gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The crystal structure of polyethylene terephthalate (1954)

Abstract The crystal structure of polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) has been determined by the interpretation of the X-ray diffraction patterns given by drawn fibres. The unit cell, which contains one chemical unit, —CO.C6H4.CO.O.(CH2)2O—, is triclinic, with a = 4.56Å, b = 5.94 Å, c = 10.75 Å, α = 98 1/2°, β = 118°, γ = 112°. This gives the density of the crystals as 1.455 g/cm3. If it is assumed that the density of amorphous regions in partly crystalline material is the same as that of the entirely amorphous material (1.335), the proportion by weight of crystals in ordinary drawn yarn (density 1.39) is 48%, and in specimens of the highest recorded density (1.41) it is 64.5%. These figures are, however, lower limits; if, as is likely, the density of amorphous regions in partly crystalline specimens is lower than 1.335, the proportions of crystalline material are higher than the figures given. The positions of atoms in the crystals have been deduced from the relative intensities of X-ray diffractions; approximate positions were found by trial-and-error methods, and refinement was then effected by calculations of electron densities, using the three-dimensional Fourier synthesis method. The molecules are nearly planar in configuration. Distances between atoms in neighbouring molecules are all normal Van der Waals contact distances; there is therefore no structural evidence for any unusually strong forces between the molecules. This conclusion is in agreement with that based on an estimate of the cohesion energy, which is very nearly the same as that of a comparable aliphatic polyester, polyethylene adipate. The high melting-point of polyethylene terephthalate in comparison with aliphatic polyesters is therefore not due to strong forces between the molecules; it is attributed to the O— ∕ rigidity of the aromatic ring with its attached —C groups. ∖∖ O In most drawn fibres of this polymer, the crystals do not have their c-axes (those parallel to the chain molecules) exactly parallel to the fibre axes; they are tilted in a precisely defined crystallographic direction, such that the 530 plane remains vertical and the inclination of the 001 plane to the fibre axis increases. This is especially well defined in fibres heated to 210° C and allowed to relax, the tilt angle being then about 5°. In principle it is expected that polymer crystals of triclinic symmetry would be tilted, but it is not clear what determines the crystallographic direction of tilt. Tilted crystal X-ray diffraction photographs played an important part in the structure determination.
Fcγ Receptor Upregulation Is Associated With Immune Complex Inflammation in the Mouse Retina and Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2013)

Our studies suggest that immune complexes may contribute to AMD pathogenesis through interaction of IgG with FcγRs and might inform about possible adverse effects associated with therapeutic antibodies.
Fast Wavelet Transforms for Matrices Arising from Boundary Element Methods (1994)

For many boundary element methods applied to Laplace&apos;s equation in two dimensions, the resulting integral equation has both an integral with a logarithmic kernel and an integral with a discontinuous kernel. If standard collocation methods are used to discretize the integral equation we are left with two dense matrices. We consider expressing these matrices in terms of wavelet bases with compact support via a fast wavelet transform as in Beylkin, Coifman and Rokhlin. Upper bounds on the size of the wavelet transform elements are obtained. These bounds are then used to show that if the original matrices are of size N \\Theta N , the resulting transformed matrices are sparse, having only O(N log N ) significant entries. Some numerical results will also be presented. Unlike Beylkin, Coifman and Rokhlin who use the fast wavelet transform as a numerical approximation to a continuous operator already expressed in a full wavelet basis of L 2 (IR), we think of the fast wavelet transform as a cha...
Object-oriented modeling and design of coupled knowledge-base/database systems (2003)

The objective is to develop a structured object-oriented modeling and design methodology for coupled knowledge-base/database (KB/DB) systems by exploring the useful principles and features of object-oriented modeling and software development techniques. The methodology uses a synthesize object-oriented entity-relationship model for representing the knowledge and the embedded data semantics involved in coupled KB/DB systems. An associated design procedure is presented. This methodology improves on existing coupled KB/DB design methods because of its well-defined constructs that deal with various forms of knowledge involved in data processing, knowledge-based problem solving and object-oriented reasoning.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reduction of Cyanogenic Compounds in Flaxseed (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>L<i>.</i>) Meal Using Thermal Treatment (2013)

