gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetization Transfer Prepared Gradient Echo MRI for CEST Imaging (2014)

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is an emerging MRI contrast mechanism that is capable of noninvasively imaging dilute CEST agents and local properties such as pH and temperature, augmenting the routine MRI methods. However, the routine CEST MRI includes a long RF saturation pulse followed by fast image readout, which is associated with high specific absorption rate and limited spatial resolution. In addition, echo planar imaging (EPI)-based fast image readout is prone to image distortion, particularly severe at high field. To address these limitations, we evaluated magnetization transfer (MT) prepared gradient echo (GRE) MRI for CEST imaging. We proved the feasibility using numerical simulations and experiments in vitro and in vivo. Then we optimized the sequence by serially evaluating the effects of the number of saturation steps, MT saturation power (B1), GRE readout flip angle (FA), and repetition time (TR) upon the CEST MRI, and further demonstrated the endogenous amide proton CEST imaging in rats brains (n = 5) that underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. The CEST images can identify ischemic lesions in the first 3 hours after occlusion. In summary, our study demonstrated that the readily available MT-prepared GRE MRI, if optimized, is CEST-sensitive and remains promising for translational CEST imaging.
A unified operational treatment of RPS reconnect delays (1987)

Expressions are presented for RPS reconnect delays in three basic cases: single path, multiple path with static reconnect, multiple path with dynamic reconnect. The assumption of homogeneous reconnects, which is introduced in the analysis, is shown to be implicit in many prior analyses. This assumption simplifies the resulting equations, but more general equations are also presented for the case where homogeneous reconnects are not assumed. These general results have not appeared previously. This paper also uses the assumption of constrained independence to derive a result for static reconnect which has only been derived previously using the maximum entropy principle. In the case of dynamic reconnect, constrained independence yields an entirely new closed form result. In addition to being a consistent extension of the static reconnect case, this new result is the only closed form expression for dynamic reconnect that yields a correct solution in certain saturated cases. Constrained independence can provide a useful alternative assumption in many other cases where complete independence is known to be only approximately correct.
Kindling: An animal model of complex partial epilepsy (1984)

Kindling is an animal model of complex partial epilepsy induced by focal electrical stimulation of the brain. This paper describes the phenomenon and underscores the limited nature of current insights into its basic mechanisms. Anatomical delineation of the underlying neural network is a necessary first step for elucidating the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that the substantia nigra may be a crucial component of the network underlying limbic kindled seizures and possibly kindling itself.
An Over-60 dB True Rail-to-Rail Performance Using Correlated Level Shifting and an Opamp With Only 30 dB Loop Gain (2008)

Correlated level shifting (CLS) is introduced as a new switched-capacitor technique to provide true rail-to-rail performance while reducing errors from finite opamp gain. There is negligible kT/C noise increase and in many cases a speed advantage compared to using a high gain opamp. The gain enhancement is quantified with formulas and the general technique is compared to correlated double sampling (CDS). Results are presented from a 0.18 mum CMOS testchip of a 20 MHz, 12-bit pipelined A/D converter using CLS to reduce errors from finite opamp dc gain and limited opamp swing. It achieves 10.5 ENOB operating beyond the supply rails using an opamp circuit with 30 dB loop gain and 0.9 V supply.
Practical Rendering of Multiple Scattering Effects in Participating Media (2004)

Volumetric light transport effects are significant for many materials like skin, smoke, clouds, snow or water. In particular, one must consider the multiple scattering of light within the volume. While it is possible to simulate such media using volumetric Monte Carlo or finite element techniques, those methods are very computationally expensive. On the other hand, simple analytic models have so far been limited to homogeneous and/or optically dense media and cannot be easily extended to include strongly directional effects and visibility in spatially varying volumes. We present a practical method for rendering volumetric effects that include multiple scattering. We show an expression for the point spread function that captures blurring of radiance due to multiple scattering. We develop a general framework for incorporating this point spread function, while considering inhomogeneous media - this framework could also be used with other analytic multiple scattering models.
Drama and personality in user interface design (1989)

The title of this panel immediately leaps out as being out of place. Of all the things that come to mind when one thinks of computers and user interfaces, drama and personality are among the last. The point here is not to make using computers more dramatic, per se, but to learn and borrow from the performing arts about techniques that could improve main stream interface design. The contributions described in this panel are borrowed from the theatrical world, film producing and music. In all the panelists work, the user is at the very center of creating the actual user interface experience, either through direct user participation or via engaging the individual viewer's personality. The panelists' pioneering research has produced and created several examples of new user interface experiences and designs. The discussion will focus on what techniques offer the most promise for facilitating the design of really new experiential user interfaces.
The Development of Logico-Mathematical Knowledge in a Block-Building Activity at Ages 1–4 (2004)

