gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural net based digital halftoning of images (2003)

Various novel techniques for digital image halftoning are presented, performing nonstandard quantization subject to a fidelity criterion. Hopfield-type networks can be used for this task, minimizing a frequency-weighted mean squared error between the input (continuous-tone) and the output (bilevel) image. A novel kind of massively parallel analog network (the differential neural network) is introduced and shown to be appropriate for this task. This kind of network contains a nonmonotonic nonlinearity in lieu of the sigmoid function.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Baclofen and Other GABAB Receptor Agents Are Allosteric Modulators of the CXCL12 Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 (2013)

CXCR4, a receptor for the chemokine CXCL12 (stromal-cell derived factor-1α), is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), expressed in the immune and CNS and integrally involved in various neurological disorders. The GABAB receptor is also a GPCR that mediates metabotropic action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and is located on neurons and immune cells as well. Using diverse approaches, we report novel interaction between GABAB receptor agents and CXCR4 and demonstrate allosteric binding of these agents to CXCR4. First, both GABAB antagonists and agonists block CXCL12-elicited chemotaxis in human breast cancer cells. Second, a GABAB antagonist blocks the potentiation by CXCL12 of high-threshold Ca(2+) channels in rat neurons. Third, electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney cell line 293 cells in which we coexpressed rat CXCR4 and the G-protein inward rectifier K(+) (GIRK) channel showed that GABAB antagonist and agonist modified CXCL12-evoked activation of GIRK channels. To investigate whether GABAB ligands bind to CXCR4, we expressed this receptor in heterologous systems lacking GABAB receptors and performed competition binding experiments. Our fluorescent resonance energy transfer experiments suggest that GABAB ligands do not bind CXCR4 at the CXCL12 binding pocket suggesting allosteric modulation, in accordance with our electrophysiology experiments. Finally, using backscattering interferometry and lipoparticles containing only the CXCR4 receptor, we quantified the binding affinity for the GABAB ligands, confirming a direct interaction with the CXCR4 receptor. The effect of GABAergic agents on CXCR4 suggests new therapeutic potentials for neurological and immune diseases.
Open reading frames 1 and 2 of adenovirus region E4 are conserved between human serotypes 2 and 5 (1992)

The E4 region of human adenovirus type 2 is predicted to encode seven proteins as judged from its nucleotide sequence and the pattern of differential splicing of its transcript. Two of the open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1 and ORF2, had been identified as being disrupted in the recently published sequence of the related serotype 5 virus. These ORFs were resequenced and found to be intact in the wt300 strain of adenovirus type 5.
A Global Scale Factor in Brain Topography (1994)

In this paper statistical resampling techniques are used to support the presence of an equiangular first principal component in EEG log spectra and therefore the existence of a global scale factor in EEG recordings. the Log transformed spectra from a normal sample (n = 211, age 5-97) were analyzed. To reach this conclusion a method for estimating the scale factor is introduced. It is also shown that this factor remains constant in each individual for all derivations and frequencies and across functional states. The contribution of this scale factor to the overall variance of the normal EEG reaches 42% of the total variance of age corrected data. Part of the variance of the scale factor exhibits age dependency. Scale factor correction of EEG spectra data improves the diagnostic accuracy for detecting pathological EEG spectra from an almost random level (Area under the ROC curve = .6) to .84.
Cell-based Calcium Assay for Medium to High Throughput Screening of TRP Channel Functions using FlexStation 3 (2011)

The Molecular Devices' FlexStation 3 is a benchtop multi-mode microplate reader capable of automated fluorescence measurement in multi-well plates. It is ideal for medium- to high-throughput screens in academic settings. It has an integrated fluid transfer module equipped with a multi-channel pipetter and the machine reads one column at a time to monitor fluorescence changes of a variety of fluorescent reagents. For example, FlexStation 3 has been used to study the function of Ca(2+)-permeable ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors by measuring the changes of intracellular free Ca(2+) levels. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large family of nonselective cation channels that play important roles in many physiological and pathophysiological functions. Most of the TRP channels are calcium permeable and induce calcium influx upon activation. In this video, we demonstrate the application of FlexStation 3 to study the pharmacological profile of the TRPA1 channel, a molecular sensor for numerous noxious stimuli. HEK293 cells transiently or stably expressing human TRPA1 channels, grown in 96-well plates, are loaded with a Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fluo-4, and real-time fluorescence changes in these cells are measured before and during the application of a TRPA1 agonist using the FLEX mode of the FlexStation 3. The effect of a putative TRPA1 antagonist was also examined. Data are transferred from the SoftMax Pro software to construct concentration-response relationships of TRPA1 activators and inhibitors.
Primary staging and follow-up in melanoma patients – monocenter evaluation of methods, costs and patient survival (2002)

