gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable radiation delivery system utilizing glass microspheres and ethylenediaminetetraacetate chelation therapy (2004)

Dysprosium lithium-borate (DyLB) glass microspheres have been developed as a biodegradable radiation delivery vehicle for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Radioactive microspheres of these glasses are intended to be injected into a joint infected with rheumatoid arthritis to safely deliver a localized dose (100 Gy) of beta radiation. Once injected, the microspheres react nonuniformly with body fluids. The nonradioactive, lithium-borate component is dissolved from the glass, whereas the radioactive (165)Dy reacts with phosphate anions in the body fluids, and becomes "chemically" trapped in a solid, dysprosium phosphate reaction product that has the same size as the unreacted microsphere. The glass microspheres lose approximately 80% of their weight after nonuniform reaction (<1 day), but the dysprosium phosphate reaction product is slowly metabolized by the body over several months. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) chelation therapy can be used to dissolve the dysprosium phosphate reaction product in vitro in <2 h. The dysprosium phosphate reaction product which formed in vivo in the joint of a Sprague-Dawley rat was also dissolved by EDTA chelation therapy in <1 week, without causing any detectable joint damage. The combination of DyLB glass microspheres and EDTA chelation therapy provides a unique "tool" for the medical community because it can deliver a large dose (>100 Gy) of localized beta radiation to a treatment site within the body, followed by complete biodegradability.
SEIZING COMPETITIVE INITIATIVE (1982)

To be successful, a company has to capture the initiative in an industry from its competitors. The author offers a detailed prescription for getting and keeping the strategic initiative in the face of countermoves by your opponent.
Alteration of Substrate and Inhibitor Specificity of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Protease (2000)

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) protease is structurally very similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease but exhibits distinct substrate and inhibitor specificities. We performed mutagenesis of subsite residues of FIV protease in order to define interactions that dictate this specificity. The I37V, N55M, M56I, V59I, and Q99V mutants yielded full activity. The I37V, N55M, V59I, and Q99V mutants showed a significant increase in activity against the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase/integrase and P2/nucleocapsid junction peptides compared with wild-type (wt) FIV protease. The I37V, V59I, and Q99V mutants also showed an increase in activity against two rapidly cleaved peptides selected by cleavage of a phage display library with HIV-1 protease. Mutations at Q54K, I98P, and L101I dramatically reduced activity. Mutants containing a I35D or I57G substitution showed no activity against either FIV or HIV substrates. FIV proteases all failed to cut HIV-1 matrix/capsid, P1/P6, P6/protease, and protease/reverse transcriptase junctions, indicating that none of the substitutions were sufficient to change the specificity completely. The I37V, N55M, M56I, V59I, and Q99V mutants, compared with wt FIV protease, all showed inhibitor specificity more similar to that of HIV-1 protease. The data also suggest that FIV protease prefers a hydrophobic P2/P2' residue like Val over Asn or Glu, which are utilized by HIV-1 protease, and that S2/S2' might play a critical role in distinguishing FIV and HIV-1 protease by specificity. The findings extend our observations regarding the interactions involved in substrate binding and aid in the development of broad-based inhibitors.
Optimization of Felt Life Time in Paper Manufacture (2007)

