gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of a Biodegradable Bone Regeneration Scaffold (2000)

Poly (Propylene Fumarate) (PPF), a novel, bulk erosion, biodegradable polymer, has been shown to have osteoconductive effects in vivo when used as a bone regeneration scaffold (Peter, S. J., Suggs, L. J., Yaszemski, M. J., Engel, P. S., and Mikos, A. J., 1999, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 10, pp. 363-373). The material properties of the polymer allow it to be injected into irregularly shaped voids in vivo and provide mechanical stability as well as function as a bone regeneration scaffold. We fabricated a series of biomaterial composites, comprised of varying quantities of PPF, NaCl and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), into the shape of right circular cylinders and tested the mechanical properties in four-point bending and compression. The mean modulus of elasticity in compression (Ec) was 1204.2 MPa (SD 32.2) and the mean modulus of elasticity in bending (Eb) was 1274.7 MPa (SD 125.7). All of the moduli were on the order of magnitude of trabecular bone. Changing the level of NaCl from 20 to 40 percent, by mass, did not decrease Ec and Eb significantly, but did decrease bending and compressive strength significantly. Increasing the beta-TCP from 0.25 g/g PPF to 0.5 g/g PPF increased all of the measured mechanical properties of PPF/NVP composites. These results indicate that this biodegradable polymer composite is an attractive candidate for use as a replacement scaffold for trabecular bone.
Stimulated Raman scattering in H_2–Ar mixtures (1987)

Stimulated Raman scattering experiments have been performed in H(2) and in H(2)-Ar mixtures with a UV-preionized XeCl discharge laser (308 nm) as the pump. The energy conversion efficiency from the pump laser beam to Stokes beams has been investigated as a function of Ar concentration and pumping energy. It has been found that, in the H(2)-Ar mixture with a 50% Ar concentration, the energy conversion efficiency to the first Stokes beam was more than 80% higher than that obtained in H(2) at the same total pressure and pump energy (60 mJ).
Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal as a building block in heterocyclic synthesis (2009)

Abstract magnified image This review focuses on the use of dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds via formylation of active methylene groups, methyl groups to give enamines, and formylation of amino groups to give amidines. These compounds are found to be useful intermediates in the formation and modification of heterocyclic compounds. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Benefits and Limitations of Macrotextured Breast Implants and Consensus Recommendations for Optimizing Their Effectiveness (2014)

Implant texture is an important factor influencing implant selection for breast augmentation. Natrelle Biocell implants are characterized by macrotextured shell surfaces containing irregularly arranged concavities with large open-pore diameters and depths. These properties facilitate adhesion of the implant to the surrounding tissue, thereby promoting implant immobilization. Relative to implants with other surfaces, macrotextured implants offer low rates of capsular contracture; low rates of malposition, rotation, and rippling; and high rates of patient satisfaction. However, macrotextured implants are associated with a slightly higher risk of double capsule and late seroma. The surgeon can minimize these risks with straightforward techniques that encourage tissue adhesion. This report presents experience-based recommendations to optimize the effectiveness of Biocell anatomic implants. The authors discuss the application of best practices to all aspects of the breast implantation process, from implant selection and surgical planning to operative technique and postoperative management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle. (1996)

The nature of domestic cattle origins in Africa are unclear as archaeological data are relatively sparse. The earliest domesticates were humpless, or Bos taurus, in morphology and may have shared a common origin with the ancestors of European cattle in the Near East. Alternatively, local strains of the wild ox, the aurochs, may have been adopted by peoples in either continent either before or after cultural influence from the Levant. This study examines mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence variation in 90 extant bovines drawn from Africa, Europe, and India. Phylogeny estimation and analysis of molecular variance verify that sequences cluster significantly into continental groups. The Indian Bos indicus samples are most markedly distinct from the others, which is indicative of a B. taurus nature for both European and African ancestors. When a calibration of sequence divergence is performed using comparisons with bison sequences and an estimate of 1 Myr since the Bison/Bos Leptobos common ancestor, estimates of 117-275,000 B.P. and 22-26,000 B.P. are obtained for the separation between Indians and others and between African and European ancestors, respectively. As cattle domestication is thought to have occurred approximately 10,000 B.P., these estimates suggest the domestication of genetically discrete aurochsen strains as the origins of each continental population. Additionally, patterns of variation that are indicative of population expansions (probably associated with the domestication process) are discernible in Africa and Europe. Notably, the genetic signatures of these expansions are clearly younger than the corresponding signature of African/European divergence.
Accuracy assessment of CT-based outer surface femur meshes (2008)

