gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrophilication of Activated Carbon by Impregnating Silica into Pores. (2003)

A new hydrophilic method for achieving a high-performance adsorbent by impregnating silica into pores of activated carbon has been proposed. In the process, silica-gel was synthesized in the pores of activated carbon after inserting a sodium silicate solution into the pores. Three types of activated carbon were tested to produce hydrophilic activated carbon and to investigate the hydrophilicity by measuring the adsorption isotherms of water vapor and pore structure characteristics. The proposed method worked effectively for adding hydrophilicity to activated carbon, since all of adsorption isotherms of the material treated with this method shifted to a lower region of water vapor pressure than that of the raw material. The shift to a lower relative pressure of adsorption isotherm was maximum when the concentration of sodium silicate solution was 1 mass%.
Shuttle Orbiter stellar-inertial reference system (1983)

The Space Shuttle stellar-inertial reference system is a velocity and attitude data source during flight operations. An overview of the reference system is presented as well as specifics discussing design concepts, functional operation, and performance capabilities. Techniques for star sighting and inertial measurement unit alignment and calibration are described, and alignment accuracy, star tracker capability, and gyro and accelerometer accuracy are discussed, with emphasis on flight test results. Test programs have confirmed that the system meets performance requirements such as being accurate to within 0.26 degree at the 400,000 foot altitude entry interface in order to execute an accurate touchdown, as well as demonstrating reusability, payload capability, and operational flexibility. Growth possibilities, such as the implementation of rendezvous target tracking, are discussed.
New Optical Memory Structure Using Self-Assembled InAs Quantum Dots (1995)

We propose a new optical memory structure using self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) for possible applications to wavelength-domain-multiplication memory, which should lead to increase memory density. Data stored in this memory structure can be read using photocurrent and then erased electrically. In a preliminary study, we confirmed the memory effect of photocurrent caused by the InAs QDs for the first time. A retention time of 0.48 ms for the memory was obtained at 300 K.
The room temperature reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen with the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase from Escherichia coli (1994)

When grown under O2-limited conditions, Escherichia coli expresses a cytochrome bd quinol oxidase that has an unusually high affinity for O2. We have studied the reaction of cytochrome bd with CO and O2 by rapid-reaction spectrophotometry. The reduced enzyme forms a photosensitive ferrocytochrome d-CO complex, and following photolysis, CO recombines with the reduced enzyme with a bimolecular rate of 8 x 10(7) M-1 s-1. Reaction of CO-bound enzyme with O2 gives a CO off-rate of 1.6 s-1. The O2 reaction is followed by a flow-flash procedure in which CO-ligated enzyme is mixed with O2, and the reaction commenced by photolysis of cytochrome d-CO. In the presence of O2, two processes are resolved on a time-scale of 300 microseconds. The absorbance at 645 nm first increases at a rate that is dependent on O2 concentration with a value of 2 x 10(9) M-1 s-1. The second phase results in decreased absorbance at 645 nm and increased absorbance at 680 nm. The rate of the second process is independent from O2 concentration above 50 microM O2 and reaches a first-order limit of 1 x 10(4) s-1. A model for the reaction of the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase with O2 is proposed in which an initial ferrocytochrome d-oxy adduct forms, and then decays to a ferryl-oxo species. The oxidation of the low-spin cytochrome b component of the oxidase, monitored at 560 nm, occurs at the same time as the ferryl species forms. We suggest that the suitability of the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase to function at low O2 concentration is conferred by its rapid rate of binding O2.
Abnormally spliced β-globin mRNAs: a single point mutation generates transcripts sensitive and insensitive to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (2002)

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) represents a phylogenetically widely conserved splicing- and translation-dependent mechanism that eliminates transcripts with premature translation stop codons and suppresses the accumulation of C-terminally truncated peptides. Elimination of frameshifted transcripts that result from faulty splicing may be an important function of NMD. To test this hypothesis directly, this study used the IVS1 + 5 G>A thalassemia mutation of the human beta-globin gene as a model system. We generated beta-globin gene constructs with this mutation and an iron-responsive element in the 5' untranslated region, which allowed specific experimental activation and inactivation of translation and, hence, NMD of this transcript. Premessenger RNAs with IVS1 + 5 G>A were spliced at normal sites and cryptic sites, enabling a direct comparison of the effect of NMD on the accumulation of normal and frameshifted messenger RNAs. In transfected HeLa cells, the predominant frameshifted transcript was degraded under conditions of active NMD, whereas accumulation to high levels occurred under conditions of specifically disabled NMD, thereby indicating an important physiologic function of NMD in the control of the splicing process. An unexpected finding was that accumulation of a second aberrant transcript remained unaffected by NMD. The IVS1 + 5 G>A mutation thus revealed the presence of an unknown cis-acting determinant that influences the NMD sensitivity of a putative NMD substrate. It can therefore serve as a useful tool for defining the mechanisms that permit specific transcripts to circumvent the NMD pathway.
On power-law relationships of the Internet topology (1999)

