gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
China's Golden Tax Project: A Technological Strategy for Reducing VAT Fraud (2013)

Unlike the United States, where sales tax is a common form of indirect tax, almost all countries around the world - both developed and developing alike - now impose a value added tax (VAT). In the early 1990s, as part of its comprehensive economic reform program initiated over 30 years ago, the People’s Republic of China implemented a VAT. Monitoring compliance with VAT is a serious challenge in developing countries, however, and China is no exception in that regard. To address this challenge, China launched a major fiscal reform project called the “Golden Tax Project” (GTP) which mandates the use of specific sophisticated information technologies to improve compliance with China’s VAT laws. Although the Chinese GTP requires the use of information technology and so can be considered a form of “e-invoicing,” the focus is on creating a centralized matching system under the control of the tax authorities to reduce the incidence of fraud. In the EU, by contrast, the 2009 Report by the Expert Group on e-Invoicing focused on strategies for increasing the voluntary adoption of e-invoicing technologies among taxpayers in order to make EU businesses more competitive. The Chinese policy requires the use of stronger central controls than the EU policy, and includes stringent, new mandatory taxpayer duties, so it would not be suitable for use in developed economies with relatively high rates of voluntary compliance. The Chinese GTP strategy might provide a useful model for other developing countries struggling with large-scale, widespread VAT compliance problems, however.
Application of graph theoretical methods to GSM radio network planning (1991)

The author presents some graph theoretical planning techniques which have been employed in the design of the German D1 network, a GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile) PLMN (public land mobile network) operated by the Deutsche Bundespost Telekom. Apart from a new variant of the by now classical application of graph coloring to frequency assignment, these techniques deal with the determination of the base station identity code (BSIC), hopping sequence number (HSN), and location area code (LAC). It is shown that GSM radio network planning involves a number of optimization problems which can be treated by graph theoretical methods. The most important of these methods is concerned with the application of the principle of fractional re-use in the solution of the frequency assignment problem. The present research represents a first step towards this challenging goal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition by beta-carotene-rich algae Dunaliella of spontaneous mammary tumourigenesis in mice. (1989)

Effects of beta-carotene-rich algae Dunaliella on spontaneous mammary tumourigenesis were studied in SHN mice. In both breeder and virgin mice, mammary tumourigenesis was significantly inhibited in the experimental groups fed diets supplemented with spray dried powder of D. bardawil and oily solution of D. salina Teod. extract compared with the control. There was little difference between the experimental and the control groups in plasma prolactin level, endocrine organ weights and pattern of oestrous cycles. Moreover, mammary gland susceptibility to mammotrophic hormones was affected little by Dunaliella. These results suggest that the inhibition by Dunaliella of spontaneous mammary tumourigenesis of mice may not be through their modulation of endocrine systems.
Shear Wave Dispersion Ultrasonic Vibrometry for Measuring Prostate Shear Stiffness and Viscosity: An In Vitro Pilot Study (2010)

This paper reports shear stiffness and viscosity "virtual biopsy" measurements of the three excised noncancerous human prostates using a new tool known as shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) in vitro. Improved methods for prostate guided-biopsy are required to effectively guide needle biopsy to the suspected site. In addition, tissue stiffness measurement helps in identifying a suspected site to perform biopsy because stiffness has been shown to correlate with pathologies, such as cancerous tissue. More importantly, early detection of prostate cancer may guide minimally invasive therapy and eliminate insidious procedures. In this paper, "virtual biopsies" were taken in multiple locations in three excised prostates; SDUV shear elasticity and viscosity measurements were performed at the selected "suspicious" locations within the prostates. SDUV measurements of prostate elasticity and viscosity are generally in agreement with preliminary values previously reported in the literature. It is, however, important to emphasize here that the obtained viscoelastic parameters values are local, and not a mean value for the whole prostate.
Wideband Circuit Model for Planar EBG Structures (2009)

