gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AFIS data compression (2007)

This article describes the development and implementation of a data compression algorithm designed specifically for fingerprints, referred to as GBP compression. The algorithm is herein discussed. Data Compression algorithms can be designed for general applications, meaning the input data is unknown. This is more commonly referred to as generic data. [LI01] Or, data compression algorithms can be designed for specific applications. e.g. AFIS [Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems] "When the input is known, higher compression ratios can be achieved with the knowledge of the input data stream." To-date, the highest compression ratio for an unknown input data stream, for all data compression algorithms, is JPEG with an average compression ratio range of 1:17 -- 1:23. [PEN03] The algorithm herein discussed, has a compression ratio range of 1:68 -- 1:92. There is a value, time and place for each design method - generic or specific - depending upon a variety of factors. Due to the nature of the use of AFIS for law enforcement and incrimination as well as criminal conviction, there are social issues that make data integrity of paramount concern. This factor influences algorithm selection and design. A lossless algorithm is a must! Also, the nature of AFIS is such that it operates across borders and between states, municipalities and jurisdictions. In addition to the usual issues and resistance to accepting new technology, including software [e.g. resistance to change, fear of system failure, etc.], there are the issues of changing engineering standards [hardware and software] which are governmentally determined as well as governmental policy decisions. Likewise, the portability required in implementing a new algorithm, will have to deal with a variety of hardware and software; as well as be designed to integrate into existing systems. This integration must include the ability to incorporate existing JPEG data files, from existing police databases. This requires a handshaking of standards and conversion programs that maintain data integrity. In addition, there is an in depth discussion of the limits of compression with a novel perspective.
Human IgG lacking effector functions demonstrate lower FcRn-binding and reduced transplacental transport (2018)

We have previously generated human IgG1 antibodies that were engineered for reduced binding to the classical Fcγ receptors (FcγRI-III) and C1q, thereby eliminating their destructive effector functions (constant region G1Δnab). In their potential use as blocking agents, favorable binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is important to preserve the long half-life typical of IgG. An ability to cross the placenta, which is also mediated, at least in part, by FcRn is desirable in some indications, such as feto-maternal alloimmune disorders. Here, we show that G1Δnab mutants retain pH-dependent binding to human FcRn but that the amino acid alterations reduce the affinity of the IgG1:FcRn interaction by 2.0-fold and 1.6-fold for the two antibodies investigated. The transport of the modified G1Δnab mutants across monolayers of human cell lines expressing FcRn was approximately 75% of the wild-type, except that no difference was observed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. G1Δnab mutation also reduced transport in an ex vivo placenta model. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, although the G1Δnab mutations are away from the FcRn-binding site, they have long-distance effects, modulating FcRn binding and transcellular transport. Our findings have implications for the design of therapeutic human IgG with tailored effector functions.
Second‐order motion‐compensated spin echo diffusion tensor imaging of the human heart (2015)

Purpose Myocardial microstructure has been challenging to probe in vivo. Spin echo–based diffusion‐weighted sequences allow for single‐shot acquisitions but are highly sensitive to cardiac motion. In this study, the use of second‐order motion‐compensated diffusion encoding was compared with first‐order motion‐compensated diffusion‐weighted imaging during systolic contraction of the heart. Methods First‐ and second‐order motion‐compensated diffusion encoding gradients were incorporated into a triggered single‐shot spin echo sequence. The effect of contractile motion on the apparent diffusion coefficients and tensor orientations was investigated in vivo from basal to apical level of the heart. Results Second‐order motion compensation was found to increase the range of systolic trigger delays from 30%–55% to 15%–77% peak systole at the apex and from 25%–50% to 15%–79% peak systole at the base. Diffusion tensor analysis yielded more physiological transmural distributions when using second‐order motion‐compensated diffusion tensor imaging. Conclusion Higher‐order motion‐compensated diffusion encoding decreases the sensitivity to cardiac motion, thereby enabling cardiac DTI over a wider range of time points during systolic contraction of the heart. Magn Reson Med 75:1669–1676, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered Expression of Agouti-Related Protein and Its Colocalization with Neuropeptide Y in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus during Lactation* (1999)

