gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dauer Formation Induced by High Temperatures in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (2000)

Dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by several environmental stimuli, including a pheromone and temperature. Dauer formation is moderately induced as the growth temperature increases from 15 degrees to 25 degrees. Here we show that dauer formation is very strongly induced at a temperature of 27 degrees in both wild-type animals and mutants such as unc-64, unc-31, and unc-3, which do not form dauers at 25 degrees. A 27 degrees temperature stimulus is sufficient to induce dauer formation in wild-type animals independent of pheromone. Analysis of previously described dauer mutants at 27 degrees reveals a number of surprising results. Several classes of mutants (dyf, daf-3, tax-4, and tax-2) that are defective in dauer formation at lower temperatures reverse their phenotypes at 27 degrees and form dauers constitutively. Epistasis experiments place unc-64 and unc-31 at a different position in the dauer pathway from unc-3. We also uncover new branches of the dauer pathway at 27 degrees that are not detected at 25 degrees. We show that epistatic gene interactions can show both quantitative and qualitative differences depending on environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss some of the possible ecological implications of dauer induction by high temperatures.
New Angular-Shaped and Isomerically Pure Anthradithiophene with Lateral Aliphatic Side Chains for Conjugated Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Implications for Solution-Prossessed Organic Field-Effect Transistors and Photovoltaics (2012)

An isomerically pure anti-anthradithiophene (aADT) arranged in an angular shape is developed. Formation of the framework of aADT incorporating four lateral alkyl substituents was accomplished by a one-pot benzannulation via multiple Suzuki coupling. This newly designed 2,8-stannylated aADT monomer was copolymerized with a ditheniodiketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit and a bithiophene unit, respectively, to furnish an alternating donor–acceptor copolymer poly(anthradithiophene-alt-dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrrole) (PaADTDPP) and a thiophene-rich poly(anthradithiophene-alt-bithiophene) (PaADTT). PaADTT with crystalline nature achieved a high FET mobility of 7.9 × 10–2 cm2 V–1 s–1 with an on–off ratio of 1.1 × 107. The photovoltaic device based on the PaADTDPP:PC71BM (1:2.5, w/w) blend exhibited a Voc of 0.66 V, a Jsc of 9.49 mA/cm2, and a FF of 58.4%, delivering a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.66%. By adding 1.5 vol % 1-chloronaphthalene (CN) as a processing additive, the PCE can be improved to 4.24%. We demonstrated that these angular-shaped and alkylated aADT-based polymers have better organic photovoltaic (OPVs) and field-effect transistor (FETs) characteristics than the linear-shaped ADT-containing polymers.
New polymer syntheses. 48. Thermotropic copolyesters of 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew polymer syntheses. 48. Thermotropic copolyesters of 4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid or 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acidHans R. Kricheldorf, Frank Ruhser, and Gert SchwarzCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 18, 4990–4996Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00018a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00018a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views151Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
AN ALGORITHM TO CONSTRUCT THE CAD MODEL OF A RESIDUAL LIMB (2001)

A duplicated mold of the residual limb of an amputee is usually needed to make the socket of prosthesis for the patient. However, traditional means to duplicate a positive mold is time-consuming, patient suffering and intensive manual-efforts required. The study has developed a prototype system that allows a prosthetist to construct the computer-aided design(CAD) model of residual limb easily using it's digitized points based on the concept of reverse engineering. First of all, the topographic data of a residual limb is captured using a non-intrusive scanning machine. The scanned data is then used as the input of a self-developed system that is based on the theories of B-spline curve and lofted surface to process the digitized points. The CAD model can then be built and transferred to a computer-aided manufacturing(CAM) system to generate the code for a computer numerical control(CNC) machine to make the duplicated mold of the residual limb.
The Future of Psychiatry as Clinical Neuroscience (2009)

Psychiatry includes the assessment, treatment, and prevention of complex brain disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, developmental disorders (e.g., autism), and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer dementia). Its core mission is to prevent and alleviate the distress and impairment caused by these disorders, which account for a substantial part of the global burden of illness-related disability. Psychiatry is grounded in clinical neuroscience. Its core mission, now and in the future, is best served within this context because advances in assessment, treatment, and prevention of brain disorders are likely to originate from studies of etiology and pathophysiology based in clinical and translational neuroscience. To ensure its broad public health relevance in the future, psychiatry must also bridge science and service, ensuring that those who need the benefits of its science are also its beneficiaries. To do so effectively, psychiatry as clinical neuroscience must strengthen its partnerships with the disciplines of public health (including epidemiology), community and behavioral health science, and health economics.The authors present a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis of psychiatry and identify strategies for strengthening its future and increasing its relevance to public health and the rest of medicine. These strategies encompass new approaches to strengthening the relationship between psychiatry and neurology, financing psychiatry's mission, emphasizing early and sustained multidisciplinary training (research and clinical), bolstering the academic infrastructure, and reorganizing and refinancing mental health services both for preventive intervention and cost-effective chronic disease management.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Version 1.2014 (2014)

