gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new fourier descriptor applicable to open curves (1984)

Abstract Fourier descriptors are known to be used for describing planner curves in frequency domain. the traditional Fourier descriptors proposed by Zahn and Roskies, and Granlund have the following disadvantages: 1° it is difficult to apply them to open curves; and 2° the end‐points of a reproduced curve from the low‐frequency part of the descriptors do not necessarily coincide with the end‐points of an original curve. the present paper proposes a new Fourier descriptor that does not have these disadvantages and is obtained by expanding in Fourier series the complex‐valued exponential function of the total curvature function of a curve. the proposed descriptor is applicable not only to closed curves but also to open curves, and the end‐points of its reproduced curve always coincide with those of the original curve. the descriptor is invariant under the translation and dilation of a curve. the descriptor of a rotated or reflected curve has simple relations to that of the original curve. Furthermore, the reproduced curve from the low‐frequency part is a good approximation to the original curve in visual sense, and so the information of pattern classes concentrates in its low‐frequency part. In this sense, the proposed descriptor may be used to good advantage in pattern recognition. the abovementioned was verified theoretically and/or experimentally.
3-inch single-crystal LiTaO <sub>3</sub> films onto metallic electrode using Smart Cut <sup>TM</sup> technology (2008)

The Smart CutTM technology has been used for LiTaO3 layer transfer. A 3-inch full wafer single-crystal LiTaO3 layer onto a carrier wafer comprising a metallic electrode is reported.
A language for generating HL7 reformatting programs (2002)

Describes the design of a language for automatically generating programs to reformat HL7 messages. The clinical information system (CIS) at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC) uses HL7 as a standard for data interchange. Collecting data from several different ancillaries necessitates reformatting the information to provide a uniform data representation for the CIS. We developed a system that automatically generates HL7 reformatters given a specification of operations that need to be performed on the third-party messages. This automatic generation significantly reduces the development time; we expect it to have a major impact on the maintenance of these programs as well.
The route toward a diode-pumped 1-W erbium 3-/spl mu/m fiber laser (1997)

A rate-equation analysis of the erbium 3-/spl mu/m ZBLAN fiber laser is performed. The computer calculation includes the longitudinal spatial resolution of the host material. It considers ground-state bleaching, excited-state absorption (ESA), interionic processes, lifetime quenching by co-doping, and stimulated emission at 2.7 /spl mu/m and 850 mn. State-of-the-art technology including double-clad diode pumping is assumed in the calculation. Pump ESA is identified as the major problem of this laser. With high Er/sup 3+/ concentration, suitable Pr/sup 3+/ co-doping, and low pump density, ESA is avoided and a diode-pumped erbium 3-/spl mu/m ZBLAN laser is predicted which is capable of emitting a transversely single-mode output power of 1.0 W when pumped with 7-W incident power at 800 nm. The corresponding output intensity which is relevant for surgical applications will be in the range of 1.8 MW/cm/sup 2/. Compared to Ti:sapphire-pumped cascade-lasing regimes, the proposed approach represents a strong decrease of the requirements on mirror coatings, cavity alignment, and especially pump intensity. Of the possible drawbacks investigated in the simulation, only insufficient lifetime quenching is found to have a significant influence on laser performance.
Collagenase Immunolocalization in Cultures of Rheumatoid Synovial Cells (1978)

Cultures of rheumatoid synovial cells that have been enzymatically dissociated and are adherent to a culture vessel are morphologically heterogeneous. When these cells are cultured on a collagenous substrate for 2 to 6 days at 37 degrees C in serum-free medium, they produce collagenase. A monospecific antibody to human collagenase has localized the enzyme extracellularly around cytoplasmic extensions of dendritic cells and intracellularly within a few macrophage-like and fibroblast-like cells.
Terahertz emitters and detectors based on carbon nanotubes (2006)

We formulate and justify several proposals utilizing the unique electronic properties of different types of carbon nanotubes in a broad range of applications to THz optoelectronics, including THz generation by hot electrons in quasi-metallic nanotubes, frequency multiplication in chiral-nanotube-based superlattices controlled by a transverse electric field, and THz radiation detection by armchair nanotubes in strong magnetic fields.
Color stereoscopic images requiring only one color image (2007)