During lactation, the levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), which plays an important role in mediating food intake, are significantly elevated in a number of hypothalamic areas, including the arcuate nucleus (ARH). To identify additional hypothalamic systems that might be important in mediating the increase in food intake and alterations in energy homeostasis during lactation, the present studies examined the expression of agouti-related protein (AGRP), a recently described homologue of the skin agouti protein. AGRP is found in the hypothalamus and has been suggested to play an important role in the regulation of food intake. In the first experiment, animals were studied during diestrus of the estrous cycle, a stage of the cycle when estrogen levels are basal and similar to lactation, or during days 12-13 postpartum. Lactating animals had their litters adjusted to eight pups on day 2 postpartum. Brain tissue sections were used to measure AGRP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by in situ hybridization. AGRP mRNA signal was found mostly in the ventromedial portion of the ARH, which has been shown to contain a high density of NPY neurons. A significant increase in AGRP mRNA content was observed in the mid- to caudal portion of the ARH of lactating animals compared with diestrous females. No difference was found in the rostral portion of the ARH. In the second experiment, double-label in situ hybridization for AGRP and NPY was performed in lactating animals to determine the extent of colocalization of the two peptides in the ARH, using 35S-labeled and digoxigenin-labeled antisense complementary RNA probes. It was found that almost all of the NPY-positive neurons throughout the ARH also expressed AGRP mRNA signal. Furthermore, AGRP expression was confined almost exclusively to NPY-positive neurons. Thus, the present study showed that during lactation, AGRP gene expression was significantly elevated in a subset of the AGRP neurons in the ARH. The high degree of colocalization of AGRP and NPY, coupled with previous reports from our laboratory demonstrating increased NPY expression in the ARH in response to suckling, suggests that AGRP and NPY are coordinately regulated and may be involved in the increase in food intake during lactation.
Combining Abilities for Yield and Bulb Quality among Long- and Intermediate-day Open-pollinated Onion Populations (1996)

A factorial mating design, using three male-sterile F 1 lines in testcrosses with a sample of open-pollinated (OP) onion populations, was used to estimate combining abilities and heterosis for bulb yield, size, storage ability, pungency, soluble solids content (SSC), and water loss after 3 months in storage. Samples of testcross bulbs were flowered and scored for fertility to estimate frequencies of the nuclear allele maintaining cytoplasmic male sterility. General combining ability (GCA) estimates for OP populations (males) were significant ( P < 0.05) for yield, SSC, and proportion of bulbs with diameters >7.5 cm. GCA estimates for female testers were significant for storage ability and proportion of bulbs with diameters <5.0 cm. Male × female interactions (specific combining ability estimates) were significant for SSC and storage ability. Our analyses did not reveal any storage population from which inbreds would likely yield significantly better with the male-sterile tester lines. Spanish OP populations tended to produce testcrosses with larger bulbs, lower pungency and SSC, and poorer storage ability. Heterosis estimates were most often significant for yield and SSC; less often for pungency, storage ability, and bulb size; and not significant for water loss in storage. Overall, significant GCA estimates indicate that superior onion inbreds and populations may be developed using recurrent-selection strategies that increase the frequency of desirable alleles with additive effects.
Butyrate selectively activates the metallothionein gene in teratocarcinoma cells and induces hypersensitivity to metal induction (1987)

The expression of metallothionein genes (MT-I and MT-II) was shown to be enhanced within 2 h of addition of 2.5-5 mM sodium butyrate to cultures of teratocarcinoma cells. Both undifferentiated stem cells (F9 and OC15) and differentiated cells (PSA5E and OC15 END) reacted similarly to butyrate by increased accumulation of MT mRNAs. As expected, all of the teratocarcinoma cells that were tested also responded to Zn2+ and Cd2+ by 5- to 10-fold increases in MT mRNA accumulation within 2-24 h of metal addition to the culture media. Surprisingly, MT genes in cells pretreated with butyrate were hypersensitive to metal induction, and this was demonstrated by accumulated transcript levels and by synthesis of MT protein. The maximal metal response was obtained by exposure of cells to butyrate for around 5-8 h together with 10 microM heavy metals. Metal additions to culture media over a range of concentrations and times only induced half the levels of MT mRNA that were achieved by butyrate plus metals. Butyrate enhanced the rate of accumulation of MT mRNA in response to metals, increased the sensitivity of the MT gene to metals, and protected cells from toxic effects of high concentrations of metals. The butyrate and metal ion responses were selective in that no accumulation of c-myc, c-fms, HSP-70, or AFP mRNA was detected. However, c-fos mRNA accumulated in cells exposed to toxic concentrations of metals (50 microM and higher) and this was also potentiated by butyrate treatment. These results suggest that butyrate alters the chromatin conformation of both the MT-I and MT-II genes leading to an accentuated transcriptional response to metals.
Revenu minimum : les leçons de Speenhamland (2002)

La mise en place en Angleterre à la fin du XVIIIe siècle d'une loi sociale connue sous le nom de Speenhamland marque les débuts de l'histoire du revenu minimum. L'application de la mesure et les débats qu'elle a suscités ont malheureusement jeté un doute sur la volonté et la difficulté de garantir à tout individu un droit à la subsistance, un droit à la vie. L'histoire de cette expérience est riche d'enseignements pour la période contemporaine, qui s'engage dans la voie des minima sociaux et dans les débats à propos de l'allocation universelle.
Semantic Similarity Measures Applied to an Ontology for Human-Like Interaction (2012)

