gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Visual Conversational Agents via Cooperative Human-AI Games (2017)

As AI continues to advance, human-AI teams are inevitable. However, progress in AI is routinely measured in isolation, without a human in the loop. It is crucial to benchmark progress in AI, not just in isolation, but also in terms of how it translates to helping humans perform certain tasks, i.e., the performance of human-AI teams. In this work, we design a cooperative game — GuessWhich — to measure human-AI team performance in the specific context of the AI being a visual conversational agent. GuessWhich involves live interaction between the human and the AI. The AI, which we call ALICE, is provided an image which is unseen by the human. Following a brief description of the image, the human questions ALICE about this secret image to identify it from a fixed pool of images. We measure performance of the human-ALICE team by the number of guesses it takes the human to correctly identify the secret image after a fixed number of dialog rounds with ALICE. We compare performance of the human-ALICE teams for two versions of ALICE. Our human studies suggest a counterintuitive trend – that while AI literature shows that one version outperforms the other when paired with an AI questioner bot, we find that this improvement in AI-AI performance does not translate to improved human-AI performance. This suggests a mismatch between benchmarking of AI in isolation and in the context of human-AI teams.
X-ray analog pixel array detector for single synchrotron bunch time-resolved imaging (2010)

Dynamic X-ray studies can reach temporal resolutions limited by only the X-ray pulse duration if the detector is fast enough to segregate synchrotron pulses. An analog integrating pixel array detector with in-pixel storage and temporal resolution of around 150 ns, sufficient to isolate pulses, is presented. Analog integration minimizes count-rate limitations and in-pixel storage captures successive pulses. Fundamental tests of noise and linearity as well as high-speed laser measurements are shown. The detector resolved individual bunch trains at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source at levels of up to 3.7 × 10(3) X-rays per pixel per train. When applied to turn-by-turn X-ray beam characterization, single-shot intensity measurements were made with a repeatability of 0.4% and horizontal oscillations of the positron cloud were detected.
Diode-pumped lasers at five eye-safe wavelengths (1992)

The authors have built CW, single-frequency, and Q-switched diode-pumped lasers at 2.02 mu m using Tm:YAG and at 2.09 mu m using Tm, Ho:YAG. For CW-pumped Q-switched operation near room temperature, Tm:YAG performed much better. CW diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers at 1.833 and 0.946 mu m were built. The 0.946- mu m laser was used to pump a Yb, Er:YAG laser, which oscillated at 1.623 mu m and a Yb, Er:Glass laser, which oscillated at 1.534 mu m.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
THE INFLUENCE OF THE HAIR FOLLICLE PHASE ON THE SURVIVAL TIME OF SKIN ALLOGRAFTS IN THE MOUSE (1970)

Institutes of Medical Anatomy A and Pathological Anatomy University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
Targeting safety-related errors during software requirements analysis (1993)

This paper provides a Safety Checklist for use during the analysis of software requirements for spacecraft and others safety-critical, embedded systems. The checklist specifically targets the two most common causes of safety-related software errors: (1) inadequate interface requirements and (2) discrepancies between the documented requirements and the requirements actually needed for correct functioning of the system. The analysis criteria represented in the checklist are evaluated by application to two spacecraft projects. Use of the checklist to enhance the software-requirements analysis is shown to reduce the number of safety-related software errors.
Utilizing Ecological Momentary Assessment in Pediatric Obesity to Quantify Behavior, Emotion, and Sleep (2009)

This study examined the feasibility of using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine important domains relevant to interregulatory health processes in overweight adolescent females in their natural environments. Participants were 20 overweight adolescent females engaged in a cognitive-behavioral and motivational interviewing intervention aimed at weight loss and improving mood (11-19 years old, 80% white, 15% African American, mean BMI = 39). During this EMA protocol, participants were asked to report their physical activity (PA), nutrition, mood, and sleep during 14 cellular phone calls over three extended weekends (Thursday to Monday). Simultaneously, participants wore an actigraph (armband and watch communicator) that provided instantaneous PA feedback (steps taken and kilocalories) and sleep parameters (duration and efficiency). EMA compliance rates for the armband and phone calls were 74.7 +/- 0.3% and 64.2 +/- 0.3%, respectively. Data from the armband and phone calls are presented to illustrate the depth of information acquired by utilizing this innovative methodology.
Automatic 2D segmentation of the left ventricle in tagged cardiac MRI using motion information (2005)

