gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MultiKron: performance measurement instrumentation (2002)

The focus of our instrumentation work at NIST is to provide hardware support in obtaining performance measurement data of parallel computers, as well as uniprocessors, with tolerable perturbation to both the executing processes and the architecture on which they are executing. Tracing events and counting are two basic concepts of performance measurement-both should be controlled from within the code. The concept of tracing events is to follow selected points within execution paths so that execution times, delays, and event correlation can be computed. The concept of counting provides the basic mechanism for clocks, stop watches, histograms, etc., which can tally events at high frequencies-a must for high speed hardware events. Various forms of performance counters are starting to appear on commercial processor chips (e.g., Intel Pentium, MIPS R10000, IBM Power2, DEC Alpha). The exploration of instrumentation to provide these basic concepts in various ways within the constraints of low perturbation, low cost, and similar circuit technology has been the focus of our work.
QoS issues in Web services (2002)

Quality of service (QoS) is a combination of several qualities or properties of a service, such as: availability is the percentage of time that a service is operating; security properties include the existence and type of authentication mechanisms the service offers, confidentiality and data integrity of messages exchanged, nonrepudiation of requests or messages, and resilience to denial-of-service attacks; response time is the time a service takes to respond to various types of requests; Response time is a function of load intensity, which can be measured in terms of arrival rates (such as requests per second) or number of concurrent requests. QoS takes into account not only the average response time, but also the percentile of the response time; and throughput is the rate at which a service can process requests. QoS measures can include the maximum throughput or a function that describes how throughput varies with load intensity. The QoS measure is observed by Web services users. These users are not human beings but programs that send requests for services to Web service providers. QoS issues in Web services have to be evaluated from the perspective of the providers of Web services and from the perspective of the users of these services.
125. The reactions of fluorocarbon radicals. Part IV. The synthesis of 3 : 3 : 3-trifluoropropyne (1951)

R. N. Haszeldine, J. Chem. Soc., 1951, 588 DOI: 10.1039/JR9510000588
Purified hematopoietic stem cell grafts induce tolerance to alloantigens and can mediate positive and negative T cell selection (2000)

Engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow (BM) has been shown to induce tolerance to organs genotypically matched with the BM donor. Immune reconstitution after BM transplantation therefore involves re-establishment of a T cell pool tolerant to antigens present on both donor and host tissues. However, how hematopoietic grafts exert their influence over the regenerating immune system is not completely understood. Prior studies suggest that education of the newly arising T cell pool involves distinct contributions from donor and host stromal elements. Specifically, negative selection is thought to be mediated primarily by donor BM-derived antigen-presenting cells, whereas positive selection is dictated by radio-resistant host-derived thymic stromal cells. In this report we studied the effect of highly purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) on organ transplantation tolerance induction and immune reconstitution. In contrast to engraftment of BM that results in near-complete donor T cell chimerism, HSC engraftment results in mixed T cell chimerism. Nonetheless we observed that HSC grafts induce tolerance to donor-matched neonatal heart grafts, and one way the HSC grafts alter host immune responses is via deletion of newly arising donor as well as radiation-resistant host T cells. Furthermore, using an in vivo assay of graft rejection to study positive selection we made the unexpected observation that T cells in chimeric mice rejected grafts only in the context of the donor MHC type. These latter findings conflict with the conventionally held view that radio-resistant host elements primarily dictate positive selection.
Ilastik: Interactive learning and segmentation toolkit (2011)

Segmentation is the process of partitioning digital images into meaningful regions. The analysis of biological high content images often requires segmentation as a first step. We propose ilastik as an easy-to-use tool which allows the user without expertise in image processing to perform segmentation and classification in a unified way. ilastik learns from labels provided by the user through a convenient mouse interface. Based on these labels, ilastik infers a problem specific segmentation. A random forest classifier is used in the learning step, in which each pixel's neighborhood is characterized by a set of generic (nonlinear) features. ilastik supports up to three spatial plus one spectral dimension and makes use of all dimensions in the feature calculation. ilastik provides realtime feedback that enables the user to interactively refine the segmentation result and hence further fine-tune the classifier. An uncertainty measure guides the user to ambiguous regions in the images. Real time performance is achieved by multi-threading which fully exploits the capabilities of modern multi-core machines. Once a classifier has been trained on a set of representative images, it can be exported and used to automatically process a very large number of images (e.g. using the CellProfiler pipeline). ilastik is an open source project and released under the BSD license at www.ilastik.org.
Deriving Receptive Fields Using an Optimal Encoding Criterion (1992)

