gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Lignin and Related Compounds. XLV. Synthesis and Properties of α-Hydroxypropiovanillone (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on Lignin and Related Compounds. XLV. Synthesis and Properties of α-HydroxypropiovanilloneA. B. Cramer and Harold. HibbertCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 8, 2204–2206Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01877a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01877a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reflections on resource-based learning environments: continuing the exploration of opportunities and obstacles (2007)

The digital age has led to several changes in the nature of information resources. The very nature of the media and the ubiquitous presence of enabling technologies in classrooms, libraries, homes, businesses and communities have assisted with propelling the transformation. The implications of this change for education have been somewhat nebulous. While some recognise the promise for teaching and learning in the digital age, the methods and strategies used remain largely unchanged. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for thinking about the design of learning environments based on a resource-based model. Firstly, I present examples to frame Resource-Based Learning Environments (RBLEs) from different contexts. A description of the underlying infrastructure of RBLEs follows. Secondly, I discuss of how RBLEs can open opportunities within a learning environment, regardless of the context followed by some obstacles that can hinder RBLE implementation. Finally, suggestions for implementation and future research are provided.
Impaired Redox Signaling and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells in Diabetes: A Role for Mitochondria and the Nuclear Factor-E2-Related Factor 2-Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 Defense Pathway (2010)

Type 2 diabetes is an age-related disease associated with vascular pathologies, including severe blindness, renal failure, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially mitochondrial ROS, play a key role in regulating the cellular redox status, and an overproduction of ROS may in part underlie the pathogenesis of diabetes and other age-related diseases. Cells have evolved endogenous defense mechanisms against sustained oxidative stress such as the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates antioxidant response element (ARE/electrophile response element)-mediated expression of detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes and the cystine/glutamate transporter involved in glutathione biosynthesis. We hypothesize that diminished Nrf2/ARE activity contributes to increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the vasculature leading to endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and abnormal angiogenesis observed in diabetes. Sustained hyperglycemia further exacerbates redox dysregulation, thereby providing a positive feedback loop for severe diabetic complications. This review focuses on the role that Nrf2/ARE-linked gene expression plays in regulating endothelial redox homeostasis in health and type 2 diabetes, highlighting recent evidence that Nrf2 may provide a therapeutic target for countering oxidative stress associated with vascular disease and aging.
Episiotomy Use in the United States, 1979–1997 (2002)

In Brief OBJECTIVE To describe episiotomy usage at vaginal delivery in the United States from 1979–1997. METHODS We used the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a federal database of a national sample of inpatient hospitals. Data from 1979 to 1997 were analyzed using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for diagnoses and procedures. Rates per 1000 women were calculated using the 1990 census population for women aged 15–44 years. We calculated the number of episiotomies per 100 vaginal deliveries. Rates and percentages were compared using the score test for linear trend. RESULTS The number of episiotomies ranged from a high of 2,015,000 in 1981 to a low of 1,128,000 in 1997. The age-adjusted annual rate for episiotomy with vaginal deliveries varied from 32.7 in 1979 to 18.7 in 1997 per 1000 women aged 15–44 years. The percentage of episiotomy with vaginal deliveries ranged from 65.3% in 1979 to 38.6% in 1997 (P < .001). Episiotomy with operative deliveries decreased over time (87.0% to 70.8%, P < .001), as did episiotomy with spontaneous deliveries (60.1% to 32.8%, P< .001). Women undergoing episiotomy were slightly younger (mean ± standard deviation, 25.7 ± 5.5 years) than women without episiotomy (26.2 ± 5.7 years, P < .001). Black women (39%) were less likely to receive episiotomy than white women (60%, P < .001). More women with private insurance (62%) had episiotomy performed than women with government insurance (43%, P < .001). CONCLUSION Although episiotomy use has decreased over time, the most recent rate of 39 per 100 vaginal deliveries remains higher than evidence-based recommendations for optimal patient care. Although the episiotomy rate declined from 1979 to 1997, the rate in 1997 of 39 per 100 vaginal deliveries is higher than scientific evidence supports.
Touchcut: Single-touch object segmentation driven by level set methods (2012)

