gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A hybrid recommendation procedure for new items using preference boundary (2009)

As new items are frequently released nowadays, item providers and customers need the recommender system which is specialized in recommending new items. Because most of previous approaches for recommender system have to rely on the usage history of customers, collaborative filtering is not directly applicable to solve the new item problem. Therefore they have suggested content-based recommender system using feature values of new items. However it is not sufficient to recommend new items. This research aims to suggest hybrid recommendation procedures based on preference boundary of target customer. We suggest TC, BC, and NC algorithms to determine the preference boundary. TC is an algorithm developed from contents-based filtering, whereas BC and NC are algorithms based on collaborative filtering, which incorporates neighbors, similar customers to a target customer. We evaluate the performances of suggested algorithms with real mobile image transaction data set. Experimental test results that the performances of BC and NC is better than that of TC, which means that the suggested hybrid procedures are more effective than the content-based approach.
Biofilms Invade Microbiology (1996)

After focusing on free-floating bacteria for decades, microbiologists are now realizing that in nature, bacteria often aggregate in biofilms—clumps of microbes surrounded by slime and stuck to a surface. Biofilms foul pipes, contaminate medical implants, and sometimes even kill humans, for these tough microbial communities can resist antibiotics and the immune system.
Preparation of Functionalized Organomanganese(II) Reagents by Direct Insertion of Manganese to Aromatic and Benzylic Halides (2011)

Functionalized arylmanganese compounds were prepared using commercial manganese powder in the presence of LiCl and catalytic amounts of both 2.5% InCl(3) and 2.5% PbCl(2) (THF, 0-50 °C). In addition, benzylic manganese reagents are obtained at 25 °C in ca. 70-80% yield (in the absence of LiCl) using commercial manganese powder and catalytic amounts of 2.5% InCl(3) and 2.5% PbCl(2). The resulting organomanganese reagents undergo smooth 1,2-addition, acylation, allylic substitution, Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling, and copper-catalyzed conjugate addition, affording the desired products in good yields.
The Future of Electronic Contracts in International Sales: Gaps and Natural Remedies under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (2003)

When Eastman Kodak accidentally placed a camera for sale on its United Kingdom ("UK") website for 100 instead of 329, word spread within hours. 1 Customers placed thousands of orders before the company could correct the error-at great expense to Kodak. 2 After informing customers of its mistake and stating that it would not fill the orders, Kodak faced a choice: honor the orders or cave to a lawsuit. 3 While Kodak tried to argue that the orders were simply bids to accept its offer for sale, the company overlooked the crucial fact that its website accepted and confirmed the orders-forming an online contract. 4 Kodak quickly succumbed to customer outrage and honored the lower prices-a data entry error that cost them US$2 million. 5When asked about the mishap and whether customers could have won their lawsuit, Kodak simply remarked: "[i]nternet trading is a grey area." 6 Data entry mistakes occur easily in sales transactions, but they can often be reduced through party interaction.However, when mistakes originate from online transactions, the effect is magnified by the speed at which information is communicated to and acted upon by customers. 7In today's electronic landscape, parties can instantly agree to, confirm, and communicate assent with just a few keystrokes.
Extra-Telomeric Effects of Telomerase (hTERT) in Cell Death (2013)

Telomeres are heterochromatic structures found at the ends of chromosomes which are involved in the protection of chromosomes from degradation and DNA-repair mechanisms (Moyzis et al., 1988; Shay and Wright, 2004; Wyatt et al., 2010). Discovery of telomeres also solved the “end-replication problem” which was exposed after the observation that the 3’extremity of chromosomes was not completely replicated during each cell cycle. As a consequence telomeres play a fundamental role in chromosomes and the overall genome stability (de Lange, 2005; Martinez and Blasco, 2011; O'Sullivan and Karlseder, 2010; Takai et al., 2003). In mammals telomeres are composed of tandem repeats of the oligonucleotide sequence TTAGGG and bound by a composite structure of proteins named the shelterin complex (de Lange, 2005, 2010; Diotti and Loayza, 2011; Longhese et al., 2012; Martinez and Blasco, 2010; O'Sullivan and Karlseder, 2010). In somatic cells telomeres are shortened after each division cycle and when a critical short length has been reached then the cell replication stops before these cells undergo senescence or apoptosis (Counter, 1996; Deng and Chang, 2007). This mechanism is supposed to be responsible for the “Hayflick limit” which corresponds to the number of times a cell can divide before it stops proliferating (Deng and Chang, 2007; Hayflick, 1965; Hayflick and Moorhead, 1961). The phenomenon of telomeres shortening is directly linked to the ageing process by acting as a mitotic clock and by inducing senescence and/or apoptosis once the Hayflick limit has been reached (Blasco, 2003; Djojosubroto et al., 2003; Goronzy et al., 2006; Liew et al., 2009; Martinez and Blasco, 2010; Shin et al., 2006).
FP-NUCA: A Fast NOC Layer for Implementing Large NUCA Caches (2014)

