gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In Vitro</i> Organogenesis of Liver Tissue<sup>a</sup> (1997)

The high metabolic rate of hepatocytes severely limits the mass of cells which can be transplanted without a vascular supply. We are developing an alternative approach in which vascularized tissue is grown ex vivo for anastamosis into the portal vein. Here, we discuss the key design issues for in vitro organogenesis of vascularized hepatic tissue, describe a fabrication approach for making complex degradable polymer scaffolds to organize cells in three dimensions on the scale of hundreds of microns, and demonstrate the feasibility of using these scaffolds for in vitro tissue organization in mixed-cell cultures.
Neodymium lasers as a source of synchronized high-power optical pulses (1988)

The recent considerable progress in the development of solid-state lasers, primarily neodymium-based lasers for use as sources of short, synchronized, high-power optical pulses, is reviewed. The amplification of femtosecond optical pulses using synchronous amplification techniques with these lasers has proved particularly applicable to experimentation. The authors also presents a laser design which combines several advantageous qualities into a single laser cavity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, KDR, in human brain tissue after ischemic stroke. (1999)

Ischemic stroke results from a reduction in cerebral blood flow to a focal region of the brain after the occlusion of an artery, causing damage to nervous tissue. There is a region of cerebral ischemic tissue (penumbra) surrounding an acute cerebral infarct that is dysfunctional but potentially viable. Restoration of perfusion in the penumbra may ameliorate the tissue damage. The identity and the role of growth factors that control the extent of tissue damage and its repair are poorly understood. Angiogenesis has been demonstrated to occur in brain tissues of patients surviving an acute ischemic stroke. In this paper we have investigated the status of a potent angiogenesis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in patients after acute ischemic brain stroke. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to determine protein expression, and in situ hybridization was used to quantify and localize mRNA synthesis. The expression of VEGF protein was increased in the penumbra compared with infarcted brain and contralateral hemisphere. Neurones, endothelial cells, and astrocytes in the penumbra in all patients studied had significant up-regulation of both VEGF165 and VEGF189 mRNA (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test) compared with infarcted tissue and the normal looking contralateral hemisphere that was used as a control. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that kinase insert domain receptor was present in blood vessels within the infarct/penumbra and absent from the normal contralateral hemisphere. VEGF, which is important in angiogenesis, may also influence long term neuronal survival, and possibly its modulation may prove to be of therapeutic value for patients with ischemic stroke.
Variable stiffness and damping MR isolator (2009)

This paper presents the development of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid-based variable stiffness and damping isolator for vibration suppressions. The MR fluid isolator used a sole MR control unit to achieve the variable stiffness and damping in stepless and relative large scope. A mathematical model of the isolator was derived, and a prototype of the MR fluid isolator was fabricated and its dynamic behavior was measured in vibration under various applied magnetic fields. The parameters of the model under various magnetic fields were identified and the dynamic performances of isolator were evaluated.
Anaerobic Bacteria in Nonspecific Vaginitis (1980)

To study the cause of nonspecific vaginitis, we analyzed vaginal fluid from normal women and from 53 women with nonspecific vaginitis, using quantitative anaerobic cultures and gas-liquid chromatography for short-chained organic-acid metabolites of the microbial flora. In normal vaginal fluid, lactate was the predominant acid, and the predominant organisms were lactobacillus and streptococcus species (lactate producers). In nonspecific vaginitis, lactate was decreased, whereas succinate, acetate, butyrate, and propionate were increased, the predominant flora included Gardnerella (Haemophilus) vaginalis (acetate producer), and anaerobes, which included bacteroides species (succinate producers) and peptococcus species (butyrate and acetate producers). After metronidazole therapy, symptoms and signs of nonspecific vaginitis cleared, butyrate and propionate disappeared, and lactate and lactate-producing organisms became predominant. We conclude that certain anaerobes act with G. vaginalis as causes of nonspecific vaginitis, and that a high ratio of succinate to lactate in vaginal fluid is a useful indicator in the diagnosis of this condition.
Counseling Men With Prostate Cancer: A Nomogram for Predicting the Presence of Small, Moderately Differentiated, Confined Tumors (2003)

