gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic algorithm based global optimization algorithm used to solving System Analysis of Multi-Disciplinary Optimization (2010)

Multi-Disciplinary Feasible (MDF) is a promising solving architecture for Multi-Disciplinary Optimization (MDO) problem. But traditional iteration based solving method for System Analysis (SA) of MDF has poor computational performance. The solving trouble due to SA prevents its application in complex, tight-coupled system design. The intent of this research is to improve the computational performance of SA and MDF. By analyzing the characteristics of FPI and NRI method, the reasons of computational difficulties were summarized. Then, the requirements to SA solving method were presented. To meet these requirements, original formulation of SA was changed to a Non-Linear Programming (NLP) problem. The special requirements for this NLP necessitate a new optimization algorithm. Hence, two optimization algorithms, GA and DFP, were combined in series to GA-DFP. By a test example, GA-DFP has been validated in capabilities of global search and local convergence, and meets all requirements of SA. By introducing GA-DFP into MDF, a new architecture, BO-MDF, was established. The results of typical problem show that BO-MDF has better performance than other MDO solving architectures of MDF, IDF, AAO, and CO.
A Concise, Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Stephacidin A and Notoamide B (2007)

Copying nature: A biomimetic total synthesis of stephacidin A has been accomplished using an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction. Stephacidin A was then converted into notoamide B in a single step by oxaziridine-mediated oxidation to provide the first biomimetic total synthesis of notoamide B (see scheme). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z604378_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
ÉTUDE DE L'INGESTION SPONTANÉE D'ÉLÉMENTS ÉNERGÉTIQUES ET DE PROTÉINES CHEZ LE RAT EN CROISSANCE PAR LA MÉTHODE DU LIBRE CHOIX (1963)

Seine-et-
Microwave Radiometer Radio-Frequency Interference Detection Algorithms: A Comparative Study (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Two algorithms used in microwave radiometry for radio-frequency interference (RFI) detection and mitigation are the pulse detection algorithm and the kurtosis detection algorithm. The relative performance of the algorithms is compared both analytically and empirically. Their probabilities of false alarm under RFI-free conditions and of detection when RFI is present are examined. The downlink data rate required to implement each algorithm in a spaceborne application is also considered. The kurtosis algorithm is compared to a pulse detection algorithm operating under optimal RFI detection conditions. The performance of both algorithms is also analyzed as a function of varying characteristics of the RFI. The RFI detection probabilities of both algorithms under varying subsampling conditions are compared and validated using data obtained from a field campaign. Implementation details, resource usage, and postprocessing requirements are also addressed for both algorithms. </para>
The public health impact of Alzheimer's disease. (1987)

The Public Health Impact of Alzheimer's Disease Dementia is emerging as a major public health concern.There are few diseases which have such a profound impact on society, patients, and their circle of families and friends as does dementia.While dementia is a common disorder, our knowledge of its etiology, natural history, treatment, and impact is still incomplete.Although we do know that such deterioration of cognitive functioning is distinct from that attributable to the normal aging process and usually develops insidiously, all too often it is dismissed as simply being due to old age.It also has only been within the last decade or two that dementia has emerged from the shadows into the limelight.With this increased attention has come a better understanding of the magnitude of the public health impact of the disease.Because dementia is largely a disease of older age, the demographic changes in the United States have resulted in increasing numbers of people at risk of developing the disease.Never before in our history have so many people lived to be so old.Today more than 50 per cent of the entire US population reaches age 75 and 25 per cent live to age 85.The segment 85 years of age and older is growing fastest and expected to increase by over 80 per cent by the year 2000.1An increasing number of elderly with significant intellectual and functional impairment will accompany this large increase in the "at-risk" population.Although good epidemiologic data from this country are lacking, the prevalence of severe dementia in the over age 65 population ranges from 1.3 to 6.2 per cent with the medium prevalence of 4.15 per cent.The prevalence of dementia in the age group over 85 years may be as high as 20 per cent.2In the United States today, approximately three million persons are moderately affected.Over 56 per cent of the elderly in nursing homes have a diagnosis of chronic mental condition or senility3 which is a significant factor in the admission to nursing homes in over 50 per cent of the cases.These data represent a tenfold increase in the number of people affected since the turn of the century and the number of people with severe dementia is expected to increase 60 per cent by the year 2000.4It is currently estimated that the most common cause of severe intellectual impairment in the elderly is Alzheimer's Disease, accounting for about 50-60 per cent of all cases; multi-infarct or mixed dementia accounts for approximately 20-40 per cent; and the remaining 10 per cent or so includes a variety of rarer types.5 Alzheimer's Disease may lead to death in five to 10 years, decreasing life expectancies by one-half to one-third that of healthy persons of the same age.6Based on these data, some have suggested that dementia is probably the third or fourth leading cause of mortality in the United States, accounting for at least 120,000 adult deaths annually, although it is rarely reported on death certificates.7
Multiport interferometer techniques for innovative transceiver applications (2010)

