gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Meal Detection Module in an Artificial Pancreas System for People with Type 1 Diabetes (2019)

Artificial pancreas (AP) control systems aim to achieve automated regulation of blood glucose concentration in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). While in open-loop insulin administration, the individual, with physician supervision, makes all the decisions regarding the insulin adjustments. AP is a closed-loop system that automatically manipulates the insulin doses and infusion [1–6]. An AP system consists of a minimum of four components: (1) a person with T1D, (2) a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) that measures and reports the interstitial glucose concentration, (3) a control algorithm that makes decisions regarding the insulin infusion rate, and (4) an insulin pump that administers the insulin to the patient. The AP may utilize additional measuring devices in order to feed more comprehensive information to the controller about the subject’s physiological condition [7]. The physiological conditions, such as physical activity or exercise, stress, and sleep, are assessed by the interpretation of physiological variables reported by wearable devices, such as heart rate, energy expenditure, etc. [8–10]. Using the measured physiological variables in addition to CGM data enables a multivariable AP with a controller to manage the effect of otherwise unknown (unannounced) disturbances [11]. In a fully automated AP (no manual entries), while the measured physiological variables relieve the need for manual entries about the physiological conditions, integration of meal detection and meal size estimation components into AP systems is needed to compensate for meal announcements.
Arthroscopic Repair of Meniscus Tears (1983)

Arthroscopic repair of torn menisci using a bent-tip Keith needle is described. Experience with the technique over a seven-year period is summarized.
Hydrolysis in supercritical water: identification and implications of a polar transition state (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolysis in supercritical water: identification and implications of a polar transition stateGilbert L. Huppert, Benjamin C. Wu, Susan H. Townsend, Michael T. Klein, and Stephen C. PaspekCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1989, 28, 2, 161–165Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00086a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00086a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views484Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Allyl Alcohol on Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Chiral Catalysts Grafted onto the Surface of Silica and in the Mesopores of MCM-41 This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No: 20172051). We thank Prof. Z. Y. Yang for valuable discussions. (2002)

A heterogeneous version of the Sharpless epoxidation: a chiral tartaric acid derivative is grafted onto the surface of silica and in the mesopores of MCM-41 (see picture). The hybrid chiral catalyst is as effective as the homogeneous complex in terms of turnover number and enantioselectivity, and the product is easily separated by simple filtration.
Optimization of pulse train presaturation for CEST imaging in clinical scanners (2011)

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging depends on the performance of radiofrequency saturation during the experiment. Scanner specifications, in particular limited pulse width and duty-cycle, and specific absorption rate guidelines restrict the full exploitation of CEST effects in clinical MR systems. The purpose of this study was to optimize techniques for effective pulse train presaturation for CEST imaging in a whole-body MR scanner. Theoretical analysis and simulations of the spectral properties of radiofrequency pulse trains demonstrated the significance of pulse width τ(P) and interpulse delay τ(D) for effective and selective labeling of a chemically exchanging proton pool. CEST experiments with model solutions, e.g., creatine dissolved in water, showed best performance of pulse trains with τ(P) = τ(D) = 100 msec, regarding minimum direct water saturation in z-spectra and distinct magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry that can be determined quantitatively. Saturation efficiency of trains of Gaussian-shaped radiofrequency pulses using this timing was evaluated in MR imagers with field strengths of 1.5, 3, and 7 T. The proposed saturation pulse train does not require hardware modifications, offers low specific absorption rate, and can be used in a standard clinical setup.
Reliability of protecting techniques used in fault-tolerant cache memories (2006)

This paper analyzes the problem of transient-error recovery of several protecting techniques used in fault-tolerant cache memories. In this paper, reliability and mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) equations for several protecting techniques are derived and estimated. The results of the considered techniques are compared with those of cache memories without redundancies and with only parity codes in both tag and data arrays of caches. Depending on the error rate under which a cache memory will operate, and the size of the cache memory, one of the analyzed cases could be used. If the transient-error rate is very small or the size of cache memory is relatively small, then a protected with only single parity code is adequate. But for large cache memories or for noisy environment, with high transient-error rate, cache scrubbing or single error correction-double error detection technique (SEC-DED) become essential although the former incurs performance penalty and the latter occupies significant area and incurs complexity and power consumption penalties
Expression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor by cultured endothelial cells in response to inflammatory mediators (1992)

