gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An animal model for training in endoscopic nasal and sinus surgery (1996)

An animal model has been devised to allow trainees in nasal and sinus endoscopy to develop basic instrument handling and psychomotor skills, without risk to patients. The sheep's head obtained from the abattoir was modified slightly to simulate more closely the human situation. The model permits nasendoscopy, foreign body removal, septoplasty, turbinate reduction, frontal and maxillary sinoscopy, antrostomy and an epistaxis exercise. To date the tissues have been used freshly thawed, and must be used on the day of preparation.
<title>Search engine for handwritten documents</title> (2005)

Search aspects of a system for analyzing handwritten documents are described. Documents are indexed using global image features, e.g., stroke width, slant as well as local features that describe the shapes of words and characters. Image indexing is done automatically using page analysis, page segmentation, line separation, word segmentation and recognition of words and characters. Two types of search are permitted: search based on global features of entire document and search using features at local level. For the second type of search, i.e., local, all the words in the document are characterized and indexed by various features and it forms the basis of different search techniques. The paper focuses on local search and describes four tasks: word/phrase spotting, text to image, image to text and plain text. Performance in terms of precision/recall and word ranking is reported on a database of handwriting samples from about 1,000 individuals.
Differentiation of cardiomyocytes from amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells by combined induction with transforming growth factor β1 and 5-azacytidine (2017)

As a novel type of seed cell, amniotic fluid‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (AFMSCs) are promising for the regeneration of myocardial cells. A focus of cardiovascular regenerative medicine is to improve the efficiency of AFMSC differentiation. The present study replaced the traditional method of AFMSC differentiation with a combined induction method, in order to improve the efficiency of directional differentiation. AFMSCs were obtained from rabbit amniotic fluid samples, and western blot analysis was performed to analyze the expression of octamer‑binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), and tumorigenicity experiments were conducted. AFMSCs were divided into the following 4 groups: Induction with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1); induction with 5‑azacytidine (5Aza); induction with TGFβ1 and 5Aza combined; and untreated controls. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the expression of cardiac‑specific GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4), and immunofluorescence was employed to analyze the expression of cardiac troponin T (cTnT). In addition, western blotting was performed to analyze the expression of connexin 43, and transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the differentiated cells. AFMSCs exhibited positive OCT4 expression and were not observed to induce tumor development in nude mice. The expression levels of GATA4, cTnT, and connexin 43 in the combined induction group were markedly higher when compared with the remaining groups. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that differentiated cells exhibited myocardial cell characteristics. In conclusion, AFMSCs are multipotent, non‑tumorigenic cells that are capable of differentiating into cardiomyocyte‑like cells. This combined induction method may improve the efficiency of directed differentiation.
Biphenyl-Strapped Diphenylporphyrins:  Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of a Series of Porphyrins with Ether-Linked Straps. Preliminary CO Binding Properties of Their Iron(II) Derivatives (1998)

