gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Products of DNA cleavage by the 1,10-phenanthroline-copper complex. Inhibitors of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. (1982)

1,lO-phenanthroline; (OP)L!u+, 2:l 1,lO-phenanthroline-cuprous ion complex; (OP)ZCU*+, 2:l 1,lO-phenanthroline-cupric ion complex; polymerase I, E .
Information granulation and its centrality in human and machine intelligence (1997)

Summary form only given. In a general setting, granulation involves a partitioning of a real or mental object into granules, with a granule being a clump of points (objects) drawn together by indistinguishability, similarity, proximity or functionality. Granulation is crisp or fuzzy depending on whether the granules are crisp or fuzzy. Fuzzy information granulation (IG) is central to human reasoning and concept formation. It is this aspect of fuzzy IG that underlies its essential role in the conception and design of information/intelligent systems. What is conclusive is that there are many, many tasks which humans can perform with ease and that no machine could perform without the use of fuzzy IG. This conclusion has a thought-provoking implication for AI: without the methodology of fuzzy IG in its armamentarium, AI cannot achieve its goals.
Magnetic nanoparticle probes (2005)

Magnetic nanoparticle probes are emerging as a class of novel contrast and tracking agents for medical imaging. When used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles allow researchers and clinicians to enhance the tissue contrast of an area of interest by increasing the relaxation rate of water. With variations in the size, coating thickness, surface chemistry, and targeting ligands, these nanoparticle probes can be tailored to target specific organs, cells, or even molecular markers of different diseases in vivo. Here, we review the various methods for synthesis and functionalization of these nanoparticle probes, and offer examples of their potential clinical usage as well as new design approaches, aiming to stimulate a broader interest in the development and medical application of magnetic nanoparticles.
An Analysis of the Output Spectrum of Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers in the Presence of Phase-Accumulator Truncation (1987)

An algorithm is presented for the calculation of the spectrum of direct digital frequency synthesizers (DDFS's) as a result of phase accumulator truncation. This algorithm, which is derived using number theoretic methods, includes a closed form expression relating the magnitude, number, and position of the spurious noise lines in the output spectrum of a DDFS to the read-only memory (ROM) look-up table size, the amount of phase accumulator truncation and the input frequency control command. The combined finite word length effects of the ROM and the Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC) nonlinearities are also examined in the light of these new results and new design guidelines are developed. The spectrums predicted by these closed form expresslons are compared against spectrums generated by a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and are shown to have comparable accuracy. As a result of obtaining an expression for the magnitude of the spurious the input frequency command word and the ROM table size, the phase noise frequencies, a relationship between the greatest common divisor of accumulator word lengths, and the magnitude of the worst case spur is obtained. This relationship is used as the basis for a novel modification to the conventional phase accumulator structure which results in a 3.922dB reduction in the magnitude of the worst case spurious response. This hardware modification is also shown to average out the error effects of DAC nonlinearities and roundoff in the stored sine ROM samples.
Desensitization of Bacillus subtilis aspartokinase I to allosteric inhibition by meso-diaminopimelate allows aspartokinase I to function in amino acid biosynthesis during exponential growth (1990)

Strains of Bacillus subtilis deficient in aspartokinases II and III are unable to grow in the absence of lysine, methionine, and threonine, although they have normal levels of aspartokinase I (J.J. Zhang, F.M. Hu, N.Y. Chen, and H. Paulus, J. Bacteriol. 172:701-708, 1990). Revertants with the ability to grow in the absence of lysine and methionine had an altered aspartokinase I, which was insensitive to feedback inhibition by meso-diaminopimelate. This suggests that inhibition by meso-diaminopimelate limits the ability of aspartokinase I to function in amino acid biosynthesis.
Electrohydrodynamics: A Review of the Role of Interfacial Shear Stresses (1969)

The field of fluid mechanics is rapidly advancing, driven by unprecedented volumes of data from experiments, field measurements, and large-scale simulations at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Machine learning (ML) offers a wealth of techniques to extract ...Read More
Heparin: Past, Present, and Future (2016)

Heparin, the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world today, remains an animal-derived product with the attendant risks of adulteration and contamination. A contamination crisis in 2007-2008 increased the impetus to provide non-animal-derived sources of heparin, produced under cGMP conditions. In addition, recent studies suggest that heparin may have significant antineoplastic activity, separate and distinct from its anticoagulant activity, while other studies indicate a role for heparin in treating inflammation, infertility, and infectious disease. A variety of strategies have been proposed to produce a bioengineered heparin. In this review, we discuss several of these strategies including microbial production, mammalian cell production, and chemoenzymatic modification. We also propose strategies for creating "designer" heparins and heparan-sulfates with various biochemical and physiological properties.
Patchable control store for reduced microcode risk in a VLSI VAX microcomputer (1984)

