gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biphoton-Induced Refractive Index Change in 4-Amino-4‘-nitroazobenzene/Polycarbonate (1996)

Transient biphotonic optical storage in the guest−host system 4-amino-4‘-nitroazobenzene/polycarbonate is accomplished by excitation of the azo dye molecules at 488 nm with an argon ion laser and subsequent writing at 633 nm with two interfering HeNe laser beams. The mechanism of the observed refractive index change is investigated by detailed kinetic studies. It is based on the formation of cis isomers of the azo dye by the argon ion laser. These are subsequently transformed back to the trans isomers by fast photoinduced cis−trans isomerization where the interference of the writing beams is constructive and by slow thermal cis−trans isomerization where the interference of the HeNe beams is destructive, respectively. The cis concentration produced by the exciting light is thus modulated with the HeNe beams, resulting in a modulation of the refractive index.
Hierarchical GDSII-based fracturing and job deck system (2002)

We describe a mask data preparation (MDP) flow using GDSII data. We describe why this flow is minimally disruptive, flexible, and efficient. The mask floor-planning composition can be stored in GDSII so that all layout data is in the same format. We describe how GDSII data can be hierarchically fractured. We use a technique involving the optimal determination of 'cover cells'. Use of cover cell placements allows a large reduction in runtime and data volume. In one case, we fractured a very large design with assist bars and OPC to a 28 GB MEBES mode 5 file. After application of cover cells, the same data fractures to roughly 360 MB -- a reduction of more than 75x.
Distributed quasiparticle mixing in a non-linear transmission line at sub-millimeter wavelengths (1997)

A new class of distributed mixer based on the non-linear quasiparticle tunnel current in a superconductor-insulator-superconductor transmission line has been proposed and tested. The Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb junctions used in our mixers are typically 200 nm wide and are between 1 and 2 guided wavelengths long. Compared with the traditional sub-millimeter lumped element quasiparticle mixer, the distributed mixer requires lower critical current densities, lower magnetic field as well as simpler tuning circuitry. Experiments have been performed in various sub-millimeter frequency bands. Receiver noise temperatures of 66 K at 460 GHz, 210 K at 630 GHz and 600 K at 780 GHz have been measured. These noise temperatures are comparable to or slightly better than the noise temperatures of the corresponding lumped element mixers.
Focus sensing method with improved pattern noise rejection (1991)

Focus error sensing is a subject which has received much effort and ingenuity as the optical data storage industry has matured, yet there is still a need for techniques which provide improved accuracy, responsiveness and noise immunity. This paper discusses a class of techniques which demonstrate common mode rejection of signal corruption, and a particular member of that class which is based on lossless reflection at an interface.
Trends in small-format infrared array sensors (2013)

MEMS-based uncooled infrared sensors are expanding into small-format areas both from high and low ends. This paper reviews the trends in small-format uncooled infrared array sensors, including the reduction of high-performance microbolometers and the development of small-format thermopile array sensors. We also discuss technologies for future growth.
Iron and Porphyrin Trafficking in Heme Biogenesis (2010)

Iron is an essential element for diverse biological functions. In mammals, the majority of iron is enclosed within a single prosthetic group: heme. In metazoans, heme is synthesized via a highly conserved and coordinated pathway within the mitochondria. However, iron is acquired from the environment and subsequently assimilated into various cellular pathways, including heme synthesis. Both iron and heme are toxic but essential cofactors. How is iron transported from the extracellular milieu to the mitochondria? How are heme and heme intermediates coordinated with iron transport? Although recent studies have answered some questions, several pieces of this intriguing puzzle remain unsolved.
Heart Rate Variability (1996)

The heart beat is not absolutely regular; under physiologic conditions, there are continuous small variations in the intervals between beats. Much of the recent interst in heart rate variability (HRV) is because of the fundamental observation that loss of this variability is a suprisingly powerful predictor of poor outcome in a variety of conditions, including ischemic cardiac disease. Assessment of HRV also provides a noninvasive window into the autonomic control of the heart. This review will discuss theoretical and practical aspects of the measurements of HRV and summarize studies relevant to its prognostic import. In doing so, it will provide some illustration of the use of HRV for autonomic assessment. The literature on HRV has grwon exponentially, and we have focused this review on subjects most relevant to cardiology and cardiologists: HRV in patients with previous myocardial infarction or ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiologists also are most likely to be presented with heart rate variability information on such patients, obtained from analysis of ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings requested for other indications.
Differential Calcium Binding Protein Immunoreactivity Distinguishes Classes of Relay Neurons in Monkey Thalamic Nuclei (1989)

