gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Solid Dielectric Permittivity of Clay Minerals and Granular Samples Using a Time Domain Reflectometry Immersion Method (2004)

Both porosity and water content of rocks, sediments, and soils can be estimated from measurements of the effective dielectric permittivity. To achieve accurate modeling to obtain either water content or porosity the permittivity of the solid phase must be known. Until recently the most common method of obtaining the permittivity of the solid phase of granular materials relied on packing samples in air and using a mixing model to estimate the permittivity of the solid. This approach preassumes the correctness of the mixing models that we want to test. This work develops a recently proposed immersion methodology suitable for fine-grained mineral samples and clay minerals. Measured permittivity values were 4.4 for ground quartz, 9.1 for Iceland Spar calcite, 6.0 for biotite mica, 5.8 for phlogopite mica, 5.3 for talc, 5.1 for kaolin, 5.8 for illite, and 5.5 for montmorillonite. The methodology was found to work well other than for the high surface montmorillonite sample where the immersion polar fluid adsorbed to the clay.
Clustering Spam Domains and Destination Websites: Digital Forensics with Data Mining (2010)

Spam related cyber crimes have become a serious threat to society. Current spam research mainly aims to detect spam more effectively. We believe the identification and disruption of the supporting infrastructure used by spammers is a more effective way of stopping spam than filtering. The termination of spam hosts will greatly reduce the profit a spammer can generate and thwart his ability to send more spam. This research proposes an algorithm for clustering spam domains extracted from spam emails based on the hosting IP addresses and tracing the IP addresses over a period of time. The results show that many seemingly unrelated spam campaigns are actually related if the domain names in the URLs are investigated; spammers have a sophisticated mechanism for combating URL blacklisting by registering many new domain names every day and flushing out old domains; the domains are hosted at different IP addresses across several networks, mostly in China where legislation is not as tight as in the United States; old IP addresses are replaced by new ones from time to time, but still show strong correlation among them. This paper demonstrates an effective use of data mining to relate spam emails for the purpose of identifying the supporting infrastructure used for spamming and other cyber criminal activities.
Population‐based Incidence and Outcome of Acetaminophen Poisoning by Type of Ingestion (1999)

Most patients evaluated for acetaminophen ingestion present early following acute single overdose. Relatively few of these patients require hospitalization and, for those hospitalized, the outcome is good. More significantly, acetaminophen overdose patients whose risk cannot be estimated using the Rumack-Matthew nomogram represented 44% of those hospitalized and 83% of those who suffered significant hepatic injury. Emergency physicians need to determine how they can impact the outcome of these patients. Efforts should be directed at further characterizing historical, physical, and biochemical markers of risk and at determining in which circumstances hospitalization for NAC or other therapies is justified.
CRAFT Objects from Images (2016)

Object detection is a fundamental problem in image understanding. One popular solution is the R-CNN framework [15] and its fast versions [14, 27]. They decompose the object detection problem into two cascaded easier tasks: 1) generating object proposals from images, 2) classifying proposals into various object categories. Despite that we are handling with two relatively easier tasks, they are not solved perfectly and there's still room for improvement. In this paper, we push the "divide and conquer" solution even further by dividing each task into two sub-tasks. We call the proposed method "CRAFT" (Cascade Regionproposal-network And FasT-rcnn), which tackles each task with a carefully designed network cascade. We show that the cascade structure helps in both tasks: in proposal generation, it provides more compact and better localized object proposals, in object classification, it reduces false positives (mainly between ambiguous categories) by capturing both inter-and intra-category variances. CRAFT achieves consistent and considerable improvement over the state-of the-art on object detection benchmarks like PASCAL VOC 07/12 and ILSVRC.
Feedback control of the subsonic plasma spray process: Controller performance (1995)

The implementation of closed-loop control requires the direct, real-time monitoring of process performance, via real-time sensing of particle temperature and velocity and the taking of corrective actions rather than the traditional approach of setting process variables and post process examination. A real-time digital controller which is capable of setting and maintaining particle velocity and temperature at designated set points is developed and demonstrated on a subsonic plasma spray process. The ability to adjust particle impact velocity over a range of 80--120 m/s while maintaining a constant particle temperature, and to vary particle temperature by 500 K while maintaining a constant particle velocity are demonstrated.
Verification of ANDF components (1995)

This paper presents validation work done on ANDF at the Open Software Foundation Research Institute. The ultimate ANDF scenario splits a compiler into two separate components (producer/installer). This changes the compiler validation process as the two components have to be validated separately. This paper presents the originality and the difficulties of such an approach and summarizes the status of two pieces of software to which the OSF-RI has contributed: the ANDF Validation Suite and the General ANDF Interpreter.
Applications of Pervaporation (1935)

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Inferring M-Best Diverse Labelings in a Single One (2015)