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) provides multiple nutritional benefits, including high quality protein, dietary fiber, and is the most abundant source of α-linolenic acid (C18:3). However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors, such as cyanogenic compounds, restricts flaxseed's consumption as a food or feed. This study investigated the reduction of cyanogenic compounds, measured as hydrocyanic acid (HCN), in full-fat flaxseed using extrusion processing without a die by following the response surface methodology. The ranges of processing variables selected were: barrel exit temperature of 76.3–143.6°C; screw speed of 59.6–160.5 rpm; and feed rate of 26.4–93.6 kg/h. The experimental values of HCN reduction obtained were from 60.8 to 86.6%. Optimum extrusion conditions of barrel exit temperature, screw speed, and feed rate were found to be 143.6°C, 133.5 rpm, and 57.8 kg/h for maximum (89.1%) reduction of HCN. This effect was mainly dependent on barrel exit temperature, whereas screw speed and feed rate had no or minimal effect. The mutual interaction effect of barrel exit temperature and screw speed was found to be significant (p ≤ 0.01). The degree of correlation (R2) for HCN reduction was 97.2%, which showed the validity of applied second-order response model. The results of this study demonstrated that significant reduction of HCN in flaxseed can be achieved commercially using an extruder without a die.
Hardware acceleration for Window systems (1989)

Graphics pipelines are quickly evolving to support multitasking workstations. The driving force behind this evolution is the window system, which must provide high performance graphics within multiple windows, while maintaining interactivity. The virtual graphics system presented by [7] provides a clean solution to the problem of context switching graphics hardware between processes, but does not solve all the problems associated with sharing graphics pipelines.The primary difficulty in context switching a graphics accelerator is the pipeline latency encountered during a pipeline flush. This latency removes the responsiveness and interactivity of the graphics system. As primitives become more complex and pipelines become longer, pipeline latency grows. Hardware solutions are described which further accelerate the window system by eliminating the need for pipeline flushing and resynchronization. An overview of the entire system is presented, highlighting the hardware mechanisms which contribute to window acceleration.
A Probabilistic Patch-Based Label Fusion Model for Multi-Atlas Segmentation With Registration Refinement: Application to Cardiac MR Images (2013)

The evaluation of ventricular function is important for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. It typically involves measurement of the left ventricular (LV) mass and LV cavity volume. Manual delineation of the myocardial contours is time-consuming and dependent on the subjective experience of the expert observer. In this paper, a multi-atlas method is proposed for cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) image segmentation. The proposed method is novel in two aspects. First, it formulates a patch-based label fusion model in a Bayesian framework. Second, it improves image registration accuracy by utilizing label information, which leads to improvement of segmentation accuracy. The proposed method was evaluated on a cardiac MR image set of 28 subjects. The average Dice overlap metric of our segmentation is 0.92 for the LV cavity, 0.89 for the right ventricular cavity and 0.82 for the myocardium. The results show that the proposed method is able to provide accurate information for clinical diagnosis.
Preface to the Cambridge Edition (2012)

Economic Reform and Development in China collects the papers I wrote from the 1980s to the 1990s, which were born in an environment of academic debate, and reflected my opinions on how China's economy had reformed and developed as well as my own ideas for reforms and policy proposals. It was translated into English by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press in 2010 and I am very glad that Cambridge University Press will introduce the translated version overseas. I am glad not only because this book will have the opportunity to be read by Western economists and to contribute to the enhancement of exchanges between Chinese and Western academic circles, but also because Cambridge University Press is an outstanding publishing house with historic recognition in academic circles.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Coupling Reactions and Their Applications in Natural Products and Designed Biomolecules Synthesis (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sequential Anaerobic−Aerobic Treatment of Soil Contaminated with Weathered Aroclor 1260 (2001)

