gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HIV Antiretroviral Drug Resistance (2013)

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the current standard of care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Although drug resistance may have been present before the introduction of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy due to random genetic variation, the introduction of ARV therapy exerts selective pressure over viral subpopulations to develop resistance. The use of HAART decreases the risk of resistance when compared with mono or dual therapy regimens. However, drug resistance remains an undesirable outcome of long-term therapy. Understanding and applying general principles in the proper use of ARV therapy will lessen drug resistance. While initially patients and clinicians have multiple regimens available to them, challenging situations arise when patients develop adverse reactions, intolerance, and decreased adherence and are choosing a new regimen to replace a failing one. The following review will describe some of those challenges from the perspective of HIV resistance.
PASSIVITY ENFORCEMENT VIA RESIDUES PERTURBATION FOR ADMITTANCE REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS (2007)

Abstract– Employing an admittance representation in the form of a black box model approximated by rational functions for linear power system components or network equivalents to be included in electromagnetic transient studies is a well-known method which improves calculation efficiency. All of the methods that have been proposed to solve the rational approximation problem have made efforts to overcome the problem of preserving the passivity of the final model. Passivity is a vital property, since a non-passive model may lead to an unstable transient simulation in the time domain. In this paper a post-processing technique for passivity enforcement through an iterative process for the detection and compensation of passivity violations is presented. The passivity violation regions are detected via a purely algebraic approach based on the existence of purely imaginary eigenvalues in the Hamiltonian matrix. Then a compensation technique via the perturbation of residues of the rational function is applied. Some examples are used to illustrate the characteristics of the proposed technique in terms of accuracy and efficiency by comparison with the Quadratic Programming (QP) method.
Impact of SiC Devices on Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2011)

The application of silicon carbide (SiC) devices as battery interface, motor controller, etc., in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) will be beneficial due to their high-temperature capability, high-power density, and high efficiency. Moreover, the light weight and small volume will affect the whole powertrain system in a HEV and, thus, the performance and cost. In this paper, the performance of HEVs is analyzed using the vehicle simulation software Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT). Power loss models of a SiC inverter based on the test results of latest SiC devices are incorporated into PSAT powertrain models in order to study the impact of SiC devices on HEVs from a system standpoint and give a direct correlation between the inverter efficiency and weight and the vehicle's fuel economy. Two types of HEVs are considered. One is the 2004 Toyota Prius HEV, and the other is a plug-in HEV (PHEV), whose powertrain architecture is the same as that of the 2004 Toyota Prius HEV. The vehicle-level benefits from the introduction of SiC devices are demonstrated by simulations. Not only the power loss in the motor controller but also those in other components in the vehicle powertrain are reduced. As a result, the system efficiency is improved, and vehicles that incorporate SiC power electronics are predicted to consume less energy and have lower emissions and improved system compactness with a simplified thermal management system. For the PHEV, the benefits are even more distinct; in particular, the size of the battery bank can be reduced for optimum design.
Slow memory: weakening consistency to enhance concurrency in distributed shared memories (2002)

The use of weakly consistent memories in distributed shared memory systems to combat unacceptable network delay and to allow such systems to scale is proposed. Proposed memory correctness conditions are surveyed, and how they are related by a weakness hierarchy is demonstrated. Multiversion and messaging interpretations of memory are introduced as means of systematically exploring the space of possible memories. Slow memory is presented as a memory that allows the effects of writes to propagate slowly through the system, eliminating the need for costly consistency maintenance protocols that limit concurrency. Slow memory processes a valuable locality property and supports a reduction from traditional atomic memory. Thus slow memory is as expressive as atomic memory. This expressiveness is demonstrated by two exclusion algorithms and a solution to M.J. Fischer and A. Michael's (1982) dictionary problem on slow memory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna fed by nonradiating dielectric waveguide (1993)

Owing to its low loss property at millimetre-wave frequencies, the nonradiating dielectric (NRD) waveguide is very attractive for use as a feed network in planar arrays. In the Letter, the design, fabrication and testing of a microstrip patch antenna fed by NRD guide at X-band is described. Radiation patterns are measured and presented.
Joint Influence of Pratylenchus penetrans (Nematoda) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Insecta) on Solanum tuberosum Productivity and Pest Population Dynamics. (1984)

