gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Search of a 24 Hours Per Day Artificial Kidney (1977)

Wearable, 24 hrs per day, 7 days per week artificial kidneys are being developed. Patients will benefit from more even control of physiologic parameters than can be obtained with conventional intermittent dialysis. Improvement in economic and social circumstances will result. Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis techniques are being miniaturized. Small REDY cartridges containing urease, zirconium phosphate, hydrouse zirconium oxide and activated carbon are being utilized to regenerate dialysate. Hemodialyzers will be worn on the forearm and include long, wide, low resistance series blood flow paths to reduce the potential for thrombosis. Peritoneal effluent is regenerated and filtered by the sorbent cartridge and automatically cycled back into the peritoneal cavity.
Biochemical identification and biological origin of key odor components in livestock waste. (1998)

Animal production results in conversion of feeds into valuable products such as meat, milk, eggs, and wool as well as into unavoidable and less desirable waste products. Intensification of animal numbers and increasing urbanization has resulted in considerable attention to odorous gases produced from animal wastes. It is clear that animal manure was, and still is, a valuable resource. However, it may be a major obstacle to future development of the animal industry if its impact on the environment is not properly controlled. Poor odor prevention and control from animal wastes is related to a lack of knowledge of the fundamental nature of odor and its production by farm animals. Odor, like noise, is a nuisance or disturbance and there is no universally accepted definition of an objectionable odor. Thus, regulation and control of odors in the environment is difficult because of the technical difficulties of defining odor limits and their measurement and evaluation. A variety of direct (sensory) and indirect (analytical instruments) methods for measuring odor intensity and determination of individual or key odor components are discussed. The biological origins of the four principal classes of odor compounds, namely branched- and straight-chain VFA, ammonia and volatile amines, indoles and phenols, and the volatile sulfur-containing compounds, are reviewed. Because more than 50% of N from animals is excreted as urea, one strategy to conserve N in waste is to inhibit the urease enzyme that converts urea to ammonia. Laboratory studies to evaluate di- and triamide compounds to control urea hydrolysis in slurries of cattle and swine wastes are presented. Finally, a brief overview of various intervention strategies is provided. Multiple combinations of nutritional management, housing systems, treatment options as well as storage and disposal of animal wastes will be required to reduce environmental pollution and provide for long-term sustainable growth.
Optically biased tunable femtosecond dye laser and spectral windowing of the compressed second harmonic of Nd:YAG (1986)

We describe a technique for enhancing tunable ultrashort pulse pumped dye laser performance based on the use of "long" pump pulses to optically bias the cavity toward minimal losses. Increases in dye laser output power of 155 percent and powers as high as 125 mW have been measured with pulse durations under 300 fs. Optical pulses as short as 180 fs are reported for this ultrashort pulse pumped dye laser oscillator. We also report the first measurements of the spectral windowing of compressed 532 nm pulses for temporal pulse shaping, in the optimal group velocity dispersion limit. Temporal pulse shaping is demonstrated with small losses in power and minimal pulse broadening.
SnapLink: Interactive Object Registration and Recognition for Augmented Desk Interface (2001)

Identification of objects in a real world plays a key role for human-computer interaction in a computer-augmented environment using augmented reality techniques. To provide natural and intuitive interaction in such environments, it is necessary for an interface system to know which objects a user is using. In previously developed interface systems, real objects are identified by using specially designed tags attached to objects. In this work, we propose a new method for interactive object recognition and registration; the method permits more natural and intuitive interaction without using any tags. In particular, we introduce interactive object registration and recognition by combining direct manipulation by the user&apos;s hands with a color-based object recognition algorithm.
A fault partitioning method in parallel test generation for large scale VLSI circuits (2003)

Firstly we propose a theoretical method to increase the speed-up ratio in parallel test generation based on fault partitioning. Based on this method, a new fault partitioning approach-Backward Fault Partitioning based on Output fan-in Cones (BFPOC)-is presented which combines the relevant fault identification and shortest path sensitization. In addition, BFPOC is compared via experiments with the approach of Toward Fault Partitioning based on Input fan-out Cones (TFPIC) proposed by Bannerjee (1994) and the widely used method-Equal Distance Partitioning of Fault Sequence (EDPFS) respectively. The results show that in a large-scale parallel processing environment, BFPOC can obtain higher speed-up ratio than the other two approaches.
A pneumatic micro cell chip for the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells under mechanical stimulation (2007)

