gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Global occurrence of mycotoxins in the food and feed chain: facts and figures (2013)

Mycotoxins are ubiquitously present in agricultural commodities, such as cereals and oil seeds. If ingested in sufficiently high concentrations, they exert severe toxic effects in humans and animals. In 2004, a survey programme was launched to assess the extent of mycotoxin contamination in feed and feed raw materials. Since then, over 19,000 samples have been analysed and more than 70,000 individual analyses have been conducted. While it is difficult to infer any long-term trends on a global level, the data confirm that high mycotoxin contamination is often linked to unusual weather. Overall, 72% of the samples contained detectable amounts of aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or ochratoxin A. Co-contamination with two or more mycotoxins was detected in 38% of the samples. In most cases the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with EU guidance values or maximum levels. However, co-contaminated samples with concentrations below guidance and maximum values might still exert adverse effects due to synergistic interactions of the mycotoxins. Emerging mycotoxins and masked mycotoxins may also contribute to the overall toxicity of the feed and their presence is frequently detected with multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS. Since by-product feeds, such as distillers dried grain with solubles, often concentrate the mycotoxins of the original substrate, they contribute excessively to the overall contamination of feed rations and therefore need special attention. Regarding food the situation is quite similar: low level contamination is frequently observed in official controls but maximum levels are rarely exceeded in developed countries. As it is very difficult to remove mycotoxins from contaminated commodities, preventing them from accumulation in agricultural commodities is the most effective strategy to combat the problem. Preventive measures range from crop rotation and resistance breeding to inoculation with microbial antagonists. Nevertheless, excessive mycotoxin levels may occur despite all preventive measures. Therefore, continuous monitoring is essential and efficient detoxification strategies are needed to deal with such outbreaks.
Guide to Internet Calendaring (2002)

This document describes the various Internet calendaring and scheduling standards and works in progress, and the relationships between them.Its intent is to provide a context for these documents, assist in their understanding, and potentially aid in the design of standards-based calendaring and scheduling systems.The standards addressed are RFC 2445 (iCalendar), RFC 2446 (iTIP), and RFC 2447 (iMIP).The work in progress addressed is "Calendar Access Protocol" (CAP).This document also describes issues and problems that are not solved by these protocols, and that could be targets for future work.
A single, multiplex analysis for all relevant activating <i>NRAS</i> gene mutations using heteroduplex generators (2004)

We describe a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test that detected all relevant NRAS activating mutations using a single PCR followed directly by electrophoresis. The test uses a Universal Heteroduplex Generator (UHG) to detect exon-2 (codon 61) NRAS mutations in multiplex with an UHG for exon-1 (codons 12 and 13). The method differentiated all 19 relevant mutations in these exons and showed a mutation independent sensitivity of approximately 6%. The sensitive, specific detection of all NRAS activating mutations using this single rapid test represents a minimum workload and could be applied readily for large-scale screening and for routine analysis.
AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY (1985)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTAFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHYA valuable technique for purifying enzymes, studying cell interactions, and exploring hormone receptors may also have potential in treating diseaseINDU PARIKH and PEDRO CUATRECASASView Author Information Wellcome Research LaboratoriesCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1985, 63, 34, 17–32Publication Date (Print):August 26, 1985Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 26 August 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v063n034.p017https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v063n034.p017newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1985 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views30Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Chromatography,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
The Perspective Representation of Functions of Two Variables (1968)

A perspective transformation is developed whereby an object in space as viewed from an arbitrary point can be projected into a plane and plotted. Families of curves which can be used to define such an object are discussed and examples are given. An algorithm which eliminates the plotting of hidden portions of the object is discussed.
Confirmational Identification of <i>Escherichia coli</i> , a Comparison of Genotypic and Phenotypic Assays for Glutamate Decarboxylase and β- <scp>d</scp> -Glucuronidase (1998)

