gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The preparation and properties of thin polycrystalline GaAs solar cells with grain boundary edge passivation (1980)

This paper describes the preparation and properties of thin-film (9-µm) polycrystalline GaAs solar cells, fabricated on molybdenum substrates by the metalorganic process. These cells, of a Schottky structure, have an efficiency of 5.7 percent under simulated AM1 conditions, with no antireflective (AR) coating. This is achieved by passivating the grain boundary edges, resulting in a reduction of shunt leakage by five to six decades. The effect of treatments on the resulting electrical properties is described; both treatments during fabrication as well as on complete devices are considered here. These include a critic acid etch treatment prior to anodization, and hydrochloric acid treatments on completed devices. The effect of annealing is also described briefly together with techniques by which full recovery of cell performance can be achieved. Finally, transport properties are outlined briefly in order to highlight the primary current transport mechanisms in these cells.
Combustion properties of asphalt binder containing flame retardant (2011)

SUMMARY Combustion characteristics of asphalt binder containing flame retardant (magnesium hydroxide, MH) were investigated using thermogravimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and multistage combustion model of asphalt binder was developed. The results indicate that the combustion processes of asphalt binder and MH‐modified asphalt binder both include three main sequential stages. But with the MH concentration increase, the release amount of flammable volatiles is reduced, and the asphalt binder ignition time is delayed. Asphalt binder thermal stability is improved by incorporation of MH. At the same MH concentration, the kinetics parameters increase from the first to third stage. But in each stage, the kinetics parameters exhibit an increase trend in the first stage as the MH content increases, but in the second and third stages, the kinetics parameters show a trend of first increase and then decrease. Furthermore, the parameters reach the maximum at the concentration of around 20% by weight. This concentration may be appropriate for flame‐retarding asphalt binder. It is concluded that MH may be used as a new kind of environment‐friendly flame retardant for asphalt binder, and the developed thermal analysis kinetics model can be employed to evaluate the combustion characteristics of asphalt binder. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use of NanoTrap Particles as a Sample Enrichment Method to Enhance the Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus (2013)

This study demonstrates NanoTrap particles are capable of capturing, enriching, and protecting RVFV virions. Furthermore, the use of NanoTrap particles can be extended to a variety of viruses, including VEEV and HIV.
Effect of Carrier on Labeling and Biodistribution of Re-188-Hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (2000)

Purpose: Re-188-Hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP) is a new cost-effective agent for systemic radioisotope therapy of metastatic bone pain. We investigated the influence of carrier for labeling and biodistribution of Re-188-HEDP using HEDP kit with or without carrier (). Materials and Methods: The kits (HEDP 15 mg, gentisic acid 4 mg and 4.5 mg) with or without carrier ( 0.1 mg) were labeled with Re-188 solution, made available from an in-house generator by boiling for 15 min. We compared the labeling efficiency and stability of carrier-added and carrier-free preparations of Re-188-HEDP Biodistribution and imaging studies of each preparation were performed in ICR mice () and SD rats (). Results: The carrier-added preparation showed high labeling efficiency (95% at pH 5) and high stability in serum (88%, 3 hr). However, the carrier-free preparation showed low labeling efficiency (59% at pH 5) and low stability (43%, 3 hr). The carrier-added preparation showed high uptake in bone and low uptake in stomach and kidneys. However, the carrier-free preparation showed lower uptake in bone and higher uptake in both stomach and kidneys, which is supposed to be due to released perrhenate. The carrier-added preparation also showed better images with higher skeletal accumulation, lower uptake in other organs and lower soft tissue uptake than the carrier-free preparation. Conclusion: The results of these studies clearly demonstrate that addition of carrier perrhenate is required for high labeling efficiency, stability, bone uptake and good image quality of Re-188-HEDP.
Multimodality Therapy in Gynecologic Oncology (1994)

The emphasis of this book is on the clinical management of gynaecologic malignancies, including breast cancer, combining various treatment modalities, such as radiation and chemotherapy. The focus is placed on non-surgical treatment modalities. Diagnostics and surgical methods are discussed only in as far as they pertain to the definition of the multimodal treatment regimen. Accepted therapies are differentiated from those still in the experimental phase or which lack sufficient scientific support. Combinations of multiple treatment modalities are discussed in individual segments of each chapter.
CORROSION INVESTIGATION BY ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS (1957)

