gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE. PART 35: NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSICS FOR 1990-1994 (2016)

Purpose. Implementation of brief analytical review of the distinguished scientific achievements of the world scientists-physicists, awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for period 1990-1994. Methodology. Scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information of world level in area physics of elementary particles, physics of high energies, of astrophysics, of modern theoretical and experimental physics. Results. The brief analytical review of the scientific openings and distinguished achievements of scientists-physicists is resulted in area of modern physical and technical problems which were marked the Nobel Prize in physics for period 1990-1994. Originality. Systematization is executed with exposition in the short concentrated form of the known scientific and technical materials, devoted pioneer researches results on dispersion of relativism electrons on protons (neutrons), to opening of likenesses of physics of hard matter and physics of the condensed state of matter, creation of revolutionary detector of elementary particles, to opening of new pulsars and new possibilities in the study of gravitation, to creation of neutron spectroscopy and method of neutron diffraction. Practical value. Popularization and deepening of scientific and technical knowledges for students, engineer and technical specialists and research workers in area of modern theoretical and experimental physics, extending their scientific range of interests and cooperant further development of scientific and technical progress in human society.
Quantitative fractionation of caprine casein by cation-exchange FPLC (1992)

A rapid method of cation-exchange FPLC, previously used for fractionation of bovine and ovin casein into 5 fractions was adapted. The method was applied to examine the natural variation in the relative amounts of the individual caseins in 2 different herds of goats
Electrical characteristics and density of states of thin-film transistors based on sol-gel derived ZnO channel layers with different annealing temperatures (2017)

We report on the fabrication and electrical characterization of bottom gate thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on a sol-gel derived ZnO channel layer. The effect of annealing of ZnO active channel layers on the electrical characteristics of the ZnO TFTs was systematically investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicate that the crystal quality of the ZnO improves with increasing annealing temperature. Both the device turn-on voltage (Von) and threshold voltage (VT) shift to a positive voltage with increasing annealing temperature. As the annealing temperature is increased, both the subthreshold slope and the interfacial defect density (Dit) decrease. The field effect mobility (μFET) increases with annealing temperature, peaking at 800 °C and decreases upon further temperature increase. An improvement in transfer and output characteristics was observed with increasing annealing temperature. However, when the annealing temperature reaches 900 °C, the TFTs demonstrate a large degradation in both transfer and output characteristics, which is possibly produced by non-continuous coverage of the film. By using the temperature-dependent field effect measurements, the localized sub-gap density of states (DOSs) for ZnO TFTs with different annealing temperatures were determined. The DOSs for the subthreshold regime decrease with increasing annealing temperature from 600 °C to 800 °C and no substantial change was observed with further temperature increase to 900 °C.
Equivalent Circuits of Linear Active Four-Terminal Networks* (1948)

The art of equivalent network representation has grown very considerably since its inception by Dr. G. A. Campbell. In his paper “Cissoidal Oscillations” which was published in 1911 he proved that any passive network made up of a finite number of invariable elements and having one pair of input terminals and one pair of output terminals is externally equivalent to an unsymmetrical T or II network. From this modest beginning the field of applications of the equivalent circuit concept has steadily expanded so that by now the whole field of linear passive circuit theory has been subjected to equivalent circuit interpretation.
차명대출명의자(借名貸出名義者)의 책임판단에 관한 대법원판례의 비판적 검토 (2006)

