gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bovine β‐Lactoglobulin in the Human Milk (1986)

Human milk samples (n = 232) collected during the whole lactation period from 25 healthy, Swedish mothers were analyzed by radioimmunologic method for content of bovine beta-lactoglobulin. Detectable amounts (5-800 micrograms/l) were found in 93 of 232 milk samples (40%). Six mothers had no detectable beta-lactoglobulin in their breast milk on any occasion. Two mothers had measurable beta-lactoglobulin in all their milk samples. No correlation was found between daily cow's milk intake and concentration of beta-lactoglobulin in the milk samples. Six mothers with allergic symptoms such as asthma, hay-fever, eczema all had detectable amounts of beta-lactoglobulin in their milk. Of 19 mothers without allergy, 13 had detectable amounts. This difference did not show statistical significance. The presence of symptoms in the infant such as diarrhoea, vomiting, colic, exanthema was significantly correlated to high levels of beta-lactoglobulin in the milk. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin was also detected in 7 of 13 serum samples. The two mothers with detectable beta-lactoglobulin in all milk samples had the highest serum values, and their infants suffered from gastro-intestinal symptoms, weight decline and exanthema.
How to tell the difference between a model and a digital twin (2020)

Abstract “When I use a word, it means whatever I want it to mean”: Humpty Dumpty in Alice’s Adventures Through The Looking Glass, Lewis Carroll. “Digital twin” is currently a term applied in a wide variety of ways. Some differences are variations from sector to sector, but definitions within a sector can also vary significantly. Within engineering, claims are made regarding the benefits of using digital twinning for design, optimisation, process control, virtual testing, predictive maintenance, and lifetime estimation. In many of its usages, the distinction between a model and a digital twin is not made clear. The danger of this variety and vagueness is that a poor or inconsistent definition and explanation of a digital twin may lead people to reject it as just hype, so that once the hype and the inevitable backlash are over the final level of interest and use (the “plateau of productivity”) may fall well below the maximum potential of the technology. The basic components of a digital twin (essentially a model and some data) are generally comparatively mature and well-understood. Many of the aspects of using data in models are similarly well-understood, from long experience in model validation and verification and from development of boundary, initial and loading conditions from measured values. However, many interesting open questions exist, some connected with the volume and speed of data, some connected with reliability and uncertainty, and some to do with dynamic model updating. In this paper we highlight the essential differences between a model and a digital twin, outline some of the key benefits of using digital twins, and suggest directions for further research to fully exploit the potential of the approach.
Stereospecificity of human DNA polymerases α,β,γ,§ and ɛ, HIV-reverse transcriptase, HSV- DNA polymerase, calf thymus terminal transferase and<i>Escherichia coli</i>DNA polymerase I in recognizing D- and L-thymidine 5′-triphosphate as substrate (1995)

L-beta-Deoxythymidine (L-dT), the optical enantiomer of D-beta-deoxythymidine (D-dT), and L-enantiomers of nucleoside analogs, such as 5-iodo-2'-deoxy-L-uridine (L-IdU) and E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxy-L-uridine (L-BVdU), are not recognized in vitro by human cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK), but are phosphorylated by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) TK and inhibit HSV-1 proliferation in infected cells. Here we report that: (i) L-dT is selectively phosphorylated in vivo to L-dTMP by HSV-1 TK and L-dTMP is further phosphorylated to the di- and triphosphate forms by non-stereospecific cellular kinases; (ii) L-dTTP not only inhibits HSV-1 DNA polymerase in vitro, but also human DNA polymerase alpha, gamma, delta and epsilon, human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT), Escherichia coli DNA polymerase 1 and calf thymus terminal transferase, although DNA polymerase beta was resistant; (iii) whereas DNA polymerase beta, gamma, delta and epsilon are unable to utilize L-dTTP as a substrate, the other DNA polymerases clearly incorporate at least one L-dTMP residue, with DNA polymerase alpha and HIV-1 RT able to further elongate the DNA chain by catalyzing the formation of the phosphodiester bond between the incorporated L-dTMP and an incoming L-dTTP; (iv) incorporated L-nucleotides at the 3'-OH terminus make DNA more resistant to 3'-->5' exonucleases. In conclusion, our results suggest a possible mechanism for the inhibition of viral proliferation by L-nucleosides.
Surveillance of outbreaks of waterborne infectious disease: categorizing levels of evidence (1998)

