gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical and geometric singularities modelling techniques for electrostatics and electromagnetism problems (1985)

Singularities appear in many problems in electrical engineering. They may be geometric (for example peaks, corners or ridges in Electrostatics) or physical (for example, changes in electromagnetic properties on thin depths). Classical numerical methods like finite elements technique are badly adapted to the simulation of these singularities. The authors present the techniques that they have developed to take these singularities into account. It consists of crack elements in eddy current non destructive testing, and of bilinear elements to control insulating materials. The particularity of these techniques is the association of a numerical resolution using finite elements technique, with an analytical resolution using singular elements. The authors recall, moreover, the techniques introduced in their Boundary Integral Equations package, in order to take into account geometrical singularities in electrostatic problems.
Organic non-fullerene acceptors for organic photovoltaics (2011)

Heterojunction organic photovoltaics have been the subject of intensive academic interest over the past two decades, and significant commercial efforts have been directed towards this area with the vision of developing the next generation of low-cost solar cells. Materials development has played a vital role in the dramatic improvement of organic solar cell performance in recent years, and this is driven primarily by the advancement of p-type semiconductors as donor materials. With the highest performing solar cells today dominated by acceptors based on members of the fullerene family, much less attention has been devoted to other classes of n-type acceptors. In this review, we will provide an overview of the progress in the synthesis, characterization and implementation of the various classes of non-fullerene-based n-type organic acceptors for photovoltaic applications.
BMP modulators regulate the function of BMP during body patterning and disease progression (2009)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are phylogenetically conserved signaling molecules that belong to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily and are involved in the cascades of body patterning and morphogenesis. The activities of BMPs are precisely regulated at various stages, and extracellulary, mainly regulated by certain classes of molecules termed as BMP antagonists and pro-BMP factors. BMP antagonists inhibit BMP function by prohibiting them from binding their cognate receptors, whereas pro-BMP factors stimulate BMP function. In this review, the functions of these BMP regulators will be discussed. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Interpolation and extrapolation of smooth functions by linear operators (2005)

Let C^{m , 1} ( \mathbb{R}^n) be the space of functions on \mathbb{R}^n whose m^{\sf th} derivatives are Lipschitz 1. For E \subset \mathbb{R}^n , let C^{m , 1} (E) be the space of all restrictions to E of functions in C^{m,1} ( \mathbb{R}^n) . We show that there exists a bounded linear operator T: C^{m , 1} (E) \rightarrow C^{m , 1} ( \mathbb{R}^n) such that, for any f \in C^{m , 1} ( E ) , we have T f = f on E .
Phase 1 study of atrasentan (ABT627), novel endothelin receptor-A antagonist, in Japanese patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (2006)

14602 Background: Endothelin (ET)-1 and its primary receptor, the ET A receptor, contribute to tumor cell growth, survival, angiogenesis and invasion. Atrasentan is a highly potent, selective ET A receptor antagonist. This study assessed safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) in Japanese patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Methods: This open-label, single-center Phase I trial evaluated the safety and PK of escalating oral atrasentan doses (2.5, 10 or 20 mg) given daily on day 1 and day 4 through 27 (except day 2 and 3). Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as Grade 3 or greater adverse events related to study drug. Results: Eighteen patients, aged 54–74 (median; 66) were treated in cohorts of 6 patients each. The compliance of all patients was 100%. The most common toxicities were rhinitis, peripheral edema, headache, hypotension and anemia, all of which were well tolerated. These events were consistent with the anticipated vasodilatory effects or with a hemodilution effect of the study drug. DLTs were not observed. Atrasentan was rapidly absorbed following oral administration of 2.5 to 20 mg, maximum plasma concentrations averaged from 0.4 to 0.8 hours. After peaking, plasma concentrations declined bi-exponentially with a terminal half-life of approximately 25 hours. In the 10 mg dosing group, the steady-state maximum plasma concentration (C max ) and the area under the curve (AUC 0–24h ) averaged 135.5 ng/mL and 533 ng h/mL, respectively. The C max and AUC values generally increased linearly with increasing dose after single- and multiple-dose administration. Compared to baseline, PSA decreased 50% or more in 1 patient (20 mg) and increased 25% or more in 10 patients (2.5 mg;2, 10 mg;5, 20 mg;3). The PSA of the remaining 7 patients (2.5 mg;4, 10 mg;1, 20 mg;2) ranged from < 25% increase to < 50% decrease. Fourteen patients continued on study drug in an extension study. Conclusions: Atrasentan is well tolerated, with no dose-limiting adverse events observed up to 20 mg in Japanese patients. The main adverse events are consistent with the vasodilatory effect of the drug. PK are linear and dose-proportional; the half-life is appropriate for once-daily dosing. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Evaluation of new generation<i>Salmonella enterica</i>serovar Typhimurium vaccines with regulated delayed attenuation to induce immune responses against PspA (2008)

