gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidative C-Arylation of Free (NH)-Heterocycles via Direct (sp<sup>3</sup>) C−H Bond Functionalization (2004)

The development of a new chemical transformation, namely oxidative C-arylation of saturated (NH)-heterocycles, is described. This reaction combines dehydrogenation and arylation in one process, leading to cross-coupling of (NH)-heterocycles and haloarenes. Typical reaction conditions involve heating the reaction partners in anhydrous dioxane at 120-150 degrees C in the presence of RhCl(CO)[P(Fur)3]2 as the catalyst and Cs2CO3 as the base. Addition of tert-butylethylene as the hydrogen acceptor increases the chemical yield by diminishing the dehalogenation pathway. This method demonstrated a good substrate scope, allowing for cross-coupling of a variety of (NH)-heterocycles (e.g., pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine) and halo(hetero)arenes to afford valuable heterocyclic products in one step. The preliminary mechanistic studies provided some insight regarding the key events in the proposed catalytic cycle, including beta-hydride elimination of an amido rhodium complex and carbometalation of the resulting imine. A large kinetic isotope effect [KIE (kC-H/kC-D) = 4.3] suggests that one or both beta-hydride elimination steps are rate determining. The central role for the phosphine ligand was established in controlling the partitioning between the oxidative C-arylation and N-arylation pathways.
Optical Polymers (2001)

A brief discussion of the basics of fiber optics and methods of plastic fiber production is presented. Light attenuation is discussed, with reference to specific optical polymers and extrinsic and intrinsic factors, which effect loss in fibers and waveguides. Structure -property relations are used to identify polymers with controlled refractive indexes, transparency in the Near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum and increased resistance to high temperatures. This overview also includes information on polymeric cladding and coating systems for glass core materials. The chapter ends with a discussion of important applications for plastic fibers and waveguides.
Unique interactions of asialo von Willebrand factor with platelets in platelet-type von Willebrand disease (1987)

The present studies demonstrate that platelets from patients with platelet-type von Willebrand disease show specific and saturable binding of asialo von Willebrand factor (AS-vWF) under conditions where such binding is not observed with normal platelets. Although specific binding of 125I-AS-vWF to formalin-fixed normal platelets could not be demonstrated, specific binding to fixed patient platelets was seen with an apparent Kd of 1.3 micrograms/mL and specific maximally bound ligand of 0.40 micrograms/10(8) platelets. Preincubation of patient platelets with the antiglycoprotein Ib (anti-GPIb) monoclonal antibody AS-2 reduced total binding close to the level of computer-estimated nonspecific binding. In contrast, binding was not reduced by preincubation with anti-GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody or with 5 mmol/L EDTA. Under stirring conditions, the binding of AS-vWF to fixed patient platelets was accompanied by a strong agglutination response. AS-vWF- induced agglutination was similarly observed in patient but not normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the presence of 5 mmol/L EDTA. In the absence of EDTA, AS-vWF produced a full aggregation response in patient PRP at concentrations as low as 0.1 microgram/mL in contrast to the 2 to 20 micrograms/mL required by normal PRP. Both thromboxane B2 formation and adenosine triphosphate secretion showed an AS-vWF concentration dependence paralleling the aggregation responses. These studies show that a major difference in the platelets from patients with platelet-type von Willebrand disease is the presence of an exposed, high-affinity binding site associated with GPIb that recognizes AS-vWF.
Proteasome inhibition improves the muscle of laminin α2 chain-deficient mice (2010)