In this paper, we propose an object segmentation algorithm driven by minimal user interactions. Compared to previous user-guided systems, our system can cut out the desired object in a given image with only a single finger touch minimizing user effort. The proposed model harnesses both edge and region based local information in an adaptive manner as well as geometric cues implied by the user-input to achieve fast and robust segmentation in a level set framework. We demonstrate the advantages of our method in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy comparing qualitatively and quantitatively with graph cut based techniques.
Sickle reticulocytes adhere to VCAM-1 (1995)

Adherence of sickle (SS) erythrocytes to endothelial cells represents interactions between red blood cell (RBC) and endothelial cell surface molecules. To enhance our understanding of the ligands involved, we transfected COS cells with the cDNAs of two endothelial cell adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and E-selectin, and measured the binding of normal and sickle RBCs after static incubation. The percentage of COS cells with rosettes (five or more adherent RBCs) was determined. Normal RBCs did not adhere to VCAM-1-transfected COS cells. Unfractionated SS RBCs formed rosettes on the VCAM-1-transfected COS cells (mean +/- SD, 5.85% +/- 4.98%). Low-density SS RBCs were more adherent than high-density SS RBCs (P < .005). The adherent SS RBCs were a young reticulocyte population, staining positively for transferrin receptor. Another measure of reticulocyte age, RNA content, also correlated with adherence. SS RBC binding was specific--inhibitable by antibodies to either VCAM-1 or the alpha 4 integrin chain of VLA-4. In contrast, there was no significant adherence of normal or SS RBCs to E-selectin-transfected COS cells. These results suggest that young reticulocytes bind to endothelial cell VCAM-1 via VLA-4 integrin.
Conjugation of p-aminophenyl glycosides with squaric acid diester to a carrier protein and the use of the neoglycoprotein in the histochemical detection of lectins (1991)

The coupling of p-aminophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (gal-beta 1,3-galNAc) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved by using 1,2-diethoxycyclobutene-3,4-dione (squaric acid diester) as a new coupling reagent. Two selective consequential steps afforded the desired neoglycoprotein: reaction of the p-aminophenyl group of gal-beta 1,3-galNAc with squaric acid diester gave the corresponding squaric acid amide ester, which was transformed into the BSA conjugate by coupling with the lysyl epsilon-amino group of BSA through formation of a squaric acid 1,2-bisamide. The experimental conditions for the reactions and the optimization of average were performed by using p-anisidine as model substance, the methyl group substituting for the carbohydrate part of a p-aminophenylglycoside. Neoglycoproteins have proven to be valuable tools for lectin detection. To evaluate the properties of this type of probe, the obtained neoglycoprotein with the histochemically crucial T-antigen structure was used for glycocytological and glycohistochemical studies. Three cultured human tumor cell lines and tissue sections from human breast carcinomas were chosen. Its efficiency was similar in comparison to measurements with a probe, derived by diazotization with the p-aminophenyl glycosides of gal-beta 1,3-galNAc and already shown to be a reliable marker for lectin localization in tissue sections and cultured cells.
MicroRNA Expression Differentiates Histology and Predicts Survival of Lung Cancer (2010)

We identified a miR expression profile that strongly differentiated adenocarcinoma from SQ and had prognostic implications. These findings may lead to histology-based therapeutic approaches.
ICDAR2005 page segmentation competition (2005)

There is an established need for objective evaluation of layout analysis methods, in realistic circumstances. This paper describes the page segmentation competition (modus operandi, dataset and evaluation criteria) held in the context of ICDAR2005 and presents the results of the evaluation of four candidate methods. The main objective of the competition was to compare the performance of such methods using scanned documents from commonly-occurring publications. The results indicate that although methods seem to be maturing, there is still a considerable need to develop robust methods that deal with everyday documents.
Equivalent Synchronous Multi-User Detection Algorithm for Asynchronous DS-CDMA Systems (2003)