Despite the apparent randomness of the Internet, we discover some surprisingly simple power-laws of the Internet topology. These power-laws hold for three snapshots of the Internet, between November 1997 and December 1998, despite a 45% growth of its size during that period. We show that our power-laws fit the real data very well resulting in correlation coefficients of 96% or higher.Our observations provide a novel perspective of the structure of the Internet. The power-laws describe concisely skewed distributions of graph properties such as the node outdegree. In addition, these power-laws can be used to estimate important parameters such as the average neighborhood size, and facilitate the design and the performance analysis of protocols. Furthermore, we can use them to generate and select realistic topologies for simulation purposes.
The use of maggots in head and neck necrotizing fasciitis (2002)

Historically maggots have been used to clean necrotic war wounds. With the ready availability of sterile maggots, they are being used increasingly in surgical practice. Although maggots have most frequently been employed in the management of necrotic wounds and ulcers involving the lower limb, we have identified a particularly useful application in the head and neck and describe a case in which maggots played a significant part in the successful treatment of a florid necrotizing cervical fasciitis in a patient, who was unfit for repeated surgical debridement.
Teleamination of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine system (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTeleamination of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine systemE. Smakula Hand and William W. PaudlerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 14, 2900–2906Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00408a033https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00408a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1120Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular cloning and characterization of β1,4‐<i>N</i>‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferases IV synthesizing <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′‐diacetyllactosediamine<sup>1</sup> (2004)

A sequence highly homologous to beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase III (beta4GalNAc-T3) was found in a database of human expressed sequence tags. The full-length open reading frame of the gene, beta4GalNAc-T4 (GenBank accession number AB089939), was cloned using the 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. It encodes a typical type II transmembrane protein of 1039 amino acids having 42.6% identity with beta4GalNAc-T3. The recombinant enzyme transferred N-acetylgalactosamine to N-acetylglucosamine-beta-benzyl with a beta1,4-linkage to form N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine as did beta4GalNAc-T3. In specificity toward oligosaccharide acceptor substrates, it was quite similar to beta4GalNAc-T3 in vitro, however, the tissue distributions of the two enzymes were quite different. These results indicated that the two enzymes have similar roles in different tissues.
An implementation of ultrasonic water meter using dToF measurement (2017)

A method of the ultrasonic transmission time difference (ToF) flow measurement is the one which is mainly applied to large diameter flow meters by incorporating high power digital signal processing devices. In this paper, we propose a ToF-type ultrasonic water meter which can be applied to small diameter flow meters such as water meters at home. Unlike the existing ToF method, a differential ToF (dToF) algorithm is proposed to calculate the flow rate irrespective of the water temperature. We have also focused on low-power design by minimizing the computational portion of the micro-controller. To do this, a measuring principle using dToF has been implemented with a single front-end chip and a single MCU.
Some Correlating Principles of Detergent Action (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Correlating Principles of Detergent ActionWalter C. Presto and Walter PrestonCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1948, 52, 1, 84–97Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1948https://doi.org/10.1021/j150457a010RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views671Altmetric-Citations133LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (729 KB) Get e-Alerts
A new concept for a non punch through IGBT with MOSFET like switching characteristics (2003)

An IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor) is presented which is based on bulk silicon material without a buffer layer. In contrast to other devices the carrier lifetime was kept as high as possible. It is shown that such a device with a breakdown voltage of 1400 V and a short-circuit capability of 1200 V at 20 V gate voltage has on-state and switching losses that are not higher-maybe even lower- than those of a buffer layer device if its backside p-emitter efficiency is kept low enough.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The interferon‐stimulated gene 54 K promoter contains two adjacent functional interferon‐stimulated response elements of different strength, which act synergistically for maximal interferon‐α inducibility (1994)

