gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of charge effects in high frequency CMUTs (2008)

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of charge effects in silicon nitride membranes in Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) working at 30 MHz in air. The analysis was motivated by observations of drift in the resonance frequency to the CMUTs during electrical and heterodyne interferometric measurements while keeping the DC voltage level constant over time. After applying a DC voltage of -40 V for 3 hours, a drift of 0.6 MHz is observed. Analysis showed that this corresponded to a transfer of 15 per cent of the electrode charge into the silicon nitride membrane. While adjusting the voltage to keep the coupling factor constant equal to 0.5 and comparing a charge ratio of 0 and 1, the electrical Q-factor is increased by 8.5 % while the mechanical Q-factor is decreased by 7.8 % for a cavity height of 100 nm. The mechanical resonance frequency is reduced by 6.9 %. However, these changes are moderate and do not impact the response of the CMUT significantly in wide band transducer operation.
FLUORINATION OF ACTIVATED HALOGENS WITH KF IN POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-ACETONITRILE SYSTEM (1978)

Abstract Polyethylene glycol (mol. wei. 300–600) was found to be effective as a phase-transfer catalyst on the fluorination of activated halogen compounds with potassium fluoride in acetonitrile. Carboxylic and sulfonic acid chlorides were readily converted into their fluorides in high yields.
Characterization of the Thrombin-Induced Contraction of Vascular Smooth Muscle (1984)

Purified human alpha-thrombin induced a sustained contraction of isolated rabbit aorta and dog coronary arteries. These vascular tissues also exhibited a refractoriness towards a second thrombin exposure. The extent of tachyphylaxis exhibited by the aorta correlated with the initial concentration of thrombin and the length of time the tissue was exposed to thrombin. The thrombin-induced contraction in the aorta was not blocked by phospholipase or cyclooxygenase inhibitors, but it was inhibited in the presence of hirudin, heparin, nitroglycerin, and nitroprusside. Nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and hirudin also inhibited the contraction in the dog coronary artery. Ca++ channel blockers did not inhibit the thrombin-induced contraction in the coronary artery, although a small inhibition was observed in Ca++-free media. In both tissues, equivalent contractile responses were obtained using equimolar quantities of beta-, tetranitromethane-, and alpha-thrombin, even though the latter's coagulant activity was 30-40 times that of the modified thrombins. However, if the catalytic activity of thrombin was inhibited by modification with Tos-Lys-CH2Cl, hirudin, or heparin/antithrombin III, the vasoconstrictor activity was also lost. These studies suggest that alterations of the fibrinogen-binding site do not affect the contractile activity of thrombin. The contraction may be the result of a proteolytic interaction of the active site of the enzyme with vascular smooth muscle.
Stepwise Development of MAIT Cells in Mouse and Human (2009)

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells display two evolutionarily conserved features: an invariant T cell receptor (TCR)alpha (iTCRalpha) chain and restriction by the nonpolymorphic class Ib major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, MHC-related molecule 1 (MR1). MR1 expression on thymus epithelial cells is not necessary for MAIT cell development but their accumulation in the gut requires MR1 expressing B cells and commensal flora. MAIT cell development is poorly known, as these cells have not been found in the thymus so far. Herein, complementary human and mouse experiments using an anti-humanValpha7.2 antibody and MAIT cell-specific iTCRalpha and TCRbeta transgenic mice in different genetic backgrounds show that MAIT cell development is a stepwise process, with an intra-thymic selection followed by peripheral expansion. Mouse MAIT cells are selected in an MR1-dependent manner both in fetal thymic organ culture and in double iTCRalpha and TCRbeta transgenic RAG knockout mice. In the latter mice, MAIT cells do not expand in the periphery unless B cells are added back by adoptive transfer, showing that B cells are not required for the initial thymic selection step but for the peripheral accumulation. In humans, contrary to natural killer T (NKT) cells, MAIT cells display a naïve phenotype in the thymus as well as in cord blood where they are in low numbers. After birth, MAIT cells acquire a memory phenotype and expand dramatically, up to 1%-4% of blood T cells. Finally, in contrast with NKT cells, human MAIT cell development is independent of the molecular adaptor SAP. Interestingly, mouse MAIT cells display a naïve phenotype and do not express the ZBTB16 transcription factor, which, in contrast, is expressed by NKT cells and the memory human MAIT cells found in the periphery after birth. In conclusion, MAIT cells are selected by MR1 in the thymus on a non-B non-T hematopoietic cell, and acquire a memory phenotype and expand in the periphery in a process dependent both upon B cells and the bacterial flora. Thus, their development follows a unique pattern at the crossroad of NKT and gammadelta T cells.
Nebivolol decreases systemic oxidative stress in healthy volunteers (2000)

