gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Food preservation and antibacterial properties of four fluoroalkane compounds (1974)

The antimicrobial properties of trichlorofluoromethane, (Freon® 11), dichlorofluoromethane (Freon 21), and monochlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22) were tested at room temperature (22 °C) on various foodstuffs over a 12-week period. Changes in color, odor, and texture as well as precipitate formation, liquefaction, and pH were measured using samples of milk, eggs, fish, and shrimp. Dichlorofluoromethane exhibited the greatest microbial inhibition requiring 6.6 mg/ml to retard bacteria and fungal development in eggs and fish for 12 weeks, 13.1 mg/ml for shrimp, and 68 mg/ml to preserve milk. Trichlorofluoromethane was similar to dichlorofluoromethane, but monochlorodifluoromethane did not have any food preservation properties at the concentrations tested.Colony development of Streptococcus lactis was also investigated with the three previously mentioned fluorocarbons plus dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12). The decreasing order of inhibition of colony development was as follows: dichlorofluoromethane (Freon 21) > trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) = dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) > monochlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22). The change in pH of S. lactis-seeded pasteurized milk was also inhibited by certain concentrations of dichlorofluoromethane.
Two homologous zinc finger genes identified by multicopy suppression in a SNF1 protein kinase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1993)

The MSN2 gene was selected as a multicopy suppressor in a temperature-sensitive SNF1 protein kinase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MSN2 encodes a Cys2His2 zinc finger protein related to the yeast MIG1 repressor and to mammalian early growth response and Wilms' tumor zinc finger proteins. Deletion of MSN2 caused no phenotype. A second similar zinc finger gene, MSN4, was isolated, and deletion of both genes caused phenotypic defects related to carbon utilization. Overexpression of the zinc finger regions was deleterious to growth. LexA-MSN2 and LexA-MSN4 fusion proteins functioned as strong transcriptional activators when bound to DNA. Functional roles of this zinc finger protein family are discussed.
Thermal Energy Storage and its Potential Applications in Solar Thermal Power Plants and Electricity Storage (2011)

With the rapid growth of renewable power generation, economically storing large quantities of solar- and wind-generated electricity may become as important as renewable power itself. The combination of renewable power generation and energy storage can overcome the variability of renewable power generation alone and create the opportunity for renewable generation to provide base-load electricity. For peak power usage, the integration of renewable power and storage of excess electricity has several significant and positive impacts: expanding the renewable energy portion of total electricity generation, improving the peak-load response, and coordinating the electricity supply and demand over the grid. Several energy storage approaches exist, with mechanical, chemical, and electrical methods either in use now or being developed. Comparing their efficiencies as well as their economic uses for different scales and applications helps determine the right technology for the right purpose. This paper will study the possibility of using thermal energy storage as a means for electricity storage, and compare it to other energy storage methods including batteries, flywheels, compressed air, and pumped hydropower.
Learning from imbalanced data sets with boosting and data generation (2004)

Learning from imbalanced data sets, where the number of examples of one (majority) class is much higher than the others, presents an important challenge to the machine learning community. Traditional machine learning algorithms may be biased towards the majority class, thus producing poor predictive accuracy over the minority class. In this paper, we describe a new approach that combines boosting, an ensemble-based learning algorithm, with data generation to improve the predictive power of classifiers against imbalanced data sets consisting of two classes. In the DataBoost-IM method, hard examples from both the majority and minority classes are identified during execution of the boosting algorithm. Subsequently, the hard examples are used to separately generate synthetic examples for the majority and minority classes. The synthetic data are then added to the original training set, and the class distribution and the total weights of the different classes in the new training set are rebalanced. The DataBoost-IM method was evaluated, in terms of the F-measures, G-mean and overall accuracy , against seventeen highly and moderately imbalanced data sets using decision trees as base classifiers. Our results are promising and show that the DataBoost-IM method compares well in comparison with a base classifier, a standard benchmarking boosting algorithm and three advanced boosting-based algorithms for imbalanced data set. Results indicate that our approach does not sacrifice one class in favor of the other, but produces high predictions against both minority and majority classes.
Cysteine and Glutathione Deficiency in AIDS Patients: A Rationale for the Treatment with IM-Acetyl-Cysteine (1993)

