gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Receiver operating characteristic analysis for intelligent medical systems-a new approach for finding confidence intervals (2000)

Intelligent systems are increasingly being deployed in medicine and healthcare, but there is a need for a robust and objective methodology for evaluating such systems. Potentially, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis could form a basis for the objective evaluation of intelligent medical systems. However, it has several weaknesses when applied to the types of data used to evaluate intelligent medical systems. First, small data sets are often used, which are unsatisfactory with existing methods. Second, many existing ROC methods use parametric assumptions which may not always be valid for the test cases selected. Third, system evaluations are often more concerned with particular, clinically meaningful, points on the curve, rather than on global indexes such as the more commonly used area under the curve. A novel, robust and accurate method is proposed, derived from first principles, which calculates the probability density function (pdf) for each point on a ROC curve for any given sample size. Confidence intervals are produced as contours on the pdf. The theoretical work has been validated by Monte Carlo simulations. It has also been applied to two real-world examples of ROC analysis, taken from the literature (classification of mammograms and differential diagnosis of pancreatic diseases), to investigate the confidence surfaces produced for real cases, and to illustrate how analysis of system performance can be enhanced. We illustrate the impact of sample size on system performance from analysis of ROC pdf's and 95% confidence boundaries. This work establishes an important new method for generating pdf's, and provides an accurate and robust method of producing confidence intervals for ROC curves for the small sample sizes typical of intelligent medical systems. It is conjectured that, potentially, the method could be extended to determine risks associated with the deployment of intelligent medical systems in clinical practice.
Coupling and Carbonylation of Iodoaromatics and Terminal Alkynes or Alkynols Catalyzed by a Dimeric Palladium Hydroxide (1994)

peer reviewed
Design, Test and Evaluation of a Pair of Bootlace Lenses (1988)

Abstract : This report concerns the development of a microwave lens of the bootlace type for use as a beamformer for linear, phased array antennas. Such devices prove to be a practical implementation of the type of time delay beamformer required in ECCM systems. They constitute hardware which maps from a sampled (elemental antenna) space to beamspace, where beamspace denotes one of the many discrete sets of directional antenna patterns possible, e.g., a Fourier transform of the antenna samples. Successful implementation of a wide angle, wideband lens places strong conditions on impedance match over frequency and scan direction. Further, operation in beamspace implies the existence of a significant number of beam ports and a commensurate number of antenna elements. Keywords: Phased arrays; Beamforming; Bootlace lens; Counter measures; Antenna radiation patterns; Array matching; Antenna apertures; Radiation patterns; Rotman lens; Side lubes.
E-cadherin,α-,β-and γ-Catenin Expression in Human Prostate Cancer (2002)

Objective To evaluate the expression of E cadherin and catenin in human prostate cancer and its role in the estimation of tumor progression,metastasis as well as prognosis.Methods Using immunohisto chemical method to detect E cadherin,α ,β and γ catenin expression in 67 cases of prostate cancer.Results There was a frequent reduction in E cadherin and α catenin expresion,the low expression rate of E cadherin,α ,β and γ catenin were 40.3%,37.3%,6.0%,11.9% respectively.There was a significant relationship between loss of E cadherin and α catenin expression and the grade, stage and metastasis of prostate cancer.The survival rate of patient for 5 years in the reduction of E cadherin and α catenin expression group was lower than that in normal expression group. Β catenin and γ catenin expression remains normal in prostate cancer, in contrast,the reduction of β catenin expression in 4 cases of prostate cancer wherease the nuclear positive staining was increased. Conclusion E cadherin and α catenin might be appliacable as a tumor marker for the evaluation of malignant potential and prognosis of prostate cancer. The role of β catenin was not only a adhesion protein but a signaling pathway also.
The immunological consequences of feeding cholera toxin. II. Mechanisms responsible for the induction of oral tolerance for DTH. (1989)

