gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance fullerene-free polymer solar cells with 6.31% efficiency (2014)

A nonfullerene electron acceptor (IEIC) based on indaceno[1,2-<italic>b</italic>:5,6-<italic>b</italic>′]dithiophene and 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroinden-1-ylidene)malononitrile was designed and synthesized, and fullerene-free polymer solar cells based on the IEIC acceptor showed power conversion efficiencies of up to 6.31%.
Automatic Data Acquisition System Installed in Offshore Canadian Arctic Well; Monitoring Precise Temperatures By Acoustic Telemetry (1987)

A methodology has been developed to instrument an offshore petroleum exploration well for long term downhole temperature observations. A demonstration deployment was completed successfully in May, 1985 at a well in 244m of water in the Canadian Arctic. The data acquisition system acquired well temperatures to 800m below the sea floor at 4 hour intervals for most of the first year following system deployment and well abandonment. Data was transmitted acoustically through the water to a recording package left on the sea ice. The concept has application in monitoring temperatures and other parameters in abandoned holes and in production wells. The recording package could be mounted in a buoy for open sea areas.
Direct stenting (2003)

Stents have ameliorated the outcome of percutaneous coronary interventions. Improved design, profile and flexibility of the currently available stents now permit to deliver the stent without pre-dilatation. In western European countries, stent implantation now occurs in up to 80% of all percutaneous revascularization procedures. In selected cases the safety and feasibility of direct stenting over conventional balloon-predilatation stenting has been demonstrated, in association with slightly superior outcome. This likely results from reduced vessel wall damage-dissections are sealed at the moment they are created-and distal embolization is reduced. In addition, a significant reduction in terms of costs and duration of procedures was demonstrated, while restenosis rate is not reduced with direct stenting.
Structures of larger proteins in solution: Three- and four-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy (2018)

Complete understanding of a protein`s function and mechanism of action can only be achieved with a knowledge of its three-dimensional structure at atomic resolution. At present, there are two methods available for determining such structures. The first method, which has been established for many years, is x-ray diffraction of protein single crystals. The second method has blossomed only in the last 5 years and is based on the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to proteins in solution. This review paper describes three- and four-dimensional NMR methods applied to protein structure determination and was adapted from Clore and Gronenborn. The review focuses on the underlying principals and practice of multidimensional NMR and the structural information obtained.
Improving resist resolution and sensitivity via electric-field enhanced postexposure baking (2002)

This article explores a methodology for enhancing the resist resolution and improving resist profile based on confining the photoacid drift/diffusion by an external electric field. A properly offset alternating electric field applied to the resist film during postexposure bake (PEB) can enhance the photoacid drift in the vertical direction, drive acid to the desired direction, and thereby confine the lateral acid diffusion. The experiments were conducted on UVIIHS resist with JEOL electron-beam exposure tool and UVII-10 resist on ASML KrF stepper, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy pictures show that electric-field enhanced PEB can control the resist profiles and increase the verticality of resist sidewalls. Electric-field-enhanced PEB also significantly improves the tolerance of over and underexposure and provides better critical dimension control. It is estimated that it reduces the lateral acid diffusion length by about 70–90 nm in KrF lithography.
Inhibitory Effects of Condensed Tannins on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (1987)

Effects of condensed tannins isolated from Rhei Rhizoma on the activities of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and various proteases were examined in vitro. Among the various condensed tannins tested, procyanidin B-5 3,3’-di-O-gallate and procyanidin C-1 3,3’,3”-tri-O-gallate strongly inhibited the activity of ACE. The concentration of procyanidin B-5 3,3’-di-O-gallate required for 50% inhibition of ACE was 1.3×10-6 M. The inhibition of ACE by condensed tannins was reversible and non-competitive, according to dialysis and to Dixon plots. However, over one hundred times the concentration was required to inhibit activities of other proteases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase A and urinary kallikrein. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of condensed tannins on the activities of ACE are specific.
Improved Techniques For Logging High-Angle Wells (1977)

Abstract High-angle wells are becoming coin inon place, particularly in offshore areas. Because of this, it particularly in offshore areas. Because of this, it has become important to increase the deviation angles at which wells can be conventionally logged. Moreover, firm planning factors are needed to decide whether to try gravity-descent or pump-down tools as the first attempt at logging high-angle holes. This paper describes work which contributes significantly to both objectives. New equipment has been introduced to reduce hole friction, increase tool weight and flexibility, and provide a surface indication of push or pull forces at provide a surface indication of push or pull forces at the tool head. These devices have been extensively field-tested in wells with deviations ranging from 45 to in excess of 70 degrees, in the Gulf of Mexico offshore area. Maximum deviations successfully logged by use of the new equipment were somewhat less than the limits predicted by theoretical and laboratory work, but there predicted by theoretical and laboratory work, but there has been a dramatic improvement in success ratios for logging these high-angle wells.
Purification of herpes simplex virus type 1 by density gradient centrifugation and estimation of the sedimentation coefficient of the virion (1997)

