gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error-tolerant Finite State Recognition with Applications to Morphological Analysis and Spelling Correction (1995)

Error-tolerant recognition enables the recognition of strings that deviate mildly from any string in the regular set recognized by the underlying finite state recognizer. Such recognition has applications in error-tolerant morphological processing, spelling correction, and approximate string matching in information retrieval. After a description of the concepts and algorithms involved, we give examples from two applications: In the context of morphological analysis, error-tolerant recognition allows misspelled input word forms to be corrected, and morphologically analyzed concurrently. We present an application of this to error-tolerant analysis of agglutinative morphology of Turkish words. The algorithm can be applied to morphological analysis of any language whose morphology is fully captured by a single (and possibly very large) finite state transducer, regardless of the word formation processes and morphographemic phenomena involved. In the context of spelling correction, error-tolerant recognition can be used to enumerate correct candidate forms from a given misspelled string within a certain edit distance. Again, it can be applied to any language with a word list comprising all inflected forms, or whose morphology is fully described by a finite state transducer. We present experimental results for spelling correction for a number of languages. These results indicate that such recognition works very efficiently for candidate generation in spelling correction for many European languages such as English, Dutch, French, German, Italian (and others) with very large word lists of root and inflected forms (some containing well over 200,000 forms), generating all candidate solutions within 10 to 45 milliseconds (with edit distance 1) on a SparcStation 10/41. For spelling correction in Turkish, error-tolerant
Preparation of Bionanoreactor Based on Core−Shell Structured Polyion Complex Micelles Entrapping Trypsin in the Core Cross-Linked with Glutaraldehyde (2004)

Recently, the polyion complex (PIC) micelle has been suggested as a promising carrier system for peptide and proteins. However, its utilities are limited by its sensitivity to the environment such as dilution and ionic strength of the solution. In this study, to overcome these obstructions, PIC micelles prepared from an anionic block copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(alpha,beta-aspartic acid), and a cationic protein, trypsin, were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde through the Schiff base formation. On the basis of a light scattering technique, the results revealed an efficient resistance of the cross-linked PIC micelle to a high salt concentration, which was a key parameter controlling the structure of the PIC micelles. Moreover, the stability of trypsin after cross-linking was remarkably improved. Evidently, as a bionanoreactor and/or bionanoreservoir, the PIC micelles entrapping protein molecules in the cross-linked core reveal an improved stability, allowing their wide application in the fields of biotechnology and pharmaceutical sciences.
Oligodeoxynucleotides Embodying the Ambiguous Base Z, 5-Amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide (1995)

Abstract Short oligomers containing 5-amino-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (dZ) were synthesized in solution using the phosphotriester methodology. Usual acyl groups were used for the canonical bases. For the exocyclic amino function of Z residue, the hydrogenolyzable benzyloxycarbonyl group was introduced.
A framework for dynamic SLA management under heterogeneous traffic conditions in MPLS networks (2003)

The delivery of fast, reliable, and differentiated services with a guaranteed performance level for a constantly increasing number of customers is a great challenge of Internet service providers. This can be made by efficient management of network resources, for which service level agreements (SLAs) are used. This paper presents a framework for dynamic management of SLAs in MPLS networks. In our framework, it is the ingress router of the MPLS backbone, which performs admission control as well as the path selection procedure. For path computation, different advanced routing algorithms are used. The behavior and the performance of these routing algorithms affect the number of users that can be served simultaneously, while delivering a proper performance level, which is agreed in SLA. Therefore, SLA fulfillment is impacted by proper selection of the routing algorithm. In our research we have expatriated the performance and behavior of three routing algorithms for MPLS networks. In order to provide a reality-similar, heterogenous traffic situation, a model with three different traffic classes is used. By means of network simulations, we base our investigation on these SLA parameters: average end-to-end delay, average throughput, average packet dropping probability, average link load and number of utilized links.
Twitterize: Anonymous Micro-blogging (2014)

