gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry (2008)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Basic Laws and Equations 2.1. Electrode Kinetics 2.2. Technical Electrocatalysis 2.2.1. Principles of Electrocatalysis 2.2.2. Technical Electrodes 2.2.2.1. Electrocatalytically Activated Dimensionally Stable Chlorine Evolving Electrodes 2.2.2.2. Oxygen Evolving Anodes 2.2.2.3. Electrocatalysis of Cathodic Hydrogen Evolution 2.2.2.4. Electrocatalysis of Cathodic Oxygen Reduction and Anodic Hydrogen Oxidation in Fuel Cells 2.3. Gas-Evolving Electrodes 2.4. Ionic Conduction in Electrolytes 2.5. Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transfer 3. Electrochemical Cells 3.1. Optimized Current Density 3.2. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Current Distributions 3.3. Electrochemical Nanostructuring with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope 4. Inorganic Electrochemical Processes 4.1. Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis 4.1.1. Molten Salt Electrolysis 4.1.2. Production of Chlorine 4.1.3. Electrosynthesis of Hypochlorite 4.1.4. Electrosynthesis of Chlorate 4.1.5. Electrosynthesis of Perchlorate 4.2. Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production 4.3. Anodic Generation of Peroxodisulfuric Acid and Peroxodisulfates 4.4. Electrowinning and Electrorefining of Metals 4.4.1. Aqueous Electrolytes 4.4.2. Melts 4.5. Electrochemical Processes in Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing 4.5.1. Electroredox Separation Processes 4.5.2. Electroreduction Processes 4.5.3. Electrooxidation 4.5.4. Corrosion 4.6. Electrochemical Water and Effluent Treatment 4.6.1. Cathodic Treatment 4.6.1.1. Optimization of Cell Design 4.6.1.2. Electrochemical Reactors and Their Applications 4.6.1.3. Operation Data of Electrochemical Cells 4.6.2. Electrodialysis 4.6.3. Anodic Treatment 4.6.3.1. Direct Oxidation at the Anode 4.6.3.2. Indirect Oxidation 4.7. Electrochemical Gas Purification 4.7.1. General Aspects 4.7.2. New Process Developments 4.8. Electrochemical Shaping 5. Organic Electrochemistry 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Perspectives of Electroorganic Reactions in Industry 5.3. Syntheses 5.3.1. Direct vs. Indirect or Mediated Electrochemical Reactions 5.3.2. Technically Important Processes Ordered by Reaction Classes 5.3.2.1. Electrochemical Substitution 5.3.2.2. Electrochemical Addition 5.3.2.3. Electrochemical Transformations of Functional Groups 5.3.2.4. Electrochemical Cleavage and Elimination 5.3.2.5. Electrochemical Coupling 5.3.2.6. Bioelectrosynthesis 5.3.3. Organic Electrochemistry for a Cleaner Environment 5.4. Experimental Factors and Techniques 5.4.1. Solvent - Electrolyte Systems 5.4.2. Electrodes 5.4.2.1. Cathodes 5.4.2.2. Anodes 5.4.2.3. Other Factors Influenced by the Electrode Material 5.4.3. Electrochemical Cells 5.4.3.1. General Considerations 5.4.3.2. Cell Design 5.5. Economic Aspects
Measurement of electric fields at rough metal surfaces by electrochromism of fluorescent probe molecules embedded in self-assembled monolayers (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMeasurement of electric fields at rough metal surfaces by electrochromism of fluorescent probe molecules embedded in self-assembled monolayersJohn M. Pope, Zheng Tan, Sandra Kimbrell, and Daniel A. ButtryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 25, 10085–10086Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00051a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00051a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views241Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High-performance fault-tolerant VLSI systems using micro rollback (1990)

A technique called micro rollback, which allows most of the performance penalty for concurrent error detection to be eliminated, is presented. Detection is performed in parallel with the transmission of information between modules, thus removing the delay for detection from the critical path. Erroneous information may thus reach its destination module several clock cycles before an error indication. Operations performed on this erroneous information are undone using a hardware mechanism for fast rollback of a few cycles. The implementation of a VLSI processor capable of micro rollback is discussed, as well as several critical issues related to its use in a complete system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
From Glycerol to Value‐Added Products (2007)

