gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wood‐fiber reinforcement of styrene–maleic anhydride copolymers (1998)

Styrene–maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers containing either 7 or 14% maleic anhydride were filled with either pine flour or dry-process aspen fiber from a medium density fiberboard (MDF) plant. Material properties of the filled and unfilled SMA plastics were compared with those of aspen-fiber-filled and unfilled polystyrene (PS). The fiber-filled SMA composites were equivalent or superior to unfilled SMA in strength, stiffness, and notched Izod impact strength. Filled PS composites outperformed or matched the performance of filled SMA composites in the parameters tested. Unnotched Izod impact strength of filled polymers was generally inferior to that of the unfilled polymers. Water absorption from a 90% relative humidity exposure, a 24-h soak, and a 2-h boil showed mixed results when compared to the unfilled polymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed no change in glass transition temperature (Tg) after the addition of filler for either SMA or PS composites. The presence of the anhydride functionality on the polymer backbone did not appear to improve the strength of the composite. No evidence was found for chemical bond formation between the SMA and wood fiber. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 1567–1573, 1998
A new framework for part failure-rate prediction models (1995)

This paper presents a framework for developing part failure-rate models. It is a partial result of an effort sponsored by the US Air Force for the development of reliability prediction models for military avionics. Published data show that the existing reliability prediction methods fall far short of providing the required accuracy. One of the problems in the existing methods is the exclusion of critical factors. The new framework is based on the premise that essentially all failures are caused by the interactions of built-in flaws, failure mechanisms, and stresses. These three ingredients contribute to form the failure distribution which are functions of stress application duration (eg, aging time), number of thermal cycles, and vibration duration. The Weibull distribution has been selected as the general distribution. The distribution is then modified by the critical factors such as flaw quantities, effects of environmental stress screening, calendar-time reliability improvements, and vendor quality differences, to provide the part failure-rate functions. To provide credibility for the framework, only well published data and information have been used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Virulence of La Crosse virus is under polygenic control (1986)

To identify which RNA segments of the California serogroup bunyaviruses determine virulence, we prepared reassortant viruses by coinfecting BHK-21 cells with two wild-type parents, La Crosse/original and Tahyna/181-57 viruses, which differed about 30,000-fold in virulence. The progeny clones were screened by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to ascertain the phenotype of the M and S RNA segments, and RNA-RNA hybridization was used to determine the genotype of selected clones. Two or three clones of each of the six possible reassortant genotypes were characterized quantitatively for neuroinvasiveness by determining the PFU/50% lethal dose (LD50) ratio after subcutaneous injection into suckling mice. The reassortants fell into two groups. (i) Six of seven reassortants with a La Crosse M RNA segment were as virulent as the parent La Crosse virus (about 1 PFU/LD50); the one exception was strikingly different (about 1,000 PFU/LD50) and probably represents a spontaneous mutant. (ii) The seven reassortants with a Tahyna M RNA segment were about 10-fold more virulent than the parent Tahyna virus (median 1,600 PFU/LD50 for reassortants and 16,000 PFU/LD50 for Tahyna virus). A comparative pathogenesis study in suckling mice of one reassortant virus and the parent Tahyna virus confirmed the greater neuroinvasiveness of the reassortant virus. From these data it was concluded that the M RNA segment was the major determinant of virulence, but that the other two gene segments could modulate the virulence of a nonneuroinvasive California serogroup virus.
Reducing lake evaporation in the midwest (1959)

During the summers of 1957 and 1958 studies were conducted on two lakes in central Illinois to determine a practical method of applying monomolecular layers and to learn the effectiveness of the layers in reducing evaporation. Results showed a saving of 43 per cent in 1957 and 22 per cent in 1958 of the water normally lost to evaporation. A method was developed for determining the strength of the monolayer by measuring the heat gradient near the water surface.
Guidelines for Concrete Mixtures Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Enhance Durability of Bridge Decks (2007)

Download a PDF of "Guidelines for Concrete Mixtures Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Enhance Durability of Bridge Decks" by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for free.
Joining of plain carbon steel to alumina with copper filler metal. (1985)

Joining of plain carbon steel (SS41) to alumina or mullite using copper filler metal was made in a slightly oxidizing atmosphere. Joining strength was determined by fracture shear loading. The liquid copper wetted both alumina and steel during joining, and a strong joining was formed after cooling down. The strong bond is attributable to the formation of hercynite (FeAl2O4) at the interface between copper and α-alumina. The use of this joining provides various type of joints such as alumina/steel tee joint and alumina butt joint strapped with steel.
Peresters as photoinitiators (1983)

Photoinitiators are sources of free radicals or Lewis acids which catalyze chain reactions. This review summarizes a new series of free radical initiators, developed in our laboratories. These initiators are based on the assumption that a light quantum absorbed by a chromophore contained in a molecule which also contains a source of free radicals will be used more efficiently than a light absorbed by one molecule with subsequent energy transfer to a second species which undergoes bond homolysis.
ABSORPTION OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS BY PLANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH (1970)

