gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technology of GaAs metal&#8212;Oxide&#8212;Semiconductor solar cells (1977)

The growth of an oxide interfacial layer was recently found to increase the open-circuit voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</inf> ) and efficiency by up to 60 percent in GaAs metal-semiconductor solar cells. Several oxidation techniques have been developed which will provide the necessary oxide thickness and chemical structure. Details of these techniques using ozone, water-vapor-saturated oxygen, or oxygen gas discharges are described, as well as apparent crystallographic orientation effects. Preliminary results of the oxide chemistry obtained from X-ray, photoelectron spectroscopy are given. Ratios of arsenic oxide to gallium oxide of unity or less seem to be preferable. Samples with the highest V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</inf> predominantly have As <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+3</sup> in the arsenic oxide rather than As <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+5</sup> . A major difficulty at this time is a reduction in open-circuit Voltage by 100-200 mv when the antireflection coating is vacuum deposited. Without this effect, values of about 750 mV for V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</inf> and 15-percent efficiency with air mass of 1 sun can be obtained with single-crystal GaAs. All techniques are compatible with polycrystalline GaAs thin films.
Toleranzentwicklung unter Opioidgabe - Molekulare Mechanismen und klinische Bedeutung (2003)

Most likely genetic difference in opioid receptor synthesis and difference in their affinities for various ligands is the cause for the wide margin of dose variability in patients (genetic polymorphism). Once tolerance to the analgesic effect of the opioid is observed and in order to avoid unnecessary further development of tolerance, simultaneous administration of other receptor mediated analgesics is advocated. In the perioperative period strategies like the multimodal analgesic concept is fostered. It consists of the simultaneous administration of low-dose ketamine, co-administration of an alpha 2-agonist, and the administration of a selective COX-2 inhibitor (refecoxib, parecoxib) respectively. In chronic pain therapy combined administration with either dextromethorpharphane, or opioid rotation of a more potent ligand such as methadone, fentanyl TTS or oxycodone is suggested. Since conversion factors are not reliable in opioid rotation, it is best to start off with 50 % of the equivalent dose and rapidly titrate to the desired effect. With regard to tolerance development in the ICU, co-administration of an alpha 2-agonist (clonidine, dexmedetomidine), and daily intermittent cessation of benzodiazepine administration are advocated. Since continuous dosing of an opioid, commonly handled in the ICU setting is more likely to induce tolerance, intermittent administration is advocated. Taken together, there is an abundance of experimental data which suggests, that with every dose of an opioid several adaptive processes are being initiated. Due to genetic polymorphism such adaptation is seen clinically with striking individual different dosages, the degree and the time of onset of tolerance. Although tolerance development may result in staggering doses of an opioid, there is no reason to evade the use of such agents. On the contrary, the concept of multimodal analgesia consisting of the simultaneous use of analgesics with a different mode of action can counteract tolerance development.
A Sparse regularization approach for ultrafast ultrasound imaging (2015)

Ultrafast imaging based on plane-wave (PW) insonification is an active area of research due to its capability of reaching high frame rates. Several approaches have been proposed either based on either of Fourier-domain reconstruction or on delay-and-sum (DAS) reconstruction. Using a single PW, these techniques achieve low quality, in terms of resolution and contrast, compared to the classic DAS method with focused beams. To overcome this drawback, compounding of several steered PWs is needed, which currently decreases the high frame rate limit that could be reached by such techniques. Based on a compressed sensing (CS) framework, we propose a new method that allows the reconstruction of high quality ultrasound (US) images from only 1 PW at the expense of augmenting the computational complexity at the reconstruction.
Characteristics of high reflection mirror with an SiO<sub>2</sub>top layer for multilayer dielectric grating (2007)

The high reflection (HR) mirror composed of dielectric stacks with excellent spectrum characteristics and high damage resistant ability is critical for fabricating multilayer dielectric (MLD) grating for pulse compressor. The selection of the SiO2 material as the top layer of the HR mirror for grating fabrication is beneficial for improving the laser-induced damage threshold of MLD grating as well as minimizing the standing-wave effect in the photoresist during the exposure process. Based on an (HLL)9H design comprising quarter-waves of HfO2 (H) and half-waves of SiO2 (L), we obtain an optimal design of the HR mirror for MLD grating, the SiO2 top layer of which is optimized with a merit function including both the diffraction efficiency of the MLD grating and the electric field enhancement in the grating. Dependence of the performance of the MLD grating on the fabrication error of the dielectric mirror is analysed in detail. The HR mirror is also fabricated by E-beam evaporation, which shows good spectral characteristics at the exposure wavelength of 413 nm and at the operation wavelength of 1053 nm and an average damage threshold of 10 J cm−2 for a 12 ns pulse.
High-brilliance Zeeman-slowed cesium atomic beam (1999)