Today, industrial plants that produce glycerol are closing down and others are opening that use glycerol as a raw material, owing to the large surplus of glycerol formed as a by-product during the production of biodiesel. Research efforts to find new applications of glycerol as a low-cost feedstock for functional derivatives have led to the introduction of a number of selective processes for converting glycerol into commercially valued products. This Minireview describes a selection of such achievements and shows how glycerol will be a central raw material in future chemical industries.
Oxytocin knockout mice demonstrate enhanced intake of sweet and nonsweet carbohydrate solutions (2007)

Oxytocin knockout (OT KO) mice display enhanced intake of nutritive and nonnutritive sweet solutions (i.e., sucrose and saccharin) compared with wild-type (WT) mice of the same C57BL/6 background strain. The present study further investigated the differential behavioral response of OT KO and WT mice to sucrose solutions and also examined intake preferences of OT KO and WT mice for palatable but nonsweet isocaloric solutions of carbohydrate and fat. A progressive ratio operant licking procedure demonstrated that OT KO and WT mice display a similar motivational drive to consume 10% sucrose. A series of two-bottle intake tests revealed that OT KO mice consume significantly larger amounts of both sweet and nonsweet carbohydrate solutions (i.e., sucrose, Polycose, and cornstarch) compared with WT cohorts. Intake pattern analyses revealed that OT KO mice overconsume carbohydrate solutions by initiating more drinking bouts compared with WT mice; bout sizes did not differ between the genotypes. In contrast, OT KO and WT mice did not differ in their intake of Intralipid, a palatable soybean oil emulsion. These findings indicate that the absence of OT in mice does not affect their appetitive drive to consume palatable sucrose solutions. Instead, the absence of OT may increase daily intake of palatable sweet and nonsweet solutions of carbohydrate (but not fat) by selectively blunting or masking processes that contribute to postingestive satiety.
Tracking control of the orbitally flat kinematic car with a new time-scaling input (2007)

The paper defines a time-scaling scheme such that the scaling function depends on the state variables of the system and on an external variable referred to as the time-scaling input. The system evolving according to the scaled time has thus one more input variable compared to the original system. This time- scaling scheme is applied to the kinematic car with one input, namely the steering angle. The longitudinal velocity of the car is a measurable external signal and cannot be influenced by the controller. Using an on-line time-scaling, which is driven by the longitudinal velocity of the car, by a time-scaling output of the tracking controller, and by their time derivatives up to the second order, one can achieve exponential tracking of any sufficiently smooth reference trajectory with non-vanishing velocity, similar to the two-input differentially flat model of the kinematic car. The time derivatives of the longitudinal velocity and the time-scaling output are no longer necessary if one designs the tracking controller for the linearized error dynamics around the reference path.
Phase detrending for measured multisine signals (2004)

We develop a method to detrend the phases of measured multisine signals. We find a time reference that removes the linear component of the measured phases and aligns them, within a precision specified by the user, to their expected values. An initial guess is provided by a closed-form expression. We then find the global minimum of a user-specified error function. The simple postprocessing algorithm is general and can be implemented in many software packages.
Insights into the Problem of Alarm Fatigue with Physiologic Monitor Devices: A Comprehensive Observational Study of Consecutive Intensive Care Unit Patients (2020)

Physiologic monitors are plagued with alarms that create a cacophony of sounds and visual alerts causing “alarm fatigue” which creates an unsafe patient environment because a life-threatening event may be missed in this milieu of sensory overload. Using a state-of-the-art technology acquisition infrastructure, all monitor data including 7 ECG leads, all pressure, SpO2, and respiration waveforms as well as user settings and alarms were stored on 461 adults treated in intensive care units. Using a well-defined alarm annotation protocol, nurse scientists with 95% inter-rater reliability annotated 12,671 arrhythmia alarms.
Inference of human continental origin and admixture proportions using a highly discriminative ancestry informative 41-SNP panel (2013)

