gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nano–opto-electro-mechanical switches operated at CMOS-level voltages (2019)

Combining reprogrammable optical networks with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics is expected to provide a platform for technological developments in on-chip integrated optoelectronics. We demonstrate how opto-electro-mechanical effects in micrometer-scale hybrid photonic-plasmonic structures enable light switching under CMOS voltages and low optical losses (0.1 decibel). Rapid (for example, tens of nanoseconds) switching is achieved by an electrostatic, nanometer-scale perturbation of a thin, and thus low-mass, gold membrane that forms an air-gap hybrid photonic-plasmonic waveguide. Confinement of the plasmonic portion of the light to the variable-height air gap yields a strong opto-electro-mechanical effect, while photonic confinement of the rest of the light minimizes optical losses. The demonstrated hybrid architecture provides a route to develop applications for CMOS-integrated, reprogrammable optical systems such as optical neural networks for deep learning.
Biological agents: a novel approach to the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmunopathy, clinically leading to joint destruction as a consequence of the chronic inflammatory processes. The pathogenesis of this disabling disease is not well understood, but molecular events leading to tissue inflammation with cartilage and bone destruction are now defined in more detail. Established therapy, slow acting disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) as with low-dose methotrexate (MTX) are the accepted 'golden standard' therapies and both lead to a significant improvement of disease symptoms, however are unable to stop joint destruction. Due to these disappointing treatment options and the identification of some inflammatory mediators as therapeutic targets, novel therapeutic agents such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), cytokine receptor-human immunoglobulin constructs or recombinant human proteins have been tested in RA with some success. In particular, clinical trials testing anti-TNF-alpha agents either alone or in combination with MTX have convincingly demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of these novel approaches to the therapy of RA. Importantly, a clinical trial testing combination therapy with chimeric (mouse-human) anti-TNF-alpha mAb cA2 (Remicadetrade mark) and MTX could, for the first time in any RA trial, show that average radiological progression in the cA2/MTX groups could be completely prevented over a 12 month observation period. Similar encouraging results might evoke from trials employing other TNF-alpha-directed agents like the fully human mAb D(2)E7 or the p75 TNF-alpha-receptor-Ig construct, etanercept.
Multiple Sequence Alignment using Hybrid Parallel Computing (2017)

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is critical in several areas of science, especially in bioinformatics. Expressive advances have been developed in MSA and many methods, algorithms and tools have been proposed for it. Since the MSA is an NP-hard problem, efforts have led to the emergence of heuristics to solve it. More recently, heuristics based on progressive alignment have highlighted due to the quality of the alignment and relatively good performance. Despite significant advances, MSA remains a time-consuming task and parallel solutions have been investigated. We propose a novel algorithm for solving MSA based on progressive alignment using cluster of GPUs. Our experimental results showed encouraging speedups for instances containing sequences ranging in length between 60 and 10k.
Correlations among Expression of Glomerular Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), Levels of Serum Soluble ICAM-1, and Renal Histopathology in Patients with IgA Nephropathy (1999)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the correlations among expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in glomeruli, levels of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) in sera, and renal injuries in patients with IgA nephropathy. The levels of sICAM-1 in sera from 27 patients with IgA nephropathy and 7 healthy controls were measured by the human soluble ICAM-1 immunoassay. The expression of ICAM-1 in glomeruli was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. We observed marked expression of ICAM-1 in glomerular capillary walls and mesangial areas in patients with advanced-stage, but not in those with mild IgA nephropathy. Since the histopathological changes in the advanced stage of this disease were characterized by diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and tubulointerstitial injury, the expression of ICAM-1 in the glomeruli may be of value in evaluating the degree of renal lesions in patients with IgA nephropathy. However, there was no significant change in the levels of serum sICAM-1 among mild-stage and advanced-stage patients and healthy controls. It appears that the measurement of serum sICAM-1 is not useful in evaluating the degree of renal injuries in patients with IgA nephropathy.
Trabecular texture analysis of CT images in the relationship with spinal fracture. (1995)

Texture analysis was helpful in the assessment of fracture risk, especially in elderly women.
Low-Complexity Soft-Output Reduced-State Equalization for EDGE (2007)

In this paper we present and compare several low-complexity approaches for soft-output equalization using reduced-state sequence estimation (RSSE) for EDGE. The proposed approaches require only a forward equalization pass and have the same complexity as hard-output RSSE equalization. However, they offer performance gains close to more complicated approaches that require both forward and backward passes.
Hyperthermia approaches for enhanced delivery of nanomedicines to solid tumors (2015)

