gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of small-angle scattering data of charged particles using the generalized indirect Fourier transformation technique (2000)

Small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering are widely used techniques to study the structure of colloidal particles in the size range up to 100 nm. The indirect Fourier transformation technique is well established to obtain model free real space information, but the interpretation of the results is limited to cases where particle interaction can be neglected. The extended generalized indirect Fourier transform (GIFT) allows one to separate inter- and intraparticle effects, but needs models for the particle interaction. We present the application of three different models for the calculation of interaction effects of charged particles, represented by the structure factor. With this extension, useful real space information can be obtained by the GIFT method for solutions with volume fractions up to about 0.3 without any assumption for the shape of the particles. Only the interaction effects need a model assumption, and the parameters determined from this model can give some additional information. Simulations show that it is impossible to determine charge and ionic strength simultaneously. There exists another ambiguity between the parameter sets for charge, radius, and volume fraction, but we show how this problem can be overcome in most cases. The practical applicability of the method is demonstrated by means of the micellar system CTAB in different concentrations from 1% up to 20% and with varying amounts of added salt to screen the charges and change the particle shape.
Towards next-generation design-for-manufacturability (DFM) frameworks for electronics product realization (2004)

This paper elucidates the process architecture of a pilot implementation of a DFM Framework (specifically the SFM DFM Framework or SDF), which consists of four key ingredients. The first ingredient is a Design Integrator that acquires product design information from an ECAD tool and in-house sources (each populating a subset of the design) and consolidates them into a STEP AP210 model. The second ingredient is a Rule-based Expert System (initiated at Boeing) that captures the manufacturability constraints as DFM rules and evaluates printed circuit assembly (PCA) designs against them. The third ingredient is a Design View Generator that extracts design information from the AP210 model (first ingredient) and library database and derives a Kappa design model for the expert system (second ingredient) to evaluate. The fourth ingredient is the Results Viewer that helps the user browse DFM analysis results and identify design improvement opportunities. This implementation of the SDF demonstrates the ability to extract PCA design information and build a higher fidelity standards-based design model. Additionally, it also shows the capability of Rule-based Expert Systems to emulate manufacturability checks on product (PCAs in this case) designs as well as increase analysis coverage and reduce human checking time via automation.
Negligible Effect of Vibrational Polaritons on Chemical Reaction Rates via the Density of States Pathway (2020)

We show that the polariton density of states in planar optical cavities strongly coupled to vibrational excitations remains much lower than the density of vibrational states even at the frequency of the lower and upper polaritons under most practical circumstances. The polariton density of states is higher within a narrow window only when the inhomogeneous line width is at least an order of magnitude smaller than the Rabi splitting. Therefore, modification of reaction rates via the density-of-states pathway appears small or negligible for the scenarios reported in the literature. While the polariton density of states is bounded from above by the free-space optical density of states in dielectric cavities, it can be much higher for localized phonon polariton modes of nanoscale particles. We conclude that other potential explanations of the reported reactivity changes under vibrational strong coupling should be examined.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid analogues. Preparation of semisynthetic esters of retronecine (1977)

Methods have been devised for the selective esterification of retronecine (I) to give analogues of the naturally occurring hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Selective esterification at C-9 of retronecine (I) with simple acids was achieved by using NN′-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide. Selective esterification and esterification with αβ-unsatur-ated and α-hydroxy-αα-dialkyl acids was achieved through the intermediacy of N-acylimidazoles.
<i>Leishmania major</i>-Like Antigen for Specific and Sensitive Serodiagnosis of Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (2002)

