gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic Evidence of Clonal Descent of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Associated with Hemorrhagic Colitis and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (1988)

Genetic relatedness of 100 strains of Escherichia coli, isolated mostly from patients with hemorrhagic colitis or hemolytic uremic syndrome, was determined for chromosomal genotypes on the basis of allelic variation at 17 enzyme-encoding loci detected by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Fifteen of the 17 loci were polymorphic, with an average of 3.5 alleles per locus. Comparison of the observed combinations of alleles among strains revealed 25 distinct multilocus genotypes, which were used to define naturally occurring cell lineages or clones. Cluster analysis of the genotypic data revealed that isolates of serotype O157:H7 fall into a well-defined group of clonal genotypes that share alleles, on average, at 90% of their enzyme loci. The O157:H7 clonal group is only distantly related to other Verotoxin-producing strains belonging to other serotypes of E. coli. The results strongly support the hypothesis that isolates of E. coli O157:H7 obtained from geographically separate outbreaks and sporadic cases of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome belong to a pathogenic clone that occurs throughout North America.
THE CURRENT USE OF PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS IN PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY (1975)

A questionnaire distributed to plastic surgeons to determine their patterns of usage of systemic prophylactic antibacterial agents was answered by 1,025 respondents (73.7 percent). The patterns of usage among the respondents were determined for 29 circumstances and operations for the time of administration, and as influenced by 11 modifying factors. The data present the patterns of antibacterial use by plastic surgeons at this time.
New bacteriophage typing system for Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia kristensenii, Yersinia frederiksenii, and Yersinia intermedia: correlation with serotyping, biotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility (1982)

Yersinia enterocolitica is listed as a single species in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, but has recently been split into "true" Y. enterocolitica, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia, and Y. frederiksenii. From 48 bacteriophages isolated from raw sewage, 24 were chosen as being the most useful for differentiating strains within the four Yersinia species. The composite set of 24 phages typed 92% of 236 Y. enterocolitica strains, 100% of 16 Y. kristensenii strains, 97% of 29 Y. frederiksenii strains, and 90% of 20 Y. intermedia strains. The most common phage type in any of the groups contained 22% of the strains tested, but most of the phage types contained greater than 5% of the strains. The new typing schema was tested in three outbreaks of Y. enterocolitica, and the results agreed well with serotyping and epidemiological findings. In the same outbreaks, biotyping (API 20E profiles; Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and antibiograms were less reliable markers and probably should be used only in conjunction with serotyping or phage typing or both. Caution should be used in identifying cultures of Y. frederiksenii and Y. intermedia with the API 20E system, since the tests at 37 degrees C for L-rhamnose and melibiose fermentation are often delayed past 24 h, which is the cut-off point for the final reading in the API system. There were distinct differences in the susceptibilities of Y. enterocolitica and Y. kristensenii to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin, which adds further support for classifying the latter as a separate species.
Comparison of the rate capability of nanostructured amorphous and anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>for lithium insertion using anodic TiO<sub>2</sub>nanotube arrays (2009)

Nanostructured amorphous and anatase TiO2 are both considered as high rate Li-insertion/extraction electrode materials. To clarify which phase is more desirable for lithium ion batteries with both high power and high density, we compare the electrochemical properties of anatase and amorphous TiO2 by using anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays (ATNTAs) as electrodes. With the same morphological features, the rate capacity of nanostructured amorphous TiO2 is higher than that of nanostructured anatase TiO2 due to the higher Li-diffusion coefficient of amorphous TiO2 as proved by the electrochemical impedance spectra of an amorphous and an anatase ATNTA electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectra also prove that the electronic conductivity of amorphous TiO2 is lower than that of anatase TiO2. These results are helpful in the structural and componential design of all TiO2 mesoporous structures as anode material in lithium ion batteries. Moreover, all the advantages of the amorphous ATNTA electrode including high rate capacity, desirable cycling performance and the simplicity of its fabrication process indicate that amorphous ATNTA is potentially useful as the anode for lithium ion batteries with both high power and high energy density.
A single chip BiMOS telephone set (2003)

A single-chip telephone set in BCD (bipolar, CMOS and DMOS) technology is described. It integrates all of the functions usually found in a telephone set: reception, transmission, power supply generation, ringer, loudspeaker, and bistandard dialing (loop disconnect and dual-tone multifrequency). A 30-V bipolar technology is used to treat analog signals, 12-V CMOS for control and generation of the pulses/tones for dialing, and 60-V DMOS for ringer high-voltage driver. The block diagrams of the analog and digital parts are shown. The single chip has proved that a telephone set combining mixed features like high voltage, high power, low noise, and intelligibility can be integrated using a mixed BCD bipolar CMOS and process. The availability of differing components on the same substrate makes possible the solution of problems in the analog domain without compromise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genre distinctions for discourse in the Penn TreeBank (2009)