Muscle atrophy, a significant characteristic of congenital muscular dystrophy with laminin α2 chain deficiency (also known as MDC1A), occurs by a change in the normal balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a key role in protein degradation in skeletal muscle cells. In order to identify new targets for drug therapy against MDC1A, we have investigated whether increased proteasomal degradation is a feature of MDC1A. Using the generated dy(3K)/dy(3K) mutant mouse model of MDC1A, we studied the expression of members of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in laminin α2 chain-deficient muscle, and we treated dy(3K)/dy(3K) mice with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. We show that members of the UPS are upregulated and that the global ubiquitination of proteins is raised in dystrophic limb muscles. Also, phosphorylation of Akt is diminished in diseased muscles. Importantly, proteasome inhibition significantly improves the dystrophic dy(3K)/dy(3K) phenotype. Specifically, treatment with MG-132 increases lifespan, enhances locomotive activity, enlarges muscle fiber diameter, reduces fibrosis, restores Akt phosphorylation and decreases apoptosis. These studies promote better understanding of the disease process in mice and could lead to a drug therapy for MDC1A patients.
Regenerative and reconfigurable all-optical logic gates for ultra-fast applications (2005)

All-optical ultra-fast and reconfigurable logic gates have been implemented exploiting simple and low-cost schemes based on nonlinear optical loop mirrors. Regenerative properties of the realised optical logic gates have been demonstrated.
Embedded passive components for improved power plane decoupling (2014)

In this paper, a detailed power integrity study is described that compares the behavior of surface-mount devices and embedded components for power decoupling. Through measurements and simulations, it is found that when the layer count of the board is low, there is no significant difference between both technologies. When the number of layers increases, the short connection for the embedded components is clearly superior to the surface-mount capacitor. The resonance frequencies for the embedded capacitor do not change significantly with the increased layer count. The case with the surface-mount capacitor however, shows a large increase in parasitic inductance due to the long vias through the board.
Mode of function of biological anti-TNF agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (2007)

TNF-alpha has been identified as a major mediator in the pathophysiology of inflammation. Anti-TNF agents, either as a neutralising antibody or a soluble TNF receptor, have markedly influenced the clinical management of several chronic inflammatory disorders. Whereas it seems likely that neutralisation of soluble and membrane-bound TNF might be a key mechanism of any anti-TNF agent, the potential of the anti-TNF antibody infliximab to induce lymphocyte/monocyte apoptosis in Crohn's disease has been considered an additional important mechanism. Other potential mode of actions include induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 or TGF-beta via retrograde signalling or induction of a certain subset of regulatory T cells. Certolizumab, a pegylated fully human anti-TNF monoclonal antibody also effective in Crohn's disease, lacks the capacity to induce apoptosis. Therefore, the capacity to induce apoptosis and neutralisation of TNF alone are insufficient to explain clinical efficacy of anti-TNF agents in human inflammatory bowel diseases.
Treadmill training–induced adaptations in muscle phenotype in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury (2004)

Body weight-supported treadmill (BWST) training has been shown to improve ambulatory capacity in persons with a spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the effect that BWST training has on skeletal muscle phenotype is unknown. We aimed to determine whether 6 months (three sessions/week) of BWST training in neurologically stable persons with a traumatic spinal cord injury (ASIA C) alters skeletal muscle phenotype, ambulatory capacity, and blood lipid profile. Externally supported body weight decreased, and walking velocity and duration of the training sessions increased (all P < 0.05) as a result of training. Muscle biopsies revealed increases in the mean muscle-fiber area of type I and IIa fibers. Training induced a reduction in type IIax/IIx fibers, as well as a decrease in IIX myosin heavy chain, and an increase in type IIa fibers. Maximal citrate synthase and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity also increased following training. BWST training brought about reductions in plasma total (-11%) and low-density lipoprotein (-13%) cholesterol. We conclude that, in patients with a spinal cord injury, BWST training is able to induce an increase in muscle fiber size and bring about increases in muscle oxidative capacity. In addition, BWST training can bring about improvements in ambulatory capacity and antiatherogenic changes in blood lipid profile.
Linear DNA Low Efficiency Transfection by Liposome Can Be Improved by the Use of Cationic Lipid as Charge Neutralizer (2006)

