gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
General Approach for the Stereocontrolled Construction of the β-Lactam Ring in Amino Acid-Derived 4-Alkyl-4-carboxy-2-azetidinones (2002)

The first general approach toward the asymmetric synthesis of 4-alkyl-4-carboxy-2-azetidinones derived from amino acids is described. The stereoselective construction of the β-lactam ring was achieved through base-mediated intramolecular cyclization of the corresponding Nα-chloroacetyl derivatives bearing (+)- or (−)-10-(N,N-dicyclohexylsulfamoyl)isoborneol as chiral auxiliary (ee up to 82%).
<title>Use of cyanine dyes with evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors</title> (1994)

Cyanine fluorescent dyes which can be coupled to proteins have recently become available. They are excited in the 500-700 nm range and have large extinction coefficients which make them good candidates for sensitive immunosensor applications. We evaluated three of these dyes (Cy3, Cy5, and Cy5.5) in a direct fluoroimmunoassay on evanescent wave fiber optic biosensors. The biosensors differed in laser excitation sources and emission filters in order to accommodate dye requirements. The assay consisted of rabbit anti-goat IgG immobilized fiber probes being exposed to fluorophorelabeled goat IgG (gIgG). Upon binding of the dye-conjugated protein to the fiber, a signal was generated. When using the 514 nm laser device, Cy3-gIgG gave a substantially larger signal than TRITC-gIgG. On the 650 nm laser device, Cy5-gIgG provided very good signal, while that for Cy5.5 was moderate. Cy5.5 produced an excellent response on the 670 nm laser device. Use of these dyes provides a mechanism for improving the fiber optic biosensor by changing the excitation/emission region to an area of low background for clinical and environmental samples.
Hydrolytic degradation of benzylated poly(β-malic acid): Influence of sample size, sample shape, and polymer composition (1996)

In order to investigate the effects of sample size, sample shape, and polymer composition on the hydrolytic degradation of water-insoluble benzylated poly(beta-malic acid) derivatives, three polymers were synthesized, namely PMLABe100, PMLABe90H10 and PMLABe80H20, containing 100, 90, and 80% of benzyl units respectively. For each polymer, 4-mm-thick compression molded pellets, 0.3-mm-thick casted films and 250-500 microns ground particles were made and allowed to age in 0.13 M, pH 7.4 sodium phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. Degradation was monitored by measuring weight changes, variations of polymer composition, formation of benzyl alcohol, and molecular weight decreases. It was shown that degradation of particles and films depended initially on polymer composition due primarily to fast degradation of acid-rich segments present or formed by benzyl ester cleavages which led more or less rapidly to similar compositions for the three polymers. The higher the content in acid groups, the faster the degradation rate and the characteristic changes. It was also found that pellets made of PMLABe90H10 or PMLABe80H20 degraded heterogeneously and much faster than corresponding films and particles.
CFD Optimization of Exhaust Manifold for Large Diesel Engine Aftertreatment Systems (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">To meet EPA Tier IV large diesel engine emission targets, intensive development efforts are necessary to achieve NOx reduction and Particulate Matter (PM) reduction targets [<span class="xref">1</span>]. With respect to NOx reduction, liquid urea is typically used as the reagent to react with NOx via SCR catalyst [<span class="xref">2</span>]. Regarding to PM reduction, additional heat is required to raise exhaust temperature to reach DPF active / passive regeneration performance window [<span class="xref">3</span>]. Typically the heat can be generated by external diesel burners which allow diesel liquid droplets to react directly with oxygen in the exhaust gas [<span class="xref">4</span>]. Alternatively the heat can be generated by catalytic burners which enable diesel vapor to react with oxygen via DOC catalyst mostly through surface reactions [<span class="xref">5</span>]. The latest technology trend is to combine both mechanisms together so that (1) small-scale burners will enhance exhaust temperature to DOC activation temperature; (2) DOC with HC dosing will raise exhaust temperature to 650 C to achieve active soot reduction [<span class="xref">6</span>]. From the scope of system level design, given the added reagents (HC and urea) and heat to exhaust gases, the need arises to achieve even distributions of exhaust gas velocity, good mixing of burner heat with exhaust gas and good mixing of reagents released from HC or urea injectors with exhaust gas, necessitating optimizations of multiphase heat and mass transport phenomena. To meet these multifaceted heat and mass transport targets, geometrical optimizations of subsystems are deemed critical on top of requirements of subcomponents such as burners and injectors. In this paper, the turbo-out manifold box is selected as the subsystem under study for design optimizations. Located between turbo-out ports and exhaust aftertreatment system, the manifold is subject to burner heat injections and diesel liquid injections at multiple locations. The manifold therefore serves the mechanism to distribute exhaust gas, burner heat and diesel vapor. Downstream, the exhaust aftertreatment system incorporates multiple identical flow paths, each encompassing DOC, DPF, urea injectors, SCR, and ASC with complete PM and NOx reduction functionalities. Downstream of the exhaust aftertreatment system, a common stack outlet is created to be open to the environment. The paper discusses general design considerations, performance metrics and methodology for the development of turbo-out manifold with system targets in scope. CFD modeling has been used as the main tool in performing design iterations. Test validations are forthcoming based on these design optimizations.</div></div>
New Lecithin Organogels from Lecithin/Polyglycerol/Oil Systems (2012)

