gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Volumetric velocimetry for fluid flows (2018)

In recent years, several techniques have been introduced that are capable of extracting 3D three-component velocity fields in fluid flows. Fast-paced developments in both hardware and processing algorithms have generated a diverse set of methods, with a growing range of applications in flow diagnostics. This has been further enriched by the increasingly marked trend of hybridization, in which the differences between techniques are fading. In this review, we carry out a survey of the prominent methods, including optical techniques and approaches based on medical imaging. An overview of each is given with an example of an application from the literature, while focusing on their respective strengths and challenges. A framework for the evaluation of velocimetry performance in terms of dynamic spatial range is discussed, along with technological trends and emerging strategies to exploit 3D data. While critical challenges still exist, these observations highlight how volumetric techniques are transforming experimental fluid mechanics, and that the possibilities they offer have just begun to be explored.
Measurement of Head Angular Acceleration in Crash Tests: Development of an Electronic Device for the Hybrid III Dummy (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new approach has been developed to facilitate the measurement of head angular acceleration in automobile crash tests. It consists of two parts: an array of 12 linear accelerometers mounted in a Hybrid III dummy head and an electronic signal processor mounted on the dummy spine. The accelerometer outputs are led to conventional data acquisition equipment and also to the signal processor which digitizes the raw acceleration signals, stores them, and computes the 3-D angular acceleration. This acceleration and the 3-D linear acceleration of the head c.g. are available in real time or post test. The equipment has been evaluated on a mini-sled, with various configurations of head loading and kinematics, and also in Hyge sled tests performed at 40 km/h with a 3 point belted Hybrid III dummy. The angular accelerations returned by the signal processor in both test settings corresponded closely to those computed off-line from the raw data.</div>
Perspective Analysis for Online Debates (2012)

Internet and social media devices created a new public space for online debate on political and social topics. A debate is defined as a formal discussion on a set of related topics in a public meeting, in which opposing perspectives and arguments are put forward. In this paper, we develop automated perspective discovery techniques which would contribute to the understanding of features (i.e. social, political, cultural, religious beliefs, goals, and practices) shared by each side of the debate. Secondly, we show that, compared to a semi-automated process, our perspective discovery algorithms not only identify larger number of relevant features, but they also yield a higher accuracy scaling of moderate to extreme organizations on both sides of a debate.
Fast estimation of transverse fields in high-finesse optical cavities (1997)

Optical cavities with imperfect geometries have resonant transverse field modes whose spatial descriptions usually deviate from known mathematical functions. Numerical methods are therefore used to approximate the fields inside the cavities, and one method is reviewed that is in current use by groups designing large interferometric systems for gravitational wave detection. The method suffers from a large increase in computational time as the finesse of the cavity is increased. A modified method is presented that cuts down the computational time significantly (by factors of 10–100 in the cases considered) without affecting the accuracy of the results.
Sampling and mass spectrometric analytical methods for five antineoplastic drugs in the healthcare environment (2010)

The sampling and analytical methods were suitable for determining worker exposure to antineoplastics via surface and breathing zone contamination in projected surveys of healthcare settings.
Deficient production of lysyi oxidase in cultures of malignantly transformed human cells (1986)

Lysyl oxidase activity in the culture medium of eight malignantly transformed human cell lines was very low compared with that in four control fibroblast lines, being 9-16% in five sarcoma cell lines and 7-11% in three other tumour cell lines. The low enzyme activity was probably due to deficient enzyme synthesis rather than impaired secretion into the cell medium, as low activity was also found in urea extracts of the cell pellets. Lysyl oxidase production thus appears to be closely regulated with deficient collagen gene expression in malignant transformation.
Relative Diversity Indices (1975)

