gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diameter Modulation of Vertically Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2012)

We demonstrate wide-range diameter modulation of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using a wet chemistry prepared catalyst. In order to ensure compatibility to electronic applications, the current minimum mean diameter of 2 nm for vertically aligned SWNTs is challenged. The mean diameter is decreased to about 1.4 nm by reducing Co catalyst concentrations to 1/100 or by increasing Mo catalyst concentrations by five times. We also propose a novel spectral analysis method that allows one to distinguish absorbance contributions from the upper, middle, and lower parts of a nanotube array. We use this method to quantitatively characterize the slight diameter change observed along the array height. On the basis of further investigation of the array and catalyst particles, we conclude that catalyst aggregation-rather than Ostwald ripening-dominates the growth of metal particles.
Intestinal permeability to 51Cr-EDTA in rats with experimentally induced enteropathy. (1985)

Intestinal permeability has been investigated in the normal rat by measuring the five hour urine excretion of 51Cr-EDTA after intragastric administration. Twelve control animals excreted 2.06% +/- 0.22 (mean +/- SE) of the administered dose. Prolonged intestinal transit times with atropine had no significant effect on the apparent permeability with a urine excretion 2.31% +/- 0.36. The concomitant administration of a hypertonic, but rapidly absorbed glycerol solution, was accompanied by increased urinary excretion (3.05% +/- 0.33) while the administration of a poorly absorbed sugar, lactulose, significantly decreased the apparent permeability (urine excretion 0.61% +/- 0.14) showing that passive intestinal permeability estimations are affected by test dose composition. Enteropathy was induced by ethanol, cetrimide, or methotrexate and each was associated with increased permeability, with urine excretions of 4.19% +/- 0.47, 4.20% +/- 0.66 and 3.97% +/- 0.49 respectively. It is thus suggested that the normal rat mucosa is maximally resistant to the absorption of foreign compounds such as 51Cr-EDTA and intestinal damage will disrupt this barrier.
Mutation of the Wilms’ Tumor 1 Gene Is a Poor Prognostic Factor Associated with Chemoresistance in Normal Karyotype Acute Myeloid Leukemia. (2007)

Abstract The Wilms’ tumour 1 (WT1) gene is highly expressed in various types of leukemia, suggesting a role both as a target for immunotherapy and a means for monitoring minimal residual disease. More recently WT1 has been recognised as an important mutational target in normal karyotype (NK) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with clustering of mutations to exons 7 and 9. In this study, we set out to determine the clinical relevance of these mutations. Diagnostic DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood or bone marrow of 470 young adult AML patients entered into the UK Medical Research Council AML 10 and 12 trials. Mutation analysis was performed using standard PCR-based direct sequencing and/or high-resolution capillary electrophoresis of exons 7 and 9. Overall, 51 mutations were observed in 47 cases (10%). Of these, 42 cases had 46 frameshift mutations arising from insertions (n=41) or deletions (n=5) of between 1 and 28 bps that would result in disruption of the C-terminal DNA binding domain of the protein. Median mutant level was 45% (range 8–86%). The remaining 5 cases were non-synonymous amino acid substitutions in exon 9, D396N (n=3) which is implicated in Denys-Drash syndrome, and 1 each of H397Y and H397Q that are of unknown functional significance. There was a borderline inverse relationship between the presence of WT1 mutations and NPM1 exon 12 mutations (p=.05), and an increased proportion of FLT3-ITDs in WT1 mutant cases (p=.08). In order to determine the clinical relevance of WT1 mutations we compared patient characteristics between WT1 mutated and WT1 wild-type cases. There was no difference between the 2 groups in age, gender, presenting WBC, or type of AML (de novo/secondary). Patients with WT1 mutations had an inferior response to therapy compared to WT1 wild-type cases (complete remission [CR] 79% Vs 90% respectively, odds ratio [OR] 3.02, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.17–7.82, p=.02) which was due to a higher rate of resistant disease (RD) (15% Vs 4%, OR 9.33, CI 2.38–36.6, p=.001). In univariate analysis mutated cases also had a significantly reduced disease free survival (DFS), 22% Vs 44% at 5 years (OR 2.16, CI 1.32–3.55, p=.005) and overall survival (OS), 26% Vs 47%, OR 1.91, CI 1.23–2.95, p=.007). In multivariate analysis considering age, gender, type of leukemia, WBC, FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutant status, a WT1 mutation remained an independent adverse prognostic factor for both response to therapy (CR: OR 3.19, CI 1.25–8.13, p=.01; RD: OR 4.93, CI 1.58–15.37, p=.006) and survival (DFS: OR 1.60, CI 1.07–2.38, p=.02; OS: OR 1.52, CI 1.05–2.18, p=.03). These results indicate that WT1 mutations are an additional prognostic marker in NK AML and may be suitable for targeted therapy.
Improving the production of 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one from sterols in Mycobacterium neoaurum by increasing cell permeability and modifying multiple genes (2017)

