gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field emission from short and stubby vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (2001)

Electron emission from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition has been measured using a parallel plate anode and a 1 μm tungsten probe. The field emission characteristics were measured as a function of the nanotube diameter, length, and areal density. It was found that less densely populated “short and stubby” nanotubes with diameters of 200 nm and heights of 0.7 μm showed the best emission characteristics with a threshold voltage of 2 V/μm and saturation emission current density of 10 mA/cm2. A triple junction between nanotube, substrate, and vacuum is proposed to explain our results.
New directions in medical imaging of cancer. Magnetic resonance methods and single photon emission computed tomography (1991)

Magnetic resonance methods and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are developing technologies that provide both functional and anatomic information. Their role in the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer is the subject of current clinical research. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) delineates organs and tissue heterogeneities using differences in the relaxation parameters of water and fat protons; both protons and other nuclei can be imaged or studied by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to provide information on the state of naturally occurring or infused molecules. SPECT quantifies the distribution of radiolabeled agents in tissues and organs; labeled monoclonal antibodies provide highly specific imaging of tumors. Spatial resolution is the limiting technologic factor. Proton MRI provides the highest current resolution, better than 1 mm in vivo in deep tissues, whereas the resolution of MRS and SPECT is limited to several cubic centimeters. Recent advances in these technologies have significantly increased their specificity and ability to detect small, deep lesions.
The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica (2005)

Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite and the causative agent of amoebiasis, which is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Here we present the genome of E. histolytica, which reveals a variety of metabolic adaptations shared with two other amitochondrial protist pathogens: Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. These adaptations include reduction or elimination of most mitochondrial metabolic pathways and the use of oxidative stress enzymes generally associated with anaerobic prokaryotes. Phylogenomic analysis identifies evidence for lateral gene transfer of bacterial genes into the E. histolytica genome, the effects of which centre on expanding aspects of E. histolytica's metabolic repertoire. The presence of these genes and the potential for novel metabolic pathways in E. histolytica may allow for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. The genome encodes a large number of novel receptor kinases and contains expansions of a variety of gene families, including those associated with virulence. Additional genome features include an abundance of tandemly repeated transfer-RNA-containing arrays, which may have a structural function in the genome. Analysis of the genome provides new insights into the workings and genome evolution of a major human pathogen.
Base Excision Repair Defects Invoke Hypersensitivity to PARP Inhibition (2014)

BER deficiency represents a new therapeutic opportunity to enhance PARPi efficacy.
SAR assessment using tissues Homogenization Technique (2006)

This paper presents a new approach which allows reducing the computation time as well as the memory requirement. Dealing with SAR assessment the resolution often used nowadays is the millimetre resolution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. Such resolution complies with the numerical constraints up to 5GHz but requires large memory and induces important computation time. Using homogenized tissues and larger grid for the electric field calculation and non homogenized tissues for the conductivity and density the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) can by estimated with a limited reduction of accuracy. This Tissues Homogenization Technique (THT) has been analyzed with a 1D multilayer structure exposed to a plane wave and to a dipole operated at 900MHz and applied to a 3D child head model exposed to a plane wave. This THT approach allows relaxing the constraints on the grid size of simulations performed with the finite difference in time domain with a limited impact on the accuracy of simulations.
Mutations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway: role in tumor progression and therapeutic implications in breast cancer (2011)

Mutations in genes that constitute the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway occur in >70% of breast cancers. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that PI3K pathway activation promotes resistance to some of the current breast cancer therapies. PI3K is a major signaling hub downstream of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 and other receptor tyrosine kinases. PI3K activates AKT, serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase (SGK), phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and several other molecules involved in cell cycle progression and survival. In estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer cells, PI3K activation promotes estrogen-dependent and -independent ER transcriptional activity, which, in turn, may contribute to anti-estrogen resistance. Activation of this pathway also confers resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. In experimental models of resistance to anti-estrogens and HER2 inhibitors, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR has been shown to overcome drug resistance. Early clinical data suggest that combined inhibition of either HER2 or ER plus inhibition of the PI3K pathway might be an effective strategy for treatment of respective HER2+ and ER+ breast cancers resistant to standard therapies. Here, we review alterations in the PI3K pathway in breast cancer, their association with therapeutic resistance, and the state of clinical development of PI3K pathway inhibitors.
PROBING EXCITATION‐CONTRACTION COUPLING IN TRACHEALIS SMOOTH MUSCLE WITH THE MYCOTOXIN CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID (1996)

