gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive PPI Controller (2001)

Processes with long dead times are among the most difficult to control. This has urged the development of controllers that cope with this kind of delays. A possible approach is to use a model predictive controller, i.e. a controller with an internal model of the process and its dead time. In ABB’s new control system, Control IT, there exists such a controller, namely the PPI controller. PPI stands for Predictive PI, and as the name indicates it shares some of its features with the common PI controller. The system contains an auto-tuner that is able to detect long dead times and to design a PPI controller. Another feature of Control IT is adaptive control. An adaptive controller has the ability to change its parameters in order to optimize its performance. Today, there is no adaptation mechanism for the PPI controller. This thesis investigates the possibilities of an adaptive version of the PPI controller. A test version has been implemented and simulation results show that there are processes that would benefit from an adaptive PPI. The big flaw is however that adaptation is possible only at set point changes, an event that might not be that common in industry. This implies that industrial studies must be performed before the solution is included in the final product. Other problems that have been encountered are sensitivity to noise and ramped set point changes. It has also been shown that the existing auto-tuner sometimes chooses a PPI design in cases were a PID design would be more useful. The thesis further discusses the subject of switching controller structure while in adaptation mode
Evolution of the fish rhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (2004)

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) caused by the rhabdovirus VHSV is economically the most important viral disease in European rainbow trout farming. Until 1989, this virus was mainly isolated from freshwater salmonids but in the last decade, it has also been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. To study the genetic evolution of VHSV, the entire G gene from 74 isolates was analysed. VHSV from wild marine species caught in the Baltic Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, North Sea, and English Channel and European freshwater isolates, appeared to share a recent common ancestor. Based on the estimated nucleotide substitution rate, the ancestor of the European fresh water isolates was dated some 50 years ago. This finding fits with the initial reports in the 1950s on clinical observations of VHS in Danish freshwater rainbow trout farms. The study also indicates that European marine VHSV and the North American marine line separated approx. 500 years ago. The codon substitution rate among the freshwater VHSV isolates was found to be 2.5 times faster than among marine isolates. The data support the hypothesis of the marine environment being the original reservoir of VHSV and that the change in host range (to include rainbow trout) may have occurred several times. Virus from the marine environment will therefore continue to represent a threat to the trout aquaculture industry.
A combined oncogenic pathway signature of <i>BRAF</i> , <i>KRAS</i> and <i>PI3KCA</i> mutation improves colorectal cancer classification and cetuximab treatment prediction (2012)

A combined oncogenic pathway signature allows the identification of patients with an active EGFR-signalling pathway that could benefit from downstream pathway inhibition.
Chemisorbed Thiols on Silica Particles: Characterization of Reactive Sulfur Species (2010)

Silica particles with surface thiol groups (Sil−SH) were prepared by silylation of silanol groups using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. The particles were characterized by FTIR, Raman, and XPS spectroscopies; thermogravimetry; and solid state 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Laser flash excitation at 266 nm of Sil−SH water suspensions in the presence of sodium peroxodisulfate generated sulfur-centered radicals that were attached to the silica surface. These radicals were detected at their absorption maxima (330 nm) by transient optical techniques. Absorbance decay signals were fit to first- and second-order decay kinetics and were assigned to thiyl radicals. Formation of disulfide radicals, a major decay channel for free thiyl radicals in solution, was not observed for surface-grafted thiyl radicals.
Percutaneous anterior screw fixation in the treatment of odontoid fractures (2011)

Objective To retrospectively analyze the treatment of odontoid fractures using percutaneous and open anterior screw fixation,and compare the clinical and radiographic results of the two techniques.Methods From March 2003 to May 2010,115 patients with odontoid fracture were treated with anterior screw fixation,and all patients were followed up.The mean age of the patients was 43.5 years (range,16-71).Forty-seven patients who underwent percutaneous anterior screw fixation were set as the percutaneous fixation group,including 42 cases of type Ⅱ odontoid fracture and 5 of rostral type Ⅲ fracture.Sixtyeight patients who received open anterior screw fixation were set as the open fixation group,composing of 61cases of type Ⅱ odontoid fracture and 7 of rostral type Ⅲ fracture.We compared the operative time,intraoperative blood loss,X-ray exposure time,fracture union and complications between the two groups.Results The average follow-up duration was 37.6 months with a range of 12-70 months.The gender,age,classification of odontoid fractures,time after the injuries and concomitant spinal injuries showed a similar pattern in both groups.The operating time and intra-operative blood loss in percutaneous fixation group were (40.3±9.5)min and (5.6±4.1) ml respectively,and in open fixation group were (62.9±15.3) min and (47.1±28.6) ml respectively,both of them were significantly superior in percutaneous fixation group than in open fixation group (P＜0.05).There was no statistical difference in radiation exposure time,fracture union and incidence of complication between the two groups.Conclusion Comparing with open screw fixation,percutaneous anterior screw fixation is a safe and reliable procedure for treatment of type Ⅱ and rostral type Ⅲ odontoid fractures with potential advantages.

