gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal Rectification by Ballistic Phonons in Asymmetric Nanostructures (2009)

In analogy to an electrical diode, a thermal rectifier transports heat more easily in one direction than in the reverse direction. Among various possible nanoscale rectification mechanisms, a ballistic rectifier relies on asymmetric scattering of energy carriers, as has been suggested for phonon transport in a sawtooth nanowire [S. Saha, L. Shi, & R. Prasher, IMECE 2006] or nanowire with special surface specularity function [N.A. Roberts and D.G. Walker, ITherm 2008]. We have used a Landauer-Buttiker method as well as a Monte Carlo method to model the asymmetric heat transport in such nanostructures, with careful attention to boundary conditions that satisfy the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. The calculations show that ballistic rectification is only significant at relatively large “thermal bias,” which causes significant anisotropy in the distribution function of energy carriers emitted at each of the two thermal contacts. We also propose experiments to observe this phenomenon using either phonons or photons.
Introduction (2018)

This volume deals with Taiwan’s connectivity, regionally and globally. It does so in terms of institutions, actors and ideas. Taiwanese actors are successfully connecting and participating in many regional and global fields. Acting and participating are not absolute terms. At stake is not having a voice or having no voice at all. Instead, connectivity is about relations, juxtapositions and sometimes liminalities. Obviously, different capabilities and powers are causing different degrees of impacts on those global and regional spaces in which Taiwanese, as everyone else, are connecting and participating. The act of participating in something or of sharing interest often implies strategies of compromising. On the one hand, the nature of compromising provides possibilities to write oneself into larger processes, while on the other hand, it proves to be difficult to stick to own positions, identities or authenticities in their (imagined) original state. This volume deals with these questions in a multi-disciplinary comparative approach that includes fields such as markets and trading, diplomacy and nation-branding, collective action, movements and mobilisation, media and internet, film, literature, pop-culture and entertainment, religious mission, etc. It thus combines perspectives from cultural studies, literary, film and media studies, sociology, political science, economics and studies in religion.
A single glutaredoxin or thioredoxin gene is essential for viability in the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2000)

Glutaredoxins and thioredoxins are small heat-stable oxidoreductases that have been conserved throughout evolution. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two gene pairs encoding cytoplasmic glutaredoxins (GRX1, GRX2) and thioredoxins (TRX1, TRX2). We report here that the quadruple trx1 trx2 grx1 grx2 mutant is inviable and that either a single glutaredoxin or a single thioredoxin (i.e. grx1 grx2 trx1, grx1 grx2 trx2, grx1 trx1 trx2, grx2 trx1 trx2) is essential for viability. Loss of both thioredoxins has been reported previously to lead to methionine auxotrophy consistent with thioredoxins being the sole reductants for 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate reductase (PAPS) in yeast. However, we present evidence for the existence of a novel yeast hydrogen donor for PAPS reductase, as strains lacking both thioredoxins assimilated sulphate under conditions that minimized the generation of reactive oxygen species (low aeration and absence of functional mitochondria). In addition, the assimilation of [35S]-sulphate was approximately 60-fold higher in the trx1 trx2 grx1 and trx1 trx2 grx2 mutants compared with the trx1 trx2 mutant. Furthermore, in contrast to the trx1 trx2 mutant, the trx1 trx2 grx2 mutant grew on minimal agar plates, and the trx1 trx2 grx1 mutant grew on minimal agar plates under anaerobic conditions. We propose a model in which the novel reductase activity normally functions in the repair of oxidant-mediated protein damage but, under conditions that minimize the generation of reactive oxygen species, it can serve as a hydrogen donor for PAPS reductase.
Face Recognition Using Face Patch Networks (2013)

When face images are taken in the wild, the large variations in facial pose, illumination, and expression make face recognition challenging. The most fundamental problem for face recognition is to measure the similarity between faces. The traditional measurements such as various mathematical norms, Hausdorff distance, and approximate geodesic distance cannot accurately capture the structural information between faces in such complex circumstances. To address this issue, we develop a novel face patch network, based on which we define a new similarity measure called the random path (RP) measure. The RP measure is derived from the collective similarity of paths by performing random walks in the network. It can globally characterize the contextual and curved structures of the face space. To apply the RP measure, we construct two kinds of networks: the in-face network and the out-face network. The in-face network is drawn from any two face images and captures the local structural information. The out-face network is constructed from all the training face patches, thereby modeling the global structures of face space. The two face networks are structurally complementary and can be combined together to improve the recognition performance. Experiments on the Multi-PIE and LFW benchmarks show that the RP measure outperforms most of the state-of-art algorithms for face recognition.
NMR relaxation times in the human brain at 3.0 tesla (1999)

