gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT (2004)

Monte Carlo simulation is an essential tool in emission tomography that can assist in the design of new medical imaging devices, the optimization of acquisition protocols and the development or assessment of image reconstruction algorithms and correction techniques. GATE, the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission, encapsulates the Geant4 libraries to achieve a modular, versatile, scripted simulation toolkit adapted to the field of nuclear medicine. In particular, GATE allows the description of time-dependent phenomena such as source or detector movement, and source decay kinetics. This feature makes it possible to simulate time curves under realistic acquisition conditions and to test dynamic reconstruction algorithms. This paper gives a detailed description of the design and development of GATE by the OpenGATE collaboration, whose continuing objective is to improve, document and validate GATE by simulating commercially available imaging systems for PET and SPECT. Large effort is also invested in the ability and the flexibility to model novel detection systems or systems still under design. A public release of GATE licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License can be downloaded at http:/www-lphe.epfl.ch/GATE/. Two benchmarks developed for PET and SPECT to test the installation of GATE and to serve as a tutorial for the users are presented. Extensive validation of the GATE simulation platform has been started, comparing simulations and measurements on commercially available acquisition systems. References to those results are listed. The future prospects towards the gridification of GATE and its extension to other domains such as dosimetry are also discussed.
Advances in Tracheal Reconstruction (2014)

A recent revival of global interest for reconstruction of long-segment tracheal defects, which represents one of the most interesting and complex problems in head and neck and thoracic reconstructive surgery, has been witnessed. The trachea functions as a conduit for air, and its subunits including the epithelial layer, hyaline cartilage, and segmental blood supply make it particularly challenging to reconstruct. A myriad of attempts at replacing the trachea have been described. These along with the anatomy, indications, and approaches including microsurgical tracheal reconstruction will be reviewed. Novel techniques such as tissue-engineering approaches will also be discussed. Multiple attempts at replacing the trachea with synthetic scaffolds have been met with failure. The main lesson learned from such failures is that the trachea must not be treated as a "simple tube." Understanding the anatomy, developmental biology, physiology, and diseases affecting the trachea are required for solving this problem.
Heightened Electromagnetic Fields between Metal Nanoparticles:  Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering from Metal−Cytochrome <i>c</i>-Metal Sandwiches (1998)

This manuscript reports the demonstration of strong interparticle electromagnetic coupling in nanoparticle:molecule:nanoparticle sandwiches. These assemblies were prepared by adsorption of cytochrome c (Cc)-coated colloidal Au nanoparticles onto aggregated colloidal Ag. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra for the Cc:Au conjugates (Ag:Cc:Au) were compared to those obtained by direct adsorption of Cc (Ag:Cc) at several visible excitation wavelengths. The use of identically prepared samples with the same effective [Cc] and the same laser power allows the effects of sample geometry and interparticle coupling to be probed. As expected, at all excitation wavelengths, Ag:Cc:Au gave less intense spectra than Ag:Cc, because (i) only a small percentage of the Cc molecules were close to the more SERS-active metal (Ag), and (ii) the heme, from which all observed vibrations arise, was oriented toward the Au, not the Ag. Nonetheless, the ratio of Ag:Cc:Au to Ag:Cc SERS intensity varied significantly with excitation wavelength, a phenomenon that can be accounted for only by a wavelength-dependent electromagnetic field. This, in turn, results from wavelength-dependent electromagnetic coupling between closely spaced colloidal Ag and colloidal Au. In addition to wavelength-dependent SERS intensity ratios, three separate lines of evidence support the existence of strong electromagnetic coupling: (i) the presence of a wavelength-shifted single particle surface plasmon band for Cc:Au conjugates upon exposure to agggregated Ag, (ii) demonstration of excitation wavelength-dependent photodriven conformational changes in Ag:Cc:Au, and (iii) dramatic increases in SERS intensities from protein−colloid conjugates prepared with Ag in place of Au.
[Mitotic catastrophe: a special case of apoptosis]. (2004)

Mitotic catastrophe is a poorly defined type of cell death linked to the abnormal activation of cyclin B/Cdk1. Here we propose that a conflict in cell cycle progression or DNA damage can lead to mitotic catastrophe, provided that cell cycle checkpoints are inhibited, in particular the DNA structure checkpoints and the spindle assembly checkpoint. Two subtypes of mitotic catastrophe can be distinguished. First, mitotic catastrophe can kill the cell during or close to the metaphase, in a p53-independent fashion, as this occurs in Chk2-inhibited heterokarya generated by fusion. Second, mitotic catastrophe can occur after failed mitosis, during the activation of the polyploidy checkpoint, in a partially p53-dependent fashion. In these conditions, cells die as a result of caspase activation and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that constitute hallmarks of apoptosis. Prevention of caspase activation and/or mitochondrial damage avoids mitotic catastrophe, indicating that this form of cell death indeed constitutes a special case of apoptosis. Importantly, the suppression of mitotic catastrophe can favor asymmetric division and the generation of aneuploid cells. This delineates a molecular pathway through which failure to arrest the cell cycle and inhibition of apoptosis can favor the occurrence of cytogenetic abnormalities which are likely to participate in oncogenesis.
Low Toxicity of Sulfonamide Mixtures. II. Combinations of Sulfathiazole, Sulfadiazine and Sulfamerazine. (1947)

