gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell–cell connectivity: desmosomes and disease (2011)

Cell-cell connectivity is an absolute requirement for the correct functioning of cells, tissues and entire organisms. At the level of the individual cell, direct cell-cell adherence and communication is mediated by the intercellular junction complexes: desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. A broad spectrum of inherited, infectious and auto-immune diseases can affect the proper function of intercellular junctions and result in either diseases affecting specific individual tissues or widespread syndromic conditions. A particularly diverse group of diseases result from direct or indirect disruption of desmosomes--a consequence of their importance in tissue integrity, their extensive distribution, complex structure, and the wide variety of functions their components accomplish. As a consequence, disruption of desmosomal assembly, structure or integrity disrupts not only their intercellular adhesive function but also their functions in cell communication and regulation, leading to such diverse pathologies as cardiomyopathy, epidermal and mucosal blistering, palmoplantar keratoderma, woolly hair, keratosis, epidermolysis bullosa, ectodermal dysplasia and alopecia. Here, as well as describing the importance of the other intercellular junctions, we focus primarily on the desmosome, its structure and its role in disease. We will examine the various pathologies that result from impairment of desmosome function and thereby demonstrate the importance of desmosomes to tissues and to the organism as a whole.
Hardware nonlinearities in digital TV broadcasting using OFDM modulation (1998)

FFT-based coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM) is one of the techniques for digital TV broadcasting over multipath fading channels. A FFT-based OFDM signal is subject to various hardware nonlinearities in both the transmitter and receiver. Hardware nonlinearities not only affect the in-band performance of an FFT-based OFDM system but also may affect the system performance of an adjacent channel signal because of regenerated sidelobes of the transmitted signal. The paper investigates the in-band and out-of-band behaviour of a 64QAM-OFDM system under various nonlinear devices. It is shown that the inherent signal clipping in the IFFT processors with a limited word length reduces the required RF amplifier output backoff (OBO) where adjacent channel interference is the limiting factor. For a 0.25% clipping rate, an additional 2 dB OBO is required for the COFDM signal to achieve the same level of adjacent channel interference as for the single carrier system. The loss in SNR due to signal clipping is negligible in a coded OFDM system.
Transfer Learning for Reinforcement Learning Domains: A Survey (2009)

The reinforcement learning paradigm is a popular way to address problems that have only limited environmental feedback, rather than correctly labeled examples, as is common in other machine learning contexts. While significant progress has been made to improve learning in a single task, the idea of transfer learning has only recently been applied to reinforcement learning tasks. The core idea of transfer is that experience gained in learning to perform one task can help improve learning performance in a related, but different, task. In this article we present a framework that classifies transfer learning methods in terms of their capabilities and goals, and then use it to survey the existing literature, as well as to suggest future directions for transfer learning work.
CT image correction for beam hardening using simulated projection data (1990)

A general beam-hardening correction technique is presented. Knowledge of the CT (computerized tomography) scanner X-ray spectrum is necessary. This postreconstruction method does not require the original projection data. Simulated projections through an uncorrected reconstructed image are used to correct for beam hardening. Errors in the mean linear attenuation coefficient are decreased from 30% to 5% with virtual elimination of the visual streaking artifact. The theoretical image improvement equals that of projection linearization postreconstruction methods using the original projection data. The correction is limited to cases where the material causing the beam hardening is contained within the reconstruction space.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanism of Activation of the Human <i>trk</i> Oncogene (1989)

