gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kaposi's Sarcoma Cells: Long-Term Culture with Growth Factor from Retrovirus-Infected CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cells (1988)

Studies of the biology and pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) have been hampered by the inability to maintain long-term cultures of KS cells in vitro. In this study AIDS-KS-derived cells with characteristic spindle-like morphology were cultured with a growth factor (or factors) released by CD4+ T lymphocytes infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I or II (HTLV-I or HTLV-II) or with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or 2 (HIV-1 or HIV-2). Medium conditioned by HTLV-II-infected, transformed lines of T cells (HTLV-II CM) contained large amounts of this growth activity and also supported the temporary growth of normal vascular endothelial cells, but not fibroblasts. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulated the growth of the KS-derived cells, but the growth was only transient and these could be distinguished from that in HTLV-II CM. Other known endothelial cell growth promoting factors, such as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors and epidermal growth factor, did not support the long-term growth of the AIDS-KS cells. The factor released by CD4+ T cells infected with human retroviruses should prove useful in studies of the pathogenesis of KS.
Improved simulated moving bed process for purifying sugar solutions. (2000)

Increasing the overall sugar recovery of a chromatographic molasses separator has a significant impact on a separator's profitability. Recognizing this, Amalgamated Research Inc. developed the Coupled Loop separator, which efficiently removes small organic non-sugars that normally affected the quality of the extract fraction. Coupled Loop separator performance met the objective of increasing overall sugar recovery while producing a high quality product without increasing elution water or chromatographic resin requirements. The improved performance of the Coupled Loop separator has been confirmed on an industrial-scale separator. At this time, three U.S. beet companies are currently installing Coupled Loop molasses desugarization systems.
A scalable approach for reliable downstream data delivery in wireless sensor networks (2004)

There exist several applications of sensor networks wherere liability of data delivery can be critical. While the redundancy inherent in a sensor network might increase the degree of reliability, it by no means can provide any guaranteed reliability semantics. In this paper, we consider the problem of reliable sink-to-sensors data delivery. We first identify several fundamental challenges that need to be addressed, and are unique to a wireless sensor network environment. We then propose a scalable framework for reliable downstream data delivery that is specifically designed to both address and leverage the characteristics of a wireless sensor network, while achieving the reliability in an efficient manner. Through ns2 based simulations, we evaluate the proposed framework.
Towards the Sulfuric Acid of Solids (1998)

Solid acids offer a simple and more benign alternative to traditional acid-catalyzed chemical processes. Ways in which this opportunity is being addressed through the synthesis and characterization of new solid acids incorporating perfluorosulfonic acid groups as proton donors are described. The Figure represents a perfluorosulfonic acid, which is covalently linked to a porous silica surface at a density of ca. 0.05–0.5 nm–2.
Sensory-Based Failure Threshold Estimation for Remaining Useful Life Prediction (2017)

The rapid development of sensor and computing technology has created an unprecedented opportunity for condition monitoring and prognostic analysis in various manufacturing and healthcare industries. With the massive amount of sensor information available, important research efforts have been made in modeling the degradation signals of a unit and estimating its remaining useful life distribution. In particular, a unit is often considered to have failed when its degradation signal crosses a predefined failure threshold, which is assumed to be known a priori. Unfortunately, such a simplified assumption may not be valid in many applications given the stochastic nature of the underlying degradation mechanism. While there are some extended studies considering the variability in the estimated failure threshold via data-driven approaches, they focus on the failure threshold distribution of the population instead of that of an individual unit. Currently, the existing literature still lacks an effective approach to accurately estimate the failure threshold distribution of an operating unit based on its in-situ sensory data during condition monitoring. To fill this literature gap, this paper develops a convex quadratic formulation that combines the information from the degradation profiles of historical units and the in-situ sensory data from an operating unit to online estimate the failure threshold of this particular unit in the field. With a more accurate estimation of the failure threshold of the operating unit in real time, a better remaining useful life prediction is expected. Simulations as well as a case study involving a degradation dataset of aircraft turbine engines were used to numerically evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed methodology with the existing literature in the context of failure threshold estimation and remaining useful life prediction.
Role of protein kinases in neurodegenerative disease: cyclin-dependent kinases in Alzheimer's disease (2005)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are serine/threonine kinases that regulate a number of cellular processes including the cell cycle and neuronal differentiation. Accumulating evidence indicates that two distinct Cdk pathways may have a role in the neuronal loss that is responsible for Alzheimer's disease. One pathway involves the aberrant reactivation of the cell cycle, a process believed to be incompatible with neuronal function. A second involves dysregulation of Cdk5, a member of this kinase family with no known cell cycle functions, but prominently expressed in postmitotic neurons. Reports supporting the involvement of both pathways are plentiful, but the story is not yet complete. In particular, difficulties incorporating the extended latency of AD into model approaches persist. Despite this, the theory that Cdks are involved in the pathogenesis of AD has generated considerable interest.
Effects of spectrometer band pass, sampling, and signal‐to‐noise ratio on spectral identification using the Tetracorder algorithm (2003)

