gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stand-off detection of special nuclear materials using neutron imaging methods (2008)

Neutrons can travel considerable distances through the air, and can be used for stand-off detection of special nuclear materials. Plutonium emits neutrons by spontaneous fission, while uranium can be induced to fission by active interrogation with either energetic photons or neutrons. Traditional neutron detectors consisting of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He tubes embedded in polyethylene moderator do not record the directions of incident neutrons. Their efficiency is usually less than 10% for fission spectrum neutrons. We have developed two neutron imaging methods, one for fast neutrons and one for thermal neutrons. The fast neutron directional detector is based on double proton recoil in two layers of plastic scintillators consisting of arrays of paddles with photomultipliers at both ends. This arrangement provides relatively smooth spatial uniformity and allows neutrons to be distinguished from background gammas and muons using time of flight. The thermal neutron imager is a coded aperture camera based on a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He wire chamber. Neutrons that are thermalized by materials close to the source have a mean free path in air of about 20 meters, and can be imaged at distances up to 60 meters. In this case, no moderation takes place at the detector, and the quantum efficiency of the <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He wire chamber is about 60%. Background neutrons generated by cosmic rays arrive from all directions at a low rate, whereas a manmade source is likely to produce a bright spot in an image. Various methods of image enhancement can be applied, such as auto filtering, but the practical limitation stems from the requirement that the real source must stand out against artifacts in the image.
Immunity to<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>: the basis for immunotherapy and vaccination (2005)

Efficient responses to fungi require different mechanisms of immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are uniquely able to decode the fungus-associated information and translate it into qualitatively different T helper (Th) immune responses. Murine and human DCs phagocytose conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus through distinct recognition receptors. The engagement of distinct receptors translates into disparate downstream signaling events, ultimately affecting cytokine production and co-stimulation. Adoptive transfer of different types of DCs activates protective and non-protective Th cells as well as regulatory T cells, ultimately affecting the outcome of the infection in mice with invasive aspergillosis. The infusion of fungus-pulsed or RNA-transfected DCs also accelerates recovery of functional antifungal Th 1 responses in mice with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Patients receiving T cell-depleted allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are unable to develop antigen-specific T cell responses soon after transplant due to defective DC functions. Our results suggest that the adoptive transfer of DCs may restore immunocompetence in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by contributing to the educational program of T cells. Thus, the remarkable furictional plasticity of DCs can be exploited for the deliberate targeting of cells and pathways of cell-mediated immunity in response to the fungus.
Radiating and Balanced Mode Analysis of PIFA Antennas (2006)

This paper presents a radiating and balanced mode analysis of planar inverted F antennas (PIFAs) mounted on wavelength-scale printed circuit boards (PCBs). The radiating mode shows, in a direct way, the extent to which the PCB influences both radiation and bandwidth. The balanced mode shows that the shorting pin acts as an impedance transformer in combination with a parallel reactance. Importantly, it can also be used to show that slots in the PIFA top plate nominally provide series reactance when the slot opening is close to the feed. Understanding of this behavior allows bandwidth improvements to be realized. It also allows dual-band antennas to be designed in a straightforward manner.
Regulation of Hyperpolarization-Activated Hcn Channel Gating and Camp Modulation Due to Interactions of Cooh Terminus and Core Transmembrane Regions (2001)

Members of the hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channel family generate HCN currents (I(h)) that are directly regulated by cAMP and contribute to pacemaking activity in heart and brain. The four different HCN isoforms show distinct biophysical properties. In cell-free patches from Xenopus oocytes, the steady-state activation curve of HCN2 channels is 20 mV more hyperpolarized compared with HCN1. Whereas the binding of cAMP to a COOH-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) markedly shifts the activation curve of HCN2 by 17 mV to more positive potentials, the response of HCN1 is much less pronounced (4 mV shift). A previous deletion mutant study suggested that the CNBD inhibits hyperpolarization-gating in the absence of cAMP; the binding of cAMP shifts gating to more positive voltages by relieving this inhibition. The differences in basal gating and cAMP responsiveness between HCN1 and HCN2 were proposed to result from a greater inhibitory effect of the CNBD in HCN2 compared with HCN1. Here, we use a series of chimeras between HCN1 and HCN2, in which we exchange the NH(2) terminus, the transmembrane domain, or distinct domains of the COOH terminus, to investigate further the molecular bases for the modulatory action of cAMP and for the differences in the functional properties of the two channels. Differences in cAMP regulation between HCN1 and HCN2 are localized to sequence differences within the COOH terminus of the two channels. Surprisingly, exchange of the CNBDs between HCN1 and HCN2 has little effect on basal gating and has only a modest one on cAMP modulation. Rather, differences in cAMP modulation depend on the interaction between the CNBD and the C-linker, a conserved 80-amino acid region that connects the last (S6) transmembrane segment to the CNBD. Differences in basal gating depend on both the core transmembrane domain and the COOH terminus. These data, taken in the context of the previous data on deletion mutants, suggest that the inhibitory effect of the CNBD on basal gating depends on its interactions with both the C-linker and core transmembrane domain of the channel. The extent to which cAMP binding is able to relieve this inhibition is dependent on the interaction between the C-linker and the CNBD.
Symmetry of Donor-Related Centers Responsible for Persistent Photoconductivity in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">As</mml:mi></mml:math> (1979)