The interferon-alpha(IFN-alpha)-regulated hamster ISG-54 K gene, which is activated in hamster CHO-12 cells at least 40-fold, was isolated and the promoter region was characterized in detail. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two elements, closely related to the interferon-stimulated-response-element (ISRE) consensus sequence [AGTTTCNNTTTC(CT)]. The putative ISRE-I sequence (GGTTTCAATTTCT) is located at position -97 to -85; ISRE-II (AGTTTTACTTTCT), which differs at three positions from ISRE-I, is found directly upstream of ISRE-I at position -110 to -98. In a transient transfection assay in CHO-12 cells the wild-type hamster ISG-54K-promoter-chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase (CAT) reporter construct showed a 40-80-fold induction, offering an excellent model to study the functional properties of the two ISRE. To find out whether both elements were functional in interferon regulation of the promoter, selected point mutations were introduced in the -110 to -85 region and in flanking sequences. The (mutated) ISG-54 K promoter was linked to the CAT reporter gene and transiently expressed in CHO cells in the absence and presence of murine (Mu)IFN-alpha 6. Transfections showed that both the -97 to -85 (ISRE-I) and the -110 to -98 (ISRE-II) segment were needed for optimal interferon induction of the ISG-54 K promoter. However, ISRE-I has an approximately sevenfold stronger activity compared to ISRE-II. Sequential substitution of the three ISRE-I bases, which differ in ISRE-II showed that the T at position -105 causes the lower activity of ISRE-II. Transfection of ISG-54 K promoter constructs, in which ISRE-I was replaced by ISRE-II, which generates a promoter with two ISRE-II segments, and vice versa (two ISRE-I), provided further evidence for a role of both elements in IFN-alpha induction. Importantly, all data obtained in transfection studies show that the two ISRE cooperate synergistically. The mechanism of synergism is most probably an indirect interaction between transcription factors binding to the ISRE, because an increase in the spacial arrangement of the two ISRE with a complete helical turn or half a turn did not result in a substantial decrease in promoter activity.
Blocking PAR2 alleviates bladder pain and hyperactivity via TRPA1 signal (2016)

Bladder disorders associated with interstitial cystitis are frequently characterized by increased contractility and pain. The goals of this study were to examine 1) the effects of blocking proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on the exaggerated bladder activity and pain evoked by cystitis and 2) the underlying mechanisms responsible for the role of PAR2 in regulating cystic sensory activity. The protein expression of PAR2 was amplified in rats with cystitis by inducing it with systemic administration of cyclophosphamide (CYP) as compared with control rats. Blocking PAR2 by intrathecal infusion of PAR2 antagonist FSLLRY-NH2 attenuated bladder hyperactivity and pain. In addition, blocking PAR2 attenuated the transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) signal pathway, whereas inhibition of the TRPA1 decreased bladder hyperactivity and pain. The data revealed specific signaling pathways leading to CYP-induced bladder hyperactivity and pain, including the activation of PAR2 and TRPA1. Inhibition of these pathways alleviates cystic pain. Targeting one or more of these signaling molecules may present new opportunities for treatment and management of overactive bladder and pain often observed in cystitis.
The guide to glass 3D printing: developments, methods, diagnostics and results (2011)

Purpose This purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the steps and processes behind successfully adapting novel materials, namely virgin glass and recycled glass, to three‐dimensional printing (3DP). Design/methodology/approach The transition from 3DP ceramic systems to glass systems will be examined in detail, including the necessary modifications to binder systems and printing parameters. The authors present preliminary engineering data on shrinkage, porosity, and density as functions of peak firing temperature, and provide a brief introduction to the complexities faced in realizing an adequate and repeatable firing method for 3D printed glass. Findings Shrinkage behavior for the 3D printed recycled glass showed significant anisotropy, especially beyond peak firing temperatures of 730°C. The average shrinkage ratios for the slow‐ and fast‐axes to the Z ‐axis were 1:1.37 and 1:2.74, respectively. These extreme differences can be attributed to the layer‐by‐layer production method and binder burn‐off. At 760°C, the apparent porosity reached a minimum of 0.36 percent, indicative of asymptotic behavior that approaches a fully dense 3DP glass specimen. At low firing temperatures, the bulk density was similar to water, but increased to a maximum of 2.41 g/cm 3 . This indicates that 3DP recycled glass can behave similarly to common glass with accepted published bulk densities ranging from 2.4‐2.8 g/cm 3 . Research limitations/implications Heating schedule analysis and optimization may reduce geometric variations, therefore, the firing method should be investigated in greater depth. Originality/value This paper provides a guide to successfully adopting glass to commercially available 3DP hardware. This research has also enabled rapid prototyping of recycled glass, a monumental step towards a sustainable future for 3DP.
Reinforcement Learning in R (2018)

