gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Symbiotic Evolution of Neural Networks in Sequential Decision Tasks (1997)

viii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Sequential Decision Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Examples of Sequential Decision Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.3 Properties of Sequential Decision Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chapter 2 Learning Decision Strategies from Reinforcements 7 2.1 Reinforcement Learning vs. Supervised Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1 Learning Through Temporal Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.2 The Adaptive Heuristic Critic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3 Q-learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
The Radiolysis of Liquid Nitrogen Containing Hydrocarbons. I. Ethylene and Propylene (1969)

Abstract The γ-radiolysis of liquid nitrogen containing ethylene and propylene has been investigated. As the nitrogenous products, hydrogen cyanide (0.18) and acetonitrile (0.04) were observed in the case of ethylene, and acetonitrile (0.12), in the case of propylene. The values in the parentheses are the G-values estimated on the basis of the energy absorbed by liquid nitrogen. In order to elucidate the mechanism of the reaction between nitrogen atoms and propylene, the mixture of C3H6 and C3D6 and the CD3CH=CHD compound have also been used as solutes. The acetonitrile obtained was mainly CH3CN and CD3CN in the former case, and CD3CN in the latter. These results suggest that a nitrogen atom produced in the system attacks the carbon atom in the middle of propylene and produces acetonitrile, leaving a methyl radical, the carbon atom in which was originally attached to the double bond.
Characterization of overlay tolerance requirements for via to metal alignment (1999)

Decreasing metal interconnect dimensions have led to tighter overlay tolerance requirements to ensure via to metal contact. These strict requirements often test the alignment capability of a manufacturing line; therefore, careful characterization is required to justify the overlay specification limits. A variety of technique can be combined for overlay process characterization including electrical resistance measurements, optical overlay measurements, CD SEM via misalignments and x-section yield. Available characterization techniques are then used to fully study the process window. Characterization data will be presented for a copper interconnect process.
Regioselective monoacylation of some glycopyranosides via cyclic tin intermediates. (1983)

Selective mono-benzoylation of some pento- and hexo-pyranosides (Me β-L-Ara, Ph α-L-Ara, Me α-D-Xyl, Me β-D-Xyl, Me α-D-Glc, Me β-D-Glc, Me α-D-Gal, Me β-D-Gal, and Me α-D-Man) by using Bu2SnO was examined in comparison with the results of the (Bu3Sn)2-O method and direct benzoylation. The Bu2SnO method is particularly useful in that it selectively activates an equatorial hydroxyl group which bears an oxygenated function (OH or OMe) in a cis relationship at an adjacent position, even in the presence of a more reactive primary OH group. The various mono- and di-O-benzoyl derivatives prepared in this work were unambiguously identified by analysis of their 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
Optimal Conditions for Alkaline Detoxification of Dilute-Acid Lignocellulose Hydrolysates (2007)

Alkaline detoxification strongly improves the fermentability of diluteacid hydrolysates in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New experiments were performed with NH4OH and NaOH to define optimal conditions for detoxification and make a comparison with Ca(OH)2 treatment feasible. As too harsh conditions lead to sugar degradation, the detoxification treatments were evaluated through the balanced ethanol yield, which takes both the ethanol production and the loss of fermentable sugars into account. The optimization treatments were performed as factorial experiments with 3-h duration and varying pH and temperature. Optimal conditions were found roughly in an area around pH 9.0/60°C for NH4OH treatment and in a narrow area stretching from pH 9.0/80°C to pH 12.0/30°C for NaOH treatment. By optimizing treatment with NH4OH, NaOH, and Ca(OH)2, it was possible to find conditions that resulted in a fermentability that was equal or better than that of a reference fermentation of a synthetic sugar solution without inhibitors, regardless of the type of alkali used. The considerable difference in the amount of precipitate generated after treatment with different types of alkali appears critical for industrial implementation.
A manufacturable GaAs BiFET technology for high speed signal processing (2002)

