gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevention of delayed emesis with metoclopramide and dexamethasone in patients receiving moderately emetogenic cytotoxic treatment. (1995)

Forty-three untreated cancer patients receiving moderately emetogenic polychemotherapy entered a phase II trial in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of metoclopramide (40 mg every 6 hrs) and dexamethasone (8 mg every 12 hrs) in the prevention of delayed emesis (days 2-3). For the control of acute emesis all patients received on day 1 ondansetron 8 mg for 3 times. Results of antiemetic treatment were as follows: complete/major protection from acute emesis (day 1) was observed in 72%/88% of patients. Worst day analysis of delayed emesis (days 2 and 3) showed that complete/major protection was obtained in 93%/95% of cases, respectively. Delayed nausea was not as well controlled: complete/major protection was observed in 44%/79% of patients. Extrapyramidal reactions occurred in 3 patients and moderate epigastric pain was reported by 3 patients. Since control of acute emesis could be one of the most important factors influencing delayed emesis, the absence of acute symptoms in 72% of our patients may be partially responsible for the excellent control of delayed emesis. The combination of metoclopramide and dexamethasone is a feasible and effective treatment for delayed emesis in outpatients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.
Control of Cereal Seed-borne Diseases by Hot Humid Air Seed Treatment (2004)

Treatment of cereal seed using hot, humid air, or aerated steam, was investigated as a method for control of seed-borne diseases. The influence of important treatment parameters on the vitality of the seed and of the pathogen was determined. Optimum strategies of treatment time and air humidity were proposed for effective disinfestation with maintained seed viability. The process of heat and moisture transfer between the treatment air and the seed was clarified and it was concluded that quick heating with humid air for a short time, immediately followed by rapid cooling, gives a partly selective heating of external layers of the seed where most of the important cereal seed-borne pathogens are located. By taking the discussed physical relations into account, the improved viability equation of Ellis & Roberts was modified for prediction of post-treatment germinability and infestation rate with considerably reduced error. Tolerance to high temperatures was tested for a large number of seed lots. Different species were differently influenced by high temperatures. Due to variations in growing and storage history among seed lots, individual lots differ in heat tolerance. Due to such factors, the tolerance to high temperatures varies also within seed lots. However, the optimum temperature for thermal treatment of a seed lot can be found by pre-testing procedures. The influence of seed storage on the effect of the aerated steam treatment was investigated, both for treatments performed after storage and for seed stored after the treatment. Long-term storage of seed infested with pathogens persistent to storage reduced the disinfestation rate obtained from the treatment both when the seeds were stored before and after the treatment. When long-term storage is required before or after the treatment, the seeds should be stored at low temperature and at low moisture content. The optimized treatment method was evaluated in extensive experiments in six European countries. It was concluded that the method is capable of controlling most cereal seed-borne diseases equally with chemical seed dressing, exceptions being those where the pathogen is located deeply within the seed. The method can also control many important seed-borne diseases on other crops.
Immobilization of Polymer‐protected Metal Colloid Catalysts by the Formation of Polymer Hydrogen Bond Complexes (1996)

poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-(PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol-(PVA) protected nanoscopic noble metal colloidal catalysts were immobilized to prepare the corresponding heterogeneous catalysts by forming polymer hydrogen bond complexes of polyacrylic acid (PAA) with PVP or PVA. A PVP–PAA–Pd catalyst was found to be very active and selective for the partial hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene.
Photochemistry and Thermal Decarboxylation of α‐Phosphoryloxy‐<i>p</i>‐nitrophenylacetates (2009)

Alpha-carboxy-4-nitrobenzyl phosphate 4 and its derived monomethyl phosphate ester 5 were synthesized and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. A gradient of LiCl was necessary for elution of the anion-exchange column to avoid unexpected thermal decarboxylation that occurred during vacuum evaporation when the volatile triethylammonium bicarbonate buffer was used. Photolysis of each compound was accompanied by decarboxylation, and 4 released inorganic phosphate with near-100% stoichiometry. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of the photolysis reaction, coupled with density functional theory calculations of vibrational frequencies, enabled us to infer a mechanism for the photolytic pathway, although there was some evidence for a second pathway also being operative. In contrast to the results for 4, photolysis of 5 appeared to release little or no monomethyl phosphate.
A novel low-cost mobile robot for rapid prototyping of precision farming applications (2014)