Soil contaminated with weathered Aroclor 1260 was bioremediated by sequential anaerobic and aerobic laboratory-scale treatment. The initial concentration was 59 microg of PCBs/g of soil. Following 4 months of anaerobic treatment with an enrichment culture, all of the major components in Aroclor 1260 were completely or partially transformed to less chlorinated PCB congeners. The major products of reductive dechlorination were 24-24-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 24-26-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and the average chlorine substituents per PCB molecule decreased from 6.4 to 5.2. The molar concentration of PCBs did not decrease during the anaerobic treatment. All of the major products formed during the anaerobic treatmentwere degraded in the subsequent aerobic treatment using Burkholderia sp. strain LB400. After 28 days of the aerobic treatment, the concentration of PCBs was reduced to 20 ug/g of soil. PCBs were not significantly removed in aerobic treatments unless they were bioaugmented with LB400. Also, PCB degradation was not detected in soil bioaugmented with LB400 without prior anaerobic treatment. These results confirm the potential for extensive biological destruction of highly chlorinated, weathered PCB congeners in soil.
Reactive species mechanisms of cellular hypoxia-reoxygenation injury (2002)

Exacerbation of hypoxic injury after restoration of oxygenation (reoxygenation) is an important mechanism of cellular injury in transplantation and in myocardial, hepatic, intestinal, cerebral, renal, and other ischemic syndromes. Cellular hypoxia and reoxygenation are two essential elements of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Activated neutrophils contribute to vascular reperfusion injury, yet posthypoxic cellular injury occurs in the absence of inflammatory cells through mechanisms involving reactive oxygen (ROS) or nitrogen species (RNS). Xanthine oxidase (XO) produces ROS in some reoxygenated cells, but other intracellular sources of ROS are abundant, and XO is not required for reoxygenation injury. Hypoxic or reoxygenated mitochondria may produce excess superoxide (O) and release H(2)O(2), a diffusible long-lived oxidant that can activate signaling pathways or react vicinally with proteins and lipid membranes. This review focuses on the specific roles of ROS and RNS in the cellular response to hypoxia and subsequent cytolytic injury during reoxygenation.
A time-domain smart temperature sensor without an explicit bandgap reference in SOI CMOS operating up to 225&#x00B0;C (2013)

This paper presents a smart temperature sensor operating over a wide temperature range from 25°C-225°C. The proposed smart temperature sensor eliminates the explicit bandgap reference and only requires the ratio of two diode voltages to obtain ratiometric temperature measurements. The temperature sensor is implemented with a simple time-domain architecture, resulting in low power consumption and small chip area. Fabricated in a PDSOI CMOS process, the proposed smart temperature sensor achieves an accuracy of 2°C over 25°C-225°C and consumes only 25-μA current under a 4.5-V supply with a chip area of 0.45mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Single enantiomer synthesis of α-(trifluoromethyl)-β-lactam (2011)

The first synthesis of α-(trifluoromethyl)-β-lactam ((S)-1) is reported. The route starts from α-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid (2). Conjugate addition of α-(p-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine ((S)-3b), generated an addition adduct 4b which was cyclised to β-lactam 5b. Separation of the diastereoisomers by chromatography gave ((αS,3S)-5b). N-Debenzylation afforded the desired α-(trifluoromethyl)-β-lactam ((S)-1). The absolute stereochemistry of diastereoisomers 5 was determined by X-ray crystallographic determination of a close structural analogue, (αS,3S)-5c, and then (1)H and (19)F NMR correlation to the individual diastereoisomers of 5a and 5b.
Angiotensin II Controls p21 Activity via pp60 (1996)

