gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
QuickFOIL (2014)

Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a classic machine learning technique that learns first-order rules from relational-structured data. However, to-date most ILP systems can only be applied to small datasets (tens of thousands of examples). A long-standing challenge in the field is to scale ILP methods to larger data sets. This paper presents a method called QuickFOIL that addresses this limitation. QuickFOIL employs a new scoring function and a novel pruning strategy that enables the algorithm to find high-quality rules. QuickFOIL can also be implemented as an in-RDBMS algorithm. Such an implementation presents a host of query processing and optimization challenges that we address in this paper. Our empirical evaluation shows that QuickFOIL can scale to large datasets consisting of hundreds of millions tuples, and is often more than order of magnitude more efficient than other existing approaches.
Synthesis And Applications Of Heteronanostructured Zno Nanowires Array (2011)

ZnO heteronanostructured nanowires arrays have been fabricated by low temperature solution method. Various heterostructures were synthesized including CdS/ZnO, CdSe/CdS/ZnO nanowires and Co3O4/ZnO, ZnO/SiC nanowires. These multifunctional heterostructure nanowires showed important applications in photocatalysts, sensors, wettability control and solar energy conversion.
Photoresist thickness measurement using laser-induced fluorescence (1988)

A technique is proposed to measure the thickness of a small area of photoresist film on a substrate. This technique uses the fluorescence (peak wavelength, ~600 nm) induced in the film by a focused laser beam (wavelength, 497 nm). An initial calibration line is obtained by comparing several thicknesses and their related fluorescence. The film's thickness is then determined from its fluorescence signal. The laser spot size and the accuracy of this measurement have also been estimated.
Development of Novel Multifunctional Cosmetic Raw Materials and Their Applications. I. Characterization of a Random Copolymer of Polyoxyethylene / Polyoxypropylene Dimethyl Ether.DAGGER. (2006)

In this study, we developed novel multifunctional raw materials, polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene dimethyl ether (EPDME). EPDME is a random copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. The structure of the obtained EPDME was confirmed by Infrared (IR) absorption and NMR spectra. EPDME, which dissolves in water and oil. The compound has the following effects: [1] a high moisture-retaining effect without sticky feeling, [2] a preventing effect on dry skin, and [3] an improving effect on dry skin by daily application. It was also found that the application of EPDME in combination with glycerol resulted in a synergistic effect on the dry skin. When EPDME was formulated to lipsticks (oily bases), a high moisture-retaining effect was found. EPDME is a useful cosmetic ingredient that can give a good skin care effect in both water-based formula and oil-based formula. As the polarity of EPDME can easily be controlled, it is expected to be applicable for various cosmetics in the near future.
Stereochemical effects in mass spectrometry XIII—Determination of absolute configuration by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (1992)

Abstract It was found that in the fast atom bombardment mass spectra of some asymmetric secondary alcohols and amines, when a pair of enantiomers, such as (2 R ,3 R )‐ and (2 S ,2 S )‐2,3‐diacetoxysuccinic anhydride and (2 R ,3 R )‐ and (2 S ,3 S )‐2,3‐dibenzoyloxysuccinic anhydride, were used as reagents, the relative abundances of characteristic ions formed by the stereoselective reaction between a sample and a reagent of different configurations were much higher than those of ions formed by a sample and a reagent of the same configuration. The absolute configurations of the sample molecule may be predicted by examination of the mass spectra of the sample measured with reagents of R and S configurations. This approach proved to be a convenient way to determine the absolute configuration of organic molecules at the micromole level by fast atom bombardment mass Spectrometry, and it has advantages over the chemical ionization method reported previously for the analysis of polar and involatile compounds.
Structural Basis for Substrate Specificity of Escherichia coli Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (2003)

