gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deactivation Routes in Zeolite Catalyzed Isobutane/2-Butene Alkylation and Regeneration Procedures (2004)

The aim of this thesis was to understand the routes of deactivation of iso-butane / 2-butene alkylation on faujasitic zeolites and to correlate the alkylation performance with the physicochemical properties of the zeolite used. It was also under the scope of this thesis, to propose a reaction/regeneration mechanism that ensures a successful and continuous operation. It could be shown that the avoidance of structural damage occurring during the modification procedure is the key factor for suitable alkylation catalyst. A successful catalyst for alkylation has to posses a high concentration of strong Brønsted acid sites and a low concentration of Lewis acid sites. It could be shown that during the alkylation reaction a high quality alkylate was produced that was practically free of unsaturated compounds and aromatics, even at times close to deactivation. It could be shown that the accumulated deposits in the pores of the catalyst were mainly formed by highly branched paraffinic compounds following a (CH2)3 series and with molecular weights from 128 g/mol to 548 g/mol. The deposits formed inside the pores of the catalyst were a result of propene oligomerization. Superior catalysts showed lower masses in the deposits with a maximum at C12-C15 while inferior catalysts showed a maximum at C24-C27. Low amounts of olefins and aromatics were also found in the deposits. Small amounts of C12H26 and C16H34 from multiple alkylation were also detected in the deposits. Cyclic compounds and aromatics were formed on the surface of the catalyst as observed by MALDI-TOF. These types of compounds were not detected when the zeolite was dissolved in HF and the coke molecules extracted with methylene chloride. Therefore, their concentration was low within the total concentration of deposits. These types of molecules were responsible for pore mouth plugging on the surface of the catalyst. The size of the molecules detected by MALDI- TOF increased with time-on-stream for all catalyst. They were of a CnH2n-4 and CnH2n-18 nature with molecular masses ranging from 150 to 360. A suitable method for the regeneration of catalysts for iso-butane/butene alkylation was developed. The method was based on cycles containing reaction, mild-regeneration by washing in the liquid phase and hard-regeneration in the gas phase. By mild-regeneration, the catalyst usable lifetime was at least doubled. A high and unaltered product quality was maintained within a set of reactions-mild regenerations. The catalyst performance was driven back to its (near-) initial activity through its hard-regeneration in the gas phase. A broad distribution of products was released during hard-regeneration as a result of cracking of the accumulated deposits. A stable catalytic performance and product quality was achieved by combining a set of n-reactions/mild-regenerations with a final hard-regeneration in a cycled process. No signs of deactivation were observed.
Viologen-mediated Reductive Transformations of gem-Bromonitro Compounds and $\alpha$-Nitro Ketones by Sodium Dithionite (1993)

Reductive transformations of gem-bromonitro compounds and -nitro ketones were carried out conveniently with sodium dithionite by using dioctyl viologen as an electron-transfer catalyst in dichloromethane-water two-phase system:the bromine atom in gem-bromonitro compounds and the nitro group in -nitro ketones are replaced by hydrogen.
RECOGNITION BY / T CELLS (1996)

In contrast with the study of T cells, that of T cells is relatively recent and stems from the discovery of their rearranged genes, rather than from any knowledge of their biological function. Thus, experiments designed to characterize their specificity and function have drawn heavily on our knowledge of T cells. During the past few years, many studies, especially with mice lacking either or T cells, have demonstrated that T cells can contribute to immune competence, but they do so in a way that is distinct from T cells. It is also evident that T cells may not recognize antigen the same way as do T cells. Analysis of three protein antigens—the murine MHC class II IE k , the nonclassical MHC T10/T22, and the Herpes virus glycoprotein gI—indicates that T cell recognition does not require antigen processing and that the proteins are recognized directly. In all three cases, recognition by these T cell clones involves neither peptides bound to these proteins nor peptides derived from them. Moreover, a group of small phosphate-containing nonpeptide compounds derived from mycobacterial extracts has been found to stimulate a major population of human peripheral T cells in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner. This indicates that T cells can respond to ligands that are different from those of T cells. Analysis of complementarity determining region (CDR3) length distributions of and chains indicates that they are more similar to those of immunoglobulins than to TCR and . This further supports the idea that and T cells recognize antigens differently and suggests that T cells may be more like immunoglobulins in their recognition properties. T cells share many cell surface proteins with T cells and are able to secrete lymphokines and express cytolytic activities in response to antigenic stimulation. These, together with the results cited above, indicate that T cells can mediate cellular immune functions without a requirement for antigen processing. Thus, pathogens, damaged tissues, or even B and T cells can be recognized directly, and cellular immune responses
Development of router clusters to provide fast failover in IP networks (1997)

