gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arterivirus Minor Envelope Proteins Are a Major Determinant of Viral Tropism in Cell Culture (2012)

Arteriviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses for which the attachment proteins and cellular receptors have remained largely controversial. Arterivirus particles contain at least eight envelope proteins, an unusually large number among RNA viruses. These appear to segregate into three groups: major structural components (major glycoprotein GP5 and membrane protein [M]), minor glycoproteins (GP2a, GP3, and GP4), and small hydrophobic proteins (E and the recently discovered ORF5a protein). Biochemical studies previously suggested that the GP5-M heterodimer of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) interacts with porcine sialoadhesin (pSn) in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM). However, another study proposed that minor protein GP4, along with GP2a, interacts with CD163, another reported cellular receptor for PRRSV. In this study, we provide genetic evidence that the minor envelope proteins are the major determinant of arterivirus entry into cultured cells. A PRRSV infectious cDNA clone was equipped with open reading frames (ORFs) encoding minor envelope and E proteins of equine arteritis virus (EAV), the only known arterivirus displaying a broad tropism in cultured cells. Although PRRSV and EAV are only distantly related and utilize diversified transcription-regulating sequences (TRSs), a viable chimeric progeny virus was rescued. Strikingly, this chimeric virus (vAPRRS-EAV2ab34) acquired the broad in vitro cell tropism of EAV, demonstrating that the minor envelope proteins play a critical role as viral attachment proteins. We believe that chimeric arteriviruses of this kind will be a powerful tool for further dissection of the arterivirus replicative cycle, including virus entry, subgenomic RNA synthesis, and virion assembly.
Spatial Differentiation in the Vegetative Mycelium of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> (2007)

Fungal mycelia are exposed to heterogenic substrates. The substrate in the central part of the colony has been (partly) degraded, whereas it is still unexplored at the periphery of the mycelium. We here assessed whether substrate heterogeneity is a main determinant of spatial gene expression in colonies of Aspergillus niger. This question was addressed by analyzing whole-genome gene expression in five concentric zones of 7-day-old maltose- and xylose-grown colonies. Expression profiles at the periphery and the center were clearly different. More than 25% of the active genes showed twofold differences in expression between the inner and outermost zones of the colony. Moreover, 9% of the genes were expressed in only one of the five concentric zones, showing that a considerable part of the genome is active in a restricted part of the colony only. Statistical analysis of expression profiles of colonies that had either been or not been transferred to fresh xylose-containing medium showed that differential expression in a colony is due to the heterogeneity of the medium (e.g., genes involved in secretion, genes encoding proteases, and genes involved in xylose metabolism) as well as to medium-independent mechanisms (e.g., genes involved in nitrate metabolism and genes involved in cell wall synthesis and modification). Thus, we conclude that the mycelia of 7-day-old colonies of A. niger are highly differentiated. This conclusion is also indicated by the fact that distinct zones of the colony grow and secrete proteins, even after transfer to fresh medium.
Operational experience of load shedding and new requirements on frequency relays (1997)

This paper summarises experience and analysis of under-frequency load shedding and power generator islanding. Most power systems can withstand the loss of a single generating unit or a single transmission line. Simultaneous loss of several power system components may cause a severe deficit in active and reactive power. The action of overexcitation limiters on the remaining generators may further aggravate the situation. Such infrequent events may cause severe drop in system frequency and voltage magnitude. Frequency relays for load shedding and power generator islanding must operate correctly even if the system frequency decays and the voltage magnitude decays rapidly at the same time
Inhibitory effect of glycosides like saponin from soybean on the infectivity of HIV in vitro (1989)

Soybean saponins isolated from soybean seeds were investigated for their antiviral activity on HIV in vitro, using an HTLV-I-carrying cell line, MT-4. Saponin B1 completely inhibited HIV-induced cytopathic effects and virus-specific antigen expression 6 days after infection at concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/ml. Saponin B2 also inhibited HIV infection, although less potently. Both saponin B1 and B2 had no direct effect on the reverse transcriptase activity of HIV. Saponin B1 also inhibited HIV-induced cell fusion in the MOLT-4 cell system. The results of this study suggest that soybean saponins, especially saponin B1, have inhibitory activity against HIV infection.
Selective epitaxial channel ground plane thin SOI CMOS devices (2006)

