gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Landsat-7 to Landsat-8 reflective wavelength and normalized difference vegetation index continuity (2016)

At over 40 years, the Landsat satellites provide the longest temporal record of space-based land surface observations, and the successful 2013 launch of the Landsat-8 is continuing this legacy. Ideally, the Landsat data record should be consistent over the Landsat sensor series. The Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) has improved calibration, signal to noise characteristics, higher 12-bit radiometric resolution, and spectrally narrower wavebands than the previous Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+). Reflective wavelength differences between the two Landsat sensors depend also on the surface reflectance and atmospheric state which are difficult to model comprehensively. The orbit and sensing geometries of the Landsat-8 OLI and Landsat-7 ETM+ provide swath edge overlapping paths sensed only one day apart. The overlap regions are sensed in alternating backscatter and forward scattering orientations so Landsat bi-directional reflectance effects are evident but approximately balanced between the two sensors when large amounts of time series data are considered. Taking advantage of this configuration a total of 59 million 30m corresponding sensor observations extracted from 6,317 Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI images acquired over three winter and three summer months for all the conterminous United States (CONUS) are compared. Results considering different stages of cloud and saturation filtering, and filtering to reduce one day surface state differences, demonstrate the importance of appropriate per-pixel data screening. Top of atmosphere (TOA) and atmospherically corrected surface reflectance for the spectrally corresponding visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared bands, and derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), are compared and their differences quantified. On average the OLI TOA reflectance is greater than the ETM+ TOA reflectance for all bands, with greatest differences in the near-infrared (NIR) and the shortwave infrared bands due to the quite different spectral response functions between the sensors. The atmospheric correction reduces the mean difference in the NIR and shortwave infrared but increases the mean difference in the visible bands. Regardless of whether TOA or surface reflectance are used to generate NDVI, on average, for vegetated soil and vegetation surfaces (0 ≤ NDVI ≤ 1), the OLI NDVI is greater than the ETM+ NDVI. Statistical functions to transform between the comparable sensor bands and sensor NDVI values are presented so that the user community may apply them in their own research to improve temporal continuity between the Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI sensor data. The transformation functions were developed using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and were fit quite reliably (<i>r</i> <sup><i>2</i></sup> values >0.7 for the reflectance data and >0.9 for the NDVI data, p-values <0.0001).
Progress in cold roll bonding of metals (2008)

Layered composite materials have become an increasingly interesting topic in industrial development. Cold roll bonding (CRB), as a solid phase method of bonding same or different metals by rolling at room temperature, has been widely used in manufacturing large layered composite sheets and foils. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of a technology using layered composite materials produced by CRB and discuss the suitability of this technology in the fabrication of layered composite materials. The effects of process parameters on bonding, mainly including process and surface preparation conditions, have been analyzed. Bonding between two sheets can be realized when deformation reduction reaches a threshold value. However, it is essential to remove surface contamination layers to produce a satisfactory bond in CRB. It has been suggested that the degreasing and then scratch brushing of surfaces create a strong bonding between the layers. Bonding mechanisms, in which the film theory is expressed as the major mechanism in CRB, as well as bonding theoretical models, have also been reviewed. It has also been showed that it is easy for bcc structure metals to bond compared with fcc and hcp structure metals. In addition, hardness on bonding same metals plays an important part in CRB. Applications of composites produced by CRB in industrial fields are briefly reviewed and possible developments of CRB in the future are also described.
High Resolution Asteroid Profile by Multi Chord Occultation Observations (2009)

For millennia man has observed celestial objects occulting other bodies and distant stars. We have used these celestial synchronicities to measure the properties of objects. On January 1, 1801 Italian astronomer Giusappe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid that would soon be named Ceres. To date 190,000 of these objects have been catalogued, but only a fraction of these have accurate measurements of their true size and shape. The International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) currently facilitates the prediction and reduction of asteroidal occultations. By measuring the shadow cast on the earth by an asteroid during a stellar occultation one can directly measure the physical size, shape, and position in space of this body to accuracies orders of magnitudes better than the best ground based adaptive optics telescope and can provide verification to 3D inverted reflective lightcurve prediction models. Recent novel methods developed by IOTA involving an individual making multiple observations through unattended remote observing stations have made way for numerous chords of occultation measurement through a single body yielding high resolution profiles of asteroid bodies. Methodology of how observing stations are deployed will be demonstrated, results of some of these observations are presented as comparisons to their inverted lightcurve are shown.
Malnutrition and the role of nutritional support in alcoholic liver disease. (1987)

