gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of low sodium solutions on intracellular calcium concentration and tension in ferret ventricular muscle. (1983)

Papillary muscles from the right ventricles of ferrets were micro-injected with the photoprotein aequorin. Both tension and the light emitted by the aequorin, which is a measure of the free intracellular Ca concentration [( Ca2+]i), were monitored. Exposure of the papillary muscle to a solution in which all the Na had been replaced by K (0 Na(K) solution) resulted in an increase in tension which subsequently slowly decreased. This contracture was associated with a large increase in [Ca2+]i followed by a decrease to a steady-state-level which was often significantly greater than that in Na-containing solutions. If choline, Li or Tris was used instead of K as a substitute for Na, both the contracture and the associated increase of [Ca2+]i were reduced. The effects of depolarization alone (by raising external K at constant Na concentration) were compared with those of Na removal alone (at constant external K concentration). Na removal contributes more than depolarization to the effects of a Na-free, K-containing solution on the contracture and rise of [Ca2+]i. Increasing intracellular Na concentration [( Na+]i), by exposure to strophanthidin (10 mumol/l), increased the magnitude of both the contracture and [Ca2+]i in 0 Na(K) solutions. Conversely, decreasing [Na+]i by exposure to a solution containing a decreased extracellular Na concentration [( Na+]o), decreased the contracture and [Ca2+]i. When contractures were produced by solutions with various [Na+]o, the size of the resulting contracture and [Ca2+]i were inversely related to [Na+]o. No contracture was seen unless [Na+]o was reduced to below 70 mmol/l. A decrease in the extracellular Ca concentration [( Ca2+]o) from 2 to 0.5 mmol/l or an increase to 8 mmol/l produced, respectively, large decreases and increases of the twitch and accompanying Ca transient. However, if [Ca2+]o was changed at the same time as Na was replaced by K there was little effect on either the contracture or the rise of [Ca2+]i. If [Ca2+]o was changed before replacing Na by K then increasing [Ca2+]o from 2 to 8 mmol/l decreased, and decreasing [Ca2+]o from 2 to 0.5 mmol/l increased, the rise of [Ca2+]i produced by replacing Na by K. The difference between this result and that obtained when [Ca2+]o was changed at the same time as Na was removed may be due to changes of [Na+]i produced by prolonged exposure to an altered [Ca2+]o.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Synthesis of a Novel Cyclic Donor−Acceptor Conjugate for Selective Recognition of ATP (2005)

[reaction and structures: see text] Novel cyclophane 1 was synthesized, and its interactions with phosphate, adenosine, AMP, ADP, and ATP have been investigated. With addition of ATP, significant decrease in absorbance of 1 was observed, whereas other guest molecules showed negligible effect. The complex between 1 and ATP was confirmed through cyclic voltammetry and 1H NMR. The uniqueness of the system is that it complexes selectively with ATP in a cavity and involves synergistic effects of both electrostatic and pi-pi stacking interactions.
Transparent Conductors and Barrier Layers for Thin Film Solar Cells: (2001)

This report describes the research undertaken to increase the efficiency of thin-film solar cells based on amorphous silicon in the so-called''superstrate structure'' (glass front surface/transparent electrically conductive oxide (TCO)/pin amorphous silicon/metal back electrode). The TCO layer must meet many requirements: high optical transparency in the wavelength region from about 350 to 900 nm, low electrical sheet resistance, stability during handling and deposition of the subsequent layers and during use, a textured (rough) surface to enhance optical absorption of red and near-infrared light, and low-resistance electrical contact to the amorphous silicon p-layer. Fluorine-doped tin oxide has been the TCO used in most commercial superstrate amorphous silicon cells. Fluorine-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:F) was later shown to be even more transparent than fluorine-doped tin oxide, as well as being more resistant to the strongly reducing conditions encountered during the deposition of amorphous silicon. Solar cells based on ZnO:F showed the expected higher currents, but the fill factors were lower than standard cells grown on tin oxide, resulting in no consistent improvement in efficiency. This problem was recently mitigated by using a new proprietary p/buffer layer combination developed at BP Solar.
Compact atomic vapor cells fabricated by laser-induced heating of hollow-core glass fibers (2003)