An algorithm named equivalent synchronous multi-user detection (ESMUD) is proposed for the direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems over fading multi-path channels. The proposed algorithm is based on the Gram-Schmitz orthonormalization of equivalent spread-spectrum codes and the successive interference cancellation (SIC). Base on the analysis on the computational complexity corresponding to different algorithms such as RAKE, conventional SIC and ESMUD, performances of these algorithms are compared through simulations. The results show that ESMUD algorithm has excellent performance to resist MAI, while the complexity is of the same order as conventional SIC algorithm.
Switching Characteristics of Magnetic Tunnel Junction with Amorphous CoFeSiB Free Layer (2006)

스위칭 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 비정질 강자성 CoFeSiB 자유층을 갖는 자기터널접합 (MTJ)의 스위칭 특성을 연구하였다. 자기터널접합의 구조는 <TEX>$Si/SiO_{2}/Ta$</TEX> 45/Ru 9.5/IrMn 10/CoFe 10/CoFe <TEX>$7/AlO_{x}/CoFeSiB\;(t)/Ru\;60\;(nm)$</TEX>이다. CoFeSiB는 <TEX>$560\;emu/cm^{3}$</TEX>의 낮은 포화자화도와 <TEX>$2800\;erg/cm^{3}$</TEX>의 높은 이방성 상수를 가졌다. 이러한 특성이 자기터널접합의 낮은 보자력(<TEX>$H_{c}$</TEX>)과 높은 자장민감도를 갖게 한다. 이것은 또한 Landau-Lisfschitz-Gilbert 방정식에 근거한 미세자기 전산시뮬레이션을 통하여 submicrometersized elements에서도 확인하였다. CoFeSiB 자유층 두께를 증가함으로서 스위칭 특성은 반자화 자기장의 증가로 인하여 더욱더 나빠졌다. The switching characteristics of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) comprising amorphous ferromagnetic CoFeSiB free layer have been investigated. CoFeSiB was used for the free layer to enhance the switching characteristics. The typical junction structure was <TEX>$Si/SiO_{2}/Ta$</TEX> 45/Ru 9.5/IrMn 10/CoFe <TEX>$7/AlO_{x}/CoFeSiB\;(t)/Ru\;60\;(in\;nm)$</TEX>. CoFeSiB has low saturation magnetization (<TEX>$M_{s}$</TEX>) of <TEX>$560\;emu/cm^{3}$</TEX> and high anisotropy constant (<TEX>$K_{u}$</TEX>) of <TEX>$2800\;erg/cm^{3}$</TEX>. These properties caused low coercivity (<TEX>$H_{c}$</TEX>) and high sensitivity in MTJs, and it also confirmed in submicrometer-sized elements by micromagnetic simulation based on the Landau-Lisfschitz-Gilbert equation. By increasing CoFeSiB free layer thickness, the switching characteristics became worse due to increase of the demagnetization field.
A K-Band High Power and High Isolation Stacked-FET Single Pole Double Throw MMIC Switch Using Resonating Capacitor (2016)

A K-band monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) transmit and receive (T/R) single pole double throw (SPDT) switch with low insertion loss, high isolation and ultrahigh output power is demonstrated using 0.15-μm Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) technology. A shunt field effect transistor (FET) configuration is used to provide low insertion loss and high isolation while the stacked-FET is employed to improve power handling capability. The novel GaAs switch exhibits a minimum measured insertion loss of 1.4 dB and less than 2.5 dB from 22 GHz to 26 GHz as well as 44 dB isolation. The measured input 1-dB power compression point (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1 dB</sub> ) exceeds 4 W.
The 21st International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Brussels, Belgium, 20-23 March 2001. (2001)

