gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum myoglobin does not predict cardiac allograft rejection. (1994)

Noninvasive studies are useful, but limited, in detecting rejection among cardiac allograft recipients. Because an elevated serum myoglobin level is a sensitive indicator of necrosis in acute myocardial infarction, we postulated that myoglobin levels might correlate with the presence, absence, or degree of rejection. Therefore we prospectively measured serum myoglobin levels at the time of endomyocardial biopsy in 45 heart transplant recipients and correlated these levels with biopsy scores (grade 0 through grade 4). There was no significant difference in mean myoglobin levels among patients with grade 0 biopsy scores and those with grade 1 through grade 4 scores. Serial myoglobin levels and endomyocardial biopsy specimens were obtained in five patients during a 4- to 9-week period; no significant directional change in myoglobin levels appeared to correlate with changes in endomyocardial biopsy score. In addition, a normal myoglobin level did not exclude, nor did an elevated level confirm, any grade of rejection. We conclude that neither the absolute level nor a directional change in serum myoglobin is useful in identifying rejection among heart transplant recipients.
Health consequences of visceral obesity (2001)

Visceral obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Obese patients with a substantial accumulation of visceral adipose tissue are characterized by higher insulinaemic and glycaemic responses during an oral glucose challenge as well as by a deteriorated plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile compared with individuals with normal body weights or obese subjects with low levels of visceral adipose tissue. Results of the Quebec Cardiovascular Study have shown that the cluster of metabolic disturbances observed among subjects with visceral obesity (hyperinsulinaemia, hyperapolipoprotein B and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles) is associated with a 20-fold increase in the risk of coronary heart disease in a sample of middle-aged men followed over 5 years. Therefore, we have developed a simple screening approach in order to help physicians and health professionals identify at low cost individuals who would be characterized by this cluster of atherogenic abnormalities. We found that the simultaneous presence of an elevated waist girth combined with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia ('hypertriglyceridaemic waist') could adequately identify a large proportion (approximately 80%) of carriers of the above triad of atherogenic metabolic abnormalities (hyperinsulinaemia, hyperapolipoprotein B and small, dense LDL particles). Finally, there is evidence suggesting that the risk of an acute coronary syndrome in these viscerally obese patients may not always be related to the extent of coronary artery stenosis, providing further support to the notion that additional markers of thrombosis/inflammation should be considered. Thus, the stabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque, rather than its regression may even become a more legitimate and feasible therapeutic objective for the management of the coronary heart disease risk in the viscerally obese patient. Although these notions are based on a plausible metabolic rationale, randomized trials with proper end-points will be needed to determine the clinical benefits associated with the management of visceral obesity and related metabolic complications.
Coordination of a Complete Series of N<sub>2</sub> Reduction Intermediates (N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and NH<sub>3</sub>) to an Iron Phosphine Scaffold (2011)

The series of dinitrogen reduction intermediates (N(2)H(2), N(2)H(4), and NH(3)) coordinated to the Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)H(+)(DMeOPrPE = 1,2-[bis(dimethoxypropyl)phosphino]ethane) scaffold has been synthesized or generated. The synthesis of trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(NH(3))H][BPh(4)] and generation of trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2)H(4))H][BPh(4)] were achieved by substitu tion of the dinitrogen ligand on trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2))H][BPh(4)]. The trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2)H(2))H](+) complex and its deprotonated conjugate base, trans-Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2)H)H, were observed by (31)P and (1)H NMR from decomposition of trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2)H(4))H](+) in the presence of excess hydrazine. Attempts to chemically oxidize trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2)H(4))H](+) to trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2)H(2))H][BPh(4)] with a variety of oxidizing agents yielded only decomposition products consistent with the intermediate formation of trans-[Fe(DMeOPrPE)(2)(N(2)H(2))H](+) prior to decomposition.
Kinesin is responsible for centrifugal movement of pigment granules in melanophores. (1991)

