gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Time Resolution Oxidized Mercury Measurements during the Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison Experiment (RAMIX) (2013)

The Reno Atmospheric Mercury Intercomparison Experiment (RAMIX) was carried out from 22 August to 16 September, 2011 in Reno, NV to evaluate the performance of new and existing methods to measure atmospheric mercury (Hg). Measurements were made using a common sampling manifold to which controlled concentrations of Hg species, including gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and HgBr2 (a surrogate gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) compound), and potential interferents were added. We present an analysis of Hg measurements made using the University of Washington's Detector for Oxidized Hg Species (DOHGS), focusing on tests of GEM and HgBr2 spike recovery, the potential for interference from ozone (O3) and water vapor (WV), and temporal variability of ambient reactive mercury (RM). The mean GEM and HgBr2 spike recoveries measured with the DOHGS were 95% and 66%, respectively. The DOHGS responded linearly to HgBr2. We found no evidence that elevated O3 interfered in the DOHGS RM measurements. A reduction in RM collection and retention efficiencies at very high ambient WV mixing ratios is possible. Comparisons between the DOHGS and participating Hg instruments demonstrate good agreement for GEM and large discrepancies for RM. The results suggest that existing GOM measurements are biased low.
Driver Backing-Behavior Research: Implications for Backup Warning Devices (1997)

Collisions during backing maneuvers are a common accident type and cause a significant number of injuries and fatalities. Backup warning systems are among the intelligent vehicle warning applications being developed. Designing effective warning criteria and display characteristics is a serious challenge because little is known about how drivers behave during backing maneuvers. Drivers often intentionally back their vehicles into close proximity to objects, and backing speeds vary greatly, so appropriate conditions for warning a driver are unclear. A series of experiments was conducted to provide a basis for the design of effective vehicle-based backup warning devices. The experiments concerned driver behavior, perceptions, and responses to warning signals. One experiment measured common behaviors and vehicle control aspects during backing maneuvers. Another experiment measured driver brake reaction time and stopping distance to an acoustic signal during various backing maneuvers. A third experiment required participants in a car that was backing toward an object to identify the point at which they would want to receive cautionary and imminent crash warnings. Key findings are highlighted and their implications for the design of backup warning systems are discussed. Findings suggest the most effective design is a two-level warning system using acoustic signals as the primary mode and time to collision as a primary means of recognizing probable driver errors. Although preliminary, a time to collision of approximately 1.5 to 2.0 sec appears to be a reasonable criterion for an imminent crash warning, based on joint consideration of normal maneuver characteristics, driver reaction times, and driver judgments of appropriate warning times.
Experiential Learning Association special issue: best experiential exercises from the Eastern Academy of Management, 2008 (2009)

This article does not have an abstract.
Mass flow and pressure-driven hyphal extension in Neurospora crassa (2005)

Mass flow of cytoplasm in Neurospora crassa trunk hyphae was directly confirmed by injecting oil droplets into the hyphae. The droplets move in a manner similar to cytoplasmic particles and vacuoles within the hyphae. The direction of mass flow is towards the growing hyphal tips at the colony edge. Based on flow velocities (about 5 microm s(-1)), hyphal radius and estimates of cytoplasm viscosity, the Reynolds number is about 10(-4), indicating that mass flow is laminar. Therefore, the Poiseulle equation can be used to calculate the pressure gradient required for mass flow: 0.0005-0.1 bar cm(-1) (depending on the values used for septal pore radius and cytoplasmic viscosity). These values are very small compared to the normal hydrostatic pressure of the hyphae (4-5 bar). Mass flow stops after respiratory inhibition with cyanide, or creation of an extracellular osmotic gradient. The flow is probably caused by internal osmotic gradients created by differential ion transport along the hyphae. Apical cytoplasm migrates at the same rate as tip extension, as do oil droplets injected near the tip. Thus, in addition to organelle positioning mediated by molecular motors, pressure-driven mass flow may be an integral part of hyphal extension.
Transducerless field orientation concepts employing saturation-induced saliencies in induction machines (2002)

This paper explores the tracking of high-frequency magnetic saliencies created by saturation as a means of continuously estimating the position and magnitude of flux for transducerless field oriented control at zero and low speed operation. Tracking is based upon inverter-generated high-frequency signal injection with demodulation incorporating heterodyning and a closed-loop tracking filter. Integration of the tracking scheme with the voltage model in a closed-loop flux observer topology is proposed as an attractive means of achieving very wide speed range transducerless field oriented control. The focus is toward induction machines, the applicability to surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines is also briefly discussed. Experimental evaluation of saturation effects in two induction machines is included.
Subject-specific body segment parameters' estimation using biplanar X-rays: a feasibility study (2010)