The human trk oncogene was generated by a genetic rearrangement that replaced the extracellular domain of the normal trk tyrosine kinase receptor by sequences coding for the 221 amino-terminal residues of a nonmuscle tropomyosin. Molecular dissection of a cDNA clone of the trk oncogene indicated that both the tropomyosin and tyrosine kinase domains were required for proper transforming activity. Replacement of nonmuscle tropomyosin sequences with those of other tropomyosin isoforms had no deleterious effect. However, when tropomyosin sequences were replaced with those of another cytoskeletal gene, such as beta-actin or beta-globin, transforming activity was completely abolished. These results illustrate the important role of tropomyosin sequences in endowing the trk kinase with transforming properties. Functionally unrelated subdomains of the tropomyosin molecule were equally efficient in activating the trk gene. Moreover, the transforming activity of the trk oncogene was not affected when its subcellular localization was drastically altered. Therefore, tropomyosin sequences are likely to contribute to the malignant activation of the trk oncogene not by facilitating its interaction with defined cytoskeletal structures as initially suspected, but by allowing its kinase domain to fold into a constitutively active configuration.
A carbon nanotube gated carbon nanotube transistor with 5 ps gate delay (2008)

Semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive as channel material for field-effect transistors due to their high carrier mobility. In this paper we show that a local CNT gate can provide a significant improvement in the subthreshold slope of a CNT transistor compared to back gate switching and provide gate delays as low as 5 ps. The CNT gated CNT transistor devices are fabricated using a two-step chemical vapour deposition technique. The measured transfer characteristics are in very good agreement with theoretical modelling results that provide confirmation of the operating principle of the transistors. Gate delays below 2 ps should be readily achievable by reducing the thickness of the gate dielectric.
Sélection récurrente chez les autogames pour l'amélioration des variétés lignées pures: une revue bibliographique. II (1993)

— Des schmas de slection rcurrente, proches de ceux utiliss dans l'amlioration des espces allo- games, ont maintenant t appliqus de nombreuses espces autogames. Une revue bibliographique de ces expriences s'arrtant aux articles parus en 1989 (Kervella et al, 1991) a permis d'en montrer la faisabilit ainsi que l'int- rt pour l'amlioration de la valeur en ligne. Cependant, de nombreux points restaient optimiser : intercroisement, slection prcoce et prise en compte de l'aspect multicaractre. Nous prsentons ici une revue complmentaire portant principalement sur les articles parus de 1990 1992, mais revenant galement sur quelques articles plus anciens non cits dans la premire revue. Une volution dans l'approche, les mthodologies et les proccupations des exprimenteurs est mise en vidence. L'efficacit des schmas est value ; les problmes encore rencontrs ainsi que les limites des expriences sont discuts. slection rcurrente / espces autogames / progrs gntique / valeur en ligne Summary — Recurrent selection for breeding self-pollinated species as pure line varieties: a review. II. Recur- rent selection schemes close to those applied to cross-pollinated species have now also been largely used with autogamous species. Kervella et al (1991) made a bibliographic review of the experiments, covering papers published up to 1989. The feasibility of recurrent selection and the interest of applying it to pure line value breeding was demonstrat- ed. Yet a number of different points still had to be optimized: intercrossing, early generation selection and multitrait se- lection. A complementary review which takes into account papers from 1990 to 1992 is presented here. Some older papers which did not appear in the first review are also analyzed. An evolution in the approaches, the methodologies and concerns of the authors is emphasized. Scheme efficiency is assessed; problems which remain to be solved and the limits of the experiments are discussed. recurrent selection / autogamous species / genetic gain / pure line value
Inhibition of PI3k Class III–Dependent Autophagy Prevents Apoptosis and Necrosis by Oxidative Stress in Dopaminergic Neuroblastoma Cells (2010)