New liquid substances that induce the formation of lecithin organogels composed of reverse worm-like micelles were studied. The phase behavior and rheological properties of lecithin/polyglycerol (PGL)/oil systems were investigated in detail; the polymerization degrees of the glycerol residues were 3, 4, 6, 10, 20, and 40. From the partial phase diagrams of the lecithin/PGL/n-decane systems, it was apparent that highly viscoelastic reverse worm-like micelles formed upon the addition of small amounts of the PGL, except in the case of the PGL with a polymerization degree of 40. Steady-flow viscosity measurements showed that the zero-shear viscosity (η₀) of the reverse worm-like micelles rapidly increased with the concentration and polymerization degree of the PGLs, reaching a maximum value that was 750,000 times the viscosity of n-decane and thus resulting in the growth of these micelles. It is noteworthy that the η₀ values of lecithin organogels formed using PGLs were higher than the η₀ value of the lecithin organogel formed using glycerol (GL). From dynamic viscoelasticity measurements, it was shown that the viscoelastic behavior of the reverse worm-like micelles was consistent with the single Maxwell model, which is the basic model of a viscoelastic body. It follows from this study that PGLs are useful liquids because they can induce the formation of lecithin organogels with high viscoelasticity, as do other liquids such as water, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and formamide.
Demonstration of 3&#x2013;5 &#x03BC;m RDL line lithography on panel-based glass interposers (2014)

Interposer technology is becoming important to interconnect ultra-high performance ICs with ultra-high density I/Os. Silicon interposers fabricated by back-end of line (BEOL) wafer processes address these wiring density requirements, but are limited by their high cost and by their high electrical losses. Organic interposers have limitations too. Their limitations are due to their poor dimensional stability, which require larger capture pads, which limit the I/O density Glass has been proposed by Georgia Tech [1-4] as a superior interposer material to address the limitations of both silicon and organic interposers in recent years. This paper describes the first demonstration of low cost and double sided glass interposer with 3–5 μm line lithography to form multilayer redistribution layers (RDL) to achieve 20 micron bump pitch, ready for chip-level copper interconnections. Unlike prior work using wafer based RDL processes or thin film wiring applied to organic cores, this research applies low cost laminate-like processes, scalable to large panels for lowest cost. To achieve this, semi-additive plating (SAP) process, combined with high resolution dry film photoresists, was optimized to fabricate fine-pitch copper traces with 3–5 μm lines on thin polymer films, laminated on thin glass. Such an ultra-high I/O density of interconnections form the backbone of 2.5D interposers, interconnecting multiple chips. Such ultra-small pitch copper traces can reduce the number of wiring layers required, thus reducing the cost. Compared to sub-micron Cu traces on Si interposers, these 3–5 μm lines are lower in resistance.
High-Gain and Wide-Band Single-Layer Patch Antenna for Wireless Communications (2005)