Malnutrition adversely effects hepatic function and structure. In certain instances, histological changes indistinguishable from alcoholic liver disease may be seen. Alcohol is clearly a direct hepatic toxin and its results are not prevented by normal nutritional intake. The majority of patients admitted to the hospital with alcoholic liver disease are moderately to severely malnourished but find it difficult or impossible to resume an intake sufficient to repair and maintain a normal nutritional state. Malnutrition may be considered a complication of alcohol abuse which occurs simultaneously with liver damage. Repair of both nutrition and hepatic histology requires considerable time, more for the latter. Here we review the data which both incriminates and separates the effects of malnutrition and of alcohol on the liver, and review the current literature on the effect of intravenous or enteral protein-calorie supplementation on acute alcoholic liver disease. While the data suggest that improvement in conventional liver tests are accelerated somewhat by such treatment, there have been no major confirmed differences noted between treatment and control groups at 3 to 4 wk. More precise measures of liver function, as opposed to conventional tests of liver status, and longer follow-up periods will be required to substantiate the suggested beneficial effects of iv or enteral protein-calorie supplementation in acute alcoholic hepatitis.
New Variants of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 Biotype El Tor with Attributes of the Classical Biotype from Hospitalized Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Bangladesh (2002)

ABSTRACT The sixth pandemic of cholera and, presumably, the earlier pandemics were caused by the classical biotype of Vibrio cholerae O1, which was progressively replaced by the El Tor biotype representing the seventh cholera pandemic. Although the classical biotype of V. cholerae O1 is extinct, even in southern Bangladesh, the last of the niches where this biotype prevailed, we have identified new varieties of V. cholerae O1, of the El Tor biotype with attributes of the classical biotype, from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Bangladesh. Twenty-four strains of V. cholerae O1 isolated between 1991 and 1994 from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Matlab, a rural area of Bangladesh, were examined for the phenotypic and genotypic traits that distinguish the two biotypes of V. cholerae O1. Standard reference strains of V. cholerae O1 belonging to the classical and El Tor biotypes were used as controls in all of the tests. The phenotypic traits commonly used to distinguish between the El Tor and classical biotypes, including polymyxin B sensitivity, chicken cell agglutination, type of tcpA and rstR genes, and restriction patterns of conserved rRNA genes (ribotypes), differentiated the 24 strains of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 into three types designated the Matlab types. Although all of the strains belonged to ribotypes that have been previously found among El Tor vibrios, type I strains had more traits of the classical biotype while type II and III strains appeared to be more like the El Tor biotype but had some classical biotype properties. These results suggest that, although the classical and El Tor biotypes have different lineages, there are possible naturally occurring genetic hybrids between the classical and El Tor biotypes that can cause cholera and thus provide new insight into the epidemiology of cholera in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the existence of such novel strains may have implications for the development of a cholera vaccine.
Experimental observations of channel reciprocity in single-mode free-space optical links (2012)

This article describes observations made during a recent series of single-mode lasercom experiments in which high-rate data transmission was demonstrated between a small aircraft and a ground station separated by distances up to 80 km. A significant result of the subsequent data analysis was the discovery of near-unity correlations between the signal fluctuations observed by power monitors at the two ends of the link. This evidence of reciprocity is presented, along with the description of a preliminary concept for utilizing this channel state information to improve link performance.
Generation of Tumor Antigen-Specific iPSC-Derived Thymic Emigrants Using a 3D Thymic Culture System (2018)

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T cells may provide future therapies for cancer patients, but those generated by current methods, such as the OP9/DLL1 system, have shown abnormalities that pose major barriers for clinical translation. Our data indicate that these iPSC-derived CD8 single-positive T cells are more like CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> double-positive T cells than mature naive T cells because they display phenotypic markers of developmental arrest and an innate-like phenotype after stimulation. We developed a 3D thymic culture system to avoid these aberrant developmental fates, generating a homogeneous subset of CD8αβ<sup>+</sup> antigen-specific T cells, designated iPSC-derived thymic emigrants (iTEs). iTEs exhibit phenotypic and functional similarities to naive T cells both in vitro and in vivo, including the capacity for expansion, memory formation, and tumor suppression. These data illustrate the limitations of current methods and provide a tool to develop the next generation of iPSC-based antigen-specific immunotherapies.
PREPARATION OF POLY(2,4-THIENYLENE) AND COMPARISON OF ITS OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES WITH THOSE OF POLY(2,5-THIENYLENE) (1981)

Abstract Poly(2,4-thienylene) is prepared by Ni-catalyzed dehalogenation polymerization of 2,4-dibromothiophene with Mg. Comparison of chemical and physical properties of poly(2,4-thienylene) with those of Poly(2,5-thienylene) indicates that π-electrons of the latter polymer are delocalized along the polymer chain, whereas those of the former polymer are not. Poly(2,4-thienylene) is converted into a semiconductor by doping with SO3.
Mining associations in text in the presence of background knowledge (1996)

