gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conditions for the Formation of Fe3O4 by the Air Oxidation of Fe(OH)2 Suspensions. (1974)

Abstract The optimum conditions were studied for the formation of Fe3O4 by the air oxidation of Fe(OH)2. The suspensions obtained by mixing NaOH and FeSO4 solutions in various values of R(=2NaOH/FeSO4) were subjected to oxidation with air at various temperatures. The oxidation products were then examined by X-ray powder diffraction, chemical analysis, electron microscopic observation, and BET surface-area determination. Fe3O4 is formed at higher temperatures than is FeOOH. The temperature of formation becomes low as R approaches 1.0. In neutral suspensions (R&lt;1), Fe3O4 is formed via green rust II or a mixture of green rust II and Fe(OH)2. By further oxidation, the Fe3O4 formed gradually changes to γ-Fe2O3. A mixture of α-FeOOH and either NaFe3(OH)6(SO4)2 or α-Fe2O3 is formed as the final oxidation product. In alkaline suspensions (R&gt;1), Fe3O4 is formed directly. The morphology and ferrous-ion content of Fe3O4 powder change considerably with the presence of green rust II before the formation of Fe3O4. It is suggested that Fe3O4 is formed near the surface of the particles of Fe(OH)2 and green rust II by the coprecipitation of ferrous ions with ferric hydroxo-complexes.
Excellent electro/stress-migration-resistance surface-silicide passivated giant-grain Cu-Mg alloy interconnect technology for giga scale integration (GSI) (2002)

Completely (100)-oriented Cu-Mg films having giant grains (typical grain sizes of /spl sim/100 /spl mu/m) were obtained by depositing Cu-Mg films on SiO/sub 2/ followed by thermal annealing at 450/spl deg/C. The Cu-Mg film exhibits a room temperature resistivity of 1.81 /spl mu//spl Omega//spl middot/cm. And this interconnect exhibits 3 times larger migration resistance than the giant-grain Cu interconnect. Furthermore, by employing the self-aligned surface-silicide passivation to the Cu-Mg interconnect, the migration resistance is greatly enhanced. It exhibits two orders of magnitude larger migration resistance than non-passivated giant-grain Cu interconnect at a room temperature.
조선의 과거사 정리담론: 4대 사화를 중심으로 (2014)

이 글의 목적은 조선 중기에 4대 사화(무오·갑자·기묘·을사 사화)에 대한 피해자의 신원·추증 문제를 둘러싸고 치열하게 전개된 정치적 논쟁을 현대의 과거사 정리와 관련된 이론을 적용함으로써 전통시대의 정치와 현대 정치에 대한 비교 사상적 분석을 시도하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 먼저 조선 정치사 연구에 현대의 정치이론인 과거사 정리라는 개념을 적용할 수 있는지 검토하였다. 검토를 통하여 현대의 과거사 정리와 비교할 때, 이념적 기반, 논의 주체 및 참여자의 범위 그리고 정책결정과정 등에서 의미심장한 차이가 있지만, 전통시대인 조선시대에서도 그 나름의 원칙과 절차 및 정치사회적 합의에 기반하여 과거사 정리를 추진했다는 사실을 확인하였다. 특히 조선시대의 과거사 정리를 이끈 유교 정치이념의 헌정적 원칙이나 규범으로 도통 개념에 입각한 정의개념에 주목하였다. 조선시대 주자학자인 사림은 왕통과 도통의 분리를 전제로 정치의 올바른 방향을 실질적으로 담지하고 있는 주체는 왕통을 물려받은 국왕이 아니라 도통을 전수받은 자신들이란 신념을 가지고 있었다. 그리하여 과거사 정리를 통하여 사림파는 왕통을 세습한 국왕이 도통을 계승한 주자학자들을 국정의 동반자로 삼아 공론에 의거하여 정치를 해야 한다는 군신공치(君臣共治) 사상을 헌정적 원칙으로 확립하는 데 성공하였다.
A Natural Chinese speech Driven Mouth Animation System (2007)

