gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineering satellite-based navigation and timing: global navigation satellite systems, signals, and receivers (2016)

This book describes the design and performance analysis of satnav systems, signals, and receivers. It also provides succinct descriptions and comparisons of all the world’s satnav systems. Its comprehensive and logical structure addresses all satnav signals and systems in operation and being developed. Engineering Satellite-Based Navigation and Timing: Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Signals, and Receivers provides the technical foundation for designing and analyzing satnav signals, systems, and receivers. Its contents and structure address all satnav systems and signals: legacy, modernized, and new. It combines qualitative information with detailed techniques and analyses, providing a comprehensive set of insights and engineering tools for this complex multidisciplinary field. Part I describes system and signal engineering including orbital mechanics and constellation design, signal design principles and underlying considerations, link budgets, qua tifying receiver performance in interference, and error characterization in satnav. Part II describes each of the world’s satnav systems, summarizing history and plans, system description, and signal characteristics in a consistent framework for easy reference and comparison. Part III provides a comprehensive set of tools for designing satnav receivers and characterizing their performance, sequentially addressing each receiver function while emphasizing modern techniques and their application to various signals and systems. Part IV introduces specialized topics like interference, multipath, augmentation systems, assisted satnav, and integrated receiver processing. For the student, it offers a comprehensive and rigorous description of this multidisciplinary field. For the practicing engineer, it serves as a valuable reference and unifying treatment of theoretical and practical topics. Theoretical and applied review questions can be used for homework or to obtain deeper in ights into the material.
Acute <i>Trem2</i> reduction triggers increased microglial phagocytosis, slowing amyloid deposition in mice (2021)

Heterozygous genetic variants within the <i>TREM2</i> gene show a strong association with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Amyloid beta-depositing mouse models haploinsufficient or null for <i>Trem2</i> have identified important relationships among TREM2, microglia, and AD pathology; however, results are challenging to interpret in the context of varying microglial phenotypes and disease progression. We hypothesized that acute <i>Trem2</i> reduction may alter amyloid pathology and microglial responses independent of genetic <i>Trem2</i> deletion in mouse models. We developed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that potently but transiently lower <i>Trem2</i> messenger RNA throughout the brain and administered them to APP/PS1 mice at varying stages of plaque pathology. Late-stage ASO-mediated <i>Trem2</i> knockdown significantly reduced plaque deposition and attenuated microglial association around plaque deposits when evaluated 1 mo after ASO injection. Changes in microglial gene signatures 1 wk after ASO administration and phagocytosis measured in ASO-treated cells together indicate that microglia may be activated with short-term <i>Trem2</i> reduction. These results suggest a time- and/or dose-dependent role for TREM2 in mediating plaque deposition and microglial responses in which loss of TREM2 function may be beneficial for microglial activation and plaque removal in an acute context.
Identification of an SH3-Binding Motif in a New Class of Methionine Aminopeptidases from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Suggests a Mode of Interaction with the Ribosome<sup>,</sup> (2005)

The crystal structure of the methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtMetAP1c) has been determined in the apo- and methionine-bound forms. This is the first structure of a type I MetAP with a significant extension at the amino terminus. The catalytic domain is similar to that of Escherichia coli MetAP (EcMetAP), and the additional 40-residue segment wraps around the surface with an extended but well-defined structure. There are several members of the actinomyces family of bacteria that contain MetAPs with such N-terminal extensions, and we classify these as MetAP type Ic (MetAP1c). Some members of this family of bacteria also contain a second MetAP (type Ia) similar in size to EcMetAP. The main difference between the apo- and the methionine-bound forms of MtMetAP1c is in the conformation of the metal-binding residues. The position of the methionine bound in the active site is very similar to that found in many of the known members of this family. Side chains of several residues in the S1 and S1‘ subsites shift as much as 1.5 Å compared to EcMetAP. Residues 14−17 have the sequence Pro-Thr-Arg-Pro and adopt the conformation of a polyproline II helix. Model-building suggests that this PxxP segment can bind to an SH3 protein motif. Other type Ib and type Ic MetAPs with N-terminal extensions contain similarly located PxxP motifs. Also, several ribosomal proteins are known to include SH3 domains, one of which is located close to the tunnel from which the nascent polypeptide chain exits the ribosome. Therefore, it is proposed that the binding of MetAPs to the ribosome is mediated by a complex between a PxxP motif on the protein and an SH3 domain on the ribosome. It is also possible that zinc-finger domains, which are located at the extreme N-terminus of type I MetAPs, may participate in interactions with the ribosome.
AUTOMATED TRACKING OF MULTIPLE C. ELEGANS WITH ARTICULATED MODELS (2007)

