gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pilot trial study of a compact macro-filtration membrane bioreactor process for saline wastewater treatment (2014)

Conventional membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems have increasingly been studied in recent decades. However, their applications have been limited due to their drawbacks such as low flux, membrane fouling, and high operating cost. In this study, a compact macro-filtration MBR (MfMBR) process was developed by using a large pore size membrane to mitigate the membrane fouling problem. A pilot trial of MfMBR process was set up and operated to treat 10 m(3)/day of saline wastewater within 4 h. The system was operated under an average permeate flux of 13.1 m(3)/(m(2)·day) for 74 days. The average total suspended solids, total chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen removal efficiencies achieved were 94.3, 83.1, 98.0, 93.1, and 63.3%, respectively, during steady-state operation. The confocal laser scanning microscopy image indicated that the backwash could effectively remove the bio-cake and dead bacteria. Thus, the results showed that the MfMBR process, which is essentially a primary wastewater treatment process, had the potential to yield the same high quality effluent standards as the secondary treatment process; thereby suggesting that it could be used as an option when the economic budget and/or land space is limited.
The Determination of Tinnitus Loudness Considering the Effects of Recruitment (1983)

We have attempted to determine a meaningful measure of tinnitus loudness that considers loudness recruitment. Sixteen subjects with sensorineural tinnitus adjusted the level of a pure tone so that it was (a) at threshold, (b) equal in loudness to the tinnitus, and (c) uncomfortably loud. The pure-tone frequency was (a) at the frequency of the tinnitus pitch, and (b) at the octave frequency between 500 and 4000 Hz having the pure-tone threshold closest to 0 dB HL. In addition, the subjects adjusted the level of a broadband noise so that it (a) was at threshold, (b) just masked the tinnitus, and (c) was uncomfortably loud. These measurements were performed both in the ear ipsilateral and in the ear contralateral to the tinnitus. Formulae based on abnormal loudness functions and uncomfortable loudness levels are presented that convert equal-loudness matches in dB sensation level (SL) into loudness in sones. The level of broadband noise (in dB SL) required to mask tinnitus was about the same in the ipsilateral and in the contralateral ear for most of our subjects, regardless of the ear in which the tinnitus was localized. This noise level (in dB SL) required to mask the tinnitus correlated well with the level (in dB SL) of a tone at the most normal frequency judged equal in loudness to the tinnitus.
Interferometer for the determination of strains due to domain switching in ferroelectrics (1980)

A thermally stable double beam laser interferometer for the measurement of mechanical strains due to domain switching in ferroelectric materials is described. Sample sizes vary from 0.25 mm to 5 mm in thickness, and maximum strains produce from 1 to 50 fringes in the data. A quadrature detection scheme provides the resolution which is required to interpolate accurately the fringe record and determine the direction of surface mechanical displacement. Specific sample mounting techniques are also developed in order to attain well-defined loading conditions. Two sample holders, one for mounting very thin discs and the other for 5 mm cubes, are described. They induce minimal mechanical loadings on the samples. Typical data exhibiting the effects of domain switching due to an applied electric field are shown for the hot-pressed ceramic PZT 65/35.
Question Difficulty Estimation in Community Question Answering Services (2013)

In this paper, we address the problem of estimating question difficulty in community question answering services.We propose a competition-based model for estimating question difficulty by leveraging pairwise comparisons between questions and users.Our experimental results show that our model significantly outperforms a PageRank-based approach.Most importantly, our analysis shows that the text of question descriptions reflects the question difficulty.This implies the possibility of predicting question difficulty from the text of question descriptions.
Fault tolerancy in Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (2013)

