gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Human Cerebellar Thalamus Disruption on Adaptive Control of Reaching (2005)

Lesion or degeneration of the cerebellum can profoundly impair adaptive control of reaching in humans. Computational models have proposed that internal models that help control movements form in the cerebellum and influence planned motor output through the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. However, lesion studies of the cerebellar thalamus have not consistently found impairment in reaching or adaptation of reaching. To elucidate the role of the cerebellar thalamus in humans, we studied a group of essential tremor (ET) patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes placed in the cerebellar thalamus. The stimulation can be turned on or off remotely and is thought to reduce tremor by blocking the spread of the pathological output from the cerebellum. We studied the effect of thalamic DBS on the ability to adapt arm movements to novel force fields. Although thalamic DBS resulted in a dramatic and significant reduction of tremor in ET, it also impaired motor adaptation: the larger the stimulation voltage, the greater the reduction in rates of adaptation. We next examined ET patients that had undergone unilateral thalamotomy in the cerebellar thalamus and found that adaptation with the contralateral arm was impaired compared with the ipsilateral arm. Therefore, although both lesion and electrical stimulation of the cerebellar thalamus are highly effective in reducing tremor, they significantly impair the ability of the brain to form internal models of action. Adaptive control of reaching appears to depend on the integrity of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway.
Giotto: a time-triggered language for embedded programming (2003)

Giotto provides an abstract programmer's model for the implementation of embedded control systems with hard real-time constraints. A typical control application consists of periodic software tasks together with a mode-switching logic for enabling and disabling tasks. Giotto specifies time-triggered sensor readings, task invocations, actuator updates, and mode switches independent of any implementation platform. Giotto can be annotated with platform constraints such as task-to-host mappings, and task and communication schedules. The annotations are directives for the Giotto compiler, but they do not alter the functionality and timing of a Giotto program. By separating the platform-independent from the platform-dependent concerns, Giotto enables a great deal of flexibility in choosing control platforms as well as a great deal of automation in the validation and synthesis of control software. The time-triggered nature of Giotto achieves timing predictability, which makes Giotto particularly suitable for safety-critical applications.
Microbial Modification of Mycophenolic Acid (1970)

On incubation with selected micro-organisms mycophenolic acid (1) has been found to undergo one or more of the following transformations: (a) oxygenation of the 4-methyl group giving an alcohol (5) and an aldehyde (6), (b) oxygenation of the 3′-methyl group and lactonisation giving a δ-lactone (31), (c) oxidation at C-3 giving a lactol (3), (d) loss of the double bond and oxidation at C-4′, giving a β-hydroxy-acid (18), a methyl ketone (14), a carboxylic acid (10), and, by further hydroxylation, a lactol (11), a benzyl alcohol (12), and a dihydrobenzofuran (29), (e) oxygenation of the double bond giving a hydroxy-lactone (21), (f) oxygenation and cyclisation of the terpenoid substituent giving dihydrobenzofurans (26) and (28), (g) oxidative cyclisation of the terpenoid substituent giving a chromen (30), and (h) combination of the carboxy-group with the amino-groups of glycine and alanine giving amides (15) and (16). Lactones (20) and (22) and diphenylmethane (32) were also obtained from mycophenolic acid fermentations but these compounds may have been artefacts generated during work-up. Fermentations of mycophenolic acid methyl ether (2) and of compound (9) gave the benzyl alcohols (7) and (5) respectively, and fermentations of dihydromycophenolic acid gave compounds (10), (11), and (29). The structures of the fermentation products have been established by spectroscopic methods and most of the compounds have been chemically related to mycophenolic acid. The biogenesis of the fermentation products is discussed and some preparations of cyclic ethers from mycophenolic acid derivatives are described.
A cDNA Clone for an ATP-Sulfurylase from Arabidopsis thaliana (1995)

