gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transition-state stabilization at the oxyanion binding sites of serine and thiol proteinases: hydrolyses of thiono and oxygen esters (1983)

X-ray diffraction studies suggested that the tetrahedral intermediate formed during the catalysis by serine and thiol proteinases can be stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the protein to the oxyanion of the intermediate [cf. Kraut, J. (1977) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 331-358; Drenth, J., Kalk, K.H., & Swen, H.M. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3731-3738]. To obtain evidence in favor or against this hypothesis, we synthesized thiono substrates (the derivatives of N-benzoyl-glycine methyl ester and N-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester) containing a sulfur in place of the carbonyl oxygen atom of the scissile ester bond. We anticipated that this relatively subtle structural change specifically directed to the oxyanion binding site should produce serious catalytic consequences owing to the different properties of oxygen and sulfur if transition-state stabilization in the oxyanion hole is indeed important. In fact, while in alkaline hydrolysis the chemical reactivities of oxygen esters and corresponding thiono esters proved to be similar, neither chymotrypsin nor subtilisin hydrolyzed the thiono esters at a measurable rate. This result substantiates the crucial role of the oxyanion binding site in serine proteinase catalysis. On the basis of the similar values of the binding constants found for oxygen esters and their thiono counterparts, it can be concluded that the substitution of sulfur for oxygen significantly influences transition state stabilization but not substrate binding. The thiol proteinases papain and chymopapain react with the oxygen and thiono esters of N-benzoylglycine at similar rates. Apparently, in these reactions the above stabilizing mechanism is absent or not important, which is a major mechanistic difference between the catalyses by serine and thiol proteinases.
Aromatic polyimide‐<i>co</i>‐amides. I (1969)

Abstract A series of aromatic polyimide‐ co ‐amides of high thermal stability were synthesized. Low‐temperature solution condensation involving aromatic diamines of varying basicity and bifunctional carboxylic acid chlorides containing performed imide rings was empolyed. This approach offers several advantages over the conventional polyamic acid route. The final polymers obtained are linear, soluble, and of high molecular weight. Solution of the final polymers are stable in contrast to polyamic acid solutions, which depolymerize hydrolytically due to the neighboring‐group effect. Tough, flexible films were cast from solution and required no heat cure. The properties of one polymer made by the preformed ring approach were compared to its structurally related amide and imide homologs.
SQCK: a declarative file system checker (2008)

The lowly state of the art for file system checking and repair does not match what is needed to keep important data available for users. Current file system checkers, such as e2fsck, are complex pieces of imperfect code written in low-level languages. We introduce SQCK, a file system checker based on a declarative query language; declarative queries are a natural match for the cross-checking that must be performed across the many structures of a file system image. We show that SQCK is able to perform the same functionality as e2fsck with surprisingly elegant and compact queries. We also show that SQCK can easily perform more useful repairs than e2fsck by combining information available across the file system. Finally, our prototype implementation of SQCK achieves this improved functionality with comparable performance to e2fsck.
Unconventional T Cells (2010)

Defining Unconventional T Cells Subtypes of Unconventional T Cells: γδ T Cells Subtypes of Unconventional T Cells: αβ T Cells
Alkali Metal Oligoether Carboxylates—A New Class of Ionic Liquids (2008)

On the way to greener ILs: The combination of a short oligoether carboxylate (CH3O-(CH2CH2O)3-CH2COO−) with small alkali metal cations leads to the formation of a new class of ionic liquids that exhibit high thermal and electrochemical stability as well as low cytotoxicity. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Microscopic Examination of Modified Starches (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMicroscopic Examination of Modified StarchesT. J. Schoch and E. C. MaywaldCite this: Anal. Chem. 1956, 28, 3, 382–387Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a027RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views670Altmetric-Citations167LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (5 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Representing Face Images for Emotion Classification (1996)

We compare the generalization performance of three distinct representation schemes for facial emotions using a single classification strategy (neural network). The face images presented to the classifiers are represented as: full face projections of the dataset onto their eigenvectors (eigenfaces); a similar projection constrained to eye and mouth areas (eigenfeatures); and finally a projection of the eye and mouth areas onto the eigenvectors obtained from 32×32 random image patches from the dataset. The latter system achieves 86% generalization on novel face images (individuals the networks were not trained on) drawn from a database in which human subjects consistently identify a single emotion for the face.
Research on the Construction of the Emergency Search and Rescue Team for Earthquake Hazards in China (2018)

