gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Where Do We Stand on Gastric Motility? (1990)

This review deals with several aspects of gastrointestinal motility. It attempts to relate basic knowledge to clinically relevant issues. The review is organized around specific contractile patterns and tasks in the gastrointestinal region that are grouped into three broad categories: tonic contractility of the stomach, antral phasic contractility, and resistance of the gastric outlet. There is also a section dealing with the evaluation of gastric motor function for diagnostic purposes describing the technologic means for investigating motility disorders in patients presenting with different clinical syndromes. In this section there is also reference to the criteria to be used in interpretation of the results and practical advice on the use of each test. Finally, the review deals with the issue of treatment of gastric motor disorders, comprising both dietary and pharmacologic approaches.
Cluster validation for unsupervised stochastic model-based image segmentation (2002)

Image segmentation is an important processing stage in many image analysis problems. Often this must be done in an unsupervised fashion in that training data is not available. A major obstacle in such applications is the determination of the number of distinct regions present in an image. This problem, called the cluster validation problem, remains essentially unsolved. We investigate the cluster validation problem associated with the use of a previously developed unsupervised segmentation algorithm based upon the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. We consider several well-known information-theoretic criteria (ICs) as candidate solutions. We show that these criteria generally provide inappropriate results. As an alternative we propose a model-fitting technique in which the complete data log-likelihood functional is modeled as an exponential function in the number of classes acting, and the class estimate is related to the rise time. This new validation technique is shown to be robust and outperform the ICs in our experiments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An integrated robust/neural controller with gas turbine applications (1994)

Two considerations are presented for the design of a nonlinear gas turbine controller, the rejection of unknown nonlinear disturbances and the change of parameters in the approximate turbine model (regarding different engine operating points). The fixed robust linear controller is enhanced by the nonlinear control signal of neural networks to obtain the performance robustness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ergebnisse der Programmanalysen — Erster Teil: Quantitative Auswertung der Programmstichproben 1992 und 1993 (1995)

Ein Mangel der im letzten Kapitel angesprochenen medienkritischen Diskussion der Rechtsextremismus-Berichterstattung des Fernsehens besteht u.a. darin, daß sie weitgehend kontextfrei argumentiert. Bei einer zu einseitigen Fokussierung der kritischen Perspektive auf ein thematisches Segment der Fernsehberichterstattung besteht jedoch die Gefahr, daß zwischen dem Konkreten und dem Allgemeinen nicht hinreichend unterschieden wird. Häufig bleibt unklar, ob die kritisierten Charakteristika der Rechtsextremismus-Berichterstattung des Fernsehens tatsächlich auf den spezifischen Gegenstand dieser Berichterstattung bzw. auf gegenstandsspezifische Fehlleistungen der Fernsehjournalisten zurückzuführen sind. Die Gegenfrage, ob sich in der Berichterstattung des Fernsehens über den Rechtsextremismus und fremdenfeindliche Gewalttaten in Deutschland nicht lediglich das niederschlägt, was für die tagtäglichen Informationsleistungen des bundesdeutschen Fernsehens der neunziger Jahre typisch ist, wird in dieser Perspektive zumeist gar nicht erst gestellt.
Sizing and finishing agents for basalt and glass fibers (2009)

A review of references to sizing and finishing composites for basalt and glass fibers is presented. The existing approaches to creation of composites and the most often used chemical compounds are shown. A conclusion is drawn regarding the promising character of replacement of multicomponent colloids with true solutions with a small number of components.
Bench-scale study of the dry removal of SO/sub 2/ with nahcolite and trona. Final report (1981)

