gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LFAC-transmission systems for remote wind farms using a three-phase, six-pulse cycloconverter (2012)

This paper presents an alternative transmission system for remote wind farms to main grids using a low-frequency AC (LFAC) technology and a robust-modeling method for analysis of the alternative-transmission systems. The LFAC transmission system uses a lower frequency (20Hz/16.666Hz) than nominal frequency (60Hz/50Hz) of main grids by introducing a three-phase six-pulse cycloconverter. The benefits of the LFAC transmission system are demonstrated as follows: reduced-investment cost compared with HVDC-transmission systems and increased power transfer capability as compared with 60Hz-HVAC transmission systems. In this paper, the economical and technical benefits of LFAC transmission systems are presented, the modeling method using the quadratic-integration method is presented, and the superior properties of the quadratic integration are demonstrated with an example LFAC-transmission system.
Policy Watch: Trade Adjustment Assistance (2004)

This feature contains short articles on topics that are currently on the agendas of policymakers, thus illustrating the role of economic analysis in illuminating current debates. Suggestions for future columns and comments on past ones should be sent to C. Eugene Steuerle, c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, The Urban Institute, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037.
The Polymerization of Styrene by n-Butyllithium<sup>1</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Polymerization of Styrene by n-Butyllithium1F. J. WelchCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 6, 1345–1348Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01515a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01515a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views532Altmetric-Citations92LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Oligopeptide Transport System Is Essential for the Development of Natural Competence in<i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i>Strain LMD-9 (2009)

In gram-positive bacteria, oligopeptide transport systems, called Opp or Ami, play a role in nutrition but are also involved in the internalization of signaling peptides that take part in the functioning of quorum-sensing pathways. Our objective was to reveal functions that are controlled by Ami via quorum-sensing mechanisms in Streptococcus thermophilus, a nonpathogenic bacterium widely used in dairy technology in association with other bacteria. Using a label-free proteomic approach combining one-dimensional electrophoresis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, we compared the proteome of the S. thermophilus LMD-9 to that of a mutant deleted for the subunits C, D, and E of the ami operon. Both strains were grown in a chemically defined medium (CDM) without peptides. We focused our attention on proteins that were no more detected in the ami deletion mutant. In addition to the three subunits of the Ami transporter, 17 proteins fulfilled this criterion and, among them, 7 were similar to proteins that have been identified as essential for transformation in S. pneumoniae. These results led us to find a condition of growth, the early exponential state in CDM, that allows natural transformation in S. thermophilus LMD-9 to turn on spontaneously. Cells were not competent in M17 rich medium. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Ami transporter controls the triggering of the competence state through the control of the transcription of comX, itself controlling the transcription of late competence genes. We also showed that one of the two oligopeptide-binding proteins of strain LMD-9 plays the predominant role in the control of competence.
Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee With Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (1998)

The treatment of focal full thickness articular defects in the knee has continued to present a challenge, with no traditional treatment method providing consistent acceptable long-term clinical results. Patients with significant chondral defects frequently have persistent joint line pain, swelling, and catching in the knee. In contrast to marrow stimulation treatment techniques, such as abrasion arthroplasty, drilling, or microfracture which populate the defect with pluripotential stem cells, the use of cultured autologous chondrocytes fills the defect with cells of a committed pathway to develop hyaline-like cartilage. This hyaline-like cartilage more closely recreates the wear characteristics and durability of normal hyaline cartilage than the fibrous or fibrocartilage repair tissue formed by pluripotential stem cells. The purpose of this paper is to review the efficacy of available treatment options as well as the basic science rationale, indications, technique, postoperative rehabilitation, and clinical results of using cultured autologous chondrocytes in the treatment of focal full thickness chondral defects of the knee.
Molecular chaperones in cellular protein folding (1994)

The discovery of 'molecular chaperones' has dramatically changed our concept of cellular protein folding. Rather than folding spontaneously, most newly synthesized polypeptide chains seem to acquire their native conformation in a reaction mediated by these versatile helper proteins. Understanding the structure and function of molecular chaperones is likely to yield useful applications for medicine and biotechnology in the future.
A Miniature Transmitter for Telemetering Muscle Potentials (1963)

