gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Countermeasures against Multicast attacks on Enhanced-On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol in MANETs (2012)

Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork which shows promising applications have now gained significant importance in research as well as in practice, due to their autonomous and self-maintaining nature. Unlike other types of networks, MANETs are usually deployed without a centralized control unit. Hence, mutual cooperation amongst the participating entities forms the basis for determining the routes to the destination. This aspect along with the fact that MANET nodes are often constrained in power, storage and computational resources, make MANETs vulnerable to various communications security related attacks. Therefore, the direct application of the conventional routing algorithms is infeasible here. Numerous attempts can be found in the literature that concentrates on improving the security of the routing protocols for MANETs. However, according to our analysis, none of the routing protocols are complete by itself. Therefore, in this paper we focus on improving the Secure Enhanced-On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (EODMRP) to safeguard it against flooding and blackhole attacks. The proposed solutions are implemented and tested using GloMoSim (2.03). The performance analysis carried out shows improvement in packet delivery ratio in presence of blackhole attack, with marginal rise in average end-to-end delay and normalized routing overhead. The proposed mechanism for flooding attack works even when the identity of the malicious nodes is unknown and does not use any additional network bandwidth. It is simple to implement and maintains or improves network throughput when there are no malicious nodes but the network is congested with excess traffic.
Oxidation by metal salts. XI. Formation of dihydrofurans (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidation by metal salts. XI. Formation of dihydrofuransEl-Ahmadi I. Heiba and Ralph M. DessauCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 23, 3456–3457Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00937a052https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00937a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views842Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Long-Term Experimental Evolution in Escherichia coli. II. Changes in Life-History Traits During Adaptation to a Seasonal Environment (1994)

Twelve populations of the bacterium Escherichia coli were propagated for 2,000 generations in a seasonal environment, which consisted of alternating periods of feast and famine. The mean fitness of the derived genotypes increased by ∼35% relative to their common ancestor, based on competition experiments in the same environment. The bacteria could have adapted, in principle, by decreasing their lag prior to growth upon transfer to fresh medium (L), increasing their maximum growth rate (Vm), reducing the concentration of resource required to support growth at half the maximum rate (Ks), and reducing their death rate after the limiting resource was exhausted (D). We estimated these parameters for the ancestor and then calculated the opportunity for selection on each parameter. The inferred selection gradients for Vm and L were much steeper than for Ks and D. The derived genotypes showed significant improvement in Vm and L but not in Ks or D. Also, the numerical yield in pure culture of the derived genotypes was significantly lower than the yield of the common ancestor, but the average cell size was much larger. The independently derived genotypes are somewhat more variable in these life-history traits than in their relative fitnesses, which indicates that they acquired different genetic adaptations to the seasonal environment. Nonetheless, the evolutionary changes in life-history traits exhibit substantial parallelism among the replicate populations.
Semaphorin 3F gene from human 3p21.3 suppresses tumor formation in nude mice. (2002)

Loss of heterozygosity on human chromosome 3p21.3 is a frequent occurrence in many tumor types. In a previous study, our laboratory demonstrated that an 80-kb P1 clone from chromosome 3 suppresses the tumorigenicity of the mouse fibrosarcoma cell line A9. Two cDNAs corresponding to genes encoded on this P1 clone, semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F) and N23, were tested for their effects on in vitro and in vivo growth characteristics after transfection into mouse A9 cells. Transfection of SEMA3F cDNA resulted in complete loss of tumorigenicity in nude mice, whereas transfection of N23 had no effect. Moreover, SEMA3F also functioned to block apoptosis of transfected A9 cells treated with Taxol or Adriamycin. The human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line HEY showed a similar result as A9 cells, but the small cell lung cancer line GLC45 was unaffected by expression of SEMA3F.
Extraction of Light Filth from Rice Flours, Extruded Rice Products, and Rice Paper: Collaborative Study (1982)

Two new methods were developed for the extraction of rodent hairs and insect fragments from rice products: one for rice flour and one for extruded rice products and rice paper. A 100 g sample of rice flour was extracted with mineral oil-40% isopropanol, followed by a water phase as needed for additional cycles. For extruded rice products and rice paper, a 225 g sample of each was initially extracted as above, followed by a single extraction with mineral oil-20% isopropanol. Both methods used an acid hydrolysis pretreatment followed by wet sieving and a percolator extraction. Average rodent hair recoveries were 77.8% for rice flour and 82.2% for extruded rice products and rice paper. Average insect fragment recoveries were 89.6% for rice flour and 91.9% for extruded rice products and rice paper. Both methods were adopted official first action.
<i>“Just Reading” or Reading Plato’s</i>Laws (2010)

