gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon Oxynitride Layers Fabricated by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) for CMOS Devices (2009)

This work is devoted to the technology and characterization of silicon oxynitride layers (SiOxNy) formed by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD). In the course of this work thermal stability of deposited layers was also examined. Expected changes in structure, chemical composition and electro-physical properties of the obtained layers were investigated by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and electrical characterization of manufactured test structures (metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors and MISFETs). Selected process parameters were chosen to fabricate SiOxNy layers which were introduced into MIS devices with double gate dielectric stack (based of hafnium dioxide). Electrical characterization of such MIS structures with PECVD silicon oxynitride have shown a feasibility of application of obtained system in non-volatile semiconductor memory (NVSM) devices.
REPORT on the First International Workshop on Chromosome 9 held at Girton College Cambridge, UK, 22–24 March, 1992 (1992)

The meeting was attended by 70 participants whose names and addresses are included in an appendix to this report.Fifty-four abstracts were received and the data presented on posters.The main role of the meeting was seen as the construction of a consensus map of chromosome 9, together with a sharing of knowledge about resources such as hybrids, libraries and new polymorphisms.The group divided into separate working parties to consider 9p, 9cen-9q32, 9q33-9qter, global problems and comparative mapping.The findings of each of these groups are included in this report.There was a separate discussion of resources which is also summarized.Two databases were discussed and demonstrated (GDB by Bonnie Maidak and ldb by Andy Collins).The chromosome 9 workshop was preceded on the afternoon of Sunday, 22 March by a workshop on Tuberous Sclerosis.Because of the relevance of this to chromosome 9q34 a report on this workshop is included in that section.A further subgroup met on 24 March to discuss the CEPH chromosome 9 consortium map and a brief report on their progress was produced.In accordance with the recommendation of the Global group an attempt has been made to reference information in the maps but it is recognized that this is incomplete.
Redox Properties of Cytochrome<i>c</i>Adsorbed on Self-Assembled Monolayers: A Probe for Protein Conformation and Orientation (2002)

The redox behavior of cytochrome c (cyt c) adsorbed to gold electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) depends on the SAM. This paper examines SAMs generated from alkanethiols terminating in trimethylammonium (1), sulfonate (2), methyl (3), amine (4), and carboxylic acid (5) groups and from an aromatic thiol (6). The redox potentials of cyt c adsorbed on SAMs of 1 and 5 are relatively close to the formal potential of native cyt c measured in solution. The redox potentials of cyt c adsorbed on SAMs of 3, 4, and 6 are significantly shifted from the formal potential, and a reduction peak at about 0.5 V more negative than the formal potential (that is, a value corresponding to a more difficult reduction) was observed in all three cases. These observations suggest that cyt c changes its conformation significantly on adsorption on these surfaces. No redox peaks were observed for cyt c adsorbed on SAMs of 2, although surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies indicate that the SAMs of 2 irreversibly adsorbed approximately a double layer of cyt c. Mixed SAMs were also studied. Most interestingly, cyt c adsorbed on mixed SAMs formed from the combinations of 1 and 2 exhibited significantly slower electron transfer (0.3−1.2 s-1) than cyt c adsorbed on a homogeneous SAM of 1 (45 s-1). These observations suggest changes in protein orientation due to the presence of the sulfonate groups at the interface. This study suggests that electrochemical measurement can be a useful probe for the conformation and orientation of protein adsorbed on surfaces.
연금개혁의 정치: 서구 3개국 사례를 통해 본 구조적 개혁의 정치적 조건들 (2005)

이 논문은 영국, 스웨덴, 이탈리아라는 서구 3개국 경험을 사례로 구조적 연금개혁 의 성공을 위한 정치적 조건들을 해명한다. 영국은 정부주도에 의해, 스웨덴은 정당들간의 정책지향적 합의에 의해, 그리고 이탈리아는 노정 간의 합의에 의해 연금개혁에성공할 수 있었다. 그러나 이런 사회적 합의의 상이한 정치적 표현들에도 불구하고구조적 연금개혁의 성패를 결정한 가장 중요한 요인은 연금개혁에 연루되는 사회적행위자들 간의 세력관계라고 할 수 있다. 세 나라의 경험은 기존 연금제도를 방어하려는 세력이 분열되고 취약한 경우, 즉 연금을 둘러싼 복지동맹에 심각한 균열이 생기는 경우 구조개혁이 성공할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 이는 신제도주의의 주장과달리, 성숙한 복지국가에서의 복지정치에 있어서도 여전히 사회적 행위자들의 권력자원과 세력관계가 중요하다는 것을 시사한다.
Aeration control – a review (2013)

