gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Integrated Virtual Environment Rehabilitation Treadmill System (2011)

Slow gait speed and interlimb asymmetry are prevalent in a variety of disorders. Current approaches to locomotor retraining emphasize the need for appropriate feedback during intensive, task-specific practice. This paper describes the design and feasibility testing of the integrated virtual environment rehabilitation treadmill (IVERT) system intended to provide real-time, intuitive feedback regarding gait speed and asymmetry during training. The IVERT system integrates an instrumented, split-belt treadmill with a front-projection, immersive virtual environment. The novel adaptive control system uses only ground reaction force data from the treadmill to continuously update the speeds of the two treadmill belts independently, as well as to control the speed and heading in the virtual environment in real time. Feedback regarding gait asymmetry is presented 1) visually as walking a curved trajectory through the virtual environment and 2) proprioceptively in the form of different belt speeds on the split-belt treadmill. A feasibility study involving five individuals with asymmetric gait found that these individuals could effectively control the speed of locomotion and perceive gait asymmetry during the training session. Although minimal changes in overground gait symmetry were observed immediately following a single training session, further studies should be done to determine the IVERT's potential as a tool for rehabilitation of asymmetric gait by providing patients with congruent visual and proprioceptive feedback.
Embedded Linux (2001)

From the Publisher:

Embedded Linux provides the reader the information needed to design, develop, and debug an embedded Linux appliance. It explores why Linux is a great choice for an embedded application and what to look for when choosing hardware.
Effect of pressure on bubble size in dissolved air flotation (2002)

Although dissolved air flotation (DAF) has been successfully adopted for water and wastewater treatment, the fundamental characteristics of the process have not been fully investigated. According to recent theoretical work on DAF, bubble size is one of the most important factors that affect the efficiency of the process, with better removal efficiency when the sizes of both bubbles and particles are similar. In this study, a newly developed particle counter method (PCM) was introduced to measure particle sizes. To confirm its usefulness, the results were compared with those from image analysis. Then, using PCM, the size of bubbles in DAF was measured under various pressure conditions which are known to affect the bubble size the most (from 2 to 6 atmospheres). The bubble size decreased as the pressure increased up to a pressure of 3.5 atmospheres. Above this critical pressure, the bubble size did not decrease with further increases in pressure. According to these experimental results, it is not only costly, but also unnecessary, to maintain a pressure above 3.5 atmospheres if the goal is only to generate smaller bubbles.
The feasibility of silicon on garnet technology (1985)

The feasibility of combining silicon and magnetic bubble technologies is demonstrated in this paper. Functional MOSFETs have been fabricated on top of bubble films coated with 1 μm thick SiO2 layers. The large grain silicon necessary for these devices is obtained by laser recrystallization of polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon). The laser recrystallization process causes changes in the magnetic properties of the bubble film; however, these changes can be reversed by subsequent thermal anneals. The required temperature treatments after laser annealing are compatible with the MOSFET fabrication process.
Block diagonalization for multi-user MIMO with other-cell interference (2008)

Block diagonalization is one approach for linear preceding in the multiple-input multiple-output broadcast channel that sends multiple interference free data streams to different users in the same cell. Unfortunately, block diagonalization neglects other-cell interference (OCI), which limits the performance of users at the edge of the cell. This paper presents an OCI-aware enhancement to block diagonalization that uses a whitening filter for interference suppression at the receiver and a novel precoder using the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix for each user at the transmitter. For complex Gaussian matrix channels, the asymptotic sum rate of the proposed system is analyzed under a large antenna assumption for isotropic inputs and compared to conventional block diagonalization. The capacity loss due to OCI is quantified in terms of results from single-user MIMO capacity. Several numerical examples compare achievable sum rates, the proposed asymptotic rates, and the capacity loss, in low and high interference regimes.
Purification and complete sequence of a small proteolipid associated with the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1992)

The purified plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae display, in addition to the catalytic subunit of 100 kDa, a highly mobile component, soluble in chloroform/methanol. Chloroform/methanol extraction of S. cerevisiae plasma membranes led to isolation of a low molecular weight proteolipid identical to that present in purified H(+)-ATPase. NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed a 38-residue polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 4250 Da. The polypeptide lacks the first two NH2-terminal amino acids as compared with the deduced sequence of the PMP1 gene (for plasma membrane proteolipid) isolated by hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to an internal amino acid sequence of the proteolipid. The polypeptide is predicted to contain an NH2-terminal transmembrane segment followed by a very basic hydrophilic domain.
Analysis of protein-protein interaction by simulation of small-zone size-exclusion chromatography: application to an antibody-antigen association (1986)

