gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New treatments for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (2013)

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and results from mutations in PKD1 or PKD2. Cyst initiation and expansion arise from a combination of abnormal cell proliferation, fluid secretion and extracellular matrix defects and results in kidney enlargement and interstitial fibrosis. Since its first description over 200 years ago, ADPKD has been considered an untreatable condition and its management is limited to blood pressure reduction and symptomatic treatment of disease complications. Results of the recently reported TEMPO 3/4 trial thus represent a paradigm shift in demonstrating for the first time that cystic disease and loss of renal function can be slowed in humans. In this paper, we review the major therapeutic strategies currently being explored in ADPKD including a range of novel approaches in preclinical models. It is anticipated that the clinical management of ADPKD will undergo a revolution in the next decade with the translation of new treatments into routine clinical use.
Coherent range-gated laser displacement metrology with compact optical head (2007)

We describe a new architecture for laser displacement metrology with a drastic reduction in the size and complexity of the optical head. Connected by a single optical fiber, the compact heads are easy to integrate and readily multiplexed to support applications requiring large numbers of sensors. The approach is made possible by modulating the outgoing laser light with a binary random noise code, allowing the detected signals to be discriminated based on their propagation delay. We demonstrate a displacement resolution of 1.1 nm rms.
Sonochemical One-Pot Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Rhodium Nanoparticles for Room-Temperature Hydrogenation of Arenes (2009)

Fine rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles with an average diameter of 2.5 ± 0.7 nm can be deposited uniformly on surfaces of carboxylate functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by a simple one-step sonochemical method in an ethanol solution containing RhCl3 and an organic reducing agent borane morpholine complex (C4H12BNO). The carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Rh nanoparticles are highly active and reusable catalysts for hydrogenation of benzene and its derivatives at room temperature. Complete ring saturation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be achieved under mild hydrogenation conditions using the Rh/MWNT catalyst that can not be done by commercially available Rh nanocatalysts. This one-pot synthesis technique provides a simple and rapid way of making highly active and recyclable CNT-supported nanocatalysts for low-temperature hydrogenation reactions.
Stakeholder analysis: a review (2000)

The growing popularity of stakeholder analysis reflects an increasing recognition of how the characteristics of stakeholders--individuals, groups and organizations--influence decision-making processes. This paper reviews the origins and uses of stakeholder analysis, as described in the policy, health care management and development literature. Its roots are in the political and policy sciences, and in management theory where it has evolved into a systematic tool with clearly defined steps and applications for scanning the current and future organizational environment. Stakeholder analysis can be used to generate knowledge about the relevant actors so as to understand their behaviour, intentions, interrelations, agendas, interests, and the influence or resources they have brought--or could bring--to bear on decision-making processes. This information can then be used to develop strategies for managing these stakeholders, to facilitate the implementation of specific decisions or organizational objectives, or to understand the policy context and assess the feasibility of future policy directions. Policy development is a complex process which frequently takes place in an unstable and rapidly changing context, subject to unpredictable internal and external factors. As a cross-sectional view of an evolving picture, the utility of stakeholder analysis for predicting and managing the future is time-limited and it should be complemented by other policy analysis approaches.
Using E.164 numbers with the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2004)

There are a number of contexts in which telephone numbers are employed
by Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) applications, many of which can
be addressed by ENUM. Although SIP was one of the primary applications
for which ENUM was created, there is nevertheless a need to define
procedures for integrating ENUM with SIP implementations. This
document illustrates how the two protocols might work in concert, and
clarifies the authoring and processing of ENUM records for SIP
applications. It also provides guidelines for instances in which ENUM,
for whatever reason, cannot be used to resolve a telephone number.
This memo provides information for the Internet community.
Protein binding and unfolding by the chaperone ClpA and degradation by the protease ClpAP (2000)