A method for fabricating atomic vapor cells with physical dimensions of order 1 mm3 or below is described. Cells with integrated lenses are made from hollow-core glass fiber, and fused shut at either end using highly localized heating from a CO2 laser beam. Such cells, subsequently loaded with alkali atoms and a buffer gas, could form the basis for future generations of compact frequency references or magnetometers.
A compact FPGA beamformer architecture (2005)

Abstract:- This paper presents the structure and the implementation of a delay and sum beamformer with non-uniform sampling. For phased array systems with large channel counts, simplifying the front-end electronics is of fundamental importance because it comprises a critical part of the system in terms of cost, size and power consumption. Digital beam forming based on non-uniform sampling accomplishes sampling and focusing simultaneously and hence can possess efficient front-end architectures. A compact architecture can be implemented in programmable circuits (FPGA) which contains the sampling clock generators, the memory buffers and the digital adder. For nonuniform sampling clock generation iterative concepts for on-chip calculation of delay information was investigated. The digital beamformer was tested using Altera Quartus environment and implemented in Stratix devices. Key-Words:- beamformer, nonuniform sampling, ultrasound, delay 1
The Repairing an Old and Large Furcal Perforation and a Four-year Follow up (2014)

Perforation is an undesired complication in endodontic treatment. Compared to the fresh, small, coronal and apical perforation, an old and large furcal perforation has the worse prognosis. This article describes a four-year follow up case where an old and large furcal perforation was repaired successfully with mineral trioxide aggregate after adequate disinfection.
Multiplexing topology combining frequency and time division for fiber optic interferometric sensors (1994)

A variety of techniques for multiplexing fibre optic interferometric sensors (FOIS) have been described in the literature [1]. For large numbers of sensors the topology known as the matrix-array [21 using frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is attractive despite the fact that the multiplexing gain is lower than networks exploiting time division multiplexing (TDM) as it allows large numbers of sensors to be multiplexed.
Production of feline immunodeficiency virus in feline and non-feline non-lymphoid cell lines by transfection of an infectious molecular clone (1992)

An infectious molecular clone of the TM1 strain of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was transfected into each of one feline (CRFK), two simian (COS and Vero) and two human (SW480 and HeLa) non-lymphoid cell lines, and virus production was assayed on feline T lymphoblastoid MYA-1 cells by monitoring reverse transcriptase activity. Infectious virus was produced in CRFK, Vero and HeLa cells, but not in COS and SW480 cells. When the basal promoter activity of the FIV long terminal repeat (LTR) was examined in these cell lines by using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay, the activity correlated with the virus production in each cell line. Furthermore, when the activity of the FIV LTR was compared with those of three primate lentivirus LTRs, the highest activity in all the cell lines examined was produced by the LTR of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey (SIVAGM), suggesting that it has a wide expression range. In COS and SW480 cells, the activity of the FIV LTR was much lower than that of the SIVAGM LTR. These results indicate that, whereas the primary block to FIV infection of certain cells may occur at the cell surface, the FIV LTR may also participate in controlling virus replication, as an intracellular mechanism.
Rare‐earth‐metal‐containing polymers. 5. Synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence properties of Eu<sup>3+</sup>‐polymer complexes containing carboxylbenzoyl and carboxylnaphthoyl ligands (1982)