A technique employing the use of parallel feeds is applied to the recently proposed L-probe coupled patch antenna design. By employing only two L-probes, with proper separation, for feeding one single patch, a twin-L-probe coupled patch antenna is designed with both high-gain (10 dBi) and wide-band [25%, standing wave radio (SWR) /spl les/ 1.5] characteristics. In addition, the 1-dB-gain bandwidth is around 26%, which covers the impedance bandwidth. Furthermore, a noticeable suppression of cross-polarization radiation is observed. Simulation results are in good agreement with those noteworthy characteristics obtained from experiments. The proposed antenna is suitable for modern mobile communication applications.
Computational and experimental study of NMR relaxation of quadrupolar noble gas nuclei in organic solvents (1994)

The spin-lattice relaxation times T 1 of the quadrupolar noble gas nuclei 21Ne, 83Kr and 131Xe were measured in various solutions by applying the inversion-recovery method. The relaxation activation energies were determined from the temperature dependence of T 1. Ab initio calculations were carried out in order to gain insight into the origin of the fluctuating electric field gradient (EFG) interacting with the nuclear electric quadrupole moment and (dominantly) causing the relaxation. The calculations, together with the experimental findings, clearly indicate the insufficiency of the electrostatic model, according to which the EFG arises from the charge distribution of the solvent molecules. Additional contributions to the EFG due to the deformation of the electron cloud of the solute atom have to be taken into account.
Rapid Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis by Real-Time PCR and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (2005)

Real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were evaluated as rapid methods for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis and compared to standard diagnostic procedures. For PCR, a LightCycler approach was chosen, implementing eubacterial and specific PCR assays for the most relevant bacteria. For FISH, a similar probe set containing eubacterial and specific probes was composed of published and newly designed probes. Both methods were evaluated by use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with suspected bacterial meningitis. For all microscopy- and culture-positive samples (n = 28), the eubacterial PCR was positive. In addition, all identifiable pathogens were detected with specific PCR assays, according to an algorithm based on the Gram stain. The FISH method detected the pathogen in 13 of 18 positive samples. While the FISH method remained negative for all microscopy- and culture-negative samples (n = 113), the eubacterial PCR was positive for five of these samples. Sequencing of the amplicon revealed the presence of Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Haemophilus influenzae in three of these five samples. In addition, samples with discordant results by culture and microscopy were successfully investigated by PCR (10 samples) and FISH (5 samples). In conclusion, PCR is a highly sensitive tool for rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. FISH is less sensitive but is useful for the identification of CSF samples showing bacteria in the Gram stain. Based on our results, an approach for laboratory diagnosis of meningitis including PCR and FISH is discussed.
A Highly Accurate Multi-Target Microwave Ranging System for Measuring Liquid Levels in Tanks (1997)