Estimates of spectrometer band pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio required for identification of pure minerals and plants were derived using reflectance spectra convolved to AVIRIS, HYDICE, MIVIS, VIMS, and other imaging spectrometers. For each spectral simulation, various levels of random noise were added to the reflectance spectra after convolution, and then each was analyzed with the Tetracorder spectral identification algorithm [ Clark et al. , 2003]. The outcome of each identification attempt was tabulated to provide an estimate of the signal‐to‐noise ratio at which a given percentage of the noisy spectra were identified correctly. Results show that spectral identification is most sensitive to the signal‐to‐noise ratio at narrow sampling interval values but is more sensitive to the sampling interval itself at broad sampling interval values because of spectral aliasing, a condition when absorption features of different materials can resemble one another. The band pass is less critical to spectral identification than the sampling interval or signal‐to‐noise ratio because broadening the band pass does not induce spectral aliasing. These conclusions are empirically corroborated by analysis of mineral maps of AVIRIS data collected at Cuprite, Nevada, between 1990 and 1995, a period during which the sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio increased up to sixfold. There are values of spectrometer sampling and band pass beyond which spectral identification of materials will require an abrupt increase in sensor signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the effects of spectral aliasing. Factors that control this threshold are the uniqueness of a material's diagnostic absorptions in terms of shape and wavelength isolation, and the spectral diversity of the materials found in nature and in the spectral library used for comparison. Array spectrometers provide the best data for identification when they critically sample spectra. The sampling interval should not be broadened to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio in a photon‐noise‐limited system when high levels of accuracy are desired. It is possible, using this simulation method, to select optimum combinations of band‐pass, sampling interval, and signal‐to‐noise ratio values for a particular application that maximize identification accuracy and minimize the volume of imaging data.
Evaluation of the Performance of Bridge Steel Pedestals under Seismic Loads (2006)

Over 50 bridges in Georgia have been elevated using steel pedestals as a cost-effective means to increase the clearance height and to reduce the likelihood of impact damage from over-height vehicles. Steel pedestals are W-shape members that resemble stub columns and transfer loads from the bridge deck to the substructure. While steel pedestals perform similar in function as bearings which have been vulnerable components in past earthquakes due to lack of deformation capacity and potential instability, steel pedestals may also prove to be vulnerable components for similar reasons. To evaluate the behavior of steel pedestals, an experimental study is conducted and the results from 33 1/2" tall steel pedestals are compared to past experimental studies that showed the results of cyclic quasi-static loading on 19" short steel pedestals. The experimental test setup consists of a full-scale two-beam 40' span bridge system with steel pedestals subjected to low level (cyclic quasi-static) and high level (peak) loads. Results from the experimental testing are presented in terms of load-deflection hysteretic behavior and effective stiffness exhibited by the system. Different configurations for the post-installed anchor bolt connection elements to the reinforced concrete pier cap are tested and compared. Future analytical studies will use a bridge model to reveal the most vulnerable aspects of steel pedestals and provide recommendations for appropriate connection details for ensuring adequate seismic performance.
Preparation of Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibody Fab Fragments Specific for<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> (1999)

Genes coding for human antibody Fab fragments specific for Entamoeba histolytica were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Lymphocytes were separated from the peripheral blood of a patient with an amebic liver abscess. Poly(A)+ RNA was isolated from the lymphocytes, and then genes coding for the light chain and Fd region of the heavy chain were amplified by a reverse transcriptase PCR. The amplified DNA fragments were ligated with a plasmid vector and were introduced into Escherichia coli. Three thousand colonies were screened for the production of antibodies to E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS by an indirect fluorescence-antibody (IFA) test. Lysates from five Escherichia coli clones were positive. Analysis of the DNA sequences of the five clones showed that three of the five heavy-chain sequences and four of the five light-chain sequences differed from each other. When the reactivities of the Escherichia coli lysates to nine reference strains of E. histolytica were examined by the IFA test, three Fab fragments with different DNA sequences were found to react with all nine strains and another Fab fragment was found to react with seven strains. None of the four human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments reacted with Entamoeba dispar reference strains or with other enteric protozoan parasites. These results indicate that the bacterial expression system reported here is effective for the production of human monoclonal antibodies specific for E. histolytica. The recombinant human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments may be applicable for distinguishing E. histolytica from E. dispar and for use in the serodiagnosis of amebiasis.
Regio‐ and stereo‐selective alternating copolymerization of carbon monoxide with propene (1993)

