gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genomic Characterization of Haemophilus parasuis SH0165, a Highly Virulent Strain of Serovar 5 Prevalent in China (2011)

Haemophilus parasuis can be either a commensal bacterium of the porcine respiratory tract or an opportunistic pathogen causing Glässer's disease, a severe systemic disease that has led to significant economical losses in the pig industry worldwide. We determined the complete genomic sequence of H. parasuis SH0165, a highly virulent strain of serovar 5, which was isolated from a hog pen in North China. The single circular chromosome was 2,269,156 base pairs in length and contained 2,031 protein-coding genes. Together with the full spectrum of genes detected by the analysis of metabolic pathways, we confirmed that H. parasuis generates ATP via both fermentation and respiration, and possesses an intact TCA cycle for anabolism. In addition to possessing the complete pathway essential for the biosynthesis of heme, this pathogen was also found to be well-equipped with different iron acquisition systems, such as the TonB system and ABC-type transport complexes, to overcome iron limitation during infection and persistence. We identified a number of genes encoding potential virulence factors, such as type IV fimbriae and surface polysaccharides. Analysis of the genome confirmed that H. parasuis is naturally competent, as genes related to DNA uptake are present. A nine-mer DNA uptake signal sequence (ACAAGCGGT), identical to that found in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mannheimia haemolytica, followed by similar downstream motifs, was identified in the SH0165 genome. Genomic and phylogenetic comparisons with other Pasteurellaceae species further indicated that H. parasuis was closely related to another swine pathogenic bacteria A. pleuropneumoniae. The comprehensive genetic analysis presented here provides a foundation for future research on the metabolism, natural competence and virulence of H. parasuis.
The <i>Polycomb</i> -group protein MEDEA regulates seed development by controlling expression of the MADS-box gene <i>PHERES1</i> (2003)

The Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins MEDEA, FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM, and FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED2 regulate seed development in Arabidopsis by controlling embryo and endosperm proliferation. All three of these FIS-class proteins are likely subunits of a multiprotein PcG complex, which epigenetically regulates downstream target genes that were previously unknown. Here we show that the MADS-box gene PHERES1 (PHE1) is commonly deregulated in the fis-class mutants. PHE1 belongs to the evolutionarily ancient type I class of MADS-box proteins that have not yet been assigned any function in plants. Both MEDEA and FIE directly associate with the promoter region of PHE1, suggesting that PHE1 expression is epigenetically regulated by PcG proteins. PHE1 is expressed transiently after fertilization in both the embryo and the endosperm; however, it remains up-regulated in the fis mutants, consistent with the proposed function of the FIS genes as transcriptional repressors. Reduced expression levels of PHE1 in medea mutant seeds can suppress medea seed abortion, indicating a key role of PHE1 repression in seed development. PHE1 expression in a hypomethylated medea mutant background resembles the wild-type expression pattern and is associated with rescue of the medea seed-abortion phenotype. In summary, our results demonstrate that seed abortion in the medea mutant is largely mediated by deregulated expression of the type I MADS-box gene PHE1.
A high-swing, high-impedance MOS cascode circuit (1990)

A simple cascode with the gate voltage of the cascode transistor being controlled by a feedback amplifier called a regulated cascode is presented. In comparison to the standard cascode circuit, the minimum output voltage is lower by about 30 to 60% while the output conductance and the feedback capacitance are lower by about 100 times. An analytical large-signal, small-signal, and noise analysis is carried out. Some applications like current mirrors and voltage amplifiers are discussed. Experimental results confirming the theory are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Disruption of State Estimation in the Human Lateral Cerebellum (2007)

The cerebellum has been proposed to be a crucial component in the state estimation process that combines information from motor efferent and sensory afferent signals to produce a representation of the current state of the motor system. Such a state estimate of the moving human arm would be expected to be used when the arm is rapidly and skillfully reaching to a target. We now report the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the ipsilateral cerebellum as healthy humans were made to interrupt a slow voluntary movement to rapidly reach towards a visually defined target. Errors in the initial direction and in the final finger position of this reach-to-target movement were significantly higher for cerebellar stimulation than they were in control conditions. The average directional errors in the cerebellar TMS condition were consistent with the reaching movements being planned and initiated from an estimated hand position that was 138 ms out of date. We suggest that these results demonstrate that the cerebellum is responsible for estimating the hand position over this time interval and that TMS disrupts this state estimate.
Modelling noise-induced fibre-orientation error in diffusion-tensor MRI (2005)