An experimental study was conducted to characterize a process designed to remove SO/sub 2/ by injecting a dry sodium-based sorbent into the flue gas stream ahead of a fabric filter baghouse. The experimental system consisted of a pulverized coal-fired combustor which fired a 0.45 percent sulfur western coal and produced a flue gas flow rate of about 2500 lb/hr (or about 800 acfm). The flue gas exited the combustor, flowed through a duct, then through a heat exchanger, and last through a fabric filter. The residence time in the duct between the combustor and fabric filter was approximately two seconds; the heat exchanger was used to independently control the temperature of the fabric filter. The dry sorbent could be injected either at the inlet to the fabric filter or into the duct before the heat exchanger. The experiments quantified the effects of the following process parameters on the dry SO/sub 2/ removal process: sorbent type (nahcolite, trona, commercial sodium bicarbonate), normalized stoichiometric ratio (NSR), sorbent particle size, baghouse temperature, air-to-cloth ratio, cleaning cycle time, sorbent injection schedule (continuous and batch), injection at temperatures up to 800/sup 0/F, predecomposition of the nahcolite, and initial SO/sub 2/ level.
Purification and Properties of Closteroviruslike Particles Associated with Grapevine Corky Bark Disease (1991)

Closteroviruslike particles, designated as grapevine corky bark-associated virus (GCBaV), were purified from mature leaves and stem phloem tissue of a corky bark-affected grapevine that had indexed negative for other grapevine viruses. Electron microscopy of purified preparations revealed the presence of flexuous rod-shaped viruslike particles that were about 13 nm in diameter and between 1,400 and 2,000 nm long, with a helical pitch of 3.4 nm. In purified preparations, the GCBaV particles degraded within a few weeks, unlike grapevine leafroll associated virus (GLRaV), which was stable for more than 1 mo under the same storage condition. The molecular weight of the coat protein of GCBaV was 24,000. A large dsRNA molecule (about 15.3 kbp), along with lower molecular weight species, was detected in tissues of corky bark-diseased grapevines, but not in healthy grapevines. Polyclonal antisera were produced in rabbits against purified or partially purified virus preparations. In direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antisera to GCBaV did not react to the serologically distinct types (II and III) of the long closteroviruses associated with grapevine leafroll disease and grapevine virus A (GVA), and vice versa. This antiserum also reacted in ELISA with other corky bark-affected grapevines. Our data suggest that closteroviruslike particles, designated as GCBaV, may be the causal agent of corky bark disease. However, definitive proof is still lacking. The inclusion of GCBaV in the group of closteroviruses with citrus tristeza virus is proposed.
Amine carboxylates as vapour phase corrosion inhibitors (2002)

AbstractFifty three products, mostly carboxylate salts of amines, were evaluated as vapour phase corrosion inhibitors for mild steel. Fifteen compounds showed effectiveness in excess of 90%. Morpholine was the most effective amine and caprylic acid the most effective acid constituent. The effectiveness of ammonium monocarboxylates decreased with increase in the length of the carbon chain of the carboxylic acid. The other carboxylates did not show such a clear trend.
Proposed molten globule intermediates in fd phage penetration and assembly (1991)

The fd filamentous phage can be contracted to short rods called I-forms and to spheroidal particles called S-forms. The conversions from fd----I-forms----S-forms were previously suggested to mimic steps in fd penetration. The same conversions, in reverse order, were suggested to mimic steps in fd assembly. The I-forms and S-forms bind the hydrophobic probe, 1-anilino-napthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS); under the same conditions, fd binds this probe very poorly. Rigidly packed side chains in fd and nonrigidly packed side chains in I-forms and S-forms would explain the differences in ANS binding. A compilation of the properties of I-forms and S-forms indicate that: (i) they have compact structures; (ii) they have secondary structures of the same type as native phage; (iii) they have non-native morphologies; and (iv) they may have nonrigid side chain packing. These are the properties of molten globules.
Coagulation Factor IX for Hemophilia B Therapy (2012)

