gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF CHOLESTEROL FEEDING ON THE DISTENSIBILITY OF THE ISOLATED THORACIC AORTA OF THE RABBIT (1955)

The descending thoracic aortas of control and cholesterol fed rabbits were dissected out. These aortas were used to prepare tension–length diagrams. Cholesterol feeding increased the distensibility at pressures up to 70 mm. Hg, but at pressures above this value no significant change is produced. Cholesterol feeding increases the resistance of the aorta to collapse, i.e. the longer the cholesterol feeding is continued, the greater the magnitude of the negative pressure required to make the vessel segment collapse.
Surface coats of the mouse blastocyst and uterus during the preimplantation period (1974)

Abstract A glycoprotein coat is demonstrable on the free surface of both the blastocyst and uterine luminal epithelium of the mouse on day 4 and day 5 of normal pregnancy, and on day 7 of delayed implantation, using concanavalin A‐peroxidase and ruthenium red. The coats are apparently negatively charged, as shown by their binding with colloidal thorium dioxide. The cell coat on uterine epithelium is appreciably thicker than that on the blastocyst. The information currently available is sufficient to suggest that simplistic mechanisms such as change in charge or total thickness cannot be the sole basis of initial adhesion, but that some localized reduction of the uterine surface coat accompanies adhesion. However, considerably more information is necessary concerning the nature of the surface coats before a more comprehensive understanding of the role of adhesion in implantation can be achieved.
A closed-loop reduced oxygen breathing device for inducing hypoxia in humans. (2003)

These data support the closed-loop ROBD as a potentially useful device for training and research involving acute hypoxia in healthy and clinical populations.
Charge transfer process in electrostatic recording (1964)

The physical mechanisms responsible for charge transfer between the electrodes and the dielectric tape material of a dc biased electrostatic recording system are discussed. The dominant mechanism for charge transfer is found to be spark discharge in the ambient air. On this basis, a serniquantitative description of the charging process is developed which is in good agreement with the experimental current-voltage characteristics.
Experimental Shake Table Testing of an Adaptive Passive Negative Stiffness Device within a Highway Bridge Model (2014)

The implementation of a mechanical negative stiffness device (NSD) within a reduced‐scale highway bridge model and its performance under seismic loading conditions is evaluated via shaking table tests. Four different isolation system configurations are considered: isolated bridge (IB), IB with viscous dampers, IB with NSDs, and IB with viscous dampers and NSDs. In addition, two bridge pier configurations were considered: one with flexible piers (mimicking a middle span of a multi‐span bridge) and one with braced piers (mimicking a single span bridge supported on abutments). The main feature of the NSD is a large pre‐compressed spring, which can push the structure away from its initial undeformed position and thus induce negative stiffness behavior. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the NSDs in limiting the seismic response of the bridge and provide validation of numerical simulation results wherein numerical models of the bridge model components were calibrated via system identification testing.
Circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management (2007)