Increasing cell permeability combined with the co-overexpression of the key genes (cyp125, choM1, and fadA5) involved in the conversion pathway of sterol to 4-HBC was effective to enhance the productivity of 4-HBC. The strategy might also be useful for the conversion of sterol to other steroidal intermediates by mycobacteria.
Preventing Protein Adsorption and Macrophage Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles<i>via</i>a Hydrophobic Shield (2012)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface coatings are widely used to render stealth properties to nanoparticles in biological applications. There is abundant literature on the benefits of PEG coatings and their ability to reduce protein adsorption, to diminish nonspecific interactions with cells, and to improve pharmacokinetics, but very little discussion of the limitations of PEG coatings. Here, we show that physiological concentrations of cysteine and cystine can displace methoxy-PEG-thiol molecules from the gold nanoparticle (GNP) surface that leads to protein adsorption and cell uptake in macrophages within 24 h. Furthermore, we address this problem by incorporating an alkyl linker between the PEG and the thiol moieties that provides a hydrophobic shield layer between the gold surface and the hydrophilic outer PEG layer. The mPEG-alkyl-thiol coating greatly reduces protein adsorption on GNPs and their macrophage uptake. This has important implications for the design of GNP for biological systems.
An efficient implementation of Java's remote method invocation (1999)

Java offers interesting opportunities for parallel computing. In particular, Java Remote Method Invocation provides an unusually flexible kind of Remote Procedure Call. Unlike RPC, RMI supports polymorphism, which requires the system to be able to download remote classes into a running application. Sun's RMI implementation achieves this kind of flexibility by passing around object type information and processing it at run time, which causes a major run time overhead. Using Sun's JDK 1.1.4 on a Pentium Pro/Myri.net cluster, for example, the latency for a null RMI (without parameters or a return value) is 1228 &mu;sec, which is about a factor of 40 higher than that of a user-level RPC. In this paper, we study an alternative approach for implementing RMI, based on native compilation. This approach allows for better optimization, eliminates the need for processing of type information at run time, and makes a light weight communication protocol possible. We have built a Java system based on a native compiler, which supports both compile time and run time generation of marshallers. We find that almost all of the run time overhead of RMI can be pushed to compile time. With this approach, the latency of a null RMI is reduced to 34 &mu;sec, while still supporting polymorphic RMIs (and allowing interoperability with other JVMs).
Compositional and structural alterations of proteoglycans in human rectum carcinoma with special reference to versican and decorin. (2003)

