gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-system neurological disease is common in patients with OPA1 mutations (2010)

Additional neurological features have recently been described in seven families transmitting pathogenic mutations in OPA1, the most common cause of autosomal dominant optic atrophy. However, the frequency of these syndromal 'dominant optic atrophy plus' variants and the extent of neurological involvement have not been established. In this large multi-centre study of 104 patients from 45 independent families, including 60 new cases, we show that extra-ocular neurological complications are common in OPA1 disease, and affect up to 20% of all mutational carriers. Bilateral sensorineural deafness beginning in late childhood and early adulthood was a prominent manifestation, followed by a combination of ataxia, myopathy, peripheral neuropathy and progressive external ophthalmoplegia from the third decade of life onwards. We also identified novel clinical presentations with spastic paraparesis mimicking hereditary spastic paraplegia, and a multiple sclerosis-like illness. In contrast to initial reports, multi-system neurological disease was associated with all mutational subtypes, although there was an increased risk with missense mutations [odds ratio = 3.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.44-6.49; P = 0.0027], and mutations located within the guanosine triphosphate-ase region (odds ratio = 2.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.08-4.82; P = 0.0271). Histochemical and molecular characterization of skeletal muscle biopsies revealed the presence of cytochrome c oxidase-deficient fibres and multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions in the majority of patients harbouring OPA1 mutations, even in those with isolated optic nerve involvement. However, the cytochrome c oxidase-deficient load was over four times higher in the dominant optic atrophy + group compared to the pure optic neuropathy group, implicating a causal role for these secondary mitochondrial DNA defects in disease pathophysiology. Individuals with dominant optic atrophy plus phenotypes also had significantly worse visual outcomes, and careful surveillance is therefore mandatory to optimize the detection and management of neurological disability in a group of patients who already have significant visual impairment.
Stress-induced Activation of Protein Kinase CK2 by Direct Interaction with p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (2000)

Protein kinase CK2 has been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of proteins that are important in cell proliferation and differentiation. Here we demonstrate that the stress signaling agents anisomycin, arsenite, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulate the specific enzyme activity of CK2 in the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells by up to 8-fold, and this could be blocked by the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580. We show that p38alpha MAP kinase, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, can directly interact with the alpha and beta subunits of CK2 to activate the holoenzyme through what appears to be an allosteric mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that anisomycin- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-392, which is important for the transcriptional activity of this growth suppressor protein, requires p38 MAP kinase and CK2 activities.
The process window of a-Si/Ti bilayer metallization for an oxidation-resistant and self-aligned TiSi/sub 2/ process (1992)

The dependences of both oxidation-resistant and self-aligned silicidation properties on the thicknesses of top amorphous-Si (a-Si) and Ti metal in an a-Si/Ti bilayer process are presented. It is shown that a thin silicide layer formed during the reaction between a-Si and Ti films becomes a stable oxidation and nitridation barrier for oxygen- and nitrogen-related impurities. Moreover, the formation sequence of the silicide phase depends not only on the annealing temperature but also on the thickness of the Ti film. In addition, the preferential orientation of the silicide phase after annealing at high temperature also shows a strong dependence on the thickness of Ti film, which is attributed to the difference of the grain size in the polycrystalline silicide film. The allowed process window for the a-Si thickness can be determined experimentally and a reproducible and homogeneous self-aligned TiSi/sub 2/ film can be easily obtained by using the a-Si/Ti bilayer process in salicide applications despite high-level contaminations of oxygen impurities in both the as-deposited Ti film and the annealing ambient.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Testing the radiometric accuracy of Fourier transform infrared transmittance measurements (1997)

We have investigated the ordinate scale accuracy of ambient temperature transmittance measurements made with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer over the wavelength range of 2-10 mum. Two approaches are used: (1) measurements of Si wafers whose index of refraction are well known from 2 to 5 mum, in which case the FT-IR result is compared with calculated values; (2) comparison of FT-IR and laser transmittance measurements at 3.39 and 10.6 mum on nominally neutral-density filters that are free of etaloning effects. Various schemes are employed to estimate and reduce systematic error sources in both the FT-IR and laser measurements, and quantitative uncertainty analyses are performed.
p53 is covalently linked to 5.8S rRNA. (1992)