Abstract Partially 2‐carboxylbenzoyl (1) and 3‐carboxyl‐2‐naphthoyl (2) substituted polystyrene were prepared by the Friedel‐Crafts reaction of polystyrene with corresponding dicarboxylic anhydrides. Europium (III) salts of (1) and (2) and the copolymer of 4‐vinylbenzoyl 2′‐carboxylbenzoate‐di(2‐benzoyl benzoate) and styrene (5) were prepared. Polymer (5) was prepared by the copolymerization of the Eu 3+ salt of 4‐vinylbenzoyl 2′‐benzoate and 2‐benzoylbenzoate (ratio 1:2) with styrene. The fluorescence emission intensity was measured on fine powder samples. The intensity of (5) increased linearly as the Eu content increased. However, for the 1 and 2 systems the intensity reached a maximum at a Eu content as small as 0.5 wt% and remained constant when further increases were made. This phenomenon was accounted for by steric hindrance and a decrease in the freedom of bond rotation, which prevent the formation of multiple coordination linkages between Eu 3+ and the benzoate groups.
Recombinant Human Parvovirus B19 Vectors: Erythrocyte P Antigen Is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Successful Transduction of Human Hematopoietic Cells (2001)

ABSTRACT The blood group P antigen, known to be abundantly expressed on erythroid cells, has been reported to be the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19. We have described the development of recombinant parvovirus B19 vectors with which high-efficiency, erythroid lineage-restricted transduction can be achieved (S. Ponnazhagan, K. A. Weigel, S. P. Raikwar, P. Mukherjee, M. C. Yoder, and A. Srivastava, J. Virol. 72:5224–5230, 1998). However, since a low-level transduction of nonerythroid cells could also be detected and since P antigen is expressed in nonerythroid cells, we reevaluated the role of P antigen in the viral binding and entry into cells. Cell surface expression analyses revealed that ∼75% of primary human bone marrow mononuclear erythroid cells and ∼31% of cells in the nonerythroid population were positive for P antigen. Two human erythroleukemia cell lines, HEL and K562, and a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, were also examined for P antigen expression and binding and entry of the vector. HEL and K562 cells showed intermediate levels, whereas HL-60 cells demonstrated high levels of expression of P antigen. However, the efficiency of vector binding to these cells did not correlate with P antigen expression. Moreover, despite P antigen positivity and efficient viral binding, HEL, K562, and HL-60 cells could not be transduced with the vector. Low levels of P antigen expression could also be detected in two primary cell types, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF). In addition, vector binding occurred in both cell types and was inhibited by globoside, indicating the involvement of P antigen in virus binding to these cells. These primary cells could be efficiently transduced with the recombinant vector. These data suggest that (i) P antigen is expressed on a variety of cell types and is involved in binding of parvovirus B19 to human cells, (ii) the level of P antigen expression does not correlate with the efficiency of viral binding, (iii) P antigen is necessary but not sufficient for parvovirus B19 entry into cells, and (iv) parvovirus B19 vectors can be used to transduce HUVEC and NHLF. These studies further suggest the existence of a putative cellular coreceptor for efficient entry of parvovirus B19 into human cells.
High-Work-Function Molybdenum Oxide Hole Extraction Contacts in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

We investigate the effect of high work function contacts in halide perovskite absorber-based photovoltaic devices. Photoemission spectroscopy measurements reveal that band bending is induced in the absorber by the deposition of the high work function molybdenum trioxide (MoO<sub>3</sub>). We find that direct contact between MoO<sub>3</sub> and the perovskite leads to a chemical reaction, which diminishes device functionality. Introducing an ultrathin spiro-MeOTAD buffer layer prevents the reaction, yet the altered evolution of the energy levels in the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI<sub>3</sub>) layer at the interface still negatively impacts device performance.
Investigational drugs for the treatment of osteoarthritis (2015)

Treatment options for OA remain limited. However, with the emergence of sensitive tools to detect early disease progression and identification of different OA phenotypes, disease-modifying anti-OA drugs with increased benefit and reduced risks will become available for OA treatment in the near future.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Homocoupling of Organomagnesium Compounds (2006)

Without palladium or copper: A wide range of functionalized Grignard compounds were coupled by using diphenoquinone 1 as an electron acceptor. The oxidative dimerization of alkenylmagnesium reagents proceeds with complete retention of the stereochemistry (see scheme; TBDMS=tert-butyldimethylsilyl).
PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATORS IN PLASTIDS (1999)

