gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>dl</i>-3-Hydroxybutyrate administration prevents myocardial damage after coronary occlusion in rat hearts (2002)

To investigate the role of high concentrations of dl-3-hydroxybutyrate (DL-3-HB) in preventing heart damage after prolonged fasting, infarct size and the incidence of apoptosis caused by ischemia-reperfusion were determined in four groups of Wistar rats. Fed rats (+/-DL-3-HB group) and fasted rats (+/-DL-3-HB group) were subjected to 30 min of left coronary artery occlusion and 120 min of reperfusion. DL-3-HB was administered intravenously 60 min before the coronary artery occlusion. Infarct size, defined by triphenylyetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, was reduced from 72 +/- 3% (fed group), 75 +/- 5% (fed + DL-3-HB group), and 70 +/- 5% (fasting group), respectively, to 26 +/- 4% (P < 0.01 vs. fasting + DL-3-HB group). Apoptosis, as defined by single-stranded DNA staining, was significantly reduced in the subendocardial region in the fasting + DL-3-HB group (9 +/- 2%) compared with the other groups (39 +/- 6% in the fed group, 37 +/- 5% in the fed + DL-3-HB group, and 34 +/- 3% in the fasting group; P < 0.01). In addition, levels of ATP in the fasting + DL-3-HB group were significantly higher compared with other groups after 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that high concentrations of DL-3-HB reduces myocardial infarction size and apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion, possibly by providing increased energy substrate to the fasted rat myocardium.
Spatial Patterns and Size Distributions of Cities (2014)

City size distributions are known to be well approximated by power laws across many countries.By far the most popular explanation for such power-law regularities is in terms of random growth processes, where power laws arise asymptotically from the assumption of iid growth rates among all cities within a given country.But this assumption has additional consequences.Since all subsets of cities have the same statistical properties, each subset must exhibit essentially the same power law.Moreover, this common power law (CPL) property must hold regardless of the spatial relations among cities.Using data from the US, this paper shows first that spatial partitions of cities based on geographical proximity are significantly more consistent with the CPL property than are random partitions.It is then shown that this significance becomes even stronger when proximity among cities is measured in terms of trade linkages rather than simple geographical distance.These results provide compelling evidence that spatial relations between cities do indeed matter for city-size distributions.Further analysis shows that these results hinge on the natural "spacing out" property of city patterns in which larger cities tend to be widely spaced apart with smaller cities organized around them.
Food Carbohydrate Chemistry (2012)

Carbohydrates are major components of foods. They account for more than 90 percent of the dry matter of fruits and vegetables and provide 70 to 80 percent of human caloric intake worldwide so, from a quantitative perspective alone, they warrant the attention of food chemists. From the standpoint of food quality, carbohydrates are multifunctional. Sugars are the major source of sweetness, but in addition, carbohydrates provide flavor, color, and texture – desirable, undesirable, and neutral – as well as having functional roles as thickeners, gelling agents, bodying agents, and stabilizers in foods. When it comes to nutrition, carbohydrates are often blamed for such health issues as obesity, diabetes, and dental caries. It should be realized that carbohydrates are, or should be, the principal source of energy in our diet and that good nutrition is based on the consumption of the appropriate carbohydrates, in the right amounts, and in balance with other nutrients.
Report From the First Operational Winter of the Norwegian Avalanche Centre (2013)

The Norwegian Avalanche Centre had its first operational season from mid-January until the end of May 2013. We report on the experiences from the first operational winter. The Norwegian Avalanche Center assesses the avalanche danger based on the European Avalanche Danger Scale for 24 regions on mainland Norway. In addition we assess the meteorological conditions for all of Nor- way and issue a warning if the danger level exceeds 3-considerable outside the predefined forecasting regions. Avalanche bulletins were issued four times a week for each region and published on www.varsom.no. Most of the regions are situated in a maritime climate along the west coast of Nor- way, while a handful is situated in a more continental climate. A network of professional field observ- ers provides a local danger assessment 2-3 times a week for each region. In general we have sparse data for vast regions. In addition the forecast is issued for the next 48h making it very dependent on the regional weather forecast and uncertainties in there. Despite some challenges the first season was rated a success by users and operators. User surveys and two workshops at the end of the season gave valuable input for further development. Daily updated bulletins will be issued from next season and more regions will be included within the coming two years.
Investigation of Si Implantation into ILD (Interlayer Dielectric) for film property modification (2014)

