gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation in the PNPLA3 gene is associated with alcoholic liver injury in caucasians (2010)

Genotype PNPLA3 rs738409(GG) is associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and elevated aminotransferase levels in alcoholic Caucasians.
Sequential ROMP of cyclooctenes as a route to linear polyethylene block copolymers (2013)

AB diblock copolymers were prepared by sequential ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclooctenes catalyzed by a Ru-based Grubbs catalyst. The relatively slow polymerization of cis-3-phenylcyclooct-1-ene (3PC) or cis-cyclooct-2-en-1-yl acetate (3AC) was first carried out and then followed by the faster polymerization of unsubstituted cis-cyclooctene (COE) from the active Ru-alkylidene chain ends. In contrast, simultaneous polymerization of the two monomers provides copolymers with a statistical monomer distribution owing to extensive chain transfer. The resulting poly(3PC-b-COE) and poly(3AC-b-COE) diblock copolymers were subjected to hydrogenation to selectively saturate the backbone alkenes. The consequences of architectural variance between the materials from simultaneous vs. sequential polymerizations are reflected by the contrasting thermal characteristics.
Adjusting for the unblance of capacitor banks with H-bridge connection of power filter on UHVDC converter station (2010)

A method for adjusting the unbalance of the capacitor banks with H-bridge connection of the power filter on UHVDC converter station in this paper. Firstly, the concept of unbalance degree is proposed, and the expression of the unbalance degree is deduced, then the new method for adjusting the unbalance of the capacitor bank with H-bridge connection is put forward. The detection method is adopted to detect and adjust the unbalance of the capacitor with H-bridge connection. The test result shows that the proposed method could improve the work efficiency greatly, and the method is suitable for field commissioning test in UHVDC converter station.
Development of an Attenuated Apathogenic Reovirus Vaccine against Viral Arthritis/Tenosynovitis (1983)

A fully attenuated apathogenic reovirus vaccine was developed by 235 serial passages of S1133 strain avian reovirus in embryonating chicken eggs and 100 additional passages in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures, 65 of which were cultured at 32 C. Chickens with and without maternal antibodies to avian reovirus were vaccinated subcutaneously at 1 day of age and challenged via footpad at 14 days of age. It appeared that the 40th, 66th, and 100th CEF passage levels were apathogenic at doses ranging from 10(2.5) to 10(6.8) TCID50/chick. No gross or microscopic lesions of tenosynovitis developed in vaccinated chicks. Vaccinated chicks were protected against challenge; unvaccinated control chickens were not.
Optimization of an Automotive Grade Stepper Motor Idle Air Control Valve for the Small Engine Market (2012)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper is an insight to the challenges and technical solutions chosen for design implementation of the Gen_VII permanent magnet stepper motor. Its primary function is to be used as an Idle Air Control Valve [IACV] in a small gasoline engine with a Mechanical Throttle Body [MTB] and Electronic Fuel Injection [EFI]. Stepper motors can also be referred to as Digital Linear Actuator [DLA].</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The Gen_VII DLA is a 2-phase, fixed frequency, bipolar permanent magnet style stepper motor. There is discrete mechanical rotation every time one phase polarity reversal occurs. The output shaft has a moveable insert that translates this angular rotation into discrete linear movement. The Gen_I DLA is an automotive grade stepper motor that was designed to operate as an IACV in an automotive under hood environment. It has been in production for over 20 years. It is a robust design but too large in both size and mass for use on smaller engines. The newly designed Gen_VII is targeted for IACV needs of small EFI engines. The intended application field is motorbikes of 250cc or less. The Gen_VII hooded connector shown in <span class="xref">figure <i>1</i></span> is for MTB with an external electrical harness. The Gen_VII with terminals for MTB internal mounting with a printed circuit board [PCB] is shown in <i><span class="xref">figure 2</span>.</i> There are also high potentials for use of Gen_VII designs in other applications in need of a light DLA.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The development of the smaller Gen_VII stepper motor was collaborative effort from Continental locations in North America, Europe, and Asia. </div></div>
Ionic Currents Underlying Spontaneous Action Potentials in Isolated Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons (1999)

