gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A single-chip Si-bipolar 1.6-GHz VCO with integrated-bias network (2000)

A single-chip 2.7-V voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an integrated-bias network has been implemented in an Si-bipolar process with an f/sub T/ of 25 GHz. With an on-chip resonator consisting of vertically coupled inductors and varactor diodes, an oscillation frequency of 1.56 GHz was measured. A careful design of the oscillator and bias network was necessary to achieve a phase noise performance of -139 dBc/Hz at 4.7 h MHz off carrier. The tuning sensitivity was 100 MHz/V, which is sufficient to compensate for production tolerances. The VCO can be used as a building block for single-chip transceivers in digital European cordless telephone or global system for mobile communication systems.
The high cost of being un-banked : data from Mexico, Colombia and Brazil (2005)

Data gathered during the past four years in Mexico, Colombia and Brazil suggests that in these countries somewhere between 65 and 85 percent of urban households do not hold any kind of deposit account in any formal financial institution. The macro-economic implications of the large number of un-banked have been analyzed in terms of overall financial sector development and its links to economic growth, to income distribution, and to poverty alleviation. On a micro-economic level, however, less work has been done. The data from Mexico and Colombia begins to shed important light on the flip side of the macro-economic studies, showing how the underdeveloped financial sector -- translated into a lack of financial services at the household level -- can limit economic growth and poverty alleviation, by significantly increasing costs to families who already tend to be in the lower income brackets. The data show how the poor and un-banked pay more to get paid, to make payments, to save, and to borrow, than their compatriots who have bank accounts.
A Study on Stochastic Wave Propagation Model to Generate Various Uninterrupted Traffic Flows (2004)

A class of SWP(Stochastic Wane Propagation) models microscopically mimics individual vehicles' stochastic behavior and traffic jam propagation with simplified car-following models based on CA(Cellular Automata) theory and macroscopically captures dynamic traffic flow relationships based on statistical physics. SWP model, a program-oriented model using both discrete time-space and integer data structure, can simulate a huge road network with high-speed computing time. However, the model has shortcomings to both the capturing of low speed within a jam microscopically and that of the density and back propagation speed of traffic congestion macroscopically because of the generation of spontaneous jam through unrealistic collision avoidance. In this paper, two additional rules are integrated into the NaSch model. The one is SMR(Stopping Maneuver Rule) to mimic vehicles' stopping process more realistically in the tail of traffic jams. the other is LAR(Low Acceleration Rule) for the explanation of low speed characteristics within traffic jams. Therefore, the CA car-following model with the two rules prevents the lockup condition within a heavily traffic density capturing both the stopping maneuver behavior in the tail of traffic jam and the low acceleration behavior within jam microscopically, and generates more various macroscopic traffic flow mechanism than NaSch model's with the explanation of propagation speed and density of traffic jam.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis to Other Members of the Family Mycobacteriaceae (1988)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization was used to determine the relationships of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium to 24 mycobacterial strains representing seven species. Our results indicate that M. paratuberculosis should be considered a member of the same genomic species as M. avium and the wood pigeon bacillus. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, which has been considered a member of the M. avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum complex on the basis of phenotypic characteristics, shows little DNA similarity to M. avium, M. intracellulare, or M. paratuberculosis.
A Putative Role for the Vacuolar Calcium/Manganese Proton Antiporter <i>AtCAX2</i> in Heavy Metal Detoxification (2002)

Abstract: Regulation of uptake and compartmentation of metal ions is important for the maintenance of metal ion homeostasis. To identify mechanisms involved in the protection of plants from Mn toxicity, wild‐type yeast was transformed with an Arabidopsis cDNA library and transformants were screened on toxic Mn concentrations. Wild‐type yeast could not grow in the presence of 30 mM MnSO 4 , while two transformants carrying variants of the same gene were able to grow. Database searches revealed that the isolated cDNAs correspond to AtCAX2, previously described as a vacuolar calcium‐proton antiporter. Since no other genes could be identified, AtCAX2 might represent a major function permitting Mn detoxification in this suppressor screen. Furthermore, yeast transformed with the two AtCAX2 cDNAs showed increased sensitivity towards hydrogen peroxide, pointing to a limited availability of cytoplasmic Mn in the presence of AtCAX2 activity. The open reading frames of the cDNA encoded polypeptides that have a 42 and a 92 amino acids shorter N‐terminal region relative to the predicted full‐length coding region of AtCAX2. In contrast to both truncated cDNAs, the full‐length clone was unable to confer Mn resistance to yeast, indicating that, similar to AtCAX1, AtCAX2 also carries an autoinhibitory N‐terminal domain regulating the activity of AtCAX2.
Digital holography and image processing methods for applications in biophysics (2018)

