gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Base-boronated dinucleotides: synthesis and effect of N7-cyanoborane substitution on the base protons (1996)

Boron-modified nucleic acids comprise a new set of DNA mimics that have potential biological and therapeutic applications. A series of nine dinucleotides containing N7-cyanoborane-2'-deoxyguanosine ((7b)dG) at the 3', 5' or both positions of the phosphodiester linkage have been synthesized using solution phase phosphoramidite chemistry. Fmoc was used as the 5'-protecting group because of incompatibility of the cyanoborane moiety with 5'-DMT cations generated during the deprotection step. The presence of the cyanoborane group was confirmed on the basis of Fab-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The H-8 proton of (7b)dG in the dinucleotides shifted 0.35-0.80 p.p.m. downfield relative to that of unmodified dG. A comparison of the D20 exchange kinetics of the H-8 proton at 60 degrees C showed that H-8 of (7b)dG is very labile relative to unmodified dG, indicating that the N7-cyanoborane modification increases the acidity of the H-8 proton of (7b)dG. These studies illustrate the feasibility of synthesizing boron-containing oligonucleotides which are modified at the N7-guanine to block Hoogsteen pairing in the DNA major groove.
Transmural Electrophysiological Heterogeneities Underlying Arrhythmogenesis in Heart Failure (2003)

Although expression of numerous ion channels is altered in heart failure (HF), mechanisms by which dysfunction at the ionic and molecular levels lead to ventricular tachyarrhythmias in HF are unknown. Previously, we found that transmural heterogeneities of repolarization play a critical role in the genesis of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) when QT interval was prolonged in LQT2. Because QT interval is also prolonged in HF, we hypothesized that transmural heterogeneities are a mechanism of PVT in HF. Optical action potentials were measured simultaneously from cells spanning the entire transmural wall of arterially perfused canine wedge preparations. Wedges were isolated from dogs without (control, n=5) and with HF (n=8) produced by rapid ventricular pacing. In HF, action potential duration (APD) prolongation was markedly heterogeneous across the transmural wall, and was characterized by disproportionate APD prolongation of midmyocardial (M) cells. APD prolongation of M cells accounted for QT-interval prolongation, and caused significant increases (P<0.01) in spatial gradients of repolarization across the ventricular wall from 4.3+/-2.1 (control) to 12.4+/-3.5 ms/mm (HF). Enhanced gradients were directly responsible for development of functional conduction block, leading to PVT in 63% of HF wedges but in no controls (P<0.03). Moreover, intramural decremental conduction and block of the premature impulse, preceded each episode of PVT, and always occurred at the border between M-cell and subepicardial zones, where repolarization gradients were highest. Selective prolongation of APD within M cells underlies several key features of the HF phenotype, including QT-interval prolongation, transmural heterogeneity of repolarization, and susceptibility to conduction block and reentrant PVT.
Sonochemical degradation of p -chlorophenol in aqueous solution using hypervalent iron (2010)

Sonochemical degradation of p-chlorophenol (CP) by coupling a well-known environmental friendly oxidant- iron (VI) in the form of potassium ferrate, with the assistance of sonication (Sono ferrate) was experimented upon in this work. The efficiency of the method was monitored by the degradation and mineralization of p-chlorophenol. The relevant parameters namely pH and ferrate: CP ratio were optimized. The optimal pH and the ferrate: CP ratio for the sono ferrate method was found to be 8.0 and 3:1 at which the removal efficiency with respect to chemical oxygen demand was found to be 85.7% in 75 min and the mineralization efficiency (TOC removal) was 71.6%. It was observed that sono ferrate method was more effective than simple ferrate method. Hence it is recommended to use sono ferrate method as an effective, clean and green way of degrading CP.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of macrophages with therapeutic potential generated from human cirrhotic monocytes in a cohort study (2015)

Macrophages can be differentiated from cirrhotic patients' apheresis-derived CD14 monocytes and develop the same pro-resolution phenotype as control macrophages, indicating their suitability for clinical therapy.
The functional significance of epitope spreading and its regulation by co‐stimulatory molecules (1998)

