gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Loss of Photic Entrainment and Altered Free-Running Circadian Rhythms in<i>math5</i><sup>−/−</sup>Mice (2002)

Mammalian free-running circadian rhythms are entrained to the external light/dark cycle by photic signaling to the suprachiasmatic nuclei via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). We investigated the circadian entrainment and clock properties of math5-/- mutant mice. math5 is a critical regulator of retinal ganglion cell development; math5-/- mice show severe optic nerve hypoplasia. By anterograde cholera toxin B tracing, we find that math5-/- mice do not develop an identifiable RHT pathway. This appears to be attributable to agenesis or dysgenesis of the majority of RHT-projecting retinal ganglion cells. math5-/- mice display free-running circadian rhythms with a period approximately 1 hr longer than B6/129 controls (24.43 +/- 0.10 vs 23.62 +/- 0.19 hr; p < 0.00001). The free-running period of heterozygote mice is indistinguishable from that of controls. math5-/- mice show no entrainment to light/dark cycles, whereas heterozygote mice show normal entrainment to both 12 hr light/dark cycles and to a 1 hr skeletal photoperiod. math5-/- mice show reduced ability to entrain their rhythms to the nonphotic time cue of restricted running wheel access but demonstrate both free-running behavior and entrained anticipation of wheel unlocking in these conditions, suggesting the presence of a second diurnal oscillatory system in math5-/- animals. These results demonstrate that retinal ganglion cell input is not necessary for the development of a free-running circadian timekeeping system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus but is important for both photic entrainment and determination of the free-running period.
The internet as an enabler for dynamic pricing of goods (2003)

The Internet offers the potential for dynamic pricing for a wide range of products across the supply chain. Dynamic pricing can be formally defined as the buying and selling of goods in markets where prices move quickly in response to supply and demand fluctuations. Unlike physical markets where change occurs slowly because of information delays, change occurs very rapidly on the Internet. In the marketplace, the Internet is a powerful tool for almost instantaneous consumer feedback. For example, prices can be changed dynamically to meet demand because the cost of changing a price may be lower on the Internet than in physical markets. The success of dynamic pricing is helping in the growth of new businesses, including broad-based e-commerce portals new interactive networks. This paper has several objectives. The first objective is to look at factors that affected the use of dynamic pricing in the past. The second objective is to summarize the notion of dynamic pricing over the Internet. The third objective is to examine the different methods for collecting dynamic demand data over the Internet. The final objective is to present two models to optimize the revenue obtained for build-to-forecast and build-to-order environments.
<i>Slc7a9</i>knockout mouse is a good cystinuria model for antilithiasic pharmacological studies (2007)

Cystinuria is a hereditary disorder caused by a defect in the apical membrane transport system for cystine and dibasic amino acids in renal proximal tubules and intestine, resulting in recurrent urolithiasis. Mutations in SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes, that codify for rBAT/b(0,+)AT transporter subunits, cause type A and B cystinuria, respectively. In humans, cystinuria treatment is based on the prevention of calculi formation and its dissolution or breakage. Persistent calculi are treated with thiols [i.e., d-penicillamine (DP) and mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG)] for cystine solubilization. We have developed a new protocol with DP to validate our Slc7a9 knockout mouse model for the study of the therapeutic effect of drugs in the treatment of cystine lithiasis. We performed a 5-wk treatment of individually caged lithiasic mutant mice with a previously tested DP dose. To appraise the evolution of lithiasis throughout the treatment a noninvasive indirect method of calculi quantification was developed: calculi mass was quantified by densitometry of X-ray images from cystinuric mice before and after treatment. Urine was collected in metabolic cage experiments to quantify amino acids in DP-treated and nontreated, nonlithiasic mutant mice. We found significant differences between DP-treated and nontreated knockout mice in calculi size and in urinary cystine excretion. Histopathological analysis showed that globally nontreated mutant mice had more severe and diffuse urinary system damage than DP-treated mice. Our results validate the use of this mouse model for testing the efficacy of potential new drugs against cystinuria.
vacC, a virulence-associated chromosomal locus of Shigella flexneri, is homologous to tgt, a gene encoding tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (Tgt) of Escherichia coli K-12 (1994)