This review covers automatic control of continuous aeration systems in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The review focuses on published research in the 21st century and describes research into various methods to decide and control the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and to control the aerobic volume with special focus on plants with nitrogen removal. Important aspects of control system implementation and success are discussed, together with a critical review of published research on the topic. With respect to DO control and determination, the strategies used for control span from modifications and developments of conventional control methods which have been explored since the 1970s, to advanced control such as model-based predictive and optimal controllers. The review is supplemented with a summary of comparisons between control strategies evaluated in full-scale, pilot-scale and in simulations.
Enhanced Glycosylation and Sulfation of Secretory Proteoglycans Is Coupled to the Expression of a Basic Secretory Protein (1998)

We have used coexpression of a salivary basic proline-rich protein (PRP) along with a proline-rich proteoglycan (PRPg) in pituitary AtT-20 cells to examine the regulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis and the storage of these secretory products for regulated secretion. The basic PRP caused a dose-dependent increase in sulfation of PRPg and also increased the extent to which PRPg polypeptide backbones are modified by a GAG chain. The sulfation of an endogenous proteoglycan was similarly increased in the presence of basic PRP; however, other sulfated secretory products of AtT-20 cells were unaffected. These results imply that enzymes functioning in elongation and sulfation of proteoglycans are coordinately regulated and that their activities respond to a change in the milieu of the intracellular transport pathway. Analysis of the regulated secretion of both the basic PRP and PRPg has indicated that while the presence of the GAG chain improves the storage of PRPg, the presence of PRPg does not increase the storage of basic PRP. Therefore, sulfation of GAGs does not appear to be a primary factor in regulated secretory sorting.
An illusion that avoids focus (1996)

Fixation of certain high contrast patterns may produce an intriguing visual phenomenon of movement in the periphery of the stimulus. Controversy exists over whether the illusory motion is produced by brain-generated activity or by the accommodation system. We provide a review of the literature to demonstrate that neither of these hypotheses is satisfactory and that the illusion, together with the conflicting empirical evidence that surrounds it, may be explained by the normal instability of human gaze.
HIGH ACCURACY TARGETING USING A GPS-AIDED INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT (1998)

The GI-Eye GPS/inertial video system is design to support rapid collection and location of target coordinates through processing georeferenced digital video imager. Extracting coordinates from video imagery has historically required significant processing to determine the relative position and orientation of stereo image pairs (through photogrammetry) or the use of expensive fixedbase stereo vision systems. The GI-Eye GPS/inertial video camera system enables high accuracy 3-D coordinates to be efficiently extracted from the video data without requiring the use of computationally intensive photogrammetric processing or stereo cameras. This paper describes the GI-Eye system developed by NAVSYS, and presents test data that demonstrate the system’s performance and ability to perform rapid, high accuracy targeting.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of CoFe[sub 2]O[sub 4] Nanowire Arrays (2006)

We report the preparation and magnetic properties of Co2FeO4nanowires grown by electrodeposition inside the pores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). The synthesis requires two successive steps: the electrodeposition of fairly amorphous Fe-Co oxides or hydroxides species followed by a heat-treatment. According to X-ray diffraction and magnetic properties, a 24-h heat-treatment is necessary to obtain well-crystallized Co2FeO4 nanowires with interesting magnetic properties. The diameter of the CoFe2O4 nanowires is equivalent to the diameter size of the pores (200 nm) and their length depends on the electrodeposition time used in the preparation of the precursor (here we prepared up to 30-Î¼m-long wires).
CuAAC: An Efficient Click Chemistry Reaction on Solid Phase (2015)

