gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TGFβ in prostate cancer: A growth inhibitor that can enhance tumorigenicity (1997)

A common feature of cancer cells is the autocrine production of growth promoters and the loss of function of tumor suppressors. In our search for such features of prostate cancer, we discovered that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) levels are higher in prostate cancer than in normal prostate, and prostate cancer cells can activate endogenously-produced latent TGF beta to a bioactive form. Because TGF beta 1 is a potent growth inhibitor of epithelial cells, it seems paradoxical that malignant epithelial cells make high levels of a growth inhibitor. Even prostate cancer cells can be growth-inhibited by TGF beta 1, but only under specific conditions in vitro (plating at low cell density in serum-free medium), and this response is readily disrupted by growth factors, serum, and extracellular matrix, to all of which the cells are exposed in vivo. This explains why prostate cancer cells are resistant to the growth-inhibitory effect of TGF beta in vivo. In vivo, TGF beta 1 actually enhances prostate tumor growth and metastasis, but not by affecting tumor cell proliferation directly. One possibility is that TGF beta affects the host to allow increased numbers of tumor cells to survive and produce progeny. In addition, since prostate cancer cells can still respond to TGF beta, e.g., by increased cell motility, even under conditions that prevent growth inhibition, the ability of TGF beta to enhance tumorigenicity in vivo might also occur via direct effects on the tumor cells themselves. I will discuss new developments in our understanding of TGF beta action, which provide a framework for elucidating the mechanism by which prostate cancer cells have devised a way to protect themselves from being growth-inhibited by TGF beta 1 in vivo. Since the cells retain the ability to be growth-inhibited by TGF beta, indicating that the TGF beta receptors and signaling pathways for growth inhibition are intact, albeit inactive, it might be possible to reactivate this pathway to achieve a therapeutic benefit in vivo.
고연령 가구의 연령대별 주택수요 특성 분석 (2015)

본 연구는 고연령 가구의 주택수요 특성을 분석하기 위하여 2단계 Heckit 모형을 이용하여 주택 수요함수를 추정하였다. 고령화 현상으로 인해 고연령 가구 수가 급속히 증가하고 기대수명 연장으로 인해 초고령층까지 연령층이 두터워짐에 따라 고연령 가구의 주택수요는 지속적으로 확대되고 다양해지고 있다. 따라서 고연령 가구를 기존의 연구들처럼 하나의 집단으로 보지 않고, 55세 부터 65세 미만까지는 은퇴기인 장년가구, 65세 이상부터 75세 미만까지는 전기노인 가구, 그리고 75세 이상의 후기노인가구로 구분하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 자가가구의 경우 은퇴기인 장년기에 주택규모를 축소하고 비교적 늦은 시기인 후기 노인기에 임차확률이 높아지는 것으로 확인 되었다. 또한 임차가구의 경우 장년기에는 주택규모의 변동이 거의 없는 반면 전기노인가구부터 소득대비 임대료 부담이 높아지면서 주택규모의 감소가 시작되고 후기 노인기에는 감소량이 둔화되지만 임대료 증가 시 주택규모 축소는 불가피한 것으로 보인다. 즉, 주택소유는 가능한 유지하면서 비교적 이른 시기인 장년기부터 주택규모를 축소하는 것으로 소비조정이 이루어지는데,이는 주택소유 의지가 강한 우리나라 고연령 가구의 특성을 반영하며, 대신 주택규모를 축소함으로써 부족한 소비를 충당하거나 여유자금을 활용하여 노후를 준비하는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 주택소유를 유지하면서도 노후의 생활자금을 융통할 수 있도록 현재 시행중인 주택연금 상품을 다양화 및 활성화하도록 한다. 또한 75세 이상의 저소득 가구를 위해 임대료 부담을 완화하고 공공임대주택 입주자 선정 시 추가적인 가산점 및 우선순위를 부여하는 등의 정책적인 배려가 요구된다.
Photodomain effect in BaTiO3 (1972)

The influence of illumination on the domain structure and polarization kinetics of BaTiO3 single crystals has been studied. It is shown that these phenomena are concerned with the photoconductivity of BaTiO3 and are due to screening mechanism.
Clinical and cost effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review (2002)

Although the clinical benefits of the new drugs appear relatively small, their benefit to patients with lung cancer appears to be worthwhile and cost effective.
Associations between subclinical paratuberculosis and milk production, milk components, and somatic cell counts in dairy herds (1996)

