gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intermolecular Enolate Heterocoupling: Scope, Mechanism, and Application (2008)

This full account presents the background on, discovery of, and extensive insight that has been gained into the oxidative intermolecular coupling of two different carbonyl species. Optimization of this process has culminated in reliable and scalable protocols for the union of amides, imides, ketones, and oxindoles using soluble copper(II) or iron(III) salts as oxidants. Extensive mechanistic studies point to a metal-chelated single-electron-transfer process in the case of copper(II), while iron(III)-based couplings appear to proceed through a non-templated heterodimerization. This work presents the most in-depth findings on the mechanism of oxidative enolate coupling to date. The scope of oxidative enolate heterocoupling is extensive (40 examples) and has been shown to be efficient even on a large scale (gram-scale or greater). Finally, the method has been applied to the total synthesis of the unsymmetrical lignan lactone (-)-bursehernin and a medicinally important 2,3-disubstituted succinate derivative.
MASTAQ: A Middleware Architecture for Sensor Applications with Statistical Quality Constraints (2005)

We present the design goals and functional components of MASTAQ, a data management middleware for pervasive applications that utilize sensor data. MASTAQ allows applications to specify their quality-of information (QoI) preferences (in terms of statistical metrics over the data) independent of the underlying network topology. It then achieves energy efficiency by adaptively activating and querying only the subset of sensor nodes needed to meet the target QoI bounds. We also present a closed-loop feedback mechanism based on broadcasting of activation probabilities, which allows MASTAQ to activate the appropriate number of sensors without requiring any inter-sensor coordination or knowledge of the actual deployment.
Non‐Invasive <i>in vivo</i> Imaging in Small Animal Research (2006)

Non-invasive real time in vivo molecular imaging in small animal models has become the essential bridge between in vitro data and their translation into clinical applications. The tremendous development and technological progress, such as tumour modelling, monitoring of tumour growth and detection of metastasis, has facilitated translational drug development. This has added to our knowledge on carcinogenesis. The modalities that are commonly used include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), bioluminescence imaging, fluorescence imaging and multi-modality imaging systems. The ability to obtain multiple images longitudinally provides reliable information whilst reducing animal numbers. As yet there is no one modality that is ideal for all experimental studies. This review outlines the instrumentation available together with corresponding applications reported in the literature with particular emphasis on cancer research. Advantages and limitations to current imaging technology are discussed and the issues concerning small animal care during imaging are highlighted.
Tanshinones: Sources, Pharmacokinetics and Anti-Cancer Activities (2012)

Tanshinones are a class of abietane diterpene compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen or Tanshen in Chinese), a well-known herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Since they were first identified in the 1930s, more than 40 lipophilic tanshinones and structurally related compounds have been isolated from Danshen. In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the isolation, identification, synthesis and pharmacology of tanshinones. In addition to the well-studied cardiovascular activities, tanshinones have been investigated more recently for their anti-cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we update the herbal and alternative sources of tanshinones, and the pharmacokinetics of selected tanshinones. We discuss anti-cancer properties and identify critical issues for future research. Whereas previous studies have suggested anti-cancer potential of tanshinones affecting multiple cellular processes and molecular targets in cell culture models, data from in vivo potency assessment experiments in preclinical models vary greatly due to lack of uniformity of solvent vehicles and routes of administration. Chemical modifications and novel formulations had been made to address the poor oral bioavailability of tanshinones. So far, human clinical trials have been far from ideal in their design and execution for the purpose of supporting an anti-cancer indication of tanshinones.
Automatic Moving Vehicles Information Extraction From Single-Pass WorldView-2 Imagery (2012)

