gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differentially Private Chi-Squared Hypothesis Testing: Goodness of Fit and Independence Testing (2016)

Hypothesis testing is a useful statistical tool in determining whether a given model should be rejected based on a sample from the population. Sample data may contain sensitive information about individuals, such as medical information. Thus it is important to design statistical tests that guarantee the privacy of subjects in the data. In this work, we study hypothesis testing subject to differential privacy, specifically chi-squared tests for goodness of fit for multinomial data and independence between two categorical variables. We propose new tests for goodness of fit and independence testing that like the classical versions can be used to determine whether a given model should be rejected or not, and that additionally can ensure differential privacy. We give both Monte Carlo based hypothesis tests as well as hypothesis tests that more closely follow the classical chi-squared goodness of fit test and the Pearson chi-squared test for independence. Crucially, our tests account for the distribution of the noise that is injected to ensure privacy in determining significance. We show that these tests can be used to achieve desired significance levels, in sharp contrast to direct applications of classical tests to differentially private contingency tables which can result in wildly varying significance levels. Moreover, we study the statistical power of these tests. We empirically show that to achieve the same level of power as the classical non-private tests our new tests need only a relatively modest increase in sample size.
Ballistic response of polymer composites (1991)

Abstract A new microvelocity sensor unit was developed to measure the instantaneous velocity of a projectile during the penetration process. The concept of this device is based on the induced current generated in a coil resulting from the passage of a magnet. A special digital circuit was designed to yield a spatial resolution of better than 2.5 mm by elimiating the problem of signal overlap. The time delays obtained from these signals were used to determine the slowing down or energy loss of a high velocity projectile. A light gas gun was used to propel aluminum projectiles to velocities up to 320 m/s. Energy loss of these high velocity projectiles in composites reinforced with polyethylene, polyester, and graphite fabrics was investigated. Two distinct energy loss mechanisms were detected, one due to the actual fracture process and the other to the generation of frictional heat. Extensive delamination was observed in the more ductile PE and PET composites, but not in graphite. Low velocity instrumented drop‐tower impact tests were also conducted, using identical specimens and similar impact geometries.
Development of a monoclonal antibody against strains of human nanoparticles (2006)

Replicating, self‐calcifying nano‐sized particles have been isolated and cultured by our group and others from human kidney stones and arterial calcifications, suggesting that these particles may contribute to pathological calcification. As no antibodies are available against nanoparticles (NP) isolated from humans, and in order to facilitate further study, we sought to develop monoclonal antibodies against our strains. NP’s were isolated and cultured from human kidney stones and calcified arterial tissue collected as surgical waste, using published techniques. Lysate prepared from decalcified and sonicated NP’s were injected into mice (n = 5/strain). After 28 days, blood was collected and screened for the presence of antibodies against each strain of lysate using ELISA and Western blot. Splenocytes from mice with high antibody titres were fused with the F/O myeloma cell line and then screened by ELISA against NP lysate; reactive clones were then screened via Western blot. Media used to grow the NP’s served as the negative control antigen. Numerous clones reacted against NP‐lysate of the kidney stone strain by ELISA. By Western blot, this monoclonal antibody recognized a 120 kDa protein that was not detected in the control antigen, serum‐containing NP‐media. Therefore, human renal stone NP‐lysates invoke an immunological response in mice. This resulting monoclonal antibody could be used to develop diagnostic tests for the presence of these particles in human blood, urine, and tissue.
Impact of Hydrogel on Physical Properties of Coarse-structured Horticultural Substrates (1993)

Addition of a polyacrylamide hydrogel to pine bark and pine bark + sand substrates had no effect on total porosity, regardless of incorporation rate. Container capacity was increased with increasing rate of hydrogel in both substrates. Air space in pine bark was slightly increased at the lowest rate but was reduced with higher incorporation rates. Air space in pine bark + sand was reduced with all hydrogel additions. The dry weigh', of hydrogel cubes recovered from both substrates was similar to amounts predicted. This result indicates that blending hydrogel granules into the substrates was uniform and did not contribute to variability in hydrogel studies. After allowing dry hydrogel granules to expand freely in distilled water for 24 hours, hydrogel granules expanded 317 and 372 times their dry weights at the lowest and highest rates, respectively. Reduction of expansion (in water) at higher rates may have been due to physical restriction of expansion. Conversely, recovered hydrogel cubes from substrates watered to drainage (-10% excess) for 6 weeks absorbed 25 to 55 times their dry weight while in the container. Subsequent rehydration of extracted gels in distilled water was greater for hydrogel cubes from the pine bark + sand medium (104 to 130) than in pine bark alone (51 to 88). Because of anomalies in hydraulic conductivity and pressure plate contact, three techniques were used to study unavailable water content in gels expanded in distilled water. Hydrogel cubes placed in direct contact with the pressure plate released ≈95% of their water at pressures ≤ 1.5 MPa. Effectiveness of ployacrylamide gels in coarse-structured substrates is influenced by physical restrictions to expansion in the substrate and hydraulic conductivity between the hydrogel cubes and the surrounding substrate.
Interface engineering for high interfacial strength between SiCOH and porous SiCOH interconnect dielectrics and diffusion caps (2008)

