gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Detailed Study of Thermal, Hydrothermal, and Mechanical Stabilities of a Wide Range of Surfactant Assembled Mesoporous Silicas (2002)

The thermal, hydrothermal, and mechanical stabilities of a wide range of ordered mesoporous materials, in particular, the molecular sieves MCM-41, MCM-48, HMS, FSM-16, KIT-1, PCH, and SBA-15, have been studied in detail using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen sorption. The thermal stability was found to be strongly related to the wall thickness and the silica precursor used during synthesis, and the following stability trend was observed: MCM-41 (fumed silica), MCM-48 (fumed silica), KIT-1 (colloid silica) > SBA-15 (TEOS) > FSM-16 (layered silicate), PCH (layered silicate) > MCM-41 (TEOS), MCM-48 (TEOS), HMS (TEOS). The hydrothermal stability is influenced by the wall thickness and the polymerization degree and decreases according to the following trend: KIT-1 > SBA-15 > MCM-48 (fumed silica and TEOS), PCH > FSM-16, MCM-41 (fumed silica and TEOS), HMS. The mechanical stability is little influenced by the nature of the mesoporous molecular sieves. All materials collapsed at a maximum pelletizing pressure of 450 MPa.
Use of the airway interruption method for evaluating aerodynamic conditions in phonation. (1987)

発声障害に対する空気力学的検査の一方法として, 気流阻止法を用いた発声時の呼気圧 (肺内圧) 測定を, 呼気流率, 声の強さ, 高さの測定と組合せる方法を開発した.装置は気流阻止用の回転シャッターを, 永島製の発声機能検査装置PS-77のマウスピースに接続したものである.マウスピースを気密にくわえて持続発声中にシャッターを短時間閉じると, シャッター手前の圧は急速に上昇し, 肺内圧と平衡に達する.圧力, 呼気流率, 声の強さ, 高さの4個の出力はマイクロコンピュータに読み込まれる.それらの時間カーブ, 指定した時点における測定値は, CRTスクリーンに表示され, また記録紙上に記録される.さらにデータはフロッピーディスクに保存される.本法は非侵襲的で患者にとって容易であり検査の手順も簡単である.本法は声門下圧を直接測定するものではないが, 呼気使用の効力を評価する臨床検査としては非常に有用である.
El pardeamiento no enzimático en zumos y purés de fruta (1998)

During processing and storage, deleterious changes can occur in fruit juices and purees. One of the major changes that occur result in non-enzymatic development of the brown pigmented materials. The major non-enzymatic reactions involved in fruit juices processing and storage are: Maillard carbohydrate/amino acid reactions, caramelization, which involves the thermal degradation of sugars without amine participation; and ascorbic acid degradation, which can occur by both oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms. Non enzymatic browning is not always developed in the same way, and it depend on numerous factors; the most important are: temperature, water activity, pH, oxigen and food composition. Temperature has a major effect on non-enzymatic browning. At higher temperature, higher changes in colour are produced.
On suppression of a sinusoidal signal in broad-band noise (1985)

In an estimator-subtractor configuration of the generalized adaptive line enhancer (ALE), a sinusoidal signal (in broad-band noise) is estimated by the two-sided and one-sided Wiener and linear prediction filters. For a fixed number of input samples, the estimation error in Wiener and prediction filters is shown to be minimum, when both future and past samples, not necessarily equal in numbers, are utilized in the present estimate of the signal. The error in the estimate of the signal by the two-sided Wiener filter is also shown to be equal to that by the optimized form of the well-known ALE.
Patients And Profits: The Relationship Between HMO Financial Performance And Quality Of Care (2001)

This paper matches health plans' financial performance with information on quality ratings as measured by 1997 Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) 3.0 data. We address three policy questions: (1) Is the quality of care delivered by a plan influenced by the plan's financial performance? (2) Do for-profit plans behave differently than nonprofits do? (3) What other factors are associated with variation in plan performance? We find, first, that more profitable plans achieve higher quality scores in subsequent years. Profits may enable a plan to pursue higher quality of care and invest in better management systems. Second, there is little systematic evidence that for-profit plans have different HEDIS scores than not-for-profits have.
Absorption enhancement in hydrogenated amorphous silicon-based solar cells (1990)

The enhancement of long wavelength (&gt;600 nm) light absorption by light scattering can result in a significant increase in the short circuit current density of a-Si:H-based solar cells. A model of absorption enhancement is presented and used to predict both light absorption in the active i layer and the total reflectance of single-junction a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells. These results are compared with the corresponding measurements performed on actual solar cells. It is found that the texture imparted to the metallic interface may result in a significant decrease in the reflectance of the rear contact, and in certain of the rear contacts considered, the reflectance is also reduced by interface formation phenomena. These mechanisms reduce the reflectance of the aluminum rear contact to less than 50% in the solar cells studied. In these cells and others where large light absorption occurs in the rear contact, incomplete light randomization is not found to be an important enhancement limiting effect. A thin layer of indium-tin-oxide inserted between the a-Si:H n layer and the contact metal results in critical trapping of scattered light and so reduces light absorption in the rear contact.
The Immunology of Gluten Sensitivity beyond the Intestinal Tract (2008)

