gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Performance Limits of Out-of-order Commit (2017)

Out-of-order execution is essential for high performance, general-purpose computation, as it can find and execute useful work instead of stalling. However, it is limited by the requirement of visibly sequential, atomic instruction execution --- in other words in-order instruction commit. While in-order commit has its advantages, such as providing precise interrupts and avoiding complications with the memory consistency model, it requires the core to hold on to resources (reorder buffer entries, load/store queue entries, registers) until they are released in program order. In contrast, out-of-order commit releases resources much earlier, yielding improved performance with fewer traditional hardware resources. However, out-of-order commit is limited in terms of correctness by the conditions described in the work of Bell and Lipasti. In this paper we revisit out-of-order commit from a different perspective, not by proposing another hardware technique, but by examining these conditions one by one and in combination with respect to their potential performance benefit for both non-speculative and speculative out-of-order commit. While correctly handling recovery for all out-of-order commit conditions currently requires complex tracking and expensive checkpointing, this work aims to demonstrate the potential for selective, speculative out-of-order commit using an oracle implementation without speculative rollback costs. We learn that: a) there is significant untapped potential for aggressive variants of out-of-order commit; b) it is important to optimize the commit depth, or the search distance for out-of-order commit, for a balanced design: smaller cores can benefit from shorter depths while larger cores continue to benefit from aggressive parameters; c) the focus on a subset of out-of-order commit conditions could lead to efficient implementations; d) the benefits for out-of-order commit increase with higher memory latency and works well in conjunction with prefetching to continue to improve performance.
Fully‐Inkjet‐Printed Ag‐Coil/NiZn‐Ferrite for Flexible Wireless Power Transfer Module: Rigid Sintered Ceramic Body into Flexible Form (2017)

Despite the material performances being superior to those of organic materials, inorganic materials are typically excluded for use in flexible and deformable electronic systems because of their rigid nature and the requirement for high processing temperature. This work presents a novel method of utilizing rigid NiZn‐ferrite films in a flexible platform and offers an opportunity to realize a flexible wireless power transfer (WPT) module. Inkjet printing is introduced in this study since it can coat NiZn‐ferrite films as well as pattern inductor coils for WPTs. A thermochemically inert buffer layer is selected based on a thermodynamic analysis and is introduced as a buffer layer for the NiZn‐ferrite to prevent chemical reaction between the ferrite film and the substrate and ensure that the ferrite film can be easily separated from the substrate during a high‐temperature sintering process. A Ag‐inductor coil is printed on the NiZn‐ferrite layer, and then the entire layer is embedded into polydimethylsiloxane, which renders the WPT module flexible. The flexibility of the WPT module is characterized by a bending test, and the structural and magnetic properties are also investigated. The performance of the flexible WPT module is demonstrated by transmitting wireless power to a light emitting diode.
A Learning-Based Timing Prediction Framework for Wide Supply Voltage Design (2020)

Wide voltage design provides the tremendous benefits for state-of-the-art circuit design in terms of power consumption reduction and energy efficiency enhancement. The traditional design and verification flow depends on the standard cell libraries, which are only available from foundries for limited PVT (Process-Voltage-Temperature) corners near the nominal voltages, leading to remarkable characterization effort and storage overhead. In this paper, a learning-based framework is proposed to predict circuit path delays across multiple voltages and process corners without the requirement of cell library for each PVT corner, which consists of dilated-CNN (Conventional Neural Network) based feature engineering and ensemble model. The proposed method was verified with the supply voltages ranging from 0.5V to 0.9V under FF, SS and TT corners. Experimental results demonstrate that the prediction error is limited by 4.9% and 7.9% respectively within and across process corners for various working temperatures, which achieves significant precision enhancement compared with related learning-based methods.
The development and characteristics of power line carrier techniques (2003)

In this paper,the development,characteristics,key techniques and some problems relating to power line carrier(PLC) communication applied on overline and distribution grid in China have been introduced. Some discussions concerning the above topics have been made too. 
TMMAC: An Energy Efficient Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks (2007)

This work presents a TDMA based multi-channel MAC protocol called TMMAC for Ad Hoc Networks. TMMAC requires only a single half-duplex radio transceiver on each node. In addition to explicit frequency negotiation which is adopted by conventional multi-channel MAC protocols, TMMAC introduces lightweight explicit time negotiation. This two-dimensional negotiation enables TMMAC to exploit the advantage of both multiple channels and TDMA, and achieve aggressive power savings by allowing nodes that are not involved in communication to go into doze mode. Moreover, TMMAC dynamically adjusts its negotiation window size based on different traffic patterns, which further improves communication throughput and energy savings. In this paper, the performance of TMMAC is analyzed and evaluated. The evaluations show that TMMAC achieves up to 113% higher communication throughput while consuming 74% less per packet energy over the state-of-the-art multi-channel MAC protocols for single-transceiver wireless devices.
Parallel between More Electric Aircraft and Electric\/Hybrid Vehicle Power Conversion Technologies (2014)

