gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluid Balance and Endurance Exercise Performance (2003)

Dehydration alters cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, central nervous system, and metabolic functions. One or more of these alterations will degrade endurance exercise performance when dehydration exceeds 2% of body weight. These performance decrements are accentuated by heat stress. To minimize the adverse consequences of body water deficits on endurance exercise performance, it is recommended that fluid intake be sufficient to minimize dehydration to less than 2% of body weight loss. This can usually be achieved with fluid intakes of under 1 L x h(-1).
Comparison of phase diversity and curvature wavefront sensing (1998)

We compare phase diversity and curvature wavefront sensing. Besides having completely different reconstruction algorithms, the two methods measure data in different domains: phase diversity very near to the focal plane, and curvature wavefront sensing far from the focal plane in quasi-pupil planes, which enable real-time computation of the wavefront using analog techniques. By using information- theoretic lower bounds, we show that the price of measuring far from the focal lane is an increased error in estimating the phase. Curvature wavefront sensing is currently operating in the field, but phase diversity should produce superior estimates as real-time computing develops.
Zeta Potential of Ion-Conductive Membranes by Streaming Current Measurements (2011)

Surface charge properties have a significant influence on membrane retention and fouling performance. As a key parameter describing the surface charge of membranes used in aqueous applications, zeta potential measurements on membranes of various types have attracted great attention. During the zeta potential characterization of a series of ion-conductive sulfonated poly(sulfone) membranes, it was found that the measured streaming current varied with the thickness of the sample, which is not predicted by the classical Smoluchowski equation. Moreover, for higher conductivity membranes with an increased concentration of sulfonate groups, the zeta potential tended toward zero. It was determined that the influence of membrane bulk conductance on the measured streaming current must be taken into account in order to correctly interpret the streaming current data for ion-conductive polymers and understand the relationship between membrane chemical composition and zeta potential. Extrapolating the measured streaming current to a membrane thickness of zero has proven to be a feasible method of eliminating the error associated with measuring the zeta potential on ion conductive polymer membranes. A linear resistance model is proposed to account for the observed streaming currents where the electrolyte channel is in parallel with the ion-conductive membranes.
Preparation of bimodal polypropylene in two‐step polymerization (2006)

Abstract Polymerization of propylene was carried out by using MgCl 2 .EtOH.TiCl 4 .DIBP.TEA.cHMDMS catalyst system in n ‐heptane, where MgCl 2 , EtOH, TiCl 4 , DIBP (diisobutyl phthalate), TEA (triethyl aluminum), and cHMDMS (cyclohexyl methyl dimethoxy silane) were support, ethanol for alcoholation, catalyst, external donor, cocatalyst (activator), and internal donor, respectively. The catalyst activity and polymer isotacticity were studied by measuring the produced polymer and its solubility in boiling n ‐heptane, respectively. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymers were evaluated by gel permeation chromatography. Hydrogen was used for controlling the molecular weight. For producing the bimodal polypropylene, the polymerization was carried out in two steps (i.e., in the presence and absence of hydrogen). It was found that the catalyst showed high activity and stereoselectivity, on the other hand, bimodal polymer could simply be produced in two‐step polymerization by using MgCl 2 .EtOH.TiCl 4 .DIBP.TEA.cHMDMS catalyst system. Meanwhile, the effect of the step of the hydrogen adding on propylene polymerization was investigated. It was shown that the addition of hydrogen in the second step was more suitable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1456–1462, 2006
Visualization of Mitotic Arrest of Cell Cycle with Bioluminescence Imaging in Living Animals (2013)

Our results demonstrate that the cyclin B-Luc reporter can be used to image whether compounds are capable, in vivo, of causing an M phase arrest and/or altering cyclin B turnover. This reporter can also be potentially used in high-throughput screening efforts aimed at discovering novel molecules that will cause cell cycle arrest at the M phase in cultivated cell lines and animal models.
Detection and Assessment of Partial Shading Scenarios on Photovoltaic Strings (2018)

