gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insights into Bacteriophage T5 Structure from Analysis of Its Morphogenesis Genes and Protein Components (2013)

Bacteriophage T5 represents a large family of lytic Siphoviridae infecting Gram-negative bacteria. The low-resolution structure of T5 showed the T=13 geometry of the capsid and the unusual trimeric organization of the tail tube, and the assembly pathway of the capsid was established. Although major structural proteins of T5 have been identified in these studies, most of the genes encoding the morphogenesis proteins remained to be identified. Here, we combine a proteomic analysis of T5 particles with a bioinformatic study and electron microscopic immunolocalization to assign function to the genes encoding the structural proteins, the packaging proteins, and other nonstructural components required for T5 assembly. A head maturation protease that likely accounts for the cleavage of the different capsid proteins is identified. Two other proteins involved in capsid maturation add originality to the T5 capsid assembly mechanism: the single head-to-tail joining protein, which closes the T5 capsid after DNA packaging, and the nicking endonuclease responsible for the single-strand interruptions in the T5 genome. We localize most of the tail proteins that were hitherto uncharacterized and provide a detailed description of the tail tip composition. Our findings highlight novel variations of viral assembly strategies and of virion particle architecture. They further recommend T5 for exploring phage structure and assembly and for deciphering conformational rearrangements that accompany DNA transfer from the capsid to the host cytoplasm.
Fourier decomposition algorithm for leaky modes of fibres with arbitrary geometry (2002)

A new algorithm for calculating the confinement loss of leaky modes in arbitrary fibre structures is presented within the scalar wave approximation. The algorithm uses a polar-coordinate Fourier decomposition method with adjustable boundary conditions (ABC-FDM) to model the outward radiating .elds. Leaky modes are calculated for different examples of microstructured fibres with various shaped holes.
Amorphous Si TFTs on plastically-deformed substrates with 3-D shapes (2002)

In this paper we report the first transistors fabricated on a substrate that is then plastically deformed. Using amorphous silicon (a-Si) device islands on a polyimide substrate, TFTs can withstand an average substrate strain of 6%, as the substrate is deformed into a spherical cap shape subtending angles as large as 66/spl deg/ (1 steradian solid angle).
T cell receptor gene segment utilization by HLA-DR1-alloreactive T cell clones (1991)

Abstract Transplantation of histoincompatible tissues leads to allograft rejection, which involves recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules by Ag-specific receptors expressed on T cells. The interaction of these molecules is highly specific yet poorly understood. We have investigated the relationship between TCR gene utilization and allo-MHC restriction patterns by using a one-way polymerase chain reaction to amplify the alpha- and beta-chain mRNA from a panel of 10 HLA-DR1-alloreactive T lymphocyte clones. Two previously unreported V alpha and five J alpha gene sequences were obtained. Although a few V alpha, V beta, and J alpha genes were utilized more than once, no correlation between TCR gene usage and DR1 alloreactivity was identified. At the sequence level, the presumed TCR alpha- and beta-chain CDR1 and CDR2 regions displayed limited diversity, whereas the CDR3 or junctional sequences were highly variable. Although most TCR probably interact with subtly different surface features of the DR1 alloantigen, we predict that TCR with similar CDR1 and CDR2 sequences would contact essentially identical regions of the DR1 molecule. The lack of sequence conservation in the junctional regions suggests that different endogenous peptides also may be recognized. Thus, alloreactive T cells may recognize not only allogeneic MHC molecules but perhaps also bound endogenous peptides.
Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface (2018)

Important functions of cornea in the eye include protecting the structures inside the eye, contributing to the refractive power of the eye, and focusing light rays on the retina with minimum scatter and optical degradation. Considerable advances have taken place in understanding the organization of collagen in the corneal stroma and its clinical significance. In this review, the structure and function of various components of cornea and ocular surface are presented.
The structure of the insertions of the tendons of biceps brachii, triceps and brachialis in elderly dissecting room cadavers. (1992)

