gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Macro‐ and microscopic fluid transport in living tissues: Application to solid tumors (1997)

Abstract Transvascular and interstitial fluid movements are involved in many important biological processes such as convective macromolecular transport and contribute to the mechanical behavior of tissue. Although intimately coupled, there is a tendency in the literature to regard these two fluid‐transport mechanisms separately; if the interaction is considered, the description is usually confined to the local level (e.g., transvascular or interstitial perivascular). A general framework presented here combines transvascular and interstitial fluid movement with the mechanics of soft tissue and integrates macro‐and microscopic views of the phenomena. On the macroscopic level, interstitial fluid transport is described by adapting the field equations of the poroelastic theory using average field variables defined on a scale of several blood vessel diameters (∼ 1 mm), while transvascular transport is described by a generalized Starling's law. As an example, the model equations have been specialized for a spherical solid tumor and an analytical solution is presented for the transient redistribution of interstitial fluid following a rapid change in vascular pressure or flow. The model describes the overall average profiles of the interstitial fluid pressure and velocity, as well as the dilatation, displacement and stress of the solid matrix. Moreover, on a smaller length scale the model can describe the local fluid movement (perivascular) using the average field variables as boundary conditions. The basic theory provides new insight into understanding the fluid transport in biological tissues and a valuable tool for determining relevant fluid‐transport parameters. Implications for improving drug delivery to solid tumors are also discussed.
“Pre-Geosite” bibliography: a proposal for exploitation. (2005)

This paper is a proposal for a reasoned cataloguing of the published bibliography before the existence of the concepts of geosite and\ngeoconservation. The bibliography considered regards landforms located only in alpine area. This is aimed at identifying landscape\nevidences of a geological and geomorphological type. The material found is very varied and published by numerous administration\nboards and institutions. It seems that in recent times the organisations that have been most active in spreading knowledge and exploiting\ngeological and geomorphological resources are the Tourism Promotion Agencies and, where present, the Parks and Natural\nHistory Museums. The proposal to exploit this bibliographical material foresees, besides a database cataloguing, the possibility of\nusing GIS systems. The aim of this type of bibliographical collection is to provide a detailed bibliography to whoever requires information\non a particular geographical area. This information can also be popularised in form and accompany the excursionist during a visit\nto the areas. This will be particularly useful for more out of the way areas that receive fewer visits. The bibliography chosen, in GIS\nform, will also be useful to those working in the field of tourism (Provincial Tourist Boards, graduates in ecotourism, tourist guides etc.)\nfor the production of leaflets, brochures or for those interested in teaching activities that are outside of the classic boundaries of the\nclassroom.
Open Letter to Director David Kappos of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (2011)

I appreciate the opportunity to respond to the Request for Comments on the extent to which small businesses may be harmed by litigation tactics by corporations‟ attempts to enforce trademark rights beyond a reasonable interpretation of the scope of the rights granted to the trademark owner; the best use of Government services to protect trademarks and prevent counterfeiting; and appropriate policy recommendations. The PTO should be commended for considering whether the use of trademark litigation as a form of “bullying” is a problem for the U.S. trademark system. While some consider trademark litigation as a justifiable effort to police marks to avoid acquiescence to infringing uses, our comprehensive study supports another explanation. We have observed that trademark litigation is increasingly used as a bullying tactic, rather than an effort to reduce serious infringing activity. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines bullying as treating others “abusively” or “to affect by means of force or coercion.” I urge you to consider the suggestions made herein, including adoption of a “Fame Registry” by the PTO, creation of a federal cause of action for bullying under the Sherman Act, and finally, the recommendation that Congress amend the FTDA to make the test for dilution “actual dilution,” rather than a “likelihood of dilution,” wherein plaintiffs would not be encouraged to obtain fame at any cost.
Ber-ACT8: new monoclonal antibody to the mucosa lymphocyte antigen. (1991)