Nomograms incorporating pretreatment variables (clinical stage, Gleason grade, PSA and the amount of cancer in a systematic biopsy specimen) can predict the probability that a man with prostate cancer has an indolent tumor. These nomograms have good discriminatory ability and calibration, and may benefit the patient and clinician when the various treatment options for prostate cancer are being considered.
A 94 kb genomic sequence 3' to the murine Xist gene reveals an AT rich region containing a new testis specific gene Tsx (1996)

X chromosome inactivation in both mouse and human requires the presence of a cis acting locus, the X inactivation centre. This locus is thought to be involved in the initiation and spreading of the inactivation signal in early development. In order to increase our understanding of the mouse X inactivation centre, a 94 kb region immediately distal to the Xist gene has been sequenced and analysed for the presence of transcription units and/or potential cis acting regulatory elements. We have identified a novel gene, Tsx, lying 40 kb 3' from Xist. Tsx is expressed specifically in the testis and shows no convincing homology to proteins currently in the databases. A rat homologue, also X linked, has been isolated. The mouse and rat Tsx sequences are highly divergent, suggesting that part of the X inactivation centre, including both Xist and Tsx are subject to relatively weak evolutionary constraints.
A simplified method for large‐scale HPA‐la phenotyping for antenatal screening (1994)

A simplified method for large-scale HPA-1a phenotyping of platelets was developed for use in an antenatal screening programme for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT). The test was based on the MAIPA assay, which was modified for antigen-typing with a well-characterized anti-HPA-1a reagent. The resulting assay gave reliable results, was inexpensive and allowed testing of large batches using semiautomated equipment.
Reactions of 1,3-dichloroacetone with phenols (1970)

p-Nitrophenol and toluene-p-thiol reacted with 1,3-dichloroacetone in acetone, in the presence of potassium carbonate and potassium iodide, to give the expected 1,3-bis-p-nitrophenoxy- and bis-p-tolylthio-acetone, respectively. In contrast, the less acidic phenols p-cresol, p-methoxyphenol, and p-chlorophenol, under similar conditions, gave the corresponding 1,1-disubstituted acetones as the major products.
A Blinded, Randomized Comparison of a Novel, Low-Dose, Triple Regimen with Fleet Phospho-Soda: A Study of Colon Cleanliness, Speed and Success of Colonoscopy (2002)

This novel triple regimen produces a cleaner colon than Fleet Phospho-soda, is associated with a trend towards a quicker and more efficient colonic examination, and is also 30% cheaper per patient.
Effect and placebo effect of acupressure (P6) on nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynaecological surgery (1999)

In patients undergoing brief gynaecological surgery, placebo effect of acupressure decreased nausea after 24 h but vomiting and need of rescue antiemetics was reduced only by acupressure with the correct P6 point stimulation.
Solvent-Free and One-Step Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketones and Aldehydes by Zinc Oxide (2002)

In the presence of zinc oxide and without any additional organic solvents, Beckmann rearrangement of several ketones and aldehydes were performed in good yields.
Estrogenic Effects of 18-Norestradiol -17  and 18-Norestrone (1960)

Removal of the angular methyl group of estradiol-17β to form 18-norestradiol-17β results in a decrease in potency. A similar structural modification of the estrone molecule, forming 18-norestrone, produces both potency decreases and alterations in slope of the dose-response curve.
Progress and technical challenge for planar waveguide devices: silica and silicon waveguides (2011)

Abstract The paper reviews progress and future prospects of two kinds of planar waveguide devices; they are (a) silica and silicon photonics multi/demultiplexers for communications and signal‐processing applications, and (b) a novel waveguide spectrometer based on Fourier transform spectroscopy for sensing applications.
Pioglitazone Reduces Atherogenic Index of Plasma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (2004)

Pioglitazone reduced AIP when used as monotherapy or in combination therapy with sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin. AIP was inversely correlated with measures of insulin sensitivity.
Reduction of vitamin K concentration by salivary Bifidobacterium strains and their possible nutritional competition with Porphyromonas gingivalis (2007)

