gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer amyloid aβ1–42 channels: Effects of solvent, pH, and congo red (1999)

Substantial genetic and biochemical evidence implicates amyloid peptides (A|fg) in the etiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that A|fg1–42 is the predominant species in the hallmark senile amyloid plaque of AD. Furthermore, A|fg1–42 forms aggregates inside lysosomes of cultured neurons leading to lysosomal disruption and cell death. We report here that A|fg1–42 forms slightly cation selective, voltage-independent ion channels with multiple conductance levels at neurotoxic concentrations in planar bilayer membranes. The channels show substantial irregularity of activity, and the size of conductances and the length of open lifetimes depend on solvent history. Formation of channels requires anionic lipids, is enhanced in acidic solutions, and is inhibited by Congo Red. These properties suggest that the channels are formed by aggregates of A|fg1–42. In addition, the channels are reversibly blocked by zinc in a voltage-independent manner. The properties of these channels would likely render them neurotoxic to relevant neurons in vivo. These results are consistent with the channel hypothesis of A|fg neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. Res. 57:467–478, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infrared Recording Retinoscope for Monitoring Accommodation (1979)

An optometer (infrared recording retinoscope) that provides high resolution measurements of accommodative changes of the eye has been developed. The instrument employs the principle of retinoscopy to monitor changes in the refractive state of the eye. Infrared radiation is scanned across the eye to provide a moving retinal source as in retinoscopy. An electro-optical system replaces the observer in determining the direction and amount of apparent motion in the pupil of the patient. The optometer is sensitive to accommodative changes of 0.12 D over a range of 12 D. The response of the instrument is faster than the most rapid changes of accommodation, and measurements are unaffected by pupil changes or by small eye movements.
A Triptycene-Based Bis(crown ether) Host:  Complexation with Both Paraquat Derivatives and Dibenzylammonium Salts (2006)

[reaction: see text] A novel triptycene-based bis(crown ether) host (1) incorporating two dibenzo-24-crown-8 ether moieties has been synthesized. It can form not only a new bis[2]pseudorotaxane with dibenzylammonium salts but also stable clip-shaped complexes with paraquat derivatives. Moreover, the complexation process between 1 and the two classes of guests can be chemically controlled.
Critical Role of pH Evolution of Electrolyte in the Reaction Mechanism for Rechargeable Zinc Batteries (2016)

The reaction mechanism of α-MnO<sub>2</sub> having 2×2 tunnel structure with zinc ions in a zinc rechargeable battery, employing an aqueous zinc sulfate electrolyte, was investigated by in situ monitoring structural changes and water chemistry alterations during the reaction. Contrary to the conventional belief that zinc ions intercalate into the tunnels of α-MnO<sub>2</sub> , we reveal that they actually precipitate in the form of layered zinc hydroxide sulfate (Zn<sub>4</sub> (OH)<sub>6</sub> (SO<sub>4</sub> )⋅5 H<sub>2</sub> O) on the α-MnO<sub>2</sub> surface. This precipitation occurs because unstable trivalent manganese disproportionates and is dissolved in the electrolyte during the discharge process, resulting in a gradual increase in the pH value of the electrolyte. This causes zinc hydroxide sulfate to crystallize from the electrolyte on the electrode surface. During the charge process, the pH value of the electrolyte decreases due to recombination of manganese on the cathode, leading to dissolution of zinc hydroxide sulfate back into the electrolyte. An analogous phenomenon is also observed in todorokite, a manganese dioxide polymorph with 3×3 tunnel structure that is an indication for the critical role of pH changes of the electrolyte in the reaction mechanism of this battery system.
Treatment of a Solid Tumor Using Engineered Drug-Resistant Immunocompetent Cells and Cytotoxic Chemotherapy (2012)

