gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TriStar Development (1979)

When the first of British Airways TriStar −500's began operating on the routes in May this year, it marked another stage in the airline's acquisition of a balanced fleet of these aircraft which would cater for a variety of sector lengths and at the same time, achieve commonality in systems and equipment. The TriStar −1 has been in service with British Airways since 1974 and nine operate on European and other routes. Four −500's are now in service flying to the Middle Eastern Gulf States, as well as twice a week to Bombay, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Another two of these aircraft are due for delivery early in 1980, but before the airline receives these it will have taken delivery of two of the intermediate‐range −200 version. Another order for six −200's has recently been placed by British Airways who anticipate that its versatility is appropriate to the operations envisaged.
Offering a Precision-Performance Tradeoff for Aggregation Queries over Replicated Data (2000)

Strict consistency of replicated data is infeasible or not required by many distributed applications, so current systems often permit stale replication,inwhich cached copies of data values are allowed to become out of date. Queries over cached data return an answer quickly, but the stale answer may be unboundedly imprecise. Alternatively, queries over remote master data return a precise answer, but with potentially poor performance. To bridge the gap between these two extremes, we propose a new class of replication systems called TRAPP (Tradeoff in Replication Precision and Performance). TRAPP systems give each user fine-grained control over the tradeoff between precision and performance: Caches store ranges that are guaranteed to bound the current data values, instead of storing stale exact values. Users supply a quantitative precision constraint along with each query. To answer a query, TRAPP systems automatically select a combination of locally cached bounds and exact master data stored remotely to deliver a bounded answer consisting of a range that is no wider than the specified precision constraint, that is guaranteed to contain the precise answer, and that is computed as quickly as possible. This paper defines the architecture of TRAPP replication systems and covers some mechanics of caching data ranges. It then focuses on queries with aggregation, presenting optimization algorithms for answering queries with precision constraints, and reporting on performance experiments that demonstrate the fine-grained control of the precision-performance tradeoff offered by TRAPP systems.
Query routing in large-scale digital library systems (1999)

Modern digital libraries require user-friendly and yet responsive access to the rapidly growing, heterogeneous, and distributed collection of information sources. The increasing volume and diversity of digital information available online have led to a growing problem that conventional data management systems do not have, namely finding which information sources out of many candidate choices are the most relevant to answer a given user query. It refer to this problem as the query routing problem. In this paper we introduce the notation and issues of query routing, and present a practical solution for designing a scalable query routing system based on multilevel progressive pruning strategies. The key idea is to create and maintain user query profiles and source capability profiles independently, and to provide algorithms that can dynamically discover relevant information sources for a given query through the smart use of user query profiles and source capability profiles, including the mechanisms for interleaving query routing with query parallelization and query execution process to continue the pruning at run-time. Comparing with the keyword-based indexing techniques adopted in most of the search engines and software, our approach offers fine-granularity of interest matching, thus it is more powerful and effective for handling queries with complex conditions.
Potassium Fluoride on Alumina. An Efficient Solid Base for Elimination, Addition, and Condensation (1983)

Abstract Alumina coated with potassium fluoride proved to be a versatile solid base for olefin- and acetylene-forming elimination, the Michael addition, aldol condensation, and the Darzens condensation.
Decompression hardware determination for test volume and time reduction through unified test pattern compaction and compression (2003)

A methodology for the determination of decompression hardware that guarantees complete fault coverage for a unified compaction/compression scheme is proposed. Test cube information is utilized for the determination of a near optimal decompression hardware. The proposed scheme attains simultaneously high compression levels and reduced pattern counts through a linear decompression hardware. Significant test volume and test application time reductions are delivered through the scheme we propose while a highly cost effective hardware implementation is retained.
Genetic epidemiology of rheumatoid disease (1995)

The aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has both genetic and environmental origins. However, the relationship of these with each other and with RA disease is complicated as both genes and environment may be protective or render individuals susceptible. Diagnostic certainty and disease heterogeneity have posed serious hurdles for investigating RA. Patients with similar disease phenotypes may have different aetiologies and it may now be more appropriate to investigate genetic susceptibility with respect to disease process or characteristic immunopathology. Disease concordance studies have been a classical approach to estimating the upper threshold of the genetic contribution to RA and recent studies have approximately halved the much quoted figure of 32% reported by Lawrence for RA concordance in monozygotic twins. However, the interpretation of twin data has to be treated with caution as MZ twins can differ in terms of somatic rearrangement/mutation of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes, X chromosome inactivation in females, genomic imprinting and in utero immune relationship. Calculations based on heritability put the genetic component in RA much higher. HLA is an important genetic factor in RA and risk is thought to be associated with a consensus sequence of amino acids within the third hypervariable region of certain DRB1 alleles. It is now clear that HLA is not particularly associated with onset of synovitis but is more associated with progression and severity of the disease process. The HLA-DRB1*0401/0404 genotype is particularly associated with severe, erosive and seropositive RA. Clear differences in RA susceptibility exist between males and females and this may be attributed to hormonal status. Males have a higher threshold requirement for developing RA and this may explain why RA in males is more associated with HLA risk alleles. We have now reached a critical time for the investigation of RA aetio-pathology. Recent advances in molecular biology and automated microsatellite gene scanning technology are making it possible to map disease susceptibility genes over the whole genome in common disorders such as RA. This will require large numbers of well characterised multiplex affected families. It is anticipated that some of the genes identified will fit in with our current concepts of which inflammatory and immune processes are pathologically important in RA. However others may be a major surprise.
On-line partial discharge detection in cables (2002)

This paper describes an on-line partial discharge (PD) detection technique in power cables. The technique uses a digital spectrum analyzer with a high-frequency preamplifier and several types of high-frequency inductive sensors. In extruded and impregnated cables, the PD detection is made in the VHF range. The suitability and the sensitivity of the VHF technique were checked against two other conventional PD detecting methods (Pulse Phase Analyzer and Fast Digital Scope) by performing PD measurements in EPR-insulated cable under laboratory-controlled conditions. The suitability and sensitivity of the VHF method were as good as the two conventional PD detection method. The VHF method runs used to conduct on-site PD measurement in several power cables. These measurements were conducted while the cables were in service. Special care was given to distinguish between external electromagnetic noise and electromagnetic signals produced by the PD activities inside the cable insulation.
Efficacy of antidepressants in treating the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: meta-analysis (2010)

Antidepressants along with antipsychotics are more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia than antipsychotics alone.
Diffraction pattern by a trapezoidal cylindrical cavity (1990)

Asymmetric diffraction patterns for a trapezoidal cylindrical cavity are calculated for the case in which the cavity size is comparable with the wavelength of the incident field. It is shown that asymmetric double dips and null patterns in the near-field region are also present. Amplitude and phase variations of the scattered field are calculated to show how they generate these double dips and null patterns as a function of frequency. The asymmetry of the cross section yields two different null frequencies, corresponding to the upper and the lower boundaries, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Binding of the Initiation Factor IF‐3 to <i>Escherichia coli</i> Ribosomes and MS2 RNA (1973)

