gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Mg‐Oppenauer Oxidation as a Mild Method for the Synthesis of Aryl and Metallocenyl Ketones (2006)

Magnesium alkoxides undergo a hydride-transfer oxidation with benzaldehyde as the oxidant. This magnesium variant of the Oppenauer oxidation was used for the synthesis of polyfunctional biaryl ketones. LiCl was found to promote this reaction by enhancing the solubility of magnesium alkoxides. This mild oxidation method was especially useful for preparing ketones bearing a metallocenyl unit as well as various new ferrocenyl ketones and tricarbonylchromium complexes. This last class of ketones was reduced with the CBS catalyst (CBS=Corey-Bakshi-Shibata, diphenyl oxazaborolidine) to chiral benzhydrol complexes with high enantioselectivity enabling an asymmetric synthesis of electron-rich or -poor benzhydryl alcohols (up to 94 % ee).
Effect of Nb, V and Cr on the High Temperature Oxidation of Ti-(42, 44)% Al Alloys (1999)

Alloys of TiAl with six different compositions. i. e., Ti-(42, 44)Al-2Nb-4V. Ti-(42, 44)Al-4Nb-2V and Ti -(42, 44)Al-4Nb-2Cr, were manufactured by arc-melting. and their oxidation behavior was studied. Both isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests were performed at 700, 800 and in air for 50hr. The oxidation resistance increased in the order of Ti-(42, 44)Al-2Nb-4V, Ti-(42, 44)Al-4Nb-ZV and Ti-(42, 44)Al-4Nb-2Cr. It was found that V was a deleterious element, while Cr was a beneficial element in terms of oxidation resistance. During oxidation, a simultaneous interdiffusion was observed. All the constituent elements in the base alloys diffused outward. whereas oxygen from the atmosphere diffused inward, to form triple oxide layers composed of an outermost layer. upper () mixed layer, and lower -rich layer.
Stereochemical aspects of phenylethanolamine analogs as substrates of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (1988)

Phenylethylamines and phenylethanolamines represent two major classes of ligands for the epinephrine synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT;EC 2.1.1.28). Phenylethylamines are usually competitive inhibitors and the isomers with the relative configuration as in (2S)-amphetamine (1) and (2S)-2-aminotetralin (3) are better inhibitors than their enantiomers. Phenylethanolamines are usually substrates of PNMT and the enzyme prefers the 1R isomers, such as (1R)-phenylethanolamine (5), in this class. Optically active norephedrines (7 and 8), norpseudoephedrines (9 and 10), and 2-amino-1-tetralols (13-16) were used to study the stereochemical requirements of phenylethanolamines for PNMT active site binding. Although the norephedrines (7 and 8) and the norpseudoephedrines (9 and 10) were poorer ligands for PNMT than were the 2-amino-1-tetralols (13-16), (1R,2S)-(-)-norephedrine (7) showed some activity as a PNMT substrate (Km = 1310 microM, Vmax = 0.22, 100 x Vmax/Km = 0.017). In the 2-amino-1-tetralols (13-16), the isomers with the 2S configuration (13 and 15) showed higher affinity to PNMT (13, Km = 4.5 microM; 15, Ki = 4.6 microM) and those with the 1R configuration (13 and 16) were substrates for the PNMT-catalyzed methyl transfer (13, Km = 4.5 microM, Vmax = 0.16, 100 x Vmax/Km = 3.6; 16, Km = 195 microM, Vmax = 0.12, 100 x Vmax/Km = 0.062); the combination of 1R and 2S configurations, such as in (1R,2S)-2-amino-1-tetralol (13), was required for a good substrate. These stereochemical requirements derived from the norephedrines (7 and 8), the norpseudoephedrines (9 and 10), and the 2-amino-1-tetralols (13-16) complement those for phenylethylamines (1-4) and for phenylethanolamines (5 and 6) and strongly suggest that phenylethylamine inhibitors bind to PNMT in the same orientation as do phenylethanolamine substrates.
Effects of antimony surfactant on indium gallium nitride grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (2012)

