gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Aromatase: cDNA Cloning, Southern Blot Analysis, and Assignment of the Gene to Chromosome 15 (1988)

The amino acid sequence of human placental aromatase was determined in part (about 40%) by microsequencing methods. Using a region of overlapping peptide sequences, synthetic oligonucleotide probes were constructed and used to screen a human placental lambda gt-11 cDNA library. Of a number of positive clones, one containing a 2.4-kb insert was characterized further by restriction mapping and determination of its nucleotide sequence. The cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence is in perfect agreement with the peptide sequence data, confirming that the clone encodes for aromatase. The sequence contains a 3' untranslated region of 1.2 kb, and an open-reading frame of 1.25 kb; approximately 0.3 kb is missing from the 5' end of the coding region. While exhibiting no more than 20-30% sequence homology with other mammalian cytochromes P450, it contains the highly conserved heme-binding domain, thus confirming the essential structural requirements for this class of protein. Two cDNA fragments containing sequences coding for the amino- and carboxy-portions of the protein were used to probe for the human aromatase gene by Southern blotting. The results of these studies suggest the existence of at least two human aromatase genes. The gene encoding the aromatase cDNA we cloned was assigned to human chromosome 15 using somatic cell hybrids. This gene was mapped to band 15q21.1 by in situ hybridization studies.
Three-dimensional high-resolution fast spin-echo coronary magnetic resonance angiography (2001)

Due to SNR constraints, current "bright-blood" 3D coronary MRA approaches still suffer from limited spatial resolution when compared to conventional x-ray coronary angiography. Recent 2D fast spin-echo black-blood techniques maximize signal for coronary MRA at no loss in image spatial resolution. This suggests that the extension of black-blood coronary MRA with a 3D imaging technique would allow for a further signal increase, which may be traded for an improved spatial resolution. Therefore, a dual-inversion 3D fast spin-echo imaging sequence and real-time navigator technology were combined for high-resolution free-breathing black-blood coronary MRA. In-plane image resolution below 400 microm was obtained. Magn Reson Med 45:206-211, 2001.
An evaluation of the knowledge and practices of trained traditional birth attendants in Bodinga, Sokoto State, Nigeria. (1994)

To improve Maternal and Child Health services especially in the rural areas, a programme to train traditional birth attendants (Ungo Zoma) was established by the Sokoto State government of Nigeria in 1975. The impact of the training programme on the knowledge and practices of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in a rural community in the state was studied. Seventy-four TBAs, consisting of 43 trained and 31 untrained attendants, were interviewed. Statistically significant differences were observed in the proportion of both groups of TBAs able to recognize high risk pregnancies and deliveries for referral to health institutions. In contrast to the trained attendants, none of the untrained TBAs offered any of the following Maternal and Child Health services: antenatal care, advice on immunization of children or their mothers during pregnancy, and family planning. Suggestions for improving the knowledge and practices of the TBAs in Sokoto as well as in other communities wishing to embark on similar programmes are offered.
Dynamic multi-path routing and how it compares with other dynamic routing algorithms for high speed wide area network (1992)

In this paper we describe briefly a dynamic multi-path routing scheme that has been considered for connection oriented homogeneous high speed networks. The fundamental objective of the scheme is to bridge the gap between routing and congestion control as the network becomes congested. Because propagation delay far out shadows queueing and transmission delay in high speed networks, the proposed routing scheme works as a shortest path (minimum hop) first algorithm under light traffic conditions. However as the shortest path becomes congested, the source node uses multiple paths when and if available in order to distribute the load and reduce packet loss. The scheme is a cross between Alternate Path routing and Trunk Reservation. We compare the performance of the proposed scheme with the Shortest Path Only algorithm, the Alternate Path routing algorithm, the Random Routing algorithm, and the Trunk Reservation scheme. The throughput and packet loss performance are compared via simulations. These have been carried out concentrating on a 5 node network with varying traffic patterns, the intention being to gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the various schemes.
Simulations of Damage, Crack Initiation, and Propagation in Interlayer Dielectric Structures: Understanding Assembly-Induced Fracture in Dies (2012)