We present a method for tracking and distinguishing multiple C. elegans in a video sequence, including when they are in physical contact with one another. The worms are modeled with an articulated model composed of rectangular blocks, arranged in a deformable configuration represented by a spring-like connection between adjacent parts. Dynamic programming is applied to reduce the computational complexity of the matching process. Our method makes it possible to identify two worms correctly before and after they touch each other, and to find body poses for feature extraction.
<title>New developments in 3D computer vision for microassembly</title> (1998)

Optical Microscopes are in use to view and image biological and industrial samples. This article describes the use of such a microscope in combination with a 3D computer vision system for micro object inspection at micron scale. Combining optics and vision algorithms can provide high resolution 3D position measurements. This paper describes new vision algorithms, their results, and several of their applications. A first part explains our principles of position measurement: First we present the interest of combining optical magnification and pattern matching, and describe in which conditions it works the best. Then we show how 2D standard pattern matching can be extended to 3D without z-scanning algorithms like autofocusing. Finally we present results showing that submicron absolute accuracy and 10 nanometers resolution can be obtained. One application is the tracking of the glass tip of a microrobot which can be used for biological single-cells manipulations. The last application is the characterization of the motion and force parameters of a Shape Memory Alloy Microgripper. In the second part we describe a passive approach to compute 3D depth information from parts in focus (passive auto focus algorithms), as well as latest developments to inspect etched micro parts being out of focus (depth computation from blurred edges). Several industrial examples like surface characterization and the measurement of holes drilled by laser will be presented and discussed. Future developments will include dynamic 3D measurements for microactuator characterization, automatic modeling and 3D visualization of dynamic behaviors like force sensing in microrobotics.
Increased transplant-related morbidity and mortality in CMV-seropositive patients despite highly effective prevention of CMV disease after allogeneic T-cell–depleted stem cell transplantation (2000)

We evaluated the efficacy, toxicity, and outcome of preemptive ganciclovir (GCV) therapy in 80 cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive patients allografted between 1991 and 1996 and compared their outcome to 35 seronegative patients allografted during the same period. Both cohorts were comparable with respect to diagnosis and distribution of high- versus standard-risk patients. All patients received a stem cell graft from an HLA-identical sibling donor, and grafts were partially depleted of T cells in 109 patients. Patients were monitored for CMV antigenemia by leukocyte expression of the CMV-pp65 antigen. Fifty-two periods of CMV reactivation occurring in 30 patients were treated preemptively with GCV. A favorable response was observed in 48 of 50 periods, and only 2 patients developed CMV disease: 1 with esophagitis and 1 with pneumonia. Ten of 30 treated patients developed GCV-related neutropenia (less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L), which was associated with a high bilirubin at the start of GCV therapy. Overall survival at 5 years was 64% in the CMV-seronegative cohort and 40% in the CMV-seropositive cohort (P =.01). Increased treatment-related mortality accounted for inferior survival. CMV seropositivity proved an independent risk factor for developing acute graft-versus-host disease, and acute graft-versus-host disease predicted for higher treatment-related mortality and worse overall survival in a time-dependent analysis. We conclude that, although CMV disease can effectively be prevented by preemptive GCV therapy, CMV seropositivity remains a strong adverse risk factor for survival following partial T-cell-depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
What is Computational Toxicology? (2012)

Computational toxicology is a vibrant and rapidly developing discipline that integrates information and data from a variety of sources to develop mathematical and computer-based models to better understand and predict adverse health effects caused by chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and pharmaceuticals. Encompassing medicine, biology, biochemistry, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, engineering, and other fields, computational toxicology investigates the interactions of chemical agents and biological organisms across many scales (e.g., population, individual, cellular, and molecular). This multidisciplinary field has applications ranging from hazard and risk prioritization of chemicals to safety screening of drug metabolites, and has active participation and growth from many organizations, including government agencies, not-for-profit organizations, private industry, and universities.
Properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> solar cells with new record efficiencies up to 21.7% (2014)

We report on a new thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell record efficiency of 21.7%. In order to better understand this newest development, we describe the specific solar cell data as obtained from I–V measurement and diode analysis, quantum efficiency and secondary neutral mass spectrometry measurements. We hope that such a description will help to exploit the potential of this promising thin-film solar technology even further. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tunable external-cavity semiconductor laser using monolithically integrated tapered amplifier and grating coupler for collimation (2000)

