gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gaining access to the site of exocytosis in bovine adrenal medullary cells. (1980)

1. A new technique is described for gaining access to the intracellular site at which exocytosis is controlled. By exposing isolated cells to high electric fields of brief duration, it is possible to create "leaky" cells in which the plasma membrane has been by-passed without impairing the ability of the cells to undergo exocytosis. 2. In the presence of EGTA and an ionized Ca of less than 10(-8) M, "leaky" cells lose less than 1% of their total catecholamine. When exposed to 10 microM ionized Ca they lose up to 30% of their catecholamine together with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase but no lactate dehydrogenase. The time course of release of both catecholamine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase are identical, suggesting that release must involve exocytosis. Exocytosis in these "leaky" cells has the following properties: A) It is half maximal in the presence of a buffered ionized Ca of approximately 1 microM. Millimolar concentrations of Mg reduce both the affinity for Ca and also the total amount of catecholamine released at high calcium concentrations. B) It has a specific requirement for Mg ATP. C) It is inhibited by a variety of anions. The most potent inhibitor is SCN, and the least glutamate and acetate. D) It is inhibited by the anti-psychotic drug trifluoperazine.
Laser-diffraction slit rheometer to measure red blood cell deformability (2004)

The laser-diffraction technique has been applied to design a slit rheometer for measuring red blood cell deformability over a range of shear stress. Flow-rate and pressure-drop measurements are replaced with a measurement of pressure variation with time. Using a precision pressure transducer, one can measure the variation of pressure in the vacuum chamber, p(t), from which the shear stress and shear rate are mathematically calculated. In addition, a laser beam traverses a diluted blood suspension and is diffracted by red blood cells (RBCs) in the volume. The diffraction patterns are captured by a charge coupled device-video camera, linked to a frame grabber integrated with a computer. When deforming under decreasing shear stress, RBCs change gradually from the prolate ellipsoid towards a circular biconcave morphology. The elongation index as a measure of RBC deformability is determined from an isointensity curve in the diffraction pattern using an ellipse-fitting program. The advantages of this design are simplicity, i.e., ease of operation and no moving parts, low cost, short operating time, and the disposable kit which is in contact with the blood sample.
Template properties of bacteriophage T4 vegetative DNA. I. Isolation and characterization of two template fractions from gently lysed T4-infected bacteria (1975)

The synthesis and template properties of T4 vegetative DNA were studied. The DNA-containing material in lysates of cells taken 20 min past T4 infection sediments in sucrose gradients as two major components. Both fractions function as templates for amino acid incorporation in a DNA-dependent in vitro system (coupled transcription-translation). The slower sedimenting activity is not present in uninfected cells and appears in wild type T4-infected cells only after 12 min at 30 degrees, shortly after DNA synthesis starts. It is dependent for its activity on an added S-30 fraction from either uninfected or T4-infected cells and is completely inhibited by deoxyribonuclease or rifampin. On a weight basis the slower sedimenting template is about 30 to 70% as active as mature T4 DNA when supplemented with S-30 extracts from uninfected cells. The spectrum of proteins synthesized in response to the slower sedimenting template is different from that produced in response to mature T4 DNA. In contrast to mature DNA, this template is capable of directing the synthesis of material that precipitates with antiserum directed against whole T4 particles. Thus, it appears capable of directing the synthesis of mRNA for phage structural proteins, i.e. late proteins. The faster sedimenting component is about 8-fold less active for stimulating amino acid incorporation than mature DNA. Significant amounts of RNA polymerase are associated with this DNA in active transcription complexes, yet polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins synthesized in response to this fraction show a pattern that resembles the early proteins made from mature T4 DNA in extracts from uninfected cells.
The Preparation and Properties of Sulfur Compounds Related to Petroleum. I. The Dialkyl Sulfides and Disulfides<sup>1</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation and Properties of Sulfur Compounds Related to Petroleum. I. The Dialkyl Sulfides and Disulfides1D. T. McAllan, T. V. Cullum, R. A. Dean, and F. A. FidlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 8, 3627–3632Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01152a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01152a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views931Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Human neutrophil defensins induce lung epithelial cell proliferation in vitro (2002)