We demonstrated the utility of a small AISNP panel specifically developed to discern global ancestry. We believe that it will find wide application because of its feasibility and potential for a wide range of applications.
Neoangiogenesis and Sinusoidal "Capillarization" in Dysplastic Nodules of the Liver (1998)

The blood supply of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is primarily arterial. Recent studies reported differences of vascular, especially arterial, supply among low- and high-grade dysplastic nodules and HCC. We assessed arterialization using monoclonal antibody specific for smooth muscle actin as well as simultaneous changes in sinusoidal capillarization in cirrhotic nodules, dysplastic nodules, and HCC. We immunohistochemically stained 56 cirrhotic nodules, 20 low-grade dysplastic nodules, 27 high-grade dysplastic nodules, and 20 HCCs for alpha smooth muscle actin (to identify unpaired arteries (i.e., arteries not accompanied by bile ducts) and CD34 (indicating sinusoidal capillarization). Distribution and number of unpaired arteries and distribution of sinusoidal capillarization were graded semiquantitatively. Unpaired arteries were rare in cirrhotic nodules, significantly more common in dysplastic nodules of both types (p < 0.00001), and most common in HCC. Sinusoidal capillarization was least common in cirrhotic nodules, significantly more common in dysplastic nodules (p < 0.0035), and most common in HCC. No topographic relationship between unpaired arteries and sinusoidal capillarization was identified. These findings showed that (1) distributions of sinusoidal capillarization and unpaired arteries in dysplastic nodules are intermediate between those in cirrhotic nodules and HCC, supporting dysplastic nodules as premalignant lesions; (2) unpaired arteries are histologically useful for distinguishing dysplastic nodules from large cirrhotic nodules; and (3) areas of sinusoidal capillarization within dysplastic nodules are unrelated to location of arterialization.
Measuring the effect of ionic liquids on laccase activity using a simple, parallel method (2012)

Laccase activity was measured in the presence of 63 water-miscible and water-immiscible ionic liquids, including imidazolium, pyridinium, quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium salts. A simple, parallel method was used to determine activity. In general, water-immiscible ionic liquids, especially bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide salts, supported the highest enzyme activities.
Substitution of lysine at position 104 or 240 of TEM-1pTZ18R .beta.-lactamase enhances the effect of serine-164 substitution on hydrolysis or affinity for cephalosporins and the monobactam aztreonam (1991)

By site-directed mutagenesis, TEM-1 beta-lactamase was altered to contain single amino acid changes of E104K, R164S, and E240K, in addition to double changes of E104K/R164S or R164S/E240K and the triple change of E104K/R164S/E240K. Hydrolysis rates for cephaloridine and benzylpenicillin were lowered at least 1 order of magnitude for all enzymes containing R164S substitutions. All mutant enzymes exhibited increased kcat values for beta-lactam antibiotics containing an aminothiazole oxime side chain. Hydrolysis of ceftazidime was most affected, with kcat values increased 3-4 orders of magnitude in all enzymes with the substituted R164S moiety. Km values decreased for all substrates except ceftazidime in the enzymes with multiple mutations. Aztreonam was most affected, with Km values lowered 23-56-fold in the enzymes bearing multiple mutations. When the crystal structures of aztreonam and related monobactams were studied and projected into an active-site model of the PC1 beta-lactamase, it became apparent that the two lysine residues might serve equivalent roles by interacting with the carboxylate of the aminothiazole oxime side chain. Hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the oxime and N7 of the lysine, particularly Lys-104, may also be important in some antibiotics. Ser-164 apparently serves an indirect role, since it is somewhat distant from the active-site cleft.
A T Cell Receptor–specific Blockade of Positive Selection (1999)