Distinguish with phoneme based human mouth animation researches, this paper presents a novel natural speech driven mouth animation approach. To recognize the mouth shapes sequence from continuous speech, the context-dependent viseme (triseme) modeling technique is employed for acquiring the trisemic HMMs. To obtain the robust model parameters with the limited training data, the states tying procedure is introduced. Considering the compatibility and ambiguity issues, the visemic questions which assigned in the leaf nodes of decision tree are generated that based on the training data. With the modeled HMM parameters, the Viterbi beam searching algorithm is applied to time align the trisemic sequences. Mapping the recognized trisemes to the corresponding MPEG-4 FAPs represented mouth shapes, the speaking mouth can be finally animated through a smoothing process. The experimental results demonstrate that the recognition accuracy is applicable and also the recognizing and aligning speed is acceptable in human vision range.
Magnetic domain structures in arrays of submicron Co dots studied with magnetic force microscopy (2000)

The magnetic properties of submicron circular epitaxial Co dot arrays fabricated by electron beam lithography have been studied as a function of thickness using high resolution magnetic force microscopy. As a function of thickness, in-plane single domain, vortex, or perpendicular multidomain phases have been identified. The evolution of the domain structures with dot thickness agrees well with theory.
An Epigenetics‐Inspired DNA‐Based Data Storage System (2016)

Biopolymers are an attractive alternative to store and circulate information. DNA, for example, combines remarkable longevity with high data storage densities and has been demonstrated as a means for preserving digital information. Inspired by the dynamic, biological regulation of (epi)genetic information, we herein present how binary data can undergo controlled changes when encoded in synthetic DNA strands. By exploiting differential kinetics of hydrolytic deamination reactions of cytosine and its naturally occurring derivatives, we demonstrate how multiple layers of information can be stored in a single DNA template. Moreover, we show that controlled redox reactions allow for interconversion of these DNA-encoded layers of information. Overall, such interlacing of multiple messages on synthetic DNA libraries showcases the potential of chemical reactions to manipulate digital information on (bio)polymers.
Interleukin-1β Depletes Insulin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Increases the Heat Shock Protein hsp70 in Mouse Pancreatic Islets Without Impairing the Glucose Metabolism* (1990)

In order to further characterize the actions of recombinant interleukin-1 beta (rIL-1 beta) on the function of insulin-producing cells, the effects of different concentrations of the cytokine were studied on islets obtained from four different mouse strains (NMRI, NOD, C57BL/6, and C57BL/Ks). For this purpose the islets were exposed to rIL-1 beta (25, 50, or 100 U/ml) for a 48-h period in medium RPMI 1640 containing 10% calf serum and 11.1 mM glucose. In all groups and at the various rIL-1 beta concentrations tested, there was a similar 30-50% inhibition in glucose-induced insulin release, a 70-80% decrease in islet insulin content, and no significant differences in islet DNA content or insulin accumulation in the culture medium. To clarify the mechanisms underlying the decreased islet insulin content, rates of (pro)insulin biosynthesis and insulin messenger RNA (mRNA) contents were determined. Exposure of NMRI and C57BL/6 islets to 50 U/ml rIL-1 beta reduced the (pro)insulin biosynthesis by 40-50% and the insulin mRNA contents by 80-90%. The cytokine also induced an increased cellular content of the heat shock protein hsp70, as measured by western blot analysis, and a decrease in DNA biosynthesis, as measured by [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation. However, exposure to rIL-1 beta did not decrease islet total protein biosynthesis, glucose oxidation, ATP content, ATP/ADP ratio, cAMP content, or polyamine contents. In conclusion, these data suggest that exposure of mouse islets to rIL-1 beta reduces DNA synthesis, insulin mRNA levels, and the biosynthesis of (pro)insulin, without equally impairing other cellular functions. The mechanisms behind these reductions seem to be different from those observed in rat islets, where a rIL-1 beta-induced impairment of substrate metabolism at the mitochondrial level seems to be related to the decrease of several cellular functions.
Atmospheric Structure and Radar Backscattering in Clear Air (1969)

This study summarizes advances in radar backscattering from refractive index irregularities in the clear air and its relationship to atmospheric structure and turbulence. This recent discipline of radar meteorology originated from radar angel studies and the efforts to explain these mysterious echoes. The significance of specular atmospheric radar reflections now appears limited, and consequently this study is devoted entirely to radar backscattering from turbulent fluctuations in the clear‐air refractive index. Two regimes of atmospheric turbulence are distinguished: (1) in the convective domain , backscattering from water vapor fluctuations outlines regular, three‐dimensional clear‐air structures associated with buoyant, moist air parcels; (2) in the stable regime , horizontally stratified clear‐air echoes originate from water vapor and/or temperature perturbations due to wind‐shear‐generated turbulent mixing in zones of enhanced static stability. Theoretical relationships are given between the radar reflectivity and the refractive index microstructure for the general case, for the isotropic case, and for the inertial subrange. The connection between the microstructure and the atmospheric mean fields is illustrated for a simplified situation in the stable regime; this relationship provides insight to the radar backscattering from clear‐air turbulence (CAT). It is concluded that strong CAT will be associated with zones of increased refractive index variability and enhanced radar returns. A brief résumé of experimental work illustrates the application of radar methods in clear‐air research and summarizes characteristic features of clear‐air structures.
Measurement of the speed and bounce of tennis courts (2010)

