gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A universal theory for gas breakdown from microscale to the classical Paschen law (2017)

While well established for larger gaps, Paschen's law (PL) fails to accurately predict breakdown for microscale gaps, where field emission becomes important. This deviation from PL is characterized by the absence of a minimum breakdown voltage as a function of the product of pressure and gap distance, which has been demonstrated analytically for microscale and smaller gaps with no secondary emission at atmospheric pressure [A. M. Loveless and A. L. Garner, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 45, 574–583 (2017)]. We extend these previous results by deriving analytic expressions that incorporate the nonzero secondary emission coefficient, γSE, that are valid for gap distances larger than those at which quantum effects become important (∼100 nm) while remaining below those at which streamers arise. We demonstrate the validity of this model by benchmarking to particle-in-cell simulations with γSE = 0 and comparing numerical results to an experiment with argon, while additionally predicting a minimum voltage that was masked by fixing the gap pressure in previous analyses. Incorporating γSE demonstrates the smooth transition from field emission dominated breakdown to the classical PL once the combination of electric field, pressure, and gap distance satisfies the conventional criterion for the Townsend avalanche; however, such a condition generally requires supra-atmospheric pressures for breakdown at the microscale. Therefore, this study provides a single universal breakdown theory for any gas at any pressure dominated by field emission or Townsend avalanche to guide engineers in avoiding breakdown when designing microscale and larger devices, or inducing breakdown for generating microplasmas.
A linearly-mapping stereoscopic visual interface for teleoperation (2002)

Proposes a new type of visual interface system for teleoperated systems. Remote operations, particularly those in space, require robotic devices that are capable of performing a variety of complex mechanical manipulations with a high degree of precision and reliability. These devices must also be able to act and react accordingly to unforeseen circumstances that arise as a result of the unpredictable nature of space. Since fully autonomous motion for robots in space environments is not yet realizable, these systems must be controlled by direct dialogue through an ergonometrically designed user interface. Effective display, that includes accurate depth perception, of the remote scene is essential and vitally important for these interfaces. Although stereoscopic vision systems have been in existence for several years, most produce non-linearly mapped (distorted) images. The system proposed in the paper produces linearly-mapped images, thus facilitating the execution of teleoperated tasks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cluster analysis of dynamic cerebral contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI time-series (2005)

We performed neural network clustering on dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion magnetic resonance imaging time-series in patients with and without stroke. Minimal-free-energy vector quantization, self-organizing maps, and fuzzy c-means clustering enabled self-organized data-driven segmentation with respect to fine-grained differences of signal amplitude and dynamics, thus identifying asymmetries and local abnormalities of brain perfusion. We conclude that clustering is a useful extension to conventional perfusion parameter maps.
Volume Holographic Device for Spherical Aberration Correction and Parallel Data Access in Three-Dimensional Memory (2001)

We propose a volume holographic device for spherical aberration correction and parallel data readout in three-dimensional optical memory. Since the volume holographic device has high angular selectivity and wavefront conversion property, it is possible for that the volume holographic device can achieve data separation in each layer and the correct the spherical aberration which is generated when the data in deep layers are read or written. We present the theoretical analysis of parallel readout property using Kogelnik's diffraction theory [Kogelnik: Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48 (1969) 2909]. We also demonstrate some experimental results of the volume holographic device.
METHODS AND TOOLS FOR ADVANCED FUEL SPRAY PRODUCTION AND INVESTIGATION (1997)

Advancements in fuel spray injection systems for internal combustion engines and other fuel combusting systems require new tools and methods to produce sprays, to study their properties, and to quantify details such as local droplet size, droplet velocities, droplet concentration, and droplet temperature. Direct quantities, on which spray formation depends, need to be measured, rather than quantities on which an indirect dependence exists. At the Institute of Fluid Mechanics of the University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, research and development work has been carried out on spray systems, yielding new methods, tools, and instruments to produce and study sprays. A summary of this work is given in this article, providing information on:
Determination of Pharmacophoric Geometry for Collagenase Inhibitors Using a Novel Computational Method and Its Verification Using Molecular Dynamics, NMR, and X-ray Crystallography (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of Pharmacophoric Geometry for Collagenase Inhibitors Using a Novel Computational Method and Its Verification Using Molecular Dynamics, NMR, and X-ray CrystallographyArup K. Ghose, Margaret E. Logan, Adi M. Treasurywala, Hsin Wang, Robert C. Wahl, Bruce E. Tomczuk, Madhusudhan R. Gowravaram, Edward P. Jaeger, and John J. WendoloskiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 16, 4671–4682Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00121a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00121a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views136Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of &lt;i&gt;Aloe vera&lt;/i&gt;: A Review (2013)

