gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of realistic signal strength measurements for a 5G Rogue Base Station attack scenario (2020)

The detection and prevention of cyber-attacks is one of the main challenges in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) autonomous platooning scenarios. A key tool in this activity is the measurement report that is generated by User Equipment (UE), containing received signal strength and location information. Such data is effective in techniques to detect Rogue Base Stations (RBS) or Subscription Permanent Identifier SUPI/5G-GUTI catchers. An undetected RBS could result in unwanted consequences such as Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and subscriber privacy attacks on the network and UE. Motivated by this, this paper presents the novel simulation of a 5G cellular system to generate a realistic dataset of signal strength measurements that can later be used in the development of techniques to identify and prevent RBS interventions. The results show that the tool can create a large dataset of realistic measurement reports which can be used to develop and validate RBS detection techniques.
A 25 Ms/s 8-b-10 Ms/s 10-b CMOS data acquisition IC for digital storage oscilloscopes (1998)

A data acquisition IC has been developed for digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs). The entire DSO front-end except an input attenuator was integrated using 1-/spl mu/m double-poly, double-metal (DPDM) CMOS process technology. In the analog-to-digital conversion, a time-interleaved successive approximation architecture effectively enables both 25 Ms/s 8-b and 10 Ms/s 10-b operation. The input signal conditioner consists of a variable gain amplifier (VGA) and a second-order programmable low-pass filter (LPF) using folded-cascode structures with current feedback circuits. The overall gain is externally controllable from 12 dB to 38 dB, and the bandwidth is programmable at 500 kHz, 5 MHz, and 25 MHz. The chip consumes 340 mW at the 25 Ms/s operating condition and less than 8 mW in the power-down mode from a single 5 V supply.
The ultrastructure of implantation in the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus). (1968)

Previous work on the early development of the golden hamster includes the investigation of Ochs (1908), Graves (1945) and Ward (1948), all at the level of the light microscope. Austin (1963) has examined the ultrastructure of the oocytes of the golden hamster while Enders & Schlafke (1965) have observed the pre-implantation stages of pregnancy.

The ultrastructure of implantation has been studied in two other species of myomorph rodents: the mouse (Potts, 1966 a ; Reinius, 1967) and the rat (Enders & Schlafke, 1967).

Implantation is taken as beginning when the zona pellucida is lost and the trophoblast is in contact with the uterine epithelium throughout its circumference. This takes place at between 80–100 h post coitum . Previous studies have been made on specimens embedded in paraffin, and the shrinkage which occurs with this method of preservation has caused implantation to appear to begin considerably later than this:Graves (1945) gives it as beginning at 5 days, Ward(1948) as 4 days 8 h.
The Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy to Polymers, Particularly 1,3 Diene Polymers (1962)

Abstract As a result of the discovery of methods for making stereospecific polymers, the whole field of polymer chemistry has broadened considerably from its state in the early post-war years. Infrared spectroscopy has played an important role in the study and development of such polymers and has been applied to the study of polymer features which were not considered before the advent of stereospecific polymers. The present review is concerned with some of these applications, particularly to 1,3 diene polymers, such as microstructure determinations, polymer spectra and structures, isomerization, degree of crystallinity, vulcanization, and rubber derivatives. The survey covers the literature to the end of 1960. Some of these applications are discussed in a book edited by Clark and applications of infrared spectroscopy to other types of polymers are also discussed there. Krimm has published an excellent paper on the theoretical analyses of some polymer spectra which leads to assignments of many of the bands in the spectra of the polymers. Diene polymers were not discussed by him but the method he developed should be applicable to such polymers.
Structure and Function of Noncanonical Nucleobases (2012)