Drug delivery to solid tumors has received much attention in order to reduce harmful side effects and improve the efficacy of treatment. Different strategies have been utilized with nanoparticle drug delivery systems, or nanomedicines, including passive and active targeting strategies, as well as the incorporation of stimuli sensitivity. Additionally, hyperthermia has been used in combination with such systems to further improve accumulation, localization, penetration, and subsequently efficacy. Localized hyperthermia within the solid tumor tissue can be applied through different mechanisms able to trigger vascular and cellular mechanisms for enhanced delivery of nanomedicines. This review covers the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery, the different methods for inducing localized hyperthermia, combination effects of hyperthermia, and successful strategies for improving the delivery of nanomedicines using hyperthermia.
Controlled dose-modulated ion implantation on serial implanters (2008)

In order to compensate the variation from other processes, an intentional non-uniform dosage mapping system has been developed. Modulating both vertical and horizontal scan speed makes it possible to implant in two-dimensional non-uniform dosage even for high-tilt implantation. For zero-degree angle implantation, more complicated non-uniform dosage mapping can be achieved by combining the scan control with step-wise rotations.
Characterization of a > 900,000-M(r) Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite glycoprotein recognized by protective hyperimmune bovine colostral immunoglobulin (1992)

Cryptosporidium parvum, a zoonotic Apicomplexan pathogen, causes profound diarrhea, malnutrition, and dehydration in patients with AIDS. A less severe, self-limited disease occurs in immunocompetent individuals, particularly children, animal handlers, and residents of the developing world. Very little is known about the biology of the organism, the pathophysiology of the disease process, or the mechanism of protective immunity. There is no effective therapy for cryptosporidiosis, but hyperimmune bovine colostrum raised against Cryptosporidium oocysts and sporozoites has ameliorated infection and disease in some patients with AIDS, and a variety of monoclonal antibodies, as well as hyperimmune bovine colostrum, have significantly reduced cryptosporidial infection of mice and calves. We report here the identification and initial characterization of a > 900,000-M(r) Cryptosporodium sporozoite glycoprotein (GP900) that is a prominent antigen recognized by protective hyperimmune bovine colostral immunoglobulin. Three of six murine anticryptosporidial monoclonal antibodies reacted with GP900, indicating that the molecule is highly immunogenic in mice as well as in cows. GP900 is Triton X-100 soluble and N glycosylated. Western blotting of the N-deglycosylated protein, detected with antibodies eluted from recombinant clones expressing a partial GP900 fusion protein, suggested that the polypeptide backbone of the glycoprotein has an M(r) of < 190,000. GP900 is encoded by a single-copy gene that resides on the largest Cryptosporidium chromosome.
New Approaches to the Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders Small Molecule inhibitors of p38 MAP Kinase (2006)

The therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has recently been enriched by the successful launch of the anti-cytokine biologicals Etanercept (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-p75 Fc fusion protein), Infliximab (chimeric anti-human TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody), Adalimumab (recombinant human anti-human TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody) and Anakinra (recombinant form of human interleukin 1beta (IL-1) receptor antagonist). The success of these novel treatments has impressively demonstrated the clinical benefit that can be gained from therapeutic intervention in cytokine signalling, highlighting the central role of proinflammatory cytokine systems like IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha to be validated targets. However, all of the anti-cytokine biologicals available to date are proteins, and therefore suffering to a varying degree from the general disadvantages associated with protein drugs. Therefore, small molecular, orally active anti-cytokine agents, which target specific pathways of proinflammatory cytokines, would offer an attractive alternative to anti-cytokine biologicals. A number of molecular targets have been identified for the development of such small molecular agents but p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase occupies a central role in the regulation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha signalling network at both the transcriptional and translational level. Since the mid-1990s, an immense number of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase has been characterised in vitro, and to date several compounds have been advanced into clinical trials. This review will highlight the correlation between effective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase at the molecular target and cellular activity in functional assays of cytokine, particularly TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production. SAR will be discussed regarding activity at the enzyme target, but also with regard to properties required for efficient in vitro and in vivo activity.
Kinetic depth effect X-ray (KDEX) imaging for security screening (2003)

The X-ray screening of passenger luggage at airports requires the screener to convert the 'zero depth resolution' shadowgraph into a 3D mental picture to be able to interpret the relative spatial relationship of the objects under inspection. Consequently, additional cognitive processing is required e.g. integration, inference and memory. However, these processes can lead to serious misinterpretations of the actual physical structure being examined. This paper describes the development of a kinetic stereoscopic X-ray imaging technique enabling the screener to utilise binocular stereopsis and motion parallax to enhance their interpretation of the actual nature of the objects under examination.
Trivalent <i>f</i>-Element Intra-group Separation by Solvent Extraction with CMPO-complexant System (1998)

