gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Grignard reagent: Preparation, structure, and some reactions (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Grignard reagent: Preparation, structure, and some reactionsMilton Orchin Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 7, 586Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 July 1989Published inissue 1 July 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/ed066p586RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views12351Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Amorphous Pharmaceutical Solids. (2004)

Amorphous forms are, by definition, non-crystalline materials which possess no long-range order. Their structure can be thought of as being similar to that of a frozen liquid with the thermal fluctuations present in a liquid frozen out, leaving only "static" structural disorder. The amorphous solids have always been an essential part of pharmaceutical research, but the current interest has been raised by two developments: a growing attention to pharmaceutical solids in general, especially polymorphs and solvates and a revived interest in the science of glasses and the glass transition. Amorphous substances may be formed both intentionally and unintentionally during normal pharmaceutical manufacturing operations. The properties of amorphous materials can be exploited to improve the performance of pharmaceutical dosage forms, but these properties can also give rise to unwanted effects that need to be understood and managed in order for the systems to perform as required.
Raman Evidence for Late Stage Disproportionation in a Li–O<sub>2</sub> Battery (2014)

Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the composition of toroids formed in an aprotic Li-O2 cell based on an activated carbon cathode. The trends in the Raman data as a function of discharge current density and charging cutoff voltage provide evidence that the toroids are made up of outer LiO2-like and inner Li2O2 regions, consistent with a disproportionation reaction occurring in the solid phase. The LiO2-like component is found to be associated with a new Raman peak identified in the carbon stretching region at ∼1505 cm(-1), which appears only when the LiO2 peak at 1123 cm(-1) is present. The new peak is assigned to distortion of the graphitic ring stretching due to coupling with the LiO2-like component based on density functional calculations. These new results on the LiO2-like component from Raman spectroscopy provide evidence that a late stage disproportionation mechanism can occur during discharge and add new understanding to the complexities of possible processes occurring in Li-O2 batteries.
Text enhancement with asymmetric filter for video OCR (2002)

Stripes are common sub-structures of text characters, and the scale of these stripes varies little within a word. This scale consistency thus provides us with a useful feature for text detection and segmentation. A new form of filter is derived from the Gabor filter, and it is shown that this filter can efficiently estimate the scales of these stripes. The contrast of text in video can then be increased by enhancing the edges of only those stripes found to correspond to a suitable scale. More specifically the algorithm presented here enhances the stripes in three pre-selected scale ranges. The resulting enhancement yields much better performance from the binarization process, which is the step required before character recognition.
Brillouin precursor propagation in the THz region in Lorentz media (2006)

We numerically calculated the formation of Brillouin precursor in a single resonance Lorentz medium. The contribution from medium dispersion and absorption in the formation of Brillouin precursor is described. Numerical calculations show that Brillouin precursor can be observed for pulses in the THz region propagating in ZnTe.
Metformin regulates osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (2008)

Metformin is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we evaluated the effects of metformin on the osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation of rat marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in culture. Treatment of MSCs in osteoblastic or adipogenic medium with 100 muM metformin for 21 days led to an increased mRNA expression of the osteoblast markers but a decreased mRNA expression of the adipocyte markers in the MSCs. Metformin markedly stimulated deposition of mineralized nodules and blocked the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. In addition, alkaline phosphate activity and Western blot analysis for core binding factor a1 (Cbfa1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARgamma2) proteins also confirmed that metformin inhibited adipocyte differentiation and promoted osteoblast differentiation. The reciprocal relationship between osteoblastic and adipogenic differentiation suggests that metformin may regulate osteoblastic and adipogenic differentiation through inhibition of PPARgamma.
Prognostic value of anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). (1998)

We found that there was a significant difference in the geometric mean titer of anti-EBV/VCA IgA antibodies before and after radiotherapy. Prognostic factors affecting NPC patients' actuarial survival included tumor histology and pretreatment IgA titer, while prognostic factors for local control of NPC included total radiation dose received and pretreatment IgG titer.
The development of chalcones as promising anticancer agents. (2007)

Chalcones are polyketide natural products that display various biological activities, including anticancer properties. Compelling data from laboratory studies indicate that chalcones have important effects on cancer cell growth and proliferation. Many mechanisms of action have been identified, including the inhibition of tubulin assembly, inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis, anti-estrogenic activity and reversal of multidrug resistance - or a combination of these mechanisms. Based on these results, chalcones appear to be promising anticancer agents.
Combining data from existing company data sources: architecture and experiences (2005)

