gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of effects of two hemoglobin-based O<sub>2</sub>carriers on intestinal integrity and microvascular leakage (2002)

Two "blood substitutes," a diaspirin cross-linked human hemoglobin [bis(3,5 dibromosalicyl)fumarate, DBBF-Hb] and a bovine polymerized hemoglobin (PolyHbBv), advanced to clinical trials, are used in this study. Previously, we have shown that injection of DBBF-Hb into the rat circulation produces venular leakage and intestinal epithelial disruption. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PolyHbBv, currently approved for veterinary use in the United States, shows similar effects. In anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, the mesenteric microvasculature was perfused with DBBF-Hb (n = 6), PolyHbBv (n = 5), cyanomet Hb (CNmet-DBBF-Hb), or HEPES-buffered saline with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (HBS-BSA) (controls, n = 7) for 10 min, followed by FITC-albumin for 3 min, and then fixed for microscopy. For DBBF-Hb, the mean leak number per micrometer venule length [2.41 +/- 0.33 (+/-SE) x 10(-3)] was significantly greater than for PolyHbBv (0.53 +/- 0.14 x 10(-3)), CNmet-DBBF-Hb (0.36 +/- 0.14 x 10(-3)), and HBS-BSA (0.12 +/- 0.08 x 10(-3)) (P < 0.01). Corresponding quantities for leak area were 0.10 +/- 0.03, 0.010 +/- 0.003, 0.005 +/- 0.003, and 0.02 +/- 0.02 microm(2)/microm. In rats injected with DBBF-Hb (n = 8), intestinal epithelial integrity was significantly compromised compared with those injected with PolyHbBv (n = 5) or saline (n = 6). These results indicate that intravascular PolyHbBv produces significantly less disruption of the intestinal exchange barrier than does DBBF-Hb, probably because the heme is not so easily oxidized.
Direct regulation of intestinal fate by Notch (2005)

The signals that maintain the proper balance between adult intestinal cell types are poorly understood. Loss-of-function studies have implicated the Notch pathway in the regulation of intestinal fate during development. However, it is unknown whether Notch has a role in maintaining the balance of different cell types in the adult intestine and whether it acts reversibly. To determine whether Notch has a direct effect on intestinal development and adult intestinal cell turnover, we have used a gain-of-function approach to activate Notch. Ectopic Notch signaling in adult intestinal progenitor cells leads to a bias against secretory fates, whereas ectopic Notch activation in the embryonic foregut results in reversible defects in villus morphogenesis and loss of the proliferative progenitor compartment. We conclude that Notch regulates adult intestinal development by controlling the balance between secretory and absorptive cell types. In the embryo, Notch activation perturbs morphogenesis, possibly through effects on stem or progenitor cells.
The shikimate pathway. Part II. Conformational analysis of (–)-quinic acid and its derivatives by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1971)

The 1H n.m.r. spectra of a number of derivatives of (–)-quinic acid and quinide are interpreted in terms of the preferred conformations of these molecules. Out of twenty-nine derivatives, thirteen exhibit apparent magnetic equivalence of the C-2 or C-6 protons.
Virtual Big Heads: Analysis of Human Perception and Comfort of Head Scales in Social Virtual Reality (2020)

Virtual reality (VR) technologies provide a shared platform for collaboration among users in a spatial context. To enhance the quality of social signals during interaction between users, researchers and practitioners started augmenting users’ interpersonal space with different types of virtual embodied social cues. A prominent example is commonly referred to as the "Big Head" technique, in which the head scales of virtual interlocutors are slightly increased to leverage more of the display’s visual space to convey facial social cues. While beneficial in improving interpersonal social communication, the benefits and thresholds of human perception of facial cues and comfort in such Big Head environments are not well understood, limiting their usefulness and subjective experience.In this paper, we present a human-subject study that we conducted to understand the impact of an increased or decreased head scale in social VR on participants’ ability to perceive facial expressions as well as their sense of comfort and feeling of "uncanniness." We explored two head scaling methods and compared them with respect to perceptual thresholds and user preferences. We further show that the distance to interlocutors has an important effect on the results. We discuss implications and guidelines for practical applications that aim to leverage VR-enhanced social cues.
Current Understanding of the Relationship between Metal Exposures and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2018)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications constitute a major public health problem for both developed and developing countries due to the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. More than 400 million people worldwide have T2D, and there has been a rapid increase globally in its burden [1].
Do Clinical Characteristics of de Novo Pouch Crohn’s Disease After Restorative Proctocolectomy Affect Ileal Pouch Retention? (2013)