Kinesin is a mechanochemical ATPase that induces translocation of latex beads along microtubules and microtubule gliding on a glass surface. This protein is thought to be a motor for the movement of membranous organelles in cells. Recently Hollenbeck and Swanson [Hollenbeck, P. J. & Swanson, J. A. (1990) Nature (London) 346, 864-866] showed that kinesin is involved in the positioning of tubular lysosomes in macrophages. However, the role of this protein in the movement of organelles was not yet clear. We used a polyclonal antibody against the kinesin heavy chain that inhibited kinesin-dependent microtubule gliding in vitro to study the role of kinesin in the movement of pigment granules in melanophores of the teleost black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi). Microinjection of the antibody into cultured melanophores did not produce any specific effect on the aggregation of pigment granules in melanophores, but it did result in a strong dose-dependent inhibition of the dispersion. Immunoblotting of melanophore extracts showed that the kinesin antibody reacted in these cells with a single protein component with a molecular mass of 135 kDa. Thus, kinesin is responsible for the movement of pigment granules from the center to the periphery of the melanophore.
The role of hyperosmotic stress in inflammation and disease (2012)

Hyperosmotic stress is an often overlooked process that potentially contributes to a number of human diseases. Whereas renal hyperosmolarity is a well-studied phenomenon, recent research provides evidence that many non-renal tissues routinely experience hyperosmotic stress that may contribute significantly to disease initiation and progression. Moreover, a growing body of evidence implicates hyperosmotic stress as a potent inflammatory stimulus by triggering proinflammatory cytokine release and inflammation. Under physiological conditions, the urine concentrating mechanism within the inner medullary region of the mammalian kidney exposes cells to high extracellular osmolarity. As such, renal cells have developed many adaptive strategies to compensate for increased osmolarity. Hyperosmotic stress is linked to many maladies, including acute and chronic, as well as local and systemic, inflammatory disorders. Hyperosmolarity triggers cell shrinkage, oxidative stress, protein carbonylation, mitochondrial depolarization, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest, thus rendering cells susceptible to apoptosis. However, many adaptive mechanisms exist to counter the deleterious effects of hyperosmotic stress, including cytoskeletal rearrangement and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, transporters, and heat shock proteins. Osmolyte synthesis is also up-regulated and many of these compounds have been shown to reduce inflammation. The cytoprotective mechanisms and associated regulatory pathways that accompany the renal response to hyperosmolarity are found in many non-renal tissues, suggesting cells are commonly confronted with hyperosmotic conditions. Osmoadaptation allows cells to survive and function under potentially cytotoxic conditions. This review covers the pathological consequences of hyperosmotic stress in relation to disease and emphasizes the importance of considering hyperosmolarity in inflammation and disease progression.
Production and properties of a staphylococcin genetically controlled by the staphylococcal plasmid for exfoliative toxin synthesis (1977)

Previous data from this laboratory showed that certain phage group 2 staphylococci contain a large 56S virulence plasmid containing genes that code for both exfoliative toxin (ET) and a specific staphylococcin. Optimal cultural conditions for bacteriocin production were similar to those found for ET production. The bacteriocin is an extracellular product produced in small quantities that can be neither extracted from cell pellets with 1 M NaCl nor induced with mitomycin C. The staphylococcin is active against a wide variety of gram-positive organisms and also against group 2 staphylococcal strains that have been cured of the plasmid carrying the staphylococcin marker. The bacteriocin is not inactivated by oxidation, mechanical agitation, or boiling for 15 min. It is sensitive to the action of trypsin and Pronase but not lysostaphin and is stable within a pH range of 4 to 9. It has an isoelectric point of approximately 7.7. Removal of the ampholytes and glycerol from electrofocused staphylococcin preparations resulted in total loss of bacteriocin activity.
Evaluation of PLGA Microsphere Size Effect on Myotoxicity Using the Isolated Rodent Skeletal Muscle Model (1996)