1. Muscarinic stimulation-induced tonic contraction of airway smooth muscle is independent of membrane potential. This contraction is not sensitive to inhibition by voltage-operated Ca2+ channel blockers or by K+ channel openers. 2. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) inhibits Ca2+ loading of internal stores but does not affect maximal tonic contraction induced by acetylcholine (ACh) in steady state conditions. 3. After depletion of internal Ca2+ stores with CPA, ACh-induced tonic contraction becomes dependent upon values of membrane potential. The contraction is then sensitive to voltage-operated Ca2+ channel blockers and to K+ channel openers. 4. Treatment of trachealis muscle with CPA potentiates the M2-mediated component of ACh stimulation, but this potentiation is not entirely responsible for the switch in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling. 5. It is proposed that depletion of internal Ca2+ stores with CPA and promotion of M2-stimulation can lead to a switch in E-C coupling in trachealis smooth muscle from pharmaco- to electromechanical mode, perhaps by targeting a plasma membrane K+ channel.
Effect of Crude Fractions of<i>Psoralea corylifolia</i>Seed Extract on Bone Calcification (1996)

Non-polar crude fractions (Ho-0 and Ho-1) of an acetone extract of Psoralea corylifolia seeds were administrated orally to untreated and experimental rachitic rats. In the biological screening of the fractions, Ho-1, an elution with n-hexane-ethyl acetate by column chromatography over silica gel of the acetone extract, untreated rats showed a significant elevation of the serum inorganic phosphorus and revealed histomorphometrically a significant increase in bone calcification. When Ho-0, an elution with n-hexane, and Ho-1 were administrated to the rachitic rats fed with a vitamin D-free, low-phosphorus diet, they not only increased significantly the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in serum, but also significantly promoted bone calcification. Administration of 30 mg/kg of Ho-1 resulted in a marked decrease of osteoid volume and improvement of hyperosteoidosis in rachitic rats. These results suggested that Ho-0 and Ho-1 are useful as a remedy for bone fracture, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and related conditions.
Decoding SARS-CoV-2 hijacking of host mitochondria in COVID-19 pathogenesis (2020)

Because of the ongoing pandemic around the world, the mechanisms underlying the SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 are subject to intense investigation. Based on available data for the SARS-CoV-1 virus, we suggest how CoV-2 localization of RNA transcripts in mitochondria hijacks the host cell's mitochondrial function to viral advantage. Besides viral RNA transcripts, RNA also localizes to mitochondria. SARS-CoV-2 may manipulate mitochondrial function indirectly, first by ACE2 regulation of mitochondrial function, and once it enters the host cell, open-reading frames (ORFs) such as ORF-9b can directly manipulate mitochondrial function to evade host cell immunity and facilitate virus replication and COVID-19 disease. Manipulations of host mitochondria by viral ORFs can release mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cytoplasm and activate mtDNA-induced inflammasome and suppress innate and adaptive immunity. We argue that a decline in ACE2 function in aged individuals, coupled with the age-associated decline in mitochondrial functions resulting in chronic metabolic disorders like diabetes or cancer, may make the host more vulnerable to infection and health complications to mortality. These observations suggest that distinct localization of viral RNA and proteins in mitochondria must play essential roles in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying virus communication with host mitochondria may provide critical insights into COVID-19 pathologies. An investigation into the SARS-CoV-2 hijacking of mitochondria should lead to novel approaches to prevent and treat COVID-19.
Role of Peyer's patch in the intestinal immune response to cholera toxin in enterically immunized rats (1987)

Cholera toxin has been widely used to obtain insight into the cellular dynamics of the antigen-specific mucosal immune response. The present study was undertaken to clarify the influence of the organized intestinal lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches [PP]) on the distribution of anti-cholera-toxin-containing cells (ACC) after intraperitoneal immunization and intraduodenal challenge with purified cholera toxin. This was done in rats which were surgically deprived of all visible PP. In comparison with sham-operated animals, each PP-deprived rat had nearly the same amount of ACC in the spleen, the mesenteric lymph nodes, and, surprisingly, the thoracic duct lymph. In contrast, the ACC in the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum of each PP-deprived animal were drastically reduced. Therefore the PP are suggested as an important organizing structure for the buildup of a local antigen-specific immune response.
Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in U.S. Drinking Water (2008)