The terminal portions of the tendon of brachialis, and the distal tendons of biceps brachii and triceps, were compared by routine histology. All tendons came from elderly dissecting room cadavers. There were pronounced quantitative differences between the 3 tendons in (1) the thickness of the attachment-zone fibrocartilage, (2) the thickness of cortical calcified tissue, and (3) the percentage of bone to marrow. There was significantly more uncalcified fibrocartilage at the attachment of biceps than at the other sites, reflecting greater range of movement of the tendon at this site. The thickness of cortical calcified tissue and the percentage of bone to marrow were significantly greater at the attachment of brachialis than either biceps or triceps. The large quantities of bone at the attachment of brachialis may be related more to the importance of the coronoid process in buttressing the elbow joint than to any special requirement for large amounts of calcified tissue at the tendon attachment. Near its attachment zone, the biceps tendon splits into superficial and deep laminae that are distinct from the macroscopic subdivision of this tendon. It is suggested that the lamination may facilitate the movements of pronation and supination. In support of this, the deep portion of the superficial lamina contained fibrocartilage where it rubbed against the attachment-zone of the deep lamina. In one body, the fibrocartilage of the biceps attachment-zone was subject to degenerative changes, including cell clumping and matrix fissuring.
MF radar observations of antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere (1997)

The observations of middle atmosphere have been conducted mainly in mid-latitudes so far, although global scale observations are required for the study of the middle atmosphere. We are planning to construct an MF radar observatory at Syowa Station, Antarctica (69°S, 39°E) in 1999. The MF radar observations of horizontal neutral wind velocity (60-100km) are characterized by its high time-height resolutions of 2min-4km and the continuous operation throughout a day, which enables us to observe various atmospheric phenomena over wide frequency range from gravity waves to planetary waves. Further, we discuss the importance of combined observations with other measurement techniques like Na lidar, FPI, all-sky imager and HF radar, and also international cooperative studies through global atmospheric radar networks.
Urea dependence of thiol-disulfide equilibria in thioredoxin: confirmation of the linkage relationship and a sensitive assay for structure (1989)

Thioredoxin contains a single disulfide bond that can be reduced without perturbing significantly the structure of the enzyme. Upon reduction of the disulfide, protein stability decreases. We have experimentally tested the expected linkage relationship between disulfide bond formation and protein stability for thioredoxin. In order to do this, it is necessary to measure the equilibrium constant for disulfide bond formation in both the folded and unfolded states of the protein. Using glutathione as a reference species, we have measured the equilibrium constant for forming the disulfide bond (effective concentration) in thioredoxin as a function of urea concentration. As a control, we show that urea per se does not interfere with our measurements of thiol-disulfide equilibrium constants. Comparison of the values obtained for disulfide bond formation in the folded and unfolded states with the free energies for unfolding oxidized and reduced thioredoxin using circular dichroism confirms the expected linkage relationship. The urea dependence of thiol-disulfide equilibria provides a sensitive assay for folded structure in peptides or proteins. The method should also be useful to evaluate the stabilizing or destabilizing effect of natural or genetically engineered disulfides in proteins. In future work, the effects of amino acid substitutions on disulfide bond formation could be evaluated individually in the native and unfolded states of a protein.
Analysis of hopping conduction in semiconducting and metallic carbon nanotube devices (2009)

Single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors were irradiated with 20 keV electrons using an e-beam lithography exposure method. Analysis of conduction data in the temperature range from 25 to 300 K indicated the creation of insulating regions containing traps along the nanotube channel. Further analysis of semiconducting and metallic nanotube devices shows dramatic differences in the effect of the electron exposure on the hopping defect barrier heights. Barriers for metallic nanotubes saturate at significantly larger values than semiconducting nanotubes due to shorter localization lengths. The limited and near constant density of states at the Fermi level induces a larger hopping length to localization length ratio, further limiting current and increasing measured trap heights. Poole–Frenkel hopping with an adjustment for electron localization is utilized to explain the inconsistencies. n-type and p-type barriers in the nanotube devices displayed exponential dependence on applied gate voltage bias, with the peak barrier height in the metallic device defining a switch of majority carrier.
Cognitonics as a New Science and Its Significance for Informatics and Information Society (2006)

Vladimir A. Fomichov Department of Mathematical Methods and Programming for Information Processing and Control Systems, Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics (Technical University), 109028 Moscow, Russia; Department of Informational Technologies, K.E. Tsiolkovsky Russian State Technological University – “MATI”, 121552 Moscow, Russia E-mail: vdrfom@aha.ru; http:// www.geocities.com/vladfom.geo
Problem-oriented Prefetching for an Integrated Clinical Imaging Workstation (2001)

