzymic browning. Inhibition by fractionated CP was measured by enzymic kinetic analysis of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and o-dihydroxyphenols, such as 4-methylcatechol (4-MC), catechol, caffeic acid and DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DL-DOPA). Colour intensity of CP produced at pH 4 was higher than that produced at pH 6 and pH 8, and increased with heating time. The reducing power of CP and their inhibitory effect on enzymic browning increased with prolonged heating and with increased amounts of CP. CP heated at pH 4 and pH 6 for 90 min gave a relative inhibitory activity on enzymic browning of 85.8% and 72.2%, respectively. One of two CP fractions obtained by Biogel P6 column chromatography had an inhibitory effect on enzymic browning, with the fraction having a molecular weight of 1000–3000 showing the highest activity. Based on the double reciprocal plot of the PPO and 4-MC system, the active fraction of CP appeared to be a competitive inhibitor and was most effective on inhibition of catechol browning, followed by caffeic acid and DL-DOPA.
Nonmechanical beam steering using optical phased arrays (2011)

Beam steering is an enabling technology for establishment of ad hoc communication links, directed energy for infrared countermeasures, and other in-theater defense applications. The development of nonmechanical beam steering techniques is driven by requirements for low size, weight, and power, and high slew rate, among others. The predominant beam steering technology currently in use relies on gimbal mounts, which are relatively large, heavy, and slow, and furthermore create drag on the airframes to which they are mounted. Nonmechanical techniques for beam steering are currently being introduced or refined, such as those based on liquid crystal spatial light modulators; however, drawbacks inherent to some of these approaches include narrow field of regard, low speed operation, and low optical efficiency. An attractive method that we explore is based on optical phased arrays, which has the potential to overcome the aforementioned issues associated with other mechanical and nonmechanical beam steering techniques. The optical array phase locks a number of coherent optical emitters in addition to applying arbitrary phase profiles across the array, thereby synthesizing beam shapes that can be steered and utilized for a diverse range of applications.
Combinatorial biosynthesis of novel antibiotics related to daptomycin (2006)

Daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide produced by Streptomyces roseosporus, is the active ingredient of Cubicin (daptomycin-for-injection), a first-in-class antibiotic approved for treatment of skin and skin-structure infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens and bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains. Genetic engineering of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) in the daptomycin biosynthetic pathway was exploited for the biosynthesis of novel active antibiotics. lambda-Red-mediated recombination was used to exchange single or multiple modules in the DptBC subunit of the NRPS to modify the daptomycin cyclic peptide core. We combined module exchanges, NRPS subunit exchanges, inactivation of the tailoring enzyme glutamic acid 3-methyltransferase, and natural variations of the lipid tail to generate a library of novel lipopeptides, some of which were as active as daptomycin against Gram-positive bacteria. One compound was more potent against an Escherichia coli imp mutant that has increased outer membrane permeability. This study established a robust combinatorial biosynthesis platform to produce novel peptide antibiotics in sufficient quantities for antimicrobial screening and drug development.
Rat c-raf oncogene activation by a rearrangement that produces a fused protein. (1987)

In a previous study, activated rat c-raf was detected by an NIH 3T3 cell transfection assay, and a rearrangement was demonstrated in the 5' half of the sequence of the gene. In the present study, the cDNAs of normal and activated rat c-raf were analyzed. Results showed that the activated c-raf gene is transcribed to produce a fused mRNA, in which the 5' half of the sequence is replaced by an unknown rat sequence. This mRNA codes a fused c-raf protein. The normal and activated c-raf cDNAs were each connected to the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus and transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Only the activated form had transforming activity. We conclude that the rearrangement is responsible for the activation of c-raf.
The Importance of Placebo Effects in Pain Treatment and Research (1994)

Placebo effects influence patient outcomes after any treatment, including surgery, that the clinician and patient believe is effective. Placebo effects plus disease natural history and regression to the mean can result in high rates of good outcomes, which may be misattributed to specific treatment effects. The true causes of improvements in pain after treatment remain unknown in the absence of independently evaluated randomized controlled trials.
Enhanced frequency up-conversion in Rb vapor (2010)

We demonstrate highly efficient generation of coherent 420 nm light via up-conversion of near-infrared lasers in a hot rubidium vapor cell. By optimizing pump polarizations and frequencies we achieve a single-pass conversion efficiency of 260% per Watt, significantly higher than in previous experiments. A full exploration of the coherent light generation and fluorescence as a function of both pump frequencies reveals that coherent blue light is generated close to (85)Rb two-photon resonances, as predicted by theory, but at high vapor pressure is suppressed in spectral regions that do not support phase matching or exhibit single-photon Kerr refraction. Favorable scaling of our current 1 mW blue beam power with additional pump power is predicted.
Formation and stability of ring-substituted 1-phenylethyl carbocations (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation and stability of ring-substituted 1-phenylethyl carbocationsJohn P. Richard, Marc E. Rothenberg, and William P. JencksCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 5, 1361–1372Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00317a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00317a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views667Altmetric-Citations106LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
On the distinctive features of gain coupled DFB lasers and DFB lasers with second-order grating (1993)