Multimodal therapy approaches, such as combining chemotherapy agents with cellular immunotherapy, suffers from potential drug-mediated toxicity to immune effector cells. Overcoming such toxic effects of anticancer cellular products is a potential critical barrier to the development of combined therapeutic approaches. We are evaluating an anticancer strategy that focuses on overcoming such a barrier by genetically engineering drug-resistant variants of immunocompetent cells, thereby allowing for the coadministration of cellular therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy, a method we refer to as drug-resistant immunotherapy (DRI). The strategy relies on the use of cDNA sequences that confer drug resistance and recombinant lentiviral vectors to transfer nucleic acid sequences into immunocompetent cells. In the present study, we evaluated a DRI-based strategy that incorporates the immunocompetent cell line NK-92, which has intrinsic antitumor properties, genetically engineered to be resistant to both temozolomide and trimetrexate. These immune effector cells efficiently lysed neuroblastoma cell lines, which we show are also sensitive to both chemotherapy agents. The antitumor efficacy of the DRI strategy was demonstrated in vivo, whereby neuroblastoma-bearing NOD/SCID/γ-chain knockout (NSG) mice treated with dual drug-resistant NK-92 cell therapy followed by dual cytotoxic chemotherapy showed tumor regression and significantly enhanced survival compared with animals receiving either nonengineered cell-based therapy and chemotherapy, immunotherapy alone, or chemotherapy alone. These data show there is a benefit to using drug-resistant cellular therapy when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy approaches.
High‐Quality Stereo Depth Map Generation Using Infrared Pattern Projection (2013)

In this paper, we present a method for obtaining a highquality 3D depth. The advantages of active pattern projection and passive stereo matching are combined and a system is established. A diffractive optical element (DOE) is developed to project the active pattern. Cross guidance (CG) and auto guidance (AG) are proposed to perform the passive stereo matching in a stereo image in which a DOE pattern is projected. When obtaining the image, the CG emits a DOE pattern periodically and consecutively receives the original and pattern images. In addition, stereo matching is performed using these images. The AG projects the DOE pattern continuously. It conducts cost aggregation, and the image is restored through the process of removing the pattern from the pattern image. The ground truth is generated to estimate the optimal parameter among various stereo matching algorithms. Using the ground truth, the optimal parameter is estimated and the cost computation and aggregation algorithm are selected. The depth is calculated and bad‐pixel errors make up 4.45% of the non‐occlusion area.
Synthesis and cytokinin activity of 4- and 2,4-substituted pyrido(3,4-d)pyrimidines. (1986)

Studies on cytokinins ofnon-vV6-adenine type, as well as those of 7V6-adenine type are important to unveil the essential structures required for cytokinin activity. Besides A^TV'-disubstituted ureas, well-known cytokinins of non-N6-adenine type,1'2* some azanaphthalenes have been shown to be slightly active in tobacco callus tests.3>4) However, the cytokinin activity of pyrido[3,4-^/]pyrimidines, one of the triazanaphtalenes, has not been studied at all. Therefore, this report deals with the synthesis and cytokinin activity of some new 4-and 2,4-substituted pyrido [3,4-^pyrimidines. 4-Substituted-aminopyridopyrimidines are usually prepared from the pyridopyrimidin-4(3//)-ones via the 4chloro or 4-mercapto derivatives by two-step synthesis.5) Chlorodehydroxylation of la with POC13 and triethyl
The <i>Msh</i>-like homeobox genes define domains in the developing vertebrate eye (1991)

The mouse Hox-7.1 gene has previously been shown to be related to the Drosophila Msh homeobox-containing gene. Here we report the isolation of a new member of this family which resides at an unlinked chromosomal location and has been designated Hox-8.1. Both Hox-7.1 and Hox-8.1 are expressed in the mouse embryo during the early stages of eye development in a distinct spatial and temporal relationship. Hox-8.1 is expressed in the surface ectoderm and in the optic vesicle before invagination occurs in regions corresponding to the prospective corneal epithelium and neural retina, respectively. Hox-7.1 is expressed after formation of the optic cup, marking the domain that will give rise to the ciliary body. The activity of these genes indicates that the inner layer of the optic cup is differentiated into three distinct compartments before overt cellular differentiation occurs. Our results suggest that these genes are involved in defining the region that gives rise to the inner layer of the optic cup and in patterning this tissue to define the iris, ciliary body and retina.
Individual structural connectivity defines propagation networks in partial epilepsy (2016)

