gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Checking Equivalence of SPMD Programs Using Non-Interference (2010)

Abstract : We study one of the basic multicore and GPU programming models, namely, SPMD (Single-Program Multiple-Data) programs. We define a formal model of SPMD programs based on interleaving threads that manipulate global and local arrays, and synchronize via barriers. SPMD programs are written with the intention to be deterministic, although programming errors may result in this not being true. SPMD programs are also frequently modified toward optimal performance. These facts motivate us to develop methods to check determinism and equivalence. A key property in achieving this is noninterference formulated as validity of logical formulas automatically derived from the program, that imply determinism. Automatically derived post-conditions can be used to check equivalence of noninterfering programs. We report on a prototype that can prove non-interference of NVIDIA CUDA programs.
Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Fruit Extract Stimulates Osteoblast Differentiation via Erk1/2-Dependent RUNX2 Activation (2016)

Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) has been used as a traditional oriental medicine and possesses a number of physiological activities. In this study, we used cell-based herbal extract screening to identify longan fruit extract (LFE) as an activator of osteoblast differentiation. LFE up-regulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, induced mineralization, and activated Runx2 gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with LFE promoted the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (Erk1/2); however, abrogation of Erk1/2 activation with PD98059 resulted in down-regulation of the phospho- SMAD1/5/8 and Runx2 levels, which in turn reduced the ALP activity. Our findings suggest that LFE exerts its osteogenic activity through activation of the ERK signaling pathway and may have potential as an herbal therapeutic or a preventive agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.
A laboratory for teaching the development of real-time software systems (1991)

A major problem with teaching real-time software development to undergraduate students is finding suitable equipment for assignments and projects. Such equipment must provide problems that are exciting, challenging, cover a broad range of real-time topics, and yet have solutions that can be completed within the time constraints of the semester. This paper describes a successful laboratory for an undergraduate course in real-time software development based on a computer controlled model railroad.
A Realization Algorithm for SL<sub>2</sub>(<i>R</i>[<i>x</i><sub>1</sub> , . . . ,<i>x<sub>m</sub></i>]) over the Euclidean Domain (1999)

Let R be an arbitrary Euclidean domain and A be an n x n matrix of determinant 1 whose entries are elements of R. Gaussian elimination process based on Euclidean division algorithm (on R) allows one to write A as a product of elementary matrices over R. Suslin's stability theorem states that any n x n multivariate polynomial matrix of determinant 1 with $n\geq 3$ can be written as a product of elementary matrices. This result fails when n=2, and a counter-example was constructed by P. M. Cohn [ Inst. Hautes Études Sci. Publ. Math. 30 (1996), pp. 365--413]. In this paper, an algorithm is developed that determines precisely when a given matrix in SL2(R[x1 , . . . ,xm]) allows a factorization into elementary matrices and, if it does, expresses it as a product of elementary matrices. This algorithm has potential applications to signal processing, in which case the coefficient ring R is usually taken as a field or a ring $\Bbb Z$ of integers. Extending the idea used in this algorithm, we disprove a conjecture of Tolhuizen--Hollmann--Kalker regarding the realizability of a certain FIR filter.
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis (2014)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation. It has been a worldwide health-care problem with a continually increasing incidence. It is thought that IBD results from an aberrant and continuing immune response to the microbes in the gut, catalyzed by the genetic susceptibility of the individual. Although the etiology of IBD remains largely unknown, it involves a complex interaction between the genetic, environmental or microbial factors and the immune responses. Of the four components of IBD pathogenesis, most rapid progress has been made in the genetic study of gut inflammation. The latest internationally collaborative studies have ascertained 163 susceptibility gene loci for IBD. The genes implicated in childhood-onset and adult-onset IBD overlap, suggesting similar genetic predispositions. However, the fact that genetic factors account for only a portion of overall disease variance indicates that microbial and environmental factors may interact with genetic elements in the pathogenesis of IBD. Meanwhile, the adaptive immune response has been classically considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of IBD, as new studies in immunology and genetics have clarified that the innate immune response maintains the same importance in inducing gut inflammation. Recent progress in understanding IBD pathogenesis sheds lights on relevant disease mechanisms, including the innate and adaptive immunity, and the interactions between genetic factors and microbial and environmental cues. In this review, we provide an update on the major advances that have occurred in above areas.
The effect of reduced vowel working space on speech intelligibility in Mandarin-speaking young adults with cerebral palsy (2005)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of reduced vowel working space on dysarthric talkers' speech intelligibility using both acoustic and perceptual approaches. In experiment 1, the acoustic-perceptual relationship between vowel working space area and speech intelligibility was examined in Mandarin-speaking young adults with cerebral palsy. Subjects read aloud 18 bisyllabic words containing the vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ using their normal speaking rate. Each talker's words were identified by three normal listeners. The percentage of correct vowel and word identification were calculated as vowel intelligibility and word intelligibility, respectively. Results revealed that talkers with cerebral palsy exhibited smaller vowel working space areas compared to ten age-matched controls. The vowel working space area was significantly correlated with vowel intelligibility (r=0.632, p<0.005) and with word intelligibility (r=0.684, p<0.005). Experiment 2 examined whether tokens of expanded vowel working spaces were perceived as better vowel exemplars and represented with greater perceptual spaces than tokens of reduced vowel working spaces. The results of the perceptual experiment support this prediction. The distorted vowels of talkers with cerebral palsy compose a smaller acoustic space that results in shrunken intervowel perceptual distances for listeners.
Etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (1998)

