gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Moving segments region of interest attenuator for x‐ray fluoroscopy (1999)

Region of interest (ROI) imaging has previously been proposed as a means of reducing x-ray fluoroscopy radiation dose. Previous ROI attenuators made of partially attenuating metal plates change beam quality, which may lead to uncertainty in image restoration procedures. The design and construction of a prototype moving segments ROI attenuator (MS-ROI), which maintains beam quality across the whole field of view is described. The x-ray beam intensity is halved by 36 lead segments which are rapidly rotated between the x-ray tube and patient, with a central hole projecting a circular ROI at full intensity. Image processing techniques with automatic detection of the ROI boundary were used to homogenize image brightness across the whole image. Images restored using these techniques were judged to be visually acceptable, with a good match between pixel values inside and outside the ROI. Image contrast within the ROI was improved by 18% due to reduced scatter and veiling glare from the periphery. The introduction of the MS-ROI attenuator also results in a 48% increase in statistical noise in the area outside the ROI, with no significant change in object contrast. The patient entrance dose measured using the dose area product (DAP) method was reduced by 53.4% under manual exposure control, with the dose to operators reduced by 48.4% under automatic brightness control. Further work is needed to determine whether the attenuator can be used with pulsed fluoroscopy, and to reduce vibrational effects on the ROI boundary. The MS-ROI attenuator provides a more constant ratio of central-to-peripheral image intensity, and maintains uniform beam quality and image contrast across the whole image in comparison to simple metal plate attenuators.
Do Alterations in Mitochondrial DNA Play a Role in Breast Carcinogenesis? (2010)

A considerable body of evidence supports a role for oxidative stress in breast carcinogenesis. Due to their role in producing energy via oxidative phosphorylation, the mitochondria are a major source of production of reactive oxygen species, which may damage DNA. The mitochondrial genome may be particularly susceptible to oxidative damage leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Genetic variants in mtDNA and nuclear DNA may also contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we address the role of alterations in mtDNA in the etiology of breast cancer. Several studies have shown a relatively high frequency of mtDNA mutations in breast tumor tissue in comparison with mutations in normal breast tissue. To date, several studies have examined the association of genetic variants in mtDNA and breast cancer risk. The G10398A mtDNA polymorphism has received the most attention and has been shown to be associated with increased risk in some studies. Other variants have generally been examined in only one or two studies. Genome-wide association studies may help identify new mtDNA variants which modify breast cancer risk. In addition to assessing the main effects of specific variants, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are likely to explain a greater proportion of the variability in breast cancer risk.
High-speed ultrasensitive instrumentation for myofibril mechanics measurements (1987)

A novel instrument for measuring the mechanics of a single myofibril is described. The principle of the transducer operation is to attach a myofibril to a very fine wire suspended in a magnetic field. Feedback circuits pass current through the wire to maintain the length constant when the myofibril contracts. The wire position is measured optoelectronically at a resolution below 1 A. The myofibril measurement system consists of two independent transducers and is capable of resolving tension down to 0.5 ng/square root Hz and controlling the myofibril length with a 10-microseconds rise time. Optical and electronic designs of the system and calibration and adjustment procedures are described. Experimental chamber design, a flow controller, and an environmental noise cancellation scheme are also discussed.
Rare gases of the atmosphere. Gas chromatography using a thermal conductivity detector and a palladium transmodulator (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRare gases of the atmosphere. Gas chromatography using a thermal conductivity detector and a palladium transmodulatorJ. E. Lovelock, P. G. Simmonds, and G. R. ShoemakeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1971, 43, 14, 1958–1961Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60308a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60308a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Divergent and asymptotic nature of the time-offset Taner–Koehler series in reflection seismics (2002)

Abstract An extension of the hyperbolic approximation for reflection traveltime (Dix, 1955), in the context of isotropic and horizontally layered media, leads to the time-offset power series (Taner and Koehler, 1969)
The bovine <i>fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)</i> gene is not the locus responsible for bovine chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Japanese brown cattle (2002)

