gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced Tillage and Crop Residue Effects on Cotton Weed Control, Growth and Yield (2004)

The tillage operations conducted in a barley and cotton double-crop rotation were reduced by eliminating tillage prior to planting cotton, eliminating cultivations for weed control in cotton, and especially by eliminating tillage following cotton prior to planting barley. Data collected in 2002 and 2003 in Coolidge and Marana showed that a weed sensing, automatic spot-spray system reduced the amount of spray volume and herbicide used by 50 to 60%. Data from Maricopa in 2003 indicated that the savings can be much greater (e.g., in a treatment with thick Solum barley cover crop residues) or much less if volunteer grain germinates after grain harvest. Similar weed control was obtained with the weed sensing, automated spot-spray system compared to conventional continuous spray systems for most weed species. At Coolidge in 2002, the minimum tillage treatment with a barley cover crop produced 24% more lint than the conventional tillage system (1089 versus 880 lb/A) because more water was applied in that treatment. In 2003, the minimum tillage treatment yielded 24% less than the conventional tillage treatment (1178 versus 1539 lb/A) due to herbicide injury. There were no differences in cotton yields among the tillage systems at Goodyear in 2002 and 2003. In Marana (2002 and 2003) and Maricopa (2003), there were yield differences between treatments related to planting date, with late-planted cotton yielding less than early-planted cotton. At Marana, the cotton yields of the minimum-till and conventionally tilled treatments were not statistically different. At Maricopa, the early-planted minimum-till cotton yielded less than the early-planted conventionally tilled cotton (956 versus 1141 lb/A). The yield comparisons between conservation tillage and conventional tillage cotton production systems are not yet definitive and more research needs to be conducted. Economic comparisons between productions systems indicated an advantage for conservation/minimum tillage treatments if cotton yields were comparable.
Dual band dual polarized radiating subarray for synthetic aperture radar (2003)

This dual-band radiating subarray concept has been developed under the EUCLID RTP 9.3 technological project managed by the West European Union. It comes after many single band (S, C, X) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) design studies and developments conducted by Alcatel Space Industries since 1986 for French and European agencies. This study is aimed at the design of a dual band (S+X) radar using the same direct radiating active array for satellite implementation constraints. Simultaneous use of both frequencies should dramatically improve data collection and knowledge of the targets. This paper presents a new stacked dual-band dual-polarized radiating element design and development to comply with mission requirements.
The effect of oxide acidity on HMF etherification (2014)

Study of the acidity effects on a single step reductive etherification of HMF to di-ethers over metal oxides.
Word Reordering and a Dynamic Programming Beam Search Algorithm for Statistical Machine Translation (2003)

In this article, we describe an efficient beam search algorithm for statistical machine translation based on dynamic programming (DP). The search algorithm uses the translation model presented in Brown et al. (1993). Starting from a DP-based solution to the traveling-salesman problem, we present a novel technique to restrict the possible word reorderings between source and target language in order to achieve an efficient search algorithm. Word reordering restrictions especially useful for the translation direction German to English are presented. The restrictions are generalized, and a set of four parameters to control the word reordering is introduced, which then can easily be adopted to new translation directions. The beam search procedure has been successfully tested on the Verbmobil task (German to English, 8,000-word vocabulary) and on the Canadian Hansards task (French to English, 100,000-word vocabulary). For the medium-sized Verbmobil task, a sentence can be translated in a few seconds, only a small number of search errors occur, and there is no performance degradation as measured by the word error criterion used in this article.
Anti-integrins as a potential therapeutic target in angiogenesis (1999)

Several physiological processes including cell activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation require direct contact between cells or extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are mediated through several different families of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including the selectins, the integrins, the cadherins and the immunoglobulins. Newly discovered CAMs, along with the discovery of new roles of integrins, selectins and immunoglobulins in certain disease states, provide a great opportunity to develop therapeutic, and perhaps diagnostic, modalities.CAMs play a very significant and critical role in both normal and pathophysiological disease states. For this key reason, the selection of specific and relevant CAMs to target certain disease conditions, without interfering with other normal cellular functions is a very important prerequisite for the ultimate success in developing truly active and safe therapeutic strategies. Recent breakthroughs with animal models, the latest advances in the understanding of the signalling pathways, transcriptional regulation and the structure/function aspects of CAMs, the role of CAMs and ECM proteins in cellular migration, spreading, proliferation and survival illustrate the potential impact of using CAMs as a novel strategy. Exciting advances in our understanding of several CAMs, most notably the αvβ3, αvβ5, α4β1, α5β1 and αIIb/β3 integrin receptors, and their direct relationships to different disease states represent a tremendous therapeutic and diagnostic opportunity. The role of CAMs and ECM proteins in various pathological processes (including angiogenesis, thrombosis, apoptosis, cell migration and proliferation) leading to both acute and chronic disease states, (such as ocular diseases, metastasis, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, osteoporosis, a wide range of inflammatory diseases, vascular remodelling and neurodegenerative disorders) have been recently documented. One key success in this field is evidenced by the potential role of the platelet GPIIb/IIIa integrin in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of various thromboembolic disorders. The discovery of various therapeutic candidates based on the key role of αv (αvβ3 and αvβ5) and α5β1 integrins in angiogenesis will be the focus of this review.
PI3K/AKT pathway regulates phosphorylation of steroid receptors, hormone independence and tumor differentiation in breast cancer (2011)