The diagnosis, genetics, risk factors, neuropathology, and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are discussed. AD is a degenerative brain disorder and is the leading cause of dementia. Clinical manifestations of AD are primarily the progressive loss of memory and language. Other signs and symptoms of the disease include psychiatric and behavioral disturbances and impairments in the performance of activities of daily living (ADL). To diagnose AD, other causes of dementia-- some of which may be reversible--must be ruled out by laboratory testing and neuroimaging. The pathogenic process that causes AD has not been fully delineated; however, it clearly leads to neuropathology characterized by neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Genetic factors, including mutations in the amyloid precursor protein and the two presenilin genes, appear important in the development of early-onset familial AD, whereas the apolipoprotein E genotype influences the timing of disease onset after age 65. Genetic factors may promote or accelerate deposition of beta-amyloid protein to form plaques, as well as abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein to form neurofibrillary tangles. Several biochemical factors, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal deficiency (estrogen), and other unmodifiable risk factors, notably aging, also play a role in the pathogenic process. The loss of neurons and synaptic connections is selective and causes deficiencies in cholinergic and other neurotransmitter systems, leading to cognitive dysfunction, psychiatric and behavioral disturbances, and eventual loss of ability to perform ADL. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are highly complex; more effective therapeutic approaches than those currently available will be needed to address these underlying factors more specifically.
Carbene Ligands in Surface Chemistry: From Stabilization of Discrete Elemental Allotropes to Modification of Nanoscale and Bulk Substrates (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTCarbene Ligands in Surface Chemistry: From Stabilization of Discrete Elemental Allotropes to Modification of Nanoscale and Bulk SubstratesAleksandr V. Zhukhovitskiy, Michelle J. MacLeod, and Jeremiah A. Johnson*View Author Information Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States*[email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 20, 11503–11532Publication Date (Web):September 22, 2015Publication History Received13 April 2015Published online22 September 2015Published inissue 28 October 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00220https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00220review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7848Altmetric-Citations271LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbene compounds,Gold,Ligands,Metal nanoparticles,Monolayers Get e-Alerts
Description (2010)

In the late seventeenth through the early eighteenth century, description consisted largely of brief tags, all‐purpose adjectives, the naming of things well known to the reader: a chamber, a beautiful woman, a window, a pot, a castle. By the nineteenth century, visual detail was virtually comprehensive, penciling in a complete portrait of space , of time , of physiognomy, of surface. Although forms of description had been classified and used since classical times, from the seventeenth century on, prose fiction adapted “the crafth of descrypcyoun” (O. Bokenham, 1447, qtd. in OED) to its particular extended spaces, spacious tempos, and representations of the ordinary. By 1884, Henry James would assert that “the air of reality (solidity of specification) seems to me to be the supreme virtue of a novel—the merit on which all its other merits … depend.” Description changed from what was more or less a pointing index finger, a bare floor for action and dialogue, to a fully carpeted, thickly detailed space, from a “figure” for the novel to be wary of, to a necessary condition for its art.
Concept and clinical evaluation of navigated control in spine surgery (2004)