Using a newly established HTLV-1 positive T cell line as an immunogen, a new monoclonal antibody, Ber-ACT8, was produced. It reacts with in vitro activated T cells and a small subset of normal resting T cells, but not with resting B cells or any of the 29 established human permanent cell lines tested. Immunohistological analysis of a wide spectrum of human tissues showed that Ber-ACT8 reactivity is restricted to a few T cells in the peripheral blood, the extrafollicular areas of lymph nodes and tonsils, and splenic red pulp. In the gut Ber-ACT8 labelled most intraepithelial T cells and up to 50% of lamina propria T cells. The antibody also immunostained T cells present in the oral and bronchial mucosa. Double labelling on splenic cells, fresh blood lymphocytes, and in vitro activated T cells showed that most Ber-ACT8 positive cells coexpressed CD8. Ber-ACT8 did not react with any of the 14 Hodgkin's lymphomas nor any of the 172 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas tested, with the exception of 10 cases of T cell lymphomas, five of which were located in the jejunum and associated with coeliac disease, and one B cell lymphoma, and most cases of hairy cell leukaemia tested. Parallel immunostainings with Ber-ACT8, anti-TCR-beta (beta F1), and anti-TCR-delta showed that most Ber-ACT8 positive T cells carry the TCR of alpha beta type. Comparison of Ber-ACT8 with HML-1, B-ly7, and LF61 showed essentially the same reactivity and an identical molecular target. The molecular structure recognised seems to be a trimeric molecule with components of 150, 125 and 105 kilodaltons, with the Ber-ACT8 epitope localised on the 150 kilodalton chain. The 150 kilodalton molecule contains an 0-linked carbohydrate moiety of about 10 kilodaltons. Because of its very selective distribution, the trimeric antigen is a powerful reagent for the diagnosis of gut T cell-derived T cell lymphomas and other extranodal T cell lymphomas, as well as hairy cell leukaemia.
MERS-CoV virus-like particles produced in insect cells induce specific humoural and cellular imminity in rhesus macaques (2016)

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory disease in humans with a case fatality rate of over 39%, and poses a considerable threat to public health. A lack of approved vaccine or drugs currently constitutes a roadblock in controlling disease outbreak and spread. In this study, we generated MERS-CoV VLPs using the baculovirus expression system. Electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy results demonstrate that MERS-CoV VLPs are structurally similar to the native virus. Rhesus macaques inoculated with MERS-CoV VLPs and Alum adjuvant induced virus-neutralizing antibodies titers up to 1:40 and induced specific IgG antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD), with endpoint titers reaching 1:1,280. MERS-CoV VLPs also elicited T-helper 1 cell (Th1)-mediated immunity, as measured by ELISpot. These data demonstrate that MERS-CoV VLPs have excellent immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, and represent a promising vaccine candidate.
The Use of a Poultry-Specific Murine Monoclonal Antibody Directed to the Insoluble Muscle Protein Desmin in Meat Speciation (1996)

Monoclonal antibodies were produced using chicken smooth muscle desmin as the immunogen and one antibody, 4B4/B2, was found to be reactive with desmin from chicken, turkey, pheasant and duck but not from lamb, beef and pork. This antibody reacts with poultry desmin from both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle, allowing its use for the detection of poultry meat in other meats. In addition to reacting with intact forms of this cytoskeletal protein (apparent subunit molecular size 54 kDa), 4B4/B2 also reacts with degradation products of desmin (30–40 kDa), thus enhancing its use for speciation purposes. When the antibody is used in an indirect ELISA involving antigen-coated plates, it can detect <0·04 μg ml−1 poultry desmin. As desmin is one of the most insoluble proteins in cells, it is an ideal marker for speciation. Desmin-enriched samples can be produced from chicken meat and chicken/red meat mixtures by differential extraction, culminating with the solubilisation of desmin in 8M urea. These extracts can be analysed using the ELISA system, routinely detecting chicken at the 100 g kg−1 mixed meats level. Alternatively, Western blots of the samples, resolved by 100 g kg−1 SDS PAGE, can be probed with 4B4/B2 allow-ing detection at the 20 g kg−1 mixed meats level. This monoclonal antibody rep-resents a standard reagent of unlimited supply which can, for the first time, detect a defined insoluble protein in poultry speciation assays. Preliminary applications indicate that it is superior to other reagents and demonstrate that desmin has the potential to be a valuable marker for speciation.
Development and preliminary validation of a scale of psychache. (2001)

