gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure of the binuclear metal-binding site in the GAL4 transcription factor (1991)

The GAL4 transcription factor from yeast contains within its N-terminal DNA-binding domain an amino acid sequence containing six cysteine residues, C11-X2-C14-X6-C21-X6-C28-X2-C31-X6-C38. The six Cys residues will form a binuclear metal cluster with either Zn(II) or Cd(II) in which two of the -S- donors are bridging ligands between the two metal ions. Binding of Zn(II) or Cd(II) to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain is essential to induce the conformation of GAL4 required for the protein to recognize the specific DNA sequence, UASG, to which GAL4 binds. Evidence for the presence of the binuclear cluster has come from 113Cd NMR and 2D 1H-113Cd heteronuclear NMR studies of the cloned DNA-binding domain of GAL4 consisting of the N-terminal 62 residues, GAL4(62*) [Pan and Coleman (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2077]. Cd(II) binding to the GAL4 DNA is highly cooperative, thus the Cd2Cys6 cluster is always formed. On the other hand, Zn(II) forms well-defined Zn1 and Zn2 complexes with the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, both of which bind specifically to the UASG DNA sequence. The structural details of the Cd2-, Zn2-, and Zn1GAL4(62*) proteins have been determined by a variety of heteronuclear and 2D NMR techniques. When Cd(II) is exchanged for Zn(II), the cluster appears to expand to accommodate the larger Cd(II) ion as suggested by changes of 2 to 4 Hz in the 3JHN alpha coupling constants for the amino acid residues which form the polypeptide loops enclosing the cluster, residues 10-40. These changes suggest alterations in the backbone phi torsional angles of from 20 degrees to 30 degrees. A metal-ligand structure derived from the 1H-113Cd heteronuclear NMR as well as the polypeptide backbone connectivity around the cluster as determined from short-range 1H-1H NOE's is presented. The metal ions also determine the major folding of GAL4(62*), since the chemical shift dispersion in the entire NH-alpha CH fingerprint region of the 1H-1H COSY spectrum collapses on removal of the metal ion. Two short segments of the GAL4(62*) polypeptide (residues 14-19 and 30-36 in the cluster forms, 12-19 and 30-36 in the Zn1 species) show significant dNN(i,i + 1) NOE's. These short segments of polypeptide chain are the only ones that could be helical in the GAL4(62*).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Feed Concentrates Per Cow Per Herd (1955)

From the production standpoint, there may be little difference between these systems. Which method is more profitable depends on your labor situation and the relative costs you pay for labor and concentrates.
Characterization of an AlO$_{\rm x}$ Tunneling Barrier in a Magnetic Tunnel Junction by a Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy Technique (2009)

We measured tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in a magnetic tunnel junction as a function of temperature. We used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPRS)-one of the most useful tools in the analysis of dielectric function in a thin tunneling barrier-to study the correlation of AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> barrier quality with the temperature dependent behavior of the TMR ratio. The experimental SPRS analysis suggests that the decrease of the TMR ratio starting at 150 K is caused by residual Al metallic defects distributed within the insulating AlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> barrier. We checked this result by measuring the junction resistances in parallel and antiparallel states.
Advanced transmission electron microscope triboprobe with automated closed-loop nanopositioning (2010)

Here the design and operation of a novel transmission electron microscope (TEM) triboprobe instrument with real-time vision control for advanced in situ electron microscopy is demonstrated. The NanoLAB triboprobe incorporates a new high stiffness coarse slider design for increased stability and positioning performance. This is linked with an advanced software control system which introduces both new and flexible in situ experimental functional testing modes, plus an automated vision control feedback system. This advancement in instrumentation design unlocks new possibilities of performing a range of new dynamical nanoscale materials tests, including novel friction and fatigue experiments inside the electron microscope.
CMOS differential difference current conveyors and their applications (1996)

The authors present a new versatile circuit building block called a differential difference current conveyor (DDCC). An IC technique for implementing the DDCC is also presented. The DDCC-based frequency-selective circuits and nonlinear building blocks such as multiplier, squarer and square rooter are developed. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed techniques, and they show that DDCC-based circuits offer a competitive design choice to CCII-based and DDA-based circuits.
Low-power and robust on-chip thermal sensing using differential ring oscillators (2007)

