gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Angle X-Band Radar Ground Clutter Spatial Amplitude Statistics (2002)

A large volume of X-band radar ground clutter measurement data was collected from many sites widely dispersed over the North American continent. This program of measurements involved a wide variety of terrain types, where at each site backscatter was recorded from all of the terrain within the field of view, through 360 degrees in azimuth and to ranges typically extending to 25 or 50km. As a result, in most of these measurements the angle of illumination of the earth's surface was usually very low, typically within a degree or so of grazing incidence, with much intermittent shadowing of low regions occurring within the field of view. This report examines the nature of low-angle radar ground clutter as it has come to be understood through analysis of this extensive base of measurements. Depression angle, that is, the angle below the horizontal at which the backscattering terrain point is observed at the radar antenna, is shown to be the principal parametric influence on clutter amplitude statistics, even for the very low angles and small (typically fractional) variations in angle that occur in surface-sited radar. This principal role of depression angle is the result of its effect on shadowing in a sea of patchy visibility and discrete or localized scattering sources. Following this understanding, a general predictive model for X-band ground clutter spatial amplitude statistics is developed based on specific computation of depression angle but on only relatively general specification of terrain type. The report goes on to illustrate how increasing information about terrain type allows more precise prediction of clutter statistics.
Ionic Conduction and Ion Diffusion in Binary Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Composed of [emim][BF<sub>4</sub>] and LiBF<sub>4</sub> (2004)

Binary room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) samples including a lithium salt were prepared by mixing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([emim][BF4]) with LiBF4. The ionic conductivity, viscosity, thermal properties, and ion self-diffusion coefficients in [emim][BF4] and the binary [Li][emim][BF4] at six concentrations of LiBF4 ranging from 0.25 to 1.50 M were measured at various temperatures. The self-diffusion coefficients of the individual components, [emim], BF4, and Li, were measured by using 1H, 19F, and 7Li pulsed gradient spin−echo NMR, respectively. Since the Walden product holds similar to typical solution electrolytes, the ion conduction mechanism is interpreted using a flux basis electrolyte theory. The ions form associated structures and diffuse under the influence of the counterions in the binary IL systems. An attempt to correlate the ion diffusion with the ionic conduction was made in the framework of the Nernst−Einstein relationship. The Li net transference number and the apparent ion activity are also discussed.
Modification of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (1968)

PVCの側鎖塩素はアジ化ナトリウムを溶解した液体アンモニア, またはジメチルホルムアミド水溶液中でアジド基と置換してアジド基を含むPVC (I) となる。Iは加熱によって不溶, 不融性に転ずるが橋かけ反応の目安となる数平均橋かけ密度γの増加速度はlのアジド基含量の1乗に比例し, その活性化エネルギーは23～24kcal/molとなる。液状チオコール, ABSまたはMBS樹脂のようなエラストマーとIとの混練物は加熱によってIのアジド基の分解によって生ずるラジカルの作用により, これらエラストマーがIの橋かけ剤として反応し, 引張強度の低下を起こさずに伸度, 衝撃値のすぐれた橋かけPVCを与える。このような傾向はこれらのエラストマーとIを単に混練しただけの試料については認めることができず, Iの橋かけにあずかったエラストマーのソフトセグメントの特徴ある効果と考えられる。
Effects of flavonoids on xanthine oxidation as well as on cytochrome c reduction by milk xanthine oxidase. (1986)

That flavonoids inhibit xanthine oxidase from cow milk was confirmed by measuring oxygen consumption with an oxygen electrode. In contrast, flavonoids did not inhibit glucose oxidase, another oxygen consuming enzyme. Among the flavonoids tested, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, chrysin, quercitrin, and morin were potent inhibitors of xanthine oxidase; their inhibition rates (%) were 80, 70, 69, 62, 59, and 51 at 100 microM (except chrysin at 50 microM), respectively. The xanthine oxidase-inhibiting activities of the flavonoids were not always well correlated with the suppressive activities of the flavonoids on cytochrome c reduction by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. The inhibition of xanthine oxidase by quercetin was not affected by cupric ion. The partition rates of the flavonoids between n-butanol and a buffer solution seemed to account for some of the inhibition.
Ultrasmall particulate iron oxides as contrast agents for magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A dose‐effect study (2001)

