gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of pressure distributions on model and full-scale NACA 64-621 airfoils with ailerons for wind turbine application (1988)

The aerodynamic similarity between a small (4-inch chord) wind tunnel model and a full-scale wind turbine blade (24-foot tip section with a 36-inch chord) was evaluated by comparing selected pressure distributions around the geometrically similar cross sections. The airfoils were NACA 64-621 sections, including trailing-edge ailerons with a width equal to 38 percent of the airfoil chord. The model airfoil was tested in the OSU 6- by 12-inch High Reynolds Number Wind Tunnel; the full-scale blade section was tested in the NASA Langley Research Center 30- by 60-foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel. The model airfoil contained 61 pressure taps connected by embedded tubes to pressure transducers. A belt containing 29 pressure taps was fixed to the full-scale section at midspan to obtain surface pressure data. Lift coefficients were obtained by integrating pressures, and corrections were made for the 3-D effects of blade twist and downwash in the blade tip section. The results of the two different experimental methods correlated well for angles of attack from minus 4 to 36 degrees and aileron reflections from 0 to 90 degrees.
Assessing the quality of the random phase approximation for lattice constants and atomization energies of solids (2010)

We present lattice constants, bulk moduli, and atomization energies of solids using the correlation energy evaluated within the adiabatic connection fluctuation-dissipation framework and applying the random-phase approximation. Recently, we have shown [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 056401 (2009)] that geometrical properties and heats of formation are well described within this approximation. We extend this study to a larger set of materials and focus on the treatment of metals and the effect introduced by the frozen-core approximation.
A new deadlock detection algorithms for distributed real-time database systems (2002)

Recently the concurrency control issue of real-time transactions is gaining increasing attention of researchers in the database community. One of the major design issue in concurrency control of real-time transactions is the resolution of local as well as distributed deadlocks while at the same time meeting the timing requirements of the transactions. In this paper, a new deadlock detection algorithm specially designed for distributed real-time database systems is proposed. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through extensive simulation experiments. Studies have also been carried out to compare the performance of the real-time deadlock detection algorithm with a non real-time algorithm for both firm and soft real-time transactions. Results indicated that the real-time deadlock detection algorithm performs better than the non real-lime deadlock detection algorithm. Results also indicated that the performance of the new algorithm is substantially better for soft real-time than that of firm real-time systems.
A study on the thermal properties and the solid state pyrolysis of the Lewis acid/base adducts [X<sub>3</sub>M·N(SnMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>] (X = Cl, Br; M = Al, Ga, In) and [Cl<sub>2</sub>MeM·N(SnMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>] (M = Al, Ga) as molecular precursors for group 13 nitride materials (2002)

The Lewis acid/base adducts [X3M·N(SnMe3)3] (1–3: X = Cl, Br; M = Al, Ga, In) and [Cl2MeM·N(SnMe3)3] (4: M = Al, 5: M = Ga) were studied as precursors for group 13 nitride materials. The compounds were prepared by the 1∶1 mole reaction of MX3 and MCl2Me with N(SnMe3)3 at room temperature in diethyl ether and crystallised from CH2Cl2 at −20 °C. As shown by thermal analysis and the analysis of the volatile by-products, the precursors of the type [X3M·N(SnMe3)3] decompose between 100 and 350 °C predominantly in two steps via dehalostannylation by partly releasing Me3SnCl. Polycrystalline powders of AlN, GaN and InN were obtained after prolonged pyrolysis under inert conditions (argon, and in vacuo) above 350 °C and were contaminated with metallic tin according to the X-ray powder diffraction patterns. The pyrolysis of the organometallic precursors [Cl2MeM·N(SnMe3)3] (4, 5) yielded tin-free nitride materials at temperatures below 350 °C due to the parallel elimination of SnMe4 and Me3SnCl, as evidenced by X-ray powder diffraction, elemental analysis, NMR and IR spectroscopy of the products.
Goedel Machines: Self-Referential Universal Problem Solvers Making Provably Optimal Self-Improvements (2003)

We present the first class of mathematically rigorous, general, fully self-referential, self-improving, optimally efficient problem solvers. Inspired by Kurt Goedel's celebrated self-referential formulas (1931), such a problem solver rewrites any part of its own code as soon as it has found a proof that the rewrite is useful, where the problem-dependent utility function and the hardware and the entire initial code are described by axioms encoded in an initial proof searcher which is also part of the initial code. The searcher systematically and efficiently tests computable proof techniques (programs whose outputs are proofs) until it finds a provably useful, computable self-rewrite. We show that such a self-rewrite is globally optimal - no local maxima! - since the code first had to prove that it is not useful to continue the proof search for alternative self-rewrites. Unlike previous non-self-referential methods based on hardwired proof searchers, ours not only boasts an optimal order of complexity but can optimally reduce any slowdowns hidden by the O()-notation, provided the utility of such speed-ups is provable at all.
Cadherins: crucial regulators of structure and function in reproductive tissues (2000)

