gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of duration of dominance of the ovulatory follicle on onset of estrus and fertility in heifers. (1999)

In cattle, prolonged progestogen treatments following luteolysis result in persistent dominant follicles (DF) that are associated with precise onset of estrus but marked reductions in pregnancy rate (PR). The aim was to determine whether increasing duration of dominance of the ovulatory follicle in heifers affected 1) precision of onset of estrus and 2) the timing and nature of the decline in PR. In Exp. 1, duration of dominance of the ovulatory follicle was controlled by causing corpus luteum (CL) regression at emergence of the second follicle wave (mean duration of dominance of 2.1+/-.3 d, Dm2, n = 11) or first day of dominance of the second DF of the cycle; the latter was combined with insertion of a 3-mg norgestomet ear implant for 2 to 10 d to maintain the second DF for 4 (Dm4, n = 32), 6 (Dm6, n = 19), 8 (Dm8, n = 49), 10 (Dm10, n = 28), or 12 d (Dm12, n = 20). Heifers detected in estrus were inseminated approximately 12 h later with frozen-thawed semen. Durations of dominance of the ovulatory follicle of up to 8 d did not affect (P>.05) PR (Dm2 8/9, Dm4 19/28, Dm6 14/18, and Dm8 34/48 heifers pregnant), but PR in Dm10 heifers (12/23 heifers pregnant) was reduced (P = .05) compared with Dm2 heifers; PR in Dm12 heifers (2/17 pregnant) was less compared with all other treatments (P<.01). Fitting a logistic regression model to the pooled PR data to examine the trend in PR showed that extending the duration of dominance from 2 to 9 d and from 10 to 12 d resulted in a predicted decline in PR of 10 to 25% and a further decline of 35 to 75%, respectively. Onset of estrus was delayed in heifers assigned to Dm4 treatment relative to all other treatments (P<.001); it was less variable than that for heifers on Dm6, Dm8, and Dm10 treatments (P<.1). In Exp. 2, heifers received a PGF2alpha analogue and a norgestomet implant on d 12 of the cycle for 3 or 7 d to give approximate durations of dominance of the preovulatory follicle of 2 to 4 d (Dm2-4, n = 29) or 6 to 8 d (Dm6-8, n = 24), respectively. The PR did not differ (P>.05) between heifers on Dm2-4 (22/29) and Dm6-8 (15/24) treatments, but the interval to onset of estrus was delayed (P<.05) by 7 h in the Dm2-4 heifers. In conclusion, restricting the duration of dominance of the preovulatory follicle to < or =4 d at estrus, results in a precise onset of estrus and a high PR following a single AI at a detected estrus.
Large Signal Operation of Small Band-Gap Carbon Nanotube-Based Ambipolar Transistor: A High-Performance Frequency Doubler (2010)

A small band-gap carbon nanotube (SBG CNT) with a large diameter of 4 nm has been used to fabricate ambipolar field-effect transistors (FETs) with ultrahigh carrier mobility of more than 18 300 and 8300 cm(2)/V x s for holes and electrons, respectively. Using a top-gate device geometry with 12 nm HfO(2) being the gate oxide, the SBG CNT-based FET exhibits an almost perfect symmetric ambipolar transfer characteristic without any noticeable hysteresis, and a highly efficient frequency doubler is constructed based on this near perfect ambipolar FET. The SBG CNT-based frequency doubler is shown to be able to operate in a large signal mode where the input AC signal, being applied to the top-gate electrode, drives the FET operating alternatively in a p- or n-region yielding an output signal at the drain electrode with doubled frequency and high conversion efficiency. For an input AC signal of 1 kHz, detailed frequency power spectrum analysis shows that more than 95% of the output signal is concentrated at the doubled frequency at 2 kHz, with a gain of more than 0.15, and this represents the highest gain so far achieved in carbon-based devices, including graphene-based devices.
Novel growth mechanism of single crystalline Cu nanorods by electron beam irradiation (2003)

Single-crystal Cu nanorods have been fabricated on carbon films by manipulating electron beam irradiation on a Cu powder charge in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By adjusting the intensity of the electron beam, we observed lively nucleation and growth of the Cu nanorods with the TEM. Individual Cu nanorods are straight with diameters ranging from 40 to 50 nm. The length of the rods is controlled by e-beam irradiation duration, and can be extended to . Selective area electron diffraction showed that the sidewalls of the Cu nanorods were associated with the (110) planes, while facets on the tips were associated with the (111) planes. We believe that the growth process is mainly controlled by high surface mobility of Cu atoms on the C surface, and surface diffusion of the Cu atoms from high surface energy planes to low surface energy planes of the Cu nanorods.
Microstructural Properties of Helium Implanted Void Layers in Silicon as Related to Front‐Side Gettering (1996)