It is a well-known phenomenon that diseaserelated symptoms in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases exhibit circadian rhythms. This has been studied in, e.g., patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (1–7). It is the clinical experience of rheumatologists that RA patients particularly experience joint pain, morning stiffness, and functional disability in the early morning hours. It is also remarkable that these diurnal variations demonstrate large amplitudes, with the patient’s condition being poor in the early morning and disease activity being mild or moderate in the early evening. This has been demonstrated using grip strength as a parameter; grip strength was, on average, 233 mmHg at 6:00 AM and 297 mm Hg at 6:00 PM, an increase of 27.5% (3). It has been further exemplified by overall pain reported using a 0–10-point visual analog scale, with an average pain score of 6.3 at 8:00 AM and 4.5 at 6:00 PM (decrease of 28.6%) (8). Results of assessment of symptoms in large clinical trials can vary markedly depending on the time of day that the visit takes place. The causal mechanisms underlying this pronounced diurnal cycle of changes in symptoms with a maximum in the morning are relevant to the pathophysiology of RA (9,10), to clinical patient care, and to optimization of treatment strategies (11). Since circadian rhythm is generated solely in the higher brain centers of the hypothalamus, learning from these experiments of nature can provide new clues to understanding neuroendocrine–immunologic pathways relevant to rheumatic diseases. This review briefly summarizes present knowledge on how circadian rhythm is generated in the central nervous system (CNS) and addresses studies demonstrating connections between the central oscillator and neuroendocrine pathways and the periphery (peripheral inflammation). Examples of circadian rhythms of hormones, specifically in relation to RA, are discussed, as is the circadian rhythm of pain, stiffness, and functional disability in health and disease. Circadian rhythms of RA-relevant immunologic parameters, including linkage between the diurnal variation of pain (and other RA symptoms and comorbidities) and the cycle of hormonal, neuronal, and immunologic parameters, are considered. Finally, important implications regarding therapy are derived, which in the future might lead to optimized treatment of RA and other chronic inflammatory diseases. A methodologic appendix (Appendix A) explains how several studies were mathematically analyzed and their data combined.
End of thresholds: subwavelength optical linewidth measurement using the flux-area technique (2000)

The patented Flux-Area technique of metrology with optical images has been proven to provide accurately and repeatable measurements of defect sizes as small as 0.08 (mu) , and is in use in 12 leading edge mask shops and wafer fabs around the world. This paper describes the extension of this technique for linewidth measurement and the result of test on photomasks, using lines as narrow as 0.25 micrometers . Linewidths were measured with SEM and optical images analyzed with the Flux-Area technique. Results show that the new technique provides linear measurements on even the smallest lines, using visible as well as UV illumination. This technique promises to allow mask makers to continue measuring their masks optically, even as linewidths shrink much smaller than the optical wavelengths used in the measurement. Further, this technique allows older visible light system to be used for measuring even DUV masks. Finally, this technique does not require thresholds: it only requires an image and that the optical magnification be known. The technique simply measures the amount of light absorbed by a feature, the fundamental optical quality of any photomask feature.
Parallel analytic hierarchy process for web service discovery and composition (2011)

Web services based SOA are dramatically speeding up the application development process. They also see it as a way to build applications and systems that are more adaptable. Web services are poised to have a dramatic effect on business enterprises that think of themselves as independent of technology trends. Web services are being considered an excellent technology to solve distributed computing challenges in the Internet area. So now a days Web Service discovery is an essential element in Service-Oriented Computing. But selecting appropriate web services for the benefits of service consumers is a key issue in service discovery. Web service discovery is based on service functionality and QoS. However, without Web service quality standards and quality-based discovery mechanisms, the trustworthiness of business-to-business interactions can't be guaranteed. Web service discovery spread up into these areas like agent, ontology, semantic, context server. But even though number of techniques, methods proposed for web service is always been a question. We have wide rage of QoS parameters but it is not easy to select the best one. So we are analyzing the QoS parameters and selecting the best service according to the user request. For better decision making the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multiple criteria decision making method, is applied as an underlying mechanism for developing a flexible and effective ranking algorithm.
REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review (2016)