NUCA caches have traditionally been proposed as a solution for mitigating wire delays, and delays introduced due to complex networks on chip. Traditional approaches have reported significant performance gains with intelligent block placement, location, replication, and migration schemes. In this paper, we propose a novel approach in this space, called FP-NUCA. It differs from conventional approaches, and relies on a novel method of co-designing the last level cache and the network on chip. We artificially constrain the communication pattern in the NUCA cache such that all the messages travel along a few predefined paths (fast paths) for each set of banks. We leverage this communication pattern by designing a new type of NOC router called the Freeze router, which augments a regular router by adding a layer of circuitry that gates the clock of the regular router when there is a fast path message waiting to be transmitted. Messages along the fast path do not require buffering, switching, or routing. We incorporate a bank predictor with our novel NOC for reducing the number of messages, and resultant energy consumption. We compare our performance with state of the art protocols, and report speedups of up to 31 percent (mean: 6.3 percent), and ED2 reduction up to 46 percent (mean: 10.4 percent) for a suite of Splash and Parsec benchmarks. We implement the Freeze router in VHDL and show that the additional fast path logic has minimal area and timing overheads.
Review on shear thickening fluids and applications (2013)

Recently, research in the area of shear thickening fluids (STFs) has increased due to the potential for commercial application. They are considered possible candidate materials for liquid body armour and sporting protective clothing and other applications because of their unique properties. Here the state of the art of shear thickening mechanisms, ingredient materials, fabrication methods, rheological properties, and factors influencing shear thickening behaviour have been reviewed. Basic models used to describe shear thickening behavior are also discussed. Relevant patent applications, particularly in the area of body armour, as well as other industrial applications, such as smart structures, and devices with adaptive stiffness and damping, are also summarized. Recent advances, including the effects of particle surface properties, relationship to carrier fluids and electric or magnetic fields applied on the transition of STFs are included in the review.
Bovine IgG2a antibodies to Haemophilus somnus and allotype expression. (1997)

Bovine IgG2a has been implicated in protection against pyogenic infections, including those caused by Haemophilus somnus. To further investigate the role of IgG2a in defense against H. somnus, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies were purified from antiserum against an immunodominant 40 kDa outer membrane protein (p40) of H. somnus, which was previously shown to passively protect calves against H. somnus pneumonia. The passive protective capacity of anti-p40 IgG1 or IgG2a was evaluated in vivo in calves. Purified anti-p40 IgG1 or IgG2a was incubated with H. somnus for 15 min before intrabronchial inoculation of calves. Bacteria incubated with anti-p40 IgG1 or IgG2a were inoculated into one caudal lung lobe and bacteria incubated with IgG1 or IgG2a from the respective preimmunization serum were inoculated into the contralateral lobe. The volumes of pneumonia in the right and left lungs were determined 24 h later. The difference in volume of pneumonia with H. somnus preincubated in IgG1 pre- and postimmunization anti p40 was less (16 cm3, P = 0.298) than the difference in volume of pneumonia with H. somnus preincubated in IgG2a pre- and postimmunization anti p40 (30 cm3, P = 0.146). Although the differences in lesion size between pre- and postimmunization serum were not statistically significant, the trend suggests IgG2a may be more protective than IgG1. To examine this further, the peptide specificity of these IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies to p40 was examined. After limited proteolysis of p40, IgG2a antibodies reacted with 2 peptides not recognized by IgG1 antibodies. Other peptides were recognized by both isotypes. Since these studies suggested that IgG2a may be important in protection against infection, we then investigated some aspects of the role of the 2 IgG2a allotypes, A1 and A2. In retrospective studies of age differences in expression of IgG2a allotypes, no heterozygotes were detected in calves of 60 d old or less, and fewer heterozygotes were detected in calves 61-120 d old than in cattle older than 270 d (P < 0.01). In a subsequent prospective study of the time course of allotype expression, Holstein calves shown to be heterozygotes expressed the IgG2aA1 allotype early but the IgG2aA2 allotype was not usually detected until 3 to 4 mo of age. Thus, both the retrospective and the prospective studies showed age related differences in expression of the IgG2aA1 and A2 allotypes. This could have implication in protection.
A Phase 2 Proof‐of‐Concept, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of <scp>CX</scp>‐8998 in Essential Tremor (2021)

The primary efficacy end point was not met; however, CX-8998 improved some assessments of essential tremor, supporting further clinical investigation. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Camera Tracking in Lighting Adaptable Maps of Indoor Environments (2020)

