gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paclitaxel from Primary Taxanes:  A Perspective on Creative Invention in Organozirconium Chemistry (2007)

In this Perspective, which describes the achievements recognized by the 2007 ACS Award for Creative Invention, we discuss the discovery of a new synthetic reaction and its translation into a substantially improved method for manufacturing a major pharmaceutical product--the blockbuster anticancer drug, paclitaxel. The role of creativity in the discovery and invention processes is also discussed. As is often the case, chance discovery and serendipitous findings played a role in the evolution of this work. Translation of the basic research into a commercially viable paclitaxel semisynthesis is also described. The final manufacturing process illustrates the enormous impact that the globalization of markets has had on chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Clustering-Based Dynamic Event Location Using Wide-Area Phasor Measurements (2008)

This paper presents an online dynamic event location method that uses wide-area measurements. The method is based on an offline hierarchical clustering of N generators into coherent groups. The clustering method can be used to produce any number of groups between 1 and N. One measurement location is selected during the offline phase to represent each cluster in the online phase. Event location is formulated as finding the most likely group from which an event originates. The rotor frequencies of the representative generators are used to identify the cluster with the largest initial swing. The method is demonstrated for locating events caused by faults and generator trips on a 176-bus model. The online location accuracy is around 80% when the offline clustering is good.
Mechanical Strain Opens Connexin 43 Hemichannels in Osteocytes: A Novel Mechanism for the Release of Prostaglandin (2005)

Mechanosensing bone osteocytes express large amounts of connexin (Cx)43, the component of gap junctions; yet, gap junctions are only active at the small tips of their dendritic processes, suggesting another function for Cx43. Both primary osteocytes and the osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells respond to fluid flow shear stress by releasing intracellular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Cells plated at lower densities release more PGE2 than cells plated at higher densities. This response was significantly reduced by antisense to Cx43 and by the gap junction and hemichannel inhibitors 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone, even in cells without physical contact, suggesting the involvement of Cx43-hemichannels. Inhibitors of other channels, such as the purinergic receptor P2X7 and the prostaglandin transporter PGT, had no effect on PGE2 release. Cell surface biotinylation analysis showed that surface expression of Cx43 was increased by shear stress. Together, these results suggest fluid flow shear stress induces the translocation of Cx43 to the membrane surface and that unapposed hemichannels formed by Cx43 serve as a novel portal for the release of PGE2 in response to mechanical strain.
The Human Genome (2015)

This essay explores the influence of randomness in genetic change based on findings in the scientific literature. In many cases, random mutations are not the source of genetic variation that allows adaptation to an environmental change. Rather, innate mechanisms are the cause. Typical examples are used to illustrate how these systems work, and the evidence for them. Randomness appears to have less effect in causing micro-evolution then once assumed. But it has a significant influence in causing near neutral and deleterious mutations, resulting in genetic entropy. Some random mutations have a beneficial effect. However, all are due to gene damage that in some situations have limited beneficial effects. This suggests that major steps should be taken by the medical community to help ameliorate the adverse effects of random mutations on the human genome.
New Therapeutic Agents in the Management of Hypertension: Angiotensin II-Receptor Antagonists and Renin Inhibitors (1993)

Angiotensin II-receptor antagonists and renin inhibitors may be the next new classes of antihypertensives marketed. However, definitive conclusions about their roles in the management of hypertension are not possible until larger clinical trials assessing their efficacy and safety and comparing them with ACE inhibitors are completed.
Topical anti-inflammatory activity of yacon leaf extracts (2013)

Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob., Asteraceae, known as yacon, is an herb that is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes in folk medicine. However, recent studies have demonstrated that this plant has other interesting properties such as anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory actions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory property of different extracts prepared from yacon leaves and analyze the role of different chemical classes in this activity. Three yacon leaf extracts were obtained: aqueous extract, where chlorogenic acid derivatives and sesquiterpene lactones were detected; leaf rinse extract, rich in sesquiterpene lactones; and polar extract, rich in chlorogenic acid derivatives. All the extracts exhibited anti-edematogenic activity in vivo (aqueous extract: 25.9% edema inhibition at 0.50 mg/ear; polar extract: 42.7% inhibition at 0.25 mg/ear; and leaf rinse extract: 44.1% inhibition at 0.25 mg/ear). The leaf rinse extract furnished the best results regarding neutrophil migration inhibition, and NO, TNF-α and PGE2 inhibition. These data indicate that both sesquiterpene lactones and chlorogenic acid derivatives contribute to the anti-inflammatory action, although sesquiterpene lactones seem to have more pronounced effects. In conclusion, yacon leaf extracts, particularly the sesquiterpene lactone-rich extract, has potential use as topical anti-inflammatory agent.
Influence of Substrate Temperature on Physical Structure of AlN Thin Films Prepared on Polycrystalline MoSi <sub>2</sub> by rf Magnetron Sputtering (1995)

c‐axis‐oriented aluminum nitride thin films were prepared on polycrystalline molybdenum disilicide substrates by rf magnetron sputtering at substrate temperatures of 50°–500°C. The films with the best orientation and crystallinity were prepared at 300°C. The dependence of film microstructure on substrate temperature was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Consequently, the microstructure changed in accordance with the model proposed by Thornton. It was found that the orientation and crystallinity of the films were optimal when the films consisted of dense fibrous grains. Further, it was confirmed that piezoelectric measurements could be made from the films during mechanical impacts.
Structural dissociation of attentional control and memory in adults with and without mild traumatic brain injury (2008)

Memory and attentional control impairments are the two most common forms of dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and lead to significant morbidity in patients, yet these functions are thought to be supported by different brain networks. This 3 T magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study investigates whether microstructural integrity of white matter, as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) within a small set of individually localized regions of interest (ROIs), is associated with these cognitive domains in normal adults and adults with mild TBI. Results in a sample of 23 normal controls reveal a significant correlation between attentional control and FA within a ROI in the left hemisphere anterior corona radiata. Furthermore, the controls demonstrate a correlation between memory performance and FA in a ROI placed in the uncinate fasciculus. Next, to examine whether these relationships are found in the pathological ranges of attention, memory and microstructural white matter integrity associated with mild TBI, these analyses were applied to a group of 43 mild TBI patients. Results, which generally demonstrated a wider range of attention, memory and FA scores, replicated the correlation between attentional control and FA in left hemisphere anterior corona radiata, as well as the correlation between memory performance and FA in the uncinate fasciculus. These two sets of brain-behaviour relationships were highly specific, as shown by a lack of correlation between attention and uncinate fasciculus FA and the lack of correlation between memory performance and anterior corona radiata FA. Furthermore, a 'correlational double dissociation' was demonstrated to exist between two distinct frontal structures independently associated with attention and memory, respectively, via a series of multiple regression analyses in both normal controls and adults with mild TBI. The results of the multiple regression analyses provide direct evidence that tract-specific variation in microstructural white matter integrity among normal controls and among mild TBI patients can account for much of the variation in performance in specific cognitive domains. More generally, such findings suggest that diffusion anisotropy measurement can be used as a quantitative biomarker for neurocognitive function and dysfunction.
WIRELESS ECG MONITORING SYSTEM (2016)

Now a days in wireless communication network it is possible to transmit biomedical signal through wireless technology. As population increases diseases also increases so demand of ECG monitoring is required. To monitoring heart activity the ECG signal is used. Our system is divided into three subsystems 1.ECG Acquisition 2.Processing in ARM7 3.GSM.This is real time system. In this project we will design for monitoring of ECG data using ARM7 LPC2148 and GSM module .Here first data is acquired using ARM7 which is further sent wirelessly using GSM. The device will be economical. It will be helpful for the patient and doctor for easy Monitoring. It will be less complex as compared to other technology. Less Power is required for its operation and control of the device. This device is used in Hospital, Military, Homecare Unit, and Sports Training.
Distinguishing native conformations of proteins from decoys with an effective free energy estimator based on the OPLS all‐atom force field and the surface generalized born solvent model (2002)

