gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An electron optical metrology system for pattern placement measurements (1998)

The demands on the uncertainties of pattern placement and overlay measurements in lithography are constantly growing due to the continuing reduction of feature size which allows higher density integration. Although nowadays optical projection lithography plays the dominant role in lithography and will continue to do so in the near future other technologies will be developed further in order to replace optical lithography soon after the beginning of the next century. A pattern placement metrology instrument should be able to perform measurements on the masks used today as well as on future types of lithography masks. The PTB has developed a new pattern placement metrology instrument using a high-resolution electron beam probe. The electron optical metrology system consists of a low-voltage scanning electron microscope with a large vacuum chamber and a 300 mm x-y-positioning stage, controlled by vacuum laser interferometry. The design principles of the instrument will be described and a comparison of measurements with those of an optical mask measuring system will be presented.
Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 (DADA2): Updates on the Phenotype, Genetics, Pathogenesis, and Treatment (2018)

Deficiency of ADA2 (DADA2) is the first molecularly described monogenic vasculitis syndrome. DADA2 is caused by biallelic hypomorphic mutations in the ADA2 gene that encodes the adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) protein. Over 60 disease-associated mutations have been identified in all domains of ADA2 affecting the catalytic activity, protein dimerization, and secretion. Vasculopathy ranging from livedo reticularis to polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) and life-threatening ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke dominate the clinical features of DADA2. Vasculitis and inflammation can affect many organs, explaining the intestinal, hepatological, and renal manifestations. DADA2 should be primarily considered in patients with early-onset fevers, rashes, and strokes even in the absence of positive family history. Hematological manifestations include most commonly hypogammaglobulinemia, although pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), immune thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia have been increasingly reported. Thus, DADA2 may unify a variety of syndromes previously not thought to be related. The first-line treatment consists of TNF-inhibitors and is effective in controlling inflammation and in preserving vascular integrity. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been successful in a group of patients presenting with hematological manifestations. ADA2 is highly expressed in myeloid cells and plays a role in the differentiation of macrophages; however, its function is still largely undetermined. Deficiency of ADA2 has been linked to an imbalance in differentiation of monocytes towards proinflammatory M1 macrophages. Future research on the function of ADA2 and on the pathophysiology of DADA2 will improve our understanding of the condition and promote early diagnosis and targeted treatment.
The Ontogeny of Mouse Mammary Gland Responsiveness to Ovarian Steroid Hormones* (1989)

An investigation was carried out to define the ontogeny of normal mouse mammary gland responsiveness to the proliferative effects of estrogen (E) and/or progesterone (P). Since hormone receptors for both estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) are present in both epithelial and stromal cells, we have investigated how the effects of E and P are related to the presence of receptor activity in the epithelium and stroma. Intact or ovariectomized mice, between 3 days and 10 weeks of age, were used to study the effects of E and/or P on DNA synthesis, as determined by DNA histoautoradiography; the cellular distribution of ER and PgR was investigated by steroid autoradiography. The results indicate that the mammary gland sequentially acquires the ability to respond to the stimulatory effects of E and/or P. In the early postnatal period (3-14 days) neither hormone was effective. Both epithelial and stromal cells first became responsive to E at 3-4 weeks of age. Estrogen receptors were first detected in stromal cells at 5 days of age and in epithelial cells at 2 weeks of age. Thus, the acquisition of estrogen responsiveness did not appear to be tightly coupled to the presence of ER in either epithelial or stromal cells. In contrast, responsiveness to P was acquired significantly later, at 7 weeks of age, and was closely linked to the presence of E-inducible PgR in epithelial cells. P caused a highly synergistic effect on epithelial cell DNA synthesis when combined with E, providing further support for the concept that the major proliferative effect of P is mediated via E-inducible PgR. PgR were also present in stromal cells, but the proliferative effect of P in that cell type was not correlated with the presence of PgR.
Light-induced colour changes by the iridophores of the neon tetra, <i>Paracheirodon Innesi</i> (1987)

The iridophores of the Neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi consist of alternating layers of guanine and cytoplasm. In the dark-adapted state the reflected light from constructive interference is in the ultraviolet or blue. When exposed to light the cytoplasm layers increase in thickness and as a result the reflections shift to longer wavelengths and the iridophores appear green. The iridophores are thought to contain a rhodopsin-like molecule and we suggest that the colour-change mechanism involves the light-induced opening of sodium channels in the plasma membrane, leading osmotically to an increase in thickness of the cytoplasm layers. Experimental support for this suggestion was obtained by the substitution of choline chloride for sodium chloride in the perfusing medium, which can be done without altering the osmotic strength of the perfusing medium. This procedure almost abolished the light response and makes it seem likely that sodium ions are necessary for the light response to take place.
Interleukin 5 and phenotypically altered eosinophils in the blood of patients with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. (1989)

