gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction of cavities up to 4 nm into a hierarchically-assembled metal–organic framework using an angular, tetratopic ligand (2010)

Cavities up to 4 nm have been introduced into a hierarchically-assembled metal-organic framework by adopting an angular, semi-flexible tetratopic ligand. The resulting MOF possesses permanent porosity and exhibits stepwise sorption isotherms for O(2) and N(2) gases.
Purification and characterization of oil-bodies (oleosomes) and oil-body boundary proteins (oleosins) from the developing cotyledons of sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i> L.) (1996)

Oil-bodies, from the immature cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), were difficult to purify to homogeneity using conventional techniques. The major protein contaminants were albumin and globulin storage proteins. A protocol has been developed, therefore, based upon the stringent washing of the oil-body fraction in 9 M urea, which effectively removed almost all the contaminating protein as judged by SDS/PAGE. The urea-washed oil-bodies were enriched in two major proteins of Mr 19000 and 20000. These proteins were oleosins as demonstrated by their amino acid compositions and the sequence analysis of peptides produced by CNBr cleavage. Far-UV CD spectra of the oleosins in trifluoroethanol, trifluoroethanol/water mixtures and as mixed micelles in SDS, were typical of α-helical proteins with α-helical contents of some 55%. The phospholipid content of the urea-washed preparations was less than 0.1% of that required to form a half-unit membrane surrounding the oil-body. The oil-body surface therefore appears to be an unusual and novel structure, covered largely by an oleosin protein coat or pellicle rather than a conventional fluid membrane, half-unit or otherwise.
Neurorestoration induced by the <scp>HDAC</scp> inhibitor sodium valproate in the lactacystin model of <scp>P</scp>arkinson's is associated with histone acetylation and up‐regulation of neurotrophic factors (2015)

The histone acetylation and up-regulation of neurotrophic/neuroprotective factors associated with valproate treatment culminate in a neuroprotective and neurorestorative phenotype in this animal model of PD. As valproate induced structural re-modelling of the brain, further research is required to determine whether valproate represents a viable candidate for disease treatment; however, the results suggest that HDACIs could hold potential as disease-modifying agents in PD.
Resistance to novel drug classes (2009)

Drug resistance to INIs occurs through the selection of mutations within HIV integrase. The kinetic of selection seems rapid and one mutation alone is able to confer resistance to integrase inhibitor, suggesting that this class of drug has a low genetic barrier. Two ways could explain the failure of the CCR5 antagonist class: a rapid outgrowth of pre-existing archived X4 virus or the selection of a resistance to CCR5 antagonists through amino acid changes in V3 loop.
Reduction in peak to average power ratio of OFDM signals using a new Continuous Linear Companding Transform (2010)

In this paper, a new companding transform for reduction in peak to average power ratio of OFDM signals is proposed. Linearity and existence of inflection points, which are key features of two previous works, are maintained in the proposed transform. However, unlike the previous works, the proposed transform does not cause abrupt jumps in the signal, hence leads to better spectral characteristics. Furthermore, the proposed method improves the BER performance of OFDM system compared to the previous methods. Computer simulations verify that the signal resulting from the proposed transform has less out-of-band radiation (better spectral characteristics), better BER performance, and lower PAPR compared to the previous works.
Regulation of food intake and hepatic protein synthesis by recombinant-derived cytokines (1988)

During inflammation, activated monocytes and lymphocytes synthesize and release many soluble protein mediators, such as interleukin (IL) 1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-2. It is presently unclear which cytokines, if any, contribute to the anorexia and hepatic protein changes frequently seen during inflammation. To evaluate their potential role, food intake and liver and plasma protein synthesis were determined in both endotoxin-sensitive C57Bl/6j mice and endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice given either crude secretory products of Staphylococcus albus-stimulated human blood monocytes or murine recombinant IL-1-alpha, human recombinant IL-1-alpha or -beta, human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or human IL-2. When given intraperitoneally to healthy animals, 2,000 lymphocyte-activating factor U/day of secretory products of activated human blood monocytes or recombinant murine IL-1-alpha depressed spontaneous food intake by 42 and 53%, respectively. Human IL-1-alpha and -beta and human tumor necrosis factor-alpha produced smaller reductions in food intake. In contrast, human IL-2, when given in equimolar quantities, had no appreciable effect on food intake or body weight. Administration of crude secretory products of activated blood monocytes, recombinant IL-1, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased liver weight, protein, and RNA content. In addition, plasma protein synthesis was significantly increased, as were serum amyloid P concentrations. Administration of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha resulted in IL-1 production by peritoneal adherent cells. However, IL-2 had no effect on any hepatic parameter.
Effects of Ocular Surface Area and Blink Rate on Tear Dynamics (1995)