A new algorithm is presented to automatically segment the left ventricle from tagged MR images using motion information. This segmentation method is based on a deformable template which is fitted to tags' envelope image through an iterative process. Motion information is used for initializing the template. The method has been evaluated both on simulated and 5 in vivo datasets. A 5 slice levels, 36 frames per slice dataset is fully segmented in less than 10 minutes. The method proposed here has the potential to overcome the main drawbacks of previous approaches, such as user supervision and computing time, to foresee routine clinical use of tagged cardiac MRI.
Absorption of heme iron. (1998)

Heme iron is absorbed from meat more efficiently than dietary inorganic iron and in a different manner. Thus, iron deficiency is less frequent in countries where meat constitutes a significant part of the diet. Proteolytic digestion of myoglobin and hemoglobin results in the release of heme, which is maintained in a soluble form by globin degradation products so that it remains available for absorption. Chelators that either diminish or enhance the absorption of inorganic iron have little effect on the absorption of heme iron. Heme enters the small intestinal absorptive cell as an intact metalloporphyrin. This may be facilitated by a vesicular transport system. In the absorptive cell the porphyrin ring is split by heme oxygenase. The released inorganic iron becomes associated with mobilferrin and paraferritin, which acts as a ferrireductase to make iron available for production of iron-containing end products such as heme proteins. Mucosal transfer of iron into the body occurs competitively with dietary iron that entered the absorptive cell as inorganic iron because they both share a common pathway within the intestinal cell.
<title>Modified fused silica for 157-nm mask substrates</title> (2000)

The 1999 SIA roadmap predicts a severe acceleration of the reduction of feature sizes down to 100 nm in 2003 and further down to 70 nm in 2005, respectively. One of the most promising candidates to achieve this demanding goal is the 157 nm optical microlithography. But today there are still many uncertainties whether this technology will be ready in time for the semiconductor industry. The material for the mask substrates, for example is regarded as one of the potential showstoppers for this generation of optical microlithography. For present generations of optical microlithography (i-line, DUV and 193 nm) fused silica is the material of choice for mask substrates. Its superior mechanical, thermal and optical properties make it an ideal substrate material.
Coat Proteins and Vesicle Budding (1996)

The trafficking of proteins within eukaryotic cells is achieved by the capture of cargo and targeting molecules into vesicles that bud from a donor membrane and deliver their contents to a receiving department. This process is bidirectional and may involve multiple organelles within a cell. Distinct coat proteins mediate each budding event, serving both to shape the transport vesicle and to select by direct or indirect interaction the desired set of cargo molecules. Secretion, which has been viewed as a default pathway, may require sorting and packaging signals on transported molecules to ensure their rapid delivery to the cell surface.
Common variants at 12p11, 12q24, 9p21, 9q31.2 and in ZNF365 are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and/or BRCA2mutation carriers (2012)

The present findings, in combination with previously identified modifiers of risk, will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction and an improved understanding of the disease etiology in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
Dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone characterization: Influence of hydraulic property correlation on predictions of DNAPL infiltration and entrapment (2004)

The influence of aquifer property correlation on multiphase fluid migration and entrapment was explored through the use of correlated and uncorrelated porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure‐saturation (P c ‐Sat) parameter fields in a cross‐sectional numerical multiphase flow model. Data collected from core samples in a nonuniform sandy aquifer were used to generate three‐dimensional aquifer parameter fields. Porosity was assumed to be uniform or simulated using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS). Permeability ( k ) was modeled independently of porosity using SGS as well as simulated geostatistical indicator classes derived from measured grain size distribution curves. Retention characteristics were assigned employing Leverett scaling of a representative P c ‐Sat curve to the geostatistical k fields or, alternatively, on the basis of simulated indicator classes and porosity values. Ensemble dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) infiltration and entrapment behavior for a hypothetical tetrachloroethylene (PCE) spill was simulated in four sets of two‐dimensional profiles extracted from these realizations. Comparisons of saturation profiles and spatial moments from point source DNAPL infiltration simulations suggest that choices involving the geostatistical algorithm used to model k and the incorporation of variable versus uniform porosity have a smaller influence than choices involving the scaling of capillary retention properties to k . From these simulations it is apparent that the degree of spatial correlation in P c ‐Sat parameters exerts a controlling influence on predicted DNAPL spreading and redistribution in saturated aquifers. The resultant distribution of mass within a DNAPL source zone will have implications for DNAPL recovery and subsequent mass fluxes in remediation operations.
Geomorphic Controls of Arsenic in Ground Water in Purbasthali I & II Blocks of Burdwan District, West Bengal, India (2010)