The association of two or more macromolecules results in the formation of a complex characterized by a larger Stokes radius than that of its components. Therefore, analytical procedures such as ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion gel chromatography that resolve molecules on the basis of size have been used to characterize the association. In this paper we describe an iterative computer simulation of small-zone size-exclusion gel filtration. The simulation describes univalent and bivalent interactions of proteins of equal and nonequal molecular weight and appears to have both qualitative and quantitative application to the evaluation of protein-protein interaction as revealed by alteration of chromatographic elution profiles. To test the validity of the simulation, the model was applied to an antibody-antigen interaction by determining the association constant (Ka) for the interaction between the binding fragment derived from a human immunoglobulin A rheumatoid factor and the antigenic fragment obtained from a human myeloma immunoglobulin G. The self-consistency of the estimated Ka values obtained with a valence value of 2 in contrast to the lack of self-consistency if an antigenic valence of 1 was assumed was taken to support the ability of the algorithm to reasonably emulate the chromatographic processes of interacting proteins. In conjunction with the computer simulation, a sensitive microcomputer-interfaced chromatography system was assembled, which is capable of analyzing 300 ng of protein in less than 1 h. This combination of rapid reagent-conservative chromatography and simulation analysis may contribute to the usefulness of small-zone gel filtration in studies of protein-protein interaction.
Progressive Values in the Women's Ku Klux Klan (2008)

Few scholars come across original documents or declarations of the Women’s Ku Klux Klan. In fact, most Americans are unaware that during the revival of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s, women were not only active participants but also created their own branch of the Invisible Empire. The evidence we do have of the Women’s Klan reveals that the organization and the Klan itself had similar aims, but the women’s branch grew to encompass a wider variety of values and beliefs. For a more thorough understanding of the Women’s Klan one needs to examine the historical backdrop of the 1920’s and, in particular, the Progressive movement. Both the efforts to create the WKKK and the beliefs espoused by its members reflect the Progressive movement’s pattern of intervention into society to ameliorate its problems and uphold Victorian moral values.
N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Activating Ligands for Hydrogenation and Isomerization of Unactivated Olefins (2005)

The new hydridoruthenium complexes RuHCl(CO)(NHC)(PPh3) (NHC = IMes (4a), H2IMes (4b)), conveniently accessible from RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3, exhibit high activity for hydrogenation of unactivated internal olefins and isomerization of terminal olefins. The lability of the PPh3 ligand is fundamental to the utility of 4: where this group is replaced by the relatively nonlabile PCy3 ligand, the activating effect of the N-heterocyclic carbene is suppressed.
A mutation in the saposin C domain of the sphingolipid activator protein (Prosaposin) gene causes neurodegenerative disease in mice (2010)

Saposins A, B, C, and D are small amphiphatic glycoproteins that are encoded in tandem within a precursor protein (prosaposin, PSAP), and are required for in vivo degradation of sphingolipids. Humans with saposin C deficiency exhibit the clinical presentation of Gaucher-like disease. We generated two types of saposin C mutant mice, one carrying a homozygous missense mutation (C384S) in the saposin C domain of prosaposin (Sap-C(-/-)) and the other carrying the compound heterozygous mutation with a second null Psap allele (Psap(-/C384S)). During early life stages, both Sap-C(-/-) and Psap(-/C384S) mice grew normally; however, they developed progressive motor and behavioral deficits after 3 months of age and the majority of affected mice could scarcely move by about 15 months. They showed no signs of hepatosplenomegaly throughout their lives. No accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine was detected in the brain or liver of both Sap-C(-/-) and Psap(-/C384S) mice. Neuropathological analyses revealed patterned loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, widespread axonal spheroids filled with membrane-derived concentric or lamellar electron-dense bodies, and lipofuscin-like deposition in the neurons. Soap-bubble-like inclusion bodies were detected in the trigeminal ganglion cells and the vascular endothelial cells. Compound heterozygous Psap(-/C384S) mice showed qualitatively identical but faster progression of the neurological phenotypes than Sap-C(-/-) mice. These results suggest the in vivo role of saposin C in axonal membrane homeostasis, the disruption of which leads to neurodegeneration in lysosomal storage disease.
Mineral Dusts Oxidize Methionine Residues: Probable Mechanism of Inactivation of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (1997)