Utilizing remote color stereoscopic scenes typically requires the acquisition, transmission, and processing of two color images. However, the amount of information transmitted and processed is large, compared to either monocular images or monochrome stereo images. Existing approaches to this challenge focus on compression and optimization. This paper introduces an innovative complementary approach to the presentation of a color stereoscopic scene, specialized for human perception. It relies on the hypothesis that a stereo pair consisting of one monochromatic image and one color image (a MIX stereo pair) will be perceived by a human observer as a 3-D color scene. Taking advantage of color redundancy, this presentation of a monochromatic-color pair allows for a drastic reduction in the required bandwidth, even before any compression method is employed. Herein we describe controlled psychophysical experiments on up to 15 subjects. These experiments tested both color and depth perception using various combinations of color and monochromatic images. The results show that subjects perceived 3-D color images even when they were presented with only one color image in a stereoscopic pair, with no depth perception degradation and only limited color degradation. This confirms the hypothesis and validates the new approach.
Sebaceous gland lipids (2009)

The principal activity of mature sebaceous glands is producing and secreting sebum, which is a complex mixture of lipids. Sebum composition is different among species and this difference is probably due to the function that sebum has to absolve. In human sebum there are unique lipids, such as squalene and wax esters not found anywhere else in the body nor among the epidermal surface lipids. Moreover, they correspond to major components supplying the skin with protection. However, the ultimate role of human sebum, as well the metabolic pathways regulating its composition and secretion rate, are far from a complete understanding. Increased sebum secretion is considered, among all features, the major one involved in the pathophysiology of acne. Along with increased sebum secretion rate, quali- and quantitative modifications of sebum are likely to occur in this pathology. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that regulate sebum production is needed in order to identify new targets that can be addressed to achieve a selective modulation of lipid biosynthesis as a novel therapeutic strategy to correct lipid disregulations in acne and other disorders of the pilosebaceous unit.
MMSE equalization of interference on fading diversity channels (1981)

Adaptive equalization is used in digital transmission systems with parallel fading channels. The equalization combines the diversity channels and reduces intersymbol interference due to multipath returns. When interference is present and correlated from channel to channel, the equalizer can also reduce its effect on the quality of information transfer, important applications for interference cancellation occur in diversity troposcatter systems in the presence of jamming, diversity high frequency (HF) systems which must cope with interfering skywaves, and space diversity line-of-sight (LOS) radio systems where adjacent channel interference is a problem. In this paper we develop the general formulation for minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization of interference in digital transmission diversity systems. The problem formulation includes the use of available receiver decisions to assist in MMSE processing. The effects of intersymhol interference are included in the analysis through a critical approximation which assumes sufficient processor capability to reduce ISI effects to levels small enough for satisfactory communication. The analysis also develops he concept of additional implicit or intrinsic diversity which results from channel multipath dispersion. It shows how the MMSE processor sacrifices diversity to suppress interference even when the interference arrives in the main beams of the receiver antenna patterns. The condition of near synchronous same-path interference is also addressed. Because the spatial angle of arrival of the interference may result in delay differences between interference signals in different antenna channels, interference delay compensation may be required. We show that this effect is compensated for with a small number of appropriately spaced equalizer taps.
Exploring Adaptor Grammars for Native Language Identification (2012)

The task of inferring the native language of an author based on texts written in a second language has generally been tackled as a classification problem, typically using as features a mix of n-grams over characters and part of speech tags (for small and fixed n) and unigram function words. To capture arbitrarily long n-grams that syntax-based approaches have suggested are useful, adaptor grammars have some promise. In this work we investigate their extension to identifying n-gram collocations of arbitrary length over a mix of PoS tags and words, using both maxent and induced syntactic language model approaches to classification. After presenting a new, simple baseline, we show that learned collocations used as features in a maxent model perform better still, but that the story is more mixed for the syntactic language model.
Urease activity does not contribute dramatically to persistence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (1996)

