gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DART: Dropouts meet Multiple Additive Regression Trees (2015)

Multiple Additive Regression Trees (MART), an ensemble model of boosted regression trees, is known to deliver high prediction accuracy for diverse tasks, and it is widely used in practice. However, it suffers an issue which we call over-specialization, wherein trees added at later iterations tend to impact the prediction of only a few instances, and make negligible contribution towards the remaining instances. This negatively affects the performance of the model on unseen data, and also makes the model over-sensitive to the contributions of the few, initially added tress. We show that the commonly used tool to address this issue, that of shrinkage, alleviates the problem only to a certain extent and the fundamental issue of over-specialization still remains. In this work, we explore a different approach to address the problem that of employing dropouts, a tool that has been recently proposed in the context of learning deep neural networks. We propose a novel way of employing dropouts in MART, resulting in the DART algorithm. We evaluate DART on ranking, regression and classification tasks, using large scale, publicly available datasets, and show that DART outperforms MART in each of the tasks, with a significant margin. We also show that DART overcomes the issue of over-specialization to a considerable extent.
Whole‐liver CT texture analysis in colorectal cancer: Does the presence of liver metastases affect the texture of the remaining liver? (2014)

Texture analysis of the apparently non-diseased liver holds promise to differentiate between CRC patients with and without metastatic liver disease. Further research is required to determine whether these findings may be used to benefit the prediction of metachronous liver disease.
Progestin Effect on Cell Proliferation and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Normal Human Breast Cells in Culture* (1986)

In contrast to cancer cell lines, normal human breast epithelial cells are infrequently studied. Such cells, now routinely cultured in our laboratory from tissue obtained at the time of reduction mammoplasty, were used to study the actions of estradiol (E2), the progestin promegestone (R5020), and the antiprogesterone RU486 on cell growth and progesterone-dependent 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (E2DH) activity, which is considered good marker of epithelial differentiation as well as progesterone dependency. The studies were carried out using secondary cultures to assure equal initial cell distribution. Cell growth was estimated daily by a histometric method providing a growth index and DNA assay. E2 stimulation of cell growth was not found when the cells were grown in our usual culture medium, but E2 dose-dependent growth stimulation occurred in medium minimally supplemented with serum (1%), insulin; and epidermal growth factor. R5020 inhibited cell growth and stimulated E2DH activity in a dose-dependent manner. RU486 behaved as a pure but low potent progestin agonist concerning E2DH stimulation, but as an agonist with partial antagonist properties concerning cell growth inhibition. In conclusion, E2 stimulated proliferation of human breast epithelial cells in culture, whereas the progestin R5020 inhibited cell multiplication and favored differentiation. The antiprogesterone RU486 had a biphasic effect acting both as progestin agonist and partial antagonist.
Novel Porous Ceramic Material via Burning of Polylactide/Layered Silicate Nanocomposite (2002)

This letter describes the preparation and characterization of a novel porous ceramic material via the burning of the polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposite. WAXD patterns indicate that an amorphous structure was developed in the porous ceramic material after sintering the nanocomposite. SEM observation revealed a morphology in which individual silicate layers stacked together to form platelet structure and produce house of cards structure porous ceramic material. The stress−strain curve of the porous ceramic material shows elastic-like property in the elastic region (≤8% strain) under compression test.
Test bolus examination in the carotid artery at dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. (1998)

At magnetic resonance angiography in nine patients, a test bolus of gadopentetate dimeglumine was injected to determine transit time from venous injection to arrival in the carotid arteries. Mean times to onset of enhancement were calculated (arterial, 15.7 seconds [range, 10-22 seconds]; venous, 23.4 seconds [range, 16-30 seconds]; optimal imaging time, 7.78 seconds [range, 6-10 seconds]). Transit time was calculated correctly with a test bolus examination.
CD software specifications for vehicle information display system CD CRAFT (CD and CRT applied format) (2002)

The authors describe a CD software format called CD-CRAFT, intended for use in vehicle information display systems (VIDS). The authors look at the development of media such as CD-ROMs; the present status of VIDS; the background factors involved in the format specification; the technical features; the VIDS configuration and CD specifications adopted for the implementation of the system; the details of the CD software language used; the technological environment necessary for the development of products satisfying the requirements of the format; and example of a standard CD test conforming with the format; and the appropriate directions of progress in subsequent development of the format and the future prospects for standardization of VIDS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A randomised phase II study of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in acute stroke patients (2005)

These data suggest that rhIL-1ra is safe and well tolerated in acute stroke. In addition, rhIL-1ra exhibited biological activity that is relevant to the pathophysiology and clinical outcome of ischaemic stroke. Our findings identify rhIL-1ra as a potential new therapeutic agent for acute stroke.
DPCM coding of the chrominance signals for the transmission of colour TV signals at 34 Mbits/s (1984)

