gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amorphous stuctured Ta 4 B absorber on SiC membrane for x-ray mask (1995)

Stress controllability, stress distribution and radiation stability of Ta<SUB>4</SUB>B absorber film on SiC membrane were investigated in detail. A low stress Ta<SUB>4</SUB>B film was deposited on as-deposited SiC membrane with excellent reproducibility by an rf magnetron sputtering using Ar gas. Ta<SUB>4</SUB>B film with very low stress below 10 MPa and high thermal stability have been obtained by annealing. The film has amorphous structure and uniform stress distribution of +/- 2.5 MPa in a window area of 28 mm square. The Ta<SUB>4</SUB>B film has been found to show high durability against SR irradiation. SR-induced displacement (3(sigma) ) of 0.8-micrometers -thick Ta<SUB>4</SUB>B film on SiC membrane were X equals 29 and Y equals 24 nm after irradiation of 531 kJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, which were within the measurement error of 30 nm.
The Future of Licensing Music Online: The Role of Collective Rights Organizations and the Effect of Territoriality, 25 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 409 (2008) (2008)

The current licensing regime practiced by collective rights organizations (“CROs”) is preventing rights holders from being able to reap the financial benefits that the Internet and digital transmissions of music can provide. The problem is that CROs license online music on a restrictive, national basis where the online transmission of music is worldwide, unrestricted by national boundaries. This territorially restrictive licensing system began in the nineteenth century and was practical for geographically limited methods by which music was played and transmitted. However, licenses to transmit music online or in the digital environment in general are restricted on a national basis because of agreements entered into between the CROs that require them to grant licenses only on a national basis. These territorially restrictive agreements have no place in the licensing of online music where digital transmissions are not limited by national boundaries. The present licensing system is inefficient and costly, hindering the development of online music providers’ ability to distribute music to consumers and, ultimately, keeping rights holders from realizing the full financial benefit that the Internet is able to offer. This paper will discuss why the present system of territorially restrictive licensing of online music is unnecessary, reasons why the present licensing system is still used, alternatives to the present licensing system, recent attempts at a multiterritorial license, and a look at the future of licensing of music online.
Proteomic comparative analysis of pathogenic strain 232 and avirulent strain J of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (2009)

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an important pathogen of pigs causing enzootic pneumonia of swine. The pathogen remains largely enigmatic as far as the host-pathogen interactions are concerned. In the present study, the protein profiles of two strains of M. hyopneumoniae were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the major adhesin P97, the 50-kDa protein derived from P159 adhesin, and the 43-kDa cleavage product of P102 are expressed at much higher levels in the pathogenic strain 232. In contrast, the avirulent strain J switches its focus to metabolism and expresses more glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in gluconeogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and phosphate acetyltransferase in the pyruvate metabolism pathway. We speculate that the avirulent strain may have developed better capabilities to cope with the rich environment during repeated inoculations. Simultaneously, the capability to infect host cells may become less important so that the adhesion-related protein genes are down-regulated.
Multiple actions of THA on cholinergic neurotransmission in Alzheimer brains. (1989)

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA) is a cholinesterase inhibitor presently under investigation in clinical trials for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia of Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT). To further analyse the underlying mechanisms for its effect in human brain, an in vitro model which allows measurement of acetylcholine (ACh) release from human postmortem brain slices has been used. In control cortical tissue THA induces a decreased release of ACh probably due to negative feedback mechanisms mediated via presynaptic muscarinic autoreceptors. In AD/SDAT cortex THA enhances the release of ACh to control level. This effect is prevented by nicotinic or muscarinic receptor antagonists, which suggest receptor mechanisms involving both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Subchronic treatment of rats with THA (10 mg/kg sc twice daily) or physostigmine (0.9 mg/kg sc five times daily) causes a significant increase in the number of high affinity nicotinic receptors in the cortex of THA treated rats whereas no change is found in the physostigmine treated rats. The number of muscarinic receptors are decreased following both THA and physostigmine treatment.
The tandem generator (1960)