A new gettering concept employs helium (He) ion implantation and low temperature annealing to form a void layer below the surface of the silicon. The surface of the void walls contains many dangling bonds that are highly reactive. Once formed many of the voids grow and facet indicating a low energy configuration. The threshold He dose for void stability is observed at 1 × 1016 He/cm2, while dislocation stability and retention within the void layer is not observed until 3 × 1016 He/cm2. The gas ambient used during low temperature anneals as well as wet vs. dry oxidation processes have a strong influence on the dislocations associated with the voids. Similarly the use of an in situ etch during epitaxial silicon growth is destructive, while the bake at the same temperature shows no detrimental effects on the dislocations. Voids and dislocations are stable at temperatures as high as 1453 K that are used in epitaxial processing, and also are compatible with standard oxidation processes. Evidence suggests that hydrogen diffuses into the voids and passivates them during wet oxidation. This can be reversed by a dry oxidation at 1073 K. Interstitial oxygen is observed to diffuse and partially passivate voids during the initial oxidation steps. Higher He doses ⩾3 × 1016 He/cm2 show good void and dislocation stability with all dislocations confined to the void layer. Heavily doped n+ silicon shows greater variations in microstructure than p+ or lightly doped silicon. This study evaluates the high temperature stability of the void microstructure formed during wet and dry oxidation processes together with silicon epitaxial growth at different temperatures. Dislocation behavior pertinent to the use of voids for gettering is also discussed. A preliminary discussion of void electrical charging by available dangling bonds is presented for lightly doped and heavily doped n‐type silicon.
Upregulated H19 contributes to bladder cancer cell proliferation by regulating ID2 expression (2013)

Long noncoding RNAs have been shown to have important regulatory roles in cancer biology, and long noncoding RNA 19 (H19) is essential for human tumor growth. However, little is known about how abnormal expression of H19 contributes to bladder cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we first evaluated the expression of H19 in bladder cancer tissues by real-time PCR, and defined the biological functions. We found that H19 expression levels were remarkably increased in bladder cancer tissues as compared with adjacent normal control tissue, and forced expression of H19 promoted bladder cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 (ID2) expression levels were upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and in bladder cancer cells. A significant positive correlation was observed between H19 levels and ID2 levels in vivo. We further demonstrated that overexpression of H19 resulted in a significant increase in the expression of ID2, whereas H19 knockdown decreased ID2 expression in vitro. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that upregulated H19 increased bladder cancer cell proliferation by increasing ID2 expression. In conclusion, upregulated H19 increases bladder cancer growth by regulating ID2 expression, and thus may be helpful in the development of effective treatment strategies for bladder cancer.
The Use of Low Discrepancy Points in Valuing Complex Financial Instruments (1995)

Modern finance has evolved the use of very complex financial instruments. Stock and interest rate options fit this description. Another example of such an instrument would be a mortgage pool involving many tranches and providing relationships between the tranches so that the payoff on one tranche depends upon the amounts paid upon other tranches over the whole history of the pool. Since the valuation of this last instrument would involve a separate probability distribution for each period over the whole period of the pool, the calculation could involve 360 separate probability distributions over the whole period. It would require then, a multiple integration over all these periods, all 360 of them. Such calculations are generally not possible on an exact basis so that numerical integration must be used. In such an environment only Monte Carlo methods are practical. Certain selected sequences of values called “low discrepancy points” are theoretically more efficient in this kind of calculation than the random numbers usually generated for Monte Carlo calculations. This paper discusses the theoretical basis for such a claim (Niederreiter covers much of the material in a more rigorous fashion.), the calculation of such points, and illustrations of the results of using such methods on several real problems.
Post-Translational Modifications of Coronavirus Proteins: Roles and Function (2018)

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) refer to the covalent modifications of polypeptides after they are synthesized, adding temporal and spatial regulation to modulate protein functions. Being obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on the protein synthesis machinery of host cells to support replication, and not surprisingly, many viral proteins are subjected to PTMs. Coronavirus (CoV) is a group of enveloped RNA viruses causing diseases in both human and animals. Many CoV proteins are modified by PTMs, including glycosylation and palmitoylation of the spike and envelope protein, N- or O-linked glycosylation of the membrane protein, phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation of the nucleocapsid protein, and other PTMs on nonstructural and accessory proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on PTMs of CoV proteins, with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication and pathogenesis. The ability of some CoV proteins to interfere with PTMs of host proteins will also be discussed.
G.729 Error Recovery for Internet Telephony (2001)

