gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unresponsiveness ≠ Unconsciousness (2012)

Consciousness is subjective experience. During both sleep and anesthesia, consciousness is common, evidenced by dreaming. A defining feature of dreaming is that, while conscious, we do not experience our environment; we are disconnected. Besides inducing behavioral unresponsiveness, a key goal of anesthesia is to prevent the experience of surgery (connected consciousness), by inducing either unconsciousness or disconnection of consciousness from the environment. Review of the isolated forearm technique demonstrates that consciousness, connectedness, and responsiveness uncouple during anesthesia; in clinical conditions, a median 37% of patients demonstrate connected consciousness. We describe potential neurobiological constructs that can explain this phenomenon: during light anesthesia the subcortical mechanisms subserving spontaneous behavioral responsiveness are disabled but information integration within the corticothalamic network continues to produce consciousness, and unperturbed norepinephrinergic signaling maintains connectedness. These concepts emphasize the need for developing anesthetic regimens and depth of anesthesia monitors that specifically target mechanisms of consciousness, connectedness, and responsiveness.
Fast motion vector recovery algorithm in H.264 video streams (2010)

This paper proposes a fast statistical approach to recover lost motion vectors in H.264 video coding standard. Unlike other video coding standards, the motion vectors of H.264 cover smaller area of the video frame being encoded. This leads to a strong correlation between neighboring motion vectors, thus making H.264 standard amenable for statistical analysis to recover the lost motion vectors. This paper proposes a Pearson Correlation Coefficient based matching algorithm that speeds up the recovery of lost motion vectors with very less compromise in visual quality of the recovered video. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt that employs correlation coefficient for motion vector recovery. Experimental results obtained by employing the proposed algorithm on standard benchmark video sequences show that they yield comparable quality of recovered video with significantly less computation than the best reported in the literature, thus making it suitable for real-time applications.
How I treat smoldering multiple myeloma (2014)

Smoldering myeloma is a heterogeneous clinical entity where a subset of patients has an indolent course of disease that mimics monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance, whereas others have a more aggressive course that has been described as "early myeloma." It is defined as either serum M-protein ≥ 3 g/L or ≥ 10% monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. There are currently no molecular factors to differentiate risks of progression for these patients. Current recommendations of therapy continue to be patient observation or patient enrollment in clinical trials. However, new definitions of active multiple myeloma recently agreed upon by the International Myeloma Working Group may alter the timing of therapy. On the basis of emerging data of therapy in these patients, it seems reasonable to believe that future recommendations for therapy of patients with smoldering myeloma will become an increasingly important topic. In this article, we review the current knowledge of this disease and risk factors associated with progression. We also examine biological insights and alterations that occur in the tumor clone and the surrounding bone marrow niche. Finally, we review clinical trials that have been performed in these patients and provide recommendations for follow-up of patients with this unique disease entity.
Raman Investigation of the Nitridation of Yttria‐Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia (2003)

Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain Raman spectra of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia subject to surface nitridation induced by contact with zirconium nitride. Raman spectra recorded from regions at increasing distance from the source of nitridation have been used to obtain diffusion profiles from samples treated at different times and temperatures. The coupling of X‐ray diffraction data previously taken and of the Raman spectra shows that in the samples there is a two‐phase region (tetragonal + cubic) near the nitrided surface and that, at larger distance inside the samples, there is only one phase (tetragonal). Fitting of the diffusive profiles in the single‐phase tetragonal region with an appropriate diffusion function allows the determination of the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in tetragonal zirconia which is expressed in terms of the preexponential factor, D 0 = (3.98 ± 0.5) × 10 −3 cm 2 /s, and the activation energy, Q = 170 ± 10 kJ/mol.
Characterization of Organic Thin Films (1994)

