gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An improved hierarchical test generation technique for combinational circuits with repetitive sub-circuits (2002)

An improved hierarchical testing algorithm for combinational circuits with repetitive sub-circuits using the bus fault model has been proposed. This model exploits the regularity of a circuit by grouping together identical gate-level sub-circuits into high-level sub-circuits. Though the existing test generation techniques using this model reduces the required time substantially in many cases, it fails on encountering incompatibility between the inputs and outputs of high-level modules. The algorithm proposed helps in resolving high level incompatibility. The concept of a state transition graph has been used and it has been shown that resolving incompatibility at the high level is equivalent to finding a loop in the state transition graph. The technique is hierarchical in the sense that the original modeled high-level circuit is sub-divided into a number of components as soon as an incompatibility is encountered. The results of implementation of the algorithm for a class of combinational circuits indicate a significant reduction in the test generation time and complete fault coverage thus validating our technique.
NeuroMEMS: Neural Probe Microtechnologies (2008)

Neural probe technologies have already had a significant positive effect on our understanding of the brain by revealing the functioning of networks of biological neurons. Probes are implanted in different areas of the brain to record and/or stimulate specific sites in the brain. Neural probes are currently used in many clinical settings for diagnosis of brain diseases such as seizers, epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer's, and dementia. We find these devices assisting paralyzed patients by allowing them to operate computers or robots using their neural activity. In recent years, probe technologies were assisted by rapid advancements in microfabrication and microelectronic technologies and thus are enabling highly functional and robust neural probes which are opening new and exciting avenues in neural sciences and brain machine interfaces. With a wide variety of probes that have been designed, fabricated, and tested to date, this review aims to provide an overview of the advances and recent progress in the microfabrication techniques of neural probes. In addition, we aim to highlight the challenges faced in developing and implementing ultralong multi-site recording probes that are needed to monitor neural activity from deeper regions in the brain. Finally, we review techniques that can improve the biocompatibility of the neural probes to minimize the immune response and encourage neural growth around the electrodes for long term implantation studies.
Networked Graphics: Building Networked Games and Virtual Environments (2009)

This broad-ranging book equips programmers and designers with a thorough grounding in the techniques used to create truly network-enabled computer graphics and games. Written for graphics/game/VE developers and students, it assumes no prior knowledge of networking. The text offers a broad view of what types of different architectural patterns can be found in current systems, and readers will learn the tradeoffs in achieving system requirements on the Internet.

The book explains the foundations of networked graphics, then explores real systems in depth, and finally considers standards and extensions. Numerous case studies and examples with working code are featured throughout the text, covering groundbreaking academic research and military simulation systems, as well as industry-leading game designs.




Everything designers need to know when developing networked graphics and games is covered in one volume - no need to consult multiple sources.

The many examples throughout the text feature real simulation code in C++ and Java that developers can use in their own design experiments.

Case studies describing real-world systems show how requirements and constraints can be managed.
Quantitative analysis of two‐dimensional protein profiles of inbred lines of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) (1991)

Two-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography of [35S]methionine labeled maize germinated embryo proteins were performed at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Fluorographs of 63 gels representing 37 inbred lines were subsequently scanned and spot-detected at Protein and DNA Imageware Systems (Huntington Station, NY). The digitized images were then matched with the aid of PDQUEST-II computer software. Over 1500 different protein spots were included in the resulting dataset. The optical density data were normalized to parts per million, then transformed to their natural logarithms. Analyses of variance were performed on each spot in order to select for further study those spots with most of their variation partitioned among inbred lines rather than within inbred lines. Using this method of spot selection, over 100 protein spots were included in the set of spots which display significant differences among inbred lines of maize.
Stabilization of Copper(III) Ions with Deprotonated Hydroxyiminoamide Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, and Electronic Properties of Copper(II) and Copper(III) Complexes (1999)

Copper(II) and copper(III) complexes were prepared with two novel ligands, N,N′-bis(2-(1-hydroxyimino-2-methyl-1-phenyl)propyl)dimethylmalondiamide (H4mal55) and N,N′ bis(-(1-hydroxyiminoethyl)phenyl)dimethylmalondiamide (H4mal66), both of which contain two amide and two oxime functionalities as potential ligand donor groups. The two copper(II) complexes (NEt4)[Cu(Hmal55)] (1) and (NEt4)[Cu(Hmal66)] (2) can be reversibly oxidized in acetonitrile at a redox potential of –0.120 and –0.075 V vs. the Fc/Fc+ redox couple, respectively. While the quantitative electrolysis of 1 results in the preparation of the oxidized complex [Cu(Hmal55)] (3), which is sufficiently stable to be isolated, isolation of the oxidation product of 2 was not attempted because of its long-term instability. The properties of the complexes were investigated by means of various spectroscopic methods (UV-vis, ESR, NMR, and IR spectroscopy) and by X-ray structure analysis. The structure determinations and the spectroscopic investigations of the complexes reveal a square-planar CuN4coordination environment for each complex in the solid state and in acetonitrile solution. In both the oxidized and reduced oxidation states of the complexes, the coordinated ligands remain triply deprotonated with a hydrogen atom bridging both oxime oxygen atoms. The ligands can therefore be regarded as pseudo-macrocyclic. The characterization of the oxidation products clearly identifies the electron-transfer reaction as being metal-centered. For the first time, the structure of a copper(III) complex with a ligand containing oximes as donor groups was determined. The redox potentials of the copper complexes are compared to related CuIII/CuII redox couples.
Using Historical In-Process and Product Metrics for Early Estimation of Software Failures (2006)