A GaAs BiFET LSI technology has been successfully developed for high speed and mixed signal circuit applications. High integration levels and functional circuit yield have been achieved. Excellent HBT and FET characteristics have been produced, with the noise figure of the FETs comparable to those of traditional MESFETs, enabling them to perform well in front-end receiver applications. Through this technology, several LSI circuits, including a 2 Gsps 2-bit prototype DRFM, a 2 GHz 32/spl times/2 bit shift register, a sample and hold circuit with 9-bit resolution at 200 Msps and SRAMs with a record access time (330 ps) have been successfully demonstrated.
Stress and medical procedures (1990)

Part 1 Theoretical reviews of stress: emotional and behavioural processes, Howard Leventhal psychobiological stress responses, Andrew Steptoe stress and information processing, Andrew Smith. Part 2 Stress and medical practice: diagnostic procedures, Jenifer Wilson-Barnett medical treatments, Philip Kendall and James Epps surgical treatments, John Kincey and Sue Saltmore obstetrical procedures, Nancy E. Adler et al paediatric procedures, Sheri D. Pruitt and Charles H. Elliot.
Toxicity of Some Straight Chain Saturated Fatty Acids to House Fly Larvae1 (1965)

Straight chain saturated fatty acids containing 8–11 carbon atoms were found toxic to house fly larvae, Musca domestica L. The water-insoluble dodecanoic acid was nontoxic in a dry environment but toxic if the larvae were wetted with water. Toxicity of decanoic acid also increased with the amount of moisture present on the larvae.
Geometrical Effects Flow Characteristics of a Gasoline High Pressure Swirl Injector (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Computational analysis of flow field inside a high pressure swirl injector is carried out. The effects of injection pressure and internal geometry on velocity field inside the nozzle and especially at the injector exit are studied in detail. From the velocity distribution at the exit plane, methods to determine the discharge coefficient and liquid sheet cone angle are given. To validate the computational model, the spray cone angles in the immediate vicinity of the nozzle exit were measured from photographs over the injection pressure differential range of 3.5 to 10.3 MPa. Static flow rates were measured using a flow meter over the same pressure range. The calculated results are found to be consistent with the experimental measurements. Extensive calculations were then conducted to examine the influence of swirl inlet port area and orifice diameter on discharge coefficient and spray cone angle. The results show that increase in swirl inlet port area and/or decrease in orifice diameter lead to an increase in discharge coefficient. Spray cone angle widens with a decrease in swirl inlet port area and an increase in orifice diameter. Discharge coefficient and spray cone angle are found to be insensitive to the injection pressure differential over the pressure range evaluated.</div>
Evolution of planar defects during homoepitaxial growth of <i>β</i>-Ga2O3 layers on (100) substrates—A quantitative model (2016)

We study the homoepitaxial growth of β-Ga2O3 (100) grown by metal-organic vapour phase as dependent on miscut-angle vs. the c direction. Atomic force microscopy of layers grown on substrates with miscut-angles smaller than 2° reveals the growth proceeding through nucleation and growth of two-dimensional islands. With increasing miscut-angle, step meandering and finally step flow growth take place. While step-flow growth results in layers with high crystalline perfection, independent nucleation of two-dimensional islands causes double positioning on the (100) plane, resulting in twin lamellae and stacking mismatch boundaries. Applying nucleation theory in the mean field approach for vicinal surfaces, we can fit experimentally found values for the density of twin lamellae in epitaxial layers as dependent on the miscut-angle. The model yields a diffusion coefficient for Ga adatoms of D = 7 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at a growth temperature of 850 °C, two orders of magnitude lower than the values published for GaAs.
Development of a Model Bladder Extracellular Matrix Combining Disulfide Cross‐Linked Hyaluronan with Decellularized Bladder Tissue (2006)

