gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic Deformation Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymers (2004)

The influence of crystallinity and lamellar thickness on the intrinsic deformation behavior of a number of semicrystalline polymers is studied: a poly(ethylene terephthalate) and two different molecular weight grades of polyethylene and polypropylene. The crystallinity and lamellar thickness are altered by varying the rate of crystallization from the melt and by cold crystallization (annealing) at elevated temperatures above Tg but below the melting point. Crystallinity and lamellar thickness are determined by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Uniaxial compression tests are performed to obtain the large strain intrinsic deformation behavior, e.g., yield stress, strain softening, and strain hardening modulus. The yield stress is found to be proportional to lamellar thickness, whereas the strain hardening modulus is shown not to depend on crystallinity or lamellar thickness. Over the strain range experimentally covered, the strain hardening modulus appears to be well described by a simple neo-Hookean relation and appears to be related to the chain entanglement density. An affirmation for this relation arises from the observation that slowly melt crystallized samples exhibit a lower strain hardening, resulting from a lower chain entanglement density, which is expected to be caused by reeling in of the molecular chains in such a slow crystallization process. The similarity in the results observed on all polymers tested supports the conclusion that the crystalline phase does not contribute to strain hardening, which is primary controlled by the chain entanglement density.
Integrated Reservoir Characterization and Simulation for Reservoir Management using a Web-Based Collaborative Technical Workflow Manager (2002)

Abstract Integrated reservoir characterization-simulation studies have repeatedly demonstrated reservoir management productivity gains. This is recorded in the literature1,2, and demonstrated by the increasing use of integrated 3-D project software for characterizing reservoir assets. The next level of productivity gains for integrated reservoir studies will be to improve the ‘technical workflow management’ of this complex, multi-disciplinary, iterative process. Technical workflow management will reduce the project cycle time, improve the quality of the reservoir model, provide early access to the most current interpretation, and help the operator select the appropriate level of reservoir technology for field optimization. The future of cost-effective ‘technical workflow management’ lies in the appropriate use of the Internet and company Intranets to collectively manage project data, technical results, and the project objectives. The individual technical experts, who provide characterization-simulation results, can no longer expect to be working in the same office as the main asset team. Adaptive and distributed technical team members can provide an asset team with a competitive advantage by delivering over the internet, the best-in-class technology, skills, and workflows for collaborative team-based integrated technical studies. This article discusses how a WEB based ‘technical workflow manager’ can provide an environment where all project disciplines can share project data, up-to-date technical interpretations, current and historical documentation, and can monitor the state of the technical project workflow. It introduces the concept of quality-control (QC) tools to allow review of the technical data and results at any stage of the project completion. The QC tools work without requiring detailed user knowledge or access to the technical software used to create the interpretation. This WEB based approach results in a dynamically maintained reservoir model, which is available on-demand to make business unit decisions using the most up-to-date technical interpretations from anywhere in the world.
A novel all-light optically readable thermal imaging sensor based on mems technology (2004)

This paper presents a novel all-light optically readable thermal imaging sensor based on the bulk-MEMS technology. The sensor contains a focal plane array (FPA) consisting of m /spl times/ n movable micromirrors supported by bimaterial beams. As infrared radiation applied on FPA, a temperature gradient generated on the bimaterial beams leads to the deflection of beams and resulting in proportional displacement of this movable micromirror. A visible optical system is used to measure the displacement of the movable micromirrors of the FPA using Fabry-Perot interferometry. Our Al/SiO/sub 2/ micromirror structure is optimized to achieve a thermo-mechanical sensitivity of 10/sup -8/m/K. The FPA consisting of 50/spl times/ 50 movable micromirror array has been successfully fabricated by using bulk MEMS technology.
Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Dihomo-.GAMMA.-Linolenic Acid in ApoE-Deficient Mice (2009)

DGLA may have an anti-atherosclerotic effect in apoE-deficient mice via PGE1 formation.
Maximum power estimation for sequential circuits using a test generation based technique (2002)

With the high demand for reliability and performance, accurate estimation of maximum instantaneous power dissipation in CMOS circuits is essential to determine the IR drop on supply lines and optimizing the power and ground routing. However, the problem of determining the input patterns to induce maximum current, and hence, the maximum power, is NP-complete. In this paper, we present an Automatic Test Generation (ATG) based technique to efficiently estimate maximum power dissipation in sequential circuits. The technique can generate tight lower bounds of maximum instantaneous power within very short CPU time compared to random simulation based techniques. In addition, we also generate the measure of the quality or effectiveness of our approach from, a statistical point of view. Experiments were performed on ISCAS-89 sequential circuit benchmarks. Results show that the ATG-based estimation is superior to traditional simulation-based technique in both speed and performance. For large circuits, the ATG approach is on an average 29% better and 37099% faster than simulation based technique.
A 630 MHz, 76 mW Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer Using Enhanced ROM Compression Technique (2007)