A VLSI VAX microcomputer, which implements the native VAX computer architecture and instruction set, uses 16K by 40 bits of ROM control store. To decrease the cost of making changes to released microcode, the hardware supports a patching mechanism whereby control flow can be switched between the read-only control memory and a smaller writable control memory. This paper describes the system design considerations that led to the development of the patchable control store, actual implementation of the control store, the effectiveness of the patching scheme, and its impact on system performance.
Leg Length Discrepancy Assessment: Accuracy and Precision in Five Clinical Methods of Evaluation (1984)

Five clinical methods of leg length discrepancy assessment were tested against one another for their relative accuracy and precision compared to exact anatomical standards as determined by radiograph. Five normal subjects, one with a known discrepancy of 1.3 cm, were evaluated by twenty physical therapists each using every method of assessment. T-tests and F-tests (a = 0.05) were used to determine statistical accuracy and precision among methods. Absolute values of mean differences, standard deviations, and ranges were used to determine clinical significance. The indirect method, which employed lift blocks under a foot with a subject in the standing position, proved to be the most accurate and precise method of any tested. Of the direct methods tested, which employ a tape measure between various anatomical landmarks, the technique shown to be the most accurate and precise utilized the landmarks of the anterior superior iliac spine and the lateral malleolus of the fibula.J Orthop Sports Phys 1984;5(5):230-239.
Mechanism of the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Curcumin: PPAR-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="E1"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi></mml:math>Activation (2007)

Curcumin, the phytochemical component in turmeric, is used as a dietary spice and a topical ointment for the treatment of inflammation in India for centuries. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is relatively insoluble in water, but dissolves in acetone, dimethylsulphoxide, and ethanol. Commercial grade curcumin contains 10-20% curcuminoids, desmethoxycurcumin, and bisdesmethoxycurcumin and they are as effective as pure curcumin. Based on a number of clinical studies in carcinogenesis, a daily oral dose of 3.6 g curcumin has been efficacious for colorectal cancer and advocates its advancement into Phase II clinical studies. In addition to the anticancer effects, curcumin has been effective against a variety of disease conditions in both in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. The present review highlights the importance of curcumin as an anti-inflammatory agent and suggests that the beneficial effect of curcumin is mediated by the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) activation.
Case 56-1965 (1965)

Presentation of Case First admission. A sixty-six-year-old woman entered the hospital because of hepatic enlargement.Ten years previously she was found to have hyperglycemia, without glycosuria, but no treatment was advised. During the five years before admission brownish pigmentation appeared over the lower extremities. Weakness developed during the year before entry, and three months before admission enlargement of the liver was observed.From five to twenty years of age the patient had taken iron pills because of "anemia." There was no history of excessive ingestion of alcohol, jaundice or the passage of light stools or dark urine. A brother had . . .
The stratum corneum: structure and function in health and disease (2004)

Our understanding of the formation, structure, composition, and maturation of the stratum corneum (SC) has progressed enormously over the past 30 years. Today, there is a growing realization that this structure, while faithfully providing a truly magnificent barrier to water loss, is a unique, intricate biosensor that responds to environmental challenges and surface trauma by initiating a series of biologic processes which rapidly seek to repair the damage and restore barrier homeostasis. The detailed ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular dissection of the classic "bricks and mortar" model of the SC has provided insights into the basis of dry, scaly skin disorders that range from the cosmetic problems of winter xerosis to severe conditions such as psoriasis. With this knowledge comes the promise of increasingly functional topical therapies.
Beamspace root-MUSIC for rectangular arrays, circular arrays, and nonredundant linear arrays (2002)

Beamspace root-MUSIC is a computationally efficient, beamspace implementation of root-MUSIC developed recently for use in conjunction with a uniformly spaced linear array. Using B real-valued beams having all but B-1 nulls in common, the major computations in beamspace root-MUSIC are a B*B real-valued eigenvalue decomposition and the rooting of a polynomial of order either 2B-2 or B-1. Beamspace root-MUSIC is extended for other common array geometries including the rectangular array, the circular array, and the minimum redundancy linear array.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a potential public health problem (2001)

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a serious illness in which neurological symptoms predominate. Recovery is usually complete and uncomplicated, but in severe cases there may be respiratory paralysis and death. Most cases follow consumption of bivalve molluscs that have filter-fed on toxic marine microalgae (phytoplankton). Microalgae capable of causing the intoxication have been recorded in all States of Australia, and major toxic blooms have occurred in Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia.
A fast and accurate inverse discrete cosine transform (2006)

