gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the human insulin gene. Part III<sup>1</sup>. Chemical synthesis of 5′-phosphomonoester group containing deoxyribooligonucleotides by the modified phosphotriester method. Its application in the synthesis of seventeen fragments constituting human insulin C-chain DNA (1980)

A method for phosphorylating a protected deoxyribooligonucleotide containing phosphotriester linkages is described. The modified phosphotriester method of chemical synthesis is further refined in terms of (i) better final deblocking conditions and (ii) new chromatography solvent systems containing acetone-water-ethyl acetate to yield pure oligomers. The effectiveness of these improvements has been demonstrated in the rapid and efficient synthesis of seventeen fragments constituting the sequence of human insulin C-chain DNA.
Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Organic Acids on Growth and Germination of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (1988)

Growth and germination of vegetative cells and endospores of Bacillus cereus were affected by Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in nonfat milk medium and by salts of organic acids in broth medium. Growth of the lactic acid bacteria was not affected by B. cereus. B. cereus increased rapidly to about 10 CFU/ml when cells were added at the beginning of growth of lactic acid bacteria; it was inactivated slowly when added after 24 h and rapidly when added after 72 h of lactic acid bacterial growth. Streptococci were more inhibitory to the growth of B. cereus than lactobacilli were at 24 h. Spore germination was not affected after 24 h, but it was inhibited after 48 and 72 h of lactic acid bacterial growth. Acetate was more inhibitory to the growth of vegetative cells, while formate was more inhibitory to spore germination. Acetate, formate, and lactate (all at 0.1 M) completely inactivated multiplication of B. cereus at pH 6.1, 6.0, and 5.6, respectively. Spores of B. cereus were more resistant to these organic acids compared with the resistance of vegetative cells. Formate, lactate, and acetate (all at 0.1 M) caused 50% inhibition of spore germination at pH 4.4, 4.3, and 4.2, respectively.
Effect of processing variables on particle size in gas atomization of rapidly solidified aluminium powders (1987)

The performance of a ‘confined’ type atomizing nozzle was investigated using nitrogen, argon, and helium gases at different pressures and AA 2014 metal at varying superheats and flow rates. Helium produced the finest powders with median diameters between 14·6 and 18·5 μm. Nitrogen powders showed an intermediate size while those made in argon were the coarsest (21–37 μm). Metal temperatures above 825°C led to only a small decrease in particle size which could be explained on the basis of lowered surface tension and viscosity of the melt. At lower temperatures (775°C), possible interference from premature solidification was noted. Operation at 1·56 MPa pressure offered the optimum conditions (nitrogen). There was a wastage of gas at higher pressures (2·12 MPa) and flake formation interfered at lower pressures (1·05 MPa). Powder median diameter increased in proportion to the square root of the metal flow rate and in all cases the size distribution could be satisfactorily represented by the log–normal law. The spread of the sizes, as measured by geometric standard deviation, increased at high metal flows indicating that relatively higher proportions of large particles were present in such powders.MST/671
Scalable preparation of porous silicon nanoparticles and their application for lithium-ion battery anodes (2013)

Nanostructured silicon has generated significant excitement for use as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries; however, more effort is needed to produce nanostructured silicon in a scalable fashion and with good performance. Here, we present a direct preparation of porous silicon nanoparticles as a new kind of nanostructured silicon using a novel two-step approach combining controlled boron doping and facile electroless etching. The porous silicon nanoparticles have been successfully used as high performance lithium-ion battery anodes, with capacities around 1,400 mA·h/g achieved at a current rate of 1 A/g, and 1,000 mA·h/g achieved at 2 A/g, and stable operation when combined with reduced graphene oxide and tested over up to 200 cycles. We attribute the overall good performance to the combination of porous silicon that can accommodate large volume change during cycling and provide large surface area accessible to electrolyte, and reduced graphene oxide that can serve as an elastic and electrically conductive matrix for the porous silicon nanoparticles.
Structural and electrical properties of BaTiO3 thin films grown on <i>p</i>-InSb substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at low temperature (1993)

Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of BaTiO3 on p-InSb (111) using Ba(tmhd)2, Ti(OC3H7)4, and N2O via pyrolysis at low (∼300 °C) temperature was performed to produce high-quality BaTiO3/p-InSb (111) interfaces and BaTiO3 insulator gates with dielectric constants of high magnitude. Raman spectroscopy showed the optical phonon modes of a BaTiO3 thin film. The stoichiometry of the BaTiO3 film was investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the BaTiO3 films had local epitaxial formations. Room-temperature capacitance-voltage measurements clearly revealed metal-insulator-semiconductor behavior for the samples with the BaTiO3 insulator gates, and the interface state densities at the BaTiO3/p-InSb interfaces were approximately high 1011 eV−1 cm−2 at the middle of the InSb energy gap. The dielectric constant determined from the capacitance-voltage measurements was as large as 743. These results indicate that the BaTiO3 layers grown at low temperature can be used for both high-density dynamic-memory and high-speed applications.
OFMspert: inference of operator intentions in supervisory control using a blackboard architecture (1988)

