gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isoflavonoids and chronic disease: Mechanisms of action (2000)

Soy and its isoflavones are associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease. The mechanisms of action of isoflavones include their roles as weak estrogens, inhibitors of tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction processes and as cellular antioxidants. Although estrogen receptor beta binds genistein with an affinity close to that of 17beta-estradiol, it remains to be determined whether it is a mediator of genistein's activity in vivo. Genistein's inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases is not limited to direct effect on these kinases, but may result from alteration in kinase expression. Genistein is not a particularly good scavanger of cellular oxidants; however, it reacts vigorously with the prooxidant hypochlorous acid, produced by neutrophils as part of the inflammatory response. The chlorinated isoflavones may have altered biochemical and biological effects compared to their parent compounds and may provide increased protection against inflammatory disease.
Polysaccharides: The “Click” Chemistry Impact (2011)

Polysaccharides are complex but essential compounds utilized in many areas such as biomaterials, drug delivery, cosmetics, food chemistry or renewable energy. Modifications and functionalizations of such polymers are often necessary to achieve molecular structures of interest. In this area, the emergence of the “click” chemistry concept, and particularly the copper-catalyzed version of the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between terminal acetylenes and azides, had an impact on the polysaccharides chemistry. The present review summarizes the contribution of “click” chemistry in the world of polysaccharides.
Biodegradation of sucralose, a chlorinated carbohydrate, in samples of natural environments (1993)

Abstract Measurements were made of the biodegradation of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-α, D-galactopyranosyl-1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β, D-fructofuranoside (sucralose) in samples of several natural environments. This chlorinated carbohydrate, which represents a new class of artificial sweeteners, was extensively transformed to CO2 in four mineral soils with pH values of 4.9 to 7.2. Mineralization occurred at concentrations of 0.01 to 1,000 mg of sucralose per kilogram of soil, and the initial rates were a direct function of substrate concentration. At the lower concentrations, mineralization was initiated with no detectable acclimation period. Mineralization was not evident in soil under anaerobiosis. Mineralization occurred in lake sediments, sewage, and estuarine water but at lower rates and lesser extents than in soils. Little mineralization was evident in samples from oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic lakes, the extent of mineralization being often less than the contamination level of the sucralose preparation. Sucralose degradation resulted from microbial activity because mineralization did not occur in sterilized environmental samples, and the addition of cycloheximide or streptomycin to soil significantly reduced mineralization. No bacterium could be isolated that was capable of utilizing sucralose as the sole carbon source. The data suggest that the biodegradation of sucralose is a cometabolic process.
Cryogenic sapphire resonator-oscillator with exceptional stability: an update (2002)

Microwave oscillators of exceptional short term stability have been realized from cryogenic sapphire resonators with loaded Q factors in excess of 10/sup 9/ at 11.9 GHz and 6 K. This has been achieved using a synthesis of a power stabilized loop oscillator and active Pound frequency stabilization. These oscillators have exhibited a fractional frequency stability of 3-4/spl times/10/sup -15/ for integration times from 0.3 to 100 seconds. The relative drift of these two oscillators over one day is a few times 10/sup -13/. To reduce the long term drift, which is principally due to excessive room temperature sensitivity, we have added cryogenic sensors for the power and frequency stabilization servos on one of these oscillators. We have also implemented a servo to reduce the room temperature sensitivity of out phase modulators. Testing of this oscillator against a Shanghai Observatory H-maser has shown an Allan deviation of less than 4/spl times/10/sup -15/ from 600 to 2000 s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Scaling and bandwidth-parameterization based controller tuning (2005)

A new set of tools, including controller scaling, controller parameterization and practical optimization, is presented to standardize controller tuning. Controller scaling is used to frequency-scale an existing controller for a large class of plants, eliminating the repetitive controller tuning process for plants that differ mainly in gain and bandwidth. Controller parameterization makes the controller parameters a function of a single variable, the loop-gain bandwidth, and greatly simplifies the tuning process. Practical optimization is defined by maximizing the bandwidth subject to the physical constraints, which determine the limiting factors in performance. Collectively, these new tools move controller tuning in the direction of science.
The contribution of increased collagen synthesis to human glomerulosclerosis: a quantitative analysis of alpha 2IV collagen mRNA expression by competitive polymerase chain reaction. (1992)