Click chemistry is an approach that uses efficient and reliable reactions, such as Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), to bind two molecular building blocks. CuAAC has broad applications in medicinal chemistry and other fields of chemistry. This review describes the general features and applications of CuAAC in solid-phase synthesis (CuAAC-SP), highlighting the suitability of this kind of reaction for peptides, nucleotides, small molecules, supramolecular structures, and polymers, among others. This versatile reaction is expected to become pivotal for meeting future challenges in solid-phase chemistry.
Training and evaluating error minimization rules for statistical machine translation (2005)

Decision rules that explicitly account for non-probabilistic evaluation metrics in machine translation typically require special training, often to estimate parameters in exponential models that govern the search space and the selection of candidate translations. While the traditional Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) decision rule can be optimized as a piecewise linear function in a greedy search of the parameter space, the Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decision rule is not well suited to this technique, a condition that makes past results difficult to compare. We present a novel training approach for non-tractable decision rules, allowing us to compare and evaluate these and other decision rules on a large scale translation task, taking advantage of the high dimensional parameter space available to the phrase based Pharaoh decoder. This comparison is timely, and important, as decoders evolve to represent more complex search space decisions and are evaluated against innovative evaluation metrics of translation quality.
A compact model for the grounded-gate nMOS behaviour under CDM ESD stress (2005)

The parasitic bipolar transistor inherent to grounded gate nMOS transistors is modelled, accounting for the specific conditions applied by CDM ESD stress. The avalanching, the triggering of snapback and the CDM-specific bipolar saturation mode are addressed. The optimal gate length for CDM protection in advanced submicron technologies is discussed.
Conversion of organic acids to h<sub>2</sub> by <i>Rhodospirillaceae</i> grown with glutamate or dinitrogen as nitrogen source (1983)

Axenic cultures of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Rhodomicrobium vannielii grown with glutamate as the nitrogen source converted lactate, acetate, and butyrate to H(2) and CO(2). Conversion rates ranged from 100 to 926 mL H(2) L(r) (-1) day(-1) (where L(r) is the reactor contents), and efficiencies varied from 23 to 100% When grown with N(2), conversion rates up to 760 mL H(2) L(r) (-1) day(-1) and efficiencies up to 100%were achieved. Upon aging, cultures appear to rapidly increase in hydrogen uptake activity and furthermore decrease in nitrogenase activity, both factors leading to a slowdown of hydrogen production. This was particularly the case for diazotrophically grown photobacteria.
Development of a sensitive, multiplexed immunoassay using xMAP beads for detection of serotype-specific Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen in urine samples (2010)

In support of the surveillance of pneumococcal infections in the era of conjugate vaccines, a sensitive and specific multiplex immunoassay using xMAP beads has been developed for direct detection of pneumococcal serotype-specific polysaccharides in clinical samples, particularly urine. The assay was tested on panels of spiked urine specimens, clinical urine specimens and bacterial isolates. Each of the 14 serotypes in the multiplex assay can be detected to 0.1 ng purified polysaccharide ml(-1), or less. Testing of a panel of urine specimens from patients with culture-confirmed pneumococcal or non-pneumococcal disease indicated that the multiplex assay is both sensitive and specific. The correct pneumococcal serotype was identified directly from urine in 46/58 (79.3 %) patients who had a contemporaneous blood culture isolate of a multiplex assay serotype. Furthermore, the specificity of the assay on this panel of samples was 99.3 % (145/146). This multiplex assay could be useful, in conjunction with the pneumococcal screening test Binax NOW, in urine for diagnosis of pneumococcal disease and the identification of the aetiological serotype, and potentially be of benefit in culture-negative patients.
A simple and practical phase-separation approach to the recycling of a homogeneous metathesis catalyst (2006)

The air stable asarone-derived Ru carbene 16, a robust olefin metathesis catalyst, can be easily separated after reaction by deposition on silica gel and reused up to nine times. This procedure provides products of excellent purity with low Ru content.
Designing cell lines for viral vaccine production: Where do we stand? (2015)