Not long ago, the East Bay Municipal Utility District of Oakland, California, faced and solved a stubborn corrosion problem in its large twin‐transmission main. The problem arose originally when the District built its second Mokelumne Aqueduct running parallel with the first for about 83 miles. Shortly after this new line was built, leaks began to appear in the older aqueduct, even though it had been protected by cathodic devices for the previous 15 years. Mr. Hendrickson, who was appointed to solve the problem, states that corrosion in a pipeline is caused by an electric current discharging electrolytically from the pipe to the soil. The source of this electric current may be galvanic or of local action, or it could also be man‐made such as a stray railway current. Mr. Hendrickson's findings are given below from the paper he subsequently gave at the Annual Conference of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
Effect of the confinement-layer composition on the internal quantum efficiency and modulation response of quantum-well lasers (1992)

The authors show that the transport factor X is related to the internal quantum efficiency eta /sub i/ of the quantum-well laser, and the enhancement in X contributes significantly to a reduction of eta /sub i/. It is also shown that suppression of the thermionic emission of carriers out of the quantum well is essential to prevent the degradation of the effective differential gain in high-speed quantum-well lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Embedded Surface Damage Detection Technology of Bridge Cable (2006)

提出了基于图像识别技术的嵌入式桥梁拉索表面损伤检测方法,并进行了技术实现.检测系统采用并行式图像采集阵列,同一时刻将采集到的拉索表面一周的视频图像数据实时送入TMS320DM642进行图像处理,以此为基础进行缺陷判断和存储.该系统为实现实时、准确的拉索缺陷识别提供了解决方案.
Oral tolerance in the control of experimental models of autoimmune disease. (1995)

Autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including many human arthritides, cause significant morbidity and mortality. The control of their immunological aspects is central to management of the diseases and usually involves drugs that are, in the immunological sense, non-specific in their effects. The efficacy of such drugs may be limited, and they may have side-effects so serious that if immunologically specific means were available to control these diseases, there would be significant benefits. Immunological specificity is carried only by antibodies, T cell receptors, MHC molecules and, of course, antigen. Based upon the experimental outcome of inducing systemic specific immunological unresponsiveness-the so-called oral tolerance effect-by feeding antigens, several groups have investigated the effects on experimental autoimmune diseases of delivering autoantigens across gastric and respiratory mucosal surfaces. Three forms of arthritis, those induced by type II collagen, adjuvant and oil, respectively, have been examined in this way, and the results from these studies show that disease can be specifically prevented or ameliorated. In parallel, examination of experimental encephalitis and uveitis, as examples of neurological diseases, and diabetes in the NOD mouse, have produced the same results. This review discusses the results of these experimental studies and draws out their common features. The uniform finding is that T cells are made hyporesponsive, and that the most likely mechanism is one of active suppression mediated through the selective activation of T cells, of either CD4+ or CD8+ phenotype, that make cytokines which in turn can suppress pathological T cells responsible for the disease lesions. There are many unanswered questions concerning optimal dosage regimes, routes and vehicles for antigen delivery and antigen pharmacokinetics that need to be answered if the promising results of early human trials are to be exploited with benefit. At the fundamental level, the full identity of the cell type, or types, responsible for the tolerance, most likely to be active peripheral suppression, is still elusive. Given the complexity of disease processes in the different situations that have been examined, it is likely that no one mechanism applies in all, and that therefore different therapeutic approaches will need to be tailored accordingly.
Nanoparticle Assemblies and Superstructures (2010)

Cubes, triangular prisms, nano-acorn, nano-centipedes, nanoshells, nano-whiskers. . . .  Now that we can create nanoparticles in a wide variety of shapes and morphologies, comes the next challenge: finding ways to organize this collection of particles into larger and more complex systems.  Nanoparticle Assemblies and Superstructures, edit
Review of substrate-integrated waveguide circuits and antennas (2011)

Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology represents an emerging and very promising candidate for the development of circuits and components operating in the microwave and millimetre-wave region. SIW structures are generally fabricated by using two rows of conducting cylinders or slots embedded in a dielectric substrate that connects two parallel metal plates, and permit the implementation of classical rectangular waveguide components in planar form, along with printed circuitry, active devices and antennas. This study aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in the modelling, design and technological implementation of SIW structures and components.
A Feedback-Based Dynamic Tolling Algorithm for High-Occupancy Toll Lane Operations (2008)

Dramatically increasing travel demands and insufficient traffic facilities have induced severe traffic congestion. High-occupancy toll (HOT) lane operation has been proposed as one of the most applicable and acceptable countermeasures against freeway congestion. With balanced pricing and vehicle occupancy constraints, HOT lane operations can realize the optimal traffic allocation and enhance overall infrastructure efficiency. However, few previous studies have concentrated on optimal tolling strategies. Two major problems with inferior tolling strategies degrade HOT lane system performance. First, an undersensitive tolling algorithm is incapable of handling the hysteretic properties of traffic systems and may cause severe response delays. Second, oversensitive characteristics of imperfect tolling strategies may cause unfavorable flow fluctuations in HOT and general-purpose lanes that disrupt traffic operations. A new feedback-based tolling algorithm to optimize HOT lane operations addresses these problems. To decompose the calculation complexity, a second-order control scheme is used in this algorithm. On the basis of traffic speed conditions and toll changing patterns, the optimal flow ratio for HOT lane use is calculated by using feedback control theory. The appropriate toll rate is then estimated backward by using the discrete route choice model. This algorithm is simple, effective, and easy to implement. VISSIM-based simulation tests were conducted to examine its practicality and effectiveness. Test results show that the proposed tolling algorithm performed reasonably well in optimizing overall traffic operations of the HOT lane system under various traffic conditions.
Challenges of Antibacterial Discovery (2011)

The discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. The purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. The major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improvement of chemical libraries to overcome limitations of diversity, especially that which is necessary to overcome barriers to bacterial entry and proclivity to be effluxed, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Failure to address these problems has led to a great deal of misdirected effort.
Asymmetrically-dilated cross-connect switches for low-crosstalk WDM optical networks (2002)

We find that the asymmetrically-dilated configuration of a 2/spl times/2 cross-connect switch is superior to the conventionally dilated configuration in terms of overall crosstalk when the levels of the bar-port crosstalk and the cross-port crosstalk of a unit switch are significantly different from each other, which is true in many types of wavelength filters for wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical-network applications. We present a recursive method to extend the principle of asymmetric dilation to larger-size cross-connect switches, and make a recommendation for a asymmetrically-dilated 4/spl times/4 cross-connect configuration.
Aza-Michael Mono-addition Using Acidic Alumina under Solventless Conditions (2016)

Aza-Michael reactions between primary aliphatic and aromatic amines and various Michael acceptors have been performed under environmentally-friendly solventless conditions using acidic alumina as a heterogeneous catalyst to selectively obtain the corresponding mono-adducts in high yields. Ethyl acrylate was the main acceptor used, although others such as acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate and acrylamide were also utilized successfully. Bi-functional amines also gave the mono-adducts in good to excellent yields. Such compounds can serve as intermediates for the synthesis of anti-cancer and antibiotic drugs.
Periodic motion detection with ROI-based similarity measure and extrema-based reference selection (2012)

This paper presents a new algorithm for detecting and analyzing the periodic motions in video sequences. Different from the previous methods which detect periodic motions from the entire frame, we propose a convexhull- based process to automatically determine the regions of interest (ROI) of the motions and utilize an ROI-based similarity measure to detect the motion periods. Furthermore, we also propose an extrema-based method to select the optimal reference frame for further improving the periodic detection performance. Our proposed algorithm can not only effectively detect motion periods with both constant and variable period lengths, but also have obvious advantage when handling periodic motion with slight movements. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Bioluminescence in Chesapeake Bay (1961)

Bioluminescence measurements made by stimulation of the organisms in a jet of water directed at the face of a phototube have increased the sensitivity of data by a factor of 1000 over "spontaneous" luminescence measurements. In light-baffled cells it has been possible to map the surface bioluminescence of large areas continuously in broad daylight. Measurements of intensity versus depth during both day and night do not show any appreciable diurnal variation in maximum intensity, although there does appear to be a vertical migration of intensity.
Theoretical Study on the Homeotropic-Transient Planar Transition of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (2001)

We investigate both analytically and numerically the time evolution of the director field in the homeotropic-transient planar transition of cholesteric liquid crystals bounded by parallel substrates. The analytic solution of approximate dynamic equations shows that, at the initial stages of the transition, the spatial frequency of the director components perpendicular to the helical axis should be smaller than 2( K 22 / K 33 ) q 0 , and the growth rate of the components depends on the spatial frequency and the elastic constants of both twist and bend. We find that ( K 22 / K 33 ) q 0 is the most probable value considering either thermal agitation of the director or the free energy density as a function of spatial frequency and thermal agitation in the initial stages. Numerical solutions of exact dynamic equations show that the initial spatial frequency remains constant throughout the transition, which indicates that the pitch of the transient planar texture is determined by the initial condition. Functional dependence of the growth rate on the elastic constants quatitatively agrees well with that of numerical solution of exact dynamic equation.
The design of a high-efficiency neutron counter for waste drums to provide optimized sensitivity for plutonium assay (1997)