Acutely dissociated cell bodies of mouse Purkinje neurons spontaneously fired action potentials at approximately 50 Hz (25 degrees C). To directly measure the ionic currents underlying spontaneous activity, we voltage-clamped the cells using prerecorded spontaneous action potentials (spike trains) as voltage commands and used ionic substitution and selective blockers to isolate individual currents. The largest current flowing during the interspike interval was tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current (approximately -50 pA between -65 and -60 mV). Although the neurons had large voltage-dependent calcium currents, the net current blocked by cobalt substitution for calcium was outward at all times during spike trains. Thus, the electrical effect of calcium current is apparently dominated by rapidly activated calcium-dependent potassium currents. Under current clamp, all cells continued firing spontaneously (though approximately 30% more slowly) after block of T-type calcium current by mibefradil, and most cells continued to fire after block of all calcium current by cobalt substitution. Although the neurons possessed hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), little current flowed during spike trains, and block by 1 mM cesium had no effect on firing frequency. The outward potassium currents underlying the repolarization of the spikes were completely blocked by 1 mM TEA. These currents deactivated quickly (<1 msec) after each spike. We conclude that the spontaneous firing of Purkinje neuron cell bodies depends mainly on tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current flowing between spikes. The high firing rate is promoted by large potassium currents that repolarize the cell rapidly and deactivate quickly, thus preventing strong hyperpolarization and restoring a high input resistance for subsequent depolarization.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: the state of the art (2010)

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a potentially curative procedure for a variety of hematologic malignancies. The field has evolved substantially over the past decade, with advances in patient and donor selection, stem cell sources, supportive care, prevention of complications and reduced-toxicity preparative regimens. As a result, the indications for HCT and the pool of eligible patients have expanded significantly. In this article, we provide an overview of the major aspects of allogeneic HCT, and focus specifically on areas of active research and on novel approaches to challenges in the field. Specifically, we will discuss approaches to reduce the toxicity of the preparative regimen, with the goal of increasing the safety and applicability of HCT. The availability of suitable donors may be an obstacle to wider application of HCT. We review three major approaches to broadening the donor pool: the use of HLA-mismatched unrelated donors, umbilical cord blood and HLA-haploidentical family donors. Graft-versus-host disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after HCT. We review recent advances in the understanding of this phenomenon, and novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches that hold the promise of further improving the safety of the procedure. We conclude with a speculative outline of the next 5 years of research in the field of HCT.
Visibility Enhancement for Roads with Foggy or Hazy Scenes (2007)

Bad weather, particularly fog and haze, commonly obstruct drivers from observing road conditions. This could frequently lead to a considerable number of road accidents. To avoid the problem, automatic methods have been proposed to enhance visibility in bad weather. Methods that work on visible wavelengths, based on the type of their input, can be categorized into two approaches: those using polarizing filters, and those using images taken from different fog densities. Both of the approaches require that the images are multiple and taken from exactly the same point of view. While they can produce reasonably good results, their requirement makes them impractical, particularly in real time applications, such as vehicle systems. Considering their drawbacks, our goal is to develop a method that requires solely a single image taken from ordinary digital cameras, without any additional hardware. The method principally uses color and intensity information. It enhances the visibility after estimating the color of skylight and the values of airlight. The experimental results on real images show the effectiveness of the approach.
Nuclease-sensitive binding of an Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin to the bacterial cell surface (1991)

A leukotoxin of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans 301-b was solubilized from cell-associated membrane vesicles by treatment with externally added DNase and RNase and was further purified by a procedure which included ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified toxin had a molecular mass of 113,000 Da by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a high isoelectric point (approximately 8.8). From these characteristics, it was to be expected that the membrane vesicle toxin was almost identical to the leukotoxin extracted with polymyxin B in an earlier study (C.-C. Tsai, B. J. Shenker, J. M. DiRienzo, D. Malamud, and N. S. Taichman, Infect, Immun. 43:700-705, 1984). The treatment with DNase and RNase was also highly effective for solubilizing the leukotoxin directly from whole cells, suggesting that the toxin is secreted extracellularly but retained in nucleic acids on the outermost surface of bacterial cells.
Voltage Balancing Control of a Four-Level Hybrid-Clamped Converter Based on Zero-Sequence Voltage Injection Using Phase-Shifted PWM (2015)

Four-level hybrid-clamped (4L-HC) inverter is a newly proposed topology which is suitable for high-performance medium-voltage drives. Each phase of this topology consists of eight switches and a flying capacitor and the dc-link is split into three parts by two neutral points. In order to ensure the topology operating properly, the voltages across the flying capacitors and three dc-link capacitors should be controlled and maintain balanced at their nominal values. This paper presents a decoupled voltage balancing method for this 4L-HC inverter, including the voltage balancing of dc-link capacitors and flying capacitors. A modified phase-shifted pulse-width modulation method is used to regulate the voltages of flying capacitors and the central dc-link capacitor. The relationship between the neutral-point currents and the output voltage is studied and the upper and lower dc-link capacitor voltages are balanced by injecting an optimum zero-sequence voltage. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the validity of this method.
Abstract 4519: Small cell lung cancers lack expression of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) and are sensitive to arginine deprivation using arginine deiminase-PEG20 (ADI-PEG20) (2010)

