gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tethers in Space Handbook (1997)

A new edition of the Tethers in Space Handbook was needed after the last edition published in 1989. Tether-related activities have been quite busy in the 90's. We have had the flights of TSSI and TSSI-R, SEDS-1 and -2, PMG, TIPS and OEDIPUS. In less than three years there have been one international Conference on Tethers in Space, held in Washington DC, and three workshops, held at ESA/Estec in the Netherlands, at ISAS in Japan and at the University of Michigan, Ann Harbor. The community has grown and we finally have real flight data to compare our models with. The life of spaceborne tethers has not been always easy and we got our dose of setbacks, but we feel pretty optimistic for the future. We are just stepping out of the pioneering stage to start to use tethers for space science and technological applications. As we are writing this handbook TiPs, a NRL tether project is flying above our heads. There is no emphasis in affirming that as of today spacebome tethers are a reality and their potential is far from being fully appreciated. Consequently, a large amount of new information had to be incorporated into this new edition. The general structure of the handbook has been left mostly unchanged. The past editors have set a style which we have not felt needed change. The section on the flights has been enriched with information on the scientific results. The categories of the applications have not been modified, and in some cases we have mentioned the existence of related flight data. We felt that the section contributed by Joe Carroll, called Tether Data, should be maintained as it was, being a classic and still very accurate and not at all obsolete. We have introduced a new chapter entitled Space Science and Tethers since flight experience has shown that tethers can complement other space-based investigations. The bibliography has been updated. Due to the great production in the last few years %e had to restrict our search to works published in refereed journal. The production, however, is much more extensive. In addition, we have included the summary of the papers presented at the last International Conference which was a forum for first-hand information on all the flights.
Interconnect mode conversion in high-speed VLSI circuits (2004)

A modification of the electromagnetic field configuration (mode conversion) at interconnect discontinuities in deep submicron digital ULSI circuits was investigated by using a full wave electromagnetic analysis. The mode conversion analysis is indispensable in identifying the signal return path, the return current distribution, and therefore for an accurate inductance modeling which remains a challenging problem. On the other hand, switching activity of a high speed CMOS circuit may produce large current derivatives. These transient currents can generate large potential surges and coupled noise due to the parasitic resistances and inductances of the wires. To this aim, we determined a simple design rule to reduce the mode conversion phenomenon and, therefore, decrease noise in high-speed ULSI circuits.
Induction of Host Matrix Metalloproteinases by<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>Differs in Human and Murine Lyme Arthritis (2004)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are induced from host tissues in response to Borrelia burgdorferi. Upregulation of MMPs may play a role in the dissemination of the organism through extracellular matrix tissues, but it can also result in destructive pathology. Although mice are a well-accepted model for Lyme arthritis, there are significant differences compared to human disease. We sought to determine whether MMP expression could account for some of these differences. MMP expression patterns following B. burgdorferi infection were analyzed in primary human chondrocytes, synovial fluid samples from patients with Lyme arthritis, and cartilage tissue from Lyme arthritis-susceptible and -resistant mice by using a gene array, real-time PCR, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. B. burgdorferi infection significantly induced transcription of MMP-1, -3, -13, and -19 from primary human chondrocyte cells. Transcription of MMP-10 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 was increased with B. burgdorferi infection, but protein expression was only minimally increased. The synovial fluid levels of MMPs from patients with high and low spirochete burdens were consistent with results seen in the in vitro studies. B. burgdorferi-susceptible C3H/HeN mice infected with B. burgdorferi showed induction of MMP-3 and MMP-19 but no other MMP or tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease. As determined by immunohistochemistry, MMP-3 expression was increased only in chondrocytes near the articular surface. The levels of MMPs were significantly lower in the more Lyme arthritis-resistant BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Differences between human and murine Lyme arthritis may be related to the lack of induction of collagenases, such MMP-1 and MMP-13, in mouse joints.
Development of telescope balancing methodologies for SOFIA (1998)