S ummary A study was made of polyethylene glycols (PEG) as osmotica to decrease the water potential of culture solutions for studies of higher plant response to water stress. Analysis of possible inorganic impurities in commercial PEG and comparison of the growth of maize in solutions purified by gel filtration or unpurified, suggest that impurities are not responsible for the toxic effects reported. PEG in leaves was estimated by Hyden's method and with [ 14 C]‐labelled PEG 4000. Over 90 % of the higher molecular weight PEG was recovered from maize and bean leaves but less from cotton and tulip tree. PEG of 1000 molecular weight or larger entered plants slowly, about 1 mg/g fresh weight of leaf per week, but mechanically damaged roots or those subjected to low water potentials permitted entry. PEG decreased transpiration and water potential and caused the leaves to die. PEG 200 and mannitol entered plants with undamaged roots but the effects on leaves were unlike the higher molecular weight PEGs. Low and high molecular weight PEG and mannitol affected respiration to the same extent and comparison with non‐ionic detergents showed that the detergent properties of PEG were not responsible for the toxicity. Autoradiography showed that PEG 4000 accumulated initially in the margins of leaves and became distributed in the mesophyll except along the veins. PEG of higher molecular weight is considered to cause blockage of the pathway of water movement, reducing water absorption and causing desiccation of the plant.
PARALLELIZATION OF THE DISCRETE TRANSFER METHOD (1999)

Abstract The discrete transfer method was parallelized and applied to the calculation of radiative heat transfer in 2D and 3D enclosures containing a gray emitting-absorbing and isotropically scattering medium. Two different parallel strategies were used, the ray domain decomposition and the spatial domain decomposition. Three test cases were considered, and the influence of the number of processors, angular and spatial discretizations, absorption coefficient of the medium and emissivity of the boundaries on the parallel performance was investigated. It is shown that the ray decomposition is the most efficient method, mainly because the convergence rate is not influenced by the number of processors.
Developments in Pyrotechnics (2010)

The application of smoke and various types of smoke bombs/ devices developed are narrated. The light output of 51 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm and 120 mm LRM illuminating bombs developed is 2.6, 9.0, 10.8 and 15 lakhs candela, respectively. The IR flares developed for first and second generation anti-tank missile are in regular production. An IR decoy flare is developed for CMDS. Feasibility study on multi-spectral smoke and IR flare compositions is completed. 1W-1A No fire capability EED is developed. Gas generators 1200 cc, 2400 cc, 6000 cc are developed. Accuracy of pyro delay is improved. Laser initiated pyrocartridge is developed. Nanoscale Fe2O3 is synthesised and studied. A few toxic ingredients are replaced to march towards green pyrotechnics. Objectives for improved pyrotechnics are included. Defence Science Journal, 2010, 60(2), pp.152-158 , DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.60.333
A virtual reality testbed for brain-computer interface research (2000)

Virtual reality promises to extend the realm of possible brain-computer interface (BCI) prototypes. Most of the work using electroencephalograph (EEG) signals in VR has focussed on brain-body actuated control, where biological signals from the body as well as the brain are used. We show that when subjects are allowed to move and act normally in an immersive virtual environment, cognitive evoked potential signals can still be obtained and used reliably. A single trial accuracy average of 85% for recognizing the differences between evoked potentials at red and yellow stop lights will be presented and future directions discussed.
Annotated maps for autonomous land vehicles (2002)

The use of annotated maps to manage the information needed by autonomous mobile robots is discussed. Annotations tie specific information to particular locations of objects in the map, such as the description of a landmark or the proper control strategy for crossing an intersection. Descriptor annotations are retrieved on demand. Triggers are automatically sent to a specified process when the robot reaches a given location. The most ambitious runs involved navigating through a suburban neighborhood, including image processing to follow roads, 3-D perception for landmark identification, and inertial navigation to turn at intersections. Annotated maps were built by first driving the robot by hand and recording the location of roads and the location and description of objects along the way. During mission planning, triggers were added to specify how and where to drive and what to look for. While executing the mission, the triggers specified when to use image processing, when to slow down and identify landmarks, how to negotiate intersections, and when to stop at the goal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nasal Acai Polysaccharides Potentiate Innate Immunity to Protect against Pulmonary Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia pseudomallei Infections (2012)