There has been growing interest in using photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting technology to reduce reliance on mineral-based energy. Partial shading scenarios (PSS) significantly affect the electrical characteristics of a PV generator. However, a few studies have devoted to the detection and assessment of the PSS. In this paper, shading rate and shading strength are used to characterize the PSS. A shading pattern detection algorithm is proposed to estimate the number of shaded modules in a PV string and distinguish the PSS from uniform irradiation scenarios. A multiple-output support vector regression is applied to estimate the shading strength. In addition, the maximum power point voltage of the applied PV generation system can be predicted from measured data. Simulation and experimental validation show the feasibility of the proposed method in the face of various environmental conditions. It could be used as a preliminary step toward automatic supervision and monitoring PV generation system.
Labour market experience and occupational change amongst ethnic groups in Great Britain (1992)

Abstract This article uses Labour Force Survey data to examine the changing labour market experience of ethnic groups in Britain during the 1980s. The article places these changes in the context of the changing structure of the British economy, and of the regions within Britain. It contrasts the labour market experience of ethnic minorities within six broad regions. The article finds that the established pattern of ethnic group advantage and disadvantage was largely maintained during the 1980s. Unemployment and economic inactivity amongst ethnic minorities grew as the increase in the numbers employed failed to keep pace with the growing numbers in the economically active age groups. Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and West Indians fared particularly badly, while the Chinese and Indians experienced more favourable trends.
Crosslinker reactivity and the structure of superabsorbent gels (1997)

A 13C-labeled crosslinker (trimethylolpropane triacrylate, TMPTA) was synthesized and copolymerized with acrylic acid while monitoring the relative rates of reaction of the crosslinker and acrylic acid by 13C-NMR. This allowed easy quantification of the concentration of the minor component (crosslinker) in the polymer and monomer mixture to levels as low as 0.02%. Polymerizations were conducted in 5 mm NMR tubes under varied temperature, percent neutralization (pH), and percent solids. Reactivity ratios were determined from the rates of incorporation of the components into the gel by use of the integrated form of the copolymerization equation, and their sensitivity to the above variables was quantified. The relative rate of incorporation of the crosslinker into the gel was exceedingly fast. The reactivity ratio, r1 for acrylic acid, varied from 0.31 (65% neutralization) to 0.77 (unneutralized). The reactivity ratio was affected by the percent solids (solvent effect), but was insensitive to temperature over the range of 55–80°C. It was observed that all of the double bonds of TMPTA were incorporated into gel network as opposed to prior models predicting only two bonds reacting. The reported inefficiency of TMPTA is postulated to be caused by a solubility problem in the monomer mixture. Very low levels of extractables were found in the products even though the crosslinker was consumed by 70% conversion. Based on these data, we propose that a major component of the gel network is graft polymer that forms late in the polymerization onto the crosslinked gel formed earlier. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 439–451, 1997
Gecko gaskets for self-sealing and high-strength reversible bonding of microfluidics (2015)

We report in this work a novel reversible bonding technique for elastomeric microfluidic devices by integrating gecko-inspired dry adhesives with microfluidic channels which greatly enhances the bonding strength of reversibly sealed channels. The concept is applicable to nearly any elastomer and can be used to bond against any smooth surface which allows for van der Waals interactions. It does not require any solvents or glues or sources for plasma activation or thermal-compressive loading to aid the bonding process and is achievable at zero extra cost. We also demonstrate a quick fabrication technique involving soft master thermo-compressive molding of these microfluidic devices with thermoplastic elastomers. The resultant devices can be used for both pressure driven and non-pressure driven flows. We report the maximum contained pressure of these devices manufactured from two grades of styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) by conducting a burst pressure test with various substrates.
Molecular Conformations of Monodendron-Jacketed Polymers by Scanning Force Microscopy (1999)