A series of clinical studies and laboratory investigations suggests that the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may be the consequence of a virus-induced cysteine deficiency. HIV-infected persons at all stages of the disease were found to have decreased plasma cystine and cysteine concentrations and decreased intracellular glutathione levels. In rhesus macaques, cysteine levels decrease already within 1-2 weeks after infection with the closely related virus SIVmac. HIV-infected persons and SIV-infected rhesus macaques have also, on the average, substantially increased plasma glutamate levels. Increased glutamate levels aggravate the cysteine deficiency by inhibiting the membrane transport of cystine. Even moderately elevated extracellular glutamate levels as they occur in HIV-infected persons cause a substantial decrease of intracellular cysteine levels. Clinical studies revealed that individual cystine and glutamate levels are correlated with the individual lymphocyte reactivity and T4+ cell counts but not T8+ cell counts. This phenomenon was demonstrated not only in HIV-infected persons but also in healthy human individuals. The cellular cysteine supply affects amongst others the intracellular glutathione level and IL-2-dependent proliferation of T cells and (inversely) also the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B. The cysteine deficiency of HIV-infected persons is, therefore, possibly responsible not only for the cellular dysfunction but also for the overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain, and and beta 2-microglobulin. All the corresponding genes are associated with kappa-like enhancer sequences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Estimating the cost of updates in a relational database (1985)

In this paper, cost formulas are derived for the updates of data and indexes in a relational database. The costs depend on the data scan type and the predicates involved in the update statements. We show that update costs have a considerable influence, both in the context of the physical database design problem and in access path selection in query optimization for relational DBMSs.
한국의 사회문화적 공익브랜드 공간디자인 연구 (2016)

(연구배경 및 목적) 오늘날 브랜드는 현대인의 물질적인 삶의 가치를 높이는 것 뿐만 아니라, 사회적 문화를 이해하고 대중에게 공익적인 역할을 제공할 수 있는 방안을 모색해야 한다. 대중은 공익적 브랜드를 향유함에 따라 물질적 욕구 충족과 더불어 얻을 수 있는 삶의 가치 실현을 더욱 중요하게 생각하기 시작하였다. 기업의 공익브랜드 공간디자인 연구와 제안을 통해 사회적책임과 역할을 적극적으로 수행하고 제공해야 할 의무와 필요성에 대해 고찰하며, 이로 인해 얻을 수 있는 대중의 공동체적 소속감과 공익적 문화 소통 공유 공간을 향유함으로서 가치 실현이 가능할 것이라고 본다. (연구방법) 공익적 브랜드 공간에 대한 이론적 고찰을 통해 브랜드 디자인이 추구하는 사회적 변화를 인지하고, 사회 문화적 공익 가치 실현을 위한 공간을 필요로 하는 사회적 흐름을 살펴보고자 한다. 기업의 사회적 역할과 책임(CSR)에 대한 활동 현황을 바탕으로 공익적 요소를 도출하여, 브랜드 공간이 공익적 문화소통공간으로 적용과 발전이 가능한가를 살펴 본 후, 공익 브랜드 공간으로부터 대중이 상호간 소통을 통해 공감하기 위한 집단 공동체적 문화소통공간으로의 활용 방안을 모색하고 실제 적용 사례들을 조사하여 앞으로의 사회문화적가치와 발전 가능성을 도출한다. (결과) 기업의 비전과 미션, 그리고 그들이 추구하는 상호 보완적 가치를 토대로 브랜드 인프라환경을 구축하여 공간을 향유하는 대중과 소비자에게 삶의 가치와 관계, 우리가 앞으로 나아가야 할 방향을 전달하는 메시지를 담고 있었다. 브랜드 공간은 공적(公的) 공간에서 공공(公共) 공간으로 유형이 점차 변화되고 있으며, 공공 공간은 사적 공간과공적 공간을 뛰어넘는 사회적 공간으로 사회적 통합과 소통, 참여 그리고 지속적인 발전을 위한 협력을 목적으로 존재한다. (결론) 공공 공간으로의 공익적 브랜드 공간을 통해서 기업과 대중은 서로의 가치를 함께 고민하고 영감을 얻어 진정한 삶의 가치를 모색하기 위해 끊임없이 소통한다. 한편, 공공 공간으로서의 역할 보다 공적 공간으로의 상업적 사익을 우선시 하는 브랜드 공간에 그치는 현실은 현재 우리나라 대부분의 기업 브랜드 공간 운영에 직면해있는 한계라고 볼 수 있다. 공익적 문화소통공간을 기반으로 인간의 삶을 더욱 더 가치 있게 하고 함께 더불어 사는 공동체적 관계를 만들어 나간다면 사회의 기반이 되고 기업과 국가, 크게는 세계 인류에 커다란 영향을 미칠 것이다. 인간 중심``의``삶의 가치``와 함께``관계``를 이루며 함께 더불어 사는 의미 있는 장소의 역할을 하는 공익적 브랜드 공간을 통해 기업은, 무궁무진한 사회적, 인간적 발전 가능성과 올바른 사회적 의식형성 가능성을 염두하고 상호 발전을 위한 선구적 역할자로서의 공공 공간 발전을 위한 노력을 통해 사회적 책임과 의무를 다 해야 할 것이다.
Evaluation of Acellular Human Dermis as a Dermal Analog in a Composite Skin Graft (1996)

