gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatially distributed successive approximation register (SDSAR) photonic ADCs based on phase-domain quantization (2012)

We explore photonic ADC architectures based on encoding voltage-under-test into phase. The first step is to identify two basic optical building blocks: the optical phase comparator (1-bit ADC), based on interferometric comparison of phases in the well-known balanced photo-detection configuration, and the optical 1-bit DAC, namely electro-optic modulation with a bipolar electrical pulse. Equipped with these fundamental building blocks, we proceed to systematically port and adapt known ADC quantization architectures to photonic ADC, conceiving a hybrid between the Successive Approximation Register (SAR) and the Pipeline classic ADC architectures, referred to here as Spatially Distributed SAR (SDSAR). This novel photonic ADC, constructed out of B 1-bit ADCs and B-2 1-bit DACs, with B the number of bits, is not equivalent to any of the previous photonic ADCs in the literature, but appears superior to prior schemes in both optical power efficiency and electro-optic modulation complexity. We derive upper bounds on resolution, Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) performance as a function of average optical power for the new SDSAR device, developing analytic and numeric Monte-Carlo statistical models, comprising quantization, shot, thermal and DAC voltage noise sources. Our findings indicate that SDSAR is limited to ~11.5 ENOBs, assuming state-of-the-art mode-locked-lasers providing ~250 mW of average power (assuming ~7 dB excess losses). However, this upper bound is not tight, due to various physical impairments. In particular, the mode locked laser jitter is shown to have negligible impact on overall performance for RMS jitter < 20 fsec.
NMR of polymers (1996)

Preface. Fundamentals of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Introduction. Nuclear Spin and the NMR Phenomenon. Detection of the Resonance Phenomenon. Nuclear Relaxation. Magnetic Shielding and the Chemical Shift. Indirect Coupling of Nuclear Spins. Rate Phenomena: Averaging of Chemical Shifts and JCouplings. Experimental Methods. The Microstructure of Polymer Chains: Introduction. Polymer Microstructure. Configurational Statistics and Propagation Mechanism. Propagation Errors. The Solution Characterization of Polymers: Introduction. Resonances Assignments. Microstructural Characterization of Polymers in Solution. The Solution Structure of Polymers. The Solid-State NMR of Polymers: Introduction. Chain Conformation in the Solid State. The Organization of Polymers in the Solid-State. NMR Imaging of Polymers. The Dynamics of Macromolecules: Introduction. Polymer Dynamics in Solution. Polymer Dynamics in the Solid State. Subject Index.
Quantitative photoacoustic elastography in humans (2016)

We report quantitative photoacoustic elastography (QPAE) capable of measuring Young’s modulus of biological tissue in vivo in humans. By combining conventional PAE with a stress sensor having known stress–strain behavior, QPAE can simultaneously measure strain and stress, from which Young’s modulus is calculated. We first demonstrate the feasibility of QPAE in agar phantoms with different concentrations. The measured Young’s modulus values fit well with both the empirical expectation based on the agar concentrations and those measured in an independent standard compression test. Next, QPAE was applied to quantify the Young’s modulus of skeletal muscle in vivo in humans, showing a linear relationship between muscle stiffness and loading. The results demonstrated the capability of QPAE to assess the absolute elasticity of biological tissue noninvasively in vivo in humans, indicating its potential for tissue biomechanics studies and clinical applications.
<i>In vitro</i> system from <i>Escherichia coli</i> that catalyzes generalized genetic recombination (1978)

This paper reports an in vitro system for studying generalized genetic recombination. The system uses extracts from Escherichia coli as a source of enzymes and plasmid DNA molecules as substrates. Unit-size plasmid DNA rings are converted into genomes fused at a region of DNA homology at a frequency of about 5-10% over a period of hours. That the fused structures are the result of recombination is supported by two lines of evidence. When two partially homologous plasmids of different sizes are used as substrates for the in vitro system, intermediates containing one plasmid of each size are obtained. Furthermore, fused structures are not formed with high efficiency in extracts from recombination-deficient (Rec A(-)) cells.DNA synthesis does not appear to be required for the formation of the recombination intermediates; it is possible to omit DNA precursors from the reaction mixture and, furthermore, to develop the fused structures even in the presence of chaintermininating dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. The structures formed in vitro have the basic properties of recombination intermediates previously recovered from intact cells. That is, two genomes are demonstrably fused at a region of homology. However, in one way the molecules formed in vitro have a property less frequently observed in vivo-the fused genomes often appear to be connected over an extended region of homology ranging up to several hundred base pairs in length. This extended region of pairing may indicate the presence of two crossover connections very close together and, as will be discussed, may provide an insight into the mechanism by which the recombination intermediate is formed.
Quantitative Analysis of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin in Humans, Mice, and Other Animals: a Comparative Review (2003)