Prefetching methods have traditionally been used to restore archived images from picture archiving and communication systems to diagnostic imaging workstations prior to anticipated need, facilitating timely comparison of historical studies and patient management. The authors describe a problem-oriented prefetching scheme, detailing 1) a mechanism supporting selection of patients for prefetching via characterizations of clinical problems, using multiple data sources (picture archiving and communication systems, hospital information systems, and radiology information systems), classifying patients into cohorts on the basis of their medical conditions (e.g., lung cancer); and 2) prefetching of multimedia data (imaging, laboratory, and medical reports) from clinical databases to enable the viewing of an integrated patient record. Preliminary evaluation of the prefetching algorithm using classic information retrieval measures showed that the system had high recall (100 percent), correctly identifying and retrieving data for all patients belonging to a target cohort, but low precision (50 percent). A key finding during testing was that the recall of the system was increased through the use of multiple data sources (compared with one data source), because of better patient descriptors. Medical problems and patient cohorts were more specifically defined by combining information from heterogeneous databases.
New results of an experimental sampling system for recording fast single events (1972)

A special sampling system has been designed and constructed to record pulse-shape information of extremely fast singly occurring events at low energy levels. The new instrument delivers 40 amplitude values from a single-shot pulse, with risetimes down to 100 ps and an absolute sensitivity of only a few millivolts.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Herpesviruses: the Fading Evidence. (2000)

Herpesviruses, in particular Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), have, for the past two decades, come under considerable scrutiny as aetiological agents of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, virological findings of herpesviruses in CFS have not been consistent between different studies, and the unusual patterns of serological responses to EBV, CMV and HHV-6 have not been specific for CFS, being observed also in asymptomatic individuals. In addition, patients with symptomatology suggestive of CFS do not appear to have an increased frequency of these herpesviruses, as detected by culture or polymerase chain reaction, compared with controls, which argues against an ongoing active herpetic infection. Studies have also shown that the presumable elevation of antibody titres to EBV, CMV or HHV-6 in CFS are not observed only with these viruses, but also with other organisms such as herpes simplex virus and measles.
CLOSED ANALYTICAL FORMULAE FOR MULTI-POLE MAGNETIC RINGS (2012)

Multi-pole permanent magnetic encoders are used for wheel speed sensing in automotive systems. This paper discusses rings and discs magnetized along axial direction. The vector fleld is calculated analytically in 3D as sums over all poles. For the case of discs with vanishing inner and inflnite outer diameter the summation is done in closed form with a new summation formula. The results are discussed and several plots of fleld patterns are given in normalized form: At very small air-gap the fleld shows an overshoot. At moderate and large air-gaps it is a sine-function with exponentially decaying amplitude. The amplitude versus air gap, reading radius, thickness of the magnetic layer, and number of poles is studied and excellent agreement with measurements is found. The efiect of a steel-back on the fleld is explained. It is also shown how to maximize the torque transmitted in axially magnetized couplings.
Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 On Demand (2010)

What you need, when you need it! Need answers quickly? Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 on Demand provides those answers in a visual step-by-step format. We will show you exactly what to do through lots of full color illustrations and easy-to-follow instructions. Includes Workshops MCAS Exam Prep More than 500 Essential PowerPoint Tasks Inside the Book Create powerful presentations faster using ready-made templates Organize information in sections and add impact with clip art, SmartArt diagrams, tables, and charts Make your presentation come alive with custom animations, 3-D effects, and slide transitions Embed, format, trim, and add text to videos in your presentation Add comments and email your presentation to others for review Broadcast your presentation over the Internet in a browser Use SharePoint to collaborate and share documents Prepare for the Microsoft Certified Application Specialist (MCAS) exam Bonus Online Content Register your book at queondemand.com to gain access to: Workshops and related files Keyboard shortcuts
Packaging guidelines for PC cards (2002)

PC cards which comply with the PCMCIA Association's specification PC Card Standard are available in three basic styles. PC card frame kit packaging provides a rugged user friendly enclosure for applications requiring resistance to mechanical bending, drops, and vibration. The user choice of styles is dependent on their cost budget, manufacturing volumes, and appearance criteria. Most frame kit suppliers have assembly tooling available to assist the user in their manufacturing process. As pricing pressures mount for card manufacturers, frame kit suppliers continue to develop more cost effective designs to meet these needs. This packaging technique has also spread to applications other than PCMCIA cards to capitalise on its assets for consumer electronic PCB packaging.
Mining exception-handling rules as sequence association rules (2009)

