gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Penetration of Piperacillin and Tazobactam in Critically Ill Patients (2014)

Pulmonary infections in critically ill patients are common and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Piperacillin-tazobactam is a frequently used therapy in critically ill patients with pulmonary infection. Antibiotic concentrations in the lung reflect target-site antibiotic concentrations in patients with pneumonia. The aim of this study was to assess the plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) of piperacillin-tazobactam in critically ill patients administered standard piperacillin-tazobactam regimens. A population PK model was developed to describe plasma and intrapulmonary piperacillin and tazobactam concentrations. The probability of piperacillin exposures reaching pharmacodynamic end points and the impact of pulmonary permeability on piperacillin and tazobactam pulmonary penetration was explored. The median piperacillin and tazobactam pulmonary penetration ratios were 49.3 and 121.2%, respectively. Pulmonary piperacillin and tazobactam concentrations were unpredictable and negatively correlated with pulmonary permeability. Current piperacillin-tazobactam regimens may be insufficient to treat pneumonia caused by piperacillin-tazobactam-susceptible organisms in some critically ill patients.
Columnar Benzoperylene‐Hexa‐ and Tetracarboxylic Imides and Esters: Synthesis, Mesophase Stabilisation and Observation of Charge‐Transfer Interactions between Electron‐Donating Esters and Electron‐Accepting Imides (2011)

Benzo[ghi]perylene 1,2,4,5,10,11-hexacarboxylic trialkylimide and dialkylimido-dialkyl ester derivatives, displaying a thermodynamically stable hexagonal columnar liquid-crystalline phase at room temperature, have been obtained by the use of previously unexplored chiral racemic α-branched alkylimide functions. One of the trialkylimides described here is the first room temperature columnar solely oligo-alkylimide-substituted arene, and thus constitutes a prototype case of self-assembling organic acceptor materials. As the related hexacarboxylic hexaesters are found to exhibit only a weak tendency to form columnar mesophases, benzo[ghi]perylene 1,2,5,10-tetracarboxylic tetraalkyl esters have been synthesized by regioselective oxidative Diels-Alder addition of maleic anhydride to 3,10-dicyanoperylene, and a room temperature hexagonal columnar mesophase was obtained with branched alkyl chains. The acceptor-type electronic properties of the tri- and diimides have been found to be considerably more pronounced than those of the hexa- and tetracarboxylic esters, and to approach those of the prototype acceptor material C(60). The formation of bathochromically absorbing donor-acceptor complexes was observed with a di- or triimide as acceptor and a tetraester as donor, but not with a hexaester as donor. Exploiting the non-negligible differences in reduction and oxidation potentials between all four types of materials, the minimum HOMO energy difference necessary for charge-transfer-complex formation has been determined to lie between 0.29 and 0.35 eV.
Studies on the mechanism of tolerance or graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic bone marrow recipients at the level of cytotoxic T-cell precursor frequencies (1992)

