gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated image registration for change detection from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery (2005)

Image registration is a critical operation in digital change detection to correct for spatial image-to-image displacement. One challenging problem in this area is the automated registration with higher levels of accuracy. In this paper, the authors explore the basic elements for an automated image registration system based on image segmentation. The technique used region boundaries and strong edges as the matching primitives, and chain-code correlation as the similarity function. A mapping between the two images is formed by interpolation and used to resample the images. The method is automatic and computationally efficient.
A Convenient Preparative Method of Nitrile Oxides by the Dehydration of Primary Nitro Compounds with Ethyl Chloroformate or Benzenesulfonyl Chloride in the Presence of Triethylamine (1986)

Abstract Three nitrile oxides (MeOCOC≡N→O, PhC≡N→O, and EtC≡N→O) were effectively generated in situ by dehydration of the corresponding primary nitro compounds (RCH2NO2) with PhSO2Cl or ClCOOEt in the presence of triethylamine. Various cycloadducts were prepared by the reaction of them with dipolarophiles. Some advantages of these methods are described in comparison with other known methods.
Encapsulation and stability of clofazimine liposomes (1999)

The entrapment of clofazimine (CLO) in a liposomal delivery system for topical application can protect it from absorption into the blood circulation and increase its residence time within the skin. This may reduce the very long mean period of leprosy treatment, as well as the side effects due to the long term administration of large doses of the drug. This investigation deals with critical parameters controlling the formulation and stabilization of liposomes with encapsulated CLO. The entrapment efficiency of CLO in liposomes was increased by altering the proportion of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and cholesterol (CHOL) in liposomes. The stability of liposomal suspensions and the liposomal gels (HPMC K4M) in terms of retention of CLO was measured at refrigeration temperature (2-8 degrees C), room temperature (25 +/- 2 degrees C) and body temperature (37 degrees C) for a period of 3 months. The results show that entrapment of CLO in liposomes can be increased by increasing the proportion of PC. However, the optimum encapsulation and retention of CLO was achieved only with a specific PC:CHOL molar ratio (5.13:1.00). An almost identical value of the entrapment efficiency was obtained when gel filtration and ultracentrifugation methods were used to separate the CLO-carrying liposomes from free drug. The effect of vortexing and sonication on the entrapment efficiency gave similar results, although the mean particle size was different. CLO liposomal gels were found to be stable at room temperature for up to 3 months.
Use of hydration and dissociation chemistries with the electrolyte–NRTL model (1999)

Abstract Sound theoretical understanding and accurate mathematical representation of electrolyte solution nonideality were the subject of extensive research efforts for decades. It is demonstrated that these goals can be achieved by incorporation of hydration and partial dissociation chemistries with the semi‐empirical electrolyte NRTL model. The resulting model provides a comprehensive thermodynamic framework for accurate correlation and reliable extrapolation of electrolyte solution nonideality over the entire concentration range.
A dynamic compression technique for streaming kinect-based Point Cloud data (2017)

With the relative inexpensiveness of 3D sensors today, it has become easier to collect 3D spatial data. This opens up the usability for these data, called point clouds, in areas such as robotics, telemedicine, and entertainment. However, a primary issue is the data rate of point clouds being produced by sensors such as the Microsoft Kinect. When transmitted, the size of a single point cloud coupled with the high frame rate results in an impractical bandwidth requirement. Therefore, compression is required. However, current compression techniques offered by the Point Cloud Library (PCL) are static in terms of available network bandwidth, meaning the techniques do not adjust as the network changes. In this paper, we propose using a dynamic compression technique that adjusts the compression ratio in response to the network throughput. Experimental results under both static and dynamic network traffic conditions show that dynamic compression is promising in achieving higher and smoother frame rates compared with the built-in compression algorithm in PCL.
Making and circumventing tolerance to cancer (2009)

The interactions between cancer and immune cells are complex. Even though the mutations that cause cancer can create new antigens that are potentially "visible" to T cells, in most experimental model systems the growth of tumors is accompanied by induction of T-cell tolerance towards the tumor. How tolerance to tumors is induced and how tolerance can be broken by immunotherapy have been a main focus in cancer immunology. Here, we discuss experimental models used in cancer immunology. We argue that, while it is obviously easy for tumors to induce tolerance, it should be as easy to circumvent tolerance by the adoptive transfer of tumor-antigen-reactive T cells. Effective adoptive T-cell therapy has become feasible by methods to identify TCR against tumor-associated (self-) antigens with high affinity and to graft a new antigen specificity to patients' T cells by TCR gene transfer.
Expression of an α‐1,3‐glucanase during mycoparasitic interaction of <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> (2004)