For trivalent actinide and lanthanide separation, the solvent extraction system which employs neutral bifunctional extractant n-octyl(phenyl)-N, N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) and aminopolyacetic acid was investigated. The system is based on CMPO-tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) mixed solvent and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-sodium nitrate solution. The separation is achieved by complexing trivalent actinide preferentially with DTPA in aqueous phase and extracting lanthanide into organic phase. Mutual separation between light lanthanide, Am and Cm was mainly governed by complex formation with DTPA. The acidity is most affecting parameter for partitioning and its increase results in decrease of distribution ratio. For selective stripping of trivalent actinide from 0.2 M CMPO—1.0 M TBP in n-dodecane at room temperature, 0.05 M DTPA and 2–4 M sodium nitrate solution (pH 2) is useful. From the observed distribution behavior, a basic flow sheet which is composed of four steps was proposed. In batchwise experiments with radioactive nuclides, separation factor of larger than 13 and 27 for Ce/Am and Cm/Eu, respectively, were obtained and the applicability of the system was indicated.
Comment on “Observation of Spin Injection at a Ferromagnet-Semiconductor Interface” (2000)

In a recent Letter Hammar et al. claim the observation of injection of a spin-polarized current in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). This is an important observation, since, despite considerable effort of several groups, all attempts to realize spin-injection into a 2DEG using purely electrical measurements have failed sofar. However, in my opinion the claim made is not correct, and the observed behaviour can be explained by a combination of a magneto resistance (Hall) effect (e.g. generated by the fringe magnetic fields present at the edges of the ferromagnetic electrode), with a {\it spin-independent} rectification effect due to the presence of a metal- semiconductor junction.
Input impedance, radiation pattern, and radar cross section of spiral antennas using FDTD (1994)

A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis of spiral antennas is performed to calculate input impedance, antenna gain, and scattering. A semicircular spiral mounted on a dielectric substrate was simulated for computing the input impedance versus frequency. The gain and scattering computations were performed on a square Archimedean spiral mounted in a ground plane with a cavity backing. Total-field FDTD calculations are used to compute the impedance and gain patterns, while a specially modified scattered-field approach for aperture antennas in infinite ground planes is used for the scattering results. Comparisons are made with published impedance measurements and gain and scattering calculations done with a finite element method. Good results were obtained for impedance, radiation, and scattering.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using Views in a Multilevel Secure Database Management System (1983)

The use of database views in database management systems that enforce user level discretionary and nondiscretionary access control policies is discussed. This discussion involves several issues such as how should views be classified?, what types of mechanisms should be used to define views?, etc. Mapping between views, view updating, and aggregation and inference problems are also discussed.
Decision Theoretical Approach to Pilot Simulation (1999)

We simulate and analyze pilot decision making in one-on-one air combat by using an ine uence diagram. Unlike most of the existing approaches, an ine uence diagram graphically describes the factors of a decision process and explicitly handles the decision maker’ s preferences under conditions of uncertainty. In the pilot decision model, the possible combat situations related to each maneuver alternative are associated with a probability and a utility. Ine uence diagram analysis produces a probability distribution of the overall utility that represents the successfulness of a maneuver and gives information to make rational maneuvering decisions. Sensitivity analysis determines the impacts of different factors on the outcome of the maneuvering decision. The effects of sensor information that will reduce the uncertainty of the model are evaluated with Bayesian reasoning. The model can be utilized in the analysis of a single decision situation or as an automated decision-making system that selects combat maneuvers in air combat simulators.
Relationship between pouch microbiota and pouchitis following restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (2014)

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the surgical treatment of choice for many patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). UC patients with IPAA (UC-IPAA) are, nevertheless, susceptible to inflammatory and noninflammatory sequelae such as pouchitis, which is only rarely noted in FAP patients with IPAA. Pouchitis is the most frequent long-term complication of UC-IPAA patients, with a cumulative prevalence of up to 50%. Although the aetiology of pouchitis remains unclear, accumulating evidence suggests that a dysbiosis of the pouch microbiota and an abnormal mucosal immune response are implicated in its pathogenesis. Studies using culture and molecular techniques have detected a dysbiosis of the pouch microbiota in patients with pouchitis. Risk factors, genetic associations, and serological markers suggest that interactions between the host immune response and the pouch microbiota underlie the aetiology of this idiopathic inflammatory condition. This systematic review focuses on the dysbiosis of the microbiota that inhabit the pouch in UC and FAP patients and its interaction with the mucosal immune system. A meta-analysis was not attempted due to the highly heterogeneous microbiota composition and the different detection methods used by the various studies. Although no specific bacterial species, genus, or family has as yet been identified as pathogenic, there is evidence that a dysbiosis characterized by decreased gut microbiota diversity in UC-IPAA patients may, in genetically predisposed subjects, lead to aberrant mucosal immune regulation triggering an inflammatory process.
The patient, disease status, and treatment options for prostate cancer: Stages B<sub>1</sub> and B<sub>2</sub> (1983)