This work reviews the fundamentals of InGaN materials and of surfactant effects in surfactant-mediated heteroepitaxial growth. The basic surface processes and possible surfactant mechanisms are presented. These principles are then applied to a study of the effects of Sb surfactant on InGaN grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). Eight samples of InGaN were prepared with varying amounts of Sb (0-2.5%) present during growth. The samples were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), photoluminescence (PL), near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). InGaN grown without surfactant was smooth with large, wide islands and low island density. Samples grown with 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% Sb showed an increase in 3D island growth and displayed a blue PL emission peak (~460 nm). STEM showed an In-rich InGaN film with three dimensional (3D) islanding or quantum dots (QDs) on the surface. Samples grown with 1.25%, 1.75%, 2% and 2.5% Sb showed a drastic increase in 3D island density. These samples showed a green (~550 nm) emission peak. STEM showed a different In distribution, with In-rich QDs on the surface. The sudden change in surface morphology and PL emission peak suggest that Sb induces a different surface reconstruction at a certain threshold concentration between 1% and 1.25% that affects In incorporation or In distribution in the film as well as overall surface morphology.
Tackling Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia with Memantine (2014)

We present a case of a 52-year-old male patient suffering from chronic schizophrenia stabilized on risperidone long-acting injection (37,5 mg/2 weeks) and biperiden 4 mg/day. Residual symptoms are affective flattening, alogia, avolition, and asociality. Memantine 10 mg/day was added. After 1.5 months, the patient spontaneously referred to "feel better being in company of my relatives." The following scales have been completed: the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (96), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (3), the Mini Mental Scale Examination (26), and the Calgary Depression for Schizophrenia Scale (2). Memantine was increased to 20 mg/day and biperiden was decreased to 2 mg/day. Two months later, apathy and asociality considerably improved and affective flattening, alogia, and attention slightly got better (SANS 76, SAPS 1, MMSE 26, and CDSS 1). After two more months, the improvement continued in the same domains (SANS: 70, SAPS: 1 MMSE: 27, and CDSS: 1). Positive symptoms remained in full remission. It has been hypothesized that one of the causes of schizophrenia is glutamate excitotoxicity. Memantine, a glutamate receptor antagonist, could possibly ameliorate schizophrenia symptoms, the negative ones among them, used as add-on therapy to atypical antipsychotics. Memantine could be of potential help in schizophrenia patients with severe residual negative symptoms.
Study on immune function of dendritic cells in patients with esophageal carcinoma (2004)

The impaired immune function and the decreased number of dendritic cells cause pathogenesis and progression of esophageal carcinoma.
The Politics of Identity and Mimetic Constructions in the Philippine Transnational Experience (2006)

As Filipinos traverse transnational space, the Filipino ethnic identity becomes enmeshed in a politics of identity. Filipinos witness how their identities are eroded, subordinated and, sometimes, corrupted. Identity politics relegates Filipinos to second-class citizens whenever other nationalities view Filipinos as racially inferior or as they sexualise and objectify the Filipino image. Racial prejudice at large may lead Filipinos to expunge their own ethnic identity and crave for an identity that is not their own. Identity issues are therefore relevant to Filipino migration. When reflecting on identity politics, it is crucial to consider the unique experiences relevant to a people's race and nationality. Literature has the capacity to take snapshots of the ethnic and nationalistic experience and transpose them into creative writing. These writings inevitably reflect the interplay of politics, nationalism, and ethnic identity in the migrant experience. Migration narratives thus become important in unearthing the identity politics that transpire on a global scale. This paper describes some of the issues concerning Filipino ethnic identity in global transnationalism as established from three contemporary narratives.
[Effects of prepubertal exposure to estradiol benzoate on testicular development and function of Sprague-Dawley rats]. (2009)

Prepubertal exposure to low dose of EB does not affect the testicular development and function of SD rats, while high dose [100 microg/(kg x d) x 14 d] exposure has significant short (PND 50 and 64) and long-term (PND 130) toxic effects. The toxic effects are associated with the damage of Leydig and Sertoli cells.
Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidative Activity of Caffeic Acid Amide and Ester Analogues:  Structure−Activity Relationship (2001)