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase catalyzes reversible phosphorolysis of purine nucleosides and 2'-deoxypurine nucleosides to the free base and ribose (or 2'-deoxyribose) 1-phosphate. Whereas the human enzyme is specific for 6-oxopurine ribonucleosides, the Escherichia coli enzyme accepts additional substrates including 6-oxopurine ribonucleosides, 6-aminopurine ribonucleosides, and to a lesser extent purine arabinosides. These differences have been exploited in a potential suicide gene therapy treatment for solid tumors. In an effort to optimize this suicide gene therapy approach, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of the E. coli enzyme in complex with 10 nucleoside analogs and correlated the structures with kinetic measurements and computer modeling. These studies explain the preference of the enzyme for ribose sugars, show increased flexibility for active site residues Asp204 and Arg24, and suggest that interactions involving the 1- and 6-positions of the purine and the 4'- and 5'-positions of the ribose provide the best opportunities to increase prodrug specificity and enzyme efficiency.
5.1 A 10MHz-bandwidth 4µs-large-signal-settling 6.5nV/√Hz-noise 2µV-offset chopper operational amplifier (2016)

Low-offset and low-noise operational amplifiers (OpAmps) are essential for precision measurement systems. Applications such as precision weigh scales, sensor front-ends, bridge transducers, interfaces for thermocouple sensors, and medical instrumentation require amplification of low-level signals with high closed-loop gain and low noise. An OpAmp with high precision and fast response enables more frequent measurement of sensor signals leading to more accurate control. Offset and its temperature drift in a traditional CMOS OpAmp cannot be made less than 100μV/0.5μV/°C even with multi-temperature trimming, with flicker noise corner at 100's of Hz. Reduction of the offset and flicker noise below these limitations can be achieved by chopping (correlated double sampling) of the input signal [1]. Disadvantages of chopping are: increase in OpAmp input current, caused by charge injection through input chopping switches, large ripples and noise at the chopping frequency, and long settling time limited by the chopping frequency. Existing chopper OpAmps show good DC and low-frequency accuracy but cannot combine it with bandwidth higher than 2 to 4MHz or settling time comparable not only to high speed OpAmps, but even OpAmps in the most popular 10MHz market segment [1-3]. This results in low usable bandwidth when the OpAmp is configured in high closed-loop gain configurations, where output error needs to be minimized. The described OpAmp achieves a high unity gain-bandwidth (10MHz), fast large-signal settling (4μs to 0.01%) and low noise at both high and low frequencies (6.5nV/√Hz), while having low input current (<;100pA). This is made possible by a combination of new topology and circuit decisions based on the structural design methodology [4].
Regeneration of <i>Triticum aestivum</i> apical explants after microinjection of germ line progenitor cells with DNA (1992)

A highly efficient method of regenerating fertile, phenotypically normal plants from shoot apex cultures of T. aestivum was developed. The hypodermal layer (L2) of the vegetative apex containing germ line precursor cells could be located with bright field microscopy and targeted for microinjection. Fluorescently labelled dextrans were used as markers to develop a microinjection procedure which did not disrupt nuclear or cytoplasmic structure. This procedure was used to inject plasmid DNA into L2 cells. Capillary microinjection did not shear the plasmid DNA and delivery of DNA was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of DNA isolated from injected apices. The significance of these findings in relation to the development of cereal transformation systems will be discussed.
Feasibility of determining the vertical profile of carbon monoxide from a space platform (1989)

The results of a feasibility study conducted to determine the possibility of passively measuring the vertical profile of carbon monoxide in the troposphere on a global basis are presented. The instrument considered is a nadir-viewing gas correlation filter radiometer (GCFR). The basic instrument concept and radiative transfer equations are presented. The calculated signal functions, signal levels, sensitivity, and system noise levels of a spaceborne GCFR instrument are presented and discussed. It is concluded that a three- or four-level measurement of the atmospheric carbon monoxide mixing ratio in the troposphere is possible with this type of instrument.
The sterospecific total synthesis of dl-lycopodine (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe sterospecific total synthesis of dl-lycopodineGilbert Stork, R. A. Kretchmer, and R. H. SchlessingerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 6, 1647–1648Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01008a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01008a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1793Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of the immune response to Leishmania infantum recombinant antigens (2003)

