gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Food production and policy in the United Kingdom, 1914-1918. (1980)

HISTORIANS are in general agreement on the problem of United Kingdom food supplies during the First World War. The broad picture is as follows; during the first eighteen months or so of the war, supplies both from home and abroad were well maintained. The government therefore had no need to intervene, either in procuring or distributing food, although it took certain measures to safeguard future supplies for the Army. During 1916, however, the position changed; there had been poor harvests both in the United Kingdom and the Americas (the chief source ofimported food), and the German High Command were known to be planning a new, 'unlimited' submarine campaign, with the aim of sinking as much shipping as possible (whether British or neutral), in order to drastically curtail imports of food and war material, and thus force a British surrender.1 In the face of these considerations, the government was forced to reappraise its policies. The shortage of food, both present and anticipated, was to be solved in three ways. First, home food production was to be substantially increased. The method adopted was to expand the area devoted to crops at the expense of that formerly devoted to grassland. The rationale for this 'plough policy' was simply that, for physiological reasons, a far greater number of human beings could be sustained from a given area devoted to crops than if the same area were to be devoted to livestock.2 Second, measures of 'food control' were adopted. These aimed to economize on available food supplies, and also to distribute them to the public on a more equitable basis than had formerly prevailed.3 Third, the German submarine
Protective effect of milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice* (2011)

MFG-E8 can be developed as novel treatment for renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. This protective effect appears to be mediated through the enhancement of apoptotic cell clearance and improvement of capillary functions in the kidneys.
The physics of computed radiography (2002)

Cassette-based computed radiography (CR) systems have continued to evolve in parallel with integrated, instant readout digital radiography (DR) systems. The image quality of present day CR systems is approaching its theoretical limits but is significantly inferior to DR. Further improvements in CR image quality require improved concepts. The aim of this review is to identify the fundamental limitations in CR performance. This will provide a background for the development of new approaches to improve photostimulable phosphor CR systems. It will also guide research in designing better CR systems to possibly compete with DR systems in terms of image quality parameters such as detective quantum efficiency and yet maintain CR convenience in being portable and more economical.
Growth of GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using thermally decomposed trimethylarsenic (1987)

We have developed a novel thermal precracking technique which has improved the electrical quality of GaAs grown using trimethylarsenic, while maintaining excellent surface morphology. Background doping is reduced by a factor of 5, and carbon incorporation is reduced by a factor of 10 or more. This method may prove useful for reducing carbon incorporation from other organometallic arsenic sources as well. Net background doping below 1016 cm−3 and room-temperature electron mobilities of 4000–4500 cm2/V s have been obtained. These are the best values reported for GaAs grown using trimethylarsenic.
Exploiting multihoming for low latency handoff in heterogeneous networks (2005)

Low latency handoff is critical for supporting delay sensitive applications on a mobile device. Recent advances in hardware technology have made it possible for mobile devices to interface with multiple networks of different types. In this paper, we explore how this multihoming feature effectively reduces handoff latency and corresponding packet loss. We present a number of strategies for link layer handoff. In the proposed scheme, link-layer association procedures and MIP handoff operations are performed proactively to reduce the handoff delay. The paper presents an analysis of the scheme and experimental results based on simulation using ns-2. The results substantiate the efficacy of the scheme in reducing the handoff delay significantly. Keywords—low latency handoff, multihoming, seamless mobility.
ETV2 expression increases the efficiency of primitive endothelial cell derivation from human embryonic stem cells (2015)

Addition of exogenous ETV2 to human ESCs significantly increased the number of cells expressing angioblast genes without arterial or venous specification. This may be a viable solution to generate in vitro endothelial cells for use in research and in the clinic.
The Internet Backbone and the American Metropolis (2000)