Protein decoy data sets provide a benchmark for testing scoring functions designed for fold recognition and protein homology modeling problems. It is commonly believed that statistical potentials based on reduced atomic models are better able to discriminate native-like from misfolded decoys than scoring functions based on more detailed molecular mechanics models. Recent benchmark tests on small data sets, however, suggest otherwise. In this work, we report the results of extensive decoy detection tests using an effective free energy function based on the OPLS all-atom (OPLS-AA) force field and the Surface Generalized Born (SGB) model for the solvent electrostatic effects. The OPLS-AA/SGB effective free energy is used as a scoring function to detect native protein folds among a total of 48,832 decoys for 32 different proteins from Park and Levitt's 4-state-reduced, Levitt's local-minima, Baker's ROSETTA all-atom, and Skolnick's decoy sets. Solvent electrostatic effects are included through the Surface Generalized Born (SGB) model. All structures are locally minimized without restraints. From an analysis of the individual energy components of the OPLS-AA/SGB energy function for the native and the best-ranked decoy, it is determined that a balance of the terms of the potential is responsible for the minimized energies that most successfully distinguish the native from the misfolded conformations. Different combinations of individual energy terms provide less discrimination than the total energy. The results are consistent with observations that all-atom molecular potentials coupled with intermediate level solvent dielectric models are competitive with knowledge-based potentials for decoy detection and protein modeling problems such as fold recognition and homology modeling.
Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Chemical and Electrochemical Analysis of Mixed Conductors: A Case Study of Ceria (2005)

The AC impedance response of mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs) is derived from first principles and quantitatively compared with experimental data. While the approach is not entirely new, the derivation is provided in a unified and comprehensive manner. Using Sm 0.15 Ce 0.85 O 1.925–δ with Pt electrodes as a model system, a broad spectrum of electrical and thermodynamic properties is extracted solely from the measurement of impedance spectra over wide oxygen partial pressure and temperature ranges. Here, the oxygen partial pressure was varied from air [ p o 2 =0.21 atm] to H 2 [ p o 2 =10 −31 atm], and the temperature was varied from 500° to 650°C. It was essential for this analysis that the material under investigation exhibit, under some conditions, purely ionic behavior and, under others, mixed conducting behavior. The transition from ionic to mixed conducting behavior is recognizable not only from the oxygen partial pressure dependence of the total conductivity but also directly from the shape of the impedance spectra. Within the electrolytic regime, the impedance spectra (presented in Nyquist form) take the shape of simple, depressed arcs, whereas within the mixed conducting regime (under reducing conditions), the spectra exhibit the features associated with a half tear‐drop‐shaped element. Parameters derived from quantitative fitting of the impedance spectra include the concentration of free electron carriers, the mobilities and activation energies for both ion and electron transport, the electrolytic domain boundary, and the entropy and enthalpy of reduction. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of O 2 and H 2 at the Pt∣ceria interface has been characterized from these measurements. Under oxidizing conditions, the data suggest an oxygen electrochemical reaction that is rate limited by the dissociated adsorption/diffusion of oxygen species on the Pt electrode, similar to Pt∣YSZ (yttria‐stabilized zirconia). Under reducing conditions, the inverse of the electrode resistivity obeys a dependence, with an activation energy that is similar to that measured for the electronic conductivity. These results suggest that ceria is electrochemically active for hydrogen electro‐oxidation and that the reaction is limited by the rate of removal of electrons from the ceria surface.
Neurostimulation therapies in depression: a review of new modalities (2007)

While additional studies are clearly warranted, treatments that directly stimulate the brain appear to hold great therapeutic promise for severe psychiatric disorders.
Presence of endogenous calcium ion in horseradish peroxidase. Elucidation of metal-binding site by substitutions of divalent and lanthanide ions for calcium and use of metal-induced NMR (1H and 113Cd) resonances. (1986)