The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.
Room-temperature saturated ferroelectric polarization in BiFeO3 ceramics synthesized by rapid liquid phase sintering (2004)

Single-phased ferroelectromagnet BiFeO3 ceramics with high resistivity were synthesized by a rapid liquid phase sintering technique. Saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loops were observed at room temperature in the ceramics sintered at 880 °C for 450 s. The spontaneous polarization, remnant polarization, and the coercive field are 8.9 μC/cm2, 4.0 μC/cm2, and 39 kV/cm, respectively, under an applied field of 100 kV/cm. It is proposed that the formation of Fe2+ and an oxygen deficiency leading to the higher leakage can be greatly suppressed by the very high heating rate, short sintering period, and liquid phase sintering technique. The latter was also found effective in increasing the density of the ceramics. The sintering technique developed in this work is expected to be useful in synthesizing other ceramics from multivalent or volatile starting materials.
The use of band‐selectable digital filtering in magnetic resonance image enhancement (1989)

Manipulation of the data describing two-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) images can be used to zoom an image, decrease image noise and artifacts by modeling, or emphasize object edges in the field of view. In this paper, a two-dimensional band-selectable digital filtering (2D-BSDF) technique is detailed. This can be used to decrease the computational burden and increase algorithm stability associated with such data manipulation. Many display devices have the ability of expanding an image by pixel or linear interpolation. Application of the efficient zooming fast Fourier transformation algorithms provides a superior quality sinc-function interpolated image. In 2D-BSDF, the ideal rectangular windows used in sinc-function interpolation are replaced by windows with a more gradual roll-off. This gradual roll-off results in a slight degradation of the image edges but substantially reduces the computation time. Modeling of MRI data has been attempted to remove noise and artifacts from the image. These algorithms are computationally expensive and frequently unstable because of the high model orders required. The 2D-BSDF can be used to prepare a reduced data set, without loss of information. A lower order model may be applied to the subset and computation times approaching that required for normal fast Fourier transform algorithms result. The absence of noise and signal from objects outside the region of interest can considerably enhance the stability of the modeling algorithms. The use of BSDF is equally applicable when used in association with the modeling of 2D NMR spectroscopy data or with edge enhancement or any other data manipulation of magnetic resonance imaging images. In this paper an explanation of 1D-BSDF is provided and an algorithm for 2D-BSDF is developed. A comparison of filter designs and computational times is given when applying the technique to zooming and modeling of MR images. Images from medical MRI data are provided.
A Fresh Look at the Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromosome (2012)

The Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) aims to systematically map the entire human proteome with the intent to enhance our understanding of human biology at the cellular level. This project attempts simultaneously to establish a sound basis for the development of diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive medical applications. In Iran, current efforts focus on mapping the proteome of the human Y chromosome. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) is unique in many aspects and comprises 95% of the chromosome's length. The MSY continually retains its haploid state and is full of repeated sequences. It is responsible for important biological roles such as sex determination and male fertility. Here, we present the most recent update of MSY protein-encoding genes and their association with various traits and diseases including sex determination and reversal, spermatogenesis and male infertility, cancers such as prostate cancers, sex-specific effects on the brain and behavior, and graft-versus-host disease. We also present information available from RNA sequencing, protein-protein interaction, post-translational modification of MSY protein-coding genes and their implications in biological systems. An overview of Human Y chromosome Proteome Project is presented and a systematic approach is suggested to ensure that at least one of each predicted protein-coding gene's major representative proteins will be characterized in the context of its major anatomical sites of expression, its abundance, and its functional relevance in a biological and/or medical context. There are many technical and biological issues that will need to be overcome in order to accomplish the full scale mapping.
Final Evaluation of a Phase II Study on the Effect of Edelfosine (an Ether Lipid) in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Bronchogenic Carcinoma (1992)

