gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lewis Base Promoters in the Pauson–Khand Reaction: A Different Scenario (2005)

Irreversiblity effect: The fundamental role of Lewis base promoters L in the Pauson–Khand reaction was studied by DFT calculations. Contrary to the currently held view, these promoters do not accelerate the departure of a second CO ligand from the acetylene dicobalt complex to create the requisite site for olefin coordination, but stabilize the olefin-insertion product (see scheme), so that product formation is essentially irreversible.
Preparation of Radioactive Gibberellin A<sub>1</sub> and its Metabolism in Dwarf Peas (1967)

Gibberellin A(1)-3,4-(3)H was prepared by selective catalytic reduction of gibberellic acid with a mixture of tritium and hydrogen. (3)H-GA(1) was applied at physiological concentrations to dwarf peas and the metabolism of the hormone was investigated. (3)H-GA(1) was converted to an acidic, biologically active compound. Radioactive but biologically inactive compounds were also found in the neutral fraction and could not be converted to acidic gibberellins by hydrolysis. No attachment of gibberellin to any macromolecular fraction was evident.
Chlorpromazine Reverses Diarrhea in Piglets Caused by Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1979)

The effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was tested in piglets since CPZ has been shown to be a potent antagonist to enterotoxins in vitro in a cell system and in vivo in a mouse model. Experimental diarrhea was induced in three litters of newborn piglets which were infected by mouth with 2 × 10 9 E. coli bacteria, which produce heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Treatment with CPZ given intramuscularly 1 h after the onset of diarrhea reversed fluid secretion in small intestine as well as dehydration, as judged by clinical criteria. A dose of 5 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight completely normalized the intestinal-fluid content measured 4 h after diarrhea developed, whereas 1 to 2 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight was somewhat less effective but still caused significant reduction of fluid ( P < 0.001). Studies with radioactive [ 35 S]CPZ showed preferential and dose-dependent uptake of 35 S in the intestinal mucosa, the radioactivity being evenly distributed in the membranes of both crypt and villus cells. The enzyme adenylate cyclase, which probably mediates the cellular effects of LT, was shown to have two- to threefold higher activity in the infected than in the uninfected animals. This activation was reduced about 50% by the CPZ treatment (2 mg/kg of body weight). In a preliminary field trial the effect of CPZ was tested in a spontaneous outbreak of diarrhea in piglets due to enterotoxinogenic E. coli. The animals were treated either with oral electrolyte solution and standard antimicrobial agents only (controls) or with 1 mg of CPZ per kg of body weight intramuscularly in addition to this treatment. The mean duration of diarrhea in CPZ-treated animals was significantly shorter, 4.1 h ( n = 23), than that in controls, 7.2 h ( P < 0.05).
Identification of heterogeneous nuclei for graphite spheroids in chill-cast iron (1976)

AbstractAbstractFor several years there has been a debate on the subject of whether the graphite spheroids formed in SG iron are nucleated heterogeneously on foreign particles suspended in the iron melt. The authors have studied the specific case of spheroid nucleation in magnesium-treated chill-cast iron. Conclusive evidence of heterogeneous nucleation was obtained and information was acquired concerning (a) the shape, structure, and composition of the nuclei and (b) the role of inoculants in controlling the effectiveness of the nuclei. The authors' success may be directly attributed to the high-resolution analytical facilities provided by the combined electron microscope–microanalyser, EMMA–3. Salient features of the nuclei were (a) a duplex structure, with a sulphide core surrounded by an epitaxially orientated oxide shell, and (b) a platelet shape which presented two crystalline faces to the carbon-supersaturated melt upon which graphite could grow epitaxially. Evidence was obtained that surface-active sulphur could 'poison' the effectiveness of the nuclei.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of Aryl Halides with <i>N</i>‐Formylsaccharin as a CO Source (2013)