Annabel Patterson tackles the hottest topic in literary studies today - `the Great Books debate - providing a superbly formulated moderate stance between the Western canon's radical oppponents and its zealous protectors.
Contributions of Direct and Indirect T Cell Alloreactivity During Allograft Rejection in Mice (1999)

The immune response to transplanted allogeneic tissues is mediated by T cells that recognize donor histocompatibility Ags either via direct (donor MHC and peptides) or indirect (recipient MHC and donor-derived peptides) allorecognition pathways. The relative contribution of each of these pathways to allograft rejection remains largely unknown. To address this, we used an enzyme-linked immunospot assay to define the frequency and cytokine phenotype of T cells responding via direct and indirect pathways to alloantigens at various time points following placement of allogeneic B10.A skin grafts on BALB/c recipient mice. During acute graft rejection >90% of the anti-B10.A T cell repertoire was directed toward intact donor MHC molecules, while T cells recognizing indirectly presented, donor-derived peptides accounted for <10%. This indirect response was comprised of reactivity toward both MHC-derived and, to a lesser extent, minor Ag-derived determinants. The direct and indirect alloresponses were predominantly detected in recipient lymph nodes and were mediated by T cells displaying a mixed type 1/type 2 cytokine phenotype. Six weeks following rejection, however, the memory allospecific T cell response became predominant in the recipient spleen, with only minimal activity detectable in the draining lymph nodes. This work provides a new approach for analysis of the immunophysiology of allograft rejection and should be useful for monitoring immune responses to graft Ags in human transplant recipients.
Clinical chemistry reference database for Wistar rats and C57/BL6 mice (2007)

Clinical chemistry data are decisive for evaluating altered organ function or damage in experimental animals. Few publications provide reliable clinical chemistry reference intervals, and analytical methods are often not described. Here, we investigated common clinical chemistry values in adult male and female Wistar rats and C57/BL6 mice (n=30/group). Blood samples were taken and analysed for electrolytes, substrates, metabolites and enzymes. In addition, we investigated cystatin C, an important marker of glomerular dysfunction. All data were obtained using commercially available kits frequently employed in most clinical chemistry laboratories and compared with data from other studies, as well as with human data. Significant gender-specific differences were observed in rats (electrolytes, retention parameters and transaminases) and in mice (cholesterol, glucose). High variability was noted for sodium, potassium, glucose, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase levels. Both rodent species showed markedly higher alpha-amylase activity than humans. This report demonstrates significant differences between genders for many analytes in rats and for fewer parameters in mice. Some reference values displayed major discrepancies between rodents and humans.
Identification of 37 Heterogeneous Drug Candidates for Treatment of COVID-19 via a Rational Transcriptomics-Based Drug Repurposing Approach (2021)

A year after the initial outbreak, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus remains a serious threat to global health, while current treatment options are insufficient to bring major improvements. The aim of this study is to identify repurposable drug candidates with a potential to reverse transcriptomic alterations in the host cells infected by SARS-CoV-2. We have developed a rational computational pipeline to filter publicly available transcriptomic datasets of SARS-CoV-2-infected biosamples based on their responsiveness to the virus, to generate a list of relevant differentially expressed genes, and to identify drug candidates for repurposing using LINCS connectivity map. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed to place the results into biological context. We identified 37 structurally heterogeneous drug candidates and revealed several biological processes as druggable pathways. These pathways include metabolic and biosynthetic processes, cellular developmental processes, immune response and signaling pathways, with steroid metabolic process being targeted by half of the drug candidates. The pipeline developed in this study integrates biological knowledge with rational study design and can be adapted for future more comprehensive studies. Our findings support further investigations of some drugs currently in clinical trials, such as itraconazole and imatinib, and suggest 31 previously unexplored drugs as treatment options for COVID-19.
A new on-wafer large-signal waveform measurement system with 40 GHz harmonic bandwidth (2003)

A novel on-wafer large-signal waveform measurement system with a 40-GHz harmonic frequency range using a microwave transition analyzer is presented. Potential applications are illustrated by the measurement of the harmonic amplitude and phase spectra of the reflection and transmission response of a 0.3- mu m InGaAs pseudomorphic HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor) under X-band sinusoidal stimulus.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hypobaric-ischemic conditions produce glutamate-like cytopathology in infant rat brain (1989)