Subclinical paratuberculosis infections, as determined by ELISA, are associated with a 4% reduction in milk yield and add to the already substantial costs of clinical M paratuberculosis infection in the dairy industry.
An experimental 295 MHz CMOS 4K×256 SRAM using bidirectional read/write shared sense amps and self-timed pulsed word-line drivers (1995)

An experimental 4 K word by 256 b CMOS synchronous SRAM employing read/write shared sense amplifiers and self-timed pulsed word-lines is described. The read/write shared sense amplifier allows the RAM to have 256 I/Os and the self-timed pulsed word-line scheme reduces power consumption. Fully differential I/O buses, laid out in fourth metal over the memory cell arrays, use a 0.3 V differential swing. The SRAM is fabricated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m four-layer metal CMOS process employing a 6-T SRAM cell measuring 5.2 /spl mu/m/spl times/6.6 /spl mu/m. The die measures 13.22 mm/spl times/4.80 mm. The SRAM operates at 295 MHz with a 3.3 V supply, achieving a bandwidth of 9.44 Gbyte/s.
Lightweight Agile Beam Antennas for UAVS (2006)

Military network-centric mobile communications systems to be fielded in the near future will make extensive use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for communications relay. The high data rates and sophisticated networking waveforms to be used in these systems often require a high-gain agile beam antenna subsystem to meet throughput requirements. An antenna subsystem with the required capabilities-that is compatible with the size, weight, power and cost constraints of a UAV-thus becomes an enabling technology for these future systems. This paper presents implementation and experimental evaluation of a Ku-band switched-beam tactical CDL antenna designed for the Predator UAV. Emerging technologies for further weight-reducing these antennas will also be discussed, showing a path to a 2-lb switched beam antenna to extend these capabilities to very small UAVs. Implementation and experimental evaluation data will also be presented for switched horn/lens antennas and geodesic cone antennas, which offer additional capabilities beyond the switched-beam antenna subsystem
CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA EXTRACT FOR THE TREATMENT OF CLIMACTERIC COMPLAINTS (2006)

Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) is widely used to treat climacteric complaints. These complaints, particularly hot flushes, are associated with over-activity of GnRH pulse generator in the hypothalamus, which is significantly reduced by E 2 . These effects can be ideally studied in ovariectomized (ovx) rats. In the present contribution we show that over-activity of GnRH pulse generator in the rat model is reduced by E 2 and by CR BNO 1055 as reflected in the reduced LH pulse amplitudes. This effect is not mediated by the pituitary because the extract had no effect on LH and TSH secretion but significantly inhibited prolactin release from cultured pituitary cells indicating the presence of dopaminergic compounds. Both, E 2 and CR treatment of ovx rats had profound effects on the expression of ER-alpha and ER-beta genes in the medio-basal hypothalamus and the preoptic area and both the compounds stimulated tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the preoptic area. This hypothalamic site is the location of GnRH perikarya. It can, therefore, be concluded that catecholaminergic mechanisms are involved in the modality by which the E 2 and CR inhibit the over-activity of the GnRH pulse generator in ovx rats and in postmenopausal women.
Development of Solubility Screening Methods in Drug Discovery (2002)

We developed two methods for solubility screening of drug candidates in drug discovery. The first is a solution-precipitation (SP) method, in which the sample solutions are prepared by adding the drug solution in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to buffers followed by filtering off the precipitate using 96-well filterplate. The second is a powder-dissolution (PD) method, in which the solid samples are dissolved to the buffer in the HPLC vial equipped with the filter membrane in the HPLC autosampler. An HPLC equipped with a photodiode array detector is used to measure the concentration of the sample solutions in both methods. The SP method was used for high throughput screening the solvating process of the candidates in aqueous solutions with lower sample consumption, and the PD method was used for screening both inter-molecular interaction in solid state and solvation in aqueous solution with more sample amount than that of SP method. Therefore, the solubility screening from early to final stage of lead optimization process would be successfully accomplished by using both methods complementarily.
Dual‐energy digital mammography for calcification imaging: Scatter and nonuniformity corrections (2005)