The benefits that a software organization obtains from estimates of product quality are dependent upon how early in the product cycle that these estimates are available. Early estimation of software quality can help organizations make informed decisions about corrective actions. To provide such early estimates we present an empirical case study of two large scale commercial operating systems, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. In particular, we leverage various historical in-process and product metrics from Windows XP binaries to create statistical predictors to estimate the post-release failures/failure-proneness of Windows Server 2003 binaries. These models estimate the failures and failure-proneness of Windows Server 2003 binaries at statistically significant levels. Our study is unique in showing that historical predictors for a software product line can be useful, even at the very large scale of the Windows operating system
Generation of pure lymphatic endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells and their therapeutic effects on wound repair (2015)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have emerged as an important source for cell therapy. However, to date, no studies demonstrated generation of purified hPSC-derived lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and tested their therapeutic potential in disease models. Here we sought to differentiate hPSCs into the LEC lineage, purify them with LEC markers, and evaluate their therapeutic effects. We found that an OP9-assisted culture system reinforced by addition of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and EGF most efficiently generated LECs, which were then isolated via FACS-sorting with LYVE-1 and PODOPLANIN. These hPSC-derived LYVE-1(+)PODOPLANIN(+)cells showed a pure committed LEC phenotype, formed new lymphatic vessels, and expressed lymphangiogenic factors at high levels. These hPSC-derived LECs enhanced wound healing through lymphangiogenesis and lymphvasculogenesis. Here we report, for the first time, that LECs can be selectively isolated from differentiating hPSCs, and that these cells are potent for lymphatic vessel formation in vivo and wound healing. This system and the purified hPSC-derived LECs can serve as a new platform for studying LEC development as well as for cell therapy.
Improvements in the phosphoramidite procedure for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1983)

The paper describes an improved method for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using phosphoramidite chemistry. Our procedure relies on novel phosphoramidite intermediates, the deoxyribonucleoside-3'-morpholine-methoxyphosphins. These compounds are extremely stable and can be purified readily. Condensation reactions during solid-phase synthesis can thus be performed with high efficiency and result in a high yield synthesis of long chain oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
Compression Behavior of A= 45 -Dominated Laminates with a Circular Hole or Impact Damage (1986)

An investigation of the compression failure characteristics of ±45°-dominate d laminates with a circular hole or impact damage was conducted. Graphite-epoxy laminates consisting of all ±45° plies and of ±45° and 90° plies were evaluated. In-plane shearing between the fibers and matrix (i.e, matrix shearing) was found to be the primary compression failure mechanism for an all ±45° laminate with a hole. The failure mechanism for the ±45°-dominated laminates with a hole appeared to be a combination of delamination and matrix shearing. The compression failure stresses and strains for both the all ±45° laminate and the ±45°-dominated laminates were unaffected by impact damage at an energy level of 5.5 J when compared to results for undamaged control specimens. The failure stresses and strains for all laminates with impact damage at energy levels of 17.0 or 34.3 J were significantly lower than the corresponding data for the undamaged control specimens. The failure stresses and strains for these impact-damaged specimens were independent of the percentage of 90° plies in the laminate.
Intrinsic resting‐state activity predicts working memory brain activation and behavioral performance (2012)

Although resting-state brain activity has been demonstrated to correspond with task-evoked brain activation, the relationship between intrinsic and evoked brain activity has not been fully characterized. For example, it is unclear whether intrinsic activity can also predict task-evoked deactivation and whether the rest-task relationship is dependent on task load. In this study, we addressed these issues on 40 healthy control subjects using resting-state and task-driven [N-back working memory (WM) task] functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected in the same session. Using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) as an index of intrinsic resting-state activity, we found that ALFF in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior/superior parietal lobules was positively correlated with WM task-evoked activation, while ALFF in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, superior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus was negatively correlated with WM task-evoked deactivation. Further, the relationship between the intrinsic resting-state activity and task-evoked activation in lateral/superior frontal gyri, inferior/superior parietal lobules, superior temporal gyrus, and midline regions was stronger at higher WM task loads. In addition, both resting-state activity and the task-evoked activation in the superior parietal lobule/precuneus were significantly correlated with the WM task behavioral performance, explaining similar portions of intersubject performance variance. Together, these findings suggest that intrinsic resting-state activity facilitates or is permissive of specific brain circuit engagement to perform a cognitive task, and that resting activity can predict subsequent task-evoked brain responses and behavioral performance.
Efficient Synthesis of Cyclopentenones from Enynyl Acetates via Tandem Au(I)-Catalyzed 3,3-Rearrangement and the Nazarov Reaction (2006)