This study evaluated the structure and function of a dermal substitute composed of de-epidermalized, acellular human dermis, and tested its performance as part of a composite skin graft with cultured human keratinocytes. The acellular dermis retained much of the complex structure of native dermis, as demonstrated by immunostaining for collagen Types IV and VII. Collagen Types IV and VII were found on the papillary surface, and collagen Type IV was found at sites throughout the acellular dermis. To further demonstrate the functionality of the acellular dermis material, we seeded the papillary surface with cultured keratinocytes. In response to the architecture of the dermal papillae, the keratinocytes formed a three-dimensional epidermal structure that was several cell layers thick, and recreated the original skin rete ridges at the interface with the dermis. When these composite grafts were transplanted to athymic mice, host fibrovascular cells repopulated the acellular dermis. Some vessels grew into the acellular dermis along the original pathways of the human blood vessels, as demonstrated by co-localization of human and mouse collagen Type IV. The skin that developed from these grafts repigmented completely via passenger melanocytes from the keratinocyte cultures, was durable, and remained stable for more than 5 months.
Continuing Development of the Cleveland Clinic-Nimbus Total Artificial Heart (1993)

A completely implanted total artificial heart (TAH) is under development by Nimbus, Inc., and the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF). Key features of the system include an electrohydraulic energy converter, an automatic control system that produces a Frank-Starling response, and dual ventricles composed of graphite-epoxy and titanium with gelatin blood contacting surfaces. The system is controlled by a single substrate, hybridized microcircuit (the hybrid). Fabrication of the TAH control hybrid has recently been completed and testing begun. Its design emphasizes simplicity, reliability, and efficiency. Particular attention was given to optimizing thermal management. Externally controlled TAH systems have been used in eight in vivo experiments of up to 120 days' duration. In the last two of these experiments, a variable volume device was also implanted with excellent results. In vivo use of the system has demonstrated the Frank-Starling pump response, but the systems quickly reach maximum output with the bovine animal models. Human fitting studies, including adult patients undergoing heart transplantation, demonstrated satisfactory fit of the pump within the pericardium without compression of the vascular structures or chest wall. Measurements of chest circumference, plain chest films, and transesophageal echocardiograms should provide reliable predictions of pump fit in the majority of patients.
Examination of Tethered Porphyrin, Chlorin, and Bacteriochlorin Molecules in Mesoporous Metal-Oxide Solar Cells (2007)

The performance of five tetrapyrrole molecules as sensitizers in regenerative solar cells was evaluated. The tetrapyrroles form two sets. One set contains three meso-substituted porphyrins that differ only in the nature of their surface-binding tether: isophthalic acid, ethynylisophthalic acid, or cyanoacrylic acid. The other set includes the ethynylisophthalic acid tether attached to porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin macrocycles, which contain zero, one, and two saturated pyrrole rings, respectively. Incident photon-to-current efficiency was measured for each sensitizer loaded onto a mesoporous TiO2 semitransparent electrode in a solar cell. The porphyrin bearing the cyanoacrylic acid tether gives the largest peak and integrated (350−900 nm) photocurrent density of the five tetrapyrrole molecules. For this sensitizer, a quasi-monochromatic power conversion efficiency of 21% was obtained at the Soret maximum (450 nm), along with a fill factor of 0.69. To elucidate the molecular origins of the effects of tether and macrocycle reduction on photocurrent production, the measured redox potentials and optical absorption spectra were analyzed in terms of the characteristics (energies and electron-density distributions) of the frontier molecular orbitals obtained from density functional theory calculations. Additionally, first-principle simulations were performed for the production of photocurrent by hypothetical planar and actual mesoporous films of each sensitizer under AM 1.5 solar irradiation. Collectively, the findings give fundamental insights into the factors that govern the observed differences in photocurrent production characteristics for the five tetrapyrrole sensitizers. In addition, the results provide a framework for further tuning of the properties of these molecules and related sensitizers to enhance solar-cell performance.
Frame Switch Splicing and Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis: Key Words to Understand the Unfolded Protein Response (2003)