Using a model of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)-induced mouse mammary tumors that transit through different stages of hormone dependence, we previously reported that the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B) pathway is critical for the growth of hormone-independent (HI) mammary carcinomas but not for the growth of hormone-dependent (HD) mammary carcinomas. The objective of this work was to explore whether the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is responsible for the changes in tumor phenotype and for the transition to autonomous growth. We found that the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway suppresses HI tumor growth. In addition, we were able to induce mammary tumors in mice in the absence of MPA by inoculating HD tumor cells expressing a constitutively active form of AKT1, myristoylated AKT1 (myrAKT1). These tumors were highly differentiated and displayed a ductal phenotype with laminin-1 and cytokeratin 8 expression patterns typical of HI tumors. Furthermore, myrAKT1 increased the tumor growth of IBH-6 and IBH-7 human breast cancer cell lines. In the estrogen-dependent IBH-7 cell line, myrAKT1 induced estrogen-independent growth accompanied by the expression of the adhesion markers focal adhesion kinase and E-cadherin. Finally, we found that cells expressing myrAKT1 exhibited increased phosphorylation of the progesterone receptor at Ser190 and Ser294 and of the estrogen receptor α at Ser118 and Ser167, independently of exogenous MPA or estrogen supply. Our results indicate that the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway promotes tissue architecture remodeling and the activation of steroid receptors.
Presentation of three different viral peptides, HTLV-1 Tax, HCMV gB, and influenza virus M1, is determined by common structural features of the HLA-A2.1 molecule (1992)

To determine whether similar or dissimilar molecular features of class I molecules are involved in the presentation of structurally distinct peptides, we have investigated the influence of different pockets of the HLA-A2.1 molecule on the presentation of three different viral peptides. HTLV-I Tax peptide 12-19, HCMV gB 619-628, and influenza M1 58-66 are minimal peptides that induce HLA-A2.1-restricted noncross-reactive CTL. A detailed analysis of the structural features of HLA-A2.1 that are involved in peptide presentation was undertaken using a panel of 11 HLA-A2 mutants with single amino acid substitutions within pockets present in the peptide binding site. Nine of the 11 mutants affected presentation of each of the three peptides, whereas the other two mutants had negative effects on presentation of only two of these viral peptides. These results indicate that common structural features in HLA-A2 determine the binding of different peptides, and help to provide a plausible explanation for how structurally diverse peptides bind to HLA-A2.
Functional Radiographic Diagnosis of the Lumbar Spine (1991)

Several attempts have been made to measure the segmental range of motion in the lumbar spine during flexion-extension with the purpose of gathering additional data for the diagnosis of instability. The previous studies were performed in vitro or in vivo during active motion. The aim of this study was to obtain normal values of passively performed segmental motions. Forty-one healthy adults were examined by means of functional radiographs during flexion-extension and lateral bending. A graphic construction method and a computer-assisted method were used to measure rotations. Comparing with recent in vivo studies, the values obtained for normal angles of rotation were predominately larger. This might be due to the passive examination used in the study. The graphic construction method and computer-assisted method techniques are equally reliable, but the computer-assisted method method yields other important kinematic data, such as translations. It is proposed that passive motion be applied during functional examination of patients with suspected instabilities. However, the large variation of rotational values between individuals in the normal population may limit the clinical usefulness of functional lumbar analysis using this parameter. Future studies should explore the clinical relevance of determining altered segmental mobility in low-back pain patients.
Adapting to new threats: the generation of memory by <scp>CRISPR‐Cas</scp> immune systems (2014)

Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci and their associated genes (cas) confer bacteria and archaea with adaptive immunity against phages and other invading genetic elements. A fundamental requirement of any immune system is the ability to build a memory of past infections in order to deal more efficiently with recurrent infections. The adaptive feature of CRISPR-Cas immune systems relies on their ability to memorize DNA sequences of invading molecules and integrate them in between the repetitive sequences of the CRISPR array in the form of 'spacers'. The transcription of a spacer generates a small antisense RNA that is used by RNA-guided Cas nucleases to cleave the invading nucleic acid in order to protect the cell from infection. The acquisition of new spacers allows the CRISPR-Cas immune system to rapidly adapt against new threats and is therefore termed 'adaptation'. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the genetic requirements for adaptation and have demonstrated that rather than being a stochastic process, the selection of new spacers is influenced by several factors. We review here our current knowledge of the CRISPR adaptation mechanism.
Syrphidae of the Palau Islands (Insecta, Diptera) (1996)