We consider the task of finding M-best diverse solutions in a graphical model. In a previous work by Batra et al. an algorithmic approach for finding such solutions was proposed, and its usefulness was shown in numerous applications. Contrary to previous work we propose a novel formulation of the problem in form of a single energy minimization problem in a specially constructed graphical model. We show that the method of Batra et al. can be considered as a greedy approximate algorithm for our model, whereas we introduce an efficient specialized optimization technique for it, based on alpha-expansion. We evaluate our method on two application scenarios, interactive and semantic image segmentation, with binary and multiple labels. In both cases we achieve considerably better error rates than state-of-the art diversity methods. Furthermore, we empirically discover that in the binary label case we were able to reach global optimality for all test instances.
MMIC-Based Quadrature Hybrid Quasi-Circulators for Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (2010)

This paper presents a new type of monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC)-based active quasi-circulator using phase cancellation and combination techniques for simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) phased-array applications. The device consists of a passive core of three quadrature hybrids and active components to provide active quasi-circulation operation. The core of three quadrature hybrids can be implemented using Lange couplers. The device is capable of high isolation performance, high-frequency operation, broadband performance, and improvement of the noise figure (NF) at the receive port by suppressing transmit noise. For passive quasi-circulation operation, the device can achieve 35-dB isolation between the transmit and receive port with 2.6-GHz bandwidth (BW) and insertion loss of 4.5 dB at <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</i> -band. For active quasi-operation, the device is shown to have 2.3-GHz BW of 30-dB isolation with 1.5-dB transmit-to-antenna gain and 4.7-dB antenna-to-receive insertion loss, while the NF at the receive port is approximately 5.5 dB. The device is capable of a power stress test up to 34 dBm at the output ports at 10.5 GHz. For operation with typical 25-dB isolation, the device is capable of operation up to 5.6-GHz BW at <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</i> -band. The device is also shown to be operable up to <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</i> -band by simulation with ~15-GHz BW of 20-dB isolation. The proposed architecture is suitable for MMIC integration and system-on-chip applications.
Decentralized optimal traffic engineering in the internet (2000)

Distributed optimal traffic engineering in the presence of multiple paths has been found to be a difficult problem to solve. In this paper, we introduce a new approach in an attempt to tackle this problem. This approach has its basis in nonlinear control theory. More precisely, it relies on the concept of Sliding Modes. We develop a family of control laws, each of them having the property that the steady-state network resource allocation yields the maximum of the given utility function, subject to the network resource constraints. These control laws not only allow each ingress node to independently adjust its traffic sending rate but also provide a scheme for optimal traffic load redistribution among multiple paths. The only nonlocal information needed is binary feedback from each congested node in the path. Moreover, the algorithms presented are applicable to a large class of utility functions, namely, utility functions that can be expressed as the sum of concave functions of the sending rates. We show that the technique can be applied not only to rate adaptive traffic with multiple paths, but also to assured service traffic with multiple paths. Preliminary case studies show that this technique is potentially very useful for optimal traffic engineering in a multiple-class-of-service and multiple-path enabled Internet, e.g., differentiated services enabled multi-protocol label switching networks.
Translating Bacterial Detection by DNAzymes into a Litmus Test (2014)

Abstract Microbial pathogens pose serious threats to public health and safety, and results in millions of illnesses and deaths as well as huge economic losses annually. Laborious and expensive pathogen tests often represent a significant hindrance to implementing effective front‐line preventative care, particularly in resource‐limited regions. Thus, there is a significant need to develop low‐cost and easy‐to‐use methods for pathogen detection. Herein, we present a simple and inexpensive litmus test for bacterial detection. The method takes advantage of a bacteria‐specific RNA‐cleaving DNAzyme probe as the molecular recognition element and the ability of urease to hydrolyze urea and elevate the pH value of the test solution. By coupling urease to the DNAzyme on magnetic beads, the detection of bacteria is translated into a pH increase, which can be readily detected using a litmus dye or pH paper. The simplicity, low cost, and broad adaptability make this litmus test attractive for field applications, particularly in the developing world.
Role of 4-<i>tert</i>-Butylpyridine as a Hole Transport Layer Morphological Controller in Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