In a German cohort of 661 melanoma patients the performance, costs and survival benefits of staging methods (history and physical examination; chest X-ray; ultrasonography of the abdomen; high resolution sonography of the peripheral lymph nodes) were assessed at initial staging and during follow-up of stage I/II+III disease. At initial staging, 74% (23 out of 31) of synchronous metastases were first detected by physical examination followed by sonography of the lymph nodes revealing 16% (5 out of 31). Other imaging methods were less efficient (Chest X-ray: one out of 31; sonography of abdomen: two out of 31). Nearly 24% of all 127 first recurrences and 18% of 73 second recurrences developed in patients not participating in the follow-up programme. In follow-up patients detection of first or second recurrence were attributed to history and physical examination on a routine visit in 47 and 52% recurrences, respectively, and to routine imaging procedures in 21 and 17% of cases, respectively. Lymph node sonography was the most successful technical staging procedure indicating 13% of first relapses, but comprised 24% of total costs of follow-up in stage I/II. Routine imaging comprised nearly 50% of total costs for follow-up in stage I/II and in stage III. The mode of detecting a relapse ('patient vs. doctor-diagnosed' or 'symptomatic vs asymptomatic') did not significantly influence patients overall survival. Taken together, imaging procedures for routine follow-up in stage I/II and stage III melanoma patients were inefficient and not cost-efficient.
Inhibition of Neutrophil Superoxide Anion Generation by Platelet Products: Role of Adenine Nucleotides (1988)

Previously, we demonstrated the stimulus-specific ability of platelet lysate or release products to inhibit neutrophil functions in response to f-met-leu-phe (fMLP) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The present study further characterizes these activities and identifies one of the platelet inhibitors of neutrophil superoxide anion (O2-) generation. Sephadex G-200 chromatography revealed two fMLP-specific inhibitory activities in platelet lysate. One component eluted with materials less than 13 kilodaltons (kD) molecular weight, whereas the second fractionated at the void volume (Mr greater than 200 kD). PMA-specific inhibitor(s) cofractionated at the void volume with the lysate's fMLP-inhibitory activity. Release products of activated platelets contained low-molecular-weight (less than 13 kD), fMLP-specific inhibitor activity but failed to demonstrate PMA-specific inhibition of neutrophil O2- generation. Biochemical characterization identified two distinct high-molecular-weight inhibitors in platelet lysate. Pretreatment with adenosine deaminase (ADA) completely abrogated the maximum inhibitory effect (43.8 +/- 7.5%) of the high-molecular-weight, fMLP-specific lysate component but failed to reduce maximum PMA-specific inhibition (93.0 +/- 2.0%) of neutrophil O2- generation. Likewise, while the lysate's fMLP-specific inhibitor was heat stable, heating reduced the PMA-specific inhibition 56.5 +/- 10.4%. Equal sensitivity to ADA, resistance to trypsin, and heat stability were demonstrated by the low-molecular-weight inhibitor(s) in platelet lysate and release products. Neither high- nor low-molecular-weight platelet inhibitors scavenged O2-. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the low-molecular-weight inhibitory activity from both platelet lysate and release products revealed physiological levels of adenine nucleotides. Addition of pure adenine nucleotides at physiological levels (1-10 microM) mimicked the effectiveness of the platelet inhibitor. We conclude that stimulus-specific limitation of neutrophil O2- generation by platelet adenine nucleotides may represent a mechanism for reducing inadvertent tissue damage during inflammation.
<i>TGFBI</i>Gene Mutations Causing Lattice and Granular Corneal Dystrophies in Indian Patients (2004)

Arg124Cys and Arg555Trp appear to be the predominant mutations causing LCD and GCD, respectively, in the population studied. The novel mutations identified in this study are associated with distinct phenotypes.
EVALUATION OF STELLATE LESION DETECTION IN A STANDARD MAMMOGRAM DATA SET (1993)

We have previously reported on a method for the automatic detection of stellate lesions in digitized mammograms, and on our tests of that method on image data with known diagnoses. This earlier investigation was based on a limited set of 10 test images, each with a stellate lesion. As our approach is one of supervised training, half of the data was used as a training set, and so the performance results were necessarily coarse. Accordingly there is value in testing these algorithms on a larger data set that will not only provide more lesions but also truly undiseased tissue. A new mammogram data set addresses both of these concerns, as it contains examples of twelve stellate lesions, as well as fifty examples of entirely normal mammograms. Further, as this data set has been made widely available to all interested researchers, performance results for specific algorithms on this data set are of particular value, as they can be directly compared to the performance of other algorithms similarly applied. Thus the main contribution of the current paper is to exhaustively evaluate the performance of this stellate lesion detection algorithm on the new mammogram data set. A secondary aim is to present a revision of the spatial integration step which generates the final report of a lesion’s existence, one that facilitates the extraction of ROC performance statistics.
Ubiquitination and degradation of the thrombopoietin receptor c-Mpl (2009)

