gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes - The S<sub>N-</sub> Reactivity of β-Fluorethyl Iodides (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - The SN- Reactivity of β-Fluorethyl IodidesJack Hine and Robert GhirardelliCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 10, 1550–1552Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1958Publication History Published online4 June 2003Published inissue 1 October 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01104a602https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01104a602research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views400Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Copolymerization of olefins with SiO<sub>2</sub>‐, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>‐, and MgCl<sub>2</sub>‐supported metallocene catalysts activated by trialkylaluminiums (1994)

Abstract Copolymerizations of ethylene with propene, of ethylene with 1‐hexene and of propene with 1‐hexene were carried out at 40°C under atmospheric pressure with SiO 2 ‐, Al 2 O 3 ‐ and MgCl 2 ‐supported metallocene catalysts using common alkylaluminiums as cocatalyst. From a detailed analysis of copolymers by 13 C NMR, all the copolymers obtained were found to be random ( r 1 · r 2 ≤ 1). When ethylene was used as a base monomer, the polymer yield markedly increased with increasing comonomer concentration. The molecular weight of the copolymers obtained in this study were found to be much higher than those obtained with homogeneous Kaminsky‐Sinn catalysts. Whereas, the polydispersity ( M w / M n ) of the copolymer is dependent on the combination of monomers as well as on the inorganic compounds used as carrier.
Reactivity of Glu-22(.beta.) of hemoglobin S in amidation with glucosamine (1985)

X-ray diffraction analysis of deoxyhemoglobin S crystals has implicated that a number of carboxyl groups of the protein are present at or near the intermolecular contact regions. The reactivity of these or other carboxyl groups of hemoglobin S for the amidation with an amino sugar, i.e., glucosamine, and the influence of amidation on the oxygen affinity and polymerization have been investigated. Reaction of oxyhemoglobin S at pH 6.0 and 23 degrees C with 20 mM 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC) and 100 mM [3H]glucosamine for 1 h resulted in an incorporation of nearly two residues of glucosamine per tetramer. The amidation was very specific for the carboxyl groups of globin; the glucosamine was not incorporated into the heme carboxyls. Derivatization of hemoglobin S by glucosamine increased the O2 affinity of the protein but had no influence on either the Hill coefficient or the Bohr effect. Amidation by glucosamine also increased the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S by about 55%. Tryptic peptide mapping of the modified hemoglobin S indicated that the peptides beta-T3 and beta-T5 contained the glucosamine incorporated into the protein. Sequence analysis of glucosamine-modified beta-T3 and beta-T5 demonstrated that the gamma-carboxyl groups of Glu-22 and Glu-43, respectively, had been derivatized with glucosamine. The residue Glu-43(beta) shows a high selectivity toward glycine ethyl ester also, whereas Glu-22(beta) is not reactive toward this amine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modification of the 5' end of mRNA. Association of RNA triphosphatase with the RNA guanylyltransferase-RNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase complex from vaccinia virus. (1980)

Purified RNA guanylyltransferase . RNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase complex from vaccinia virus contains RNA triphosphatase activity. The latter activity, which removes the gamma-phosphate from triphosphate-ended polyribonucleotides, co-chromatographed with the capping and methylating enzyme complex on seven different ion exchange or affinity columns and co-sedimented with the complex on a glycerol gradient. On a molar basis, the RNA triphosphatase was about 100 times more active than the associated RNA guanylyl-transferase. When the purified enzyme complex was incubated with poly(A) containing a 5'-triphosphate, removal of the gamma-phosphate preceded capping. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the rate or extent of capping 5'-diphosphate- or 5'-triphosphate-ended poly(A). Physical association of the three enzymatic activities appears to be an efficient mechanism for carrying out the following successive steps in cap formation: (formula: see text).
GUI Ferret: GUI Test Tool to Analyze Complex Behavior of Multi-window Applications (2013)

The behavior of a GUI object in a multi-window application often depends on GUI objects in the same window and other windows. To confirm correct behavior under all GUI appearances is essential to ensure software acceptance and remains a challenging problem. We propose an algorithm which exercises each GUI object at least once in all GUI appearances as captured by running the application under test (AUT) and traversing the GUI. In addition, we introduce some techniques to reduce the execution time which would otherwise tend to grow exponentially against the number of GUI objects. We can detect errors via, for example, model checking techniques from the execution paths which are trajectories of GUI appearances by exercising GUI objects. We implement "GUI Ferret" on our traversal algorithm and evaluate its effectiveness on a practical multi-window application.
Fast intracavity polarization dynamics of an erbium-doped fiber ring laser: Inclusion of stochastic effects (1997)