In this paper, a specific Si ion implantation is investigated as applied to ILD (Interlayer Dielectric) films (include SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and SiN) property modification. The etch rate change of the films before/post implantation were checked by dilute HF solution and F radical contain plasma gas (SiCoNi@AMAT™). Different implant energy and dosage were also studied. It is found the etch rate of oxide and SiN films by dilute HF are both reduced dramatically after Si implantation, while etch rate as collected in SiCoNi chamber is varied by implant dosage. The as implanted Si profiles in dielectric films were checked by SIMS, which are consistent with the DHF wet etch rate (WER) change along the film surface to bulk. We also applied this Si implantation on HK/MG last CMOS device manufacture flow, the cross-section TEM results of pattern wafers confirm that it can obviously reduce the ILD films loss during dummy poly and oxide remove process.
Frequent T cell responses against immunogenic targets in lung cancer patients for targeted immunotherapy (2013)

To date, lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality with short overall survival despite adequate therapy. New immunotherapeutic strategies using peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) can induce a specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response leading to a targeted tumor cell death. In the present study, we addressed whether there are further significant immunogenic candidate targets that may induce strong immune reactions with a high frequency in lung cancer patients eligible for cellular immunotherapeutic approaches, such as in a polyvalent vaccination approach. In this study, we investigated specific CTL responses of 14 HLA-A*0201-positive patients (of 33 screened patients) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; n=12) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC; n=2) against several known and novel TAA-derived peptides from lung cancer and/or other tumor entities, by measuring granzyme B (GrB) and/or interferon γ (IFNγ) secretion using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) analysis. Specific T cell responses could be detected for hTERT (4/13), two MAGE-A3-derived peptides (4/13 and 3/13, respectively), RHAMM (4/14), PRAME (8/14), G250 (7/12), survivin (3/13), HER2 (5/10) and WT1 (2/14), but also novel epitopes derived from Aurora kinase A (4/13) and B (5/13). Additionally, simultaneous CTL responses against the different peptides were examined and specific T cell responses against at least one of these TAAs could be detected in 13/14 (93%) patients. It could be shown that all patients with immune reactions against RHAMM and hTERT showed also immune responses against PRAME. Furthermore, patients with CTL responses against the Aurora kinase A peptide (Aura A1) also demonstrated a response against the Aurora kinase B peptide (Aura B1). Taken together, we showed that these TAA-derived peptides induce frequent specific T cell responses in patients with metastatic lung cancer and are, therefore, novel candidates for targeted immunotherapies and polyvalent approaches.
Multiple Sliding Surface Control of Idle Engine Speed and Torque Reserve With Dead Start Assist Control (2009)

The subject of this paper is a multiple sliding surface controller that is adopted to automotive engine control at idle condition. The control task is to hold the engine speed and the torque reserve at their reference values despite parameter uncertainties, variations in the intake-to-torque-production delay, or even in the case of external load torque disturbances. Additionally, the dead start of the vehicle is intensively studied and an appropriate extension of the controller with an internal switching law is developed. A validated nonlinear simulation model is used to evaluate the performance and the robustness of the closed-loop system. Furthermore, experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control design.
Therapeutic Challenges of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Focus on the Dopaminergic System (2019)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness developed by vulnerable individuals exposed to life-threatening events. The pharmacological unresponsiveness displayed by the vast majority of PTSD patients has raised considerable interest in understanding the poorly known pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disorder. Most studies in the field focused, so far, on noradrenergic mechanisms, because of their well-established role in either tuning arousal or in encoding emotional memories. However, less attention has been paid to other neural systems. Manipulations of the dopaminergic system alter behavioral responses to stressful situations and recent findings suggest that dopaminergic dysfunction might play an overriding role in the pathophysiology of PTSD. In the present review, dopaminergic mechanisms relevant for the pathogenesis of PTSD, as well as potential dopaminergic-based pharmacotherapies are discussed in the context of addressing the unmet medical need for new and effective drugs for treatment of PTSD.
Gender differences in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction in Lebanon. (2000)

The results reveal similarities between gender differences among Lebanese and Western populations. The higher mortality rate in women may relate to the late arrival to hospital, the older age and the more frequent complications. This emphasizes the need to educate women about coronary risk and to urge them to seek early medical care.
Developing methodologies for large scale wave and tidal stream marine renewable energy extraction and its environmental impact: An overview of the TeraWatt project (2016)

• Licensing arrangements for marine renewable energy (MRE) developments must consider potential environmental effects. • These include the single, combined and cumulative effects of multi-site MRE developments over a wider region. • We introduce here a “toolbox” of datasets and methods to quantify the effects of wave and tidal stream MRE developments. • These were applied to the area of greatest MRE development potential in Scottish waters (Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters).
Advances In Excimer Laser Materials Processing (1988)