This study indicated that human normal rectum (HNR) and human rectum carcinoma (HRC) contained three populations of proteoglycans (PGs). About 63% of the HNR PGs, in terms of uronic acid, were heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) of M(r) 500,000 with HS side-chains of M(r) 35,000. The other two populations were versican (29%) and decorin (8%) of M(r) 715,000 and 90,000, respectively, bearing mainly dermatan sulfate (DS) (73%) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) (27%) chains of M(r) 24-26,000 and 20-22,000, respectively. In contrast, in terms of uronic acid, HRC contained 2-fold amounts of PGs. The majority of these PGs (87%) were versican and decorin of lower hydrodynamic size (500,000 and 70,000, respectively) than in HNR, with CS as prominent GAG (70%) in both types of PG. The M(r) of CS and DS chains in these PGs was 12-14,000 and 14-16,000, respectively. The remaining portion (13%) of PG was HSPGs of lower hydrodynamic size (300,000) with smaller HS chains (29,000) than HSPGs of HNR. Moreover, the molar concentrations of versican and decorin estimated from PG-derived protein contents represented a significant, but disproportionate increase, about 5-fold and 8-fold, respectively. The sulfation pattern of rectum carcinoma-associated versican and decorin was significantly altered mainly in containing (62%) 6-sulfated disaccharides and a significant proportion (10%) of non-sulfated disaccharides. DS chains of the tumor-associated versican and decorin contained decreased amounts of iduronic acid. On the metabolic level, the abnormally high production of versican and decorin in this malignant tumor suggests a dramatic modification in their biosynthetic steps at both translational and posttranslational levels.
Value and Limitations of Systolic Time Intervals (Preejection Period and Ejection Time) In Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (1972)

T HREE RECENT reports in this journal'-3 provide information on systolic time intervals in a total of 167 patients with acute myocardial infaretion. It would seem, then, that a sufficient number of observations are available to permit critical assessment and meaningful conclusions. Are the data from these sources consistent and the results comparable? What are recordings of systolic time intervals in acute myocardial infaretion designed to accomplish? What can currently be said of their value and limitations? Let us first examine the setting in which these studies were undertaken.
Coagulation phenotypes in sepsis and effects of recombinant human thrombomodulin: an analysis of three multicentre observational studies (2021)

We identified four coagulation marker-based sepsis phenotypes. The treatment effects of thrombomodulin varied across sepsis phenotypes. This finding will facilitate future trials of thrombomodulin, in which a sepsis phenotype with high FDP and D-dimer can be targeted.
Light-propagation characteristics in thermally diffused expanded core fibers (1993)

Characteristics of light propagation in thermally diffused expanded-core (TEC) fibers are analyzed. Changes in the modal-field distributions along fibers and transition losses are obtained by use of the propagating-beam method. It is found that a transition length sufficiently longer than the characteristic length is necessary to expand or reduce the field diameter with low losses. A simplified model for understanding the mechanism of light propagation in TEC fibers is presented. Transmission losses between TEC fibers having imperfect splices are measured, the results are compared with those obtained by a simple theory and an exact theory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The sequence of an adrenal specific human cDNA, pG2 (1990)

We previously reported the isolation of a cDNA clone, pG2, from a human pheochromocytoma, a tumor of mature adrenal chromaffin cells.Expression of the mRNA recognized by pG2 is induced by glucocorticoids.This clone recognizes a mRNA of 1.6 kb in both adult adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, but is not expressed in neuroblastoma; an embryonal tumor of the adrenal medulla (1).In situ hybridization studies have demonstrated that pG2 expression is developmentally regulated.Expression of pG2 is initially seen in the developing human adrenal medulla at 20 weeks gestation and reaches adult levels by 24 weeks gestation (2).We have now isolated a full length cDNA from a human adrenal cDNA library.The clone contains 1557 bp insert and a poly A tail of 73 bp that corresponds closely -613 EMBL accession no.X17544 in size to the 1.6 kb mRNA recognized by pG2.The nucleotide sequence is not homologous to any previously reported sequences.The predicted protein encoded by pG2 contains 286 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of approximately 30,600 daltons.
Solid geometrv based modelling of non-uniform attenuation and compton scattering in objects for SPECT imaging systems (1993)