Multiplication of BCGure-, an isogenic urease-negative mutant of Mycobacterium bovis BCG constructed by allelic exchange (J. M. Reyrat, F. X. Berthet, and B. Gicquel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8768-8772, 1995), was examined in human macrophages and mice. Although ureolytic activity was not essential to BCGure-growth, a slight decrease in the multiplication and persistence of the mutated strain compared with wild-type BCG was observed in lungs of infected mice.
Acquired Immunity to Malaria (2009)

Naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malaria protects millions of people routinely exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection from severe disease and death. There is no clear concept about how this protection works. There is no general agreement about the rate of onset of acquired immunity or what constitutes the key determinants of protection; much less is there a consensus regarding the mechanism(s) of protection. This review summarizes what is understood about naturally acquired and experimentally induced immunity against malaria with the help of evolving insights provided by biotechnology and places these insights in the context of historical, clinical, and epidemiological observations. We advocate that naturally acquired immunity should be appreciated as being virtually 100% effective against severe disease and death among heavily exposed adults. Even the immunity that occurs in exposed infants may exceed 90% effectiveness. The induction of an adult-like immune status among high-risk infants in sub-Saharan Africa would greatly diminish disease and death caused by P. falciparum. The mechanism of naturally acquired immunity that occurs among adults living in areas of hyper- to holoendemicity should be understood with a view toward duplicating such protection in infants and young children in areas of endemicity.
Characteristics of the adhesive determinants of Lactobacillus fermentum 104 (1991)

The adhesion of Lactobacillus fermentum 104-R and the variant strain 104-S to porcine gastric squamous epithelium was investigated. An epithelium-specific adhesion was detected for strain 104-S; however, strain 104-R expressed enhanced adhesion capacity to the control surfaces of polystyrene and bovine serum albumin. To characterize the adhesive determinants, the bacterial cells were exposed to various treatments. The adhesion pattern of bacterial cells in buffers of pH values ranging from 2 to 7 was determined. The adhesion of strain 104-S to epithelium was greater in a buffer with a higher pH value. On the other hand, adhesion of strain 104-R to the epithelium was rather unaffected by a change in pH. To the control surfaces of polystyrene or bovine serum albumin, the adhesion of both strains was greatest at pH 2 to 4. Treatment of strain 104-S with metaperiodate did not affect the adhesion to epithelium or polystyrene; however, protease treatment dramatically decreased the adhesion of both strains, thus suggesting that the determinants responsible for the adhesion were proteinaceous. Carbohydrates may be partially involved in the adhesion of 104-R because metaperiodate-treated cells adhered more poorly than control, iodate-treated cells. The adhesion-promoting components are most probably tightly bound to the cell wall, because washing with low-pH buffer (pH 1.2) or sodium dodecyl sulfate had no major effect on the adhesion.
Silicon Nitride ARC Thin Films by New Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Source Technology (2008)

Hydrogenated silicon nitride thin films are an important technology for improving the efficiency and economics of crystalline silicon solar cells. Our group at General Plasma has developed an innovative new plasma technology for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of hydrogenated silicon nitride. This PECVD technology overcomes problems with electrode coating, poor uniformity and slow deposition rates associated with other PECVD platforms. The uniformity of deposited silicon nitride using our PECVD technology is +/- 3% over substrate widths exceeding 1 meter which is ideal for economical production of crystalline solar cells. In addition to uniform deposition over large area, our PECVD technology enables the control of refractive index, hydrogen bond density and Si-N bond density which are important for passivating defects as well as optical matching to n-type emitters of crystalline silicon solar cells [1] . In this work, we present an overview of the plasma source and thin film analysis of hydrogenated silicon nitride thin films that include FTIR, SIMS and UV-VIS-IR spectroscopic data and dielectric properties. The Resonant Coupled Photoconductivity Decay (RCPCD) technique is used to correlate carrier recombination lifetime to these properties [2].
Vaccines: All Things Considered (2006)