This paper presents and reviews basic concepts and emerging development of our proposed multi-port interferometer techniques and demonstrates their applications in the design of carrier-based, impulse ultra-wideband and cognitive transceivers at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. Such innovative techniques can be extended to the design of transceivers over terahertz and optical ranges. Various architectures of multiport circuits are discussed with respect to different applications. Practical implementations under different technological platforms are described with simulated and measured results for QAM, UWB and tunable multiband applications. In particular, the equivalence between the multiport junction and mixing circuit is highlighted with respect to the concept of interferometers for direct frequency conversion and translation. It is shown that such multiport techniques are very promising and flexible for the low-cost design of integrated microwave, millimeter-wave and photonic systems such as software-defined radio, cognitive radio and radar systems as well as photonic transceivers.
A Review on Coating & Lamination in Textiles: Processes and Applications (2012)

<b> </b>Coating and lamination are two functional processes which are used make a proper finishing to the textile material. The coating formulation with different textile grade polymer like PVC, PU, acrylic, PTFE are hugely used to make a textile product with multipurpose way like- waterproof protective clothing, tarpaulin, protective clothing, electrical insulation etc. on the other hand lamination process is used to prepare some important textile products with daily uses in our practical life like- blackout curtains and blinds, and c. In this current work is related to details of lamination theory, various processes, formulations, application, recent developments of the coating and lamination in the textile field.
Interactions between the Orange Carotenoid Protein and the phycobilisomes in cyanobacterial photoprotection (2013)