The synthesis of a series of meso-5,15-diphenylporphyrins strapped by 2,2'-disubstituted biphenyl units (6H(2), 7H(2), 8H(2)) is described. The biphenyl straps used are linked via their 3,3'-positions by CH(2)O groups to ortho-positions of the phenyl rings of the 5,15-diphenylporphyrins. The straps of these porphyrins have their 2,2'-positions occupied by H (6H(2)), Me (7H(2)), and OMe (8H(2)). The electronic spectral properties of these strapped porphyrins are given, and their conformational properties, which have been studied by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, are described. The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of several iron(II) and iron(III) derivatives of these porphyrins with different axial bases are also presented. The X-ray structure of the chloroiron(III) derivative of the diphenylporphyrin dianion 6 has been determined. Violet crystals of composition 6-FeCl.CH(3)OH.CH(2)Cl(2) have been obtained by slow evaporation of CH(2)Cl(2)/MeOH solutions of 6-FeCl. These crystals belong to the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/c, with a = 10.164(3) Å, b = 28.977(9) Å, c = 14.283(4) Å, beta = 106.22(2) degrees, and Z = 4. The iron atom of 6-FeCl is five-coordinate, high-spin. The axial chloride ligand lies opposite to the strap. The average Fe-N(p) bond distance is 2.046(6) Å, and the Fe-Cl bond length equals 2.234(2) Å. The porphyrin is slightly domed and ruffled with the iron atom lying at 0.45(1) Å out of the 4N(p) mean-plane and 0.49(1) Å out of the 24-atom core mean-plane of the porphyrin ring. Ferrous carbonyl adducts of these porphyrins have been obtained in various solvents in the presence or absence of nitrogenous bases. Their structures have been studied by (1)H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Two CO stretching vibrations differing by 20 cm(-)(1) occur in the IR spectra of 6-Fe(CO)(B) (B = py, ImH, NMeIm). The possible origin of these two nu(CO) bands is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Oxa‐ and 3‐Azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan‐2‐ones via Tandem Radical Cyclization‐Intramolecular SN2 Reactions. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Involvement of the GluN2A and GluN2B Subunits in Synaptic and Extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Function and Neuronal Excitotoxicity (2013)

GluN2A and GluN2B are the major subunits of functional NMDA receptors (NMDAR). Previous studies have suggested that GluN2A and GluN2B may differentially mediate NMDAR function at synaptic and extrasynaptic locations and play opposing roles in excitotoxicity, such as neurodegeneration triggered by ischemic stroke and brain injury. By using pharmacological and molecular approaches to suppress or enhance the function of GluN2A and GluN2B in cultured cortical neurons, we examined NMDAR-mediated, bidirectional regulation of prosurvival signaling (i.e. the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-Bdnf cascade) and cell death. Inhibition of GluN2A or GluN2B attenuated the up-regulation of prosurvival signaling triggered by the activation of either synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDAR. Inhibition of GluN2A or GluN2B also attenuated the down-regulation of prosurvival signaling triggered by the coactivation of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors. The effects of GluN2B on CREB-Bdnf signaling were larger than those of GluN2A. Consistently, compared with suppression of GluN2A, suppression of GluN2B resulted in more reduction of NMDA- and oxygen glucose deprivation-induced excitotoxicity as well as NMDAR-mediated elevation of intracellular calcium. Moreover, excitotoxicity and down-regulation of CREB were exaggerated in neurons overexpressing GluN2A or GluN2B. Together, we found that GluN2A and GluN2B are involved in the function of both synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR, demonstrating that they play similar rather than opposing roles in NMDAR-mediated bidirectional regulation of prosurvival signaling and neuronal death.
File partitioning as a means to reduce lock contention in the multiprocessor environment (1992)

Contention for shared resources significantly affects utilization and response time of multiprocessor systems. The analytical model describes in the paper deals with contention in acquiring exclusive locks during access to shared data structures. File partitioning allows to reduce lock contention and to provide acceptable system response time. The number of required file partitions considered in the paper is a function of increase in lock acquisition time compared to the no contention case. It is shown that the largest reduction in lock contention is achieved by using only a few partitions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An adaptive combiner for co-channel interference reduction in multi-user indoor radio systems (2002)

An efficient technique for co-channel interference suppression in multi-user indoor radio communication systems is presented. The proposed approach makes use of an antenna array in conjunction with an adaptive combiner that employs a training sequence to adjust the receiver to the desired co-user. A different training sequence known to the receiver is transmitted periodically with the information sequence of each co-user. Signals received at the diversity antennas are weighted and summed to produce a combined signal. The weight coefficients are adjusted such that the reception of the desired signal is enhanced and all interfering signals are attenuated. A complex least-mean-square algorithm based on the method of steepest descent is used for weight adjustment. Computer simulations are presented for a two-antenna system with coherent QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying) signaling over frequency-nonselective Rayleigh fading channels, and in the presence of a single interferer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding graph embedding methods and their applications (2020)