Salivary bifidobacteria may possess the potential to suppress the growth of P. gingivalis by reducing the growth factor(s) in the environment.
Studies on the Syntheses of N-Heterocyclic Compounds. VIII. Hydrolysis of 2-Phenylpyrimido[4, 5-d]pyridazine Derivatives (1972)

Hydrolysis of 2-phenyl-5, 8-dichloropyrimido[4, 5-d]pyridazine (1) and its mono- or di-substituted derivatives was carried out. Among the hydrolyzed products, 2-phenyl-5-substituted-7, 8-dihydropyrimido[4, 5-d]pyridazine-8-one (7) was found to be unstable, undergoing further cleavage of the pyrimidine ring to afford pyridazine derivatives (16, 17).
Adeno‐Associated Virus RNA Transcription <i>in vivo</i> (1981)

We have studied RNA transcripts of the defective parvovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) present in poly(A)rich and poly-(A)free fractions of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA prepared from cells infected together with a helper adenovirus. Cytoplasmic poly-(A)rich RNA contains three overlapping spliced AAV RNAs having sizes of 3.9 X 10(3), 3.3 X 10(3) and 2.3 X 10(3) bases respectively. The nuclear precursors of these RNAs appear to be the coterminal unspliced poly(A)-rich RNAs containing 4.2 X 10(3), 3.6 X 10(3) and 2.6 X 10(3) bases respectively. These unspliced RNAs were also found in the cytoplasm. The nuclear poly(A)-free RNA contained a heterogenous population of AAV RNAs that were generally smaller than 2.3 X 10(3) bases. In addition, the Hirt pellet fraction of the nuclear RNA contained two discrete AAV poly(A)-free RNAs having sizes of 2.5 X 10(3) and 2.8 X 10(3) bases. The 4.2 X 10(3) and 3.6 X 10(3)-base unspliced RNAs are more abundant than the coterminal 3.9 X 10(3) and 3.3 X 10(3)-base spliced RNAs whereas the 2.3 X 10(3)-base spliced RNA is much more abundant than the 2.6 X 10(3)-base unspliced RNA. Thus, the cytoplasmic abundance of the AAV spliced RNAs appears to be controlled in part by the post-transcriptional events of splicing or message stability. We also analysed the effects of AAV defective-interfering genomes upon AAV transcription. These studies showed that when synthesis of standard AAV genomes was inhibited more than 10-fold by defective-interfering genomes there was no significant effect on the types or amounts of AAV RNA transcripts which accumulated. These observations indicate that interference by defective-interfering genomes occurs mostly at the level of DNA replication rather than transcription.
Isolation and Use of Primary Adrenocortical Cells from Guinea Pigs, Dogs and Monkeys forIn Vitro Toxicity Studies (1994)

A method was developed to obtain enriched populations of zona fasci-culata cells from the adrenal glands of guinea pigs, dogs, and monkeys. Adrenocortical cells (ADC) in primary culture were shown to maintain viability and cellular morphology, with an estimated ≥80% of cultures being zona fasciculata cells. Three known adrenal toxicants, PD 132301–2, 1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chloro-phenyl)-2, 2-dichloroethane (o, p′-DDD), and aminoglutethimide (AG) were tested in this in vitro system. Neutral red (NR) uptake was used as a marker of cell viability and cortisol production was measured to assess ADC function. NR uptake following 24 h of treatment with PD 132301–2 (10 μM) was 32, 31, and 53% of control in guinea pig, dog, and monkey cultures, respectively. Similarly, o, p'-DDD (100 μM) decreased NR uptake to 32, 40, and 69% of control. AG (300 μM) decreased NR uptake by 50% only in dog ADC. Cortisol production was evident in cells from all three species with rates being highest in monkey, followed by the dog and guinea pig. Cortisol production was decreased following treatment with all three toxicants. Decreases paralleled loss of viability in PD 132301–2-treated cultures from all three species and in o, p'-DDD-treated cultures from guinea pig and dog. In contrast, decreased cortisol production preceded any change in viability in o, p'-DDD-treated cultures from monkey, and in AG-treated cultures from all species. Cytotoxic responses to adrenal toxicants of varied structure and mechanisms of action suggests that the ADC cultures from these three species may be useful in toxicologic screening or for investigating mechanisms of adrenocortical toxicity. Key Words: Adrenocortical cells—-Cytotoxicity—Cortisol—o, p'DDD—Aminoglutethimide—PD 132301–2.
Character Recognition using Spiking Neural Networks (2007)