Scanning force microscopy on monodendron-jacketed linear polystyrenes demonstrated unusual conformations and ordering depending on the branching density and interplay between intramolecular and surface interactions of the dendritic coat. Single molecules were visualized as wormlike cylinders, which could be twisted to plectonemic coils or aligned in nematic-like order on the substrate. The attained resolution enabled identification of chain-end stacking, hairpin folds and crossovers of individual macromolecules. The structure of the more densely branched 3,4,5-tris[3‘,4‘,5‘-tris(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzyl was predominantly controlled by the intramolecular repulsion of the crowded dendron substituents which enforced an extended conformation of the molecular backbone. Formation of molecular monolayers was affected by wetting/dewetting events during casting, and the film structure did not depend on the substrate type. In contrast, the less crowded 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-tetradecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzoate (14-ABG-PS) was demonstrated to undergo conformational transitions upon drying and adsorption, as indicated by the observed built-up of torsional stress in the backbone. On mica, 14-ABG-PS formed a web of intertwined twisted cylinders. On graphite, lattice matching between the crystalline surface and the all-trans conformation of the alkyl side chains caused alignment of the macromolecules according to the 3-fold symmetry of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Subsequent annealing resulted in the formation of large domains of parallel aligned macromolecules.
Radioimmunoassay of Aldosterone in Plasma and Urine: Validation of a Novel Separation Technique and a Rapid Urine Assay (1973)

1. A rapid, robust, accurate and sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure is described for the measurement of plasma and urinary aldosterone. 2. A new, simple method is validated for the separation of free from bound moieties which has general applicability and which involves the measurement of free steroid by direct extraction into toluene-based liquid scintillator. 3. A new method, of validated specificity, is described for the measurement of the acid-labile metabolite of aldosterone in urine which avoids the necessity for preliminary chromatographic purification.
Fibrotic microtissue array to predict anti-fibrosis drug efficacy (2018)

Fibrosis is a severe health problem characterized by progressive stiffening of tissues which causes organ malfunction and failure. A major bottleneck in developing new anti-fibrosis therapies is the lack of in vitro models that recapitulate dynamic changes in tissue mechanics during fibrogenesis. Here we create membranous human lung microtissues to model key biomechanical events occurred during lung fibrogenesis including progressive stiffening and contraction of alveolar tissue, decline in alveolar tissue compliance and traction force-induced bronchial dilation. With these capabilities, we provide proof of principle for using this fibrotic tissue array for multi-parameter, phenotypic analysis of the therapeutic efficacy of two anti-fibrosis drugs recently approved by the FDA. Preventative treatments with Pirfenidone and Nintedanib reduce tissue contractility and prevent tissue stiffening and decline in tissue compliance. In a therapeutic treatment regimen, both drugs restore tissue compliance. These results highlight the pathophysiologically relevant modeling capability of our novel fibrotic microtissue system.
Synthesis and Preliminary Pharmacological Evaluation of 4´-Arylmethyl Analogues of Clozapine. I. The Effect of Aromatic Substituents (2002)

As part of a research program to develop compounds with mixed dopamine D4 and serotonin 5-HT2A antagonist activity with potential for the treatment of schizophrenia, we report a family of compounds based on structural modification of the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine (2). The chemical synthesis, structural characterization and pharmacological evaluation of a series 4´-arylmethyl analogues of clozapine are described. Preliminary receptor binding data are presented, examining primarily the electronic and positional effects of substituents on the introduced arylmethyl group, and secondarily the nature of the aryl ring.
Prenatal Diagnosis (2008)

With molecular biology now allowing greater accuracy in prenatal diagnosis given amounts of fetal material as small as single cells, a major current focus has grown in the development of rapid, cost-effective diagnoses. In Prenatal Diagnosis, top experts provide cutting edge applications for the rapid assessment of fetal aneuploidies and Mendelian disorders on fetal material gained by invasive approaches, as well as procedures being validated for routine, non-invasive clinical analysis of cell free fetal DNA. Following the Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, the chapters feature step-by-step laboratory protocols, lists of the necessary materials, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and state-of-the-art, Prenatal Diagnosis is an ideal volume for researchers and molecular biologists invested in ever-growing field of prenatal medicine
Antiprotease therapy in cancer: hot or not? (2006)