A plasmid expressing the beta-galactosidase enzyme was used to transfect Vero cells in order to evaluate the efficiency of a liposome-mediated transfection by circular and linear DNA. The results obtained showed a low rate of transfection by linear DNA:liposome complexes. To explore whether the structure of the complexes was interfering with the transfection, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used. It has confirmed the difference between the linear and circular condensates: whereas the circular DNA:liposome complexes presented compact spherical or cylindrical structures of about 100-800 nm, the linear DNA showed pearl necklace-like structures, with pearls varying from 250 to 400 nm. On the basis of the theory proposed by Kuhn et al. (1999), low concentrations of cationic amphihile were used to neutralize or reverse the DNA charge in order to improve the transfection efficiency of the linear DNA. Using this method, we were able to obtain the expression of the transgene without an associated toxicity observed with the linear DNA liposome delivery.
A Review on Date Palm Tree: Properties, Characterization and Its Potential Applications (2019)

Date palm (phoenix dactylifera), which is mostly found in the middle east countries such as Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the United States (California) that play a significant role in the economical and the environmental condition in those areas. The main purpose of planting dates is its fruit, which is consumed as fresh, dried or processed forms. There are approximately 100 million date palm trees in the worldwide that 62 million of these trees located in the Middle East and North Africa. In Saudi Arabia only, 15000 tons of date palm leaves is prepared as waste materials. The leaves of date palm tree are used in several applications such as making ropes, baskets, and mats in many parts of the world. Unfortunately, the huge amount of the non-food products from the date palm remains as landfill materials without any specific usage. By attention to the date palm properties, the literature clearly showed that each part of date palm has great potential to be used for a variety of applications such as: making paper, absorption of heavy and toxic metals, energy production and soil fertilizing. Some of the obstacles and solutions for using palm date in these applications were also explored. Considering these issues and their solutions, the date palm is a favorable alternative. Despite some limited and traditional uses of these palm wastes, this review considered date palm applications and the properties’ of the most important part of that tree in recent researches and related issues for future research are also spotted.
Updated U.S. Geothermal Supply Characterization (2007)

This paper documents the approach taken to characterize and represent an updated assessment of U.S. geothermal supply for use in forecasting the penetration of geothermal electrical generation in the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). This work is motivated by several factors: The supply characterization used as the basis of several recent U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) forecasts of geothermal capacity is outdated; additional geothermal resource assessments have been published; and a new costing tool that incorporates current technology, engineering practices, and associated costs has been released.
Acute Renal Failure after Cardiopulmonary Bypass Is Related to Decreased Serum Ferritin Levels (1999)

Acute renal failure (ARF) requiring dialysis occurs in up to 4% of patients after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). CPB leads to the generation of intravascular free hemoglobin, resulting in increased endothelial and renal tubular cell free iron, which is associated with renal injury. Conversely, renoprotection is conferred by processes that upregulate heme and iron sequestration pathways, such as ferritin. This study evaluates the influence of free hemoglobin generation during CPB and the capacity to sequester free iron on the occurrence of post-CPB renal insufficiency. Thirty consecutive patients undergoing CPB were enrolled in the study. Serum creatinine, free hemoglobin, and ferritin were measured preoperatively, at the end of bypass, and 24 and 48 h after surgery. Renal injury, as determined by an increase in the serum creatinine of > or =25% (ARF) by 48 h after surgery, occurred in 40% (12 of 30) of patients, and dialysis was necessary in 6.6% (2 of 30). Free hemoglobin levels increased in all patients but did not correlate with postoperative ARF. However, patients with preoperative serum ferritin levels < or =130 microg/L, the median value for the group, had a sixfold greater likelihood of developing ARF compared to patients with levels above this value (P = 0.03). Lower serum ferritin levels appear to be associated with the development of ARF. Serum ferritin levels may signify intravascular as well as endothelial and renal epithelial cell ability to bind free iron generated during CPB-induced hemolysis, and thus may help provide information regarding the risk for ARF.
Long lengths of stay, large numbers, and trends of the Black-tailed Godwit<i>Limosa limosa</i>in rice fields during spring migration (2010)