NASA Kuiper telescope personnel identified computer-aided telescope balancing as a needed capability which will save significant amount of time and will improve SOFIA operational effectiveness. Automated telescope balancing is considered a 'critical technology need' for SOFIA. It is necessary to balance the telescope to accommodate the different science instruments. The telescope must be adequately balanced to enable the pointing and tracking system to operate properly. In-flight balancing may be necessary because the mass properties of the science instruments can change during its operation and because of disturbance torques. In the past, a trial and error procedure was used to balance the Kuiper telescope, which can take up to several hours and requires a highly skilled, experienced technician to perform the task. Various approaches for balancing the telescope are reported in this paper. Potential benefits are: 1) enable balance compensation to be performed quickly, thereby reducing operations costs, 2) enable a much wider range of balance compensation to be performed in-flight, which may increase science observation time and science return, 3) enable technicians of any skill level to balance the telescope with the aid of a computerized system, and 4) improve the performance of the telescope by increasing the precision of the balance, which may increase science return.
Transverse characterization of tapered photonic crystal fibers (2004)

We demonstrate the tapering of photonic crystal fibers to create an all-silica two-dimensional photonic crystal with a submicron pitch and holes smaller than 200nm. We characterize the fundamental partial band gaps of this structure as a function of the taper diameter by probing the fiber in the transverse geometry along both symmetry axes. In tapering the fiber, we are able to shift the fundamental partial gap from the midinfrared to 1100nm, corresponding to a reduction in diameter by 2.5 times. A complete description of the tapering process is provided. We produced a number of tapers that either maintained the cross-sectional aspect ratio or collapse the holes relative to the photonic crystal structure. From these, we show that the strength of the band gap can be continuously varied by collapsing the holes. For tapers which maintain the cross-sectional aspect ratio, we show that there is a good correlation between the experiment and the band-structure calculations.
Use of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension–Approved Therapy in the Treatment of Non–Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension at US Referral Centers (2015)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication of left heart disease and parenchymal lung disease, and it portends increased mortality. A growing number of medications are approved for the treatment of World Health Organization (WHO) group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, they are not well studied in PH of other etiologies (WHO groups 2-5). We sought to assess treatment approaches used by PAH referral centers in this diverse group of patients. We developed a semiquantitative online survey designed to evaluate the use of PAH-approved therapy by pulmonary vascular disease centers in the United States for management of non-group 1 PH. Thirty of 50 centers completed the survey. Almost all centers (93%) reported using PAH therapy for patients with non-group 1 PH, including 77% with group 2 PH and 80% with group 3 PH. Elevated transpulmonary gradient or pulmonary vascular resistance and the presence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction were commonly cited as supporting use of PAH therapy in patients with PH secondary to left heart disease. For patients with PH and concomitant parenchymal lung disease, degree of pulmonary function impairment and RV dysfunction were most important in influencing use of PAH therapy. In conclusion, pulmonary vascular disease treatment centers use PAH-approved therapy for patients with WHO group 2-5 PH, mostly relying on hemodynamics and assessment of RV function to identify candidates for therapy. Clinical trials designed to test the efficacy of PAH therapy in PH due to left heart and lung disease are needed, as clinical practice has extended beyond the evidence for these etiologies of PH.
Mechanism of Cyclopropanation Reactions Mediated by (5,10,15,20-Tetra-<i>p</i>-tolylporphyrinato)osmium(II) Complexes (2001)

Catalytic systems derived from [Os(TTP)]2 or Fe(TTP) (TTP = 5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato) are extremely efficient at converting styrenes and diazo reagents to cyclopropanes in high yields and high stereoselectivity. A number of mechanistic studies have been undertaken to elucidate the catalytic pathway. A mono(carbene) complex, (TTP)OsCHCO2Et, has been isolated but is not the catalytically active species. An electron-withdrawing ligand trans to the carbene in (TTP)OsCHCO2Et activates the carbon fragment toward transfer to an olefin. Labeling studies with (TTP)OsCHX and N2CHY and substrate reactivity profiles are consistent with a trans-osmium(II) bis(carbene) species as the active catalyst.
Fast shrinkage of oxidation-induced stacking faults in silicon at the initial stage of annealing in nitrogen (1985)

