gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Superconductivity in the ferromagnetic semiconductor samarium nitride (2016)

Ferromagnetism and superconductivity are two generally incompatible states of matter. Their coexistence has been observed only under very unusual circumstances and so far only in metals. In contrast, most semiconductors are not naturally magnetic or superconducting, but introducing magnetism or superconductivity into semiconductors is seen as an important step towards radical improvement of our electronics capabilities and therefore a hotly pursued goal. Here, the authors report the discovery of superconductivity coexisting with ferromagnetism in the semiconducting material samarium nitride (SmN). The large intrinsic exchange splitting of the conduction band in SmN requires the superconducting order to be of unconventional (likely $p$-wave) type. Superconductivity is observed to be even further enhanced in superlattices where layers of SmN alternate with layers made of the strongly ferromagnetic but non-superconducting material gadolinium nitride. These features render SmN an interesting laboratory for understanding more about the fundamentals of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in semiconductors and exploring opportunities for integrating superconducting spintronics into the design of semiconductor-based electronic devices.
Osmotic pressures and sedimentation velocity of <i>Gastrophilus</i> methaemoglobin (1946)

In the preceding paper, Keilin & Wang (1946) have described the preparation and properties of the haemoglobin obtained from the tracheal cells of the larva of Gastrophilus (the bot fly). Samples from three of their preparations in the form of methaemo- globin were used for measurements of osmotic pressure. The amount of material available was small and the results recorded must be regarded as provisional.
Spheroid arrays for high-throughput single-cell analysis of spatial patterns and biomarker expression in 3D (2017)

We describe and share a device, methodology and image analysis algorithms, which allow up to 66 spheroids to be arranged into a gel-based array directly from a culture plate for downstream processing and analysis. Compared to processing individual samples, the technique uses 11-fold less reagents, saves time and enables automated imaging. To illustrate the power of the technology, we showcase applications of the methodology for investigating 3D spheroid morphology and marker expression and for in vitro safety and efficacy screens. First, spheroid arrays of 11 cell-lines were rapidly assessed for differences in spheroid morphology. Second, highly-positive (SOX-2), moderately-positive (Ki-67) and weakly-positive (βIII-tubulin) protein targets were detected and quantified. Third, the arrays enabled screening of ten media compositions for inducing differentiation in human neurospheres. Last, the application of spheroid microarrays for spheroid-based drug screens was demonstrated by quantifying the dose-dependent drop in proliferation and increase in differentiation in etoposide-treated neurospheres.
Light-Induced Depolarization of Neurons Using a Modified Shaker K<sup>+</sup> Channel and a Molecular Photoswitch (2006)

To trigger action potentials in neurons, most investigators use electrical or chemical stimulation. Here we describe an optical stimulation method based on semi-synthetic light-activated ion channels. These SPARK (synthetic photoisomerizable azobenzene-regulated K(+)) channels consist of a synthetic azobenzene-containing photoswitch and a genetically modified Shaker K(+) channel protein. SPARK channels with a wild-type selectivity filter elicit hyperpolarization and suppress action potential firing when activated by 390 nm light. A mutation in the pore converts the K(+)-selective Shaker channel into a nonselective cation channel. Activation of this modified channel with the same wavelength of light elicits depolarization of the membrane potential. Expression of these depolarizing SPARK channels in neurons allows light to rapidly and reversibly trigger action potential firing. Hence, hyper- and depolarizing SPARK channels provide a means for eliciting opposite effects on neurons in response to the same light stimulus.
力拔出兮气盖世 红色旋翼巨人Mi-6家族小传（下） (2009)

重型直升机对苏军西欧作战的意义 纵观整个冷战史，只有苏联一家发展出了Mi-6这种级别的重型运输直升机（实际上是超重型直升机，CH-53与CH47与之相比要差半级），从技术角度来讲，这种现像其实是反常的。事实上，美国或西欧并非没有足够的技术能力去研发类似的重型直升机，那为什么Mi-6仅仅出现在铁幕的内侧呢？这其实与苏军战后奉行的作战理论大有关系。可以说，对其他国家而言，Mi-6只是一架多少有些夸张的巨型直升机而已，但对苏军却不是这样简单。事实上，Mi-6是整个苏军进攻系统的重要组成部分，也只有放在这个大系统下，苏联人研制Mi-6的真正用意才能凸显出来。
Penetration in Vitro of Newly Excysted Juvenile Flukes of Japanese Fasciola sp. through Ligated Intestines of Rabbits, Mice, Rats and Chickens. (1992)