A miniature transmitter was designed to telemeter muscle potentials from dogs. The implanted transmitter is operated by a nickel-cadmium battery. In order to obtain information over long periods of time, the battery is recharged by induction from an external power source. By using the oscillator transistor in an inverted configuration, the transmitter's circuit serves to recharge the battery without the addition of extra components. The simplicity of the circuit makes the unit compact and minimizes the failure of components. A magnetic switch is used to actuate the circuit, thus eliminating complete drain and degeneration of the battery.
Review of the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Inconel 600 (1975)

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Inconel 600 is of concern to the nuclear power industry. Heat exchangers in commercial nuclear systems have shown SCC in only a fraction of a percent of the tubes in high temperature water, but laboratory SCC of Ni-containing alloys have been demonstrated by several research groups. This review revolves around French data, which show a reversal of the usual sensitizing effect in the case of SCC in high temperature, deaerated water. There is no cracking reported in material first heated so as to precipitate carbides at the grain boundaries, whereas high temperature annealed conditions lead to intergranular SCC in the same laboratory experiments. Electrochemically, SCC and also grain boundary corrosion are related to the potential level of a given test; however, it is not yet understood how the different grain boundary zones in Inconel 600 corrode (with and without applied stress) so that the mechanism of cracking remains speculative. Cr-depletion is sufficient to explain only some cases of intergranular corrosion. Grain boundary segregation seems to be of equal or greater importance in high temperature water, especially when the attack involves SCC. Grain boundaries may become cleaned when segregated elements dissolve in chromium carbide precipitates. Physically, precipitates at grain boundaries could possibly influence the manner in which the metal undergoes strain. Hydrogen as a cause of SCC has not been ruled out. The relationship between surface films formed and SCC of Alloy 600 in high temperature aqueous environments requires more work.
Foreword page (1995)

Animals, plants, water, wind, materials and people flow at different rates, according to spatial patterns common to almost all landscapes and regions. This up-to-date synthesis explores the ecology of heterogeneous land areas, where natural processes and human activities spatially interact, to produce an ever changing mosaic. The subject has great relevance to today's society, and this book reflects the breadth of its importance; there are many ideas and applications for planning, conservation, design, management, sustainability and policy. Spatial solutions are provided for society's land-use objectives. An appealing book, with a highly-readable text on this major emerging field. Students and professionals alike will be drawn by the attractive and informative illustrations, the conceptual synthesis, the wide international perspective and the range of topics and research covered.
A Process-Oriented Approach to Design Rationale (1991)

We propose an approach to design rationale (DR) that emphasizes supporting the design process in such a way that a trace of the rationale is captured with little disruption of the normal process. We describe a rhetorical method for design dialogue called IBIS (meaning issue-based information systems) and two implementations of this rhetorical method: a graphical hypertext tool for conducting IBIS discussions called gIBIS and a simple indented text notation. We describe a field trial in an industrial setting in which the low-tech indented text IBIS was used to capture more than 2,300 requirements and design decisions. We also explore the implications of this experience for the design of computer tools that, like gIBIS, seek to capture DR nonintrusively.
The lungs as anatomical reservoirs of HIV infection (2013)

Failure of antiretroviral therapy to eradicate HIV, even in individuals who suppress the virus to undetectable levels, is a consequence of persistent infection in latently infected cells and within anatomical reservoirs. Support for the notion that the lungs are distinct anatomical reservoirs of HIV comes from a spectrum of studies that have documented different levels of HIV within the lungs compared with the peripheral blood. Different HIV variants have also been found within these two compartments, including variants with distinct antiretroviral resistance mutations. Given that macrophages are long-lived cellular reservoirs of HIV because of their resistance to apoptosis, HIV can persist for prolonged periods within alveolar macrophages that are abundant within the lungs. Furthermore, the large number of cells in close proximity within the lungs provides fertile grounds for cell-to-cell spread of HIV. Distinct immunological pressures in the lungs compared with the peripheral blood likely account for differences in HIV levels within these two compartments in addition to the finding of different variants within these regions. Furthermore, coinfections and tobacco may serve as local stimuli to induce further HIV replication within the lungs. Herein, we review the evidence supporting the notion that lungs are important reservoirs of HIV infection, and we discuss various factors influencing HIV burden within these reservoirs.
Contributions of green light to plant growth and development (2013)

