gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibiting PTEN (2007)

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) is well known as a tumour suppressor. In dephosphorylating the 3-position of the inositol ring of phosphoinositides such as PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3), PTEN's lipid phosphatase activity is an important counteracting mechanism in PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) signalling. This is essential for cell motility and migration due to the achievement of a PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)/PtdIns(4,5)P(2) gradient that is also involved in metastasis. Furthermore, PTEN's tumour suppressor role is linked to the control of cell-cycle progression and cell proliferation by counteracting Akt (also called protein kinase B) signalling which is PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)-dependent. Akt is upstream of several kinases involved in proliferation and apoptotic signalling which are often found to be deregulated or mutated in tumours. However, Akt is also the key enzyme in insulin signalling regulating glucose uptake and cell growth. Therefore PTEN has recently moved into the spotlight as a drug target in diabetes. This review summarizes studies undertaken on PTEN's role in glucose uptake, insulin resistance, diabetes and its controversial role in GLUT (glucose transporter)-mediated glucose uptake. Currently available techniques for inhibiting PTEN and the suitability of PTEN as a drug target will be discussed.
On the application of reverberation suppression to robust speech recognition (2012)

In this paper, we study the effect of the design parameters of a single-channel reverberation suppression algorithm on reverberation-robust speech recognition. At the same time, reverberation compensation at the speech recognizer is investigated. The analysis reveals that it is highly beneficial to attenuate only the reverberation tail after approximately 50 ms while coping with the early reflections and residual late-reverberation by training the recognizer on moderately reverberant data. It will be shown that the overall system at its optimum configuration yields a very promising recognition performance even in strongly reverberant environments. Since the reverberation suppression algorithm is evidenced to significantly reduce the dependency on the training data, it allows for a very efficient training of acoustic models that are suitable for a wide range of reverberation conditions. Finally, experiments with an ideal reverberation suppression algorithm are carried out to cross-check the inferred guidelines.
MOTS: Multi-Object Tracking and Segmentation (2019)

This paper extends the popular task of multi-object tracking to multi-object tracking and segmentation (MOTS). Towards this goal, we create dense pixel-level annotations for two existing tracking datasets using a semi-automatic annotation procedure. Our new annotations comprise 65,213 pixel masks for 977 distinct objects (cars and pedestrians) in 10,870 video frames. For evaluation, we extend existing multi-object tracking metrics to this new task. Moreover, we propose a new baseline method which jointly addresses detection, tracking, and segmentation with a single convolutional network. We demonstrate the value of our datasets by achieving improvements in performance when training on MOTS annotations. We believe that our datasets, metrics and baseline will become a valuable resource towards developing multi-object tracking approaches that go beyond 2D bounding boxes. We make our annotations, code, and models available at https://www.vision.rwth-aachen.de/page/mots.
Ross River virus infection. Diagnosis and treatment by general practitioners in South Australia. (1997)

GPs in South Australia use similar groups of symptoms and signs to diagnose RRV infection. Most always used serology to confirm their clinical diagnosis and a large proportion performed blood tests that could establish alternative diagnoses.
New insights into the regulatory pathways associated with the activation of the stringent response in bacterial resistance to the PBP2-targeted antibiotics, mecillinam and OP0595/RG6080 (2016)

WGS identified the global stringent response signal, entailing induction of RpoS, as the main mediator of mutational resistance to OP0595 in E. coli.
Effects of atovaquone and other inhibitors on Pneumocystis carinii dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (1995)

