gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tritiation of SR141716 by metallation–iodination–reduction: tritium‐proton nOe study (2001)

Abstract The central cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716, N ‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide, was synthesized from commercially available starting materials. Condensation of an aryl hydrazine with a diketone followed by base promoted isomerization/cyclization of the intermediate anti‐imine gave the pyrazole acid which was converted to the title hydrazide via its acid chloride. Facile iodination via metallation followed by in situ trapping with an iodine source gave a modest yield of the iodinated SR141716. The iodine was selectively reduced with tritium gas and catalyst while retaining the three aryl chlorine atoms in the structure. The tritiated SR141716 exhibited a tritium‐proton nOe both definitively identifying the position of the tritium as well as the sought isomer of the diarylpyrazole. This work provides a direct method for the preparation of preferred iodinated aryl substrates that offer advantages where selectivity and high incorporation in catalytic reduction is sought. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-Step Redox in Polythiophenes:  Evidence from Electrochemistry at an Ultramicroelectrode (1996)

Different oxidation levels, regarded as polaron, bipolaron, and metallic states, are usually found in conjugated heterocyclic polymers. We found that poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) also has these different oxidation levels, using in situ UV−VIS−NIR spectroscopy. The transitions between the different oxidation levels were, however, never clearly observed in cyclic voltammetry (CV). Instead it usually shows a broad oxidation peak and two reduction peaks. The CV of PEDOT at macroelectrodes shows a pair of redox peaks separated by 0.9 V at low scan rates, indicating two irreversible electron transfer steps. Using an ultramicroelectrode, we found these two pairs of redox peaks in PEDOT, as well as for poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT). These two peaks cannot be explained by the existence of two forms of the materials, whether due to two different conjugation lengths, crystalline or noncrystalline phases, or created by conformational changes. We deduced that there should be a third redox peak. With fast scan cyclic voltammetry both PEDOT and PMeT on ultramicroelectrodes showed three reduction peaks and two oxidation peaks. We find three ill-resolved pairs of peaks in the CV of PEDOT in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFA) electrolytes, which was reported to be able to stabilize radical cations. Only at low temperatures can we find three reversible pairs of redox peaks in the ultramicroelectrode studies. We attribute the three peaks to three redox steps on conversion from the neutral state to polarons, from polarons to bipolarons, and finally from bipolaron to the metallic state, each step involving a one-electron transfer.
Design and evaluation of hybrid switched capacitor converters for high voltage, high power density applications (2018)

This work investigates the use of hybrid switched capacitor converter (HSCC) topologies with wide bandgap devices to achieve high efficiency DC-DC power conversion with high gain, high voltage outputs. This class of converter may be useful for several applications that include a medium voltage bus, such as solar PV, electric aircraft, or even all-electric ship architectures. Three converter prototypes are considered and evaluated in hardware, including a basic (unipolar) HSCC and two bipolar HSCC variants. The converter operation is discussed, and the bipolar prototypes are demonstrated to achieve high-gain, high-voltage output. Finally, the latest bipolar switched capacitor prototype is demonstrated to boost 480 V to 10 kV (Gain > 20) with 97.9% efficiency at 4.96 kW output power.
Selective etching of N-type silicon using pulsed potential anodization (2002)

A novel dopant selective etching technique, which uses pulsed anodizing voltages applied to silicon samples immersed in KOH:H/sub 2/O solutions, has been developed. The use of pulsed anodization causes passivation of p-type silicon while n-type silicon continues to etch, making it possible to selectively etch-stop on p-type material. These results are consistent with a process which is rate-limiting by holes in the semiconductor. To demonstrate this technique, a 12 mu m-thick p-type membrane was formed. This method differs from the conventional p-n junction etch-stop in that a diode is not required to accomplish selective anodization and etch-stop. In this way, the performance of the etch-stop does not depend on the presence or quality of the diode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rotating-Field Technique for Galvanomagnetic Measurements (1963)