Several DPCM Coding schemes for the chrominance components were investigated with regard to their suitability to the transmission of broadband TV signals at 34 Mbits/s. While luminance adaptive prediction is not a very effective means of reducing the data rate it could be shown that luminance adaptive quantization is beneficial due to the presence of certain masking effects. This is only true, however, in connection with variable word length coding. In the case of fixed word length coding adaptive quantization is not efficient enough to decrease the data rate considerably. It could be demonstrated that temporal subsampling of the chrominance signals, although producing minor degradations, gives the best results because this technique allows one to increase the data rate in the luminance channel thus improving the overall quality.
Effects of Polymer Aggregation and Quencher Size on Amplified Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes (2007)

The fluorescence of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) is efficiently quenched by low concentrations of quenchers with opposite charges. We have reported the close correlation between this amplified quenching phenomenon and CPE chain aggregation. In this paper, we further demonstrate the profound correlation between the fluorescence quenching efficiency, CPE chain aggregation, and quencher molecular size. Aggregation of a poly(phenylene ethynylene)-type CPE (PPE-CO2-) is induced by the addition of either water or Ca2+ to methanol solution, as indicated by absorption, fluorescence, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence microscope measurements. For quencher ions with a small molecular size, such as methyl viologen (MV2+), either the loose (induced by the addition of Ca2+) or the compact (induced by the addition of water) CPE chain aggregates are beneficial to the fluorescence quenching. For quencher ions with large molecular size, such as tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium (Ru(dpp)32+), however, the loose chain aggregates are found to be favorable for quenching, while the quenching efficiency is lower for the compact polymer aggregates present in aqueous solution.
Chitin Deacetylases: Properties and Applications (2010)

Chitin deacetylases, occurring in marine bacteria, several fungi and a few insects, catalyze the deacetylation of chitin, a structural biopolymer found in countless forms of marine life, fungal cell and spore walls as well as insect cuticle and peritrophic matrices. The deacetylases recognize a sequence of four GlcNAc units in the substrate, one of which undergoes deacetylation: the resulting chitosan has a more regular deacetylation pattern than a chitosan treated with hot NaOH. Nevertheless plain chitin is a poor substrate, but glycolated, reprecipitated or depolymerized chitins are good ones. The marine Vibrio sp. colonize the chitin particles and decompose the chitin thanks to the concerted action of chitinases and deacetylases, otherwise they could not tolerate chitosan, a recognized antibacterial biopolymer. In fact, chitosan is used to prevent infections in fishes and crustaceans. Considering that chitin deacetylases play very important roles in the biological attack and defense systems, they may find applications for the biological control of fungal plant pathogens or insect pests in agriculture and for the biocontrol of opportunistic fungal human pathogens.
Effects of Polymer Adsorption and Flow Behavior on Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media (2000)

Summary To determine the effect of water-soluble polyacrylamide polymer adsorption and flow behavior on oil recovery, relative permeability and mobility were determined from flow experiments at various polymer concentrations. A selective reduction of the relative permeability to water with respect to the relative permeability to oil was observed for both Berea and reservoir sandstone cores. Adsorbed polymer layer increases water wettability. Relative permeability reduction could be attributed to both wettability change and pore-size restriction due to the adsorbed polymer layer. An empirical model was proposed to correlate the relative permeability reduction and the amount of polymer adsorption. Depletion-layer effect results in a reduced polymer viscosity in porous media with respect to bulk solutions. Modification of the existing shear-rate model allows for accurate prediction of this effect. The integration of the new models in UTCHEM provides a more accurate tool for engineering design of polymer applications.
Highly Efficient Anaerobic Digestion with Thermal Pretreatment (1985)

The effectiveness of an anaerobic digestion process with thermal pretreatment at a comparatively low temperature was examined. The waste activated sludge was thermally pretreated in the process. A laboratory scale experiment and a pilot plant study were conducted. Changes in volatile acids concentration, in major constituents of sludge and in molecular size distribution were examined before and after thermal pretreatment and anaerobic digestion. Thermal pretreatment resulted in an increase of more than 30 percent in digestion gas production. The major substrates decomposed were fats in the pilot plant study. Glyceride fatty acids are decomposed with thermal pretreatment and produce volatile acids such as acetic and propionic acids. The volatile acids are directly utilized by anaerobes to produce methane. Organic matter such as fats and carbohydrates are depolymerized with thermal pretreatment and produce soluble intermediate compounds such as higher fatty acids. The intermediates are utilized in the anaerobic digestion process. These two major effects facilitate the methane production process.
Intratumour therapy of solid tumours with ricin–antibody conjugates (1989)