Repair of injured airway epithelium is often accompanied by an influx of leukocytes, and these cells have been suggested to contribute to the repair process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of neutrophil defensins--antimicrobial peptides present in large amounts in the neutrophil--on proliferation of cultured lung epithelial cells. Neutrophil defensins at 4-10 microg/ml enhanced proliferation of the A549 lung epithelial cell line as assessed using cell counting, BrdU incorporation, and the tetrazolium salt MTT assay. Higher, cytotoxic concentrations of defensins decreased cell proliferation. Whereas defensin-induced cell proliferation was not inhibited by the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478, it was completely inhibited by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126, suggesting that defensins mediate cell proliferation via an EGF receptor-independent, MAP kinase signaling pathway. Although the cytotoxic effect of defensins was inhibited by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor, the defensin-induced cell proliferation was not affected. These data suggest that neutrophil defensins may possibly be involved in epithelial repair in the airways by inducing lung epithelial cell proliferation.
A Generative Appearance Model for End-To-End Video Object Segmentation (2019)

One of the fundamental challenges in video object segmentation is to find an effective representation of the target and background appearance. The best performing approaches resort to extensive fine-tuning of a convolutional neural network for this purpose. Besides being prohibitively expensive, this strategy cannot be truly trained end-to-end since the online fine-tuning procedure is not integrated into the offline training of the network. To address these issues, we propose a network architecture that learns a powerful representation of the target and background appearance in a single forward pass. The introduced appearance module learns a probabilistic generative model of target and background feature distributions. Given a new image, it predicts the posterior class probabilities, providing a highly discriminative cue, which is processed in later network modules. Both the learning and prediction stages of our appearance module are fully differentiable, enabling true end-to-end training of the entire segmentation pipeline. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on three video object segmentation benchmarks. We close the gap to approaches based on online fine-tuning on DAVIS17, while operating at 15 FPS on a single GPU. Furthermore, our method outperforms all published approaches on the large-scale YouTube-VOS dataset.
The synthesis of fluorocarbon monomers and polymers by direct fluorination. (1978)

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemistry.
Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) for the Respiratory Care of the Newborn Infant (2009)

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a noninvasive form of respiratory assistance that has been used to support spontaneously breathing infants with lung disease for nearly 40 years. Following reports that mechanical ventilation contributes to pulmonary growth arrest and the development of chronic lung disease, there is a renewed interest in using CPAP as the prevailing method for supporting newborn infants. Animal and human research has shown that CPAP is less injurious to the lungs than is mechanical ventilation. The major concepts that embrace lung protection during CPAP are the application of spontaneous breathing at a constant distending pressure and avoidance of intubation and positive-pressure inflations. A major topic for current research focuses on whether premature infants should be supported initially with CPAP following delivery, or after the infant has been extubated following prophylactic surfactant administration. Clinical trials have shown that CPAP reduces the need for intubation/mechanical ventilation and surfactant administration, but it is still unclear whether CPAP reduces chronic lung disease and mortality, compared to modern lung-protective ventilation techniques. Despite the successes, little is known about how best to manage patients using CPAP. It is also unclear whether different strategies or devices used to maintain CPAP play a role in improving outcomes in infants. Nasal CPAP technology has evolved over the last 10 years, and bench and clinical research has evaluated differences in physiologic effects related to these new devices. Ultimately, clinicians' abilities to perceive changes in the pathophysiologic conditions of infants receiving CPAP and the quality of airway care provided are likely to be the most influential factors in determining patient outcomes.
Molecular Dipstick Test for Diagnosis of Sleeping Sickness (2006)

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a neglected disease that affects poor rural populations across sub-Saharan Africa. Confirmation of diagnosis is based on detection of parasites in either blood or lymph by microscopy. Here we present the development and the first-phase evaluation of a simple and rapid test (HAT-PCR-OC [human African trypanosomiasis-PCR-oligochromatography]) for detection of amplified Trypanosoma brucei DNA. PCR products are visualized on a dipstick through hybridization with a gold-conjugated probe (oligochromatography). Visualization is straightforward and takes only 5 min. Controls both for the PCR and for DNA migration are incorporated into the assay. The lower detection limit of the test is 5 fg of pure T. brucei DNA. One parasite in 180 microl of blood is still detectable. Sensitivity and specificity for T. brucei were calculated at 100% when tested on blood samples from 26 confirmed sleeping sickness patients, 18 negative controls (nonendemic region), and 50 negative control blood samples from an endemic region. HAT-PCR-OC is a promising new tool for diagnosis of sleeping sickness in laboratory settings, and the diagnostic format described here may have wider application for other infectious diseases.
Influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cultured osteogenic sarcoma cells: correlation with the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor. (1984)

