gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determining Friction Factors for Measuring Productivity of Gas Wells (1950)

Abstract The theoretical background for calculating friction factors for flow in gaswells by two methods is presented. The first method, requiring pressures, temperatures and specific volumes of the flowing fluids at various depths inthe well bore, shows how the mechanical-energy-balance equation for verticalflow may be graphically integrated over the actual path of the expansion of thefluid in the well. Thus, assumptions regarding the effective temperature andeffective compressibility of the fluid in the well are avoided. The secondmethod presents an equation derived on a basis of the assumptions that both thetemperature and the compressibility are fixed at constant effective valuesthroughout the flowing column of gas. The second method provides a convenientand practical means of calculating friction factors for gas wells and lendsitself readily to the problem of calculating subsurface pressures in a flowinggas well. The application of both methods to actual test data taken on aflowing gas well is illustrated in the paper. Introduction As friction factors for the producing strings of flowing gas wells cannot bemeasured directly and must be calculated from flow-test data, study of themethods of arriving at friction factors is a necessary adjunct to understandingthe characteristics of flow in gas wells. There are two methods of calculatingfriction factors for gas wells; they differ from one another mainly in thetreatment of the path of expansion of the fluid in the well. In the flowingwell, the energy consumed in lifting the fluid from the bottom to the top ofthe well, overcoming the friction between the moving fluid and the pipe walls, and increasing the velocity of the fluid as it flows up the producing string issupplied by expansion of the flowing fluid. The available energy is determined, by the expansion of the fluid that follows a path determined by conditions oftemperature, compressibility and phase changes of the fluid during theexpansion. A means of evaluating the available energy in a flowing gas well anddetermining the proportion of the available energy used in lifting the gas, overcoming friction, and increasing the velocity of flow is developed in thisreport. Knowing how much energy is consumed in overcoming friction makes itpossible to calculate friction factors for given flow rates in given sizes ofpipes in wells. T.P. 2777
Rapid and definitive detection of <i>Salmonella</i> in foods by PCR (1998)

The BAX system for screening Salmonella is one of the first commercial PCR-based systems for the detection of food-borne pathogens. It is able to give a confirmed result within 28 h. There was 98.6% and 95.8% agreement between the BAX system and conventional cultural analysis for the detection of Salmonella in artificially inoculated and uninoculated food samples, respectively. In both cases, the BAX system generated more positive detections than cultural analysis. The speed of assay, case of use and high specificity and sensitivity of the BAX system for the detection of food-borne Salmonella make it an attractive method for routine food microbiology laboratories.
Large thermal stability independent of critical current of domain wall motion in Co/Ni nanowires with step pinning sites (2010)

The relation between critical current, critical field, and thermal stability of domain wall (DW) trapped at step pinning sites was studied using Co/Ni nanowires with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). A sharp step structure was fabricated, which increased the critical field of DW motion, while the critical current was independent of the critical field. Also, the derived thermal stability (ΔE/kBT) for the step samples was much more than 60. These results indicate that the DW motion in PMA nanowires has potential for memory devices with both a small driving current and large thermal stability.
Quantitative real-time PCR assisted cell counting (qPACC) for epigenetic - based immune cell quantification in blood and tissue (2015)

A novel form of immune cell quantification in blood and tissue is described using epigenetic - based, quantitative real-time PCR assisted cell counting (qPACC). The methylation status of the chromatin structure of either actively expressed or silenced genes is the basis of the epigenetic-based cell identification and quantification technology. Discovery of cell type specific removal of methyl groups (demethylation) from the 5'-carbon of the cytosine base in the dinucleotide cytosine phosphate guanine permits precise and robust quantification of immune cells from only small amounts of human blood or tissue samples. These epigenetic biomarkers located on genomic DNA are stably associated with a cell type of interest.
Synthesis of Fullerene Glycoconjugates via a Copper-Catalyzed Huisgen Cycloaddition Reaction (2007)

