gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONTROL METHODS FOR DIFFUSE AND SPOTTED KNAPWEED IN WESTERN CANADA (1979)

Diffuse and spotted knapweed are introduced weeds that threaten to spread throughout the uncultivated drylands of Western Canada. By 1972 approximately 30 000 ha, mostly in British Columbia, were infested, with forage reductions of up to 88%. Presently the infestation may be increasing by 10% a year and it is estimated that 8.4–10.7 million ha are susceptible to invasion by one or the other species in Western Canada. This would be disastrous to both ranching and wildlife in the region. The economics of various options for control are discussed. Biological control, which is likely to require the introduction of six agents and cost a total of $1.8 million, is the most cost-effective solution. However, until it can be fully implemented (10–20 yr) new infestations can be spot-treated with picloram. It is also economic to convert dense stands to tame pasture after killing the knapweed with picloram at 0.5 kg/ha although the knapweed is likely to begin reinvasion after 4 yr.
3‐2: <i>Invited Paper</i>: Color on Demand – Color‐Tunable OLEDs for Lighting and Displays (2017)

A device concept for highly efficient OLEDs is introduced that allows to tune the emission color of the device over a broad range of the CIE color gamut. The approach exploits the different polarities of the positive and negative half‐cycles of an alternating current driving signal to independently address two vertically stacked emission units with complementary color. Ultrathin metal electrodes fabricated by a wetting layer approach are used to achieve good electrical contact to each stack with minimal impact on optical performance.
A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Detection and Identification of Sugars (2008)

Molecular recognition of sugars and a practical method to detect and discriminate among a large number of such similar analytes remain substantial scientific challenges. We report here a low-cost, simple colorimetric sensor array capable of identification and quantification of sugars and related compounds. Fifteen different monosaccharides, disaccharides, and artificial sweeteners were differentiated without error in 80 trials. Limits of detection at pH 7.4 for glucose were <1 mM, which is below physiologically important levels.
Analysis of Trace Elements in Chinese Therapeutic Foods and Herbs (2009)

The bioactive elements in Chinese therapeutic foods and herbs that are frequently consumed by people in both the East and West are analyzed. These elements in their appropriate dosage range are considered to be beneficial to health. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) were applied to determine the concentrations of various elements. Twenty-two Chinese therapeutic foods and herbs, resourced from the traditional high therapeutic quality areas or provinces were selected. Bioactive analysis focused on Lanthanum (La), Strontium (Sr), Zinc (Zn) and Selenium (Se), especially in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and its associate disorders. The higher elemental concentration herbs, La in: Rhizoma Gastrodiae Elatae, Fructus Crataegi and Herba Hedyotidis Diffusae. Sr in: Radix Puerariae and Folium Ginkgo Biloba. Zn in: Flos Carthami Tinctorii and Fructus Crataegi. Se in: Flos Lonicerae Japonicae and Portulaca Oleracea. The results mainly showed that Chinese herbs which are also therapeutic foods may be used as nutritional supplements for preventing and treating elemental deficiency, e.g., hyperlipidemia. More attention in this regard should be paid to herbs that contain La and are traditionally used for regulating cardiovascular disorders. The knowledge of the effects and concentrations of bioactive elements in foods and herbs could guide the selection of Chinese herbs in clinical practice in conjunction with traditional Chinese medicine theories. Further studies should also be considered in relation to Sr, Zn and blood regulating herbs, which could prove to be beneficial.
The third Dialog State Tracking Challenge (2014)

In spoken dialog systems, dialog state tracking refers to the task of correctly inferring the user's goal at a given turn, given all of the dialog history up to that turn. This task is challenging because of speech recognition and language understanding errors, yet good dialog state tracking is crucial to the performance of spoken dialog systems. This paper presents results from the third Dialog State Tracking Challenge, a research community challenge task based on a corpus of annotated logs of human-computer dialogs, with a blind test set evaluation. The main new feature of this challenge is that it studied the ability of trackers to generalize to new entities - i.e. new slots and values not present in the training data. This challenge received 28 entries from 7 research teams. About half the teams substantially exceeded the performance of a competitive rule-based baseline, illustrating not only the merits of statistical methods for dialog state tracking but also the difficulty of the problem.
A method for the preparation of labelled gossypol by the incorporation of <sup>14</sup>C acetate (1989)