The binding of IF‐3 to 70‐S, 50‐S and 30‐S ribosomes and subunits of Escherichia coli and to MS2 RNA was studied employing Sephadex G‐200 chromatography and sucrose‐gradient centrifugation to recover the complex formed. In the latter case, reaction mixtures were fixed with 0.25% glutaraldehyde prior to centrifugation. Total reaction mixtures were also analyzed by polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis. Highly purified IF‐3, either unlabeled or labeled with 35 S was employed and consistent results were obtained with both factor preparations. Binding of IF‐3 to 30‐S subunits was independent of the Mg 2+ concentration in the range 1–14 mM. The binding to 50‐S subunits and MS2 RNA was counteracted by increasing the Mg 2+ concentration in the same range. Binding at 0°C and at 37°C occurred to the same extent both with 30‐S and 50‐S ribosomal subunits. The number of IF‐3 molecules bound per 30‐S subunit approached unity, that bound per 50‐S subunit exceeded unity when the IF‐3 input was sufficiently raised. At low factor/ribosome input ratios IF‐3 binds preferentially to 30‐S particles. When the ratio is increased binding to 50‐S subunits and 70‐S ribosomes also occurs. The IF‐3‐mediated dissociation of 70‐S ribosomes is strongly inhibited by adding increasing amounts of 30‐S subunits. At all Mg 2+ concentrations studied the relative extent of binding can be expressed as: 30‐S > 70‐S, 50‐S > MS2 RNA. Binding to all types of ribosomes and subunits and to MS2 RNA is not stimulated by the addition of IF‐1 and IF‐2. The latter factors stabilize the 30‐S · IF‐3 complexes, however.
Attentive Convolution: Equipping CNNs with RNN-style Attention Mechanisms (2017)

In NLP, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have benefited less than recurrent neural networks (RNNs) from attention mechanisms. We hypothesize that this is because the attention in CNNs has been mainly implemented as attentive pooling (i.e., it is applied to pooling) rather than as attentive convolution (i.e., it is integrated into convolution). Convolution is the differentiator of CNNs in that it can powerfully model the higher-level representation of a word by taking into account its local fixed-size context in the input text t^x. In this work, we propose an attentive convolution network, ATTCONV. It extends the context scope of the convolution operation, deriving higher-level features for a word not only from local context, but also information extracted from nonlocal context by the attention mechanism commonly used in RNNs. This nonlocal context can come (i) from parts of the input text t^x that are distant or (ii) from extra (i.e., external) contexts t^y. Experiments on sentence modeling with zero-context (sentiment analysis), single-context (textual entailment) and multiple-context (claim verification) demonstrate the effectiveness of ATTCONV in sentence representation learning with the incorporation of context. In particular, attentive convolution outperforms attentive pooling and is a strong competitor to popular attentive RNNs.
Role of Kinetic Energy in Pulmonary Valvar Pressure Gradients (1973)

Peak systolic pulmonary valvar pressure gradients are frequently seen in large intracardiac left-to-right shunt lesions. Conventionally, this has been attributed to "relative" pulmonic stenosis. Theoretical considerations suggest that this gradient is due to differences in expression of the total fluid energy. The side pressure, the downstream pressure, the end pressure, and the flow velocity in the pulmonary artery (PA) and the right ventricle (RV) pressure were measured in 11 dogs in the control state, and after increasing the velocity of the pulmonary arterial flow either by administration of isoproterenol or atropine, or by creating an arteriovenous fistula. The RV pressure and the end PA pressure were not significantly different ( P > 0.05), and were higher ( P < 0.01) than the side and downstream PA pressure in the control state, but increased to higher levels ( P < 0.01) after increasing the velocity of flow in the pulmonary artery. The mean pulmonary valve peak systolic gradient (RV-side PA pressure difference) was 8.8 mm Hg in the control state and increased to 19.1 mm Hg after isoproterenol infusion ( P < 0.01). This change in pulmonary valvar gradient is proportional to the increase in the PA flow velocity. The side pressure measures only the potential energy, and the end pressure measures both the potential and kinetic energies. In the right ventricle, only the potential energy is recorded where the kinetic energy is practically nonexistent. The difference between the RV (or end PA) pressure and side PA pressure is proportional to velocity of flow in the pulmonary artery and is due to partial transformation of fluid energy into kinetic energy. Thus, our study helps to explain the pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve in large left-to-right shunt lesions. These studies also raise questions as to the validity of interpretations of the gradients produced in the RV outflow tract after isoproterenol or exercise.
Advanced Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology for Wet Gas/Dry Gas Pipelines (2014)