The focus of this paper is the calculation of similarity between two concepts from an ontology for a Human-Like Interaction system. In order to facilitate this calculation, a similarity function is proposed based on five dimensions (sort, compositional, essential, restrictive and descriptive) constituting the structure of ontological knowledge. The paper includes a proposal for computing a similarity function for each dimension of knowledge. Later on, the similarity values obtained are weighted and aggregated to obtain a global similarity measure. In order to calculate those weights associated to each dimension, four training methods have been proposed. The training methods differ in the element to fit: the user, concepts or pairs of concepts, and a hybrid approach. For evaluating the proposal, the knowledge base was fed from WordNet and extended by using a knowledge editing toolkit (Cognos). The evaluation of the proposal is carried out through the comparison of system responses with those given by human test subjects, both providing a measure of the soundness of the procedure and revealing ways in which the proposal may be improved.
Dual wavelength fibre interferometer with wavelength selection via fibre Bragg grating elements (1992)

The use of intra-core fibre gratings to provide the selection of two stable, closely spaced wavelength-components at the output of a fibre interferometer is reported. An unambiguous sensing range in the optical path difference of an interferometer of ±0.49mm is demonstrated using two gratings spaced by 2.5nm.
Novel High-Breakdown InGaAs/InAlAs pHEMTs for Radio Astronomy Applications (2006)

By optimising the epitaxial layer profile of InGaAs-InAlAs pHEMTs we have demonstrated improved DC and RF performance from a new, low-cost, 1 µm-gate device structure in terms of breakdown voltage, leakage current and output conductance. A simple fabrication process is employed that does not use double-recess or composite-channel structures. No penalty was incurred on cut-off frequency or gain due to this new design approach. High uniformity of device characteristics across wafers and between different process runs has been achieved by utilising highly optimised and controlled processing techniques. The room-temperature noise characteristics of these devices are better than 0.5 dB at 1.4 GHz and they show great potential for low-cost, ultra-low-noise LNAs operating at room temperature in the low-frequency radio astronomy band.
The pharmacokinetics of oral nifedipine‐a population study. (1988)

1. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of nifedipine have been studied in a population of 59 young male volunteers following administration of a 10 mg capsule. 2. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) for nifedipine demonstrated a skewed but not a bimodal distribution (mean 154 ng ml-1 h; range 54-306 ng ml-1h). 3. Calculation of the ratio of the AUC of nifedipine to the AUC of its nitropyridine metabolite did not separate those individuals with high AUC values of nifedipine from the remainder of the population. 4. Similarly there was no evidence for bimodality in the excretion of the major urinary metabolite. Those subjects with high plasma AUC values for nifedipine excreted similar amounts to the remainder of the population. 5. In contrast to a previous study using a 20 mg oral dose, there was no evidence of polymorphism in the pharmacokinetics or metabolism of nifedipine following a single 10 mg oral dose.
Reverse-engineering someone else's software: is it legal? (1990)

The author covers the legal issues of reverse-engineering someone else's software, explaining what reverse-engineering activities the courts have found to be acceptable and what legal applications are for the knowledge you gained from reverse engineering. She also defines 'reverse engineering' and presents two theories regarding its use: the strict-constructionist theory, which holds that reverse-engineering copyrighted software is always illegal, and the pragmatist theory, which takes a much more liberal view of the fair-use privilege.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermal Behavior in Hydrogen Storage Tank for Fuel Cell Vehicle on Fast Filling (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The current hydrogen storage systems for fuel-cell vehicles are mainly a compressed hydrogen storage type, but it is known that the temperature inside the tank commonly increases while the tank is being filled with hydrogen. This study examines filling methods that prevent the temperature from exceeding the designed temperature of the tank. In order to propose a filling method that suppresses the temperature rise inside the tank and achieves filling within a short time, fast-filling tests were conducted on test tanks designed for fast filling of fuel cell vehicles. The detailed influences of the differences in type of tank and filling pressure on the rate of the internal temperature increase were investigated. Thermal responses were measured at various parts inside and outside the tank while varying the filling pressure, type of tank, tank capacity, filling time, and filling pattern, using a test tank that allows multi-point measurement of the internal temperature. Remarkable differences in the rate of temperature increase during filling (ΔT) were observed between different types of tank, and characteristic differences in temperature were observed in the distribution of temperatures in the tank. In the type 4 tank, in particular, the temperature in the upper area inside the tank was higher than in other parts of the tank, depending on the filling rate. This paper indicates that if temperature, internal pressure and capacity of the tank are known when filling starts, it may be possible to shorten the filling time by selecting the optimum filling rate and to predict the maximum temperature reached in the tank.</div>
Working towards the development of a standardized artificial soiling method (2015)

