gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Strand Breakage in Human Leukocytes Exposed to a Tumor Promoter, Phorbol Myristate Acetate (1982)

The phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated respiratory burst in human peripheral blood leukocytes is associated with extensive DNA strand breakage. Damage to DNA occurs before gross cellular damage is evident and may be related to the action of phorbol myristate acetate as a skin tumor promoter in animals.
An antibody-conjugated internalizing quantum dot suitable for long-term live imaging of cells (2007)

Quantum dots (QD) are fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals that are emerging as superior alternatives to the conventional organic dyes used in biological applications. Although QDs offer several advantages over conventional fluorescent dyes, including greater photostability and a wider range of excitation and (or) emission wavelengths, their toxicity has been an issue in its wider use as an analytic, diagnostic and therapeutic tool. We prepared a conjugate QD with an internalizing antibody and demonstrated that the QD-antibody conjugate is efficiently internalized into cells and is visible even after multiple divisions. We demonstrate that the internalized QD is nontoxic to cells and provides a sensitive tool for long-term molecular imaging.
A novel sub-10 ps resolution TDC for CMOS SPAD array (2018)

In this work, we present a novel Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) for single-chip integration in Single-Photon Avalanche-Diode (SPAD) array and digital Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM). Such novel detector-timing electronics combination will be suitable for Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC) applications and direct Time-Of-Flight (TOF) measurements. The proposed TDC is based on a 200 MHz 4-bit counter that guarantees a Full-Scale Range of 80 ns. Two interpolators exploit the sliding scale technique to reduce the Differential Non-Linearity (DNL). Besides the coarse interpolation, the multi-stage interpolators have a novel dual-fine interpolation that guarantees a resolution as good as 7 ps, with a conversion time (<; 50 ns) much shorter compared to typical architectures based on Vernier delay lines.
P-SV resonances in irregular low-velocity surface layers (1985)

Near-surface geological properties can have a large effect on the character of seismic arrivals. While it has long been recognized that a large velocity contrast between the surface layer and the substrate can cause reverberation of the seismic signal, the effects of small scale lateral heterogeneity on the wave field propagation have, to our knowledge, not been treated in detail. We show that lateral heterogeneity in the surface region can strongly alter the character of arriving seismic signals by causing a resonant coupling to the surface modes of the medium. We describe the effect using propagator matrix formalism and the Born approximation. We demonstrate the effect using finite difference simulations of P-SV wave propagation for a model containing a low-velocity surface layer having roughness along its interface with an elastic half-space. These simulations show that when a planar pulse is incident upon the low-velocity layer, the roughness induces a strong resonant coupling to Rayleigh modes, a condition which cannot occur for a laterally invariant medium. The resonant coupling causes a long coda following the direct seismic arrival. Frequency-wavenumber analysis of the simulated seismic arrivals recorded over the rough low-velocity layer shows that the scattered energy is distributed in FK space principally along the dispersion curves of the surface modes of the average smooth low-velocity layer. The amplitude of the simulated signal is modulated as a function of frequency according to reverberations in a smooth surface layer. Both the concentration of energy along the Rayleigh dispersion curves in FK space and the frequency modulation are predicted by the propagator matrix-Born scattering analysis.
Evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of the methanol extract of<i>Ficus benghalensis</i>roots in rats (2006)

<b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the aerial roots of <i> Ficus benghalensis </i> (Family Moraceae). <br><b> Materials and Methods:</b> Various extracts of the aerial roots of <i> Ficus benghalensis</i> were evaluated for potential immunomodulatory activity, using the <i> in vitro</i> polymorphonuclear leucocyte (human neutrophils) function test. The methanol extract was evaluated for immunomodulatory activity in <i> in vivo</i> studies, using rats as the animal model. The extracts were tested for hypersensitivity and hemagglutination reactions, using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as the antigen. Distilled water served as a control in all the tests.<br><b> Results:</b> The successive methanol and water extracts exhibited a significant increase in the percentage phagocytosis versus the control. In the <i> in vivo </i> studies, the successive methanol extract was found to exhibit a dose related increase in the hypersensitivity reaction, to the SRBC antigen, at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg. It also resulted in a significant increase in the antibody titer value, to SRBC, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in animal studies. <br><b> Conclusion: </b> The successive methanol extract was found to stimulate cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses in rats. It also enhanced the phagocytic function of the human neutrophils, <i> in vitro</i>.
LECITHINASE PRODUCTION BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS CEREUS FR. AND FR. PATHOGENIC FOR THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.) (1957)