Experimental research in precision farming is a significant challenge due to the considerable resources required to perform field experiments. Simulating the field environment is a frequently used technique which is useful for functional software tests, but beyond that it is necessary to perform field experiments using field robots which is typically a demanding task in terms of time consumption and logistics. Small indoor robots are sometimes used to emulate the larger field robots which allows for rapid prototyping and intermediate testing in the laboratory before moving to the field experiments.<br/><br/>In this work we present a novel FrobitPro robot platform designed for rapid prototyping of FroboMind field robot applications. FrobitPro has a fundamental design similar to many current wheeled and tracked robots such as the Kongskilde Robotti, and the workflow of migrating from simulation to FrobitPro to field robot is therefore merely a matter of using different low level interface components. The FrobitPro robot is capable of carrying larger sensors such as RTK- GNSS, LIDAR and 3d stereo vision cameras. The platform supports interchangeable wheels for accurate indoor driving as well as outdoor driving in semi-rugged terrain such as grass fields and bare soil.<br/><br/>This paper presents the FrobitPro robot and describes two use cases in current research projects, namely the Grassbots project which focuses on harvesting of grass on lowland areas for biofuel production and the SAFE project focusing on safe perception and behavior in autonomous agricultural machines.
Extending Lifetimes of Lanthanide-Based Near-Infrared Emitters (Nd, Yb) in the Millisecond Range through Cr(III) Sensitization in Discrete Bimetallic Edifices (2003)

A [Cr(alpha,alpha'-diimine)3]3+ chromophore is used as a donor for sensitizing NdIII and YbIII near-infrared (NIR) emitters in the heterobimetallic helicates [LnCrIIIL3]6+. The intramolecular CrIII --> LnIII energy transfer process controls the population of the lanthanide-centered emitting levels, thus leading to unprecedented extension of the NIR luminescence decay times in the millisecond range for Nd and Yb ions incorporated in coordination complexes.
Second Impact Syndrome (2009)

A controversial term first described by Saunders and Harbaugh1 in 1984, Second Impact Syndrome (SIS) consists of two events. Typically, it involves an athlete suffering post-concussive symptoms following a head injury.2 If, within several weeks, the athlete returns to play and sustains a second head injury, diffuse cerebral swelling, brain herniation, and death can occur. SIS can occur with any two events involving head trauma. While rare, it is devastating in that young, healthy patients may die within a few minutes. Emergency physicians should be aware of this syndrome and counsel patients and their parents concerning when to allow an athlete to return to play. Furthermore, we present guidelines for appropriate follow up and evaluation by a specialist when necessary.
A review of the effect of human milk fractions on the adherence of diarrheogenic Escherichia coli to the gut in an animal model. (1994)

We conducted studies showing that nonimmunoglobulin fractions of human milk or colostrum inhibited the adherence of certain diarrheogenic Escherichia coli to the gut. This activity resisted boiling and digestion with trypsin, but was nearly abolished by periodate treatment. The inhibitory activity is therefore related to carbohydrate residues in human milk that probably act as receptor analogues.
Total ionizing dose effects on MOS and bipolar devices in the natural space radiation environment (1998)

Mechanisms that control the response of MOS and bipolar devices to ionizing radiation in the natural space environment are briefly reviewed. Standard tests based on room-temperature irradiation and elevated temperature annealing are described for MOS devices to bound the effects of oxide and interface-trap charge in space. For bipolar devices that exhibit enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity, a standard test equivalent to that developed for MOS devices is not available. However, screening techniques based on room temperature and/or elevated temperature irradiations are described which can minimize the risk to spacecraft and satellite electronics from this phenomenon.
Mutation as a Stress Response and the Regulation of Evolvability (2007)

Our concept of a stable genome is evolving to one in which genomes are plastic and responsive to environmental changes. Growing evidence shows that a variety of environmental stresses induce genomic instability in bacteria, yeast, and human cancer cells, generating occasional fitter mutants and potentially accelerating adaptive evolution. The emerging molecular mechanisms of stress-induced mutagenesis vary but share telling common components that underscore two common themes. The first is the regulation of mutagenesis in time by cellular stress responses, which promote random mutations specifically when cells are poorly adapted to their environments, i.e., when they are stressed. A second theme is the possible restriction of random mutagenesis in genomic space, achieved via coupling of mutation-generating machinery to local events such as DNA-break repair or transcription. Such localization may minimize accumulation of deleterious mutations in the genomes of rare fitter mutants, and promote local concerted evolution. Although mutagenesis induced by stresses other than direct damage to DNA was previously controversial, evidence for the existence of various stress-induced mutagenesis programs is now overwhelming and widespread. Such mechanisms probably fuel evolution of microbial pathogenesis and antibiotic-resistance, and tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance, all of which occur under stress, driven by mutations. The emerging commonalities in stress-induced-mutation mechanisms provide hope for new therapeutic interventions for all of these processes.
Modula-2 : programming with data structures (1986)

Part One. Introduction to Modula-2. Getting started. Introducing Modula-2. Elementary types, input/output, procedures, and an example. Part Two: Data structures. Types in Modula-2. Modules. Dynamic data structures. Sorting. Low-level facilities. Appendices - A: The standard libraries. B: Some criticisms of Pascal. C: Useful or instructive programs. D: Odds and ends. Index.
Transformation of Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> Catalyzed by Protic Ionic Liquids: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolidinones (2015)

