gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gastric cancer cells exploit CD4+ cell‐derived CCL5 for their growth and prevention of CD8+ cell‐involved tumor elimination (2008)

The level of serum CCL5, a C-C chemokine, is reportedly correlated with tumor progression in several cancers. We herein investigated the mechanisms by which CCL5 might contribute to tumor progression in gastric cancer. Serum CCL5 levels significantly correlated with tumor progression and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressed CCL5, while the tumor cells expressed the CCL5 receptors. Fluorescent double staining showed that tumor-infiltrating CD4+ cells rather than CD8+ cells preferentially expressed CCL5. Using gastric cancer cell lines (MKN45, KATO III), we examined CCL5 production by coculturing whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CD4+ cells, or CD8+ cells, with tumor cells. CD4+ cells cocultured with tumor cells remarkably enhanced CCL5 production in a direct cell-cell contact manner over other cocultured PBMCs, including CD8+ cells. Gastric cancer cell lines expressed CCL5 receptors and augmented their proliferation in response to CCL5 stimulation. Furthermore, we examined the effect of CCL5-treated cancer cells on the cocultured PBMCs, focusing on the CD4+/CD8+ proportion and apoptosis. Coculture of CCL5-treated gastric cancer cells with PBMCs resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of CD8+ cells but not CD4+ cells, suggesting Fas-FasL-mediated apoptosis in CD8+ cells. In immunodeficient mice coinjected with KATO III and PBMCs, neutralization of CCL5 significantly suppressed tumor progression, resulting in a favorable outcome. In conclusion, gastric cancer cells might thus induce CD4+ T cells to secrete CCL5 and exploit it for their progression, as well as to aid in the prevention of CD8+ T cell-involved tumor elimination.
Solving satisfiability problems using reconfigurable computing (2001)

This paper reports on an innovative approach for solving satisfiability problems for propositional formulas in conjunctive normal form (SAT) by creating a logic circuit that is specialized to solve each problem instance on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This approach has become feasible due to recent advances in reconfigurable computing and has opened up an exciting new research field in algorithm design. SAT is an important subclass of constraint satisfaction problems, which can formalize a wide range of application problems. We have developed a series of algorithms that are suitable for a logic circuit implementation, including an algorithm whose performance is equivalent to the Davis-Putnam procedure with powerful dynamic variable ordering. Simulation results show that this method can solve a hard random 3-SAT problem with 400 variables within 1.6 min at a clock rate of 10 MHz. Faster speeds can be obtained by increasing the clock rate. Furthermore, we have actually implemented a 128-variable 256-clause problem instance on FPGAs.
Immunomodulation Induced by Tucaresol in HIV Infection: Results of a 16 Week Pilot Phase I/II Trial (2004)

In HAART-receiving patients with proper virus suppression, tucaresol was not associated with serious adverse events and resulted in qualitative and quantitative stimulation of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and generation of naive T cells. These data may support further exploration of tucaresol use in reconstitution of immune system parameters in HIV patients with proper virus suppression while on HAART.
Binding of intracellular anti-Rev single chain variable fragments to different epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rev: variations in viral inhibition (1996)

Intracellular immunization to target the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein Rev has been explored as a genetic therapy for AIDS. Efficient intracellular expression of rearranged immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable regions of anti-Rev monoclonal antibodies, with various vectors, and subsequent inhibition of HIV-1 replication have been previously reported by our laboratories. To further understand the molecular mechanisms and effects that intracellular anti-Rev single chain variable fragments (SFvs) have against HIV-1, via blocking of Rev function, two anti-Rev SFvs which specifically bind to differing epitopes of the Rev protein have been cloned. One SFv binds to the Rev activation domain, and the second SFv binds to the distal C terminus of Rev in the nonactivation region. Further studies now demonstrate that both anti-Rev SFvs lead to variable resistance to HIV-1 infection. Although binding affinity assays demonstrated that the SFv which specifically recognizes the Rev activation domain (D8) had an extracellular binding affinity significantly lower than that of the SFv specific to the nonactivation region (D1O), the SFv D8 demonstrated more potent activity in inhibiting virus production in human T-cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells than did SFv D10. Thus, extracellular binding affinities of an SFv for a target viral protein cannot be used to directly predict its activity as an intracellular immunization moiety. These data demonstrate potential approaches for intracellular immunization against HIV-1 infection, by efficiently blocking specific motifs of Rev to after the function of this retroviral regulatory protein. These studies extend the understanding of the effects, on a molecular level, of SFvs binding to critical epitopes of Rev and further suggest that rational design of SFvs, with interactions involving specific viral moieties which mediate HIV-1 expression, may hold promise for the clinical application of genetic therapies to combat AIDS.
Human circulating eosinophils secrete macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Potential role in asthma. (1998)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a potent proinflammatory mediator that has been shown to potentiate lethal endotoxemia and to play a potentially important regulatory role in human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We have investigated whether eosinophils are an important source of MIF and whether MIF may be involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. Unstimulated human circulating eosinophils were found to contain preformed MIF. Stimulation of human eosinophils with phorbol myristate acetate in vitro yielded significant release of MIF protein. For example, eosinophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (100 nM, 8 h, 37 degreesC) released 1,539+/-435 pg/10(6) cells of MIF, whereas unstimulated cells released barely detectable levels (< 142 pg/10(6) cells, mean+/-SEM, n = 8). This stimulated release was shown to be (a) concentration- and time-dependent, (b) partially blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, and (c) significantly inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor Ro-31,8220. In addition, we show that the physiological stimuli C5a and IL-5 also cause significant MIF release. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from asthmatic patients contains significantly elevated levels of MIF as compared to nonatopic normal volunteers (asthmatic, 797.5+/-92 pg/ml; controls, 274+/-91 pg/ml). These results highlight the potential importance of MIF in asthma and other eosinophil-dependent inflammatory disorders.
A built-in current monitor for testing analog circuit blocks (2003)