Strains of Bacillus cereus pathogenic for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii, produce an enzyme that breaks down purified egg lecithin and the phospholipids of egg yolk and insect tissue. A study, using specific chemical techniques to measure lecithinase activity, of the relation between lecithinase production and pathogenicity supports an earlier postulate that lecithinase plays a role in the pathogenicity of B. cereus for the larch sawfly.
Heterojunction engineering of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) via Pt loading with improved daylight-induced photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methane (2014)

In this paper, noble-metal Pt nanoparticles of around 2.5 nm were deposited on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) synthesized by a chemical reduction process in ethylene glycol. Compared with pure g-C3N4, the resulting Pt-loaded g-C3N4 (Pt/CN) exhibited a considerable improvement in the photoreduction of CO2 to CH4 in the presence of water vapor at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure under visible light irradiation. 2 wt% Pt-loaded g-C3N4 (2Pt/CN) nanocomposites produced the highest CH4 yield of 13.02 μmol gcatalyst(-1) after 10 h of light irradiation, which was a 5.1-fold enhancement in comparison with pure g-C3N4 (2.55 μmol gcatalyst(-1)). The remarkable photocatalytic activity of Pt/CN nanostructures in the CH4 production was ascribed to the enhanced visible light absorption and efficient interfacial transfer of photogenerated electrons from g-C3N4 to Pt due to the lower Fermi level of Pt in the Pt/CN hybrid heterojunctions as evidenced by the UV-Vis and photoluminescence studies. The enriched electron density on Pt favored the reduction of CO2 to CH4via a multi-electron transfer process. This resulted in the inhibition of electron-hole pair recombination for effective spatial charge separation, thus enhancing the photocatalytic reactions. Based on the experimental results obtained, a plausible mechanism for improved photocatalytic performance associated with Pt/CN was proposed.
Properties of coir dust, and its use in the formulation of soilless potting media (1993)

Abstract Data from two experiments have shown that for adequate growth of Petunia 'Celebrity Salmon' in soilless potting media based on or containing coir dust it was necessary to amend the media with Ca, S, Cu and Fe. When coir dust is used as a direct replacement for natural peat, about 10 mg/L medium extra N per week must be provided. The high K content of coir dust means that fertilizers need not contain as much K as is normally used for plants in media based on other products. The high Cl content of some coir products requires that they be leached if they are to make up a high proportion of a medium. The low CEC of the coir products (21–30 m.m (+)/L, compared with 78 m.m (+)/L for a peat), indicates a low ability to retain cations and to buffer against pH change. Two coir products had lower air‐filled porosities than did the peat tested and they retained more water at 10 kPa suction.
Powdery mildew susceptibility and biotrophic infection strategies (2005)

Plants are resistant to most potentially pathogenic microbes. This forces plant pathogens to develop sophisticated strategies to overcome basic plant resistance, either by masking intrusion or by suppression of host defences. This is particularly true for fungal pathogens, which establish long lasting interactions with living host tissue, without causing visible damage to invaded cells. The interactions of cereal crops and Arabidopsis with powdery mildew fungi are model systems for understanding host resistance. Currently, these systems are also promoting the understanding of fungal infection by identifying fungal pathogenicity and virulence factors and host target sites. This minireview focuses on recent findings about host susceptibility and the way powdery mildew fungi might induce it.
Studies of Organo Sulfur Compounds. II. The Preparation and Reactions of Benzoyl Benzenethiosulfonates (1973)