The dynamics of a unidirectional erbium-doped fiber laser is investigated on a time scale short enough to observe, with good resolution, its behavior for individual round-trips in the laser cavity. With an intracavity polarization controller, a rich variety of nonlinear phenomena, ranging from self-pulsing to square-wave antiphase patterns in two orthogonal states of polarization, are observed. These patterns evolve continuously in time. A stochastic delay-differential equation model is proposed to describe this system. Numerical simulations show that this model satisfactorily accounts for all types of qualitative behavior and reveal that the inclusion of spontaneous-emission noise is necessary to reproduce the observed continuous pattern evolution. Two different, typical types of nonlinear dynamical states are found both numerically and experimentally: a deterministic, low-dimensional regime and a noise-driven high-dimensional motion.
Influence of reaction parameters on water absorption of neutralized poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization (1999)

Highly water-absorbing polymers of neutralized poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) were synthesized in an effort to investigate the influences of reaction parameters on water absorption. In addition, the extent of water absorption and the absorption rate were studied to determine their relationship with the reaction parameters. This article explains the synthesis technique, characterization of the water-absorbing copolymers, and their properties. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1349–1366, 1999
Area-efficient embedded RRAM macros with sub-5ns random-read-access-time using logic-process parasitic-BJT-switch (0T1R) cell and read-disturb-free temperature-aware current-mode read scheme (2013)

Resistive RAM (RRAM) faces two major design challenges: 1) cell area versus write current requirements; 2) cell current (ICELL) versus read disturbance. An RRAM using logic-process-based vertical parasitic-BJT (VPBJT) switches and correspondent cell array (VPBJT-CA) can achieve 4.5+x smaller macro area. To overcome temperature-dependent fluctuation in the base-emitter voltage difference (VBE) of BJT, this work proposes a thermal-aware bitline (BL) voltage bias (VBL-R) scheme (TABB) for current-mode read with 4.7x larger ICELL, and a 1.6x faster read speed. Fabricated 0.18um 1Mb and 65nm 2Mb VPBJT RRAM macros confirm the efficacy of the temperature-aware VBL-R, resulting in the fastest (sub-5ns) random read speed among reported Mb-scaled NVM macros.
Progression of COVID‐19 From Urban to Rural Areas in the United States: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Prevalence Rates (2020)

Our findings show a rapid spread of COVID-19 across urban and rural areas in 21 days. Studies based on quality data are needed to explain further the role of social determinants of health on COVID-19 prevalence.
Development of an ONU Using a Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Transmitter and Its Transmission Characteristic (2003)

We propose a WDM-PON system as one of the promising candidates for next generation high capacity, cost-effective and inter-operable optical access network system and develop an ONU using reflective SOA transmitter for the WDM-PON system.
Synthesis of Chiral Bis(dihydrooxazolylphenyl)oxalamides, a New Class of Tetradentate Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis (1998)

Chiral tetradentate nitrogen ligands containing two coordinating oxalamide nitrogens and two dihydrooxazole rings are readily prepared in an enantiomerically pure form. The structures of two metal complexes (1, M = Cu, Ni) were determined by X-ray analysis. Ruthenium and cobalt complexes were tested as catalysts for the epoxidation of trans-stilbene (69% ee) and for Michael reactions of malonates with chalcone (up to 89% ee).
Augmentation of Human Memory (2018)

Memory augmentation is the process of providing human memory with information that facilitates and complements the recall of an event in a person»s past. Recently, there has been a lot of attention on processing the content of meetings for later reuse, such as reviewing a meeting for supporting failing memories, keeping in mind key issues, verification, etc. That is due to the fact that meetings are essential for sharing knowledge in organizations. In this paper, we propose four novel time-series methods for predicting the topics that one should review in preparation for a next meeting. The predicted/recommended topics can be reviewed by a user as a memory augmentation process to facilitate recall of key points of a previous meeting. With the growing number of meetings at an organization that one may attend weekly and with the growing number of topics discussed, forgetting past meetings becomes eminent, hence recommending certain topics to the user in order to prepare the user for a future meeting is beneficial and important. Our experimental results on real-world data, demonstrate that our methods significantly outperform a state-of-the-art Hidden Markov Model baseline. This indicates the efficacy of our proposed methods for modeling semantics in temporal data.
Simple Synthesis of Aldehyde and Carboxylic Acid Terminated Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (2016)

mPEG‐aldehydes and activated mPEG‐carboxylic acids on which the polymer and the reactive functional group are separated by aliphatic chains of different lengths, are well known reagents of widespread application in PEGylation technology. The syntheses of these functional polymers are not easy and usually the preparation of each of these compounds requires a very specific set of reagents and experimental conditions. In fact, a general method for their preparation is, still nowadays, unavailable. In this work a simple synthetic method is developed for preparation of mPEG‐aldehydes and carboxylic acids with excellent yields. The key step of the method involves a substitution reaction of mPEG‐mesylate with mono‐alkoxides of symmetrical diols to afford hydroxyl‐terminated polymers, which are converted to the aldehydes and acids by mild oxidation reactions. image
Interactive record/replay for web application debugging (2013)

