gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Decreasing Population Bias in Tornado Reports across the Central Plains (2013)

Abstract Tornado–hazard assessment is hampered by a population bias in the available data. Here, the authors demonstrate a way to statistically quantify this bias using the ratio of city to country report densities. The expected report densities come from a model of the number of reports as a function of distance from the nearest city center. On average since 1950, reports near cities with populations of at least 1000 in a 5.5° latitude × 5.5° longitude region centered on Russell, Kansas, exceed those in the country by 70% [54%, 84%; 95% confidence interval (CI)]. The model is applied to 10-yr moving windows to show that the percentage is decreasing with time. Over the most recent period (2002–11), the tornado report density in the city is slightly fewer than 3 reports (100 km2)−1 (100 yr)−1, and this value is statistically indistinguishable from the report density in the country. On average, the population bias is less pronounced for Fujita (F) scale F0 tornadoes, but the bias disappears more quickly over time for the F1 and stronger tornadoes. The authors show evidence that this decline could be related in part to an increase in the number of storm chasers. The population-bias model can enhance the usefulness of the Storm Prediction Center's tornado database and help create more meaningful spatial climatologies.
Increased fibroblast telomerase expression precedes myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2012)

Fibroblast telomerase expression is higher in areas of early remodeling in lung tissues demonstrating typical interstitial pneumonia, whereas myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression predominates in areas of late remodeling. These events seem to be regulated by basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin-4 tissue expression, respectively.
Two decades of antifilarial drug discovery: a review (2017)

Filariasis is one of the oldest, most debilitating, disabling, and disfiguring neglected tropical diseases with various clinical manifestations and a low rate of mortality, but has a high morbidity rate, which results in social stigma.
A Technique for Producing Wide-Angle Holographic Displays (1970)

A new technique has been devised for recording and reconstructing holograms which can be viewed from a wide range of angles simultaneously by a large number of people. The problems which arise through the use of this technique have been analyzed and the limitations delineated. Satisfactory wide angle, three-dimensional displays have been constructed in the manner described by using absorption holograms. The features of these holographic displays agree qualitatively with the predicted theoretical limitations.
Test format and corrective feedback modify the effect of testing on long-term retention (2007)

We investigated the effects of format of an initial test and whether or not students received corrective feedback on that test on a final test of retention 3 days later. In Experiment 1, subjects studied four short journal papers. Immediately after reading each paper, they received either a multiple choice (MC) test, a short answer (SA) test, a list of statements to read, or a filler task. The MC test, SA test, and list of statements tapped identical facts from the studied material. No feedback was provided during the initial tests. On a final test 3 days later (consisting of MC and SA questions), having had an intervening MC test led to better performance than an intervening SA test, but the intervening MC condition did not differ significantly from the read statements condition. To better equate exposure to test-relevant information, corrective feedback during the initial tests was introduced in Experiment 2. With feedback provided, having had an intervening SA test led to the best performance on the final test, suggesting that the more demanding the retrieval processes engendered by the intervening test, the greater the benefit to final retention. The practical application of these findings is that regular SA quizzes with feedback may be more effective in enhancing student learning than repeated presentation of target facts or taking an MC quiz.
Cross-modulation by transforming growth factor beta in human tuberculosis: suppression of antigen-driven blastogenesis and interferon gamma production. (1996)

In tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-stimulated T-cell responses are depressed transiently, whereas antibody levels are increased. Lymphoproliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Pakistani tuberculosis (TB) patients to both mycobacterial and candidal antigens were suppressed by approximately 50% when compared to healthy purified protein derivative (PPD)-positive household contacts. Production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to PPD also was depressed by 78%. Stimulation with PPD and the 30-kDa alpha antigen of MTB (30-kDa antigen) induced greater secretion of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), but not interleukin 10 (IL-10) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), by PBMCs from TB patients compared to healthy contacts. The degree of suppression correlated with the duration of treatment; patients treated for <1 month had significantly lower T-cell blastogenesis and IFN-gamma production and higher levels of TGF-beta than did patients treated for >1 month. Neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta normalized lymphocyte proliferation in response to PPD, partially restored blastogenesis to candidal antigen, and significantly increased PPD-stimulated production of IFN-gamma in TB patients but not in contacts. Neutralizing antibody to IL-10 augmented, but did not normalize, T-cell responses to both PPD and candida in TB patients and candidal antigen in contacts. TGF-beta, produced in response to MTB antigens, therefore plays a prominent role in down-regulating potentially protective host effector mechanisms and looms as an important mediator of immunosuppression in TB.
Covalent Functionalization of Graphene by Nucleophilic Addition Reaction: Synthesis and Optical‐Limiting Properties (2017)