Abstract Carbon‐14 14 labelled gossypol has been prepared by incorporating 1,2‐ 14 C acetate in the growth medium of cold shocked cotton ( Gossypium arboreum ) seedling roots. Unlabelled gossypol was added during the purification procedure to aid crystallization; thus, from 350 seedling roots, 25 u Ci sodium (1,2‐ 14 C) (45–60 mCi/mmol) acetate and 800 mg of unlabelled gossypol; 350 mg of labelled gossypol (1900 dpm/mg) was isolated.
A space-fed phase array for surveillance from space (2002)

A novel space-fed radar antenna called a venetian blind is proposed for all-weather wide area surveillance from space. The antenna can support both tasked and untasked operation. In its untasked form (essentially a space-fed passive lens), it achieves off-axis squint angles of many beamwidths with negligible performance degradation. It is inherently insensitive to mechanical distortion, and is a first step in the evolution to the more complex tasked system antenna. The antenna lens consists of easily manufactured slats with microstrip dipole radiating elements and matching networks on a dielectric substrate. Phase control is achieved with low-loss delay lines in the passive lens or active transmit/receive modules if electronic scan is desired.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Efficient Heuristic-Based Role Mapping Framework for Secure and Fair Collaboration in SaaS Cloud (2014)

Online collaboration has become one of the popular services provided by present day SaaS clouds. It facilitates sharing and accessing information among multiple collaborating domains from remote locations. Owing to loosely-coupled nature of such collaborations, access requests from remote user are made in form of a set of permissions. Provider domain maps these permissions into a set of local roles to facilitate collaboration. Mapping the requested permissions into appropriate roles is nontrivial and has been identified as the inter-domain role mapping (IDRM) problem. Two variants of the IDRM problem, viz., the IDRM-safety and the IDRM-availability address the security and fairness issues in a multi-system collaboration, respectively. In this work, we propose a distributed framework which enables any collaborating domain to map a given set of access requests into a set of roles, through implementing a novel heuristic that provides better solution to the IDRM-availability problem. Results establish efficacy of the proposed approach in comparison to the reported ones. The proposed framework is observed to be efficient in terms of response time, thus, addressing the scalability requirement of cloud-based services.
Synthesis of Single-Input and Multiple-Output Port Mechanisms with Springs for Specified Energy Absorption (1994)

A means of synthesis of single-input and multiple-output port mechanisms for specified energy absorption is formulated for multiple precision points. The synthesis presented makes use of an extension of the loop closure method which includes expressions for energy absorption by linear spring elements. The configuration considered locates spring elements at two output ports of a multi-loop, planar mechanism. Economies realized for the symmetric mechanism are discussed for both one- and two-plane symmetry. Synthesis examples are included for both the general and symmetric mechanism. Special applications presented include synthesis of a constant force mechanism and synthesis of a mechanism suited to the energy absorption requirements of an automotive crashworthiness system.
Fundamentals of a power splitting driving chain for large wind turbines (2008)