In this study source wise and operation wise energy consumption for soybean production under canal and pump irrigation system conditions were investigated. Also energy and water indicators were analyzed to better understand the main effects from utilization of different irrigation systems on water and energy use. For these purposes data were collected from 94 soybean producers in Golestan province of Iran, using a face to face questionnaire method. The results revealed that under pump and canal irrigation conditions the total energy input was 38266.71 and 17255.96 MJ ha−1, and energy use efficiency was 2.14 and 4.62, respectively. The three major energy consumer inputs under pump irrigation system were electricity, fertilizers and diesel fuel; while in canal irrigation conditions they were fertilizers, diesel fuel and indirect energy of irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, water energy use efficiency was calculated as 3.68 and 29.94 for pump and canal irrigation conditions, respectively. Water energy ratio under canal irrigation was found to be 58.23%, from which the shares of direct and indirect energies of irrigation were 49.08% and 9.15%, respectively; while under canal irrigation conditions it was found to be 15.42% and the contribution of direct energy compared to indirect energy for irrigation was relatively low. In order to reduce energy consumption and improve energy use efficiency and water productivity, it is suggested to use canal irrigation systems, design suitable schemes for high irrigation efficiency and to improve the energy use efficiency for of water pumping systems.
KRP-203, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Type 1 Agonist, Ameliorates Atherosclerosis in LDL-R <sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2013)

Present results demonstrate that activation of S1P signaling pathways inhibit atherosclerosis by modulating lymphocyte and macrophage function and suggest that S1P receptor type 1 at least partially mediates antiatherogenic effects of S1P.
Vaccination of Dogs with a Recombinant Cysteine Protease from the Intestine of Canine Hookworms Diminishes the Fecundity and Growth of Worms (2004)

We expressed a catalytically active cysteine protease, Ac-CP-2, from the blood-feeding stage of the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum and vaccinated dogs with the purified protease. Dogs acquired high-titer, antigen-specific antibody responses, and adult hookworms recovered from the intestines of vaccinated dogs were significantly smaller than hookworms from control dogs. There was also a marked decrease in fecal egg counts and the number of female hookworms in vaccinated dogs. Ac-CP-2 is expressed by the parasite in the brush-border membrane of its alimentary canal, and anti-Ac-CP-2 antibodies were bound to the gut of hookworms from vaccinated dogs, which suggests that these antibodies were ingested by the parasites with their blood meal. IgG from vaccinated dogs decreased proteolytic activity against a peptide substrate by 73%, which implies that neutralizing antibodies were induced by vaccination. These results indicate that cysteine proteases involved in parasite nutrition are promising candidates as vaccines against hookworm disease.
An analog VLSI chip with asynchronous interface for auditory feature extraction (2002)

We describe the architecture and circuit implementation of an analog VLSI feature extraction chip that has an asynchronous digital interface and is designed to serve as an auditory based front-end for a digit recognition system. The single chip system encodes signal energies and zero crossing time intervals of frequency components in a cochlear filter bank. The chip has been fabricated in a 1.2 /spl mu/m n-well, double polysilicon, double metal CMOS process and it is fully functional. Power consumption when operated from a 5 V supply is only a few milliwatts.
A new algorithm for improving the accuracy of periodic signal analysis (1996)

Digital periodic signal analysis often requires synchronized sampling with the signal being analyzed. In certain practical situations, however, this condition is difficult to satisfy. As a result, a number of undesirable effect such as the spectral leakage associated with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and the truncation errors in digital wattmeters arise and degrade system performance. This paper presents a new approach which attempts to remedy the underlying problem. The basic idea of the proposed method is to modify the actual sampled sequence such that it becomes an ideal sample sequence which is synchronized with the signal subjected to sampling. A simple algorithm for modifying the sampled sequence on-line is derived based on interpolation. The proposed approach requires quite modest additional computational burden which makes it suitable for real-time signal professing. To illustrate the practical applicability of the proposed algorithm, the paper considers two distinct but common cases. First, it shows how the proposed method can be used in the case of DFT analysis of harmonic signals, and secondly, it considers the digital wattmeter application area in electrical power-system measurement. Results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of reducing both the leakage effect in DFT analysis and truncation errors in digital wattmeters.
A rapid molecular assay for the detection of antibiotic resistance determinants in causal agents of infective endocarditis (2001)

Rapid detection of antibiotic resistant organisms may reduce the use of inappropriate antibiotic agents or enable the use of the most appropriate combinations of antibiotics, other than those that would normally be prescribed empirically for IE. Such a method may be particularly valuable in cases of culture-negative endocarditis. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes by molecular-based techniques, namely PCR, will allow more directed antibiotic therapy and may also provide opportunities for earlier identification of resistant organisms.
Postprocessing Model-Predicted Rainfall Fields in the Spectral Domain Using Phase Information from Radar Observations (2012)

