gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fine Structure of Taste Buds in the Rat (1975)

The taste buds of rat circumvallate papillae contain three distinct types of cells. The type I (dark) cell is characterized by the presence of dense round granules, which are precursor to the dense substance of the taste pore. The granules are discharged into the pore by exocytosis. The type II (light) cell is filled with numerous vesicles and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The type III cell contains in its basal cytoplasm characteristic dark-cored vesicles and masses of clear vesicles, and makes synapse-like contacts with nerve fibers. The fine structure of foliate buds corresponds to that of circumvallate papillae, while fungiform buds differ in their apical regions. In the latter the pore is filled with vesicles alone, and the type I cell contains rod-shaped granules of moderate density. When polysaccharides were examined by means of the periodic acid-silver methenamine and the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide methods, slightly positive reactions were found on the dense granules of the type I cell and the dense substance in the pore, whereas the membranes of the pore vesicles, apical cytoplasmic processes and cytoplasmic vesicles in type II cells showed intense reactions.
Acute Organophosphate Poisoning in University Hospital Emergency Room Patients (2007)

We think that the appropriate use of these compounds, instruction of the public about their harmful effects and restriction of their uncontrolled sales by legal regulations can reduce the incidence of organophosphate poisoning.
Vulnerability (2019)

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An evaluation of SAR image compression techniques (2002)

Transform coding based on the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), the discrete cosine transform (DCT), and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is well-understood for optical images. Transform coding applied to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, however, has not been well-studied. This paper compares the results of compressing SAR images using KLT, DCT, and DWT coders. We compare the compression results based on six performance criteria-mean-squared error, mean absolute error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, energy compaction, transform gain, and compression ratio.
PEER REVIEWED: Anthropometric Changes Using a Walking Intervention in African American Breast Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Study (2005)

Introduction
African American women exhibit a higher mortality rate from breast cancer than do white women. African American women are more likely to gain weight at diagnosis, which may increase their risk of cancer recurrence and comorbidities. Physical activity has been shown to decrease body mass index and improve quality of life in cancer survivors. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and impact of a community-based exercise intervention in African American breast cancer survivors.
Equation of purity for crystals produced from a cmsmpr crystallizer (2003)

Literature data of the amount of liquid contained per crystal w L ( L ) measured for various chemicals are correlated only with the crystal size L as: w L ( L ) L 4 . Using the empirical equation, an equation of purity P for crystals produced from a continuous mixed-suspension, mixed-product-removal (CMSMPR) crystallizer at steady state is successfully derived as: P = 100 \times \left( 1 - {4k \cdot G \cdot \tau \over \rho_{\rm C} \cdot k_{\rm v} + 4k \cdot G \cdot \tau} \right).
Midterm to far term applications of electromagnetic guns and associated power technology (1993)

The author examines dramatic new applications in the military, civilian, and commercial sectors of technologies spun off from ongoing military electromagnetic (EM) gun and associated power research programs. He points out that mobile military EM gun systems may provide highly cost-effective new defensive and offensive capabilities against stressing future threats. EM guns could provide a revolutionary new approach to launching payloads into space from the Earth for fast-response military missions and very low-cost civilian and commercial launch. The power technology evolving from EM gun military programs may lead to extraordinary performance in interplanetary spacecraft propulsion and even in electric automobiles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Television Pickup Tubes with Cathode-Ray Beam Scanning (1937)

Television pickup tubes which use cathode-ray beam scanning, although only one class of television pickup devices, may be made in a variety of ways, a number of which are described in this paper. In these tubes, the function of the electron beam is to release secondary electrons from the target, the number escaping being modulated by electrostatic fields, magnetic fields, orientation of electrodes or changes in the secondary emission ratio of the target. The Iconoscope is a well-known example of modulation by electrostatic fields produced by photoemission from the target. A conducting photocathode when used as a target, however, acted as if its secondary emission ratio were decreased by light. A copper plate oxidized and treated with caesium transmitted a picture with some time lag. Photoconductive materials exposed to light and scanned by an electron beam were made to develop potential variations over their surface and thereby transmit a television picture. Aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide, treated with caesium, were used in this manner. Selenium, used as a photoconductive material, also transmitted a picture. Germanium used as a target sensitive to heat radiation was able to transmit a picture, probably as a result of some thermoelectric effect. The most sensitive tubes tested were those in which an electron picture was focused upon a scanned, secondary electron emissive target. The scanning and picture projection operations may be separated by using a two-sided target. Coupling between the two sides was obtained by conducting plugs through the target.
The Varied Roles of Notch in Cancer (2016)