Solar glass coatings for photovoltaic (PV) modules include antireflection and antisoiling coatings. There are increasing number of claims related to dust resistant, abrasion resistant (during cleaning) and self-cleaning solar glass coatings. Currently, there is no standardized way of verifying the validity of such claims. As a first step towards validating such claims, the industry needs to develop a standardized artificial soiling method with actual laminated module construction of glass / EVA / cell / EVA / backsheet. This paper presents an approach for working towards the development of a standardized artificial soiling method for laminated photovoltaic (PV) cells or mini-modules. In this study, poly-Si mini-modules and single-cell mono-Si coupons were soiled and characterized using I-V, reflectance and quantum efficiency (QE) to calculate the effect of soiling on performance. From the results, the technique was found to be repeatable and soil pattern was uniform for both mini-modules and single cell coupons. The study compares poly-Si mini-modules with single-cell mono-Si to identify the ideal coupon for artificial soiling. Poly-Si mini-modules proved to be a good measure of soil uniformity, as any non-uniformity would effect the smoothness of curve at near Isc during I-V measurements. Single-cell mono-Si was identified to be more suitable for reflectance and QE measurements. This study indicates that the reflectance measurements between 600-700 nm wavelengths can be used as a direct measure to determined soil density on the modules.
A Water‐Gate Organic Field‐Effect Transistor (2010)

High-dielectric-constant insulators, organic monolayers, and electrolytes have been successfully used to generate organic field-effect transistors operating at low voltages. Here, we report on a device gated with pure water. By replacing the gate dielectric by a simple water droplet, we produce a transistor that entirely operates in the field-effect mode of operation at voltages lower than 1 V. This result creates opportunities for sensor applications using water-gated devices as transducing medium. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Analysis of Directive Radiation From a Line Source in a Metamaterial Slab With Low Permittivity (2006)

In this paper an investigation is presented of metamaterial structures excited by a line source aimed at producing narrow directive beams. The structure under consideration is a grounded slab made of a homogeneous metamaterial medium with a plasma-like dispersive permittivity; for low values of the slab permittivity an extremely directive beam pointing at broadside can be obtained. Conditions for the maximization of radiation at broadside are given and the narrow-beam effect is shown to be related to the excitation of a leaky mode supported by the slab, with radiation maximization corresponding to small and equal values of the phase and attenuation constants. The frequency bandwidth and directivity are expressed in a simple closed form in terms of the attenuation constant of the leaky mode. By increasing the slab height for a fixed frequency, the leaky mode is analytically shown to give rise to a beam that is scanned from broadside to the critical angle for plane-wave refraction, thus being confined to a narrow angular region around broadside. Numerical results are given that illustrate these features, and full-wave simulations of a metamaterial structure made of an array of metallic cylinders are presented that confirm the results of the analytical study. The case of a line source inside a semi-infinite metamaterial region is also considered and its radiation characteristics compared with those of the metamaterial slab
Time-Domain Distributed Fiber Sensor With 1 cm Spatial Resolution Based on Brillouin Dynamic Grating (2010)

We demonstrate an optical time-domain distributed fiber sensor showing the highest spatial resolution ever reported based on Brillouin dynamic grating in a polarization-maintaining fiber. In our scheme, the acoustic gratings containing the information on the local Brillouin frequency are generated by a long pump pulse in one polarization, and read out by a short probe pulse in the orthogonal polarization at a clearly distinct optical frequency from the pump. In the experiment, distributed temperature measurements over a 20 m fiber are performed with 1.2 cm spatial resolution.
The Human Growth Hormone Transgene: Expression in Hemizygous and Homozygous Mice (1990)

Female transgenic mice carrying the mouse metallothionein-I/human growth hormone (hGH) fusion gene are sterile. Transmission of the transgene has been limited to the male germ line, resulting in the production of hemizygous (He) progeny containing only a single (paternal) copy of the gene. Using ovary transfer, we have developed procedures for producing homozygous (Ho) TG mice, viz., male TG mice were mated with control (non-TG) females carrying ovaries donated by female TG mice. In both He and Ho TG animals, serum levels of hGH were higher (1.5-fold) in males than in females, tended to decrease with age of the animal, and were increased (about 5-fold) by zinc induction. However, in comparison to He animals of the same sex, the Ho TG mice attained a greater body weight and had more than 2-fold higher levels of liver hGH-mRNA and serum hGH, both under basal conditions and in response to zinc induction. That is, the expression of the transgene was qualitatively similar in He and Ho TG mice, but the level of transgene activity was greater in the Ho animals. We interpret this to indicate that both copies (maternal and paternal) of the transgene were active and expressed additively (or cooperatively) in the Ho TG animal.