The integration of low- and ultralow-k SiCOH dielectrics in the interconnect structures of very large scale integrated chips involves complex stacks with multiple interfaces. Successful fabrication of reliable chips requires strong adhesion between the different layers of the stacks. A critical interface in the dielectric stack is the interface between the SiCNH diffusion cap and the SiCOH inter- and intralevel dielectrics (ILDs). It was observed that, due to the original deposition conditions, the interface layer was weakened both by a low adhesion strength between SiCNH and SiCOH and by the formation of an initial layer of SiCOH with reduced cohesive strength. The manufacturing process has been modified to engineer this interface and obtain interfacial strengths close to the cohesive strengths of the bulk ILDs. This paper discusses the causes for the original low interfacial strength and presents an approach for enhancing it by engineering the interface to the cap for both the dense SiCOH and porous SiCOH ILDs.
India : water supply and sanitation - bridging the gap between infrastructure and service (2006)

Access to water supply and sanitation infrastructure is increasing in urban areas, while in rural areas, access to drinking water increased during the 1990s from 65 percent to some 90 percent in 2001. Thus it appears likely that if India sustains investments at a level similar to the past decade, it could achieve 100 percent coverage of water supply, if not by 2007, probably by 2012. However, the paper highlights that the true challenge is access to reliable, sustainable, and affordable water supply and sanitation services, which in fact, is lagging behind. Improvements in water supply and sanitation infrastructure may turn to be unlikely, unless India adjusts policies, institutional arrangements, and financial incentives to help improve service delivery.
Spectrometric identification of insect sex attractants (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReportNEXTSpectrometric identification of insect sex attractantsRobert M. Silverstein Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 12, 794Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1968Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 December 1968Published inissue 1 December 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/ed045p794RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The Crystal Structure of Lithium Sulphate Mono-Hydrate, Li<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O. (1934)

Article The Crystal Structure of Lithium Sulphate Mono-Hydrate, Li2SO4·H2O. was published on December 1, 1934 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (volume 89, issue 1-6).
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope proteins induce interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide in glial cultures derived from fetal, neonatal, and adult human brain. (1995)

Although microglia are the only cells found to be productively infected in the central nervous system of acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS) patients, there is extensive white and gray matter disease nonetheless. This neuropathogenesis is believed to be due to indirect mechanisms other than infection with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Cytokines and toxic small molecules have been implicated in the clinical and histopathological findings in CNS AIDS. Previously, we have demonstrated in rodent glial cultures the presence of biologically active epitopes of gp120 and gp41 that are capable of inducing interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In this study, we map the HIV-1 envelope epitopes that induce nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human glial cultures. Epitopes in the carboxy terminus of gp120 and the amino terminus of gp41 induce these proinflammatory entities. In addition, we compare HIV-1 infection and pathology in glial cells derived from human brain taken at different states of maturation (fetal, neonatal, and adult brain) in an effort to address some of the clinical and histological differences seen in vivo. This study demonstrates that, in the absence of virus infection and even in the absence of distinct viral tropism, human glia respond like rodent glia to non-CD4-binding epitopes of gp120/gp41 with cytokine and nitric oxide production. Differences among fetal, neonatal, and adult glial cells' infectivity and cytokine production indicate that, in addition to functional differences of glia at different stages of development, cofactors in vitro and in vivo may also be critical in facilitating the biological responses of these cells to HIV-1.
Anodic Corrosion of Lead in H[sub 2]SO[sub 4] Solutions (1951)

