gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of cotton and acrylic socks using a generic cushion sole design for runners (1993)

A longitudinal single-blind study was conducted to test the friction blister prevention properties of synthetic acrylic socks in a generic construction. This study serves as a comparison with the authors' previous work comparing acrylic and cotton socks in a patented padded construction. Twenty-seven long-distance runners provided data regarding dampness, temperature, friction blister incidence, severity, and size. Two different socks were tested; each was identical in every aspect of construction except the fiber content. One test sock was composed of 100% synthetic acrylic fibers, and the other was composed of 100% natural cotton fibers. These results were unsuccessful at demonstrating any superiority of cotton or acrylic fibers when knitting produced a generic "cushion sole" sock. The superiority of acrylic fibers has thus far been demonstrated only when sock knitting provides adequate anatomical padding [corrected].
Design, operation, and housing of an ultrastable, low temperature, ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (1998)

We have designed and constructed a low temperature, ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (STM), taking extreme measures to isolate the microscope from acoustic, vibrational, and electronic noise. We combined a 4 K STM with line-of-sight dosing to enable one to position the crystal surface in front of an impinging molecular beam as in scattering experiments. Due to the mechanical stability of the instrument and the minimal thermal drift associated with working at 4 K we are able to locate and to image repeatedly isolated adsorbates and atomic-scale structures, such as step edges, for extended periods days. The instrument has been designed for the topographic and spectroscopic characterization of atoms and molecules on metal and semiconductor surfaces, for the investigation of the mechanism by which the STM images adsorbates on surfaces, and for inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of single molecules.
Transfer and expression of the bacterial NPT-II gene In chick embryos using a Schmidt-Ruppin retrovirus vector (1988)

In an effort to introduce foreign genes into chickens, the bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT-II) gene was cloned into an infectious avian retroviral vector derived from the Schmidt-Ruppin A strain of RSV. The NPT-II gene was stable in the vector during passage in vitro and infected cells were resistant to G418. Fertilized chicken embryos were inoculated with the recombinant virus on day 0 and screened on day 20 for the NPT-II gene in blood cell DNA. Approximately 12% of the embryos were positive for the NPT-II gene. Screening of DNA from the brain, muscle, liver and foot of the positive embryos indicated that the NPT-II gene copy number could vary in a single embryo. However, some embryos had nearly equal NPT-II copy number in each tissue examined. To determine the expression of the bacterial gene, tissue extracts from the positive embryos were assayed for NPT-II activity. The results indicated that NPT-II activity varied depending on the tissue, with activity being highest in muscle and foot regardless of NPT-II gene copy number.
I Have a Banana Tree in My Classroom. (2007)

Diseases of the upper and lower airways are commonly described as global airway disease, which shares basic inflammatory mechanisms, and airway comobidity is frequently found. The prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is 5-12%, characterised as CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) or CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Inflammation in CRSwNP is often type 2, whereas CRSsNP often involves non-type 2. New monoclonal antibodies towards type-2 inflammation have been launched internationally to treat refractory severe CRSwNP, with effect on polyps, congestions and smell, as well as quality of life. This review gives a summary of the current treatment modalities.
Potential roles of blockchain in fighting poverty and reducing financial exclusion in the global south (2017)

The visible effects of blockchain are already being noted in the Global South. This editorial presents early evidence linking the use of blockchain in overcoming economic, social, and political challenges facing economies in the Global South. Highlighted are the key applications and uses of blockchain in addressing these challenges. The political, social, and economic effects of blockchain are systematically evaluated. This essay demonstrates how blockchain can help promote transparency, build trust and reputation, and enhance efficiency in transactions.
Existence of Placental Leucine Aminopeptidase/Oxytocinase/Insulin-Regulated Membrane Aminopeptidase in Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells (2002)