This memorandum discusses the use of the ITU G.729 CS-ACELP speech coder on the Internet for telephony applications. In particular, the memo explores issues of error resiliency and recovery. In particular, the paper considers two questions. First, given N consecutive frame erasures (due to packet losses), how long does the decoder take to resynchronize its state with the encoder? What is the strength of the resulting error signal, both in terms of objective and subjective measures? The second issue explores which particular factors contribute to the strength of the error signal: the distortion of the speech due to the incorrect concealment of the erasures, or the subsequent distortion due to the loss of state synchronization, even though correct packets are being received. Both objective and subjective measures are used to characterize the importance of each of these two factors.
The worldspace programme: The first dab satellite service for the world (1995)

Abstract The WorldSpace satellite DAB system will provide by 1998‐1999 dozens of high quality radio channels accessible to a potential audience of 4 billion people world‐wide who currently receive with various kinds of difficulty and limitations terrestrial radio programming. The system will consist of geostationary satellites, low cost radio receivers called StarMan™, and the associated ground control networks. The system will use state‐of‐the‐art digital audio coding techniques and, on board the satellite, baseband processing technology. This paper presents the overall description, performance and industrial organiazation of the system.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) Carrier-dependent Regulation of Endothelial Barrier (2012)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a blood-borne lysosphingolipid that acts to promote endothelial cell (EC) barrier function. In plasma, S1P is associated with both high density lipoproteins (HDL) and albumin, but it is not known whether the carriers impart different effects on S1P signaling. Here we establish that HDL-S1P sustains EC barrier longer than albumin-S1P. We showed that the sustained barrier effects of HDL-S1P are dependent on signaling by the S1P receptor, S1P1, and involve persistent activation of Akt and endothelial NOS (eNOS), as well as activity of the downstream NO target, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Total S1P1 protein levels were found to be higher in response to HDL-S1P treatment as compared with albumin-S1P, and this effect was not associated with increased S1P1 mRNA or dependent on de novo protein synthesis. Several pieces of evidence indicate that long term EC barrier enhancement activity of HDL-S1P is due to specific effects on S1P1 trafficking. First, the rate of S1P1 degradation, which is proteasome-mediated, was slower in HDL-S1P-treated cells as compared with cells treated with albumin-S1P. Second, the long term barrier-promoting effects of HDL-S1P were abrogated by treatment with the recycling blocker, monensin. Finally, cell surface levels of S1P1 and levels of S1P1 in caveolin-enriched microdomains were higher after treatment with HDL-S1P as compared with albumin-S1P. Together, the findings reveal S1P carrier-specific effects on S1P1 and point to HDL as the physiological mediator of sustained S1P1-PI3K-Akt-eNOS-sGC-dependent EC barrier function.
After-Closure Analysis to Determine Formation Permeability, Reservoir Pressure, and Residual Fracture Properties (2005)

Abstract A minifrac test is usually performed before a fracture stimulation treatment to calculate formation and fracture properties. Recently the analysis techniques were extended to the after-closure period. The after-closure data are analyzed to calculate formation permeability and reservoir pressure. Technology developers have hypothesized the existence of either pseudo-radial or linear flow behavior during the after-closure region. Identifying the presence of the flowing regime is an awkward process at best. The roots of the linear flow equations are different from those of the pseudo-radial flow equations. Many tests do not follow either flow regime. In this paper, we have created a general approach for analysis of after-closure pressure decline data. Because the determination of the flow regime and type of fracture depends only on time and monitored pressure, the analysis may even be performed in real time. The technique determines whether sufficient data have been obtained to perform a reliable analysis. The calculated parameters would be used to update the fracture design and, in turn, for performing the fracture treatment. The new technique is simpler and more generalized than what currently exists. The technique initially determines whether analyzable data exist. It shows that three flow regimes may dominate the after-closure region, depending on the reservoir properties and residual fracture conductivity. The technique presented not only determines the type of regime, and consequently, the type of residual fracture, it also determines the formation permeability and reservoir pressure. There is no reason to restrict the application of this test to minifrac test analysis. We believe the approach is also applicable to analysis of data after performing a fracture stimulation treatment. A numerical simulator was used to model the pumping and closure process and to validate the new approach. The paper also presents a detailed discussion and analysis of several field cases, demonstrating the various flow regimes and, ultimately, the validity of the developed technique.
Comparison of Different Strongman Events: Trunk Muscle Activation and Lumbar Spine Motion, Load, and Stiffness (2009)