The color of hair, skin, and eyes in animals mainly depends on the quantity, quality, and distribution of the pigment melanin, which occurs in two types: black to brown eumelanin and yellow to reddish pheomelanin. Microanalytical methods to quantify the amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin in biological materials were developed in 1985. The methods are based on the chemical degradation of eumelanin to pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid and of pheomelanin to aminohydroxyphenylalanine isomers, which can be analyzed and quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography. This review summarizes and compares eumelanin and pheomelanin contents in various pigmented tissues obtained from humans, mice, and other animals. These methods have become valuable tools to study the functions of melanin, the control of melanogenesis, and the actions and interactions of pigmentation genes. The methods have also found applications in many clinical studies. High levels of pheomelanin are found only in yellow to red hairs of mammals and in red feathers of birds. It remains an intriguing question why lower vertebrates such as fishes do not synthesize pheomelanin. Detectable levels of pheomelanin are detected in human skin regardless of race, color, and skin type. However, eumelanin is always the major constituent of epidermal melanin, and the skin color appears to be determined by the quantity of melanin produced but not by the quality.
Design and Implementation of the Perception Mechanism for the Agent in the Virtual World (2011)

가상 세계에서 인간과 유사한 에이전트를 만들기 위해서는 지각, 인식, 판단 그리고 행동에 대한 정교한 설계가 중요하다. 이와 관련하여 자율형 에이전트의 지각 기능과 인식 기능을 개발하고자 한다. 시야 속에서 획득되어진 가장 원시적 데이터인 이미지의 색상차를 이용하여 모양과 영역들을 구별하는 것으로부터 점, 선 색깔들을 기본 단위로 사용하는 지각 메커니즘을 개발한다. 이렇게 지각되어진 모양들을 지능적으로 인식하기 위해서 가려지거나 손실된 모양에서 원래의 모양을 추측하기 위한 추론 알고리즘을 개발하고 객체에 관해 온톨로지로 부터 얻어진 일반적 특성정보를 이용한다. 개별적으로 파악된 이차원 모양들과 다른 모양들과의 공간적 위치관계들이 삼차원 모양들을 이루고 그러한 모양을 가진 해당 객체들은 장면들을 구성하게 된다. 삼차원 모양들은 각 장면에서 자신만의 영역을 차지하며 에이전트는 객체들과 장면들을 분석하여 사물과 현상들을 인식한다. 이러한 장면에 대한 인식기능을 이용하여 에이전트가 시공간 영역속에서 지식을 축적하고 이용하는 방법을 개발하고 예제상황을 통해 구현결과를 보여준다. In order to create an intelligent autonomous agent in virtual world, we need a sophisticated design for perception, recognition, judgement and behavior. We develop the perception and recognition functions for such an autonomous agent. Our perception mechanism identifies lines based on differences in color, the primitive visible data, and exploits those lines to grasp shapes and regions in the scene. We develop an inferencing algorithm that can infer the original shape from a damaged or partially hidden shape using its characteristics from the ontology in order to intelligently recognize the perceived shape. Several individually recognized 2D shapes and their spatial relations form 3D shapes and those 3D shapes in turn constitute a scene. Each 3D shape occupies its respective region, and an agent analyzes the associated objects and relevant scenes to recognize things and phenomena. We also develop a mechanism by which an agent uses this recognition function to accumulate and use her knowledge on the scene in the historical context. We implement these functions presented above against an example situation to demonstrate their sophistication and realism.
Triple osteotomy of the pelvis and trochanteric osteotomy as a treatment for hip dysplasia in the immature dog: the surgical technique and results of 77 consecutive operations. (1986)