Abstract We recently proposed that endothelium may represent the primary physiologic site of synthesis of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). In support of this conclusion, we have now found that the poly(A)+ RNAs obtained from rabbit and bovine lung tissues contain abundant amounts of TFPI messenger RNAs (mRNAs), whereas the poly(A)+ RNAs obtained from the liver of these animals contain less than 5% of that found in the lung tissues. Because inflammatory mediators are known to upregulate tissue factor (TF) expression by the endothelium, we have examined the effect of these agents on the TFPI expression by the cultured endothelial cells. When cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated (in 10% fetal bovine serum) with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), endotoxin, interleukin-1, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the TF mRNA increased approximately 7- to 10- fold within 2 to 4 hours. Unstimulated cells constitutively expressed TFPI mRNA and its levels either did not change or increased slightly (up to 1.5-fold) upon stimulation with these inflammatory agents. TF mRNA abruptly declined to a negligible level and the TFPI mRNA returned essentially to the basal level at approximately 24 hours. The membrane- bound TF clotting activity of induced cells peaked between 4 and 8 hours, and finally declined. The cumulative TFPI activity secreted into the media was either unchanged or slightly higher in the induced cell cultures as compared with that present in the noninduced cultures. Endothelial cells were also cultured in 10% heat-inactivated human serum derived from plasma or whole blood. TFPI secreted into the media containing whole blood serum was consistently higher (approximately 1.5- fold at 8 hours) than that secreted into the media supplemented with serum obtained from plasma lacking the formed elements; these cells also expressed similarly increased levels of TFPI mRNA. Moreover, PMA- stimulated cells cultured in whole blood serum expressed modestly increased levels of TFPI mRNA (approximately 1.5-fold); supernatants from these cells also contained similarly increased TFPI activity. Cumulatively, our data indicate that, unlike thrombomodulin and fibrinolytic enzymes synthesized by the endothelial cells, TFPI synthesis is not downregulated and may be slightly upregulated during an inflammatory response. Inspection of the 5′ flanking region of the TFPI gene showed a conserved GATA-binding motif located approximately 400 bp upstream of the proposed transcription initiation site(s). This motif by binding to the GATA-2 transcriptional factor may keep the endothelium in an ‘on’ state for constitutive expression of TFPI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
DIFFERENT HYPOTHALAMIC RECEPTORS MEDIATE 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE‐ AND TRYPTAMINE‐INDUCED CORE TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN THE RAT (1981)

Unilateral intrahypothalamic injection of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) caused a dose‐related fall in core temperature in rats, whereas injection of tryptamine into the same site caused a dose‐related rise in core temperature. The core temperature changes induced by 5‐HT or tryptamine were inhibited by intrahypothalamic pretreatment with indoleamine receptor antagonists in a dose‐related manner. Other neurotransmitter antagonists, haloperidol, atropine, phentolamine and (—)‐propranolol, had no significant effect on core temperature changes induced by 5‐HT or tryptamine. A differential antagonism was observed for the indoleamine receptor antagonists against 5‐HT and tryptamine‐induced core temperature changes. Methergoline and triflupromazine were more selective against tryptamine‐induced hyperthermia, while cyproheptadine was more selective against 5‐HT‐induced hypothermia. Intrahypothalamic pretreatment with 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT) 42 nmol in 2 μl inhibited tryptamine‐induced hyperthermia, but was without effect on 5‐HT‐induced hypothermia. These results suggest the possible existence of two different receptor populations within the preoptic anterior hypothalamus in rats; one specific for 5‐HT and the other for tryptamine.
Saliva affects the antifungal activity of exogenously added histatin 3 towards<i>Candida albicans</i> (2005)

Antifungal activity of histatin 3 against two Candida albicans clinical isolates was determined in assays containing rabbit submandibular gland saliva. Histatin 3 inhibited the cell growth and germination of both isolates dose-dependently (10-100 microg ml(-1)) with maximum inhibition occurring after 60 min incubation. Adding fresh histatin 3 after 60 min caused further reduction in the viable cell count. Higher histatin 3 concentrations (50-100 microg ml(-1)) and prolonged exposure to peptide were required to inhibit germination. Histatin 3 was rapidly degraded in rabbit submandibular gland saliva and this may explain why fresh addition of histatin 3 increases candidacidal activity.
Effect of Oxygen Pressure During Culture on Survival of Mouse Thyroid Allografts (1978)

A marked increase in the percentage of mouse thyroids that retained function 20 days after transplantation across a major histocompatibility barrier and the percentage that lacked generalized infiltration was observed when the grafts received hyperbaric oxygen during a 4-day culture period. Perfusion of the donor animal before thyroidotomy and the addition of fetal calf serum to the culture medium did not have a significant effect on graft survival, but the percentage of grafts lacking generalized infiltration was slightly increased by the addition of hydrocortisone to the culture medium.
Cocoon Surrounding Desert-Dwelling Frogs (1967)

A cocoon formed from a single cell layer of shed stratum corneum may reduce water loss from the skin of desert-dwelling frogs while these aestivate in soil-filled burrows. In several Australian examples, the cocoon is a single layer of cells, and thus differs from the multilayered structure obtained from an American species, Scaphiopus couchi.
An Optical Profilometer for Surface Characterization of Magnetic Media (1984)

