gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of extremely low frequency magnetic and electric field sensors via the rules of electromagnetic duality (1998)

This work deals with extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic sensors. The discussion emphasizes the similarity existing between the two families and attempts to exploit this similarity in studying the performance of such devices. The new approach is not based merely on similarity. We show that the two families of devices are in fact mutually related by the strict rules of electromagnetic duality. It is known that a small loop antenna serves as a magnetic dual for the short electric dipole. This duality is usually demonstrated by the far fields behaviors and the radiation resistances. By introducing an appropriate ferromagnetic core into the loop, the detailed duality relationship can be extended to the immediate vicinity of the sensors as well. The latter means that sensors of both families process the near vicinity fields in a similar way in converting them to the measured signals. The existence of duality is assessed by showing that for geometrically similar structures, the reactances of the two entitles are correctly related. It is also shown that the electromagnetic duality manifested by the fields conforms also with the rules of duality in circuit theory. The latter is demonstrated by dealing in both cases with circuit models of the sensors, which are derived by considering similar circuit models that are common in antenna theory. The presently investigated sensors possess practical implications. It is well established that short electric dipoles are employed as sensors in the field of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and also as ELF electric field sensors aboard spacecrafts. Cored search coils are employed as ELF and even as ultra low frequency (ULF) magnetometers in geophysical and space research. They were even considered as possible antennas for ELF communications. The paper is concluded by showing that the present duality considerations of ac sensors can be even extended to deal with dc field sensors magnetic and electric.
Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing for 5th Generation Cellular Networks (2014)

Cellular systems of the fourth generation (4G) have been optimized to provide high data rates and reliable coverage to mobile users. Cellular systems of the next generation will face more diverse application requirements: the demand for higher data rates exceeds 4G capabilities; battery-driven communication sensors need ultra-low power consumption; and control applications require very short response times. We envision a unified physical layer waveform, referred to as generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), to address these requirements. In this paper, we analyze the main characteristics of the proposed waveform and highlight relevant features. After introducing the principles of GFDM, this paper contributes to the following areas: 1) the means for engineering the waveform's spectral properties; 2) analytical analysis of symbol error performance over different channel models; 3) concepts for MIMO-GFDM to achieve diversity; 4) preamble-based synchronization that preserves the excellent spectral properties of the waveform; 5) bit error rate performance for channel coded GFDM transmission using iterative receivers; 6) relevant application scenarios and suitable GFDM parameterizations; and 7) GFDM proof-of-concept and implementation aspects of the prototype using hardware platforms available today. In summary, the flexible nature of GFDM makes this waveform a suitable candidate for future 5G networks.
Advantages of Monte Carlo Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects (2012)

Monte Carlo simulation is a useful but underutilized method of constructing confidence intervals for indirect effects in mediation analysis. The Monte Carlo confidence interval method has several distinct advantages over rival methods. Its performance is comparable to other widely accepted methods of interval construction, it can be used when only summary data are available, it can be used in situations where rival methods (e.g., bootstrapping and distribution of the product methods) are difficult or impossible, and it is not as computer-intensive as some other methods. In this study we discuss Monte Carlo confidence intervals for indirect effects, report the results of a simulation study comparing their performance to that of competing methods, demonstrate the method in applied examples, and discuss several software options for implementation in applied settings.
Epinephrine for First-aid Management of Anaphylaxis (2017)

Anaphylaxis is a severe, generalized allergic or hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. Epinephrine (adrenaline) can be life-saving when administered as rapidly as possible once anaphylaxis is recognized. This clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics is an update of the 2007 clinical report on this topic. It provides information to help clinicians identify patients at risk of anaphylaxis and new information about epinephrine and epinephrine autoinjectors (EAs). The report also highlights the importance of patient and family education about the recognition and management of anaphylaxis in the community. Key points emphasized include the following: (1) validated clinical criteria are available to facilitate prompt diagnosis of anaphylaxis; (2) prompt intramuscular epinephrine injection in the mid-outer thigh reduces hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality; (3) prescribing EAs facilitates timely epinephrine injection in community settings for patients with a history of anaphylaxis and, if specific circumstances warrant, for some high-risk patients who have not previously experienced anaphylaxis; (4) prescribing epinephrine for infants and young children weighing <15 kg, especially those who weigh 7.5 kg and under, currently presents a dilemma, because the lowest dose available in EAs, 0.15 mg, is a high dose for many infants and some young children; (5) effective management of anaphylaxis in the community requires a comprehensive approach involving children, families, preschools, schools, camps, and sports organizations; and (6) prevention of anaphylaxis recurrences involves confirmation of the trigger, discussion of specific allergen avoidance, allergen immunotherapy (eg, with stinging insect venom, if relevant), and a written, personalized anaphylaxis emergency action plan; and (7) the management of anaphylaxis also involves education of children and supervising adults about anaphylaxis recognition and first-aid treatment.
Preparation of Combinatorial Arrays of Polymer Thin Films for Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis (2008)