The joint action of a plant parasitic nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (root-lesion nematode), and an insect defoliator, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), on growth, development, and yield of Solanum tuberosum cv. Superior was studied in the field. Three population densities of P. penetrans were superimposed on each of three population levels of L. decemlineata. The major impact of P. penetrans on final yield was through a reduction in the number of tubers formed during tuber initiation. Defoliation by L. decemlineata increased with time as larvae advanced through successive instars and densities increased. This resulted in a significant reduction in tuber weight and numbers. Total yield of S. tuberosum was decreased by 66% with increasing population densities of L. decemlineata and 27 % with increasing densities of P. penetrans. L. decemlineata feeding did not affect soil population densities of P. penetrans. Root population densities of P. penetrans, however, were significantly (P = 0.05) higher in plants maintained beetle free than in plants grown in the presence of the beetles.
DETECTION AND SEGMENTATION OF ITEMS IN XRAY IMAGERY (2001)

Processing of realtime Xray images of randomly oriented and touching pistachio nuts for product inspectionis considered. Processing to isolate individual nuts (segmentation) is emphasized. The processing consisted of a blob coloringalgorithm, filters, and watershed transforms to segment touching nuts, and morphological processing to produce an imageof only the nutmeat. Each operation is detailed and quantitative data for each are presented. These techniques are useful formany different product inspection problems in agriculture and other areas.
Forensic identification using skin bacterial communities (2010)

Recent work has demonstrated that the diversity of skin-associated bacterial communities is far higher than previously recognized, with a high degree of interindividual variability in the composition of bacterial communities. Given that skin bacterial communities are personalized, we hypothesized that we could use the residual skin bacteria left on objects for forensic identification, matching the bacteria on the object to the skin-associated bacteria of the individual who touched the object. Here we describe a series of studies de-monstrating the validity of this approach. We show that skin-associated bacteria can be readily recovered from surfaces (including single computer keys and computer mice) and that the structure of these communities can be used to differentiate objects handled by different individuals, even if those objects have been left untouched for up to 2 weeks at room temperature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that we can use a high-throughput pyrosequencing-based ap-proach to quantitatively compare the bacterial communities on objects and skin to match the object to the individual with a high degree of certainty. Although additional work is needed to further establish the utility of this approach, this series of studies introduces a forensics approach that could eventually be used to independently evaluate results obtained using more traditional forensic practices.
Atomization Performance of an Atomizer with Internal Impingement (2005)

This paper describes the atomization performance of a newly designed atomizer with internal impinging mechanisms inside the atomizer. The spray drop size distribution was measured by a Malvern RT-Sizer. Results show that the Sauter mean diameter below 10µm has been achieved with GLR of 0.14. The minimum mean drop size can be lowered to 4.0µm under a test condition of the liquid pressure and gas pressure of 2.5bar and 3.5bar, respectively. This test suggests that extra fine atomization on the liquid phase can be achieved under low pressure conditions using this particular atomizer. Such performance cannot be easily achieved with the conventional nozzle design. Results also show that better atomization performance can be achieved by increasing the internal impinging angle and the orifice diameter. An empirical formula of SMD, in terms of operating conditions and nozzle length scale is also presented in this paper.
Immunisation with BCG and recombinant MVA85A induces long‐lasting, polyfunctional <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>‐specific CD4<sup>+</sup> memory T lymphocyte populations (2007)

In the search for effective vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria, recombinant viral vectors are increasingly being used to boost previously primed T cell responses. Published data have shown prime-boost vaccination with BCG-MVA85A (modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A) to be highly immunogenic in humans as measured by ex vivo IFN-gamma ELISPOT. Here, we used polychromatic flow cytometry to investigate the phenotypic and functional profile of these vaccine-induced Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) antigen 85A-specific responses in greater detail. Promisingly, antigen 85A-specific CD4(+) T cells were found to be highly polyfunctional, producing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and MIP-1beta. Surface staining showed the responding CD4(+) T cells to be relatively immature (CD45RO(+) CD27(int)CD57(-)); this observation was supported by the robust proliferative responses observed following antigenic stimulation. Furthermore, these phenotypic and functional properties were independent of clonotypic composition and epitope specificity, which was maintained through the different phases of the vaccine-induced immune response. Overall, these data strongly support the use of MVA85A in humans as a boosting agent to expand polyfunctional M.tb-specific CD4(+) T cells capable of significant secondary responses.
Characterizing the Reconfiguration Latency of Image Sensor Resolution on Android Devices (2018)