Programming languages such as Java and C++ provide exception-handling constructs to handle exception conditions. Applications are expected to handle these exception conditions and take necessary recovery actions such as releasing opened database connections. However, exception-handling rules that describe these necessary recovery actions are often not available in practice. To address this issue, we develop a novel approach that mines exception-handling rules as sequence association rules of the form ldquo(FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ...FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> ) nland FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> rArr (FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ...FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sup> )rdquo. This rule describes that function call FCa should be followed by a sequence of function calls (FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ...FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sup> ) when FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> is preceded by a sequence of function calls (FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ...FC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> ). Such form of rules is required to characterize common exception-handling rules. We show the usefulness of these mined rules by applying them on five real-world applications (including 285 KLOC) to detect violations in our evaluation. Our empirical results show that our approach mines 294 real exception-handling rules in these five applications and also detects 160 defects, where 87 defects are new defects that are not found by a previous related approach.
The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (1955)

Though the United Nations has succeeded to only a limited extent in bringing about the actual settlement or adjustment of disputes and threatening situations that have been brought to its attention, it has achieved a considerable measure of success in its efforts to bring fighting to an end and to assist the parties in maintaining the cessation of hostilities to which they have agreed. In Indonesia, the United Nations was able to follow up its success in inducing the parties to agree to a cease-fire with a valuable assist in the negotiation of a final political settlement. In Palestine, however, the United Nations contribution has been largely limited to getting the states directly involved in the fighting to agree to a cease-fire, and then to armistice agreements. The political issues involved seem as far from resolution as ever. In dealing with the dispute between India and Pakistan over the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the United Nations has likewise found itself unable to get the parties to agree on a political settlement. Nevertheless, fighting has been brought to an end, and the United; Nations has played an important part in achieving that result.
Development of the wafer level compressive-flow underfill process and its involved materials (1999)

This paper describes a wafer level compressive-flow underfill process for a novel SMT transparent flip-chip technology. In this flip-chip technology, a liquid fluxable wafer level compressive-flow underfill (WLCFU) material is first coated on the active side of an entire patterned and bumped wafer. The WLCFU layer is dried at an elevated temperature to form a solid layer. The coated bumped wafer is then diced into individual chips, which are then placed on a carrier film with their active side to the tacky side of the carrier film. These diced individual chips are then picked from the tacky carrier film and placed on a substrate such as a PWB board using standard SMT equipment. At an elevated temperature (100-180/spl deg/C) during solder reflow, the solid WLCFU layer can be re-melted and can easily fill in the gaps between chip and substrate. After solder reflow (190-200/spl deg/C), the WLCFU material can be fully cured. A B-stage epoxy technology is used to develop this WLCFU material and the tacky material on the carrier film. A properly selected fluxing agent is added to both the WLCFU and the tacky materials to provide sufficient fluxing capability for good solder interconnection. A thermo-gravimetrical analyzer (TGA) is used to investigate the drying kinetics and the material weight loss during the reflow process. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is used to study the curing kinetics of the prepared formulations. A thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA) is used to investigate the heat distortion temperature (TMA Tg) and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). A dynamic-mechanical analyzer (DMA) is used to measure the storage modulus (E') and cross-linking density (/spl rho/) of the cured materials. A rheometer is used to investigate viscosity (/spl eta/) change with the temperature increase during the solder reflow process. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed novel flip-chip technology with the developed WLCFU and tacky materials. The basic qualifications of the WLCFU material are examined. Some technical barriers related to this technology are also discussed.
Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events (1999)

With each eye fixation, we experience a richly detailed visual world. Yet recent work on visual integration and change direction reveals that we are surprisingly unaware of the details of our environment from one view to the next: we often do not detect large changes to objects and scenes ('change blindness'). Furthermore, without attention, we may not even perceive objects ('inattentional blindness'). Taken together, these findings suggest that we perceive and remember only those objects and details that receive focused attention. In this paper, we briefly review and discuss evidence for these cognitive forms of 'blindness'. We then present a new study that builds on classic studies of divided visual attention to examine inattentional blindness for complex objects and events in dynamic scenes. Our results suggest that the likelihood of noticing an unexpected object depends on the similarity of that object to other objects in the display and on how difficult the priming monitoring task is. Interestingly, spatial proximity of the critical unattended object to attended locations does not appear to affect detection, suggesting that observers attend to objects and events, not spatial positions. We discuss the implications of these results for visual representations and awareness of our visual environment.