Privacy, in particular anonymity, is required to increase the acceptance of users for the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is built upon sensors that encompass us in each step we take. Hence, they can collect sensitive, privacy-invading data that can be used to establish complete user profiles. For this reason, sensing in the IoT needs to provide means of privacy-protection. In this paper, we discuss an approach for sharing smartphone sensor data and user-generated content in a privacy-protecting manner via the Micro-blogging platform (MbP) Twitter. For that, we discuss privacy needs of users in Micro-blogging platforms (MbPs) and that privacy should not only ensure confidentiality but also anonymity. We discuss related work and systems along these requirements and conclude that anonymity is hardly considered. We introduce our construction Twitterize that integrates well with the MbP Twitter and allows users and sensors to share information normally as well as privacy-preserving with a single application. Twitterize establishes overlay networks for hashtags over Twitters' social network and neither depends on additional infrastructure nor peer-to-peer communication.
Neuron Dysfunction Is Induced by Prion Protein with an Insertional Mutation via a Fyn Kinase and Reversed by Sirtuin Activation in<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (2010)

Although prion propagation is well understood, the signaling pathways activated by neurotoxic forms of prion protein (PrP) and those able to mitigate pathological phenotypes remain largely unknown. Here, we identify src-2, a Fyn-related kinase, as a gene required for human PrP with an insertional mutation to be neurotoxic in Caenorhabditis elegans, and the longevity modulator sir-2.1/SIRT1, a sirtuin deacetylase, as a modifier of prion neurotoxicity. The expression of octarepeat-expanded PrP in C. elegans mechanosensory neurons led to a progressive loss of response to touch without causing cell death, whereas wild-type PrP expression did not alter behavior. Transgenic PrP molecules showed expression at the plasma membrane, with protein clusters, partial resistance to proteinase K (PK), and protein insolubility detected for mutant PrP. Loss of function (LOF) of src-2 greatly reduced mutant PrP neurotoxicity without reducing PK-resistant PrP levels. Increased sir-2.1 dosage reversed mutant PrP neurotoxicity, whereas sir-2.1 LOF showed aggravation, and these effects did not alter PK-resistant PrP. Resveratrol, a polyphenol known to act through sirtuins for neuroprotection, reversed mutant PrP neurotoxicity in a sir-2.1-dependent manner. Additionally, resveratrol reversed cell death caused by mutant PrP in cerebellar granule neurons from prnp-null mice. These results suggest that Fyn mediates mutant PrP neurotoxicity in addition to its role in cellular PrP signaling and reveal that sirtuin activation mitigates these neurotoxic effects. Sirtuin activators may thus have therapeutic potential to protect from prion neurotoxicity and its effects on intracellular signaling.
Stress Rate and Proof‐Testing of Silicon Wafers (1985)

Fracture mechanics test methods were applied to evaluate the proof‐test characteristics of single‐crystal silicon wafers. The results indicate that the strength distribution of silicon wafers is truncated by proof‐testing. No subcritical crack growth occurred during proof‐loading, as inferred from the lack of a stress‐rate effect on strength. Mechanical proof‐testing appears to be an effective method for eliminating weak samples before cell processing.
Improved isometric force endurance after transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortical areas (2007)