Abstract To study the developmental interrelationships among various aspects of logico-mathematical knowledge, 80 one- to 4-year-olds were individually asked to build “something tall” with 20 blocks. Percentages of new and significant behaviors increased with age and were analyzed in terms of the development of logico-mathematical relationships. It was found, for example, that the new spatial relationships children made as they grew older also changed the classificatory, seriational, numerical, and temporal relationships they made. The educational implication drawn is that it is better to define objectives for preschool mathematics education in terms of the development of logico-mathematical knowledge rather than the learning of specific aspects of elementary school mathematics. More broadly, an argument is made in favor of encouraging preschool children to think and make many mental relationships rather than to teach them specific subject matter.
Biosimilar structural comparability assessment by NMR: from small proteins to monoclonal antibodies (2016)

Biosimilar drug products must have a demonstrated similarity with respect to the reference product's molecules in order to ensure both the effectiveness of the drug and the patients' safety. In this paper the fusion framework of a highly sensitive NMR fingerprinting approach for conformational changes and mathematically-based biosimilarity metrics is introduced. The final goal is to translate the complex spectral information into biosimilarity scores, which are then used to estimate the degree of similarity between the biosimilar and the reference product. The proposed method was successfully applied to a small protein, i.e., filgrastim (neutropenia treatment), which is the first biosimilar approved in the United States, and a relatively large protein, i.e., monoclonal antibody rituximab (lymphoma treatment). This innovative approach introduces a new level of sensitivity to structural changes that are induced by, e.g., a small pH shift or other changes in the protein formulation.
Studies of the polymerization of vinyl compounds in the presence of metal salts. 7. Effect of nitric acid on the polymerization of acrylamide initiated by ceric salt (1972)

Abstract The polymerization of acrylamide initiated by ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate was investigated. The rate was found to vary with concentration of nitric acid. One factor for the variation is the change of concentration of active species of ceric ion by the acid and another factor is the decrease in activity of acrylamide, because the equilibrium constant for the complex of acrylamide with ceric ion decreased with increasing concentration of acid. The rate of initiation was decided by the increasing of activity of ceric ion and by decreasing of that of monomer. The rate of termination was found to increase with increasing activity of ceric ion. From these results, the structure of the complex was proposed; the ceric ion is considered to be coordinated to carbonyl oxygen rather than double bond in acrylamide.
Nonasthmatic Chronic Cough: No Effect of Treatment with an Inhaled Corticosteriod in Patients without Sputum Eosinophilia (1999)

Patients with nonasthmatic chronic cough enrolled in this study had evidence of a mild neutrophilia and/or microvascular leakage. Chronic cough did not respond to treatment with budesonide, perhaps because the cause was not associated with sputum eosinophilia.
ResNeSt: Split-Attention Networks (2022)

The ability to learn richer network representations generally boosts the performance of deep learning models. To improve representation-learning in convolutional neural networks, we present a multi-branch architecture, which applies channel-wise attention across different network branches to leverage the complementary strengths of both feature-map attention and multi-path representation. Our proposed Split-Attention module provides a simple and modular computation block that can serve as a drop-in replacement for the popular residual block, while producing more diverse representations via cross-feature interactions. Adding a Split-Attention module into the architecture design space of RegNet-Y and FBNetV2 directly improves the performance of the resulting network. Replacing residual blocks with our Split-Attention module, we further design a new variant of the ResNet model, named ResNeSt, which outperforms EfficientNet in terms of the accuracy/latency trade-off.
An Actin-Binding Protein Girdin Regulates the Motility of Breast Cancer Cells (2008)

Girdin (girders of actin filaments) is a novel actin-binding Akt substrate that plays an important role in actin organization and Akt-dependent cell motility in fibroblasts. Here, we find that Girdin is expressed in a variety of cancer cell lines, including the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, and is phosphorylated by the stimulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). In vitro migration and invasion assays showed that Girdin is required for the IGF-I-dependent cell movement of MDA-MB-231 cells. Short hairpin interfering RNA directed against Girdin markedly inhibited the metastasis of s.c. transplanted MDA-MB-231 cells in nude mice. In addition, Girdin is highly expressed in a variety of human malignant tissues, including breast, colon, lung, and uterine cervical carcinomas. These findings highlight the important role of Girdin in tumor progression in which the Akt signaling pathway is aberrantly activated.
Metallic Nanodot Arrays by Stencil Lithography for Plasmonic Biosensing Applications (2010)