An information-theoretic optimization principle ('infomax') has previously been used for unsupervised learning of statistical regularities in an input ensemble. The principle states that the input-output mapping implemented by a processing stage should be chosen so as to maximize the average mutual information between input and output patterns, subject to constraints and in the presence of processing noise. In the present work I show how infomax, when applied to a class of nonlinear input-output mappings, can under certain conditions generate optimal filters that have additional useful properties: (1) Output activity (for each input pattern) tends to be concentrated among a relatively small number of nodes. (2) The filters are sensitive to higher-order statistical structure (beyond pairwise correlations). If the input features are localized, the filters' receptive fields tend to be localized as well. (3) Multiresolution sets of filters with subsampling at low spatial frequencies - related to pyramid coding and wavelet representations - emerge as favored solutions for certain types of input ensembles.
Synthesis and Applications of Oligonucleotide—Carbohydrate Conjugates (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pemanfaatan barang bekas sebagai media pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan pemahaman sifat-sifat bangun ruang dalam pembelajaran matematika siswa kelas V SDN Bocek 02 Kecamatan Karangploso Kabupaten Malang / Yayuk Wahyuni (2010)

Kata Kunci : Pemanfaatan, Barang Bekas, Media Pembelajaran, Pemahaman.

			
	Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman siswa terhadap mata pelajaran matematika untuk materi sifat-sifat bangun ruang, dengan memanfaatkan barang-barang bekas kemasan sebagai media pembelajaran. Adapun yang menjadi subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas V SDN Bocek 02 Kecamatan Karangploso Kabupaten Malang. Dengan jumlah murid 30 siswa dengan rincian 19 siswa laki-laki dan 11 siswa perempuan.
	Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian tindakan kelas dengan model siklus. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua kali putaran atau dua kali siklus. Dalam setiap siklus meliputi kegiatan perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, dan kegiatan observasi, serta kegiatan refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik observasi, dokumentasi, dan tes. Sedangkan teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis data diskriptif kuantitatif dan analisis diskriptif kualitatif.
Pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan dengan memanfaatkan media pembelajaran berupa benda-benda yang ada di sekitar siswa dapat meningkatkan keaktifan, motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa pada materi sifat-sifat bangun ruang. Dalam kegiatan pembelajaran siswa melakukan kegiatan bersama kelompok untuk menemukan sendiri sifat-sifat bangun ruang. 
	Berdasarkan tabel yang terlampir peningkatan hasil belajar yang diperoleh siswa meningkat dari pre test, ke siklus I, dan dari siklus I ke siklus II. Pada tes awal rata-rata yang diperoleh siswa 41,3 dan terdapat 13,3 % siswa yang mengalami ketuntasan belajar. Pada hasil pembelajaran siklus I rata-rata yang diperoleh siswa 63,7 dan terdapat 50 % siswa mengalami ketuntasan belajar. Pada hasil pembelajaran siklus II rata-rata yang diperoleh siswa 79,7 dan terdapat 83,3 % siswa mengalami ketuntasan belajar. Ini berarti hasil pembelajaran meningkat 70% dari tes awal sampai pos test siklus II dan telah memenuhi ketentuan dari penelitian ini yaitu lebih 80% siswa mengalami ketuntasan belajar. 
	Dengan demikian, pembelajaran dengan memanfaatkan barang bekas sebagai media pembelajaran dapat berhasil meningkatkan pemahaman siswa terhadap materi sifat-sifat bangun ruang. Pembelajaran dengan menggunakan media barang-barang bekas dapat meningkatakan keaktifan dan motivasi siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil belajar yang diperoleh siswa mengalami peningkatan dari siklus I ke siklus II.
Combustion Phase Control of SI Gasoline Engines Using Hypothesis Test (2015)

In order to maximize the performance of internal combustion engines, combustion phase is usually controlled to track its optimal setpoint. In this paper, as one of combustion phase indicators, location of peak pressure (LPP) is employed for combustion phase control. In the statistic point of view, hypothesis test is utilized to check the distribution of LPP, then a decision block is designed based on the statistics of LPP. Using the mean of LPP calculated by the presented hypothesis test algorithm, a simple steady model based controller is synthesized, which regards spark advance as system input. Finally, the proposed strategy is verified by the experiment test on a spark ignition gasoline engine.
Multi-Object Tracking Through Simultaneous Long Occlusions and Split-Merge Conditions (2006)