This paper describes the FACT system for knowledge discovery from text. It discovers associations- patterns of co-occurrence-amongst keywords labeling the items in a collection of textual documents. In addition, FACT is able to use background knowledge about the keywords labeling the documents in its discovery process. FACT takes a query-centered view of knowledge discovery, in which a discovery request is viewed as a query over the implicit set of possible results supported by a collection of documents, and where background knowledge is used to specify constraints on the desired results of this query process. Execution of a knowledge-discovery query is structured so that these background-knowledge constraints can be exploited in the search for possible results. Finally, rather than requiring a user to specify an explicit query expression in the knowledge-discovery query language, FACT presents the user with a simple-to-use graphical interface to the query language, with the language providing a well-defined semantics for the discovery actions performed by a user through the interface.
Maternal Deaths Are on the Rise in the United States (2014)

Maternal deaths related to childbirth in the US are nearly at the highest rate in a quarter century, and we’re just 1 of 8 countries to experience an increase.
Flexible PCB grounding connections for hybrid systems (2013)

The connection of the logic ground to the chassis can influence a number of EMC factors such as emissions, RF immunity, and ESD immunity. Improper connections can turn the chassis into an unintended radiator. Historically, two different grounding strategies have been used. Printed circuit boards are either connected in many locations through low impedance paths, or a single point connection is used with any other connections using high-impedances. Both have been applied successfully in the past, but mixing the two could have unintended consequences. In order to adapt to such environments a designer may desire some flexibility, such as the ability to open or short a particular ground connection without major PCB changes. This paper discusses utilizing components such as 0-ohm resistors in place of direct short connections between logic ground and the chassis. The additional parasitic inductance incurred is quantified relative to direct connections for a number of configurations.
Evidence that adverse effects of zinc deficiency on essential fatty acid composition in rats are independent of food intake (1988)

1. Young male rats were fed on diets containing 3.4, 36 or 411 mg zinc/kg for 10 weeks in order to determine whether effects of Zn deficiency on plasma and liver essential fatty acid composition could be distinguished from those of reduced protein and energy intake. 2. Fatty acid analysis revealed that a Zn intake of 3.4 mg/kg (plasma Zn 0.80 v. 1.97 mmol/l in controls fed on 36 mg Zn/kg) resulted in a significant increase in the linoleic acid:arachidonic acid ratio in both plasma and liver phospholipids in comparison with rats fed on 36 or 411 mg Zn/kg. 3. Zn supplementation (411 mg/kg) decreased the linoleic acid:arachidonic acid ratio in plasma phosphatidylserine compared with that of the controls. 4. The previously reported increase in arachidonic acid (mol %) in liver triacylglycerol of Zn-deficient rats was shown to be a function of a reduced liver triacylglycerol pool size; quantitatively, triacylglycerol content of arachidonic acid in the liver was not significantly affected by Zn intake.
Diffusion of gases in porous solids: Monte Carlo simulations in the Knudsen and ordinary diffusion regimes (1983)

Abstract Porous solids have been simulated in the computer as assemblages of spheres. When such assemblages contain spheres distributed in size and randomly arranged in space, the structure of the resulting solid resembles that of a real porous solid. Monte Carlo calculations of gas molecule trajectories through the assemblages were carried out for both the Knudsen and ordinary diffusion régimes. Tortuosities calculated from the simulated diffusion “data” fell in the range obtained experimentally by other investigators. Correlations were obtained that enable the prediction of diffusion rates from measurement of the porosity, mean pore size, and standard deviation of the pore size.
Cerebral Embolization: Prospective Clinical Analysis of 42 Cases (1971)

The sites, sources, and incidence of cerebral embolization were established in an unselected series of hospitalized patients using recommended epidemiological criteria. Criteria for diagnosis of cerebral embolization as a cause of stroke are defined. Forty-two (15%) from a total of 280 patients with various forms of cerebrovascular disease were diagnosed as having cerebral embolization. The epidemiology has been altered by antibiotics and cardiac surgery, particularly the use of prosthetic heart valves. In this series, the mortality rate was 9.5%, which is lower than in previously reported series probably due to emergency medical treatment. The heart was the most common source. Prosthetic heart valves emerged as the most common source of emboli in this series. Ulcerated plaques of the carotid arteries in the neck ranked second. Seizures occurred in 42.8% of cases. The left cerebral hemisphere was involved approximately twice as frequently as the right one. Possible explanations based on the anatomy of the great vessels are described which predispose to embolization of the left carotid artery. Recommendations are suggested for preventing further embolization and for treatment of acute embolic cerebral infarction by the use of anticonvulsant drugs and hyperosmolar agents designed to reduce cerebral edema.
Toxoplasma gondii in Vancouver Island Cougars (Felis concolor vancouverensis): Serology and Oocyst Shedding (1998)