The process of manufacture of paper is essentially the removal mechanics of a fiber suspension, starting in the formation where relatively low level of force mechanics is used to remove the free water between staple fibers. The biggest force mechanics used for continuous removal of this water is in the sector of presses, where the located one between them in such a way involves the compression of the leaf for water withdrawal of the interior of staple fibers how much. The more compressed the leaf, greater the amount of water is removed. The pressing is made with the leaf in contact with one or two felts in nip (zone of contact between two coils). The press sector is an important part of the machine, affecting the properties of the paper, as the smoothness and the density, as well as intervening with the final cost of manufacture. Low efficiency of this sector causes inconvenience as to the rise of the number of in additions the leaf, for the reduction of the tensile strength; increase in the vapor consumption in the drying section of the machine, and in many cases, the reduction of the productivity due to reduction of the speed of the machine. A reduction of 1% of humidity in the leaf results in a reduction of vapor consumption in the order of 4.5%. The manufacture of papers to print and to write is the second category of paper more produced and consumed, participating, in 2003, with 29% of the total production of paper and 25% of the consumed total volume. Brazil is 13th bigger world-wide manufacturer of papers to print and to write, participating with 2.4% of the world-wide production. The programming and control of the production consist essentially of a set of interrelated functions that objectify to command the process productive and to co-ordinate it with the too much administrative sectors of the company. In this work we present the alternatives that we can have in the analyses of the data of the press sector, due to existence of a great amount of involved variable of control in this sector (approximately 20), was necessary the accomplishment of an analysis statistics through the study of Techniques Multivariates Statistics through the method of PCA (Principal Components Analysis), PCR (Principal Components Regression) and PLS (Partial Least Squares), with the one of the use of softwares Minitab14 and Statistica 7. This analysis will supply basement the development of the model for optimization of the useful life of the clothes of the sector of press in the manufacture of paper to print and to write.
Fine Structure of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> Grown In Vivo as Observed by Freeze-Etching (1973)

Cryptococcus neoformans grown in the parasitic state was observed by the freeze-etching technique and was compared with that grown on culture media. Unlike other yeasts, this organism grown in vivo is very often devoid of the “ordinary” invaginations. The membrane of the cell grown in vivo was almost free from concavity and convexity except for many round depressions which represent the surface view of paramural bodies. Some of the paramural bodies were found to be multivesicular systems. Most were spherical invaginations containing a single vesicle or its ghost remaining after secretion of the vesicles. In clear contrast to the cell grown in vitro, the in vivo cell contained a great number of vesicles in the cytoplasm. These seemed to show high-secretion activity in C. neoformans grown in the parasitic state. On transfer from in vitro to in vivo, this organism enlarged the cell wall, capsule, and cell body. The appearance of a large vacuole, accumulation of storage organelles, and the existence of rodlike structures, seemingly lipid deposits, were also noted in the cytoplasm of the cell grown in vivo. the meaning of these results as well as the mode of capsular production are discussed.
Authentication services for computer networks and electronic messaging systems (1997)

The paper surveys the authentication services used by modern computer systems and presents the major operational authentication services employed by commercial companies, banking as well as government departments. As distributed system services are susceptible to a variety of threats mounted by intruders as well as legitimate users of the system, password-based authentication is not suitable for use on computer networks.
Introduction (1999)

The August coup of 1991 not only marked the beginning of the end of Communist rule within the Soviet Union but also provided the final impetus for the disintegration of the Federation itself. The effects of the post-Cold-War springtime of nations in Eastern Europe had reverberated throughout the Soviet bloc and once the full implications of the post-coup political situation had been realised the process of national separation began to resemble that of a matryoshka doll, republics rapidly peeling off from the centre one by one. In Central Asia the possibility of breaking away from the Federation initially received a rather muted response from the leaders of these republics. Nevertheless, the events unfolding in the rest of the Union resulted in the majority of these states declaring their independence within a month of the coup and even Kazakhstan, the most reluctant state in the region, finally declared its independence in mid-December 1991. These declarations were followed by a flourishing of writings on the area addressing the question of ‘whither Central Asia’ — what types of states are they? What alliances are they likely to forge? What resources do they have at hand?1 A whole array of questions were asked about the region more often than not because of the West’s concern over the influence of Islam in the region.2
Perceptual phase redundancy in speech (2002)

