gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive mode locking of buried heterostructure lasers with nonuniform current injection (1983)

In this letter we report on a novel method to passively mode lock a semiconductor laser. We present experimental results of GaAlAs buried heterostructure semiconductor laser with a split contact coupled to an external cavity. The split contact structure is used to introduce a controllable amount of saturable absorption which is necessary to initiate passive mode locking. Unlike previous passive mode locking techniques, the method presented does not rely on absorption introduced by damaging the crystal and is consequently inherently more reliable. We have obtained pulses with a full width at half-maximum of 35 ps at repetition frequencies between 500 MHz and 1.5 GHz.
Epidermal growth factor receptor status in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (2006)

Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been reported to be overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). In vitro studies have shown that EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) greatly inhibit cellular growth and induced apoptosis in the ATC cell lines, while somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain or an increased gene copy number are associated with increased sensitivity to TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of EGFR overexpression, gene amplification and activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain in patients with ATC. Methods: The EGFR gene status and protein expression were investigated by direct DNA sequencing of the hot-spot regions in exons 18, 19 and 21, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), and immunohistochemistry in tumour tissues from 23 patients with ATC. Results: On mutational analysis and FISH, neither mutations in the hot-spots nor gene amplification was observed. However, high polysomy was identified in 14/23 (60.9%) patients with ATC. All cases with immunohistochemistry (IHC) positivity (n = 6) had high polysomy, whereas 8/17 (47.1%) cases with IHC negativity had high polysomy (p = 0.048). High polysomy was observed in all 10 cases with giant cell subtype, but in only 4/11 (36.3%) with squamoid and 0/2 with spindle cell sarcomatoid subtype. There was no statistically significant correlation between FISH positivity of ATC tumour and presence of well-differentiated component. Conclusion: Despite the low incidence of somatic EGFR gene mutation and amplification in the study samples, in view of the fact that high polysomy was often identified by FISH, as well as the current lack of therapeutic options, EGFR TKIs are worth investigating for treating the patients with ATC who have at least giant cell subtype.
A Rotavirus Vaccine for Prevention of Severe Diarrhoea of Infants and Young Children: Development, Utilization and Withdrawal (2001)

The importance of rotaviruses (RVs) as the single most important cause of severe diarrhoea of infants and young children is well recognized. At NIH, we developed a quadrivalent (tetravalent [TV]) vaccine to protect against the four epidemiologically important RV serotypes. It is comprised of live attenuated rhesus RV (RRV), a VP7 serotype G3 strain (the 'Jennerian' approach), and three reassortant RVs, each containing 10 RRV genes and one human RV gene that codes for the major outer protein, VP7, that determines serotype G1, G2 or G4 specificity (the 'modified Jennerian' approach). The vaccine was safe and effective against severe diarrhoea in a major prelicensure collaborative effort of phase III trials. In February 1998 and again in June 1998, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine immunization with three oral doses at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. The tetravalent vaccine (RotaShield) was licensed in the USA by the FDA in August 1998. In July 1999, after about 1.5 million doses had been given, the CDC recommended suspending administration of the vaccine because post-licensure surveillance of adverse events had suggested an association with intussusception. After further investigation by CDC, in October 1999, the ACIP withdrew its recommendation concluding that '...intussusception occurs with significantly increased frequency in the first 1-2 weeks after vaccination with RRV-TV, particularly following the first dose'. The implications of these developments from a practical, epidemiological, analytical and ethical perspective are discussed.
Caprenin 3. Absorption and Caloric Value in Adult Humans (1991)

Caprenin is a triglyceride that contains primarily caprylic (C8:0), capric (C10:0), and behenic (C22:0) acids and modest amounts of arachidic (C20:0) and lignoceric (C24:0) acids. Using the fat-balance technique, the absorption of C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0 was measured in 20 healthy adult men and women aged 20–60 years consuming a chocolate-flavored caprenin confection. The absorption values for these very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) were determined based on measurements of their dietary intake and fecal excretion during a 5-day treatment period and a 7-day posttreatment washout period after correcting for baseline excretion of VLCFAs. Each subject consumed 4.7 g C20:0, 52.8 g C22:0, and 0.84 g C24:0 from the test confection during the treatment. Absorption averaged 41.6% ± 3.6% (SEM) for C20:0, 28.8% ± 4.4% for C22:0, and 14.8% ± 3.9% for C24:0. Using a modification of the Atwater method, the physiological fuel value (caloric value) of caprenin was then calculated. This modified method takes into account the partial absorption of VLCFAs and the heat loss due to the metabolism of the medium-chain fatty acids C8:0 and C10:0. The results of this study demonstrate that the caloric value of caprenin is 5 kcal/g compared to the value of 9 kcal/g for other dietary triglycerides.
Effects of Optical Attenuation and Consumption of a Photobleaching Initiator on Local Initiation Rates in Photopolymerizations (2001)