Purification of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is often performed by centrifugation in gradients of various materials. A major problem with such procedures is a gradual decrease in the infectivity of the virus, probably due to the influence of the gradient material. In the present work we have compared Nycodenz gradients with Ficoll gradients for HSV-1 purification. Both gradient materials have low osmolarities. The purity of the preparations recovered from the two gradients was similar, as measured by electron microscopy and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the yield of infectious virus was approximately the same. Szilágyi & Cunningham (22) reported previously that Ficoll gradients separate one band of complete virions and another band containing light particles devoid of nucleocapsids. In Nycodenz gradients we observed the same bands, and an additional third band which contained aggregates and disrupted particles. In this respect, the separation in Nycodenz is slightly superior to that in Ficoll. The purified HSV-1 virions were subjected to analytical differential centrifugation and an S-value of 670S was calculated for the virus.
Reducing hot spots and junction temperatures of integrated circuits using carbon composite in a printed circuit board and substrate (2006)

Carbon composite laminate is used in the integral structure of printed circuit boards (PCB) today to spread the heat from the heat source mounted on the surface. The thermal conductivity of carbon fiber used in the composite is lateral and ranging from 10W/m.K to 600W/m.K. This lateral property results in high thermal conductivity in-plane, opposed to the through-plane of composite. This anisotropic thermal property has the unique advantage of spreading heat throughout the entire surface area of the printed circuit board. The composite layer can be used as an internal thermal plane layer and heat from the heat source can be conducted to the carbon composite layer through thermal vias. The composite layer can also be used as a ground or power layer to improve heat conduction from the heat source to the carbon composite layer through all ground or power via connections. Carbon composite also acts as an internal heat spreader thus, concentrated heat from the high power ICs can be spread out to entire plane area. This reduces or eliminates localized "hot spots" and reduces junction temperature of the IC components. Further heat can be removed from the PCB surface using a forced or natural convection cooling mechanism. This type of internal heat spreading method can be extremely advantageous in an application such as a memory module which uses stacked devices. In a stacked memory module, the inside DRAM is trapped between outside DRAM and the PCB. The outside DRAM receives fanned air but the inside DRAM has no way to dissipate heat to the environment. A series of tests have been performed and have shown 8-12degC temperature differences from standard materials using carbon composite in the PCB. Beside the thermal benefits, carbon composite has several other benefits. It allows the designer to tailor the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the PCB to match with the CTE of components, it increases rigidity/stiffness by magnitudes, and it does not add any weight over FR4, polyimide and standard materials. A designer can reduce hot spots and the junction temperature of the hot components by selecting the proper carbon composite type and selecting the proper number of composite layers in the structure of the PCB. Several other materials can also be used as a thermal plane such as copper, copper-moly-copper (CMC), copper-Invar-copper (CIC), aluminum nitride and aluminum silicon carbide (AlSiC)
Darwinian natural selection for orange bioluminescent color in a Jamaican click beetle (2003)

The Jamaican click beetle Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) is unique among all bioluminescent organisms in displaying a striking light color polymorphism [Biggley, W. H., Lloyd, J. E. & Seliger, H. H. (1967) J. Gen. Physiol. 50, 1681-1692]. Beetles on the island vary in the color of their ventral light organs from yellow-green to orange and their dorsal organs from green to yellow-green. The genetic basis for the color variation involves specific amino acid substitutions in the enzyme luciferase. Here, we show that dorsal and ventral light color in P. plagiophthalamus are under separate genetic control, we resolve the allelic basis for color variation, and, through analyses of luciferase sequence variation, we demonstrate that natural selection has produced a long-term adaptive trend for longer wavelength (more orange) ventral light on Jamaica. Our results constitute a novel example connecting the selective fixation of specific nucleotides in nature to their precisely determined phenotypic effects. We also present evidence suggesting that a recently derived ventral orange luciferase allele on the island has deterministically increased in frequency. Thus, the current luciferase polymorphism for P. plagiophthalamus appears to be mirroring the long-term anagenic trend on Jamaica, revealing a possible ongoing adaptive color transition in progress.
Measurements of pertinent concentrations of oxygen <i>in vivo</i> (1991)