Sulfate is the predominant sulfur source for plants. After uptake from the soil via specific transport proteins into plant roots, sulfate is activated by the enzyme ATP-sulfurylase to APS. ATP-sulfurylase activity in plants is detectable in green tissues and roots (Ellis, 1969; Lunn et al., 1990). Isoforms of the enzyme are localized in plastids and in the cytosol (Lunn et al., 1990; Renosto et al., 1993). In mutants of Euglena g r a d i s lacking plastids an ATP-sulfurylase could be purified from mitochondria (Li et al., 1991). There is considerable evidence that activated sulfate in the form of APS is the sulfate donor for the APS-sulfotransferase reaction leading to the reductive part of sulfur assimilation (Schmidt and Jager, 1992). Further activation of APS is achieved by the enzyme APS kinase to 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate, the substrate for sulfate transfer reactions. We are interested in the molecular physiology of sulfate uptake and activation by higher plants, and therefore, we have isolated two ATP-sulfurylase cDNAs from Solanum tuberosum by functional complementation of a yeast mutant that is deficient in ATP-sulfurylase activity (met3; Klonus et al., 1994). Following the same approach we have cloned three different full-length cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana encoding ATP-sulfurylases. Coincident with our work, two sequences were posted in the data base that were identical with our first clones. Here we report the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of a third A. thaliana cDNA clone (ATMET3-1) encoding an ATP-sulfurylase (Table I). The ATMET3-1 cDNA consists of 1706 nucleotides with an open reading frame of 1431 bp. The predicted polypeptide encoded by ATMET3-1 is 475 amino acids in length and has a calculated molecular mass of 53,638 D. The first 63 amino acids contain no acidic amino acids (Asp, Glu) and elevated levels of hydroxylated residues (Ser, Thr). These are typical features of a chloroplast transit peptide (Heinje et al., 1989). The ATMET3-1 polypeptide is very similar on the amino acid level to the other reported A. thaliana cDNAs: 72.7% to APSl and 73.5% to APS3 (Leustek et al., 1994). When ATMET3-1 is compared to the deduced potato polypeptides STMET3-1 (Stmet3-2), there are 74.5% (73.7%) identical amino acids (Klonus et al., 1994). Only the deduced mature sequences without leader peptides are considered for these calculations. The ATMET3-1 sequence
Continuous-wave, all-solid-state, intracavity Raman laser (2005)

Continuous-wave operation of a diode-pumped solid-state Raman laser at 1176 nm is reported. The intracavity Raman laser, based on a Nd:YAG laser crystal and a KGd(WO4)2 Raman crystal, reached threshold for 4 W of diode input power and gave up to 800 mW of output power at an overall conversion efficiency of 4%.
Arboviruses Isolated from Mosquitoes Collected from Urban and Peri-urban Areas of Eastern Australia (2009)

To determine the presence of arboviruses in mosquito populations from major urban areas of eastern Australia, a total of 67,825 mosquitoes, representing -60 species, was collected and tested from Cairns, Brisbane, and Sydney between January 2005 and April 2008. Mosquito pools were screened by inoculation onto mosquito cell cultures and the detection of viral antigen using a panel of flavivirus and alphavirus monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Suspect positive samples were confirmed using virus-specific real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. No flaviviruses were detected, but 2 alphaviruses were isolated from mosquito pools collected from Cairns, with 1 Barmah Forest virus isolate from a pool of 100 Aedes vigilax and 1 Ross River virus isolate from a pool of 83 Verrallina carmenti. In addition, a single Aedes alternans collected from Sydney yielded an isolate most similar to Stretch Lagoon virus, a newly described virus from the genus Orbivirus. These results suggest that during the study, arboviruses were circulating at a low level in the areas sampled. The findings from this study will promote public health awareness of the risk of arboviruses in urban areas, leading to more informative public health campaigns to safeguard the Australian public.
Adsorption of Flavonoids on Resins:  Cyanidin 3-Glucoside (2004)

Adsorption of cyanidin-3-glucoside in aqueous batch solutions was studied at pH 3.5 and 20 degrees C using 13 commercial resins with different hydrophobicity, surface areas (SA, 330-1200 m2/g), and pore radii (PR, 20-260 A). The solute affinity toward different resins was described in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich parameters; experimental data were well-fitted to the two isotherms, which were both utilized to compare resins adsorption capacity. The styrene-divinylbenzene EXA-118 resin (SA, 1200 m2/g; PR, 90 A) showed the maximum effectiveness among the tested resins; a good efficacy for removing cyanidin 3-glucoside was shown also by EXA-90 (SA, 630 m2/g; PR, 105 A). Some experiments on a styrene-divinylbenzene resin and an acrylic one demonstrated that adsorption was not influenced by pH variations of the solution within the range of 1.0-4.5. For the 10 resins having PR < or = 105 A, correlation analysis evidenced the linear increasing dependence of Freundlich constant KF on physical characteristics of surface area and pore radius. The adsorption of cyanidin 3-glucoside at 20 degrees C was compared with that of hesperidin performed in batch runs on the same resins. Moreover, the best resin (EXA-118) was tested with a sample of pigmented orange juice to assess its performance in terms of selectivity, adsorption, and desorption capabilities on a real matrix.
<title>Lead Salt Detectors And Arrays PbS And PbSe</title> (1983)

A brief review of the early development efforts in lead salt detectors is presented. Applications and methods of fabrication of contemporary devices are also discussed. State-of-the-art detectors are characterized for their chemical, structural, and photoelectronic properties. Performance characteristics as a function of operation temperature, frequency, background energy levels, etc., are described. Radiation effects are briefly discussed. A short summary of the mechanics of photoconductivity of the lead salt films is presented. Multi-element array designs and performance characteristics of typical current operational hardware are reviewed. Design and operational limitations are identified. Advanced concepts of Integrated (Hybrid and Monolithic) Detector Arrays are also reviewed.
BALI:  Automatic Assignment of Bond and Atom Types for Protein Ligands in the Brookhaven Protein Databank (1997)