A highly efficient method for the synthesis of versatile cyclopentenones from readily available enynyl acetates via tandem Au(I)-catalyzed 3,3-rearrangement and the Nazarov reaction is developed. Significant substrate flexibility and excellent control of the double bond position in the cyclopentenone ring render this an attractive method for cyclopentenone synthesis.
Optimum power allocation and bit loading with code rate constraints (2009)

In this paper, a new power allocation and bit loading policy is defined for those systems working with a preselected binary channel code and specific bit error rate (BER) requirements. It consists on the maximization of the spectral efficiency with a constraint on the average mutual information per coded bit (bit MI), exploiting the relationship of the bit MI with the BER and the code rate. An irregular modulation approach is employed in order to express the policy as a convex optimization problem, solved without the need of greedy algorithms. Results are compared with those obtained with other algorithms in the literature.
Effects of Hormonal Contraception on Bone Mineral Density After 24 Months of Use (2004)

Loss of bone mineral density associated with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use appears to be linear during the first 2 years of use. Shifts in bone mineral density among pill users were not significant when compared with controls.
Bald Eagle Investigations (1977)

Aerial and ground surveys resulted in the location of 54 bald eagie active territories with 52 active nests. A total of 56 young were produced of which 51 reached fledging age. This resulted in a production of 0.98 fledglings per active nest and 1.68, fledglings per productive nest. Forty-five of 56 eaglets produced were banded and also marked with white plastic bands with alpha-numeric codes. Roost and shoreline censuses were conducted of a summering population of eagles on the James River. A mid-winter survey of eagles was conducted January, resulting in the location of 171 birds.
Caveolin-1–dependent apoptosis induced by fibrin degradation products (2008)

In mice lacking the blood coagulation regulator thrombomodulin, fibrinolytic degradation products (FDP) of fibrin induce apoptotic cell death of a specialized cell type in the placenta, polyploid trophoblast giant cells. Here, we document that this bioactivity of FDP is conserved in human FDP, is not limited to trophoblast cells, and is associated with an Aalpha-chain segment of fibrin fragment E (FnE). The majority of proapoptotic activity is arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-independent and requires caveolin-1-dependent cellular internalization of FnE. Internalization through caveoli is mediated by an epitope contained within Aalpha52-81 that is necessary and sufficient for cellular uptake of FnE. Aalpha52-81 does not cause apoptosis itself, and competitively inhibits FnE internalization and apoptosis induction. Apoptotic activity per se resides within Aalpha17-37 and requires the N-terminal neoepitope generated by release of fibrinopeptide A. Cellular internalization of FnE elicits depression of mitochondrial function and consequent apoptosis that is strictly dependent on the activity of caspases 9 and 3. These findings describe the molecular details of a novel mechanism linking fibrin degradation to cell death in the placenta, which may also contribute to pathologic alterations in nonplacental vascular beds that are associated with fibrinolysis.
Hydrolysis of triglycerides by immobilized thermostable lipase from Humicola lanuginosa. (1988)

Thermostable lipase from Humicola lanuginosa No. 3 was immobilized by entrapment in photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers, urethane prepolymers or Ca-alginate. Adsorption to different types of resins or gels, and covalent binding methods were also employed. From all the methods examined, adsorption on Amberlite XAD-7 followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde was superior, as to several points. Firstly, the adsorption efficiency for lipase was relatively high, being about 70%. Secondly, the optimal temperature was about 10°C higher than that for free lipase. The resin immobilized lipase was not affected by pH changes, and finally it also exhibited excellent stability as to repeated batch hydrolysis of triglycerides, both in a shaking flask system and in a recycling column reactor for more than 2 and 3 weeks, respectively.
Identification of a human 17p‐located cDNA encoding a protein of the Snf2‐like helicase family (1998)