Research was conducted using statistical data on the organization of emergency search and rescue team for earthquake hazards (ESRTEH) system in China. Field research was performed with regard to provincial-level ESRTEHs, and two provincial ESRTEH external classifications were investigated. Issues in the organization were identified, the concerns of which are as follows. (1) Rescue forces are not deployed according to the magnitude of risk or the rescue requirements of an area’s earth-quake hazards. (2) A series of standards to regulate team construction is lacking, as is a system to evaluate team capabilities. (3) Non-professional rescuers lack the necessary professional skills. (4) The current professional earthquake rescue training system is imperfect. (5) The overall management hierarchy of NGO rescue teams is lacking. The following measures for improvement are proposed. (1) Accelerate the preparation of relevant standards and norms for the organization of ESRTEH system. (2) Emphasize external classification of ESRTEHs, intensify the management of the rescue teams, and establish and improve the mechanisms for long-term assessments and comparisons. (3) Integrate NGO rescue teams into ESRTEH system.
Non-invasive multiparametric qBOLD approach for robust mapping of the oxygen extraction fraction (2014)

The proposed nimp-qBOLD technique provides a promising tool for robust OEF mapping within clinically acceptable acquisition times and could therefore provide an important contribution for analyzing tumors or monitoring the success of radio and chemo therapies.
<title>Adaptive classification by maximizing class separability with respect to the unlabeled data</title> (2003)

In this paper, the Adaptive Mean-Field Bayesian Data Reduction Algorithm is discussed, which utilizes a method that maximizes the class separability of unlabeled training data. The algorithm is based on a Dirichlet distribution model for each class. In this new method, the Dirichlet model is extended such that dissimilar distributions are encouraged amongst the classes with respect to unlabeled data, and with respect to data containing missing values. It has previously been shown for two class cases that the theoretical probability of error is lower bounded by 0.25 under the original Dirichlet model. Thus, the new model has been developed with the idea of encouraging error probabilities below this lower bound given the data contains missing information, such as the class labels. Results are illustrated with simulated data as applied to sequential classification using Page's test. In general it is shown that the new method's performance is superior to that of the original Dirichlet model, where it is apparent that any previously acquired unlabeled data are being utilized in the training set to improve the correct classification of future test data samples.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Steering vector sensor array elements with linear cardioids and nonlinear hippioids (2007)

The purpose of this work is to study the impact due to individual vector sensor element steering patterns on linear array beamforming. Standard, linear beamformers employ cardioid beampatterns for each vector sensor. In this work, a class of vector sensor element steering patterns beyond the standard cardioid was examined. The element weighting is nonlinear but nonadaptive, making it simple to implement in hardware processing. The new sensor steering patterns, referred to as hippioids, are products of cardioids and various powers of hippopedes. The angular resolution of individual sensors, the impact on angular resolution from arrays of varying aperture, and peak-to-sidelobe levels will serve as performance measures. An example of the differences in vector sensor steering patterns is provided using measured directional frequency and recorded buoy data.
Intervertebral Body Fusion By the Use of Posterior Bone Dowel (1964)

* Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus. Office: 50 West Gay Street, Columbus, Ohio.
AUTOMATED HIGH-POWER CONDITIONING OF MEDICAL ACCELERATORS. (2004)

Medical accelerators require arc-free operation. Due to high-field emission, arcing and outgassing can occur in high-power accelerators. Therefore, the accelerator’s inner surfaces have to be conditioned before its use at high gradient levels in Radiation Therapy machines. At Siemens, we have developed a technique to automatically condition accelerator structures by continually inspecting the accelerator running conditions (arcing and vacuum) and stepping up the pulse width, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and RF power until reaching the maximum power rating. The implemented program also reads, displays, and archives the data it collects along the entire process of conditioning.
8‐2: Sparkle Characterization of Anti‐glare Layers on Displays with a Grey Value Histogram Analysis (2018)

Surface treatments on surfaces in front of emissive displays are widely used to improve readability under difficult lightning conditions, especially involving sunlight. So‐called anti‐glare (AG) surface treatment tries to reduce specular reflection by diffuse scattering creating a matt finish. At the same time, this surface treatment has a direct impact on the image quality in transmission. For that it is important to tailor these surfaces according to the application requirements but at the same time maintain the image quality of the underlying displays. One of the undesired effects is the so‐called “visual sparkle”, where the displayed image appears to show an uneven luminance distribution especially in areas where solid colors are shown. Great effort and different approaches have been made to characterize this effect. In this work we present a simple, yet effective approach of characterization based on the evaluation of image uniformity with help of grey value histogram extraction and fitting a simple normal distribution..
Ngauranga motorway interchange, Wellington - general features (1985)