Graph analytics can lead to better quantitative understanding and control of complex networks, but traditional methods suffer from high computational cost and excessive memory requirements associated with the high-dimensionality and heterogeneous characteristics of industrial size networks. Graph embedding techniques can be effective in converting high-dimensional sparse graphs into low-dimensional, dense and continuous vector spaces, preserving maximally the graph structure properties. Another type of emerging graph embedding employs Gaussian distribution-based graph embedding with important uncertainty estimation. The main goal of graph embedding methods is to pack every node's properties into a vector with a smaller dimension, hence, node similarity in the original complex irregular spaces can be easily quantified in the embedded vector spaces using standard metrics. The generated nonlinear and highly informative graph embeddings in the latent space can be conveniently used to address different downstream graph analytics tasks (e.g., node classification, link prediction, community detection, visualization, etc.). In this Review, we present some fundamental concepts in graph analytics and graph embedding methods, focusing in particular on random walk-based and neural network-based methods. We also discuss the emerging deep learning-based dynamic graph embedding methods. We highlight the distinct advantages of graph embedding methods in four diverse applications, and present implementation details and references to open-source software as well as available databases in the Appendix for the interested readers to start their exploration into graph analytics.
Early History (1930s–1947) and the Structure of Nuclear Science, State, and Society (2003)

Abstract This chapter looks at the origins and development of the different features of Indian nuclear behaviour. It presents a summary of the approach and mental outlook of Indian scientific and political elites with regards to the role of science in the country's development. It then examines the early history—or prehistory—of Indian science policy and identifies the connections between state, scientists, and society. It also considers the patterns of state-scientists interaction, namely the ‘deadly quarrels’, ‘happy convergence’, and ‘ritualistic confrontations’. It studies the science strategy and political aims of the scientists and politicians, and the structural factors that led to the interactions between scientists and politicians. The chapter also considers the status of Indian science during and after J.L. Nehru's term.
Glycosylation Using Methylthioglycosides of<i>N</i>-Acetylneuraminic Acid and Dimethyl(Methylthio)Sulfonium Triflate (1988)

Abstract Recently, great interest has been focussed on the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) because of its important roles in a variety of biological recognitions.2 However, many difficulties in the synthesis of naturally occurring α-glycosides still remained.3 We have recently reported the stereo-selective synthesis of a series of α- and β-2-thio-neuraminyl glycosides.1-4 In the meantime, the utility of thioglycosides in oligosaccharide synthesis has been widely developed.5 Particularly noteworthy is the dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium triflate (DMTST) promoted glyco-sylation method5k.1 because excellent yields are achieved due to the high thiophilicity of this reagent.
Waterfalls as sources of small charged aerosol particles (2007)

Abstract. In this study, we measured the mobility distributions of cluster and intermediate ions with an ion spectrometer near a waterfall. We observed that the concentration of negative 1.5–10 nm ions was one-hundred fold higher than a reference point 100 m away from the waterfall. Also, the concentration of positive intermediate ions was found to be higher than that at the reference point by a factor of ten. This difference was observed only at the smallest sizes; above 10 nm the difference was insignificant.
Complications of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2009)

HIFU is a minimally invasive treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma; however, there are some systemic and local complications that should be taken into consideration in evaluating HIFU for therapeutic use.
Pseudo Sequence Based 2-D Hierarchical Coding Structure for Light-Field Image Compression (2017)

In this paper, we present a novel pseudo sequence based 2-D hierarchical reference structure for light-field image compression. In the proposed scheme, we first decompose the light-field image into multiple views and organize them into a 2-D coding structure according to the spatial coordinates of the corresponding microlens. Then we mainly develop three technologies to optimize the 2-D coding structure. First, we divide all the views into four quadrants, and all the views are encoded one quadrant after another to reduce the reference buffer size as much as possible. Inside each quadrant, all the views are encoded hierarchically to fully exploit the correlations between different views. Second, we propose to use the distance between the current view and its reference views as the criteria for selecting better reference frames for each inter view. Third, we propose to use the spatial relative positions between different views to achieve more accurate motion vector scaling. The whole scheme is implemented in the reference software of High Efficiency Video Coding. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed novel pseudo-sequence based 2-D hierarchical structure can achieve maximum 14.2% bit-rate savings compared with the state-of-the-art light-field image compression method.
A Review of Point Feature Based Medical Image Registration (2018)