Pulmonary Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia pseudomallei infections are highly lethal in untreated patients, and current antibiotic regimens are not always effective. Activating the innate immune system provides an alternative means of treating infection and can also complement antibiotic therapies. Several natural agonists were screened for their ability to enhance host resistance to infection, and polysaccharides derived from the Acai berry (Acai PS) were found to have potent abilities as an immunotherapeutic to treat F. tularensis and B. pseudomallei infections. In vitro, Acai PS impaired replication of Francisella in primary human macrophages co-cultured with autologous NK cells via augmentation of NK cell IFN-γ. Furthermore, Acai PS administered nasally before or after infection protected mice against type A F. tularensis aerosol challenge with survival rates up to 80%, and protection was still observed, albeit reduced, when mice were treated two days post-infection. Nasal Acai PS administration augmented intracellular expression of IFN-γ by NK cells in the lungs of F. tularensis-infected mice, and neutralization of IFN-γ ablated the protective effect of Acai PS. Likewise, nasal Acai PS treatment conferred protection against pulmonary infection with B. pseudomallei strain 1026b. Acai PS dramatically reduced the replication of B. pseudomallei in the lung and blocked bacterial dissemination to the spleen and liver. Nasal administration of Acai PS enhanced IFN-γ responses by NK and γδ T cells in the lungs, while neutralization of IFN-γ totally abrogated the protective effect of Acai PS against pulmonary B. pseudomallei infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate Acai PS is a potent innate immune agonist that can resolve F. tularensis and B. pseudomallei infections, suggesting this innate immune agonist has broad-spectrum activity against virulent intracellular pathogens.
Proton Pump Inhibitors Do Not Increase Risk for Clostridium difficile Infection in the Intensive Care Unit (2016)

Exposure to antibiotics was the most important risk factor for health-care facility-onset CDI in the ICU. PPIs did not increase risk for CDI in the ICU regardless of use of antibiotics.
CAPS: coevolution analysis using protein sequences (2006)

CAPS version 1 is available at http://bioinf.gen.tcd.ie/~faresm/software/caps/. Distribution versions for Linux/Unix, Mac OS X and Windows operating systems are available, including manual and example files.
African Ideas of God: a Symposium (1951)

Journal Article African Ideas of God: a Symposium Get access African Ideas of God: a Symposium. Ed. by Edwin W. Smith. London, Edinburgh House Press, 1950. x+308 pp. Bibliog. Indexes. 834′​′×512′​′⁠. 21s. Max Warren Max Warren Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 27, Issue 1, January 1951, Page 120, https://doi.org/10.2307/2608391 Published: 01 January 1951
Continuous Blockade of L-Type Ca2+ Channels Suppresses Activation of Calcineurin and Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (2002)

We examined whether Ca2+ channel blockers inhibit the activation of the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and the development of cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We randomly divided 12-week-old SHR into three groups, one each receiving vehicle, bolus injection or continuous infusion of nifedipine (10 mg/kg/day) from 12 to 24 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured every week after the treatment using the tail-cuff plethysmography method. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, 6 rats of each group were subjected to examinations that included an assay for calcineurin activity in the heart, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology and Northern blot analysis. Continuous infusion of nifedipine consistently reduced BP, whereas bolus injection resulted in a fluctuation of BP. Continuous infusion of nifedipine not only reduced left ventricular mass but also decreased the transverse diameter of cardiomyocytes, interstitial fibrosis and the expression of the atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide genes in the heart, while bolus injection of nifedipine did not significantly attenuate any of these hypertrophic responses in SHR. The activity of calcineurin in the heart was strongly suppressed by continuous but not bolus infusion of nifedipine in SHR. The results indicate that continuous blockade of Ca2+ channels with nifedipine effectively suppresses the development of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR, possibly through inhibition of the calcineurin activity.
Analysis and Background Self-Calibration of Comparator Offset in Loop-Unrolled SAR ADCs (2017)

In conventional charge redistribution successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs that use a single comparator, the comparator offset causes no distortion but a dc shift in the transfer curve. In loop-unrolled (LU) SAR ADCs, on the other hand, mismatched comparator offset voltages introduce input-level-dependent errors to the conversion result, which deteriorates the linearity and limits the resolution. Still, the literature lacks a quantitative analysis on this phenomenon, and the resolution of most reported SAR ADCs of this kind, until recently, has been limited to 6 bit. In this paper, we analyze the effects of comparator offset voltage mismatch in LU-SAR ADCs, and establish the quantitative relation between individual offsets and the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) and the effectivenumber-of-bits. A statistical linearity model is proposed for yield estimation. Finally, an on-line deterministic calibration technique for auto-zeroing dynamic comparator offset is presented to treat the offsets mismatch and improve linearity. A 150-MS/s 8-bit LU-SAR ADC is fabricated in a 130-nm CMOS technology to validate the concept. The measured result shows that the calibration improves the SNDR from 33.7 to 42.9 dB. The ADC consumes 640 μW from a 1.2-V supply with a figure-of-merit of 37.5 fJ/conv-step.
Analyzing Sentiment Markers Describing Radical and Counter-Radical Elements in Online News (2010)