Regulation of growth factor and cytokine signaling is essential for maintaining physiologic numbers of circulating hematopoietic cells. Thrombopoietin (Tpo), acting through its receptor c-Mpl, is required for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and megakaryopoiesis. Therefore, the negative regulation of Tpo signaling is critical in many aspects of hematopoiesis. In this study, we determine the mechanisms of c-Mpl degradation in the negative regulation of Tpo signaling. We found that, after Tpo stimulation, c-Mpl is degraded by both the lysosomal and proteasomal pathways and c-Mpl is rapidly ubiquitinated. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we were able to determine that c-Mpl is ubiquitinated on both of its intracellular lysine (K) residues (K(553) and K(573)). By mutating these residues to arginine, ubiquitination and degradation were significantly reduced and caused hyperproliferation in cell lines expressing these mutated receptors. Using short interfering RNA and dominant negative overexpression, we also found that c-Cbl, which is activated by Tpo, acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in the ubiquitination of c-Mpl. Our findings identify a previously unknown negative regulatory pathway for Tpo signaling that may significantly impact our understanding of the mechanisms affecting the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocytes.
Inverse Analysis of Frictional Coefficients of Pipelines Based on PSO (2007)

Frictional coefficient is an important hydraulic parameter for pipe network design and scheduling calculation. The inverse analysis to frictional coefficient has much meaning to pipe network optimization and reconstruction. Combining the particle swarm optimization with node water head method, a new inverse analysis method to frictional coefficient is put forward. The example analysis result shows that the method is rapid and easy to find the globally optimal solution.
Ultrasound backscatter spectral analysis provides image feedback for histotripsy tissue fractionation (2011)

The feasibility of using spectral analysis as an image feedback modality for histotripsy tissue fractionation was investigated in this study. Spectral analysis analyzes the frequency domain of the backscattered ultrasound RF signal, and its corresponding spectral parameters have been shown to have relationships with scatterer diameter and concentration. Ex vivo canine liver was dissected and embedded in 1.5% (w:v) agarose hydrogel, and then treated with histotripsy pulses driven at 2.0 MHz frequency with pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz (PRF), pulse duration of 10 cycles, P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> /P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−</sup> = 31.8/17.4 MPa, and the number of pulses varied from 100 to 2000 pulses. After treatment, the specimens were scanned by a commercial ultrasound scanner, and the backscattered RF signals were collected. The power spectrum of the RF signals were analyzed by spectral analysis procedure with two approximation methods, one proposed by Lizzi et al. in 1996 [1], and the other by Oelze et al. in 2002 [2]. The results from both methods showed that the quantified scatterer diameter and acoustic concentration (=scatterer concentration × (relative acoustic impedance) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) decreased as the number of histotripsy treatment pulses increased. Furthermore, the quantified acoustic concentration had a strong correlation with the remaining nuclei density appeared in histological section of the treated specimen. These results suggest that the spectral analysis procedure could provide image feedback for histotripsy tissue fractionation.
The Expression of Functional Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Is Associated with the Metastatic Potential of Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (2005)

The expression of functional CXCR4 but not CCR7 is correlated with the metastatic potential of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Therefore, CXCR4 may be considered as a potential target for the prevention of nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis.
In Vitro Eye Irritation Studies on Organosilicon Compounds (1997)

The development of alternatives to in vivo eye irritation testing in animals is spurred by humane, scientific, and economic considerations. Two commercially available in vitro assays (Epi-Ocular Tissue Model OCL-100 and Skin2 ZK-1200 model) and a third published assay, the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay (BCOP), were used to assess the eye irritancy potential of several organosilicon (OS) compounds to evaluate their suitability for testing silicone polymers and other materials. The Skin2 ZK-1200 model (nine OS compounds) was generally applicable for the in vitro assessment of eye irritancy of liquid silicone polymers. However, some effort will be required to overcome the problem of working with viscous pastes and volatile low surface tension test materials for which variable results were observed. The correlation of the Skin2 model in vitro eye irritancy results with known in vivo data was generally good for silicone polymers, although some alkoxysilanes do not appear to give in vitro results that correspond with their in vivo irritancy. In vitro results obtained with the Epi-Ocular Tissue model OCL-100 (although limited) correctly identified both irritant and nonirritant silicone polymers. The BCOP assay correctly identified four nonirritant (two polydimethylsiloxanes, one phenylsilsesquioxane, and one silicone polyether) and two irritant (aminofunctional siloxane) polymers that are used extensively in personal care formulations. Histologic examination of the treated corneas yielded results that correlated well with the opacity and permeability endpoints. All three models performed well and are worthy of future study with OS compounds. Of the two tissue construct models, the Epi-Ocular Tissue model OCL-100 had several advantages over the Skin2 ZK-1200 model: it appeared to have a better technical design, facilitating more reliable dosing of the test materials and ease of use.
Aerosol and intraperitoneal administration of ribavirin and ribavirin triacetate: pharmacokinetics and protection of mice against intracerebral infection with influenza A/WSN virus (1991)