During photosynthesis, energy from solar radiation is used to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into intermediates that are used within and outside the chloroplast for a multitude of metabolic pathways. The daily fixed carbon is exported from the chloroplasts as triose phosphates and 3-phosphoglycerate. In contrast, nongreen plastids rely on the import of carbon, mainly hexose phosphates. Most organelles require the import of phosphoenolpyruvate as an immediate substrate for carbon to enter the shikimate pathway, leading to a variety of important secondary compounds. The envelope membrane of plastids contains specific translocators that are involved in these transport processes. Elucidation of the molecular structure of some of these translocators during the past few years has provided new insights in the functioning of particular translocators. This review focuses on the characterization of different classes of phosphate translocators in plastids that mediate the transport of the phosphorylated compounds in exchange with inorganic phosphate.
The NIFSTD and BIRNLex Vocabularies: Building Comprehensive Ontologies for Neuroscience (2008)

A critical component of the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF) project is a consistent, flexible terminology for describing and retrieving neuroscience-relevant resources. Although the original NIF specification called for a loosely structured controlled vocabulary for describing neuroscience resources, as the NIF system evolved, the requirement for a formally structured ontology for neuroscience with sufficient granularity to describe and access a diverse collection of information became obvious. This requirement led to the NIF standardized (NIFSTD) ontology, a comprehensive collection of common neuroscience domain terminologies woven into an ontologically consistent, unified representation of the biomedical domains typically used to describe neuroscience data (e.g., anatomy, cell types, techniques), as well as digital resources (tools, databases) being created throughout the neuroscience community. NIFSTD builds upon a structure established by the BIRNLex, a lexicon of concepts covering clinical neuroimaging research developed by the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN) project. Each distinct domain module is represented using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). As much as has been practical, NIFSTD reuses existing community ontologies that cover the required biomedical domains, building the more specific concepts required to annotate NIF resources. By following this principle, an extensive vocabulary was assembled in a relatively short period of time for NIF information annotation, organization, and retrieval, in a form that promotes easy extension and modification. We report here on the structure of the NIFSTD, and its predecessor BIRNLex, the principles followed in its construction and provide examples of its use within NIF.
Sputum Cell Dynamics in Bacterial Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchial Disease (1972)

Qualitative and quantitative sputum cytologic and bacteriologic variables were determined in 38 patients with chronic bronchial disease. In each of 60 infectious exacerbations, three distinct periods were examined: stable phase (SS), bacterial (acute infections) exacerbation (AIE), and post-infection (PI). The neutrophil and histiocyte represent nonspecific cellular host defense but demonstrate different response patterns. Neutrophils increase significantly during AIE but return to SS levels by Pl. Histiocytes remain low during AIE but are elevated during Pl. Bronchial epithelial cells parallel the neutrophil change in AIE but do not return to SS levels by Pl. These measurements, along with the in vivo phagocytic indices (neutrophils and histiocytes with bacteria) and the infectivity index (bronchial epithelial cells with bacteria), provide direct objective criteria for evaluating the cellular dynamics of host defense in bronchopulmonary diseases.
Reliability Trends with Advanced CMOS Scaling and The Implications for Design (2007)

Scaling (for enhanced performance, increased functionality and cost reduction reasons) has pushed existing CMOS materials much closer to their intrinsic reliability limits. This will require that designers pay very close attention to both front-end-of-line (FEOL) and back-end-of-line (BEOL) reliability issues. As for the FEOL reliability issues, hyper-thin gate oxide leakage, time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), and negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) are near the top the list. In the case of hyper-thin gate oxides, TDDB can manifest itself in terms of multiple soft-breakdown events thus causing an unwanted rise in leakage; NBTI-induced p-channel device degradation tends to have a significant impact on minimum-voltage circuit operation. As for the important BEOL reliability issues, the top ones are: electromigration (EM), stress migration (SM), low-k dielectric TDDB, and mechanical weaknesses associated with the low-k films and their interfaces. The EM associated with Cu interconnects will continue to worsen with scaling due to increased interface effects; SM will require even fewer vacancies to coalesce which can cause an unwanted via resistance rise; and relatively poor low-k TDDB behavior and low-k mechanical-weakness issues may require special interconnect layout considerations.
Higher-dimensional orbital-angular-momentum-based quantum key distribution with mutually unbiased bases (2013)