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive cutaneous tumor that combines the local recurrence rates of infiltrative nonmelanoma skin cancer with the regional and distant metastatic rates of thick melanoma. The NCCN Guidelines for Merkel Cell Carcinoma provide recommendations on the diagnosis and management of this aggressive disease based on clinical evidence and expert consensus. This version includes revisions regarding the use of PET/CT imaging and the addition of a new section on the principles of pathology to provide guidance on the analysis, interpretation, and reporting of pathology results.
Non-Spherical SU-8 Microlens Array Fabricated Utilizing a Novel Stamping Process and an Electro-Static Pulling Method (2009)

This paper presents a simple and novel method to fabricate non-spherical SU-8 microlens array utilizing a soft SU-8 stamping approach and an electro-static pulling process. A SU-8 based stamp composed of micro-nozzle arrays and a reservoir structure is first fabricated on a glass substrate using a process of dosage control exposure. The unexposed SU-8 encapsulated in the cross-linked SU-8 shell is used as the "ink" for the stamping process. The presented SU-8 microlens array is then formed by stamping the formed SU-8 structure on an ITO glass substrate at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of unexposed SU-8 PR. The formed SU-8 array is then electro-statically pulled in a uniform electric field to generate non-spherical microlenses with various radii of curvature. Microlens arrays with diameters ranging from 20 to 500 mum are successfully fabricated with the presented method. Measured surface roughness (Ra) of 3.84 nm and good optical uniformity confirm the optical quality of the microlens arrays fabricated with this innovative fabrication technique.
Mothers` Scaffolding during Joint Reading and Children`s Reading Development in Korea (2002)

Based on Vygotsky`s theory, this study examined dynamic processes by which Korean mothers engaged in scaffolding their children during joint reading and considered the relationship between those processes and children`s reading development. Korean mothers` scaffolding during joint reading was examined in terms of mothers` calibration and mothers` stretching. Mother`s calibration refers to how sensitive she is to rising and falling complexity shown in the responses of her child. Mother`s stretch-ing describes the difference between the cognitive complexity demanded by a mother and the cognitive complexity exhibited in her child`s responses. Eighty-one pairs of Korean mothers and their children were observed at the participants` homes. Korean mothers` scaffolding within the zone of proximal development was found in this study. In addition, mothers` stretching was positively associated with children`s leading development. The interaction between mothers` calibration and stretching significantly predicted children`s reading abilities
Processing of extended shelf life milk using microfiltration (2006)

Extended shelf life (ESL) milk was processed with integrated microfiltration (pore size 1.4 µm). The germ‐enriched retentate was not used for the final whole milk. Microfiltration led only to a negligible change in the content of the main components of the ESL product compared with the source milk. The total protein was only slightly decreased (0.02–0.03%) and the ratio of the protein fractions was unchanged within the measurement accuracy. The furosine content of the isolated fat globuline membrane fraction could be used as a diagnostic to prove cream had been subjected to high‐temperature treatment. The shelf life of the ESL milk was distinctly prolonged compared to HTST‐pasteurized milk.
Kinetics of Removal of Carbonyl Sulfide by Aqueous Monoethanolamine (2001)

The kinetics of the reaction between carbonyl sulfide and aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) were studied over a range in temperature (298-348 K) and amine concentrations (5-20 wt%) using a wetted-sphere absorber. The experimental data were interpreted using a zwitterion mechanism. The key physicochemical properties needed to interpret the data are the solubility and diffusivity of COS in the aqueous amine solution. These properties were estimated using the N2O analogy method. Experimental values of N2O solubility were correlated using an extended scaled-particle model, and the measured N2O diffusion coefficients were correlated using a modified Stokes-Einstein equation. Solution densities and viscosities were also measured and correlated in this work. On the basis of the zwitterion mechanism whose rate-limiting step was the deprotonation of a zwitterion, the Arrhenius relationship between the third-order rate constant and the temperature was well correlated with an absolute mean deviation of 0.3%. It could be thus concluded that the overall reaction rate was first-order in the COS concentration and second-order in the MEA concentration.
The crystal structure of sodium pentafluorodistannate(II), NaSn<sub>2</sub>F<sub>5</sub> (1964)