In this paper, we present a comprehensive equivalent circuit model to accurately characterize an important class of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures over a wide range of frequencies. The model is developed based on a combination of lumped elements and transmission lines. The model presented here predicts with high degree of accuracy the dispersion diagram over a wide band of frequencies. Since the circuit model can be simulated using SPICE-like simulation tools, optimization of EBG structures to meet specific engineering criteria can be performed with high efficiency, thus saving significant computation time and memory resources. The model was validated by comparison to full-wave simulation results.
Increased Cortical Representation of the Fingers of the Left Hand in String Players (1995)

Magnetic source imaging revealed that the cortical representation of the digits of the left hand of string players was larger than that in controls. The effect was smallest for the left thumb, and no such differences were observed for the representations of the right hand digits. The amount of cortical reorganization in the representation of the fingering digits was correlated with the age at which the person had begun to play. These results suggest that the representation of different parts of the body in the primary somatosensory cortex of humans depends on use and changes to conform to the current needs and experiences of the individual.
How internet concepts and technologies can help green and smarten the electrical grid (2010)

Several powerful forces are gathering to make fundamental and irrevocable changes to the century-old grid. The next-generation grid, often called the 'smart grid,' will feature distributed energy production, vastly more storage, tens of millions of stochastic renewable-energy sources, and the use of communication technologies both to allow precise matching of supply to demand and to incentivize appropriate consumer behaviour. These changes will have the effect of reducing energy waste and reducing the carbon footprint of the grid, making it 'smarter' and 'greener.' In this position paper, we discuss how the concepts and techniques pioneered by the Internet, the fruit of four decades of research in this area, are directly applicable to the design of a smart, green grid. This is because both the Internet and the electrical grid are designed to meet fundamental needs, for information and for energy, respectively, by connecting geographically dispersed suppliers with geographically dispersed consumers. Keeping this and other similarities (and fundamental differences, as well) in mind, we propose several specific areas where Internet concepts and technologies can contribute to the development of a smart, green grid. We also describe some areas where the Internet operations can be improved based on the experience gained in the electrical grid. We hope that our work will initiate a dialogue between the Internet and the smart grid communities.
Simulations of lysozyme: Internal motions and the reaction mechanism (1996)

Simulations of lysozyme by molecular dynamics have greatly increased our understanding of this enzyme. It has been shown how the internal motions are related to the structural elements (helices, sheets and loops) of the molecule. Comparisons of the motions in the free and substrate-bound form reveal that most are similar but that there are significant differences. Comparisons of the theoretical results with X-ray and nuclear magnetic resource data show good agreement. The hinge-bending motion, which opens and closes the binding site cleft between the two domains, is correlated with substrate binding. From analysis of simulations with bound substrate, an alternative mechanism for oligoglycoside hydrolysis was proposed. It involves cleavage of an endocyclic C-O bond, instead of the exocyclic cleavage proposed in the standard mechanism. Both mechanisms have been demonstrated in solution, but it is still unclear which is prevalent in lysozyme.
A cooperative multicast scheduling scheme for multimedia services in IEEE 802.16 networks (2009)

Multicast communications is an efficient mechanism for one-to-many transmissions over a broadcast wireless channel, and is considered as a key technology for supporting emerging broadband multimedia services in the next generation wireless networks, such as Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), mobile TV, etc. Therefore, it is critical to design efficient multicast scheduling schemes to support these multimedia services. In this paper, we propose a cooperative multicast scheduling scheme for achieving efficient and reliable multicast transmission in IEEE 802.16 based wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN). By exploiting the multi-channel diversity across different multicast groups and user cooperation among group members, the proposed scheme can achieve higher throughput than existing multicast schemes, for subscriber stations in both good and bad channel conditions. In addition, it has good fairness performance by considering the normalized relative channel condition of each multicast group. An analytical model is developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, in terms of service probability, power consumption, and throughput of each group member and multicast groups. The efficiency of the proposed scheme and the accuracy of the analytical model are corroborated by extensive simulations.
Measurement of pouch volume and stoma diameter after gastroplasty. (1987)