Immunotoxin conjugates of whole ricin with monoclonal antibody were prepared with the galactose binding site on the ricin B chain blocked. These whole ricin-antibody conjugates were then injected directly into tumours (IT) in mice with established solid tumours. The conjugates were found to be effective, in vivo, in (C57BL/6XBALB/c)F1 mice carrying thymoma grafts and in nude mice bearing human tumour xenografts. Thymomas (Ly-1.1-, 2.1+) completely regressed following IT injection of either ricin-anti-Ly-2.1 or 'modified' (periodate treated to remove carbohydrate) ricin-anti-Ly-2.1 but did not regress when treated with the non-reactive ricin-anti-Ly-1.1. Similarly, established CEM (transferrin receptor+) or HT-29 (17.1/2+) tumours in nude mice completely regressed following IT injection of ricin-anti-transferrin receptor antibody or ricin-17.1/2 antibody conjugates. The tumours disappeared within 48 h, and in 80-100% of these there was no recurrence. Intact ricin-antibody conjugates did not require the presence of lactose to block the binding of native ricin and selective activity was entirely dependent on the reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Further, the killing of target cells was specific because non-reactive ricin-antibody conjugates did not cause regression of tumours and MoAb alone did not inhibit tumour growth. In addition, there was no systemic toxicity evident in mice treated with reactive conjugates. By contrast, in mice treated with only ricin or with non-reactive ricin-antibody conjugates there was toxicity to liver and spleen due to diffusion from the tumour; thus the MoAb moiety of the immunotoxin serves to target the ricin to the tumour, to hold ricin in the tumour, and little escapes. It was found that ricin-antibody conjugate treatment (IT) with 1-2 micrograms of ricin-antibody conjugate was not harmful to mice, in contrast to ricin alone, which killed all treated tumour bearing mice at a dose of 0.5 micrograms. Thus whole ricin-antibody conjugates can be used successfully in vivo for local therapy, leading to the eradication of solid tumours by direct injection of the tumour.
Evaluation of a Paper-patch Test for Sweat Chloride Determination (1984)

This article evaluates a recently developed qualitative sweat patch test (SPT). A battery-powered stimulator with polymer pad electrodes is used to stimulate sweating, followed by the application of a paper patch which collects the sweat and shows color change on sweat chloride levels above 40 to 50 mEq/l. Our data consist of 66 patients with cystic fibrosis, 75 control subjects, and 37 relatives of patients with cystic fibrosis, excluding 22 subjects (11%) with insufficient sweat. There were no false-negative results among 66 patients with cystic fibrosis, and in the control group, 71 of 75 subjects gave negative results and the other four gave positive results. Of the 37 relatives, eight gave positive results; all of the eight subjects are parents of patients with cystic fibrosis. Our results indicate that SPT is useful and reliable when there is sufficient sweat. This portable and simple patch test may serve as an excellent screening test for cystic fibrosis.
Thermal Stability of SiN<sub><i>x</i></sub>C<sub><i>y</i></sub> Films Prepared by Plasma CVD (1993)

The thermal stability of amorphous SiNxCy films prepared by the plasma CVD method was described. The compositions of the films prepared were SiN1.34(-Si3N4), SiN0.75C0.43(SiNC) and SiC0.92(-SiC). The films were analyzed by infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis (DTA/TG), X-ray diffraction, TEM, SEM and Auger electron spectroscopy to investigate the effect of annealing on the structure, bonding, crystallization temperature and crystalline phases. Hydrogen in films was desorbed on annealing from room temperature to 1173K. The loss of hydrogen, which was affected by the ambient atmosphere, was larger in vacuum than in N2. The crystallization temperatures of Si3N4, SiNC and SiC films were above 1673K, 1673K and 1373K when annealed in N2, and above 1373K, 1573K and 1273K when annealed in vacuum, respectively. The crystalline phases formed during annealing in vacuum were α, β-Si3N4 for Si3N4 films, α, β-Si3N4 and α, β-SiC for SiNC films, and β-SiC (α-SiC above 1673K) for SiC films. It was revealed that the SiNC film, a mixed composition of Si3N4 and SiC, had the highest crystallization temperature and thermal stability among them in spite of the absence of stable phases between Si3N4 and SiC. As for the thermal stability in morphological change (the occurrence of peelings and cracks on annealing) for Si3N4, SiNC and SiC films on the several kinds of substrates (stainless steel, carbon steel, Si, Si3N4, Al2O3), the Si3N4 film on stainless steel was superior to the other films on each substrate.
Clonal evolution and clinical correlates of somatic mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms (2014)

