gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructural Coarsening During Sintering of Boron Carbide (1989)

The sintering behavior of boron carbide was investigated with particular attention given to microstructure development at various stages in the sintering process. Hot‐pressing and pressureless sintering techniques were employed and the effects of heating rate, firing atmosphere, and composition were used to characterize the sintering behavior. Pressureless sintering at temperatures up to 2300°C produces only limited densification. Microstructural coarsening is responsible for this since it leads to conditions where densification is slow. Hot‐pressing and carbon additions suppressed coarsening and permitted densification to >95% of theoretical density.
Infrastructure, equity and the elderly (1996)

Equitable infrastructure provision in the less-developed world requires recognition of the needs of marginalized groups, such as the elderly. This paper explores issues relating to the use of household energy sources by the elderly in a rural village in the Western Cape province of South Africa, and focusses on perceptions of and barriers to electricity uptake. Whilst poor elderly persons are frequently involved in child care, and together with the young suffer most the negative health effects of indoor air pollution, their access to electricity is limited by constraints including affordability, status and custom. Electrification is considered by the South African Government of National Unity to be a vital development intervention and employment creator; yet the elderly tend to be excluded from the concrete benefits of development, and their construction and commentaries on energy issues often contain a critique of infrastructural development and the accompanying processes of social change. Rather than dismiss the elderlys attitudes towards electrification, it is important to look deeper into what their commentary tells us about missed opportunities, to ensure that development brings with it equitable access and outcomes to categories of people in need.
Secure contactless smartcard ASIC with DPA protection (2001)

A secure contactless smartcard is presented. No batteries are required as device power is extracted from the RF field. With the exception of an inductive loop antenna, no external components are required. The transceiver adheres to the ISO 14443 type B specification. This system-on-a-chip integrates the RF circuitry with a large digital circuit without benefit of external bypass capacitors. An isolation circuit is introduced that prevents coupling of digital noise into the receiver. A measured bit error rate of 3E-10 is achieved. Security is also improved as the isolation circuit increases the required time for differential power analysis (DPA) attack by a factor of 2/sup 22/. Three-pass mutual authentication is presented and an algorithm for data restoration in the event of a tear is shown. This device was fabricated in a 0.6-/spl mu/m double-poly, triple-metal CMOS process. The chip is 2.8 mm/spl times/2.9 mm and it requires 500 uA or approximately 2.5 mW of power.
Metamer Crossovers of Infinite Metamer Sets (2000)

For a fixed illuminant and observer there is a whole set of reflectances resulting in an identical response, these reflectances are called metamers. It can be shown analytically that all reflectances in each such set must intersect at least three times.There is a large amount of literature arguing about the properties of these sets, in particular about the position and number of nodes of intersections. The results in the literature, based on relatively small data sets, vary in particular as a consequence of different methods used for generating metamers.Using a new method based on statistical information from measured sets, metamer sets are generated. These infinite metamer sets are then studied for their inner structure in terms of cross-over behavior. The results presented here confirm the result of there being three major wavelengths of intersection. These are around 450nm, 540nm and 610nm.
Single-mode, tunable distributed-feedback and multiple-wavelength quantum cascade lasers (2002)