Epitope spreading is a process whereby epitopes distinct from and non-cross-reactive with an inducing epitope become major targets of an ongoing immune response. This phenomenon has been defined in experimental and natural situations as a consequence of acute or persistent infection and secondary to chronic tissue destruction that occurs during progressive autoimmune disease. We have investigated the functional significance of this process in the chronic stages of both autoimmune and virus-induced central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease models in the SJL/J mouse. During the relapsing-remitting course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) induced with defined encephalitogenic myelin peptides, CD4+ T cells specific for endogenous epitopes on both the initiating myelin protein (intramolecular epitope spreading) and distinct myelin proteins (intermolecular epitope spreading) are primed secondary to myelin destruction during acute disease and play a major functional role in mediating disease relapses. Similarly, epitope spreading to endogenous myelin epitopes appears to play a major functional role in the chronic-progressive course of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), a virus-induced CD4+ T-cell-mediated immunopathology. In TMEV-IDD, myelin destruction is initiated by virus-specific CD4+ T cells which target virus epitopes persisting in CNS-derived antigen-presenting cells. However, the chronic stage of this progressive disease is associated with the activation of CD4+ T cells specific for multiple myelin epitopes. In both models, the temporal course of T-cell activation occurs in a hierarchical order of epitope dominance, spreading first to the most immunodominant epitope and progressing to lesser immunodominant epitopes. In addition, epitope spreading in R-EAE is regulated predominantly by CD28/B7-1 co-stimulatory interactions, as antagonism of B7-1-mediated co-stimulation using anti-B7-1 F(ab) fragments is an effective ameliorative therapy for ongoing disease. The process of epitope spreading has obvious important implications for the design of antigen-specific therapies for the treatment of autoimmune disease since these therapies will have to identify and target endogenous self epitopes associated with chronic tissue destruction.
Chronic Varicella‐Zoster Virus Skin Lesions in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Are Related to Decreased Expression of gE and gB (1997)

The pathogenesis of chronic, verrucous varicella-zoster virus (VZV) cutaneous lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons is unknown. It has been hypothesized that these lesions are due to an altered pattern of virus gene expression. Immediate early and late (L) gene expression in five chronic verrucous VZV lesions, four full-blown herpes zoster vesicular lesions in HIV-infected persons, and eight vesicular herpes zoster lesions in immunocompetent individuals was semiquantitatively assessed immunohistochemically using specific antibodies to the IE63, gE (L), and gB (L) proteins. All patients had evidence of IE63 expression in keratinocytes; however, gE expression was either weak or absent in keratinocytes of three verrucous lesions, and gB was either weak or absent in two. These results suggest that chronic VZV skin lesions are associated with diminished gE and gB expression. It is inferred that the VZV behavior in keratinocytes may vary from a latency-like state to a fully developed, productive infection.
Properties of Films Made from CO<sub>2</sub>-Precipitated Casein (1998)

Tensile properties, water vapor permeabilities, and water solubilities were determined for casein films plasticized with glycerol. The casein was precipitated from milk that was sparged with carbon dioxide (CO2). The films were compared to those made from commercial calcium caseinate. Glycerol was added to plasticize the films. At 20% (w/w) glycerol content, CO2−casein films were >50% stronger than the calcium caseinate films. They were significantly stiffer than the caseinate films and were approximately as elastic. The water vapor permeabilities were ∼20% less than those of the calcium caseinate films. CO2−casein films were only 7% soluble in water compared to 100% solubility for the calcium caseinate films. The differences in properties of the films indicate structural dissimilarities. Keywords: Films; edible films; casein; tensile properties; water vapor permeability; carbon dioxide; water solubility
Visibility of objects in computer simulations of noisy micrographs (1998)

