gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deciding how to decide: ventromedial frontal lobe damage affects information acquisition in multi-attribute decision making (2006)

Ventromedial frontal lobe (VMF) damage is associated with impaired decision making. Recent efforts to understand the functions of this brain region have focused on its role in tracking reward, punishment and risk. However, decision making is complex, and frontal lobe damage might be expected to affect it at other levels. This study used process-tracing techniques to explore the effect of VMF damage on multi-attribute decision making under certainty. Thirteen subjects with focal VMF damage were compared with 11 subjects with frontal damage that spared the VMF and 21 demographically matched healthy control subjects. Participants chose rental apartments in a standard information board task drawn from the literature on normal decision making. VMF subjects performed the decision making task in a way that differed markedly from all other groups, favouring an 'alternative-based' information acquisition strategy (i.e. they organized their information search around individual apartments). In contrast, both healthy control subjects and subjects with damage predominantly involving dorsal and/or lateral prefrontal cortex pursued primarily 'attribute-based' search strategies (in which information was acquired about categories such as rent and noise level across several apartments). This difference in the pattern of information acquisition argues for systematic differences in the underlying decision heuristics and strategies employed by subjects with VMF damage, which in turn may affect the quality of their choices. These findings suggest that the processes supported by ventral and medial prefrontal cortex need to be conceptualized more broadly, to account for changes in decision making under conditions of certainty, as well as uncertainty, following damage to these areas.
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome: Review of the phenotype (2006)

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare but well known entity characterized by extreme short stature, low body weight, early loss of hair, lipodystrophy, scleroderma, decreased joint mobility, osteolysis, and facial features that resemble aged persons. Cardiovascular compromise leads to early demise. Cognitive development is normal. Data on 10 of our own cases and 132 cases from literature are presented. The incidence in the last century in the Netherlands was 1:4,000,000. Sex ratio was 1.2:1. Main first symptoms were failure to thrive (55%), hair loss (40%), skin problems (28%), and lipodystrophy (20%). Mean age at diagnosis was 2.9 years. Growth in weight was more disturbed than growth in height, and growth delay started already prenatally. Mean height > 13 years was 109.0 cm, mean weight was 14.5 kg. Osteolysis was wide-spread but not expressed, except in the viscerocranium, and remained limited to membranous formed bone. Lipodystrophy is generalized, only intra-abdominal fat depositions remain present. Cardiovascular problems are extremely variable, both in age of onset and nature. Stroke and coronary dysfunctioning are most frequent. Pathologic findings in coronaries and aorta resemble sometimes the findings in elderly persons, but can also be much more limited. Loss of smooth muscle cells seems the most important finding. Mean age of demise was 12.6 years. Patients can be subdivided in patients with classical HGPS, which follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, (almost) all cases representing spontaneous mutations, and in non-classical progeria, in whom growth can be less retarded, scalp hair remains present for a longer time, lipodystrophy is more slowly progressive, osteolysis is more expressed except in the face, and survival well into adulthood is not uncommon. Pattern of inheritance of non-classical progeria is most probably autosomal recessive. The cause of HGPS is an abnormally formed Lamin A, either directly by a mutated LMNA gene, or through abnormal posttranslational processing (ZMPSTE24 gene mutations). Of 34 LMNA mutations found in progeria patients, there were 26 classical p.G608G mutations (76%). Pathogenesis is most likely to follow several different pathways. Potential therapeutic strategies are developed along these lines and include RNA interference techniques and inhibition of the dominant-negative influence of abnormally formed Lamin A on polymerization with normally formed Lamin A.
Local Membrane Vibrations and Inflatable Space Structures (2000)

