gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AC boosting compensation scheme for low-power multistage amplifiers (2004)

A new power-efficient frequency compensation scheme is proposed, called the AC Boosting Compensation (ACBC) scheme. An ac path is added to the internal stage of the conventional multistage amplifier, which improves significantly the performance such as the gain-bandwidth product and the slew rate without increasing the total power consumption. Analysis shows that the stability can be perfectly ensured. Two three-stage amplifiers have been implemented with and without a feed-forward stage, and fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The ACBC amplifiers driving a 500-pF capacitance achieved 1.9-MHz gain-bandwidth product (GBW) dissipating only 0.3-mW power with a 2-V supply. An amplifier based on conventional nested Miller compensation (NMC) could only achieve 0.11-MHz GBW with the same load and power conditions, which shows an improvement of a factor of 17 in GBW.
Subsurface Raman Imaging with Nanoscale Resolution (2006)

We report on chemically specific, subsurface imaging with high spatial resolution. Using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, we probe carbon nanotubes buried beneath a host dielectric media. We demonstrate our ability to map and resolve specific vibrational modes with 30 nm spatial resolution for dielectric layers with different thicknesses.
Simple Distributed Programming for Scalable Software-defined Networks (2015)

Software Defined Networking (SDN) aims at simplifying the process of network programming, by decoupling the control and data planes. This is often exemplified by implementing a complicated control logic as a simple control application deployed on a centralized controller. In practice, for scalability and resilience, such simple control applications are implemented as complex distributed applications, that demand significant efforts to develop, measure, and optimize. Such complexities obviate the benefits of SDN.\nIn this thesis, we present two distributed control platforms, Kandoo and Beehive, that are straightforward to program. Kandoo is a two-layer control plane: (i) the bottom layer is a colony of controllers with only local state, and (ii) the top layer is a logically centralized controller that maintains the network-wide state. Controllers at the bottom layer run only local control applications (i.e., applications that can function using the state of a single switch) near datapath. These controllers handle frequent events and shield the top layer. Using Kandoo, programmers flag their applications as either local or non-local, and the offloading process is seamlessly handled by the platform. Our evaluations show that a network controlled by Kandoo has an order of magnitude lower control channel consumption compared to centralized controllers. We demonstrate that Kandoo can be used to adapt and optimize Transform Control Protocol (TCP) in a large-scale High-Performance Computing (HPC) datacenter with a low network overhead.\nBeehive is a more generic proposal built around a programming model that is similar to centralized controllers, yet enables the platform to automatically infer how applications maintain their state and depend on one another. Using this programming model, the platform automatically generates the distributed version of each control application. With runtime instrumentation, the platform dynamically and seamlessly migrates applications among controllers aiming to optimize the control plane. Beehive also provides feedback to identify design bottlenecks in control applications, helping developers enhance the performance of the control plane. Implementing a distributed controller and a simple routing algorithm using Beehive, we demonstrate that Beehive is as simple to use as centralized controllers and can scale on par with existing distributed controllers. Moreover, we demonstrate that Beehive automatically improves control plane’s latency by optimizing the placement of control applications without any intervention by network operators.
Fit for the Eye: Aptamers in Ocular Disorders (2016)

For any new class of therapeutics, there are certain types of indications that represent a natural fit. For nucleic acid ligands in general, and aptamers in particular, the eye has historically been an attractive site for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we recount the discovery and early development of three aptamers designated for use in ophthalmology, one approved (Macugen), and two in late-stage development (Fovista and Zimura). Every one of these molecules was originally intended for other indications. Key improvements in technology, specifically with regard to libraries used for in vitro selection and subsequent chemical optimization of aptamers, have played an important role in allowing the identification of development candidates with suitable properties. The lessons learned from the selection of these molecules are valuable for informing us about the many remaining opportunities for aptamer-based therapeutics in ophthalmology as well as for identifying additional indications for which aptamers as a class of therapeutics have distinct advantages.
Effects of sex steroid hormones on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats (1995)