We previously reported that one of the main components of the sclerotic material in human glomerular diseases was type IV collagen. In this study we examined the contribution of increased synthesis to this process at the gene expression level. Sufficient material has not been available to study type IV collagen synthesis by normal or sclerotic glomeruli in humans. We took advantage of the availability of nephrectomy specimens from patients with renal carcinoma, and of the observation that approximately 50% of these patients develop varying degrees of glomerulosclerosis. We microdissected glomeruli from 10 patients and analyzed them using in situ reverse transcription coupled with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses (in situ RT-PCR). alpha 2IV collagen mRNA, after reverse transcription into cDNA, was detected in all patients and appeared to be increased in those with glomerulosclerosis (n = 5). A competitive PCR assay was developed to quantitate this change. There was an average 3.7-fold increase in glomerular type IV collagen cDNA in patients with significant sclerosis. This change was not due to an increased number of glomerular cells. Thus, glomerulosclerosis in humans is associated with an elevation of glomerular type IV collagen gene expression, suggesting that increased synthesis of type IV collagen may represent one component of this process.
An NN-based access network selection algorithm for heterogeneous networks (2013)

Next generation wireless network is expected to integrate multiple wireless technologies and provide mobile users with communication connectivity of different QoS requirements. However, the heterogeneity of access networks and the variety of user application requirements pose new challenges on access network selection scheme, i.e., selecting the optimal network for multi-interface mobile terminal (MT) in the case that multiple networks are available. In this paper, the theory of neural network (NN) is applied in designing network selection scheme for heterogeneous networks and an NN-based access network selection algorithm is proposed, which models the network characteristics based on network and user sample data and then evaluates the performance of candidate networks based on current network and service features, the candidate network with the best service performance is then chosen as the destination network Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm offers better QoS performance comparing to the traditional algorithm.
Sulfonation of hexadecene‐1 and octadecene‐1 (1965)

Abstract The reaction of dioxane‐sulfur trioxide with hexadecene‐1 and octadecene‐1 carried out below 10C gave difficultly soluble sodium 2‐hydroxy‐1‐alkanesulfonates containing smaller amounts of other vicinal position isomers. Sulfonation of the olefins at 50C gave a mixture of isomeric vicinal sodium alkenesulfonates containing also small amounts of hydroxyalkanesulfonates, sulfo‐sulfates and sultones. This higher temperature reaction product was readily soluble with good foaming and detergent properties.
Research in Recycling Technology of Fiber Reinforced Polymers for Reduction of Environmental Load: Optimum Decomposition Conditions of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers in the Purpose of Fiber Reuse (2011)

The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of pyrolysis time and temperature on the mechanical properties of recycled carbon fiber, based on tensile strength measurements, determining the optimum decomposition conditions for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) by superheated steam. In this research, CFRPs were efficiently depolymerized and reinforced fibers were separated from resin by superheated steam. Tensile strength of fibrous recyclates was measured and compared to that of virgin fiber. Although tensile strength of recycled fibers were litter lower than that of virgin fiber, under some conditions tensile strength of recycled fibers were close to that of virgin fiber. With pyrolysis, some char residue from the polymer remains on the fibers and degrees of char on the recycled fibers were closely examined by scanning electron microscopy.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHONIC ACID ANALOGS OF ACYCLOVIR AND GANCICLOVIR ON IN VITRO CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS (1989)

Abstract Eight phosphonic acid analogs of acyclovir (ACV) or ganciclovir (DHPG) inhibited human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Therapeutic indices were: phosphonate diacid of DHPG: 500; DHPG: 500; phosphonate monoethylester of DHPG: 258; phosphonate monoethylester of ACV: 94; cyclic phosphonate of DHPG: 64; ACV: 60; phosphonate monobutylester of ACV: 1.5; phosphonate monoethylester of deoxy DHPG: 4.6; 8-bromo ACV phosphonate monoethylester: >2; phosphonate monoethylester heptyl of ACV: 1. Types 1 and 2 herpesvirus (HSV-1, HSV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) were poorly inhibited by these new compounds, suggesting highly specific anti-HCMV activity. None exhibited significant cytotoxic effects as measured by uptake of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine and [3H]leucine.
3α-Chloro-B-norcoprostane-6-one (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT3α-Chloro-B-norcoprostane-6-oneMarcel GutCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 8, 2261Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01637a074https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01637a074research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views37Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
State-of-the-Art of In-Depth Fluid Diversion Technology: Enhancing Reservoir Oil Recovery by Gel Treatments (2014)