Genotypic and phenotypic assays for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and beta-D-glucuronidase (GUD) were compared for their abilities to detect various strains of Escherichia coli and to discriminate among other bacterial species. Test strains included nonpathogenic E. coli, three major groups of diarrheagenic E. coli, three other non-coli Escherichia species, and various other gram-negative and -positive bacteria found in water. The genotypic assays were performed with hybridization probes generated by PCR amplification of 670- and 623-bp segments of the gadA/B (GAD) and uidA (GUD) genes, respectively. The GAD enzymes catalyze the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to yield gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide, which are detected in the phenotypic assay by a pH-sensitive indicator dye. The phenotypic assay for GUD involves the transformation of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide to the fluorogenic compound 4-methylumbelliferone. The GAD phenotypic assay detected the majority of the E. coli strains tested, whereas a number of these strains, including all representatives of the O157:H7 serotype and several nonpathogenic E. coli strains, gave negative results in the GUD assay. Both phenotypic assays detected some but not all strains from each of the four Shigella species. A strain of Citrobacter freundii was also detected by the GUD assay but not by the GAD assay. All E. coli and Shigella strains were detected with both the gadA/B and uidA probes. A few Escherichia fergusonii strains gave weak hybridization signals in response to both probes at 65 degrees C but not at 68 degrees C. None of the other bacterial species tested were detected by either probe. These results were consistent with previous reports which have indicated that the GAD phenotypic assay detects a wider range of E. coli strains than does the GUD assay and is also somewhat more specific for this species. The genotypic assays for the two enzymes were found to be equivalent in both of these respects and superior to both of the phenotypic assays in terms of the range of E. coli strains and isolates detected.
Effects of antibodies to the filamentous haemagglutinin and to the pertussis toxin of<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>on adherence and toxic effects to 3T3 cells (1986)

Adherence of B. pertussis to NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts was efficiently inhibited by a mouse immune serum reacting specifically with the filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), whereas a mouse immune serum reacting specifically with the pertussis toxin (Ptx) produced partial inhibition only significant after 3 h infection. Protection against cytopathic effects on infected 3T3 cells with anti-FHA antibodies was at least as effective (83.3%± 7.5) as with anti-Ptx antibodies (75%± 4). This suggests that adherence of B. pertussis to eukaryotic receptors is a primary mechanism determining both bacterial proliferation and toxic effects in susceptible cells, and that prevention of B. pertussis attachment to cell receptors might be sufficient to protect against both infectious and toxic processes in whooping cough.
ELISA for complexes between urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in lung cancer tissue extracts (1997)

A sandwich-type ELISA has been developed for the assessment of complexes between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in extracts of squamous cell lung carcinomas. The assay is based on a combination of rabbit polyclonal anti-uPA antibodies and a biotinylated mouse anti-uPAR monoclonal antibody (MAb). The detection limit of the assay is approximately 0.5 fmol/ml. A linear dose-response is obtained with up to 40 fmol/ml of uPA:uPAR complexes, while uPA and uPAR separately do not cause any response in the ELISA. A buffer which has been used previously for optimal extraction of uPAR yields the highest amounts of uPA:uPAR complexes. Absorption of tumor extracts with anti-uPA or anti-uPAR MAbs results in a complete disappearance of the ELISA signal, demonstrating the specificity of the ELISA. The recovery of chemically cross-linked uPA:uPAR complexes added to tumor extracts varies between 80% and 105%. The intra- and inter-assay variation coefficients are 5.3% and 9.8%, respectively. Furthermore, a peptide antagonist for uPAR was employed to evaluate de novo uPA:uPAR complex formation during tumor tissue extraction and the immunoassay procedure. Our results strongly indicate that de novo complex formation is a major factor to consider and that complexes analyzed in the presence of this antagonist represent original uPA:uPAR complexes present prior to tumor tissue processing. The present ELISA appears suitable for studying the potential prognostic impact of uPA:uPAR complexes in lung tumor tissue as well as other types of cancer.
Three-dimensional noise-immune phase unwrapping algorithm (2001)

The classical problem of phase unwrapping in two dimensions, that of how to create a path-independent unwrapped map, is extended to the case of a three-dimensional phase distribution. Whereas in two dimensions the path dependence problem arises from isolated phase singularity points, in three dimensions the phase singularities are shown to form closed loops in space. A closed path that links one such loop will cross a nonzero number of phase discontinuities. In two dimensions, path independence is achieved when branch-cut lines are placed between singular points of opposite sign; an equivalent path-independent algorithm for three dimensions is developed that places branch-cut surfaces so as to prevent unwrapping through the phase singularity loops. The placing of the cuts is determined uniquely by the phase data, which contrasts with the two-dimensional case for which there are many possible ways in which to pair up the singular points. The performance of the new algorithm is demonstrated on three-dimensional phase data from a high-speed phase-shifting speckle pattern interferometer.
Imaging atomic-level random walk of a point defect in graphene (2014)