The crystal structure of sodium pentafluorodistannate(II), :NaSn2Fs, has been determined from single-crystal X-ray data. The compound is tetragonal, space group P42/nbc , with a =9-020 and c = 13-685 A, and there are eight formula units per unit cell. Anisotropic least-squares refinement was made with a final R of 5.6%. Discrete Sn2F ~" groups are observed. These complex ions consist of two SnF~. groups bridged by a fluorine atom lying on a twofold axis. The Sn2F ~-groups are linked by two Sn-F bonds of 2.53 /~ so that infinite chains of these groups lie parallel to c. The Sn-F distance in the bridge is 2.22 0.01 A and the other Sn-F distances are 2.07 0.02 and 2.08 i 0.02 A. Sodium atoms have both six and eightfold coordination with fluorine atoms.
In vitro growth of cytotoxic human lymphocytes. I. Growth of cells sensitized in vitro to alloantigens. (1978)

Human lymphocytes sensitized to allogeneic determinants in vitro were continuously cultured on medium prepared from phytohemagglutinin-(PHA-P) stimulated human mixed lymphocyte cultures. With such human-conditioned medium (HCM), human peripheral lymphoid cells could be grown in culture for over 90 days with a doulbing time of about 54 hr. Cytotoxic lymphocytes could be grown in culture for this time with no loss of cytotoxicity or change in cytotoxic specificity.
The Design and Testing of Airfoils for Application in Small Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (2006)

In recent years more focus is put on the applications of wind turbines in the urban environment. One of the ways to do this is using a turbine with a vertical axis (a VAWT). This type of wind turbines is around for many centuries. The modern equivalent which is based on lift producing blades only exists for 30 years. In this period airfoils for this application have been developed, but still much work can be done in this held. During this project a design process is developed with the purpose of improving the NACA 0018 airfoil, which is commonly used in VAWT turbines. The aerodynamics involved in VAWT are investigated to find the design goals for the airfoil characteristics. Furthermore the currently used NACA 0018, which is used as the design reference, is investigated. The two main pillars of the design process are the RFOIL program and the VAWT simulation program. RFOIL is a panel method based program with boundary layer equations which can calculate the properties of 2D airfoils. RFOIL gives accurate enough results to be a powerful design tool in the Reynolds number range from 300,000 to 700,000. The VAWT simulation program, written in MATLAB, calculates the performance of a VAWT using 2D airfoil data. The final Matlab program allows to adjust the turbines geometry, to chose from multiple airfoils and to set a dynamic stall model on or off. As such 2D airfoil characteristic from RFOIL or wind tunnel tests can be inserted to view the turbines performance with this airfoil.
On the Development of Polymer Particles for Laser Powder Bed Fusion via Precipitation (2020)

In this contribution, some aspects of the development of powder bed fusion (PBF) feedstock powders via the solution-dissolution process, also known as precipitation, are exemplary addressed based on the authors’ own work. The development is based on the selection of an appropriate polymer-solvent system, followed by the investigation of the cloud point diagram. After identification of a polymer-solvent system for precipitation, process-product relations, i.e. the influence of stirring, concentration and thermal regime on particle size distribution and shape, can be assessed. Via thorough product characterization concerning, amongst others, flowability and thermal properties, not only applicable PBF process parameters, but also necessary in-situ additive-enhancement with thermal stabilizers or post-processing with flow aids can be derived.
Scoring methods in MALDI peptide mass fingerprinting: ChemScore, and the ChemApplex program (2002)

No universally accepted score is currently available to determine when a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) experiment has been successfully carried out. We describe a software program (ChemApplex) based on a calculated parameter (Combined Protein Score) that takes into account (1) peak intensity, (2) the mass accuracy of the match, and (3) ChemScore, a theoretical intensity factor that estimates the probability of observing a particular peptide based on a combination of chemical considerations, in particular the amino acid composition of the peptide and the amino acid sequence of the amino acids that span the cleavage site. When these three factors are taken into account both at the level of individual peptides and at the protein level, protein components in mixtures whose peptides contribute less than 1% of the total intensity can often be correctly identified, as is demonstrated for mixtures of standard proteins. Moreover, it is possible to make robust database identifications that are nearly independent of the number of masses submitted and the mass error threshold used for matching. Protein scoring based on Combined Protein Score is orthogonal to many of the commonly used probability-based scoring schemes, and makes it possible to archive a more complete set of parameters that more thoroughly characterize the validity of the database match, which increases the confidence in the identifications.
The Process Of An Extradition Request To Ecuador United States Embassy In England (Analysis Of Juridical Cases Wikileaks Founder Julian Assange Of Crime Espionage) (2013)