The current tendency of the development of wind power technology is that the variable wind turbines adjust the speed of wind rotor at real time in accordance with wind speed to absorb wind energy more effectively and improve the operating condition of power chain. A critical point of the design of variable wind turbines is to settle the influence of wind speed changes on the smooth electric power output and power driving chain. Based on the differential planet gear system, this paper gives a research on a kind of power splitting driving chain (PSDC), with the basic thought as follow: The wind rotor linked by planet gear frame axis functions as the main power input terminal; Both a main generator and an auxiliary one are adopted in the double degree of freedom planet gear mechanism; The main generator is driven by gear ring of the planet gear mechanism to realize most of energy conversion in the power driving chain and the electric-energy output to the power grid; the auxiliary generator linked by the sun gear serves as the servo element of PSDC. Meanwhile, the servomotor links the supply grid with bi-efficacy of generator and motor under the control of small electronic power devices, achieving the control of electromagnetic torque and the constant-speed operating function of main generator. The analysis in this paper shows that the large variable wind turbines consisting of this kind of power splitting driving chain (PSDC) could provide new solutions for those problems with which variable wind turbines are confronted, such as difficulties in the design and manufacture of special large generator, its extortionate cost, the high price of electronic power system for high power conversion and control, as well as the mutual influence between wind turbine unit and supply grid.
Learning to Interpret Cognitive States from fMRI Brain Images (2009)

In the last few years, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has emerged as a new and powerful method to map the cognitive states of a human subject to specific functional areas of the brain. Although fMRI has been widely used to determine average activation in different brain regions, the problem of automatically decoding the cognitive state from instantaneous brain activations has only recently been investigated. We argue that machine learning might be an effective approach to deal with fMRI image interpretation when data are collected through a free design stimulation protocol. The brain decoding task can be shaped as a classification problem. Given in input the fMRI signal of the brain, a trained model can predict the corresponding cognitive state. This study investigates the use of recurrent neural network to interpret fMRI brain images. We present the results of an empirical analysis on PBAIC data. PBAIC, namely Pittsburgh Brain Activity Interpretation Contest, proposes a brain decoding problem based on free design protocol of stimuli.
Signal transducing molecules and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked proteins form a caveolin-rich insoluble complex in MDCK cells (1993)

GPI-linked protein molecules become Triton-insoluble during polarized sorting to the apical cell surface of epithelial cells. These insoluble complexes, enriched in cholesterol, glycolipids, and GPI-linked proteins, have been isolated by flotation on sucrose density gradients and are thought to contain the putative GPI-sorting machinery. As the cellular origin and molecular protein components of this complex remain unknown, we have begun to characterize these low-density insoluble complexes isolated from MDCK cells. We find that these complexes, which represent 0.4-0.8% of the plasma membrane, ultrastructurally resemble caveolae and are over 150-fold enriched in a model GPI-anchored protein and caveolin, a caveolar marker protein. However, they exclude many other plasma membrane associated molecules and organelle-specific marker enzymes, suggesting that they represent microdomains of the plasma membrane. In addition to caveolin, these insoluble complexes contain a subset of hydrophobic plasma membrane proteins and cytoplasmically-oriented signaling molecules, including: (a) GTP-binding proteins--both small and heterotrimeric; (b) annex II--an apical calcium-regulated phospholipid binding protein with a demonstrated role in exocytic fusion events; (c) c-Yes--an apically localized member of the Src family of non-receptor type protein-tyrosine kinases; and (d) an unidentified serine-kinase activity. As we demonstrate that caveolin is both a transmembrane molecule and a major phospho-acceptor component of these complexes, we propose that caveolin could function as a transmembrane adaptor molecule that couples luminal GPI-linked proteins with cytoplasmically oriented signaling molecules during GPI-membrane trafficking or GPI-mediated signal transduction events. In addition, our results have implications for understanding v-Src transformation and the actions of cholera and pertussis toxins on hetero-trimeric G proteins.
Structure and function of the Mur enzymes: development of novel inhibitors (2002)

One of the biggest challenges for recent medical research is the continuous development of new antibiotics interacting with bacterial essential mechanisms. The machinery for peptidoglycan biosynthesis is a rich source of crucial targets for antibacterial chemotherapy. The cytoplasmic steps of the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan precursor, catalysed by a series of Mur enzymes, are excellent candidates for drug development. There has been growing interest in these bacterial enzymes over the last decade. Many studies attempted to understand the detailed mechanisms and structural features of the key enzymes MurA to MurF. Only MurA is inhibited by a known antibiotic, fosfomycin. Several attempts made to develop novel inhibitors of this pathway are discussed in this review. Three novel inhibitors of MurA were identified recently. 4-Thiazolidinone compounds were designed as MurB inhibitors. Many phosphinic acid derivatives and substrate analogues were identified as inhibitors of the MurC to MurF amino acid ligases.
Optimizing a Lexical Approach to Instructed Second Language Acquisition (2009)