We report here the isolation and identification of the RNA specifically immunoprecipitated and covalently linked to the tumor suppressor gene product p53. After treatment with proteinase K, the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) band of p53 yields a single, discrete 157-nucleotide RNA, which was cloned, sequenced, and identified as 5.8S rRNA. 5.8S rRNA was obtained only after proteolysis of the p53 SDS-PAGE band. Free 5.8S rRNA did not comigrate with p53 in SDS-PAGE. This RNA was only immunoprecipitated from cells containing p53. Protein-free RNA obtained by proteolysis of the p53 band hybridized to the single-stranded DNA vector containing the antisense sequence of 5.8S rRNA. The covalence of the p53-5.8S rRNA linkage was demonstrated by the following findings: (i) p53 and the linked 5.8S rRNA comigrated in SDS-PAGE; (ii) only after treatment of the p53-RNA complex with proteinase K did the 5.8S rRNA migrate differently from p53-linked 5.8S rRNA; and (iii) this isolated RNA was found linked to phosphoserine, presumably at the 5' end. Covalent linkage to the single, specific RNA suggests that p53 may be involved in regulating the expression or function of 5.8S rRNA.
Role of reversible phosphorylation of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase in long‐chain fatty acid synthesis <sup>1</sup> (1989)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids, is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The major phosphorylation sites that affect carboxylase activity and the specific protein kinases responsible for phosphorylation of different sites have been identified. A form of acetyl-CoA carboxylase that is independent of citrate for activity occurs in vivo. This active form of carboxylase becomes citrate-dependent upon phosphorylation under conditions of reduced lipogenesis. Therefore, phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the enzyme's primary short-term regulatory mechanism; this control mechanism together with cellular metabolites such as CoA, citrate, and palmitoyl-CoA serves to fine-tune the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids under different physiological conditions.
Assessment of virus production and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase expression by insect cells in serum‐free and serum‐supplemented media using a temperature‐sensitive baculovirus (1991)

Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells were grown in Sf-900 serum-free medium and two kinds of serum-supplemented media (IPL -41 and Grace's). The specific growth rates of uninfected cells were found to be 0.024, 0.35, and 0.034 h(-1) respectively, at 33 degrees C. The IPL -41 medium supported to highest maximum cell density (10.6 x 10(6) cells/mL) compared to 3.5 x 10(6) and 8.7 x 10(6) cells/mL with the Grace's and serum-free media, respectively. In temperature shifdown experiments with a temperature-sensitive baculo-virus (acts10YM1CAT), virus titer and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) expression were highest in the IPL -41 (5.1 x 10(7) PFU/mL and 20000 U/mL). Use of Grace's medium gave higher virus titers than the serum-free medium (4.4 x 10(6) vs 4.1 x 10(5) PFU/mL) as well as higher CAT titers (7050 vs 1980 U/mL). Interestingly, in the three media used, the highest virus and CAT titers were obtained at MOI (multiplicity of infection) of 0.02 At MOI of 2.0 virtually no increase in virus of CAT titer was observed. This result is contrary to those obtained at constant-temperature (27 degrees C) infection and cell culture, in which higher virus titers and recombinant protein expression and obtained at higher MOI.
Microorganisms and Higher Plants for Waste Water Treatment (1983)

