gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exposure of Anesthesiologists to Nitrous Oxide during Pediatric Anesthesia. (1997)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the most common inhalation anesthetics in current anesthesiological practice. Even though artificial ventilation and active scavenging in operating theaters are employed in most of the modern hospitals, potential N2O contamination persists in regular anesthesia, particularly pediatric operation. In order to understand personal exposure during pediatric anesthesia, ambient monitoring for N2O exposure around the breathing zone of the anesthesiologist was conducted by a portable infra-red Miran 1B2 spectrophotometer. The results demonstrated that general mask anesthesia generated greatest N2O contamination, with the mean time-weighted-average (TWA) concentrations of 85 +/- 48.4 (mean +/- S.D.) ppm in 12 cases. Initial mask induction followed by cuffed endotracheal incubation (6 cases) or intravenous induction followed by uncuffed endotracheal intubation (6 cases) also produced significant pollution to the workers, with the mean TWAs of 33.2 +/- 24.0 ppm and 31.9 +/- 18.0 ppm respectively. These procedures provided exposure levels above the 25 ppm Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S.A. Modification with intravenous induction followed with cuffed endotracheal intubation or mask general anesthesia provided with a ventilation hood diminished the contamination apparently, with the resulting mean TWAs of 11.0 +/- 4.7 ppm and 17.9 +/- 9.8 ppm in 7 and 5 cases respectively. The results indicated that excessive N2O exposure to anesthesiologists was not negligible during routine pediatric anesthesia. Significant reduction could be achieved via appropriate industrial modification.
The Use of Damping Screens for the Reduction of Wind-Tunnel Turbulence (1947)

The effect of a damping screen in reducing the turbulence of an air stream is found to depend on the pressure-drop coefficient, k, of the screen. According to a plausible theory, which has been experimentally confirmed, the intensity of the turbulence is reduced in the ratio + k by a single screen and in the ratio 1/(1 -f* k)^ by n identical screens in series. These relations show tha t for the same power expenditure a greater turbulence reduction can be obtained with a number of screens of small k than with a single screen of coefficient nk. Factors tha t place a lower limit on velocity fluctuations are turbulence produced by the screens themselves and tunnel noise.
Mapping retinal thickness and macular edema by high-speed three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (2004)

Conventional OCT generates one or few cross-sections of the retina and requires predetermination of measurement location and geometry. Because retinal pathologies are usually irregular and 3-dimensional in nature, a retinal imaging device with both high depth resolution and high lateral resolution is desired. The lateral resolution of the conventional OCT system is limited by sampling density, which in turn is limited by the speed of the system. In this paper, we present a three-dimensional optical coherence retinal tomograph (3D-OCT) which combines the rapid transversal imaging mode of a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) with the depth resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to achieve high speed 3-D imaging. In contrary to the conventional OCT which performs adjacent A-scans to form a cross-section image (B-scan) perpendicular to the retinal surface, 3D-OCT acquires section images (C-scan) parallel to the retinal surface at defined depths across the thickness of the retina. Three-dimensional distribution of light-remitting sites within the retina is recorded at a depth resolution of ~12 μm (in eye) and lateral resolution of 10μm x 20μm within 1.2 seconds. In this paper, we present the results of in vivo retinal imaging of healthy volunteers and diabetic patients, retinal thickness mapping, and macular edema detection with the 3D-OCT device. Reproducibility of retinal thickness mapping ranges from 16 μm ~ 35 μm for different study subjects. Detailed retinal thickness map allows ready identification of location and area of macular thickening. C-scan images and continuous longitudinal cross section images provide visualization of pathological changes in the retina, such as presence of cyst formation and hard exudates. The need to predetermine measurement location and geometry is eliminated in 3D-OCT, in contrast to conventional OCT.
Understanding the Dynamic of Peer-to-Peer Systems. (2007)

Though a few previous research efforts have inves-tigated the peer availability of P2P systems, the understanding of peer dynamic is far from adequate. Based on the running log of a file-sharing P2P sys-tem, we produced a more thorough measurement of the dynamic natures of a P2P system. We further show that due to the methodology limitation, crawler based measurement can not precisely cap-ture system dynamic natures as a whole. In this pa-per, we also emphasize some simple yet important dynamic metrics, which are omitted or neglected by previous studies because of state of the art in dura-bility analysis at that time. By a fine-grained analy-sis on the preliminary findings, we reveal a series of useful implications for the design of P2P systems. 1.
Noisy Speech Feature Estimation on the Aurora2 Database using a Switching Linear Dynamic Model (2007)