1. In continuation of experimental and clinical studies with mixtures of sulfonamides, the toxicity as well as the absorption and excretion of the combinations sulfadiazme-sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine-sulfa-merazine, and sulfadiazine-sulfathiazole-sul-famerazine were investigated in albino rats.
Hard x-ray production from high intensity laser solid interactions (invited) (1999)

Intense laser (&gt;1021 W/cm2) driven hard x-ray sources offer a new alternative to conventional electron accelerator bremsstrahlung sources. These laser driven sources offer considerable simplicity in design and cost advantage for multiple axis views and have the potential for much higher spatial and temporal resolution than is achievable with accelerator sources. We have begun a series of experiments using the Petawatt laser system at LLNL to determine the potential of these sources for radiography applications. Absolutely calibrated spectra extending to 20 MeV and high resolution radiographs through a ρr⩾150 g/cm2 have been obtained. The physics of these sources and the scaling relationships and laser technology required to provide the dose levels necessary for radiography applications will be discussed. Diagnostics of the laser produced electrons and photons will be addressed.
A Multiscale Algorithm for Image Segmentation by Variational Method (1994)

Most segmentation algorithms are composed of several procedures: split and merge, small region elimination, boundary smoothing,..., each depending on several parameters. The introduction of an energy to minimize leads to a drastic reduction of these parameters. The authors prove that the most simple segmentation tool, the “region merging” algorithm, made according to the simplest energy, is enough to compute a local energy minimum belonging to a compact class and to achieve the job of most of the tools mentioned above. The authors explain why “merging” in a variational framework leads to a fast multiscale, multichannel algorithm, with a pyramidal structure. The obtained algorithm is $O(n\ln n)$, where n is the number of pixels of the picture. This fast algorithm is applied to make grey level and texture segmentation and experimental results are shown.
Technology Focus: History Matching and Forecasting (April 2010) (2010)

Technology Focus “Prediction is very difficult, especially of the future” (Niels Bohr, Danish Physicist, 1885–1962). Indeed, even prediction or modeling of the past is very difficult in reservoir simulation. However, as complex as it is, history matching for model calibration generally is required to generate convincing forecasts. Fortunately, more-productive and -consistent methods are moving from research to application. The traditional trial-and-error approach for history matching usually is disappointing: too time-consuming and ineffective at the end, depending on the objectives. Consider a reservoir-simulation model calibrated by the usual not-so-bad/not-so-good history matching (easier to consider than to do), and its use for short-term and long-term forecasting. Despite all of the built-in physics, numerical algorithms, geology characterization, etc., the short-term forecast from this model may be worse than just assuming that each well will repeat its current water-cut data next month. This result is because recent production data were only loosely assimilated into the model, whereas these data are of first-order importance to predict next month’s production. For long-term prediction, we notice that standard workflows generally are not good for coupling uncertainty analysis with history matching. A large and representative sample of possible scenarios should be explored to obtain robust long-term forecasts, but this is difficult in practice because of the lack of time, lack of imagination, or lack of method. Modern history matching tends to be different from traditional methodology in many ways: numerical optimization instead of manual trial and error, multiple-scenario exploration instead of single-scenario exploitation, or geological consistency instead of ad hoc artifices. Three approaches have been developed with several variants and hybridization: gradient-based methods; stochastic-global-optimization methods; and—the most in vogue—data-assimilation methods, such as ensemble Kalman filter. Besides fast computers and advanced software, human-expert intervention will continue to be essential. Continued training is of uppermost importance. Keep track of the literature. History Matching and Forecasting additional reading available at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org SPE 119030 • “Stochastic History Matching of a Deepwater Turbidite Reservoir” by Faruk O. Alpak, SPE, Shell, et al. SPE 125512 • “Data Assimilation Coupled to Evolutionary Algorithms—A Case Example in History Matching” by Ralf Schulze-Riegert, SPT Group, et al. SPE 118879 • “History Matching Using a Hierarchical Stochastic Model With the Ensemble Kalman Filter: A Field Case Study” by Yanfen Zhang, University of Oklahoma, et al.
A role for ADP‐ribosylation factor 1, but not COP I, in secretory vesicle biogenesis from the trans‐Golgi network (1996)