During debugging, a developer must repeatedly and manually reproduce faulty behavior in order to inspect different facets of the program's execution. Existing tools for reproducing such behaviors prevent the use of debugging aids such as breakpoints and logging, and are not designed for interactive, random-access exploration of recorded behavior. This paper presents Timelapse, a tool for quickly recording, reproducing, and debugging interactive behaviors in web applications. Developers can use Timelapse to browse, visualize, and seek within recorded program executions while simultaneously using familiar debugging tools such as breakpoints and logging. Testers and end-users can use Timelapse to demonstrate failures in situ and share recorded behaviors with developers, improving bug report quality by obviating the need for detailed reproduction steps. Timelapse is built on Dolos, a novel record/replay infrastructure that ensures deterministic execution by capturing and reusing program inputs both from the user and from external sources such as the network. Dolos introduces negligible overhead and does not interfere with breakpoints and logging. In a small user evaluation, participants used Timelapse to accelerate existing reproduction activities, but were not significantly faster or more successful in completing the larger tasks at hand. Together, the Dolos infrastructure and Timelapse developer tool support systematic bug reporting and debugging practices.
<title>Repair of streaming multimedia with adaptive forward error correction</title> (2001)

Internet multimedia applications have timing constraints that are often not met by TCP, the de facto Internet transport protocol, hence, most multimedia applications use UDP. Since UDP does not guarantee data arrival, UDP flows often have high data loss rates. Network data loss can be ameliorated by the use of Forward Error Compression (FEC), where a server adds redundant data to the flow to help the client repair lost data. However, the effectiveness of FEC depends upon the network burst loss rates, and current FEC approaches are non-adaptive or adapt without effectively monitoring this rate. We propose a Forward Error Correction protocol that explicitly adapts the redundancy to the measured network burst loss rates. Through evaluation under a variety of network conditions, we find our adaptive FEC approach achieves minimal end-to-end delay and low loss rates after repair.
Design and analysis of a novel superconducting generator (2002)

An ambient-temperature salient-pole iron rotor excited by a single superconducting winding is retrofittable into a conventional stator. The concept is illustrated by application to a prototype design of a 1.5 MVA superconducting generator. The fault test response transient is obtained by a frequency response method based on finite element magnetic diffusion solutions.
Charge Transfer in Dynamical Biosystems, or The Treachery of (Static) Images (2014)

CONSPECTUS: The image is not the thing. Just as a pipe rendered in an oil painting cannot be smoked, quantum mechanical coupling pathways rendered on LCDs do not convey electrons. The aim of this Account is to examine some of our recent discoveries regarding biological electron transfer (ET) and transport mechanisms that emerge when one moves beyond treacherous static views to dynamical frameworks. Studies over the last two decades introduced both atomistic detail and macromolecule dynamics to the description of biological ET. The first model to move beyond the structureless square-barrier tunneling description is the Pathway model, which predicts how protein secondary motifs and folding-induced through-bond and through-space tunneling gaps influence kinetics. Explicit electronic structure theory is applied routinely now to elucidate ET mechanisms, to capture pathway interferences, and to treat redox cofactor electronic structure effects. Importantly, structural sampling of proteins provides an understanding of how dynamics may change the mechanisms of biological ET, as ET rates are exponentially sensitive to structure. Does protein motion average out tunneling pathways? Do conformational fluctuations gate biological ET? Are transient multistate resonances produced by energy gap fluctuations? These questions are becoming accessible as the static view of biological ET recedes and dynamical viewpoints take center stage. This Account introduces ET reactions at the core of bioenergetics, summarizes our team's progress toward arriving at an atomistic-level description, examines how thermal fluctuations influence ET, presents metrics that characterize dynamical effects on ET, and discusses applications in very long (micrometer scale) bacterial nanowires. The persistence of structural effects on the ET rates in the face of thermal fluctuations is considered. Finally, the flickering resonance (FR) view of charge transfer is presented to examine how fluctuations control low-barrier transport among multiple groups in van der Waals contact. FR produces exponential distance dependence in the absence of tunneling; the exponential character emerges from the probability of matching multiple vibronically broadened electronic energies within a tolerance defined by the rms coupling among interacting groups. FR thus produces band like coherent transport on the nanometer length scale, enabled by conformational fluctuations. Taken as a whole, the emerging context for ET in dynamical biomolecules provides a robust framework to design and interpret the inner workings of bioenergetics from the molecular to the cellular scale and beyond, with applications in biomedicine, biocatalysis, and energy science.
Multi-domain load resource optimization for heterogeneous network in LTE-A (2012)