The mechanisms behind the induction of oral tolerance after feeding cholera toxin (CT) were examined using cell and serum transfer protocols. The feeding of CT or cholera toxoid (TD) induced a splenic cell capable of inhibiting the induction of systemic delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) but not humoral immunity. Depletion studies showed that this cell was Thy-1.2 positive. Transfer experiments suggested that suppressor cell activity was present in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleens of donor mice 1 week but not 3 days after feeding CT. When spleen cells were transferred to syngeneic recipients at various times after immunization, they were more effective at inhibiting systemic DTH when transferred within a short time of immunization. If the cells were transferred 6 days after immunization they no longer suppressed the development of DTH, which suggested that they inhibit the afferent limb of this immune response. This has been confirmed by the failure of a tolerogenic dose of CT, administered by gavage, to suppress the activity of mature effector TDTH cells. Serum collected 1 hr after feeding CT also suppressed the induction of systemic DTH. However, the tolerogenic activity of CT-fed serum was abrogated by the pretreatment of recipients with cyclophosphamide (Cy) (100 mg/kg), suggesting that this activity is mediated through the induction of suppressor cells. Transfer of fed serum, however, did not induce the splenic suppressor cell described above and we would suggest that several mechanisms may operate in the mucosal regulation of systemic DTH.
Efficient VLSI Implementation of Neural Networks With Hyperbolic Tangent Activation Function (2014)

Nonlinear activation function is one of the main building blocks of artificial neural networks. Hyperbolic tangent and sigmoid are the most used nonlinear activation functions. Accurate implementation of these transfer functions in digital networks faces certain challenges. In this paper, an efficient approximation scheme for hyperbolic tangent function is proposed. The approximation is based on a mathematical analysis considering the maximum allowable error as design parameter. Hardware implementation of the proposed approximation scheme is presented, which shows that the proposed structure compares favorably with previous architectures in terms of area and delay. The proposed structure requires less output bits for the same maximum allowable error when compared to the state-of-the-art. The number of output bits of the activation function determines the bit width of multipliers and adders in the network. Therefore, the proposed activation function results in reduction in area, delay, and power in VLSI implementation of artificial neural networks with hyperbolic tangent activation function.
Contribution of the Reverse Endoprosthesis to Glenohumeral Kinematics (2008)

After placement of a reverse shoulder endoprosthesis, range of motion is usually still compromised. To what extent this occurs from limitation in motion of the reverse endoprosthesis is, however, unclear. We measured the motion pattern of 16 patients (18 shoulders) during three active and passive range of motion tasks using a six degree-of-freedom electromagnetic tracking device. Despite rotator cuff deficiencies, glenohumeral elevation contributed roughly two-thirds of the total thoracohumeral elevation, which is comparable to healthy subjects. However, patients could not actively use the full range of motion provided by the prosthesis. Although we found considerable interindividual differences in shoulder kinematics, the limitation in glenohumeral range of motion appears related to a lack of generated muscle force and not the design of the prosthesis.
Adhesion to 90K (Mac-2 BP) as a mechanism for lymphoma drug resistance in vivo (2000)

A cell-adhesive protein of the human serum, 90K binds galactin-3, beta1-integrins, collagens, and fibronectin, and it is of importance in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. Serum 90K levels in 137 patients with lymphoma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with healthy controls, pretreatment serum 90K levels in patients with lymphoma were elevated (P <.001). Of 97 patients who showed objective response to treatment, 20 (21%) had pretreatment 90K levels above the normal cutoff compared with 17 (53%) of 32 patients who did not respond (P =.002). When used as a plastic-immobilized substrate, 90K caused a significant reduction in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T lymphoma cells. This finding could explain the lack of response in lymphoma patients with high 90K serum levels.
Ceraset (TM) and Blackglas (TM) mini-tow composites with carbon-coated Nicalon (TM) tows (1999)

Two commercially available preceramic polymers are the polyureasilazane Ceraset(TM) resin from DuPont Lanxide Composites and the polysiloxane Blackglas(TM) resin from AlliedSignal Inc. The Ceraset(TM) polymer pyrolyzes to a silicon carbonitride under nitrogen and a silicon carbide under argon. The Blackglas(TM) polymer produces a silicon oxycarbide under nitrogen or argon pyrolysis. Two groups of ceramic composites were made with the two preceramic polymer systems and single rows of carbon-coated ceramic grade Nicalon(TM) fiber, using 6 infiltration seeps and 1000°C argon pyrolysis. The mean tensile break loads for the two composite sets were equivalent -75 Newtons with coefficients of variation of 10-20% and obvious fiber pull-out. The break loads were independent of the matrix weight fraction, showing that the fibers are the dominant source of strength. There was no apparent difference in short term oxidation protection between the two types of matrix compositions, given the rapid oxidation of the pyrolytic carbon on the Nicalon(TM) fibers. Oxidation at 1000°C in air for one hour embrittled both sets of ceramic composites, reducing the mean break loads to 27 Newtons.
A LEARNING SYSTEM BY MODIFYING A DECISION TREE FOR CAPP (1994)

