gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Rainbow optical vortices</title> (2004)

A simple method for creation of 'rainbow' polychromatic optical vortices using a point-like white-light source and the computer-generated hologram technique is reported. The conditions of spatial stability of long-distance propagating rainbow optical vortices are established, as well as the regularities governing the radial alternation of colors. The diffraction technique for revealing and diagnostics of vortices at partially coherent beam [<i>Opt. Lett.</i> <b>28</b>, <b>878</b>, 2003] is for the first time applied to polychromatic beams supporting phase singularities.
Orbital alignment at poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene interfaces (2007)

The orbital alignment at poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) interfaces to Au and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was investigated using x-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopies in combination with in situ multistep electrospray based thin film deposition. The electrospray deposition method enables deposition of polymers in vacuum directly from solution. This allows the investigation of polymer interfaces without the use of spin coating. Hence interfaces without the presence of significant contamination can be prepared, similar to what is possible at small molecular interfaces using in-vacuum evaporation. The presented experiments suggest, in conjunction with earlier experiments on MEH-PPV/Ag and MEH-PPV/indium tin oxide interfaces, that the currently assumed vacuum level alignment at conjugated polymer interfaces may not hold in all cases.
Knowledge Generation via a Simple Grammar Supporting an Intelligent User Interface. (1988)

A dictionary of standard medical terms (called the Feature Dictionary), a grammar to control the format of features, and a standard portable file in which to archive patient data will permit the automatic comparison and evaluation of competing knowledge bases for MEDAS (Medical Emergency Decision Assistance System), as well as provide the user with an intelligent interface for the entry of patient data. The feature dictionary consists of simple binary features such as “Abdominal Pain”, continuous-valued features such as “White Blood Count = 14,000”, and derived or computed features such as “Blood Pressure = Systolic - Diastolic”, but the medical expert describes knowledge to the system in terms of compound features such as “Sex = Female & Age > 2 & Hematocrit 37 to 42”. The new system contains a grammar for compound and complex features and a run time parser to translate these features into reverse Polish notation. The parse trees are used to generate rules to support an intelligent user interface. Thus, the user need only set the binary features and enter the values for the continuous features and then the system at run time automatically sets the derived features as well as the range and compound features that are needed for MEDAS' Bayesian multi-membership Inference.
A prediction module to optimize scheduling in a grid computing environment (2008)

Heterogeneous computing environment such as grid computing allows sharing and aggregation of a wide variety of geographically distributed computational resources (such as supercomputers, clusters, data sources, people and storage systems) and present them as a single, unified resource for solving large-scale and data-intensive computing applications. A common problem arising in grid computing is to select the most efficient resource to run a particular program. Also users are required to reserve in advance the resources needed to run their program on the grid. At present the execution time of any program submission depends on guesswork by the user. This leads to inefficient use of resources, incurring extra operation costs such as idling queues or machines. Thus a prediction module was designed and developed to aid the user. This module estimates the execution time of a program by using aspects of static analysis, analytical benchmarking and compiler based approach. It consists of 4 main stages; each with its own functionality. An incoming program is categorized accordingly, parsed and then broken down into smaller units known as tokens. The complexity and relationship amongst these tokens are then analyzed and finally the execution time is estimated for the entire program that was submitted.
Oral supplementation of turmeric attenuates proteinuria, transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-8 levels in patients with overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study (2011)

Short-term turmeric supplementation can attenuate proteinuria, TGF-β and IL-8 in patients with overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy and can be administered as a safe adjuvant therapy for these patients.
Peripheral Acute Pain Mechanisms (1995)

Many studies in several species, including humans, have identified a subset of primary afferent nerve fibres that are activated by potential or actual tissue-damaging stimuli. Discharge patterns of these nociceptive afferents faithfully reproduce some aspects of the applied stimuli (e.g. shape of the stimulus-response function) but not others (e.g. time-course of a sustained stimulus). Since primary nociceptive afferents provide the input to the central nervous system, their encoding properties have to be considered when studying central processing. On the other hand, pain perception correlates with some aspects of nociceptor discharges (e.g. fatigue with repetition of brief heat pulses), but not with others (e.g. absolute thresholds). Therefore, the painfulness of a stimulus cannot be deduced from nociceptor discharges alone; central processing needs to be taken into account, particularly central summation. In addition to the immediate responses of nociceptive afferents to external stimulation, acute pain mechanisms also comprise the short-term plasticity of the nociceptive system as a consequence of prolonged noxious stimulation.
A novel method for preclinical detection of PrPSc in blood (2010)