The two types of distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers with gain coupling, i.e., true gain coupled lasers (with either a gain or loss grating) and second-order index coupled lasers, are shown to be equivalent mathematically and to some extent also physically. The operation of these DFB lasers, partly based on the overlap of the standing wave pattern in the optical power density with the periodic gain/loss variation, is addressed. It is shown in detail how this special feature leads to important modifications in the expressions for the modal loss or threshold gain, the threshold gain difference, the efficiency and the linewidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Epigallocatechin‐3‐Gallate (EGCG) Promotes Autophagy‐Dependent Survival via Influencing the Balance of mTOR‐AMPK Pathways upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (2018)

The maintenance of cellular homeostasis is largely dependent on the ability of cells to give an adequate response to various internal and external stimuli. We have recently proposed that the life-and-death decision in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is defined by a crosstalk between autophagy, apoptosis, and mTOR-AMPK pathways, where the transient switch from autophagy-dependent survival to apoptotic cell death is controlled by GADD34. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol of green tea, in promoting autophagy-dependent survival and to verify the key role in connecting GADD34 with mTOR-AMPK pathways upon prolonged ER stress. Our findings, obtained by using HEK293T cells, revealed that EGCG treatment is able to extend cell viability by inducing autophagy. We confirmed that EGCG-induced autophagy is mTOR-dependent and PKA-independent; furthermore, it also required ULK1. We show that pretreatment of cells with EGCG diminishes the negative effect of GADD34 inhibition (by guanabenz or siGADD34 treatment) on autophagy. EGCG was able to delay apoptotic cell death by upregulating autophagy-dependent survival even in the absence of GADD34. Our data suggest a novel role for EGCG in promoting cell survival via shifting the balance of mTOR-AMPK pathways in ER stress.
Reduced Activity of Antioxidant Machinery Is Correlated with Suppression of Totipotency in Plant Protoplasts (2001)

We previously showed that during protoplast isolation, an oxidative burst occurred and the generation of active oxygen species was differentially mediated in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera), accompanied by significant quantitative differences (A.K. Papadakis, K.A. Roubelakis-Angelakis [1999] Plant Physiol 127: 197-205). We have now further tested if the expression of totipotency in protoplasts is related to the activity of cellular antioxidant machinery during protoplast culture. Totipotent (T) tobacco protoplasts had 2-fold lower contents of intracellular O2*- and H2O2 and 7-fold lower levels of O2*- and H2O2 in the culture medium, compared with non-totipotent (NT) tobacco protoplasts. Addition of alkaline dimethylsulfoxide, known to generate O2*-, resulted in isolation of tobacco protoplasts with reduced viability and cell division potential during subsequent culture. Active oxygen species levels decreased in tobacco and grapevine protoplasts during culturing, although higher contents of O2*- and H2O2 were still found in NT- compared with T-tobacco protoplasts, after 8 d in culture. In T-tobacco protoplasts, the reduced forms of ascorbate and glutathione predominated, whereas in NT-tobacco and grapevine protoplasts, the oxidized forms predominated. In addition, T-tobacco protoplasts exhibited severalfold lower lipid peroxidation than NT-tobacco and grapevine protoplasts. Furthermore, several antioxidant enzyme activities were increased in T-tobacco protoplasts. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in tobacco, but not in grapevine protoplasts during culturing due to the increased expression of cytoplasmic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase. The increase was only sustained in T-tobacco protoplasts for d 8. Together, these results suggest that suppressed expression of totipotency in protoplasts is correlated with reduced activity of the cellular antioxidant machinery.
Trimethylamine metabolism in obligate and facultative methylotrophs (1973)