Covalent functionalization of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was performed by using conjugated polymers with different monomers through nucleophilic addition of nitrogen anions to rGO. Three conjugated polymers containing tetraphenylethylene, carbazole, and phenyl groups were used, and as a result of π-π interactions and the "polymer-wrapping" effect, the dispersion stability of rGO was improved. Even if the reaction site in the polymers was the same, there were great differences in the reactivities of the polymers, the dispersion stabilities of the resultant composites, and also the optical limiting (OL) performances of the resultant composites. The differences may be attributed to the π-conjugated structure and steric hindrance of the moiety in the polymer skeleton, which has scarcely been reported. Besides, the resultant rGO-P1 and rGO-P3 materials both showed excellent OL responses, even at 4 μJ. This behavior should enable their potential application in photonic and optoelectronic devices to protect human eyes or optical sensors from damage by intense laser irradiation.
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation (1995)

TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2 contains a thorough explanation of how TCP/IP protocols are implemented. There isn't a more practical or up-to-date bookothis volume is the only one to cover the de facto standard implementation from the 4.4BSD-Lite release, the foundation for TCP/IP implementations run daily on hundreds of thousands of systems worldwide.Combining 500 illustrations with 15,000 lines of real, working code, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2 uses a teach-by-example approach to help you master TCP/IP implementation. You will learn about such topics as the relationship between the sockets API and the protocol suite, and the differences between a host implementation and a router. In addition, the book covers the newest features of the 4.4BSD-Lite release, including multicasting, long fat pipe support, window scale, timestamp options, and protection against wrapped sequence numbers, and many other topics.Comprehensive in scope, based on a working standard, and thoroughly illustrated, this book is an indispensable resource for anyone working with TCP/IP.
برنامج تدريبي مقترح لتطوير الأداء الوظيفي للموظفين الإداريين بجامعة نجران في ضوء الإدارة الإلكترونية (2019)

هدفت الدراسة إلى بناء برنامج تدريبي مقترح لتطوير أداء الموظفين الإداريين بجامعة نجران في ضوء الإدارة الإلكترونية. واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم تطوير استبانة مكونة من (55) فقرة موزعة على ستة مجالات (التخطيط الإلكتروني، التنظيم الإلكتروني، التوجيه والاتصال الإلكتروني، والرقابة الإلكترونية، وصناعة واتخاذ القرار إلكترونياً، والتقييم الإلكتروني)، تم تطبيقها على عينة عشوائية من (84) موظفاً وموظفة، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة حصول عموم الأداة على متوسط (3.19 من5)، بتقدير (متوسط) وحسب المجالات الستة في الدراسة فقد حصلت على متوسطات تراوحت بين (2.98- 3.35) وجميعها بدرجة (متوسطة). كما كشفت النتائج عن عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية، بين أفراد عينة الدراسة حول الأداء الوظيفي للموظفين الإداريين تُعزى لمتغيرات الدراسة (النوع- المؤهل العلمي- سنوات العمل في الجامعة- عدد المشاركة في الدورات التدريبية)، وبناءً على نتائج الدراسة تم بناء البرنامج التدريبي المقترح لتطوير أداء موظفي جامعة نجران الإداريين في ضوء قائمة الاحتياجات التدريبية. إضافة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات المهمة.
CNS-targeted glucocorticoid reduces pathology in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2014)

In contrast to previous reports that employed free steroid preparations, CNS-targeted anti-inflammatory agent 2B3-201 (liposomal methylprednisolone) has therapeutic potential, reducing brainstem pathology in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. 2B3-201 reduced neuronal loss and vacuolation in brainstem nuclei, and reduced activation preferentially in astrocytes compared with microglia. These data also suggest that other previously ineffective therapies could be of therapeutic value if delivered specifically to the CNS.
Characterization of Fracture-Driven Interference and the Application of Machine Learning to Improve Operational Efficiency (2018)

Abstract Frac hits are a form of fracture-driven interference (FDI) that occur when newly drilled wells communicate with existing wells during completion, and which may negatively or positively affect production. An analytics and machine-learning approach is presented to characterize and aid understanding of the root causes of frac hits. The approach was applied to a field data set and indicated that frac hits can be quantitatively attributed to operational or subsurface parameters such as spacing or depletion. The novel approach analyzed a 10-well pad comprising two ‘parent’ producers and eight ‘child’ infills. The analysis included the following data types: microseismic, completion, surface and bottomhole pressure, tracers, production, and petrophysical logs. The method followed a three-step process: 1) use analytics to assess interference during the hydraulic fracturing and during production, 2) catalogue or extract feature engineering attributes for each stage (offset distance, petrophysics, completion, and depletion) and 3) apply machine-learning techniques to identify which attributes (operations or subsurface) are significant in the causation and/or enhancement of inter-well communication. Information fusion with multi-modal data was also used to determine the probability of well-to-well communication. The data fusion technique integrated multiple sensor data to obtain a lower detection error probability and a higher reliability by using data from multiple sources. The results showed that the infill wells completed in closest proximity to the depleted parents exhibit strong communication. The machine-learning classification creates rules that enable better understanding of control variables to improve operational efficiency. Furthermore, the methodology lends a framework that enables the development of visualization, continuous learning, and real-time application to mitigate communication during completions.
Data Readout and Processing Toolkit for Small-Size Gamma Cameras (2006)