The fabrication of gold nanodots by stencil lithography and its application for optical biosensing based on localized surface plasmon resonance are presented. Arrays of 50-200 nm wide nanodots with different spacing of 50-300 nm are fabricated without any resist, etching, or lift-off process. The dimensions and morphology of the nanodots were characterized by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The fabricated nanodots showed localized surface plasmon resonance in their extinction spectra in the visible range. The resonance wavelength depends on the periodicity and dimensions of the nanodots. Bulk refractive index measurements and model biosensing of streptavidin were successfully performed based on the plasmon resonance shift induced by local refractive index change when biomolecules are adsorbed on the nanodots. These results demonstrate the potential of stencil lithography for the realization of plasmon-based biosensing devices.
Reduction of printed circuit board radiated emission (2002)

Common mode radiation caused by common mode currents has been analysed using transmission line and circuit theory. An important aspect is the derivation of the most important designable parameter, the asymmetry of a transmission line. This asymmetry has a direct impact on the common mode current amplitude. It is shown that common mode radiation can be reduced by creating a mechanically viewed, asymmetric, transmission line. This reduction can be predicted very accurately. Radiated emission measurements on several practical configurations, such as PCB transmission lines with large ground planes, shunt- and guard traces, striplines, gridded ground planes and ground planes with a slit, support the theoretically developed statements: the measurement results are in accordance with the theoretically obtained data.
Acoustic Resonance in Solid Propellant Rockets (1960)

Attention is drawn to the fact that the solid propellant must, in general, be considered as one of the acoustic media in a rocket motor. The viscoelastic properties of the solid along with those of the burned gases determine the characteristic modes of the system corresponding to the particular boundary conditions imposed on these media by the metal components. In addition, these properties of the media contribute strongly to the selection of the regions of stability and instability of the system and therefore to the intermittent and sporadic nature characteristic of resonant burning in solid propellant motors. Calculations are carried out to illustrate the general nature of the phenomenon, and the relationship of these studies to a variety of experimental observations is discussed.
Pattern of Essential Amino Acid Requirement for Growing Rats Fed on a Low Amino Acid Diet (1969)

Requirement pattern of essential amino acids for growing rats was investigated at low dietary level of nitrogen (0.62% of nitrogen) for the basic knowledge of amino acid supplementation to low protein diets. The basal diet contained 3% of essential amino acid mixture and 2% of non-essential amino acid mixture with appropriate amount of the other nutrients. The present pattern indicated relatively lower requirement for lysine and rather higher requirement for phenylalanine, valine and arginine as compared with those of several workers obtained for maximum growth of rats with diet containing sufficient amount of nitrogen. Application of dose response curves of each amino acid for the estimation of the order of the limiting amino acids was suggested.
Feedback-Driven Restructuring of Multi-threaded Applications for NUCA Cache Performance in CMPs (2010)

This paper addresses feedback-directed restructuring techniques tuned to Non Uniform Cache Architectures (NUCA) in CMPs running multi-threaded applications. Access time to NUCA caches depends on the location of the referred block, so the locality and cache mapping of the application influence the overall performance. We show techniques for altering the distribution of applications into the cache space as to achieve improved average memory access time. In CMPs running multi-threaded applications, the aggregated accesses (and locality) of the processors form the actual cache load and pose specific issues. We consider a number of Splash-2 and Parsec benchmarks on an 8 processor system and we show that a relatively simple remapping algorithm is able to improve the average Static-NUCA (SNUCA) cache access time by 5.5% and allows an SNUCA cache to surpass the performance of a more complex dynamic-NUCA (DNUCA) for most benchmarks. Then, we present a more sophisticated remapping algorithm, relying on cache geometry information and on the access distribution statistics from individual processors, that reduces the average cache access time by 10.2% and is very stable across all benchmarks.
Internal combustion engine (2015)

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CATERPILLAR: Coarse Grain Reconfigurable Architecture for Accelerating the Training of Deep Neural Networks (2017)

Accelerating the inference of a trained DNN is a well studied subject. In this paper we switch the focus to the training of DNNs. The training phase is compute intensive, demands complicated data communication, and contains multiple levels of data dependencies and parallelism. This paper presents an algorithm/architecture space exploration of efficient accelerators to achieve better network convergence rates and higher energy efficiency for training DNNs. We further demonstrate that an architecture with hierarchical support for collective communication semantics provides flexibility in training various networks performing both stochastic and batched gradient descent based techniques. Our results suggest that smaller networks favor non-batched techniques while performance for larger networks is higher using batched operations. At 45nm technology, CATERPILLAR achieves performance efficiencies of 177 GFLOPS/W at over 80% utilization for SGD training on small networks and 211 GFLOPS/W at over 90% utilization for pipelined SGD/CP training on larger networks using a total area of 103.2 mm$^2$ and 178.9 mm$^2$ respectively.
Combined use of unsupervised and supervised learning for dynamic security assessment (1992)