Public health surveillance requires the monitoring of waterborne disease, but sensitive and specific detection of relevant incidents is difficult. The Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre receives information from various sources about clusters of cases of illness in England and Wales. The reporter may suspect that water consumption or recreational water exposure is the route of infection, or subsequent investigation may raise the hypothesis that water is associated with illness. It is difficult to prove beyond reasonable doubt that such a hypothesis is correct. Water samples from the time of exposure are seldom available, some organisms are difficult to detect and almost everyone has some exposure to water. Therefore, we have developed a method of categorizing the degree of evidence used to implicate water. The categories take into account the epidemiology, microbiology and water quality information. Thus outbreaks are classified as being associated with water either 'strongly', 'probably' or 'possibly'. This system allows a broad database for monitoring possible effects of water and is not confined to the few outbreaks which have been intensively investigated or have positive environmental microbiology. Thus, for reported incidents, the sensitivity of classifying it as water associated should be high but this may be at the expense of specificity, especially with the 'possible' association.
MHC class II-dependent activation of CD4+ T cell hybridomas by human mast cells through superantigen presentation (1999)

Human mast cells (MC) were examined for expression of MHC class II antigens and for their ability to activate CD4+ T cell hybridomas through presentation of superantigen (SAg). HMC-1, a leukemic immature MC line expressing class II Ags, was shown to efficiently present the staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) SAg to responding T cell hybridoma on treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), which up-regulated class II molecules. The study was then extended to human normal MC. Almost pure (>99%) cord blood-derived MC (CBMC) were shown to express class II Ags (HLA-DR and HLA-DQ) and CD80, which were up-regulated by IFN-gamma treatment and, to a lesser extent, by interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). CBMC directly activated CD4+ T cell hybridomas through presentation of SEB and TSST1 SAgs. The production of IL-2 required a cell-to-cell contact between T cells and CBMC and it was inhibited by anti-class II antibodies. Furthermore, an additional pretreatment of CBMC by IFN-gamma or GM-CSF or IL-4 had no effect on their presenting efficiency. This previously unknown function of human MC, i.e., MHC class II-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells, may be critical in subsequent cellular activation events because colocalization of mast and T cells is frequently observed at sites of antigen entry.
Targeted Modulation of MGMT: Clinical Implications (2006)

O(6)-Methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) has been studied for >20 years as a gene that is associated with the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity induced by either methylating carcinogens or alkylating (methylating and chloroethylating) therapeutic agents. Pioneering studies of alkylating agents identified alkylated guanine at the O(6) position, the substrate of MGMT, as a potentially promutagenic and lethal toxic DNA lesion. MGMT plays a prominent role in DNA adduct repair that limits the mutagenic and cytotoxic effect of alkylating agents. Because of its role in cancer etiology and chemotherapy resistance, MGMT is of particular interest. In this article, the clinical effect of MGMT expression and targeted modulation of MGMT will be summarized.
Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (2009)

The results suggest that CBT and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy are beneficial for patients with generalized anxiety disorder. In future research, large-scale multicenter studies should examine more subtle differences between treatments, including differences in the patients who benefit most from each form of therapy.
Metal Ion Accumulation on Denture Teeth Following Exposure to Chlorhexidine and Different Drinks: A Spectrometric Analysis (2020)

Denture teeth are used for removable prostheses and implant-supportive restorations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the surface of artificial teeth following exposure to different liquids. Mechanical wear and the cleaning of artificial teeth were also investigated. Two groups of resin teeth were used; original surface (Group A) and surface abrasion/wear (Group B). The teeth were exposed for 24 h to water (control), cola (Group 1), coffee (Group 2), tea (Group 3), chlorhexidine (Group 4), and red wine (Group 5). Baseline measurements of liquids were taken. An x-ray fluorescence spectrometric analysis was performed. Data were evaluated using semi-quantitative descriptive analysis. The data showed approximate increases of peak intensity for Group A1-2-fold Fe, 2-fold Ni, 2.2-fold Zn; for Groups A2 and A3- less than 1.5-fold Fe, Ni, and Zn. Group B yielded similar results; however, the increases in Fe, Ni, and Zn were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2 (ranged 2-4-fold increases in intensity). Group B3 showed little increase in Fe, Ni, and Zn. Groups A4 and A5 showed intensity increases for Zn. Groups A1-A5 showed reductions in intensity following 30 s of cleaning. A pronounced accumulation of iron, nickel, and zinc was found after exposure to liquids, especially when artificial teeth were worn down. Peak intensities were reduced following 30 s of brushing.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Findings in Diaschisis From Stroke (2002)

Diaschisis ipsilateral to stroke in white matter can be characterized by 1H MRSI, and diaschisis ipsilateral to stroke in cortical gray matter regions can be characterized by changes in rCBF. The tendency for greater reductions in cortical rCBF values to be associated with increased Cr/NAA values in the same diaschitic cerebral hemisphere implies that a relationship exists between rCBF reductions in gray matter and abnormal changes in white matter subservient to it.
Scope of the Copper Halide/Bipyridyl System Associated with Calixarene-Based Multihalides for the Synthesis of Well-Defined Polystyrene and Poly(meth)acrylate Stars (2000)

