gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liposome fusion catalytically induced by phospholipase C (1989)

Large unilamellar vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol (50:25:25 mole ratio) were treated with phospholipase C. The early stages of phospholipid cleavage are accompanied by mixing of bilayer lipids (monitored by dequenching of octadecylrhodamine fluorescence) and leakage-free mixing of vesicle contents [measured by using 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (ANTS) and p-xylylenebis(pyridinium bromide) (DPX)]. These results are interpreted in terms of vesicle fusion induced by the catalytic activity of phospholipase C. The use of sonicated unilamellar vesicles decreases the lag time, but does not modify the amplitude, of the fusion process. The presence of both phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol appears to be essential for measurable fusion effects to occur with low levels of phospholipid hydrolysis. Optimal fusion rates are observed with about 10-20 enzyme molecules per large unilamellar vesicle. This system of catalytically induced liposome fusion may be of relevance for the interpretation of physiological membrane fusion processes.
Extraction of the Top and Sidewall Mobility in FinFETs and the Impact of Fin-Patterning Processes and Gate Dielectrics on Mobility (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we propose a simple methodology for the extraction of the top and sidewall mobility in FinFET like triple-gate device architectures. The underlying assumptions are outlined and verified by simulations and experiments. Using this model, the top and sidewall mobility on both n- and p-channel FinFETs, fabricated with various fin-patterning processes and gate dielectrics, was extracted. It is shown that the choice of the hard mask and corner-rounding processes and the gate dielectric impacts the top and sidewall mobility differently. The proposed methodology provides a powerful tool for technologists to optimize the gate stack and fin-patterning processes. It also provides a simple model to capture the anisotropy of mobility in device and circuit simulators. </para>
Functional characterization of the ferroxidase, permease high‐affinity iron transport complex from <i>Candida albicans</i> (2011)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses two proteins that together support high-affinity Fe-uptake. These are a multicopper oxidase, Fet3p, with specificity towards Fe²⁺ and a ferric iron permease, Ftr1p, which supports Fe-accumulation. Homologues of the genes encoding these two proteins are found in all fungal genomes including those for the pathogens, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. At least one of these loci represents a virulence factor for each pathogen suggesting that this complex would be an appropriate pharmacologic target. However, the mechanism by which this protein pair supports Fe-uptake in any fungal pathogen has not been elucidated. Taking advantage of the robust molecular genetics available in S. cerevisiae, we identify the two of five candidate ferroxidases likely involved in high-affinity Fe-uptake in C. albicans, Fet31 and Fet34. Both localize to the yeast plasma membrane and both support Fe-uptake along with an Ftr1 protein, either from C. albicans or from S. cerevisiae. We express and characterize Fet34, demonstrating that it is functionally homologous to ScFet3p. Using S. cerevisiae as host for the functional expression of the C. albicans Fe-uptake proteins, we demonstrate that they support a mechanism of Fe-trafficking that involves channelling of the CaFet34-generated Fe³⁺ directly to CaFtr1 for transport into the cytoplasm.
Methods for run time analysis of data locality (2003)

The growing gap between processor clock speed and DRAM access time puts new demands on software and development tools. Deep memory hierarchies and high cache miss penalties in present and emerging computer systems make execution time sensitive to data locality. Therefore, developers of performance-critical applications and optimizing compilers must be aware of data locality and maximize cache utilization to produce fast code. To aid the optimization process and help understanding data locality, we need methods to analyze programs and pinpoint poor cache utilization and possible optimization opportunities. Current methods for run-time analysis of data locality and cache behavior include functional cache simulation, often combined with set sampling or time sampling, other regularity metrics based on strides and data streams, and hardware monitoring. However, they all share the trade-off between run-time overhead, accuracy and explanatory power. This thesis presents methods to efficiently analyze data locality at run time based on cache modeling. It suggests source-interdependence profiling as a technique for examining the cache behavior of applications and locating source code statements and/or data structures that cause poor cache utilization. The thesis also introduces a novel statistical cache-modeling technique, StatCache. Rather than implementing a functional cache simulator, StatCache estimates the miss ratios of fully-associative caches using probability theory. A major advantage of the method is that the miss ratio estimates can be based on very sparse sampling. Further, a single run of an application is enough to estimate the miss ratio of caches of arbitrary sizes and line sizes and to study both spatial and temporal data locality.
Activation of Chimeric and Full-length Growth Hormone Receptors by Growth Hormone Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies (1998)

