gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Historical Rete networks for debugging rule-based systems (2002)

To debug a forward-chaining rule-based program, certain, historical, information is needed. System builders should be able to request such information directly, instead of having to rerun the program one step at a time or search a trace of run details. As a first step in designing an explanation system for answering such questions, a proposal is discussed for storing a forward-chaining program run's 'historical' details in its Rete inference network, used to match rule conditions to working memory, without seriously affecting the network's run-time performance. This proposed modified Rete network is called a historical Rete network. Various algorithms for maintaining this network are discussed, along with how it can be used to analyze what happened during a program run.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>tert</i>‐Alkylation of Ketones and Aldehydes (1978)

α-Alkylation of carbonyl compounds (1) via the corresponding base cannot be used for the introduction of tert-alkyl groups. This important CC coupling reaction has now been accomplished by a route involving (2), which is allowed to react with tert-alkyl chloride in the presence of TiCl4, FeCl3, or ZnCl2.
Purification, gene cloning, and sequence analysis of an L-isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase from Escherichia coli (1991)

Mammalian tissues contain protein carboxyl methyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to the free carboxyl groups of D-aspartyl or L-isoaspartyl residues (EC 2.1.1.77). These enzymes have been postulated to play a role in the repair and/or degradation of spontaneously damaged proteins. We have now characterized a similar activity from Escherichia coli that recognizes L-isoaspartyl-containing peptides as well as protein substrates such as ovalbumin. The enzyme was purified by DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, Sephadex G-100, polyaspartate, and reversed-phase chromatography and was shown to consist of a single 24-kDa polypeptide chain. The sequence determined for the N-terminal 39 residues was used to design an oligonucleotide probe that allowed the precise localization of its structural gene (pcm) on the physical map of the E. coli chromosome at 59 min. Transformation of E. coli cells with a plasmid containing DNA from this region results in a 3-4-fold overproduction of enzyme activity. The nucleotide sequence determined for the pcm gene and its flanking regions was used to deduce a mature amino acid sequence of 207 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 23,128. This sequence shows 30.8% sequence identity with the human L-isoaspartyl/D-aspartyl methyltransferase and suggests that this enzyme catalyzes a fundamental reaction in both procaryotic and eucaryotic cells.
Cationic Polymerization (1997)

The discovery of living carbocationic polymerization has rejuvenated the field of carbocationic polymerization by creating new opportunities for alkene polymer synthesis. This review discusses the key mechanistic elements of living carbocationic polymerization emphasizing control of the propagation equilibria and the initiation step. This review further shows how living processes have enabled the synthesis of new alkene based polymers that exhibit remarkable properties.
Long-Range Coherent OFDR With Light Source Phase Noise Compensation (2011)

Recent progress on novel long-range coherent optical frequency domain reflectometry is reviewed along with its applications to diagnosing problems with optical fiber cables. The measurement range of a conventional C-OFDR is limited to the coherence length of the laser used as the light source, since the phase noise of the laser degrades the sharpness of the beat spectrum. We have developed phase-noise-compensated optical frequency domain reflectometry (PNC-OFDR) to overcome this limitation by introducing a novel phase-noise compensation technique, and we achieved a very high-resolution measurement over the fiber link length. We describe the principle of PNC-OFDR and recent related developments, and discuss its use in diagnosing issues with fiber networks.
Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding baboon liver alcohol dehydrogenase: evidence for a common ancestral lineage with the human alcohol dehydrogenase beta subunit and for class I ADH gene duplications predating primate radiation. (1989)

The baboon has at least five alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) and has distinct liver and kidney class I isozymes. A rat liver class I ADH partial cDNA was used to screen a baboon liver cDNA library. A cDNA clone was isolated and sequenced and found to contain the entire coding region for baboon liver ADH, 12 nucleotides of the 5' noncoding region, and 256 nucleotides of the 3' noncoding region. The amino acid sequence deduced from this cDNA most closely resembles that of human liver ADH beta subunit (ADH-beta): 363 of 374 residues were identical. This suggested that baboon liver class I ADH is of the same ancestral lineage as the human ADH-beta. In contrast to human liver, only a single ADH-beta transcript is observed in baboon liver. A comparison of human and baboon ADH 3' noncoding regions suggests that a single nucleotide change in a polyadenylylation signal consensus sequence may, in part, be responsible for the generation of ADH-beta transcripts with variable-length 3' ends in human liver. A nucleotide substitution rate of 0.5 x 10(-9) substitutions per site per year for primate class I ADH genes was deduced from the data, which suggests that the alpha-beta gamma separation of human ADH genes occurred about 60 million years ago, and that primate class I ADH gene duplications predated primate radiation.
THE USE OF OVERGENERALIZATION AND TRANSFER LEARNING STRATEGIES BY ELEMENTARY AND INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS OF ESL<sup>1</sup> (1975)