Abstract In contrast to near-wellbore conformance control applications, polymer gels are applied in injector wells for reservoir scale applications for in-depth fluid diversion (IFD). Novel gel systems include weak gels, sequential injection for in-situ gels, colloidal dispersion gels, preformed gels, and microgels. The objective of an IFD process is to modify the prevailing reservoir inflow profile by gel treating the reservoir to significantly reduce effective permeability of high permeability zones that would otherwise dominate the water uptake. The weak gels or gel particles are treated as a flowing fluid and are custom-made for reservoirs with fractures or high permeability zones. The very weak gels form near the wellbore region, but continue to propagate into the reservoir. The gels eventually stop propagating deeper into reservoir due to the variation in pressure gradients and pore structures. The subsequent injection of fluids, water or chemical solutions, will redirect predominate flow paths to unswept reservoir zones, which improves oil sweep efficiency by waterflood (or chemical flood); thus, leading to enhanced oil recovery. The technology presents distinctive advantages to high-salinity and high-temperature reservoirs as compared to polymer flooding due to stability of cross-linked gel structures. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of IFD technologies including weak gels, sequential injection for in-situ gels, colloidal dispersion gels (CDG), microgels, and preformed particle gels (PPG). Moreover, a solution to the challenges of IFD applications in high-salinity and high-temperature reservoirs is presented.
Minimizing FLOPs to Learn Efficient Sparse Representations (2020)

Deep representation learning has become one of the most widely adopted approaches for visual search, recommendation, and identification. Retrieval of such representations from a large database is however computationally challenging. Approximate methods based on learning compact representations, have been widely explored for this problem, such as locality sensitive hashing, product quantization, and PCA. In this work, in contrast to learning compact representations, we propose to learn high dimensional and sparse representations that have similar representational capacity as dense embeddings while being more efficient due to sparse matrix multiplication operations which can be much faster than dense multiplication. Following the key insight that the number of operations decreases quadratically with the sparsity of embeddings provided the non-zero entries are distributed uniformly across dimensions, we propose a novel approach to learn such distributed sparse embeddings via the use of a carefully constructed regularization function that directly minimizes a continuous relaxation of the number of floating-point operations (FLOPs) incurred during retrieval. Our experiments show that our approach is competitive to the other baselines and yields a similar or better speed-vs-accuracy tradeoff on practical datasets.
Editorial: Why No Borders? (1969)

This editorial article argues for No Borders as a practical political project. We first critically examine borders as ideological, generating and reinforcing inequality. We consider some responses to injustices produced by borders: the call for “human rights”; attempts to make immigration controls more “humanitarian”; and trade unions’ organizing and campaigning with undocumented workers. Recognizing the important contributions of some of these responses, we argue that nevertheless they have often been limited because they do not question sovereignty, the territorializing of people’s subjectivities, and nationalism. No Borders politics rejects notions of citizenship and statehood, and clarifies the centrality of borders to capitalism. We argue that No Borders is a necessary part of a global system of common rights and contemporary struggle for the commons. The article concludes by highlighting the main themes of the papers that make up the Special Issue, a number of which explore practical instances of the instantiation of No Borders politics.
Expert design of local area networks (1990)

The Expert LAN Designer (ELAND) is described. It is a rule-based expert system for configuring distributed information systems operating on a LAN. A general overview of the system and the motivations for major design choices is presented, and the modules comprising ELAND's inference engine are explained. An example session with ELAND is provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optical Hyperlens: Far-field imaging beyond the diffraction limit (2006)

We propose an approach to far-field optical imaging beyond the diffraction limit. The proposed system allows image magnification, is robust with respect to material losses and can be fabricated by adapting existing metamaterial technologies in a cylindrical geometry.
Peptide substrates for chymosin (rennin). Interaction sites in κ-casein-related sequences located outside the (103-108)-hexapeptide region that fits into the enzyme's active-site cleft (1987)

The role of individual amino acid residues in the 98-102 and 111-112 regions of bovine kappa-casein in its interaction with the milk-clotting enzyme chymosin (rennin) was investigated. to this end the tryptic 98-112 fragment of kappa-casein was modified in its N- and/or C-terminal part by chemical (guanidation, ethoxyformylation, repeated Edman degradation) and enzymic (carboxypeptidase) treatments. Further, use was made of short synthetic kappa-casein analogues in which His-102 had been replaced by Pro or Lys. All peptides and their derivatives were tested comparatively at various pH values for their ability to act as chymosin substrates via specific cleavage of the peptide bond at position 105-106. The results indicate that in the alternating 98-102 sequence (His-Pro-His-Pro-His) the His as well as the Pro residues contribute to the substrate activity with no predominant role of any one of these groups. Another interaction site is formed by the Lys residue at position 111 of the substrate. A model of the enzyme-substrate complex is proposed. Herein the 103-108 fragment of the substrate, to be accommodated within the enzyme's active-site cleft, is brought into position by electrostatic binding (via His-98, His-100, His-102 and Lys-111) near the entrance of the cleft. These interactions are strongly supported by Pro residues at positions 99, 101, 109 and 110 of the substrate, which act as stabilizers of the proper conformation of the substrate in the enzyme-substrate complex.
A Second Type of Rat Phosphoinositide-specific Phospholipase C Containing a src-related Sequence Not Essential for Phosphoinositide-hydrolyzing Activity (1989)