NdFeB permanent magnets have different life cycles, depending on the applications: from as short as 2–3 years in consumer electronics to 20–30 years in wind turbines. The size of the magnets ranges from less than 1 g in small consumer electronics to about 1 kg in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs), and can be as large as 1000–2000 kg in the generators of modern wind turbines. NdFeB permanent magnets contain about 31–32 wt% of rare-earth elements (REEs). Recycling of REEs contained in this type of magnets from the End-of-Life (EOL) products will play an important and complementary role in the total supply of REEs in the future. However, collection and recovery of the magnets from small consumer electronics imposes great social and technological challenges. This paper gives an overview of the sources of NdFeB permanent magnets related to their applications, followed by a summary of the various available technologies to recover the REEs from these magnets, including physical processing and separation, direct alloy production, and metallurgical extraction and recovery. At present, no commercial operation has been identified for recycling the EOL NdFeB permanent magnets and the recovery of the associated REE content. Most of the processing methods are still at various research and development stages. It is estimated that in the coming 10–15 years, the recycled REEs from EOL permanent magnets will play a significant role in the total REE supply in the magnet sector, provided that efficient technologies will be developed and implemented in practice.
Non-negative matrix factorization with mixture of Itakura-Saito divergence for SAR images (2017)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are becoming more and more accessible and have been widely used in many applications. To effectively and efficiently represent multiple SAR images, we propose the mixture of Itakura-Saito (IS) divergence for non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to perform the dimension reduction. Our proposed method incorporates the unit-mean Gamma mixture model into the NMF to model the multiplicative noise. To obtain the closed-form update equations as much as possible, we approximate the log-likelihood function with its lower bound. Finally, we apply Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the parameters, resulting in the closed-form multiplicative update rules for the two matrix factors. Experimental results on real SAR dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and its applicability to post applications (e.g., classification) with improved performances over the conventional dimension reduction methods.
In Vitro Assessment of Antifungal Therapeutic Potential of Salivary Histatin-5, Two Variants of Histatin-5, and Salivary Mucin (MUC7) Domain 1 (2000)

Human salivary histatin-5 (Hsn-5) is a 24-residue peptide that possesses potent antifungal activity in vitro. The MUC7 gene encodes human salivary low-molecular-weight mucin (MG2). The candidacidal activity of MUC7 domain 1 (MUC7 D1, the N-terminal 51 amino acid residues of MUC7) in vitro has also been demonstrated. In this study, we have investigated the antifungal therapeutic potential of Hsn-5, its two variants, R12I/K17N and R12I/H21L, and MUC7 D1. First, these peptides were tested for activities against different clinically important fungi. We found them to possess broad-spectrum antifungal activities; specifically, most exhibited excellent in vitro activity against eight clinically important fungal strains tested, including Candida albicans and Candida glabrata and their azole-resistant counterparts and Cryptococcus neoformans and its amphotericin B-resistant counterpart. These findings also suggest that the mechanism of action of both Hsn-5 and MUC7 D1 for these fungi is different from that of amphotericin B or azole antifungal agents. Second, we examined the stability of these peptides in whole human saliva and human serum. In saliva, the Hsn-5 variants R12I/K17N and R12I/H21L and MUC7 D1 degraded at a lower rate than Hsn-5. In human serum, MUC7 D1 was also more stable than Hsn-5; both peptides were more stable in serum than in saliva. Third, we examined the cytotoxicity of these peptides using human erythrocytes and two human cell lines (KB and HSG). No (or very low) hemolytic activity was observed with any of the four peptides, even at the highest protein concentration tested (200 microM), while amphotericin B caused 100% hemolysis at only 12.5 microM. The toxic effects of Hsn-5 and MUC7 D1 toward KB and HSG cells were also much lower than that of amphotericin B as measured by trypan blue exclusion. Together, these findings indicate that the investigated peptides possess high antifungal therapeutic potential, in particular for the treatment of drug-resistant fungal strains associated with immunocompromised (particularly human immunodeficiency virus-infected) patients. The same peptides could also be used as components of artificial saliva for patients with salivary dysfunction.
Neonatal paracetamol poisoning: treatment by exchange transfusion. (1983)

The metabolism and excretion of paracetamol was studied in an infant of 29 weeks9 gestation who was exposed to the drug when his mother ingested 32.5 g 16 hours before delivery. We have confirmed that sulphation is the major pathway and that the mixed function oxidase system is sufficiently active at this gestational age to produce hepatotoxic metabolic products. As most of the recognised drug treatments for paracetamol poisoning seemed unsuitable in this case, the infant was treated with exchange transfusions.
Lanczos Bidiagonalization With Partial Reorthogonalization (1998)