The isothermal galvanomagnetic behavior of an isotropic conductor in a magnetic field can be described by the vector equation E=ρ⊥j+n(j·n) (ρ∥−ρ⊥)+ρH(n×j),relating the electric field E to the current density j. The resistivities ρ∥ and ρ⊥ are those which result when the magnetic induction is parallel to j, and normal to j, respectively; ρH is the Hall resistivity. The vector n is a unit vector which has the direction of the induction. When j is directed along the x axis, and n is made to rotate in the x-y plane with angular frequency ω, one obtains an electric field with ac components Ẽx=12jx(ρ∥−ρ⊥) cos2ωt,Ẽy=12jx(ρ∥−ρ⊥) sin2ωt.These equations describe the magnetoresistive effects in a rotating magnetic field. On the other hand, if n is allowed to rotate in the x-z plane, the y component of the electric field becomes Ẽy=ρHjxsinωt. This equation describes the Hall effect in a rotating field. By measuring the ac components of E having frequencies ω and 2ω when jx is known, ρ∥−ρ⊥ and ρH can be determined. This rotating-field technique is being used to study the galvanomagnetic properties of ferromagnetic films of rectangular geometry. The films are placed in the field of a magnet rotating at a frequency of 20 cps. When the magnetic field is in the plane of the film, the magnetoresistive equations apply, as has been verified by measuring Ẽx and Ẽy using a wave analyzer. No components having a frequency other than 2ω (40 cps) were detected. The absence of a component with frequency ω shows that no ``Umkehreffekt'' is present in the magnetoresistance. If the wave analyzer is replaced by a high-gain amplifier having a narrow band-pass at 40 cps, it is possible to detect a magnetoresistive change (ρ∥−ρ⊥)/ρ∥=10−6 in a typical film of 10-Ω resistance. A particular advantage of this method is that it is not susceptible to small variations in ρ∥ or ρ⊥ due to fluctuations in temperature. Thus, measurements as a function of temperature are easily and rapidly obtainable. The utility of the technique is demonstrated by measurements of ρ∥−ρ⊥ as a function of composition in Ni-Fe alloy films having fcc and bcc structures near 30% Ni. The effect of allotropic transformations (fcc→bcc) on magnetoresistance in these films is also presented. It has been found that this transformation occurs with greater difficulty in films on glass substrates than in the bulk alloys.
Sub-cellular precision on-chip small-animal immobilization, multi-photon imaging and femtosecond-laser manipulation (2008)

Techniques for stable, rapid and repeatable small-animal immobilization are necessary for high-throughput in vivo genetic/drug screens using cellular and sub-cellular features in multi-cellular organisms. We demonstrate a method for non-invasive and high-throughput on-chip immobilization of physiologically active C. elegans without the use of anesthesia or cooling, but with comparable stability even for the most demanding purposes. We show observation and manipulation of sub-cellular features in immobilized animals using two-photon microscopy and femtosecond-laser microsurgery.
Fabrication of engineering ceramics by injection molding (1991)

Synthese bibliographique sur le moulage par injection des ceramiques techniques. On examine en particulier l'elimination du liant et les defauts possibles.
Epitaxial Ge-Sb-Te Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition (2014)

This thesis deals with the synthesis and characterization of Ge-Te-Sb (GST) thin films. The films were deposited using a Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) method and mainly characterized with XRD, SEM, AFM and TEM. For amorphous and polycrystalline films, un-etched Si(100) was used. The amorphous films showed a similar crystallization behavior as films deposited with sputtering and evaporation techniques. When depositing GST on un-etched Si(100) substrates at elevated substrate temperatures (130-240°C), polycrystalline but highly textured films were obtained. The preferred growth orientation was either GST(111) or GST(0001) depending on if the films were cubic or hexagonal. Epitaxial films were prepared on crystalline substrates. On KCl(100), a mixed growth of hexagonal GST(0001) and cubic GST(100) was observed. The hexagonal phase dominates at low temperatures whereas the cubic phase dominates at high temperatures. The cubic phase is accompanied with a presumed GST(221) orientation when the film thickness exceeds ~70 nm. Epitaxial films were obtained with deposition rates as high as 250 nm/min. On BaF2(111), only (0001) oriented epitaxial hexagonal GST films are found, independent of substrate temperature, frequency or deposition background pressure. At high substrate temperatures there is a loss of Ge and Te which shifts the crystalline phase from Ge2Sb2Te5 towards GeSb2Te4. GST films deposited at room temperature on BaF2(111) were in an amorphous state, but after exposure to an annealing treatment they crystallize in an epitaxial cubic structure. Film deposition on pre-cleaned and buffered ammonium fluoride etched Si(111) show growth of epitaxial hexagonal GST, similar to that of the deposition on BaF2(111). When the Si-substrates were heated directly to the deposition temperature films of high crystal-line quality were obtained. An additional heat treatment of the Si-substrates prior to deposition deteriorated the crystal quality severely. The gained results show that PLD can be used as a method in order to obtain high quality epitaxial Ge-Sb-Te films from a compound target and using high deposition rates.
Advanced evidence collection and analysis of web browser activity (2011)

