gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Irrigation-coupled bipolar cautery unit: A practical, economical, and simple version (2008)

Hemostasis is a fundamental principle of surgery for which electrocoagulation is universally used. Bipolar electrocautery has an advantage over monopolar electrocautery in terms of the precision of the extent of tissue coagulation and the lateral extent of thermal tissue injury. However, secondary to the thermal changes induced in the tissue due to electric current passage, there is charring of tissue, which adheres to the cautery tip. This, not only decreases its effectiveness, but also, by getting avulsed while removing the cautery tip from the surgical field, causes rebleeding and more trauma to the tissue. Irrigation of the surgical field during application of cautery reduces the charring effect, thereby improving the efficiency and efficacy. Irrigation-coupled electrocautery devices are available but are costly to acquire and maintain. We describe a simple and reliable version of an irrigation-coupled cautery device, which is of immense functional utility in our experience. It decreases the amount of charring of the tissue and its adherence to the bipolar forceps tips, thereby decreasing the frustrating loss of effectiveness and also increases the life of the bipolar forceps as cleaning needs to be less frequent. By virtue of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, it can be used in almost all hospitals and situations.
Chronic Ethanol Consumption Disturbs G–Protein Expression and Inhibits Cyclic Amp-Dependent Signaling in Regenerating Rat Liver (1992)

Evidence suggests that ethanol desensitizes hepatocytes to the trophic effects of hormones. Cyclic AMP-dependent signals are important regulators of intermediary metabolism, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and modulate liver growth during hepatic regeneration. The events leading to cyclic AMP accumulation after partial hepatectomy were characterized in rats consistently fed ethanol-containing diets and compared with results in rats fed isocaloric amounts of nonethanol diet to determine whether altered cyclic AMP-dependent signal transduction contributes to ethanol-associated aberrations in hepatic growth regulation. Ethanol treatment significantly inhibited hepatic accumulation of cyclic AMP after partial hepatectomy. This was most likely the result of decreased synthesis of cyclic AMP because activation of adenylyl cyclase by agents acting through receptors (e.g., glucagon or isoproterenol), GTP-binding proteins (GTP-gamma-S) and directly on adenylyl cyclase (e.g., forskolin) was significantly inhibited in ethanol-fed rats. Both homologous and heterologous desensitization contributed to this effect. beta 1-Adrenergic receptors were relatively down-regulated 6 hr after partial hepatectomy in ethanol-fed rats, whereas glucagon receptor kinetics were similar in the two groups. Liver membrane expression of GTP-binding proteins differed markedly after partial hepatectomy in ethanol-fed and pair-fed rats. Ethanol significantly inhibited post-partial hepatectomy induction of the stimulatory G protein, Gs alpha but led to overexpression of the inhibitory, G(i)2 alpha, subunit. Steady-state messenger RNA levels of these G proteins were similar in ethanol-fed and pair-fed rats, suggesting that ethanol inhibits G protein expression posttranscriptionally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clinical update of pulsed electromagnetic fields on osteoporosis (2008)

Low-frequency PEMFs relieves the pain of primary osteoporosis quickly and efficiently, enhances bone formation and increases BMD of secondary osteoporosis. But the effects of PEMFs on bone mineral density of primary osteoporosis and bone resorption were controversial.
Opportunistic Viral Infections in the Setting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1999)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has provided a setting in which additional neurologic problems develop. The mechanism of these complications varies from agent to agent, but the added spectrum of diseases encountered has challenged diagnosticians and provided unparalleled opportunities to develop a deeper understanding of these conditions and their treatments. This review addresses the most prominent viral-associated complications, except for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which is addressed in a separate review. The complications of greatest importance both due to their frequency and severity are caused by cytomegalovirus, so these are discussed in greater depth. However, the association of Epstein-Barr virus with induction of central nervous system lymphoma represents an important viral linked complication of great importance. In addition, the increased activity of varicella zoster virus has been notable in the setting of HIV. Finally, human herpesvirus type 6 is an emerging virus of interest that has been identified in the setting of HIV infection, whose role in pathophysiology is only now being investigated.
Quantification of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in eucalyptus foliage with the radiative transfer model PROSPECT 5 is affected by anthocyanin and epicuticular waxes (2012)