Understanding dynamic mechanisms, morphology and behavior of bacteria are important to develop new therapeutics to cure diseases. For example, bacterial adhesion mechanisms are prerequisites for initiation of infections and for several bacterial strains this adhesion process is mediated by adhesive surface organelles, also known as fimbriae. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium expressing fimbriae of which pathogenic strains can cause severe diseases in fluidic environments such as the urinary tract and intestine. To better understand how E. coli cells attach and remain attached to surfaces when exposed to a fluid flow using their fimbriae, experiments using microfluidic channels are important; and to assess quantitative information of the adhesion process and cellular information of morphology, location and orientation, the imaging capability of the experimental technique is vital. In-line digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a powerful imaging technique that can be realized around a conventional light microscope. It is a non-invasive technique without the need of staining or sectioning of the sample to be observed in vitro. DHM provides holograms containing three-dimensional (3D) intensity and phase information of cells under study with high temporal and spatial resolution. By applying image processing algorithms to the holograms, quantitative measurements can provide information of position, shape, orientation, optical thickness of the cell, as well as dynamic cell properties such as speed, growing rate, etc. In this thesis, we aim to improve the DHM technique and develop image processing methods to track and assess cellular properties in microfluidic channels to shed light on bacterial adhesion and cell morphology. To achieve this, we implemented a DHM technique and developed image processing algorithms to provide for a robust and quantitative analysis of holograms. We improved the cell detection accuracy and efficiency in DHM holograms by developing an algorithm for detection of cell diffraction patterns. To improve the 3D detection accuracy using in-line digital holography, we developed a novel iterative algorithm that use multiple-wavelengths. We verified our algorithms using synthetic, colloidal and cell data and applied the algorithms for detecting, tracking and analysis. We demonstrated the performance when tracking bacteria with sub-micrometer accuracy and kHz temporal resolution, as well as how DHM can be used to profile a microfluidic flow using a large number of colloidal particles. We also demonstrated how the results of cell shape analysis based on image segmentation can be used to estimate the hydrodynamic force on tethered capsule-shaped cells in micro-fluidic flows near a surface.
14nm M1 triple patterning (2012)

With 20nm production becoming a reality, research has started to focus on the technology needs for 14nm. The LELE double patterning used in 20nm production will not be able to resolve M1 for 14nm. Main competing enabling technologies for the 14nm M1 are SADP, EUV, and LELELE (referred as LE3 thereafter) triple patterning. SADP has a number of concerns of 1. density, as a layout geometry needs to stay complete as a whole, and can not be broken; 2. the complexity in SADP mask generation and debug feedback to designers; 3. the subtraction nature of the trim mask further complicates OPC and yield. While EUV does not share those concerns, it faces significant challenges on the manufacturing equipment side. Of the SADP concerns, LE3 only shares that of complexity involved in mask generation and intuitive debug feedback mechanism. It does not require a layout geometry to stay as a whole, and it benefits from the affinity to LELE which is being deployed for 20nm production. From a process point of view, this benefit from affinity to LELE is tremendous due to the data and knowledge that have been collected and will be coming from the LELE deployment. In this paper, we first recount the computational complexity of the 3-colorability problem which is an integral part of a LE3 solution. We then describe graph characteristics that can be exploited such that 3-colorability is equivalent under divide-and-conquer. Also outlined are heuristics, which are generally applied in solving computationally intractable problems, for the 3-colorability problem, and the importance in choosing appropriate worst-case exponential runtime algorithms. This paper concludes with a discussion on the new hierarchical problem that faces 3-colorability but not 2-colorability and proposals for non-3-colorability feedback mechanism.
Stem cells for ischemic brain injury: A critical review (2009)