A solid geometry based approach is used to model non-uniform attenuation and Compton scattering in irregularly shaped objects for Monte Carlo simulated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging systems. The shape of an object is described by a combination of object primitives: ellipsoids, elliptical cylinders, tapered elliptical cylinders, rectangular solids, and their halves, quarters, and eighths, based on set union, intersection, and difference. The primitives are then assigned density and energy-dependent photoelectric and Compton cross sections. This approach is validated in two steps. Firstly, only non-uniform attenuation is included. The transaxial images of a simulated thorax phantom are reconstructed using a modified Chang's technique for nonuniform attenuation. Secondly, detected Compton scattering is added to the model. Scatter fraction of a point source in a water cylinder is used to validate our scatter model for uniform scattering media. The difference between simulated and experimental results is on the order of 10%. For the model of nonuniform attenuation and detected Compton scattering, a thorax phantom is used for validation. Normalized profiles across the center of the sphere projections for simulation and experiment are observed to have insignificant difference. These results validate our object modelling approach for nonuniform attenuation and Compton scattering. The performance of the solid model is demonstrated to be faster and require substantially less parameter storage than a voxel based model.
A Comparison of Systolic Blood Pressure Variations and Echocardiographic Estimates of End-Diastolic Left Ventricular Size in Patients After Aortic Surgery (1994)

As suggested by experimental studies, systolic pressure variation (SPV), the difference between maximum and minimum values of systolic blood pressure after a single positive pressure breath, may be a fair indicator of left ventricular preload. SPV was quantified in 21 patients who had undergone abdominal aortic surgery and were sedated under mechanical ventilation. The aim of the study was to assess the ability of this parameter to qualitatively estimate left ventricular preload measured using transesophageal echocardiography. All patients had preoperative radionuclide ejection fraction > 45%. Postoperative mechanical ventilatory patterns were the same for all patients: tidal volume = 10 mL/kg; respiratory frequency = 12-14 breaths/min; and zero end-expiratory pressure mode. Left ventricular dimensions at end-diastole correlated well with the magnitude of both SPV (r = 0.80) and its delta down (dDown) component (i.e., the degree by which systolic pressure decreases with each mechanical breath) (r = 0.83). Once the first measurement was completed, volume loading with two increments of 250 mL of human albumin 5% was performed in all but three patients. Each volume loading step caused a significant increase in the end-diastolic area (EDa) index (7.0 +/- 1.6 to 8.5 +/- 1.6 cm2/m2) and cardiac index (CI) (3.1 +/- 0.9 to 4.1 +/- 0.9 L.min-1 x m-2) and a concomitant significant decrease in the SPV (8.6 +/- 4.5 to 6.1 +/- 3.7 mm Hg) and its dDown component (5.9 +/- 4.1 to 2.9 +/- 2 mm Hg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
EnFuzz: From Ensemble Learning to Ensemble Fuzzing. (2018)

Fuzzing is widely used for software vulnerability detection. There are various kinds of fuzzers with different fuzzing strategies, and most of them perform well on their targets. However, in industry practice and empirical study, the performance and generalization ability of those well-designed fuzzing strategies are challenged by the complexity and diversity of real-world applications. 
In this paper, inspired by the idea of ensemble learning, we first propose an ensemble fuzzing approach EnFuzz, that integrates multiple fuzzing strategies to obtain better performance and generalization ability than that of any constituent fuzzer alone. First, we define the diversity of the base fuzzers and choose those most recent and well-designed fuzzers as base fuzzers. Then, EnFuzz ensembles those base fuzzers with seed synchronization and result integration mechanisms. For evaluation, we implement EnFuzz , a prototype basing on four strong open-source fuzzers (AFL, AFLFast, AFLGo, FairFuzz), and test them on Google's fuzzing test suite, which consists of widely used real-world applications. The 24-hour experiment indicates that, with the same resources usage, these four base fuzzers perform variously on different applications, while EnFuzz shows better generalization ability and always outperforms others in terms of path coverage, branch coverage and crash discovery. Even compared with the best cases of AFL, AFLFast, AFLGo and FairFuzz, EnFuzz discovers 26.8%, 117%, 38.8% and 39.5% more unique crashes, executes 9.16%, 39.2%, 19.9% and 20.0% more paths and covers 5.96%, 12.0%, 21.4% and 11.1% more branches respectively.
Toward the Development of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Human Papillomavirus Type-16 Lipopeptide Vaccines (2007)