Increasing the immunogenicity to delivered antigens by recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASV) has been the subject of intensive study. With this goal in mind, we have designed and constructed a new generation of RASV that exhibit regulated delayed attenuation. These vaccine strains are phenotypically wild type at the time of immunization and become attenuated after colonization of host tissues. The vaccine strains are grown under conditions that allow expression of genes required for optimal invasion and colonization of host tissues. Once established in the host, these virulence genes are turned off, fully attenuating the vaccine strain. In this study, we compared 2 of our newly developed regulated delayed attenuation Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains chi9088 and chi9558 with the Deltacya Deltacrp Deltaasd strain chi8133, for their abilities to express and present a secreted form of the alpha-helical region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) to the mouse immune system. All 3 strains induced high levels of serum antibodies specific for PspA as well as to Salmonella antigens in orally immunized mice. However, both RASVs expressing delayed attenuation elicited significantly greater anti-PspA immune responses, including serum IgG and T cell secretion of IL-4 and IFN-gamma, than other groups. Also, vaccination with delayed attenuation strains resulted in a greater degree of protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge than in mice vaccinated with chi8133 (71-86% vs. 21% survival, P </= 0.006). Together, the results demonstrate that the regulated attenuation strategy results in highly immunogenic antigen delivery vectors for oral vaccination.
Fault detection in autonomous robots (2008)

In this dissertation, we study two new approaches to fault detection for autonomous robots. The first approach involves the synthesis of software components that give a robot the capacity to detect faults which occur in itself. Our hypothesis is that hardware faults change the flow of sensory data and the actions performed by the control program. By detecting these changes, the presence of faults can be inferred. In order to test our hypothesis, we collect data in three different tasks performed by real robots. During a number of training runs, we record sensory data from the robots both while they are operating normally and after a fault has been injected. We use back-propagation neural networks to synthesize fault detection components based on the data collected in the training runs. We evaluate the performance of the trained fault detectors in terms of the number of false positives and the time it takes to detect a fault. The results show that good fault detectors can be obtained. We extend the set of possible faults and go on to show that a single fault detector can be trained to detect several faults in both a robot's sensors and actuators. We show that fault detectors can be synthesized that are robust to variations in the task. Finally, we show how a fault detector can be trained to allow one robot to detect faults that occur in another robot. The second approach involves the use of firefly-inspired synchronization to allow the presence of faulty robots to be determined by other non-faulty robots in a swarm robotic system. We take inspiration from the synchronized flashing behavior observed in some species of fireflies. Each robot flashes by lighting up its on-board red LEDs and neighboring robots are driven to flash in synchrony. The robots always interpret the absence of flashing by a particular robot as an indication that the robot has a fault. A faulty robot can stop flashing periodically for one of two reasons. The fault itself can render the robot unable to flash periodically. Alternatively, the faulty robot might be able to detect the fault itself using endogenous fault detection and decide to stop flashing. Thus, catastrophic faults in a robot can be directly detected by its peers, while the presence of less serious faults can be detected by the faulty robot itself, and actively communicated to neighboring robots. We explore the performance of the proposed algorithm both on a real world swarm robotic system and in simulation. We show that failed robots are detected correctly and in a timely manner, and we show that a system composed of robots with simulated self-repair capabilities can survive relatively high failure rates. We conclude that i) fault injection and learning can give robots the capacity to detect faults that occur in themselves, and that ii) firefly-inspired synchronization can enable robots in a swarm robotic system to detect and communicate faults.
Quick Switch: Strongly Correlated Electronic Phase Transition Systems for Cutting-Edge Microwave Devices (2014)

The authors discuss an overview of strongly correlated electron systems and metal-insulator transition (MIT) oxide materials. Microwave applications of MIT materials are also introduced. This overview offers a vision for future microwave devices with adaptive capabilities.
Pilot‐scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil (2006)

Abstract There is a need for the development of new processing techniques to facilitate vegetable oil extraction and refining while sustaining the nutritional components naturally present in edible oils and reducing the adverse impact of oil processing on the environment. In this study supercritical carbon dioxide (SC−CO 2 ) extraction and fractionation techniques were examined as alternative methods to obtain wheat germ oil (WGO) of high quality and purity. It was shown that the SC−CO 2 extraction technique is effective in extraction of WGO. There was no significant difference in the FA composition of SC−CO 2 ‐ and hexane‐extracted WGO. Both hexane‐and SC−CO 2 ‐extracted WGO were rich in α‐tocopherol. Moisture content of the SC−CO 2 ‐extracted oil was higher than that of the hexane‐extracted oil. Solvent/feed ratio had a significant effect on the SC−CO 2 extraction yields. This study demonstrated that supercritical fluid fractionation was a viable process to remove FFA efficiently from both hexane‐and SC−CO 2 ‐extracted WGO while retaining bioactive oil components in the final product.
Complete planarization of via holes with aluminum by selective and nonselective chemical vapor deposition (1990)