Long-distance effects of a superparamagnetic contrast agent (AMI227) were investigated by phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy at 7.05 Tesla. In an initial methodological approach, the effects observed on phantoms were compared to the results of theoretical calculations. In a second step, the particles were administered to excised and perfused rat livers (N = 5) and hearts (N = 5) through the perfusion medium for 12 minutes at various concentrations (0.9, 1.8, and 3.6 mM Fe). Organs were subsequently rinsed with the perfusion medium for 42 minutes. During particle perfusion, the spectral lines were shifted and exhibited a strong broadening, although the peak area remained constant, testifying to the inocuity of the material. For hearts only, these disturbances disappeared upon organ rinsing. These through-space susceptibility effects of the particles located in the vessels on phosphorus nuclei, which are strictly confined to the intracellular space, show that high-susceptibility intravascular agents could be useful to evaluate tissue perfusion by contrast-enhanced spectroscopy.
Convenient and Regioselective Syntheses of 3,4-Disubstituted Δ3-Pyrrolin-2-one Derivatives Starting from 2-Tosyl-3,4-Disubstituted Pyrroles (1993)

Abstract 3,4-Disubstituted Δ3-pyrrolin-2-ones were prepared in high yields via 5-tosyl-Δ3-pyrrolin-2-ones (4) starting from 2-tosylpyrroles regioselectively. The compounds 4 were found to be useful intermediates for the preparation of a variety of Δ3-pyrrolin-2-one derivatives. The reactions of 4 with various nucleophiles and active methylene compounds bearing an appropriate leaving group are described.
Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (2018)

Marrero, Jorge A.; Kulik, Laura M.; Sirlin, Claude B.; Zhu, Andrew X.; Finn, Richard S.; Abecassis, Michael M.; Roberts, Lewis R.; Heimbach, Julie K. Author Information
Study of the mass and energy resolution of the E parallel B charge exchange analyzer for TFTR (1979)

The charge exchange diagnostic for TFTR requires simultaneous multispecie (H/sup +/, D/sup +/, ..gamma../sup +/) analysis of particles in the energy range of 0.5 - 150 keV. The analyzer design chosen to provide this capability employs a wide gap semi-circular region of superimposed parallel electric and magnetic fields to accomplish mass and energy resolution, respectively. Combined with a large area, multi-anode microchannel plate detector, this arrangement will enable the energy distributions of protons, deuterions, and tritons to be measured concurrently as a function of time during each discharge. A computer simulation program for calculating ion trajectories through the analyzer was written that includes a realistic model of the magnetic and electrostatic fringe fields. This report presents the results of a study of the proposed E parallel B analyzer, and it reveals that the fringe fields are not detrimental to the performance of the analyzer.
A Novel High-Throughput Screening Assay for Discovery of Molecules That Increase Cellular Tetrahydrobiopterin (2011)

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is an essential cofactor for the nitric oxide (NO) synthases and the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Insufficient BH(4) has been implicated in various cardiovascular and neurological disorders. GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo biosynthesis of BH(4). The authors have recently shown that the interaction of GTPCH-1 with GTP cyclohydrolase feedback regulatory protein (GFRP) inhibits endothelial GTPCH-1 enzyme activity, BH(4) levels, and NO production. They propose that agents that disrupt the GTPCH-1/GFRP interaction can increase cellular GTPCH-1 activity, BH(4) levels, and NO production. They developed and optimized a novel time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay to monitor the interaction of GTPCH-1 and GFRP. This assay is highly sensitive and stable and has a signal-to-background ratio (S/B) greater than 12 and a Z' factor greater than 0.8. This assay was used in an ultra-high-throughput screening (uHTS) format to screen the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds. Using independent protein-protein interaction and cellular activity assays, the authors identified compounds that disrupt GTPCH-1/GFRP binding and increase endothelial cell biopterin levels. Thus, this TR-FRET assay could be applied in future uHTS of additional libraries to search for molecules that increase GTPCH-1 activity and BH(4) levels.
Formation mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes (2003)

Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that TiO2 nanotubes synthesized via a simple hydrothermal chemical process formed a crystalline structure with open-ended and multiwall morphologies. Unlike multiwalled carbon nanotubes, the TiO2 nanotube walls were not seamless. During alkali treatment, crystalline TiO2 raw material underwent delamination in the alkali solution to produce single-layer TiO2 sheets. TiO2 nanotubes were formed by rolling up the single-layer TiO2 sheets with a rolling-up vector of [001] and attracting other sheets to surround the tubes.
Carbon nanotubes as actuators in smart structures (2003)

Carbon Nanotubes have diameters in nanometer scale, are up to tens of microns long and can be single- or multi-walled (SWNT and MWNT). Compared with carbon fibers, which typically have a Young's modulus of up to 750 GPa, the elastic modulus of Carbon Nanotubes has been measured to be approximately 1-2 TPa. The strength of Carbon Nanotubes has been reported to be about two order of magnitude higher than current high strength carbon fibers. Additionally especially SWNT show excellent actuator behaviour. Electromechanical actuators based on sheets of SWNT show to generate higher stress than natural muscles and higher strains than ferroelectrics like PZT. Unlike conventional ferroelectric actuators, low operating voltages of a few volts generate large actuator strains. Thus, this paper will give a brief overview of the current activities within this field and show some recent results of the Carbon Nanotube actuator development at the DLR-Institute of Structural Mechanic suggesting that optimized SWNT sheets may eventually provide substantially higher work densities per cycle than any previously known material.
Experimental study of interaction of microwaves with a nonmagnetized pulsed-plasma column (1992)

The time evolution of backscattered and sidescattered microwaves from a plane conductor covered by a pulsed-plasma column has been studied; transmitted signals along the axial and transverse directions of the column have also been studied. The incident microwaves are at a cw power level varying from a few milliwatts to a few watts. The cw nature of the signal makes it possible to observe the fine structure in the time evolution of the interactions. The plasma is generated by an array of plasma guns embedded in the conducting plate. The plasma density has a gradient in the axial direction and contains regions of subcritical and supercritical plasma density. Reductions in the backscattered radiation down to the lowest measurable levels with available equipment are observed for durations that are an order of magnitude longer than the duration of the current pulse that generated the plasma. Variations caused by changes in the charging potential on the plasma gun capacitor bank, the pressure of the background gas, and the frequency and power level of the incident microwaves are reported. The attenuation in the backscattered radiation decreases with increasing pressure, especially at lower charging potentials. There is a close correlation between the timing and location of sidescattered signals and the transition of the critical density layer across the axial position of the detectors for the scattered signal. The amplitude of the scattered signal was also measured. Estimates have been made for the percentage of incident power accounted for by scattering. Models are discussed for absorption of microwaves in the plasma.
Embodying, emotioning, expressing learning1 (2005)

This paper challenges the assumption that learning is a process of conscious mastery. In its place if offers the notion that learning is something we live within. Implicit in this are questions about how learning happens and how experience is conceived as learning. Accordingly, the paper will offer a series of provocations to ‘find the learning in the experience’. In doing so it will test the senses alongside the intellect and the resonance of the experience alongside its cultural definition. To facilitate this, the paper will reflect upon the ‘body in learning’ and the means whereby this is received and expressed. Central to the discussion will be the stimulus contained in emotional experience. Here, reflection upon the ‘ecology’ of embodied experience will be addressed. Influences upon this work range far and wide. They include Augusto Boal, Humberto Maturana, Constantin Stanislavski, Aaron Williamson and others. Because it is configured in terms of learning rather than healing, the orientation of the paper is towards a working understanding rather than resolution.
Intracellular dynamics observed by mode switching of microscope with a light incidence to the interface at alternate angles through the ultrahigh NA objective (2006)