Human endometrial epithelial cells are known to express oxytocin receptors around the time of ovulation. Moreover, oxytocin (OT) and OT-induced prostaglandins appear to play a pivotal role in the switching of endometrial glands from the proliferative to the secretory phase. However, there have been few studies of oxytocinase (OTase), which is identical to placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP)/insulin-regulated membrane aminopeptidase (IRAP). We confirmed the expression of P-LAP/OTase in human endometrium and also observed the changes in the expression of P-LAP/OTase throughout the menstrual cycle. P-LAP/OTase and its mRNA were localized in endometrial epithelial cells but not in stromal cells. In the follicular phase, immunoreactive P-LAP/OTase was homogeneously distributed on the plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic granules. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the majority of P-LAP/OTase was produced around the time of ovulation. After ovulation, the immunostaining was restricted to the glycogen-rich subnuclear vacuoles, a glandular marker of progesterone release from the corpus luteum. Thereafter, the membrane-bound P-LAP/OTase was released by apocrine secretion during the period of blastocyst implantation and became depleted toward the time of menstruation. Further understanding of the function of P-LAP/OTase in the endometrium appears likely to yield insights into the cyclic changes during the normal menstrual cycle.
State-value weighted entropy as a measure of investment risk (1986)

Abstract This paper explores a problem with the use of the entropy measure of investment performance. The commonly used entropy measure ignores the dispersion of security frequency classes used in the calculation of entropy. Therefore, state-value weighting of the entropy is proposed and tested using a portfolio selection heuristic algorithm. The results indicate that weighting the entropy value will increase the investment performance of the entropy risk measure.
Helicobacter nemestrinae sp. nov., a Spiral Bacterium Found in the Stomach of a Pigtailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) (1991)

A new microaerophilic, spirally curved, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the gastric mucosa of a pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The gram-negative cells of this bacterium are oxidase, catalase, and urease positive and strongly resemble Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori) cells. Like H. pylori, this organism does not metabolize glucose, does not reduce nitrate or produce indole, does not produce H2S from triple sugar iron agar, does not hydrolyze hippurate or esculin, and does not grow in the presence of 1% glycine, 1.5% salt, or 1% bile. Also like H. pylori, it is resistant to nalidixic acid and susceptible to cephalothin. However, unlike H. pylori, the colorless colonies are flat and have irregular edges. This organism has a unique cellular fatty acid composition, forming a new gas-liquid chromatography group, group K, and a distinctive DNA content (24 mol% guanine plus cytosine). It exhibits less than 10% DNA-DNA homology (as determined by the nylon filter blot method at 65 degrees C) with other members of the genus Helicobacter. Although the levels of DNA relatedness between previously described Helicobacter species and the new organism are low (less than 10%) and the difference in guanine-plus-cytosine content is large (24 versus 36 to 41 mol%), the genus Helicobacter is the only genus in which it is logical to include the organism at this time. We propose that our single strain represents a new species, Helicobacter nemestrinae, and we designate strain T81213-NTB (= ATCC 49396) as the type strain.
Genetic refinement and physical mapping of a biparental complete hydatidiform mole locus on chromosome 19q13.4. (2003)

Hydatidiform mole (HM) is an uncommon type of pregnancy, typically resulting from a diandric conception. HM may be defined as complete (CHM), having an androgenetic, diploid genome (AnCHM),1,2 or partial, having a diandric, triploid genome (PHM).3,4 A rare type of CHM is diploid but, unlike AnCHM, is biparental (BiCHM) in origin.5,6 It has been shown that AnCHM and BiCHM are pathologically indistinguishable,7 such that the pathology of BiCHM is also likely to involve the misexpression of imprinted genes.8 Genomic imprinting has recently been investigated in BiCHM tissue. In one case of recurrent BiCHM, five maternally set, imprinted genes were shown to have a paternal methylation pattern in the molar tissue, while H19 , a paternally set, imprinted gene, had a normal pattern of methylation.9 A series of BiCHM from several patients have also been examined for expression of the CDKN1C gene that is dependent on a maternally set imprint of the KvDMR1 control centre.10 The CDKN1C gene product, p57KIP2, was not expressed in AnCHM tissue as would be predicted from their purely paternal genome. However, the p57KIP2 protein was also absent from BiCHM samples despite the presence of a maternal genome, implying failure to set the maternal imprint for CDKN1C (KvDMR1). 11 These two studies show that the BiCHM gene is associated with a loss of maternal imprints within the ovum, which is not limited to one locus, as is the case with other genes that regulate imprinting in cis . Instead, the BiCHM gene may act as a major regulator of imprinting and act in trans throughout the genome. ### Key points
PREVALENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS IN CSF SPECIMENS OF NEONATES WITH ENCEPHALITIS BY USING REAL TIME PCR (2013)

Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes a spectrum of clinical manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS). Neonatal HSV infection following exposure to the virus at delivery produces severe disseminated infection and can lead to death if not effectively treated.
Objective: The aim of this study is to detect the prevalence of HSV type I, and II in encephalitic neonates.
Materials and methods: A total of 100 CSF samples were collected from encephalitic neonates from Khartoum Hospitals. HSV type I and II were detected in patients’ samples using real time PCR.
Results: Among the 100 encephalitis patients, 70 (70%) were males, and 30 (30%) females.  HSV DNA was detected in Two patients (2%) using Real-time PCR. Positive sample Ct value was 19.45 were as positive control sample Ct value was 22.24. All negative samples Ct values were appear later after 36 Ct value.
Conclusion: HSV detection by real-time PCR in the present study indicated a low prevalence among encephalitic neonates included in the study poulation. Real time PCR procedure should be used in conjugation with clinical diagnosis to support a perfect sensitive, specific and quantities diagnosis.
 
Keywords: HSV, Encephalitis, Real-time PCR.
p53 Is Phosphorylated by CDK7-Cyclin H in a p36<sup><i>MAT1</i></sup>-Dependent Manner (1997)

The tumor suppressor protein p53 acts as a transcriptional activator that can mediate cellular responses to DNA damage by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. p53 is a nuclear phosphoprotein, and phosphorylation has been proposed to be a means by which the activity of p53 is regulated. The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK) was originally identified as a cellular kinase required for the activation of a CDK-cyclin complex, and CAK is comprised of three subunits: CDK7, cyclin H, and p36MAT1. CAK is part of the transcription factor IIH multiprotein complex, which is required for RNA polymerase II transcription and nucleotide excision repair. Because of the similarities between p53 and CAK in their involvement in the cell cycle, transcription, and repair, we investigated whether p53 could act as a substrate for phosphorylation by CAK. While CDK7-cyclin H is sufficient for phosphorylation of CDK2, we show that p36MAT1 is required for efficient phosphorylation of p53 by CDK7-cyclin H, suggesting that p36MAT1 can act as a substrate specificity-determining factor for CDK7-cyclin H. We have mapped a major site of phosphorylation by CAK to Ser-33 of p53 and have demonstrated as well that p53 is phosphorylated at this site in vivo. Both wild-type and tumor-derived mutant p53 proteins are efficiently phosphorylated by CAK. Furthermore, we show that p36 and p53 can interact both in vitro and in vivo. These studies reveal a potential mechanism for coupling the regulation of p53 with DNA repair and the basal transcriptional machinery.
Functional analysis of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoproteins and virus-like particles reveals structural dissimilarities between different forms of E2 (2001)

Structure-function analysis of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, has been difficult due to the unavailability of HCV virions. Truncated soluble forms of E2 have been used as models to study virus interaction with the putative HCV receptor CD81, but they may not fully mimic E2 structures on the virion. Here, we compared the CD81-binding characteristics of truncated E2 (E2(660)) and full-length (FL) E1E2 complex expressed in mammalian cells, and of HCV virus-like particles (VLPs) generated in insect cells. All three glycoprotein forms interacted with human CD81 in an in vitro binding assay, allowing us to test a panel of well-characterized anti-E2 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their ability to inhibit the glycoprotein-CD81 interaction. MAbs specific for E2 amino acid (aa) regions 396-407, 412-423 and 528-535 blocked binding to CD81 of all antigens tested. However, MAbs specific for regions 432-443, 436-443 and 436-447 inhibited the interaction of VLPs, but not of E2(660) or the FL E1E2 complex with CD81, indicating the existence of structural differences amongst the E2 forms. These findings underscore the need to carefully select an appropriate ligand for structure-function analysis.
Locomotor activity in spinal man: significance of afferent input from joint and load receptors (2002)

