gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on viomycin. VIII. Selective modifications of the terminal amino groups of viomycin. (1975)

In order to determine which amino function of N-terminal two amino groups is important factor for the exhibition of antimicrobial activity of viomycin, selective acetylations for both amino functions were performed. The limited acetylation gave III exclusively while, the limited benzyloxycarbonylation followed by acetylation and debenzyloxycarbonylation yielded VI. Antimicrobial activities of III and VI showed almost the same reduced activities than I but somewhat stronger activities than II. From these results both of the terminal amino functions are deduced to be important factors for the exhibition of the activities of I.
Toward a Gene Therapy for Dominant Disease: Validation of an RNA Interference-Based Mutation-Independent Approach (2005)

The intragenic heterogeneity encountered in many dominant disease-causing genes represents a significant challenge with respect to development of economically viable therapeutics. For example, 25% of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa is caused by over 100 different mutations within the gene encoding rhodopsin, each of which could require a unique gene therapy. We describe here an RNA interference (RNAi)-based mutation-independent approach, targeting as an example murine rhodopsin. Native transcripts are suppressed by a single RNAi molecular species, whereas transcripts from replacement genes engineered at degenerate third-codon wobble positions are resistant to suppression. We demonstrate suppression of murine rhodopsin transcript by up to 90% with full concomitant expression of replacement transcript and establish the validity of this approach in cell culture, retinal explants, and mouse liver in vivo.
Platelet and Blood Vessel Arachidonate Metabolism and Interactions (1979)

Exogenous arachidonate addition to intact platelets, in the absence or the presence of blood vessel microsomes, results in the production of thromboxane B(2) (the stable degradation product of thromboxane A(2)) only. Prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxides are released from intact platelets only when thromboxane synthetase is inhibited. Thus, addition of exogenous arachidonate to imidazole-pretreated platelets in the presence of bovine aorta microsomes (source of prostacyclin synthetase) results predominantly in the synthesis of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) (the stable degradation product of prostacyclin). Strips of intact aorta were removed from aspirin-treated rabbits, thus the isolated blood vessels were unable to convert endogenous or exogenous arachidonate to prostacyclin. Human platelets, with [(14)C]arachidonate-labeled phospholipids, adhered to the blood vessel segments and released some thromboxane B(2). The subsequent addition of thrombin facilitated the release of endogenous arachidonate and thromboxane, but no labeled 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) was detectable. There is therefore no direct chemical evidence of PG-endoperoxide release from human platelets during either aggregation or adhesion, which therefore precludes the possibility that blood vessels use platelet PG-endoperoxide for prostacyclin synthesis. Imidazole inhibited the thromboxane synthetase in the labeled platelets, and thereafter thrombin stimulation resulted in the release of platelet-derived, labeled PG-endoperoxides that were converted to labeled prostacyclin by the vascular prostacyclin synthetase. The latter result suggests a potential antithrombotic therapeutic benefit might be achieved using an effective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor.
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY FUNCTION: KINETICS OF HEMODIALYSIS 1 (1951)

Y: velocity constant of excretion for natural kidneys; equal to C/b for no-threshold substances D: dialysance, equal to uU/(A-U) d: relative dialysance, equal to Dx
A compact 3D imaging laser radar system using Geiger-mode APD arrays: system and measurements (2003)

MIT Lincoln Laboratory continues the development of novel high-resolution 3D imaging laser radar technology and sensor systems. The sensor system described in detail here uses a passively Q-switched solid-state frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser to transmit short laser pulses (~ 700 ps FWHM) at 532 nm wavelength and derive the range to target surface element by measuring the time-of-flight for each pixel. The single photoelectron detection efficiency has been measured to be > 20 % using these Silicon Geiger-mode APDs at room temperature. The pulse out of the detector is used to stop a > 500 MHz digital clock integrated within the focal-plane array. With appropriate optics, the 32x32 array of digital time values represents a 3D spatial image frame of the scene. Successive image frames from the multi-kilohertz pulse repetition rate laser pulses are accumulated into range histograms to provide 3D volume and intensity information. In this paper, we report on a prototype sensor system, which has recently been developed using new 32x32 arrays of Geiger-mode APDs with 0.35 μm CMOS digital timing circuits at each pixel. Here we describe the sensor system development and present recent measurements of laboratory test data and field imagery.
eInformation: A Clinical Study of Investor Discussion and Sentiment (2005)