In vitro studies have shown that estrogen and progesterone can affect the contractile response and myoelectric activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of sex steroid hormones on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit were assessed in rats 15 min after intragastric instillation of a test meal containing charcoal and 51Cr. Gastric emptying was determined by measuring the amount of labeled chromium contained in the small intestine as a percentage of the initial amount received. Gastrointestinal transit was evaluated by calculating both the geometric center of distribution of the radiolabeled marker and the charcoal transit in the intestine. The experimental animals included diestrus rats; ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle, estradiol, and/or progesterone; and normal male and orchiectomized rats treated with vehicle or testosterone. Female rats in diestrus had a slower gastric emptying and a lesser geometric center value than ovariectomized rats. Estradiol inhibited gastric emptying but did not affect gastrointestinal transit. Progesterone increased gastric emptying. Progesterone at lower dose (10 mg/kg) decreased the geometric center compared with higher doses (20 or 40 mg/kg) or vehicle controls. A mixture of estradiol (10 micrograms/kg) and progesterone (20 mg/kg) inhibited gastric emptying to a similar degree as estradiol (10 micrograms/kg) did. Testosterone had no influence on gastric emptying or gastrointestinal transit. These results suggest that estradiol and a mixture of estradiol and progesterone inhibit, whereas progesterone enhances, gastric emptying. Testosterone did not play a role in gastrointestinal motility.
Experimental verification of the egress and ingress latency correction in PTP clocks (2014)

Precise time synchronization using the Precision Time Protocol (PTP, IEEE 1588-2008) is based on time-stamping of data packets on egress and ingress. The accuracy of the time-stamps is highly affected by the ingress and egress latencies of the PTP node. For an accurate synchronization it is therefore crucial to know the characteristics of these latencies. In our paper we present a measurement setup that enables the direct measurement of both the ingress and egress latencies of a PTP clock. In contrast to our earlier work, the principle utilizes standard PTP peer delay mechanism messages. It can therefore be applied to any PTP clock that supports the peer delay mechanism. It can thus verify whether the egress and ingress latencies of commercially available devices are correctly compensated. In our contribution we give a detailed description of the measurement setup. We demonstrate the feasibility of the system by presenting results for several devices with different time-stamping hardware.
Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing Bacillus subtilis Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Gene Show Low Herbicide Oxyfluorfen Resistance (2003)

Transgenic rice plants harbouring Bacillus subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) gene, which is targeted into plastid, were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin) and their gene integration at T1 generation by Southern and mRNA expression in T2 generation by Northern blotting were analyzed. Their herbicide-resistant trait was further confirmed by in vitro leaf segment assay and in planta bioassays such as seed germination assay and measurement of growth inhibition. The herbicide oxyfluorfen resistance in transgenic rice plants was not very high. The results showed that the Protox from B. subtilis can not be applicable as a gene source to generate a high level oxyfluorfen tolerance in plants.
Wnt Signal Pathways and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation (2006)

Self-renewal, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are controlled by a variety of pleiotropic signal molecules. Members of the morphogen family of Wnt molecules play a crucial role for developmental and repair mechanisms in the embryonic and adult nervous system. A strategy of disclosure of the role of different canonical (glycogen synthase kinase-3beta/beta-catenin-dependent) and noncanonical (Ca2+- and JNK-dependent) signal pathways for progenitor cell expansion and differentiations is illustrated at the example of the rat striatal progenitor cell line ST14A that is immortalized by stable retroviral transfection with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen. A shift from permissive 33 degrees C to nonpermissive 39 degrees C leads to proliferation stop and start of differentiation into glial and neuronal cells. Investigation of expression of Wnts, Wnt receptors and Wnt-dependent signal pathway assay point to a stage-dependent involvement of canonical and noncanonical signaling in proliferation and differentiation of ST14A cells, whereby a mutual suppression of pathway activities is likely. Canonical Wnt molecules are not detected in proliferating and differentiating ST14A cells except Wnt2. The noncanonical Wnt molecules Wnt4, Wnt5a and Wnt11 are expressed in proliferating cells and increase during differentiation, whereas cellular beta-catenin decreases in the early phase and is restored in the late phase of differentiation. Accumulation of beta-catenin at the membrane in undifferentiated proliferating cells and its nuclear localization in nondividing undifferentiated cells under differentiation conditions argues for a distinct spatially regulated role of the molecule in the proliferation and early differentiation phase. Ca2+-dependent and JNK-dependent noncanonical Wnt signaling is not detected during differentiation of ST14A cells. Complete exploration of the role of Wnt pathways, for differentiation of the neural progenitor cells ST14A will require Wnt overexpression and exposure of ST14A cells to exogenous Wnts either with purified Wnts or by co-cultures with Wnt producers.
Extraintestinal Spread and Replication of a Homologous EC Rotavirus Strain and a Heterologous Rhesus Rotavirus in BALB/c Mice (2006)

