gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two phase distributed congestion management for differentiated services network (2002)

This paper presents a two phase distributed congestion management (TPDCM) mechanism that provides fairness between competing aggregates and improvement in packet loss ratio for a differentiated services (DiffServ) network. The proposed mechanism has two congestion management phases, the edge-based phase and the host-based phase. The main elements of TPDCM consists of feedback of the network congestion status, early congestion detection, and an adaptive rate traffic conditioner. For the performance evaluation of the proposed mechanism, we present the simulation results of investigating the fairness of responsive and unresponsive traffic, packet loss ratio, and adaptivity with changing traffic.
Acute Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Skin (2018)

The responses of normal skin to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are an example of inflammation. The chromophores initiating the reaction are unknown. Characteristic clinical findings are erythema, heat, swelling, and pain. Histopathologic changes include epidermal keratinocyte damage with Langerhans cell depletion and dermal edema, endothelial swelling, mast cell degranulation, and cellular infiltration with neutrophils and monocytes. Biochemical changes include release of histamine, cyclo-oxygenase, and lipoxygenase-derived products of arachidonic acid, kinins, and cytokines, probably from a range of epidermal and dermal cell types. These substances very likely assist in mediation of the reaction. The response is more pronounced in young subjects. UVB (280 to 315 nm) and UVA (315 to 400 nm) radiation both produce inflammation, but with marked qualitative and quantitative differences. UVB having more effect on the epidermis, UVA more on the dermis.
Self-limited oxide formation in Ni(111) oxidation (2011)

The oxidation of the Ni(111) surface is studied experimentally with low-energy electron microscopy and theoretically by calculating the electron reflectivity for realistic models of the NiO/Ni(111) surface with an ab initio scattering theory. Oxygen exposure at 300 K under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions leads to the formation of a continuous NiO(111)-like film consisting of nanosized domains. At 750 K, we observe the formation of a nanoheterogeneous film composed primarily of NiO(111) surface oxide nuclei, which exhibit virtually the same energy-dependent reflectivity as in the case of 300 K and which are separated by oxygen-free Ni(111) terraces. The scattering theory explains the observed normal incidence reflectivity $R(E)$ of both the clean and the oxidized Ni(111) surface. At low energies, $R(E)$ of the oxidized surface is determined by a forbidden gap in the ${\mathbf{k}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0$ projected energy spectrum of the bulk NiO crystal. However, for both low- and high-temperature oxidation, a rapid decrease of the reflectivity in approaching zero kinetic energy is experimentally observed. This feature is shown to characterize the thickness of the oxide layer, suggesting an average oxide thickness of two NiO layers.
Two frequency radar interferometry applied to the measurement of ocean wave height (1973)

A technique is developed for measuring the rms wave height averaged over an area of the sea that is much greater than any horizontal scale of the surface waves. The method involves a nadir looking radar which transmits and receives two monochromatic signals simultaneously. Signal processing at the receiver involves the computation of the correlation between the two returning signals as a function of theft variable frequency separation. The cross correlation between the amplitude and phase functions of the individual returning carriers depends on the distribution of discrete scatterers along the direction of propagation. This information can be used to determine the rms surface elevation (about the mean); it does not depend on the temporal or spatial frequency spectrum of the wave height or slope. Under conditions which are typical for a microwave signal being normally incident and reflected by the sea, the two frequency correlation function <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R(\Delta k)</tex> is seen to be equal to the characteristic function of the surface elevation of specular points. Laboratory measurements have been conducted on wind driven waves, and the measured correlation function compares favorably with the theory developed here.
A Nonlinear Elastic Shape Averaging Approach (2009)