Triple osteotomy of the pelvis with transplantation of the greater trochanter was performed in 41 immature dogs (77 hips) with hip dysplasia. Before surgery, all hips were moderately to severely subluxated and unstable on palpation. The juxta-acetabular location of the ilial, ischial, and pubic osteotomies allowed repositioning of the acetabulum over the femoral head even when subluxation was severe. The acetabular fragment was rotated 70 degrees to 90 degrees in all hips. After surgery, craniodorsal coverage of the femoral head was increased and each hip was stable on palpation. Bilateral procedures were performed 4 to 7 weeks apart. The functional status of the limb was assessed and physical examination and radiography were performed in 71% (55) of the hips 1.0 to 5.5 years (mean, 2.7 years) after surgery. Functional ability was considered satisfactory in 93% (51) of the limbs, though few dogs had a normal gait. On palpation, all hips were stable and all but one were evaluated as nonpainful. In most instances, contact between the femoral neck and the repositioned acetabular rim resulted in a variable amount of crepitus and restriction of motion when the hip was abducted and rotated externally and internally. Eighty-two percent (45) of the hips had little or no evidence of degenerative joint disease. A satisfactory functional, physical, and radiographic result was obtained in 73% (40) of the hips.
Mechanical properties of lungs and chest wall during spontaneous breathing (1980)

Using a forced oscillation technique, we measured the resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) of the respiratory system between 2 and 32 Hz at three different lung volumes in 15 healthy subjects and 7 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rrs and Xrs were partitioned, by means of a pressure recording in the esophagus, into the resistance and reactance of lung and airways (L) and the chest wall. The measurements were validated by checking the adequacy of the frequency response of the esophagus, by the lack of difference between thoracic and mouth flow, by an estimation of the error introduced by the shunt impedance of the cheeks, and by comparisons with the values of pulmonary compliance and resistance determined in the same subjects with classical techniques. In both healthy subjects and patients, the chest wall has a low resistance that increases somewhat at low lung volumes and behaves functionally as a two-compartment system, with low capacitance at frequencies exceeding 4 Hz. Rrs varies with lung volume and is markedly frequency dependent in patients; both phenomena are due primarily to corresponding variations of RL. In healthy subjects, at and above functional residual capacity (FRC) level, the lungs behave as a one-compartment system, the reactance of which is mainly determined by the gaseous inertance, at least beyond 2 Hz. In patients and in healthy subjects breathing below FRC, the observed frequency dependence of resistance and the simultaneous increase in resonant frequency can be simulated satisfactorily by Mead's two-compartment model, assuming a large increase in peripheral airways resistance.
Design and evaluation of a new synthetic brain simulator for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (2014)

OBJECT Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is an effective but technically demanding procedure with significant risk. Current simulators, including human cadavers, animal models, and virtual reality systems, are expensive, relatively inaccessible, and can lack realistic sensory feedback. The purpose of this study was to construct a realistic, low-cost, reusable brain simulator for ETV and evaluate its fidelity. METHODS A brain silicone replica mimicking normal mechanical properties of a 4-month-old child with hydrocephalus was constructed, encased in the replicated skull, and immersed in water. Realistic intraventricular landmarks included the choroid plexus, veins, mammillary bodies, infundibular recess, and basilar artery. The thinned-out third ventricle floor, which dissects appropriately, is quickly replaceable. Standard neuroendoscopic equipment including irrigation is used. Bleeding scenarios are also incorporated. A total of 16 neurosurgical trainees (Postgraduate Years 1–6) and 9 pediatric and adult neurosurgeons tested the simulator. All participants filled out questionnaires (5-point Likert-type items) to rate the simulator for face and content validity. RESULTS The simulator is portable, robust, and sets up in minutes. More than 95% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that the simulator's anatomical features, tissue properties, and bleeding scenarios were a realistic representation of that seen during an ETV. Participants stated that the simulator helped develop the required hand-eye coordination and camera skills, and the training exercise was valuable. CONCLUSIONS A low-cost, reusable, silicone-based ETV simulator realistically represents the surgical procedure to trainees and neurosurgeons. It can help them develop the technical and cognitive skills for ETV including dealing with complications.
Theoretical model for an MRI radio frequency resonator (2000)