In this paper the new principle of Navigated Control for computer-assisted surgery will be introduced, demonstrated for spine surgery and experimentally evaluated. The new approach is based on the measurement of the relative position between an active instrument and the patient's anatomy. Within the patient's anatomy the surgeon is able to define geometries, e.g. a shaping volume. Instead of only visualizing the difference between the current and desired position or controlling the position by a robotic arm during the intervention the new concept includes the control of the instrument's parameters, e.g. the rotational speed of a shaper. The experiments have shown that the principle of Navigated Control leads to similar results in accuracy as robot controlled shaping without complex mechanical structures.
Cytochrome aa3 of Rhodobacter sphaeroides as a model for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. The coxII/coxIII operon codes for structural and assembly proteins homologous to those in yeast. (1992)

The coxII/coxIII operon of Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c oxidase has been sequenced and characterized by insertional inactivation/complementation analysis. The organization of the genes in this locus (coxII.orf1.orf3.coxIII) is the same as that of the equivalent operon of Paracoccus denitrificans (ctaC.ctaB.ctaG.ctaE), but unlike that of other bacteria whose cytochrome oxidase genes have been characterized so far. The predicted amino acid sequence homology with eukaryotic oxidases is also higher for Rb. sphaeroides (and P. denitrificans) than for other bacterial versions of the enzyme. The inactivation of coxII results in loss of the characteristic cytochrome oxidase spectrum from membranes of the mutant strain. Full recovery requires introduction into the bacterium of the complete operon containing coxII.orf1.orf3.coxIII; partial complementation yielding a spectrally altered enzyme is achieved with a plasmid containing coxII or coxII.orf1.orf3. These results indicate that the peptides ORF1, ORF3, and COXIII are all required for assembly of native cytochrome c oxidase, suggesting an oxidase-specific assembly or chaperonin function for the ORFs in Rb. sphaeroides similar to that observed for the homologous gene products in yeast, COX10 and COX11.
The Fraction of Dietary Lactose Available for Fermentation in the Cecum and Colon of Pigs (1978)

Fourteen market-weight pigs of each breed, Hampshire and Chester White, were used to estimate the fraction of lactose in a 40% dried whey diet (30% lactose) which becomes available for microbial fermentation in the cecum and colon. Approximately 32 and 30% of the lactose consumed in a 1-hr feeding flowed into the large intestine over the ensuing 5 hr in Hampshire and Chester White pigs, respectively. The emptying rates of Cr-EDTA from the stomach were higher than for dry matter during the first 3 hours. However, lactose and Cr-EDTA left the stomach at the same rate. More than 70% of the Cr-EDTA consumed had passed into the large intestine by 5 hours. The pH of cecal and colonic contents decreased (P<.05) with time after feeding and the dry matter of the colonic contents also decreased (P<.05) with time after feeding. These results indicate that a substantial fraction of lactose is available for microbial fermentation in the large intestine of pigs fed a diet containing high levels of lactose.
Reducing Computing Time for Synchronous Binary Division (1961)

The computing time for binary division is shortened by performing division, radix 2p on the binary operands, where p is a positive integer. Each quotient digit radix 2p is computed in almost the same time required to determine a binary quotient digit. Therefore, computing time is reduced by approximately the factor p over conventional binary division. The method is most useful for synchronous machines but can be applied to either serial or parallel operation. The theory of nonrestoring division in any integral radix r is discussed. Each quotient digit is considered as the sum of two recursive variables ak and bk, whose values depend on the divisor multiplier and relative signs of the partial remainders. The divisor multiplier is limited to odd integers in order to determine the quotient digit unambiguously. Using ak and bk, a single recursive equation combining all sign conditions is derived. This permits the derivation of the correct round-off procedure and shows that binary nonrestoring division is a particular case of nonrestoring division, radix r. An arrangement of components for a serial computer and a sample division for radix four are given.
Direct Observation of Internal Spin Structure of Magnetic Vortex Cores (2002)

Thin film nanoscale elements with a curling magnetic structure (vortex) are a promising candidate for future nonvolatile data storage devices. Their properties are strongly influenced by the spin structure in the vortex core. We have used spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy on nanoscale iron islands to probe for the first time the internal spin structure of magnetic vortex cores. Using tips coated with a layer of antiferromagnetic chromium, we obtained images of the curling in-plane magnetization around and of the out-of-plane magnetization inside the core region. The experimental data are compared with micromagnetic simulations. The results confirm theoretical predictions that the size and the shape of the vortex core as well as its magnetic field dependence are governed by only two material parameters, the exchange stiffness and the saturation magnetization that determines the stray field energy.
Segmenting speech using dynamic programming (1981)