Despite the rapid growth of advanced telecommunications services, there is a lack of knowledge about the geographic diffusion of these new technologies. The Internet presents an important challenge to communications researchers, as it threatens to redefine the production and delivery of vital services including finance, retailing, and education. This article seeks to address the gap in the current literature by analyzing the development of Internet backbone networks in the United States between 1997 and 1999. We focus upon the intermetropolitan links that have provided transcontinental data transport services since the demise of the federally subsidized networks deployed in the 1970s and 1980s. We find that a select group of seven highly interconnected metropolitan areas consistently dominated the geography of national data networks, despite massive investment in this infrastructure over the study period. Furthermore, while prosperous and internationally oriented American cities lead the nation in adopting and deploying Internet technologies, interior regions and economically distressed cities have failed to keep up. As information-based industries and services account for an increasing share of economic activity, this evidence suggests that the Internet may aggravate the economic disparities among regions, rather than level them. Although the capacity of the backbone system has slowly diffused throughout the metropolitan system, the geographic structure of interconnecting links has changed little. Finally, the continued persistence of the metropolis as the center for telecommunications networks illustrates the need for a more sophisticated understanding of the interaction between societies and technological innovations.
Phosphorylated Isoforms of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1 in the Cervix as a Predictor of Cervical Ripeness (1999)

In Brief Objective To study the isoforms of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in cervical secretion and to evaluate whether their assessment could serve in prediction of cervical ripeness at term. Methods We measured the concentrations of IGFBP-1 in cervical swab samples of 64 women scheduled for labor induction by amniotomy or cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 gel. Two immunoenzymometric assays were used: a previously described assay 1, which detects the nonphosphorylated and lesser phosphorylated isoforms, and a novel assay 2, which detects the lesser and highly phosphorylated isoforms of IGFBP-1. A set of 39 amniotic fluid (AF) samples also was analyzed to compare the phosphorylation status of IGFBP-1 in cervical secretion with that in AF. Results In all cervical samples, IGFBP-1 concentration was higher by assay 2 than by assay 1, whereas in all AF samples, the results were the opposite. Initially, the median IGFBP-1 concentration in the ripe cervices (Bishop scores 6 or greater; n = 29) was approximately four times as high as that in the unripe cervices (Bishop scores 5 or less; n = 35). The cervical IGFBP-1 concentrations increased eight-fold in 6 hours after the first application of PGE2. Conclusion Phosphorylated isoforms of IGFBP-1, different from those in AF, are present in the cervical secretion of women with intact fetal membranes and reflect cervical ripeness. A bedside test for those IGFBP-1 isoforms might help in predicting amenability for labor induction. The phosphoisoforms of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in the cervical secretion, different from those in the amniotic fluid, reflect cervical ripeness at term.
Quantitative composition of nasal secretions in normal subjects. (1972)

Abstract A method of collection of nasal secretion, by absorption onto previously weighed strips of filter paper, is described. The method permits quantitative determination of electrolyte and protein composition. Concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, total protein, albumin, IgA, IgG, and IgM globulins are reported for normal subjects under basal conditions.
Edgewise vibration control of wind turbine blades using roller and liquid dampers (2014)

This paper deals with the passive vibration control of edgewise vibrations by means of roller dampers and tuned liquid column dampers (TLCDs). For a rotating blade, the large centrifugal acceleration makes it possible to use roller dampers or TLCDs with rather small masses for effectively suppressing edgewise vibrations. The roller dampers are more volumetrically efficient due to the higher mass density of the steel comparing with the liquid. On the other hand, TLCDs have their advantage that it is easier to specify the optimum damping of the damper by changing the opening ratio of the orifice. In this paper, 2-DOF nonlinear models are suggested for tuning a roller damper or a TLCD attached to a rotating wind turbine blade, ignoring the coupling between the blade and the tower. The decoupled optimization is verified by incorporating the optimized damper into a more sophisticated 13- DOF wind turbine model with due consideration of the coupled blade-tower-drivetrain vibrations, quasi-static aeroelasticity as well as a collective pitch controller. Performances of the dampers are compared in terms of the control efficiency and the practical applications. The results indicate that roller dampers and TLCDs at optimal tuning can effectively suppress the dynamic response of wind turbine blades.
Info-lotus (2005)