The increasing significance of thermal issues in modern VLSI motivates the need for a large number of lightweight, robust and power efficient thermal sensors for accurate thermal mapping and management. We propose use of differential ring oscillators (DRO) for thermal sensing, utilizing the temperature dependence of the oscillation frequency. In current starved inverter topology using the 45 nm technology node, they have a resolution of 2degC and a low active power consumption of less than 25 muW which can be reduced further by 60-80% by gating the design. A high threshold design proves to be better in terms of leakage, non-linearity error, overall power consumption as well as sensitivity to power supply variations. The standard deviation in measurement (%) caused by process variations and supply noise is within 3% for low Vt design; it increases to 5% for a high Vt design. In a reduced supply bounce configuration, the measurement error caused due to supply noise can be reduced by 15-60%.
Spinal muscular atrophy phenotype is ameliorated in human motor neurons by SMN increase via different novel RNA therapeutic approaches (2015)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a primary genetic cause of infant mortality due to mutations in the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) 1 gene. No cure is available. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) aimed at increasing SMN levels from the paralogous SMN2 gene represent a possible therapeutic strategy. Here, we tested in SMA human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-differentiated motor neurons, three different RNA approaches based on morpholino antisense targeting of the ISSN-1, exon-specific U1 small nuclear RNA (ExSpeU1), and Transcription Activator-Like Effector-Transcription Factor (TALE-TF). All strategies act modulating SMN2 RNA: ASO affects exon 7 splicing, TALE-TF increase SMN2 RNA acting on the promoter, while ExSpeU1 improves pre-mRNA processing. These approaches induced up-regulation of full-length SMN mRNA and differentially affected the Delta-7 isoform: ASO reduced this isoform, while ExSpeU1 and TALE-TF increased it. All approaches upregulate the SMN protein and significantly improve the in vitro SMA motor neurons survival. Thus, these findings demonstrate that therapeutic tools that act on SMN2 RNA are able to rescue the SMA disease phenotype. Our data confirm the feasibility of SMA iPSCs as in vitro disease models and we propose novel RNA approaches as potential therapeutic strategies for treating SMA and other genetic neurological disorders.
Goal-oriented subgraph isomorphism technique for IC device recognition (1988)

The paper describes a programmable mask analysis system to check technology rules and extract circuits in a low cost computing environment. The mask verification language (MVL) programmer is only concerned with how a device is fabricated and not with how it is actually recognised. The system includes an optimising MVL compiler that removes redundant mask operations, and efficiency is thereby maximised by minimising the volume of mask data that must be processed.A geometry processor reduces the mask set to a set of topologically interrelated entities called features. These features are analysed to recognise instances of devices using a goal oriented sub-graph isomorphism algorithm. Conventionally, the execution times of graph isomorphism algorithms are related polynomially to the problem size. However, by careful organisation of the database, and by imposing certain rules on the structure of the MVL, execution times that are almost linear are obtained.
Methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and crude oil biodegradation in hot Alaskan oilfields (2010)

Petrochemical and geological evidence suggest that petroleum in most reservoirs is anaerobically biodegraded to some extent. However, the conditions for this metabolism and the cultivation of the requisite microorganisms are rarely established. Here, we report on microbial hydrocarbon metabolism in two distinct oilfields on the North Slope of Alaska (designated Fields A and B). Signature anaerobic hydrocarbon metabolites were detected in produced water from the two oilfields offering evidence of in situ biodegradation activity. Rate measurements revealed that sulfate reduction was an important electron accepting process in Field A (6-807 µmol S l(-1) day(-1)), but of lesser consequence in Field B (0.1-10 µmol S l(-1) day(-1)). Correspondingly, enrichments established at 55°C with a variety of hydrocarbon mixtures showed relatively high sulfate consumption but low methane production in Field A incubations, whereas the opposite was true of the Field B enrichments. Repeated transfer of a Field B enrichment showed ongoing methane production in the presence of crude oil that correlated with ≥ 50% depletion of several component hydrocarbons. Molecular-based microbial community analysis of the methanogenic oil-utilizing consortium revealed five bacterial taxa affiliating with the orders Thermotogales, Synergistales, Deferribacterales (two taxa) and Thermoanaerobacterales that have known fermentative or syntrophic capability and one methanogen that is most closely affiliated with uncultured clones in the H(2)-using family Methanobacteriaceae. The findings demonstrate that oilfield-associated microbial assemblages can metabolize crude oil under the thermophilic and anaerobic conditions prevalent in many petroleum reservoirs.
A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF FOSSIL PALM AND PALM‐LIKE LEAVES (1972)

Summary Nine genera of fossil palm and palm‐like leaves are recognized in this study. Amesoneuron H. R. Goeppert, Bactrites E. W. Berry, Palmacites A. Brongniart, Phoenicites A. Brongniart, and Sabalites G. Saporta are considered to be true palms. Some specimens, because of their uniquely recognizable characteristics, have been identified with the modern genus Phoenix Linnaeus. Sanmiguelia R. W. Brown, Paloreodoxites F. Knowlton and Propalmophyllum O. Lignier are also included in this study because of their superficial resemblance to palms. However, they lack one or more characters essential for their recognition as true palms (i.e. hastula, primary costa, and two orders of venation paralleling a prominent but uniform mid‐vein in the individual segments). A diagnostic key and a synopsis of accepted form and organ genera, with appropriate synonymies and new combinations complete the paper. A list of genera to be excluded from the Palmae is appended.
Fluorosis and oxidative stress (2001)