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) is a pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme which is usually directly linked to the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Antimalarial naphthoquinones such as atovaquone (566c80) inhibit malarial DHOD by inhibiting electron transport. Since atovaquone also has therapeutic activity against Pneumocystis carinii, the P. carinii DHOD may also be an important drug target. Organisms were obtained from immunosuppressed rats, incubated for 24 h in a short-term in vitro culture system, and then lysed. P. carinii lysates catalyzed the generation of orotate from dihydroorotate at a rate of 852 pmol/mg of protein per min. Control preparations made from uninfected mice showed much less total enzymatic activity and enzyme specific activity. As expected, P. carinii DHOD activity was susceptible to respiratory inhibitors such as cyanide, antimycin A, and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Susceptibility to SHAM suggests the presence of an alternative oxidase. In contrast, neither pentamidine nor 5-hydroxy-6-demethylprimaquine (5H6DP), a quinone metabolite of primaquine, inhibited the enzyme. Atovaquone inhibited DHOD by 76.3% at 100 microM and 36.5% at 10 microM. A similar degree of inhibition was found when the organisms were preincubated with the drug. Atovaquone inhibited P. carinii growth in vitro at a somewhat lower concentration (between 0.3 and 3 microM). In contrast, Plasmodium falciparum growth and enzyme activity are susceptible to nanomolar concentrations of atovaquone. Thus, while it is possible that atovaquone acts by inhibiting the P. carinii electron transport chain, the possibility of another drug target cannot be excluded.
Cross-Subject EEG Signal Recognition Using Deep Domain Adaptation Network (2019)

Collecting sufficient labeled electroencephalography (EEG) data to build an individual classifier for each subject is extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive, especially for the disabled patients. A feasible way is to use labeled EEG data from other subjects (source domains) to train a model for classifying EEG data from the new subjects (target domains). However, the model trained using other subjects EEG data may degrade the classification performance of the target subject, when there exists the substantial inter-subject variability of EEG data. In this paper, to account for the domain shift between different subjects, we propose a novel deep domain adaptation network (DDAN) for cross-subject EEG signal recognition. Specifically, a special end-to-end convolutional neural network (CNN) is firstly adopted to automatically extract deep features from the raw EEG data. Then, maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) is used to minimize the distribution discrepancy of deep features between source and target subjects. Finally, a center-based discriminative feature learning (CDFL) method is used to force the deep features closer to their corresponding class centers and make the inter-class centers more separable, so that it is possible to further improve the recognition performance of target domain EEG data. Experiments on public EEG datasets prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. This study may promote the practical use of EEG signal processing technology and expand its application range.
Learning Dynamical System Modulation for Constrained Reaching Tasks (2006)

In this paper we combine kinesthetic demonstrations and dynamical systems to enable a humanoid robot to imitate constrained reaching gestures directed toward a target. Using a learning algorithm based on Gaussian mixture regression, the task constraints are extracted from several demonstrations. Those constraints take the form of desired velocity profiles for the end-effector and joint angle variables, with associated covariance matrices describing the variations allowed around the desired profiles. Those constraints are then used to modulate a dynamical system which has the reaching target as attractor. This way, the reaching trajectory can be reshaped in order to satisfy the constraints of the task, while preserving the adaptability and robustness provided by the dynamical system. In particular, the system can adapt to changes in the initial conditions and to target displacements occurring during the movement execution. We first evaluate the potential of this method on experiments involving the Hoap3 humanoid robot putting an object into a box. We then show how a manipulation tasks can be executed as sequences of such constrained reaching movement. This is illustrated on a packaging task performed by the robot
[Study of caries using axial-mesial-distal sections and interproximal and periapical radiographs with paralleling and bisecting technics]. (1992)

The authors, considering the radiographic complementary survey importance in Operative Dentistry, has made an analysis on the three main radiologic technics (Bite-Wing and Bisecting Angle and Paralleling Technic), in an attempt to compare the per cent magnification grade of the carious lesion radiographic image, by measurements taken at the tooth sections, and over the patient's radiographs, to contribute with a more accurate diagnosis performed by the dentist.
Boar Spermadhesins AQN-1 and AQN-3: Oligosaccharide and Zona Pellucida Binding Characteristics (1996)