The structure-activity relationships of synthetic caffeic acid amide and ester analogues as potential antioxidants and free radical scavengers have been investigated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH.) scavenging activity of the test compounds was N-trans-caffeoyl-L-cysteine methyl ester (5) > N-trans-caffeoyldopamine (4) > N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (3) > N-trans-caffeoyl-beta-phenethylamine (2) > Trolox C (8) > caffeic acid phenethyl ester (1) > caffeic acid (6) > ferulic acid (7). This established that the radical scavenging activity of the compounds increased with increasing numbers of hydroxyl groups or catechol moieties and also with the presence of other hydrogen-donating groups (-NH, -SH). The antioxidative activity of the compounds was also investigated in an emulsified linoleic acid oxidation system accelerated by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. The order was 1 > 2 > 4 > 3 > or = 5 > 6 > 8 > 7. Therefore, in the emulsion system, the antioxidative activity of the test compounds depends not only on the hydroxyl groups or catechol rings but also on the partition coefficient (log P) or hydrophobicity of the compounds. This supports the concept that hydrophobic antioxidants tend to exhibit better antioxidative activity in an emulsion system.
Simultaneous monitoring of three key neuronal functions in primary neuronal cultures (2006)

The coupling of Ca(2+) influx to synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling in nerve terminals is essential for neurotransmitter release and thus neuronal communication. Both of these parameters have been monitored using fluorescent reporter dyes such as fura-2 and FM1-43 in single central nerve terminals. However, their simultaneous monitoring has been hampered by the proximity of their fluorescence spectra, resulting in significant contamination of their signals by bleedthrough. We have developed an assay that simultaneously monitors both SV recycling and changes in intracellular free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) in cultured neurons using the reporter dyes FM4-64 and fura-2AM. By monitoring both fura-2 and FM4-64 emission in the far red range, we were able to visualize functionally independent readouts of both SV recycling and [Ca(2+)](i) independent of fluorescence bleedthrough. We were also able to incorporate an assay of cell viability without any fluorescence bleedthrough from either fura-2 or FM4-64 signals, using the dye SYTOX Green. We propose that this assay of three key neuronal functions could be simply translated into a high content screening format for studies investigating small molecule inhibitors of these processes.
Redox Modulation of Cyclic Electron Flow around Photosystem I in C3 Plants (2006)

We have investigated the occurrence of cyclic electron flow in intact spinach leaves. In particular, we have tested the hypothesis that cyclic flow requires the presence of supercomplexes in the thylakoid membrane or other strong associations between proteins. Using biochemical approaches, we found no evidence of the presence of supercomplexes related to cyclic electron flow, making previous structural explanations for the modulation of cyclic flow rather unlikely. On the other hand, we found that the fraction of photosystem I complexes engaged in cyclic flow could be modulated by changes in the redox state of the chloroplast stroma. Our findings support therefore a dynamic model for the occurrence of linear and cyclic electron flow in C3 plants, based on the competition between cytochrome b(6)f and FNR for electrons carried by ferredoxin. This would be ultimately regulated by the balance between the redox state of PSI acceptors and donors during photosynthesis, in a diffusing system.
Jim Blinn's Corner: Notation, Notation, Notation (2002)