Our data show for the first time that nebivolol decreases systemic oxidative stress in young healthy volunteers.
Sialyl-Lewis x-Independent Infection of Human Myeloid Cells by <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> Strains HZ and HGE1 (2007)

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils and neutrophil precursors. Bacterial recognition of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and the alpha2,3-sialylated- and alpha1,3-fucosylated-moiety sialyl-Lewis x (sLe(x)), which modifies the PSGL-1 N terminus, is important for adhesion to and invasion of myeloid cells. We have previously demonstrated that A. phagocytophilum organisms of the NCH-1 strain that utilize an sLe(x)-modified PSGL-1-independent means of entry can be enriched for by cultivation in undersialylated HL-60 cells that are unable to construct sLe(x). Because it was unknown whether other A. phagocytophilum isolates share this ability, we extended our studies to the geographically diverse strains HZ and HGE1. HL-60 A2 is a clonal cell line that is defective for sialylation and alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase. HL-60 A2 cell surfaces, therefore, not only lack sLe(x) but also are virtually devoid of any other sialic acid- and/or alpha1,3-fucose-modified glycan. By cultivating HZ and HGE1 in HL-60 A2 cells, we enriched for bacterial subpopulations (termed HZA2 and HGE1A2) that bind and/or infect myeloid cells in the absence of sialic acid and alpha1,3-fucose and in the presence of antibody that blocks the N terminus of PSGL-1. Thus, multiple A. phagocytophilum isolates share the ability to use sLe(x)-modified PSGL-1-dependent and -independent routes of entry into myeloid cells. HZA2 and HGE1A2 represent enriched bacterial populations that will aid dissection of the complexities of the interactions between A. phagocytophilum and host myeloid cells.
The Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Cycle Life and Electrolyte Stability of Li-Ion Full Cells Containing Silicon Alloy (2017)

Carbon dioxide is shown to be an effective additive to standard Li-ion electrolyte for extending the cycle life of full pouch cells containing an engineered silicon alloy. CO2 was introduced to pouch cells by adding a few milligrams of dry ice to cells before sealing. The cells contained composite negative electrodes formulated with 15 to 17 wt% of an engineered silicon alloy and a LiCoO2 positive electrode. Parasitic electrolyte reactions were measured in-situ by isothermal micro-calorimetry and high precision coulometry and compared to cells containing 1-fluoro ethylene carbonate (FEC). Extended cycling of cells containing CO2 were compared to cells containing FEC. Cell gas generation and gas consumption were measured by applying the Archimedes principle. A new approach using small tubes in pouch cells to differentiate volume changes from gassing and solid expansion is introduced. Cells with CO2 showed significantly lower parasitic thermal power, improved coulombic efficiency and better capacity retention compared to cells containing electrolytes with FEC. The gas generation/consumption experiments showed that Si alloy reacts with CO2 during cycling until it is fully consumed. Combining FEC and CO2 reduces the consumption rate of CO2. Microscopy of cross-sectioned cycled electrodes showed a thin SEI layer and minimal silicon alloy erosion. The combined work establishes CO2 as a powerful precursor to an effective SEI layer on silicon alloys. Finally, CO2 is shown to be an effective SEI former for graphite in EC-free electrolytes.
Microfluidic chip-based electrochemical immunoassay for hippuric acid (2009)