In order to improve the reliability of children's models, the aim of this study was to determine the subject-specific masses and 3D locations of the centres of mass (CoM) of body segments using biplanar X-rays. Previous methods, validated on upper leg segments, were applied to the whole body. Six children and six adults were studied. The low-dose X-ray system EOS(®) was used to simultaneously get head-to-foot biplanar X-rays in the upright position. Specific methods were used to get 3D reconstructions of bones and body shape. The densities from the literature were used to define the masses. To assess the accuracy of the reconstructions, a force plate was used to compare the mass and the projection of the CoM. A mean distance of 4.5 mm between the measured and the calculated projections of the CoM was found. The mean error between the estimated and the actual body mass was 2.6%. Such a method will be useful in obtaining the body segment parameters in children, hard to obtain using direct measurement techniques.
Improving the performance of optical antenna for optical phased arrays through high-contrast grating structure on SOI substrate (2019)

A novel optical antenna for optical phased arrays is proposed and simulated. A high-contrast grating structure is used to achieve extremely efficient emission. The emission efficiency is as high as 93.94% at 1.55 μm, which exceeds 50% in a range of wavelength from 1.48 μm to 1.62 μm. The antenna can achieve a perfect grating lobe suppression with background suppression of 28.4 dB when the phase difference between adjacent waveguides is 0. A 16-wire optical phased array can easily achieve a scan range of ± 22.8° × 20.2° with a beam width of 2.4° × 2.5°, by employing the optical antenna proposed.
Calibrating Item Families and Summarizing the Results Using Family Expected Response Functions (2003)

Item families, which are groups of related items, are becoming increasingly popular in complex educational assessments. For example, in automatic item generation (AIG) systems, a test may consist of multiple items generated from each of a number of item models. Item calibration or scoring for such an assessment requires fitting models that can take into account the dependence structure inherent among the items that belong to the same item family. Glas and van der Linden (2001) suggest a Bayesian hierarchical model to analyze data involving item families with multiple-choice items. We fit the model using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, introduce the family expected response function (FERF) as a way to summarize the probability of a correct response to an item randomly generated from an item family, and suggest a way to estimate the FERFs. This work is thus a step towards creating a tool that can save significant amount of resources in educational testing, by allowing proper analysis and summarization of data from tests involving item families.
Photoconductivity of poly(2,5-diheptyloxy-<i>p</i>-phenylene vinylene) in the air atmosphere: Magnetic-field effect and mechanism of generation and recombination of charge carriers (1996)

The photoconductivity of poly(2,5-diheptyloxy-p-phenylene vinylene) (HO-PPV) increases upon application of an external magnetic field. This magnetic-field effect (MFE) is significantly enhanced in the presence of the oxygen of air. Two types of MFE are revealed in samples of HO-PPV. The first one is a prompt MFE connected with the existence of coupled pairs of charge carriers, as precursors for photoconductivity: these pairs dissociate thermally and/or in an external electric field, producing mobile carriers. The second MFE is delayed, and is shown to be connected with the reaction of triplet and singlet excitons with ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The reaction changes inertially the concentration of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ molecules dissolved in the bulk of the polymer, its rate being dependent on magnetic field. MFE allowed us to clarify the mechanism of photogeneration of HO-PPV: Positive mobile charge carriers responsible for the photocurrent are produced in the dissociation of primary singlet excitons by oxygen, photo-oxidation products, and other weak dopants like ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules. The probability of charge-carrier generation in the reaction with ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ molecules is found to be higher than with ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ clusters. An enhancement of the photoconductivity of samples in air is connected with that factor and also with a significant increase of the lifetime of charge carriers before recombination. Recombination of positive charge carriers with oxygen negative ions is very slow, giving quasipersistent photoconductivity of the polymer in air. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Peritoneal Dialysis in Rabbits (1978)

Since vasodilators can restore toward normal the decreased peritoneal clearances associated with vascular disease, the influence of aminophylline on peritoneal solute transport was studied in unanesthetized rabbits. Mean control creatinine clearance was 0.56 ml/kg/min and urea clearance 0.80 ml/kg/min. Neither intraperitoneal nor intravenous aminophylline increased peritoneal clearances, nor did the ratio creatinine clearance/urea clearance change from the control value, 0.70. Bidirectional flux of theophylline occurred at clearances of 0.70 ml/ kg/min efflux and 0.64 ml/min influx. The removal rate of theophylline was 0.05% min, allowing therapeutic removal of excess aminophylline and warranting supplemental therapy during dialysis if therapeutic theophylline concentrations are required. As the intraperitoneal aminophylline was well tolerated, this route can be considered for therapeutic administration.
Spinal Stability and Intersegmental Muscle Forces (1989)