Precision monitoring of plant health via remote sensing benefits from accurate quantification of attributes such as foliar pigments related to stress. For example, pigment content (the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids) can be indirectly related to photosynthetic efficiency in plants and hence productivity. Optical remote sensing can potentially provide this data with high spatial accuracy via spectral reflectance. In a previous study we found that the leaf radiative transfer model PROSPECT 5 could estimate chlorophyll content in <I>Eucalyptus globulus</i> leaves reasonably well but prediction of carotenoids was poor. To examine the basis for poor model performance, we conducted a targeted study using both a pot experiment with <i>E. globulus</i> and field samples of <i>E. globulus</i> and <i>E. nitens</i>. We examined the influence of anthocyanins and waxes on the performance of the model by manipulating these variables with shade, nutrition and a wax removal treatment. The relationship between measured to modelled leaf chlorophyll concentration was strongest when plants were shaded then exposed to several days sun before assessment, (r<sup>2</sup>=0.88), in which anthocyanins were 3-fold lower than the sun treatments. The fit was also improved for sun treatment plants when wax was removed from leaves (r<sup>2</sup>=0.77). This highlights the impact of anthocyanins and wax on performance of PROSPECT5 to predict chlorophyll in eucalypts. Surprisingly, the fit between measured and modelled carotenoid concentrations was not greatly improved by any of the treatments - the best fit achieved was for the treatment with wax removed (r<sup>2</sup>=0.42). For the adult leaves collected in the field, we investigated the impact of anthocyanin content on the fit of measured to modeled carotenoids, but results were not greatly improved when using only leaves with low anthocyanin content. During this study we refined our UV spectroscopy methods for both chlorophyll and carotenoid estimation, and these refinements were validated by analysis of the same samples with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. After method refinement, data generated from the two methods were closely related (carotenoids, r<sup>2</sup>=0.99; chlorophyll, r<sup>2</sup>=0.97) and method problems were not contributing to poor relationships between measured pigments and those modelled by PROSPECT5. We conclude that the presence of waxes in eucalypts leaves is the main source of error in the estimation of pigment concentrations using PROSPECT 5. These results suggest that application of PROSPECT 5 to eucalypt canopies across different seasons may be problematic, particularly for quantification of carotenoids, as both anthocyanins and waxes can change with season, ontology and stress. However, these could be accounted for in future versions of the model.
Molecular Surveillance of HIV-1 in Madrid, Spain: a Phylogeographic Analysis (2011)

The molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 is constantly changing, mainly as a result of human migratory flows and the high adaptive ability of the virus. In recent years, Spain has become one of Europe's main destinations for immigrants and one of the western European countries with the highest rates of HIV-positive patients. Using a phylogeographic approach, we have analyzed the relationship between HIV-1 variants detected in immigrant and native populations of the urban area of Madrid. Our project was based on two coincidental facts. First, resistance tests were extended to naïve and newly diagnosed patients, and second, the Spanish government legislated the provision of legal status to many immigrants. This allowed us to obtain a large data set (n = 2,792) from 11 Madrid hospitals of viral pol sequences from the two populations, and with this unique material, we explored the impact of immigration in the epidemiological trends of HIV-1 variants circulating in the largest Spanish city. The prevalence of infections by non-B HIV-1 variants in the studied cohort was 9%, rising to 25% among native Spanish patients. Multiple transmission events involving different lineages and subsubtypes were observed in all the subtypes and recombinant forms studied. Our results also revealed strong social clustering among the most recent immigrant groups, such as Russians and Romanians, but not in those groups who have lived in Madrid for many years. Additionally, we document for the first time the presence of CRF47_BF and CRF38_BF in Europe, and a new BG recombinant form found in Spaniards and Africans is tentatively proposed. These results suggest that the HIV-1 epidemic will evolve toward a more complex epidemiological landscape.
A Note on Bronfenbrenner's Moral Dilemmas (1972)

