gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technologies for sharing and collaborating on the Net (2002)

This paper is an overview of the technologies that are needed for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing. It represent a high level overview of material covered in much greater detail in Barkai, (2001). P2P means different things to different people, and we start by defining P2P and categorizing applications that use P2P. Server-mediated P2P is included as a legitimate P2P architecture. The applications space is divided into three types: distributing computing, content sharing, and collaboration. After a discussion of what is required from an infrastructure for P2P we describe some solutions that address a class of applications each, but also include a start towards a general-purpose architecture. The same basic services are needed by each platform and application, and all will benefit from common middleware. This is one way, though not the only one, to achieve interoperability - that will be useful to users and application developers; in particular, when we reach the integrated applications stage. Regardless of how the infrastructure is constructed, the technical topics which need to be addressed are the same: communication through gateways and firewalls; naming and discovery of peers and resources when DNS is not enough; availability and persistence of resources in spite of intermittent connectivity and dynamic presence; security in a distrustful environment and locally managed systems; and, management of distributed resources in a heterogeneous setting. There are a number of interesting ways in which people have applied P2P technologies. We give an example in each of the three application categories. The final segment of the talk summarizes the challenges that need to be overcome if P2P is to be widely adopted. The major technical challenges are direct communication, security, naming and interoperability. There are also social and cultural barriers. These are the result of decentralization, and loss of direct control over resources. They also have to do with trust, reputation, and online communities. Nonetheless, there are some promising activities around the industry-working groups and initiatives, and a great opportunity.
Alcoholysis of dialkyl tetrazolylphosphonites (1999)

Kinetics of the reaction of diisopropyl tetrazolylphosphonite with tert-butyl alcohol in dry THF have been studied in the presence of various acids, bases and salts that catalyze the process. Ammonium azolide salts were found to be considerably more efficient catalysts than the corresponding azole acids or tertiary amine bases. For instance, the relative rates obtained with N,N-diisopropylethylammonium tetrazolide, N,N-diisopropylethylamine and tetrazole were 104, 28 and 1, respectively. The salts of strong protolytes turned out to be better catalysts than those of weak ones. The susceptibility of the reaction rate to the pKBH+ of the base is fairly strong (Brønsted β = 0.41) compared to the sensitivity to the pKa of azoles (β = 0.17). The mechanisms of catalysis are discussed.
Sex hormone responses in healthy men and male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during an oral glucose load (1996)

The responses of serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were investigated in 16 healthy subjects as well as in 11 normoxaemic and 10 hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The latter group were investigated on two occasions, with and without oxygen therapy. Testosterone and apparent free testosterone concentration (AFTC) fell significantly in the healthy subjects as well as in the hypoxaemic patients on oxygen therapy (p < 0.01), whereas LH increased in all groups during the OGTT (p < 0.05). There were significantly higher SHBG levels (p < 0.01), and lower AFTC levels (p < 0.05) in the hypoxaemic group compared to the healthy subjects. In the hypoxaemic group short-term oxygen therapy increased basal AFTC significantly (p < 0.05). With oxygen therapy, the 120-min glucose levels fell significantly from 9.1 +/- 3.2 to 7.6 +/- 2.7 mmol l-1 (mean +/- SD) in the hypoxaemic group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we have found the serum testosterone and AFTC levels to decrease after an oral glucose load in healthy subjects, together with a compensatory increase in LH. The same pattern is seen in COPD patients. The hypoxaemic patients have a reduced AFTC which is partly reversed by oxygen therapy.
Endometriosis: cost estimates and methodological perspective (2007)

This article aims to provide a systematic review of estimates and methodology of studies quantifying the costs of endometriosis. Included studies were cost-of-illness analyses quantifying the economic impact of endometriosis and cost analyses calculating diagnostic and treatment costs of endometriosis. Annual healthcare costs and costs of productivity loss associated with endometriosis have been estimated at $2801 and $1023 per patient, respectively. Extrapolating these findings to the US population, this study calculated that annual costs of endometriosis attained $22 billion in 2002 assuming a 10% prevalence rate among women of reproductive age. These costs are considerably higher than those related to Crohn's disease or to migraine. To date, it is not possible to determine whether a medical approach is less expensive than a surgical approach to treating endometriosis in patients presenting with chronic pelvic pain. Evidence of endometriosis costs in infertile patients is largely lacking. Cost estimates were biased due to the absence of a control group of patients without endometriosis, inadequate consideration of endometriosis recurrence and restricted scope of costs. There is a need for more and better-designed studies that carry out longitudinal analyses of patients until the cessation of their symptoms or that model the chronic nature of endometriosis.
Thrombin inhibition by covalently bound hirudin (1991)