The aerospace industry is facing challenges similar to that of the automotive industry in terms of improving emissions, fuel economy, and also cost. The increasing use of electrical and electronic features to improve vehicle performance, fuel economy, passenger comfort, safety, and convenience has resulted in the growth of electrical loads in automobiles. The potential electrical loads include the engine cooling fan, engine coolant pump, active suspension, electric assist power steering, electrically heated catalytic converter, electric power take-off, electric brake-by-wire, heated windscreen, telematics, and navigation. The U.S. government's current rules for the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program mandates an average of approximately 29 mi/gal, with a gradual increase to 35.5 mi/gal by 2016 (39 mi/gal for cars and 30 mi/gal for trucks). This will increase to 54.5 mi/gal starting from the 2025 model year. The electric, hybrid/plug-in hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles are considered the solutions to meet the above challenges.
Circular Dichroism of Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of Aldonic Acid-γ-lactones and the Influences of the Cα Substituent and Ring Conformations on the Sign and the Magnitude (1972)

Circular dichroism of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of seven aldonic acid-γ-lactones were studied. As well as original sugar-γ-lactones the sign of the Cotton effect was determined by the C–2 configuration. The magnitude of CD peak was found to be related with the ring geometry. It leads to a conclusion that the observed molecular elipticities may be the sum of two effects; one effect of configuration at C–2 and the other effect of ring geometry. If these two effects are of the same sign, they overlap each other and give a strong CD peak. When the sign of these effects are opposite, they cancel each other and hence give a weak CD peak. Between the two effects, when C–2 substituent is OH or OTMS, the effect of configuration at C–2 is stronger than that of ring geometry.
Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase Cδ (PKCδ) at Threonine 505 Is Not a Prerequisite for Enzymatic Activity (1997)

A structural feature shared by many protein kinases is the requirement for phosphorylation of threonine or tyrosine in the so-called activation loop for full enzyme activity. Previous studies by several groups have indicated that the isotypes alpha, betaI, and betaII of protein kinase C (PKC) are synthesized as inactive precursors and require phosphorylation by a putative "PKC kinase" for permissive activation. Expression of PKCalpha in bacteria resulted in a nonfunctional enzyme, apparently due to lack of this kinase. The phosphorylation sites for the PKC kinase in the activation loop of PKCalpha and PKCbetaII could be identified as Thr497 and Thr500, respectively. We report here that PKCdelta, contrary to PKCalpha, can be expressed in bacteria in a functional form. The activity of the recombinant enzyme regarding substrate phosphorylation, autophosphorylation, and dependence on activation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as well as the Km values for two substrates are comparable to those of recombinant PKCdelta expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. By site-directed mutagenesis we were able to show that Thr505, corresponding to Thr497 and Thr500 of PKCalpha and PKCbetaII, respectively, is not essential for obtaining a catalytically competent conformation of PKCdelta. The mutant Ala505 can be activated and does not differ from the wild type regarding activity and several other features. Ser504 can not take over the role of Thr505 and is not prerequisite for the kinase to become activated, as proven by the unaffected enzyme activity of respective mutants (Ala504 and Ala504/Ala505). These results indicate that phosphorylation of Thr505 is not required for the formation of functional PKCdelta and that at least this PKC isoenzyme differs from the isotypes alpha, betaI, and betaII regarding the permissive activation by a PKC kinase.
The Dilemma of Nursing Science: Current Quandaries and Lack of Direction (1991)

The theme of this paper is the need to address the central question in nursing science. It is hypothesized that in the absence of a central, unifying question, the view of nursing as an applied science, the current research methodological debate, and the social policy statement definition of nursing have hindered nursing's ability to advance the science of nursing. The authors suggest that the terminology of applied science has been wrongfully interpreted as immediate application to nursing practice, that the research methodological debate has occurred because the focus of research efforts is on the means and not the end, and that the policy statement implies a stimulus-response approach to human behavior.
Detecting Ricin: Sensitive Luminescent Assay for Ricin A-Chain Ribosome Depurination Kinetics (2009)