Relaxation time measurements at 3.0 T are reported for both gray and white matter in normal human brain. Measurements were made using a 3.0 T Bruker Biospec magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner in normal adults with no clinical evidence of neurological disease. Nineteen subjects, 8 female and 11 male, were studied for T1 and T2 measurements, and 7 males were studied for T2. Measurements were made using a saturation recovery method for T1, a multiple spin-echo experiment for T2, and a fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence with 14 different echo times for T2. Results of the measurements are summarized as follows. Average T1 values measured for gray matter and white matter were 1331 and 832 msec, respectively. Average T2 values measured for gray matter and white matter were 80 and 110 msec, respectively. The average T2 values for occipital and frontal gray matter were 41.6 and 51.8 msec, respectively. Average T2 values for occipital and frontal white matter were 48.4 and 44.7 msec, respectively. ANOVA tests of the measurements revealed that for both gray and white matter there were no significant differences in T1 from one location in the brain to another. T2 in occipital gray matter was significantly higher (0.0001 < P < .0375) than the rest of the gray matter, while T2 in frontal white matter was significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Statistical analysis of cerebral hemispheric differences in relaxation time measurements showed no significant differences in T1 values from the left hemisphere compared with the right, except in insular gray matter, where this difference was significant at P = 0.0320. No significant difference in T2 values existed between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Significant differences were apparent between male and female relaxation time measurements in brain.
Novel Microcantilever for Scanning Thermal Imaging Microscopy (1996)

A novel microcantilever structure for the probe of a scanning thermal imager (STI-probe) which has an integrated pyramidal thin-film microthermocouple is proposed. Using a micromachining process, free-standing microcantilevers having length from 180 µm to 880 µm are fabricated. The STI-probe has an output voltage of 8.43 µV for a unit temperature and a linear thermoelectromotive force for increasing temperature. This probe will be very useful for precise scanning thermal imaging technology.
Proper outcome measurements regarding glaucoma: the inadequacy of using intraocular pressure alone. (1996)

Physicians typically assess glaucoma treatment in terms of the effect on intraocular pressure (IOP). However, it is inappropriate to use IOP as the sole outcome measure for the management of glaucoma for several reasons: a) it is a precursor of disease, but not the disease itself. b) Most often, it is not the only factor responsible for glaucomatous damage. c) It suggests, wrongly, that IOP should be maximally lowered in all glaucoma patients. d) We are beginning to be able to assess more accurately other signs, not just precursors, of glaucomatous damage itself, most importantly, optic disc damage and visual field loss. Even though these signs are far more valuable than IOP in assessing the outcome of treatment, they, too, nevertheless, are ultimately subordinate to the effect of treatment on the patient's quality of life.
Chatbot as an Intermediary between a Customer and the Customer Care Ecosystem (2017)

In the context of customer care, a digital ecosystem may get activated to address a customer's issue or situation. The digital ecosystem may consist of various computerized systems that provide assisted support, relevant mandatory services, opportunistic pro-active offers, reviews and ratings, and insights from the social web. While addressing a customer's situation the customer and/or the digital ecosystem has to choose the appropriate systems/services with suitable options to be activated in order to deliver effective customer care. This aspect can get quite complicated and some customers tend to get lost in the process and are unable to get their situation addressed to their satisfaction. We propose an intermediary chatbot between a customer and digital ecosystem that can act as a catalyst to diagnose a customer's situation and provision the appropriate services in the ecosystem. The intermediary chatbot engages in a dialog with a customer for identifying his/her situation and extract the set of latent beliefs that the customer holds. It then helps contextualize the systems in the digital ecosystem to offer suitable services, leading to a richer user experience.
Software-Defined Edge Computing (SDEC): Principles, Open System Architecture and Challenges (2019)