Hirudin is the most potent known natural inhibitor of thrombin and is presently gaining popularity as an anticoagulant since recombinant and synthesized forms have become available. We have made use of recombinant hirudin (rHir) by covalently binding it to both biomolecules and prosthetic biomaterials. Heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents were used to derivatize rHir and form covalent crosslinks between rHir and albumin producing active conjugates. Both derivatized rHir and conjugates inhibited human alpha-thrombin similarly, however, both showed a ten-fold decrease of alpha-thrombin inhibition when compared to rHir alone using the tripeptide substrate, S-2238. Immobilization of 2.75 +/- 0.45 micrograms rHir on 1.0 cm2 Dacron prosthetic graft patches resulted in inhibition of 1.88 +/- 0.03 micrograms alpha-thrombin in solution (mean +/- SD, n = 3), which is a 8:1 molar ratio, respectively. rHir ED50 inhibition of 0.1 NIH U alpha thrombin stimulated whole blood platelet aggregation was 0.12 x 10(-6) microM. The conjugate ED50 inhibition was 1.37 x 10(-6) microM showing an eleven-fold loss of activity. We conclude that there is only a ten-fold loss of inhibitory activity when rHir is covalently immobilized and that this technique has a benefit of localizing antithrombin activity to surfaces or soluble carrier molecules.
The macrophage, target cell of the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (1978)

The mechanism of adjuvant activity of the synthetic glycopeptide N-acetylmuramul-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) was studied using in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Addition of MDP to DBA/2 mouse spleen cell cultures resulted regularly in a 2 to 3-fold increase of PFC numbers/10(6) recovered cells (p less than 0.01). Supernates (SPN) from MDP-stimulated cultures added to standard spleen cell + SRBC cultures brought about even more important increases of PFC numbers (p less than 0.01 to p less than 0.001). SPN from cultures supplemented with MDP alone (without SRBC) were more active than those of cell + MDP + SRBC cultures, and SPN removed on day 3 of culture were more active than those of day 5. This activity of SPN was maintained accross an H-2 histocompatibility barrier. Although pretreatment of spleen cells with anti-theta antigen serum entirely suppressed the anti-SRBC PFC response in spite of the presence of MDP, SPN from these cultures were as active as SPN from normal spleen cell MDP-stimulated cultures. In contrast, pretreatment of spleen cells with specific rabbit anti-mouse macrophage serum entirely suppressed both anti-SRBC response and SPN activity. It was concluded that the target cell for MDP is the macrophage which releases factors ultimately acting on B cells through T cell mediation.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Cell Type-Specific Gene Transcription during Spore Formation in Clostridium difficile (2013)

Clostridium difficile, a Gram positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium is an emergent pathogen and the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Although transmission of C. difficile is mediated by contamination of the gut by spores, the regulatory cascade controlling spore formation remains poorly characterized. During Bacillus subtilis sporulation, a cascade of four sigma factors, σ(F) and σ(G) in the forespore and σ(E) and σ(K) in the mother cell governs compartment-specific gene expression. In this work, we combined genome wide transcriptional analyses and promoter mapping to define the C. difficile σ(F), σ(E), σ(G) and σ(K) regulons. We identified about 225 genes under the control of these sigma factors: 25 in the σ(F) regulon, 97 σ(E)-dependent genes, 50 σ(G)-governed genes and 56 genes under σ(K) control. A significant fraction of genes in each regulon is of unknown function but new candidates for spore coat proteins could be proposed as being synthesized under σ(E) or σ(K) control and detected in a previously published spore proteome. SpoIIID of C. difficile also plays a pivotal role in the mother cell line of expression repressing the transcription of many members of the σ(E) regulon and activating sigK expression. Global analysis of developmental gene expression under the control of these sigma factors revealed deviations from the B. subtilis model regarding the communication between mother cell and forespore in C. difficile. We showed that the expression of the σ(E) regulon in the mother cell was not strictly under the control of σ(F) despite the fact that the forespore product SpoIIR was required for the processing of pro-σ(E). In addition, the σ(K) regulon was not controlled by σ(G) in C. difficile in agreement with the lack of pro-σ(K) processing. This work is one key step to obtain new insights about the diversity and evolution of the sporulation process among Firmicutes.
A 1.75 GHz inductor-less CMOS low noise amplifier with high-Q active inductor load (2002)