Future mobility requires sound solutions in the field of fault tolerance in real-time applications amongst which Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC). This control system cannot rely on the driver as a backup and is constantly active and therefore more prominent to the occurrences of faults (such as packet loss in the wireless communication). This paper presents an algorithm which uses the availability of sensor-data in each moment in time to calculate in real-time a safe distance for the CACC system. This safe distance consists of a velocity dependent part and a constant part, both important settings in the spacing policy for the CACC. A critical scenario for which CACC should still be functional is chosen, mathematical models of the system response are derived and errors are modeled. The model enables the calculation of differences in braking distances, which leads to a required safe distance. This approach makes the dynamic algorithm useful for sensor faults. The algorithm is implemented in a test vehicle and test results are presented.
Fullerenol−Cytotoxic Conjugates for Cancer Chemotherapy (2009)

In the present study, we report the novel application of polyhydroxylated fullerenes (fullerenols) in cancer drug delivery. The facile synthetic procedure for generating multiple hydroxyl groups on the fullerene cage offers scope for high drug loading in addition to conferring hydrophilicity. Doxorubicin, a first line cancer chemotherapeutic, was conjugated to fullerenols through a carbamate linker, achieving ultrahigh loading efficiency. The drug-fullerenol conjugate was found to be relatively stable in phosphate buffer saline but temporally released the active drug when incubated with tumor cell lysate. The fullerenol-doxorubicin conjugate suppressed the proliferation of cancer cell-lines in vitro through a G2-M cell cycle block, resulting in apoptosis. Furthermore, in an in vivo murine tumor model, fullerenol-doxorubicin exhibited comparable antitumor efficacy as free drug without the systemic toxicity of free doxorubicin. Additionally, we demonstrate that the fullerenol platform can be extended to other chemotherapeutic agents, such as the slightly water-soluble cisplatin, and can emerge as a new paradigm in the management of cancer.
Efficiency measurement of GaN-based quantum well and light-emitting diode structures grown on silicon substrates (2011)

The optical efficiency of GaN-based multiple quantum well (MQW) and light emitting diode (LED) structures grown on Si(111) substrates by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy was measured and compared with equivalent structures on sapphire. The crystalline quality of the LED structures was comprehensively characterized using x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and plan-view transmission electron microscopy. A room temperature photoluminescence (PL) internal quantum efficiency (IQE) as high as 58% has been achieved in an InGaN/GaN MQW on Si, emitting at 460 nm. This is the highest reported PL-IQE of a c-plane GaN-based MQW on Si, and the radiative efficiency of this sample compares well with similar structures grown on sapphire. Processed LED devices on Si also show good electroluminescence (EL) performance, including a forward bias voltage of ∼3.5 V at 20 mA and a light output power of 1 mW at 45 mA from a 500×500 μm2 planar device without the use of any additional techniques to enhance the output coupling. The extraction efficiency of the LED devices was calculated, and the EL-IQE was then estimated to have a maximum value of 33% at a current density of 4 A cm−2, dropping to 30% at a current density of 40 A cm−2 for a planar LED device on Si emitting at 455 nm. The EL-IQE was clearly observed to increase as the structural quality of the material increased for devices on both sapphire and Si substrates.
<b>Short Communication</b> : Intracellular Glutathione as a Possible Direct Blocker of HIV Type 1 Reverse Transcription (1996)

In AIDS patients, chronic inflammation and elevated levels of cytokines seem to be associated with reduced levels of glutathione (GSH). GSH has been proposed to inhibit the activation of NF-kB, which results in the inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Here, we show the evidence that GSH and N-acetylcysteine, but not L-cysteine or dithiothreitol, could inhibit the reverse transcriptase (RT) process of HIV-1. Such inhibition was not observed with the RT of murine leukemia virus.
<title>Secure information display by use of multiple decoding masks</title> (2004)