The authors proposes an architecture for an expert system that can function as an operator's associate in the supervisory control of a complex dynamic system. Called OFMspert (operator function model (OFM) expert system), the architecture uses the operator function modeling methodology as the basis for the design. The authors put emphasis on the understanding capabilities, i.e. the intent referencing property, of an operator's associate. They define the generic structure of OFMspert, particularly those features that support intent inferencing. They also describe the implementation and validation of OFMspert in GT-MSOCC (Georgia Tech-Multisatellite Operations Control Center), a laboratory domain designed to support research in human-computer interaction and decision aiding in complex, dynamic systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Metallic nanowires grown via field-emission induced growth as electron sources (2012)

Single metallic nanowires can be grown from a cold field emission tip in the presence of a precursor, such as an organometallic compound. Electron emission from the newly grown nanowire tip continues the growth and can yield nanowires with lengths ranging from tens of nm to even hundreds of microns depending on the growth time. This approach of Field-Emission-Induced Growth (FEIG) has been used for various applications, including nanowire interconnects, scanning-probe tips, and in particular, as field-emission sources. This paper briefly describes the growth methodology and mechanism, and the characteristics of the material thus derived. Ultrathin tungsten nanowires of 5 nm in diameter and several hundred nm length have been characterized for their potential as a field emitter. After flashing, cold-field-emission current stability with standard deviation of better than 1% has been observed at vacuum levels of ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> mbar. The properties of such field emitters, and the reasons underlying the performance are discussed.
Put the breaks on wastewater emulsions (1998)

Emulsions in wastewater pose a vexing problem for facilities attempting to recycle water and stay in compliance with permissible discharge limits. But the challenges are no less formidable for routine maintenance. The removal of emulsions, a major constituent of which are fats, oils and greases (FOGs), is necessary to prevent them from depositing on pipes and fouling filtration media. Some of the havoc caused by emulsions can be avoided if emulsions are broken and removed from wastewater streams. Successful emulsion breaking requires a basic understanding of emulsions, their chemical composition, and the technologies required to remove them from water. The paper discusses emulsion basics and emulsion breaking, including counteracting emulsions, testing procedures, physical separation methods, removal strategies, bentonite-based powders, and post-polishing.
A unified search federation system based on online user feedback (2013)

Today's popular web search engines expand the search process beyond crawled web pages to specialized corpora ("verticals") like images, videos, news, local, sports, finance, shopping etc., each with its own specialized search engine. Search federation deals with problems of the selection of search engines to query and merging of their results into a single result set. Despite a few recent advances, the problem is still very challenging. First, due to the heterogeneous nature of different verticals, how the system merges the vertical results with the web documents to serve the user's information need is still an open problem. Moreover, the scale of the search engine and the increasing number of vertical properties requires a solution which is efficient and scaleable. In this paper, we propose a unified framework for the search federation problem. We model the search federation as a contextual bandit problem. The system uses reward as a proxy for user satisfaction. Given a query, our system predicts the expected reward for each vertical, then organizes the search result page (SERP) in a way which maximizes the total reward. Instead of relying on human judges, our system leverages implicit user feedback to learn the model. The method is efficient to implement and can be applied to verticals of different nature. We have successfully deployed the system to three different markets, and it handles multiple verticals in each market. The system is now serving hundreds of millions of queries live each day, and has improved user metrics considerably.
Fusion of H4/D10S170 to the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta in BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative disorders with a t(5;10)(q33;q21). (2000)

We have studied a patient who presented with clinical features suggestive of chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase. BCR-ABL transcripts were undetectable by reverse transcription-PCR, but a novel reciprocal translocation, t(5;10)(q33;q21.2), was seen by standard cytogenetic analysis. Chromosome band 5q33 contains the gene encoding the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbetaR), the receptor tyrosine kinase that is disrupted by the t(5;7), t(5;12), and t(5;14) in myeloid disorders, resulting in the fusion of PDGFbetaR to HIP1, TEL/ETV6, and CEV14, respectively. Southern analysis with PDGFbetaR cDNA revealed novel bands in patient but not control DNA after digestion with several restriction enzymes, indicating that this gene is also targeted by the t(5;10). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of chromosome 5 indicated that a small inversion at 5q33 had taken place in addition to the interchromosomal translocation. The site of the chromosome 10 breakpoint fell within YAC 940e4. Because all PDGFbetaR fusions described thus far result in splicing to a common exon of this gene, we performed 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR on patient RNA. Several clones were isolated in which PDGFbetaR fused in frame to H4/D10S170, a previously described ubiquitously expressed gene that is fused to the ret protein tyrosine kinase to form the PTC-1 oncogene in approximately 20% of papillary thyroid carcinomas. The presence of H4-PDGFbetaR chimeric mRNA in the patient was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR; reciprocal PDGFbeta1R-H4 transcripts were not detected. We conclude that t(5;10)(q33;q21.2) is a novel translocation in BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloid leukemia and that this abnormality results in an H4-PDGFbetaR fusion gene. This finding further strengthens the association between myeloproliferative disorders and deregulated tyrosine kinases.
Polypyridyl ruthenium complexes as coating agent for the formation of gold and silver nanocomposites in different media. Preliminary luminescence and electrochemical studies (2006)