An orally administered test requiring the written English translation of eighty Spanish sentences was administered to twenty native Spanish speaking students of English as a second language at the elementary and intermediate levels. A taxonomy of twenty error types was designed to analyze the errors in the Auxiliary (Aux) and Verb Phrase (VP) of the translations. The error types were categorized into errors of overgeneralization, transfer, translation, indeterminate origin, and errors not considered. The results indicated that the errors made by the elementary and intermediate students were not qualitatively different. However, the subjects' reliance on the stategies of overgeneralization and transfer was found to be qualitatively different. The elementary subjects' reliance on the transfer strategy was found to be significantly higher than that of the intermediate subjects; the intermediate subjects' reliance on the overgeneralization stategy was found to be significantly higher than that of the elementary subjects. These findings appear to be consistent with a theory which considers second language acquisition to be an actively creative process dependent upon a student's ability to assimilate and subsume new information into already existing cognitive structures. The overgeneralization and transfer learning strategies appear to be two distinctly different linguistic manifestations of one psychological process: reliance on prior learning to facilitate new learning. The results also tend to confirm the weakness of a transfer‐based theory of errors and require an explanation which takes into account not only interference from within the target language inself, but also the learner's cognitive characteristics and his resulting learning strategies.
Design of multishell sampling schemes with uniform coverage in diffusion MRI (2013)

We propose a novel method to design sampling schemes with optimal angular coverage and show the positive impact on angular resolution in diffusion MRI.
Bioleaching of Metals from Sewage Sludge by Sulfur‐Oxidizing Bacteria (1992)

Twenty‐three different sewage sludges were studied to adapt indigenous sulfur‐oxidizing microflora to solubilize a substantial part of trace metals from the sludges. The results showed that the oxidation of elemental sulfur into sulfuric acid with indigenous sludge thiobacilli causes a sludge acidification, lowering the pH below 2.0. This pH reduction solubilizes trace metals to a level compatible with recommended norms for agricultural use with the following metal solubilization efficiencies: Cd, 82±13%; Cr, 31±19%; Cu, 75±21%; Mn, 92±7%; Ni, 70±16%; Pb, 27±21%; and Zn, 85±10%. The adaptation of this microflora reduces the trace‐metal‐leaching period to 1.5 to five days, depending on the sludge used. The growth and metal‐leaching capacity of the adapted micro‐flora, which is a mixed culture of thiobacilli, was not significantly influenced by the sludge type (nondigested sludge, aerobically or anaerobically digested sludge) and by sludge total solids content.
Multiwavelength fiber-amplifier cascades for networks (2002)

Summary form only given. The advent of practical optical gain raises the prospect of lightwave networks with dazzling capacities, including large multiwavelength systems. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers can be arranged in large cascades that deliver strong, well-regulated light levels in single-wavelength networks. However, substantial new challenges arise in amplified multiwavelength networks. We survey means of solving them.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conformational changes in the molecular control of muscle contraction (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformational changes in the molecular control of muscle contractionYuji Tonomura, Shizuo Watanabe, and Manuel MoralesCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 5, 2171–2176Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00833a058https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00833a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views39Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lanthanide Ions for the First Non-Enzymatic Formation of Adenosine 3', 5'-Cyclic Monophosphate from Adenosine Triphosphate under Physiological Conditions1 (1994)

Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is formed from adenosine triphosphate at pH 8 and 50 degrees C by use of lanthanide ions. Pr3+ and La3+ are the most active. The cAMP formation is more efficient at higher pH, where the mixture is made homogeneous by the addition of beta-cyclodextrin. The potential functioning of lanthanide ions as the catalytic center of an artificial adenylate cyclase is indicated.
Acclimation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to Different Growth Irradiances (2011)