This minireview is based on the diverse discussions of vaccine development presented during the GTCBIO Third Annual Conference on Vaccines: All Things Considered (3 to 4 November 2005, Arlington, Va.). As the name implies, the meeting provided an excellent overview of the concepts and concerns for
<scp>pH</scp> in nature, humans and skin (2018)

The pH plays an important physiological role in nature and humans. pH varies from 1 to 8 in human organs with tight regulation in blood and epithelia of barrier organs. The physiological pH of the stratum corneum is 4.1-5.8 and several mechanisms contribute to its formation: filaggrin degradation, fatty acid content, sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) activation and melanosome release. First, the acidic pH of the stratum corneum was considered to present an antimicrobial barrier preventing colonization (e.g. by Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia). Later on, it was found that the pH influences skin barrier function, lipid synthesis and aggregation, epidermal differentiation and desquamation. Enzymes of ceramide metabolism (e.g. β-glucocerebrosidase or acid sphingomyelinase) as well as proteases (e.g. chymotryptic enzyme or cathepsin D linked to epidermal differentiation and desquamation) are regulated by the pH. Experimental disruption of the physical barrier leads to an increase of pH, returning to normal levels only after many hours. Inflammatory skin diseases and diseases with an involvement of the epidermis exhibit a disturbed skin barrier and an increased pH. This is known for atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, rosacea and acne, but also for aged and dry skin. Normalizing the pH by acidification through topical treatment helps to establish a physiological microbiota, to repair skin barrier, to induce epidermal differentiation and to reduce inflammation.
Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes allow adaptation of mitochondrial metabolism to glucose availability in the liver (2016)

Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) play a key role in mitochondrial dynamics and function and in hepatic insulin action. Whereas mitochondria are important regulators of energy metabolism, the nutritional regulation of MAM in the liver and its role in the adaptation of mitochondria physiology to nutrient availability are unknown. In this study, we found that the fasted to postprandial transition reduced the number of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact points in mouse liver. Screening of potential hormonal/metabolic signals revealed glucose as the main nutritional regulator of hepatic MAM integrity both in vitro and in vivo Glucose reduced organelle interactions through the pentose phosphate-protein phosphatase 2A (PP-PP2A) pathway, induced mitochondria fission, and impaired respiration. Blocking MAM reduction counteracted glucose-induced mitochondrial alterations. Furthermore, disruption of MAM integrity mimicked effects of glucose on mitochondria dynamics and function. This glucose-sensing system is deficient in the liver of insulin-resistant ob/ob and cyclophilin D-KO mice, both characterized by chronic disruption of MAM integrity, mitochondrial fission, and altered mitochondrial respiration. These data indicate that MAM contribute to the hepatic glucose-sensing system, allowing regulation of mitochondria dynamics and function during nutritional transition. Chronic disruption of MAM may participate in hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction associated with insulin resistance.
Does Fast Dissociation From the Dopamine D<sub>2</sub>Receptor Explain the Action of Atypical Antipsychotics?: A New Hypothesis (2001)

The authors propose that fast dissociation from the D(2) receptor makes an antipsychotic more accommodating of physiological dopamine transmission, permitting an antipsychotic effect without motor side effects, prolactin elevation, or secondary negative symptoms. In contrast to the multireceptor hypotheses, the authors predict that the atypical antipsychotic effect can be produced by appropriate modulation of the D(2) receptor alone; the blockade of other receptors is neither necessary nor sufficient.
Bimetallic Calcium and Zinc Complexes with Bridged β-Diketiminate Ligands: Investigations on Epoxide/CO<sub>2</sub> Copolymerization (2008)