Light passing through or reflected from adjacent foliage provides a developing plant with information that is used to guide specific genetic and physiological processes. Changes in gene expression underlie adaptation to, or avoidance of, the light‐compromised environment. These changes have been well described and are mostly attributed to a decrease in the red light to far‐red light ratio and/or a reduction in blue light fluence rate. In most cases, these changes rely on the integration of red/far‐red/blue light signals, leading to changes in phytohormone levels. Studies over the last decade have described distinct responses to green light and/or a shift of the blue‐green, or red‐green ratio. Responses to green light are typically low‐light responses, suggesting that they may contribute to the adaptation to growth under foliage or within close proximity to other plants. This review summarizes the growth responses in artificially manipulated light environments with an emphasis on the roles of green wavebands. The information may be extended to understanding the influence of green light in shade avoidance responses as well as other plant developmental and physiological processes.
[Premature ventricular contraction during myocardial contrast echocardiography: relationship with imaging method, acoustic power and dose of contrast agent]. (2004)

Although high acoustic power, intermittent myocardial contrast echocardiography with high dose of contrast agent induced premature ventricular contractions, the incidence of premature ventricular contractions was low. Low acoustic power or low dose of contrast agent induced no premature ventricular contractions.
Fourteen-Genome Comparison Identifies DNA Markers for Severe-Disease-Associated Strains of Clostridium difficile (2011)

Clostridium difficile is a common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. A severe and increased incidence of C. difficile infection (CDI) is associated predominantly with the NAP1 strain; however, the existence of other severe-disease-associated (SDA) strains and the extensive genetic diversity across C. difficile complicate reliable detection and diagnosis. Comparative genome analysis of 14 sequenced genomes, including those of a subset of NAP1 isolates, allowed the assessment of genetic diversity within and between strain types to identify DNA markers that are associated with severe disease. Comparative genome analysis of 14 isolates, including five publicly available strains, revealed that C. difficile has a core genome of 3.4 Mb, comprising ∼ 3,000 genes. Analysis of the core genome identified candidate DNA markers that were subsequently evaluated using a multistrain panel of 177 isolates, representing more than 50 pulsovars and 8 toxinotypes. A subset of 117 isolates from the panel had associated patient data that allowed assessment of an association between the DNA markers and severe CDI. We identified 20 candidate DNA markers for species-wide detection and 10,683 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the predominant SDA strain (NAP1). A species-wide detection candidate marker, the sspA gene, was found to be the same across 177 sequenced isolates and lacked significant similarity to those of other species. Candidate SNPs in genes CD1269 and CD1265 were found to associate more closely with disease severity than currently used diagnostic markers, as they were also present in the toxin A-negative and B-positive (A-B+) strain types. The genetic markers identified illustrate the potential of comparative genomics for the discovery of diagnostic DNA-based targets that are species specific or associated with multiple SDA strains.
Activation of the methylreductase system from Methanobacterium bryantii by corrins (1985)

Corrins activated the methylreductase system from Methanobacterium bryantii three- to fivefold in extracts resolved from low-molecular-weight factors. Corrins did not substitute for ATP and component B, which were also required for maximal activity. The concentration of diaquacobinamides required for one-half maximal activity was 1 microM. The concentrations of cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, Co alpha-(5-hydroxybenzimidazoyl)-Co beta-cyanocobamide, and 5'-deoxyadenosylcobinamide required for one-half maximal activity were between 4 and 7 microM. Deoxyadenosylcobalamin was nearly inactive. Activation was independent of thiols, coenzyme M, and ATP. Activation was also observed after partial purification of the methylreductase system by agarose column chromatography. Corrins were required in catalytic concentrations, methylcobalamin was not required, and methanogenesis was enzymatic. Corrin activation of the methylreductase is a novel effect on methanogenesis. However, the physiological significance of the corrin activation is uncertain.
Conversion of Organic Waste to Fuel Gas (1974)

The feasibility of a single-step process for the direct production of a synthetic natural gas from solid organic waste was investigated. Conversions were effected by injecting steam into a heated fixed bed of the organic waste that had been previously mixed with an alkali carbonate and nickel methanation catalyst. The alkali catalyzes the steam-carbon reaction while the nickel catalyzes hydrocracking and methanation reactions. Reaction conditions have been 550 to 725°C and 32 to 265 psia with various organic wastes and steam feed rates. No noticeable pressure effect upon product composition was observed. The product gas was composed predominately of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen with a CO2-free heating value generally in excess of 850 Btu/SCF. Carbon conversions of 50 to 90% were obtained with accompanying volume contractions of the solid wastes of 40 to 95%.
The perfect absorber (2009)