Single-mode and tunable quantum cascade distributed feedback (QC-DFB) lasers in the wavelength range from 4.5 to 16.5 /spl mu/m are reviewed. In the case of QC lasers with dielectric waveguides, DFB; lasers are fabricated either with a top-grating approach, which is simpler to manufacture, or a buried grating with epitaxial regrowth, which generally has a higher single-mode yield as a result of a larger coupling factor. Long-wavelength QC-DFB lasers based on surface plasmon waveguides use bi-metal gratings for Bragg reflection. Single-mode emission with a side-mode suppression ratio of 30 dB and a tunability (depending on wavelength) of 0.3-1.0 nm/K heat sink temperature or of 2040 nm/A CW current are customarily achieved. These features together with the potential for high optical power, room-temperature operation, and narrow intrinsic linewidth make QC-DFB lasers prime choices as narrow-band light sources in mid-infrared trace gas sensors. As a result of their unipolar nature and the possibility to serially stack, or "cascade", many active regions, QC lasers also have an intrinsic potential for multi pie-wavelength operation in a wide variety of device concepts. Multiple different optical transitions in single active regions stacked in a homogeneous cascade as well as multiple single-wavelength active regions cascaded in various schemes of heterogeneous cascades have. been demonstrated. Based upon multiple-wavelength QC lasers, multiple single-mode QC-DFB lasers have been fabricated using sectioned laser cavities with multiple gratings. Adjusting the length of each Bragg-grating section as well the mode-overlap factor by tailoring the heterogeneity of the cascade has lead to a doubly single-mode QC-DFB laser with simultaneous single-mode emission around 5.0 and 7.5 /spl mu/m and a tunability at each wavelength as expected from equivalent single-wavelength single-mode lasers. Finally, the concept of multiple-wavelength emission was extended to ultrabroad-band emission, with a QC laser that exhibited gain from 5 to 8 /spl mu/m and simultaneous laser action from 6 to 8 /spl mu/m.
Dot Inversion Spontaneous Polarization Structure in the Half-V-shaped Switching Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Mode (2003)

The half-V shaped switching ferroelectric liquid crystal mode (half-V FLC mode) can easily yield excellent moving pictures based on the nonholding display by simple AC driving. However, the AC driving in the entire area of the liquid crystal display (LCD) panel (i.e. the field-inversion drive method) raises a concern of the cross talk problem in large-size LCD panels. In this paper, we propose a novel alignment method that is controlled to yield alternating layer directions between neighboring pixels. Such layer structures correspond to the structure of dot inversion spontaneous polarization, and a nonholding display can be realized by the dot-inversion drive method. By this method, we can simultaneously obtain a cross-talk-free display, excellent moving pictures and wider viewing angle. The contrast ratio is expected to be improved by further liquid crystal development and/or the multi-domain process technology.
A Three-Level Framework for Process and Data Management of Complex E-Services (2003)

Service outsourcing is the business paradigm in which an organization has part of its business process performed by a service provider. In dynamic markets, service providers can be selected on the fly during process enactment. The cooperation between the parties is specified in a dynamically made electronic contract. This contract includes a process specification that is tailored towards service brokering and cross-organizational process enactment and, hence, has to conform to market and specification standards. Process enactment, however, relies on intra-organizational process specifications that have to comply with the infrastructure available in an organization for process and data management. In this paper, we present a three-level process and data specification framework for dynamic contract-based outsourcing of complex services. We focus on services with an externally visible control flow, as opposed to simple, black-box web services. The framework relates the two process specification levels through a third, conceptual level. This approach is inspired by the well-known ANSI-SPARC model for data management. We discuss an abstract architecture for dynamic service outsourcing based on the three-level framework. We show how the framework and architecture can be placed in the context of existing infrastructures for cross-organizational process support. As service outsourcing is used more and more for core business processes requiring reliable execution, we pay special attention to transaction management.
Using linearly-constrained adaptive beamforming to reduce interference in hearing aids from competing talkers in reverberant rooms (2005)

Adaptive beamforming techniques can be applied to the problem of reducing interference in monaural hearing aids from sound sources that are spatially separated from a target source. We implemented a two-microphone Griffiths-Jim [1] beamformer in simulated reverberant environments (anechoic space, living room, and conference room) in which target sentences originated straight-ahead of the array and interfering speech babble originated 45° off-axis. We evaluated the system with intelligibility tests administered to normal-hearing subjects. Compared to listening through a single microphone, the two-microphone beamformer reduced the target-to-interference ratio required for 50% keyword intelligibility by 30, 14, and 0 dB in the anechoic, living-room, and conference-room conditions, respectively.
Polymerization of α-Olefins Using a Camphyl α-Diimine Nickel Catalyst at Elevated Temperature (2014)