A Web browser is an essential application program for accessing the Internet. If a suspect uses the Internet as a source of information, the evidence related to the crime would be saved in the log file of the Web browser. Therefore, investigating the Web browser’s log file can help to collect information relevant to the case. After considering existing research and tools, this paper suggests a new evidence collection and analysis methodology and tool to aid this process.
Neural-network classifiers for automatic real-world aerial image recognition (1996)

We describe the application of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) network and a version of the adaptive resonance theory version 2-A (ART 2-A) network to the problem of automatic aerial image recognition (AAIR). The classification of aerial images, independent of their positions and orientations, is required for automatic tracking and target recognition. Invariance is achieved by the use of different invariant feature spaces in combination with supervised and unsupervised neural networks. The performance of neural-network-based classifiers in conjunction with several types of invariant AAIR global features, such as the Fourier-transform space, Zernike moments, central moments, and polar transforms, are examined. The advantages of this approach are discussed. The performance of the MLP network is compared with that of a classical correlator. The MLP neural-network correlator outperformed the binary phase-only filter (BPOF) correlator. It was found that the ART 2-A distinguished itself with its speed and its low number of required training vectors. However, only the MLP classifier was able to deal with a combination of shift and rotation geometric distortions.
Phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus 1 in Ghana. (1997)

Eleven human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) isolates from Ghanaian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) patients obtained by our serosurvey in 1986-1994 were genomically analyzed and phylogenetically compared with other known strains. A phylogenetic tree constructed by analyzing the env region indicated that heterogeneous HIV-1 strains were circulating in Ghana and the majority of them (9 of 11 isolates) belonged to clade (subtype) A which is now furiously epidemic in Africa. Another isolate (1 of 11) belonged to clade D, and the remaining one (1 of 11) belonged to "clade G". This "clade G" virus grouped by the env analysis belonged to clade A by its pol sequence, suggesting an A/G intersubtype recombinant. The characteristic sequences in the V3 tip which have not yet been reported were observed in these Ghanaian isolates, which should be taken into account for future vaccine programs.
Transcriptome Analysis of <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> in Response to Nitrogen Availability (2007)

This work describes a regulatory network of Pseudomonas putida controlled in response to nitrogen availability. We define NtrC as the master nitrogen regulator and suggest that it not only activates pathways for the assimilation of alternative nitrogen sources but also represses carbon catabolism under nitrogen-limited conditions, possibly to prevent excessive carbon and energy flow in the cell.
Resection of gastric carcinoma with preservation of pancreas and clearance of lymph nodes along splenic artery: theory, technique and results (1999)

Resection of gastric carcinoma with preservation of pancreas and clearance of lymph nodes along splenic artery: theory, technique and results
Turnover Rate of Hepatic 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase as Determined by Use of Cycloheximide (1972)

Abstract Both rat liver cholesterol synthesis and the primary controlling enzyme in this synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) are known to exhibit a circadian rhythm of activity. Rats fed ad libitum and housed under normal conditions (i.e. lights on at 6 a.m. and off at 6 p.m.) showed a maximum activity of HMG-CoA reductase at midnight and a minimum activity at noon. Changing the lighting conditions such that there was still a 12-hour light-dark cycle per day affected the timing but not the amplitude of the rhythm. The maximum reductase activity always occurred 6 hours after the onset of the dark period. Cycloheximide (1.3 µg per g body weight) caused an exponential decay of liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity for a 9-hour period following the injection. On a normal lighting schedule this decay rate was the same when measured from 9 a.m., 9 p.m., or 2 a.m. The half-life (t½) of the enzyme was calculated to be approximately 4.2 hours. The rate of decay of enzyme activity measured from 2 a.m. was the same for untreated control rats fed ad libitum and for rats treated with cycloheximide. Consequently, the circadian rhythm can be explained as due solely to changes in the rate of synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase.
Novel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of the 1-(acylamino)-7-hydroxyindan derivatives (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel cerebroprotective agents with central nervous system stimulating activity. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of the 1-(acylamino)-7-hydroxyindan derivativesYasuo Oshiro, Youji Sakurai, Tatsuyoshi Tanaka, Tetsuro Kikuchi, Tsuyoshi Hirose, and Katsura TottoriCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 7, 2014–2023Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00111a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00111a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views208Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bias-Variance Error Bounds for Temporal Difference Updates (2000)