Security has become an important issue as information technology has become increasingly pervasive in our everyday lives. Security risks arise with a display that shows decrypted information. In this paper, we propose a secure information display technique by use of visual cryptography. Its decryption requires no special computing devices and is implemented using only human vision. To improve security of the key to decode the encrypted displayed image, multiple decoding masks have been constructed based on visual secret sharing scheme. The proposed display appears as a random pattern to anyone who looks at it unless the person views the displayed image through stacked multiple decoding masks. We have constructed code sets to share the secret image information with a displayed image and multiple decoding masks. The decoding process is a kind of optical processing based on spatial encoding and it needs no computer calculation, which means that no decrypted data exists in a computer system. Thus, the proposed display technique is secure against theft of the decrypted data and eavesdropping of the display signals, and provides a limited viewing zone. Multiple decoding masks increase security of the decoding masks.
Crystal size distribution dynamics in a classified crystallizer: Part II. Simulated control of crystal size distribution (1977)

Abstract Control of sustained limit‐cycle instability in crystal size distribution (CSD) was simulated for a class II (high yield) crystallizer equipped with a fines destruction system and product classifier. Control was simulated by proportional control of nuclei density using fines destruction rate as the manipulated variable. The control constant necessary to eliminate instability was theoretically predicted and agreed with the constant found via simulation. Poorer control of CSD (inability to completely eliminate limit cycles) was predicted using slurry density and slurry withdrawal rate as the measured and manipulated variables, respectively. Development of techniques for fine crystal population measurements to estimate nuclei density are necessary for implementation of the former control scheme. The suggested nuclei density control scheme is effective both in minimizing CSD transients and for elimination of instability.
Terahertz Electromagnetic Waves: Generation and Applications. (1998)

This paper describes the terahertz electromagnetic pulses emitted when femtosecond laser pulses irradiate quantum wells, bulk semiconductors, and photoconductive antennas fabricated on low-temperature-grown GaAs substrates. The continuous-wave (CW) terahertz electromagnetic radiation emitted when these photoconductive antennas are excited by two single-frequency CW semiconductor lasers is also described, as are the applications of the resultant terahertz wave in fields such as imaging and spectroscopy.
[Preliminary study for the roles and mechanisms of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 and PEG-PLGA-Rg3 nanoparticles in the Lewis lung cancer mice]. (2016)

Rg3 and PEG-PLGA-Rg3 nanoparticle may suppress the expression of VEGF, MMP-9 and HIF-1α in Lewis lung cancer mice, thereby indirectly contributing to their antitumor effects and alleviating the mice's general status. In addition, PEG-PLGA nanoparticles embedding can promote Rg3 antitumor effect in vivo.
A fully systolic adaptive filter implementation (1991)

The authors describe the algorithmic and architectural structure of a representative case of the Harris Semiconductor systolic LMS (least mean square) implementations. Comparison of the systolic and standard transversal LMS implementations of an adaptive filter are given. All of the architectures have a common structure: a systolic tap weight update section followed by a systolic FIR (finite impulse response) filter section. The key to these architectures is a modified coefficient update methodology which facilitates the interface between the two sections. The effects of this methodology are presented. Simulations have shown that the convergence of the systolic filters is comparable to that of the transversal filter for a wide range of filter parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of porous bismuth oxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoplates prepared by chemical bath deposition and post annealing (2015)

Hierarchical porous β-Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoplate thin films whose photocurrent was much higher than that of nonporous ones were firstly synthesized.
Evidence of genomic variations between infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains determined by restriction fragment profiles (1992)

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the aetiological agent of an important disease in hatchery-reared salmonid fish in North America, Europe and Japan. It belongs to the family Birnaviridae and shows a high degree of antigenic heterogeneity. However, genomic variations between the 10 identified serotypes have not yet been studied. In order to correlate genomic heterogeneity with the different serotypes, oligonucleotides were synthesized according to the published sequence of the Jasper strain (serotype A9). They were used as primers for the amplification of a 359 bp cDNA fragment of the viral genome using the polymerase chain reaction. Fragments amplified from 37 strains were digested with five different restriction enzymes. Restriction fragment profiles obtained an agarose gels showed heterogeneity not only between strains of different serotypes, but also among those belonging to serotype A1. A cluster analysis of the restriction patterns showed that IPNV strains can be divided into three major groups, corresponding approximately to serotypes A1, A2 and A3, and 10 subgroups which do not correlate with the serotyping of the strains.
An Efficient HOS-Based Gait Authentication of Accelerometer Data (2015)