Previous studies demonstrated that the frequency of donor-versus-host-reactive cytotoxic T-cell precursors (CTL-p) before allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from matched unrelated donors correlates with the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GvH-D). We investigated whether clinical manifestations of GvH-D after HLA-identical sibling BMT are accompanied by an increased frequency of minor histocompatibility antigen (HA)-specific CTL-p. We further asked whether changes of third-party-reactive CTL-p as a measure of overall immunocompetence are related to infectious complications frequently seen immediately after BMT. Eighteen patients (16 with an HLA-identical bone marrow graft, two with either one HLA-A or one HLA-DR mismatch) were studied. Limiting dilution analysis (LDA) was used to assess donor CTL-p frequencies against recipient pre-BMT, donor, and third-party targets in a follow-up study. Eight cases receiving HLA-identical marrow grafts never developed signs of GvH-D. Undetectable or very low frequencies (1/131,458) of minor HA-specific CTL-p were demonstrated pre-BMT. Two recipients, one of an HLA-A- and one of an HLA-DR-mismatched graft, exhibited low frequencies of recipient-specific CTL-p (1/66,920 and 1/85,577, respectively) before transplantation, which further decreased despite mild GvH-D grade I, or decreased within 3 months after grafting in the other case. Eight patients receiving HLA-identical grafts developed GvH-D. Recipient-specific CTL-p were less than 1/300,000 in five patients during limited GvH-D (four with grade I and one with grade II disease of the skin), but were detectable in three patients presenting with extensive GvH-D grades II to III and ranged from 1/7,993 to 1/210,108. The differences in post-BMT recipient-specific CTL-p frequencies between patients with GvH-D grades 0 to I (median, less than 1/300,000) and those with GvH-D grades II to III (median, 1/111,970) were statistically significant (P less than .05). Posttransplant lymphocytes from all 18 patients contained less than 1/300,000 CTL-p with specificity for donor targets. Comparison of third-party-reactive CTL-p frequencies between donor and post-BMT recipient lymphocytes showed a severe and long-lasting depletion subsequent to BMT, which was not related to infectious complications. Again, these differences reached the level of statistical significance (median CTL-p before BMT, 1/4,417; after BMT, 1/14,289; P less than .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Three Way Catalyst Control using PI-style Controller with HEGO Sensor Feedback (2002)

Recent research has shown that control of the oxygen content in the catalyst has potential to further reduce the emissions from spark ignited engines. This gives rise to a cascade structure where a ...
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Primes for Polysaccharide‐Inducible IgG2 Antibody Response in Children with Recurrent Otitis Media Acuta (1999)

Children with frequent recurrent episodes of otitis media may have a deficient IgG2 antibody response to polysaccharide antigens. Five otitis-prone children were vaccinated with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. While all had an IgG1 antibody response to all pneumococcal serotypes included in the conjugate vaccine, the IgG2 response, especially to serotypes 6B, 9V, 19F, and 23F, was poor. However, vaccination with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine 6 months after conjugate vaccination induced an 11.5- to 163-fold increase in IgG2 anti-polysaccharide antibody titers. Thus, an IgG2 polysaccharide antibody deficiency can be overcome by priming with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by a booster with a polyvalent polysaccharide vaccine.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY STUDY ON THE ASSESSMENT SCALE OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS PRINCIPLES ABOUT DIE WITH DIGNITY (2014)

Even though Turkey has relatively young population, elderly population is increasing. Its a fact that inevitably death rate also will increase. In 1992, it was accepted that patients who have incurable diseases have right to die with dignity by World Health Organization and European Medical Associations. In 1999, principles about die with dignity were identified by Debate of the Age Health and Care Study Group in The Future of Health and Care of Older People. It was suggested that 12 principles about die with dignity should have accepted by medical care services and social care agencies and organizations. In this manner, there is a need to assess peoples attitudes toward die with dignity with a valid and reliable assessment instrument. In order to meet this need, this study conducted with 114 female and 80 male, totally 194 social work students aged 18-25 aims to identify the validity and reliability of Assessment Scale of Attitudes towards Principles about Die With Dignity. As a result of this study, its identified that the scale is unidimensional and it is valid and reliable instrument.
Intrinsic Stability of Temporally Shifted Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (2010)

Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), a widespread synaptic modification mechanism, is sensitive to correlations between presynaptic spike trains and it generates competition among synapses. However, STDP has an inherent instability because strong synapses are more likely to be strengthened than weak ones, causing them to grow in strength until some biophysical limit is reached. Through simulations and analytic calculations, we show that a small temporal shift in the STDP window that causes synchronous, or nearly synchronous, pre- and postsynaptic action potentials to induce long-term depression can stabilize synaptic strengths. Shifted STDP also stabilizes the postsynaptic firing rate and can implement both Hebbian and anti-Hebbian forms of competitive synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, the overall level of inhibition determines whether plasticity is Hebbian or anti-Hebbian. Even a random symmetric jitter of a few milliseconds in the STDP window can stabilize synaptic strengths while retaining these features. The same results hold for a shifted version of the more recent "triplet" model of STDP. Our results indicate that the detailed shape of the STDP window function near the transition from depression to potentiation is of the utmost importance in determining the consequences of STDP, suggesting that this region warrants further experimental study.
Autonomous Vehicle Safety: An Interdisciplinary Challenge (2017)