Notch receptors influence cellular behavior by participating in a seemingly simple signaling pathway, but outcomes produced by Notch signaling are remarkably varied depending on signal dose and cell context. Here, after briefly reviewing new insights into physiologic mechanisms of Notch signaling in healthy tissues and defects in Notch signaling that contribute to congenital disorders and viral infection, we discuss the varied roles of Notch in cancer, focusing on cell autonomous activities that may be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive.
The class of antibodies sensitizing bacteria measured by mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (MRPAH). (1978)

A test is described which is capable of differentiating and measuring by titration the individual classes of antibody reacting with a bacterial suspension. The serum or fluid under test is incubated with the bacteria which are then very well washed and added to indicator red cells linked with specific antiglobulin reagents. Sensitization of the bacteria by a particular class of antibody is shown by haemagglutination (passive) of the appropriate red cells. Agglutination of the bacteria themselves does not preclude an analysis. The reaction, which has been developed on a brucella system, has been designated Mixed Reverse Passive Antiglobulin Haemagglutination (or MRPAH for short).
HYPOTHALAMIC DIGOXIN, CEREBRAL CHEMICAL DOMINANCE AND MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (2003)

The isoprenoid pathway was assessed in 15 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. The pathway was also assessed in individuals with differing hemispheric dominance to assess whether hemispheric dominance had any correlation with these disease states. The isoprenoid metabolites--digoxin, dolichol, and ubiquinone--RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity, serum magnesium and tyrosine/tryptophan catabolic patterns were assessed. The free-radical metabolism, glycoconjugate metabolism, and RBC membrane composition was also assessed. Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels were decreased while HMG CoA reductase activity and serum digoxin levels were increased in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). There were increased levels of tryptophan catabolites--nicotine, strychnine, quinolinic acid, and serotonin--and decreased levels of tyrosine catabolites--dopamine, noradrenaline, and morphine in ME. There was an increase in dolichol levels, carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins, glycolipids, total/individual GAG fractions, and lysosomal enzymes in ME. Reduced levels of ubiquinone, reduced glutathione, and free-radical scavenging enzymes, as well as increased lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide, were noticed in ME. The biochemical patterns in ME correlated with those obtained in right hemi spheric chemical dominance. The role of hypothalamic digoxin and neurotransmitter induced immune activation, altered glycoconjugate metabolism, and resultant defective viral antigen presentation, NMDA excitotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction related myalgia in the pathogenesis of ME is stressed. ME occurs in individuals with right hemispheric chemical dominance.
Optical-frequency-comb based interrogation of fiber resonators (2011)

Strain sensing at the 10<sup>-13</sup> level, from the mHz to the kHz frequency range, is performed using a fiber Bragggrating resonator interrogated by an optical-frequency-comb stabilized laser. The optical-comb synthesizer is a fs-pulsed fiber laser phase-locked to a quartz oscillator, which provides for a very high laser-frequency stability. The comb teeth span over the 1510-1580 nm spectral interval. Therefore, the OFS is also used as a coherent radiation source for fiber-loop cavity ring-down evanescent-wave spectroscopy of analytes diluted in liquid samples.
Tricyanoquinodimethane-derived chromophores for second-order nonlinear optical polymers (1996)

The tricyanoquinodimethane group is one of the strongest (pi) -acceptors known to date. Yet it has not been employed as an acceptor in NLO chromophores with common aromatic (pi) -bridges. As an easily accessible example 7-(4-di-n- butylaminophenyl)-7,8,8-tricyanoquinodimethane is examined with respect to thermal/chemical stability and nonlinear optical efficiency. A derivative bearing an hydroxyethyl- spacer was synthesized and covalently attached to functionalized polyimides in a polymer analogous reaction. The second harmonic generation coefficients (d<SUB>33</SUB>) of the resulting nonlinear optical polymers were measured using the Maker-fringes experiment.
Vertebral Body Stapling Procedure for the Treatment of Scoliosis in the Growing Child (2005)

Thirty-nine consecutive patients have had vertebral body stapling of 52 curves (26 patients with one curve stapled and 13 with two). For the group with patients who were 8 years or older with less than 50 degrees preoperative curve and a minimum 1-year followup, coronal curve stability was 87% when defined by progression less than or equal to 10 degrees . Fusion was necessary in two patients. No curves less than 30 degrees at the time of stapling progressed greater than or equal to 10 degrees . Major complications occurred in one patient (2.6%, diaphragmatic hernia) and minor complications occurred in five patients (13%). Further followup of the patient cohort and further research into efficacy and indications are warranted.
UpSet: Visualization of Intersecting Sets (2014)