Abstract In an attempt to combine the short-term skill of radar nowcasting and the long-term skill of numerical models, successive 15-min rainfall accumulations obtained from the U.S. national radar composites and predicted by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are corrected by adjusting the phases of Fourier components in the spectral domain while keeping the amplitudes invariant. The phase information is first obtained by decomposing the radar and model fields into Fourier space. Then, to correct the model outputs, a new set of Fourier components is constructed using the phases from the radar image and amplitudes from the model image. The corrected model image can be obtained by inverse transformation of the new set of Fourier components. Scales of wavelengths starting from 50 to 500 km are playing a crucial role in correcting the positional and intensity errors of continental-scale precipitating systems predicted by the WRF model, while scales greater than 500 km are contributing very little, which is negligible. The model errors are characterized in terms of phase and power. Compared to power/amplitude correction, phase correction plays a major role in eliminating the positional and intensity errors. Scales that are responsible for the errors or not predicted by the model have a decorrelation time of about 2 h in both the zonal and meridional directions. The higher critical success index (CSI) and smaller RMS error values of the radar-extrapolated and phase-corrected fields compared with the WRF model–predicted fields indicate that the extrapolated phase information can be used to correct the model outputs up to a lead time of about 4 h.
GaAs/GaAlAs Surface Emitting IR-LED with Bragg Reflector Grown by MOCVD. (1992)

Surface emitting GaAs/GaAlAs diodes with a Bragg reflector grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were investigated. They have a double heterostructure and a Bragg reflector consisting of 25 pairs of Ga1-x Alx As/GaAs multilayers (x=1 or 0.45) between the GaAs substrate and the cladding layer. Since the light is refleted by the Bragg reflector, the absorption by the substrate can be avoided and high external quantum efficiency is achieved. The emission spectra are, however, oscillating as a result of the interference of the light reflected by the emitting surface and by the Bragg reflector. The oscillation was removed by coating an anti-reflecting layer on the surface. An output light power of 8mW operated at 50mA was obtained, which is fourtimes higher compared with the case of no Bragg reflector.
Effect of Pasteurization on Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Milk (2002)

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mptb) is the causative agent of Johne's disease of ruminant animals including cattle, goats, and sheep. It has been suggested that this organism is associated with Crohn's disease in humans, and milk is a potential source of human exposure to this organism. A total of 18, including 7 regular batch and 11 high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization experiments, were conducted in this study. Raw milk or ultra-high temperature pasteurized milk samples were spiked at levels of 10(3), 10(5), and 10(7) cfu of Mptb/ml. Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains at 10(7) cfu/ml were used as controls. Pasteurization experiments were conducted using time and temperature standards specified in the Canadian National Dairy Code: regular batch pasteurization method: 63 degrees C for 30 min, and HTST method: 72 degrees C for 15 s. The death curve of this organism was assessed at 63 degrees C. No survivors were detected after 15 min. Each spiked sample was cultured in Middlebrook 7H9 culture broth and Middlebrook 7H11 agar slants. Samples selected from 15 experiments were also subjected to BACTEC culture procedure. Survival of Mptb was confirmed by IS900-based PCR of colonies recovered on slants. No survivors were detected from any of the slants or broths corresponding to the seven regular batch pasteurization trials. Mptb survivors were detected in two of the 11 HTST experiments. One was by both slant and broth culture for the sample spiked to 10(7) cfu/ml of Mptb, while the other was detected by BACTEC for the sample spiked to 10(5) cfu/ml. These results indicate that Mptb may survive HTST pasteurization when present at > or = 10(5) cfu/ml in milk. A total of 710 retail milk samples collected from retail store and dairy plants in southwest Ontario were tested by nested IS900 PCR for the presence of Mptb. Fifteen percent of these samples (n = 110) were positive. However, no survivors were isolated from the broth and agar cultures of 44 PCR positive and 200 PCR negative retail milk samples. The lack of recovery of live Mptb from the retail milk samples tested may be due to either the absence of live Mptb in the retail milk samples tested or the presence of low number of viable Mptb which were undetected by the culture method used in this study.
Oxidative Dimerization of 2-Aminoimidazoles by Molecular Bromine. Synthesis of Parazoanthoxanthin A (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTOxidative Dimerization of 2-Aminoimidazoles by Molecular Bromine. Synthesis of Parazoanthoxanthin AYing-zi Xu, Kenichi Yakushijin, and David A. HorneView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 26, 9569–9571Publication Date (Web):December 27, 1996Publication History Received4 September 1996Published online27 December 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9616973https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9616973brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views433Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Bromine,Dimerization,Metabolism,Oxidation,Reaction products Get e-Alerts