gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heuristic techniques for variable and value ordering in CSPs (2011)

A Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is a powerful framework for representing and solving constraint problems. When solving a CSP using a backtrack search method, one important factor that reduces the size of the search space drastically is the order in which variables and values are examined. Many heuristics for static and dynamic variable ordering have been proposed and the most popular and powerful are those that gather information about the failures during the constraint propagation phase, in the form of constraint weights. These later heuristics are called conflict driven heuristics. In this paper, we propose two of these heuristics respectively based on Hill Climbing (HC) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for weighing constraints. In addition, we propose two new value ordering techniques, respectively based on HC and ACO, that rank the values based on their ability to satisfy the constraints attached to their corresponding variables. Several experiments were conducted on various types of problems including random, quasi random and patterned problems. The results show that the proposed variable ordering heuristics, are successful especially in the case of hard random problems. Also, when using the proposed value and variable ordering together, we can improve the performance particularly in the case of random problems.
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of unactivated aryl halides with thiolate ions in hexamethylphosphoramide (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of unactivated aryl halides with thiolate ions in hexamethylphosphoramidePietro Cogolli, Filippo Maiolo, Lorenzo Testaferri, Marco Tingoli, and Marcello TieccoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 15, 2642–2646Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01329a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01329a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1750Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Mechanism of Inactivation of 3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase by 4-Chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate (2005)

3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase (HAD) is a non-heme Fe(II) dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative ring-opening of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde. The enzymatic product subsequently cyclizes to quinolinate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Quinolinate has also been implicated in important neurological disorders. Here, we describe the mechanism by which 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate inhibits the HAD catalyzed reaction. Using overexpressed and purified bacterial HAD, we demonstrate that 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate functions as a mechanism-based inactivating agent. The inactivation results in the consumption of 2 +/- 0.8 equiv of oxygen and the production of superoxide. EPR analysis of the inactivation reaction demonstrated that the inhibitor stimulated the oxidation of the active site Fe(II) to the catalytically inactive Fe(III) oxidation state. The inactivated enzyme can be reactivated by treatment with DTT and Fe(II). High resolution ESI-FTMS analysis of the inactivated enzyme demonstrated that the inhibitor did not form an adduct with the enzyme and that four conserved cysteines were oxidized to two disulfides (Cys125-Cys128 and Cys162-Cys165) during the inactivation reaction. These results are consistent with a mechanism in which the enzyme, complexed to the inhibitor and O2, generates superoxide which subsequently dissociates, leaving the inhibitor and the oxidized iron center at the active site.
Near-uniform range partition approach for increased partitioning in large database (2010)

Database partitioning technique which adopts "divide and conquer" method can efficiently simplify the complexity of managing massive data and improve the performance of the system, especially the range partitioning. The traditional range partitioning approach brings heavy burden to the system without an increased partitioning algorithm, so it does not adapt to the partitioning in the realtime data environment. To speed up the partitioning algorithm, the current partitioning technology is well studied and three effective range partitioning algorithms for the massive data are proposed, which based on allowing the fluctuation of data amount in each range of partitions. At last, some experiments and applications show that the proposed algorithms are more effective and efficient to partitioning and re-partitioning tables in the large database or real-time environment.
Boron Carbide Whisker and Platelet Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites (2008)

Boron carbide whisker and platelet reinforced alumina and boron carbide whisker reinforced silicon carbide composites were prepared by hot-pressing. The mechanical properties of hot-pressed boron carbide platelet and whisker reinforced composites are better than the inherent ceramic matrix. A maximum fracture toughness, KIc of 9.5 MPam1/2 is achieved for alumina/boron carbide whisker composites, 8.6 MPam1/2 is achieved for alumina/boron carbide platelet composites and 3.8 MPam1/2 is achieved for silicon carbide/boron carbide whisker composites. The fracture toughness is dependent on the volume fraction of the platelets and whiskers.
Evaluation of the impact of <i>S</i>‐adenosylhomocysteine metabolic pools on cytosine methylation of the tobacco genome (1998)