A new method able to measure the concentration of oxygen in complex biological systems, including in vivo, has been developed using low-frequency EPR and newly characterized free radicals that are very sensitive to the concentration of oxygen. The free radicals (fusinite and lithium phthalocyanine) are very stable in tissues (for at least 150 days), apparently nontoxic, and can reflect oxygen concentrations that are less than the Km of cytochrome oxidase (0.1 microM or lower). Their biological stability is indicated by the fact that repeated measurements with fusinite of the concentration of oxygen in skeletal muscle have been made in the same animal for more than 150 days without any change in sensitivity or signs of toxicity.
Tvånget i tvångsvården (2006)

Our main aim is to understand the phenomena coercion by regarding how it is created and maintained during coercive care of drug abusers in Sweden. In this article we follow processes through coercive care by stories from social workers and clients. 23 interviews were conducted with 13 social workers in the social services and 10 persons who have been under coercive care. The material derives from two parallel studies where the social services work has been in focus. The interviewees’ stories elucidate actions and interaction throughout the coercive care. Hereby they describe a process where the drug user first is transformed from a subject to an object. When the care continues in to voluntary treatment the objectification of the drug user ceases and turns into a re-subjectification, where the disciplined can regain influence on his life, but this time as disciplined. We argue that coercion is a process of both objectification and re-subjectification and that coercion is productive since it produces changed identities.
Study on prostaglandin E involved in tooth movement. Immunohistochemical observation. (1987)

For the purpose of investigating the localization of prostaglandin E (PGE) in periodontal tissues during tooth movement (6hours-3days) by an immunohistochemical technique, the following experiments were performed: Preliminary experiment: 1. To study the influence of fixative and decalcifying solution on PGE2 by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and 2. To observe the localization of PGE in rat uterus and kidney Main experiment: To observe the localization of PGE induced by rat experimental tooth movement on the side of the compressed periodontal membrane, using light and electron microscopes The results obtained were as follows: 1) The immunity of PGE2 was not influenced by Zamboni's fixative and 5% EDTA solution. 2) The localization of PGE in the fixed uterus and kidney was nearly similar to that reported by Van Orden and Mori & Mine. 3) An intense PGE reaction could be seen in the compressed periodontal membrane after 6 12hours of tooth movement. During this period, the PGE reaction could be seen in the perivascular tissue and some of the fibroblast-like cells, and 4) These PGE-positive cells were identified as endothelial cells and fibroblasts by electron microscopic observation and the intracellular localization of PGE of these cells was observed in the the cell membrane Rough-ER, and diffusely in the cytoplasm.
A Comparison of Selected Quality and Compositional Characteristics of Brown and White Shell Eggs. (1986)

Eggs were obtained from three brown and three white shell commercial layer strains during 12 28-day production periods. Forty-eight eggs were randomly selected from each of the six strains during the last week of each period. The 61.5-g average egg weight for the brown shell eggs was significantly greater than the 60.3-g average weight of the white shell eggs. Significant differences were also found for the component parts. The overall means for percent shell were 9.35 and 8.65, for percent yolk 27.6 and 26.8, and for percent albumen 63.1 and 64.5 for the white shell eggs and the brown shell eggs, respectively. The only significant difference found in chemical composition was the percentage of albumen solids, which was 11.2 for the brown shell eggs and 10.8 for the white shell eggs.
Clearance of a Dialyzer Under Varying Operating Conditions (1986)

The clearance of a dialyzer at zero ultrafiltration and zero inlet concentration in the dialysate was studied for varying dialysate flows. It was found that a practically feasible limit can be set to the dialysate flow, above which the gain in clearance is minimal or negligible, resulting more in a waste of dialysate than in increased mass transport. The results suggest a more economical operation of dialyzers, which is of general interest, as well as of special interest in areas where no on-line dialysate preparation is used (e.g., because of unreliable water supplies).
Diclofenac fast-dissolving film: suppression of bitterness by a taste-sensing system (2010)

The electronic tongue was allowed to discriminate the effect of the TMA also in the presence of other hydrosoluble constituents of the film. Therefore, because of its simplicity and rapidity, this technique could assist or even replace the sensory evaluation in the development of fast-dissolving films.
Identification and positioning system for inductive charging systems (2013)