AQN-1 and AQN-3 form part of the complement of surface-associated lectins which coat the plasma membrane overlying the acrosomal cap of in vitro capacitated boar spermatozoa. They belong to the spermadhesin protein family and have binding affinity for glycoconjugates of the zona pellucida, the extracellular investment surrounding mammalian eggs. The oligosaccharide and zona pellucida binding characteristics of spermadhesins AQN-1 and AQN-3 were investigated using a solid-phase assay and biotinylated glycoprotein ligands. Both sperm proteins bind glycoproteins containing Gal beta (1-4)-GlcNAc and Gal beta-(1-3)-GalNAc oligosaccharide sequences with dissociation constants (Kd) of 0.08 to 0.8 microM, and to zona pellucida glycoproteins with Kd = 0.15-0.25 microM. However, 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid alpha (2-3/6)-linked to the galactose residue decreases the affinity of glycosylated ligands to AQN-1 three-fold, although it did not affect oligosaccharide binding to AQN-3. In addition, AQN-3 binds preferentially to glycoproteins with either a linear or tri- and tetraantennary carbohydrates than to those containing diantennary N-acetyllactosamine structures. The similar but distinct oligosaccharide recognition capabilities of spermadhesins AQN-1 and AQN-3 (this work) and AWN-1 (Dostálová, Z, Calvete, J.J., Sanz, L., and Töpfer-Petersen, E. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 230, 329-336) suggest that, in the pig, sperm-zona pellucida binding might be mediated by lectins displaying similar although distinct carbohydrate-recognition abilities.
<i>In vitro</i> validation of a mobile Raman–XRF micro‐analytical instrument's capabilities on the diagnosis of Byzantine icons (2006)

Abstract A new mobile instrumentation that takes advantage of the simultaneous utilisation of two micro‐analytical techniques (Raman and XRF) has already been effected within the PRAXIS European project (Competitive and Sustainable growth programme, PRAXIS: A portable Raman–X‐Ray instrument. No G6RD‐CT‐2001‐00602). The instrument permits structural characterisation of the pigments incorporated in a painting under study by evaluation of the Raman spectra together with elemental analysis of the same materials provided by XRF spectra. Although direct structural characterisation with great specificity is directly accomplished by Raman spectroscopy, the signal is often masked by strong fluorescence, a fact that imposes time consumption. On the other hand, the average signal offered by XRF over larger volumes enables unique information to be obtained from invisible under‐layers. Moreover, the detection of trace elements by XRF, not influencing the Raman spectra, renders the characterisation of painting materials more comprehensive. Validation of the instrument's in situ and non‐destructive capabilities was performed after its in vitro application on an experimental icon (painted with traditional Byzantine techniques). The data acquired by the two techniques from the same spots on the painting offer complementary results, which enable the identification of almost all pigments even in the case of over‐painted art objects. Finally, the instrument's abilities on the identification of materials on specimen's cross sections are revealed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing water utility financial risks through third‐party index insurance contracts (2013)

As developing new supply capacity has become increasingly expensive and difficult to permit (i.e., regulatory approval), utilities have become more reliant on temporary demand management programs, such as outdoor water use restrictions, for ensuring reliability during drought. However, a significant fraction of water utility income is often derived from the volumetric sale of water, and such restrictions can lead to substantial revenue losses. Given that many utilities set prices at levels commensurate with recovering costs, these revenue losses can leave them financially vulnerable to budgetary shortfalls. This work explores approaches for mitigating drought‐related revenue losses through the use of third‐party financial insurance contracts based on streamflow indices. Two different types of contracts are developed, and their efficacy is compared against two more traditional forms of financial hedging used by water utilities: Drought surcharges and contingency funds (i.e., self‐insurance). Strategies involving each of these approaches, as well as their use in combination, are applied under conditions facing the water utility serving Durham, North Carolina. A multireservoir model provides information on the scale and timing of droughts, and the financial effects of these events are simulated using detailed data derived from utility billing records. Results suggest that third‐party index insurance contracts, either independently or in combination with more traditional hedging tools, can provide an effective means of reducing a utility's financial vulnerability to drought.
Optic Nerve Damage in Human Glaucoma (1981)