The synthesis of fullerene-carbohydrate conjugates using a copper-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction to facilitate the union of an azido-functionalized sugar and a pentaalkynyl[60]fullerene is straightforward. Thus, fullerenes bearing five oligosaccharides such as Gb3-trisaccharide can be readily accessed. Nanometer-scale molecular architectures presenting as many as 15 sugar moieties in C5-symmetry are readily produced. The cycloaddition reaction proceeds quantitatively under mild conditions without the need to protect the sugar hydroxyl groups.
Fiber-optic Bragg-grating differential-temperature sensor (1992)

A differential temperature sensor based on fiber-optic Bragg-grating elements is described. A high sensitivity to thermally induced Bragg wavelength shifts is obtained using an interferometric detection approach. Results presented show a temperature resolution of <0.05 degrees C, corresponding to a Bragg wavelength shift resolution of <6*10/sup -4/ nm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Al N ∕ Al Ga N ∕ Ga N metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistor on 4in. silicon substrate for high breakdown characteristics (2007)

Al N ∕ Al Ga N ∕ Ga N metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) grown on 4in. silicon substrate have been demonstrated. The heterostructure exhibited high sheet carrier density with small surface roughness. AlN∕AlGaN∕GaN MIS-HEMT exhibited maximum drain current density (IDSmax) of 361mA∕mm and maximum extrinsic transconductance (gmmax) of 152mS∕mm. Due to the increase of sheet carrier density, the 2DEG channel shifts towards the AlGaN/GaN interface resulting in positive shift of the threshold voltage (−2.6to−1.8V). Two orders of magnitude low gate leakage current and reduced drain current collapse with high breakdown voltage of 230V have been observed on AlN∕AlGaN∕GaN MIS-HEMTs.
A New Role for ns Polyprotein Cleavage in Sindbis Virus Replication (2008)

One of the distinguishing features of the alphaviruses is a sequential processing of the nonstructural polyproteins P1234 and P123. In the early stages of the infection, the complex of P123+nsP4 forms the primary replication complexes (RCs) that function in negative-strand RNA synthesis. The following processing steps make nsP1+P23+nsP4, and later nsP1+nsP2+nsP3+nsP4. The latter mature complex is active in positive-strand RNA synthesis but can no longer produce negative strands. However, the regulation of negative- and positive-strand RNA synthesis apparently is not the only function of ns polyprotein processing. In this study, we developed Sindbis virus mutants that were incapable of either P23 or P123 cleavage. Both mutants replicated in BHK-21 cells to levels comparable to those of the cleavage-competent virus. They continuously produced negative-strand RNA, but its synthesis was blocked by the translation inhibitor cycloheximide. Thus, after negative-strand synthesis, the ns proteins appeared to irreversibly change conformation and formed mature RCs, in spite of the lack of ns polyprotein cleavage. However, in the cells having no defects in alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) production and signaling, the cleavage-deficient viruses induced a high level of type I IFN and were incapable of causing the spread of infection. Moreover, the P123-cleavage-deficient virus was readily eliminated, even from the already infected cells. We speculate that this inability of the viruses with unprocessed polyprotein to productively replicate in the IFN-competent cells and in the cells of mosquito origin was an additional, important factor in ns polyprotein cleavage development. In the case of the Old World alphaviruses, it leads to the release of nsP2 protein, which plays a critical role in inhibiting the cellular antiviral response.
Platinum-free tungsten carbides as an efficient counter electrode for dye sensitized solar cells (2010)

Mesoporous tungsten carbides displayed an excellent solar conversion efficiency (7.01%) as a counter electrode for dye sensitized solar cells under 100 mW cm(-2), AM 1.5G illumination, which corresponded to ca. 85% of the efficiency of the conventional platinum electrode.
An Overview of the Sodium-Sulfur Battery (1975)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper<span class="xref">†</span> reviews the current status of work on the sodium-sulfur battery with emphasis on the ceramic electrolyte and container and electrode materials for the sulfur electrode.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In. addition, test results are compared with results from cells which were identically constructed except that they were metal-free. Whereas problems still remain, it is concluded that no fundamental obstacle is known which would preclude the commercial development of the sodium-sulfur battery.</div>
Blue ribbon science projects (2005)