Summary Rice fields provide functional wetlands for declining shorebirds and other waterbirds around the world, but fundamental aspects of their stopover ecology in rice fields remain unknown. We estimated the length of stay of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa migrating through rice fields, and showed the international importance of Extremadura’s rice fields (south-west Spain) for this Near Threatened shorebird species. Overall, large numbers of Black-tailed Godwits en route to their breeding grounds had long lengths of stay in the rice fields (34.7 ± 1.7, 14.4 ± 2.0 and 8.3 ± 1.2 days in godwits radio-tagged in late January, early February, and late February, respectively). The long lengths of stay of godwits in rice fields, together with some aspects of their feeding ecology, suggest that rice fields are suitable staging habitats, and therefore they could play an important role as buffer habitats against the loss or degradation of natural wetlands. Extremadura’s rice fields supported at least 14% of the declining Western European population of Black-tailed Godwit, and its increasing number in south-west Spain probably reflects a population shift towards the northern part of the winter range. We strongly suggest the inclusion of Extremadura’s rice fields as a Special Protection Area for birds under the European Union Directive on the conservation of wild birds.
The Chemistry of Sugars in Boric Acid Solutions (1973)

The reactions of boric acid solutions with diols have been used for almost a century to examine structural differences among carbohydrates. The complexity of these reactions seems to arise not only from simple structural differences but also from differences in carbohydrate configuration and conformation. The precise nature of these reactions is not clear. Recent studies of the chemistry of polyol-boric acid solutions have clarified some aspects of these reactions that have important bearing on the structure of carbohydrates in solution. Nevertheless, some of the most fundamental questions about the nature of the reaction are still unanswered.
Cell Cycle-Dependent Activation of Rous Sarcoma Virus-Infected Stationary Chicken Cells: Avian Leukosis Virus Group-Specific Antigens and Ribonucleic Acid (1972)

Stationary chicken embryo fibroblasts exposed to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) remained stably infected for at least 5 days, but they did not release infectious virus or become transformed until after cell division. These infected stationary cells did not contain avian leukosis virus group-specific antigens or ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridizable to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) made by the RSV endogenous RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.
Synthesis of a β-Hexapeptide from (<i>R</i>)-2-Aminomethyl-alkanoic Acids and Structural Investigations (1997)

The (R) α-branched β-amino acid derivatives 3-5 with the side chains of alanine, valine and leucine are prepared by amino-methylation of acyloxazolidinones 2a-c and are used for the synthesis of the trifluoroacetate salt 9 of H(-β2-HVal-β2-HAla-β2-HLeu)2-OH. The CD spectrum of compound 9 is compared with that of the isomer H(-β3-HVal-β3-HAla-β3-HLeu)2-OH (1) built from the corresponding β-branched β-amino acids.
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Suspension Cultures of Vanilla planifolia Andr. : IV. Induction of Vanillic Acid Formation (1992)

Kinetin is used as an elicitor to induce vanillic acid formation in cell suspension cultures of Vanilla planifolia. Maximal induction is observed at a kinetin concentration of 20 micrograms per gram of fresh weight of cells. Vanillic acid synthesis is observed a few hours after elicitation. The effects of kinetin on the activity of some enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, i.e. phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-hydroxycinnamate:coenzyme A ligase and uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose:trans-cinnamic acid glucosyltransferase, are reported and compared to the effects of chitosan. The former two enzymes are induced by chitosan with a maximum activity of approximately 25 to 40 hours after elicitation. All three enzymes are induced by kinetin with maximum activities for phenylalanine ammonia lyase and 4-hydroxycinnamate:coenzyme A ligase at approximately 50 hours after induction, whereas maximum glucosyltransferase activity is seen already after 24 hours. Furthermore, both elicitors induced the formation of lignin-like material, whereas only kinetin induced vanillic acid biosynthesis. Finally, kinetin but not chitosan induces catechol-4-O-methyltransferase activity, catalyzing the formation of 4-methoxycinnamic acids, which were shown to be intermediates of hydroxybenzoic acid biosynthesis within cells of V. planifolia. It is suggested that this methyltransferase is directly involved in the biosynthesis of vanillic acid.
Poly(aniline)–poly(acrylate) composite films as modified electrodes for the oxidation of NADH (2000)