The third entry in the Jim Blinn's Corner series, this is, like the others, a handy compilation of selected installments of his influential column. But here, for the first time, you get the "Director's Cut" of the articles: revised, expanded, and enhanced versions of the originals. What's changed? Improved mathematical notation, more diagrams, new solutions. What remains the same? All the things you've come to rely on: straight answers, irreverent style, and innovative thinking. This is Jim Blinn at his bestnow even better. Highlights <ul><li>Features 21 expanded and updated installments of "Jim Blinn's Corner," dating from 1995 to 2001, and never before published in book form. <li>Includes "deleted scenes"tangential explorations that didn't make it into the original columns. <li>Details how Blinn represented planets in his famous JPL flyby animations. <li>Explores a wide variety of other topics, from the concrete to the theoretical: assembly language optimization for parallel processors, exotic usage of C++ template instantiation, algebraic geometry, a graphical notation for tensor contraction, and his hopes for a future world.</ul> *Features 21 expanded and updated installments of "Jim Blinn's Corner," dating from 1995 to 2001, and never before published in book form. *Includes "deleted scenes"tangential explorations that didn't make it into the original columns. *Details how Blinn represented planets in his famous JPL flyby animations. *Explores a wide variety of other topics, from the concrete to the theoretical: assembly language optimization for parallel processors, exotic usage of C++ template instantiation, algebraic geometry, a graphical notation for tensor contraction, and his hopes for a future world
Stand-alone self-powered integrated microfluidic blood analysis system (SIMBAS) (2010)

We present a self-powered integrated microfluidic blood analysis system (SIMBAS) that does not require any external connections, tethers, or tubing to deliver and analyze a raw whole-blood sample. SIMBAS only requires the user to place a 5 μL droplet of whole-blood at the inlet port of the device, whereupon the stand-alone SIMBAS performs on-chip removal of red and white cells, without external valving or pumping mechanisms, followed by analyte detection in platelet-containing plasma. Five complete biotin-streptavidin sample-to-answer assays are performed in 10 min; the limit of detection is 1.5 pM. Red and white blood cells are removed by trapping them in an integral trench structure. Simulations and experimental data show 99.9% to 100% blood cell retention in the passive structure. Powered by pre-evacuation of its PDMS substrate, SIMBAS' guiding design principle is the integration of the minimal number of components without sacrificing effectiveness in performing rapid complete bioassays, a critical step towards point-of-care molecular diagnostics.
Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events: Outcome of the DCASE 2016 Challenge (2017)

Public evaluation campaigns and datasets promote active development in target research areas, allowing direct comparison of algorithms. The second edition of the challenge on detection and classification of acoustic scenes and events (DCASE 2016) has offered such an opportunity for development of the state-of-the-art methods, and succeeded in drawing together a large number of participants from academic and industrial backgrounds. In this paper, we report on the tasks and outcomes of the DCASE 2016 challenge. The challenge comprised four tasks: acoustic scene classification, sound event detection in synthetic audio, sound event detection in real-life audio, and domestic audio tagging. We present each task in detail and analyze the submitted systems in terms of design and performance. We observe the emergence of deep learning as the most popular classification method, replacing the traditional approaches based on Gaussian mixture models and support vector machines. By contrast, feature representations have not changed substantially throughout the years, as mel frequency-based representations predominate in all tasks. The datasets created for and used in DCASE 2016 are publicly available and are a valuable resource for further research.
Meniscal Injury: I. Basic Science and Evaluation (2002)

The patient with meniscal injury may present with pain, swelling, or mechanical symptoms and often requires surgical intervention for symptom resolution. Treatment of such injuries relies on understanding the gross and microanatomicfeatures of the meniscus that are important in maintaining meniscal function. The ability of the meniscus to participate in load bearing, shock absorption, joint lubrication, and joint stability depends on the maintenance of its structural integrity. The diagnosis of meniscal injury often can be made by clinical evaluation utilizing the history, physical examination, and plain radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging can be useful in confirming the diagnosis when clinical findings are inconclusive. Treatment depends on tear pattern, vascular ity, and an assessment of tissue quality. Surgical decision making for the treatment of meniscal injury is based on patient factors and understanding of the meniscal structure, function, and pathology.
Molecular Design of Artificial Nucleases and Ribonucleases (1994)