Urinary hippuric acid (HA), of molecular weight 180 Da, is one of the major metabolites in toluene-exposed humans and is a major biological indicator. Simple and ubiquitous monitoring of exposure to toluene is very important in occupational health care, and a microfluidic chip-based electrochemical immunoassay for rapid and quantitative detection of HA in human urine is proposed in this paper. The system employs a conjugate of ferrocene (Fc) and hippuric acid (HA). The competition between hippuric acid (HA) and the ferrocene-hippuric acid complex (Fc-Lys-HA) to bind with a HA antibody coated onto polybeads generated electrical signals proportional to the HA concentration in the range of 0-40 mg mL(-1). All the complicated HA detection processes were integrated on the single microfluidic platform. The quantitative advantages of our HA detection chip are as follows: (1) the total chip size was reduced to 3.0 x 2.0 x 0.5 cm and is small enough to be portable, (2) the assay time took 1 min, and is shorter than that of conventional electrochemical HA immunoassay systems (about 20 min) and (3) 40 microL of the sample solution was enough to detect HA in the range of 0-40 mg mL(-1), which is enough range to be used for the point-of-care system. In addition, we suggest the improved chip-based HA assay method by the combination of electrochemical and enzymatic amplification processes for the detection of greater electrical signals. The sensitivity of the combined method was increased about three times compared to that of the non-enzymatic process.
Scalar LPC quantization based on format JND's (1986)

Efficient scalar quantization tables for LPC k-parameters were developed using a distortion measure based on just-noticeable-differences (JND's) in formant parameters of the speech spectrum envelope. Forty percent fewer bits were required than the 41/frame used in conventional approaches. An empirical technique was developed for relating perturbations in k-parameters and formant parameters. New estimates were obtained for the values of the formant JND's: they are about four times the steady-state values reported by Flanagan [6] and increase sharply above approximately 1.5 kHz.
Erythrocyte Binding Properties of Streptococcal Lipoteichoic Acids (1979)

The lipoteichoic acids (LTA) of gram-positive bacteria are known to bind spontaneously to a variety of animal cell membranes. We investigated the biological and biochemical characteristics of the binding of LTA of Streptococcus pyogenes and S. faecalis to human and sheep erythrocytes. The kinetics of the binding of the radiolabeled LTA ([(3)H]LTA) from each of these organisms to erythrocytes was similar. The dissociation constants for sheep and adult human erythrocytes were 1.6 muM and 4.5 muM, respectively, whereas that of human cord blood erythrocytes was approximately 10-fold higher, 31 muM. The number of binding sites for sheep erythrocytes was calculated to be 7.2 x x 10(6) per cell, and that of human erythrocytes, 29 x 10(6) per cell. Binding was reversible. More than 50% of bound [(3)H]LTA was displaced from erythrocytes by a 50-fold excess of unlabeled LTA. LTA prepared from heterologous species of gram-positive bacteria were all inhibitory to the binding of [(3)H]LTA whether derived from S. pyogenes or from S. faecalis. Among a number of potential receptor analogues and other inhibitors tested, including serum albumin, gangliosides Gm(2) and Gm(3), lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria, and various sugars, only albumin and the gangliosides significantly inhibited LTA binding. Trypsin or neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes had no effect on LTA binding. Deacylation of [(3)H]LTA abolished binding ability and binding was restored by esterification of the deacylated material with stearoyl chloride, indicating that ester-linked lipids are necessary for membrane binding.
Differentiation of Two Abortive Mechanisms by Using Monoclonal Antibodies Directed toward Lactococcal Bacteriophage Capsid Proteins (1993)

