gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Alleviating Instability in a MEMS Vertical Comb Drive Using a Progressive Linkage (2005)

Micro mirrors have emerged as key components for optical microelectromechanical system (MEMS) applications. Electrostatic vertical comb drives are attractive because they can be fabricated underneath the mirror, allowing for arrays with a high fill factor. Also, vertical comb drives are more easily controlled than parallel plate actuators, making them the better choice for analog scanning devices. The device presented in this paper is a one-degree of freedom vertical comb drive fabricated using Sandia National Laboratories SUMMiT™ five-level surface micromachining process. The electrostatic performance of the device is investigated using finite element analysis to determine the capacitance for a unit cell of the comb drive as the position of the device is varied. This information is then used to design a progressive linkage that will seek to alleviate or eliminate the effects of instability. The goal of this research is to develop an electrostatic model for the behavior of the vertical comb drive mirror and then use this to design a progressive-linkage that can delay or eliminate the pull-in instability.
Detection of a single magnetic microbead using a miniaturized silicon Hall sensor (2002)

Using a highly sensitive silicon Hall sensor fabricated in a standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology, we detect a single magnetic microbead of 2.8 μm in diameter. The miniaturized sensor has an active area of 2.4×2.4 μm2, a sensitivity of 175 V/AT and a resistance of 8.5 kΩ. Two detection methods, both exploiting the superparamagnetic behavior of the bead, are experimentally tested and their performances are compared. This work opens the way to the fabrication of low cost microsystems for biochemical applications based on the use of dense arrays of silicon Hall sensors and CMOS electronics.
Specificity of Respiratory Secretion Antibody against Influenza Virus (1970)

Abstract Serum, sputum and nasal secretion neutralizing antibody rises were measured against A2/Taiwan/64, A2/Hong Kong/68 and A/PR8 influenza viruses and parainfluenza type 1 virus in volunteers who had been immunized with A2/Taiwan/64 virus. There was approximately an eightfold rise in sputum, nasal wash and serum antibody to the homologous virus, and no rise to parainfluenza type 1 virus. There was no serum antibody rise to A/PR8 or A2/Hong Kong viruses, but in sputum and nasal washing there was approximately a three- to fourfold rise. Absorption studies with homologous and heterologous virus indicate that the heterologous response is due mainly to cross-reacting antibody. This could mean that secretory IgA is less specific than serum IgG. If these findings are substantiated for other viruses, it is possible that protection against a broad range of viruses may be inducible with fewer vaccines than would be expected on the basis of serologic studies.
Quantification of Apoptotic Testicular Germ Cells in Normal and Methoxyacetic Acid‐Treated Mice as Determined by Flow Cytometry (1998)

Several studies have reported the occurrence and significance of programmed cell death (apoptosis) of testicular germ cells in mammals. In those studies, apoptotic germ cells were identified by morphological criteria or by in situ end labeling (TUNEL) and were enumerated from histological sections by semi-quantitative and time-consuming techniques. In the present study, we have established a flow cytometric technique for quantification of TUNEL-positive cells in the mouse testis. Groups of five adult mice each received 0, 650, or 1300 mg/kg (IP) of methoxyacetic acid (MAA), and testes were collected 24 hours later. MAA is known to induce germ cell apoptosis in rodent testes. MAA induced a significant (P < 0.01) dose-dependent decline in the percentage of pachytene spermatocytes (4C cells). DNA strand breaks generated by the activation of endogenous endonuclease in the apoptotic germ cells were detected by the in situ labeling of the 3'-OH termini with biotinylated dUTP in the presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL technique). Histologically, TUNEL-positive germ cells were observed in control testes, and the number of these cells was visibly increased following MAA exposure. As determined by flow cytometry, four cell populations contained TUNEL-positive cells: 1C cells (round spermatids), 2C cells (mainly spermatogonia), S-ph cells (spermatogonial cells and preleptotene spermatocytes synthesizing DNA [the S-phase]), and 4C cells (primary spermatocytes). Analysis of the percentages of TUNEL-positive cells within each population yielded values of 1.57+/-0.23% for 1C cells, 1.65+/-0.27% for 2C cells, 6.26+/-1.03% for S-ph cells, and 3.24+/-0.39% for 4C cells. Hence, a substantial proportion of proliferating cells are undergoing apoptosis during normal spermatogenesis. The overall incidence of apoptotic cells among all testicular cells was around 2%. At 650 mg per kilogram of body weight, MAA induced a fourfold to eightfold increase (P < 0.001) in the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells, compared with saline-treated controls, and, overall, 17% of testicular cells were apoptotic. This effect of MAA was most pronounced for S-ph and 4C cells, with 25-30% of cells being affected in each of those populations. At 1300 mg per kilogram of body weight, MAA had no further effect. These quantitative data demonstrate that 1) in the normal testis, it is mainly proliferating cells that undergo apoptosis, and 2) MAA induces primary spermatocyte loss by germ cell apoptosis.
Level of G protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase-2 Determines Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms (2010)