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is an extremely reactive oxidoradical that is normally produced as a by-product of the mitochondrial activity and also under several metabolic stress conditions. Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway, is triggered by oxidative stress as a defensive response. How autophagy and death pathways are coordinated in cells subjected to oxidative stress is still poorly understood. In human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, 200microM H(2)O(2) rapidly induced the formation of LC3-positive autophagic vacuoles and of beclin1-Vps34 double-positive macroaggregates. Vacuolar LC3 and beclin1 aggregates did not form when oxidative stress was performed in cells pretreated with 3-methyladenine (3MA), an inhibitor of Vps34, or infected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing a dominant-negative mutant of Vps34. H(2)O(2) provoked the permeabilization of lysosomes (at 30 min) and of mitochondria, the concomitant oligomerization of bax, and eventually (at 2 h), cell death in about 50% of the cell culture. Inactivation of Vps34-dependent autophagy in oxidative-stressed cells abrogated lysosome leakage, bax activation, and caspase-dependent apoptosis and conferred protection for as long as 16 h. Inhibition of caspase activity (by ZVAD-fmk) did not trigger an alternative cell death pathway but rather afforded complete protection from oxidative toxicity, despite the ongoing generation of oxidoradicals and the cellular accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and of leaking lysosomes. On long-term (16 h) exposure to H(2)O(2), signs of necrotic cell death became apparent in LC3-positive cells, which could be prevented by ZVAD-fmk. The present data highlight the pivotal role of autophagy in H(2)O(2)-induced cell death in dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells.
Osteopenia and osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa. (2003)

Osteopenia is a frequent and severe complication of anorexia nervosa. Once established, it is difficult to treat and is only partially reversible. Osteoporosis is a preventable disease, and intervention should begin during childhood and adolescence. Optimizing peak bone mass accrual during adolescence is essential, and an episode of anorexia nervosa during adolescence interferes with that process. In anorexia nervosa, results with hormone replacement therapy have been disappointing. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation should be prescribed where necessary. Excessive exercise should be avoided and moderate weight-bearing exercise encouraged. Ongoing research studying newer modalities such as IGF-1, DHEA, and bisphosphonates looks promising. Until more effective treatment regimens become available, the mainstay of treatment remains weight gain, nutritional rehabilitation, and spontaneous resumption of menses.
The role of testing methodologies in open systems standards (2002)

This paper describes the lifecycle role of a conformance testing research facility in the open systems standards environment. This facility, the Clemson Automated Testing System (CATS), has demonstrated the value of integrating formalized test methods within all phases of standards development. IEEE's effort to develop a standard for operating systems interfaces (POSIX) has provided a working environment to investigate and evaluate the capabilities of CATS. In this arena, CATS has proven valuable in exposing critical issues in the emerging standard and in formulating feasible solutions on multiple occasions. The role of CATS in the areas of automated testing, profile development and real-time extensions is described. A discussion of future directions for CATS and testing in open system standards concludes the paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microvascular P<scp>o</scp><sub>2</sub>during extreme hemodilution with hemoglobin site specifically PEGylated at Cys-93(β) in hamster window chamber (2004)

The oxygen transport capacity of nonhypertensive polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated hemoglobin solutions were investigated in the hamster chamber window model. Microvascular measurements were made to determine oxygen delivery in conditions of extreme hemodilution [hematocrit (Hct) 11%]. Two isovolemic hemodilution steps were performed with a 6% Dextran 70 (70-kDa molecular mass) plasma expander until Hct was 35% of control. Isovolemic blood volume exchange was continued using two surface-modified PEGylated hemoglobins (P5K2, P(50) = 8.6, and P10K2, P(50) = 8.3; P(50) is the hemoglobin Po(2) corresponding to its 50% oxygen saturation) until Hct was 11%. P5K2 and P10K2 are PEG-conjugated hemoglobins that maintain most of the hemoglobin allosteric properties and have a cooperativity index of n = 2.2. The effects of these molecular solutions were compared with those obtained in a previous study using MP4, a PEG-modified hemoglobin whose P(50) was 5.4 and cooperativity was 1.2 (Tsai et al., Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H1411-H1419, 2003). Tissue oxygen levels were higher after P5K2 (7.0 +/- 2.5 mmHg) and P10K2 (6.3 +/- 2.3 mmHg) versus MP4 (1.7 +/- 0.5 mmHg) or the nonoxygen carrier Dextran 70 (1.3 +/- 1.2 mmHg). Microvascular oxygen delivery was higher after P5K2 and P10K2 (2.22 and 2.34 ml O(2)/dl blood) compared with MP4 (1.41 ml O(2)/dl blood) or Dextran 70 (0.90 ml O(2)/dl blood); however, all these values were lower than control (7.42 ml O(2)/dl blood). The total hemoglobin in blood was similar in all cases; therefore, the improvement in tissue Po(2) and oxygen delivery appears to be due to the increased cooperativity of the new molecules.
Amplification of c‐<i>myc</i> and cyclin D1 genes in primary and metastatic carcinomas of the liver (2007)

