gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of noise in a digital image using the join-count statistic and the Moran test (1992)

We assume that the data bits of a pixel in digital images can be divided into signal and noise bits. The signal bits occupy the most significant part of the pixel and the noise bits the least significant part. The signal part of each pixel are correlated while the noise parts are uncorrelated. Two statistical methods, the Moran test and the join-count statistic, are used to examine the noise parts. Images from three digital modalities--computerized tomography, magnetic resonance and computed radiography--are used for the evaluation of the noise bits. A residual image is formed by subtracting the original image from its smoothed version. The noise level in the residual image is then identical to that in the original image. Both statistical tests are then performed on the bit planes of the residual image. The results show that most digital images contain only 8-9 bits of correlated information. Both methods are easy to implement and fast to perform.
Use of Nerve Stimulator for Simple and Accurate Obturator Nerve Block before Transurethral Resection (1984)

Adductor contraction from obturator nerve stimulation occurs frequently in certain situations during transurethral operations. Bladder perforation is a common result. A simple and safe technique involving use of a nerve stimulator for accurate obturator blockade is described. There have been no adductor contractions in more than 275 transurethral resections during a 2-year interval. There were no complications from the block itself or use of the nerve stimulator.
<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> and Lung Cancer: Epidemiologic Evidence (2005)

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of acute respiratory infection and has been hypothesized to cause several chronic diseases, including lung cancer. The purpose of this article is to identify, describe, and critically examine the published studies on the association between C. pneumoniae infection and risk of lung cancer. In the six studies identified, previous C. pneumoniae infection was defined on the basis of serologic criteria, which varied between studies. All studies reported elevated relative risk estimates for the association of serologic evidence of infection and risk of lung cancer. The three studies in which past infection was defined based on testing of prediagnostic blood specimens tended to have weaker results (odds ratio range, 1.2-2.1) than those based on postdiagnostic blood specimens (odds ratio range, 1.4-9.9). Selection bias, measurement error, and inadequate control for confounding are concerns in some of these studies. Nevertheless, results were relatively consistent, supporting a causal association. Inflammation caused by chronic infection with C. pneumoniae may be involved in the carcinogenic process but this relationship will be difficult to further define through serologic data. To better understand the nature of this association, both experimental study designs, such as those based on animal models or randomized controlled antibiotic treatment trials in humans, and observational study designs (e.g., studies that involve detection of C. pneumoniae in pulmonary specimens obtained before cancer onset) could be explored and may shed additional light on this important association.
Microencapsulation of hydrophilic drug substances using biodegradable polyesters. Part II: Implants allowing controlled drug release -- a feasibility study using bisphosphonates (2004)

The prolonged delivery of hydrophilic drug salts from hydrophobic polymer carriers at high drug loading is an ambitious goal. Pamidronate disodium salt (APD) containing implants prepared from spray-dried microparticles were investigated using a laboratory ram extruder. An APD-containing polymer matrix consisting of an APD-chitosan implant embedded in the biodegradable polymer D,L-poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid-glucose) (PLG-GLU) was compared with a matrix system with the micronized drug distributed in the PLG-GLU. The APD-chitosan matrix system showed a triphasic release behaviour at loading levels of 6.86 and 15.54% (w/w) over 36 days under in-vitro conditions. At higher loading (31.92%), a drug burst was observed within 6 days due to the formation of pores and channels in the polymeric matrix. In contrast, implants containing the micronized drug showed a more continuous release profile over 48 days up to a loading of 31.78% (w/w). At a drug loading of 46.17% (w/w), a drug burst was observed. Using micronized drug salts and reducing the surface area available for diffusion, parenteral delivery systems for highly water-soluble drug candidates were shown to be technically feasible at high drug loadings.
Comprehensive speciation of low-molecular weight selenium metabolites in mustard seeds using HPLC – electrospray linear trap/orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (2013)

An analytical methodology based on high-resolution high mass accuracy electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem MS assisted by Se-specific detection using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) was developed for speciation of selenium (Se) in seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra) grown on Se-rich soil. Size-exclusion LC-ICP MS allowed the determination of the Se distribution according to the molecular mass and the control of the species stability during extraction. The optimization of hydrophilic interaction of LC and cation-exchange HPLC resulted in analytical conditions making it possible to detect and characterize over 30 Se species using ESI MS, including a number of minor (<0.5%) metabolites. Selenoglucosinolates were found to be the most important class of species accounting for at least 15% of the total Se present and over 50% of all the metabolites. They were found particularly unstable during aqueous extraction leading to the loss of Se by volatilization as methylselenonitriles and methylselenoisothiocyanates identified using gas chromatography (GC) with the parallel ICP MS and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS/MS detection. However, selenoglucosinolates could be efficiently recovered by extraction with 70% methanol. Other classes of identified species included selenoamino acids, selenosugars, selenosinapine and selenourea derivatives. The three types of reactions leading to the formation of selenometabolites were: the Se-S substitution in the metabolic pathway, oxidative reactions of -SeH groups with endogenous biomolecules, and chemical reactions, e.g., esterification, of Se-containing molecules and other biomolecules through functional groups not involving Se.
Effects of Reduced Precision on Floating-Point SVM Classification Accuracy (2011)