The aim of this study was to differentiate the effects of body load and joint movements on the leg muscle activation pattern during assisted locomotion in spinal man. Stepping movements were induced by a driven gait orthosis (DGO) on a treadmill in patients with complete para-/tetraplegia and, for comparison, in healthy subjects. All subjects were unloaded by 70% of their body weight. EMG of upper and lower leg muscles and joint movements of the DGO of both legs were recorded. In the patients, normal stepping movements and those mainly restricted to the hips (blocked knees) were associated with a pattern of leg muscle EMG activity that corresponded to that of the healthy subjects, but the amplitude was smaller. Locomotor movements restricted to imposed ankle joint movements were followed by no, or only focal EMG responses in the stretched muscles. Unilateral locomotion in the patients was associated with a normal pattern of leg muscle EMG activity restricted to the moving side, while in the healthy subjects a bilateral activation occurred. This indicates that interlimb coordination depends on a supraspinal input. During locomotion with 100% body unloading in healthy subjects and patients, no EMG activity was present. Thus, it can be concluded that afferent input from hip joints, in combination with that from load receptors, plays a crucial role in the generation of locomotor activity in the isolated human spinal cord. This is in line with observations from infant stepping experiments and experiments in cats. Afferent feedback from knee and ankle joints may be involved largely in the control of focal movements.
Back-End-Of-Line Poly-Sige Disk Resonators (2006)

This paper reports the characterization of poly-silicon-germanium disk resonators at frequencies ranging from 35 to 425MHz. The back-end-of-line process technology is based on Spacer definition of sub-100nm lateral gaps, and uses Aluminum as interconnect material for compatibility with advanced CMOS backend. Reported data are organized around transmission, temperature and stability characteristics, as well as scanning-AFM imaging of the radial vibration modes.
Tamoxifen and AEBS ligands induced apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells through the stimulation of sterol accumulation (2009)

Tamoxifen (Tx) interacts with high affinity to the microsomal antiestrogen binding site (AEBS) which is a hetero-oligomeric complex involved in cholesterol metabolism. We established that Tx and other AEBS ligands induce breast cancer cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy through the induction of sterol accumulation. We determined that cell death is sterol- and ROS-dependent and is prevented by the antioxidant vitamin E. Macroautophagy is characterized by the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, an increase in the expression of Beclin 1 and the stimulation of autophagic flux. We established that macroautophagy is sterol-dependent and is associated with cell survival rather than cytotoxicity, since blockage of macroautophagy sensitizes cells to AEBS ligands. These results show that the accumulation of sterols by AEBS ligands in MCF-7 cells induces both apoptosis and macroautophagy. Collectively, these data support a therapeutic potential for selective AEBS ligands in breast cancer management and reveal a mechanism that explains the induction of autophagy in MCF-7 cells by Tx and other selective estrogen receptor modulators. Moreover these data give pharmacological clues to improve the apoptotic efficacy of AEBS ligands.
Design for pre-bond testability in 3D integrated circuits (2012)