We report that the hypodense eosinophil population in three patients with corticosteroid-unresponsive IHES was uniquely long lived ex vivo in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Serum or plasma from these patients conferred prolonged viability ex vivo to normodense eosinophils from reference donors and converted them to a functionally activated hypodense phenotype. In that antibody against IL-5 neutralized this activity in IHES serum, excessive quantities of this cytokine may account for the characteristic eosinophilia and long-lived, functionally augmented eosinophil phenotype in this disorder.
A Mixed Naphthyl-Phenyl Phosphine Ligand Motif for Suzuki, Heck, and Hydrodehalogenation Reactions (2006)

Nap-Phos, representing a new naphthyl-phenyl biaryl-type phosphine ligand class and available by a short synthesis (4 steps, 71% overall yield), effectively catalyzes the Suzuki-Miyaura (including highly hindered cases), hydrodehalogenation, and Heck reactions.
Capacity Limits of Information Transport in Fiber-Optic Networks (2008)

The instantaneous optical Kerr effect in optical fibers is a nonlinear phenomenon that can impose limits on the ability of fiber-optic communication systems to transport information. We present here a conservative estimate of the "fiber channel" capacity in an optically routed network. We show that the fiber capacity per unit bandwidth for a given distance significantly exceeds current record experimental demonstrations.
Robot Herds: Group Behaviors for Systems with Significant Dynamics (1994)

Birds, sh, and many other animals are able to move gracefully and e ciently as a herd, ock, or school.We would like to reproduce this behavior for herds of articial creatures with signi cant dynamics.This paper develops an algorithm for grouping behaviors and evaluates the performance of the algorithm on two t ypes of systems: a full dynamic simulation of a legged robot that must balance as well as move with the herd and a point mass with minimal dynamics.Robust control algorithms for group behaviors of dynamic systems will allow us to generate realistic motion for animation using high-level controls, to develop synthetic actors for use in virtual environments, mobile robotics, and perhaps to improve our understanding of the behavior of biological systems.
High NUAK1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and involved in NSCLC cells migration and invasion (2012)

Novel (nua) kinase family 1 (NUAK1) is a member of the human adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase family that has been identified as a key tumor cell survival factor. In the present study, we investigated the role of NUAK1 in the migration and invasion of human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that the expression of NUAK1 correlated with the differentiation and stage of the carcinoma, as well as with lymph node metastasis. Inhibition of NUAK1 expression by small interference RNA severely impaired migration and invasion in A549 cells. In addition, we found that the knockdown of NUAK1 suppressed the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and the activation of NF-kB, which can regulate the transcription of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Correspondingly, NUAK1 knockdown reduced lung metastasis in a xenograft mouse model of NSCLC. Taken together, our results suggest that NUAK1 plays an important role in NSCLC cell migration and invasion.
Optimum Camera Angle for Optic Flow-Based Centering Response (2006)

We present analytical and empirical investigations into the optimum camera angle to use for the optic flow-based centering response. This technique is commonly used to guide both ground-based and aerial robots between obstacles. A variety of camera angles have been implemented by researchers in the past, but surprisingly little mention is made of the motivation for these camera angle choices, nor has an investigation into the optimum camera angle been conducted. Our investigation shows that camera angle plays a key role in the performance of control strategies for the centering response, and both empirical and analytical investigations show the optimum camera angle to be 45 degrees when traveling between parallel obstacles
Optimal strain gauge placement for an instrumented disk drive suspension (1998)

The magnetic disk drive industry exhibits a continuing technological trend of ever increasing storage capacity requiring track densities of 25,000 tracks per inch by early in the next century. Successful operation at these track densities will require an increase of between 2.5 and 9 times in the closed-loop bandwidth of the head positioning servo-system. Resonance modes in the suspension of hard disk drives limit the closed-loop bandwidth. The bandwidth of the servo can be increased by state feedback of the vibration modes for active vibration control. The paper considers the optimal placement of strain gauge sensors on a suspension to observe the vibration states of the suspension. Using a finite element simulation of an actual suspension, a state space model is identified for the two normal strains and the shear strain at each finite element. The state space model includes the dynamics of the three primary resonance modes. A numerical search algorithm is used to determine the sensor location and orientation which maximizes the minimum singular value of the observability grammian. Results suggest that use of an instrumented suspension is a viable candidate method for improve disk drive servo performance.
Using Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts to Create a Distributed Securities Depository (2016)