It is desirable to assess the security and stability of electric power systems after exposure to large disturbances. In this connection, the critical clearing time (CCT) is an attribute which provides significant information about the quality of the postfault system behavior. It may be regarded as a complex mapping of the prefault, fault-on, and postfault system conditions into the time domain. High prediction and generalization capabilities of artificial neural networks provide the basis for synthesis of such a complex mapping carrying input pattern attributes into the single valued space of the CCT. The authors consider the possibility of using unsupervised and supervised learning programs to discover what combination of raw measurements is significant in determining CCT. Correlation analysis and a Euclidean metric are used to specify interfeature dependencies. An example of a four-machine power system is used to illustrate the suggested approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimal transport of ultracold atoms in the non-adiabatic regime (2008)

International audience
Comparative Resistance of Strains of <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> to Gamma Rays (1962)

A total of 102 strains of Clostridium botulinum (56 strains of type A, 43 type B, and 3 nontoxigenic strains which could not be typed) was examined for resistance to gamma rays. When these organisms were suspended in neutral phosphate buffer in concentrations of 10(4) spores per tube, the threshold sterilizing dose appeared to be 1.4 Mrad. Partial survival to 1.4 Mrad was shown by 10.7% of the type A strains, 18.6% of the type B strains, and one of three nontoxigenic strains. Over-all, type A strains indicated higher radioresistance than type B strains, although there was overlapping. Representatives of the most resistant strains had D values of 0.317 to 0.336 Mrad; the D values of an intermediate group were 0.224 to 0.253 Mrad, and the most sensitive strain studied, 51B, had a D value of 0.129 Mrad. The radioresistance of Putrefactive Anaerobe 3679, strain S-2, was comparable to the intermediate C. botulinum group (D = 0.209).
The reversibility of the ketoamine linkages of aldoses with proteins. (1984)

The reaction of glyceraldehyde (aldotriose) with hemoglobin A is analogous to the nonenzymic glycosylation of the protein with glucose in that the initial reversible Schiff base adduct (aldimine) of aldotriose undergoes Amadori rearrangement as does that of aldohexose to form the more stable ketoamine adduct. The modification of the alpha-amino group on Val-1(beta) of hemoglobin A as a ketoamine (2-oxo-3-hydroxypropyl group) apparently lowers the pKa of the alpha-amino group of the protein, since this derivative of hemoglobin elutes earlier on carboxymethylcellulose columns than the derivatives containing 2-oxo-3-hydroxypropyl groups on the epsilon-amino groups, and unmodified hemoglobin A. Similar chromatographic behavior has been reported for hemoglobin A1c which contains glucose at its Val-1(beta) as the ketoamine adduct. This suggests the similarity in the chemical consequences of having the ketoamine adduct of an aldose at Val-1(beta) of hemoglobin A under physiological conditions. The formation of the 2-oxo-3-hydroxypropyl groups on Val-1(beta) is nearly irreversible as has been suggested for similar adducts of glucose. On the other hand, the 2-oxo-3-hydroxypropyl groups on the epsilon-amino groups appear to be labile. The buffer conditions considerably influence the reversibility of the ketoamine adducts of aldotriose on the epsilon-amino groups; the reversibility is significantly higher in Tris buffers as compared with that in phosphate buffers. It is suggested that under physiological conditions the ketoamine adducts of aldotriose on the epsilon-amino groups exist in equilibrium with the aldimine, the equilibrium being favored toward the ketoamine. The enhanced release of the 2-oxo-3-hydroxypropyl groups in Tris buffers is probably a reflection of the trans-Schiff base reaction of aldimine with Tris. In support of this hypothesis, sodium cyanoborohydride, a reagent selective for the reduction of the aldimine linkages, inhibited the labilizing influence of Tris. A similar reversibility appears to be true of the ketoamine adducts of aldohexoses at the epsilon-amino groups of hemoglobin A, and ribonuclease A as well. This information on the reversibility of the ketoamine adducts of glucose on the epsilon-amino groups of proteins should be useful in understanding the details of the mechanism of nonenzymic glycosylation. It is also expected to influence the interpretation of the measurements of nonenzymically glucosylated hemoglobin A in diabetic patients.