Signal transduction by the growth hormone receptor (GHR) occurs through growth hormone (GH)-induced dimerization of two GHRs to form a trimeric complex. It is thought that dimerization alone is sufficient for signaling, since monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the extracellular domain of the GHR elicit proliferation of FDC-P1 cells transfected with a chimeric receptor comprising the extracellular domain of the GHR and the fibronectin and cytoplasmic domains of the murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. We have screened 14 GHR mAbs for proliferative activity against characterized FDC-P1 and BaF-B03 cell lines stably expressing the full-length human, rabbit, or rat GHR, or the chimeric human GHR/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, and for transactivation of the c-fos promoter and STAT activation. With the chimeric receptor, eight mAbs were able to elicit proliferation, although there was no correlation between inhibition of hormone binding and agonist activity. In contrast, no mAbs were able to act as agonists with the full-length GHR FDC-P1 cell lines, although nine competed with GH for binding. A weak proliferative response was observed in the BaF-B03 cell lines with two of the mAbs (263 and 1C9), and the addition of anti-mouse F(ab)2 resulted in increased signaling in the hGHR BaF-B03 cell line to a plateau of 28 +/- 4% of the GH maximum for mAb 263. These data could indicate considerable stringency in the ability of mAbs to correctly dimerize the full-length GHR. However, the ability of mAb 263 to stimulate a mutant hGHR altered in the F'-G' loop of domain 2 was nearly abolished, concurrent with an increased affinity of this mAb for the receptor. Since the F'-G' loop undergoes a conformational change on GH binding and is necessary for full proliferative signaling, we propose that in addition to promoting receptor dimerization, mAb 263 may induce specific changes in receptor conformation similar to GH, which are required for the biological response.
TCP in wired-cum-wireless environments (2000)

The Internet has evolved during the last decade, reaching a larger number of users and encompassing several new technologies. New classes of hosts such as mobile devices are gaining popularity, while the transmission media become more heterogeneous. Wireless networks exhibit different characteristics than wired ones. Mobile hosts have different needs and limitations than desktop computers. TCP has served well the wired Internet for almost 20 years, but is not ready for wired-cum-wireless environments. This article presents the challenges that must be met in order to provide reliable transport services to all hosts regardless of the type of network connectivity used. It surveys recently proposed solutions and evaluates them with respect to a wired-cum-wireless environment.
Linearisation of the scanning motion of a piezoelectrically driven Fabry-Perot interferometer (1984)

The design principles of a function generator which allows the compensation of the nonlinearities of the piezoelectric transducers of a Fabry-Perot interferometer are described. Examples of the performance of the interferometer and of its improvement by the 'lineariser' are given.
Polymer dose assessment using the streaming current detector (1997)

The streaming current detector(SCD) is an electrokinetic analyzer for characterizing charge properties of particles in aqueous suspension. Its use in water treatment is well established. This research evaluated its use for automatic monitoring of polymer dosage in three wastewater treatment facilities using centrifuges or belt filter presses for dewatering. Continuous SCD readings from the liquid stream (centrate or filtrate) and other process responses were recorded while imposing stepwise changes in the polymer dose. The polymer caused a transition from negative to positive charge in both the conditioned solids and the liquid stream. Near‐zero SCD readings coincided with optimal fullscale dewatering, as indicated by solids measurements and recoveries and by minima in filtrate turbidity, filtrate viscosity, conditioned solids filterability times, and (in some cases) capillary suction times. Thus, charge neutralization is a key mechanism in solids conditioning, and the SCD is suitable for monitoring of polymer dosage. For its use in automatic polymer dose control—evaluated in a subsequent phase of the study—modifications were required to provide more reliable continuous sampling.
The surface and bulk oxidation of zirconium (2015)