Proteins must be correctly folded and assembled to fulfill their functions as assigned by genetic code. All living cells have developed systems to counteract protein unfolding or misfolding. A typical example of such a homeostatic response is triggered when unfolded proteins are accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Eukaryotic cells cope with endoplasmic reticulum stress by attenuating translation, generally to decrease the burden on the folding machinery, as well as by inducing transcription of endoplasmic reticulum-localized molecular chaperones and folding enzymes to augment folding capacity. These translational and transcriptional controls are collectively termed the unfolded protein response. The unfolded protein response is unique in that the molecular mechanisms it uses to transmit signals from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen to the nucleus are completely different from those used for signaling from the plasma membrane. Frame switch splicing (a term newly proposed here) and regulated intramembrane proteolysis (proposed by Brown et al., Cell 2000; 100: 391-398) employed by the unfolded protein response represent novel ways to activate a signaling molecule post-transcriptionally and post-translationally, respectively. They are critically involved in various cellular regulation pathways ranging from bacterial extracytoplasmic stress response to differentiation of mature B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Further, mammalian cells take advantage of differential properties between the two mechanisms to determine the fate of proteins unfolded or misfolded in the endoplasmic reticulum. This review focuses on the transcriptional control that occurs during the unfolded protein response in various species.
Disease Problems in the Third World (1989)

For those living in the Third World, no matter what their age, the risk of death and disability is always many times higher than for those living in the first world. Despite biomedical advances, illness and death remain common events. These stifle the ability to learn and the capacity to work and raise families, sap one's energy, discourage efforts for advancement, influence attitudes and pervade practically all activities. T able 1 shows these higher risks of death. 1,2 The likelihood of dying in the Third World is almost 30 times greater for an infant, 40 to 75 times greater for a child, and more than a 1,000 times greater for a pregnant woman than in any of their counterparts living in an industrialized nation. Even the adolescent and elderly survivors continue to have a greater chance of becoming ill and dying. One of the first steps in attempting to identify possible methods to prevent this excess ill health and death is to analyze the causes. This paper reviews the available information on the causes of death and outlines the changes that have occurred recently.
Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals: a review article on sulfur-metal chemistry and surface structures (2014)

A review article on fundamental aspects of thiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the (111) and (100) surfaces of the Cu and Ni groups is presented.
The Caffeine Breath Test and Caffeine Urinary Metabolite Ratios in the Michigan Cohort Exposed to Polybrominated Biphenyls: A Preliminary Study (1990)

A field biochemical epidemiology study was conducted using the Michigan cohort consisting of 51 rural residents exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB). The study had three major objectives: a) to determine the serum half-life of the major PBB congener, hexabromobiphenyl (HBB), in the human, b) to determine if the PBB-exposed subjects had elevated cytochrome P-450I function as determined by the caffeine breath test (CBT) and the caffeine urinary metabolite ratio (CMR), and c) to determine the applicability of the CBT and CMR in field studies. PBB serum levels were detected in 36 of the 51 PBB-exposed subjects. The serum half-life of HBB was determined by comparing the current serum HBB values to the subject's previous serum values obtained 5 to 8 years earlier. The median HBB half-life was 12 years (range 4-97 years). The CBT and CMR were elevated in the subjects exposed to PBBs as compared to the values obtained from urban nonsmokers and were similar to those found in adults who smoke. A gender effect was seen in the PBB-exposed subjects, the median CBT and CMR values of the females being lower than the values of males. There was a correlation between the CBT and the HBB serum values (r2 = 0.2, p = 0.01) but not between CMR and HBB serum values. The CBT and CMR were easily conducted in the field and appear to be useful metabolic probes of cytochrome P-450I activity in human environmental toxicology.
Two‐dimensional time‐domain electromagnetic migration using integral transformation (2007)