In this study, we demonstrate that a moderate amount of protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) coupled to a novel surround optical fibre immunoassay (SOFIA) detection scheme can be used to detect the disease-associated form of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in protease-untreated plasma from preclinical and clinical scrapie sheep, and white-tailed deer with chronic wasting disease, following natural and experimental infection. PrP(Sc), resulting from a conformational change of the normal (cellular) form of prion protein (PrP(C)), is considered central to neuropathogenesis and serves as the only reliable molecular marker for prion disease diagnosis. While the highest levels of PrP(Sc) are present in the central nervous system, the development of a reasonable diagnostic assay requires the use of body fluids that characteristically contain exceedingly low levels of PrP(Sc). PrP(Sc) has been detected in the blood of sick animals by means of PMCA technology. However, repeated cycling over several days, which is necessary for PMCA of blood material, has been reported to result in decreased specificity (false positives). To generate an assay for PrP(Sc) in blood that is both highly sensitive and specific, we have utilized limited serial PMCA (sPMCA) with SOFIA. We did not find any enhancement of sPMCA with the addition of polyadenylic acid nor was it necessary to match the genotypes of the PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) sources for efficient amplification.
Complete sequence of a duck astrovirus associated with fatal hepatitis in ducklings (2009)

Duck astroviruses (DAstVs) are known to cause duck viral hepatitis; however, little is known regarding their molecular biology. Here, we report the complete sequence of a DAstV associated with a recent outbreak of fatal hepatitis in ducklings in China. Sequence analyses indicated that the genome of DAstV possessed a typical astrovirus organization and also exhibited two unique features. The polyadenylated genome comprised 7722 nt, which is the largest among astroviruses sequenced to date. The ORF2 of DAstV was not in the same reading frame as either ORF1a or ORF1b, which was distinct from all other astroviruses. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses revealed that DAstV was more closely related to turkey astrovirus (TAstV) type 2, TAstV-3 and TAstV/MN/01 (a possible new TAstV serotype) than to TAstV-1 or other astroviruses. These findings suggest that astroviruses may transmit across ducks and turkeys.
A New Single-Use Bone Marrow Biopsy Needle (2005)

A new needle for taking a bone marrow biopsy sample from the posterior iliac crest is described. The needle comprises a hollow tube having a front-end portion formed to a reduced diameter. The front end is tapered by means of circumferentially spaced facets, forming a cutting edge. A series of flutes/serrations are introduced at the tapering transitional portion, between the main wider portion of the hollow tube and its reduced-diameter front-end portion. This design is new and is not available in any other conventional biopsy needle. These serrations help in its penetration through the hard cortical bone. A spacer guide, which is placed between the plastic dome of the needle and the stilette cap to enhance the ergonomics, is also new. The inside of the spacer guide is funnel shaped, through which the stilette is passed, thereby ensuring an easy and accurate alignment of the distal ends of the hollow needle and the stilette. This technique facilitates removal of the biopsy sample rearwardly out of the hollow needle particularly when the mouth (distal-end opening) of the needle is covered by extraneous bony soft tissue. In this technique, the same stilette that occupies the needle during its entry into the marrow cavity is used in sample removal. Thus, the need for an additional pusher to remove the biopsy sample from within the lumen of the needle has been eliminated.
CITY TRANSPORT MONITORING AND ROUTES OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (2008)

The article analyses the problem of further development of geographic informational systems with traffic monitoring channel (GIS‐TMC) in order to present the road users with effective information about the fastest (the shortest in respect of time) routes and thus to improve the use of existing city transport infrastructure. To solve this task it is suggested to create dynamic (automatically updated in real time) street passing duration base, for support of which a city transport monitoring system operating in real time is necessary, consisting of a network of sensors, a data collection communications system and a data processing system. In the article it is shown that to predict the street passing duration it is enough to measure speed of transport in the characteristic points of the street. Measurements of traffic density do not significantly improve accuracy of forecasting the street passing time. Analytical formulas are presented meant to forecast the street passing time.
Nogo-A expressed in Schwann cells impairs axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury (2002)

Injured axons in mammalian peripheral nerves often regenerate successfully over long distances, in contrast to axons in the brain and spinal cord (CNS). Neurite growth-inhibitory proteins, including the recently cloned membrane protein Nogo-A, are enriched in the CNS, in particular in myelin. Nogo-A is not detectable in peripheral nerve myelin. Using regulated transgenic expression of Nogo-A in peripheral nerve Schwann cells, we show that axonal regeneration and functional recovery are impaired after a sciatic nerve crush. Nogo-A thus overrides the growth-permissive and -promoting effects of the lesioned peripheral nerve, demonstrating its in vivo potency as an inhibitor of axonal regeneration.
HyBeacon® Probes for Rapid DNA Sequence Detection and Allele Discrimination (2008)