The Ngauranga Motorway Interchange Wellington connects State Highway 1 to the Urban Motorway. The expected total traffic volume on the links is approximately 28 000 vehicles per day. The geometric standards and layout and the type of structures used were dictated by the restrictive topography and physical constraints. The principle features of the work are two continuous prestressed concrete box bridges constructed by the incremental launching technique, a 13 m high retaining wall constructed in Reinforced Earth, and a highly skewed 2 span variable depth slab bridge constructed in insitu reinforced concrete.
T-Cell Lymphokines, Interleukin-4 and Gamma Interferon, Modulate the Induction of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Migration by Serum and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (1995)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) fibrinolysis is necessary for SMC migration. In order to determine whether the T-cell lymphokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon (gamma-IFN) affect SMC fibrinolysis and migration, we examined the effects of human recombinant IL-4 and gamma-IFN on human aortic SMC tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) antigen production, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Although IL-4 had no direct effect on SMC TPA antigen, IL-4 potentiated SMC TPA antigen levels and activity in conditioned media and cellular lysates in media containing 2% fetal bovine serum but did not change UPA or PAI-1 production. gamma-IFN attenuated IL-4 augmentation of SMC TPA antigen production in conditioned media, although gamma-IFN itself had no direct effects on SMC TPA and PAI-1 antigen production. IL-4 augmented PDGF induction of SMC TPA antigen. gamma-IFN inhibited PDGF induction of SMC TPA antigen and IL-4 potentiation of this process. gamma-IFN diminished the promigratory effects of both IL-4 and PDGF on in vitro SMC migration. Tranexamic acid, a plasmin inhibitor, abrogated the stimulation of SMC migration by IL-4. Therefore, IL-4 and gamma-IFN modulate the induction of SMC TPA and SMC migration by 2% fetal bovine serum and PDGF.
Compressive sensing of digital sparse signals (2011)

This paper discusses compressive sensing with digital sparse signals. The motivation is that most existing sparse signal recovery algorithms, like matching pursuit, convex relaxation and Bayesian framework, do not fully exploit the digital nature of signals when dealing with digital sparse signals, which result in certain performance losses. In this paper, we solve this problem via a permutation-based multi-dimensional sensing matrix and an iterative recovery algorithm with maximum likelihood (ML) local detectors. The sensing matrix considered consists of several sub-matrices, each composed of a random permutation matrix and a block-diagonal matrix. The measurements generated from the same permutation matrix are referred to as a dimension. The block-diagonal matrices allow the use of the low-complexity ML detector in each dimension, which best utilizes the digital nature of signals. The multi-dimensional structure of the sensing matrix enables information exchange between dimensions through an iterative process to achieve a near global-optimal estimation. Numerical results are used to show the rate-distortion performance of the proposed technique. It is shown that it can achieve much better rate-distortion than the existing approaches based on convex relaxation and Bayesian framework with digital source signals.
ChemInform Abstract: ANRORC Mechanism (2012)

Abstract Review: 22 refs.
The Origin of the Oxygen Redox Activity in Layered and Cation-Disordered Li-Excess Cathode Materials (2016)

With increasing complexity of technology comes a demand for higher-energy density Li-ion batteries, which requires high-energy density cathode materials. Reversible oxygen redox in Li-excess materials can substantially expand the search space of high capacity and energy density cathodes, because it can deliver excess capacity beyond the theoretical transition metal (TM) redox capacity, reducing the necessity of heavy and expensive TM ions.[1-4] Nevertheless, the structural and electronic origin of the oxygen redox process is not understood, preventing the rational design of better cathode materials with oxygen redox. In this talk, we explain how specific chemical and structural features in layered and cation-disordered Li-excess cathode materials introduce labile oxygen electrons that can be easily extracted and participate in the practical capacity of these materials. Our ab initio calculations demonstrate that Li excess and cation disorder create unhybridized oxygen 2 p states in lithium-metal-oxide cathodes that promote oxygen redox, which can create extra capacity beyond the TM redox capacity and lead to peroxo-like species when local distortion in the chemical bond is allowed (Figure 1).[5] Furthermore, we explain how this specific oxygen redox process competes with the TM redox, providing clear guidelines for the design of high-capacity cathodes with optimized TM or O redox. References [1] H. Koga, L. Croguennec, M. Ménétrier, K. Douhil, S. Belin, L. Bourgeois, E. Suard, F. Weill, C. Delmas, J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 : A786-A792 (2013). [2] M. Sathiya, G. Rousse, K. Ramesha, C.P. Laisa, H. Vezin, M.T. Sougrati, M.L. Doublet, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, W. Walker, A.S. Prakash, M. Ben Hassine, L. Dupont, J.M. Tarascon, Nature Mater. 12 : 827-835 (2013). [3] N. Yabuuchi, M. Takeuchi, M. Nakayama, H. Shiiba, M. Ogawa, K. Nakayama, T. Ohta, D. Endo, T. Ozaki, T. Inamasu, K. Sato, S. Komaba, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112 : 7650-7655 (2015). [4] J. Lee, D.-H. Seo, M. Balasubramanian, N. Twu, X. Li, G. Ceder, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 : 3255-3265 (2015). [5] D.-H. Seo, J. Lee, A. Urban, R. Malik, SY. Kang, G. Ceder, Nature Chem. in press (2016). Figure 1
Laplacian Eigenmaps and Spectral Techniques for Embedding and Clustering (2002)