A fourth type of rat phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC IV) has been cloned for cDNA and sequenced. PLC IV is distinct from the other three types of rat PLC (PLC I, II, and III) with respect to primary structure and tissue distribution of its mRNAs. PLC IV contains two homologous regions included commonly in PLC I, II, and III and is most similar to PLC II (identity: 50.2%). PLC IV, in common with PLC II, has a sequence homologous to the N-terminal regulatory domains of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases of the src-family of oncogenes. Using an Escherichia coli expression system, we succeeded in producing active PLC IV in E. coli crude extracts. Various truncation experiments of the PLC IV cDNA revealed that the src-related domain is not necessary for catalytic activity while both domains homologous among PLC I-IV are essential. PLC IV is expressed in various rat tissues and abundant in spleen, suggesting that PLC IV plays a fundamental role in cellular functions such as growth and secretion.
Separation of the .BETA.-aspartamido-carbohydrate fractions from soybean 7S protein: Protein-carbohydrate linkage. (1975)

Using a Dowex 50-X2 column and eluting with a 1mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 2.6), three L-β-aspartamido-carbohydrate (Asn-carbohydrate) fractions have been isolated in 19% yield from the pronase digest of a 7S soybean protein. The Asn-carbohydrates were composed of one asparagine, two glucosamine and seven, eight and nine mannose residues. Further, 1-L-β-aspartamido-2-acetamido-1, 2-dideoxy-β-D-glucose (Asn-GlcNAc), which is derived from the protein-carbohydrate linkage, was produced by partial hydrolysis of the Asn-carbohydrates.
Effect of Film Thickness on the Photocatalytic Performance of TiO<sub>2</sub>Film Fabricated by Room Temperature Powder Spray in Vacuum Process (2008)

TiO₂ is an environment-friendly semiconducting material, and it has photocatalytic and hydrophilic effect. There are a lot of reports on the photocatalytic characteristics of TiO₂, such as organic pollutants resolving, anti-bacterial, and self-purification material. In this paper, TiO₂ micron-sized powders were deposited on the glass by room temperature powder spray in vacuum process, so called aerosol deposition (AD), and nano-grained TiO₂ photocatalytic thin films were fabricated. The thickness of the films were controlled by changing the number of deposition cycle. Morphologies and characteristics of the AD-TiO₂ thin films were examined by SEM, TEM, XRD, and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. As the thickness of TiO₂ films increased, surface roughness increased. By this increment, the reaction area between film and pollutant was enlarged, resulting in better photocatalytic property.
Prediction of single‐nucleotide substitutions that result in exon skipping: identification of a splicing silencer in<i>BRCA1</i>exon 6 (2011)

Missense, nonsense, and translationally silent mutations can inactivate genes by altering the inclusion of mutant exons in mRNA, but their overall frequency among disease-causing exonic substitutions is unknown. Here, we have tested missense and silent mutations deposited in the BRCA1 mutation databases of unclassified variants for their effects on exon inclusion. Analysis of 21 BRCA1 variants using minigene assays revealed a single exon-skipping mutation c.231G>T. Comprehensive mutagenesis of an adjacent 12-nt segment showed that this silent mutation resulted in a higher level of exon skipping than the 35 other single-nucleotide substitutions. Exon inclusion levels of mutant constructs correlated significantly with predicted splicing enhancers/silencers, prompting the development of two online utilities freely available at http://www.dbass.org.uk. EX-SKIP quickly estimates which allele is more susceptible to exon skipping, whereas HOT-SKIP examines all possible mutations at each exon position and identifies candidate exon-skipping positions/substitutions. We demonstrate that the distribution of exon-skipping and disease-associated substitutions previously identified in coding regions was biased toward top-ranking HOT-SKIP mutations. Finally, we show that proteins 9G8, SC35, SF2/ASF, Tra2, and hnRNP A1 were associated with significant alterations of BRCA1 exon 6 inclusion in the mRNA. Together, these results facilitate prediction of exonic substitutions that reduce exon inclusion in mature transcripts.