gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enterobacterial common antigen and O-specific polysaccharide coexist in the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O : 3 (2013)

Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O : 3 produces two types of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules to its surface. In both types the lipid A (LA) structure is substituted by inner core (IC) octasaccharide to which either outer core (OC) hexasaccharide or homopolymeric O-polysaccharide (OPS) is linked. In addition, enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) can be covalently linked to LPS, however, via an unknown linkage. To elucidate the relationship between ECA and LPS in Y. enterocolitica O : 3 and the effect of temperature on their expression, LPS was isolated from bacteria grown at 22 °C and 37 °C by consequent hot phenol/water and phenol-chloroform-light petroleum extractions to obtain LPS preparations free of ECA linked to glycerophospholipid. In immunoblotting, monoclonal antibodies TomA6 and 898, specific for OPS and ECA, respectively, reacted both with ladder-like bands and with a slower-migrating smear suggesting that the ECA and OPS epitopes coexist on the same molecules. These results were supported by immunoblotting with a monovalent Y. enterocolitica O : 3 ECA-specific rabbit antiserum. Also, two or three 898-positive (and monovalent-positive) TomA6-negative bands migrated at the level of the LA-IC band in LPS samples from certain OC mutants, most likely representing LA-IC molecules carrying 1-3 ECA repeat units but no OPS. These bands were also present in Y. enterocolitica O : 9 OC mutants; however, coexistence of ECA and OPS in the same molecules could not be detected. Finally, the LA-IC-ECA bands were missing from LPS of bacteria grown at 37 °C and also the general reduction in wild-type bacteria of ECA-specific monovalent-reactive material at 37 °C suggested that temperature regulates the expression of ECA. Indeed, RNA-sequencing analysis showed significant downregulation of the ECA biosynthetic gene cluster at 37 °C.
The azeuz07-+arg Mutation in FIFo-ATP Synthase from Escherichia coli (1993)

biochemical effects of the ATPase 61eu156+arg mutation on FIF,-ATP synthase, the ~l~~207+~~~ mutation was constructed in the FIFO-ATP synthase from Escherichia coli to serve as a model for the disease mutation. Characterization of the model bacterial enzyme revealed that the mutation abolishes detectable ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. The ~1~~207+~~~ mutation results in a structural perturbation blocking proton translocation through FIFo-ATP synthase. The results suggest that a structural defect in human FIFo-ATP synthase is the biochemical basis for NARP and SNE. Oxidative phosphorylation is the primary aerobic pathway for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. The electron transport chain generates an electrochemical gradient of protons which is used to drive ATP production by FIFo-ATP synthase. Specific subunits of the electron transport chain enzymes and of FIFo-ATP synthase are encoded in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA),’ and abnormalities in the mtDNAresult in
Continuous enzymatic liquefaction of starch for saccharification (1982)

A process was explored for continuous enzymatic liquefaction of corn starch at high concentration and subsequently saccharification to glucose. The process appears to be quite efficient for conversion of starch to glucose and enzymatic liquefaction and should be readily adaptable to industrial fermentation processes. Preliminary work indicated that milled corn or other cereal grains also can be suitably converted by such a process. Essentially, the process involved incorporation of a thermostable, bacterial alpha-amylase for liquefaction and, subsequently, of a glucoamylase into the continuous mixer under conditions conductive to rapid enzymatic hydrolyses. Also studied was the effect on substrate liquefaction of variable such as starch concentration (40-70 degrees ), level of alpha-amylase (0.14-0.4%, dry starch basis), temperature (70-100 degrees C), pH (5.8-7.1), and residence time (6 and 12 min). The degree of liquefaction was assessed by determining (1) the Brookfield viscosity, (2) the amount of reducing groups, and (3) the rate and extent of glucose formed after glucoamylase treatment. Best liquefaction process conditions were achieved by using 50-60% starch concentration, at 95 degrees C, with 0.4% alpha-amylase, and a 6-min residence period in the mixture. Under these conditions, rate and extents of glucose obtained after glucoamylase treatment approached those obtained in longer laboratory batch liquefactions. The amount of glucose formed in 24h with the use of 0.4% glucoamylase was 86% of theory after a 6-min continuous liquefaction, compared to 90% for a 30-min laboratory batch liquefaction (95 degrees C, 0.4% alpha-amylase).
The patient knows best: significant change in the physical component of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29 physical) (2007)

The MSIS-29 physical performs well over time, and is suitable for use in trials; a minimal change score of 8 points in the MSIS-29 is clinically significant.
Molecular docking simulation analysis of alcohol acyltransferases from two related fruit species explains their different substrate selectivities (2012)