The activity of a set of peptidases (proteases) involved in cancer progression is collectively known as the cancer 'degradome'. Invasion and metastasis were initially considered as late events in cancer development and the processes in which proteases were involved. However, recent studies indicate that invasion and metastasis are not late events, but can occur during early stages as well. Moreover, other processes occurring in various stages of cancer progression are also protease-dependent, such as (upregulation of) cell proliferation, (downregulation of) apoptosis, involvement of white blood cells, angiogenesis and induction of multi-drug resistance. Proteolytic activity in tumours is regulated in a complex manner, as both genetically unstable cancer cells and stable stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, are involved. In vitro studies and studies using animal models have clearly shown protease dependency of many processes in carcinogenesis. However, clinical trials using protease inhibitors have thus far been unsuccessful except for a few applications of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitors when used in combination with cytostatic anticancer agents and/or in the early stages of cancer. Antithrombotics, such as low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin, were also successful in clinical trials, probably by interfering with proteases of the coagulation cascade. The two-way association between cancer and thrombosis has long been recognised in the clinic. The poor outcome of other clinical trials of protease inhibitors is probably due to the late stages of cancer of the patient populations included, and the limited understanding of the complex regulation and effects of the activity of the various proteases in tumours depending on, among others, tumour type and stage, interactions between the cancer cells, other cells and the extracellular matrix in tumours. Therefore, a better fundamental understanding of the proteolytic complexity in tumours is essential before clinical trials can be rationally designed. At present, antithrombotics, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system, the membrane-bound membrane-type 1-MMP, cathepsin L and the proteasome seem the most promising candidates as targets for anticancer strategies in early stages of cancer in combination with cytotoxic drugs. Moreover, metronomic therapy is an attractive approach using low doses of inhibitors for prolonged periods of time without interruption to specifically target endothelial cells that are involved in angiogenesis.
The KRAS Promoter Responds to Myc-associated Zinc Finger and Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 Proteins, Which Recognize a Critical Quadruplex-forming GA-element (2010)

The murine KRAS promoter contains a G-rich nuclease hypersensitive element (GA-element) upstream of the transcription start site that is essential for transcription. Pulldown and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that this GA-element is bound by the Myc-associated zinc finger (MAZ) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) proteins. These proteins are crucial for transcription, because when they are knocked down by short hairpin RNA, transcription is down-regulated. This is also the case when the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity of PARP-1 is inhibited by 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl) butoxyl]-1(2H) isoquinolinone. We found that MAZ specifically binds to the duplex and quadruplex conformations of the GA-element, whereas PARP-1 shows specificity only for the G-quadruplex. On the basis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer melting and polymerase stop assays we saw that MAZ stabilizes the KRAS quadruplex. When the capacity of folding in the GA-element is abrogated by specific G --> T or G --> A point mutations, KRAS transcription is down-regulated. Conversely, guanidine-modified phthalocyanines, which specifically interact with and stabilize the KRAS G-quadruplex, push the promoter activity up to more than double. Collectively, our data support a transcription mechanism for murine KRAS that involves MAZ, PARP-1 and duplex-quadruplex conformational changes in the promoter GA-element.
Consensus statement on negative pressure wound therapy (V.A.C. Therapy) for the management of diabetic foot wounds. (2006)