Manufacturing environs constantly change, and any efficient software system to be used in manufacturing must be able to adapt to the varying situations. In a CAPP (Computer-Aided Process Planning) system, a learning capability is necessary for the CAPP system to do change along with the manufacturing system. Unfortunately only a few CAPP systems currently possess learning capabilities. This research aims at the development of a learning system which can increase the knowledge in a CAPP system. A part in the system is represented by frames and described interactively. The process information and process planning logic is represented using a decision tree. The knowledge expansion is carried out through an interactive expansion of the decision tree according to human advice. Algorithms for decision tree modification are developed. A path can be recommended for an unknown part of limited scope. The processes are selected according to the criterion such as minimum time or minimum cost. The decision tree, and the process planning and learning procedures are formally defined.
Articulated Whole-Body Atlases for Small Animal Image Analysis: Construction and Applications (2010)

The articulated atlas proves to be a useful tool for multimodality image combination, follow-up studies, and image processing in the scope of molecular imaging. The proposed models were made publicly available.
<title>Antireflection coating process characterization and improvement for DUV lithography at 0.25 um: ground rules</title> (1995)

The use of organic antireflection layers (ARL) for KrF laser-based DUV lithography at 0.25 micrometers groundrules has been studied. Critical performance considerations include swing curve suppression, coating conformity over topography, defectivity, and etch process control. The use of currently available ARL materials over a range of thickness values reported, and it is shown that substantial swing effects still exist at 0.25 micrometers dimensions, in agreement with theoretical prediction. ARL/resist interfacial defect are seen to be minimized with a new ARL formulation. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) data is presented which indicate significant ARL and resist thickness variations over product topography. Preliminary results on an improved ARL etch process and a removable ARL process based upon a uv-harden treatment are also reported. Significant improvements in materials and processes are required for a 0.25 micrometers manufacturing capable system.
Rapport V.10 : Utilisation mixte des retenues d’Electricité de France (1986)

Bonnet J. Rapport V.10 : Utilisation mixte des retenues d’Electricité de France. In: L'impact des activités humaines sur les eaux continentales. Dix neuvièmes journées de l'hydraulique - Question I, II, III, IV, V et Compte rendu des séances. Tome 5, 1986.
Deep Context: End-to-end Contextual Speech Recognition (2018)

In automatic speech recognition (ASR) what a user says depends on the particular context she is in. Typically, this context is represented as a set of word n-grams. In this work, we present a novel, all-neural, end-to-end (E2E) ASR system that utilizes such context. Our approach, which we refer to as Contextual Listen, Attend and Spell (CLAS) jointly-optimizes the ASR components along with embeddings of the context n-grams. During inference, the CLAS system can be presented with context phrases which might contain-of-vocabulary (OOV) terms not seen during training. We compare our proposed system to a more traditional contextualization approach, which performs shallow-fusion between independently trained LAS and contextual n-gram models during beam search. Across a number of tasks, we find that the proposed CLAS system outperforms the baseline method by as much as 68% relative WER, indicating the advantage of joint optimization over individually trained components.
Electrodeposition of rhenium and its alloys (2016)

The processes of electrodeposition of rhenium and its alloys with nickel from aqueous solutions are considered. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the process of perrhenate ion reduction are analyzed: the data on the possible mechanisms of the cathodic process, participation of atomic hydrogen in it, potentials of transition of rhenium to different oxidation degrees. Codeposition of rhenium and nickel is discussed. The effect of complexation on the current efficiency of rhenium deposition is considered. Information of the sources of data discussed in this paper is provided.
Efficient and scalable all-to-all personalized exchange for InfiniBand-based clusters (2004)

The all-to-all personalized exchange is the most dense collective communication function offered by the MPI specification. The operation involves every process sending a different message to all other participating processes. This collective operation is essential for many parallel scientific applications. With increasing system and message sizes, it becomes challenging to offer a fast, scalable and efficient implementation of this operation. InfiniBand is an emerging modern interconnect. It offers very low latency, high bandwidth and one-sided operations like RDMA write. Its advanced features like RDMA write gather allow us to design and implement all-to-all algorithms much more efficiently than in the past. Our aim in This work is to design efficient and scalable implementations of traditional personalized exchange algorithms. We present two novel approaches towards designing all-to-all algorithms for short and long messages respectively. The hypercube RDMA write gather and direct eager schemes effectively leverage the RDMA and RDMA with write gather mechanisms offered by InfiniBand. Performance evaluation of our design and implementation reveals that it is able to reduce the all-to-all communication time by upto a factor of 3.07 for 32 byte messages on a 16 node InfiniBand cluster. Our analytical models suggest that the proposed designs perform 64% better on InfiniBand clusters with 1024 nodes for 4k message size.
Microvillar enzyme assays in amniotic fluid and fetal tissues at different stages of development (1988)