The drinking water for more than 28 million people was screened for a diverse group of pharmaceuticals, potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), and other unregulated organic contaminants. Source water, finished drinking water, and distribution system (tap) water from 19 U.S. water utilities was analyzed for 51 compounds between 2006 and 2007. The 11 most frequently detected compounds were atenolol, atrazine, carbamazepine, estrone, gemfibrozil, meprobamate, naproxen, phenytoin, sulfamethoxazole, TCEP, and trimethoprim. Median concentrations of these compounds were less than 10 ng/L, except for sulfamethoxazole in source water (12 ng/L), TCEP in source water (120 ng/L), and atrazine in source, finished, and distribution system water (32, 49, and 49 ng/L). Atrazine was detected in source waters far removed from agricultural application where wastewater was the only known source of organic contaminants. The occurrence of compounds in finished drinking water was controlled by the type of chemical oxidation (ozone or chlorine) used at each plant. At one drinking water treatment plant, summed monthly concentrations of the detected analytes in source and finished water are reported. Atenolol, atrazine, DEET, estrone, meprobamate, and trimethoprim can serve as indicator compounds representing potential contamination from other pharmaceuticals and EDCs and can gauge the efficacy of treatment processes.
The Meat Buyer’s Guide (2007)

The North American Meat Processors Association (NAMP) is proud to present this revised and expanded version of The Meat Buyer’s Guide:Beef,Lamb,Veal,Pork,and Poultry to purchasers of meat products worldwide.
An adaptive architecture for monitoring and failure analysis of high-speed networks (2003)

Describes the design of a reconfigurable device using an FPGA (field programmable gate array) whose primary function is high-speed (several Gb/s) network data monitoring and run-time adaptive fault injection and statistics gathering for failure analysis. The device is designed for two types of media: Myrinet SAN and Fibre Channel, and failure analysis can be performed simultaneously over both of these networks. Although the device intercepts and retransmits signals on the network, no impact on the data transfer rate is observed and the latency caused by inserting the device in the network is negligible. The fault injection capabilities are demonstrated on a Myrinet LAN. Fault injection experiments are conducted on data transmitted across the network, including control packets previously inaccessible to software-based techniques.
A New Method for Radionuclide Imaging of Myocardial Infarcts (1974)

Lesions such as ischemia, which result in myocardial cell death, are accompanied by cellular influx of calcium ions which localize within the mitochondria in the crystalline structure hydroxy-apatite. Using 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate, an agent which labels hydoxyapatite for bone scanning, the authors have produced scintillation camera images of experimental myocardial infarcts in dogs. Tracer localization disappears with time, suggesting application of this method to fresh infarcts.
Semiconductor Avalanche Diode Detectors for Quantum Cryptography (2006)

Advances in semiconductor single photon avalanche diode detectors have enabled an expansion in photon-counting application areas in the near-infrared. Of particular relevance is the application area of quantum key distribution in which secure encryption keys can be shared between users using information derived from streams of encoded single-photons. We report progress towards the objective\nof a practical, high efficiency detector at the strategically important 1550nm wavelength band.
Minimal dispersion refractive index profiles (1979)

The analogy between optics and quantum mechanics is exploited by considering a 2-D quantum system whose Schroedinger equation is closely related to the wave equation for light propagation in an optical fiber. From this viewpoint, Marcatili's condition for minimal-dispersion-refractive-index profiles, and the Olshansky- Keck formula for rms pulse spreading in an alpha-profile fiber may be derived without recourse to the WKB approximation. Besides affording physical insight into these results, the present approach points out a possible limitation in their application to real fibers.
1,1'-Dithiolenes: the Good, the Not Bad, and the Ugly (1995)

A series of 1, 1"-dithiolate ligands were used in the attempted preparation of metal complexes. These bidentate sulphur ligands were subsequently used in aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions giving rise to several novel organic donor molecules. The electrochemistry data of two of the donors and their subsequent use in the preparation of donor-acceptor compounds is presented. One donor-acceptor compound exhibited high room temperature conductivity (up to 900 S cm -1 ) and remained metallic down to low temperature. One donor containing two tetrathiafulvalene units was studied by near infrared absorption spectroscopy. An intervalence transition in the monocation form of this donor was observed, indicating that it behaves as a class II mixed valence compound.
A Comparison of the Efficacy of Medications for Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Meta-Analysis of Effect Sizes (2009)