We propose a novel efficient and reliable gait authentication approach. It is based on the analysis of accelerometer signals using higher order statistics. Gait patterns are obtained by transformation of acceleration data in feature space represented with higher order cumulants. The proposed approach is able to operate on multichannel and multisensor data by combining feature-level and sensor-level fusion. Evaluation of the proposed approach was performed using the largest currently available data set OU-ISIR containing inertial data of 744 subjects. Authentication was performed by cross-comparison of gallery and probe gait patterns transformed in feature space. In addition, the proposed approach was evaluated using data set collected by McGill University, containing long-sequence acceleration signals of 20 subjects acquired by smartphone during casual walking. The results have shown an average equal error rate of 6% to 12%, depending on the selected experimental parameters and setup. When compared with the latest state of the art, evaluated performance reveal the proposed approach as one of the most efficient and reliable of the currently available accelerometer-based gait authentication approaches.
Reality of the Wave Function (2017)

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<i>Coronaviridae</i>and SARS-associated Coronavirus Strain HSR1 (2004)

During the recent severe acute respiratory (SARS) outbreak, the etiologic agent was identified as a new coronavirus (CoV). We have isolated a SARS-associated CoV (SARS-CoV) strain by injecting Vero cells with a sputum specimen from an Italian patient affected by a severe pneumonia; the patient traveled from Vietnam to Italy in March 2003. Ultrastructural analysis of infected Vero cells showed the virions within cell vesicles and around the cell membrane. The full-length viral genome sequence was similar to those derived from the Hong-Kong Hotel M isolate. By using both real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction TaqMan assay and an infectivity plaque assay, we determined that approximately 360 viral genomes were required to generate a PFU. In addition, heparin (100 microg/mL) inhibited infection of Vero cells by 50%. Overall, the molecular and biologic characteristics of the strain HSR1 provide evidence that SARS-CoV forms a fourth genetic coronavirus group with distinct genomic and biologic features.
Elevation of Ceramide within Distal Neurites Inhibits Neurite Growth in Cultured Rat Sympathetic Neurons (1997)

Sphingolipids are abundant constituents of neuronal membranes and have been implicated in intracellular signaling. We show that two analogs of glycosphingolipid biosynthetic intermediates, fumonisin B1 (which inhibits dihydroceramide synthesis) and DL-1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP) (which inhibits glucosylceramide synthesis) decrease glycosphingolipid synthesis in rat sympathetic neurons. Although both fumonisin and PPMP inhibit glycosphingolipid synthesis, these inhibitors have differential effects on ceramide metabolism in axons. threo-PPMP, but not erythro-PPMP or fumonisin, induces an accumulation of [3H]palmitate-labeled ceramide and impairs axonal growth. Moreover, exogenously added, cell-permeable C6-ceramide, but not C6-dihydroceramide, mimicks the effect of PPMP. Our studies suggest that the lipid second messenger ceramide acts in distal axons, but not cell bodies, as a negative regulator of neurite growth.
Design: voice activated door opener. (1993)

A voice activated garage door opener was designed for a handicapped person to open a garage door without assistance. This design uses speech recognition of one word. The activating word that was chosen is "up". The frequency spectrum of "up" was captured on a soundboard and is the basis of this design. Filters are used to pick out three frequency bands in this spectrum. The output signals from these filters are then compared to three threshold voltages using voltage comparators. If the output signals from the filters are above the threshold voltages, the comparators go high. Monostable multivibrators are used on the output of the comparators to lengthen the high pulses. When all of the pulses from the monostable multivibrators are high at the same time, an AND gate output goes high. This high pulse activates the door opener.
[Use of the film impression procedure--a procedure for the detection of surface distribution of chemical elements in gunshot residues]. (1985)