A novel lensless tunable external-cavity laser using monolithically integrated tapered amplifier, grating coupler (GC) and an external half mirror is proposed and demonstrated. It can be fabricated by a simple process and emits a collimated output beam. By making use of wavelength dispersion of the GC, the lasing wavelength can be angle tuned. Wavelength tuning over a wide range of 21.5 nm by 4.5/spl deg/ device rotation and an 84-mW output power were achieved under continuous-wave operation. A well-collimated output beam with a divergence angle as small as 0.3/spl deg/ was maintained over the entire tuning range.
Amplification in an Amorphous Semiconductor Diode (1972)

Employing the negative differential resistance region of an amorphous semiconductor point-contact diode, ac voltage amplification is described.
Historical introduction to capacitor technology (2010)

At present, the important capacitor technologies are impregnated foil-polymer film (for high voltage, high current), metalized film, ceramic, electrolytic, and electric double layer, although metalized paper is still used occasionally in "soggy foil" designs, i.e., self-clearing, fluid-impregnated, high-voltage capacitors. Each of these major technologies faces challenges as they compete with each other for market share.
An Essay on Federal Common Law and Admiralty (1999)

Today we characterize that part of substantive maritime law which is derived from judicial decisions rather than legislation as "the general maritime law." 1 As was noted by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, the general maritime law is probably the oldest body of federal common law. 2 Underlying the theme of this session is the question, or perhaps, challenge: by what authority do federal courts create substantive rules of maritime law?Asked differently, why should maritime, or admiralty, law be any different from other areas of private law where, in the absence of congressional legislation, state law provides the substantive rule of law?Several articles written by non-admiralty scholars have appeared in respected law reviews, asserting that the bulk of what admiralty lawyers and teachers refer to as the general maritime law is unconstitutional. 3 Their argument, stated in overly simplified terms, is that there is nothing in the Constitution that delegates to the federal government the power to legislate admiralty and maritime rules, except to the extent that such rules fall within the expressly delegated powers of Congress, such as the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce under the commerce clause.In other words, Congress may enact maritime legislation only by exercising powers expressly delegated to it in Article I of the Constitution.The argument assumes that even if Article III, the article of the Constitution which creates the judicial branch, permits an inference of legislative authority from the grant of jurisdiction over "admiralty or maritime cases," that delegation of powers is conferred to the legislative branch of the government.The power to legislate has been purposefully vested in the branch of government directly accountable to the people, not in a judiciary whose members are appointed for life.Furthermore,
C9orf72 intermediate expansions of 24–30 repeats are associated with ALS (2019)

The expansion of a hexanucleotide repeat GGGGCC in C9orf72 is the most common known cause of ALS accounting for ~ 40% familial cases and ~ 7% sporadic cases in the European population. In most people, the repeat length is 2, but in people with ALS, hundreds to thousands of repeats may be observed. A small proportion of people have an intermediate expansion, of the order of 20 to 30 repeats in size, and it remains unknown whether intermediate expansions confer risk of ALS in the same way that massive expansions do. We investigated the association of this intermediate repeat with ALS by performing a meta-analysis of four previously published studies and a new British/Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset of 1295 cases and 613 controls. The final dataset comprised 5071 cases and 3747 controls. Our meta-analysis showed association between ALS and intermediate C9orf72 repeats of 24 to 30 repeats in size (random-effects model OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.23-14.35, p-value = 0.02). Furthermore, we showed a different frequency of the repeat between the northern and southern European populations (Fisher's exact test p-value = 5 × 10<sup>- 3</sup>). Our findings provide evidence for the association between intermediate repeats and ALS (p-value = 2 × 10<sup>- 4</sup>) with direct relevance for research and clinical practice by showing that an expansion of 24 or more repeats should be considered pathogenic.
Variability of Ventricular Excitation Interval Does Not Reflect Fluctuation in Atrial Excitation Interval during Exercise in Humans: AV Nodal Function as Stabilizer (2006)

We have recently reported that the atrioventricular (AV) nodal mechanism functions to cancel fluctuation in the atrial excitation interval during a stair-stepping exercise. However, it remained unknown at which level of heart rate (HR) this mechanism started to operate and whether fluctuation in the interval might influence AV conduction over the following beats. To solve these questions, the variability of PP, RR, and PR intervals and their interrelationships were analyzed throughout ergometer exercise in eight subjects. The variability of the RR interval decreased to 0.7% of the control at 160 beats/min during exercise, much more than the PP interval variability, which decreased to 10%, despite the same shortened average interval. In contrast, the PR interval variability tended to increase by 87% during exercise, but the mean PR interval decreased. A strong inverse relationship between PP and the subsequent change in PR [deltaPR] intervals became evident during exercise, implying that the deltaPR interval canceled fluctuation in the PP interval. However, there was little correlation between the RR and deltaPR intervals and between the PP interval and the next PR intervals in the forthcoming beat. When the slope of the PP-deltaPR relationship, considered as sensitivity of the AV nodal function opposing an alteration in the PP interval, was plotted against the PP interval, the AV nodal function curve was approximated to a sigmoidal curve having a threshold of PP interval near 650 ms and a maximum plateau level of the slope near 1.0. We conclude that when HR exceeds 90-100 beats/min during dynamic exercise, the AV nodal mechanism will function to cancel fluctuation in the PP interval within one beat and keep the RR interval constant.
Sample drift correction in 3D fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (2011)