An antigen (LMS) prepared from Leishmania major-like promastigotes was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of human and dog visceral leishmaniasis. The results were compared with those from the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). A total of 1822 canine sera were tested, including sera from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis, transmissible venereal tumors, ehrlichiosis, rickettsiosis, or Chagas' disease and sera from healthy dogs. The antigen was also tested with 227 samples of human sera, including sera from patients with visceral, cutaneous, or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and from noninfected individuals, as well as sera from patients with Chagas' disease, toxoplasmosis, rickettsiosis, hepatitis B, schistosomiasis, ascaridiasis, malaria, rheumatoid factor, leprosy and rheumatoid factor, tuberculosis, or leprosy. All dogs and all human patients had a clinical and/or serological and/or parasitological diagnosis. For detecting antibodies in sera from dogs with leishmaniasis, the antigen showed a sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 95%, and concordance of 93% and when used for detecting antibodies in human sera presented a sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 100%, and concordance of 92%. Comparison between ELISA and IFAT demonstrated that ELISA using the LMS antigen yielded more reliable results than IFAT. The LMS antigen displayed no cross-reactivity with sera from patients or dogs that had any of the other diseases tested.
Reduction of serum matrix metalloproteinase 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients following anti- tumour necrosis factor-alpha (cA2) therapy (1997)

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 levels were measured in serum samples from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients undergoing a double-blinded placebo-controlled trial with the chimaeric anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antibody cA2. Both MMP-1 (P < 0.015), but to a larger extent MMP-3 (P < 0.001) levels were elevated in all RA patients prior to the commencement of the trial compared with normal control sera. Following cA2 therapy, MMP-1 and MMP-3 levels were assessed in the placebo, and 1 and 10 mg/kg cA2-treated groups at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. In both the 1 and the 10 mg/kg cA2-treated groups, a significant decrease in serum MMP-3 levels at all time points was observed, reducing maximally to 41% of pre-infusion values at day 7. MMP-1 levels were also reduced, but less dramatically than MMP-3, to 85% of pre-infusion values after 14 days in the 10 mg/kg cA2 treated group. In a separate non-placebo-controlled study, we also evaluated the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 levels in plasma following cA2 infusion. Pre-infusion TIMP-1 levels were above the normal control range, but were significantly reduced (P < 0.035) 14 days after infusion to 72% of pre-infusion values. This study confirms previous reports that MMP-3 levels are elevated and correlate with measures of inflammation in RA, and furthermore demonstrate that serum MMP-3 and MMP-1 levels are downmodulated following anti-TNF-alpha antibody therapy. Whilst serum MMP-3 levels correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) both prior to and following anti-TNF-alpha antibody therapy, it remains to be demonstrated that serum MMP-3 and/or MMP-1 levels reflect the cartilage and bone resorptive processes which are evident in this disease.
Isolation of three hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-degrading species of the family Enterobacteriaceae from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil (1994)

Three species of the family Enterobacteriaceae that biochemically reduced hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) were isolated from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil. Two isolates, identified as Morganella morganii and Providencia rettgeri, completely transformed both RDX and the nitroso-RDX reduction intermediates. The third isolate, identified as Citrobacter freundii, partially transformed RDX and generated high concentrations of nitroso-RDX intermediates. All three isolates produced 14CO2 from labeled RDX under O2-depleted culture conditions. While all three isolates transformed HMX, only M. morganii transformed HMX in the presence of RDX.
Survey of Network Visualization Tools (2007)

As a first step in determining the way ahead for research and development of network visualisation techniques, a product and literature search of network visualisation technologies was conducted. The contractors developed a taxonomy of network visualisation product attributes and entered products into a MySQL database accessed through a web interface using PHP scripts. A report containing a table for each of the 139 products was delivered in HTML format; each table includes the attributes that could be determined from the product's Internet presence or from sales staff, and screen captures where available. This document contains a re-formatted version of this full report, fitted to letter size paper and with unfilled rows removed from the tables to minimize the document length. The citation information for the 27 document discovered in the literature search are listed at the end, along with the abstract of each.
Copper Transport in Thermal SiO2 (1993)