A new micro cell chip which can induce stem cells to differentiate into specific body cell types has been designed and fabricated for tissue engineering. This paper presents the test results of a micro cell stimulator which can provide a new miniaturized tool in cell stimulation, culture and analysis for stem cell research. The micro cell stimulator is designed to apply compressive pressure to the hMSCs (human mesenchymal stem cells) for inducing osteogenesis. The micro cell stimulator is based on the pneumatic actuator with a flexible diaphragm which consists of an air chamber and cell chambers. The hMSCs under cyclic compressive stimulation for one week were observed and assessed by monitoring CD90 (Thy-1), actin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red expression. The results suggest that cyclic mechanical stimulation is attributed to the different phenomenon of cultured hMSCs in cell proliferation and differentiation. These results are important for the feasibility of the micro cell stimulator to provide the reduction of the necessary quantity of cells, process cost and the increase of the throughput.
Recent progress in transdermal sonophoresis (2015)

Transdermal drug administration has a number of advantages that cannot be leveraged for therapeutic benefits because of the robust barrier provided by the stratum corneum. One of the promising techniques for circumventing the stratum corneum is sonophoresis - the use of ultrasound for facilitating transdermal drug delivery. In this review, the mechanisms underlying sonophoresis and the utilization of the technique for transdermal delivery are discussed. The challenges of this mode of drug administration have also been highlighted and insight from a number of toxicological studies is described.
Positive and negative factors in agent oriented software development : a case study (2006)

This thesis attempts to pinpoint the main differences in agent oriented software engineering as opposed to more legacy approaches. The agent paradigm, still in its infancy, is believed to offer exciting new prospects to the process of modern complex information systems development, but although many tools, frameworks and applications are readily available, there is as of yet no specific research on how these technologies affects and differ the development process.\nThe research approach in finding these factors was two-folded. By conducting a comprehensive literature study, a set of implications was derived to represent suggested factors from earlier research. These terms could be related to well-established agent system characteristics and behaviours, and based on these results a framework model was devised to present a hypothesis of all terms and relationships discovered.\nIn parallel with this work, a prototype of an agent based patient scheduling system was developed using agent oriented methods and tools. Besides contributing to the validation of the agent approach in general, experiences from this work were used to evaluate the findings in the hypotheses model, and a final factor and relationship model was developed through comparison and discussion of both prior research and my own experiences.\nThe results clarify both positive and negative aspects of the agent oriented approach. I identified in particular three aspects of this paradigm that separates it from more traditional approaches: - The high level of abstraction that an agent represents helps in defining components of complex systems during analysis and design, but poses problems in its lack of detail during implementation. – Being autonomous entities, agent oriented development provides a highly modular development approach, helping to separate complex structures in an advantageous divide- and-conquer style, but consequently increase complexity in cooperation among these autonomous components. – Agents`close relationship to their environment or domain provides great awareness and situatedness opportunities in highly modular systems, but this relationship comes with the price of increasingly complex interaction procedures.\nAlthough these results hopefully can be regarded as a valuable contribution to the agent systems engineering research fields, they are by no means exhaustive. Much work remains in clarifying the role or agent oriented approaches in the software development evolution, before the agent paradigm can be established as a validated commercial and industrial option.
Alternative developer solutions for extreme ultraviolet resist (2009)

The use of the tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAH) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) aqueous developer solutions is proposed as an alternative to the tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueous developer solution (semiconductor industry standard). A polyhydroxystyrene-based extreme ultraviolet (EUV) resist was utilized at a film thickness of 60nm. To confirm the effectiveness of these alternative developer solutions in improving linewidth roughness (LWR) performance, patterning exposures were carried out using the small field exposure tool with annular (σouter0.7∕σinner0.3) illumination conditions. Dissolution contrast curves of EUV resist using the TMAH, TPAH, and TBAH developer solutions have shown similar dissolution characteristics which means that the use of these alternative developer solutions might have minimal effect on the resist resolution limit and sensitivity. Imaging performance analysis results have shown negligible effect on the resolution capability and sensitivity. A 20% LWR improvement was observed with the TBAH developer solution [7.2nm at 32nm 1:1 line and space (L/S)] comparing with the TPAH and standard TMAH developer solutions (both at 9.0nm at 32nm 1:1 L/S). This improvement was perceived to be the result of the significant increase in dissolution contrast (higher Rmax and larger slope) with the use of the TBAH developer solution.
An exact expression for the image error in a catadioptric sensor (2004)

A catadioptric sensor induces a projection between a given object surface and an image plane. The prescribed projection problem is the problem of finding a catadioptric sensor that realizes a given projection. Here we present a functional that describes the image error induced by a given mirror when compared with a given projection. This expression can be minimized to find solutions to the prescribed projection problem. We present an example of this approach, by finding the optimum spherical mirror that serves as a passenger side mirror on a motor vehicle.
Enhanced photocatalytic activity of hybrid Fe2O3–Pd nanoparticulate catalysts (2011)