Thresholds of visibility for objects in images with random pixel noise are predicted in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio. From trials with volunteers marking test images, we determined visibility thresholds of objects obscured by random pixel noise. The test images had objects with a variety of simple shapes and relatively little internal structure. Aside from the noise, the background of the test images was smooth and featureless. We extend the threshold signal-to-noise ratio measurements of Rose and others to a variety of object sizes and shapes. For objects with areas less than a disc subtending 2 degrees at the eye, visibility depends on the averaged difference in intensity from background, the noise level and the number of pixels in the object. Visibility does not seem to depend on object shape.
Automation for Optimised Production of Fluorine-18-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals (2010)

Most F-18 radiolabelling is currently done by nucleophilic substitution using no-carrier-added [F18]-fluoride. F-18 radionuclide produced in the cyclotron is a poor nucleophile that is unreactive in aqueous media and must undergo a number of processes to maximise reactivity. First it must be isolated from the target material (separation), then dried to remove traces of water (drying) and dissolved in an anhydrous solvent together with the precursor to initiate reaction (labelling). The intermediate labelled product then may need to be hydrolysed (de-protection) and finally, separated from the crude mixture (purification). An automated radiolabelling module is essential for the development and production of PET radiopharmaceuticals for performing basic functions such as transfer of fluids and heating and stirring. Sounds easy, but in reality the requirements of PET radiochemistry create unique challenges for the automated system. Such challenges are; radiation resistance and chemical compatibility of materials, reliability of control components, size constraints due to the need for shielding, product sterility and safety to the operator. Advances in computing hardware and software have had a major impact on automation of radiolabelling. Simplified program control and visualization of components and sensors has made the radiochemists work easier and safer. Modern synthesizer programs incorporate real-time displays of hardware status and trend graphs of various parameters (radioactivity, temperature, pressure) so that the synthesizer is no longer a “black box”. Finally, miniaturisation of components and more recently the design of “microfluidic reactors” have shown potential for further improving the radiolabelling process. Keywords: Automation, F-18, nucleophilic, PET, radiolabelling
Pro Android (2009)

Pro Android is a detailed look at application development on Googles Mobile OS. It uses the development of a sample application to work through all the options you might want to build a flexible mobile application. The focus is on making viable commercial applications work. The book includes detailed coverage of the Android API. Assumes knowledge of basic Java programming principles so that you can follow the code Written in an exampledriven and practically minded style Serves as a tool for hobbyists and professionals who want to create productionquality applications What youll learn Adapt existing applications to a mobile framework. Understand how an Android application functions and communicates with the handset that hosts it. Discover all aspects of developing the mobile features that Android enables including the complexities of timers, services, and multimedia playback. Create and display a rich mix of customrendered screens and tailored Android widgets. Find out all about the Android API and using it to create apps that work across the gamut of wireless devices. Understand how locationbased services, which are becoming more and more important in the mobile world, work. Uutilize Googles powerful Map tool. Understand network connectivity in the mobile world. Who is this book for? This book is for professional software engineers/programmers looking to move their ideas and applications into the mobile space with Android. The author assumes the reader has a passable understanding of Java. The reader should be able to write classes and handle basic inheritance structures. This book also targets hobbyist developers looking to navigate the complex minefield of mobile software. About the Apress Pro Series The Apress Pro series books are practical, professional tutorials to keep you on and moving up the professional ladder. You have gotten the job, now you need to hone your skills in these tough competitive times. The Apress Pro series expands your skills and expertise in exactly the areas you need. Master the content of a Pro book, and you will always be able to get the job done in a professional development project. Written by experts in their field, Pro series books from Apress give you the hardwon solutions to problems you will face in your professional programming career.
Study of surfactant-polyelectrolyte interactions. 2. Effect of multivalent counterions on the binding of dodecyltrimethylammonium ions by sodium dextran sulfate and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) in aqueous solution (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudy of surfactant-polyelectrolyte interactions. 2. Effect of multivalent counterions on the binding of dodecyltrimethylammonium ions by sodium dextran sulfate and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) in aqueous solutionKatumitu Hayakawa and Jan C. T. KwakCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 3, 506–509Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100226a026https://doi.org/10.1021/j100226a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views445Altmetric-Citations163LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
No Patents for Semantic Information (2002)