Angiotensin II is the major effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, and it exerts its physiologic functions via a G protein-coupled cell surface receptor called AT1. We found that in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, angiotensin II stimulated the formation of Ras-GTP, Ras-Raf-1 complex formation, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of two important Ras GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), p120 Ras-GAP and p190 Rho-GAP. Electroporation of anti-pp60c-src antibody into cultured, adherent smooth muscle cells blocked the angiotensin II stimulation of Ras-GAP and Rho-GAP tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast electroporation of antibodies against c-Yes or c-Fyn had no effect. Anti-pp60c-src antibody also blocked angiotensin II-stimulated Ras activation and Ras-Raf-1 complex formation. These data strongly suggest that a G protein-coupled receptor such as the AT1 receptor can activate the Ras protein cascade via the tyrosine kinase pp60c-src.
STAP with medium PRF mode for non-side-looking airborne radar (2000)

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) has been widely discussed for airborne radar systems to improve the system performance of detecting targets. This is especially true for airborne early warning (AEW) radar, which should find long-range and small radar cross section (RCS) targets such as the stealth aircraft and missiles. However, in existing airborne radar literature, STAP is mainly considered for clutter and jamming rejection in side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) applications. There have been fewer discussions on airborne radar with non-side-ways looking array radar (non-SLAR). The STAP of non-SLAR such as forward looking array radar is also very important and can not be avoided for airborne radar to detect targets in all directions. The STAP of the non-SLAR is studied here. A scheme has been proposed, which is processed by the way of STAP combined with multiple staggered medium pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs). We further study the selection of PRFs in order to make the scheme more available for non-SLAR radar. We analyze two typical non-SLAR cases, i.e., inclined-sideways looking array and forward looking array. We examine this scheme by comparing the performances of three processing systems under the criteria of range-velocity blind zone minimization. Computer simulation results show the multiple-PRFs STAP scheme is feasible for non-SLAR and can be applied to phased-array AEW radar systems.
Midinfrared doping-tunable extraordinary transmission from sub-wavelength Gratings (2007)

The authors demonstrate doping-tunable extraordinary transmission from subwavelength apertures in a periodic two-dimensional metallic grating deposited upon n-doped GaAs. By varying the doping of the underlying GaAs epilayer, they demonstrate wavelength tunability of ∼23cm−1 or approximately 0.15μm. The authors have achieved transmission peaks as narrow as 18cm−1 with such gratings, which suggests that devices based on midinfrared extraordinary transmission gratings could be used in external cavity structures for quantum cascade lasers, or as tunable filters or modulators for midinfrared applications.
The Total Control of Well Integrity Management (2008)

Abstract This paper describes a web-based program which provides a comprehensive approach to well integrity management covering all potential integrity threats to the whole well. This "cradle-to-grave" software, the Intetech Well Integrity Toolkit (iWIT), provides well information and data analysis for timely, informed, decision-making. Using its own or existing client databases, this software carries out quantitative data analysis in real-time and provides feedback to the operator about the condition of individual wells and also overviews of the whole field integrity status. The iWIT software has been used in fields with less than 50 up to over 1600 wells. Installations have been made in primary recovery fields to tertiary recovery fields, both onshore and offshore. The software has been installed in new and mature fields; some fields with no automation in place and some which have been automated for over a decade. All the operators that have installed the software to date have decided to expand its use, either to incorporate more assets (e.g. the integrity management of the flowlines up to the manifold) and/or to install the system throughout their group operations internationally. Current installations include two Gulf operators in Abu Dhabi and Qatar. The management of well integrity is a vital element in the successful, economic and safe operation of all assets. Data relevant to well integrity is widespread, including the safety critical elements test results; monitoring of annulus pressures; evaluation of tubing and casing integrity; inspection results from well logs; evaluation of scaling risks etc. The management of, and continuous evaluation of, this vast range of data presents a huge challenge. The system described in this paper has met that challenge comprehensively.
Electron probe x-ray microanalysis with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry: The basics of x-ray spectrum interpretation (1994)