Edge computing is a bridge for realizing the convergence between physical space and cyber space. Large numbers of physical objects produce a huge amount of data that needs to be efficiently processed in the edge side. This situation urgently requires novel ideas and framework in the design and management of edge computing to improve and enhance its performance. In this paper, we propose an approach and principles of Software-Defined Edge Computing (SDEC) from the perspective of cyber-physical mapping, where the ultimate goal is to achieve a highly automatic and autonomous edge computing system. And SDEC can also help realize flexible management and intelligent collaboration among various edge hardware resources and services by way of software. To this end, we design a SDEC-based open edge computing system architecture which decouples upper-level applications from the underlying physical edge resources and builds dynamically reconfigurable smart edge services. This approach can share, reuse and recombine edge resources and services so that overall service capability of the edge side is improved. Finally, we outline several challenges which are worthy of in-depth study and research.
Stereoisomers of oseltamivir – synthesis, in silico prediction and biological evaluation (2017)

Oseltamivir is an important antiviral drug, which possess three chirality centers in its structure. From eight possible stereoisomers, only two have been synthesized and evaluated so far. We describe herein the stereoselective synthesis, computational activity prediction and biological testing of another three diastereoisomers of oseltamivir. These isomers have been synthesized using stereoselective organocatalytic Michael addition, cyclization and reduction. Their binding to viral neuraminidase N1 of influenza A virus was evaluated by quantum-chemical calculations and their anti-influenza activities were tested by an in vitro virus-inhibition assay. All three isomers displayed antiviral activity lower than that of oseltamivir, however, one of the stereoisomers, (3S,4R,5S)-isomer, of oseltamivir showed in vitro potency towards the Tamiflu-sensitive influenza viral strain A/Perth/265/2009(H5N1) comparable to Tamiflu.
The Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications (1982)

This monograph reviews events, circa 1920-1960, leading to the development of spread-spectrum communication systems. The WHYN, Hush-Up, BLADES, F9C-A/Rake, CODORAC, and ARC-50 systems are featured, along with a description of the prior art in secure communications, and introductions to other early spread-spectrum communication efforts. References to the available literature from this period are included.
Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) content and function in human gliomas (1999)

Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) is a pleiotrophic cytokine that stimulates motility and invasion of several cancer cell types and induces angiogenesis. Its receptor MET is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase encoded by the C-MET proto-oncogene. To assess the potential relevance of SF/HGF in gliomas we performed functional studies in vivo and in vitro, expression analyses and correlative studies. We showed that both SF/HGF and MET are expressed in gliomas in vivo and are upregulated during transition from low grade to malignant glioma. When SF/HGF cDNA was transfected into glioma cells that expressed the MET receptor the cells formed considerably larger and more vascularized intracranial tumors in vivo than SF/HGF negative control clones. In other glioma cells, which constitutively expressed both SF/HGF and MET, we abolished SF/HGF expression by antisense ribozyme-targeting, which led to a significant decrease in tumorigenicity and tumor growth. In vitro SF/HGF strongly stimulated glioma cell motility and to a lesser degree proliferation. SF/HGF also strongly increased endothelial cell motility in vitro and extracts of tumors derived from SF/HGF-transfected glioma cells were more mitogenic for endothelial cells and more angiogenic in the rat cornea angiogenesis assay than extracts from control tumors. In a three-dimensional in vitro angiogenesis assay basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was found to synergize with either SF/HGF or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in inducing endothelial capillary-like tubes, whereas neither SF/HGF nor VEGF alone or in combination were effective. Interestingly, while both VEGF and SF/HGF levels appeared to be increased in malignant gliomas compared with low grade ones, this was not the case for bFGF of which biologically relevant levels were already present in low grade gliomas. It thus seems that bFGF alone is insufficient to induce angiogenesis in gliomas but may act synergistically with either VEGF and/or SF/HGF when these become upregulated during malignant progression. In conclusion, we showed that SF/HGF may contribute to glioma progression by stimulating tumor invasiveness, proliferation and neovascularization.
Multichannel detection of ionic currents through two nanopores fabricated on integrated Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> membranes (2016)