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is one of the four distinct membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase receptors for fibroblast growth factors. The FGFR3 is a negative regulator of endochondral ossification and mutations in the FGFR3 gene have been found in patients of human hereditary diseases with chondrodysplastic phenotypes. Recently, we mapped the locus responsible for hereditary chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Japanese brown cattle to the distal region of bovine chromosome 6 close to the FGFR3 gene, suggesting that FGFR3 was a positional candidate gene for this disorder. In the present study, we isolated complementary DNA (cDNA) clones containing the entire coding region of the bovine FGFR3 gene. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence between affected and normal animals revealed no disease-specific differences in the deduced amino acid sequences. We further refined the localization of FGFR3 by radiation hybrid mapping, which is distinct from that of the disease locus. Therefore we conclude that bovine chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Japanese brown cattle is not caused by mutation in the FGFR3 gene.
Comparative gene expression of intestinal metabolizing enzymes (2009)

The purpose of this study was to compare the expression profiles of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the intestine of mouse, rat and human. Total RNA was isolated from the duodenum and the mRNA expression was measured using Affymetrix GeneChip oligonucleotide arrays. Detected genes from the intestine of mouse, rat and human were ca. 60% of 22690 sequences, 40% of 8739 and 47% of 12559, respectively. Total genes of metabolizing enzymes subjected in this study were 95, 33 and 68 genes in mouse, rat and human, respectively. Of phase I enzymes, the mouse exhibited abundant gene expressions for Cyp3a25, Cyp4v3, Cyp2d26, followed by Cyp2b20, Cyp2c65 and Cyp4f14, whereas, the rat showed higher expression profiles of Cyp3a9, Cyp2b19, Cyp4f1, Cyp17a1, Cyp2d18, Cyp27a1 and Cyp4f6. However, the highly expressed P450 enzymes were CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP4F3, CYP2C18, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A7, CYP11B1 and CYP2B6 in the human. For phase II enzymes, glucuronosyltransferase Ugt1a6, glutathione S-transferases Gstp1, Gstm3 and Gsta2, sulfotransferase Sult1b1 and acyltransferase Dgat1 were highly expressed in the mouse. The rat revealed predominant expression of glucuronosyltransferases Ugt1a1 and Ugt1a7, sulfotransferase Sult1b1, acetyltransferase Dlat and acyltransferase Dgat1. On the other hand, in human, glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, glutathione S-transferases MGST3, GSTP1, GSTA2 and GSTM4, sulfotransferases ST1A3 and SULT1A2, acetyltransferases SAT1 and CRAT, and acyltransferase AGPAT2 were dominantly detected. Therefore, current data indicated substantial interspecies differences in the pattern of intestinal gene expression both for P450 enzymes and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. This genomic database is expected to improve our understanding of interspecies variations in estimating intestinal prehepatic clearance of oral drugs.
Derivatives of 1,4-Benzodioxan. I. 1,4-Benzodioxan-2-carboxamides (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivatives of 1,4-Benzodioxan. I. 1,4-Benzodioxan-2-carboxamidesJohn Koo, Souren Avakian, and Gustav J. MartinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 20, 5373–5375Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01625a050RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views315Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (359 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Hydrogen Fluoride Elimination Chemical Laser from <i>N,N</i>-Difluoromethylamine (1971)

Hydrogen fluoride laser emission has been observed following flash photolysis of mixtures of CH4+N2F4 and CH3I+N2F4. Both N2F4 and NF2 were found to be good sources of fluorine atoms to cause HF laser emission through H-atom abstraction. At temperatures below 268°K and with photolysis occurring in a Vycor laser tube, F-atom production was reduced to the point that no emission was observed in the N2F4+CH4 system. However, emission was still observed in the CH3I+N2F4 system and was attributed to the following reactions: CH3I→ lim hνCH3+I*, CH3+N2F4→CH3NF2†+NF2, CH3NF2†→HCN+2HF†. At 248°K, emission was observed in only two transitions P1→0(5) and P1→0(6). The population ratio N1 / N0 has been found to be in the range 0.33–0.37 for the elimination reaction, the lowest yet recorded for a chemical laser.
A new stack capacitor for polysilicon active matrix arrays (TFTs) (2003)

