gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Causal Discovery with Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (2019)

Having insight into the causal associations in a complex system facilitates decision making, e.g., for medical treatments, urban infrastructure improvements or financial investments. The amount of observational data grows, which enables the discovery of causal relationships between variables from observation of their behaviour in time. Existing methods for causal discovery from time series data do not yet exploit the representational power of deep learning. We therefore present the Temporal Causal Discovery Framework (TCDF), a deep learning framework that learns a causal graph structure by discovering causal relationships in observational time series data. TCDF uses attention-based convolutional neural networks combined with a causal validation step. By interpreting the internal parameters of the convolutional networks, TCDF can also discover the time delay between a cause and the occurrence of its effect. Our framework learns temporal causal graphs, which can include confounders and instantaneous effects. Experiments on financial and neuroscientific benchmarks show state-of-the-art performance of TCDF on discovering causal relationships in continuous time series data. Furthermore, we show that TCDF can circumstantially discover the presence of hidden confounders. Our broadly applicable framework can be used to gain novel insights into the causal dependencies in a complex system, which is important for reliable predictions, knowledge discovery and data-driven decision making.
High Regioselective Diels–‐Alder Reaction of Myrcene with Acrolein Catalyzed by Zinc‐Containing Ionic Liquids (2005)

Abstract The ambient zinc‐containing ionic liquids, MX‐ZnCl 2 , functioning as both Lewis acid catalyst and green solvent, are employed for a high regioselective Diels–Alder reaction of myrcene with acrolein for the first time, where MX is either 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide (EmimBr), N ‐butylpyridinium bromide (BPyBr), or N ‐ethylpyridinium bromide (EtPyBr). Compared with the analogous reaction performed over a ZnCl 2 catalyst in the conventional solvent dichloromethane, higher regioselectivity of the ‘ para ’ cycloadduct and excellent yield were achieved at shorter reaction time in these ionic liquids with optimized molar compositions of MX and ZnCl 2 . These moisture‐insensitive ionic liquids can be easily separated from reaction products after simple washing with hexane, allowing their reuse with no obvious loss in activity.
Optimum diameter of single-walled carbon nanotubes in carbon nanotube ropes (2004)

In this paper, the optimum diameter of stable single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT's) in a rope is calculated theoretically using its conformation energy, which consists of curvature elastic energy and intertube van der Waals energy. An equlibrium shape equation for single layer fullerenes is derived by means of variation of the conformation energy. For straight SWNT's in an SWNT rope, the solution to the equlibrium shape equation gives the optimum diameter to be $1.36\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ for stable SWNT's. This agrees well with the experimental observation [Nature 388, 756 (1997); Science 273, 483 (1998)].
An Audio-Visual System for Object-Based Audio: From Recording to Listening (2018)

Object-based audio is an emerging representation for audio content, where content is represented in a reproduction-format-agnostic way and, thus, produced once for consumption on many different kinds of devices. This affords new opportunities for immersive, personalized, and interactive listening experiences. This paper introduces an end-to-end object-based spatial audio pipeline, from sound recording to listening. A high-level system architecture is proposed, which includes novel audio-visual interfaces to support object-based capture and listener-tracked rendering, and incorporates a proposed component for objectification, that is, recording content directly into an object-based form. Text-based and extensible metadata enable communication between the system components. An open architecture for object rendering is also proposed. The system's capabilities are evaluated in two parts. First, listener-tracked reproduction of metadata automatically estimated from two moving talkers is evaluated using an objective binaural localization model. Second, object-based scene capture with audio extracted using blind source separation (to remix between two talkers) and beamforming (to remix a recording of a jazz group) is evaluated with perceptually motivated objective and subjective experiments. These experiments demonstrate that the novel components of the system add capabilities beyond the state of the art. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspectives for object-based audio workflows.
Si- and Ge-Doped GaAs p-n Junctions (1969)

Si- and Ge-doped GaAs layers were obtained by a solution regrowth technique. They were p-type and their electric parameters ρ, µ H , and p were found depending on the Si or Ge quantities in the melts. Ge-doped crystals had much larger µ H values than Si-doped crystals. Si-doped p-n junctions showed I - V characteristics including tunneling and thermal components, while those of Ge-doped junctions had only a thermal component. Si-doped diodes showed photo responses originating from deep acceptor levels, while the photoresponses of Ge-doped ones were derived from a very shallow acceptor level. The same effects were seen in the emission spectra of these diodes. In the Si-doped ones, broad emission peaks were found at the longer wavelengths on account of the deep levels, while the emission spectra of Ge-doped diodes were sharp and concerned with the shallow acceptor level. An emission quantum efficiency of up to 2% was achieved in the Si-doped diode.
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Alternating Copolymers of Styrene and Maleic Anhydride (2007)