No effective therapy is currently available to promote recovery following ischemic stroke. Stem cells have been proposed as a potential source of new cells to replace those lost due to central nervous system injury, as well as a source of trophic molecules to minimize damage and promote recovery. We undertook a detailed review of data from recent basic science and preclinical studies to investigate the potential application of endogenous and exogenous stem cell therapies for treatment of cerebral ischemia. To date, spontaneous endogenous neurogenesis has been observed in response to ischemic injury, and can be enhanced via infusion of appropriate cytokines. Exogenous stem cells from multiple sources can generate neural cells that survive and form synaptic connections after transplantation in the stroke-injured brain. Stem cells from multiple sources cells also exhibit neuroprotective properties that may ameliorate stroke deficits. In many cases, functional benefits observed are likely independent of neural differentiation, although the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Future studies of neuroregeneration will require the demonstration of function in endogenously born neurons following focal ischemia. Further, methods are currently lacking to demonstrate definitively the therapeutic effect of newly introduced neural cells. Increased plasticity following stroke may facilitate the functional integration of new neurons, but the loss of appropriate guidance cues and supporting architecture in the infarct cavity will likely impede the restoration of lost circuitry. Thus careful investigation of the mechanisms underlying trophic benefits will be essential. Evidence to date suggests that continued development of stem cell therapies may ultimately lead to viable treatment options for ischemic brain injury.
Surgical fires and alcohol‐based skin preparations (2004)

Alcohol-based skin preparations are known to be flammable. Their use continues despite a significant level of risk. Two cases of fires resulting from ignition of pooled alcohol-based skin preparations are reported. Both cases were associated with use of electrocautery for haemostasis. The literature is reviewed and recommendations are made to reduce the risk of further similar occurrences.
Copolymers of 4‐(3′,4′‐Dimethoxycinnamoyl)phenyl Acrylate and MMA: Synthesis, Characterization, Photocrosslinking Properties, and Monomer Reactivity Ratios (2004)

Abstract 4‐(3′,4′‐Dimethoxycinnamoyl)phenyl acrylate (DMCPA) containing pendant chalcone moiety was copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) by radical polymerization in ethyl methyl ketone at 70°C under a nitrogen atmosphere using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a free radical initiator. The prepared polymer was characterized by UV, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectra. The composition of the copolymer was determined using 1H‐NMR analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios of copolymerization were determined using conventional linearization methods such as Fineman–Ross (r 1 = 0.26 and r 2 = 0.61), Kelen–Tudos (r 1 = 0.26 and r 2 = 0.61), and Ext. Kelen–Tudos (r 1 = 0.23 and r 2 = 0.59), and a non‐linear error‐in‐variables model (EVM) method using the computer program RREVM (r 1 = 0.2541 and r 2 = 0.6094). The molecular weights (M w and M n) of the copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers in air reveals that the stability of the copolymers decreases with an increase in the mole fraction of MMA in the copolymers. The solubility of the polymers was tested in various polar and non‐polar solvents. The glass transition temperature of the copolymers was determined as a function of copolymer composition. The copolymers were sensitive to UV light and became crosslinked after irradiation with 254 nm light.
Fullerene und Nanoröhrchen: Materialien für das nächste Jahrhundert? (1999)

Abstract „Nanotechnologie”︁ — das Schlagwort der neunziger Jahre. Zahlreiche Forschungs‐gruppen aus der ganzen Welt widmen sich dem Ziel, neue Materialien im Nanometerbereich herzustellen. Eine vielversprechende neue Klasse von Materialien besteht aus reinem Kohlenstoff und zeichnet sich besonders durch ihre Strukturvielfalt aus. Neben den Fullerenen, deren Entdekkung durch H.W.Kroto, R.F.Curl und R. E. Smalley im Jahre 1985 elf Jahre spärer mit dem Nobelpreis für Chemie gewürdigt wurde, rücken nun die im Jahre 1991 durch S. Iijima entdeckten Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhrchen aufgrund ihrer bemerkenswerten mechanischen, elektrischen und optischen Eigenschaften zunehmend in den Blickpunkt.
Free‐flow electrophoresis under microgravity: Evidence for enhanced resolution of cell separation (1990)

