gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of power Doppler and B-scan sonography for renal imaging using a sonographic contrast agent. (1998)

The goal of this study was to evaluate the relative performance of power Doppler and B-scan imaging modes in detecting vascular perfusion changes resulting from injection of a contrast agent. To allow this comparison the imaging plane and the contrast agent injection must be the same for both modes. We achieved this by using a rigid transducer holder and simultaneously recording power Doppler and B-scan images on separate videotapes. The kidneys of five adult beagles were scanned to allow a comparison of how power Doppler and B-scan imaging methods monitor changes during the injection of 0.1 ml/kg of a contrast agent, EchoGen emulsion (Sonus Pharmaceuticals, Bothell, WA). The changes in the images were assessed qualitatively by three radiologists and quantitatively using a custom-designed image analysis software. All of the radiologists agreed that no visually detectable changes occurred in B-scan images but that significant changes could be observed in power Doppler images. Image analysis also indicated a difference between power Doppler and B-scan images. The change in mean color level of power Doppler images could be displayed as an indicator dilution curve with a peak enhancement of 46 +/- 16 above the preinjection value. The time at which mean color level peaked was 18 +/- 13 s. The mean color level returned to half of the peak value by 69 +/- 42 s and returned to the preinjection baseline value by 148 +/- 73 s. Conversely, B-scan images showed statistically insignificant changes, and time measurements could not be made. By all measures used to evaluate images, power Doppler imaging had a greater sensitivity in detecting changes resulting from contrast agent injection than B-scan imaging. This finding indicates that power Doppler imaging of contrast agent injections can be used to map regional differences in flow as well as quantitative measurements of a contrast agent's transit time and has the potential to assess kidney abnormalities associated with renal blood flow.
Effect of gamma rayson some qualitative and quantitative characters in Zinnia elegans Jacq. (1997)

Mutations were induced in Zinnia elegans Jacq. cv. Crimson Red by using gamma irradiation for plant morphology and flower colour. Significant effects were observed as shown by the increased mean value of plant height, branch number, flower number, and flower diameter up to 7.5 kR dose. Among the gamma-ray doses, only 7.5 kR produced significant morphological changes in Zinnia elegans, which may be due to additive gene effect. Four types of new flower colour mutations were induced: majenta, yellow, red and red with white spots. The number of petals (ray florets) was significantly higher in the mutants over control. Two types of structu~alanomalies were also identified.
Characterization of an active clamp flyback topology for power factor correction applications (2002)

Flyback derived power convertor topologies have long been attractive because of their relative simplicity when compared with other topologies used in low power applications. Incorporation of active clamp circuitry provides the additional benefit of recycling transformer leakage energy while minimizing switch voltage stress. This paper presents the analysis, design, and experimental results of 500 W single stage and 600 W interleaved active clamp flybacks used for power factor correction. Several practical issues, including the application of charge control, the use of mixed power devices, and a solution to the hold-up time problem are discussed and experimentally verified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interpretation of quality of life scores from the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (2002)

The aim of the study was to obtain the general population norms for the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), a specific questionnaire for respiratory diseases. The IBERPOC project was a cross-sectional study of representative samples of the general population aged between 40-69 yrs. The study sample was composed of 862 individuals. All participants considered as "probable cases" of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n=460) were eligible to complete the SGRQ and among the rest of the nonprobable COPD participants (n=3,571), 10 individuals from each defined age and sex group were eligible (n=402). Weights were applied to restore general population representativity of the sample. Mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) predicted was 89.4% (SD=16.5%; range: 16-131%). Chronbach's alpha coefficients were >0.7 in the symptoms, activity and impact scales, and >0.9 in the overall scale. Symptom scale score was significantly higher among males (11.6 versus 7.8; p<0.01) and activity scale score was significantly higher among females (12.2 versus 14.6; p=0.04). In a multiple linear regression model, respiratory diseases (asthma and COPD) and FEV1 % over pred showed the strongest association with the SGRQ total score. Smoking, sex, age and education were independently associated with the total SGRQ score. These results indicate that individuals from the general population presented some of the problems that are important when measuring health-related quality of life in respiratory patients, and provide St George's Respiratory Questionnaire norms, a useful method for interpreting the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire score in a given patient or study samples.
Femtosecond second-harmonic generation in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides with simultaneous strong pump depletion and group-velocity walk-off (2002)