Diversity indices are frequently applied in the form of ratios of absolute diversity to the maximum diversity possible. Regardless of whether the maximum diversity is defined to be limited by the number of species or by the number of individuals present, the resultant indices can be shown to possess mathematically undesirable qualities. All such indices, including equitability as measured by Pilou's J and J', Lloyd and Ghelardi's ratios, redundancy, and the scaled diversity formulations of Fager, are inappropriate for most ecological applications.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Stimulated Actin Reorganization and Migration of Endothelial Cells Is Regulated via the Serine/Threonine Kinase Akt (2000)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and actin reorganization, all necessary components of an angiogenic response. However, the distinct signal transduction mechanisms leading to each angiogenic phenotype are not known. In this study, we examined the ability of VEGF to stimulate cell migration and actin rearrangement in microvascular endothelial cells infected with adenoviruses encoding beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), activation-deficient Akt (AA-Akt), or constitutively active Akt (myr-Akt). VEGF increased cell migration in cells transduced with beta-gal, whereas AA-Akt blocked VEGF-induced cell locomotion. Interestingly, myr-Akt transduction of bovine lung microvascular endothelial cells stimulated cytokinesis in the absence of VEGF, suggesting that constitutively active Akt, per se, can initiate the process of cell migration. Treatment of beta-gal-infected endothelial cells with an inhibitor of NO synthesis blocked VEGF-induced migration but did not influence migration initiated by myr-Akt. In addition, VEGF stimulated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton into stress fibers, a response abrogated by infection with dominant-negative Akt, whereas transduction with myr-Akt alone caused profound reorganization of F-actin. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Akt is critically involved in endothelial cell signal transduction mechanisms leading to migration and that the Akt/endothelial NO synthase pathway is necessary for VEGF-stimulated cell migration.
Molecular Cloning, Sequencing, Expression, and Characterization of an Immunogenic 43-Kilodalton Lipoprotein of <i>Bartonella bacilliformis</i> That Has Homology to NlpD/LppB (2000)

A recombinant clone expressing an immunoreactive antigen of Bartonella bacilliformis was isolated by screening a genomic DNA library with serum from a patient with the chronic verruga phase of bartonellosis. The clone, pBIPIM-17, contained a partial open reading frame that expressed an immunoreactive fusion protein. Subsequent rescreening of the library by plaque hybridization resulted in the isolation of recombinant clones that contain the entire open reading frame. The open reading frame (ORF-401) is capable of encoding a protein of 401 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 43 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded protein was found to be highly homologous to a recently identified bacterial lipoprotein (LppB/NlpD) which has been associated with virulence. Evidence has been provided to show that the 43-kDa antigen of B. bacilliformis is a lipoprotein and that it is likely to use the same biosynthetic pathway as other bacterial lipoproteins. This is the first report to date that characterizes a lipoprotein of B. bacilliformis. The immunogenicity of the B. bacilliformis LppB homologue was demonstrated by Western blot analysis using sera from patients with clinical bartonellosis. Sera from patients who had a high titer for Bartonella henselae, the causative agent of bacillary angiomatosis and cat scratch disease, also recognized the recombinant 43-kDa antigen, suggesting that a homologue of this antigen is present in B. henselae. Using a cocktail of synthetic peptides corresponding to predicted major antigenic sites, polyclonal antiserum specific for the LppB homologue of B. bacilliformis was generated. This antiserum did not recognize the NlpD homologue of Escherichia coli or the 43-kDa antigen of B. henselae.
AN IMPROVED ELECTROSTATIC ELECTRON SELECTOR (1960)

A cylindrical electrostatic electron selector is described which provides a 10 −7 ampere beam of electrons whose energy may be varied from 0 to 50 ev and whose energy spread is less than 100 mv. Space-charge problems involved in the construction of the device were overcome by the use of grids for focusing electrodes with exterior electron traps, and a non-reflecting surface for electrons made from a network of tiny tubes. The selector is provided with an energy analyzer. When used to determine the appearance potential curve of argon, the selector resolved the 2P 3/2 and 2P 1/2 states separated by 0.18 ev, and indicated the formation of [Formula: see text] at an energy of 0.8 ev below the threshold for A + .
Stereoselective Addition of Organotitanium Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds (1985)