We report on the attenuation of ballistic phonons generated in bulk GaAs and propagating through epitaxial layers of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ containing up to ${10}^{18}$ Sn or Te donors per cubic centimeter. The latter donors are known to form a complex with an unidentified defect (DX center) whose occupation is changed by photoexcitation. The symmetry of the ionized DX center is shown to be trigonal in the case of Sn and most likely orthorhombic in the case of Te donors.
Encoding message lengths for data transmission (Corresp.) (1978)

Two familiar techniques for encoding message lengths are considered. One technique breaks messages into packets, with each but the last message packet having the same length. The message length is encoded by specifying the last packet and its length. The other technique uses a special bit sequence called a flag to terminate the message and slightly re-encodes the message to prevent the flag from appearing within the message. For a geometric message length distribution and for properly chosen parameters, it is shown that the packet strategy is optimal in the Huffman coding sense and that the flag strategy is very close to optimal. Moreover, for a given expected message length the expected codeword lengths are quite insensitive to the message length distribution.
Mycotoxins in fermented food. (1968)

Summary Selected for study fields were several distinct provincial regions of Japan which are noted to be stable in population composition, generally conservative in the mode of life, and distinguished by especially high figures in biometric statistics representing the Japanese characteristics of extraordinarily high incidence in death by cardiovascular diseases, stomach cancer, and hepatoma. From these regions, samples of popular fermented foodstuffs, consumed daily in quantity, were obtained as materials of study. They included “miso” or fermented soy bean paste, “katsuobushi” or fermented dry bonitos, and “starters” used for their fermentation processes. They were either commercial products from local plants or home-made ones. From 24 samples, 37 strains of fungi were isolated, of which 21 were found to produce toxic culture filtrates and extracts. Many of them produced kojic acid and β-nitropropionic acid. None, however, produced aflatoxin, although some strains produced blue and green fluorescent metabolites which have not yet been identified. Biologic tests carried out with the culture preparations revealed significant biologic activities in bacteriocidal effects, induction of bacteriophage, and influence on propagation of hamster cells in vitro . Moreover, short-term animal experiments showed development of miscellaneous remarkable pathologic changes, such as extensive hemorrhagic erosion in the glandular stomach, necrosis in the liver, and injuries in the kidneys, pancreas islets, and myocardium. The changes in the stomach and liver drew special attention in association with high incidence of chronic gastric and hepatic diseases in the biostatistics. Of the other changes, glomerulotubular nephritis, renal tubular oxalosis, pancreas-islet hemorrhage and degeneration, and myocardial hemorrhage and scar formation were impressive in relation to the high incidence of cardiovascular diseases. To prevent occurrence of toxic agents in fermented food, it was recommended to avoid the use of toxic strains of fungi and to eliminate contamination of undesirable strains of fungi.
Low bit rate cepstral vocoder using the log magnitude approximation filter (2005)

By using the log magnitude approximation filter as the speech synthesizer, a low bit rate cepstral vocoder was obtained. The synthesis filter is of minimum phase and of pole-zero type, and this vocoder can provide a better spectral fit than that provided by all-pole model. The filter can be easily obtained without transforming the cepstrum to an impulse response and the computation for the filter coefficients is non-iterative. The spectral envelope information is transmitted in a form of cepstral values. Since the coefficient sensitivities of the synthesis filter is sufficiently small, a fairly coarse quantization of the cepstrum is allowed. A reasonable speech quality vocoder was realized at the overall bit rate of 1770 bits/s.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Application of Size-Controlled Nanocrystalline NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb,Er Infrared-to-Visible Up-Conversion Phosphors (2004)

Nanocrystalline infrared-to-visible up-conversion phosphors, ytterbium and erbium co-doped sodium yttrium fluoride, were synthesized. Spherical particles with narrow size distribution were prepared by a co-precipitation method in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Particles of controlled size in the range of 37 to 166 nm diameter were obtained by adjusting the molar ratio of EDTA to total lanthanides. Although the as-prepared nanoparticles emit very weak up-conversion fluorescence when excited by infrared light, the emission was enhanced by up to 40-fold after they were annealed at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C. By comparison with the bulk phosphor, the luminescence efficiency of the nanoparticle was estimated to be 1%. Factors affecting the particle size and their up-conversion fluorescence intensity were investigated by various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Preliminary results demonstrated the nanoparticles as promising up-converting fluorescence labels in the detection of biological interactions.
T Cell Development in PU.1-Deficient Mice (1999)

