gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silver-Catalyzed Carboxylative Cyclization of Primary Propargyl Alcohols with CO<sub>2</sub> (2019)

By using silver complexes with bulky ligands such as DavePhos or N-heterocyclic carbenes, propargylic alcohols are smoothly converted with CO<sub>2</sub> into a unique class of unexplored cyclic alkylidene carbonates. These systems, for the first time, also achieve the direct carboxylative cyclization of primary propargylic alcohols. The silver-DavePhos catalyst is further applied for the bis-carboxylative cyclization of primary propargyl derivatives, thereby providing an effective route to a series of previously inaccessible and industrially relevant α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates.
Creation of DEVS models using imitation learning (2010)

Modelling and simulation of robotic control systems allows for low cost analysis and experimentation. However, creating these models requires a level of technical expertise. To improve the technical quality of such models, we propose a case-based reasoning approach to learn the behaviour of models using the DEVS formalism. By observing a desired behaviour, in the form of outputs produced in response to inputs, a DEVS model of the behaviour can be built. This model can then be used during simulation to imitate the behaviour of interest. Our results show that this learning approach can be used to successfully imitate the behaviour of several DEVS models. Additionally, it can be used to transfer behaviour to and from a non-DEVS model.
A Survey Paper of Optical Fiber Sensor (2014)

As the technology changes use of instruments and accuracy also increases. Besides the advantages of fiber optic sensor, t he cost is reduces and evaluation will be increase day by day. Fiber optic sensor are used in place of electrical sensor and used along with optoelectronics devices. This paper covers different types of fiber optic sensors their application and their practically simulated results.
Low Temperature Fluorescence Imaging of Freeze-trapped Human Cervical Tissues (2001)

We characterized the fluorescence intensity distribution within the epithelia and stroma of frozen human cervical tissues at the following excitation-emission wavelength pairs: 440, 525 nm and 365, 460 nm. The intensities at both excitation-emission wavelength pairs are significantly lower in the epithelia of severely dysplastic tissues, relative to that in normal and inflammatory tissues. Furthermore, there are small differences in (1) the epithelial intensity of severe dysplasia and mild dysplasia at 440, 525 nm and (2) the stromal intensity of inflammatory and severely dysplastic tissues at 365, 460 nm. A comparison of the ratio of intensities at 440, 525 nm and 365, 460 nm between the epithelia of each tissue type indicates that this ratio is lowest in severely dysplastic tissues. It is interesting to note that the epithelial and stromal intensities are comparable at 365, 460 nm; however, at 440, 525 nm, the epithelial intensity is more than a factor of two less that that of the stroma for all tissue types.
Probabilistic Analysis of the Influences of Design Parameter on the Reliability of Chip Scale Packages (2006)

This paper describes two important issues associated with CSP package reliability. Failure due to thermomechanical stress is one of the dominant failure causes of CSPs. FE-simulations are frequently used to analyse local stresses and strains in soldered joints under thermal loads. Consequently stress and strain data are a basis for the lifetime estimation of the assemblies. In order to make a design optimisation it is necessary to identify those design and manufacturing parameters that will affect reliability. Among the factors which have influence on life-time the principal ones are materials, geometry, and assembly process parameters. In assembly technology, geometrical features can be reproduced only within certain tolerances. Also the material properties of all parts are subjected to a certain scatter. The same holds for boundary conditions, such as thermal loads. Only some of the parameters that can affect reliability can be modelled directly in a finite elements analysis. The principal variables were analysed by physical investigation of a large number of assemblies. This analysis yielded variation ranges to be used in the FEA. From FE simulation results sensitivities of lifetimes on these variables were computed and ranked. A second aspect is the statistical nature of reliability data. Thermal cycling experiments typically lead to a wide distribution of lifetimes. Therefore a designer should also be capable of the computation of generic distribution functions. This is a technique which has not yet been established. Therefore we worked out a method which combines the scatter ranges of the input variables with probabilistic methods like Monte Carlo simulation and also with FEA in order to allow for a statistical lifetime prediction. In this way, it was possible to compute also the uncertainty ranges of output parameters. In our case the influence of input parameters on thermal-cycling lifetime was estimated. Parametric studies were conducted to study qualitative and quantitative effects of several parameters on the lifetime distribution. The Weibull function is well suited to describe the simulated life distributions. Our results revealed that the slope of the Weibull curves from simulations is similar to experimental values. Therefore it was concluded that the dominant sensitivities have been modelled. Summarising, in this work a probabilistic simulation method was developed in order to calculate realistic failure distributions and to compare these directly with experimental failure data. In this way we contribute to the concept of "simulation rather than testing"
Catastrophic breakdown in silicon oxides: The effect of Fe impurities at the SiO2-Si interface (1987)