Poly(aniline), electrochemically deposited on an electrode surface in the presence of poly(acrylic acid), forms a film which remains protonated, and conducting, at pH 7. The resulting modified electrode is an electrocatalytic surface for NADH oxidation at +0.05 V vs. SCE in 0.1 M citrate–phosphate buffer at pH 7. The amperometric responses of these composite poly(aniline) films for NADH oxidation were studied in detail and fitted to a kinetic model in which the NADH diffuses into the polymer film and then binds to catalytic sites within the film where it undergoes reduction to NAD+. The rate determining process depends on the concentration of NADH present and the polymer film thickness. A comparison of the results presented here for the poly(aniline)–poly(acrylate) films with earlier work on poly(aniline)–poly(vinylsulfonate) films shows that the currents obtained for NADH at these poly(aniline)–poly(acrylate) films are approximately one third of those obtained for the poly(aniline)–poly(vinylsulfonate) films under similar conditions, that the currents saturate at lower NADH concentration and that the response is less stable towards repeated measurements. The poly(aniline)–poly(acrylate) films are, however, less readily inhibited by NAD+ and possess the potential advantage that the carboxylate groups can be used as sites for chemical attachment of enzymes or NADH derivatives by using simple coupling reactions.
Monitoring the Gcn4 Protein-mediated Response in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the GCN4 gene encodes the transcriptional activator of the "general control" system of amino acid bioynthesis, a network of at least 12 different biosynthetic pathways. We characterized the consequences of the general control response upon the signal "amino acid starvation" induced by the histidine analogue 3-aminotriazole with respect to Gcn4p levels in more detail. Therefore, we established test systems to monitor the time course of different parameters, including GCN4 mRNA, Gcn4 protein, Gcn4p DNA binding activity, as well as Gcn4p transactivation ability. We observed a biphasic response of Gcn4p activity in the cell. At first, translation of GCN4 mRNA is induced within 20 min after switch to starvation conditions. However, an additional increase in GCN4 transcript steady state level was observed, leading to an additional second phase of GCN4 expression after 3-4 h of starvation. The DNA binding activity of Gcn4p, as well as the ability to activate transcription of target genes, correlate with the amount of Gcn4 protein in the cell, suggesting that under the tested conditions there is no additional regulation of DNA binding or transactivation ability of Gcn4p, respectively.
Comprehensive radiation and imaging isocenter verification using NIPAM kV‐CBCT dosimetry (2020)

This work demonstrated the feasibility of a comprehensive isocenter verification using a NIPAM dosimeter with sub-mm accuracy which incorporates evaluation of coincidence with imaging coordinate system, and may be applicable to all SRS cones as well as MLCs.
Natural Autoantibodies and Anti-Idiotypes (2000)

Natural antibodies to factor VIII are present in the normal antibody repertoire as other self-reactive antibodies to soluble proteins. The question as to whether they represent just a chance occurrence linked to the huge diversification of the antibody repertoire or whether these antibodies have an actual physiological relevance is not entirely settled. Evidence is in favor of a role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, however, namely self-reactive antibodies are required to maintain the capacity of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself. Anti-factor VIII antibodies pose an interesting case in point because they exhibit the capacity to inhibit the function of factor VIII. Such a property is neutralized at least in part by the production of corresponding anti-idiotypic antibodies. Normal homeostasis can therefore be viewed as a network of interacting molecules, idiotypes, and anti-idiotypes; disruption of this equilibrium leads to the development of autoimmunity. A question that remains open for the time being is whether this network of interactions can be modulated in a defined way for the treatment of autoimmune reactions. This would mean either passive administration of anti-idiotypic antibodies or active immunization with idiotypes. The former has proved to be efficient, and the latter has still to be demonstrated. Further, and probably most importantly, is the question of the possible application of the idiotypic network concept to the treatment of hemophilia patients producing inhibitors. This essentially requires that an analysis of the anti-factor VIII immune response be carried out at the clonal level. Such work is ongoing in our laboratory.