Ligated intestines of rabbits, mice, rats and chickens were used to examine the penetration of newly excysted juvenile flukes of Japanese Fasciola sp. in vitro. In rabbit intestines, the penetration rate was relatively high in the rectum and duodenum. Penetration rates in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were comparable to those in the rectum and duodenum, although it was lower in the appendix. In the case of mouse, juvenile flukes penetrated the duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and rectum at considerably high rates. In rat intestine, penetration by flukes was less in the duodenum and rectum, although flukes were detected in the jejunum. In chicken intestine, flukes barely penetrated the duodenum, jejunum and rectum. Consequently, newly excysted flukes of Fasciola sp. seem to penetrate any region of the intestine in rabbits and mice. In rats, the middle small intestine may be the site suitable for flukes to penetrate. In chickens, the difficulty in penetration of the intestinal wall may be one of the reasons why chickens are scarcely infected with Fasciola sp.
Proteomic Analysis of Early Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Secondary to Hypertension (2006)

Untreated or poorly controlled arterial hypertension induced development of pathologic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), a common finding in hypertensive patients and a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The proteomic approach is a powerful technique to analyze a complex mixture of proteins in various settings. An experimental model of hypertension-induced early LVH was performed in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and the cardiac protein pattern compared with the normotensive Wistar Kyoto counterpart was analyzed. Fifteen altered protein spots were shown in the early stage of LVH. Compared with a previous animal model of established and regressed LVH, three protein spots were common in both models. These three altered protein spots corresponded to two unique proteins that were identified as Calsarcin-1 (CS-1) and ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ7 homolog. CS-1 is a negative regulator of the calcineurin/NF-AT pathway. Because upregulation in the expression levels of this protein was observed, the activation level of NF-kappaB by oxidative stress as an alternative pathway was investigated. It was found that antihypertensive therapies partially decreased oxidative stress and normalized the activation of NF-kappaB in the kidneys and aorta NF-kappaB activation but just moderately in the heart. This could be due to the interaction of any specific cardiac protein with any component of the NF-kappaB pathway. In this sense, CS-1 could be a good candidate because it is expressed preferentially in heart, to a lesser extent in smooth muscle cells, but not in kidney. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the exact role of CS-1 and ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ7 in the setting of hypertension-induced LVH.
Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses in Autism: Rationale for Therapeutic Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (2010)

Autism is a complex polygenic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interactions as well as specific stereotypical behaviors. Both genetic and environmental factors appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of autism. Accumulating data including changes in immune responses, linkage to major histocompatibility complex antigens, and the presence of autoantibodies to neural tissues/antigens suggest that the immune system plays an important role in its pathogenesis. In this brief review, we discuss the data regarding changes in both innate and adaptive immunity in autism and the evidence in favor of the role of the immune system, especially of maternal autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of a subset of patients with autism. The rationale for possible therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulin is also discussed.
Multisite Phosphorylation and the Nuclear Localization of Phosphatase Inhibitor 2-Green Fluorescent Protein Fusion Protein during S Phase of the Cell Growth Cycle (1997)

Human phosphatase inhibitor 2 (Inh2) is a phosphoprotein that complexes with type 1 protein phosphatase, and its expression peaks during S phase and mitosis during the cell cycle. Localization of Inh2 was visualized in HS68 human fibroblasts by fusing Inh2 to green fluorescent protein (GFP). During G1 phase, Inh2-GFP was localized in the cytoplasm, and as cells progressed into S phase Inh2-GFP accumulated in the nucleus. Known phosphorylation sites of Inh2 at Thr-72, Ser-86, and Ser-120/121 were each replaced with alanine. None of the mutated Inh2-GFP proteins accumulated in the nucleus during S phase, indicating that all of these phosphorylation sites were required. Mutation of two lysine residues in a putative nuclear localization sequence in Inh2 also prevented the Inh2-GFP fusion protein from accumulating in the nucleus during S phase. Recombinant Inh2 was phosphorylated by kinases in cytosols prepared from G1 and S phase cells. The amount of Inh2 kinase attributed to casein kinase 2, based on inhibition by heparin, increased 2.6-fold from G1 to S phase. In addition, kinases in G1 versus S phase cytosols produced distinct Inh2 phosphopeptides. The results indicate that changes in phosphorylation of Inh2 are involved in intracellular redistribution of the protein during the cell cycle.
Procedure for Bone Sterilization with Beta-Propiolactone (1957)