A novel built-in current (BIC) monitor circuit is proposed for supply current (I/sub DD/) measurement and testing of embedded analog circuits. The BIC monitor provides high current measurement sensitivity without introducing a large impedance in the I/sub DD/ path. It also includes a current integrator circuit which generates a digital signature proportional to the average I/sub DD/ (I~/sub D/~/sub D/~). The integrator uses only small capacitors (totaling 74 pF), 4 comparators, 14 switches and a counter to perform integration over a long time (1 ms) window and to digitize I~ /sub D/~/sub D/~. The monitor occupies a small area and is suitable for BIST applications on mixed-signal ICs.
Sonnenstrahlung, Hautreaktionen und Sonnenschutz: Chemie am Strand (2004)

Abstract Die chemischen Hintergründe des Sonnenschutzes werden behandelt und wichtige Sonnenschutz‐Substanzen vorgestellt.
Front-end processing of a distant-talking speech interface for control of an interactive TV system (2008)

This work addresses a research activity being conducted for the development of a user-friendly interface for the access to a virtual smart assistant enabling the interaction with TV-related digital devices and infotainment services. In the given scenario, the users can speak in a natural and comfortable way, not encumbered by any hand-held or head-mounted microphone. The environment is typically a living room, equipped with digital TV, Hi-Fi audio devices, etc., and populated by a group of people (e.g., family members). Among the most challenging issues involved in this scenario are a multi-microphone front-end for an effective processing of the given acoustic scene, an Acoustic Echo Cancellation (AEC) component to compensate the sound produced by loudspeakers, and a multi-modal distant-talking spoken dialogue system. As far as the front-end is concerned, multiple speaker localization, speech activity detection, speaker identification, and speech recognition will have to perform accurately even when AEC is applied to the given microphone array. The paper aims to present preliminary results of this research, which is being conducted under the European Project DICIT.
A Single-Molecule Sensitive DNA Hairpin System Based on Intramolecular Electron Transfer (2003)

We describe a method for detection of sub-picomolar concentrations of DNA or RNA sequences using novel surface-immobilized DNA hairpins. Within the DNA hairpins a fluorophore is specifically quenched by guanosine residues in the complementary stem sequence via photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer. Upon hybridization to the target sequence, fluorescence is restored due to a conformational reorganization that forces the stem apart. Proper immobilization of the DNA hairpins using biotin/streptavidin binding with minimal perturbation of the surface is required to ensure efficient quenching in the closed state.
A Chemical Probe Strategy for Interrogating Inhibitor Selectivity Across the MEK Kinase Family (2017)

MEK4 is an upstream kinase in MAPK signaling pathways where it phosphorylates p38 MAPK and JNK in response to mitogenic and cellular stress queues. MEK4 is overexpressed and induces metastasis in advanced prostate cancer lesions. However, the value of MEK4 as an oncology target has not been pharmacologically validated because selective chemical probes targeting MEK4 have not been developed. Despite a high level of sequence homology in the ATP-binding site, most reported MEK inhibitors are selective for MEK1/2 and display reduced potency toward other MEKs. Here, we present the first functional and binding selectivity-profiling platform of the MEK family. We applied the platform to profile a set of known kinase inhibitors and used the results to develop an in silico approach for small molecule docking against MEK proteins. The docking studies identified molecular features of the ligands and corresponding amino acids in MEK proteins responsible for high affinity binding versus those driving selectivity. WaterLOGSY and saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy techniques were utilized to understand the binding modes of active compounds. Further minor synthetic manipulations provide a proof of concept by showing how information gained through this platform can be utilized to perturb selectivity across the MEK family. This inhibitor-based approach pinpoints key features governing MEK family selectivity and clarifies empirical selectivity profiles for a set of kinase inhibitors. Going forward, the platform provides a rationale for facilitating the development of MEK-selective inhibitors, particularly MEK4 selective inhibitors, and repurposing of kinase inhibitors for probing the structural selectivity of isoforms.
Protection and safety. Part 6: Electromagnetic problems (1988)