this paper, we start by discussing our targets and the behavior of existing routing or bridging protocols and follow this with a detailed analysis of the different failure cases. We then show how we have modified the behavior of the routing control protocols to achieve the desired failover times on links between routers or in response to the failure of intermediate routers. Finally, we describe the new IP Standby Protocol and the mechanisms we developed to achieve fast recovery from failures on the LANs local to the end hosts. This part of the problem is the most challenging because the hosts are of many types and have IP implementations that cannot realistically be changed. Thus all changes have to be made in the routers. Our secondary aims were to allow the use of router clusters in any existing network configuration, not to constrain failover to simple pairs of routers, to be able to share traffic between available routers, and to continue to use the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) redirect mechanism for optimum choice of router by hosts on a per destination basis. A common problem of hosts is that they do not time out redirects. This problem is avoided by the adoption mechanism within the router cluster. Having met these aims, as well as fast failover, we can justifiably call the result router clusters.
A novel SDN based stealthy TCP connection handover mechanism for hybrid honeypot systems (2017)

Honeypots have been largely used to capture and investigate malicious behavior through deliberately sacrificing their own resources in order to be attacked. Hybrid honeypot architectures consisting of frontends and backends are widely used in the research area, specially due to the benefits of their high scalability and fidelity for detailed attacking data collection. A hybrid honeypot system often needs a facility aimed to tightly control the network traffic, for purposes such as redirecting the traffic from the frontends to the backends for in-depth attack analysis. However, the current traffic redirection approaches, particularly the TCP connection handover mechanisms, are not stealthy and they can be easily detected by attackers. This paper proposes an SDN based network data controller for hybrid honeypot systems that uses a transparent TCP connection handover mechanism and provides a traffic filtering approach based on the Snort alert functionality. The controller is implemented as an application based on the open-source Ryu SDN framework. It allows the users to configure their own network data control rules, which based on the Snort alert messages will forward or redirect the traffic to the corresponding honeypots. The experiments validate the proposed mechanism and the testing results show that the controller can efficiently perform the stealthy TCP connection handover as well.
AEROSOLIZED SILICONE IN A MEDICAL LIBRARY (1996)

Schneider, Andrew M. M.D.; Morykwas, Michael J. Ph.D.; Argenta, Louis C. M.D. Author Information
The effect of melatonin administration on pituitary hormone secretion in man (1999)

These results confirm that the nocturnal increase in melatonin could contribute to the patterns of oxytocin, vasopressin and growth hormone release seen over 24 h.
Topography of transcription: path of the leading end of nascent RNA through the Escherichia coli transcription complex. (1983)

A cleavable dinucleotide photoaffinity reagent was prepared and used to map the path of the leading end of the RNA transcript across the surface of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase/T7 DNA transcription complexes. By using 5'-(4-azidophenacylthio)phosphoryladenylyl(3'-5')uridine, transcription was specifically initiated at the A1 promoter of bacteriophage T7 D111 or D123 DNA. Transcription complexes containing radiolabeled RNA chains of various lengths (4-116 nucleotides) were prepared, and the 5' end of the RNA transcript was then covalently attached to the nearby polymerase subunits or DNA by irradiation with UV light. The photoaffinity-labeled enzyme subunits and DNA were separated, the radiolabeled RNAs were cleaved from each, and the lengths and sequences of RNA attached to each component were determined. The leading end of RNA chains up to 12 bases long was found to label the DNA and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase, with more than 90% of the label going to the DNA. When the RNA transcript reached 12 bases in length, the 5' end diverged from the DNA and only the beta and beta' enzyme subunits were labeled thereafter. These two subunits were heavily labeled by RNA chains 12 to as many as 94 bases long. No significant labeling of the alpha subunit occurred. The sigma subunit was not labeled by RNAs longer than the trinucleotide.
Atlas-Based Segmentation of Pathological MR Brain Images Using a Model of Lesion Growth (2004)

We propose a method for brain atlas deformation in the presence of large space-occupying tumors, based on an a priori model of lesion growth that assumes radial expansion of the lesion from its starting point. Our approach involves three steps. First, an affine registration brings the atlas and the patient into global correspondence. Then, the seeding of a synthetic tumor into the brain atlas provides a template for the lesion. The last step is the deformation of the seeded atlas, combining a method derived from optical flow principles and a model of lesion growth. Results show that a good registration is performed and that the method can be applied to automatic segmentation of structures and substructures in brains with gross deformation, with important medical applications in neurosurgery, radiosurgery, and radiotherapy.
Ranking Anomalous High Performance Computing Sensor Data Using Unsupervised Clustering (2016)

