gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Powder diffraction beyond the Bragg law: study of palladium nanocrystals (2000)

An experimental method of measurement of the subtle changes of structure of metal nanocrystals occurring on chemisorption of oxygen, interaction with inert gas and hydrogen, etc ., is proposed. The measured patterns and their evolution are interpreted via atomistic simulations. Described are quantitative observations of the changes in peak position, intensity and half width of the 111 diffraction peak of a palladium catalyst caused by modifying the gaseous environment. The results of the measurements are in line with an atomistic model proposed earlier and prove that the measured average lattice constant of palladium clusters evolves according to their surface relaxation. The evolution of the measured peak intensity suggests surface ordering effects and was used to propose a detailed structural model of nanocrystalline metal particles. The transition of palladium into β-Pd-H in hydrogen under normal conditions was used as a structure probe and provided evidence for the presence of icosahedral clusters in a highly dispersed catalyst. The icosahedral phase is not significantly modified under hydrogen atmosphere and does not transform into the β hydride.
Adding Precision Tools to the Plant Biologists' Toolbox with Chemical Genomics (2005)

The scope of our knowledge regarding plant genetic mechanisms and gene functions is rapidly evolving and expanding. This is primarily due to the availability of genetic and genomic methods for investigating model species, such as Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ). To fuel future advances, current
Enhanced bandgap resonant nonlinear susceptibility in quantum-well heterostructures (1983)

Calculation shows that the bandgap resonant nonlinear susceptibility in a multi-quantum-well structure can be a factor of approximately 2 greater than in the bulk. The calculation uses the mechanism of blocking of band-to-band transitions, likely to be present in materials of interest for advanced optical-fibre communication systems.
What Do Internal Medicine Residents Know about Irritable Bowel Syndrome? (2007)

Purpose: To assess the ability of internal medicine residents to diagnose and manage irritable bowel syndrome. Methods: Eight multiple-choice question survey of forty three residents. 1. Which of the following clinical criteria is most appropriate for diagnosing irritable bowel syndrome? 2. What is the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the general population? 3. Is irritable bowel sydrome a diagnosis of exclusion? 4. For patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome, which of the following is the best recommended diet modification? 5. Of the patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome, what is the likelihood that these patients have real organic disease? 6. Is a colonoscopy required to make a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome? 7. Allosetron, a 5HT-3 antagonist, is used as a treatment for diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. However, its use is limited because of…? 8. What are the initial laboratory tests recommended by irritable bowel syndrome experts? Results: 13% (6 residents) knew the names of the diagnostic criteria. 46% (20 residents) were aware of the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (1). However, only 13% (6 residents) were aware that irritable bowel syndrome is not a diagnosis of exclusion(2). 44% (19 residents) were aware of the recommended dietary modification in irritable bowel syndrome. 20% (10 residents) were aware of the prevalence of organic disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and when asked whether a colonoscopy was required to make a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome, 16% (7 residents) answered yes; 67% (29 residents) answered no; while the remaining 16% answered variable (1). 11% (5 residents) knew ischemic colitis was an adverse reaction to allosetron. No resident was able to correctly identify the initial laboratory tests recommended by irritable bowel syndrome experts (2). Conclusion: Internal medicine residents are suboptimal in all aspects of irritable bowel syndrome. With the proposed changes in ambulatory medicine and block scheduling (3), we believe gastroenterologists should play a central role in subspecialty ambulatory training. 1. Brandt, L et al, Systematic Review on the Management of Irritable Bowel Sydrome in North America. Am Jour of Gastro Vol. 97, no.11 Sup 2002. 2. Bates, B, IBS Diagnosis Controversial, Despite Guidelines, Internal Medicine News, Jul 15th 06; 58. 3. Fitzgibbons, J et al, Redesigning Residency Education in Internal Medicine: A Position Paper from the APDIM. Ann Intern Med, Jun 06; 144: 920 – 926.
Traditional Knowledge in the Global Village (2000)

Indigenous communities are a vast store of traditional knowledge, representing millennia of evolutionary experience. Traditional knowledge is valuable for its own sake and for its contribution to bio-diversity and sustainable development. Traditional knowledge has survived in the past because of the isolation of its owners and the binding thread of their languages and lifestyles. It is being affected by the spread of globalised cultures, the loss of 'minor' languages and urbanisation. This paper outlines the growing recognition of traditional knowledge and illustrates how indigenous peoples, libraries and other agencies are using information technology to help preserve and promote traditional knowledge. The paper concludes that cross-sectoral, national and international cooperation will be required to combat the loss of traditional knowledge. This paper is based on a presentation at the Australian Universities International Alumni Convention in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia in August 2000.
Au Nanoparticle‐Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing of Biocatalytic Transformations (2003)