The genetic determinants required for invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella flexneri and for the subsequent bacterial spreading are encoded by the large virulence plasmid. Expression of the virulence genes is under the control of various genes on the large plasmid as well as on the chromosome. We previously identified one of the virulence-associated loci near phoBR in the NotI-C fragment of the chromosome of S. flexneri 2a YSH6000 and designated the locus vacC. The vacC mutant showed decreased levels of IpaC, and IpaD proteins as well as transcription of ipa, an operon essential for bacterial invasion (N. Okada, C. Sasakawa, T. Tobe, M. Yamada, S. Nagai, K. A. Talukder, K. Komatsu, S. Kanegasaki, and M. Yoshikawa, Mol. Microbiol. 5:187-195, 1991). To elucidate the molecular nature of the vacC locus, we cloned the vacC region from YSH6000 on a 1.8-kb SalI-BamHI DNA fragment. The nucleotide sequence of the 1,822-bp vacC clone was highly (> 98%) homologous to the tgt region of Escherichia coli K-12, which is located at 9.3 min on the linkage map. Complementation tests indicated that the vacC function was encoded by an open reading frame expressing a 42.5-kDa protein, which corresponded to the tgt gene of E. coli K-12, coding for tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (Tgt) (K. Reuter, R. Slany, F. Ullrich, and H. Kersten, J. Bacteriol. 173:2256-2264, 1991). The cloned tgt gene from E. coli K-12 restored the virulence phenotype to the vacC mutant of YSH6000. Characterization of the vacC mutant indicated that levels of VirG, a protein essential for bacterial spreading, and VirF, the positive regulator for the expression of the virG and ipaBCD operons, decreased significantly compared with those of the wild type. Similar phenotypic changes occurred in vacC mutants constructed by insertion of a neomycin resistance gene in shigellae and enteroinvasive E. coli strains, consistent with the hypothesis that the vacC (tgt) gene contributes to the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri.
“Mining Minima”:  Direct Computation of Conformational Free Energy (1997)

We describe a novel, two-step method for directly computing the conformational free energy of a molecule. In the first step, a finite set of low-energy conformations is identified, and its contribution to the configuration integral is evaluated by a straightforward Monte Carlo technique. The method of finding energy minima incorporates certain features of the global-underestimator method and of a genetic algorithm. In the second step, the contribution to the configuration integral due to conformations not included in the initial integration is determined by Metropolis Monte Carlo sampling. Applications to alanine oligopeptides and to three cyclic urea inhibitors of HIV protease are presented.
Dielectric Breakdown of Polymeric Insulations Aged at High Temperatures (2008)

Most of electric insulation materials used in power generation and energy storage are polymeric dielectric materials: winding insulations in power transformers, electric starter/generators, electric actuators, high frequency resonators, and power converters; dielectric films in power capacitors or energy storage devices; encapsulation in electronic components and devices. These polymeric dielectric materials have limited continuous use temperatures because of their electrical properties deteriorating at high temperatures. The temperature dependence and thermal aging effect on their dielectric breakdown are of prime concern for analyzing their failure mechanism to prevent catastrophic breakdown of the power system in aviation and military platforms. In this paper, the thermal aging effect on breakdown strength, mechanical properties and physical features of various polymeric insulations, such as polyimide (PI), polyetherimide (PEI), polyetheretherketones (PEEK), and perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) films, will be presented and discussed.
Astigmatism-free high-brightness 1060 nm edge-emitting lasers with narrow circular beam profile (2016)

1060 nm high-brightness vertical broad-area edge-emitting lasers providing anastigmatic high optical power into a narrow circular beam profile are demonstrated. Ridge-waveguide (RW) lasers yield record 2.2 W single-transverse mode power in the 1060-nm wavelength range under continuous-wave (cw) operation at room temperature with excellent beam quality factor M<sup>2</sup> ≤ 2. Independent of operating current the astigmatism is only 2.5 µm. 3 mm long broad-area (BA) lasers produce a θ<sub>vert</sub> as narrow as 9° full width at half maximum, which agrees well with our simulation results, being insensitive to drive current. 5 mm long BA lasers deliver highest ever reported cw 12 W multimode output power among lasers showing θ<sub>vert</sub> <10° in the 1060-nm wavelength range. The emitted laser beams from both RW and BA lasers show a perfect circular shape with ≤10° divergence angle at record 2.1 W and 4.2 W cw-mode output power, respectively.
Implementation and performance of an optical motion tracking system for high resolution brain PET imaging (1999)