Established animal cells, such as Vero, Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) or chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), are still the main cell lines used for viral vaccine production, although new "designer cells" have been available for some years. These designer cell lines were specifically developed as a cell substrate for one application and are well characterized. Later screening for other possible applications widened the product range. These cells grow in suspension in chemically defined media under controlled conditions and can be used for up to 100 passages. Scale-up is easier and current process options allow cultivation in disposable bioreactors at cell concentrations higher than 1 × 10(7) cells/mL. This review covers the limitations of established cell lines and discusses the requirements and screening options for new host cells. Currently available designer cells for viral vaccine production (PER.C6, CAP, AGE1.CR, EB66 cells), together with other new cell lines (PBS-1, QOR/2E11, SogE, MFF-8C1 cells) that were recently described as possible cell substrates are presented. Using current process knowledge and cell line development tools, future upstream processing could resemble today's Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell processes for monoclonal antibody production: small scale bioreactors (disposable) in perfusion or fed-batch mode with cell concentrations above 1 × 10(8) cells/mL.
The infinite distance in the determination of the nearest Euclidean M-neighbours in the K-D-B tree (1989)

A search scheme of the nearest m-neighbors in the K-D-B tree structure is proposed. In this scheme, two different strategies for the selection of alternative descent branches, which determine the order in which the criticism of the pruning tree is studied, are devised. An experimental study of this was performed using the infinite distance and Euclidean distance. The low cost of the infinite distance approach with respect to the Euclidean and the inclusion relation that exists between hyperspheres of equal radius are conducive to the study of the search problem of the Euclidean m-neighbors using the infinite distance as filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mitigation of Low-Frequency Current Ripple in Fuel-Cell Inverter Systems Through Waveform Control (2012)

Fuel-cell power systems comprising single-phase dc/ac inverters draw low-frequency ac ripple currents at twice the output frequency from the fuel cell. Such a 100/120 Hz ripple current may create instability in the fuel-cell system, lower its efficiency, and shorten the lifetime of a fuel cell stack. This paper presents a waveform control method that can mitigate such a low-frequency ripple current being drawn from the fuel cell while the fuel-cell system delivers ac power to the load through a differential inverter. This is possible because with the proposed solution, the pulsation component (cause of ac ripple current) of the output ac power will be supplied mainly by the two output capacitors of the differential inverter while the average dc output power is supplied by the fuel cell. Theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental results are provided to explain the operation and showcase the performance of the approach. Results validate that the proposed solution can achieve significant mitigation of the current ripple as well as high-quality output voltage without extra hardware. Application of the solution is targeted at systems where current ripple mitigation is required, such as for the purpose of eliminating electrolytic capacitor in photovoltaic and LED systems.
3D negative electrode stacks for integrated all-solid-state lithium-ion microbatteries (2010)

The deposition feasibility and electrochemical evaluation of highly structured negative electrode stacks for 3D-integrated batteries is demonstrated. The stacks comprise a TiN thin film, serving as both current collector and Li-barrier layer, covered by a polycrystalline Si (poly-Si) thin film as electrode material. In comparison with planar films, these poly-Si films present a storage capacity increase of about 5× for the highest pore aspect ratio electrodes. The step coverage of poly-Si can be considerably improved by growing TiN and poly-Si into wide trenches. This results in much smoother poly-Si films and significantly improved step coverage. Further optimization of the trench dimensions should result in poly-Si films with a Li-storage capacity increase of more than one order of magnitude with respect to planar films.
Pericentromeric Regions of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Chromosomes Consist of Retroelements and Tandemly Repeated DNA and Are Structurally and Evolutionarily Labile (2005)

Little is known about the physical makeup of heterochromatin in the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) genome. Using DNA sequencing and molecular cytogenetics, an initial analysis of the repetitive fraction of the soybean genome is presented. BAC 076J21, derived from linkage group L, has sequences conserved in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of all 20 chromosomes. FISH analysis of this BAC and three subclones on pachytene chromosomes revealed relatively strict partitioning of the heterochromatic and euchromatic regions. Sequence analysis showed that this BAC consists primarily of repetitive sequences such as a 102-bp tandem repeat with sequence identity to a previously characterized approximately 120-bp repeat (STR120). Fragments of Calypso-like retroelements, a recently inserted SIRE1 element, and a SIRE1 solo LTR were present within this BAC. Some of these sequences are methylated and are not conserved outside of G. max and G. soja, a close relative of soybean, except for STR102, which hybridized to a restriction fragment from G. latifolia. These data present a picture of the repetitive fraction of the soybean genome that is highly concentrated in the pericentromeric regions, consisting of rapidly evolving tandem repeats with interspersed retroelements.
Ionic and Electronic Transport in Metal Fluoride Conversion Electrodes (2013)