Abstract Titanation of alkyllithium or ‐magnesium compounds using ClTi(OR) 3 results in reagents which show markedly increased diastereofacial selectivity (80–90%) in reactions with α‐chiral aldehydes or ketones. Titanation is also the method of choice in Grignard‐type additions to substituted cyclohexanones; CH 3 Ti(OCHMe 2 ) 3 ( 6a ) adds predominantly from the equatorial direction, while allyltitanium reagents 11b and 12 show axial preference. Crotyltitanium compounds react with carbonyl compounds to afford primarily adducts having anti ‐configuration, a process which is of particular value in case of ketones ( anti/syn ratios up to 99:1). Titanation of (trimethylsilyl)allyllithium ( 48 ) with Ti(OCHMe 2 ) 4 reverses regioselectivity in reactions with aldehydes and ketones, β‐hydroxy silanes 50 being the only observed products. These have anti ‐configuration and can be converted either into Z ‐ or E ‐dienes using the Peterson elimination under basic or acidic conditions, respectively.
Identification of non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoid (F2-isoprostane) metabolites in human urine and plasma. (1993)

Free radicals are thought to play an important role in many types of tissue injury. Recently, we reported that a series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds (F2-isoprostanes) capable of exerting potent biological activity are produced in vivo by free radical-induced lipid peroxidation. Their formation is independent of the cyclooxygenase enzyme and has been shown to increase profoundly in animal models of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation. We now report the identification of F-ring isoprostane metabolites in human urine and plasma utilizing a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay for the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin D2 (9 alpha,11 beta-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3, 18,19-tetranorprost-5-ene-1,20-dioic acid). Evidence confirming these metabolites as tetranor, dicarboxylic acid compounds containing one double bond, cis-cyclopentane ring hydroxyls, and one keto group similar in structure to the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin D2 was obtained by analysis of human urine by electron ionization mass spectrometry. Levels of these metabolites in normal human urine were determined and found to be unaffected by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Evidence that these metabolites arise from F2-isoprostanes was obtained by demonstrating that (a) marked increases in plasma levels and urinary excretion of these metabolites, which were unaffected by coadministration of indomethacin, occurred in rats administered CCl4 to induce F2-isoprostane formation and (b) marked increases in levels of these metabolites in plasma and urine resulted from the intravenous infusion of F2-isoprostanes into a rat. Quantification of these isoprostane metabolites in urine and plasma may provide a reliable index of endogenous isoprostane production which could prove to be an important advance in our ability to assess oxidant stress in vivo in humans.
A convenient synthesis of diaminoglyoxime and diaminofurazan: Useful precursors for the synthesis of high density energetic materials (1995)

Abstract The reaction of glyoxime ( 4 ) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in aqueous sodium hydroxide was found to be a safe and inexpensive method for the preparation of multigram quantities of diaminoglyoxime ( 5 ). Potassium hydroxide mediated dehydration of 5 furnished diaminofurazan ( 1 ) in good yield of exceptional purity. The ready availability of 1 and 5 has facilitated the synthesis of new energetic furazan derivative 8 .
CO Tolerance of Pt alloy electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells and the detoxification mechanism (2001)

The electrocatalytic activity for H2 oxidation in the presence of 100 ppm CO has been investigated on a series of binary Pt alloy electrocatalysts with non-precious metals of various compositions. Regardless of the composition, Pt–Fe, Pt–Ni, Pt–Co and Pt–Mo alloys have been found to exhibit excellent CO tolerance in H2 oxidation, similar to that of the Pt–Ru alloy. At these CO-tolerant electrodes, the equilibrium coverage of CO was suppressed to values less than ca. 0.6. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data, it was found that the surfaces of all non-precious metal alloys are composed of a thin Pt layer with an electronic structure different from that of pure Pt, indicating an increased 5d vacancy of Pt in the layers of the CO-tolerant alloys. The CO coverage, particularly with multi-bonding, was lowered due to decreased electron donation from the Pt band to the 2π* orbital of CO. A weakening of bond strength between the Pt skin layer and CO was also indicated by in situ FTIR, suggesting that the H2 oxidation sites are not blocked by CO due to its enhanced mobility. Thus, the mechanism of CO tolerance described above at the Pt skin on alloy surfaces is proposed as a “detoxification mechanism”.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 5′-AMINO-NUCLEOSIDES AND THEIR PHOSPHORAMIDATE DERIVATIVES (1976)