HyBeacon probes are single-stranded oligonucleotides with one or more internal base(s) labeled with a fluorescent dye. When a probe forms a duplex with its target sequence, the level of fluorescence emission increases considerably. HyBeacons have been developed as new tools for rapid sequence detection and discrimination and have been employed in a wide variety of applications including infectious diagnostics and analysis of human polymorphisms. Single-labeled (FVG1) and dual-labeled (FVG11) probes were designed to analyze the factor V Leiden (R506Q) polymorphism which causes an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Detection and identification of factor V alleles is performed by melting curve analysis and determination of probe melting temperature (T(m)). HyBeacon hybridization to the glutamine allele (Q) causes the formation of mismatched DNA duplexes that are detected through decreases in T(m). HyBeacon probes are included in homogeneous PCR assays to genotype samples with respect to the factor V polymorphism within 20 min, using purified DNAs and unpurified saliva/blood samples. This paper describes the preparation of homogeneous PCR assays, LightCycler target amplification, and subsequent melting curve analysis. This chapter also describes the use of homologous oligonucleotides and melting curve analysis as a method for probe evaluation.
Intra-Abdominal Fat Is a Major Determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria for the Metabolic Syndrome (2004)

The underlying pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome is the subject of debate, with both insulin resistance and obesity considered as important factors. We evaluated the differential effects of insulin resistance and central body fat distribution in determining the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III. In addition, we determined which NCEP criteria were associated with insulin resistance and central adiposity. The subjects, 218 healthy men (n = 89) and women (n = 129) with a broad range of age (26-75 years) and BMI (18.4-46.8 kg/m2), underwent quantification of the insulin sensitivity index (Si) and intra-abdominal fat (IAF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) areas. The metabolic syndrome was present in 34 (15.6%) of subjects who had a lower Si [median: 3.13 vs. 6.09 x 10(-5) min(-1)/(pmol/l)] and higher IAF (166.3 vs. 79.1 cm2) and SCF (285.1 vs. 179.8 cm2) areas compared with subjects without the syndrome (P < 0.001). Multivariate models including Si, IAF, and SCF demonstrated that each parameter was associated with the syndrome. However, IAF was independently associated with all five of the metabolic syndrome criteria. In multivariable models containing the criteria as covariates, waist circumference and triglyceride levels were independently associated with Si and IAF and SCF areas (P < 0.001). Although insulin resistance and central body fat are both associated with the metabolic syndrome, IAF is independently associated with all of the criteria, suggesting that it may have a pathophysiological role. Of the NCEP criteria, waist circumference and triglycerides may best identify insulin resistance and visceral adiposity in individuals with a fasting plasma glucose <6.4 mmol/l.
A generalized Fucik type eigenvalue problem for p-Laplacian (2009)

In this paper we study the generalized Fucik type eigenvalue for the boundary value problem of one dimensional $p-$Laplace type differential equations -(φ(u'))' = ψ(u), u(-T) = u(T) =0, where φ(s) = α s^p, ψ(s)= λs^p, s &gt;0; φ(s) = -β|s|^p, ψ(s)= -μ|s|^p, s &lt;0. We say (α, β, λ, μ) belong to the Fucik spectrum, if the above boundary value problem has a non-trival solution. We have obtained a complete and explicit characterization of Fucik spectrum for such problem.
The Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Methyl Ethyl Ether (1933)

The kinetics of the decomposition of methyl ethyl ether have been reinvestigated. The results obtained differ considerably from those of Glass and Hinshelwood. The heat of activation is found to be 54,500±1500 calories. This value brings the activation energy of methyl ethyl ether into line with those of the other ethers.
Testing and treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in Canada: funding models must change (2017)

[See related article at [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.170296][2]][2] KEY POINTS The Public Health Agency of Canada has estimated that a quarter of adult Canadians are at risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).[1][2] Despite a large potential disease burden, insufficient public funding for
A new look at fuzzy-logic inference (2003)

The modus ponens, the inference primitive, and many more complex inferences, are not, as logic operations, reducible to expressions involving logic functions exclusively. Some of the consequences of this observation are considered for inference in fuzzy logic. The author constructs a fuzzy modus ponens and other rules of inference which include modus tollens and reductio ad absurdum. These in turn are based on a choice for the operation of implication which preserves the symmetry implicit in its definition. Extensions including conditional quantification, cut rules, and fuzzy mathematical induction are sketched. As an example, a fuzzy-logic treatment of the Yale shooting problem is discussed. The results suggest that the implicit processes of inference can be affected in fuzzy logic if, as in classical logic, one ventures outside the scope of (fuzzy) logic operations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Über das Harnstoffmonosulfonsäureamid (1958)

Abstract Während aus Chlorsulfonylisocyanat, CISO 2 NCO, und sekundären Aminen direkt N‐Alkylderivate des Harnstoffsulfonsäure‐amids entstehen, liefert die Umsetzung mit Ammoniak hauptsächlich das Harnstoffsulfonsäure‐imid. Bei der Hydrolyse dieser Verbindung wird das gemischte Amid H 2 NCONHSO 2 NH 2 erhalten.
The study of development of product strategy by patent analysis: A case study of semiconductor equipment component (2010)