Advances in vision processing have ignited a proliferation of mobile vision applications, including augmented reality. However, limited by the inability to rapidly reconfigure sensor operation for performance-efficiency tradeoffs, high power consumption causes vision applications to drain the device's battery. To explore the potential impact of enabling rapid reconfiguration, we use a case study around marker-based pose estimation to understand the relationship between image frame resolution, task accuracy, and energy efficiency. Our case study motivates that to balance energy efficiency and task accuracy, the application needs to dynamically and frequently reconfigure sensor resolution.
A QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF FORMATION OF SPONTANEOUS AND VIRUS-PRODUCED VIABLE HYBRIDS (1969)

Ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai virus used in conjunction with a selective system reproducibly gives high yields of viable hybrid cell lines. With two different crosses, the frequency of hybrid colonies obtained after virus treatment was found to be 100 times greater than the frequency of spontaneous hybrids, and this increase was found to show little variation between 33 and 1000 hemagglutinating units of virus. No differences have been found between the properties of hybrids obtained after Sendai treatment and those obtained from untreated mixed cultures of parental cells.
Characterization of Immobilized Poly(<scp>l</scp>-cysteine) for Cadmium Chelation and Preconcentration (1997)

Poly(l-cysteine) (PLC) was successfully immobilized on controlled-pore glass (CPG) and used in a flow injection system incorporating a microcolumn for separation of Cd from synthetic solutions. On-line breakthrough curves were used to study the effect of pH, concentration, and influent flow rate on Cd adsorption. The Cd breakthrough experiments revealed a significant strong-site capacity as well as weaker binding sites that showed a dependence on influent concentration. In addition, increased capacity was observed at more alkaline pH values. The flow rate studies showed nonequilibrium conditions existed for Cd binding at flow rates of 0.55−3.75 mL/min, with decreased capacity for faster flow rates. Elemental analysis of immobilized PLC for sulfur estimated 6.8 × 10-6 mol of PLC/g of CPG and the calculated mole ratio of Cd to PLC was 6.2:1 at pH 9. Stability constants governing the Cd adsorption by PLC were obtained by a nonlinear least-squares analysis of the Cd binding data and revealed at least four classes of binding sites were present and that the stable Cd complexation observed for the free molecule was retained by immobilized PLC. Stability constants for the most stable sites were estimated using EDTA and en as competing ligands and resulted in two sites: K1 = 1 × 1013 and K2 = 109−1011 with capacities of n1 = 1 μmol/g and and n2 = 6 μmol/g, respectively. Two weaker binding sites were also identified and represented by stability constants of K3 = 1 × 106 and K5 = 2 × 104 with site capacities of n4 = 20 μmol/g and n5 = 10 μmol/g, respectively.
Digital holographic reconstruction of sources with arbitrarily shaped surfaces (1989)

Nearfield acoustic holography has proven to be a useful tool for studying sound radiation. However, the analytic formulation and all current implementations of the technique require that the measurement and reconstruction surfaces be level surfaces of a separable coordinate system. In this article, a holographic process is presented based on numerical methods that work for source surfaces or measurement surfaces that may have an arbitrary shape.
Trivariate flow cytometric analysis of paraffin-embedded lung cancer specimens: Application of cytokeratin subtype specific antibodies to distinguish between differentiation pathways (1997)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether trivariate FCM analysis, for the simultaneous detection of two different CK subtypes in combination with DNA content, can be applied to paraffin embedded samples of different types of non-small cell lung cancer in order to evaluate the cell cycle of individual sublines. Single cell suspensions were prepared from 50 microm thick paraffin sections of 22 lung carcinomas by pepsin digestion and immunostained with CK-antibodies which were chosen to distinguish glandular differentiation (adenocarcinomas) and squamous differentiation. There was a good correlation between the immunocytochemical results of the different CK antibodies in tissue sections and in the corresponding single cell suspensions. Gating for CK-positivity revealed a higher S-phase fraction as compared to the ungated cell population. The tumor cells in adenocarcinoma cases were specifically recognized by CK7 antibodies, while well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were specifically stained for CK14 and/or CK17. In poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas simultaneous expression of CK7 and CK17 was detected in a subpopulation of the tumor cells, next to cells positive for CK7 or CK17 alone. The trivariate FCM analysis allowed the separate estimation of ploidy status and cell cycle parameters in the three different cell populations of these, apparently (phenotypically) heterogeneous, malignancies.
Investigation of Catalytic Finite-Size-Effects of Platinum Metal Clusters (2012)

