gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Walking track analysis: a long-term assessment of peripheral nerve recovery. (1992)

Functional recovery following sciatic, tibial, and peroneal nerve injury was assessed over a 1-year period using walking track analysis in the rat. Internal neurolysis did not affect nerve function. Crush injury induced a temporary, but complete, loss of function that recovered to control levels by 4 weeks. Nerve transection resulted in complete loss of function without any evidence of recovery. After nerve repair, functional recovery occurred, reaching near-optimal recovery by 12 weeks. The degree of functional recovery varied with the specific nerve involved. The sciatic nerve recovered 41 percent of function, whereas the tibial nerve recovered 54 percent of function. The peroneal nerve exhibited the highest degree of recovery, achieving functional levels similar to control values. Assessment of neural regeneration using walking track analysis appears to be a valuable addition to the traditional methods of histology and electrophysiology.
Path integrals and symmetry breaking for optimal control theory (2005)

This paper considers linear-quadratic control of a non-linear dynamical system subject to arbitrary cost. I show that for this class of stochastic control problems the non-linear Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation can be transformed into a linear equation. The transformation is similar to the transformation used to relate the classical Hamilton–Jacobi equation to the Schrödinger equation. As a result of the linearity, the usual backward computation can be replaced by a forward diffusion process that can be computed by stochastic integration or by the evaluation of a path integral. It is shown how in the deterministic limit the Pontryagin minimum principle formalism is recovered. The significance of the path integral approach is that it forms the basis for a number of efficient computational methods, such as Monte Carlo sampling, the Laplace approximation and the variational approximation. We show the effectiveness of the first two methods in a number of examples. Examples are given that show the qualitative difference between stochastic and deterministic control and the occurrence of symmetry breaking as a function of the noise.
<title>Three Optimized Designs For Flat Field Scanning Lenses</title> (1977)

A map of lenses for laser scanning has been studied. The class of lenses are all flat field and telecentric on the image side. The laser source was not assumed to be a collimated beam. Three of the most promising types have been designed and the construction para-meters are presented. The simplest solution uses a mirror.
Study of compound droplet dynamics and separation of immiscible liquids on EWOD DMF (2017)

This work reports the experimental study of the dynamics of micro-droplets composed of two immiscible liquids and their separation into constituent phases in response to electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidics (DMF) actuation. Separating phases of a compound droplet without leaving any residue of one phase to the other is a big challenge but much needed for successful operations in many droplet-based microfluidics applications such as in liquid-liquid microextraction. In this study, such challenge is thoroughly addressed for the first time by addressing the role of viscosity ratio on the separation performance of two immiscible liquid phases. Also, quantitative analysis of compound droplet deformation has been performed.
Effects of Different Microbial Agents on Aerobic Composting of Cow Manure (2015)

For the control of environment pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure,four microbial strains conducive to aerobic composting were selected and mixed into four compound microbial agents,and effects of different compound microbial agents on aerobic composting of cow manure were studied from aspects of changes in temperature,pH,water content and C/N during the composting process.The results show that microbial agent M2 has the best effect for aerobic composting of cow manure,so microbial agent M2 has broad popularization and application prospect in livestock and poultry farms in low-temperature areas of Northeast China.
The primer tRNA for Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA synthesis. Nucleotide sequence and aminoacylation of tRNAPro. (1979)

The nucleotide sequence of a tRNA primer molecule for initiation of Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA synthesis has been determined. The sequence is heterogeneous in two positions but both forms, when drawn in a cloverleaf structure, have anticodon specificities for proline. We have termed these isoacceptors tRNA1Pro and tRNA2Pro. Aminoacylation studies confirmed the specificity for proline. The two forms occur in approximately equal amounts in uninfected mouse and chicken cells and in Moloney leukemia virus particles.
Hydration and Energy Dissipation Measurements of Biomolecules on a Piezoelectric Quartz Oscillator by Admittance Analyses (2006)