This paper presents an approach to enhance speech feature estimation in the log spectral domain under additive noise environments. A switching linear dynamic model (SLDM) is explored as a parametric model for the clean speech distribution, enforcing a state transition in the feature space and capturing the smooth time evolution of speech conditioned on the state sequence. Experimental results using the Aurora2 database show that the new SLDM approach can improve speech enhancement performance in terms of recognition accuracy.
Police Accountability for Lethal Force (2004)

The police use of lethal force has always been a controversial subject; and its use in Northern Ireland has attracted particular attention following allegations in the past of a ‘shoot to kill’ policy and the use of plastic bullets. David Wood is the Executive Director for the Police Ombudsman of Northern Ireland (PONI) and in his article, derived from a speech delivered to a conference in Belfast in November 2003, he explains how independent investigation of the police use of lethal force in Northern Ireland has brought a new dimension to police accountability. The article demonstrates the benefits and impact of external scrutiny in improved procedures adopted by the police, leading to the reduced use of such force, and improved policy for all.
De Novo Design of Peptide Immunogens That Mimic the Coiled Coil Region of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 Glycoprotein 21 Transmembrane Subunit for Induction of Native Protein Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies (2004)

Peptide vaccines able to induce high affinity and protective neutralizing antibodies must rely in part on the design of antigenic epitopes that mimic the three-dimensional structure of the corresponding region in the native protein. We describe the design, structural characterization, immunogenicity, and neutralizing potential of antibodies elicited by conformational peptides derived from the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) gp21 envelope glycoprotein spanning residues 347-374. We used a novel template design and a unique synthetic approach to construct two peptides (WCCR2T and CCR2T) that would each assemble into a triple helical coiled coil conformation mimicking the gp21 crystal structure. The peptide B-cell epitopes were grafted onto the epsilon side chains of three lysyl residues on a template backbone construct consisting of the sequence acetyl-XGKGKGKGCONH2 (where X represents the tetanus toxoid promiscuous T cell epitope (TT) sequence 580-599). Leucine substitutions were introduced at the a and d positions of the CCR2T sequence to maximize helical character and stability as shown by circular dichroism and guanidinium hydrochloride studies. Serum from an HTLV-1-infected patient was able to recognize the selected epitopes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mice immunized with the wild-type sequence (WCCR2T) and the mutant sequence (CCR2T) elicited high antibody titers that were capable of recognizing the native protein as shown by flow cytometry and whole virus ELISA. Sera and purified antibodies from immunized mice were able to reduce the formation of syncytia induced by the envelope glycoprotein of HTLV-1, suggesting that antibodies directed against the coiled coil region of gp21 are capable of disrupting cell-cell fusion. Our results indicate that these peptides represent potential candidates for use in a peptide vaccine against HTLV-1.
Implementation of speech recognition on MCS51 microcontroller for controlling wheelchair (2007)

This paper describes about implementation of speech recognition on microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this system is ATMEL AT89C51RC microcontroller which is one of the MCS51 family microcontrollers. Speech recognition system is implemented to recognize the word used as the command for controlling movement of a wheelchair. There are two approaches used to recognize the speech signal. The first approach is linear predictive coding combined with Euclidean squared distance. LPC is used as the feature extraction method and Euclidean squared distance is used as the recognition method. The second approach is hidden Markov model, which is used to build reference model of the words and also used as the recognition method. Feature extraction method used in the second approach is a simple segmentation and centroid value. Both approaches work on time domain. Two DC motors are used as the actuator for driving the wheelchair. Both DC motors are controlled by ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller and using a simple open loop control system. Experiments were done to analyze performance of both approaches. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. The highest average recognition rate that can be achieved using LPC-Euclidean squared distance approach was 78.57%. The highest average recognition rate that can be achieved using HMM-segmentation and centroid approach was only 32.86%.
Studies on the Decomposition of Raffinose by α-Galactosidase of Mold (1969)

A mold which produced α-galactosidase and little invertase was isolated and identified as Mortierella vinacea. α-Galactosidase formation of the mold was induced by galactose, melibiose, raffinose and lactose. Among these inducers lactose showed the most stimulative effect. α-Galactosidase was produced by either Koji method or submerged culture method, but in the latter most α-galactosidase was found in the mycelium fraction. Hydrolysis of raffinose in beet molasses was studied with the α-galactosidase in the mycelium fraction and about 80% of raffinose was found to be hydrolyzed by the enzyme preparation.
Electron Beam Manipulation of Nanoparticles (2012)

