gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gels from Modified Zirconium <i>N</i>-Butoxide:  A Pyrolysis Study by Coupled Thermogravimetry, Gas Chromatographic, and Mass Spectrometric Analyses (1998)

A brown gel was prepared by mixing Zr(OBun)4 and Ce(acac)3 in anhydrous ethanol. The pyrolysis of this sample was followed under helium flow by online thermogravimetric (TG), gas chromatographic (GC), and mass spectrometric (MS) measurements, to study the conversion of the gel into densified powders. Two different experimental configurations (TG−MS) and (TG−GC−MS) were used for gas-phase analyses and the identification of the species evolved during thermal treatments. Mass loss occurs in five steps and the densification of the gel results from condensation reactions and from the decomposition of the acetylacetonato groups at low temperature. At higher temperature, the elimination of butene occurs from the residual butoxide left in the gel. The experimental results indicate that the gel after the analyses under helium is amorphous and crystallizes during transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The temperature and atmosphere of firing have a large effect on the gel structure; this is discussed on the basis of infrared spectroscopy (IR) data.
Scanning interferometer stabilized by use of Pancharatnam’s phase (1997)

Time-resolved interferometric optical experiments demand both active stabilization of the relative phase between phase-locked pulses and continuous scanning of their time delay over a wide range. We describe a novel method that meets the above requirements in a convenient and simple way by use of the accumulated phase according to Pancharatnam [Proc.Indian Acad.Sci.Sect.A 44, 247 (1956)].
Tire Temperatures (1971)

Abstract Tire operating temperature is of vital concern to tire engineers because it relates to both service life and power loss in a tire. It may also affect performance in areas such as traction and cornering ability. Operating temperature is a limiting factor in the choice of construction material for truck tires, which run at much higher temperatures than do automobile tires. Adhesion failures are generally believed to be caused by excessive heat. Yet White was unable to produce separation by heat alone, even though he held a tire at 300° F for two hours, then tried to pull the components apart. In high speed operations the high temperature developed may weaken the ply bonds in a tire, which can then be separated by a combination of centrifugal force and fatigue. If the temperature reaches 350 to 400° F, however, tire separations will occur before fatigue type failures are evident. In fact, a rough relationship has been established between attained tire temperature and the type of failure in road tests. Failures more directly related to fatigue are also hastened by high temperatures. Natural rubber softens or reverts, while SBR tends to harden and become brittle under the same conditions. With the exception of groove cracking a typical fatigue failure starts from an inhomogeneity as a small internal crack and grows by heat and mechanical action. The torn surfaces usually rub against each other to cause heat degradation. In this case heat is the result rather than the cause of failure. Tread sections lying at the side of superhighways are evidence that the tires from which they came were overworked. Temperature build-up restricts use of thicker treads, of longer wearing high-grip tread compounds, and the speed potential of any tire. Tread wear is sharply reduced by an increase in temperature, whether ambient or work-induced. So many tire properties are adversely affected by high temperature that heat has been called the great enemy of tires. The two principal purposes of this review are to examine some of the causes and results of tire temperature build-up and to discuss some of the methods which have been used to measure or compute temperatures in various tire regions.
Control of Nitrogen Assimilation by the NR<sub>I</sub>-NR<sub>II</sub>Two-Component System of Enteric Bacteria (2014)

Enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and their relatives regulate the expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) and other enzymes important in nitrogen assimilation in response to changes in the availability of nitrogen. In this review, the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of signal transduction by NRI and NRII is summarized briefly. Escherichia coli and related bacteria precisely regulate the level of GS activity by three distinct mechanisms. First, the intracellular concentration of the enzyme is regulated in response to the intracellular nitrogen status. Second, the activity of the enzyme is regulated by reversible covalent modification. Finally, the activity of GS is allosterically controlled by cumulative feedback inhibition by eight small molecules: tryptophan, histidine, carbamyl phosphate, glucosamine-6-phosphate, CTP, AMP, alanine, and glycine. A hypothesis to explain the different phenotypes resulting from the suppressor mutations in glnL is as follows: the suppressors resulting in the constitutive expression of glnA are likely to have either eliminated the capacity of NRII to interact with PII or rendered this interaction unproductive in bringing about the regulated phosphatase activity. The authors examined the ability of partially modified PII to elicit the regulated phosphatase activity and found that it was partially active. They also examined the ability of immobilized NRII to retain PII, using a column chromatography method.
A 10 b 50 MHz pipelined CMOS A/D converter with S/H (1993)

A single 5 V, 10 b, 50 MHz pipelined CMOS analog-to-digital (A/D) converter with internal sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits was developed. The A/D converter features a newly developed S/H circuit with an 80 dB, 300 MHz operational amplifier, three-stage pipelined 4 b flash A/D converters with digital error correction functions, and double analog signal conversion paths whose operations are interleaved. The new A/D converter was fabricated with 0.8 mu m CMOS technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
On the Turing Completeness of Modern Neural Network Architectures (2019)

Alternatives to recurrent neural networks, in particular, architectures based on attention or convolutions, have been gaining momentum for processing input sequences. In spite of their relevance, the computational properties of these alternatives have not yet been fully explored. We study the computational power of two of the most paradigmatic architectures exemplifying these mechanisms: the Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) and the Neural GPU (Kaiser & Sutskever, 2016). We show both models to be Turing complete exclusively based on their capacity to compute and access internal dense representations of the data. In particular, neither the Transformer nor the Neural GPU requires access to an external memory to become Turing complete. Our study also reveals some minimal sets of elements needed to obtain these completeness results.
Graphite calorimeter in water phantom and calibration of ionization chambers in dose to water for <sup>60</sup>Co gamma radiation (1980)

A graphite calorimeter similar in size and shape to a Farmer type 0.6-cm3 ionization chamber was developed for direct measurement of absorbed dose at a specified depth in a water phantom irradiated by a beam of 60Co gamma radiation. The accuracy of the absorbed dose determined was estimated to be +/- 1.1% at a dose level of 4 rad/s (4 X 10(-2)Gys-1). The absorbed dose to water at the calibration depth of 5 cm was standardized for our 60Co gamma bean, for a 60-cm SSD and 10 X 10 cm2 field. Farmer type ionization chambers were calibrated against the standardized absorbed dose. The overall accuracy in calibrating the ionization chambers was +/- 1.2%.
Melanoma-inhibiting activity, a novel serum marker for progression of malignant melanoma. (1997)

Melanoma-inhibiting activity (MIA) was isolated previously as a small soluble protein secreted from malignant melanoma cell lines in vitro. In vivo, highly restricted expression patterns in melanocytic tumors were identified. We therefore quantitated serum levels of MIA protein by means of a nonradioactive ELISA and investigated whether MIA provides a clinically useful parameter in patients with malignant melanomas. Here, we report enhanced MIA serum levels in 13 and 23% of patients with stage I and II disease, respectively, and in 100% with stage III or IV disease. Compared with S-100 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 serum levels in these patients, MIA was the most sensitive marker. Response to therapy in stage IV disease correlated with changes in MIA serum levels. Measuring repeatedly sera of 350 patients with a history of stage I or II melanoma during follow-up, we detected 32 patients developing positive MIA values. At the time of serum analysis, 15 of them had developed metastases, and one presented with metastatic disease 6 months later. In contrast, none of the patients with normal MIA serum levels developed metastases during the follow-up period of 6-12 months. In conclusion, MIA represents a novel serum marker for systemic malignant melanoma revealing the highest sensitivity and specificity among currently available markers. Useful clinical applications include staging of primary melanomas, detection of progression from localized to metastatic disease during follow-up, and monitoring therapy of advanced melanomas.
Alignment of MWCNTs in polymer composites by dielectrophoresis (2008)