Combining and utilizing data from different sources is a control problem in many companies today. Useful data can be found in various applications, such as spreadsheets, project management software or version management systems, but it is often an arduous and manual task to combine the information and regularly utilize it in a larger control. In this paper we describe an open architecture for collecting and utilizing data from different sources and our implementation based on this architecture. Finally, we present experiences gained from industrial environments, where the system is used for improving the controllability of product development. The architecture consists of a Metrics Server (MESS), with external data transfer modules (EDAMs) and applications utilizing the collected data. In addition to the architecture, an EDAM for Microsoft Excel and a data visualization application are briefly presented.
Differences in the cytokine profiles associated with prostate cancer cell induced osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions in bone (2002)

Prostate adenocarcinoma is associated with the formation of osteoblastic metastases in bone. It is hypothesized that osteoclastogenesis is a critical component in the development of skeletal metastases. These findings, however, were generally noted in predominantly osteolytic lesions. The pathophysiology of osteoblastic lesions remains unknown but the type of bone lesion formed may be influenced by the cytokines produced by prostate tumors. To test this theory, we implanted PC-3 and LAPC-9 cells into the tibias of SCID mice. These mice were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after implantation and histologic analysis was performed on these tibias. PCR analysis was also performed on bulk tumors. The results showed that the PC-3 implanted tibias developed pure osteolytic lesions while the LAPC-9 implanted tibias developed pure osteoblastic lesions on radiographs. Analysis of tibias after injection with PC-3 cells revealed progressive osteolytic lesions with abundant osteoclast activity at 2 weeks and destruction of the proximal tibia at 6 weeks after cell implantation. In contrast, the LAPC-9 cells formed osteoblastic lesions six weeks after cell injection. There were rare osteoclasts prior to the establishment of the osteoblastic lesions but greater osteoclast activity was noted with remodeling of the osteoblastic lesion 8 weeks after implantation of the tumor cells. PCR analysis revealed that PC-3 cells produced RANKL, IL-1, and TNF-alpha, which are associated with osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, LAPC-9 cells produced osteoprotegerin, which blocks osteoclast production and no detectable levels of RANKL or IL-1 and only minimal amounts of TNF-alpha were noted. These cells secreted BMP-2, -4, -6, and IL-6, which are associated with bone formation. These results suggest that the role of the osteoclast in the development of a metastatic lesion is variable depending on the phenotype of the prostate cancer cells, and that tumor-induced osteolysis may not be required for osteoblastic metastases.
Controlled Release of Bioactive Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 from Fibrin Gels <i>In Vitro</i> (2008)

This study analyzed the ability of fibrin gels to deliver added recombinant transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) in a controlled manner and biologically active form. First, the effects of the amount of TGF-beta1 on the release kinetics were analyzed using a single fibrin gel formulation (fibrinogen complex (FC) at 25 mg/mL, thrombin at 2 IU/mL). Then, the effects of FC and thrombin concentrations were analyzed. Finally, to test the biological activity of the released TGF-beta1 from the gels, medium supernatants taken from gels at day 3 were used as culture medium for human mesenchymal stem cell (HMSC) monolayers. Cell proliferation was analyzed after staining with calcein dye, and changes in cell morphology were observed under fluorescence microscopy at days 1, 4, and 7. At day 7, HMSC chondrogenic differentiation was assessed by Alcian Blue staining and osteogenic differentiation by alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin Red staining. Results showed that TGF-beta1 added to fibrin gels was gradually released from the gels and increased with the amount of TGF-beta1 initially seeded, with a total of approximately 50% of the initial amount released by day 10 (with gels containing 25 mg/mL of FC and 2 IU/mL of thrombin). The release was lower with increasing FC concentrations, suggesting a binding affinity of TGF-beta1 with the FC component. Varying the thrombin concentration had a lesser effect. HMSC monolayers cultured with medium supernatants collected from gels at day 3 and containing released TGF-beta1 showed a change in morphology (squared to polygonal), lower cell proliferation, positive Alcian Blue staining but low levels of osteogenic differentiation markers. These results demonstrated that released TGF-beta1 was still bioactive and tended to induce mainly chondrogenic differentiation of the HMSC. Overall, the present study demonstrated that fibrin gels could be used as a carrier matrix for controlled release of bioactive TGF-beta1 by adjusting the concentrations of FC and thrombin in the gels.
Mouse embryos do not wait for the MBT: Chromatin and RNA polymerase remodeling in genome activation at the onset of development (1998)