Ricin is a family member of the lethal ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) found in plants. Ricin toxin A-chain (RTA) from castor beans catalyzes the hydrolytic depurination of a single base from a GAGA tetraloop of eukaryotic rRNA to release a single adenine from the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL). Protein synthesis is inhibited by loss of the elongation factor binding site resulting in cell death. We report a sensitive coupled assay for the measurement of adenine released from ribosomes or small stem-loop RNAs by RTA catalysis. Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRTase) and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) convert adenine to ATP for quantitation by firefly luciferase. The resulting AMP is cycled to ATP to give sustained luminescence proportional to adenine concentration. Subpicomole adenine quantitation permits the action of RTA on eukaryotic ribosomes to be followed in continuous, high-throughput assays. Facile analysis of RIP catalytic activity will have applications in plant toxin detection, inhibitor screens, mechanistic analysis of depurinating agents on oligonucleotides and intact ribosomes, and in cancer immunochemotherapy. Kinetic analysis of the catalytic action of RTA on rabbit reticulocyte 80S ribosomes establishes a catalytic efficiency of 2.6 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), a diffusion limited reaction indicating catalytic perfection even with large reactants.
Zinc‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative N‐Silylation of Indoles with Hydrosilanes (2012)

Zinc catalysis: Zinc triflate in a nitrile solvent behaved as an effective catalyst for dehydrogenative N-silylation with a variety of indoles and hydrosilanes (see scheme). The addition of pyridine greatly accelerated the N-silylation reaction to produce N-silylindoles exclusively in high to excellent yields.
Advancing Intestinal Organoid Technology Toward Regenerative Medicine (2017)

With the emergence of technologies to culture intestinal epithelial cells in vitro as various forms of intestinal organoids, there is growing interest in using such cultured intestinal cells as a source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. One such approach would be to combine the organoid technology with methodologies to engineer the culture environment, particularly the three-dimensional scaffold materials, to generate intestines that exquisitely recapitulate their original structures and functions. Another approach to use organoids for regenerative medicine would be to urge them to mature into functional intestines by implanting them into hosts. This process includes the tissue-engineered small intestine that uses synthetic scaffolds for tissue regeneration and direct organoid transplantation that takes advantage of submucosal tissues in the native intestines as a scaffold. Further study in these subfields could lead to the development of therapeutic options to use different types of organoids with various cell types in regenerative medicine for intestinal diseases in humans.
Space-Charge-Limited Tunnel Emission into an Insulating Film (1962)

Expressions are derived that enable calculation of the effects of space charge on the current density of electrons tunneling from a metal into the conduction band of an insulating film. The effect of electron traps in the insulating material is considered. It is shown that if the insulating film contains a high trap density, space charge can severely limit the tunnel current density that can be achieved, even for very thin films.
Design Considerations in Reduced-Diameter Single-Mode Optical Fibers (2002)

Abstract : A literature survey was performed to determine design considerations associated with the use of reduced-diameter (down to 40-micro m) optical fibers. Decreasing fiber diameter did not have a direct effect on cutoff frequency or numerical aperture. Bending loss is expected to increase due to the evanescent field escaping from the cladding. A possible solution to this issue is to use a depressed cladding fiber. Glass fiber tensile strength increased with fiber diameters less than 100 micro m. Several in-line methods and procedures are proposed to proof test the reduced-diameter fiber. However, fundamental limitations currently prohibit reliable quantitative lifetime predictions. Fiber optic components will need to be modified in order to accommodate reduced-diameter designs.
Pharmacological treatment with mirtazapine rescues cortical atrophy and respiratory deficits in MeCP2 null mice (2016)

Loss of MeCP2 (Methyl CpG binding protein 2) in Rett syndrome (RTT) causes brain weight decrease, shrinkage of the cortex with reduced dendritic arborization, behavioral abnormalities, seizures and cardio-respiratory complications. The observed monoamine neurotransmitters reduction in RTT suggested antidepressants as a possible therapy. We treated MeCP2-null mice from postnatal-day 28 for two weeks with desipramine, already tested in RTT, or mirtazapine, an antidepressant with limited side-effects, known to promote GABA release. Mirtazapine was more effective than desipramine in restoring somatosensory cortex thickness by fully rescuing pyramidal neurons dendritic arborization and spine density. Functionally, mirtazapine treatment normalized heart rate, breath rate, anxiety levels, and eliminated the hopping behavior observed in MeCP2-null mice, leading to improved phenotypic score. These morphological and functional effects of mirtazapine were accompanied by reestablishment of the GABAergic and glutamatergic receptor activity recorded in cortex and brainstem tissues. Thus, mirtazapine can represent a new potential pharmacological treatment for the Rett syndrome.
Fabrication of a SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanowire Gas Sensor and Sensor Performance for Hydrogen (2008)