We have built a Zeeman-slower apparatus which produces a slow and cold cesium atomic beam. The atomic beam has a mean velocity in the range 35--120 m/s and a high atomic current of more than $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}$ cold atoms/s. A small longitudinal velocity spread was achieved by optimizing the termination of the slowing process. The measured value of less than 1 m/s is consistent with a numerical simulation of the slowing process. With a magnetic lens and a tilted two-dimensional optical molasses stage, the slow atomic beam is transversely compressed, collimated, and deflected. We achieve a transverse temperature below the Doppler limit. The brilliance of this beam has been determined to be $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{23}$ atoms ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ By optical pumping the slow atomic beam can be polarized in the outermost magnetic substates ${F=4,m}_{F}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4,$ of the cesium ground state. This brilliant beam is an ideal source for experiments in atom optics and atom lithography.
Control of heme metabolism with synthetic metalloporphyrins. (1986)

Studies with synthetic metal-porphyrin complexes in which the central iron atom of heme is replaced by other elements indicate that those heme analogues that cannot be enzymatically degraded to bile pigments possess novel biological properties that may have considerable clinical as well as experimental value. Such studies have revealed the important role that the central metal atom plays in determining the physiological and pharmacological properties of metal-porphyrin complexes; and they have demonstrated that the form in which animals and humans are exposed to trace metals, i.e., inorganic, organified, porphyrin-chelated, etc., can be of great importance in determining the biological responses that such elements elicit, especially with respect to actions on heme synthesis and degradation and cytochrome P-450 formation and function. Study of the biological properties of synthetic metalloporphyrins represents a potentially fruitful area of research and the results may have significant value for basic as well as clinical disciplines.
Modeling chemical process systems via neural computation (1990)

The use of neural nets for modeling nonlinear chemical systems is discussed. Three cases are considered: a steady-state reactor, a dynamic pH stirred tank system, and interpretation of biosensor data. In all cases, a back-propagation net is used successfully to model the system. One advantage of neural nets is that they are inherently parallel and, as a result, can solve problems much faster than a serial digit computer. Furthermore, neural nets have the ability to learn. Rather than programming neural computers, one presents them with a series of examples, and from these examples the nets learn the governing relationships involved in the training database.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sample phenotype clusters in high-density oligonucleotide microarray data sets are revealed using Isomap, a nonlinear algorithm (2005)

Visualization of Isomap models provides useful tools for exploratory analysis of microarray data sets. In most instances, Isomap models explain more of the variance present in the microarray data than PCA or MDS. Finally, Isomap is a promising new algorithm for class discovery and class prediction in high-density oligonucleotide data sets.
Simple data-driven modeling of brushes (2010)

We present a new and simple data-driven technique for modeling 3D brushes for use in realistic painting programs. Our technique simplifies and accelerates simulation of the constrained dynamics of brushes by using a small lookup table that efficiently encodes the range of feasible constrained states. The result is a brush model which runs an order of magnitude faster than previous physics-based methods, while at the same time delivering greater deformation fidelity.
Large-scale and Scalable Latent Factor Analysis via Distributed Alternative Stochastic Gradient Descent for Recommender Systems (2020)

Latent factor analysis (LFA) via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is highly efficient in discovering user and item patterns from high-dimensional and sparse (HiDS) matrices from recommender systems. However, most LFA-based recommender systems adopt a standard SGD algorithm, which suffers limited scalability when addressing big data. On the other hand, most existing parallel SGD solvers are either under the memory-sharing framework designed for a bare machine or suffering high communicational costs, which also greatly limits their applications in large-scale systems. To address the above issues, this article proposes a distributed alternative stochastic gradient descent (DASGD) solver for an LFA-based recommender. Its training-dependences among latent features are decoupled via alternatively fixing one-half of the features to learn the other half following the principle of SGD but in parallel. It's distribution mechanism consists of efficient data partition, allocation and task parallelization strategies, which greatly reduces its communicational cost for high scalability. Experimental results on three large-scale HiDS matrices generated by real-world applications demonstrate that the proposed DASGD algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art distributed SGD solvers for recommender systems in terms of prediction accuracy as well as scalability. Hence, it is highly useful for training LFA-based recommenders on large scale HiDS matrices with the help of cloud computing facilities.
A simple approach for non‐invasive transcranial optical vascular imaging (nTOVI) (2015)