ClpA, a bacterial member of the Clp/Hsp100 chaperone family, is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone and the regulatory component of the ATP-dependent ClpAP protease. To study the mechanism of binding and unfolding of proteins by ClpA and translocation to ClpP, we used as a model substrate a fusion protein that joined the ClpA recognition signal from RepA to green fluorescent protein (GFP). ClpAP degrades the fusion protein in vivo and in vitro. The substrate binds specifically to ClpA in a reaction requiring ATP binding but not hydrolysis. Binding alone is not sufficient to destabilize the native structure of the GFP portion of the fusion protein. Upon ATP hydrolysis the GFP fusion protein is unfolded, and the unfolded intermediate can be sequestered by ClpA if a nonhydrolyzable analog is added to displace ATP. ATP is required for release. We found that although ClpA is unable to recognize native proteins lacking recognition signals, including GFP and rhodanese, it interacts with those same proteins when they are unfolded. Unfolded GFP is held in a nonnative conformation while associated with ClpA and its release requires ATP hydrolysis. Degradation of unfolded untagged proteins by ClpAP requires ATP even though the initial ATP-dependent unfolding reaction is bypassed. These results suggest that there are two ATP-requiring steps: an initial protein unfolding step followed by translocation of the unfolded protein to ClpP or in some cases release from the complex.
Multijunction solar cell technologies - high efficiency, radiation resistance, and concentrator applications (2003)

The conversion efficiency of InGaP/(In)GaAs/Ge-based multijunction solar cells has been improved up to 29-30% (AM0) and 31-32% (AM1.5 G) by technologies, such as double-hetero wide band-gap tunnel junctions, combination with Ge bottom cell with the InGaP first layer, and precise lattice-matching to Ge substrate by adding 1% indium to the conventional GaAs lattice-match structure. Employing a 1.96 eV AlInGaP top cell should improve efficiency further. For space use, radiation resistance has been improved by technologies such as introducing of an electric field in the base layer of the lowest-resistance middle cell, and EOL current matching of sub-cells to the highest-resistance top cell. A grid structure has been designed for concentrator applications in order to reduce the energy loss due to series resistance, and 36% (AM1.5 G, 100-500 suns) efficiency has been demonstrated.
Nanosized alumina fibers (2001)

Exciting new applications are being discovered for nanosized materials that are produced by the electroexplosion of wire.
Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids Containing Glass Fibers:  A Review of Experimental Literature (2008)

The objective of this review is to elucidate the rheological behavior of glass fiber suspensions whose suspending mediums are non-Newtonian fluids. In particular, this review focuses on determining the impact of fiber concentration, aspect ratio, orientation distribution, interaction with the suspending medium, and suspending medium viscoelasticity on the rheology of glass fiber composite fluids. The presence of glass fiber can induce a yieldlike behavior, causing shear thinning to occur at reduced shear rates. Glass fiber can impede the elastic properties of the suspending medium but enhance the first normal stress function. Large stress overshoots in both the shear and normal stress growth functions are observed that are associated with changes in fiber orientation. Upon cessation of flow, stress relaxation follows that of the suspending medium but fibers retain their orientation. The presence of glass fiber can induce extension rate thinning and suppress the strain thickening behavior of the suspending medium.
A study on /spl Rfr//sup m/→/spl Rfr//sup 1/ maps: application to a 0.16-μm via etch process endpoint (2000)

We introduce several endpoint algorithms that map real-time, in situ process signals to a via etch process endpoint. Some of the mathematical techniques include: Andrews plots (Fourier series), Chebyshev polynomials, Legendre polynomials, wavelets, singular value decomposition, and neural networks. We show that many of the techniques work to varying degrees of success for a via etch process on 0.16-/spl mu/m technology. Based on our observations from many lots of manufacturing wafers and experiments with all the endpoint methods, we believe the Chebyshev polynomial area-time curves perform the best, but this statement should be taken with a caveat. It is really best to empirically test the various methods for a given etch process to deduce the endpoint algorithm for that application.
The Role of Residual Stress Measurement in the Development of Laser Peening (2003)