Drawing on the correspondence between the graph Laplacian, the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a manifold, and the connections to the heat equation, we propose a geometrically motivated algorithm for constructing a representation for data sampled from a low dimensional manifold embedded in a higher dimensional space. The algorithm provides a computationally efficient approach to nonlinear dimensionality reduction that has locality preserving properties and a natural connection to clustering. Several applications are considered.
Recent developments in the design, deposition, and processing of hard coatings (1998)

Coatings that offer protection from wear, low friction coefficients, and corrosion resistance are required for many applications ranging from tool inserts to bearings. The precise demands placed on these coatings varies by application, but to meet new requirements a useful approach is to use established coatings in new applications or create new materials by adjusting chemistry and microstructure. To achieve significant advancements in coating properties, we must go beyond single-layer/single-phase materials. Functionally gradient, multilayer, and composite coatings permit blending of properties traditionally considered mutually exclusive; for example, hardness and toughness. To facilitate growth of these types of coatings, improved deposition techniques must be developed. Discussion in this article focuses on the development of coating materials and deposition processes at the Air Force Materials Laboratory/Materials Directorate. Materials include nitrides/carbides and diamond-like carbon in functionally gradient, multilayer, and nanocomposite architectures. The magnetron assisted pulsed laser deposition process which permits the growth of infinitely variable gradients as well as sharp interfaces will be highlighted.
Preparation of poly(styrene‐<i>co</i>‐hexylacrylate)/cellulose whiskers nanocomposites via miniemulsion polymerization (2009)

Abstract A stable aqueous nanocomposite dispersion containing cellulose whiskers and a poly(styrene‐ co ‐hexylacrylate) matrix was prepared via miniemulsion polymerization. We were able to prepare a stable dispersion with a 20 wt % solid content and a cellulose whiskers content ranging from 1 up to 5 wt % based on polymer content. To avoid particle agglomeration leading to coagulum formation, the addition of a low amount of reactive silane, i.e., methacryloxypropyl triethoxysilane revealed to efficiently stabilize the dispersion. The nanocomposite dispersion was characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Films obtained by casting followed by water evaporation and particle coalescence were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing. At 5 wt % whiskers loading, an enhancement by 500% of the storage modulus above the glass transition was determined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A Multi-Tier Model for BER Prediction over Wireless Residual Channels (2007)

Bit-error rate (BER) modeling and prediction over residual wireless channels, which represent errors not corrected by the physical layer, has emerged as an active research area. Recently, it has been shown that signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a useful side-information that could be employed for BER prediction. In this paper, we propose a novel and accurate three-tier model that leverages a received packet's SNR and checksum side-information to predict BER in future packets over a wireless residual channel. We first observe that direct inference of BER from SNR results in optimistic estimates because of the relatively large amounts of error-free data (in comparison with corrupted data) received on viable wireless networks. Consequently, we propose a model that separates packet-and bit-error prediction. At the first tier, we employ a high-order packet-level Markov model which predicts whether or not a packet is in error. The second tier model is invoked only when a corrupted packet is predicted. The second tier consists of conditional probabilities that predict future SNR values based on the current packet's SNR. Once the SNR is predicted, a third-tier provides the BER estimate for that SNR using a binary-symmetric channel model. We use 802.11b traces collected over an operational 802.11b LAN to compare the performance of the proposed predictor with state-of-the-art predictors. We show that at all three 802.11b data rates (2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps) the proposed model has higher BER prediction accuracy than the optimum Yule-Walker and finite-state Markov chain predictors.