Trichoderma species have been investigated as biological control agents for over 70 years owing to their ability to antagonize plant pathogenic fungi. Mycoparasitism, one of the main mechanisms involved in the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma strains, depends on the secretion of complex mixtures of hydrolytic enzymes able to degrade the host cell wall. The antifungal activity of an alpha-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.59, enzymes able to degrade alpha-1,3-glucans and also named mutanases) has been described in T. harzianum and its role in mycoparasitic processes has been suggested. In this study, we report on the purification, characterization and cloning of an exo-alpha-1,3-glucanase, namely AGN13.2, from the antagonistic fungus T. asperellum T32. Expression at the transcription level in confrontation assays against the strawberry pathogen Botrytis cinerea strongly supports the role of AGN13.2 during the antagonistic action of T. asperellum.
DNA sequence insertion and evolutionary variation in gene regulation. (1996)

Current evidence on the long-term evolutionary effect of insertion of sequence elements into gene regions is reviewed, restricted to cases where a sequence derived from a past insertion participates in the regulation of expression of a useful gene. Ten such examples in eukaryotes demonstrate that segments of repetitive DNA or mobile elements have been inserted in the past in gene regions, have been preserved, sometimes modified by selection, and now affect control of transcription of the adjacent gene. Included are only examples in which transcription control was modified by the insert. Several cases in which merely transcription initiation occurred in the insert were set aside. Two of the examples involved the long terminal repeats of mammalian endogenous retroviruses. Another two examples were control of transcription by repeated sequence inserts in sea urchin genomes. There are now six published examples in which Alu sequences were inserted long ago into human gene regions, were modified, and now are central in control/enhancement of transcription. The number of published examples of Alu sequences affecting gene control has grown threefold in the last year and is likely to continue growing. Taken together, all of these examples show that the insertion of sequence elements in the genome has been a significant source of regulatory variation in evolution.
The irreversible binding of azacytosine-containing DNA fragments to bacterial DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferases. (1985)

DNA containing 5-azacytosine is an irreversible inhibitor of DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferase. This paper describes the binding of DNA methyltransferase to 32P-labeled fragments of DNA containing 5-azacytosine. The complexes were identified by gel electrophoresis. The EcoRII methyltransferase specified by the R15 plasmid was purified from Escherichia coli B(R15). This enzyme methylates the second C in the sequence CCAGG and has a molecular mass of 60,000 Da. Specific binding of enzyme to DNA fragments could be detected if either excess unlabeled DNA or 0.8% sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to the reaction mixture prior to electrophoresis. Binding was dependent upon the presence of both the CCAGG sequence and azacytosine in the DNA fragment. S-Adenosylmethionine stimulated the formation of the complex. The complex was stable to 6 M urea but could be digested with pronase. These DNA fragments could be used to detect the presence of several different methyltransferases in crude extracts of E. coli. No DNA protein complexes could be detected in E. coli B extracts, a strain that contains no DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferases. The chromosomally determined methylase with the same specificity as the purified EcoRII methylase could be detected in crude extracts of E. coli K12 strains. The MspI methylase cloned in E. coli HB101 could also be detected in crude extracts. These enzymes are the only proteins that bind azacytosine-containing DNA in crude extracts of E. coli.
Joint categorization of queries and clips for web-based video search (2006)

Building a video search engine on the Web is a very challenging problem. Compared with web page search, video search has its unique characteristics (such as high volume of data for each video, existence of multi-modal information including meta-data, visual content, audio, closed caption, etc). In this paper, we investigate some promising approaches to boosting the search relevance of a large scale video search engine on the Web. The contribution of our work is three-fold. (1) We developed a specialized video categorization framework which combines multiple classifiers based on different modalities. (2) By learning users' querying history and clicking log, we proposed an automatic query profile generation technique and applied the profile to query categorization. (3) A highly scalable system was developed, which integrates the online query categorization and offline video categorization. Naive Bayes with mixture of multinomials, Maximum Entropy, and Support Vector Machine categorization methods and the profile learn-ing technique were evaluated on a large scale set of video data on the Web. The evaluation of the developed system and user study has indicated that the joint categorization of queries and video data boosts the video search relevance and user search experience. The high efficiency of our approaches is also demonstrated by the good responsiveness of the system for the video search engine on the Web.
Mimicking GEFs: a common theme for bacterial pathogens (2011)