(2002). No Patents for Semantic Information. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 15-16.
Stoichiometry and voltage dependence of the sodium pump in voltage-clamped, internally dialyzed squid giant axon. (1989)

The stoichiometry and voltage dependence of the Na/K pump were studied in internally dialyzed, voltage-clamped squid giant axons by simultaneously measuring, at various membrane potentials, the changes in Na efflux (delta phi Na) and holding current (delta I) induced by dihydrodigitoxigenin (H2DTG). H2DTG stops the Na/K pump without directly affecting other current pathways: (a) it causes no delta I when the pump lacks Na, K, Mg, or ATP, and (b) ouabain causes no delta I or delta phi Na in the presence of saturating H2DTG. External K (Ko) activates Na efflux with Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 0.45 +/- 0.06 mM [SEM]) in Na-free seawater (SW), but with sigmoid kinetics in approximately 400 mM Na SW (Hill coefficient = 1.53 +/- 0.08, K1/2 = 3.92 +/- 0.29 mM). H2DTG inhibits less strongly (Ki = 6.1 +/- 0.3 microM) in 1 or 10 mM K Na-free SW than in 10 mM K, 390 mM Na SW (1.8 +/- 0.2 microM). Dialysis with 5 mM each ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and phosphoarginine reduced Na/Na exchange to at most 2% of the H2DTG-sensitive Na efflux. H2DTG sensitive but nonpump current caused by periaxonal K accumulation upon stopping the pump, was minimized by the K channel blockers 3,4-diaminopyridine (1 mM), tetraethylammonium (approximately 200 mM), and phenylpropyltriethylammonium (20-25 mM) whose adequacy was tested by varying [K]o (0-10 mM) with H2DTG present. Two ancillary clamp circuits suppressed stray current from the axon ends. Current and flux measured from the center pool derive from the same membrane area since, over the voltage range -60 to +20 mV, tetrodotoxin-sensitive current and Na efflux into Na-free SW, under K-free conditions, were equal. The stoichiometry and voltage dependence of pump Na/K exchange were examined at near-saturating [ATP], [K]o and [Na]i in both Na-free and 390 mM Na SW. The H2DTG-sensitive F delta phi Na/delta I ratio (F is Faraday's constant) of paired measurements corrected for membrane area match, was 2.86 +/- 0.09 (n = 8) at 0 mV and 3.05 +/- 0.13 (n = 6) at -60 to -90 mV in Na-free SW, and 2.72 +/- 0.09 (n = 7) at 0 mV and 2.91 +/- 0.21 (n = 4) at -60 mV in 390 mM Na SW. Its overall mean value was 2.87 +/- 0.07 (n = 25), which was not significantly different from the 3.0 expected of a 3 Na/2 K pump.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
THE SIGNIFICANCE IN HUMAN STEREOTACTIC BRAIN SURGERY OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN THE DIENCEPHALON AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS (1959)