An advanced passive neutron counter has been designed to improve the accuracy and sensitivity for the nondestructive assay of plutonium in scrap and waste containers. The High-Efficiency Neutron Counter (HENC) was developed under a Cooperative Research Development Agreement between the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Canberra Industries. The primary goal of the development was to produce a passive assay system for 200-L drums that has detectability limits and multiplicity counting features that are superior to previous systems. A detectability limit figure of merit (FOM) was defined that included the detector efficiency, the neutron die-away time, and the detector`s active volume and density that determine the cosmic-ray background. Monte Carlo neutron calculations were performed to determine the parameters to provide an optimum FOM. The system includes the {sup 252}Cf {open_quotes}add-a-source{close_quotes} feature to improve the accuracy as well as statistical filters to reduce the cosmic-ray spallation neutron background. The final decision gave an efficiency of 32% for plutonium with a detector {sup 3}He tube volume that is significantly smaller than for previous high-efficiency systems for 200-L drums. Because of the high efficiency of the HENC, we have incorporated neutron multiplicity counting for matrix corrections for those cases where the plutonium is localizedmore » in nonuniform hydrogenous materials. The paper describes the design and performance testing of the advanced system. 5 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.« less
ChemInform Abstract: Advanced Tetracycles in a Stereoselective Approach to d,l‐Spongiatriol and Related Metabolites: The Use of Radicals in the Synthesis of Angular Electrophores. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Asynchronous Techniques for System-on-Chip Design (2006)

SoC design will require asynchronous techniques as the large parameter variations across the chip will make it impossible to control delays in clock networks and other global signals efficiently. Initially, SoCs will be globally asynchronous and locally synchronous (GALS). But the complexity of the numerous asynchronous/synchronous interfaces required in a GALS will eventually lead to entirely asynchronous solutions. This paper introduces the main design principles, methods, and building blocks for asynchronous VLSI systems, with an emphasis on communication and synchronization. Asynchronous circuits with the only delay assumption of isochronic forks are called quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI). QDI is used in the paper as the basis for asynchronous logic. The paper discusses asynchronous handshake protocols for communication and the notion of validity/neutrality tests, and completion tree. Basic building blocks for sequencing, storage, function evaluation, and buses are described, and two alternative methods for the implementation of an arbitrary computation are explained. Issues of arbitration, and synchronization play an important role in complex distributed systems and especially in GALS. The two main asynchronous/synchronous interfaces needed in GALS-one based on synchronizer, the other on stoppable clock-are described and analyzed.
Development of a Method for Kinematic GPS Carrier-Phase Ambiguity Resolution Using Multiple Reference Receivers (1998)

Abstract : To perform the most precise relative positioning using GPS, it is necessary to resolve the carrier-phase integer cycle ambiguities. This process becomes increasingly difficult as the distance between the mobile and reference GPS receivers increases, due to the decorrelation of the GPS errors with distance, resulting in a practical limit on the distance over which ambiguity resolution can be performed when using a single reference receiver. This thesis proposes a novel method, called NetAdjust, which uses multiple reference receivers to reduce code and carrier-phase differential measurement errors and improve the ability to resolve carrier-phase ambiguities. The NetAdjust method is based upon an optimal linear minimum error variance estimator, and it encapsulates all of the network information into the measurements of a single reference receiver, so standard single-reference differential GPS processing algorithms can be used. The geometry of the reference receiver network is embedded within the error covariance matrix, and a functional form of this covariance matrix is described. The NetAdjust method was tested using two different GPS networks, an 11-receiver network covering a 400 km x 600 km region in southern Norway, and a 4-receiver network covering a 50 km x 150 km region at Holloman AFB in New Mexico. The results for L1 code, L1 phase, and widelane phase measurements are analyzed in the measurement domain and the position domain, showing improvements in RMS errors of up to 50% when using NetAdjust. Significant improvements in the ability to resolve carrier-phase ambiguities are also demonstrated for the Holloman and Norway test networks. Issues relating to development of an operational, real-time NetAdjust system are discussed. Also, a covariance analysis method is developed which can be used to predict NetAdjust effectiveness under various conditions and network configurations.
Organization, structure and expression of murine interferon alpha genes (1985)

Using a human interferon-alpha probe we have isolated recombinant phages containing murine interferon-alpha (Mu IFN-alpha) genes from a genomic library. One of these phages contained two complete Mu IFN-alpha genes and part of a third gene. The insert of a second phage held two IFN genes. This indicates that the Mu IFN-alpha genes are clustered in the genome as is the case for the analogous human genes. The nucleotide sequences of these 5 genes were determined. They show that the genes are all different, albeit highly homologous. The deduced amino acid sequences show that four of the five genes contain a putative glycosylation site. Three genes were transiently expressed in COS cells and they gave rise to protein products showing antiviral properties. The expression of the five Mu IFN-alpha genes and the Mu IFN-beta gene was studied in virus-induced mouse L cells. The individual mRNAs were visualized in a nuclease S1 experiment, using a specific probe for each gene. In RNA preparations from induced cells mRNAs for each of the five alpha genes and the beta gene were present. However, substantial differences in the amounts of the individual mRNAs were observed.