Some divalent (Cd2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) and lanthanide (Ln3+) ions can be substituted for endogenous Ca2+ of horseradish peroxidase (HRP, Ca2+-bound hemoenzyme) and maintain the protein structure in the heme vicinity as well as the enzymatic activity of HRP, as does Ca2+. However, due to lower affinity than Ca2+, the bound Ln3+ was readily replaced by Ca2+ to yield native HRP, in sharp contrast to other typical Ca2+-binding proteins, of which the affinity to Ln3+ is higher than to Ca2+. Addition of paramagnetic Ln3+ to Ca2+-free HRP induced a series of paramagnetically shifted 1H NMR resonances of protein at the first metal binding site in HRP. The pH-dependent spectral changes of the Ln3+-shifted resonances suggest that tyrosyl hydroxyl and glutamate and aspartate carboxyl groups are involved in the binding site of the Ca2+, other divalent ions, or Ln3+. The 113Cd NMR spectra of 113Cd2+-bound HRP also indicated the presence of one metal strongly bound to the oxygen ligands and another site with low affinity for the metal ions, which is consistent with the results from the Ln3+-induced proton NMR. All these results suggest that the binding of one metal ion to HRP is essential for its structural and functional properties.
Water Resistance and Vapor Permeance of Weather Resistive Barriers (2005)

Abstract Weather-resistive barriers (WRBs) are typically used in exterior walls of low rise frame buildings under claddings such as stucco (cement plaster), wood and wood derived products, vinyl (PVC), and masonry veneer. WRBs are primarily intended to provide resistance to water that may penetrate the outer cladding. WRBs also provide resistance to passage of air to varying extents but generally are moderately permeable to water vapor. Traditional WRB materials were limited to asphalt saturated felts and papers, but polymeric sheets have taken a growing share of the market in recent years. There are also trowel-applied and rigid board WRBs. Little information is available about the comparable properties of commercially available materials or what to consider when selecting the appropriate product for a particular application. Both building code requirements and vendors' product information are inconsistent and confusing. This paper, which is limited to the properties of water resistance and water vapor permeance, provides information that may be helpful in understanding, selecting, and using weather resistive barriers.
The First 35 Amino Acids and Fatty Acylation Sites Determine the Molecular Targeting of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase into the Golgi Region of Cells: A Green Fluorescent Protein Study (1997)

Catalytically active endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is located on the Golgi complex and in the caveolae of endothelial cells (EC). Mislocalization of eNOS caused by mutation of the N-myristoylation or cysteine palmitoylation sites impairs production of stimulated nitric oxide (NO), suggesting that intracellular targeting is critical for optimal NO production. To investigate the molecular determinants of eNOS targeting in EC, we constructed eNOS-green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras to study its localization in living and fixed cells. The full-length eNOS-GFP fusion colocalized with a Golgi marker, mannosidase II, and retained catalytic activity compared to wild-type (WT) eNOS, suggesting that the GFP tag does not interfere with eNOS localization or function. Experiments with different size amino-terminal fusion partners coupled to GFP demonstrated that the first 35 amino acids of eNOS are sufficient to target GFP into the Golgi region of NIH 3T3 cells. Additionally, the unique (Gly-Leu)5 repeat located between the palmitoylation sites (Cys-15 and -26) of eNOS is necessary for its palmitoylation and thus localization, but not for N-myristoylation, membrane association, and NOS activity. The palmitoylation-deficient mutants displayed a more diffuse fluorescence pattern than did WT eNOS-GFP, but still were associated with intracellular membranes. Biochemical studies also showed that the palmitoylation-deficient mutants are associated with membranes as tightly as WT eNOS. Mutation of the N-myristoylation site Gly-2 (abolishing both N-myristoylation and palmitoylation) caused the GFP fusion protein to distribute throughout the cell as GFP alone, consistent with its primarily cytosolic nature in biochemical studies. Therefore, eNOS targets into the Golgi region of NIH 3T3 cells via the first 35 amino acids, including N-myristoylation and palmitoylation sites, and its overall membrane association requires N-myristoylation but not cysteine palmitoylation. These results suggest a novel role for fatty acylation in the specific compartmentalization of eNOS and most likely, for other dually acylated proteins, to the Golgi complex.
EFFECTS OF LOWERING TEMPERATURE DURING CULTURE ON THE PRODUCTION OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE MARINE DIATOM <i>PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM</i> (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)<sup>1</sup> (2004)