The 21st International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine was dominated by the results of recent clinical trials in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The promise of extracorporeal liver replacement therapy and noninvasive ventilation were other areas of interest. Ethical issues also received attention. Overall, the 'state of the art' lectures, pro/con debates, seminars and tutorials were of a high standard. The meeting was marked by a sense of renewed enthusiasm that positive progress is occurring in intensive care medicine.
Biomodification Strategies for the Development of Antimicrobial Urinary Catheters: Overview and Advances (2017)

Microbial burden associated with medical devices poses serious health challenges and is accountable for an increased number of deaths leading to enormous medical costs. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are the most common hospital-acquired infections with enhanced patient morbidity. Quite often, catheter-associated bacteriuria produces apparent adverse outcomes such as urosepsis and even death. Taking this into account, the methods to modify urinary catheters to control microbial infections with relevance to clinical drug resistance are systematically evaluated in this review. Technologies to restrict biofilm formation at initial stages by using functional nanomaterials are elucidated. The conventional methodology of using single therapeutic intervention for developing an antimicrobial catheter lacks clinically meaningful benefit. Therefore, catheter modification using naturally derived antimicrobials such as essential oils, curcumin, enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides in combination with synthetic antibiotics/nanoantibiotics is likely to exert sufficient inhibitory effect on uropathogens and is extensively discussed. Futuristic efforts in this area are projected here that demand clinical studies to address areas of uncertainty to avoid development of bacterial resistance to the new generation therapy with minimum discomfort to the patients.
Determination of d-Mannose in Plasma by HPLC (2003)

d-Mannose is an essential monosaccharide in the structure of glycoproteins, cell-surface glycoconjugates, and glycosylated phosphatidylinositide anchors. Several stud-ies have focused on plasma or serum mannose concentrations in patients with invasive candidiasis (1)(2), diabetes mellitus (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), or congenital disorders of glycosylation type 1 (9).

There are various methods to determine mannose concentrations in human plasma or serum: enzymatic methods (4)(5)(7)(10), gas-liquid chromatography (2)(11), high-resolution liquid chromatography (12), gas-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (6), and capillary electrophoresis (13). None of these methods is fully suitable for routine use for various reasons, e.g., the incomplete or time-consuming elimination of the ∼100-fold excess of blood glucose, the use of instruments with limited availability, and the need for a large sample volume. We investigated whether a HPLC assay using an anion-exchange column would be appropriate for plasma mannose determinations. With the procedure described below, mannose could be rapidly and accurately determined in small amounts of plasma.

Boric acid, guanidine hydrochloride, sodium metaperiodate, and acetonitrile were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd. d-Mannose was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co.

We obtained blood samples from healthy individuals and from nondiabetic and diabetic patients after receiving their informed consent for this study. After collection of venous blood in tubes containing disodium EDTA (an anticoagulant) and NaF (a glycolysis inhibitor), plasma was separated by centrifugation. The plasma was mixed with an equal volume of 0.6 mol/L perchloric acid, a protein-precipitating reagent. The mixture was centrifuged at 8000 g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the protein-free supernatant was used for the analysis of mannose.

We used a HPLC system (Gulliver system with a JASCO PU-980 pump) equipped …
Reducing Delay and Enhancing DoS Resistance in Multicast Authentication Through Multigrade Security (2006)

Many techniques for multicast authentication employ the principle of delayed key disclosure. These methods introduce delay in authentication, employ receiver-side buffers, and are susceptible to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Delayed key disclosure schemes have a binary concept of authentication and do not incorporate any notion of partial trust. This paper introduces staggered timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (TESLA), a method for achieving multigrade authentication in multicast scenarios that reduces the delay needed to filter forged multicast packets and, consequently, mitigates the effects of DoS attacks. Staggered TESLA involves modifications to the popular multicast authentication scheme, TESLA, by incorporating the notion of multilevel trust through the use of multiple, staggered authentication keys in creating message authentication codes (MACs) for a multicast packet. We provide guidelines for determining the appropriate buffer size, and show that the use of multiple MACs and, hence, multiple grades of authentication, allows the receiver to flush forged packets quicker than in conventional TESLA. As a result, staggered TESLA provides an advantage against DoS attacks compared to conventional TESLA. We then examine two new strategies for reducing the time needed for complete authentication. In the first strategy, the multicast source uses assurance of the trustworthiness of entities in a neighborhood of the source, in conjunction with the multigrade authentication provided by staggered TESLA. The second strategy achieves reduced delay by introducing additional key distributors in the network.
Deep Subhalf‐Micron Contact Filling Technology Using Control Etching and Collimated Ti Sputtering Techniques (1995)