We explored the possibility that the cytosine DNA methylation might be regulated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) pools in plant cells. In order to change the AdoHcy/AdoMet ratio (methylation index), (S)-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine was employed, a selective reversible inhibitor of cellular S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. Micromolar concentrations of the inhibitor increased dramatically (more than 1000-fold) intracellular AdoHcy levels (and concominantly the AdoHcy/AdoMet ratio) in tobacco TBY-2 cells. No toxic effect of the drug was observed and the cells displayed only marginal inhibition of growth at high AdoHcy levels. At near equal intracellular concentrations of AdoHcy and AdoMet, a significant reduction of cytosine methylation in transcribed (5SrDNA) and non-transcribed (HRS60, NTRS) sequences was observed. Interestingly, the CpCpG and CpApG trinucleotide targets appeared to be most sensitive to changes in the methylation index. Methylation of cytosine residues at CpG sites was not affected even at AdoHcy/AdoMet ratio of > 10. These results support the possible regulation of DNA methylation via AdoHcy/AdoMet metabolic pathways in plant cells.
The two-dimensional lapped Hadamard transform (1998)

In this paper, a 2-D binary-valued (BV) lapped transform (LT) is proposed. The proposed LT has basis images which take only BV elements and satisfies the axial-symmetric (AS) property. In 1D, there is no 2-point LT with the symmetric basis vectors. Hence, in 2D, there is no 2/spl times/2-point separable ASLT. By taking non-separable BV basis images, this paper shows that a 2/spl times/2-point ASLT can be obtained. For its similarity to the Hadamard transform (HT), this paper refer to it as the lapped Hadamard transform (LHT). The efficient implementation is also given.
Design of hand force feedback systems for glove-like advanced interfaces (2003)

In this paper the general concept of force feedback on the operator's hands is considered by analyzing the contact forces occurring during general exploratory and manipulative procedures performed by both the robot and virtual hands. The design aspect of hand force feedback systems for glove-like advanced interfaces is based on the specific spectrum of forces required to reproduce on the human hand.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Change Detection for Map Updating with Classification Posterior Probability of HJ Image and TM Image (2011)

Change detection with different sensors images is difficult generally. In most cases post-classification change detection method can only be used in which classification errors accumulation lead to many fault detected changes. In this paper, based on the need analysis of change detection for map updating and characteristic analysis of HJ image and TM image, a combined change detection method, change vector analysis with classification posterior probability, was used to get changed geographic information. After independent classification of HJ image and TM image, the posterior probabilities of classification were applied to change vector analysis to get change types and change probability. This method integrated the advantages of change vector analysis detection and post-classification detection, in which errors of change detect were reduced What's more, when classification posterior probabilities were used in change detection of geographic features, not only "from-to" type of change but also change probability can be got. The later was obtained through a special changed thresholds setting. Results analysis showed that the method could get good change detection accuracy using HJ image and TM image, which provided a feasible way for change detection in map updating.
Hydrogen Production Using a Molybdenum Sulfide Catalyst on a Titanium‐Protected n<sup>+</sup>p‐Silicon Photocathode (2012)

A low-cost substitute: A titanium protection layer on silicon made it possible to use silicon under highly oxidizing conditions without oxidation of the silicon. Molybdenum sulfide was electrodeposited on the Ti-protected n(+)p-silicon electrode. This electrode was applied as a photocathode for water splitting and showed a greatly enhanced efficiency.
Poselet Conditioned Pictorial Structures (2013)

In this paper we consider the challenging problem of articulated human pose estimation in still images. We observe that despite high variability of the body articulations, human motions and activities often simultaneously constrain the positions of multiple body parts. Modelling such higher order part dependencies seemingly comes at a cost of more expensive inference, which resulted in their limited use in state-of-the-art methods. In this paper we propose a model that incorporates higher order part dependencies while remaining efficient. We achieve this by defining a conditional model in which all body parts are connected a-priori, but which becomes a tractable tree-structured pictorial structures model once the image observations are available. In order to derive a set of conditioning variables we rely on the poselet-based features that have been shown to be effective for people detection but have so far found limited application for articulated human pose estimation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on three publicly available pose estimation benchmarks improving or being on-par with state of the art in each case.
FFT: a basic function for a reconfigurable receiver (2003)

In the software radio (SWR) area, the parameterization studies become a very important issue. Mainly because it will probably decrease the size of the software to be downloaded, and also because it will decrease the runtime of the software execution. In this context we show that the fast Fourier transform (FFT), could be considered as a basic object for most of the receiver functions. After having described almost all the necessary functions of current receivers, we present possible realization in the frequency domain (FD) of these functions, using the FFT.
Evaluation of a commercially available apparatus for measuring the acute phase protein serum amyloid A in horses (2008)