This article details the construction and psychometric evaluation of a scale of psychache. Two studies were conducted to describe the Psychache Scale's development and construct validity with 505 university undergraduate participants. Analyses indicated that the scale of psychache had strong internal consistency reliability, criterion validity for indicating various suicide criteria, and incremental validity, relative to other established psychological antecedents of suicide measures, for statistically predicting status on these suicide criteria. Findings support both the construct validity of the Psychache Scale and Shneidman's theory that emphasizes the pre-eminence of psychache as a cause of suicide.
Cet article presente en details l'elaboration et l'evaluation psychometrique d'une echelle de la douleur psychologique insupportable. Deux etudes ont ete menees dans le but de decrire l'elaboration de cette echelle de la douleur psychologique insupportable et sa validite de construit aupres de 505 etudiants universitaires poursuivant des etudes de premier cycle. Les analyses ont revele que l'echelle de la douleur psychologique insupportable possede une forte fidelite de coherence interne, une validite predictive en fonction de differents criteres relatifs au suicide, ainsi qu'une validite differentielle, si on la compare a d'autres mesures psychologiques du suicide reconnues, dont le but est de predire statistiquement le statut de ces criteres relatifs au suicide. Nos conclusions soutiennent a la fois la validite de construit de l'echelle de la douleur psychologique insupportable et la theorie de Shneidman, qui met en evidence le role preponderant que joue la douleur psychologique insupportable comme cause de suicide.
Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum sp. nov., a 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacterium (2004)

A 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacterial strain, formerly designated as a strain of Comamonas testosteroni, was reclassified as a member of the genus Herbaspirillum based on its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, as well as phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic inference based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that strain CPW301(T) clusters in a phylogenetic branch that contains Herbaspirillum species. 16S rDNA sequence similarity of strain CPW301(T) to species of the genus Herbaspirillum with validly published names is in the range 98.7-98.9 %. Despite the considerably high 16S rDNA sequence similarity, strain CPW301(T) could be distinguished clearly from type strains of Herbaspirillum species with validly published names by DNA-DNA relatedness values, which were <15.7 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CPW301(T) is 61.3 mol%. The predominant ubiquinone is Q-8 and the major cellular fatty acids are C(16 : 0) and cyclo-C(17 : 0). The strain does not fix nitrogen and is not plant-associated. It is an aerobic rod with one unipolar flagellum. On the basis of these characteristics, a novel Herbaspirillum species, Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of the novel species is strain CPW301(T) (=KCTC 12096(T)=IAM 15024(T)).
A Tris(Zn<sup>II</sup>−1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) Complex as a New Receptor for Phosphate Dianions in Aqueous Solution (1997)

A new tris(ZnII−cyclen) (Zn3L3), which has three ZnII−macrocyclic tetraamine (cyclen) complexes connected through a 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene spacer, has been synthesized as a novel receptor for organic phosphate dianions in aqueous solution (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane and L3 = 1,3,5-tris(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-ylmethyl)benzene). The design of Zn3L3 was based on X-ray crystal structure analysis of the 1:3 complex of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP2-) with ZnII−cyclen (ZnL1) complex. The potentiometric pH titration of Zn3L3·3H2O revealed the deprotonation constants of the three ZnII-bound H2O molecules to be 6.1 (pK1), 7.3 (pK2), and 8.6 (pK3) at 25 °C with I = 0.1 (NaNO3). These three stepwise deprotonations and 1H NMR spectra changes at various pD values in D2O suggest that strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds link each adjacent ZnII−OH2 (or ZnII−OH-) at neutral pH in aqueous solution. At higher pH (>9), the hydrogen bond network disrupts. The 31P NMR titration of Zn3L3·3H2O with phenyl phosphate dianion (PP2-) in D2O confirmed the formation of a 1:1 complex (Zn3L3−PP2-). By potentiometric pH titrations, the 1:1 complex affinity constants, log Kaff (Kaff = [phosphate complex]/[ZnII complex][phosphate] (M-1)), were determined to be 5.8 with NPP2-, 6.6 with PP2-, 7.0 with α-d-glucose-1-phosphate, and 7.9 with phenyl phosphonate in aqueous solution. The tris(ZnII−cyclen) complex is found to be a much better host toward phosphates than the parent ZnII−cyclen (ZnL1) (log Kaff = 3.3 for ZnL1−NPP2-) or a bis(ZnII−cyclen) linked with a m-xylene spacer (Zn2L2) (log Kaff = 4.0 for Zn2L2−NPP2-).
I Can Speak (1969)