Point features, as the basis of lines, surfaces, and bodies, are commonly used in medical image registration. To obtain an elegant spatial transformation of extracted feature points, many point set matching algorithms (PMs) have been developed to match two point sets by optimizing multifarious distance functions. There are ample reviews related to medical image registration and PMs which summarize their basic principles and main algorithms separately. However, to data, detailed summary of PMs used in medical image registration in different clinical environments has not been published. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing key techniques of the PMs applied to medical image registration according to the basic principles and clinical applications. As the core technique of the PMs, geometric transformation models are elaborated in this paper, demonstrating the mechanism of point set registration. We also focus on the clinical applications of the PMs and propose a practical classification method according to their applications in different clinical surgeries. The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of pointfeature-based methods used in medical image registration and to guide doctors or researchers interested in this field to choose appropriate techniques in their research.
Towards energy efficient smart phone applications: Energy models for offloading tasks into the cloud (2014)

Many people use smart phones on a daily basis, yet, their energy consumption is pretty high and the battery power lasts typically only for a single day. In the scope of the EnAct project, we investigate potential energy savings on smart phones by offloading computationally expensive tasks into the cloud. Obviously, also the wireless communication for uploading tasks requires energy. For that reason, it is crucial to understand the trade-off between energy consumption for wireless communication and local computation in order to assert that the overall power consumption is decreased. In this paper, we investigate the communications part of that trade-off. We conducted an extensive set of measurement experiments using typical smart phones. This is the first step towards the development of accurate energy models allowing to predict the energy required for offloading a given task. Our measurements include WiFi, 2G, and 3G networks as well as a set of two different devices. According to our findings, WiFi consumes by far the least energy per time unit, yet, this advantage seems to be due to its higher throughput and the implied shorter download time and not due to lower power consumption over time.
Principles of Tscherning Aberrometry (2000)

Higher-order optical errors of the human eye are often responsible for reduced visual acuity in spite of an optimal spherical or cylindrical refraction. These optical aberrations are of natural origin or can result from operations on the eye involving optical structures. The presented wavefront analyzer is based on Tscherning's aberroscope. A collimated laser beam illuminates a mask with regular matrix pin holes which forms a bundle of thin parallel rays. These rays form a retinal spot pattern on the retina that is more or less distorted according to the optical errors of the eye. This retinal spot pattern is imaged onto the sensor of a low-light CCD camera by indirect ophthalmoscopy. The deviations of all spots from their ideal regular positions are measured by means of a personal computer, and from these values the optical aberrations are computed in the form of Zernike polynomials up to the 8th order.
<title>Laser process for personalization and repair of multichip modules</title> (1991)

A process for fast personalization of multi-chip modules has been developed. Multilayer substrates with an incomplete top layer are prefabricated. Substrates are personalized within a few hours, using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. 50 ns pulses with a pulse energy of 0.3 mJ are used for cutting. The same laser is also used for the direct writing of spot links, by decomposition of copper formate films with pulses of only 0.2 (mu) J at a repetition rate of 100 kHz. A detailed description of the applied copper formate technology is presented here.
Experimental study on the effects of pre-heating a battery in a low-temperature environment (2012)