In this latest article in his series on electrical safety in the classroom, G.W. Pilliner examines the problems that may arise when using inductive circuits.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth and characterization of InSb layers on GaAs substrates (1992)

The authors have investigated InSb layers grown heteroepitaxially on GaAs(100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The dependence of electron mobilities on the MBE-growth conditions was investigated. The best room temperature mobility, 55000 cm2 V-1 s-1 for a 2 mu m thick layer, was obtained for a growth temperature of 420 degrees C with an antimony over indium ratio of 1.4. The 14.6% lattice mismatch between epilayer and substrate gives rise to threading dislocations and microtwins, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. The defects are shown to reduce the mobility for thin samples. One of the most interesting results of the work is the evidence of an electron accumulation layer at the InSb(100) surface. This result is obtained from temperature-dependent Hall measurements which exhibited two singularities in the carrier concentration versus temperature plot. Calculations of the Hall constant considering parallel conduction is successfully used to model this temperature dependence. The MBE-grown InSb layers are shown to have an unintentional acceptor background. The authors also investigated n-type doping using silicon. It is shown that the measured low temperature carrier concentrations and mobilities in undoped samples are considerably influenced by compensation effects.
Modeling distributed termination with pre-defined partial termination ordering (2002)

Distributed termination convention (DTC) adopted by most of the concurrent programming languages, is attractive because the programmer is relieved of the control details to achieve termination of distributed programs. This model, however, is not very convincing from the implementation point of view as the communication overhead involved in achieving termination is enormous, especially in a distributed system. The paper provides a new approach for distributed process termination. DTC is modeled with local termination control and termination ordering relation represented by directed acyclic graph (DAG). This approach adheres to the programming language design principle-'preservation of information' which says that a language should allow the representation of information that the user might know and that the compiler might need. The termination information required by this technique may be entered with the source code (new syntax) to the compiler for analysis. Alternatively, most languages, such as CSP and Ada, contain enough information in the source code to allow for automatic analysis provided termination ordering information is supplied in a suitable form (e.g. DAG). This can be done with an intelligent preprocessor to the source code or with modification to the compiler itself. The execution of a specific program then becomes more efficient with this distributed termination. DTC with semantic termination dependencies should be provided as an option in the supporting environment for a concurrent language.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub>Stimulates Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Expression: Inhibition by Immunosuppressants (1999)

Amyloid plaques that accumulate in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are primarily composed of aggregates of amyloid peptides that are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Overexpression of APP in cell cultures increases the formation of amyloidogenic peptides and causes neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction in transgenic mice. We now report that activation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors increases cAMP formation and stimulates overexpression of APP mRNA and holoprotein in primary cultures of cortical astrocytes. Levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein were also increased by PGE2 treatment, suggesting that these cultured astrocytes resemble reactive astrocytes found in vivo. The stimulation by PGE2 of APP synthesis was mimicked or blocked by activators or inhibitors, respectively, of protein kinase A. Actinomycin D or cycloheximide also inhibited the increase in APP holoprotein stimulated by PGE2. Treatment of astrocytes with 8-Bromo-cAMP or forskolin for 24 hr also stimulated APP overexpression in cultured astrocytes. The immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and FK-506 inhibited the increase in APP mRNA and holoprotein levels caused by PGE2 or by other treatments that elevated cellular cAMP levels; the inhibitory effect of FK-506 but not of cyclosporin A was attenuated by rapamycin. These results suggest that prostaglandins produced by brain injury or inflammation can activate APP transcription in astrocytes and that immunosuppressants may be used to prevent APP overexpression and possibly the pathophysiological processes underlying AD.
Catalytic asymmetric hydroamination of non-activated olefins (2005)

Hydroamination is a highly atom-economical process in which an amine N-H functionality is added to an unsaturated carbon-carbon linkage. This potentially highly useful process gives access to various nitrogen-containing basic and fine chemicals as well as naturally occurring alkaloid skeletons. Asymmetric hydroamination reactions promoted by chiral catalysts are particularly attractive. This review highlights recent progress in the development of early transition metal catalysts for the asymmetric hydroamination of non-activated alkenes.
Single-trial estimation of multichannel evoked-potential measurements (2003)