SnO2 nanowire gas sensors have been fabricated on Cd−Au comb-shaped interdigitating electrodes using thermal evaporation of the mixed powders of SnO2 and active carbon. The self-assembly grown sensors have excellent performance in sensor response to hydrogen concentration in the range of 10 to 1000 ppm. This high response is attributed to the large portion of undercoordinated atoms on the surface of the SnO2 nanowires. The influence of the Debye length of the nanowires and the gap between electrodes in the gas sensor response is examined and discussed.
Design of Closed-Cycle Helium Turbine Nuclear Power Plants (1993)

This paper describes the design of two closed-cycle helium turbine electric power plants using a modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (MGR) as heat source. The MGR-GT utilizes a direct cycle with the turbine in the primary coolant loop while the MGR-GTI uses an intermediate heat exchanger. Both plants are based on current technologies and offer busbar efficiencies in excess of 45% at generating costs competitive with other nuclear or fossil systems. The MGR-GTI indirect cycle faces less technical challenge and is easier to license under current technical and institutional realities, whereas the MGR-GT direct cycle is better able to accommodate future developments in fuel and materials and is an ultimate design capable of capturing the full economic potential through further design simplicity. The two designs thus provide an evolutionary path for the commercialization of MGR gas turbine technology.
Sequential cost-sensitive decision making with reinforcement learning (2002)

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the issues of cost-sensitive learning and decision making in a variety of applications of data mining. A number of approaches have been developed that are effective at optimizing cost-sensitive decisions when each decision is considered in isolation. However, the issue of sequential decision making, with the goal of maximizing total benefits accrued over a period of time instead of immediate benefits, has rarely been addressed. In the present paper, we propose a novel approach to sequential decision making based on the reinforcement learning framework. Our approach attempts to learn decision rules that optimize a sequence of cost-sensitive decisions so as to maximize the total benefits accrued over time. We use the domain of targeted' marketing as a testbed for empirical evaluation of the proposed method. We conducted experiments using approximately two years of monthly promotion data derived from the well-known KDD Cup 1998 donation data set. The experimental results show that the proposed method for optimizing total accrued benefits out performs the usual targeted-marketing methodology of optimizing each promotion in isolation. We also analyze the behavior of the targeting rules that were obtained and discuss their appropriateness to the application domain.
The Science of Guessing: Analyzing an Anonymized Corpus of 70 Million Passwords (2012)

We report on the largest corpus of user-chosen passwords ever studied, consisting of anonymized password histograms representing almost 70 million Yahoo! users, mitigating privacy concerns while enabling analysis of dozens of subpopulations based on demographic factors and site usage characteristics. This large data set motivates a thorough statistical treatment of estimating guessing difficulty by sampling from a secret distribution. In place of previously used metrics such as Shannon entropy and guessing entropy, which cannot be estimated with any realistically sized sample, we develop partial guessing metrics including a new variant of guesswork parameterized by an attacker's desired success rate. Our new metric is comparatively easy to approximate and directly relevant for security engineering. By comparing password distributions with a uniform distribution which would provide equivalent security against different forms of guessing attack, we estimate that passwords provide fewer than 10 bits of security against an online, trawling attack, and only about 20 bits of security against an optimal offline dictionary attack. We find surprisingly little variation in guessing difficulty; every identifiable group of users generated a comparably weak password distribution. Security motivations such as the registration of a payment card have no greater impact than demographic factors such as age and nationality. Even proactive efforts to nudge users towards better password choices with graphical feedback make little difference. More surprisingly, even seemingly distant language communities choose the same weak passwords and an attacker never gains more than a factor of 2 efficiency gain by switching from the globally optimal dictionary to a population-specific lists.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Vertebrate Galectin Family (2004)

Galectins form a family of structurally related carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins) that have been identified in a large variety of metazoan phyla. They are involved in many biological processes such as morphogenesis, control of cell death, immunological response, and cancer. To elucidate the evolutionary history of galectins and galectin-like proteins in chordates, we have exploited three independent lines of evidence: (i) location of galectin encoding genes (LGALS) in the human genome; (ii) exon-intron organization of galectin encoding genes; and (iii) sequence comparison of carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) of chordate galectins. Our results suggest that a duplication of a mono-CRD galectin gene gave rise to an original bi-CRD galectin gene, before or early in chordate evolution. The N-terminal and C-terminal CRDs of this original galectin subsequently diverged into two different subtypes, defined by exon-intron structure (F4-CRD and F3-CRD). We show that all vertebrate mono-CRD galectins known to date belong to either the F3- or F4- subtype. A sequence of duplication and divergence events of the different galectins in chordates is proposed.
A method to calibrate HF receiving antenna arrays (2006)

This paper deals with H.F. direction finding (DF) and calibration processing.Its main purpose is to present a method to verify or even calibrate a DF system.Some experimental results obtained with a circular (homogeneous or heterogeneous) array and collocated antennas arrays are presented.