gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fracability Evaluation in Shale Reservoirs - An Integrated Petrophysics and Geomechanics Approach (2014)

Abstract The identification of fracture barrier is important for optimizing horizontal well drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and protecting fresh aquifer from contamination. The word "brittleness" has been a prevalent descriptor in unconventional shale reservoir characterization, but there is no universal agreement regarding its definition. Here a new definition of mineralogical brittleness is proposed and verified with two independent methods of defining brittleness. Formation with higher brittleness is considered as good fracturing candidate. However, this viewpoint is not reasonable because brittleness does not indicate rock strength. For instance, fracture barrier between upper and lower Barnett can be dolomitic limestone with higher brittleness. A new fracability index is introduced to overcome the shortcoming of brittleness by integrating both brittleness and energy dissipation during hydraulic fracturing. This fracability index considers that a good formation for hydraulic fracturing is not only of high brittleness, but also requires less energy to create a new fracture surface. Therefore, the formation with lower fracability index is considered as a fracture barrier, while with higher fracability is considered as better fracturing candidate. Logging data from one well of Barnett shale is applied (1) to verify the principle of new brittleness and fracability index model; (2) and to demonstrate the process of screening hydraulic fracturing candidates employing fracability index model.
Accurate conductivity cell for molten glasses and salts (1989)

A cell for measuring absolute conductances of glass and salt melts is described. It is a further development of a conductivity cell reported earlier and is based on the principle that the actual cell volume within the bulk of the melt, which is contained in a platinum crucible, is enclosed by a partly immersed and open-ended alumina cell tube and is thus subjected to a defined, homogeneous electric field between two parallel platinum electrodes arranged perpendicular to the cell tube. The upper electrode positioned in the tube is cross-shaped for the removal of gas bubbles, the lower electrode is formed by a protrusion of the crucible base, which fits into the lower end of the tube. The arrangement is positioned within a specially designed resistance furnace guaranteeing temperature homogeneity of ± 1 Κ within the cell volume. The experimental reproducibility of the conductances is Δϰ ± 1.0 % and is demonstrated by three examples.
Activation of Nrf2 signaling by natural products-can it alleviate diabetes? (2017)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has reached pandemic proportions and effective prevention strategies are wanted. Its onset is accompanied by cellular distress, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor boosting cytoprotective responses, and many phytochemicals activate Nrf2 signaling. Thus, Nrf2 activation by natural products could presumably alleviate DM. We summarize function, regulation and exogenous activation of Nrf2, as well as diabetes-linked and Nrf2-susceptible forms of cellular stress. The reported amelioration of insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction and diabetic complications by activated Nrf2 as well as the status quo of Nrf2 in precision medicine for DM are reviewed.
Progress in the development of histamine H<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists/inverse agonists: a patent review (2013-2017) (2018)

The research interest in histamine H<sub>3</sub>R field is still high although the number of patent applications has decreased during the past 4 years (around 20 publications). Complexity of histamine H<sub>3</sub>R biology e.g. many isoforms, constitutive activity, heteromerization with other receptors (dopamine D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>1</sub>, adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>) and pharmacology make not easy realization and evaluation of therapeutic potential of anti-H<sub>3</sub>R ligands. First results from clinical trials have verified potential utility of histamine H<sub>3</sub>R antagonist/inverse agonists in some diseases. However, more studies are necessary for better understanding of an involvement of the histaminergic system in CNS-related disorders and helping more ligands approach to clinical trials and the market. Lists of abbreviations: hAChEI - human acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; hBuChEI - human butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor; hMAO - human monoamine oxidase; MAO - monoamine oxidase.
Continuous methods for solving nonlinear ill-posed problems (2000)