We present a new method for harvesting multiple thin film specimens from polymer combinatorial libraries for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Such methods are of interest to researchers who wish to integrate TEM measurements into a combinatorial or high-throughput experimental workflow. Our technique employs poly(acrylic acid) plugs, sequestered in an elastomer gasket, to extract a series of film patches from gradient combinatorial libraries. A strategy for simultaneous deposition of the array of film specimens onto TEM grids also is described. We demonstrate our technique using nanostructured polymer thin film libraries as test cases in which the nanoscale details can be successfully imaged. Microscopy of test case specimens demonstrates that these samples are of sufficient quality for morphology screening via TEM, and in some cases are sufficient for more detailed morphological studies.
The roles of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor during the final stage of folliculogenesis: a focus on oocyte maturation (2012)

Neurotrophic factors were first identified to promote the growth, survival or differentiation of neurons and have also been associated with the early stages of ovarian folliculogenesis. More recently, their effects on the final stage of follicular development, including oocyte maturation and early embryonic development, have been reported. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are expressed in numerous peripheral tissues outside of the CNS, most notably the ovary, are now known to stimulate oocyte maturation in various species, also enhancing developmental competence. The mechanisms that underlie their actions in antral follicles, as well as the targets ultimately controlled by these factors, are beginning to emerge. GDNF, BDNF and NGF, alone or in combination, could be added to the media currently utilized for in vitro oocyte maturation, thereby potentially increasing the production and/or quality of early embryos.
High-Current Superconductivity? (1965)

The superconducting-gap equation has been re-examined for samples of cross section smaller than the penetration depth in which current is flowing. The effects of retardation of the electron-phonon interaction have been included by means of Green's-function techniques. The enhancement of the gap function due to Doppler shifting downward of the phonon frequencies, suggested by Parmenter five years ago, is again found. However, using the best current values for the metallic parameters involved, we find the magnitude of the effect too small to give the anticipated high-current, high-transition-temperature superconductors. We estimate that electron-phonon coupling constants $N(O){V}_{0}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.77$ (almost double any observed in metals) and zero-current superconducting transition temperatures of the order of 50-100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K would be required to produce a stable high-current superconducting state.
Mouse Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Is Not a Functional Receptor for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection (2020)

Human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) was recently identified as the receptor for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, suggesting that other mammalian DPP4 orthologs may also support infection. We demonstrate that mouse DPP4 cannot support MERS-CoV infection. However, employing mouse DPP4 as a scaffold, we identified two critical amino acids (A288L and T330R) that regulate species specificity in the mouse. This knowledge can support the rational design of a mouse-adapted MERS-CoV for rapid assessment of therapeutics.
Background and Framework for ILSI's Collaborative Evaluation Program on Alternative Models for Carcinogenicity Assessment (2001)

The willingness of the agencies involved in the regulation of pharmaceuticals to accept data from newly proposed models for carcinogenicity testing (eg, transgenic animals, neonatal rodent models, initiation-promotion models) has stimulated international interest in gaining experience and a greater understanding of the strengths and limitations of the specific models. Over a 4-year period, the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Science Institute (HESI) has coordinated a large-scale collaborative research program to help to better characterize the responsiveness of several models proposed for use in carcinogenicity assessment. The overall objective of this partnership among industry, government, and academic scientists was to evaluate the ability of these new models to provide useful information for human cancer risk assessment. This research program reflected a commitment of nearly US$35 million by over 50 industrial, govemment, and academic laboratories from the United States, Europe, and Japan. Evaluation of the models required the development of standardized protocols to allow reproducibility and comparability of data obtained across multiple laboratories. Test compounds were selected on the basis of mechanistically meaningful carcinogenic activity or noncarcinogenicity in the rodent bioassay as well as humans. Criteria were established for dose selection, pathology review, quality control, and for evaluation of study outcome. The database from these studies represents an important contribution to the future application of new models for human cancer risk assessment. Beyond the data, the collaborative process by which the models were evaluated may also represent a prototype for assessing new methods in the future.
5 kHz Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: Lack of Cortical Excitability Changes When Grouped in a Theta Burst Pattern (2017)