A novel stack capacitor structure is proposed for dynamic data storage in circuits using self-aligned polysilicon thin-film transistor technology. Unlike the conventional planar thick-oxide capacitor formed between the gate-polysilicon storage node and the metal ground line, the stack capacitor is fabricated by adding an island-polysilicon plate underneath the gate-polysilicon storage node, thus creating a sandwiched stack capacitor structure. Owing to the high capacitance per unit area of the thin oxide capacitor, significant savings in chip area can be achieved. The stack capacitor structure has been successfully applied to active matrix arrays using self-aligned polysilicon thin-film transistors as the control switches. Improved data retention and decreased feed-through voltage, characteristic of higher storage capacitance, are demonstrated. The stack capacitor also features high immunity to crosstalk due to its unique surrounding ground plate which serves to screen each individual storage node. The capacitor therefore appears quite attractive for circuit applications which require large (>0.1-pF) capacitance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Urban localization with camera and inertial measurement unit (2013)

Next generation driver assistance systems require precise self localization. Common approaches using global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) suffer from multipath and shadowing effects often rendering this solution insufficient. In urban environments this problem becomes even more pronounced. Herein we present a system for six degrees of freedom (DOF) ego localization using a mono camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The camera image is processed to yield a rough position estimate using a previously computed landmark map. Thereafter IMU measurements are fused with the position estimate for a refined localization update. Moreover, we present the mapping pipeline required for the creation of landmark maps. Finally, we present experiments on real world data. The accuracy of the system is evaluated by computing two independent ego positions of the same trajectory from two distinct cameras and investigating these estimates for consistency. A mean localization accuracy of 10 cm is achieved on a 10 km sequence in an inner city scenario.
Polyurethanes with a new diol segment. Synthesis of polyurethanes containing a norbornene moiety and their reactions with thiols (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyurethanes with a new diol segment. Synthesis of polyurethanes containing a norbornene moiety and their reactions with thiolsHitoshi Nakamura, Toshikazu Takata, and Takeshi EndoCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 12, 3032–3035Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00214a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00214a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views459Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Contributions of temporal encodings of voicing, voicelessness, fundamental frequency, and amplitude variation to audio-visual and auditory speech perception (1999)

Auditory and audio-visual speech perception was investigated using auditory signals of invariant spectral envelope that temporally encoded the presence of voiced and voiceless excitation, variations in amplitude envelope and F0. In experiment 1, the contribution of the timing of voicing was compared in consonant identification to the additional effects of variations in F0 and the amplitude of voiced speech. In audio-visual conditions only, amplitude variation slightly increased accuracy globally and for manner features. F0 variation slightly increased overall accuracy and manner perception in auditory and audio-visual conditions. Experiment 2 examined consonant information derived from the presence and amplitude variation of voiceless speech in addition to that from voicing, F0, and voiced speech amplitude. Binary indication of voiceless excitation improved accuracy overall and for voicing and manner. The amplitude variation of voiceless speech produced only a small increment in place of articulation scores. A final experiment examined audio-visual sentence perception using encodings of voiceless excitation and amplitude variation added to a signal representing voicing and F0. There was a contribution of amplitude variation to sentence perception, but not of voiceless excitation. The timing of voiced and voiceless excitation appears to be the major temporal cues to consonant identity.
The Immunosuppressant SR 31747 Blocks Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting a Steroid Isomerase in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1996)