Neural network oscillations are a fundamental mechanism for cognition, perception and consciousness. Consequently, perturbations of network activity play an important role in the pathophysiology of brain disorders. When structural information from non-invasive brain imaging is merged with mathematical modeling, then generative brain network models constitute in-silico platforms for the exploration of causal mechanisms of brain function and clinical hypothesis testing. We here demonstrate along the example of drug-resistant epilepsy that patient-specific virtual brain models derived from diffusion MRI have sufficient predictive power to improve diagnosis and surgery outcome. In partial epilepsy, seizures originate in a local network, the so-called epileptogenic zone, before recruiting other close or distant brain regions. We create personalized large-scale brain networks for 15 patients and simulate the individual seizure propagation patterns. Model validation is performed against the presurgical stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) data and the standard-of-care clinical evaluation. We demonstrate that the individual brain models account for the temporal variability in patient seizure propagation patterns and explain the variability in postsurgical success. Our results show that individual variations in structural connectivity, when linked with mathematical dynamic models, have the capacity to explain changes in spatiotemporal organization of brain dynamics as observed in network-based brain disorders, thus opening up avenues towards discovery of novel clinical interventions.
White-to-White Corneal Diameter (2005)

With the obtained normal values, more precise determination of microcornea and macrocornea will be possible in the future. The horizontal corneal diameter was not significantly greater in males than in females. Further studies are needed to show the reasons for the age-related decrease in measurements.
Importance Sampling for Production Rendering (2010)

Importance sampling provides a practical, production-proven method for integrating diffuse and glossy surface reflections with arbitrary image-based environment or area lighting constructs. Here, functions are evaluated at random points across a domain to produce an estimate of an integral. When using a large number of sample points, the method produces a very accurate result of the integral and provides a strong basis for simulating complex problems such as light transport. Frequently, using the necessary number of samples to reach the exact result is too computationally expensive and fewer samples are evaluated at the cost of visual noise, or variance, within the image. Importance sampling offers a means to reduce the variance by skewing the samples toward regions of the illumination integral that provide the most energy. For instance, the direction of specular reflection or a bright light source within an environment more likely represent the final value of the integral than a random sample. The variance can be reduced more efficiently by combining multiple components of the illumination integral, such as the lighting and material function, to determine where to sample, which is the principle of Multiple Importance Sampling (MIS). As an alternative to the noise in importance sampling, Filtered Importance Sampling (FIS) can provide fast integration, where the lighting environment look-ups are prefiltered to give a smoother result with a significantly smaller number of samples. Importance sampling, MIS and FIS have various practical implications. In this quarter-day course, we cover the necessary background for using Monte Carlo-based techniques for direct lighting and explain how various visual effects companies use these shading methods in their production pipelines.
25 GHz static frequency divider and 25 Gb/s multiplexer in 0.12 μm CMOS (2003)

A static 2:1 frequency divider operating up to 25.4 GHz at 41 mA and a 25 Gb/s 2:1 multiplexer at 29 mA implemented in current-mode logic have differential 50 /spl Omega/ inputs and outputs. They are fabricated in a 0.12 /spl mu/m CMOS process and operate from a 1.5 V supply.
Cardiovascular selectivity of adenosine receptor agonists in anaesthetized dogs (1992)