The human spinal column, devoid of musculature, is incapable of carrying normal physiologic loads. In an in vitro experiment, the effect of simulated intersegmental muscle forces on spinal instability was investigated. Intact and sequentially injured fresh lumbar functional spinal units were subjected to three-dimensional biomechanical tests with increasing muscle forces. With the application of muscle forces, range of motion (ROM) increased and neutral zone (NZ) decreased in flexion loading, while both ROM and NZ decreased in extension loading. In lateral bending, ROM and NZ were unaffected by the application of the muscle forces. In axial rotation, ROM decreased significantly, while NZ decrease was statistically insignificant. It was concluded that the action of the intersegmental muscle forces is to maintain or decrease intervertebral motions after injury, with the exception of the flexion ROM, which increased with the application of muscle forces. In addition, the study suggested that Neutral Zone is a better indicator of spinal instability than Range of Motion.
Labeling Live Cells by Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne−Azide Click Chemistry (2010)

The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, optimized for biological molecules in aqueous buffers, has been shown to rapidly label mammalian cells in culture with no loss in cell viability. Metabolic uptake and display of the azide derivative of N-acetylmannosamine developed by Bertozzi, followed by CuAAC ligation using sodium ascorbate and the ligand tris(hydroxypropyltriazolyl)methylamine (THPTA), gave rise to abundant covalent attachment of dye-alkyne reactants. THPTA serves both to accelerate the CuAAC reaction and to protect the cells from damage by oxidative agents produced by the Cu-catalyzed reduction of oxygen by ascorbate, which is required to maintain the metal in the active +1 oxidation state. This procedure extends the application of this fastest of azide-based bioorthogonal reactions to the exterior of living cells.
Plant diversity and evolution: genotypic and phenotypic variation in higher plants (2004)

<title>Abstract</title> This book contains 15 chapters that review the aspects of plant evolution as it relates to variation in plant genomes (gene level) and associated variations in plant phenomes (trait level). Topics covered include chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes, reticulate evolution, polyploidy, population genetics within a species, the evolution of the flower, diversity in plant cell walls and in secondary metabolism, diversity and evolution of gymnosperms, and the importance of plant diversity in ecology and agriculture. This book is intended for those working within the areas of plant genetics, evolution, biodiversity, botany and agriculture.
DG Interconnection Standards and Technical Requirements: Comparisons and Gaps (2007)

The connection of distributed generation (DG) may change the operation and the topology of distribution systems. This may influence voltage control, protection regime, safety issues, etc. of the system when coupling, operating, and shutting down small generator units. Technical requirements and standards of DG interconnection are different from country to country, making international harmonization difficult. This paper aims to give an overview and to discuss those differences.
IL-4 activates equine neutrophils and induces a mixed inflammatory cytokine expression profile with enhanced neutrophil chemotactic mediator release ex vivo (2010)

Neutrophils are potent contributors to the lung pathophysiological changes occurring in allergic airway inflammation, which typically involve T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine overexpression. We have previously reported that equine pulmonary endothelial cells are activated by the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and express chemotactic factors for neutrophils after stimulation. We have further explored the possible mechanisms linking Th2-driven inflammation and neutrophilia by studying the effects of recombinant equine IL-4, a prototypical Th2 cytokine, on peripheral blood neutrophils (PBN) isolated from normal animals and from horses with asthmatic airway inflammation (equine heaves). We found that IL-4 induced morphological changes in PBN, dose- and time-dependent expression of IL-8 mRNA, as well as the release of chemotactic factors for neutrophils in culture supernatants. Also, IL-4 induced a mixed inflammatory response in PBN from control and asthmatic-animals with increased expression of proinflammatory IL-8 and TNF-α but a marked inhibition of IL-1β. IL-4 type I receptor (IL-4Rα) and CD23 (FcεRII) expression were also upregulated by IL-4. Importantly, disease as well as chronic antigenic exposure modified gene expression by PBN. Finally, we found that activation of equine neutrophils with IL-4 involved STAT6 phosphorylation and p38 MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); the pharmacological inhibitors, SB-203580 and LY-294002, respectively, significantly reversed IL-4-induced gene modulation in PBN. Overall, results from this study add to the link between Th2-driven inflammation and neutrophilia in the equine model and further extend the characterization of IL-4 effects on neutrophils.
Toward a Framework for Evaluating Software Success: A Proposed First Step (2015)