Although both stimulant and nonstimulant medications are effective for treating ADHD in adults, stimulant medications show greater efficacy for the short durations of treatment characteristic of placebo-controlled studies. We found no significant differences between short- and long-acting stimulant medications. Study design features vary widely among studies and can confound indirect comparisons unless addressed statistically as we have done in this study.
Knowledge Capital and Growth (2015)

Abstract The measure of knowledge capital is introduced in empirical growth modelling. The knowledge capital measure turns out to be very closely related to economic growth rates in cross-country growth regressions. Simple growth models considering knowledge capital (in addition to years of schooling and initial income levels) account for three quarters of the international variation in growth rates – in stark contrast to models excluding cognitive skills that can account for just one quarter of the variation. The empirical results are remarkably stable in the face of alternative specifications, varying samples, and alternative measures of cognitive skills, demonstrating a robustness uncommon to most cross-country growth modelling. Moreover, knowledge capital has a dramatic impact on growth rates: one standard deviation higher cognitive skills of a country’s workforce is associated with approximately two percentage points higher annual growth in per-capita GDP. It is also true that having both top performers (rocket scientists) and a broad base of proficiency (education for all) is important for growth.
Cellular Mechanisms of Tissue Fibrosis. 8. Current and future drug targets in fibrosis: focus on Rho GTPase-regulated gene transcription (2014)

Tissue fibrosis occurs with excessive extracellular matrix deposition from myofibroblasts, resulting in tissue scarring and inflammation. It is driven by multiple mediators, such as the G protein-coupled receptor ligands lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin, as well as signaling by transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and integrins. Fibrosis contributes to 45% of deaths in the developed world. As current therapeutic options for tissue fibrosis are limited and organ transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage disease, there is an imminent need for efficacious antifibrotic therapies. This review discusses the various molecular pathways involved in fibrosis. It highlights the Rho GTPase signaling pathway and its downstream gene transcription output through myocardin-related transcription factor and serum response factor as a convergence point for targeting this complex set of diseases.
Phase-shifting digital holography with a phase difference between orthogonal polarizations (2006)

Phase-shifting digital holography with a phase difference between orthogonal polarizations is proposed. The use of orthogonal polarizations can make it possible to record two phase-shifted holograms simultaneously. By combining the holograms with the distributions of a reference wave and an object wave, the complex field of the object's wavefront can be obtained. Preliminary experimental results are shown to confirm the proposed method.
Animals That Randomly Reorient at Cues Left by Correlated Random Walkers Do the Lévy Walk (2010)

For many years, correlated random walks have been the dominant conceptual models used in describing nonoriented animal movements. Here it is shown that Lévy walk movement patterns will arise from animals that randomly reorient on detection of odor trails and/or scent marks left by correlated random walkers. The emergent Lévy walk movement patterns are advantageous when one is randomly searching for sparsely distributed resources. Consequently, there will be strong selection pressures for the aforementioned reorientation process when resources are sparsely distributed within unpredictable environments inhabited by correlated random walkers. This selection pressure may drive the evolution of Lévy walk strategies in these landscapes. The mechanism may account for the Lévy walk movement patterns of microzooplankton in the presence of mobile phytoplankton and those of a species of African jackal that scavenges within landscapes inhabited by other animal species. These findings show that Lévy walks and fractal scaling do not exist outside of the correlated random-walk paradigm, as is widely thought, but are instead natural consequences of it.
Visualization of Large-Scale Distributed Data (2012)

An effective visualization is best achieved through the creation of a proper representation of data and the interactive manipulation and querying of the visualization. Large-scale data visualization is particularly challenging because the size of the data is several orders of magnitude larger than what can be managed on an average desktop computer. Large-scale data visualization therefore requires the use of distributed computing. By leveraging the widespread expansion of the Internet and other national and international high-speed network infrastructure such as the National LambdaRail, Internet-2, and the Global Lambda Integrated Facility, data and service providers began to migrate toward a model of widespread distribution of resources. This chapter introduces different instantiations of the visualization pipeline and the historic motivation for their creation. The authors examine individual components of the pipeline in detail to understand the technical challenges that must be solved in order to ensure continued scalability. They discuss distributed data management issues that are specifically relevant to large-scale visualization. They also introduce key data rendering techniques and explain through case studies approaches for scaling them by leveraging distributed computing. Lastly they describe advanced display technologies that are now considered the “lenses” for examining large-scale data.