The behaviors of Fe impurities at the SiO2-Si interface of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors was studied with electrical measurements and transmission electron microscopy. The MOS capacitors were fabricated on silicon wafers which had been intentionally contaminated by Fe+ ion implantation. It is confirmed that Fe impurities either scattered uniformly, or nucleated at the interface of SiO2-Si. Uniformly scattered Fe impurities lower the barrier height of the SiO2-Si interface. The nucleated Fe precipitates are in a metallic α-FeSi2 phase, penetrating both the silicon oxide and the silicon substrate. They degrade the MOS capacitors not only by reducing the barrier height of the SiO2-Si interface, but also by inducing weak spots in the silicon oxide where the electric field is strengthened and local tunneling currents are enhanced.
A 15-mw fully integrated I/Q synthesizer for bluetooth in 0.18-μm CMOS (2003)

A low-power fully integrated synthesizer for Bluetooth applications is presented. The circuit with quadrature output signals at 2.45 GHz and 15-mW power dissipation has been designed in a digital 0.18-μm CMOS process with 1.8-V supply voltage. The only external component is a 64-MHz crystal. Measurements have been performed on packaged samples mounted on an FR-4 board and show that the Bluetooth requirements are met. The measured phase noise is below -120 dBc/Hz at 3-MHz offset, and the resulting residual frequency modulation is 7.4-kHz rms. The tuning range consists of an analog and digital tuning mechanism, resulting in more than 15% overall tuning range.
Tuberculosis: the other epidemic. (1991)

In 1990, the number of cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported in the United States rose 6%. This is a noticeable change since, in prior years, TB had been declining. The increased incidence of TB is largely related to the HIV epidemic. TB is of particular interest in HIV-related illnesses, since it is preventable and treatable. The presentation of HIV-associated TB is different from "standard TB." Nurses need to be informed about the clinical presentation of the disease, the procedures to diagnose it, the treatments, and their potential side effects.
Evidência para o efeito de um “gene principal” do hospedeiro na suscetibilidade à tuberculose multirresistente em Portugal (2018)

Este trabalho foi financiado pela Fundacao Luso-Americana para o
Desenvolvimento (LACR Award program - 2007) e pela Fundacao para
a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, (POCTI/ESP/44826/2002), com
a comparticipacao dos fundos da Comunidade Europeia (FEDER).
Finite difference time domain modeling of optical devices. (1995)

A series of enhancements are made to the standard finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach which allow for new classes of problems to be modeled. These enhancements include material models for dispersive linear and nonlinear media, a new source formulation, which provides a means for driving an incident beam along a total field/scattered field boundary, and an efficient near to far field transform based on a Huygen's equivalent source reconstruction. The dispersive material improvements to the FDTD approach include the linear Lorentz, the nonlinear Raman, and the instantaneous Kerr models. Incorporation of the Lorentz dispersion model allowed us to model scattering from good conductors such as the noble metals (Au, Ag, Cu) in the optical regime. Following its theoretical development, the modified FDTD method is applied to three classes of problems: the modeling of nonlinear corrugated optical wave guide beam steering and output coupling devices, the rigorous treatment of metallic thin film diffraction gratings, and the modeling of tracking signals produced by realistic optical data storage disk geometries. Comparisons with mode matching analytical results and experimental data for realistic structures validate these FDTD improvements.
<title>Multiplication-based analog motion detection chip</title> (1991)

Novel use of an analog motion detection circuit is presented. The circuit, developed by Tanner and Mead, computes motion by dividing the time derivative of intensity by its spatial derivative; the four-quadrant division is realized with a multiplier within a negative feedback loop. The authors have opened the loop and characterized the circuit as a multiplication-based motion detector, in which the output is the product of the temporal and spatial derivatives of intensity, for various light levels and various moving patterns. An application to the time-to- contact computation is presented.
Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction with Pycnogenol and L-arginine (2003)

Penile erection requires the relaxation of the cavernous smooth muscle, which is triggered by nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the possibility of overcoming erectile dysfunction (ED) by increasing the amounts of endogenous NO. For this purpose, we orally administered Pycnogenol, because it is known to increase production of NO by nitric oxide syntase together with L-arginine as substrate for this enzyme. The study included 40 men, aged 25-45 years, without confirmed organic erectile dysfunction. Throughout the 3-month trial period, patients received 3 ampoules Sargenor a day, a drinkable solution of the dipeptide arginyl aspartate (equivalent to 1.7 g L-arginine per day). During the second month, patients were additionally supplemented with 40 mg Pycnogenol two times per day; during the third month, the daily dosage was increased to three 40-mg Pycnogenol tablets. We obtained a sexual function questionnaire and a sexual activity diary from each patient. After 1 month of treatment with L-arginine, a statistically nonsignificant number of 2 patients (5%) experienced a normal erection. Treatment with a combination of L-arginine and Pycnogenol for the following month increased the number of men with restored sexual ability to 80%. Finally, after the third month of treatment, 92.5% of the men experienced a normal erection. We conclude that oral administration of L-arginine in combination with Pycnogenol causes a significant improvement in sexual function in men with ED without any side effects.
A new ZVT-PWM DC-DC converter (2002)

In this paper, a new active snubber cell that overcomes most of the drawbacks of the normal "zero voltage transition-pulse width modulation" (ZVT-PWM) converter is proposed to contrive a new family of ZVT-PWM converters. A converter with the proposed snubber cell can also operate at light load conditions. All of the semiconductor devices in this converter are turned on and off under exact or near zero voltage switching (ZVS) and/or zero current switching (ZCS). No additional voltage and current stresses on the main switch and main diode occur. Also, the auxiliary switch and auxiliary diodes are subjected to voltage and current values at allowable levels. Moreover, the converter has a simple structure, low cost, and ease of control. A ZVT-PWM boost converter equipped with the proposed snubber cell is analyzed in detail. The predicted operation principles and theoretical analysis of the presented converter are verified with a prototype of a 2 kW and 50 kHz PWM boost converter with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). In this study, a design procedure of the proposed active snubber cell is also presented. Additionally, at full output power in the proposed soft switching converter, the main switch loss is about 27% and the total circuit loss is about 36% of that in its counterpart hard switching converter, and so the overall efficiency, which is about 91% in the hard switching case, increases to about 97%.
Quantifying Spatiotemporal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Autonomous Surface Vehicles (2016)

Accurately quantifying total greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., methane) from natural systems such as lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands requires the spatial and temporal measurement of both diffusive and ebullitive (bubbling) emissions. Ebullitive emissions exhibit high spatial and temporal variability and as such are difficult to measure. Traditional manual measurement techniques provide only limited localized assessment of methane flux, often introducing significant errors when extrapolated to the whole‐of‐system . This is further exacerbated when whole‐of‐region estimates are developed for inclusion in global greenhouse gas inventories. In this paper, we directly address these current sampling limitations by comparing two robot boat‐based sampling systems with complementary sensing modalities to directly measure in real time the spatiotemporal release of methane to atmosphere across inland waterways. The first system consists of a single Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) fitted with an Optical Methane Detector with algorithms to exploit the robot's mobility and transect repeatability for the accurate detection and quantification of methane bubbles across whole‐of‐system. The second system consists of multiple networked ASVs capable of persistent operation and scalable to whole‐of‐region monitoring. Each ASV carries a novel automated chamber‐based gas sampling system to allow simultaneous real‐time measurement of methane across the waterway. These ASV systems provide a foundation for persistent large‐scale spatiotemporal sampling allowing scientists to develop whole‐of‐region greenhouse gas estimates and greatly improve global inventory budgets. An overview of the single and multi‐robot sampling systems is presented, including their automated methane detection and sampling methodologies for the spatiotemporal quantification of greenhouse gas release to atmosphere. Experimental results are shown demonstrating each system's ability to autonomously navigate, detect, and quantify methane release to atmosphere across an entire inland reservoir.
Posse do novo Reitor da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo: Discurso de Posse (1999)

No dia 27 de marco de 1999 foi realizada a cerimonia de posse da nova diretoria do Instituto Metodista de Ensino Superior (IMS), integrada pelo Prof. Dr. Davi Ferreira Barros, Reitor da Universidade Metodista de Sao Paulo e Diretor Geral do IMS, pelo Prof. Marcio de Moraes, Vice-Reitor Administrativo da Universidade e Vice-Diretor Geral do IMS e pela Profa Dra Rinalva Cassiano Silva, Vice-Reitora Academica da Universidade. O evento, realizado no Salao Nobre do IMS, contou com a presenca de cerca de 1000 convidados, entre autoridades da Igreja Metodista, representantes das instituicoes metodistas de ensino, representantes do governo federal e estadual, empresarios, funcionarios da Instituicao e membros da comunidade. Transcrevemos a seguir o discurso de posse do novo Reitor, que falou das perspectivas para a educacao metodista e da consolidacao da Universidade, alem das novas responsabilidades por ela assumidas.
Hyperglycemia in rodent models of type 2 diabetes requires insulin-resistant alpha cells (2014)

To determine the role of glucagon action in diet-induced and genetic type 2 diabetes (T2D), we studied high-fat-diet-induced obese (DIO) and leptin receptor-defective (LepR(-/-)) rodents with and without glucagon receptors (GcgRs). DIO and LepR(-/-),GcgR(+/+) mice both developed hyperinsulinemia, increased liver sterol response element binding protein 1c, and obesity. DIO GcgR(+/+) mice developed mild T2D, whereas LepR(-/-),GcgR(+/+) mice developed severe T2D. High-fat-fed (HFF) glucagon receptor-null mice did not develop hyperinsulinemia, increased liver sterol response element binding protein 1c mRNA, or obesity. Insulin treatment of HFF GcgR(-/-) to simulate HFF-induced hyperinsulinemia caused obesity and mild T2D. LepR(-/-),GcgR(-/-) did not develop hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia. Adenoviral delivery of GcgR to GcgR(-/-),LepR(-/-) mice caused the severe hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia of LepR(-/-) mice to appear. Spontaneous disappearance of the GcgR transgene abolished the hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. In conclusion, T2D hyperglycemia requires unsuppressible hyperglucagonemia from insulin-resistant α cells and is prevented by glucagon suppression or blockade.
Heat conduction through insulating supports in very low temperature equipment (1956)

An apparatus is described that is used to meas ure the heat conduction t hrough ins ulating s upports of storage vessels for cryogenic liquids and presents the data obtained from the cond uc t io n measureme nts. Two types of supports were tested: (1) multiple-contact supports in the form of stacks of thin meta llic p lates or spirally wound strips, a nd (2) nonm etallic spheres. The high t herm al resista nce of the multiple-contact supports ari ses from the numerou s r elatively poor contacts between the individual plates. Some special treatments of the plates were tried, and two of these, p erforating and dusting, Kere found to be effective. Pyrex-glass spheres were also found to be excell ent insulators, but, of course, a re not a s rugged as a stack of m etal plates. Of t he un treated plates tested, t hose of stainless steel (0.0008 in ch thi ck) we re found to be the best insulators per unit length of stack. Th e heat conduction through these p lates, at a load press ure of 1,000 pound s per squ ar e inch , was found to be 2 pe rcent of t he conduction by a solid sample of th e same metal having the sam e dimensions.
[Prevention of alveolar ridge resorption after tooth extraction--a review]. (2004)

Alveolar bone resorption is frequently observed after tooth extraction. Atrophy of the alveolar ridge may cause esthetic and surgical problems in prosthetic dentistry. Augmentative measures may thus be required to guarantee optimal prosthetic replacement of the lost tissues. Augmentative bone treatment may result in extensive surgical interventions and increased treatment costs. Alveolar ridge prophylaxis immediately upon tooth extraction may reduce such sequelae for both, the treating dentist and the patient. Attempts to reduce alveolar bone resorption have included the placement of natural roots, root analogues, and immediate implants into the extraction socket, sometimes in combination with membrane or graft techniques. In the current review of the literature, techniques for alveolar ridge preservation are discussed.
A Monolithic CMOS Magnetic Hall Sensor with High Sensitivity and Linearity Characteristics (2015)

This paper presents a fully integrated linear Hall sensor by means of 0.8 μm high voltage complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. This monolithic Hall sensor chip features a highly sensitive horizontal switched Hall plate and an efficient signal conditioner using dynamic offset cancellation technique. An improved cross-like Hall plate achieves high magnetic sensitivity and low offset. A new spinning current modulator stabilizes the quiescent output voltage and improves the reliability of the signal conditioner. The tested results show that at the 5 V supply voltage, the maximum Hall output voltage of the monolithic Hall sensor microsystem, is up to ±2.1 V and the linearity of Hall output voltage is higher than 99% in the magnetic flux density range from ±5 mT to ±175 mT. The output equivalent residual offset is 0.48 mT and the static power consumption is 20 mW.
The effect of insulin dose on the measurement of insulin sensitivity by the minimal model technique. Evidence for saturable insulin transport in humans. (1996)

Administration of exogenous insulin during an intravenous glucose tolerance test allows the use of the minimal model technique to determine the insulin sensitivity index in subjects with reduced endogenous insulin responses. To study the effect of different insulin administration protocols, we performed three intravenous glucose tolerance tests in each of seven obese subjects (age, 20-41 yr; body mass index, 30-43 kg/m2). Three different insulin administration protocols were used: a low-dose (0.025 U/kg) infusion given over 10 min, a low-dose (0.025 U/kg) bolus injection, and a high-dose (0.050 U/kg) bolus injection, resulting in peak insulin concentrations of 1,167 +/- 156, 3,014 +/- 483, and 6,596 +/- 547 pM, respectively. The mean insulin sensitivity index was 4.80 +/- 0.95 x 10(-5), 3.56 +/- 0.53 x 10(-5), and 2.42 +/- 0.40 x 10(-5) min-1/pM respectively (chi +/- SEM; P = 0.01). The association of higher peak insulin concentrations with lower measured insulin sensitivity values suggested the presence of a saturable process. Because results were not consistent with the known saturation characteristics of insulin action on tissue, a second saturable site involving the transport of insulin from plasma to interstitium was introduced, leading to a calculated Km of 807 +/- 165 pM for this site, a value near the 1/Kd of the insulin receptor. Thus, the kinetics of insulin action in humans in these studies is consistent with two saturable sites, and supports the hypothesis for transport of insulin to the interstitial space. Saturation may have an impact on minimal model results when high doses of exogenous insulin are given as a bolus, but can be minimized by infusing insulin at a low dose.