The c-myc and cyclin D1 genes are included among the oncogenes the amplifications of which have been detected in cancers of various organs. However, there have been few reports on the amplification of both these genes in primary and metastatic liver carcinomas. In the present study, c-myc and cyclin D1 gene amplification was examined in 76 primary and metastatic liver carcinomas using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections and a differential polymerase chain reaction procedure. c-myc and cyclin D1 gene amplification was detected in 15 (33%) and two (4%) of 46 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), one (10%) and 0 (0%) of 10 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICC), one (33%) and 0 (0%) of three combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinomas (HCC + ICC), and nine (56%) and three (19%) of 16 metastatic lesions to the liver from colorectal adenocarcinoma (MCA), respectively. The incidence of c-myc amplification was significantly higher in MCA than in ICC (P = 0.023), and it tended to be higher in HCC than in ICC. These results indicate that the amplification of the c-myc proto-oncogene is not unusual in HCC and MCA, and its detection may have a useful diagnostic significance in differentiating ICC from MCA or HCC from ICC.
Vibration and noise induced by electrostatic force on a contact charger roller of electrophotography (1995)

Electromechanical dynamics of a contact charging subsystem of electrophotography were investigated to clarify fundamental characteristics of mechanical vibration and acoustic noise induced by electrostatic force on a contact charger roller. The following conclusions were deduced from modeling and experiments. (1) Alternating electrostatic force is yielded in the vicinity of the nip between the charger roller and a photoreceptor drum because ac voltage applied between the roller and the drum induces a high alternating electrostatic field in the vicinity of the nip. Noise is caused mainly by the resonance vibration of a cartridge cover that contains the roller and the photoreceptor drum. Noise due to gas discharge and pipe resonance of the drum is minor. (2) The main frequency of the electrostatic force is twice that of the ac applied voltage. The magnitude of the electrostatic force is large under high ac applied voltage operation. Therefore the resonant frequency of the cartridge cover should be designed to be significantly different from twice that of the ac voltage frequency, and it is preferable to set the ac voltage as low as possible.
Survey of the Adequate Descriptor for Content-Based Image Retrieval on the Web: Global versus Local Features. (2009)

RÉSUMÉ. On reconnait actuellement, dans les systèmes de recherche d'image par contenu, deux méthodes pour la description du contenu des images : à travers des attributs locaux ou à travers des attributs globaux. Dans ce papier, nous proposons deux méthodes pour la recherche d'image qui sont basées sur la similitude visuelle. La première caractérise les images par des attributs globaux, alors que la seconde est basée sur les attributs locaux. Concernant le descripteur global, les attributs sont calculés sur l'ensemble de l'image, alors que pour le descripteur local, les attributs sont définis sur les régions de l'image. L'objectif de ce papier est d'évaluer les performances des attributs locaux contre les attributs globaux pour la recherche des images Web par contenu.
Occipital Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Cluster Headache – Lessons Learned from 18 Months Experience (2011)

ONS is a valuable tool in the treatment of patients with refractory CCH. According to our data, the potential side effects and complication rates of the operation are small. With a meticulous selection of patients by an interdisciplinary team, CCH can bed improve in the majority of the patients. Yet, the optimal parameters for the stimulation regarding pulse width and frequency remain unclear. For this reason, we started a prospective single-center observational trial at our center in October 2009, including patients with ONS, to identify the best stimulation parameters.
Influence of Adipose Tissue Distribution on the Biological Activity of Androgens<sup>a</sup> (1990)