Small molecular weight GTPases are master regulators of eukaryotic signalling, making them prime targets for bacterial virulence factors. Here, we review the recent advances made in understanding how bacterial type III secreted effector proteins directly activate GTPase signalling cascades. Specifically we focus on the SopE/WxxxE family of effectors that functionally mimic guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs): the endogenous activators of Rho-family GTPases. Recent structural and biochemical studies have provided keen insight into both the signalling potency and substrate specificity of bacterial GEFs. Additionally, these bacterial GEFs display fascinating cell biological properties that provide insight into both host cell physiology and infectious disease strategies.
The dissemination of <i>Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A</i> and <i>S. paratyphi B</i> through the organs of the white mouse by oral infection (1960)

A dose of 5 × 10 9 S. typhi (strain Ty 2 ) and S. paratyphi B (strain HB 3 ) administered to white mice orally, caused an infection of various organs of the mouse, namely: spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, gall-bladder, mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunum and of the blood stream. The percentage of infected spleens was higher than that of other organs. With the above-mentioned dose of Ty 2 , the infection of the liver was found to be five times higher than that of the gall-bladder. The infection of the latter lasted for about 8–9 days, whereas that of the liver for 18–19 days. The bacteria appeared in the various organs: liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs in about 2 min. after oral infection, and in the blood stream after about 20 sec. The speed and intensity of the invasion of micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood stream depends neither upon the volume of the dose (0·5 ml. or 0·1 ml.), nor upon the content of the mouse's stomach. The M.I.D. for the blood stream of the mouse by oral infection is about 5 × 10 5 bacteria for Ty 2 , HB 3 and AH 6 . In blood samples collected by cardiac puncture 2–3 min. after oral infection, an average of 5 × 10 2 micro-organisms/ml. blood was found. The count of bacteria increased and reached its peak after 20 min. (about 3 × 10 3 bacteria). After that period, the number decreased: 1·6 × 10 3 after 1 hr., 8 × 10 2 after 2 hr. and 1·7 × 10 2 after 3 hr. In spite of this considerable decrease, the blood did not became sterile until after several days. In the infected spleen (by oral infection) an inverse process was observed: at the beginning only a small number of micro-organisms was found (about 5 × 10/100 mg. spleen), but afterwards the number of bacteria increased (1·2 × 10 2 after 24 hr. and 5 × 10 2 after 4 days). In mice infected by the subcutaneous route with a dose of 5 × 10 9 bacteria, the number of micro-organisms in the blood stream did not differ significantly from that found after oral infection, whereas infection by intraperitoneal route caused a severe infection. When 5 × 10 7 micro-organisms (LD 50 ) were administered by intraperitoneal route, 10 7 bacteria appeared in the blood stream of the moribund mice while in the spleen about 4·1 × 10 7 were found. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Prof. I. Gurewitch and to Dr R. Rozansky from the Department of Clinical Microbiology, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, for their advice and criticism.
Production of Cytolethal Distending Toxins by Pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strains Isolated from Human and Animal Sources: Establishment of the Existence of a New <i>cdt</i> Variant (Type IV) (2003)

Three types of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), namely, CDT-I, CDT-II, and CDT-III, have been described in Escherichia coli. Using primers designed for the detection of sequences common to the cdtB genes, we analyzed by PCR a set of 21 CDT-producing E. coli strains of intestinal and extraintestinal origins isolated from human and different animal species in several European countries and in the United States. On the basis of the existing differences in the cdtB genes, cdt-I-, cdt-II-, and cdt-III-specific primer pairs were designed and used for cdt typing. These new primers successfully differentiated all of the previously described cdt genes. Six strains proved to be cdt-I; eight strains proved to be cdt-III. However, none of the type I-, II-, and III-specific primers generated amplicons from six CDT(+) strains, suggesting the existence of a new cdt variant. Sequence analysis of the amplicons from two untypeable genes confirmed the existence of a new cdt variant that we called cdt-IV. Using the new specific primers, cdt-IV was detected in human, porcine, and poultry strains of intestinal and extraintestinal origins. To validate all sets of cdt specific primers, a group of 353 human E. coli strains isolated in Hungary was then investigated for the presence of cdt genes. This included 190 strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI), 51 strains isolated from other (nonurinary) extraintestinal infections, and 112 intestinal strains isolated from healthy individuals. Of 190 UTI strains, 15 (7.9%) had cdt genes. Of 51 non-UTI extraintestinal strains 3 (5.9%) contained the cdt gene, and 1 (0.9%) of 112 healthy intestinal strains was PCR positive. Five strains proved to be cdt-I, and fourteen strains proved to be cdt-IV. The CDT-producing extraintestinal strains belonged to a wide variety of serogroups, including O2, O6, O75, and O170. In conclusion, we have developed a new PCR typing system for CDT able to detect a new CDT variant present in pathogenic E. coli strains obtained from animals and humans.
Identification of Modal Parameters of a Multistoried RC Building Using Ambient Vibration and Strong Vibration Records of Bhuj Earthquake, 2001 (2013)