“Hybrid” nanoparticles (NPs) comprising physically fused Fe2O3 and Pd domains can act as efficient photocatalysts, driving photoreduction of metal salts to metal nanoparticles. The overall photocatalytic redox cycle of the composite entails reduction on the Pd domain and oxidation on the Fe2O3 part. The photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3–Pd hybrids is three times higher than that of statistical mixtures of Fe2O3 NPs and Pd NPs.
An automatic tube inspection system that finds cylinders in range data (2002)

A system that automatically inspects pieces of formed tubing is described. To locate the part, the system automatically identifies cylindrical tube sections from sparse range samples taken with an active scanning device, and uses this to roughly locate the part under sensor. This localization is used to determine a detailed scanning strategy, which is executed to acquire more precise and detailed information. These data are than used to verify specifications on components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Estimation of primaries and near-offset reconstruction by sparse inversion: Marine data applications (2009)

Abstract Most wave-equation-based multiple removal algorithms are based on prediction and subtraction of multiples. Especially for shallow water, the prediction strongly relies on a correct interpolation of the missing near offsets. The subtraction of predicted multiples from the data can easily lead to the distortion of primaries if primaries and multiples overlap. Recently, a new approach for surface-related multiple removal was proposed: the estimation of primaries by sparse inversion (EPSI), which is based on a full waveform inversion approach. EPSI is based on the same primary-multiple model as surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) and does not require a subsurface model. In contrast to SRME, EPSI estimates the primaries as unknowns in a multidimensional inversion process rather than a subtraction process. The multidimensional primary impulse responses are parameterized by band-limited spikes, which are estimated such that they, along with their corresponding multiples, match the input data. An interesting aspect of the EPSI method is that it produces a residual, which is the part of the input data not explained by primaries and multiples. This residual can be analyzed and may provide useful information on the primary estimation process. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that EPSI is also capable of reconstructing the missing near offsets from the multiples. The proposed method is applied to a field data set with moderate water depth, where it is demonstrated that the results are comparable with SRME. This data set is used to illustrate the residual. For a shallow-water field data set, it is shown that EPSI gives a better result than the standard SRME result caused by EPSI's capability to reconstruct the missing near offsets.
Osteoprotegerin and osteopontin serum values in postmenopausal advanced breast cancer patients treated with anastrozole (2004)

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a potent antiresorptive molecule that binds NF-kappaB ligand, the final effector for osteoclastogenesis. OPG production is regulated by a number of cytokines and hormones. Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted adhesive glycoprotein involved in tumour angiogenesis, and also a non-collagenous protein involved in bone turnover. OPN serum value is associated with tumour burden and survival in advanced breast cancer patients. The short-term effects of anastrozole on OPG and OPN serum values, and the usefulness of these analytes during follow-up were studied in 34 consecutive advanced breast cancer patients receiving anastrozole 1 mg/day. Blood samples were taken before treatment and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. OPG and OPN values were measured by ELISA. The results were analysed for all patients, and also separately for patients with (group A, 22 patients) and without (group B, 12 patients) bone metastasis. Whether the survival of all patients was related to their OPN serum values was also tested by placing patients into three groups (terciles) according to their baseline OPN values. No significant changes in OPG and OPN values were observed in the complete patient group. There was no difference in baseline OPG and OPN serum values between patients in groups A and B. In group A, a significant percentage increase in both OPG and OPN values from baseline was detected during treatment. No significant changes were reported for group B patients. Furthermore, in group A, a significant increase in both analytes was evident only for patients with progressive disease (PD). The Kaplan-Meier adjusted survival estimates for patients grouped according to tercile OPN values differed significantly (P = 0.001, log rank test). In conclusion, in the short term, anastrozole does not seem to affect OPG and OPN serum values in patients without bone disease. OPG and OPN appear to be useful predictors of the outcome of skeletal disease and elevated OPN values may be associated with short survival in advanced breast cancer patients.
Bone equivalent liquid solution to assess accuracy of transmission measurements in SPECT and PET (1997)

Quantitation in Emission Tomography (PET and SPECT) requires that several physical factors are taken into account. Attenuation, which can be determined on SPECT and PET devices, can be corrected using transmission tomography. Here, the authors quantitatively compared the relative performance of transmission scans in SPECT and PET using a calibrated liquid solution with a linear attenuation coefficient (/spl mu/) nearly equivalent to that of skeletal cranium bone over the range of energies 50 to 600 keV. The authors showed that contrast recovery are similar in PET and SPECT for large structures (>30 mm), but higher in PET as object size decreases.
Relationship Between Hydration and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times in Tissues of Tumor-Bearing and Non-Tumor-Bearing Mice: Implications for Cancer Detection 2 (1974)