The oxidation of zirconium at high temperatures involves both the formation of a surface oxide, and absorption of oxygen into the bulk Zr.The hcp lattice of Zr is reported to absorb up to 29.8 at.% oxygen, which occupies the interstitial sites.The simultaneous surface oxidation and diffusion of oxygen into the bulk Zr were observed at temperatures of 1073, 1173 and 1243 K. Experimental results were compared to predicted results from a model developed here to evaluate values of the oxidation kinetic parameters.Samples of Zr, 0.025 cm thick, were saturated with oxygen by soaking surface-oxidized samples in an argon atmosphere at 1243 K.The initial surface oxidation properties of saturated Zr were compared to pure Zr by AES-analysis.The model of the oxidation process assumes that diffusion of 02 -through the oxide layer is rate limiting.The oxide growth at the oxide Zr interface is described by a mass balance.The principle parameter in the model is the product,D/., the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in ZrO2 and the oxygen concentration difference across the oxide.The model was calibrated by two completely separate methods.The first compared model predicted curves of mass vs. time to those produced experimentally.The second method compared predicted oxide thicknesses at specific times and temperatures with those observed experimentally.A value for 7delta;C.from the literature was assumed.Then D. as a function of temperature was determined for both experimental methods.From the mass gain curve fitting method the diffusion coefficient, D.=1.6X10-5EXP(-20700/RT) was found.From the oxide thickness comparison the diffusion coefficient, D.=2.0X10-2EXP(-34300/RT) was found.It is concluded that the primary oxygen diffusion path is along grain boundaries, and that D. is a function of extent of oxidation due to changing oxide crystal size during oxidation.
Transhepatic Catheterization and Obliteration of the Coronary Vein in Patients with Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices (1974)

For the management of esophageal varices complicating portal hypertension, we have developed a method that consists of (1) percutaneous transhepatic portal venipuncture, (2) manipulation of a catheter via the portal vein into the coronary vein, and, (3) if injection of contrast medium demonstrates retrograde flow through that vein as well as esophageal varices, injection of 30 ml of 50 per cent glucose solution followed by injection of a small amount of thrombin solution. Portography is used throughout to facilitate the procedure and assess results. Four patients have been treated, two of them with variceal bleeding. In all four, obliteration of the coronary vein by this method was successful. (N Engl J Med 291:646–649, 1974)
Selective agonists of tachykinin binding sites (1990)

Three types of binding sites for the mammalian tachykinins, ie Substance P (SP) Neurokinin A (NKA) and Neurokinin B (NKB), have been found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Substance P binds to the NK-1 subclass of binding site while NKA and NKB are less selective endogenous ligands, which preferentially interact with the NK-2 and NK-3 subclasses of binding sites, respectively. Complementary strategies, including 3-dimensional structure analysis by NMR spectroscopy and structure-activity relationship led to the design of selective agonists of these binding sites. [Pro9] SP, [Pro10] SP and the cyclic analogues [Cys3,6, Tyr8, Pro9] SP and [Cys3,6, Tyr8, Pro10] SP are selective NK-1 agonists. [Lys5] NKA(4-10) is a water soluble NK-2 potent agonist. Finally, [Pro7] NKB, which completely discriminates NK-2 and NK-3 binding sites, is a water-soluble NK-3 selective agonist.
Thiazole‐Based Organic Semiconductors for Organic Electronics (2012)