Abstract Compounds of palladium with ten different chelated bisphosphine ligands were investigated for their catalysis of alternating copolymerization of propene with carbon monoxide. The bisphosphine structure and chelate ring size influence strongly the activity, regio‐ and stereo‐selectivity of the catalysts. Molecular mechanics calculations on the π‐olefin complex showed that the non‐bonded interaction between propene and the ligands on Pd is both regio‐ and stereo‐selective. Primary insertion is about seven times more probable than secondary insertion for the Pd complex of bis(diphenylphosphino)butane ligand. The enantioselective catalysts favor the meso enchainment of propene. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) of oligomers showed that most chains are initiated by PdH species with less frequent initiation by PdOCH 3 complexes; β‐hydrogen elimination is the dominant chain termination process.
The cells of the rabbit meniscus: their arrangement, interrelationship, morphological variations and cytoarchitecture (2000)

Four major morphologically distinct classes of cells were identified within the adult rabbit meniscus using antibodies to cytoskeletal proteins. Two classes of cell were present in the fibrocartilage region of the meniscus. These meniscal cells exhibited long cellular processes that extended from the cell body. A third cell type found in the inner hyaline-like region of the meniscus had a rounded form and lacked projections. A fourth cell type with a fusiform shape and no cytoplasmic projections was found along the superficial regions of the meniscus. Using a monoclonal antibody to connexin 43, numerous gap junctions were observed in the fibrocartilage region, whereas none were seen in cells either from the hyaline-like or the superficial zones of the meniscus. The majority of the cells within the meniscus exhibited other specific features such as primary cilia and 2 centrosomes. The placement of the meniscal cell subtypes as well as their morphology and architecture support the supposition that their specific characteristics underlie the ability of the meniscus to respond to different types of environmental mechanical loads.
Methodologies for Interventional Myopia Studies (2006)

Myopia studies are notoriously difficult to carry out. Past studies on intervention in myopia progression have given conflicting results. Beside inaccurate and inadequate measurements, the most important cause for this is the very variable nature of myopia, which makes it difficult to achieve baseline comparability between the control and the study group. Although there were inclusion criteria in these studies, for age, sex, race, degree of myopia and stigmatism, the most important variate-- the rate of myopia progression-- was not included. Randomisation can achieve baseline comparability of the myopia progression rate, provided the sample sizes are large enough. Unfortunately, past studies have been limited to 100 to 200 children only. Studies on twins are more reliable than random groups because myopia progression rates are more likely to be the same in a pair of twins. Studies on the same subject, comparing the right eye and the left eye would be even better, but this method is practicable for some studies only (e.g., we cannot have a spectacle lens for one eye and a contact lens on the fellow eye). There is another method of doing an interventional study on myopia. Because myopia progression is linear in its early stage until the early teenage years, it is possible to observe what happens to the linear progression upon intervention. In this way, we avoid the problem of trying to compare "apples with apples" but use the "same apple" instead.
Oral antimicrobial peptides: Types and role in the oral cavity (2015)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a wide-ranging class of host-defense molecules that act early to contest against microbial invasion and challenge. These are small cationic peptides that play an important in the development of innate immunity. In the oral cavity, the AMPs are produced by the salivary glands and the oral epithelium and serve defensive purposes. The aim of this review was to discuss the types and functions of oral AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and infections in the oral cavity.
Identification of different emitting species in the red fluorescent protein DsRed by means of ensemble and single-molecule spectroscopy (2001)

The photophysics and photochemistry taking place in the DsRed protein, a recently cloned red fluorescent protein from a coral of the Discosoma genus, are investigated here by means of ensemble and single-molecule time-resolved detection and spectroscopic measurements. Ensemble time-resolved data reveal that 25% of the immature green chromophores are present in tetramers containing only this immature form. They are responsible for the weak fluorescence emitted at 500 nm. The remaining 75% of the immature green chromophores are involved in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer process to the red species. The combination of time-resolved detection with spectroscopy at the single-molecule level reveals, on 543-nm excitation of individual DsRed tetramers, the existence of a photoconversion of the red chromophore emitting at 583 nm and decaying with a 3.2-ns time constant into a super red one emitting at 595 nm and for which the decay time constant ranges between 2.7 and 1.5 ns. The phenomenon is further corroborated at the ensemble level by the observation of the creation of a super red form and a blue absorbing species on irradiation with 532-nm pulsed light at high excitation power. Furthermore, single-molecule experiments suggest that a similar photoconversion process might occur in the immature green species on 488-nm excitation.
Comparative In Vivo Inhibitory Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents on Prostaglandin Synthesis in Rabbit Ocular Tissues (1985)