We report on electron beam manipulation and simultaneous transmission electron microscopy imaging of gold nanoparticle movements in an environmental cell. Nanoparticles are trapped with the beam and move dynamically toward the location with higher electron density. Their global movements follow the beam positions. Analysis on the trajectories of nanoparticle movements inside the beam reveals a trapping force in the piconewton range at the electron density gradient of 10(3)-10(4) (e·nm(-2)·s(-1))·nm(-1). Multiple nanoparticles can also be trapped with the beam. By rapidly converging the beam, we further can "collect" nanoparticles on the membrane surface and assemble them into a cluster.
Contact properties of the spring probe for probing on a solder bump (1992)

Flip-chip solder bumps are formed on the area array electrodes of high-speed computer LSI chips. A high-density spring probe (600 probes/9 mm*9 mm) was developed for testing these LSIs by vertical insertion into the solder bumps. Solder with an extremely high lead content is used to lengthen the life for the soldered joint. This oxidized lead with high resistivity causes poor contact. Probing tests are conducted to find a suitable probe tip shape and processing conditions for 97 Pb/3 Sn solder bumps. Probe tips with adequately small opening angles easily break through the oxide film covering the solder surface and obtain sufficient contact area with the new surface of the solder bump. By using a probe with a tip opening angle of 30 degrees , contact resistance remains stable when a probe is inserted into a solder bump before melting into a spherical shape.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Recent Advances in Cellular Glycomic Analyses (2013)

A large variety of glycans is intricately located on the cell surface, and the overall profile (the glycome, given the entire repertoire of glycoconjugate-associated sugars in cells and tissues) is believed to be crucial for the diverse roles of glycans, which are mediated by specific interactions that control cell-cell adhesion, immune response, microbial pathogenesis and other cellular events. The glycomic profile also reflects cellular alterations, such as development, differentiation and cancerous change. A glycoconjugate-based approach would therefore be expected to streamline discovery of novel cellular biomarkers. Development of such an approach has proven challenging, due to the technical difficulties associated with the analysis of various types of cellular glycomes; however, recent progress in the development of analytical methodologies and strategies has begun to clarify the cellular glycomics of various classes of glycoconjugates. This review focuses on recent advances in the technical aspects of cellular glycomic analyses of major classes of glycoconjugates, including N- and O-linked glycans, derived from glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycosphingolipids. Articles that unveil the glycomics of various biologically important cells, including embryonic and somatic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and cancer cells, are discussed.
Raman Spectroscopic and Light-Induced Kinetic Characterization of a Recombinant Phytochrome of the Cyanobacterium <i>Synechocystis</i> (1997)

A phytochrome-encoding cDNA from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis has been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and reconstituted into functional chromoproteins by incubation with either phycocyanobilin (PCB) or phytochromobilin (PPhiB). These materials were studied by Raman spectroscopy and nanosecond flash photolysis. The Raman spectra suggest far-reaching similarities in chromophore configuration and conformation between the Pfr forms of Synechocystis phytochrome and the plant phytochromes (e.g. phyA from oat), but some differences, such as torsions around methine bridges and in hydrogen bonding interactions, in the Pr state. Synechocystis phytochrome (PCB) undergoes a multistep photoconversion reminiscent of the phyA Pr --> Pfr transformation but with different kinetics. The first process resolved is the decay of an intermediate with red-shifted absorption (relative to parent state) and a 25-micros lifetime. The next observable intermediate grows in with 300 (+/-25) micros and decays with 6-8 ms. The final state (Pfr) is formed biexponentially (450 ms, 1 s). When reconstituted with PPhiB, the first decay of this Synechocystis phytochrome is biexponential (5 and 25 micros). The growth of the second intermediate is slower (750 micros) than that in the PCB adduct whereas the decays of both species are similar. The formation of the Pfr form required fitting with three components (350 ms, 2.5 s, and 11 s). H/D Exchange in Synechocystis phytochrome (PCB) delays, by an isotope effect of 2.7, both growth (300 micros) and decay rates (6-8 ms) of the second intermediate. This effect is larger than values determined for phyA (ca. 1.2) and is characteristic of a rate-limiting proton transfer. The formation of the Pfr state of the PCB adduct of Synechocystis phytochrome shows a deuterium effect similar as phyA (ca. 1.2). Activation energies of the second intermediate in the range 0-18 degrees C are 44 (in H2O/buffer) and 48 kJ mol-1 (D2O), with essentially identical pre-exponential factors.
The Structure of Carnosol (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Structure of CarnosolCarl Heinz Brieskorn, Albrecht Fuchs, J. B-son Bredenberg, James D. McChesney, and Ernest WenkertCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 8, 2293–2298Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01031a044https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01031a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views555Altmetric-Citations128LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Raman spectroscopic study of mechanically deformed poly‐<scp>L</scp>‐alanine (1974)