There is growing interest in performing ever more complex classification tasks on mobile and embedded devices in real-time, which results in the need for e_cient implementations of the respective algorithms. Support vector machines (SVMs) represent a powerful class of nonlinear classifiers, and reducing the working precision represents a promising approach to achieving e_cient implementations of the SVM classification phase. However, the relationship between SVM classification accuracy and the arithmetic precision used is not yet su_ciently understood. We investigate this relationship in floating-point arithmetic and illustrate that often a large reduction in the working precision of the classification process is possible without loss in classification accuracy. Moreover, we investigate the adaptation of bounds on allowable SVM parameter perturbations in order to estimate the lowest possible working precision in floating-point arithmetic. Among the three representative data sets considered in this paper, none requires a precision higher than 15 bit, which is a considerable reduction from the 53 bit used in double precision floating-point arithmetic. Furthermore, we demonstrate analytic bounds on the working precision for SVMs with Gaussian kernel providing good predictions of possible reductions in the working precision without sacrificing classification accuracy.
THE 2-LOCAL HAMILTONIAN PROBLEM ENCOMPASSES NP (2003)

We show that the NP-complete problems max cut and independent set can be formulated as the 2-local Hamiltonian problem as defined by Kitaev. The 5-local Hamiltonian problem was the first problem to be shown to be complete for the quantum complexity class QMA — the quantum analog of NP. Subsequently, it was shown that 3-locality is already sufficient for QMA-completeness. It is still not known whether the 2-local Hamiltonian problem is QMA-complete. Therefore it is interesting to determine what problems can be reduced to the 2-local Hamiltonian problem. Kitaev showed that 3-SAT can be formulated as a 3-local Hamiltonian problem. We extend his result by showing that 2-locality is sufficient in order to encompass NP.
Sulfosuccinates as Mild Surfactants (2006)

Sulfosuccinate type anionic surfactants have been the workhorse surfactants as mild cleanser. Sulfosuccinates makeup around 49% of all anionic surfactants. Sulfosuccinates are the sodium salts of alkyl ester of sulfosuccinic acid. These surfactants having two long lipophile chains are similar to the alkyl sulfonates. In general, sulfosuccinate surfactants have been used in the cosmetic industry to improve the mildness of personal care products. This paper attempts to review the chemistry, types, synthesis, properties and distinguishing features of sulfosuccinates. The various applications of sulfosuccinate type anionic surfactants have also been discussed in detail.
Facile Large‐Scale Synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐Carboxyfluoresceins: Application for the Preparation of New Fluorescent Dyes (2015)

Abstract A series of fluorescein dyes have been prepared from a common precursor through a very simple synthetic procedure, giving access to important precursors for fluorescent probes. The method has proven an efficient access to regioisomerically pure 5‐ and 6‐carboxyfluoresceins on a large scale, in good yields, and with high regioisomeric purity. Furthermore, we have applied the method to the development of a new type of mixed fluorescein derivatives of 5‐carboxyfluorescein. We have demonstrated the scope of the procedure by synthesizing a new type of double chromophore within the fluoro‐Jade family.
Hypoxia in atherosclerosis and inflammation (2013)

Recent studies underscore the proatherogenic role of hypoxia in macrophage lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation and polarization. These studies provide new insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and unravel novel therapeutic targets and new options for noninvasive imaging of human atherosclerotic plaques.
Measurement of the magnetic birefringence of neon gas (1991)

We constructed a sensitive ellipsometer to study extremely small ellipticities that are acquired by laser light when it traverses a multipass optical cavity in a 9-m-long superconducting magnet. This setup was used to measure the Cotton–Mouton constant (CCM) of neon at 514.5 nm. We find for 760 Torr (1 atm) and 25°C that CCM(Ne) = (5.5 ± 0.3) × 10−20 G−2 cm−1.
Change of Wavelength Difference Limit for Binocular Color Fusion with Wavelength and Brightness of Stimuli (2006)