Appropriate Agricultural Development in Relation to the Terrestrial Environment
Complications of hyaluronic acid fillers and their managements (2016)

Background: Injection of dermal fillers is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the cosmetic dermatology practice. As its usage is expanding, the possibility of complications will likely increase. Objective: To review and summarize the complications associated with hyaluronic acid injections, and to provide a guide to avoiding them and managing these complications if they do occur. Methods: A comprehensive PubMed and Google scholar electronic database search was performed (2005–July 2015). A total of fifty-five articles were selected and included. Results: Most of the complications associated with hyaluronic acid filler use are mild, transient and reversible. Serious complications due to vascular occlusion include cutaneous necrosis and blindness, which although rare can occur due to the compression of the vessel or direct intravascular injection. Conclusion: Injection related side effects are the most commonly seen, which are usually transient. Vascular occlusion is the most severe complication associated with hyaluronic acid filler injection. A thorough understanding of the facial vascular anatomy reduces the risk of vascular occlusion. Early identification of a vascular occlusion and a prompt intervention can significantly decrease the risk of long term sequelae. Guidelines to avoid, identify and manage different hyaluronic acid filler complications have been suggested.
Particle backscatter, extinction, and lidar ratio profiling with Raman lidar in south and north China (2007)

Aerosol Raman lidar observations of profiles of the particle extinction and backscatter coefficients and the respective extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) were performed under highly polluted conditions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China in October 2004 and at Beijing during a clear period with moderately polluted to background aerosol conditions in January 2005. The anthropogenic haze in the PRD is characterized by volume light-extinction coefficients of particles ranging from approximately 200 to 800 Mm(-1) and lidar ratios mostly between 40 and 55 sr (average of 47+/-6 sr). Almost clean air masses were observed throughout the measurements of the Beijing campaign. These air masses originated from arid desert-steppe-like regions (greater Gobi area). Extinction values usually varied between 100 and 300 Mm(-1), and the lidar ratios were considerably lower (compared with PRD values) with values mostly from 30 to 45 sr (average of 38+/-7 sr). Gobi dust partly influenced the observations. Unexpectedly low lidar ratios of approximately 25 sr were found for a case of background aerosol with a low optical depth of 0.05. The low lidar ratios are consistent with Mie-scattering calculations applied to ground-based observations of particle size distributions.
A giant linear Fresnel zone plate as a hard x-ray condenser (2004)

We present the design and test of a large aperture linear Fresnel zone plate (FZP) as a condensing lens for hard X-rays. The FZP is made of Si and is defined by electron beam lithography and chemical wet etching of <110> oriented silicon substrates. The central zone is 75 μm wide, the outermost lines have a width of 0.35 μm, and the structures have a height of 10 μm. These parameters result in an optimal focusing distance of 9 m, a phase shift of π, and a diffraction efficiency of about 30% at 7.3 keV. We have tested the FZP at the Anomalous Scattering Beamline (ID01) of the ESRF. The FZP was inserted in the vacuum chamber in the Optics Hutch at 38.5 m from the source and 9 m from the sample. We have studied the dependence of beam size and gain as a function of energy in the range from 7 to 8.5 keV. We found the optimum energy range as 7.2-7.4 keV, where the focused beam width was 100 μm and the experimental gain was 9.2, for an expected theoretical value of 9.6.
Specific PVMAT R&D on Siemens CZ silicon product manufacturing (2002)

Work at Siemens Solar Industries in manufacturing cost reduction has shown highly leveraging benefits in producing thinner solar cells, larger area solar cells, and introducing back surface field processes which increase efficiency. About half of the cost to produce a solar module is incurred by the time a wafer is produced, and another 20% is added in the cell processing steps. In large area wafer and cell production, the manufacturing costs are almost linearly reduced by increasing the area of the wafer, this benefit is compounded as the wafers are made thinner. Siemens Solar Industries has studied, developed and piloted processes for 250 micron thickness cells, in both 103 mm cell and 150 mm sizes. SSI has also started the development efforts for increasing cell size to 200 mm diameter. The benefit can be a cost reduction as high as 25-30% on the $/Watt production level. Implementation in manufacturing is the key driver for success in achieving this cost reduction potential.
Draft Genome Sequences of Supercritical CO <sub>2</sub> -Tolerant Bacteria Bacillus subterraneus MITOT1 and Bacillus cereus MIT0214 (2015)