In Xenopus and Drosophila embryos, activation of the zygotic genome occurs after a series of rapid nuclear divisions in which DNA replication occupies most of the cell cycle. In these organisms, it has been proposed that zygotic transcription does not begin until a threshold nucleocytoplasmic ratio has been obtained in which repressive factors are titrated out and interphase becomes long enough to allow synthesis of transcripts. In mammalian embryos, however, a model of threshold nucleocytoplasmic ratios does not seem to apply, as beginning with the 1-cell stage, there are regulated cell cycles with the expression of zygotic transcripts during the cleavage period. By taking advantage of the slower kinetics at the onset of mouse development, we have characterized changes in chromatin structure and the basal transcription machinery throughout the transition from transcriptional incompetence, to minor activation of the zygotic genome during the 1-cell stage, and through major genome activation at the 2-cell stage. Further maturation of chromatin structure continues through subsequent cleavage cycles as a foundation for the first cellular differentiations in the blastocyst. The epigenetic chromatin modifications that occur during the cleavage period may have long range and inheritable effects and are undoubtedly important in the ability of the mammalian oocyte to remodel previously defined nuclear structures and cell fates.
Refractive Index Matching:  A General Method for Enhancing the Optical Clarity of a Hydrogel Matrix (2002)

Reported herein is a simple technique of “refractive index matching” to significantly improve the overall optical clarity of a hydrogel such as polyacrylamide. With increasing of the refractive index of the surrounding aqueous media through the incorporation of additives such as sucrose, inhomogeneity of the refractive index within the hydrogel network can be compensated, resultng in a decrease in the amount of light the hydrogel scatters or an increase of the optical clarity.
Glycomic Approaches to Study GlcNAcylation: Protein Identification, Site-mapping, and Site-specific O-GlcNAc Quantitation (2008)

Abstract Background O -Linked β - N -acetylglucosamine ( O -GlcNAc) is an enzyme-catalyzed posttranslational modification of serine or threonine side chains of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O -GlcNAc is present in all metazoans and in viruses that infect eukaryotic cells. GlcNAcylation is dynamic and has a high cycling rate on many proteins in response to cellular metabolism and various environmental stimuli. The rapid cycling of O -GlcNAc modulates many biological processes, including transcriptional regulation, stress responses, cell cycle regulation, and protein synthesis and turnover. Rationale Despite the importance of O -GlcNAc, progress during the past two decades in this field has been slow. One of the major obstacles is the lack of simple and sensitive tools for efficient O -GlcNAc detection and localization. Recently developed O -GlcNAc derivatization and enrichment approaches, together with new techniques in mass spectrometric instrumentation and methods, have provided breakthroughs in O -GlcNAc site localization and site-specific quantitation. In this review, we will discuss how the current techniques are expanding our knowledge about O -GlcNAc proteomics/glycomics and functions.
R & D PAYS OFF FOR U.S. COMPANY. AECL PROJECT PART 4 (1963)

Zircaloy-2 is forged and hot extruded in the fabrication of coolant tubes and other reactor hardware. Low neutron absorption, nuclear fission efficiency, elevated temperatare mechanical properties, and superior corrosion resistance indicate adaptability of the material for reactor applications. (Rev. Metal Lit., 20: No. 8, June 1963)
Sterically variable dizinc complexes bearing bis(iminopyridyl)phenolate ligands: synthesis, structures and reactivity studies (2007)

A series of chiral dizinc complexes of the type [(2,6-{ArN=C(Me)C5H3N}2C6H3O)Zn2(micro-Cl)Cl2] [Ar=2,6-i-Pr2C6H3 (), 2,6-Me2C6H3 (), 2,4,6-Me3-C6H2 (), 2,4-Me2C6H3 ()] can be conveniently prepared in good yield by the template reaction of 2,6-{O=C(Me)C5H3N}2C6H3OH with an excess of the corresponding aniline and two equivalents of zinc dichloride in n-BuOH at elevated temperature. Alternatively, the pro-ligands, 2,6-{(ArN=C(Me)C5H3N}2C6H3OH [Ar=2,6-i-Pr2C6H3 (L1-H), 2,6-Me2C6H3 (L2-H), 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (L3-H), 2,4-Me2C6H3 (L4-H)], can be isolated and then treated with two equivalents of zinc dichloride to afford . Interaction of with two equivalents of NaOAc in the presence of TlBF4 gives the diacetate-bridged salt [(L1)Zn2(micro-OAc)2](BF4) () while with Nadbm (dbm=dibenzoylmethanato) the bis(dbm)-chelated salt [(L1)Zn2(dbm)2](BF4) () is obtained. Hydrolysis occurs on reaction of with TlOEt to furnish [(L1)Zn2(micro-OH)Cl2] () as the only isolable product. Conversely, reaction of with Tlhp (hp=2-pyridonate) affords the neutral bis(pyridonate)-bridged trimetallic complex [(L1)Zn3(micro-hp)2Cl3] () as the major product along with as the minor one. Complex and mixtures of / act as modest activators for the ring-opening polymerisation of epsilon-caprolactone. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies have been performed on , , , , and reveal Zn...Zn separations in the range: 3.069(4)-4.649(6) A.
The mote connectivity protocol (2004)