Leishmaniases have a high prevalence in tropical countries. In order to improve existing diagnostic systems based on total Leishmania proteins, and to identify antigen candidates for vaccine development, an intensive search for the identification of antigens was performed using molecular biology techniques. In this study, the immune response to three L. infantum recombinant antigens was evaluated. Upon stimulation with KMP11, mononuclear cells from leishmaniasis patients produced high levels of IL-10, while a predominant IFN-gamma production could be observed in cultures stimulated with H2A and soluble Leishmania antigen. All the recombinant antigens induced very little IL-5. KMP11 decreased IFN-gamma production by 48% in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients who had been stimulated with soluble Leishmania antigen. Furthermore, antibodies to KMP11 were detected in the sera from all patients with visceral leishmaniasis and in the majority of the sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis or individuals with asymptomatic L. chagasi infection. Thus, KMP11 is recognized by cells and sera of patients with different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, and KMP11, through IL-10 production, proved to be a potent antigen in modulating type 1 immune response.
Yb:YAG power oscillator with high brightness and linear polarization (2001)

A diode-pumped Yb:YAG laser with a novel end-pumped zigzag slab architecture has been developed. This architecture provides uniform transverse pump profiles, conduction cooling of the laser crystal, mechanical robustness, and ready scalability to higher powers. At room temperature the laser emits 415 W of cw power with 30% optical conversion efficiency. An image-inverting stable resonator permits a high-brightness output of 252 W with linear polarization and an average M(2) beam quality of 1.45. Q-switched pulse energies of as much as 20 mJ and average Q<i/>-switched powers of as much as 150 W were obtained while M(2) was maintained at <1.5.
High-speed long-wavelength optical modulation in InGaAs/InAlAs multiple quantum wells (1985)

A long-wavelength optical modulator has been fabricated which makes use of an electroabsorption effect in multiple quantum wells (MQWs). Here, InGaAs/InAlAs MQWs are prepared in a PIN configuration using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The rise time of the detected pulse modulation signal has been measured at 190 ps. This response level has been attributed to the detecting system response and RC time constant, and not to such intrinsic effects as carrier lifetime.
Akustik in der Zeit um 1750 (1996)

ZusammenfassungDie akustischen Grundkenntnisse zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts kann man in vier Punkten zusammenfassen: 1. Schall beruht auf schneller Kompression eines Mediums — wie z.B. Luft — und darauffolgender Verdünnung oder umgekehrt. 2. Ein musikalischer Ton ist ein schnell wiederholter Schall; seine Höhe kann mit der Frequenz seiner Schwingung identifiziert werden. Nur Töne eines bestimmten Frequenzbereichs sind hörbar. 3. Die Schallgeschwindigkeiten aller horbaren Töne in Luft sind gleich. 4. Eine Schallquelle kann viele, voneinander verschiedene Töne aussenden. Die Töne, die sie einzeln aussendet, kann sie auch gleichzeitig emittieren. Der tiefste dieser Tone heifit Grundton. Die anderen Tone, die Obertöne oder Harmonische (auch Partialtöne) genannt werden, gehören, wenn sie einzeln erzeugt werden, zu Bewegungen mit bestimmten, bewegungslosen Stellen, die Schwingungsknoten genannt werden (nach Dostrovsky/Bell/ Truesdell 1980a, 665–666).
A bandwidth allocation protocol for MPEG VBR traffic in ATM networks (2002)