A series of dinucleating bis(β-diketiminate) ligands with rigid bridges has been prepared. In all cases the β-diketiminate unit is 2,6-iPr2C6H3NC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N-(bridge), and the bridges are either para-phenylene, meta-phenylene or 2, 6-pyridylene (the dinucleating ligands are abbreviated as PARA-H2, META-H2 and PYR-H2, respectively). These ligands have been converted to heteroleptic bimetallic calcium and zinc complexes. For calcium, only the PARA-phenylene bridged ligand led to a heteroleptic bimetallic calcium amide complex PARA-[CaN(SiMe3)2·THF]2. For the other ligands, homoleptic complexes have been isolated: META-Ca and PYR-Ca. For zinc, the whole range of heteroleptic amides could be isolated: PARA-[ZnN(SiMe3)2]2, META-[ZnN(SiMe3)2]2, and PYR-[ZnN(SiMe3)2]2. Analogue ethylzinc complexes have been prepared in quantitative yields: PARA-(ZnEt)2, META-(ZnEt)2, and PYR-(ZnEt)2. Reactions of the ethylzinc complexes with SO2 gave access to the ethylsulfinate complexes META-(ZnO2SEt)2 and PYR-(ZnO2SEt)2; for the para-phenylene bridged ligand no products could be isolated. Crystal structures of the following complexes are presented: (META-Ca)2, PARA-[CaN(SiMe3)2·THF]2, PARA-[ZnN(SiMe3)2]2, META-[ZnN(SiMe3)2]2, PYR-(ZnEt)2, and PYR-(ZnO2SEt)2. All heteroleptic complexes have been tested for activity in the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2. The bimetallic complex PARA-[CaN(SiMe3)2·THF]2 is not active. For zinc, the PARA and META complexes were found to be active under highly concentrated conditions (Zn/CHO ratio of 1/1000; no solvent), but no significant polymer yields could be achieved with PYR complexes. This is either due to conformational changes of the complex or to coordination of the pyridylene N atom to the catalytic centers. The order of activity found in the bimetallic zinc complexes is META > PARA. This is likely due to a more advantageous Zn···Zn distance in the meta-phenylene bridged bimetallic catalysts. There are several indications for bimetallic action. First of all, the ethylzinc systems PARA-(ZnEt)2 and META-(ZnEt)2 initiate CHO/CO2 copolymerization, whereas monometallic ethylzinc catalysts are not reactive. Second, the bimetallic zinc catalysts are also highly active under diluted conditions: a low metal/CHO ratio of 1/3000 gave high-MW polymers (Mn > 100.000, PDI = 1.33) with essentially only carbonate linkages. In contrast, monometallic systems show a drastic loss of activity upon dilution. Finally, the bimetallic catalyst META-[ZnN(SiMe3)2]2 shows a significantly higher activity than a comparable monometallic model system.
Parallelization of decision tree algorithm and its performance evaluation (2000)

Data mining is a typical application of high performance computing in the business field. An efficient data mining system which can deal with huge amount of data is desired. This paper describes the parallel processing of decision tree which is a typical algorithm for classification of large database. A free software C4.5 is parallelized for SMP machine using thread library. Parallelism in generating a decision tree can be classified into intra-node parallelism and inter-node parallelism. Intra-node parallelism can be further classified into record parallelism, attribute parallelism, and their combination. We have implemented these four kinds of parallelizing methods, and evaluated their effects with four kinds of test data. The result shows that there is a relation between the characteristics of data and the parallelizing methods, and combination of multiple parallelizing methods is the most effective one.
Testing for Coccidioidomycosis among Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (2008)

Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in disease-endemic areas. Because testing rates influence interpretation of reportable-disease data and quality of CAP patient care, we determined the proportion of CAP patients who were tested for Coccidioides spp., identified testing predictors, and determined the proportion of tested patients who had positive coccidioidomycosis results. Cohort studies to determine the proportion of ambulatory CAP patients who were tested in 2 healthcare systems in metropolitan Phoenix found testing rates of 2% and 13%. A case-control study identified significant predictors of testing to be age >/=18 years, rash, chest pain, and symptoms for >/=14 days. Serologic testing confirmed coccidioidomycosis in 9 (15%) of 60 tested patients, suggesting that the proportion of CAP caused by coccidioidomycosis was substantial. However, because Coccidioides spp. testing among CAP patients was infrequent, reportable-disease data, which rely on positive diagnostic test results, greatly underestimate the true disease prevalence.