Abstract Some mixed sulfonic thiocarboxylic anhydrides (II, R, R′: Aryl) were obtained from the reactions of potassium substituted-thiobenzoate with benzene- or p-toluenesulfonyl chlorides. The reactions of benzoyl benzenethiosulfonate were examined in comparison with those of the corresponding mixed sulfonic carboxylic anhydrides.
Sequence clustering strategies improve remote homology recognitions while reducing search times (2002)

Sequence databases are rapidly growing, thereby increasing the coverage of protein sequence space, but this coverage is uneven because most sequencing efforts have concentrated on a small number of organisms. The resulting granularity of sequence space creates many problems for profile-based sequence comparison programs. In this paper, we suggest several strategies that address these problems, and at the same time speed up the searches for homologous proteins and improve the ability of profile methods to recognize distant homologies. One of our strategies combines database clustering, which removes highly redundant sequence, and a two-step PSI-BLAST (PDB-BLAST), which separates sequence spaces of profile composition and space of homology searching. The combination of these strategies improves distant homology recognitions by more than 100%, while using only 10% of the CPU time of the standard PSI-BLAST search. Another method, intermediate profile searches, allows for the exploration of additional search directions that are normally dominated by large protein sub-families within very diverse families. All methods are evaluated with a large fold-recognition benchmark.
Total lymphoid versus total body irradiation for immunesuppressive therapy/ (1987)

Migraine and stroke are two common and heterogeneous neurovascular disorders responsible for a significant burden for those affected and a great economic cost for the society. There is growing evidence that migraine increases the overall risk of cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, based on available literature through a PubMed search, we found that ischaemic stroke in people with migraine is strongly associated with migraine with aura, young age, female sex, use of oral contraceptives and smoking habits. The risk of transient ischaemic attack also seems to be increased in people with migraine, although this issue has not been extensively investigated. Although migraine appears to be associated with haemorrhagic stroke, the migraine aura status has a small influence on this relationship. Neuroimaging studies have revealed a higher prevalence of asymptomatic structural brain lesions in people with migraine. They are also more likely to have unfavourable vascular risk factors; however, the increased risk of stroke seems to be more apparent among people with migraine without traditional risk factors. The mechanism behind the migraine-stroke association is unknown. In light of the higher risk of stroke in people with migraine with aura, it is important to identify and modify any vascular risk factor. There is currently no direct evidence to support that a migraine prophylactic treatment can reduce future stroke in people with migraine.
Current status of airborne active phased array (AESA) radar systems and future trends (2004)

AESA technology reached a mature technology level and is being adopted by advanced radar programmes. TIR modules are the key enabling technology and cost reduction efforts in this field are in progress. For future applications GaN, MEMS RF Switches and tile type TIR modules are anticipated and will pave the way for conformal and multi-function AESA radar systems.
Properties of Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As (<i>x</i>Al≂0.3) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on misoriented substrates (1986)

The effects of substrate misorientation on the morphological and optical properties of AlxGa1−xAs (xAl≂0.3) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) have been studied. The substrate temperatures and V/III beam-flux ratios used were such that layers grown on nominally (100) substrates typically exhibited rough morphologies and poor 4.2 K PL characteristics. By intentionally misorienting the substrate slightly from (100), smooth layers can be grown at 620 and 650 °C at typical MBE growth rates (≂1 μm/h). These smooth layers also exhibited sharp, exciton-related emission peaks at 4.2 K with half-widths as narrow as 5 meV. Since rough surfaces may lead to poor interfaces between GaAs and (Al,Ga)As and in turn to degraded performance in heterojunction devices, the present results may have significant implications for the performance of such structures grown by MBE.
<i>Ab initio</i> effective core potentials for molecular calculations. Potentials for main group elements Na to Bi (1985)