A balloon technique has been developed for measurement of the pouch volume and stoma diameter after gastroplasty. Twenty-seven patients prospectively included in a randomized study of two types of gastroplasty operation have been investigated 6 months postoperatively. During the operation the proximal pouch was calibrated to be about 40 ml and the stoma diameter to 11 min. Six months after the operation the patients had on average reduced weight by 29 kg. Using the balloon technique, the stoma diameter was 12 +/- 1.6 (s.e.m.) mm and the pouch volume 80 +/- 11.0 ml. There was a significant correlation between the stoma diameter and weight reduction during the first 6 months postoperatively (P less than 0.01). The relationship between the stoma diameter and weight reduction followed best an exponential equation. No correlation was found between the pouch volume and weight reduction. The presented technique for measurement of pouch volume and stoma diameter after gastroplasty may be an important tool to evaluate the influence of various factors on the long-term results of surgical treatment for morbid obesity.
Experimental investigation of the fiber fuse (1995)

A phenomenon that results in the catastrophic destruction of an optical-fiber core has been observed at propagating powers of the order of 1 W or higher.1 The effect, which is accompanied by a bright white light propagating down the fiber, prompted the term "fiber fuse." The mechanism was originally theorized to be self-propelled self-focusing.1 Other experiments have found evidence for thermal shock waves2 and chemical reactions.3 Because fiber amplifiers and lasers continue to increase in power, further experiments were performed to explore possible power limitations of different fiber types and connections.
Intelligent routes to the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles (2007)

We describe an autonomous 'black-box' system for the controlled synthesis of fluorescent nanoparticles. The system uses a microfluidic reactor to carry out the synthesis and an in-line spectrometer to monitor the emission spectra of the emergent particles. The acquired data is fed into a control algorithm which reduces each spectrum to a scalar 'dissatisfaction coefficient' and then intelligently updates the reaction conditions in an effort to minimise this coefficient and so drive the system towards a desired goal. In the tests reported here, CdSe nanoparticles were prepared by separately injecting solutions of CdO and Se into the two inlets of a heated y-shaped microfluidic reactor. A noise-tolerant global search algorithm was then used to efficiently identify-without any human intervention-the injection rates and temperature that yielded the optimum intensity for a chosen emission wavelength.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of certain 4‐alkylamino and 4‐arylalkylamino derivatives of the imidazo[4,5‐<i>d</i>]pyridazine and <i>v</i>‐triazolo[4,5‐<i>d</i>]pyridazine ring systems (1982)

Abstract Certain 4‐alkylamino and 4‐arylalkylamino derivatives of the imidazo‐ and v ‐triazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine ring systems were prepared and evaluated against two human colon carcinomas (DLD‐1 and HCT‐15) and one human lung carcinoma (LX‐1), in vitro. 4‐Methylthioimidazo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine ( 1 ) and 4‐methylthio‐ v ‐triazolo‐[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine ( 9 ) served as precursors to the title compounds. Treatment of these heterocycles with the appropriate amine (ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, benzylamine and hydrazine) provided the desired derivatives of that ring system. 4‐AIP ( 2 ) and 2‐aza‐4‐AIP ( 10 ) served as precursors to the 4‐dimethylaminomethyleneamino derivatives 6 and 14 , respectively. Likewise, the 4‐hydrazino analogs ( 7 and 15 ) served as intermediates in the syntheses of benzaldehyde‐ p ‐[bis(2‐chloroethyl)amino]amino[4,5‐ d ]‐pyridazin‐4‐yl‐hydrazone ( 8 ) and benzaldehyde‐ p ‐[bis(2‐chloroethyl)amino]amino‐ v ‐triazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazin‐4‐yl‐hydrazone ( 16 ), respectively.
Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Structural alteration in a dysfunctional enzyme variant (HPRTMunich) isolated from a patient with gout. (1984)

