gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sigmoidal Nucleation and Growth Curves Across Nature Fit by the Finke–Watzky Model of Slow Continuous Nucleation and Autocatalytic Growth: Explicit Formulas for the Lag and Growth Times Plus Other Key Insights (2017)

Sigmoidal kinetic curves have been reported for a number of cooperative phenomena in nature. These curves may be fit by purely mathematical functions that, however, do not correspond to any physical model. The 1997 Finke–Watzky (F–W) two-step model of slow, continuous nucleation (A → B, rate constant k1) and fast, autocatalytic growth (A + B → 2B, rate constant k2) provides both a physical model and a mathematical solution. As a result, the F–W two-step kinetic model has been successfully applied to a large number of cooperative phenomena throughout nature that display sigmoidal kinetic curves. Herein, we derive formulas for the first, second, and third derivatives of the concentration of product versus time, [B]t, expressed in terms of the F–W parameters k1, k2, and the initial concentration of monomer, [A]0. Mathematical expressions are then derived for key empirical parameters in sigmoidal curves, including the induction period and (maximum) slope, which are then examined under the limit k1 ≪ k2[A]0 where nucleation and growth are well-separated in time. The resultant seven previously unavailable equations provide a better fundamental and intuitive understanding of sigmoidal curves across nature well-fit by the F–W two-step mechanism.
Seasonal Variation of Glutathione and Glutathione Reductase in Needles of <i>Picea abies</i> (1978)

In spruce (Picea abies) needles glutathione and glutathione reductase show a periodic seasonal variation with significantly increased levels during the winter. It is proposed that glutathione and glutathione reductase play an important role for the winter hardiness of leaves from evergreen plants.
Direct recovery of three-dimensional scene geometry from binocular stereo disparity (1991)

An analysis of disparity is presented. It makes explicit the geometric relations between a stereo disparity field and a differentially project scene. These results show how it is possible to recover three-dimensional surface geometry through first-order (i.e., distance and orientation of a surface relative to an observer) and binocular viewing parameters in a direct fashion from stereo disparity. As applications of the analysis, algorithms have been developed for recovering three-dimensional surface orientation and discontinuities from stereo disparity. The results of applying these algorithms to natural image binocular stereo disparity information are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diffractive doublet corrected on-axis at two wavelengths (1991)

Purely diffractive doublets are corrected on-axis at two wavelengths. The doublets are then optimized with respect to their design parameters to achieve wideband imaging on-axis. Completed extensions to this design are also described. 2.
Effect of electrode composition on the tunnel magnetoresistance of pseudo-spin-valve magnetic tunnel junction with a MgO tunnel barrier (2007)

The authors investigate the effect of electrode composition on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of (CoxFe100−x)80B20∕MgO∕(CoxFe100−x)80B20 pseudo-spin-valve magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). TMR ratio is found to strongly depend on the composition and thicknesses of CoFeB. High resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the crystallization process of CoFeB during annealing depends on the composition and the thicknesses of the CoFeB film, resulting in different TMR ratios. A TMR ratio of 500% at room temperature and of 1010% at 5K are observed in a MTJ having 4.3nm and 4-nm-thick (Co25Fe75)80B20 electrodes with a 2.1-nm-thick MgO barrier annealed at 475°C.
Impedance Method for Detecting HIV-1 Protease and Screening For Its Inhibitors Using Ferrocene−Peptide Conjugate/Au Nanoparticle/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrode (2008)