A 1.75 GHz CMOS inductor-less low noise amplifier with high-Q active inductor load using 0.35 /spl mu/m standard CMOS digital process is presented. In this low noise amplifier, the compact tunable high-Q active inductor load is connected to the common-gate configuration to improve the performance of the high power gain, low power consumption and simple matching characteristics. Not using any passive components results in a reduction of the area of chip and the complexity. HSPICE simulation has been performed to verify the performance of the designed low noise amplifier. It has been shown that the amplifier has a power gain of 24 dB(S21), S11 of -31 dB, S12 of -38.5 dB and S22 of -21.4 dB under 3.3 V power supply with 9.3 mW power consumption around at 1.75 GHz center frequency. The experimental chip fabricated occupies 0.057/spl times/0.056 mm/sup 2/ chip area.
Homoleptic vs. Heteroleptic Orange Light-Emitting Iridium Complexes Chelated with Benzothiazole Derivatives (2013)

The homoleptic and heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes exhibiting orange phosphorescence were investigated to compare their emission colors, luminance efficiency, and stability. The homoleptic iridium complexes, Ir(pbt-R)3, were prepared from the reaction of the iridium(III) precursor and phenylbenzothiazole derivatives. The heteroleptic ones containing the anions of 4-methyl-2,3-diphenylquinoline (4-Me-dpq) and 2-phenylbenzothiazole (pbt) as ligands, Ir(pbt-OMe)2(4-Me-2,3-dpq) and Ir(4-Me-2,3-dpq)2(pbt-OMe), were synthesized via the chloro-bridged iridium dimer. We investigated photoabsorption and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the iridium complexes and studied their bandgaps with cyclic voltammetry (CV). Orange phosphorescence with the PL maxima of 530–620 nm was observed with these complexes, and the bandgaps between their highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) were correlated with CV data. The electro-luminescence (EL) study of these complexes was not possible due to lack of sublimability. The light-emitting mechanisms regarding the phosphorescence colors were discussed.
Alloantigen-induced activation of rat splenocytes is regulated by the oxidative metabolism of L-arginine. (1990)

Activated macrophages have been demonstrated to metabolize the amino acid L-arginine by the oxidative pathway to produce nitric oxide, citrulline, and NO2-/NO3-. Nitric oxide has been shown to be cytostatic for tumor targets and to inhibit the mitochondrial respiration and other functions of the macrophages that produce it. Addition of NG monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA), a competitive inhibitor of oxidative L-arginine metabolism, to rat splenocyte (SPL) MLC results in allospecific lymphocyte proliferation and CTL induction. In the absence of NMA, neither proliferation nor CTL induction is observed. Citrulline and NO2-/NO3- levels in the supernatants of rat SPL MLC are decreased in the presence of NMA compared with cultures without NMA. NMA also augments the proliferation and CTL induction in mouse SPL MLC. Detectable levels of cytokines able to induce T cell proliferation were present in supernatants of rat SPL MLC without NMA on days 1 to 5 of culture. Supernatants of cultures with NMA contained detectable levels of cytokines on days 1 to 3 and undetectable levels by days 4 and 5 of culture, concomitant with the observed lymphocyte proliferation and presumed depletion of cytokines. Thus, inhibition of rat SPL proliferation to alloantigen seems not to be caused by the lack of production of cytokines able to induce T cell proliferation. The inhibition of proliferation and CTL induction in rat SPL cultures may be caused by a direct effect of the cytostatic products of oxidative L-arginine metabolism on lymphocyte proliferation, or by an indirect deleterious effect on the mitochondrial respiration and viability of macrophages that oxidatively metabolize L-arginine. Alternatively, diversion of L-arginine to the oxidative pathway may affect production of polyamines that are necessary for cell growth and proliferation.
관료의 행정가치의 재고찰:헌법적 가치의 재조명을 중심으로 (2013)

