gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robustness testing of the Microsoft Win32 API (2002)

Although Microsoft Windows is being deployed in mission-critical applications, little quantitative data has been published about its robustness. We present the results of executing over two million Ballista-generated exception handling tests across 237 functions and system calls involving six Windows variants, as well as similar tests conducted on the Linux operating system. Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows CE were found to be vulnerable to complete system crashes caused by very simple C programs for several different functions. No system crashes were observed on Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Linux. Linux was significantly more graceful at handling exceptions from system calls in a program-recoverable manner than Windows NT and Windows 2000, but those Windows variants were more robust than Linux (with glibc) at handling C library exceptions. While the choice of operating systems cannot be made solely on the basis of one set of tests, it is hoped that such results will form a starting point for comparing dependability across heterogeneous platforms.
Calculation of NMR chemical shifts for extended systems using ultrasoft pseudopotentials (2007)

We present a scheme for the calculation of magnetic response parameters in insulators using ultrasoft pseudopotentials. It uses the gauge-including projector augmented wave method [C. J. Pickard and F. Mauri, Phys. Rev. B 63, 245101 (2001)] to obtain all-electron accuracy for both finite and infinitely periodic systems. We consider in detail the calculation of NMR chemical shieldings. The approach is successfully validated first for molecular systems by comparing calculated chemical shieldings for a range of molecules with quantum chemistry results and then in the solid state by comparing $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ NMR parameters calculated for silicates with experiment.
Analytical modeling and characterization of deep-submicrometer interconnect (2001)

This work addresses two fundamental concepts regarding deep-submicrometer interconnect. First, characterization of on-chip interconnect is considered with particular attention to ultrasmall capacitance measurement and in-situ noise evaluation techniques. An approach to measuring femto-Farad level wiring capacitances is presented that is based on the concept of supplying and removing charge with active devices. The method, called the charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) technique, has the advantages of being compact, having high-resolution, and being very simple. We also present a novel time-domain measurement scheme for on-chip crosstalk noise that is based on the use of cascaded high-speed differential pairs to compare a user-defined reference voltage to the unknown noise peak value. The noise measurement technique complements a delay measurement to directly evaluate the impact of capacitive coupling on delay for various victim and aggressor driver sizes as well as arbitrary waveform timing and phase alignments. The second area of emphasis in this work is analytical interconnect modeling. Several important effects are modeled, including a rigorous crosstalk noise model that also includes a timing-level model. Results from this noise model show it to provide accuracy within 10% of SPICE for a wide range of input parameters. The noise model can also be calibrated and verified with comparison to the noise measurement scheme described in this work. A fast Monte Carlo approach to modeling the circuit impact of back-end process variation is presented providing a better depiction of real 3-/spl sigma/ performance spreads compared to the traditional skew-corner approach. Finally. A comprehensive system-level performance model called Berkeley Advanced Chip Performance Calculator (BACPAC) is developed that accounts for a number of relevant deep-submicrometer system design issues. BACPAC has been implemented online and is useful in exploring the capabilities of future very large scale integration systems as well as determining trends and tradeoffs inherent in the design process.
A method for detecting ionospheric disturbances and estimating their propagation speed and direction using a large GPS network (2007)

A technique is developed for detecting short period (3–10 min) ionospheric disturbances and estimating their propagation speed and direction using data from a large GPS network (a hundred or more receivers). This method increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio of small signals and could be applied, autonomously, to process a large set of data for the study of the potential signal sources and statistical distributions of these disturbances. The integral electron content (IEC) for every satellite‐station pair in the network is extracted from dual frequency phase data. These IEC time series are then band‐pass‐filtered and cross‐correlated with each other. The resulting correlation power is an indication of the presence of a common disturbance recorded at the two stations, and the delay to the maximum correlation is a measurement of the propagation time between the ionospheric pierce points of the respective stations. A threshold on correlation power is used to select a subset of these delay measurements. The velocity of the detected perturbation is then estimated by fitting a two‐dimensional plane wave model to this subset of measurements. A technique is developed to remove the effects of time‐varying satellite motion and to reconstruct the waveform that would have been observed at a fixed point within the ionosphere. Consistency of the resulting velocity estimates is checked using a stacking‐alignment method and a time‐distance mapping that accounts for the motion of the GPS satellites. The sensitivity of the velocity estimate to both the assumed height of a thin‐layer ionosphere and the detection threshold value is studied. A simulation is used to demonstrate the IEC waveform distortion due to satellite motion, and an example is shown in which this distortion is able to shift the dominant frequencies of an actual disturbance outside of the passband of the filter, thereby preventing detection. Four weeks of data, in different seasons, collected using the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), were processed. Over the total of 28 days, 127 significant disturbances were detected, most with horizontal propagation speeds between 50–1000 m/s and westward directions of propagation. A few cases with exceptionally high speed (>2000 m/s) were observed. It is hypothesized that these are manifestations of disturbances that occur simultaneously throughout the ionosphere, rather than traveling waves. The rate of occurrence of disturbances in the 3–10 min band was found to be larger than expected. Observational biases of this method are discussed.
Lensless imaging by spatial Fourier synthesis holography (1996)