For efficient quantization of speech representation, it is common to incorporate perceptual characteristics of human hearing. However, the focus has been confined only to the magnitude information of speech, and little attention has been paid to phase information. This paper presents a novel approach, termed perceptually irrelevant phase elimination (PIPE), to find out irrelevant phase information of acoustic signals in terms of perception. The proposed method, which is based on the observation that the relative phase relationship within a critical band is perceptually important, is derived not only for stationary Fourier signal but also for harmonic signal. The proposed method is then incorporated into the analysis-by-synthesis system based on harmonic representation of speech, and subjective test results demonstrate its effectiveness.
Chromosome 9p21 polymorphism is associated with myocardial infarction but not with clinical outcome in Han Chinese (2009)

This study demonstrates an association of rs1333049 polymorphism locus on chromosome 9p21 with risk for MI, but not with post-MI prognosis in Han Chinese.
Detection of G-Quadruplexes in Cells and Investigation of G-Quadruplex Structure of d(T2AG3)4 in K+ Solution by a Carbazole Derivative: BMVC (2009)

Verification of the existence of quadruplex structure in native human telomeres and determination of the major structure of d(T(2)AG(3))(4) (H24) in K(+) solution are the major questions regarding the structure of human telomeres. We have synthesized a fluorescent probe of 3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium)carbazole diiodide (BMVC) that has a very high binding affinity for G-quadruplex H24. BMVC stabilizes quadruplex structures and acts as a sensitive probe to the local environment. Although the circular dichroism patterns of H24 are different in Na(+) and K(+) solutions, similar binding behaviors of BMVC to H24 in these solutions led us to suggest that the major G-quadruplex structure of H24 in K(+) solution is very likely similar to that in Na(+) solution. Of particular interest is the fluorescent band detected at -575 nm in quadruplex H24 and at -545 nm in duplex DNA. In addition, the intensity of BMVC fluorescence increases by two orders of magnitudes upon interaction with either duplex or G-quadruplex DNA. BMVC has a greater binding preference for G-quadruplex H24 than for duplex DNA. Analyzing the BMVC fluorescence at the ends of metaphase chromosomes and other regions of chromosomes allowed us to verify the presence of G-quadruplex structure in human telomeres for the first time. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, the longer decay time of BMVC in G-quadruplex H24 than in duplex DNA allowed us to map the G-quadruplex structure in human metaphase chromosomes.
Iraq Crude Oil Exports – November, December 2017 and January 2018 (2019)

Table (1) Iraq Crude Oil Exports – November 2017 Table (2) Iraq Crude Oil Exports – December 2017 Table (3) Iraq Crude Oil Exports –January 2018
Gating kinetics of pH-activated membrane fusion of vesicular stomatitis virus with cells: stopped-flow measurements by dequenching of octadecylrhodamine fluorescence (1990)

To identify the initial stages of membrane fusion induced by vesicular stomatitis virus, we performed stopped-flow kinetic measurement with fluorescently labeled virus attached to human erythrocyte ghosts that contained symmetric bilayer distributions of phospholipids. Fusion was monitored spectrofluorometrically using an assay based on mixing of the lipid fluorophore octadecylrhodamine. At 37 degrees C and pH values near the threshold for fusion, a lag phase of 2 s was observed. The lag time decreased steeply as the pH decreased, while the initial rate of fusion showed the reverse functional dependence on pH. The observed rapid fluorescence changes resulted from fusion of virus bound to the target, and the time lags were not due to association-dissociation reactions between virus and target. For a given pH value, the temperature dependence of the lag time was similar to that of the initial rate of fusion. The results were fitted to a multistate model similar to that resulting from ion channel gating kinetics. The model allows testing of hypotheses concerning the role of cooperativity and conformational changes in viral spike glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion.
Switched diversity antennas characterized by a coverage probability parameter (2010)

A new characteristic parameter for switched diversity antennas is introduced. The coverage probability parameter describes the capability of a switched diversity antenna system to receive “above threshold” an arbitrary linear polarized wave coming from an arbitrary direction. A number of generic antennas, as well as diversity antennas from the literature, are compared in terms of size, bandwidth, and “coverage” as described by the new parameter. A new diversity antenna based on loaded dipoles is proposed and is shown to outperform existing antennas in many regards.
Calcium pectinate gel beads for controlled release drug delivery: II. Effect of form ulation and processing variables on drug release (1999)