A physically motivated approach is presented for computing a shape average of a given number of shapes. An elastic deformation is assigned to each shape. The shape average is then described as the common image under all elastic deformations of the given shapes, which minimizes the total elastic energy stored in these deformations. The underlying nonlinear elastic energy measures the local change of length, area, and volume. It is invariant under rigid body motions, and isometries are local minimizers. The model is relaxed involving a further energy which measures how well the elastic deformation image of a particular shape matches the average shape, and a suitable shape prior can be considered for the shape average. Shapes are represented via their edge sets, which also allows for an application to averaging image morphologies described via ensembles of edge sets. To make the approach computationally tractable, sharp edges are approximated via phase fields, and a corresponding variational phase field model is derived. Finite elements are applied for the spatial discretization, and a multiscale alternating minimization approach allows the efficient computation of shape averages in two and three dimensions. Various applications, e.g., averaging the shape of feet or human organs, underline the qualitative properties of the presented approach.
Producing An Integrated Primary Optic with Focus Head of An Led from Lsr Using An Innovative Im Technology (2015)

For many optical applications, for example in automotive manufacture, but also in camera phones, displays or lifestyle products, thermoplastics have overtaken traditional glass as the standard material. In addition to a significant weight reduction, their main advantages are great design flexibility, low production costs and the fact that no post-machining is usually necessary. However, their lower thermal and chemical resistance compared with glass, as well as their lower stability against high-energy radiation such as UV, has to be considered at the design stage. Thermoplastic optics are reaching their limits, particularly through the use of increasingly high-performance light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the class of materials of the highly transparent liquid silicone rubbers (LSRs) can meet the stringent requirements enabling new areas of application to be opened up for polymer optics.
Self-monitoring sonar transducer array with the internal accelerometers (2002)

To achieve the maximum detection range for active sonar systems, it is desirable to maximize their acoustic power. To do so, there are two limitations which are caused by cavitation on the face of the transducer and interaction effect between transducer elements of the array. To avoid these limitations, a method to drive each array element to yield the desired radiation uniform in-phase velocity of motion is proposed. For this purpose, the sonar transducer array which has internal accelerometers for monitoring the motion of the transducer element was developed. This paper presents an outline of this sonar array and a high speed numerical calculation method for the prediction of the radiation characteristics of the array using DFT algorithm.
Optical Properties of CVD-Deposited Dielectric Films for Microelectronic Devices (1995)

Abstract. Optical characterization of dielectric films used in integrated circuit device manu-facturing can give information on their optical behavior as well as on their structural properties and composition. The results obtained on several undoped and doped silicon oxides, silicon oxynitrides, and silicon nitrides usually employed for microelectronic applications both in the ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectral ranges are illustrated. 1.
ASF: AMD64 Extension for Lock-Free Data Structures and Transactional Memory (2010)

Advanced Synchronization Facility (ASF) is an AMD64 hardware extension for lock-free data structures and transactional memory. It provides a speculative region that atomically executes speculative accesses in the region. Five new instructions are added to demarcate the region, use speculative accesses selectively, and control the speculative hardware context. Programmers can use speculative regions to build flexible multi-word atomic primitives with no additional software support by relying on the minimum guarantee of available ASF hardware resources for lock-free programming. Transactional programs with high-level TM language constructs can either be compiled directly to the ASF code or be linked to software TM systems that use ASF to accelerate transactional execution. In this paper we develop an out-of-order hardware design to implement ASF on a future AMD processor and evaluate it with an in-house simulator. The experimental results show that the combined use of the L1 cache and the LS unit is very helpful for the performance robustness of ASF-based lock free data structures, and that the selective use of speculative accesses enables transactional programs to scale with limited ASF hardware resources.
Submental Lipectomy with Skin Excision (1993)

A new method of excision of submental skin and fat with modified Z-incision affords easy excision, wide exposure, and simple closure. Thirty-two patients over an 18-year period have had satisfactory results with inconspicuous scars. Modification of platysma muscles and subplatysmal fat excision are facilitated by the wide exposure. Use of this method has been limited to those cases in which a large submental fold is present in a patient who declines to have a regular rhytidectomy or in cases of residual submental redundancy after a complete rhytidectomy. Occasionally, a rhytidectomy is not sufficient.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Canarypox‐Vectored Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vaccine with or without gp120: A Phase 2 Study in Higher‐ and Lower‐Risk Volunteers (2001)