The distributions of neurons displaying immunoreactivity for two calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin and 28Kd calbindin, were studied in the thalamus of M. fascicularis. Colocalization experiments were carried out to determine the extent to which parvalbumin- and calbindin-like immunoreactivity was found in the same cells and the extent to which either was localized in GABAergic interneurons. Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments involving the fluorescent tracer, fast blue, were also used to determine that cells expressing the calcium binding proteins projected upon the cerebral cortex. In the dorsal thalamus, nuclei are distinguished by different patterns of parvalbumin-like and calbindin-like immunoreactivity. In certain nuclei, for example the lateral dorsal and anterior pulvinar, neurons express immunoreactivity for only one of the calcium binding proteins. In others, neurons in different layers, for example the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, or in different compartments, for example the intralaminar nuclei, express immunoreactivity for either parvalbumin or calbindin; in other nuclei, for example the ventral group, neurons are mixed and immunoreactivity for parvalbumin and calbindin is commonly colocalized. In the ventral thalamus and epithalamus, similar patterns are observed. Colocalization of parvalbumin- and GABA-immunoreactivity is found in all cells of the reticular nucleus but only in certain cells in selected nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, namely the dorsal lateral geniculate and magnocellular medial geniculate. No calbindin-positive cells are also GABA-positive. Most parvalbumin and/or calbindin positive cells in the dorsal thalamus project to the cerebral cortex, as indicated by the retrograde tracing studies, and many parvalbumin positive fibres entering the cerebral cortex could also be shown to contain fast blue anterogradely transported from a thalamic injection. Most of the major sensory and motor pathways entering the dorsal thalamus express parvalbumin immunoreactivity. The optic tract also expresses calbindin immunoreactivity but most other calbindin positive fibres entering the thalamus ascend in the midbrain tegmentum. The differential distributions of parvalbumin and calbindin implied by these results suggest that thalamic cells belonging to different functional systems and projecting differentially upon the cerebral cortex can be distinguished by differential expression of these or closely related calcium binding proteins. This may yield clues to their differential responsivity to afferent driving.
Development of a 25‐plex SNP assay for traceability in cattle (2009)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are amenable to automation and therefore have become the marker of choice for DNA profiling. SNaPshot, a primer extension-based method, was used to multiplex 25 SNPs that have been previously validated as useful for identity control. Detection of extended products was based on four different fluorochromes and extension primers with oligonucleotide tails of differing lengths, thus controlling the concise length of the entire chromatogram to 81 bases. Allele frequencies for Holstein, Simmental, Limousin, Angus, Charolais and Tux Cattle were estimated and significant positive Pearson-correlation coefficients were obtained among the analysed breeds. The probability that two randomly unrelated individuals would share identical genotypes for all 25 loci varied from 10(-8) to 10(-10) for these breeds. For parentage control, the exclusion power was found to be 99.9% when the genotypes of both putative parents are known. A traceability test of duplicated samples indicated a high genotyping precision of >0.998. This was further corroborated by analysis of 60 cases of parent-sib pairs and trio families. The 25-plex SNaPshot assay is adapted for low- and high-throughput capacity and thus presents an alternative for DNA-based traceability in the major commercial cattle breeds.
Britain and the Continent — From Isolation to Integration (2012)

Britain, with its insularity in location and once being the world’s greatest empire, carried the isolation policy for most of history, separating itself from the continental Europe in foreign affairs. For a long time, it has secured prosperity and prestige with special relationship with America and the good terms with members of the Commonwealth. However, wars, constant emergence of new economic rivals, member countries’ withdrawals from the Commonwealth, the unreliable ally, and the weakening national power have all obliged Britain to find a new partner to lean upon. Britain began to strengthen its ties with the continental Europe by joining the European Economic Community (EEC). But the path to EEC was not smooth although Britain finally accomplished its goal. Key words : Europe; Isolation policy; Special relationship; The commonwealth
Array and lab on a chip technology for protein characterization. (1999)

Recently, the term 'proteomics' was proposed to define the large-scale study of the proteins expressed by a genome. Typically, proteomic studies rely on a number of techniques, such as 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, that have been used over the years. The current technologies have serious drawbacks in terms of financial and skilled labor requirements, automation, sensitivity and robustness. Furthermore, the current technologies often fail to identify large subsets of proteins, such as hydrophobic proteins, posttranslationally modified proteins and proteins of low abundance. It is therefore clear that proteomics is a field under development and will require novel technologies for it to become a reliable large-scale tool for the study of biological processes. Miniaturization and automation could address some of the current proteomic limitations. Recently, the development of microfabricated systems for the analysis of proteins has been reported. This paper reviews the recent development of enclosed microfluidic systems, often termed 'lab on a chip', and the development of 'array devices' for the characterization of proteins.
NMR structures of three single-residue variants of the human prion protein (2000)