En appliquant à un échantillon d'étudiants canadiens le test des dilemmes moraux de Bronfenbrenner, L'A. ne vise pas seulement une comparaison avec les résultats obtenus par les sujets anglais de Beloff et Paton, mais il s'interroge aussi sur la valeur technique de l'instrument. Il calcule les corrélations entre les résultats des différentes conditions expérimentales et les corrélations entre le test de Bronfenbrenner et L'échelle d'Edimbourg ajoutée par Beloff et Paton. Il procède à une analyse factorielle des 36 items du test des dilemmes moraux et, mesurant la fidélité de ces items par la méthode des formes équivalentes, il obtient un coeffcient égal à .905.
Nanoparticle-Based Sandwich Electrochemical Immunoassay for Carbohydrate Antigen 125 with Signal Enhancement Using Enzyme-Coated Nanometer-Sized Enzyme-Doped Silica Beads (2010)

A novel nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunoassay of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) as a model was designed to couple with a microfluidic strategy using anti-CA125-functionalized magnetic beads as immunosensing probes. To construct the immunoassay, thionine-horseradish peroxidase conjugation (TH-HRP) was initially doped into nanosilica particles using the reverse micelle method, and then HRP-labeled anti-CA125 antibodies (HRP-anti-CA125) were bound onto the surface of the synthesized nanoparticles, which were used as recognition elements. Different from conventional nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunoassays, the recognition elements of the immunoassay simultaneously contained electron mediator and enzyme labels and simplified the electrochemical measurement process. The sandwich-type immunoassay format was used for the online formation of the immunocomplex in an incubation cell and captured in the detection cell with an external magnet. The electrochemical signals derived from the carried HRP toward the reduction of H(2)O(2) using the doped thionine as electron mediator. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical immunoassay exhibited a wide working range from 0.1 to 450 U/mL with a detection limit of 0.1 U/mL CA125. The precision, reproducibility, and stability of the immunoassay were acceptable. The assay was evaluated for clinical serum samples, receiving in excellent accordance with results obtained from the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Concluding, the nanoparticle-based assay format provides a promising approach in clinical application and thus represents a versatile detection method.
Studies on topical antiinflammatory agents. II. Synthesis and vasoconstrictive activity of 21-substituted corticosteroids with sulfur-containing moieties. (1989)

As part of the search for new topical antiinflammatory agents, various 21-substituted corticosteroids having sulfur-containing moieties were prepared and tested for vasoconstrictive activity in humans. A structure-activity relationship study revealed that substitution of the 21-hydroxy group with a lower alkyl-thio group enhanced the activity. The activities of the 21-methylthio (3Ad) and the 21-ethylthio (3Ae) compounds were more potent than that of 9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta,21-dihydroxy-16 beta-methyl-17 alpha-valeroyloxy-1,4- pregnadiene-3,20-dione (betamethasone 17-valerate, BV).
Direct Recycling of Spent NCM Cathodes through Ionothermal Lithiation (2020)

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) are a family of nonconventional molten salts that offer many advantages, such as negligible vapor pressures, negligible flammability, wide liquidus ranges, good thermal stability, and much synthesis flexibility. The unique solvation environment of these ILs provides new reaction or flux media for controlling formation of solid‐state materials with a minimum perturbation of morphologies. A successful lithiation via ionothermal synthesis using a cost‐effective Li halide as Li source and recyclable ILs as solvents is reported here for the direct recycling of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NCM 111) cathodes. In addition, the ionic liquids can be readily recycled and reused after ionothermal lithiation. The lithiation of spent cathodes can enable the direct recycling of spent cathode materials in lithium‐ion batteries.
Direct characterization of charge-density-wave defects in titanium-doped<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">TaSe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>by scanning tunneling microscopy (1990)