Ribavirin is active in vitro but not in vivo against a number of viruses capable of causing encephalitis. Ribavirin triacetate (RTA), a lipophilic derivative, has been reported to be more effective than ribavirin in protecting animals from encephalitis. By using an influenza A/WSN virus encephalitis model, we demonstrated that RTA administered by small-particle aerosol was able to decrease the death rate and increase the time of survival. To determine if this beneficial effect was due to increased delivery of drug, the pharmacokinetic properties of ribavirin and RTA when administered as an aerosol or by intraperitoneal injection were examined. Aerosol administration of ribavirin or RTA gave significantly higher concentrations of ribavirin in the lungs and serum of mice than did intraperitoneal injection. There was no difference, however, in ribavirin levels when either ribavirin or RTA was administered by small-particle aerosol. In brain tissue, ribavirin concentrations increased with time and did not appear to decrease as rapidly as in lungs and serum. Mean peak ribavirin concentrations in the brain were higher following aerosol administration of ribavirin than RTA, and both were higher than that following intraperitoneal injection of either drug. Administration of ribavirin or RTA by intraperitoneal injection failed to protect mice from a lethal intracerebral inoculation of influenza A/WSN virus, while aerosolized RTA did protect mice. The pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in brain tissue following aerosol administration of either drug did not explain the advantage of RTA over ribavirin in protecting mice from intracerebral infection with influenza A/WSN virus.
A new method for clock distribution (1994)

A new alternative is described for the clock-distribution problem. The main feature of the new scheme is that a number of stations arbitrarily located on a single reference line independently derive a clock that is aligned to a common systemwide phase. The central principle is that the midtime between appearances of an isolated pulse traveling down and back on a reference line is the same, regardless of the point of observation. This principle is adapted for clock distribution by the periodic injection of a reference pulse onto a single conductor, reflection of this pulse at the end of the reference line, and generation of a local clock at all stations (such clock being phase-locked to the interval midtime by a special PLL circuit). The paper describes the method and gives a theoretical performance analysis and measured results from an experimental system. The experiments achieve a subnanosecond skew over 30 m on a coaxial cable that has an uncompensated delay of 147 ns. This method should be considered for applications from the millimeter scale on chip to the kilometer scale in radio astronomy antenna arrays. Possible advantages include reduced wiring, reduced tuning, reduced EMI, and/or power consumption and easier in-service growth, relative to conventional methods for the same performance objectives.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dimorphic Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling During Aortic Aneurysm Progression in Mice Suggest a Combinatorial Therapy for Marfan Syndrome (2015)

By demonstrating that promiscuous AT1r and TGFβ drive partially overlapping processes of arterial disease in MFS mice, our study argues for a therapeutic strategy against TAA that targets both signaling pathways although sparing the early protective role of TGFβ.
Development of Terbutaline Sulfate Sustained-Release Coated Pellets (1999)

Sustained-release coated pellets containing terbutaline sulfate (TS) 1.8% w/w were prepared. The suitable core formulation that gave round-shape TS pellets was preformulated and was composed of microcrystalline cellulose:lactose 38.61%:57.92%, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC-M) 1.67%, and water 40%, respectively. The core pellets containing active drug were coated with various amounts of ethylcellulose (EC) and a combination of EC/HPC-M polymers. The effects of fluidized bed polymeric film coats on drug release were studied in vitro. The dissolution characteristics were also investigated. The release of the active drug decreased as the amount of EC increased. This may be due to water-insoluble EC film, leading to decreased permeability in water. In the case of the combination of EC/HPC-M, the release of the active drug increased as the amount of HPC-M in the coating solution increased. Since HPC-M is a water-soluble polymer, it may be suggested that formation of pores were increased in the coating layer. Among five coating formulas in this study, formulation 1 (F1) (at 1.1% EC concentration) shows a similar dissolution profile to Bricanyl Durules; however, lag time for the release occurred. In conclusion, the formulation that gave an insignificant release profile (p < .01) when compared with commercial product was the capsule containing F1 (at 1.1% EC concentration) mixed with uncoated pellets at a ratio of 7:1, and the release was found to be reproducible.