Cadherins are cell surface proteins that are directly involved in a wide variety of processes such as cell adhesion, cell sorting, cell survival, morphogenesis, formation of intercellular junctions, maintenance of tissue integrity and tumourigenesis. This review discusses the multiple functions of cadherins in reproductive tissues. Furthermore, the role of the intracellular signalling protein beta-catenin in regulating cadherin function is reviewed. Finally, the findings that cadherin concentrations in reproductive tissues are responsive to steroid hormones is discussed. The modulation of cadherin expression by hormones is in agreement with the hypothesis that these proteins are dynamically involved in the maintenance of structure and function in reproductive tissues.
Application of a model-free algorithm for the packing of irregular shaped objects in semiconductor manufacture (2002)

A robotic system has been developed to automate the crucible packing process in the CZ semiconductor wafer production. It requires the delicate manipulation and packing of highly irregular shaped polycrystalline silicon nuggets, into a fragile glass crucible. An online algorithm is presented to plan the packing. It uses a method called virtual trial and error. The online algorithm handles large numbers of highly irregularly shaped object of different sizes without requiring the object models. Working with the 3D range maps of objects, it is computationally fast enough to be applied in real-time to practical industrial applications, such as the CZ wafer manufacture. Simulation results show that it compares well with the human performance. The integrated system is shown to achieve high production rates, required precision and cost effectiveness.
Amperometric Gas Sensor Response Times (1998)

This work examines the relative importance of diffusion and the electrical time constant of the working electrode on the response time of amperometric gas sensors. The response curve of an electrochemical carbon monoxide sensor to a 200 ppm CO test gas was measured as a function of the added resistance that is in series with the working electrode to increase the time constant. It has been found that the response time increases with additional resistance. The experimental behavior was compared to the values predicted on the basis of Fick's second law of diffusion and to the values expected on the basis of the electrical properties of the sensor. The behavior of the sensor was explained using an equivalent electrical circuit, describing the time constants of the working electrode. Values obtained from this model were further compared to experimental values obtained from electrochemical impedance spectra. It has been found that the response time of the sensors depends on both the rate of diffusion and the electrical time constants of the working electrode.
Plasma Assisted Low Temperature Synthesis of WSe<sub>2</sub> (2015)

The two-dimensional layered structure of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials has attracted much attention due to their particular structure. The electrical properties show large differences depending on the choice of the metal employed. These TMD layered materials may exhibit metallic, superconducting, or semiconducting properties. Particularly, tungsten disulphide (WSe 2 ) shows a semiconducting electronic structure that varies with their thickness. Previous studies using exfoliated WSe 2 , have demonstrated a particular ambipolar behavior with large on/off ration and large mobilities. Despite the exceptional electrical and optical properties of WSe 2 reliable synthesis methods on large area are still in early stages. The use of large processing temperatures (over 800°C) restricts the use of substrates used for synthesis, which are able to bear high temperature. Furthermore, the films have to be transferred to an additional substrate due to the damage caused to the original substrate used for synthesis. In this work, we present a method to synthesize WSe 2 from the reduction and later selenization of WO3. The oxygen atoms are replaced selenium in a plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. By controlling the plasma power the process temperature can be further lowered from 800°C to 250°C. The thickness can be defined by precisely controlling the thickness of predeposited WO 3 . The plasma assisted synthesis of WSe 2 develops a new approach that can be extended to other TMD layered materials; and due to the low temperature does not requires further transfer and is compatible with current silicon semiconductor processes (300°C)
Molding aspheric lenses for low-cost production versus diamond turned lenses (2010)

As lens design using aspheric diffractive lenses has become more popular in designing faster, low F/# infrared (IR) optical systems; the increased quantities manufactured of these glass lenses is following suit. Historically, Single Point Diamond Turning (SPDT) has been the method of choice in producing high quality glass aspheric and diffractive lenses, but with the volume of lenses produced and technological advances in Precision Molded Optics (PMO), it is now becoming highly cost efficient to use molding as a means of producing these glass optic lenses. This paper will discuss lens shapes, tolerances, present and future optic lens sizes that are being done using PMO as well as present an experiment conducted comparing the surface quality of a chalcogenide lens manufactured with SPDT and PMO.
Pulmonary surfactant is a potential endogenous inhibitor of proteolytic activation of Sendai virus and influenza A virus (1993)