The goal of this paper is to develop a general approach to solution of ill-posed nonlinear problems in a Hilbert space based on continuous processes with a regularization procedure. To avoid the ill- posed inversion of the Frechet derivative operator a regularizing one- parametric family of operators is introduced. Under certain assumptions on the regularizing family a general convergence theorem is proved. The proof is based on a lemma describing asymptotic behavior of solutions of a new nonlinear integral inequality. Then the applicability of the theorem to the continuous analogs of the Newton, Gauss-Newton and simple iteration methods is demonstrated.
Incidence of Adenocarcinoma among Patients with Barrett's Esophagus (2011)

Barrett's esophagus is a strong risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, but the absolute annual risk, 0.12%, is much lower than the assumed risk of 0.5%, which is the basis for current surveillance guidelines. Data from the current study call into question the rationale for ongoing surveillance in patients who have Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia. (Funded by the Clinical Institute, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.).
Process stress estimation for MEMS RF switches with mixed analytical and numerical simulation (2004)

One of the basic parameters in RF capacitive switches is the actuation voltage. It strongly depends on the process stress accumulated in the switching structure, typically a suspended thin bridge, made of conductive materials. The control and the tuning of the deposition steps require the monitoring and the reduction of the process stress. We present a method to estimate the global process stress of the device taking advantage of the electrical characterization done on standard capacitive test structures integrated in the process layout.
Migration velocity analysis and waveform inversion (2008)

ABSTRACT Least‐squares inversion of seismic reflection waveform data can reconstruct remarkably detailed models of subsurface structure and take into account essentially any physics of seismic wave propagation that can be modelled. However, the waveform inversion objective has many spurious local minima, hence convergence of descent methods (mandatory because of problem size) to useful Earth models requires accurate initial estimates of long‐scale velocity structure. Migration velocity analysis, on the other hand, is capable of correcting substantially erroneous initial estimates of velocity at long scales. Migration velocity analysis is based on prestack depth migration, which is in turn based on linearized acoustic modelling (Born or single‐scattering approximation). Two major variants of prestack depth migration, using binning of surface data and Claerbout's survey‐sinking concept respectively, are in widespread use. Each type of prestack migration produces an image volume depending on redundant parameters and supplies a condition on the image volume, which expresses consistency between data and velocity model and is hence a basis for velocity analysis. The survey‐sinking (depth‐oriented) approach to prestack migration is less subject to kinematic artefacts than is the binning‐based (surface‐oriented) approach. Because kinematic artefacts strongly violate the consistency or semblance conditions, this observation suggests that velocity analysis based on depth‐oriented prestack migration may be more appropriate in kinematically complex areas. Appropriate choice of objective (differential semblance) turns either form of migration velocity analysis into an optimization problem, for which Newton‐like methods exhibit little tendency to stagnate at nonglobal minima. The extended modelling concept links migration velocity analysis to the apparently unrelated waveform inversion approach to estimation of Earth structure: from this point of view, migration velocity analysis is a solution method for the linearized waveform inversion problem. Extended modelling also provides a basis for a nonlinear generalization of migration velocity analysis. Preliminary numerical evidence suggests a new approach to nonlinear waveform inversion, which may combine the global convergence of velocity analysis with the physical fidelity of model‐based data fitting.
Found in Translation: High-Throughput Chemical Screening in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Identifies Small Molecules That Reduce Fusarium Head Blight Disease in Wheat (2011)

Despite the tremendous economic impact of cereal crop pathogens such as the fungus Fusarium graminearum, the development of strategies for enhanced crop protection is hampered by complex host genetics and difficulties in performing high-throughput analyses. To bypass these challenges, we have developed an assay in which the interaction between F. graminearum and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is monitored in liquid media in 96-well plates. In this assay, fungal infection is associated with the development of dark lesion-like spots on the cotyledons of Arabidopsis seedlings by 4 days postinoculation. These symptoms can be alleviated by the application of known defense-activating small molecules and in previously described resistant host genetic backgrounds. Based on this infection phenotype, we conducted a small-scale chemical screen to identify small molecules that protect Arabidopsis seedlings from infection by F. graminearum. We identified sulfamethoxazole and the indole alkaloid gramine as compounds with strong protective activity in the liquid assay. Remarkably, these two chemicals also significantly reduced the severity of F. graminearum infection in wheat. As such, the Arabidopsis-based liquid assay represents a biologically relevant surrogate system for high-throughput studies of agriculturally important plant-pathogen interactions.
Real Time Pricing as a Default or Optional Service for C&ICustomers: A Comparative Analysis of Eight Case Studies (2005)

