gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A high pulse repetition frequency ultrasound system for the<i>ex vivo</i>measurement of mechanical properties of crystalline lenses with laser-induced microbubbles interrogated by acoustic radiation force (2012)

A high pulse repetition frequency ultrasound system for an ex vivo measurement of mechanical properties of an animal crystalline lens was developed and validated. We measured the bulk displacement of laser-induced microbubbles created at different positions within the lens using nanosecond laser pulses. An impulsive acoustic radiation force was applied to the microbubble, and spatio-temporal measurements of the microbubble displacement were assessed using a custom-made high pulse repetition frequency ultrasound system consisting of two 25 MHz focused ultrasound transducers. One of these transducers was used to emit a train of ultrasound pulses and another transducer was used to receive the ultrasound echoes reflected from the microbubble. The developed system was operating at 1 MHz pulse repetition frequency. Based on the measured motion of the microbubble, Young's moduli of surrounding tissue were reconstructed and the values were compared with those measured using the indentation test. Measured values of Young's moduli of four bovine lenses ranged from 2.6 ± 0.1 to 26 ± 1.4 kPa, and there was good agreement between the two methods. Therefore, our studies, utilizing the high pulse repetition frequency ultrasound system, suggest that the developed approach can be used to assess the mechanical properties of ex vivo crystalline lenses. Furthermore, the potential of the presented approach for in vivo measurements is discussed.
Efficient Victim Block Selection for Flash Storage Devices (2015)

Motivated by the needs to enhance the performance of garbage collection in low-cost flash storage devices, we propose a victim block selection design to efficiently identify the blocks for erases and reclaim the space of invalid data without extensively scanning flash memory for the data status stored in the storage, so as to improve the garbage collection performance on reclaiming the space of invalid data. Moreover, this design could easily identify and reclaim the space released by file systems. Experiments based on benchmark traces show significant performance improvement of garbage collection with limited system overheads.
A clinical and pathological staging system for soft tissue sarcomas (1977)

A system for staging the clinical status of patients with soft tissue sarcomas is presented, based on the clinical characteristics of the primary tumor (size, extension), the involvement of lymph nodes, the presence of metastases, and the grade of the tumor. This represents the TNM system with grade of tumor (G) added. The system evolved was based on examination of 1215 cases of 13 types of soft tissue sarcomas, primarily in the extremities (fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, etc.). Nine stages are described, and they are correlated with survival in the cases reviewed. The staging system now can be used for case evaluation for therapy determination and for intercomparison of series of patients as to incidence of different kinds of tumors, effects of treatment, and survival.
High-RI resist polymers for 193 nm immersion lithography (2005)

A critical aim within the field of 193 nm immersion lithography is the development of high refractive index immersion fluids and resists. Increases in the refractive index (RI) of the immersion fluid will result in increases in the numerical aperture and depth of focus. Increasing the RI of resist polymers will improve exposure latitude for the process. A challenge for increasing the RI of resist polymers is to do so without detrimentally affecting other properties of the polymer such as transparency, line edge roughness, adhesion and plasma etch resistance. It is well known in the literature that introducing sulfur, bromine or aromatic groups into a polymer structure will increase its RI. However, due to the relatively strong absorption of phenyl groups at 193 nm these groups have to be avoided. Furthermore, the use of bromine poses problems associated with contamination of the silicon wafer. Hence, in this study, a systematic approach has been used to increase the sulfur content of 193 nm type resist polymers, by synthesis of sulfur-containing monomers and by performing bulk modifications of the polymer. The effect of sulfur content on the RI at 193 nm was then investigated. A broad study of the relationship between molecular structure and RI dispersion from 250-180 nm has also been undertaken, and conclusions drawn using QSPR methodologies. Finally, the effect of sulfur content on other lithography parameters, such as transparency, adhesion and plasma etch resistance, was also evaluated.
Notes - Some N-Substituted-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamides (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - Some N-Substituted-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamidesR. B. Angier and V. K. SmithCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 12, 1540–1543Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1956Publication History Published online21 February 2003Published inissue 1 December 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01118a623https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01118a623research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views223Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Superoxide dismutases in gastric and esophageal cancer and the prognostic impact in gastric cancer. (2000)