We have characterized the effects of the steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] on a series of rat osteogenic sarcoma cell lines of increasing osteoblastic-like nature (ROS 24/1, ROS 2/3, and ROS 17/2.8). When these cells were grown in monolayer culture in the presence of 10 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3, there was a dramatic and selective inhibition of proliferation in the ROS 17/2.8 line. Similar concentrations of other vitamin D metabolites did not elicit this effect. Furthermore, the aggregated cuboidal ROS 17/2.8 cells showed a marked change after 6 days of treatment with 10 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 to an apparently less transformed spindle-like morphology. In contrast, ROS 2/3 displayed only a slight morphological alteration, and ROS 24/1 was unchanged by treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3. Anchorage-independent growth studies performed in soft agar indicated that 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited colony formation to the greatest degree in ROS 17/2.8, with a lesser effect in ROS 2/3. Based upon analyses by sucrose gradient centrifugation, DNA cellulose chromatography, and saturation of specific binding, the level of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor was quantitated in these cells. ROS 17/2.8 cells possess 18,000 copies of the receptor per cell, while ROS 2/3 contains only 500 binding sites per cell, and no detectable high-affinity 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor is found in ROS 24/1. The receptor in ROS cells is indistinguishable from other mammalian 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptors in that it is a DNA-binding protein that sediments on sucrose gradients at 3.3S, and specifically binds the hormone with high affinity (Kd = 2 to 3 X 10(-11) M). Since the biological responses of these three cell lines to 1,25-(OH)2D3 exhibit a strong correlation with the respective number of receptor molecules per cell, we propose that the actions of this hormone are mediated by the specific 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor.
Architecture for a Delay-and-Disruption Tolerant Public-Key Distribution Network (PKDN) (2016)

Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) introduces a network model
in which communications can be subject to long delays and/or
intermittent connectivity. DTN specifies the use of public-key
cryptography to secure the confidentiality and integrity of messages
in transit. The use of public-key cryptography posits the need for
certification of public keys and revocation of certificates. This
document formally defines the DTN key management problem and then
provides a high-level design solution for delay and disruption
tolerant distribution and revocation of public-key certificates along
with relevant design options and recommendations for design choices.
Use of Carbon Sources for Lipid Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium leprae: a Comparison with Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria (1988)

Carbon from glycerol and palmitate, but not significantly from five other carbon sources tested, was incorporated into lipids by suspensions of non-growing Mycobacterium leprae organisms. However, of the five other substrates three-citrate, glucose and pyruvate-were taken up. Nongrowing Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium avium incorporated carbon into lipids from most simple carbon sources tested unless they were obtained from growth media including palmitate or from experimentally infected animals, when incorporation of carbon into lipids from carbon sources except palmitate occurred up to 20 times more slowly. Thus, utilization of simple carbon appeared to be repressible while utilization of the one fatty acid tested, palmitate, appeared constitutive. In M. leprae, carbon from glycerol was incorporated into the glycerol moiety of acylglycerols but not into the fatty acid moieties or into free fatty acids. M. microti and M. avium incorporated carbon from simple carbon sources into fatty acids, even (though very slowly) when these organisms were obtained from host tissue. Isocitrate lyase, malate synthase and acetate kinase were detected in M. leprae. However acetyl-CoA synthetase was not detectable and phosphoacetylase was deficient; thus, M. leprae may be incapable of making acetyl-CoA from acetate. Phosphotransacetylase was readily detected in both host-grown M. avium and M. microti.
Bacterial Toxins: An Overview on Bacterial Proteases and their Action as Virulence Factors (2009)

Bacterial pathogenicity is a result of a combination of factors, including resistance to environmental threats and to the host's defenses, growth capability, localization in the host, tissue specificity, resource obtaining mechanisms and the bacterium's own defenses to aggression. A variety of bacterial components, often specific to each strain, are involved in the microorganism's survival, adhesion and growth in the host. Many of them are harmful and, therefore, are called virulence factors. The effects caused by the virulence factors determine the degree of aggressivity of the strain. In many cases the virulence factors are secreted proteins or enzymes, sometimes performing very specific functions. The enzymatic activity is directed to specific proteins from cell membranes, synaptic vesicle fusion proteins, among other important targets. One of the most toxic bacterial proteins is secreted by Clostridium botulinum, targeted to synaptic vesicle fusion proteins, cleaving them with a zinc-metalloprotease activity, which results in severe neurotoxic effects with a lethal dose as low as eight nanograms per kilogram of body weight. The tetanus neurotoxin acts in a similar way but is less active and Bacillus anthracis also presents a potent metalloprotease activity. In this work we describe a selection of these specially interesting and important bacterial proteins and proteases, stressing their relevance in the pathological process and in medical studies.
Path planning algorithm to minimize an overlapped path and turning number for an underwater mining robot (2015)