Demand response (DR) has been broadly recognized to be an integral component of well-functioning electricity markets, although currently underdeveloped in most regions. Among the various initiatives undertaken to remedy this deficiency, public utility commissions (PUC) and utilities have considered implementing dynamic pricing tariffs, such as real-time pricing (RTP), and other retail pricing mechanisms that communicate an incentive for electricity consumers to reduce their usage during periods of high generation supply costs or system reliability contingencies. Efforts to introduce DR into retail electricity markets confront a range of basic policy issues. First, a fundamental issue in any market context is how to organize the process for developing and implementing DR mechanisms in a manner that facilitates productive participation by affected stakeholder groups. Second, in regions with retail choice, policymakers and stakeholders face the threshold question of whether it is appropriate for utilities to offer a range of dynamic pricing tariffs and DR programs, or just ''plain vanilla'' default service. Although positions on this issue may be based primarily on principle, two empirical questions may have some bearing--namely, what level of price response can be expected through the competitive retail market, and whether establishing RTP as the default service is likely to result in an appreciable level of DR? Third, if utilities are to have a direct role in developing DR, what types of retail pricing mechanisms are most appropriate and likely to have the desired policy impact (e.g., RTP, other dynamic pricing options, DR programs, or some combination)? Given a decision to develop utility RTP tariffs, three basic implementation issues require attention. First, should it be a default or optional tariff, and for which customer classes? Second, what types of tariff design is most appropriate, given prevailing policy objectives, wholesale market structure, ratemaking practices and standards, and customer preferences? Third, if a primary goal for RTP implementation is to induce DR, what types of supplemental activities are warranted to support customer participation and price response (e.g., interval metering deployment, customer education, and technical assistance)?
Specific Hunger inAnastrepha ludens(Diptera: Tephritidae): Effects on Attractiveness of Proteinaceous and Fruit-Derived Lures (1991)

Specific hunger and effects of specific hunger on attractiveness of three types of olfactory feeding attractants to a laboratory strain of Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), were investigated in laboratory bioassays and greenhouse flight chamber experiments. Newly emerged flies (up to 4 d old) fed preferentially on sugar over protein, whereas 5–9–d–old flies undergoing sexual maturation fed about equally on sugar and protein. Sugar or protein deprivation increased feeding preference for sugar or protein, respectively, whereas constant access to sugar or protein decreased preference for the respective nutrient. Sugarv hunger, whether age-dependent or deprivation-induced, increased attractiveness to flies of CEH, a fruit-derived attractant consisting of 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate and hexanol, relative to two proteinaceous lures. Protein hunger dramatically increased attractiveness of bacteria, a purported protein source for fruit flies, relative to CEH. Protein hunger also increased attractiveness of torula yeast, a commonly used proteinaceous lure, compared with CEH, although attractiveness of torula yeast did not become greater than attractiveness of CEH. Combinations of torula yeast and CEH were not more attractive than CEH alone to any age-feeding history groups of flies. Combinations of CEH and bacterial odor were never more attractive than bacterial odor alone to protein-hungry flies and were actually less attractive then CEH alone to the one group of sugar-hungry flies (2–3–d–old unfed) that was tested.
Present concepts of coronary atherosclerosis-thrombosis, therapeutic implications and perspectives. (1997)