In order to study the dynamic change in the cell, we modified the evanescence microscope with an ultra high NA objective lens so as to modulate the penetration depth of the evanescent wave. We employed a galvanomirror to aim and switch the laser beam rapidly at the back focal plane near the periphery of 1.45 or 1.65 NA objectives. Under this microscope equipped with a 1.45 NA objective, images of the fluorescent bead were clearly distinguishable by the modulation of the penetration depth of the evanescent wave. Thus, translocation dynamics of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) upon cell activation were compared every 0.5 s between two modes using HeLa cells expressing PKCα fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Stimulation of the cell with phorbol ester induced a transient increase in GFP fluorescence images illuminated by the thin evanescent field, but not in the image illuminated by the thick evanescent field. Later, a persistent increase in fluorescence appeared at cell borders in the both images. Using a 1.65 NA objective, trafficking of secretory vesicles was studied in MIN6 cells expressing insulin-GFP. Occasionally, the change in fluorescence of a vesicle observed under one illumination mode appeared very different from the other, allowing unique assignments of the fluorescence change to a certain combination of vesicle movement and a chemical response of fluorescent molecules. The ultra high NA lens provides a large window for evanescent illumination with a wide range of penetration depth, thus is useful for analyzing 3D events in the cell.
Cytochrome oxidase models. 2. .mu.-Bipyrimidyl mixed-metal complexes as synthetic models for the iron/copper binuclear active site of cytochrome oxidase (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCytochrome oxidase models. 2. .mu.-Bipyrimidyl mixed-metal complexes as synthetic models for the iron/copper binuclear active site of cytochrome oxidaseRandall H. Petty, Byron R. Welch, Lon J. Wilson, Lawrence A. Bottomley, and Karl M. KadishCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 2, 611–620Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00522a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00522a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views509Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Antibodies to mutated citrullinated vimentin and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2009)

Our results show that antibodies targeting citrullinated proteins are not a useful diagnostic marker for JIA, but can indicate severe patterns of disease in JIA.
HIGH RESOLUTION DOA ESTIMATION IN FULLY COHERENT ENVIRONMENTS (2008)

A novel method for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is proposed. This technique employs the excellent performance of Bartlett method in coherent environments as well as high resolution and low computational complexity of Beamspace MUSIC. Simulation results show that the use of Beamspace MUSIC with Bartlett yields significantly improved performance compared to the original MUSIC especially in highly correlated situations.
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE AND COMBINED ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES - RESULTS OF INTERNATIONAL MULTICENTER CASE-CONTROL STUDY (1995)

The composition and use of oral contraceptives (OCs) have changed since their cardiovascular side-effects were established 20 years ago. This report describes the risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolic (VTE) events (deep vein thrombosis [DVT] and/or pulmonary embolism [PEI]) in association with current use of combined OCs among 1143 cases aged 20-44 and 2998 age-matched controls, as evaluated in a hospital-based, case-control study in 21 centres in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America.OC use was associated with an increased risk of VTE in Europe (odds ratio 4.15 [95% CI 3.09-5.57]) and in non-European (''developing'') countries (3.25 [2.59-4.08]). Risk estimates were generally higher for DVT than for PE but no consistent trend by certainty of diagnosis (definite, probable, possible) was found. Increased risk was apparent within 4 months of starting OCs, was unaffected by duration of current episode of OC use, and had disappeared within 3 months of stopping OCs. Relative risk estimates of VTE associated with OC use were unaffected by age of user, by history of hypertension (excluding hypertension in pregnancy), or in any consistent way by smoking. However, in both groups of countries increased body mass index (BMI) was an independent risk factor for VTE, and OC-associated odds ratios were higher among those with a BMI above 25 kg/m(2) than among those with smaller BMIs. OC-associated risk estimates were high among women in Europe with a history of hypertension in pregnancy.Odds ratios associated with the use of OCs containing a third-generation progestagen observed with progestagens type) and second (norgestrel group) generation. Odds ratios associated with first and second generation progestagens tended to be lower, though not significantly, when used in combination with low (<50 mu g oestrogen) rather than higher oestrogen doses. This study confirms an association between OC use and VTE in Europe and the developing countries, although overall risk estimates associated with use were lower than demonstrated in most previous studies of non-fatal idiopathic VTE.
Exploiting Graphic Card Processor Technology to Accelerate Data Mining Queries in SAP NetWeaver BIA (2008)