Reinforcement learning refers to a group of methods from artificial intelligence where an agent performs learning through trial and error. It differs from supervised learning, since reinforcement learning requires no explicit labels; instead, the agent interacts continuously with its environment. That is, the agent starts in a specific state and then performs an action, based on which it transitions to a new state and, depending on the outcome, receives a reward. Different strategies (e.g. Q-learning) have been proposed to maximize the overall reward, resulting in a so-called policy, which defines the best possible action in each state. Mathematically, this process can be formalized by a Markov decision process and it has been implemented by packages in R; however, there is currently no package available for reinforcement learning. As a remedy, this paper demonstrates how to perform reinforcement learning in R and, for this purpose, introduces the ReinforcementLearning package. The package provides a remarkably flexible framework and is easily applied to a wide range of different problems. We demonstrate its use by drawing upon common examples from the literature (e.g. finding optimal game strategies).
2008 Australian Mining Technology Conference: Smart Technologies for Sustaining the Minerals Boom (2008)

Several oncogenic signaling pathways altered upon DAC treatment were detected with significant enrichment. We represented the association between these cancers by depicting the landscape of common and specific variation affecting them.
Hydrogen sensing properties of a Pt-oxide-GaN Schottky diode (2008)

The interesting hydrogen sensing properties of a Pt-oxide-GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor-type Schottky diode are comprehensively studied and demonstrated. In the hydrogen-containing environment, the shift in current-voltage curves and decrease in turn-on voltage are found to be caused by the lowering of Schottky barrier height. Also, the corresponding series resistance is decreased from 191.8 (in air) to 155.3 Ω (for a 9970 ppm H2/air gas) at 30 °C. As the carrier gas is replaced by a nitrogen gas, a significant variation of 0.32 V and 19.56 Ω in the turn-on voltage Von and series resistance Rs values, respectively, is obtained at 30 °C, even at an extremely low hydrogen concentration of 4.3 ppm H2/N2. Since the oxygen atoms will be dissolved on the Pt metal surface and react with hydrogen atoms by the formation of hydroxyl and water, the number of adsorbed hydrogen atoms on the Pt surface is reduced. Moreover, the shorter response time constant and the larger initial rate of current density variation are found even at room temperature.
Speculatively vectorized bytecode (2011)

Diversity is a confirmed trend of computing systems, which present a complex and moving target to software developers. Virtual machines and just-in-time compilers have been proposed to mitigate the complexity of these systems. They do so by offering a single and stable abstract machine model thereby hiding architectural details from programmers.
Granular polymer solution (2002)

We have measured the spectrum of fluctuations in the size of a granular polymer in a granular solvent. The system consists of a linear chain of plastic spheres immersed in a planar fluid of self-propelled balls. The time average of the end-to-end length r of the chain scales with the number of links N according to <r(2)> approximately N2nu, with nu=0.75+/-0.01. This provides an experimental test of the theoretical value nu=3 / 4 of the critical exponent for a self-avoiding random walk in two dimensions. The measured probability distribution P(r) is compared with the universal function of the scaling theory.
Ultra-wideband impulse radar (2002)

The requirement for improved performance, in terms of range resolution and target identification, for a range of radar applications, has led to a special category of radar system design. Ultra-wideband radar use a variety of modulation methods such as impulse, FMCW, step frequency, phase coded, etc., but all share the common feature of operation at very high percentage bandwidths, that is, greater than 25% and often 100%. A family tree of the various design approaches is shown. In the case of a radar using an impulse as its excitation, this bandwidth is the instantaneous bandwidth, as opposed to the case of an FM chirp, for example, where the signal is swept through the bandwidth at a rate determined by the radar performance requirements. There are special considerations which apply to ultra-wideband radar systems and in particular impulse radar systems and these fundamentally relate to the fact that whereas the narrowband radar system and hence analysis treats most quantities in terms of power and hence phase information is lost, the wideband radar deals with actual voltages and hence phase information is retained.