We report studies of second-harmonic generation (SHG) of femtosecond pulses in long periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides under large conversion conditions. Strong saturation of the SHG efficiency was observed, accompanied by spectral and temporal distortion of the pump pulse. Our simulation studies suggest that the pulse distortions may be caused by the interaction of the phase-matched SHG process and an additional cascaded χ(2) process or processes, leading to a large nonlinear phase modulation. Such additional cascaded χ(2) processes could be caused by the existence of multiple transverse modes in the nonlinear waveguide. These phenomena, which to our knowledge have not been reported previously, may have a significant effect on studies of high-power short-pulse parametric process in waveguide devices and on the design of novel nonlinear optical waveguide devices for such applications.
Zinc Radical Transfer Based Modular Approach to Enantiopure Alkylidene‐β‐prolines from <i>N</i>‐(<i>tert</i>‐Butylsulfinyl)‐α‐(aminomethyl)acrylates (2015)

Abstract N ‐( tert ‐Butylsulfinyl)‐α‐(aminomethyl)acrylates with tethered silylated alkynes undergo a tandem 1,4‐addition/carbozincation reaction upon exposure to dialkylzinc compounds in the presence of air. The process follows a zinc‐radical‐transfer mechanism and provides vinylzinc adducts that can react subsequently with electrophiles. High levels of chiral induction ( dr > 90:10) from the tert ‐butylsulfinyl directing group are achieved during the radical 5‐ exo ‐ dig cyclization by adding samarium(III) triflate. The sequence overall provides straightforward modular access to enantiopure ( E )‐4‐alkylidene‐β‐prolines from tert ‐butanesulfinamide.
Mitochondria Penetrating Peptide-Conjugated TAMRA for Live-Cell Long-Term Tracking (2019)

Mitochondria are essential targets for treatment of diseases with mitochondrial disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria penetrating peptides (MPPs) are composed of cationic and hydrophobic amino acids that can target and permeate the mitochondrial membrane. Herein, a novel d-argine-phenylalanine-d-argine-phenylalanine-d-argine-phenylalanine-NH<sub>2</sub> (rFrFrF) was tagged with a rhodamine-based fluorescent chromophore (TAMRA). This probe (TAMRA-rFrFrF) exhibited advantageous properties for long-term mitochondria tracking as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. Cell viability assays and oxygen consumption rates indicate low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility of the new contrast agent. Colocalization studies suggest that TAMRA-rFrFrF is a promising candidate for continuous mitochondrial tracking for up to 3 days.
Effects of Agitation and Endoglucanase Pretreatment on the Hydrolysis of Cotton Fabrics by a Total Cellulase (1996)

We have attempted to clarify the effects of low and high levels of mechanical agitation on the cellulolytic activity of a pure endoglucanase ( EG ) and a total cellulase mixture (TC) on scoured and bleached cotton fabric, along with the effect of EG pretreatment on subsequent treatments with TC. Methods used to follow the progress of fabric treatments include weight loss, breaking load loss, bending hysteresis, and the pro duction of soluble reducing sugars and reducing end groups in the fibers. The results show that agitation rate affects the mechanism of cellulolytic attack, and that this has implications for delivering desired finishing effects.
Unusual 5-olefinic acids in the lipids of algae from Japanese waters. (1987)