Summary A brief description is given of the development of the electrostatic generator from the single-ended machine to the double-ended, or tandem generator. The performance of the tandem machines is illustrated with reference to the U.K.A.E.A. tandems.
Parametric studies of electrohydrodynamic spraying. (1968)

whole motor still could sustain detonation. Secondly, since the jet velocity appears to decrease with increasing core diameter, it takes longer for the jet to reduce the web thickness by the postulated high burning-rate process, because it is more closely followed by the reaction in the propellant. The pressure in the core should be dependent on the velocity of the jet, so that the propellant surface would burn more slowly under the conditions imposed by a slower jet. These considerations suggest less interference by jet formation in large-core motors. In summation, the conclusion regarding detonability of a hollow motor grain is that if it exceeds the predicted critical size, it should be expected to sustain detonation over the entire length of the motor. The contingencies on this assumption approach negligible importance as the hollow grain is scaled up from the small sizes that have been tested. In criticaldiameter studies, it was established that the critical diameter of unadulterated PBAN propellant, ANB-3226, is between 5 and 6 ft. This means that a large, hollow-core rocket motor of this propellant will be supercritical if its web exceeds 26-32 in. It is very important that one remembers that after detonability has been established, it is necessary to know under what conditions the grain can be initiated. The concern of Project SOPHY is to determine the initiation criterion as well as the sustainment criterion. Progress in this area has been reported.' The possibility that large motors cast with composite propellant can be detonable brings a high priority to increased investigation and comprehension of the initiation process.
Beneficial Read-Through of a<i>USH1C</i>Nonsense Mutation by Designed Aminoglycoside NB30 in the Retina (2010)

Purpose.: The human Usher syndrome (USH) is the most frequent cause of inherited combined deaf-blindness. USH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, assigned to three clinical types. The most severe type is USH1, characterized by profound inner ear defects and retinitis pigmentosa. Thus far, no effective treatment for the ophthalmic component of USH exists. The p.R31X nonsense mutation in USH1C leads to a disease causing premature termination of gene translation. Here, we investigated the capability of the novel synthetic aminoglycoside NB30 for the translational read-through of the USH1C-p.R31X nonsense mutation as a retinal therapy option. Methods.: Read-through of p.R31X by three commercial, clinically applied aminoglycosides and the synthetic derivative NB30 was validated in vitro, in cell culture, and in retinal explants. Restoration of harmonin functions was monitored in GST pull-downs (scaffold function) and by F-actin bundling analysis in HEK293T cells. Biocompatibility of aminoglycosides was determined in retinal explants by TUNEL assays. Results.: In vitro translation and analyses of transfected HEK293T cells revealed a dose-dependent read-through by all aminoglycosides. In addition, gentamicin, paromomycin, and NB30 induced read-through of p.R31X in mouse retinal explants. The read-through of p.R31X restored harmonin protein function. In contrast to all commercial aminoglycosides NB30 showed good biocompatibility. Conclusions.: Commercial aminoglycosides and NB30 induced significant read-through of the USH1C-p.R31X nonsense mutation. However, the observed read-through efficiency, along with its significantly reduced toxicity and good biocompatibility, indicate that the novel derivate NB30 represents a better choice than commercial aminoglycosides in a read-through therapy of USH1C and other ocular diseases.
Power assist method based on phase sequence driven by interaction between human and robot suit (2005)

We proposed a power assist method for leg based on the autonomous motion driven by the interaction between human and the robot suit, HAL (hybrid assistive limb) and verified the effectiveness of this method in the experiments in walking. In order to perform walking task autonomically, we used a phase sequence control which generates a task by transiting some simple basic motions called phase. A task was divided into some phases on the basis of the task performed by a normal person. The joint moving modes were categorized into the active, passive and free modes according to the characteristic of the muscle force conditions. The autonomous motion which HAL generates in each phases were designed according to one of the categorized modes. The floor reaction force and joint angle were adopted as the condition to transit each phase. The experiments in power assist were performed for normal person. The experimental results showed that the muscle activation levels in each phase were significantly reduced. With this, we confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed assist method.
360° Phase Detector Cell for Measurement Systems Based on Switched Dual Multipliers (2017)

This letter presents a 360° phase detector cell for performing phase-shift measurements on multiple output systems. An analog phase detector, capable of detecting a maximum range of ±90°, has been used to perform a double multiplication of two signals, both in-phase and phase-shifted. The proposed solution broadens the frequency range beyond other solutions that require to fulfill the quadrature condition. Subsequently, the possibility of reaching the theoretical limit of phase shift within a hybrid coupler ($\varphi$ <;90° ± 90°) is discussed by using four straight-line equations to characterize the phase detector response. The proposed solution allows to extend up to 360° the phase detection range and provide an increased immunity with respect to both impedance mismatching and phase deviations within the hybrid coupler. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design, a phase detector cell prototype has been implemented using a commercial hybrid coupler with a phase shift of 92.5° ± 0.5° at 3.1-5.9 GHz, an external switch and a microcontroller with 2 kB of memory. Measurements show a range of detection of 360° (±180°) across the tested frequency band of 2.7-6 GHz.
Multi-Feature Beat Tracking (2014)