A theoretical model is described for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radio-frequency resonator (an MRI "coil") that is useful at ultrahigh frequencies. The device is a "TEM resonator" which is based on a concept originally proposed by Roschmann (1988). The coil comprises a circular cavity-like structure containing several coaxial transmission lines operating in a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. The model developed herein treats the empty coil and is based on multiconductor transmission line theory. This work generalizes and extends similar analyses of the device by Roschmann (1995) and Chingas and Zhang (1996). The model employs explicit calculation of per-unit-length parameters for TEM lines having arbitrary geometries. Calculations of the resonator's frequency response are found to compare well with measurements. Fields produced by linear (single-point) and quadrature drive are also computed and compared to images of low-permittivity phantoms.
Eulerian on Lagrangian Cloth Simulation (2017)

This thesis introduces a novel Eulerian-on-Lagrangian (EoL) approach for simulating cloth. This approach allows for the simulation of traditionally difficult cloth scenarios, such as draping and sliding cloth over sharp features like the edge of a table. A traditional Lagrangian approach models a cloth as a series of connected nodes. These nodes are free to move in 3d space, but have difficulty with sliding over hard edges. The cloth cannot always bend smoothly around these edges, as motion can only occur at existing nodes. An EoL approach adds additional flexibility to a Lagrangian approach by constructing special Eulerian on Lagrangian nodes (EoL Nodes), where cloth material can pass through a fixed point. On contact with the edge of a box, EoL nodes are introduced directly on the edge. These nodes allow the cloth to bend exactly at the edge, and pass smoothly over the area while sliding. Using this ‘Eulerian-on-Lagrangian’ discretization, a set of rules for introducing and constraining EoL Nodes, and an adaptive remesher, This simulator allows cloth to move in a sliding motion over sharp edges. The current implementation is limited to cloth collision with static boxes, but the method presented can be expanded to include contact with more complicated meshes and dynamic rigid bodies.
Verlängerung CH‐acider Verbindungen um eine gerade Anzahl von Methingruppen durch Umsetzung mit Nitroenaminen (1978)

Abstract CH‐acide Verbindungen 9 , 16 mit einer aktivierten Methyl‐ oder Methylengruppe werden durch Umsetzung mit 1‐Dimethylamino‐4‐nitro‐1,3‐butadien ( 8a ) bzw. dessen Methylderivat 8b um vier Methingruppen verlängert. Die Produkte 10 , 17a , 18 enthalten endständig eine aci ‐Nitro‐Funktion. Durch Folgereaktionen sind Nitropolyene ( 13 ). Nitroaromaten ( 11 ). Azepine ( 15 ) und Dicarbonylverbindungen ( 19 ) darstellbar.
Response to Letter Regarding Article “Temporal Relationship Between Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation and Embolic Events” (2015)

FIGURES 10–13. Comparing of puparia of two European Lindneromyia species. 10–11: Marginal processes of anterior end in detail (ventral view). 10: L. dorsalis; 11: L. hungarica. 12–13: Posterior end with highlighted dorsal processes on sg10 (dorsal view). 12: L. dorsalis; 13: L. hungarica.
Direct correlation between mechanical failure and metallurgical reaction in flip chip solder joints (1999)

We tested flip chip solder bonded Si samples under tensile and shear loading as a function of annealing time at 200 °C. The solder bump was eutectic SnPb and the underbump thin film metallization was Cu/Cr deposited on oxidized Si. We found that the failure mode is interfacial fracture and the fracture strength decreases rapidly with annealing time. From scanning electric microscope observations, the fracture occurs at the Cu–Sn/Cr interface. We conclude that it is the metallurgical reaction that has brought the solder into direct contact with the Cr surface. The weak joint is due to the spalling of Cu–Sn compound grains from the Cr surface, especially near the edges and corners of the joint.
One-Dimensional Thermomechanical Constitutive Relations for Shape Memory Materials (1997)