Ocular surface area and blink rate affect tear dynamics. Moderate palpebral fissure width and blink rate are necessary for the prevention of desiccation of the ocular surface.
High-Power GaN Electronic Devices (2002)

Gallium Nitride (GaN) and related materials (especially AlGaN) recently have attracted a lot of interest for applications in high-power electronics capable of operation at elevated temperatures and high frequencies. The AlGaInN system offers numerous advantages. These include wide bandgaps, good transport properties, the availability of heterostructures (particularly AlGaN/GaN), the experience base gained by the commercialization of GaN-based laser and light-emitting diodes and the existence of a high growth rate epitaxial method (hydride vapor phase epitaxy, HVPE) for producing very thick layers or even quasisubstrates. These attributes have led to rapid progress in the realization of a broad range of GaN electronic devices. AlxGa1-xN (x=0 ∼.25) Schottky rectifiers were fabricated in a lateral geometry employing p+-implanted guard rings and rectifying contact overlap onto an SiO2 passivation layer. The reverse breakdown voltage (VB) increased with the spacing between Schottky and ohmic metal contacts, reaching 9700 V for Al0.25Ga0.75N and 6350 V for GaN, respectively, for 100-µm gap spacing. Assuming lateral depletion, these values correspond to breakdown field strengths of <9.67×105 Vcm−2, which is roughly a factor of 5 lower than the theoretical maximum in bulk GaN. The figure of merit (VB)2/RON, where RON is the on-state resistance, was in the range 94 to 268 MWcm−2 for all the devices. Edge-terminated Schottky rectifiers were also fabricated on quasibulk GaN substrates grown by HVPE. For small-diameter (75 µm) Schottky contacts, Vs measured in the vertical geometry was ∼700 V, with an on-state resistance (RON) of 3 mΩcm2, producing a figure-of-merit VB 2/RON of 162.8 MW-cm−2. GaN p-i-n diodes were also fabricated. A direct comparison of GaN p-i-n and Schottky rectifiers fabricated on the same GaN wafer showed higher reverse breakdown voltage for the former (490 V vs. 347 V for the Schottky diodes), but lower forward turn-on voltages for the latter (∼3.5 V vs. ∼5 V for the p-i-n diodes). The forward I-V characteristics of the p-i-n rectifiers show behavior consistent with a multiple recombination center model. The reverse current in both types of rectifiers was dominated by surface perimeter leakage at moderate bias. Finally, all of the devices we fabricated showed negative temperature coefficients for reverse breakdown voltage, which is a clear disadvantage for elevated temperature operation. Bipolar devices are particularly interesting for high current applications such as microwave power amplifiers for radar, satellite, and communication in the l∼5 GHz range, powers >l00 W, and operating temperatures >425°C. pnp Bipolar Junction Transistors and pnp Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors were demonstrated for the first time. For power microwave applications, small area self-aligned npn GaN/AlGaN HBTs were attempted. The devices showed very promising direct current characteristics.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Characterization of Relapse Risk for Paliperidone Palmitate 1-Month and 3-Month Formulations (2019)

This PK/PD analysis confirmed that PP1M and PP3M provide comparable efficacy in terms of relapse prevention, and that PP3M is superior to placebo. The PK/PD models presented here may as well be applied to studies with similar designs as either study A or B.
Gram-scale synthesis of high-temperature (900 °C) stable anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures assembled by tunable building subunits for safer lithium ion batteries (2013)

Unusually thermal stable anatase TiO 2 with high-order structures and controlled grain size were produced for highly reversible lithium ion storage.
Autocorrelation method for high-quality time/pitch-scaling (2002)

A new method is described for high-quality time or pitch modifications of audio signals. The method is a simple but efficient improvement of the splice method. Thanks to its simplicity, the algorithm can be implemented to run in real-time on standard microprocessors. Informal listening tests have demonstrated the method's capability to modify high-quality audio signals without introducing audible artifacts for moderate modification factors (up to 15%).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Neudesin, a novel secreted protein with a unique primary structure and neurotrophic activity (2004)

Abstract We identified a novel secreted protein and named it neudesin. Mouse neudesin of 171 amino acids is unique with no primary structural similarity to any known proteins. The neudesin protein produced in cultured cells was secreted efficiently into the culture medium. Mouse neudesin mRNA was expressed abundantly in the developing brain and spinal cord in embryos, but was expressed widely in postnatal tissues including brain, heart, lung, and kidney. Mouse neudesin mRNA was expressed in neurons but not glial cells of the brain. The protein exhibited significant neurotrophic activity in primary cultured mouse neurons but not mitogenic activity in primary cultured mouse astrocytes. Neudesin activated the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) and phosphatidylinositol‐3 (PI‐3) kinase pathways. The activity of neudesin was inhibited by the inhibitor pertussis toxin for Gi/Go‐protein but not by inhibitors for receptor tyrosine kinases. These results indicated that the activity was mediated via the activation of the MAP and PI‐3 kinase pathways, potentially by the activation of a Gi/Go‐protein‐coupled receptor. Human neudesin of 172 amino acids with high similarity (∼91% identity) to mouse neudesin was also identified. The human neudesin gene was mapped to chromosome 1p33. The identification of neudesin, a novel secreted protein with a unique primary structure and neurotrophic activity, will provide new insights into the development and maintenance of neurons. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversed Doppler effect under reflection from a shock electromagnetic wave (2002)