Protic ionic liquids (PILs), such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecenium 2-methylimidazolide [DBUH][MIm], can catalyze the reaction of atmospheric CO2 with a broad range of propargylic amines to form the corresponding 2-oxazolidinones. The products are formed in high yields under mild, metal-free conditions. The cheaper and greener PILs can be easily recycled and reused at least five times without a decrease in the catalytic activity and selectivity. A reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of a detailed DFT study which indicates that both the cation and anion of the PIL play key synergistic roles in accelerating the reaction.
Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease: Patterns of worldwide occurrence and the significance of familial and sporadic clustering (1979)

The worldwide epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is presented from an analysis of 1,435 patients. In the United States, the average annual mortality rate is at least 0.26 deaths per million. Temporal-spatial clustering of cases was not found in the United States, but reports from other countries indicate that such clustering does occur. Fifteen percent of the cases were of the familial type, suggesting a genetic susceptibility to infection. Iatrogenic transmission by corneal transplantation and neurosurgical operations has occurred, and the possibility is raised that previous surgery or preexisting neurological operations has occurred, and the possibility is raised that previous surgery or preexisting neurological disease may be associated with an increased risk of developing CJD. It remains to be determined whether the virus of CJD is maintained only by patient-to-patient transmission, has a zoonotic reservoir such as scrapie, or causes widespread latent infection of man that is occasionally activated.
Bayesian, and Non-Bayesian, Cause-Specific Competing-Risk Analysis for Parametric and Nonparametric Survival Functions: The <i>R</i> Package <b>CFC</b> (2019)

The R package CFC performs cause-specific, competing-risk survival analysis by computing cumulative incidence functions from unadjusted, cause-specific survival functions. A high-level API in CFC enables end-to-end survival and competing-risk analysis, using a single-line function call, based on the parametric survival regression models in the survival package. A low-level API allows users to achieve more flexibility by supplying their custom survival functions, perhaps in a Bayesian setting. Utility methods for summarizing and plotting the output allow population-average cumulative incidence functions to be calculated, visualized and compared to unadjusted survival curves. Numerical and computational optimization strategies are employed for efficient and reliable computation of the coupled integrals involved. To address potential integrable singularities caused by infinite cause-specific hazards, particularly near time-from-index of zero, integrals are transformed to remove their dependency on hazard functions, making them solely functions of causespecific, unadjusted survival functions. This implicit variable transformation also provides for easier extensibility of CFC to handle custom survival models since it only requires the users to implement a maximum of one function per cause. The transformed integrals are numerically calculated using a generalization of Simpson's rule to handle the implicit change of variable from time to survival, while a generalized trapezoidal rule is used as reference for error calculation. An OpenMP-parallelized, efficient C++ implementation - using packages Rcpp and RcppArmadillo - makes the application of CFC in Bayesian settings practical, where a potentially large number of samples represent the posterior distribution of cause-specific survival functions.
SPECIFIC PROLONGATION OF SKIN GRAFT SURVIVAL FOLLOWING RETROVIRAL TRANSDUCTION OF BONE MARROW WITH AN ALLOGENEIC MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX GENE (1993)

Engrafted allogeneic hematopoietic cells have a unique capacity to induce a state of donor-specific transplantation tolerance across major histocompatibility complex barriers. This state allows permanent acceptance of donor-type organ grafts, with otherwise normal immunocompetence. We hypothesized that introduction of allogeneic MHC genes into autologous bone marrow which is then returned to recipient mice might similarly induce specific tolerance to products of the introduced MHC genes, without the risk of graft-vs-host disease. We demonstrate here that the introduction of MHC class I Kb cDNA by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into B10.AKM (Kk) hematopoietic cells confers specific hyporesponsiveness to allogeneic skin grafts expressing Kb.
The Meaning of a Disease (1986)

The aim of the study was to gather some preliminary information about the influence of religion and culture on the ability to cope with cancer. The subjects were 10 Arab Moslem women who had had a mastectomy. They were studied in interviews as well as through two self-reports-the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale. The Moslem women's perceptions about and attribution of the disease were different from those of accepted Western attitudes. Their delay in recognizing the disease and in seeking medical help as well as their lack of information about and discussion of the disease were striking. The preliminary findings highlight the need to learn more about the impact of a culture on a patient's health-disease orientation before efficient medical services can be supplied.
Identification of the gene encoding transcription factor NusG of Thermus thermophilus (1992)