Over the past two decades, organic semiconductors have been the subject of intensive academic and commercial interests. Thiazole is a common electron-accepting heterocycle due to electron-withdrawing nitrogen of imine (C=N), several moieties based on thiazole have been widely introduced into organic semiconductors, and yielded high performance in organic electronic devices. This article reviews recent developments in the area of thiazole-based organic semiconductors, particularly thiazole, bithiazole, thiazolothiazole and benzobisthiazole-based small molecules and polymers, for applications in organic field-effect transistors, solar cells and light-emitting diodes. The remaining problems and challenges, and the key research direction in near future are discussed.
A Comparison of the In vitro Retentive Strength of Glass-Ionomer Cement, Zinc-Phosphate Cement, and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate for the Retention of Prefabricated Posts in Bovine Incisors (2004)

The purpose of this study was to compare the retentive strength of zinc-phosphate cement, glass-ionomer cement, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement in the retention of prefabricated posts. The root canals of 60 bovine incisors were prepared and obturated with warm gutta-percha. Post space was prepared, the smear layer removed, and posts were luted with zinc-phosphate cement, glass-ionomer cement, or MTA. The specimens were stored at 37 degrees C and 100% humidity for 2 weeks, and then subjected to increasing axial tensile forces by an Instron machine until bond failure occurred. Data were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. The retentive strengths of zinc phosphate and glass-ionomer cements were statistically equivalent, and significantly greater than MTA (p < 0.001), which suggests that zinc phosphate or glass-ionomer cement may be superior to MTA when used as luting agents for posts in endodontically treated teeth.
Linear flexo-electro-optic effect in a hybrid aligned nematic liquid crystal cell (1985)

A hybrid aligned nematic liquid crystal sample presents a bulk flexo-electric polarization P. The coupling of P with an external electric field normal to the bounding plates allows, for weak anchoring, a texture distortion. We report a new linear flexo-electro-optic effect in such a cell with a weak anchoring, which presents an electrically controlled birefringence. The results also indicate that the sin2 θs form of the surface anchoring energy is inadequate when the surface angle θ s is large. Low voltage screening by counterions is also discussed.
A voltage-controlled switched-capacitor relaxation oscillator (1981)

A new switched-capacitor (SC) oscillator is described. The oscillator is easily modified to be either voltage controlled or digitally programmed. Although the oscillator is practical only when its oscillating frequency is less than about 1/25 the clock frequency (because of the excess phase jitter that develops at higher ratios), it is useful in a number of low frequency applications, especially when stability is important.
Distance separated simultaneous sweeping, providing record-breaking productivity and a step-change in data quality in BP Jordan's Risha seismic survey (2013)

In December 2010 BP commenced acquisition of a 5000 km2 3D seismic survey over the Risha Concession in Eastern Jordan. The survey utilized, BP’s Distance Separated Simultaneous Sweeping Technique to acquire over 2,4 million vibrator points in 6 months, with peak productivity of 23,851 vibrator points in a single 24 hour day on flat gravel plain, equating to 59 km2 per day. After ramp-up, 18 operational vibrators acquired up to 1500 km2 of high fold (1100 at 7 km offset) seismic data per month. The wide azimuth, high fold data provided a step change in BP’s subsurface understanding of Risha’s Ordovician prospects. The high fold, long offsets, and fully sampled source wavefield provided flexibility and enhancement of noise attenuation techniques enabling removal of the extreme scattered noise which has contaminated previously acquired data. For the first time, coherent reflectivity can be seen and seismic attribute products have provided insights into the lithology and fracture distribution in the area.
A Phase I Trial of TNFerade Biologic in Patients with Soft Tissue Sarcoma in the Extremities (2004)

TNFerade + radiation therapy was well tolerated in the treatment of patients with soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity. The high number of objective responses observed warrants additional studies of this approach in a larger controlled prospective trial.
"Fingerprinting"  -haemolytic streptococci by their production of and sensitivity to bacteriocine-like inhibitors (1979)