借名貸出名義者와 金融機關과의 사이에서 通情虛僞表示를 인정하여 貸出名義者의 책임을 부인함에 있어서 우리 대법원은, 實質的貸出者가 대출을 받음에 있어서 貸出名義者를 형식적으로 내세웠고 금융기관에서도 그러한 사정을 諒解하고 貸出名義者에게 책임을 지우지 않을 의도로 貸出契約書를 작성받았으므로, 그 대출명의자와의 계약은 通情虛僞表示로서 무효라는 취지의 판시를 하고 있다. 필자는 이러한 대법원판례의 판시태도가 通情虛僞表示理論을 적용하면서 그 要件的 體系에 들어맞지 않는 판시를 하고 있다고 생각하며, 大法院判例는 또 대출명의자의 책임을 인정하는 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우에 있어서 判斷의 基準이 분명하게 확립되어 있지 않기 때문에, 국민들의 金融經濟的 法律生活에 있어서의 法的安定性의 요청에 부응하지 못하고 있다는 비판적 의견을 가지고 있다. 요컨대 借名貸出名義者의 책임을 판단함에 있어서 우리민법의 理論體系에 맞고 法的安定性의 요청에 부응하는 기준에 입각한 판단을 하기 위하여는 아래와 같은 事實認定과 意思解釋 및 法律適用이 이루어져야 할 것이라고 생각한다. 즉, 먼저 관련당사자들인 實質貸出者와 貸出名義者 및 金融機關과의 사이에서 문제된 당해 대출행위를 구성하는 여러 가지 사실관계를 객관적이고 치우치지 않는 證據判斷과 事實認定의 절차를 통하여 확정하여야 한다. 그 다음에는 그러한 사실관계속에서 차명대출의 名義者와 金融機關과의 사이에 있어서 貸出契約書에 명시된 것과는 달리 대출명의자의 책임을 묻지 않기로 하는데 대하여 意思의 合致가 있었다고 볼 사정이 있는지의 여부에 관하여 판단하여야 할 것으로서, 이는 의사해석의 문제요 規範的 事實認定의 문제라 할 것이다. 그런데 그러한 意思의 합치여부는 通情虛僞表示에 있어서의 通情이라는 요건에의 해당성을 말하는 것이므로, 그 해당여부를 판단함에 있어서는 확정된 사실관계속에서 인정되어지는 당사자의 意思表示와 間接事實들이 통정허위표시의 요건으로서의 通情의 要件과 基準에 들어맞는지를 확정하여야 할 것이며, 또 그와같이 함에 있어서는 대출명의자와 금융기관의 效果意思를 해석함에 있어서 고려할 規範的要素들을 충분히 고려하여야 할 것이다. 그런데 그와같은 요건과 기준에 의하여 借名貸出名義者의 책임을 판단하는 경우에는 의사해석의 表示主義 原則과 處分文書의 解釋論, 約款에 의한 商事去來의 特質 등에 비추어 지금까지의 대법원판례보다는 대출명의자의 책임을 부인하는(즉 통정허위표시를 인정하는) 기준이 嚴格·狹小해지게 될 것이다.
Applications of Chlorine Dioxide Gas for Control of Bacterial Soft Rot in Tomatoes (2007)

Chlorine dioxide (ClO<sub>2</sub>) gas was generated from a mixture of sodium chlorite and ferric chloride plus water (impregnated into zeolite) in a Tyvek sachet over a 2- or 24-h period. The gas was distributed by a fan over wound-inoculated tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum) enclosed in a sealed aluminum pressure cooker. Within 24 h of inoculation with 6 log<sub>10</sub> CFU of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora per wound and storage at 22 to 24°C, bacterial soft rot was observed on >80% of the nontreated wounds (10 wounds/fruit and 4 or 6 fruit/treatment). By contrast, wounds that had been exposed to an atmosphere containing up to 99 mg ClO<sub>2</sub> during a 2- or 24-h period remained firm and dry with no evidence of bacterial activity or soft rot. After 72 h of incubation, wounds exposed to 88 mg ClO<sub>2</sub> produced over 24 h or 99 mg ClO<sub>2</sub> produced over 2 h were free of decay, whereas bacterial soft rot was observed in ca. 12% and less than 5% of wounds treated with 0.75 mg or 7.5 mg, respectively, for either 2 or 24 h. Wounds that had not been inoculated remained free of bacterial soft rot throughout the entire storage period. Wounds exposed to the highest doses of ClO<sub>2</sub>, 88 mg/24 h or 99 mg/2 h, became bleached and sunken. Additionally, the stem scars on these fruit became cracked, sunken, and bleached. The intact cuticle was not visibly affected, and there was no observed change in overall fruit color. ClO<sub>2</sub> gas may be effective for controlling postharvest decays of fruit that have been inoculated prior to or during harvest.
Investigation of Laser Voltage Probing Signals in CMOS Transistors (2007)

The increasing number of interconnection layers is making failure analysis of integrated circuits (ICs) increasingly complex. In addition, the decreasing supply voltage is a challenge for failure analysis equipment, as minimum detection levels are reached. Laser voltage probing (LVP) is a common method for probing internal nodes through the silicon back side, and is particularly suited to low-voltage measurements. However, to date there has been little work on detailed understanding of the physical origin of LVP signals. This article presents measurements of LVP signal strength on large test structures over a wide range of parameters as a first approach to detailed understanding of LVP physics and future scaling. All the measurements we present were performed using a continuous-wave 1319 nm laser. In addition to the usual time-domain LVP measurements, the authors demonstrate rapid data acquisition scheme using frequency-domain measurements. This method allows rapid voltage sweeps and also allows for (x, y) mapping of signal strength across device structures. The signal strengths are in accord with qualitative models.
Oxidized LDL promotes vascular endothelial cell pinocytosis via a prooxidation mechanism (1998)