The 3D accuracy of the contour-based segmentation previously presented by the author makes it most suitable for generating outer bone surface meshes for use in the aforementioned applications. The optimal parameter settings for this segmentation procedure have been identified. For the Mimics bone surface meshes, a single, but excellent, pre-defined set of parameters was identified.
Freestanding Functional Structures by Aerosol‐Jet Printing for Stretchable Electronics and Sensing Applications (2019)

Abstract Modern electronic devices, particularly those intended for wearable or human health monitoring applications, require high levels of flexibility and stretchability. Hence devices, as well as interconnects, need to be capable of retaining functionality even when being mechanically deformed. Most approaches towards achieving this rely on printing or transferring structures onto elastomeric substrates that can withstand stretching. However, the processing involved can often be cumbersome, and the structures themselves tend to suffer from poor fatigue and/or are limited by the mechanical properties of the underlying substrate. Here, we have developed a novel aerosol jet printing technique capable of building fully freestanding functional structures layer by layer, which are robust and reliable upon thousands of stretching cycles. The process involves printing a combination of layers of different materials with the desired functionality, onto a substrate coated with a sacrificial film that is subsequently dissolved to release the printed structure. Using this method, we demonstrate freestanding conductive wires that can be used as stretchable interconnects/electrodes, and that also function as strain‐sensors. Additionally, we show that a freestanding capacitive structure functions as a robust, stretchable humidity sensor, paving the way for the development of other multilayer, multifunctional stretchable devices and sensors.
<i>Shigella</i>as a Foodborne Pathogen and Current Methods for Detection in Food (2006)

Shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis or "bacillary dysentery," has been increasingly involved in foodborne outbreaks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emerging Infections Program, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), Shigella was the third most reported foodborne bacterial pathogen in 2002. Foods are most commonly contaminated with Shigella by an infected food handler who practices poor personal hygiene. Shigella is acid resistant, salt tolerant, and can survive at infective levels in many types of foods such as fruits and vegetables, low pH foods, prepared foods, and foods held in modified atmosphere or vacuum packaging. Survival is often increased when food is held at refrigerated temperatures. Detection methods for Shigella include conventional culture methods, immunological methods, and molecular microbiological methods. Conventional culture of Shigella in foods is often problematic due to the lack of appropriate selective media. Immunological methods for Shigella have been researched, yet there is only one commercially available test kit. Molecular microbiological methods such as PCR, oligonucleotide microarrays, and rep-PCR have also been developed for the detection and identification of Shigella. This manuscript reviews the general characteristics, prevalence, growth and survival, and methods for detection of Shigella in food.
Microfluidic study of competence regulation in <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>: environmental inputs modulate bimodal and unimodal expression of <i>comX</i> (2012)