Disease characteristics of de novo pouch Crohn's disease heavily influence pouch retention. The interval from pouch construction, fistulizing disease, and disease location can be used as prognostic indicators when ileal pouch Crohn's disease is diagnosed.
Palladium(<scp>II</scp>)-catalysed oxidation of carbon–carbon double bonds of allylic compounds with molecular oxygen; regioselective formation of aldehydes (1991)

Treatment of N-allylamides 1a–c and lactams 1d–f with molecular oxygen in the presence of [PdCl2(MeCN)2]–CuCl catalyst in anhydrous 1,2-dichloroethane containing hexamethylphosphoric triamide gives the corresponding aldehydes 2 regioselectively, while methyl ketones 3 become the major products in the presence of water.
Use of antireflective coating in bilayer resist process (1983)

A new multilayer resist process consisting of a thin antireflective (AR) film between the thick bottom PMMA layer and the top photoresist layer of the conventional bilayer resist process is reported in this paper. Aluminum features of micron and submicron size over topography have been achieved with this novel resist process by using a conventional 10:1 reduction GCA DSW 4800 stepper to expose the top photoresist layer. Excellent linewidth control over steps is demonstrated. Both the standing wave effect in the top resist layer and the interference from the light scattered by the substrate topography are eliminated in this AR coating approach. The mixing of the two resist layers encountered in the original bilayer resist process does not appear in this new process. The plasma etch resistance of this new multilayer resist process is improved by retaining the capping top photoresist layer, which also eliminates the delamination of the AR layer during the PMMA development. This novel resist process provides a low-cost, reliable method for further extending the resolution capability of existing steppers to meet the needs of advanced product designs.
Novel Nuclear Localization of Fatty Acid Synthase Correlates with Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness (2014)

Fatty acid synthase is up-regulated in a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer. Up-regulation of fatty acid synthase not only increases production of fatty acids in tumors but also contributes to the transformed phenotype by conferring growth and survival advantages. In addition, increased fatty acid synthase expression in prostate cancer correlates with poor prognosis, although the mechanism(s) by which this occurs are not completely understood. Because fatty acid synthase is expressed at low levels in normal cells, it is currently a major target for anticancer drug design. Fatty acid synthase is normally found in the cytosol; however, we have discovered that it also localizes to the nucleus in a subset of prostate cancer cells. Analysis of the fatty acid synthase protein sequence indicated the presence of a nuclear localization signal, and subcellular fractionation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells, as well as immunofluorescent confocal microscopy of patient prostate tumor tissue and LNCaPs confirmed nuclear localization of this protein. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of prostate cancer tissue indicated that nuclear localization of fatty acid synthase correlates with Gleason grade, implicating a potentially novel role in prostate cancer progression. Possible clinical implications include improving the accuracy of prostate biopsies in the diagnosis of low- versus intermediate-risk prostate cancer and the uncovering of novel metabolic pathways for the therapeutic targeting of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Joint-character-POC N-gram language modeling for Chinese speech recognition (2014)

The state-of-the-art language models (LMs) for Chinese speech recognition are word n-gram models. However, in Chinese, characters are morphological in meaning and words are not consistently defined. There are recent interests in building the character n-gram LM and its combination with the word n-gram LM. In this paper, in order to exploit both character-level and word-level constraints, we propose the joint n-gram LM, which is an n-gram model based on joint-state that is a pair of character and its position-of-character (POC) tag. We point out the pitfall in naive solving of the smoothing and scoring problems for joint n-gram models, and provide corrected solutions. For experimental comparison, different LMs (including word 4-grams, character 6-grams and joint 6-grams) are tested for speech recognition, using training corpus of 1.9 billion characters. The joint n-gram LM achieves performance improvements, especially in recognizing the utterances containing OOV words.
Spectral Characterization of a Digital Still Camera's NIR Modification to Enhance Archaeological Observation (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Scholars using still cameras to take (mostly) oblique imagery from a low-flying aircraft of various possible archaeologically related anomalies can be defined as aerial archaeologists. At present, as well as in the past, aerial/air archaeology has been acquiring data almost exclusively in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. This phenomenon can largely be attributed to the critical imaging process and sometimes unconvincing results related to the film-based approach of near-infrared (NIR) photography. To overcome the constraints of detecting and interpreting only the varying visible colors in vegetation (the so-called crop marks), while still maintaining the flexible and low-cost approach characteristic for aerial archaeology, a consumer digital still camera was modified to capture NIR radiation. By its spectral characterization, more insight was gained into its imaging properties and necessary guidelines for data processing, and future improvements could be formulated, all in an attempt to better capture the archaeologically induced anomalous growth stresses in crops. </para>
A flexible simulation tool for estimating data loss risks in storage arrays (2013)