Easy peasy: The title reaction employs N-formylsaccharin, which is an easily accessible crystalline compound, as an effective CO source. The reactions proceed with a small excess of the CO source at moderate temperatures and were successfully applied to a wide range of aryl bromides. DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide, dppb=1,4-bis-(diphenylphosphino)butane.
Routing and Addressing Problems in Large Metropolitan-Scale Internetworks (1987)

Abstract : Digital packet networking technology is spreading rapidly into the commercial sector. Currently, most networks are isolated local area networks. This isolation is counterproductive. Within the next twenty years it should be possible to connect these networks to one another via a vast inter network. A metropolitan inter network must be capable of connecting many thousand networks and a national one several million. It is difficult to extend current inter networking technology to this scale. Problems include routing and host mobility. This report addressed these problems by developing an algorithm that retains robustness and has desirable commercial characteristics.
El tratamiento de la discapacidad en la jurisprudencia de la Sala Primera del Tribunal Supremo (2018)

Han pasado mas de nueve anos desde que la sentencia del Pleno de la Sala Primera 282/2009, de 29 de abril, fijara los criterios interpretativos que permitian ajustar la legislacion interna a los principios de la Convencion de Nueva York sobre derechos de las personas con discapacidad. El avance que ha experimentado la doctrina de la Sala Primera desde esa fecha ha sido muy fructifero y pretende ser sistematizado en este articulo. Ahora que esta en tramite el anteproyecto de reforma de la legislacion civil y procesal que reconoce plena capacidad juridica a las personas con discapacidad (el anteproyecto ha sido informado por el CGPJ el 29 de noviembre de 2018), conviene detenerse a revisar las soluciones que el TS ha ensayado en los ultimos anos y que pueden ser de gran utilidad en la futura regulacion de la materia. Se abordaran a continuacion, con explicacion de las sentencias mas relevantes, los principios generales de la intervencion judicial, los sistemas de apoyo, los criterios para el nombramiento de tutores o curadores, la autotutela, la proteccion de los discapaces en los procesos de familia, el regimen juridico de los actos realizados sin autorizacion judicial, el derecho de sufragio, el ejercicio de la facultad de testar, el derecho a contraer matrimonio y las singularidades procesales de la determinacion de la capacidad.
An immunoradiometric assay for endopeptidase-24.11 shows it to be a widely distributed enzyme in pig tissues (1985)

An immunoradiometric assay for endopeptidase-24.11, which depended on the absorption by tissues of a monoclonal antibody, GK7C2, was established. The optimum conditions for the assay were defined and its correlation with an enzymic assay determined. The immunoassay was used to survey the endopeptidase in crude homogenates of various tissues of the pig. Detergent treatment decreased the sensitivity of the assay but did not invalidate it. Although the endopeptidase was found in many tissues, it was neither uniformly nor ubiquitously distributed. Kidney cortex was confirmed as the major location of the endopeptidase, containing 5000 ng/mg of protein. Lymph nodes were also very active (1370 ng/mg), followed by chondrocytes from articular cartilage (650 ng/mg). In the gut, the endopeptidase was concentrated mainly in the jejunum (130 ng/mg). Various glands (salivary, adrenal, anterior pituitary and pancreas) also contained the antigen in the range 20-55 ng/mg of protein. Lung contained only 5 ng/mg of protein and, in other tissues examined, little or none was detectable. In particular, other lymphoid tissues (spleen, thymus, tonsillar tissues) were relatively poor sources, and none was detectable in peripheral-blood leucocytes or in peritoneal macrophages.
Optimization of a submicron HIMOS Flash E 2 PROM cell for implementation in a virtual ground array configuration (1993)

This paper describes the implementation of High Injection MOS Flash E2PROM devices in a 0.7?m CMOS technology. The cell has been optimized from the point of view of cell area as well as programming speed. A virtual ground array configuration is proposed to scale the cell area down to the range of 15?m2. The device is programmed in a few hundreds of nanoseconds at 5V-only operation and in 100?s at 3.3V-only operation. The combination of these results with a low development entry cost shows that the HIMOS cell is a viable candidate for fast-programmable 5V-only (and 3.3V-only) medium-to-high density Flash memories.
A One-Sided View of Acoustic Traps (2016)

