gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective impairment of slow axonal transport after optic nerve injury in adult rats (1990)

To investigate cellular responses of injured mammalian CNS neurons, we examined the slow transport of cytoskeletal proteins in rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons within the ocular stump of optic nerves that were crushed intracranially. RGC proteins were labeled by an intravitreal injection of 35S-methionine, and optic nerves were examined by SDS PAGE at different times after injury. In one group of rats, the RGC proteins were labeled 1 week after crushing. From 14 to 67 d after axotomy, the labeling of tubulin and neurofilaments was reduced in relation to other labeled proteins and to the labeling of tubulin and neurofilaments in the intact optic nerve of controls. To determine whether this reduction in labeling was due to an alteration in axonal transport after axotomy, we prelabeled RGC proteins 1 week before crushing. In such experiments, the rate of slow axonal transport of tubulin and neurofilaments decreased approximately 10-fold from 6 to 60 d after injury. Our results cannot be due only to the retrograde degeneration of RGCs and injured axons caused by axotomy in the optic nerve, because fast axonal protein transport and the fluorescent labeling of many axons were preserved in the ocular stumps of these optic nerves. This selective failure of the slow axonal transport of tubulin and neurofilaments may affect the renewal of the cytoskeleton and contribute to the gradual degeneration of RGCs that is observed after axotomy. The alterations in slow transport we document here differ from the enhanced rates we previously reported when injured RGC axons regenerated along peripheral nerve segments grafted to the ocular stump of transected optic nerves (McKerracher et al., 1990).
Web 2.0 and User-Generated Content: Legal Challenges in the New Frontier (2007)

The advent of Web 2.0 has enabled a host of new services and possibilities on the Internet. Among many new possibilities, users can easily upload online content that can be accessed, viewed and downloaded by other users around the globe. This has resulted in an explosive growth of User-Generated Content (UGC) which although creating exciting opportunities for users, presents many challenges, especially related to law and regulation. This paper discusses Web 2.0, UGC and the legal /regulatory challenges that have arisen in this new 'frontier' characterised by having a liberating democratic ethos (on one hand) but also sometimes tainted with illegal activity and disregard for accepted norms. Citing various researched case studies and legal cases, the paper highlights possible 'dangers' where traditional legal rules may be inadequate to address certain types of online activity, and discusses many of the legal challenges which this new frontier brings. These challenges are widespread and relate to intellectual property, liability, defamation, pornography, hate speech, privacy, confidentiality and jurisdiction among others. The paper also discusses the role of intermediaries (web hosts and service providers) and whether they can aid in effectively policing the new Web 2.0 frontier. Finally the paper attempts to discuss possible solutions for the way forward.
Power quality disturbance source identification using self-organising maps (2010)

Power quality (PQ) is becoming increasingly important owing to the increasing use of power electronic devices, coupled with the increasing penetration of loads, which are sensitive to voltage disturbances. As a result of the problems caused by the confluence of these two trends, there is an increasing need for PQ to be monitored in order to diagnose its nature and locate the source of the disturbance, allowing remedial measures to be taken. While automated systems for diagnosis of PQ events have been developed, identifying the location of the source of a disturbance is a problem, which has not been fully addressed to date; in particular the question of locating a non-stationary disturbance. In this study, a novel approach to identify the location of the source of a PQ disturbance is described, using a form of artificial neural network known as a self-organising map. The proposed technique is verified via simulation of the IEEE 14-bus model in PSCAD and an experimental system based on the IEEE 6-bus model. This approach provides a mean of locating the source of PQ events, including transient disturbances.
Efficient Synthesis of p-Quinols Using Catalytic Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation of 4-Arylphenols with 4-Iodophenoxyacetic Acid and Oxone (2009)

Efficient synthesis of p-quinols (2) using catalytic hypervalent iodine oxidation of 4-arylphenols (1) with 4-iodophenoxyacetic acid (3) and Oxone was developed. Reaction of 1 with a catalytic amount of 3 in the presence of Oxone as a co-oxidant in tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane-water gave the corresponding 2 in excellent yields.
Building Secure Servers with Linux (2002)

From the Publisher:
Linux consistently turns up high on the list of popular Internet servers, whether the system is being used for the Web, anonymous FTP, or general services like DNS and routing mail. Security is foremost in the mind of anyone providing such a service. A server is likely to experience casual probe attempts dozens of times a day, and serious break-in attempts with some frequency as well. Building Secure Servers with Linux will help you master the principles of reliable system and network security by combining practical advice with a firm knowledge of the technical tools needed to ensure security. The book focuses on the most common use of Linux -- as a hub offering services to an organization or the larger Internet -- and shows readers how to harden their hosts against attacks. Author Mick Bauer, a security consultant, network architect, and lead author of the popular Paranoid Penguin column in Linux Journal, carefully outlines the security risks, defines precautions that can minimize those risks, and offers recipes for robust security. The book does not cover firewalls, but covers the more common situation in which an organization protects its hub using other systems as firewalls, which are often proprietary. The book explains which daemons and tools are best for a given purpose and documents those daemons and tools in detail. The result is a comprehensive and integrated guide to safe information exchange on the Internet.
Architecture of the Encina distributed transaction processing family (1993)