In vivo imaging of cerebral vasculature is highly vital for clinicians and medical researchers alike. For a number of years non-invasive optical-based imaging of brain vascular network by using standard fluorescence probes has been considered as impossible. In the current paper controverting this paradigm, we present a robust non-invasive optical-based imaging approach that allows visualize major cerebral vessels at the high temporal and spatial resolution. The developed technique is simple to use, utilizes standard fluorescent dyes, inexpensive micro-imaging and computation procedures. The ability to clearly visualize middle cerebral artery and other major vessels of brain vascular network, as well as the measurements of dynamics of blood flow are presented. The developed imaging approach has a great potential in neuroimaging and can significantly expand the capabilities of preclinical functional studies of brain and notably contribute for analysis of cerebral blood circulation in disorder models. An example of 1 × 1.5 cm color-coded image of brain blood vessels of mouse obtained in vivo by transcranial optical vascular imaging (TOVI) approach through the intact cranium.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Mobile Closed-Loop Control (2020)

In meeting its coprimary end points, superiority of CLC over SAP in CGM-measured time below 3.9 mmol/L and noninferiority in CGM-measured time above 10 mmol/L, the study has demonstrated that mobile CLC is feasible and could offer certain usability advantages over embedded systems, provided the connectivity between system components is stable.
Discrete Synapse Recurrent Neural Network for nonlinear system modeling and its application on seismic signal classification (2010)

For a lumped nonlinear modeling of the relationship between input and output sequences, Discrete Synapse Recurrent Neural Network (DSRNN) is proposed using fully Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) structure and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm for its training. The training process is more efficient and there is less output error and more stability than in the previous study using feedforward networks. DSRNN is applied to a task of seismic signal classification to discriminate footsteps and vehicles from background. Temporal features of the signals were modeled using data recorded in the deserts of Joshua Tree, CA. The proposed classifier showed 0.3% false recognition rate for the recognition of human footsteps, 0.9% for vehicle, and 0.0% for background. The models were able to reject quadrupedal animal's footsteps (in this study a trained dog). The system rejected dog's footsteps with 0.2% false recognition rate.
Werner helicase relocates into nuclear foci in response to DNA damaging agents and co‐localizes with RPA and Rad51 (2001)

Background Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disorder with many features of premature ageing. Cells derived from WS patients show genomic instability, aberrations in the S‐phase and sensitivity to genotoxic agents. The gene responsible for WS ( WRN ) encodes a DNA helicase belonging to the RecQ helicase family. Although biochemical studies showed that the gene product of WRN (WRNp) interacts with proteins that participate in DNA metabolism, its precise biological function remains unclear . Results Using immunocytochemistry, we found that WRNp forms distinct nuclear foci in response to DNA damaging agents, including camptothecin (CPT), etoposide, 4‐nitroquinolin‐N‐oxide and bleomycin. The presence of aphidicolin inhibited CPT‐induced WRNp foci strongly but not bleomycin‐induced foci. These WRNp foci overlapped with the foci of replication protein A (RPA) almost entirely and with the foci of Rad51 partially, implicating cooperative functions of these proteins in response to DNA damage. We also found that WRNp foci partially co‐localize with sites of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxy‐uridine incorporation . Conclusions These findings suggest that WRNp form nuclear foci in response to aberrant DNA structures, including DNA double‐strand breaks and stalled replication forks. We propose that WRNp takes part in the homologous recombinational repair and in the processing of stalled replication forks .
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibition protects motor neurons from death in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models (2003)

Approximately 10% of cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive and fatal degeneration that targets motor neurons (MNs), are inherited, and approximately 20% of these cases of familial ALS (FALS) are caused by mutations of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase type 1. Glutamate excitotoxicity has been implicated as a mechanism of MN death in both ALS and FALS. In this study, we tested whether a neuroprotective strategy involving potent and selective inhibitors of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), which converts the abundant neuropeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate to glutamate, could protect MNs in an in vitro and animal model of FALS. Data suggest that the GCPII inhibitors prevented MN cell death in both of these systems because of the resultant decrease in glutamate levels. GCPII inhibition may represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of ALS.
A cholera toxin substrate regulates cyclic GMP content of rat pinealocytes. (1987)

The adrenergic regulation of cyclic GMP in isolated pinealocytes was investigated. In this cell, norepinephrine stimulates cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP greater than 100-fold by activating both alpha 1- and beta-adrenoceptors. beta-Adrenergic activation is a requisite event and is potentiated by alpha 1-adrenergic activation (Vanecek, J., Sugden, D., Weller, J. L., and Klein, D. C. (1985) Endocrinology 116, 2167-2173). The current study found that cholera toxin could substitute for beta-adrenergic agonists in stimulating pinealocyte cyclic GMP content, as has been found to be the case for cyclic AMP. Treatment with cholera toxin alone (1 microgram/ml for 90 min) had a small effect (2- to 4-fold increase) on cyclic GMP; addition of the alpha 1-adrenergic agonists, phenylephrine, cirazoline, or methoxamine to cholera toxin-treated cells rapidly (peak at 5 min) caused a further 30- to 300-fold increase. The alpha 1-adrenergic agonists had little effect by themselves at concentrations which potentiated the effects of cholera toxin. The potentiating effect of phenylephrine was inhibited nearly completely by an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist, but not by either an alpha 2- or beta-adrenergic antagonist. The purified cholera toxin subunits A and B did not stimulate cyclic GMP either alone or in the presence of phenylephrine. Furthermore, the potentiating action of phenylephrine was observed following 90 min but not 20 min of cholera toxin pretreatment. these results suggest that the regulation of cyclic GMP levels in the pineal gland involves an Ns-like GTP-binding regulatory protein. This is of interest because it is the first indication that cyclic GMP is regulated by such a GTP-binding protein in nonretinal tissue. It remains to be determined whether the mechanisms involved in the transmembrane regulation of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in any other tissue are similar.
Biomarkers in atrial fibrillation: a clinical review (2013)

