gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Groove profile modification of blazed gratings by dip coating with hardenable liquids (1998)

We modify groove profile of various blazed gratings with groove densities as great as 3600 lines/mm by dip coating with hardenable liquids with the aim of reducing the blaze angle. The groove profiles resulting from coatings with different layer thickness are measured by atomic force microscopy. A highly reproducible blaze angle reduction to as high as a factor of 6 is achieved with mechanically ruled as well as ion-beam-etched holographic blazed gratings. Blaze angles, to as small as 0.7 deg, which are required for vacuum-UV and soft-x-ray applications but can hardly be formed with sufficient groove profile accuracy by direct ruling, are realized with this coating technique.
Solid Carbon Dioxide Formation from Rapid Fluid Expansion using Integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Mathematical Modelling (2014)

A model was developed to investigate carbon dioxide droplet size distribution and the size of solid particles formed during horizontal rapid fluid expansion. These two parameters are crucial for risk assessment when constructing carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities. The model was an integration of two sub-models: a CFD model to obtain temperature and velocity profiles, and a mathematical model to calculate droplet and particle sizes. The model was validated using experimental data of CO2 expansion, and was able to describe the formation of solid CO2 particles with sufficient accuracy. The model also found that when rapid CO2 expansion occurred under supercritical storage conditions, the solid particles formed were too small to develop a rainout pool.
Bounding the bias of tree-like sampling in IP topologies (2008)

It is widely believed that the Internet's AS-graph degree distribution obeys a power-law form. However, it was recently argued that since Internet data is collected in a tree-like fashion, it only produces a sample of the degree distribution, and this sample may be biased. This argument was backed by simulation data and mathematical analysis, which demonstrated that under certain conditions a tree sampling procedure can produce an artificial power-law in the degree distribution. Thus, although the <em>observed</em> degree distribution of the AS-graph follows a power-law, this phenomenon may be an <em>artifact</em> of the sampling process. In this work we provide some evidence to the contrary. We show, by analysis and simulation, that when the underlying graph degree distribution obeys a power-law with an exponent $\gamma>2$, a tree-like sampling process produces a negligible bias in the sampled degree distribution. Furthermore, recent data collected from the DIMES project, which is not based on single source sampling, indicates that the Internet indeed obeys a power-law degree distribution with an exponent $\gamma>2$. Combining this empirical data with our simulation of traceroute experiments on DIMES-measured AS-graph as the <em>underlying graph</em>, and with our analysis, we conclude that the bias in the degree distribution calculated from BGP data is negligible.
Three-dimensional bio-micromanipulation (1998)

Keywords: Micromanipulationmicroscopevisualizationview pointvirtual realitylocal illuminationoptical influencemicro force sensorbilateral control3-D calibration
Modeling Short-Run Cost and Production Functions in Computerized Business Simulations (1992)

This article develops an algorithm to model short-run cost and production functions using Sheppard's lemma in computerized business simulations. The algorithm is derived using duality theory to maintain consistency between the production technology and cost relationships of the firm. The short-run cost function is shown to depend on: variable factor prices, the production rate, and the level of the fixed factors. Sheppard's lemma is applied to derive the cost minimizing input demand levels based on the characteristics of the short-run cost function. A recommended system of equations is presented and discussed to simulate the theoretical model of the firm. A numerical example is given to illustrate how the parameters of the equation set can be estimated and how the functions behave. The system is shown to be flexible and may be applied to model a wide array of cost structures.
An Element in the Region Responsible for Premature Termination of Transcription Mediates Repression of c-myc Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone in Neuroblastoma Cells (2000)