By using a 27-MHz piezoelectric quartz oscillator connected with a vector network analyzer, we obtained resonance frequency decreases (-DeltaFwater) and energy dissipation increases (DeltaDwater) during binding of biotinylated bovine serum albumin, biotinylated ssDNA, biotinylated dsDNA, and biotinylated pullulan to a NeutrAvidin-immobilized 27-MHz quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) plate in aqueous solution, as well as in the wet air phase (98% humidity, -DeltaFwet and DeltaDwet) and in the dry air phase (-DeltaFair and DeltaDair). -DeltaFwater indicates the total mass of the molecule, bound water, and vibrated water in aqueous solutions. -DeltaFwet indicates the total mass of the molecule and bound water. -DeltaFair simply shows the real mass of the molecule on the QCM. In terms of results, (-DeltaFwet)/(-DeltaFair) values indicated the bound water ratios per unit biomolecular mass were on the order of pullulan (2.1-2.2) > DNAs = proteins (1.4-1.6) > polystyrene (1.0). The (-DeltaFwater)/(-DeltaFair) values indicated the hydrodynamic water (bound and vibrated water) ratios per unit biomolecular mass were on the order of dsDNA (6.5) > ssDNA = pullulan (3.5-4.4) > proteins (2.4-2.5) > polystyrene (1.0). Energy dissipation parameters per unit mass in water (DeltaDwater/(-DeltaFair)) were on the order of pullulan > dsDNA > ssDNA > proteins > polystyrene. Energy dissipation in the wet and dry air phases (DeltaDwet and DeltaDair) were negligibly small, which indicates even these biomolecules act as elastic membranes in the air phase (without aqueous solution). We obtained a good linear relationship between [(-DeltaFwater)/(-DeltaFair) - 1], which is indicative of hydration and DeltaDwater/(-DeltaFair) of proteins. The aforementioned values suggest that the energy dissipation of proteins was mainly caused by hydration and that proteins themselves are elastic molecules without energy dissipation in aqueous solutions. On the contrary, plots in cases of denatured proteins, DNAs, and pullulans were relatively deviant toward the large hydration and energy dissipation from the theoretical line as perfect elastic materials, meaning that the large energy dissipation occurs because of viscoelastic properties of denatured proteins, linear DNAs, and pullulans in the water phase, in addition to energy dissipation due to the hydration of molecules. These two parameters could characterize various biomolecules with structural properties in aqueous solutions.
Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and mefenamic acid for the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia: a multiple analysis using total menstrual fluid loss, menstrual blood loss and pictorial blood loss assessment charts (2005)

Both the LNG IUS and mefenamic acid significantly decreased menstrual blood loss, TMFL and PBAC scores. The LNG IUS produced greater reductions in all parameters than mefenamic acid. Comparison of the different measurements suggests that TMFL assessment may be an easier and a more relevant measure of symptom severity than menstrual blood loss.
ATM over satellite: analysis of ATM QoS parameters (2002)

We describe our investigation on ATM over satellite, where we focus on the impact of the bit error characteristics of a satellite link on ATM. We first analyze the ATM header error correction (HEC) mechanism and calculate the ATM quality of service (QoS) parameters such as the cell loss ratio, the cell error rate, and the cell insertion rate for a satellite link. This analysis was verified by experiments, where a good agreement between the analytical and the experimental results was achieved. We also suggest possible solutions to overcome the problems caused by burst errors.
The Lemon Test and the Establishment Clause: A Proposal for Modification (1990)

The separation of church and state, as contemplated by the First Amendment, has given rise to a troubling line of cases interpreting the Establishment Clause. In 1971, the United States Supreme Court fashioned a test for deciding these cases in Lemon v. Kurtzman. Previous Establishment Clause holdings were synthesized into a three-pronged analysis. "First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster 'an excessive government entanglement with religion.'" An act which fails to satisfy any of the three prongs violates the Establishment Clause. In practical application, this test has been the source of a great deal of confusion, yielding what one writer has termed "a conceptual disaster area." This comment will show that the first or "purpose" prong is the source of much of the confusion. Accordingly, the purpose prong should be abandoned, as its limited utility is greatly outweighed by the problems it creates.
Effects of Qing-Fei-Tang (Seihai-to) and Baicalein, Its Main Component Flavonoid, on Lucigenin-Dependent Chemiluminescence and Leukotriene-Dependence Chemiluminescence and Leukotriene B<sub>4</sub> Synthesis of Human Alveolar Macrophages (1988)