Future inductive charging systems for dynamic charging (e.g. on streets) as well as for static charging (e.g. for parking lots) depends on very exact and accurate vehicle position and pickup position, respectively. This paper focuses on a positioning and identification solution using a wireless system for electric vehicles to realize the controlling and management for inductive charging. This solution is based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems which are used for the positioning as well as for identification of electric vehicles. For static systems the signals and position data of the received RFID transponders will be used for the position calculation. If necessary also the signal quality will be normalized to analyze all received transponder signals and to enhance the positioning accuracy. For dynamic systems the position data of the RFID transponders are not required. The use of a RFID system for the identification of the vehicle has also the advantage to support the charging management system with identity information about the target vehicle. In addition the paper also includes a description of an end to end solution with different communication entities comprising the charging and controlling system. This includes the power inverter for the primary inductive charging coils as well as the data transfer between vehicle and management to get vehicle specific information like battery status and vehicle speed. The solution must support a fast data transfer to provide necessary vehicle identification and information about its positioning in time. Also the power inverter needs real-time data transfer. Especially the activation and deactivation process of the primary coils is a time critical factor. These coils should only be activated if a vehicle pickup or chassis covers the primary coil and the vehicle is able to charge. Finally, the paper describes a higher layer management and controlling system which is needed for the inductive charging by drive as well as on parking lots. This system has to gather the data from the involved entities (e.g. vehicles, RFID systems etc.), process the information, and to calculate the time stamps for activation and deactivation of the inductive charging coils.
Authentication Control System for Mobile Device Sharing Based on Online Social Relationships (2017)

Recently, some companies, such as Airbnb and Uber, have successfully provided services that utilize spare personal assets by sharing them with others. This idea, which is called the sharing economy, is predicted to have a major impact on society. In such a society, various devices will be shared with others. To share and utilize those devices efficiently, the permission level should be able to be controlled flexibly. Device owners generally do not want to share their devices with strangers, while they want to grant stronger permission to their close friends. However, none of the conventional authentication methods have provided such a functionality yet. Although device owners can manually configure the permission level for each user, it is a great burden. Therefore, this paper proposes a system that exploits online social relationships as a solution to the authentication problem when sharing devices. By acquiring and evaluating online social relationships between a device owner and a user, the proposed system automatically determines whether the user can access the device and how strong the permission for the user should be. The owner can make efficient use of the shared device without worrying about the access configuration of users. To examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, this paper presents a prototype system and measures the performance of the prototype system. Furthermore, by simulating a specific scenario, this paper shows that the proposed system is capable of controlling the permission level for each user effectively based on the user's online social relationships.
The role of various peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors and their ligands in clinical practice (2017)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors involved in several physiological processes including modulation of cellular differentiation, development, metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and tumorigenesis. The aim of this review is to examine how different PPAR ligands act, and discuss their use in clinical practice. PPAR ligands have a lot of effects and applications in clinical practice. Some PPAR ligands such as fibrates (PPAR-α ligands) are currently used for the treatment of dyslipidemia, while pioglitazone and rosiglitazone (PPAR-γ ligands) are anti-diabetic and insulin-sensitizing agents. Regarding new generation drugs, acting on both α/γ, β/δ, or α/δ receptors simultaneously, preliminary data on PPAR-α/γ dual agonists revealed a positive effect on lipid profile, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and anti-coagulant effects, while the overexpression of PPAR-β/δ seems to prevent obesity and to decrease lipid storage in cardiac cells. Finally, PPAR-α/δ dual agonist induces resolution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis without fibrosis worsening.
Serum lipid profiles: novel biomarkers predicting advanced prostate cancer in patients receiving radical prostatectomy (2014)

This study aimed to evaluate the role of serum lipid profiles as novel biomarkers in predicting pathological characteristics of prostate cancer (PCa). We retrospectively analyzed 322 consecutive patients with clinically localized PCa receiving radical prostatectomy (RP) and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the prostatectomy Gleason score (pGS), pathological stage and lymph node involvement (LNI) in RP specimens. Preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, biopsy GS (bGS), and preoperative tumor, node, metastasis staging were used as basic variables to predict postoperative pathological characteristics. Preoperative serum lipid profiles were introduced as potential predictors. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine predictive efficacy. Significant differences in pathological characteristics were observed among patients with normal and abnormal total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, with the exception of pGS in the TG group. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio for high levels of TC for LNI compared with normal TC levels was 6.386 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.510-27.010), 3.270 (95% CI: 1.470-7.278) for high levels of TG for pT3-4 disease, and 2.670 (95% CI: 1.134-6.287) for high levels of LDL for pGS. The area under the ROC curve of the models with dyslipidemia was larger than that in models without dyslipidemia, in predicting pathological characteristics. Abnormal TC, TG, and LDL levels are significantly associated with postoperative pathological status in PCa patients. Together with preoperative PSA levels, bGS, and clinical stage, dyslipidemia is more accurate in predicting pathological characteristics.