Factor IX is a zymogen enzyme of the blood coagulation cascade. Inherited absence or deficit of the IX functional factor causes bleeding disorder hemophilia B, which requires constant protein replacement therapy. Reviewed herein are the current state in the manufacturing of FIX, improved variants of the recombinant protein for therapy, transgenic organisms for obtaining FIX, and the advances in the gene therapy of hemophilia B.
Fluorination of CN<sub> <i>x</i> </sub> Nanotubes (2004)

Abstract Multiwall CN x nanotubes have been prepared by thermal decomposition of acetonitrile over Co/Ni catalytic particles. The fluorination of nanotubes was performed at room temperature by using a gaseous mixture of BrF3 and Br2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that only the outer shells of CN x nanotubes were fluorinated, whereas the inner shells remained intact. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed an oxidation of pyridinic‐type nitrogen with tube fluorination.
Locality-Sensitive Bloom Filter for Approximate Membership Query (2011)

In many network applications, Bloom filters are used to support exact-matching membership query for their randomized space-efficient data structure with a small probability of false answers. In this paper, we extend the standard Bloom filter to Locality-Sensitive Bloom Filter (LSBF) to provide Approximate Membership Query (AMQ) service. We achieve this by replacing uniform and independent hash functions with locality-sensitive hash functions. Such replacement makes the storage in LSBF to be locality sensitive. Meanwhile, LSBF is space efficient and query responsive by employing the Bloom filter design. In the design of the LSBF structure, we propose a bit vector to reduce False Positives (FP). The bit vector can verify multiple attributes belonging to one member. We also use an active overflowed scheme to significantly decrease False Negatives (FN). Rigorous theoretical analysis (e.g., on FP, FN, and space overhead) shows that the design of LSBF is space compact and can provide accurate response to approximate membership queries. We have implemented LSBF in a real distributed system to perform extensive experiments using real-world traces. Experimental results show that LSBF, compared with a baseline approach and other state-of-the-art work in the literature (SmartStore and LSB-tree), takes less time to respond AMQ and consumes much less storage space.
An Investigation on the Effects of Fuel Chemistry and Engine Operating Conditions on HCCI Engine (2008)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A HCCI engine has been run at different operating boundaries conditions with fuels of different RON and MON and different chemistries. The fuels include gasoline, PRF and the mixture of PRF and ethanol. Six operating boundaries conditions are considered, including different intake temperature (<i>T<sub>in</sub></i>), intake pressure (<i>P<sub>in</sub></i>) and engine speed. The experimental results show that, fuel chemistries have different effect on the combustion process at different operating conditions. It is found that CA50 (crank angle at 50% completion of heat release) shows no correlation with either RON or MON at some operating boundaries conditions, but correlates well with the Octane Index (OI) at all conditions. The higher the OI, the more the resistance to auto-ignition and the later is the heat release in the HCCI engine. The operating range is also correlation with the OI. The higher the OI, the higher IMEP can reach. However, the OI can not show correlation with auto-ignition when the mixtures of PRF and ethanol are used.</div>
In Vivo Cloning and Characterization of a New Growth Suppressor Protein TOE1 as a Direct Target Gene of Egr1 (2003)

Egr1, an immediate early transcription factor, responds to diverse stimuli and affects gene transcription to accomplish its biological effects. One important effect of Egr1 expression is to decrease the growth and tumorigenic potential of several tumor cell types. To identify important Egr1 target genes, we have adapted a methodology involving formaldehyde-induced protein-DNA cross-linking, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and multiplex PCR. Using this approach, we report the cloning of a new Egr1 target gene that is able to account, at least in part, for the growth inhibitory activity of Egr1. We have named this new protein TOE1 for target of Egr1.
Metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor (MFS) FET's using LiNbO/sub 3//Si (1998)

N-channel metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MFSFET's) by using rapid thermal annealed LiNbO/sub 3//Si
Delivery of antiangiogenic and antioxidant drugs of ophthalmic interest through a nanoporous inorganic filter. (2004)