Un excès d énergie lumineuse peut être délétère pour les organismesphotosynthétiques ; en effet, il en résulte la formation d espèces réactives de l oxygène ausein des centres réactionnels. Les cyanobactéries ont adopté divers mécanismes dephotoprotection afin de contrer ce phénomène. L un d eux repose sur l activité de l OrangeCarotenoid Protein (OCP), protéine soluble qui attache un kéto-caroténoïde (hydroxyechinenone).Subissant de fortes intensités de lumière bleu-verte, l OCP se convertit d uneforme inactive/orange vers sa forme active/rouge. L OCP ainsi photoactivée possède la facultéd interagir avec les phycobilisomes - principales antennes collectrices de lumière - induisantla dissipation de l énergie collectée par ces gigantesques complexes sous forme de chaleur. Lapression d excitation au niveau des centres réactionnels ainsi que la fluorescence du systèmedécroissent alors.L OCP photoactivée se fixe au coeur des phycobilisomes qui sont majoritairementconstitués de protéines chromophorylées de la famille des allophycocyanines (APC). J aiconstruit différentes souches mutantes de Synechocystis PCC 6803 en modifiant ousupprimant les sous-unités mineures d APC (ApcD, ApcF et ApcE). Ces sous-unités jouent lerôle essentiel d émetteurs terminaux des phycobilisomes, véhiculant l énergie qu ellesreçoivent à la Chlorophylle a. J ai aussi démontré que le mécanisme photoprotectif associé àl OCP chez ces mutants restait inchangé, aussi bien in vivo que in vitro. Ces résultatssuggèrent qu aucun émetteur terminal n est nécessairement requis pour l attachement del OCP aux phycobilisomes et sous-entendent que l OCP interagit probablement avec unesous-unité majeure d APC.Divers phycobilisomes, contenant 2, 3 ou 5 cylindres d APC dans leur coeur, ont étéisolés à partir de cyanobactéries variées. Les OCPs de Synechocytis et d Arthrospira ont étépurifiées à partir de souches mutantes de Synechocystis. J ai alors mené une étude in vitro desinteractions entre ces OCPs et les phycobilisomes. Le nombre de cylindres d APC présents ausein des phycobilisomes n affecte en rien la diminution de fluorescence. De plus, j ai constatéque l OCP de Synechocystis est spécifique pour ses propres phycobilisomes alors que l OCPd Arthrospira interagit avec tous les phycobilisomes employés ici. Des hypothèses, fondéessur les structures disponibles, ont été formulées pour élucider ces différences.Les domaines N- et C-terminaux de l OCP d Arthrospira ont été dissociés parprotéolyse. Le domaine N-terminal isolé conserve le caroténoïde attaché, ayant uneconformation similaire à celle observée lorsque l OCP est photoactivée. Ce domaine Nterminalest aussi capable d induire une importante diminution de la fluorescence desphycobilisomes. A l inverse, le domaine C-terminal isolé est incolore et n a aucun effet sur lafluorescence des phycobilisomes. Ces résultats suggèrent que seul le domaine N-terminal del OCP est impliqué dans l interaction avec les phycobilisomes. Le domaine C-terminal quantà lui module son activité.
Botulinum Toxin Injection of the Vocal Fold for Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Preliminary Report (1987)

• A number of different therapies have been used in the management of spasmodic dysphonia. None are curative, and the results of the most widely used surgical procedure (resection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve) are not universally good, with a high recurrence rate in some series. Furthermore, the procedure is not reversible. Using a special electromyographic hypodermic needle, we injected botulinum A toxin into one of the vocal folds of two patients with severe spasmodic dysphonia. Both had significant improvement without any complications. Although the resultant paresis is not permanent, the injection can be repeated as needed as an outpatient procedure. (<i>Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</i>1987;113:603-605)
Theory of a variable-gap laser (1976)

A theoretical investigation is reported of the threshold current and the efficiency of a variable-gap semiconductor laser. The dependences of these quantities on the thickness of the active layer and the resonator length are obtained. It is shown that when the thickness of the active layer tends to zero, the threshold current also tends to zero and the efficiency to unity. (AIP)
Fatty acids of serine, ethanolamine, and choline plasmalogens in some marine bivalves (2004)

The FA composition of glycerophospholipid (GPL) classes and subclasses was investigated in whole animals of three marine bivalve mollusks: the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas, the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, and the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Individual organs (gills, mantle, foot, siphon, and muscle) of the Manila clam also were examined. The PS plasmalogen (PSplsm), PE plasmalogen (PEplsm), and PC plasmalogen (PCplsm) subclasses were isolated by HPLC, and their individual FA compositions were examined using GC. Plasmalogen forms of PS and PE, when compared to their respective diacyl forms, were found to be specifically enriched with non-methylene-interrupted (NMI) FA (7,15-22:2, 7,13-22:2, and their precursors) and 20:1 n-11 FA. Such a clear specific association was not found for PCplsm. Interestingly, this trend was most apparent in PSplsm, and the above FA were found to be, respectively, the predominant PUFA and monounsaturated FA in the PSplsm isolated from the three species. This specificity was maintained in all the analyzed organs of the Manila clam but varied in proportions: The highest level of plasmalogens, NMI FA, and 20:1 n-11 was measured in gills and the lowest was in muscle. These results represent the first comprehensive report on a FA composition of the PSplsm subclass isolated from mollusks. The fact that NMI FA and 20:1 n-11, which are thought to be biosynthesized FA, were mainly associated with aminophospholipid plasmalogens (PE and PS) is likely to have a functional significance in bivalve membranes.
Synthesis of a 2D phosphorus material in a MOF-based 2D nano-reactor (2018)