Key words: 
Odontoid process;  Fracture fixation, internal;  Surgical procedures, minimally invasive
Spatially consistent view synthesis with coordinate alignment (2011)

In this paper, we propose a novel method that uses coordinate alignment and background pixel extraction to synthesize highly accurate and spatially consistent intermediate views from a pair of stereo images and disparity maps. In contrast to the traditional depth image-based rendering (DIBR) method, where useful background pixels are discarded in the warping process, the proposed method extracts these background pixels and uses them as candidates for an exemplar-based image in-painting technique (EBIIT) to synthesize realistic content in disocclusion regions. Our second contribution is a coordinate alignment algorithm that aligns disocclusion regions in each view together and simultaneously synthesizes disocclusion regions to enhance spatial consistency across all virtual views. The proposed method compares favorably in quantitative measures to those obtained by existing techniques and has superior potential for stereo-to-multiview conversion.
Mechanistic Aspects in the Formation, Growth and Surface Functionalization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents (2017)

The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles in organic solvents, so-called nonaqueous (or nonhydrolytic) processes represent powerful alternatives to aqueous approaches and have become an independent research field. 10 Years ago, when we published our first review on organic reaction pathways in nonaqueous sol-gel approaches, the number of examples was relatively limited. Nowadays, it is almost impossible to provide an exhaustive overview. Here we review the development of the last few years, without neglecting pioneering examples, which help to follow the historical development. The importance of a profound understanding of mechanistic aspects of nanoparticle crystallization and formation mechanisms can't be overestimated, when it comes to the design of rational synthesis concepts under minimization of trial-and-error experiments. The main reason for the progress in mechanistic understanding lies in the availability of characterization tools that make it possible to monitor chemical reactions from the dissolution of the precursor to the nucleation and growth of the nanoparticles, by ex situ methods involving sampling after different reaction times, but more and more also by in situ studies. After a short introduction to experimental aspects of nonaqueous sol-gel routes to metal oxide nanoparticles, we provide an overview of the main and basic organic reaction pathways in these approaches. Afterwards, we summarize the main characterization methods to study formation mechanisms, and then we discuss in great depth the chemical formation mechanisms of many different types of metal oxide nanoparticles. The review concludes with a paragraph on selected crystallization mechanisms reported for nonaqueous systems and a few illustrative examples of nonaqueous sol-gel concepts applied to surface chemistry.
Identification and Verification of Lysine Propionylation and Butyrylation in Yeast Core Histones Using PTMap Software (2008)

Ten types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) known to be critical to diverse cellular functions have been described in core histone proteins. However, it remains unclear whether additional PTMs exist in histones, and if so, what roles these undiscovered signals play in epigenetic phenomena. Here, we report a systematic analysis of yeast histone PTMs by mass spectrometry in combination with protein sequence alignment using PTMap, a computer program we recently developed. We have identified, for the first time, multiple sites of lysine propionylation and butyrylation in yeast histones H2B, H3, and H4. We confirmed these modifications by Western blotting using modification-specific antibodies, MS/MS of synthetic peptides, and coelution of synthetic and in vivo-derived peptides from an HPLC column. The presence of multiple modification sites in several yeast histones suggests that these two PTMs are histone marks that are evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes. In addition, we identified 14 novel mass shifts that do not match any known PTM, suggesting the presence of previously undescribed histone modifications. The chemical natures of these modifications remain to be determined. Our studies therefore expand current knowledge of the "histone code".
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction: light at the end of the tunnel? (2019)

Careful dissection of CLAD phenotypes is of utmost importance to assess patient prognosis, but uniform diagnostic criteria are desperately needed. There is a long way ahead, but the first steps towards this goal are now taken; tailored individualized therapy will be the golden standard to treat CLAD in the future, but randomized placebo-controlled and multicentre trials are needed to identify new and powerful therapeutic agents.
Magnetization exchange in capillaries by microcirculation affects diffusion‐controlled spin‐relaxation: A model which describes the effect of perfusion on relaxation enhancement by intravascular contrast agents (1996)