A highly sensitive screening assay based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been developed for detecting HIV-1 protease (PR) and subsequent evaluation of its corresponding inhibitors at picomolar levels. The assay format was based on the immobilization of the thiol terminated ferrocene(Fc)-pepstatin conjugate on a single-walled carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle (SWCNT/AuNP) modified gold electrode. The alteration of the interfacial properties of electrodes upon HIV-1 PR and Fc-pepstatin conjugate interaction was traced by EIS. On the basis of the charge transfer resistance data obtained and using a mixed kinetic and diffusion model, this procedure was capable of detecting picomolar HIV-1 PR owing to the specific binding of this enzyme to Fc modified pepstatin. A competitive inhibition assay format was then performed using four potent HIV-1 PR inhibitors. The estimated inhibition constant ( K i) attested that lopinavir/ritonavir ( K i = 20 +/- 3 pM) and saquinavir ( K i = 57 +/- 8 pM) even at 10 pM competed strongly with pepstatin for effective binding to HIV-1 PR. Indinavir ( K i = 630 +/- 22 pM) only competed well with pepstatin at a much higher concentration (1 nM). No significant inhibitory effect was observed for the fosamprenavir ( K i =11 +/- 0.5 nM) as expected from this pro-drug. Such results agreed well with the values reported in the literature. This assay format is a definite asset for the expedited development of effective HIV-1 PR inhibitors with low molecular weights.
Modeling Sulfuric Acid Condensation in Diesel Engine EGR Coolers (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to meet future emissions standards, diesel engines may require the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The NO<sub>x</sub>-bsfc trade-off can be improved by using an exhaust-to-engine coolant heat exchanger. If care is not taken, the durability of the cooler may be compromised by sulfuric acid condensation from the exhaust gas. This paper presents a computer model for predicting the dew-point, acid condensation rate, and condensate composition inside an EGR cooler. Effects of fuel sulfur content, pass arrangement, surface fouling, coolant temperature, and engine operating point on acid condensation were identified by applying the model to a prototype heat exchanger.</div>
The Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis with Disturbed Morphology and Cell Division (1970)

SUMMARY Mutants (rod) have been isolated from one strain of Bacillus subtilis and two of B. licheniformis after treatment with i-methyl-3-nitro-i-nitroso-guanidine, by replica plating from media containing 0·8 m-NaCl to media of low salt content. When grown on the latter media these mutants appear as groups or strings of coccal bodies which, when examined in section under the electron microscope, show gross distortions in their walls and membranes; septum formation is greatly disorganized. When grown in media containing 0·8 to 1·0m-NaCl, or KC1, or ample supplies of organic nitrogen, considerable correction of the morphology of one class of these mutants occurs. The other class of mutants is not changed to rods by growth in media of high salt content but is so changed by growth on rich media containing yeast extract. All the mutants revert to the parent type, but at very different rates. The physiological characteristics of the mutants and the parents are in most respects identical.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME AMINO ALCOHOLS OF THE ADAMANTANE SERIES AND THEIR DERIVATIVES (1977)

Abstract Durch Leuckart‐Reaktionen des Ketoadamantanols (II) mit Formamid bzw. Dimethylformamid in 85%iger Ameisensäure bei 160‐185°C werden die Titelverbindungen (I), durch Erhitzen des Ketols (II) mit entsprechenden Aminen in 85%iger Ameisensäure zum Sieden (8 h) die Verbindungen (III) dargestellt.
Impact of waveband switching on dimensioning multi-granular hybrid optical networks (2006)

Aggregation of wavelengths into wavebands is an attractive, cost-efficient way to facilitate switching and routing in optical networks. In this paper, we study the wave- band routing and wavelength assignment (WRWA) tasks in hierarchical WDM mesh networks with optical cross-connects (OXCs) that can route multiple granularity (wavelengths and wavebands) at the same time. We present a new architecture of the OXC node and develop an integer linear programming (ILP) model of a network with those OXCs with the objective to minimize the cost of optical-electronic-optical (OEO) and all optical (OOO) ports used. The optimal ILP solution can only be obtained for networks of smaller size so that for larger problems we propose a heuristic WRWA algorithm, which solves the waveband routing and wavelength assignment sub- problems as a single problem rather than as two separate problems. Simulation results show near optimal performance of the heuristic WRWA algorithm for networks of smaller size. We comment on the WRWA performance under various OXC architectures and traffic scenarios. Our empirical studies demonstrate a significant network cost reduction that could be achieved by implementing our effective heuristic algorithm in hybrid hierarchical OXCs instead of using OXCs with opto- electronic fabric that processes single wavelengths only.
Spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses in a single-mode As-S glass fiber (2005)