We examine the information flow for four stocks over seven months to trace the relationship between on-line discussion, news activity, and stock price movements. On-line discussions support numerous unsubstantiated rumors, substantial on-point exchanges, and quick dissemination of imminent and recently released information. Applying language-processing routines to message board postings and news, we create sentiment and disagreement measures or “eInformation.” We analyze the determinants of sentiment and disagreement, and trace links between news, eInformation, and stock returns. This intensive clinical study of on-line discussions suggests mechanisms individual investors and groups can use to analyze and digest company information.
Reaction of sulfene and dichloroketene with open‐chain <i>N,N</i>‐disubstituted α‐aminomethyleneketones. Synthesis of <i>N,N</i>‐disubstituted 4‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐(5‐methyl‐6‐phenyl)(5,6‐diphenyl)‐1,2‐oxathiin 2,2‐dioxides and of 4‐amino‐3‐chloro‐5‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐2<i>H</i>‐pyran‐2‐ones (1980)

Abstract Cycloaddition of sulfene to N,N ‐disubstituted 3‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐ones (I) and 3‐amino‐1,2‐diphenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐ones (II) occurred in good to moderate yield only in the case of aliphatic N ‐substitution to give 4‐dialkylamino‐3,4‐dihydro‐(5‐methyl‐6‐phenyl)(5,6‐diphenyl)‐1,2‐oxathiin 2,2‐dioxides. Polar 1,4‐cycloaddition of dichloroketene to I and II occurred only in the former case, giving in good to moderate yield N,N ‐disubstituted 4‐amino‐3,3‐dichloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐5‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐2 H ‐pyran‐2‐ones which were dehydrochlorinated with DBN to N,N ‐disubstituted 4‐amino‐3‐chloro‐5‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐2 H ‐pyran‐2‐ones. In the reaction of 2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐3‐diphenylamino‐2‐propen‐1‐one with dichloroketene, a product was isolated which was proven by uv, ir, nmr and chemical evidence to be the dipolar ion VI, the supposed intermediate of the polar 1,4‐cycloaddition of dichloroketene to N,N ‐disubstituted enaminones.
über die katalytische Umwandlung von Olefinen, II Zum Reaktionsablauf der Cyclotrimerisation von Butadien‐(1.3) (1969)

Abstract Aus Olefin‐Nickel(0)‐Komplexen und Butadien entsteht bei –40° ein in kristallisierter Form isolierbares Zwischenprodukt 4 der katalytischen Cyclotrimerisation von Butadien an Nickel‐Atomen, das durch chemische Umwandlungen und physikalische Messungen charakterisiert wird. –Die Isomeren‐Verteilung im Cyclododecatrien ( 1 ) hängt vom Umsatz, der Temperatur und von der Art zusätzlicher Liganden am Nickel ab. Der Reaktionsablauf wird unter mechanistischen Gesichtspunkten diskutiert.
Pro-Ject Air-Assisted Fuel Injection System for Two-Stroke S.I. Engines (1996)

A new original air-assisted, low-pressure, pumpless fuel injection system for two-stroke, S.I. engines is presented.\nThe system does not annul the typical simplicity and low production cost of conventional two-stroke, crankcase scavenged, S.I. engines. Indeed the injection air is supplied by the crankcase and the whole design is based on simple and low-cost solutions.\nWith reference to this system methodologies are also discussed to improve the behaviour of combustion at low loads.
Exosomes in the ascites of ovarian cancer patients: origin and effects on anti-tumor immunity (2010)