The novel effect of reducing acute ischemic myocardial injury via increased Akt activity and NO production adds significantly to the therapeutic potential of GRK2 inhibition with the βARKct not only in chronic HF but also potentially in acute ischemic injury conditions.
Improved Test Pattern Generation for Hardware Trojan Detection using Genetic Algorithm and Boolean Satisfiability. (2015)

Test generation for Hardware Trojan Horses (HTH) detection is extremely challenging, as Trojans are designed to be triggered by very rare logic conditions at internal nodes of the circuit. In this paper, we propose a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) technique, enhanced by automated solution to an associated Boolean Satisfiability problem. The main insight is that given a specific internal trigger condition, it is not possible to attack an arbitrary node (payload) of the circuit, as the effect of the induced logic malfunction by the HTH might not get propagated to the output. Based on this observation, a fault simulation based framework has been proposed, which enumerates the feasible payload nodes for a specific triggering condition. Subsequently, a compact set of test vectors is selected based on their ability to detect the logic malfunction at the feasible payload nodes, thus increasing their effectiveness. Test vectors generated by the proposed scheme were found to achieve higher detection coverage over large population of HTH in ISCAS benchmark circuits, compared to a previously proposed logic testing based Trojan detection technique.
Tupaia CD81, SR-BI, Claudin-1, and Occludin Support Hepatitis C Virus Infection (2010)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related research has been hampered by the lack of appropriate small-animal models. It has been reported that tree shrews, or tupaias (Tupaia belangeri), can be infected with serum-derived HCV. However, these reports do not firmly establish the tupaia as a reliable model of HCV infection. Human CD81, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), claudin 1 (CLDN1), and occludin (OCLN) are considered essential receptors or coreceptors for HCV cell entry. In the present study, the roles of these tupaia orthologs in HCV infection were assessed. Both CD81 and SR-BI of tupaia were found to be able to bind with HCV envelope protein 2 (E2). In comparison with human CD81, tupaia CD81 exhibited stronger binding activity with E2 and increased HCV pseudoparticle (HCVpp) cell entry 2-fold. The 293T cells transfected with tupaia CLDN1 became susceptible to HCVpp infection. Moreover, simultaneous transfection of the four tupaia factors into mouse NIH 3T3 cells made the cells susceptible to HCVpp infection. HCVpp of diverse genotypes were able to infect primary tupaia hepatocytes (PTHs), and this infection could be blocked by either anti-CD81 or anti-SR-BI. PTHs could be infected by cell culture-produced HCV (HCVcc) and did produce infectious progeny virus in culture supernatant. These findings indicate that PTHs possess all of the essential factors required for HCV entry and support the complete HCV infection cycle. This highlights both the mechanisms of susceptibility of tupaia to HCV infection and the possibility of using tupaia as a promising small-animal model in HCV study.
Timing and Synchronization with Propagation Delay Symmetry and Originated Slave Clock Frequency for Ubiquitous Computing (2010)