A partial reorthogonalization procedure (BPRO) for maintaining semi-orthogonality among the left and right Lanczos vectors in the Lanczos bidiagonalization (LBD) is presented. The resulting algorithm is mathematically equivalent to the symmetric Lanczos algorithm with partial reorthogonalization (PRO) developed by Simon but works directly on the Lanczos bidiagonalization of A. For computing the singular values and vectors of a large sparse matrix with high accuracy, the BPRO algorithm uses only half the amount of storage and a factor of 3-4 less work compared to methods based on PRO applied to an equivalent symmetric system. Like PRO the algorithm presented here is based on simple recurrences which enable it to monitor the loss of orthogonality among the Lanczos vectors directly without forming inner products. These recurrences are used to develop a Lanczos bidiagonalization algorithm with partial reorthogonalization which has been implemented in a MATLAB package for sparse SVD and eigenvalue problems called PROPACK. Numerical experiments with the routines from PROPACK are conducted using a test problem from inverse helioseismology to illustrate the properties of the method. In addition a number of test matrices from the Harwell-Boeing collection are used to compare the accuracy and efficiency of the MATLAB implementations of BPRO and PRO with the svds routine in MATLAB 5.1, which uses an implicitly restarted Lanczos algorithm.
Prognostic value of c‐erbB2 expression in breast cancer (2002)

The c-erbB2 expression is an independent significant factor for breast cancer and the prognostic significance remains in the node negative as well as node positive breast cancer, while the same effect was also found in all subgroups stratified according to the adjuvant therapies. In addition, the combination of c-erbB2 and ER made it possible to identify the subgroup with the worst clinical outcome.
Pea Xyloglucan and Cellulose (1984)

A macromolecular complex composed of xyloglucan and cellulose was obtained from elongating regions of etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska) stems. Xyloglucan could be solubilized by extraction of this complex with 24% KOH-0.1% NaBH(4) or by extended treatment with endo-1,4-beta-glucanase. The polysaccharide was homogeneous by ultracentrifugal analysis and gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B, molecular weight 330,000. The structure of pea xyloglucan was examined by fragmentation analysis of enzymic hydrolysates, methylation analysis, and precipitation tests with fucose- or galactose-binding lectins. The polysaccharide was composed of equal amounts of two subunits, a nonasaccharide (glucose/xylose/galactose/fucose, 4:3:1:1) and a heptasaccharide (glucose/xylose, 4:3), which appeared to be distributed at random, but primarily in alternating sequence. The xyloglucan:cellulose complex was examined by light microscopy using iodine staining, by radioautography after labeling with [(3)H]fucose, by fluorescence microscopy using a fluorescein-lectin (fucose-binding) as probe, and by electron microscopy after shadowing. The techniques all demonstrated that the macromolecule was present in files of cell shapes, referred to here as cell-wall ;ghosts,' in which xyloglucan was localized both on and between the cellulose microfibrils. Since the average chain length of pea xyloglucan was many times the diameter of cellulose microfibrils, it could introduce cross-links by binding to adjacent fibrils and thereby contribute rigidity to the wall.
Canopy management: can it turn ordinary quality vineyards into distinguished ones? (1993)

Abstract This paper raises fundamental questions about vineyard features associated with high quality wines. Such vineyards are of low to moderate vigour, and have open canopies with high levels of leaf and fruit exposure. Vineyards producing ordinary quality wines are often more vigorous and have a higher yield. High yielding vineyards with traditional training techniques have a high proportion of bunches and leaves shaded. Experiments have shown that removing shade by canopy management techniques can increase both yield and quality on vigorous vineyards. This paper raises the question as to whether the quality gap can be decreased between distinguished and ordinary vineyards by application of canopy management.
Development and Application of a MHZ Frame Rate Digital Particle Image Velocimetry System (2004)