AIN: a night of submission, a morning of resignation. Is this life a mere effort at resignation? An endurance of wretchedness? Day after day, my youth is thus gnawed away; and happiness-I have found it in wretched quarters. My song having lost its voice, I lived in idleness in Tokyo for a while, and then, quietly, I began to write something-not a song, but as it were a 'murmur of life'; thus I was little by little led by my work to realize how my writing should proceed. 'Guess this is about the sort of thing. . .'-in this way I picked up a little something like confidence, and got started on the novel I had planned long ago. Last year, in September, I rented the second floor of a resting-house called 'Tenkajaya' on the top of Misaka Pass in Yamanashi Prefecture. From then on my work moved steadily ahead, finally coming to almost a hundred pages. The results didn't seem too bad even when I read them over. I gathered new strength. And one day when a strong wintry wind was blowing, I impetuously swore to myself that, no matter what, I would not return to Tokyo till I finished it. It was a stupid pledge. September, October, November came, and the cold weather at Misaka became unbearable. During those months, the lonely, depressing nights followed one after another. How I was tempted! Having so impetuously made a promise to myself, I couldn't go back on it now at this stage. Even though I wanted to run off to Tokyo, it would have been like breaking one of the Commandments. Atop the pass, I vacillated between two courses. I thought of -going down to Kofu. As Kofu was even milder than Tokyo, I thought maybe I could last through the winter. Down to Kofu I went. It did me good. My bad cough left me. I rented a sunny room in a lodging house on the outskirts of town, and tried the feel of sitting at
Bent-waveguide modeling of large-mode-area, double-clad fibers for high-power lasers (2006)

The design and optimization of high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers requires a detailed understanding of several important physical processes, both linear and nonlinear. The influence of bending on the overlap of the propagating mode as well as its resistance to deleterious nonlinear effects such as self-focusing must be accurately predicted. To this end we have developed a number of models, both analytic and numerical, that allow us to treat these effects in detail.
Strategies to Avoid Head-Disk Instabilities Due to Adhesion in Ultralow Flying Head-Disk Interfaces (2004)

Reducing the flying-height to sub-5 nm in hard disk drives is essential in achieving ultrahigh recording densities of the order of 1 Tbit/in/sup 2/. In order to minimize the risk of contact for such ultralow flying head-disk interfaces (HDIs), one needs to use extremely smooth disk and slider surfaces with RMS roughness values of the order of few ansgstroms. However, such super smooth interfaces are known to cause problems, such as strong attractive adhesive forces and, thus, catastrophic HDI crashes. In this paper, a systematic study specifically addressing strategies to minimize adhesion and, most importantly, to avoid head-disk instabilities or crashes due to adhesion is presented. The nonlinear adhesive forces are coupled with a nonlinear dynamic system model of the flying HDI, and a 3/sup 3/ full-factorial design of experiments is performed to investigate the effects of roughness and geometrical parameters on adhesion, flyability, and stability of ultralow sub-5-nm flying HDIs. Based on analysis of variance and corresponding response analyses, strategies to avoid the detrimental effects of adhesion on flying HDIs are proposed.
Measurement of the Easy-Axis and <i>Hk</i> Probability Density Functions for Thin Ferromagnetic Films Using the Longitudinal Permeability Hysteresis Loop (1962)