We have compared the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) indomethacin, flurbiprofen, and aspirin administered either intraperitoneally (IP) or topically on rabbit conjunctival and anterior uveal prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Doses of IP flurbiprofen and aspirin at or above 50 mg/kg almost completely inhibited PG synthesis in the conjunctiva and anterior uvea. Indomethacin at doses up to 100 mg/kg only partially inhibited PG synthesis in rabbit anterior uvea. Although IP flurbiprofen and aspirin were better than IP indomethacin in inhibiting PG synthesis in anterior uvea, 0.5% topical aspirin almost completely inhibited PG synthesis in the conjunctiva and anterior uvea, but 0.5% flurbiprofen and 0.5% indomethacin did not. A lower topical dose (0.01%) of aspirin prevented the production of PGs in the anterior uvea.
Global Numerical Model for the Assessment of the Effect of Geometry and Operation Conditions on Insert and Orifice Region Plasmas of a Thermionic Hollow Cathode Electron Source (2014)

Abstract Thermionic hollow cathodes have been widely used in wide variety of areas such as spacecraft electric propulsion systems, material processing and lasers for more than half a century as efficient electron sources. Especially in electric propulsion systems, hollow cathodes are being used as electron sources for propellant ionization and ion beam neutralization. Moreover, it is also a promising candidate for utilization as a stand‐alone propulsion system in microsatellites or nanosatellites due to its small physical size, low power consumption and ease of operation. On the other hand, the small geometry of the typical orificed hollow cathodes makes the plasma diagnostics difficult which is why numerical studies become important for understanding the driving physical processes behind their operation, and the effects of the geometry and the operation parameters on cathode performance. In this paper, a global numerical model for the insert and orifice plasma of a hollow cathode is presented where volume averaged plasma parameters are considered for both regions. The results of this study show that the developed model can be used for designing and sizing orificed hollow cathodes as comparisons with the results of experimental and other numerical studies are in good agreement with the ones obtained from the developed model. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positive Darwinian Selection in Evolution of Protein Inhibitors of Serine Proteinases (1987)

The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution by M. Kimura (1983) deservedly stands as a statement of consensus among molecular evolutionists. It asserts that the overwhelming majority of fixations of mutations are selectively neutral. Selection (negative Darwinian selection) relentlessly weeds out the strongly deleterious mutations. Positive Darwinian selection is rare. We agree with this theory, but we note that it deals with what happens most of the time. We believe that a minority of proteins are species specific and frequently exhibit positive Darwinian selection. The purpose of this paper is to present some evidence that protein inhibitors of serine proteinases exhibit in their evolution characteristics associated with positive Darwinian selection. Although the "neutral theory" is now widely believed, there are still many "selectionists" who oppose it. However, the theory is based on or supported by five phenomenological generalizations, which are almost universally believed and which are explicitly or implicitly stated in...
Torres Villarroel y la poesía en los almanaques astrológicos (2016)

Diego de Torres Villarroel plays a key role in the enormous increase that occurred in the writing of annual astrological almanacs and pronostications during the first half of the eighteenth century in Spain. He made great innovations in this genre of imprints, in order to transform them into literary creations beyond their astrological contents; amidst them, we can include a systematical use of poetry in the judicial sections of the almanacs. This paper analyses the evolution and characteristics of these poetical parts in the pronostications.
Oxaliplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate in advanced colorectal cancer. (2006)

The regimen was active, well tolerated and may be a possible option in patients not suitable for radical surgery.
Functional imaging markers of the MCI brain in task and at rest: detecting memory and connectivity impairments in prodromal Alzheimer's disease (2016)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disease, and currently the leading cause of dementia in the world. The application of machine learning algorithms has recently brought a novel perspective to the early identification of neurological diseases such as AD, as they can advantageously exploit multivariate information in high-dimensional data to predict patient diagnosis and ultimately prognosis at the individual level. This work aimed to develop an early functional marker for AD using task-based and resting-state (RS) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and to build a multimodal marker for predicting future conversion to AD. We found several regions of interest in which memory task-related fMRI activity could reliably discriminate between elderly controls and patients with prodromal AD, as well as functional connectivity during RS in the whole brain and within networks. Finally, we found that imaging markers were able to accurately predict conversion to AD, while clinical data was less informative.