We developed a universal data acquisition toolkit for application in small-size gamma cameras with multianode position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs) and with the charge division type of the front-end readout. The gamma camera readout is designed for a detector comprising an array of PSPMTs with a pad matrix anode layout. The test system consists of nine H8500 Hamamtsu photomultiplier tubes covering square area approx. 15 by 15 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Different arrangements of 1 to 16 PSPMTs utilizing similar electronics design are possible. The readout electronics includes an anode gain no-uniformity correction circuit and an analog data processing circuit that provides a charge division type of output with four analog channels. Our system uses an off-the-shelf PCI data acquisition card operating with a PCI-bus equipped computer under Linux. For better accuracy in the position resolution and extension of the data dynamic range, a multisampling data acquisition regime is used for each of the four analog inputs. Initial results of evaluation of the performance of the data readout and processing system with the test detector are presented. For the test measurements we used a NaI(Tl) pixellated scintillator crystal array with the 1.4 times 1.4 mm pitch. The results show a good spatial resolution mapping over 10,000 crystals of the scintillator with the <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">57</sup> Co (122 keV) or <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sup> Na (511 keV) gamma sources. The data readout and processing system position resolution is good enough for most of the available commercial scintillator crystal arrays. The system is shown to achieve the relative position sensing better than 1%.
Joint signal‐labeling optimization under peak power constraint (2012)

SUMMARY In this paper, we introduce a variation of simulated annealing algorithm for optimizing two‐dimensional constellations with finite number of signals by maximizing the symmetric and pragmatic capacity. Our method also allows the joint optimization of constellation and binary labeling when the objective function is the pragmatic capacity. The algorithm can be applied with constraints on both the peak power and the average and peak power of the constellation. The proposed algorithm does not impose any a priori geometrical structure on the constellation and labeling. Here, we provide results only for the peak power constraints and constellations with up to 32 signals. For the symmetric capacity, optimal constellations depend on the signal to noise ratio and match in several cases the amplitude phase shift keying (APSK). On the other hand, for the pragmatic capacity several novel labeling constellation schemes are introduced, showing interesting differences between the two approaches. For modulation schemes with 32 signals, our optimized constellations perform up to 0.6 dB better than the optimized 4+12+16‐APSK used as the digital video broadcasting (DVB‐S2) standard. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serological Differentiation of Three Species of Armillaria and Lentinula edodes by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Immunized Chickens as a Source of Antibodies (1990)

Antibodies to three isolates each of Armillaria mellea, A. ostoyae, A. tabescens, and Lentinula edodes were isolated from eggs of immunized laying hens. The reactivity of each antibody preparation with all isolates was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cross-reactivity of the antibody preparations to a given Armillaria species varied considerably when tested against isolates of other Armillaria species. Several antibody preparations were capable of distinguishing isolates of its homologous species from isolates of heterologous species. The specificity of the antibodies present in eggs was dependent on time elapsed since immunization. Eggs laid 3 weeks after immunization with an Armillaria species isolate possessed antibodies that were most specific for isolates of that species. The intergeneric cross-reactivity was found to be smallest with antibodies from eggs laid 5 weeks or more after immunization. Preliminary results suggest that ELISA using chicken egg yolk antibodies will provide useful information in the taxonomy of Armillaria.
Anomaly detection of network traffic based on Analytical Discrete Wavelet Transform (2010)

Signal processing techniques have attracted a lot of attention recently in the networking security technology, because of their capability of detecting novel intrusions or attacks. In this paper, we propose a new detection mechanism of network traffic anomaly based on Analytical Discrete Wavelet Transform (ADWT) and high-order statistical analysis. In order to describe the network traffic information, we use a set of features based on different metrics. We evaluate our technique with the 1999 DARPA intrusion detection dataset. The test results show that the proposed approach accurately detects a wide range of anomalies.
Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction (2002)