The study of vibrating membranes goes back at least 3 centuries. Motivations for such studies were the solution of practical problems; a rich example is the investigation of acoustics of musical instruments such as drums and bells. In modern times, membranes have provided a canonical formalism for mathematical analysis, due to their vanishing thinness and resultant absence of any bending rigidity. Moreover, numerous practical applications exist for membrane structures, and are in fact growing in importance. Examples are architectural and civil structures, diaphragms in switches and transducers, biomedical prosthesis such as artificial arteries and organs, and space-based applications such as radio antennas and optical reflectors. Dozens of theoretical studies exist in the literature with regard to membrane vibrations. These cover linear and nonlinear models, various shapes and boundary configurations, and numerous analysis methods including closed-form, asymptotic expansions, and numerical methods (FEM, BEM, etc.). Such studies are ongoing and of current interest. However, probably less than one dozen experimental studies can be found in the open literature. Even the simplest classical cases have not been thoroughly investigated. This is due at least in part to the extreme flexibility and lightness of membranes and the noncontact measurement methods thus implicated. What data that does exist is significantly limited, inaccessible, and insufficient for use in validating theoretical results. Local vibrations are not explored at all. Moreover, answers to pressing questions in modern applications need to be addressed. Interesting and important problems currently exist such as: How do effects like wrinkling, thermal loading, and manufacturing variables affect the vibrational response of membrane/inflatable space structures? Can adaptive control methods use vibration information for local and global state estimates in such structures In this presentation, we first provide some background on shape control of precision membrane/inflatables, including applications, solution methods, and results. Then we present some new experimental results for the vibrating circular membrane, generated with a noncontact scanning laser vibrometer. Finally, we provide some comments on use of local membrane vibrations for shape control purposes.
Comparison between the polymerase chain reaction and slot blot hybridization for the detection of HPV sequences in cervical scrapes (1990)

Sixty-four women presenting with a single mildly abnormal smear were investigated for infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 using both slot blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. PCR was nearly three times more sensitive for the detection of HPV 16 DNA than slot blot hybridization. HPV 16 was not significantly associated with a risk of progression to CIN if PCR was used to screen for infection. Women who smoked were at significantly greater risk of progression to CIN than non-smokers.
Amino acids and peptides. XXIV. Synthesis of Neurospora crassa metallothionein and related cysteine-containing peptides and examination of their heavy metal-binding properties. (1989)

A pentacosapeptide corresponding to the entire amino acid sequence of Neurospora crassa metallothionein and several related cysteine-containing peptides were synthesized by the conventional solution method and their heavy metal-binding properties were examined. The Cu2+- or Cu+-binding properties of the various peptides were similar to each other, whereas the Cd2+-binding properties of these peptides were fairly structure-dependent.
Supramolecular Engineering of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Porosity in Covalent Organic Cages (2011)

Control over pore size, shape, and connectivity in synthetic porous materials is important in applications such as separation, storage, and catalysis. Crystalline organic cage molecules can exhibit permanent porosity, but there are few synthetic methods to control the crystal packing and hence the pore connectivity. Typically, porosity is either 'intrinsic' (within the molecules) or 'extrinsic' (between the molecules)--but not both. We report a supramolecular approach to the assembly of porous organic cages which involves bulky directing groups that frustrate the crystal packing. This generates, in a synthetically designed fashion, additional 'extrinsic' porosity between the intrinsically porous cage units. One of the molecular crystals exhibits an apparent Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 854 m(2) g(-1), which is higher than that of unfunctionalized cages of the same dimensions. Moreover, connectivity between pores, and hence guest uptakes, can be modulated by the introduction of halogen bonding motifs in the cage modules. This suggests a broader approach to the supramolecular engineering of porosity in molecular organic crystals.
Integrated hierarchical computer systems for adaptive protective relaying and control of electric transmission power systems (1989)

The report examines current protection practices on electric power transmission networks, their limitations, and the restrictions placed upon the protective systems by the current state of the technology. The field of digital computer based relaying is reviewed, and it is shown that computer relays with communication capability offer a substantial opportunity to change many aspects of relay systems for the better. In particular, the relay systems can be made responsive to changes taking place in the power system. This concept is labeled Adaptive Relaying,'' whereby relays and protective systems adapt themselves to changing power system condition. Several opportunities for adaptive relaying are revealed. In each case a technological assessment of the needs and feasibility of the adaptive approach is made. Impact of failures of the adaptive features on the system as a whole is discussed. Safe fall-back positions are discussed. Also considered are coordination aspects of adaptive and non-adaptive relaying functions within the same system. The report concludes with a conclusions section which includes a look at the directions for future research in this field. 43 refs., 17 figs., 1 tab.
X-parameter measurement (2013)

One of the key features that led to the wide adoption of S-parameters was the availability of hardware and calibration techniques capable of making quick, accurate, and repeatable S-parameter measurements. S-parameters can also be easily extracted in simulation from device or circuit models. In either case, the resulting S-parameters can immediately be used in simulation or design tools. In order to achieve similar success in the nonlinear domain, X-parameters must be easily measured and also easily extracted from simulation.
Interaction of thymosin .beta.4 with muscle and platelet actin: implications for actin sequestration in resting platelets (1992)