Successful structural reinforcement of polymer matrices by carbon nanotube has been broadly applied where significant improvement of mechanical properties was achieved at a low carbon nanotube loading rate. The notion of the mechanical properties of aligned composites are better than random ones has been proofed and demonstrated whereas the concept is not easy to implement through carbon nanotube polymer composites by the conventional techniques. Here, we introduce a novel practice to actively align and network the multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in hot melting high density polyester (HDPE) matrix. In this process, MWCNTs were aligned via AC electric field which induced dipolar interactions among the nanotubes in a hot melting matrix and followed by immobilization by cooling curing matrix under continued application of the anisotropic electric field. In situ SEM verified the electrostatic stabilization of the MWCNTs in the dispersion while the orientation and agglomeration are caused by the dielectrophoretic force. Alignment of MWCNTs was controlled as a function of magnitude, frequency, and application time of the applied dielectrophoresis. In the present work, MWCNTs are not only aligned along the field, but also migrate laterally to form thickness. Eventually, the actively aligned MWCNTs would amplify the hardness and wear-resisting property.
Dynamic Web Service Composition: A New Approach in Building Reliable Web Service (2008)

The use of services, especially Web services, became a common practice. In Web services, standard communication protocols and simple broker-request architectures are needed to facilitate exchange of services, and this standardization simplifies interoperability. In the coming few years, services are expected to dominate software industry. There are increasing amount of Web services being made available in the Internet, and an efficient Web services composition algorithm would help to integrate different algorithm together to provide a variety of services. In this paper, we provide a dynamic Web service composition algorithm with verification of Petri-Nets. Each Web service is described by Web Service Definition Language (WSDL) and their interactions with other services are described by Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI). Our algorithm compose the Web services with the information provided by these two descriptions. After the composition, we verify the Web service to be deadlock free with modeling the Web service as a Petri-Net. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the correctness and performance of the composed Web service.
Influence of Soil Organic Matter and Soil Surfaces on a Bacterial Consortium that Mineralizes Fenamiphos (1994)

Abstract Microorganisms are often responsible for enhanced degradation of pesticides in soil. This study was conducted to isolate microorganisms capable of mineralizing fenamiphos [ethyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐(methylthio)‐phenyl(1‐methylethyl)phosphoramidate] from soil collected at a turfgrass site that showed an enhanced degradation rate of the chemical. Batch‐culture enrichment techniques were employed to isolate microor‐ganisms from the soil capable of mineralizing 14 C‐fenamiphos, and the evolved 14 CO 2 was quantified by liquid scintillation counting. No axenic bacterial cultures capable of mineralizing fenamiphos could be isolated. A mixed bacterial consortium enriched with glucose‐basal mineral medium mineralized fenamiphos only in the presence of a small amount of the nonsterile soil, autoclaved soil, or H 2 O 2 ‐treated soil. The mixed culture consisted of at least 6 gram‐negative rod‐shaped bacteria, with none of the individual isolates having any capacity to mineralize fenamiphos. The mixed culture grew well in soil extract and, at the same time, mineralized fenamiphos. This suggests that soluble organic components serve as inducers for the production of enzymes necessary for the mineralization of fenamiphos or that soil surfaces might play a role in induction of the enzymes.
Optical Roughness Measuring Instrument For Fine-Machined Surfaces (1985)

The roughness measuring instrument described is based on light scattering and is suitable in a wide range of applications, especially in micro-machining. The most important properties are the sensitivity in the measuring range from below 0.005 i.im up to 2µm (Ra value), the independence of the reflection coefficient due to normalization, and the larger tolerance of measur-ing distance of ±2 mm.
The involvement of CD14 in stimulation of cytokine production by uronic acid polymers (1993)