Lanthanide ions are remarkably active for the hydrolysis of phosphodiester linkages in DNA and RNA. The magnitudes of acceleration range from 106 to 1012 fold. With the use of Ce (IV) ion (0.01 mol dm-3), the phosphodiester linkages in linear DNAs are hydrolyzed for the first time non-enzymatically (half-life 3.6 h at pH 7.2, 50 °C).Furthermore, the linkages in RNA are efficiently hydrolyzed at pH 7.2, 30 °C with the halflife 3.6 min by Lu (III). Non-lanthanide metal ions show virtually no catalysis : the superb catalysis is specific for lanthanide ions. The first site selective hydrolytic cleavage of DNA has been accomplished by artificial enzymes constituting of the cerium (IV) -iminodiacetate complex (an active site) and DNA which is complementary to the target DNA (the sequence recognition site). These results have opened the way to construction of artificial nucleases and ribonucleases.
Reducing TCB complexity for security-sensitive applications (2006)

The large size and high complexity of security-sensitive applications and systems software is a primary cause for their poor testability and high vulnerability. One approach to alleviate this problem is to extract the security-sensitive parts of application and systems software, thereby reducing the size and complexity of software that needs to be trusted. At the system software level, we use the Nizza architecture which relies on a kernelized trusted computing base (TCB) and on the reuse of legacy code using trusted wrappers to minimize the size of the TCB. At the application level, we extract the security-sensitive portions of an already existing application into an AppCore. The AppCore is executed as a trusted process in the Nizza architecture while the rest of the application executes on a virtualized, untrusted legacy operating system. In three case studies of real-world applications (e-commerce transaction client, VPN gateway and digital signatures in an e-mail client), we achieved a considerable reduction in code size and complexity. In contrast to the few hundred thousand lines of current application software code running on millions of lines of systems software code, we have AppCores with tens of thousands of lines of code running on a hundred thousand lines of systems software code. We also show the performance penalty of AppCores to be modest (a few percent) compared to current software.
Event-based approach to money laundering data analysis and visualization (2010)

Crime specific event patterns are crucial in detecting potential relationships among suspects in criminal networks. However, current link analysis tools commonly used in detection do not utilize such patterns for detecting various types of crimes. These analysis tools usually provide generic functions for all types of crimes and heavily rely on the user's expertise on the domain knowledge of the crime for successful detection. As a result, they are less effective in detecting patterns in certain crimes. In addition, substantial effort is also required for analyzing vast amount of crime data and visualizing the structural views of the entire criminal network. In order to alleviate these problems, an event-based approach to money laundering data analysis and visualization is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on a money laundering case from Taiwan.
Selection of aptamers based on a protein microarray integrated with a microfluidic chip (2016)

We developed an efficient and fast method based on a protein microarray integrated with a microfluidic chip for the process of SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). Lactoferrin from bovine milk was used as a target protein, while bovine serum albumin (BSA), α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and casein were used as negative proteins. They were separately dotted and immobilized to prepare the protein microarray and the resulting microarray was further integrated into a microfluidic chip for the SELEX (PMM-SELEX) process. The interaction between aptamer candidates and targets could be monitored using a fluorescence microarray scanner and the whole PMM-SELEX process was performed through seven-round selection. As a result, five aptamers (Lac-14, Lac-6a, Lac-9, Lac-5, Lac-3a) with high specificity and affinity can be repeatedly obtained during three times of independent repeated selection. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to calculate the dissociation constants (K<sub>d</sub>). The aptamer Lac-6a was then used for detection of lactoferrin by fluorescence polarization. A linear response was observed for lactoferrin concentrations in the range of 0.78-50 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> and the detection limit was 0.39 μg mL<sup>-1</sup>. Thus, the innovative PMM-SELEX presented shows stability, accuracy and high efficiency for aptamer screening.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using<i>Pinus eldarica</i>Bark Extract (2013)

Recently, development of reliable experimental protocols for synthesis of metal nanoparticles with desired morphologies and sizes has become a major focus of researchers. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using organisms has emerged as a nontoxic and ecofriendly method for synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The objectives of this study were production of silver nanoparticles using Pinus eldarica bark extract and optimization of the biosynthesis process. The effects of quantity of extract, substrate concentration, temperature, and pH on the formation of silver nanoparticles are studied. TEM images showed that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (approximately in the range of 10-40 nm) were predominantly spherical in shape. The preparation of nano-structured silver particles using P. eldarica bark extract provides an environmentally friendly option, as compared to currently available chemical and/or physical methods.