SR 31747 is a novel immunosuppressant agent that arrests cell proliferation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SR 31747-treated cells accumulate the same aberrant sterols as those found in a mutant impaired in delta 8- delta 7-sterol isomerase. Sterol isomerase activity is also inhibited by SR 31747 in in vitro assays. Overexpression of the sterol isomerase-encoding gene, ERG2, confers enhanced SR resistance. Cells growing anaerobically on ergosterol-containing medium are not sensitive to SR. Disruption of the sterol isomerase-encoding gene is lethal in cells growing in the absence of exogenous ergosterol, except in SR-resistant mutants lacking either the SUR4 or the FEN1 gene product. The results suggest that sterol isomerase is the target of SR 31747 and that both the SUR4 and FEN1 gene products are required to mediate the proliferation arrest induced by ergosterol depletion.
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of single‐ and multiple‐ascending doses of a novel kappa opioid receptor antagonist LY2456302 and drug interaction with ethanol in healthy subjects (2014)

Accumulating evidence indicates that selective antagonism of kappa opioid receptors may provide therapeutic benefit in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. LY2456302 is a high-affinity, selective kappa opioid antagonist that demonstrates >30-fold functional selectivity over mu and delta opioid receptors. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of LY2456302 were investigated following single oral doses (2-60 mg), multiple oral doses (2, 10, and 35 mg), and when co-administered with ethanol. Plasma concentrations of LY2456302 were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Safety analyses were conducted on all enrolled subjects. LY2456302 doses were well-tolerated with no clinically significant findings. No safety concerns were seen on co-administration with ethanol. No evidence for an interaction between LY2456302 and ethanol on cognitive-motor performance was detected. LY2456302 displayed rapid oral absorption and a terminal half-life of approximately 30-40 hours. Plasma exposure of LY2456302 increased proportionally with increasing doses and reached steady state after 6-8 days of once-daily dosing. Steady-state PK of LY2456302 were not affected by coadministration of a single dose of ethanol. No clinically important changes in maximum concentration (Cmax ) or AUC of ethanol (in the presence of LY2456302) were observed.
1,6-Anhydro-β-<scp>l</scp>-hexopyranoses as Potent Synthons in the Synthesis of the Disaccharide Units of Bleomycin A<sub>2</sub> and Heparin (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXT1,6-Anhydro-β-l-hexopyranoses as Potent Synthons in the Synthesis of the Disaccharide Units of Bleomycin A2 and HeparinShang-Cheng Hung, Shankar R. Thopate, Fa-Chen Chi, Shu-Wen Chang, Jinq-Chyi Lee, Cheng-Chung Wang, and Yuh-Sheng WenView Author Information Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 13, 3153–3154Publication Date (Web):March 13, 2001Publication History Received27 September 2000Published online13 March 2001Published inissue 1 April 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja003508ahttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja003508arapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1709Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Anions,Carbohydrates,Heparin,Organic synthesis Get e-Alerts
Network tomography for integer-valued traffic (2015)

A classic network tomography problem is estimation of properties of the distribution of route traffic volumes based on counts taken on the network links. We consider inference for a general class of models for integer-valued traffic. Model identifiability is examined. We investigate both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of estimation. In practice, these must be implemented using stochastic EM and MCMC approaches. This requires a methodology for sampling latent route flows conditional on the observed link counts. We show that existing algorithms for doing so can fail entirely, because inflexibility in the choice of sampling directions can leave the sampler trapped at a vertex of the convex polytope that describes the feasible set of route flows. We prove that so long as the network’s link-path incidence matrix is totally unimodular, it is always possible to select a coordinate system representation of the polytope for which sampling parallel to the axes is adequate. This motivates a modified sampler in which the representation of the polytope adapts to provide good mixing behavior. This methodology is applied to three road traffic data sets. We conclude with a discussion of the ramifications of the unimodularity requirements for the routing matrix.
Cavitation dynamics. I. A mathematical formulation (1975)

A set of equations has been derived to describe the dynamical motions of small cavitation bubbles in liquids set into motion by an acoustic pressure field. The mathematical formulation takes into account heat conduction inside a bubble and in the surrounding liquid, and the viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension of the liquid. The effect of vapor pressure may be determined as a function of the interfacial temperature. The formulation consists of nonlinear ordinary differential, integral, and algebraic equations, and has been programmed for solution on a digital computer. Subject Classification: 25.60; 35.68.