Abstract Various tumor types have been shown to lack expression of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) that is required for the synthesis of arginine and thus rely on exogenous sources for protein synthesis requirements. These tumors may be sensitive to arginine deprivation, and the absence of ASS expression may serve as a biomarker for this sensitivity. Arginine deiminase (ADI) is a microbial enzyme that has been shown to efficiently lower peripheral blood arginine. Its therapeutic efficacy has been previously explored in the treatment of melanoma and hepatocellular cancer in early phase clinical trials but clinical efficacy in these tumor types has been limited. However, other tumor types lacking ASS may be more sensitive to arginine depletion. We have investigated ASS expression in human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and have so far found that about 43% (7/16) of SCLC tumors were negative for ASS. SCLC has a robust initial response to chemotherapy but the majority of cases relapse and there remain limited options in the treatment of refractory disease. Based on the IHC findings and the need for novel therapies in recurrent SCLC, we explored the effects of pegylated ADI (ADI-PEG20) mediated arginine deprivation in SCLC in vitro and in vivo. We screened a panel of 10 human SCLC cell lines for ASS mRNA and protein expression by Real Time PCR and Western blot analysis. Little or no ASS was observed in 50% (5 of 10) of the SCLC cell lines examined and this frequency is approximately equivalent to that found in the SCLC tumor tissues. In cell proliferation assays a clear correlation between expression of ASS and sensitivity to ADI-PEG20 was detected. Biochemical analysis of the mechanism of ADI-PEG20 induced cell death in ADI sensitive cell lines revealed induction of autophagy and cell death through caspase independent mechanisms. Assessment of ADI-PEG20 activity in vivo using mice bearing SCLC xenografts demonstrated that ADI-PEG20 treatment of ASS negative SCLC xenografts caused significant and dose dependent inhibition of tumor growth, while no effect was observed with placebo controls. These results suggest a role for ADI-PEG20 in the treatment of SCLC, and a clinical trial exploring this treatment in patients with ASS negative SCLC by IHC has been initiated. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4519.
A Method to Construct Low Delay Single Error Correction Codes for Protecting Data Bits Only (2013)

Error correction codes (ECCs) have been used for decades to protect memories from soft errors. Single error correction (SEC) codes that can correct 1-bit error per word are a common option for memory protection. In some cases, SEC codes are extended to also provide double error detection and are known as SEC-DED codes. As technology scales, soft errors on registers also became a concern and, therefore, SEC codes are used to protect registers. The use of an ECC impacts the circuit design in terms of both delay and area. Traditional SEC or SEC-DED codes developed for memories have focused on minimizing the number of redundant bits added by the code. This is important in a memory as those bits are added to each word in the memory. However, for registers used in circuits, minimizing the delay or area introduced by the ECC can be more important. In this paper, a method to construct low delay SEC or SEC-DED codes that correct errors only on the data bits is proposed. The method is evaluated for several data block sizes, showing that the new codes offer significant delay reductions when compared with traditional SEC or SEC-DED codes. The results for the area of the encoder and decoder also show substantial savings compared to existing codes.
Nanomedicine in Action: An Overview of Cancer Nanomedicine on the Market and in Clinical Trials (2013)

Nanomedicine, defined as the application of nanotechnology in the medical field, has the potential to significantly change the course of diagnostics and treatment of life‐threatening diseases, such as cancer. In comparison with traditional cancer diagnostics and therapy, cancer nanomedicine provides sensitive cancer detection and/or enhances treatment efficacy with significantly minimized adverse effects associated with standard therapeutics. Cancer nanomedicine has been increasingly applied in areas including nanodrug delivery systems, nanopharmaceuticals, and nanoanalytical contrast reagents in laboratory and animal model research. In recent years, the successful introduction of several novel nanomedicine products into clinical trials and even onto the commercial market has shown successful outcomes of fundamental research into clinics. This paper is intended to examine several nanomedicines for cancer therapeutics and/or diagnostics‐related applications, to analyze the trend of nanomedicine development, future opportunities, and challenges of this fast‐growing area.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia detected by the Isolator lysis-centrifugation blood culture system (1985)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected by the Isolator lysis-centrifugation blood culture system from the blood of a patient with tuberculosis of the breast. The organism also grew on conventional laboratory media inoculated with pleural fluid from the patient.
Microelectromechanical HF resonators fabricated using a novel SOI-based low-temperature process (2005)