In the existing securities market structure, a securities trade between two parties requires the involvement of several financial intermediaries ensuring the safety of the transaction. However, the complexity of today’s market structure in conjunction with the lack of interoperability between financial data infrastructures and the disalignment of business practices, are causing costs, risks and friction—resulting in settlement often taking several days. Blockchain technology is the innovation powering the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, which is a network in which digital tokens can be traded peer-to-peer by the means of cryptography and decentralized consensus. The lack of intermediaries and short settlement period of cryptocurrencies make blockchain technology an inspiring database structure for the securities market. In this paper, we examine the potential of using blockchain technology to create a distributed securities depository. The decentralized consensus algorithm of blockchain technologies allows several entities to maintain a shared record of information without having to trust each other individually, since consensus is formed on a per-network basis. Such a technology could nurture the realignment of the securities market—or, reinvent it altogether. Furthermore, the possibility of leveraging consensus-oriented execution of computer code creates larger opportunities than that of a mere depository; it allows for the creation of new, trustless markets where securities and their contractual clauses are no longer merely legal obligations, rather, they are self-enforcing, autonomous programs. Here, we propose the overarching design choices suitable for a second-generation blockchain platform for securities trading, devised to pursue interoperability within the larger context of the effervescently evolving distributed ledger ecosystem, while attempting to pay the necessary regard to the demands of regulatory compliance within the securities industry.
Multihypothesis Motion-Compensated Prediction With Forward-Adaptive Hypothesis Switching (2001)

Introduction Markus Flierl Telecommunications Laboratory University of Erlangen-Nuremberg mflierl@stanford.edu I MH 2 MH 3 MH Combine both predictors and superimpose N hypotheses where each hypothesis is obtained by switching among M motion-compensated signals Theoretical Result Multihypothesis Prediction with Forward-Adaptive Hypothesis Switching w w w p p p p p d R F F = D -- ) ( ) ( log 2 1 4 1 ss ee 2 2 Rate difference when compared to optimum intra-frame encoding: References
Solution-processible organic semiconductor for transistor applications: Tetrabenzoporphyrin (2004)

We report an organic semiconductor, tetrabenzoporphyrin, that can be used for transistor applications. It can be derived from a soluble precursor compound with bicyclo structure. The precursor film is amorphous and shows good film morphology. Then it is converted into an insoluble crystalline semiconductor film quantitatively at elevated temperature of 150–200 °C. Field-effect transistors were fabricated by this method. Observed mobility of the devices exceeded 10−2 cm2/V s with appropriate process and device structure.
Macro Generation Algorithms for LSI Custom Chip Design (1980)

Presented in this paper are macro generation algorithms which have been developed and implemented for the optimization of physical and electrical designs of LSI macro circuits. Any type of logical macro circuit for a custom chip design can be automatically generated and optimized through the use of the concepts and numerical techniques for algorithmic layout generation and electrical network design which are described. The application of this design method to programmable logic array macros, which allow the generation of very attractive designs, is also discussed and illustrates the efficiency and flexibility of the macro generation concept.
A New Controller Controlling the Synchronous Communication between Different Chua's Circuits (2009)

A new controller is presented for the chaotic synchronization and secure communication problems of two Chuapsilas systems in application. The method of forming controller is given in the paper. And it is analysed and proved by using Lyapunov stability theory that the new controller can control the error of two different Chuapsilas chaotic systems to be asymptotically stable. Finally under the control of controller, a lot of computer simulation experiments are done by using Matlab for the synchronous communications between the different structure Chuapsilas systems, and between the different state Chuapsilas systems and so on. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller.
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus <i>cis</i> -Acting Replication Element ( <i>cre</i> ) Can Be Complemented in <i>trans</i> within Infected Cells (2003)

A temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation was identified within the 5'-untranslated region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA. The mutation destabilizes a stem-loop structure recently identified as a cis-acting replication element (cre). Genetic analyses indicated that the ts defect in virus replication could be complemented. Thus, the FMDV cre can function in trans. It is suggested that the cre be renamed a 3B-uridylylation site (bus).
On the design of visual behaviors for autonomous systems (2002)

We describe a set of visual behaviors developed over the years, in the general context of robot navigation. The first set of behaviors solve three basic problems in vehicle navigation: obstacle avoidance, docking to a surface and moving along corridors or walls. Another set of visual behaviors were developed for the active stereo head Medusa, with the purpose of tracking objects with arbitrary shape or motion. Finally, we present an approach for egomotion estimation assuming arbitrary motion for the camera. All behaviors use purposive visual inputs, based on similar image measurements (image flow) but computed on different regions of the visual field. Goals are attained without camera calibration or environment reconstruction.
Approximative molecular weight of the active component in toxoplasmin. (1978)

The approximative molecular weight of toxoplasmin -- a skin reactive extract from Toxoplasma gondii -- was estimated by ultrafiltration through different Amicon membranes. The activity of the filtered and unfiltered product was compared with the aid of intradermal test on humans. The results indicate that the molecular weight of an active component in toxoplasmin is in the range from 10 000 to 50 000.
Identification of a novel human tissue factor splice variant that is upregulated in tumor cells (2005)

