gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Going, going, gone (2009)

Over the next several years, generic versions of many best-selling drugs will become available as patents reach their expiration dates.
Inhibition of MAPK Signaling Pathways by VopA from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (2004)

During infection, bacterial pathogens utilize a type III secretion system to inject effectors into the cytoplasm of a target cell where they disrupt the defense system of the host cell. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a causative agent of gastroenteritis endemic in Southeast Asia, has a type III secretion system that encodes a novel member of the YopJ-like protein effector family, VopA (Vibrio outer protein A). Our studies revealed that Vibrio VopA encodes an evolutionarily conserved activity that is extremely potent and requires an intact catalytic site to abrogate signaling pathways in a manner distinct from that of other YopJ-like effectors. We observed that VopA efficiently inhibits the MAPK signaling pathways but not the NFkappaB pathway in mammalian cells. When expressed in yeast, VopA induces a growth arrest phenotype and also blocks yeast MAPK signaling pathways. Our observations provide insight into the immense diversity of targets utilized by YopJ-like effectors to manipulate eukaryotic signaling machineries that are important for the response and survival of the host cell during infection and/or symbiosis.
Methods and techniques for forest change detection and growth estimation using airborne laser scanning data (2008)

Airborne laser scanning has been used increasingly for extracting and estimating forest parameters. Experiences in Nordic countries and Canada have shown that retrieval of stem volume and mean tree height on a tree or stand level from laser scanner data performs as well as, or better than, photogrammetric methods, and better than other remote sensing methods. \n The increasing interest in laser data for forestry applications has led to the present research, which quantifies forest growth and detects possible changes over time using repeated multi-temporal laser surveys over boreal forests. For the thesis, methods and techniques were developed for detecting change automatically and estimating forest growth using multi-temporal airborne laser scanning. The performance of these methods was evaluated based on the field measurements consisting of individual trees or sample plots. All the component studies were carried out in boreal forest at a test site in southern Finland. \n For the detection of change, e.g. harvested or fallen trees, an automatic method was developed based on the image differencing technique applied to digital canopy height models generated from laser data from different dates. New scientific approaches developed for height and volume growth estimation were the individual tree-top differencing method, digital surface differencing and canopy height distribution based analysis. In the individual tree-top differencing method, growth estimation was based on individual tree identification and a tree-to-tree matching algorithm. The digital surface differencing method was based on the difference image of digital surface models. In the analysis based on canopy height distribution, growth was determined as a function of the difference in corresponding percentiles of the canopy height distribution between different laser acquisitions. These methods can be applied at both the individual tree level and the plot/stand level. \n The findings reported in this thesis indicated that multi-temporal airborne laser scanner data can be used for estimating or predicting growth and detecting harvested area and fallen trees with an acceptable level of accuracy (an RMSE of less than 0.5 m for individual tree height growth, a standard deviation of about 6.7 m³ha−1 (26.8%) for volume growth and 0.15 m for mean height growth, and a detection accuracy of 80% for harvested trees). The methods developed could be used to complement field measurements, to improve predictions from a growth model and to develop new-generation forest growth models.
Room temperature cross-linkable gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries by in situ cationic polymerization of divinyl ether (2010)

We demonstrated room temperature cross-linkable gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) prepared by in situ cationic polymerization of tri(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether (TEGDVE) with LIBF4 that yields protonic acid and Lewis acid as an acidic initiating system by the reaction with water as an impurity in the liquid electrolyte. FTIR analysis reveals that TEGDVE in the liquid electrolyte is successfully polymerized into gel polymer electrolyte. The resulting gel polymer electrolyte showed promising electrochemical properties including ionic conductivity, wide range in working potential and stable cycle performance as a lithium ion conducting medium.
Precise score for the prediction of peptides cleaved by the proteasome (2008)

We have developed a score for the probability that a given peptide results from proteasomal cleavage. High scoring peptides are those that are cleaved in their extremities and not in their center, while low scoring peptides are either cleaved in their centers or not cleaved in their extremities. The current work differs from most previous works, in that it determines the production probability of an entire peptide, rather than trying to predict specific cleavage sites. We further present different score functions for the constitutive and the immunoproteasome. Our results were validated to have low error levels against multiple epitope databases. We provide here a novel computational tool and a website to use it-http://peptibase.cs.biu.ac.il/PepCleave_II/ to assess the probability that a given peptide indeed results from proteasomal cleavage.
Alpha Emission Measurements of Lids and Solder Preforms on Semiconductor Packages (1979)

