gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment of Whole Blood for Use in Immunochromatographic Assays for Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (2001)

Immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) are also referred to as rapid tests, since they are simple and the results can be obtained within minutes after manually loading a few drops of a sample into each sample well of the test device. However, whole blood cannot be tested with ICA kits due to the visual hindrance caused by the color of red blood cells (RBCs), unless a cell-removing device such as a filter is mounted on the kits. Thus, when testing with blood, the advantage of the ICA kit is lost because of the additional time and machines required to coagulate and separate whole blood before preparing the serum. To overcome this limitation, whole-blood samples were added to a pretreatment solution to decolor the RBCs; the resulting mixtures were then loaded into the sample wells of the test device. The pretreating solution was composed of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to decolor the RBCs, Sag 471 (Osi Specialties) to restrain the mixture from vigorous foaming, sodium azide (NaN(3)) to inhibit the enzyme, which generates excessive foam at the beginning of decolorization, and EDTA as a chelating agent. As a result of this pretreatment, whole blood could be used with the ICA kit without reducing its simplicity and rapidity.
Diversionary comments under political blog posts (2012)

An important issue that has been neglected so far is the identification of diversionary comments. Diversionary comments under political blog posts are defined as comments that deliberately twist the bloggers' intention and divert the topic to another one. The purpose is to distract readers from the original topic and draw attention to a new topic. Given that political blogs have significant impact on the society, we believe it is imperative to identify such comments. We then categorize diversionary comments into 5 types, and propose an effective technique to rank comments in descending order of being diversionary. To the best of our knowledge, the problem of detecting diversionary comments has not been studied so far. Our evaluation on 2,109 comments under 20 different blog posts from Digg.com shows that the proposed method achieves the high mean average precision (MAP) of 92.6%. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the effectiveness of the method is stable under different parameter settings.
Preparation of <sup>125</sup>I-Labeled Peptides and Proteins with High Specific Activity Using IODO-GEN (2003)

The reagent IODO-GEN (1,3,4, 6-tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenylglycoluril) was first introduced by Fraker and Speck in 1978 () and rapidly found widespread use for the radioiodination of both peptides and proteins (). Although the usual application of the reagent in the laboratory is for introduction of an atom of 125I, IODO-GEN has been used successfully for the preparation of proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies, labeled with 131I and 123I for use in immunoscintigraphy and positron emission tomography (-). This chapter addresses only the use of IODO-GEN to radiolabel pure peptides/proteins in aqueous solution, but iodination of proteins on the cell surface of a wide range of intact eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (-) and on subcellular organelles () has been accomplished using the reagent. The advantages of IODO-GEN over alternative reagents previously used for radiolabeling such as chloramine T, lactoperoxidase/ hydrogen peroxide, and 125I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent (N-succinimidyl-3 [4-hydroxyphenyl] propionate) are that the reaction is rapid, technically simple to perform, and gives reproducibly high levels of incorporation of radioactivity with minimal oxidative damage to the protein.
PPARγ activation reverses hypertensive remodeling of cerebral arteries (2009)

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is expressed in vascular smooth muscle and is thought to have beneficial effects on the vasculature. We tested the hypothesis that PPARγ activation could reverse pre‐existing remodeling of cerebral arteries induced by hypertension. Female SD rats were hypertensive for 5 weeks by NOS inhibition with L‐NAME (0.5 g/ml in drinking water; HTN, n=11) and compared to untreated controls (CTL, n=7). A separate group of HTN rats were given the PPARγ activator rosiglitazone (20 mg/kg in food) after 2 weeks on L‐NAME for the remaining 3 weeks (HTN+Rosi, n=8). L‐NAME increased MAP for the entire 5 weeks in both HTN and HTN+Rosi groups vs. CTL (mmHg): 134 ± 5 and 132 ± 2 vs. 111 ± 2 (p<0.01). Elevated pressure in the HTN group was associated with inward hypertrophic remodeling of posterior cerebral arteries, demonstrated by reduced inner diameters and increased wall thickness. PPARγ activation reversed remodeling and had similar diameters and wall thickness as controls. At 75 mmHg, inner diameters of isolated arteries from CTL, HTN and HTN+Rosi were (μm): 224 ± 9, 199 ± 5 (p<0.01 vs. CTL) and 217 ± 8 (ns vs. CTL) and wall:lumen ratios were 0.04 ± 0.002, 0.06 ± 0.002 (p<0.01 vs. CTL and HTN‐Rosi) and 0.04 ± 0.002 (ns vs. CTL). These data demonstrate that PPARγ activation reverses hypertensive remodeling of cerebral arteries despite significantly elevated blood pressure.
A Possible ‘Alternative’ Energy Strategy for the United Kingdom — Ad 2025 (1980)