Celiac disease and gluten-sensitive enteropathy are terms that have been used to refer to a disease process affecting the small bowel. However, evidence has been accumulated in literature demonstrating that gluten sensitivity or celiac disease can exist even in the absence of enteropathy, but affecting many organs. Based on overwhelming evidence, immunological pathogenesis has been demonstrated in the joint, the heart, thyroid, bone, and, in particular, the brain cerebellum and neuronal synapsin I. When blood samples of patients with celiac disease are tested against gliadin and different tissue antigens, in addition to gliadin antibody, a significant percentage of them exhibit elevation in antibodies against transglutaminase, heat shock protein, collagen, thyroid, myosin, endothelial cell, bone antigen (transglutaminase), myelin basic protein, cerebellar and synapsin. This elevation of autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease may result in neuroimmune disorders. In fact, in comparison to the general population, the incidence of various autoimmune disorders, including gluten ataxia, is increased up to 30-fold in patients with celiac disease. Therefore, immune evaluation of patients with gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, in addition to gliadin and transglutaminase, should include antibody measurement against thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, heat shock protein, bone transglutaminase, myelin basic protein, cerebellar peptide and synapsin. This novel laboratory approach to gluten sensitivity and autoimmunity may enable clinicians to detect markers of autoimmune diseases. Early identification of gluten sensitive and celiac disease patients and implementation of a gluten-free diet may result in significant improvement and control of associated diseases.
Evolutionary design of neural network tree-integration of decision tree, neural network and GA (2002)

Decision tree (DT) is one of the most popular approaches for machine learning. Using DTs, we can extract comprehensible decision rules, and make decisions based only on useful features. The drawback is that, once a DT is designed, there is no free parameter for further development. On the contrary, a neural network (NN) is adaptable or learnable, but the number of free parameters is usually too large to be determined efficiently. To have the advantages of both approaches, it is important to combine them together. Among many ways for combining NNs and DTs, this paper introduces a neural network tree (NNTree). An NNTree is a decision tree with each node being an expert neural network (ENN). The overall tree structure can be designed by following the same procedure as used in designing a conventional DT. Each node (an ENN) can be designed using genetic algorithms (GAs). Thus, the NNTree also provides a way for integrating DT, NN and GA. Through experiments with a digit recognition problem we show that NNTrees are more efficient than traditional DTs in the sense that higher recognition rate can be achieved with less nodes. Further more, if the fitness function for each node is defined properly, better generalization ability can also be achieved.
Macrocycles made easy (2019)

Organic Chemistry
Macrocycles, which are molecules with large rings of 12 or more atoms, are challenging to produce by intramolecular cyclization because floppy ends tend to join up with another molecule rather than fold back on themselves. Girvin et al. identified a foldamer—a short, structured peptide—that can cyclize floppy, dialdehyde substrates through a templated aldol condensation (see the Perspective by Gutierrez Collar and Gulder). Variation of the residues within the foldamer suggests that its helical structure helps position amine functional groups crucial for catalysis. The authors prepared molecules with a wide range of ring sizes and developed a synthesis for robustol, a macrocycle natural product with a 22-member ring.

Science , this issue p. [1528][1]; see also p. [1454][2]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax7344
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9325
Technical and operation considerations in using Smart Metering for outage management (2008)

Smart metering via an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) has been a hot trend in the utility industry the last five years in response to EPACT and promises of the AMI technologies to enable enhanced customer services and greater energy efficiencies. According to informal surveys at automated meter reading association (AMRA), utilities consider the use of AMI to improve outage management and service reliability the highest priority behind the meter to bill process. However, many utilities have experienced negative business impacts after they integrated AMI and outage management system (OMS) due to deficiencies of AMI, OMS, data, and/or integrated business processes. This paper discusses the technical and operational considerations necessary to make the AMI-OMS integration successful.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Alkylideneimidazolidines ‐ Ketene Equivalents in the Inverse Diels‐Alder Reaction. (1988)

Abstract The alkylideneimidazolidines (I) or (V) react with the dienoates (II) or (VI) at or below room temp. to form cycloadducts which are mildly hydrolyzed to dilute HCl to give the cyclohexenones (III) or (VII) and the cyclohexadienols (IV) or (VIII).
Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials (2017)