Author Glen Vechionne's collections of science fair projects have proven wildly popular, with more than 232,000 copies sold. His straight-forward approach and accessible experiments have been very popular - and this volume is sure to be no exception for budding scientists. From finding out whether chewing gum improves memory to testing static electricity with a bowl of cereal, every idea is enjoyable and educational. The engaging topics include fun with animals, creative chemistry with soft drinks and milk; and lots of botany. Plus, Vecchione provides great tips on how to catch the judges' attention, create a journal and display your project.
CHERI C/C++ Programming Guide (2021)

This document is a brief introduction to the CHERI C/C++ programming languages. We explain the principles underlying these language variants, and their grounding in CHERI’s multiple architectural instantiations: CHERI-MIPS, CHERI-RISC-V, and Arm’s Morello. We describe the most commonly encountered differences between these dialects and C/C++ on conventional architectures, and where existing software may require minor changes. We document new compiler warnings and errors that may be experienced compiling code with the CHERI Clang/LLVM compiler, and suggest how they may be addressed through typically minor source-code changes. We explain how modest language extensions allow selected software, such as memory allocators, to further refine permissions and bounds on pointers. This guidance is based on our experience adapting the FreeBSD operating-system userspace, and applications such as PostgreSQL and WebKit, to run in a CHERI C/C++ capability-based programming environment. We conclude by recommending further reading.
Packaging Process for Grating-Coupled Silicon Photonic Waveguides Using Angle-Polished Fibers (2013)

A novel process for fiber-packaging submicrometer silicon waveguides is presented. The process uses fibers polished at an angle to reflect light between a horizontal core and the slightly off-vertical input and output path of a grating coupler. The necessity for a reflective coating on the fiber facet is overcome through the use of total internal reflection and a novel technique of epoxy distribution based on capillary action. Simulations of alignment tolerance are presented, along with measurements confirming the applicability of passive alignment. A peak coupling efficiency within 0.2 dB of the theoretical maximum for the grating coupler is achieved.
Surveillance and clinical relevance of vacA genotypes of Helicobacter pylori infecting dyspeptic patients in mid-Essex. (2002)

The Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin is a putative pathogenicity factor encoded by vacA, a mosaic gene with a global distribution. The vacA type prevalence and diversity of H. pylori isolated from antral gastric biopsies of 360 dyspeptic patients in mid-Essex, and of 79 patients from other locations, were investigated in order to test for links with disease severity. Mid (m)-region genotyping and subtyping by vacA HaeIII RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis showed that the m1 and m2 alleles were diverse, with 191 different subtypes. Variation in 44% of strains was accounted for by ten subtypes of which subtype v-1 represented a conserved core (33%) of the m1 form. Prevalence rates for combined mid and signal (s)-region genotypes were 40% for s1/m1, 46% for s1/m2, and 11% for s2/m2. Overall, vacA genotyping provided high typability and discrimination, but no specific RFLP markers could reliably predict a clinically significant presentation due to an H. pylori infection.
ω-Halogenomethyl-pyridines, -quinolines, and -isoquinolines. Part V. Preparation of compounds related to 1 : 2-di-2′-quinolylethane (1955)

D. Ll. Hammick, C. N. Lammiman, E. D. Morgan and A. M. Roe, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 2436 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550002436
Large footprints in a small world: toward a macroeconomics of scale (2009)