This paper provides a summary of residual stress measurements performed in the development of a specific application of laser peening. Laser peening is an emerging surface treatment for metals that imparts compressive residual stress near the surface by introducing cold work. Since residual stress is a key outcome of the process, its measurement is an important process diagnostic. The first part of this work demonstrates the effects of specific laser peening process variations on the residual stress profile imparted to a corrosion-resistant nickel alloy (Alloy 22, UNS N06022). The second part of this work demonstrates measurements of a two-dimensional spatial distribution of the weld-direction residual stress component for a thick welded joint in the as-welded and laser peened conditions.
Enantiomeric purity of (+/–)‐methyl jasmonate in fresh leaf samples and commercial fragrances (2007)

The enantiomeric purity of (+/-) -methyl jasmonate in fresh leaf material of Jasminum from different species and Rosmarinus officinalis was examined by solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS (SPME-GC-MS). For comparison with these natural products, commercial jasmine and rosemary fragrances were also studied. The extraction conditions were selected as a result of testing different values of temperature (40, 50, and 60 degrees C) and time (2, 15, 30, and 40 min). The results obtained in this work revealed a range of enantiomeric excesses for (+/-) -methyl jasmonate varying from 13 to 95% depending on the Jasminum specie considered. In contrast, (-) -methyl jasmonate always occurred as a pure enantiomer in all R. officinalis samples studied. This implies those Jasminum species in which the enantiomeric purity of (-) -methyl jasmonate is high enough and any R. officinalis sample might be used as natural sources of pure (-) -methyl jasmonate. Concerning the commercial fragrances, those of jasmine showed enantiomeric composition of (-) -methyl jasmonate ranging from 1 to 15% whereas those of rosemary exhibited practically the pure (-) -methyl jasmonate. This fact suggests the addition and nonaddition of the racemic mixture of methyl jasmonate to the commercial jasmine and rosemary samples, respectively.
PARP inhibition sensitizes p53-deficient breast cancer cells to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis (2005)

p53 deficiency confers resistance to doxo (doxorubicin), a clinically active and widely used antitumour anthracycline antibiotic. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the reversal mechanism of doxo resistance by the potent PARP [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] inhibitor ANI (4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide) in the p53-deficient breast cancer cell lines EVSA-T and MDA-MB-231. The effects of ANI, in comparison with doxo alone, on doxo-induced apoptosis, were investigated in matched pairs of EVSA-T or MDA-MB-231 with or without ANI co-treatment. Doxo elicited PARP activation as determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence of poly(ADP-ribose), and ANI enhanced the cytotoxic activity of doxo 2.3 times and in a caspase-dependent manner. The long-term cytotoxic effect was studied by a colony-forming assay. Using this assay, ANI also significantly potentiates the long-term cytotoxic effect with respect to treatment with doxo alone. Decrease in mitochondrial potential together with an increase in cytochrome c release, association of Bax with the mitochondria and caspase 3 activation were also observed in the presence of ANI. Therefore PARP inhibition may represent a novel way of selectively targeting p53-deficient breast cancer cells. The underlying mechanism is probably a potentiation of unrepaired DNA damage, shifting from DNA repair to apoptosis due to the effective inhibition of PARP activity.
HIV-1 Autologous Antibody Neutralization Associates with Mother to Child Transmission (2013)

The HIV-1 characteristics associated with mother to child transmission (MTCT) are still poorly understood and if known would indicate where intervention strategies should be targeted. In contrast to horizontally infected individuals, exposed infants possess inherited antibodies (Abs) from their mother with the potential to protect against infection. We investigated the HIV-1 gp160 envelope proteins from seven transmitting mothers (TM) whose children were infected either during gestation or soon after delivery and from four non-transmitting mothers (NTM) with similar viral loads and CD4 counts. Using pseudo-typed viruses we tested gp160 envelope glycoproteins for TZM-bl infectivity, CD4 and CCR5 interactions, DC-SIGN capture and transfer and neutralization with an array of common neutralizing Abs (NAbs) (2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12) as well as mother and infant plasma. We found no viral correlates associated with HIV-1 MTCT nor did we find differences in neutralization with the panel of NAbs. We did, however, find that TM possessed significantly higher plasma neutralization capacities than NTM (P = 0.002). Furthermore, we found that in utero (IU) TM had a higher neutralization capacity than mothers transmitting either peri - partum (PP) or via breastfeeding (BF) (P = 0.002). Plasma from children infected IU neutralized viruses carrying autologous gp160 viral envelopes as well as those from their corresponding mothers whilst plasma from children infected PP and/or BF demonstrated poor neutralizing capacity. Our results demonstrate heightened autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41 can associate with a greater risk of HIV-1 MTCT and more specifically in those infants infected IU. Although the number of HIV-1 transmitting pairs is low our results indicate that autologous NAb responses in mothers and infants do not protect against MTCT and may in fact be detrimental when considering IU HIV-1 transmissions.
Synthesis of cyclopentapeptides and cycloheptapeptides by DEPBT and the influence of some factors on cyclization (2002)