Abstract Deviations from the perfect atomic arrangements in crystals play an important role in affecting their properties. Similarly, diffusion of such deviations is behind many microstructural changes in solids. However, observation of point defect diffusion is hindered both by the difficulties related to direct imaging of non-periodic structures and by the timescales involved in the diffusion process. Here, instead of imaging thermal diffusion, we stimulate and follow the migration of a divacancy through graphene lattice using a scanning transmission electron microscope operated at 60 kV. The beam-activated process happens on a timescale that allows us to capture a significant part of the structural transformations and trajectory of the defect. The low voltage combined with ultra-high vacuum conditions ensure that the defect remains stable over long image sequences, which allows us for the first time to directly follow the diffusion of a point defect in a crystalline material.
Reorientational motion in superionic sulfates: A Raman linewidth study (1985)

Raman spectra of two superionic conducting crystals, fcc ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$ and bcc ${\mathrm{LiAgSO}}_{4}$, have been recorded in the frequency range 300--1400 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ across the entire temperature range of stability of each compound. Comparison of polarized and depolarized spectral bandwidths for the symmetric ${A}_{1}$ sulfate internal mode permits a component due to the sulfate-ion reorientation to be separated, which confirms the plastic behavior of the superionic phases of the two crystals. In the case of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$, the reorientation time derived corresponds well with the value 2 ps recently reported on the basis of computer-simulation studies. Our measurements are precise enough to yield the temperature dependence of the reorientation time in each type of crystal. The Arrhenius activation energies are significantly different: 0.40 and 0.72 eV for fcc ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$ and bcc ${\mathrm{LiAgSO}}_{4}$, respectively. These values are sufficiently close to the contrasting activation energies for cation diffusion, 0.34 and 0.52 eV, respectively, to support the ``paddle-wheel'' migration postulate for this type of plastic crystal.
<i>Activity put in context</i> (2008)

Modern desktop search is ill-fitted to our personal document workspace. On one hand, many of the methods which render web search effective cannot be applied on the desktop. On the other, desktop search does not take full advantage of attributes that are unique to our personal documents. In this work, we present Confluence, a desktop search system that addresses this problem by capturing the task context within which a user interacts with their documents. This context is then integrated with traditional desktop search techniques to enable task-based document retrieval.
High power 980nm and 1480nm lasers (2000)

This paper describes the state-of-the-art 980nm and 1480nm high power lasers and their modules for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. High power lasers with high reliability have been commercially available.
Wide-range all-optical wavelength conversion using dual-wavelength-pumped fiber Raman converter (1998)

A wavelength conversion scheme based on a fiber Raman converter is proposed, in which an externally injected high power pump laser and the associated Stokes laser are used to assist the Raman conversion process of signal light coded with optical information. Because the Raman gain spectrum in fibers is extremely broad, a wavelength conversion device with wide-range tunability is feasible. We numerically demonstrate that wavelength conversion from 1.31 to 1.42 /spl mu/m can be realized using a fiber Raman converter at up to 10 Gb/s with an efficiency of 18%. It is also demonstrated that wide range conversion from 1.31 to 1.55 /spl mu/m for optical fiber communication is feasible at up to 5 Gb/s when the fiber Raman converters are cascaded twice.
The influence of lipid characteristics on the formation, in vitro release, and in vivo absorption of protein-loaded SLN prepared by the double emulsion process (2010)

This study suggested that GP with a suitable hydrophobicity, relatively lower burst release, and higher PA was the most promising lipid material of SLN for oral delivery of proteins.
Development and characterization of allospecific long-term human cytolytic T-cell lines. (1980)

Two long-term human cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines (VE and JR), whose cytolytic activity was dependent upon both irradiated JY cells (the stimulating alloantigen) and T-cell growth factor, were established. These lines were monitored in culture for 6-8 months. Both lines were specific for HLA-A or B antigens or both and the JR line was allospecific for HLA-B7. These CTL lines killed specific target cells at an effector-to-target ratio of 0.4 (VE) or 0.08 (JR). All of the cells, which grow in suspension, rosetted with sheep erythrocytes and reacted with an antiserum specific for human T cells. The CTL line VE was used to raise rabbit antisera that immunoprecipitated two specific polypeptides (78,000 and 33,000 daltons) from labeled membranes of these CTL lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Soluble Polymer Carriers for the Treatment of Cancer: The Importance of Molecular Architecture (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
DNA Methylation in Mammals (2014)