We report on the changes the photosynthetic apparatus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii undergoes upon acclimation to different light intensity. When grown in high light, cells had a faster growth rate and higher biomass production compared with low and control light conditions. However, cells acclimated to low light intensity are indeed able to produce more biomass per photon available as compared with high light-acclimated cells, which dissipate as heat a large part of light absorbed, thus reducing their photosynthetic efficiency. This dissipative state is strictly dependent on the accumulation of LhcSR3, a protein related to light-harvesting complexes, responsible for nonphotochemical quenching in microalgae. Other changes induced in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus upon high light acclimation consist of an increase of carotenoid content on a chlorophyll basis, particularly zeaxanthin, and a major down-regulation of light absorption capacity by decreasing the chlorophyll content per cell. Surprisingly, the antenna size of both photosystem I and II is not modulated by acclimation; rather, the regulation affects the PSI/PSII ratio. Major effects of the acclimation to low light consist of increased activity of state 1 and 2 transitions and increased contributions of cyclic electron flow.
Ketone esters increase brown fat in mice and overcome insulin resistance in other tissues in the rat (2013)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is classically activated by sympathetic nervous stimulation resulting from exposure to cold. Feeding a high-fat diet also induces development of brown fat, but is decreased by caloric restriction. Blood ketone bodies, which function as alternative energy substrates to glucose, are increased during caloric restriction. Here we discuss the unexpected observation that feeding an ester of ketone bodies to the mouse, which increases blood ketone body concentrations, results in an activation of brown fat. The mechanism of this activation of brown fat is similar to that occurring from cold exposure in that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels are increased as are levels of the transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, which is also increased by ketone ester feeding. Other effects of feeding ketone esters, in addition to their ability to induce brown fat, are discussed such as their ability to overcome certain aspects of insulin resistance and to ameliorate the accumulation of amyloid and phosphorylated tau protein in brain, and improve cognitive function, in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Preparation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Indium(III) Reagents by the Direct Insertion of Indium in the Presence of LiCl (2008)

Sensitive functional groups, including ketone, aldehyde, and ester groups, may be present in aryl indium reagents prepared in good to excellent yields by the treatment of aryl and heteroaryl iodides with indium powder in the presence of LiCl (see example). These functionalized organoindium(III) reagents readily undergo Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with functionalized aryl iodides, including those containing NH or OH groups. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z802292_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Deterioration of spinal reflex in beagles orally ingesting clioquinol. (1982)

Spinal reflex and neuromuscular functions were investigated in the beagles ingesting clioquinol over a long period. The twitch tension, the refractory period, the summation of contraction and the discharge of the muscle spindles of the gastrocnemius muscle were not significantly damaged in the treated beagles, whereas the response with long latency of the spinal reflex disappeared completely during the administration not in the control but in the treated dogs. The meanings of disappearance of the spinal reflex in the treated dogs are discussed in relation to the degenerative change in the fasciculus gracilis at the cervical level of the spinal cord.
The interaction between an impact-produced neutral gas cloud and the solar wind at the lunar surface (1974)

On April 15, 1970, the Apollo 13 S-IVB stage impacted the nighttime lunar surface approximately 140 km west of the Apollo 12 Alsep site and 410 km west of the dawn terminator. Beginning 20 s after impact the Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment and the Solar Wind Spectrometer observed a large flux of positive ions (maximum flux ∼3 × 108 ions/cm² s sr) and electrons. Two separate streams of ions were observed: a horizontal flux that appeared to be deflected solar wind ions and a smaller vertical flux of predominantly heavy ions (>10 amu), which probably were material vaporized from the S-IVB stage. An examination of the data shows that collisions between neutral molecules and hot electrons (50 eV) were probably an important ionization mechanism in the impact-produced neutral gas cloud. These electrons, which were detected by the Solar Wind Spectrometer, are thought to have been energized in a shock front or some form of intense interaction region between the cloud and the solar wind. Thus strong ionization and acceleration are seen under conditions approaching a collisionless state.
1-Tb/s (6 x 170.6 Gb/s) transmission over 2000-km NZDF using OTDM and RZ-DPSK format (2003)

We demonstrate six-channel 160-Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexed transmission over 20 100-km spans of nonzero-dispersion fiber, with a spectral efficiency of 0.53 b/s/Hz. We achieve this result using optical-time-division multiplexing with polarization bit interleaving and return-to-zero differential-phase-shift-keying modulation format. We also operate at 170.6 Gb/s per channel to emulate the use of forward error correction.
Photoreductive Removal of <i>O</i>-Benzyl Groups from Oxyarene <i>N</i>-Heterocycles Assisted by <i>O</i>-Pyridine–pyridone Tautomerism (2017)