Let us assume — without accepting it as a fact — that the world's oil and natural gas reserves will be very nearly exhausted in fifty years' time, around the year 2025. What would be the energy situation in a country like the United Kingdom?
Headspace gas chromatography to determine human low density lipoprotein oxidation (1992)

We previously described a rapid headspace gas chromatographic method for the determination of hexanal, an important decomposition product of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation in rat liver samples and human red blood cell membranes. This method was applied to the measurement of Cu2+ catalyzed-oxidation of freshly prepared human low density lipoproteins (LDL) from 10 healthy adult volunteers. A twofold variation in oxidative susceptibility was found by this assay for hexanal and other volatiles. Hexanal values correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 18:2 and n-6 PUFA contents of LDL; but poorly with 20:4 and with vitamin E. Therefore, in addition to alpha-tocopherol, other endogenous antioxidants and factors may contribute to LDL's resistance to oxidation. This simple, rapid and sensitive method for oxidative susceptibility provides a useful component in the analysis of the prooxidant/antioxidant status of biological samples. The method is used routinely in our laboratories to determine specific peroxidation products of n-6 and n-3 PUFA.
ERK activation upon hypoxia: involvement in HIF‐1 activation (2000)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor activated by hypoxia. The HIF-1 activation transduction pathway is poorly understood. In this report, we investigated the activation of extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) in hypoxia and their involvement in HIF-1 activation. We demonstrated that in human microvascular endothelial cells-1 (HMEC-1), ERK kinases are activated during hypoxia. Using dominant negative mutants, we showed that ERK1 is needed for hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transactivation activity. Moreover, using a kinase assay and Western blot experiments, we showed that HIF-1alpha is phosphorylated in hypoxia by an ERK-dependent pathway. These results evidence the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the transcriptional response to hypoxia.
Antinociceptive Response to Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated by Supraspinal Opiate and Spinal α2Adrenergic Receptors in the Rat (1996)

These data suggest that both supraspinal opiate and spinal alpha 2 adrenoceptors play a mediating role in the antinociceptive response to N2O in rats. A possible mechanism may involve a descending inhibitory noradrenergic pathway that may be activated by opiate receptors in the periaqueductal gray region of the brain stem in the rat after exposure to N2O.
The oxidation of (+)-occidentalol with t-butyl chromate (1972)

The oxidation of (+)-occidentalol (1) with t-butyl chromate affords 8-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-bicyclo[4,4,0]dec-4-ene-2,3-dione (3), (+)-2-hydroxy-9-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2,6-dimethylbicyclo [4,4,0]-dec-4-en-3-one (4), (+)-3-[2-carboxy-5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-methylcyclohexyl]but-2-enoic acid (6), and (+)-3-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[4,3,0]non-9-en-7-one (8). Mechanistic implications of the oxidation, based on the various products identified, are discussed.
SYNTHÈSE D'α CÉTOPHOSPHONATES ET D'ESTERS D'HYDROXY MÉTHYLÈNE DIPHOSPHONATES III (1989)