Background: Ether lipids could provide new prospects in cancer therapy after successful preclinical investigations. Edelfosine has been the most thoroughly investigated substance in the ether lipid group. So far, no standard therapy has been set up for advanced non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Therefore, in a phase II study 116 patients with advanced inoperable non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with the alkyl-lysophospholipid edelfosine (EF). Material and Methods: The phenotype modifier EF was initially applied in a daily oral dosage of 300 mg (dissolved in milk) over a period of 4 weeks, then increased to a daily dosage of 900 mg if tolerated well, and continued with the highest tolerable dosage. Therapy was continued until either tumor progression or negative side effects were documented. 35 patients could not be treated for the intended therapy period of at least 8 weeks due to early tumor progression (18 patients), unacceptable gastrointestinal side effects (14 patients), lack of compliance (1 patient), refusal of therapy (1 patient) and change of therapy (1 patient). Results: 81 patients could be evaluated for remission status; of these, 2 showed partial remission, 68 showed ‘no change’, and 11 had unaltered progression of the tumor. Median survival time for these 81 patients was 244 days, for all 116 patients it was 199 days. Retrospectively, in these 81 patients the spontaneous tumor development during the 2 months before EF therapy could be analyzed. Tumor progression during this period could be documented in 1 patient with partial remission, in 46 patients with diagnosis ‘no change’, and in 11 patients with unaltered tumor progression. The survival times of these three groups of patients did not differ significantly. All 116 patients were evaluable for toxicity. Manifestations of gastrointestinal problems were anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, obstipation (mostly WHO grades I+Π), but treatment was not required. Toxic effects on organs or late toxicity could not be documented.Conclusions: The high proportion of patients with stationary tumor status was remarkable. Objective tumor remission was extremely rare. On the other hand, the rate of progression was low. This might be explained by the fact that EF is rather a phenotype modifier than a typical cytostatic drug.
The role of cytokines in normal and pathological bone states. (1993)

Cytokines have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of many of the common proliferative and degenerative diseases. This review outlines the rapidly expanding field of cytokines and discusses their role in bone metabolism and bone and joint diseases.
Non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Palermo, Western Sicily (1983)

Aetiological studies were carried out on 407 cases of acute viral hepatitis during two consecutive years in two general hospitals in Palermo, Sicily. Two hundred ninety-seven showed serological evidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and 73 of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Of the remaining 37, two had a serologically diagnosed cytomegalovirus hepatitis, while 35 were classified as non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis. The frequency of the different major agents of acute viral hepatitis was notably influenced by the age of the patients, HAV being prevalent in children and HBV and NANB in adults. About one-fourth of the adult cases of sporadic, acute viral hepatitis were attributed to NANB virus(es). The acute disease appeared less severe than B hepatitis, as indicated by the duration of jaundice, peak serum bilirubin, and aminotransferase levels. No history of drug addiction or of parenteral exposure to blood or blood products was obtained from the presumed NANB hepatitis patients.
More than fun and money. Worker motivation in crowdsourcing - a study on mechanical turk (2011)

The payment in paid crowdsourcing markets like Amazon Mechanical Turk is\nvery low, and still collected demographic data shows that the participants\nare a very diverse group including highly skilled full time workers. Many\nexisting studies on their motivation are rudimental and not grounded on\nestablished motivation theory. Therefore, we adapt different models from\nclassic motivation theory, work motivation theory and Open Source Software\nDevelopment to crowdsourcing markets. The model is tested with a survey of\n431 workers on Mechanical Turk. We find that the extrinsic motivational\ncategories (imme-diate payoffs, delayed payoffs, social motivation) have a\nstrong effect on the time spent on the platform. For many workers, however,\nintrinsic motivation aspects are more important, especially the different\nfacets of enjoyment based motivation like “task autonomy” and “skill\nvariety”. Our contribution is a preliminary model based on established\ntheory intended for the comparison of different crowdsourcing platforms.
Ubiquinone. Biosynthesis of quinone ring and its isoprenoid side chain. Intracellular localization. (2000)

Ubiquinone, known as coenzyme Q, was shown to be the part of the metabolic pathways by Crane et al. in 1957. Its function as a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is well established. However, ubiquinone has recently attracted increasing attention with regard to its function, in the reduced form, as an antioxidant. In ubiquinone synthesis the para-hydroxybenzoate ring (which is the derivative of tyrosine or phenylalanine) is condensed with a hydrophobic polyisoprenoid side chain, whose length varies from 6 to 10 isoprene units depending on the organism. para-Hydroxybenzoate (PHB) polyprenyltransferase that catalyzes the condensation of PHB with polyprenyl diphosphate has a broad substrate specificity. Most of the genes encoding (all-E)-prenyltransferases which synthesize polyisoprenoid chains, have been cloned. Their structure is either homo- or heterodimeric. Genes that encode prenyltransferases catalysing the transfer of the isoprenoid chain to para-hydroxybenzoate were also cloned in bacteria and yeast. To form ubiquinone, prenylated PHB undergoes several modifications such as hydroxylations, O-methylations, methylations and decarboxylation. In eukaryotes ubiquinones were found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and in other membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles, lysosomes and peroxisomes. Still, the subcellular site of their biosynthesis remains unclear. Considering the diversity of functions of ubiquinones, and their multistep biosynthesis, identification of factors regulating their cellular level remains an elusive task.
The Influence of Prior Cold Working and the Consideration of Die Design on the Cold Headability of 1020 Steel Wire Using an Instrumented Double Blow Heading Machine (1972)