Pure lead was anodized at various constant potentials in sulfuric acid solutions.At potentials below those for PbO2 formation, a layer of tetragonal PbO is formed near the lead.PbSO4 is formed as an outer layer.The rate of corrosion of Pb was found to increase with increasing temperature and decreasing acid 'concentration and is given by the equation: w = ct ~.At constant .time,weight loss is related to potential by the equation: log w = A -[-BV.At higher potentials a protective film, presumably PbO2, is formed.
Recognition of foggy conditions by in-vehicle camera and millimeter wave radar (2007)

Recently driving support techniques using in-vehicle sensors have attracted much attention and have been applied to practical systems. We focus on supporting drivers in poor visibility conditions. Fog is one of the causes that lead to lack of visibility. In this paper, we propose a method of judging fog density using in-vehicle camera images and millimeter-wave (mm-W) radar data. This method determines fog density by evaluating both the visibility of a preceding vehicle and distance to it. Experiments showed that judgments made by the proposed method achieved a recognition rate of 84% when compared to the ground truth obtained by human judgments.
Physical Linkage of Naturally Complexed Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins Enhances Immunogenicity (2007)

The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of bacterial pathogens are essential for their growth and survival and especially for attachment and invasion of host cells. Since the outer membrane is the interface between the bacterium and the host cell, outer membranes and individual OMPs are targeted for development of vaccines against many bacterial diseases. Whole outer membrane fractions often protect against disease, and this protection cannot be fully reproduced by using individual OMPs. Exactly how the interactions among individual OMPs influence immunity is not well understood. We hypothesized that one OMP rich in T-cell epitopes can act as a carrier for an associated OMP which is poor in T-cell epitopes to generate T-dependent antibody responses, similar to the hapten-carrier effect. Major surface protein 1a (MSP1a) and MSP1b1 occur as naturally complexed OMPs in the Anaplasma marginale outer membrane. Previous studies demonstrated that immunization with the native MSP1 heteromer induced strong immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to both proteins, but only MSP1a stimulated strong CD4+ T-cell responses. Therefore, to test our hypothesis, constructs of CD4+ T-cell epitopes from MSP1a linked to MSP1b1 were compared with individually administered MSP1a and MSP1b1 for induction of MSP1b-specific IgG. By linking the T-cell epitopes from MSP1a to MSP1b1, significantly higher IgG titers against MSP1b1 were induced. Understanding how the naturally occurring intermolecular interactions between OMPs influence the immune response may lead to more effective vaccine design.
Maturation of Megakaryoblastic Cells Is Accompanied by Upregulation of GSα-L Subtype and Increased cAMP Accumulation (1998)

In platelets and megakaryoblasts Gs, the trimeric G-protein that stimulates adenylyl cyclase, is present in a short, 45 kDa, and a long, 52 kDa isoform termed G(s)alpha-S and G(s)alpha-L, respectively. To assess the relative contribution of these isoforms in the cellular synthesis of cAMP, the ratio G(s)alpha-S/G(s)alpha-L was changed in the megakaryoblastic cell line DAMI by inducing cell maturation with recombinant human thrombopoietin (TPO) or the phorbol ester PMA. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that this treatment induced a moderate (TPO) and extensive (PMA) increase in nuclear ploidy and expression of the glycoproteins-IIIa and -Ib. Northern blot analysis revealed downregulation of total Gs-mRNA after treatment of DAMI-cells with TPO and PMA. Western blot analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of Gs-L with respective amounts of 27 +/- 4% of total Gs in untreated cells, 35 +/- 1% in TPO- and 41 +/- 3% in PMA-treated DAMI cells (n = 3-4). DAMI cells contained 6 +/- 1 pmol cAMP/10(6) cells, which was not changed by treatment with TPO or PMA. In untreated cells this level increased to 70 +/- 9 pmol cAMP/10(6) cells after 10 min stimulation with 1 micromol/l of the stable prostacyclin analog iloprost. The same stimulation with iloprost resulted in 165 +/- 32 pmol cAMP/10(6) in TPO-treated cells and in 588 +/- 100 pmol cAMP/10(6) in cells treated with PMA. Thus, a shift from G(s)alpha-S to G(s)alpha-L during megakaryoblast maturation strongly potentiates the production of cAMP. A similar shift may occur during normal megakaryocyte maturation and may explain the extreme sensitivity to prostacyclin of platelets, which contain G(s)alpha-S and G(s)alpha-L in approximately equal amounts.
Efficient parametric conversion in cesium vapor irradiated by 3470-&#197; mode-locked pulses (1973)