A mixture of fixed rabbit, guinea pig and rat erythrocytes, suspended in a relatively conductive solution, was separated by means of continuous free flow electrophoresis (CFFE) under 1 g- and microgram- conditions using a specially designed electrophoretic module. Short duration microgram conditions were realized on board a sounding rocket. Due to the energy input and the associated thermal convection a separation of the three differently charged cell types in distinct peaks was not possible under 1 g-conditions as shown by reference experiments on the ground before launch. In contrast to the poor resolution under 1 g-conditions, clear separation of the cell mixture could be recorded after lift-off of the rocket under microgram-conditions. Repeated measurements demonstrated that the separation profile was completely stable during the entire microgram-phase of about 6 min. Since the CFFE experiment in space was an exact replica of the ground reference experiments, the results demonstrated unambiguously the potential of CFFE for cell separation under microgram-conditions in media of high ionic strength.
Modulating Retinoid X Receptor with a Series of (<i>E</i>)-3-[4-Hydroxy-3-(3-alkoxy-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)phenyl]acrylic Acids and Their 4-Alkoxy Isomers (2009)

Rexinoids are ligands for the retinoid X receptor (RXR) that have great promise for both the prevention and treatment of cancer and metabolic diseases. In this regard, synthetic, functional, and structural investigations into the structure-activity relationships of derivatives of the potent RXR agonist (E)-3-[3-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]acrylic acid (CD3254, 9) have been conducted. We recently reported on the characterization of a series of C3'-substituted alkyl ether analogues of 9 (10a-f), which display activities ranging from partial agonists to pure antagonists. The importance of the position of the alkoxy side chain for ligand activity has been further explored with the synthesis of C4'-substituted analogues (11a-f). Here we describe the synthesis of compounds 11a-f, which appear functionally different from their isomeric counterparts, as judged from transactivation assays and fluorescence anisotropy experiments. We also report on the 2.0 A resolution structure of RXR in complex with the parent compound 9, which helps understanding of the impact of the alkyl side chain location on ligand activity.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in a hollow dielectric waveguide (1977)

Hollow waveguides are shown to enhance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by two to three orders of magnitude for low-pressure gases. Theoretical and experimental comparisons of signals generated by tight focusing in a cell with those generated in a hollow waveguide are preented. These arguments show that maximum conversion in the hollow waveguide occurs at pressures on the order of several atmospheres compared to greater than 50 atm for tight focusing, and for low pressures enhancements are on the order of the square ofthe waveguide length to confocal beam parameter ratio.
Performance Measurement & Control Systems for Implementing Strategy (2000)

I. FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING STRATEGY 1. Organizational Tensions to be Managed. 2. Basics for Successful Strategy. 3. Organizing for Performance. 4. Using Information for Performance Measurement and Control. II. CREATING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 5. Building a Profit Plan. 6. Evaluating Strategic Profit Performance. 7. Designing Asset Allocation Systems. 8. Linking Performance to Markets. 9. Building a Balanced Scorecard. III. ACHIEVING PROFIT GOALS AND STRATEGIES 10. Using Diagnostic and Interactive Control Systems. 11. Aligning Performance Goals and Incentives. 12. Identifying Strategic Risk. 13. Managing Strategic Risk. 14. Levers of Control for Implementing Strategy. IV. CASE STUDIES ATH Technologies, Inc.: Making the Numbers. J Boats. MCI Communications: Planning for the 1990s. Asea Brown Boveri. ABB: Accountability Times Two (A). ABB: Accountability Times Two (B). ABB: The ABACUS System. Roy Rogers Restaurants. Codman & Shurtleff, Inc.: Planning and Control System. Hanson Ski Products. Walker and Company: Profit Plan Decisions. Compagnie du Froid, S.A. Texas Eastman Company. Burlington Northern: The ARES Decision (A). Tennessee Controls: The Strategic Ranking Problem. Birch Paper Company. Polysar Limited. Purity Steel Corporation, 1995. Western Chemical Corporation: Divisional Performance Measurement. Chadwick, Inc.: The Balanced Scorecard. Mobil USM&R (A): Linking the Balanced Scorecard. Citibank: Performance Evaluation. Nordstrom: Dissension in the Ranks? (A). Turner Construction Company: Project Management Control Systems. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A). Duckworth Industries, Inc.-Incentive Compensation Programs. Kidder, Peabody, & Co.: Creating Elusive Profits. Westchester Distributing, Inc. (A). Automatic Data Processing: The EFS Decision. Hamilton Financial Investments: A Franchise Built on Trust. Automation Consulting Services. Becton Dickinson-Designing the New SOF Planning Process. Guidant Corporation: Shaping Culture Through Systems.
Service Discovery and Substitution According to Inheritance of Behavior with Invariant Analysis (2009)