A new method of measuring the inhomogeneity in easy-axis orientation and in the magnitude of the uniaxial anisotropy in thin ferromagnetic films has been found. Correlation between the two can also be obtained by this method. Apparatus has been built to measure the probability density of finding a part of the film with a given easy-axis orientation, as well as a given Hk, and to plot this probability density function on an x-y recorder. The Hk probability density function is found to be symmetric, contrary to popular belief. Measured values of easy-axis inhomogeneity agree within experimental error with values obtained by conventional methods. Previous methods of measuring Hk inhomogeneity, based on either radio-frequency resonance linewidth or on reversible limit, are discussed and found to be questionable.
Testing frameworks for personalizing bipolar disorder (2018)

The hallmark of bipolar disorder is a clinical course of recurrent manic and depressive symptoms of varying severity and duration. Mathematical modeling of bipolar disorder holds the promise of an ability to personalize diagnoses, to predict future mood episodes, to directly compare diverse datasets, and to link basic mechanisms to behavioral data. Several modeling frameworks have been proposed for bipolar disorder, which represent competing hypothesis about the basic framework of the disorder. Here, we test these hypotheses with self-report assessments of mania and depression symptoms from 178 bipolar patients followed prospectively for 4 or more years. Statistical analysis of the data did not support the hypotheses that mood arises from a rhythmic process or multiple stable states (e.g., mania or depression) or that manic and depressive symptoms are highly anti-correlated. Alternatively, it is shown that bipolar disorder could arise from an inability for mood to quickly return to normal when perturbed. This latter concept is embodied by an affective instability model that can be personalized to the clinical course of any individual with chronic disorders that have an affective component.
A parallel programming model for irregular dynamic neural networks (2002)

The compilation of high-level programming languages for parallel machines faces two challenges: maximizing data/process locality and balancing load. No solutions for the general case are known that solve both problems at once. The present paper describes a programming model that allows to solve both problems for the special case of neural network learning algorithms, even for irregular networks with dynamically changing topology (constructive neural algorithms). The model is based on the observation that such algorithms predominantly execute local operations (on nodes and connections of the network), reductions, and broadcasts. The model is concretized in an object-centered procedural language called CuPit. The language is completely abstract: No aspects of the parallel implementation such as number of processors, data distribution, process distribution, execution model etc. are visible in user programs. The compiler can derive most information relevant for the generation of efficient code from unannotated source code. Therefore, CuPit programs are efficiently portable. A compiler for CuPit has been built for the MasPar MP-1/MP-2 using compilation techniques that can also be applied to most other parallel machines. The paper shortly presents the main ideas of the techniques used and results obtained by the various optimizations.
<i>Wingless</i>, the <i>Drosophila</i> homolog of the proto-oncogene <i>Wnt-1</i>, can transform mouse mammary epithelial cells (1993)

The segment polarity gene wingless is the Drosophila ortholog of mouse Wnt-1, a proto-oncogene capable of causing transformation of mammary epithelial cells. These two genes presently represent the best studied members of the Wnt gene family. To evaluate the functional significance of the sequence conservation between wingless and Wnt-1, we have examined the effects of expressing the Drosophila gene in mouse mammary epithelial cell lines. wingless induced morphological transformation, focus formation, and mitogenesis in confluent cultures of these cells, with resulting phenotypes comparable to those obtained with mouse Wnt-1. In addition, RAC311c mammary cells expressing wingless were tumorigenic, indicating that the Drosophila gene is capable of inducing full neoplastic transformation. In cell co-culture experiments, wingless caused transformation via a paracrine mechanism, consistent with the extracellular location of its product and its proposed mechanism of action in Drosophila embryos. Our results indicate that wingless is functionally analogous to Wnt-1 in these mammary cell transformation assays and imply a striking conservation in the properties of the two gene products and their mechanisms of action.