The drug delivery method based on the administration of angiostatic and antioxidant agents across the inorganic aluminum oxide nanoporous filter passed the key in vitro tests for diffusibility and biocompatibility, opening the way for medical applications.
Engineering a Disulfide Bond To Stabilize the Calcium Binding Loop of Activated Protein C Eliminates Its Anticoagulant but Not Protective Signaling Properties. (2006)

Abstract In addition to its potent anticoagulant activity, activated protein C (APC) also exhibits anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. The latter properties of APC are thought to be responsible for its beneficial effect in treating severe sepsis patients. A higher incidence of bleeding due to its anticoagulant function has been found to be a major drawback of APC as an effective anti-inflammatory drug. Thus, there is intense interest in developing APC variants that have no anticoagulant activity, but have normal protective properties. In this study, we have prepared a protein C variant in which an engineered disulfide bond between two β-sheets has stabilized the functionally critical Ca2+-binding 70–80 loop of the molecule. The 70–80 loop of this mutant no longer binds Ca2+ and the activation of the mutant by thrombin has been enhanced 60–80-fold independent of thrombomodulin. The anticoagulant activity of the APC variant has been essentially eliminated as determined by both factor Va degradation and plasma-based clotting assays. However, the endothelial protein C receptor- and protease-activated receptor-1-dependent protective signaling properties of the APC variant have remained intact as determined by staurosporine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis, thrombin-induced endothelial cell permeability and TNF-α-mediated neutrophil adhesion and migration assays. These results suggest that modulation of the structure and/or activity of APC by Ca2+ is required for its anticoagulant, but not for its anti-inflammatory activity, thus the protein C variant may potentially be a safer drug for treating severe sepsis patients in both activated and zymogenic forms.
A Multi-use CCA-Secure Proxy Re-encryption Scheme (2014)

Proxy re-encryption (PRE) can be classified as single-hop PRE and multi-use PRE according to the times which the ciphertext is transformed. Finding a unidirectional, multi-use, and chosen ciphertext attack (CCA) secure PRE is presented as an open problem by Canetti et al. Wang claimed to resolve this problem by proposing the first multi-use CCAsecure unidirectional PRE scheme. But we found that different with single-hop PRE, multi-use PRE without randomize encrypt key in its re-encryption algorithm could be vulnerable to attack. A new type attack to multi-use CCA-secure PRE named proxy bypass attack is proposed with a concrete attacks on Wang-MultiUse-PRE scheme. This attack is also effective for other multi-use scheme. At last we propose an improvement for Multi-Use-PRE to resist proxy bypass attack by randomize re-encryption algorithm.
Protein Electrochemistry Using Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays (2003)

The remarkable electrocatalytic properties and small size of carbon nanotubes make them ideal for achieving direct electron transfer to proteins, important in understanding their redox properties and in the development of biosensors. Here, we report shortened SWNTs can be aligned normal to an electrode by self-assembly and act as molecular wires to allow electrical communication between the underlying electrode and redox proteins covalently attached to the ends of the SWNTs, in this case, microperoxidase MP-11. The efficiency of the electron transfer through the SWNTs is demonstrated by electrodes modified with tubes cut to different lengths having the same electron-transfer rate constant.
Effects of suramin, an anti-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase agent, on protein kinase C. Differential activation and inhibition of protein kinase C isozymes. (1990)