Ensuring the safety of fully autonomous vehicles requires a multi-disciplinary approach across all the levels of functional hierarchy, from hardware fault tolerance, to resilient machine learning, to cooperating with humans driving conventional vehicles, to validating systems for operation in highly unstructured environments, to appropriate regulatory approaches. Significant open technical challenges include validating inductive learning in the face of novel environmental inputs and achieving the very high levels of dependability required for full-scale fleet deployment. However, the biggest challenge may be in creating an end-to-end design and deployment process that integrates the safety concerns of a myriad of technical specialties into a unified approach.
Ambient Noise Levels in Audiometric Test Rooms Used for Clinical Audiometry (1993)

Recently, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has specified (ANSI S3.1-1991) maximum permissible ambient noise levels (MPANLs) allowed in an audiometric test room that would produce negligible masking of pure tones presented down to O-dB HL for two test conditions (ears covered, ears not covered) and three test frequency ranges (125-8000 Hz, 250-8000 Hz, 500-8000 Hz). In the present study, octave band ambient noise sound pressure levels were measured in 136 audiometric test rooms used for clinical audiometry and compared with the ANSI octave band MPANLs for each test condition and frequency range. For the ears covered condition, about 50% of the rooms were in compliance (passed) with the MPANLs for the 125-8000 Hz and 250-8000 Hz range and 82% for the 500-8000 Hz range. For the ears not covered condition, only about 14% of the rooms passed for the 125-8000 Hz and 250-8000 Hz range and 37% passed for the 500-8000 Hz range. The primary cause of the low pass rate for each test condition and frequency range was attributed to low frequency (125-500 Hz) ambient noise presumably from the ventilation system.
Comparison of engine power correction factors for varying atmospheric conditions (2003)

This work evaluates proposed methods to correct engine power output as a function of atmospheric conditions. The analysis was made through experiments carried out in a vehicle on the road, under different temperature, pressure and air humidity conditions. The vehicle had a four-cylinder gasoline-fuelled engine, with multi-point fuel injection system, variable intake pipe length and variable intake valve camshaft position. The vehicle was tested at sea level and at 827 m above sea level, corresponding to atmospheric pressures between 1027 and 926 mbar. Air temperature varied from 22,8 to 33,8 °C at the test locations. The measured performance parameter in the tests was the vehicle acceleration time. The acceleration times from 0 to 400 m, 0 to 1000 m, 40 to 100 km/h and 80 to 120 km/h were all recorded, leaving from an initial vehicle speed of 40 km/h. The engine power curve obtained in laboratory under a standard ambient condition was corrected to the conditions of the road tests by the correction factors proposed by the methods under evaluation, and the corresponding acceleration times were calculated and compared with the measurements from the road tests. The evaluated methods for power correction were the following: DIN 70020, SAE J 1349, JIS D 1001 and ISO 1585. The SAE J 1349 method provided the best approach between the experimental and calculated acceleration times.
Organizing arrays for paged memory systems (1995)

article Free AccessOrganizing arrays for paged memory systems Author: Gary Newman XMX corp., 46 manning Rd., Billerica, MA XMX corp., 46 manning Rd., Billerica, MAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 38Issue 7July 1995 pp 93–110https://doi.org/10.1145/213859.214804Published:01 July 1995Publication History 4citation379DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations4Total Downloads379Last 12 Months36Last 6 weeks5 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Maximum-likelihood detection of block coded CDMA using the A* algorithm (2002)