The nusG gene of Thermus thermophilus HB8 was cloned and sequenced. It is located 388 bp downstream from tufB, which is followed by the genes for ribosomal proteins L11 and L1. No equivalent to secE preceding nusG, as in Escherichia coli, could be detected. The nusG gene product was overproduced in E. coli. A rabbit antiserum raised against the purified recombinant NusG reacted exclusively with one protein band of T. thermophilus crude extracts in Western blot (immunoblot) analyses, and no cross-reaction of the antiserum with E. coli NusG was observed. Recombinant NusG and the reacting T. thermophilus wild-type protein had identical sizes on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. T. thermophilus and E. coli NusG have 45% identical and 22.5% similar amino acids, and similarities between the two proteins are most pronounced in carboxy-terminal regions. The T. thermophilus nusG gene could not rescue a nusG-deficient E. coli mutant strain.
Chipping away at censorship firewalls with user-generated content (2010)

Oppressive regimes and even democratic governments restrict Internet access. Existing anti-censorship systems often require users to connect through proxies, but these systems are relatively easy for a censor to discover and block. This paper offers a possible next step in the cen-sorship arms race: rather than relying on a single system or set of proxies to circumvent censorship firewalls, we explore whether the vast deployment of sites that host user-generated content can breach these firewalls. To ex-plore this possibility, we have developed Collage, which allows users to exchange messages through hidden chan-nels in sites that host user-generated content. Collage has two components: a message vector layer for embedding content in cover traffic; and a rendezvous mechanism to allow parties to publish and retrieve messages in the cover traffic. Collage uses user-generated content (e.g., photo-sharing sites) as “drop sites ” for hidden messages. To send a message, a user embeds it into cover traffic and posts the content on some site, where receivers retrieve this content using a sequence of tasks. Collage makes it difficult for a censor to monitor or block these messages by exploiting the sheer number of sites where users can exchange messages and the variety of ways that a mes-sage can be hidden. Our evaluation of Collage shows that the performance overhead is acceptable for sending small messages (e.g., Web articles, email). We show how Collage can be used to build two applications: a direct messaging application, and a Web content delivery sys-tem. 1
Sodium desoxycholate-extracted treponemal antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for syphilis (1982)

The extraction of Treponema pallidum antigen with sodium desoxycholate, based on a previously described procedure (J. Portnoy and H.J. Magnuson, J. Immuno. 75:348-355, 1955), was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for syphilis. The antigen was prepared from T. pallidum street strain no. 14, and its overall sensitivity and specificity was compared with those of sonicated antigen preparations made with phosphate-buffered saline. The optimum serum dilution for testing and the significant absorbance reading at 490 nm were selected by examination of quantitative dilutions of 91 sera from presumably normal individuals and 92 sera from syphilitics. The time and temperature of serum and conjugate incubations were also examined. With an absorbance reading of greater than or equal to 0.2 at the 1:80 serum dilution, 88 (95.8%) of 92 sera from syphilitics were reactive in the ELISA test with desoxycholate-extracted antigen, and 82 (89.1%) were reactive with the sonicated antigen. Only one nonsyphilitic serum was reactive with each antigen. Greater sensitivity without loss in specificity was obtained with longer serum and conjugate incubations. We concluded that an ELISA test with sodium desoxycholate-extracted antigen is more sensitive than and equally specific to an ELISA with sonicated treponemal antigen.
Impact of defective pixels in AMLCDs on the perception of medical images (2006)

With LCD displays, each pixel has its own individual transistor that controls the transmittance of that pixel. Occasionally, these individual transistors will short or alternatively malfunction, resulting in a defective pixel that always shows the same brightness. With ever increasing resolution of displays the number of defect pixels per display increases accordingly. State of the art processes are capable of producing displays with no more than one faulty transistor out of 3 million. A five Mega Pixel medical LCD panel contains 15 million individual sub pixels (3 sub pixels per pixel), each having an individual transistor. This means that a five Mega Pixel display on average will have 5 failing pixels. This paper investigates the visibility of defective pixels and analyzes the possible impact of defective pixels on the perception of medical images. JND simulations were done to study the effect of defective pixels on medical images. Our results indicate that defective LCD pixels can mask subtle features in medical images in an unexpectedly broad area around the defect and therefore may reduce the quality of diagnosis for specific high-demanding areas such as mammography. As a second contribution an innovative solution is proposed. A specialized image processing algorithm can make defective pixels completely invisible and moreover can also recover the information of the defect so that the radiologist perceives the medical image correctly. This correction algorithm has been validated with both JND simulations and psycho visual tests.
FPGA architectures for ASIC hardware emulators (2002)

The increasing complexity available in application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and the requirement for reduced design time have increased the importance of hardware emulators for ASIC system verification prior to first silicon. The authors review current ASIC hardware emulators based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), including their limitations and constraints. Based on these characteristics, FPGA kernel architectures and related technologies are identified that will significantly improve the performance and capabilities of ASIC hardware emulators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>