A spiking neural network model is used to identify characters in a character set. The network is a two layered structure consisting of integrate-and-fire and active dendrite neurons. There are both excitatory and inhibitory connections in the network. Spike time dependent plasticity (STDP) is used for training. The winner take all mechanism is enforced by the lateral inhibitory connections. It is found that most of the characters are recognized in a character set consisting of 48 characters. The network is trained successfully with increased resolution of the characters. Also, addition of uniform random noise does not decrease its recognition capability.
High Rate Capability Of Coconut Kernel Derived Carbon As An Anode Material For Lithium-ion Batteries (2014)

Carbon has been prepared by pyrolysis of grated, milk-extracted coconut kernel at 600 ºC under nitrogen atmosphere. The disordered carbon has sheet like morphology. The carbon exhibits a high reversible Li + intercalation capacity in a non-aqueous electrolyte. The initial charge and discharge capacities are 990 and 400 mAh g -1 , thus resulting in an irreversible capacity loss of 590 mAh g -1 . Nevertheless, subsequent discharge capacity is stable over a large number of charge-discharge cycles. The electrodes withstand charge-discharge currents as high as 1257 mA g -1 and they deliver discharge capacity of 80 mAh g -1 . Diffusion coefficient of Li+ obtained from galvanostatic intermittent titration is 6.7 x 10 -12 cm 2 s -1 . Thus the coconut kernel derived carbon is a suitable anode material for Li-ion batteries.
An in vitro transcription analysis of early responses of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat to different transcriptional activators. (1991)

In this report we introduce a simple, fast, and reliable method to prepare whole cell or nuclear extracts from small numbers of cells. These extracts were used to study transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) in vitro. Our results revealed that the time courses of activation of extracts derived from cells stimulated with the mitogenic lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or with the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are different. PMA induces a rapid onset of increased in vitro transcription from the HIV-1 LTR, while PHA causes a slow and sustained response. The biochemical relevance of protein synthesis inhibition by cycloheximide treatment of cells was investigated. In these studies, PMA induction of a change in in vitro transcriptional activity is not dependent on protein synthesis. Cycloheximide alone is insufficient to induce activation. Oligonucleotide-mediated site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that mutation of the TATA box in the LTR ablated initiation of both basal-level transcription and activation by extracts from cells stimulated with PMA. Surprisingly, mutation of both kappa B sites in the LTR reduced but did not eliminate the in vitro response to extracts prepared at early time points after PHA or PMA stimulation of Jurkat cells. The reduction was greater in extracts derived from cells treated with PMA. Deletion analysis of the HIV-1 LTR revealed at least one region (-464 to -252) capable of suppressing in vitro transcription in extracts from Jurkat cells stimulated by PMA. This result is consistent with early studies of the HIV-1 LTR in transient transfection assays. We therefore have been able to observe distinct regulatory events at early time points after cells are exposed to agents known to induce transcription of both the HIV-1 LTR reporter gene constructs and the HIV-1 provirus itself.
Novel G-protein-coupled receptor genes expressed in the brain: continued discovery of important therapeutic targets (2002)