Abstract The phenylacetic chloride reacts with the trimethyl phosphite and the methoxy tetramethyl dioxaphospholane to give hydroxyvinyl phosphonates 1 and 6 which are starting products in the synthesis of diphosphonates 11 and 16. The reactions of crotonyl chloride a, trans cinnamoyl chloride b, methacryloyl c and dimethyl acryloylchloride d with the same phosphites are also studied. Stable spirophosphoranes 26′, 29 and 25′ are obtained from methoxy tetramethyl dioxaphospholane and a, b, c respectively; d leads quantitatively to the formation of a stable keto phosphonate 27.
Tracking the optic nerve head in OCT video using dual eigenspaces and an adaptive vascular distribution model (2005)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel ophthalmic imaging modality generating cross sectional views of the retina. OCT systems form images in 1.5 seconds by directing a superluminescent diode (SLD) beam over the retinal surface. Involuntary ocular motion may occur, however, causing incorrect locations to be imaged. This motion may leave no obvious artifacts and thus go undetected. For glaucoma monitoring especially, knowing the measurement location is crucial. The commercially available OCT system displays a near-IR video of the SLD beam traversing the retinal around the optic nerve head. We developed a prototype system to detect the nerve head and SLD beam position in this video, and report the actual scan path relative to the nerve head. This system must cope with low image contrast and few reliable retinal features. In its adaptive model generation phase, the system directly detects vasculature and the nerve head and builds an individual model of the vascular pattern. The nerve head identification is multi-tiered, using a novel, dual-eigenspace technique and a geometric comparison of detected vessel positions and nerve head hypotheses. In its operational phase, a correspondence is achieved between detected vasculature and the model. The system was evaluated on video of three subjects not used to form the eigenspaces. The system located the optic nerve head to within 5 pixels in 99% of 2800 video fields manually inspected, and was thus able to determine the true scan path relative to the nerve head.
InFRA: Interference-Aware PHY/FEC Rate Adaptation for Video Multicast over WLAN (2017)

Multi-rate forward erasure correction (FEC)-applied wireless multicast enables reliable and efficient video multicast with intelligent selection of physical (PHY) layer data rate and FEC rate. The optimal PHY/FEC rates depend on the cause of the packet losses. However, previous approaches select the PHY/FEC rates by considering only channel errors even when interference is also a major source of packet losses. We propose InFRA, an interference-aware PHY/FEC rate adaptation framework that (i) infers the cause of the packet losses based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error notifications, and (ii) determines the PHY/FEC rates based on the cause of packet losses. Our prototype implementation with off-the-shelf chipsets demonstrates that InFRA enhances the multicast delivery under various network scenarios. InFRA enables 2.3x and 1.8x more nodes to achieve a target video packet loss rate with a contention interferer and a hidden interferer, respectively, compared with the state-of- the-art PHY/FEC rate adaptation scheme. To our best knowledge, InFRA is the first work to take the impact of interference into account for the PHY/FEC rate adaptation.
Supratentorial malignant gliomas in childhood (1997)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with a survival rate significantly different from that observed in adjuvant chemotherapy studies. Systematic neuraxis staging at diagnosis and recurrence revealed a rate of neuraxis dissemination as a component of recurrence that was higher than previously reported; the utility of craniospinal irradiation in preventing isolated dissemination remains uncertain.
Molecular Imaging of Angiogenesis in Early-Stage Atherosclerosis With α <sub>v</sub> β <sub>3</sub> -Integrin–Targeted Nanoparticles (2003)

This molecular imaging approach might provide a method for defining the burden and evolution of atherosclerosis in susceptible individuals as well as responsiveness of individual patients to antiatherosclerotic therapies.
Collision resolution algorithms for CDMA systems (1990)

A study is made of collision resolution algorithms for code-division multiple-access systems. Both random and fixed code assignment are considered. Different codes are orthogonal. Two types of multiuser interference are considered. Either the well-known 0.487 algorithm or a windowed version of Capetanakis' collision resolution algorithm is used in resolving collisions. Throughput and delay are derived for each of the protocols considered. Computer simulations are provided to verify the validity of the analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Breast enlargement (2015)