We examined the histologic structure of the optic nerve head in 15 eyes of nine persons with a known glaucoma history. All had been seeing eyes, varying from normal visual acuity and visual field to advanced glaucoma damage. The site of damage to nerve fibers is the scleral lamina cribrosa, where there is local blockage of axonal transport. Early cup size increase prior to definite field loss results from loss of nerve fibers, not from damage to astrocytic glial cells of the nerve head. No selective damage to nerve head capillaries is seen in mildly damaged specimens. Scanning electron microscopic analysis suggests that the structure of the lamina cribrosa is an important determinant of the degree of susceptibility to damage by elevated intraocular pressure.
A regularized deconvolution-fitting method for Compton-scatter correction in SPECT (1992)

A method is presented for estimating the Compton-scatter component within the photopeak for local energy spectra measured by an Anger camera in SPECT. Assuming that the measured energy spectrum is the source scatter energy distribution convolved with a known camera energy-resolution function plus an unscattered spectral component, a least-square inverse operation is performed to recover the source scatter distribution. Since this inverse operation is ill-posed, the regularization technique is applied for stabilization. With the method, scatter fractions similar to those from polynomial spectral fitting (PSF) have been observed for experimentally measured, high-count data with a hot (Tc(99m) or I(131)) sphere in a cold cylinder, and the inverse (Tc(99m) only). The method is also less sensitive to the width of the fitting window. A regularization parameter from 1 to 10 is recommended for practical cases. The shape of a recovered source scatter distribution matches that determined by a high-resolution semiconductor-detector measurement as well as by Monte Carlo simulation.
Cycle Time Properties Of The FDDI Token Ring Protocol (1987)

The FDDI Token Ring Protocol controls communication over fiber optic rings with transmission rates in the range of 100 megabits per second. It is intended to give guaranteed response to time-critical messages by using a "timed token" protocol, in which non-critical messages may be transmitted only if recent movement of the token among stations has been sufficiently fast relative to a "target" token rotation time (TTRT).
Enzymatic synthesis of steryl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids (1999)

Abstract Steryl esters of long‐chain fatty acids have water‐holding properties, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have various physiological functions. Because steryl ester of PUFA can be expected to have both features, we attempted to synthesize steryl esters of PUFA by enzymatic methods. Among lipases used, Pseudomonas lipase was the most effective for the synthesis of cholesteryl docosahexaenoate. When a mixture of cholesterol/docosahexaenoic acid (3:1, mol/mol), 30% water, and 3000 units/g of lipase was stirred at 40°C for 24 h, the esterification extent attained 89.5%. Under the same reaction conditions, cholesterol, cholestanol, and sitosterol were also esterified efficiently with docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic, arachidonic, and γ‐linolenic acids.
Deep Learning of Invariant Features via Simulated Fixations in Video (2012)

We apply salient feature detection and tracking in videos to simulate fixations and smooth pursuit in human vision. With tracked sequences as input, a hierarchical network of modules learns invariant features using a temporal slowness constraint. The network encodes invariance which are increasingly complex with hierarchy. Although learned from videos, our features are spatial instead of spatial-temporal, and well suited for extracting features from still images. We applied our features to four datasets (COIL-100, Caltech 101, STL-10, PubFig), and observe a consistent improvement of 4 % to 5 % in classification accuracy. With this approach, we achieve state-of-the-art recognition accuracy 61 % on STL-10 dataset. 1
Strategies for Map-Based Cloning in Apple (2010)