Thin films based upon organic materials are at the heart of much of the revolution in modern technology, from advanced electronics, to optics to sensors to biomedical engineering. This volume in the Materials Characterization series introduces the major common types of analysis used in characterizing of thin films and the various appropriate characterization technologies for each. Materials such as Langmuir-Blodgett films and self-assembled monolayers are first introduced, followed by analysis of surface properties and the various characterization technologies used for such. Readers will find detailed information on: -Various spectroscopic approaches to characterization of organic thin films, including infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy -X-Ray diffraction techniques, High Resolution EELS studies, and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -Concise Summaries of major characterization technologies for organic thin films, including Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
The Titanium-Molybdenum-Hydrogen System: Isotope Effects, Thermodynamics, and Phase Changes (1978)

Pressure-composition-temperature and thermodynamic relationships of of the titanium-molybdenum-hydrogen (deuterium) system are reported. β-TiMo exhibits Sieverts' Law behavior only in the very dilute region, with deviations toward decreased solubility thereafter. Data indicate that the presence of Mo in the β-Ti lattice inhibits hydrogen solubility. This trend may stem from two factors: for Mo contents >50 atom %, an electronic factor dominates whereas at lower Mo contents, behavior is controlled by the decrease in lattice parameter with increasing Mo content. Evidence suggests that Mo atoms block adjacent interstitial sites for hydrogen occupation. Thermodynamic data for deuterium absorption indicate that for temperatures below 297°C an inverse isotope effect is exhibited, in that the deuteride is more stable than the hydride. There is evidence for similar behavior in the tritide.
Public Online Charter School Students (2012)

There has been a steady growth of the K-12 student population taking courses online. This study examined reasons for students to choose a public online charter school program and their perceptions of online discussion. A survey was sent to 1,500 students newly enrolled in a statewide public online charter school program. From those who responded, 44% indicated that the online discussion component is not helpful in achieving their academic goals. Also, further analysis suggested that those who drop out of traditional schools probably would not stay even in an online program unless the program adequately supported the students. In this report, interrelationships among perceptual measures along with traits and preferences of online students are discussed and suggestions are made for educators.
Antiviral Strategies for Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza (2010)

While vaccines are the primary public health response to seasonal and pandemic flu, short of a universal vaccine there are inherent limitations to this approach. Antiviral drugs provide valuable alternative options for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. Here, we will review drugs and drug candidates against influenza with an emphasis on the recent progress of a host-targeting entry-blocker drug candidate, DAS181, a sialidase fusion protein.
Arginase I Expression and Activity in Human Mononuclear Cells After Injury (2001)

Markedly altered arginase expression and activity in cells of the human immune system after trauma have not been reported previously. Increased mononuclear cell arginase may partially explain the benefit of arginine supplementation for trauma patients. Arginase, rather than nitric oxide synthase, appears to be the dominant route for arginine metabolism in immune cells after trauma.
KAIKObase: An integrated silkworm genome database and data mining tool (2009)

For efficient usage of genome information for functional studies, genomic sequences, physical and genetic map information and EST data were compiled into KAIKObase, an integrated silkworm genome database which consists of 4 map viewers, a gene viewer, and sequence, keyword and position search systems to display results and data at the level of nucleotide sequence, gene, scaffold and chromosome. Integration of the silkworm proteome database and the Bombyx trap database with KAIKObase led to a high-grade, user-friendly, and comprehensive silkworm genome database which is now available from URL: http://sgp.dna.affrc.go.jp/KAIKObase/.
Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Frequency of Sting Attacks on Residents of Sumter County, Georgia (1981)

A survey of the human sting attack rate of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, on a sample population in Sumter Co., Georgia, USA, was conducted over a 12-month period. Seventy-seven families (310 individuals) initially participated in the program, but dropouts reduced the average study population to 272 individuals per month. A total of 213 sting attacks were recorded for 95 individuals. A majority (179) of these were recorded for rural residents. The greatest contact occurred from April to September, with the total sting attacks ranging from 18–35 per month. The highest sting attack rate occurred in persons under 20 years of age (50%); the number of stings declined with increased age. Females reported being stung at a slightly higher rate than males. Two individuals (1%) classified their sting reactions as severe, 26 (12%) as moderate, and 183 (87%) as mild.
Synthesis and cholinergic properties of bis[[(dimethylamino)methyl]furanyl] analogs of ranitidine (1992)