Relevant literatures on the relationship betw een fluorosis and oxidative stress were reviewed.Based on most of the original papers published in recent years,we can see the increased free radicals and oxidative stress may occur in certain stage of fluoride intoxication,but confirmation of the causality between oxidative stress and fluoride-induced damages still remains much work to do.
AMULET1: a micropipelined ARM (2002)

A fully asynchronous implementation of the ARM microprocessor has been developed in order to investigate the potential of asynchronous logic for low-power applications. The work demonstrates the feasibility of complex asynchronous design and shows that the cost and performance characteristics are similar to clocked designs. AMULET1 is the first attempt at applying asynchronous techniques to a design of this complexity and as such there is much room for improvement. The authors introduce the design approach and organisation of the chip; they then cover the lessons learned from the first design and point towards future strategies for its enhancement and the likely benefits which will accrue from mature asynchronous technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>In vitro</i> screening for anticonvulsant‐induced teratogenesis in neural primary cultures and cell lines (1990)

To establish inherent potential for the induction of neural tube defects the ability of selected anticonvulsant agents to interfere with cell division has been established in vitro using an antiproliferative assay in clonal cell lines and a cytotoxicity assay using primary cultures of cerebral cortex neurons at different stages of development. In order to evaluate the relative toxicities of these agents their in vitro effects were determined at 2-3 times the plasma therapeutic level. By these procedures valproate and the benzodiazepines, diazepam and clonazepam, exerted a potent antiproliferative action which could not be attributed to increased cytotoxicity. In contrast phenytoin was markedly cytotoxic but was without an antiproliferative action. This cytotoxicity was most pronounced during the periods of extensive fibre outgrowth. When compared to epidemiological and animal study data, agents which inhibited cell proliferation within twice therapeutic concentration were consistently associated with major neural tube malformations. However phenytoin, found to be positive in the cell cytotoxicity assay, is not associated with neural tube malformations but rather is primarily associated with mental retardation. Thus assessment of antiproliferative activity of anticonvulsant drugs may be one criterion for identification of teratogenic potential during neurulation.
A robust speech recognition system using word-spotting with noise immunity learning (1991)

A speech recognition system using word-spotting with noise immunity learning has been developed to achieve robust performance under noisy environments. The system employs word-spotting based on the multiple similarity (MS) method for eliminating word boundary detection errors, noise immunity learning for improving noise robustness, and an accelerator for reducing processing time. Noise immunity learning is performed using noisy speech data and noise data. Data from 39 male speakers were used to evaluate the recognition performance; the remaining data were used for the learning. Recognition scores obtained by word-spotting alone and with noise immunity learning were 88.5% and 98.4%, respectively, for an SNR of 10 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The effect of ionic strength on the viscosity of sodium alginate solution (2001)

Abstract The viscosities of aqueous sodium alginate solutions were measured in different NaCl concentrations (C s ) at 298 K. Based on the Odijk–Skolnick–Fixman theories, the electrostatic persistence lengths were calculated for various ionic strengths. The intrinsic persistence length of sodium alginate in solution was determined to be 125 Å by the method suggested by Odijk. In the region of $\hbox{C}_{\rm S}^{-1/2}> 6.5$ , the increase in intrinsic viscosity, [η], for sodium alginate on decreasing the C s is due to the larger contribution of electrostatic persistence length to the total persistence length, and the departure of [η] calc from [η] expl is attributed to the variation of the Flory Φ constant with ionic strength. A peak was observed in the plot of reduced viscosity v. sodium alginate concentration at a constant low ionic strength. As in the treatment of Rinaudo et al., this maximum in reduced viscosity is attributed to a preferential intermolecular distance. The roles of electrostatic persistence length, the critical inter‐rod spacing and the effect of added salt concentration on this maximum are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis Applications of Size-Selected Cluster Deposition (2015)