The question of scale has been of ongoing interest in the sustainable development discourse, particularly with regard to the size, geographical extent, and complexity of human systems. However, this consideration has not sufficiently informed the practical implementation of sustainable technologies and there remain echoes of historical debates over “small is beautiful” versus “bigger is better” that dominated environmentalism during the 1970s. The complex adaptive nature of social and ecological systems suggests that trying artificially to choose a scale for systems is the wrong approach. A properly managed system should self-organize to a scale that optimizes economic prosperity while respecting ecological limits. For this outcome to occur, however, we argue along the lines of Herman Daly for the effective use of macroeconomic tools. Though the specific form of these tools remains undefined, we draw on complex systems theory to suggest four possible properties based on the concepts of resilience and transformability. These properties are then applied to the food system to demonstrate the self-organization of scale.
Performance of an Adaptive Trajectory Prediction Algorithm for Climbing Aircraft (2013)

Aircraft climb trajectories are difficult to predict, and large errors in these predictions reduce the potential operational benefits of some advanced concepts in the Next Generation Air Transportation System. An algorithm that dynamically adjusts modeled aircraft weights based on observed track data and predictions of atmospheric conditions improved trajectory prediction accuracy for climbing flights across the National Airspace System. Overall, the algorithm reduced both altitude and top-of-climb time prediction root mean square errors by about 20 percent. Although the algorithm improved climb trajectory prediction accuracy in all Centers, results indicate that additional gains may be possible by tuning the algorithm’s parameters on a per-Center basis. Miami, Fort Worth, and Houston Centers were investigated more thoroughly because they represented the lower, middle, and upper end of the algorithm’s performance range. The degree of improvement at the Center level was dependent on the aircraft types.
Differential effects of TrkC isoforms on sensory axon outgrowth (2000)

Neurotrophins are powerful regulators of neuronal morphology. Several lines of evidence are consistent with the idea that characteristic axonal and dendritic morphologies throughout the nervous system may be determined by local patterns of neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor expression. Neurotrophin receptor tryosine kinases (Trks) exist in both tyrosine-containing (TK+) and tyrosine-lacking (TK-) isoforms, both of which are expressed in many neuronal populations. However, ratios of TK+ to TK- isoforms may vary at different stages of development and may be differentially distributed to cellular compartments. To test whether these isoforms have different functions related to axon outgrowth, full-length or tyrosine kinase-lacking TrkC receptors were overexpressed in embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons maintained in explant cultures in neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)-containing media. Neurons were transfected with plasmid DNA encoding enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and TrkC receptor isoforms by particle-mediated gene transfer. Control neurons possessed 3.7 +/- 1.3 primary processes and 113.8 +/- 46 branch points. About 80% of the branches were located along the distal part of the axon. Transfection with the trkC TK+ increased the number of primary processes (6.5 +/- 2.8), whereas transfection with trkC TK- reduced the formation of primary processes (3.0 +/- 1.3). Surprisingly, the distribution of branch points was shifted to the proximal region of axons in neurons transfected with trkC TK-. These observations are consistent with the idea that differential expression of Trk isoforms during development may sculpt axonal morphology.
Water durable glasses with ultra low melting temperatures (1984)

On montre que les verres de fluorophosphate de plomb et d'etain possedent une association extraordinaire de temperature de transition vitreuse tres basse et de tres bonne resistance a l'attaque de l'eau. Une partie de ce comportement peut etre expliquee par la separation de phases et on propose un modele de structure
Design for ''free'' chilling (1984)

Absorbtion refrigeration will save energy and reduce investment and operating costs when used in an FCCU gas concentration plant. Less lean oil circulation is required for the same product recovery which, in turn, reduces equipment size, saving construction and operating costs. The economic advantages are significant. Since both investment and operating costs are reduced compared to a design without chilling, there is no payout necessary when included in a new unit.
[RFLP-PCR technique for exclusion of carrier status of the mutated Rb gene]. (1993)

Molecular-genetic analysis of DNA by PCR-RFLP technique in a family with a case of unilateral retinoblastoma was performed. The carrier status of mutated Rb gene in a sister of proband was excluded on the basis of molecular analysis despite unsynonymous pedigree data.
Web document engineering (1996)