A consistent set of ab initio effective core potentials (ECP) has been generated for the main group elements from Na to Bi using the procedure originally developed by Kahn. The ECP’s are derived from all-electron numerical Hartree–Fock atomic wave functions and fit to analytical representations for use in molecular calculations. For Rb to Bi the ECP’s are generated from the relativistic Hartree–Fock atomic wave functions of Cowan which incorporate the Darwin and mass–velocity terms. Energy-optimized valence basis sets of (3s3p) primitive Gaussians are presented for use with the ECP’s. Comparisons between all-electron and valence-electron ECP calculations are presented for NaF, NaCl, Cl2, Cl2−, Br2, Br2−, and Xe2+. The results show that the average errors introduced by the ECP’s are generally only a few percent.
An efficient reconstruction method for nonuniform attenuation compensation in nonparallel beam geometries based on Novikov's explicit inversion formula (2005)

This paper investigates an accurate reconstruction method to invert the attenuated Radon transform in nonparallel beam (NPB) geometries. The reconstruction method contains three major steps: 1) performing one-dimensional phase-shift rebinning; 2) implementing nonuniform Hilbert transform; and 3) applying Novikov's explicit inversion formula. The method seems to be adaptive to different settings of fan-beam geometry from very long to very short focal lengths without sacrificing reconstruction accuracy. Compared to the conventional bilinear rebinning technique, the presented method showed a better spatial resolution, as measured by modulation transfer function. Numerical experiments demonstrated its computational efficiency and stability to different levels of Poisson noise. Even with complicated geometries such as varying focal-length and asymmetrical fan-beam collimation, the presented method achieved nearly the same reconstruction quality of parallel-beam geometry. This effort can facilitate quantitative reconstruction of single photon emission computed tomography for cardiac imaging, which may need NPB collimation geometries and require high computational efficiency.
Internal electroabsorption in inverted heterostructures: An optical method for probing epitaxial layers (1978)

Modulation internal electroabsorption was used to determine the gap energies and the presence of interface potentials of multilayered epitaxial n-n GaAs1−xSbx heterostructures. Experimental results indicate the presence of deep potential wells at the interface between epitaxial layers due to large net density of interface states. In addition to the observed band-to-band transitions in the epitaxial layers, it was possible to resolve transitions between filled and empty quantized states at the interface between the two epitaxial layers.
Freeform mask optimization using advanced image based M3D inverse lithography and 3D-NAND full chip opc application (2018)

Inverse lithography is increasingly being used as a viable OPC solution to maximize process window (PW), improve CD uniformity (CDU) and minimize the mask error factor (MEF), especially for memory devices. The device yield is typically limited by the process window of a few critical layers, and the Via layer is identified as one of the process window limiters for advanced 3D-NAND devices. To maximize the on-chip yield, ASML has developed advanced image based Mask-3D (M3D) inverse technology that can optimize freeform mask shapes and enhance design printability throughout the mask optimization flow. Mask rule checks (MRC) and side-lobe printing are optimized simultaneously to deliver the maximum process window. The advanced image based M3D inverse lithography technology (ILT) is used to perform full chip mask correction on the Via layer of a 3D-NAND device. 3D NAND devices contain highly repetitive cell and page buffer patterns. To ensure the full chip device performance, the consistency of the mask correction is important. Our strategy is to use the computationally intensive mask optimization solution from the new advanced image based M3D inverse technology to generate a freeform mask which gives the best lithography performance. We then use Tachyon’s Pattern Recognition and Optimization (PRO) engine to propagate the freeform mask solution of the repetitive patterns to the full chip. The periphery of the chip is optimized using conventional OPC methods. The simulation results from the advanced image based M3D inverse technology are compared against the baseline flow, which uses a standard inverse solution. The simulation results from both the flows are further validated on wafer. Significant improvement in overlapping process window (OPW) and CD uniformity is observed using the new advanced inverse technology. The simulation data shows a 32% improvement in depth of focus (DOF), a 5% improvement in the image log slope (ILS) and a 25% reduction in best focus shift (BFS) range. The improvement has also been verified at the wafer-level.
Study of Carbonation Reactions of Ca-Mg Oxides for High Temperature Energy Storage and Heat Transformation. (1996)