In this Perspective, we review recent studies of size-selected cluster deposition for catalysis applications performed at the U.S. DOE National Laboratories, with emphasis on work at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The focus is on the preparation of model supported catalysts in which the number of atoms in the deposited clusters is precisely controlled using a combination of gas-phase cluster ion sources, mass spectrometry, and soft-landing techniques. This approach is particularly effective for investigations of small nanoclusters, 0.5–2 nm (<200 atoms), where the rapid evolution of the atomic and electronic structure makes it essential to have precise control over cluster size. Cluster deposition allows for independent control of cluster size, coverage, and stoichiometry (e.g., the metal-to-oxygen ratio in an oxide cluster) and can be used to deposit on any substrate without constraints of nucleation and growth. Examples are presented for metal, metal oxide, and metal sulfide cluster deposition on a variety of supports (metals, oxides, carbon/diamond) where the reactivity, cluster–support electronic interactions, and cluster stability and morphology are investigated. Both UHV and in situ/operando studies are presented that also make use of surface-sensitive X-ray characterization tools from synchrotron radiation facilities. Novel applications of cluster deposition to electrochemistry and batteries are also presented. This review also highlights the application of modern ab initio electronic structure calculations (density functional theory), which can essentially model the exact experimental system used in the laboratory (i.e., cluster and support) to provide insight on atomic and electronic structure, reaction energetics, and mechanisms. As amply demonstrated in this review, the powerful combination of atomically precise cluster deposition and theory is able to address fundamental aspects of size-effects, cluster–support interactions, and reaction mechanisms of cluster materials that are central to how catalysts function. The insight gained from such studies can be used to further the development of novel nanostructured catalysts with high activity and selectivity.
Improved Particle Filter in Sensor Fusion for Tracking Randomly Moving Object (2006)

An improved particle-filter algorithm is proposed to track a randomly moving object. The algorithm is implemented on a mobile robot equipped with a pan-tilt camera and 16 sonar sensors covering 360deg. Initially, the moving object is detected through a sequence of images taken by the stationary pan-tilt camera using the motion-detection algorithm. Then, the particle-filter-based tracking algorithm, which relies on information from multiple sensors, is utilized to track the moving object. The robot vision system and the control system are integrated effectively through the state variable representation. The object size deformation problem is taken care of by a variable particle-object size. When moving randomly, the object's position and velocity vary quickly and are hard to track. This results in serious sample impoverishment (all particles collapse to a single point within a few iterations) in the particle-filter algorithm. A new resampling algorithm is proposed to tackle sample impoverishment. The experimental results with the mobile robot show that the new algorithm can reduce sample impoverishment effectively. The mobile robot continuously follows the object with the help of the pan-tilt camera by keeping the object at the center of the image. The robot is capable of continuously tracking a human's random movement at walking rate
Design of Multiple-Input Power Converter for Hybrid Vehicles (2005)

This paper deals with designing and sizing of a multiple-input power electronic converter (MIPEC) to be used in an electric vehicle propulsion system that includes a fuel cell (FC) generator and a combined storage unit. The combined storage unit is composed by an ultracapacitors tank (UC) and a battery unit (BU). MIPEC is responsible for power-flow management on-board the vehicle for each mode of operation. Specifications for MIPEC designing come out from many considerations concerning traction drive and reference driving cycle, on-board power source and storage unit characteristics. However, to date sizing and configuration of both storage units and on-board generators are directly related to traction drive and driving profile (i.e., vehicle performances and characteristics) and no relation with power electronic interface is considered during preliminary design. Then, power electronic interface is selected in order to fit traction drive requirements with power source and storage unit characteristics; as a consequence converter mode of operation lacks of optimization, as well dynamic behavior and efficiency cannot be maximized. In this paper, MIPEC design and power source and storage unit selection are achieved at the same project stage according to traction drive requirements. Experimental results on 60-kW power electronic interface are presented.
Herbicide resistance in <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> results from a mutation in the chloroplast gene for the 32-kilodalton protein of photosystem II (1984)

We report the isolation and characterization of a uniparental mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that is resistant to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine). Such herbicides inhibit photosynthesis by preventing transfer of electrons in photosystem II from the primary stable electron acceptor Q to the secondary stable electron acceptor complex B, which is thought to contain a protein of 32 kDa and a bound quinone. It has been proposed that herbicide binding to the 32-kDa protein alters the B complex so that electron transfer from Q is prohibited. Both whole and broken-cell preparations of the mutant alga show a resistance to the effects of herbicide on electron transfer from Q to B, as measured by fluorescence-induction kinetics. In the absence of herbicide, mutant cells exhibit a slower rate of Q to B electron transfer than do wild-type cells. The 32-kDa protein from wild-type cells, but not mutant cells, binds azido[(14)C]atrazine at 0.1 muM. We have isolated psbA, the chloroplast gene for the 32-kDa protein, from both wild-type and herbicide-resistant algae and sequenced the coding regions of the gene that are contained in five exons. The only difference between the exon nucleotide sequences of the wild-type and mutant psbA is a single T-A to G-C transversion. This mutation results in a predicted amino acid change of serine in the wild-type protein to alanine in the mutant. We suggest that this alteration in the 32-kDa protein is the molecular basis for herbicide resistance in the C. reinhardtii mutant.