gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Nutrition: Parenteral Nutrition (1993)

This newly revised text gives readers state-of-the-art information on the scientific rationale for and clinical methodology of administering parenteral nutrition to the hospitalized or home patient. Provides biochemical and physiologic information relevant to prescribing parenteral nutrition. Also reviews the benefits to patients with specific diseases.
CrowdCrit (2014)

People who create visual designs often struggle to find high-quality critique outside a firm or classroom, and current online feedback solutions are limited. We created a system called CrowdCrit which leverages paid crowdsourcing to generate and visualize high-quality visual design critique. Our work extends prior crowd feedback research by focusing on scaffolding the process and language of studio critique for crowds.
Exploring the Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications in Myelin Repair (2014)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease resulting from targeted destruction of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. MS is suggested to be an autoimmune disease involving the pathogenic activation of CD4(+) T cells by a foreign antigen in the peripheral blood. The activated CD4(+) T cells liberate inflammatory cytokines that facilitate the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) promoting their passage into the CNS. Inside the CNS, CD4(+) T cells become re-activated by myelin proteins sharing a similar structure to the foreign antigen that initially triggered the immune response. The CD4(+) T cells continue to liberate inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which activates macrophages and antibodies responsible for the phagocytosis of myelin. Acute CNS lesions can be re-myelinated, however, the repair of chronic demyelinating lesions is limited, leading to permanent neurological deficits. Although current MS treatments reduce severity and slow disease progression, they do not directly repair damaged myelin. Henceforth, recent treatment strategies have focused on neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) for myelin repair. NGF promotes axonal regeneration, survival, protection and differentiation of oligodendrocytes (OGs) and facilitates migration and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) to the sites of myelin damage. NGF also directly regulates key structural proteins that comprise myelin. Interestingly, NGF also induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), another integral neurotrophin involved in myelination. The intricate signaling between neurotrophins and cytokines that governs myelin repair supports the role of NGF as a leading therapeutic candidate in white matter disorders, such as MS.
Modeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation. I. Detection and masking with narrow-band carriers (1997)

This paper presents a quantitative model for describing data from modulation-detection and modulation-masking experiments, which extends the model of the "effective" signal processing of the auditory system described in Dau et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 3615-3622 (1996)]. The new element in the present model is a modulation filterbank, which exhibits two domains with different scaling. In the range 0-10 Hz, the modulation filters have a constant bandwidth of 5 Hz. Between 10 Hz and 1000 Hz a logarithmic scaling with a constant Q value of 2 was assumed. To preclude spectral effects in temporal processing, measurements and corresponding simulations were performed with stochastic narrow-band noise carriers at a high center frequency (5 kHz). For conditions in which the modulation rate (fmod) was smaller than half the bandwidth of the carrier (delta f), the model accounts for the low-pass characteristic in the threshold functions [e.g., Viemeister, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 1364-1380 (1979)]. In conditions with fmod > delta f/2, the model can account for the high-pass characteristic in the threshold function. In a further experiment, a classical masking paradigm for investigating frequency selectivity was adopted and translated to the modulation-frequency domain. Masked thresholds for sinusoidal test modulation in the presence of a competing modulation masker were measured and simulated as a function of the test modulation rate. In all cases, the model describes the experimental data to within a few dB. It is proposed that the typical low-pass characteristic of the temporal modulation transfer function observed with wide-band noise carriers is not due to "sluggishness" in the auditory system, but can instead be understood in terms of the interaction between modulation filters and the inherent fluctuations in the carrier.
What is the Role of the Bystander Response in Radionuclide Therapies? (2013)

Radionuclide therapy for cancer is undergoing a renaissance, with a wide range of radionuclide and clinical delivery systems currently under investigation. Dosimetry at the cellular and sub-cellular level is complex with inhomogeneity and incomplete targeting of all cells such that some tumor cells will receive little or no direct radiation energy. There is now sufficient preclinical evidence of a Bystander response which can modulate the biology of these un-irradiated cells with current research demonstrating both protective and inhibitory responses. Dependence upon fraction of irradiated cells has also been found and the presence of functional gap junctions appears to be import for several Bystander responses. The selection of either high or low LET radionuclides may be critical. While low LET radionuclides appear to have a Bystander response proportional to dose, the dose-response from high LET radionuclides are more complex. In media transfer experiments a "U" shaped response curve has been demonstrated for high LET treatments. However this "U" shaped response has not been seen with co-culture experiments and its relevance remains uncertain. For high LET treatments there is a suggestion that dose rate effects may also be important with inhibitory effects noted with 125I labelling study and a stimulatory seen with 123I labelling in one study.
Stability and selectivity of a multiphase membrane, consisting of dimethylpolysiloxane on an ionic liquid, used in the separation of solutes from aqueous mixtures by pervaporation (2006)