Breast enlargement refers to a surgical operation to insert an implant into the breast in order to increase the size of the breast. Breast enlargement surgery is also commonly referred to as breast augmentation, breast implants, or a “boob job.” With very few exceptions, women are the consumers of breast enlargement surgeries. There are many reasons for undergoing breast enlargement surgery; these are connected to sexuality and gender. These reasons include a sense of increased confidence, as a part of sex reassignment surgery, greater economic and occupational mobility in sex work, and to reconstruct the breast post‐mastectomy.
Recent Progress in Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries: toward High‐Power Applications (2019)

The increasing demands for renewable energy to substitute traditional fossil fuels and related large-scale energy storage systems (EES) drive developments in battery technology and applications today. The lithium-ion battery (LIB), the trendsetter of rechargeable batteries, has dominated the market for portable electronics and electric vehicles and is seeking a participant opportunity in the grid-scale battery market. However, there has been a growing concern regarding the cost and resource availability of lithium. The sodium-ion battery (SIB) is regarded as an ideal battery choice for grid-scale EES owing to its similar electrochemistry to the LIB and the crust abundance of Na resources. Because of the participation in frequency regulation, high pulse-power capability is essential for the implanted SIBs in EES. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the exploration of high-power cathode and anode materials for SIB is presented, and deep understanding of the inherent host structure, sodium storage mechanism, Na<sup>+</sup> diffusion kinetics, together with promising strategies to promote the rate performance is provided. This work may shed light on the classification and screening of alternative high rate electrode materials and provide guidance for the design and application of high power SIBs in the future.
Effects of ivabradine on heart rate and left ventricular function in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2012)

Ivabradine had significant effects on several cardiovascular variables in anesthetized cats with HCM. Studies in awake cats with HCM are needed to clinically validate these findings.
CryJ-LAMP DNA Vaccines for Japanese Red Cedar Allergy Induce Robust Th1-Type Immune Responses in Murine Model (2016)

Allergies caused by Japanese Red Cedar (JRC) pollen affect up to a third of Japanese people, necessitating development of an effective therapeutic. We utilized the lysosomal targeting property of lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) to make DNA vaccines that encode LAMP-1 and the sequences of immunodominant allergen CryJ1 or CryJ2 from the JRC pollen. This novel strategy is designed to skew the CD4 T cell responses to the target allergens towards a nonallergenic Th1 response. CryJ1-LAMP and CryJ2-LAMP were administrated to BALB/c mice and antigen-specific Th1-type IgG2a and Th2-type IgG1 antibodies, as well as IgE antibodies, were assayed longitudinally. We also isolated different T cell populations from immunized mice and adoptively transferred them into naïve mice followed by CryJ1/CryJ2 protein boosts. We demonstrated that CryJ-LAMP immunized mice produce high levels of IFN-γ and anti-CryJ1 or anti-CryJ2 IgG2a antibodies and low levels of IgE antibodies, suggesting that a Th1 response was induced. In addition, we found that CD4(+) T cells are the immunological effectors of DNA vaccination in this allergy model. Together, our results suggest the CryJ-LAMP Vaccine has a potential as an effective therapeutic for JRC induced allergy by skewing Th1/Th2 responses.
Response of human squamous cell carcinoma xenografts of different sizes to irradiation: relationship of clonogenic cells, cellular radiation sensitivity in vivo, and tumor rescuing units. (1990)