The composition of fatty acids and contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the economically important marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin), were investigated to see whether reducing the culture temperature enhances the production of EPA and PUFAs. The contents of EPA and PUFAs of P . tricornutum were found to be higher at lower temperature when cultured at 10, 15, 20, or 25°C. When the cells grown at 25°C were shifted to 20, 15, or 10°C, the contents per dry mass of PUFAs and EPA increased to the maximal values in 48, 24, and 12 h, respectively. The highest yields of PUFAs and EPA per unit dry mass (per unit volume of culture) were 4.9% and 2.6% (12.4 and 6.6 mg·L −1 ), respectively, when temperature was shifted from 25 to 10°C for 12 h, both being raised by 120% compared with the control. The representative fatty acids in the total fatty acids, when temperature was lowered from 25 to 10°C, decreased proportionally by about 30% in C 16:0 and 20% in C 16:1(n−7) but increased about 85% in EPA. It was concluded that lowering culture temperature of P . tricornutum could significantly raise the yields of EPA and PUFAs.
SEED LIPIDS OF THE MIRACLE FRUIT (SYNSEPALUM DULCIFICUM) (1977)

The lipids from the Miracle Fruit seeds comprised 10.15% of the dry weight. The neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids were separated by silicic acid chromatography and the fatty acid composition of each fraction determined. The non-saponifiable lipids, amounting to 1.6% of the neutral lipids were separated into several fractions by thin-layer chromatography and the components of each analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbon fraction contained the n-alkane series from C17 to C32 with the C29 and C31 members present in relatively large quantities. The major triterpene alcohols were α-and β-amyrin and the major sterol was identified as δ7 spinasterol. Two short-chain alchols were also present.
Identity-based distributed cloud storage encryption scheme (2011)

Realizing the transformation from the storage device to the storage service by the application software is the core of cloud storage which is the combination of the application software and the storage device. However, the single cryptogram system cannot satisfy with the requirement of the privacy-preserving in cloud computing. Based on the assumption that the communication is absolute safe, an identity-based distributed encryption scheme is proposed in this paper to ensure the privacy safety of the cloud storage. The proposed scheme is more suitable for the privacy-preserving of mass users.
Construyendo comunidad desde lo público: el caso de las Superilles Socials (2021)

espanolEl articulo analiza el papel de lo publico en la construccion de lo comun con relacion a la organizacion social de los cuidados. Como hipotesis de partida se apunta que las acciones realizadas desde la politica publica pueden contribuir a fomentar el papel de la comunidad en la organizacion social de los cuidados, asi como la profesionalizacion del trabajo de atencion a la dependencia. A partir de una estrategia metodologica cualitativa, se presenta el estudio de caso realizado sobre el piloto de un nuevo modelo de gestion del Servicio de Atencion Domiciliaria impulsado desde el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona bajo el concepto de las Superilles Socials. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto el potencial tecnico de lo publico para propiciar lo comun, al tiempo que senalan la importancia de factores sociales, como las caracteristicas del territorio o la creacion de identidad, para el exito de un modelo basado en la cotidianeidad y la autogestion. EnglishThe article analyses the role of the public in the construction of the community regarding social care. The initial hypothesis points out that the actions carried out from public policy can contribute to promoting the community's role in the social care, as well as the professionalization of care work. From a qualitative methodological strategy, it presents the case study carried out on the Superilles Socials, a pilot for a new management model of the Home Care Service of the Barcelona City Council. The results show the technical potential of the public state to promote the community care. The main factors for this purpose include space, identity, daily life and self-management.