We present an experimental study of higher-dimensional quantum key distribution protocols based on mutually unbiased bases, implemented by means of photons carrying orbital angular momentum. We perform ($d+1$) mutually unbiased measurements in a classically simulated prepare-and-measure scheme and on a pair of entangled photons for dimensions ranging from $d=2$ to 5. In our analysis, we pay attention to the detection efficiency and photon pair creation probability. As security measures, we determine from experimental data the average error rate, the mutual information shared between the sender and receiver, and the secret key generation rate per photon. We demonstrate that increasing the dimension leads to an increased information capacity as well as higher key generation rates per photon. However, we find that the benefit of increasing the dimension is limited by practical implementation considerations, which in our case results in deleterious effects observed beyond a dimension of $d=4$.
Improving phosphate-binder therapy as a way forward (2004)

Aluminium- or calcium-based phosphate-binding agents traditionally have been used to treat hyperphosphataemia in patients with end-stage renal disease. Although these agents effectively lower serum phosphorus levels, they are associated with serious side effects. Aluminium-based agents are associated with bone toxicity, renal osteodystrophy and encephalopathy, and calcium-based agents increase the risk of hypercalcaemia and cardiovascular calcification. Consequently, there remains a need for new, safe and effective non-calcium-, non-aluminium-based alternative treatments. Fortunately, several new agents are now available or are in the late stages of development, including sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate. Although sevelamer hydrochloride represents a step forward in the management of hyperphosphataemia, it has several drawbacks and is far from being the ideal phosphate binder. Lanthanum carbonate is the most recent non-calcium, non-aluminium phosphate binder to be developed for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia. Animal studies have shown it to be as effective as aluminium, without the associated toxicity. In clinical studies, lanthanum carbonate significantly reduced serum phosphorus levels, compared with placebo. It shows a similar efficacy to calcium carbonate in controlling serum phosphorus levels, but requires lower doses. In addition, lanthanum carbonate is at least as well tolerated as calcium carbonate, but is not associated with hypercalcaemia. Importantly, it has a positive effect on bone histology, with no evolution towards low bone turnover. Lanthanum carbonate, therefore, moves closer to the ideal phosphate binder.
Real time lane detection for autonomous vehicles (2008)

An increasing safety and reducing road accidents, thereby saving lives are one of great interest in the context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. Apparently, among the complex and challenging tasks of future road vehicles is road lane detection or road boundaries detection. It is based on lane detection (which includes the localization of the road, the determination of the relative position between vehicle and road, and the analysis of the vehiclepsilas heading direction). One of the principal approaches to detect road boundaries and lanes using vision system on the vehicle. However, lane detection is a difficult problem because of the varying road conditions that one can encounter while driving. In this paper, a vision-based lane detection approach capable of reaching real time operation with robustness to lighting change and shadows is presented. The system acquires the front view using a camera mounted on the vehicle then applying few processes in order to detect the lanes. Using a pair of hyperbolas which are fitting to the edges of the lane, those lanes are extracted using Hough transform. The proposed lane detection system can be applied on both painted and unpainted road as well as curved and straight road in different weather conditions. This approach was tested and the experimental results show that the proposed scheme was robust and fast enough for real time requirements. Eventually, a critical overview of the methods were discussed, their potential for future deployment were assist.
Wireless power for tiny medical implants (2014)

A new scheme could allow pacemakers, brain stimulators, and more to leave their batteries behind.