Chiral (1S)- and (1R)-camphyl α-diimine nickel complexes were synthesized respectively with (1S)-(+) camphorquinone and (1R)-(−) camphorquinone as raw reagents and used as catalyst precursors for olefin polymerizations. It is found that the ligand chirality has no influence on catalytic activity and regioselectivity for olefin polymerizations. Ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, and 4-methyl-1-pentene polymerizations with the camphyl α-diimine nickel activated by AlEt2Cl can exhibit some living characteristics under the optimized conditions. The resultant polypropylenes and poly(1-hexene)s have significantly narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI < 1.2) in a wide temperature range, even at an elevated temperature of 70 °C. Sustainable period of the linear relationship of Mn vs polymerization time depends on temperature for propylene and 1-hexene polymerizations. Additionally, high 1,3-enchainment fraction of 45% is observed even at −60 °C for propylene polymerization using the camphyl α-diimine catalyst due to 2,1-insertion of propylene and chain walking.
Assessing the benefits of incorporating function clone detection in a development process (1997)

The aim of the experiment presented in this paper is to present an insight into the evaluation of the potential benefits of introducing a function clone detection technology in an industrial software development process. To take advantage of function clone detection, two modifications to the software development process are presented. Our experiment consists of evaluating the impact that these proposed changes would have had on a specific software system if they had been applied over a 3 year period (involving 10000 person-months), where 6 subsequent versions of the software under study were released. The software under study is a large telecommunication system. In total 89 million lines of code have been analyzed. A first result showed that, against our expectations, a significant number of clones are being removed from the system over time. However, this effort is insufficient to prevent the growth of the overall number of clones in the system. In this context the first process change would have added value. We have also found that the second process change would have provided programmers with a significant number of opportunities for correcting problems before customers experienced them. This result shows a potential for improving the software system quality and customer satisfaction
Selection and Design of Keyboard Switches Based on the Human Feeling (1994)

People sometimes recognize a system which is of a high grade by both the feel and/or sound of it's keyboard switches when pushed. A keyboard whose switches when pressed, have a feeling that is neither too nor too light, and which also convey a clear confirmation of switching makes a computer.
Improving Low-Dose CT Image Using Residual Convolutional Network (2017)

Low-dose CT is an effective solution to alleviate radiation risk to patients, it also introduces additional noise and streak artifacts. In order to maintain a high image quality for low-dose scanned CT data, we propose a post-processing method based on deep learning and using 2-D and 3-D residual convolutional networks. Experimental results and comparisons with other competing methods show that the proposed approach can effectively reduce the low-dose noise and artifacts while preserving tissue details. It is also pointed out that the 3-D model can achieve better performance in both edge-preservation and noise-artifact suppression. Factors that may influence the model performance, such as model width, depth, and dropout, are also examined.
Using Complex Wavelet Transform and Bilateral Filtering for Image Denoising (2017)

The bilateral filter is a useful nonlinear filter which without smoothing edges, it does spatial averaging. In the literature, the effectiveness of this method for image denoising is shown. In this paper, an extension of this method is proposed which is based on complex wavelet transform. In fact, the bilateral filtering is applied to the low-frequency (approximation) subbands of the decomposed image using complex wavelet transform, while the thresholding approach is applied to the high frequency subbands. Using the bilateral filter in the complex wavelet domain forms a new image denoising framework. Experimental results for real data are provided, by which one can see the effectiveness of the proposed method in eliminating noise.
Automated Method for Tracking Vast Numbers of FITC‐Labeled RBCs in Microvessels of Rat Brain <i>In Vivo</i> Using a High‐Speed Confocal Microscope System (2008)