DNA methylation is one of the best characterized epigenetic modifications. In mammals it is involved in various biological processes including the silencing of transposable elements, regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. This article describes how DNA methylation serves as a cellular memory system and how it is dynamically regulated through the action of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes. Its role in the regulation of gene expression, through its interplay with histone modifications, is also described, and its implication in human diseases discussed. The exciting areas of investigation that will likely become the focus of research in the coming years are outlined in the summary.
When Chiral Photons Meet Chiral Fermions: Photoinduced Anomalous Hall Effects in Weyl Semimetals (2016)

The Weyl semimetal is characterized by three-dimensional linear band touching points called Weyl nodes. These nodes come in pairs with opposite chiralities. We show that the coupling of circularly polarized photons with these chiral electrons generates a Hall conductivity without any applied magnetic field in the plane orthogonal to the light propagation. This phenomenon comes about because with all three Pauli matrices exhausted to form the three-dimensional linear dispersion, the Weyl nodes cannot be gapped. Rather, the net influence of chiral photons is to shift the positions of the Weyl nodes. Interestingly, the momentum shift is tightly correlated with the chirality of the node to produce a net anomalous Hall signal. Application of our proposal to the recently discovered TaAs family of Weyl semimetals leads to an order-of-magnitude estimate of the photoinduced Hall conductivity which is within the experimentally accessible range.
Hexagonal Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices for Enhanced Sensing (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Cloning of the Escherichia coli K-12 hemB gene (1988)

An Escherichia coli heme-requiring, heme-permeable mutant had no detectable 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase or porphobilinogen deaminase activities. The gene which complemented this mutation was cloned to a high-copy-number plasmid, and porphobilinogen deaminase activity was restored to normal levels, but the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase increased 20- to 30-fold. A maxicell procedure confirmed that the gene cloned was hemB.
Overexpression of a nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase increases cell proliferation (1997)

PTP-S2 is a widely expressed nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase which shows increased expression upon mitogenic stimulation of a variety of cells. In order to elucidate the role of this enzyme in cell division, stable clones of HeLa cells expressing rat PTP-S2 were isolated and their growth properties analysed. Overexpressed PTP-S2 was located in the cell nucleus and there was no significant change in the total tyrosine phosphatase activity of PTP-S2 overexpressing cells. PTP-S2 overexpressing clones, D3 and B5, showed increased rate of cell division and lower serum requirement as compared with control cells. D3 and B5 cells formed larger colonies in soft agar, were not contact inhibited upon confluency, grew in multilayers, and showed altered morphology. These results are consistent with the suggestion that PTP-S2 may be a positive regulator of cell proliferation.
특집 : 노인복지와 정보화 / 노인복지 정보화 추진 전략 (2000)

The welfare facilites for the elderly as a social services agency do more than alleviate human needs. They also gather, store, manipulate, and transmit masses of data. The procedures for doing so - whehter the data are compiled manually and stored in filing cabinets or entered into a computerized data base - constitute the agency`s information system For many experts the solution to the information problem appeared to have arrived with the advent of information technology, rather than using the technology as a catalyst to reviewing the purpose of, and essentially the need for, such information. Consequently, the information debate tended to center on what system at what cost?, rather than what information is required to fuel what decision malting process? The computerized information system has subsystems and components - software, hardware, orgaware and humanware. For the successful management of information in the welfare facilities for the elderly, these subsystem should be effectively linked. Especially the welfare facilites should simultaneously implement information system that will meet infomration needs of all levels of worker. Like all technology, the informationization and its uses must be understood in its human contexln
Spectrum usage measurements in potential PCS frequency bands (2003)

Spectrum usage measurements were made in several potential personal communication services (PCS) frequency bands in the 600 to 2600 MHz range in five US cities. Geographic dependence (within a city) of spectrum usage was determined for all of the cities. Measurements were made using a mobile, computer-controlled, automated radio frequency measurement system that was installed in a mini-van. The raw data taken at each site consisted of received signal levels for each frequency measured. These were processed to provide signal level and measured band usage graphs. The heaviest usage for all cities was seen in the 869-894 MHz (cellular base station-to-mobile) band and the 864-868 MHz (SMR) band. The frequency bands showing the least usage in all cities were the 901-902 MHz (GPMRS), 1850-1990 MHz (private fixed microwave), and the 2400-2483.5 MHz (ISM and Part 15) bands.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>