A scanning tunneling microscope has been used to elucidate the effect of impurities on the commensurate charge-density-wave (CDW) phase in a series of ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ta}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ materials. Analysis of tunneling images shows that the frequency of CDW defects increases linearly with x(Ti) and that several titanium centers may be necessary to cause a single defect. For x(Ti)\ensuremath{\le}0.04 the localized defects consist of a CDW amplitude distortion, while for x(Ti)=0.07 defects consisting of a coupled amplitude-phase distortion are also observed. In addition, CDW twin domains that nucleate at these amplitude-phase defects has been imaged in real space for the first time.
Genetic Studies of Recombining DNA in Pneumococcal Transformation (1966)

The results of genetic fine structure experiments, performed on the amiA locus of Pneumococcus are summarized. The peculiar feature of transformation genetics is that a given donor marker mutation transforms with an efficiency characteristic of the mutated site. In spite of this difficulty, mapping procedures have been devised and quantitative recombination studies performed. It is concluded from these studies that transformation, in this locus, is the consequence of frequent, and essentially random exchanges occurring between donor DNA and the chromosomal DNA of the recipient cell. The average length of uninterrupted donor DNA polynucleotide strand which could be inserted into the chromosome of a transformed cell is estimated, from genetic data, to be probably not greater than 3.10(5) daltons (for a double-stranded insertion). It is proposed, on the basis of genetic evidence, that following essentially random exchanges between donor DNA and recipient chromosome, a revision process, specific for certain types of mutated sites, occurs. The revision process appears to remove preferentially donor DNA sequences from the primary recombinant structure, and allow repair along the chromosomal template, leading to low efficiency in the genetic integration of these sites. A mechanism for this "destruction-choice" process is presented, and evidence in support of this mechanism discussed.
Teachers' Gaze and Awareness of Students' Behavior: Using An Eye Tracker (2012)

In the current study, an eye tracker was used to examine the gaze of teachers while they watched a video of a lesson. We found no difference in teaching experience between teachers who were aware and those who were unaware of students' misbehavior. In addition, teachers who noticed students' misbehavior fixated on target students more frequently and longer than teachers who did not notice the misbehavior. However, we found no difference in the duration of each fixation, and thus, frequent fixations seemed to make fixation length longer. Moreover, we found no difference in the time to the first fixation on target students between groups. These results suggest that there is no relationship between teaching experience and the ability to notice students' negative behavior and that aware teachers make frequent fixations on students' misbehavior. Our study shows that eye tracking is a novel technique that reveals perceptual characteristics of teachers.
XSLT stylesheet generation by example with WYSIWYG editing (2003)

XSLT plays an important role in data conversions between different XML representations. However, besides the transformations between XML data representations, conversion to an HTML document is one of the most practical tasks for XSLT, because it allows XML documents to be rendered in a human-readable form using Web browsers. We have developed XSLbyDemo, which is an XSLT stylesheet generation module to be plugged into a commercially available full-fledged HTML authoring tool. The remarkable feature of XSLbyDemo is that users can create an XSLT stylesheet automatically solely on the basis of their knowledge of HTML editing. We briefly explain situations where stylesheets for XML rendering are needed. We then introduce the rule generation method based on the users' operation history recorded behind the WYSIWYG editor, and in particular explain the ways of generalizing the created rules so that the obtained rules can be applied to other documents slightly different from the original one. Finally, we give a practical example of the rules generation by XSLbyDemo, and demonstrate that our method can be used for not only the conversion but also the partitioning of a real-life HTML document into smaller pages represented with Compact HTML to be rendered on Web-enabled cellular phones such as i-mode phones.
TPMT in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine (2002)