The transport of copper in silicon dioxide thermally grown on single crystalline silicon was studied by capacitance techniques, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Metal/oxide/silicon (MOS) capacitors were used to study the penetration of copper into the oxide as a function of temperature and applied electric field. The role of a titanium layer between the copper and the oxide was also studied. Bias‐thermal stress (BTS) studies of MOS structures were conducted at 150°C to 300°C with an electric field of 1 MV/cm for times ranging between 10 min and 168 h. It is shown that without bias a relatively small amount of copper reaches the silicon/silicon dioxide interface, with a maximum surface concentration of about 1017 cm−3 that drops exponentially with depth in the oxide. The high‐frequency (100 kHz) capacitance vs. voltage (CV) characteristics of the MOS devices changed drastically when a positive bias was applied to the gate and copper reached the silicon/silicon‐dioxide interface. The penetration time for copper through the oxide was characterized as a function of the temperature. The copper drift velocity, mobility and diffusivity in the oxide were determined and the copper profiles in the capacitors were characterized by SIMS. The activation energy for the diffusivity and mobility models was found to be . Devices without a barrier layer, which were stressed under a positive electric field, showed high copper concentration in the oxide, up to 1021 cm−3. At high temperatures and long stress times a significant amount of copper was also found in the silicon substrate. A titanium layer thicker than 5 nm acted as effective barrier even after 30 h of BTS at 300°C.
Mechanical Coupling Between Myofibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes Slows Electric Conduction in Fibrotic Cell Monolayers (2011)

These observations suggest that myofibroblast-myocyte mechanical interactions develop during cardiac injury, and that cardiac conduction may be impaired as a result of increased mechanosensitive channel activation owing to tension applied to the myocyte by the myofibroblast.
Adducts of Ferrocenylboranes and Pyridine Bases: Generation of Charge-Transfer Complexes and Reversible Coordination Polymers (1998)

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Performance of block turbo coded 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulations (2002)

We present the results of our investigation concerning the performance of block turbo codes associated with high spectral efficiency QAM modulations. By using a pragmatic approach, simulation results show that all the block turbo coded QAM modulations we have tested are at 2.9/spl plusmn/0.2 dB of their Shannon's limit. The block turbo coded QAM modulations also outperform TCM schemes by at least 1 dB at a BER (bit error rate) of 10/sup -5/. Concerning convolutional turbo coded QAM modulations, the block turbo coded QAM modulations exhibit slightly better performance for spectral efficiencies greater than 4 bits/s/Hz.
Screening, Fermentation, Isolation, and Characterization of Trypanomycin, a New Antibiotic (1972)

A Streptomyces strain which is similar to S. diastatochromogenes (Krainsky) Waksman et Henrici 1948 sensu Hütter (1967) was found to produce a new antibiotic designated trypanomycin. The red-pigment antibiotic, which has novel trypanocidal activity in vitro and in vivo, was isolated from a C-, N-, and iron-containing culture of the strain IMET JA 10081/9 by extraction with organic solvents, transfer into the aqueous phase, reextraction with organic solvents at pH 6.8, precipitation by hydrocarbons, and purification by chromatographic methods. Trypanomycin has indicator properties. The main constituents of the antibiotic mixture are readily soluble in water and are very stable in distilled water at room temperature (28 C) for 24 hr. The composition of the base of trypanomycin A(2) (melting point, 175 to 183 C) corresponds to the empirical formula C(41-42)H(52-56)NO(21-22). The absorption spectra in the ultraviolet and visible regions are very similar to those of the 4,5,8-trioxyanthrachinones. Trypanomycin has strong antiprotozoal activity, e.g., against trypanosomes. The natural substance additionally inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria, stable as well as unstable L-forms of gram-negative bacteria, mycoplasmas, yeast protoplasts, and tumor cells in vitro. The LD(50) of trypanomycin in mice was 60 mg/kg when administered intravenously and 31 mg/kg on intraperitoneal administration. If the antibiotic was added to cultures of animal or human cells in vitro, mitotic inhibition and chromosomal aberrations resulted. Trypanomycin differs in its biological activities and chromatographic behavior from other anthracyclines, e.g., cinerubine A and B, daunomycin, adriamycin, nogalamycin, rutilantin, pyrromycin, cyclamycin, and ryemycin.
Effects of temperature on cell growth and xanthan production in batch cultures of <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> (1990)