Herrera, R (reprint author), Univ Talca, Lab Fisiol Vegetal & Genet Mol, Inst Biol Vegetal & Biotecnol, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile.
Recruitment of BAD by the Chlamydia trachomatis Vacuole Correlates with Host-Cell Survival (2006)

Chlamydiae replicate intracellularly in a vacuole called an inclusion. Chlamydial-infected host cells are protected from mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis, partly due to degradation of BH3-only proteins. The host-cell adapter protein 14-3-3beta can interact with host-cell apoptotic signaling pathways in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells, 14-3-3beta co-localizes to the inclusion via direct interaction with a C. trachomatis-encoded inclusion membrane protein. We therefore explored the possibility that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway may contribute to resistance of infected cells to apoptosis. We found that inhibition of PI3K renders C. trachomatis-infected cells sensitive to staurosporine-induced apoptosis, which is accompanied by mitochondrial cytochrome c release. 14-3-3beta does not associate with the Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusion, and inhibition of PI3K does not affect protection against apoptosis of C. pneumoniae-infected cells. In C. trachomatis-infected cells, the PI3K pathway activates AKT/protein kinase B, which leads to maintenance of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD in a phosphorylated state. Phosphorylated BAD is sequestered via 14-3-3beta to the inclusion, but it is released when PI3K is inhibited. Depletion of AKT through short-interfering RNA reverses the resistance to apoptosis of C. trachomatis-infected cells. BAD phosphorylation is not maintained and it is not recruited to the inclusion of Chlamydia muridarum, which protects poorly against apoptosis. Thus, sequestration of BAD away from mitochondria provides C. trachomatis with a mechanism to protect the host cell from apoptosis via the interaction of a C. trachomatis-encoded inclusion protein with a host-cell phosphoserine-binding protein.
The distinction between chromonic and amphiphilic lyotropic mesophases (1990)

Abstract Optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy have been used to examine whether the hexagonal phases of representative chromonic and amphiphilic mesogens are miscible. The systems studied were octaoxyethylene-glycol dodecylether with either disodium cromoglycate or 5-n-hexyl-7-(5-methyl-sulphonimidoyl) xanthone-2-carboxylic acid. The results clearly demonstrate that the hexagonal phases of these two systems are not miscible, although miscibility does occur in the isotropic solution. These observations suggest that chromonic mesophases are a new breed of lyotropic liquid crystals.
Nucleosides. LXIII. Synthetic studies on nucleoside antibiotics. 3. Total syntheses of 1-(4-amino-4-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)cytosine, the nucleoside moiety of gougerotin (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleosides. LXIII. Synthetic studies on nucleoside antibiotics. 3. Total syntheses of 1-(4-amino-4-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)cytosine, the nucleoside moiety of gougerotinKyoichi A. Watanabe, Michael P. Kotick, and Jack J. FoxCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 1, 231–236Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1970https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00826a048RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (872 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Novel osmotin attenuates glutamate-induced synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration via the JNK/PI3K/Akt pathway in postnatal rat brain (2014)

The glutamate-induced excitotoxicity pathway has been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases. Molecules that inhibit the release of glutamate or cause the overactivation of glutamate receptors can minimize neuronal cell death in these diseases. Osmotin, a homolog of mammalian adiponectin, is a plant protein from Nicotiana tabacum that was examined for the first time in the present study to determine its protective effects against glutamate-induced synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the rat brain at postnatal day 7. The results indicated that glutamate treatment induced excitotoxicity by overactivating glutamate receptors, causing synaptic dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis after 4 h in the cortex and hippocampus of the postnatal brain. In contrast, post-treatment with osmotin significantly reversed glutamate receptor activation, synaptic deficit and neuronal apoptosis by stimulating the JNK/PI3K/Akt intracellular signaling pathway. Moreover, osmotin treatment abrogated glutamate-induced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death and restored the localization and distribution of p53, p-Akt and caspase-3 in the hippocampus of the postnatal brain. Finally, osmotin inhibited glutamate-induced PI3K-dependent ROS production in vitro and reversed the cell viability decrease, cytotoxicity and caspase-3/7 activation induced by glutamate. Taken together, these results suggest that osmotin might be a novel neuroprotective agent in excitotoxic diseases.
Toward a Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological Science (1987)

A psychological space is established for any set of stimuli by determining metric distances between the stimuli such that the probability that a response learned to any stimulus will generalize to any other is an invariant monotonic function of the distance between them. To a good approximation, this probability of generalization (i) decays exponentially with this distance, and (ii) does so in accordance with one of two metrics, depending on the relation between the dimensions along which the stimuli vary. These empirical regularities are mathematically derivable from universal principles of natural kinds and probabilistic geometry that may, through evolutionary internalization, tend to govern the behaviors of all sentient organisms.
Long-Term Cultivation of Functional Human Macrophages in Teflon Dishes With Serum-Free Media (1988)