Understanding relationships between sets is an important analysis task that has received widespread attention in the visualization community. The major challenge in this context is the combinatorial explosion of the number of set intersections if the number of sets exceeds a trivial threshold. In this paper we introduce UpSet, a novel visualization technique for the quantitative analysis of sets, their intersections, and aggregates of intersections. UpSet is focused on creating task-driven aggregates, communicating the size and properties of aggregates and intersections, and a duality between the visualization of the elements in a dataset and their set membership. UpSet visualizes set intersections in a matrix layout and introduces aggregates based on groupings and queries. The matrix layout enables the effective representation of associated data, such as the number of elements in the aggregates and intersections, as well as additional summary statistics derived from subset or element attributes. Sorting according to various measures enables a task-driven analysis of relevant intersections and aggregates. The elements represented in the sets and their associated attributes are visualized in a separate view. Queries based on containment in specific intersections, aggregates or driven by attribute filters are propagated between both views. We also introduce several advanced visual encodings and interaction methods to overcome the problems of varying scales and to address scalability. UpSet is web-based and open source. We demonstrate its general utility in multiple use cases from various domains.
Lectins: Function, structure, biological properties andpotential applications (2014)

Lectins are a special class of proteins widely distributed in nature, which selectively recognize and reversibly bind to carbohydrates and glycoconjugates through their binding sites. These proteins, which can be detected through haemagglutination assays, interact with different carbohydrates present in cell surfaces. Lectins are generally classified according to their structure, specificity for carbohydrates and species location. Depending on their properties and distribution in tissues, lectins can play important physiological roles. The characteristic property of lectins to recognize other molecules in a distinct way makes it relevant in research involving purification, structural analysis, in vitro/in vivo applications of these macromolecules and biotechnological uses in different areas such as molecular and cell biology, immunology, pharmacology, medicine, clinical analysis, nanotechnology as well as in systems for drug release. Lectins can be used for analysis of structure and physiology of cells, tissues and pathogenic microorganisms. In agriculture, these proteins are used as insecticidal agents. Lectins have already been shown to exhibit different biological activities and effects, such as mitogenic and antiproliferative activities on cell lines of human cancer, inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth, action as promoting agents in cell aggregation, immunomodulatory activities and toxic effects. These proteins are promising as drugs for treatment and in diagnosis of human diseases; they are important tools in cytochemistry, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry and are also useful in forensic medicine. In summary, this review provides an overview of lectin research, with focus on physiological functions, structural performance, classification, potential biotechnological properties and applications.
Assessing trust in uncertain information using Bayesian description logic (2010)

Decision makers (humans or software agents alike) are faced with the challenge of examining large volumes of information originating from heterogeneous sources with the goal of ascertaining trust in various pieces of information. In this paper we argue (using examples) that traditional trust models are limited in their data model by assuming a pair-wise numeric rating between two entities (e.g., eBay recommendations, Netflix movie rating, etc). We present a novel trust computational model for rich, complex and uncertain information encoded using Bayesian Description Logics. We present security and scalability tradeoffs that arise in the new model, and the results of an evaluation of the first prototype implementation under a variety attack scenarios.
ChemInform Abstract: Halogen‐Free Process for the Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Urethanes by Homogeneous Catalysis. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Interstitial radioactive colloidal gold therapy of the lateral pelvic nodes. (1960)

Since January 1955 radioactive colloidal gold has been used interstitially as an adjunct to radium therapy in the treatment of 48 patients with squamous cell cancer of the uterine cervix. In 40 cases the lesions were Stage I and in eight cases Stage II. Five in the series have died, all of them of advanced metastatic disease. Although our data are not extensive enough to warrant conclusions, from results to date we feel the method used is proving to be an effective weapon for control of most Stage I and II and some latent Stage III cancers of the cervix.
Mechanism of action of the 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a] pyrimidines (1990)

Abstract The substituted 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines are a new class of highly active herbicides. Protection of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings from triazolopyrimidine‐induced injury by the branched‐chain amino acids was observed. Acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18) was isolated and found to be quite sensitive to inhibition. I 50 values for inhibition of the enzyme from a number of plant sources show little variation and no correlation to whole‐plant response, suggesting uptake, translocation and metabolism play key roles in modulating herbicidal activity. Further studies indicate that these chemicals are slow, tight‐binding inhibitors that are readily dissociated by gel filtration. Some correlations between in‐vitro activity and in‐vivo activity were observed for ortho‐substituted analogs on selected broadleaf species.
A novel enzyme, citryl‐CoA synthetase, catalysing the first step of the citrate cleavage reaction in <i>Hydrogenobacter thermophilus</i> TK‐6 (2004)