Facile photoreductive protocols have been developed to remove benzyl O-protective groups from oxyarene N-heterocycles at positions capable for 2-/4-O-pyridine-2-/4-pyridone tautomerism. Blue light irradiation, a [Ru] or [Ir] photocatalyst, and ascorbic acid in a water-acetonitrile solution debenzylates a variety of aryl N-heterocycles cleanly and selectively. Ascorbic acid has two functions in the reaction. On the one hand, it protonates the N-heterocycles that reduces their reduction potentials notably and on the other hand it acts as a sacrificial reductant. Reduction potentials and free energy barriers calculated at the CPCM-B3LYP/6-31+G** level can predict the reactivities of the studied substrates.
Electrodeposition of iridium oxide charge injection electrodes (2003)

The electrodeposition of iridium oxide charge injection coatings for neural stimulation electrodes is described. The depositions were conducted from an aqueous IrCl/sub 4/ solution using gold substrates. The electrodeposited films exhibited growth rates and electrochemical behavior similar to AIROF. Charge storage capacities of 25 mC/cm/sup 2/ were readily attainable and the films tolerated ultrasonication in distilled water with only minor loss of capacity.
Dicopper(I) carbonyl tropocoronands. Preparation, structural characteristics, and reactivity of neutral binuclear copper-carbonyl macrocyclic compounds (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDicopper(I) carbonyl tropocoronands. Preparation, structural characteristics, and reactivity of neutral binuclear copper-carbonyl macrocyclic compoundsGilberto M. Villacorta and Stephen J. LippardCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 22, 3672–3676Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00269a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00269a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Algorithm 624: Triangulation and Interpolation at Arbitrarily Distributed Points in the Plane (1984)

This algorithm is a 1966 American National Standard FORTRAN implementation of the methods discussed in [1] and The software consists of a set of triangulation modules (which have application in problems other than interpolation) and a set of interpolation modules that require the triangulation routines. The triangulation software constructs a Thiessen triangulatiofi of a set of N nodes (x,, y,), i = 1 ..... N, arbitrarily distributed in the x-y plane. Only 7N storage locations are required to represent the triangulation and the software provides the capability of updating the data structure with the addition of a new node. Given data values z, associated with the nodes, the interpolation problem is to construct a C 1 function F such that F(x,, y,) --z, for i = 1 ..... N.
Three‐Dimensional Printing with Biomass‐Derived PEF for Carbon‐Neutral Manufacturing (2017)

Biomass-derived poly(ethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) has been used for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. A complete cycle from cellulose to the printed object has been performed. The printed PEF objects created in the present study show higher chemical resistance than objects printed with commonly available materials (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG)). The studied PEF polymer has shown key advantages for 3D printing: optimal adhesion, thermoplasticity, lack of delamination and low heat shrinkage. The high thermal stability of PEF and relatively low temperature that is necessary for extrusion are optimal for recycling printed objects and minimizing waste. Several successive cycles of 3D printing and recycling were successfully shown. The suggested approach for extending additive manufacturing to carbon-neutral materials opens a new direction in the field of sustainable development.
Linkage of tobiano coat spotting and albumin markers in a pony family (1978)

Genetic segregation patterns among blood type markers and various phenotypically observed traits were studied in a small herd of ponies. The herd consisted of 10 mares without white spotting and a single stallion with the dominant pattern of tobiano spotting. Comparison of segregation patterns at loci for which the stallion was heterozygous showed tight linkage for the Alb-B and tobiano markers. In 17 cases in which the Alb contribution of the sire could be determined, all 10 foals that inherited AlbB from him were tobiano spotted, and all 7 non-spotted foals inherited his AlbA. The use of the symbol To is proposed for dominantly inherited tobiano spotting linked to the albumin.
FIR filter optimisation as pre-emphasis of high-speed backplane data transmission (2004)

An FIR filter as pre-emphasis has been used to counteract intersymbol interference (ISI) in high-speed backplane data transmission. A MATLAB program has been developed for optimisation of the FIR filter under LMS criterion. Both a symbol-spaced FIR (SSF) filter and fractionally spaced FIR (FSF) filter are comparatively studied. The determination of tap number and preference of FSF to SSF are discussed.