The effect of perfusion on relaxation time in tissue has only been considered for first-pass kinetics of NMR-signal after application of contrast agents. The importance of perfusion on relaxation has not yet been studied for steady state conditions, i.e., when the intravascular relaxation rate is constant in time. The aim of this study is to develop a model in which T1 relaxation is derived as a function of perfusion and intracapillary volume fraction (regional blood volume). Tissue is considered to be two-compartment system, which consists of intracapillary and extravascular space. Intracapillary relaxation differs from relaxation in the arterial system due to diffusion-exchange of magnetization from extravascular to intracapillary space. Perfusion tends to attenuate this difference and thus counteracts the effect on intracapillary relaxation. Relaxation in the extravascular and intracapillary magnetization are linked by diffusion. This dependence is presented in analytical form and a generic equation is derived. AT1 experiment is considered in which all spins of tissue and blood are inverted at the beginning. Calculations are performed for the fast exchange model of tissue. Perfusion increases relaxation enhancement of intravascular contrast agents. This effect is considerable in highly perfused tissue like myocardium. The dependence of relaxation on perfusion implies an overestimation of the regional blood volume when the calculation of the latter is based on tissue models that neglect perfusion. The model presented here is applied to predict the effect of perfusion on T1 imaging with FLASH-pulse sequences because this technique has been proven to be a powerful method to obtain T1 maps within a short time interval. For the fast exchange model, two algorithms are suggested that determine perfusion and regional blood volume from T1 imaging in the presence and absence of intravascular contrast agents.
Anesthesia for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring of the Spinal Cord (2002)

Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (INM) using somatosensory and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) has become popular to reduce neural risk and to improve intraoperative surgical decision making. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring is affected by the choice and management of the anesthetic agents chosen. Because inhalational and intravenous anesthetic agents have effects on neural synaptic and axonal functional activities, the anesthetic effect on any given response will depend on the pathway affected and the mechanism of action of the anesthetic agent (i.e., direct inhibition or indirect effects based on changes in the balance of inhibitory or excitatory inputs). In general, responses that are more highly dependent on synaptic function will have more marked reductions in amplitude and increases in latency as a result of the synaptic effects of inhalational anesthetic agents and similar effects at higher doses of intravenous agents. Hence, recording cortical somatosensory evoked potentials and myogenic MEPs requires critical anesthetic choices for INM. The management of the physiologic milieu is also important as central nervous system blood flow, intracranial pressure, blood rheology, temperature, and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure produce alterations in the responses consistent with the support of neural functioning. Finally, the management of pharmacologic neuromuscular blockade is critical to myogenic MEP recording in which some blockade may be desirable for surgery but excessive blockade may eliminate responses. A close working relationship of the monitoring team, the anesthesiologist, and the surgeon is key to the successful conduct and interpretation of INM.
Risk Factors for Falls among Elderly Persons Living in the Community (1988)

To study risk factors for falling, we conducted a one-year prospective investigation, using a sample of 336 persons at least 75 years of age who were living in the community. All subjects underwent detailed clinical evaluation, including standardized measures of mental status, strength, reflexes, balance, and gait; in addition, we inspected their homes for environmental hazards. Falls and their circumstances were identified during bimonthly telephone calls. During one year of follow-up, 108 subjects (32 percent) fell at least once; 24 percent of those who fell had serious injuries and 6 percent had fractures. Predisposing factors for falls were identified in linear-logistic models. The adjusted odds ratio for sedative use was 28.3; for cognitive impairment, 5.0; for disability of the lower extremities, 3.8; for palmomental reflex, 3.0; for abnormalities of balance and gait, 1.9; and for foot problems, 1.8; the lower bounds of the 95 percent confidence intervals were 1 or more for all variables. The risk of falling increased linearly with the number of risk factors, from 8 percent with none to 78 percent with four or more risk factors (P less than 0.0001). About 10 percent of the falls occurred during acute illness, 5 percent during hazardous activity, and 44 percent in the presence of environmental hazards. We conclude that falls among older persons living in the community are common and that a simple clinical assessment can identify the elderly persons who are at the greatest risk of falling.
Direct P(Y)-code acquisition under a jamming environment (2002)

Direct acquisition of the GPS P(Y)-code is desirable to military users as it has a higher tolerance to jamming and spoofing when compared to the C/A-code. Until now, direct P(Y)-code acquisition was difficult as user time sources did not provide adequate accuracy, resulting in large time errors and hence lengthy code searches. Advances in user time transfer, time maintenance using stable, low power time sources, and the use of massively parallel correlator technology have made it possible to directly acquire the P(Y)-code. However, difficulties still exist as small time errors can lead to large code search spaces. By implementing a two-dimensional search using massively parallel correlator technology, searching 32000 time-frequency bins in parallel, the STS Y-EXPRESS receiver can directly acquire the P(Y)-code in a short time. This paper analyzes the problems encountered with massively parallel correlator technology for practical implementations. Data has been collected using simulations of the Y-EXPRESS signal processor for benign applications and extrapolated for acquisition at J/S values in excess of 50 dB. Analysis of this data shows both the benefits and limitations of massively parallel correlator technology and the practical feasibility of two-dimensional searches. Current receiver specifications being targeted are acquisition with a probability of 0.90 given an initial time-error of /spl plusmn/1 millisecond, frequency error of /spl plusmn/0.2 ppm, and J/S in excess of 50 dB in the 20.46 MHz signal bandwidth.
<title>High-density read-only optical disk system using superresolution and an SHG green laser</title> (1995)