This paper considers the problem of minimizing an overlapped path and turning number to cover an uneven terrain ocean floor for an underwater mining robot. The purpose of this algorithm is to generate the shortest path to travel through the entire given bathymetric map with minimum overlapping path and minimum turning number based on binary map, cell decomposition, minimal sum of altitude method and depth-first search algorithm. To do this task, the following tasks are performed. Firstly, a binary map is obtained by applying threshold to the high slope regions of the ocean floor. Secondly, Morse cell decomposition method is applied to divide the whole area of work space into cells in the vertical and horizontal directions. To minimize the turning number, a minimal sum of altitude method is applied to the combination of vertical and horizontal cell decompositions. Finally, the coverage order is calculated by depth-first search algorithm. The simulation result shows that the proposed method generates the short coverage path with minimum overlapping, minimum turning number and fast coverage time compared to vertical and horizontal cell decomposition methods.
The Cation−π Interaction (1997)

Noncovalent interactions play a dominant role in\nmany forefront areas of modern chemistry, from\nmaterials design to molecular biology. A detailed\nunderstanding of the physical origin and scope of\nsuch interactions has become a major goal of physical\norganic chemistry. Compared to the more conventional\ninteractions such as hydrogen bonds, ion pairs\n(salt bridges), and the hydrophobic interaction, the\ncation-π interaction has been relatively underappreciated.\nIt is not a new effect-experimental support\nfor a prominent interaction in the gas phase\nappeared more than 15 years ago, and the potential for such an interaction has always been evident from\nan electrostatic analysis of benzene.
Review on synthetic methods of vinyl acetate. (1987)

Process, catalyst, and reaction mechanism for vinyl acetate synthesis have been reviewed. Progress and improvement are discussed in the following sections, (1) acetylene-based process, (liquid- and vapor-phase) (2) ethylene-based process, (liquid- and vapor-phase) (3) carbon monoxide-based process, and, as additional item, (4) newer ethylene synthesis from methane comprised in dry natural gas.
Toward achieving operational excellence in a cloud (2014)

A cloud pools resources such as compute, network, and storage and delivers them quickly and automatically on-demand through software. In addition, it provides automatic and policy-driven management of resources through software. Such a system comprises many components, whose states change rapidly. To manage it effectively, cloud service providers need to clearly understand the behavior of operations across components, and be able to fix errors as early as possible. The task of building such capabilities (referred to as operational excellence) in a cloud system is challenging because components maintain internal state and interact in non-intuitive ways to perform automated operations. In this paper, we discuss the concept of operational excellence for a cloud system, discuss the challenges in achieving the operational excellence, and describe our vision. Toward our vision, we present a set of techniques to determine the causal sequences of system events across distributed components. We also model configured system states using casual sequences of system events, gather observed system states, and continuously verify the configured and observed states across system components. We apply these techniques to study OpenStack®, an open source infrastructure-as-a-service platform.
CIC-rearranged Sarcomas (2015)

The CIC gene rearrangement exists in a subset of small round cell sarcomas. As the nosologic relationship of these sarcomas to Ewing sarcomas remains undetermined, we examined 20 CIC-rearranged sarcomas to compare their clinicopathologic features with those of Ewing sarcomas. The CIC-rearranged sarcomas were from a group of 14 men and 6 women with a median age of 24.5 years. The primary tumor sites included the limbs, trunk wall, internal trunk, lung, cerebrum, and pharynx. A comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics of the 20 patients with CIC-rearranged sarcomas with those of the 53 near-consecutive patients with EWSR1-rarranged Ewing sarcomas showed that there were no differences with respect to their ages and sexes. Although none of the CIC-rearranged sarcomas arose in the bone, 40% of the Ewing sarcomas primarily affected the skeleton. The overall survival of patients with Ewing sarcomas was significantly better than that for patients with CIC-rearranged sarcomas. A histologic comparison of the CIC-rearranged sarcomas with 20 EWSR1-rearranged Ewing sarcomas showed significantly higher degrees of lobulation, nuclear pleomorphism, the prominence of the nucleoli, spindle cell elements, and myxoid changes in the CIC-rearranged sarcomas. Distinguishing immunohistochemical features included heterogenous CD99 reactivity, nuclear WT1 expression, and calretinin expression in the CIC-rearranged sarcomas and NKX2.2 expression in the Ewing sarcomas. CIC-rearranged sarcomas are distinct from Ewing sarcomas clinically, morphologically, and immunohistochemically, and they should be considered a separate entity rather than being grouped within the same family of tumors.