The possibility of observing the reversed Doppler effect in an electrodynamic system of coupled transmission lines with different dispersion types is demonstrated.
Nanobody: The “Magic Bullet” for Molecular Imaging? (2014)

Molecular imaging involves the non-invasive investigation of biological processes in vivo at the cellular and molecular level, which can play diverse roles in better understanding and treatment of various diseases. Recently, single domain antigen-binding fragments known as 'nanobodies' were bioengineered and tested for molecular imaging applications. Small molecular size (~15 kDa) and suitable configuration of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of nanobodies offer many desirable features suitable for imaging applications, such as rapid targeting and fast blood clearance, high solubility, high stability, easy cloning, modular nature, and the capability of binding to cavities and difficult-to-access antigens. Using nanobody-based probes, several imaging techniques such as radionuclide-based, optical and ultrasound have been employed for visualization of target expression in various disease models. This review summarizes the recent developments in the use of nanobody-based probes for molecular imaging applications. The preclinical data reported to date are quite promising, and it is expected that nanobody-based molecular imaging agents will play an important role in the diagnosis and management of various diseases.
Performance Analysis of Communications &amp; Radar Coexistence in a Covert UWB OSA System (2010)

Far-field target detection, multi-sensor communications, and security are essential requirements of first-emergency networks. A radar-communications system is a potential opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) solution, harnessing the coexisting advantages of radio detection and ranging (RADAR), and wireless communications. A multi-functional waveform has been designed, by embedding an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal within a spectrally notched ultra-wideband (UWB) random noise waveform. Extending that development, this paper analyzes the waveform's Bit-Error-Rate (BER) and Ambiguity Function (AF) formulations to demonstrate its OSA ability, that offers reliable multi-user communications, and high range and Doppler resolution in target detection. We further conclude that up to 30% of the available UWB bandwidth can be simultaneously utilized for concealed data communications without adversely affecting radar performance or its physical layer covertness.
Analysis and downscaling multi-model seasonal forecasts in Peru using self-organizing maps (2005)

We present an application of self-organizing maps (SOMs) for analysing multi-model ensemble seasonal forecasts from the DEMETER project in the tropical area of Northern Peru. The SOM is an automatic data-mining clustering technique, which allows us to summarize a high-dimensional data space in terms of a set of reference vectors (cluster centroids). Moreover, it has outstanding analysis and visualization properties, because the reference vectors can be projected into a two-dimensional lattice, preserving their high-dimensional topology.\n\nIn the first part of the paper, the SOM is applied to analyse both atmospheric patterns over Peru and local precipitation observations at two nearby stations. First, the method is applied to cluster the ERA40 reanalysis patterns on the area of study (Northern Peru), obtaining a two-dimensional lattice which represents the climatology. Then, each particular phenomenon or event (e.g. El Niño or La Niña) is shown to define a probability density function (PDF) on the lattice, which represents its characteristic ‘location’ within the climatology. On the other hand, the climatological lattice is also used to represent the local precipitation regime associated with a given station. For instance, we show that the precipitation regime is strongly associated with El Niño events for one station, whereas it is more uniform for the other.\n\nThe second part of the paper is devoted to downscaling seasonal ensemble forecasts from the multi-model DEMETER ensemble to local stations. To this aim, the PDF generated on the lattice by the patterns predicted for a particular season is combined with the local precipitation lattice for a given station. Thus, a probabilistic or numeric local forecast is easily obtained from the resulting PDF. Moreover, a measure of predictability for the downscaled forecast can be computed in terms of the entropy of the ensemble PDF. We present some evidence that accurate local predictions for accumulated seasonal precipitation can be obtained some months in advance for strong El Niño episodes. Finally, we compare the multi-model ensemble with single-model ensembles, and show that the best results correspond to different models for different years; however, the best global performance over the whole period corresponds to the multi-model ensemble.
‘Ryanopathy’: causes and manifestations of RyR2 dysfunction in heart failure (2013)