Functional natural polymers - a new dimensional creativity in lignocellulosic chemistry chemical structures of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin reactivity and accessibility of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignins chemical modification of cellulose chemical modification of lignin chemical modification of solid wood liquefaction of wood surface modification and activation of wood chemical modification of nonwood lignocellulosics characterization of chemically modified wood weathering of chemically modified wood physical and mechanical properties of chemically modified wood viscoelastic properties of chemically modified wood biological properties of chemically modified wood.
Image-Based Fluidic Sorting System for Automated Zebrafish Egg Sorting into Multiwell Plates (2011)

The global demand for the reduction of animal testing has led to the emergence of Zebrafish eggs/larvae as model organisms to replace current adult animal testing in, for example, toxicity testing. Because of the egg size (diameter 1.6mm) and the relatively easy maintenance of Zebrafish farms the eggs also offer high-throughput screening (HTS). However, the current bottleneck for HTS is the cost-efficient placing of individual organisms into single wells of a multiwell plate (MWP). The system presented here is capable of storing, sorting, and placing individual organisms in a highly reproducible manner. In about 11 min a complete 96-MWP is filled, which corresponds to about 8 sec per egg. The survival rate of fertilized transgenic and wild-type eggs was comparable to the one of the control (control 6.7%, system 7.6%). Furthermore, it was also possible to place dechorionated eggs into individual wells. The results demonstrate that the cost efficient system works gentle and reliable enough to disburden scientists from the exhausting and monotonous job of placing single eggs into single wells, such that they can concentrate on the scientific aspects of their experiments and create results with a higher statistical relevance.
Spectral Tailoring of an Erbium Superfluorescent Fiber Source (1998)

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel method for tailoring a SFS spectrum by incorporating one or more fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) in a double-pass configuration.
Treating the anemia of MDS with erythropoietin: Impact of higher dose compared to combination with G/GM-CSF (2007)

7082 Background: Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is extensively used to improve erythropoiesis and reduce transfusions in anemic MDS pts. The addition of G/GM-CSF to EPO alfa or beta has been associated with higher erythroid response (ER) rates vs. EPO alone. Studies suggest higher ER rates could be achieved with EPO monotherapy if higher initiation doses were used. To study this question a meta-analysis was performed on studies of MDS pts treated with EPO alfa or beta + G/GM-CSF. Methods: Data extraction was performed on studies from PubMed, ASCO and ASH proceedings from 1990–2006 in MDS pts treated with EPO (alfa or beta) ± G/GM-CSF. To allow for cross comparisons, only studies including IWG or IWG-like ER criteria were selected for analysis. Pooled estimates of ER rates were calculated using fixed-effect (F-E) meta-analysis methods. Results were stratified by: (i) EPO-alfa at standard doses, (ii) EPO- alfa at high doses, (iii) EPO-alfa + G/GM-CSF, and (iv) EPO-beta + G/GM-CSF. Results: From 39 studies identified, 19 met inclusion criteria. Most pts (>55%) had RA/RARS. Studies using EPO-alfa at standard doses showed comparable ER rates to studies using EPO- alfa + G/GM-CSF (49.0% vs. 50.6%; p=0.731) ( Table ). Among EPO-alfa studies, those using higher EPO doses had higher ER rates vs. studies using standard EPO doses (p<0.001) or EPO + G/GM-CSF combination (p=0.007). Overall ER rates were not available for studies using EPO- beta + G/GM-CSF, however, 52 pts (37.7%) had major ER, similar to that observed in all EPO-alfa monotherapy studies (195/589=33.1%). Conclusions: These findings suggest increasing EPO-alfa dose may have a greater impact on ER than addition of G/GM-CSF. Further validation is warranted. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
Expression of Oncofetal Fibronectin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Fibroblasts in the Thyroid: A Possible Cause of False Positive Results in Molecular-Based Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinomas<sup>1</sup> (2000)

Oncofetal fibronectin (onfFN) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is abundantly expressed in thyroid papillary and anaplastic carcinomas. These carcinomas can be preoperatively diagnosed by the detection of onfFN mRNA in fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs). However, previous reports have noted that the expression of onfFN mRNA was observed in 3.7% of the FNABs that were diagnosed as negative cytology. To clarify this discrepancy, we examined the expression of onfFN mRNA in fibroblasts in the thyroid. By RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analyses, we detected a high copy number of onfFN mRNA in cultured fibroblasts obtained from the normal thyroid tissues dissected surgically. Thus, we conclude that the contaminated fibroblasts in FNABs due to tumor necrosis or acute or chronic inflammation may be a cause of false positive results in molecular-based diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas.
Photoluminescence Related to Dislocations in Annealed Czochralski-Grown Si Crystals (1983)