This paper discusses how the Encina® family of distributed transaction processing software can be used to build reliable, distributed applications. We start with the toolkit components of Encina and how they are used for implementing ACID properties. We then consider how the toolkit can be applied in building higher level components in a DCE environment. We conclude with a discussion of the Encina Monitor, which provides a framework for organizing a collection of machines and servers.
Comparing a high-dose dipyridamole SPECT imaging protocol with dobutamine and exercise stress testing protocols. Part II: Using high-dose dipyridamole to determine lung-to-heart ratios (1998)

Determination of the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has previously been shown to have greater sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy when performed with pharmacologic stress using high-dose dipyridamole (HDD), than by standard dose dipyridamole (SDD) or exercise stress (EST) prior to SPECT imaging. The use of lung-to-heart (L:H) ratios has been shown to be valuable in determining the presence or absence of left main (LM) or triple vessel (3V) CAD. Fifty-four patients were studied; HDD (n = 40) or EST (n = 14) was used for the study. These patients underwent L:H ratio analysis, in which anterior views were used 5–10 minutes after the injection of 3 mCi of T1-201. Results of the L:H ratios were compared with the diagnosis of epicardial CAD, as determined by coronary (CA) arteriography. Patients who were "stressed" using either HDD or EST demonstrated statistically greater (p < 0.001) L:H ratios if they had LM/3V CAD when compared with patients who had 0–2 significantly stenosed coronary arteries. Though L:H ratios were greater when HDD pharmacologic stress was used, there was no statistical (p = NS) differences between the two groups. Increased L:H ratios with HDD and EST provide excellent markers for LM/3V CAD using T1-201 imaging. Coupled with previously reported SPECT data, the use of HDD shows promise for increasing the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT imaging.
Bile Acid Signaling in Liver Metabolism and Diseases (2011)

Obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndromes are increasingly recognized as health concerns worldwide. Overnutrition and insulin resistance are the major causes of diabetic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in humans. Studies in the past decade provide evidence that bile acids are not just biological detergents facilitating gut nutrient absorption, but also important metabolic regulators of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Pharmacological alteration of bile acid metabolism or bile acid signaling pathways such as using bile acid receptor agonists or bile acid binding resins may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. On the other hand, bile acid signaling is complex, and the molecular mechanisms mediating the bile acid effects are still not completely understood. This paper will summarize recent advances in our understanding of bile acid signaling in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and the potentials of developing novel therapeutic strategies that target bile acid metabolism for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Doravirine, a Novel HIV Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, after Single and Multiple doses in Healthy Subjects (2014)

Doravirine is generally well tolerated in single doses up to 1,200 mg and multiple doses up to 750 mg once daily for up to 10 days, with a pharmacokinetic profile supportive of once-daily dosing. Doravirine at steady state slightly reduced the exposure of coadministered midazolam, to a clinically unimportant extent.
A two‐component signal‐transducing system is involved in competence and penicillin susceptibility in laboratory mutants of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (1994)

Penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has been attributed so far to the production of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) variants with decreased affinities for beta-lactam antibiotics. Cefotaxime-resistant laboratory mutants, selected after several steps on increasing concentrations of this beta-lactam, become deficient in transformation as well. A DNA fragment conferring both cefotaxime resistance and transformation deficiency was isolated and cloned from the mutant C306. The cefotaxime resistance associated with this resistance determinant was not accompanied with apparent changes in PBP properties, and it mapped on the chromosome distinct from the known resistance determinants, genes encoding PBP2x, PBP1a or PBP2b. Determination of a 2265 bp DNA sequence of the resistance determinant revealed two open reading frames, ciaR and ciaH, whose deduced amino acid sequence identified the corresponding proteins as the response regulator and histidine kinase receptor, respectively (members of the two families of bacterial signal-transducing proteins). Two hydrophobic peptide regions divided the histidine kinase CiaH into two putative domains: an N-terminal extracellular sensor part, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with the conserved His-226 residue, the presumed phosphorylation site. The single point mutations responsible for cefotaxime-resistance and transformation deficiency of C306 and of another two independently isolated cefotaxime-resistant mutants were each located in the C-terminal half of CiaH. A small extracellular protein, the competence factor, is required for induction of competence. Neither C306 nor the transformants obtained with the mutated ciaH gene produced competence factor, and exogenous competence factor could not complement the transformation deficiency, indicating that the signal-transducing system cia is involved in early steps of competence regulation.
Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on iron balance in maintenance hemodialysis: theoretical considerations, clinical experience and consequences. (1992)