For free-radical photopolymerization with a photobleaching initiator, we develop an unsteady one-dimensional model accounting for initiator consumption and optical attenuation and derive relationships for the spatial and temporal variation of the local initiator concentration and initiation rate. With increasing absorbance, the local initiation rate becomes increasingly nonuniform and assumes the form of a highly localized traveling wave propagating with speed φI0/CA,0 (where φ, I0, and CA,0 are the quantum yield of photoinitiator consumption, incident intensity, and initial photoinitiator concentration, respectively), independent of photoinitiator absorption coefficient. At high attenuation, the maximum photoinitiation rate (as a function of position) is asymptotically one-fourth the initial rate at the front of the layer. Qualitative effects of nonuniform initiation in free-radical photopolymerizations with simple and more complicated kinetics are discussed in terms of the model and results.
Synthesis and biological activity of 8-oxadihydropteridines (1979)

This week on the show we sit down with curator Tina Rivers Ryan – one of the preeminent curators mapping contemporary artistic practices engaged with the digital, and keeping the flame of digital art history alive. In this in-depth conversation we delve into Tina&#8217;s evolution as a curator, and many of the particularities of curating digital art. As well, Tina is one of the few thinkers out there who is fluent in the art world and the crypto/NFT world, and in our discussion she offers an important message about how we all may be missing the bigger issue amidst the ...
PET synthesis in the presence of lanthanide catalysts (1995)

Abstract Syntheses of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol in the presence of well‐known catalysts and various lanthanide compounds were performed. Lanthanide catalysts appeared to be much more efficient in the first stage of the process (transesterification in the presence of an excess of ethylene glycol), and less active in polycondensation. PET produced with lanthanides was found to possess enhanced thermal and hydrolytic stability as compared to PET synthesized with well‐known catalysts and commercial PET. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parathyroid Hormone-induced Bone Resorption Does Not Occur in the Absence of Osteopontin (2001)

Osteopontin is an RGDS-containing protein that acts as a ligand for the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin, which is abundantly expressed in osteoclasts, cells responsible for bone resorption in osteopenic diseases such as osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism. However, the role of osteopontin in the process of bone resorption has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the direct function of osteopontin in bone resorption using an organ culture system. The amount of (45)Ca released from the osteopontin-deficient bones was not significantly different from the basal release from wild type bones. However, in contrast to the parathyroid hormone (PTH) enhancement of the (45)Ca release from wild type bones, PTH had no effect on (45)Ca release from organ cultures of osteopontin-deficient bones. Because PTH is located upstream of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), that directly promotes bone resorption, we also examined the effect of RANKL. Soluble RANKL with macrophage-colony stimulating factor enhanced (45)Ca release from the bones of wild type fetal mice but not from the bones of osteopontin-deficient mice. To obtain insight into the cellular mechanism underlying the phenomena observed in osteopontin-deficient bone, we investigated the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells in the bones subjected to PTH treatment in cultures. The number of TRAP-positive cells was increased significantly by PTH in wild type bone; however, no such PTH-induced increase in TRAP-positive cells was observed in osteopontin-deficient bones. These results indicate that the absence of osteopontin suppressed PTH-induced increase in bone resorption via preventing the increase in the number of osteoclasts in the local milieu of bone.
A Data-driven 3D Animation System for Tele-Rehabilitation (2007)

In this paper, a novel data-driven 3D animation system is developed for stroke patients to use remotely at home environments to recover their motor function. This system consists of four main components, namely human motion tracking, data analysis diagram, data-driven arm animation, and text-driven speech animation. It also contains an expert database and transmission of data files over the Internet. Both patients and therapists can use this system to compare 3D mimic animation with historical case studies of normal and abnormal motions. We have evaluated this system using several simulations: (1) 3D arm rendering in different movement patterns, such as reach, drink, and reach-flexion; (2) data analysis using the diagrams; (3) giving an evaluation and suggestion by the digital human model with a speech animation.
Anomalous network communication detection system by visual pattern on a client computer (2015)