Abstract The reaction of nucleoside azides with trimethylsilyl phosphites is described. By use of the reaction, amino-nucleosides were obtained in high yields. The reaction can be also applied to the synthesis of dinucleoside phosphoramidate and nucleoside cyclic phosphoramidate.
New figure of merit for transparent conductors (1976)

A figure of merit for transparent electrode materials has been defined by φTC=T10/Rs, where T is the optical transmission and Rs is the electrical sheet resistance. Expressions are derived to predict the transparent electrode properties of a material from its fundamental electrical and optical constants. The performance of thin metal films is compared to semiconducting oxide coatings.
Disruption of Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Blocks Phagocytosis of Candida albicans (2015)

The ability of phagocytes to clear pathogens is an essential attribute of the innate immune response. The role of signaling lipid molecules such as phosphoinositides is well established, but the role of membrane sphingolipids in phagocytosis is largely unknown. Using a genetic approach and small molecule inhibitors, we show that phagocytosis of Candida albicans requires an intact sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Blockade of serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and ceramide synthase-enzymes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis- by myriocin and fumonisin B1, respectively, impaired phagocytosis by phagocytes. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to generate Sptlc2-deficient DC2.4 dendritic cells, which lack serine palmitoyl transferase activity. Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells exhibited a stark defect in phagocytosis, were unable to bind fungal particles and failed to form a normal phagocytic cup to engulf C. albicans. Supplementing the growth media with GM1, the major ganglioside present at the cell surface, restored phagocytic activity of Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells. While overall membrane trafficking and endocytic pathways remained functional, Sptlc2-/- DC2.4 cells express reduced levels of the pattern recognition receptors Dectin-1 and TLR2 at the cell surface. Consistent with the in vitro data, compromised sphingolipid biosynthesis in mice sensitizes the animal to C. albicans infection. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is therefore critical for phagocytosis and in vivo clearance of C. albicans.
Insulin and blood pressure in obesity. (1985)

To assess factors in overweight persons that account for a tendency toward hypertension, 33 very obese women, 26 to 77 years of age, were studied. Blood pressures in these 33 women varied from low normal to mildly hypertensive. None of them had taken medication for high blood pressure, and none had diabetes mellitus. The effect of independent variables--age, body mass index (weight/height2), fasting serum glucose levels, fasting serum insulin levels, and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion--on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was assessed. There was no correlation between sodium excretion and blood pressure. Age did not correlate with diastolic blood pressure but did correlate with systolic blood pressure when body mass index, serum glucose level, and insulin level were controlled. Diastolic blood pressure correlated with body mass index and serum glucose level, but only the latter remained significant when all independent variables were considered together. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found to be significantly related to fasting serum insulin level (r = 0.47, p = 0.005 and r = 0.68, p less than 0.001) even when age, weight, and serum glucose level were controlled (r = 0.41, p = 0.025 and r = 0.62, p less than 0.001 respectively). The relation between serum insulin and blood pressure was more pronounced in those women with a family history of hypertension. These data indicate that insulin may play a major role in the regulation of blood pressure in obesity and that the previously accepted relation of weight to blood pressure may depend on blood levels of insulin.
Dehydration of Ethanol: New Approach Gives Positive Energy Balance (1979)

Water was removed from aqueous ethanol by using cellulosic materials, starch, corn, and other agents. The combustion energy of the ethanol product can exceed the energy needed to carry out the dehydration by a factor of 10.
Chemoenzymatische Synthesen von Sialyloligosacchariden mit immobilisierter Sialidase (1991)