A recent trend in the field of beat tracking for musical audio signals has been to explore techniques for measuring the level of agreement and disagreement between a committee of beat tracking algorithms. By using beat tracking evaluation methods to compare all pairwise combinations of beat tracker outputs, it has been shown that selecting the beat tracker which most agrees with the remainder of the committee, on a song-by-song basis, leads to improved performance which surpasses the accuracy of any individual beat tracker used on its own. In this paper we extend this idea towards presenting a single, standalone beat tracking solution which can exploit the benefit of mutual agreement without the need to run multiple separate beat tracking algorithms. In contrast to existing work, we re-cast the problem as one of selecting between the beat outputs resulting from a single beat tracking model with multiple, diverse input features. Through extended evaluation on a large annotated database, we show that our multi-feature beat tracker can outperform the state of the art, and thereby demonstrate that there is sufficient diversity in input features for beat tracking, without the need for multiple tracking models.
Integrated biophysical approach to fragment screening and validation for fragment-based lead discovery (2013)

In fragment-based drug discovery, the weak affinities exhibited by fragments pose significant challenges for screening. Biophysical techniques are used to address this challenge, but there is no clear consensus on which cascade of methods is best suited to identify fragment hits that ultimately translate into bound X-ray structures and provide bona fide starting points for synthesis. We have benchmarked an integrated biophysical approach for fragment screening and validation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase. A primary screen of 1,250 fragments library was performed by thermal shift, followed by secondary screen using one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (water ligand observed gradient spectroscopy and saturation transfer difference binding experiments) and ultimate hit validation by isothermal titration calorimetry and X-ray crystallography. Our multibiophysical approach identified three distinct binding sites for fragments and laid a solid foundation for successful structure-based elaboration into potent inhibitors.
Versican overexpression in human breast cancer lesions: Known and new isoforms for stromal tumor targeting (2009)

Proteoglycans play a key role in cancer development and progression by participating in the constitution of a specific fertile tumor microenvironment. As they are largely overexpressed in the malignant stroma, proteoglycans provide a reservoir of potential new targets for anticancer therapies, because they can serve to convey toxic payloads in the close proximity of cancer cells and subsequently destroy them. In this context, versican, a proteoglycan largely overexpressed in several solid cancers, bears the potential to be such an ideal target. As 4 main versican isoforms have been characterized, we sought to determine which isoform could represent the best target in human breast cancer. We used a series of 10 primary breast cancer lesions that were characterized as overexpressing the versican protein, when compared with matched normal breast tissues, using shotgun mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry experiments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western-blotting experiments were used to evaluate versican isoform expression in breast cancer/normal tissue pairs for which ARN quality was excellent. All known isoforms were significantly overexpressed in the malignant lesions, both at the mRNA and at the protein levels. In the course of this study, we also identified and cloned a new alternatively spliced versican isoform, referred to as V4, which was also found to be upregulated in human breast cancer. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive mRNA and protein analysis of versican isoforms expression in human breast tissues, and offers insights into which therapeutic strategy would be best suited to target versican in human breast cancer lesions.
A multi-agent brokerage platform for media content recommendation (2015)

Abstract Near real time media content personalisation is nowadays a major challenge involving media content sources, distributors and viewers. This paper describes an approach to seamless recommendation, negotiation and transaction of personalised media content. It adopts an integrated view of the problem by proposing, on the business-to-business (B2B) side, a brokerage platform to negotiate the media items on behalf of the media content distributors and sources, providing viewers, on the business-to-consumer (B2C) side, with a personalised electronic programme guide (EPG) containing the set of recommended items after negotiation. In this setup, when a viewer connects, the distributor looks up and invites sources to negotiate the contents of the viewer personal EPG. The proposed multi-agent brokerage platform is structured in four layers, modelling the registration, service agreement, partner lookup, invitation as well as item recommendation, negotiation and transaction stages of the B2B processes. The recommendation service is a rule-based switch hybrid filter, including six collaborative and two content-based filters. The rule-based system selects, at runtime, the filter(s) to apply as well as the final set of recommendations to present. The filter selection is based on the data available, ranging from the history of items watched to the ratings and/or tags assigned to the items by the viewer. Additionally, this module implements (i) a novel item stereotype to represent newly arrived items, (ii) a standard user stereotype for new users, (iii) a novel passive user tag cloud stereotype for socially passive users, and (iv) a new content-based filter named the collinearity and proximity similarity (CPS). At the end of the paper, we present off-line results and a case study describing how the recommendation service works. The proposed system provides, to our knowledge, an excellent holistic solution to the problem of recommending multimedia contents.
Inhibition of Acid Corrosion of Steel by Some S-Alkylisothiouronium Iodides (1993)