We designed a peripheral notification visualization called "Info-Lotus". The Info-Lotus is an aesthetically pleasing visualization that offers users a "glance-able" overview of incoming emails of interest in a non-disruptive manner. The goal is to strike a balance among three critical parameters: interruption, reaction, and comprehension. We first present the design of the Info-Lotus. We then discuss the usability study that compares the "toast" notification in Microsoft Office Outlook with the Info-Lotus. Finally, we present a redesign for an improved Info-Lotus, based on the feedbacks of the user study.
Centrifugal cytology of nipple aspirate cells. (1980)

Two improvements in the methodology for obtaining and preparing nipple aspirates from nonlactating women are reported. The first is the development and use of a new breast pump with a controllable vacuum and cups of various sizes. The second is the use of centrifugal cytology to prepare the dispersions. Twenty-one of 24 breasts of patients in the age range 30 to 49 years produced cellular dispersions which contained foam cells; of them, 13 contained ductal cells. A comparison of glutaraldehyde and ethanol fixation indicated that the cells appeared substantially the same.
Content Delivery Networks in the Cloud with Distributed Edge Servers (2013)

Media traffic has become the major traffic of the Internet and will keep on increasing. Numerous storage services, media applications and devices have emerged to provide Internet enabled content storage and delivery capabilities. Content Delivery Networks (CDN) based on cloud storage, adopting distributed storage technology in the edge servers, enable efficient data storage and retrieval system that reduce storage cost and provide effective resource utilization. However, current CDNs based on cloud storage, do not utilize distributed storage on edge servers, with each edge server having a complete copy of the content files to be served. In this paper we propose to implement co-operative push based content outsourcing mechanism in CDN. This solution will split the media content (video file) from the cloud onto multiple edge servers and study its performance gain in CDN arena.
10.1016/0967-0653(95)94158-m (2000)

The dependence of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) production on the marine dimethylsulfide (DMS) flux is modeled with a dynamic description of the gas, aerosol, and aqueous phase processes in a closed air parcel. The results support the conclusion reached in previous work with a steady state model that an approximately linear dependence exists between CCN concentration and DMS flux under typical remote marine conditions. This linearity does not hold for low DMS fluxes (the threshold is typically near 2.5 μmol m^(−2) day^(−1)) because the seasalt particles heterogeneously convert the available SO_2 to sulfate inhibiting the creation of new particles. The conditions under which this linear relationship holds are investigated by a series of sensitivity studies, focusing particular attention on the impact of the timing and frequency of cloud events. We consider the regimes of the model's semiempirical parameters, showing that the uncertainty associated with two such parameters, namely, the nucleation rate scaling factor and the sulfuric acid accommodation coefficient, is sufficient to change the predicted CCN production due to DMS from over 300 cm^(−3) day^(−1) to none. This sensitivity accounts for most of the range of results predicted by previous models of the DMS-CCN system.
IFN-γ Stimulates the Expression of a Novel Secretoglobin That Regulates Chemotactic Cell Migration and Invasion (2004)

IFNs are a family of cytokines that alert the immune system against viral infections of host cells. The IFNs (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma) interact with specific cellular receptors and stimulate the production of second messengers, leading to the expression of antiviral and immunomodulatory proteins. We report in this study that IFN-gamma stimulates the expression of a novel gene that encodes a protein with 30% amino acid sequence identity with uteroglobin, the founding member of the newly formed Secretoglobin (SCGB) superfamily. We named this protein IFN-gamma-inducible SCGB (IIS), because its expression in lymphoblast cells is augmented by IFN-gamma treatment. IIS is expressed in virtually all tissues, and the highest level of expression is detectable in lymph nodes, tonsil, cultured lymphoblasts, and the ovary. Interestingly, although the expression of IIS mRNA is not significantly different in resting lymphoid cells, it is markedly elevated in activated CD8(+) and CD19(+) cells. Furthermore, treatment of lymphoblast cells with IIS antisense phosphorothioate (S)-oligonucleotides prevents chemotactic migration and invasion. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that this novel SCGB has immunological functions.
A 120dB 300mW stereo audio A/D converter with 110dB THD+N (2004)