Azathioprine induced profound myelosuppression linked to TPMT deficiency has now been documented in many patient groups, including those with Crohn's disease. At the start of azathioprine or mercaptopurine therapy, measurement of TPMT activity has a role in identifying the 1 in 300 patients who are at risk of severe myelosuppression when treated with standard thiopurine dosages. During the initial months of azathioprine therapy a knowledge of TPMT status warns of early bone marrow toxicity. In patients established on azathioprine these is no clear evidence to suggest that TPMT is predictive of clinical response or drug toxicity, indicating a role for TPMT in the prediction of early events rather than long term control. In patients with Crohn's disease on long term azathioprine therapy, it is clear that myelosuppression, particularly leucopenia, is caused by other factors in addition to variable TPMT activity and therefore monitoring of blood cell counts throughout treatment is essential.
Nanoscale surface modifications to control capillary flow characteristics in PMMA microfluidic devices (2011)

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic devices have been fabricated using a hot embossing technique to incorporate micro-pillar features on the bottom wall of the device which when combined with either a plasma treatment or the coating of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film presents a range of surface modification profiles. Experimental results presented in detail the surface modifications in the form of distinct changes in the static water contact angle across a range from 44.3 to 81.2 when compared to pristine PMMA surfaces. Additionally, capillary flow of water (dyed to aid visualization) through the microfluidic devices was recorded and analyzed to provide comparison data between filling time of a microfluidic chamber and surface modification characteristics, including the effects of surface energy and surface roughness on the microfluidic flow. We have experimentally demonstrated that fluid flow and thus filling time for the microfluidic device was significantly faster for the device with surface modifications that resulted in a lower static contact angle, and also that the incorporation of micro-pillars into a fluidic device increases the filling time when compared to comparative devices.
Determination of the Analytical Performance of a Headspace Capillary Gas Chromatographic Technique and Karl Fischer Coulometric Titration by System Calibration Using Oil Samples Containing Known Amounts of Moisture (1999)

Over the past few years, concerns have been raised in the literature about the accuracy of the Karl Fischer (KF) method for assessing moisture in transformer mineral oils. To better understand this issue, the performance of a static headspace capillary gas chromatographic (HS-CGC) technique was compared to that of KF coulometric titration by analyzing moisture in samples containing known amounts of water and various samples obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Two modes of adding samples into the KF vessel were used: direct injection and indirect injection via an azeotropic distillation of the moisture with toluene. Under the conditions used for direct injection, the oil matrix was totally dissolved in the anolyte, which allowed the moisture to be titrated in a single-phase solution rather than in a suspension. The results have shown that when HS-CGC and combined azeotropic distillation/KF titration are calibrated with moisture-in-oil standards, a linear relation is observed over 0-60 ppm H(2)O with a correlation coefficient better than 0.9994 (95% confidence), with the regression line crossing through zero. A similar relation can also be observed when calibration is achieved by direct KF addition of standards prepared with octanol-1, but in this case an intercept of 4-5 ppm is noted. The amount of moisture determined by curve interpolation in NIST reference materials by the three calibrated systems ranges from 13.0 to 14.8 ppm for RM 8506 and 42.5 to 46.4 ppm for RM 8507, and in any case, the results were as high as those reported in the literature with volumetric KF titration. However, titration of various dehydrated oil and solvent samples showed that direct KF titration is affected by a small bias when samples contain very little moisture. The source of error after correction for the large sample volume used for the determination (8 mL) is about 6 ppm for Voltesso naphthenic oil and 4 ppm for toluene, revealing a matrix effect on the measurement. Finally, the results revealed that HS-CGC is a good technique for measuring moisture in oil samples and that the use of azeotropic vapors for introducing moisture into the titrator almost completely eliminates the matrix effect observed with the oil components. Direct KF injection could also be used provided the system is calibrated with moisture-in-oil standards prepared in the same matrix which is to be used for the determination.