1. One per cent beta-propiolactone has been shown capable of sterilizing animal tissues which have been either artificially infected with vegetative and spore-forming bacteria or taken from the animals during the stage of bacteraemia or viraemia. It also sterilizes leukaemic-infected splenic tissue. 2. The depth of drug penetration did not exceed 1.5 millimeters in compact tissues (liver and spleen) and three millimeters in cancellous bone. Thus, compact tissues to a thickness of three millimeters and cancellous bone to a thickness of six millimeters can be satisfactorily sterilized. 3. Good results were obtained in all of the cases in which beta-propiolactone sterilized bone was used (fifty operations). 4. A bone bank in which material sterilized with beta-propiolactone is used has been established. 5. The simple, rapid, and inexpensive chemical method of the sterilization of contaminated bone described in this paper can be readily utilized in small hospitals.
A modified procedure for the isolation of a pore complex-lamina fraction from rat liver nuclei. (1976)

A modified procedure for the isolation of a nuclear pore complex-lamina fraction from rat liver nuclei is described. Evidence is provided that the isolated lamina, a 150-A thick, proteinaceous structure, apposes the inner nuclear envelope membrane, connecting nuclear pore complexes and surrounding the entire nucleus.
Scalable Generalized Dynamic Topic Models (2018)

Dynamic topic models (DTMs) model the evolution of prevalent themes in literature, online media, and other forms of text over time. DTMs assume that word co-occurrence statistics change continuously and therefore impose continuous stochastic process priors on their model parameters. These dynamical priors make inference much harder than in regular topic models, and also limit scalability. In this paper, we present several new results around DTMs. First, we extend the class of tractable priors from Wiener processes to the generic class of Gaussian processes (GPs). This allows us to explore topics that develop smoothly over time, that have a long-term memory or are temporally concentrated (for event detection). Second, we show how to perform scalable approximate inference in these models based on ideas around stochastic variational inference and sparse Gaussian processes. This way we can train a rich family of DTMs to massive data. Our experiments on several large-scale datasets show that our generalized model allows us to find interesting patterns that were not accessible by previous approaches.
Predicting the structure of the light-harvesting complex II of<i>rhodospirillum molischianum</i> (1995)

We attempted to predict through computer modeling the structure of the light-harvesting complex II (LH-II) of Rhodospirillum molischianum, before the impending publication of the structure of a homologous protein solved by means of X-ray diffraction. The protein studied is an integral membrane protein of 16 independent polypeptides, 8 alpha-apoproteins and 8 beta-apoproteins, which aggregate and bind to 24 bacteriochlorophyll-a's and 12 lycopenes. Available diffraction data of a crystal of the protein, which could not be phased due to a lack of heavy metal derivatives, served to test the predicted structure, guiding the search. In order to determine the secondary structure, hydropathy analysis was performed to identify the putative transmembrane segments and multiple sequence alignment propensity analyses were used to pinpoint the exact sites of the 20-residue-long transmembrane segment and the 4-residue-long terminal sequence at both ends, which were independently verified and improved by homology modeling. A consensus assignment for the secondary structure was derived from a combination of all the prediction methods used. Three-dimensional structures for the alpha- and the beta-apoprotein were built by comparative modeling. The resulting tertiary structures are combined, using X-PLOR, into an alpha beta dimer pair with bacteriochlorophyll-a's attached under constraints provided by site-directed mutagenesis and spectral data. The alpha beta dimer pairs were then aggregated into a quaternary structure through further molecular dynamics simulations and energy minimization. The structure of LH-II so determined is an octamer of alpha beta heterodimers forming a ring with a diameter of 70 A.
Analysis of a power oscillation damping scheme using a voltage-source inverter (2002)

In many cases, poorly damped electromechanical oscillations prevent utilities from increasing power transfer over existing transmission lines. One method of improving the damping of such oscillations is to actively vary the inductive reactance of a transmission line using a controllable series compensator. This paper describes an investigation into the use of a particular inverter-based compensator for power oscillation damping. Detailed simulation results and practical measurements of a small, but representative, laboratory-scale power system are presented to demonstrate that the inverter-based compensator can successfully be used to damp the electromechanical oscillations of a generator.
Intergeneric hybridization of marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens) with annual chrysanthemum (Glebionis carinatum) and crown daisy (G. coronaria) using ovule culture (2008)