HPRTMunich is a mutant form of human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase that was isolated from a patient who presented with gout and a partial deficiency of enzyme activity. Profound abnormalities in the catalytic function of HPRTMunich are responsible for the deficiency of enzyme activity in vivo. Tryptic peptides of HPRTMunich were mapped by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography in an attempt to define the precise abnormality in its primary structure. Sequence analysis of aberrant peptides localized the structural alteration in HPRTMunich to residue 103. Several additional findings suggest that the mutation in this variant is most likely a serine to arginine substitution at residue 103. This amino acid substitution lies within the putative hypoxanthine-binding site of human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase possibly explaining its selective effect on intrinsic enzyme activity and binding of hypoxanthine.
An anomalous erosion of a rectangular magnetron system (2000)

Monte Carlo simulations were performed to examine the dc magnetron discharge that creates anomalous erosion at the boundary of the curved and straight sections of a rectangular magnetron. In order to examine the cause of anomalous erosion, we performed a series of simulations describing the strong and weak field regions without the curved section. The erosion profiles were calculated under differing magnetic field distributions. We found that anomalous erosion occurs under a magnetic field of more than 200 G. We also found that the cause of anomalous erosion is the weak magnetic field at the curved section as compared to that at the straight section. We confirmed that anomalous erosion does not occur in the case of a rectangular magnetron having a uniform magnetic field. In order to avoid anomalous erosion, the uniformity of the magnetic field has to be within 10% where the vertical component of the magnetic field at the target surface is zero.
Function of integrin in duodenal mucosal uptake of iron (1993)

A mechanism for the absorption of inorganic iron in the small intestine is described in which integrins appear to play an important role in the passage of iron across microvillous membranes. Biochemical isolates from microvillous preparations of duodenum from rats dosed with radioiron showed radioactivity concentrated in integrins. The presence of integrins on mucosal surfaces of duodenal cells was confirmed by immunofluorescent microscopy using anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies. Immunoprecipitation methods were used to show that microvillous radioiron was precipitated with anti-integrin antibodies and that mobilferrin, a 56-Kd cytosol iron-binding protein, coprecipitated with integrins. We postulate from these data that the mucosal uptake of iron from the gut lumen is mediated via an integrin-mobilferrin pathway.
Franck–Condon effects in resonance Raman spectra and excitation profiles (1979)

Resonance Raman spectra and excitation profiles are calculated for totally symmetric vibrations not involved in vibronic coupling and thus deriving all their intensity from Franck–Condon effects. Theoretical results are derived for harmonic oscillators undergoing displacements and frequency shifts upon electronic excitation of the molecule. The model does not only consider the effect of interference between several totally symmetric modes but also includes a number of basic refinements absent from most previous treatments such as inhomogeneous line broadening, perturbation of a weak resonance transition by the preresonance spectrum of a strong neighboring transition, and normal coordinate rotation (Dushinsky effect). The model calculations are used to interpret observed Raman spectra and excitation profiles of totally symmetric modes in the chromate ion and the β-carotene molecule.
Kinetics of Shallow Junction Activation: Physical Mechanisms (2006)

Forming highly active shallow junctions is a key component enabling low external resistance and high transistor performance. Millisecond flash or scanning laser anneals can be used to contain diffusion and optimize activation, either directly by leveraging temperatures exceeding 1200C, or in combination with non-equilibrium processes such as amorphization plus solid phase epitaxy or liquid phase epitaxy. Diffusionless profiles can be obtained, but may not be optimal for devices. Consideration of deactivation physics is crucial to incorporation of any process leveraging superactive doping, since relaxation of doping is frequently very rapid, and may be crucially influenced by implant damage effects. Developing an understanding of dominant mechanisms is essential for the exploitation of millisecond or faster anneals to form superactive doping
A case series of dural venous sinus stenting in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: association of outcomes with optical coherence tomography (2016)