Iron deficiency is the main reason for insufficient response to rEPO therapy. Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation give valuable information on storage iron and iron transport. Iron demand for correction of anemia can easily be estimated after HCT (vol%) x average blood volume (dl) = mg iron. Inadequate iron supply of the bone marrow in the presence of sufficient storage iron in the RES develops frequently under rEPO, possibly explaining the improvement of bone marrow response to rEPO by concomitant intravenous iron supply. The reasons of functional iron deficiency are still speculative.
Design and Analysis of 2.4 GHz $30~\mu \text{W}$ CMOS LNAs for Wearable WSN Applications (2017)

To meet the requirements of wearable wireless sensor networks, the power dissipation of the RF transceiver has to be drastically reduced. This paper presents two ultralow power low noise amplifiers (LNAs) with RF performance exceeding the requirement of the intended application. In the first LNA, by reusing the current several times and employing passive gm boosting, the LNA input impedance is reduced by a factor of 24 compared with a single transistor using the same current. The feasibility of passive gm boosting for designing an ultra-low supply voltage LNA is also investigated. Limitations of both LNAs, including NF, non-linearity, and stability in a 40-nm CMOS technology are also investigated. The proposed LNAs consume only 30 μW of power, operate with 0.8 V and 0.18 V and show NF of 3.3 and 5.2 dB, respectively. Using a widely accepted figure-of-merit for LNAs, the proposed circuit is almost three times better than the best previously reported sub-mW LNA.
Laboratory evaluation on the sensitivity and specificity of a novel and rapid detection method for malaria diagnosis based on magneto-optical technology (MOT) (2010)

Although MOT sensitivity and specificity are currently not yet at a competing level compared to other diagnostic test, such as PCR and RDTs, it has a potential to rapidly screen patients for malaria in endemic as well as non-endemic countries.
Intense negative hydrogen ion source for neutral injection into tokamaks (1975)

In this scheme negative ions are extracted from a plasma source, accelerated to the required energy and then neutralized by stripping in a gas, metal vapor or plasma jet. One of the most promising direct extraction sources is the magnetron source, operating in the mixed hydrogen-cesium mode. In the present source cathode current densities are up to 20 A/cm$sup 2$ at arc voltages between 100 V and 150 V. In order to utilize the discharge more efficiently multislit extraction geometry was adopted. Highest currents were obtained by using six slits, with a total extraction area of 1.35 cm$sup 2$. At an extraction voltage of 18 kV negative hydrogen ion currents close to 1 A were obtained, which corresponds to current densities of about 0.7 A/cm$sup 2$ at the extraction aperture. Pulse length was 10-20 ms and the repetition rate 0.1 Hz. The total extracted current was usually 2-3 times the H$sup -$ current. (auth)
In Search of a Cure: The Development of Therapeutics to Alter the Progression of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (2021)

Until the recent development of disease-modifying therapeutics, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) was considered a devastating neuromuscular disease with a poor prognosis for most affected individuals. Symptoms generally present during early childhood and manifest as muscle weakness and progressive paralysis, severely compromising the affected individual's quality of life, independence, and lifespan. SMA is most commonly caused by the inheritance of homozygously deleted <i>SMN1</i> alleles with retention of one or more copies of a paralog gene, <i>SMN2</i>, which inversely correlates with disease severity. The recent advent and use of genetically targeted therapies have transformed SMA into a prototype for monogenic disease treatment in the era of genetic medicine. Many SMA-affected individuals receiving these therapies achieve traditionally unobtainable motor milestones and survival rates as medicines drastically alter the natural progression of this disease. This review discusses historical SMA progression and underlying disease mechanisms, highlights advances made in therapeutic research, clinical trials, and FDA-approved medicines, and discusses possible second-generation and complementary medicines as well as optimal temporal intervention windows in order to optimize motor function and improve quality of life for all SMA-affected individuals.
Treatment and Characterization of Kenaf for Nonwoven and Woven Applications (2000)

A kenaf bast fiber is comprised of a bundle of single fibers bound by lignin and pectins. It offers the advantages of being renewable, biodegradable and environmentally safe. However, it is difficult to process kenaf fibers because of the coarseness, stiffness and low cohesion of the fiber bundles. In this research, kenaf fiber bundles have been treated by both alkaline sulfide and a modified chemical degumming methods to improve fiber properties. Tensile properties, fineness, length and softness of the kenaf fiber bundles after the treatments were determined. It was found that both treatments improved the fiber fineness, softness and elongation; however, fiber bundle strength was decreased. The modified chemical degumming method was more effective. Under the optimum modified chemical degumming condition, the fineness of the kenaf fiber bundle was improved more than 50% and the fiber bundle was more than twice as soft as the raw material. These kenaf fiber bundles were much finer and softer and found to be easier to process than those obtained in earlier studies. The treated kenaf fiber bundles can be blended with cotton fibers and easily carded on a cotton card with minimum losses. The carded batts can be further processed for either nonwoven or woven applications.
Watt-level tunable narrow bandwidth Tm:YAP laser using a pair of etalons (2018)