A systematic study of microvillar enzyme activities in the amniotic fluid in correlation with their values in different fetal tissues during development has been undertaken. Microvillar enzymes appeared in the amniotic fluid at the time of disappearance of the anal membrane, 12-13 weeks, and declined from the 18th week until the 24th week. The study of fetal tissues and fluids has shown that gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase is mainly of liver origin. The significant decrease of the activities of these amniotic fluid enzymes has been the basis of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. These assays may be useful for the diagnosis of certain digestive tract abnormalities at later stages of pregnancy.
Mfge8 Is Critical for Mammary Gland Remodeling during Involution (2005)

Apoptosis is a critical process in normal mammary gland development and the rapid clearance of apoptotic cells prevents tissue injury associated with the release of intracellular antigens from dying cells. Milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (Mfge8) is a milk glycoprotein that is abundantly expressed in the mammary gland epithelium and has been shown to facilitate the clearance of apoptotic lymphocytes by splenic macrophages. We report that mice with disruption of Mfge8 had normal mammary gland development until involution. However, abnormal mammary gland remodeling was observed postlactation in Mfge8 mutant mice. During early involution, Mfge8 mutant mice had increased numbers of apoptotic cells within the mammary gland associated with a delay in alveolar collapse and fat cell repopulation. As involution progressed, Mfge8 mutants developed inflammation as assessed by CD45 and CD11b staining of mammary gland tissue sections. With additional pregnancies, Mfge8 mutant mice developed progressive dilatation of the mammary gland ductal network. These data demonstrate that Mfge8 regulates the clearance of apoptotic epithelial cells during mammary gland involution and that the absence of Mfge8 leads to inflammation and abnormal mammary gland remodeling.
<i>Trop2</i>: From development to disease (2014)

Understanding the mechanisms underlying TROP2 signaling will clarify its role during development, aid in the development of better cancer treatments and unlock a promising new direction in regenerative medicine.
Towards Container-Based Resource Management for the Internet of Things (2016)

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm gains momentum for vendors, developers and users. A variety of available devices and technologies promote the deployment of solutions and applications in various domains. However, the increasing amount of IoT devices leads to an increasing amount of resources made available to the users. If devices like smart phones or smart TVs are considered, this includes computing and storage resources. In order to increase the utilization of these IoT resources and reduce the amount of generated network traffic, we propose a container-based resource allocation scheme. The approach allows various applications and users to dynamically allocate resources offered by edge devices and process IoT data close to the source. The approach is evaluated regarding its feasibility in terms of performance on resource constrained IoT devices.
Extraction of Anthocyanins From Sunflower Hulls (1982)

In 1982, there was a controversy about synthetic food dyes. This led to renewed interest in natural food dyes.The limitation of natural dyes were that they were lacking stability. However, at this time, new techniques were available to improve color stability. The purpose of the study covered in this article was that of the extraction of anthocyanins, natural dyes, for purple-hulled gentypes in order to determine if such pigments were qualitatively competitive with other sources of natural (blue-red) pigments for food products. Black-hulled oil sunflower hybrid 894 yielded no anthocyaqnins. All purple=hulled genotypes yielded anthocyanins. These could be easily extracted at large quantities.
Efficient Reflectance and Visibility Approximations for Environment Map Rendering (2007)

Abstract We present a technique for approximating isotropic BRDFs and precomputed self‐occlusion that enables accurate and efficient prefiltered environment map rendering. Our approach uses a nonlinear approximation of the BRDF as a weighted sum of isotropic Gaussian functions. Our representation requires a minimal amount of storage, can accurately represent BRDFs of arbitrary sharpness, and is above all, efficient to render. We precompute visibility due to self‐occlusion and store a low‐frequency approximation suitable for glossy reflections. We demonstrate our method by fitting our representation to measured BRDF data, yielding high visual quality at real‐time frame rates.
칠산도 저어새(Platalea minor) 서식환경 및 행동권 변화 분석: 유조의 하절기 서식특성을 중심으로 (2017)