Environmental sensors monitor supercomputing facility health, generating massive data in the largest facilities. Current state-of-the-art is for human operators to evaluate environmental data by hand. This approach will not be viable on Exascale machines, nor is it ideal on current systems. We evaluate effectiveness of the DBSCAN algorithm for identifying anomalies in supercomputing sensor data. We filter large portions of data showing normal behavior from anomalies, and then rank anomalous points by distance to the nearest normal cluster. We compare DBSCAN to k-means and Gaussian kernel density estimation, finding that DBSCAN effectively clusters sensor data from a Cray supercomputing facility. DBSCAN also successfully clusters synthetic injected data, avoiding the false positives generated by k-means and Gaussian kernel density estimation.
A Test Structure to Characterize Nano-Scale Ohmic Contacts in III-V MOSFETs (2014)

We propose and demonstrate a novel test structure to characterize the electrical properties of nano-scale metal-semiconductor contacts. The structure is in essence a two-port transmission line model (TLM) with contacts in the nanometer regime. Unlike the conventional TLM, two types of Kelvin measurements are possible. When performed on devices with different contact spacing, this allows the extraction of the contact resistance, the semiconductor sheet resistance, and the metal sheet resistance. For this, a 2-D distributed resistive network model has been developed. We demonstrate this technique in Mo/n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InGaAs contacts with contact lengths from 19 to 450 nm where we have measured an average contact resistivity of 0.69±0.3 Ω·μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . For relatively long contacts , this corresponds to an extremely small contact resistance of 6.6±1.6 Ω·μm.
Performance and Photosensitization of Cattle Related to Forage Quality of Four Legumes<sup>1</sup> (1987)

Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) is a superior forage legume that has several shortcomings as a pasture species, including ruminant bloat potential. Our objective was to determine whether palatability differences among alfalfa and three nonbloat‐inducing alternative legume species would influence performance of grazing heifers ( Bos taurus ). Heifer performance was quantified on pure stands of the four legumes from 1982 through 1984 and of three legumes in 1985. Grazing pressure was controlled in pastures that had a Waukegan silt loam (fine‐silty over sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludolls) soil. Heifers confined to cicer milkvetch ( Astragalus cicer L.), by far the least palatable species, usually gained less than those confined to either alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.), or sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.). Mean average daily gains during 1983 and 1984 (long‐term grazing seasons) were 0.67, 0.81, 0.80, and 0.42 kg for alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin, and cicer milkvetch, respectively. Measurements of nutritive value did not explain gain differences, but reduced intake and frequent photosensitization occurred in heifers that grazed cicer milkvetch. Heifer product per hectare was influenced more by daily gains than by legume carrying capacity. Birdsfoot trefoil is a promising alternative pasture legume because it provided excellent heifer gains and had better summer growth and persistence than sainfoin, although somewhat less persistence than alfalfa. The poor palatability of cicer milkvetch was associated with reduced intake, reduced gains by cattle, and possibly with the photosensitization problem; however, its excellent yield, persistence, and nutritive value indicate that cicer milkvetch deserves more research and breeding to overcome its antiquality traits.
Corporate Insurance and the Underinvestment Problem (1987)

A casualty loss produces option-like characteristics in assets because their value depends on further discretionary investment. With risky debt in the firm's capital structure, the shareholders can have incentives to forgo the discretionary investment, even though it has a positive net present value. Thus a potential incentive conflict exists between the bondholders who want the investment made and the shareholders who do not. The incentive problem can be controlled by including a covenant in the bond contract requiring insurance coverage. Full coverage is generally not required. The maximum deductible depends on the amount of debt in the firm's capital structure and the feasible set of net casualty losses.
Zu Kinetik und Mechanismus der Äthanolyse von sek-Butylbromid (1971)

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Delta modulation strategies for resonant link inverters (1987)

This paper explores in detail the suitability of delta modulation strategies for resonant link inverters. The control and spectral characteristics of various delta modulators are examined in an effort to develop a model for the same. The more fundamental question of comparing delta modulation systems with conventional pwm systems, given similar devices, is addressed and it is shown that the former provides a viable high performance alternative.
Live replication of virtual machines (2011)