To investigate the influence of endogenous peptides on the developmental processes that occur during thymocyte selection, we have used monoclonal antibodies that preferentially recognize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule I-Ek when it is bound to the moth cytochrome c peptide (88-103). One of these antibodies (G35) specifically blocks the positive selection of transgenic thymocytes expressing a T cell receptor that is reactive to this peptide- MHC complex. Furthermore, G35 does not block the differentiation of transgenic T cells bearing receptors for a different I-Ek-peptide complex. This antibody recognizes a subset of endogenous I-Ek-peptide complexes found on a significant fraction of thymic antigen-presenting cells, including cortical and medullary epithelial cells. The sensitivity of G35 to minor alterations in peptide sequence suggests that the thymic peptide-MHC complexes that mediate the positive selection of a particular class II MHC-restricted thymocyte are structurally related to the complexes that can activate it in the periphery.
The molecular architecture of the metalloprotease FtsH (2006)

The ATP-dependent integral membrane protease FtsH is universally conserved in bacteria. Orthologs exist in chloroplasts and mitochondria, where in humans the loss of a close FtsH-homolog causes a form of spastic paraplegia. FtsH plays a crucial role in quality control by degrading unneeded or damaged membrane proteins, but it also targets soluble signaling factors like sigma(32) and lambda-CII. We report here the crystal structure of a soluble FtsH construct that is functional in caseinolytic and ATPase assays. The molecular architecture of this hexameric molecule consists of two rings where the protease domains possess an all-helical fold and form a flat hexagon that is covered by a toroid built by the AAA domains. The active site of the protease classifies FtsH as an Asp-zincin, contrary to a previous report. The different symmetries of protease and AAA rings suggest a possible translocation mechanism of the target polypeptide chain into the interior of the molecule where the proteolytic sites are located.
Anticancer Activity of Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. Extract in Swiss Albino Mice (2010)

The methanolic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum (MECI) was evaluated for anticancer activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) in swiss albino mice. On day 1, the extract of leaves of Clerodendron infortunatum at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body (b.w.) weight was administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) route and continued for 9 consecutive days. The anticancer activity of MECI was examined by determining the mean survival time, increase of life span, tumour volume, viable tumour cell count and non viable tumour cell count in experimental animal models. The extract increased the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma treated mice and restored the haematological parameters as compared with the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma bearing mice. Thus, the present study suggests that the methanolic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum showed anticancer activity in tested animal models.
Enantiomerically Pure Titanium Complexes Containing an [OSSO]‐Type Bis(phenolate) Ligand: Synthesis, Structure, and Formation of Optically Active Oligostyrenes (2008)

Chiral 1,2-trans-dithiocyclohexanediyl-bridged bis(phenols) of the type [2,2'-{HOC(6)H(2)-6-R(1)-4-R(2)}(2)S(2)C(6)H(10)] ([OSSO]H(2), R(1)=tBu, iPr, H; R(2)=tBu, iPr, Me) could be conveniently and selectively synthesized in three steps, starting from cyclohexene oxide and arene thiolate. The racemic bis(phenols) could be resolved using an enantiopure (S)-camphorsulfonic ester auxiliary or by (chiral) HPLC. Complexation of the racemic bis(phenols) to TiX(4) (X=Cl, OiPr) proceeds in a diastereoselective fashion to give only the Lambda,R,R and Delta,S,S enantiomers. Racemic [Ti{(OC(6)H(2)-6-tBu-4-Me)(2)S(2)C(6)H(10)}Cl(2)] reacts with benzyl magnesium bromide to afford the crystallographically characterized dibenzyl complex. The benzyl cation formed using B(C(6)F(5))(3) in C(6)D(5)Br slowly decomposes at temperatures above +10 degrees C. When treated with methylaluminoxane, the dichloro complexes [Ti{OSSO}Cl(2)] polymerize styrene with activities up to 146 kg (mol catalyst)(-1) [styrene (mol L(-1))](-1) h(-1); diisopropoxy complexes [Ti{OSSO}(OiPr)(2)] show mere trace activity. With 1-hexene as a chain-transfer agent, activated enantiopure titanium complexes give low-molecular-weight homochiral isotactic oligostyrenes, terminated by one to five 1-hexene units with M(n) values as low as 750 g mol(-1) for R=tBu and 1290 g mol(-1) for R=Me. Below M(n) approximately 5000 these oligostyrenes show optical activity.
LC3C, Bound Selectively by a Noncanonical LIR Motif in NDP52, Is Required for Antibacterial Autophagy (2012)