Performance enhancement by lowering the dielectric constant of interlayer dielectric (ILD) materials often compromises the mechanical integrity of the dielectric stack. At the present time, fracture in the ILD stacks induced by assembly to either an organic substrate or a die stack (3-D) is an important reliability consideration. These interactions include what is popularly referred to as the chip-package interactions. In this paper, we develop insights on the potential crack initiation site within the ILD, die-substrate geometrical parameters that cause most damage, as well as insights on the manufacturing process that is critical to failure. Towards this end, we utilize analytical models based on classical elasticity theory as well as sophisticated numerical techniques that are capable of nucleating and propagating cracks at arbitrary locations within the structure without remeshing. Specifically, we analytically estimate the strength of singularities at all the possible multimaterial corners in the ILD stack to provide insight on the likely damage nucleation sites for various material configurations in the ILD stack. Two novel numerical approaches are used for fracture simulation. In the first, cracks are modeled as discontinuous enrichments over an underlying continuous behavioral approximation. In the second approach, the underlying material description is enriched with a cohesive damage description whose stiffness is evolved according to a prescribed damage law. Multilevel finite-element models are used to determine the load imposed on the ILD structure by the substrate. Maximum damage induced in the ILD stack by the above load is used as an indicator of the reliability risk. Parametric simulations are conducted by varying ILD material, die size, die thickness, as well as the solder material. Through analytical models of bonded assemblies, we identify groups of relevant dimensionless parameters to relate the numerically estimated damage in ILD stacks to the die/substrate material and geometrical parameters. We demonstrate that the damage in the ILD stack is least when the flexural rigidity of the die is matched to that of the assembled substrate. We also demonstrate that ILD damage is only weakly correlated to shear deformation on the die surface due to assembly. We generalize the above observations into mathematical fits (for use as design rules) relating damage in ILD stacks to ILD material choice, relative substrate flexural rigidity, and die size.
Effectiveness of Ultra-Low Volume Nighttime Applications of an Adulticide against Diurnal Aedes albopictus, a Critical Vector of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses (2012)

Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, continues expanding its geographic range and involvement in mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya and dengue. Vector control programs rarely attempt to suppress this diurnal species with an ultra-low volume (ULV) adulticide because for maximum efficacy applications are conducted at night. During 2009-2011 we performed experimental nighttime applications of a novel adulticide (DUET®) against field populations of Ae. albopictus within an urban site composed of approximately 1,000 parcels (home and yard) in northeastern USA. Dual applications at mid label rate of the adulticide spaced one or two days apart accomplished significantly higher control (85.0 ± 5.4% average reduction) than single full rate applications (73.0 ± 5.4%). Our results demonstrate that nighttime ULV adulticiding is effective in reducing Ae. albopictus abundance and highlight its potential for use as part of integrated pest management programs and during disease epidemics when reducing human illness is of paramount importance.
Impact of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase–producing organisms on clinical and economic outcomes in patients with urinary tract infection (2014)

UTI caused by ESBL-EK is associated with significant clinical and economic burden. The cost of care and LOS of patients with ESBL-EK UTI were 1.5 times those caused by non-ESBL-EK. Importantly, the additional cost of care is a liability to the hospital, as this is not offset by reimbursement. Appropriate and timely initial antibiotics may minimize the ESBL-EK impact on outcomes of patients with UTI.
Recent progress in the use of photoirradiation in living radical polymerization (2012)

The effects of photoirradiation in controlled and living radical polymerization (LRP), namely nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), cobalt-mediated radical polymerization (CMRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), organoiodine-mediated radical polymerization (IRP), and organotellurium-mediated radical polymerization (TERP), are summarized. As in the conventional radical polymerization, photoirradiation has been used for generating radicals under mild conditions in LRP methods. In addition to this use, photoirradiation is also used to overcome the difficulties characteristic to each method, such as activation of catalysis, generation of controlling agents, and increasing the polymer-end structure. The most-recent developments in the use of photochemistry in LRP are summarized in this review.
Gas-Phase Conjugation to Arginine Residues in Polypeptide Ions via <i>N</i>-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester-Based Reagent Ions (2012)

Gas-phase conjugation to unprotonated arginine side-chains via N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters is demonstrated through both charge reduction and charge inversion ion/ion reactions. The unprotonated guanidino group of arginine can serve as a strong nucleophile, resulting in the facile displacement of NHS from NHS esters with concomitant covalent modification of the arginine residue. This reactivity is analogous to that observed with unprotonated primary amines such as the N-terminus or ε-amino group of lysine. In solution, however, the arginine residues tend to be protonated at pH values low enough to prevent hydrolysis of NHS esters, which would render them relatively unreactive with NHS esters. This work demonstrates novel means for gas-phase conjugation to arginine side chains in polypeptide ions.
Feasibility of a Novel Gamma RadiographyMammo System (2016)