The recent development of diffraction-unlimited far-field fluorescence microscopy has overcome the classical resolution limit of ~250 nm of conventional light microscopy by about a factor of ten. The improved resolution, however, reveals not only biological structures at an unprecedented resolution, but is also susceptible to sample drift on a much finer scale than previously relevant. Without correction, sample drift leads to smeared images with decreased resolution, and in the worst case to misinterpretation of the imaged structures. This poses a problem especially for techniques such as Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy (FPALM/PALM) or Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM), which often require minutes recording time. Here we discuss an approach that corrects for three-dimensional (3D) drift in images of fixed samples without the requirement for fiduciary markers or instrument modifications. Drift is determined by calculating the spatial cross-correlation function between subsets of localized particles imaged at different times. Correction down to ~5 nm precision is achieved despite the fact that different molecules are imaged in each frame. We demonstrate the performance of our drift correction algorithm with different simulated structures and analyze its dependence on particle density and localization precision. By imaging mitochondria with Biplane FPALM we show our algorithm's feasibility in a practical application.
The peptide growth factor, phytosulfokine, attenuates pattern‐triggered immunity (2012)

Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is triggered by recognition of elicitors called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Although immune responses may provide good protection of plants from pathogen attack, excessive immune responses have negative impacts on plant growth and development. Thus, a good balance between positive and negative effects on the immune signaling network is important for plant fitness. However, little information is known about the molecular mechanisms that are involved in attenuation of PTI. Here, we describe a growth-promoting peptide hormone, phytosulfokine (PSK), as attenuating PTI signaling in Arabidopsis. This research was motivated by the observation that expression of the PSK Receptor 1 (PSKR1) gene was induced by MAMP treatment. Plants homozygous for pskr1 T-DNA insertions showed enhanced defense gene expression and seedling growth inhibition triggered by MAMPs. The pskr1 plants also showed enhanced PTI against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. These results indicate that the PSKR-mediated signaling attenuates immune responses. Tyrosyl protein sulfotransferase (TPST) is an enzyme required for production of the mature sulfated PSK. Like pskr1 mutants, a tpst T-DNA insertion line exhibited enhanced MAMP-triggered seedling growth inhibition, which was suppressed by exogenous application of PSK. Thus, PSK signaling mediated by PSKR1 attenuates PTI but stimulates growth.
Asymmetric synthesis of <i>δ</i>‐lactones with lipase catalyst (2007)

Abstract Both enantiomers of δ ‐lactones ( δ ‐decalactone, δ ‐undecalactone and δ ‐dodecalactone) were synthesized in three steps via Novozym 435‐catalysed acetylation of rac ‐ N ‐methyl‐5‐hydroxyalkylamides with about 80% e.e. The enantiomeric excess of δ ‐lactones was increased to 89–99% e.e. by substitution of porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL)‐catalysed hydrolysis of rac ‐ N ‐methyl‐5‐acetoxyalkylamides for Novozym 435‐catalysed acetylation of rac ‐ N ‐methyl‐5‐hydroxyalkylamides. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinventing Ethnopoetics (2013)

Robert Moore, Reinventing Ethnopoetics, Journal of Folklore Research, Vol. 50, No. 1-3, Special Triple Issue: Ethnopoetics, Narrative Inequality, and Voice: The Legacy of Dell Hymes (January/December 2013), pp. 13-39
The TX1 32-bit microprocessor: performance analysis, and debugging support (1988)

The 32-bit TX1 microprocessor, developed to meet the architectural specification of Japan's TRON (The Real-Time-Operating Nucleus) project, has been given a loosely coupled pipeline structure to meet the demands of high-performance systems. The authors discuss the design architecture of the TX1, provide some performance analysis for the design, and describe the debugging feature provided on the processor. Results for several benchmark programs show that the average performance of the TX1 is over 5 MIPS (million instructions per second).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>