A fundamental requirement for effective automated analysis of object behavior and interactions in video is that each object must be consistently identified over time. This is difficult when the objects are often occluded for long periods: nearly all tracking algorithms will terminate a track with loss of identity on a long gap. The problem is further confounded by objects in close proximity, tracking failures due to shadows, etc. Recently, some work has been done to address these issues using higher level reasoning, by linking tracks from multiple objects over long gaps. However, these efforts have assumed a one-to-one correspondence between tracks on either side of the gap. This is often not true in real scenarios of interest, where the objects are closely spaced and dynamically occlude each other, causing trackers to merge objects into single tracks. In this paper, we show how to efficiently handle splitting and merging during track linking. Moreover, we show that we can maintain the identities of objects that merge together and subsequently split. This enables the identity of objects to be maintained throughout long sequences with difficult conditions. We demonstrate our approach on a highly challenging, oblique-view video sequence of dense traffic of a highway interchange. We successfully track the large majority of the hundreds of moving vehicles in the scene, many in close proximity, through long occlusions and shadows.
IMMUNE CELLS AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN A PORCINE BRONCHIAL MODEL OF OBLITERATIVE BRONCHIOLITIS1 (2001)

In our model, rejection with significant immune cell influx was still active when obliteration was total in nontreated allografts. In immunosuppressed allografts, decrease in the number of immune cells alone did prevent OB. These results support OB being T-cell mediated. RAD may have additional important effects on growth factors and proliferation in prevention of OB.
Optical High-Order Sideband Comb Generation in a Photonic Molecule Optomechanical System (2016)

An optical high-order sideband comb generation scheme is theoretically and numerically studied in a photonic molecule optomechanical system. The photonic molecule optomechanical system consists of two directly coupled optical microcavities with one cavity of the molecule supports a mechanical mode. The system is coherently driven by an input two-tone laser, which consists of a continuous-wave coupling field and an intense continuous-wave pump field. Based on the nonlinear effect of high-order sideband generation in the nonperturbative regime, the optical high-order sideband combs consisting of equally spaced spectral lines in frequency space can be generated in both cavities of the molecule. This paper reveals that the comb generation is associated with the cavity-cavity coupling strength, and the comb generation and manipulation in a controlled way might be achieved using the proposed setup.
Comparative Evaluation of <sup>18</sup>F-Labeled Glutamic Acid and Glutamine as Tumor Metabolic Imaging Agents (2012)

Differences in uptake and metabolism in tumor cells were found between (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU. Both agents are potentially useful as metabolic tracers for tumor imaging.
SECI-GAN: Semantic and Edge Completion for dynamic objects removal (2021)

Image inpainting aims at synthesizing the missing content of damaged or corrupted images to produce visually realistic restorations; typical applications are in image restoration, automatic scene editing, super-resolution, and dynamic object removal. In this paper, we propose Semantic and Edge Conditioned Inpainting Generative Adversarial Network (SECI-GAN), an architecture that jointly exploits the high-level cues extracted by semantic segmentation and the fine-grained details captured by edge extraction to condition the image inpainting process. SECI-GAN is designed with a particular focus on recovering big regions belonging to the same object (e.g. cars or pedestrians) in the context of dynamic object removal from complex street views. To demonstrate the effectiveness of SECI-GAN, we evaluate our results on the Cityscapes dataset, showing that SECI-GAN is better than competing state-of-the-art models at recovering the structure and the content of the missing parts while producing consistent predictions.
The Effect of Varying Dietary Starch and Fat Content on Serum Creatine Kinase Activity and Substrate Availability in Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (2004)

Abstract The effect of dietary starch and fat content on serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and substrate availability was evaluated in 4 mares of Quarter Horse-related breeds with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). Four isocaloric diets ranging in digestible energy (DE) from 21.2% (diet A), 14.8% (B), 8.4% (C), to 3.9% (D) for starch, and 7.2% DE (diet A), 9.9% (B), to 12.7% DE (diet C and D) for fat were fed for 6-week periods (4 weeks with exercise) using a 4×4 Latin square design. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were measured, and 4 hours postexercise, serum CK activity, glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) were analyzed. Glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate, citrate synthase, 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase as well as abnormal polysaccharide and lipid content were measured in middle gluteal muscle samples. Postprandial insulin and glucose response was higher for diet A versus D. Log CK activity was higher with diets A, B, and C versus D. Daily insulin was higher and FFA lower on diet A versus B, C, and D, whereas glucose varied only slightly with diet. Muscle oxidative capacity and lipid stores were low in PSSM horses and muscle glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide content high on both diets A and D. Individual variation occurred in the response of PSSM horses to diets differing in starch and fat content. However, for those horses with clinical manifestations of PSSM, a diet with &lt;5% DE starch and &gt;12% DE fat can reduce exertional rhabdomyolysis, potentially by increasing availability of FFA for muscle metabolism.
A NEW GENERATION OF TOYOTA LEAN BURN ENGINE (1993)