DNA and RNA contain, next to the four canonical nucleobases, a number of modified nucleosides that extend their chemical information content. RNA is particularly rich in modifications, which is obviously an adaptation to their highly complex and variable functions. In fact, the modified nucleosides and their chemical structures establish a second layer of information which is of central importance to the function of the RNA molecules. Also the chemical diversity of DNA is greater than originally thought. Next to the four canonical bases, the DNA of higher organisms contains a total of four epigenetic bases: m(5) dC, hm(5) dC, f(5) dC und ca(5) dC. While all cells of an organism contain the same genetic material, their vastly different function and properties inside complex higher organisms require the controlled silencing and activation of cell-type specific genes. The regulation of the underlying silencing and activation process requires an additional layer of epigenetic information, which is clearly linked to increased chemical diversity. This diversity is provided by the modified non-canonical nucleosides in both DNA and RNA.
Voice Information System Adapted to Driver's Mental Workload (2002)

There is a risk that voice messages from in-vehicle information systems may cause a driver to be distracted while driving. To avoid such a risk the message systems need to be adapted to drivers' mental workload. Such adaptive systems deliver voice messages when drivers' mental workload is low and postpone the messages when the driver workload is high. It is important for the system to estimate the current driver workload from car sensors such as car speed, steering wheel angle, accelerator pedal position and so on. In order to find some relations between the driver's mental workload and the data from car sensors, a dual task experiment was conducted on a public road. In the experiment, participants performed a memory task while driving an experimental car. At the same time, the data from the car sensors were recorded. The correlation coefficients between the memory task performance and the data from car sensors showed that release of the accelerator pedal was the most significant indicator of workload. Based on these results a workload estimator was developed, which has been applied to a voice information delivery test system. The potential of a voice information system that adapts to the driver's mental workload was evaluated.
Minimally Invasive, Nonendoscopic Saphenectomy for Coronary Bypass Surgery (2001)

In 200 consecutive patients who underwent elective and emergency coronary bypass surgery, a minimally invasive, nonendoscopic technique for greater saphenous vein harvesting was used and the clinical results evaluated. The technique is easy, rapid, and routinely applicable in elective and emergency coronary bypass procedures. The cosmetic effect is excellent and the saphenectomy-related morbidity low.
Stable 10 ns, kilowatt peak-power pulse generation from a gain-switched Tm-doped fiber laser (2007)

We report what we believe to be the first demonstration of stable short pulse (10 ns) generation from a gain-switched Tm-doped fiber laser in the 2 microm spectral region. A modulated 1.55 microm pump laser was used for fast gain switching to regulate the conventionally chaotic spiking in the gain-switched fiber laser. From a 6.3 microm core all-fiber oscillator, over a kilowatt of peak power was obtained at the slope efficiency of 50% and freely varying repetition rate up to 500 kHz.
Urinary 5‐Hydroxytryptophol: A Possible Marker of Recent Alcohol Consumption (1992)

Urinary 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL) is currently being evaluated as a marker of recent alcohol consumption. To compensate for urinary dilution, the molar ratio between 5-HTOL and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) is used. The 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio showed a satisfactory degree of individual stability when it was followed in a group of teetotallers for 1 month. The mean value of 5-HTOL/5-HIAA in a group of 69 persons abstaining from alcohol was 7.6 (pmoles 5-HTOL/nmoles 5-HIAA). Ninety-seven percent had values ranging from 4 to 17, with no value exceeding 20. A group of healthy volunteers were tested 12 hr after alcohol consumption and showed a dose-dependent and statistically significant elevation in the 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio. Four regular alcohol consumers who were followed during a period of 3 months of drinking had elevated values of the 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio in 60% of their urine samples. The present study indicates that urinary 5-HTOL/5-HIAA is a sensitive and reliable marker of recent alcohol consumption. We propose that a 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio greater than 20 (pmoles/nmoles) can be used to indicate recent alcohol consumption. This limit gives a low frequency of false positives; the statistical probability of having a value greater than 20 during abstinence from alcohol was calculated to be less than 0.001.
Methods of preparation and performance of sealed gas photomultipliers for visible light (2003)