The shrinkage of oxidation-induced stacking faults (OSF′s) in silicon has been studied in the temperature range of 950–1100 °C in nitrogen ambient. Abnormally fast OSF shrinkage with activation energy of 2.3 eV has been observed at the initial stage of annealing. This fast shrinkage regime becomes more pronounced as the annealing temperature is reduced. It is proposed that the fast OSF shrinkage rate is due to the fact that initially the shrinkage is dominated by the rate of self-interstitial capture at the silicon/silicon dioxide interface, while the subsequent lower rate with activation energy of 4.3 eV is due to the traditionally accepted diffusion-limited mechanism. Because of the difference in activation energies, as temperature increases above about 1100 °C the latter mechanism becomes dominant and the fast shrinkage regime disappears.
Novel compact ultra‐wideband filter with wide stop‐band (2008)

Abstract One novel compact ultra‐wideband filter having high‐frequency selectivity and wide stopband is developed by using microstrip stub‐loaded dual‐mode resonator couples. Open stub‐loaded and short stub‐loaded are used to widen the passband of filter without aperture‐enhanced coupled line structure. Five transmission poles in the passband are shown. Two sharp attenuation poles can be located close to either side of the desired pass band. And the other two attenuation poles can be located in the stopband of upper frequencies, so as to reject the third resonant modes of stub‐loaded resonators. The passband of filter and the locations of attenuation poles can be controlled by the sizes of the open stub and short stub. The measured results demonstrate that the insertion loss is lower than 1.0 dB in the passband (3.9–11.6 GHz), higher than 15.0 dB in the upper‐stopband (12.0–19.5 GHz), whereas the group delay variation in the passband is less than 0.5 ns. The measured result agrees well with the EM simulation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 53–55, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24014
INTELLIGENT NAVIGATION SYSTEMS (1996)

This article begins with an overview of different intelligent navigation systems. It then discusses motorists expectations including reliability, easily understandable instruction, ease of operation, standardization, and regionally available travel information.
From the Sarcomere to the Nucleus: Role of Genetics and Signaling in Structural Heart Disease (2000)

The identification of genetic mutations underlying familial structural heart disease has provided exciting new insights into how alterations in structural components of the cardiomyocyte lead to different forms of cardiomyopathy. Specifically, mutations in components of the sarcomere are frequently associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, whereas mutations in cytoskeletal proteins lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, extrinsic stresses such as hypertension and valvular disease can produce myocardial remodeling that is very similar to that observed in genetic cardiomyopathy. For myocardial remodeling to occur, changes in gene expression must occur; therefore, changes in contractile function or wall stress must be communicated to the nucleus via signal transduction pathways. The identity of these signaling pathways has become a key question in molecular biology. Numerous signaling molecules have been implicated in the development of hypertrophy and failure, including the beta-adrenergic receptor, G alpha(q) and downstream effectors, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, and the Ca(2+)-regulated phosphatase, calcineurin. In the past it has been difficult to discern which signaling molecules actually contributed to disease progression in vivo; however, the development of numerous transgenic and knockout mouse models of cardiomyopathy is now allowing the direct testing of stimulatory and inhibitory molecules in the mouse heart. From this work it has been possible to identify signaling molecules and pathways that are required for different aspects of disease progression in vivo. In particular, a number of signaling pathways have now been identified that may be key regulators of changes in myocardial structure and function in response to mutations in structural components of the cardiomyocyte. Myocardial structure and signal transduction are now merging into a common field of research that will lead to a more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underly heart disease.
Towards Modeling of Cardiac Micro-Structure With Catheter-Based Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Approach for Dye Delivery and Tissue Characterization (2009)