The NMR structures of three single-amino acid variants of the C-terminal domain of the human prion protein, hPrP(121-230), are presented. In hPrP(M166V) and hPrP(R220K) the substitution is with the corresponding residue in murine PrP, and in hPrP(S170N) it is with the corresponding Syrian hamster residue. All three substitutions are in the surface region of the structure of the cellular form of PrP (PrP(C)) that is formed by the C-terminal part of helix 3, with residues 218-230, and a loop of residues 166-172. This molecular region shows high species variability and has been implicated in specific interactions with a so far not further characterized "protein X," and it is related to the species barrier for transmission of prion diseases. As expected, the three variant hPrP(121-230) structures have the same global architecture as the previously determined wild-type bovine, human, murine, and Syrian hamster prion proteins, but with the present study two localized "conformational markers" could be related with single amino acid exchanges. These are the length and quality of definition of helix 3, and the NMR-observability of the residues in the loop 166-172. Poor definition of the C-terminal part of helix 3 is characteristic for murine PrP and has now been observed also for hPrP(R220K), and NMR observation of the complete loop 166-172 has so far been unique for Syrian hamster PrP and is now also documented for hPrP(S170N).
Mesquite Control on the Coronado National Forest (1966)

Mesquite is one of the most tenacious invaders of rangeland in the Southwest, and control efforts have resulted in only partial success. Aerial spraying was the most effective and inexpensive of six control methods tried on the Coronado National Forest in Arizona.
Anti‐tumor effects of interferon in mice injected with interferon‐sensitive and interferon‐resistant friend leukemia cells. IV. Definition of optimal treatment regimens (1986)

Mouse interferon alpha/beta exerted a similar anti-tumor effect in DBA/2 mice injected i.p. with Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) either sensitive or resistant to interferon as determined by both in vitro and in vivo assays. Using this tumor system we attempted to define optimal treatment regimens for interferon administration. Interferon was most effective when injected at the site of tumor inoculation rather than at a distant site. Two factors seemed of especial importance: the amount of interferon injected and the frequency of interferon administration. Thus, for daily administration of interferon, the antitumor effect was directly related to the amount of interferon injected. For a given total dose of interferon, repeated administration of small doses of interferon was more effective than administration of a larger dose at more widely spaced intervals. The anti-tumor efficacy of interferon was independent of the number of FLC inoculated when 10(2) to 10(5) FLC were injected, but interferon treatment was less effective when 10(6) or 10(7) FLC were injected. The relevance of these results to the use of interferon in patients with cancer is discussed.
Redox-active, pyrene-based pristine porous organic polymers for efficient energy storage with exceptional cyclic stability (2018)

A novel class of pyrene-based conjugated porous organic polymers having an N-containing network was developed by employing Buchwald-Hartwig coupling for supercapacitor energy storage. The pristine polymer was found to exhibit a specific capacitance of 456 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 current density with excellent long-term cyclic stability.
Dithiocarbamate Complexes of Platinum Group Metals: Structural Aspects and Applications (2021)

The incorporation of dithiocarbamate ligands in the preparation of metal complexes is largely prompted by the versatility of this molecule. Fascinating coordination chemistry can be obtained from the study of such metal complexes ranging from their preparation, the solid-state properties, solution behavior as well as their applications as bioactive materials and luminescent compounds, to name a few. In this overview, the dithiocarbamate complexes of platinum-group elements form the focus of the discussion. The structural aspects of these complexes will be discussed based upon the intriguing findings obtained from their solid- (crystallographic) and solution-state (NMR) studies. At the end of this review, the applications of platinum-group metal complexes will be discussed.
Genomic Environment Predicts Expression Patterns on the Human Inactive X Chromosome (2006)