The method of time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) migration is used for fast imaging of subsurface geoelectrical structures. The computation of the migration field is based on downward extrapolation of the observed field in reverse time. In this paper we examine an effective method of EM migration based on the operator of an integral transformation in the spatial‐temporal domain. The migration conductivity image is constructed using the convolution of the background and migration fields. We demonstrate in this paper that the method of EM migration can be effectively used for interpretation of multitransient electromagnetic (MTEM) data.
ErbB‐4 mRNA expression is decreased in non‐metastatic pancreatic cancer (1999)

The erbB-4 gene encodes a detected receptor protein that possesses intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and belongs to the family of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); erbB-4 is stimulated by the heregulins and betacellulin, which enables this receptor to form heterodimers with erbB-2, a prerequisite for erbB-2 activation. Because the expression of erbB-4 mRNA is generally low in the pancreas, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the erbB-4 levels in human normal and cancerous pancreatic tissue. Our results show that the mRNA expression of this receptor is 6-fold decreased in the non-metastatic stages of pancreatic cancer when compared to tumors with lymph node or distant metastases or to the normal pancreas. In addition, immunohistochemistry demonstrated that in the normal pancreas, the erbB-4 antigen was predominantly present in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the ductal and acinar cells and at a much lower level, in islet cells. In pancreatic cancer, 61 of 75 samples exhibited weak to moderate immunoreactivity for erbB-4 in the tumor cells. Moreover, in the peri-tumorous region with chronic pancreatitis-like morphological changes, there was weak-to-moderate erbB-4 immunostaining in small ductules and degenerating acinar cells. Uni- and multivariate survival analyses using as variables age, sex, stage of cancer, histo-pathological grading, and erbB-4 immunoreactivity, revealed a significant effect for stage of cancer (p < 0.01) whereby the risk of dying was 2.3 times higher in patients with metastases than in patients without. However, the level of erbB-4 immunoreactivity in pancreatic cancer cells had no influence on patient survival. Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol.) 84:24–27, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular Risk of NSAIDs: Time to Translate Knowledge into Practice (2013)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.
<i>In Vitro</i> Activity of Sorgum Seed Antifungal Proteins against Grain Mold Pathogens (1997)

Several sorghum seed antifungal proteins (AFP), including sormatin, chitinase, glucanase, and ribosome-inhibiting protein (RIP), were extracted, partially purified using sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, and eluted from a CM-Sephadex column using a linear salt gradient. Eluted fractions were tested for bioactivity against Fusarium moniliforme, Curvularia lunata, and Aspergillus flavus using hyphal rupture, hyphal extension, and spore germination methods. A fraction containing several AFPs was most inhibitory against F. moniliforme, C. lunata, and A. flavus. Spore germination of all three species was markedly inhibited by 360 ppm of AFPs. The inhibitory effects were not observed when the protein fraction was boiled, suggesting the involvement of undenatured proteins. Hyphal elongation inhibition was the least sensitive assay to detect the inhibitory effects of AFPs on these fungi. F. moniliforme exhibited hyphal rupture at the growing tip at protein levels as low as 70 ppm. C. lunata required higher protein levels (70−360 ppm) and ruptured only at hyphal tips. A. flavus did not exhibit hyphal disruption when treated with AFPs. Keywords: Antifungal proteins; sormatin; chitinase; glucanase; sorghum; Fusarium moniliforme; Curvularia lunata; bioactivity
Gedunin Inactivates the Co-chaperone p23 Protein Causing Cancer Cell Death by Apoptosis (2013)

Pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90 is an exciting option for cancer therapy. The clinical efficacy of Hsp90 inhibitors is, however, less than expected. Binding of the co-chaperone p23 to Hsp90 and induced overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins Hsp70 and Hsp27 are thought to contribute to this outcome. Herein, we report that the natural product gedunin may provide a new alternative to inactivate the Hsp90 machine. We show that gedunin directly binds to p23 and inactivates it, without overexpression of Hsp27 and relatively modest induction of Hsp70. Using molecular docking and mutational analysis, we mapped the gedunin-binding site on p23. Functional analysis shows that gedunin inhibits the p23 chaperoning activity, blocks its cellular interaction with Hsp90, and interferes with p23-mediated gene regulation. Cell treatment with gedunin leads to cancer cell death by apoptosis through inactivation of p23 and activation of caspase 7, which cleaves p23 at the C terminus. These results provide important insight into the molecular mechanism of action of this promising lead compound.