This study was performed to identify the origin of the ascites-derived exosomes from patients with ovarian cancer and to observe the effect of exosomes on anti-tumor immunity. Exosomes were isolated from the ascites of patients with ovarian epithelial cancer by ultracentrifugation plus density gradient centrifugation. The origin of exosomes was identified by immunoelectronmicroscopy (IEM). The growth curve of the tumor cell line SKOV3 cultured with or without exosomes was analyzed. The apoptosis of autogeneic tumor cells (ATCs) and SKOV3 cells affected by exosomes was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) and light phase contrast microscopy. The cytotoxic effect of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by exosomes and/or dendritic cells (DCs) on ovarian cancer cells was measured using a CCK-8 assay. The levels of IFN-γ released by PBMCs stimulated by exosomes and/or DCs were measured by ELISA. The apoptosis of PBMCs and DCs affected by exosomes was measured by FCM and light microscopy. Whether the mature process of DCs was affected by exosomes was studied by FCM. The ratio of CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell were measured by FCM. FasL and TRAIL molecules on exosomes were detected by western blot analysis. The human FasL antagonistic antibody was used to block the apoptosis of DCs and PBMCs induced by exosomes. The receptors of TRAIL DR4 and DR5 on PBMCs and DCs were detected by FCM. In 41 patients examined, we isolated exosomes from the ascites of 35 patients. We detected TCR, CD20, HLA-DR, B7-2, HER2/neu, CA125 and Histone H2A on exosomes. We found that exosomes might impair the cytotoxic activity of PBMCs when DCs are present. We found that exosomes had no effect on the growth and apoptosis of SKOV3 cells. However, exosomes may induce apoptosis of precursors, mature DCs and PBMCs. We found that FasL and TRAIL were present in the exosome suspension and addition of an anti-FasL antibody may decrease the percentage of apoptosis of DCs and PBMCs. We conclude that exosomes exist in ascites of 85.4% of patients with ovarian cancer. Moreover, these exosomes may be of multi-origin. Exosomes had no effect on the growth and apoptosis of tumor cells but impaired the cytotoxic activity of PBMCs in the presence of DCs. Exosomes also may induce apoptosis of the precursors of DCs, DCs and PBMCs. FasL and TRAIL on exosomes may partly account for the apoptosis of cells of the immune system.
Automated image analysis of digital colposcopy for the detection of cervical neoplasia (2008)

Digital colposcopy is a promising technology for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Automated analysis of colposcopic images could provide an inexpensive alternative to existing screening tools. Our goal is to develop a diagnostic tool that can automatically identify neoplastic tissue from digital images. A multispectral digital colposcope (MDC) is used to acquire reflectance images of the cervix with white light before and after acetic-acid application in 29 patients. A diagnostic image analysis tool is developed to identify neoplasia in the digital images. The digital image analysis is performed in two steps. First, similar optical patterns are clustered together. Second, classification algorithms are used to determine the probability that these regions contain neoplastic tissue. The classification results of each patient's images are assessed relative to the gold standard of histopathology. Acetic acid induces changes in the intensity of reflected light as well as the ratio of green to red reflected light. These changes are used to differentiate high-grade squamous intraepithelial (HGSIL) and cancerous lesions from normal or low-grade squamous intraepithelial (LGSIL) tissue. We report diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 88%. We show that diagnostically useful digital images of the cervix can be obtained using a simple and inexpensive device, and that automated image analysis algorithms show a potential to identify histologically neoplastic tissue areas.
3-D Scene Representation as a Collection of Images and Fundamental Matrices (1994)