The technique of Fourier synthesis holography is extended to the spatial domain. A spatially extended source is decomposed into its Fourier components, and a hologram of an object distribution is formed at each spatial frequency and stored in a computer. Upon synthesis in the computer a clear image can be formed of the object without the use of lenses.
Fast and Accurate Gaussian Kernel Ridge Regression Using Matrix Decompositions for Preconditioning (2021)

This paper presents a preconditioner-based method for solving a kernel ridge regression problem. In contrast to other methods, which utilize either fast matrix-vector multiplication or a preconditioner, the suggested approach uses randomized matrix decompositions for building a preconditioner with a special structure that can also utilize fast matrix-vector multiplications. This hybrid approach is efficient in reducing the condition number, exact, and computationally efficient, enabling the processing of large datasets with computational complexity linear to the number of data points. Also, a theoretical upper bound for the condition number is provided. For Gaussian kernels, we show that given a desired condition number, the rank of the needed preconditioner can be determined directly from the dataset.
B Virus,<i>Herpesvirus simiae:</i>Historical Perspective (1987)

Between 1932 and 1972, 24 known infections of man by B virus caused 23 cases of encephalitis and 18 fatalities. The virus has been isolated from dermal lesions and neural ganglia from macaque monkeys. Serological evidence of infection is complicated by close antigenic relationships between B virus, Herpesvirus simplex, and SA8. Hyperimmune globulin produced from monkey, horse, and rabbit sera has not proved highly effective. Formalin-inactivated vaccine appears safe and antigenic in man but has not been licensed. Half of all human subjects have neutralizing B virus antibody related to their H. simplex titer. More stable animal populations and the improved use of protective apparel have reduced, but not eliminated, the risk of B virus to man.
Five Different Piscidins from Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Analysis of Their Expressions and Biological Functions (2012)

Piscidins are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play important roles in helping fish resist pathogenic infections. Through comparisons of tilapia EST clones, the coding sequences of five piscidin-like AMPs (named TP1∼5) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were determined. The complete piscidin coding sequences of TP1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 were respectively composed of 207, 234, 231, 270, and 195 bases, and each contained a translated region of 68, 77, 76, 89, and 64 amino acids. The tissue-specific, Vibrio vulnificus stimulation-specific, and Streptococcus agalactiae stimulation-specific expressions of TP2, -3, and -4 mRNA were determined by a comparative RT-PCR. Results of the tissue distribution analysis revealed high expression levels of TP2 mRNA in the skin, head kidneys, liver, and spleen. To study bacterial stimulation, S. agalactiae (SA47) was injected, and the TP4 transcript was upregulated by >13-fold (compared to the wild-type (WT) control, without injection) and was 60-fold upregulated (compared to the WT control, without injection) 24 h after the S. agalactiae (SA47) injection in the spleen and gills. Synthesized TP3 and TP4 peptides showed antimicrobial activities against several bacteria in this study, while the synthesized TP1, -2, and -5 peptides did not. The synthesized TP2, -3, and -4 peptides showed hemolytic activities and synthesized TP3 and TP4 peptides inhibited tilapia ovary cell proliferation with a dose-dependent effect. In summary, the amphiphilic α-helical cationic peptides of TP3 and TP4 may represent novel and potential antimicrobial agents for further peptide drug development.
Triplet Energies of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">π</mml:mi></mml:math>-Conjugated Polymers (2001)

Using pulse radiolysis and triplet energy transfer has enabled us to measure the triplet energies in a broad range of different pi-conjugated polymers. In all cases we find that the 1 (3)B(u) is of order 0.6 to 1 eV below the 1 (1)B(u), indicative of localized triplet states with strong electron-electron correlation. We also observe that the 1 (1)A(g)-1 (3)B(u) gap decreases linearly as the 1 (1)A(g)-1 (1)B(u) gap decreases even though polymers with very different structure have been studied. This surprising result suggests that polymers with singlet gap <1.3 eV will have a triplet ground state.
Isolation and characterization of the localized adherence factor of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (1988)