The fatty acid details of 2 species of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta, and 5 species of Phaeophyta were elucidated by open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography. These algae contained a small amount of the unusual 5-olefinic acids such as 5-20:1, 5, 11-20:2, 5, 13-20:2, 5, 11, 14-20:3, and 5, 11, 14, 17-20:4 ( ?? 0.3%). The main 5-olefinic acids in sea urchin lipids such as 5-20:1, 5, 11-20:2 and 5, 13-20:2 were hardly seen in algal lipids. Therefore, it is assumed that these 5-olefinic acids in sea urchin lipids are not incorporated from algae as foods of sea urchin, but synthesized in sea urchins. The unusual 7-olefinic acids (7, 13-22:2 and 7, 15-22:2) formed by C2 elongation of 5, 11-20:2 and 5, 13-20:2 were also found in some algae slightly ( ?? 0.1%). Chlorophyta contained high levels of C16 (15.9-30.4%) and C18 (38.0-52.5%) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 22:5 (n-3) (2.0-6.0%). The major fatty acid components of Phaeophyta were C18 (15.4-44.0%) and C20 (11.5-33.5%) PUFA. Rhodophyta contained high levels of 20:4 (n-6) and 20:5 (n-3). The sums of these fatty acids in this class were more than 50%.
Dendritic spines provide cognitive resilience against <scp>A</scp>lzheimer's disease (2017)

These observations provide cellular evidence to support the hypothesis that dendritic spine plasticity is a mechanism of cognitive resilience that protects older individuals with AD pathology from developing dementia. Ann Neurol 2017;82:602-614.
Site-Selective C−H Arylation of Primary Aliphatic Amines Enabled by a Catalytic Transient Directing Group (2017)

Transition-metal-catalysed direct C(sp3)−H functionalization of primary aliphatic amines is an attractive – but elusive – process that could provide efficient access to biologically and pharmaceutically important compounds. Now, a palladium-catalysed γ-arylation of primary alkylamines is achieved using an inexpensive, catalytic and transient directing group.
A 900-MHz, 0.8-μm CMOS low noise amplifier with 1.2-dB noise figure (2003)

A 900-MHz single-stage low noise amplifier (LNA), requiring one external inductor and matched to 50-/spl Omega/ at both the input and output, has been implemented in a standard digital 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. Measured noise figures for the LNA in package are 2 dB at 6.2 mW, 1.78 dB at 8.1 mW, 1.5 dB at 13.2 mW, and 1.2 dB at 30 mW. At 30 mW and V/sub DD/=3.0 V, the LNA has a power gain of 14.5 dB, and an IIP3 of -1 dBm. At 6.2 mW and V/sub DD/=2.7 V, the LNA has a power gain of 9.4 dB, and an IIP3 of -3.8 dBm.
Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk (2009)

It was suggested that vitamin D levels influence cancer development. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a crucial mediator for the cellular effects of vitamin D. Results from previous studies on the association of VDR polymorphisms with different cancer types are somewhat contradictory, and the role of VDR in the etiology of cancer is still equivocal. We therefore performed a meta-analysis on the association between the two most studied VDR polymorphisms (FokI and BsmI) and any cancer site. Up to January 2009, we identified 67 independent studies. We used random-effects models to provide summary odds ratio (SOR) for VDR polymorphisms and cancer. We tested homogeneity of effects across studies and publication bias and explored between-study heterogeneity. When comparing FokI ff with FF carriers, we found a significant increase in skin cancer [SOR; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.30; 1.04-1.61] and breast cancer (SOR; 95%CI: 1.14; 1.03-1.27) risk. For the same genotype comparison, we found a significantly higher risk of cancer when we pooled estimates from cancer sites possibly associated with vitamin D levels (prostate, breast, skin, ovary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and colorectal). A significant reduction in prostate cancer risk was observed for carriers of BsmI Bb compared with bb genotype (SOR; 95%CI: 0.83; 0.69-0.99). In Caucasian populations, both Bb and BB carriers had a significant reduced risk of cancer at any site. In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that VDR FokI and BsmI polymorphisms might modulate the risk of cancer of breast, skin and prostate and possibly affect cancer risk at any site in Caucasians.
Improving fatty acid production in <i>escherichia coli</i> through the overexpression of malonyl coA‐Acyl carrier protein transacylase (2011)