(1) How long should V.A.C. THERAPY be used in the treatment of a diabetic foot wound? (2) Should V.A.C." THERAPY be applied without debriding the wound? (3) How should the patient using V.A.C. THERAPY be evaluated on an outpatient basis? (4) When should V.A.C. THERAPY be applied following revascularization? (5) When should V.A.C. THERAPY be applied after incision, drainage, and debridement of infection? (6) Should V.A.C. THERAPY be applied over an active soft tissue infection? (7) How should V.A.C. THERAPY be used in patients with osteomyelitis? (8) How should noncompliance to V.A.C. THERAPY be defined? (9) How should V.A.C. THERAPY be used in combination with other modalities? (10) Should small, superficial wounds be considered for V.A.C. THERAPY? (11) How should success in the use of V.A.C. THERAPY be defined? (12) How can one combine effective offloading and V.A.C. THERAPY?
OPC and design verification for DFM using die-to-database inspection (2007)

The downscaling of the feature size and pitches of the semi-conductor device requires the improvement of device characteristics and high yield continuously. In lithography process, RET techniques such as immersion and polarization including strong PSM mask have enabled this improvement of printability and downscaling of device. It is true that optical lithography is approaching its limit. So other lithographic technique such as EUV is needed but the application is not yet available. In this point of view, the realization of lithography friendly layout enables good printability and stable process. And its scope is being enlarged and applied in most semi-conductor devices. Therefore, in order to realize precise and effective lithography friendly layout, we need full chip data feedback of design issue, OPC error and aberration and process variables. In this paper, we report the results of data feedback using new DFM verification tool. This tool enables full chip inspection through E-beam scan method with fast and accurate output. And these data can be classified with each item for correction and stability check through die to database inspection. Especially in gate process, total CD distributions in full chip can be displayed and analyzed for each target with simple method. At first we obtain accuracy data for each target and CD uniformity from hundreds of thousands of gate pattern. And second we detect a delicate OPC error by modeling accuracy and duty difference. It is difficult to get from only measurement of thousands pattern. Finally we investigated specific pattern and area for electrical characteristic analysis in full chip. These results should be considered and reflected on design stage.
Pan-ethnic carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis for spinal muscular atrophy: clinical laboratory analysis of >72 400 specimens (2011)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading inherited cause of infant death with a reported incidence of ~1 in 10,000 live births and is second to cystic fibrosis as a common, life-shortening autosomal recessive disorder. The American College of Medical Genetics has recommended population carrier screening for SMA, regardless of race or ethnicity, to facilitate informed reproductive options, although other organizations have cited the need for additional large-scale studies before widespread implementation. We report our data from carrier testing (n = 72,453) and prenatal diagnosis (n = 121) for this condition. Our analysis of large-scale population carrier screening data (n = 68,471) demonstrates the technical feasibility of high throughput testing and provides mutation carrier and allele frequencies at a level of accuracy afforded by large data sets. In our United States pan-ethnic population, the calculated a priori carrier frequency of SMA is 1/54 with a detection rate of 91.2%, and the pan-ethnic disease incidence is calculated to be 1/11,000. Carrier frequency and detection rates provided for six major ethnic groups in the United States range from 1/47 and 94.8% in the Caucasian population to 1/72 and 70.5% in the African American population, respectively. This collective experience can be utilized to facilitate accurate pre- and post-test counseling in the settings of carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis for SMA.
A Time-Domain High-Order MASH $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC Using Voltage-Controlled Gated-Ring Oscillator (2012)

In this paper, a time-domain high-order ΔΣ analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using voltage-controlled gated-ring oscillator (VC-GRO) and time-domain multi-stage-noise-shaping (MASH) is introduced. To implement the high-order noise transfer function (NTF), a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and VC-GRO quantizers are cascaded. Unlike conventional high-order ΔΣ ADC using feedback loop, the proposed ADC has advantages that the architecture is open-loop and the quantizer resolution depends on the time resolution, thus making it attractive for deep submicron CMOS process. The performance of the proposed ADC is theoretically analyzed and simulated, including non-ideal conditions such as nonlinearity, mismatch, propagation delay of logic gates, phase noise, and sampling clock jitter.