gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Traversing the fungal terpenome (2014)

Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are prolific producers of structurally diverse terpenoid compounds. Classes of terpenoids identified in fungi include the sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids. Biosynthetic pathways and enzymes to terpenoids from each of these classes have been described. These typically involve the scaffold generating terpene synthases and cyclases, and scaffold tailoring enzymes such as e.g. cytochrome P450 monoxygenases, NAD(P)+ and flavin dependent oxidoreductases, and various group transferases that generate the final bioactive structures. The biosynthesis of several sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins and bioactive diterpenoids has been well-studied in Ascomycota (e.g. filamentous fungi). Little is known about the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in Basidiomycota (e.g. mushroom forming fungi), although they produce a huge diversity of terpenoid natural products. Specifically, many trans-humulyl cation derived sesquiterpenoid natural products with potent bioactivities have been isolated. Biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of trans-humulyl cation derived protoilludanes, and other sesquiterpenoids, can be rapidly identified by genome sequencing and bioinformatic methods. Genome mining combined with heterologous biosynthetic pathway refactoring has the potential to facilitate discovery and production of pharmaceutically relevant fungal terpenoids.
Some effects of molecular weight distribution on the melt rheology of high density polyethylene (1962)

Abstract Using a high shear rate capillary viscometer, the melt viscosities of a series of high density linear polyethylenes ranging in weight average molecular weight from 70,000 to 160,000 have been measured from shear rates of 2 to 200 sec −1 and from 190° to 240°C. The data, corrected for elastic end effects are described by an empirical relationship except for the temperature term which is fitted to the Williams‐Landel‐Ferry equation. Over the range measured the viscosity is given approximately by a power law in relation to shear rate with an exponent dependent upon molecular weight. The effects of distribution were examined by measuring the viscosity‐shear rate relationships for not only the above series, which varied in Mw/Mn from 23 to 10, but also for blends of polyethylenes of varying molecular weights or of fractions, and other polyethylenes obtained by removal of the high molecular weight tail. In general, the broader the distribution, the more sensitive is the viscosity to the rate of shear. The end correction, a measure of the elastic energy, does not vary much with shear stress or temperature in the case of high density polyethylene.
Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration (2001)

Posm accurately identifies a state of euhydration and is sensitive to changes in hydration status during acute dehydration and rehydration. Usg and Uosm are also sensitive to changes in hydration status but lag behind during periods of rapid body fluid turnover and therefore correlate only moderately with Posm during acute dehydration.
Rho kinases play an obligatory role in vertebrate embryonic organogenesis (2001)

Rho-associated kinases (Rho kinases), which are downstream effectors of RhoA GTPase, regulate diverse cellular functions including actin cytoskeletal organization. We have demonstrated that Rho kinases also direct the early stages of chick and mouse embryonic morphogenesis. We observed that Rho kinase transcripts were enriched in cardiac mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm and the neural plate. Treatment of neurulating embryos with Y27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho kinases, blocked migration and fusion of the bilateral heart primordia, formation of the brain and neural tube, caudalward movement of Hensen's node, and establishment of normal left-right asymmetry. Moreover, Y27632 induced precocious expression of cardiac alpha-actin, an early marker of cardiomyocyte differentiation, coincident with the upregulated expression of serum response factor and GATA4. In addition, specific antisense oligonucleotides significantly diminished Rho kinase mRNA levels and replicated many of the teratologies induced by Y27632. Thus, our study reveals new biological functions for Rho kinases in regulating major morphogenetic events during early chick and mouse development.
Multi -Answer- Focused Multi - Document Summarization Using a Question - Answering Engine (2004)

In recent years, answer-focused summarization has gained attention as a technology complementary to information retrieval and question answering. In order to realize multi-document summarization focused by multiple questions, we propose a method to calculate sentence importance using scores, for responses to multiple questions, generated by a Question-Answering engine. Further, we describe the integration of this method with a generic multi-document summarization system. The evaluation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed method is better than not only several baselines but also other participants' systems at the evaluation workshop NTCIR4 TSC3 Formal Run. However, it should be noted that some of the other systems do not use the information of questions.
A Case of Central Nervous System Metastasis of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Manifested as Central Nervous System Vasculitis (2020)