A traditional Chinese remedy, Qing-Fei-Tang (Seihai-to, T90), has been used for treatment of chronic respiratory diseases with long-lasting cough and sputum, e.g. chronic bronchitis. We examined the effect of T90 and its main component flavonoid, baicalein, on the lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis of human alveolar macrophages (AM). AM were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with various respiratory diseases, including sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. CL were observed by stimulating 1 x 10(5) AM with phorbol myristate acetate in the presence of lucigenin. LTB4 were generated by incubating 1 x 10(6)/ml AM with Ca ionophore A23187 for 30 min and determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. T90 (0.2-2.0 mg/ml) and baicalein (0.1-100 microM) inhibited both CL and LTB4 production of AM in a dose-dependent fashion. These inhibitory effects were not due to cytotoxic effects of the procedure because neither 2 mg/ml T90 nor 100 M baicalein affected the viability of AM nor lactate dehydrogenase release from AM. These results suggest that T90 exerts its effect on inflammatory lung diseases through the anti-inflammatory action, i.e. inhibiting the oxidative and arachidonate metabolism of local inflammatory lung cells.
Evaluation of the pressure chamber technique for measurement of leaf water potential in cassava (<i>Manihot</i> species) (1978)

The pressure chamber technique was evaluated as a method for estimating leaf water potential in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Xylem pressure potentials (ψ P ) measured with the pressure chamber were compared with leaf water potential (ψ L ) obtained for the same leaf with the in situ dew-point hygrometer.In both cassava varieties studied, ψ L and ψ P were linearly related (r 2 = 0.87 and 0.98 for CMC9 and CMC40 respectively). The length of petiole exposed outside the chamber affects the relation between ψ L and ψ P and should be kept at between 1 and 3 cm for better agreement. In CMC40, ψ P was consistently lower (drier) than ψ L by about 1.0 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa) in the entire range of water potential studied, but was not the case in CMC9. The reason for this difference is unclear but may be due to a filling of tissues other than xylem tissues (Boyer 1967) during the measurement of ψ P in CMC40. Average xylem osmotic potentials (ψ S ) were low (−1.0 ± 0.2 bars and −1.0 ± 0.4 bars for CMC9 and CMC40 respectively). It is, therefore, unnecessary to correct for ψ S when using the pressure chamber to estimate leaf water potentials in cassava.
Comparative Study of Rhodium and Iridium Porphyrin Diaminocarbene and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes (2014)

Iridium meso-tetratolylporphyrinato (TTP) mono- and bis-diaminocarbene complexes, [Ir(TTP)[═C(NHBn)(NHR)]2–x(C≡NBn)x]BF4, where R = Bn, n-Bu and x = 1, 0, were synthesized by nucleophilic addition of amines to the bis-isocyanide complex [Ir(TTP)(C≡NBn)2]BF4. Rhodium and iridium porphyrinato N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes M(TTP)CH3(NHC), where NHC = 1,3-diethylimidazolylidene (deim) or 1-(n-butyl)-3-methylimidazolylidene (bmim), were prepared by the addition of the free NHC to M(TTP)CH3. The NHC complexes displayed two dynamic processes by variable-temperature NMR: meso-aryl–porphyrin C–C bond rotation and NHC exchange. meso-Aryl–porphyrin C–C bond rotation was exhibited by both rhodium and iridium complexes at temperatures ranging between 239 and 325 K. Coalescence data for four different complexes revealed ΔG⧧ROT values of 59 ± 2 to 63 ± 1 kJ·mol–1. These relatively low rotation barriers may result from ruffling distortions in the porphyrin core, which were observed in the molecular structures of the rhodium and iridium bmim complexes. Examination of NHC exchange with rhodium complexes by NMR line-shape analyses revealed rate constants of 3.72 ± 0.04 to 32 ± 6 s–1 for deim displacement by bmim (forward reaction) and 2.7 ± 0.4 to 18 ± 2 s–1 for bmim displacement by deim (reverse reaction) at temperatures between 282 and 295 K, corresponding to ΔGf⧧ of 65.2 ± 0.6 kJ·mol–1 and ΔGr⧧ of 66.2 ± 0.5 kJ·mol–1, respectively. Rates of NHC exchange with iridium were far slower, with first-order dissociation rate constants of (1.75 ± 0.04) × 10–4 s–1 for the forward reaction and (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10–4 s–1 for the reverse reaction at 297.1 K. These rate constants correspond to ΔG⧧ values of 94.2 ± 0.6 and 95.2 ± 0.2 kJ·mol–1 for the forward and reverse reactions, respectively. Equilibrium constants for the exchange reactions were 1.6 ± 0.2 with rhodium and 1.56 ± 0.04 with iridium, favoring the bmim complex in both cases, and the log(K) values for NHC binding to M(TTP)CH3 were 4.5 ± 0.3 (M = Rh) and 5.4 ± 0.5 (M = Ir), as determined by spectrophotometric titrations at 23 °C. The molecular structures also featured unusually long metal–Ccarbene bonds for the bmim complexes (Rh–CNHC: 2.255(3) Å and Ir–CNHC: 2.194(4) Å).
A double structure generalized plasticity model for expansive materials (2005)