Five selected S-alkylisothisothiouronium iodides have been studied as acid corrosion inhibitors at 30°C for steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 using gasometry, mass loss, and direct current (DC) polarization techniques. All of the data reveal that the compounds act as inhibitors in the acid environments; furthermore, polarization curves show that the compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase of the length of the additive alkyl chain. Langmuir's adsorption isotherms fit the experimental data for the studied compounds. Thermodynamic parameters were obtained from experimental data of the temperature studies of the inhibition process at five temperatures ranging from 30 to 70°C. It was observed that the activation energy is slightly increased with the increase of the additive alkyl chain. On the other hand, the sudden large increase of the inhibition behavior of S-hexylisothiouronium iodide was attributed to a different adsorption process.
Conditions for perfect focusing multiple point sources with the SMS design method (2014)

In this work, we demonstrate how it is possible to sharply image multiple object points. The Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) design method has usually been presented as a method to couple N wave-front pairs with N surfaces, but recent findings show that when using N surfaces, we can obtain M image points when N<M under certain conditions. We present the evolution of SMS method, from its basics, to imaging two object points through one surface, the transition from two to three objet points obtained by increasing the parallelism, and getting to the designs of six surfaces imaging up to eight object points. These designs are limited with the condition that the surfaces cannot be placed at the aperture stop. In the process of maximizing the object points to sharp image, we try to exhaust the degrees of freedom of aspherics and free-forms. We conjecture that maximal SMS designs are very close to a good solution, hence using them as a starting point for the optimization will lead us faster to a final optical system. We suggest here different optimization strategies which combined with the SMS method are proven to give the best solution. Through the example of imaging with the high aspect ratio, we compare the results obtained optimizing the rotational lens and using a combination of SMS method and optimization, showing that the second approach is giving significantly smaller value of overall RMS spot diameter.
Flip Chipped INGaAs Photodiode Arrays for Gated Imaging with Eye-Safe Lasers (2007)

An InGaAs photodiode based short wave infrared camera with an actively Q-switched Er:glass laser was used for gated imaging of objects at approximately 500 m at night.
Development and Use of Biomarkers in Oncology Drug Development (2004)

Successful development and use of biomarkers will improve the productivity of oncology drug development. Recognition of the importance of biomarkers for speeding drug development is reflected in the precise definitions and concepts proposed by an NIH Working Group to standardize terminology and promote a more coherent and systematic approach to the development and use of biomarkers. Potential clinical biomarkers of drug efficacy are often identified through pre-clinical studies or basic research. Identification of potential biomarkers for use in oncology is moving rapidly forward through continuing advances in clinical imaging technologies, especially molecular and functional imaging. Other rapid advances are a product of the growing availability of new scientific reagents for established technologies and of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies that can generate hundreds of potential biomarkers for further evaluation. In certain cases, conventional clinical diagnostic techniques or assays can be adapted for use in pre-clinical models to evaluate their ability to serve as biomarkers for predicting clinical responses to new drug candidates. Evaluation (pre-clinical and clinical) of a potential biomarker is often the longest stage of biomarker development, and standards for evaluation or validation depend on the intended use and stage of clinical development. Biomarkers verified for use in preclinical studies can be used to help select appropriate animal models and lead compounds. Biomarkers verified for use in clinical trials can confirm a drug's pharmacological or biological mechanism of action, guide protocol design, aid patient and dose selection, and help to minimize safety risks. Oncology drug development can be optimized by using a tiered set of clinical biomarkers that predict compound efficacy and safety with increasing confidence at each rise in tier thereby aiding corporate decision-making about advancing compounds. In oncology, a special class of extensively evaluated biomarkers of efficacy (surrogate endpoints) that generally correlate with desired clinical outcomes can be used as a basis for corporate decisions as well as for gaining accelerated provisional regulatory approval of a drug.
UML Sequence Diagram Based Testing Using Slicing (2006)

We present a novel testing methodology to test object oriented software based on UML sequence diagrams. In our approach we use dynamic slicing and generate test cases automatically from UML sequence diagrams. We identify the message guards on sequence diagrams and create dynamic slices with respect to each conditional predicates. We generate the test data with respect to the slice. We have formulated a test adequacy criterion named slice coverage criterion. Test cases that we generate satisfy slice test coverage. Our approach achieves adequate test coverage without unduly increasing the number of test cases. This paper also describes how dynamic slicing is used in testing.