행정가치란 일반적으로 공무원들이 행정활동에서 지침으로 삼아야할 행동원리 또는 규범이자, 행정이 추구하는 방향이다. 현대행정학의 발달에서부터 정치행정 일원론과 이원론에 논쟁에 따라 민주성과 효율성이 행정의 주요가치로 등장하면서 지금까지 관리적가치와 정치적가치들이 주요한 행정의 가치로서 간주되어져 왔다. 하지만 최근 헌법재판소의 결정에 의한 행정과 정책의 최종결정이 이루어지면서 실제 관료들이 추구하고 행동의 원칙으로 삼아야할 규칙으로서 헌법적가치의 중요성이 부각되었다. 이러한 문제인식하에 본 연구는 어떠한 행정의 가치들이 실제 공무원들에 의해 인되고 있으며, 행정가치간의 상대적 중요성은 어떻게 인식되고 있는지를 탐색적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서 기존의 선행연구들에서 21개의 행정가치를 추출하고 Rosenbloom의 행정가치군 분류인 헌법적가치, 관리적가치, 정치적가치로 분류하여 계층화하였다. 또한, 행정가치간의 상대적 중요성과 가중치 탐색을 위해서 계층적 분석과정기법(AHP)를 적용하여 중앙공무원 93명의 설문조사를 분석하였다. 그 결과 헌법적가치가 가장 상대적 중요도가 높았으며 정치적 가치의 상대적 중요성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 더불어 21개의 행정가치중에서 헌법적 가치인 인간의 존엄성이 가장 중요한 가치로 밝혀졌으며, 다음으로 청렴성, 합법성 등의 순서로 발견되었다. 그리고 예상외로 효율성과 민주성 등의 가치는 높지 않은 것으로 나타났다.
Osteopontin: An Effector and an Effect of Tumor Metastasis (2010)

Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein that is produced by multiple tissues in our body and is most abundant in bone. It is also produced by cancer cells and plays a determinative role in the growth, progression and metastasis of cancer. Clinically, OPN has been reported to be upregulated in tumor cells per se; this is also reflected by increased levels of OPN in the circulation. Thus, increased OPN levels the plasma are an effect of tumor growth and progression. Functionally, high OPN levels are determinative of higher incidence of bone metastases in mouse models and are clinically correlated with metastatic bone disease and bone resorption in advanced breast cancer patients. Several research efforts have been made to therapeutically target and inhibit the activities of OPN. In this article we have reviewed OPN in its role as an effector of critical steps in tumor progression and metastasis, with a particular emphasis on its role in facilitating bone metastasis of breast cancer. We have also addressed the role of the host-derived OPN in influencing the malignant behavior of the tumor cells.
Mask registration impact on intrafield on-wafer overlay performance (2011)

Improved overlay performance is one of the critical elements in enabling the continuing advancement of the semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry. With each advancing process node, additional sources of overlay error and new methods of reducing those errors need to be taken into account. We consider the impact of mask registration or pattern placement errors on intra-field on-wafer overlay performance. Mask registration data is typically minimally sampled and not well incorporated into the wafer fab overlay systems. In this work we consider mask-to-mask overlay and point out the importance of high density sampling as well as the potential for improved mask qualification and disposition.
Image Recoloring Based on Object Color Distributions (2019)

We present a method to perform automatic image recoloring based on the distribution of colors associated with objects present in an image. For example, when recoloring an image containing a sky object, our method incorporates the observation that objects of class 'sky' have a color distribution with three dominant modes for blue (daytime), yellow/red (dusk/dawn), and dark (nighttime). Our work leverages recent deep-learning methods that can perform reasonably accurate object-level segmentation. By using the images in datasets used to train deep-learning object segmentation methods, we are able to model the color distribution of each object class in the dataset. Given a new input image and its associated semantic segmentation (i.e., object mask), we perform color transfer to map the input image color histogram to a set of target color histograms that were constructed based on the learned color distribution of the objects in the image. We show that our framework is able to produce compelling color variations that are often more interesting and unique than results produced by existing methods.
Flame‐retardant epoxy resins with high glass‐transition temperatures. II. Using a novel hexafunctional curing agent: 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐yl‐tris(4‐aminophenyl) methane (2005)