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) of alternating copolymer thin films has been achieved for the first time. Copolymerization is desirable for maleic anhydride (Ma) since this monomer does not homopolymerize to an appreciable extent. At conditions where the observed deposition rates for styrene (S) and Ma homopolymers were only 0 and 5.5 nm/min, respectively, combining the two monomers resulted in a much higher deposition rate of 75.4 nm/min. iCVD processes utilize low energy (<30 W) to generate peroxy radicals from initiator molecules while avoiding degradation of functional groups in the monomers. Indeed, full retention of the anhydride functionality from the Ma monomer and avoidance of undesirable side reactions was observed in iCVD of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PSMa) copolymer films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) conclusively demonstrate that all of the copolymer films contain 50% styrene and 50% Ma (within experimental error), irrespective of gas feed ratios employed during the deposition. The 13C NMR signal in the 136-140 ppm region from the quaternary carbon in styrene and additional distortionless enhancement polarization transfer experiments confirmed that the copolymers are strictly alternating. Varying the gas feed ratio of Ma to styrene provided control over deposition rates and number-average molecular weights. Number-average molecular weights varied from 1380 to 4680 g/mol, and deposition rates varied from 6.3 to 75.4 nm/min.
An evaluation of acoustic reflectometry for leakage and blockage detection (2008)

Acoustic reflectometry has been shown to be an effective technique for detecting defects, such as holes and blockages, in relatively short, single lengths of pipe. This paper discusses briefly the physical basis of the technique and then describes the results of a series of experiments that were designed to evaluate the suitability of using this approach for monitoring the health of natural gas pipelines. Such pipelines will typically be many kilometres long, have diameters of up to 1 m and may form part of a complex network of pipelines. Previous studies have demonstrated that acoustic reflectometry techniques can be used to detect pipeline defects in relatively small bore pipelines with lengths of several hundred meters. The results reported in this paper indicate that even when using fairly crude equipment, the technique can be successfully applied to detect defects in single pipelines and pipeline networks with large diameters and lengths exceeding 5 km. Although the results presented in this paper are not conclusive, they do provide the necessary justification for a second phase of experiments to be conducted to extend the scope of the technique further.
Site-Specific Genome Engineering in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2016)

The possibility to generate patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers an unprecedented potential of applications in clinical therapy and medical research. Human iPSCs and their differentiated derivatives are tools for diseases modelling, drug discovery, safety pharmacology, and toxicology. Moreover, they allow for the engineering of bioartificial tissue and are promising candidates for cellular therapies. For many of these applications, the ability to genetically modify pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is indispensable, but efficient site-specific and safe technologies for genetic engineering of PSCs were developed only recently. By now, customized engineered nucleases provide excellent tools for targeted genome editing, opening new perspectives for biomedical research and cellular therapies.
Editorials (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTEditorialsHarrison E. HoweCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1939, 31, 2, 125–127Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50350a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50350a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Silver nanowire network embedded in polydimethylsiloxane as stretchable, transparent, and conductive substrates (2016)

ABSTRACT Highly stretchable transparent conductors where Ag nanowire networks (AgNWs) are reliably embedded into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate are presented. In spite of the weak physical and chemical interaction between Ag nanowires and PDMS, a significantly high transfer efficiency and uniform embedding of AgNW percolation mesh electrodes into PDMS was achieved by simply coating aerogels onto the AgNWs and using water‐assisted transfer. By the failure‐free transfer and reliable bonding with the substrate, the conductive PDMS with embedded AgNWs that exhibits a sheet resistance ( R s ) of 15 Ω/sq and 80% optical transmittance ( T ) are reported here. The PDMS films accommodate tensile strains up to 70% and a cyclic strain of 25% for more than 100 cycles, with subsequent R s values as low as 90 and 27 Ω/sq, respectively. The T of this conductive PDMS is more than 25% higher than that of networks of CNTs, Cu nanowires, and hybrid composites of CNTs and graphene embedded in elastomer films such as PDMS, polyurethane, and Ecoflex. The simple and reproducible fabrication allows the extensive study and optimization of the stretchability of the meanders in terms of humidity, thickness, and substrate. The results provide new insights for designing stretchable electronics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 , 43830.
SAN DIEGO EXPERIENCE: APPLICATION OF NEW SYSTEM FOR SANITARY OVERFLOW EARLY DETECTION (2001)