This research aims to study gamma radiography feasibility in mammography through simulation. GATE simulation package was used to define the feasibility limits and to test several parameters including energy range, activity, source size and dose. An ACR-like mammography phantom was generated in simulation and the produced images were used for visual and analytical assessments. Some images were processed and enhanced by an application developed using the Visualization Toolkit. A special technique was developed to correct the gamma radiation field inhomogeneity and a morphological operator based technique was used to automatically extract regions of interest from the simulated images to estimate the contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. The results of the analytical and visual assessments demonstrated that gamma radiation of 35 keV energy or less produces acceptable mammography images. Higher energy photons produced mammography images but did not pass the rigorous clinical acceptable tests. The maximum feasible cylindrical source size was found to be 4 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness. An Am-241 source showed to produce acceptable mammography images in simulation using energy sensitive detectors with an average glandular dose of 1.2 mGy.
Domain-dependent reasoning for visual navigation of roadways (1988)

A visual navigation system for autonomous land vehicles has been designed at the Computer Vision Laboratory of the University of Maryland. This system includes several modules, among them a 'knowledge-based reasoning module' that is described. This module utilizes domain-dependent knowledge (in this case, 'road knowledge') to analyze and label the visual features extracted from the imagery by the image processing module. Knowledge and general hypotheses are given. The reasoning module itself is described and results are presented. Some conclusions and future extensions are proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparison of Blood Pressures in the Arms and Legs (1964)

SURPRISINGLY enough, a variety of answers can be elicited from the simple question, Are blood pressures in the arms and legs the same? Such a difference of opinion is also manifested by varying reports in the literature utilizing different technics of blood-pressure measurement. Some studies employed the cuff method alone,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 whereas others used aneroid8 or other types of manometers9 10 11 and still others attempted to compare different methods.12 In many of these publications the number of subjects studied has been small. For these reasons the validity of some of the conclusions must be questioned. The majority opinion, based on various technics, . . .
Knowledge-Based Engineering Approach to Support Aircraft Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization (2010)

This paper introduces the concept of the design and engineering engine, which is a modular computational design system to support distributed multidisciplinary design and optimization of aircraft. In particular, this paper discusses the architecture and the functionalities of the multimodel generator module, which is a knowledge-based engineering application developed to model the geometry of both conventional and novel aircraft configurations and to automate the generation of dedicated models for low- and high-fidelity analysis tools. This paper demonstrates the capability of the knowledge-based engineering approach to record and automate complex engineering design processes, such as the generation of models for finite element analysis. The time reduction gained by process automation, together with the enabled use of high-fidelity analysis tools earlier in the design process, constitute significant achievements toward a broader exploitation of the multidisciplinary design and optimization methodology, as well as the development of novel aircraft configurations. I.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bivalent Ligands for the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor (2010)

Dimerization or oligomerization of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor, is now widely accepted and may have significant implications for medications development targeting these receptor complexes. A library of bivalent ligands composed of two identical CB1 antagonist pharmacophores derived from SR141716 linked by spacers of various lengths were developed. The affinities of these bivalent ligands at CB1 and CB2 receptors were determined using radiolabeled binding assays. Their functional activities were measured using GTP-γ-S accumulation and intracellular calcium mobilization assays. The results suggest that the nature of the linker and its length are crucial factors for optimum interactions of these ligands at CB1 receptor binding sites. Finally, selected bivalent ligands (5d and 7b) were able to attenuate the antinociceptive effects of the cannabinoid agonist CP55,940 (21) in a rodent tail-flick assay. These novel compounds may serve as probes that will enable further characterization of CB1 receptor dimerization and oligomerization and its functional significance and may prove useful in the development of new therapeutic approaches to G-protein-coupled receptor mediated disorders.
Guillain–Barré syndrome (2015)

Over the past three decades much has been elucidated about the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Guillain-Barré syndrome, the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Cross-reactivity between surface epitopes on the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni and peripheral nerve gangliosides has been shown to induce antibody-mediated axonal-type neuropathy in some patients. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that cause nerve damage in these patients has led to the development of novel therapies, which specifically target the complement cascade and prevent formation of the membrane attack complex. The most promising, eculizumab, is a humanized monoclonal antibody, which blocks formation of human C5a and C5b-9, and has been shown to prevent antiganglioside antibody-induced neuropathy in vitro and in a mouse model and is currently in Phase II clinical trials.
STAT4 activation in smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2004)

Activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-4 is critical for the differentiation of T-helper 1 cells/type-1 cytotoxic T-cells and the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma. Expression of STAT4, phospho-STAT4, IFN-gamma and T-box expressed in T-cells (T-bet) proteins in bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-derived lymphocytes, obtained from 12 smokers with mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 59 +/- 16% predicted), 14 smokers with normal lung function (FEV1 106 +/- 12% pred) and 12 nonsmoking subjects (FEV1 111 +/- 14% pred), was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. In bronchial biopsies of COPD patients, the number of submucosal phospho-STAT4+ cells was increased (240 (22-406) versus 125 (0-492) versus 29 (0-511) cells mm(-2)) when compared with both healthy smokers and control nonsmokers, respectively. In smokers, phospho-STAT4+ cells correlated with the degree of airflow obstruction and the number of IFN-gamma+ cells. Similar results were seen in BAL (2.8 (0.2-5.9) versus 1.03 (0.09-1.6) versus 0.69 (0-2.3) lymphocytes x mL(-1) x 10(3)). In all smokers who underwent lavage, phospho-STAT4+ lymphocytes correlated with airflow obstruction and the number of IFNgamma+ lymphocytes. T-bet expression was not altered in bronchial biopsies and BAL-derived lymphocytes between the three groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that stable mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with an active T-helper 1 cell/type-1 cytotoxic T-cell inflammatory process involving activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 and interferon-gamma production.
Abundant <i>b</i>-type ions produced in electron capture dissociation of peptides without basic amino acid residues (2007)

We have investigated electron capture dissociation (ECD) of doubly protonated peptides with few or no basic amino acid residues (BAARs). For peptides containing one His, abundant b-type ions were only found when His was located adjacent to the N-terminus. Interestingly, b-type ions, particularly b(5)(+), were found to be the dominant product ions in ECD of peptides without BAARs. Fragmentation patterns of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and vasopressin (VP), containing one Arg and one His, respectively, were compared to those of Q(8)-LHRH and oxytocin (OT) in which the BAAR is replaced with a non-BAAR. More b-type ions were found for Q(8)-LHRH and OT than for LHRH and VP. We also performed ECD of melittin and found no b-type ions from ECD of the 4+ charge state; however, many low abundance b-type ions were produced in ECD of the 5+ charge state. Possible mechanisms for the formation of b-type ions are discussed and we propose that such ions are formed as a consequence of protons being located at backbone amide nitrogens.
The procedure of developing an adhesive for paintings: the importance of valid tests (1984)

(1984). The procedure of developing an adhesive for paintings: the importance of valid tests. Studies in Conservation: Vol. 29, Preprints of the Contributions to the Paris Congress, 2-8 September 1984. Adhesives and Consolidants, pp. 13-17.
Frequency-domain equalisation without guard interval for optical transmission systems (2008)

Proposed is the first reported optical transmission system to employ frequency-domain equalisation (FDE) without a guard interval (GI). Efficient transmission of a 25 Gbit/s single-carrier (SC) with the proposed FDE is demonstrated under severe chromatic dispersion (CD) conditions. The results show that an SC with the proposed FDE is very tolerant of CD in spite of having no GI and can achieve higher transmission rates than those of conventional FDE with GI.
Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house‐spraying (2004)

Indoor residual house-spraying (IRS) mainly with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was the principal method by which malaria was eradicated or greatly reduced in many countries in the world between the 1940s and 1960s. In sub-Saharan Africa early malarial eradication pilot projects also showed that malaria is highly responsive to vector control by IRS but transmission could not be interrupted in the endemic tropical and lowland areas. As a result IRS was not taken to scale in most endemic areas of the continent with the exception of southern Africa and some island countries such as Reunion, Mayotte, Zanzibar, Cape Verde and Sao Tome. In southern Africa large-scale malarial control operations based on IRS with DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC) were initiated in a number of countries to varying degrees. The objective of this review was to investigate the malarial situation before and after the introduction of indoor residual insecticide spraying in South Africa, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique using historical malarial data and related information collected from National Malaria Control Programmes, national archives and libraries, as well as academic institutions in the respective countries. Immediately after the inception of IRS with insecticides, dramatic reductions in malaria and its vectors were recorded. Countries that developed National Malaria Control Programmes during this phase and had built up human and organizational resources made significant advances towards malarial control. Malaria was reduced from hyper- to meso-endemicity and from meso- to hypo-endemicity and in certain instances to complete eradication. Data are presented on the effectiveness of IRS as a malarial control tool in six southern African countries. Recent trends in and challenges to malarial control in the region are also discussed.
Reaction Mechanisms of Combustion Synthesis of Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> -SiC -TiN Ceramics (2007)

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