In this study, we measured the wavelength difference limit for binocular color vision, using a three-dimensional display to present dichoptic stimuli to the left and right eye, respectively. The size of stimulus was 2° arc of visual angle, the wavelength range of the stimuli was selected from 450 nm to 650 nm, and the brightness of the experimental stimuli was set four levels, as 3 cd/m2, 7.5 cd/m2, 15 cd/m2, and 30 cd/m2. The following results were obtained: (a) the binocular color fusion ceases when the color difference introduced between the left and right eyes exceeds a certain threshold value. The range of binocular color fusion limit is less than 10∼80 nm. (b) The limit of binocular color fusion becomes smaller with the increase of the brightness of the stimulus.
A high‐cycle fatigue life model for variable amplitude multiaxial loading (2008)

ABSTRACT A high‐cycle fatigue life model for structures subjected to variable amplitude multiaxial loading is presented in this paper. It treats any kind of repeated blocks of variable amplitude multiaxial loading without using a cycle counting method. This model based on a mesoscopic approach is characterized by the following features: (i) the choice of a damage factor related to the accumulated mesoscopic plastic strain per stabilised cycle; (ii) the use of a mesoscopic mechanical behaviour taking into account the fatigue mechanisms such as plasticity and void growth. This behaviour is a von Mises elastoplastic model with linear kinematic hardening and hydrostatic stress dependent yield stress. The fatigue life model has six parameters identified with one SN curve and two fatigue limits. In‐phase and out‐of‐phase experimental tests from the literature are simulated. The predicted fatigue lives are compared to experimental ones.
A newly characterized HLA-DP <i>beta</i>-chain allele. Evidence for DP <i>beta</i> heterogeneity within the DPw4 specificity. (1988)

cDNA clones corresponding to the DPw4 alpha- and DPw4 beta-chains were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from a DPw4 homozygous cell line, their nucleotide sequences were determined, and the corresponding amino acid sequences were deduced. This DPw4 alpha-chain is identical to the conserved DP alpha-chains from DPw4 and DPw2 haplotypes, although the DPw4 beta-chain (referred to as DPw4b beta) differs from all reported DP beta-chain sequences. The DPw4b beta-chain differs from the reported DPw4 beta sequence (referred to as DPw4a beta) at three amino acid positions in the first domain (36, 55, and 56). The DPw4b beta-chain sequence differs from the DPw2 beta-chain sequence only at position 69 in the first domain, suggesting that the lysine at position 69 in DPw4b beta and the glutamic acid at position 69 in DPw2 beta contribute to the epitopes that define "DPw4-ness" and "DPw2-ness," respectively. In addition, the patterns of sequence identities and differences among the DPw4b beta-, DPw4a beta-, DPw2 beta-, and DPw3 beta-chains suggest that the DPw4b beta sequence arose via a gene conversion event or a point mutation. The I-LR1 mAb, which was previously found to bind only to DPw2, DPw3, and DR5 molecules, binds to an L cell transfectant expressing the DPw4 alpha:DPw4b beta molecule. The DPw4b beta sequence provides the first evidence for structural heterogeneity within the DPw4 specificity.
Towards automatic inference of task hierarchies in complex systems (2008)

Dupuytren's disease is a fibro-proliferative disease characterized by a disorder of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and high myofibroblast proliferation. However, studies failed to determine if the whole palm fascia is affected by the disease. The objective of this study was to analyze several components of the extracellular matrix of three types of tissues-Dupuytren's diseased contracture cords (DDC), palmar fascia clinically unaffected by Dupuytren's disease contracture (NPF), and normal forehand fascia (NFF). Histological analysis, quantification of cells recultured from each type of tissue, mRNA microarrays and immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin (SMA), fibrillar ECM components and non-fibrillar ECM components were carried out. The results showed that DDC samples had abundant fibrosis with reticular fibers and few elastic fibers, high cell proliferation and myofibroblasts, laminin and glycoproteins, whereas NFF did not show any of these findings. Interestingly, NPF tissues had more cells showing myofibroblasts differentiation and more collagen and reticular fibers, laminin and glycoproteins than NFF, although at lower level than DDC, with similar elastic fibers than DDC. Immunohistochemical expression of decorin was high in DDC, whereas versican was highly expressed NFF, with no differences for aggrecan. Cluster analysis revealed that the global expression profile of NPF was very similar to DDC, and reculturing methods showed that cells corresponding to DDC tissues proliferated more actively than NPF, and NPF more actively than NFF. All these results suggest that NPF tissues may be affected, and that a modification of the therapeutic approach used for the treatment of Dupuytren's disease should be considered.
The hepatitis B virus encoded oncoprotein pX amplifies TGF-β family signaling through direct interaction with Smad4: potential mechanism of hepatitis B virus-induced liver fibrosis (2001)