Articles in the Penn TreeBank were identified as being reviews, summaries, letters to the editor, news reportage, corrections, wit and short verse, or quarterly profit reports. All but the latter three were then characterised in terms of features manually annotated in the Penn Discourse TreeBank --- discourse connectives and their senses. Summaries turned out to display very different discourse features than the other three genres. Letters also appeared to have some different features. The two main findings involve (1) differences between genres in the senses associated with intra-sentential discourse connectives, inter-sentential discourse connectives and inter-sentential discourse relations that are not lexically marked; and (2) differences within all four genres between the senses of discourse relations not lexically marked and those that are marked. The first finding means that genre should be made a factor in automated sense labelling of non-lexically marked discourse relations. The second means that lexically marked relations provide a poor model for automated sense labelling of relations that are not lexically marked.
A storage-hierarchy system for batch processing (1968)

Operating System/360 was designed to meet a severe core-memory constraint: a 14K-bytes resident supervisor plus a repertoire of compilers, utility programs, sort programs, and application packages fitting into 18K bytes (approximately 4500 data words and executable instructions). Many supervisory functions included in the nucleus of pre-360 systems were repackaged into 1000-byte overlays for OS/360 (e.g. logic to OPEN and CLOSE files---hereafter called data sets, following OS/360 nomenclature). Specification of device type, buffering technique, and data set identification---which was assembled, compiled, or link-edited into many pre-360 application programs --- is deferrable in OS/360 until the data set is actually opened for processing, essentially "latest-possible binding of data-set attributes and processing mode" (cf. Part 3 of Reference 5 for a complete discussion).
Quantitative Analysis of Sulfur in Coal by Pyrolysis−Gas Chromatography and Multivariate Data Analysis (1996)

Fifteen standard coal samples from the European Centre for Coal Specimens (SBN) were analyzed by pyrolysis−gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and a flame photometric detector (Py-GC(FID/FPD)). The yields of sulfur obtained when coal samples were pyrolyzed and combusted were between 56 and 80% of the total amount of sulfur present. The total amount of sulfur in the pyrolysis products was proportional to the sulfur content of the coals. The data obtained were evaluated with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Predictive models for the content of total sulfur, organic sulfur, pyritic sulfur, and inorganic sulfur (the sum of pyritic and sulfate sulfur) were built. It was also possible to obtain a predictive model for the content of volatile matter.
Down-regulation of genes encoding DNA replication proteins during cell cycle exit. (1994)

We have studied the expression of genes encoding DNA replication proteins during different cell growth events. Gene expression of human DNA polymerase alpha-DNA primase, a principal chromosomal replication enzyme complex, is up-regulated during the entrance of a cell from quiescence into the mitotic cell cycle. In contrast, expression of these genes is greatly reduced in fibroblasts rendered temporarily quiescent by contact inhibition or serum starvation. In actively cycling cells, DNA polymerase alpha-DNA primase genes are expressed at all stages of the cell cycle. To investigate how their gene expression is regulated in cells permanently exiting the cell cycle during terminal differentiation, we used a novel method to obtain a pure population of such cells. In this report, we describe the down-regulation of gene expression of DNA polymerase alpha during both HL-60 (human myeloid) and MEL (mouse erythroleukemia) cell differentiation. Gene expression of the two subunits of DNA primase, p49 and p58, is also down-regulated at the mRNA level in differentiated MEL cells. In differentiated HL-60 cells, the decline of DNA polymerase alpha gene expression occurs at both the transcript and protein levels. Down-regulation of DNA polymerase alpha at the steady state transcript level is caused, at least in part, by a decreased rate of transcription initiation without transcription elongation block.
Transplantation of human neural stem cells for spinal cord injury in primates (2005)