Tennis is played on a wide variety of court surfaces that can be classified as fast, medium, or slow, according to the coefficient of sliding friction between the ball and the court. The vertical bounce properties depend on the coefficient of restitution. Both coefficients can be measured by using a video camera to film the bounce of a ball incident at a low angle on the court. It is easier to analyse the data when filming at high film-rates, around 200 frames per second (fps) or more, but reliable data can also be obtained when filming at the standard 25 or 30 fps rate used in most video cameras. In this paper we describe results obtained at both 25 fps and 500 fps and consider some of the physics issues involved in interpreting the data.
Double strand break-induced recombination in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts (1996)

The mechanisms of chloroplast recombination are largely unknown. Using the chloroplast-encoded homing endonuclease I-CreI from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, an experimental system is described that allows the study of double strand break (DSB)-induced recombination in chloroplasts. The I-CreI endonuclease is encoded by the chloroplast ribosomal group I intron of C.reinhardtii and cleaves specifically intronless copies of the large ribosomal RNA (23S) gene. To study DSB-induced recombination in chloroplast DNA, the genes encoding the I-CreI endonuclease were deleted and a target site for I-CreI, embedded in a cDNA of the 23S gene, was integrated at an ectopic location. Endonuclease function was transiently provided by mating the strains containing the recombination substrate to a wild-type strain. The outcome of DSB repair was analyzed in haploid progeny of these crosses. Interestingly, resolution of DSB repair strictly depended upon the relative orientation of the ectopic ribosomal cDNA and the adjacent copy of the 23S gene. Gene conversion was observed when the 23S cDNA and the neighbouring copy of the 23S gene were in opposite orientation, leading to mobilization of the intron to the 23S cDNA. In contrast, arrangement of the 23S cDNA in direct repeat orientation relative to the proximal 23S gene resulted in a deletion between the 23S cDNA and the 23S gene. These results demonstrate that C.reinhardtii chloroplasts have an efficient system for DSB repair and that homologous recombination is strongly stimulated by DSBs in chloroplast DNA.
Mapping of epitopes on the SmD molecule: the use of multiple antigen peptides to measure autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. (1993)

Autoantibodies against the ribonucleoproteins B, B' and D are a serological marker of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We mapped the epitopes recognized by autoantibodies on the SmD molecule by means of 7 synthetic peptides corresponding to the entire length of the protein. By ELISA assay, 25% of the lupus sera contained IgG antibodies specific for the C-terminal SmD sequence 95-119. This reactivity was confirmed by synthesizing the sequence as a multiple antigen peptide (MAP): antibodies reactive with the MAP 95-119 were present only in SLE and not in other connective tissue disorders. Sera containing high titers of anti-MAP 95-119 antibodies reacted in immunoblot with the SmD protein. These results indicate the presence of a dominant epitope in the C-terminal region of SmD, which is highly homologous to the Epstein-Barr virus induced nuclear protein EBNA I.
The Oxidation of Two Fe-Ce Alloys Under Low Oxygen Pressures at 600-800°C (1999)

The corrosion of pure cerium and of two iron-based alloys containing approximately 15 and 30 wt% cerium was studied at 600-800C in H 2 -C0 2 mixtures providing at equilibrium oxygen pressure of 10" 24 atm at 600C and 10" 20 atm at 700 and 800C. The corrosion of the two alloys produced an internal attack, which transformed the cerium-rich phases into mixtures of iron metal and cerium-rich oxides, including a double Fe-Ce oxide as well as Ce0 2 . The rate of internal oxidation was much faster than expected on the basis of the solubility/diffusivity of oxygen in iron, especially for Fe-30Ce, for which oxygen penetration probably occurs mainly through microcracks produced by the large mechanical stresses associated with the local volume increase. The microstructures of the regions of internal oxidation followed closely those of the original alloys, while no cerium depletion was observed in the metal substrate. At 600 and 700C some iron oxide formed on the alloy surface, while at 800C a thin layer of pure iron metal formed on the surface of Fe-30Ce. These results are examined by taking into account the low solubility of cerium in iron and the presence of intermetallic compounds in the two alloys.
Systematic and evolutionary engineering of a xylose isomerase-based pathway in (2014)