Modal parameters of an instrumented multi-storied reinforced concrete building (G +9) have been studied using strong motion records of Bhuj Earthquake, 2001. The Ambient Vibration Testing (AVT) is also conducted to measure the modal parameters of the same building under ambient environmental forces. Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD) or Peak Picking (PP) in frequency domain and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) technique in time domain is used for extracting the modal parameters. The observed natural frequencies during strong motion are smaller than the ambient vibration testing. The difference in the frequencies may be caused by interaction between structure and soil due to high level of strain during strong motion earthquake. The modal pattern of first five modes obtained from strong motion records and ambient vibration records are identical.
Regulation of Lysine Catabolism through Lysine-Ketoglutarate Reductase and Saccharopine Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis (1997)

Guiliang Tang, Daphna Miron, Judith X. Zhu-Shimoni, Gad Galili, Regulation of Lysine Catabolism through Lysine-Ketoglutarate Reductase and Saccharopine Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis, The Plant Cell, Vol. 9, No. 8 (Aug., 1997), pp. 1305-1316
Replication of <i>Yersinia pestis</i> in interferon γ-activated macrophages requires <i>ripA</i> , a gene encoded in the pigmentation locus (2005)

Yersinia pestis is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that can replicate in macrophages. Little is known about the mechanism by which Y. pestis replicates in macrophages, and macrophage defense mechanisms important for limiting intracellular survival of Y. pestis have not been characterized. In this work, we investigated the ability of Y. pestis to replicate in primary murine macrophages that were activated with IFN-gamma. Y. pestis was able to replicate in macrophages that were activated with IFN-gamma after infection (postactivated). A region of chromosomal DNA known as the pigmentation (pgm) locus was required for replication in postactivated macrophages, and this replication was associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels but not with reduced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. Y. pestis delta pgm replicated in iNOS-/- macrophages that were postactivated with IFN-gamma, suggesting that killing of delta pgm Y. pestis is NO-dependent. A specific genetic locus within pgm, which shares similarity to a pathogenicity island in Salmonella, was shown to be required for replication of Y. pestis and restriction of NO levels in postactivated macrophages. These data demonstrate that intracellular Y. pestis can evade killing by macrophages that are exposed to IFN-gamma and identify a potential virulence gene encoded in the pgm locus that is required for this activity.
A Family of Transformerless Stacked Active Bridge Converters (2019)

This paper describes a family of transformerless stacked active bridge (TSAB) converters with N-to-1 nominal conversion ratios and continuous voltage regulation capabilities. An N-to-1 TSAB is a hybrid converter derived from the N-to-1 Dickson switched-capacitor (SC) converter, with small ac inductors inserted in the flying-capacitor branches to achieve lossless ("soft") capacitor charging and discharging. In operation, a TSAB converter resembles the isolated Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter but without the need for an isolation transformer. The TSAB family has several favorable characteristics, which lead to very high efficiency around nominal conversion ratio, including small ac inductors with near-trapezoidal low RMS currents, low voltage stresses, and zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) over wide load range. Moreover, the operation is robust with respect to component tolerances, and continuous voltage regulation can be achieved through simple phase shift control. Experimental results are presented for a 120 W, 48V-to-12V TSAB prototype, demonstrating a flat efficiency characteristic with 98.6% peak efficiency, and 98.0% full-load efficiency.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrathin WO<sub>3</sub> Nanodisks Utilizing Long-Chain Poly(ethylene glycol) (2006)

Metal oxide nanostructures hold great potential for photovoltaic (PV), photoelectrochemical (PEC), and photocatalytic applications. Whereas thin films of various materials of both nanoparticle and nanorod morphologies have been widely investigated, there have been few inquiries into nanodisk structures. Here, we report the synthesis of ultrathin WO3 nanodisks using a wet chemical route with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a surface modulator. The reported nanodisk structure is based on the interaction of the nonionic 10000 g/mol PEG molecules with tungsten oxoanion precursors. The WO3 nanostructures formed are dominated by very thin disks with dimensions on the nanometer to micrometer scale. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal the structures to have dimensions on the order of 350-1000 nm in length, 200-750 nm in width, and 7-18 nm in thickness and possessing textured single-crystalline features. A number of analytical techniques were used to characterize the WO3 nanodisks, including selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman scattering spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The growth of the WO3 nanodisks was inhibited in the [010] crystal direction, leading to ultrathin morphologies in the monoclinic crystal phase. The large flat surface area and high aspect ratio of the WO3 nanodisks are potentially useful in PEC cells for hydrogen production via direct water splitting, as has been demonstrated in a preliminary experiment with external bias.