The deep level photoluminescence at 4.2 K and 77 K from annealed Czochralski-grown Si crystals is investigated in relation to dislocations generated during the oxygen precipitation process. The appearance of the “rod-like defects” induces two broad bands at 0.81 and 0.88 eV. The generation of perfect dislocation loops punched out from oxygen precipitates introduces two strong and sharp lines at 0.808 and 0.874 eV. The characteristics of these signals are discussed in comparison with the dislocation-related lines observed in plastically deformed Si crystals.
Non-Market Leadership Experience and Labor Market Success: Evidence from Military Rank (2005)

There has been much recent interest in the effects of pre and non-market skills on future labor market outcomes. This paper examines one such effect: the effect on future wages of military leadership experience among "Vietnam generation" American men. We study rank, not just veteran status. We argue that rank is a good measure of pre-market leadership skills because of the clear military hierarchy and the primarily youth experience of Vietnam service. Two sources of selection bias are accounted for: non-random military entry and eventual rank attained. We apply a modified 2-stage parametric sample selection method. The rank premia on future wages are estimated using the parametric selection corrections and a propensity score matching with two indices. We find evidence of a leadership premium, but not a veterans'premium. It is the rank that matters. If one joins the military believing that military service commands a future wage premium, he had better become an NCO or an officer.
Production of Retroviral Vectors for Gene Therapy with the Human Packaging Cell Line FLYRD18 (1999)

The development of gene therapy is hampered by the difficulty of producing large stocks of retroviral vectors at high titer. This study aimed to improve culture conditions and to intensify the production of retroviruses by FLYRD18, a packaging cell line derived from the HT1080 human fibrosarcoma line. Batch virus production proved to be feasible in unsupplemented basal medium and provided significantly higher titers and productivities than medium supplemented with 10% serum. For longer-term production, however, AIM-V complete serum-free medium and basal medium supplemented with 2% serum gave superior results. Serum supplementation should nevertheless be optimized to take into account the presence of inhibitors of viral production. In monolayer cultures with 0.2 mL/cm(2), the cell concentration was increased up to 2 x 10(6) cells/mL without loss of cell productivity. A semicontinuous production process, which enables the collection of larger amounts of viruses from the same culture, has also been successfully used. Suspension culture processes were prevented by the anchorage dependency of the FLYRD18 cell line. Microcarrier cultures were able to produce viruses but will require further investigation and optimization for their performance to become competitive with monolayer cultures. In the course of this study, more than a 10-fold increase of titer has been achieved.
Metrics for evaluating phonetics machine translation in Natural Language Processing through modified Edit Distance algorithm-A na&#x00EF;ve approach (2015)

Uninhabited mistakes while writing happens are unstoppable. There are certain common errors that occur during writing such as missing letters, extra letters, disordered letters, and misspelled letters. These kind of common spelling errors are called phonetics spelling errors. These are of a major concern while dealing with phonetics. Out of various problems that the phoneticians are trying to solve, major portion of it concentrates on varieties of spelling errors. Phonetic structures are greatly emphasized based on the effectiveness, appropriateness and accuracy. In order to keep abreast with the changing and challenging trends of Natural Language Processing (NLP), it is of great importance that one should resolve the problems of spelling errors. To achieve the goal, numerous realistic and practical approaches have to be adopted that make use of spelling correction algorithms such as Edit distance, Habit distance, Soundex and Asoundex. Through the analysis of these algorithms, a new interface is put forward that calculates the Edit distance, thereby showing the overall comparative study of phonetic algorithms with the proposed modified Edit Distance algorithm. The interface computes the Edit distance between two strings in appropriate and intuitive way, contemplating with the comparisons shown in the distance table. The Results show that an average of 0.937 recall and 0.947 precision have been achieved with the F-measure 0.9417. Through these results, it is evident that the recall and F-measures are improved in the proposed Edit-Distance algorithm. The revised version of the edit distance algorithm consistently attains finer quality results in comparison with the traditional edit distance algorithm.
Detecting Reaction Intermediates in Liquids on the Millisecond Time Scale Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization (2010)

Capturing transient species: The bombardment of a surface-bound RuII complex with charged droplets containing a ligand allows the detection of reaction intermediates (see figure). The reaction investigated is used to synthesize RuII catalysts containing amino alcohol ligands, which facilitate the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones and imines. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Simple Control Schme of Three-Level PWM Converter Connecting Wind Turbine with Grid. (2017)

This paper proposes a simple direct power control using space vector modulation (DPC-SVM) for three-phase three level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) PWM converter connecting a wind turbine generator with grid. The active and reactive power are used as the control variables instead of the currents applied in conventional control method. Moreover, grid voltage sensors are replaced by a virtual flux (VF) estimator. The theoretical principle of this method as well as the synthesis of the active and reactive power controllers are discussed. It is shown that the proposed method exhibits several features as: simple and robust algorithm as well as simple tuning procedure of PI power controllers. Furthermore the paper presents a LCL-filter design, which fulfils IEEE-SCR 20-50 recommendation. Simulation results have proven an excellent performance and verified the validity of the proposed system.