gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metric Learning by Collapsing Classes (2005)

We present an algorithm for learning a quadratic Gaussian metric (Mahalanobis distance) for use in classification tasks. Our method relies on the simple geometric intuition that a good metric is one under which points in the same class are simultaneously near each other and far from points in the other classes. We construct a convex optimization problem whose solution generates such a metric by trying to collapse all examples in the same class to a single point and push examples in other classes infinitely far away. We show that when the metric we learn is used in simple classifiers, it yields substantial improvements over standard alternatives on a variety of problems. We also discuss how the learned metric may be used to obtain a compact low dimensional feature representation of the original input space, allowing more efficient classification with very little reduction in performance. 1 Supervised Learning of Metrics The problem of learning a distance measure (metric) over an input space is of fundamental
CFBOX/sup TM/: superimposing 3D human face on motion picture (2002)

We present the standalone kiosk, named CFBOX/sup TM./ The CFBOX/sup TM/ is a kind of a personal commercial film (CF) studio that replaces the face of the person in an existing CF with that of the modeled face of the user by utilizing 3D face on-off integration technology in real-time. It also has photo manipulation function to change the texture of the modeled face to one's taste. In short, the CFBOX/sup TM/ is a space where one can create personalized digital video. The prototype of the CFBOX/sup TM/ is implemented and exhibited in SEE-KAIST' 2001.
Profiling the dynamic expression of checkpoint molecules on cytokine-induced killer cells from non-small-cell lung cancer patients (2016)

Immune checkpoints associate with dysfunctional T cells, which have a reduced ability to clear pathogens or cancer cells. T-cell checkpoint blockade may improve patient survival. However, checkpoint molecules on cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell, a non-specific adoptive immunotherapy, remain unknown. In present study, we detected the dynamic expression of eight major checkpoint molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, TIM- 3, CEACAM-1, LAG-3, TIGIT and BTLA) on CIK cells from NSCLC patients. The majority of these molecules, except BTLA, were sharply elevated during the early stage of CIK cell culture. Thereafter, PD-1 and TIGIT expressions decreased gradually towards the initial level (day 0). Moreover, CTLA-4 faded away during the later stage of CIK culture. LAG-3 expression decreased but was still significantly higher than the initial level. Of note, PD-L1 remained stably upregulated during CIK culture compared with PD-1, indicating that PD-L1 might act as an inhibitory molecule on CIK cells instead of PD-1. Furthermore, TIM-3 and CEACAM1 were strongly expressed simultaneously during long-term CIK culture and showed a significant and mutually positive correlation. BTLA displayed a distinct pattern, and its expression gradually decreased throughout the CIK culture. These observations suggested that CIK cells might be partly exhausted before clinical transfusion, characterized by the high expression of PD-L1, LAG-3, TIM- 3, and CEACAM-1 and the low expression of TIGIT, BTLA, PD-1, and CTLA-4 compared with initial culture. Our results imply that implementing combined treatment on CIK cells before transfusion via antibodies targeting PD-L1, LAG-3, TIM-3, and CEACAM-1 might improve the efficiency of CIK therapy for NSCLC patients.
A Lightweight Protocol Enabling Ownership Transfer and Granular Data Access of RFID Tags (2007)

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) is now being used in everything for economic feasibility and convenience. In contrast, RFID tags may infringe on user's privacy. A number of previous schemes exploiting hash function, symmetric cryptographic primitive like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), asymmetric cryptographic primitive like ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem) are suitable for high-end RFID. In this paper, we propose a lightweight protocol for low-cost tags to make RFID tags widespread, which requires only one cryptographic primitive, a pseudorandom number generator. Under the strong assumption that all the channels are insecure, our protocol using a proxy for individual and the universal re-encryption has several advantages: (1) ownership transfer, (2) computational time in the back-end server to find the identifier of a tag, (3) untraceability against the compromising tags, and (5) data access authorization level-based service by the back-end server.
Optimization Using Surrogate Objectives on a Helicopter Test Example (1998)

This paper presents results for a 31 variable helicopter rotor design example. Results are given for several numerical methods. This is a brief description of a portion of the Boeing/IBM/Rice University collaboration whose purpose is to develop effective numerical methods for managing the use of approximation concepts or response surface methodology in design optimization.
Pharmacokinetics of three phenolic acids of Xiangdan injection in rats (2011)

A method with high recovery rate and good stability was established to determine the blood concentration of DSS, PA, PAL in Xiangdan injection and applied in its pharmacokinetics successfully.
Activin A increases Pax4 gene expression in pancreatic β cell lines (2000)