[Image: see text] In this work we investigate the feasibility of modifying porcine-derived BAM to include HA with a view to developing a model, artificial extracellular matrix for the study of bladder cell-matrix interactions. HA-DPTH was incorporated into BAM disks and then cross-linked oxidatively to a disulfide containing hydrogel. Disks were seeded with bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC) and UEC under three culture configurations and incubated for 3, 7, and 14 d. At each time point, matrix contraction was measured, and media supernatants assayed for cell-secreted gelatinase activity. To evaluate cell adherence and organization, triple immunofluorescent labeling of cell nuclei, actin cytoskeleton, and focal contacts was performed. HA-modified BAM exhibited a significant increase in matrix contraction and induced a higher level of cell-secreted gelatinase activity compared to unmodified BAM. Immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated that BSMCs remained adherent to both scaffold types over time. The distribution and organization of the cytoskeleton and focal contacts did not appear to be altered by the presence of HA. Interestingly, cellular infiltration into modified BAM was evident by 7 d and continued beyond 14 d, while BSMCs seeded onto unmodified BAM remained localized to the surface out to 14 d, with minimal infiltration evident only at day 28. These differences in cell infiltration support the gelatinase activity results. Increases in cell migration and matrix proteolysis in the presence of HA may be contributing factors toward BAM remodeling leading to increased matrix contraction with time. The model ECM developed in this work will be utilized for future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms controlling key remodeling events associated with bladder repair. Matrix contraction of cell-seeded BAM scaffolds.
Percentage area density of epithelial and mesenchymal components in benign prostatic hyperplasia: comparison of results between single biopsy, multiple biopsies and multiple tissue specimens (1995)

It seems feasible to propose medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) based on the histological composition of the prostate gland. One biopsy, reflecting in good proportions the nature of the adenoma, would be used to provide insight into the pathogenesis and therapy of BPH.
Effect of Sucrose Polyesters on Crystallization Behavior of Vegetable Shortening and Margarine Fat (1990)

The effects of adding sucrose fatty acid polyesters (SPEs) having various fatty acids on the crystallization of a vegetable fat mixture were studied. The rate of crystallization of solid fat was promoted by addition of palmitate-type SPE (P-SPE) or stearate-type SPE (S-SPE). However, it was retarded by addition of laurate-type SPE (L-SPE). Oleate-type SPE (O-SPE) had no remarkable effect on the rate of the crystallization. Crystal size became finer with the addition of P-SPE and S-SPE, compared to those grown with L-SPE, O-SPE, or without emulsifier. In DSC isothermal crystallization, unstable crystals formed at initial stage of the crystallization were not observed on addition of P-SPE. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition of the SPE importantly influences the crystallization behavior of solid fat.
Lanthanide Triple-Stranded Helicates:  Controlling the Yield of the Heterobimetallic Species (2006)

Two unsymmetrical ditopic hexadentate ligands designed for the simultaneous recognition of two different trivalent lanthanide ions have been synthesized, L(AB2) and L(AB3), where A represents a tridentate benzimidazole-pyridine-benzimidazole coordination unit, B2 a diethylamine-substituted benzimidazole-pyridine-carboxamide one, and B3 a chlorine-substituted benzimidazole-pyridine-carboxamide moiety. Under stoichiometric 2:3 (Ln/L) conditions, these ligands self-assemble with lanthanide ions to yield triple-stranded bimetallic helicates. The crystal structures of four helicates with L(AB3) of composition [LnLn'(L(AB3))3](ClO4)6.solv (CeCe, PrPr, PrLu, NdLu) show the metal ions embedded into a helical structure with a pitch of about 13.2-13.4 A. The metal ions lie at a distance of 9.1-9.2 A and are nine-coordinated by the three ligand strands, which are oriented in a HHH (head-head-head) fashion, where all ligand strands are oriented in the same direction. In the presence of a pair of different lanthanide ions in acetonitrile solution, the ligand L(AB3) shows selectivity and gives high yields of heterobimetallic complexes. L(AB2) displays less selectivity, and this is shown to be directly related to the tendency of this ligand to form high yields of HHT (head-head-tail) isomer. A fine-tuning of the HHH left arrow over right arrow HHT equilibrium and of the selectivity for heteropairs of Ln(III) ions is therefore at hand.
Thermoelectric three-terminal hopping transport through one-dimensional nanosystems (2012)