We attempted to purify ATP citrate lyase (ACL) from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus by following the citrate-, ATP- and CoA-dependent formation of an acyl-CoA species that was detected as hydroxamate. However, citryl-CoA rather than acetyl-CoA was found, indicating that the purified enzyme was a novel citryl-CoA synthetase (CCS) rather than ACL. Because the reaction catalysed by CCS corresponds to the first half of that mediated by ACL, CCS may be responsible for citrate cleavage in H. thermophilus. Thus, a novel citrate cleavage pathway, which does not involve ACL, appears to exist in this organism. Citryl-CoA synthetase is composed of two different polypeptides: a large beta subunit of 46 kDa and a small alpha subunit of 36 kDa. The corresponding genes were cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two subunits of CCS display significant similarity to those of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS) in the database. As a comparison, SCS was also purified from H. thermophilus and the corresponding genes were cloned and sequenced. Citryl-CoA synthetase and SCS were homologous, but showed different substrate specificity. The deduced amino acid sequences of the CCS subunits show similarity to part of the ACL sequence. The evolutionary relationship between CCS, SCS and ACL is discussed.
Preparation of a chronic gastric fistula in the rat. (1977)

A stainless steel gastric cannula was surgically implanted in the rat forestomach to allow gastric secretion to be collected continuously without restraining the animal. When gastric collections were not being made, the cannula was closed with a plugging screw. Rats with these cannulas were easily maintained without special care or complications for 12 months.
Strategies to promote peripheral nerve regeneration: electrical stimulation and/or exercise (2015)

Enhancing the regeneration of axons is often considered to be a therapeutic target for improving functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. In this review, the evidence for the efficacy of electrical stimulation (ES), daily exercise and their combination in promoting nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries in both animal models and in human patients is explored. The rationale, effectiveness and molecular basis of ES and exercise in accelerating axon outgrowth are reviewed. In comparing the effects of ES and exercise in enhancing axon regeneration, increased neural activity, neurotrophins and androgens are considered to be common requirements. Similarly, there are sex-specific requirements for exercise to enhance axon regeneration in the periphery and for sustaining synaptic inputs onto injured motoneurons. ES promotes nerve regeneration after delayed nerve repair in humans and rats. The effectiveness of exercise is less clear. Although ES, but not exercise, results in a significant misdirection of regenerating motor axons to reinnervate different muscle targets, the loss of neuromuscular specificity encountered has only a very small impact on resulting functional recovery. Both ES and exercise are promising experimental treatments for peripheral nerve injury that seem to be ready to be translated to clinical use.
Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes are a marker for microsatellite instability in colorectal carcinoma (2001)

BACKGROUND Cells with deficient DNA mismatch repair develop microsatellite instability. Extensive microsatellite instability (MSI-high) is characteristic of colorectal carcinomas in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) and in 10–% 15% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Microsatellite instability-high colorectal carcinomas differ from others in important clinical and pathologic features. However, MSI typing is expensive and not widely available. Microsatellite instability type may be predicted by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which can be evaluated with ordinary light microscopy. METHODS The authors evaluated TILs as a pathology screen for MSI-high status in 138 colorectal carcinomas that had been evaluated for MSI in a variety of studies. This case series was systematically enriched with HNPCC and other MSI-high cases to allow accurate sensitivity and specificity estimation. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were quantitated as TILs per 10 high-power microscopic fields by an observer blinded to MSI status. RESULTS Of the 138 carcinomas studied, 67 (48.6%) were MSI-high, 22 (15.9%) were MSI-low, and 49 (35.5%) were MSI-stable. All 25 HNPCC colorectal carcinomas were MSI-high. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes counts ranged from 0 to 300, with a markedly skewed distribution (median, 11; mean, 36). Sensitivity and specificity for selected cut points of TIL count were computed. Using a TIL count of 5 as a cut point yields a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 62%. In a population in which 12% were MSI-high, consideration of TIL could reduce the number of colorectal carcinomas referred for MSI testing by greater than one-half, and still 93% of the MSI-high carcinomas would be identified. CONCLUSIONS The presence of MSI defines a subset of colorectal carcinomas with special molecular etiology and characteristic clinical, pathologic features, inclusive of increased survival. The authors conclude that quantification of TILs may provide a simple, single criterion for choosing which colorectal carcinomas are candidates for MSI testing. Cancer 2001;91:2417–22. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
A flat four-beam switched array antenna (1996)

A low-profile four-beam switched array antenna for mobile terminals is proposed in this paper. A flat antenna concept modeled as a square magnetic line current array is realized by thin trapezoidal cavity elements. A unidirectional beam is obtained which can be redirected by alternating input terminals of the hybrid coupler. Element characteristics are calculated approximately using a cavity model with the two-dimensional finite-element method. Input characteristics and radiation pattern of the array antenna are evaluated by experiments.