<b>Background</b>: Suprathreshold transcranial single pulse electrical stimulation (tES) is painful and not applicable in a repetitive mode to induce plastic after-effects. <b>Objective</b>: In order to circumvent this pain problem, we applied here a 5 kHz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) theta burst protocol with a field intensity of up to 10 mA to the primary motor cortex (M1). Furthermore, we were interested in finding out whether electrical theta burst stimulation (eTBS) is able to induce lasting after-effects on cortical plasticity. <b>Methods</b>: Three different eTBS protocols were applied at 5 mA in a sham controlled, double blinded cross-over design on the M1 region of seventeen healthy subjects during the first part of the study. The second study part consists of three different eTBS protocols ranging from 5 mA to 10 mA and 1 ms to 5 ms sinusoidal bursts, applied to the M1 region of 14 healthy subjects. <b>Results</b>: We were able to apply all eTBS protocols in a safe manner, with only six subjects reporting mild side effects related to the stimulation. However, no eTBS protocol induced lasting effects on muscle- evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes when compared to sham stimulation. Significant inhibition of MEP amplitude was only seen in the lower intensity protocols as compared to baseline. <b>Conclusion</b>: eTBS is a safe method to apply high frequency tACS with up to 10 mA intensity. Future studies need to explore the parameter space to a larger extent in order to assure efficacy.
[NMO-IgG antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: a report of 2 cases]. (2006)

By using dual immunostaining, confocal microscopy showed that the antibodies of both patients colocalized with that of an anti-aquaporin-4.
An 8-bit two-step flash A/D converter for video applications (1989)

A novel configuration for two-step analog-to-digital (A/D) flash conversion is described. The coarse and fine conversions are performed with a four-bit multiplexed flash converter, so only 15 comparators are necessary for an eight-bit converter. The D/A conversion and the subtraction required for the circuit operation are performed using the charge redistribution technique. A test chip, integrated with a 3-μm CMOS technology (area=3 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed configuration
Improving vaccines by incorporating immunological coadjuvants (2007)

While vaccination continues to be the most successful interventionist health policy to date, infectious disease remains a significant cause of death worldwide. A primary reason that vaccination is not able to generate effective immunity is a lack of appropriate adjuvants capable of initiating the desired immune response. Adjuvant combinations can potentially overcome this problem; however, the possible permutations to consider, which include the route and kinetics of vaccination, as well as combinations of adjuvants, are practically limitless. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of adjuvants and related immunological processes and how this knowledge can and has been applied to the strategic selection of adjuvant combinations as components of vaccines against human infectious disease.
The Performance of NI/$MgAl_2O_4$ Coated Metal Monolith in Natural Gas Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production (2010)

The metal monolith catalyst coated with 15wt% Ni/ is applied to the natural gas steam reforming for hydrogen production. To address the improvement of adherence between metal monolith and catalyst coating layer, the pre-calcination temperature as well as the coating conditions of sol are optimized. When the Fe-Cr alloy monolith is pre-calcined at for 6 h, layer was formed uniformly on the entire surface of the metal substrate. It is seen that the formation of layer on the monolith surface is essential for the uniform coating of sol onto the monolith substrate. The monolith catalyst coated with 10wt% sol shows high conversion and good thermal stability as compared with the monolith catalyst without sol coating under severe reaction conditions with high GHSV of 30,000 at . In addition, the metal monolith catalyst shows higher catalytic activity and better thermal conductivity than 15wt% Ni/ pellet catalyst.
Changes in Outward K<sup>+</sup> Currents in Response to Two Types of Sweeteners in Sweet Taste Transduction of Gerbil Taste Cells (1997)

Using the whole cell patch clamp technique, we measured changes in outward K+ currents of gerbil taste cells in response to different kinds of sweeteners. Outward K+ currents of the taste cell induced by depolarizing pulses were suppressed by sweet stimuli such as 10 mM Na-saccharin. The membrane-permeable analog of cAMP, cpt-cAMP, also decreased outward K+ currents. On the other hand, the K+ currents were enhanced by amino acid sweeteners such as 10 mM D-tryptophan. The outward K+ current was enhanced by external application of Ca(2+)-transporting ionophore, 5 microM ionomycin, and intracellular application of 5 microM inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). The outward K+ currents were no longer suppressed by 10 mM Na-saccharin containing 20 microM gurmarin, but were still enhanced by 10 mM D-tryptophan containing 20 microM gurmarin. These results suggest that sweet taste transduction for one group of sweeteners such as Na-saccharin in gerbils is concerned with an increase of the intracellular cAMP level, and that the transduction for the other group of sweeteners such as D-tryptophan is concerned with an increase of the intracellular IP3 level which releases Ca2+ from the internal stores.
Toward Heat Energy Harvesting using Pyroelectric Material (2008)