Hybrid organic–inorganic materials for high-efficiency, low-cost photovoltaic devices have seen rapid progress since the introduction of lead based perovskites and solid-state hole transport layers. Although majority of the materials used for perovskite solar cells (PSC) are introduced from dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the presence of a perovskite capping layer as opposed to a single dye molecule (in DSSCs) changes the interactions between the various layers in perovskite solar cells. 4-tert-Butylpyridine (tBP), commonly used in PSCs, is assumed to function as a charge recombination inhibitor, similar to DSSCs. However, the presence of a perovskite capping layer calls for a re-evaluation of its function in PSCs. Using TEM (transmission electron microscopy), we first confirm the role of tBP as a HTL morphology controller in PSCs. Our observations suggest that tBP significantly improves the uniformity of the HTL and avoids accumulation of Li salt. We also study degradation pathways by using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and APT (atom probe tomography) to investigate and visualize in 3-dimensions the moisture content associated with the Li salt. Long-term effects, over 1000 h, due to evaporation of tBP have also been studied. Based on our findings, a PSC failure mechanism associated with the morphological change of the HTL is proposed. tBP, the morphology controller in HTL, plays a key role in this process, and thus this study highlights the need for additive materials with higher boiling points for consistent long-term performance of PSCs.
Efficacy and safety of ABI793, a novel human anti-human CD154 monoclonal antibody, in cynomolgus monkey renal allotransplantation1 (2004)

ABI793 treatment effectively prevents graft rejection in Cynomolgus monkeys. Evidence for rare thromboembolic events, as also previously observed with different anti-human CD154 mAbs, suggests that thromboembolic complications may be a class effect of anti-CD154 mAbs, unrelated to their epitope specificity.
Expression Library Immunization Can Confer Protection against Lethal Challenge with African Swine Fever Virus (2014)

African swine fever is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs that is endemic in many sub-Saharan countries, where it causes important economic losses and is currently in continuous expansion across Europe. Unfortunately, there is no treatment nor an available vaccine. Early attempts using attenuated vaccines demonstrated their potential to protect pigs against experimental infection. However, their use in the field remains controversial due to safety issues. Although inactive and subunit vaccines did not confer solid protection against experimental ASFV infection, our DNA vaccination results have generated new expectations, confirming the key role of T-cell responses in protection and the existence of multiple ASFV antigens with protective potential, more of which are currently being identified. Thus, the future might bring complex and safe formulations containing more than a single viral determinant to obtain broadly protective vaccines. We believe that obtaining the optimal vaccine formulation it is just a matter of time, investment, and willingness.
Teaching in an age of transformation: Understanding unique instructional technology choices which transformative learning affords (2011)

In a world dominated by change and transformation, this article explores instructional technology connections to and applications of transformative learning. The author provides an overview of the theory of transformative learning, which embraces the hallmarks of 21 st century learning. Rather than focusing solely on how to use technology, transformative learning emphasizes the learning process, including, but not limited to, problem solving, reflection, critical thinking, and dialogue. From this orientation, the article provides a foundation for what can be included and recommendations for pedagogical choices of instructional technology. Moreover, one recognizes larger connections among these goals and workforce readiness, college readiness, lifelong learning, career success, and life coping skills. The author raises questions which reach beyond traditional instructional technology orientations, assessments, and outcomes.
Enhancement of experimental metastasis by tumor necrosis factor. (1993)

The influence of endogenous and exogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on metastasis was investigated in an experimental fibrosarcoma metastasis model. A single intraperitoneal injection of recombinant human (rh) TNF or recombinant mouse (rm) TNF into mice 5 h before intravenous inoculation of methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma cells (CFS1) induced a significant enhancement of the number of metastases in the lung. Dose responses of rmTNF and rhTNF demonstrated a stronger metastasis-augmenting effect by rmTNF compared with rhTNF. This effect was time dependent, as administration of rmTNF 5 h before or 1 h but not 24 h after tumor cell inoculation caused an increase of tumor cell colony formation on the lung surface, suggesting an influence of TNF on the vascular adhesion and diapedesis of tumor cells. Since tumor-bearing mice showed an enhanced ability to produce TNF after endotoxin injection compared to control mice, tumor-bearing mice were treated with anti-mTNF antibodies. Neutralization of endogenous tumor-induced TNF led to a significant decrease of the number of pulmonary metastases. Histological analysis of micrometastases in the lung on day 5 by silver staining of proteins associated with nucleolar organizer regions revealed more metastatic foci and augmented proliferative activity of the tumor cells after rmTNF pretreatment of mice. However, no direct effect of rmTNF on the proliferation rate of tumor cells was seen in vitro. These findings suggest that low doses of endogenous TNF or administered TNF during cytokine therapy might enhance the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells.
Studies on Chitin Synthesis in the Desert Locust (1962)

ABSTRACT In vivo studies on 5th instar and adult locusts revealed that chitin formation in thorax, abdomen, hind leg and wing was greatest during the first few days after moulting. Wing extracts were used for in vitro experiments, and evidence was obtained for the presence of the following enzymes: hexokinase, phosphohexose isomerase, glutamine transaminase, phosphoglucosamine transacetylase, acetyl coenzyme-A synthetase, phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase and uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-glucosamine pyrophosphorylase. The results are discussed, and a tentative scheme is presented for the biosynthesis of chitin in the wing of Schistocerca gregaria.
Research on Corrosion Inhibitors for Acid Stimulation (2012)