Following immunoscreening, we have cloned and sequenced a human cDNA encoding a novel member of the expanding helicase family. The deduced protein, designated hZFH (human zinc-finger helicase), contains the seven domains conserved among the helicase superfamily II and four potential zinc-fingers motifs. In particular, hZFH shows significant similarity to some proteins of the Snf2-like family, known to act as transcriptional regulators for multiples genes. Furthermore, hZFH has 68.5% identity to a human Mi-2 autoantigen to which autoantibodies are produced by a subgroup of patients affected by dermatomyositis. Northern-blot analyses have revealed several hZFH mRNAs with quantitative differences in various human tissues. One alternative splice site of hZFH mRNA was demonstrated and others were predicted. We also report the chromosomal localization of gene hZFH to locus 17p13-17p12 by in situ hybridization. Thus, this novel gene appears as a candidate for several malignant and genetic diseases associated with this region of the genome. The combination of these features suggests that hZFH plays an important role in gene regulation.
STAR: a fault-tolerant system for distributed applications (2002)

The paper presents a fault-tolerant manager for distributed applications. This manager provides an efficient recovery of hosts' failures on networks of workstations. An independent checkpointing is used to automatically recover application processes affected by host failures. Domino-effects are avoided by means of message logging and file versions management. STAR provides an efficient software failure detection by structuring hosts in a logical ring. Performance measurements in a real environment show the interest and the limits of our system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Amino Acid Sequence and pH on Nanofiber Formation of Self-Assembling Peptides EAK16-II and EAK16-IV (2003)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and axisymmetric drop shape analysis-profile (ASDA-P) were used to investigate the mechanism of self-assembly of peptides. The peptides chosen consisted of 16 alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids, where the hydrophilic residues possess alternating negative and positive charges. Two types of peptides, AEAEAKAKAEAEAKAK (EAK16-II) and AEAEAEAEAKAKAKAK (EAK16-IV), were investigated in terms of nanostructure formation through self-assembly. The experimental results, which focused on the effects of the amino acid sequence and pH, show that the nanostructures formed by the peptides are dependent on the amino acid sequence and the pH of the solution. For pH conditions around neutrality, one of the peptides used in this study, EAK16-IV, forms globular assemblies and has lower surface tension at air-water interfaces than another peptide, EAK16-II, which forms fibrillar assemblies at the same pH. When the pH is lowered below 6.5 or raised above 7.5, there is a transition from globular to fibrillar structures for EAK16-IV, but EAK16-II does not show any structural transition. Surface tension measurements using ADSA-P showed different surface activities of peptides at air-water interfaces. EAK16-II does not show a significant difference in surface tension for the pH range between 4 and 9. However, EAK16-IV shows a noticeable decrease in surface tension at pH around neutrality, indicating that the formation of globular assemblies is related to the molecular hydrophobicity.
Silicon microwire photovoltaics (2010)

The favorable bandgap and natural abundance of Si, combined with the large expertise base for semiconductor wafer processing, have led to the use of wafer-based crystalline Si in the vast majority of photovoltaic cells and modules produced worldwide. However the high cost of purifying, crystallizing, and sawing Si wafers has inhibited these photovoltaic energy sources from approaching cost parity with fossil fuels. Crystalline Si microwires, grown by the catalytic vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) chemical vapor deposition process, have recently emerged as promising candidate materials for thin-film photovoltaics--combining low-cost Si deposition techniques with mechanically flexible, high-performance device geometries. This thesis presents several achievements that have helped to establish the viability of high-performance Si microwire photovoltaics. We begin by developing a comprehensive numerical model of Si microwire-array solar cells, combining finite-element device physics simulations with time-domain optical methods to predict that these devices can exceed 17% solar energy conversion efficiency. We then turn our attention to the optical properties of Si microwire arrays, concerned that the sparsely packed wires might not absorb enough sunlight. However our experiments reveal that simple light-trapping techniques can dramatically improve their absorption, not only permitting them to effectively absorb sunlight using 1/100th as much Si as a wafer, but also leading to an unexpected and fundamentally advantageous absorption enhancement over classical light trapping in planar materials. Techniques are then presented to characterize the material quality of VLS-grown Si wires. Although the growth of these wires is catalyzed by notoriously undesirable metal impurities for crystalline Si (e.g., Au, Ni, and Cu), we find it is nonetheless possible to synthesize high-quality material with remarkable diffusion lengths. By combining these materials with effective surface-passivation and a novel junction-fabrication technique, we realize single-wire solar cells that achieve open-circuit voltages of ~600 mV and with fill factors exceeding 80%. These observations suggest that Si microwires may offer a promising alternative to wafers for cost-effective crystalline Si photovoltaics.
Measuring color‐matching functions. Part I (1993)

Abstract A visual colorimeter was designed to implement a new model for the determination of color‐matching functions developed in the Munsell Color Science Laboratory. An instrument utilizing laser primaries was originally developed. The instrument was later improved to incorporate CRT primaries and seven interference filters to make matches to simulated daylight in a 2° bipartite field. The system was designed to minimize the strain on observers. Color‐matching functions of naïve observers can be measured in approximately 30 minutes. Results from an individual observer correlate well with data collected on the National Research Council of Canada's Trichromator. Part II of this article gives the color‐matching functions results for 18 observers and 20 repetitions by a single observer.