Streptococcus mutans regulates genetic competence through a complex network that receives inputs from a number of environmental stimuli, including two signalling peptides designated as CSP and XIP. The response of the downstream competence genes to these inputs shows evidence of stochasticity and bistability and has been difficult to interpret. We have used microfluidic, single-cell methods to study how combinations of extracellular signals shape the response of comX, an alternative sigma factor governing expression of the late competence genes. We find that the composition of the medium determines which extracellular signal (XIP or CSP) can elicit a response from comX and whether that response is unimodal or bimodal across a population of cells. In a chemically defined medium, exogenous CSP does not induce comX, whereas exogenous XIP elicits a comX response from all cells. In complex medium, exogenous XIP does not induce comX, whereas CSP elicits a bimodal comX response from the population. Interestingly, bimodal behaviour required an intact copy of comS, which encodes the precursor of XIP. The comS-dependent capability for both unimodal and bimodal response suggests that a constituent - most likely peptides - of complex medium interacts with a positive feedback loop in the competence regulatory network.
Predicting Wireless MmWave Massive MIMO Channel Characteristics Using Machine Learning Algorithms (2018)

This paper proposes a procedure of predicting channel characteristics based on a well‐known machine learning (ML) algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN), for three‐dimensional (3D) millimetre wave (mmWave) massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) indoor channels. The channel parameters, such as amplitude, delay, azimuth angle of departure (AAoD), elevation angle of departure (EAoD), azimuth angle of arrival (AAoA), and elevation angle of arrival (EAoA), are generated by a ray tracing software. After the data preprocessing, we can obtain the channel statistical characteristics (including expectations and spreads of the above‐mentioned parameters) to train the CNN. The channel statistical characteristics of any subchannels in a specified indoor scenario can be predicted when the location information of the transmitter (Tx) antenna and receiver (Rx) antenna is input into the CNN trained by limited data. The predicted channel statistical characteristics can well fit the real channel statistical characteristics. The probability density functions (PDFs) of error square and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of channel statistical characteristics are also analyzed.
Solution- and Soluble-Polymer Supported Asymmetric Syntheses of Six-Membered Ring Prostanoids (2000)

An asymmetric synthesis of prostanoids containing a six-membered ring core structure (11a-homoprostaglandins), both in solution and using non-cross-linked polystyrene (NCPS) as a soluble support, was developed. Target molecule 1 was generated in a convergent fashion using a three-component coupling strategy, wherein chiral enone (R)-2 was the precursor of the central ring and the cuprate 3 and triflate 4 were used to introduce the side chains. The chiral center of (R)-2 directed the facial selectivity of the conjugate addition reaction which then dictated the stereochemical outcome of the subsequent α alkylation. Attachment of a six-membered ring scaffold to NCPS facilitated purification without compromising synthetic yields, still allowed 1H-NMR analysis of the intermediates in the synthesis, and provided an avenue for the construction of six-membered ring prostanoid libraries.
Resonance splitting in nonuniform ring resonators (1972)

The frequency response of a microstrip ring resonator with small terminal couplings is discussed. For resonators consisting of nonuniform lines, there is shown to be resonance splitting in the transfer function.
A Plan for Facilitating Undergraduate Student Success (2008)

Students are successful when they achieve their maximum potential and are well prepared to becometransformative leaders in their chosen fields of study. Easier conceptualized than accomplished, thissuccess is the result of a complex combination of factors and an outgrowth of quality instruction,opportunities for personal growth, access to resources, and a culture of connection with classmates,faculty, staff, and the institution. Each of these areas is an imperative ingredient for student success.Together, these components interact to provide the pathway for the greatest number of students to besuccessful.
Disproportionating Transglycosylase (D-Enzyme) in Green Algae and Cyanobacteria. Partial Purification and Characterization (1994)

D-Enzyme (4-a-glucanotransferase, EC 2.4.1.25) from cultured symbiotic Nostoc and Chlorella has been partially purified and characterized. The enzyme catalyzes the disproportionation of maltooligosaccharides and is able to form maltooligosaccharides from soluble starch and D-glucose. The properties of D-enzyme from Nostoc and Chlorella are similar with respect to substrate specificity, K M values and pH dependence, but differ with respect to temperature optimum and molecular weight (40 °C/50 kDa and 50 °C/230 kDa for the enzyme from Nostoc and Chlorella, respectively). D-enzyme activity has been demonstrated also in freeliving Anabaena, Chlorella and Chlamydomonas. Its physiological role in symbiotic Nostoc is briefly discussed
Spatiotemporally different origins of NG2 progenitors produce cortical interneurons versus glia in the mammalian forebrain (2014)