Tracking the pose of a camera is at the core of visual localization methods used in many applications. As the observations of a camera are inherently affected by lighting, it has always been a challenge for these methods to cope with varying lighting conditions. Thus far, this issue has mainly been approached with the intent to increase robustness by choosing lighting invariant map representations. In contrast, our work aims at explicitly exploiting lighting effects for camera tracking. To achieve this, we propose a lighting adaptable map representation for indoor environments that allows real-time rendering of the scene illuminated by an arbitrary subset of the lamps contained in the model. Our method for estimating the light setting from the current camera observation enables us to adapt the model according to the lighting conditions present in the scene. As a result, lighting effects like cast shadows do no longer act as disturbances that demand robustness but rather as beneficial features when matching observations against the map. We leverage these capabilities in a direct dense camera tracking approach and demonstrate its performance in realworld experiments in scenes with varying lighting conditions.
Conditions for Unique Graph Realizations (1992)

The graph realization problem is that of computing the relative locations of a set of vertices placed in Euclidean space, relying only upon some set of inter-vertex distance measurements. This paper is concerned with the closely related problem of determining whether or not a graph has a unique realization. Both these problems are NP-hard, but the proofs rely upon special combinations of edge lengths. If one assumes the vertex locations are unrelated, then the uniqueness question can be approached from a purely graph theoretic angle that ignores edge lengths. This paper identifies three necessary graph theoretic conditions for a graph to have a unique realization in any dimension. Efficient sequential and NC algorithms are presented for each condition, although these algorithms have very different flavors in different dimensions.
Analysis of the Cognition Involved in Spreadsheet Software Interaction (1987)

Abstract This article analyzes details of the cognition involved when people use spreadsheet software, a task that is both a major microcomputer application and a cognitively intense task. This task is analyzed in terms of the GOMS model (Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983), to test the generality of the model and to extend its set of parameters. We found that people using two seemingly similar spreadsheet applications, Lotus 1-2-3 and Multiplan, require very different amounts of time to accomplish the same tasks. Experienced users of Lotus 1-2-3 took far longer to complete the same four tasks than experienced Multiplan users did. It was found that some of additional time was due to the fact that Lotus 1-2-3 offers users a choice of two general methods to enter formulas. Lotus requires that the user decide which to use; this decision takes time. And, when the users type the address of the cell in which values reside instead of using the cursor to point to it, they pause a long time before typing each entry. Presumably they are scanning the screen and calculating the coordinates to type in during the pause. Again, these cognitive processes take time. In an analysis of a second task-adjusting the column width-there was substantial evidence that the performance changes when a method is repeated in close succession. This repetition affects the parameters that reflect the time it takes to retrieve command parts from memory. When the parameters for scanning, decision, and repetition were added to the keystroke analysis of our task, we found remarkable correspondence with the basic parameters from the Card et al. (1983) original work: The keystroke times and mental preparation times from their original experiments were very close to the estimates of those same parameters in our tasks. However, in our analysis of the spreadsheet task, we expanded the parameter set in the keystroke model to account for performance in tasks that require substantial planning, scanning, and repetition.
Machine learning-based volume diagnosis (2009)

In this paper, a novel diagnosis method is proposed. The proposed technique uses machine learning techniques instead of traditional cause-effect and/or effect-cause analysis. The proposed technique has several advantages over traditional diagnosis methods, especially for volume diagnosis. In the proposed method, since the time consuming diagnosis process is reduced to merely evaluating several decision functions, run time complexity is much lower than traditional diagnosis methods. The proposed technique can provide not only high resolution diagnosis but also statistical data by classifying defective chips according to locations of their defects. Even with highly compressed output responses, the proposed diagnosis technique can correctly locate defect locations for most defective chips. The proposed technique correctly located defects for more than 90 % (86 %) defective chips at 50× (100×) output compaction. Run time for diagnosing a single simulated defect chip was only tens of milli-seconds.
Copper deficiency myelopathy produces a clinical picture like subacute combined degeneration (2004)

Unrecognized copper deficiency appears to be a common cause of idiopathic myelopathy in adults. The clinical picture bears striking similarities to the syndrome of subacute combined degeneration associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Early recognition and copper supplementation may prevent neurologic deterioration.
New Light on the Mind’s Eye (2015)

The eye's pupils constrict (shrink) in brightness and dilate (expand) in darkness. The pupillary light response was historically considered a low-level reflex without any cognitive component. Here, we review recent studies that have dramatically changed this view: The light response depends not only on a stimulus's brightness but also on whether you are aware of the stimulus, whether you are paying attention to it, and even whether you are thinking about it. We highlight the link between the pupillary light response and eye-movement preparation: When you intend to look at a bright stimulus, a pupillary constriction is prepared along with the eye movement before the eyes set in motion. This preparation allows the pupil to rapidly change its size as your eyes move from bright to dark objects and back again. We discuss the implications of these recent advances for our understanding of the subtle yet important role that pupillary responses play in vision.
A Universal, Rapid Method for Clean Transfer of Nanostructures onto Various Substrates (2014)

Transfer and integration of nanostructures onto target substrates is the prerequisite for their fundamental studies and practical applications. Conventional transfer techniques that involve stamping, lift-off, and/or striping suffer from the process-specific drawbacks, such as the requirement for chemical etchant or high-temperature annealing and the introduction of surface discontinuities and/or contaminations that can greatly hinder the properties and functions of the transferred materials. Herein, we report a universal and rapid transfer method implementable at mild conditions. Nanostructures with various dimensionalities (i.e., nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanosheets) and surface properties (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) can be easily transferred to diverse substrates including hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and flexible surfaces with good fidelity. Importantly, our method ensures the rapid and clean transfer of two-dimensional materials and allows for the facile fabrication of vertical heterostructures with various compositions used for electronic devices. We believe that our method can facilitate the development of nanoelectronics by accelerating the clean transfer and integration of low-dimensional materials into multidimensional structures.
Scientific Opinion on the safety of “rapeseed protein isolate” as a Novel Food ingredient (2013)

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of a “rapeseed protein isolate” (Isolexx™) as a novel food ingredient (NF) in the context of Regulation (EC) No 258/97. The NF is an aqueous extract with at least 90 % protein, isolated from rapeseed press cake originating from so-called canola varieties. The applicant intends to market the NF for the same food products, at similar concentrations and for corresponding purposes, as soy protein isolates. Total protein intake of "heavy" adult consumer may be estimated as the mean + 2 SD, i.e. 2.2 g/kg bw per day. The age group of 4 - 6 years is estimated to have the highest protein intake on a per kg bw basis with a mean and 95th percentile intake of up to 3 and up to 4.73 g/kg bw per day, respectively. A significant part of these estimated intakes could come from rapeseed protein. The Panel considers that the risk of sensitisation to rapeseed cannot be excluded and that it is likely that rapeseed trigger can allergic reactions in mustard allergic subjects. The biological value of rapeseed and soy protein, determined by the PDCAAS, appears to be similar. The Panel notes the source and nature of the novel food, the absence of a nutritional disadvantage at the proposed uses and use levels, the low concentrations of potentially adverse components in the NF, and the absence of toxicologically relevant effects in subchronic studies with rats conducted with rapeseed protein isolates with similar compositions. The Panel concludes that rapeseed protein isolate is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.
Ethylene/Styrene Copolymerization by Various (Cyclopentadienyl)(aryloxy)titanium(IV) Complexes−MAO Catalyst Systems (2002)

Copolymerizations of ethylene with styrene by various (cyclopentadienyl)(aryloxy)titanium(IV) complexes of the type Cp‘TiCl2(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3) [Cp‘ = tBuC5H4 (2), 1,3-Me2C5H3 (3), 1,2,3-Me3C5H3 (4), 1,2,4-Me3C5H3 (5)] have been explored in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the cocatalyst. Effect of cyclopentadienyl fragment was explored and the catalytic activity increased in the order 3, 4 > 2 > 5, suggesting that effects of both electronic and steric bulk play an essential role for the copolymerization. Resultant polymers by these catalyst systems were poly(ethylene-co-styrene)s exclusively in all cases, and the use of 4 was quite effective for preparing relatively high molecular weight polymer with unimodal molecular weight distribution as well as with efficient styrene incorporation. The styrene incorporation efficiency did not strongly depend upon the cyclopentadienyl fragment used, and this is somewhat different from those obtained by the linked cyclopentadienyl−amide titanium catalyst [Me2Si(C5Me4)(NR)]TiCl2 [R = tert-Bu (6), cyclohexyl (7)]. The resultant copolymers possessed unimodal comonomer distributions (single composition) confirmed by both cross-fractionation chromatography (CFC) and GPC/FT-IR. The microstructure for the resultant copolymer by 2−5 was different from those prepared by a linked type catalyst (6) and was fairly dependent upon the cyclopentadienyl fragment used.
Nonlinear multivariate analysis of dynamic cerebral blood flow regulation in humans (2002)

The dynamic relationship between cerebral blood flow, arterial blood pressure and arterial CO/sub 2/ is studied using the Laguerre-Volterra network methodology for modeling multiple-input nonlinear systems. Spontaneous beat-to-beat cerebral blood flow velocity and mean arterial blood pressure fluctuations, as well as breath-to-breath end-tidal CO/sub 2/ fluctuations are analyzed and the Volterra kernels of the system are obtained. It is found that, while pressure changes explain most of the blood flow velocity variations, the inclusion of end-tidal CO/sub 2/ fluctuations as an additional input variable can improve the prediction accuracy of the model output considerably. The model includes also nonlinear interactions between pressure and end-tidal CO/sub 2/ and their impact on cerebral blood flow.