A thin SOI ground plane (GP) design is explored for CMOS application beyond 65nm generation node. The ground plane design is implemented using dopant implants at zero degree angle, in contrast to conventional halo implants, which are typically done at large implant angles. The large angle implants may become impracticable as neighboring devices are positioned closer to each other in an ultra-scaled CMOS technology. An intrinsic Si channel layer is epitaxially grown on top of the ground plane layer for improved surface layer transport. The high doping ground plane layer is positioned away from the top interface, minimizing the counter-doping effect in the extension region, resulting in reduced extension resistance. We demonstrate that the GP structure is effective in achieving superior DIBL and subthreshold slope characteristics down to Leff of ~35nm. We also show that junction penalties in thin body SOI ground plane devices are within the acceptable range. We demonstrate high speed ground plane CMOS ring oscillators, a stage delay of ~4.7ps is achieved at Vdd of 0.9V and 1muA/mum standby leakage current
Visualizing Biodiversity with Voronoi Treemaps (2009)

Introduced in 2005, the Voronoi treemap algorithm is an information visualization technique for displaying hierarchical data. Voronoi treemaps use weighted, centroidal Voronoi diagrams to create a nested tessellation of convex polygons. However, despite appealing qualities, few real world examples of Voronoi treemaps exist. In this paper, we present a multi-touch tabletop application called Involv that uses the Voronoi treemap algorithm to create an interactive visualization for the Encyclopedia of Life. Involv is the result of a year-long iterative development process and includes over 1.2 million named species organized in a nine-level hierarchy. Working in the domain of life sciences, we have encountered the need to display supplemental hierarchical data to augment information in the treemap. Thus we propose an extension of the Voronoi treemap algorithm that employs force-directed graph drawing techniques both to guide the construction of the treemap and to overlay a supplemental hierarchy.
Shape Memory Behavior of Novel (<scp>l</scp>-Lactide−Glycolide−Trimethylene Carbonate) Terpolymers (2007)

Bioresorbable new terpolymers of L-lactide, glycolide, and trimethylene carbonate with different compositions were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization reaction of the cyclic monomers using low-toxicity zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate as initiator. The thermal and mechanical properties were investigated by means of thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, stress-strain measurements, and dynamical mechanical analysis. The glass transition temperature of the terpolymers changes with composition from 12 to 42 degrees C in a predictable manner. All terpolymers display shape memory properties and, after undergoing 100% deformation, they recover the permanent shape in a time frame of seconds. Terpolymers with high L-lactide content show a glass transition in the range of 38-42 degrees C, recovery temperature close to body temperature, and good recovery ratio (>0.89). Low-toxicity bioresorbable terpolymers with shape memory properties are promising new materials for biomedical applications.
Weaknesses and drawbacks of a password authentication scheme using neural networks for multiserver architecture (2005)

In 2001, Li et al. proposed a password authentication scheme for the multiserver architecture by using a pattern classification system based on neural networks. Herein, we demonstrate that Li et al's scheme is vulnerable to an offline password guessing attack and a privileged insider's attack, and is not reparable. Additionally, we show that Li et al.'s scheme has several drawbacks in practice.
GLP-1 receptor agonists and HBA<sub>1c</sub> target of <7% in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2011)

A greater proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes can achieve the HbA(1c) goal <7% with GLP-1 agonists compared to placebo or other antidiabetic drugs; in absolute terms, exenatide LAR was best for the attainment of the HbA(1c) goal.
Tunneling spectroscopy studies of treated aluminum oxide tunnel barrier layers (2005)

We report scanning tunneling microscopy and ballistic electron emission microscopy studies of the electronic states of the uncovered and chemisorbed-oxygen covered surface of AlOx tunnel barrier layers. These states change when chemisorbed oxygen ions are moved into the oxide by either flood gun electron bombardment or by thermal annealing. While untreated samples exhibit band tails extending to zero bias, the former, if sufficiently energetic, results in locally well defined conduction band onsets at ∼1V, while the latter results in a progressively higher local conduction band onset, exceeding 2.3 V for 500 and 600 °C thermal anneals.
Human machine interface design in new CANDU control centres (1992)

The design process and features of new CANDU (Canadian Deuterium Uranium) control centres are discussed. The design process incorporates the systematic consideration of human factors (HF) issues as part of the overall systems engineering activity. This design process has been based on international standards for control center design. CANDU control centers have evolved through three generations of designs with the current advanced designs representing the fourth generation. CANDU plants have always incorporated digital technologies. Video display units (VDUs) have been present in CANDU control centers since the late 1960s. Advanced designs, such as the CANDU 3, make use of a distributed control system feeding data to a plant-wide LAN. The operator interface system is based on a set of nodes on the plant-wide LAN which then feed various VDUs in the control centers. Large-scale wall displays are also used to present operators with a plant overview. Details of the HF aspects of the control center design process and the CANDU 3 control room are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibitory effect of fumaric acid and dicarboxylic acids on gastric ulceration in rats. (1977)