Materials that undergo a lithium conversion reaction often accommodate more than one Li per transition metal, and are promising candidates for high-capacity electrodes for lithium batteries. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the conversion process, the origins of the large polarization during electrochemical cycling, and why some materials are reversible (e.g., FeF2) while others are not (e.g., CuF2). We investigated the conversion reaction of metal fluorides, FeF2 and CuF2, to better understand the mechanisms underlying their contrasting electrochemical behavior. Lithium conversion of FeF2 results in the formation of an interconnected network of small iron nanoparticles (< 5nm), which may provide a pathway for electron transport and a high interfacial area between the Fe and LiF phases. Conversely, lithium conversion of CuF2 results in the formation of large isolated Cu particles, which may partially explain the poor reversibility in the CuF2 system.
Studies on pleuromutilin and some of its derivatives. (1976)

A number of derivatives of pleuromutilin (I) and of its degradation product, mutilin (II1, was prepared. The new monotosylation product of pleuromutilin (IIIc) served as the key substance for modification of the glycolic acid side chain. From the pleuromutilin monosuccinate (IIIk) water-soluble salts were obtained, among them the crystallized diethylaminoethanol salt that was investigated more closely. Some of the pleuromutilin derivatives showed antimicrobial activity.
Differential Elastic Image Registration (2001)

Introduction There are a variety of methods for medical image registration (see [9, 10, 26, 19, 17] for general surveys) . Differential registration techniques, however, are often cited as being ineffective, and as such have received little attention (exceptions include [4, 16, 20, 21]). This is unfortunate as differential motion techniques have been quite effective in the Computer Vision community (e.g., [15, 18, 25, 1, 14, 2, 13, 5, 12, 6, 7, 24]). Here we present an effective technique for elastic image registration built upon a differential framework. This technique models the mapping between images as a locally affine but globally smooth warp, and explicitly accounts for variations in image intensities. The resulting registration is simple and automatic. Results from several synthetic and clinical images are shown. 2. Methods We formulate the problem of image registration between a source and target image within a differential (non-feature based) framework. This formulation
Pyridoxamine:  An Extremely Potent Scavenger of 1,4-Dicarbonyls (2004)

1,4-Dicarbonyl compounds, which include 2,5-hexanedione and recently discovered endogenous 4-ketoaldehydes (levuglandins, isoketals, and neuroketals), exhibit severe toxicity. The key step in the toxicity of these compounds is their reaction with the lysyl residues of proteins to form pyrrole adducts. To screen for effective scavengers of these toxic compounds, we determined the reaction rates of pyrrole formation for a series of primary amines with a model 4-ketoaldehyde, 4-oxopentanal (OPA). We found pyridoxamine (PM) to react extremely rapidly, with a second-order rate constant at physiological pH being approximately 2300 times faster than that of Nalpha-acetyllysine. The extreme reactivity of PM was unique to 1,4-dicarbonyls, as its reactions with methylglyoxal and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal were much slower and only slightly faster than with Nalpha-acetyllysine. The phenolic group of PM was found to be essential to its high reactivity, and the rate constant for pyrrole formation with OPA exhibited a maximum at pH 7.5, close to the second pKa of PM. We therefore propose a mechanism involving transfer of the phenolic proton to the carbonyl of the initially formed hemiacetal, which facilitates subsequent nucleophilic attack and ring closure. Only 1,4-dicarbonyls are likely to participate in the proposed mechanism, thereby conferring unique sensitivity of this class of compounds to scavenging by PM.
The Unusual Case of Porcupine (2012)

A compound that targets the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer moves into therapeutic trials, 30 years after Wnt was discovered.