A periodic allocation protocol, called anticipated traffic allocation protocol (ATAP) for real time VBR traffic is proposed. The main objective of this protocol is to dynamically allocate the available bandwidth to real-time VBR sources, i.e. to be more efficient than the CBR allocation and at the same time more secure that the "walk-in" allocation. The ATAP unit is located at the network entry node between the real-time encoder and the applied bandwidth allocation protocol in the network, the fast reservation protocol FRP/DT. This reservation protocol cannot satisfy the real-time requirements, since the source would have to wait at least a round trip delay to reserve a required bandwidth increase. Hence, the ATAP proposes to anticipate and allocate the bandwidth one period in advance. This permits the encoder to adjust its coding bit rate according to the network loading condition. Doing so, a congestion will gracefully degrade the subjective quality of the signal, instead of "blindly" loosing cells at the network entry node. A minimum bit rate negotiated at the connection set-up is always guaranteed to assure the connection continuity in the case of the case of bandwidth reservation refusal. On the network side, the ATAP interacts with the FRP/DT. Reservation failures are used as congestion indicators to control the entering traffic and to adjust the cell priority. A simulation analysis investigates the performance of the ATAP and its interaction with the FRP/DT for two real MPEG VBR audio sequences under different bit rate anticipation approaches.
Highly Sensitive Probe for Gene Analysis by Electrochemical Approach (2001)

Abstract Electrochemically active DNA ligands, including ferrocenyl DNA oligonucleotides and ferrocenyl naphthalene bis(carboximide), are reviewed in connection with development of an electrochemical DNA sensor. Ferrocenyl oligonucleotides are used as an electrochemical probe DNA detectable by high performance liquid chromatography with the electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) system and they enable the target DNA analysis at femto mole level. Ferrocenyl oligonucelotides are useful also as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer to realize quantitative PCR. Ferrocenyl naphthalene bis(carboximide) is a general DNA detecting ligand. When coupled with a probe DNA immobilized on an electrode, the target DNA from plasmid, chromosomal DNA, and total RNA extracted from several sources can be analyzed with very high sensitivity. Ferrocenyl naphthalene bis(carboximide) bound to the DNA duplex serves as a pseudo-polyferrocene array and this unique architecture leads to enhanced electron transfer between reduced glucose oxidase and the electrode. Unpaired base(s) present on the mismatched base(s) of the DNA duplex can be detected by observation of a decrease in the amount of ferrocenyl naphthalene bis(carboximide) bound to such a mismatched DNA duplex. Hybridized DNA on the DNA microarray was visualized electrochemically in the aqueous solution by the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) coupled with the ferrocenyl naphthalene bis(carboximide).
Electrochemical Mineralization of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids (PFCAs) by Ce-Doped Modified Porous Nanocrystalline PbO<sub>2</sub> Film Electrode (2012)

The Ce-doped modified porous nanocrystalline PbO(2) film electrode prepared by electrodeposition technology was used for electrochemical mineralization of environmentally persistent perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (~C(4)-C(8)), i.e., perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluopentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in aqueous solution (100 mL of 100 mg L(-1)). The degradation of PFCAs follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the values of the relative rate constant (k) depend upon chain length k(PFHpA) (4.1 × 10(-2) min(-1); corresponding half-life 16.8 min) ≈ 1.1k(PFOA) ≈ 2.5k(PFHxA)≈ 6.9k(PFPeA) ≈ 9.7k(PFBA). The carbon mineralization indices [i.e., 1 - (TOC(insolution)/TOC(inPFCA,degraded))] were 0.49, 0.70, 0.84, 0.91, and 0.95 for PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, and PFOA, respectively, after 90 min electrolysis. The major mineralization product, F(-), as well as low amount of intermediate PFCAs with shortened chain lengths were detected in aqueous solution. By observing the intermediates and tracking the concentration change, a possible pathway of electrochemical mineralization is proposed as follows: Kolbe decarboxylation reaction occurs first at the anode to form the perfluoroalkyl radical, followed by reaction with hydroxyl radicals to form the perfluoroalkyl alcohol which then undergoes intramolecular rearrangement to form the perfluoroalkyl fluoride. After this, the perfluoroalkyl fluoride reforms perfluorinated carboxylic with shorter chain length than its origin by hydrolysis. This electrochemical technique could be employed to treat PFCAs (~C(4)-C(8)) in contaminated wastewater.
Visualizing interactions in program executions (1997)