<p>The problem we solve in this paper is the following. Suppose we are given N views of a static scene obtained from different viewpoints, perhaps with different cameras. These viewpoints we call reference viewpoints since they are all we know of the scene. We would like to decide if it is possible to predict ano- ther view of the scene taken by a camera from a viewpoint which is arbitrary and a priori di erent from all the reference viewpoints. One method for doing this would be to use these viewpoints to construct a three-dimensional representation of the scene and reproject this representation on the retinal plane of the virtual camera. In order to achieve this goal, we would have to establish some sort of calibration of our system of cameras, fuse the three-dimensional representations obtained from, say, pairs of cameras thereby obtaining a set of 3-D points, the scene. We would then have to approximate this set of points by surfaces, a segmentation problem which is still mostly unsolved, and then intersect the optical rays from the virtual camera with these surfaces. This is the most straightforward way of going from a set of images to a new image using the current computer vision paradigm of rst building a three-dimensional representation of the environment from which the rest is derived. We do not claim that there does not exist any simpler way of using the three-dimensional representation than the one we just sketched, but this is just simply not our point. Our point is that it is possible to avoid entirely the explicit three-dimensional reconstruction process: the scene is represented by its images and by some ba- sically linear relations that govern the way points can be put in correspondence between views when they are the images of the same scene-point. These images and their algebraic relations are all we need for predicting a new image. This approach is similar in spirit to the one that has been used in trinocular stereo. Hypotheses of correspondences between two of the images are used to predict features in the third. These predictions can then be checked to validate or invalidate the initial correspondence. This approach has proved to be quite e cient and accurate. Related to these ideas are those developed in the photogrammetric community under the name of transfer methods which nd for one or more image points in a given image set, the corresponding points in some new image set.</p>
Polymer-Bound Fungicides for Paints (1982)

In order to prepare coatings which contained chemically bonded fungicides, four vinyl-substituted fungicides were prepared and both copolymerization and terpolymerization studies were carried out with these monomers. The fungicides were pentachlorophenol, 3,4;5-tribromosalicylanilide, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol. Three monomers of each were prepared. The acrylates and the chain-extended 2-fungicidalethyl acrylates were prepared of each fungicide in addition to the vinyl ether of each fungicide. The acrylates and chain-extended (2-fungicidalethyl) acrylates were copolymerized with acrylic monomers and stable terpolymer latexes were prepared from (1) pentachlorophenyl aerylate (2) 3,4;5-tribromosalicylanilide acrylate and (3) 2-pentachlorophenylethyl acrylate with the comonomers methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate. Terpolymer latices of vinyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and 3,4;5-tribromosalicylanilide acrylate were made. Copolymers and latexes containing pentachlorophenyl and 3,4;5-tribromosalicylanilide acrylate were tested against Auerobasidium pullulans in agar dish accelerated growth studies and were found to prevent growth. Several polymers did not exhibit a zone of inhibition around the treated sample as did
Leading Questions to Leading Persons (1958)

Leading questions on current legal problems of wide general interest and importance were posed by the Editors of this review to nine leading public figures, each a dean of a law school.These questions were and are frankly difficult and controversial, but their answers are of vital importance to our legal system and to our society. Capsule answers given by these distinguished personages are believed to be interesting and significant. It is emphasized that only very short answers were requested. Brief answers such as these, of course, are not expected to be, nor do they pretend to be, complete or profound. Their purpose is to indicate succinctly the approach of outstanding American "opinion makers" to difficult socio-legal public problems.
Optimized energy-efficient drive system for ship propulsion (2011)

Efficiency in the sense of energy saving is a main issue in ship propulsion. Optimization is achieved using an overall diesel-electric drive concept. Based on the main load, the overall structure of a Diesel-electric ship propulsion system is dimensioned. In total, gears between propellers and motors, induction motors and their inverters, two diesel engines with permanent-magnet synchronous generators, diode rectifiers feeding the common DC link and a novel reconfigurable variable-voltage DC-link structure are chosen. Based on this layout, an inverter for the auxiliary supply and a battery for feeding the auxiliaries in harbour or driving the ship at low-speed manoeuvres are designed for optimal connection to the variable-voltage DC-link structure. As a result, the diesel engines can be operated always with optimal speed according to their shell curve. Load variations are adjusted to the dynamics of the diesel engines guaranteeing smooth operation without pressing. With the highly variable DC-link voltage, the motors and inverters can be operated in a most energy-efficient way by optimized field-weakening of the induction motors. Efficiency plots prove the concept.
A one‐step matrix application method for MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of bacterial colony biofilms (2016)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging of biofilms cultured on agar plates is challenging because of problems related to matrix deposition onto agar. We describe a one-step, spray-based application of a 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid solution for direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging of hydrated Bacillus subtilis biofilms on agar. Using both an optimized airbrush and a home-built automatic sprayer, region-specific distributions of signaling metabolites and cannibalistic factors were visualized from B. subtilis cells cultivated on biofilm-promoting medium. The approach provides a homogeneous, relatively dry coating on hydrated samples, improving spot to spot signal repeatability compared with sieved matrix application, and is easily adapted for imaging a range of agar-based biofilms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lysis of Blue-Green Algae by Myxobacter (1970)