The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of an immunoturbidometric assay for measuring the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) in horses in clinical practice. The assay was compared to a previously validated assay, and overlap performance was assessed by measuring the concentration of SAA in clinically healthy horses and horses with inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases. In pools of serum with low and high SAA concentrations the assay's intra-assay coefficients of variation were 11.7 per cent and 4.6 per cent, and its interassay coefficients of variation were 9.1 per cent and 5.6 per cent, respectively. Slight inaccuracies were observed, but they were negligible in comparison with the range of the SAA response. The assay systematically underestimated the concentrations of SAA in comparison with the results of the validated assay. The assay detected the expected difference in SAA concentrations between the healthy and diseased horses.
Analytical thermal model for characterizing a Li-ion battery cell (2013)

In a scenario of small and customized production of electric vehicle, it is important to set methods and tools to evaluate the Li-Ion cells heat source in EV battery. The main problem of the new lithium batteries is represented by the need to keep the battery packs at uniform and constant temperatures and avoid peaks of temperatures which cause degradation of performance and safety problem. The main issue concerns the characterization of a thermal model to calculate the heat generated by electrochemical reactions in a single battery cell. In order to achieve this objective, electrical tests have been conducted to obtain the parameters such as voltage curves, open circuit voltage, and capacity for different type of Li-Ion cells and different rate of current in charge and discharge. During experiments, the use of an IR camera allows to acquire real temperature data under working conditions. These tests concern one cell per time, analyzed in natural convection condition at constant external temperature. The heat generation is evaluated solving the analytical thermal formula which depends on the current rate. The approach has been validated comparing the calculated temperature values with experimental data. The proposed methodology allows to determine the heat generated and temperature for different working condition.
gamma-Secretase as a target for drug intervention in Alzheimer's disease. (2004)

gamma-Secretase is a critical enzyme involved in the production of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, one of the main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. gamma-Secretase cleaves the beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) at a position predicted to be within the membrane. In addition to betaAPP, gamma-secretase cleaves a range of other substrates. Thus, a key question in the development of gamma-secretase inhibitors for preventing Abeta production is whether undesired mechanism-based side effects may result from inhibition of cleavage of other substrates, and if so whether a suitable window exists to reduce brain Abeta. In this review, progress in the development of small-molecule inhibitors will be described, and potential toxicity issues associated with the development of gamma-secretase inhibitors discussed.
Recent Advances in Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions (ACOMP) (2008)

Abstract ACOMP allows comprehensive, model‐independent, near realtime monitoring of many different types of polymerization reactions. It provides conversion kinetics, and the evolution of average molar mass, intrinsic viscosity and average composition distributions (for copolymers). Here, recent advances in ACOMP will be summarized, dealing with continuous reactors, copolymerization, ‘living’ type reactions (NMP, RAFT, ATRP, ROMP), polyelectrolytes, heterogeneous phase reactions, including free radical reactions in emulsions, and predictive control. In the case of emulsion polymerization, a new approach will be presented in which the evolution of the characteristics of both the soluble phase – monomer conversion, polymer molar mass and intrinsic viscosity‐ and the dispersed phase – particle size – are simultaneously monitored. NSF CBET 0623531, BoR ITRS 019B, NASA NCC3‐946, TIMES, PolyRMC (Tulane Center for Polymer Reaction Monitoring and Characterization).
p53tumor suppressor gene mutations in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from erosion synovium and non-erosion synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (2004)

Abnormalities in the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been detected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and could contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic disease. To determine whether synoviocytes from invasive synovium in RA have an increased number of mutations compared with non-erosion synoviocytes, p53 cDNA subclones from fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from erosion and non-erosion sites of the same synovium were examined in patients requiring total joint replacement. Ten erosion FLS lines and nine non-erosion FLS lines were established from nine patients with RA. Exons 5-10 from 209 p53 subclones were sequenced (114 from erosion FLS, 95 from non-erosion FLS). Sixty percent of RA FLS cell lines and 8.6% of the p53 subclones isolated from FLS contained p53 mutations. No significant differences were observed between the erosion and non-erosion FLS with regard to the frequency or type of p53 mutation. The majority of the mutations were missense transition mutations, which are characteristic of oxidative damage. In addition, paired intact RA synovium and cultured FLS from the same joints were evaluated for p53 mutations. Matched synovium and cultured synoviocytes contained p53 mutations, although there was no overlap in the specific mutations identified in the paired samples. Clusters of p53 mutations in subclones were detected in some FLS, including one in codon 249, which is a well-recognized 'hot spot' associated with cancer. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that p53 mutations are randomly induced by genotoxic exposure in small numbers of RA synoviocytes localized to erosion and non-erosion regions of RA synovium. The determining factor for invasiveness might be proximity to bone or cartilage rather than the presence of a p53 mutation.
Die Kristallstruktur des Gold(III)bromids / The Crystal Structure of Gold(III) Bromide (1975)