High-speed camera investigation of rapidly moving red blood cells (RBCs) in the microvasculature has been limited by an inability to handle the vast volume of data. We have developed a novel method to analyze large numbers of RBC images captured by a high-resolution, high-speed camera fitted on a confocal fluorescence microscope, to determine the velocities of individual RBCs in capillaries in vivo. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled RBCs flowing in the microvasculature of the cerebral cortex of urethane-anesthetized Wistar rats were recorded through the skull window on video clips during specified periods at high frame rates (500 fps). Sequential frames of moving RBCs in the video clips for a specified period were analyzed offline with in-house software (KEIO-IS2). Images of RBCs acquired were numbered automatically in order of appearance and displayed in a two-dimensional (2-D) RBC tracking map. The velocities of individual RBCs were automatically computed based on the RBC displacement per frame multiplied by the frame rate (fps), and the results were displayed in a 2-D velocity map and a 2-D RBC number map. Single capillaries were identified by staining with FITC-dextran. The mean capillary velocity of RBCs was evaluated as 2.05 +/- 1.59 mm/second in video clips obtained at 500 fps. This method is considered to have wide potential applicability.
CONTEXT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (1998)

Context-oriented programming (COP) introduces one more notion to reason about the structure of software systems: a context (an environment) is a set of entities bound with a system of relations. This view is applicable where the object-oriented one is inadequate. Implementation of COP requires the same techniques as OOP: COP and OOP are different things assembled from the same components. COP allows things that OOP cannot do, for example, COP enables us to use late binding for elementary data that are not OOP objects.
High-resolution nanowire atomic force microscope probe grownby a field-emission induced process (2004)

A technique to grow a nanowire probe on an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip using a field-emission induced growth process has been developed. The simple and highly reproducible technique produces vertically aligned nanowire probes whose length is controlled by the growth duration. Using a cantilever clamping arrangement, nanowire probes can be grown on low-stiffness cantilevers. Experiments using the robust nanowire AFM probe demonstrate its ability to produce high-resolution tapping mode AFM images and improved profiling of structures with steep sidewalls due to its very sharp tip and high aspect ratio. No degradation in imaging performance was observed after a period of continuous scanning and storage.
A Tight Lower Bound for Streett Complementation (2011)

Finite automata on infinite words (omega-automata) proved to be a powerful weapon for modeling and reasoning infinite behaviors of reactive systems. Complementation of omega-automata is crucial in many of these applications. But the problem is non-trivial; even after extensive study during the past two decades, we still have an important type of omega-automata, namely Streett automata, for which the gap between the current best lower bound 2^(Omega(n lg nk)) and upper bound 2^(O (nk lg nk)) is substantial, for the Streett index size k can be exponential in the number of states n. In a previous work we showed a construction for complementing Streett automata with the upper bound 2^(O(n lg n+nk lg k)) for k = O(n) and 2^(O(n^2 lg n)) for k = omega(n). In this paper we establish a matching lower bound 2^(Omega (n lg n+nk lg k)) for k = O(n) and 2^(Omega (n^2 lg n)) for k = omega(n), and therefore showing that the construction is asymptotically optimal with respect to the ^(Theta(.)) notation.
6-MHz 2-N/m piezoresistive atomic-force microscope cantilevers with INCISIVE tips (1997)

Piezoresistive atomic force-microscope (AFM) cantilevers with lengths of 10 /spl mu/m, displacement sensitivities of (/spl Delta/R/R)/A 1.1/spl times/10/sup -5/, displacement resolutions of 2/spl times/10/sup -3/ A//spl radic/Hz, mechanical response times of less than 90 ns, and stiffnesses of 2 N/m have been fabricated from a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer using a novel frontside-only release process. To reduce mass, the cantilevers utilize novel inplane crystallographically defined silicon variable aspect-ratio (INCISIVE) tips with radius of curvature of 40 A. The cantilevers have been used in an experimental AFM data-storage system to read back data with an areal density of 10 Gb/cm/sup 2/. Four-legged cantilevers with both imaging and thermomechanical surface modification capabilities have been used to write 2-Gb/cm/sup 2/ data at 50 kb/s on a spinning polycarbonate sample and to subsequently read the data. AFM imaging has been successfully demonstrated with the cantilevers. Some cantilever designs have sufficient displacement resolution to detect their own mechanical-thermal noise in air. The INCISIVE tips also have applications to other types of sensors.
Bacterial lysate in the prevention of acute exacerbation of COPD and in respiratory recurrent infections. (2007)