Time and frequency alignment is critical for ensuring QoS for application such as voice, real-time video, wireless hand-off, and data over a converged access medium. To satisfy the accuracy of time synchronization, both adjusting Communication path asymmetry and ratio of frequency between the time-aware systems are important. Network Time Protocol (NTP) is not satisfies time-sensitive applications. IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and IEEE 802.1AS don' t calculate the communication path asymmetry. We propose the Single-TimeSync frame for reducing the number of control frames, adjusting propagation delay asymmetry and ratio of frequency originated with slave time-aware station clock. We simulate with base model in OPNET.
The Chemistry of Thiophosgene (1986)

The physical and chemical properties of thiophosgene with special reference to its use in organic syntheses are reviewed. Thiophosgene is best prepared by reductive dechlorination of trichloromethane-sulfenyl chloride. Besides its use in classical preparations of isothiocyanates, thioureas, thiocarbamates, and thiocarbonates, it has been extensively used to synthesize a wide variety of thioxo substituted heterocycles of pharmaceutical importance by cyclisation of amines, phenols, alcohols, and thiols. Thiophosgene is also used to prepare various inorganic complexes and in the conversion of phenols, thioureas, and thioamides to thiophenols, ureas, and amides, respectively. Reaction of thiophosgene with dienes and alkenes gives bridged compounds and different reactive synthons. The review also discusses the chemistry of the thiophosgene dimer.
An Improved Battery Characterization Method Using a Two-Pulse Load Test (2008)

It is very important to have the ability to determine the available capacity, the state of charge (SoC), and the state of health (SoH) of a battery; this ensures that the battery has the available power for the system requirements. A battery is aged by charging and discharging cycles; this process degrades the chemical composition of the battery. An undercharged battery has sulphation and stratification effects that shorten the lifetime of the battery. Overcharging causes gassing and water loss. This paper describes a novel two-pulse test to determine the AHC, SoC, and SoH of a valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) and a lithium ion battery. These parameters are related to the voltage drop after each pulse of current discharge. The first pulse stabilizes the battery relative to its previous history, and the second pulse establishes the parameters. The new approach is fully validated by experiment.
Superlattice surface-normal asymmetric Fabry-Perot reflection modulators: optical modulation and switching (1993)

The surface-normal asymmetric Fabry-Perot reflection modulators discussed are based on the electroabsorption stemming from the effective absorption edge blue shift caused by Wannier-Stark localization in superlattices. Due to the modulator's normally off characteristics at the Fabry-Perot resonance, they exhibit negative differential photoconductivity. When the modulator is connected to a similar modulator or a simple photodiode, the negative differential photoconductance at resonance enables the modulator to operate as a self-electrooptic effect device (SEED) that shows clear bistable loops, and also has very large on-off ratios at its output. The operating principle of these modulators and SEEDs, and their sensitivity to variations of operating wavelengths, layer thickness and composition, and temperature are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
P-Selectin–Dependent Inhibition of Thrombosis During Venous Stasis (2000)

Leukocyte adhesion, transendothelial migration, and stasis are important components in the pathogenesis of deep vein thrombosis. Anesthetized cats were treated with saline, a recombinant soluble form of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (rPSGL-Ig), or an E- and L-selectin antibody (EL-246) before exposure and occlusion of a jugular vein. After 2 or 6 hours of occlusion, jugular veins were perfused with buffer, fixed, and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. In cats receiving saline, 2 and 6 hours of occlusion produced moderate levels of leukocyte and platelet adhesion and endothelial cell injury. Treatment of cats with rPSGL-Ig or EL-246 had no apparent effect on the magnitude of cell adhesion and endothelial cell injury compared with no treatment. After 6 hours of occlusion, the presence of a mural thrombus in untreated veins was observed and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Pretreatment of cats with rPSGL-Ig completely (4.0 mg/kg) or partially (1.0 mg/kg) prevented the occurrence of thrombi in the jugular veins. The reduction in thrombosis by rPSGL-Ig treatment after 6 hours of venous stasis, in the absence of any effect on leukocyte-mediated endothelial cell injury, suggests an antithrombotic mechanism of action for this protein.
A model for context awareness in Ubicomp (2012)