A novel ionic liquid ([(C3H7)4N][B(CN)4]) was immobilized and coated by silicon in a ceramic nanofiltration module; this multiphase membrane shows a high selectivity (separation factor up to 177) and stability (over nine months) during separation of 1,3-propanediol from aqueous mixtures by vacuum pervaporation.
Polymers and copolymers of sodium ethylenesulfonate (1958)

Abstract Sodium ethylenesulfonate polymerizes readily in aqueous solution under the influence of ultraviolet light or in the presence of peroxide catalysts. The most important variable in the polymerization has been found to be the concentration of monomer, increased concentration leading to more rapid polymerization and higher molecular weights. Poly(sodium ethylenesulfonate) has been isolated as a brittle, white solid with weight‐average molecular weights as high as 150,000. Sodium ethylenesulfonate copolymerizes with a variety of water‐soluble monomers: acrylamide, acrylic and methacrylic acids, and their sodium salts. Although copolymerization occurs, water‐soluble copolymers of sodium ethylenesulfonate with acrylonitrile and with methyl acrylate could not be prepared. Water‐soluble copolymers of sodium ethylenesulfonate with vinyl acetate and with vinyl chloride have been made, but they contain only small amounts of acetate and chloride. No copolymers could be prepared with butadiene, isobutylene, styrene, α‐methylstyrene, n ‐butyl vinyl ether, allyl alcohol, N ‐allylacetamide, maleic acid, or fumaric acid. The copolymerization of sodium ethylenesulfonate with acrylamide and with sodium acrylate has been used to calculate reactivity ratios. From these, sodium ethylenesulfonate has been calculated to have a Q value of 0.19 and an e value of +1.51.
Application of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model for AlzheimerÃ¢ÂÂs Disease (2015)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, will not only reduce quality of life severely, but also bring heavy economic burden to the family and society. Slow progress in AD therapies partially due to lack of appropriate animal models. APP/PS1 transgenic mouse, a widely used animal model for AD, can be used in lots of aspects for AD related study, such as neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, cholinergic abnormal, neurogenesis disorder and synaptic plasticity. Despite all this, APP/PS1 transgenic mice model is not a perfect model, and more suitable animal model according to the aim of research should be established.
Short Notices (1965)

Journal Article Short Notices Get access DOUGLAS JOHNSON DOUGLAS JOHNSON University of Birmingham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXX, Issue CCCXVI, July 1965, Pages 603-a–603, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXVI.603-a Published: 01 July 1965
The Usefulness of Using Fiducial Marker in Proton Therapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (2016)

The fiducial markers are useful for correcting the position of pancreatic cancer and the duodenum. But in proton therapy, it could not reproduce the dose distribution to pancreatic cancer and the duodenum.
A Bayesian network model for user's preference estimation of personalized TV service (2011)

In this paper, we propose a statistical method to inference user's preference on watching TV programs. The inference of preference is one of core modules for the personalized TV service, and we introduce a structure for the service. We designed a signal model for usage history and user preference data, and a statistical model as a Bayesian network, and developed an inference method based on message passing algorithm. With a set of real TV viewers' watching records at terrestrial TV receiver, we tested our inference model and present the inference results or genre or channel preference given day and time.
Determination and Distribution of <i>cry</i> -Type Genes of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Isolates from Taiwan (1994)

Using PCR with a set of specific oligonucleotide primers to detect cryI-type genes, we were able to screen the cry-type genes of 225 Bacillus thuringiensis soil isolates from Taiwan without much cost in time or labor. Some combinations of cry genes (the cry-type profile) in a single isolate were unique. We identified five distinct profiles of crystal genes from the B. thuringiensis soil isolates from Taiwan. The cry genes included cryIA(a), cryIA(b), cryIA(c), cryIC, cryID, and cryIV. Interestingly, 501 B. thuringiensis isolates (93.5% of the total number that we identified) were isolated from areas at high altitudes. The profiles of cry-type genes were distinct in all isolation areas. The distribution of cry-type genes of our isolates therefore depended on geography. Using PCR footprinting to detect cryIC-type genes, we identified two distinct cryIC footprints from some of our isolates, indicating that these isolates may contain novel cryIC-type genes. B. thuringiensis isolates containing cryIA(a)-, cryIA(b)-, and cryIA(c)-type genes exhibited much greater activity against Plutella xylostella than did other isolates, indicating that multiple cry-type genes may be used as markers for the prediction of insecticidal activities.
Automated pharmaceutical tablet coating layer evaluation of optical coherence tomography images (2015)

