gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfonated polysulfone (1976)

Polysulfone has been sulfonated to varying degrees using a sulfur trioxide–triethyl phosphate complex as the sulfonating agent. These conditions are suitable for surface sulfonation as well as solution sulfonation. The neutralized, sodium salt form is much more stable than the free acid form. The glass transition temperature of polysulfone is increased by as much as 130°C (i.e., to 310°C) by the introduction of SO3Na groups. Sulfonation also causes a major shift in the low-temperature (−100°C) transition of polysulfone. Compositions of intermediate degree of sulfonation, containing 0.5 SO3Na groups per polysulfone repeat unit, are melt processable. This composition also displays the best balance of properties. Water absorption, which exerts a large influence on mechanical properties, ranges from 1% to 61%, depending upon degree of sulfonation and sorption conditions. Water absorption and desorption curves show non-Fickian behavior. Compositions of intermediate degree of sulfonation display optimum reverse osmosis desalination behavior. Gas permeability is significantly reduced by sulfonation. Overall behavior is consistent with an ionomer-type structure.
La recherche historique en France (1960)

Braudel Fernand, Labrousse Ernest, Renouvin Pierre. La recherche historique en France. In: Supplément aux Annales de Normandie. 10ᵉ année, n°1, 1960. La recherche historique en France (Les sources d'histoire moderne et contemporaine suite et fin) pp. 1-7.
Shunt Obstruction: A Preventable Complication? (1993)

Mechanical shunt complications account for more than half of all shunt failures. This study compares the incidence and etiology of mechanical shunt failure in a recent series of 343 pediatric patients with a flow-regulating shunt, Cordis Orbis-Sigma valve (OSV; Cordis, Miami, Fla., USA) to a previous series of 1,719 pediatric patients with standard differential pressure (DP) valves. The 1- and 5-year shunt failure probabilities were 20.1 and 23.6%, respectively, for the OSV valve and 31.1 and 49%, respectively, for the standard DP valves. The incidence of slit ventricles was 8.2% for the OSV and 33.2% for the conventional DP valve. Proximal obstruction remained the commonest cause of failure in both groups. Valve obstruction was higher (18.3 vs. 9.7%) with the OSV, although the obstructions tended to occur mostly in the early postoperative period possibly for debris introduced at the time of insertion. This review of the mechanical complications reported in this and other series suggests that despite the complexity of the interactions between variables associated with the patient, the surgeon and the shunt, mechanical complications are to a significant degree preventable. Verification will require prospective randomized clinical trials.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Herb Formula KIOM2012H Against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2015)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic ailment with a rapidly increasing incidence due to dietary hypernutrition and subsequent obesity. Fatty liver disease can lead to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even cancer, which is associated with various complications. Discovering effective natural materials and herbs can provide alternative and complementary medical treatments to current chemical pharmaceuticals. To develop an effective natural agent for NAFLD, we formulated a combination of four herb mixtures (KIOM2012H) and observed lipid-lowering efficacy. The inhibitory effects of KIOM2012H on free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation, triglyceride contents, and gene expressions were analyzed in HepG2 cells. Using high fat diet-fed mice, body weight changes, gross liver appearances, hepatic triglyceride contents, and gene expressions were evaluated. KIOM2012H dose-dependently inhibited lipid accumulation and gene expressions involved in lipogenesis and related regulators. Experimental animals also showed a decrease in body weight changes and lipid-associated physiological parameters. This study shows that KIOM2012H has an alleviating effect on fatty acid and lipid accumulation, and therefore can be applied for development of new therapeutic pharmaceuticals for treatment of NAFLD using natural products and herbs.
Interaction of secreted nascent chains with surrounding membrane in Bacillus subtilis. (1978)

To determine the length of secreted nascent polypeptide chain that is surrounded by membrane, we digested labeled nascent chains protruding from protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis with Pronase and isolated the residual ribosome-attached chains from the membrane-polysome fraction. Gel chromatography revealed a sharp major peak that had been protected by membrane plus bound ribosomes. The ribosomes themselves protected half as great a length. Because no free chain between the ribosome and the membrane was detected by Pronase treatment, the difference between the two protected lengths should measure the length protected by the membrane. More accurate measurements of these lengths, obtained by dansylation of the exposed NH2 terminus of the isolated fragments, yielded a difference of 21 amino acids. This value corresponds to an extended chain of 75 A, which is approximately the thickness of the bacterial cell membrane. We earlier presented evidence that bacterial ribosomes are attached to membrane solely by their secreted chain. The present results further show that after loss of the extracellular segment of the chain its attachment persists, at 37 degrees as well as 0 degrees C. These findings suggest that the chain does not slip through a passive membrane but is actively held within a channel.
BDNF and its pro-peptide are stored in presynaptic dense core vesicles in brain neurons (2012)