We describe the preparation of a sealed gas-filled photomultiplier (GPMT) for the visible spectral range and present the properties of the first prototypes. They consist of a 50 mm diameter semitransparent bialkali (K-Cs-Sb) photocathode coupled to a 30 mm/spl times/30 mm Kapton multi-gas electron multiplier (GEM). High gain of 2/spl times/10/sup 4/ in two-GEM mode and a quantum efficiency of 13% at 405 nm have been reached at 700 Torr of Ar/CH/sub 4/ (95:5). The detector structure and experimental setup are described; results are presented on the GPMT gain, ion-feedback and its suppression, stability, and other critical parameters in various gas mixtures. Hot sealing techniques with In/Sn and In/Bi solders are discussed.
Prevention of Graphene Restacking for Performance Boost of Supercapacitors—A Review (2013)

Graphene is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors mainly because of its large specific surface area and high conductivity. In practice, however, several fabrication issues need refinement. The restacking of graphene flakes upon being packed into supercapacitor electrodes has become a critical challenge in the full utilization of graphene’s large specific surface area to further improve the device performance. In this review, a variety of recent techniques and strategies are overviewed for the prevention of graphene restacking. They have been classified into several categories to improve and facilitate the discussion on the underlying ideas. Based on the overview of the existing techniques, we discuss the trends of future research in the fields.
Consumer Behavior in Online Auctions: an Examination of Partitioned Prices on EBay (2008)

eBay is one of the most successful consumer-related online auction sites. This paper describes a field study to determine the effects of partitioned prices—that is, separate item costs and shipping charges—on the winning bids submitted by consumers on this site. Consumers appear to be subject to an anchoring and adjustment heuristic that leads many to ignore the less-salient shipping costs when bidding. Even experienced bidders exhibit these effects. This behavior is particularly striking in an environment where sellers set variable shipping costs. The results have implications for consumers and sellers on eBay and similar online auction sites that allow sellers to set their own prices for shipping and other ancillary costs. Retailers conducting auctions on other Web sites should find the results useful as well.
At what cost pervasive? A social computing view of mobile computing systems (1999)

With the advent of pervasive systems, computers are becoming a larger part of our social lives than ever before. Depending on the design of these systems, they may either promote or inhibit social relationships. We consider four kinds of social relationships: a relationship with the system, system-mediated collaborative relationships, relationships with a community, and interpersonal relationships among co-located persons. In laboratory studies, the design of pervasive computers is shown to affect responses to social partners. We propose a model of how pervasive systems can influence human behavior, social attributions, and interaction outcomes. We also discuss some implications for system design.
Elastic Modulus and Equilibrium Swelling of Polyelectrolyte Gels (1996)

We present a scaling theory for the modulus G of polyelectrolyte gels as a function of strand length between cross-links, monomer concentration c, salt concentration cs, and preparation conditions (monomer concentration c0 and salt concentration cs°). The theory assumes affine displacement of the junction points when the concentration is changed. With no added salt (cs = cs° = 0), we predict a new concentration dependence of the modulus G ∼ c5/6. In the high-salt limit, we predict the usual concentration dependence for uncharged polymers but a novel dependence on salt concentration, G ∼ c7/12cs1/4. We also predict the modulus to decrease as charge is added to the gel strands. The predicted effects of added salt and charge on modulus have recently been observed by Candau and co-workers. At low concentrations, we discuss the strong stretching of network strands and its effect on modulus and equilibrium swelling.
IL-1β–Mediated Signals Preferentially Drive Conversion of Regulatory T Cells but Not Conventional T Cells into IL-17–Producing Cells (2010)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are committed to suppressive functions. Recently, it was proposed that Tregs could produce IL-17 under proinflammatory, polarizing conditions. We studied the role of Tregs on IL-17 production in the absence of exogenous cytokines and insults. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we determined that under neutral conditions, simultaneous activation of Tregs and naive CD4(+) conventional T cells in the presence of APCs resulted in conversion of Tregs into IL-17-producing cells, and endogenous IL-1β was mandatory in this process. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the IL-1R1 was highly expressed on Tregs and that IL-1β induced marked activation of p38 and JNK, which were involved in IL-17 production. These observations could have important implications on therapeutic strategies using Tregs.
Addition Polymerization of Norbornene: Catalysis of Monocyclopentadienyltitanium Compounds Activated with Methylaluminoxane (2000)