In this dissertation we propose several DFT techniques specific to 3D\nstacked IC systems. The goal has explicitly been to create techniques that\nintegrate easily with existing IC test systems. Specifically, this means\nutilizing scan- and wrapper-based techniques, two foundations\nof the digital IC test industry.\n\nFirst, we describe a general test architecture for 3D ICs. In this\narchitecture, each tier of a 3D design is wrapped in test control logic that \nboth manages tier test\npre-bond and integrates the tier into the large test architecture post-bond.\nWe describe a new kind of boundary scan to provide the necessary test control \nand observation of the partial circuits, and we propose\na new design methodology for test hardcore that ensures both pre-bond functionality\nand post-bond optimality. We present the application of these techniques to\nthe 3D-MAPS test vehicle, which has proven their effectiveness.\n\nSecond, we extend these DFT techniques to circuit-partitioned designs. We find\nthat boundary scan design is generally sufficient, but that some 3D designs require\nspecial DFT treatment. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the functional\npartitioning inherent in 3D design can potentially decrease the total test cost\nof verifying a circuit.\n\nThird, we present a new CAD algorithm for designing 3D test wrappers. This algorithm\nco-designs the pre-bond and post-bond wrappers to simultaneously minimize test\ntime and routing cost. On average, our algorithm utilizes over 90% of the wires\nin both the pre-bond and post-bond wrappers.\n\nFinally, we look at the 3D vias themselves to develop a low-cost, high-volume\npre-bond test methodology appropriate for production-level test. We describe\nthe shorting probes methodology, wherein large test probes are used to contact\nmultiple small 3D vias. This technique is an all-digital test method that\nintegrates seamlessly into existing test flows. Our\nexperimental results demonstrate two key facts: neither the large capacitance\nof the probe tips nor the process variation in the 3D vias and the probe tips\nsignificantly hinders the testability of the circuits.\n\nTaken together, this body of work defines a complete test methodology for\ntesting 3D ICs pre-bond, eliminating one of the key hurdles to the\ncommercialization of 3D technology.
Blind Adaptive Digital Backpropagation for Fiber Nonlinearity Compensation (2017)

Fully blind adaptive digital backpropagation (DBP) based on a steepest descent algorithm is proposed. For homogeneous links, a two-parameter blind adaptive (TBA) scheme is presented, which assumes that all DBP steps have the same nonlinear scaling factor and filter bandwidth parameter. For heterogeneous links, a multiparameter blind adaptive (MBA) scheme is proposed to achieve the optimal performance by adapting chromatic dispersion, nonlinear scaling factor, and bandwidth parameter of each DBP step. The principles and performance of the proposed schemes are presented for low-pass filter assisted DBP, denoted as LDBP, in single carrier systems and cross-phase modulation model based DBP in subcarrier-multiplexing (SCM) systems, denoted as SCM-DBP. In a 34.94 Gbaud dual-polarization 16QAM single channel transmission experiment with a homogeneous 2560 km link, we demonstrate that both TBA-LDBP and TBA-SCM-DBP can converge to optimal performance with various system configurations. In addition, for heterogeneous links, we show in simulations and experiments that MBA-LDBP and MBA-SCM-DBP achieve 0.2-1.4 dB improvement compared to their TBA counterparts.
Analysis and Transformations for Efficient Query-Based Debugging (2008)

This paper describes a framework that supports powerful queries in debugging tools, and describes in particular the transformations, alias analysis, and type analysis used to make the queries efficient. The framework allows queries over the states of all objects at any point in the execution as well as over the history of states. The transformations are based on incrementally maintaining the results of expensive queries studied in previous work. The alias analysis extends the flow-sensitive intraprocedural analysis to an efficient flow-sensitive interprocedural analysis for an object-oriented language with also a form of context sensitivity. We also show the power of the framework and the effectiveness of the analyses through case studies and experiments with XML DOM tree transformations, an FTP client, and others. We were able to easily determine the sources of all injected bugs, and we also found an actual bug in the case study on the FTP client.
An enhanced enzymatic reaction using a triphase system based on superhydrophobic mesoporous nanowire arrays (2018)

Gaseous reactants play a key role in a wide range of biocatalytic reactions, however reaction kinetics are generally limited by the slow mass transport of gases (typically oxygen) in or through aqueous solutions. Inspired by the morphologies of natural non-wetting surfaces, herein we address this limitation by developing a triphase reaction system possessing a triphase gas-solid-liquid interface. As a proof of concept, we study the kinetics of glucose oxidase (GOx) catalyzed reactions using a triphase system fabricated by layering GOx upon superhydrophobic mesoporous ZnO nanowire arrays through which oxygen, needed for the enzymatic reaction, is supplied directly from the atmosphere to the liquid-solid interface. We find that the enzymatic reaction rate is enhanced by a factor of 30 over that obtained from a conventional diphase system where oxygen is supplied through and from the liquid. The triphase system offers the opportunity to develop high performance bioassay systems, serving as an enabling platform for addressing challenges posed by gas-deficit kinetics.