Excimer lasers are finding increasing use in the area of laser materials processing. Of particular importance is the fact that excimers can remove material through ablation rather than by any purely thermal mechanism such as those associated with YAG or C0<sub>2 </sub> processing. This paper reviews briefly the basic mechanisms associated with excimer laser ablation and presents several examples of practical applications of this new technique.
SMA-SH: Modified Styrene–Maleic Acid Copolymer for Functionalization of Lipid Nanodiscs (2016)

Challenges in purification and subsequent functionalization of membrane proteins often complicate their biochemical and biophysical characterization. Purification of membrane proteins generally involves replacing the lipids surrounding the protein with detergent molecules, which can affect protein structure and function. Recently, it was shown that styrene-maleic acid copolymers (SMA) can dissolve integral membrane proteins from biological membranes into nanosized discs. Within these nanoparticles, proteins are embedded in a patch of their native lipid bilayer that is stabilized in solution by the amphipathic polymer that wraps the disc like a bracelet. This approach for detergent-free purification of membrane proteins has the potential to greatly simplify purification but does not facilitate conjugation of functional compounds to the membrane proteins. Often, such functionalization involves laborious preparation of protein variants and optimization of labeling procedures to ensure only minimal perturbation of the protein. Here, we present a strategy that circumvents several of these complications through modifying SMA by grafting the polymer with cysteamine. The reaction results in SMA that has solvent-exposed sulfhydrils (SMA-SH) and allows tuning of the coverage with SH groups. Size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that SMA-SH dissolves lipid bilayer membranes into lipid nanodiscs, just like SMA. In addition, we demonstrate that, just like SMA, SMA-SH solubilizes proteoliposomes into protein-loaded nanodiscs. We covalently modify SMA-SH-lipid nanodiscs using thiol-reactive derivatives of Alexa Fluor 488 and biotin. Thus, SMA-SH promises to simultaneously tackle challenges in purification and functionalization of membrane proteins.
The biochemical dynamics of monoclonal antibody production in high density perfused fermentors (1991)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, 1992
Mechanisms of acid resistance in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (1996)

Enterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli must pass through the acidic gastric barrier to cause gastrointestinal disease. Taking into account the apparent low infectious dose of enterohemorrhagic E. coli, 11 O157:H7 strains and 4 commensal strains of E. coli were tested for their abilities to survive extreme acid exposures (pH 3). Three previously characterized acid resistance systems were tested. These included an acid-induced oxidative system, an acid-induced arginine-dependent system, and a glutamate-dependent system. When challenged at pH 2.0, the arginine-dependent system provided more protection in the EHEC strains than in commensal strains. However, the glutamate-dependent system provided better protection than the arginine system and appeared equally effective in all strains. Because E. coli must also endure acid stress imposed by the presence of weak acids in intestinal contents at a pH less acidic than that of the stomach, the ability of specific acid resistance systems to protect against weak acids was examined. The arginine- and glutamate-dependent systems were both effective in protecting E. coli against the bactericidal effects of a variety of weak acids. The acids tested include benzoic acid (20 mM; pH 4.0) and a volatile fatty acid cocktail composed of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids at levels approximating those present in the intestine. The oxidative system was much less effective. Several genetic aspects of E. coli acid resistance were also characterized. The alternate sigma factor RpoS was shown to be required for oxidative acid resistance but was only partially involved with the arginine- and glutamate-dependent acid resistance systems. The arginine decarboxylase system (including adi and its regulators cysB and adiY) was responsible for arginine-dependent acid resistance. The results suggest that several acid resistance systems potentially contribute to the survival of pathogenic E. coli in the different acid stress environments of the stomach (pH 1 to 3) and the intestine (pH 4.5 to 7 with high concentrations of volatile fatty acids). Of particular importance to the food industry was the finding that once induced, the acid resistance systems will remain active for prolonged periods of cold storage at 4 degrees C.
Impact of Varicella Vaccine on Varicella-Zoster Virus Dynamics (2010)

The licensure and recommendation of varicella vaccine in the mid-1990s in the United States have led to dramatic declines in varicella incidence and varicella-related deaths and hospitalizations. Varicella outbreaks remain common and occur increasingly in highly vaccinated populations. Breakthrough varicella in vaccinated individuals is characteristically mild, typically with fewer lesions that frequently do not progress to a vesicular stage. As such, the laboratory diagnosis of varicella has grown increasingly important, particularly in outbreak settings. In this review the impact of varicella vaccine on varicella-zoster virus (VZV) disease, arising complications in the effective diagnosis and monitoring of VZV transmission, and the relative strengths and limitations of currently available laboratory diagnostic techniques are all addressed. Since disease symptoms often resolve in outbreak settings before suitable test specimens can be obtained, the need to develop new diagnostic approaches that rely on alternative patient samples is also discussed.
Binding Orientations, QSAR, and Molecular Design of Thiophene Derivative Inhibitors (2009)