SAN DIEGO EXPERIENCE: APPLICATION OF NEW SYSTEM FOR SANITARY OVERFLOW EARLY DETECTIONThe City of San Diego's Metropolitan Sewer System serves a population of 1.9 million generating an average annual flow of 7.89 m3/s (180 mgd). In an innovative attempt to minimize the occurrence of major sewage spills, the Metropolitan Wastewater Department of City contracted with the firm of ADS Environmental Services to implement San Diego's Flow Metering Alarm System (FMAS). The system is fully...Author(s)Pete WongGuann HwangJerry CampLuis MijaresSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 83 - Collection Systems Symposium: The Real Time ExperienceDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2001ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20010101)2001:8L.123;1-DOI10.2175/193864701790861884Volume / Issue2001 / 8Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)123 - 137Copyright2001Word count135
Die örtliche Selbstverwaltung in der Rußländischen Föderation (1998)

'Die Institutionalisierung der örtlichen oder kommunalen Selbstverwaltung ist ein bedeutender Schritt auf dem Weg zu mehr Demokratie. Am 10. Juni 1997 erklärte der russische Präsident Boris Jelzin, daß die Hauptaufgabe der Innenpolitik die Unterstützung der örtlichen Selbstverwaltung sei. In dem folgenden Bericht wird versucht - gestützt auf russische Quellen -, die Rechtslage, die Institutionen und die Praxis der örtlichen Selbstverwaltung darzustellen. Der Anhang enthält die personelle Zusammensetzung der drei föderalen Gremien, die für die örtliche Selbstverwaltung verantwortlich sind, und das Schema der Administration des Präsidenten, in welcher die Verwaltung für die Unterstützung der Tätigkeit der örtlichen Selbstverwaltung verankert ist.' (Textauszug)
Case 23-1991 (1991)

Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital from The New England Journal of Medicine — Case 23-1991 — A 27-Year-Old Man with Ataxia and a Left Cerebellar Mass 13 Years after Resection and Radiation Therapy of a Left Parietal Astrocytoma.
High Resolution a-IGZO TFT Pixel Circuit for Compensating Threshold Voltage Shifts and OLED Degradations (2017)

In this paper, we propose a novel voltage programmed pixel circuit based on amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs) for active-matrix organic light-emitting displays. Through the extensive simulation work based on a-IGZO TFT and OLED models, we confirm that the proposed pixel circuit can compensate for threshold voltage variations of TFTs and OLED degradation over wide dynamic range (~104) of OLED current as well as achieve a high pixel aperture ratio with the suppressed OLED current error rate below 9%.
Responses of Synchronous Populations of HeLa Cells to Ultraviolet Irradiation at Selected Stages of the Generation Cycle (1967)

Bozidar Djordjevic, L. J. Tolmach, Responses of Synchronous Populations of HeLa Cells to Ultraviolet Irradiation at Selected Stages of the Generation Cycle, Radiation Research, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Oct., 1967), pp. 327-346
Activated Somatostatin Type 2 Receptors Traffic <i>In Vivo</i> in Central Neurons from Dendrites to the <i>Trans</i> Golgi Before Recycling (2007)

Understanding the trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of particular importance, especially when modifications of the neurochemic environment occur as in pathological or therapeutic circumstances. In the central nervous system, although some GPCRs were reported to internalize in vivo, little is known about their trafficking downstream of the endocytic event. To address this issue, distribution and expression pattern of the major somatostatin receptor subtype, the somatostatin type 2 (sst2), was monitored in the hippocampus using immunofluorescence, autoradiographic and immunogold experiments from 10 minutes to 7 days after in vivo injection of the receptor agonist octreotide. We then analyzed whether postendocytic trafficking of the receptor was dependent upon integrity of the microtubule network using colchicine-injected animals. Together, our results suggest that upon agonist stimulation, dendritic receptors are retrogradely transported through a microtubule-dependent mechanism to a trans Golgi domain enriched in the t-SNARE syntaxin 6 and trans Golgi network 38 proteins, before recycling. Because we show that the exit rate from the trans Golgi apparatus back to the plasma membrane (hours) is slower than the entry rate (minutes), the neuronal postendocytic trafficking of sst2 receptor is likely to have functional consequences in several neurological diseases in which an increase in somatostatin release occurs.
Improving Estimation of Indoor Exposure to Inhalable Particles for Children in the First Year of Life (2007)