In this paper we present a view of EXEHDA middleware and a novel service created for dynamic adaptation. EXEHDA is service-oriented, adaptive and was conceived to support the execution of ubiquitous applications. The main concept in the proposed design for the middleware and for the application is context awareness expressed in an adaptive behavior. The middleware manages and implements the follow-me semantics for ubiquitous applications. This is also a key to provide functionality adapted to the constraints and unpredictability of the large-scale environment. EXEHDA provides services for distributed adaptive execution, context recognition, ubiquitous storage and access, and anonymous and asynchronous communications. To evaluate the proposed service we developed a case study, implementing an application in medical area. Analyzing the results we can see that the users found the application easy to use and usefulness for health workers at a hospital.
IPv4 Address Trading Using Resource Certificate (2010)

The Internet has been growing at unprecedented rates. The problem of an address shortage could act as a barrier on this growth. In principle, a new Internet standard, IPv6 solves the problem of the address shortage because it has a very large address space. But IPv6 is not yet compatible with the IPv4 and during the IPv4-to-IPv6 transition period IPv4 address will continue to be in demand. Thus for quite some time, the problem of IP address shortage will persist. To solve the problem, we propose the mechanism of secure IP address trading. This mechanism is based on the Resource PKI (RPKI). The RPKI is the working item of IETF. This proposed mechanism maximizes the trust of IP address trading using RPKI.
A Low Power PWM Optical Phased Array Transmitter with 16° Field-of-View and 0.8° Beamwidth (2018)

An optical phased array (OPA) transmitter system with a high-swing electrical PWM driver achieving the highest reported grating-lobe-free field-of-view to beamwidth ratio of 16%.8° for a two-dimensional aperture is presented. This ratio translates to 400 resolvable spots-which is 30x more numerous than the state-of-the-art. This scalable OPA, with a sparsely populated aperture, overcomes optical routing difficulties in planar photonic processes while maintaining the desired transmitter beam characteristics. To reduce the power consumption, a row-column electrical connection grid for the 144 optical phase shifters decreases the number of electrical drivers from 144 to 37. The PWM driver chip incorporates a breakdown-voltage multiplying architecture to increase the output voltage swing. The 65nm CMOS electronic driver chip and the photonic chip, fabricated through a standard silicon photonics process, occupy 1.7mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 2.08mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of active area respectively.
Monoclonal Antibodies to <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Inhibit Motility and Nucleic Acid Synthesis of Culture Forms (1983)

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the surface of epimastigotes and metacylic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, as shown by electron microscopy, agglutination, and immunofluorescence. The antibodies were stage specific but not strain specific. A deleterious effect of the antibodies on T. cruzi culture forms was shown by the drastic reduction of parasite motility and incorporation of nucleic acid precursors. Some fraction of the parasite population, however, was viable and replicated and infected mouse macrophages in culture. The antibodies were found to also mediate complement-induced lysis of culture forms of T. cruzi.
Improving Threshold Voltage and Device Performance of Gate-First HfSiON/Metal Gate n-MOSFETs by an ALD La[sub 2]O[sub 3] Capping Layer (2008)

We have studied the effect on the electrical properties of depositing Lanthanum-oxide capping layers on Hafnium-silicon-oxynitride /Tantalum-silicon-nitride metal gate first stacks. The capping layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using a precursor and ozone. The capacitance voltage characteristics shifted negatively by a significant amount with increasing numbers of cycles, and the shifts in the flatband voltage with 10 ALD cycles were for gate stacks with compositions of 56 and 74%. An equivalent oxide thicknesses (EOT) of was obtained for the gate stack with composition of 74% with a capping layer. Postdeposition annealing at 1050°C caused Lanthanum diffusion into the gate stack, forming bonds at the interface, and increasing the dielectric constant. The threshold voltage achieved with two cycles and the 56% composition gate stack was , almost the same as that for /n-Poly Si devices. The drain current at improved dramatically with the increasing number of ALD cycles, with values twice as large for devices capped with compared to those with bare gate stacks (noncapped samples). The EOTs and gate leakage current densities clearly meet the criteria for half pitch metal gate bulk devices in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor 2006.
Magnetic Properties of Single-Crystalline CoSi Nanowires (2007)