The oxidant-antioxidant balance is thought to be important in the initiation, promotion, and therapy resistance of cancer. In the present study, we assessed the expression of the antioxidants manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in gastric and esophageal carcinomas and their relation with clinical outcome. Adenocarcinomas of the stomach (n = 81) as well as squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus (n = 10) showed an enhanced immunohistochemical expression of Mn-SOD, which was accompanied by a significantly higher tissue level (P < or = 0.007) compared with their corresponding normal mucosa. In contrast, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase was found to be marginally lower in these malignant tissues in comparison with the normal tissues. The superoxide dismutase levels were not found to be associated with major clinicopathological features of the gastric cancer patients. Univariate analysis revealed, however, that a high Mn-SOD level in gastric carcinomas, a low level in the normal gastric mucosa, and a high ratio of these two levels in gastric cancer patients are indicative of a poor overall survival. Multivariate analysis, including all clinicopathological parameters, revealed that the Mn-SOD ratio in particular is an independent prognostic parameter in gastric cancer patients.
Photo-induced proton coupled electron transfer from a benzophenone ‘antenna’ to an isoindoline nitroxide (2015)

When exposed to light, a novel nitroxide-benzophenone hybrid will undergo an energy transfer process whereby the nitroxide enters an excited state which induces an efficient hydrogen atom transfer from unactivated alkanes.
A SPAD-based pixel linear array for high-speed time-gated fluorescence lifetime imaging (2009)

A monolithic 64-pixel linear array for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging applications is presented. Each pixel includes four actively quenched Single Photon Avalanche Diodes, four gated 8-bit counters and is capable of measuring single and double exponential decays. The array has a 34% fill factor, a maximum throughput rate of 320 Mbps, and has been tested up to 40 MHz laser repetition rate. Preliminary fluorescence measurements have been performed obtaining a 6% lifetime precision in 660 mus accumulation time and a very good uniformity among the pixels.
Molecular Structure of Polystyrene at Air/Polymer and Solid/Polymer Interfaces (2000)

IR-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy has been used in a total internal reflection geometry to study the molecular structure of polystyrene (PS) at PS/sapphire and PS/air interfaces, simultaneously. The symmetric vibrational modes of the phenyl rings dominate the SFG spectra at the PS/air interface as compared to the antisymmetric vibrational modes at the PS/sapphire interface. This indicates approximately parallel orientation of the phenyl rings at the PS/air interface while nearly perpendicular orientation at the PS/sapphire interface, with respect to the surface normal.
Hierarchical Magnetite/Silica Nanoassemblies as Magnetically Recoverable Catalyst–Supports (2008)

We report the synthesis of magnetically responsive hierarchical assemblies of silica colloids that can be used as recoverable supports for nanocatalysts. Each assembly is composed of a central magnetite/silica composite core and many small satellite silica spheres. The two regions are held together as a stable unit by a polymer network of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The central magnetite particles are superparamagnetic at room temperature with strong magnetic response to external fields, thus providing a convenient means for separating the entire assembly from the solution. The satellite silica particles provide large surface areas for loading nanocatalysts through the well-developed silane chemistry. As an example, we demonstrate the use of such magnetically responsive hierarchical assemblies as recoverable supports for Au nanocatalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol with NaBH4.
Identification of Peptide Superagonists for a Self-K-ras-Reactive CD4+ T Cell Clone Using Combinatorial Peptide Libraries and Mass Spectrometry (1999)

The proliferative responses of a human CD4+ T cell clone 29.15.2, reactive with a self-K-ras-derived peptide (3EYKLVVVGAGGVGKSALT20), were tested using a set of X9 combinatorial peptide libraries containing the flanking residues (EYKLVXXXXXXXXXSALT, where X indicates random amino acids). Certain peptide libraries, such as EYKLVXXXXXX<cmd UNL>M<cmd /UNL> XXSALT and EYKLVXXXXXXX<cmd UNL>H<cmd /UNL> XSALT, stimulated a marked proliferation of 29.15.2. However, no combinations of substitutions tested, such as EYKLVXXXXXX<cmd UNL>MH<cmd /UNL> XSALT, exhibited additive effects. We subsequently synthesized peptides with degenerate sequences (a mixture of 480 species), where each position is composed of the wild-type (wt) residue or of amino acids that induced the proliferation of 29.15.2, in positional scanning. Interestingly, one fraction of degenerate peptides, separated by reverse-phase HPLC, stimulated much higher proliferation than did the wt; in addition, the retention time of this fraction was distinct from that of the wt. Mass spectrometry analysis of this fraction and flanking fractions identified five peptide species that exhibit strong signals in a manner that parallels the antigenic activity. Finally, 17 candidate peptide sequences were deduced from mass spectrometry and hydrophobicity scoring results, of which two peptides (EYKLVVVGAGG<cmd UNL>ML<cmd /UNL> KSALT and EYKLVVVGAGG<cmd UNL>MI<cmd /UNL> KSALT) did induce 52- and 61-fold stronger proliferation, respectively, compared with the wt. These findings indicate that: 1) synthetic peptides that carry "the best" residue substitution at each position of combinatorial peptide libraries do not always exhibit superagonism, and 2) such a drawback can be overcome with the use of mass spectrometry. This approach provides new perspectives for the accurate and efficient identification of peptide superagonists.
Phenomenology of the normal state of Cu-O high-temperature superconductors (1989)