Recent studies have shown that delayed transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) into the injured spinal cord can promote functional recovery in adult rats. Preclinical studies using nonhuman primates, however, are necessary before NSPCs can be used in clinical trials to treat human patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Cervical contusion SCIs were induced in 10 adult common marmosets using a stereotaxic device. Nine days after injury, in vitro-expanded human NSPCs were transplanted into the spinal cord of five randomly selected animals, and the other sham-operated control animals received culture medium alone. Motor functions were evaluated through measurements of bar grip power and spontaneous motor activity, and temporal changes in the intramedullary signals were monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. Eight weeks after transplantation, all animals were sacrificed. Histologic analysis revealed that the grafted human NSPCs survived and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and that the cavities were smaller than those in sham-operated control animals. The bar grip power and the spontaneous motor activity of the transplanted animals were significantly higher than those of sham-operated control animals. These findings show that NSPC transplantation was effective for SCI in primates and suggest that human NSPC transplantation could be a feasible treatment for human SCI. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Suppression of Metal Artifacts in CT Using a Reconstruction Procedure That Combines MAP and Projection Completion (2008)

Metal implants such as hip prostheses and dental fillings produce streak and star artifacts in the reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images. Due to these artifacts, the CT image may not be diagnostically usable. A new reconstruction procedure is proposed that reduces the streak artifacts and that might improve the diagnostic value of the CT images. The procedure starts with a maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction using an iterative reconstruction algorithm and a multimodal prior. This produces an artifact-free constrained image. This constrained image is the basis for an image-based projection completion procedure. The algorithm was validated on simulations, phantom and patient data, and compared with other metal artifact reduction algorithms.
Conclusion (2012)

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Selective positive modulation of the SK3 and SK2 subtypes of small conductance Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐activated K<sup>+</sup>channels (2007)

As a pharmacological tool, CyPPA may be used in parallel with the IK/SK openers 1-EBIO and NS309 to distinguish SK3/SK2- from SK1/IK-mediated pharmacological responses. This is important for the SK2 and SK1 subtypes, since they have overlapping expression patterns in the neocortical and hippocampal regions, and for SK3 and IK channels, since they co-express in certain peripheral tissues.
Synthesis of the Hexagonal Form of Tungsten Trioxide from Peroxopolytungstate via Ammonium Paratungstate Decahydrate (1998)

Abstract Two types of crystalline (NH4)10[H2W12O42]·10H2O were precipitated in sequence when an ammonia solution of peroxopolytungstate was neutralized with hydrochloric acid. It was found by X-ray diffraction that one of them is an unknown phase of ammonium paratungstate, and the other is the reported one. Heating the former, it turned directly to common triclinic WO3. On the other hand, the latter yielded the hexagonal form of WO3 (h-WO3) in the temperature range 350—370 °C. This is a new synthetic method of h-WO3, though the final precursor is a known compound. The color of h-WO3 thus formed was pale yellow and contained a small amount of residual ammonia (N/W = 0.017 in molar ratio). Its crystallographic c-axis (7.689 Å) was shorter than than the reported value (7.798 Å) for the same WO3 phase synthesized from 3WO3·H2O.
Object versioning in Ode (2002)

In designing the versioning facility in Ode, a few but semantically sound and powerful concepts are introduced that allow implementation of a wide variety of paradigms. Some of the salient features of these versioning facilities are the following: (1) object versioning is orthogonal to type; (2) reference to an object can be bound statically to a specific version of the object or dynamically to whatever is its latest version; and (3) both temporal as well as derived-from relationships between versions of an object are maintained automatically. These facilities have been incorporated seamlessly into Ode's database programming language, O++. The new language constructs are powerful enough to make O++ a suitable platform for implementing a variety of versioning paradigms and application-specific systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Gamut mapping in a high-dynamic-range color space (2014)

In this paper, we present a novel approach of tone mapping as gamut mapping in a high-dynamic-range (HDR) color space. High- and low-dynamic-range (LDR) images as well as device gamut boundaries can simultaneously be represented within such a color space. This enables a unified transformation of the HDR image into the gamut of an output device (in this paper called <i>HDR gamut mapping</i>). An additional aim of this paper is to investigate the suitability of a specific HDR color space to serve as a working color space for the proposed HDR gamut mapping. For the HDR gamut mapping, we use a recent approach that iteratively minimizes an image-difference metric subject to in-gamut images. A psychophysical experiment on an HDR display shows that the standard reproduction workflow of two subsequent transformations – tone mapping and then gamut mapping – may be improved by HDR gamut mapping.
The prevalence of Th17 cells in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (2009)

Th17 function is increased in patients with DCM, suggesting a role for Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of DCM.
Ring artifact removal for micro-tomography in synchrotron radiation (2012)