Activin A, a member of the TGFbeta superfamily, has many physiological and developmental functions. In pancreatic beta cell cultures, activin promotes cell differentiation and insulin production. The author has found activin increases gene expression of the PAX4, one of the major transcription factors determining pancreatic beta cell differentiation. This effect was mediated, at least in part, by the type IB activin receptor (ALK4). Moreover, the activity of human insulin promoter-reporter system was controlled by PAX4 and its isoform PAX4 delta(G239-P251) in a unique fashion; positively by low concentrations, and negatively by high concentrations of these proteins. And the repression activities were different between these proteins. These findings confirm the importance of activin signal transduction in pancreatic beta cell development and function.
Radiotherapy in the Management of Meningiomas (1966)

(1966). Radiotherapy in the Management of Meningiomas. Acta Radiologica: Diagnosis: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 26-33.
Properties of Lead Thermal Switches at Low Temperatures (1962)

The electrical resistivity of polycrystalline lead and the resistance of soldered contacts to the lead have been measured at 1.16 and 4.2°K in magnetic fields up to 7000 gauss. The thermal conductance of a simple lead heat switch was measured in both the normal and the superconducting states in fields up to 3000 gauss in the temperature range of 0.15–0.5°K. Assuming the best linear fit for the temperature dependence for the conductivity of the normal state, the ratio of the thermal conductance of the switch (lead plus contacts) in the 3000-gauss normal state to that of the superconducting state was found to be (T/K°)−2.3, however, the numerical factor varied strongly with magnitude and orientation of the field. As a magnetic field was slowly removed from the superconducting lead, heating corresponding to the irreversible exit of trapped flux was observed. The design of lead thermal switches is discussed.
Role of ZrO2 incorporation in the suppression of negative bias illumination-induced instability in Zn–Sn–O thin film transistors (2011)

Thin film transistors (TFTs) with In and Ga-free multicomponent Zn–Sn–Zr–O (ZTZO) channel layers were fabricated using the cosputtering approach. The incorporation of ZrO2 into the Zn–Sn–O (ZTO) films increased the contact resistance, which led to the degradation of the transport properties. In contrast, the threshold voltage shift under negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) was largely improved from −12.5 V (ZTO device) to −4.2 V (ZTZO device). This improvement was attributed to the reduction in the oxygen vacancy defects in the ZTZO film, suggesting that the photoinduced transition from VO to VO2+ was responsible for the NBIS-induced instability.
The Origin of the Activity of Amine‐Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks in the Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Epoxide and CO<sub>2</sub> (2012)

What a pair! MOF MIL-68(In)-NH2 was used to catalyze the synthesis of styrene carbonate from styrene oxide and CO2. Amine substitution on the linker of MIL-68(In) promotes the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from styrene epoxide and CO2. Ab initio calculations and in situ characterization indicate that ligand substitution has a larger impact through electronic effects on the Brønsted site than through CO2 activation.
<title>Adaptive frame type selection for low bit-rate video coding</title> (1994)

In this paper, we present an adaptive frame type selection algorithm for motion compensation, which is applied to low bit rate video coding. In the adaptive scheme, the number of reference frames for motion compensation is determined by a scene change detection algorithm using temporal segmentation. To choose for the distance measure for the temporal segmentation, three histogram-based measures and one variance-based measure were tested and compared. The reference frame positions may be determined by an exhaustive search algorithm which is computationally complex. The complexity can be reduced by using a binary search algorithm which exploits the monotonicity of the distance measure with respect to the reference frame interval. Variable target bit allocation for each picture type in a group of pictures is used to allow a variable number of reference frames with the constraint of constant channel bit rate. Simulation results show that the reference frame positioning scheme compares favorably with the fixed interpolation structure at the bit rates of 64 kb/s and 14.4 kb/s.
Ultrathin Alumina Mask-Assisted Nanopore Patterning on Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> for Highly Catalytic Efficiency in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (2018)

Nanostructured molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) has been considered as one of the most promising catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), for its approximately intermediate hydrogen binding free energy to noble metals and much lower cost. The catalytically active sites of MoS<sub>2</sub> are along the edges, whereas thermodynamically MoS<sub>2</sub> favors the presence of a two-dimensional (2-D) basal plane and the catalytically active atoms only constitute a small portion of the material. The lack of catalytically active sites and low catalytic efficiency impede its massive application. To address the issue, we have activated the basal plane of monolayer 2H MoS<sub>2</sub> through an ultrathin alumina mask (UTAM)-assisted nanopore arrays patterning, creating a high edge density. The introduced catalytically active sites are identified by Cu electrochemical deposition, and the hydrogen generation properties are assessed in detail. We demonstrate a remarkably improved HER performance as well as the identical catalysis of the artificial edges and the pristine metallic edges of monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub>. Such a porous monolayer nanostructure can achieve a much higher edge atom ratio than the pristine monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> flakes, which can lead to a much improved catalytic efficiency. This controllable edge engineering can also be extended to the basal plane modifications of other 2-D materials, for improving their edge-related properties.
Neutravidin coated surfaces for single DNA molecule analysis (2011)