Speech is modeled as a Markov chain. Scoring is developed to convert observations of the speech signal into estimated probabilities of the locations of segment boundaries. Dynamic programming is then used to compute a most-probable segmentation for the speech. The process automatically adjusts to speakers and incorporates a priori information in a probabilistic and systemic fashion. The performance of the algorithm appears to be state-of-the-art, independent of speaker.
Highly efficient interconnection for use with a multistage optical switching network with orthogonally polarized data and address information (1995)

A novel optical interconnection is introduced for a multistage optical switching network that uses orthogonally polarized data and address information. The network is unique in that the data information is never regenerated and remains in optical form throughout (i.e., it is never converted into electrical information). This has two main consequences: (1) the bandwidth of the data is not restricted by electrical circuit considerations, and (2) the optical interconnections from one stage of the network to the next must be highly efficient. The interconnection meets several goals: high efficiency, preservation of cross polarization of data and address, low cross talk between polarizations, good manufacturability, resistance to misalignment caused by thermal expansion, and absence of significant aberrations. In addition, sychronization of the signals is maintained, as the optical path lengths for all routes through the system are equal.
Efficient checking of temporal integrity constraints using bounded history encoding (1995)

We present an efficient implementation method for temporal integrity constraints formulated in Past Temporal Logic. Although the constraints can refer to past states of the database, their checking does not require that the entire database history be stored. Instead, every database state is extended with auxiliary relations that contain the historical information necessary for checking constraints. Auxiliary relations can be implemented as materialized relational views.
Rapid Synthesis ofα,β-Didehydroaspartic-Acid Derivatives Carrying aβ-Substituent (1998)

A convenient preparation of N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2,3-didehydroaspartic acid anhydrides 4 with substitution at the 3-position is reported. The key step is a cobalt-mediated acylation of an acetylene moiety, producing the highly functionalized didehydroamine acid derivative in good yield. Unnatural didehydroaspartates are readily accessible.
<b>A quantitative comparison of image restoration methods for confocal microscopy</b> (1997)

In this paper, we compare the performance of three iterative methods for image restoration: the Richardson–Lucy algorithm, the iterative constrained Tikhonov–Miller algorithm (ICTM) and the Carrington algorithm. Both the ICTM and the Carrington algorithm are based on an additive Gaussian noise model, but differ in the way they incorporate the non‐negativity constraint. Under low light‐level conditions, this additive (Gaussian) noise model is a poor description of the actual photon‐limited image recording, compared with that of a Poisson process. The Richardson–Lucy algorithm is a maximum likelihood estimator for the intensity of a Poisson process. We have studied various methods for determining the regularization parameter of the ICTM and the Carrington algorithm and propose a (Gaussian) prefiltering to reduce the noise sensitivity of the Richardson–Lucy algorithm. The results of these algorithms are compared on spheres convolved with a point spread function and distorted by Poisson noise. Our simulations show that the Richardson–Lucy algorithm, with Gaussian prefiltering, produces the best result in most of the tests. Finally, we show an example of how restoration methods can improve quantitative analysis: the total amount of fluorescence inside a closed object is measured in the vicinity of another object before and after restoration.
Glycosaminoglycans synthesized by cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells (1983)

Bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells seeded and grown on plastic dishes were labeled with 35S-sulfate or 3H-glucosamine for 48 h at various phases of growth of the cultures. Newly synthesized proteoglycans were isolated from the culture medium and from the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by the BCE cells, and the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) component of the proteoglycans was analyzed. Cells actively proliferating on plastic surfaces secreted an ECM that contained heparan sulfate as the major 35S-labeled GAG (86%) and dermatan sulfate as a minor component (13%). Upon reaching confluence, the BCE cells incorporated 35S-labeled chondroitin sulfate (20%), as well as heparan sulfate (66%) and dermatan sulfate (14%), into the EC. Seven-day postconfluent cells incorporated newly synthesized heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate into the matrix in approximately equal proportions. Dermatan sulfate was the main 35S-labeled GAG (60-65%) in the medium of both confluent and postconfluent cultures. 35S-Labeled chondroitin sulfate (20-25%) and heparan sulfate (15%) were also secreted into the culture medium. The type of GAG incorporated into newly synthesized ECM was affected when BCE cells were seeded onto ECM-coated dishes instead of plastic. BCE cells actively proliferating on ECM-coated dishes incorporated newly synthesized heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate into the ECM in a ratio that was very similar to the ratio of these GAGs in the underlying ECM. Addition of mitogens such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the culture medium altered the type of GAG synthesized and incorporated into the ECM by BCE cells seeded onto ECM-coated dishes if the cells were actively growing, but had no effect on postconfluent cultures.