Head motion during PET scanning is widely regarded as a source of image degradation and resolution loss. Recent improvements in the spatial resolution of state-of-the-art tomographs may be compromised by patient motion during scanning, as these high resolution data will be increasingly susceptible to smaller movements of the head. The authors have developed an opto-electronic motion tracking system based on commercially-available technology that is capable of very accurate real-time measurements of the position and orientation of the patient's head. These positions are transformed to the reference frame of the PET scanner, and could potentially be used to provide motion correction of list-mode emission data on an event-by-event basis.
Dynamic inflow for practical applications (1988)

A derivation is presented which gives both the nonlinear dynamic inflow model and the perturbation dynamic inflow model in a general coordinate system. The perturbation model includes perturbations in hub motions, in skew angle, and in yaw angle. The governing equations may be switched to their dimensional forms prior to application.
Baird Clock Revisited (1968)

Baird Atomic Direct Readers,1 having clock-indicating outputs, frequently present early difficulty in reading the clocks properly. For every revolution of the large hand (40 clock units), the small hand moves 45 degrees (5 clock units). One must learn to add mentally 40 clock units to the large-hand reading for every 45-degree travel of the small hand. The subsequent clock readings are then referred to a calibration curve or chart relating percent concentration to the clock reading. Misreading a clock by one complete revolution (40 clock units) is not unusual.
Performance analysis of ESPRIT-Type algorithms for co-array structures (2017)

In the recent field of co-array signal processing, sparse linear arrays are processed to form a virtual uniform linear array (ULA), termed co-array, that allows to resolve more sources than physical sensors. The extra degrees of freedom (DOFs) are leveraged by the assumption that the signals are uncorrelated, which requires a large sample size. In this paper, we first review the Standard ESPRIT and Unitary ESPRIT algorithms for co-array processing. Secondly, we propose a performance analysis for both methods, which is asymptotic in the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), i.e., the results become exact for either high SNRs or a large sample size. Based on the derived analytical expressions, we study the effects of a small sample size such as the residual sample signal correlation and the sample noise contribution on the estimation accuracy of the proposed algorithms. Simulation results verify the derived analytical expressions.
The carbon monoxide releasing molecule (CORM‐3) inhibits expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 and E‐selectin independently of haem oxygenase‐1 expression (2009)

Down-regulation of VCAM and E-selectin expression induced by CORM-3 was independent of HO-1 up-regulation and was predominantly due to inhibition of sustained NF-kappaB activation.
Twinning in Zinc Oxide (1944)

A crystallographic analysis of a characteristic shape of particle found in zinc oxide produced by burning zinc vapor has been made with the aid of the electron microscope. This particle consists of four needle-shaped crystals united at a common juncture. The spatial angles among the four crystals were determined from stereoscopic micrographs with the use of the stereographic projection. The crystals were found to be united by twinning on planes of the form (112).
Comparison of laser safe scanning patterns for second generation LiDAR deflection units (2017)

The calculation of the maximum permissible optical energy for two scanning patterns of miniaturized scanning LiDAR systems is presented. The scanning patterns are selected to be suitable for next generation systems based on MEMS mirrors and Optical Phased Arrays alike. Two different wavelengths are compared. Based on the current version of the laser safety standard IEC 60825-1 the maximum energy is determined for the two patterns and two wavelengths. For a wavelength of 1550 nm no differences are revealed. At 905 nm, patterns allowing a large spatial and temporal separation between subsequent measurements are favored.
The response of<i>Cuscuta planiflora</i>seedlings to red and far‐red, blue light and end‐of‐day irradiations (1999)