The performance of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or an electric vehicle (EV) is closely related to the performance of its high-voltage battery pack. This is why, among the various means of maintaining a battery's peak performance, the importance of thermal management is emphasized. Since the early stages of the development of Li-ion batteries, much emphasis has been placed on battery cooling in order to secure stability, while less attention has been given to battery heating. However, in a low-temperature environment, using a battery without heating it severely undermines the battery's performance and life expectancy. A PHEV or an EV operates with energy that is stored by charging the battery, which can then be heated by an external source in a low-temperature environment prior to driving. In this study, a battery HILS and an environment simulation system are used to verify that pre-heating a battery in a low-temperature environment, using an external source, such as a charging stand, improves the battery's performance as compared to circumstances in which this is neglected.
2006년(年) 춘계학술발표대회(春季學術發表大會) : 기획주제(企劃主題): 자원연구(字源硏究)와 한자교육(漢字敎育) ; 설문해자(說文解字)에 나타난 한자자원(漢字字源) 연구(硏究) (2006)

본고는 『說文解字』의 字形解說과 그에 의한 字義를 살펴보고 國語 註釋의 適宜性을 따져보고 部首의 경향을 살펴봄으로써, 현금의 漢字 註釋이 나아가야 할 방향을 제시하고 部首의 增損을 통해 그 수효의 재조정을 추구한 것이다. 위의 과제를 달성하기 위한 구체적 작업은 說文解字 槪要, 字形解說과 字義의 相關關係, 字義의 國語 註釋 適宜性 問題, 部首 增損을 다루었다. 『설문해자』 개요에서는 『설문』의 체제ㆍ내용 그리고 六書의 표현양식 등을 제시함으로써 『설문』에 대한 기본 인식을 꾀하였다. 字形解說과 字義의 상관관계에서는 자의와 자형해설을 대비함으로써 자의에 자형해설이 적용되는 실례를 들어 살펴보았다. 그리고 자의의 國語 對譯語 제시를 추구하였다. 자의의 국어 주석 적의성 문제에서는 『설문』의 한자 주석이 국어 주석으로 표현될 때의 경향을 살피고, 그 적의성의 밀착과 불밀착을 지적하였다. 部首 增損에서는 『설문』 부수 540부수가 현재의 214부수로 변동되었으나, 그것이 계승된 실상을 살피고 증손할 부수를 제시하였다. 이 작업은 『설문』의 한자해설의 경향을 드러냈고, 標題字의 字義와 자형해설의 관계를 밝혔고, 한자의 국어 주석의 정밀성을 꾀하였고, 부수 수효를 증손시키는 논의를 제기한 것이다. 이는 결국 한자의 訓고 및 자형 배열 문제에 일조를 하는 것이다.
Stochastic modeling of facies distribution in a carbonate reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico (2009)

simulation, the local simulated value is obtained by randomly sampling from the local uncertainty distribution obtained by kriging. The reproduction of spatial uncertainty between pairs of simulated nodes is ensured by assimilating the previously simulated values in the conditioning data set for the subsequent simulation nodes. Non-kriging based simulation algorithms such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (Larsen et al, 2006) provide realization of the reservoir model by iteratively perturbing an initial reservoir model until some target statistics of the random function model are matched. Fluctuations in the estimated model realizations provide a visual and quantifiable measure of uncertainty (Xu et al., 1992) associated with the final model. In this paper, the use of a sequential simulation algorithm based on indicator kriging is demonstrated for modelling the spatial distribution of carbonate facies in a Gulf of Mexico reservoir. First we perform post-stack seismic inversion to obtain a 3D volume of acoustic impedance. The impedance data is calibrated against well log measurements using a probabilistic approach. The resultant probabilities are subsequently merged using a permanence of ratios hypothesis (Journel, 2002) in order to create realizations of the facies model. Review of background information The Jurassic age carbonate formation in the Gulf of Mexico contains an oolite reservoir facies, which is the principal exploration objective of this formation. It is divisible into an underlying, thin-bedded sandstone, shale and limestone section and an overlying limestone, dolomite and argillaceous carbonate section. The boundary between these two sections is commonly at the base of the oolite shoals. Dark, calcareous shales abruptly overlie the oolite shoals; that contact is abrupt and probably disconformable near the carbonate platform margin, while farther basinward it appears to be gradational.