Abstract In the Oil & Gas industry, formation treatment with acids is an established method to stimulate carbonates or dissolve fines. Either organic acids such as citric or acetic acid or mineral acids such as HCl or HF are injected into the well at high concentrations. In the absence of corrosion inhibitors, the generalized corrosion rate increases exponentially with acid concentration and temperature. This can be reduced to an acceptable level by adding appropriate concentrations of inhibitor products in order to protect and prolong the useful lifetime of the hardware present in the well. Currently, inhibitor packages demonstrate high efficiency with carbon steels and at temperatures below 150°C. An overview of commonly applied acid corrosion inhibitors will be presented and a comparison is made between published data and data measured in-house. Some common pitfalls associated with the evaluation of acid corrosion inhibitors are highlighted. Weight loss analysis is a widely used method for assessing the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors. The effects of surface roughness and acid volume to metal surface area ratio are reviewed for gravimetric experiments in solutions of 14 and 28 wt. % hydrochloric acid at 78°C. Results on low carbon steel Coiled Tubing (CT) coupons that were either glass bead blasted, pickled or polished are reported. This paper also investigates the inhibiting effect of different classes of corrosion inhibitors in 14 wt. % HCl at 78°C using electrochemical methods (linear polarization resistance and Tafel extrapolation method) and evaluates the synergetic behavior of acetylenic alcohols with quaternary ammonium cations (QUATs).
Coherent Atomic and Electronic Heterostructures of Single-Layer MoS<sub>2</sub> (2012)

Nanoscale heterostructures with quantum dots, nanowires, and nanosheets have opened up new routes toward advanced functionalities and implementation of novel electronic and photonic devices in reduced dimensions. Coherent and passivated heterointerfaces between electronically dissimilar materials can be typically achieved through composition or doping modulation as in GaAs/AlGaAs and Si/NiSi or heteroepitaxy of lattice matched but chemically distinct compounds. Here we report that single layers of chemically exfoliated MoS(2) consist of electronically dissimilar polymorphs that are lattice matched such that they form chemically homogeneous atomic and electronic heterostructures. High resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) imaging reveals the coexistence of metallic and semiconducting phases within the chemically homogeneous two-dimensional (2D) MoS(2) nanosheets. These results suggest potential for exploiting molecular scale electronic device designs in atomically thin 2D layers.
Storage of 2000 holograms in a photochemical hole-burning system (1993)

By use of a novel recording technique, 2000 high-resolution image holograms were recorded in a single spectral hole-burning sample at different frequencies and at different values of an applied electric field. We recorded each hologram by sweeping the frequency of a cw laser over a narrow interval while simultaneously changing the hologram phase by 2π. This swept recording technique produces holograms that have increased diffraction efficiency and that exhibit reduced cross talk with respect to conventional frequency-multiplexed holograms.
<title>New technique of linear-phase QMF filter design for subband coding</title> (1990)

In this paper, a new technique for designing linear phase QMF filters is proposed. These filters have the frequency responses of sharp and symmetrical transition charcteristics, and the capabilities of perfect reconstruction and simple implementation. By applying video signals into basic sub-band systems, the performances between designed QMF pair and other QMF pairs1,2 are compared in alias-cancellation!reconstruction errors and Peek Signal- to-Noise Ratios(PSNRs). It is shown that the proposed QMF pair has better performance than the short kernel filter pair1, and similar performance as the long kernel filter pair2.
Simulations and experiments of etching of silicon in HBr plasmas for high aspect ratio features (2002)

Etching in semiconductor processing typically involves using halides because of the relatively fast rates. Bromine-containing plasmas can generate high aspect ratio trenches, desirable for dynamic random access memory and microelectromechanical system applications, with relatively straight sidewalls. We present scanning electron microscope images for silicon-etched trenches in a HBr plasma. Using a feature profile simulation, we show that the removal yield parameter, or number of neutrals removed per incident ion due to all processes (sputtering, spontaneous desorption, etc.), dictates the profile shape. We find that the profile becomes pinched off when the removal yield is a constant, with a maximum aspect ratio (AR) of about 5 to 1 (depth to height). When the removal yield decreases with increasing ion angle, the etch rate increases at the corners and the trench bottom broadens. The profiles have ARs of over 9:1 for yields that vary with ion angle. To match the experimentally observed etched time of 250 s for an AR of 9:1 with a trench width of 0.135 μm, we find that the neutral flux must be 3.336×1017 cm2 s−1.
PEDESTRIAN SAFETY: THE HAZARDS OF LEFT-TURNING VEHICLES (1980)

The research described was conducted to identify the causal factors controlling accidents experienced on different crosswalks of intersections on a test one-way street network and to recommend solutions that help local traffic engineers accommodate these characteristics in future planning and design of intersections.