N ‐Acetylneuraminsäure (Neu5Ac) α‐glycosidisch auf im Acceptormolekül terminal gebundene Galactose zu übertragen gelingt mit immobilisierter Sialidase aus Vibrio cholerae , die hier erstmals zur Katalyse von Transglycosylierungen eingesetzt wurde. Die auf diesem Wege synthetisierten (2‐6)‐ und insbesondere (2‐3)‐verknüpften Sialyloligosaccharide sind als Komponenten physiologisch bedeutsamer Glycoproteine und ‐lipide von großem Interesse, entziehen sich aber häufig praktikablen chemischen Synthesen.
Skeleton extraction by mesh contraction (2008)

Extraction of curve-skeletons is a fundamental problem with many applications in computer graphics and visualization. In this paper, we present a simple and robust skeleton extraction method based on mesh contraction. The method works directly on the mesh domain, without pre-sampling the mesh model into a volumetric representation. The method first contracts the mesh geometry into zero-volume skeletal shape by applying implicit Laplacian smoothing with global positional constraints. The contraction does not alter the mesh connectivity and retains the key features of the original mesh. The contracted mesh is then converted into a 1D curve-skeleton through a connectivity surgery process to remove all the collapsed faces while preserving the shape of the contracted mesh and the original topology. The centeredness of the skeleton is refined by exploiting the induced skeleton-mesh mapping. In addition to producing a curve skeleton, the method generates other valuable information about the object's geometry, in particular, the skeleton-vertex correspondence and the local thickness, which are useful for various applications. We demonstrate its effectiveness in mesh segmentation and skinning animation.
Changes in Levels of Phosphorus Metabolites in Temporal Lobes of Drug-Naive Schizophrenic Patients (1999)

The results suggest disturbed membrane phospholipid metabolism in both temporal lobes and decreased energy demands in the left temporal lobes of drug-naive schizophrenic patients.
Pilot controlled trial of d-serine for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (2009)

Enhancement of neurotransmission mediated at N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDAR) may be beneficial in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). d-serine (DSR) is an endogenous full agonist at the NMDAR-associated glycine modulatory site. Twenty-two chronic PTSD outpatients were randomly assigned to participate in a 6-wk double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with 30 mg/kg x d DSR used as monotherapy or add-on pharmacotherapy. Outcome was assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale (CAPS), Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA) and Depression (HAMD) scales and the civilian version of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD (MISS). DSR treatment was well tolerated and resulted in significantly (p=0.03) increased DSR serum levels. Compared with placebo administration, DSR treatment resulted in significantly reduced HAMA (p=0.007) and MISS (p=0.001) scores and a trend (p=0.07) towards improved CAPS total scores. These preliminary findings indicate that NMDAR glycine site-based pharmacotherapy may be effective in PTSD and warrant larger-sized clinical trials with optimized DSR dosages.
Migration of bacteria in semisolid agar. (1989)

We studied the migration through semisolid agar of chemotactic and nonchemotactic cells of Escherichia coli. While swarms of nonchemotactic cells were generally smaller than those of chemotactic cells, they varied markedly in size and in structure. Cells that failed to tumble or that tumbled incessantly formed the smallest swarms. Cells that tumbled at intermediate frequencies formed much larger swarms, even when deleted for many of the genes known to be required for chemotaxis. Surprisingly, the higher the tumble frequency, the larger the swarms. Microscopic examination revealed that tumbles enable cells to back away from obstructions in the agar. Thus, not all cells that swarm effectively need be chemotactic.
Preparation of Zirconia Whiskers from Zirconium Hydroxide in Sulfuric Acid Solutions under Hydrothermal Conditions at 200°C (2001)

Mixtures of Zr(OH) 4 and ZrO 2 particles, ∼10 nm in size, were hydrothermally treated in 0.25–1.5 mol/L H 2 SO 4 solutions at a temperature of 200°C. After 3 h, very short ZrO 2 fibers, 10–30 nm in length, were obtained, with no other zirconium compounds observed. The particles grew with treatment time and resulted in whisker particles. In a higher concentration (3 mol/L) H 2 SO 4 solution, ZrO 2 whiskers were not obtained, and clear solutions resulted with the starting ZrO 2 particles remaining. It was concluded that Zr(OH) 4 was useful as a starting material and that nanosized ZrO 2 particles served as seed crystals for whisker formation.