Gold(III) bromide crystallizes monoclinic in the space group P2 1 /c with four Au 2 Br 6 molecules in a cell of dimensions α = 6.831 Å, b = 20.41 Å, c = 8.105 Å; β = 119.74°. Within the well separated molecules each Au atom has four Br neighbours in a square planar arrangement. The Au-Br distances to the terminal Br atoms are in the range from 2.383 to 2.410 A, whereas the distances to the bridging atoms are slightly longer (2.457-2.471 A).
Adiponectin knockout mice on high fat diet develop fibrosing steatohepatitis (2009)

Adiponectin may play a protective role in the progression of NASH in the early stages by suppressing tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression and liver fibrosis.
A Note on the Calculation of Dose in X-ray Fields (1950)

The possibility of calculating the dose at any point in a light atom medium irradiated by a beam of X rays, using the results of central axis dose measurements, has been envisaged by several workers, and the methods most used at present are those of Meredith and Neary (1944). They analyse the beam into elementary “pencils” and integrate the scattered radiation from these to obtain the total scatter dose at any point. It may be helpful to restate in physical terms the effective result of this process.
Interactions of graphene and graphene oxide with proteins and peptides (2013)

Abstract This review selectively describes the recent progress in the interactions of proteins (enzymes) and short-chain peptides with graphene and graphene oxide (GO). Particularly, the advances of the immobilization mechanisms of enzymes on graphene and GO, the catalytic properties of the immobilized enzymes, and their applications are summarized in detail. The interfacings of the peptides with graphene and GO, the as assembled conjugates, and their potential applications are discussed briefly. The possible ongoing development for the assembly of conjugates of graphene and GO with proteins and peptides in a controlled manner is speculated upon.
Two-dimensional materials with piezoelectric and ferroelectric functionalities (2018)

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with a non-centrosymmetric structure exhibit great potential for nano-scale electromechanical systems and electronic devices. Piezoelectric and ferroelectric 2D materials draw growing interest for applications in energy harvesting, electronics, and optoelectronics. This article first reviews the preparation of these functional 2D layered materials, including exfoliation methods and vapor phase deposition growth, followed by a general introduction to various piezo/ferro-electric characterization methods. Typical 2D piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials and their electronic properties, together with their potential applications, are also introduced. Finally, future research directions for 2D piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials are discussed.
Additives (2010)

Abstract Additives for plastics are typically organic molecules that are added to polymers in small amounts during the manufacture, melt processing, or converting operations so as to improve the inherent properties of the polymeric material. Additives can be categorized in three major segments. The Polymer Modifiers alter the physical or mechanical properties of plastics such as clarifiers or nucleants that enhance respectively the clarity of plastics or increase the rate of crystallization for improved properties such as cycle time reduction in injection molding. The Performance Enhancer additives impart functionality not present in the plastic such as enhanced longevity against environmental factors like heat or light energy when antioxidants or ultraviolet‐light absorbers are used. Additional “special effects” are imparted to plastics by performance enhancer additives such as antistatic or biocidal resistance. The Processing Aids are the smallest volume category and are surface‐active additives that improve throughput in polymer processing operations or improve surface appearance of plastic articles like blown film. Poly(vinyl chloride) is the largest volume consumer of additives particularly impact modifiers and plasticizers due to the commodity (billion pound) usage of PVC in global construction markets. New technology innovations have occurred largely in niche, higher value additive areas driven either by higher performance demands of customer segments or to a lesser extent by regulatory pressures surrounding environmental or sustainability concerns. Innovation activity has been pronounced in areas of nucleants, electrostatic additives like carbon nanotubes, and polymer processing aids.
Studies of Folic Acid Compounds in Nature. IV. Folic Acid Compounds in Soybeans and Cow Milk (1975)

Folate compounds in soybean and cow's mild were identified by Sephadex chromatography and differential microbiological assaymsoybean contained mainly monoglutamates (ca. 52%), some diglutamates (ca. 16%), and polyglutamates (pentaglutamates representing the major portion). 5-CHO-H4PteGlun(1-6) constituted 65-70% of total folate activity; Cow's milk contained monoglutamates (60%) and polyglutamates (ranging from di- to hepta-conjugates). In contrast to soybean, 90-95% of milk folate was in the 5-CH3h4pteGlun(1-7) form.