Abstract Batch experiments were conducted to compare the waste water treatment efficiencies of plant‐free microbial filters with filters supporting the growth of reeds ( Phragmites communis ), cattail ( Typha latifolia ), rush ( Juncus effusus ), and bamboo ( Bambusa multiplex ). The experimental systems consisted of two components in series. The first component was an anaerobic settling‐digestion container. The second was a “nonaerated” trough filled with rocks, decreasing from large rocks (up to 7.5‐cm diam) at the bottom, to pea gravel (0.25‐ to 1.3‐cm diam) at the top. The plant‐free microbial filter was equally effective in carbonaceous BOD 5 (5‐d biochemical O 2 demand) removal. The vascular aquatic plant series enhanced ammonia removal, and consequently improved nitrogenous BOD 5 removal. Under the conditions of these experiments, raw sewage with initial BOD 5 's of 100 mg/L can be upgraded to meet secondary standards with 6 h in component 1, and 6 h in a plant‐free filter or filter using cattail, rush, or reed. When initial BOD 5 's are approximately 450 mg/L, 24 h in component 1, 29 h in a reed filter are required to meet secondary standards. Total N removal studies were conducted, which demonstrated that a reed system is capable of removing NO 3 ‐N and NH 3 ‐N simultaneously, probably through a common NO 2 ‐N intermediary, then to N 2 . Overall, the reed system was superior to all others evaluated in this research project.
β-Amino-thiols Inhibit the Zinc Metallopeptidase Activity of Tetanus Toxin Light Chain (1998)

Tetanus neurotoxin is a 150-kDa protein produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes the lethal spastic paralytic syndromes of tetanus by blocking inhibitory neurotransmitter release at central synapses. The toxin light chain (50 kDa) has a zinc endopeptidase activity specific for synaptobrevin, an essential component of the neuroexocytosis apparatus. Previous unsuccessful attempts to block the proteolytic activity of this neurotoxin with well-known inhibitors of other zinc proteases led us to study the design of specific inhibitors as a possible drug therapy to prevent the progressive evolution of tetanus following infection. Starting from the synaptobrevin sequence at the level of the cleavage site by tetanus neurotoxin (Gln76-Phe77), a thiol analogue of glutamine demonstrated inhibitory activities in the millimolar range. A structure-activity relationship performed with this compound led us to determine the requirement for the correct positioning of the thiol group, the primary amino group, and a carboxamide or sulfonamide group on the side chain. This resulted in the design of a beta-amino-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)glycine-thiol, the first significantly efficient inhibitor of tetanus neurotoxin with a Ki value of 35 +/- 5 microM.
The Relationship Between Symbols and the Development of Chinese Characters (2005)

Original inscriptions are not the predecessors of Chinese characters, but they affect the form of Chinese characters.Chinese characters abstract and symbolization change fast in the development of Chinese characters.It is impossible to deny Chinese characters symbolization absolutely,at the same time,it could not be overstated to it.At present,the most important thing is how to make use of Chinese ideographic character to play Chinese characters functions.
Mitigating Lateral Interference (2017)

Putting into practice "pseudo-wire" links in wireless millimeter-wave (mm-wave) networks is challenging due to the significant side lobes of consumer-grade phased antenna arrays. Nodes should steer their beams such that they maximize the signal gain but also minimize interference from lateral directions via both their main lobe and their side lobes. Most importantly, interference can be caused by parallel operation of incompatible standards such as WiGig and IEEE 802.11ad and may change very fast. This timing requirement, prevents the use of existing beam switching solutions to mitigate interference. In this paper, we present an adaptive beam switching (ABS) mechanism that can deal with the above timescale issue in rapidly changing interference scenarios. Instead of performing a full beam sweep, the key idea is to only probe beampatterns at the receiver which are likely to avoid interference. In contrast to earlier work, our mechanism does not require any location information nor a detailed shape of the beampatterns. We exploit similarities among side lobes of beampatterns to estimate the performance of all beampatterns without sending extensive probes. To evaluate our mechanism in practice, we develop a customized research platform that allows us to control the beam-selection on low-cost IEEE 802.11ad routers. Experimental results with WiGig transceivers as interference source show that our adaptive beam switching mechanism achieves an average throughput gain of 60% and decreases the training time by 82.4% compared to the original IEEE 802.11ad behavior.
Magnetic smart material application to adaptive x-ray optics (2010)

