gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographical detection of cholecystokinin-A receptors in primate brain using 125I-Bolton Hunter CCK-8 and 3H-MK-329 (1990)

In vitro autoradiography was performed in order to visualize cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) receptors in sections of Cynomolgus monkey brain. CCK-A receptors were defined as those which displayed high affinity for the selective non-peptide antagonist MK-329 (L-364,718) and were detected in several regions by selective inhibition of 125I-Bolton Hunter CCK using MK-329 or direct labeling with 3H-MK-329. In the caudal medulla, high densities of CCK-A sites were present in the nucleus tractus solitarius, especially the caudal and medial aspects, and also the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. CCK-A sites were localized to a number of hypothalamic nuclei such as the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the dorsomedial and infundibular nuclei as well as the neurohypophysis. The mammillary bodies and supramammillary nuclei also contained CCK-A receptor sites. High concentrations of CCK-A receptors were present in the substantia nigra zona compacta and also the ventral tegmental area and may be associated with dopamine cell bodies. Binding of 3H-MK-329 was also detected in parts of the caudate nucleus and ventral putamen. The detection, by autoradiographical means, of CCK-A receptors throughout the Cynomolgus monkey brain contrasts with similar studies performed using rodents and suggests differences in the density and, perhaps, the importance of CCK-A receptors in the primate as opposed to the rodent. The data suggest the possibility that CCK-A receptors may be involved in a number of important brain functions as diverse as the processing of sensory information from the gut, the regulation of hormone secretion, and the activity of dopamine cell activity.
Mismatched Filtering of Aperiodic Quadriphase Codes (2008)

Matched filtering of quadriphase coded radar signals creates unwanted sidelobes, which may mask important information. This correspondence presents a method of eliminating these sidelobes in aperiodic quadriphase codes. This is done by using a mismatched filter. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of the mismatched filter is less than the SNR at the output of the corresponding matched filter. A thorough computer search has been carried out to find quadriphase code-mismatched filter pairs with minimum possible SNR losses by considering a point target in the presence of white Gaussian noise. The phase patterns of the optimal codes, which were chosen from a total number of 1.466 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> investigated codes, are shown. It turned out that the mismatched filter of a quadriphase Barker code with 15 elements (1, 1, 1, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</i> , <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</i> , 1, - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</i> , - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</i> , <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</i> , -1, - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</i> , <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</i> , 1, -1, 1) has a loss in SNR of only 6.7% when compared with the corresponding matched filter. The mismatched filter of the well known 13-element Barker code, which has a loss in SNR of 4.8%, outperforms this filter. Finally, using numerical experiment it is shown that a randomly selected long code will most likely have very large SNR losses.
Effects of O2, Ar, and H2 gases on the field-emission properties of single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (2001)

We compare the effects of O2, Ar, and H2 gases on the field-emission (FE) properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). We find that H2 and Ar gases do not significantly affect the FE properties of SWNTs or MWNTs. O2 temporarily reduces the FE current and increases the turn-on voltage of SWNTs. Full recovery of these properties occurs after operation in UHV. The higher operating voltages in an O2 environment cause a permanent decrease of the FE current and an increase in the turn-on field of MWNTs. The ratios of the slopes before and after O2 exposure are approximately 1.04 and 0.82 for SWNTs and MWNTs, respectively.
Rapid detection of infectious cytomegalovirus in blood with the aid of monoclonal antibodies (1987)

The recently developed early antigen immunofluorescence (IF) method for the detection of infectious cytomegalovirus (CMV) in clinical specimens has hardly been applied on blood samples. We compared the CMV early antigen detection technique with the conventional cell culture method in 415 different buffy coat samples from 85 different immunocompromised patients. Duplicate coverslips were stained with two different monoclonal antibodies 4-6 days after inoculation. The conventional cultures were examined for typical cytopathic effects (CPE) during 10 weeks. Forty samples from 19 patients were positive by the IF technique, most of them with both monoclonal antibodies. Only 22 of these samples were positive in the conventional cell culture assay, on average after 15.8 days. CMV viraemia was detected exclusively by the IF method in 18 samples, 7 of which were from five patients without any further evidence of an active CMV infection. CMV viraemia was detected exclusively by the CPE method in eight samples, on average after no less than 36.6 days. CMV viraemia was not found in blood samples from 10 patients with laboratory proven active CMV infections and 53 patients without any evidence of an active CMV infection. In our hands the early antigen method for the detection of infectious CMV in blood is nearly as specific (at least 98.1%) and clearly much faster and more sensitive than the conventional cell culture method. The early CMV antigen detection method is therefore a very useful tool for the rapid detection of infectious CMV in blood.
Quenching of protein fluorescence by oxygen. Detection of structural fluctuations in proteins on the nanosecond time scale (1973)

Quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence of native proteins was studied using oxygen concentrations up to 0.13 m, corresponding to equilibration with oxygen at a pressure of 1500 psi. Measurement of absorption spectra and enzymic activities of protein solutions under these conditions reveal no significant perturbation of the protein structure. The oxygen quenching constant (k(+)*) for a variety of proteins indicates that the apparent oxygen diffusion rate through the protein matrix is 20–50% of its diffusion rate in water. No tryptophan residues appear to be excluded from quenching, and no correlation of the fluorescence emission maxima with k(+)* was found, indicating that the rapid oxygen diffusion is present in all regions of the protein, even those normally considered inaccessible to solvent. Energy transfer among tryptophans was excluded as a possible mechanism for the rapid quenching by studies using 305-nm excitation, where energy transfer is known to fail. The dynamic character of the observed quenching was proven by the proportional decrease of the fluorescence lifetimes and yields measured under the same conditions. We conclude that proteins, in general, undergo rapid structural fluctuations on the nanosecond time scale which permit diffusion of oxygen.
Polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal microgratings: a comparison of polymer network formation and electro-optic properties for mesogenic and non-mesogenic monomers (2002)

Abstract Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal microgratings are made using a focused Gaussian UV laser beam to photopolymerize 3 wt % reactive monomer in a cholesteric liquid crystal host. In a typical case, round gratings of 300 μm diameter and 10 μm pitch are produced. The microgratings highlight interesting differences between mesogenic and non-mesogenic monomers in the assembly and spatial distribution of polymer networks formed in a cholesteric host. We also observe a corresponding variation in the electro-optical properties of the stabilized gratings. In the mesogenic case, the grating state of the liquid crystal is faithfully captured even for relatively short UV exposures and over regions only a few pitch lengths in size. These findings are consistent with phase separation of the mesogenic monomer into regular domains templated by periodic, macroscopic variations in orientational order of the host. This templating effect is significantly reduced in the non-mesogenic case.
A design approach for preform prediction (1992)

A computer aided analysis method has been developed which utilizes computed tomography (CT) and a finite element (FE) computer program to determine the stress-displacement pattern in a long bone section. The CT data file provides the geometry, the apparent density and the elastic properties for the three-dimensional FE model. A developed pre-processor generates the FE model of a human diaphyseal tibia section which is then analyzed by the SAP IV finite element program. The results obtained are sorted and displayed by a developed post-processor and compared with stresses and deformations from the literature. The model generation method was verified by applying it to a model of simple geometry and boundary conditions, then comparing the results with the analytical solution of the same problem. The convergence behavior of nodal displacements was tested as a function of mesh refinement. This method provides an automatic, versatile, non-invasive and accurate tool of long bone modeling for finite element stress analysis.
Nasal Administration: A Tool for Tomorrow's Systemic Administration of Drugs (1993)

By its anatomy and physiology, due to the great amount of air treated there, the nasal route represents a very interesting possibility for the administration of products degraded in the gastro-intestinal tract or inhibited by the first hepatic pass. The nasal dosage forms most studied are bioadhesive hydrogels and microspheres, especially for the systemic administration of peptides.
Murine Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity to Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Target Cells (1979)

Freshly collected peritoneal cells (PC) and cultured spleen cells (SC) (but not fresh SC) from nonimmune mice could mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells in the presence of mouse or human sera containing antibody to HSV. PC also demonstrated variable natural killer cell cytotoxicity to infected cells. Both PC and cultured SC required high concentrations of antibody and high effector to target cell ratios for optimal ADCC. The time kinetics of the reaction appeared to depend on the state of activation of the effector cells. In both PC and SC populations, ADCC activity was limited to adherent cells, and was profoundly inhibited by particulate latex or silica. The murine effector cell found in PC and SC able to mediate ADCC to HSV-infected cells appears to be a macrophage.
Angle-resolved photoemission study of the graphite intercalation compound<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>KC</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>: A key to graphene (2009)

Electrons in isolated graphene layers are a two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac Fermions. In realistic devices, however, the electronic properties are modified by elastic deformations, interlayer coupling and substrate interaction. Here, we unravel the electronic structure of noninteracting, doped graphene layers by revisiting the stage one graphite intercalation compound ${\text{KC}}_{8}$. To this end we apply angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The full experimental dispersion is in excellent agreement with calculations of doped graphene once electron correlations are included at the $GW$ level (Greens function $G$ of the Coulomb interaction $W$). This highlights that ${\text{KC}}_{8}$ has negligible interlayer coupling allowing us to access the full experimental Dirac cone.
Fate of an Absorbent Gelling Material for Hygiene Paper Products in Landfill and Composting (1993)