황새목(Ciconiiformes) 저어새과(Threskiornithidae)에 속하는 저어새(Platalea minor)는 국내에서 1968년 5월 31일 천연기념물 제 205-1호로 지정하여 보호하고 있고 세계자연보전연맹 적색목록(IUCN Red List)에 멸종위기종(EN)으로 등재되어 있는 국제적인 보호종이다. 현재까지 국내에 알려진 저어새 번식지는 칠산도, 납대기섬, 석도, 비도, 남동유수지, 각시암, 수하암, 매도, 서만도, 구지도 등 총 22개이며 칠산도를 제외한 대부분의 번식지가 경기만 일대의 갯벌과 비무장지대에 위치하고 있다. 그 중 영광 칠산도는 천연기념물 제389호로 지정하여 관리하고 있지만 서식지 축소 및 번식지의 지속적인 자연훼손으로 번식개체수가 감소하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 영광 칠산도를 대상으로 저어새의 번식현황과 서식특성을 파악하여 보호관리방안 수립을 위한 기초 데이터를 제공하는데 목적이 있다.
저어새 번식현황 파악을 위해 영광 칠산도를 대상으로 각 섬을 3월~6월까지 매월 1회씩 총 4회 조사를 실시하였으며, 번식 쌍은 관찰된 둥지의 최대개체수를 기록하였다. 그리고 무인센서카메라(Auto-7310) 총 10대를 육산도에 설치하여 첫 도래시기 및 행동특성을 확인하였다. 행동권 분석을 위해 이소한 저어새 유조 5개체를 대상으로 야생동물위치추적기(WT-300)를 부착하여, 4시간 간격으로 GPS좌표를 송신하도록 하였으며 매일 2차례 좌표를 수신 받았다. 본 연구에서는 체중의 2%이하의 야생동물위치추적기(30g 이내)를 부착하여 저어새가 일상생활을 하는데 무리가 없도록 하였으며, 확보한 자료는 야생동물위치추적기를 부착한 시점부터 하절기(8월 31일)까지 한정하여 분석하였고 행동권 변화를 확인하기 위해 2015년도에 부착한 3개체와 비교하였다.
연구결과, 2017년도 저어새 번식쌍은 총 85쌍으로 확인되었으며 이는 2015년 93쌍으로 확인된 자료(국립문화재연구소, 2015)에 비해 일부 감소한 수치이다. 특히 육산도의 개체 수 감소가 비교적 높게 확인되었는데 이는 약 3만마리 이상의 괭이갈매기의 과도한 번식으로 인해 식생이 점차 사라지고 토양이 유실되면서 암반이 노출된 상태로 서식지 환경이 열악해 지면서 나타난 현상으로 판단된다. 또한 섬의 면적에 비하여 저어새의 둥지재료로 이용될 만한 식생 및 둥지터가 부족하고, 2015년도에는 도란(盜卵) 및 빈번한 사람의 출입에 따라 저어새 대부분이 사산도로 이동하여 번식하기 때문일 것으로 사료된다.
무인센서카메라(Auto-7310)로 확인한 결과 3월 29일 새벽 1시 31분에 저어새 한 개체가 처음으로 포착되어 육산도의 저어새 첫 도래시기는 이 시점이거나 이 시점보다 빨랐을 것으로 예상할 수 있으며, 동일 개체로 추정되는 암·수 1쌍이 4월 2일 하루 총 6회(약 1시간 이하 간격으로 새벽 1시 42분부터 새벽 5시 33분까지)의 구애활동을 하였고 구애활동의 1회 소요시간은 평균 약 4초였다.
저어새 유조의 번식지 내 행동권은 평균 0.22±0.09㎢(MCP), KDE 50%는 0.02±0.00㎢이었다. 2015년도에 부착한 개체 보다 행동권이 2배 이상 넓어진 것으로 확인되었으며, 번식 섬이 아닌 칠산도의 다른 섬으로 이동하는 빈도도 빈번한 것으로 파악되었다. 번식지를 벗어난 후 행동권은 평균 814.05±1482.89㎢(MCP), KDE 50%는 3.91±2.55㎢ 이었다. 2015년 자료에 비해 넓은 양상을 보였으나, 개체별로 차이가 크게 나타났다. MCP분석의 경우 평균 800㎢이상의 넓은 행동권을 보였으나, 핵심서식지라고 할 수 있는 KDE 50%에서는 5㎢내외의 행동권을 보였다. 이는 특정지역에 정착하기 전에는 취식지나 휴식지, 잠자리 등의 탐색을 위한 활동의 증가로 넓은 범위를 보이다가 정착한 후에는 일정한 행동범위에서 활동하기 때문에 나타난 결과라 판단된다.