We present a new animal model of perinatal hypoxic/ischemic brain damage and compare this type of brain damage with the excitotoxic type of damage previously described in the brains of infant rats and monkeys treated systemically with glutamate (Glu). Ten-d-old rats with unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery were subjected to hypobaric conditions for 75 min and sacrificed 0-4 hr later for light and electron microscopic brain examination. The mortality rate was relatively low (12%), and brain damage was evident ipsilateral to the ligated carotid in 94% of surviving animals 4 hr after termination of the hypobaric event. Regions most frequently affected were the medial habenulum, dentate gyrus, caudate nucleus, frontoparietal neocortices, olfactory tubercle, and several thalamic nuclei. The acute cytopathological changes, primarily edematous degeneration of neuronal dendrites and cell bodies, evolved very rapidly, with some neurons manifesting end-stage necrosis at 0 hr (immediately after hypobaric exposure) and others developing such changes over a 1-4-hr period. We conclude that the neurodegenerative reaction induced in infant rat brain by hypoxia/ischemia is indistinguishable from the excitotoxic type of damage exogenous Glu is known to cause. Moreover, in a companion study (Olney et al., 1989) we show that MK-801, a powerful antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex (subtype of Glu receptor), protects against neuronal degeneration in this hypobaric/ischemic model. Our results reinforce other recent evidence suggesting that hypoxic/ischemic brain damage is mediated by endogenous Glu or related excitotoxins.
The electrostatic characteristics of G{middle dot}U wobble base pairs (2007)

G.U wobble base pairs are the most common and highly conserved non-Watson-Crick base pairs in RNA. Previous surface maps imply uniformly negative electrostatic potential at the major groove of G.U wobble base pairs embedded in RNA helices, suitable for entrapment of cationic ligands. In this work, we have used a Poisson-Boltzmann approach to gain a more detailed and accurate characterization of the electrostatic profile. We found that the major groove edge of an isolated G.U wobble displays distinctly enhanced negativity compared with standard GC or AU base pairs; however, in the context of different helical motifs, the electrostatic pattern varies. G.U wobbles with distinct widening have similar major groove electrostatic potentials to their canonical counterparts, whereas those with minimal widening exhibit significantly enhanced electronegativity, ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 kT/e, depending upon structural features. We propose that the negativity at the major groove of G.U wobble base pairs is determined by the combined effect of the base atoms and the sugar-phosphate backbone, which is impacted by stacking pattern and groove width as a result of base sequence. These findings are significant in that they provide predictive power with respect to which G.U sites in RNA are most likely to bind cationic ligands.
Simultaneous Numerical Solution of Differential-Algebraic Equations (1971)

A unified method for handling the mixed differential and algebraic equations of the type that commonly occur in the transient analysis of large networks or in continuous system simulation is discussed. The first part of the paper is a brief review of existing techniques of handling initial value problems for stiff ordinary differential equations written in the standard form <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y' f(y, t)</tex> . In the second part one of these techniques is applied to the problem <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F(y, y', t)=0</tex> . This may be either a differential or an algebraic equation as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\partial F/ \partial y'</tex> is nonzero or zero. It will represent a mixed system when vectors F and y represent components of a system. The method lends itself to the use of sparse matrix techniques when the problem is sparse.
Substance P stimulates vascular endothelial cellular reducing capacity in the presence of insulin and human plasma factors (1997)

Substance P (SP) is an important tachykinin in vascular wall biology. In previous studies [Villablanca et al. (1994): Circ Res 75:1113-1120], the authors have demonstrated that SP is a stimulus for endothelial cell growth and proliferation in serum-free culture conditions with cell quiescent in the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle. As mitogenic and metabolic activity may interrelate, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the vasoactive perivascular neuropeptide SP on changes in the metabolic function of endothelial cells, and to characterize the response, by studying cellular reducing capacity in aortic vascular endothelial cells. In addition, interactions between SP and other growth factors (insulin and non-platelet plasma factors) were investigated and compared to the responses to SP alone. Metabolic effects were determined by evaluating cellular reducing capacity by the conversion of (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to formazan (the MTT assay). The findings demonstrated that SP alone (10 pg/ml-25 micrograms/ml) inhibited cellular reducing capacity in vascular endothelial cells. In contrast, SP in the presence of insulin (10 micrograms/ml) stimulated endothelial reducing capacity, as compared to SP alone, by twofold on average. The effect of SP and insulin was additive at < or = 0.001 microgram/ml SP, and synergistic at SP concentrations ranging within 0.01-1.0 microgram/ml. SP in the presence of human platelet-poor plasma (HPPP, 5%) stimulated endothelial reducing capacity, as compared to SP alone, by threefold on average. The effect of SP and HPPP was additive at < or = 0.01 microgram/ml SP and synergistic at SP concentrations of 0.1-25 micrograms/ml. Lastly, SP in the presence of insulin and HPPP stimulated endothelial metabolic activity, as compared to SP alone, by 14-fold on average. An additive response to SP, insulin, and HPPP was observed at the lowest SP concentration studied (10 pg/ml). At all other SP concentrations studied (0.0001-25 micrograms/ml), the responses to insulin, HPPP, and SP were synergistic. Our studies indicate that the vasoactive neuropeptide substance P may synergize with insulin and HPPP in regulating endothelial cell metabolism. In addition, our findings suggest that the mechanisms by which SP stimulates cellular metabolism are different from the mechanisms by which it stimulates cell growth.
How expert systems can help solve a host of power station operating and maintenance problems (1988)