The histaminergic H2 antagonist, ranitidine, has also been found to significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro. In an effort to develop novel, nonquaternary AChE inhibitors capable of penetrating into the CNS and alleviating the cholinergic deficit characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, a series of bis[[(dimethylamino)methyl]furanyl] analogues of ranitidine has been synthesized. All compounds were evaluated for human erythrocyte AChE inhibitory activity and compared to ranitidine, physostigmine, and tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA). The most active AChE inhibitors were N,N'-disubstituted derivatives of 2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine and 4,6-dinitro-1,3-benzenediamine, with compound 8 demonstrating activity greater than physostigmine. Deletion of the diaminonitroethene group in a series of alkyl and aryl bis-thioethers, yielded a number of slightly less active compounds, comparable in potency to THA. The 13 most active AChE inhibitors all demonstrated a more selective inhibition of AChE, as opposed to butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, than did THA. Compounds 3 and 22 were equally active to THA in potentiating rat ileal contractions. Binding studies demonstrated M1 and M2 cholinergic receptor affinities slightly greater than or equal to THA. Differential receptor binding studies showed compound 12 resembled THA in agonist/antagonist activity. Compounds 11-13 significantly elevated mouse brain acetylcholine levels, when administered at 80% of their approximate lethal doses, but were less active than THA or physostigmine.
Etiology of Acute Diarrhea among United States Military Personnel Deployed to South America and West Africa (1993)

A study of acute diarrhea was conducted from 1985 to 1987 among U.S. military personnel participating in routine shipboard exercises in South America and West Africa and ground troops deployed to coastal Ecuador. An enteropathogen was identified in 146 (51%) of 289 acute cases of diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, found in 50 (17%) patients with diarrhea, was the most commonly identified enteropathogen. Viral enteropathogens were also found in a high percentage of acute cases of diarrhea: rotavirus was detected in 11% of the patients and Norwalk virus infection in 10%. Most enteric pathogens were acquired in equal frequencies in South America and West Africa, except for rotavirus infection which was identified more often in West Africa and enteroaggregative E. coli infection which was identified more often in South America. Bacterial enteropathogens were frequently resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, but no resistance to quinolone drugs was observed, indicating that quinolone drugs have become important agents for the treatment of diarrhea in South America and West Africa.
An overview of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the newer generation aromatase inhibitors anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane (2002)

All three AIs demonstrated clinical efficacy over preexisting treatments. However, there were differences in terms of pharmacokinetics and effects on lipid levels and adrenosteroidogenesis. The long-term clinical significance of these differences remains to be elucidated.
The Active Site Cysteine of the Proapoptotic Protein Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Is Essential in Oxidative Stress-induced Aggregation and Cell Death (2007)

Recent studies have revealed that the redox-sensitive glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), is involved in neuronal cell death that is triggered by oxidative stress. GAPDH is locally deposited in disulfide-bonded aggregates at lesion sites in certain neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism that underlies oxidative stress-induced aggregation of GAPDH and the relationship between structural abnormalities in GAPDH and cell death. Under nonreducing in vitro conditions, oxidants induced oligomerization and insoluble aggregation of GAPDH via the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. Because GAPDH has four cysteine residues, including the active site Cys(149), we prepared the cysteine-substituted mutants C149S, C153S, C244A, C281S, and C149S/C281S to identify which is responsible for disulfide-bonded aggregation. Whereas the aggregation levels of C281S were reduced compared with the wild-type enzyme, neither C149S nor C149S/C281S aggregated, suggesting that the active site cysteine plays an essential role. Oxidants also caused conformational changes in GAPDH concomitant with an increase in beta-sheet content; these abnormal conformations specifically led to amyloid-like fibril formation via disulfide bonds, including Cys(149). Additionally, continuous exposure of GAPDH-overexpressing HeLa cells to oxidants produced disulfide bonds in GAPDH leading to both detergent-insoluble and thioflavin-S-positive aggregates, which were associated with oxidative stress-induced cell death. Thus, oxidative stresses induce amyloid-like aggregation of GAPDH via aberrant disulfide bonds of the active site cysteine, and the formation of such abnormal aggregates promotes cell death.
An Optimality Principle for Unsupervised Learning (1988)