Synthesis of two dimensional (2D) materials mainly relies on interface-templates, exfoliation of layered crystals and surfactant-assistance. Here we have realized another strategy of polymerization in a 2D nano-reactor. As an application of this strategy, a 2D nano-reactor was constructed within a new pillar-layer metal organic framework (MOF) and in this nano-reactor a moderately stable 2D phosphorus material was synthesized from white phosphorus (P<sub>4</sub>). Our research may provide a new approach for the synthesis of various 2D materials.
Automatic Registration for Articulated Shapes (2008)

Abstract We present an unsupervised algorithm for aligning a pair of shapes in the presence of significant articulated motion and missing data, while assuming no knowledge of a template, user‐placed markers, segmentation, or the skeletal structure of the shape. We explicitly sample the motion, which gives a priori the set of possible rigid transformations between parts of the shapes. This transforms the problem into a discrete labeling problem, where the goal is to find an optimal assignment of transformations for aligning the shapes. We then apply graph cuts to optimize a novel cost function, which encodes a preference for a consistent motion assignment from both source to target and target to source. We demonstrate the robustness of our method by aligning several synthetic and real‐world datasets.
Benzotriazole-Assisted Preparations of 2-(Substituted amino)pyridines and Pyrid-2-ones (1997)

Base-promoted reactions of benzotriazolyl-containing acetic acid derivatives, 2-(benzotriazol-1-yl)acetonitrile (7a), 2-(benzotriazol-1-yl)acetamide (7b), and (±)-2-(benzotriazol-1-yl)propionamide (7c), with α,β-unsaturated ketones 8 give efficient and regioselective access to previously difficult to attain 3-unsubstituted pyridine derivatives: the 2-(substituted amino)pyridines 14a−k and the 4,6-substituted pyrid-2-ones 15a−h. The pyridine rings result from tandem [3 + 3] annulations involving a Michael addition followed by cyclization.
Hybrid bulk micro-machining process suitable for roughness reduction in optical MEMS devices (2006)

A hybrid micro-machining technique suitable for reducing surface roughness in different optical micro-systems environment is presented. In general, the Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) consist of waveguide-based devices and non-waveguide-based micro-systems. The proposed technique is suitable for both kinds of applications. This paper also presents two types of micro-machining, namely, isotropic gas phase Xenon difluoride (XeF2) pulse etching and wet anisotropic etching with Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide (TMAH), along with the mechanism of hybrid micro-machining. The influence of surface roughness on scattering loss in the two kinds of optical micro-systems has been analysed and the results are presented. The improvement in surface roughness due to the proposed technique is demonstrated by experimental characterisation of the roughness parameters using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The results indicate a clear improvement in surface roughness and the induced scattering loss due to the proposed hybrid micro-machining technique.
CD40 Ligand Binds to α5β1 Integrin and Triggers Cell Signaling (2006)

It was originally thought that the critical role of the CD40 ligand (CD40L) in normal and inflammatory immune responses was mainly mediated through its interaction with the classic receptor, CD40. However, data from CD40L(-/-) and CD40(-/-) mice suggest that the CD40L-induced inflammatory immune response involves at least one other receptor. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that CD40L stabilizes arterial thrombi through an alphaIIbbeta3-dependent mechanism. Here we provide evidence that soluble CD40L (sCD40L) binds to cells of the undifferentiated human monocytic U937 cell line in a CD40- and alphaIIbbeta3-independent manner. Binding of sCD40L to U937 cells was inhibited by anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody 5C8, anti-alpha5beta1 monoclonal antibody P1D6, and soluble alpha5beta1. The direct binding of sCD40L to purified alpha5beta1 was confirmed in a solid phase binding assay. Binding of sCD40L to alpha5beta1 was modulated by the form of alpha5beta1 expressed on the cell surface as the activation of alpha5beta1 by Mn(2+) or dithiothreitol resulted in the loss of sCD40L binding. Moreover, sCD40L induced the translocation of alpha5beta1 to the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction of U937 cells, the rapid activation of the MAPK pathways ERK1/2, and interleukin-8 gene expression. The binding of sCD40L to CD40 on BJAB cells, an alpha5beta1-negative B cell line, and the resulting activation of ERK1/2 was not inhibited by soluble alpha5beta1, suggesting that sCD40L can bind concomitantly to both receptors. These results document the existence of novel CD40L-dependent pathways of physiological relevance for cells expressing multiple receptors (CD40, alpha5beta1, and alphaIIbbeta3) for CD40L.
pH‐dependent secretion of SseB, a product of the SPI‐2 type III secretion system of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (1999)