Abstract The constitutive model presented in this work is built on a conceptual approach for unsaturated expansive soils in which the fundamental characteristic is the explicit consideration of two pore levels. The distinction between the macro‐ and microstructure provides the opportunity to take into account the dominant phenomena that affect the behaviour of each structural level and the main interactions between them. The microstructure is associated with the active clay minerals, while the macrostructure accounts for the larger‐scale structure of the material. The model has been formulated considering concepts of classical and generalized plasticity theories. The generalized stress–strain rate equations are derived within a framework of multidissipative materials, which provides a consistent and formal approach when there are several sources of energy dissipation. The model is formulated in the space of stresses, suction and temperature; and has been implemented in a finite element code. The approach has been applied to explaining and reproducing the behaviour of expansive soils in a variety of problems for which experimental data are available. Three application cases are presented in this paper. Of particular interest is the modelling of an accidental overheating, that took place in a large‐scale heating test. This test allows the capabilities of the model to be checked when a complex thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) path is followed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Peptide Derived from Tenascin-C Induces β1 Integrin Activation through Syndecan-4 (2007)

Tenascin-C (TN-C) is unique for its cell adhesion modulatory function. We have shown that TNIIIA2, a synthetic 22-mer peptide derived from TN-C, stimulated beta1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion of nonadherent and adherent cell types, by inducing activation of beta1 integrin. The active site of TNIIIA2 appeared cryptic in the TN-C molecule but was exposed by MMP-2 processing of TN-C. The following results suggest that cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan (HSPG), including syndecan-4, participated in TNIIIA2-induced beta1 integrin activation: 1) TNIIIA2 bound to cell surface HSPG via its HS chains, as examined by photoaffinity labeling; 2) heparitinase I treatment of cells abrogated beta1 integrin activation induced by TNIIIA2; 3) syndecan-4 was isolated by affinity chromatography using TNIIIA2-immobilized beads; 4) small interfering RNA-based down-regulation of syndecan-4 expression reduced TNIIIA2-induced beta1 integrin activation, and consequent cell adhesion to fibronectin; 5) overexpression of syndecan-4 core protein enhanced TNIIIA2-induced activation of beta1 integrin. However, treatments that targeted the cytoplasmic region of syndecan-4, including ectopic expression of its mutant truncated with the cytoplasmic domains and treatment with protein kinase Calpha inhibitor Gö6976, did not influence the TNIIIA2 activity. These results suggest that a TNIIIA2-related matricryptic site of the TN-C molecule, exposed by MMP-2 processing, may have bound to syndecan-4 via its HS chains and then induced conformational change in beta1 integrin necessary for its functional activation. A lateral interaction of beta1 integrin with the extracellular region of the syndecan-4 molecule may be involved in this conformation change.
Synthesis of Lateral Heterostructures of Semiconducting Atomic Layers (2014)