Although brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates numerous and complex biological processes including memory retention, its extremely low levels in the mature central nervous system have greatly complicated attempts to reliably localize it. Using rigorous specificity controls, we found that antibodies reacting either with BDNF or its pro-peptide both stained large dense core vesicles in excitatory presynaptic terminals of the adult mouse hippocampus. Both moieties were ~10-fold more abundant than pro-BDNF. The lack of postsynaptic localization was confirmed in Bassoon mutants, a seizure-prone mouse line exhibiting markedly elevated levels of BDNF. These findings challenge previous conclusions based on work with cultured neurons, which suggested activity-dependent dendritic synthesis and release of BDNF. They instead provide an ultrastructural basis for an anterograde mode of action of BDNF, contrasting with the long-established retrograde model derived from experiments with nerve growth factor in the peripheral nervous system.
Expression of mRNA for IL1 beta, IL6 and TGF beta 1 in developing human bone and cartilage. (1994)

Using in situ hybridization, we investigated the expression of mRNA for interleukin-1 beta (IL1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL6), and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF beta 1) in sections of developing bone in human osteophytes. The expression was related to the cellular activity of alkaline phosphatase to aid in the identification of pre-osteoblast populations. IL1 beta mRNA was localized in active osteoblasts within distinct areas of intramembranous ossification. However, the expression was sporadic and appeared to occur at a specific stage of the osteoblast life cycle. There was no IL1 beta mRNA expression in any cell types during endochondral ossification. IL6 mRNA expression was located within pre-osteoblasts and in newly differentiated and matrix-secreting osteoblasts; expression was absent or reduced in flattened, inactive osteoblasts. Weak or no IL6 expression was observed in chondroblasts and chondrocytes, respectively. However, there was a close association between IL6 mRNA expression and the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts. TGF beta 1 expression was localized to osteoblasts apposed to bone or cartilage matrix; the intensity of expression correlated with matrix secretion. Chondroblasts and chondrocytes expressed lower but significant levels of TGF beta 1 mRNA; the expression was lost with the progression to calcifying cartilage. The three cytokines studied were differentially expressed both temporally and spatially, suggesting different roles for each in osteoblast and chondrocyte function.
Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells Differentiate into Keratinocytes under In Vitro Conditions and Culturing Differentiated Cells on Bacterial Cellulose Film (2016)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are capable of self renewing and differentiating into other cell types. Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) has been investigated as an alternative source to bone marrow. The aim of our examinations was to investigate MSC of HUCB could differentiate into keratinocytes under in vitro conditions. In this study, we examined the differentiation with chemical compounds, then to identify the stem cells are differentiated or not, PCR by using the expression of gene cytokeratin 18 was performed and to examine the proliferation characteristic of differentiated keratinocyte from HUCBMSCs, cultured them on cellulose film. Analysis of PCR confirmed the expression of cytokeratin 18 in keratinocytes; results of our study show that cellulose film isn't a compatible substrate for differentiated keratinocytes. And growth factor, BMP4, with hydrocortisone and ascorbic acid with specific amounts is an appropriate induction factor for inducing of differentiation into keratinocytes.
Hyaluronan-mediated CD44 Interaction with RhoGEF and Rho Kinase Promotes Grb2-associated Binder-1 Phosphorylation and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling Leading to Cytokine (Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor) Production and Breast Tumor Progression (2003)

In this study we have examined CD44 (a hyaluronan (HA) receptor) interaction with a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p115RhoGEF) in human metastatic breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231 cell line). Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses indicate that both CD44 and p115RhoGEF are expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells and that these two proteins are physically associated as a complex in vivo. The binding of HA to MDA-MB-231 cells stimulates p115RhoGEF-mediated RhoA signaling and Rho kinase (ROK) activity, which, in turn, increases serine/threonine phosphorylation of the adaptor protein, Gab-1 (Grb2-associated binder-1). Phosphorylated Gab-1 promotes PI 3-kinase recruitment to CD44v3. Subsequently, PI 3-kinase is activated (in particular, alpha, beta, gamma forms but not the delta form of the p110 catalytic subunit), AKT signaling occurs, the cytokine (macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)) is produced, and tumor cell-specific phenotypes (e.g. tumor cell growth, survival and invasion) are up-regulated. Our results also demonstrate that HA/CD44-mediated oncogenic events (e.g. AKT activation, M-CSF production and breast tumor cell-specific phenotypes) can be effectively blocked by a PI 3-kinase inhibitor (LY294002). Finally, we have found that overexpression of a dominant-negative form of ROK (by transfection of MBA-MD-231 cells with the Rho-binding domain cDNA of ROK) not only inhibits HA/CD44-mediated RhoA-ROK activation and Gab-1 phosphorylation but also down-regulates oncogenic signaling events (e.g. Gab-1.PI 3-kinase-CD44v3 association, PI 3-kinase-mediated AKT activation, and M-CSF production) and tumor cell behaviors (e.g. cell growth, survival, and invasion). Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that CD44 interaction with p115RhoGEF and ROK plays a pivotal role in promoting Gab-1 phosphorylation leading to Gab-1.PI 3-kinase membrane localization, AKT signaling, and cytokine (M-CSF) production during HA-mediated breast cancer progression.
Substrate Channeling in the Lumazine Synthase/Riboflavin Synthase Complex of Bacillus subtilis (1995)