We have developed a novel technology for a 0.4 μm contact with lower contact resistance using blanket W‐CVD as the interconnect material. Collimated Ti sputtering followed by rapid thermal nitridation (RTN) was applied as the barrier layer for blanket W‐CVD. We also developed a special chemical dry etching technique to remove the damaged Si layer caused by window etching. This damaged layer can degrade the reaction at the Ti/Si interface and causes a higher contact resistance. A mechanism is proposed to explain the contact degradation. Combined with collimated sputtering, low contact resistance for 0.4 μm p+ Si contact with an aspect ratio of four was achieved and a resistivity of was realized. This novel technology can be readily used to manufacture 0.25 micron ULSI devices such as 256 Mbit DRAM.
Phase cycling with a 240 GHz, free electron laser-powered electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (2013)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) powered by a free electron laser (FEL) has been shown to dramatically expand the capabilities of EPR at frequencies above ~100 GHz, where other high-power sources are unavailable. High-power pulses are necessary to achieve fast (<10 ns) spin rotations in order to alleviate the limited excitation bandwidth and time resolution that typically hamper pulsed EPR at these high frequencies. While at these frequencies, an FEL is the only source that provides ~1 kW of power and can be tuned continuously up to frequencies above 1 THz, it has only recently been implemented for one- and two-pulse EPR, and the capabilities of the FEL as an EPR source are still being expanded. This manuscript presents phase cycling of two pulses in an FEL-EPR spectrometer operating at 240 GHz. Given that the FEL, unlike amplifiers, cannot be easily phase-locked to a reference source, we instead apply retrospective data processing to measure the relative phase of each FEL pulse in order to correct the signal phase accordingly. This allows the measured signal to be averaged coherently, and the randomly changing phase of the FEL pulse results in a stochastic phase cycle, which, in the limit of many pulses, efficiently cancels artifacts and improves sensitivity. Further, the relative phase between the first and second pulse, which originates from the difference in path length traversed by each pulse, can be experimentally measured without phase-sensitive detection. We show that the relative phase of the two pulses can be precisely tuned, as well as distinctly switched by a fixed amount, with the insertion of a dielectric material into the quasi-optical path of one of the pulses. Taken together, these techniques offer many of the advantages of arbitrary phase control, and allow application of phase cycling to dramatically enhance signal quality in pulsed EPR experiments utilizing high-power sources that cannot be phase-locked.
Keystroke Biometric Identification and Authentication on Long-Text Input (2010)

A novel keystroke biometric system for long-text input was developed and evaluated for user identification and authentication applications. The system consists of a Java applet to collect raw keystroke data over the Internet, a feature extractor, and pattern classifiers to make identification or authentication decisions. Experiments on over 100 subjects investigated two input modes–copy and free-text input–and two keyboard types–desktop and laptop keyboards. The system can accurately identify or authenticate individuals if the same type of keyboard is used to produce the enrollment and questioned input samples. Longitudinal experiments quantified performance degradation over intervals of several weeks and over an interval of two years. Additional experiments investigated the system’s hierarchical model, parameter settings, assumptions, and sufficiency of enrollment samples and input-text length. Although evaluated on input texts up to 650 keystrokes, we found that input of 300 keystrokes, roughly four lines of text, is sufficient for the important applications described.