The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), a Ca(2+) release channel on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), plays a key role in determining the strength of the heartbeat by supplying Ca(2+) required for contractile activation. Abnormal RyR2 function is recognized as an important part of the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). While in the normal heart, the balance between the cytosolic and intra-SR Ca(2+) regulation of RyR2 function maintains the contraction-relaxation cycle, in HF, this behaviour is compromised by excessive post-translational modifications of the RyR2. Such modification of the Ca(2+) release channel impairs the ability of the RyR2 to properly deactivate leading to a spectrum of Ca(2+)-dependent pathologies that include cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, and structural remodelling. In this article, we present an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the underlying causes and pathological consequences of abnormal RyR2 function in the failing heart. We also discuss the implications of these findings for HF therapy.
Channel characteristics analysis of diffuse indoor cellular optical wireless communication systems (2011)

In this paper, two models for diffuse indoor cellular optical wireless communication (OWC) systems with and without a holographic light shaping diffuser (LSD) are presented. For both models, the power distribution, the impulse response of the channels and root mean square (RMS) delay are described and analyzed. We perform a computer simulation to compare the channel characteristics of the typical indoor cellular OWC systems with that employing the holographic LSD. The results show that the system with the holographic LSD provides a more uniform power distribution and a less RMS delay spread for the same divergence angles.
Synthesized electrooptic directional-coupler modulator at 1.3 μm with low switching voltage (2003)

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated that the design of the directional-coupler modulator may be synthesized to obtain the desired response functions, so that modulators with high linearity in the response function or with low switching voltage may be realized.
Using neural networks to select wavelet features for breast cancer diagnosis (1996)

This study focuses on improving microcalcification classification by establishing an efficient computer-aided diagnosis system that extracts Daubechies-4 and biorthogonal wavelet features. These wavelets were chosen because they have been used in military target recognition and fingerprint recognition research with images characterized by low contrast, similar to mammography. Feature selection techniques are employed to further increase classification performance. The artificial neural network feature selection techniques are complemented by a conventional decision boundary-based feature selection method. The results using the wavelet features are compared to more conventional measures of image texture, angular second moment, and Karhunen Loeve coefficients. The use of alternative signal processing to compare wavelet and neural techniques allows for a measure of the problem difficulty. It is concluded that advances and contributions have been made with the introduction of two novel feature extraction methods for breast cancer diagnosis, wavelets and eigenmasses. Additionally, feature selection techniques are demonstrated, compared, and validated, transforming adequate discrimination power into promising classification results.
Coagulation Activation and Tissue Necrosis in Meningococcal Septic Shock: Severely Reduced Protein C Levels Predict a High Mortality (1995)

In 35 consecutively admitted children (mean age: 4.3 years) with a clinical diagnosis of meningococcal septic shock (MSS), activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways was evaluated directly at admittance to the paediatric intensive care unit (ICU). The association of clinical signs and haemostatic abnormalities was assessed. All patients had signs of extensive activation of the coagulation system. The 28-day mortality was 26%. Protein C activity was strongly reduced, especially in non-survivors in whom it was significantly lower than in survivors (5% versus 23%; p < 0.0001). There was a strong negative correlation between protein C activity and the mean size of the skin lesions (r = -0.71, p < 0.001). These results suggest that an acquired protein C deficiency in MSS is related to the pathogenesis of purpura fulminans. Furthermore, no increase in C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and no decrease in the ratio free protein S/total protein S was observed, suggesting that a deficiency of free protein S as a result of increased C4BP does not play a pathogenetic role in meningococcal septic shock.
Mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial reduction of MTT: Interaction of MTT with TMRE, JC‐1, and NAO mitochondrial fluorescent probes (2002)

(1) Most of MTT-formazan deposits are not coincident with mitochondria. (2) Monomeric JC-1, as well as TMRE and NAO, accumulating in mitochondria may be displaced by MTT. Thus, the presence of positively charged organic compounds (like MTT) may distort measurements of mitochondrial transmembrane electric potential, which are based on accumulation of fluorescent dyes.
The molecular genetics of cognition: dopamine, COMT and BDNF (2005)

The important contribution of genetic factors to the development of cognition and intelligence is widely acknowledged, but identification of these genes has proven to be difficult. Given a variety of evidence implicating the prefrontal cortex and its dopaminergic circuits in cognition, most of the research conducted to date has focused on genes regulating dopaminergic function. Here we review the genetic association studies carried out on catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and the dopamine receptor genes, D1, D2 and D4. In addition, the evidence implicating another promising candidate gene, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neuropsychological function, is assessed. Both the COMT val158met polymorphism and the BDNF val66met variant appear to influence cognitive function, but the specific neurocognitive processes involved continue to be a matter of debate. Part of the difficulty is distinguishing between false positives, pleiotropy and the influence of a general intelligence factor, g. Also at issue is the complexity of the relevant neuromolecular pathways, which make the inference of simple causal relationships difficult. The implications of molecular genetic cognitive research for psychiatry are discussed in light of these data.