In this study, we aim to obtain “natural groupings” of 151 local non-government organizations and institutions mentioned in a news archive of 77,000 articles spanning a decade (May 1999 to Jan 2010) from Indonesia. One of our goals is to enhance our understanding of counter-radical movements in critical locations in the Muslim world. We present information extraction techniques to recognize entities, and their beliefs and practices in text as a step towards identifying socially significant scales with explanatory power. Then, we proceed to cluster organizations based on these scales. We present experimental results, and discuss challenges in reasoning with the complex interactions of many simultaneous beliefs, practices and attitudes held by the leaders and followers of various organizations.
Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia increases the ability of neutrophils to generate superoxide anion in humans (2003)

1. We investigated the effect of intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on the ability of neutrophils to generate.O2-. 2. Seven male volunteers were exposed intermittently to hypobaric hypoxia, equivalent to an altitude of 4500 m, for 7 successive days. Peripheral blood samples were collected before and after the 2 h course of hypobaric hypoxia on days 1 and 7 and neutrophils were subjected to a chemiluminescence assay for.O2- production. 3. On day 1, 2 h exposure to hypobaric hypoxia induced granulocytosis (P < 0.01), but the ability of neutrophils to generate.O2- was unchanged. 4. On day 7, such granulocytosis was not observed, suggesting acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia. 5. The ability of neutrophils to generate.O2- was significantly increased on day 7 (P < 0.01), although there was no definite change in the mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase subunits in the cells. 6. The results suggest that the ability of neutrophils to generate.O2- may be gradually potentiated by intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, even after the number of neutrophils in peripheral blood stabilizes.
Global parametrization by incremental flattening (2012)

Global parametrization of surfaces requires singularities (cones) to keep distortion minimal. We describe a method for finding cone locations and angles and an algorithm for global parametrization which aim to produce seamless parametrizations with low metric distortion. The idea of the method is to evolve the metric of the surface, starting with the original metric so that a growing fraction of the area of the surface is constrained to have zero Gaussian curvature; the curvature becomes gradually concentrated at a small set of vertices which become cones. We demonstrate that the resulting parametrizations have significantly lower metric distortion compared to previously proposed methods.
Long-term survival of fetal porcine lateral ganglionic eminence cells in the hippocampus of rats (1999)

Embryonic porcine brain tissue from the lateral ganglionic eminence was transplanted into the adult rat hippocampus to determine whether fetal striatal cells could survive, differentiate, and integrate in a heterotopic site. The hippocampus, a common site of epileptic seizure activity, was chosen to determine if fetal striatal cells could supply inhibitory GABAergic neurons that may serve to block seizures. Cells were either implanted with a single deposit using a standard metal cannula or by five smaller disseminated deposits with a glass micropipette. At 20-24 weeks, animals immunosuppressed with cyclosporin showed long-term survival of porcine cells in the adult hippocampus. Analysis by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization showed that the grafts contained glial and neuronal cell types, including GABAergic neurons within graft core and networks of porcine neuronal fibers extending from the graft into the host parenchyma. In addition, a marker of porcine presynaptic terminals, synaptobrevin, was abundant within the grafts and was found associated with hippocampal structures and cell layers suggesting functional integration of grafted cells within the host. The survival of xenografts in the hippocampus and potential integration of inhibitory components provides evidence that these grafts may serve as an internal negative feedback mechanism to quench epileptiform activity.
Downregulation of <scp>MCT</scp>4 for lactate exchange promotes the cytotoxicity of <scp>NK</scp> cells in breast carcinoma (2018)

Monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT4), a monocarboxylic acid transporter, demonstrates significantly increased expression in the majority of malignancies. We performed an experiment using BALB/C mice, and our results showed that ShMCT4 transfection or the pharmaceutic inhibition of MCT4 with 7acc1 strengthens the activity of NK cells. The results of a calcein assay revealed that the cytotoxicity of NK cells was strengthened via inhibition of MCT4. In addition, ELISA testing showed that the content of perforin and CD107a was increased, and PCR amplification and immunoblotting revealed that the expression of NKG2D and H60 was upregulated after the inhibition of MCT4. Further, we observed an elevated pH value, decreased extracellular lactate flow, and attenuated tumor growth. Therefore, we concluded that the inhibition of MCT4 enhanced the cytotoxicity of NK cells by blocking lactate flux and reversing the acidified tumor microenvironment. In addition to these findings, we also discovered that MCT4 depletion may have a pronounced impact on autophagy, which was surmised by observing that the inhibition of autophagy (3MA) pulled the enhanced cytotoxicity of NK cells downwards. Together, these data suggest that the key effect of MCT4 depletion on NK cells probably utilizes inductive autophagy as a compensatory metabolic mechanism to minimize the acidic extracellular microenvironment associated with lactate export in tumors.