Live attenuated viral vectors that express human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens are being developed as potential vaccines to prevent HIV infection. The first phase 2 trial with a canarypox vector (vCP205, which expresses gp120, p55, and protease) was conducted in 435 volunteers with and without gp120 boosting, to expand the safety database and to compare the immunogenicity of the vector in volunteers who were at higher risk with that in volunteers at lower risk for HIV infection. Neutralizing antibodies to the MN strain were stimulated in 94% of volunteers given vCP205 plus gp120 and in 56% of volunteers given vCP205 alone. CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells developed at some time point in 33% of volunteers given vCP205, with or without gp120. Phase 3 field trials with these or similar vaccines are needed, to determine whether efficacy in preventing HIV infection or in slowing disease progression among vaccinees who become infected is associated with the level and types of immune responses that were induced by the vaccines in this study.
Mechanical stiffening, bistability, and bit operations in a microcantilever (2010)

We investigate the nonlinear dynamics of microcantilevers. We demonstrate mechanical stiffening of the frequency response at large amplitudes, originating from the geometric nonlinearity. At strong driving the cantilever amplitude is bistable. We map the bistable regime as a function of drive frequency and amplitude, and suggest several applications for the bistable microcantilever, of which a mechanical memory is demonstrated.
LRRCE: a leucine-rich repeat cysteine capping motif unique to the chordate lineage (2008)

Given its exclusivity the LRRCE motif is a useful annotation tool for the identification and classification of new SLRP sequences in genome databases. The expanded list of members of the SLRP family offers interesting insights into early vertebrate evolution and suggests an early chordate evolutionary origin for the LRRCE capping motif.
Query Optimization to Improve Performance of the Code Execution (2012)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the most successful techniques for abstraction. Bundling together objects into collections of objects, and then operating on these collections, is a fundamental part of main stream object-oriented programming languages. Object querying is an abstraction of operations over collections, whereas manual implementations are performed at low level which forces the developers to specify how a task must be done. Some object-oriented languages allow the programmers to express queries explicitly in the code, which are optimized using the query optimization techniques from the database domain. In this regard, we have developed a technique that performs query optimization at compile-time to reduce the burden of optimization at run-time to improve the performance of the code execution. Keywords - Querying; joins; compile time; run-time; histograms; query optimization
Asymptotic solution of neutron transport problems for small mean free paths (1974)

A method is presented for solving initial and boundary value problems for the energy dependent and one speed neutron transport equations. It consists in constructing an asymptotic expansion of the neutron density ψ(r, v, τ) with respect to a small parameter ε, which is the ratio of a typical mean free path of a neutron to a typical dimension of the domain under consideration. The density ψ is expressed as the sum of an interior part ψi, a boundary layer part ψb, and an initial layer part ψ0. Then ψi is sought as a power series in ε, while ψb decays exponentially with distance from a boundary or interface at a rate proportional to ε−1. Similarly ψ0 decays at a rate proportional to ε−1 with time after the initial time. For a near critical reactor, the leading term in ψi is determined by a diffusion equation. The leading term in ψb is determined by a half-space problem with a plane boundary. The initial and boundary conditions for the diffusion equation are obtained by requiring ψ0 and ψb to decay away from the initial instant and from the boundary, respectively. The results are illustrated by specializing them to the one speed case. The method may make it possible to treat more realistic and more complex problems than can be handled by other methods.
Using Native American Dice Games to Teach Mathematics Concepts. (1990)

These results suggest that neuroticism mediates the association between 5HTT-LPR genotype and lifetime major depression, consistent with models of the aetiology of depression which suggest that anxiety-related personality traits represent a substantial risk factor for affective disorder.
Barrier dressings in surgical site infection prevention strategies (2010)

Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a matter of priority for the NHS. They are associated with significant morbidity, and frequently lead to increased length of hospital stay, pain and discomfort for the patient, and in some cases even permanent disability. It is estimated that surgical site infections (SSIs) constitute around 14% of all HCAIs. Any break in the skin affords a portal of entry for microbial pathogens, and hence places the patient at an increased risk of infection. To address the issue, a multi-factorial strategy for the prevention of SSIs is essential, with postoperative dressings playing a key part alongside universal precautions such as hand hygiene and aseptic technique. The available guidance specifies the need for a postoperative dressing which provides an effective physical barrier and a moist environment for optimal wound healing. Vapour-permeable barrier dressings appear to be effective in meeting both of these criteria and also offer additional advantages both to patients and practitioners, such as patient comfort and the ability to stay in place whilst the patient showers. However, regular wound assessment must be carried out to ensure the vapour-permeable postoperative dressing is the right choice for a specific patient at a given time.
Study of the Vertical Distribution of Air Temperature in Warehouses (2014)

Warehouses are usually large, plain industrial buildings commonly used for storage of goods. Vertical distribution of air temperature is an important aspect for indoor environment design, which must be taken into account by architects and engineers in the early stages of warehouse design. The aim of this work is to analyze the vertical temperature gradients existing in warehouses, quantifying their value and analyzing their evolution along the year. To do so, the study outlines the monitoring of several warehouses with different building typology and height located in different areas of Spain for a complete annual cycle. The results obtained when applying a simple linear regression analysis to 175,200 vertical temperature profiles show that there is a strong influence of the outdoor temperature over the stratification of the indoor air. During warm months, the ceiling and the upper strata get warmer, whereas the cold air accumulates in the lower levels, increasing the stratification of indoor air (maximum values between 0.3 °C/m and 0.7 °C/m). During cold months, the ceiling gets cold due to its contact with the outdoor air, therefore, the colder, heavier air moves down to the lower strata, registering insignificant vertical temperature differences. Air conditioning of the warehouse, besides controlling the temperature, limits the influence of the outdoor environment on the stratification of temperatures. The results of the study may be of great use for warehouses for products sensitive to temperature, which may suffer a different evolution, conservation or maturation when the temperature differences are maintained for a long time.
The metabolites of <i>Talaromy</i><i>ces</i><i>flavus</i>: Part 2. Biological activity and biosynthetic studies (1990)

The soil fungus Talaromycesflavus (Klöcker) Stolk and Samson is an effective biological control for Verticillium wilt of eggplant (Solanummelongena L.), a disease caused by the fungus Verticilliumdahliae Kleb. The water soluble metabolites isolated from the broth when the fungus is grown in liquid still culture, hydroxymethylmaltol (1), 5,6-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2H-pyran-2-one (3), and D-glucono-1,4-lactone (5), do not show antifungal activity against V. dahliae; however, hydrogen peroxide displays this inhibition. This peroxide has been detected in the T. flavus broth and it, together with 5, is the product of the glucose oxidase catalyzed oxidation of D-glucose. The results of the search for this antifungal activity are presented. [1- 13 C] Labelled sodium acetate was utilized as a precursor for studying the biosynthesis of the T. flavus metabolites 4,6-dihydroxy-5-methylphthalide (7), methyl 4-carboxy-5-hydroxyphthalaldehydate (8), and talaroflavone (9). The incorporation of label into these compounds is discussed. Keywords: Talaromycesflavus, fungal metabolites, hydrogen peroxide, biosynthesis, talaroflavone.
Prolonged Mild Hypothermia Therapy Protects the Brain Against Permanent Focal Ischemia (2001)