The thyroid hormone (T3) blocks proliferation and induces differentiation of neuroblastoma N2a-beta cells that express the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta1 isoform. c-Myc is required for cell cycle progression, and this study shows that T3-induced neuronal differentiation is preceded by a rapid decrease of c-myc gene expression. A negative T3 responsive element (TRE), arranged as an inverted palindrome spaced by three nucleotides, has been identified within the first exon between nucleotides +237 and +268. The TRE is adjacent to the binding site for the transcriptional repressor CCCTC binding factor and maps precisely within the region of RNA polymerase II pausing and release, suggesting a direct implication of TR on premature termination of transcription. Furthermore, the TRE confers repression by T3 to an heterologous promoter only when inserted downstream of the transcription initiation site. Binding of CCCTC binding factor and TR to their cognate sites in the region of transcriptional attenuation, as well as direct interactions between both factors, could facilitate the formation of a repressor complex and the inhibition of c-myc gene expression. These studies provide insight into mechanisms by which TR mediate transcriptional repression and contribute to the understanding of the important effects of thyroid hormones on growth and differentiation of neuronal cells.
Handoff rate analysis in heterogeneous cellular networks (2014)

Horizontal and vertical handoffs are important ramifications of user mobility in multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks. They directly affect the signaling overhead and quality of calls in the system. However, they are difficult to analyze due to the irregularly shaped network topologies introduced by multiple tiers of cells. In this work, a stochastic geometric analysis framework on user mobility is proposed, to capture the spatial randomness and various scales of cell sizes in different tiers. We derive theoretical expressions for the rates of all handoff types experienced by an active user with arbitrary movement trajectory. Empirical study using real user mobility trace data and extensive simulation are conducted, demonstrating the correctness and usefulness of our analysis.
The Role of ExoS in Dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Pneumonia (2015)

Hospital-acquired pneumonia is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, and dissemination to the bloodstream is a recognized risk factor for particularly poor outcomes. Yet the mechanism by which bacteria in the lungs gain access to the bloodstream remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia to examine this mechanism. P. aeruginosa uses a type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins such as ExoS directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. ExoS, a bi-functional GTPase activating protein (GAP) and ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT), inhibits phagocytosis during pneumonia but has also been linked to a higher incidence of dissemination to the bloodstream. We used a novel imaging methodology to identify ExoS intoxicated cells during pneumonia and found that ExoS is injected into not only leukocytes but also epithelial cells. Phagocytic cells, primarily neutrophils, were targeted for injection with ExoS early during infection, but type I pneumocytes became increasingly injected at later time points. Interestingly, injection of these pneumocytes did not occur randomly but rather in discrete regions, which we designate ""fields of cell injection" (FOCI). These FOCI increased in size as the infection progressed and contained dead type I pneumocytes. Both of these phenotypes were attenuated in infections caused by bacteria secreting ADPRT-deficient ExoS, indicating that FOCI growth and type I pneumocyte death were dependent on the ADPRT activity of ExoS. During the course of infection, increased FOCI size was associated with enhanced disruption of the pulmonary-vascular barrier and increased bacterial dissemination into the blood, both of which were also dependent on the ADPRT activity of ExoS. We conclude that the ADPRT activity of ExoS acts upon type I pneumocytes to disrupt the pulmonary-vascular barrier during P. aeruginosa pneumonia, leading to bacterial dissemination.
Chemically amplified resist based on the methacrylate polymer with 2-trimethylsilyl-2-propyl ester protecting group (1999)

Poly(2-trimethylsilyl-2-propyl methacrylate-co-(gamma) - butyrolactone-2-yl methacrylate) was synthesized and evaluated as a potential dry-developable chemically amplified photoresist. When the counterion of the photogenerated acid does not provide a fluoride ion, e.g., sulfonate, the carbonium ion undergoes elimination to produce 2,2,3-trimethyl-2-silabut-3-ene, and regenerates another acid. The deprotection of 2-trimethylsilyl-2-propyl group of the polymer takes place in the exposed region after post-exposure bake. The difference of silicon content between the unexposed and exposed regions is large enough to form patterns using oxygen reactive-ion etching. Poly(2- trimethylsilyl-2-propyl methacrylate-co-(gamma) - butyrolactone-2-yl methacrylate) was evaluated as a resists for ArF excimer laser lithography. 0.24 micrometers line/space patterns were obtained using the conventional developer with an ArF excimer laser stepper. 1 micrometers line/spacer patterns were obtained using dry development process with O<SUB>2</SUB> reactive ion etching.
Activation of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 is correlated with invasiveness in thymic epithelial tumors (2001)