Replication has been identified as a useful mechanism in Virtual Machine (VM) management. Replication allows the network administrators to face some daily troubles like system faults, load balancing and scheduled/unscheduled maintenances. A desirable characteristic during this process is zero downtime, the replication process should cause a minimal service interruption if a Virtual Machine becomes unavailable. Replication has been identified as a tool to achieve high availability in a computational system. In this paper a live replication protocol to reach high availability in services for virtual machines is proposed. It consists on replicating every task that a virtual machine executes to other virtual machine. Each individual result that is obtained in a virtual machine called original is also obtained in a Virtual Machine called replica. The protocol is based on TCP/IP. This mechanism duplicates each command that the original virtual machine receives and sends it to the replica virtual machine.
Characterization of a cellulose-binding, cellulase-containing complex in Clostridium thermocellum (1983)

The isolation and biochemical characterization of the extracellular form of a cellulose-binding factor (CBF) from Clostridium thermocellum is described. The CBF was isolated from the culture supernatant by a two-step procedure which included affinity chromatography on cellulose and gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The isolated CBF was homogeneous as determined by immunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration, and analytical ultracentrifugation analysis. The CBF was found to form a complex which exhibited a molecular weight estimated at 2.1 million. Electron microscopic analysis of negatively stained preparations of the isolated CBF revealed a particulate, multisubunit entity of complicated quaternary structure. The molecule appeared to be about 18 nm in size. Although urea failed to break the complex into its component parts, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate resolved the CBF complex into 14 polypeptide bands. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that these polypeptides indeed formed part of the same complex. Interestingly, by using the whole-cell immunization procedure described in the accompanying article (Bayer et al., J. Bacteriol., 156:818-827, 1983) only one CBF subunit (Mr = 210,000) was found to be antigenically active. By using a gel-overlay assay technique, at least eight of the remaining CBF-associated polypeptide components were shown to exhibit cellulolytic activity. The results are consistent with the contention that the CBF comprises a discrete, multisubunit complex or group of closely related complexes which exhibit separate antigenic and multiple cellulase activities in addition to the property of cellulose binding. It appears that the CBF is not only responsible for the adherence of the cells to cellulose but also constitutes a major part of the cellulolytic apparatus of this organism.
Breast Cancer after Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy in Women with a<i>BRCA1</i>or<i>BRCA2</i>Mutation (2001)

In women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, prophylactic bilateral total mastectomy reduces the incidence of breast cancer at three years of follow-up.
Optimization of Point Selection on Digital Ink Curves (2012)

Digital ink curves are typically represented as series of points sampled at certain time intervals. We are interested in the problem of how to select a minimal subset of sample points to approximate a digital ink curve within a given error bound. We present an algorithm to find an approximation with a specified number of points and providing the minimum cumulative error. Alternatively, it may be used to select the minimum number of points required to satisfy an error bound. The method uses dynamic programming and has a cost linear in the number of points.
Bacteria (Legionella pneumophila) in Human Monocytes is Reversibly Inhibited by Erythromycin and Rifampin (1983)

A B S T R A C T We have previously reported that virulent egg yolk-grown Legionella pneumophila, Philadelphia 1 strain, multiplies intracellularly in human blood monocytes and only intracellularly under tissue culture conditions. In this paper, we have investigated the effect of erythromycin and rifampin on L. pneumophila-monocyte interaction in vitro; erythromycin and rifampin are currently the drugs of choice for the treatment of Legionnaires' disease. The intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila is inhibited by erythromycin and rifampin, as measured by colony-forming units, whether the antibiotics are added just before or just after infection of monocytes with L. pneumophila, or 2 d after infection when L. pneumophila is in the logarithmic phase of growth in monocytes. Intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila is inhibited by 1.25 ,tg/ml but not <0.125 ,ig/ml erythromycin and 0.01 ,ug/ml but not <0.001 ,tg/ml rifampin. These concentrations of antibiotics are comparable to those that inhibit extracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila under cell-free conditions in artificial medium; the minimal inhibitory concentration is 0.37 Ag/ml for erythromycin and 0.002 ,gg/ml for rifampin. Multiplication of L. pneumophila in the logarithmic phase of growth in monocytes is inhibited within 1 h of the addition of antibiotics. Intracellular bacteria inhibited from multiplying by antibiotics are not killed. By electron microscopy, the bacteria appear intact within membrane-bound vacuoles, studded with ribosomelike structures.
A comparison of five immunohistochemical biomarkers and HER‐2/<i>neu</i> gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization in white and Korean patients with early‐onset breast carcinoma (2003)

The findings of high positivity of HER-2/neu expression and gene amplification in Korean women with early-onset breast carcinoma may have potential implications for local and systemic management of breast carcinoma, especially anti-HER-2/neu therapy for patients with hormone receptor negativity. Further research will be needed to identify biologic and genetic factors and their effects on the survival between different racial groups.