A synthetic N-myristoylated peptide corresponding to the amino-terminal domain of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) markedly increases, in a cell-free system using post-nuclear supernatant from PC12 cells, the biogenesis of constitutive secretory vesicles and immature secretory granules from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The related N-myristoylated ARF4 peptide only weakly stimulates, and the non-myristoylated ARF1 and ARF4 peptides inhibit, the biogenesis of these secretory vesicles. In a modified cell-free system using TGN membranes, coatomer-depleted cytosol supports the biogenesis of TGN-derived secretory vesicles to the same extent as control cytosol. These results suggest a role for ARF1, but not the COP I coat, in secretory vesicle biogenesis from the TGN, possibly via the activation of phospholipase D.
Migraine and cardiovascular disease (2009)

Migraine, especially migraine with aura (MA), is an established risk factor for ischemic lesions of the brain. Recent evidence has also linked migraine to a broader range of ischemic vascular disorders including angina, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, claudication, and cardiovascular mortality. The mechanisms which link migraine to ischemic vascular disease remain uncertain and are likely to be complex. Cortical spreading depression, the presumed substrate of aura, may directly predispose to brain lesions and that would explain why MA is consistently demonstrated as a risk factor for cerebral ischemia, while for migraine without aura (MO), the evidence is less consistent. Additionally, individuals with migraine have a higher prevalence of risk factors known to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of CVD risk factors is also higher for MA than for MO. Since the evidence linking migraine and CVD is getting robust, neurologists should be aware of this association. Individuals with MO seem to be at little increased risk of CVD. MA is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and likely also for other ischemic CVD events. Accordingly, heightened vigilance is recommended for modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in migraineurs, especially with MA. Ultimately, it will be important to determine whether MA is a modifiable risk factor for CVD and if preventive medications for migraine or antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of CVD in patients with MA.
Pre-Golgi degradation of newly synthesized T-cell antigen receptor chains: intrinsic sensitivity and the role of subunit assembly. (1989)

The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multisubunit complex composed of at least seven transmembrane chains. The predominant species in most T cells has the composition alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta 2. The roles of subunit assembly in transport out of the ER and in the recently described process of pre-Golgi degradation of newly synthesized TCR chains were analyzed in a T-cell line deficient in the synthesis of delta chains (delta 2) and in COS-1 fibroblasts transfected with genes encoding individual TCR chains. Studies with the delta-deficient T-cell line showed that, in the absence of delta, the other TCR chains were synthesized at normal rates, but, instead of being transported to the cell surface, they were retained in the ER. Analysis of the fate of TCR chains retained in the ER showed that they were degraded at vastly different rates by a nonlysosomal pathway. Whereas the alpha chains were degraded rapidly, gamma, zeta, and epsilon were relatively long-lived. To analyze whether this selective degradation was because of different intrinsic susceptibility of the individual chains to degradation or to the formation of resistant oligomers, TCR chains were expressed alone or in combinations in COS-1 fibroblasts. These studies showed that (a) individual TCR chains were degraded at different rates when expressed alone in COS-1 cells, and (b) sensitive chains could be stabilized by coexpression with a resistant chain. Taken together, these observations indicate that both intrinsic sensitivity and subunit assembly play a role in determining the rates at which newly synthesized TCR chains are degraded in the ER.
OF CANNABIS SATIVA L. (CANNABACEAE) (1983)

Plants of a drug strain of Cannabis sativa L.-grown 33 days under daylight, shaded daylight conditions, filtered green, blue, and red light, and darkness-were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography for their cannabinoid content. The highest content of cannabinoids, predominantly zA9-tetrahydrocannabinol (A9-THC) in this strain, occurred in the youngest leaves of daylight-grown plants. Leaves at successively lower nodes of this control condition and all treated plants subsequently grown in daylight contained progressively lower levels of cannabinoids. Leaves from plants grown under filtered green light and darkness contained significantly lower levels of zA9-THC than those from plants grown in daylight. However, the zA9-THC content of leaves from plants grown under shaded daylight and filtered red and blue light did not differ significantly from the zA9-THC content in daylight controls, indicating that these conditions did not alter the synthetic rate of this cannabinoid. The cannabichromene (CBC) content of plants grown under filtered red and green light and darkness differed from the CBC content in plants grown in daylight, indicating that the formation of this cannabinoid was independent of A9-THC. Leaves from plants grown under filtered red and green light and darkness recovered the capacity to synthesize typical levels of zA9-THC and CBC when placed under daylight conditions. Plants from all light and dark treatments, when subsequently placed under daylight conditions for 66 days, attained levels of cannabinoid synthesis comparable to the daylight controls.
The 10(5) bacterial growth guideline: reassessing its clinical relevance in wound healing. (2003)