The ability to capture the unsteady dynamics of high speed compressible flows requires the use of ultra fast imaging diagnostics. Application of particulate based scattering techniques in high speed flows requires the use of high power, nanosecond duration, pulsed illumination sources such as Nd:YAG lasers in order to record high quality images. Furthermore, the temporal bandwidth of the measurements must be at least several hundreds of kHz while the spatial scale must be at least on the order of the large-scale structures present in the flow. High spatial and temporal bandwidth flow field measurements are not simultaneously available with high accuracy due to the combined constraints imposed by high sensitivity digital image sensors and limited pulse repetition rates of solid-state lasers, respectively. In this work we describe the development of a MHz repetition rate, high resolution, quantitative flow measurement system. The imaging system is comprised of a MHz repetition rate pulse-burst mode laser built in-house and a commercial MHz framing rate charged coupled device (CCD) camera. The laser is capable of producing a wide range of inter-pulse spacings (0.5 to 20 µs) with individual pulse energies exceeding 75 mJ at 532 nm. The camera, having a single optical input, is comprised of an internal image splitter unit and four individual intensified, frame-straddling, 1280 x 1024 pixel, CCD camera modules. The combined laser and camera system provides imaging frame rates ranging from 2 MHz down to 50 kHz. Results from the application of the MHz rate imaging systems to obtain Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) data from a supersonic nozzle flow will be presented.
A New Method for Lift-off of III-Nitride Semiconductors for Heterogeneous Integration (2010)

The release and transfer of GaN epilayers to other substrates is of interest for a variety of applications, including heterogeneous integration of silicon logic devices, III-V power devices and optical devices. We have developed a simple wet chemical etching method to release high-quality epitaxial III-nitride films from their substrates. This method builds on a nanoepitaxial lateral overgrowth (NELO) process that provides III-Nitride films with low dislocation densities. NELO is accomplished using a nanoporous mask layer patterned on GaN substrates. Chemical removal of the SiO2 layer after growth of III-Nitride overlayers causes fracture at the interface between the GaN film and the original GaN substrate, resulting in free-standing GaN films with nanostructured surfaces on one side. These layers can be transferred to other substrates, and the nano-structured surface can be used in photonic devices, or planarized for power devices.
Paramagnetic Resonance Detection along the Polarizing Field Direction (1957)

Strong rf power, modulated at a low frequency, was applied to a paramagnetic solid (diphenyl pycril hydrazil) in a dc field ${H}_{z}$ of up to 20 gauss. The resulting changes in ${M}_{z}$ at the modulation frequency produced a voltage in a coil oriented in the $z$ direction, to provide a measure of ${M}_{z}$. A sensitive test of the equation of motion of the spin magnetization was achieved by using 19.5-Mc/sec circularly polarized rf of up to 6 gauss in the $x\ensuremath{-}y$ plane, square wave modulated at 280 cps. The observed 280-cps signal was consistent with the Bloch equations, assuming relaxation toward the instantaneous applied magnetic field. As predicted, ${M}_{z}$ was not zero when ${H}_{z}=0$. A Bloch-Seigert effect was also observed.
Impact of Acetic Acid on Weld Corrosion and Its Mitigation (2009)

Abstract Calcium Naphthenate precipitation is often initiated by a rise in solution pH, as produced fluids are degassed. It can cause severe problems during the separation of oil and water, forming very stable emulsions and/or insoluble deposits in separators or crude dehydration/desalting vessels. Acetic acid injection is widely employed to maintain a low pH and prevent solids precipitation. This has significant implications for the integrity of the process pipework and vessels. The impact of acetic acid on weld-corrosion under typical oilfield conditions is reviewed and data presented to demonstrate its effect on corrosion rates. Typically, this increased threat to system integrity is mitigated by corrosion inhibition. Laboratory test data demonstrated the importance of selecting the correct inhibitor chemistry in order to eliminate preferential corrosion of the weld or heat affected zones. The effects of acetic acid concentration and weld metallurgy on corrosion rates are discussed. The development of an environmentally acceptable alternative to the existing inhibitor chemistry is also described.