Production of gastric ulcerations in rats by pyloric ligation was found to be inhibited by either intraperitoneal or oral administration of fumaric acid in a dose of 50 mg per kg. The antiulcer action was also exhibited by the four-carbon dicarboxylic acids, maleic acid, oxalacetic acid, succinic acid and malic acid. The studies on fumaric acid indicated that the acid's antiulcer action was based on its ability to inhibit the gastric juice secretion and to dilate the stomach muscle.
Structural and Dielectric Properties of Glass – Ceramic Substrate with Varied Sintering Temperatures (2013)

Structural and Dielectric Properties of Glass – Ceramic Substrate with Varied Sintering Temperatures
Spatially resolved series resistance of silicon solar cells obtained from luminescence imaging (2007)

The fast determination of the spatially resolved series resistance of silicon solar cells from luminescence images is demonstrated. Strong lateral variation of the series resistance determined from luminescence images taken on an industrial screen printed silicon solar cell is confirmed qualitatively by a Corescan measurement and quantitatively by comparison with the total series resistance obtained from the terminal characteristics of the cell. Compared to existing techniques that measure the spatially resolved series resistance, luminescence imaging has the advantage that it is nondestructive and orders of magnitude faster.
A high-throughput screening strategy identifies cardiotonic steroids as alternative splicing modulators (2008)

Alternative splicing has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in a number of human disorders. However, the discovery of compounds that target the splicing reaction has been hindered by the lack of suitable high-throughput screening assays. Conversely, the effects of known drugs on the splicing reaction are mostly unclear and not routinely assessed. We have developed a two-color fluorescent reporter for cellular assays of exon inclusion that can accommodate nearly any cassette exon and minimizes interfering effects from changes in transcription and translation. We used microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) exon 10, whose missplicing causes frontotemporal dementia, to test the reporter in screening libraries of known bioactive compounds. These screens yielded several compounds that alter the splicing of the exon, both in the reporter and in the endogenous MAPT mRNA. One compound, digoxin, has long been used in the treatment of heart failure, but was not known to modulate splicing. The positive compounds target different signal transduction pathways, and microarray analysis shows that each compound affects the splicing of a different set of exons in addition to MAPT exon 10. Our results identify currently prescribed cardiotonic steroids as modulators of alternative splicing and demonstrate the feasibility of screening for drugs that alter exon inclusion.
Speech recognition and the frequency of recently used words (1988)

Speech recognition systems incorporate a language model which, at each stage of the recognition task, assigns a probability of occurrence to each word in the vocabulary. A class of Markov language models identified by Jelinek has achieved considerable success in this domain. A modification of the Markov approach, which assigns higher probabilities to recently used words, is proposed and tested against a pure Markov model. Parameter calculation and comparison of the two models both involve use of the LOB Corpus of tagged modern English.
Furans in Vegetable Oil Refining (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFurans in Vegetable Oil RefiningStewart W. GloyerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 2, 228–236Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1948https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50458a010RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts
Adding demand - side variables to study the intersection between demand and supply in Bangladesh (1986)

It has been argued that the benefit of having children far exceeds their cost. Under these circumstances there is supposed to be little demand for family limitation information and services because numerous children are highly valued. Just like in any of the other poor countries this argument has been made in the past for Bangladesh; however there is evidence that an unexpected latent demand for family limitation in Bangladesh has become manifest in recent times. This paper proposes to discuss the broad scientific and policy issues for the existence of a demand for family planning under such circumstances by dealing with the specific case of Bangladesh. A theory was developed to explain the existence of that demand. The paper further illustrates what research might be done in Bangladesh on the intersection between demand and supply. The paper ends with a consideration of possible policy implications of the existence of latent demand under such circumstances.
Chip-based nanoscopy: towards integration and high-throughput imaging (2017)

Super-resolution optical microscopy, commonly referred to as optical nanoscopy, has enabled imaging of biological samples with a resolution that was only achievable previously using electron microscopy. Optical nanoscopy is a rapidly growing field, with several different techniques and implementations that overcome the diffraction limit of light. However, the common nanoscope continues to be a rather complex, expensive and bulky instrument. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) imaging was recently demonstrated using a waveguide platform for excitation in combination with a simple microscope for imaging. High refractive index waveguide materials have a high intensity evanescent field stretching around 100-200 nm outside the guiding material, which is ideally suited for total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) excitation over large areas. We demonstrate dSTORM imaging of the plasma membrane of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and trophoblasts (HTR-8 cells) using waveguide excitation, with resolution down to around 70 nm. Additionally, we present TIRF imaging of LSEC micro-tubules over a 500 μm x 500 μm area, laying the foundation for large field of view (f-o-v) nanoscopy.
Recherches sur la formation et la transformation des esters LXXIII Sur la préparation d'acides ω‐[aryl (ou aralcoyl ou alcoyl) carbamylamino]‐alcoylphosphoriques et sur leur vitesse de scission à divers pH (1967)