What genomic landmarks render most genes silent while leaving others expressed on the inactive X chromosome in mammalian females? To date, signals determining expression status of genes on the inactive X remain enigmatic despite the availability of complete genomic sequences. Long interspersed repeats (L1s), particularly abundant on the X, are hypothesized to spread the inactivation signal and are enriched in the vicinity of inactive genes. However, both L1s and inactive genes are also more prevalent in ancient evolutionary strata. Did L1s accumulate there because of their role in inactivation or simply because they spent more time on the rarely recombining X? Here we utilize an experimentally derived inactivation profile of the entire human X chromosome to uncover sequences important for its inactivation, and to predict expression status of individual genes. Focusing on Xp22, where both inactive and active genes reside within evolutionarily young strata, we compare neighborhoods of genes with different inactivation states to identify enriched oligomers. Occurrences of such oligomers are then used as features to train a linear discriminant analysis classifier. Remarkably, expression status is correctly predicted for 84% and 91% of active and inactive genes, respectively, on the entire X, suggesting that oligomers enriched in Xp22 capture most of the genomic signal determining inactivation. To our surprise, the majority of oligomers associated with inactivated genes fall within L1 elements, even though L1 frequency in Xp22 is low. Moreover, these oligomers are enriched in parts of L1 sequences that are usually underrepresented in the genome. Thus, our results strongly support the role of L1s in X inactivation, yet indicate that a chromatin microenvironment composed of multiple genomic sequence elements determines expression status of X chromosome genes.
A device for generation of electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequency (1984)

A new device for generation of electromagnetic fields at extra low frequencies, to be used in fracture treatment, is described. The device involves a coil and a battery powered noise-generator. An alternating magnetic field of 4 X 10(-4) T (4 Gauss) (RMS value) with a frequency range 1-1000 Hz is generated. Results from a controlled randomized study of fresh fractures have shown significant differences (p less than 0.01) between the treated group and the control group. The results are encouraging and motivate further investigations with this method.
Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Online Error Correction during P300-Based Spelling (2012)

Error potentials (ErrP) are alterations of EEG traces following the subject’s perception of erroneous feedbacks. They provide a way to recognize misinterpreted commands in brain-computer interfaces (BCI). However, this has been evaluated online in only a couple of studies and mostly with very few subjects. In this study, we implemented a P300-based BCI, including not only online error detection but also, for the first time, automatic correction. We evaluated it in 16 healthy volunteers. Whenever an error was detected, a new decision was made based on the second best guess of a probabilistic classifier. At the group level, correction did neither improve nor deteriorate spelling accuracy. However, automatic correction yielded a higher bit rate than a respelling strategy. Furthermore, the fine examination of interindividual differences in the efficiency of error correction and spelling clearly distinguished between two groups who differed according to individual specificity in ErrP detection. The high specificity group had larger evoked responses and made fewer errors which were corrected more efficiently, yielding a 4% improvement in spelling accuracy and a higher bit rate. Altogether, our results suggest that the more the subject is engaged into the task, the more useful and well accepted the automatic error correction.
Synthesis and crystal structure of intramolecularly coordinated organobismuth compounds and edge inversion at trivalent bismuth (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and crystal structure of intramolecularly coordinated organobismuth compounds and edge inversion at trivalent bismuthYohsuke Yamamoto, Xiang Chen, and Kinya AkibaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 20, 7906–7907Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00046a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views282Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Energy Supply and Cell Yield in Aerobically Grown Microorganisms (1967)

Cell yields of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aerobacter cloacae UW-C83, Escherichia coli K-12, Candida utilis UW-3, and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis UW-110 grown aerobically on several carbon sources are reported. The Y(atp) concept is discussed in relation to the yields on oxygen and to assumed P to O ratios for bacteria and reported P to O ratios for yeast.
Sildenafil-nitric oxide donor combination promotes ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the swine right ventricle (2002)

We tested the hypothesis that sildenafil, singly or in combination with nitric oxide (NO) donors, promotes ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Vulnerability to VT/VF was tested by rapid pacing in eight isolated normal swine right ventricles (RV). The endocardial activation was optically mapped, and the dynamic action potential duration (APD) restitution curves were constructed with metal microelectrodes. At baseline, no VT/VF could be induced. Sildenafil (0.2 microg/ml) or NO donor singly or in combination did not alter VT/VF vulnerability. However, when 2 microg/ml sildenafil was combined with NO donors, the incidence of VT and VF rose significantly (P < 0.01). VT with a single periodic wavefront was induced in five of eight RVs, and VF with multiple wavefronts was induced in all eight RVs. The sildenafil-NO donor pro-VT/VF combination significantly increased the maximum slope of the APD restitution curve and the amplitude of the APD alternans. The pro-VT/VF effects of sildenafil were reversible after drug-free Tyrode solution perfusion. We conclude that a sildenafil (2 microg/ml) and NO donor combination increases VT/VF vulnerability in the normal RV by a mechanism compatible with the restitution hypothesis.
Fatty acid synthase is highly expressed in carcinoma, adenoma and in regenerative epithelium and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach (2002)

FAS expression occurs at the early stage of tumorigenesis and plays important roles in the formation of precancerous foci rather than in the progression of carcinoma of the stomach.