Four lipid-core peptide systems were synthesized using stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis, incorporating a sequence from the human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV-16) E7 protein (E744-62), for the purpose of developing vaccines against HPV-16 associated cervical cancer. d-Mannose was conjugated to the vaccine in order to investigate whether the targeting of dendritic cell mannose receptors would improve vaccine efficacy. The ability of the vaccines to clear or reduce the size of HPV-16 associated tumors was assessed in C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice using the TC-1 HPV-16 tumor model. Overall, significant reductions in the size of TC-1 tumors were observed in the mouse model, with the conjugation of mannose to these vaccines demonstrated to clear or reduce the size of TC-1 tumors to a greater extent than non-mannose-containing vaccines (37 out of 40 versus 21 out of 30 tumors cleared, respectively).
Expression and Distribution of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Human Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: A Study in Surgical Specimen and Autopsy Controls (2005)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha is substantially expressed in disc material of symptomatic patients (surgical specimens) in comparison to samples taken at autopsy. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha in early fetal/infantile nucleus pulposus may indicate 'physiologic' tissue disarrangement with closure of the blood vessel canals. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha in adult discs, in contrast, is statistically associated with disc degeneration. Its occurrence in adults of more advanced age suggests that tumor necrosis factor alpha is not involved in the initiation of disc degeneration, but may be associated with further promotion of degenerative disarrangement and pain induction.
Antifungal activity of peppermint and sweet basil essential oils and their major aroma constituents on some plant pathogenic fungi from the vapor phase (2003)

The vapors of peppermint oil and two of its major constituents (menthol and menthone), and sweet basil oil and two of its major constituents (linalool and eugenol), were tested against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. exFr.) Vuill and Mucor sp. (Fisher) in a closed system. These fungi cause deterioration and heavy decay of peach fruit during marketing, shipping and storage. The essential oils, their major individual aroma constituents and blends of the major individual constituents at different ratios inhibited the growth of the fungi in a dose-dependent manner. Menthol was found to be the individual aroma constituent responsible for the antifungal properties of peppermint essential oil, while menthone alone did not show any effect at all doses. In the case of basil oil, linalool alone showed a moderate antifungal activity while eugenol showed no activity at all. Mixing the two components in a ratio similar to their concentrations in the original oil was found to enhance the antifungal properties of basil oil indicating a synergistic effect.
3D Printing in Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications – Recent Achievements and Challenges (2018)

Growing demand for customized pharmaceutics and medical devices makes the impact of additive manufacturing increased rapidly in recent years. The 3D printing has become one of the most revolutionary and powerful tool serving as a technology of precise manufacturing of individually developed dosage forms, tissue engineering and disease modeling. The current achievements include multifunctional drug delivery systems with accelerated release characteristic, adjustable and personalized dosage forms, implants and phantoms corresponding to specific patient anatomy as well as cellbased materials for regenerative medicine. This review summarizes the newest achievements and challenges of additive manufacturing in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical research that have been published since 2015. Currently developed techniques of 3D printing are briefly described while comprehensive analysis of extrusion-based methods as the most intensively investigated is provided. The issue of printlets attributes, i.e. shape and size is described with regard to personalized dosage forms and medical devices manufacturing. The undeniable benefits of 3D printing are highlighted, however a critical view resulting from the limitations and challenges of the additive manufacturing is also included. The regulatory issue is pointed as well.
The Strength of Microcrystalline Cellulose Pellets: The Effect of Granulating with Water/Ethanol Mixtures (1990)

AbstractPellets were prepared by wet granulating with various ethanol/water mixtures utilizing the extrusion/marumerization process. Binary mixtures of 10% active ingredient and 90% Microcrystalline Cellulose (Avicel PH-101) were found to form pellets when granulated with 95% ethanol but not with absolute alcohol. Differences in friability and dissolution were observed between water granulated and 95% ethanol granulated pellets. When mixtures were granulated with varying ethanol/water mixtures, pellets became stronger and harder as the mole fraction of water increased in the ethanol/water mixture used to granulate. experiments showed water granulated pellets were not very compressible whereas 95% ethanol granulated pellets exhibited excellent compressibility.