This tutorial provides an overview of several document engineering techniques which are applicable to the authoring of World Wide Web documents. It illustrates how pre-WWW hypertext research is applicable to the development of WWW information resources.
Initial Investigations on the Use of Coated Nano-Sized Phthalocyanines for Very High Energy Density Rechargeable Lithium-Based Batteries (2015)

Phthalocyanines were tested as cathodes in rechargeable lithium ion coin cells. Carbon, in the form of carbon nanotubes, was used to improve the electronic conductivity of phthalocyanine cathode active materials. A protective coating on phthalocyanines was also used to limit undesirable side reactions. Cycling at a depth of near 1000 mAh/g of cathode active material was achieved using two different types of phthalocyanines; iron phthalocyanine and copper phthalocyanine. The following results illustrate that they have great promise as very high energy density rechargeable cathode active material. Improvements in phthalocyanine active material reversibility, capacity, rate, and cycle life are all areas still being investigated.
Ocular onchocerciasis in Central America, Africa and British Isles (1964)

Personal experience shows that important differences exist between ocular onchocerciasis in the endemic zones of Central America and Africa, and amongst expatriates in the British Isles. In the infected coffee plantations of Guatemala the main cause of onchocercal blindness is the classical kerato-irido-cyclitis, which should be known as Pacheco-Luna's disease, because he first described it in 1918. Since 1939 excision of head nodules has kept the blindness rate to less than 1 per cent. In Africa the anterior segment lesions seem less intense, but the blindness rate (which is very variable) may be as high as 12 per cent., owing to posterior segment lesions being more frequent and more severe than in Central America. The possible reasons for these variations are discussed; the concept that a high prevalence of onchocercal blindness is primarily a social disease is put forward. It seems that intensive study of onchocerciasis in Guatemala and Mexico (where it flourishes in isolation from other filarial diseases, and amongst people with a fair nutritional standard) could yield much useful information. Equine periodic ophthalmia. Investigators elsewhere have shown that many cases are due to O. cervicalis; as yet little work has been done on this problem in the British Isles.
Role of Rho GTPases in breast cancer (2007)

Small GTPase Rho signaling pathways regulate the growth, motility, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Aberrant Rho signaling, as results from alterations in the levels of Rho GTPase proteins, the status of activation, and the abundance of effector proteins, is found in breast cancers. Alterations of Rho signaling particularly impact the cytoskeleton, whose organization and reorganization underpin the motility of breast cancer cells during the invasive growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Progress is being made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which Rho GTPases activate the downstream signaling effectors. Further investigations are required for development of novel tumor therapeutic strategies targeting the Rho GTPase signaling pathways to treat breast cancer.
The resuscitation‐promoting factors of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> are required for virulence and resuscitation from dormancy but are collectively dispensable for growth <i>in vitro</i> (2007)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains five resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf)-like proteins, RpfA-E, that are implicated in resuscitation of this organism from dormancy via a mechanism involving hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan by Rpfs and partnering proteins. In this study, the rpfA-E genes were shown to be collectively dispensable for growth of M. tuberculosis in broth culture. The defect in resuscitation of multiple mutants from a 'non-culturable' state induced by starvation under anoxia was reversed by genetic complementation or addition of culture filtrate from wild-type organisms confirming that the phenotype was associated with rpf-like gene loss and that the 'non-culturable' cells of the mutant strains were viable. Other phenotypes uncovered by sequential deletion mutagenesis revealed a functional differentiation within this protein family. The quintuple mutant and its parent that retained only rpfD displayed delayed colony formation and hypersensitivity to detergent, effects not observed for mutants retaining only rpfE or rpfB. Furthermore, mutants retaining rpfD or rpfE were highly attenuated for growth in mice with the latter persisting better than the former in late-stage infection. In conjunction, these results are indicative of a hierarchy in terms of function and/or potency with the Rpf family, with RpfB and RpfE ranking above RpfD.