Article The Influence of Prior Cold Working and the Consideration of Die Design on the Cold Headability of 1020 Steel Wire Using an Instrumented Double Blow Heading Machine was published on July 1, 1972 in the journal International Journal of Materials Research (volume 63, issue 7).
A class of polynomial rooting algorithms for joint azimuth/elevation estimation using multidimensional arrays (2002)

Polynomial rooting techniques for efficient high resolution estimation of direction parameters from linear arrays are well documented in the literature. These techniques are limited, however, to cases of estimating a scalar direction parameter (say, either azimuth or elevation). The paper introduces a methodology for extending the polynomial rooting philosophy to the case of multidimensional arrays, which will be used to estimate jointly both azimuth and elevation parameters of the signal directions. It is shown via simulation that the resolution capabilities of the polynomial root intersection for multidimensional estimation (PRIME) class of algorithms is superior to the spectral algorithms they supplant, and that the variance of the direction estimates is equal to that of the corresponding spectral algorithms. It is shown analytically that the mean squared error of the PRIME estimates can be asymptotically equal to that of spectral MUSIC estimates. Finally, some extensions are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fractal Analysis for Quantitative Evaluation of Diffuse Lung Abnormalities on Chest Radiographs: Use of Sub-ROIs (2003)

We evaluated the usefulness of fractal analysis for quantitative evaluation of diffuse lung abnormalities seen on chest radiographs. Regions of interest (ROIs) with 296 x 296 matrix size were selected in the right upper and lower lung zones of digitized chest radiographs. We selected ROIs of 50 mild and 50 severe diffuse lung abnormalities and 50 ROIs of normal lungs. The fractal dimension (FD) for each ROI was defined as the mean value of those obtained from sub-ROIs in each ROI. In the sub-ROIs with 256 x 256, 128 x 128, and 64 x 64 matrix size, the mean values of FDs obtained from the patients with diffuse lung abnormalities were significantly higher than those obtained from the patients with normal lungs (P < 0.001, respectively). The performance of FDs obtained from the sub-ROIs with 256 x 256 matrix size was equal to that obtained from the sub-ROIs with 128 x 128 matrix size (P = 0.980). However, the performance of FDs obtained from the sub-ROIs with 128 x 128 matrix size was superior to that obtained from the sub-ROIs with 64 x 64 matrix size (P = 0.0001). Fractal analysis is useful for quantitative evaluation of diffuse lung abnormalities seen on chest radiographs. From our results, the sub-ROIs whose matrix sizes were greater than or equal to 128 x 128 were suggested to be suitable for quantitative evaluation of diffuse lung abnormalities seen on chest radiographs.
PbZrO3-based antiferroelectric films for energy storage applications (2015)

Avec le développement de nouvelles sources d’énergie, les technologies dédiées à son stockage ont un rôle capital. Le zirconate de Plomb (PZ de structure Pérovskite) présente un grand intérêt pour les futures capacités rapides permettant le stockage de forte densité d’énergie. Cette propriété est associée à la transition de phase ferroélectrique – anti ferroélectrique induite par le champ électrique et qui s’accompagne d’une grande capacité de stockage. Le PZ a été déposé par pulvérisation cathodique RF sur différents types de substrats et notamment le SrTiO3, les cibles sont obtenues par mélange des poudres et pressage à froid. L’étude s’est focalisée sur les effets d’interfaces entre le film et l’électrode inférieure (LaNiO3 dans notre cas), l’orientation préférentielle des films et la réalisation de films épitaxiés de PZ. La structure, la micro structure des films ainsi que leurs épaisseurs ont un impact sur les contraintes existantes dans le film et nous avons évalué ces effets sur la capacité de stockage du PZ dans la phase anti ferroélectrique. L’optimisation des propriétés des interfaces et de l’ingénierie des contraintes permettent d’améliorer la densité d’énergie stockée dans un film anti ferroélectrique. C’est une voie sérieuse pour les supers condensateurs à base de matériaux fonctionnels de type PZ.