The present work investigated the magnitude of microsphere-induced acute myotoxicity and determined whether this myotoxicity is related to microsphere size and/or reconstitution solvent. Using a high molecular weight poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer, the myotoxicity of two different size microsphere formulations (3.6 microns and 19 microns) in normal saline or distilled water was quantified using a previously validated isolated rat muscle system. Overall, microspheres were found to be relatively nontoxic compared to known myotoxic agents (e.g., phenytoin) and control muscles. The smaller microspheres were found to be significantly more myotoxic than larger microspheres. Furthermore, the myotoxicity was lower in large microspheres reconstituted with normal saline or normal saline with 0.5% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose (to prevent aggregation) compared to those reconstituted with distilled water. Smaller microspheres were found to be extremely difficult to inject, due to aggregation, which could not be prevented by the addition of carboxymethylcellulose. This study suggests that larger microspheres are less myotoxic than smaller microspheres.
Homocysteine and Cysteine Synthetases of Neurospora crassa (1967)

The enzymatic synthesis of homocysteine (from homoserine and H2S) and cysteine (from serine and H2S) has been demonstrated in Neurospora crassa. Purification and properties of the enzyme, or enzymes, are described. Both homocysteine and cysteine synthetase are subject to end product feedback control by methionine, which appears to be noncompetitive inhibition. Repression of both activities by methionine and repression of cysteine synthetase by cysteine and homocysteine synthetase by homocysteine were observed. Regulation of both activities by cystathionine via its cleavage products, cysteine or homocysteine, is described. Cystathionineless and homocysteineless mutants grown with limiting methionine have both homocysteine and cysteine synthetase, or synthetases, with specific activities much lower than that of wild type grown in the presence of equivalent methionine. When the mutants and wild type are grown in the presence of limiting homocysteine, the specific activities for cysteine synthetase in both mutants are lower than that in wild type, and homocysteine synthetase is nearly totally repressed in both mutants. Cysteine mutants have cysteine synthetase and homocysteine synthetase with specific activities of the same magnitude as those for wild type grown with equivalent cysteine supplement. The demonstration of homocysteine and cysteine synthetase, or synthetases, permits the concept of direct and separate biosynthetic pathways for cysteine and methionine in Neurospora and obviates the requirement for cystathionine for forward transsulfuration.
DRCD: a Chinese Machine Reading Comprehension Dataset (2018)

In this paper, we introduce DRCD (Delta Reading Comprehension Dataset), an open domain traditional Chinese machine reading comprehension (MRC) dataset. This dataset aimed to be a standard Chinese machine reading comprehension dataset, which can be a source dataset in transfer learning. The dataset contains 10,014 paragraphs from 2,108 Wikipedia articles and 30,000+ questions generated by annotators. We build a baseline model that achieves an F1 score of 89.59%. F1 score of Human performance is 93.30%.
Hyperfine optical pumping of cesium with a CW GaAs laser (1974)

Efficient and stable hyperfine pumping of Cs <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">133</sup> vapor has been achieved for extended periods of time with the use of a CW single-mode GaAs diode laser. Static matching of either hyperfine component of the 8521-Å D <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> line was performed by adjusting the dc injection current. As the pumping-beam intensity was increased continuously, the population of the depleted hyperfine level was monitored by the fluorescence caused by a weak, modulated probing beam. For the first time, it has been possible to display a complete depopulation of either one of the two ground-state hyperfine levels. These results provide new possibilities for cesium frequency standards, such as atomic-beam clocks without deflecting magnets. The construction of a cesium maser now becomes feasible.
Probiotics, Prebiotics and Immunomodulation of Gut Mucosal Defences: Homeostasis and Immunopathology (2013)

Probiotics are beneficial microbes that confer a realistic health benefit on the host, which in combination with prebiotics, (indigestible dietary fibre/carbohydrate), also confer a health benefit on the host via products resulting from anaerobic fermentation. There is a growing body of evidence documenting the immune-modulatory ability of probiotic bacteria, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that this is potentiated via a combination of prebiotics and probiotics as a symbiotic mix. The need for probiotic formulations has been appreciated for the health benefits in "topping up your good bacteria" or indeed in an attempt to normalise the dysbiotic microbiota associated with immunopathology. This review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics and prebiotics on the cells, molecules and immune responses in the gut mucosae, from epithelial barrier to priming of adaptive responses by antigen presenting cells: immune fate decision-tolerance or activation? Modulation of normal homeostatic mechanisms, coupled with findings from probiotic and prebiotic delivery in pathological studies, will highlight the role for these xenobiotics in dysbiosis associated with immunopathology in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and hypersensitivity.
A dynamic approach for efficient TCP buffer allocation (2002)