A cross-linked polyacrylate polymer, referred to as absorbent gelling material (AGM), has been developed for use in hygiene paper products, such as infant diapers (nappies). The fate and effects of this polymer were studied in laboratory models of landfill and aerobic composting. Radiolabelled ( 14 C) AGM was used to facilitate determination of fate and mass balance. Tests were conducted in 1201 reactors containing a mixture of solid waste and compost or solid waste only, and panty diaper pads. Controlled temperature and leachate recycle were used to accelerate the biological processes. AGM caused no adverse effects and most of the material remained associated with the diaper pad and surrounding waste. Very little AGM (less than 1 %) biodegraded to CO 2 /CH 4 under landfill conditions, while 2-4% appeared in leachate. The leachate was highly biodegradable aerobically. More of the AGM (6.4%) biodegraded to CO 2 under aerobic composting conditions, while less than 1% appeared in leachate.
A Calibration Scheme for Microwave Radiometers Using Tipping Curves and Kalman Filtering (2009)

Calibration of microwave radiometers is a critical task and remains a key issue for the accuracy of brightness-temperature measurements. The tipping-curve calibration method is a well-established technique for ground-based microwave radiometers measuring at frequencies where the opacity of the atmosphere is low. This method relies on the known relationship between the tipping angles of the radiometer and the atmospheric opacity at those angles. Atmospheric inhomogeneities slightly disturb this relationship and therefore lead to calibration errors. The calibration scheme presented in this paper uses the determined tipping-calibration accuracy and incorporates the statistical behavior of radiometer gain and system-temperature variations in a Kalman filter framework. In this paper, a calibration simulation is set up to test the capability of the proposed scheme by reconstructing simulated brightness temperatures first. Moreover, the technique is applied to experimental data. The calibration quality is evaluated with the detrended-fluctuation-analysis method. Model and experimental results show that the calibration accuracy can be increased by a factor of two or even higher. Finally, we apply the calibration technique to a microwave radiometer with internal calibration, resulting in a reduction of the calibration noise.
Research on GPRS vehicle location network service system (2010)

We can achieve vehicle location tracking on Internet by using GPRS vehicle location terminal and combining with Internet technology and GIS technology. The article gives the design structure of GPRS vehicle location network service system. The system is divided into three parts: GIS network workstations, network communications server and GPRS vehicle location terminal. Then, the article makes the brief introduction to the function of three parts of the system: GIS network workstations are responsible for sending command "Setting GPS Location Data Return Interval" to network communications server, and receiving GPS location data packet uploaded from GPRS vehicle location terminal from network communications server, making analysis of received GPS location data packet; The vehicles will be appeared as title in the specified position on the map by combining with GIS. Network communications server is responsible for receiving the command “Setting GPS Location Data Return Interval” from GIS network workstations and transmitting to the specified GPRS vehicle location terminal and receiving GPS location data packet pass backed from GPRS vehicle location terminal and distributing to the appropriate GIS network workstations simultaneously. GPRS vehicle location terminal is responsible for receiving the command “Setting GPS Location Data Return Interval” sent from network communications server and sending GPS location data collected by GPS module to network communications server. Finally, the article tests the feasibility of system design through experiment. By using the system, it will be easy and fast to make vehicle location tracking on Internet and timely access vehicle location information.
Expression of the Bitter Taste Receptor, T2R38, in Enteroendocrine Cells of the Colonic Mucosa of Overweight/Obese vs. Lean Subjects (2016)

Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed in the mammalian gastrointestinal mucosa. In the mouse colon, T2R138 is localized to enteroendocrine cells and is upregulated by long-term high fat diet that induces obesity. The aims of this study were to test whether T2R38 expression is altered in overweight/obese (OW/OB) compared to normal weight (NW) subjects and characterize the cell types expressing T2R38, the human counterpart of mouse T2R138, in human colon. Colonic mucosal biopsies were obtained during colonoscopy from 35 healthy subjects (20 OW/OB and 15 NW) and processed for quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry using antibodies to T2R38, chromogranin A (CgA), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), or peptide YY (PYY). T2R38 mRNA levels in the colonic mucosa of OW/OB were increased (> 2 fold) compared to NW subjects but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). However, the number of T2R38 immunoreactive (IR) cells was significantly increased in OW/OB vs. NW subjects (P = 0.01) and was significantly correlated with BMI values (r = 0.7557; P = 0.001). In both OW/OB and NW individuals, all T2R38-IR cells contained CgA-IR supporting they are enteroendocrine. In both groups, T2R38-IR colocalized with CCK-, GLP1- or PYY-IR. The overall CgA-IR cell population was comparable in OW/OB and NW individuals. This study shows that T2R38 is expressed in distinct populations of enteroendocrine cells in the human colonic mucosa and supports T2R38 upregulation in OW/OB subjects. T2R38 might mediate host functional responses to increased energy balance and intraluminal changes occurring in obesity, which could involve peptide release from enteroendocrine cells.
Selective Gaseous Extraction: Research, Development and Training for Isotope Production, Final Technical Report (2014)