Abstract We synthesized a novel phosphorus‐containing triamine [9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐yl‐tris(4‐aminophenyl) methane (dopo‐ta)] from the nucleophilic addition of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐oxide and pararosaniline chloride, using triethylamine as an acid receiver. We confirmed the structure of dopo‐ta by IR, mass, and NMR spectra and elemental analysis. dopo‐ta served as a curing agent for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and dicyclopentadiene epoxy (hp7200). Properties such as the glass‐transition temperature ( T g ), thermal decomposition temperature, flame retardancy, moisture absorption, and dielectric properties of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated. The T g 's of cured DGEBA/dopo‐ta and hp7200/dopo‐ta were 171 and 190 °C, respectively. This high T g phenomenon is rarely seen in the literature after the introduction of a flame‐retardant element. The flame retardancy increased with the phosphorus content, and a UL‐94 V‐0 grade was achieved with a phosphorus content of 1.80 wt % for DGEBA/dopo‐ta/diamino diphenylmethane (DDM) systems and 1.46 wt % for hp7200/dopo‐ta/DDM systems. The dielectric constants for DGEBA/dopo‐ta and hp7200/dopo‐ta were 2.91 and 2.82, respectively, implying that the dopo‐ta curing systems exhibited low dielectric properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5971–5986, 2005
Purification and Comparative Properties of the Delta and Sigma Subunits of RNA Polymerase from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1977)

Bacillus subtilis delta protein is a 21 500-Mr polypeptide that can be isolated in association with RNA polymerase holoenzyme from uninfected bacteria and with modified forms of RNA polymerase from cells infected with phage SP01 [Pero, J., Nelson, J. and Fox, T. (1975) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72,1589]. Although no function has been assigned to delta protein in uninfected cells, this host polypeptide enhances the specificity of transcription by phage-modified forms of RNA polymerase that contain SP01-coded regulatory subunits. This report describes the purification of delta and sigma proteins from uninfected B. subtilis and examines the comparative effects of these polypeptides on transcription by core RNA polymerase. Purified sigma polypeptide was found to stimulate the transcription of phage DNA while having little effect on RNA synthesis with the synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT) as template. In contrast, purified delta protein markedly depressed the transcription of poly(dA-dT) while having little effect on enzyme activity with phage DNA as template. The inhibitory effect of delta protein on poly (dA-dT) transcription was strongly dependent on the presence of KC1 in the RNA synthesis reaction mixture.
Non-linear analysis of GeneChip arrays (2006)

The application of microarray hybridization theory to Affymetrix GeneChip data has been a recent focus for data analysts. It has been shown that the hyperbolic Langmuir isotherm captures the shape of the signal response to concentration of Affymetrix GeneChips. We demonstrate that existing linear fit methods for extracting gene expression measures are not well adapted for the effect of saturation resulting from surface adsorption processes. In contrast to the most popular methods, we fit background and concentration parameters within a single global fitting routine instead of estimating the background before obtaining gene expression measures. We describe a non-linear multi-chip model of the perfect match signal that effectively allows for the separation of specific and non-specific components of the microarray signal and avoids saturation bias in the high-intensity range. Multimodel inference, incorporated within the fitting routine, allows a quantitative selection of the model that best describes the observed data. The performance of this method is evaluated on publicly available datasets, and comparisons to popular algorithms are presented.
Analysis and performance evaluation of an adaptive notch filter (1984)

An adaptive notch filter is derived by using a general prediction error framework. The proposed infinite impulse response filler has a special structure that guarantees the desired transfer characteristics. The filter coefficients are updated by a version of the recursive maximum likelihood algorithm. The convergence properties of the algorithm and its asymptotic behavior are discussed, and its performance is evaluated by simulation results.