Quantitative measurements of the interactions of T beta 4 with muscle actin suggest that its only physiological role is monomer sequestration. T beta 4 forms a 1:1 complex with monomeric actin under physiological salt conditions. Its Kd for actin is not affected by calcium. T beta 4 binds only to actin monomers and not to filament ends or alongside the filament. T beta 4-actin complexes do not elongate actin filaments at either the barbed or the pointed end, and, unlike actobindin, T beta 4 does not specifically suppress the nucleation of polymerization. We assessed the fraction of monomeric actin that can be sequestered by T beta 4 in resting platelets. This was done on the basis of (a) its Kd of 0.4-0.7 microM for platelet actin, which had been prepared by a newly devised simpler method, and (b) the values for the concentrations of monomeric actin and of T beta 4 which we measured as 280 and 560 microM, respectively. Using the higher Kd value of 0.7 microM, the T beta 4-complexed actin is calculated to be between 70 and 240 microM, depending on the steady-state free G-actin concentration. This may vary from 0.1 to 0.5 microM, the critical concentrations for uncapped and for fully barbed-end-capped actin filaments. If the Kd in the platelet is the same as in vitro, most of the sequestered actin would be bound to T beta 4 if more than 95% of the actin filaments are capped at their barbed ends in resting platelets.
ChemInform Abstract: EXISTENCE OF COMPLEXES OF LIALH4 AND ALH3 IN ETHER SOLVENTS AND IN SOLID STATE (1975)

Abstract Die Reaktionen zwischen LiAlH 4 und AlH 3 in den Molverhältnissen 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 und 1:4 in Diäthyläther und THF werden IR‐spektroskopisch untersucht.
Wake-up receivers for wireless sensor networks: benefits and challenges (2009)

For successful data delivery, the destination nodes should be listening to the medium to receive data when the sender node starts data communication. To achieve this synchronization, there are different rendezvous schemes, among which the most energy-efficient is utilizing wakeup receivers. Current hardware technologies of wake-up receivers enable us to evaluate them as a promising solution for wireless sensor networks. In this article the benefits achieved with wake-up receivers are investigated along with the challenges observed. In addition, an overview of state-of-the-art hardware and networking protocol proposals is presented. As wake-up receivers offer new opportunities, new potential application areas are also presented and discussed.
Making <i>f-x</i> projection filters robust to erratic noise (2014)

Summary Linear prediction filters are efficient for reducing random seismic noise but not for removing erratic noise. We propose a robust f-x projection filtering scheme for simultaneous erratic noise and Gaussian random noise attenuation. Instead of adopting the ℓ2 norm, as commonly used in the conventional design of f-x filters, we utilize the hybrid ℓ1/ℓ2 norm to penalize the energy of the additive noise. The estimation of the prediction error filter and the additive noise sequence are performed in an alternating fashion. First, the additive noise sequence is fixed and the prediction error filter is estimated via the least-squares solution of a system of linear equations. Then, the prediction error filter is fixed and the additive noise sequence is estimated through a cost function containing hybrid ℓ1/ℓ2 norm that prevents erratic noise to influence the final solution. Synthetic and field data examples are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Complete nucleotide sequence of the<i>Escherichia coli argA</i>gene (1987)

Journal Article Complete nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli argA gene Get access Kate Brown, Kate Brown Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Paul W. Finch, Paul W. Finch Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ian D. Hickson, Ian D. Hickson 1Clinical Oncology, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peter T. Emmerson Peter T. Emmerson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 15, Issue 24, 23 December 1987, Page 10586, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.24.10586 Published: 23 December 1987 Article history Accepted: 23 November 1987 Published: 23 December 1987
Point Cloud-Based Target-Oriented 3D Path Planning for UAVs (2020)

This paper explores 3D path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in 3D point cloud environments. Derivative maps such as dense point clouds, mesh maps, octomaps, etc. are frequently used for path planning purposes. A target-oriented 3D path planning algorithm, directly using point clouds to compute optimized trajectories for a UAV, is presented in this article. This approach searches for obstacle-free, low computational cost, smooth, and dynamically feasible paths by analyzing a point cloud of the target environment, using a modified connect RRT-based path planning algorithm, with a k-d tree-based obstacle avoidance strategy and three-step optimization. This presented approach bypasses the common 3D map discretization, directly leveraging point cloud data. Following trajectory generation, the algorithm creates way-point based, closed-loop quadrotor controls for pitch, roll, and yaw attitude angle as well as dynamics commands for the UAV. Simulations of UAV 3D path planning based on different target points in the point cloud map are presented, showing the effectiveness and feasibility of this approach.
A non-shielded MR head with improved resolution (1982)