Novel multihalide compounds which were readily obtained by derivatization of 4-tert-butylcalix[4,6,8]arenes were used to initiate the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene, tert-butyl acrylate (t-BuA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA), in the presence of CuX (X = Br or Cl) and 2,2'-bipyridyl. Well-defined polystyrene (PS) stars constituted of precisely four, six, and eight arms could be synthesized with a narrow polydispersity in this way. For instance, octafunctional polystyrene stars exhibiting molar masses as high as 600 000 g mol-1 could be prepared. However, the polymerization had to be restricted to low conversion, typically below 15−20% to prevent stars from mutually coupling and avoid their contamination with species of higher functionality. Besides the concentration of polymeric radicals [P•], the factor that was found to play a significant role in the occurrence of star−star coupling is their overlapping concentration (C*): intermolecular coupling indeed appeared to be enhanced whenever stars crossed their C*, but ways to alleviate this phenomenon of star−star coupling were also reported. In the case of hexa- and tetrafunctional PS stars, well-defined samples could be obtained within a large range of conversion because of the lower probability of such hexa- and tetraarmed species to get coupled. With octaarmed poly(methyl methacrylate) stars as well, the polymerization had to be discontinued at relatively low conversion in order to isolate samples with the expected functionality of 8, although this class of polymeric radicals tend to disproportionate rather than to recombine upon reaction. In contrast, no such side reactions could be detected while synthesizing poly(tert-butyl acrylate) stars, because the ATRP of t-BuA is associated with a much lower equilibrium constant (Keq) between dormant and active speciesand therefore to a lower concentration of growing radicals for a same initial concentration of initiatorthan in the case of styrene or MMA. The functionality of the stars obtained was checked by comparing their molar mass with that of their individual arms isolated after hydrolysis of the ester functions of the central core. The viscometric characterization also attested to the well-defined character of the star polymers generated from the calixarene derivatized initiators, as confirmed by the comparison of their intrinsic viscosity with that of linear homologues of same molar mass.
The plasma concentration of activated protein C appears normal in patients with haemophilia (2009)

Increased concentration of activated protein C (APC) has been observed in patients with thromboembolic disorders, but whether the level of APC in patients with bleeding disorders is decreased remains unknown. Seventy patients with haemophilia A or B with mild, moderate or severe form were studied. Detailed information on bleeding, arthropathy and factor consumption was collected during a 10-year period. The clinical severity of the disease was expressed as the Hemophilia Severity Score (HSS). Plasma concentration of APC was measured as APC in complex with protein C inhibitor. The median concentration of APC-PCI complex in patients with haemophilia was 0.14 microg L(-1) and it did not differ between the types and forms. In 16 patients with severe haemophilia A and the inversion mutation in intron 22, there was no correlation between clinical severity and the concentration of APC-PCI complex. Patients with haemophilia appear to generate normal concentrations of APC during basal conditions. APC does not seem to be an important modulator of the phenotypic expression of haemophilia.
Ensemble Recommendations via Thompson Sampling (2018)

This work presents an extension of Thompson Sampling bandit policy for orchestrating the collection of base recommendation algorithms for e-commerce. We focus on the problem of item-to-item recommendations, for which multiple behavioral and attribute-based predictors are provided to an ensemble learner. We show how to adapt Thompson Sampling to realistic situations when neither action availability nor reward stationarity is guaranteed. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of priming the sampler with pre-set parameters of reward probability distributions by utilizing the product catalog and/or event history, when such information is available. We report our experimental results based on the analysis of three real-world e-commerce datasets.
A 140 Mbit/s CMOS LSI framer chip for a broad-band ISDN local access system (1988)

A LSI framer chip, which provides a SONET-like time-division-multiplexed frame structure and which has been implemented in a production 2- mu m CMOS technology, is described. Current samples of the chip have been tested functional to 160 Mb/s. The primary attributes presented include the circuit features used to achieve high-bit-rate operation, the level translation circuits which afford direct interfacing to ECL level clock and data signals, and the functional capabilities which lead to broad application of the chip in communications networks. Several examples of its use in a prototype broadband local access network are also described. The ship operates from a single 5-V supply, dissipates approximately 420 mW, and is packaged in a 68-pin leadless ceramic chip carrier (LCCC) package.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modelling, Parameter Estimation and Testing of a Vehicle with Anti-roll Systems (2010)