We present a novel approach for single DNA molecule analysis using neutravidin coated surfaces. DNA molecules are elongated and reversibly immobilized on neutravidin coated surfaces with pH and salt controls. We demonstrate restriction enzyme reactions for optical mapping and ligation for tethered DNA molecules.
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF)–TNF receptor 1-inducible cytoprotective proteins in the mouse liver: relevance of suppressors of cytokine signalling (2005)

TNF (tumour necrosis factor alpha) induces tolerance towards itself in experimental liver injury. Tolerance induction has been shown to be dependent on TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1) signalling, but mechanisms and mediators of TNF-induced hepatic tolerance are unknown. We investigated the TNF-inducible gene-expression profile in livers of TNFR2-/- mice, using cDNA array technology. We found that, out of 793 investigated genes involved in inflammation, cell cycle and signal transduction, 282 were expressed in the mouse liver in response to TNF via TNFR1. Among those, expression of 78 genes was induced, while expression of 60 genes was reduced. We investigated further the cellular expression of the 27 most prominently induced genes, and found that 20 of these genes were up-regulated directly in parenchymal liver cells, representing potentially protective proteins and possible mediators of TNF tolerance. In vitro experiments revealed that overexpression of SOCS1 (silencer of cytokine signalling 1), a member of the SOCS family of proteins, as well as of HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1), but not of SOCS2 or SOCS3, protected isolated primary mouse hepatocytes from TNF-induced apoptosis. The identification of protective genes in hepatocytes is the prerequisite for future development of gene therapies for immune-mediated liver diseases.
Relaxation-Time and Diffusion NMR Microscopy of Single Neurons (1994)

Relaxation-time and diffusion-weighted NMR micrographs have been obtained for single neurons isolated from Aplysia californica. These images allow the nucleus and cytoplasm to be clearly differentiated, in contrast to proton spin-density images, which appear relatively homogenous. Images of the spatial distribution of T1 and T2 relaxivities and the diffusion coefficient (D), as well as average values for T1, T2, and D in the cytoplasm and nucleus, were calculated from sets of appropriately weighted images. In all cases, water in the nucleus had relaxation and diffusion properties markedly differing from those of cytoplasmic water, which in turn had properties which were distinct from those of free water. Additionally, the cytoplasmic T2 was observed to triple following cell death, which is attributed to cytoplasmic dilution as water enters the cell. The work presented represents the first effort at a consistent exploration of the spatial distribution of NMR characteristics of water within intact single cells. These studies have implications both for modeling the NMR characteristics of water in neuronal tissues based on an understanding of the characteristics of water in different cell compartments and for understanding water/macromolecule interactions within cells. NMR microscopy studies such as these may help form a foundation for understanding and interpreting NMR characteristics measured from large assemblies of cells, i.e., spectroscopy and imaging of living tissues.
Current Concepts in the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (1997)

Heart failure is a complex syndrome; therapy should be aimed at the independent goals of prolonging life and of improving symptoms and quality of life. Some therapies are effective in achieving one goal but not the other. Short-term symptomatic relief may relate to alleviation of haemodynamic abnormalities and of congestion, whereas slowing progression of the disease and reducing mortality involve neurohormonal mechanisms, left ventricular remodelling and arrhythmia generation. Current therapy is moderately effective on these end-points, but newer approaches to management are necessary to produce more profound improvements in morbidity and mortality.
Consensus-Based Distributed Multiple Model UKF for Jump Markov Nonlinear Systems (2011)

This note studies the problem of distributed estimation for jump Markov nonlinear systems (JMNLSs) in a not fully connected sensor network. Based on the consensus theory, a distributed unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is first derived for nonlinear systems without jumping parameters and then it is extended to develop a distributed multiple model UKF for JMNLSs. The proposed filtering algorithm is illustrated via a simulation example involving tracking a maneuvering target.
Enhancement of high-<i>T</i><sub>C</sub>superconducting thin film devices by nanoscale polishing (2012)

The effects of mechanical nanoscale polishing on the superconducting parameters of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thin films and bi-crystal grain boundary Josephson junctions have been investigated. We prepared samples with additional gold nanocrystallites in the YBCO film. As they are distributed throughout the whole YBCO film, they provide a low-resistance ohmic contact even if parts of the film are removed. Polishing was performed either before or after the patterning and did not change the properties of the grain boundary. However, nanopolishing reduces the film roughness in a significant way, which makes it an indispensable tool for the preparation of integrated superconducting circuits. We also succeeded in tuning the IC and RN of the Josephson junctions of direct current superconducting quantum interference devices (dc-SQUIDs) by systematically reducing the film thickness, which opens up new possibilities in the application of magnetic field sensors.
A protein similar to the 67 kDa laminin binding protein and p40 is probably a component of the translational machinery in <i>Urechis caupo</i> oocytes and embryos (1995)