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as the prime initiator of blood coagulation and plays a critical role in thrombosis and hemostasis. In addition, a variety of tumor cells overexpress cell-surface TF, which appears to be important for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. To elucidate the mechanism involved in the upregulation of TF in human tumor cells, a comprehensive analysis of TF mRNA from various normal and tumor cells was performed. The results of these studies indicate that, in addition to possessing a normal full-length TF transcript and minor levels of an alternatively spliced transcript known as alternatively-spliced tissue factor (asTF), human tumor cells express additional full-length TF transcripts that are also generated by alternative splicing. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends- (5'-RACE) based analyses of cytoplasmic RNA from normal and tumor cells revealed that there is alternative splicing of the first intron between exon I and exon II resulting in 2 additional TF transcripts. One of the transcripts has an extended exon I with inclusion of most of the first TF intron (955 bp), while the second transcript is formed by the insertion of a 495 bp sequence, referred to as exon IA, derived from an internal sequence of the first intron. The full length TF transcript with alternatively spliced novel exon IA, referred to as alternative exon 1A-tissue factor (TF-A), represented approximately 1% of the total TF transcripts in normal cells, but constituted 7-10% of the total TF transcript in tumor cells. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis indicated that cultured human tumor cells contain 10-25-fold more copy numbers of TF-A in comparison to normal, untransformed cells. We propose that high-level expression of the novel TF-A transcript, preferentially in tumor cells, may have utility in the diagnosis and staging of a variety of solid tumors.
Compliant positioning of total hip components for optimal range of motion (2003)

Abstract Impingement between femoral neck and endoprosthetic cup is one of the causes for dislocation in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Choosing a correct combined orientation of both components, the acetabular cup and femoral stem, in manual or computer‐assisted implantation will yield a maximized, stable range of motion (ROM) and will reduce the risk for dislocation. A mathematical model of a THA was developed to determine the optimal combination of cup inclination, cup anteversion, and stem antetorsion for maximizing ROM and minimizing the risk for cup–neck impingement. Single and combined hip joint motions were tested. A radiographic definition was used for component orientation. Additional parameters, such as stem–neck (CCD) angle, head–neck ratio, and the design of the acetabular opening, were also considered. The model showed that a maximized and safe ROM requires compliant, well‐defined combinations of cup inclination, cup anteversion, and stem antetorsion depending on the intended ROM. Radiographic cup anteversion and stem antetorsion were linearly correlated. Additional internal rotation reduced flexion, and additional external rotation reduced extension, abduction and adduction. The articulating hemispheric surface of acetabular cups should be oriented between 40° and 45° of radiographic inclination, between 20° and 28° of radiographic cup anteversion, and should be combined with stem antetorsion so that the sum of cup anteversion plus 0.7 times the stem antetorsion equals 37°. Final component orientation must also consider cup containment, implant impingement with bone and soft tissue, and preoperative skeletal contractures or deformities to achieve the optimal compromise for each patient. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High speed indoor wireless systems with directional antennas (2002)

The consequences of designing indoor wireless systems with directional antennas at one or both ends of a line-of-sight link are investigated. The authors determine how narrow the beamwidth must be so that the maximum data rate is not limited by multipath effects. For such beamwidths, simple unequalized 2-level FSK or PSK modems can be used in place of the more costly and complex a 'anti-multipath' modems, and data rates above 1 Gbit/sec may be achieved. The channel impulse response in an empty room is estimated using geometrical optics, observing that with directional antennas, multipath rays must arrive from the same direction as the line of sight (LOS) ray. The link outage probability is then estimated as a function of antenna beamwidth, and guidelines are established for the selection of frequency band and antenna placement. Experiments using a 19-GHz 622-Mb/s BPSK link and 15 degree beamwidth horn antennas in an office building with plaster walls and large metallized windows have demonstrated error-free performance on both LOS and non-LOS links.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two-Color Reflection Multilayers for He-I and He-II Resonance Lines for Microscopic Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy Using Schwarzschild Objective (2001)

Two-color multilayers reflecting both He-I (58.4 nm) and He-II (30.4 nm) resonance lines have been designed and fabricated as reflection coatings of mirrors of Schwarzschild objectives used for microscopic ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometers. The multilayer was designed to consist of a top single layer and piled double layers so that its normal incidence reflectances for both He-I and He-II resonance lines are more than 20%. Multilayers of SiC(top layer)-Mg/SiC(double layers) and SiC(top layer)-Y 2 O 3 /Mg (double layers) are fabricated, and their reflectances for the He-I and He-II lines are 25% and 20%, and 23% and 26%, respectively.