The development of service-oriented applications grows rapidly these years and gains more and more attention both from industry and from academe. Service-oriented applications are assembled from building blocks called service components whose profiles are defined by service specifications. When the dynamic changes happen in the service-oriented architectures, the service discovery and substitution should follow the inheritance of behavior so that the systems can be conformance. Inheritance of behavior can be formalized based on both in simple process-algebraic setting and in Petri-net framework. In this paper, we presented some necessary/sufficient conditions for the inheritance relations based on the invariant analysis.
A Consideration of Electrolyte Additives for LiNi<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>Li-Ion Cells (2013)

LNMO/LTO cells represent an excellent vehicle with which to test the impact of electrolyte additives on cell performance due to the high potential of LNMO which leads to electrolyte oxidation. Additives that prevent this oxidation are desired. Electrolyte additive researchers normally compare the capacity retention versus cycle number of cells with and without additives. If the capacity retention is improved, the additive is "good". In this paper, this logic is shown to be flawed. One additive, LiO-t-C4F9, which does improve capacity retention versus cycle number, is shown to do so by increasing electrolyte oxidation at the positive electrode. This causes increased charge end point capacity slippage and increased self discharge rates. As such, these additives, like many promoted in the literature, are not "good", but are "bad". On the other hand, one additive, Al(HFiP)3, is shown to reduce parasitic reactions at the LNMO electrode but does not lead to improved capacity retention. A full understanding of the impact of the additive on the parasitic reaction rates at both positive and negative electrodes is required before a sound judgment about the impact of an additive can be made. Therefore, additive researchers must pay attention to coulombic efficiency, capacity end point slippage, reversible and irreversible capacity loss during storage as well as voltage drop during storage in addition to the long-time cycling performance for cells to get an overall evaluation of electrolyte additives.
COVID‐19 patients' clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta‐analysis (2020)

The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical data, discharge rate, and fatality rate of COVID-19 patients for clinical help. The clinical data of COVID-19 patients from December 2019 to February 2020 were retrieved from four databases. We statistically analyzed the clinical symptoms and laboratory results of COVID-19 patients and explained the discharge rate and fatality rate with a single-arm meta-analysis. The available data of 1994 patients in 10 literatures were included in our study. The main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients were fever (88.5%), cough (68.6%), myalgia or fatigue (35.8%), expectoration (28.2%), and dyspnea (21.9%). Minor symptoms include headache or dizziness (12.1%), diarrhea (4.8%), nausea and vomiting (3.9%). The results of the laboratory showed that the lymphocytopenia (64.5%), increase of C-reactive protein (44.3%), increase of lactic dehydrogenase (28.3%), and leukocytopenia (29.4%) were more common. The results of single-arm meta-analysis showed that the male took a larger percentage in the gender distribution of COVID-19 patients 60% (95% CI [0.54, 0.65]), the discharge rate of COVID-19 patients was 52% (95% CI [0.34,0.70]), and the fatality rate was 5% (95% CI [0.01,0.11]).
New Acid Proteases from Scytalidium lignicolum M-133 (1972)

(1972). New Acid Proteases from Scytalidium lignicolum M-133. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 36, No. 9, pp. 1647-1650.