The type III secretion system of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) is required for bacterial replication inside macrophages. SseB has been considered a putative target of the secretion system on the basis of its similarity with EspA, a protein secreted by the type III secretion system of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). EspA forms a filamentous structure on the bacterial cell surface and is involved in translocation of proteins into the eukaryotic cytosol. In this paper, we show that SseB is a secreted protein that associates with the surface of the bacterial cell and might, therefore, also be required for delivery of SPI-2 effector proteins to the eukaryotic cell cytosol. SseB begins to accumulate inside the bacterial cell when the culture enters early stationary phase. However, SseB is only secreted if the bacteria are grown at low pH or if the pH is shifted after growth from 7.0 to below pH 5.0. The secretion occurs within minutes of acidification and is totally dependent on a functional SPI-2 type III secretion system. As the pH of the Salmonella-containing vacuole inside host cells has been shown to acidify to between pH 4.0 and 5.0, and as SPI-2 gene expression occurs inside host cells, low pH might be a physiological stimulus for SPI-2-mediated secretion in vivo.
SICAM-1 AS A SERUM MARKER FOR FOLLOW-UP OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS THERAPY (2004)

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the commonest infectious diseases of our era; it is the second cause of death due to infectious diseases after AIDS. Studies have shown the significant effect of leukocyte integrins such as LFA-1and ICAM-1 on the function of macrophages against TB bacilli; increasing their activity during the process of TB infection. The objective of this research is to evaluate the changes observed serum levels of SICAM-1 pulmonary TB patients that had received treatment. Materials and Methods: All new pulmonary TB cases that had not received any treatment ,did not suffer from any kind of co-existing or underlying disorders such as hepatitis, sarcoidosis , lung cancer, HBV, HCV and HIV infections, chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, malnutrition, collagen vascular disorders and had not consumed immunosuppressive agents, were enrolled this study. The SICAM-1 levels of the cases were measured by ELISA method before and 2 months after treatment with standard anti-TB drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide) at the same time. T - test was used to compare the two sets of values of SICAM-1 levels before and 2 months after therapy. Results: A total of 28 patients; 23 (82.1%) male and 5(17.9%) female cases were enlisted .Meanwhile, 50% of the patients were Iranian and the remaining had Afghan nationality. All of them were sputum smear and culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Regarding the extent of pulmonary involvement as shown on lung CT-Scan, 68% demonstrated diffuse pulmonary involvement. The mean SICAM-1 level before the initiation of treatment was 554.17 ± 202.85 ng/ml. Considering age , sex ratio, ESR level, PPD test and severity of lung involvement, the SICAM-1 levels did not show any significant differences different groups of patients. Among the patients enrolled the study we were able to follow the seventeen patients (61%) who completed 2 months of treatment. The mean level of SICAM-1 before and after treatment these patients were 573.9 ±204.4 and 481.2 ± 103.2 ng/ml, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: SICAM-1 is considered as one of the inflammatory mediators that undergoes fluctuations during TB disease; its level is very much related to the extent of lung involvement. Since the level of this marker declines after therapy, it could be used as a Serum marker in evaluating the therapeutic response observed during the follow- up. Abbreviations: SICAM: Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule, ICAM: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule, LFA: Leukocyte Function Antigen. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(11): 55-63)