There is now extensive evidence that mineral dusts induce airflow obstruction, and that exposure to some types of mineral dust, especially coal and silica, is associated with the presence of radiologic and pathologic emphysema (Becklake, 1989; Oxman et al., 1993; Leigh et al., 1983; Cockroft et al, 1982; Ruckley et al., 1984). However, little is known of the mechanism of emphysema induction by mineral particles. Because many mineral dusts can catalyse the formation of active oxygen species (AOS) in aqueous solution (Pezerat et al., 1989; Fubini et al., 1995) and because all mineral dusts evoke an inflammatory reaction in the lung, we postulated that mineral particles may induce emphysema by mechanisms similar to those thought to apply cigarette smoke; namely, excess release of proteolytic enzymes from dust-evoked inflammatory cells with subsequent breakdown of alveolar wall connective tissue and oxidative inactivation of alAT, the major anti-proteolytic protein in the lung, by dust-catalysed active ozygen species (Evans and Pry or, 1992), as well as by AOS released from dust-evoked inflammatory cells. We have previously shown that intratracheal instillation of mineral dusts does result in increased levels of desmosine, a measure of elastin breakdown and hydroxyproline, a measure of collagen breakdown, in lavage fluid (Li et al., 1996) and also that exposure of purified alAT to crystalline silica results in loss of antiproteolytic activity through a hydrogen peroxide mediated mechanism (Zay et al., 1995). It is believed that cigarette smoke inactivates alAT by oxidizing methionine residues (Carp et al., 1982), although few reports of this phenomenon have been published. We now extend our observations by testing whether mineral dusts can similarly oxidize methionine, either as a pure amino acid, or in whole proteins.
Identification of phenolic compound in manuka honey as specific superoxide anion radical scavenger using electron spin resonance (ESR) and liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection (2005)

Abstract Apitherapy has become the focus of attention as a form of folk and preventive medicine for treating certain conditions and diseases as well as promoting overall health and well‐being. In apitherapy, honey is the therapeutic agent used for dressing surgical wounds, burns or skin ulcers, as well as for dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, etc., because of its antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is important to determine the antioxidants in honey by analytical techniques. In the present study, the antioxidant activities of honeys from different floral sources were investigated by electron spin resonance (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and H 2 O 2 /NaOH/DMSO scavenging systems), liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection (LC‐ED), and liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). The antioxidant activities of some unifloral honeys (acacia, Chinese milk vetch, buckwheat and manuka) were evaluated using the radical scavenging systems. It was shown that DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly different among the honeys, with buckwheat and manuka honeys having significantly higher scavenging activity than acacia honey. In addition, only manuka honey had specific scavenging activity for superoxide anion radicals. The compound responsible for this activity in manuka honey was identified by LC‐ED and LC‐MS. Careful examination of the LC‐ED chromatographic patterns of manuka and other honey samples revealed a distinct peak in the chromatogram of manuka honey to be methyl syringate (MSYR). The radical scavenging activity of MSYR was specific for superoxide anion radicals, similar to the case of manuka honey. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Channel identification and tracking using alternating projections (2004)

In this paper an iterative method for semi-blind MIMO channel identification and tracking is presented. The method is based on results from information geometry; specifically, the alternating projections theorem first proved by Csiszar, which provides a rigorous iterative method for stochastic maximum likelihood estimation. It is demonstrated that the proposed method has similar performance compared to a recently reported method based on the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. In addition to having a complete analytical solution, the proposed algorithm avoids the complex multidimensional integrations usually found necessary in similar EM-type methods. The result is a much faster implementation.
[Hormonal regulation of lactation (author's transl)]. (1976)

Lactation is controlled by hormones from several endocrine glands. An undisturbed function of the anterior pituitary, of the adrenals, and of the ovaries is a prerequisite for a normal morphogenesis of the mammary gland. The epithelial ducts proliferative under the combined influence of estrogens, glucocorticoids and growth hormone, whereas the lobuloalveolar development depends on progesterone and prolactin in addition to the fore-mentioned hormones. During pregnancy pituitary prolactin may be substituted by placental lactogen. Milk synthesis begins in the second half of pregnancy. It is supported by prolactin and cortisol, which directly act on enzyme activities and processes of differentiation of the alveolar cells. The sudden surge in the secretion of milk after parturition is most likely due to the rapid decline of the serum levels of progesterone. The ejection of milk from the lactating mammary gland is controlled by a neuroendocrine reflex mechanism. Suckling is the appropriate stimulus for the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin increases intramammary pressure by inducing contraction of the myoepithelial cells and thus aids in expelling the milk from the mammary glands. Maintenance of normal postpartum lactation depends on frequent and intensive suckling. Suckling does not only stimulate the release of oxytocin, but also provokes secretion of prolactin and ACTH. This increase in prolactin caused by suckling guarantees galactopoesis. Influencing secretion of prolactin has been proven to be a useful tool for regulating lactation. The experimental ergot derivative 2-Brom-alpha-ergocryptine is a potent suppressor of prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary. In contrast to estrogens, alone or in combination with progestagens or androgens, this drug is not only effective in suppressing the onset of lactation, but also in inhibiting lactation once milk secretion had started. As to stimulating lactation in the human there is no effective drug available up to now.
The Enhanced Dissolution of β-Cyclodextrin in Some Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids (2009)

Beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) is difficult to dissolve in water and in many common solvents and searching for the proper solvents is the key step to expand its application. In this work, six kinds of hydrophilic ionic liquids 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3- methylimidazolium dicyanamide and 1-allyl-3-methyl-imidazolium dicyanamide have been prepared. The solubilities of beta-cyclodextrin in these ionic liquids have been determined in the temperature range from 333.2 to 363.2 K with 5 K intervals. The solution thermodynamic parameters of beta-cyclodextrin have been calculated from the solubility data. It was shown that solubility of beta-cyclodextrin was remarkable in ionic liquids, it was as high as 125.0 g in 100 g of [Amim][N(CN)(2)] at 348.2 K. The dissolution process was unfavorable thermodynamically and controlled by the enthalpic term. (1)H NMR and IR spectroscopic measurements were used to study the enhanced dissolution of beta-cyclodextrin in the ionic liquids. The results indicated that 1:1 inclusion complexes were formed between beta-cyclodextrin and imidazolium cations of the ionic liquids. The differences in the solubility of beta-cyclodextrin have been discussed from the interionic interaction between cation and anion of the ionic liquids and the inclusion interaction of the cations of the ionic liquids into the cavities of beta-cyclodextrin. The strength of the interionic interactions was found to be predominant for the dissolution of beta-cyclodextrin. It is expected that such information may find application in the molecular design of the stationary phases in gas chromatography.
Enhancement of All-Optical Cross Phase Modulation in InGaAs/AlAsSb Coupled Quantum Wells Using InAlAs Coupling Barriers (2008)

Ultrafast all-optical cross phase modulation (XPM) was enhanced in the InGaAs/AlAsSb coupled quantum wells using new InAlAs coupling barrier. Furthermore, a high XPM efficiency of 0.15 rad/pJ, which is approximately three times as large as that of a previous sample with the AlAs coupling barrier, was obtained by realizing the strong optical confinement in a narrower waveguide. From the analysis of the quantum levels and the measurement of the absorption spectra, the enhanced XPM efficiency was suggested to be contributed by the refractive index dispersion of the interband transition that was modulated by the intersubband transitions (ISBTs). This large XPM efficiency is expected to give a higher performance in Mach-Zehnder interferometer-type ultrafast all-optical switch.
Plasma treatment of polymers Effects of energy transfer from an argon plasma on the surface chemistry of poly(styrene), low density poly(ethylene), poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1997)

Argon plasma treatment followed by exposure to atmospheric oxygen has been used to introduce new carbon–oxygen functionalities to polymer surfaces. We report on the treatment of poly(styrene) (PS), low density poly(ethylene) (LDPE), poly(propylene) (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Argon plasma-treated polymer surfaces exhibit a ‘saturation’ level and a ‘stable’ level of oxygen incorporation. The former is the maximum amount of oxygen which can be introduced into the surface. The latter is the maximum level of oxygen incorporation at which the surface is stable to both washing with a polymer non-solvent, and ageing with time. PS exhibits the greatest level of stable oxygen incorporation followed by LDPE and PP. PET displays very little stable oxygen incorporation. ‘Stable’ surfaces are characterised by a high selectivity towards C–O functionalities (>70% for PS at O/C ratio=0.2). At least 40% of these functionalities have been shown to be hydroxy groups through chemical derivatisation. The O 1s/O 2s ratio has been used to highlight differences in modification depths between the hydrocarbon polymers. We think that the inert gas plasma treatment imparts reactivity to a surface through an energy transfer process. Our results are rationalised on the basis of the accepted mechanisms of cross-linking vs. chain scission for the polymers.
A New Fixed-Dose Combination for Added Blood Pressure Control: Telmisartan Plus Hydrochlorothiazide (2002)

Population surveys on hypertension management reveal worrying deficiencies in the awareness and treatment of high blood pressure. Many patients with hypertension will require two or more drugs with complementary mechanisms of action (which generally have additive effects, producing greater blood pressure reductions than either agent alone) to attain the blood pressure goals specified in internationally accepted guidelines. Nevertheless, physicians are often reluctant to prescribe multiple anti-hypertensive drugs due to concerns over side-effects, inconvenient dosing regimens and costs. Fixed-dose formulations combining two agents from different classes in a single tablet should help to allay these concerns. A fixed-dose combination containing telmisartan (an angiotensin II receptor blocker) and hydrochlorothiazide (a thiazide diuretic) has recently been developed. Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide provides additional anti-hypertensive efficacy compared with the respective monotherapies in a wide range of patients, including black patients, requires once-daily dosing, is cost-effective, well tolerated and is associated with less potassium depletion than hydrochlorothiazide administered alone.