Our series of patients with dural sinus stenosis demonstrated improvement in vision and reduction in RNFL thickness. DVSS appears to be a useful treatment for IIH patients with dural sinus stenosis.
3D focusing of nanoparticles in microfluidic channels (2003)

Dynamic focusing of particles can be used to centre particles in a fluid stream, ensuring the passage of the particles through a specified detection volume. This paper describes a method for focusing nanoparticles using dielectrophoresis. The method differs from other focusing methods in that it manipulates the particles and not the fluid. Experimental focusing is demonstrated for a range of different particle types, and discussed in terms of the operational limits of the device. Dynamic numerical simulations of the particle motion in the device are presented and compared with the experimental results. The potential of the device for nanoparticle control and manipulation in microfluidic chips is discussed.
The kinetics of HIV‐1 long terminal repeat transcriptional activation resemble those of hsp70 promoter in heat‐shock treated HeLa cells (1994)

The long terminal repeat (LTR) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is activated under different conditions including heat shock. By using transient transfection assays, we have compared the thermal activation of HIV-1 LTR to that of the promoter of the gene encoding the human stress protein hsp70 which is under the control of the heat shock transcription factor HSF. In these assays, the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (Cat) gene was used as a reporter gene. Several parameters of the heat stress were analyzed such as the temperature, the duration of heat stress and that of the recovery period. Under every condition tested, we have found that the kinetics of activation of both promoters were very similar. In addition, both showed a similar inhibition by actinomycin D. These results were compared to those obtained with a DNA construct containing the early promoter of SV-40 virus coupled to the Cat gene. In this case, no heat-mediated accumulation of CAT protein was observed, indicating that the transcriptional activation of HIV-1 LTR by heat shock is specific. HIV-1 LTR contains two NF-kappa B binding elements, involved in the activation of this promoter during oxidative stress, which are sequence related to the heat shock element HSE. However, under all the heat shock conditions tested, we have been unable to detect the binding of any protein to kappa B elements, suggesting that this site is not directly involved in the thermal activation of HIV-1 LTR. These results indicate that the thermal transcriptional activation of HIV-1 LTR and hsp70 promoters occurs through different mechanisms that are triggered by similar heat shock conditions.
Abstract 12931: Myocardial Regeneration in End-stage Heart Failure After Left Ventricular Unloading (2020)

Introduction: Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD) decrease cardiac mechanical work and metabolic demand and may decrease cardiomyocyte oxidative stress, followed by cell cycle re-entry and cell regeneration. We tested whether LVAD long-term support is associated with myocardial regeneration. Methods: Viability fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) - positron-emission tomography scans were performed >3 months after LVAD implantation and every 6 months thereafter. 4 patients aged 18-70 with end-stage non-ischemic (NICM, n=3) or ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM, n=1) were included. Low metabolic activity myocardial regions of interest (ROI) at <15th percentile of relative 18FDG signal intensity were identified on the baseline scan. Global signal and co-registered low-intensity ROIs were analyzed on subsequent scans vs. baseline. Results: LV ejection fraction ranged 0-35% at baseline. Two patients (LVAD speed 2660 rotations per minute - RPM, output 3.4-4.1 and 5.6-5.9 liters per minute (LPM), respectively) underwent 2 scans before cardiac transplantation, exhibiting borderline increased global signal (1-4%) and significantly increased 18FDG signal in the baseline low-intensity ROI on the follow-up scan (67.7, 75.7%). The other 2 patients (LVAD parameters: 5600 RPM/ 4.6-5.8 LPM; 9200 RPM/ 4.3-4.8 LPM) exhibited decreased global 18FDG signal (10-16%) and increased signal in the co-registered baseline low-intensity ROIs (1.7-21.5%) (Figure). Conclusions: LVAD long-term support is associated with a global decrease in myocardial 18FDG uptake signal over time, and with increased viability signal in baseline low-intensity ROIs, suggestive of myocardial regeneration in metabolically inactive regions. Future research is required to identify patient subgroups that are most likely to exhibit high regeneration potential upon long-term LVAD support.