In this paper, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations on highly parallel computing resources to study size-dependent changes in the chemical and electronic properties of platinum (Pt) for a number of fixed freestanding clusters ranging from 13 to 1415 atoms, or 0.7-3.5 nm in diameter. We find that the surface catalytic properties of the clusters converge to the single crystal limit for clusters with as few as 147 atoms (1.6 nm). Recently published results for gold (Au) clusters showed analogous convergence with size. However, this convergence happened at larger sizes, because the Au d-states do not contribute to the density of states around the Fermi-level, and the observed level fluctuations were not significantly damped until the cluster reached ca. 560 atoms (2.7 nm) in size.
Process Integration of an Autothermal Reforming Hydrogen Production System with Cryogenic Air Separation and Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy (2021)

The autothermal reforming (ATR) process for hydrogen production saves considerable energy for the reaction compared with endothermic steam methane reforming (SMR). However, it requires a supply of pure oxygen, for which an air separation unit (ASU) is needed; this hinders the adoption of ATR in industrial applications because of both the high capital and operating costs. At the same time, in liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminals, the cold energy from the regasification process is typically wasted. Coincidentally, the temperature of this waste cold energy matches that required for ASU operation. Thus, in this paper, a novel ATRprocess is proposed in which an ASU and LNG regasification are integrated in order to make use of the cold energy as an operating utility and achieve hydrogen production from the LNG. For the sake of comparison, the proposed system and a conventional SMR process are optimized using a genetic algorithm to evaluate and benchmark its performance. With an LNG feed stream of 827.5 kmol/h, the optimal case of the proposed system produces 2508.0 kmol/h hydrogen gas with a purity of 99.2%; the exergy destruction is reduced by 18.6% and its overall exergy efficiency is approximately 25.4% higher than that of the SMR process. Also, an economic evaluation is performed using the net present value (NPV) as an indicator. The NPV of the proposed system is 338.9 million USD, which is 72.6% higher than that of hydrogen production with the SMR process from LNG.
Using queue structures to improve job reliability (2007)

Many high performance computing systems today exploit the availability and remarkable performance characteristics of stand alone server systems and the impressive price / performance ratio of commodity components. Small scale HPC systems, in the range from 16 to 64 processors, have enjoyed significant popularity and are an indispensable tool for the research community. Scaling up to hundreds and thousands of processors, however, has exposed operational issues, which include system availability and reliability. In this paper, we explore the impact of individual component reliability rates on the overall reliability of an HPC system. We derive a mathematical model for determining the failure rate of the system, the probability of failure of a job running on a subset of the system, and show how to design a reasonable queue structure to provide a reliable system over abroad job mix. We also explore the impact of reliability and queue structure on checkpoint intervals and recovery. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to design a reliable high performance computing system with very good operational reliability characteristics from a collection of moderately reliable components.
New methods for preparing cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. II. Effects of heating temperature, water content and drug properties on the inclusion formation. (1989)

Inclusion compounds were prepared by heating mixtures of a drug and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) hydrate in a sealed container. Inclusion formation was studied as a function of heating temperature, water content of α-CD and drug properties, using powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Drug molecules were included in α-CD molecules by heating above 80°C in ampules. Inclusion compounds were prepared with six different drugs. The rates of inclusion formation were well correlated with the vapor pressures of the drugs, that is, higher vapor pressure of drugs resulted in faster inclusion compound formation. It was revealed that the heating temperature, water content of α-CD, and vapor pressure of the drug are important parameters affecting the formation of inclusion compounds by the heating method.
Condensed pyrimidine systems. XXV. 2,4-Diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Biological data (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCondensed pyrimidine systems. XXV. 2,4-Diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Biological dataB. S. Hurlbert, R. Ferone, T. A. Herrmann, G. H. Hitchings, Margaret Barnett, and S. R. M. BushbyCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 4, 711–717Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00310a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00310a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views105Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High serum lipoprotein(a) levels are an independent risk factor for cerebral infarction. (1993)

These findings indicate that high serum lipoprotein(a) levels are an independent risk factor in the development of cerebral infarction when subjects with atrial fibrillation were excluded from the total group and the perforating artery occlusion subtype group.