One of 12 necropsied cougars (Felis concolor vancouverensis) from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, shed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts confirmed by mouse bioassay. Eleven of the 12 cougars (92%) had antibodies to T. gondii by the modified agglutination test with titers of <1:25 (1 cougar), 1:50 (8 cougars), and 1:500 (3 cougars). One additional cougar fecal sample collected from the Victoria watershed environment also contained T. gondii oocysts. In 1995, the largest reported outbreak of human toxoplasmosis was linked to municipal drinking water in Victoria, British Columbia. This study supports the initial hypothesis at the time of the outbreak that not only domestic cats, but also cougars, pose a risk to Victoria's water supply.
Cyclic changes in the mammary gland of cynomolgus macaques (2004)

These data indicate important regulatory differences in the balance of proliferation and apoptosis in epithelial subpopulations within the breast across the menstrual cycle, indicating different regulatory roles for ER alpha and beta.
Health education and health promotion - an Australian perspective (1986)

THE concepts of 'health education' and 'health pro motion' provide the underlying philosophy or foun dation to the practices of the health educator. Health education, it is asserted, involves activities which facilitate voluntry adaptations to behaviour. Health promotion, on the other hand, includes health edu cation as an essential component, but can also involve other organisational, political and economic interventions which lead to improved health. Finally, health promotion initiatives are most effec tive when they are utilised in conjunction with health protection and health services initiatives. These latter three concepts form a triad that consti tutes 'health enhancement'
Direct identification of Mycobacterium species in BACTEC 7H12B medium by high-performance liquid chromatography (1994)

Primary cultures of mycobacteria grown in BACTEC 7H12B medium (Becton Dickinson and Co., Paramus, N.J.), with and without the addition of oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase (OADC) enrichment (Becton Dickinson and Co., Cockeysville, Md.), were analyzed for their mycolic acid patterns by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of the 126 isolates grown in medium to which OADC was added, 117 (93%) were successfully identified to the species level. The time to identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 65) averaged 19 days, and the average time was 21 days for nontuberculosis mycobacteria (n = 52) from initial specimen processing. None of the 10 isolates cultured without OADC were identified. The mycolic acid patterns were considered reliable for identification if the height of the tallest peak in the chromatogram was at least 50% of the internal standard peak height.
Structural study of biologically significant ligands with major birch pollen allergen Betv1 by docking and molecular dynamics simulation (2010)

The major birch pollen allergen, Betv1 of Betula verrucosa is the main causative agent of birch pollen allergy in humans. Betv1 is capable of binding several physiological ligands including fatty acids, flavones, cytokinins and sterols. Until now, no structural information from crystallography or NMR is available regarding binding mode of any of these ligands into the binding pocket of Betv1. In the present study thirteen ligands have been successfully docked into the hydrophobic cavity of Betv1 and binding free energies of the complexes have been calculated using AutoDock 3.0.5. A linear relationship with correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.6 is obtained between ΔG(b)s values plotted against their corresponding IC50 values. The complex formed between Betv1 and the best docking pose for each ligand has been optimized by molecular dynamics simulation. Here, we describe the ligand binding of Betv1, which provides insight into the biological function of this protein. This knowledge is required for structural alteration or inhibition of some of these ligands in order to modify the allergenic properties of this protein.
Evolution to 3G services: provision of 3G services over GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network) (2003)

The first 3G systems are being installed, and coverage maps are showing that there are significant areas of the UK where some 3G services will not be supported. Thus, a mechanism must be provided for the future that allows operators with combined 2.5G and 3G networks to be able to provide common services regardless of the users location. Within TSG GERAN, work has been ongoing for a number of years in order to meet the QoS criteria required for 3G services within 3GPP, and the paper provides an insight into the benefits and problems of competing solutions. Two solutions are described which offer a choice between a revolutionary and evolutionary upgrade path to support 3G services over a GERAN network. It is not suggested that GERAN will replace UTRAN, but that it may lessen the deployment costs, and provide a more economically appropriate method for providing 3G services in the short to medium term.
NMI mediates transcription-independent ARF regulation in response to cellular stresses (2012)

The ARF tumor suppressor is a product of the INK4a/ARF locus, which is frequently mutated in human cancer. The expression of ARF is up-regulated in response to certain types of DNA damage, oncogene activation, and interferon stimuli. Through interaction with the p53 negative regulator MDM2, ARF controls a well-described p53/MDM2-dependent checkpoint. However, the mechanism of ARF induction is poorly understood. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identify a novel ARF-interacting protein, N-Myc and STATs interactor (NMI). Previously, NMI was known to be a c-Myc-interacting protein. Here we demonstrate that through competitive binding to the ARF ubiquitin E3 ligase (ubiquitin ligase for ARF [ULF]), NMI protects ARF from ULF-mediated ubiquitin degradation. In response to cellular stresses, NMI is induced, and a fraction of NMI is translocated to the nucleus to stabilize ARF. Thus our work reveals a novel NMI-mediated, transcription-independent ARF induction pathway in response to cellular stresses.