1. Twelve bacterial isolates that grow with trimethylamine as sole source of carbon and energy were obtained in pure culture. All the isolates grow on methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine. One isolate, bacterium 4B6, grows only on these methylamines whereas another isolate, bacterium C2A1, also grows on methanol but neither grows on methane; these two organisms are obligate methylotrophs. The other ten isolates grow on a variety of C(i) and other organic compounds and are therefore facultative methylotrophs. 2. Washed suspensions of the obligate methylotrophs bacteria 4B6 and C2A1, and of the facultative methylotrophs bacterium 5B1 and Pseudomonas 3A2, all grown on trimethylamine, oxidize trimethylamine, dimethylamine, formaldehyde and formate; only bacterium 5B1 and Ps. 3A2 oxidize trimethylamine N-oxide; only bacterium 4B6 does not oxidize methylamine. 3. Cell-free extracts of trimethylamine-grown bacteria 4B6 and C2A1 contain a trimethylamine dehydrogenase that requires phenazine methosulphate as primary hydrogen acceptor, and evidence is presented that this enzyme is important for the growth of bacterium 4B6 on trimethylamine. 4. Cell-free extracts of eight facultative methylotrophs, including bacterium 5B1 and Ps. 3A2, do not contain trimethylamine dehydrogenase but contain instead a trimethylamine monooxygenase and trimethylamine N-oxide demethylase. It is concluded that two different pathways for the oxidation of trimethylamine occur amongst the isolates.
Patient Compliance (1973)

MUCH time, effort and expense is spent in the study of the effects of drugs, but little attention is devoted to whether or not patients take them as directed. And yet the drug defaulter is part of every practice, and to prescribe effectively, physicians should know how to recognize and reduce factors that contribute to poor compliance.Frequency and Types of NoncomplianceNoncompliance has been observed in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. A recent review of over 50 studies1 found that complete failure to take medication often occurred in between 1/4 and over 1/2 of all outpatients. . . .
A Highly Stabilized GaAs FET Oscillator Using a Dielectric Resonator Feedback Circuit in 9-14 GHz (1980)

A new type of highly stabilized GaAs FET oscillator using a dielectric resonator and a stabilization resistor in the feedback circuit has been developed in 9-14 GHz. A small sized MIC oscillator has a frequency stability of /spl plusmn/ 200 KHz (-20~+60 /spl degree/C) at 11.6 GHz.
Development of Cellulose Acetate Membranes for Nano–and Reverse Osmosis Filtration of Contaminants in Drinking Water (2012)

Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane was produced from CA powder, formamid, and acetone. Annealing temperature of 80C and evaporation times of 30, 60, and 90 seconds were chosen in preparation of the CA membranes named R530, R560, and R590, respectively. The membranes were tested using a dead-end stirred cell for filtration of NaCl salt, iron, manganese, and arsenic in the laboratory-prepared water and groundwater. Results of the tests using a membrane R530 at 400 psi showed, that the rejection efficiencies for salt, iron, and manganese in laboratory-prepared water with 3000 ppm NaCl , 2.0 ppm Fe, and 2.0 ppm Mn were 87%, 99%, and 92%, respectively, with a permeate flux of 21 Lm-2hr-1. Tests for the groundwater containing 4815 ppm NaCl and 5.48 ppm Mn without acid treatment showed that membrane R530 gave the flux and rejection for salt and manganese at 24 Lm-2hr-1, 85% and 98%, and for iron and manganese at 21 Lm-2hr-1, 93% and 99%, respectively. In the filtration of arsenic, the prepared membrane had a As rejection of 68 - 70% at 300 and 400 psi when the feed was the laboratory prepared 1 ppm As+3 contaminated water but it was found to be more than 82 - 96% when the feed was a natural water. This is probably because the prepared membrane had a higher rejection efficiency for As+5 ions than As+3 ions. Ion selective capability of the CA membrane shows the potential to use the membrane in filtration of selective ions. Key words: Cellulose acetate membrane, reverse osmosis, nano-filtration, contaminated water, dead-end stirred cell
Transaldolase mutants in the yeast <i>Kluyveromyces lactis</i> provide evidence that glucose can be metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway (1993)

We have isolated the gene encoding transaldolase from Kluyveromyces lactis (KITAL1) by screening a genomic library of this yeast using the TAL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a radioactive probe. The clone isolated contained an open reading frame of 1002 bp, encoding a protein with 76% identical residues in the deduced amino acid sequences as compared to Tal from S. cerevisiae. KITAL1 can complement a tal1 deletion of S. cerevisiae for enzymatic activity. The transcription start of KITAL1 was located at -69 bp relative to the ATG translation start codon. Deleting a large part of the open reading frame from the genome did not lead to any obvious phenotype. Transaldolase was not produced in such mutants as shown by immunological detection. In combination with a double null-mutant in the genes encoding the phosphofructokinase subunits in K. lactis (Klpfk1 Klpfk2 Kltal1), the cells lost their ability to grow on glucose. We take this as strong evidence that glucose is metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway in this yeast when glycolysis is blocked. In addition, by tetrad analysis we detected a close linkage to KIPFK1 and inferred that KITAL1 is localized on chromosome I.
T cell receptor diversity evaluation to predict patient response to Ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma (2014)