A two-site nanostructure (e.g., a molecule) bridging two conducting leads and connected to a phonon bath is considered. The two relevant levels closest to the Fermi energy are each connected to its lead. The leads have slightly different temperatures and chemical potentials, and the nanostructure is also coupled to a thermal (third) phonon bath. The $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3$ linear transport (Onsager) matrix is evaluated, along with the ensuing figure of merit, and found to be very favorable for thermoelectric energy conversion.
Adherent platelets and surface microthrombi of the human aorta and left coronary artery: a scanning electron microscopy feasibility study. (1987)

As part of a feasibility phase of an investigator-initiated multicenter NIH supported study on the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY), we report observations on microthrombi and adherent platelets on the intima of the aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery. The long-term objective of this cooperative study is to define more precisely the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis during late childhood and early adulthood and to investigate the influence of selected risk factors known to be associated with clinically manifest disease in later life. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to survey broad areas of arterial intima. Of 109 specimens studied from 52 cases, microthrombi composed of a mixture of aggregated platelets and fibrin and measuring approximately 30-70 micron in size were observed in about 4% [corrected] of the specimens and in about 6% of the cases, while individually adherent platelets were observed in approximately 7% of the specimens and about 10% of the cases. Microthrombi and adherent platelets may be important in atherogenesis by stimulating proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells through the release of a growth factor from platelets. This feasibility study has shown that SEM is a rapid and effective method for surveying large areas of arterial intima for the study of adherent platelets and microthrombi.
Expression of Wild-type p53 Is Required for Efficient Global Genomic Nucleotide Excision Repair in UV-irradiated Human Fibroblasts (1997)

We have shown previously that Li-Fraumeni syndrome fibroblasts homozygous for p53 mutations are deficient in the removal of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from genomic DNA, but still proficient in the transcription-coupled repair pathway (Ford, J. M., and Hanawalt, P. C. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 8876-8880). We have now utilized monoclonal antibodies specific for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or 6-4 photoproducts, respectively, to measure their repair in UV-irradiated human fibroblasts. Cells homozygous for p53 mutations were deficient in the repair of both photoproducts, whereas cells heterozygous for mutant p53 exhibited normal repair of 6-4 photoproducts, but decreased initial rates of removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, compared with normal cells. The specificity of the effect of wild-type p53 on nucleotide excision repair was demonstrated in a p53 homozygous mutant cell line containing a tetracycline-regulated wild-type p53 gene. Wild-type p53 expression and activity were suppressed in the presence of tetracycline, whereas withdrawal of tetracycline resulted in the induction of p53 expression, cell cycle checkpoint activation, and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. The regulated expression of wild-type p53 resulted in the recovery of normal levels of repair of both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts in genomic DNA, but did not alter the transcription-coupled repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Therefore, the wild-type p53 gene product is an important determinant of nucleotide excision repair activity in human cells.
Effects of Mechanical Flexion on the Penetration of Fullerene Amino Acid-Derivatized Peptide Nanoparticles through Skin (2006)

Dermatomed porcine skin was fixed to a flexing device and topically dosed with 33.5 mg.mL-1 of an aqueous solution of a fullerene-substituted phenylalanine (Baa) derivative of a nuclear localization peptide sequence (Baa-Lys(FITC)-NLS). Skin was flexed for 60 or 90 min or left unflexed (control). Confocal microscopy depicted dermal penetration of the nanoparticles at 8 h in skin flexed for 60 and 90 min, whereas Baa-Lys(FITC)-NLS did not penetrate into the dermis of unflexed skin until 24 h. TEM analysis revealed fullerene-peptide localization within the intercellular spaces of the stratum granulosum.
A novel PET detector block with three-dimensional hit position encoding (2004)