Abstract The apple, Malus × domestica Borkh, is one of the most important temperate fruit crops grown around the world. Although the apple is a diploid (2n = 34), it originated as an allopolyploid and has a relatively small genome size of 750 Mb/haploid. The apple is self-incompatible, highly heterozygous, and displays a juvenile period of 6 to 10 years or more. These characteristics contribute to long-term and difficult efforts to breed new cultivars of apple. However in the past 15 years, significant advances have been made to develop molecular markers linked to traits of economic interest for apple. In turn, these molecular markers have been used to map, clone, and isolate genes. Efforts to pursue map-based cloning in apple have been quite successful in identifying and characterizing target genes, particularly those controlling disease and pest resistance. Strategies of chromosome walking and chromosome landing have provided viable approaches to locate, isolate, and clone some of these genes. In this review, we provide detailed information for these strategies and their use to clone some of these target genes controlling qualitative traits. Keywords: appleMaluspositional cloningdisease resistancepest resistancefruit quality ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Dr. Carole Bassett (USDA-ARS) and Dr. John Juvik (University of Illinois) for critical review of this manuscript. This work was funded by USDA-SCRI grant AG 2009-51181-06023. Notes *Among those markers identified to date, only those most closely linked to apple scab resistance genes are listed. *Of the markers identified to date, only those most closely linked to apple powdery mildew resistance genes are listed. *Of the markers identified to date, only those most closely linked to aphid resistance genes are listed.
The equilibrium constant of the phosphoglyceromutase reaction (1974)

The equilibrium constant of the phosphoglyceromutase reaction was determined over a range of pH (5.4-7.9), in solutions of different ionic strength (0.06-0.3) and in the presence of Mg(2+), at 30 degrees C and at 20 degrees C. The values obtained (8.65-11.65) differ substantially from previously published values. The third acid dissociation constants were redetermined for 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate, and in contrast with previous reports the pK values (7.03 and 6.97 respectively at zero ionic strength) were closely similar. The Mg(2+)-binding constants were measured spectrophotometrically and the values, 286mm(-1) and 255mm(-1) for 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate at pH7 and ionic strength 0.02, were also very similar. From the relative lack of effect of temperature, pH and ionic strength it is concluded that the equilibrium constant differs from unity largely because of entropic factors. At low ionic strength, in the neutral region, the pH-dependence can be attributed to the small difference in the acid dissociation constants, but the difference in dissociation constants does not explain the pH-dependence in the acid region or at high ionic strength. Within physiological ranges of pH, Mg(2+) concentration and ionic strength there will be little variation in equilibrium constant.
Binding of Sucrose Octasulphate to the C-Type Lectin-Like Domain of the Recombinant Natural Killer Cell Receptor NKR-P1A Observed by NMR Spectroscopy (2002)

NKR-P1A is a C-type lectin-like receptor on natural killer cells believed to be involved in the cytotoxicity of these cells. Ligands for this protein are not known. Here, we describe the binding of a fully sulphated disaccharide, sucrose octasulphate, by the recombinant C-type lectin-like domain of NKR-P1A. The binding was observed by NMR spectroscopy methods that have recently been described for the screening of compound libraries for bioaffinities, namely the 2D NOESY and saturation transfer difference NMR experiments. (1)H titration studies indicate that the binding is specific. These findings raise the possibility that NKR-P1A recognises sulphated natural ligands in common with certain other members of the C-type lectin family.
BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES: TREATMENT OF THE FLAIL ARM (1961)

1 . Thirty-six patients with complete irrecoverable brachial plexus lesions have been studied. 2. Function has been compared after 1) arthrodesis of the shoulder with amputation through the arm, 2) so-called reconstructive procedures, and 3) no operative treatment. 3. The results of reconstructive operations have been so disappointing that we believe that this type of treatment should be abandoned. 4. Amputation-arthrodesis offers a better functional result than either reconstruction or no operation. Its value depends to a considerable extent on the manual dexterity of the patient. 5. A clerical worker who is not mechanically minded is less likely to use an artificial limb, and in this type of patient operation is perhaps best avoided.