Prostatic adenocarcinoma palpably confined to the prostate is clinically defined as stage B. Although potentially curable in many, if not most, instances, there is no disputing that the optimal management of patients with stage B neoplasms is one of the most uncertain and controversial issues in modern urologic oncology. The present uncertainty can be related to three major factors: 1) competing causes of death in patients commonly older than 50 years of age; 2) the variable and unpredictable natural course of localized prostatic cancer as reflected by the three, at least in part, independent variables of growth rate, metastatic potential, and therapeutic responsiveness; and 3) the multiplicity and effectiveness of a variety of treatments in producing effects on the tumor favorable to the patient. The relative effectiveness of different treatments has been and remains clouded by a constantly changing array of clinical staging techniques, selection criteria for treatment, and definitions of response, and by the general absence of satisfactory control data. Experiences with patients receiving no treatment, various forms of irradiation, and radical excision have indicated a general similarity in at least 10-year survival rates and clinically manifest local failure rates among comparable substages of stage B prostatic cancer. Since suitable control data are lacking, one may conclude that a variety of treatments offer similar prospects of benefit or that none of the treatments is producing significant beneficial effect and that survivals are a consequence of the natural history of stage B disease. A Possibility that has yet to be evaluated is that different treatments produce benefit in different segments of the stage B prostatic cancer population, and the challenge today is to recognize and define such neoplasms that may respond most appropriately to one form of therapy or another.
Automatic GUI Model Generation: State of the Art (2012)

Modeling has been one of the most significant obstacles to why model-based testing has not been taken into use by industry on a large scale. Therefore, generating models automatically is an attractive way of thinking. In well-structured application domains, such as graphical user interface (GUI), this method can be used successfully. This paper gives a state-of-the-art overview of GUI model generation methods. The paper analyzes the methods from the point of view of model-based testing of GUI applications, where generated GUI models are used for generating the tests.
Direct Reprogramming of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Into Endothelial Cells Using ER71/ETV2 (2016)

This study for the first time demonstrates that ER71/ETV2 alone can directly reprogram human postnatal cells to functional, mature ECs after an intervening transgene-free period. These rECs could be valuable for cell therapy, personalized disease investigation, and exploration of the reprogramming process.
Parallel architectures of 3-step search block-matching algorithm for video coding (2002)

This paper describes fully pipelined parallel architectures for the 3-step search block-matching motion estimation algorithm. Difficulties of this algorithm in hardware implementation were overcome by use of intelligent data arrangement and memory configuration. Techniques for reducing interconnections and external memory accesses were also developed. Because of their low costs, high speeds, and low memory bandwidth requirements, the proposed architectures provide efficient solutions for real-time motion estimations required by various video applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The GAPs, GEFs, and GDIs of heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunits (2005)

The heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit has long been considered a bimodal, GTP-hydrolyzing switch controlling the duration of signal transduction by seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) cell-surface receptors. In 1996, we and others identified a superfamily of "regulator of G-protein signaling" (RGS) proteins that accelerate the rate of GTP hydrolysis by Galpha subunits (dubbed GTPase-accelerating protein or "GAP" activity). This discovery resolved the paradox between the rapid physiological timing seen for 7TM receptor signal transduction in vivo and the slow rates of GTP hydrolysis exhibited by purified Galpha subunits in vitro. Here, we review more recent discoveries that have highlighted newly-appreciated roles for RGS proteins beyond mere negative regulators of 7TM signaling. These new roles include the RGS-box-containing, RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RGS-RhoGEFs) that serve as Galpha effectors to couple 7TM and semaphorin receptor signaling to RhoA activation, the potential for RGS12 to serve as a nexus for signaling from tyrosine kinases and G-proteins of both the Galpha and Ras-superfamilies, the potential for R7-subfamily RGS proteins to couple Galpha subunits to 7TM receptors in the absence of conventional Gbetagamma dimers, and the potential for the conjoint 7TM/RGS-box Arabidopsis protein AtRGS1 to serve as a ligand-operated GAP for the plant Galpha AtGPA1. Moreover, we review the discovery of novel biochemical activities that also impinge on the guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis cycle of Galpha subunits: namely, the guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) activity of the GoLoco motif-containing proteins and the 7TM receptor-independent guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of Ric8/synembryn. Discovery of these novel GAP, GDI, and GEF activities have helped to illuminate a new role for Galpha subunit GDP/GTP cycling required for microtubule force generation and mitotic spindle function in chromosomal segregation.