Autophagy protects cellular homeostasis by capturing cytosolic components and invading pathogens for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy receptors target cargo to autophagy by binding ATG8 on autophagosomal membranes. The expansion of the ATG8 family in higher eukaryotes suggests that specific interactions with autophagy receptors facilitate differential cargo handling. However, selective interactors of ATG8 orthologs are unknown. Here we show that the selectivity of the autophagy receptor NDP52 for LC3C is crucial for innate immunity since cells lacking either protein cannot protect their cytoplasm against Salmonella. LC3C is required for antibacterial autophagy because in its absence the remaining ATG8 orthologs do not support efficient antibacterial autophagy. Structural analysis revealed that the selectivity of NDP52 for LC3C is conferred by a noncanonical LIR, in which lack of an aromatic residue is balanced by LC3C-specific interactions. Our report illustrates that specificity in the interaction between autophagy receptors and autophagy machinery is of functional importance to execute selective autophagy.
Anisotropic selective inverse diffusion for signal enhancement in the presence of noise (2002)

Signal and image enhancement in the presence of noise is considered in the context of the scale-space approach. A modified dynamic process, based on the action of a nonlinear diffusion equation, is presented. The diffusion coefficient is adjusted according to the local gradient, intensity and other image properties, and as such also reverses its sign, i.e. switches from a forward to a backward (inverse) diffusion process according to a given criterion. This results in enhancement of transients and singularities in the one-dimensional case, and of edges in images, while locally denoising smoother segments of the signal or image. Regularization of the ill-posed inverse diffusion problem is discussed. Examples of both one-dimensional signals and images are presented.
Estrogen Receptor Localization in the Female Genital Tract (1987)

PRESS, MICHAEL F.; NOUSEK-GOEBL, NANCY A.; BUR, MARTIN; GREENE, GEOFFREY L. Author Information
Bigger Caliber, Bigger Boom (2013)

Many Americans are unaware of the dangers firearms pose to hearing and the need to use protection every time they shoot.
Direct writing of regions of high doping on semiconductors by UV-laser photodeposition (1980)

The direct doping of InP with variable Cd concentrations has been demonstrated in a maskless process with micrometer-scale spatial control. The process makes use of cw UV-laser photodeposition of the dopant on a laser-heated surface.
THE POLYOXYPHENOLS OF WESTERN RED CEDAR (THUJA PLICATA DONN). II. DEGRADATION STUDIES ON PLICATIC ACID, A POSSIBLE LIGNAN ACID (1960)

Plicatic acid, C 20 H 22 O 10 , a polyoxyphenol from western red cedar heartwood, described in a previous paper, has been further characterized by preparation and analysis of additional crystalline derivatives. Crystalline trimethyl and triethyl ethers have been oxidized by alkaline permanganate. The trimethyl ether yielded 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzioc acid, 4,5-di-methoxyphthalic acid (m-hemipinic acid), a pentamethoxy anthraquinone, and a pentamethoxy o-benzoylbenzoic acid which decarboxylated to 3,4,5,3′,4′-pentamethoxy benzophenone. Correspondingly, the triethyl ether gave 3,4-diethoxy-5-methoxybenzoic and 4-ethoxy-5-methoxyphthalic acids, a mixture of pentaalkoxy anthraquinones and a pentaalkoxy o-benzoylbenzoic acid which decarboxylated to 3,3′,4-triethoxy-4′,5-dimethoxy benzophenone identified by cleavage to 3-ethoxy-4-methoxybenzoic and 3,4-diethoxy-5-methoxy-benzoic acids. These results fix the positions of the two methoxyl, three phenolic hydroxyls, and mode of linkage of the two benzene rings. Further evidence is provided indicating plicatic acid is probably a lignan of the 4-aryltetrahydronaphthalene series.