Monoclonal antibodies were used to monitor the accumulation of the major capsid protein of the lactococcal small isometric bacteriophage u136 (P335 species) over the course of a one-step growth curve. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was then used to distinguish two abortive phage resistance mechanisms, Hsp and Prf. Capsid protein production of u136 was almost totally inhibited by the Hsp-induced abortive mechanism, supporting previous data that this mechanism blocks phage DNA replication. Prf-induced abortive infection only partially (50%) inhibited capsid protein production, suggesting that this mechanism targets some other point, perhaps within transcription or translation processes. The results confirmed that Hsp and Prf act at different targets in the phage lytic cycle. Use of monoclonal antibodies also demonstrated that production of the major capsid protein is a nonlimiting step in the lytic cycle of lactococcal phage u136.
Identification and characterization of four proteases produced by<i>Streptococcus suis</i> (2003)

Streptococcus suis is an important worldwide swine pathogen. In this study, we investigated the production of proteases by S. suis serotype 2. Proteases were identified and characterized using chromogenic and fluorogenic assays and zymography. An Arg-aminopeptidase with a molecular mass of 55 kDa was found to be both cell-associated and extracellular. Cell-associated chymotrypsin-like and caseinase activities, belonging to the serine- and metalloprotease classes respectively, were also detected. Lastly, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) with a molecular mass of 70 kDa was detected in both whole cells and culture supernatants of S. suis serotype 2. Arg-aminopeptidase, caseinase and DPP IV activities were detected in all strains of S. suis serotype 2 tested whereas the chymotrypsin-like activity was only detected in European virulent strains of serotype 2. The optimum pH for all four proteases was between 6 and 8, and the optimum temperature ranged from 25 to 42 degrees C. This is the first report on the production of proteases by S. suis. Further investigations will determine the possible contribution of these proteases in the pathogenicity of S. suis serotype 2.
Soviet Environmental Protection: The Challenge for Legal Studies (1989)

Every society evolves its own cultural and political process for building consensus about its core values.Environmental protection is no exception.Environmental concerns are major issues today, although many environmental problems were ignored during most of the Industrial Revolution and coincident periods of warfare.Pollution damage to human health and natural systems has grown enormously and is now a significant component of the core values of practically every society.This is certainly the case for the USSR, as the Pace Environmental Law Review has documented previously.'Environmental law is the field of legal endeavor by which each society restates its values about protecting nature, natural resources and human health.Within the Soviet Union today, an extraordinary rebuilding of the entire society is under
Preparation of Cerium Oxide Films Using Pulse and Constant Electrodeposition Techniques (2014)

Ceria and ceria-based materials are becoming promising resources for a number of applications in microelectronics, electrochemical devices, ultraviolet blockers and surface treatment of different metals due to their corrosion resistance. These materials are also used for the development of electrochemical gas sensors in environmental applications and food industry since they have fast response, high sensitivity to threshold concentrations and low cost. In this study, electrodeposition technique was used to prepare ceria film on nanostructured, gold-coated, polycarbonate track-etched membrane (PCTE) template. Both constant potential and pulse deposition techniques were used and the influence of deposition parameters on film surface characteristics was investigated. The structure and the electrochemical properties of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). A comprehensive electrochemical study was performed to understand the factors that could be controlled and optimized for a given set of surface properties. Surface properties of the ceria films were examined to study the impact of constant potential and pulsed electrodeposition techniques in creating ceria films.
Comparison of collocation extraction measures for document indexing (2006)

Automatic extraction of collocations from a corpus is a well-known problem in the field of natural language processing. It is typically carried out by employing some kind of a statistical measure that indicates whether or not two words occur together more often than by chance. As there is an abundance of these measures proposed by various authors, we have compared some of them on a task of extracting collocations from a corpus of Croatian legal documents for the purpose of document indexing. We propose and evaluate extensions of these measures for collocations consisting of three words
Recombineering with tolC as a Selectable/Counter-selectable Marker: remodeling the rRNA Operons of Escherichia coli (2007)