The lumazine synthase/riboflavin synthase complex of Bacillus subtilis consists of an icosahedral capsid of 60 beta subunits surrounding a core of three alpha subunits. The beta subunits catalyze the condensation of 5-amino-6-ribityl-amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (PYR) with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate (DHB) yielding 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. This intermediate is converted to riboflavin by the alpha subunits via an unusual dismutation. The second product of this reaction is PYR, which is also a substrate of the beta subunits and can be recycled in the catalytic process. Sigmoidal kinetics would be expected for the formation of riboflavin from PYR and DHB and are indeed observed with mixtures of artifactual beta 60 capsids and alpha subunit trimers. In contrast, the formation of riboflavin from PYR and DHB by the native alpha 3 beta 60 is characterized by a finite initial rate, which is similar to the rate of lumazine formation. Most notably, the rate of riboflavin formation has its maximum value at t = 0 and decreases dramatically after the consumption of PYR and DHB despite the presence of transiently formed lumazine. These data suggest that a significant fraction of DHB is converted to riboflavin by substrate channeling, which is conducive to an improved overall catalytic rate of riboflavin formation at low substrate concentrations. The channel is leaky, and the intermediate lumazine is therefore transiently accumulated in the bulk solution. The partitioning factor relating the direct formation of riboflavin via substrate channeling and the formation of transient 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityl-lumazine increases at low concentrations of the substrates PYR and DHB and has a maximum value at pH 7.5. Channeling appears to result from the compartmentalization of the alpha subunits inside the icosahedral beta subunit capsid whose catalytic sites are located close to the inner capsid surface.
Targeting of cloned firefly luciferase to yeast mitochondria (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTargeting of cloned firefly luciferase to yeast mitochondriaClaude AflaloCite this: Biochemistry 1990, 29, 20, 4758–4766Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00472a003https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00472a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views161Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quantitative Determination of Serum Immunoglobulins in Antibody-Agar Plates (1965)

Summary The antibody in agar plate test has proved valuable for the quantitative measurement of individual serum immunoglobulins. With this technique, specific antiserum is mixed uniformly in an agar gel plate. Antigen containing solutions are placed in small antigen wells cut in the agar. A concentric ring of antigen: antibody precipitate forms around the antigen well. By graphically comparing the ring diameters with those of appropriate standards, the protein concentration of the test sera can be determined. The probable error in measurement of normal serum immunoglobulins is ±10%. This procedure has been used to quantify protein concentrations as low as 0.003 mg/ml. Multiple samples can be easily tested and less than 0.1 ml of sample is required. The mean immunoglobulin levels in 20 normal human sera were found to be 12.4 mg/ml for IgG (7 S γ2-globulins); 2.8 mg/ml for IgA (γ1A or β2A-globulins) and 1.23 mg/ml for the IgM (18 S γ1M-globulins). Type K (I) and Type L (II) immunoglobulins were similarly determined. The results by the antibody-agar plate method are similar to those obtained by the isotopic immune inhibition technique, except for the serum IgA and Type K (I) and Type L (II) immunoglobulin levels. With each of these proteins the values obtained by the isotopic immune inhibition test are higher than those found by the antibody-agar plate test. The basis for this difference is discussed.
Chitosan implants in the rat spinal cord: Biocompatibility and biodegradation (2011)

Biomaterials are becoming increasingly popular for use in spinal cord repair, but few studies have investigated their long-term biocompatibility in central nervous system tissue. In this study, chitosan was compared with two commercial materials, degradable polyglycolide (vicryl and polyglactin 910) and nondegradable expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (Gore-Tex and ePTFE), in terms of host tissue response and biodegradation in the rat spinal cord in two different spinal cord implantation models. In an uninjured model, implants were placed in the spinal cord intrathecal space for up to 6 months. At 1 month, vicryl implants elicited an elevated macrophage/microglia response compared to chitosan and Gore-Tex, which subsided in all groups by 6 months. Fibrous encapsulation was observed for all three materials. At 6 months, the in vivo degradation of vicryl was complete, while Gore-Tex showed no signs of degradation, as assessed by mass loss and SEM. Chitosan implants showed evidence of chain degradation at 6 months as demonstrated by differential hematoxylin and eosin staining; however, this did not result in mass loss. In the second model, implants were placed directly into the spinal cord for up to 12 months. This resulted in increased immune and inflammatory responses but did not alter degradation profiles. The same trends observed for the materials in the intrathecal space were mirrored in the spinal cord tissue. These results demonstrate that chitosan is a relatively inert biomaterial that does not elicit a chronic immune response and is suitable for long-term applications for repair of the spinal cord.
Blockchain for smart grid (2020)