Strongman events are attracting more interest as training exercises because of their unique demands. Further, strongman competitors sustain specific injuries, particularly to the back. Muscle electromyographic data from various torso and hip muscles, together with kinematic measures, were input to an anatomically detailed model of the torso to estimate back load, low-back stiffness, and hip torque. Events included the farmer's walk, super yoke, Atlas stone lift, suitcase carry, keg walk, tire flip, and log lift. The results document the unique demands of these whole-body events and, in particular, the demands on the back and torso. For example, the very large moments required at the hip for abduction when performing a yoke walk exceed the strength capability of the hip. Here, muscles such as quadratus lumborum made up for the strength deficit by generating frontal plane torque to support the torso/pelvis. In this way, the stiffened torso acts as a source of strength to allow joints with insufficient strength to be buttressed, resulting in successful performance. Timing of muscle activation patterns in events such as the Atlas stone lift demonstrated the need to integrate the hip extensors before the back extensors. Even so, because of the awkward shape of the stone, the protective neutral spine posture was impossible to achieve, resulting in substantial loading on the back that is placed in a weakened posture. Unexpectedly, the super yoke carry resulted in the highest loads on the spine. This was attributed to the weight of the yoke coupled with the massive torso muscle cocontraction, which produced torso stiffness to ensure spine stability together with buttressing the abduction strength insufficiency of the hips. Strongman events clearly challenge the strength of the body linkage, together with the stabilizing system, in a different way than traditional approaches. The carrying events challenged different abilities than the lifting events, suggesting that loaded carrying would enhance traditional lifting-based strength programs. This analysis also documented the technique components of successful, joint-sparing, strongman event strategies.
Radiation effects on optical data transmission systems (1989)

The state of the art of optical transmitters, low loss fiber waveguides and receivers in both steady state and pulsed radiation environments is reviewed and summarized. Emphasis is placed on the effects of irradiation on the performance of light emitting and laser diodes, optical fiber waveguides and photodiodes. The influence of radiation-induced attenuation of optical fibers due to total dose, dose rate, time after irradiation, temperature, radiation history, photobleaching, OH and impurity content, dopant type and concentration is described. The performance of candidate components of the transmission system intended for deployment in the Superconducting Super Collider Detector and primary beam tunnel nuclear environment is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cumulative probability of achieving an ongoing pregnancy after in-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection according to a woman's age, subfertility diagnosis and primary or secondary subfertility (2000)

The aim of this study was to estimate reliable cumulative probabilities of achieving an ongoing pregnancy after successive in-vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles, according to a woman's age, subfertility diagnosis and primary or secondary subfertility. Therefore reasons for quitting treatment without achieving an ongoing pregnancy were taken into account. Moreover, we studied whether there were trends in cumulative probabilities after adjustment for potential confounding effects of the other two characteristics, duration of subfertility, year of first treatment and reason for quitting treatment. In total, 2984 IVF/ICSI cycles were performed in 1315 couples at the University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands, between 1991 and 1998. The 'realistic' cumulative probability of achieving an ongoing pregnancy was 54.5% after five consecutive IVF/ICSI cycles, which was about 10% lower (absolute value) than the optimistic probability calculated by life-table analysis and about 10% higher (absolute value) than the most pessimistic estimate. Women of 35 years or younger had a higher probability of achieving an ongoing pregnancy than the older women. As ICSI is now an option, there were no obvious differences between the subfertility diagnosis subgroups. The cumulative probability after the first two IVF/ICSI cycles was higher in women with secondary subfertility than in those with primary subfertility; this advantage disappeared after further treatment. These trends remained valid after adjustment for confounding factors.
Intact Vitronectin Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-2 Expression and Enhanced Cellular Invasion by Melanoma Cells (1998)

The initial site of melanoma cell metastasis is frequently the regional lymph nodes, and the appearance of lymph node metastasis correlates with poor prognosis. Lymph node adhesion is mediated by an interaction between the tumor cell integrin alphavbeta3 and lymph node vitronectin. In this study, we explored the relationship between adhesion and proteolysis by examining the direct effect of vitronectin receptor ligation on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) production by B16F1 and B16F10 melanoma cells. We report a dose-dependent increase in secretion of both MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) in response to vitronectin. Cellular invasiveness was also enhanced by vitronectin, as shown by the increased ability of vitronectin-treated cells to invade a synthetic basement membrane (Matrigel). Both the vitronectin-induced MMP-2 production and vitronectin-enhanced invasion were blocked by the peptide ligand Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS). Furthermore, neither plasmin-degraded vitronectin nor the peptide ligand RGDS stimulated MMP-2 secretion or invasiveness, indicating that a multivalent ligand-receptor interaction rather than simple receptor occupancy was required for MMP-2 induction. MMP-2 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 interaction with the plasma membrane of melanoma cells resulted in enhanced catalytic activity against 14C-labeled gelatin, suggesting that membrane association may function in posttranslational regulation of MMP-2 activity. This is supported by data showing increased cellular invasion by cells containing membrane-bound MMP-2. Binding of proMMP-2 and proMMP-2/TIMP-2 to melanoma cells was not inhibited by RGDS, and melanoma cell adhesion to vitronectin was unaffected by pro- or active MMP-2, indicating that MMP-2 did not interact with the murine vitronectin receptor. Together, these data provide evidence for a functional link between adhesion and proteolysis and suggest a potential mechanism whereby adhesion of an invasive cell to the extracellular matrix regulates subsequent invasive behavior.