Proteus is an open-source simulation program that can predict the risk of data loss in many disk array configurations, among which, mirrored disks, all levels of RAID arrays and various two-dimensional RAID arrays. It characterizes each array by five numbers, namely, the size n of the array, the number nf of simultaneous disk failures the array will always tolerate without data loss, and the respective fractions f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> of simultaneous failures of n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</sub> + 1, n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</sub> + 2 and n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</sub> + 3 disks that will not result in a data loss. As with any simulation tool, Proteus imposes no restriction on the distributions of failure and repair events. Our measurements have shown a surprisingly good agreement with the results obtained through analytical techniques and no measurable difference between values obtained assuming deterministic repair times and those assuming exponential repair times.
Robotic-assisted internal fixation of hip fractures: A fluoroscopy-based intraoperative registration technique (2000)

The internal fixation of proximal femoral (hip) fractures is the most frequently performed orthopaedic surgery procedure. When using a sliding compression hip screw, a commonly used fixation device, accurate positioning of the device within the femoral neck-head is achieved by initially drilling a pilot hole. A cannulated component of the hip screw is then inserted over the guide wire (surgical drill bit), which is used to drill the pilot hole. However, in practice, this fluoroscopically controlled drilling process is severely complicated by a depth perception problem and, as such, a surgeon can require several attempts to achieve a satisfactory guide wire placement. A prototype robotic-assisted orthopaedic surgery system has therefore been developed, with a view to achieving accurate right-first-time guide wire insertions. This paper describes the non-invasive digital X-ray photogrammetry-based registration technique which supports the proposed robotic-assisted drilling scenario. Results from preliminary laboratory (in vitro) trials employing this registration technique indicate that the cumulative error associated with the entire X-ray guided robotic system is within acceptable limits for the guide wire insertion process.
A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Reactivity Mechanism of Tailor-Made CuO Particles toward Lithium (2001)

The electrochemical reactivity of tailor-made CuO powders prepared according to a new low-temperature synthesis method was studied by a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical techniques. All the processes involved during cycling were successfully identified. We show that the reduction mechanism of CuO by lithium involves the formation of a solid solution of a phase transition into then the formation of Cu nanograins dispersed into a lithia matrix followed by the growth of an organic-type coating. This one is responsible for the extra capacity observed on the voltage vs. composition curve. During the subsequent charge, the organic layer vanishes first, and then the Cu grains are partially or fully oxidized with a concomitant decomposition of The formation of and Cu nanograins and then the one of Cu, CuO, and nanograins on the first discharge and subsequent charge, respectively, were identified by high-resolution TEM studies. These results enabled a better understanding of the processes governing the reactivity of 3d metal oxides vs. lithium down to 0.02 V. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
2GHz CMOS noise cancellation VCO (2008)

A 2 GHz CMOS VCO, employing noise cancellation to eliminate flicker noise up-conversion, has been fabricated in 0.35 mum CMOS. An overall phase noise reduction of 10 dB has been measured with the proposed technique, and phase noise of -121.6 dBc/Hz@500 kHz offset has been achieved. The VCO core consumes 2.8 mA under 2.4V supply and occupies an area of 0.7 mmtimes0.8 mm. The proposed VCO measured FOM of -186 dBc/Hz.
Miniaturized Wireless Sensing System for Real-Time Breath Activity Recording (2010)

A portable, non-invasive and easy to operate wireless system has been developed for monitoring the breathing activity of patient. The system is composed of a capacitive microsensor (airflow-humidity sensor) integrated on a silicon chip and of a Negative Temperature Coefficient thermistor; both are connected to a wireless network to allow efficient healthcare at home as well as in hospitals. The capacitive sensitive part of the microsensor is an array of interdigitated metallic electrodes covered by 100-nm-thick dense anodized aluminum oxide layer. The breath water vapor is adsorbed over the interdigitated electrodes and changes the sensor characteristic capacitance by up to two orders of magnitude. This modulated signal is then digitized and either stored in a memory or directly transmitted to a monitor through a short distance radio frequency (RF) link. Results show that the wireless platform can be powered by two AAA batteries and deployed in a mesh or star configuration as wireless sensor network. Full size of the microsensor is less than 1 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and is conveniently implemented in a classical adhesive bandage or in nasal prongs. This microsystem is proposed for monitoring sleep-disordered breathing as well as breathing rhythm of athletes during effort.
A New Defibrillator Discrimination Algorithm Utilizing Electrogram Morphology Analysis (1999)