We have developed a new controllable method of selective and nonselective deposition of high quality aluminum by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition using dimethylaluminum hydride with hydrogen. At first, silicon dioxide via holes on silicon substrate were selectively filled with aluminum by thermal decomposition. Then, adding the plasma excitation for 1 min, the aluminum film began to deposit nonselectively on the silicon dioxide as well as the selectively deposited aluminum. Silicon dioxide via holes were completely planarized by the selective and nonselective deposition. The single-crystal structure of aluminum deposited selectively on silicon was observed with a new scanning microreflection high-energy electron diffraction microscope.
Development and Screening of Water-Soluble Analogues of Progesterone and Allopregnanolone in Models of Brain Injury (2009)

Preclinical and clinical research findings have revealed that the hormone progesterone, when acutely administered, can dramatically reduce cerebral edema, inflammation, tissue necrosis, and programmed cell death following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The poor aqueous solubility of progesterone, however, limits its potential use as a therapeutic. Several chemically novel analogues of progesterone and its natural metabolite allopregnanolone have been synthesized and screened using both in vitro and whole animal models of TBI. The new derivatives demonstrated greatly improved solubility and select compounds have shown equivalent effectiveness to progesterone in reducing cerebral edema after TBI.
Detection of myoglobin desaturation in<i>Mirounga angustirostris</i>during apnea (2002)

1H NMR solution-state study of elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb) establishes the temperature-dependent chemical shifts of the proximal histidyl N(delta)H signal, which reflects the respective intracellular and vascular PO2 in vivo. Both proteins exist predominantly in one major isoform and do not exhibit any conformational heterogeneity. The Mb and Hb signals are detectable in M. angustirostris tissue in vivo. During eupnea M. angustirostris muscle maintains a well-saturated MbO2. However, during apnea, the deoxymyoglobin proximal histidyl N(delta)H signal becomes visible, reflecting a declining tissue PO2. The study establishes a firm methodological basis for using NMR to investigate the metabolic responses during sleep apnea of the elephant seal and to secure insights into oxygen regulation in diving mammals.
Optical determination of surface density in oriented metalloprotein nanostructures (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOptical determination of surface density in oriented metalloprotein nanostructuresHun Gi. Hong, Paul W. Bohn, and Stephen G. SligarCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 11, 1635–1638Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00059a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00059a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views507Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
[Adhesion molecules LFA-1(CD-11a), Mac-1(CD-11b) of t-lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood in patients with chronic respiratory tract disease]. (2000)

Adhesion molecules play an important role in inflammatory processes and influence on recruitment of effector cells. The aim of our study was to assess the percentage of T-lymphocytes expressing LFA-1, Mac-1 and ICAM-1 in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) and blood of patients with sarcoidosis, atopic bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. The reference group consisted of patients with haemoptysis or suspected of having bronchial carcinoma. Expression of adhesion molecules was revealed by /APAAP/ alkaline phosphatase anti alkaline phosphatase method. The highest percentage of lymphocytes expressing all adhesions molecules in BALF and blood was observed in patients with chronic bronchitis. Reductions of T-cells in BALF of patients with bronchial asthma and sarcoidosis may reflect of their direct binding in inflammatory sites. This studies confirm the involvement of adhesion molecules in maintenance of chronic inflammatory processes in the respiratory tract.
Management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (2002)

Cabinet Management of uncomplicated urinary tract infectionsUncomplicated urinary tract infections are among the most frequently occurring infections in the United States, resulting in an estimated 8 million office visits and 1 million hospital admissions each year. [1][2]2][3] Between 40% and 50% of women have reported having at least one urinary tract infection in their lives. 4rinary tract infections can be classified by anatomic site of involvement into lower and upper urinary tract infections.Infections of the lower urinary tract include cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis, and those of the upper urinary tract include pyelonephritis.Urinary tract infections may be further classified as complicated or uncomplicated.In women with a structurally and functionally normal urinary tract, cystitis and pyelonephritis are considered uncomplicated urinary tract infections.Urinary tract infections in men, elderly people, pregnant women, or patients who have an indwelling catheter or an anatomic or functional abnormality are considered complicated urinary tract infections.In this article, we outline the pharmacologic approach to the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated cystitis.
Three-dimensional Dirac semimetal and quantum transport in Cd<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>As<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (2013)