The effect of four formulation and processing variables, calcium concentration, drying condition, concentration of hardening agent and hardening time on the bead properties and the release characteristics of a model drug from calcium pectinate gel (CPG) beads were studied. A poorly soluble compound, indomethacin, was used as the model drug. The investigated variables affected the bead size, the entrapment efficiency and the release of indomethacin from CPG beads. Drug release was found to be a function of the formulation and processing variables. The slower drug release was achieved from the formulations with higher calcium concentration, higher concentration of hardening agent and longer hardening time. The drying condition, however, did not influence the drug release. The mechanism of indomethacin release from CPG beads followed the diffusion controlled model for an inert porous matrix. All drug release data fitted well to the Higuchi square root time expression.
A low frequency wideband depth sounder for sea ice (2004)

Sea ice plays an important role in the Earth climate system. Techniques used in the past to determine sea ice thickness had fundamental limitations in terms of spatial and temporal coverage. We performed extensive simulations using published ice-core data from both polar regions, and our results suggested the use of a UHF radar system (300-1300 MHz) for sounding thin Antarctic sea ice and thin ice in the Arctic and a VHP radar system (50-250 MHz) for sounding thick Arctic sea ice. Based on the simulation results, we designed a prototype radar system that operates on both the frequency ranges. We have successfully used the system to collect data over sea ice at Barrow, Alaska. The experiments show that with our system, we can measure sea ice thickness with less than 20 cm uncertainty in thickness.
Multiplierless Reconfigurable Processing Element And Its Applications to DSP Kernels (2005)

This paper proposes a new reconfigurable arithmetic architecture for DSP kernels. This architecture can perform function of MAC operation based on distributed arithmetic without multiplier. Because of multiplierless characteristic, it can say that the proposed architecture have less complexity and smaller area. The proposed architecture is also based on 1-bit functional unit which performs logical operations, addition, subtraction, and shift and it can do configuration of 4/8/16 bit unit. Therefore it has high flexibility and small overhead. We apply various algorithms of DSP kernels such as multiplication of matrix, FIR filter, 2-D DCT and motion estimation.
Black Box Linearization for Greater Linear Dynamic Range: The Effect of Power Transforms on the Representation of Data (2010)

Power transformations are commonly used in image processing techniques to manipulate image contrast. Many analytical results, including chromatograms, are essentially presented as images, often to convey qualitative information. Power transformations have remarkable effects on the appearance of the image, in chromatography, for example, increasing apparent resolution between peaks by the factor √n and apparent column efficiency (plate counts) by a factor of n for an nth-power transform. The profile of a Gaussian peak is not qualitatively changed, but the peak becomes narrower, whereas for an exponentially tailing peak, asymmetry at the 10% peak height level changes markedly. Using several examples we show that power transforms also increase signal-to-noise ratio and make it easier to discern an event of detection. However, they may not improve the limit of detection. Power responses are intrinsic to some detection schemes, and in others they are imbedded in instrument firmware to increase apparent linear range that the casual user may not be aware of. The consequences are demonstrated and discussed.
Speeding up Bresenham's algorithm (1991)

The line segment is the basic entity in virtually all computer graphics systems. J.E. Bresenham's algorithm (1965) efficiently scan converts line segments because it requires only an integer addition and a sign test for each pixel generated. It is the standard for scan converting a line segment. A version based on the properties of linear Diophantine equations that can speed scan conversion by a factor of almost five is presented. Two approaches are used to achieve speedup. One is to parallelize the line generation process. The other is to take advantage of the repeated patterns that the algorithm generates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Immunosuppressive IDO in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Animal Models, and Targeting Strategies (2020)