Introduction: Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare distinct subset of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-cell NHL). Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) positive ALCL patients are generally associated with younger age and have a better prognosis. While Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement in T-cell NHL is rare and has a dismal prognosis. There was no report about ALK + ALCL and CNS vasculitis.
Case presentation: A 17-year-old boy who was diagnosed ALK + ALCL and underwent six courses of systemic chemotherapy presented as severe CNS vasculitis in the beginning, but eventually he was diagnosed CNS metastasis of ALCL by the presence of cranial nerve palsy, the demonstration of lesions on MRI and PET-CT, and Flow cytometry detection of tumor cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
Conclusion: We first present a case of CNS metastasis of systemic ALK + ALCL accompanied with CNS vasculitis. When an ALK + ALCL patient had CNS symptoms while imaging revealed CNS vasculitis, we need to be vigilant that the patient may have CNS involvement.
Low level light‐minoxidil 5% combination versus either therapeutic modality alone in management of female patterned hair loss: A randomized controlled study (2017)

LLLT is an effective and safe tool with comparable results to minoxidil 5% in the treatment of FPHL. Owing to the significantly better results of combination therapy, its usage is recommended to hasten hair regrowth. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:835-843, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A New Route to Diverse 1-Azasugars from<i>N</i>-Boc-5-hydroxy-3-piperidene as a Common Building Block (2005)

A new general method for the synthesis of a variety of 1-azasugars with a nitrogen atom at the anomeric position is described. The readily available chiral N-Boc-5-hydroxy-3-piperidene 3 is transformed to isofagomine (2), homoisofagomine (13), and 5'-deoxyisofagomine (14) via stereoselective epoxidation and regioselective ring-cleavage in a highly stereocontrolled manner. In addition, the synthesis of all four stereoisomers of 3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidines (18-21) classified as 1-azasugar-type glycosidase inhibitors was stereoselectively achieved from the (chiral) piperidene 3.
Pretreatment of Coastal Bermudagrass with Sodium Hydroxide and Cellulase Before Ensiling (1986)

When a cellulase produced by Tricboderma viride was added to Coastal bermudagrass before ensiling to increase digestibility, the content of the residual water-soluble carbohydrate was increased significantly above controls or NaOHtreated silage. Significant increases of acetic and lactic acids were obtained by pretreatment with NaOH followed by neutralization before ensiling and also by NaOH plus cellulase treatment (both neutralized and not neutralized) before ensiling. Treatment of Coastal bermudagrass with NaOH, which was not neutralized before ensiling, produced poor silage with high pH and butyric acid content. Digestibility was significantly increased by either NaOH treatment with or without cellulase. In addition, acetic acid produced during in vitro digestibility studies was significantly higher after 48-h incubation for all treatments compared with controls. Coastal bermudagrass silage made with all treatments except NaOH that was not neutralized showed significantly higher propionic acid content at the end of 48-h fermentation than controls. Laboratory studies suggest that treatment with NaOH and cellulase improves silage.
Muon collider interaction region design (2011)

Design of a muon collider interaction region (IR) presents a number of challenges arising from low ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*}<1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}$, correspondingly large beta-function values and beam sizes at IR magnets, as well as the necessity to protect superconducting magnets and collider detectors from muon decay products. As a consequence, the designs of the IR optics, magnets and machine-detector interface are strongly interlaced and iterative. A consistent solution for the 1.5 TeV center-of-mass muon collider IR is presented. It can provide an average luminosity of ${10}^{34}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with an adequate protection of magnet and detector components.
Temperature-induced neutral-ionic transition in tetramethylbenzidine-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TMB-TCNQ) (1990)

Experimental evidence is presented that indicates the occurrence of a temperature-induced neutral-ionic transition occurring at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}205 K in the mixed-stack organic charge-transfer crystal, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TMB-TCNQ). The transition is characterized by a large first-order-like jump in the magnetic susceptibility and a dimeric distortion of the stacks similar to those observed in tetrathiafulvalene-chloranil (TTF-CA). However, contrary to the case in TTF-CA the molecular ionicity jump at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is comparatively small in TMB-TCNQ. The nature of this transition observed in TMB-TCNQ is discussed drawing comparisons with that seen in TTF-CA.
Improving the Reliability of Particle Accelerator Magnets: Learning From Our Failures (2013)

There are many ways that a resistive particle accelerator electromagnet can fail, and most failure modes and their root causes are well known to more experienced magnet engineers. There are thousands of new electromagnets being fabricated every year and tens of thousands already operating in institutions worldwide. Yet some magnet engineers designing a new-style magnet still do not make the design choices that will lead to fewer failing magnets; fabricators still make errors as they assemble magnets and magnets still operate, for example, with low conductivity water (LCW) that corrodes or erodes the coils' conductor. One reason for these continuing problems is the lack of readily available information on the most reliable materials, fabrication techniques, and operating parameters. In order to learn from the experiences of other institutions running accelerators regarding their magnets' failure modes and how they have dealt with them, a web-based survey was created with 64 detailed questions. The survey was completed by 28 designers and operators of accelerator magnets worldwide covering conventional magnets 5 to 55 years old, being used in all kinds of accelerators, in dc, ramping, and pulsed modes. A detailed analysis of the survey's responses was carried out to find, for example, correlations between materials used and frequencies of related failure types. This paper describes the results of the survey analysis, leading to some more reliable design values, materials, fabrication techniques, and operating conditions, especially the properties of the LCW, and thus provides advice on how to improve the reliability of accelerator electromagnets.
Herstellung und spektrale Charakterisierung neuartiger heteroanaloger Kristallviolett-Farbstoffe (2001)