Three polypyridyl ruthenium complexes, [(phen)2Ru(2,2′-p-phenylene-bis(imidazo[4,5-f][1,10])phenanthroline)](X)2 (1·X2), [(phen)2Ru((4-pyridine)oxazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)](X)2 (2·X2) and [(phen)2Ru((3-thiophene)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)](X)2 (3·X2), X− = PF6− or Cl−, have been used to functionalize and stabilize gold and silver nanoparticles in aqueous and non aqueous (acetonitrile) media. Direct interaction between the metallic nanoparticles and the ruthenium complexes was ensured by bidentate chelating phenanthroline (1), monodentate pyridine (2) or monodentate thiophene (3) groups. The influence of several parameters was studied in order to control the size, shape and stability of the nanocomposites thus formed: the nature of the metallic nanoparticles, the nature of the coating ruthenium complex, the ratio R = [Mn+]/[Ru2+] (M = Ag or Au) and the solvent. The colloidal solutions have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Preliminary electrochemical and luminescence measurements have shown the influence of the metallic nanoparticle on the properties of the ruthenium complexes.
DNA replication is required for the checkpoint response to damaged DNA in <i>Xenopus</i> egg extracts (2002)

Alkylating agents, such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), damage DNA and activate the DNA damage checkpoint. Although many of the checkpoint proteins that transduce damage signals have been identified and characterized, the mechanism that senses the damage and activates the checkpoint is not yet understood. To address this issue for alkylation damage, we have reconstituted the checkpoint response to MMS in Xenopus egg extracts. Using four different indicators for checkpoint activation (delay on entrance into mitosis, slowing of DNA replication, phosphorylation of the Chk1 protein, and physical association of the Rad17 checkpoint protein with damaged DNA), we report that MMS-induced checkpoint activation is dependent upon entrance into S phase. Additionally, we show that the replication of damaged double-stranded DNA, and not replication of damaged single-stranded DNA, is the molecular event that activates the checkpoint. Therefore, these data provide direct evidence that replication forks are an obligate intermediate in the activation of the DNA damage checkpoint.
Photonic crystal in-fiber devices (2005)

We present the construction of photonic crystal in-fiber devices. The presented devices include modulators and spectral filters. The manufacturing process related to the fabrication of these devices includes two building stones. The first one is the insertion of microwires into one of the capillaries of the photonic crystal fiber and the second one is the twisting of the fibers while drawing. Combining both technologies may yield the realization of an in-fiber solenoid that could be used for generation of in-fiber magnetic fields. We present the fabrication of the suggested devices as well as their experimental characterization.
Nail is produced by the normal nail bed: a controversy resolved (1991)

Nail thickness and mass (dry weight/unit surface area) of 21 toenails, removed from 19 patients after accidental injury, were measured over the mid point of the lunula, at the nail plate immediately distal to the lunula and at the distal end of the nail bed. Nail thickness increased from 43% of the final thickness over the mid-point of the lunula to 81% at its distal margin, the remaining increase in thickness being formed by the nail bed. The changes in nail mass were comparable. We conclude that ventral nail produced by the nail bed comprises about one-fifth of the terminal nail thickness and mass.
Structuring order sets for interoperable distribution. (2006)

A major portion of patient care planning occurs during the process of writing orders. Computerized order entry can present collections of predefined orders to the user during the ordering process. These order sets are useful for promoting standards of care, and provide one element of structured clinical knowledge to be used by Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) systems at the point of care. Since the creation, confirmation and maintenance of order sets is resource intensive, sharing order sets is a useful goal. We describe a standard representation of order sets that supports maintenance, sharing and interoperation of pre-defined order sets. A dialogue within the HL7 community seeks to harmonize this proposal with the Clinical Document Architecture and the HL7 Reference Information Model.
Design of embedded web server and its implementation of CGI (2007)