PSR (premastered optical disk by super-resolution) is a super-resolution technique used to increase the recording density of ROM optical disks. Our PSR system uses a novel disk with a nonlinear optical layer, a second-harmonic-generation green laser ((lambda) equals 532 nm), 0.52NA objective lens and eight-to-fourteen modulation coding. By using PSR, a high C/N ration of 51dB was obtained for a pit length of 0.2 micrometers which is beyond the conventional optical limit. Furthermore, we obtained a bit error rate of less than 10<SUP>-5</SUP> for a linear density of 0.185 micrometers /bit and a track pitch of 0.8 micrometers , thus demonstrating the feasibility of our PSR system with six times the areal density compared to the current CD.
On quantum advantage in dense coding (2012)

The quantum advantage of dense coding is studied, considering general encoding quantum operations. Particular attention is devoted to the case of many senders, and it is shown that restrictions on the possible operations on the senders' side may make some quantum state useless for dense-coding. It is shown, e.g., that some states are useful for dense coding if the senders can communicate classically (but not quantumly), yet they cannot be used for dense coding, if classical communication is not allowed. These no-go results are actually independent of the particular quantification of the quantum advantage, being valid for any reasonable choice. It is further shown that the quantum advantage of dense coding satisfies a monogamy relation with the so-called entanglement of purification.
Analysis of potential porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmission in a whole-organ xenotransplantation model without interfering microchimerism (2001)

The question whether porcine xenografts can lead to porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection of recipients is critical for the evaluation of the safety of pig-to-man xenotransplantation. Unfortunately, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis of potential PERV infections in nonhuman-primate whole-organ xenotransplantation models is hampered by false positive results due to chimeric porcine cells. To avoid the inherent analytical problem of xenomicrochimerism, we developed a non-life-supporting pig-to-primate kidney xenotransplantation model: porcine kidneys were transplanted, whereas the functioning recipient kidneys remained in situ. Subsequent to rejection (after 2 hours to 15 days), xenografts were removed, and recipients remained alive for up to 287 days. Immunosuppressive therapy based on cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, and steroids was maintained for 28 days after transplantation. Using appropriate PCR assays, xenochimerism was found in tissue samples and partly even in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) while the porcine kidneys were in situ. After graft removal, xenochimerism was no longer detectable, thus allowing analysis for possible PERV transmission.
An elusive role for glycosylation in the structure and function of reproductive hormones (1999)

The crescendo of events leading first to ovulation and subsequently to birth is orchestrated by a broad repertoire of hormones. The major hormones of the ovulatory cycle are representatives of four hormone classes: neurotransmitters, releasing factors, trophic hormones acting on target tissues, and steroid-like molecules released by the target tissues. The punctuate and staccato rhythm of the neurotransmitters and releasing hormones relentlessly drive the swelling and protracted wave of activity by the luteotrophic and steroid hormones. Carbohydrates alone are notably absent as hormones and the predominant role for glycosylation appears to be the conferment of increased solubility to endocrine molecules, either during their manufacture or by modulating circulatory half-life. Rarely considered examples of the importance of glycosylation in reproductive hormones include adenosine, important for spermatozoan activity, and the hormone-binding globulins, which ensure the aqueous transport of hydrophobic steroids. The archetype glycoprotein hormones, especially human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), are discussed more extensively, as the structural and functional roles of carbohydrate in these hormones have been studied exhaustively. Conversely, the direct involvement of HCG and the importance of its carbohydrate for autonomous growth, in both placental invasion and tumorigenesis, has received little attention in the literature.
Healing patterns in calvarial bone defects following guided bone regeneration in rats (2002)

The results of this study suggest that use of occlusive ePTFE membranes enhances bone formation and maturation in the calvarial skeleton. When occlusion of endo- and exocranial tissues was compromised by membrane perforation, impaired bone formation and mineralization were observed.
Kinetic Behavior of LiFePO4/C Thin Film Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2010)

LiFePO 4 was prepared in a solid state synthesis with various levels of carbon content. LiFePO 4 /C thin films were obtained via magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology and structure was examined. Electrochemical properties of LiFePO 4 /C were studied, by using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thin films acquired show a potential use as a cathode in lithium ion batteries, displaying charge capacity up to 34 mAh g -1 .