Because of the sub-meter spatial resolution of very high resolution (VHR) optical satellite imagery, vehicles can be identified in this type of imagery. Further, because there is a time lag in image collection between the Panchromatic (Pan) and multispectral (MS) sensors onboard VHR satellites, a moving vehicle is observed by the satellite at slightly different times. Consequently, its velocity information including speed and direction can be determined. The higher spatial resolution and more spectral bands of WorldView-2 (WV2) imagery, compared to those of previous VHR satellites such as QuickBird and GeoEye-1, together with the new sensors' configuration of WV2, i.e., 4 bands on each side of the Pan sensor (MS1 and MS2), adds an opportunity to improve both moving vehicles extraction and the velocity estimation. In this paper, a novel processing framework is proposed for the automatic extraction of moving vehicles and determination of their velocities using single-pass WV2 imagery. The approach contains three major components: a) object-based road extraction, b) moving vehicle extraction from MS1 and MS2, and c) velocity estimation. The method was tested on two different areas of a WV2 image, a high speed and a low speed traffic zone. The method resulted in a correctness of 92% and a completeness of 77% for the extraction of moving vehicles. Furthermore, the estimated speeds and directions are very realistic and are consistent with the speed limits posted on the roads. The results demonstrate a promising potential for automatic and accurate traffic monitoring using a single image of WV2.
Surface Free Energy Components of Clay-Synthetic Humic Acid Complexes from Contact-Angle Measurements (1991)

Abstract The surface free energy components of clay-organic complexes were determined to assess to what extent an organic adsorbate modified the surface properties of the mineral, insofar as the stability of soil aggregates is concerned. Adsorption isotherms for two synthetic, humic acid-like polymers were determined on a Ca-montmorillonite. From contact-angle measurements performed on dry surfaces, the surface free energy properties of the clay-organic complexes were determined using the two-liquid-phases method (water and hydrocarbons). This method allows both the dispersive and nondispersive components of the solid surface free energy, γ D S and γ P S , to be determined. The results show that a very small amount of polymer (1% by weight) adsorbed on the external surfaces of the montmorillonite decreased markedly the surface free energy components of the clay: γ D S decreased from 75 to 28 mJ/m 2 for polycondensate catechol (PC) and from 75 to 30 mJ/m 2 for polycondensate catechol triglycine (PCT), whereas γ P S ranged from 35 to 16 mJ/m 2 (PC) and from 35 to 17 mJ/m 2 (PCT). Although their chemical compositions were different, both polymers similarly modified γ D S and γ P S . Increasing the amount of polymer adsorbed (from 1% to 3.5% by weight) affected mostly γ P S , which became as low as 5 mJ/m 2 ; meanwhile, γ D S decreased from 30 to 23 mJ/m 2 . Possibly, the molecular orientation of the adsorbate changed in the process of dehydration. Following adsorption of synthetic humic acid-like polymers, dry Ca-montmorillonite complexes displayed γ S values < 50 mJ/m 2 , which were consistent with the solid-water contact angles measured in air.
Effect of fabrication imperfections on energy loss through mechanical mode coupling in MEMS (2018)

We identified the mechanical mode coupling as a major energy loss mechanism limiting the quality factor of MEMS resonators, such as gyroscopes. An analytical model was derived to quantify the effect of fabrication imperfections on the phenomenon of intermode energy exchange. Using both finite element analysis and analytical modeling, the mechanical coupling between in-plane and out-of-plane modes of resonators with fabrication imperfections was studied and the decrement in the quality factor due to mode coupling was predicted. The analysis was used to explain why some low frequency designs are exhibiting a quality factor close to their fundamental TED limit, while others are showing the quality factor with orders of magnitude lower than their TED limit. Our analytical predictions are supported experimentally.
J-function based geometric reasoning for robotics. II. Robot motion planning and navigation (2002)

For pt. I see ibid., p. 334-9 (1995). This paper presents the overall considerations taken for geometric reasoning of a great variety of problems: findspace, navigation, findpath and constraint motion planning, with a detailed description of the procedure. A general geometric reasoner based J-function is described, which can be integrated with any system for robot off-line programming and simulation.
Footnotes to food tables: 1. Differences in nutrient intakes of dietitians as calculated from the DHSS food tables and the fourth edition of McCance and Widdowson's 'The composition of foods'. (1985)