Efficient xylose fermentation by yeast would improve the economical and sustainable nature of biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass. However, the efficiency of xylose fermentation by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is suboptimal, especially in conversion yield, despite decades of research. Here, we present an improved performance of S. cerevisiae in xylose fermentation through systematic and evolutionary engineering approaches. The engineering of S. cerevisiae harboring xylose isomerase-based pathway significantly improved the xylose fermentation performance without the need for intensive downstream pathway engineering. This strain contained two integrated copies of a mutant xylose isomerase, gre3 and pho13 deletion and XKS1 and S. stipitis tal1 overexpression. This strain was subjected to rapid adaptive evolution to yield the final, evolved strain (SXA-R2P-E) which could efficiently convert xylose to ethanol with a yield of 0.45 g ethanol/g xylose, the highest yield reported to date. The xylose consumption and ethanol production rates, 0.98 g xylose g cell−1 h−1 and 0.44 g ethanol g cell−1 h−1, respectively, were also among the highest reported. During this process, the positive effect of a pho13 deletion was identified for a xylose isomerase-containing strain and resulted in up to an 8.2-fold increase in aerobic growth rate on xylose. Moreover, these results demonstrated that low inoculum size and the cell transfer at exponential phase was found to be the most effective adaptation strategy during a batch culture adaptation process. These results suggest that the xylose isomerase pathway should be the pathway of choice for efficient xylose fermentation in S. cerevisiae as it can outperform strains with the oxidoreductase pathway in terms of yield and ethanol production and xylose consumption rates. Consequently, the strain developed in this study could significantly improve the prospect of biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Evidence–based management and action–at–a–distance (2002)

Organisational change in UK higher education has resulted in control of the student learning environment passing from specific disciplines such as psychology to central management teams and university–wide course frameworks. This poses the general question of how disciplines can exert influence upon broad pedagogic issues, when their control extends only to relatively local matters, and the specific methodological problem of how action researchers can investigate topics of general importance when they are only able to make local interventions. Though higher education managers emphasise accountability and evidence–based practice, their own decision-making processes rarely use pedagogic evidence. Examples from a research programme within one psychology department are described, that attempt to apply psychological research methods to generic issues of pedagogy. An important motivation for this programme is the belief that by generating evidence through research, psychologists can both intervene in debates outside conventional control, and assist management decision–making processes to move towards becoming evidence–based.
Turning your abstract into a paper:academic writing made simpler. (2009)

Academic writing is a critical skill distinct from creative writing. While brevity is vital, clarity in writing reflects clarity of thought. This paper is a primer for novice academic writers.
Genome-wide analysis of human HSF1 signaling reveals a transcriptional program linked to cellular adaptation and survival (2006)

Although HSF1 plays an important role in the cellular response to proteotoxic stressors, little is known about the structure and function of the human HSF1 signaling network under both stressed and unstressed conditions. In this study, we used a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation microarray analysis and time course gene expression microarray analysis with and without siRNA-mediated inhibition of HSF1 to comprehensively identify genes regulated directly and indirectly by HSF1. The correlation between promoter binding and gene expression was not significant for all genes bound by HSF1, suggesting that HSF1 binding per se is not sufficient for expression. However, the correlation with promoter binding was significant for genes identified as HSF1-regulated following siRNA knockdown. Among promoters bound by HSF1 following heat shock, a gene ontology analysis showed significant enrichment only in categories related to protein folding. In contrast, analysis of the extended HSF1 signaling network following siRNA knockdown showed enrichment in a variety of categories related to protein folding, anti-apoptosis, RNA splicing, ubiquitinylation and others, highlighting a complex transcriptional program regulated directly and indirectly by HSF1.
Abnormal mRNA splicing resulting from consensus sequence splicing mutations of ATP7B (2002)