Diffusion-tensor MRI can be used to measure fibre orientation within the brain. Several studies have proposed methods to reconstruct known white matter fibre tracts in the brain. These methods are known as tractography. However, the measured fibre orientations are subject to error, which leads tractography methods to fail or define false connections. Probabilistic tractography methods use a model of the probability density function (PDF) of the local fibre orientation in each voxel, to calculate the likelihood of any potential fibre pathway through a DT data set. We propose the Watson distribution as a new fibre orientation PDF to replace ad hoc models used previously. We compare the probabilistic index of connectivity (PICo) tractography method using three candidate PDFs and show that the Watson PDF compares favourably to the ad hoc models.
Fabrication of self-supporting polysilicon thermopile (2002)

A prototype self-supporting polysilicon-metal junction thermopile has been developed. In order to realize ideal higher thermal isolation, a thermopile without a membrane and having self-supporting structure is proposed. The hot and cold contacts in the proposed thermopile are reversible. The thermopile can be widely used for sensing elements of power generators, temperature sensors, radiation sensors, flow sensors, and so on. The thermocouple is composed of polysilicon and Au junction. The thermopile was fabricated by MICS (Micromachine Integrated Chip Service: three polysilicon layers structure). Outputs were measured as a function of distance between hot contact of the thermopile and the radiation source. In order to confirm performance of the thermopile, the output voltages were compared with theoretical values. The experimental results were in good agreement with the calculations.
A simple approach for fabricating polypyrrole nanowire arrays (2005)

Highly ordered nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates were prepared, which had 35 nm average porous diameter and 4.8 × 1010 pores cm−2 porous density. The AAO template was affixed tightly to the surface of glass carbon electrode (GCE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and direct current electrodeposits (DCED) method were utilized to fabricate polypyrrole nanowire arrays. Experimental results indicated that DCED methods were simpler and more efficient than CV. Furthermore, the prepared polypyrrole nanowire arrays were characterized by high-resolution scan electron micrograph (HRSEM).
Large-Strain Mechanical Behavior of Model Block Copolymer Adhesives (2009)

Pressure-sensitive adhesives represent one of the most important commercial applications of block copolymers. The large-strain tensile properties of these soft adhesive materials play a dominant role in determining their adhesive properties. In many cases changes in the polymer architecture significantly affect the large-strain properties and the resultant adhesive performance, with little or no effect on the linear viscoelastic properties. In this Perspective we provide several examples, using model systems based on diblock, triblock, tetrablock, and star-block copolymers of polystyrene and polyisoprene.
Enzymatic Polymerization of Poly(ε-CL) Containing an Ethyl Glucopyranoside Head Group: An NMR Study (1998)

The usefulness of the 2D-NMR techniques in the structure determination of the oligo ε-caprolactone ethyl glucopyranoside (oilgo(ε-CL) EGP) conjugate, synthesized by a lipase-catalyzed regioselective reaction, is described. Data from a 13 C– 13 C COSY NMR spectrum of the ethyl glucopyranoside is used for complete and unambiguous assignments of the carbon resonances in the 13 C NMR spectrum of the anomeric mixture of EGP. A comparison of the DEPT-135 spectrum of the product oilgo(ε-CL) EGP conjugate with that of the starting material, ethyl glucopyranoside (EGP), led to the conclusion that the lipase-catalyzed ring-opening of ε-CL initiated by a multifunctional initiator, EGP, proceeded in a regioselective fashion. Also, a detailed analysis of the NMR data has allowed determination of the site for lipase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of ε-CL. Our study suggests that among the possible four initiation sites in EGP only the hydroxyl group on carbon C-6 took part in the initiation process.
Principles of ultrasound and measurement of intramuscular fat (1992)

A review of basic engineering concepts of ultrasound is presented for the layperson with implications toward the use of ultrasound on beef animals. The use of ultrasound for determining quality traits such as percentage of intramuscular fat is discussed in detail. Results of both A-mode and B-mode preliminary investigations are presented. Preliminary results show that intramuscular fat may be predicted using an A-mode transducer coupled with frequency analysis.
Amplification and molecular cloning of the IMP dehydrogenase gene of Leishmania donovani (1991)

A mutant (MPA100) strain of Leishmania donovania was generated from a wild type (D1700) population by virtue of its ability to survive the selective pressure of gradually increasing concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) activity. Comparative growth experiments revealed that the MPA100 strain was 100-fold more resistant to MPA toxicity and cross-resistant to ribavarin, another inhibitor of IMPDH. A direct comparison of IMPDH levels in D1700 and MPA100 cells showed that the latter expressed at least 20-fold higher enzyme activity. In order to evaluate the mechanism by which MPA100 cells overexpressed IMPDH, the leishmanial gene encoding IMPDH was isolated from a genomic library in EMBL3 by cross-hybridization to a mouse IMPDH cDNA, and a 2.3-kilobase EcoRV-PstI fragment was subcloned into a Bluescript vector and sequenced. The EcoRV-PstI fragment contained an open reading frame of 514 amino acids that encompassed the entire leishmanial IMPDH coding sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence showed a 52.5% identity with that of the corresponding human IMPDH. The codon usage of the leishmanial IMPDH gene reflected a strong bias toward codons containing either G or C in the wobble position. The EcoRV-PstI fragment hybridized to a 3.0-kilobase mRNA that was expressed at 10-20-fold greater levels in the MPA100 cells. Using the EcoRV-PstI fragment as a probe, the increased amount of IMPDH activity and IMPDH mRNA in the MPA100 cells could be attributed to an approximately 10-20-fold amplification of the leishmanial IMPDH gene.
Using one-dimensional modelling codes to analyse the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on injection rate characteristics (2005)