The studies on the exact lineage composition of NG2 expressing progenitors in the forebrain have been controversial. A number of studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of postnatal NG2 cells. However, NG2 cells found in embryonic dates are far less understood. Our study indicates that early NG2 progenitors from a ventral origin (i.e., before embryonic day 16.5) tangentially migrate out of the medial ganglionic eminence and give rise to interneurons in deep layers of the dorsal cerebral cortex. The majority of myelinating oligodendrocytes found in both cortical gray and white matters are, in contrast, derived from NG2 progenitors with a neonatal subventricular zone origin. Our lineage tracing data reflect the heterogeneous nature of NG2 progenitor populations and define the relationship between lineage divergence and spatiotemporal origins. Beyond the typical lineage tracing studies of NG2(+) cells, by costaining with lineage-specific markers, our study addresses the origins of heterogeneity and its implications in the differentiation potentials of NG2(+) progenitors.
Germination and outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis spores in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs (2007)

A substantial population of growing vegetative cells in the GI tract is not a prerequisite for the mode of action of Bacillus feed additives and probiotics.
High‐Performance Micro‐Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated on Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates (2011)

Abstract Micro‐solid oxide fuel cells ( μ ‐SOFCs) are fabricated on nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with a cell structure composed of a 600‐nm‐thick AAO free‐standing membrane embedded on a Si substrate, sputter‐deposited Pt electrodes (cathode and anode) and an yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Initially, the open circuit voltages (OCVs) of the AAO‐supported μ ‐SOFCs are in the range of 0.05 V to 0.78 V, which is much lower than the ideal value, depending on the average pore size of the AAO template and the thickness of the YSZ electrolyte. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals the formation of pinholes in the electrolyte layer that originate from the porous nature of the underlying AAO membrane. In order to clog these pinholes, a 20‐nm thick Al 2 O 3 layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on top of the 300‐nm thick YSZ layer and another 600‐nm thick YSZ layer is deposited after removing the top intermittent Al 2 O 3 layer. Fuel cell devices fabricated in this way manifest OCVs of 1.02 V, and a maximum power density of 350 mW cm −2 at 500 °C.
Overview of Digital Signal Processing Theory (1975)

Abstract : An overview of the theory of digital signal processing is presented here using key portions of the applicable technical literature. This can serve either as an introduction for those who desire to pursue the subject further or as a concise summary for those for whom more detailed investigation would be impractical. The discussion begins with a consideration of discrete systems and signals as well as their relationship to the continuous case. The realization of digital signal processing systems in the form of digital networks is presented. Theory and design of digital filters are discussed along with their relation to continuous filter characteristics. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its efficient implementation in the form of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) are presented. Discrete convolution and correlation and the application of the FFT to their efficient implementation are described. Finallly the quantization effects inherent in all digital signal-processing realizations are reviewed with respect to their influence on digital-filter and FFT outputs.
Disparate Impact Is Not Unconstitutional (2011)

[Excerpt] In Ricci v. DeStefano, the "New Haven Firefighters" case, whitefirefighters and one Hispanic firefighter sued the city of New Haven, Connecticut and city officials under Title VII. The plaintiffs claimed the city had committed intentional discrimination or disparate treatment against them when the city disregarded the results of promotion examinations that had an adverse effect on black and Hispanic applicants. The Supreme Court sustained the claim. In his concurring opinion, Justice Scalia invited attorneys in subsequent cases to consider arguing that the disparate impact theory of employment discrimination is unconstitutional. He reasoned as follows: ? The Constitution prohibits the government from committing disparate treatment. ? Therefore, the government may not enact laws that requirean employer to commit disparate treatment. ? An employer who abandons a practice that has a disparate impact commits disparate treatment against the persons whom the practice favors because the employer seeks to increase the percentage of black applicants whom the practice favors. ? An employer who abandons a practice that has a disparate impact in order to avoid being sued by members of the class which the practice disfavors has been required by the government to commit disparate treatment. Disparate impact is thus unconstitutional in Justice Scalia's view, but his reasoning reflects a misunderstanding of the theory of disparate impact and how it proves discrimination. When disparate impact is understood correctly, no constitutional issue arises.
Thermal Catalytic Depolymerization of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Oligomer into LL-Lactide: Effects of Al, Ti, Zn and Zr Compounds as Catalysts. (1999)