In this study the molecular mechanisms behind the stimulatory activities of the uronic acid polymers poly mannuronic acid (poly M), high M alginate and oxidized cellulose (C60XY) were investigated and compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cytokine-inducing abilities of the uronic acid polymers and LPS were examined on CD14-positive human monocytes and CD14-negative U373 astrocytoma cells. It was found that LPS induced monocytes and U373 cells to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin(IL)-6, respectively, by different mechanisms. The poly uronic acids induced monocytes to produce TNF, but with 100-1000 times less potency compared to LPS. On U373 cells, LPS at concentrations > or = 32 ng/ml resulted in a dose-related IL-6 production, whereas the poly uronic acids had negligible effects even at 1 mg/ml. The binding data demonstrate that only the CD14-positive monocytes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells population bound poly M. Furthermore, poly M was found to bind to CD14 in the presence of serum. Antibodies against CD14 also inhibited the TNF-inducing activity of the three uronic acid polymers tested. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that uronic acid polymers induce TNF production through mechanisms which involve CD14.
Granule Cells in Aging Rats Are Sexually Dimorphic in Their Response to Estradiol (1999)

Normal aging comprises cognitive decline, including deterioration of memory. It has been suggested that this decline in memory is sexually dimorphic because of the cessation in gonadal steroid secretion that occurs during reproductive aging in female, but not male, mammals. We wondered whether neurons in brain regions associated with learning and memory underwent morphological changes that were dimorphic as well and whether cessation of the secretion of gonadal steroids influenced these morphological changes. To explore these questions, we deprived and restored estrogens to young and old gonadectomized females and males and studied the morphology of dentate granule cells by intracellular dye filling in a lightly fixed slice preparation. We found the following: (1) Aged female dentate granule cells deprived of gonadal steroids long-term have a paucity of dendritic spines compared with young females deprived short-term; however, aged male dentate granule cells deprived of gonadal steroids long-term have no decrease in dendritic spines compared with young males deprived short-term. (2) Aged female dentate granule cells with long-term estrogen replacement at either high or low levels still had a decline in spine density. (3) Aged female dentate granule cells with short-term estradiol replacement had spine density increased to levels normally observed in young adults, whereas aged males with short-term estradiol replacement had decreased spine density. These data suggest that the response of rat dentate granule cells to aging and estradiol is sexually dimorphic and that, in females, the responsiveness of granule cells depends on the temporal pattern of estradiol replacement.
Effect of the anorectic fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 on neuronal activity in the hypothalamus and brainstem (2003)

Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, causes a rapid (<or=2-h) and persistent (to at least 24-h) approximately 95% decrease in food intake. The persistent effect seems to be due to inhibition of the fasting-induced up-regulation of expression of hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein and down-regulation of expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides pro-opiomelanocortinalpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript. The effect of C75 on neuronal activity in the hypothalamus and brainstem was assessed by c-Fos expression. Consistent with its effect on neuropeptide expression, C75 blocked fasting-induced c-Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus (Arc), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) 10-24 h after i.p. injection. However, i.p. C75 induced a rapid (<or=2-h) c-Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema of the brainstem but not in the Arc or LHA. Intracerebroventricular administration of C75 rapidly induced c-Fos expression in the Arc, PVN, and NTS, supporting a central role of C75 in the regulation of food intake. Thus, suppression of food intake by C75 administered i.p. seems to be mediated in two phases, a rapid initial phase via the NTSarea postrema of the brainstem and a delayed phase via the Arc, LHA, and PVN of the hypothalamus. The delayed effect of C75 on the Arc, LHA, and PVN correlates well with its ability to interfere with the fasting-induced effects on the expression of key orexigenic (neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein) and anorexigenic (pro-opiomelanocortinalpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript) messages in the hypothalamus.
Serine 16 Phosphorylation Induces an Order-to-Disorder Transition in Monomeric Phospholamban (2005)