We have observed unusual ferromagnetic properties in single-crystalline CoSi nanowire ensemble, in marked contrast to the diamagnetic CoSi in bulk. High-density freestanding CoSi nanowires with B20 crystal structure are synthesized by a vapor-transport-based method. The reaction of cobalt chloride precursor with a Si substrate produces high-aspect-ratio CoSi nanowires. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction studies reveal superlattice structure in CoSi nanowires with twice the lattice parameter of simple cubic CoSi lattice. The zero-field-cooled and field-cooled (ZFC-FC) measurements from the nanowire ensemble show freezing of the disordered surface spins at low temperatures. The magnetoresistance (MR) measurements of single nanowire devices show a negative MR whose magnitude gets larger at lower temperatures.
DMA++: On the Fly Data Realignment for On-Chip Memories (2010)

Multimedia extensions based on Single-Instruction Multiple-Data (SIMD) units are widespread. They have been used, for some time, in processors and accelerators (e.g., the Cell SPEs). SIMD units usually have significant memory alignment constraints in order to meet power requirements and design simplicity. This increases the complexity of the code generated by the compiler as, in the general case, the compiler cannot be sure of the proper alignment of data. For that, the ISA provides either unaligned memory load and store instructions, or a special set of instructions to perform realignments in software. In this paper, we propose a hardware realignment unit that takes advantage of the DMA transfers needed in accelerators with local memories. While the data are being transferred, it is realigned on the fly by our realignment unit, and stored at the desired alignment in the accelerator memory. This mechanism can help programmers to better organize data in the accelerator memory so that the accelerator can possibly access the data with no special instructions. Finally, the data are realigned properly also when put back to main memory. Our experiments with nine applications show that with our approach, the bandwidth of the DMA transfers is not penalized.
Reaction kinetics and pathway of hydrothermal decomposition of aspartic acid (2007)

Abstract The kinetics and pathway of hydrothermal decomposition of aspartic acid were studied using a continuous‐flow tubular reactor. The reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 200–260°C and at a pressure of 20 MPa. Deamination was the primary reaction, indicated by the presence of significant amount of ammonia, fumaric acid, or maleic acid in the products. Other reaction products were pyruvic acid, malic acid, and traces of succinic and lactic acid. Traces of alanine were also detected, showing the possibility of decomposing high‐molecular weight amino acids to obtain simple amino acids such as glycine or alanine. Results on the effect of reaction parameters demonstrated that decomposition of aspartic acid is highly temperature dependent under hydrothermal conditions. For a slight temperature difference of 60°C (from 200 to 260°C), the first‐order reaction rate constants of 0.003 significantly increased to 0.231 s −1 . The activation energy was 144 kJ/mol, as calculated by the Arrhenius equation. No significant effect was exhibited by other reaction parameters such as pH and pressure. The results are useful in controlling the hydrolysis of proteinaceous materials toward high yield of aspartic acid under hydrothermal conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 175–180, 2007
Fast Transforms for Rapid Isolation of Misfiring Cylinders (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a method for the isolation of misfiring cylinders in an internal combustion engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The method is based on the measurement of the extrema of engine angular velocity. It has been shown that a number of indices can be derived from such a measurement, to provide an indication of engine performance degradation. In this study, an onboard microprocessor-based instrument samples the extrema of the engine velocity waveform in real time, generating an N or 2N vector representing each engine cycle, where N is the number of cylinders.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The data is processed by matrix transformations which are designed to isolate specific faults and their intensity. The transforms are constructed in such a way as to yield a nonzero output only when a certain fault is encountered.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The system is capable of detecting individual or multiple cylinder misfires, both complete and partial. Experimental verification has been carried out in a passenger vehicle.</div>