A fifth order, single-loop, multibit delta-sigma stereo audio ADC achieves 120 dB dynamic range and 110 dB THD+N while dissipating less than 300 mW of power. A feed forward path substantially reduces the signal component in the loop, enabling high dynamic range at low power levels. A second order mismatch shaper removes any nonlinearity or tones caused by element mismatch in the feedback DAC. A rough/fine input sampling scheme alleviates the loading on the input driver, improving distortion. An offset compensated switched-capacitor scheme is used in the rough buffer to avoid offset integration in AC coupled applications. Demodulation of quantization noise and delta-sigma tones is avoided by a segmented chopping technique.
Global structural characteristics of vascular trees. (2017)

<p>Total overall length <i>l</i> of the vasculature (A), overall vessel volume <i>V</i> (B) and the fractal dimension <i>D</i><sub>f</sub> (C). Black: WT, blue: Fzd4<sup>-/-</sup>, red: Fzd6<sup>-/-</sup>. Small dots represent computed values of individual samples in a given phenotype and the crosses signify the corresponding averages. * indicates <i>P</i><0.05 <i>versus</i> WT. § indicates <i>P</i><0.05 Fzd4<sup>-/-</sup> <i>versus</i> Fzd6<sup>-/-</sup>.</p>
Determination of Available Amino Acids and Energy in Alfalfa Meal, Feather Meal, and Poultry By-Product Meal by Various Methods (1990)

Several experiments were conducted to evaluate various methodologies for determining availability of amino acids (AA) and energy in alfalfa meal (AM), feather meal (FM), and poultry by-product meal (PBPM). Digestibility of AA was determined with 48-h precision-fed cockerel assays using conventional (CONV) and cecectomized (CEC) cockerels. Amino acid bioavailability was assessed with chick growth assays. True digestibility values of most AA were significantly lower for CEC than for CONV cockerels. In the chick growth assays, partitioning weight gains to reflect only growth attributable to supplemental crystalline AA or test feedstuff AA consumption often yielded higher bioavailability values than when total weight gains were used for FM and PBPM but lower ones for AM. The magnitude of differences between AA digestibility (cockerels) and AA bioavailability (chicks) values varied among feedstuffs; the largest differences were observed for FM. The TMEn values of AM and PBPM were lower for CEC birds than for CONV birds, whereas TMEn of FM was similar for both types of birds.
Exploring higher-order EGFR oligomerisation and phosphorylation—a combined experimental and theoretical approach (2013)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase is generally considered to be activated by either ligand-induced dimerisation or a ligand-induced conformational change within pre-formed dimers. Ligand-induced higher-order EGFR oligomerisation or clustering has been reported but it is not clear how EGFR oligomers, as distinct from EGFR dimers, influence signaling outputs. To address this question, we combined measures of receptor clustering (microscopy; image correlation spectroscopy) and phosphorylation (Western blots) with modelling of mass-action chemical kinetics. A stable BaF/3 cell-line that contains a high proportion (>90%) of inactive dimers of EGFR-eGFP but no secreted ligand and no other detectable ErbB receptors was used as the model cell system. EGF at concentrations of greater than 1 nM was found to cluster EGFR-eGFP dimers into higher-order complexes and cause parallel increases in EGFR phosphorylation. The kinetics of EGFR clustering and phosphorylation were both rapid, plateauing within 2 minutes after stimulation with 30 nM EGF. A rule-based model was formulated to interpret the data. This model took into account ligand binding, ligand-induced conformational changes in the cytosolic tail, monomer-dimer-trimer-tetramer transitions via ectodomain- and kinase-mediated interactions, and phosphorylation. The model predicts that cyclic EGFR tetramers are the predominant phosphorylated species, in which activated receptor dimers adopt a cyclic side-by-side orientation, and that receptor kinase activation is stabilised by the intramolecular interactions responsible for cyclic tetramerization.
Runtime Management of Laser Power in Silicon-Photonic Multibus NoC Architecture (2013)