This work presents a methodology for modeling of cardiac tissue micro-structure. The approach is based on catheter-based confocal imaging systems, which are emerging as tools for diagnosis in various clinical disciplines. A limitation of these systems is that a fluorescent marker must be available in sufficient concentration in the imaged region. We introduce a novel method for the local delivery of fluorescent markers to cardiac tissue based on a hydro-gel carrier brought into contact with the tissue surface. The method was tested with living rabbit cardiac tissue and applied to acquire three-dimensional image stacks with a standard inverted confocal microscope and two-dimensional images with a catheter-based confocal microscope. We processed these image stacks to obtain spatial models and quantitative data on tissue microstructure. Volumes of atrial and ventricular myocytes were 4901 +/- 1713 and 10 299 +/-3598 mum (3) (mean+/-sd), respectively. Atrial and ventricular myocyte volume fractions were 72.4 +/-4.7% and 79.7 +/- 2.9% (mean +/-sd), respectively. Atrial and ventricular myocyte density was 165 571 +/- 55 836 and 86 957 +/- 32 280 cells/mm (3) (mean+/-sd), respectively. These statistical data and spatial descriptions of tissue microstructure provide important input for modeling studies of cardiac tissue function. We propose that the described methodology can also be used to characterize diseased tissue and allows for personalized modeling of cardiac tissue.
Cellular composition of fractions of mouse testis cells following velocity sedimentation separation. (1973)

Abstract Identification of cells has been made in stained smears of cell suspensions prepared from mouse testes and separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Comparison of various methods of producing suspensions demonstrated that the best cell separations were achieved using suspensions prepared with trypsin. Various fractions obtained following separation contained 29% Sertoli cells sedimenting at about 14 mm/h, 17% Leydig cells at 11 mm/h, 73% pachytene spermatocytes at 9.5 mm/h, 54% binucleate spermatids and 14% secondary spermatocytes at 6.7 mm/h, 77% round spermatids at 4.5 mm/h, 21% elongating spermatids and 74% cytoplasmic fragments detached from these spermatids at 2.1 mm/h and 37% late spermatids at 0.75 mm/h. The resolution of different size classes of cells was essentially complete, but separation of different types of cells was limited by the occurrence of multinucleate forms of the cells and by fragments of damaged elongated spermatids. Most cells, however, appeared to be intact on light microscopical examination.
Bone mineral density in the femoral neck: quantitative assessment using dual-energy projection radiography (1985)

Two different dual-energy projection radiography techniques were used to quantitate bone mineral density in the femoral neck. A heterogeneous population of normal aging individuals of both genders was studied. Using a dual-energy scanned projection method, femoral neck mineralization was shown to decline with age in men and women with normal endocrine status, and to correlate positively with serum calcium level in women and both genders combined. No significant relation to incidence and severity of vertebral body compression fractures, the Singh trabecular index, glomerular filtration rate, urinary calcium excretion, plasma levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, or alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated. According to both methods, femoral neck density tended to be higher in taller and heavier subjects. Although it may not be possible to predict accurately the occurrence of femoral neck fracture in a given individual, dual-energy scanned projection radiography appears to be useful in determining mineral status of the site at risk.
A small molecule TrkB/TrkC neurotrophin receptor co-activator with distinctive effects on neuronal survival and process outgrowth (2016)

Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are coupled to numerous signaling networks that play critical roles in neuronal survival and plasticity. Several non-peptide small molecule ligands have recently been reported that bind to and activate specific tropomyosin-receptor kinase (Trk) NT receptors, stimulate their downstream signaling, and cause biologic effects similar to, though not completely overlapping, those of the native NT ligands. Here, in silico screening, coupled with low-throughput neuronal survival screening, identified a compound, LM22B-10, that, unlike prior small molecule Trk ligands, binds to and activates TrkB as well as TrkC. LM22B-10 increased cell survival and strongly accelerated neurite outgrowth, superseding the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3 or the two combined. Additionally, unlike the NTs, LM22B-10 supported substantial early neurite outgrowth in the presence of inhibiting glycoproteins. Examination of the mechanisms of these actions suggested contributions of the activation of both Trks and differential interactions with p75(NTR), as well as a requirement for involvement of the Trk extracellular domain. In aged mice, LM22B-10 activated hippocampal and striatal TrkB and TrkC, and their downstream signaling, and increased hippocampal dendritic spine density. Thus, LM22B-10 may constitute a new tool for the study of TrkB and TrkC signaling and their interactions with p75(NTR), and provides groundwork for the development of ligands that stimulate unique combinations of Trk receptors and activity patterns for application to selected neuronal populations and deficits present in various disease states.
Cross-linking between 16S ribosomal RNA and protein S4 in Escherichia coli ribosomal 30S subunits effected by treatment with bisulfite/hydrazine and bromopyruvate (1986)

Cytosine in nucleic acids can be modified by treatment with a mixture of bisulfite and hydrazine. The reaction is specific for single-stranded regions of nucleic acids and the product is N4-aminocytosine. Bromopyruvate has been used for alkylation of protein SH groups and through its 2-oxo group it can form a hydrazone with N4-aminocytosine. Escherichia coli ribosomal 30S subunits were treated with 1 M sodium bisulfite + 2 M hydrazine in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2 at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C for 30 min. By this treatment, 2.4 cytosine residues/molecule 16S rRNA were derivatized into N4-aminocytosines. 35S-labeled 30S subunits were modified in this way and then treated with 10 mM bromopyruvate at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C for 5 min. Analysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed co-sedimentation of a part of the 35S radioactivity with the RNA. The co-sedimentation was dependent on both the bisulfite/hydrazine and the bromopyruvate treatments. The RNA-protein complex was prepared from unlabeled 30S subunits. The protein portion was labeled with 125I, the RNA portion was digested with nucleases, and then the hydrazone linkage between the protein and oligonucleotides was cleaved by treatment with 0.2 M HCl. The oligonucleotides formed were removed by dialysis and the protein was identified as S4 by two-dimensional electrophoresis and by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that the cysteinyl residue of protein S4 at position 31 from the N-terminus is located close to a cytosine residue which is non-base-paired and easily accessible by the externally present bisulfite/hydrazine reagent.
Effects of experience and processing demands on visual information acquisition in drivers (1998)

This study investigated the differences between novices and experienced drivers in their distribution of visual attention under different levels of cognitive load imposed by different types of road, and as reflected in their visual search strategies. The task involved a 20-min drive on various roads while the drivers' eye movements were recorded. The measures taken included fixation durations, as an indicator of the time taken to assimilate fixated objects, and the variance of fixation co-ordinates to describe the spread of search in both the horizontal and vertical axes. Differences were found between novices and experienced drivers according to the type of road being driven. The results suggested that experienced drivers select visual strategies according to the complexity of the roadway, and that the strategies of novices are too inflexible to meet changing demands.
Enhancement of the van der Waals energy between an atom and a cylindrical surface: Application to the edges of stepped surfaces (1990)

The van der Waals energy between an atom and a metallic cylindrical surface is calculated in the limit that the radius of the cylinder approaches zero. It is found that in this limiting case the van der Waals energy is greatly enhanced over that of the planar surface case. The calculated enhancement factor is 4.7 for the atom-surface distance at 3 a.u. and is 4.2 at 4 a.u. We propose that this enhancement effect is the general origin of the numerous experimental observations of the enhanced reactivities at the edges of stepped surfaces of some transition metals. The theory gives a ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ dependence for large \ensuremath{\rho} rather than a ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ dependence, which holds for nonconducting linear substrates only.