A combined experimental and computational investigation was performed in order to evaluate the influence of nozzle geometry on fuel injection rate and the injector dynamic of a Common-Rail fuel injection system for DI Diesel engines. The method for modelling the most critical parts of the injector have been explained in previous publications and the results confirm that the model is capable of predicting injector hydrodynamic behaviour. A series of parametric studies were performed to evaluate the influence of the nozzle seat type (VCO and microSAC) and the nozzle orifice geometry (cylindrical and conical). Experimental results of the fuel injection rate were included to validate the models. Furthermore, two commercial one-dimensional modelling codes have been used to carry out the study, obtaining excellent results using both codes.
Nucleotide sequence, function, activation, and evolution of the cryptic asc operon of Escherichia coli K12. (1992)

The cryptic asc (previous called "SAC") operon of Escherichia coli K12 has been completely sequenced. It encodes a repressor (ascG); a PTS enzyme IIasc for the transport of arbutin, salicin, and cellobiose (ascF); and a phospho-beta-glucosidase that hydrolyzes the sugars which are phosphorylated during transport (ascB). ascG and ascFB are transcribed from divergent promoters. The cryptic operon is activated by the insertion of IS186 into the ascG (repressor) gene. The ascFB genes are paralogous to the cryptic bglFB genes, and ascG is paralogous to galR. The duplications that gave rise to these paralogous genes are estimated to have occurred approximately 320 Mya, a time that predates the divergence of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium.
Extending a hybrid tag-based recommender system with personalization (2010)

Tagging activity has been recently identified as a potential source of knowledge about personal interests, preferences, goals, and other attributes known from user models. Tags themselves can be therefore used for finding personalized recommendations of items. This paper proposes a semantic extension for a hybrid tag-based recommender system, which suggests similar Web pages based on the similarity of their tags. The semantic extension aims at discovering tag relations which are not considered in basic syntax similarity. With the goal of generating more semantically grounded recommendations, the proposal extends a hybrid tag-based recommender system with a semantic factor, which looks for tag relations in different semantic sources. In order to evaluate the benefits acquired with the semantic extension, we have compared the new findings with results from a previous experiment involving 38 people from 12 countries using data from del.icio.us.
Soybean soapstock utilization: Fatty acid adducts with ethylene and 1‐butene (1975)

Abstract The relation of certain reaction variables to yield was investigated in the preparation of ethylene and 1‐butene Diels‐Alder adducts with alkali conjugated linoleic and linolenic acid soaps derived from soybean oil soapstock. Adduct yields generally increased with pressure at the 295 C reaction temperature. Maximum yields obtained with fatty acids derived from soapstock were ca. 80% of theory with ethylene and 40% of theory with 1‐butene. Purification of adduct methyl esters by vacuum fractional distillation gave adducts with >95% purity. Ethylene adduct amides showed promise as antiblock agents for plastic film.
Further Studies on the Reliability of Thin-Film Nickel-Chromium Resistors (1973)

The reliability of thin-film Ni-Cr resistors was studied with respect to the effects of corrosion, oxidation and interdiffusion. Water on unpassivated films resulted in anodic dissolution at potentials above 2.5 volts. Oxidation increased the resistivity and lowered the T.C.R. to 20 ppm/°C. Aluminum diffused into the NiCr with an activation energy of 96 kcal/mole.
Noise robust features for speech/music discrimination in real-time telecommunication (2009)

While many efforts have been made in the audio signal classification field, the noise interruption problem is seldom concerned so far, especially in many telecommunication applications, where a real-time and noise robust approach is needed. This paper addresses this problem by proposing two novel robust features: average pitch density (APD) and relative tonal power density (RTPD). APD refers to the differences in tone characteristics of music and speech signals, and RTPD especially focuses on the distinct properties of the percussion instruments. The comparison experiments are implemented on two databases. The first one is reorganized from the corpus collected,. The second one consists of data collected from various recording situations. The novel features are compared with several state-of-the-art features and are found to achieve significant robustness.
Inhibition of SGK1 enhances mAR-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (2014)