Maximum-likelihood soft-decision decoding of block coded CDMA using the A* algorithm is considered. Different heuristic functions are considered, applied to coded and uncoded CDMA. The average complexity involved in ML detection for both uncoded and coded CDMA is investigated. The (23,12) Golay code is used in the coded case.
N-Ethyldiisopropylamine and Sulfur Dioxide Solutions. 2. Reactions with Conjugate Acceptors (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTN-Ethyldiisopropylamine and Sulfur Dioxide Solutions. 2. Reactions with Conjugate AcceptorsFabrice Eugene, Bernard Langlois, and Eliane LaurentCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 9, 2599–2603Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00088a051https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00088a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views515Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Building Type Basics for Elementary and Secondary Schools. (2001)

Preface ( John Czarnecki). Acknowledgments. 1. Predesign. Introduction. The Learning Process. School Programming and Planning Guidelines. Early Childhood and Kindergarten. Elementary Schools. Middle Schools and High Schools. Special Schools. Future School Facility Spaces. 2. Circulation. Design Concepts. Building Configurations. 3. Design Concerns and Process. The Planning, Design, and Implementation Process. Common Problems and Cautions. Trends in School Planning and Design. Unique Design Concerns. 4. Site Planning. Urban Site Selection. Suburban Site Selection. Site Size. Site Circulation. Site Programming. Elementary School Play Areas. Security and Safety Concepts in Site and Building Design. Sustainable Site Design. 5. Codes. Life Safety. Space Standards. Appropriate Building Systems and Construction Practices. Public Policy. Fiscal and Anticorruption Controls. Land-Use Policy. Conclusion. 6. Sustainable Design Issues. Sustainable Sites. Water Efficiency. Energy Conservation. Building Envelope. Materials and Resources. Caveats. 7. Structural Systems. Building Life. Fire Safety. Seismic Considerations. Flexibility. Cost. Aesthetics. Long-Span Spaces. Prefabricated and Preengineered Structures. Foundations. Special Issues. 8. Mechanical Systems. General. Preschools and Kindergartens. Elementary Schools. Middle and Secondary Schools. 9. Electrical/Communications Systems. Reference Standards. Impact of Technology. Power Source. Emergency Power. Lighting Systems. Fire Safety. Communications. Space Requirements: Rules of Thumb. 10. Technology and Special Equipment. Technology s Impact on Learning Space Design. 11. Materials. Introduction. Common Material Selections for Primary Spaces. Durability and Maintenance. Codes. Regional Issues. Environmental Considerations. Considerations in Material Selection for Schools. 12. Acoustic Control. Introduction. Definitions. Acoustical Performance: Materials and Spatial Proportions. Design Guides. Hearing Impairment and ADA Requirements. 13. Lighting Design. Introduction. Light Levels, Light Reflectance Values, and Glare. Electric Lighting Systems. Windows and Daylighting. Design Guides. 14. Interior Issues. Classrooms. General Use Space. Flexibility. Furnishings. Technology. Color and Light. Ergonomics. Security. Codes. 15. Wayfinding. 16. Renovation. Introduction. To Build New or to Renovate? 17. International Design Issues and Opportunities. Introduction. International Schools. Planning and Design Issues. 18. Operation and Maintenance. Introduction. New School Construction. Existing School Buildings. 19. Cost Issues. Introduction. Management. Relative Costs. Other Factors that Can Affect Costs. Value Engineering and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis. 20. Financing. Public School Financing. Private School Financing. Appendix A: Sample Space Program for an Elementary School, Grades PK 5. Appendix B: Sample Space Program for a Middle School, Grades 6 8. Appendix C: Sample Space Program for a High School, Grades 9 12. Bibliography and References. Index.
Structures and energetics of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>polymorphs (2007)