The universal anomalies in the normal state of Cu-O high-temperature superconductors follow from a single hypothesis: There exist charge- and spin-density excitations with the absorptive part of the polarizability at low frequencies \ensuremath{\omega} proportional to \ensuremath{\omega}/T, where T is the temperature, and constant otherwise. The behavior in such a situation may be characterized as that of a marginal Fermi liquid. The consequences of this hypothesis are worked out for a variety of physical properties including superconductivity.
The advantages of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in dermatology (2002)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being increasingly employed in the detection and treatment of malignant and non-malignant disease. This local technique uses a photosensitizing drug activated by light to generate cell death via the production of reactive oxygen species. This review describes the fundamental processes behind PDT, focussing on the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). ALA itself is not a photosensitizing drug, but administration of exogenous ALA induces the build-up of the natural endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). This form of PDT has proved promising for the treatment of a number of dermatological indications. An overview of these current and potential applications of ALA-based PDT is presented, with emphasis on the advantages of the technique that make it especially suitable for skin conditions and the problem areas on which future research should be focussed.
Partial Substitution of Serum in Hematopoietic Cell Line Media by Synthetic Polymers (1970)

Several synthetic polymers (hydroxyethyl starch, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone) markedly improved the growth of three human lymphocyte cell lines [Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1348, 1788, and 8098]. Growth was stimulated when each of these polymers was added to RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with only 2% fetal bovine serum. Dextran T-40, T-70, and T-110 varied in their effect on the growth of these cell lines. Dextran T-250 and Haemaccel did not improve cell yields when partially substituted for the serum. The successful partial substitution of polymers for serum was specific for individual cell lines.
<title>The wrapper: a surface optimization algorithm that preserves highly curved areas</title> (1994)

Software to construct polygonal models of anatomical structures embedded as isosurfaces in 3D medical images has been available since the mid 1970s. Such models are used for visualization, simulation, measurements (single and multi-modality image registration), and statistics. When working with standard MR- or CT-scans, the surface obtained can contain several million triangles. These models contain data an order of magnitude larger than that which can be efficiently handled by current workstations or transmitted through networks. These algorithms generally ignore efficient combinations that would produce fewer, well shaped triangles. An efficient algorithm must not create a larger data structure than present in the raw data. Recently, much research has been done on the simplification and optimization of surfaces ([Moore and Warren, 1991]); [Schroeder et al., 1992]; [Turk, 1992]; [Hoppe et al., 1993]; [Kalvin and Taylor, 1994]). All of these algorithms satisfy two criteria, consistency and accuracy, to some degree. Consistent simplification occurs via predictable patterns. Accuracy is measured in terms of fidelity to the original surface, and is a prerequisite for collecting reliable measurements from the simplified surface. We describe the 'Wrapper' algorithm that simplifies triangulated surfaces while preserving the same topological characteristics. We employ the same simplification operation in all cases. However, simplification is restricted but not forbidden in high curvature areas. This hierarchy of operations results in homogeneous triangle aspect and size. Images undergoing compression ratios between 10 and 20:1 are visually identical to full resolution images. More importantly, the metric accuracy of the simplified surfaces appears to be unimpaired. Measurements based upon 'ridge curves; (sensu [Cutting et al., 1993]) extracted on polygonal models were recently introduced [Ayache et al., 1993]. We compared ridge curves digitized from full resolution, Wrapper, and volume subsampled CT-scan isosurfaces. [Dean, 1993] introduced a method for measuring distances between space curves. In the best case this method demonstrated that ridge curves digitized from the Wrapper simplified images were two orders of magnitude closer to the full resolution image than those taken from the volume subsampled images.
Robotic cameras: the news of the future (1988)

Developments in the integration of robotic controlled broadcast cameras within the overall concept of studio automation, have significantly advanced over the past year. Previously, developments in the computer control of camera systems were based on the requirement of exercise control of the pan/tilt position of the camera with zoom and focus of the lens, this method of control being more related to remote rather than robotic control. Recent advances allowing the cameras to physically move, under robotic control, across the studio floor, enable the use of multiple sets within a studio automation environment. The paper presents how such developments have been realised with the inclusion of video tracking techniques to enable complete hands-off control.
A Simple Method to Induce Focal Brain Hypothermia in Rats (2006)