Storing and temperature upgrading of heat energy at 773 K by means of a CaO-CO2 reaction seems very attractive. One way of storing the reaction product CO2 gas is in the form of an other carbonate by letting it react with a metal oxide, such as MgO or ZnO. Two metal oxides, MgO and (CaMg)O2 were selected for CO2 storage, with the CaO-CO2 energy storage system as CaO-CO2-MgO and CaO-CO2-CaMgO2 systems, and studies on CaO-CO2, MgO-CO2 and CaMgO2-CO2 reactions over the temperature range 773–1073 K were carried out. As the CaO-CO2 system is used not only for storing the heat energy but is also expected to perform as a heat transformer, verification of the temperature upgrading ability is made by means of a lab-scale adiabatic reactor. Pseudo-steady state temperature and pressure existed during the experiments, which correspond quite well with Haul’s equilibrium dissociation values of CaCO3, illustrating that upgraded temperatures of above 1273 K can be achieved by adjusting the carbonating CO2 gas pressure to around 500 kPa.
Intensity of the Vaccine-Elicited Immune Response Determines Tumor Clearance (2002)

Tumor Ag-specific vaccines used for cancer immunotherapy can generate specific CD8 responses detectable in PBMCs and in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. However, human studies have shown that detection of a systemic vaccine-induced response does not necessarily correlate with the occasional instances of tumor rejection. Because this discrepancy might partially be attributable to the genetic heterogeneity of human cancers, as well as to the immunosuppressive effects of previous treatments, we turned to a mouse model in which these variables could be controlled to determine whether a relationship exists between the strength of vaccine-induced immune responses and tumor rejection. We challenged mice with the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-expressing tumor cells, C25.F6, vaccinated them with beta-gal-carrying viral vectors, and used quantitative RT-PCR to measure the vaccine-induced immune response of splenocytes directly ex vivo. We found that the strength of the response increased with increasing doses of beta-gal-carrying vector and/or upon boosting with a heterologous beta-gal-carrying virus. Most importantly, we found that the strength of the detected immune response against this foreign Ag strongly correlated with reduction in the number of lung metastases. The results from this mouse model have major implications for the implementation of tumor vaccines in humans.
Yes, but WHICH dictionary? (1987)

Dictionaries of English today draw upon a tradition that is almost 400 years old. Depending on your point of view, this is a tradition of competition and cross-fertilization, of plagiarism and lexicographical incest, or something that has wavered and wandered between high originality and low theft. Some commentators have even argued that many English dictionaries are just variations on a common text that has been evolving since the 17th century.
Efficiency of packed microcolumns compared with large‐bore packed columns in size‐exclusion chromatography (1990)

Abstract Columns with inner diameters of 50 and 28 μm were slurry‐packed with 4–5 μm size‐exclusion chromatography particles (Du Pont GF 250 Zorbax Bioseries) and compared with a commercially prepared 9.4‐mm i.d. column that was packed with the same particles. The columns were compared on the basis of efficiencies, peak shapes, and van Deemter coefficients obtained for three proteins used as test analytes. The microcolumns provided more symmetrical peak shapes and lower plate heights than those provided by the commercial column if the peaks were analyzed using statistical moments. For example, h min for bovine serum albumin was 5.6 in the commercial column and 2.1 in the microcolumn. This difference is attributed to the quality of the packing process, based on the fact that the van Deemter A term was significantly lower for the microcolumn than for the conventional column. The van Deemter data demonstrate that the A term was the major source of band broadening in the commercial column throughout the range of velocities used, and both the A and C terms were significant for the microcolumn. A 90 cm × 50 μm column was prepared and showed approximately 80% of the expected increase in efficiency.