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a widely used transform in image and video processing applications. By its mathematical definition, it is a computationally complex algorithm defined by cosine multiplications to accomplish the transformation of data to and from the frequency domain. Consequently, the fast implementation of the DCT is an active area of research as engineers endeavor to mitigate its complexity by approximating it with fixed-point algorithms. This paper presents a new design methodology for the design of linear transforms; the application of which introduces an example fixed-point inverse DCT implementation that is both fast and accurate, and complies with the specification in the IEEE Std. 1180 - 1990 (currently withdrawn).
Identification of genes with differential expression in platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. (2006)

B96 Objective : A major obstacle in treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer is chemoresistance. The aim of this study was to determine whether distinct gene expression profiles are associated with chemoresistance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Methods : We performed global gene expression analysis in 13 primary epithelial ovarian cancer tissues including 5 primary chemo-sensitive tumors and 8 primary chemo-resistant tumors using Affymetrix HG-U133A microarray. The gene expression patterns of chemo-sensitive tumors were compared with those of chemo-resistant tumors using fold-change. Validity of microarray results was examined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Results : We identified over 320 genes differentially expressed in chemo-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer (≥ 2-fold). Up-regulated genes in chemo-resistant tumors included cell cycle regulating genes (TOP2A, BCAT1, CDCA8, CCNA2, CENPE), and genes with previously known mechanisms in tumorigenesis(S100A9, APOA1, RNF125, IFI16). Down-regulated genes in chemo-resistant tumors included genes related to cell adhesion(MUC5B, CITED2), transcription regulating genes(FOXD1, MAD1L1, PAX2), genes involving signal transduction(SOSTDC1, SNX1, SFRP1, FOXA2), and stress protein gene(TP52AP1). Conclusions : These data show that gene expression profiling can discriminate primary chemo-resistant from primary chemo-sensitive ovarian cancers. This type of molecular profiling could provide a basis for additional functional studies.
Control Jujutsu (2015)

Control flow integrity (CFI) has been proposed as an approach to defend against control-hijacking memory corruption attacks. CFI works by assigning tags to indirect branch targets statically and checking them at runtime. Coarse-grained enforcements of CFI that use a small number of tags to improve the performance overhead have been shown to be ineffective. As a result, a number of recent efforts have focused on fine-grained enforcement of CFI as it was originally proposed. In this work, we show that even a fine-grained form of CFI with unlimited number of tags and a shadow stack (to check calls and returns) is ineffective in protecting against malicious attacks. We show that many popular code bases such as Apache and Nginx use coding practices that create flexibility in their intended control flow graph (CFG) even when a strong static analyzer is used to construct the CFG. These flexibilities allow an attacker to gain control of the execution while strictly adhering to a fine-grained CFI. We then construct two proof-of-concept exploits that attack an unlimited tag CFI system with a shadow stack. We also evaluate the difficulties of generating a precise CFG using scalable static analysis for real-world applications. Finally, we perform an analysis on a number of popular applications that highlights the availability of such attacks.
The preparation of prolonged action formulations in the form of semi solid matrix into hard gelatin capsules of oxprenolol I. Thermocap method (1991)

The aim of this study was to obtain prolonged action by preparing semi-solid matrices (SSM) into hard gelatin capsules using Oxprenolol as a model drug.SSM formulations were prepared by using different lipophilic and hydrophilic pharmaceutical excipients, polyethylene glycols as channeling agent in the semi solid mass and Gelucires. The release kinetic of drug from these formulations was determined and compared with the commercial preparation in the form of polymeric matrix of this drug.Among the generally used excipients, we have found that Gelucires were the most appropriate excipients for preparation of SSMs and drug release from these dosage forms can be improved by the method mentioned above depending on quantity and type of channeling agent which was used.
The mechanism of hyperpigmentation in seborrhoeic keratosis involves the high expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1alpha and TNF-alpha, which stimulate secretion of endothelin 1 (2001)

These findings suggest that the increased secretion of ET-1 leading to enhanced pigmentation in SK results from the co-ordinated increased expression of TNF-alpha and ECE-1alpha.
The Case for Porous-Coated Hip Implants (1990)

A series of 1163 total hip arthroplasties (THAs) using porous-coated femoral components were roentgenographically assessed for implant fixation. For 959 primary THAs followed from two to 12 years, the femoral revision rate was 1% and the ten-year survivorship rate was 96.4%; 150 young patients had a fixation failure incidence of only 1.3% at a mean follow-up period of 6.4 years; in 204 revision THAs, the femoral re-revision rate was 4% at a mean follow-up period of 53.4 months. Failures were largely related to inadequate femoral canal filling. Because of refinements in implant design and surgical techniques, a press fit of the implant is currently achieved in 94% of cases compared to 36% during the first five years. Porous-coated femoral components have yielded results equivalent to those with cement in primary THAs. Excellent results were observed in relatively young patients and patients with revisions.
jStar-eclipse (2011)

jStar is a tool for automatically verifying Java programs. It uses separation logic to support abstract reasoning about object specifications. jStar can verify a number of challenging design patterns, including Subject/Observer, Visitor, Factory and Pooling. However, to use jStar one has to deal with a family of command-line tools that expect specifications in separate files and diagnose the errors by inspecting the text output from these tools.
Epidemiological profiles of patients with chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache (2013)