Established intellectual property can defend against negative effects and advocate positive effects, and for Taiwan's majority of small and medium-sized and newly created enterprises, patent analysis is essential for technical competition and technology trend analyses. Past patent analysis focused on the area of technology research analysis; however, this research takes semiconductor equipment components as an example, aimed at both a discussion of technology and a market analysis viewpoint of industrial structures, and finally, forming suggestions for product strategy development that provides industrial decision-makers reference for important managerial decisions. This research forms a feasible product strategy, from the viewpoint of an industrial structure, of “market analysis” and “patent management analysis”. Regarding market analysis, from the electronic industry viewpoint, of the upstream to downstream semiconductor manufacturing market of semiconductor wafer equipment and semiconductor back-end equipment as the main body of analyzes of past markets and forecasts future developments. Patent management analysis involves diverse graphs and statistical results in patent quantity, according to nationality, company, etc. This type of information will assist a company to understand, present a market patent layout, compete for information, and gather technology knowledge. Finally, the conformity of the “market analysis” and the “patent management analysis” form an industrial product strategy.
Precise Data Race Detection in a Relaxed Memory Model Using Heuristic-Based Model Checking (2009)

Most approaches to reasoning about multithreaded programs, including model checking, make the implicit assumption that the system being considered is sequentially consistent. This is, however, invalid in most modern computer architectures and results in unsound reasoning for programs that contain data races, where data races are defined by the memory model of the programming environment. We describe an extension to the model checker Java PathFinder that incorporates knowledge of the Java Memory Model to precisely detect data races in Java byte code. Our tool incorporates special purpose heuristic algorithms that result in shorter counterexample paths. Once data races have been eliminated from a program, Java PathFinder can be soundly employed to verify additional properties.
Conversion of a Peroxiredoxin into a Disulfide Reductase by a Triplet Repeat Expansion (2001)

Pathways for the reduction of protein disulfide bonds are found in all organisms and are required for the reductive recycling of certain enzymes including the essential protein ribonucleotide reductase. An Escherichia coli strain that lacks both thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase grows extremely poorly. Here, we show that a mutation occurring at high frequencies in the gene ahpC, encoding a peroxiredoxin, restores normal growth to this strain. This mutation is the result of a reversible expansion of a triplet nucleotide repeat sequence, leading to the addition of one amino acid that converts the AhpC protein from a peroxidase to a disulfide reductase. The ready mutational interconversion between the two activities could provide an evolutionary advantage to E. coli.
Brain Dopamine and Reward (1989)

While the evidence is strong that dopamine plays some fundamental and special role in the rewarding effects of brain stimulation, psychomotor stimulants, opiates, and food, the exact nature of that role is not clear. One thing is clear: Dopamine is not the only reward transmitter, and dopaminergic neurons are not the final common path for all rewards. Dopamine antagonists and lesions of the dopamine systems appear to spare the rewarding effects of nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex brain stimulation (Simon et al 1979) and certainly spare the rewarding effects of apomorphine (Roberts & Vickers 1988). It is clear that reward circuitry is multisynaptic, and since dopamine cells do not send axons to each other or receive axons from each other, dopamine can at best serve as but a single link in this circuitry. If dopamine is not a final common path for all rewards, could it be an intermediate common path for most rewards? Some workers have argued against such a view, but at present they must do so on incomplete evidence. For example, Phillips (1984) has argued that there must be multiple reward systems, functionally independent and organized in parallel with one another. His primary evidence, however, is the fact that brain stimulation is rewarding at different levels of the nervous system. As we have seen in the case of midline mesencephalic stimulation, the location of the electrode tip in relation to the dopamine cells and fibers tells us little about the role of dopamine in brain stimulation reward. It seems clear that the ventral tegmental dopamine system plays a critical role in midline mesencephalic reward, despite the distance from the electrode tip to the dopamine cells where morphine causes its dopamine-dependent facilitory effects or to the dopamine terminals where low-dose neuroleptics presumably cause theirs. Until pharmacological challenge has been extended to the cases discussed by Phillips, we can only speculate as to the role of dopamine in each of those cases. In the cases where pharmacological challenge has been examined, only nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex have been found to have dopamine-independent reward sites. It is not consistent with the dopamine hypothesis that dopamine-independent reward sites should exist in these areas, since any reward signals carried to nucleus accumbens or frontal cortex by dopamine fibers would-unless we are to believe that reward "happens" at these sites-have to be carried to the next stage of the circuit by nondopaminergic fibers (there are no dopaminergic cell bodies in any of the dopamine terminal areas).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)