We discuss a technique of shape modification that can be applied to thin walled (~100-400 micron thickness) electroformed replicated optics or slumped glass optics to improve the near net shape of the mirror as well as the midfrequency ripple. The process involves sputter deposition of a magnetic smart material (MSM) film onto a permanently magnetic material. The MSM material exhibits strains about 400 times stronger than ordinary ferromagnetic materials. The deformation process involves a magnetic write head which traverses the surface, and under the guidance of active metrology feedback, locally magnetizes the surface to impart strain where needed. Designs and basic concepts as applied to space borne X-ray optics will be described.
Impact of topical anaesthesia on pain alleviation and wound healing in lambs after mulesing (2008)

Tri-Solfen effects rapid and prolonged wound analgesia, reduction in pain-related behaviour and improved wound healing in lambs undergoing routine mulesing, providing effective alleviation of pain associated with routine mulesing in sheep.
A comparison of CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and massively parallel processor arrays for random number generation (2009)

The future of high-performance computing is likely to rely on the ability to efficiently exploit huge amounts of parallelism. One way of taking advantage of this parallelism is to formulate problems as "embarrassingly parallel" Monte-Carlo simulations, which allow applications to achieve a linear speedup over multiple computational nodes, without requiring a super-linear increase in inter-node communication. However, such applications are reliant on a cheap supply of high quality random numbers, particularly for the three main maximum entropy distributions: uniform, used as a general source of randomness; Gaussian, for discrete-time simulations; and exponential, for discrete-event simulations. In this paper we look at four different types of platform: conventional multi-core CPUs (Intel Core2); GPUs (NVidia GTX 200); FPGAs (Xilinx Virtex-5); and Massively Parallel Processor Arrays (Ambric AM2000). For each platform we determine the most appropriate algorithm for generating each type of number, then calculate the peak generation rate and estimated power efficiency for each device.
Design of a haptic arm exoskeleton for training and rehabilitation (2006)

A high-quality haptic interface is typically characterized by low apparent inertia and damping, high structural stiffness, minimal backlash, and absence of mechanical singularities in the workspace. In addition to these specifications, exoskeleton haptic interface design involves consideration of space and weight limitations, workspace requirements, and the kinematic constraints placed on the device by the human arm. These constraints impose conflicting design requirements on the engineer attempting to design an arm exoskeleton. In this paper, the authors present a detailed review of the requirements and constraints that are involved in the design of a high-quality haptic arm exoskeleton. In this context, the design of a five-degree-of-freedom haptic arm exoskeleton for training and rehabilitation in virtual environments is presented. The device is capable of providing kinesthetic feedback to the joints of the lower arm and wrist of the operator, and will be used in future work for robot-assisted rehabilitation and training. Motivation for such applications is based on findings that show robot-assisted physical therapy aids in the rehabilitation process following neurological injuries. As a training tool, the device provides a means to implement flexible, repeatable, and safe training methodologies.
Efficient Content Analysis Engine for Visual Surveillance Network (2009)

In the next-generation visual surveillance systems, content analysis tools will be integrated. In this paper, to accelerate these tools, it is proposed to integrate a hardware content analysis engine into a smart camera system-on-a-chip (SoC). A smart camera SoC hardware architecture with the proposed visual content analysis engine is first presented. This engine consists of dedicated accelerators and a programmable morphology coprocessor. Stream processing design concept, frame-level pipelining, and subword level parallelism are employed together to efficiently utilize the bandwidth of the system bus and achieve high throughput. The implementation results show that, with 168 K logic gates and 40.63 Kb on-chip memory, a processing speed of 30 640 x 480 frames/s can be achieved, while the operations of video object segmentation, object description and tracking, and face detection and scoring are supported.
The fracture of glassy polymers (1972)