In this study, we propose a visual anomaly detection system for network connections on a client computer. End users are exposed to security threats and they remain vulnerable to unknown emerging threats because current tools such as antivirus software and firewalls can only handle known threats. The proposed system aims to become a complementary security tool for end users that visualizes both inbound and outbound network connections on their computers. We consider three design features in this security tool for end users: visualizing a block of logs as a network usage trend, providing a temporal sequence of the log content as visual images, and anomaly detection based on frequency analysis. These features help users to build a normal usage model in their minds and they make them more aware of suspicious network traffic on their computers by observing visual differences between images. We also present four visual examples of anomalous network traffic based on the proposed system. These examples show that our tool has the potential to detect anomalous network communication.
Laser Resurfacing-Induced Hypopigmentation (2001)

BACKGROUND Hypopigmentation is a relatively common side effect of CO2 laser resurfacing. Little is known regarding the histologic features of the areas of pigmentation loss. To date, hypopigmentation is considered a permanent complication of this procedure. OBJECTIVE To assess the histologic features of hypopigmentation caused by laser resurfacing and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical psoralen photochemotherapy. METHODS Ten patients were included in this pilot study. Four had baseline biopsies performed. Histologic parameters assessed included epidermal melanin, dermal melanophages, perivascular inflammation, Mel-5 immunostaining for melanocytes, and dermal fibrosis. Seven patients were treated twice a week with topical photochemotherapy utilizing 0.001% 8-methoxypsoralen. RESULTS All of the biopsy specimens demonstrated varying quantities of epidermal melanin and residual epidermal melanocytes. Mild perivascular inflammation was evident in two specimens. Superficial dermal fibrosis was noted in all biopsy specimens. Topical photochemotherapy induced moderate to excellent repigmentation in 71% of the treated patients. Adverse effects were minimal. CONCLUSION The results of this investigation suggest that hypopigmentation induced by laser resurfacing may result from a suppression of melanogenesis rather than destruction of area melanocytes. The preliminary data further suggest that hypopigmentation caused by laser resurfacing can be effectively treated by topical photochemotherapy.
A feature selection algorithm with redundancy reduction for text classification (2007)

Document classification involves the act of classifying documents according to their content to predefined categories. One of the main problems of document classification is the large dimensionality of the data. To overcome this problem, feature selection is required which reduces the number of selected features and thus improves the classification accuracy. In this paper, a new algorithm for multi-label document classification is presented. This algorithm focuses on the reduction of redundant features using the concept of minimal redundancy maximal relevance which is based on the mutual information measure. The features selected by the proposed algorithm are then input to one of two classifiers, the multinomial naive Bayes classifier and the linear kernel support vector machines. The experimental results on the Reuters dataset show that the proposed algorithm is superior to some recent algorithms presented in the literature in many respects like the F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -measure and the break-even point.
Plasma-Damage-Free Gate Process Using Chemical Mechanical Polishing for 0.1 µm MOSFETs (1999)

We propose a new transistor process called the Damascene gate process , where in a gate electrode is patterned by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In this process, source/drain implants are carried out by using a dummy gate pattern as a mask and activation annealing is completed before the actual gate oxide formation. After removal of the dummy gate, fresh oxide and gate electrode films are formed in grooves and the gate electrode film is patterned by CMP. As a result, the gate electrode surface is completely planarized and the sheet resistivity of the gate electrode is very uniform in a line width range from 0.2 µm to 5 µm. Metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) formed by the Damascene gate process were found to show higher electron mobility, smaller threshold voltage deviation and lower subthreshold swing due to lower surface state density as compared with conventional transistors. Therefore, the Damascene gate process is promising for the fabrication of sub-quarter-micron MOSFETs.
Quality of life and cost issues in renal transplantation (1995)

Renal replacement therapy is expensive. As the health-care dollar shrinks and health care becomes more outcome-driven it will be essential for renal transplantation to defend itself as a treatment modality that is beneficial to both society and the individual patient. Renal transplantation offers a survival advantage to the end-stage renal disease patient as well as enhancing quality of life. It is cost-effective compared with dialysis in the treatment of renal failure.
Cyclization of linolenic acid by alkali isomerization (1959)

Summary Methyl linolenate was isomerized by heating in an alkaline ethylene glycol solution for 7 hrs. at 200°. Methyl esters of the isomerized acids were treated with urea in methanol, and the nonurea‐adduct‐forming fraction was distilled. The isomerized esters consisted of 81.8% of nonurea‐adduct‐forming monomeric distillate (NAM), 13.7% nonurea‐adduct‐forming polymeric nondistillable material, and 4.5% of urea adduct‐former The NAM has a maximum absorption in the ultraviolet region at 238 mμ. Ultraviolet absorption extends into the region associated with triene conjugation, but the characteristic structure of triene absorption is absent. Infrared absorption bands in the 10 μ region ordinarily found with trans,trans or cis,trans are absent. The NAM is shown to contain a cyclic monomer by treatment with N‐bromosuc‐cinimide, followed by dehydrobromination with dimethylaniline. The resultant product was oxidized to phthalic acid with permanganate. The NAM was separated both by countercurrent distribution and by gas chromatography into fractions having different ultraviolet absorption spectra. However complete fractionation of the mixture into its pure components has not yet been achieved.
Disordered Toll-like receptor 2 responses in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis (2013)