Our knowledge of the pathophysiology of coronary atherosclerosis has remarkably changed in the last few years. The types of atherosclerotic lesions, the mechanisms of progression of coronary atherosclerosis with plaque instability and disruption, and the subsequent thrombotic phenomenon leading to acute coronary syndromes are now better understood. Therapeutic strategies leading to atherosclerotic lesion stabilization and even regression, as well as new antithrombotic strategies to alleviate or prevent the thrombotic complications are being pursued. This review focuses on the coronary unstable atherosclerotic plaque and complicating thrombosis.
Expression of the dermatomyositis autoantigen Mi‐2 in regenerating muscle (2009)

Expression of Mi-2 is markedly up-regulated during muscle regeneration in a mouse model of muscle injury and repair. It is also up-regulated in human DM myofibers expressing markers of regeneration. Results of the in vitro studies indicate that this protein may play a role in modulating the kinetics of myoblast differentiation. Our findings thus suggest that high levels of Mi-2 expression in muscle biopsy tissue from patients with DM reflect the presence of incompletely differentiated muscle cells.
Analysis of DNA sequences in forty-year-old paraffin-embedded thin-tissue sections: a bridge between molecular biology and classical histology. (1988)

DNA sequences from human tissues paraffin embedded 40 yr ago were studied using the in vitro gene amplification technique known as the polymerase chain reaction. Although significant DNA degradation was observed, single copy genomic sequences and viral segments were readily detected from single 5- to 10-microns tissue sections. This demonstrates that the world-wide collection of archival paraffin-embedded tissues may be used to study the association of biological agents (viral, bacterial, or parasitic) or endogenous DNA lesions with disease over time and to carry out retrospective studies on material where the clinical outcome has already been established. This will be especially valuable in studying rare cancers and other rare diseases.
Multimedia contents management and transmission system "VAST-web" and its effective transport protocol "SVFTP" (2005)

Multimedia contents transmission and management system "VAST-web" is proposed. It employs store-and-forward transmission technique to maintain the contents quality. It also has a central management function of contents stored at remote locations so that contents query and contents pull model as well as contents push model are supported. A novel transmission protocol "SVFTP" is also introduced, which is a core technique in VAST-web. Its throughput performance is evaluated theoretically and experimentally to show it is well-suited to large volume multimedia contents transmission. Besides, its pipeline transmission capability provides VAST-web system with great flexibility for media playback.
Molecular characterization of the B′ regulatory subunit gene family of<i>Arabidopsis</i>protein phosphatase 2A (1999)

Type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP2A) have been implicated as important mediators of a diverse array of reversible protein phosphorylation events in plants. We have identified a novel Arabidopsis gene (AtB' delta) which encodes a 55-kDa B' type regulatory subunit of PP2A. The protein encoded by this gene is 57-63% identical and 69-74% similar to the previously identified AtB' genes. The AtB' delta gene appears to be expressed in all Arabidopsis organs indicating its protein product has a basic housekeeping function in plant cells. Unlike certain mRNAs derived from the AtB' gamma gene, AtB' delta mRNAs do not fluctuate significantly in response to heat stress. Further analysis of cDNA sequences derived from the AtB' genes identified an alternatively spliced cDNA derived from AtB' gamma. This cDNA differs from the previously identified AtB' gamma cDNA by the absence of a 133-bp region in its 5' untranslated region. The missing 133-bp region appears to constitute an unspliced intron and its presence in the AtB' gamma gene was confirmed by PCR using Arabidopsis genomic DNA as a template. AtB' gamma mRNA containing the 133-bp intron accumulate in all Arabidopsis organs and their levels fluctuate differentially in response to heat stress. The 133-bp insert contains two short open reading frames and hence might serve as a translational control mechanism affecting AtB' gamma protein synthesis. Finally we show, using both the yeast two hybrid system and in vitro binding assays, that the B' subunit of Arabidopsis PP2A is able to associate with other PP2A subunits, supporting the notion that the B' protein serves as a regulator of PP2A activity in plants.
Publisher’s Note: “Application of carbon nanotubes to human breath dynamics characterization” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 053105 (2006)] (2006)