Human low density lipoprotein (LDL) is prepared in the presence of antioxidants and is oxidized to different levels (measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) with copper ion. The effects of unoxidized LDL and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) on stress fiber formation, cell membrane ruffling, and pinocytosis (measured by [14C]sucrose uptake) in cultured human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (EC) are compared. We show that at a concentration range of 100 to 200 microg cholesterol/ml, both unoxidized LDL and ox-LDL promote EC elongation and stress fiber formation, but the effect by the latter is more prominent when compared at the same dose range. In addition, ox-LDL also induces EC membrane ruffling and promotes pinocytosis. These effects are positively correlated with the extent of LDL oxidation and depend on the dose of ox-LDL. Ox-LDL-promoted membrane ruffling and pinocytosis are effectively blocked by brief preexposure of the cells to antioxidants. In contrast, stress fiber formation is not affected by antioxidant pretreatment. Although unoxidized LDL also promotes [14C]sucrose uptake, it is less potent than ox-LDL and significantly higher concentrations are required to produce a detectable effect. Unlike ox-LDL, unoxidized LDL-enhanced pinocytosis is not accompanied by the appearance of membrane ruffling; therefore, they may act via different mechanisms. Elevated pinocytosis may increase transcytotic activity of the endothelium, leading to an increased influx of plasma components such as LDL into the subendothelial space.
A switched-capacitor multiplier/divider with digital and analog outputs (1984)

A novel switched-capacitor circuit is proposed for digital multiplication and division. The inputs (two binary numbers) are first converted to analog charges by means of binary-weighted capacitor arrays. Then, multiplication or division is performed between these charges to provide the product or ratio in the form of an analog voltage. Finally, the resulting analog voltage is converted to a binary number by successiveapproximation analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. An error analysis using the charge conservation equation has shown that a 10-bit accuracy is obtainable using this technique with presently available MOS technology. An experimental circuit was built and tested. The results confirmed the principles of operation.
Practical Diabetes Care (2002)

Abstract Diabetes care has changed enormously in the past few years. Diagnostic criteria have changed and there is strong evidence for the benefits of vigorous treatment of high blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol and other risk factors for complications. Without such care, there is a greater risk of disability or death. Patients rightly expect high standards of evidence-based care tailored to their personal needs. General Practitioners are well placed to provide good, local diabetes care. This book provides a step-by-step guide to diabetes care for general practitioners and their teams; some patients may also find it helpful. The author draws on practical experience and takes a realistic, common sense approach to the assessment, education, monitoring, and treatment of diabetes in all age groups. The new diagnostic criteria are explained and the bewildering range of new pills, insulins and gadgets are clearly discussed with help in choosing the right one for your patient. There are detailed sections on helping patients to manage diabetes in everyday life - eating, exercise, work and travel and there is extensive help about monitoring and adjustment of glucose levels, and how to prevent and cope with emergencies. The book focuses particularly on the prevention, detection and treatment of diabetic tissue damage, including heart disease. Children, the elderly, and those from varied ethnic backgrounds have dedicated chapters, as do men and women with diabetes. Practical Diabetes Care gently guides those who wish to establish new diabetic services, and provides more detailed specialist information for those who wish to enhance the diabetes care they already provide. The author has many years of practical experience in the field of diabetes care and has written widely on the topic for professionals and patients.
Flash hydropyrolysis of coal. Quarterly report Nos. 14/15, October 1, 1980-March 31, 1981 (1981)