There is growing scientific evidence linking early childhood exposure to environmental agents with asthma and other illnesses that may not appear until later in life. Unfortunately the direct measurement of personal exposures of children in the first year of life is not possible by existing methodologies. This study developed and evaluated a new methodology to better assess exposure of children to inhalable particles in the first year of life while involved in floor play in the home. We constructed the Pre-Toddler Inhalable Particulate Environmental Robotic (PIPER) sampler. Two series of measurements of inhalable particles were carried out. One collected filter samples of airborne inhalable particles and a second used a real-time total particle mass concentration monitor. Samples were collected for seven residential locations. Duplicate samples were collected with PIPER 20 cm above the floor and from an identical stationary monitor positioned at a height of 110 cm. The mean observed airborne inhalable particle concentrations measured by PIPER was 98.6 microg/ m3, whereas simultaneously collected stationary samples mean concentration was 49.8 microg/m3. The average observed ratio of PIPER samples to stationary samples was 2.4. A paired t test comparison of the two sampling methods indicated a statistically significant higher level of inhalable particle concentration measured by PIPER in comparison with the fixed sampler (P < 0.0001). Peak concentrations as measured by a real-time monitor were in excess of 3600 microg/m3. The results suggest that children playing on the floor are exposed to a higher concentration of total inhalable particles than previous methodologies estimate.
Integrated silicon optomechanical transducers and their application in atomic force microscopy (2014)

We present integrated optomechanical transducers with exposed tips and demonstrate ultrahigh force sensitivity and large bandwidth. The transducer is implemented as an atomic force microscope probe in the contact mode and nanoscale resolution is demonstrated.
First signals of electrochemically oxidized species of TTF and TTM-TTF: A study by in situ spectroelectrochemical FTIR and DFT calculations (2003)

A first study by in situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry of TTF and TTM-TTF has been undertaken. The oxidation, in this case, is caused only by electrochemistry, which constitutes a clear advantage over chemical oxidation since no side products are present in the solution. In this context, we obtained the signals of neutral, radical cation, and dication species of TTF and TTM-TTF. The experimental conditions were chosen in order to avoid the possible formation of π-dimer species and to obtain a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio. A weak signal was detected for TTF and a stronger one for TTM-TTF. The changes induced by the oxidation process in the IR spectra of TTF and TTM-TTF have been analyzed with the aid of B3P86/6-31G** density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which allows for a comprehensive assignment of the bands observed. DFT calculations show that the IR signal associated to the asymmetric stretching of the lateral CC bonds can be used as a structural signature to identify the different oxidation states of TTF and TTM-TTF. The frequency downshift and the intensity increase undergone by the νasym(CC) vibration upon oxidation are shown to be the key factors to understand the evolution of the IR spectra.
Entamoeba histolytica acetyl–CoA synthetase: biomarker of acute amoebic liver abscess (2014)

This finding suggested the significant role of EhACS as a biomarker for moribund hamsters with acute amoebic liver abscess (ALA) infection. It is deemed pertinent that future studies explore the potential roles of EhACS in better understanding the pathogenesis of ALA; and in the development of vaccine and diagnostic tests to control ALA in human populations.
Management of acute pancreatitis: current knowledge and future perspectives (2006)

In recent years, a number of articles have been published on the treatment of acute pancreatitis in experimental models and most of them concerned animals with mild disease. However, it is difficult to translate these results into clinical practice. For example, infliximab, a monoclonal TNF antibody, was experimentally tested in rats and it was found to significantly reduce the pathologic score and serum amylase activity and also to alleviate alveolar edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome; however, no studies are available in clinical human acute pancreatitis. Another substance, such as interleukin 10, was efficacious in decreasing the severity and mortality of lethal pancreatitis in rats, but seems to have no effect on human severe acute pancreatitis. Thus, the main problem in acute pancreatitis, especially in the severe form of the disease, is the difficulty of planning clinical studies capable of giving reliable statistically significant answers regarding the benefits of the various proposed therapeutic agents previously tested in experimental settings.According to the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis, the efficacy of the drugs already available, such as gabexate mesilate, lexipafant and somatostatin should be re-evaluated and should be probably administered in a different manner. Of course, also in this case, we need adequate studies to test this hypothesis.
Bacteriophage-derived enzyme that depolymerizes the alginic acid capsule associated with cystic fibrosis isolates of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2009)

The alginase produced by PT-6 has the potential to increase the well-being of CF suffers by improving the surface properties of sputum, accelerating phagocytic uptake of bacteria and perturbing bacterial growth in biofilms.
Bone-Bio Material Interface (1991)

Topics of the papers include current understanding of the influence of materials surfaces on bone generation; bone cell response to materials; molecular biological probes to study the interface; mechanical influence on interfacial biology; and retrieval analysis for interpreting interfacial phenomena.