The microbial biosynthesis of free fatty acid, which can be used as precursors for the production of fuels or chemicals from renewable carbon sources, has attracted significant attention in recent years. Free fatty acids can be produced by introducing an acyl-carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) gene into Escherichia coli. The first committed step of fatty acid biosynthesis is the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA by an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylase followed by the conversion of malonyl-CoA to malonyl-ACP through the enzyme malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCT; FabD). The E. coli fabD gene encoding MCT has been cloned and studied. However, the effect of FabD overexpression in a fatty acid overproducing strain has not been examined. In this study, we examined the effect of FabD overexpression in a fatty acid overproducing strain carrying an acyl-ACP TE. Specifically, the effect of overexpressing a fabD gene from four different organisms on fatty acid production was compared. The strains carrying a fabD gene from E. coli, Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680, or Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) improved the free fatty acid production; these three strains produced more free fatty acids, about 11% more, than the control strain. The strain carrying a fabD gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, however, produced similar quantities of free fatty acids as the control strain. In addition, the three FabD overexpressed strains also have higher fatty acid/glucose yields. The results suggested that FabD overexpression can be used to improve free fatty acid production by increasing the malonyl-ACP availability.
High-Efficiency Isolated Bidirectional AC–DC Converter for a DC Distribution System (2012)

A high-efficiency isolated bidirectional ac–dc converter is proposed for a 380-V dc power distribution system to control bidirectional power flows and to improve its power conversion efficiency. To reduce the switches’ losses of the proposed nonisolated full-bridge ac–dc rectifier using an unipolar switching method, switching devices employ insulated-gate bipolar transistors, MOSFETs, and silicon carbide diodes. Using the analysis of the rectifier’s operating modes, each switching device can be selected by considering switch stresses. A simple and intuitive frequency detection method for a single-phase synchronous reference frame-phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) is also proposed using a filter compensator, a fast period detector, and a finite impulse response filter to improve the robustness and accuracy of PLL performance under fundamental frequency variations. In addition, design and control methodology of the bidirectional full-bridge CLLC resonant converter is suggested for the galvanic isolation of the dc distribution system. A dead-band control algorithm for the bidirectional dc–dc converter is developed to smoothly change power conversion directions only using output voltage information. Experimental results will verify the performance of the proposed methods using a 5-kW prototype converter.
Downregulation of LIM kinase 1 suppresses ocular inflammation and fibrosis. (2008)

Downregulation of LIMK1 was efficacious to decrease the ocular inflammation. We disclose a possibility that LIMK1 may mediate TGF-beta-dependent signaling during ocular inflammation. A direct application of siRNA into eyes to downregulate LIMK1 expression may provide a novel therapy for suppression and prevention of ocular inflammation and fibrosis.
Polygenic Determinants of Alzheimer's Disease: Modulation of the Risk by α‐1‐Antichymotrypsina (1996)

The identification of apolipoprotein E (APOE) as a genetic risk factor modifying the chances of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) has opened the possibility that other susceptibility genes exist that either independently modify the risk of developing AD or alter the risk imparted by APOE. We have identified alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) as a potential risk gene, by virtue of the interactive effect of either of its two alleles (A and T) on the risk of AD associated with the APOE epsilon 4 allele. In a large population of AD (n = 308) and control (n = 579) cohorts, we found the expected elevation in the APOE epsilon 4 allele frequency in the AD cases compared to controls, with threefold and sevenfold increases in the risk of AD for APOE epsilon 4/X and APOE epsilon 4/epsilon 4, respectively. Of the three ACT genotypes, the ACT A/T genotype did not affect the risk of AD beyond that which is conferred by the APOE epsilon 4 allele. However, the ACT A/A genotype greatly increased the risk associated with APOE epsilon 4 homozygosity. On the other hand, the ACT T/T genotype suppressed the gene dosage effect of the APOE epsilon 4 allele; the risk of AD in APOE epsilon 4/epsilon 4, ACT T/T cases was the same as that of APOE epsilon 4/X. A variety of potential mechanisms for interactions of ACT and APOE are discussed.
Vocabulary Agreement Among Model Summaries And Source Documents 1 (2004)