The gelatinolytic activity of active MMP-2 significantly correlated with the invasiveness in thymic epithelial tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:169-175.
INFLUENCE OF ISOTOPIC SUBSTITUTION ON STRENGTH OF HYDROGEN BONDS OF COMMON ORGANIC GROUPS (1997)

Although the electronic contribution to the strength of a H–bond is unaffected by isotopic substitution, the heavier mass of deuterium compared with protium lowers some of the vibrational frequencies in the complex. The binding energy of the complex, which includes zero–point and thermal vibrational energies, can thus be altered by several tenths of a kcal mol−1 by H/D substitution. Ab initio calculations are used to analyze this phenomenon in a number of common organic functional groups that are prone to form H–bonds: hydroxyl, carboxyl and amide, both self–complexing as homodimers and with water molecules as partners. It is found that any site of D–substitution increases the complexation energy; however, the bridging sites show a stronger preference for D over H than do the non–bridging, or terminal, sites. Hence D–bonding can be considered to be stronger than H–bonding in these functional groups. Of the groups considered, the energetic preference for D over H is greater in the hydroxyl group, so deuterium would be expected to gravitate toward solvent water molecules in isotopic scrambling experiments. The increments in H–bonding energy resulting from each site of substitution are addititve in cases of multiple substitution. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete sets of complex Zernike moment invariants and the role of the pseudoinvariants (1995)

Moment invariants are important shape descriptors in computer vision. In this paper rules are presented to form complete sets of rotational invariants of arbitrary order given complex Zernike moments. The relevance of the pseudoinvariants is shown by inverting the rotational invariants to reconstruct the normalized image pattern.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Norepinephrine modulates excitatory amino acid‐induced responses in developing human and adult rat cerebral cortex (1994)

These experiments were designed to assess the ability of norepinephrine and its beta-receptor agonist, isoproterenol, to modulate responses induced by activation of excitatory amino acid receptors in brain slices obtained from developing human cortex or adult rat cortex. Human cortical slices were obtained from children undergoing surgery for intractable epilepsy (9 months to 10 yr of age). For comparison, slices were also obtained from rats (2-3 months of age). Iontophoretic application of glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) produced excitatory responses consisting of membrane depolarizations accompanied by action potentials. Iontophoretic or bath application of norepinephrine or isoproterenol enhanced responses evoked by glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate. Depolarizations occurred with shorter latencies and their amplitudes increased. Action potential frequency was also increased and responses were of longer duration. In contrast, norepinephrine or isoproterenol had no effect on responses induced by AMPA. The enhancement of responses induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate or glutamate was antagonized by the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. Similar findings were obtained from neurons in humans or rats. These results suggest that norepinephrine, possibly via beta-receptors, potentiates responses mediated by glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors without affecting those mediated by AMPA receptors. These effects were observed at all ages studied, indicating that the ability of norepinephrine to modulate excitatory neuronal transmission is well developed in human cortex by 9 months of age.
A Temperature Compensation Algorithm Based on Curve Fitting and Spline Interpolation (2016)

The zero and sensitivity of piezo resistive pressure sensors will drift with temperature because of the temperature characteristics of the semiconductor, and it is the main factor causing the measurement error of pressure sensor. For high-precision pressure monitoring system, temperature drift has become an important obstacle to improve performance of the system, especially in the field of applications with large changes of ambient temperature. On the basis of analysing the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of temperature compensation methods, a temperature compensation method combined with polynomial curve fitting and three spline interpolations is proposed, and it can improve the performance of the system.
How to Evaluate Opinionated Keyphrase Extraction (2012)

Evaluation often denotes a key issue in semantics- or subjectivity-related tasks. Here we discuss the difficulties of evaluating opinionated keyphrase extraction. We present our method to reduce the subjectivity of the task and to alleviate the evaluation process and we also compare the results of human and machine-based evaluation. 1
A randomized comparison of indwelling pleural catheter and doxycycline pleurodesis in the management of malignant pleural effusions (1999)