Based on the first-principles calculations, we recover the silent topological nature of Cd${}_{3}$As${}_{2}$, a well known semiconductor with high carrier mobility. We find that it is a symmetry-protected topological semimetal with a single pair of three-dimensional (3D) Dirac points in the bulk and nontrivial Fermi arcs on the surfaces. It can be driven into a topological insulator and a Weyl semimetal state by symmetry breaking, or into a quantum spin Hall insulator with a gap more than 100 meV by reducing dimensionality. We propose that the 3D Dirac cones in the bulk of Cd${}_{3}$As${}_{2}$ can support sizable linear quantum magnetoresistance even up to room temperature.
Manufacturing-aware physical design (2003)

Ultra-deep submicron manufacturability impacts physical design (PD) through complex layout rules and large guard-bands for process variability; this creates new requirements for new manufacturing-aware PD technologies. The first part of this tutorial reviews PD complications and methodology changes notably in the detailed routing arena - that arise from subwavelength lithography and deep-submicron manufacturing (antennas, metal planarization and mask-wafer mismatch). Process variations and their sources are taxonomized for modeling and simulation. A framework of design for cost and value is described. The second part covers yield-constrained optimizations in PD, especially "beyond corners" approaches that escape today's pessimistic or even incorrect corner-based approaches. Statistical timing and noise analyses enable optimization of parametric yield and reliability. Yield-aware cell libraries and "analog" design rules (as opposed to "digital", 0/1 rules) can help designers explore yield-cost tradeoffs, especially for low-volume parts. We then examine performance impact-limited fill insertion which goes beyond mere capacitance rules. Modeling, objectives, and filling strategies are discussed. Finally, we discuss current and near-term prospects for the overall design-to-manufacturing PD methodology. Key aspects include better integrations with analysis and manufacturing interfaces, as well as cost-benefit tradeoffs for "regular" layout structures that are likely beyond 90 nm, cost optimizations for low-volume production, and the role of robust and/or stochastic optimization in PD.
Adversarial Examples that Fool Detectors (2017)

An adversarial example is an example that has been adjusted to produce a wrong label when presented to a system at test time. To date, adversarial example constructions have been demonstrated for classifiers, but not for detectors. If adversarial examples that could fool a detector exist, they could be used to (for example) maliciously create security hazards on roads populated with smart vehicles. In this paper, we demonstrate a construction that successfully fools two standard detectors, Faster RCNN and YOLO. The existence of such examples is surprising, as attacking a classifier is very different from attacking a detector, and that the structure of detectors - which must search for their own bounding box, and which cannot estimate that box very accurately - makes it quite likely that adversarial patterns are strongly disrupted. We show that our construction produces adversarial examples that generalize well across sequences digitally, even though large perturbations are needed. We also show that our construction yields physical objects that are adversarial.
A passion for democracy: American essays (1999)

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsPt. IAmerican Theory: Democracy, Liberalism, and RightsCh. 1Liberal Democracy and the Costs of Consent3Ch. 2Foundationalism and Democracy19Ch. 3Why Democracy Must Be Liberal: An Epitaph for Marxism31Ch. 4The Compromised Republic: Public Purposelessness in America41Ch. 5The Rights of We the People Are All the Rights There Are60Ch. 6Have Rights Gone Wrong? The Reconstruction of Rights79Pt. IIAmerican Practice: Leadership, Citizenship, and CensorshipCh. 7Neither Leaders nor Followers: Citizenship under Strong Democracy95Ch. 8Command Performance: Where Have All the Leaders Gone?111Ch. 9The Undemocratic Party System: Citizenship in an Elite/Mass Society119Ch. 10One Nation Indivisible or a Compact of Sovereign States? The Two Faces of Federalism134Ch. 11The Market as Censor in a World of Consumer Totalism143Pt. IIIEducation for Democracy: Civic Education, Service, and CitizenshipCh. 12Thomas Jefferson and the Education of the Citizen161Ch. 13The Civic Mission of the University178Ch. 14Service, Citizenship, and Democracy: Civic Duty as an Entailment of Civil Right187Ch. 15Cultural Conservatism and Democratic Education: Lessons from the Sixties203Ch. 16America Skips School: Why We Talk So Much about Education and Do So Little214Ch. 17Education for Democracy225Pt. IVDemocracy and Technology: Endless Frontier or End of Democracy?Ch. 18The Second American Revolution237Ch. 19Pangloss, Pandora, or Jefferson? Three Scenarios for the Future of Technology and Democracy245Ch. 20The New Telecommunications Technology: Endless Frontier or the End of Democracy?258Index283