A microwave multi-level gauging system employing a FSCW radar measurement technique is described. Conventional FMCW radar technique is normally employed to find only the level of the liquid surface in storage tanks. The system described here also detects a second level, caused by the tank floor for example. If this second reflection dominates the distance measurement with the inverse Fourier transform (IFT) results in a poor resolution and shows a very high range error for small gaps between these two scatterers. For estimating the exact time delay and amplitude of each reflection from each scatterer an optimal signal processing algorithm is derived, based on a reference model Performance of the multiple target detection reference model is illustrated using measured data obtained from an HP-8510 network analyzer. It is demonstrated that the reference model offers a significant enhancement of resolution and is insensitive to noise and clutter signals approach over the standard processing IFT algorithm. The described system achieves a time delay accuracy with a bandwidth of ΔF=1 GHz which corresponds to a range error of ± 0.2 mm.
Reversible Accumulation of PEGylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Mammalian Nucleus (2008)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been shown to cross cell membranes and can mediate the internalization of macromolecules. These characteristics have constituted CNTs as an exciting new tool for drug delivery and biological sensing. While CNTs exhibit great potential in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, neither the cell penetration mechanism of CNTs nor the intracellular fate of the internalized CNTs are fully understood. In this study, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the intracellular distribution of FITC labeled PEGylated single-walled CNTs (FITC-PEG-SWCNTs) in living cells and shown that PEGylated SWCNTs entered the nucleus of several mammalian cell lines in an energy-dependent process. The presence of FITC-PEG-SWCNTs in the cell nucleus did not cause discernible changes in the nuclear organization and had no effect on the growth kinetics and cell cycle distribution for up to 5 days. Remarkably, upon removal of the FITC-PEG-SWCNTs from the culture medium, the internalized FITC-PEG-SWCNTs rapidly moved out of the nucleus and were released from the cells. Thus, the intracellular PEGylated SWCNTs were highly dynamic and the cell penetration of PEGylated SWCNTs appeared as bidirectional. These observations suggest SWCNTs may be used as an ideal nanovector in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
Behind the help desk (2004)

This paper examines the way in which a knowledge management system (KMS)-by which we mean the people, processes and software-came into being and evolved in response to a variety of shifting social, technical and organizational pressures. We draw upon data from a two year ethnographic study of a sophisticated help desk to trace the KMS from its initial conception as a "Common Problems" database for help desk personnel, to its current instantiation as a set of Frequently Asked Questions published on an intranet for help desk clients. We note how shifts in management, organizational structure, incentives, software technologies, and other factors affected the development of the system. This study sheds light on some of the difficulties that accompany the implementation of CSCW systems, and provides an analysis of how such systems are often designed by bricolage.
Using a meta-model to build a connection service in an object oriented medical application development environment. (1994)

Interoperability is a key issue in distributed health information systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of the Connection Service (CS) component of the HELIOS medical software engineering environment. An exchange message meta-model based on CEN TC251 recommendations and a message description language are proposed. Using this meta-model, the CS is able either to interpret messages expressed in a given syntax (e.g., EDIFACT, ASTM) and map them to the application objects or to automate the translation of the messages in another syntax. It is concluded that this meta-model approach contributes to the management of semantic heterogeneity.
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors: Their implication in brain disease (2000)

Benzodiazepines are well known for their therapeutic properties, which include anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle-relaxant, and hypnotic effects. Central-type benzodiazepine receptors (CBRs), which are considered to mediate these effects, are present exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS), where they are located on the outer cell membranes of neurons. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are present in peripheral tissues and also in glia cells of the CNS. Although CBRs are located primarily on the cell membranes of neurons, PBRs are particularly abundant on the membranes of mitochondria. CBR are coupled to γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors, but PBRs are not. PBRs are constituted of at least three protein subunits of different molecular weights, i.e., 18-kDa, 32-kDa, and 30-kDa protein subunits. PBRs have been implicated in various functions, including steroidogenesis, mitochondrial respiration, cell growth and differentiation, and responses to stress. The presence of PBRs in glia of the CNS suggests that they may be involved in glial functions in the brain. This review discusses the involvement of glial PBRs in various neurological diseases, such as degenerative brain diseases, neurotoxic insults, brain damage, brain cancer, and anxiety disorders. It is suggested that the involvement of PBRs in steroidogenesis appears to play an important role in neuroprotection. It is also suggested that PBRs may play a role in glial uptake of excitatory amino acids and their clearance from the brain, and herewith execute neuroprotective capabilities. With this review, we hope to clarify the potential of PBRs as targets for treatment of neurological disorders and prevention of brain damage. Drug Dev. Res. 50:355–370, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Progress on the Extraction Techniques of Bromine (2015)