Measurements of the alpha emission activity of metal lids manufactured for the hermetic sealing of semiconductor packages indicate that the activity level is less than 0.05 counts/h/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Probably, the alpha emission activity is in the area of 0.01 counts/h/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . This low level of alpha emission is made possible by the use of a chelating compound in the electroplating hath used for plating the lids. Base metal from which the lids are manufactured is monitored for alpha emission before plating. Only that base metal is used which has extremely low level activity. A graphical representation of the counting statistics for measuring alpha emission is developed in such a way as to be most convenient for use in the Quality Control Department of the manufacturer and user of the lids.
The RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System: Quality of Sea Ice Trajectory and Deformation Estimates (2003)

NASA's RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS) uses sequential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images to track the trajectories of some 30 000 points on the Arctic sea ice for periods of up to 6 months. Much of the Arctic basin is imaged and tracked every 3 days. The result is a highly detailed picture of how the sea ice moves and deforms. The points are initially spaced 10 km apart and are organized into four-cornered cells. The area and the strain rates are calculated for each cell for each new observation of its corners. The accuracy of the RGPS ice tracking, area changes, and deformation estimates is needed to make the dataset useful for analysis, model validation, and data assimilation. Two comparisons are made to assess the accuracy. The first compares the tracking performed at two different facilities (the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and the Alaska SAR Facility in Fairbanks, Alaska), between which the primary difference is the operator intervention. The error standard deviation of the tracking, not including geolocation errors, is 100 m, which is the pixel size of the SAR images. The second comparison is made with buoy trajectories from the International Arctic Buoy Program. The squared correlation coefficient for RGPS and buoy displacements is 0.996. The median magnitude of the displacement differences is 323 m. The tracking errors give rise to error standard deviations of 0.5% day−1 in the divergence, shear, and vorticity. The uncertainty in the area change of a cell is 1.4% due to tracking errors and 3.2% due to resolving the cell boundary with only four points. The uncertainties in the area change and deformation invariants can be reduced substantially by averaging over a number of cells, at the expense of spatial resolution.
A simplified behavioral vehicle longitudinal motion model (2009)

AbstractThe paper develops a simplified behavioral vehicle longitudinal motion model, which has been incorporated in the INTEGRATION software. The paper also derives the relationship between the four traffic stream parameters (free-flow speed, speed-at-capacity, capacity, and jam density) that ensure the validity of the steady-state model. Using a similar approach, car-following formulations for three other state-of-the-art models (namely, Greenshields, Greenberg, and Pipes models), are developed and compared to the proposed model. Subsequently, a comprehensive longitudinal vehicle motion behavior model encompassing steady-state conditions and two constraints — acceleration and collision avoidance — is developed. Finally, the common drawbacks of state-of-the-art car-following models, how these drawbacks are addressed in the INTEGRATION software, and the practical issues that should be considered in modeling vehicle longitudinal motion are presented.Keywords: Car-followingvehicle longitudinal motiontraffic modeling
Code-Aided Turbo Synchronization (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The introduction of turbo and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with iterative decoding that almost attain Shannon capacity challenges the synchronization subsystems of a data modem. Fast and accurate signal synchronization has to be performed at a much lower value of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than in previous less efficiently coded systems. The solution to this issue is developing specific synchronization techniques that take advantage of the presence of the channel code and of the iterative nature of decoding: the so-called <emphasis emphasistype="italic"> turbo-synchronization</emphasis> algorithms. The aim of this paper within this special issue devoted to the turbo principle is twofold: on the one hand, it shows how the many turbo-synchronization algorithms that have already appeared in the literature can be cast into a simple and rigorous theoretical framework. On the other hand, it shows the application of such techniques in a few simple cases, and evaluates improvement that can be obtained from them, especially in the low-SNR regime. </para>
Design of a Double-Layer Slotted Waveguide Array with a Partially-Corporate Feed Circuit Installed in the Lower Layer and its Fabrication by Diffusion Bonding of Laminated Thin Plates at 38GHz Band (2009)

This paper is to demonstrate the potential and realizability of a high-performance waveguide slot antenna. A double-layer slotted waveguide array with a partially corporate feed circuit installed in the bottom layer is proposed and designed in 38GHz band to realize broadband characteristics. For the antenna realization, a diffusion bonding of laminated thin plates is introduced as the fabrication technique of low-cost and high mass-productivity. Previously, a single-layer slotted waveguide array [1, 2] has been developed for commercial use. It is an attractive candidate for high-efficiency and high-gain planar antennas because of its negligible transmission loss and simple structure. As show in Fig. 1 where the feed waveguide is placed at the end of antenna, the slot array cut in each radiating waveguide is fed in series. The bandwidth of antenna gain is restricted due to long line effect in radiating waveguide. And the mainbeam direction will also tilt a lot according to the frequency divergence of propagation coefficient in waveguide. In order to realize a wideband antenna in single-layer, the center feed [3] and the partially-corporate feed [4] structures have been investigated. The bandwidth is enhanced by reducing the long line effect to a certain fraction. However, the increase of blocking area with no radiating elements leads to the degradation of sidelobe level (SLL). Furthermore, the embedded feed circuits with more complexity than the series feed also lead to the difficulty in antenna realization using present fabrication technique. In this study, a double-layer configuration is adopted: the partially-corporate feed circuit in the bottom layer and the radiating waveguides in the top layer. The etching of thin metal plates has high-precision and low-cost as a feature. The number of etching patterns for this double-layer antenna is only five. A proper number of etched metal plates are laminated together by diffusion bonding [5]. It is a process where the diffusion motions of atoms happen under the condition of high-temperature and high-pressure. In addition, a large number of antennas can be fabricated at one time for reduction in cost.
Maximizing Sensitivity of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to Sleep Loss (2011)