Oocytes of the echiuroid, Urechis caupo, contain an abundant maternal mRNA that encodes a protein very similar to LBP/p40, originally identified as a non-integrin 67 kDa laminin binding protein. We have sequenced the Urechis caupo mRNA for LBP/p40, and a similar mRNA from the Hawaiian sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla. Both of the encoded proteins, as well as LBP/p40 proteins from other sources, share significant homology in the amino 2/3 of the proteins, but diverge extensively at the carboxyl ends. LBP/p40 protein is present in growing and in full-grown U. caupo oocytes. The protein concentration remains constant for the first 48 hours of embryogenesis and then begins to decline. In sucrose gradients run with homogenates from coelomocytes, oocytes, and early embryos, all of the LBP/p40 protein appears to be associated with either polysomes or free 40 S ribosomal subunits. In later embryos, an increasing proportion of the protein is found in the soluble fraction. Immunohistochemistry indicates that LBP/p40 is uniformly distributed in early U. caupo embryos, with no localization at the cell surface. In later embryos LBP/p40 is localized in specific parts of the embryo which may correspond to neural tissue.
An investigation of stacked and embedded cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas (2006)

Various multisegment cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna geometries are considered including stacked, core-plugged, and embedded stacked. Results show impedance bandwidths up to 68.1% compared to 21.0% for a homogeneous DRA with the same size and resonant frequency.
Left-handed extraordinary optical transmission through a photonic crystal of subwavelength hole arrays (2006)

Metamaterial structures are artificial materials that show unconventional electromagnetic properties such as photonic band-gap, extraordinary optical transmission and left-handed propagation. Up to now, relations of photonic crystals and negative refraction have been shown as well as of photonic crystals and sub-wavelength hole arrays. Here we report a left-handed metamaterial engineered by a combination of sub-wavelength hole array plates periodically stacked to form a photonic crystal structure. It is shown the possibility of fine-tuning the metamaterial in order to permit extraordinary optical transmission and left-handed behaviour. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of engineering left-handed metamaterials by just drilling holes in metallic plates and brings together single structure photonic crystals, extraordinary optical transmission and left-handed behaviour.
Comprehensive Context Recognizer Based on Multimodal Sensors in a Smartphone (2012)

Recent developments in smartphones have increased the processing capabilities and equipped these devices with a number of built-in multimodal sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, GPS interfaces, Wi-Fi access, and proximity sensors. Despite the fact that numerous studies have investigated the development of user-context aware applications using smartphones, these applications are currently only able to recognize simple contexts using a single type of sensor. Therefore, in this work, we introduce a comprehensive approach for context aware applications that utilizes the multimodal sensors in smartphones. The proposed system is not only able to recognize different kinds of contexts with high accuracy, but it is also able to optimize the power consumption since power-hungry sensors can be activated or deactivated at appropriate times. Additionally, the system is able to recognize activities wherever the smartphone is on a human’s body, even when the user is using the phone to make a phone call, manipulate applications, play games, or listen to music. Furthermore, we also present a novel feature selection algorithm for the accelerometer classification module. The proposed feature selection algorithm helps select good features and eliminates bad features, thereby improving the overall accuracy of the accelerometer classifier. Experimental results show that the proposed system can classify eight activities with an accuracy of 92.43%.
eIF4G Functionally Differs from eIFiso4G in Promoting Internal Initiation, Cap-independent Translation, and Translation of Structured mRNAs (2001)

Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G plays an important role in assembling the initiation complex required for ribosome binding to an mRNA. Plants, animals, and yeast each express two eIF4G homologs, which share only 30, 46, and 53% identity, respectively. We have examined the functional differences between plant eIF4G proteins, referred to as eIF4G and eIFiso4G, when present as subunits of eIF4F and eIFiso4F, respectively. The degree to which a 5'-cap stimulated translation was inversely correlated with the concentration of eIF4F or eIFiso4F and required the poly(A)-binding protein for optimal function. Although eIF4F and eIFiso4F directed translation of unstructured mRNAs, eIF4F supported translation of an mRNA containing 5'-proximal secondary structure substantially better than did eIFiso4F. Moreover, eIF4F stimulated translation from uncapped monocistronic or dicistronic mRNAs to a greater extent than did eIFiso4F. These data suggest that at least some functions of plant eIFiso4F and eIF4F have diverged in that eIFiso4F promotes translation preferentially from unstructured mRNAs, whereas eIF4F can promote translation also from mRNAs that contain a structured 5'-leader and that are uncapped or contain multiple cistrons. This ability may also enable eIF4F to promote translation from standard mRNAs under cellular conditions in which cap-dependent translation is inhibited.