The rhodopsin family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the largest known group of cell-surface mediators of signal transduction. The vast majority of these receptors were discovered by methods based upon shared sequence homologies found throughout this family. While such efforts identified a multitude of receptor subtypes for previously known ligands, numerous receptors have been discovered for which endogenous ligands were unknown. These receptors are commonly referred to as orphan receptors. One of the most important tasks of modern pharmacology lies in elucidating the functions of these receptors. Of particular interest are receptors with recognised expression in the central nervous system, given that many psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are mediated by unknown mechanisms. Hence, this collection of putative neurotransmitter and neuromodulator signal mediators represents a substantial and untapped resource for novel drug discovery. Recently, various methodologies have accelerated the discovery of novel ligands for these orphan receptors, identifying the basic components required for further physiological ligand/receptor system characterisation. Equipped with proven ligand identification strategies, the characterisation of all orphan GPCRs and the exploitation of their exciting potential as targets for the discovery of novel drugs is anticipated.
Investigation of the ability of several naturally occurring and synthetic polyanions to bind to and potentiate the biological activity of acidic fibroblast growth factor (1993)

The ability of several animal, plant, and bacterial derived polyanions (PAs) as well as synthetic PAs to compete with heparin for the binding of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) was correlated with their ability to potentiate the mitogenic and neurotrophic actions of this factor. Dextran sulphate, kappa-carrageenan, pentosan sulphate, polyanethole sulfonate, heparin, and fucoidin competed for the heparin binding site on aFGF at relatively low concentrations (< 50 micrograms/ml). lambda-carrageenan, iota-carrageenan, and polyvinyl sulphate exhibited lower affinity for aFGF, whereas hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, and uncharged dextran displayed very low or no demonstrable affinity. Potentiation of the mitogenic action of aFGF for Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts tended to be in general agreement with the aFGF binding affinity of the PAs. However, polyanethole sulfonate, the carrageenans, polyvinyl sulphate, fucoidin, and pentosan sulphate exerted a mitogenic action on the 3T3 cells that was independent of, and in addition to, the ability of these GAGs to potentiate the action of aFGF. The ability to potentiate the neurotrophic action of aFGF for E8 chick ciliary neurons was a general property of those PA with low or no activity in the mitogen assay. Thus hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, and even unchanged dextran all potentiated aFGF induced neuronal survival. The differential effects of these PA in potentiating the biological activities of aFGF are discussed in relation to their ability to compete for the heparin-binding site of aFGF.
CAK—Cyclin-Dependent Activating Kinase: A Key Kinase in Cell Cycle Control and a Target for Drugs? (2005)

The Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Activating Kinase (CAK) is responsible for the activating phosphorylation of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 and regulation of the cell cycle. The kinase is composed of three subunits: CDK7, Cyclin H and MAT1 (ménage a trois). Together with six other subunits, CAK is also part of the general transcription factor TFIIH where it is involved in promoter clearance and progression of transcription from the preinitiation to the initiation stage. CAK is required for cell cycle progression, which suggests that CDK7 could be a target for cancer therapy. However its role in transcription and its ubiquitous presence raise sensible concerns about possible toxicity of its inhibitors. The recently determined structure of CDK7 allows the design of inhibitors with differential specificity for the different CDKs. We review the role of CAK in different biological processes and evaluate the biological evidence for CDK7 as a possible pharmacological target.
Multiple neural net architectures for character recognition (2002)

A multiple neural network system (MNNS) for image-based character recognition is presented. The architecture employs network designs consisting of two levels of fixed feature extraction, followed by a three-layer feedforward perceptron for classification. A multiple network architecture is used to combine network responses. This design minimizes the number of free parameters which must be determined by the training set, leading to rapid training and robust recognition. In comparison to a single network trained with back propagation on zip code digits, the MNNS performs significantly better in terms of error rate and reject rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
EUVL mask substrate specifications (wafer-type) (1999)

The Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) program currently is constructing an alpha-class exposure tool known as the Engineering Test Stand (ETS) that will employ 200mm wafer format masks. This report lists and explains the current specifications for the EUVL mask substrates suitable for use on the ETS. The shape and size of the mask are the same as those of a standard 200mm Si wafer. The flatness requirements are driven by the potential image placement distortion caused by the non-telecentric illumination of EUVL. The defect requirements are driven by the printable-defect size and desired yield for mask blank fabrication. Surface roughness can cause both a loss of light throughput and image speckle. The EUVL mask substrate must be made of low-thermal-expansion material because 40% of the light is absorbed by the multilayers and causes some uncorrectable thermal distortion during printing.