A chronic indwelling pleural catheter is an effective treatment for the management of patients with symptomatic, recurrent, malignant pleural effusions. When compared with doxycycline pleurodesis via tube thoracostomy, the pleural catheter requires a shorter hospitalization and can be placed and managed on an outpatient basis.
SWIR hyperspectral detection with integrated HgCdTe detector and tunable MEMS filter (2006)

Hyperspectral imaging in the infrared bands is traditionally performed using a broad spectral response focal plane array, integrated in a grating or a Fourier transform spectrometer. This paper describes an approach for miniaturizing a hyperspectral detection system on a chip by integrating a Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) based tunable Fabry Perot (FP) filter directly on a photodetector. A readout integrated circuit (ROIC) serves to both integrate the detector signal as well as to electrically tune the filter across the wavelength band. We report the first such demonstration of a tunable MEMS filter monolithically integrated on a HgCdTe detector. The filter structures, designed for operation in the 1.6-2.5 μm wavelength band, were fabricated directly on HgCdTe detectors, both in photoconducting and high density vertically integrated photodiode (HDVIP) detectors. The HDVIP detectors have an architecture that permits operation in the standard photodiode mode at low bias voltages (≤0.5V) or in the electron avalanche photodiode (EAPD) mode with gain at bias voltages of ~20V. In the APD mode gain values of 100 may be achieved at 20 V at 200 K. The FP filter consists of distributed Bragg mirrors formed of Ge-SiO-Ge, a sacrificial spacer layer within the cavity and a silicon nitride spacer membrane for support. Mirror stacks fabricated on silicon, identical to the structures that will form the optical cavity, have been characterized to determine the optimum filter characteristics. The measured full width at half maximum (FWHM) was 34 nm at the center wavelength of 1780 nm with an extinction ratio of 36.6. Fully integrated filters on HgCdTe photoconductors with a center wavelength of approximately 1950 nm give a FWHM of approximately 100 nm, and a peak responsivity of approximately 8 × 10<sup>4</sup> V/W. Initial results for the filters on HDVIP detectors exhibit FWHM of 140 nm.
Influenza B NS1 truncation mutants (2008)

Das Ziel der Doktorarbeit war die Etablierung von mutanten, replikations-inkompetenten Influenza B Viren mit beeintraechtigter Interferon antagonistischer Funktion zur Verwendung als lebend - attenuierter Impfstoff. Wir erzeugten verschiedene Influenza B Viren mit einerseits carboxy-terminal verkürzten NS1 Proteinen unterschiedlicher Länge oder andererseits mit komplett fehlendem NS1 ORF (delNS1-B) durch Reverse Genetik auf Vero Zellen. Aufgrund einer einzelnen Aminosäure Mutation (M86V) in dem Influenza B M1 Protein konnte das virale Wachstum in Vero Zellen erhöht werden, infolgedessen es erst möglich wurde einen delNS1-B Virus herzustellen, der zu Titern von über 8 logs wächst. Alle Viren zeigen eingeschränktes Wachstum in humanen alveolaren epithelial Zellen (A549) und in 6 Tage alten humanen Makrophagen. Der attenuierte Phänotyp der Viren ist assoziiert mit der Induktion von antiviralen (IFN-alpha) und pro-inflammatorischen Cytokinen (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta) früh nach der Infektion. Alle Vakzine Kandidaten waren replikations - inkompetent, riefen keine klinischen Symptome in Mäusen und Frettchen hervor und induzierten eine neutralisierende Antikörper Antwort. Nach einer einzigen intranasalen Immunisierung wurde ein vollständiger Schutz vor einer homologen Challenge mit einem wildtyp Virus erreicht. Da es bisher keine delNS1-B Virus Komponente gab, die zu hohen Titern in der Zellkultur wächst, war die Möglichkeit der Formulierung einer trivalenten Vakzine basierend auf der Deletion des wesentlichen Interferon Antagonisten restriktiv. Unsere Studie schliesst diese Lücke und ebnet den Weg für die klinische Evaluierung einer saisonalen, trivalenten, lebend-attenuierten, replikations inkompetenten und intranasalen delNS1 Influenza Vakzine.
Syntheses and Properties of Dimethyl and Tetramethyl Anthra[1,9-<i>cd</i> : 4,10-<i>c</i>′<i>d</i>′]bis[1,2]dichalcogenoles and Their Charge-Transfer Complexes (1991)