A method for single-trial estimation of multichannel evoked potentials is presented. The proposed method is based on the regularized least squares scheme. The spatial correlation between the channels is used as additional information in the estimation procedure. Amplitude estimates obtained with the proposed method is compared with the estimates calculated without using the spatial information. The performance of the method is evaluated using simulated and real data of P300 responses measured using auditory stimuli. The multichannel approach is shown to give realistic and comparable information about the amplitude differences of the P300 peak between different channels.
Use of Detergents in the Analysis of Fibrous Feeds. I. Preparation of Fiber Residues of Low Nitrogen Content (1963)

Abstract Anionic, cationic, and nonionic detergents in different buffering media were examined for their capacity to dissolve nitrogenous constituents in forage dry matter, in the interest of preparing fiber of a low nitrogen content. Of the combinations examined, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in strongly acid solution and sodium lauryl sulfate in slightly alkaline solutions appeared most effective.
Improved method of masking in pure tone audiometry. Use of minimum level of masking. (1989)

In pure tone audiometry, as the level of the test sound given to the test ear increases, the level of the sound transmitted to the nontest ear also increases with a certain amount of attenuation, resulting in more danger of cross hearing. So it is natural and reasonable to increase the noise level of masking simultaneously by the same amount when the test sound is increased.This paper describes a method of masking which uses the minimum noise level necessary to avoid cross hearing according to the above principle. The test procedure proposed is similar in air and bone conduction audiometry;1) Obtain the no masking threshold with the nontest ear closed by the masking earphone.2) Set the test sound to the level 15dB under the no masking threshold, and the masking noise, which is calibrated to the effective masking level, to the level of the air conduction threshold of the masked ear.3) Obtain the masked threshold, changing both the test tone and the masking sound simultanuously by the same amount.This procedure has the following advantages;1) The undesirable effects of masking noise, such as unpleasant sensations of the subject or central masking are restricted to a minimum.2) We need not repeat the threshold measurement by changing the masking level.3) The test procedure is relatively simple and easy to understand.
An Acoustically-Driven Biochip: Particle-Cell Interactions Under Physiological Flow Conditions (2009)

Introduction: The interaction of particulate drug carriers with cells has generally been assessed in stationary microplate assays. These setups fail to reflect the flow conditions in vivo which generate substantial hydrodynamic drag forces [1]. In order to address this shortcoming, a microfluidic biochip with the capability of imitating a wide range of shear rates and pulsation modes has been developed. This device, which is based on an incorporated surface acoustic wave pump, was used to study the interaction of targeted microparticles with epithelial cells under flow conditions.
Both the Extracellular Leucine-Rich Repeat Domain and the Kinase Activity of FLS2 Are Required for Flagellin Binding and Signaling in Arabidopsis (2001)

In Arabidopsis, activation of defense responses by flagellin is triggered by the specific recognition of the most conserved domain of flagellin, represented by the peptide flg22, in a process involving the FLS2 gene, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine protein kinase. We show here that the two fls2 mutant alleles, fls2-24 and fls2-17, which were shown previously to confer insensitivity to flg22, also cause impaired flagellin binding. These features are rescued when a functional FLS2 gene is expressed as a transgene in each of the fls2 mutant plants, indicating that FLS2 is necessary for flagellin binding. The point mutation of the fls2-17 allele lies in the kinase domain. A kinase carrying this missense mutation lacked autophosphorylation activity when expressed in Escherichia coli. This indicates that kinase activity is required for binding and probably affects the stability of the flagellin receptor complex. We further show that overexpression of the kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) in Arabidopsis results in plants that are insensitive to flagellin treatment, and we show reduced flg22 binding in these plants. Furthermore, using the yeast two-hybrid system, we show physical interaction of KAPP with the kinase domain of FLS2. These results suggest that KAPP functions as a negative regulator of the FLS2 signal transduction pathway and that the phosphorylation of FLS2 is necessary for proper binding and signaling of the flagellin receptor complex.
VPREB3: cDNA characterization and expression in human and chromosome mapping in human and mouse (1999)

The pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) regulates pre-B cell expansion and allelic exclusion at the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain locus and mediates the selection of Ig heavy chain variable gene segments. During the early phase of pre-BCR assembly in the mouse, the membrane Ig mu heavy chain transiently associates with the VPREB3 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we present the human VPREB3 cDNA sequence and its B cell-specific expression in hematopoietic cell lines. We have localized this gene to chromosome 22q11 close to IGLL genes in human and to chromosome 10C in mouse.