The microbiology of wounds is a key determinant in healing and clinicians generally accept that a level of microbial (ie, bacterial) growth greater than 100,000 viable organisms per gram of tissue can be used to diagnose infection. Although other factors that predispose a wound to infection are widely recognized, today's wound care practitioners are influenced primarily by the 10 5 guideline, with treatment being based on the microbial count in deep or superficial tissue. However, to appropriately manage microbially challenged wounds (eg, heavily colonized and clinically infected), a more balanced awareness of the broader issues relating to micro-organisms and wounds is needed. The types of micro-organisms, their interactions with each other and with the wound environment, the local conditions, and host resistance are all key factors that collectively influence healing. From a microbiological perspective, successful wound healing is dependent on maintaining a host-manageable bioburden. If local conditions favor microbial growth, a wound may fail to heal and become infected, requiring topical antiseptics or antibiotics to supplement the host inflammatory response and restore balance in favor of the host. This paper provides a critical examination of the 10 5 guideline to enhance clinician understanding and utilization of a commonly applied diagnostic consideration.
Case Study (2004)

Abstract “Quality” was the mantra of the ′90s. “Service” may well be the mantra of the ′00s. As products mature and tend towards commoditization, many companies look to service as a key differentiator. Yet, different companies often have very different philosophies of customer service. This case study reveals a lot about how Stardust, one of our largest coffee retailers, views its customer service function.
A selection combining scheme for RAKE receivers (2002)

A selection combining scheme for a RAKE receiver operating over a multipath fading channel is introduced, by which the m largest channel outputs are selected instead of only the largest one, as in the conventional selection combining receiver. Expressions for the error probability of this scheme for an exponential multipath intensity profile (MIP) with arbitrary decay constant are found by first deriving the joint density function of the m ordered channel outputs, then averaging the conditional error probability over the joint density function. The performance is compared with that of maximal ratio combining in both an interference-limited and a noise-limited environment. The interference-limited environment chosen is a multicell CDMA system. Numerical results show that the performance of the selection combining scheme is superior to that of conventional selection combining, and can be very close to that of maximal ratio combining, depending upon the value of m and the rate of decay of the MIP.
Reflections on the Twentieth Anniversary of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (2003)

Reagan signed the court's enabling legislation,1 and the newly formed court opened for business on October 1st of that year.To commemorate those historic events, the court held a special
Genetic transformation of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides by plasmid DNA (1982)

A broad-host-range cloning vector, pUI81, was constructed in vitro from plasmids RSF1010 and pSL25 (a pBR322 derivative) and used to assay for transformation in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Washing cells with 500 mM Tris was an effective means of inducing competence for DNA uptake. Transformation frequencies as high as 10(-5) (transformants per viable cell) have been achieved by incubating Tris-treated cells with plasmid DNA, 100 mM CaCl2, and 20% polyethylene glycol 6000. Maximum frequencies were obtained when recipient cells were spread onto selective media after a 6.5-h outgrowth period in antibiotic-free medium. The structure (open circular versus closed, covalent circular), size, and concentration of plasmid DNA all significantly affected the transformation frequency. Four different plasmids, all small and suitable as cloning vectors, have been introduced by transformation into several different R. sphaeroides strains. Recombinant DNA carried on small, nonconjugative plasmids with broad host ranges can now be directly transferred to R. sphaeroides by this method.
High-frequency analog filters in deep-submicron CMOS technology (2003)

High-frequency analog filters are used in two areas. First, as preprocessing blocks in front of an A/D or as post processing blocks after a D/A. Examples are anti-alias filters for digital TVs, equalizers in digital modems and preconditioning filters in data recording channels (HDD). Second, as building blocks in the front end of a /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ converter. This paper concentrates on submicron CMOS continuous-time filters since increasing system speed requires use of the latest IC technology.
Probing aerosols by photoelectric charging (1982)

Particles suspended in a gas may emit photoelectrons upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. It is shown that photoemission from small particles involves material and surface dependent physical processes that yield new information, especially on ultrafine particles not accessible to the well-known diffusion charging. An apparatus is presented for the measurement of the electric mobility and the charge generated on particles in the atmosphere using a monochromatic low-pressure Hg arc. Particles generated by combustion of organic material, e.g., auto exhaust, are charged with high efficiency. This offers a new way to detect and/or remove such particles from the air. In outside air the concentration of photoelectrically active particles has a diurnal cycle which also depends on the meteorological conditions. Surprisingly, highly mobile particles are detectable even during rainfall.