We report a strong spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses propagating in a single-mode As-S glass fiber of 1.5 m length. The pump pulse spectrum is broadened by a factor of five when the input power is grown up to 16.4 mW. The broadened spectra are nearly symmetric and self-phase modulation is believed to be the dominant nonlinear effect responsible for this process.
Knockout of a difficult‐to‐remove CHO host cell protein, lipoprotein lipase, for improved polysorbate stability in monoclonal antibody formulations (2016)

While the majority of host cell protein (HCP) impurities are effectively removed in typical downstream purification processes, a small population of HCPs are particularly challenging. Previous studies have identified HCPs that are challenging for a variety of reasons. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) HCP that functions to hydrolyze esters in triglycerides-was one of ten HCPs identified in previous studies as being susceptible to retention in downstream processing. LPL may degrade polysorbate 80 (PS-80) and polysorbate 20 (PS-20) in final product formulations due to the structural similarity between polysorbates and triglycerides. In this work, recombinant LPL was found to have enzymatic activity against PS-80 and PS-20 in a range of solution conditions that are typical of mAb formulations. LPL knockout CHO cells were created with CRISPR and TALEN technologies and resulting cell culture harvest fluid demonstrated significantly reduced polysorbate degradation without significant impact on cell viability when compared to wild-type samples. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1006-1015. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved metabolic control by <i>Ipomoea batatas</i> (Caiapo) is associated with increased adiponectin and decreased fibrinogen levels in type 2 diabetic subjects (2007)

This study confirms the beneficial effects of Caiapo on glucose and HbA1c control in patients with T2DM after 5 months follow-up. Improvement of insulin sensitivity was accompanied by increased levels of adiponectin and a decrease in fibrinogen. Thus, Caiapo can be considered as natural insulin sensitizer with potential antiatherogenic properties.
Microfluidic T-Form Mixer Utilizing Switching Electroosmotic Flow (2004)

This paper presents a microfluidic T-form mixer utilizing alternatively switching electroosmotic flow. The microfluidic device is fabricated on low-cost glass slides using a simple and reliable fabrication process. A switching DC field is used to generate an electroosmotic force which simultaneously drives and mixes the fluid samples. The proposed design eliminates the requirements for moving parts within the microfluidic device and delicate external control systems. Two operation modes, namely, a conventional switching mode and a novel pinched switching mode, are presented. Computer simulation is employed to predict the mixing performance attainable in both operation modes. The simulation results are then compared to those obtained experimentally. It is shown that a mixing performance as high as 97% can be achieved within a mixing distance of 1 mm downstream from the T-junction when a 60 V/cm driving voltage and a 2-Hz switching frequency are applied in the pinched switching operation mode. This study demonstrates how the driving voltage and switching frequency can be optimized to yield an enhanced mixing performance. The novel methods presented in this study provide a simple solution to mixing problems in the micro-total-analysis-systems field.
Flow Cytometric Screening of Yeast Surface Display Libraries (2004)

A method to screen and isolate antigen specific clones from a library of single-chain antibodies expressed on the surface of yeast cells is presented. Two rounds of magnetic bead enrichment before flow cytometric sorting enables one to screen libraries of far greater diversity than can be screened by just flow cytometry. The strength of flow cytometric sorting is the ability to follow the selection in real time and to isolate easily the highest affinity antigen-specific clones. A major strength of yeast display as a discovery platform is the ability to characterize the binding properties, the affinity of a clone without the need for subcloning, expression, and purification of the scFv. The methodology for directed evolution of single-chain antibodies to increase the affinity of a clone is also described.
Immunotoxins with decreased immunogenicity and improved activity (2011)