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N'-methyl-4,4'-bipyridinium is coupled to tiopronin-capped Au nanoparticles (diameter ca. 2 nm) to yield methyl(aminopropyl)viologen-functionalized Au nanoparticles (MPAV(2+)-Au nanoparticles). In situ electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements are used to follow the electrochemical deposition of the bipyridinium radical cation modified Au nanoparticles on an Au-coated glass surface and the reoxidation and dissolution of the bipyridinium radical cation film. The MPAV(2+)-functionalized Au nanoparticles are also employed for the amplified SPR detection of NAD(+) and NADH cofactors. By SPR monitoring the partial biocatalyzed dissolution of the bipyridinium radical cation film in the presence of diaphorase (DP) NAD(+) is detected in the concentration range of 1x10(-4) M to 2x10(-3) M. Similarly, the diaphorase-mediated formation of the bipyridinium radical cation film on the Au-coated glass surface by the reduction of the MPAV(2+)-functionalized Au nanoparticles by NADH is used for the amplified SPR detection of NADH in the concentration range of 1x10(-4) M to 1x10(-3) M.
SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus: different functions, similar mechanisms? (2004)

The small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO posttranslationally modifies many proteins with roles in diverse processes including regulation of transcription, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. Similar to nonproteolytic roles of ubiquitin, SUMO modification regulates protein localization and activity. Some proteins can be modified by SUMO and ubiquitin, but with distinct functional consequences. It is possible that the effects of ubiquitination and SUMOylation are both largely due to binding of proteins bearing specific interaction domains. Both modifications are reversible, and in some cases dynamic cycles of modification may be required for activity. Studies of SUMO and ubiquitin in the nucleus are yielding new insights into regulation of gene expression, genome maintenance, and signal transduction.
Corrosion Electrochemical Behavior of Aluminum Flake Pigmented Water-Borne Epoxy Coating on Carbon Steel in NaCl Solution (2007)

The corrosion electrochemical behavior of a water-borne epoxy coating pigmented with aluminum flake on carbon steel with artificial scratch defect was studied in 3.5% NaCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and scanning vibrating electrode technique(SVET).The results indicated that the defect presented anodic electroactivity at the initial stage of immersion,which extended gradually with time from the scratch into the neighboring coating,lowering the coating impedance.With further immersion,however,the electroactivity of the coating/steel interface decreased significantly due to the self-repairing of the corrosion products,causing an obvious increase of the coating impedance.In the later period of immersion,more scattered electroactive areas appeared under the coating because of the penetrating of corrosive species to the surface of substrate,which led to the decrease of coating impedance,showing the delamination and damage of the coating.
Feed-forward inhibition as a buffer of the neuronal input-output relation (2009)

Neuronal processing depends on the input-output (I/O) relation between the frequency of synaptic stimulation and the resultant axonal firing rate. The all-or-none properties of spike generation and active membrane mechanisms can make the neuronal I/O relation very steep. The ensuing nearly bimodal behavior may severely limit information coding, as minimal input fluctuations within the expected natural variability could cause neuronal output to jump between quiescence and maximum firing rate. Here, using biophysically and anatomically realistic computational models of individual neurons, we demonstrate that feed-forward inhibition, a ubiquitous mechanism in which inhibitory interneurons and their target cells are activated by the same excitatory input, can change a steeply sigmoid I/O curve into a double-sigmoid typical of buffer systems. The addition of an intermediate plateau stabilizes the spiking response over a broad dynamic range of input frequency, ensuring robust integration of noisy synaptic signals. Both the buffered firing rate and its input firing range can be independently and extensively modulated by biologically plausible changes in the weight and number of excitatory synapses on the feed-forward interneuron. By providing a soft switch between essentially digital and analog rate-code, this continuous control of the circuit I/O could dramatically increase the computational power of neuronal integration.
MANGANESE CARBONYL (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMANGANESE CARBONYLDallas T. Hurd, George W. Sentell, and Francis J. NortonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 5, 1899Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01173a541https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01173a541research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views127Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Isomerization–Hydroformylation Tandem Reactions (2014)

The metal-catalyzed isomerization–hydroformylation tandem reaction is of great importance for the production of linear aldehydes starting from internal olefins, but also, the shift of the double bond from a terminal position into the interior of an alkyl chain and the subsequent hydroformylation can be of interest. This review aims to summarize problems and achievements in this area under particular consideration of results published by the Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT) in the past two decades. A main focus is given to the variation of metals (Co, Rh, Ru, Pd, Pt, Fe) and phosphorus ligands used for the tandem reaction.
The Acrylation, Methacrylation, and Acrylamidomethylation of Cellulose (1969)