The demand for electricity increases rapidly along with the advancement of the industrial age. To ensure efficient distribution of the electricity, maintain low losses and high level of quality, and the security of electricity supply, the smart grid concept was proposed. The concept enables a small, individual scale to generate electricity and sell it to the grid. However, the concept adds complexity to the existing system, such as how a transaction between these generators and consumers are conducted, verified and recorded. This paper proposes the blockchain as a tool to manage transactions in the smart grid. Transactions are performed with smart contracts, and the network acts as a transaction verifier. The blockchain provides immutability of the transactions, which ensure every transaction between generators and consumers will always be executed. It also provides immutability to transaction history, which can be used for audit or solving a transaction dispute.
Somatic activating ARAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (2014)

Key Points Whole exome sequencing reveals novel mutations in ARAF that activate the kinase and are inhibitable by vemurafenib in a patient with LCH. Requiring the presence of BRAF V600E in LCH to qualify for rat fibrosarcoma inhibitor treatment may be overly exclusionary.
Immunocytochemical localization of epoxide hydrase in hyperplastic nodules induced in rat liver by 2-acetylaminofluorene. (1979)

A knowledge of the biological characteristics of carcinogen-induced hyperplastic nodules of rat liver may be important in the understanding of cancer development. Although its biological role remains to be elucidated, the level of microsomal epoxide hydrase (epoxide hydrolase, EC 3.3.2.3) is 5- to 7-fold greater in hyperplastic nodules nodules induced by feeding the hepatocarcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene than in liver of control rats. After removal of the carcinogen from the diet, the high level of the enzyme is maintained in those nodules that persist and in the hepatocellular carcinomas that subsequently develop. The availability of antibody to the epoxide hydrase made it possible to use electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to localize this enzyme in the cells of hyperplastic nodules. The immunocytochemical procedure provides direct visual evidence for the presence of this enzyme in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and also in rough endoplasmic reticulum (including the nuclear envelope) of the nodule's parenchymal cells.
Support Vector Machine-Based Classification Scheme for Myoelectric Control Applied to Upper Limb (2008)

This paper proposes and evaluates the application of support vector machine (SVM) to classify upper limb motions using myoelectric signals. It explores the optimum configuration of SVM-based myoelectric control, by suggesting an advantageous data segmentation technique, feature set, model selection approach for SVM, and postprocessing methods. This work presents a method to adjust SVM parameters before classification, and examines overlapped segmentation and majority voting as two techniques to improve controller performance. A SVM, as the core of classification in myoelectric control, is compared with two commonly used classifiers: linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks. It demonstrates exceptional accuracy, robust performance, and low computational load. The entropy of the output of the classifier is also examined as an online index to evaluate the correctness of classification; this can be used by online training for long-term myoelectric control operations.
Mechanisms of ultrasonic modulation of multiply scattered coherent light: a Monte Carlo model (2001)

A Monte Carlo model of the ultrasonic modulation of multiply scattered coherent light in scattering media is provided. The model is based on two mechanisms: the ultrasonic modulation of the index of refraction, which causes a modulation of the optical path lengths between consecutive scattering events, and the ultrasonic modulation of the displacements of scatterers, which causes a modulation of optical path lengths with each scattering event. Multiply scattered light accumulates modulated optical path lengths along its path. Consequently, the intensity of the speckles that are formed by the multiply scattered light is modulated. The contribution from the index of refraction is comparable with the contribution from displacement when the acoustic-wave vector is less than a critical fraction of the transport mean free path and becomes increasingly greater than the contribution from displacement beyond this critical point. This Monte Carlo model agrees well with an independent analytical model for isotropically scattering media. Both mechanisms are coherent phenomena, requiring the use of a coherent light source.
Mikroskopische Methoden zur Gefügeanalyse teilkristalliner Thermoplaste / Microscopic Methods for Structural Analysis of Partially Crystalline Thermoplastics (1979)

Article Mikroskopische Methoden zur Gefügeanalyse teilkristalliner Thermoplaste / Microscopic Methods for Structural Analysis of Partially Crystalline Thermoplastics was published on July 1, 1979 in the journal Practical Metallography (volume 16, issue 7).