Mammographic images of small calcifications, which are often the earliest signs of breast cancer, can be obscured by overlapping fibroglandular tissue. We have developed and implemented a dual-energy digital mammography (DEDM) technique for calcification imaging under full-field imaging conditions using a commercially available aSi:H/CsI:Tl flat-panel based digital mammography system. The low- and high-energy images were combined using a nonlinear mapping function to cancel the tissue structures and generate the dual-energy (DE) calcification images. The total entrance-skin exposure and mean-glandular dose from the low- and high-energy images were constrained so that they were similar to screening-examination levels. To evaluate the DE calcification image, we designed a phantom using calcium carbonate crystals to simulate calcifications of various sizes (212-425 microm) overlaid with breast-tissue-equivalent material 5 cm thick with a continuously varying glandular-tissue ratio from 0% to 100%. We report on the effects of scatter radiation and nonuniformity in x-ray intensity and detector response on the DE calcification images. The nonuniformity was corrected by normalizing the low- and high-energy images with full-field reference images. Correction of scatter in the low- and high-energy images significantly reduced the background signal in the DE calcification image. Under the current implementation of DEDM, utilizing the mammography system and dose level tested, calcifications in the 300-355 microm size range were clearly visible in DE calcification images. Calcification threshold sizes decreased to the 250-280 microm size range when the visibility criteria were lowered to barely visible. Calcifications smaller than approximately 250 microm were usually not visible in most cases. The visibility of calcifications with our DEDM imaging technique was limited by quantum noise, not system noise.
ISO 26000 nutzen : wegweisendes Projekt für Schweizer KMU (2012)

Gesellschaftliche Verantwortung und Nachhaltigkeit werden immer mehr auch zum Thema für kleine und mittelgrosse Unternehmen (KMU) in der Schweiz. Doch wie sollen diese Firmen ein so komplex scheinendes Thema angehen? Seit zwei Jahren steht dafür die ISO 26000 zur Verfügung. Wie diese durch KMU im Schweizer Kontext genutzt werden kann, untersucht ein Pilotprojekt, an dem fünf Schweizer KMU beteiligt sind.
Genes coding for enterotoxins and verotoxins in porcine Escherichia coli strains belonging to different O:K:H serotypes: relationship with toxic phenotypes (1997)

Seventy-four E. coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea or edema disease in Spain were serotyped and examined for production of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins (LT-I, LT-II, STaH, STaP, and STb) and verotoxins (VT1, VT2, and VT2v = VTe) by phenotypic (Vero cell assay and infant mouse test) and genotypic (colony hybridization and PCR) methods. In general, an excellent correlation was found between the results obtained with a PCR approach and those determined with biological assays. DNA probes used in the hybridization also showed a very good agreement with phenotypic results, with the exception of a VT1 probe that initially produced 10 false-positive reactions. The gene coding for STb (58 strains) was the most prevalent gene detected by PCR, followed by those coding for STa (46 strains), LT (19 strains), VT2v (11 strains), and VT1 (1 strain). Apparently, in Spain three seropathotypes are predominant: (i) O149:K91:H10 K88+ LT-I+ STb+, (ii) O141:K85ab:H- P987+ STaP+, and (iii) O138:K81:H14 or H- STaP+ VT2v+. We conclude that PCR is a fast, specific, and practical method for the identification of enterotoxin and VT genes in clinical and epidemiological studies.
Synthesis of Quantum-Sized Cubic ZnS Nanorods by the Oriented Attachment Mechanism (2005)

Quantum-sized ZnS nanocrystals with quasi-spherical and rod shapes were synthesized by the aging reaction mixtures containing diethylzinc, sulfur, and amine. Uniform-sized ZnS nanorods with the average dimension of 5 nm x 21 nm, along with a small fraction of 5 nm-sized quasi-spherical nanocrystals, were synthesized by adding diethylzinc to a solution containing sulfur and hexadecylamine at 125 degrees C, followed by aging at 300 degrees C. Subsequent secondary aging of the nanocrystals in oleylamine at 60 degrees C for 24 h produced nearly pure nanorods. Structural characterizations showed that these nanorods had a cubic zinc blende structure, whereas the fabrication of nanorods with this structure has been known to be difficult to achieve via colloidal chemical synthetic routes. High-resolution TEM images and reaction studies demonstrated that these nanorods are formed from the oriented attachment of quasi-spherical nanocrystals. Monodisperse 5 nm-sized quasi-spherical ZnS nanocrystals were separately synthesized by adding diethylzinc to sulfur dissolved in a mixture of hexadecylamine and 1-octadecene at 45 degrees C, followed by aging at 300 degrees C. When oleic acid was substituted for hexadecylamine and all other procedures were unchanged, we obtained 10 nm-sized quasi-spherical ZnS nanocrystals, but with broad particle size distribution. These two different-sized quasi-spherical ZnS nanocrystals showed different proportions of zinc blende and wurtzite crystal structures. The UV absorption spectra and photoluminescence excitation spectra of the 5 nm ZnS quasi-spherical nanocrystals and of the nanorods showed a blue-shift from the bulk band-gap, thus showing a quantum confinement effect. The photoluminescence spectra of the ZnS nanorods and quasi-spherical nanocrystals showed a well-defined excitonic emission feature and size- and shape-dependent quantum confinement effects.
Cellulose as a nanostructured polymer: A short review (2008)