<h3>Aims</h3> To investigate the predictive and prognostic values of DNA repair genes excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (<i>ERCC1</i>) and X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (<i>XRCC1</i>) in tumour samples from patients with a diagnosis of biliary tract cancer (BTC). <h3>Methods</h3> Expressions of ERCC1 and XRCC1 were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for 160 patients with BTC and association with clinicopathological features and patient survival was performed to evaluate their predictive and prognostic values. <h3>Results</h3> Neoplastic tissue showed much lower nuclear expression compared with non-neoplastic tissue for ERCC1 (median immunostaining score (IS)=0.7 (95% CI 0.2 to 1.3) vs 8.0 (95% CI 5.5 to 8.0), p<0.001) and XRCC1 (median IS=4.0 (95% CI 3.0 to 5.5) vs 8.0 (95% CI 8.0 to 12.0), p<0.001). High nuclear expression of both proteins was able to predict better overall survival (OS) in patients with gallbladder adenocarcinoma, distal bile duct and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma undergoing gemcitabine as adjuvant therapy (ERCC1: median OS estimate=39.7 vs 22.9 months, p=0.011; XRCC1: median OS estimate=33.8 vs 14.6 months, p=0.005). Intense cytoplasmic expression of XRCC1 was found in 12 patients; these patients had significantly more frequent lymph node metastasis (90.0% vs 48.1%, p=0.017) and worse OS (median estimate=12.6 months vs 25.6 months, p=0.004) and recurrence-free survival (median estimate=5.7 months vs 15.1 months, p=0.011). Vascular invasion was significantly more frequent in patients with low nuclear expression for ERCC1 (58.7% vs 20.9%, p<0.001) and XRCC1 (69.6% vs 30.3%, p=0.001). <h3>Conclusions</h3> IHC expression of ERCC1 and XRCC1 has some predictive and prognostic values in patients with BTC. Nuclear expression of ERCC1 and XRCC1 may be used to predict therapeutic response in patients undergoing gemcitabine monotherapy.
Experiences with Gin Process Control in the Midsouth and West (1995)

Various components of a computerized process control system, such as infrared moisture meters, video cameras, computers, paddle samplers, pneumatic cylinders, etc., were installed in a phased approach over a five-year period at two commercial cotton gins. The systems are not yet fully automated or fully implemented, but all of the components that have been evaluated functioned well for extended periods of time. Analyses indicate that reducing the number of lint cleaners from two to one on cotton selected by the computerized system could increase the bale value by about $3 to $6 each. Controlling moisture correctly could have a similar impact and a savings of about $6 per bale. Total additional profits for cotton grown in the United States could exceed $135 million annually.
Microwave Data Inversions Using the Source-Receiver Compression Scheme (2012)

We apply a source-receiver compression approach to reduce the computational time and memory usage of the nonlinear inversion approaches for interpreting three-dimensional microwave data. By detecting and quantifying the extent of redundancy in the data, we assemble a reduced set of simultaneous sources and receivers that are weighted sums of the physical sources and receivers employed in the measurement setup. Because the number of these simultaneous sources and receivers can be significantly less than those of the physical sources and receivers, the computational time and memory usage of any inversion method such as steepest-descent, nonlinear conjugate-gradient, contrast-source inversion, and quasi-Newton can be tremendously reduced. The scheme is based on decomposing the data into their principal components using a singular-value decomposition approach and the data compression is done through the elimination of eigenvectors corresponding to small eigenvalues. Consequently, this will also suppress the effect of noise in the data. As a concept demonstration we show that this approach has the potential of significantly reducing both computational time and memory usage of the Gauss-Newton inversion method by few orders of magnitude.
High-transonic-speed transport aircraft study (1973)

An initial design study of high-transonic-speed transport aircraft has been completed. Five different design concepts were developed. These included fixed swept wing, variable-sweep wing, delta wing, double-fuselage yawed-wing, and single-fuselage yawed-wing aircraft. The boomless supersonic design objectives of range = 5560 km (3000 nmi), payload = 18,143 kg (40,000 lb), Mach = 1.2, and FAR Part 36 aircraft noise levels were achieved by the single-fuselage yawed-wing configuration with a gross weight of 211,828 kg (467,000 lb). A noise level of 15 EPNdB below FAR Part 36 requirements was obtained with a gross weight increase to 226,796 kg (500,000 lb). The off-design subsonic range capability for this configuration exceeded the Mach 1.2 design range by more than 20%. Although wing aeroelastic divergence was a primary design consideration for the yawed-wing concepts, the graphite-epoxy wings of this study were designed by critical gust and maneuver loads rather than by divergence requirements. The transonic nacelle drag is shown to be very sensitive to the nacelle installation. A six-degree-of-freedom dynamic stability analysis indicated that the control coordination and stability augmentation system would require more development than for a symmetrical airplane but is entirely feasible. A three-plane development plan is recommended to establish the full potential of the yawed-wing concept.