Passage of a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim10^{9}</tex> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> 3470-Å mode-locked laser beam through a few torr of Cs vapor results in efficient parametric conversion of pump light into beams of ultrashort pulses at wavelengths located near the ∼ 3600-Å <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6s-9p</tex> and ∼ 3900-Å <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6s-8p</tex> Cs resonance lines. In addition, ultrashort pulses at roughly ten different infrared wavelengths lying between ∼ 6 and 20μ are produced. The four- and six-wave parametric processes responsible for the conversion are initiated by stimulated electronic Raman emission.
Identification of an IL-10-Producing HLA-DR-Negative Monocyte Subset in the Malignant Ascites of Patients with Ovarian Carcinoma That Inhibits Cytokine Protein Expression and Proliferation of Autologous T Cells (1999)

A newly described subset of monocytes has been identified in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from the malignant ascites from patients with ovarian cancer. These cells were characterized by the production of IL-10 and TGF-beta2, but not IL-12, IL-1alpha, or TNF-alpha, and they expressed CD14, CD16, and CD54, but not HLA-DR, CD80, CD86, CD11a, CD11b, or CD25 cell surface Ags. Since this subset of monocytes could affect the modulation of tumor immune responses in vivo, studies were undertaken to determine their effect on the activation and proliferation of autologous T cells from the peritoneal cavity of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Expression of cytokine-specific transcripts in T cells was determined by RT-PCR. Transcripts for the following cytokines were detected in patient specimens that also contained the IL-10-producing monocytes IL-2 (12 of 17 specimens), GM-CSF (9 of 17 specimens), IFN-gamma (6 of 17 specimens), and TNF-alpha (4 of 17 specimens). Cytokine production by T cells was determined by intracellular flow cytometry and by ELISA. IL-2 and IFN-gamma proteins, unlike their transcripts, were detected only in specimens that lacked IL-10-producing monocytes. IL-10-producing monocytes cocultured with autologous T cells inhibited the proliferation of the T cells in response to PHA. However, T cells cocultured with PEC from which the IL-10-producing monocytes had been removed did not inhibit T cell proliferation. Moreover, the inhibition of T cell proliferation by IL-10-producing monocytes could be reversed by adding neutralizing Abs to both IL-10R and TGF-beta2. These results suggest that this subset of monocytes may modulate immune responses by inhibiting T cell proliferation and cytokine protein production.
Rebamipide ophthalmic suspension for the treatment of dry eye syndrome: a critical appraisal (2014)

Rebamipide was initially developed and approved for use in treating gastric ulcers and lesions associated with gastritis. Discovery of its ability to increase gastric mucin led to investigations of its effect on ocular surface mucin and the subsequent development for use in dry eye patients. Investigations have confirmed that rebamipide increases corneal and conjunctival mucin-like substances along with improving corneal and conjunctival injury. Clinically, rebamipide ophthalmic suspensions can effectively treat tear deficiency and mucin-caused corneal epithelial damage, and can restore the microstructure responsible for tear stability. Topical rebamipide has also been shown to be effective in treating other ocular surface disorders such as lagophthalmos, lid wiper epitheliopathy, and persistent corneal erosion. Rebamipide's ability to modify epithelial cell function, improve tear stability, and suppress inflammation in the absence of any known major side effects suggest that it may be a beneficial first drug of choice for severe dry eye treatment and other ocular surface disorders. This review summarizes the history and development of this innovative dry eye treatment from its initial use as an effective stomach medication to its current use in the treatment of dry eye in Japan.
Debris mitigation power of various buffer gases for CO<sub>2</sub> laser produced tin plasmas (2012)

Abstract Debris mitigation using an ambient gas is the easiest way for laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet light source. The debris mitigation power of hydrogen, helium and argon buffer gases against CO 2 laser produced tin plasma plumes was quantitatively estimated by means of the visualization imaging system as well as the optical emission spectroscopy technique. The debris mitigation power of hydrogen buffer gas was assessed under ambient pressure ranging from 30 to 10 4 Pa. The debris mitigation power of the hydrogen buffer gas was determined as 150 eV mm −1 for energetic particles of 400 eV under a pressure of 10 4 Pa, which remained as high as 40 eV mm −1 at a pressure of 100 Pa. The maximum stopping power and collision scattering cross section of argon were measured to be almost three times larger in comparison with hydrogen and one and a half times larger than helium atmosphere at a pressure of 2000 Pa. Time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy showed that thermalizing collisions were responsible for slowing down the fast energetic ions and atoms towards a thermal equilibrium.