A three-dimensional position encoding PET detector block that employs a monolithic scintillator is investigated in simulation. The block consists of an unsegmented scintillator crystal that is coupled on up to six sides by non-position-sensitive photosensors. In some incarnations envisioned, position sensitivity could be employed. The hit position is encoded via the relative signals on the photosensors. Results of simulations of a monolithic block read out on three, four, and five sides by single channel photosensors are described.
T cell-mediated inhibition of the transfer of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. (1989)

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse has recently been introduced as a model for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The role of regulatory T cells in the development of antipancreatic autoimmunity in this model remains unclear. To evaluate the presence of suppressive phenomena, we used disease transfer by spleen cells from diabetic NOD mice into preirradiated adult recipients as a model for accelerated disease. Suppressor phenomena were detected by testing the protection afforded by lymphoid cells from nondiabetic NOD mice against diabetes transfer in irradiated recipients. Transfer of diabetes was delayed by reconstituting recipients with spleen cells from nondiabetic NOD donors. The greatest protection against diabetes transfer was conferred by spleen cells from 8-wk-old nondiabetic female NOD mice. Depletion experiments showed that the protection was dependent on CD4+ cells. Protection was also detected within thymic cells from nondiabetic NOD mice and protection conferred by spleen cells was abrogated by thymectomy of nondiabetic female, but not male, NOD donors at 3 wk of age. These findings indicate that suppressive CD4+ T cells that are dependent on the presence of the thymus may delay the onset of diabetes in female diabetes-prone NOD mice.
Capsaicin-mediated denervation of sensory neurons promotes mammary tumor metastasis to lung and heart. (2004)

Capsaicin specifically activates or destroys small diameter nociceptive sensory neurons that contain the capsaicin receptor, also called vanilloid receptor 1. Neurons sensitive to capsaicin mediate inflammatory pain and are important targets for management of chronic pain. These neurons also regulate local tissue homeostasis, inflammation, healing and development, especially under conditions of psychological stress. Stress contributes to increased cancer recurrence and metastasis through as yet undefined mechanisms. Likewise, activity of capsaicin-sensitive neurons is altered by pathological conditions that may lead to metastatic growth (e.g. stress). Therefore, we examined effects of a treatment that induces sensory nerve denervation on breast cancer metastases. Systemic denervation of sensory neurons caused by treatment with 125 mg/kg capsaicin resulted in significantly more lung and cardiac metastases in adult mice injected orthotopically with syngeneic 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells than was observed in vehicle-treated controls. Heart metastases, normally very rare, occurred as pericardial nodules, intra-myocardial nodules, or combined pericardial-myocardial lesions. Since the rate of primary tumor growth was unaffected, effects on metastases appear to be host tissue-specific. Although preliminary, these observations provide one possible explanation for resistance of cardiac tissue to tumor involvement and highlight contributions of host tissue, including sensory neurons, in the efficiency of cancer metastasis.
Process modeling and simulation: boundary conditions for point defect-based impurity diffusion model (1990)

A generalized boundary condition for self-interstitial diffusion in silicon is proposed by assuming interstitial flux continuity across the interface. In the case of thermal oxidation, the majority of generated interstitials at the interface flows into the oxide, while only a small fraction of the interstitials diffuse into bulk silicon causing oxidation-induced anomalous diffusion of dopants. The boundary condition together with a point-defect-based diffusion model, predicts several oxidation-related phenomena which cannot be explained without the quite sophisticated models reported to date. Those anomalous phenomena are oxidation-retarded diffusion of boron and phosphorus at high temperature, stripe-width independence of oxidation-enhanced diffusion of P and B, and oxidation-enhanced diffusion and oxidation-retarded diffusion of phosphorus during HCl oxidation. The generalized boundary condition is also shown to be applicable to thermal nitridation, in which interstitial generation, at the interface is neglected. Using the boundary condition, stripe-width dependence of nitridation-enhanced diffusion of antimony is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>