Due to their superior conceptual and statistical properties and high sensitivity to sleep deprivation, metrics involving response speed and lapses should be considered primary outcomes for the 10-min PVT. In contrast, PVT mean and median metrics, which are among the most widely used outcomes, should be avoided as primary measures of alertness. Our analyses also suggest that some shorter-duration PVT versions may be sensitive to sleep loss, depending on the outcome variable selected, although this will need to be confirmed in comparative analyses of separate duration versions of the PVT. Using both sensitive PVT metrics and optimal test durations maximizes the sensitivity of the PVT to sleep loss and therefore potentially decreases the sample size needed to detect the same neurobehavioral deficit. We propose criteria to better standardize the 10-min PVT and facilitate between-study comparisons and meta-analyses.
A compilation of soybean ESTs: generation and analysis (2002)

Whole-genome sequencing is fundamental to understanding the genetic composition of an organism. Given the size and complexity of the soybean genome, an alternative approach is targeted random-gene sequencing, which provides an immediate and productive method of gene discovery. In this study, more than 120000 soybean expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated from more than 50 cDNA libraries were evaluated. These ESTs coalesced into 16928 contigs and 17336 singletons. On average, each contig was composed of 6 ESTs and spanned 788 bases. The average sequence length submitted to dbEST was 414 bases. Using only those libraries generating more than 800 ESTs each and only those contigs with 10 or more ESTs each, correlated patterns of gene expression among libraries and genes were discerned. Two-dimensional qualitative representations of contig and library similarities were generated based on expression profiles. Genes with similar expression patterns and, potentially, similar functions were identified. These studies provide a rich source of publicly available gene sequences as well as valuable insight into the structure, function, and evolution of a model crop legume genome.
Impact assessment of varying penetrations of electric vehicles on low voltage distribution systems (2010)

Advances in the development of electric vehicles, along with policy incentives will see a wider uptake of this technology in the transport sector in future years. However, the widespread implementation of electric vehicles could lead to adverse effects on power system networks, especially existing distribution networks. This work investigates some of the potential impacts from various levels of uncontrolled electric vehicle charging on a test distribution network. The network is examined under worst case scenario conditions for residential electricity demand in an effort to assess the full impact from electric vehicles. The results demonstrate that even for relatively modest levels of electric vehicle charging, both the voltage and thermal loading levels can exceed safe operating limits. The results also indicate the importance of assessing each phase on the network separately in order to capture the full effects of uncontrolled electric vehicle charging on the network.
Synthesis, physical properties, and crystallization of optically active poly(<scp>L</scp>‐phenyllactic acid) and poly(<scp>L</scp>‐phenyllactic acid‐<i>co</i>‐<scp>L</scp>‐lactic acid) (2008)

Abstract Optically active poly( L ‐phenyllactic acid) (Ph‐PLLA), poly( L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA), and poly( L ‐phenyllactic acid‐ co ‐ L ‐lactic acid) with weight‐average molecular weight exceeding 6 × 10 3 g mol −1 were successfully synthesized by acid catalyzed direct polycondensation of L ‐phenyllactic acid and/or L ‐lactic acid in the presence of 2.5–10 wt % of p ‐toluenesulfonic acid. Their physical properties and crystallization behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and polarimetry. The absolute value of specific optical rotation ([α] ) for Ph‐PLLA (−38 deg dm −1 g −1 cm 3 ) was much lower than that of [α] for PLLA (−150 deg dm −1 g −1 cm 3 ), suggesting that the helical nature was reduced by incorporation of bulky phenyl group. PLLA was crystallizable during solvent evaporation, heating from room temperature, and cooling from the melt. Incorporation of a very low content of bulky phenyllactyl units even at 4 mol % suppressed the crystallization of L ‐lactyl unit sequences during heating and cooling, though the copolymers were crystallizable for L ‐phenylactyl units up to 6 mol % during solvent evaporation. The activation energy of thermal degradation (Δ E td ) for Ph‐PLLA (200 kJ mol −1 ) was higher than that for PLLA (158 kJ mol −1 ). The Δ E td for the copolymers increased with an increase in L ‐phenyllactyl unit content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Analytical Description of Minimum Energy Expenditure Surfaces (1988)

Mechanical energy expenditure during level walking was evaluated and graphed for two unilateral, below-knee amputees over time and a range of adjustments of the flexion-extension alignment angle. The resulting mechanical energy surfaces were then least-squared fitted with an analytical function that was linear in time and quadratic in flexion-extension alignment angle. The least-squares analysis showed that there was a flexion-extension adjustment that minimized the mechanical energy expenditure and that this optimal adjustment was very close to the design point set by certified prosthetists.
Implementing the Check 21 Act: Potential Risks Facing Banks (2005)

The Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (the Check 21 Act) was designed to facilitate technological innovation by accelerating the transition to electronic check processing. Yet, in adopting Check 21-related processing, banks must also appropriately identify and mitigate potential risks associated with this new federal law.
개정 전.후 특수학교 교육과정 비교분석 및 심층면담을 통한 효율적인 유아특수 교육과정 편성.운영에 대한 질적연구 (2010)

본 연구에서는 1998년 제 7차 특수학교 교육과정과 2008년 개정된 제 7차 특수학교 교육과정의 내용을 비교 · 분석하여 개정전 · 후 국가수준의 유아특수 교육과정의 차이를 알아보았으며， 개정된 제 7 차 특수학교 교육과정에 나타난 유아특수 교육과정의 목적 및 편성 · 운영 방법이 학교수준의 교육과정에 어떻게 활용되어 편성 · 운영되고 있는지를 알아보고...
<title>Slit Radiography: Problems And Potential</title> (1980)

Slit radiography is a highly efficient technique for rejecting scattered radiation in x-ray imaging. In slit radiography, a large-field image is recorded by scanning a narrow x-ray beam across the object, so that all parts of the image are formed by a small x-ray field. Several investigators, including ourselves, have constructed slit radiography machines to test this principle. In general, slit radiography has been shown to be highly effective for eliminating scattered radiation, capable of reducing scatter intensity to less than 20% of the recorded x-ray beam. Problems with the technique also have been revealed, including: 1) the need for a very precise and mechanically rugged collimating apparatus to shape and scan the slit x-ray beams, 2) exceptionally high tube loading and/or exposure time requirements due to inefficient utilization of x-rays in forming narrow slit beams, and 3) insufficient latitude of currently available x-ray film types for recording the high contrast images generated by the slit technique, especially in procedures that already are latitude limited, such as chest radiography. The potential for practical implementation of slit radiography techniques, and their impact on diagnostic accuracy in light of these problems is discussed.
Regulated expression of the calmodulin-related TCH genes in cultured Arabidopsis cells: induction by calcium and heat shock. (1992)

Expression of the calmodulin-related TCH genes of Arabidopsis is strongly and rapidly up-regulated in plants after a variety of stimuli, including touch. As an approach to investigating the mechanism(s) of TCH gene regulation, a manipulable cell culture system in which TCH gene expression is regulated has been developed. In response to increased external calcium or heat shock, TCH2, -3, and -4 mRNA levels significantly increased. Significantly, these two stimuli are known to result in cytoplasmic calcium increases, therefore implicating a role for calcium itself in the regulation of calmodulin-related genes. Further, external calcium is required for maximal heat-shock induction of expression of the TCH genes but not of the 70-kDa heat shock protein; therefore, there may exist at least two distinct mechanisms of heat shock induction of gene expression. Calcium ion regulation of genes encoding calcium-binding proteins may ensure the efficacy of calcium ion as a transient second messenger and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This possible regulatory circuit would likely be relevant not only for plant cells but also for the great variety of animal cells that transduce extracellular stimuli, such as hormones and electrical impulses, into calcium signals.
Tumor necrosis factor production by human macrophages stimulated in vitro by Plasmodium falciparum (1990)

Production of tumor necrosis factor by human macrophages may be induced in vitro by cytoadherent and noncytoadherent strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with an optimal ratio of one to three parasitized erythrocytes per macrophage. Centrifuged and heated crude culture supernatants have the same effect, thus showing the existence of a thermostable soluble factor able to induce this expression. In vitro kinetic experiments have shown that the secretion of tumor necrosis factor appears early, with a maximal peak at 8 h.
A guided evolutionary simulated annealing approach to the quadratic assignment problem (1994)

The quadratic assignment problem, one of the classical NP-complete problems, is usually interpreted as a facility layout problem, of which the task is to assign facilities to locations in a manner so as to minimize a total cost function. The complexity of the problem has motivated the development of many approximation procedures. In this paper, the authors present a new approach to the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). The new technique, called guided evolutionary simulated annealing (GESA), is a parallel algorithm. It combines the ideas of simulated evolution and simulated annealing in a novel way. The authors demonstrate the technique using facility layout problems as examples. Simulation results for benchmark problems are reported. The results indicate that the GESA method outperforms other approximation methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>