First-principles calculations are made for five Ga2O3 polymorphs. The structure of ε-Ga2O3 with the space group Pna 21 (No. 33, orthorhombic), which is sometimes called κ-Ga2O3 in the literature, is consistent with experimental reports. The structure of γ-Ga2O3 is optimized within 14 inequivalent configurations of defective spinel structures. Phonon dispersion curves of four polymorphs are obtained. The volume expansivity, bulk modulus, and specific heat at constant volume are computed as a function of temperature within the quasi-harmonic approximation. The Helmholtz free energies of the polymorphs are thus compared. The expansivity shows a relationship of β<ε<α<δ, while β<ε<δ<α for the bulk modulus. The formation free energies have the tendency β<ε<α<δ<γ at low temperatures. With the increase of temperature, the difference in free energy between the β-phase and the ε-phase becomes smaller. Eventually the ε phase becomes more stable at above 1600 K.
Image-Based Anomaly Detection Technique: Algorithm, Implementation and Effectiveness (2006)

The frequent and large-scale network attacks have led to an increased need for developing techniques for analyzing network traffic. This paper presents NetViewer, a network measurement approach that can simultaneously detect, identify, and visualize attacks and anomalous traffic in real-time by passively monitoring packet headers. We propose to represent samples of network packet header data as frames or images. With such a formulation, a series of samples can be seen as a sequence of frames or video, revealing certain kinds of attacks to the human eye. This enables techniques from image processing and video compression to be applied to the packet header data to reveal interesting properties of traffic. We show that "scene change analysis" can reveal sudden changes in traffic behavior or anomalies. We also show that "motion prediction" techniques can be employed to understand the patterns of some of the attacks. We show that it may be feasible to represent multiple pieces of data as different colors of an image enabling a uniform treatment of multidimensional packet header data. We compare the effectiveness of NetViewer with classical detection theory-based Neyman-Pearson test
Translocation of profilaggrin N-terminal domain into keratinocyte nuclei with fragmented DNA in normal human skin and loricrin keratoderma. (1998)

The terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes from the granular to enucleated cornified layer involves drastic changes both in morphology and biochemistry. Profilaggrin is a keratinocyte-specific phosphoprotein expressed in the granular layer. Although keratinization has been regarded as a specialized form of apoptosis or programmed cell death, the mechanism for this cellular transition at the molecular level is not yet well understood. In this study, we used light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry to investigate the localization of the profilaggrin domains during this process. Antibodies specific for the amino-terminal domains of profilaggrin showed localization in keratohyalin granules in the granular cells, but stained the nucleus in transition cells. In contrast, an antibody to filaggrin domains stained the cytoplasm in the transition cells. Nuclei that were positive to amino-terminal profilaggrin contained fragmented DNA, characteristic of apoptosis. In the epidermis of patients with progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma carrying a mutation in the loricrin gene (loricrin keratoderma), the profilaggrin amino-terminal domains were packed within apoptotic nuclei together with loricrin aggregates and this persisted up to the parakeratotic superficial layer. The present study indicates that the amino-terminal profilaggrin domains are cleaved from the filaggrin repeats and transiently localized to the apoptotic nuclei just before the formation of enucleated stratum corneum in normal epidermis. This suggests a significant role for the profilaggrin amino-terminus in nuclear events associated with keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Disrupted apoptosis found in loricrin keratoderma might explain the marked parakeratotic hyperkeratosis characteristic of this disease.
Classical synchronization indicates persistent entanglement in isolated quantum systems (2017)

Synchronization and entanglement constitute fundamental collective phenomena in multi-unit classical and quantum systems, respectively, both equally implying coordinated system states. Here, we present a direct link for a class of isolated quantum many-body systems, demonstrating that synchronization emerges as an intrinsic system feature. Intriguingly, quantum coherence and entanglement arise persistently through the same transition as synchronization. This direct link between classical and quantum cooperative phenomena may further our understanding of strongly correlated quantum systems and can be readily observed in state-of-the-art experiments, for example, with ultracold atoms.