To establish whether the conversion of androstenedione (A) to estrogens and 5 alpha-reduced metabolites in human adipose tissue was determined by the site of origin of the tissue, studies were carried out on adipose stromal cells from different body sites. Adipose tissue was obtained from the breast, omentum, abdomen, lower thigh, upper thigh, buttock, and flank from patients undergoing liposuction for cosmetic reasons or at surgery. Stromal cells were isolated after incubation of the adipose tissue with collagenase and were grown in culture using alpha-minimal essential medium (MEM) + 15% fetal calf serum. Studies of A metabolism were carried out when the cells were between days 4 and 12 in culture. After an 8-hour incubation with (3H)-A as substrate, estrone (E1), testosterone (T), 5 alpha-androstanedione (5 alpha-A-dione), androsterone (AND), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were isolated using thin layer and paper chromatography. The conversion per 1 x 10(6) cells of A of E1 was more than 10-fold greater in the upper thigh, buttock, and flank than in the breast, lower thigh, abdomen, or omentum (0.13-3.0 vs 0.01-0.09%). The formation of 5 alpha-reduced androgens varied from 0.86-10% and was similar in tissue from different body sites. Cortisol (10(-7) M) stimulated E1 formation 3- to 10-fold in cells from all sites, whereas 5 alpha-reductase activity was either unchanged or increased moderately (up to twofold). In cells from the abdomen, omentum, and lower thigh, the formation of 5 alpha-reduced androgens was more than 10-fold greater than the formation of E1. In cells from the upper thigh, buttock, and flank, E1 formation was comparable to 5 alpha-reduced androgen formation. These studies show marked differences in the relative conversion of A to estrogens and 5 alpha-reduced androgens in adipose stromal cells depending on their site of origin, and they suggest that the distribution of body fat may be a major factor in determining the biologic effects of secreted androgens.
The Treatment of Japanese Focus Particles Based on Lexical-Functional Grammar (2003)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss treatment of 'focus particles' in Japanese sentences to be incorporated in a Japanese parsing system based on the Lexical-Functional Grammar(LFG) formalism. Focus particle can follow nouns, quantifiers, verbs, other particles (postpositions) and auxiliary verbs. Thus, it is necessary for a large-scale grammar to treat focus particles properly. Furthermore, there are syntactic and semantic ambiguities caused by the particles. We propose phrase structure rules and lexical entry constraints which cover focus particles in various positions and account for the ambiguities.
Side Reactions in Bromination of α-Ergocryptine (1992)

2,3-Dihydro-2-oxo-α-ergocryptine ( III ) and 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-3-hydroxy-α-ergocryptine ( IV ) were found as the side reaction products in bromination of α-ergocryptine ( I ) with bromine in the presence of water. 2,3-Dihydro-2-oxo-3-ethoxy-α-ergocryptine ( V ) was formed in the presence of ethanol.
A scenario for a web-based radiation treatment planning structure: A new tool for quality assurance procedure? (2003)

The desire to develop web-based platforms for remote collaboration among physicians and technologists is becoming a great challenge. In this paper we describe a web-based radiotherapy treatment planning (WBRTP) system to facilitate decentralized radiotherapy services by allowing remote treatment planning and quality assurance (QA) of treatment delivery. Significant prerequisites are digital storage of relevant data as well as efficient and reliable telecommunication system between collaborating units. The system of WBRTP includes video conferencing, display of medical images (CT scans, dose distributions etc), replication of selected data from a common database, remote treatment planning, evaluation of treatment technique and follow-up of the treated patients. Moreover the system features real-time remote operations in terms of tele-consulting like target volume delineation performed by a team of experts at different and distant units. An appraisal of its possibilities in quality assurance in radiotherapy is also discussed. As a conclusion, a WBRTP system would not only be a medium for communication between experts in oncology but mainly a tool for improving the QA in radiotherapy.