Temporal difference (td) algorithms are used in reinforcement learning to compute estimates of the value of a given policy in an unknown Markov decision process (policy evaluation). We give rigorous upper bounds on the error of the closely related phased td algorithms (which differ from the standard updates in their treatment of the learning rate) as a function of the amount of experience. These upper bounds prove exponentially fast convergence, with both the rate of convergence and the asymptote strongly dependent on the length of the backups k or the parameter . Our bounds give formal verification to the well-known intuition that td methods are subject to a bias-variance tradeoff, and they lead to schedules for k and that are predicted to be better than any fixed values for these parameters. We give preliminary experimental confirmation of our theory for a version of the random walk problem.
Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Capacity in Diverse Small Fruits: <i>Vaccinium</i>,<i>Rubus</i>, and<i>Ribes</i> (2001)

Fruits from 107 genotypes of Vaccinium L., Rubus L., and Ribes L., were analyzed for total anthocyanins (ACY), total phenolics (TPH), and antioxidant capacities as determined by oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Fruit size was highly correlated (r = 0.84) with ACY within Vaccinium corymbosum L., but was not correlated to ACY across eight other Vaccinium species, or within 27 blackberry hybrids. Certain Vaccinium and Ribes fruits with pigmented flesh were lower in ACY, TPH, ORAC, and FRAP compared to those values in berries with nonpigmented flesh. ORAC values ranged from 19 to 131 micromol Trolox equivalents/g in Vaccinium, from 13 to 146 in Rubus, and from 17 to 116 in Ribes. Though ACY may indicate TPH, the range observed in ACY/TPH ratios precludes prediction of ACY from TPH and vice versa for a single genotype. In general, TPH was more highly correlated to antioxidant capacity than ACY was. This study demonstrates the wide diversity of phytochemical levels and antioxidant capacities within and across three genera of small fruit.
Hashing with binary autoencoders (2015)

An attractive approach for fast search in image databases is binary hashing, where each high-dimensional, real-valued image is mapped onto a low-dimensional, binary vector and the search is done in this binary space. Finding the optimal hash function is difficult because it involves binary constraints, and most approaches approximate the optimization by relaxing the constraints and then binarizing the result. Here, we focus on the binary autoencoder model, which seeks to reconstruct an image from the binary code produced by the hash function. We show that the optimization can be simplified with the method of auxiliary coordinates. This reformulates the optimization as alternating two easier steps: one that learns the encoder and decoder separately, and one that optimizes the code for each image. Image retrieval experiments show the resulting hash function outperforms or is competitive with state-of-the-art methods for binary hashing.
Chemistry of Imidoyl and Amide Chlorides. II.<sup>1</sup> On the Preparation and Properties of the N-Mono- and N,N-Dialkyl-Substituted Amide Halides<sup>2,3</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of Imidoyl and Amide Chlorides. II.1 On the Preparation and Properties of the N-Mono- and N,N-Dialkyl-Substituted Amide Halides2,3Marcel Grdinić and Viktor HahnCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 7, 2381–2384Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01018a064https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01018a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views363Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stereoselective Introduction of Fluorine Atom: Synthesis of Racemic Carbocyclic Analogues of 3′-Deoxy-3′-fluororibofuranosides and 3′-Deoxy-3′-fluoroarabinofuranosides (1993)

Abstract New carbocyclic analogues of nucleoside analogues substituted at the 3′-position with fluorine atom have been synthesized. Racemic carbocyclic 3′-deoxy-3′-fluoroarabinofuranoside analogue (3) has been prepared in several steps beginning with the regio- and stereoselective ring opening of (1α,2α,3α,4α)-4-acetamido-2,3-epoxycyclopentylmethylacetate (1). On the other hand, the corresponding carbocyclic analogue of fluororibofuranosyl derivative (14) has been obtained by SN2 displacement of siloxy group at 3′-position with piperidinosulfur trifluoride followed by removal of benzyl protecting group. The obtained sugar moiety 3 and 14 were transformed into the nucleoside derivatives respectively.