Abstract Internal corrosion assessment and prevention in transmission pipelines is a significant problem. Both wet gas and dry gas transmission pipelines are frequently operated under conditions that may lead to substantial internal corrosion of the pipeline, causing consequent damage to both operations and personnel/population. This paper describes recent developments in Advanced Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA) modeling and a solution methodology to quantify corrosion damage to facilitate development of proactive inspection and maintenance programs. The objective of this proposed methodology is to build a foundation to develop an enhanced framework of systems using current technologies to identify pipeline components with real potential for damage and failure, as well as promote improved integrity characterization through the application of real-time corrosion monitoring technology.
Toward imaging the body at 10.5 tesla (2016)

While comparable power efficiencies can be achieved using dipole antenna arrays with static shimming at 10.5T; increasing RF nonuniformities underscore the need for efficient, robust, and safe parallel transmission methods. Magn Reson Med 77:434-443, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL BASICALLY SUBSTITUTED PYRIMIDINES AND BENZOTHIENOPYRIMIDINES (1977)

Abstract Das aus (I) hergestellte Amid (III) gibt bei der Cyclisierung unter gleichzeitiger Hydrolyse und Decarboxylierung das Z‐Methyl‐Produkt (IV).
Structures of Alkali Metals in Silica Gel Nanopores:  New Materials for Chemical Reductions and Hydrogen Production (2007)

Alkali metals and their alloys can be protected from spontaneous reaction with dry air by intercalation (with subsequent heating) into the pores of silica gel (SG) at loadings up to 40 wt %. The resulting loose, black powders are convenient materials for chemical reduction of organic compounds and the production of clean hydrogen. The problem addressed in this paper is the nature of the reducing species present in these amorphous materials. The atomic pair distribution function (PDF), which considers both Bragg and diffuse scattering components, was used to examine their structures. Liquid Na-K alloys added to silica gel at room temperature (stage 0) or heated to 150 degrees C (stage I) as well as stage I Na-SG, retain the overall pattern of pure silica gel. Broad oscillations in the PDF show that added alkali metals remain in the pores as nanoscale metal clusters. 23Na MAS NMR studies confirm the presence of Na(0) and demonstrate that Na+ ions are formed as well. The relative amounts of Na(0) and Na(+) depend on both the overall metal loading and the average pore size. The results suggest that ionization occurs near or in the SiO2 walls, with neutral metal present in the larger cavities. The fate of the electrons released by ionization is uncertain, but they may add to the silica gel lattice, or form an "electride-like plasma" near the silica gel walls. A remaining mystery is why the stage I material does not show a melting endotherm of the encapsulated metal and does not react with dry oxygen. Na-SG when heated to 400 degrees C (stage II) yields a dual-phase reaction product that consists of Na(4)Si(4) and Na(2)SiO(3).
Construction of a heat‐inducible chimaeric gene to increase the cytokinin content in transgenic plant tissue (1989)

The ipt gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens T‐DNA encodes an isopentenyltransferase which causes cytokinin overproduction and developmental alterations in transformed plants. A chimaeric gene constructed by positioning the ipt coding region under the control of the hsp70 gene from Drosophila melanogaster allows heat‐regulated expression in transgenic plant tissue. Heat‐shock treatment of tobacco calli transgenic for the chimaeric hsipt gene increases the endogenous cytokinin concentration and enables these calli to grow on cytokinin‐free medium. Transgenic plants regenerated from calli transformed with the hsipt gene and grown at normal temperature are phenotypically normal.
Electrostatic or steric? – preparations and characterizations of well-dispersed systems containing rod-like nanowhiskers of crystalline polysaccharides (2013)