Enlargement of lean air fuel mixture operation and NOx reduction are required to realize lean burn engines. A newly designed lean burn engine, which features new swirl intake port and new lean air fuel mixture feedback control system employing lean mixture sensor or combustion pressure sensor, successfully solved these tasks and meets European and Japanese emission standards, respectively. For the covering abstract see IRRD 873243.
Preparation, characterization and antibacterial properties against<i>E. coli</i>K<sub>88</sub>of chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions (2008)

The present study was conducted to prepare and characterize chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions, and evaluate their antibacterial activity. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared based on ionotropic gelation, and then the copper ions were loaded. The particle size, zeta potential and morphology were determined. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against E. coli K(88) by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in vitro. Results showed that the antibacterial activity was significantly enhanced by the loading of copper ions compared to those of chitosan nanoparticles and copper ions. The MIC and MBC of chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions were 21 times and 42 times lower than those of copper ions, respectively. To confirm the antibacterial mechanism, morphological changes of E. coli K(88) treated by chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions were dynamically observed with an atomic force microscope (AFM). It was found that chitosan nanoparticle loaded copper ions killed E. coli K(88) through damage to the cell membrane.
1. The free will problem (2004)

‘The free will problem’ explores a dilemma which has puzzled philosophers for centuries. Common sense dictates that we can control our actions, but can we? The answer lies in understanding the nature of both freedom and will. Some people say that our freedom of action depends on freedom of will, others say that our will is beyond our control, with implications for moral responsibility. Incompatibilists believe that causal determinism is irreconcilable with freedom. However, incompatibilist freedom replaces causal determinism with randomness, which is uncontrollable. Compatibilists, however, say that causal determinism and freedom are consistent. Libertarians believe that we really are free, but sceptics believe that freedom is impossible.
Real-Time Characterization of the Organic Composition and Size of Individual Diesel Engine Smoke Particles (1998)

Real-time analysis of individual diesel engine exhaust particles was demonstrated using an ion trap mass spectrometer. Measurements were made on the nebulized engine oil and diesel fuel for comparison with the exhaust particle analysis. Studies were performed on individual exhaust particles to determine composition as a function of aerodynamic size. MS/MS analysis positively identified low-mass PAHs as well as indicated the presence of high mass hydrogenated PAHs (HPAHs). The degree of PAH hydrogenation was found to be mass dependent. The origin of the HPAHs seems to be the diesel fuel. However, the HPAHs underwent some degree of oxidation during the combustion process on average. Indicators were found that might be used to determine combustion efficiency. The capability of the technique for on-line measurement of combustion processes was demonstrated.
Bridging Nonlinearities and Stochastic Regularizers with Gaussian Error Linear Units (2016)

We propose the Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), a high-performing neural network activation function. The GELU nonlinearity is the expected transformation of a stochastic regularizer which randomly applies the identity or zero map, combining the intuitions of dropout and zoneout while respecting neuron values. This connection suggests a new probabilistic understanding of nonlinearities. We perform an empirical evaluation of the GELU nonlinearity against the ReLU and ELU activations and find performance improvements across all tasks.
A Fast Triangle-Triangle Intersection Test (1997)

Abstract This paper presents a method, along with some optimizations, for computing whether or not two triangles intersect. The code, which is shown to be fast, can be used, for example, in collision detection algorithms.
The Liquidus Temperature; Its Critical Role in Glass Manufacturing (2010)

The liquidus temperature plays an important role in the manufacture of fiberglass and glass melts and in the design of new energy‐saving commercial compositions, which must be formulated to be crystallization resistant, possess a lower operating temperature and require less energy than incumbent commercial compositions. In the manufacture of glass melts and glasses, the temperature at the furnace exit must be above the liquidus temperature to avoid crystallization and many operations beyond the furnace exit are carried out below the liquidus temperature. This paper establishes the relationship between liquidus temperature and operating temperatures in various process steps and analyzes the parameters, which are required for the manufacture of new and more energy‐saving variants.