A theoretical study on binding orientations and quantitative structure-activity relationship of thiophene derivatives as inhibitors towards tubulin has been carried out by using the docking analysis and the comparative molecular field analysis. The appropriate binding orientations and conformations of these compounds interacting with tubulin were revealed by docking study; and a 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship model showing significant statistical quality and satisfying predictive ability was established, in which the correlation coefficient (R(2)) and cross-validation coefficient (q(2)) are 0.949 and 0.743, respectively. The same model was further applied to predict the pIC(50) values for nine congeneric compounds as external test set, and the predictive correlation coefficient R(pred)(2) reaches 0.929, thus the predictive ability of this 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship model can be further confirmed. Some key structural factors of the compounds responsible for cytotoxicity were discussed in detail. Based on these structural factors, three new compounds with higher activity have been designed, and their cytotoxicities were also predicted by the established 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship model from comparative molecular field analysis as well as the docking analysis. We hope these theoretical results can be confirmed by experimental work.
HIV infection and AIDS in China, 1985 through 1994. (1996)

HIV infection and AIDS in China began as a highly regionalized and largely rural problem in Yunnan Province. However, HIV infection and AIDS have become an emerging urban problem. HIV seropositivity is low among several groups thought to have an elevated risk.
Convolutional Neural Network for Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation (2016)

This paper proposes a CNN (Convolutional neural network) based blood vessel segmentation algorithm. Each pixel with its neighbors of the fundus image is checked by the CNN. The preliminary segmentation results of fundus images were refined by a two stages binarization and a morphological operation successively. The algorithm was tested on DRIVE dataset. While the specificity is 0.9603, sensitivity is 0.7731, which is very close to that of manual annotation. The sensitivity is 2% better than the ones found in current studies. The CNN based algorithm improves the segmentation of blood vessels performance significantly.
Structure-Activity Relationships for Xyloglucan Oligosaccharides with Antiauxin Activity (1989)

This work was designed to investigate the structural features required for a branched xyloglucan nonasaccharide (XG9; composition: glucose(4)xylose(3)galactose(1)fucose(1)) to exhibit anti-auxin activity in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) stem segment straight-growth bioassay. Oligosaccharides were prepared by cellulase-catalyzed hydrolysis of Rosa xyloglucan, and tested for auxin antagonism. The quantitatively major hepta-, octa-, and decasaccharides (XG7, XG8, and XG10) showed no antiauxin activity at the concentrations tested and did not interfere with the antiauxin effect of 10(-9) molar XG9 when coincubated at equimolar concentrations. The results indicate that the XG9-recognition system in pea stem segments is highly discriminating. A terminal alpha-l-fucose residue is essential for the antiauxin activity of XG9 and a neighboring terminal beta-d-galactose residue can abolish the activity; possible reasons for the effect of the galactose residue are discussed. A sample of XG9 extensively purified by gel-permeation chromatography followed by paper chromatography in two solvent systems still exhibited antiauxin activity with a concentration optimum around 10(-9) molar. This diminishes the likelihood that the antiauxin activity reported for previous nonsaccharide preparations was due to a compound other than XG9.
Forced shear flow of magnetic bubble arrays (1993)

We present direct experimental observations of collective transport in two-dimensional magnetic bubble arrays in thin garnet films. Shear flow is produced by forcing the array to move past a flat interface; the array is strongly pinned on the other side of the interface. Time-resolved images of the dislocation dynamics that produce shear flow are obtained via Voroni constructions.
Taxonomía de capacidades aplicadas a las Ciencias Sociales, Geografía e Historia (1994)

Con la taxonomia propuesta se puede y debe lograr que el alumno, despues de haber puesto en practica sus conocimientos y desarrollado las capacidades a las que hemos hecho referencia, tenga una mirada mas despejada y una capacidad de sintesis acompanada de una inicial valoracion reflexiva para poder comprender el pasado. Asi es como deben llevarse a cabo los estudios de Geografia e Historia y, en general, de las Ciencias Sociales. No importa que los caminos y los horizontes sean diversos, como diversa es la humanidad; lo que importa es que los rasgos comunes sobre contenidos, procedimientos, formas y metodos conduzcan al logro de una nueva y buena sociedad, enriquecedora del mundo actual
Chiral benzylidene derivatives of glycerol (1976)

Chiral benzylidene derivatives of glycerol, the [(2R,4S)- and (2S,4S)-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4- yl]methanols (3a) and (4a), together with some simple derivatives, are reported.
759. Extrusion of sulphur. Part II. A new route to phenanthridine derivatives (1957)

A. D. Jarrett and J. D. Loudon, J. Chem. Soc., 1957, 3818 DOI: 10.1039/JR9570003818