We demonstrate the trapping of elastic particles by the large gradient force of a single acoustical beam in three dimensions. Acoustical tweezers can push, pull and accurately control both the position and the forces exerted on a unique particle. Forces in excess of 1 micronewton were exerted on polystyrene beads in the submillimeter range. A beam intensity less than 50 W=cm 2 was required, ensuring damage-free trapping conditions. The large spectrum of frequencies covered by coherent ultrasonic sources provides a wide variety of manipulation possibilities from macroscopic to microscopic length scales. Our observations could open the way to important applications, in particular, in biology and biophysics at the cellular scale and for the design of acoustical machines in microfluidic environments.
THE IN VIVO CONVERSION OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND ANDROSTENEDIONE TO TESTOSTERONE IN THE HUMAN (1962)

ABSTRACT Plasma testosterone levels were measured by the method of Finkelstein et al . (1961) before and after oral administration of dehydro epi androsterone and Δ 4 -androstenedione in normal women. The results suggest in vivo conversion of dehydro epi androsterone and Δ 4 -androstenedione to testosterone. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Three years of experience with a dissection table ventilation system (1995)

A dissection table ventilation system that draws air across the cadaver and away from the table top was designed to fit the Shandon-Lipshaw AN-52 dissection table. Each U-shaped unit consists of a pair of hollow collection arms that attach to a collecting manifold at one end. During dissection the manifold is coupled to a central ventilation system through a flexible duct. The air from the table ventilation system is exhausted after passing through a heat recovery system. The unit is raised from the table surface during dissection of the body cavities to increase the efficiency of fume/odor removal. Eight hour exposure data for formaldehyde concentrations are presented. Data were collected from detectors positioned at selected levels above the cadaver during dissection, and above a tray on the table top containing a known volume of 4% formaldehyde or the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine embalming fluid under varying airflow conditions. The results demonstrate that the table ventilation system is effective in reducing exposure to formaldehyde in the dissection laboratory.
Recent Advances on TiO<sub>2</sub>—ZrO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides as Catalysts and Catalyst Supports (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Treatment and Developmental Therapeutics in Aspergillosis. 1. Amphotericin B and Its Derivatives (1992)

In recent years, the frequency of infections caused by Aspergillus sp. has been on the rise. Immunocompromised patients are especially vulnerable to such infections. The polyene antibiotic amphotericin B is currently considered to be therapeutically the most effective drug against Aspergillus-induced infections. In the present review, the clinical efficacy of amphotericin B, its toxicities and various routes of applications, are discussed. Different combinations of amphotericin B with other drugs have also been reviewed, along with the anti-Aspergillus activity of various other antibiotics and some ester derivatives of amphotericin B.
Synthetic polysaccharides. I. Methyl mono‐ and methyl di‐<i>O</i>‐allyl‐α‐<scp>D</scp>‐glucosides and their polymerization (1964)

Abstract Methyl mono‐ and methyl di‐ O ‐allyl‐α‐D‐glucosides are prepared by the reaction of methyl α‐ D ‐glucoside with allyl chloride in alkali in a two‐phase system. The monoallyl ether consists mainly of a mixture of methyl 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐ O ‐allyl‐α‐D‐glucosides, the diallyl compound of 2,6‐ and 4,6‐di‐ O ‐allyl‐α‐ D ‐glucosides in approximately a 1 : 1 ratio. Both compounds are homopolymerized with oxygen as the catalyst. The poly(monoallyl glucoside) is a water‐soluble, brittle, clear resin with a softening point of 100–110°C. The poly(diallyl glucoside) is a brittle, clear, but completely insoluble resin with no softening point. Copolymerization with acrylamide under certain conditions yields water‐soluble polymers, aqueous solutions of which exhibit high viscosities and have the typical appearance and consistencies of those of polysaccharides.
Investigation of the phase morphology of dynamically vulcanized PVC/NBR blends using atomic force microscopy (2010)