We demonstrated in this paper a watt-level tunable, narrow band, end-pumped Tm:YAP laser. Spectral tunability of 35 nm ranging continuously between 1917-1951 nm with a spectral linewidth of 0.15 nm FWHM was achieved. The tuning and spectral band narrowing were obtained using a pair of YAG etalons. Watt-level output power was measured along the laser tunable range, obtaining a maximal output power of 3.88 W at 1934 nm. A slope efficiency of 44.8% is demonstrated for a maximal absorbed pump power of 12.1 W. The combination of the narrow bandwidth with tunability at those output power levels makes this laser a promising tool for biomedical, sensing, and material processing applications.
Bridging the gap between measurements and modelling: a cardiovascular functional avatar (2017)

Lumped parameter models of the cardiovascular system have the potential to assist researchers and clinicians to better understand cardiovascular function. The value of such models increases when they are subject specific. However, most approaches to personalize lumped parameter models have thus far required invasive measurements or fall short of being subject specific due to a lack of the necessary clinical data. Here, we propose an approach to personalize parameters in a model of the heart and the systemic circulation using exclusively non-invasive measurements. The personalized model is created using flow data from four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and cuff pressure measurements in the brachial artery. We term this personalized model the cardiovascular avatar. In our proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the capability of the avatar to reproduce pressures and flows in a group of eight healthy subjects. Both quantitatively and qualitatively, the model-based results agreed well with the pressure and flow measurements obtained in vivo for each subject. This non-invasive and personalized approach can synthesize medical data into clinically relevant indicators of cardiovascular function, and estimate hemodynamic variables that cannot be assessed directly from clinical measurements.
Direct Synthesis of Controlled Poly(styrene‐<i>co</i>‐acrylic acid)s of Various Compositions by Nitroxide‐Mediated Random Copolymerization (2003)

Abstract Styrene and acrylic acid were copolymerized under controlled conditions, in 1,4‐dioxane solution at 120 °C and 2 bar, using an alkoxyamine initiator based on the N ‐ tert ‐butyl‐ N ‐(1‐diethylphosphono‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl) nitroxide, SG1. A broad composition range from 90/10 to 10/90 was investigated. With slightly different initiator concentrations and a similar initial proportion of free SG1 (4.5 mol‐% with respect to the initiator) the polymerizations exhibited very similar rates, irrespective of the proportion of acrylic acid in the comonomer mixture (80% conversion within 8 h). In all cases, the copolymers presented number average molar masses, $\overline M _{\rm n}$ , that increased linearly with overall monomer conversion, and polydispersity indexes that ranged between 1.2 and 1.4. Moreover, $\overline M _{\rm n}$ followed the calculated values, based on the initial concentrations of monomers and initiator. The variation in the initiator concentration allowed to target various molar masses, but some limitation appeared at low initiator concentration owing to chain transfer to 1,4‐dioxane. From the kinetic data, the reactivity ratios were determined: r A = 0.27 ± 0.07 for acrylic acid and r S = 0.72 ± 0.04 for styrene. Depending on the initial comonomer composition, chains exhibited no or small composition drift, and hence a slightly pronounced gradient structure. Reactivity ratios for acrylic acid and styrene. magnified image Reactivity ratios for acrylic acid and styrene.
Opening Remarks (1997)

In macroeconomic as in microeconomic analysis, it is important to distinguish stocks from flows. The accounts of a company can be used to illustrate the difference: a balance sheet is about stocks; a trading account is about flows. The same distinction also occurs in national accounts. The Keynesian income-expenditure tradition is about the economics of flows, as in Monetarism with attention focused on changes in the rate of growth of the money supply rather than on its level. The city University Debt-Deflation Conference held in April 1994, by contrast, was about balance sheets; that is, it was about stock economics. This is a subject which, although not ignored, has received much less attention than flow economics.KeywordsBusiness CycleBalance SheetMoney SupplyNational AccountExpenditure DecisionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
An Efficient Protocol for the Cross-Metathesis of Sterically Demanding Olefins (2013)

Cross-metathesis of a wide range of previously unreactive, sterically demanding alkenes can be achieved in fair to excellent yield using a commercially available catalyst by a facile strategy involving reversal of steric preference.