The resource of embedded device is limited,and the capacity of RAM and ROM is very small,so it is difficult to implement the web server function under the resource limited situation. Based on the analysis of HTTP1.1,the features of the embedded web server and its designing idea are given,and simplified software architecture for embedded web server is also introduced. The implement strategy of CGI for embedded web server is described in detail. Finally,the HTTP connection is successfully achieved with C language program.
Redirecting Management Education and Training Resources -An Australian (1984)

Geoffrey Meredith is Professor, Accounting and Financial Management, Armidale N.S.W. Australia and Consultant, Financial Management Research Centre (which he founded in the 1970's) associated with that University. Financial support for his research into small business management education and training was provided by the Australian Government's Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission. The paper argues the case for a significant redirection of management education and training resources allocated to tertiary institutions, to meet the needs of small business owners and the multitude of multiplier agents associated with the small business sector in the community. Although the case for the redirection of resources is clearly recognised, implementing change is likely to be delayed due to problems associated with assembling qualified presenters and appropriate resource material for such programmes. The paper illustrates the redirection process in the Australian environment.
Enhanced severity of secondary dengue-2 infections: death rates in 1981 and 1997 Cuban outbreaks (2002)

We found a marked increase in severity with the longer of the two intervals (20 years) between an initial DEN-1 infection and a secondary DEN-2 infection. Such a difference may be due to subtle shifts in causative dengue strains or to changes with the passage of time in the circulating population of human dengue antibodies. These observations have important implications for dengue control, pathogenic mechanisms, and vaccine development.
Inflammation and Its Role in Regeneration and Repair (2019)

Inflammation plays an important role in tissue repair and regeneration. Recent work reveals that inflammatory signaling increases DNA accessibility so as to promote phenotypic fluidity in the response to injury.
Behaviour of compact toroid injected into an external magnetic field (2001)

The interactions of a compact toroid (CT) plasma with an external magnetic field and a tokamak plasma have been studied experimentally on the FACT and JFT-2M devices. Fast framing camera and soft X ray emission profile measurements indicate shift and/or reflection motions of the CT plasma. New electrostatic probe measurements indicate that the CT plasma reaches at least up to the separatrix for discharges with toroidal field strengths of 1.0-1.4 T and that there exists a trailing plasma behind the CT. A large amplitude fluctuation on the ion saturation current and magnetic coil signals is observed. Power spectrum analysis suggests that this fluctuation is related to magnetic reconnection between the CT plasmoid and the toroidal field. The CT, including much of the trailing plasma, may be able to move across the external magnetic field more easily in the drift region of the injector owing to the Hall effect.
Generic unpacking using entropy analysis (2010)

Malwares attempt to evade AV scanners using various obfuscation techniques. Packing is a popular obfuscation technique used by 80% of malwares. In this paper, we propose a generic unpacking mechanism to find the original entry point (OEP) using entropy analysis. The experiment using 110 packed executables demonstrates the proposed mechanism can locate the OEPs of 72% of the packed executables. Furthermore, we show how the mechanism could be applied to packed malwares.
Evidence that Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Stimulates Somatostatin Release<i>in Vitro</i>via β-Endorphin (1987)

Previous results indicate that GH-releasing factor (GRF) induces a dose-related stimulation of somatostatin (SRIF) release from median eminence fragments incubated in vitro. In the present investigation we examined whether this action was mediated by other neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. Studies using receptor blockers for dopamine (pimozide), alpha-adrenergic receptors (phentolamine), and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (atropine) revealed that these receptor blockers, at a dose of 10(-6) M, which was capable of blocking the response to the relevant transmitter in previous studies, had no effect on basal release of SRIF in the static incubation system and failed to modify the response to GRF (10(-10) M). On the other hand, the opiate receptor blocker naloxone at a dose of 10(-6) M, although failing to alter basal release, completely blocked the response to 10(-10) M GRF. To determine the opioid peptide involved in mediating the SRIF release induced by GRF, highly specific antibodies directed against beta-endorphin were added to the in vitro incubation system. These antibodies significantly depressed basal release SRIF and completely blocked the response to 10(-10) M GRF. Incubations in the presence of normal rabbit serum or highly specific antiserum directed against alpha MSH had no effect on either basal release of SRIF or that induced by GRF. These results suggest that in this incubation system there is a beta-endorphin tone which is partially responsible for the basal release of SRIF and that the stimulation of SRIF release induced by GRF is mediated via beta-endorphin terminals, which presumably synapse on the terminals of the somatostatinergic neurons in the median eminence fragment.
Winner-take-all circuit using CMOS technology (2002)

This paper presents an implementation of winner-take-all circuit using CMOS technology. In the proposed configuration the inputs are current and the outputs voltage. The simulation results show that the circuit can be a winner if its input is larger than the other by 2 /spl mu/A. The simulation also shows that the response time is 100 ns at a 0.2 pF load capacitance. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed circuit, a two-input winner take all circuit was built and tested by using discrete CMOS transistor array (CD4007).