Suramin inhibited protein kinase C (PKC) type I-III activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar inhibitory effects were observed with M-kinase, the constitutively active catalytic fragment of PKC, and autophosphorylation of PKC types I-III. Kinetic experiments indicated that suramin competitively inhibits activity with respect to ATP (Ki = 17, 27, and 31 microM, respectively) and that it can also inhibit by interaction with the substrate histone III-S. With protamine as the Pi acceptor, suramin inhibition was dependent on lipid, being approximately 4-fold less sensitive to inhibition in the absence of phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol than in their presence. Suramin at low concentrations (10-40 microM), in the presence of Ca2+ and absence of lipid, was able to stimulate kinase activity (approximately 200-400%) in a type-dependent manner and at higher concentrations inhibited activity with histone III-S as substrate. These results indicate that suramin, a hexa-anionic hydrophobic compound, can act as a negatively charged phospholipid analog in activating PKC in the presence of Ca2+ and absence of lipid and can inhibit Ca2+/phosphatidylserine/diacylglycerol-stimulated kinase activity at higher concentrations by competing with ATP or by interaction with the exogenous substrate. Suramin inhibited cAMP-dependent protein kinase much less potently (IC50 = 656 microM) than PKC. The ability of suramin to inhibit PKC-mediated processes in intact cells was tested using the phorbol ester-stimulated respiratory burst of neutrophils as a model system. The respiratory burst of human neutrophils, when preincubated with suramin and then stimulated with phorbol ester, was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that suramin may also be able to inhibit PKC-mediated processes in intact cells.
A Normally-off AlGaN/GaN Transistor with R<sub>on</sub>A=2.6m&amp;#x003A9;cm<sup>2</sup> and BV<sub>ds</sub>=640V Using Conductivity Modulation (2006)

We report a normally-off GaN-based transistor using conductivity modulation, which we call GIT (gate injection transistor). This new device principle utilizes hole-injection from p-AlGaN to AlGaN/GaN heterojunction, which increases electron density in the depleted channel resulting in dramatic increase of the drain current owing to the conductivity modulation. The fabricated GIT exhibits the threshold voltage of 1.0V with high maximum drain current of 200mA/mm. The obtained on-state resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> ·A) and off-state breakdown voltage (BV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ds</sub> ) are 2.6mΩ·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 640V, respectively. These values are the best ones ever reported for GaN-based normally-off transistors
Functions of brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans during developments: interactions with adhesion molecules. (1996)

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), including neurocan and phosphocan, are believed to be major components of brain extracellular matrix that interact with other matrix proteins and cell surface receptors. In addition, several brain CSPGs such as receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta are expressed as cell surface receptors that interact with proteins in the extracellular matrix and with receptors on neural cells. Recent in vitro studies demonstrate that, although the brain CSPGs neurocan and phosphocan can promote transient adhesion of neuronal cells, they inhibit stable cell adhesion and neurite growth promoted by the cell adhesion molecule Ng-CAM/L1. Neurocan and phosphocan bind with high affinity to Ng-CAM/L1 and N-CAM which may be their major receptors on neurons. These CSPGs also bind to other adhesion molecules, such as tenascin-C, and can differentially modulate adhesion of glia of tenascin-C. Both the glycosaminoglycan and the core glycoproteins contribute to the function of the brain CSPGs. When expressed in regions containing low levels of adhesion molecules, various CSPGs including phosphocan, neurocan, versican, aggrecan, and NG2 proteoglycan may act as barriers to cell migration and axonal growth. In regions containing high levels of adhesion proteins, brain CSPGs may still act to maintain certain boundaries while allowing selective axonal extension to proceed. There are numerous regions of overlap in the expression patterns of CSPGs and adhesion molecules in vivo, and the relative levels of these molecules as well as the organization of the extracellular matrix may be important factors that regulate the rate of axonal growth locally. Differential expression of CSPGs may be important for modulating cell adhesion as well as axonal growth and guidance during neural development, and continued expression may prevent these processes in the normal nature nervous system as well as following brain injury.
Computational challenges in portfolio management (2001)

The authors describe a relatively simple problem that all investors face: managing a portfolio of financial securities over time to optimize a particular objective function. They show how complex such a problem can become when real-world constraints are incorporated into its formulation. More specifically, the authors present the basic dynamic portfolio optimization problem and then consider three aspects of it: taxes, investor preferences, and portfolio constraints. These three issues are by no means exhaustive, they merely illustrate examples of the kinds of challenges financial engineers face today.