Atomically thin heterostructures of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with various geometrical and energy band alignments are the key materials for next generation flexible nanoelectronics. The individual TMD monolayers can be adjoined laterally to construct in-plane heterostructures, which are difficult to reach with the laborious pick-up-and-transfer method of the exfoliated flakes. The ability to produce copious amounts of high quality layered heterostructures on diverse surfaces is highly desirable but it has remained a challenging issue. Here, we have achieved a direct synthesis of lateral heterostructures of monolayer TMDs: MoS(2)-WS(2) and MoSe(2)-WSe(2). The synthesis was performed using ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with aromatic molecules as seeding promoters. We discuss possible growth behaviors, and we examine the symmetry and the interface of these heterostructures using second-harmonic generation and atomic-resolution scanning TEM. We found that the one-dimensinal (1D) interface of the lateral heterostructures picks the zigzag direction of the lattice instead of the armchair direction. Our method offers a controllable synthesis to obtain high-quality in-plane heterostructures of TMD atomic layers with 1D interface geometry.
Effects of clinoptilolite and modified clinoptilolite on the growth performance, intestinal microflora, and gut parameters of broilers (2013)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural clinoptilolite (NCLI) and modified clinoptilolite (MCLI) on broiler performance, gut morphology, and its relation to gut circumstances. A total of two hundred forty 1-d-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatments, each of which comprised 8 pens of 10 chicks per pen. Birds in the control group were fed the basal diet, whereas those in the experimental groups were fed diets supplemented with NCLI at 2% (NCLI group) or MCLI at 2% (MCLI group) for 42 d. The results showed that compared with the control, supplementation with NCLI or MCLI had no significant (P > 0.05) effects on productive parameters from d 1 to 42. Supplementation with MCLI and NCLI was associated with greater (P < 0.05) villus height in the jejunal and ileal mucosa compared with those areas in the controls from d 1 to 42. However, supplementation with NCLI and MCLI had no significant (P > 0.05) influence on the crypt depth in the jejunal and ileal mucosa compared with those in the controls. Total viable counts of Escherichia coli were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by MCLI and NCLI from d 1 to 21. The NCLI and MCLI significantly increased the total viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus from d 22 to 42. Small intestine and cecal pH values in the MCLI group were found to be lower (P < 0.05) than those in other groups. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in both experimental groups from d 22 to 42. This study showed that NCLI or MCLI, as feed additives for broilers, had a positive effect on gut parameters by acting on microbial populations of the digestive tract.
Expression of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and the Neurotrophins – Nerve Growth Factor, Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurotrophin 3—in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes (1992)

Cultured astrocytes are known to possess a range of neurotrophic activities in culture. In order to examine which factors may be responsible for these activities, we have examined the expression of the genes for four known neurotrophic factors-ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT3)-in purified astrocyte cultures derived from neonatal rat hippocampus. Hippocampal astrocytes were found to express mRNA for three neurotrophic factors-CNTF, NGF and NT3-at significantly higher levels than other cultured cell types or cell lines examined. BDNF messenger RNA (mRNA), however, was undetectable in these astrocytes. The levels of CNTF, NGF and NT3 mRNA in astrocytes were largely unaffected by their degree of confluency, while serum removal caused only a transient decrease in mRNA levels, which returned to basal levels within 48 h. Astrocyte-derived CNTF was found to comigrate with recombinant rat CNTF at 23 kD on a Western blot. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed strong CNTF immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of astrocytes, weak staining in the nucleus, but no CNTF at the cell surface. NGF and NT3 were undetectable immunocytochemically. CNTF-like activity, as assessed by bioassay on ciliary ganglion neurons, was found in the extract of cultured astrocytes but not in conditioned medium, whereas astrocyte-conditioned medium supported survival of dorsal root ganglion neurons but not ciliary or nodose ganglion neurons. This conditioned medium activity was neutralized with antibodies to NGF. Astrocyte extract also supported survival of dorsal root ganglion and nodose ganglion neurons, but these activities were not blocked by anti-NGF. Part, but not all, of the activity in astrocyte extracts which sustained nodose ganglion neurons could be attributed to CNTF.