An attractive architecture for sensor networks is to have the sensing devices mounted on small computers, called motes. Motes are battery-powered, and can communicate in a wireless fashion by broadcasting messages over radio frequency. In mote networks, the connectivity of a mote u can be defined by those motes that can receive messages from u with high probability and those motes from which u can receive messages with high probability. In this paper, we describe a protocol that can be triggered by any mote in a mote network in order that each mote in the network computes its connectivity. The protocol is simple and has several energy saving features. We implemented this protocol over TinyOS and discuss the results of some execution runs of this implementation.
Automated tracking of cells from phase contrast images by multiple hypothesis Kalman filters (2015)

Cell migration is a fundamental process for the development and maintenance of all multicellular organisms. Accurate cell tracking may lead to better interpretations of long-term cell behaviours. This paper describes an automated system to track multiple cells from experimental phase contrast images, which includes image registration, lumen segmentation, cell candidate detection, and multiple hypothesis Kalman filtering. We incorporate biological knowledge to associate the new observations to existing tracks. We apply our methodology to the problem of tracking endothelial cells in 3D angiogenic vessels. Numerical results indicate that our method associates cells more accurately compared to standard methods for cll association and tracking.
On Discrimination between Photorealistic and Photographic Images (2006)

This paper presents a classifier built for differentiating digital photorealistic images from digital photographs. Results show that our 144-dimensional (144-D) feature vector extracted from characteristic functions of wavelet histograms is more efficient than Lyu and Farid's 216-D feature vector (S. Lyu and H. Farid), and Ng et al.'s 192-D feature vector (2005). Our classifier outperforms Lyu and Farid's state-of-art method while only requiring half of their feature extraction and testing time
Impact of MET amplification on gastric cancer: Possible roles as a novel prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target (2011)

Identification of critical genes which play pivotal roles in controlling tumor growth and survival will establish the basis for developing therapeutic targets. With the aim of establishing personalized medicine for treatment of solid tumors, we focused on MET amplification in gastric cancer patients, given the extreme sensitivity to c-Met inhibitor in MET amplified gastric cancer cell lines. We tested MET amplification and activation of c-Met in various gastric cancer cell lines and tissue samples from 482 gastric cancer patients who underwent curative surgery. Gastric cancer cell lines with MET amplification by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and FISH predicted sensitivity to PHA-665,752, a selective c-Met kinase inhibitor. Of the 472 patients who had DNA sample available for qPCR analysis, 100 patients (21.2%) had a MET copy number greater than 4.0 copies and demonstrated poorer survival following curative surgery with statistical significance (5-year OS; 50.0 vs. 59.1%; MET amplification (+) vs. MET amplification (-); P = 0.0134). These results suggest that the increased MET copy number measured by qPCR plays an important role in determining prognosis in gastric cancer patients. However, the predictive role of MET amplification for treatment response should be further explored in upcoming clinical trials.
Placement Control of Nanomaterial Arrays on the Surface-Reconstructed Block Copolymer Thin Films (2009)

We present a control strategy for the facile placement of densely packed nanomaterial arrays (i.e., nanoparticles and nanorods) on surface reconstructed polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) thin film patterns. The surface reconstruction of perpendicularly oriented block copolymer thin films, which were produced by a treatment with selective solvent vapors for both blocks, created the topographical nanopatterns with enough height contrast for nanoparticle deposition without the need for additional selective etching of a single block domain. The deposition method of nanomaterials was also optimized, and densely packed one- and two-dimensional nanomaterials arrays in the grooves of the block copolymer film patterns were fabricated efficiently. Then, we demonstrated that height contrast of the surface reconstructed block copolymer films could be reversed by electron beam irradiation resulting in nanomaterial arrays placed at the mesa phase of the nanopatterns. On the basis of this nanomaterial placement control strategy, dual nanomaterial arrays on a single block copolymer pattern were also realized.
<title>Measurement of surface details with nanometer resolution using several optically held probes</title> (2006)

Scanning probe microscopy with multiple optically held probes is presented. Acousto-optical deflectors are employed to rapidly switch the optical trap between two positions so that the trapped probes are not allowed to leave the trap region. The probes are fluorescently labelled and their vertical position is acquired from the level of two-photon fluorescence. This particle position detection technique is very sensitive and allows obtaining surface details with resolution better than 10 nm. Using two probes simultaneously accelerates the measurement process and allows scanning of larger regions.