The pathogenicities of influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses have been proposed to be primarily determined by a host cell protease(s) that activates viral infectivity by proteolytic cleavage of the envelope glycoproteins. We recently isolated a trypsin-type endoprotease, named tryptase Clara, from rat bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells, which is secreted into the airway lumen and activates Sendai virus and influenza A virus proteolytically. We report here that surfactant in the bronchial fluid inhibited tryptase Clara specifically, having a Ki value of 0.13 microM, and inhibited the proteolytic activations by tryptase Clara in vitro and in organ cultures of rat lung. Intranasal infection of rats with Sendai virus was shown to stimulate secretion of tryptase Clara without changing the amount of surfactant in the bronchial lumen, resulting in a preferable condition for proteolytic viral activation and multiplication.
Wireless antennas - making wireless communications perform like wireline communications (2004)

We first provide an overview of some of the latest developments in wireless communications using multiple transmitters and multiple receivers. We point out the importance of SNR control in fast random fading environments. For applications where large antenna arrays are not suitable, we introduce the concept of wireless antennas or wireless relays that are distributed between a source and a destination. We propose Hurwitz-Radon space-time code for the wireless relays. Each relay receives a noisy baseband signal simultaneously from the source. The baseband signals (symbols) are not decoded into information bits at the (non-regenerative) relays, but rearranged (i.e., space-time modulated) in their orders, amplitudes and phases according to the Hurwitz-Radon code. The relays do not exchange symbols with each other, but forward the modified sequences of symbols in parallel to the destination. Our study shows that with R relays, a diversity factor around R/2 can be achieved, i.e., the averaged bit error rate is in the order of 1/SNR/sup R/2/ as opposed to 1/SNR for a single (regenerative) relay system. More than 10 dB power saving, from the baseline of a single relay system, is possible with eight relays. Issues such as channel estimation, symbol synchronization, medium access protocols and signal processing hardware are also discussed.
Bioactive Benzophenones from <i>Garcinia </i><i>x</i><i>anthochymus </i>Fruits (2005)

A MeOH extract of Garcinia xanthochymus fruits was subjected to activity-guided fractionation, yielding two new benzophenones, guttiferone H (1) and gambogenone (2). Compound 1 contains a seven-membered ring attached to the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane system at positions 7 and 8 and displayed cytotoxicity in the SW-480 colon cancer cell line (IC(50) = 12 microM). Compound 2 has a novel benzophenone bicyclo[3.3.2]decane system and displayed cytotoxicity in the SW-480 colon cancer cell line (IC(50) = 188 microM). Both 1 and 2 induced apoptosis in SW-480 colon cancer cells and displayed antioxidant activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (IC(50) = 64 and 38.7 microM, respectively). The structures of 1 and 2 were established by 1D and 2D NMR data analysis. Eleven known compounds, aristophenone A, alloathyriol, amentoflavone, 3,8' '-biapigenin, cycloxanthochymol, (+/-)-fukugetin, (+/-)-fukugiside, guttiferone E, isoxanthochymol, (+/-)-volkensiflavone, and xanthochymol, were also obtained. The 11 known compounds were also tested against SW-480 colon cancer cells and in the DPPH assay.
Establishment and Characterization of Indian Muntjak Cell Lines Transformed with Simian Virus 40 (1979)

SUMMARY Kidney cells of an Indian muntjak were transformed with simian virus 40 (SV40). The transformation efficiency of the tertiary cultures was very high when estimated by the agar suspension culture method. The efficiency was about 0.015% when infected at an input multiplicity of 0.4 p.f.u./cell. Clonal cell lines were established from the colonies in soft agar medium. Most of the cell lines and their subclones produced a small amount of infectious SV40. The SV40 virion antigen-positive cells in a clone increased from 0.2% to about 40% by the treatment with mitomycin C. More than 70% of the cells in two cell lines were normal in G- and C-banded karyotypes, indicating that chromosomal change is not a necessary step in the process of transformation of the Indian muntjak cells with SV40.
A simple method for global sequence comparison (1992)

A simple method of sequence comparison, based on a correlation analysis of oligonucleotide frequency distributions, is here shown to be a reliable test of overall sequence similarity. The method does not involve sequence alignment procedures and permits the rapid screening of large amounts of sequence data. It identifies those sequences which deserve more careful analysis of sequence similarity at the level of resolution of the single nucleotide. It uses observed quantities only and does not involve the adoption of any theoretical model.
Vascular Incompetence in Dialysis Patients—Protein‐Bound Uremic Toxins and Endothelial Dysfunction (2011)