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO; IDO1; INDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme that metabolizes the essential amino acid, tryptophan, into downstream kynurenines. Canonically, the metabolic depletion of tryptophan and/or the accumulation of kynurenine is the mechanism that defines how immunosuppressive IDO inhibits immune cell effector functions and/or facilitates T cell death. Non-canonically, IDO also suppresses immunity through non-enzymic effects. Since IDO targeting compounds predominantly aim to inhibit metabolic activity as evidenced across the numerous clinical trials currently evaluating safety/efficacy in patients with cancer, in addition to the recent disappointment of IDO enzyme inhibitor therapy during the phase III ECHO-301 trial, the issue of IDO non-enzyme effects have come to the forefront of mechanistic and therapeutic consideration(s). Here, we review enzyme-dependent and -independent IDO-mediated immunosuppression as it primarily relates to glioblastoma (GBM); the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Our group's recent discovery that IDO levels increase in the brain parenchyma during advanced age and regardless of whether GBM is present, highlights an immunosuppressive synergy between aging-increased IDO activity in cells of the central nervous system that reside outside of the brain tumor but collaborate with GBM cell IDO activity inside of the tumor. Because of their potential value for the <i>in vivo</i> study of IDO, we also review current transgenic animal modeling systems while highlighting three new constructs recently created by our group. This work converges on the central premise that maximal immunotherapeutic efficacy in subjects with advanced cancer requires both IDO enzyme- and non-enzyme-neutralization, which is not adequately addressed by available IDO-targeting pharmacologic approaches at this time.
Estrogen Action in the Mouse Uterus: Characterization of the Cytosol and Nuclear Receptor Systems (1979)

Cytosol receptor binding of 17β-estradiol in the mouse uterus was demonstrated in immature, ovariectomized, and intact animals. Quantification of specific binding by protamine sulfate precipitation was approximately 0.70 pmol estradiol bound/mg cytosol protein for all of the groups studied. Nuclear binding levels, assessed by the nuclear exchange assay, were 0.11–0.15 pmol/100 μg DNA. Stability of the nuclear receptorestradiol complex was evaluated at 25, 30, and 37 C and was found to be inversely related to the incubation temperature. Linearity of the binding assays was demonstrated for cytosol and nuclear receptors compared to milligrams of cytosol protein or micrograms of DNA, respectively. The mouse uterine cytosol receptor-estradiol interaction was shown to be second order by association rate analysis (k1 = 2.0 × 105 M-1 sec-1). Dissociation of estradiol from the receptor complex (k-1) appeared to be first order, with a constant of 2.3 × 10-5 sec-1. Sucrose gradients performed in low salt buffer (10 mni Tris and 1.5 mM EDTA) resulted in the appearance of an 8S-sedimenting cytosol receptor. A cytosol receptor sedimenting at 6S was demonstrated on sucrose gradients in low salt buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM disodium EDTA, and 10% glycerol), while the same analysis in 0.4 M KC1 buffer gave a 4S component. Sedimentation profiles of KC1 extracts of nuclei showed a 5S moiety. A similar sedimenting component (5S) was demonstrable by a cell-free transformation of the cytosol preparation. Receptor specificity for estrogenic steroids was indicated from competitive equilibrium binding experiments with a variety of unlabeled steroids. Estrogenic compounds showed the following rank order: diethylstilbestrol ≥ 17β-estradiol ∼ estrone ∼ estriol ≥ 17α-estradiol > R2858 [11β-methoxy- 19-nor-1,3,5- (10)pregnatrien-20-yne-3,17-diol] 3β,5α-androstanediol. Other androgens, progestogens, and glucocorticoids had no appreciable effect on the binding. The distribution pattern of the immature mouse uterine cytosol and nuclear receptors after an injection of estradiol (10 μg/kg) showed initial translocation at 1 h, with the appearance of a second nuclear peak approximately 7–8 h postinjection. The properties of this estrogen receptor system and the possible role of this biphasic nuclear increase is discussed as it relates to estrogen action in the mouse uterus.