Silicon-photonic links have been proposed to replace electrical links for global on-chip communication in future many-core processors. Silicon-photonic links have the advantage of lower data-dependent power and higher bandwidth density, but the high laser power can more than offset these advantages. We propose a solution to manage laser power of silicon-photonic network-on-chip (NoC) in many-core system. We present a silicon-photonic multibus NoC architecture between private L1 caches and distributed L2 cache banks which uses weighted time-division multiplexing to distribute the laser power across multiple buses based on the runtime variations in the bandwidth requirements within and across applications to maximize energy efficiency. The multibus NoC architecture also harnesses the opportunities to switch OFF laser sources at runtime, during low-bandwidth requirements, to reduce laser power consumption. Using detailed system-level simulations, we evaluate the multibus NoC architecture and runtime laser power management technique on a 64-core system running NAS parallel benchmark suite. The silicon-photonic multibus NoC architecture provides more than two times better performance than silicon-photonic Clos and butterfly NoC architectures, while consuming the same laser power. Using runtime laser power management technique, the average laser power is reduced by more than 49% with minimal impact on the system performance.
Towards Automatic Device Configuration in Smart Environments (2003)

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) occurs as a result of hepatic venous outflow obstruction. In the pediatric population, the etiologies vary as compared with the adult population. Decompensation can occur faster in this set of patients. Ultrasound and Doppler represent important imaging modalities for diagnosing BCS in children. The imaging features differ depending upon the level of obstruction, acuteness of the condition, and secondary decompensation. Caudate lobe hypertrophy is a salient feature. Obstruction at the level of hepatic veins may be manifested by ostial narrowing, echogenic thrombus, and altered flow patterns in the form of turbulent flow, nonvisualization of the veins, or reversal of flow. Obstruction in the inferior vena cava may present as an echogenic web, membrane, or thrombus with turbulent flow to absent flow within depending upon the degree of luminal compromise. Collateral formation is an important distinctive feature of subacute and chronic BCS. Collaterals that develop may be of intrahepatic or extrahepatic type. Secondary signs of liver failure would be present in late stages. Understanding the clinical presentation and imaging features can help in achieving the correct diagnosis because an early diagnosis of the disease will impact patient management.
Complex molecular architecture of beet yellows virus particles (2004)

Closteroviruses possess exceptionally long filamentous virus particles that mediate protection and active transport of the genomic RNA within infected plants. These virions are composed of a long "body" and short "tail" whose principal components are the major and minor capsid proteins, respectively. Here we use biochemical, genetic, and ultrastructural analyses to dissect the molecular composition and architecture of particles of beet yellows virus, a closterovirus. We demonstrate that the virion tails encapsidate the 5'-terminal, approximately 650-nt-long, part of the viral RNA. In addition to the minor capsid protein, the viral Hsp70-homolog, 64-kDa protein, and 20-kDa protein are also incorporated into the virion tail. Atomic force microscopy of virions revealed that the tail possesses a striking, segmented morphology with the tip segment probably being built of 20-kDa protein. The unexpectedly complex structure of closterovirus virions has important mechanistic and functional implications that may also apply to other virus families.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silicon Oxynitride Materials as Base Catalysts (2003)

Basically, a good catalyst: The introduction of NHx species into the framework of mesoporous silicas results in silicon oxynitride materials and generates basic sites, which exhibit considerable catalytic activity for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction (see scheme). The well-ordered mesoporous oxynitrides have a high surface area and pore volume and are attractive as alternative basic catalysts, especially for large-molecule transformations.