Eine Lücke geschlossen: Mit der Umwandlung leicht zugänglicher N,N-disubstituierter 2-Aminothiophen- und 2-Aminothiazol-Derivate in heterocyclische Kristallviolett-Analoga, wie Tris(2-dimethylamino-5-thienyl)methinium-Perchlorat, dessen Kation im Bild gezeigt ist, konnte nun die Reihe von Farbstoffen mit diesen heterocyclischen Struktureinheiten als wesentlichen Chromophor-Bausteinen erweitert und eine markante Lücke in der Klasse heteroanaloger Triphenylmethan-Farbstoffe geschlossen werden.
Tree Based Symmetric Key Broadcast Encryption. (2013)

The most influential broadcast encryption (BE) scheme till date was introduced in 2001 by Naor, Naor and Lotspiech (NNL) and is based on binary trees. This paper generalizes the ideas of NNL to obtain BE schemes based on k-ary trees for any k ≥ 2. The treatment is uniform across all k and essentially provides a single scheme which is parameterized by the arity of the underlying tree. We perform an extensive analysis of the header length and user storage of the scheme. It is shown that for a k-ary tree with n users out of which r are revoked, the maximum header length is min(2r − 1, n − r, dn/ke). An expression for the expected header length is obtained and it is shown that the expression can be evaluated in O(r log n) time. Experimental results indicate that for values of r one would expect in applications such as pay TV systems, the average header length decreases as k increases. The number of keys to be stored by any user is shown to be at most (χk−2)`0(`0+1)/2, where `0 = dlogk ne and χk is the number of cyclotomic cosets modulo 2k−1. In particular, when the number of users is more than 1024, we prove that the user storage required for k = 3 is less than that of k = 2. For higher values of k, the user storage is greater than that for binary trees. The option of choosing the value of k provides a designer of a BE system with a wider range of trade-offs between average header length and user storage. The effect of layering on the k-ary tree SD scheme is also explored.
Stretched exponential relaxation in molecular and electronic glasses (1996)

Stretched exponential relaxation, , fits many relaxation processes in disordered and quenched electronic and molecular systems, but it is widely believed that this function has no microscopic basis, especially in the case of molecular relaxation. For electronic relaxation the appearance of the stretched exponential is often described in the context of dispersive transport, where is treated as an adjustable parameter, but in almost all cases it is generally assumed that no microscopic meaning can be assigned to even at , a glass transition temperature. We show that for molecular relaxation can be understood, providing that one separates extrinsic and intrinsic effects, and that the intrinsic effects are dominated by two magic numbers, for short-range forces, and for long-range Coulomb forces, as originally observed by Kohlrausch for the decay of residual charge on a Leyden jar. Our mathematical model treats relaxation kinetics using the Lifshitz - Kac - Luttinger diffusion to traps depletion model in a configuration space of effective dimensionality, the latter being determined using axiomatic set theory and Phillips - Thorpe constraint theory. The experiments discussed include ns neutron scattering experiments, particularly those based on neutron spin echoes which measure S( Q,t) directly, and the traditional linear response measurements which span the range from to s, as collected and analysed phenomenologically by Angell, Ngai, Böhmer and others. The electronic materials discussed include a-Si:H, granular , semiconductor nanocrystallites, charge density waves in , spin glasses, and vortex glasses in high-temperature semiconductors. The molecular materials discussed include polymers, network glasses, electrolytes and alcohols, Van der Waals supercooled liquids and glasses, orientational glasses, water, fused salts, and heme proteins. In the intrinsic cases the theory of is often accurate to 2%, which is often better than the quoted experimental accuracies . The extrinsic cases are identified by explicit structural signatures which are discussed at length. The discussion also includes recent molecular dynamical simulations for metallic glasses, spin glasses, quasicrystals and polymers which have achieved the intermediate relaxed Kohlrausch state and which have obtained values of in excellent agreement with the prediction of the microscopic theory.
Conformational Relaxation and Ligand Binding in Myoglobin (1994)