The following conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) Approximately 40 to 45% of the carbon contained in Kentucky No. 9 coal can be hydrogenated to gaseous hydrocarbon products at 900/sup 0/C and 1000 psi and residence times of 1 second or more. (2) At the same conditions, approximately 20% total liquid hydrocarbon products containing 10% BTX and 10% light oils can be formed. (3) At 1000/sup 0/C and 800 psi, as much as 50% gaseous hydrocarbon products can be formed. This is at the expense of the liquid yields which drop to approximately 10% consisting of 7% BTX and 3% light oils. (4) At coal residence times of less than 2.5 seconds the gaseous hydrocarbon yields at 900/sup 0/C and pressures ranging from 800 to 1200 psi, increase at a rate of 6% per second of coal particle residence time. (5) Gaseous hydrocarbon yields increase with hydrogen pressure at the rate of 10% per 200 psi when hydrogenating Kentucky No. 9 coal at 900/sup 0/C and between 800 and 1200 psi. (6) An increase in particle size from an average of 100..mu.. to an average of 165..mu.. decreased the particle residence time by about 67% from 1.58 secmore » to 0.94 sec without a measureable change in yields. (7) Approximately 4% CO is formed and no CO/sub 2/ is formed when hydrogenating Kentucky No. 9 coal. (8) A significant difference is seen in the light oils produced from Kentucky No. 9 coal when run at 900/sup 0/C and 1000 psi and when run at 1000/sup 0/ and 800 psi. At 900/sup 0/C, 25% naphthalene is formed and at 1000/sup 0/C, 35% is formed. Also at 900/sup 0/C, 4% benzopyrene is formed and at 1000/sup 0/C 2% benzopyrene is formed. (9) Additional work is necessary to further identify the constituents of the light oils. (10) In none of the light oil samples produced from Montana Rosebud sub-bituminous coal did the sulfur concentration exceed 0.3%, the limit considered maximum for further hydrotreatment. (11) Most of the 3.7% sulfur (68%) found in the Kentucky No. 9 coal is in the organic form.« less
Amino acid catabolism: a pivotal regulator of innate and adaptive immunity (2012)

Enhanced amino acid catabolism is a common response to inflammation, but the immunologic significance of altered amino acid consumption remains unclear. The finding that tryptophan catabolism helped maintain fetal tolerance during pregnancy provided novel insights into the significance of amino acid metabolism in controlling immunity. Recent advances in identifying molecular pathways that enhance amino acid catabolism and downstream mechanisms that affect immune cells in response to inflammatory cues support the notion that amino acid catabolism regulates innate and adaptive immune cells in pathologic settings. Cells expressing enzymes that degrade amino acids modulate antigen-presenting cell and lymphocyte functions and reveal critical roles for amino acid- and catabolite-sensing pathways in controlling gene expression, functions, and survival of immune cells. Basal amino acid catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis that prevents autoimmunity, whereas elevated amino acid catalytic activity may reinforce immune suppression to promote tumorigenesis and persistence of some pathogens that cause chronic infections. For these reasons, there is considerable interest in generating novel drugs that inhibit or induce amino acid consumption and target downstream molecular pathways that control immunity. In this review, we summarize recent developments and highlight novel concepts and key outstanding questions in this active research field.
Guide to IPsec VPNs (2020)

NIST is responsible for developing information security
Smoothly integrating rule-based techniques into a direct manipulation interface builder (1991)

Work in automating the production of user interf%ce software has recently concentrated on two distinct approaches: systems that provide a direct manipulation editor for specifying user interfaces and systems that attempt to automatically generate much or all of the interface. This paper considers how a middle ground between these approaches can be constructed. It presents a technique whereby the rule-base inference methods used in many automatic generation systems can be smoothly integrated into a direct manipulation interface builder. This integration is achieved by explicitly representing the results of inference rules in the direct manipulation framework and by using semantic snapping techniques to give the user direct feedback and interactive control over the application of rules.
Fundamentals of Molecular Virology (2006)

Fundamentals of molecular virology , Fundamentals of molecular virology , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Intracellular DNA Damage by Lysine‐Acetylene Conjugates (2010)

Previously, we reported the design and properties of alkyne C-lysine conjugates, a powerful and tunable family of DNA cleaving reagents. We also reported that, upon photoactivation, these molecules are capable of inducing cancer cells death. To prove that the cell death stems from DNA cleavage by the conjugates, we investigated intracellular DNA damage induced by these molecules in LNCap cancer cells using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays. The observation of highly efficient DNA damage confirmed that lysine acetylene conjugate is capable of cleaving the densely compacted intracellular DNA. This result provides a key mechanistic link between efficient DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells for this family of light-activated anticancer agents.
Ceramics, General Survey (2000)

The article contains sections titled:



1.	Traditional and Advanced Ceramics	
1.1.	Traditional Ceramics	
1.2.	Advanced Ceramics	
1.2.1.	Advanced Structural Ceramics ( )	
1.2.2.	Electronic Ceramics ( )	
1.2.3.	Other Advanced Ceramics	
1.3.	Characterization of Ceramic Materials	
2.	Raw Materials for Traditional Ceramics	
2.1.	The Structure of Clays and Nonplastics	
2.2.	Clay -Water System	
2.3.	Commercial Ceramic Clays	
2.4.	Commercial Nonplastics for Ceramics	
3.	Raw Materials for Advanced Ceramics	
3.1.	Metal Oxides and Carbonates	
3.2.	Borides, Carbides, and Nitrides	
4.	Processing Ceramic Ware	
4.1.	Preparation of Clay-based Forming Systems	
4.2.	Preparation of Advanced Ceramic Systems	
4.3.	Forming Ceramic Articles	
4.4.	Drying and Finishing	
4.5.	Firing Ceramic Products	
4.5.1.	Firing Traditional Ceramics	
4.5.2.	Densification of Advanced Ceramic Products	
4.6.	Kilns and Firing Conditions	
4.6.1.	Modern Periodic Kilns	
4.6.2.	Tunnel Kilns	
4.6.3.	Advanced Ceramics Furnaces	
4.6.4.	Kiln Atmosphere	
4.6.5.	Fired Ware Finishing	
5.	Glazes and Glazing	
5.1.	The Nature of Glazes	
5.2.	Preparation of Glazes	
5.3.	Glaze Application	
6.	Glass ( )	
7.	Refractories ( )	
8.	Abrasives ( )	
9.	Cement( )	
10.	Properties of Ceramic Materials and Products	
11.	Testing Ceramic Raw Materials and Products	
11.1.	Raw Material and Product Tests	
11.2.	Simplified Testing of Clay Body Materials	
11.3.	Quality Control of Advanced Ceramics	
12.	Economic Aspects
<title>Staring focal plane arrays for advanced ambient temperature infrared sensors</title> (1995)

This paper discusses design concepts for staring focal plane arrays of thin film resistance bolometer IR detectors, integrated with advanced signal conditioning and readout microelectronic circuits on the same silicon chip. These monolithic detector arrays are being developed for smart infrared sensors operated at ambient temperature. It is intended that the on-chip VLSI microcircuit include both analogue-to-digital conversion and signal processing functions. A description is given of detector fabrication at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Salisbury, Australia, and system performance is considered for detector arrays integrated with new CMOS signal conditioning and readout circuits under development at the National Defence Research Establishment and University of Linkoping, Sweden.
Conditional Generative Refinement Adversarial Networks for Unbalanced Medical Image Semantic Segmentation (2018)

We propose a new generative adversarial architecture to mitigate imbalance data problem in medical image semantic segmentation where the majority of pixels belongs to a healthy region and few belong to lesion or non-health region. A model trained with imbalanced data tends to bias toward healthy data which is not desired in clinical applications and predicted outputs by these networks have high precision and low sensitivity. We propose a new conditional generative refinement network with three components: a generative, a discriminative, and a refinement network to mitigate unbalanced data problem through ensemble learning. The generative network learns to a segment at the pixel level by getting feedback from the discriminative network according to the true positive and true negative maps. On the other hand, the refinement network learns to predict the false positive and the false negative masks produced by the generative network that has significant value, especially in medical application. The final semantic segmentation masks are then composed by the output of the three networks. The proposed architecture shows state-of-the-art results on LiTS-2017 for liver lesion segmentation, and two microscopic cell segmentation datasets MDA231, PhC-HeLa. We have achieved competitive results on BraTS-2017 for brain tumour segmentation.
Neural Mechanisms of Object-Based Attention (2014)

How we attend to objects and their features that cannot be separated by location is not understood. We presented two temporally and spatially overlapping streams of objects, faces versus houses, and used magnetoencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to separate neuronal responses to attended and unattended objects. Attention to faces versus houses enhanced the sensory responses in the fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), respectively. The increases in sensory responses were accompanied by induced gamma synchrony between the inferior frontal junction, IFJ, and either FFA or PPA, depending on which object was attended. The IFJ appeared to be the driver of the synchrony, as gamma phases were advanced by 20 ms in IFJ compared to FFA or PPA. Thus, the IFJ may direct the flow of visual processing during object-based attention, at least in part through coupled oscillations with specialized areas such as FFA and PPA.
Identification of Three Highly Attenuated <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Mutants That Are More Immunogenic and Protective in Mice than a Prototypical <i>aroA</i> Mutant (1998)

A panel of Salmonella typhimurium 14028s mutants, which were previously shown to be highly attenuated in the BALB/c mouse model of infection, were analyzed for their potential as live Salmonella oral-vaccine candidates. A prototypical aroA mutant was chosen as a basis of comparison. From the panel of mutants initially chosen for this study, three mutants with comparable levels of attenuation elicited higher Salmonella-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or mucosal secretory-IgA antibody titers than the aroA vaccine strain. The three mutants, CL288, CL401, and CL554, also elicited a better protective immune response than the aroA control strain, after a single oral dose of 1 x 10(9) to 2 x 10(9) bacteria.