Abstract The dimethyl and tetramethyl derivatives of a series of anthra[1,9-cd : 4,10-c′d′]bis[1,2]dithiole, diselenole, and ditellurole have been prepared as a new type of electron donor. The introduced methyl groups serve to enhance not only the donor strength, but also the solubility, enabling a ready formation of their charge-transfer complexes with various electron acceptors such as 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), its 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro derivative, 2,5-dimethyl derivative (DMTCNQ), 2,5-dimethoxy derivative (DMOTCNQ), 2,6-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydronaphthalene (TNAP), 3,3′-dichloro-5,5′-bis(dicyanomethylene)-Δ2.2′-bi(3-thiolene) (DCBT), and 3,3′-dibromo-5,5′-bis(dicyanomethylene)-Δ2.2′-bi(3-selenolene) (DBBS). Although the resulting complexes are mostly 1:1 stoichiometrical, the TCNQ complexes tend to favor a composition rich in acceptors; on the contrary, the DMTCNQ and DMOTCNQ complexes tend to favor a composition rich in donors. Their electrical conductivities range widely from 8 to 10−9 S cm−1, being apparently dependent on appropriate combinations of the donors and the acceptors. In general, the present donors have a tendency to form highly conductive complexes with TCNQ, TNAP, DCBT, and DBBS. These highly conductive complexes mostly show a broad electron absorption in the infrared region, being characteristic of a segregated stacked structure in a mixed valence state. On the other hand, the X-ray analyses of DMTCNQ complexes of 3,4-dimethyl, 8,9-dimethyl, and 3,4,8,9-tetramethylanthra[1,9-cd : 4,10-c′d′]diselenoles and 3,4,8,9-tetramethylanthra[1,9-cd : 4,10-c′d′]dithiole have revealed that all of the crystal structures have mixed stack columns of donor–donor–acceptor type. Of them, the 3,4-dimethyl derivative complex shows an unusually high conductivity (0.53 S cm−1) for a mixed stacked structure, which is considered to be due to strong heteroatomic interactions of the intra- and inter-columns.
Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of Campylobacter coli VC167 Reveals Legionaminic Acid Derivatives as Novel Flagellar Glycans (2007)

Glycosylation of Campylobacter flagellin is required for the biogenesis of a functional flagella filament. Recently, we used a targeted metabolomics approach using mass spectrometry and NMR to identify changes in the metabolic profile of wild type and mutants in the flagellar glycosylation locus, characterize novel metabolites, and assign function to genes to define the pseudaminic acid biosynthetic pathway in Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 (McNally, D. J., Hui, J. P., Aubry, A. J., Mui, K. K., Guerry, P., Brisson, J. R., Logan, S. M., and Soo, E. C. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 18489-18498). In this study, we use a similar approach to further define the glycome and metabolomic complement of nucleotide-activated sugars in Campylobacter coli VC167. Herein we demonstrate that, in addition to CMP-pseudaminic acid, C. coli VC167 also produces two structurally distinct nucleotide-activated nonulosonate sugars that were observed as negative ions at m/z 637 and m/z 651 (CMP-315 and CMP-329). Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry yielded suitable amounts of the pure sugar nucleotides for NMR spectroscopy using a cold probe. Structural analysis in conjunction with molecular modeling identified the sugar moieties as acetamidino and N-methylacetimidoyl derivatives of legionaminic acid (Leg5Am7Ac and Leg5AmNMe7Ac). Targeted metabolomic analyses of isogenic mutants established a role for the ptmA-F genes and defined two new ptm genes in this locus as legionaminic acid biosynthetic enzymes. This is the first report of legionaminic acid in Campylobacter sp. and the first report of legionaminic acid derivatives as modifications on a protein.
Annular converging wave resonator: new insights (1977)

A simple theory describing the annular converging wave resonator has been developed. The theory explains results obtained in two recent experiments. Configurations of the converging wave resonator that could be used to extract power from a large-volume annular gain region in a single mode with nonzero azimuthal order are also discussed.