Although rotavirus infection has generally been felt to be restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, over the last two decades there have been sporadic reports of children with acute or fatal cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis testing positive for rotavirus antigen and/or nucleic acid in various extraintestinal locations such as serum, liver, kidney, bladder, testes, nasal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, and the central nervous system. Recently, studies in animals and people have demonstrated that rotavirus antigenemia is a common event during natural infection. In this study, we extend these observations and compare the intestinal and extraintestinal spread of wild-type homologous murine rotavirus EC and a heterologous strain, rhesus rotavirus (RRV), in newborn mice. A strand-specific quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (ssQRT-PCR) assay was used to quantify the ability of different rotavirus strains to spread and replicate extraintestinally. Both strain EC and RRV were detected extraintestinally in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), livers, lungs, blood, and kidneys. Extraintestinal replication, as measured by ssQRT-PCR, was most prominent in the MLN and occurred to a lesser degree in the livers, kidneys, and lungs. In the MLN, strain EC and RRV had similar (P < 0.05) RNA copy numbers, although EC was present at a 10,000-fold excess over RRV in the small intestine. Rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) and/or assembled triple-layered particles, indicated by immunostaining with the VP7 conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody 159, were detected in the MLN, lungs, and livers of EC- and RRV-inoculated mice, confirming the ssQRT-PCR findings. Infectious RRV was detected in the MLN in quantities exceeding the amount present in the small intestines or blood. The cells in the MLN that supported rotavirus replication included dendritic cells and potentially B cells and macrophages. These data indicate that extraintestinal spread and replication occurs commonly during homologous and some heterologous rotaviral infections; that the substantial host range restrictions for rhesus rotavirus, a heterologous strain present in the intestine, are not necessarily apparent at systemic sites; that the level and location of extraintestinal replication varies between strains; that replication can occur in several leukocytes subsets; and that extraintestinal replication is likely a part of the normal pathogenic sequence of homologous rotavirus infection.
InGaAsP/InP long wavelength high efficiency edge emitting LED for single mode fiber optic communication (1988)

Abstract This article reports on a 1.3-μm edge emitting LED that has a high coupling efficiency to a single mode fiber and a high fiber output power. 1-4This E2LED was prepared using VIPS (V-grooved inner stripe on P-type substrate) technique with InP and InGaAsP layers suppressing the lasing action.
Nitroaromatic compounds serve as nitrogen source for <i>Desulfovibrio</i> sp. (B strain) (1993)

A sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio sp. (B strain), isolated from a continuous anaerobic digester, used various nitroaromatic compounds such as 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene as sole nitrogen sources for growth and also used these compounds as electron acceptors in the absence of sulfate in the culture medium. More than 60% of the nitroaromatics were transformed within 6 days of incubation. The organism also used aniline as sole nitrogen source, but not as an electron acceptor. Desulfovibrio sp. (B strain) did not use nitroaromatics as sole source of carbon and energy. The nitro groups in the aromatic ring were reduced and reductively deaminated to ammonia, which was used as nitrogen source, leaving the aromatic ring intact. Even though this organism did not degrade the nitroaromatics completely, it may be useful in degrading nitroaromatics in contaminated soil and water containing other aromatic degraders in a syntrophic culture system under anaerobic conditions.
Molecular cloning and expression of Galβ1,3GalNAcα2,3‐sialyltransferase from mouse brain (1993)

DNA clones encoding beta-galactoside alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase have been isolated from mouse brain cDNA libraries using sequence information obtained from the conserved amino acid sequence of the previously cloned enzymes. The cDNA sequence revealed an open reading frame coding for 337 amino acids, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed 80% identity with that of porcine submaxillary gland Gal beta 1,3GalNAc alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase. The primary structure of this enzyme suggested a putative domain structure, like that in other glycosyltransferases, consisting of a short NH2-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a signal-membrane anchor domain, a proteolytically sensitive stem region, and a large COOH-terminal active domain. The identity of this enzyme was confirmed by construction of a recombinant sialyltransferase in which the NH2-terminal part including the cytoplasmic tail, signal-anchor domain and stem region was replaced with an immuno-globulin signal sequence. The expression of this recombinant in COS-7 cells resulted in secretion of a catalytically active and soluble form of the enzyme into the medium. This enzyme exhibited the transferase activity toward only the disaccharide moiety of Gal beta 1,3GalNAc of glycoproteins and glycolipids, no significant activity being detected for the other substrates tested.
Intramyocardial Impedance Measurements for Diagnosis of Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection (1999)