The differences in nutrient intakes as calculated by two British food composition tables (those compiled by the Department of Health and Social Security in 1963 [DHSS] and the 4th edition of McCance and Widdowson's 'The composition of Foods' [MW4] were examined. Intakes of 43 dietitians who kept weighed diet records every sixth day for 3 to 12 months with 11 to 75 (mean 40) days' records per subject were calculated from each food table and compared in a loge tranformation. Mean per cent differences between intakes (delta x 100) were vitamin A, +23.3; vitamin D, + 21.1; riboflavin, + 16.0;calcium, +6.3; thiamin +4.8; niacin, +3.2 (MW4 higher) and protein, -1.7; fat, -3.5; energy, -3.6; carbohydrate, -6.0; vitamin C, -6.1; iron, -11.3; vitamin B6, -14.4 (MW4 lower). Correlation coefficients were: nicotinic acid, 0.84; vitamin B6, 0.86; other nutrients 0.90 to 0.99; thus differences between the two food tables in classifying individuals as high or low consumers were small. Mean intakes compared by paired t-test were significantly different (P less than 0.001) for all nutrients except nicotinic acid, indicating consistent differences in the food tables when applied to foods eaten by different individuals (nicotinic acid excepted). Mean intakes compared by one-tailed t-test -- as if the data came from independent surveys -- were significantly different/only for riboflavin/and vitamin/B6 (P less than 0.01), vitamin A and iron (P less than 0.05). For these nutrients, significant differences in intakes could be found between two surveyed populations due solely to the use of different food tables and not to differences in foods eaten. For the other nutrients studied, differences between the food tables were of little practical importance. Differences were due primarily to new analytical values in MW4 for riboflavin in milk, retinol in liver, iron in meats, vitamin B6 in many foods, and the use of margarine fortified with vitamins A and D in recipes. Major differences in the (high) nicotinic acid content of beer, instant coffee and specific breakfast cereals resulted in unpredictable differences in intakes of individuals.
94. Studies on phosphorylation. Part I. Dibenzyl chlorophosphonate as a phosphorylating agent (1945)

F. R. Atherton, H. T. Openshaw and A. R. Todd, J. Chem. Soc., 1945, 382 DOI: 10.1039/JR9450000382
The Volatile Constituents in the Peel and Pulp of a Green Thai Mango, Khieo Sawoei Cultivar(Mangifera indica L.). (2001)

The essential oil in the peel and pulp of a popular green Thai mango, Khieo Sawoei cultivar (Mangifera indica L.) has been characterized by means of the odor thresholds. γ-Terpinene, (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were the major components. These major components differed from those of African mangoes, Florida mangoes, Indian mangoes and yellow Thai mangoes. The volatile oils from the pulp and the peel showed a high similarity of the volatile components in both sites. Odor unit values (Uo) of volatile components in both parts let us find out the aroma potent components in the Khieo Sawoei mango. Thus, nine compounds: hexanal (Uo189) and (E)-2-hexenal (Uo132) in the pulp showed higher Uo values (more than 1), while sixteen compounds: 2,4-decadienal (Uo279), (E)-2-decenal (Uo132), γ-terpinene (Uo125), (E)-β-ocimene (Uo119), (E)-2-hexenal (Uo116), and hexanal (Uo115) showed higher Uo values in the peel. Odor spectrum values calculated by these odor unit values characterized the aroma quality of Khieo Sawoei mango.
Interaction between photoresist pretreatment and high-aspect-ratio contact and via hole definition (1993)

The relationship between photoresist treatment prior to etch and subsequent oxide sidewall hole profile is investigated. Etched features were examined immediately after resist pattern definition with post-expose bake, then after oven hard bake or deep UV photostabilization. It was observed that taper of the etched oxide profile depends on pre-treatment temperature. Etch chemistry influences the relative change in taper across a range of pre-treatment temperatures. `Bowing,' as well as reticulated or `burnt' resist is eliminated. Profile variation across the wafer is reduced with deep UV photostabilization. Microscopic etch uniformity (RIE lag) also depends on the interaction between resist pre-treatment and oxide etch chemistry.
[Effects of gliclazide and glibenclamide on platelet function, fibrinolysis and metabolic control in diabetic patients with retinopathy (author's transl)]. (1982)

In order to compare the metabolic and hemobiological properties of two sulfonylureas, thirty-five non-insulin-dependent diabetics were randomly assigned to two groups. Each group was given either gliclazide (n = 20) or glibenclamide (n = 15) for six months. Metabolic control was improved in both groups, as evidenced by the decrease in HbA1 concentrations. A significant fall in ADP (1 and 4 microM)--induced platelet aggregation was recorded in the gliclazide group, while antithrombin III levels remained normal throughout the trial and plasminogen activator levels increased. These hemobiologic changes may be effective in preventing the vascular complications of diabetes. In contrast, glibenclamide did not alter platelet aggregation. Furthermore, a significant decrease in both antithrombin III levels and basal and venostasis-stimulated plasminogen activator levels were seen in glibenclamide patients. The beneficial changes in hemostasis seen in gliclazide patients probably result from a direct effect of the drug since hemobiological parameters and metabolic control parameters were not correlated.
Inertial sensors technologies for navigation applications: state of the art and future trends (2020)