Empirically validated techniques to accelerate learners' uptake of 'chunks' demonstrate that pathways for insightful chunk-learning become available if one is willing to question the assumption that l
A new true-single-phase-clocking (TSPC) BiCMOS dynamic pipelined logic (2002)

New true-single-phase-clocking BiCMOS dynamic logic circuits and BiCMOS dynamic latch logic circuits for high-speed dynamic pipelined system applications are proposed and analyzed. The circuit performance of the new BiCMOS dynamic logic circuits and BiCMOS dynamic latch logic circuits are simulated by using HSPICE in 1 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology. Simulation results have shown that the operating frequency of the pipelined system which is constructed by the new dynamic latch logic circuits, is 204.1 MHz under 1.5 pF output loading at 2.3 V. It is 2.86 times of the operating frequency in the CMOS TSPC dynamic pipelined system.
Rem-meter correction factor for high energy neutron outside concreteshielding (1998)

For the 10 inch diam, single-sphere rem-meter and the standard A-B For the 10 inch diam, single-sphere rem-meter and the standard A-B
Genetic analysis of the nsP3 region of Sindbis virus: evidence for roles in minus-strand and subgenomic RNA synthesis (1994)

Sindbis virus nonstructural polyproteins and their cleavage products are believed to be essential components of viral RNA replication and transcription complexes. Although numerous studies have investigated the effect of mutations in nsP1-, nsP2-, and nsP4-coding regions on Sindbis virus-specific RNA synthesis, relatively little is known about the function of the region encoding nsP3. nsP3 is a phosphoprotein comprising two regions: an N-terminal portion which is highly conserved among alphaviruses and a C-terminal portion which is not conserved, varying both in sequence and in length. We have constructed a library of random linker insertion mutations in the nsP3-coding region and characterized selected viable mutants. Initially, 126 mutants containing insertions in the conserved region and 23 with insertions in the nonconserved region were screened for temperature-sensitive (ts) plaque formation or for significant differences in plaque morphology. All nonconserved-region mutants were similar to the parental virus, whereas 13 of those in the conserved region were either ts or exhibited altered plaque phenotypes. Ten of these 13 mutants were ts for plaque formation as well as RNA accumulation at 40 degrees C. Highly ts mutants CR3.36 and CR3.39 were defective in their ability to synthesize minus-strand RNAs at the nonpermissive temperature. The CR3.36 and CR3.39 insertion mutations localized to different regions near nsP3 residues 58 and 226, respectively. CR3.39 was able to complement ts mutants from Sindbis virus complementation groups A, B, F, and G. Another mutant isolated from the library, CR3.34, while not ts for plaque formation or RNA synthesis, formed smaller plaques and was defective in subgenomic RNA synthesis at all temperatures examined. These results suggest a role for nsP3 or nsP3-containing polyproteins in the synthesis of viral minus-strand and subgenomic RNAs.
Motion of Small Suspended Particles in Nonuniform Gases (1962)

The motion of small suspended particles in a gas or gas mixture containing gradients of temperature, pressure, or composition is derived as a special case of the Chapman-Enskog kinetic theory of gases, by formally treating the suspended particles as large molecules. Gas molecules colliding with the suspended particles are considered to rebound elastically, but a fraction f rebound in random directions and the remainder rebound specularly. The results check, in an indirect way, the calculations of Waldmann by a momentum transfer method on a slightly different model, in which the randomly rebounding molecules also have a random distribution of speeds. Significantly different results are predicted by the two models only in the presence of a temperature gradient (thermal diffusion), which has interesting implications concerning thermal diffusion in polyatomic gases.
Autogenous regulation of RNA translation and packaging by Rous sarcoma virus Pr76gag (1996)