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a much higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than the general population. Endothelial dysfunction, which participates in accelerated atherosclerosis, is a hallmark of CKD. Patients with CKD display impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, elevated soluble biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress. They also present an imbalance between circulating endothelial populations reflecting endothelial injury (endothelial microparticles and circulating endothelial cells) and repair (endothelial progenitor cells). Endothelial damage induced by a uremic environment suggests an involvement of uremia-specific factors. Several uremic toxins, mostly protein-bound, have been shown to have specific endothelial toxicity: ADMA, homocysteine, AGEs, and more recently, p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate. These toxins, all poorly removed by hemodialysis therapies, share mechanisms of endothelial toxicity: they promote pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory response and inhibit endothelial repair. This article (i) reviews the evidence for endothelial dysfunction in CKD, (ii) specifies the involvement of protein-bound uremic toxins in this dysfunction, and (iii) discusses therapeutic strategies for lowering uremic toxin concentrations or for countering the effects of uremic toxins on the endothelium.
CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>Cl-Assisted One-Step Solution Growth of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>: Structure, Charge-Carrier Dynamics, and Photovoltaic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells (2014)

We demonstrate a novel one-step solution approach to prepare perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 films by adding CH3NH3Cl (or MACl) to the standard CH3NH3PbI3 precursor (equimolar mixture of CH3NH3I and PbI2) solution. The use of MACl strongly affects the crystallization process of forming pure CH3NH3PbI3, leading not only to enhanced absorption of CH3NH3PbI3 but also to significantly improved coverage of CH3NH3PbI3 on a planar substrate. Compared to the standard one-step solution approach for CH3NH3PbI3, using MACl improves the performance of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells from about 2% to 12% for the planar cell structure and from about 8% to 10% for the mesostructured device architecture. Although we find no significant effect of using MACl on charge transport and recombination in mesostructured perovskite cells, the recombination resistance for planar cells increases by 1–2 orders of magnitude by using MACl. These results suggest that this new one-step solution approach is promising for controlling CH3NH3PbI3 growth to achieve high-performance perovskite solar cells.
Birth of lambs of a pre-determined sex after <i>in vitro</i> production of embryos using frozen–thawed sex-sorted and re-frozen–thawed ram spermatozoa (2004)

36 +/- 3.3%, FSF: 28 +/- 3.1%, FCF: 20 +/- 2.0%). In a sperm migration test greater numbers of FS spermatozoa penetrated 5 mm into the artificial cervical mucus compared with spermatozoa from all other treatments (152 +/- 39.4 vs 31 +/- 9.2 spermatozoa respectively; P < 0.05). Fertilisation and cleavage rates were higher (P < 0.05) for in vitro matured oocytes inseminated with CONTROL compared with FSF spermatozoa. However, the Day 7 blastocyst development rate was higher for oocytes inseminated with FSF (62.2%) than FS and CONTROL spermatozoa (52.7 and 50.0%; P < 0.05). The number of ewes pregnant (Day 60), lambing and the in vivo embryo survival rate was greater (P < 0.01) after the transfer of fresh embryos rather than vitrified embryos derived from X- and Y-spermatozoa (67.6, 64.7 and 41.2% vs 29.6, 25.9 and 14.8% respectively). Twenty-six of the 30 (86.7%) lambs derived from sex-sorted spermatozoa were of the correct sex. These results demonstrate that frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa can be sex-sorted for immediate or future use after re-cryopreservation and, in conjunction with IVF and embryo transfer, can be used to efficiently produce offspring of pre-determined sex.
Cell Adhesion Molecules in Synapse Formation: Figure 1. (2004)

Neuronal transmission relies on signals transmitted through a vast array of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal synaptic connections. How do axons communicate with dendrites to build synapses, and what molecules regulate this interaction? There is a wealth of evidence suggesting that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) provide much of the information required for synapse formation. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms used by CAMs to regulate presynaptic and postsynaptic differentiation.
Novel presence of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptors in human adrenal glands. (1996)

It has been well documented that a significant proportion of chronic anovulatory patients have elevated levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and normal levels of adrenocortiocotropic hormone (ACTH). We tested the hypothesis that the zones of human adrenal cortex that secrete DHEAS may contain LH/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) receptors. In situ hybridization showed the presence of hybridization signals representing LH/hCG receptor mRNA transcripts in the zona reticularis. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the zona reticularis also contained LH/hCG receptor protein. The receptor transcripts and receptor protein are also present in the deeper layer of the zona fasciculata which can also secrete DHEAS. Double immunostaining revealed that LH/hCG receptors are present in the same cells that contain cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme, suggesting that the receptor containing cells are steroidogenic. These findings may potentially explain higher DHEAS levels in chronic anovulatory women who have normal ACTH and elevated LH levels.