Analysis of 9000 manually-written summaries of newswire stories provided to participants in four Document Understanding Conferences indicates that no more than 55 % of the vocabulary items they employ occur in the source document. A comparison of all pairs of different summaries of the same document shows further that these agree on only 22% of their vocabulary. It can be argued that these relationships establish a performance ceiling for automated summarization systems which compose summaries by extracting syntactic elements from the source document. 1
Modern Cryptography: Theory and Practice (2003)

Many cryptographic schemes and protocols, especially those based on public-keycryptography, have basic or so-called textbook crypto versions, as these versionsare usually the subjects for many textbooks on cryptography. This book takes adifferent approach to introducing cryptography: it pays much more attention tofit-for-application aspects of cryptography. It explains why textbook crypto isonly good in an ideal world where data are random and bad guys behave nicely.It reveals the general unfitness of textbook crypto for the real world by demonstratingnumerous attacks on such schemes, protocols and systems under variousreal-world application scenarios. This book chooses to introduce a set of practicalcryptographic schemes, protocols and systems, many of them standards or de factoones, studies them closely, explains their working principles, discusses their practicalusages, and examines their strong (i.e., fit-for-application) security properties, oftenwith security evidence formally established. The book also includes self-containedtheoretical background material that is the foundation for modern cryptography.
Two functionally distinct cholecystokinin receptors show different modes of action on Ca2+ mobilization and phospholipid hydrolysis in isolated rat pancreatic acini. Studies using a new cholecystokinin analog, JMV-180. (1990)

A new hepatapeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) analog, JMV-180 (Boc-Tyr(SO3-)-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-2-phenylethylester), acts as an agonist at high affinity CCK receptors on rat pancreatic acini to stimulate amylase release but unlike cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8) does not act on low affinity CCK receptors to inhibit amylase release (Galas, M. D., Lignon, M. F., Rodriguez, M., Mendre, C., Fulcrand, P., Laur, J., and Martinez, J. (1988) Am. J. Physiol. 254, G176-G188). To investigate the biochemical mechanisms initiated by CCK acting on each class of CCK receptor, the effects of JMV-180 and CCK8 on amylase release, Ca2+ mobilization, and phospholipid hydrolysis were studied in isolated rat pancreatic acini. When acini were loaded with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, amylase release stimulated by both JMV-180 and CCK8 was reduced. Measurement of 45Ca2+ efflux and cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by the fluorescence of fura-2-loaded acini in a stirred cuvette showed that JMV-180 induced a concentration-dependent increase but with a maximal response only two-thirds that induced by CCK8. When [Ca2+]i of individual fura-2-loaded acinar cells was measured by microspectrofluorometry, all concentrations of JMV-180 (1 nM-10 microM) induced repetitive transient [Ca2+]i spikes (Ca2+ oscillations). By contrast, stimulation with a high concentration of CCK8 (1 nM) caused a large increase in [CA2+]i followed by a small sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i. The measurement of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production by both [3H]inositol labeling and 1,4,5-IP3 radioreceptor assay showed that JMV-180 had only minimal effects at 10 microM in contrast to the large increase induced by high concentrations of CCK8 (more than 1 nM). JMV-180 blocked the effect of a high concentration of CCK8 on both [Ca2+]i and 1,4,5-IP3 productions but did not affect the response to carbamylcholine. JMV-180 caused a delayed monophasic stimulation of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) sustained to 60 min without the early increase in DAG observed in response to CCK8. Furthermore, JMV-180 stimulated the release of [3H]choline metabolites, primarily phosphorylated choline, from [3H]choline-labeled acini at low concentrations and to the same extent as CCK8. Since JMV-180 interacts not only with high affinity CCK receptors as an agonist but also with low affinity CCK receptors as a functional antagonist, the present results indicate that the occupancy of high affinity state receptors by CCK induces Ca2+ oscillations, DAG formation from phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis, and amylase release with minimal phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)