These studies address the role of PU.1 in T cell development through the analysis of PU.1-/- mice. We show that the majority of PU.1-/- thymocytes are blocked in differentiation prior to T cell commitment, and contain a population of thymocyte progenitors with the cell surface phenotype of CD44+, HSAbright, c-kitint, Thy-1-, CD25-, Sca-1-, CD4-, and CD8-. These cells correspond in both number and cell surface phenotype with uncommitted thymocyte progenitors found in wild-type fetal thymus. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PU.1 is normally expressed in this early progenitor population, but is down-regulated during T cell commitment. Rare PU.1-/- thymi, however, contained small numbers of thymocytes expressing markers of T cell commitment. Furthermore, almost 40% of PU.1-/- thymi placed in fetal thymic organ culture are capable of T cell development. Mature PU. 1-/- thymocytes generated during organ culture proliferated and produced IL-2 in response to stimulation through the TCR. These data demonstrate that PU.1 is not absolutely required for T cell development, but does play a role in efficient commitment and/or early differentiation of most T progenitors.
Metabolism of isoflavones, lignans and prenylflavonoids by intestinal bacteria: producer phenotyping and relation with intestinal community (2007)

Many studies have investigated the importance of the intestinal bacterial activation of individual phytoestrogens. However, human nutrition contains different phytoestrogens and the final exposure depends on the microbial potential to activate all different groups within each individual. In this work, interindividual variations in the bacterial activation of the different phytoestrogens were assessed. Incubation of feces from 100 individuals using SoyLife EXTRA, LinumLife EXTRA and isoxanthohumol suggested that individuals could be separated into high, moderate and low O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA), equol, enterodiol (END), enterolactone (ENL) or 8-prenylnaringenin producers, but that the metabolism of isoflavones, lignans and prenylflavonoids follows separate, independent pathways. However, O-DMA and equol production correlated negatively, whereas a positive correlation was found between END and ENL production. In addition, END production correlated negatively with Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale counts. Furthermore, O-DMA production was correlated with the abundance of methanogens, whereas equol production correlated with sulfate-reducing bacteria, indicating that the metabolic fate of daidzein may be related to intestinal H(2) metabolism.
Chapter 44—Curing Materials (1978)

Environment adjacent to and within a freshly placed mass of portland cement concrete has a profound influence on the ultimate strength and durability which the concrete will exhibit. Temperature and moisture are the two most significant environmental properties. Generally, moist environments having moderately low temperatures provide optimum curing conditions. These conditions allow the cement to hydrate to the fullest extent possible within the physical-chemical limitations which always constrain complete hydration. For a given concrete—one having a fixed water/cement (w/c) ratio, cement factor, and other properties—it is usually desirable to advance hydration to the maximum extent possible through maintenance of a favorable curing environment.
On the Epistemology of the Inexact Sciences (1959)

This is a new epistemological approach to the inexact sciences. The purpose of all science is to explain and predict in an objective manner. While in the exact sciences explanation and prediction have the same logical structure, this is not so in the inexact sciences. This permits various methodological innovations in the inexact sciences, e.g., expert judgment and simulation.
Eosinophil Granulocytes Account for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Mediated Immune Escape in Human Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (2005)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a catabolizing enzyme of tryptophan, is supposed to play a role in tumor immune escape. Its expression in solid tumors has not yet been well elucidated: IDO can be expressed by the tumor cells themselves, or by ill-defined infiltrating cells, possibly depending on tumor type. We have investigated IDO expression in 25 cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, we found that IDO was expressed not by tumor cells, but by normal cells infiltrating the peritumoral stroma. These cells were neither macrophages nor dendritic cells, and were identified as eosinophil granulocytes. The amount of IDO-positive eosinophils varied in different cases, ranging from a few cells to more than 50 per field at x200 magnification. IDO protein in NSCLC was enzymatically active. Therefore, at least in NSCLC cases displaying a large amount of these cells in the inflammatory infiltrate, IDO-positive eosinophils could exert an effective immunosuppressive action. On analyzing the 17 patients with adequate follow-up, a significant relationship was found between the amount of IDO-positive infiltrate and overall survival. This finding suggests that the degree of IDO-positive infiltrate could be a prognostic marker in NSCLC.
Boron suboxide: As hard as cubic boron nitride (2002)