Background and Purpose —The efficacy of hypothermic intervention for permanent focal ischemia has yet to be clarified. This study investigated the effect of a prolonged moderate or mild hypothermia on permanent focal ischemia in rats. Methods —Two permanent focal ischemia models in male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Moderate (30°C, in experiment 1) or mild (33°C, in experiment 2) hypothermia was achieved at the time of the induction of focal ischemia and was maintained for 2 hours under general anesthesia. Thereafter, the hypothermic condition was maintained by means of a cold room for a total of 24 hours. The infarct volume and neurological function were analyzed for a maximum of 21 days and compared with that of the normothermia group. Regional cerebral blood flow was monitored for 6 hours in the ischemic core and penumbra region. Results —In experiment 1, the total infarct volume in the normothermic group was 368±59 mm 3 ; in contrast, it was significantly smaller in the hypothermia group: 169±33 mm 3 at 48 hours (mean±SEM, P <0.05). In experiment 2, the infarct volume was 211±19 mm 3 in the normothermia group and 88±15 mm 3 in the hypothermia group at 21 days ( P <0.05). There were significant differences in neurological function from days 2 through 21 between the two groups. Mean regional cerebral blood flow in the penumbra region increased to a level >50% of baseline. Conclusions —Prolonged mild hypothermia suppressed the development of cerebral infarct and neurological deficit chronically after the induction of permanent focal ischemia.
Conjugated Thiophene-Fused Isatin Dyes through Intramolecular Direct Arylation (2016)

We report on the design, synthesis, and properties of innovative, planar, π-conjugated compounds in which a thiophene ring is fused with the skeleton of the naturally occurring dye isatin. The synthesis is achieved in high yields making use of an intramolecular direct arylation reaction as the key step, making the overall process potentially scalable. The synthetic sequence has been demonstrated also for an isatin bearing fluorine substituents on the aromatic ring. NMR and X-ray studies demonstrate the crosstalk occurring between the fused, coplanar, and conjugated moieties, making these novel dyes with a donor-acceptor character. Cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis studies confirm very interesting HOMO-LUMO levels and energy gaps for the new compounds.
Cutting Edge: A Soluble Form of CTLA-4 in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (2000)

We have recently identified a novel transcript of the CTLA-4 gene that may represent a native soluble form of CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4). To determine whether sCTLA-4 was expressed in humans, we applied a sensitive enzyme immunoassay on serum from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD). Eleven of 20 patients with ATD had circulating levels of sCTLA-4 ranging from 28 to 78 ng/ml, whereas only 1 of 30 apparently healthy volunteers had a level greater than 4 ng/ml. sCTLA-4 immunoreactivity was inhibited by its binding to B7.1, suggesting that sCTLA-4 is a functional receptor. Immunoprecipitation analysis of serum from patients with ATD revealed a polypeptide consistent with the predicted size of sCTLA-4. We conclude that a native soluble form of CTLA-4 is derived from an alternate transcript of the CTLA-4 gene, and its level in plasma is elevated among a population of patients with ATD.
Over‐expression of Hsp27 does not influence disease in the mutant SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2008)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in severe atrophy of muscles and death. Although the exact pathogenic mechanism of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) causing familial ALS is still elusive, toxic protein aggregation leading to insufficiency of chaperones is one of the main hypotheses. In this study, we investigated the effect of over-expressing one of these chaperones, heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), in ALS. Mice over-expressing the human, mutant SOD1(G93A) were crossed with mice that ubiquitously over-expressed human Hsp27. Even though the single transgenic hHsp27 mice showed protection against spinal cord ischemia, the double transgenic SOD1(G93A)/hHsp27 mice did not live longer, and did not show a significant delay in the onset of disease compared to their SOD1(G93A) littermates. There was no protective effect of hHsp27 over-expression on the motor neurons and on the mutant SOD1 aggregates in the double transgenic SOD1(G93A)/hHsp27 mice. In conclusion, despite the protective action against acute motor neuron injury, Hsp27 alone is not sufficient to protect against the chronic motor neuron injury due to the presence of mutant SOD1.