A method for assigning hybridization states and bond orders to protein ligands from the Brookhaven Protein Databank1 is presented. The assignment procedure is based on the recognition of simple chemical groups and on an analysis of bond length and bond angle data. Special care was taken on the proper handling of aromatic heterocyclic ring systems which are frequently found in small molecule ligands. Hybridization states and bond orders are assigned with a success rate significantly higher than what has been reported for previously published algorithms. The main application of BALI is to identify protein ligands in the Brookhaven Protein Databank and to add information about bond and atom types with a minimum amount of manual intervention.
A model for spiritual development in government schools (2013)

The national schools chaplaincy program introduced by the Howard Government in 2007 has placed hundreds of new chaplains in schools across the country. At the same time the place of religion in schools through chaplaincy and special religious instruction is being challenged legally and questioned politically. In response, religious instruction in Victorian primary schools has moved from being opt-out to being opt-in. Furthermore, numerous explicit restrictions on the freedom of chaplains to engage in religious activities in schools have been added to chaplaincy guidelines. The arguments played out in the media go back and forth between those who want to keep religion in schools and those who want to get it out, with much heated dialogue and invective included.
The Nuclear Receptors FXR and LX alpha Potential Targets for the Development of Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism and Neoplastic Diseases (2001)

The orphan nuclear receptors FXR and LXRalpha have become challenging targets for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Bile acids and hydroxysterol intermediates are the respective natural ligands of these two structurally and functionally closely related receptors. Both FXR and LXRalpha; are thought to play a major role in the control of cholesterol catabolism by regulating the expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis. Reverse cholesterol transport might also be affected by FXR and LXR since they control the expression of PLTP and CETP, two proteins involved in the transfer of phospholipid, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters among plasma lipoproteins. A new class of potent synthetic activators of FXR, the 1,1-bisphosphonate esters, has been discovered which up regulate the Intestinal Bile Acid Binding Protein gene (I-BABP) as demonstrated for chenodeoxycholic acid, however there are no known synthetic activators yet identified for LXRalpha. The evaluation of FXR as a potential target for the development of drugs affecting plasma cholesterol can take advantage of the fact that the activators of FXR (farnesol, bile acids and the 1,1-bisphosphonate esters) have been studied in various in vitro and in vivo models. Administration of chenodeoxycholic acid to animals and man did not result in the increase in plasma cholesterol expected from a decrease in cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase expression. Like farnesol, the 1,1-bisphosphonate esters increase the rate of degradation of HMGCoA reductase and have the unexpected property of inducing hypocholesterolemia in normal animals. The natural and synthetic FXR agonists trigger differentiation, inhibit cell proliferation and are potent inducers of apoptosis. The 1,1-bisphosphonate ester SR-45023A (Apomine) is presently being developed as an antineoplastic drug.
Mino-Ch'ing Studies in Japan: 1978 (1984)

Ming-Ch'ing historical studies in Japan began in the postwar period with the common theme of overcoming the "theory of stagnation." With studies of commodity production and the landlord system aimed at elucidating the developmental nature intrinsic to pre-modern society, studies of peasant struggles that directly trace the independent growth of the small peasant stratum as one of those developments, and studies of the taxation and corvée systems that seek the link between the social substructure and the despotic state, a major result has been a theory of the local gentry aimed at locating their historical significance over the period of social upheaval from the late Ming through the early Ch'ing. In the process, a number of essays this year have put forth views critical of more popular or widely accepted opinions, and raised extremely interesting issues. These essays are concerned with the basic understanding needed for a theoretical grasp and overall historical picture of the Ming-Ch'ing period. They show that we have reached a turning point from prior Ming-Ch'ing historical research.
A 3.37:1 bandwidth and low-profile tightly coupled array antenna (2016)

A low-profile, broadband array antenna based on tightly coupled dipole array is presented. The array antenna does not need any external matching structure and equipment. The simulation results of the infinite proposed array show 3.37:1 bandwidth (1.97 GHz to 6.66 GHz) with VSWR < 2 at broadside radiation and above 95% radiation efficiency over the operating frequency band. The height of the array including superstrate is 1/12.7 λ at the lowest frequency band.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTATIONS IN <i>DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER</i>. XVII. HEAT- AND COLD-SENSITIVE LETHALS ON CHROMOSOME 3 (1973)