The binding factor of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O111:H- responsible for localized adherence (LA) on HeLa cells was investigated. Inhibition of LA by carbohydrates and lectins showed that the reactive epitope on HeLa cells contains N-acetylgalactosamine units. Treatment of bacteria with EDTA for extraction of lipopolysaccharides eliminated these polymers as binding factors. Such treatment also caused a marked increase in adhesion suggesting steric hindrance by lipopolysaccharides of the LA factor binding capacity. Immunoblotting with rabbit antibodies showed a strong reaction with two components with approximate molecular sizes of 29 and 32 kilodaltons (kDa) present in the outer membrane preparations of bacteria. Both the absorbed rabbit immune serum and the outer membrane preparation of the bacteria inhibited bacterial adhesion by 100%. Outer membrane components were isolated from an N-acetylgalactosamine-agarose column by elution with KSCN, labeled with 125I, and immunoprecipitated with absorbed rabbit hyperimmune antiserum. The only component precipitated was the protein doublet at 29 to 32 kDa corresponding to the components detected by immunoblotting. The predominant component was always the 32-kDa polypeptide. We conclude that this component of the outer membrane is the best candidate for the LA factor in enteropathogenic E. coli.
Identification and control of split-&#x03BC; road for antilock braking system (2010)

When braking on split-μ road, yaw moment and steering force of vehicle will be produced because the braking force is different for two side wheels. In order to deal with this problem, the modified independent control mode is widely applied, however, there also exits some defects. Because the gap of the adhensive coefficient of both sides is uncertain while braking, if the fixed modified coefficient is applied, it is difficult to keep vehicle direction stability and shorten the braking distance simultaneously under different gap former mentioned. This paper proposes a method named split-μ road identification. Compare the difference of slip integral of front wheels to threshold values during a certain pressure state in order to identify whether the vehicle brakes on split-μ road. According to the integral of slip from both side wheels and vehicle deceleration, the control mode dynamically changes the modified coefficients of pressure. Simulation results show that the algorithm can identify whether the vehicle is braking on split-μ road timely and also can identify the friction difference between the two sides accurately. The pressure regulation mode can regulate brake pressure appropriately and keep vehicle directional stability and shorten braking distance simultaneously.
Differences in beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms in ischemic versus idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. (1991)

These data indicate that potentially important differences exist in the regulatory behavior of components of the beta-adrenergic receptor-G protein-adenylate cyclase complex in IDC versus ISCDC, differences that presumably relate to the distinct pathophysiologies of these two types of heart muscle disease.
Efficacy of benzoporphyrin derivative, a photosensitizer, in selective destruction of leukemia cells using a murine tumor model. (1993)

The ability of a photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD), and light to selectively kill leukemic cells in comparison to normal hemopoietic progenitors was investigated using a murine model, the L1210 tumor of DBA/2 mice. In vitro experiments indicated that treatment of cells with BPD and light effected a 5 to 6 log reduction of clonogenic L1210 cells under conditions which caused less than a 1 log reduction of committed myeloid progenitors, determined by colony-forming cells. This apparent therapeutic window was tested in vivo using lethally irradiated DBA/2 mice hematopoietically reconstituted with 10(6) syngeneic donor splenocytes or 5 x 10(5) bone marrow cells mixed with L1210 cells and treated with BPD and light. Reconstitution with 10(6) splenocytes resulted in successful engraftment of approximately 50% of recipients, indicating that these conditions provided limiting numbers of essential stem cells. The minimum tumor-eliciting dose was determined to be between 10(1) and 10(2) L1210 cells. Experiments in which 10(6) splenocytes were mixed with 10(6) L1210 cells and treated with BPD and light demonstrated that at 100 ng/mL of BPD and a specified light dose (5.4 joules [J]/cm2), 50% of recipients underwent successful engraftment and did not develop leukemic ascites. Animals that died under this regimen died from failure to engraft rather than from tumor burden. These results establish that this approach can effectively lower tumor burden by 4 logs with virtually no loss of essential hemopoietic progenitors. Similar results were obtained when animals received bone marrow rather than splenocytes.
Comparison of the effects of Contractubex® gel in an experimental model of scar formation in rats: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. (2012)