This study investigates the feasibility of heat energy harvesting using pyroelectric effect. In order to improve the effectiveness of the energy conversion from heat to electricity, the synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) (Guyomar et al., 2005) technique is experimentally tested, which has already proved its quality in electromechanical conversion. For several amplitude variations of temperature from 0.5 to 8.0 K, the conversion efficiency is found about 0.02% of Carnot thermodynamic cycle with a standard interface. Under the same heating conditions, experimental results show that the SSHI technique increases the converted energy by a factor which is about 2.5 times of the standard interface, with which the efficiency practically becomes 0.05% of Carnot thermodynamic cycle. In this case, the produced electrical power for temperature amplitude 7 K is more than 0.3 mW for an energy harvesting device composed of 8 g of active material. The main power limitation is due to temperature frequency. Low speed of heat transfer makes it difficult to obtain fast temperature variations with large amplitude.
Regulation of Chrysanthemum Growth by Spectral Filters (1992)

The role of light quality and quantity in regulating growth of vegetative Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura was evaluated using CuSO 4 solutions and water (control) as spectral filters. Copper sulfate filters increased the red (R): far-red (FR) and the blue (B): R ratios (R = 600 to 700 nm; FR = 700 to 800 nm; B = 400 to 500 urn) of transmitted light. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) under 4%, 8% and 16% CuSO 4 filters was reduced 26%, 36%, and 47%, respectively, from natural irradiance in the greenhouse, which averaged ≈ 950 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 . Control treatments were shaded with Saran plastic film to ensure equal PPF as the corresponding C u SO 4 chamber. Average daily maxima and minima were 26 ± 3C and 16 ± 2C. At the end of the 4-week experimental period, average height and internode length of plants grown under C u SO 4 filters were ≈ 40% and 34% shorter than those of plants grown under control filter. Reduction in plant height and internode length was apparent within 1 week after the beginning of treatment. Total leaf area (LA) was reduced by 32% and leaf size (LS) was reduced by 24% under C u SO 4 filters. Specific leaf weight (SLW) was higher under CuSO 4 filters than for the controls. Irradiance transmitted through C u SO 4 filters reduced fresh and dry leaf weights by 30%. Fresh and dry stem weights of plants grown under C u SO 4 filters were 60% lower than those of controls. Relative dry matter accumulation into leaves was increased in plants grown under C u SO 4 filters while it was reduced in stems. A single application of GA 3 before irradiation partially overcame the height reduction under CuSO 4 filters, suggesting GA biosynthesis/action may be affected by light quality. Our results imply that alteration of light quality could be used to control chrysanthemum growth as an alternative method to conventional control by chemical growth regulators. Chemical names used: gibberellic acid (GA)
Kinetics of the thermal dissociation of ZnO exposed to concentrated solar irradiation using a solar‐driven thermogravimeter in the 1800–2100 K range (2009)

Abstract The two‐step H 2 O‐splitting thermochemical cycle based on the Zn/ZnO redox reactions is considered for solar H 2 production, comprising the endothermal dissociation of ZnO followed by the exothermal hydrolysis of Zn. A solar‐driven thermogravimeter, in which a packed‐bed of ZnO particles is directly exposed to concentrated solar radiation at a peak solar concentration ratio of 2400 suns while its weight loss is continuously monitored, was applied to measure the thermal dissociation rate in a set‐up closely approximating the heat and mass transfer characteristics of solar reactors. Isothermal thermogravimetric runs were performed in the range 1834–2109 K and fitted to a zero‐order Arrhenius rate law with apparent activation energy 361 ± 53 kJ mol −1 K −1 and frequency factor 14.03 × 10 6 ± 2.73 × 10 6 kg m −2 s −1 . Application of L‘vov’s kinetic expression for solid decomposition along with a convective mass transport correlation yielded kinetic parameters in close agreement with those derived from experimental data. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
10-Gb/s transmission performance for positive- and negative-chirped transmitters with the self-phase modulation effect (1998)

We have estimated the effective /spl alpha/-parameter of the extended transmitters in the presence of self-phase modulation (SPM) induced chirp. The /spl alpha/-parameter of transmitters is effectively lowered to about 1, when the SPM effect is included, compared to the /spl alpha/-parameter of the transmitter alone. This lowered effective /spl alpha/-parameter has improved the transmission performance significantly regardless of the transmitter operating with positive or negative chirp. The SPM-induced effective /spl alpha/-parameter can be used as a design parameter for high-speed (10 Gb/s) transmission systems.