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA) with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) provides the capability for detecting elements with atomic number ≥ 4 (beryllium) from an excited specimen volume with linear dimensions of micrometers and a mass in the picogram range. To maximize the utility of EPMA/EDS, the analyst needs to understand the rich source of information that is potentially available in the x-ray spectrum. At its most basic level, interpretation of the spectrum consists of recognizing and identifying the various components of the spectrum as recorded by the EDS system: characteristic peaks, artifacts, and continuum background. While a modern EDS system is capable of making this interpretation in an automatic fashion, the careful analyst will always check the computer’s interpretation, which of course demands that the analyst be at least as "smart" as the computer! A systematic examination of spectra from pure elements or simple compounds is a good way to develop the necessary working knowledge.
<i>In vivo</i> mechanisms of resistance to cytarabine in acute myeloid leukaemia (2002)

Factors that reduce the intracellular concentration of triphosphorylated cytarabine (ara-CTP), the active form of cytarabine (ara-C), may induce chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients. These factors include reduced influx of ara-C by the hENT1 transporter, reduced phosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), and increased degradation by high Km cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase (5NT) and/or cytidine deaminase (CDD). Increased levels of DNA polymerase alpha (DNA POL) and reduced levels of topoisomerase I (TOPO I) and topoisomerase II (TOPO II) have also been detected in ara-C-resistant cell lines. To determine whether these factors are implicated in clinical ara-C resistance, we analysed the expression of these parameters at diagnosis, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, in the blast cells of 123 AML patients treated with ara-C. At diagnosis, hENT1, dCK, CDD, 5NT, TOPO I, TOPO II, DNA POL and MDR1 were expressed in 83%, 22%, 7%, 37%, 59%, 37%, 39% and 16% of patients respectively. In univariate analysis, patients with expression of 5NT or DNA POL at diagnosis had significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS). In multivariate analysis, DNA POL positivity and hENT1 deficiency were related to a shorter DFS. In univariate analysis, patients with 5NT-positive blasts had significantly shorter overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, shorter OS was related to DNA POL positivity. These results suggest that expression of DNA POL, 5NT and hENT1 at diagnosis may be resistance mechanisms to ara-C in AML patients.
A Self-Destroying Polycationic Polymer:  Biodegradable Poly(4-hydroxy-<scp>l</scp>-proline ester) (1999)

A self-destroying, biodegradable, and polycationic polyester, poly(trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline ester) (PHP ester), was synthesized, and the interaction of the polymer with polyanion DNA was investigated. Degradation of the polymer in aqueous solution was investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and by measuring the pH change as carboxylic acids are formed as products of the degradation of the polymer backbone ester bond. It was shown from MALDI-MS data that the polymer degraded to less than half of the intact polymer molecular weight in less than 2 h. But a slower degradation rate after initial rapid degradation (within 1 day) was apparent. A self-destroying mechanism at the initial stage is proposed. The polymer was gradually degraded to near completion in 3 months in an aqueous solution to monomer, hydroxyproline, a major constituent of collagen, which could easily be detected by using MALDI-MS. Although the polymer degraded very quickly in an aqueous solution, it formed stable PHP ester/DNA complexes by electrostatic interaction when the polymer was mixed with the polyanionic DNA solution. The condensation behavior of DNA with the polymer to form self-assembled PHP ester/DNA complexes was characterized by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, dynamic light scattering, ζ potential, and nuclease resistance assay. These results show that PHP ester forms a strong complex with DNA by means of electrostatic interaction. Transfection of β-galactosidase gene into mammalian cell using PHP ester/DNA complexes was successful, showing the possibility of using PHP ester as a biodegradable gene delivery carrier.
Modeling livestock farms decisions under multivariate selection rules (2014)

The multivariate selection rule to modeling livestock farm is proposed to take into account the sample selection bias and to consider genetic and biological aspects. For beef cattle and sheep farm, the price elasticity is significantly different by applying different selection rules. It can be useful to policy makers to evaluate the carbon reduction program using economic measure like tax or ETS on agriculture sector.