Abstract Raman spectroscopy has been used in investigating the conformational transitions of poly‐ L ‐alanine (PLA) induced by mechanical deformation. We see evidence of the alpha‐helical, antiparallel beta‐sheet, and a disordered conformation in PLA. The disordered conformation has not been discussed in previous infrared and X‐ray diffraction investigations and may have local order similar to the left‐handed 3 1 poly glycine helix. The amide III mode in the Raman spectrum of PLA is more sensitive than the amide I and II modes to changes in secondary structure of the polypeptide chain. Several lines below 1200 cm −1 are conformationally sensitive and may generally be useful in the analysis of Raman spectra of proteins. A line at 909 cm −1 decreases in intensity after deformation of PLA. In general only weak scattering is observed around 900 cm −1 in the Raman spectra of antiparallel beta‐sheet polypeptides. The Raman spectra of the amide N–H deuterated PLA and poly‐ L ‐leucine (PLL) in the alpha‐helical conformation and poly‐ L ‐valine (PLV) in the beta‐sheet conformation are presented. Splitting is observed in the amide III mode of PLV and the components of this mode are assigned. The Raman spectrum of an alpha‐helical random copolymer of L ‐leucine and L ‐glutamic acid is shown to be consistent with the spectra of other alphahelical polypeptides.
Loss of distinct regions on the short arm of chromosome 17 associated with tumorigenesis of human astrocytomas. (1989)

Astrocytomas, including glioblastoma multiforme, represent the most frequent and deadly primary neoplasms of the human nervous system. Despite a number of previous cytogenetic and oncogene studies primarily focusing on malignant astrocytomas, the primary mechanism of tumor initiation has remained obscure. The loss or inactivation of "tumor suppressor" genes are thought to play a fundamental role in the development of many human cancers. Thus, we have analyzed astrocytomas of various histological malignancy grades with polymorphic DNA markers to search for specific chromosomal deletions potentially pointing to loci containing tumor suppressor genes. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity indicating chromosomal loss or deletions was most frequently seen for markers on the short arm of chromosome 17 in 50% of the informative tumors (5 of 10 informative cases) and, to a lesser extent, for markers on chromosomes 1 and 10. Deletions on chromosome 17p were seen in both low-grade and high-grade malignant astrocytomas, suggesting that this chromosome may contain a tumor suppressor gene associated with the early events in tumorigenesis. The common region of deletions on the short arm of chromosome 17 is, therefore, clearly distinct from the gene causing von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1), a tumor syndrome associated with glial tumors that maps to the long arm of chromosome 17. The search for progressively smaller deletions on chromosome 17p in astrocytomas may be the way to clone and characterize this locus, thus leading to insights into normal and abnormal growth and differentiation of glial cells.
An Efficient Synthesis of Symmetrical Oligothiophenes:  Synthesis and Transport Properties of a Soluble Sexithiophene Derivative (2002)

We report a new approach for the synthesis of symmetrical oligothiophenes based on a highly efficient palladium-catalyzed Ullmann coupling reaction. This synthetic route enables the simple preparation of substituted oligothiophenes with a wider range of functionalities and in higher yield compared to previously reported syntheses. We demonstrate our procedure by preparing a novel, highly soluble α,ω-substituted sexithiophene, dibutylphosphonate-α-sexithiophene (DBP-α-6T). We present spectroscopic characterization of this compound in solution and solution cast thin films. Thin film transistors (TFTs) fabricated using solution cast thin films of DBP-α-6T as the p-type semiconducting channel have high on/off ratios, demonstrating the utility of this synthetic approach in the preparation of highly pure materials for solution-deposited organic electronic devices.
Radiodetoxified Lipopolysaccharide Fails to Activate the Hypophyseal- Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Rat (2000)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to raise the concentration of the circulating stress hormones such as ACTH, corticosterone and beta-endorphin. This effect of endotoxin is mediated by different immune system-released hormone-like factors (e.g. interleukins, tumor necrosis factor etc.). Gamma-ray irradiation of LPS alters its biological properties and results in a radiodetoxified LPS preparation with numerous beneficial effects and decreased toxicity. In this study we compared the neuroendocrine effects of a commercial LPS and our native and radiodetoxified LPS preparations in rats. Plasma ACTH, corticosterone and beta-endorphin levels were measured by specific radioimmunoassays 120 min after intraperitoneal LPS administration. Control animals were injected with saline. Results show a dramatic increase in all hormones after administration of commercial and our native LPS preparation. Hormone levels in saline-injected controls and radiodetoxified LPS-treated rats did not rise significantly. These results suggest that radio-detoxification disintegrated that part of the LPS molecule complex which is responsible for toxicity including an enhanced production of cytokines, which trigger the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.