We propose an optimality principle for training an unsu-pervised feedforward neural network based upon maximal ability to reconstruct the input data from the network out-puts. We describe an algorithm which can be used to train either linear or nonlinear networks with certain types of nonlinearity. Examples of applications to the problems of image coding, feature detection, and analysis of random-dot stereograms are presented. 1.
Carrier frequency offset estimation and correction for Hiperlan/2 WLANs (2003)

The performance of carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimators is examined when applied to Hiperlan2 modems. The performance of various estimator procedures is evaluated by means of simulation. A new estimation scheme is proposed for Hiperlan2 that takes advantage of the structure of the physical frames. Its major advantage is that the estimator operating range is extended to fulfil a worst-case scenario of CFO for Hiperlan2. A CFO correction architecture is also proposed which consists of 2 parts; a coarse CFO estimator that feeds a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) to remove a part of CFO, and a fine CFO estimator-corrector that uses linear phase extrapolation to correct the phase shift caused by the remaining CFO.
Design and Analysis of a Novel Multimode Transmission for a HEV Using a Single Electric Machine (2012)

This paper presents the mathematical modeling and analysis of a novel multimode transmission (MMT) for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) using a single electric machine (EM), which implies compactness and low cost. The single-EM solution avoids losses from another EM and its power electronics, which are employed in many existing HEVs. The topology of the MMT planetary gearset is the same as that of conventional four-speed automatic transmissions (ATs). The MMT realizes five power flow modes, which are developed into 16 operation modes, including one Motor_only mode, four Engine_only modes, four Compound driving modes, six Braking modes, and one Charging while parking mode. The properly arranged clutches transmit power flow more flexibly, allow direct mechanical power transmission from the engine to the drive shaft, and avoid spin loss for the engine and energy conversion loss for the electric components. Simulation under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) shows that the fuel consumption of the proposed HEV is comparable to a benchmark “THS II-like” vehicle, which uses a planetary gearset, two EMs, and no clutch, which indicates the fuel economy potential of this concept.
Measurement of the Instantaneous Distribution of Momentum in Diesel Injection Nozzle Fuel Jets (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Because of its dominant role in diesel engine performance and emissions, the fuel injection process has become an area of very active research and development. It is now clear that location, shape, rate of development, and mass flow distribution within each fuel jet are all important in controlling fuel air mixing, wall interactions, combustion rate, and the resulting levels of emissions. The objective of this project was to develop an instrument for measurement of the instantaneous fuel mass and momentum distribution in the jets issuing from diesel injection nozzles. The goal was to develop an instrument concept that can be used in the laboratory for fundamental measurements, as well as a quality control system for use in manufacture of the injection nozzles. The concept of the instrument is based on the measurement of the instantaneous momentum of the fuel jet as it impacts on a surface equipped with pressure sensitive elements. The measurement instrument involves the use of piezo-film array, as the pressure sensing elements, to directly measure the momentum of the fuel jet. The sensitivity, repeatability, and durability of the instrument concept was verified using a single hole, conventional pump-line-nozzle injection system.</div>
Combustion Synthesis of Silicon Carbide in Nitrogen Atmosphere (1989)