In this paper a 4-DOF half-car model is developed for the study of vehicle anti-roll systems, such as anti-roll bars, hydraulically interconnected suspensions and active suspensions. The paper covers three parts: vehicle modelling, parameter estimation and experimental comparison of two passive anti-roll systems. For the vehicle model, a torsional spring is adopted to represent the equivalent roll stiffness of an anti-roll system. The advantage of this model is that, by separating the anti-roll system from vehicle model, the vehicle parameter and anti-roll system parameters can be estimated separately. Furthermore, the different anti-roll systems can be compared easily with the same vehicle condition through increased vehicle roll stiffness.
Attaching Molecules to Chlorinated and Brominated Amorphous Carbon Substrates via Grignard Reactions (2009)

Amorphous carbon thin films are an attractive material because they provide a chemically robust surface that has been utilized in biomolecule array, biosensor, and bioelectronic applications. These thin films are particularly versatile because they are deposited at room temperature, making them readily integrated with other materials and devices. Here we present an alternative means of functionalizing carbon substrates based on Grignard chemistry. First, the amorphous carbon substrates are halogenated with a solution-based, radical-initiated halogenation reaction using PX(5) (X = Br or Cl). Next, the halogenated surfaces are modified via the formation of a carbon-carbon bond between the surface and the Grignard reagents employed. Alkyl-, perfluoroalkyl-, and poly(ethylene glycol)-Grignard reagents were chosen to show the utility of this reaction scheme in functionalizing carbon surfaces to withstand oxidation and provide a hydrophobic and/or biocompatible substrate.
Lysine enhances methionine content by modulating the expression of <i>S</i>‐adenosylmethionine synthase (2007)

Lysine and methionine are two essential amino acids whose levels affect the nutritional quality of cereals and legume plants. Both amino acids are synthesized through the aspartate family biosynthesis pathway. Within this family, lysine and methionine are produced by two different branches, the lysine branch and the threonine-methionine branch, which compete for the same carbon/amino substrate. To elucidate the relationship between these biosynthetic branches, we crossed two lines of transgenic tobacco plants: one that overexpresses the feedback-insensitive bacterial enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) and contains a significantly higher level of lysine, and a second that overexpresses Arabidopsis cystathionine gamma-synthase (AtCGS), the first unique enzyme of methionine biosynthesis. Significantly higher levels of methionine and its metabolite, S-methylmethionine (SMM), accumulated in the newly produced plants compared with plants overexpressing AtCGS alone, while the level of lysine remained the same as in those overexpressing DHPS alone. The increased levels of methionine and SMM were correlated with increases in the mRNA and protein levels of AtCGS and a reduced mRNA level for the genes encoding S-adnosylmethionine (SAM) synthase, which converts methionine to SAM. Reduction in SAMS expression level leads most probably to the reduction of SAM found in plants that feed with lysine. As SAM is a negative regulator of CGS, this reduction leads to higher expression of CGS and consequently to an increased level of methionine. Elucidating the relationship between lysine and methionine synthesis may lead to new ways of producing transgenic crop plants containing increased methionine and lysine levels, thus improving their nutritional quality.
Application of artificial neural network on prediction reservoir sensitivity (2005)

People try to evaluate reservoir sensitivity and diagnose formation damage by performing experiments. However, it needs too much time, it isn't accurate enough either. And its replacement by computer is necessary. In this paper, the application of artificial neural network to predict reservoir sensitivity is studied and corresponding models are constructed: back-propagation neural network and adaptive resonance theory neural network. The former is used to evaluate reservoir sensitivity and the latter to diagnose formation damage. During the application process of artificial neural network to predict reservoir sensitivity, the original data are converted to the data needed in decision-making and the experience of specialists is used in diagnosis and decision-making. This minimizes the influence of uncertain factors on the problem and enables the model to be advanced, predominant and adaptive. The corresponding software based on the research of application of artificial neural network is programmed and the verification of the models constructed shows satisfactory reliability.
A Direct Evidence for Trivalent Ion Conduction in Solids (1995)

Abstract In order to realize a higher valency ion conduction in solids, the Sc2(WO4)3 material which possesses a larger tunnel size for ion migration was selected to reduce the electrostatic interaction and the single crystals of Sc2(WO4)3 were grown to eliminate grain boundary effects found in polycrystalline state. By both the alternative and direct current measurements, a direct evidence of Sc3+ trivalent ion migration in single crystal Sc2(WO4)3 has been successfully demonstrated.
Assessing the Use of Digital Holographic Microscopy to Measure the Fractal Dimension of Colloidal Aggregates (2019)

We perform simulations to evaluate an experimental technique for measuring the fractal dimension of colloidal aggregates using digital holographic microscopy. We find that the technique is valid for fractal dimensions as low as Df = 1.3.