Within business Intelligence contexts, the importance of data mining algorithms is continuously increasing, particularly from the perspective of applications and users that demand novel algorithms on the one hand and an efficient implementation exploiting novel system architectures on the other hand. Within this paper, we focus on the latter issue and report our experience with the exploitation of graphic card processor technology within the SAP NetWeaver business intelligence accelerator (BIA). The BIA represents a highly distributed analytical engine that supports OLAP and data mining processing primitives. The system organizes data entities in column-wise fashion and its operation is completely main-memory-based. Since case studies have shown that classic data mining queries spend a large portion of their runtime on scanning and filtering the data as a necessary prerequisite to the actual mining step, our main goal was to speed up this expensive scanning and filtering process. In a first step, the paper outlines the basic data mining processing techniques within SAP NetWeaver BIA and illustrates the implementation of scans and filters. In a second step, we give insight into the main features of a hybrid system architecture design exploiting graphic card processor technology. Finally, we sketch the implementation and give details of our vast evaluations.
Hijacking a hydroxyethyl unit from a central metabolic ketose into a nonribosomal peptide assembly line (2012)

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) usually catalyze the biosynthesis of peptide natural products by sequential selection, activation, and condensation of amino acid precursors. It was reported that some fatty acids, α-ketoacids, and α-hydroxyacids originating from amino acid metabolism as well as polyketide-derived units can also be used by NRPS assembly lines as an alternative to amino acids. Ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743), naphthyridinomycin (NDM), and quinocarcin (QNC) are three important antitumor natural products belonging to the tetrahydroisoquinoline family. Although ET-743 has been approved as an anticancer drug, the origin of an identical two-carbon (C(2)) fragment among these three antibiotics has not been elucidated despite much effort in the biosynthetic research in the past 30 y. Here we report that two unexpected two-component transketolases (TKases), NapB/NapD in the NDM biosynthetic pathway and QncN/QncL in QNC biosynthesis, catalyze the transfer of a glycolaldehyde unit from ketose to the lipoyl group to yield the glycolicacyl lipoic acid intermediate and then transfer the C(2) unit to an acyl carrier protein (ACP) to form glycolicacyl-S-ACP as an extender unit for NRPS. Our results demonstrate a unique NRPS extender unit directly derived from ketose phosphates through (α,β-dihydroxyethyl)-thiamin diphosphate and a lipoyl group-tethered ester intermediate catalyzed by the TKase-ACP platform in the context of NDM and QNC biosynthesis, all of which also highlights the biosynthesis of ET-743. This hybrid system and precursor are distinct from the previously described universal modes involving the NRPS machinery. They exemplify an alternate strategy in hybrid NRPS biochemistry and enrich the diversity of precursors for NRPS combinatorial biosynthesis.
Emission pulse delay in fiber laser plate and its application in optical logic operation (1981)

We originally propose and demonstrate optical parallel logic operations such as level slicing and the NOT and Exclusive OR (EXOR) operations using emission-pulse time delay in a fiber laser plate and gating technique. These operations are essential for the optical digitial computations.