Extradition is a formal handover which done either by the extradition treaty which was held earlier or on the basis of reciprocity, the person accused of a criminal act (the suspect, accused, defendant) or the person who has been sentenced for his crime (convicted, sentenced), the countries in which it escaped or was or hiding, the country that has the jurisdiction to prosecute or punish, as by the request of the country. From the definition can be discovered extradition contains various elements, these elements can be done from the U.S. extradition request to the Embassy of Ecuador in the UK and espionage related to the crimes committed by Julian Assange. The process of extradition requests can only be made by the country to the country, not the country with the embassy, and requests can be submitted in a formal extradition through diplomatic channels of each country. Extradition is a process based on a principle of reciprocity or by an agreements between countries. The U.S. extradition request procedure to the Ecuadorian Embassy in the UK is not in accordance with the provisions of the extradition procedure in general, due to the procedure for submission of requests and procedures to deliver or reject the submission itself with all it has to do through diplomatic channels. Espionage crime is a spy activities (intelligence / espionage) in order to gather information without the knowledge and consent of the person or institution concerned. And there is a principle of extradition which does not deliver a political crime as it relates to the universally recognized human rights which has been set out in the 1948 UDHR and 1966 ICCPR. So it can be seen that the crime of espionage is part of a political crime that can not be extradited
Direct calculation with a finite-element method of the Laplace transform of the distribution of photon time of flight in tissue (1997)

Reconstruction methods for optical tomographic imaging require the development of models of light transport in highly scattering materials. While the simulation of the full temporal response function arising from a short source light pulse is computationally expensive, there are methods to evaluate efficiently certain transforms of the temporal profile. We previously presented methods to obtain directly the Mellin Transform, which is related to the moments of the temporal intensity distribution; We introduce a similar method to calculate directly the Laplace transform. This method provides an addtional, largely independent measurement type that can be combined with the moments to improve image quality in optical tomography, in particular with respect to the simultaneous reconstruction of absorption and scattering distribution.
Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants (2010)

Environmental stresses including climate change, especially global warming, are severely affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the yield potential of major crops are routinely lost due to the unfavorable environmental factors. On the other hand, the world population is estimated to reach about 10 billion by 2050, which will witness serious food shortages. Therefore, crops with enhanced vigour and high tolerance to various environmental factors should be developed to feed the increasing world population. Maintaining crop yields under adverse environmental stresses is probably the major challenge facing modern agriculture where polyamines can play important role. Polyamines (PAs)(putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are group of phytohormone-like aliphatic amine natural compounds with aliphatic nitrogen structure and present in almost all living organisms including plants. Evidences showed that polyamines are involved in many physiological processes, such as cell growth and development and respond to stress tolerance to various environmental factors. In many cases the relationship of plant stress tolerance was noted with the production of conjugated and bound polyamines as well as stimulation of polyamine oxidation. Therefore, genetic manipulation of crop plants with genes encoding enzymes of polyamine biosynthetic pathways may provide better stress tolerance to crop plants. Furthermore, the exogenous application of PAs is also another option for increasing the stress tolerance potential in plants. Here, we have described the synthesis and role of various polyamines in abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
Review: Bioprinting: A Beginning (2006)

An increasing demand for directed assembly of biologically relevant materials, with prescribed three-dimensional hierarchical organizations, is stimulating technology developments with the ultimate goal of re-creating multicellular tissues and organs de novo. Existing techniques, mostly adapted from other applications or fields of research, are capable of independently meeting partial requirements for engineering biological or biomimetic structures, but their integration toward organ engineering is proving difficult. Inspired by recent developments in material transfer processes operating at all relevant length scales--from nano to macro--which are amenable to biological elements, a new research field of bioprinting and biopatterning has emerged. Here we present a short review regarding the framework, state of the art, and perspectives of this new field, based on the findings presented at a recent international workshop.
VLSI Implementations of Learning and Memory Systems: A Review (1990)

A large number of VLSI implementations of neural network models have been reported. The diversity of these implementations is noteworthy. This paper attempts to put a group of representative VLSI implementations in perspective by comparing and contrasting them. Design trade-offs are discussed and some suggestions for the direction of future implementation efforts are made.