Conventional surface-characterization techniques either are not sophisticated enough to provide complete surface-topographical data or cannot be employed because of the relatively low hardness of magnetic media. An optical profilometer has been developed which provides a noncontact method of obtaining surface characteristics from a magnetic medium. The system consists of a standard Leitz reflection microscope, a Mirau interferometer controlled by a piezoelectric transducer, a linear array of photodiode detectors, and a microcomputer. The combination yields a system that measures the optical-height variations of surfaces to a high degree of precision. This height variation is processed by a computer to provide surface-topographical statistical parameters, which are useful to predict tribological and magnetic performances of the head-media interface. Sample data of magnetic media (tape, floppy disk, and rigid disk) are presented.
Structure development during polymer processing: Studies of the melt spinning of polyethylene and polypropylene fibers (1975)

Abstract Experimental studies of structure development in melt spinning of polyethylene and polypropylene fibers are described. Emphasis is given to the influence of applied stresses on the rates of crystallization and on the development of crystalline morphology. The relationship of fiber morphology to mechanical properties, especially “hard elastic fibers” is considered. The relevance of such studies to other polymer processing operations such as film extrusion is discussed.
THE MECHANISM OF PHOTOSENSITIZATION IN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: PHOSPHORESCENCE BEHAVIOR OF PORPHYRIN DERIVATIVES IN SALINE SOLUTION CONTAINING HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN (1991)

The phosphorescence properties, especially the dynamic behavior of metal free and metal complexed porphyrins, have been studied in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0-3% human serum albumin (HSA). 6,7-Bisaspartyl-2,4-bis (1-hexyloxyethyl)-deutero- porphyrin (DP) and its gallium(III), zinc(II), and indium(III) complexes are used as photosensitizers. Upon irradiation, a solution of porphyrins containing more than 0.1% HSA shows phosphorescence with a lifetime longer than 1 ms. With an increase in irradiation time, phosphorescence intensities and lifetimes of porphyrins increase, depending upon their concentrations and triplet lifetimes, and approach saturated values close to those under deaerated conditions. The experimental results may be interpreted in terms of hypoxia induced by photosensitization in a local environment surrounding the sensitizer. The hypoxia is caused by the reaction between proteins and singlet molecular oxygen generated by photosensitization of porphyrins. Phosphorescence behavior of sensitizers in HSA PBS solution gives significant information for classifying photosensitizers as to their efficacy for photodynamic therapy.
Ultrasonic tissue characterization via 2‐D spectrum analysis: Theory and <i>in vitro</i> measurements (2007)

A theoretical model is described for application in ultrasonic tissue characterization using a calibrated 2-D spectrum analysis method. This model relates 2-D spectra computed from ultrasonic backscatter signals to intrinsic physical properties of tissue microstructures, e.g., size, shape, and acoustic impedance. The model is applicable to most clinical diagnostic ultrasound systems. Two experiments employing two types of tissue architectures, spherical and cylindrical scatterers, are conducted using ultrasound with center frequencies of 10 and 40 MHz, respectively. Measurements of a tissue-mimicking phantom with an internal suspension of microscopic glass beads are used to validate the theoretical model. Results from in vitro muscle fibers are presented to further elucidate the utility of 2-D spectrum analysis in ultrasonic tissue characterization.
Gênero e estereótipos nas séries televisivas de ficção científica (2007)

A Ficção Científica, tradicionalmente dominada pelos varões, mas geralmente crítica, devido às vantagens de sua estrutura narrativa, com situações sociais, políticas e econômicas, parecia nos seus inícios literários ter esquecido às mulheres, ainda mais, só tinha contribuído a reforçar os estereótipos de gênero. Adaptada aos cânones televisivos, a Ficção Científica aporta agora uma estrutura narrativa favorecedora ao derrubamento destes estereótipos?
Integrin signaling: specificity and control of cell survival and cell cycle progression (1997)

Integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix plays an important role in regulating cell survival and proliferation. There is now increasing evidence that integrins activate shared as well as subgroup-specific signaling pathways. The signals from these adhesion receptors are integrated with those originating from growth factor and cytokine receptors in order to organize the cytoskeleton, stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and regulate immediate early gene expression. The repertoire of integrins and composition of the extracellular matrix appear to dictate whether a cell will survive, proliferate or exit the cell cycle and differentiate in response to soluble factors.
Decontamination of Intravaginal Probes Infected by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Using UV-C Decontamination System (2019)

Covers followed by a chemically impregnated wipe are not sufficient to ensure patient safety during vaginal ultrasound examinations. UV-C is effective in routine conditions against contaminations found on vaginal ultrasound probes, especially HPV.
Bacteriolysis of Streptococcus mutans GS5 by lysozyme, proteases, and sodium thiocyanate (1982)