Ethyl methanesulfonate-treated third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster were tested for the presence of dominant and recessive temperature-sensitive lethal mutations at 17 degrees , 22 degrees and 29 degrees C. Out of 1,176 chromosomes tested, no dominant ts lethals, 21 heat-sensitive, 22 cold-sensitive and 10 heat-cold-sensitive lethals were recovered. Heat-cold sensitivity was produced by a single mutation in all cases. Sixty-two percent of the ts lethals were fertile as homozygotes in both sexes. Surprisingly, 88% of the ts lethals mapped between st and Sb, a region straddling the centromere and estimated to comprise 12.9% of the genetic length and 55% of the physical length of chromosome 3. All but one of the heat- and cold-sensitive lethals complemented with each other at their respective restrictive temperatures.
Growth and Polymer Incorporation of Pseudomonas oleovorans on Alkyl Esters of Heptanoic Acid (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGrowth and Polymer Incorporation of Pseudomonas oleovorans on Alkyl Esters of Heptanoic AcidCarmen Scholz, R. Clinton Fuller, and Robert W. LenzCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 10, 2886–2889Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00088a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00088a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
LA-ICP-MS in situ analyses of the pyrites in Dongyang gold deposit, Southeast China: Implications to the gold mineralization (2019)

The Dongyang gold deposit is a newly discovered epithermal deposit in Fujian Province, Southeast China, along the Circum-Pacific metallogenic belt. Herewith, the authors present mineralogical, scanning electron microscope, and laser ablation inductively coupled clasma mass spectrometry analysis to reveal the relations between Au and Te, As, S, Fe, etc., and discuss the gold precipitation process. The pyrites in this deposit are Fe-deficient, and are enriched in Te and As. The authors infer that As was mainly in form of As-complexes, and Te-Au-Ag inclusions/solid solution also exsits in the Py I. Along with the depletion of Te and As, they were less active chemically in the Py II, and Au may be incorporated into As-rich and Fe-deficient surface sites by chemisorption onto As-rich growth surfaces. Because of the incorporation of new fluid, Te and As became the most active chemically in the Py III, which was the main elements precipitation stage, and As dominantly substituted for S in the lattice of pyrite, due to the more reducing condition. The authors propose Au was in form of invisible gold, and the incorporation of gold can be considered as post-pyrite event, while the Au-bearing minerals were result of post incorporation of gold in arsenian pyrite.
Marine Compounds with Therapeutic Potential in Gram-Negative Sepsis (2013)

This paper concerns the potential use of compounds, including lipid A, chitosan, and carrageenan, from marine sources as agents for treating endotoxemic complications from Gram-negative infections, such as sepsis and endotoxic shock. Lipid A, which can be isolated from various species of marine bacteria, is a potential antagonist of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide (LPSs)). Chitosan is a widespread marine polysaccharide that is derived from chitin, the major component of crustacean shells. The potential of chitosan as an LPS-binding and endotoxin-neutralizing agent is also examined in this paper, including a discussion on the generation of hydrophobic chitosan derivatives to increase the binding affinity of chitosan to LPS. In addition, the ability of carrageenan, which is the polysaccharide of red alga, to decrease the toxicity of LPS is discussed. We also review data obtained using animal models that demonstrate the potency of carrageenan and chitosan as antiendotoxin agents.
Determining Biogenic Content of Biogas by Measuring Stable Isotopologues 12CH4, 13CH4, and CH3D with a Mid-Infrared Direct Absorption Laser Spectrometer (2018)

A tunable laser absorption spectrometer (TLAS) was developed for the simultaneous measurement of <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i>D values of methane (CH₄). A mid-infrared interband cascade laser (ICL) emitting around 3.27 µm was used to measure the absorption of the three most abundant isotopologues in CH₄ with a single, mode-hop free current sweep. The instrument was validated against methane samples of fossil and biogenic origin with known isotopic composition. Three blended mixtures with varied biogenic content were prepared volumetrically, and their <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i>D values were determined. Analysis demonstrated that, provided the isotopic composition of the source materials was known, the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i>D values alone were sufficient to determine the biogenic content of the blended samples to within 1.5%.
Real-time stability assessment based on synchrophasors (2011)

In this paper, an overview is provided of a new method that in real-time provides an early warning for an emerging blackout that are characterized by a slowly increasing angular separation between sub-groups of system generators. Such angular separation between subgroups of generators can eventually cause in very sharp decline in system voltages at intermediate locations between the two groups as the angular separation approaches 180°. In order to receive an early warning for the occurrence of such type of blackouts, the boundaries of the system generators aperiodic small-signal stability are suggested to be monitored. For that purpose, method for real-time assessment of aperiodic small-signal rotor angle stability is presented. The approach is based on an element-wise assessment of individual synchronous machines where the aim is to determine the maximum steady state power that each synchronous generator can inject into the system. The limits for maximum injectable power represent the boundary for aperiodic small signal stability. The concept of the proposed method is tested on two different systems. The results show that the method is capable of accurately detecting when a given machine crosses the stability boundary. The method can as well provide in real-time a margin to the machines stability boundary, which can be used as an early warning for an impending system stability problem.