Load balancing are urgently required in the multiple overlapping area design in heterogeneous network (Het-Net) for the long-term evolution advanced (LTE-A) to maintain system performance. In this paper, we propose a multi-domain load balancing framework focusing on reducing the radio resource cost and mitigating the co-channel interference across domains in Het-Net. We model the load balancing issue as an optimization problem. Under the proposed scheme, radio resource cost and co-channel interference can be adaptively balanced across the entire heterogeneous system by periodically minimizing effective resource cost. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the other scheme which do not consider inter-domain co-channel interference.
Patent property of suicide gene therapy involving prodrugs 1996 - 1999 (1999)

Suicide gene therapy can be defined as a two-step treatment for solid tumours. In the first step, specific gene delivery technology leads to the expression of a foreign prodrug-activating enzyme only in tumour cells. During the second step, a non-toxic prodrug is administered which is converted by the expressed enzyme to a potent cytotoxic agent. The patent literature covering new gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) systems, improvements to GDEPT systems and improved delivery for suicide gene therapy, is discussed.
Seasonal Changes in the Iron, Manganese, and Zinc Concentrations in the Sediments, Chaoborus punctipennis (Say) and Chironomus tentans (Fabr.) in Arbuckle Lake, Oklahoma (1982)

The concentration of iron, manganese, and zinc of the sediments and of two species of macroinvertebrates were examined at depths of 15 and 26 m in Arbuckle Lake. The concentration of manganese was extremely high in the sediments, while the concentration of iron and zinc were low. Iron decreased in the sediments in summer. Populations of Chaoborus punctipennis and Chironomus tentans accumulated iron and zinc, but did not concentrate manganese.
Design and fabrication of a single leakage-channel grating coupler (1993)

We describe the modeling and fabrication of waveguide grating couplers with theoretical outcoupling efficiencies into a single diffracted order nearing 100%. Termed single leakage-channel grating couplers (or SLCGC's), these devices utilize a high-reflectivity dielectric stack to reflect the outcoupled beam diffracted toward the substrate and back up into the air region, where it constructively adds with the beam diffracted into the air region. Computer modeling shows that the branching ratio and the leakage rate can be independently controlled, and that the branching ratio is independent of grating depth and grating period. A SLCGC with a branching ratio of 97.1% is fabricated by the use of a combination of vacuum-evaporation and wet-chemical techniques.
In Situ Synthesis of Iron Oxide within Polyvinylamine Nanoparticle Reactors (2009)

Magnetic nanoparticles that display high saturation magnetization and high magnetic susceptibility with a size less than 200 nm are of great interest for medical applications. Traditionally, synthetic and natural polymers have been employed as surface modifiers to stabilize magnetite nanoparticle suspensions and improve their function in vivo. Unfortunately, current surface modification strategies often are not successful in maintaining colloidal stability during synthesis or during transfer of magnetite nanoparticle to an aqueous phase. Here, a unique methodology for synthesizing magnetite within stable polymer nanoparticle dispersions has been developed. Polyvinylamine (PVAm) nanoparticles absorbed iron ions from solution via binding of iron with primary amine groups. Iron-loaded nanoparticles were then used as a reactor to synthesize iron oxide. The resulting PVAm nanoparticles exhibited more than 10% magnetite loading, offered excellent colloidal stability, and contained reactive primary amines for possible drug conjugation or surface modification. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the dispersions contained ∼100 nm diameter PVAm nanoparticles incorporating iron oxide particles with a size less than ∼10 nm. The aqueous synthesis of iron oxide inside PVAm nanoparticles is an effective approach to maintain colloidal stability and offers particles with a high density of reactive site for ligand grafting. This scheme provides a unique synthetic methodology for medical applications such as contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging or drug delivery.
Radiofrequency ablation for post infarction ventricular tachycardia. (2004)

Radiofrequency ablation has an important role in the management of post infarction ventricular tachycardia. The mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is complex and technically challenging. In the era of implantable cardioverter defibrillators, the role of radiofrequency ablation is most commonly reserved as an adjunctive treatment for patients with frequent, symptomatic episodes of ventricular tachycardia. In this setting the procedure has a success rate of around 70-80% and a low complication rate. With improved ability to predict recurrent VT and improvements in mapping and ablation techniques and technologies, the role of radiofrequency ablation should expand further.