Assessment of atrial fibrillation (AF)-associated stroke risk is at present mainly based on clinical risk scores such as CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc, although these scores provide only modest discrimination of risk for individual patients. Biomarkers derived from the blood may help refine risk assessment in AF for stroke outcomes and for mortality. Recent studies of biomarkers in AF have shown that they can substantially improve risk stratification. Cardiac biomarkers, such as troponin and natriuretic peptides, significantly improve risk stratification in addition to current clinical risk stratification models. Similar findings have recently been described for markers of renal function, coagulation, and inflammation in AF populations based on large randomized prospective clinical trials or large community-based cohorts. These new findings may enable development of novel tools to improve clinical risk assessment in AF. Biomarkers in AF may also improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of AF further as well as potentially elucidate novel treatment targets. This review will highlight novel associations of biomarkers and outcomes in AF as well as recent progress in the use of biomarkers for risk stratification.
Mechanistic Modeling of Emulsion Formation and Heat Transfer During the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Process (2009)

Abstract Even in the absence of flow barriers and other reservoir heterogeneities, current SAGD models underestimate heavy oil recovery, and are generally seen to be inaccurate in predicting important production characteristics like steam oil ratio (SOR) and water oil ratio (WOR), when compared against experimental or field data. It has been hypothesized by some researchers that water-in-oil emulsions are formed at the steam-oil interface. It is our premise that transport of these emulsion droplets into the bitumen phase facilitates convective heat transfer resulting in improved recovery. Incorporating these effects is key to accurately modeling the SAGD process. Unfortunately, the physics of emulsion formation and transport in porous media is not well understood, and current simulators do not have the capability to directly model such effects. A new approach that models the emulsion droplets as chemical species and accounts for the dispersion and adsorption phenomena is implemented in this paper. This model utilizes the features available in most commercial simulators in order to model emulsion generation, propagation and coalescence in porous media. The results from such a mechanistic simulation are compared against published SAGD experimental data. Our results show significant improvement from previous SAGD models and bolster the argument that emulsions are responsible for a key heat transport mechanism during SAGD. The simulation is also being used currently to design laboratory experiments to verify the formation of emulsions and their net effect on heat transfer.
Monitoring Technique for Water Treatment Membrane Processes (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Development of Fouling Monitoring Techniques Dynamic Analysis of Online Fouling Monitoring Conclusions and Future Perspectives References
Contour grouping with prior models (2003)

Conventional approaches to perceptual grouping assume little specific knowledge about the object(s) of interest. However, there are many applications in which such knowledge is available and useful. Here, we address the problem of finding the bounding contour of an object in an image when some prior knowledge about the object is available. We introduce a framework for combining prior probabilistic knowledge of the appearance of the object with probabilistic models for contour grouping. A constructive search technique is used to compute candidate closed object boundaries, which are then evaluated by combining figure, ground, and prior probabilities to compute the maximum a posteriori estimate. A significant advantage of our formulation is that it rigorously combines probabilistic local cues with important global constraints such as simplicity (no self-intersections), closure, completeness, and nontrivial scale priors. We apply this approach to the problem of computing exact lake boundaries from satellite imagery, given approximate prior knowledge from an existing digital database. We quantitatively evaluate the performance of our algorithm and find that it exceeds the performance of human mapping experts and a competing active contour approach, even with relatively weak prior knowledge. While the priors may be task-specific, the approach is general, as we demonstrate by applying it to a completely different problem: the computation of human skin boundaries in natural imagery.
<title>Surface shape measurement using a wavelength-scanning Fizeau interferometer</title> (1999)

We have developed a wavelength scanning Fizeau interferometer for surface profilometry. This interferometer is free from ambiguity of the sign of the resultant profile. It is more compact and robust for disturbance such as vibration than the Michelson interferometer used previously. Experimental results from a step and a dip on mirror surfaces are shown. We could measure a step 1.1 mm high. We also could map a part of a coin but with a noisy result. Origins of the noises are also discussed.