Neuromuscular fatigue is the exercise-dependent decrease in the ability of muscle fibres to generate force. To investigate whether manipulation of brain excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; 1.5 mA, 10 min, 0.026 C/cm(2)) modulates neuromuscular fatigue, we evaluated the effect of brain polarization over the right motor areas of the cerebral cortex of healthy subjects on the endurance time for a submaximal isometric contraction of left elbow flexors. In 24 healthy volunteers the study protocol comprised an assessment of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for the left elbow flexors and a fatiguing isometric contraction (35% of MVC), before and immediately after brain polarization. One hour elapsed between baseline (T0) and postconditioning (T1) evaluation. After tDCS, MVC remained unchanged from baseline (mean +/- SEM; anodal tDCS: T0, 154.4 +/- 18.07; T1, 142.8 +/- 16.62 N; cathodal tDCS: T0, 156 +/- 18.75; T1, 141.86 +/- 17.53 N; controls: T0, 148.8 +/- 6.64; T1, 137.6 +/- 7.36 N; P > 0.1). Conversely, endurance time decreased significantly less after anodal than after cathodal tDCS or no stimulation (-21.1 +/- 5.5%, -35.7 +/- 3.3% and -39.3 +/- 3.3%, respectively; P < 0.05). None of the evaluated electromyographic variables changed after tDCS. Anodal tDCS could improve endurance time by directly modulating motor cortical excitability, modulating premotor areas, decreasing fatigue-related muscle pain, increasing motivation and improving synergist muscle coupling. Our findings, showing that anodal tDCS over the motor areas of the cerebral cortex improves muscle endurance, open the way to increasing muscle endurance and decreasing muscle fatigue in normal (i.e. sports medicine) and pathological conditions.
Polarization in astronomical spectra - Theoretical evidence (1974)

Theoretical evidence for the existence and behavior of polarization in astronomical spectra is provided. The theory for the study of spectral multiple scattering of arbitrarily polarized light is first developed, and the detailed and integrated spectropolarimetry of a planetary atmosphere is then studied for cases in which the spectra are formed in the presence of either very small nonspherical particles (Rayleigh-Cabannes scattering) or large polydisperse spherical particles (Mie scattering). It is shown in both cases that polarization is indeed present; it increases with the line strength but decreases afterwards as the line becomes very strong and tends to saturation. A polarization reversal is also predicted during latitudinal (pole-to-equator) scan and possibly also during longitudinal (terminator-to-limb) scan of the planet. The reversal happened at all phase angles considered. Our companion article (Forbes and Fymat) will provide observational substantiation to these theoretical predictions.
An input current shaper with boost and flyback converter using integrated magnetics (2004)

In this paper, with a view to reduce the ripple content of the input current, boost inductor of a single stage single switch input current shaping converter is replaced by a coupled inductor, with one winding in the forward path and another in the return path of power flow. However, the input current ripple hinders efforts to meet electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements. Minimization of input current harmonics to meet the agency standards implies improvement of power factor as well. For the purpose of economizing on magnetic material and reducing the loss in the magnetic material, the magnetic circuits of the coupled boost inductor and the isolating transformer of the flyback converter are combined on a single magnetic core making sure that they function independently. This will make the unit more compact.
Drug-Tolerant Cancer Cells Show Reduced Tumor-Initiating Capacity: Depletion of CD44+ Cells and Evidence for Epigenetic Mechanisms (2011)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess high tumor-initiating capacity and have been reported to be resistant to therapeutics. Vice versa, therapy-resistant cancer cells seem to manifest CSC phenotypes and properties. It has been generally assumed that drug-resistant cancer cells may all be CSCs although the generality of this assumption is unknown. Here, we chronically treated Du145 prostate cancer cells with etoposide, paclitaxel and some experimental drugs (i.e., staurosporine and 2 paclitaxel analogs), which led to populations of drug-tolerant cells (DTCs). Surprisingly, these DTCs, when implanted either subcutaneously or orthotopically into NOD/SCID mice, exhibited much reduced tumorigenicity or were even non-tumorigenic. Drug-tolerant DLD1 colon cancer cells selected by a similar chronic selection protocol also displayed reduced tumorigenicity whereas drug-tolerant UC14 bladder cancer cells demonstrated either increased or decreased tumor-regenerating capacity. Drug-tolerant Du145 cells demonstrated low proliferative and clonogenic potential and were virtually devoid of CD44(+) cells. Prospective knockdown of CD44 in Du145 cells inhibited cell proliferation and tumor regeneration, whereas restoration of CD44 expression in drug-tolerant Du145 cells increased cell proliferation and partially increased tumorigenicity. Interestingly, drug-tolerant Du145 cells showed both increases and decreases in many "stemness" genes. Finally, evidence was provided that chronic drug exposure generated DTCs via epigenetic mechanisms involving molecules such as CD44 and KDM5A. Our results thus reveal that 1) not all DTCs are necessarily CSCs; 2) conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as taxol and etoposide may directly target CD44(+) tumor-initiating cells; and 3) DTCs generated via chronic drug selection involve epigenetic mechanisms.
Locating and Loving the Personal (2011)