Software is a particularly critical technology in many computational science and engineering (CSE) sectors. Consequently, software is increasingly becoming an important component in the evaluation of competitive grants and the execution of research projects. As a result, software can be viewed as a scholarly contribution and has been proposed as a new factor to consider in tenure and promotion processes. However, existing metrics for evaluating the capability, use, reusability, or success of software are sorely lacking. This lack of software metrics permits the development of software based on poor development practices, which in turn allows poorly written software to “fly under the radar” in the scientific community and persist undetected. The absence of evaluation by knowledgeable peers often leads to the establishment and adoption of tools based on aggressive promotion by developers, ease-of-use, and other peripheral factors, hindering the sustainability, usefulness, and uptake of software and even leading to unreliable scientific findings. All of these factors mean that addressing the current lack of software evaluation metrics and methods is not just a question of increasing scientific productivity, but also a matter of preventing poor science. As a first step toward creating a methodology and framework for developing and evolving software success metrics for the CSE community, we propose the creation of a software “peer-review group.” This group, comprised of grant recipients funded to develop sustainable software, would meet periodically to evaluate their own and each others’ software, developing and refining success metrics along the way. We envision the group as a pilot test for a potential larger-scale effort to establish a more formal framework for software success metrics and evaluation.
Fuzzy Possibilistic C-Means Clustering Algorithm for Content based Image Retrieval (2011)

With the development of the Internet and the availability of image capturing devices such as digital cameras, image scanners, and the size of digital image collection is increasing rapidly and hence there is a huge demand for effective image retrieval system. For better image retrieval, content-based image retrieval (CBIR) was introduced. In CBIR, images are indexed by their visual content, such as color, texture, shapes. Further research has suggested the usage of clustering technique of image retrieval. Clustered images are utilized by Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) and querying system that requires effective query matching in large image database. For improving the performance of image retrieval, this paper focuses on using the fuzzy based clustering algorithm. Particularly, this paper uses Fuzzy Possibilistic C-Means (FPCM) clustering algorithm for retrieving the most similar images. The main intention of using the FPCM clustering is its combinational advantage of both fuzzy and possibilistic approaches. Experimental result suggests that the proposed image retrieval technique results in better retrieval.
Distributed Space-Frequency Coding over Broadband Relay Channels (2008)

Designing diversity achieving schemes over the wireless broadband fading relay channels is crucial to achieve higher diversity gains. These gains are achieved by exploiting the multipath (frequency) and cooperative diversities to combat the fading nature of wireless channels. The challenge is how to design space frequency codes, distributed among randomly located nodes that can exploit the frequency diversity of the wireless broadband channels. In this paper, the design of distributed space-frequency codes (DSFCs) for wireless relay networks is considered. The proposed DSFCs are designed to achieve the frequency and cooperative diversities of the wireless relay channels. The use of DSFCs with the decode-and-forward (DAF) and amplify-and forward (AAF) protocols is considered. The code design criteria to achieve full diversity, based on the pairwise error probability (PEP) analysis, are derived. For DSFC with the DAF protocol, a two-stage coding scheme, with source node coding and relay nodes coding, is proposed. We derive sufficient conditions for the proposed code structures at the source and relay nodes to achieve full diversity of order NL, where N is the number of relay nodes and L is the number of paths per channel. For the case of DSFC with the AAF protocol, a structure for distributed space-frequency coding is proposed.
Analysis, Design and Implementation of Secure and Interoperable Distributed Health Information Systems (2002)

This book is an introduction into methodology and practice of analysis, design and implementation of distributed health information systems. Special attention is dedicated to security and interoperability of such systems as well as to advanced electronic health record approaches. In the book, both available architectures and implementations but also current and future innovations are considered. Therefore, the component paradigm, UML, XML, eHealth are discussed in a concise way. Many practical solutions specified and implemented first in the author's environment are presented in greater detail. The book addresses information scientists, administrators, health professionals, managers and other users of health information systems.
Memory-fast DRAMs for sharper TV (1992)

It is argued that HDTV will require even greater memory throughput than computers do, for future television features such as high-definition display and picture enhancement. Current TV memories are described, and the features of HDTV that require faster memories are examined. The constraints composed by DRAM characteristics on TV designers are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Observation of Vortex Lattices in Bose-Einstein Condensates (2001)

Quantized vortices play a key role in superfluidity and superconductivity. We have observed the formation of highly ordered vortex lattices in a rotating Bose-condensed gas. These triangular lattices contained over 100 vortices with lifetimes of several seconds. Individual vortices persisted up to 40 seconds. The lattices could be generated over a wide range of rotation frequencies and trap geometries, shedding light on the formation process. Our observation of dislocations, irregular structure, and dynamics indicates that gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates may be a model system for the study of vortex matter.