Enrichment from local fishponds led to the isolation of a bacterium capable of lysing many species of unicellular and filamentous blue-green algae, as well as certain bacteria. The isolate is an aflagellate, motile rod which moves in a gliding, flexuous manner; the organism is capable of digesting starch and agar, but not cellulose and gelatin. Its deoxyribonucleic acid base pair composition (per cent guanine plus cytosine approximately 70) shows a close resemblance to that of the fruiting myxobacteria. Algae in lawns on agar plates were lysed rapidly by the myxobacter, but only limited and slow lysis occurred in liquid media, and no lysis took place when liquid cultures were shaken. No diffusible lytic factors would be demonstrated. Continuous observation of the lytic process under a phase-contrast microscope suggested that a close contact between the polar tip of the myxobacter and the alga is necessary for lysis. The lytic action is limited to the vegetative cells of the algae, whereas heterocysts are not affected. The gas vacuoles of the algal host are the only remnant visible after completion of digestion by the myxobacter.
Student outcomes associated with use of asynchronous online discussion forums in gross anatomy teaching (2012)

Asynchronous online discussion forums are increasingly common in blended learning environments but the relationship to student learning outcomes has not been reported for anatomy teaching. Forums were monitored in two multicampus anatomy courses; an introductory first year course and a second year physiotherapy-specific course. The forums are structured with a separate site for each course module and moderated weekly by staff. Students are encouraged to post to new threads (initial post) and answer queries in threads started by others (reply post). Analysis of forums was conducted separately for each course and included overall activity (posts and views) for a full semester and a detailed analysis for one week in the middle of semester. Students were classified as zero, moderate, or high contributors to the forums based on the number of posts. Final mark for the course was related to level of forum contribution using nonparametric tests. Forum threads were characterized as task-focused, administrative, or other. A higher proportion of second year (36%) than first-year (17%) students posted on the forums and the postings were more likely to be task-focused and student initiated. Second-year students that posted frequently to the forum gained a higher final mark for the course than those that did not post or only posted a moderate number of times (P < 0.01). This relationship was not evident for first-year students who had a much higher proportion of administrative threads. Forums in anatomy courses can be powerful learning tools encouraging deeper learning and improved learning outcomes.
Comparative analysis of the lipids of Acinetobacter species grown on hexadecane (1975)

A comparative analysis of the cellular and extracellular lipids of Acinetobacter species HO1-N indicated basic physiological differences in hexadecane-grown cells. The cellular lipids obtained from hexadecane-grown cells were characterized by 3- and 18-fold increases in the phospholipid fraction and the mono- and diglyceride fraction, respectively, over that obtained from nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells. The cellular-associated pools of hexadecane were shown to comprise approximately 8% of the dry cell weight of hexadecane-grown cells. The extracellular lipids obtained from the culture broths of hexadecane-grown cells were comprised of triglyceride, mono- and diglyceride, free fatty acid, and wax ester. These lipids were either absent or present in minor concentrations in the culture broths of nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells. The exponential growth of Acinetobacter sp. on hexadecane was characterized by the significant accumulation of free fatty acid, monoglyceride, and diglyceride in the culture medium. Wax ester was shown to represent a minor portion of the extracellular lipids during the exponential growth phase, appearing in significant proportion only after the culture had entered the stationary phase of growth.