Functional membrane androgen receptors (mAR) have previously been described in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Their stimulation by specific testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC) activate rapidly non-genomic FAK/PI3K/Rac1/Cdc42 signaling, trigger actin reorganization and inhibit cell motility. PI3K stimulates serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1, which in turn regulates the function of mAR. In the present study we addressed the role of SGK1 in mAR-induced apoptosis. TAC-stimulated mAR activation elicited apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, an effect significantly potentiated by concomitant incubation of the cells with TAC and the specific SGK1 inhibitors EMD638683 and GSK650394. In line with this, TAC and EMD638683 activated caspase-3. These effects were insensitive to the classical androgen receptor (iAR) antagonist flutamide, pointing to iAR-independent, mAR-induced responses. mAR activation and SGK1 inhibition further considerably augmented the radiation-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Moreover, TAC- and EMD638683 triggered early actin polymerization in MCF-7 cells. Blocking actin restructuring with cytochalasin B abrogated the TAC- and EMD638683-induced pro-apoptotic responses. Further analysis of the molecular signaling revealed late de-phosphorylation of FAK and Akt. Our results demonstrate that mAR activation triggers pro-apoptotic responses in breast tumor cells, an effect significantly enhanced by SGK1 inhibition, involving actin reorganization and paralleled by down-regulation of FAK/Akt signaling.
Using Electrochemical Protection to Prolong Service Life of Scrubbers and Associated Equipment (1998)

Abstract Austenitic chromium-nickel-molybdenum-iron alloys (904L, 316L, 317L, etc.) used to construct Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers and associated equipment in coal fired generating stations can experience localized corrosion. The problem may be alleviated by using more costly materials such as higher grades of stainless steel or high nickel alloys. An alternative and more cost-effective method of prolonging equipment service life is the use of Papritection®, an electrochemical protection system (EP). Weight-loss coupon results in environments similar to FGD scrubbers have shown that the use of electrochemical protection prolongs the life of stainless steels in oxidizing acid-chloride environments by an average of 3 to 5 times.1 This paper discusses an EP system that was recently supplied to an electric power utility company to protect a 316L thin metallic lined (wallpapered) FGD scrubber reaction tank. Acidic effluent from the absorber section of the scrubber is piped into this reaction tank for limestone neutralization and hence formation of calcium sulfate. Inspection of the protected reaction tank after one year of operation as well as in-situ coupon test results indicated that the EP system was very effective in mitigating localized corrosion of the scrubber reaction tank. The results are presented in this paper.
The role of high‐dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue in the treatment of malignant brain tumors: A reappraisal (1999)

The outcome for children with malignant brain tumors has improved modestly in recent years. Notable is the improved 5-yr disease-free survival for those children with 'standard-risk' medulloblastoma and other primitive neuro-ectodermal tumors (PNET) (i.e. tumors without neuraxis dissemination at presentation). For other children with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors, especially in the absence of radical surgical resection, the outcome remains poor despite surgery, irradiation and conventional chemotherapy. Patients whose tumors recur despite initial therapy continue to experience a dismal outlook with these conventional strategies of treatment. In an attempt to improve the outlook for such brain tumor patients with poor prognoses, strategies utilizing high-dose (potentially myeloablative) chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue have been developed. These studies, conducted initially in patients with recurrent tumors, were then extended to patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas and brain-stem tumors, as well as to young children with various malignant brain tumors at diagnosis in an attempt to avoid irradiation to the brain. The results of several of these studies are summarized, updating information reviewed in an earlier summary in 1996, demonstrating durable disease-free survival for a proportion of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas and medulloblastomas/PNET, as well as encouraging data in some of those patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors.
Allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by chloride ions (2015)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play key roles in the modulation of many synapses. Chloride (Cl(-)) is known to directly bind and regulate the function of different actors of neuronal activity, and several studies have pointed to the possible modulation of mGluRs by Cl(-). Herein, we demonstrate that Cl(-) behaves as a positive allosteric modulator of mGluRs. For example, whereas glutamate potency was 3.08 ± 0.33 μM on metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 4 receptors in high-Cl(-) buffer, signaling activity was almost abolished in low Cl(-) in cell-based assays. Cl(-) potency was 78.6 ± 3.5 mM. Cl(-) possesses a high positive cooperativity with glutamate (Hill slope ≈6 on mGlu4), meaning that small variations in [Cl(-)] lead to large variations in glutamate action. Using molecular modeling and mutagenesis, we have identified 2 well-conserved Cl(-) binding pockets in the extracellular domain of mGluRs. Moreover, modeling of activity-dependent Cl(-) variations at GABAergic synapses suggests that these variations may be compatible with a dynamic modulation of the most sensitive mGluRs present in these synapses. Taken together, these data reveal a necessary role of Cl(-) for the glutamate activation of many mGluRs. Exploiting Cl(-) binding pockets may yield to the development of innovative regulators of mGluR activity.