The relationship of clonogenic cells, cellular radiation sensitivity at tumor control does in vivo, and tumor rescuing units at different tumor sizes was investigated in the human squamous cell carcinoma FaDu growing in NCr/Sed nude mice. The composition of the tumors was determined in single cell suspensions and compared to tumor control data after single-dose irradiation. To avoid the influence of varying oxygen concentrations in the tumors, all irradiations were performed under clamp hypoxia. Nude mice and animals further immunosuppressed by 6-Gy whole-body irradiation were used to assess the immunological effects. The numbers of total cells, cells excluding trypan blue, host cells, and colony-forming cells increased linearly with the weight of FaDu tumors. Comparable results were obtained for cell suspensions prepared from tumors growing in nude of pretreated nude mice. The radiation dose required to control 50% of tumors (TCD50) of different sizes between 36 and 470 mm3 increased from 52.1 to 60.1 Gy when the tumors were maintained in normal nude mice and from 50.8 to 61.3 Gy in whole-body-irradiated mice. The D0 of FaDu cells in vivo was calculated by regression analysis of TCD50 vs the logarithm of the clonogenic cell number, assuming an oxygen enhancement ratio of 3.0. The resultant D0S of 1.1 and 1.2 Gy in vivo correspond well to the radiosensitivity of FaDu cells in vitro determined previously. Assuming the single-hit multitarget model of cell killing and extrapolation numbers between 2 and 20, the mean number of tumor rescuing units would be 10(5) to 10(6) for a 100-mm3 tumor growing in whole-body-irradiated nude mice. Comparison of the number of tumor rescuing units to the estimated number of clonogenic cells does not conflict with the assumption that every surviving clonogenic cell is able to repopulate FaDu tumors after irradiation; however, it seems more likely that more than one clonogenic cells is necessary. The proportion of tumor rescuing units in the clonogenic cell population is independent of tumor size.
Ontology Population from Textual Mentions: Task Definition and Benchmark (2006)

In this paper we propose and investigate Ontology Population from Textual Mentions (OPTM), a sub-task of Ontology Population from text where we assume that mentions for several kinds of entities (e.g. PERSON, ORGANIZATION, LOCATION, GEO-POLITICAL _ ENTITY) are already extracted from a document collection. On the one hand, OPTM simplifies the general Ontology Population task, limiting the input textual material; on the other hand, it introduces challenging extensions to Ontology Population restricted to named entities, being open to a wider spectrum of linguistic phenomena. We describe a manually created benchmark for OPTM and discuss several factors which determine the difficulty of the task. 1
Gaynor Kavanagh, History Curatorship, Leicester Museum Studies Series, University Press, Leicester, 1990. xv + 183pp. Illus. (1991)

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Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from a Patient with Acute Bronchitis (1992)

Chlamydia was isolated from the throat of a 15-year-old male patient with acute bronchitis. The Chlamydia isolate, YK-41, was stained with FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibodies specific to C. pneumoniae and the genus Chlamydia, whereas staining of monoclonal antibody specific to C. trachomatis was negative. These results indicated that the strain YK-41 could be identified as C. pneumoniae. Serum IgM antibody against C. pneumoniae was detected in high titer in the patient in the acute phase using the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test, serum IgG antibody against C. pneumoniae demonstrated a fourfold antibody titer rise between acute and convalescent serum using MIF test. Thus, our patient almost certainly contracted acute bronchitis caused by C. pneumoniae.
A method for determining residual injury in the hematopoietic system of the x-irradiated rat. (1969)

A method was introduced to document the progressive changes in the ability of rat skeletal marrow to respond to bleeding over a span of 60 weeks following a single sublethal whole-body x-ray dose. Rats were exposed to a 170-R (200-kVp x-ray) whole-body dose. At intervals of 3, 6, 7, 10, 25, 33, 40, and 60 weeks postirradiation, half of each of the x-irradiated and control groups was bled one-third or two-thirds of the calculated blood volume (cbv) each, and their overall skeletal marrow content of nucleated RBC was determined. The remainder of the x-irradiated and control animals were measured for total marrow content of nucleated RBC without bleeding. The increase in RBC precursors on bleeding in the x-irradiated animal was compared with that found in the control animal on bleeding. This ratio (x-irradiated RBC precursor increase ÷ control RBC precursor increase) constitutes the erythroid response index (ERI) and is expressed as a percentage. An ERI value of 100% is taken to mean a lack of residual inj...