Partially acrylated and methacrylated cottons have been prepared from the respective acid chlorides and cotton fabric in the presence of various bases. Some of the physical properties of these materials were determined, and the acrylates were cross-linked through the double bond by two methods to give materials with wrinkle recoveries in the wash-wear range. One of the methods utilized sodium hydrogen sulfide as the cross-linking agent, and the other involved an over-cure with zinc nitrate as an acid catalyst. The latter method was also used to bring about a cross-linking reaction between cotton and N-methylolacrylamide by a one-step cure to give cottons with high wrinkle recoveries. The acid-catalyzed addition of acrylamide to cotton also was demonstrated. This process involved free radical as well as ionic mechanisms.
Z-DNA Forms Without an Alternating Purine-Pyrimidine Sequence in Solution (1985)

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (proton and phosphorus-31) and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the DNA decamer d(br5CGbr5CGATbr5CGbr5CG), in which the central two adenine-thymine base pairs are out of order with the rest of the purine-pyrimidine alternation sequence, indicate that under appropriate solvent conditions (high salt and methanol) the molecule undergoes a structural transition from a right-handed B-DNA conformation to a left-handed Z-DNA conformation. Measurements of the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect on the decamer indicate that all of the guanines as well as the two equivalent thymines adopt the syn conformation.
Direct stability analysis of electric power systems using energy functions: theory, applications, and perspective (1995)

Stability analysis programs are a primary tool used by power system planning and operating engineers to predict the response of the system to various disturbances. Important conclusions and decisions are made based on the results of stability studies. This paper presents a theoretical foundation of direct methods for both network-reduction and network-preserving power system models. In addition to an overview, new results are offered. A systematic procedure of constructing energy functions for both network-reduction and network-preserving power system models is proposed. An advanced method, called the BCU method, of computing the controlling unstable equilibrium point is presented along with its theoretical foundation. Numerical solution algorithms capable of supporting online applications of direct methods are provided. Practical demonstrations of using direct methods and the BCU method for online transient stability assessments on two power systems are described. Further possible improvements, enhancements and other applications of direct methods are outlined.
Coordinated Parallel Runway Approaches (1996)

The current air traffic environment in airport terminal areas experiences substantial delays when weather conditions deteriorate to Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). Expected future increases in air traffic will put additional pressures on the National Airspace System (NAS) and will further compound the high costs associated with airport delays. To address this problem, NASA has embarked on a program to address Terminal Area Productivity (TAP). The goals of the TAP program are to provide increased efficiencies in air traffic during the approach, landing, and surface operations in low-visibility conditions. The ultimate goal is to achieve efficiencies of terminal area flight operations commensurate with Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) at current or improved levels of safety.
Design of a Capacitive Flexible Weighing Sensor for Vehicle WIM System (2007)

With the development of the Highway Transportation and Business Trade, vehicle weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology has become a key technology and trend of measuring traffic loads. In this paper, a novel capacitive flexible weighing sensor which is light weight, smaller volume and easy to carry was applied in the vehicle WIM system. The dynamic behavior of the sensor is modeled using the Maxwell-Kelvin model because the materials of the sensor are rubbers which belong to viscoelasticity. A signal processing method based on the model is presented to overcome effects of rubber mechanical properties on the dynamic weight signal. The results showed that the measurement error is less than ±10%. All the theoretic analysis and numerical results demonstrated that appliance of this system to weigh in motion is feasible and convenient for traffic inspection.
Setting the Scene (2001)

Does it matter if you and your tutor have different attitudes to mathematics and its applications? You may believe that getting the correct answer to a problem is all that matters. For instance, when asked to solve the equation 2x + 3 = 11 you might think that all you need to do is provide the answer x = 4. Unfortunately, your tutor is likely to have a different point of view. If the tutor is someone who applies mathematics he might also want a physical interpretation of the answer. And if he is a mathematician he is likely to be interested in how you reached the answer. Why is it the right answer? What has x = 4 got to do with 2x + 3 = 11?
Utility-optimal random access without message passing (2009)