Fine SiC powders were synthesized by burning the mixed reactionts Si and C in a nitrogen atmosphere of 3 to 10 MPa. The exothermic synthesis reaction propagated spontaneously after igniting the reactants at room temperature. The SiC powders obtained had a uniform size distribution of about 0.2 μm. The combustion velocity was 0.8 to 1.5 mm / s. The maximum temperature measured at the reaction was 2500 K, which was higher than the adiabatic combustion temperature of SiC, but slightly lower than the decomposition temperature of Si 3 N 4 under nitrogen pressure.
Synthesis and crystal structures of the layered I–III–V Zintl phases, K<sub>4</sub>In<sub>4</sub>X<sub>6</sub>, where X = As, Sb (1991)

Ternary Zintl phase materials of the formula K4In4X6, where X = As or Sb, have been prepared following a high-temperature procedure. The crystal structure of K4In4As6 has been determined at low temperature and consists of [In4As64–]n sheets of ca. 5 Å thickness insulated by a layer of potassium ions of ca. 3 Å thickness. The crystal structure of K4In4Sb6 has been determined at room temperature and is isomorphous with the K4In4Sb6 compound. For K4In4As6, a= 14.323(3)Å, b= 7.106(2)Å, c= 15.795(3)Å, β= 90.30(2)°, space group P21/c, Z= 4, ρc= 4.44 g cm–3 at T= 100(5) K, R= 0.035 for 2688 unique observed reflections. For K4In4Sb6, a= 15.282(5)Å, b= 7.544(1)Å, c= 16.788(3)Å, β= 90.52(2)°, space group P21/c, Z= 4, ρc= 4.62 g cm–3 at T= 299 K, R= 0.042 for 3001 unique observed reflections.
The action of alcohols and other non‐ionic surface active substances on the sodium current of the squid giant axon. (1983)

The effects of several n-alkanols and n-alkyl oxyethylene alcohols, methyl octanoate, glycerol 1-monooctanoate and dioctanoyl phosphatidylcholine on the ionic currents and electrical capacity of the squid giant axon membrane have been examined. The peak inward current in voltage-clamped axons was reduced reversibly by each substance. For n-pentanol to n-decanol the concentrations required to suppress the peak inward current by 50% were determined. From these data, it was estimated that the standard free energy per CH2 for adsorption to the site of action was -3.04 kJ mole-1, as compared with -3.11 kJ mole-1 for adsorption into phospholipid bilayers or an n-alkane/aqueous solution interface. The membrane capacity at 100 kHz was not greatly by any of the test substances at concentrations which reduced the inward current by 50%. Na currents under voltage clamp were recorded in intracellularly perfused axons before, during and sometimes after exposure to the test substances and the records were fitted with equations similar to those proposed by Hodgkin & Huxley (1952). Shifts in the curves of the steady-state activation and inactivation parameters (m infinity and h infinity) against membrane potential, changes in the peak heights of the activation and inactivation time constants (tau m and tau h) and reductions in the maximum Na conductance (gNa) have been tabulated. All of the test substances shifted the voltage dependence of the steady-state activation in the depolarizing direction and lowered the peak time constants for both activation and inactivation. The origins of these effects, and of the differences in the present results from those of the hydrocarbons (Haydon & Urban, 1983), have been discussed in terms of the physico-chemical properties of the two groups of substances and with reference to their effects on artificial membranes.
Tailoring logic CMOS for RF applications (2002)

The radio-frequency (RF) potential of logic CMOS is assessed in this paper. Steps towards an optimum RF performance are explained. Devices are optimized for the frequency responses (f/sub T/ and f/sub max/), the minimum noise figure (F/sub min/), and the 1/f-noise based on device layout, bias conditions, and type of gate dielectric. Those steps are verified through a detailed study of IBM's 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS logic technology. The identification of high RF performance of logic CMOS technology points out the advantage over dedicated RF CMOS technology.
[Protective effect of curcumin on experimental liver injury in mice]. (2003)

Curcumin showed protective effect against liver injury induced by CCl4, D-Gal N, BCG plus LPS.