Addition polymerizations of norbornene were carried out with η5-monocyclopentadienyltitanium compounds, CpTiCl3, CpTi(OBz)3, Cp*TiCl3 and Cp*Ti(OBz)3, in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO). Among the catalyst precursors, CpTi(OBz)3 exhibits the highest catalytic activity for the polymerization. It was also found that the content of residual trimethylaluminum (TMA) in MAO has an important effect on the catalytic activity. The catalyst system containing less residual TMA gives optimum results of polymerization. FTIR and 13C-NMR analyses indicated that the polynorbornenes obtained with the catalyst are vinyl-type polymer with relatively low stereoregularity. The polynorbornenes are soluble in hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, chlorobenzene and tetrahydronaphthalene.
A model of salmon louse production in Norway: effects of increasing salmon production and public management measures (2001)

Salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer have caused disease problems in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. since the mid-1970s in Norway. High infection intensities and premature return of wild sea trout Salmo trutta L. were first reported in 1992. Later emaciated wild Atlantic salmon smolts carrying large amounts of lice have been observed both in fjords and offshore. The Norwegian Animal Health Authority regulations to control the problem, which came into operation in 1998, included compulsory louse level monitoring in farms and maximum legal numbers of lice per fish. Here, we present a model of salmon louse egg production in Norway and show that the effect of the current public management strategy is critically dependent on the yearly increase in salmon production. This is because the infection pressure is the product of the number of fish in the system, and the number of lice per fish. Due to the much larger number of farmed than wild salmonids, it is highly likely that lice originating from farmed salmon infect wild stock. Estimated tolerance limits for wild salmonids vary widely, and the level of louse egg production in farms which would be needed to decimate wild populations is not known. Two possible thresholds for total lice egg production are investigated: (1) 1986 to 1987 level (i.e. before adverse effects on sea trout were recorded), and (2) a level corresponding to a doubling of the estimated natural infection pressure. The farm lice per fish limits that would have to be observed to keep louse production within the 2 thresholds are calculated for the period 1986 to 2005. A steady decrease in the permitted number of lice per fish may keep the total louse production stable, but the number of salmon required for verification of lice numbers will increase as the prevalence to be verified is decreased. At threshold (2), the model estimated that lice limits should have been 0.05 louse per fish in 1999. This would require 60 fish from each pen to be collected, anaesthetised and examined for a good estimate at a confidence level of 95%. Such sample numbers are likely to be opposed by farmers. The use of national delousing programs to solve the problem is discussed.
Deep eutectic solvents as both active fillers and monomers for frontal polymerization (2013)

Abstract The deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on the mixtures of a variety of ammonium salts and hydrogen bond donors containing acrylic acids and acrylamides are capable of sustaining frontal polymerization (FP). The selection of ammonium salt affects the reactivity and allows FP at relatively low temperature but with full conversion. Also, full conversion allows us to use these polymers for biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery systems) as the unreactive ammonium salts can be released from the resulting polymer without by‐products. We call these components “active fillers,” which can be ammonium salts with biological or pharmaceutical importance. For instance, we prepared poly(acrylic acid) loaded with lidocaine hydrochloride (a common anesthetic), the release of which was found to occur in a controlled fashion. The ammonium salts also create a sufficiently high viscosity to suppress buoyancy‐driven convection without additional materials. The DES here described played an all‐in‐one role, providing the monomer, the active filler, and the polymerization medium for FPs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women (2008)

These exploratory findings suggest that DHA and lutein supplementation may have cognitive benefit for older adults.
Studies of SARM1 Uncover Similarities Between Immune and Neuronal Responses to Danger (2007)

Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing proteins are best known as critical players in vertebrate immune defense against pathogens. Four of the five members of this family are required for the activation of immune cells downstream of the engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial molecules. Mice deficient in any one of these four molecules show greatly enhanced susceptibility to specific classes of pathogens. However, the physiological function of the fifth mammalian protein, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 [SARM1, also known as myeloid differentiation marker 88-5 (MyD88-5)], has remained elusive. Now, the study of the SARM1 reporter and SARM1-deficient mice has uncovered an unanticipated function of this molecule in the regulation of neuronal survival in response to metabolic stress. Together with pioneering observations on the functions of TIR-1, the worm ortholog of SARM1, and other reports on the role of TLRs in neuronal development and responses to injury in mammals, these exciting results suggest that further studies of SARM1-deficient animals may uncover unexpected similarities between the ways in which neurons and immune cells sense and respond to danger.
Using PV Module and Line Frequency Response Data to Create Robust Arc Fault Detectors (2011)

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have caused residential and commercial building fires when an electrical arc fault initiates in the conduction path. Article 690.11 in the United States 2011 National Electrical Code requires new photovoltaic systems on or penetrating a building to include a listed arc fault protection device to prevent additional fires. In response, manufacturers are creating arc fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs) using electrical frequencies for detection, but their operation is not fully characterized. Sandia National Labs has undergone a major effort to identify detection difficulties and establish tests for PV AFCI manufacturers to ensure their product can robustly detect arcing conditions while avoiding false trips from noise sources. In previous studies, arc fault signatures have been compared to string noise and frequency-dependant attenuation through PV modules has been quantified. In this paper, a frequency response analyzer was used to measure radio frequency (RF) propagation through arrays of varying irradiance and size. Irradiance did not affect module frequency response, but the length of unshielded wiring significantly affected the frequency response of the system above 100 kHz due to RF effects. Based on the RF affects in PV systems, it is recommended that arc fault circuit interrupter manufacturers select detection frequencies below 100 kHz.
β‐Carbolines as agonistic or antagonistic benzodiazepine receptor ligands.<b>1</b>. Synthesis of some 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐amino derivatives of 3‐methoxycarbonyl‐β‐carboline (β‐CCM) and of 3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐β‐carboline (β‐CCE) (1988)

Abstract Condensation of diethyl formylamino‐ or diethyl acetylaminomalonate with 4‐, 5‐ or 6‐nitrogramine 1 afforded the diethyl formylamino‐ or the diethyl acetylamino[(nitroindol)‐3‐ylmethyl]malonates 2 ; reduction of the nitro group followed by N ‐formylation or acetylation of the resulting amino compounds 3 , led to the 4‐, 5‐and 6‐acylamino derivatives 4 . Cyclization of 4 in the presence of polyphosphoric esters gave the 3,3‐bis(ethoxycarbonyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐β‐carbolines 5 , which underwent lithium chloride/water catalyzed monodeethoxycarbonylation to the corresponding 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐acylamino‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐β‐carbolines 6 , whose acidic hydrolysis led finally to the 5‐, 6‐ and 7‐amino‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐β‐carbolines 9 . The 6‐amino compounds 9b‐e were obtained also by direct nitration of 3‐methoxycarbonyl‐β‐carboline 7a and of 3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐β‐carboline 7c , followed by the nitro group reduction of the resulting nitro carbolines 8 . Preliminary studies of the binding to rabbit brain benzodiazepine receptor sites indicate compounds 9b and 9c to inhibit the 3 H‐diazepam binding at 10 −8 M concentrations.
Regulation of the immune response. II. Characterization of the cell population(s) involved in the Fc fragment-induced adjuvant effect. (1980)

Fc fragments derived from human and murine Ig have been shown to possess adjuvant properties. The spleen cell population(s) affected by the Fc fragments is the T lymphocyte. That Fc fragments do not act directly on the B lymphocyte was shown by the fact that in a system where T cell help was substituted for by TRF and using TI antigens, no adjuvant effect was observed. The adjuvant signal provided by the Fc fragments is needed early in the culture period, because it was reduced by approximately 50% when delayed by 24 hr. When the addition of Fc was delayed by 72 hr, the antibody response was not significantly increased over the culture that received antigen only.