Accomplished authors, Preece, Rogers and Sharp, have written a key new textbook on this core subject area. Interaction Design deals with a broad scope of issues, topics and paradigms that has traditionally been the scope of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Interaction Design (ID). The book covers psychological and social aspects of users, interaction styles, user requirements, design approaches, usability and evaluation, traditional and future interface paradigms and the role of theory in informing design. The topics will be grounded in the design process and the aim is to present relevant issues in an integrated and coherent way, rather than assembling a collection of chapters on individual HCI topics.br/brbr/brKEY FEATURES: br/brbr/brThis truly integrated approach to HCI provides students with background information from psychology, sociology, anthropology, information systems and computer science provides principles and skills for designing any technology through the use of many interesting and state of the art examples. br/brbr/brThe author supported, highly interactive Web Site provides resources that allow students to collaborate on experiments, participate in design competitions, collaborate on design, find resources and communicate with others. br/brbr/brThe accompanying Web Site also features examples, step-by-step exercises and templates for questionnaires.
Size-distribution of wheat starch granules during endosperm development. (1990)

Starch granule development in hard red winter wheat was followed by light and electron microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Proplastids in the cytoplasm of the coenocytic endosperm two days after flowering (DAF) differentiated into amyloplasts by 4 DAF. Quantitative image analysis showed that the starch granules initiated during the first 4 DAF increased in size to mean diameter of 5.6 μm by 7 DAF (...)
Surface micromachined optical low-cost all-air-gap filters based on stress-optimized Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>layers (2005)

A new surface micromachining approach based on a multiple Si3N4- and silicon-layer stack is presented. The fabrication process is implemented by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition of stress-optimized films, reactive ion etching using SF6/CHF3/Ar, wet chemical etching of the sacrificial silicon layers by KOH and critical point drying. Using this approach, the fabrication of an optical all-air-gap vertical-cavity Fabry–Pérot filter is demonstrated. The surface micromachined filter consists of two DBR mirrors, each having five 590 nm thick Si3N4 membranes separated by 390 nm wide air gaps. The distance between the mirrors (cavity) is 710 nm. The optical characterization and a white light interferometer measurement document the accuracy of the layer positioning and the performance of this low-cost approach. The filter shows the designed filter dip at 1490 nm, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the filter is 1.5 nm and the insertion loss is just 1.3 dB. The process is compatible with a variety of materials, e.g. III–V compounds, silicon, as well as organic materials, facilitating a huge application spectrum for sensors.
Amplified microRNA detection by templated chemistry (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of RNAs that play important regulatory roles in the cell. The detection of microRNA has attracted significant interest recently, as abnormal miRNA expression has been linked to cancer and other diseases. Here, we present a straightforward method for isothermal amplified detection of miRNA that involves two separate nucleic acid-templated chemistry steps. The miRNA first templates the cyclization of an oligodeoxynucleotide from a linear precursor containing a 5'-iodide and a 3'-phosphorothioate. The sequence is amplified through rolling circle amplification with 29 DNA polymerase and then detected via a second amplification using fluorogenic templated probes. Tests showed that the cyclization proceeds in ∼50% yield over 24 h and is compatible with the conditions required for rolling circle polymerization, unlike enzymatic ligations which required non-compatible buffer conditions. The polymerization yielded 188-fold amplification, and separate experiments showed ∼15-fold signal amplification from the templated fluorogenic probes. When all components are combined, results show miRNA detection down to 200 pM in solution, and correlation of the detected signal with the initial concentration of miRNA. The doubly templated double-amplification method demonstrates a new approach to detection of rolling circle products and significant advantages in ease of operation for miRNA detection.
Denoising MR Images Using Non-Local Means Filter with Combined Patch and Pixel Similarity (2014)

Denoising is critical for improving visual quality and reliability of associative quantitative analysis when magnetic resonance (MR) images are acquired with low signal-to-noise ratios. The classical non-local means (NLM) filter, which averages pixels weighted by the similarity of their neighborhoods, is adapted and demonstrated to effectively reduce Rician noise without affecting edge details in MR magnitude images. However, the Rician NLM (RNLM) filter usually blurs small high-contrast particle details which might be clinically relevant information. In this paper, we investigated the reason of this particle blurring problem and proposed a novel particle-preserving RNLM filter with combined patch and pixel (RNLM-CPP) similarity. The results of experiments on both synthetic and real MR data demonstrate that the proposed RNLM-CPP filter can preserve small high-contrast particle details better than the original RNLM filter while denoising MR images.
DFKI KeyWE: Ranking Keyphrases Extracted from Scientific Articles (2010)

A central issue for making the content of a scientific document quickly accessible to a potential reader is the extraction of keyphrases, which capture the main topic of the document. Keyphrases can be extracted automatically by generating a list of keyphrase candidates, ranking these candidates, and selecting the top-ranked candidates as keyphrases. We present the KeyWE system, which uses an adapted nominal group chunker for candidate extraction and a supervised ranking algorithm based on support vector machines for ranking the extracted candidates. The system was evaluated on data provided