Cellulose has a complex, multi-level supermolecular architecture. This natural polymer is built from superfine fibrils having diameters in the nano scale, and each such nanofibril contains ordered nanocrystallites and low-ordered nano-domains. In this review, the nano-structure of cellulose and its influence on various properties of the polymer is discussed. In particular, the ability of nano-scale crystallites to undergo lateral co-crystallization and aggregation, as well as to undergo phase transformation through dissolution, alkalization, and chemical modification of cellulose has been the subject of investigation. The recent investigations pave the way for development of highly reactive cellulosic materials. Methods for preparation nanofibrillated cellulose and free nano-particles are described. Some application areas of the nanostruc-tured and nano-cellulose are discussed.
Estimates of Positive Solutions to a Boundary Value Problem for the Beam Equation (2007)

We consider a two-point boundary value problem for the fourth order beam equation. New upper and lower estimates of positive solutions of the problem are obtained.
Artificial modification of atmospheric space charge (1962)

Artificially produced space charge of positive or negative polarity was released into the atmosphere at a rate of about 1 milliampere from an electrified horizontal wire 14 km long. Operating characteristics of this apparatus are described. Electrical measurements from an airplane show that the charge from the wire mixed rapidly into the lower atmosphere and caused large perturbations in the fair-weather electric potential gradient and space charge. These perturbations extended downwind 10 km or more. When there was convection, the charge was rapidly carried aloft by thermal updrafts. The artificial charge appears to be a good tracer for micrometeorological studies of atmospheric circulation.
Accord with a rule (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Initial compass bearings Accord and the harmony between language and reality Rules of inference and logical machinery Formulations and explanations of rules by examples Interpretations, fitting and grammar Further misunderstandings
Desalination of Red Sea water using both electrodialysis and reverse osmosis as complementary methods (2015)

Desalination process separates nearly salt free water from sea or brackish water. So, desalination process is becoming a solution for water scarcity all over the world. Two membrane methods of water desalination namely electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO) are used in this study as complementary methods. The results show that both ED and RO can be used as integrated system. This system is economic and cost effective compared with each individual method provided using the ED system before the RO. In this study, it was approved that seawater can be used as it is an electrolyte. TDS of Red Sea water was decreased from 42070 ppm to 2177 ppm achieving 94.8% removal efficiency using ED for half of its optimum time. Total removal efficiency of 99.4% can be obtained using the combined system of ED and RO.
Only Tα or Tγ cells can be triggered by IgG or IgA to suppress the production of the matching Ig class (1986)

A short exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to heat-aggregated IgG (or IgA) was found to inhibit pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced human B cell differentiation into IgG (or IgA)-producing cells. The present study was designed to investigate the nature of the cells inducible by aggregated (Agg)-IgG or Agg-IgA into isotype-specific suppressors. When T cell-enriched suspensions were exposed to Agg-IgG or Agg-IgA, then thoroughly washed, and cultured with autologous nonrosetting cells in the presence of PWM, a selective suppression of the generation of cells synthesizing and secreting IgG or IgA, respectively, was observed. Conversely, no inhibition was induced by T-depleted PBMC treated in exactly the same way. Unlike Agg-IgG, Agg-F(ab')2 fragments did not trigger suppression. Finally, in vitro X-irradiation of T cells pretreated with Agg-IgG or Agg-IgA abrogated their suppressive activity. It is concluded that among cells bearing Fc gamma or Fc alpha receptors, only T cells were inducible into suppressor cells by the binding of the matching immunoglobulin class.
Fine Mutational Analysis of 2B8 and 3H7 Tag Epitopes with Corresponding Specific Monoclonal Antibodies (2016)