Ring artifacts are common in tomography reconstructions. These artifacts may arise, in microtomography using synchrotron radiation, from dead pixels in CCD detectors, damaged scintillator screens and instabilities of the synchrotron beam. Ring artifact removal is therefore an important task. We apply an image inpainting algorithm on the sinogram data to reduce ring artifacts in reconstructions. The applied image inpainting algorithm is advantageous in two aspects. First, the proposed method is local, and it affects only the user-specified corrupted region. Second, it utilizes the directional information of level lines, as well as the intensity information, in the sinogram data. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to compensate both the missing directional information and the distorted intensity information, which reduces ring artifacts in reconstructions. An improvement in reconstruction image qualities is achieved for micro-tomography using the proposed method. A comparison shows that the proposed method may outperform existing methods in terms of reconstruction accuracy.
Poly(maleic Anhydride) (1975)

Abstract The concept that maleic anhydride cannot be homopolymerized is so widely accepted that it is cited in most textbooks on polymer science as an illustration of the steric hindrance imposed by 1,2-disubstitution of the double bond. However, in recent years it has been demonstrated that maleic anhydride readily undergoes polymerization under gamma and UV radiation as well as in the presence of free radical catalysts and various organic bases. In some cases the polymer contains cyclopentanone groups, resulting from decarboxylation, or unsaturated ketone groups, resulting from ring opening, in addition to the anhydride groups. Further interesting developments include the proposed participation of excited maleic anhydride in the polymerization process and of poly(maleic anhydride) in the grafting of maleic anhydride on various polymeric substrates.
Correction of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in Newborn Infants by Cutaneous Application of Sunflower-Seed Oil (1976)

Two newborn infants receiving long-term, fat-free parenteral nutrition developed essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. Biochemical evidence of EFA deficiency was documented in plasma, red blood cells, and adipose tissue and included a decrease in arachidonic and linoleic acids, an increase in 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid, palmitoleic and oleic acids and a trienoic/tetraenoic ratio of more than 0.4. Cutaneous application of sunflower-seed oil, a source rich in the essential fat linoleic acid, rapidly reversed the clinical and biochemical manifestations of deficiency in plasma.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the specific detection of the mercapturic acid metabolites of naphthalene (1993)

The measurement of metabolites constitutes a useful tool for detection of exposure and in pharmacokinetic studies. Epoxidation with subsequent glutathione conjugation and mercapturic acid formation is an important deactivation pathway for naphthalene, a toxin which presumably causes lung disease. The mercapturic acid conjugates of naphthalene [NaphMA (1), N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthyl)cysteine (1a), and N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)cysteine (1b)], its most important urinary metabolites, and other structurally related derivatives, such as N-acetyl-S-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl) cysteine (2), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)cysteine (3), and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl)cysteine (4a) and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)cysteine (4b) as an isomeric mixture, were synthesized to develop an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for the specific detection of NaphMA (1). Compound 1, as an isomeric mixture, was used to raise antibodies by immunizing six rabbits with the corresponding KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and BSA (bovine serum albumin) derivatives (1KLH and 1BSA). The remaining compounds were covalently attached to BSA, conalbumin, and ovalbumin to be used as coating antigens. The best assay was obtained in a homologous system combining serum Ab2357 (1KLH) and 1BSA as coating antigen. The immunoassay has an I50 of 4-6 ng/mL and a detection limit of 1-2 ng/mL. Because of the known instability of the mercapturic acid conjugate of naphthalene 1, leading to the fully aromatic compound 20, a system involving HPLC is described to check the stability of the NaphMA stock solutions used in the assay. Cross-reactivity studies show high specificity toward the NaphMA. Other related compounds as well as the dehydrated derivative 20 are not recognized by the antibody in this ELISA system.
Temporal Second Difference Traces (2011)

Q-learning is a reliable but inefficient off-policy temporal-difference method, backing up reward only one step at a time. Replacing traces, using a recency heuristic, are more efficient but less reliable. In this work, we introduce model-free, off-policy temporal difference methods that make better use of experience than Watkins' Q(λ). We introduce both Optimistic Q(λ) and the temporal second difference trace (TSDT). TSDT is particularly powerful in deterministic domains. TSDT uses neither recency nor frequency heuristics, storing (s,a,r,s',δ) so that off-policy updates can be performed after apparently suboptimal actions have been taken. There are additional advantages when using state abstraction, as in MAXQ. We demonstrate that TSDT does significantly better than both Q-learning and Watkins' Q(λ) in a deterministic cliff-walking domain. Results in a noisy cliff-walking domain are less advantageous for TSDT, but demonstrate the efficacy of Optimistic Q(λ), a replacing trace with some of the advantages of TSDT.