A series of Al, Ti, Zn and Zr compounds, i.e., their metal alkoxides, organic acid and enolate salts, halid and oxide, were evaluated as intramolecular transesterification catalysts for the thermal depolymerization reaction of poly(L-lactic acid) oligomer resulting in LL-lactide, meso-lactide and DD-lactide by gas chromatography using a β-cyclodexstrin chiral stationary phase capillary column. The activity of the intramolecular transesterification compared with that of stannous 2-ethylhexanoate was in the following order : Sn>Zn>Zr>Ti>Al.
Extra long spaced induction log (2004)

Response of an induction‐logging tool with extra long transmitter‐receiver spacing (10, 100, and 1,000‐m spacing) and with appropriate induction log frequency between 1 kHz and 0.01 Hz is examined. The tool is proposed to achieve deeper lateral depth of investigation so that it can detect and identify an resistivity anomaly in horizontal well logging. In addition to coaxial and coplanar antenna settings, DRT (directional resistivity tool) antenna configurations with tilted coil antennas are also examined to achieve directional resistivity measurement for geosteering. Look‐ahead capability of such tools is also examined
Two-dimensional photonic crystal laser mirrors (2001)

Ridge waveguide lasers with an integrated 2D photonic crystal (PC) mirror have been successfully fabricated on an InGaAs/AlGaAs laser structure emitting around 995 nm. The investigated 2D PCs consist of air holes in a semiconductor arranged in a triangular lattice with periods from a = 180 to 400 nm with different lattice orientations. This is fabricated using high-resolution 100 kV electron beam lithography in connection with a triple-metal-layer mask and electron cyclotron resonance dry etching, yielding etch depths around 550 nm. The capability of this fabrication technology for semiconductor feature sizes down to 30 nm is demonstrated.
Democracy and Constitutional Government (1938)

Address of Hon. John J. Parker, Judge of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, at the Annual Meeting of the Indiana State Bar Association, Sept. 16, 1938.
Traffic congestion estimation service exploiting mobile assisted positioning schemes in GSM networks (2009)

To relief overstressed roadways, intelligent transport systems are required, which are able to evaluate the traffic situation in near real time, and provide traffic information to road users. Conventional solutions use limited and cost intensive installations, embedded in the roadways. Other techniques, without those installations are less accurate. An accurate and reliable low cost solution uses floating cellular data, collected from mobile subscribers. This information can be utilized to estimate the locations and velocities of the subscribers' vehicles, and in turn becomes the basis for traffic congestion estimations. In this paper, the authors first present means to increase the accuracy of known cellular positioning techniques, and introduce a traffic congestion estimation service application, exploiting the increased localization accuracy.
Using Mobile Phones for Secure, Distributed Document Processing in the Developing World (2005)

Paper plays an essential role in many information ecologies in the developing world, but it can be inefficient and inflexible. We've developed an information services architecture that uses a smart phone equipped with a built-in digital camera to process augmented paper documents. The CAM document-processing framework exploits smart mobile phones' utility, usability, and growing ubiquity to link paper with modern information tools. CAM, so called because the phone's camera plays a key role in the user interface, is a three-tiered, document-based architecture for providing remote rural information services. The CAM framework comprises four components: CamForms, CamShell, CamBrowser, and CamServer.