Absorption spectroscopy with nanosecond time resolution shows that myoglobin undergoes conformational relaxation on the same time scale as geminate rebinding of carbon monoxide. Ligand rebinding following photodissociation of the heme-CO complex was measured from the amplitude of the average difference spectrum, while conformational changes were measured from changes in the detailed shape of the Soret spectra of the deoxyhemes. Experiments in which the solvent viscosity was varied between 1 and 300 cP and the temperature between 268 and 308 K were analyzed by fitting the multiwavelength kinetic data with both empirical and molecular models. Novel numerical techniques were employed in fitting the data, including the use of singular value decomposition to remove the effects of temperature and solvent on the spectra and of a Monte Carlo method to overcome the multiple minimum problem in searching parameter space. The molecular model is the minimal model that incorporates all of the major features of myoglobin kinetics at ambient temperatures, including a fast and slow rebinding conformation and two geminate states for each conformation. The results of fitting the kinetic data with this model indicate that the geminate-rebinding rates for the two conformations differ by at least a factor of 100. The differences between the spectra of the two conformations generated from the fits are similar to the differences between those of the R and T conformations of hemoglobin. In modeling the data, the dependence of the rates on temperature and viscosity was parametrized using a modification of Kramers theory which includes the contributions of both protein and solvent to the friction. The rate of the transition from the fast to the slow rebinding conformation is found to be inversely proportional to the viscosity when the viscosity exceeds about 30 cP and nearly viscosity independent at low viscosity. The viscosity dependence at high viscosities suggests that the two conformations differ by the global displacement of protein atoms on the proximal side of the heme observed by X-ray crystallography. We suggest that the conformational change observed in our experiments corresponds to the final portion of the nonexponential conformational relaxation recently observed by Anfinrud and co-workers, which begins on a picosecond time scale. Furthermore, extrapolation of our data to temperatures near that of the solvent glass transition suggests that this conformational relaxation may very well be the one postulated by Frauenfelder and co-workers to explain the decrease in the rate of geminate rebinding with increasing temperature above 180 K.
Transform domain overlapped block disparity compensation in wavelet coding of stereo image pairs (2004)

In this paper we propose a stereo image CODEC, that uses overlapped block disparity estimation/compensation in multiresolution wavelet transform domain. Overlapped block matching is known to be able to reduce blocking artifacts by linearly combining multiple blocks provided by the disparity vectors of a block and its neighbours. This capability of OBM and discrete wavelet transform's (DWT) versatile time-frequency localization is expected to improve rate distortion performance. With the proposed CODEC gains of up to 1 dB at low bit rates as compared to the benchmark of S. Sethuraman et al. (1994) used in the paper.
Vision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an adult esotropic amblyope. (1986)

Orthoptic therapy was instituted in a 29-year-old patient having moderate amblyopia, constant small-angle esotropia, and large and steady eccentric fixation. This combination of factors, especially the age, pointed toward a poor prognosis for attainment of markedly improved vision function. Rate of recovery of several monocular vision functions was monitored during one year of orthoptic therapy. Results showed substantial improvement in most areas, thus providing evidence of neural plasticity at multiple sites in the visual pathways in this adult amblyope.
Advances in the management of Anderson–Fabry disease:enzyme replacement therapy (2002)

Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) due to alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A) deficiency and the resultant accumulation of incompletely metabolised glycosphingolipids (GSLs), primarily globotriosylceramide (Gb(3)), within various tissues. It is an X-linked multisystem disorder characterised by progressive renal insufficiency, with added morbidity from cardio- and cerebrovascular involvement, and associated with significant impact on quality of life and diminished lifespan. The disease manifests primarily in hemizygous males; however, there is increasing recognition that heterozygous (carrier) females may also develop disease-related complications, although onset among affected women may be delayed. Until recently, treatment has been limited to symptomatic management of pain and other measures to alleviate the problems associated with end-stage complications from renal, cardiac and nervous system involvement. The availability of the recombinant enzyme offers the potential of a safe and effective targeted treatment approach. At the moment, two distinct enzyme formulations are approved in Europe (and in other countries) and both continue to undergo FDA evaluation in the US. Increasing knowledge of the natural history of AFD and greater experience with enzyme therapy should enable optimal patient care. The relative rarity and complexity of AFD necessitates a multi-disciplinary team approach that may be facilitated by a centralised registry.
Dietary Nitrate Ameliorates Pulmonary Hypertension (2012)

These data demonstrate that dietary nitrate, and to a lesser extent dietary nitrite, elicit pulmonary dilatation, prevent pulmonary vascular remodeling, and reduce the right ventricular hypertrophy characteristic of PH. This favorable pharmacodynamic profile depends on endothelial NO synthase and xanthine oxidoreductase -catalyzed reduction of nitrite to NO. Exploitation of this mechanism (ie, dietary nitrate/nitrite supplementation) represents a viable, orally active therapy for PH.