Bacteriophytochromes are phytochrome-like light-sensing photoreceptors that use biliverdin as a chromophore. To study the biochemical properties of the Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome (DrBphP) protein, two anti-DrBphP mouse monoclonal antibodies (2B8 and 3H7) were generated. Their specific epitopes were identified in our previous report. We present here fine epitope mapping of these two antibodies by using truncation and substitution of original epitope sequences in order to identify minimized epitope peptides. The previously reported original epitope sequences for 2B8 and 3H7 were truncated from both sides. Our analysis showed that the minimal peptide sequence lengths for 2B8 and 3H7 antibodies were nine amino acids (RDPLPFFPP) and six amino acids (PGEIEE), respectively. We further characterized these peptides in order to investigate their reactivity after single deletion and single substitution of the original peptides. We found that single-substituted 2B8 epitope (RDPLPAFPP) and dual-substituted 3H7 epitope (PGEIAD) showed significantly increased reactivity. These two antibodies with high reactivity for the short modified peptide sequences are valueble for developing new peptide tags for protein research.
Design and Analysis of Enhanced Catalysis in Scaffolded Multienzyme Cascade Reactions (2013)

New developments in nucleic acid nanotechnology and protein scaffold designs have enabled unparalleled control over the spatial organization of synthetic multienzyme cascade reactions. One of the goals of these new technologies is to create nanostructured enzyme cascade reactions that promote substrate channeling along the cascade and, in doing so, enhance cascade catalysis. The concept of substrate channeling has a long and rich history in biochemistry and has established methods of evaluation and quantification. In this Perspective, we review the most common of these methods and discuss them in the context of engineered multienzyme systems and natural bifunctional enzymes with known mechanisms of substrate channeling. In addition, we use experimental data and the results of simulations of coupled-enzyme reactions to develop a set of preliminary design rules for engineering multienzyme nanostructures. The design rules address the limitations on interenzyme distance and active site orientation in substrate channeling and suggest designs for promoting enhanced catalysis, specifically, that enzyme orientation should minimize interenzyme distance and that at distances greater than 1 nm between active sites, significant channeling occurs only if diffusion of the intermediate is bounded through interactions with the surface or scaffold between active sites. This field is rapidly developing and promises to create many more new and exciting technologies.
Complex sequences with low periodic correlations (Corresp.) (1980)

Three types of families of complex periodic sequences are shown to have nearly minimal correlation magnitudes. The sequences contain no zero entries. For certain pairs of sequences of period <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N=(p- 1)/2, p</tex> a prime, all nonpeak correlation coefficients have magnitude close to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(2N)^{-1/2}</tex> .
Active plasmonics: Controlling signals in Au/Ga waveguide using nanoscale structural transformations (2004)

We have developed a concept for active plasmonics that exploits nanoscale structural transformations which is supported by rigorous numerical analysis. We show that surface plasmon-polariton signals in a metal-on-dielectric waveguide, containing a gallium section a few microns long, can be effectively controlled by switching the structural phase of gallium. The switching may be achieved by either changing the waveguide temperature or by external optical excitation. The signal modulation depth could exceed 80% and switching times are expected to be in the picosecond–microsecond time scale.
Lens aberration measurement technique using attentuated phase-shifting mask (2000)

Pattern deformation and pattern position shift caused by lens aberration of the exposure tool sis a serious problem. To analyze the effect of lens aberration, lens aberration data are needed. We have therefore developed a new technique to evaluate lens aberration by using an attenuated phase- shifting mask. We firstly measured exposure energy ratio when side-lobe of an octagonal pattern on an attenuated phase-shifting mask was printed at each of the pattern side by sign scanning electron microscope. This ratio is then compared with the ratio of simulated light intensities, and we obtained aberration values, COMA and trefoil errors. To cut down measurements time and improve measurement repeatability, we inspected the wafers to detect formation of side-lobe patterns by using wafer pattern defect inspection system. As a result, automatic measurement time decreased to 20 minutes for 11 by 11 points measurement in one shot. The light intensity simulation show that pattern delineation characteristics are affected by trefoil errors more than by COMA. We can apply this new measurement technique to select a better lens system that will not suffer so much the effect of COMA and trefoil error on pattern delineation.