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A Happy Marriage: The Union of Online Instruction and Community-Based Learning (2016)

This article explores the opportunities and challenges that university instructors and students have when completing course assignments that merge community-based learning (CBL) and online learning (OL) in sport management and athletic administration pedagogy. As online instruction continues to increase, instructors and students need to be equipped to handle its challenges while at the same time seeking to maximize the opportunities that result from the flexibility and versatility of online instructional methods. While both OL and CBL are popular pedagogical activities, strategic efforts need to be utilized to make these methods can compatible. This article identifies two sample projects that show how online instruction and community-based learning can be “married” in a joint union that will be beneficial for all involved.
A specialized flavone biosynthetic pathway has evolved in the medicinal plant, <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> (2016)

Wogonin and baicalein are bioactive flavones in the popular Chinese herbal remedy Huang-Qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi). These specialized flavones lack a 4'-hydroxyl group on the B ring (4'-deoxyflavones) and induce apoptosis in a wide spectrum of human tumor cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo in different mouse tumor models. Root-specific flavones (RSFs) from Scutellaria have a variety of reported additional beneficial effects including antioxidant and antiviral properties. We describe the characterization of a new pathway for the synthesis of these compounds, in which pinocembrin (a 4'-deoxyflavanone) serves as a key intermediate. Although two genes encoding flavone synthase II (FNSII) are expressed in the roots of S. baicalensis, FNSII-1 has broad specificity for flavanones as substrates, whereas FNSII-2 is specific for pinocembrin. FNSII-2 is responsible for the synthesis of 4'-deoxyRSFs, such as chrysin and wogonin, wogonoside, baicalein, and baicalin, which are synthesized from chrysin. A gene encoding a cinnamic acid-specific coenzyme A ligase (SbCLL-7), which is highly expressed in roots, is required for the synthesis of RSFs by FNSII-2, as demonstrated by gene silencing. A specific isoform of chalcone synthase (SbCHS-2) that is highly expressed in roots producing RSFs is also required for the synthesis of chrysin. Our studies reveal a recently evolved pathway for biosynthesis of specific, bioactive 4'-deoxyflavones in the roots of S. baicalensis.
INHIBITION OF HERPES VIRUS ADSORPTION ON CELLS BY PROTAMINE (1969)

Plaque formation by herpes simplex virus was reduced by treatment of cells with protamine sulfate before virus inoculation. Protamine composing amino acids or trypsin digested protamine had no plaque reducing effect. Protamine could not inactivate the virus by itself. More virus particles remained unadsorbed and intact in the inoculum to protamine-pretreated cell cultures than that in controls. Protamine solution once mixed with cells lost the plaque reducing effect. These results strongly suggested that protamine molecules bind to cell surface (receptor) to prevent virus particles from attaching to receptors.
Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011–2012 (2014)

Ogden, Cynthia L.; Carroll, Margaret D.; Kit, Brian K.; Flegal, Katherine M. Author Information
Potential of coherent decompositions in SAR polarimetry and interferometry (2004)

A comparative study has indicated that coherent decompositions may have high potential in applications using fully polarimetric and interferometric SAR data, as an alternative or supplement to standard non-coherent techniques developed during the last decade. One important reason for this seems to be that the coherent techniques are better able to benefit from the coherent nature of the underlying data and scattering mechanisms. By avoiding averaging at the first processing stage, the coherent techniques can extract target features that may otherwise be lost in the early averaging process. On the other hand, averaging is indeed important in most cases for obtaining stable and reliable end results.
The Complete Genome Sequence of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Ames “Ancestor” (2008)

The pathogenic bacterium Bacillus anthracis has become the subject of intense study as a result of its use in a bioterrorism attack in the United States in September and October 2001. Previous studies suggested that B. anthracis Ames Ancestor, the original Ames fully virulent plasmid-containing isolate, was the ideal reference. This study describes the complete genome sequence of that original isolate, derived from a sample kept in cold storage since 1981.