Three cyclic peptides - cyclo(GlyAlaTyrLeuAla), cyclo(GlyProTyrLeuAla) and cyclo(GlyTyrGlyGlyProPhePro) - isolated and identified from medicinal herbs were chosen as model cyclic peptides to study the influence of the linear precursors and coupling reagents on cyclization. The 17 linear precursors of these three cyclic peptides were synthesized and cyclized using 3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-(1-3)-benzotriazin-4 (3H)-one (DEPBT) as the major coupling reagent. The present work shows that: (i) the effects of linear peptide precursors on the cyclization are complex but some guidelines for choosing suitable precursor for cyclization could be considered; and (ii) DEPBT results in a higher cyclization yield compared with other coupling reagents. In addition, it was confirmed that peptides containing alternating D and L residues favor cyclization.
Physiological measurements of luminal stirring in the dog and human small bowel. (1990)

The resistance to absorption resulting from poor stirring of luminal contents (RLum) is considered to be equivalent to an unstirred layer of greater than 600 microns in the human small intestine. We measured RLum in the jejunum of conscious dogs by assessing the absorption rate of two rapidly absorbed probes, glucose, and [14C]warfarin. When RLum was expressed as an unstirred layer, the maximal thickness of the unstirred layer (assuming negligible epithelial cell resistance) was only approximately 35 and 50 microns for perfusion rates of 26 and 5 ml/min, respectively. Maximal unstirred layer thickness for the human jejunum, calculated from previous studies of glucose absorption, yielded a mean value of only 40 microns (range: 23 to 65 microns). Since epithelial resistance appears to be negligible during absorption of low concentrations of glucose, the maximal unstirred layer of 40 microns should be close to the true value for glucose in the human small intestine. We conclude that the unstirred layer for rapidly absorbed compounds in dogs and man are less than one-tenth of previously reported values, but this layer still may remain the rate limiting step in absorption of rapidly transported compounds.
Polyurethanes based on fatty acids with improved biocompatibility (2012)

El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido el desarrollo de nuevos poliuretanos a partir de acidos grasos como fuentes renovables, utilizando quimica “click” en la sintesis de los dioles y polioles correspondientes. La primera parte del trabajo describe la preparacion de los monomeros “via” acoplamiento tiol-eno o tiol-ino, su caracterizacion y las propiedades de los poliuretanos sintetizados. Como los polimeros a partir de acidos grasos provienen de macromoleculas biologicas y pueden ser potencialmente biocompatibles, la segunda parte del trabajo esta dirigida a incrementar la biocompatibilidad de los poliuretanos a traves de diversas estrategias de funcionalizacion con moleculas bioactivas, para su implementacion en ingenieria de tejidos. Tres metodologias fueron investigadas: mezclas con gelatina; inmovilizacion covalente de colageno sobre la superficie mediante plasma; e inmovilizacion ionica de sulfato de condroitina sobre la superficie mediante aminolisis.
Antibody-Directed Lentiviral Gene Transduction for Live-Cell Monitoring and Selection of Human iPS and hES Cells (2012)