Abstract The fracture of glassy polymers starts with the separation of molecule bundles which then form a craze; this is followed by the fracture or rupture of the craze by sliding of the molecule bundles. The first process has the approximate characteristics of brittle fracture, the second those of viscous flow; at low velocities, therefore, the crack extends by the essentially viscous mechanism in the craze layer, whereas at higher velocity the stress required for this rises so high that either a quasi-brittle fracture occurs between the craze and the adjacent bulk polymer (for example, in polystyrene), or patches of craze arise in the bulk ahead of, and away from, the propagating fracture front, as in cast polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). When the craze wedge ahead of the ‘ viscous ’ crack in the craze layer suddenly peels off the adjacent bulk polymer, either multiple crazes and cracks arise, radiating from its edge, or a new craze wedge is initiated. In either case only one craze wedge propagates, and it drops off the adjacent bulk when the rate of stretching of the craze (normal to its plane) reaches a critical magnitude. The repetition of this process results in the well known striation of the surface of fracture in polystyrene and other polymers. Since the fracture mechanism includes an essentially velocity-dependent viscous process, the Griffith theory cannot be applied to glassy polymers even as an approximation. The work of fracture oscillates by orders of magnitude within microseconds in the region of striations.
Expression of NOX5 in human teratozoospermia compared to normozoospermia (2012)

Spermatozoa are capable of producing small amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and sperm in teratozoospermia generate more ROS than sperm in normozoospermia. The source of ROS production in ejaculated human sperm has not been fully clarified. Recently, NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) was detected in human sperm, and ROS generation by this enzyme was reported. We investigated the magnitude of NOX5 expression in normozoospermic (n = 12) and teratozoospermic (n = 13) semen samples with different percentages of abnormal sperm. The existence of NOX5 enzymes in sperm was analysed by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry and correlated with morphological abnormalities. Immunofluorescent studies identified NOX5 in acrosomal, equatorial, post-acrosomal regions, the body and the tail of both normal and abnormal sperm. Teratozoospermic semen samples had higher percentages of NOX5-positive sperm and expressed more NOX5 (based on higher mean fluorescent intensity) than normal semen samples. Positive correlations were observed between abnormal sperm morphology and both the percentage of NOX5-positive sperm and the magnitude of NOX5 expression. Based on these findings, we can assume that there is a positive correlation between ROS generation in teratozoospermia and that in NOX5 expression.
Evaluation of 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adducts in human breast cancer: the influence of tobacco smoke (2003)

Breast cancer is one of the major cancers around the world but its etiology is still not well understood. Only approximately 50% of the disease is associated with known risk factors including highly penetrant genes and lifestyle factors. Thus, environmental carcinogens may play an important role in the etiology of breast cancer. The arylamine 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is a tobacco smoke constituent, an environmental contaminant, and a well-established bladder carcinogen in rodents and humans. In this study, we investigated the role of 4-ABP in the etiology of human breast cancer by measuring 4-ABP-DNA adducts using a monoclonal antibody based immunoperoxidase method that had been validated by comparison with gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of liver tissues from 4-ABP-treated mice. Adducts were analyzed in 150 paraffin-embedded breast tumors and in 55 adjacent normal tissues collected from cases in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. The role of polymorphisms in genes involved in the metabolism of 4-ABP including N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2), cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and the nucleotide excision repair gene XPD was also explored in the same patients. The mean log-transformed relative staining intensity for 4-ABP-DNA adducts was higher in normal (5.93 +/- 0.54) than in the corresponding tumor (5.44 +/- 0.62, P < 0.0001) tissues. However, a highly significant positive correlation was observed between the levels of 4-ABP-DNA in both tissues (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001). Smoking status was correlated with the levels of 4-ABP-DNA in tumor adjacent normal tissues with a significant linear trend (P = 0.04) for current, former and never smokers; adducts were not related to smoking status in tumor tissues. No correlation was observed between the levels of 4-ABP-DNA and polymorphisms in the genes analyzed even when subjects were stratified by smoking status. These results demonstrate that smoking is associated with increased levels of 4-ABP-DNA adducts in human mammary tissue. In this study, genetic polymorphisms did not significantly affect the formation of 4-ABP-DNA adducts in breast cancer cases, perhaps due to the small number of samples.