A description of the principle, and practice, of "sheetprinting" patterns of gun powder residue as presently used in the Bundeskriminalamt. The various applications of the methods are presented by way of examples.
Perylene Anhydride Fused Porphyrins as Near-Infrared Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2011)

Two perylene anhydride fused porphyrins 1 and 2 have been synthesized and employed successfully in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Both compounds showed broad incident monochromatic photon-to-current conversion efficiency spectra covering the entire visible spectral region and even extending into the near-infrared (NIR) region up to 1000 nm, which is impressive for ruthenium-free dyes in DSCs.
Sporangiospore Size Dimorphism Is Linked to Virulence of Mucor circinelloides (2011)

Mucor circinelloides is a zygomycete fungus and an emerging opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially transplant recipients and in some cases otherwise healthy individuals. We have discovered a novel example of size dimorphism linked to virulence. M. circinelloides is a heterothallic fungus: (+) sex allele encodes SexP and (-) sex allele SexM, both of which are HMG domain protein sex determinants. M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus (Mcl) (-) mating type isolates produce larger asexual sporangiospores that are more virulent in the wax moth host compared to (+) isolates that produce smaller less virulent sporangiospores. The larger sporangiospores germinate inside and lyse macrophages, whereas the smaller sporangiospores do not. sexMΔ mutants are sterile and still produce larger virulent sporangiospores, suggesting that either the sex locus is not involved in virulence/spore size or the sexP allele plays an inhibitory role. Phylogenetic analysis supports that at least three extant subspecies populate the M. circinelloides complex in nature: Mcl, M. circinelloides f. griseocyanus, and M. circinelloides f. circinelloides (Mcc). Mcc was found to be more prevalent among clinical Mucor isolates, and more virulent than Mcl in a diabetic murine model in contrast to the wax moth host. The M. circinelloides sex locus encodes an HMG domain protein (SexP for plus and SexM for minus mating types) flanked by genes encoding triose phosphate transporter (TPT) and RNA helicase homologs. The borders of the sex locus between the three subspecies differ: the Mcg sex locus includes the promoters of both the TPT and the RNA helicase genes, whereas the Mcl and Mcc sex locus includes only the TPT gene promoter. Mating between subspecies was restricted compared to mating within subspecies. These findings demonstrate that spore size dimorphism is linked to virulence of M. circinelloides species and that plasticity of the sex locus and adaptations in pathogenicity have occurred during speciation of the M. circinelloides complex.
Colour image interpolation for high resolution acquisition and display devices (1995)

Spatial interpolation is an important technique that is often used to perform an image zoom or to simply recover an original image from its downsampled version. The rapid advancements in hardware, both in acquisition and display devices, has made it possible to process high resolution digital colour images. However, the multichannel nature of colour images demands sophisticated signal processing algorithms that take into account the existing interchannel correlations when performing image expansion. Many conventional linear approaches exist. Nevertheless, these produce artifacts in the form of blockiness, jagged lines, and blurring in the interpolated image. In addition to this, these methods perform independently in each colour plane, thereby neglecting the colour component correlation. A set of nonlinear vector FIR-median hybrid (VFMH) filters are applied to the interpolation problem. These schemes are based on the class of vector order statistic filters which have desirable properties, such as the preservation of edges and image details, and the preservation of interchannel correlations. Colour images are interpolated from their downsampled versions and all of the techniques are compared, both, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Experimental results indicate that VFMH filters produce better quantitative, and visually pleasing results than linear techniques.
Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms by Embolization with Coils (1999)

Short-term results indicate that embolization with coils is a reasonably safe treatment for patients with an unruptured aneurysm and for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The effectiveness in terms of complete occlusion of the aneurysm is moderate. Randomized trials are warranted to compare surgical clipping with embolization with coils.