Journal Article Relationship Between Hydration and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times in Tissues of Tumor-Bearing and Non-Tumor-Bearing Mice: Implications for Cancer Detection Get access Carlton F. Hazlewood, Carlton F. Hazlewood Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gregor Cleveland, Gregor Cleveland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Daniel Medina Daniel Medina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 52, Issue 6, June 1974, Pages 1849–1853, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/52.6.1849 Published: 01 June 1974 Article history Received: 03 January 1974 Accepted: 06 March 1974 Published: 01 June 1974
Wavefield extrapolation in caustic-free normal ray coordinates (2012)

Normal ray coordinates are conventionally constructed from ray tracing, which inherently requires smooth velocity profiles. To use rays as coordinates, the velocities have to be smoothed further to avoid caustics, which is detrimental to the mapping process. Solving the eikonal equation numerically for a line source at the surface provides a platform to map normal rays in complex unsmoothed velocity models and avoid caustics. We implement reverse-time migration (RTM) and downward continuation in the new ray coordinate system, which allows us to obtain efficient images and avoid some of the dip limitations of downward continuation.
Report from Kathmandu 2005: Days of Dictatorship: Contesting the Culture of Democracy in Nepal (2003)

Beloved destination to mountain trekkers, aid workers, and Bohemian travelers, Kathmandu and its breathtaking Himalayan range have transformed in recent years from dreams of Shangri-la to fears of the Killing Fields.
Cloning and expression of an endo-1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase gene from Bacillus macerans in Lactobacillus reuteri (1997)

Strains of the gastrointestinal species Lactobacillus reuteri were electrotransformed with plasmid constructs containing the endo-1,3-1,4-beta-glucanase gene (bglM) of Bacillus macerans. The enzyme was expressed and secreted by the lactobacilli. A plasmid construct containing the bglM gene lacking its promoter was derived and was demonstrated to be useful as a promoter probe vector.
Properties of high resistivity Cr-Si-O thin-film resistor (2003)

Several Cr-Si-O thin films with a resistivity of 5-10 m Omega -cm were studied as candidates for high-resistance stable resistors. The films were prepared by reactive sputtering with an Ar+O/sub 2/ gas mixture. It was found that the specific resistivity increases with increased oxygen content in the film, and that the high oxygen content in the film suppresses the formation of CrSi upon thermal treatment up to 673 K. The films are resistant to oxidation when thermally treated in an oxygen-containing environment, and are thus suitable for high-temperature operation in air. The resistance of Cr-Si-O thin films can change with time during high-temperature operation (e.g. in a thermal printing head application) due to the formation of the silicide, annealing effects in the film and the electromigration of components of the film materials. The optimum oxygen content for stabilizing the thin film under high-temperature conditions and high electric current density was determined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Four DNA-A variants among Pakistani isolates of cotton leaf curl virus and their affinities to DNA-A of geminivirus isolates from okra. (1998)

Complete DNA-A sequences of nine Pakistani geminivirus isolates from leaf curl-affected cotton (CLCuV-PK) or from okra, and the partial sequences of several additional isolates were determined. Sequences of isolates from cotton were of four types. Isolates from leaf curl-affected okra had virtually the same sequences as those from cotton. Isolates from yellow vein mosaic-affected okra were of two types (OYVMV types 201 and 301), both distinct from but closely related to the virus isolates from cotton. Of these six types, two types of CLCuV-PK are the most closely related but another (CLCuV-PK type 72b) is the most distinct. Of the encoded proteins, coat protein (CP) is the most strongly conserved (92-100% amino acid sequence identity), and AC4 protein the most variable (41-87%). The 5' and 3' halves of the intergenic region of some isolates had different affinities and occurred in seven combinations, suggesting that recombination had occurred and that the origin of replication was a favoured recombination site. Similarly, the first 1520 nt of CLCuV-PK type 804a DNA resembled those of OYVMV type 301 DNA but the remaining 1224 nt were very different. The AC1 (Rep) gene and 5' part of the intergenic region of CLCuV-PK type 72b closely resembled those of OYVMV type 301, whereas the rest of the sequence did not. The cotton leaf curl epidemic in Pakistan is caused by several distinct variants, with recombination events involving OYVMV and other unspecified geminiviruses having probably been involved in their evolution.
Inadequate Poliovirus Immunity Levels in Immunized Illinois Children (1973)

Antibody titers to poliovirus, measles, and rubella in 504 low-income children in six Illinois communities were compared with the immunization records of those children. Titers to measles and rubella were, as expected, nearly always present in immunized children, but only one third of children who had received three or more doses of live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) had measurable titers to all three polio types. Age, sex, race, age at first OPV, interval between OPVs, and time lapse since last OPV were not found to be significantly related to the absence of polio antibody in immunized children. We conclude that day-to-day immunization practices may result in different immunity levels than published field trial studies of the same vaccines indicate, and that continuing study of vaccine after licensure may be desirable.