Hepatitis B, one of the most common infectious diseases in the world, is closely associated with acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Many clinical investigations have revealed that hepatic fibrosis is an important component of these liver diseases caused by chronic hepatitis B. TGF-beta signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. As these diseases are associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, we examined the possibility that the HBV-encoded pX oncoprotein regulates TGF-beta signaling. We show that pX enhances transcriptional activity in response to TGF-beta, BMP-2, and activin by stabilizing the complex of Smad4 with components of the basic transcriptional machinery. Additionally, confocal microscopic studies suggest that pX facilitates and potentiates the nuclear translocation of Smads, further enhancing TGF-beta signaling. Our studies suggest a new paradigm for amplification of Smad-mediated signaling by an oncoprotein and suggest that enhanced Smad-mediated signaling may contribute to HBV-associated liver fibrosis.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated reversibly immortalized mouse bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) retain multipotent features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (2017)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent non-hematopoietic progenitor cells that can undergo self-renewal and differentiate into multi-lineages. Bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) represent one of the most commonly-used MSCs. In order to overcome the technical challenge of maintaining primary BMSCs in long-term culture, here we seek to establish reversibly immortalized mouse BMSCs (imBMSCs). By exploiting CRISPR/Cas9-based homology-directed-repair (HDR) mechanism, we target SV40T to mouse <i>Rosa26</i> locus and efficiently immortalize mouse BMSCs (i.e., imBMSCs). We also immortalize BMSCs with retroviral vector SSR #41 and establish imBMSC41 as a control line. Both imBMSCs and imBMSC41 exhibit long-term proliferative capability although imBMSC41 cells have a higher proliferation rate. SV40T mRNA expression is 130% higher in imBMSC41 than that in imBMSCs. However, FLP expression leads to 86% reduction of SV40T expression in imBMSCs, compared with 63% in imBMSC41 cells. Quantitative genomic PCR analysis indicates that the average copy number of SV40T and hygromycin is 1.05 for imBMSCs and 2.07 for imBMSC41, respectively. Moreover, FLP expression removes 92% of SV40T in imBMSCs at the genome DNA level, compared with 58% of that in imBMSC41 cells, indicating CRISPR/Cas9 HDR-mediated immortalization of BMSCs can be more effectively reversed than that of retrovirus-mediated random integrations. Nonetheless, both imBMSCs and imBMSC41 lines express MSC markers and are highly responsive to BMP9-induced osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Thus, the engineered imBMSCs can be used as a promising alternative source of primary MSCs for basic and translational research in the fields of MSC biology and regenerative medicine.
Smart Hospital based on Internet of Things (2012)

In this paper, we propose an architecture and a scheme of smart hospital based on Internet of Things (IOT) in order to overcome the disadvantages of the present hospital information system, such as the fixed information point, inflexible networking mode and so on. The key technologies and construction of smart hospital is presented based on understanding of the connotation and architecture of smart hospital. Furthermore, taking a third grade-A hospital as an example, a scheme of smart hospital is given, and its logic structure, application framework, the construction of basic network environment etc. are described in detail. Experiment proves that deployment of smart hospital can effectively solve the prominent problems existing the diagnosis and treatment of hospital and it brings a positive and profound effect for the present diagnosis and treatment mode in hospital.
Intracerebral hemorrhage after fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. (1993)

Hemorrhages in multiple compartments and the presence of fluid levels inside the hematoma suggest fibrinolysis-associated cerebral hematomas. Severe amyloid angiopathy may be a crucial factor in this clinical entity. Outcome is poor, and a high proportion of patients have rapid progression to brain death. Therefore, emergency neurosurgical evacuation will probably be unsuccessful.
Instilling eyedrops: difficulties experienced by patients following cataract surgery (1987)

It was hypothesized that patients instilling their own drops following cataract extraction would experience difficulties with this, due to age-related factors, the nature of the operation itself and the fact that studies in other areas have shown compliance to be less than predicted. Ten patients who intended to instil their own drops were each interviewed on the ward before discharge and again 2 weeks later at home. They were asked about previous experience of using drops, general health, knowledge of their treatment regime, practice received on the ward and their feelings about how they were coping. The majority had inappropriate expectations of what compliance with treatment would involve. Six had used drops before and this was the major factor influencing their decision on this occasion. Supervised practice emerged as the recommended method for teaching drop instillation but this was not carried out often enough on the wards. It was concluded that if more time was devoted to developing and improving the teaching of drop instillation this would result in increased compliance with treatment. However, it may not be possible to achieve all the goals of a teaching programme on the wards and the teaching role may need to be extended into the community.
Extreme Events in Lasers with Modulation of the Field Polarization (2019)

We develop a theoretical model for a unidirectional ring laser consisting of an isotropic active medium inside a cavity containing a birefringent Kerr cell. We analyze the dynamical behavior of the system as we modulate the voltage applied to the Kerr cell. We discuss the bifurcation diagram and we study the regions of control parameter space where it becomes possible to observe and predict extreme events.