Unspliced cytoplasmic retroviral RNA in chronically infected cells either is encapsidated by Gag proteins in the manufacture of virus or is used to direct synthesis of Gag proteins. Several models have been suggested to explain the sorting of viral RNA for these two purposes. Here we present evidence supporting a simple biochemical mechanism that accounts for the routing of retroviral RNA. Our results indicate that ribosomes compete with the Gag proteins to determine the fate of nascent retroviral RNA. Although the integrity of the entire Rous sarcoma virus leader sequence is important for retroviral packaging and translation, the RNA structure around the third small open reading frame, which neighbors the psi site required for packaging of the RNA, is particularly critical for maintenance of the balance between translation and packaging. These results support the hypothesis that Gag proteins autogenously regulate their synthesis and encapsidation of retroviral RNA and that an equilibrium exists between RNA destined for translation and packaging that is based on the intracellular levels of Gag proteins and ribosomes. To test the model, mRNAs with natural or mutated 5' leader sequences from Rous sarcoma virus were expressed in avian cells in the presence and absence of Pr76gag. We demonstrate that Pr76gag acts as a translational repressor of these mRNAs in a dose-dependent manner, supporting the hypothesis that Pr76gag can sort retroviral RNA for translation and encapsidation.
Semiconducting nature of the oxygen-adsorbed graphene sheet (2008)

Structural and electronic properties for oxygen-adsorbed graphene sheets have been explored using first-principles total-energy calculations within the local density functional theory. A finite energy gap emerges for the oxygen-adsorbed graphene and its value increases with the ratio of O∕C, as manifested by experiments. Further, adsorption energy and migration barrier for oxygen atoms on the graphene sheet have been investigated. The results show that isolated oxygen atoms are highly mobile and incline to condense on the graphene sheet.
Outer membrane protein P6 of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> binds to its own gene (1992)

Outer membrane protein P6 is an important antigen expressed on the surface of all strains of Haemophilus influenzae. The predicted amino acid sequence of P6 contains a region of alpha helices that shares sequence identity with a family of helix-turn-helix DNA-binding proteins. A search for sequence-specific binding sites that resemble an operator region within the gene revealed a sequence with striking homology to the consensus operator sequence for lambda Cro and repressor. To test the hypothesis that P6 binds its own gene, purified P6 on nitrocellulose was probed with plasmid DNA containing the P6 gene. P6 bound the P6 gene in this Southwestern blot assay. To further test the observation, gel shift analysis was performed. Gel shift assays using a P6-specific monoclonal antibody demonstrated that P6 in crude cell extracts binds to the region of the gene containing the putative binding site. Competition with a synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the putative binding site inhibited binding of P6 to the P6 gene on nitrocellulose and in the gel shift assay. In addition, this oligonucleotide bound directly to P6 on nitrocellulose. Finally, DNase footprinting confirmed that P6 bound specifically to the same region of the P6 gene. These results indicate that P6 binds to a sequence-specific site within its own gene, suggesting that P6 regulates its own expression. This represents the first example of a Gram-negative outer membrane protein binding to its own gene and has potentially important implications as a mechanism for regulation of expression of outer membrane antigens.
THE APPLICATION OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT FACTOR H-RELATED PROTEIN (BTA TRAK) IN MONITORING PATIENTS WITH BLADDER CANCER (2000)

The BTA TRAK assay is a quantitative sandwich format enzyme immunoassay performed in a reference laboratory. It measures levels of human complement factor H-related protein (hCFHrp) which is similar to human complement factor H. Test characteristics reveal an overall sensitivity of 68% to 77.5% and a specificity of 50%-75%. Retrospective analysis of urine specimens employing hazard analysis suggests that BTA TRAK may have a role as a quantitative diagnostic marker in monitoring bladder cancer patients. Prospective studies are required to validate this application and other uses of the BTA TRAK assay in the management of bladder cancer patients.