This work describes the novel use of tolC as a selectable/counter-selectable marker for the facile modification of DNA in Escherichia coli. Expression of TolC (an outer membrane protein) confers relative resistance to toxic small molecules, while its absence renders the cell tolerant to colicin E1. These features, coupled with the lambdaredgam recombination system, allow for selection of tolC insertions/deletions anywhere on the E. coli chromosome or on plasmid DNA. This methodology obviates the need for minimal growth media, specialized wash protocols and the lengthy incubation times required by other published recombineering methods. As a rigorous test of the TolC selection system, six out of seven 23S rRNA genes were consecutively and seamlessly removed from the E. coli chromosome without affecting expression of neighboring genes within the complex rrn operons. The resulting plasmid-free strain retains one 23S rRNA gene (rrlC) in its natural location on the chromosome and is the first mutant of its kind. These new rRNA mutants will be useful in the study of rRNA gene regulation and ribosome function. Given its high efficiency, low background and facility in rich media, tolC selection is a broadly applicable method for the modification of DNA by recombineering.
Dynamic prediction of architectural vulnerability from microarchitectural state (2007)

Transient faults due to particle strikes are a key challenge in microprocessor design. Driven by exponentially increasing transistor counts, per-chip faults are a growing burden. To protect against soft errors, redundancy techniques such as redundant multithreading (RMT) are often used. However, these techniques assume that the probability that a structural fault will result in a soft error (i.e., the Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF)) is 100 percent, unnecessarily draining processor resources. Due to the high cost of redundancy, there have been efforts to throttle RMT at runtime. To date, these methods have not incorporated an AVF model and therefore tend to be ad hoc. Unfortunately, computing the AVF of complex microprocessor structures (e.g., the ISQ) can be quite involved. To provide probabilistic guarantees about fault tolerance, we have created a rigorous characterization of AVF behavior that can be easily implemented in hardware. We experimentally demonstrate AVF variability within and across the SPEC2000 benchmarks and identify strong correlations between structural AVF values and a small set of processor metrics. Using these simple indicators as predictors, we create a proof-of-concept RMT implementation that demonstrates that AVF prediction can be used to maintain a low fault tolerance level without significant performance impact.
Confidence-weighted linear classification (2008)

We introduce confidence-weighted linear classifiers, which add parameter confidence information to linear classifiers. Online learners in this setting update both classifier parameters and the estimate of their confidence. The particular online algorithms we study here maintain a Gaussian distribution over parameter vectors and update the mean and covariance of the distribution with each instance. Empirical evaluation on a range of NLP tasks show that our algorithm improves over other state of the art online and batch methods, learns faster in the online setting, and lends itself to better classifier combination after parallel training.
Six-Phase Voltage Source Inverter Driven Induction Motor (1984)

A six-phase six-step voltage-fed induction motor is presented. The inverter is a transistorized six-step voltage source inverter, while the motor is a modified standard three-phase squirrel-cage motor. The stator is rewound with two three-phase winding sets displaced from each other by 30 electrical degrees. A model for the system is developed to simulate the drive and predict its performance. The simulation results for steady-state conditions and experimental measurements show very good correlation. It is shown that this winding configuration results in the elimination of all air-gap flux time harmonics of the order (6v ±1, v = 1,3,5,...). Consequently, all rotor copper losses produced by these harmonics as well as all torque harmonics of the order (6v, v = 1,3,5,...) are eliminated. A comparison between-the measured instantaneous torque of both three-phase and six-phase six-step voltage-fed induction machines shows the advantage of the six-phase system over the three-phase system in eliminating the sixth harmonic dominant torque ripple.
A rhombic antenna array solution in eWLB package for millimeter-wave applications (2012)

A 77-GHz rhombic antenna as well as a rhombic antenna array designed for automotive radar applications are presented in 6×6mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 12×8mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) packages respectively. For the sake of antenna characterization, a 2×2mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) including a 77-GHz transceiver and a frequency multiplier is integrated in the package. The frequency multiplier generates the eighteenth harmonic of its input signal and scales a 4.25-GHz input signal to a 76.5-GHz output signal. This enables the antenna beam pattern characterization using a commercial signal source. As the dimensions of a single-element antenna in package (AiP) hardly exceeds the dimension of the MMIC, an AiP typically suffers from an asymmetric beam pattern and limited gain. This paper proposes a highly directional rhombic antenna array solution with more than 10 dBi gain and a symmetric beam pattern.