The paper proposes local and global optimization schemes for efficient TCP buffer allocation in an HTTP server. The proposed local optimization scheme dynamically adjusts the TCP send-buffer size to the connection and server characteristics. The global optimization scheme divides a certain amount of buffer space among all active TCP connections. These schemes are of increasing importance due to the large scale of TCP connection characteristics. The schemes are compared to the static allocation policy employed by a typical HTTP server and shown to achieve considerable improvement to server performance and better utilization of its resources. The schemes require only minor code changes and only at the server.
RECENT ADVANCES IN HAY MAKING (1963)

Hay is an important crop to the New Zealand. farmer. Over 800,000 acres of lucerne and pasture are cut and conserved in this form each year compared with 180,000 acres for silage. Hay is pleasant to handle compared with silage, but requires more physical labour, as complete mechanisation from field to storage to stock has not advanced to the same degree. Also it is more vulnerable to the weather. As a result considerable effort and ingenuity have been applied to reduce both field losses and physical effort, either by endeavouring to mechanise completely present methods of conservation or by examining alternative forms.
Noise Robust Aurora-2 Speech Recognition Employing a Codebook-Constrained Kalman Filter Preprocessor (2006)

In this paper, a speech signal estimation framework involving Kalman filters for use as a front-end to the Aurora-2 speech recognition task is presented. Kalman-filter based speech estimation algorithms assume autoregressive (AR) models for the speech and the noise signals. In this paper, the parameters of the AR models are estimated using a expectation-maximization approach. The key to the success of the proposed algorithm is the constraint on the AR model parameters corresponding to the speech signal to belong to a codebook trained on AR parameters obtained from clean speech signals. Aurora-2 noise-robust speech recognition experiments are performed to demonstrate the success of the codebook-constrained Kalman filter in improving speech recognition accuracy in noisy environments. Results with both clean and multi-conditional training are provided to show the improvements in the recognition accuracy compared to the base-line system where no pre-processing is employed
Quasicrystals. I. Definition and structure (1986)

In a recent paper, we introduced the concept of quasicrystals [Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2477 (1984)], a new class of ordered atomic structures. Quasicrystals have long-range quasiperiodic translational order and long-range orientational order. In the present paper and the following one, we discuss the details of our analysis of the mathematical and structural properties of quasicrystals. We begin with a general overview of our analysis. We then discuss our computation of the diffraction pattern of a quasilattice, using as an example the case of icosahedral orientational symmetry. We demonstrate that two quasilattices with the same orientational symmetry and quasiperiodicity which are not locally isomorphic will have diffraction patterns with different peak intensities. Finally, we describe some examples of computer modeling of atomic quasicrystals.
Evidence for Hydrolysis of Esters of 2,4-D during Absorption by Plants (1960)