Abstract Dynamic vulcanization is a mixing process employed in the melt state of elastomers with thermoplastics. This process may result in the formation of thermoplastic vulcanized (TPV) materials with improved properties such as mechanical strength, Young's modulus, hardness, and abrasion fatigue. In this study, a vulcanized thermoplastic was obtained by the dynamic vulcanization of poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (PVC/NBR) blends using a curative system based on sulfur (S)/tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) and mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS). The formation of crosslinks was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The mechanical properties were analyzed by tensile tests and the phase morphology was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) operating in the tapping mode‐AFM. The phase images of the dynamically vulcanized blends showed an elongated morphology, which can be associated to the formation of crosslinks that give the material its excellent mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Adapting Open Information Extraction to Domain‐Specific Relations (2010)

Information extraction (IE) can identify a set of relations from free text to support question answering (QA). Until recently, IE systems were domain specific and needed a combination of manual engineering and supervised learning to adapt to each target domain. A new paradigm, Open IE, operates on large text corpora without any manual tagging of relations, and indeed without any prespecified relations. Due to its open‐domain and open‐relation nature, Open IE is purely textual and is unable to relate the surface forms to an ontology, if known in advance. We explore the steps needed to adapt Open IE to a domain‐specific ontology and demonstrate our approach of mapping domain‐independent tuples to an ontology using domains from the DARPA Machine Reading Project. Our system achieves precision over 0.90 from as few as eight training examples for an NFL‐scoring domain.
Progress towards adaptive aircraft engine nacelles (2014)

Emissions and noise of aircraft engines have to be significantly further reduced and efficiency further increased in the future. One means is the improvement of airflow though the engine and especially so in its inlet region by proper shapes. Due to changes in the flight conditions, the optimal nacelle shape varies. It would thus be beneficial to be able to change the nacelle shape. Evaluations on system and engine levels including related flow simulations support the identification of proper shaping parameters. Initial concepts of possible morphing technologies are discussed as well.
THE REDUCTION OF SOME HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS BY CHROMOUS CHLORIDE (1958)

not available
Nifurtimox Activation by Trypanosomal Type I Nitroreductases Generates Cytotoxic Nitrile Metabolites (2011)

The prodrug nifurtimox has been used for more than 40 years to treat Chagas disease and forms part of a recently approved combinational therapy that targets West African trypanosomiasis. Despite this, its mode of action is poorly understood. Detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in nifurtimox-treated extracts led to the proposal that this drug induces oxidative stress in the target cell. Here, we outline an alternative mechanism involving reductive activation by a eukaryotic type I nitroreductase. Several enzymes proposed to metabolize nifurtimox, including prostaglandin F2α synthase and cytochrome P450 reductase, were overexpressed in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei. Only cells with elevated levels of the nitroreductase displayed altered susceptibility to this nitrofuran, implying a key role in drug action. Reduction of nifurtimox by this enzyme was shown to be insensitive to oxygen and yields a product characterized by LC/MS as an unsaturated open-chain nitrile. This metabolite was shown to inhibit both parasite and mammalian cell growth at equivalent concentrations, in marked contrast to the parental prodrug. These experiments indicate that the basis for the selectivity of nifurtimox against T. brucei lies in the expression of a parasite-encoded type I nitroreductase.
Dynamical traps lead to the slowing down of intramolecular vibrational energy flow (2014)