We demonstrate that films of very lossy metal or dielectric, with a thickness of only a few nanometers, can absorb almost all incident radiation when illuminated from the substrate side at the critical angle for total internal reflection. The absorption for s-polarized light approaches 100%, while the absorption for p-polarized light vanishes. We demonstrate this effect by measuring the absorption as a function of the angle of incidence at a wavelength of 775 nm in a 4.5 nm thick NbN film with a dielectric constant ϵNbN=−8.2+31.4i. The measured absorption in this film reaches a maximum of 94%. We discuss the design of a near-unity efficiency single-photon detector for s-polarized light that has a broadband absorption coefficient of &gt;90% for wavelengths from 700 to 1600 nm.
In vivo blockade of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cholesterol-fed rabbits after cardiac transplant inhibits acute coronary artery neointimal formation. (1994)

In vivo blockade of TNF-alpha suppresses the acute development of neointimal formation by selectively reducing the vascular immunoinflammatory reaction and accumulation of fibronectin, whereas cyclosporine A suppresses both the myocardial and the vascular immune reaction.
Recent progress in artificial photosynthesis: CO2 photoreduction to valuable chemicals in a heterogeneous system (2013)

► Multiple-hole oxidation process is the bottleneck for solar fuel synthesis. ► Formation of higher carbon chain is usually very difficult caused by weakly bonded CO. ► A new strategy couples the photoreduction of CO 2 with water photolysis. ► Junction photocatalyst system performs much better than single materials. ► Solid-state mediator is proven effective as alternative liquid mediators.
GCS: high-performance gate-level simulation with GP-GPUs (2009)

In recent years, the verification of digital designs has become one of the most challenging, time consuming and critical tasks in the entire hardware development process. Within this area, the vast majority of the verification effort in industry relies on logic simulation tools. However, logic simulators deliver limited performance when faced with vastly complex modern systems, especially synthesized netlists. The consequences are poor design coverage, delayed product releases and bugs that escape into silicon. Thus, we developed a novel GPU-accelerated logic simulator, called GCS, optimized for large structural netlists. By leveraging the vast parallelism offered by GP-GPUs and a novel netlist balancing algorithm tuned for the target architecture, we can attain an order-of-magnitude performance improvement on average over commercial logic simulators, and simulate large industrial-size designs, such as the OpenSPARC processor core design.
Biotherapy in clinical practice. (1989)

Both antibodies and circulating immune complexes (CIC), which bind to platelets and induce the destruction and clearance of platelets by the reticuloendothelial system, are found in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). IgG and CIC were removed from patients' plasma by extracorporeal immunoadsorption using protein A-silica columns (PROSORBA columns). Of the 36 HIV-positive ITP patients treated, 29 received more than one treatment and were evaluated for response. Sixteen patients showed more than a 50% increase in their platelet counts. Platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) and/or platelet-directed IgG and CIC were elevated in all patients. After four to eight treatments, 16 of 29 patients showed a 170% to 430% increase in platelet counts. A decrease in CIC and PAIgG was noted in responding patients. The median duration of response to date was 8 to 12 months. This treatment was associated with immune modulation and the development of an anti-F (ab')2 antibody response. The antibody functions by complexing with both platelet-binding IgG and CIC, neutralizing their binding capacity for platelets and enhancing their clearance from the circulation. Nine patients with mitomycin-C-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) were also treated with PROSORBA columns. Pretreatment platelet counts were markedly reduced while a definite increase in platelet counts was observed upon completion of therapy. There was a decrease of hemolysis and stabilization of renal function in three patients. PROSORBA column treatment has demonstrated marked activity against both HIV-ITP and HUS, and has successfully freed patients from the bleeding diathesis associated with these syndromes.
Boosted Band Ratio Feature Selection for Hyperspectral Image Classification (2006)

Band ratios have many useful applications in hyperspectral image analysis. While optimal ratios have been chosen empirically in previous research, we propose a principled algorithm for the automatic selection of ratios directly from data. First, a robust method is used to estimate the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) between different sample distributions and evaluate the optimality of individual ratio features. Then, the boosting framework is adopted to select multiple ratio features iteratively. Multiclass classification is handled by using a pairwise classification framework. The algorithm can also be applied to the selection of discriminant bands. Experimental results on both simple material identification and complex land cover classification demonstrate the potential of this ratio selection algorithm.