In this chapter the author takes up the use of narrative inquiry within a secondary English language arts methods course. She focuses on two discrete moments that took place during one class session, where she and her students shared and discussed personal narratives. In particular, she explores the pedagogy that might be required to support a group of pre-service teachers’ work to become a connected knowing group, including the disruptive nature of vulnerability and risk taking.
Proactive Optimization of Oil Recovery in Multilateral Wells Using Real Time Production Data (2009)

Abstract Smart wells provide great potential to improve the recovery from hydrocarbon resources. Smart wells provide the ability to control uncertainties associated with reservoir heterogeneity. One example is to mitigate unexpected water production due to fractures and hence increase the ultimate recovery. This is achieved by selectively controlling production from multiple laterals. Due to subsurface communication between laterals that have different productivity indices, it is difficult in practice to optimize production from smart wells. The optimization of smart wells involves adjusting parameters including the settings of the downhole inflow control valves (ICV) that act as subsurface chokes. This paper focused on the reservoir engineering aspects of finding the optimum ICV configuration that optimizes reservoir performance parameters such as recovery factor and net present value. Also, the work studied the effect of heterogeneity, mainly fractures, on the optimization process. This paper also proposes a technique to quantify the effect of fractures on the optimization process and to provide recommendations of further analysis. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used as the main optimization engine to find the optimum ICV configuration. The GA was accompanied by a data library (proxy) to reduce the number of required simulation runs. A commercial reservoir simulator was used as the objective function evaluator that assesses the outcome of candidate ICV configurations. Several examples are presented to show the improvement in reservoir performance made using the optimization process. These examples include a synthetic model, and a real onshore model. Various objective functions were optimized such as water cut, and net present value.
On-Farm Mitigation of Transmission of Tuberculosis from White-Tailed Deer to Cattle: Literature Review and Recommendations (2012)

The Animal Industry Division of the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) has been challenged with assisting farmers with modifying farm practices to reduce potential for exposure to Mycobacterium bovis from wildlife to cattle. The MDARD recommendations for on-farm risk mitigation practices were developed from experiences in the US, UK and Ireland and a review of the scientific literature. The objectives of our study were to review the present state of knowledge on M. bovis excretion, transmission, and survival in the environment and the interactions of wildlife and cattle with the intention of determining if the current recommendations by MDARD on farm practices are adequate and to identify additional changes to farm practices that may help to mitigate the risk of transmission. This review will provide agencies with a comprehensive summary of the scientific literature on mitigation of disease transmission between wildlife and cattle and to identify lacunae in published research.
Field Experiments on the Electroseismic Effect (1963)

Electrical signals generated in the earth as a result of seismic energy were investigated as a possible means for detecting low-frequency seismic events. It was found that the conversion of seismic to electrical signals was highly variable with different detection locations. For detection of small seismic events, the method could not be recommended over the use of conventional inertial seismometers because of its low conversion efficiency. For strong motion measurements, however, the method should be given consideration if a suitable geological environment is found and a calibration means is used. Signals of the "E" type, i.e., those produced by electrofiltration potentials, were found to be predominant in these experiments.
A Case Study of Augmented Reality for Mobile Platforms (2011)

Crowd simulation is a computationally expensive task. Many models to simulate crowds have been developed over the years and can be classified into two big groups (macroscopic and microscopic) according to how the agents are managed. In some macroscopic models the agents are grouped and guided by the potential field of their group. The construction of potential fields is the bottleneck of those models, so it is necessary to use a small number of groups in order for a simulation to run at interactive frame rates. In this article, it is proposed a model based on a macroscopic model, which, mainly, aims at reducing the cost of computing the potential fields of the groups, by using groups discretized according to the needs of the environment. At the same time, it is proposed the addition of groups that can steer the agents of a simulation to momentary goals, which gives the crowd a wider variety of behaviors. Finally, it is proposed the use of a social forces model to prevent collisions between agents and between agents and obstacles.
A recursive spline-based algorithm for spectrophotometric data correction (2002)

The authors present a method of spectrometric data correction based on the smoothing approximation of the undistorted spectrum as it might be recorded by a perfectly resolving spectrophotometer with the cubic spline whose parameters are determined using the Kalman filter, under a nonnegativity constraint reflecting a-priori knowledge of the real spectra. There are three main advantages of this approach which are significant: flexibility of the spline approximation; computational simplicity of the Kalman filter, and easy incorporation of the nonnegativity constraint. The proposed method of correction is developed. The essential results of the study obtained using synthetic data are presented. Some real-data-based experiments are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Role of Timing and Intensity of Rehabilitation Therapies (2005)

In both animal and clinical studies, motor rehabilitation and training increase cortical representation and improve recovery, whereas lack of training decreases cortical representation for particular motor functions. In animals, delays in providing rehabilitation reduce the impact of therapy with a worsening in motor outcomes and a corresponding reduction in cortical reorganization. In clinical studies, there is an association between earlier admission to rehabilitation and better outcomes that correlates with animal work both in terms of functional gains from chronic stroke deficits and cortical reorganization. There is a likely relationship between therapy intensity and improvements in functional outcomes. Clinically, greater intensity of stroke rehabilitation has been associated with improved outcomes.
In vivo quantification of a homogeneous brain deformation model for updating preoperative images during surgery (2000)

Clinicians using image-guidance for neurosurgical procedures have recently recognized that intraoperative deformation from surgical loading can compromise the accuracy of patient registration in the operating room. While whole brain intraoperative imaging is conceptually appealing it presents significant practical limitations. Alternatively, a promising approach may be to combine incomplete intraoperatively acquired data with a computational model of brain deformation to update high resolution preoperative images during surgery. The success of such an approach is critically dependent on identifying a valid model of brain deformation physics. Towards this end, the authors evaluate a three-dimensional finite element consolidation theory model for predicting brain deformation in vivo through a series of controlled repeat-experiments. This database is used to construct an interstitial pressure boundary condition calibration curve which is prospectively tested in a fourth validation experiment. The computational model is found to recover 75%-85% of brain motion occurring under loads comparable to clinical conditions. Additionally, the updating of preoperative images using the model calculations is presented and demonstrates that model-updated image-guided neurosurgery may be a viable option for addressing registration errors related to intraoperative tissue motion.
[Activation of proto-oncogenes induced by MNNG on primary culture of human gastric epithelium and immortalized human gastric epithelial cell line]. (1996)

Epidemiologic study has shown the association of nitrosamide compounds with the high incidence of stomach cancer in south China. To study the mechanism of gastric carcinogenesis, we have established an immortalized human gastric epithelial cell line GES-1. GES-1 cells and the normal gastric tissues were treated with different concentrations of MNNG for 24 hours. Point mutation at codon 12 of c-Ha-ras gene was found in cells and tissues (43%) as demonstrated by PCR-RFLP. Rearrangement of c-met gene and amplification of c-erbB2 gene were detected by Southern blot assay on the MNNG treated GES-1 cells. The results indicate that MNNG treatment was intimately associated with the activation of certain oncogenes. H-ras and c-met genes, serving as early targets of carcinogens may play important role in the carcinogenesis of human gastric epithelial cells.