Reported herein are the results of studies demonstrating the utility of a chemically defined, serum-free medium designated as AIM-V (GIBCO) for the long-term (greater than 2 weeks) cultivation of functionally-defined human macrophages. The AIM-V medium is a mixture of HEPES-buffered Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and Ham's Nutrient Mixture F12 that had been supplemented with purified human albumin, transferrin, insulin, and a proprietary mixture of purified factors. Nonadherent macrophages for serial studies were generated in petri dishes with a Teflon liner that had been seeded with a heterogeneous population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy human adults. For comparison, cultures were initiated with serum-free medium AIM-V and medium supplemented with AB/Rh+ serum or freshly collected autologous serum. Viability was defined by trypan blue dye, glass adherence, and phagocytosis of yeast. Macrophages were characterized by light microscopy, cytochemistry, and phenotypic analysis. Ultrastructural morphology was defined by scanning electron microscopy. These studies demonstrate that functionally defined human macrophages can be sustained in long-term culture with the use of serum-free medium that has not been augmented with mitogenic stimulants, growth-promoting lymphokines/monokines, or differentiation-inducing agents. Serum-free medium AIM-V, which has been approved for generating lymphokine, (i.e., interleukin-2; IL-2)-activated killer cells (LAK) for IL-2/LAK adoptive immunotherapy modalities, may also prove useful for studies defining and isolating regulatory proteins produced by activated monocytes and macrophages and for generating cytolytic macrophages for different antitumor regimens.
Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by various RNAi constructs and their pharmacodynamic properties (2005)

The strategy of RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing has been suggested to have great potential in treating viral diseases. It provides new hope of being able to complement the limited therapeutic options currently available for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. To advance such a strategy towards clinical use, the effects of various parameters on the anti-HBV efficiency of RNAi need to be well-defined. In this study, the efficacy and pharmacodynamic properties of different RNAi target sequences and constructs were examined. Several sequences were found to be effective in cell and animal models, achieving inhibition rates of approximately 80-90 %. Methyl-modified small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules were found to be more stable inside cells than natural siRNA molecules and offered longer-lasting inhibitory effects. Both were effective at rather low doses (an equimolar ratio with HBV preS2-S protein expression vector). Plasmid DNA vectors were less dose-responsive, but their effectiveness in vivo lasted longer, for approximately 1 month. By analysing these different parameters and their possible mechanisms, some important issues in RNAi therapeutics that should assist the future development of clinical applications have been addressed.
Growth of Pseudomonas C on C1 compounds: a correction (1975)

On reexamination Pseudomonas C was found to be incapable of growth on formaldehyde or formate as a sole carbon source and to contain a hexose phosphate synthase activity when grown on methanol.
The structure of actinobolin (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe structure of actinobolinMorton E. Munk, Denny B. Nelson, Frederick J. Antosz, Delbert L. Herald Jr., and Theodore H. HaskellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 4, 1087–1089Publication Date (Print):February 14, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 14 February 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01006a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01006a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Versatile Multiport Biconical Antenna (1957)

This paper describes a multiport, biconical antenna that can be used as a wide-band direction finder or multiplexer. When the antenna is used for reception, incident plane waves excite in the feeding coaxial line both the TEM mode and the orthogonal TE11 mode whose azimuthal orientation depends on the direction of arrival of the signal. Directional information can be obtained by measuring the sum of these two modes at four fixed detectors arranged at 90-degree intervals around the coaxial lines. Alternatively, the linearly-polarized TE11 mode can be resolved, with appropriate circuitry, into right- and left-hand circularly-polarized TE11 modes. Then directional information can be obtained by measuring the phase difference between either of the circularly-polarized modes and the TEM mode. This latter form of direction finder is well suited to multiplexing applications, because each of its three ports is well isolated from the others. Furthermore, this antenna has the unique property that a signal fed into any one of these three ports will cause the antenna to radiate omnidirectionally in azimuth. A waveguide version of this antenna has been built and tested and found to operate well over the frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 kmc.
Axisymmetric angular encoder for laser fusion (1981)

We report the demonstration of an angular encoder which produces a discrete conical scan of 25 pulses, each 10 ns in duration. The device is a key optical subsystem for efficient generation of short optical pulses from laser media with short energy storage times. In particular, an encoder of this type may be necessary for use of the rare gas halide laser media in fusion experiments. Our device was also operated as a ring resonator with internal imaging and image rotation. Potential uses, aside from laser fusion, include laser scanning systems and resonator designs in which image rotation is desirable.
Altered expression of Butyrophilin ( <i>BTN</i> ) and BTN‐like ( <i>BTNL</i> ) genes in intestinal inflammation and colon cancer (2016)