Recombinant immunotoxins, containing an Fv fragment and a bacterial toxin, frequently elicit neutralizing antibodies, nearly always against the toxin. Moxetumomab pasudotox (previously called CAT-8015 or HA22) contains an anti-CD22 Fv fused to PE38, a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin, containing amino acids 253-364 and 381-613. One avenue to reducing immunogenicity is to identify B- and T-cell epitopes and remove them while retaining toxin activity. To determine B-cell epitopes on PE38, 60 monoclonal antibodies against PE38 were tested in a pairwise manner, and seven major epitope groups with 13 subgroups were identified. The locations of many of these epitopes were identified by mutating large surface-exposed residues to alanine. A mutant of moxetumomab pasudotox containing eight epitope-eliminating mutations (HA22-8X) was prepared, and greatly reduced immunogenicity in mice. In parallel, two large sections of PE38 containing lysosomal protease cleavage sites were removed, leaving only amino acids 274-284 and 394-613 of the toxin. The resulting molecule, HA22-LR, retained cytotoxicity toward CD22+ cell lines, killed primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells more potently than moxetumomab pasudotox, was much less toxic to mice, and had significantly improved antitumor activity toward murine xenografts. The immunogenicity and activity of recombinant immunotoxins may be optimized by combinations of these approaches.
The role of physiological self‐antigen in the acquisition and maintenance of regulatory T‐cell function (2006)

The CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are efficient regulators of autoimmunity, but the mechanism remains elusive. We summarize recent data for the conclusion that disease-specific Tregs respond to tissue antigens to maintain physiological tolerance and prevent autoimmunity. First, polyclonal Tregs from antigen-positive donors suppress autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) or experimental autoimmune prostatitis in day 3 thymectomized (d3tx) mice more efficiently than Tregs from antigen-negative donors. Second, Tregs of antigen-negative adult mice respond to cognate antigen in vivo and rapidly gain disease-specific Treg function. Third, in d3tx female recipients devoid of neonatal ovarian antigens, only female Tregs suppressed AOD; the male Tregs gain AOD-suppressing function by responding to the ovarian antigen in the recipients and mask the supremacy of female Tregs in AOD suppression. Fourth, when Tregs completely suppress AOD, the ovary-draining lymph node is the only location with evidence of profound and persistent (but reversible) host T-cell suppression. Fifth, from these nodes, highly potent AOD-suppressing Tregs are retrievable. We conclude that self-tolerance involves the continuous priming of Tregs by autoantigens, and in autoimmune disease suppression, the effector T-cell response is continuously negated by potent disease-specific Tregs that accumulate at the site of autoantigen presentation.
Deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency higher than 20% at 275 nm achieved by improving light-extraction efficiency (2017)

Enhancing the light-extraction efficiency is the key issue for realizing highly efficient AlGaN-based ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). We introduced several features to improve the light extraction: a transparent AlGaN:Mg contact layer, a Rh mirror electrode, an AlN template on a patterned sapphire substrate, and encapsulation resin. The combination of the AlGaN:Mg contact layer and the Rh mirror electrode significantly improved the output power and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of UV-LEDs. By introducing the aforementioned features, a maximum EQE of >20% at an emission wavelength of 275 nm and a 20-mA direct current was achieved.
Prediction of preeclampsia by biomarkers: A review of literature (2015)

Preeclampsia is aleading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity internationally. The aetiology of this disease is unknown, though widespread endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the major reason. Early identification of this disease would be helpful in early identification of the high risk patients, diagnosis and better prenatal care. Several biomarkers either individually or in combination have been identified which either increase or decrease in PE and may be of utilityeither as predictors or diagnostic tools. This review focuses on various available biomarkers and their utility from the already existing literature.
Systematic Review of Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes (2008)