More than 200 Wilson disease (WD) disease-causing mutations have been defined to date. Missense mutations are largely prevalent while splice-site mutations are limited in number. Most reside in the splice donor or acceptor sites and only a minority are detected in splicing consensus sequences. Furthermore, only a few splicing mutations have been studied at the RNA level to date. In this study, using the RT-PCR method we performed the molecular characterization of four consensus splice-site mutations identified by DNA analysis in patients with WD. One of them, previously described 1707+3insT, occurred at position 3 in the donor splice site of intron 4, while the other three, 2122-8T>G, 2866-6T>G, and 3061-12T>A, are novel and occurred in the acceptor splice sites of introns 7, 12, and 13, respectively. Analysis revealed a prevalently abnormal splicing in the samples carrying the mutations compared to the normal controls. Comparison of RNA splicing with normal controls in liver and lymphocytes further suggests that abnormal splicing of the WD gene is also present and differentially regulated in normal tissues. The results produced in this study strongly suggest that DNA mutations residing in the consensus sequence of WD gene splice sites result in the WD phenotype by interfering with the production of the normal WD protein. Further studies are necessary to better quantify the amount of different transcripts produced by these mutations, and establish their correlation with the disease phenotype.
Molecular Sequencing and Modeling of <i>Neobellieria bullata</i> Trypsin (1996)

Trypsin mRNA from the grey fleshfly (Neobellieria bullata) was reversed transcribed and amplified by means of PCR. Two cDNA species of 600 bp and 800 bp were cloned and sequenced. The 3' end of the gene (300 bp) was amplified by means of the rapid-amplification-of-cDNA-ends method, cloned and sequenced. The deduced protein sequence of 254 amino acids exhibited 46% identity to Drosophila trypsin and 32% identity to Anophiline trypsin and Aedes trypsin. Three-dimensional models of Neobellieria trypsin and Drosophilia trypsin were built and compared. Both models contain two domains of beta-barrel sheets as was shown by means of X-ray crystallography of mammalian trypsin. The catalytic active site is composed of the canonical triad of His42, Asp87 and Ser182 whereas Asp176 sits as the bottom of the specificity pocket. Southern blot analysis suggested that Neobellieria trypsin is encoded by one gene. Northern blot analysis showed that an early trypsin transcript is found in the midgut of sugar-fed females. This message disappeared after a liver meal, and was replaced by a late transcript. Injection of trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) at 10(-9) M prevented the disappearance and the translation of the early transcript. TMOF did not prevent the appearance of the late transcript. However, in the presence of the hormone the late transcript was not translated. Thus, TMOF is the biological signal that terminates the translation of trypsin mRNA in the fleshfly gut and probably in the mosquito gut.
A, B, H antigens in transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder.Correlation with the clinical course (1979)

The A, B, H blood group antigens can be detected in normal transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder by the red cell adherence (RCA) test. We examined the possibility that the reactivity for these antigens is lost or decreased in transitional cell carcinomas and that such a change may reflect the future evolution of these tumors. We studied several bladder biopsies from 60 patients who presented with noninvasive transitional cell carcinomas and were followed for at least 5 years or until muscle invasion was histologically demonstrated. Eighty-one percent of patients whose tumors were RCA positive in the initial biopsy did not subsequently develop invasive tumors and 27% of these patients had no recurrences. All 34 patients whose tumors were negative in the initial biopsy experienced recurrences and 62% of them developed invasive lesions. In 81% of patients, the recurrent tumors retained the same pattern of RCA reactivity for blood group antigens on serial biopsies. These results suggest that the presence of readily detectable A, B, B antigens correlates with a favorable prognosis whereas their absence denotes an aggressive potential.
Spatial mapping of electrotactile sensation threshold and intensity range on the human tongue: Initial results (2009)

We have developed a novel, tongue-based electrotactile brain-machine interface. Variability of the tactile sensation intensity across the stimulated area, however, limits the amount of reliable information transmission. We have conducted an experiment to characterize local sensitivity across the region stimulated by the array. From this data we have constructed an isointensity algorithm to compensate for the variability in electrotactile sensation levels across the stimulated area of the tongue.
4-Alkoxy-1-phenyl-phosphacyclohexadien λ 1-Alkoxy-1-phenyl-λ5-phosphorin-Umlagerung (1978)

Einen Zugang zu C-monosubstituierten λ5-Phosphorinen (2) eröffnet die Umlagerung der Phosphacyclohexadiene (1). Die (1) entsprechenden Arsenverbindungen bilden unter analogen Bedingungen λ3-Arsenine.