1. In order to determine the relevance of adenosine (Ado) receptor classification obtained from in vitro methods to the cardiovascular actions of Ado agonists in vivo, the cardiovascular effects of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA, 400 fold A1-selective), 5'-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (NECA, A1 approximately A2) and 2-phenylaminoadenosine (PAA, 5 fold A2-selective) were compared in open-chest, fentanyl-pentobarbitone anaesthetized dogs. 2. Graded doses of CHA (10 to 1000 micrograms kg-1), NECA (0.5 to 100 micrograms kg-1) or PAA (0.1 to 20 micrograms kg-1) were administered intravenously and changes in haemodynamics and myocardial contractility were assessed 10 min following each dose. The effects of graded infusions of AMP (200 to 1000 micrograms kg-1 min-1) were also evaluated. 3. AMP and each of the Ado analogues (NECA > PAA > CHA) increased the systemic vascular conductance index (SVCI) in a dose-dependent manner and reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP). At doses causing similar increases in SVCI, these agonists caused (i) similar reflex increases in heart rate (HR) and cardiac index (CI) and decreases in AV conduction interval (AVi) and (ii) similar increases in coronary vascular conductance (CVC). 4. After cardiac autonomic blockade with atropine (0.2 mg kg-1) and propranolol (1 mg kg-1), AMP, CHA and PAA still increased SVCI and CVC and decreased MAP. CHA and PAA had no marked effects on HR, CI or AVi. As in the absence of cardiac autonomic blockade, equieffective vasodilator doses of CHA and PAA had identical effects on CVC, CI and AVi. 5.Myocardial contractility, as assessed by E,,,,, measurements, was stimulated by AMP in control animals. Following cardiac autonomic blockade, PAA increased contractility while AMP and CHA had no significant effects.6. Despite marked.differences in receptor selectivity in vitro, no marked differences between the actions of these Al- and A2-selective Ado receptor agonists on the cardiovascular system in vivo were apparent.Difficulties therefore exist in the application of in vitro Ado receptor selectivity data to the prediction of the cardiovascular effects of Ado agonists in vivo.
Crystal structures of natural and synthetic α-eucryptite, LiAlSiO<sub>4</sub> (1985)

Article Crystal structures of natural and synthetic α-eucryptite, LiAlSiO4 was published on November 1, 1985 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (volume 172, issue 1-4).
SYNTHESES WITH 5-DIBROMOMETHYL- AND 5-FORMYL-PYRROMETHENES (1965)

With many 5,5′-dimethyl- and 5-bromo-5′-methyl-pyrromethenes the sequence CH 3 → CH 2 Br → CH 2 O Me had been possible. With two such pyrromethenes the following new sequences have been developed: (1) CH 3 → CHBr 2 → CH(OMe) 2 or CHO (cf. IIIe and IVe), (2) CH(OMe) 2 , CHO, or CH 2 OMe → Br (cf. IIIf and IVf), (3) (dimethoxy-methyl-)pyrromethene → formyl-dipyrrylmethane (cf. IX and VII). These provide new intermediates for new porphyrin syntheses and alternative or improved routes to established intermediates.
Cytotoxic 4-Phenylcoumarins from the Leaves of <i>Marila </i><i>p</i><i>luricostata</i> (2005)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the CH(2)Cl(2) extract of the leaves of Marila pluricostata led to the isolation of 17 naturally occurring 4-phenylcoumarins, three of them, 5-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-4-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-8H-pyrano-[2,3-f]chromen-2-one (1), 5-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-4-phenyl-6-propionyl-9,10-dihydro-8H-pyrano-[2,3-f]chromen-2-one (2), and 5,7-dihydroxy-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-4-phenylchromen-2-one (3), are new natural compounds; the remaining (4-17) are known mammea-type coumarins. Their structures were established by spectroscopic means. All compounds were tested in cytotoxicity assays against the MCF-7, H-460, and SF-268 human cancer cell lines.
Exploring human factors effects in the Smart Grid system of systems Demand Response (2012)

Human factors can play a significant role in the behavior of a system of systems. This is particularly true in collaborative system of systems, an example of which is the Smart Grid Demand Response. The Smart Grid Demand Response example is used in this paper to develop and prototype an approach to examine the impact of human factors (e.g., news stories and human interactions) on system of systems performance (e.g., peak load). The approach presented makes use of an agent-based model combined with probabilistic analysis to show the sensitivity of the performance of the Demand Response to uncertainty in human's decision to participate in a direct load control program. The human's decision could be influenced by several factors, including interactions with other humans and the news. Since most of the information regarding human factors is not known a priori, a sensitivity analysis was conducted in order to examine emergent behavior. The results of this study show that human factors can have a significant impact on a collaborative system of systems. In this study, news stories and human interactions have a significant influence on the effectiveness of the notional Demand Response program modeled.
Rubber, 3. Synthetic Rubbers, Introduction and Overview (2011)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Market and Areas of Application 1.2. Nomenclature and Classification 1.3. Properties 1.4. Production 1.5. Producers 2. Market, Producers, and Capacities 2.1. Market 2.2. Producers, Capacities and Capacity Utilization 3. Market Requirements and Impact on Development of Synthetic Rubber 4. Production Processes 5. Ecological and Health Aspects 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Health Aspects 5.2.1. Raw Materials 5.2.2. Processing 5.2.3. Use 5.3. Environment 5.4. Outlook
A Randomized and Prospective Study of 3 Procedures for the Diagnosis of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection without Catheter Withdrawal (2007)