Streptococcus mutans GS5 was grown in a synthetic medium containing radioactive thymidine to monitor cell lysis by assay of the release of DNA. Bacteriolysis was achieved by sequential treatment of the cells with either hen egg white lysozyme and sodium thiocyanate or a combination of hen egg white lysozyme and a proteolytic enzyme followed by addition of the thiocyanate. In the absence of sodium thiocyanate, a small percentage of the total macromolecular thymidine was released in control reaction mixtures during incubation. This amount of released DNA more than doubled in trypsin-treated cells, but the inclusion of lysozyme in reaction mixtures prevented assay of the DNA. Lysis was found to be optimal in the late log phase of growth and was dependent on the concentrations of both lysozyme and protease. Concentrations of trypsin or chymotrypsin as low as 0.01 microgram/ml were found to be effective in enhancing the lytic process. The addition of protease to lysozyme-inorganic salt reaction mixtures altered both the pH and ionic strength profiles of cell lysis. At pHs of 5.5 or lower, both the lysozyme-NaSCN and the lysozyme-trypsin-NaSCN systems were inactive in mediating lysis. The loss of insoluble cell wall peptidoglycan by lysozyme treatment was pH independent and did not appear to be affected by the addition of protease. Either diluted whole saliva or neutrophil extracts could replace trypsin to enhance cell lysis further.
Polyfluoroheterocyclic compounds. Part XIV. Some reactions of tetrafluoroisonicotinic acid and pentafluorobenzoic acid (1968)

The anhydride and acid chloride of tetrafluoroisonicotinic acid have been made and used to prepare substituted amides and hydrazines. NN′-Di(tetrafluoroisonicotinoyl)hydrazine undergoes cyclodehydration when treated with phosphoryl chloride or phosphorus pentasulphide, to give 2,5-di(tetrafluoro-4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole and -thiadiazole respectively. Tetrafluoroisonicotinoyl fluoride reacts with the heptafluoroisopropyl anion, prepared from hexafluoropropene and fluoride ion, to give perfluoro(isopropyl 4-pyridyl ketone). Some of these reactions have been duplicated with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and pentafluorobenzoyl fluoride. In addition to forming a ketone with the heptafluoroisopropyl anion, the latter also undergoes nycleophilic substitution in the ring to give perfluoro(isopropyl 4-isopropylphenyl ketone).
Bioinformatics, genomics and evolution of non-flagellar type-III secretion systems: a Darwinian perpective (2005)

We review the biology of non-flagellar type-III secretion systems from a Darwinian perspective, highlighting the themes of evolution, conservation, variation and decay. The presence of these systems in environmental organisms such as Myxococcus, Desulfovibrio and Verrucomicrobium hints at roles beyond virulence. We review newly discovered sequence homologies (e.g., YopN/TyeA and SepL). We discuss synapomorphies that might be useful in formulating a taxonomy of type-III secretion. The problem of information overload is likely to be ameliorated by launch of a web site devoted to the comparative biology of type-III secretion ().
Statistical STA: Crosstalk Aspect (2007)

Timing sign off (closure) is performed by using timing analysis tools for calculating delays in design logical paths. Tools like PrimeTime (PT) and PT-SI use Static Timing Analysis (STA) approach that may become conservative when each stage delay includes the mean delay value plus delay variance (delta), which depends on process, voltage, temperature (PVT) and crosstalk variations. This paper presents statistical timing analysis including the crosstalk. It discuses a new statistical approach that considers probabilities of crosstalk deltas and reduces timing conservatism while preserving chip functionality for a given long time of chip work before a possible failure due to crosstalk.
Induced anisotropy of amorphous CoFeSiB and CoNbZr magnetic materials (1987)

Uniaxial anisotropy induced by magnetic annealing was studied on amorphous CoFeSiB and CoNbZr layers. The kinetics of inducing the anisotropy is slowed down by a preanneal at 400°C. This effect is much stronger for CoNbZr than for CoFeSiB. An addition of 2% transition metal (TM) atoms does not influence the kinetics after preannealing appreciably. Simultaneously with inducing anisotropy magnetic annealing changes the magnetostriction. Two effects determine the anisotropy, orientation of pairs of different magnetic atoms and a contribution which also occurs in alloys with a single magnetic atom. The latter contribution is independent of type and size of the non-magnetic atom(s) and is attributed to Co - clusters.
Role model based framework design and integration (1998)

Today, any large object-oriented software system is built using frameworks. Yet, designing frameworks and defining their interaction with clients remains a difficult task. A primary reason is that today's dominant modeling concept, the class, is not well suited to describe the complexity of object collaborations as it emerges in framework design and integration. We use role modeling to overcome the problems and limitations of class-based modeling. Using role models, the design of a framework and its use by clients can be described succinctly and with much better separation of concerns than with classes. Using role objects, frameworks can be integrated into use-contexts that have not been foreseen by their original designers.