Meeting abstracts Ipilimumab blocks the immunologic checkpoint cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and improves overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Since only a subset of patients achieves benefit from ipilimumab, biomarkers that can predict patient outcome are needed. CTLA
High‐yield expression of isotopically labeled peptides for use in NMR studies (2003)

Fusion protein constructs of the 56 amino acid globular protein GB-1 with various peptide sequences, coupled with the incorporation of a histidine tag for affinity purification, have generated high-yield fusion protein constructs. Methionine residues were inserted into the constructs to generate pure peptides following CNBr cleavage, yielding a system that is efficient and cost effective for isotopic labeling of peptides for NMR studies and other disciplines such as mass spectroscopy. Six peptides of varying sequences and hydrophobicities were expressed using this GB-1 fusion protein technique and produced soluble fusion protein constructs in all cases. The ability to easily express and purify recombinant peptides in high yields is applicable for biomedical research and has medicinal and pharmaceutical applications.
A linear predictive vocoder with new pitch extraction and exciting source (2005)

We developed an experimental model of linear predictive vocoder that transmits speech signals at 2,400 bps. This equipment employs a nonlinear pre-processing for pitch extraction which is particulary efficient for band-limited speech signals. The pitch period is searched adaptively upon the values so that no double/half pitch period could be detected. The voiced/unvoiced decision is made based on the maximum normalized value of autocorrelation function, the total energy and the ratio of residual energy to the total one. In the synthesis part the composite pulse is supplied as an exciting source during the voiced sound period. The subjective evaluation tests indicate that the syllable articulation of about 66 % can be attainable in Japanese.
XML in the middle (2004)

The BEA WebLogic Platform product suite consists of WebLogic Server, WebLogic Workshop, WebLogic Integration, WebLogic Portal, and Liquid Data for WebLogic. W3C standards including XML, XML Schema, and the emerging XML query language XQuery play important roles in several of these products. This industrial presentation will discuss the increasingly central role of XML in the middle tier of enterprise IT architectures and cover some of the key XML technologies that the BEA WebLogic Platform provides for creating enterprise applications in today's IT world. We focus in particular on how XQuery fits into this picture, both for today's WebLogic Platform 8.1 and going forward in terms of the Platform roadmap.
The Sensitivity of Solar Transmittance, Reflectance and Absorptance to Selected Averaging Procedures and Solar Irradiance Distributions (1980)

The sensitivity of the solar weighted optical properties of selected materials to different terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distributions and computational techniques has been investigated. The spectral transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance of typical materials employed in solar thermal conversion systems were used for the calculations. The values obtained for several different solar irradiance distributions and calculational methods show only small differences. A single terrestrial solar irradiance distribution is recommended for use as a standard.
Applications of treatment design in the study on the characteristic of a detector (2008)

This paper described two experimental designs. Based on the data of experiments, the characteristic of a detector was found efficiently. A regression model was developed through designs and analysis of multi-factor orthogonal experiments and orthogonal, rotatable regression experiments. The regression model gave very close results to the experiment samples.
Greater University Circle Initiative: Year 5 Evaluation Report (2016)

In 2015, the partners of the Greater University Circle Economic Inclusion Initiative reached an important milestone—5 years of working together to revitalize the seven neighborhoods that comprise Greater University Circle (GUC). This milestone offers an opportunity to take a step back and reflect on why the group first came together as well as their collective accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities. This fifth evaluation report includes a very brief summary of the history of the Initiative before launching into reflections from the participants on the major accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities on the horizon. It concludes with significant outcomes to date. The report highlights significant system changes underway to increase opportunities for economic inclusion of neighborhood residents and businesses within each of the partner organizations as well as collaboratively across partner organizations. This report has been prepared for the Cleveland Foundation by a team of evaluators from the Centers for Economic Development and Community Planning and Development at Cleveland State University’s Levin College of Urban Affairs. It is based on information collected from three sources: 1. Direct observations of meetings and a review of meeting minutes 2. Interviews with the members of the EIMC Executive Committee members and other key informants (see Appendix A for a list of interviewees) 3. Measures of progress (indicators) toward meeting the EIMC goals and objectives identified in the SMART matrices (each subcommittee has a SMART matrix)
On "Dirty-Paper coding" (2003)

Dirty-paper coding makes an analogy to the problem of writing on dirty paper, where the reader cannot nominally distinguish dirt from ink. There are many scenarios where this result may be applied. In the field of information hiding (or watermarking), theoretical bounds as well as practical watermarking schemes have been found. Another important application of dirty-paper coding is for a multiuser channel wherein a multiple-antenna transmitter is communicating with multiple users.