Abstract N‐Aryl(or aralkyl or alkyl)carbamoyl‐aminoalkyl phosphoric monoesters have been prepared by the reaction of isocyanates R′‐NCO on the corresponding amino‐alkylphosphoric monoesters H 2 NROPO 3 H 2 in the presence of 2 equivalents of NaOH. The rates of scission of the phosphoric monoester group and occasionally of the phenylcarbamoylamino group of these monoesters have been studied at 100°, in solutions 0.1M in ester and at various pH.
INCB018424, an Oral, Selective JAK2 Inhibitor, Shows Significant Clinical Activity in a Phase I/II Study in Patients with Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) and Post Polycythemia Vera/Essential Thrombocythemia Myelofibrosis (Post-PV/ET MF). (2007)

Abstract Background: A mutation in the Janus tyrosine kinase 2 gene (JAK2 V617F) has been recognized in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders, including PV (∼95% of patients), ET (∼50%) and PMF (∼50%). INCB018424 is a potent and orally bioavailable selective JAK2 inhibitor with >80-fold selectivity against a broad panel of kinases, including JAK3. INCB018424 potently inhibits JAK2 V617F mediated signaling and malignant cell survival in vitro and in vivo in mice. Preclinical safety studies with INCB018424 demonstrated an excellent safety profile with no off-target toxicities. Methods: A phase I/II trial of INCB018424 given orally BID is being conducted in patients with PMF and Post-PV/ET MF. Both JAK2 V617F and JAK2 wild type patients are eligible. PK and PD data are being collected. Responses are being evaluated using the International Working Group (IWG) consensus criteria for treatment response in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, for the IWG for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment (IWG-MRT) (Tefferi et al., Blood, 108, 1497–1503, 2006). Results: The initial dose of 25 mg PO BID resulted in a rapid and marked reduction in splenomegaly. All 3 patients in the first cohort of patients achieved a reduction in spleen size that is consistent with a clinical improvement response provided it is sustained for 8 weeks; spleen sizes of 25, 22, and 7 cm below the left costal margin have decreased to 8, 10, and 0 cm in the first month of therapy. At two months follow-up, the patient with a baseline spleen size of 22 cm is now down to 2 cm. All 3 patients also noted significant symptomatic improvement. The second cohort of 3 patients started therapy at an increased dose (50 mg PO BID) and at one week follow-up, the initial two patients (one JAK2 wild type, one JAK2 V617F) had decreases in spleen size from 22 cm to 17 cm and from 22 cm to 16 cm, respectively. No dose-limiting toxicities or other significant adverse events occurred in any patients to date. PK/PD analyses demonstrated that administration of INCB018424 resulted in plasma drug concentrations sufficient to markedly inhibit JAK2, as shown by suppression of phosphorylated STAT3 (a substrate of JAK2) in whole blood cells in all 3 patients in the first cohort. The 3 patients in the first cohort were all JAK2 V617F mutation positive: percentages of JAK2 V617F positive whole blood cells before therapy were 79%, 49% and 91%, and after one month of therapy, they were 59%, 48% and 78%, respectively. Conclusions: Initial results show marked reduction in splenomegaly and symptomatic improvement, without significant toxicity. The percentage of blood cells with JAK2 V617F mutation appears to be decreasing in patients on therapy. Updated results on current and future patients will be presented at the meeting.
From Sender to Receiver: Propagation and Environmental Effects on Acoustic Signals (1994)

SYNOPSIS. Acoustic signals transmitted over large distances differ significantly from those emitted by the signaler. Acoustic signals degrade in amplitude, spectral and temporal structure as they propagate through theenvironment. A great deal of work on acoustic communication is aimed at understanding the selective forces imposed by the environment on animal signals. I will discuss the physical constraints the environment puts on acoustic communication, and then discuss similarities in communication by anurans and insects that relate these environmental constraints to their signaling systems. Lastly, I show how changes in signals during propagation relate to changes in signal perception during phonotaxis, and thus, how propagation relates to mate choice and sexual selection
Beam shaping diffractive wave plates [Invited] (2017)

We present and discuss opportunities opened up by a new generation of beam shaping optical elements that combine capabilities of digital spatial light polarization converters and diffractive properties of thin liquid crystalline films with patterned orientation of anisotropy axis (diffractive wave plates). Several functions of the new generation beam shapers are demonstrated, among them converting a laser beam of a Gaussian profile into a ring profile in the far field, a flattop profile, and into complex images. We also describe electrically controlled beam shaping optical elements which can be turned off and on within milliseconds by applying a low external voltage. Optical, morphological, and electro-optical properties of the components are characterized.