The Vickers hardness of boron suboxide single crystals was measured using a diamond indentation method. Under a loading force of 0.98 N, our test gave an average Vickers hardness of 45 GPa. The average fracture toughness was measured as 4.5 MPa m1/2. We also measured the hardness of the cubic boron nitride and sapphire single crystals for comparison. The average measured hardness for boron suboxide was found to be very close to that of cubic boron nitride under the same loading force. Our results suggest that the boron suboxide could be a new superhard material for industrial applications, surpassed in hardness only by diamond and cubic boron nitride.
Protein kinase C isotypes <i>θ</i>, <i>δ</i> and <i>η</i> in human lymphocytes: differential responses to signalling through the T‐cell receptor and phorbol esters (1997)

The repertoire of novel and atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes present in human T cells and their subcellular localization have not been fully characterized. We detected calcium-independent PKC activity in whole cell fractions from unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Towards an understanding of the role of PKC isoforms in lymphocyte activation we have studied the expression of calcium-independent PKC isoforms theta, delta and eta in PBL. With isoformspecific antibodies we detected the presence of PKC theta and delta in whole cell fractions from unstimulated human PBL by Western blot analysis. In addition, immunocytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of the novel PKC isoform PKC eta in PBL. Using immunocytochemistry, PKC theta, delta and eta had distinct patterns of redistribution following activation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). However, signalling through the T-cell receptor (TCR) did not appear to induce such changes in isoenzyme redistribution. These findings indicate that activation of lymphocytes either through the TCR-CD3 complex or with PMA induces different signalling pathways with respect to calcium-independent isoenzymes. Signalling through receptors other than the CD3 complex may be involved in activation of these isotypes.
Outage Probability Study of Multiuser Diversity in MIMO Transmit Antenna Selection Systems (2007)

This letter develops a framework to analyze the multiuser diversity (MUD) gain in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmit antenna selection with a maximal-ratio combining (TAS/MRC) system, through which the transmitter selects the optimal antenna out of the total transmit antennas based on the channel state information (CSI) feedbacks. Over a flat-fading Rayleigh channel, a tight analytical closed-form expression of the MUD gain in terms of outage probability is derived. The analytical results show that 1) the MUD system can achieve an order of diversity equal to the product of the number of users, number of transmit antenna, and number of receive antennas; 2) users can be viewed as equivalent "virtual" transmit antennas, and the number of users has a great impact on the system outage probability
A convex optimization approach to transistor sizing for CMOS circuits (2002)

The transistor sizing problem of minimizing the circuit area, subject to the circuit delay being less than a given specification, is formulated as a convex programming problem. An efficient convex programming algorithm is then used to obtain the exact solution. Experimental results on a variety of circuits show that, for a given delay specification this approach is able to produce circuits with significantly smaller area when compared with TILOS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bovine Lactoferrin Inhibits the Efficiency of Invasion of Respiratory A549 Cells of Different Iron-Regulated Morphological Forms of <i>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</i> and <i>Burkholderia Cenocepacia</i> (2008)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia are two important opportunistic respiratory pathogens of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Infections caused by these microorganisms are particularly difficult to eradicate because they are usually highly resistant to several currently available broad-spectrum antibiotics. Lactoferrin (Lf), a glycoprotein found in physiological fluids of mammals and present at high concentrations in infected and inflamed tissues, plays an important role in the natural defence mechanism against pathogens and in immune regulation. In the present study, we evaluate the ability of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) to influence P. aeruginosa PAO1 and B. cenocepacia PV1 adhesiveness and invasiveness, using the A549 human bronchial cell line. Three different iron-induced morphological forms of bacteria (free-living, aggregates and biofilm) were assayed. The addition of bLf to cells just before infection had little influence on adhesion efficiency for all three of the morphological forms of B. cenocepacia PV1, while a slight increase in adhesion efficiency by P. aeruginosa PAO1 was noticed. Conversely, invasion of all three morphological forms of both P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia was strongly inhibited by the presence of bLf, independently of its degree of iron-binding activity. This is the first report demonstrating an anti-invasive property of bLf for strains of P. aeruginosa and B. cenocepacia.
A new era in education (1994)

New legislation means local authorities must provide education for sick children, whether in hospital or at home. how will it affect current provision?
A novel widebeam planar patch antenna for WLAN applications (2016)

A novel broad beamwidth patch antenna with a dimension of 80mm60mml.6mm is presented in this paper. It consists of a magnetic dipole, a electric dipole and a ground. The measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth is 5.72–5.96GHz (relatively bandwidth of 4.1%). Over the working band, the E-plane 3-dB beamwidth is as large as with respect to the normal direction. The cross polarization suppression level is better than 20 dB. Details of the antenna design and obtained results are presented.