The effective management and operational support for power stations is becoming more critical, more costly, and more complex. The power industry has to satisfy increasing demands for power and increasing and justifiable demands for improving plant safety and reliability. This applies for all types of plants, including nuclear plants, and needs to satisfy the complete range of operational, refurbishment and support requirements. There are increasing demands to provide more cost effective services. The author discusses the use of expert systems in solving these management and operational problems in power stations. >
Hysteretic Ion Migration and Remanent Field in Metal Halide Perovskites (2020)

The gap in understanding how underlying chemical dynamics impact the functionality of metal halide perovskites (MHPs) leads to the controversy about the origin of many phenomena associated with ion migration in MHPs. In particular, the debate regarding the impact of ion migration on current-voltage (<i>I</i>-<i>V</i>) hysteresis of MHPs devices has lasted for many years, where the difficulty lies in directly uncovering the chemical dynamics, as well as identifying and separating the impact of specific ions. In this work, using a newly developed time-resolved time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub> <sup>+</sup> and I<sup>-</sup> migrations in CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> are directly observed, revealing hysteretic CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub> <sup>+</sup> and I<sup>-</sup> migrations. Additionally, hysteretic CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub> <sup>+</sup> migration is illumination-dependent. Correlating these results with the <i>I</i>-<i>V</i> characterization, this work uncovers that CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub> <sup>+</sup> redistribution can induce a remanent field leading to a spontaneous current in the device. It unveils that the CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub> <sup>+</sup> migration is responsible for the illumination-associated <i>I</i>-<i>V</i> hysteresis in MHPs. Hysteretic ion migration has not been uncovered and the contribution of any ions (e.g., CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub> <sup>+</sup>) has not been specified before. Such insightful and detailed information has up to now been missing, which is critical to improving MHPs photovoltaic performance and developing MHPs-based memristors and synaptic devices.
[The relationship between female infertility and genital inflammation of Chlamydia trachomatis]. (1997)

To address the relationship between female infertility and genital inflammation of chlamydia trachomatis (CT), we took samples from the cervix and fallopian tube of 147 cases of female infertility and investigated the rate of CT infection by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. 60 cases of normal pregnant women were chosen as controls. The results showed that in the infertile group the CT positive rates for fallopian tubes and cervices were 15.66% and 22.45% respectively, whereas in the control group the tubal positive rate was 3.33%. There was significant difference between the two groups in tubal positive rate (P < 0.05). Youngsters and workers were the high risk population of genital infection of CT. These results indicate that genital infection of CT is an important factor causing infertility; in that disease, the tubal infection of CT is even more important. Besides the damage to tubal mucosa and smooth muscle, CT infection causes tubal adhesion and obstruction. As a result it impairs the function of the fimbriae and leads to infertility.
Can experimental paradigms and animal models be used to discover clinically effective medications for alcoholism? (2005)

Evaluating medications in animal laboratory paradigms can reveal whether the compound is effective in an established alcoholism model, at clinically relevant doses and exposure conditions, when administered orally (or transdermally) and without serious limiting side effects. Positive outcomes constitute a possible discovery for relevance to alcoholism and, under favorable marketing conditions, encourage further development. Medication testing using animal models of alcoholism might also guide clinical testing by discriminating clinically effective from clinically ineffective compounds. This ability rests on whether there are tests or, more reasonably, batteries of tests having this discriminative ability. The present paper examines this possibility. Effects of naltrexone and acamprosate in animal paradigms which model behavioral aspects of alcoholism are reviewed and compared with the effects of compounds which have limited effects in alcoholics. It is not clear at present whether any single paradigm or combination of paradigms differentiates clinically effective from clinically limited compounds. Steps are suggested to improve the use of preclinical laboratory tests to predict which compounds are likely to be effective medications for reducing drinking and sustaining abstinence in human alcoholics.