The phenomenon of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) is at the heart of chemical reaction dynamics. Statistical rate theories, assuming instantaneous IVR, predict exponential decay of the population with the properties of the transition state essentially determining the mechanism. However, there is growing evidence that IVR competes with the reaction timescales, resulting in deviations from the exponential rate law. Dynamics cannot be ignored in such cases for understanding the reaction mechanisms. Significant insights in this context have come from the state space model of IVR, which predicts power law behavior for the rates with the power law exponent, an effective state space dimensionality, being a measure of the nature and extent of the IVR dynamics. However, whether the effective IVR dimensionality can vary with time and whether the mechanism for the variation is of purely quantum or classical origins are issues that remain unresolved. Such multiple power law scalings can lead to surprising mode specificity in the system, even above the threshold for facile IVR. In this work, choosing the well-studied thiophosgene molecule as an example, we establish the anisotropic and anomalous nature of the quantum IVR dynamics and show that multiple power law scalings do manifest in the system. More importantly, we show that the mechanism of the observed multiple power law scaling has classical origins due to a combination of trapping near resonance junctions in the network of classical nonlinear resonances at short to intermediate times and the influence of weak higher-order resonances at relatively longer times.
Mathematical Evolutionary Theory (1989)

An international group of distinguished scientists presents an up-to-date survey of quantitative problems at the forefront of modern evolutionary theory. Their articles illustrate results from the latest research in population and behavioral genetics, molecular evolution, and ecology. Each author gives careful attention to the exposition of the models, the logic of their analysis, and the legitimacy of qualitative biological inferences. The topics covered include stochastic models of finite populations and the sorts of diffusion approximations that are valid for their study, models of migration, kin selection, geneculture coevolution, sexual selection, life-history evolution, the statistics of linkage disequilibrium, and the molecular evolution of repeated DNA sequences and the HLA system in humans. The fourteen contributions are presented in two sections: Part I, Stochastic and Deterministic Genetic Theory, and Part II, Behavior, Ecology, and Evolutionary Genetics. Marcus W. Feldman provides an introduction to each part. The contributors are J. G. Bodmer, W. F. Bodmer, L. L. Cavalli Sforza, F. B. Christiansen, C. Cockerham, W. J. Ewens, M. W. Feldman, J. H. Gillespie, R. R. Hudson, N. L. Kaplan, S. Lessard, U. Liberman, M.E.N. Majerus, P. O'Donald, J. Roughgarden, S. Tavar, M. K. Uyenoyama, G. A. Watterson, and B. Weir. Originally published in 1989. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Cellular and membrane properties of alpha and beta thalassemic erythrocytes are different: implication for differences in clinical manifestations (1989)

To define how excess unpaired alpha- and beta-globin chains in severe beta-thalassemia and severe alpha-thalassemia interacting with the membrane might alter cellular and membrane properties, we performed a series of biophysical and biochemical analyses on erythrocytes obtained from affected patients. Detailed analysis of cellular and membrane deformability characteristics showed that both forms of thalassemic erythrocytes have excess surface area in relation to cell volume and increased membrane dynamic rigidity. The deformability characteristics of thalassemic erythrocytes in hypertonic media differed significantly from that of normal erythrocytes of identical cell density. These findings suggest that dynamic rigidity of thalassemic erythrocytes is influenced not only by cytoplasmic viscosity determined by cell hemoglobin concentration but also by the extent and type of globin interacting with the membrane. In contrast to the above-noted similarities, major differences were noted in the mechanical stability of the alpha- and beta-thalassemic membranes and in their state of cell hydration. While the mechanical stability of alpha-thalassemic membranes was normal or marginally elevated, the stability of beta- thalassemic membranes was markedly decreased to half the normal value. Cell-density analysis showed that the alpha-thalassemic erythrocytes were uniformly less dense than normal, while beta-thalassemic erythrocytes had a broad-density distribution, with all populations having both lower and higher than normal density values, implying cellular dehydration in beta-thalassemia and not in alpha-thalassemia. Membrane-protein analysis revealed that excess globin chains were bound to the membrane skeletons of both alpha- and beta-thalassemic erythrocytes, with the highest amounts being found in membrane skeletons derived from erythrocytes of splenectomized individuals with beta-thalassemia intermedia. These data demonstrate that interaction of excess alpha- and beta-globin chains with membranes produces different cellular changes and suggest that the observed differences in the pathophysiology of alpha- and beta-thalassemias may be related to different cellular effects induced by the excess in beta- and alpha- globin chains.