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations demonstrated that the Contractubex gel significantly improved the quality of wound healing and reduction of scar formation. Also, it was a more appropriate treatment choice than heparin monotherapy and allantoin monotherapy in keloidal and hypertrophic scars.
Automated gated diode measurements for device characterization (2002)

The MOS semiconductor manufacturing process includes many processing steps to modify the electrical characteristics of the gate/drain region of the MOS transistor. The gated diode test structure has been known to be an excellent tool for characterizing this region. However, this measurement has been difficult to make due to the highly accurate and repeatable sub-picoampere measurements required for this test structure. Therefore, this measurement has only been made in small quantities with elaborate test circuit methods on custom bench top wafer level electrical test systems, reducing the effectiveness of the electrical test results. SEMATECH has implemented this measurement on an automated production electrical test system used for both in-line and end-of-line process control data collection. The measurement method produces results such as flat band voltage (Vfb), threshold voltage (Vt), fast surface state leakage (Ifss), and reverse diode leakage (Ird). Analysis of the measurement produces bulk and junction perimeter defect identification as well as qualitative measures of changes in Vfb, Vt, and surface states. Automating this measurement allows statistically significant samples to be collected, accelerating analysis of the gate/drain region and providing spatial characterization across the wafer. SEMATECH is using this measurement method to characterize the damage that results from using plasma etch, deposition, and implant processes. Many SEMATECH member companies have already adopted these methods by taking advantage of the SEMATECH technology transfer process to receive design tapes of the test structures and test tapes of the measurement method. The measurement method was written for HP's ICMS test executive software that controls the HP4062UX test system for semiconductor process characterization and production process control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Concordant hypermethylation of intergenic microRNA genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma as new diagnostic and prognostic marker (2013)

Epigenetic inactivation by aberrant DNA methylation has been reported for many microRNA genes in various human malignancies. However, relatively little is known about microRNA gene methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, a systematic screen for identification of aberrantly hypermethylated microRNA genes in HCC was initiated. The methylation status of 39 intergenic CpG island associated microRNA genes was analyzed in HCC cell lines (n = 7), immortalized hepatocytes (n = 2) and normal liver samples (n = 5). Subsequently, 13 differentially methylated microRNA genes were analyzed in primary human HCC samples (n = 40), benign liver tumors (n = 15) and the adjacent liver tissues employing pyrosequencing. Expression of microRNA genes was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, DNA methylation and expression of microRNA genes were measured after DNMT1 knockdown or DNMT inhibition. Aberrant hypermethylation and concomitant reduction in expression of intergenic microRNA genes is a frequent event in human HCC: hsa-mir-9-2 (23%), hsa-mir-9-3 (50 %), hsa-mir-124-1 (20%), hsa-mir-124-2 (13%), hsa-mir-124-3 (43%), hsa-mir-129-2 (58%), hsa-mir-596 (28%) and hsa-mir-1247 (38%). Altogether, it affects 90% of the HCC specimens under study. MicroRNA gene methylation is not found in hepatocellular adenoma (n = 10) and focal nodular hyperplasia (n = 5). DNMT1 knockdown or DNMT inhibition reduced microRNA gene methylation and stimulated expression. In primary human HCC specimens hypermethylation and expression of microRNA genes showed an inverse correlation. Concordant hypermethylation of three or more microRNA genes is a highly specific marker for the detection of HCC and for poor prognosis.
Wafer-scale integration as a technology choice for high speed ATM switching systems (2002)

This paper presents a new architecture of multigigabit ATM switching system using wafer-scale integration (WSI). Clearly, the crucial delay constraints in a switching network using discrete VLSI components fall within the off-chip interconnections. We propose the use of WSI to facilitate higher speed operation. WSI allows us to consider new design alternatives that would not be practical in a system using discrete components. In the architecture presented in this paper, identical units called self-driven crosspoints will make up the entire ATM switching fabric in a wafer-scale system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of Pump Transient during Starting/Stopping Periods by Bond Graph. (1996)

This study concerns a new application of the Bond graph to the analysis of dynamic behavior in a turbomachinery system. A theoretical and experimental study has been made on the transient characteristics of a centrifugal pump during the starting/stopping periods. Instantaneous rotational speed, torque, flow rate and total pressure rise are measured in the experiment. Theoretical calculations for the prediction of transient characteristics using the Bond graph, which is a one-dimensional analysis of the system dynamics based on energy conservation, are developed and the results are compared with the corresponding experimental results. It was clarified that the results of Bond graph simulation agree well with the experimental results, and that Bond graph simulation is very useful for predicting the pump transient characteristics during starting/stopping periods.