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of clonal disorders characterized by aberrant hematopoietic proliferation and an increased tendency toward leukemic transformation. We used targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 104 genes to detect somatic mutations in a cohort of 197 MPN patients and followed clonal evolution and the impact on clinical outcome. Mutations in calreticulin (CALR) were detected using a sensitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. We observed somatic mutations in 90% of patients, and 37% carried somatic mutations other than JAK2 V617F and CALR. The presence of 2 or more somatic mutations significantly reduced overall survival and increased the risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia. In particular, somatic mutations with loss of heterozygosity in TP53 were strongly associated with leukemic transformation. We used NGS to follow and quantitate somatic mutations in serial samples from MPN patients. Surprisingly, the number of mutations between early and late patient samples did not significantly change, and during a total follow-up of 133 patient years, only 2 new mutations appeared, suggesting that the mutation rate in MPN is rather low. Our data show that comprehensive mutational screening at diagnosis and during follow-up has considerable potential to identify patients at high risk of disease progression.
Variations in Disparate Regions of the Murine Coronavirus Spike Protein Impact the Initiation of Membrane Fusion (2001)

The prototype JHM strain of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is an enveloped, RNA-containing coronavirus that has been selected in vivo for extreme neurovirulence. This virus encodes spike (S) glycoproteins that are extraordinarily effective mediators of intercellular membrane fusion, unique in their ability to initiate fusion even without prior interaction with the primary MHV receptor, a murine carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM). In considering the possible role of this hyperactive membrane fusion activity in neurovirulence, we discovered that the growth of JHM in tissue culture selected for variants that had lost murine CEACAM-independent fusion activity. Among the collection of variants, mutations were identified in regions encoding both the receptor-binding (S1) and fusion-inducing (S2) subunits of the spike protein. Each mutation was separately introduced into cDNA encoding the prototype JHM spike, and the set of cDNAs was expressed using vaccinia virus vectors. The variant spikes were similar to that of JHM in their assembly into oligomers, their proteolysis into S1 and S2 cleavage products, their transport to cell surfaces, and their affinity for a soluble form of murine CEACAM. However, these tissue culture-adapted spikes were significantly stabilized as S1-S2 heteromers, and their entirely CEACAM-dependent fusion activity was delayed or reduced relative to prototype JHM spikes. The mutations that we have identified therefore point to regions of the S protein that specifically regulate the membrane fusion reaction. We suggest that cultured cells, unlike certain in vivo environments, select for S proteins with delayed, CEACAM-dependent fusion activities that may increase the likelihood of virus internalization prior to the irreversible uncoating process.
Lattice relaxation process and crystallographic tilt in GaP layers grown on misoriented Si(001) substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (2010)

A lattice relaxation process and a crystallographic tilt in GaP layers grown on misoriented Si(001) substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy were investigated. Strained pseudomorphic GaP layers without defects on Si were successfully achieved by the optimization of growth conditions. Below critical thickness, the strained GaP layers were tilted in the misoriented direction of the Si substrates and triclinically distorted. Above critical thickness, the residual strain in the GaP layers was progressively relaxed with increased thickness of the GaP layers by forming 60° misfit dislocations propagating to the two orthogonal ⟨110⟩ directions at the heterointerface. X-ray diffuse scattering around the symmetrical GaP(004) diffraction was observed after introducing misfit dislocations. Diffuse scattering became dominant with an increase in the density of the misfit dislocations and resulted in a broadening of the full width at half maximum of the x-ray rocking curves. The GaP layers that were relaxed with highly dense misfit dislocations were tilted opposite of the misoriented direction due to the imbalance nucleation of the misfit dislocations on each {111} glide plane.
Enhancing M2M Communication with Cloud-Based Context Management (2012)

Contextual information are used to describe situations of entities (users and devices) and their interactions. Applications need such information in order to adapt their behaviour in response to changes in the entities context. In certain scenarios and in particular machine to machine, the integration of a large number of components makes the management of the generated contextual information a very complex task. There absence of scalable and easily programmable solution for an efficient context management in complex and distributed environment is a show stopper. In this article, we propose a scalable cloud-based framework for context management able to handle contextual information in large distributed environments. This framework has been implemented and evaluated, it provides applications with a XML-based programming language to allow them customizing subscriptions to context changes and defining how context data.
A Continuous Method for Enzymatic Assay of Sucrose Synthase in the Synthetic Direction (1999)

An appropriate method was developed for the continuous assay of sucrose synthase (SS) (EC 2.4.1.13) by spectrophotometry. The uridine 5'-diphosphate derived from sucrose synthesis was stoichiometrically coupled to oxidation of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by the enzymes nucleoside-5'-diphosphate kinase (NDPK), pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Utilization of crude extracts led to a complete masking of SS assay by adenylate kinase, adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATPase), and phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase found in the crude extracts. These interfering enzymes were mostly removed from the crude extracts by using a combination of gel filtration, centrifugation through a selectively permeable membrane (Biomax-100 Ultrafree centrifugal device), and inhibition by the addition of K(2)HPO(4) to the assay buffer. Sensitivity of the SS assay was significantly increased by the inclusion of NDPK and ATP, which are essential to the reaction in the coupling system.