1040 Measurements of the intramyocardial impedance for high frequencies can reliably indicate alterations of the cell membrane and the intracellular space during acute cardiac allograft rejection. The purpose of this study was to find out whether acute cardiac allograft rejection episodes can be graduated by intramyocardial impedance measurements. Design: 15 beagle dogs underwent heterotopic heart transplantation and were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine and methylprednisolone. Intramyocardial impedance was determined twice daily with four screw-in electrodes in the right and left ventricle. Transmyocardial biopsies were performed under sufficient immunosuppression, after reduction of immunosuppression and after treatment of rejection. 23 rejection episodes were induced. When acute rejection was seen in histology the animals were treated with pulsed 125 mg methylprednisolone over 5 consecutive days and immunosuppression was raised to sufficient levels. Successful treatment of rejection was controlled by biopsy. Results: All hearts showed a uniform decrease of impedance of about 28.3 % ± 5.5 % immediately after implantation, then reaching a stable plateau after 7 to 8 days. Impedance values then remained unchanged as long as rejection was absent. Biopsy findings of grade 1A to 1B (ISHLT) were accompanied by statistically significant increase of impedance of 12.2 % ± 2.5 %; of grade 2 to 3A of 19,2 % ± 3.2 % and of grade 3B to 4 of 27.0 % ± 2.9 %. Successful treatment of rejection led to a uniform decrease of impedance to initial levels. Conclusions: The amount of increase of impedance is a reliable nonivasive parameter to graduate acute cardiac allograft rejection. The success of treatment of rejection can also be monitored by impedance. This noninvasive method is applicable for telemetric rejection monitoring via an implantable device, which would allow continuous rejection surveillance of a patient at home without hospital admission.
Interactions between DNA-bound trimers of the yeast heat shock factor. (1994)

The heat shock transcription factor (HSF) is a trimer that binds to DNA containing inverted repeats of the sequence nGAAn. HSF can bind DNA with the sequence nGAAnnTTCn or with the sequence nTTCnnGAAn, with little preference for either sequence over the other. However, (nGAAnnTTCn)2 is considerably less active as a heat shock response element (HSE) than is (nTTCnnGAAn)2. The electrophoretic mobilities of DNA-protein complexes and chemical cross-linking between protein monomers indicate that the sequence (nGAAnnTTCn)2 is capable of binding a single HSF trimer. In contrast, the sequence with higher biological activity, (nTTCnnGAAn)2, is capable of binding two trimers. Thus, the ability of four-nGAAn-element HSEs to bind one or two trimers depends on the permutation with which the elements are presented. A survey of naturally occurring HSEs shows the sequence (nTTCnnGAAn)2 to be the more prevalent. We suggest that the greater ability of one permutation over the other to bind two HSF trimers accounts for the initial identification of the naturally occurring heat shock consensus sequence as a region of dyad symmetry.
535. The orientation of disubstituted fluoranthene derivatives (1950)

N. Campbell, W. W. Easton, J. L. Rayment and J. F. K. Wilshire, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 2784 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500002784
High CMRR in reduced-coupling monolithic baluns (2010)

Monolithic technologies (e.g. semiconductor-based passive components) have small dimensions and tight fabrication tolerances. For coupled-resonator baluns this results in superior amplitude and phase balance characteristics, which are directly related to the common- mode rejection. Achieving good CMRR becomes more difficult at higher frequencies because of the effects of capacitive coupling between the primary and secondary coils in the circuit. In this paper a modified physical design is presented that reduces the capacitive coupling and offers superior CMRR. These designs also have reduced inductive coupling, so they have a more narrow-band response. Measured performance characteristics of a practical example of one of these baluns are presented.
Procedural help in Andes: generating hints using a Bayesian network student model (1998)

One of the most important problems for an intelligent tutoring system is deciding how to respond when a student asks for help. Responding cooperatively requires an understanding of both what solution path the student is pursuing, and the student’s current level of domain knowledge. Andes, an intelligent tutoring system for Newtonian physics, refers to a probabilistic student model to make decisions about responding to help requests. Andes ’ student model uses a Bayesian network that computes a probabilistic assessment of three kinds of information: (1) the student’s general knowledge about physics, (2) the student’s specific knowledge plans that the student may be pursuing to solve the problem. Using this model, Andes provides feedback and hints tailored to the student’s knowledge and goals.