General Atomics and the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) completed research and development of selective gaseous extraction of fission products from irradiated fuel, which included training and education of MURR students. The process used porous fuel and after irradiation flowed product gases through the fuel to selectively removed desired fission products with the primary goal of demonstrating the removal of rhodium 105. High removal rates for the ruthenium/rhodium (Ru/Rh), tellurium/iodine (Te/I) and molybdenum/technetium (Mo/Tc) series were demonstrated. The success of this research provides for the reuse of the target for further production, significantly reducing the production of actinide wastes relative to processes that dissolve the target. This effort was conducted under DOE funding (DE-SC0007772). General Atomics objective of the project was to conduct R&D on alternative methods to produce a number of radioactive isotopes currently needed for medical and industry applications to include rhodium-105 and other useful isotopes. Selective gaseous extraction was shown to be effective at removing radioisotopes of the ruthenium/rhodium, tellurium/iodine and molybdenum/technetium decay chains while having trace to no quantities of other fission products or actinides. This adds a new, credible method to the area of certain commercial isotope production beyond current techniques, while providing significant potential reduction of process wastes. Waste reduction, along with reduced processing time/cost provides for superior economic feasibility which may allow domestic production under full cost recovery practices. This provides the potential for improved access to domestically produced isotopes for medical diagnostics and treatment at reduced cost, providing for the public good.
Flocculation Mechanism Induced by Cationic Polymers Investigated by Light Scattering (2006)

Three cationic polymers with molecular weights and charge densities of 3.0 x 10(5) g/mol and 10%, 1.1 x 10(5) g/mol and 40%, and 1.2 x 10(5) g/mol and 100% were chosen as flocculants to aggregate silica particles (90 nm), under various conditions, including change in polymer dosage, particle concentration, background electrolyte concentration, and shear rate. The size and structure of flocs produced were determined using the static light scattering technique. On the basis of measurements of polymer adsorption and its effect on the zeta potential and floc properties, it has been found that the polymer charge density plays an important role in determining the flocculation mechanism. Polymers with a 10% charge density facilitate bridging, 40% charged polymers bring about either a combination of charge neutralization and bridging or bridging, depending on the polymer dosage, and polymers with the charge density of 100% induce electrostatic patch flocculation mechanism at the optimum polymer dosage and below but bring about bridging mechanism at the polymer dosage approaching the adsorption plateau value. Bridging aggregation can readily be affected by the particle concentration, and an increase in particle concentration results in the formation of larger but looser aggregates, whereas electrostatic patch aggregation is independent of particle concentration. The addition of a background electrolyte aids in bridging aggregation while it is detrimental to electrostatic patch aggregation. It has also been found that the effect of shear rate on the mass fractal dimension depends on polymer charge density.
Circular All-Or-Nothing: Revisiting Data Protection Against Key Exposure. (2019)

Rivest's seminal paper introduced the first All-Or-Nothing (AON) method transforming input data into ciphertext in a way that the decryption of the input data is only possible when the ciphertext is complete. The AON processing, when combined with data fragmentation and dispersal, protects against an attacker that was able to acquire the encryption key but could not gather all of the data fragments. The reinforcement in data protection comes at the cost of a significant decrease of performance as Rivest's proposal requires at least two rounds of data encryption. Recently, a new scheme named Bastion was introduced that protects fragmented data against key exposure using only a single round of data encryption combined with a linear post-processing transform. In this paper, we make three advancements in the state-of-the-art. First, we formulate a new security model for the all-or-nothing processing that depends not on the amount of data acquired by the attacker but on the number of compromised storage nodes. Second, we introduce the Circular All-Or-Nothing (CAON): an algorithm protecting encrypted data against a situation of key exposure. It transforms, fragments, and disperses data in a way that initial data is protected unless all of the storage nodes are compromised. It is faster than the Bastion's scheme as it reduces the number of exclusive-or operations made in addition to encryption by almost a half. We believe it can be integrated inside modern distributed storage systems or multi-cloud data solutions in order to reinforce the confidentiality level of the stored data at the cost of a very small, almost negligible, performance overhead. Third, we provide security properties that are easy to formalize under standard cryptographic hypotheses.