These results may be used to assist orthopaedic surgeons in evaluating the benefit and practicality of pursuing new anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques over standard single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Fuzzy cognitive maps for decision support in an intelligent intrusion detection system (2002)

The health of a computer network needs to be assessed and protected in much the same manner as the health of a person. The task of an intrusion detection system is to protect a computer system by detecting and diagnosing attempted breaches of the integrity of the system. A robust intrusion detection system for a computer network will necessarily use multiple sensors, each providing different types of information about some aspect of the monitored system. In addition, the sensor data will often be analyzed in several different ways. We describe a decision engine for an intelligent intrusion detection system that fuses information from different intrusion detection modules using a causal knowledge based inference technique. Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) and fuzzy rule-bases are used for the causal knowledge acquisition and to support the causal knowledge reasoning process.
Throughput of a wireless LAN access point in presence of natural hidden terminals and capture effects (2002)

In a wireless LAN, even if the coverage of the access point (AP) and the mobile terminals are the same, the hidden terminal problem cannot be avoided. If the AP and all the mobile terminals have the same coverage with a radius R there will always be terminals in the coverage area of the AP which are hidden to one another. This paper introduces this phenomenon, that we refer to as the natural hidden terminal problem, and analyzes the throughput of the AP under these circumstances with various conditions. The analysis includes the effects of the difference in the coverage of the AP and the mobile terminals as well as the capture effect caused by the near-far problem. The case of a CSMA protocol is discussed in particular.
Processor support for temporal predictability - the SPEAR design example (2004)

The demand for predictable timing behavior is characteristic for real-time applications. Experience has shown that this property cannot be achieved by software alone but rather requires support from the processor. This situation is analyzed and mapped to a design rationale for SPEAR (Scalable Processor for Embedded Applications in Real-time Environments), a processor that has been designed to meet the specific temporal demands of real-time systems. At the hardware level, SPEAR guarantees interrupt response with minimum temporal jitter and minimum delay. Furthermore, the processor provides an instruction set that only has constant-time instructions. At the software level, SPEAR supports the implementation of temporally predictable code according to the single-path programming paradigm. Altogether, these features support writing of code with minimal jitter and provide the basis for exact temporal predictability. Experimental results show that SPEAR indeed exhibits the anticipated highly predictable timing behavior.
SERVICIO DE VERIFICACION DE CONTAMINANTES (1991)

LA DIRECCION GENERAL DE PROTECCION A LA COMUNIDAD (DGPC) DE LA UNAM, EN COORDINACION CON LA LA DIVISION GENERAL DE ECOLOGIA DEL DDF, INSTALO EL 20 DE FEBRERO EL SERVICIO DE VERIFICACION DE EMISION DE CONTAMINANTES, CON EL PROPOSITO DE BUSCAR SOLUCIONES VIABLES AL PROBLEMA DE LA CONTAMINACION AMBIENTAL EN LA CIUDAD DE MEXICO.
Vaccination with Heat Shock Protein 60 Induces a Protective Immune Response against Experimental<i>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</i>Pulmonary Infection (2008)

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes a chronic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in Latin America. The successful resolution of infection with this fungus is dependent on the activation of cellular immunity. We previously identified heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as a target of the humoral response in paracoccidioidomycosis. Herein we expressed the gene encoding HSP60 in Escherichia coli and analyzed the immunological activity of this recombinant antigen. The immunization of BALB/c mice with recombinant protein emulsified in adjuvant stimulated a cellular immune response. Splenocytes from immunized mice proliferated in response to antigen and released interleukin-12 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Vaccination with HSP60 reduced the fungal burden in mice given 10(6) or 10(7) yeasts and protected mice from a lethal challenge. The efficacy of the vaccination was blunted by the neutralization of IFN-gamma. CD4(+) cells were necessary for the efficacy of the vaccination in both the afferent and efferent phases. Thus, we have demonstrated that this immunodominant antigen is a candidate for the development of a vaccine against this fungus.