Random access has been studied for decades as a simple and practical wireless medium access control (MAC). Some of the recently developed distributed scheduling algorithms for throughput or utility maximization also take the form of random access, although extensive message passing among the nodes is required. In this paper, we would like to answer this question: is it possible to design a MAC algorithm that can achieve the optimal network utility without message passing? We provide the first positive answer to this question through a simple Aloha-type random access protocol. We prove the convergence of our algorithm for certain sufficient conditions on the system parameters, e.g., with a large enough user population. If each wireless node is capable of decoding the source MAC address of the transmitter from the interferring signal, then our algorithm indeed converges to the global optimal solution of the NUM problem. If such decoding is inaccurate, then the algorithm still converges, although optimality may not be always guaranteed. Proof of these surprisingly strong performance properties of our simple random access algorithm leverages the idea from distributed learning: each node can learn as much about the contention environment through the history of collision as through instantaneous but explicit message passing.
Interchangeable alpha chain cytoplasmic domains play a positive role in control of cell adhesion mediated by VLA-4, a beta 1 integrin. (1993)

Integrins can exist in a range of functional states, depending on the cell type and its state of activation. Although the mechanism that controls activity is unknown, it has been suggested that for some integrins, alpha chain cytoplasmic domains may exert either a negative effect or no effect on adhesion function. To address this issue for VLA-4 (an alpha 4 beta 1 heterodimer), we constructed an alpha 4 cytoplasmic deletion mutant and chimeric alpha chains composed of the extracellular domains of alpha 4 and the cytoplasmic domains of alpha 2, alpha 4, or alpha 5. Upon stable transfection of wild-type alpha 4, VLA-4 heterodimer was obtained that mediated (a) poor adhesion to CS1 peptide, fibronectin, or vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) (in K562 cells); (b) poor adhesion to CS1 peptide but moderate adhesion to VCAM-1 (in MIP101 cells); and (c) moderate adhesion to both CS1 peptide and VCAM-1 (in PMWK cells). Chimeric alpha 4 constructs and wild-type alpha 4 yielded similar results in these cell lines. In contrast, truncation of the alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain (after the conserved GFFKR motif) caused an almost complete loss of adhesive activity in all three cell lines. Thus, several interchangeable alpha chain cytoplasmic domains play a fundamentally positive role in determining the state of constitutive activity for VLA-4. The alpha chain cytoplasmic domain is also required for agonist-stimulated adhesion, since phorbol ester stimulated the cell adhesion mediated by wild-type and chimeric alpha chains, but not by the cytoplasmic deletion mutant. The inactivity of both wild-type VLA-4 (in K562 cells), and truncated VLA-4 (in all three cell lines) was overcome by the addition of a stimulatory anti-beta 1 monoclonal antibody. Thus, the alpha cytoplasmic domain-dependent cellular mechanism controlling both constitutive and agonist-stimulated VLA-4 activity could be bypassed by external manipulation of the integrin.
Highly stable, concentrated dispersions of graphene oxide sheets and their electro-responsive characteristics (2012)

A simple and effective dispersion method based on solvent exchange is implemented to investigate the electro-responsive characteristics of graphene oxide sheets.
Decision-making in structure solution using Bayesian estimates of map quality: the PHENIX AutoSol wizard. (2009)

Estimates of the quality of experimental maps are important in many stages of structure determination of macromolecules. Map quality is defined here as the correlation between a map and the corresponding map obtained using phases from the final refined model. Here, ten different measures of experimental map quality were examined using a set of 1359 maps calculated by re-analysis of 246 solved MAD, SAD and MIR data sets. A simple Bayesian approach to estimation of map quality from one or more measures is presented. It was found that a Bayesian estimator based on the skewness of the density values in an electron-density map is the most accurate of the ten individual Bayesian estimators of map quality examined, with a correlation between estimated and actual map quality of 0.90. A combination of the skewness of electron density with the local correlation of r.m.s. density gives a further improvement in estimating map quality, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.92. The PHENIX AutoSol wizard carries out automated structure solution based on any combination of SAD, MAD, SIR or MIR data sets. The wizard is based on tools from the PHENIX package and uses the Bayesian estimates of map quality described here to choose the highest quality solutions after experimental phasing.
Vision-based neural network road and intersection detection and traversal (2002)

The use of artificial neural networks in the domain of autonomous driving has produced promising results. ALVINN has shown that a neural system can drive a vehicle reliably and safely on many different types of roads, ranging from paved paths to interstate highways. The next step in the evolution of autonomous driving systems is to intelligently handle road junctions. In this paper the authors present an addition to the basic ALVINN driving system which makes autonomous detection of roads and traversal of simple intersections possible. The addition is based on geometrically modelling the world, accurately imaging interesting parts of the scene using this model, and monitoring ALVINN's response to the created image.