This paper reports on a novel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based low-temperature fabrication process to realize microelectromechanical high-frequency resonators. Key features of the devices are single-crystal silicon resonant beams, 400-nm or 600-nm thin transducer gaps, and gold electrodes. The fabrication process combines bulk silicon micromachining applying deep reactive ion etching, low-temperature deposition of a thin sacrificial oxide layer, and electroplating of the lateral electrodes. The resonant behavior of devices with resonance frequencies f/sub res/ between 420 kHz and 4.11 MHz was characterized as a function of the bias voltage V/sub bias/ applied to the beam. Measurements were performed at ambient pressures p between 5/spl times/10/sup -3/ Pa and 0.5 Pa. Q values up to 52000 at f/sub res/=420 kHz and 6000 at f/sub res/=4.11 MHz were obtained. The interaction of resonator and measurement setup were simulated using an electrical network simulation program combined with a finite element analysis using ANSYS.
Collaborative tracking of multiple targets (2004)

Coalescence, meaning the tracker associates more than one trajectories to some targets while loses track for others, is a challenging problem for visual tracking of multiple targets, especially when similar targets move close or present occlusions. Existing approaches that are based on joint data association are confronted by the combinatorial complexity due to the concatenation of the state spaces of individual targets. This paper presents a novel collaborative approach with linear complexity to the coalescence problem. The basic idea is the collaborative inference mechanism, in which the estimate of an individual target is not only determined by its own observation and dynamics, but also through the interaction and collaboration with the estimates of its adjacent targets, which leads to a competition mechanism that enables different targets to compete for the common image observations. The theoretical foundation of the new approach is based on Markov networks. Variational analysis of this Markov network reveals a mean field approximation to the posterior density of each target, therefore provides a computationally efficient way for such a difficult inference problem. In addition, a mean field Monte Carlo (MFMC) algorithm is designed to achieve Bayesian inference by simulating the competition among a set of low dimensional particle filters. Compared with the existing solutions, the proposed new collaborative approach stands out by its effectiveness and low computational cost to the coalescence problem, as pronounced in the extensive experiments.
Universal immunity to influenza must outwit immune evasion (2014)

Although an influenza vaccine has been available for 70 years, influenza virus still causes seasonal epidemics and worldwide pandemics. Currently available vaccines elicit strain-specific antibody (Ab) responses to the surface haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, but these can be ineffective against serologically-distinct viral variants and novel subtypes. Thus, there is a great need for cross-protective or "universal" influenza vaccines to overcome the necessity for annual immunization against seasonal influenza and to provide immunity to reduce the severity of infection with pandemic or outbreak viruses. It is well established that natural influenza infection can provide cross-reactive immunity that can reduce the impact of infection with distinct influenza type A strains and subtypes, including H1N1, H3N2, H2N2, H5N1, and H7N9. The key to generating universal influenza immunity through vaccination is to target functionally-conserved regions of the virus, which include epitopes on the internal proteins for cross-reactive T cell immunity or on the HA stem for broadly reactive Ab responses. In the wake of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been characterized and isolated from convalescent and vaccinated individuals, inspiring development of new vaccination techniques to elicit such responses. Induction of influenza-specific T cell responses through vaccination has also been recently examined in clinical trials. Strong evidence is available from human and animal models of influenza to show that established influenza-specific T cell memory can reduce viral shedding and symptom severity. However, the published evidence also shows that CD8(+) T cells can efficiently select immune escape mutants early after influenza virus infection. Here, we discuss universal immunity to influenza viruses mediated by both cross-reactive T cells and Abs, the mechanisms of immune evasion in influenza, and propose how to counteract commonly occurring immune-escape variants.
Reliable response delivery in peer-to-peer systems (2004)

The unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) system is the prevalent model in today's P2P systems. In such systems, a response is sent along the same path that carried the incoming query message. To guarantee the anonymity of the requester, no requester information is included in the query message and each node in the query incoming path only knows its immediate neighbor who sent the query request. This mechanism introduces response loss when any one node or connection in the path fails, which is a general case in the P2P system due to its dynamic nature. We address the response loss problem and present three techniques to alleviate it: redundant response delivery (RRD) scheme as a proactive approach; adaptive response delivery (ARD) scheme as a reactive approach; extended ARD rendered to function in an unstructured P2P system with limited or no flooding based search mechanism. With limited traffic overhead, all three techniques reduce response loss rate by more than 65% and they are all fully distributed.