The paper presents a detailed description of a direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) based on a Multipartite Table Method (MTM) which is a salient lookup table compression technique. A novel algorithm to find the optimal MTM decomposition which minimizes the ROM size while archiving a target spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) is presented in the paper. The DDFS designed with the proposed technique is ideally suited for a high clock frequency operation, requiring small lookup tables and simple multi-operand adders. Low-power operation is achieved through a power-driven synthesis, by using in the circuit two flip-flop topologies (with different power and delay performances). A test chip has been realized in 0.25 mum, 2.5 V technology. The circuit achieves a 90 dBc SFDR and operates at a maximum clock frequency of 630 MHz, with 76 mW power dissipation. By reducing the power supply at 1.8 V, a maximum operating frequency of 430 MHz was measured, with a total power dissipation as low as 24.9 mW
PD-1 Blunts the Function of Ovarian Tumor–Infiltrating Dendritic Cells by Inactivating NF-κB (2015)

The PD-1:PD-L1 immune signaling axis mediates suppression of T-cell-dependent tumor immunity. PD-1 expression was recently found to be upregulated on tumor-infiltrating murine (CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD8(-)CD209a(+)) and human (CD1c(+)CD19(-)) myeloid dendritic cells (TIDC), an innate immune cell type also implicated in immune escape. However, there is little knowledge concerning how PD-1 regulates innate immune cells. In this study, we examined the role of PD-1 in TIDCs derived from mice bearing ovarian tumors. Similar to lymphocytes, TIDC expression of PD-1 was associated with expression of the adapter protein SHP-2, which signals to NF-κB; however, in contrast to its role in lymphocytes, we found that expression of PD-1 in TIDC tonically paralyzed NF-κB activation. Further mechanistic investigations showed that PD-1 blocked NF-κB-dependent cytokine release in a SHP-2-dependent manner. Conversely, inhibition of NF-κB-mediated antigen presentation by PD-1 occurred independently of SHP-2. Collectively, our findings revealed that PD-1 acts in a distinct manner in innate immune cells compared with adaptive immune cells, prompting further investigations of the signaling pathways controlled by this central mediator of immune escape in cancer.
A new paradigm (2007)

Subtitle: Latest shipbuilding statistics show major developments in the pattern of ordering and China reaching a key milestone. Stephen Matthews analyses the figures.
Kinetics of the catalytic esterification of castor oil with lauric acid using <i>n</i>‐butyl benzene as a water entrainer (2003)

Abstract The esterification of castor oil with lauric acid was investigated using tetra n ‐butyl titanate (TBT), SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O (stannous chloride), CoCl 2 ·6H 2 O (cobalt chloride), and (CH 3 COO) 2 Zn·2H 2 O (zinc acetate dihydrate) as catalysts. Effects of catalyst concentration and reaction temperature on the progress of the reaction were investigated. TBT was the best catalyst for the esterification of castor oil with lauric acid at temperatures lower than 200°C. The reaction was first order with respect to each reactant. The activation energy for the esterification reaction of castor oil with lauric acid using TBT was 26.69 kcal/mol. The rate constants obtained for the esterification of castor oil with decanoic, lauric, palmitic, and stearic acids were nearly the same (15.80, 15.44, 15.06, and 14.67 mL mol −1 min −1 ), as were the rate constants obtained for the reaction of castor oil and hydrogenated castor oil.
Structural and biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial peroxiredoxin from <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2006)

Plasmodium falciparum possesses a single mitochondrion with a functional electron transport chain. During respiration, reactive oxygen species are generated that need to be removed to protect the organelle from oxidative damage. In the absence of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, the parasites rely primarily on peroxiredoxin-linked systems for protection. We have analysed the biochemical and structural features of the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin of P. falciparum. The mitochondrial localization of both proteins was confirmed by expressing green fluorescent protein fusions in parasite erythrocytic stages. Recombinant protein was kinetically characterized using the cytosolic and the mitochondrial thioredoxin (PfTrx1 and PfTrx2 respectively). The peroxiredoxin clearly preferred PfTrx2 to PfTrx1 as a reducing partner, reflected by the KM values of 11.6 microM and 130.4 microM respectively. Substitution of the two dyads asparagine-62/tyrosine-63 and phenylalanine-139/alanine-140 residues by aspartate-phenylalaine and valine-serine, respectively, reduced the KM for Trx1 but had no effect on the KM of Trx2 suggesting some role for these residues in the discrimination between the two substrates. Solution studies suggest that the protein exists primarily in a homodecameric form. The crystal structure of the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin reveals a fold typical of the 2-Cys class peroxiredoxins and a dimeric form with an intermolecular disulphide bridge between Cys67 and Cys187. These results show that the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin of P. falciparum occurs in both dimeric and decameric forms when purified under non-reducing conditions.
Effect of Galvanic Metallization, PVD Processes and Thermal Spraying on Fatigue Properties of Plain Structural Steels in the Ultra-High-Cycle Regime (2010)

This work presents information about the influence of Ni and ZnFe galvanic metallization on the fatigue properties of S235JRG2 steel and about the TiN physical vapour deposition and WC thermal spraying on the fatigue properties of S355J0 steel in the ultra-high-cycle region of loading (N 6106 - 1010 cycles) obtained at high-frequency fatigue testing (f 20 kHz, T 20 3 Â°C, R 1). Technical coatings are used in order to modify the properties of the surface that is being covered for protection against corrosion but also in order to increase the hardness and resistance to wear. The Ni coating produced by galvanic metallization favourably influences the corrosion resistance but it introduces tensile stresses into the surface layer which act negatively on fatigue properties. No evidence of improving fatigue lifetime was detected in the case of ZnFe, TiN and WC coatings. In all types of coating the fatigue cracks were initiated on the specimen surface e.g. on the coatings surfaces.
Crosstalk mitigation in DMT VDSL with impulse noise (2001)

Crosstalk and impulse noise are two principal sources of degradation in very-high-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) transmission systems. The traditional single-user data detector for such systems merges crosstalk into the background noise, which is assumed to be white and Gaussian. Recent research has explored the nature of crosstalk signals and shown the potential benefits of multiuser detection (MUD) for VDSL signals with strong crosstalkers. Impulse noise is one of the most difficult transmission impairments to suppress, and is poorly characterized and understood as well. In DSL transmission, impulse noise is typically combated with interleaved forward-error correction (FEC). However, recent data indicate that a significant minority of impulse-noise events are longer than the maximum error-correcting capacities of the default interleaved FEC provided within current ANSI standards. Thus, it is of interest to consider signal processing methods that can jointly mitigate crosstalk and impulse noise. In this paper, we explore such a technique based on a recently developed robust M-detector structure for MUD in non-Gaussian ambient noise.
Experimental Model Evaluation of Filter Trapping After Embolectomy Using the Merci System-Supplemental Technique for Merci Retrieval Procedure- (2007)

Examination of embolectomy using the Merci Retrieval System using experimental stroke models demonstrated that aspiration is not adequate to remove larger clots. The effectiveness of filter trapping was examined using the same models. A silicone model of the carotid artery system with model blood clot was incorporated in a laboratory pulsatile flow system. Embolectomy was performed using the Merci Retrieval System. Any clot not evacuated through the balloon guide catheter was trapped with a distal protection filter device developed for cervical stenting. The clot could not be sucked into the guide catheter by the recommended procedures in nine of 15 trials. Trapping failed in only one trial, in which the clot passed through a gap between the edge of the filter orifice and the inner model lumen. A clot was withdrawn to the catheter tip trapped across the edge of the orifice frame in one trial, and a very large clot was trapped across the filter orifice in two trials. Even clots made by the same method showed variation in properties, especially hardness, which may affect the effectiveness of aspiration. The aspiration procedure recommended for the Merci Retrieval System did not remove the large clots formed by embolectomy. The trapping procedure using a filter device without an orifice frame was effective to solve this problem.
Supporting non-contiguous processor allocation in mesh-based chip multiprocessors using virtual point-to-point links (2012)

In this study, the authors propose a processor allocation mechanism for run-time assignment of a set of communicating tasks of input applications onto the processing nodes of a chip multiprocessor, when the arrival order and execution lifetime of the input applications are not known a priori. This mechanism targets the on-chip communication and aims to reduce the power and latency of the network-on-chip employed as the communication infrastructure. In this work, the authors benefit from the advantages of non-contiguous processor allocation mechanisms, by allowing the tasks of the input application mapped onto disjoint regions (submeshes) and then virtually connecting them by bypassing the router pipeline stages of the inter-region routers. Among different existing contiguous and non-contiguous processor allocation techniques, the authors have chosen and implemented four efficient schemes for the comparison purpose: the best fit and stack-based allocation algorithms as contiguous techniques and the greedy-available-busy-list algorithm and run-time incremental mapping as non-contiguous techniques. Experimental results show considerable improvements over all selected contiguous and non-contiguous methods.
Handbook of pediatric intensive care (1999)

This synopsis of the clinical chapters from Dr. Roger's Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care provides the core information needed for quick referral and safe practice in the pediatric ICU. Organized by organ system and filled with practical suggestions for caring for your critically ill pediatric patient, the 3rd edition features concise, practice-targeted guidelines perfect for the busy practitioner. Recommended in the Brandon/Hill list of print books and journals for the small medical library - April 200
Detection and identification of nucleic acid engineered fluorescent labels in submicrometre fluidic channels (2005)

Nucleic acid engineers have created nanoscale fluorescent labels that are uniquely identifiable by the number of conjugated fluorophores, and with binding characteristics that permit recognition of individual specific biomolecules. The viability of this technology for use in multi-analyte homogeneous assays depends on the ability to optically detect individual labels, and distinguish the fluorescence emission of each label. We describe the use of fluidic channels with submicrometre dimensions to rapidly detect individual labels in solution. Labels with small differences in fluorophore composition were differentiated with varying degrees of accuracy. Labels were synthesized at the molecular level from dendrimer-like DNA, with the identity encoded into the number of Alexa Fluor 488 and BODIPY 630/650 fluorophores conjugated with the structure. To explore the decoding resolution limit, labels with a single fluorophore of each colour were detected, and were found to be distinguishable as a group, but not individually, from labels with one additional red fluorophore. Labels with one green and three red fluorophores were individually distinguishable with greater than 80% accuracy from labels with one red and three green fluorophores. Photon counting histograms were analysed to differentiate the various labels, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was used to measure their mobilities. Fluidic channels were fabricated in fused silica with a 500 nm square cross section, resulting in a focal volume of approximately 500 al. Because the entire channel width was illuminated, every fluorescent molecule in solution passing through the channel was uniformly excited and analyzed. Flow control enabled a balance of rapid data acquisition and efficient fluorescence collection with these nanoscale systems.
The Westminster cable TV system (1986)

The recent inauguration of 11 cable TV system franchises has opened up a whole range of possibilities for cable services, limited only by commercial and marketing constraints
Functional Imaging for Radiation Treatment Planning, Response Assessment, and Adaptive Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer (2013)

Patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the head and neck are increasingly treated nonsurgically. Imaging plays a critical role in helping define the targets for radiation therapy, especially intensity-modulated radiation therapy, in which the dose gradients are steep. Anatomic imaging with conventional modalities, particularly computed tomography (CT), has been used in patients with head and neck SCCs, but this approach has limitations. Functional imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, offer complementary information and can be used noninvasively to assess a range of biomarkers in patients with head and neck SCCs, including hypoxia, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and epidermal growth factor receptor status. These biologic markers can be monitored before, during, and after treatment to improve patient selection for specific therapeutic strategies, guide adaptation of therapy, and potentially facilitate more accurate assessment of disease response. This article discusses the practical aspects of integrating functional imaging into head-and-neck radiation therapy planning and reviews the potential of molecular imaging biomarkers for response assessment and therapy adaptation. The uses of PET tracers for imaging cellular processes such as metabolism, proliferation, hypoxia, and cell membrane synthesis are explored, and applications for MR techniques such as dynamic contrast material-enhanced imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging, and MR spectroscopy are reviewed. The potential of integrated PET/CT perfusion imaging and hybrid PET/MR imaging also is highlighted. These developments may allow more individualized treatment planning in patients with head and neck SCCs in the emerging era of personalized medicine.
Photon flux requirements for EUV reticle imaging microscopy in the 22- and 16nm nodes (2010)

EUV-wavelength actinic microscopy yields detailed information about EUV mask patterns, architectures, defects, and the performance of defect repair strategies, without the complications of photoresist imaging. The measured aerial image intensity profiles provide valuable feedback to improve mask and lithography system modeling methods. In order to understand the photon-flux-dependent pattern measurement limits of EUV mask-imaging microscopy, we have investigated the effects of shot noise on aerial image linewidth measurements for lines in the 22 and 16-nm generations. Using a simple model of image formation near the resolution limit, we probe the influence of photon shot noise on the measured, apparent line roughness. With this methodology, we arrive at general flux density requirements independent of the specific EUV microscope configurations. Analytical and statistical analysis of aerial image simulations in the 22 and 16-nm generations reveal the trade-offs between photon energy density (controllable with exposure time), effective pixel dimension on the CCD (controlled by the microscope's magnification ratio), and image log slope (ILS). We find that shot-noise-induced linewidth roughness (LWR) varies inversely with the square root of the photon energy density, and is proportional to the imaging magnification ratio. While high magnification is necessary for adequate spatial resolution, for a given flux density, higher magnification ratios have diminishing benefits. With practical imaging parameters, we find that in order to achieve an LWR (3σ) value of 5% of linewidth for dense, 88-nm mask features with 80% aerial image contrast and 13.5-nm effective pixel width (1000× magnification ratio), a peak photon flux of approximately 1400 photons per pixel per exposure is required.