gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applying the Rule of Reason to Two–Sided Platform Businesses (2018)

In recent years, the federal courts’ analysis of the competitive effects of conduct challenged under the Sherman Act’s rule of reason, which generally includes market definition as a critical step, has been properly guided by sensitivity to business reality and sound economic analysis of the conduct at issue. When it comes to two–sided platforms, the courts should adhere to that same flexible but principled approach and avoid rigid alternatives that would apply regardless of the platform, conduct, or fact–pattern. In Ohio v. American Express Co., (Case No. 16–1454), now before the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. Department of Justice as well as some law professors and economists wrote as amici in support of the Petitioners. They proposed analytical frameworks that would, first, require courts to restrict the relevant antitrust market to the side of the platform that is the subject of the challenged conduct and, second, to then exclude the impact of the conduct on the other side of the platform for the purposes of establishing anticompetitive effects under the first stage of the rule of reason inquiry. Such a rigid approach could lead courts, and possibly require them, to ignore business reality, sound economics, and fact patterns in analyzing alleged anticompetitive conduct by platform enterprises and defining relevant antitrust markets. Following this approach could result in tribunals wrongly exonerating behavior that is anticompetitive or wrongly condemning behavior that is not. This approach should be rejected in favor of accounting for the business realities of two–sided platforms just as the courts have generally done for enterprises.
Hot-electron-ring physics (1982)

Separate abstracts were prepared for each of the 16 included papers. (MOW)
Lentiviral Vectors (2011)

Lentiviral vectors have evolved over the last decade as powerful, reliable, and safe tools for stable gene transfer in a wide variety of mammalian cells. Contrary to other vectors derived from oncoretroviruses, they allow for stable gene delivery into most nondividing primary cells. In particular, lentivectors (LVs) derived from HIV-1 have gradually evolved to display many desirable features aimed at increasing both their safety and their versatility. This is why lentiviral vectors are becoming the most useful and promising tools for genetic engineering, to generate cells that can be used for research, diagnosis, and therapy. This chapter describes protocols and guidelines, for production and titration of LVs, which can be implemented in a research laboratory setting, with an emphasis on standardization in order to improve transposability of results between laboratories. We also discuss latest designs in LV technology.
Cavity-enhanced resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with optical feedback cw diode lasers: A novel technique for ultratrace gas analysis and high-resolution spectroscopy (2010)

Cavity-enhanced resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with optical feedback cw diode lasers (OF-CERPAS) is introduced as a novel technique for ultratrace gas analysis and high-resolution spectroscopy. In the scheme, a single-mode cw diode laser (3 mW, 635 nm) is coupled into a high-finesse linear cavity and stabilized to the cavity by optical feedback. Inside the cavity, a build-up of laser power to at least 2.5 W occurs. Absorbing gas phase species inside the cavity are detected with high sensitivity by the photoacoustic effect using a microphone embedded in the cavity. To increase sensitivity further, coupling into the cavity is modulated at a frequency corresponding to a longitudinal resonance of an organ pipe acoustic resonator (f=1.35 kHz and Q approximately 10). The technique has been characterized by measuring very weak water overtone transitions near 635 nm. Normalized noise-equivalent absorption coefficients are determined as alpha approximately 4.4x10(-9) cm(-1) s(1/2) (1 s integration time) and 2.6x10(-11) cm(-1) s(1/2) W (1 s integration time and 1 W laser power). These sensitivities compare favorably with existing state-of-the-art techniques. As an advantage, OF-CERPAS is a "zero-background" method which increases selectivity and sensitivity, and its sensitivity scales with laser power.
Host cell proteins in biotechnology‐derived products: A risk assessment framework (2015)

To manufacture biotechnology products, mammalian or bacterial cells are engineered for the production of recombinant therapeutic human proteins including monoclonal antibodies. Host cells synthesize an entire repertoire of proteins which are essential for their own function and survival. Biotechnology manufacturing processes are designed to produce recombinant therapeutics with a very high degree of purity. While there is typically a low residual level of host cell protein in the final drug product, under some circumstances a host cell protein(s) may copurify with the therapeutic protein and, if it is not detected and removed, it may become an unintended component of the final product. The purpose of this article is to enumerate and discuss factors to be considered in an assessment of risk of residual host cell protein(s) detected and identified in the drug product. The consideration of these factors and their relative ranking will lead to an overall risk assessment that informs decision-making around how to control the levels of host cell proteins.
Chagas' disease: IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies to T. cruzi amastigote, trypomastigote and epimastigote antigens in acute and in different chronic forms of the disease (1990)

In an attempt to find a better T. cruzi antigen and possible immunological markers for the diagnosis of different clinical forms of Chagas'disease, amastigote and trypomastigote antigens obtained from immunosuppressed mice infected with T. cruzi (Y strain) were assessed in comparison with conventional epimastigote antigens. A total of 506 serum samples from patients with acute and with chronic (indeterminate, cardiac and digestive) forms, from nonchagasic infections, and from healthy individuals were assayed in immunofluorescence (IF) tests, to search for IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies. Amastigote proved to be the most convenient antigen for our purposes, providing higher relative efficiency indexes of 0.946, 0.871 and 0.914 for IgG, IgM and IgA IF tests, respectively. Anti-amastigote antibodies presented higher geometric mean titers (GMT) than anti-trypomastigote and anti-epimastigote. Anti-amastigote IgG antibodies were found in all forms of Chagas'disease, and predominantly IgA antibodies, in chronic digestive and in acute forms, as well as IgM antibodies, in latter forms. Thus, tests with amastigote antigen could be helpful for screening chagasic infections in blood banks. Practical and economical aspects in obtaining amastigotes as here described speak in favour of its use in developing countries, since those from other sources require more complex system of substruction, specialized personnel or equipment.
High‐Nitrogen‐Based Pyrotechnics: Longer‐ and Brighter‐Burning, Perchlorate‐Free, Red‐Light Illuminants for Military and Civilian Applications (2011)

The full-up prototype testing of perchlorate-free, hand-held, signal illuminants for the US Army's M126A1 red star parachute hand-held signal is described. Compared to the perchlorate-containing control, the disclosed illuminants yielded excellent stabilities toward various ignition stimuli while offering superior pyrotechnic performance. Militarily, the illuminants provided further evidence that development of smaller hand-held signal items in an environmentally conscious way is a realistic and obtainable goal. The results are also important from the perspective of civilian fireworks, as the development of brighter, longer-burning, and environmentally compatible red-light-emitting pyrotechnics is now possible.
The Effect of Intraocular Pressure on Human and Rabbit (1999)

REsULTS. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect of intraocular pressure on both human and rabbit scleral permeability. Human scleral permeability was decreased by as much as a factor of two for water (P = 0.0004), dexamethasone (P < 0.0001), and carboxyfluorescein (P = 0.0064) at elevated intraocular pressures. Rabbit scleral permeability was similarly affected by elevated in­ traocular pressure for water (P = 0.0039), dexamethasone (P = 0.0001), and carboxyfluorescein (P = 0.0016). CoNCLUSIONS. This study shows that simulated intraocular pressure ranging from 15 to 60 mm Hg can decrease scleral permeability to small molecules by one half when compared with the sclera with no pressure applied. (In­ vest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:3054-3058)
The transcriptional regulation role of BRD7 by binding to acetylated histone through bromodomain (2005)

Studies showed that the bromodomain binds to acetyl-lysines on histone tails, which is involved in deciphering the histone codes. BRD7, a novel bromodomain gene, is the first described bromodomain gene involved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous studies showed that ectopic expression of BRD7 inhibited cell growth and cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase in HNE1 cells (a NPC cell line) by transcriptionally regulating some cell cycle related genes including E2F3 gene. In the present study, we revealed the co-localization between acetylated H3 and BRD7 and found that the bromodomain of BRD7 is required for this co-localization. More importantly, wild-type BRD7 interacted with H3 peptide acetylated at Lys14, while the bromodomain deleted mutant lost this ability. We also found that the mutant BRD7 failed to regulate E2F3 promoter activity and inhibit cell cycle progression. These results indicated that the transcriptional regulation role of BRD7 was achieved by binding to acetylated histone H3 and that the bromodomain was essential for this role. In addition, no obvious changes were observed in the acetylated level of histone H3 after transfection with BRD7, indicating that chromatin remodeling, not chromatin modification, is the major mechanism of BRD7 mediated gene transcription. Taken together, the present work shed light on the fact that a novel bromodomain gene, BRD7, is of importance in transcriptional regulation and cellular events including cell cycle.
Properties of Functionally Graded Zirconia Coating by Gas Tunnel Type Plasma Spraying (1998)

Abstract The one problem of zirconia (ZrO2) coatings is control of the porosity, because the functionality of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and so on are required for their application in the extreme environment. In this study, a high hardness and dense ZrO2 coatings is formed by a gas tunnel type plasma spraying under the condition of a short spraying distance. The properties of this ZrO2 coating formed are investigated about coating qualities, such as Vickers hardness characteristics, wear characteristic, etc. The graded functionality of this coating is clarified by the coating qualities.
Evaluation of a Sol-Gel Derived Nafion/Silica Hybrid Membrane for Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications: I. Proton Conductivity and Water Content (2001)

Sol-gel derived Nafion®/silica hybrid membranes were investigated as a potential polymer electrolyte for fuel cell applications. Membrane proton conductivity and water content were measured as a function of temperature, water vapor activity, and silica content. The hybrid membranes have a higher water content at 25 and 120°C, but not at 150 and 170°C. Despite the higher water content, the proton conductivities in the hybrid membranes are lower than, or equal to, that in unmodified Nafion membranes under all conditions investigated. The proton conductivity of the hybrid membrane decreases with increasing silica content under all conditions. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
A virtual machine emulator for performance evaluation (Summary) (1979)

Virtual machines have long been used for functional testing of operating systems and to obtain the services of multiple operating systems from a single machine. They have not been used for performance evaluation however, because the timing observed by a program executing in a virtual machine is unpredictable and dependent on such factors as system load, real operating system overhead, real scheduling, etc. System level performance evaluation of hardware and operating systems has typically been done by hardware prototyping and dedicated machine benchmarking.
Electroviscosity of a Cholesteric Liquid-Crystal Mixture (1969)

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Characterization of index changes in silicone- and nonsilicone-based hydrogel polymers induced by femtosecond micromachining (2007)

Diffraction gratings and optical waveguides are micro-machined inside hydrogel polymers containing up to 80% water using a 93 MHz Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser with 27 fs pulses. Index changes as large as +0.06 are observed.
Single Point PICA Probing with an Avalanche Photo-Diode (2001)

Abstract For time resolved hot carrier emission from the backside, an alternate approach is demonstrated termed single point PICA. The single point approach records time resolved emission from an individual transistor using time-correlated-single-photon counting and an avalanche photo-diode. The avalanche photo-diode has a much higher quantum efficiency than micro-channel plate photo-multiplier tube based imaging cameras typically used in earlier approaches. The basic system is described and demonstrated from the backside on a ring oscillator circuit.
Spectroscopy of extended red emission in reflection nebulae (1990)

This paper reports the results of a spectroscopic survey of reflection nebulae, aimed at studying the characteristics of the broad emission feature responsible for the extended red emission (ERE) observed in these objects. The ERE band was detected and its strength, central wavelength, and width were measured in 12 nebulae, while upper limits were recorded in 12 further objects. The maximum ERE band intensity was found to vary from object to object within an extremely narrow range, while the associated scattered light intensities differed by nearly two orders of magnitude. The ERE band is interpreted as arising from the photoluminescence of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (HAC) grains which become rehydrogenated and gain luminescence efficiency in narrow H2 photodissociation zones. These zones are probably thin shells around the exciting stars. Observed changes in the central wavelengths and widths of the ERE bands detected in different parts of a given nebula, and from nebula to nebula, support the HAC model and are explained as arising from variations in the degree of hydrogenation to the solid grains.
SiC MOSFET Aging Detection Based on Miller Plateau Voltage Sensing (2019)

Harsh operating environment and high temperature swings introduce die and packaging related degradations in SiC MOSFETs causing potential system failures. This paper proposes a new SiC MOSFET state-of-health monitoring approach based on Miller plateau voltage sensing. To age the SiC devices in a short time, power cycling test is applied. During the aging process, the device's static parameters and switching transients are evaluated. From the comprehensive assessment results, the Miller plateau voltage is found to be a promising aging precursor for SiC devices. Targeting at aging detection, a practical monitoring circuit is proposed for Miller plateau voltage measurement. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method is valid for on-board SiC MOSFET aging detection during system start-up within microseconds.
α<sub>2A</sub>- and α<sub>2C</sub>-Adrenergic Receptors Form Homo- and Heterodimers:  The Heterodimeric State Impairs Agonist-Promoted GRK Phosphorylation and β-Arrestin Recruitment (2006)

Dimerization of seven transmembrane-spanning receptors diversifies their pharmacologic and physiologic properties. The alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2)AR) subtypes A and C are both expressed on presynaptic nerves and act to inhibit norepinephrine release via negative feedback. However, in vivo and in vitro studies examining the roles of the two individual alpha(2A)- and alpha(2C)AR subtypes are not readily reconciled. We tested the hypothesis that the receptors form homo- and heterodimers and that the alpha(2A)-alpha(2C) heterodimer has unique properties. SDS-PAGE of epitope-tagged receptors revealed potential oligomers including dimers. BRET of live HEK-293 cells transfected with the subtypes fused to Rluc or YFP revealed that both subtypes form dimers and the heterodimer. A lower BRET(50) for the alpha(2A)-alpha(2C) heterodimer (0.79 +/- 0.20) compared to that of the alpha(2A) or alpha(2C) homodimer (2.331 +/- 0.44 or 3.67 +/- 0.69, respectively) suggests that when both subtypes are expressed, there is a greater likelihood that the two receptors will form the heterodimer than homodimers. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed homo- and heterodimer formation. The presence of the alpha(2C)AR within the heterodimer resulted in a marked reduction in the level of GRK2-mediated alpha(2A)AR phosphorylation, which was accompanied by a qualitative attenuation of beta-arrestin recruitment. Signaling of the alpha(2A)-alpha(2C) heterodimer to the beta-arrestin-dependent activation of Akt was decreased compared to that of the alpha(2A)AR homodimer, while p44/p42 MAP kinase activation was unaffected. Thus, the alpha(2C)AR alters alpha(2A)AR signaling by forming oligomers, and these complexes, which appear to be preferred over the homodimers, should be considered a functional signaling unit in cells in which both subtypes are expressed.
Identifying new small molecule anti-invasive compounds for glioma treatment (2013)

Glioblastoma is a disease with poor survival rates after diagnosis. Treatment of the disease involves debulking of the tumor, which is limited by the degree of invasiveness of the disease. Therefore, a treatment to halt the invasion of glioma is desirable for clinical implementation. There have been several candidate compounds targeting specific aspects of invasion, including cell adhesions, matrix degradation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement, but they have failed clinically for a variety of reasons. New targets against glioma invasion include upstream mediators of these classical targets in an effort to better inhibit invasion with more specificity for cancer. Included in these treatments is a new class of compounds inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species by targeting the NADPH oxidases. These compounds stand to inhibit multiple pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B and Akt. By conducting a screen of compounds thought to inhibit these pathways, a new compound to halt invasion was found that may have a beneficial effect against glioma, based on recent publications. Further, there are still limitations to the treatment of glioblastoma regardless of the discovery of new targets and compounds that should be addressed to better the therapies against this deadly cancer.
정당설립의 자유 - 정당등록제도와 등록요건, 정당등록취소제도의 위헌성 검토 (2016)

한국의 정당은 1945년 광복 직후 미군정기에 이미 300개나 생겨났는데, 이는 오늘날 민주주의가 고도로 발전한 영국이나 프랑스에 400여 개의 정당이 존재하는 것과 비슷한 숫자이고, 140여개의 정당이 존재하는 독일보다도 훨씬 많은 숫자이다. 그러나 70여년이 지난 현재 한국의 정당은 20개 남짓 존재하며 하나의 정당이 유지되는 기간도 평균 3년이 되지...
Transplantation of a combination of CD133<sup>+</sup> and CD34<sup>+</sup> selected progenitor cells from alternative donors (2003)

Positive selected haematopoietic stem cells are increasingly used for allogeneic transplantation with the CD34 antigen employed in most separation techniques. However, the recently described pentaspan molecule CD133 appears to be a marker of more primitive haematopoietic progenitors. Here we report our experience with a new CD133-based selection method in 10 paediatric patients with matched unrelated (n = 2) or mismatched-related donors (n = 8). These patients received a combination of stem cells (median = 29.3 x 10(6)/kg), selected with either anti-CD34 or anti-CD133 coated microbeads. The proportion of CD133+ selected cells was gradually increased from patient to patient from 10% to 100%. Comparison of CD133+ and CD34+ separation procedures revealed similar purity and recovery of target populations but a lower depletion of T cells by CD133+ selection (3.7 log vs. 4.1 log, P < 0.001). Both separation procedures produced >90% CD34+/CD133+ double positive target cells. Engraftment occurred in all patients (sustained primary, n = 8; after reconditioning, n = 2). No primary acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) >/= grade II or chronic GvHD was observed. The patients showed a rapid platelet recovery (median time to independence from substitution = 13.5 d), whereas T cell regeneration was variable. Five patients are alive with a median follow-up of 10 months. Our data demonstrates the feasibility of CD133+ selection for transplantation from alternative donors and encourages further trials with total CD133+ separated grafts.
An MPTCP Option for Network-Assisted MPTCP Deployments: Plain Transport Mode (2016)

Because of the lack of Multipath TCP (MPTCP) support at the server side, some service providers now consider a network-assisted model that relies upon the activation of a dedicated function called MPTCP concentrator. This document focuses on a deployment scheme where the identity of the MPTCP concentrator(s) is explicitly configured on connected hosts. This document specifies an MPTCP option that is used to avoid the encapsulation of packets and out-of-band signaling between the CPE and the MPTCP concentrator. Also, this document specifies how UDP traffic, in particular, can be distributed among available paths by leveraging MPTCP capabilities.
Electrostatic behaviour of materials in a charging space environment (2003)

Electrostatics is one of the major concerns of spacecraft technology. Space is filled with hot and low-density plasma building up high differential voltages resulting in electrostatic discharges, sometimes causing an anomalous behavior of spacecraft electronics. The interaction of the satellite with its environment induces a static charge of the various materials which it is made of. The flow and the evacuation of the charges would require a conductive satellite. Unfortunately, the reality is different and satellites are covered with dielectric materials highly resistant for thermo-optic specific purpose. It is resulting in an absolute charge value of the structure of the satellite and in a differential charge built-up between its components that can be at the origin of electrostatic discharges which consequences can end up in the loss of the satellite itself. Typical anomalies are reviewed; it is shown how they can be recognized as consequences of environmental induces discharges. The distribution of charges over different parts of the spacecraft is depending of ambient conditions: plasma temperature and density and sun illumination. Surface and internal charging are possible; they result in dielectric or metal arcing discharges. Understanding of charging phenomena allows us to define mitigation techniques by controlling charging, electromagnetic interference. Finally, we end with the presentation of what it is done in France and in Europe though activities in the domain of space environment in order to take into account problems in a more general context.
Enhancing traditional criminal intelligence operations: Proposal for a central open source intelligence support concept (1998)

Significant advances in the areas of technology and communication are having a profound effect on the quantity of information openly available to law enforcement and the way in which such information can be accessed and exploited. The increasing availability of information sources and services to assist in tapping these sources provide law enforcement with an opportunity, and perhaps an ongoing challenge, to totally rethink how we deal with information processing.