Several Butyrophilin (BTN) and Btn-like (BTNL) molecules control T lymphocyte responses, and are genetically associated with inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this study, we present a comprehensive expression analysis of human and murine <i>BTN</i> and <i>BTNL</i> genes in conditions associated with intestinal inflammation and cancer. Using real-time PCR, expression of human <i>BTN</i> and <i>BTNL</i> genes was analyzed in samples from patients with ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and colon tumors. Expression of murine <i>Btn</i> and <i>Btnl</i> genes was examined in mouse models of spontaneous colitis (<i>Muc2</i><sup>-/-</sup>) and intestinal tumorigenesis (<i>Apc</i><sup>Min/+</sup>). Our analysis indicates a strong association of several of the human genes with ulcerative colitis and colon cancer; while especially <i>BTN1A1</i>, <i>BTN2A2</i>, <i>BTN3A3</i>, and <i>BTNL8</i> were significantly altered in inflammation, colonic tumors exhibited significantly decreased levels of <i>BTNL2</i>, <i>BTNL3</i>, <i>BTNL8</i>, and <i>BTNL9</i> as compared to unaffected tissue. Colonic inflammation in <i>Muc2</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice significantly down-regulated the expression of particularly <i>Btnl1</i>, <i>Btnl4</i>, and <i>Btnl6</i> mRNA, and intestinal polyps derived from <i>Apc</i><sup>Min/+</sup> mice displayed altered levels of <i>Btn1a1</i>, <i>Btn2a2</i>, and <i>Btnl1</i> transcripts. Thus, our data present an association of <i>BTN</i> and <i>BTNL</i> genes with intestinal inflammation and cancer and represent a valuable resource for further studies of this gene family.
P-selectin is a nanotherapeutic delivery target in the tumor microenvironment (2016)

Disseminated tumors are poorly accessible to nanoscale drug delivery systems because of the vascular barrier, which attenuates extravasation at the tumor site. We investigated P-selectin, a molecule expressed on activated vasculature that facilitates metastasis by arresting tumor cells at the endothelium, for its potential to target metastases by arresting nanomedicines at the tumor endothelium. We found that P-selectin is expressed on cancer cells in many human tumors. To develop a targeted drug delivery platform, we used a fucosylated polysaccharide with nanomolar affinity to P-selectin. The nanoparticles targeted the tumor microenvironment to localize chemotherapeutics and a targeted MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor at tumor sites in both primary and metastatic models, resulting in superior antitumor efficacy. In tumors devoid of P-selectin, we found that ionizing radiation guided the nanoparticles to the disease site by inducing P-selectin expression. Radiation concomitantly produced an abscopal-like phenomenon wherein P-selectin appeared in unirradiated tumor vasculature, suggesting a potential strategy to target disparate drug classes to almost any tumor.
An experimental model of rhinovirus induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a pilot study (2006)

Low dose experimental rhinovirus infection in patients with COPD induces symptoms and lung function changes typical of an acute exacerbation of COPD, appears safe, and provides preliminary evidence of causation.
Hypnotic Activity of Diphenhydramine, Methapyrilene, and Placebo (1978)

In a double-blind controlled study, an oral dose of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (12.5, 25, or 50 mg), methapyrilene fumarate (36, 72, or 144 mg), or placebo was administered to 1295 post-partum patients if they complained of, or anticipated, a sleep problem. Hypnotic activity was assessed clinically by subjective and objective techniques. Methapyrilene and diphenhydramine, at all doses, were found to be effective hypnotics in comparison to placebo, based on sleep latency, sleep duration, awakening in the night, global evaluation, and morning alertness. Increasing the dose of these drugs, in the range studied, produced a minimal increase in effectiveness.
A survey of intelligent question routing systems (2012)

This paper represents a survey of the existing research in the domain of intelligent question routing. The survey starts from an original presentation paradigm that generalizes the essence of approaches found in the open literature. The presentation paradigm includes three basic processing stages related to the three major problems of system implementation. Various research efforts use different approaches for implementation of each one of the basic processing stages. Each particular approach is presented here using the same template. All these approaches are enlisted, discussed, and presented using a table, for easier comparison. The outcome of this analysis is a proposal for a new approach based on a generalized treatment of the user knowledge profiling. Major contributions of this survey paper are: (a) original presentation paradigm, (b) detailed description of existing approaches, (c) comparative study of existing approaches, and (d) proposal of a new approach to user knowledge profiling, which enables uniform incorporation of new information sources in the form of software agents.