Summary Irradiation of excised stem segments from de‐etiolated seedlings of Cuscuta planiflora for 24 h with mixtures of red and far‐red light with red to far‐red ratios between 0.02 to 1.0 enhanced coiling and formation of prehaustoria. Maximum number of prehaustoria were recorded when red:far‐red was near 0.1. Coiling and prehaustoria were observed whenever estimated in vivo Pfr/Ptotal at photoequilibrium was between 0.06 and 0.67. Irradiation of excised stem segments from white light grown seedlings with 12 h blue light also promoted coiling and prehaustoria formation after another 38 h in darkness. Coiling and prehaustoria were not observed in segments pulsed with 10 min red light at the end of 12 h in blue light. Coiling and prehaustoria were observed after photoreversible end‐of‐day far‐red/red/far‐red pulses but not after red/far‐red/red pulses. A far‐red pulse may not reverse inhibition by end‐of‐day red pulse when far‐red is given more than 12 h after the red pulse.
1 Gb/s clock recovery PLL in 0.5 μm CMOS (1996)

A clock recovery PLL is described for serial NRZ data transmission. The VCO works at only half the data rate, which means for a 1 Gb/s data rate the VCO runs at 500 MHz. A specially designed phase comparator uses both the rising and falling clock edges to compare clock and data. The VCO can typically be tuned from 350 MHz to 890 Mhz and the PLL locks between 850 Mb/s and 1.3 Gb/s. The circuit consumes 140 mW (3.3 V) at 1 Gbit/s including pad drivers.
Therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions: a pharmacoepidemiological perspective. (1997)

The present study investigates the potential of therapeutic drug monitoring databases to document co-medication as a possible risk factor for subtherapeutic or excessively high concentrations of psychotropic drugs. Exposure was defined with respect to co-medication including one of five agents known for their capacity to induce (phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine) or to inhibit (thioridazine and levomepromazine) the metabolism of psychotropic drugs. 87 patients exposed to such co-medication were matched by sex, age and monitored psychotropic medication with 87 patients randomly selected from a pool of subjects whose co-medication did not include any substance known to interact. Outcome was defined with respect to dose-normalized concentrations being below or above therapeutic range. When taking all psychotropic drugs together, the estimated relative risk to reach concentrations above the therapeutic range was 7.8 for patients exposed to phenothiazine co-medication. The relative risk to remain at subtherapeutic level was 2.7 for patients with inducers. When considering the different psychotropic drugs separately, a coherent picture was observed, with increased risk ratios for all substances.
Cold-worked Semi-hard Magnetic Alloys of the Fe-Mn System (1970)

Magnetic properties have been measured in Fe-7∼12%Mn-2%Ti-0∼7%Cu alloys annealed at 450°∼500°C after cold-swaging by 75% or 93%. The results obtained are summarized as follows:(1) The saturation induction of these alloys cold-swaged after solution treatment at 1000°C dicreases with increasing contents of Mn and Cu.(2) The coercive force of 70∼110 Oe, the residual induction of 14000∼14200 G and Ir⁄Is ratio of 0.90∼0.93 are obtained when the Fe-12%Mn-2%Ti-1%Cu alloy is annealed at 480°C after cold-swaging by 93%.
Wideband Speech, Linear and Non Linear Distortion: Quality Features and Modeling (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Wideband Speech: Improvement Over Narrowband Bandpass-Filtered Speech Wideband Codecs Desired Nature
Organoboron Compounds (1961)

Aromatic boron derivatives such as boronic and borinic acids can be prepared by a modified Grignard reaction between an arylmagnesium compound and an alkyl borate. The mechanism for this reaction involves a boron-substituted anion which displays tetracoordination. The reaction is influenced by electronic, steric, and solvent effects. The ease of cleaving a boron-carbon bond in boronic and borinic acids is also considered. A theoretical discussion is presented with the experimental data.
An incremental construction algorithm for Delaunay triangulation using the nearest-point paradigm (2003)