Although it has been generally assumed that to improve the resolution of an MR head, either the head must have a magnetic shield or its structure must be changed, we have succeeded in developing a non-shielded MR head with high track density, high sensitivity, low cross talk and much improved short wavelength characteristics. In the new head, only the very edge of the MR stripe is effectively biased, keeping the spacing loss low. Because MR film requires no anisotropy, and because a large permanent magnet embedded in the guard substrate is used to generate the bias field, the structure of the head can be simple. Sapphire is used as the substrate in order to minimize thermal noise. An Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Tic (0.01Ω.cm resistivity) guard substrate is used to improve reliability.
Broadly Tunable AlInAsSb Digital Alloys Grown on GaSb (2016)

AlxIn1–xAsySb1–y digital alloys lattice-matched to GaSb were grown within the miscibility gap by molecular beam epitaxy, with aluminum fractions ranging from 0% to 80%. Photoluminescence spectra from AlxIn1–xAsySb1–y films and from AlxIn1–xAsySb1–y/GaSb type-II superlattices were used to determine the direct bandgap and the band offsets as a function of the aluminum fraction. Varying the aluminum content tuned the direct bandgap from 0.25 eV (0% aluminum) to 1.24 eV (75% aluminum), corresponding to photon wavelengths from 5000 to 1000 nm, with the transition from direct-gap to indirect-gap occurring at ∼1.18 eV (∼72% aluminum), or 1050 nm. This direct-gap tuning range of 0.93 eV is the largest reported for a III–V alloy lattice-matched to a commercially available substrate. The broadly tunable bandgap and type-I band alignments of this lattice-matched quaternary make it attractive for advanced mid-infrared and near-infrared detectors and sources.
A distinct class of intracellular storage vesicles, identified by expression of the glucose transporter GLUT4. (1994)

Some cell types have cytoplasmic storage vesicles whose fusion with the cell surface is triggered by an extracellular signal. To explore the relationship between different classes of storage vesicles, we expressed, in the neuro-endocrine cell line PC12, the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT4, which is stored in small cytoplasmic vesicles in fat and muscle cells and mobilized to the cell surface when insulin is present. PC12 cells have two known types of storage vesicles, secretory granules and synaptic vesicles, but GLUT4 is targeted to neither. It is recovered, however, in a class of small vesicles that sediment approximately twice as fast as synaptic vesicles. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of such small vesicles in transfected PC12 cells. By velocity sedimentation analysis, GLUT4 vesicles efficiently exclude the synaptic vesicle markers synaptophysin, SV2, and synaptobrevin; the transferrin receptor, a marker of conventional endocytosis; and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, a marker of transcytosis. The exclusion of synaptophysin and the transferrin receptor from most of the GLUT4-containing structures was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Like synaptic vesicles, therefore, GLUT4 vesicles of PC12 cells appear to be a unique type of organelle. A GLUT4-containing organelle of identical sedimentation properties was found in transfected fibroblast cell lines and in rat adipocytes. On stimulation of the adipocytes with insulin, GLUT4 was translocated from the peak of small vesicles to faster sedimenting membranes. We propose that the class of vesicles described here is present in a wide range of cell types and is involved in transient modification of the cell surface.
Amino acid substitutions of His296 alter the catalytic properties of Zymomonas mobilis 10232 levansucrase. (2008)

His296 of Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10) is crucial for the catalysis of the transfructosylation reaction. The three-dimensional structures of levansucrases revealed the His296 is involved in the substrate recognition and binding. In this study, nine mutants were created by site-directed mutagenesis, in which His296 was substituted with amino acids of different polarity, charge and length. The substitutions of His296 with Arg or Trp retained partial hydrolysis and transfructosylation activities. The positively charged Lys substitution resulted in a 2.5-fold increase of sucrose hydrolysis. Substitutions with short (Cys or Ser), negatively charged (Glu) or polar (Tyr) amino acids virtually abolished both the activities. Analysis of transfructosylation products indicated that the mutants synthesized different oligosaccharides, suggesting that amino acid substitutions of His296 strongly affected both the enzyme activity and transfructosylation products.
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for women and infants prevents vaginal and oral HIV transmission in a preclinical model of HIV infection (2016)

Our data demonstrated that 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine efficiently prevents both vaginal and oral HIV transmission. Together with 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine's relatively low toxicity and high potency against drug-resistant HIV strains, these data support further clinical development of 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine as a potential pre-exposure prophylaxis agent to prevent HIV transmission in women and their infants.