Phospholamban (PLB) is a 52 amino acid membrane-endogenous regulator of the sarco(endo)plasmic calcium adenosinetriphosphatase (SERCA) in cardiac muscle. PLB's phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at S16 modulate its regulatory effect on SERCA by an undetermined mechanism. In this paper, we use multidimensional (1)H/(15)N solution NMR methods to establish the structural and dynamics basis for PLB's control of SERCA upon S16 phosphorylation. For our studies, we use a monomeric, fully active mutant of PLB, where C36, C41, and C46 have been mutated to A36, F41, and A46, respectively. Our data show that phosphorylation disrupts the "L-shaped" structure of monomeric PLB, causing significant unwinding of both the cytoplasmic helix (domain Ia) and the short loop (residues 17-21) connecting this domain to the transmembrane helix (domains Ib and II). Concomitant with this conformational transition, we also find pronounced changes in both the pico- to nanosecond and the micro- to millisecond time scale dynamics. The (1)H/(15)N heteronuclear NOE values for residues 1-25 are significantly lower than those of unphosphorylated PLB, with slightly lower NOE values in the transmembrane domain, reflecting less restricted motion throughout the whole protein. These data are supported by the faster spin-lattice relaxation rates (R(1)) present in both the cytoplasmic and loop regions and by the enhanced spin-spin transverse relaxation rates (R(2)) observed in the transmembrane domain. These results demonstrate that while S16 phosphorylation induces a localized structural transition, changes in PLB's backbone dynamics are propagated throughout the protein backbone. We propose that the regulatory mechanism of PLB phosphorylation involves an order-to-disorder transition, resulting in a decrease in the PLB inhibition of SERCA.
Role of natural killer cells in Pichinde virus infection of Syrian hamsters (1981)

Pichinde virus produced a fatal infection in adult MHA hamsters but not LSH hamsters after intraperitoneal inoculation. After footpad inoculation, an 8-day swelling response was observed in LSH but not MHA hamsters; however, both strains survived infection by this route. Examination of the kinetics of viral replication in the two hamster strains inoculated by the two routes revealed a correlation between infectious centers and natural killer activity in cells obtained from spleens and popliteal lymph nodes. A subpopulation of cytolytic and infected cells which sedimented at about 3.0 to 4.5 mm/h in albumin gradients was found in greater numbers in MHA than in LSH hamsters. These data suggest that one factor contributing to the fatal outcome of Pichinde virus infection in MHA hamsters is the presence of excessive numbers of splenic target cells which possess properties of natural killer cells.
Radiation-induced attenuation in polarization maintaining fibers: low dose rate response, stress, and materials effects (1989)

The loss induced in polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers by low dose rate [<0.01 Gy/h, where 1 Gy = 100 rads(Si)] radiation exposure has been found to vary from <0.4 to approximately 6 dB/km-10 Gy, depending on the wavelength of measurement and the fiber. Correlations have been established between low dose rate response and the "permanent" induced loss determined by fitting the recovery of the induced loss following high dose rate exposure to nth-order kinetics. Using this technique, both 0.85- and 1.3-microm PM fibers have been found which show virtually no permanent incremental loss and would therefore appear to be resistant to low dose rate radiation environments. The asymmetric stress inherent in PM fibers has been shown to reduce the permanent induced loss, while the recovery of the radiation-induced attenuation was found to be enhanced in fibers with Ge-F-doped silica clads.
A simple intrusion detection method for controller area network (2016)

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is established as the main communication channel inside vehicles. CAN relies on frame broadcast to share data between different microcontrollers managing critical or comfort functions such as cruise control or air conditioning. CAN is distinguished by its simplicity, its real-time application compatibility and its low deployment cost. However, CAN major drawback is its lack of security support. That is, CAN fails to provide protections against attacks such as intrusion, denial of service or impersonation. We propose in this work a simple intrusion detection method for CAN. Our main idea is to make each microcontroller monitor the CAN bus to detect malicious frames.