To diversify flower color and growth habit of marguerite (Argyranthemum frutescens), intergeneric crossing was carried out using marguerite as the seed parent and annual chrysanthemum (Glebionis carinatum) or crown daisy (G. coronaria) as the pollen parent. After cross-pollination, seedlings were successfully obtained by applying ovule culture. Ovule culture-derived plants showed novel characteristics in flower shape and color (orange, reddish brown, or wisteria pink) that are not observed in marguerite. Some also showed novel flowering habits such as perpetual flowering. The results indicate that these ovule culture-derived plants were intergeneric hybrids and that the hybrids obtained in the present study may be useful for further breeding of marguerite, especially for introducing valuable characteristics such as a wide range of flower color.
Antimitotic agents. Chiral isomers of ethyl 5-amino-1,2-dihydro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7-ylcarbamate (1992)

Metabolism studies with ethyl [5-amino-1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phenylpyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-7 - yl]carbamate (1) in mice were reported previously to give a hydroxylated metabolite, which was methylated to give a methoxy derivative. The metabolite and its derivatives were considered to be 4-(substituted)phenyl compounds, which have been confirmed by the synthesis of the [1,2-dihydro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- and [1,2-dihydro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrido[3,4-b]-pyrazin-7-yl]carbama tes (17 and 16). Both the S- and R-isomers of 17 are active in several biological systems, but the S-isomer is more potent then the R-isomer. The difference in activity between the S- and R-isomers of 17 is similar with that observed for S- and R-isomers of 1. As model reactions, several O-substituted derivatives were prepared by alkylation of (RS)-17 with benzyl chloride and condensation of (RS)-17 with butyl isocyanate and (S)-17 with 2-chloroethyl isocyanate.
Samarium Diiodide Mediated Reactions in Total Synthesis (2009)

Introduced by Henri Kagan more than three decades ago, samarium diiodide (SmI(2)) has found increasing application in chemical synthesis. This single-electron reducing agent has been particularly useful in C-C bond formations, including those found in total synthesis endeavors. This Review highlights selected applications of SmI(2) in total synthesis, with special emphasis on novel transformations and mechanistic considerations. The examples discussed are both illustrative of the power of this reagent in the construction of complex molecules and inspirational for the design of synthetic strategies toward such targets, both natural and designed.
A receiver architecture conforming to the OFDM based digital video broadcasting standard for terrestrial transmission (DVB-T) (2002)

We present the architecture for a four chip integrated receiver decoder compliant with the European Digital Terrestrial Video Transmission standard (DVB-T); both 8 K and 2 K FFT size are supported. The paper focuses on the algorithms used for I/Q signal generation, OFDM demultiplexing, channel estimation, synchronization and channel decoding. The algorithms chosen are robust against the channel and interference conditions to be expected, including Rayleigh fading, co-channel interference from other (e.g. existing analogue) services and tuner imperfections. The channel SNR degradation arising in the digital part of the receiver-with imperfect channel estimation, synchronization and quantization-with respect to the BER at the output of the Viterbi decoder is not more than 2 dB from theory.
Highly Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHighly Concentrated Hydrogen PeroxideEdward S. Shanley and Frank P. GreenspanCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1947, 39, 12, 1536–1543Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50456a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50456a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views942Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Feasting on insects (2009)

Abstract Insects are an important natural resource, both for self‐sufficiency and as commercial food products in many parts of the world. The use of edible insects reflects regional preferences and socio‐cultural significance, which can be described in terms of regional differences. This study describes some edible insects in three regions: Japan, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa, and focuses on systems of traditional practices as the socio‐cultural implications of people's preferences regarding edible insects. The case studies presented here describe such insect‐related customs as the continuation of the traditional practice of insect eating in Japan, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. These case studies describe the uniqueness or special characteristics of the custom, and the significance of its existence in the social sphere. Edible insects are regarded as cultural resources reflecting a rich biodiversity. They represent an alternative source of natural food resources in remote or mountainous areas. People who eat insects have established a broad variety of methods for collecting and cooking the rich diversity of edible insect species that are available. However, increases in demand could lead to competition and overexploitation, resulting in the future decline of these resources. In areas affected by overdevelopment, insect habitats are also likely to decline. It is necessary to raise people's awareness of the importance of the use of insects for food in order to ensure that insects are used in a sustainable manner, and to promote their proper use and conservation.
Tissue engineering for tendon repair (2006)

Tissue engineering aims to induce tissue self-regeneration in vivo or to produce a functional tissue replacement in vitro to be then implanted in the body. To produce a viable and functional tendon, a uniaxially orientated collagen type I matrix has to be generated. Biochemical and physical factors can potentially alter both the production and the organisation of this matrix, and their combination in a dose- and time-dependent manner is probably the key to in vitro engineered tendons. This review discusses the role of these different factors affecting tenocyte growth in a three-dimensional environment in vivo and in vitro, and underlines the future challenge of tendon tissue engineering.