Nanowhiskers of crystalline polysaccharides, including cellulose and chitin, have recently been attracting much attention, especially as rigid filler components of novel nanocomposite materials. Good dispersion of these nanowhiskers in aqueous suspensions, which are usually prepared by appropriate acid hydrolysis of native polysaccharide raw materials, has been examined based on two types of stabilization mechanisms, i.e., electrostatic and steric repulsions between nanowhiskers. In this review, recent results on electrostatic and steric stabilizations of nanowhiskers are introduced, together with brief and basic descriptions of nanowhiskers and these stabilization mechanisms. Some of the remarkable characteristics of nanowhiskers, such as viscosity behaviors, liquid-crystal formation, and nanocomposite formation, which are related to useful applications of these stable nanowhiskers, are also summarized.
Evolution of CAD tools towards third generation custom VLSI design (1987)

In this paper trends in CAD for application specific IC's (ASIC) are discussed. Shortage of skilled silicon designers, too long time to market and too low level of design as in standard cells and gate arrays, lead to a design strategy whereby system design is strictly separated from silicon design. (Meet-in-the-middle design). System designers will use interactive, knowledge based synthesis tools adressing a number of well defined target architectures to be generated from a formal specification language. Architectures are defined as a connection of a well defined set of reusable and parameterizable modules which are predesigned by silicon specialists. This is no longer done on a CALMA type environment but on an interpretative symbolic programming environment. This environment supports automatic parameterization and generation of layout, timing and testing views as well as automatic adaptability to new technology rules. Verification will be shifting away from costly simulation to knowledge based verification, based on a formal definition of design styles and automatic theorem proving. This will require multiprocessor workstations unifying high speed graphics and imperative, declarative and symbolic programming styles. A major problem with this methodology will be the (re)education of design engineers in order to design hardware the « soft» way.
MuSK Myasthenia Gravis IgG4 Disrupts the Interaction of LRP4 with MuSK but Both IgG4 and IgG1-3 Can Disperse Preformed Agrin-Independent AChR Clusters (2013)

A variable proportion of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) have autoantibodies to muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK). During development agrin, released from the motor nerve, interacts with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-4 (LRP4), which then binds to MuSK; MuSK interaction with the intracellular protein Dok7 results in clustering of the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane. In mature muscle, MuSK helps maintain the high density of AChRs at the neuromuscular junction. MuSK antibodies are mainly IgG4 subclass, which does not activate complement and can be monovalent, thus it is not clear how the antibodies cause disruption of AChR numbers or function to cause MG. We hypothesised that MuSK antibodies either reduce surface MuSK expression and/or inhibit the interaction with LRP4. We prepared MuSK IgG, monovalent Fab fragments, IgG1-3 and IgG4 fractions from MuSK-MG plasmas. We asked whether the antibodies caused endocytosis of MuSK in MuSK-transfected cells or if they inhibited binding of LRP4 to MuSK in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. In parallel, we investigated their ability to reduce AChR clusters in C2C12 myotubes induced by a) agrin, reflecting neuromuscular development, and b) by Dok7- overexpression, producing AChR clusters that more closely resemble the adult neuromuscular synapse. Total IgG, IgG4 or IgG1-3 MuSK antibodies were not endocytosed unless cross-linked by divalent anti-human IgG. MuSK IgG, Fab fragments and IgG4 inhibited the binding of LRP4 to MuSK and reduced agrin-induced AChR clustering in C2C12 cells. By contrast, IgG1-3 antibodies did not inhibit LRP4-MuSK binding but, surprisingly, did inhibit agrin-induced clustering. Moreover, both IgG4 and IgG1-3 preparations dispersed agrin-independent AChR clusters in Dok7-overexpressing C2C12 cells. Thus interference by IgG4 antibodies of the LRP4-MuSK interaction will be one pathogenic mechanism of MuSK antibodies, but IgG1-3 MuSK antibodies will also contribute to the reduced AChR density and neuromuscular dysfunction in myasthenia patients with MuSK antibodies.