We report draft genome sequences of Bacillus subterraneus MITOT1 and Bacillus cereus MIT0214 isolated through enrichment of samples from geologic sequestration sites in pressurized bioreactors containing a supercritical (sc) CO2 headspace. Their genome sequences expand the phylogenetic range of sequenced bacilli and allow characterization of molecular mechanisms of scCO2 tolerance.
Towards real-time measurement of customer satisfaction using automatically generated call transcripts (2009)

Customer satisfaction is a very important indicator of how successful a contact center is at providing services to the customers. Contact centers typically conduct a manual survey with a randomly selected group of customers to measure customer satisfaction. Manual customer satisfaction surveys, however, provide limited values due to high cost and the time lapse between the service and the survey.
Proteins Specified by Influenza Virus in Infected Cells: Analysis by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Antigens Not Present in the Virus Particle (1969)

SUMMARY Five polypeptides were found when purified influenza virus was analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Previous work has shown that hyperimmune convalescent antibody prepared in mice and adsorbed with purified influenza virus which had been disrupted with ether still gave precipitin lines in immunodiffusion tests with extracts of cells infected with influenza virus. These presumed non-structural antigens, labelled with radioactive amino acids, were precipitated with the virus-adsorbed antibody preparation. A comparison of the precipitate and purified virus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three polypeptides which differed from the polypeptides of the virion. These were probably virus specific non-structural proteins.
Genetically modified fibroblasts producing NGF protect hippocampal neurons after ischemia in the rat (1995)

The neuroprotective effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the pyramidal cells in the vulnerable CA1-CA2 sectors of the hippocampus was investigated in a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia. A genetically modified fibroblast line that secretes high levels of NGF was implanted 7 days before induction of ischemia between the hippocampal CA1-CA2 subfields in the right hemisphere. Rats were then subjected to 10 min of cerebral ischemia in a four vessel occlusion model. Morphological changes in the CA1 and CA2 subfields were evaluated 7 days after ischemia. Animals in the NGF-protected group had significantly higher numbers of normal appearing neurons in the right CA1 and CA2 regions, compared with their non-implanted left hemispheres, to non-implanted animals or to animals implanted with non-modified cells. The data confirmed that NGF can protect CA1-CA2 hippocampal neurons from ischemic damage by implantation of genetically engineered cells producing NGF.
Stronger Open Porous Ceramics and Metals Produced by HIP (1991)

"Stronger Open Porous Ceramics and Metals Produced by HIP." Materials and Processing Report, 5(10), pp. 4–5
Polyomaviruria in Renal Transplant Patients Is Not Correlated to the Cold Ischemia Period or to Rejection Episodes (2000)

Polyomaviruria was observed in one-third of all renal transplant patients, irrespective of whether their renal grafts came from a living or cadaver donor, and was not correlated to graft rejection episodes. This suggests that the renal graft ischemia period is not the major cause of polyomavirus reactivation and that reactivation of polyomavirus is not a dominant cause of graft rejection.
Cardiac Myocyte Diversity and a Fibroblast Network in the Junctional Region of the Zebrafish Heart Revealed by Transmission and Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (2013)

The zebrafish has emerged as an important model of heart development and regeneration. While the structural characteristics of the developing and adult zebrafish ventricle have been previously studied, little attention has been paid to the nature of the interface between the compact and spongy myocardium. Here we describe how these two distinct layers are structurally and functionally integrated. We demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy that this interface is complex and composed primarily of a junctional region occupied by collagen, as well as a population of fibroblasts that form a highly complex network. We also describe a continuum of uniquely flattened transitional cardiac myocytes that form a circumferential plate upon which the radially-oriented luminal trabeculae are anchored. In addition, we have uncovered within the transitional ring a subpopulation of markedly electron dense cardiac myocytes. At discrete intervals the transitional cardiac myocytes form contact bridges across the junctional space that are stabilized through localized desmosomes and fascia adherentes junctions with adjacent compact cardiac myocytes. Finally using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, segmentation and volume reconstruction, we confirm the three-dimensional nature of the junctional region as well as the presence of the sheet-like fibroblast network. These ultrastructural studies demonstrate the previously unrecognized complexity with which the compact and spongy layers are structurally integrated, and provide a new basis for understanding development and regeneration in the zebrafish heart.
The intraregional transfer of technology (1991)

In discussing intraregional technology transfer in Southern Africa it is important that we have a shared understanding of the concept of technology transfer, the impact and value of science and technology on our nation, the existing South African situation and, also, how intraregional technology transfer actually occurs. In addition, I will focus on specific issues, including human resources and industrial trade issues, and the key performance indicators involving science and technology regarding existing areas of collaboration In Southern Africa. Finally I will draw a number of conclusions.