Hypothermia reduces cell death and promotes recovery in models of cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage and trauma. Clinical studies report significant benefit for treating cardiac arrest and studies are investigating hypothermia for stroke and related conditions. Both local (head) and generalized hypothermia have been used. However, selective brain cooling has fewer side effects than systemic cooling. In this study, we developed a method to induce local (hemispheric) brain hypothermia in rats. The method involves using a small metal coil implanted between the Temporalis muscle and adjacent skull. This coil is then cooled by flushing it with cold water. In our first experiment, we tested whether this method induces focal brain hypothermia in anesthetized rats. Brain temperature was assessed in the ipsilateral cortex and striatum, and contralateral striatum, while body temperature was kept normothermic. Focal, ipsilateral cooling was successfully produced, while the other locations remained normothermic. In the second experiment, we implanted the coil, and brain and body temperature telemetry probes. The coil was connected via overhead swivel to a cold-water source. Brain hypothermia was produced for 24 h, while body temperature remained normothermic. A third experiment measured brain and body temperature along with heart rate and blood pressure. Brain cooling was produced for 24 h without significant alterations in pressure, heart rate or body temperature. In summary, our simple method allows for focal brain hypothermia to be safely induced in anesthetized or conscious rats, and is, therefore, ideally suited to stroke and trauma studies.
Karl Llewellyn and the Realist Movement (1975)

Karl Llewellyn and the Realist Movement Twining William, Karl Llewellyn and the Realist Movement. South Hackensack, New Jersey. Fred B. Rothman & Co., 1973. xiv, 574 pp. $25.00. Edward A. Purcell, Jr. Edward A. Purcell, Jr. Associate Professor Department of History, University of Missouri, Columbia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Legal History, Volume 19, Issue 3, July 1975, Pages 240–246, https://doi.org/10.2307/844886 Published: 01 July 1975
Ethers and esters derived from apocynin avoid the interaction between p47<i>phox</i> and p22<i>phox</i> subunits of NADPH oxidase: evaluation <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> (2013)

NOX (NADPH oxidase) plays an important role during several pathologies because it produces the superoxide anion (O2•-), which reacts with NO (nitric oxide), diminishing its vasodilator effect. Although different isoforms of NOX are expressed in ECs (endothelial cells) of blood vessels, the NOX2 isoform has been considered the principal therapeutic target for vascular diseases because it can be up-regulated by inhibiting the interaction between its p47phox (cytosolic protein) and p22phox (transmembrane protein) subunits. In this research, two ethers, 4-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenoxy)-acetic acid (1) and 4-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenoxy)-butyric acid (2) and two esters, pentanedioic acid mono-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenyl) ester (3) and heptanedioic acid mono-(4-acetyl-2-methoxy-phenyl) ester (4), which are apocynin derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as NOX inhibitors by quantifying O2•- production using EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) measurements. In addition, the antioxidant activity of apocynin and its derivatives were determined. A docking study was used to identify the interactions between the NOX2's p47phox subunit and apocynin or its derivatives. The results showed that all of the compounds exhibit inhibitory activity on NOX, being 4 the best derivative. However, neither apocynin nor its derivatives were free radical scavengers. On the other hand, the in silico studies demonstrated that the apocynin and its derivatives were recognized by the polybasic SH3A and SH3B domains, which are regions of p47phox that interact with p22phox. Therefore this experimental and theoretical study suggests that compound 4 could prevent the formation of the complex between p47phox and p22phox without needing to be activated by MPO (myeloperoxidase), this being an advantage over apocynin.
Distributed, Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors (2019)

India is poised to use nuclear energy in a big way. The safety of these systems depends upon monitoring various parameters in hazardous environment like high radiation, high temperature exceeding 1000°C, and gas/coolant leakages. In this chapter, we shall dwell on basics of distributed sensing, related instrumentation, device fabrication, and actual advanced field applications. Techniques like Raman scattering, resonance response of fiber gratings, and selective absorption are employed for design, development, and fabrication of distributed sensors and devices. Raman distributed sensors with advanced data processing techniques are finding increasing applications for fire detection, coolant leak detection, and safety of large structures. The systematic investigations related to portable systems developed at the author’s lab have been described. Wavelength-encoded fiber gratings are the attractive candidate for high gamma radiation dose measurements in environment such as particle accelerators, fission reactors, food processing facilities, and ITER-like installations. The basics of fiber gratings, their operational designs, and devices based on fiber gratings have been described with advanced applications like high temperature sensing, strain measurements at cryogenic temperatures, and strain in nuclear environment. Finally, novel approaches are described for distributed hazardous gas monitoring for large areas such as airports, train stations, and reactor containment buildings.