CR-BSI can be assessed without catheter withdrawal in patients without neutropenia or blood disorders who have catheters inserted for a short time and are hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Convenience, use of resources, and expertise should determine the technique of choice in different medical contexts. Because of ease of performance, low cost, and wide availability, we recommend combining semiquantitative superficial cultures and peripheral vein blood cultures to screen for CR-BSI, leaving differential quantitative blood cultures as a confirmatory and more specific technique.
Temperature Dependence of Fast and Slow Gating Relaxations of ClC-0 Chloride Channels (1997)

The chloride channel from the Torpedo electric organ, ClC-0, is the best studied member of a large gene-family (Jentsch, T.J. 1996. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:303-310.). We investigate the temperature dependence of both the voltage- and chloride-dependent fast gate and of the slow gate of the "double-barreled" ClC-0 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Kinetics of the fast gate exhibit only a moderate temperature dependence with a Q10 of 2.2. Steady-state P(open) of the fast gate is relatively independent of temperature. The slow gate, in contrast, is highly temperature sensitive. Deactivation kinetics at positive voltages are associated with a Q10 of approximately 40. Steady-state open probability of the slow gate (P(open)slow(V)) can be described by a Boltzmann distribution with an apparent gating valence of approximately 2 and a variable "offset" at positive voltages. We note a positive correlation of this offset (i.e., the fraction of channels that are not closed by the slow gate) with the amount of expression. This offset is also highly temperature sensitive, being drastically decreased at high temperatures. Paradoxically, the maximum degree of activation of the slow gate also decreases at higher temperatures. The strong temperature dependence of the slow gate was also observed at the single channel level in inside-out patches. The results imply that within a Markovian-type description at least two open and two closed states are needed to describe slow gating. The strong temperature dependence of the slow gate explains the phenotype of several ClC-0 point-mutants described recently by Ludewig et al. (Ludewig, U., T.J. Jentsch, and M. Pusch. 1996. J. Physiol. (Lond.). In press). The large Q10 of slow gating kinetics points to a complex rearrangement. This, together with the correlation of the fraction of noninactivating channels with the amount of expression and the fact that the slow gate closes both protochannels simultaneously suggests that the slow gate is coupled to subunit interaction of the multimeric ClC-0 channel.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ORTHO‐SUBSTITUTED ALKYLCHALCOGENOBENZENES BY ORTHOLITHIATION (1985)

Abstract Die Verbindungen (I) werden infolge der o‐dirigierenden Wirkung der Oxazolinyl‐Gruppe regiospezifisch lithiiert.
Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with advanced solid tumors. (1996)

5FU does not substantially affect the metabolism of CPT-11 to its active metabolite, SN-38. The combination of CPT-11125 mg/m2, 5FU 500 mg/m2, and leucovorin 20 mg/m2 is feasible and tolerable on this schedule.
Genetic evidence that the meiotic recombination hotspot at the HIS4 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not represent a site for a symmetrically processed double-strand break. (1993)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the binding of the Rap1 protein to a site located between the 5' end of the HIS4 gene and the 3' end of BIK1 stimulates meiotic recombination at both flanking loci. By using strains that contain mutations located in HIS4 and BIK1, we found that most recombination events stimulated by the binding of Rap1 involve HIS4 or BIK1, rather than bidirectional events including both loci. The patterns of aberrant segregation indicate that most of the Rap1-stimulated recombination events do not represent the symmetric processing of a double-strand DNA break located at the Rap1-binding site.