The use of the thermoelastic martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation has recently been proposed and demonstrated for several active control applications. However. the present constitutive models have lacked several important fundamental concepts that are essential for many of the proposed intelligent material system applications such as shape memory hybrid composites. A complete, unified, one-dimensional constitutive model of shape memory materials is developed and presented in this paper. The thermomechanical model formulation herein will investigate important material characteristics involved with the internal phase transformation of shape memory alloys. These characteristics include energy dissipation in the material that governs the damping behavior, stress-strain-temperature relations for pseudoelasticity, and the shape memory effect. Some numerical examples using the model are also presented.
Resource management in 5G: A tale of two timescales (2015)

To attain the targeted data rates of next generation (5G) cellular networks requires dense deployment of small cells, in addition to macro cells which provide wide coverage. Dynamic radio resource management (RRM) is crucial to the success of such heterogeneous networks due to much more pronounced traffic and interference variations in small cells. This work proposes a framework for RRM organized according to two timescales, which includes 1) centralized RRM on a second/minute timescale corresponding to typical durations of user sessions, and 2) distributed RRM on a millisecond timescale corresponding to typical latency requirements. An optimization problem is formulated for the slower timescale with consideration of (distributed) opportunistic scheduling on the faster timescale. An iterative algorithm is developed to solve the optimization problem efficiently for a small cluster of cells. Numerical results demonstrate advantages of the dual-timescale RRM framework.
A monoclonal antibody against mutated nucleophosmin 1 for the molecular diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemias (2010)

Mutations in the nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) gene are the most frequent genetic aberrations of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and define a clinically distinct subset of AML. A monoclonal antibody (T26) was raised against a 19-amino acid polypeptide containing the unique C-terminus of the type A NPM1 mutant protein. T26 recognized 10 of the 21 known NPM1 mutants, including the A, B, and D types, which cover approximately 95% of all cases, and did not cross-react with wild-type NPM1 or unrelated cellular proteins. It performed efficiently with different detection technologies, including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Within a series of consecutive de novo AML patients, 44 of 110 (40%) and 15 of 39 (38%) cases scored positive using the T26 antibody in immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assays, respectively. T26-positive cases were found to be all carrying mutations of NPM1 exclusively, as determined by molecular analysis. T26 is the first antibody that specifically recognizes a leukemia-associated mutant protein. Immunofluorescence or flow cytometry using T26 may thus become a new tool for a rapid, simple, and cost-effective molecular diagnosis of AMLs.
Cloning and Sequencing of Sulfite Reductase   Subunit Gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1995)

A DNA fragment of 2.1 kb was specifically amplified by PCR with primers based on the amino acid sequences obtained from the N-terminal region and the cyanogen bromide-derived peptide of the sulfite reductase alpha subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. With this fragment as a probe, the gene coding for the sulfite reductase alpha subunit was isolated from a genomic library of S. cerevisiae. Sequencing analysis revealed that the gene contains a 3105-bp open reading frame, which is large enough to code for a protein of 1035 amino acid residues. The transcript of the sulfite reductase alpha subunit gene was detected by Northern analysis after methionine deprivation, but the amount of the transcript did not directly correlate with the enzyme activity. The DNA fragment containing the sulfite reductase alpha subunit gene rescued the met10 phenotype by complementation.
Development of Hydrogen Storage Material with a Single Nanopore Structure (2008)

Due to its clean combustion and high heating value, hydrogen fuel has attracted much interest from 1990s. It is crucial to develop safe and efficient hydrogen storage material for practical applications. In recent years, porousmetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been identified as promising adsorbents for H2 storage. They provide unique systems with large surface areas and precise molecular structures. This review will focus on the development of highly efficient MOFs for H2 storage.
Neural network modeling and control of an anti-lock brake system (1992)

The authors have previously described neural-network-based methods for modeling automotive systems and training near-optimal controllers. These methods are based on the premise that the physical system can be sufficiently instrumented during network training so that accurate evaluation of the effect of control actions is possible. In certain systems, such a automotive anti-lock braking (ABS), it may be costly to obtain the detailed data that would be required to exploit the full capabilities of neural methods. The present paper reports an initial simulation-based study to determine the performance potential of controllers designed with these methods. Such studies will help determine whether the cost of carrying out neural training methods on actual systems is justified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>