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) represent a serious problem because they are one of the most common cause of human death by infection. The search for the treatment of those diseases has therefore a great importance. In this study we provide an overview of the currently available treatments for RTIs with particular attention to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases exacerbations and recurrent respiratory infections therapy and a description of bacterial lysate action, in particular making reference to the medical literature dealing with its clinical efficacy. Those studies are based on a very large number of clinical trials aimed to evaluate the effects of this drug in maintaining the immune system in a state of alert, and in increasing the defences against microbial infections. From this analysis it comes out that bacterial lysates have a protective effect, which induce a significant reduction of the symptoms related to respiratory infections. Those results could be very interesting also from an economic point of view, because they envisage a reduction in the number of acute exacerbations and a shorter duration of hospitalization. The use of bacterial lysate could therefore represent an important means to achieve an extension of life duration in patients affected by respiratory diseases.
The role of piezoceramic microactuation for advanced mobility (2002)

This paper presents the potential role of piezoceramic microactuation in micro-robotics for future space missions, e.g. unmanned sample-return missions to Mars, in search of life or evidence of prebiotic materials. The focus of the paper is on the advanced mobility with the desired characteristics of high force, displacement, and operability over a wide temperature range, at the cost of lowest possible mass, volume, and power. A comparison of the various actuation technologies including piezoceramic, shape memory alloys, polymeric actuators and magnetostrictive materials is presented. The comparison suggests piezoceramics to be the most promising candidate. The concept of a flexible microactuator based on tailored films of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate, PLZT, deposited on flexible substrates is described. Such flexible microactuators are expected to offer a multifold enhancement in the force and displacement capabilities over those of the current state-of-the-art actuators based on bulk ceramic materials. Of special interest is the promise of high efficiency actuation from an optimized thin film based flexible bimorph structure by contact-less optical activation.
An Application of Distributed Computer Control of Railroad (1980)

There are three generations of railroad control: 1) early electromechanical control; 2) central computer control; and 3) distributed computer control. In the second-generation, tracks were divided into numbers of track sections and applications had been aimed toward detecting individual track section as to whether or not there is a train on the track and dispatching necessary information to trains at the dispatching points.
Sulfurospirillum cavolei sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic sulfur-reducing bacterium isolated from an underground crude oil storage cavity (2007)

A novel facultatively anaerobic sulfur-reducing bacterium, designated strain Phe91(T), was isolated from petroleum-contaminated groundwater in an underground crude oil storage cavity at Kuji in Iwate, Japan. Cells of strain Phe91(T) were slightly curved rods with single polar flagella. Optimum growth was observed at pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C. The novel strain utilized elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, sulfite, dithionite, arsenate, nitrate and DMSO as electron acceptors with lactate as an energy and carbon source, but nitrite was not utilized. Microaerophilic growth was also observed. Fumarate, pyruvate, lactate, malate, succinate, hydrogen (with acetate as a carbon source) and formate (with acetate) could serve as electron donors. Fumarate, pyruvate and malate were fermented. The DNA G+C content was 42.7 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny, strain Phe91(T) was affiliated with the genus Sulfurospirillum in the class Epsilonproteobacteria and was most closely related to Sulfurospirillum deleyianum (sequence similarity 97 %). However, the DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain Phe91(T) and S. deleyianum was only 14 %. Based on the physiological and phylogenetic data, Phe91(T) should be classified as a representative of a novel species in the genus Sulfurospirillum; the name Sulfurospirillum cavolei sp. nov. is proposed, with Phe91(T) (=JCM 13918(T)=DSM 18149(T)) as the type strain.