Batch xanthan fermentations by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 at various temperatures ranging between 22 degrees C and 35 degrees C were studied. At 24 degrees C or lower, xanthan formation lagged significantly behind cell growth, resembling typical secondary metabolism. However, at 27 degrees C and higher, xanthan biosynthesis followed cell growth from the beginning of the exponential phase and continued into the stationary phase. Cell growth at 35 degrees C was very slow; the specific growth rate was near zero. The specific growth rate had a maximum value of 0.26 h(-1) at temperatures between 27 degrees C and 31 degrees C. Cell yield decreased from 0.53 g/g glucose at 22 degrees C to 0.28 g/g glucose at 33 degrees C, whereas xanthan yield increased from 54% at 22 degrees C to 90% at 33 degrees C. The specific xanthan formation rate also increased with increasing temperature. The pyruvate content of xanthan produced at various temperatures ranged between 1.9% and 4.5%, with the maximum occurring between 27 degrees C and 30 degrees C. These results suggest that the optimal temperatures for cell growth are between 24 degrees C and 27 degrees C, whereas those for xanthan formation are between 30 degrees C and 33 degrees C. For single-stage batch fermentation, the optimal temperature for xanthan fermentation is thus dependent on the design criteria (i. e., fermentation rate, xanthan yield, and gum qualities). However, a two-stage fermentation process with temperature shift-up from 27 degrees C to 32 degrees C is suggested to optimize both cell growth and xanthan formation, respectively, at each stage, and thus to improve overall xanthan fermentation.
Gliding Robotic Fish: An Underwater Sensing Platform and Its Spiral-Based Tracking in 3D Space (2017)

Abstract Gliding robotic fish are a new type of underwater robot that combines the advantages of energy efficiency of underwater gliders and high maneuverability of robotic fish. Tail-enabled spiraling, as a novel locomotion pattern of gliding robotic fish, uses a buoyancy-driven mechanism and features a small turning radius. This paper investigates the spiral trajectory characteristics from the viewpoint of differential geometry and exploits them for curve tracking in the 3D space. The influences of control inputs on spiral trajectories are investigated through both simulation and experiments. A simulation example using a combined feedforward and feedback controller illustrates the proposed curve-tracking approach.
Rosmarinic acid attenuates D-galactose induced behavior impairment in mice and its mechanism (2010)

The aim is to study the protective effects of Rosmarinic acid (RosA),on age-related behavior in senescent mice induced by consecutive injection of D-galactose (D-gal) and to explore in-brain mechanism of its effects. In the present study, Female BALB/c mice randomly divided into the control group, model group and 3 doses of RosA treatment groups, and the oral administration of RosA (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) started with subcutaneous injection of D-gal (100 mg/kg). Two behavior models, passive avoidance test and beam walking task, were used to research the process of learning-memory and Sensorimotor activity. The results showed that mice treated with RosA could significantly increased the step-down latency and decreased the number of mitakes in passive avoidance test compared with the mice of the model group, and increased balance time and decreased the struggle time in beam walking test remarkably, too. In addition, there was a significant increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and decrease in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain of RosA-treated mice. So the improvement of the antioxidase activity of brain in the aging mice may be one of the reasons of RosA could improve the age-related behavior dysfunction produced by D-gal.
Torque steering control of 4-wheel drive electric vehicle (2002)