Film coating of pharmaceutical tablets is often applied to influence the drug release behaviour. The coating characteristics such as thickness and uniformity are critical quality parameters, which need to be precisely controlled. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) shows not only high potential for off-line quality control of film-coated tablets but also for in-line monitoring of coating processes. However, an in-line quality control tool must be able to determine coating thickness measurements automatically and in real-time. This study proposes an automatic thickness evaluation algorithm for bi-convex tables, which provides about 1000 thickness measurements within 1 s. Beside the segmentation of the coating layer, optical distortions due to refraction of the beam by the air/coating interface are corrected. Moreover, during in-line monitoring the tablets might be in oblique orientation, which needs to be considered in the algorithm design. Experiments were conducted where the tablet was rotated to specified angles. Manual and automatic thickness measurements were compared for varying coating thicknesses, angles of rotations, and beam displacements (i.e. lateral displacement between successive depth scans). The automatic thickness determination algorithm provides highly accurate results up to an angle of rotation of 30°. The computation time was reduced to 0.53 s for 700 thickness measurements by introducing feasibility constraints in the algorithm.
Basic fibroblast growth factor confers growth inhibition and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in human breast cancer cells. (1997)

The effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on human breast cancer cells was studied in vitro. Exposure to bFGF resulted in significant growth inhibition, decreased DNA synthesis, and accumulation of cells in G0-G1. The IC50 for growth inhibition in MCF-7 cells was 50 pg/ml, and it was abrogated by neutralizing antibodies against bFGF. Inhibition of growth by bFGF was predominant over the growth stimulatory effects of 17beta-estradiol, insulin, or epidermal growth factor. Binding and cross-linking studies of 125I-labeled bFGF in intact MCF-7 cells demonstrated 5.2 x 10(3) saturable bFGF binding sites per cell, a dissociation constant of 57 pm, and a Mr 142,000 (125)I-labeled bFGF cross-linked protein. Stimulation of MCF-7 cells with bFGF at concentrations which effected growth inhibition also resulted in activation of p42(mapk) (ERK2) and p44(mapk) (ERK1) mitogen-activated protein kinases. These data demonstrate that whereas bFGF inhibits the growth of several breast cancer cell lines, it concomitantly activates ERK1 and ERK2, generally considered to signal mitogenic rather than growth inhibitory responses. Whether there is association between these phenomena remains unknown.
Effects of Additives on Solid State Reaction. I. A Kinetic Study of the Effects of Halides of the Formation of MgAl2O4 (1974)

Abstract The mechanism for the promoting effects of additives on the formation of MgAl2O4 has been systematically discussed from the results of kinetic measurements. A mixture of MgO and α-Al2O3 powder containing 10 mol% additives (LiF, NaF, MgF2, GaF2, BaF2, NaCl or CaCl2) and that without additives were isothermally heated in N2 atmosphere in the temperature ranges 670–1142°C and 1190–1360 °C. The diffusion-controlled Jander’s equation was applied to all kinetic data obtained. In the case of fluoride additives, it has been found that the promoting actions are in the order LiF≥NaF&gt;BaF2&gt;MgF2&gt;CaF2 and that the cations of fluorides play an important role in accelerating diffusion. The same promoting mechanism seems to be applicable in the case of chloride additives.
Elimination of Excessive Carbon Formation during Catalytic Butene Dehydrogenation (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElimination of Excessive Carbon Formation during Catalytic Butene DehydrogenationHarold E. Swift, Harold Beuther, and Raymond J. Rennard Jr.Cite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1976, 15, 2, 131–136Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i360058a006https://doi.org/10.1021/i360058a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Preparation and Comminution of Hydrogenated Niobium (1971)

The alloys containing 3.8 at%, 7.2 at% and 14.5 at% hydrogen were prepared and were comminuted with a ball mill. The particle size distribution of the powders was measured by screen analyses, and microscopic observation of the particle shape was carried out.The main results obtained are as follows:(1) The alloys are brittle enough to be comminuted readily.(2) Cracking and fragmentation of the alloys are enhanced by thermal cycling in the hydrogenation process.(3) With increasing the hydrogen content in the alloys, a higher percentage of fine particles is obtained.(4) Particle shape varies with the hydrogen content of the alloys. Rounded or irregular particles are obtained from the lower concentration alloys and acicular or angular particles from the higher concentration alloy.
Burst analysis tool for developing neuronal networks exhibiting highly varying action potential dynamics (2012)