TT has been recognized for some time that although short-chain 1 alkyl esters of 2,4-D are very toxic, they do not translocate so well as the parent acid or the heavy esters (1). Two very plausible reasons for this are apparent: (1) These compound's, being highly lipoid soluble, dissolve readily in plant cuticle, and other lipoid phases, and tend to be held in this phase; (2) penetrating rapidly, these compounds are highly toxic to the treated leaves. This contact toxicity kills the mesophyll and fine vascular bundles of the leaf and stops translocation. In order to evaluate the relative effectiveness of these two factors it seemed desirable to determine whether or not the esters are hydrolyzed during absorption into the leaf. The isopropyl ester of 2,4-D was tagged2 in two locations: (1) in the carboxyl position and (2) on the alcohol chain. Solutions of the two tagged lots were made in acetone at concentrations equivalent to 10 microcuries per ml. A solution of carboxyl-labeled 2,4-D acid in 50% alcohol with 0.1% Tween 20 was used for comparison. Solution cultured barley plants having six expanded leaves were used for the experiment. Treatment was on leaf number 3 or leaf number 6 of each plant. Volume of solution was 10 lambdas, dosage 0.1 microcurie, treatment time two days. The plants were freeze-dried and autographed as previously described (5). Figure 1 shows the mounted plants (below) and the autographs (above) for treatment on leaf 3. On the left is shown the results of using the carboxyl labeled isopropyl ester, in the center the alcohol labeled ester, and on the right the carboxyl labeled aci(l. Since the alcohol label stays in the treated leaf, moving only in an acropetal direction it seems evident that it has been hydrolyzed off from the acid. The carboxyl-labeled ester residue, and the carboxyl-labeled acid both show a basipetal movement into crowns, young leaves and roots. This is evidence for phloem transport with assimilates which is as extensive as can be expected of 2,4-D* in such plants (2). Treatments on leaf 6 are shown in Figure 2; arrangement of iiiounted plants, autographs, and chemicals are as in Figure 1. Again movement of the alcohol label is only acropetal; movement of the carboxyl-labeled compounds is basipetal and phloem limited. The acropetal movement of the labeled isopropyl alcohol in these treatments seems to indicate that this alcohol is not phloem mobile. Probably movement occurs in the xylem along with the transpiration stream. The ions of the 2,4-D* acid on the other hand seem
Why are some alcohols easy to glucosylate with β-glucosidases while others are not? A computational approach (2000)

A method is presented for predicting the reactivity of alcoholic aglycons in the β-glucosidase mediated glucosylation reaction. The successful enzymatic glucosylation of an aglycon appears to be mainly dependent on the nucleophilicity of the aglycon. Vinylic and phenolic aglycons are not nucleophilic enough to be glucosylated enzymatically, although their chemical glucosylation is facile. By using PM3 and AM1 semi-empirical methods, the magnitude of this nucleophilicity can be calculated and was found to correlate with the charge on the reacting atom of the aglycon. Based on this trend, the aglycons can be classified as reacting or non-reacting. The orbital related parameters seem to have a limited influence on the reaction behaviour. In addition to these calculations, the energy of the transition state of two enzymatic reactions has been calculated using a simplified model of the enzyme active site for both an experimentally reacting and an experimentally non-reacting aglycon (cyclohexanol and phenol, respectively). The activation energy for the cyclohexanol complex was computed to be 1.3 kcal mol−1, while the calculated activation energy for the phenol complex is 15.8 kcal mol−1. This difference can indeed explain the fact that cyclohexanol is easily glucosylated while phenol is not.
Efficient Private File Retrieval by Combining ORAM and PIR (2014)

Author(s): Travis Mayberry, Erik-Oliver Blass, Agnes Hui Chan Download: Paper (PDF) Date: 22 Feb 2014 Document Type: Briefing Papers Additional Documents: Slides Associated Event: NDSS Symposium 2014 Abstract: Traditionally, there have been two cryptographic techniques for hiding a client’s access pattern from an untrusted server: Private Information Retrieval, which involves expensive computation, and Oblivious RAM, … Continued
ALD gate dielectrics for improved threshold voltage stability in AlGaN/GaN MOS-HFETs for power applications (2015)

Dielectrics by atomic layer deposition (ALD) are sought after for fabricating AlGaN/GaN based metal oxide semiconductor heterojunction field effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) for power applications. The ideal gate dielectric is required to suppress gate leakage and minimize threshold voltage (VT) instability by hosting minimal interface traps. Additionally, with the need for an enhancement mode device, it is preferable if it minimizes VT shift in the negative direction. For the first time, we compare popular ALD dielectrics like SiO2, Al2O3, HfO2 and HfAlO with identical electrical thickness on AlGaN/GaN, thereby ensuring identical electrostatic conditions across different dielectrics. High-k ALD dielectrics (HfAlO, HfO2 and Al2O3) are found to suppress gate leakage but host a high density of interface traps with AlGaN, thereby resulting in significant VT instability. ALD SiO2 gate dielectric, annealed in N2 above 600 °C, is a promising gate dielectric candidate which provides the most stable and least negative shift in VT while also substantially suppressing gate leakage below that of an HFET.