During the past few years, the concentration of bromine in bromine-bearing resource in China is dropping quickly. However, the traditional methods, such as air blow-out technique has the disadvantages of high energy consumption and narrow range of application on temperature, and it is not profitable if the concentration of bromine in feed was becoming lower. In this paper, based on a brief analysis of steaming-out and air blow-out technique, the progress in some novel technologies of bromine extraction including ion exchange resin adsorption, membrane process and high gravity air stripping technique are reviewed. The advantages and further study directions of these technologies are discussed.
Reactivity Control Method for Direct Use of Spent Pressurized Water Reactor Fuel in CANDU Reactors (DUPIC) (2000)

A method to reduce the fuel composition heterogeneity effect on the core performance parameters has been studied for DUPIC fuel, which is made from spent pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel by a dry refabrication process. This study focuses on the reactivity control method, which uses slightly enriched, depleted, or natural uranium to minimize the additional cost on the manufacturing of DUPIC fuel, when adjusting the excess reactivity of the spent PWR fuel. To reduce the variation of isotopic composition of the DUPIC fuel, interassembly mixing operations were assumed to be carried out three times. Three options have been considered: reactivity control by slightly enriched and depleted uranium, reactivity control by natural uranium for high-reactivity spent PWR fuels, and reactivity control by natural uranium for intermediate-reactivity spent PWR fuels. The results of this study have shown that the reactivity of DUPIC fuel can be tightly controlled with the minimum amount of fresh uranium feed. For reactivity control by slightly enriched and depleted uranium, all spent PWR fuel can be utilized as DUPIC fuel, and the fraction of fresh uranium feed is 3.4% on the average. For reactivity control by natural uranium, ~88% of spent PWR fuel can be utilized as DUPIC fuel when intermediate-reactivity spent PWR fuels are used, and the amount of natural uranium feed needed to control the DUPIC fuel reactivity is negligible.
Brain dysmyelination and recovery assessment by noninvasive in vivo diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (2006)

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) was applied for in vivo quantification of myelin loss and regeneration. A transgenic mouse line (Oligo-TTK) expressing a truncated form of the herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase gene (hsv1-tk) in oligodendrocytes was studied along with two induced phenotypes of myelin pathology. Myelin loss and axonal abnormalities differentially affect values of DT-MRI parameters in the brain of transgenic mice. Changes in the anisotropy of the white matter were assessed by calculating and mapping the radial (D perpendicular) and axial (D parallel) water diffusion to axonal tracts and fractional anisotropy (FA). A significant increase in D perpendicular attributed to the lack of myelin was observed in all selected brain white matter tracts in dysmyelinated mice. Lower D parallel values were consistent with the histological observation of axonal modifications, including reduced axonal caliber and overexpression of neurofilaments and III beta-tubulin. We show clearly that myelination and axonal changes play a role in the degree of diffusion anisotropy, because FA was significantly decreased in dysmyelinated brain. Importantly, myelin reparation during brain postnatal development induced a decrease in the magnitude of D( perpendicular) and an increase in FA compared with the same brain before recovery. The progressive increase in D parallel values was attributed to the gain in normal axonal morphology. This regeneration was confirmed by the detection of enlarged oligodendrocyte population, newly formed myelin sheaths around additional axons, and a gradual increase in axonal caliber.
Developments in mice fundus examination using optical coherence tomography (2014)

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a method that provides depth profiles of the fundus that correlate well with histological data based on the measurement of light echo time delay,It has been used in animal experiments in recent years,especially in the study of the retina in mice.It produces a high-quality live image of mice retina in vivo.This review presents the most recent progress on the value of using OCT devices for research on image quality,biometry,retinal blood flow imaging and disease models.

Key words: 
Tomography,optical coherence;  Mice;  Fundus oculi