Summary A scheme for the “fingerprinting” of streptococci according to their production of (P typing) and sensitivity to (S typing) bacteriocine-like inhibitory substances has been developed. P typing of 450 β-haemolytic streptococci by their action on a set of nine standard indicator strains revealed that 80% of strains produced one or more detectable inhibitors, and that 17 different P types could be recognised. Production of some inhibitors seemed to be a property of strains of a particular serological group or type. Bacteriocine-like substances were produced by streptococci of serological groups, A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Nine strains were selected as standard producers for S typing. These strains differed in their spectra of inhibition, but all seemed to be active only against gram-positive bacteria. One producer, a group-F streptococcus, specifically inhibited group-A streptococci. The conditions of incubation were critical for demonstration of inhibitor production. A requirement for blood and for incubation at 32°C were important factors. None of the inhibitors was induced by ultraviolet irradiation. The observed inhibitory effects were not attributable to either hydrogen peroxide or low/pH, but to the production of a variety of substances having diverse physicochemical properties and production requirements. Most of the inhibitors do not seem to be produced in liquid media. The “fingerprinting” procedure is simple and inexpensive, and provides a reliable means of subdividing streptococcal strains that may find application as a supplement to the existing serological typing schemes.
The biodegradation of brewery wastes in a two-stage immobilized system (2002)

The investigations were made in a loop bioreactor, where biomass was immobilized in the ceramic carrier. The influence of the internal circulation rate on the biodegradation efficiency of brewery wastes by immobilized biomass and on production of surplus sludge was examined. The rates of the internal circulation were 12, 38, 50 dm 3 ·h -1 . The experiments were performed at constant loading rate of the carrier of 17.9 g·dm -3 ·h -1 and hydraulic retention time of 3 h. Increasing in the internal circulation rate from 12 to 50 dm 3 ·h 1 caused enhancement of the removal rate from 0.40 to 0.48 gCOD·dm 3 ·h -1 and limitation of surplus sludge productivity from 0.67 to 0.27 g·g -1 COD removed. The biodegradation rate of brewery wastes in a two-stage immobilized system was determined. The hydraulic retention time in this two-stage immobilized system was 6 h, which was enough to get a COD below 150 mg·dm -3 in the effluent.
DSPNet: A Lightweight Dilated Convolution Neural Networks for Spectral Deconvolution With Self-Paced Learning (2019)

In the fields of industry research, infrared spectrometers are widely used in diverse applications. However, the spectrum often suffers from band overlap and random noise due to the distortion caused by the point spread function, especially for aging instruments. The problem of reconstructing the clear spectrum from the degraded spectrum is called spectrum deconvolution. Traditional partial differential equation (PDE) methods rely on distribution assumptions in the reconstructed process. This restriction makes PDE methods sensitive to tackle complex instrumental broadening effect in the dispersive IR spectrometers. Also, we need to spend much time setting the parameters of PDE models manually. These problems intuitively degrade the performances of PDE methods. In this article, we propose an end-to-end neural network framework for spectral deconvolution problem. The novelty of this article lies in its strong robustness from dilated deconvolution and self-paced learning procedure to challenge the complicated degraded spectra. Actually, the deconvolution problem is tailored to a dense prediction problem in this article. Inspired by the extensive use and excellent effects of dilated convolutions in dense prediction, a lightweight dilated convolution module is given to detect the overlaps of degraded spectra. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed solution has an outstanding performance against many other approaches. Such improvements have the potential to facilitate industrial applications and further exploration of an unknown chemical mixture. Our framework has a good performance on feature extracting and spectrum reconstruction, even in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio.
Effects of treatment with cobra venom factor on experimentally induced feline leukemia (1987)

Five- to six-month-old specific-pathogen-free cats were exposed to cobra venom factor (CVF) alone (4 cats), Rickard feline leukemia virus (FeLV; 9 cats), or CVF and FeLV (6 cats). Host-virus relationships were evaluated by monitoring the development of viremia, production of antibody against feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen, and amount of circulating immune complexes (CIC). Exposure to CVF induced complement depletion, which lasted 8 to 15 days. However, complement depletion did not promote the development of persistent viremia nor alter the production of antibody to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen or CIC. Results indicated that the complement system did not protect cats during their initial exposure to FeLV and that an intact complement system was not necessary for the development of antibody against feline oncornavirus-associated antigen or for the formation of CIC.