In this paper we propose a firing statistics based neuronal network burst detection algorithm for neuronal networks exhibiting highly variable action potential dynamics. Electrical activity of neuronal networks is generally analyzed by the occurrences of spikes and bursts both in time and space. Commonly accepted analysis tools employ burst detection algorithms based on predefined criteria. However, maturing neuronal networks, such as those originating from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), exhibit highly variable network structure and time-varying dynamics. To explore the developing burst/spike activities of such networks, we propose a burst detection algorithm which utilizes the firing statistics based on interspike interval (ISI) histograms. Moreover, the algorithm calculates ISI thresholds for burst spikes as well as for pre-burst spikes and burst tails by evaluating the cumulative moving average (CMA) and skewness of the ISI histogram. Because of the adaptive nature of the proposed algorithm, its analysis power is not limited by the type of neuronal cell network at hand. We demonstrate the functionality of our algorithm with two different types of microelectrode array (MEA) data recorded from spontaneously active hESC-derived neuronal cell networks. The same data was also analyzed by two commonly employed burst detection algorithms and the differences in burst detection results are illustrated. The results demonstrate that our method is both adaptive to the firing statistics of the network and yields successful burst detection from the data. In conclusion, the proposed method is a potential tool for analyzing of hESC-derived neuronal cell networks and thus can be utilized in studies aiming to understand the development and functioning of human neuronal networks and as an analysis tool for in vitro drug screening and neurotoxicity assays.
Ground penetrating radar signal processing for road monitoring and damage detection (2003)

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) signal processing is a nondestructive technique, particularly promising for soil characteristics interpretation. In fact, pavement damage is actually one of the most crucial problems in roads. A preliminary detection and a subsequent classification of the pavement damage, based on an automatic GPR analysis, have been performed and experimentally validated. An optimum detection procedure is performed. It implements the classical Neyman-Pearson radar test. All the settings needed by the procedure have been estimated from a training set of measures. The overall performance has been evaluated by looking at the usual receiver's operating curve. The results evidence that a reasonable performance has been achieved by a suited analysis of GPR images exploiting the spatio-temporal correlation properties of the received signal. Although a generalization is not reliable, this study shows that an automatic GPR-based evaluation of subgrade soil characteristics is feasible.
Single-neuron activity and eye movements during human REM sleep and awake vision (2015)

Are rapid eye movements (REMs) in sleep associated with visual-like activity, as during wakefulness? Here we examine single-unit activities (n=2,057) and intracranial electroencephalography across the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) and neocortex during sleep and wakefulness, and during visual stimulation with fixation. During sleep and wakefulness, REM onsets are associated with distinct intracranial potentials, reminiscent of ponto-geniculate-occipital waves. Individual neurons, especially in the MTL, exhibit reduced firing rates before REMs as well as transient increases in firing rate immediately after, similar to activity patterns observed upon image presentation during fixation without eye movements. Moreover, the selectivity of individual units is correlated with their response latency, such that units activated after a small number of images or REMs exhibit delayed increases in firing rates. Finally, the phase of theta oscillations is similarly reset following REMs in sleep and wakefulness, and after controlled visual stimulation. Our results suggest that REMs during sleep rearrange discrete epochs of visual-like processing as during wakefulness.
Monolayer Culture of Adult Rat Pancreatic Islets on Extracellular Matrix: Modulation of B-Cell Function by Chronic Exposure to High Glucose* (1991)

Studies in vivo indicate that chronic hyperglycemia is deleterious for insulin secretion. We have used an improved islet monolayer culture system to study chronic modulations of B-cell function. Adult rat islets maintained over several weeks on extracellular matrix in the presence of 11.1 mM glucose responded to an acute stimulation with 16.7 mM glucose by a 5- to 8-fold increase in insulin secretion. When cultured in the presence of higher glucose concentrations, the response to an acute glucose stimulus diminished time and dose dependently. In islets desensitized by exposure to 33.3 mM glucose for 1 week, reduction of the glucose level to 11.1 mM reversed the desensitization within 2 weeks. This desensitization was not limited to the glucose stimulus; responses to other nutrient secretagogues, such as glyceraldehyde and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, were also reduced. In contrast, responses of insulin secretion to nonnutrient stimulators (tolbutamide and quinine) and amplifiers (isobutylmethylxanthine and carbachol) showed no desensitization in islets exposed to 33.3 mM glucose. Desensitization similar to that caused by 33.3 mM glucose could be induced by 11.1 mM glucose together with 0.1 mM isobutylmethylxanthine. High glucose also caused a time-dependent loss in compact monolayer organization with disruption of cell contacts. Our studies suggest that 1) generation of the reduced insulin response may be related to the prolonged high insulin secretion rate; 2) expression of the functional change is specific to the nutrient stimulus-secretion coupling; and 3) modifications in intercellular contacts may be involved in B-cell desensitization.