Implementing, validating, modifying, or reengineering an object-oriented system requires an understanding of the object and class interactions which occur as a program executes. This work seeks to identify, visualize, and analyze interactions in object-oriented program executions as a means for examining and understanding dynamic behavior. We have discovered recurring interaction scenarios in program executions that can be used as abstractions in the understanding process, and have developed a means for identifying these interaction patterns. Our visualizations focus on supporting design recovery, validation, and reengineering tasks, and can be applied to both object-oriented and procedural programs.
Gas Consumption and Growth Rate of <i>Hydrogenomonas eutropha</i> in Continuous Culture (1968)

The bacterium Hydrogenomonas eutropha is under consideration for use in a regenerative life-support system for manned space missions of long duration. A 4-liter continuous culture unit containing the organism was operated for a period of 272 days under autotrophic environmental conditions. The best steady-state run achieved with this unit was observed over a 22-day time interval after 181 days of operation. During this time, the culture consumed an average of 22.9 +/- 2.0 ml of carbon dioxide per min, 38.1 +/- 3.3 ml of oxygen per min, and 128.5 +/- 10.6 ml of hydrogen per min. It required 18.7 +/- 1.2 liters of fresh nutrient medium per 24 hr to maintain a constant, preestablished cell population of 1.65 g (dry weight) per liter. The ratio of consumption of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen varied from 1:1.2:4.5 to 1:1.9:6.6, with an average of 1:1.7:5.7. Based on these values, approximately 60 liters of the culture would be necessary to balance the gas exchange of one man.
Elasticity of Compressed Emulsions (1995)

The elastic shear modulus of monodisperse emulsions is shown to exhibit a universal dependence on droplet volume fraction $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ when scaled by the Laplace pressure of the droplets, increasing as $\ensuremath{\varphi}(\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{c})$, where ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.635$, the value of random close packing of solid spheres. Surprisingly the osmotic pressure required to compress the emulsions to increase $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is nearly the same as the shear modulus over a large range of volume fraction, while the bulk osmotic modulus differs significantly. Models based on the structural disorder of the emulsions are discussed to account for these data.
Liquid Atomizing: Nebulizing and Other Methods of Producing Aerosols (2006)

Liquid atomization (or nebulization) is the most traditional method of drug delivery to the lung. Although other methods seem to often be preferred for the delivery of new drugs, nebulizers are experiencing a revival, with new devices based on different atomization techniques, and the more traditional jet nebulizers evolving to become "smart nebulizers." These smart devices synchronize delivery with the patient's breath, estimate or measure delivered dose, provide feedback and data storage, and in some cases control breathing maneuvers. Besides adding new features, new nebulizers are also addressing traditional shortcomings, namely, reducing size, bulkiness, and power consumption. But in the longer term, nebulizers are expected to offer even more important features. Following the trend toward individually optimized therapy, nebulizers will be able to estimate deposited dosage and concentrations in the lung. In addition, as progress in nanotechnology allows the development of smart drug carrying particles, advanced liquid nebulization is expected to be the delivery mode of choice for these smart particle aerosols.
Novel robust watermarking technique in dithering halftone images (2005)

In this letter, we present a novel robust method for embedding watermarks into dithered halftone images. The method is named paired sub-image matching ordered dithering (PSMOD), of which the decoder is provided with a priori information of the original watermark. The method utilizes the bit and sub-subimage interleaving preprocesses. The experiments show that the technique is sufficiently robust to guard against the cropping, tampering, and printed-and-scanned degradation processes, in either B/W or color dithered images. This technique is also sufficiently flexible for various levels of embedded capacities.
Cholesterol Curves to Identify Population Norms by Age and Sex in Healthy Weight Children (2011)

The use of fixed lipid value cutoffs in established guidelines regardless of age or sex likely mislabels many children as abnormal. The authors' charts may allow for a more nuanced interpretation based on population norms.