This paper introduces a new algorithm for constructing a 2D Delaunay triangulation. It belongs to the class of incremental insertion algorithms, which are known as less demanding from the implementation point of view. The most time consuming step of the incremental insertion algorithms is locating the triangle containing the next point to be inserted. In this paper, this task is transformed to the nearest point problem, which is solved by a two-level uniform subdivision acceleration technique. Dependencies on the distribution of the input points are reduced using this technique. The algorithm is compared with other popular triangulation algorithms: two variants of Guibas, Knuth, and Sharir's incremental insertion algorithm, two different implementations of Mücke's algorithm, Fortune's sweep-line algorithm, and Lee and Schachter's divide and conquer algorithm. The following point distributions are used for tests: uniform, regular, Gaussian, points arranged in clusters, and real data sets from a GIS database. Among all tested algorithms, the divide and conquer approach turns out to be the best. The proposed algorithm is the second fastest except for input points with highly non-uniform distribution. As implementation of the algorithm is simple, it represents an attractive alternative to other Delaunay triangulation algorithms used in practice.
A Possibilistic Logic Encoding of Access Control. (2003)

This paper proposes a modelling of information security policies in the framework of possibilistic logic. Our modelling is based on the concept of roles associated with users. Access control rules, guaranteeing the properties of confidentiality and integrity, are encoded in terms of stratified knowledges bases. The stratification reflects the hierarchy between roles and is very useful for dealing with conflicts.
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of the Structural and Electronic Changes upon Cycling of LiNiVO[sub 4] as a Battery Electrode (2001)

International audience
Wide Bandgap Extrinsic Photoconductive Switches (2008)

Semi-insulating silicon carbide and gallium nitride are attractive materials for compact high-voltage photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) due to their large bandgap, high critical electric field strength, and high electron saturation velocity. Carriers must be optically generated throughout the volume of the photoswitch to realize the benefits of the high bulk electric field strength of the 6H-SiC (3 MV/cm) and GaN (3.5 MV/cm) materials. This is accomplished by optically exciting deep extrinsic levels in vanadium-compensated semi-insulating 6H-SiC and iron-compensated semi-insulating GaN. Photoconducting switches with opposing electrodes were fabricated on a-plane 6H-SiC and c-plane GaN substrates. This paper reports what we believe to be the first results of high power photoconductive switching in bulk semi-insulating GaN and reviews the first phase of switch tests of a-plane 6H-SiC PCSS devices.
Biocompatible Ionic Liquid–Biopolymer Electrolyte-Enabled Thin and Compact Magnesium–Air Batteries (2014)

With the surge of interest in miniaturized implanted medical devices (IMDs), implantable power sources with small dimensions and biocompatibility are in high demand. Implanted battery/supercapacitor devices are commonly packaged within a case that occupies a large volume, making miniaturization difficult. In this study, we demonstrate a polymer electrolyte-enabled biocompatible magnesium-air battery device with a total thickness of approximately 300 μm. It consists of a biocompatible polypyrrole-para(toluene sulfonic acid) cathode and a bioresorbable magnesium alloy anode. The biocompatible electrolyte used is made of choline nitrate (ionic liquid) embedded in a biopolymer, chitosan. This polymer electrolyte is mechanically robust and offers a high ionic conductivity of 8.9 × 10(-3) S cm(-1). The assembled battery delivers a maximum volumetric power density of 3.9 W L(-1), which is sufficient to drive some types of IMDs, such as cardiac pacemakers or biomonitoring systems. This miniaturized, biocompatible magnesium-air battery may pave the way to a future generation of implantable power sources.
Synchronous CDMA systems with group-orthogonal signature waveforms (2003)

Synchronous Gaussian code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems employing group-orthogonal signature waveforms are proposed and analyzed. All users in the system are divided into groups of users. The signature waveforms are constructed such that all the signature waveforms in one group are orthogonal to all the signature waveforms used in any other groups. This construction of signature waveforms ensures that there is no inter-group interference, but at the expense of having intra-group interference. However, by choosing a small size for each group, the intra-group interference can be effectively handled by a low-complexity, optimal (or suboptimal) multiuser detector. It is shown that the proposed technique can accommodate a large number of users relative to the processing gain, N, with an excellent error performance. The proposed technique is also very effective for coded CDMA systems when iterative soft interference cancellation and decoding is applied to further cancel the multiple access interference.