We concluded that the careful assessment of different risk factors might aid in the clinical differentiation between CM and CTTH.
A comparison of two LVR search optimization techniques (2002)

This paper presents a detailed comparison between two search optimization techniques for large vocabulary speech recognition – one based on word-conditioned tree search (WCTS) and one based on weighted finite-state transducers (WFSTs). Existing North American Business News systems from RWTH and AT&T representing each of the two approaches, were modified to remove variations in model data and acoustic likelihood computation. An experimental comparison showed that the WFST-based system explored fewer search states and had less runtime overhead than the WCTS-based system for a given word error rate. This is attributed to differences in the pre-compilation, degree of non-determinism, and path weight distribution in the respective search graphs.
The Nucleation, Growth, and Structure of Electroless Copper Deposits (1970)

An electron microscopic investigation has revealed that the electroless deposition of copper occurs by repeated three‐dimensional nucleation at catalytic sites on a substrate. The nature of the catalytic sites formed by immersion in the standard stannous and palladium chloride solutions was observed and found to influence the structure of the subsequently deposited metal. Initially, copper nuclei about 25Aå in diameter form aggregates an order of magnitude larger. As the autocatalytic reduction reaction continues the aggregates increase in size until they become energetically unstable; then recrystallization occurs. The resulting continuous copper films exhibit a heterogeneous microstructure with grain size variations of more than an order of magnitude and also numerous twin faults.
Bioreactive Self-Assembled Monolayers on Hydrogen-Passivated Si(111) as a New Class of Atomically Flat Substrates for Biological Scanning Probe Microscopy (1997)

This is the first report of bioreactive self-assembled monolayers, covalently bound to atomically flat silicon surfaces and capable of binding biomolecules for investigation by scanning probe microscopy and other surface-related assays and sensing devices. These monolayers are stable under a wide range of conditions and allow tailor-made functionalization for many purposes. We describe the substrate preparation and present an STM and SFM characterization, partly performed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes as tapping-mode supertips. Furthermore, we present two strategies of introducing in situ reactive headgroup functionalities. One method entails a free radical chlorosulfonation process with subsequent sulfonamide formation. A second method employs singlet carbenemediated hydrogen-carbon insertion of a heterobifunctional, amino-reactive trifluoromethyl-diazirinyl crosslinker. We believe that this new substrate is advantageous to others, because it (i) is atomically flat over large areas and can be prepared in a few hours with standard equipment, (ii) is stable under most conditions, (iii) can be modified to adjust a certain degree of reactivity and hydrophobicity, which allows physical adsorption or covalent crosslinking of the biological specimen, (iv) builds the bridge between semiconductor microfabrication and organic/biological molecular systems, and (v) is accessible to nanopatterning and applications requiring conductive substrates.
Abnormal expression of SNS/PN3 sodium channel in cerebellar Purkinje cells following loss of myelin in the taiep rat (1999)

Using in situ hybridization and immunochemical methods, we have observed an increase in the expression of SNS/PN3 sodium channel mRNA and protein in cerebellar Purkinje cells of the taiep rat. These changes are present in taiep rats at 12 months of age, following loss of myelin, but not at one month, prior to loss of myelin. Increased SNS/PN3 expression is not associated with aging per se, because it was not observed in control rats at 12 months of age. These results suggest that altered sodium channel expression in Purkinje cells may contribute to the ataxia that occurs in taiep rats.
Chelating Intracellularly Accumulated Zinc Decreased Ischemic Brain Injury Through Reducing Neuronal Apoptotic Death (2014)

Ischemia-induced high accumulation of intracellular zinc significantly contributed to ischemic brain damage through promotion of neuronal apoptotic death. Removing zinc may be an effective and novel approach to reduce ischemic brain injury.
[Anticancer effect of tanshinone and its mechanisms]. (2003)

Tanshinone IIA is a derivative of phenanthrene-quinone isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE, which is a traditional herbal medicine that is used to treat cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies showed that Tanshinone IIA possesses cytotoxic activity against many kinds of human carcinoma cell lines, induces differentiation and apoptosis and inhibits invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Its mechanisms are thought as inhibiting DNA synthesis and proliferation of cancer cells, regulating the expression of genes related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, inhibiting the telomerase activity of cancer cells, and changing the expression of cellular surface antigen.