Inappropriate therapies delivered by implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) for supraventricular arrhythmias remain a common problem, particularly in the event of rapidly conducted atrial fibrillation or marked sinus tachycardia. The ability to differentiate between ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular arrhythmias is the major goal of discrimination algorithms. Therefore, we developed a new algorithm, SimDis, utilizing morphological features of the shocking electrograms. This algorithm was developed from electrogram data obtained from 36 patients undergoing ICD implantation. An independent test set was evaluated in 25 patients. Recordings were made in sinus rhythm, sinus tachycardia, and following the induction of ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. The arrhythmia complex is defined as wide if the duration is at least 30% greater than the template in sinus rhythm. For narrow complexes, four maximum and minimum values were measured to form a 4-element feature vector, which was compared with a representative feature vector during normal sinus rhythm. For each rhythm, any wide complex was classified as ventricular tachycardia. For narrow complexes, the second step of the algorithm compared the electrogram with the template, computing similarity and dissimilarity values. These values were then mapped to determine if they fell within a previously established discrimination boundary. On the independent test set, the SimDis algorithm correctly classified 100% of ventricular tachycardias (27/27), 98% of sinus tachycardias (54/55), and 100% of episodes of atrial fibrillation (37/37). We conclude that the SimDis algorithm yields high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (99%) for arrhythmia discrimination, using the computational capabilities of an ICD system.
Regulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in insulinoma cells: activation by somatostatin and protein kinase C and the role of cAMP. (1989)

The actions of somatostatin and of the phorbol ester 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were studied in rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells by electrophysiological and 86Rb+ flux techniques. Both PMA and somatostatin hyperpolarize insulinoma cells by activating ATP-sensitive K+ channels. The presence of intracellular GTP is required for the somatostatin effects. PMA- and somatostatin-induced hyperpolarization and channel activity are inhibited by the sulfonylurea glibenclamide. Glibenclamide-sensitive 86Rb+ efflux from insulinoma cells is stimulated by somatostatin in a dose-dependent manner (half maximal effect at 0.7 nM) and abolished by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Mutual roles of a GTP-binding protein, of protein kinase C, and of cAMP in the regulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels are discussed.
Polymeric optical mixing rod coupler (2003)

A technique for making optical mixing rod splitters and combiners using extruded plastic tubing and optically transparent casting resins to form a waveguide-type mixing region is described. A resin-filled mixing rod coupler is described and shown to be useful in a variety of short-distance optical interconnection applications where multimode step-index fiber is appropriate. It may also offer a higher yield than some competing, more complex techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Type III Procollagen Peptide in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Association of Increased Peptide Levels in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid with Increased Risk for Death (1995)

Increased levels of type III procollagen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are frequently detected in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and are strongly associated with increased risk for fatal outcome independent of other variables related to fatality in patients with the syndrome.
Growth and characterization of<i>c</i>-axis inclined AlN films for shear wave devices (2008)

This paper reports on the growth and the characterization of c-axis inclined AlN thin films synthesized at low temperature. These films are of significant interest for shear wave generation in the shear mode resonators that operate as a liquid sensor. AlN films were deposited on 3 inch (1 0 0) silicon wafers using an RF-magnetron sputtering planar system. A SiO2 buffer layer was used to promote the c-axis inclination. This c-axis inclination of AlN thin films was investigated using scanning electronic microscopy and x-ray diffraction in θ/2θ, χ and rocking curve scan modes. These analyses showed up to 10° of c-axis inclination in our planar charging system at low temperature. An AlN film thickness variation of about ±5% was recorded. In this study, we only presented the effect of the pressure on the c-axis inclination of AlN films. A discussion about the effect of this parameter and the role of the SiO2 buffer layer is reported. A shear mode acoustic wave device based on the deposited c-axis inclined AlN film was constructed and showed a phase velocity of 5832 m s−1. This value of shear velocity is discussed.
Awake fMRI reveals a specialized region in dog temporal cortex for face processing (2015)

Recent behavioral evidence suggests that dogs, like humans and monkeys, are capable of visual face recognition. But do dogs also exhibit specialized cortical face regions similar to humans and monkeys? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in six dogs trained to remain motionless during scanning without restraint or sedation, we found a region in the canine temporal lobe that responded significantly more to movies of human faces than to movies of everyday objects. Next, using a new stimulus set to investigate face selectivity in this predefined candidate dog face area, we found that this region responded similarly to images of human faces and dog faces, yet significantly more to both human and dog faces than to images of objects. Such face selectivity was not found in dog primary visual cortex. Taken together, these findings: (1) provide the first evidence for a face-selective region in the temporal cortex of dogs, which cannot be explained by simple low-level visual feature extraction; (2) reveal that neural machinery dedicated to face processing is not unique to primates; and (3) may help explain dogs' exquisite sensitivity to human social cues.