In this study, we hypothesized that the granulomatous disorder sarcoidosis is not caused by a single pathogen, but rather results from abnormal responses of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to conserved bacterial elements. Unsorted bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from patients with suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis and healthy non-smoking control subjects were stimulated with representative ligands of TLR-2 (in both TLR-2/1 and TLR-2/6 heterodimers) and TLR-4. Responses were determined by assessing resulting production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. BAL cells from patients in whom sarcoidosis was confirmed displayed increased cytokine responses to the TLR-2/1 ligand 19-kDa lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LpqH) and decreased responses to the TLR-2/6 agonist fibroblast stimulating ligand-1 (FSL)-1. Subsequently, we evaluated the impact of TLR-2 gene deletion in a recently described murine model of T helper type 1 (Th1)-associated lung disease induced by heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes. As quantified by blinded scoring of lung pathology, P. acnes-induced granulomatous pulmonary inflammation was markedly attenuated in TLR-2(-/-) mice compared to wild-type C57BL/6 animals. The findings support a potential role for disordered TLR-2 responses in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
A study of the causes of non-compliance by patients prescribed eyedrops. (1990)

An investigation into the causes of non-compliance by patients using eyedrops has been undertaken by questionnaire, ability tests, and by tests on eyedrop bottles. The results indicate a high prevalence of non-compliance, compounded by an inability adequately to instill a drop into the eye. About half the patients had difficulty aiming the drop, and other problems including squeezing the bottle, blinking, and seeing the tip of the bottle. Ability tests included a measurement of the grip strength of patients to complement measurement of the force required to expel a drop from a bottle. Some patients, particularly those with arthritis, could not generate enough force to squeeze a bottle. These same patients also had difficulty with the other movements required to administer drops. While some attempts have been made to produce devices to assist with eyedrops which can improve the aim of the patient, none give assistance in expelling a drop. An additional problem found was the reluctance of patients to admit to medical staff that they experienced any difficulty with their drops.
miR‐372 suppresses tumour proliferation and invasion by targeting <scp>IGF</scp>2<scp>BP</scp>1 in renal cell carcinoma (2015)

Our data indicated that miR-372 seemed to function as a tumour suppressor in renal cell carcinoma progression by inhibiting the IGF2BP1 expression.
MCP-1 Contributes to Arteriovenous Fistula Failure (2010)

Vascular access dysfunction compromises the care of patients on chronic hemodialysis. Elucidating the mechanisms of such dysfunction and devising strategies that may interrupt neointimal hyperplasia and relevant pathogenetic pathways are essential. Here, we show that, in the venous segment of a murine model of an arteriovenous fistula, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA and protein increase, accompanied by increased activity of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Genetic deficiency of MCP-1 proved markedly protective in this murine model, reflected by increased fistula patency 6 weeks after its formation, decreased venous wall thickness, and increased luminal area. An early effect of MCP-1 deficiency was the attenuation of the marked induction of CCL5 (RANTES) that occurred in this model, a chemokine recently recognized as a critical participant in vascular injury. Finally, in a rat model of an arteriovenous fistula, we localized expression of MCP-1 to the endothelium, proliferating smooth muscle cells and infiltrating leukocytes. In summary, marked upregulation of MCP-1 occurs in the venous segment of an arteriovenous fistula in rodents, and this vasculopathic chemokine contributes to failure of the fistula.
Efficient multi-ported memories for FPGAs (2010)

Multi-ported memories are challenging to implement with FPGAs since the provided block RAMs typically have only two ports. We present a thorough exploration of the design space of FPGA-based soft multi-ported memories by evaluating conventional solutions to this problem, and introduce a new design that efficiently combines block RAMs into multi-ported memories with arbitrary numbers of read and write ports and true random access to any memory location, while achieving significantly higher operating frequencies than conventional approaches. For example we build a 256-location, 32-bit, 12-ported (4-write, 8-read) memory that operates at 281 MHz on Altera Stratix III FPGAs while consuming an area equivalent to 3679 ALMs: a 43% speed improvement and 84% area reduction over a pure ALM implementation, and a 61% speed improvement over a pure "multipumped" implementation, although the pure multipumped implementation is 7.2x smaller.