The identification of stem cells within a mixed population of cells is a major hurdle for stem cell biology--in particular, in the identification of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells during the reprogramming process. Based on the selective expression of stem cell surface markers, a method to specifically infect stem cells through antibody-conjugated lentiviral particles has been developed that can deliver both visual markers for live-cell imaging as well as selectable markers to enrich for iPS cells. Antibodies recognizing SSEA4 and CD24 mediated the selective infection of the iPS cells over the parental human fibroblasts, allowing for rapid expansion of these cells by puromycin selection. Adaptation of the vector allows for the selective marking of human embryonic stem (hES) cells for their removal from a population of differentiated cells. This method has the benefit that it not only identifies stem cells, but that specific genes, including positive and negative selection markers, regulatory genes or miRNA can be delivered to the targeted stem cells. The ability to specifically target gene delivery to human pluripotent stem cells has broad applications in tissue engineering and stem cell therapies.
Synthesis of Azafluorenones (1977)

Abstract Syntheses of azafluorenones from monoazaphenanthrenes and phenanthrolines has ben investigated. 1‐ and 4‐monoazaphenanthrenes have been oxidized by J 2 O 5 in acetic acid to give quinones which were converted to 4‐ and 1‐azafluoren‐9‐ones in alkaline media. Phenanthrolines can be oxidized directly by means of permanganate in alkaline medium to 1,5‐, 1,6‐, 1,8‐, 2,5‐ and 3,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐ones. From 1‐, 4‐azaphenanthrene‐ and 1,8‐phenanthrolinequinones new benzopyrido‐ and dipyridophenazines have been synthesized.
Properties of paper : an introduction (1997)

Presents the material at a level to be understood by those without a chemical, engineering, or papermaking background
Intercalated multi-layer graphene grown by CVD for LSI interconnects (2013)

We have fabricated multi-layer graphene (MLG) wiring and demonstrated a resistivity of the same order as Cu and reliability better than Cu. The MLG was synthesized epitaxially by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on an epitaxial Co film, resulting in quality and electrical properties as good as those of a graphite crystal. The MLG was further intercalated with FeCl <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> to achieve a resistivity as low as 9.1 µΩ cm. Our results show that intercalated MLG is really promising for future LSI interconnects.
Predictors for the duration of enteral support in children with severe acquired brain injury (2000)

Together, our data show that comorbidity is an important risk factor for OS and EFS in patients with MDS.
Enhanced Neurotensin Neurotransmission Is Involved in the Clinically Relevant Behavioral Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs: Evidence from Animal Models of Sensorimotor Gating (2001)

To date, none of the available antipsychotic drugs are curative, all have significant side-effect potential, and a receptor-binding profile predictive of superior therapeutic ability has not been determined. It has become increasingly clear that schizophrenia does not result from the dysfunction of a single neurotransmitter system, but rather from an imbalance between several interacting systems. Targeting neuropeptide neuromodulator systems that concertedly regulate all affected neurotransmitter systems could be a promising novel therapeutic approach for schizophrenia. A considerable database is concordant with the hypothesis that antipsychotic drugs act, at least in part, by increasing the synthesis and release of the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT). In this report, we demonstrate that NT neurotransmission is critically involved in the behavioral effects of antipsychotic drugs in two models of antipsychotic drug activity: disrupted prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) and the latent inhibition (LI) paradigm. Blockade of NT neurotransmission using the NT receptor antagonist 2-[[5-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-(N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-2-isopropylphenyl)-1H- pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino]-adamantane-2-carboxylic acid, hydrochloride (SR 142948A) prevented the normal acquisition of LI and haloperidol-induced enhancement of LI. In addition, SR 142948A blocked the PPI-restoring effects of haloperidol and the atypical antipsychotic drug quetiapine in isolation-reared animals deficient in PPI. We also provide evidence of deficient NT neurotransmission as well as a left-shifted antipsychotic drug dose-response curve in isolation-reared rats. These novel findings, together with previous observations, suggest that neurotensin receptor agonists may represent a novel class of antipsychotic drugs.
Theoretical and thermogravimetric study on the thermo-oxidative decomposition of Quinolin-65 as an asphaltene model molecule (2016)

In this study, the thermal oxidation of an asphaltene model molecule, Quinolin-65, was investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) and the second-order Møller–Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory.