gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Oil Intrusion on Super Knock in Gasoline Engine (2014)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Super knock which occurs in highly boosted spark ignition engines in low speed pre-ignition regime can lead to severe engine damage. However, super knock occurs occasionally, it is difficult to clearly identify the causes. The widely accepted assumption for the cause of this phenomenon is oil intrusion. Most of oils have been proved to have higher cetane number than n-heptane dose, indicating that the intruded oil is very liable to auto-ignition in a boosted engine. Although there have been reported the type of base oil and additive has significant effect on pre-ignition frequency, the oil induced super knock is still so far not supported by any direct evidence.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents the effect of direct oil intrusion into cylinder on super knock. The experiment was carried out in a single cylinder engine. The diluted oil by gasoline with different ratio was directly injected into cylinder using a modified single-hole injector with 4MPa injection pressure. The results showed that oil intrusion before TDC could indeed induce pre-ignition then cause knock. The effect of oil injection timing on knock intensity varies with oil injection quantity and dilution ratio. For the same dilution ratio, more oil intrusion leads to more severe knock. The slightly diluted oil (75% oil + 25% gasoline, for example) causes the heaviest knock.</div></div>
The importance of surfaces in single-molecule bioscience (2008)

The last ten years have witnessed an explosion of new techniques that can be used to probe the dynamic behavior of individual biological molecules, leading to discoveries that would not have been possible with more traditional biochemical methods. A common feature among these single-molecule approaches is the need for the biological molecules to be anchored to a solid support surface. This must be done under conditions that minimize nonspecific adsorption without compromising the biological integrity of the sample. In this review we highlight why surface attachments are a critical aspect of many single-molecule studies and we discuss current methods for anchoring biomolecules. Finally, we provide a detailed description of a new method developed by our laboratory for anchoring and organizing hundreds of individual DNA molecules on a surface, allowing "high-throughput" studies of protein-DNA interactions at the single-molecule level.
Multi-step multi-beam laser interference patterning of three-dimensional photonic lattices (2006)

We present laser interference patterning of three-dimensional photonic lattice structures with three-step three-beam irradiation. In contrast to one-step four-beam interference patterning, the proposed method makes it possible to continuously tune the lattice constant and the photonic band gap without distortion of the lattice shape. We analytically show that all fourteen Bravais lattices are possible to be produced by choosing proper incident vectors of laser beams. A simple routine to seek the geometrical configuration of the incident beams for producing arbitrary Bravais lattices is shown. Furthermore, We experimentally demonstrate the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic lattices in the photoresist SU-8. Significant photonic band gap effects have been observed from the well-defined photonic lattices.
APOBEC3G-Induced Hypermutation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Is Typically a Discrete “All or Nothing” Phenomenon (2012)

The rapid evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) allows studies of ongoing host-pathogen interactions. One key selective host factor is APOBEC3G (hA3G) that can cause extensive and inactivating Guanosine-to-Adenosine (G-to-A) mutation on HIV plus-strand DNA (termed hypermutation). HIV can inhibit this innate anti-viral defense through binding of the viral protein Vif to hA3G, but binding efficiency varies and hypermutation frequencies fluctuate in patients. A pivotal question is whether hA3G-induced G-to-A mutation is always lethal to the virus or if it may occur at sub-lethal frequencies that could increase viral diversification. We show in vitro that limiting-levels of hA3G-activity (i.e. when only a single hA3G-unit is likely to act on HIV) produce hypermutation frequencies similar to those in patients and demonstrate in silico that potentially non-lethal G-to-A mutation rates are ∼10-fold lower than the lowest observed hypermutation levels in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that even a single incorporated hA3G-unit is likely to cause extensive and inactivating levels of HIV hypermutation and that hypermutation therefore is typically a discrete "all or nothing" phenomenon. Thus, therapeutic measures that inhibit the interaction between Vif and hA3G will likely not increase virus diversification but expand the fraction of hypermutated proviruses within the infected host.
Human acute leukemia cells injected in NOD/LtSz‐<i>scid/IL‐2Rγ</i> null mice generate a faster and more efficient disease compared to other NOD/<i>scid</i>‐related strains (2008)

Transplantation of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) primary cells and cell lines in different strains of immunodeficient mice has led to preclinical models extensively used to investigate acute leukemia stem cells, biology and drug sensitivity. We studied the engraftment kinetics of AML and ALL cell lines and primary cells in 3 strains of NOD.CB17-Prkdc(scid) (NOD/scid, NS)-related mice (NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)B2m(tm1Unc)/J, abbreviated NOD/scid/beta2 null, NSB; and NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2rg(tm1Wjll)/SzJ, abbreviated NOD/scid/IL-2Rgamma null, NSG). The engraftment of human malignant cells was investigated by means of clinicopathological criteria, flow cytometry, PCR and immunohistochemistry. In NSG mice, we observed a significantly faster development of leukemia-related symptoms and a higher percentage of leukemia cells in the blood, in the marrow and in the spleen. The leukemia-related angiogenic switch (measured as the number of circulating endothelial cells and progenitors) was faster in NSG compared to NS and NSB mice. These models will be instrumental to studies on leukemia-initiating stem cells, leukemia biology, preclinical treatment studies, and to obtain patient-specific preclinical models to design and investigate patient-tailored therapies.
Integrin  V 6 is a high-affinity receptor for coxsackievirus A9 (2008)

Coxsackievirus A9 (CAV9), a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, possesses an integrin-binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif in the C terminus of VP1 capsid protein. CAV9 has been shown to utilize integrins alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6 as primary receptors for cell attachment. While CAV9 RGD-mutants (RGE and RGDdel) are capable of infecting rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line, they grow very poorly in an epithelial lung carcinoma cell line (A549). In this study, the relationships between CAV9 infectivity in A549 and RD cells, receptor expression and integrin binding were analysed. A549 cells were shown to express both integrins alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6, whereas alphaVbeta6 expression was not detected on the RD cells. Native CAV9 but not RGE and RGDdel mutants bound efficiently to immobilized alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6. Adhesion of CAV9 but not RGE/RGDdel to A549 cells was also significantly higher than to RD cells. In contrast, no affinity or adhesion of bacterially produced VP1 proteins to the integrins or to the cells was detected. Function-blocking antibodies against alphaV-integrins blocked CAV9 but not CAV9-RGDdel infectivity, indicating that the viruses use different internalization routes; this may explain the differential infection kinetics of CAV9 and RGDdel. In an affinity assay, soluble alphaVbeta6, but not alphaVbeta3, bound to immobilized CAV9. Similarly, only soluble alphaVbeta6 blocked virus infectivity. These data suggest that CAV9 binding to alphaVbeta6 is a high-affinity interaction, which may indicate its importance in clinical infections; this remains to be determined.
Clustered CDMA ad hoc networks without closed-loop power control (2004)

This paper develops a system design for clustered wireless ad hoc networks, combining CSMA and CDMA to enable spatial reuse and simultaneous transmissions. Typically, CDMA networks require fine-tuned power control, but here that requirement is eliminated through a combination of open loop power control, user ordering, and successive interference cancellation (SIC). A network topology with high network awareness via a broadcast CSMA channel is developed. The resulting system increases network throughput and overcomes existing problems with IEEE 802.11.
Medical Audit of Diagnostic Mammography Examinations (2001)

Medical auditing of diagnostic mammography examinations yields substantially different results compared with those of screening examinations, including different patient demographics; higher number of positive biopsies; higher cancer detection rates; and larger, more advanced-stage cancers. Diagnostic and screening data should be segregated during auditing, or if this is not possible, analysis of combined results should be based on known differences between diagnostic and screening outcomes.
Effect of Iliac Screw Insertion Depth on the Stability and Strength of Lumbo-Iliac Fixation Constructs (2009)

The local stability is rather difficult to be restored to the original levels regardless the length of iliac screws. Obviously, long iliac screws resisted significantly greater axial pullout force. However, under physiologic, torsional, and compressive loading conditions, the mechanical stability of lumbo-pelvic fixation construct with short iliac screws was comparable with that of the long ones. Therefore, the use of short iliac screws, which are only about half the length of the long iliac screws, could reduce the implantation risk without significantly compromising on the stability of the construct.
Construction of pYGK, an Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-Escherichia coli shuttle vector (1996)

A shuttle vector that is capable of replicating in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Escherichia coli (Ec) was constructed by modifying the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap) plasmid pYG53. A DNA fragment containing the KmR gene was inserted into pYG53 to generate pYGK, which confers resistance to kanamycin in both Aa and Ec. By electroporation, Ec DH5alpha and 17 strains of Aa were transformed with pYGK with efficiencies ranging from 0.5 to 3 X 10(6) colonies per microgram of DNA. Plasmid pYGK exists at approx. 3-4 copies per cell in Ec. This plasmid will facilitate the genetic manipulation of Aa strains and the molecular analysis of virulence factors expressed by this organism.
Feasibility of air capture (2011)

Capturing CO2 from air, referred to as air capture, is being proposed as a viable climate change mitigation technology. Technically, air capture is not a new technology; industrial applications can be traced back to the 1930s. This paper explores the feasibility of this technology as a climate change mitigation option. Two different pathways of air capture are assessed: direct air capture, which uses a chemical process to capture CO2, and biomass coupled with CO2 capture and storage (CCS), which utilizes the biological process of photosynthesis to remove CO2 from the air. We find that direct air capture has prohibitively high mitigation costs compared to the costs of climate change mitigation options being considered today. The pathway of biomass coupled with CCS has much more reasonable costs and could be used to offset certain emissions. However, the large land requirement may limit the amount of offsets available. We conclude that relying on air capture technology to play a major role in mitigating carbon emissions is a very risky policy decision.
Optical isolators for high-power giant-pulse lasers (1972)

Describes Faraday rotators acting as optical isolators, which are indispensable to experiments for producing plasmas with high-power giant-pulse lasers. Special attention is paid to the problem of material.
Correlation between circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Th17 cells in esophageal cancer (2012)

This study reveals the relationship between circulating MDSCs and Th17 cells, which may lead to new immunotherapy approaches for ECA based on the associated metabolites and cytokines.
Lossless compression algorithm for hierarchical IC layout data (2007)

An important step in today's Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing is optical proximity correction (OPC). While OPC increases the fidelity of pattern transfer to the wafer, it also significantly increases IC layout file size. This has the undesirable side effect of increasing storage, processing, and I.O. times for subsequent steps of mask preparation. To alleviate the growing volume of layout data, a new layout data format, Open Artwork System Interchange Standard (OASIS), was introduced in 2001 by SEMI's Data Path Task Force. Even though OASIS results in a more efficient representation than the previous industry standard format GDSII, there is still room for improvement by applying data compression techniques. In this paper, we propose two such techniques for compressing layout data, including OPC layout, while remaining complaint with existing industry standard formats such as OASIS and GDSII. Such compliance ensures that the resulting compressed files can be viewed, edited, and manipulated by industry standard CAD viewing and editing tools without the need for a decoder. Our approach is to eliminate redundancies in the representation of the geometrical data by finding repeating groups of geometries between multiple cells and within a cell. We refer to the former as "inter-cell sub-cell detection (InterSCD)" and latter as "intra-cell sub-cell detection (IntraSCD)". We show both problems to be NP hard, and propose two sets of heuristics to solve them. For OPC layout data, we also propose a fast compression method based on IntraSCD which utilizes the hierarchical information in the pre-OPC layout data. We show that the IntraSCD approach can also be effective in reconstructing hierarchy from flattened layout data. We demonstrate the results of our proposed algorithms on actual IC layouts for 90nm, 130nm, and 180nm feature size circuit designs.
Improvements in real-time correlation-based stereo vision (2002)

A stereo vision system that is required to support high-level object based tasks in a tele-operated environment is described. Stereo vision is computationally expensive, due to having to find corresponding pixels. Correlation is a fast, standard way to solve the correspondence problem. This paper analyses the behaviour of correlation based stereo to find ways to improve its quality while maintaining its realtime suitability. Three methods are suggested. Two of them aim to improve the disparity image especially at depth discontinuities, while one targets the identification of possible errors in general. Results are given on real stereo images with ground truth. A comparison with five standard correlation methods shows that improvements of simple stereo correlation are possible in real-time on current computer hardware.
Investigation and Tuning of the Exhaust System of Small Two-Stroke Cycle Engines (1968)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Oscilloscopic investigation of the pressure phenomena in an exhaust system of a small 2 stroke cycle internal combustion engine shows that a low pressure at the exhaust port during the middle of the scavenging period and a high pressure toward the end of the charge changing period is advantageous. The low pressure can be created by means of an exhaust diffuser and the high pressure by means of an orifice installed at a suitable distance from the exhaust port. Both phenomena produce a desired increase in engine performance. The development of a diffuser exhaust system is described.</div>
The Prophylactic Dose of Homologous Tetanus Antitoxin (1964)

WITH a modest increase in the amount of tetanus immune globulin, (human) now available for tetanus prophylaxis in this country, it seems important to re-examine the dosage estimate so that as many persons as possible may be benefited by its use. Cutter Laboratories were the first to distribute this product commercially in the early 1960's, and they are now joined by Hyland Laboratories. In 1963 the Massachusetts State Biologic Laboratories made available a small lot for use in Massachu setts. The great promise that this material offers over horse serum for prophylactic use in man justifies the hope that in . . .
Flying-height reduction of magnetic-head slider due to thermal protrusion (2005)

Both the heat generated by the current in the write coil and the rise in the surrounding temperature cause local thermal protrusion (TPR) on magnetic-head elements. Such protrusion reduces the flying height of the head slider below the design value, thus reducing the safety margin for head-disk interference. To analyze this problem, we numerically simulated the heat transfer in the head slider, the thermal deformation of the head, and the flying-height change of the slider resulting from the deformation. The parameter study shows that decreasing the thickness of the alumina base coat or increasing the size of the pole and shields can reduce the magnitude of write-current-induced thermal protrusion (W-TPR). On the other hand, a longer pole and shields increase ambient-temperature-induced protrusion (T-TPR). For W-TPR, the reduced flying height is partly compensated by increased air pressure on the air-bearing surface (ABS). However, almost the entire magnitude of T-PTR translates into flying-height reduction.
P‐24: The Analysis Method of Dynamic Characteristics in LCD (2003)

Abstract In this study, we defined the dynamic characteristics of LCD Liquid Crystal Display and developed the new analysis method of dynamic delay phenomena in LCD. We could analyze the dynamic delay phenomena through some experiment and we could quantify the value of it. We used a high speed CCD for this experiment. The resolution is 480 × 420 pixel and the dynamic range is eight bit. Generally we can measure the response time by using some optic equipment. But the dynamic delay phenomena can be only detected by human. Therefore we need an objective analysis method for dynamic delay. We proposed some equation so called DDC Dynamic Delay Contrast Ratio. Especially we compared the phenomena in TN Twisted Nematic, VA Vertical Alignment and IPS In Plane Switch mode LCD.
Fractional frame rate up-conversion using weighted median filters (1989)

The authors present algorithms for increasing the frame rate of an interlaced television system by a factor of 1.5. The algorithms utilize a weighted median filter structure and a simple motion detector. By adjusting the weights among the incoming fields the algorithms can be used with noninteger conversion factors. The motion detector guarantees that the performance with still pictures is optimal. The weighted median filter smoothly follows horizontal, vertical, and diagonal movement. A video sequencer was used to compare different interpolation algorithms. The proposed algorithms left few visible artifacts in the picture, and the improvement over algorithms without motion detection was particularly pronounced. The computational complexity and memory requirements of the algorithms are low.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cryogenic MOSFET power conversion (2003)

Possible applications of low-temperature electronics in the field of cryogenic power conversion are examined. Full-bridge amplifiers were built and tested at liquid-nitrogen temperature. Transistor conduction and switching losses are analyzed and compared for 300 K and 77 K. The effect of low-temperature operation on overall power conversion efficiency is explored. It is concluded that commercially available MOSFETs in plastic or metal packages work very well if immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen despite the fact that they were not designed for such a cold application. They can be operated at much higher current levels, and high-efficiency switchmode circuits can be designed. Heatsinks other than the liquid nitrogen are not required. This permits the design of extremely small, lightweight, and low-cost power conversion circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
El consumo sostenible como opción para el ejercicio de la libertad (2012)

Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca del impacto que tienen las decisiones de compra de caracter personal e institucional, en la creación, bien sea de una cultura consumista o de una orientada al Desarrollo Sostenible. Hace un llamado a la reflexión por parte de los ciudadanos para que en el momento de comprar bienes y servicios realicen una evaluación conciente de su procedencia, beneficios, impactos sociales y ambientales y promuevan así una producción sostenible y responsable socialmente. De manera que, en lugar de ser manipulables por las ofertas, los medios y la publicidad ejerzan libremente el derecho a decidir qué compran y a través de ello se conviertan en agentes de cambio y contribuyan a hacer una sociedad pensada globalmente.
Preferential induction of chromosome 1 multibranched figures and whole-arm deletions in a human pro-B cell line treated with 5-azacytidine or 5-azadeoxycytidine (1997)

5-Azacytidine (azaCR) causes genomic demethylation and decondensation of juxtacentromeric heterochromatin in chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. We determined the karyotypes of a pro-B cell line (FLEB14) treated with azaCR or its deoxynucleoside analog (azaCdR). About 80% of the induced rearrangements were in chromosome 1, and almost 90% of these involved its pericentromeric region. Multibranched figures with up to seven chromosome 1 arms, as well as whole-arm deletions of this chromosome, were the predominant anomalies, often with one normal homolog of chromosome 1 present. Isochromosomes 1 and fusions in the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 1 and 16 or chromosomes 1 and 9 were also seen. The overlap of the spectrum of chromosomal rearrangements in azaCR- or azaCdR-treated FLEB14 cells and in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with a rare genetic disease (ICF) associated with localized DNA hypomethylation supports the hypothesis that the DNA demethylating activity of azaCR is essential for the induction of these pericentromeric rearrangements. These studies may help elucidate the overrepresentation of chromosome 1 pericentromeric rearrangements in many types of cancer cells.
Molecular ageing in progeroid syndromes: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome as a model (2009)

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare premature aging disorder that belongs to a group of conditions called laminopathies which affect nuclear lamins. Mutations in two genes, LMNA and ZMPSTE24, have been found in patients with HGPS. The p.G608G LMNA mutation is the most commonly reported mutation. The aim of this work was to compile a comprehensive literature review of the clinical features and genetic mutations and mechanisms of this syndrome as a contribution to health care workers. This review shows the necessity of a more detailed clinical identification of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome and the need for more studies on the pharmacologic and pharmacogenomic approach to this syndrome.
정보처리응용 : 자동화항만의 야드 운영시스템 레이아웃 설계 (2003)

동북아 중심 항만의 기반을 다지기 위해 자동화항만의 건설이 시급히 요청되고 있다. 따라서 우리나라에 적합한 자동화항만의 운영시스템 레이아웃 설계방안을 제시하고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 자동화항만의 운영시스템이 추구해야할 목표를 충족시키며, 각 자동화 장비를 통한 화물의 수출입 이동경로에 따라 운영시스템의 기본 모델을 4가지로 구분하고, 여러 입력 요소들을 변경시켜 가며 시행착오를 거쳐 동적으로 분석해 나감으로서 최적의 운영시스템 모델을 선정하고, 그에 대한 수출입화물별 야드 운영시스템 레이아웃을 설계하였다. 특히 미래의 자동화항만에서는 어떠한 자동화 장비를 사용하느냐에 따라 그 생산성이 달라진다. 그러나 현실적으로 비용측면과 현재의 작업 흐름을 도외시 할 수 없기 때문에 현재의 작업을 최적화하고 현재의 사용 장비와 자동화 장비의 대체로 작업의 혼선이 발생하지 않은 방법을 선택하여 레이아웃을 설계하였다. 본 논문의 야드 운영시스템에서 기술한 장비들은 Q/C(Quay Crane)을 제외한 모든 야드 장비가 완전자동화를 전제로 한 것이다.