Integration of solid-state nanopores and multichannel detection of signals from each nanopore are effective measures for realizing high-throughput nanopore sensors. In the present study, we demonstrated fabrication of Si3N4 membrane arrays and the simultaneous measurement of ionic currents through two nanopores formed in two adjacent membranes. Membranes with thicknesses as low as 6.4 nm and small nanopores with diameters of less than 2 nm could be fabricated using the poly-Si sacrificial-layer process and multilevel pulse-voltage injection. Using the fabricated nanopore membranes, we successfully achieved simultaneous detection of clear ionic-current blockades when single-stranded short homopolymers (poly(dA)60) passed through two nanopores. In addition, we investigated the signal crosstalk and leakage current among separated chambers. When two nanopores were isolated on the front surface of the membrane, there was no signal crosstalk or leakage current between the chambers. However, when two nanopores were isolated on the backside of the Si substrate, signal crosstalk and leakage current were observed owing to high-capacitance coupling between the chambers and electrolysis of water on the surface of the Si substrate. The signal crosstalk and leakage current could be suppressed by oxidizing the exposed Si surface in the membrane chip. Finally, the observed ionic-current blockade when poly(dA)60 passed through the nanopore in the oxidized chip was approximately half of that observed in the non-oxidized chip.
A General System for Studying Protein−Protein Interactions in Gram-Negative Bacteria (2008)

One of the most promising methods for large-scale studies of protein interactions is isolation of an affinity-tagged protein with its in vivo interaction partners, followed by mass spectrometric identification of the copurified proteins. Previous studies have generated affinity-tagged proteins using genetic tools or cloning systems that are specific to a particular organism. To enable protein-protein interaction studies across a wider range of Gram-negative bacteria, we have developed a methodology based on expression of affinity-tagged "bait" proteins from a medium copy-number plasmid. This construct is based on a broad-host-range vector backbone (pBBR1MCS5). The vector has been modified to incorporate the Gateway DEST vector recombination region, to facilitate cloning and expression of fusion proteins bearing a variety of affinity, fluorescent, or other tags. We demonstrate this methodology by characterizing interactions among subunits of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex in two metabolically versatile Gram-negative microbial species of environmental interest, Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA010 and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Results compared favorably with those for both plasmid and chromosomally encoded affinity-tagged fusion proteins expressed in a model organism, Escherichia coli.
A Controlled Trial of Ivermectin and Diethylcarbamazine in Lymphatic Filariasis (1990)

Ivermectin is a new antifilarial drug that can be given in a single oral dose. To compare the efficacy and side effects of ivermectin with those of diethylcarbamazine, the standard antifilarial treatment, we conducted a randomized, double-blind trial in 40 South Indian men with lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: a single low dose of ivermectin (mean [+/- SE], 21.3 +/- 0.7 micrograms per kilogram of body weight; n = 13) followed by placebo for 12 days; a single high dose of ivermectin (mean, 126.2 +/- 3.7 micrograms per kilogram; n = 13) followed by placebo for 12 days; or diethylcarbamazine for 13 days (6 mg per kilogram per day for 12 days preceded by 3 mg per kilogram for 1 day; n = 14). Eleven patients were initially assigned to receive placebo and after five days were reassigned to one of the three treatment groups. At day 12 there was complete clearance of microfilariae from the blood in all 26 men who took ivermectin and in 11 of the 14 men who took diethylcarbamazine. At six months the numbers of detectable microfilariae (as a percentage of the pretreatment values) were 18.3 percent after low-dose ivermectin and 19.5 percent after high-dose ivermectin, as compared with 6.0 percent after diethylcarbamazine (P less than 0.05). The side effects were confined to the first five days and were similar in the three treatment groups. We conclude that in lymphatic filariasis, the clinical response to a single dose of ivermectin compares favorably with that after the standard 12-day course of diethylcarbamazine. Given the practical advantages of single-dose administration, ivermectin should become a useful medication for the control of bancroftian filariasis.
<b>Preparation and Structures of Metal Cyanide-Lewis Acid Bridge Compounds</b> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Structures of Metal Cyanide-Lewis Acid Bridge CompoundsD. F. ShriverCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 10, 1405–1408Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00893a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00893a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views280Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation (2005)

Recommendations for energy intake of pregnant and lactating women should be updated based on recently available data.
A Canine Inhalation Exposure Apparatus Utilizing a Whole Body Plethysmograph (1964)

A canine inhalation exposure apparatus has been constructed which incorporates a whole body plethysmograph with the normal dry box arrangement. The dog's respiration causes air to move in and out of the plethysmograph through a pneumotachograph producing a signal proportional to respiratory flow rate which, when integrated, also yields tidal volume information. The main advantage of this system is that respiratory measurements can be made during exposure without encumbering the nose with a respiratory mask and valving arrangement. The aerosol is continuously produced, drawn past the dog's nose and collected in overflow filters during exposure. In this manner, the dog is exposed to fresh aerosol with each inspiration and the mean aerosol concentration during exposure can be obtained by determining the amount of radioactivity in the dog and the overflow filters after the exposure.