The concept of a 4-wheel drive system for an electric vehicle is presented. This drive concept with four induction motors, one driving each wheel, allows the omission of the rear axle including the conventional differential gears. The drive has characteristics which can be compared with a 4-wheel steering system. The investigation of a single-track model of the vehicle leads to very similar transfer functions for both systems. A yaw motion control is implemented together with a drag-torque control of the wheels. Each block of the control is part of a hierarchy. Simulations performed with a more detailed nonlinear model show very good correspondence with the simplified model, and performance evaluation is based on an experimental study on a 4-wheel drive electric vehicle.
Hyper-redundant robot mechanisms and their applications (2002)

Hyper-redundant robots have a large or infinite number of degrees of freedom. Such robots are analogous to snakes or tentacles and are useful for operation in highly constrained environments and novel forms of locomotion. The paper reviews newly developed methods for the kinematic analysis of hyper-redundant manipulators. These methods can be applied to a wide variety of hyper-redundant morphologies and lead to very efficient inverse kinematic, path planning, obstacle avoidance, locomotion, and grasping schemes. It also reviews the design and implementation of a planar 30 degree of freedom variable geometry truss hyper-redundant robot.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Exploring mouse movements for inferring query intent (2008)

Clickthrough on search results have been successfully used to infer user interest and preferences, but are often noisy and potentially ambiguous. We explore the potential of a complementary, more sensitive signal -mouse movements- in providing insights into the intent behind a web search query. We report preliminary results of studying user mouse movements on search result pages, with the goal of inferring user intent - in particular, to explore whether we can automatically distinguish the different query classes such as navigational vs. informational. Our preliminary exploration confirms the value of studying mouse movements for user intent inference, and suggests interesting avenues for future exploration.
The role of gallium in CuInSe/sub 2/ solar cells fabricated by a two-stage method (2002)

Incorporation of Ga in CuInSe/sub 2/ thin film solar cells formed by a two-stage method results in improved adhesion between the CuInSe/sub 2/ absorber layer and the Mo back electrode. The original intent of incorporating Ga was to increase the bandgap by forming a homogeneous CuIn/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/Se/sub 2/ quaternary absorber. Rather than the expected increase in bandgap by uniform substitution of Ga for In, adhesion was improved by the formation of a Ga-rich interfacial layer between the absorber and the molybdenum. In addition to improved adhesion, an increase in efficiency due to improved open circuit voltage was observed. Structural models for the absorber layer are proposed based on Auger analysis and solar cell performance data. >
A new psychoactive 5H-2,3-benzodiazepine with a unique spectrum of activity. (1989)

The neuropharmacological effects of 1-(4-amino-phenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-dimethoxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 52 322) were investigated and compared with those of chlordiazepoxide and chlorpromazine. This novel 2,3-benzodiazepine displays neuroleptic activity in the apomorphine-climbing (ED50 = 1.15 mg/kg i.p.) and swim-induced grooming (ED50 = 6.9 mg/kg i.p.) tests in mice and it inhibits the conditioned avoidance response in rats (ED50 = 8.2 mg/kg i.p. and 9.8 mg/kg p.o.). However, it does not antagonize apomorphine-evoked vomiting in dogs; or stereotypy, hypermotility and turning in rats even at as high a dose as 50 mg/kg i.p. On the other hand it is active in the hole board test in mice (MED (minimal effective dose) = 0.5 mg/kg i.p.) and in the lick conflict assay in rats (MED = 5 mg/kg i.p.), indicating anxiolytic property. It shows antiaggressive effect in the fighting mice test (ED50 = 8.1 mg/kg p.o.) and the carbachol-rage procedure in cats (active at 10 mg/kg i.p.) According to the biochemical findings, this compound does not bind to the central dopamine receptors (IC50 greater than 10(-4) mol/l), but it shows affinity to the 5-HT1 receptors (IC50 = 7.1 x 10(-6) mol/l) and inhibits brain cAMP-phosphodiesterase (IC50 = 2.4 x 10(-5) mol/l). The substance causes no elevation of dopamine turnover and serum prolactin level suggesting fewer side effects. So the term "atypical neuroleptic agent" is proposed to characterize this molecule.