Abstract Inertial navigation represents a unique method of navigation, in which there is no dependency on external sources of information. As opposed to other position fixing navigation techniques, inertial navigation performs the navigation in a relative sense with respect to the initial navigation state of the moving platform. Hence, inertial navigation systems are not prone to jamming, or spoofing. Inertial navigation systems have developed vastly, from their occurrence in the 1940s up to date. The accuracy of the inertial sensors has improved over time, making inertial sensors sufficient in terms of size, weight, cost, and accuracy for navigation and guidance applications. Within the past few years, inertial sensors have developed from being purely mechanical into incorporating various technologies and taking advantage of numerous physical phenomena, from which the dynamic forces exerted on a moving body could be computed accurately. Besides, the evolution of inertial navigation scheme involved the evolution from stable-platform inertial navigation system, which were mechanically complicated, to computationally demanding strap-down inertial navigation systems. Optical sensory technologies have provided highly accurate inertial sensors, at smaller sizes. Besides, the vibratory inertial navigation technologies enabled the production of Micro-electro-machined inertial sensors that are extremely low-cost, and offer extremely low size, weight and power consumption, making them suitable for a wide range of day-to-day navigation applications. Recently, advanced inertial sensor technologies have been introduced to the industry such as nuclear magnetic resonance technology, cold-atom technology, and the re-introduction of fluid-based inertial sensors. On another note, inertial sensor errors constitute a huge research aspect in which it is intended for inertial sensors to reach level in which they could operate for substantially long operation times in the absence of updates from aiding sensors, which would be a huge leap. Inertial sensors error modeling techniques have been developing rapidly trying to ensure higher levels of navigation accuracy using lower-cost inertial sensors. In this review, the inertial sensor technologies are covered extensively, along the future trends in the inertial sensors’ technologies. Besides, this review covers a brief overview on the inertial error modeling techniques used to enhance the performance of low-cost sensors.
Amphetamine effects on recovery sleep following total sleep deprivation (1991)

Abstract Normal, healthy adult males participated in a sleep deprivation study during which periodic assessments of mood, alertness, cognitive performance, and vital signs were made. After 48 hours of continuous wakefulness, placebo or d‐amphetamine (5, 10, 20 mg) was administered orally in a double‐blind fashion. Assessments continued for an additional 14 hours at which time the subjects were allowed to sleep. A significant difference in total sleep time was observed with the highest amphetamine group (20 mg) averaging 7·0 hours vs. 8·1 hours for the placebo group. The decrease in total sleep time was due largely to a significant decrease in REM time. The number of REM episodes was not affected by drug. Latency to the first REM episode was decreased by the 5 and 10 mg dose but unchanged by the 20 mg dose of amphetamine. Amphetamine's significant effects on total sleep time and other parameters more than 15 hours after administration indicate a prolonged drug effect.
Two randomized, controlled, comparative studies of the stratum corneum integrity benefits of two cosmetic niacinamide/glycerin body moisturizers vs. conventional body moisturizers. (2012)

These studies establish the benefit of including niacinamide in a body moisturizer to improve the integrity of the stratum corneum and thus reduce cosmetic xerosis over time.
Effects of Molar Ratios of Thiol-Ene Monomers on the Morphology and Electro-Optical Properties of Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films (2013)

We synthesized tetrafunctional allyl ether monomer (4-AE) and investigated the effects of the different molar ratios of trimethylolpropane tris-(3-mercaptopropionate) (3-SH) to 4-AE on the photopolymerization behavior, morphology, and electro-optical properties of thiol-ene-based PDLC films. Photo-DSC and DSC analyses revealed that the PDLC sample containing 45 wt% 3-SH and 45 wt% 4-AE gave the highest exotherm, the fastest photocure rate, and the highest Tg due to the matched stoichiometry. Morphological observations and electro-optical measurements showed that the PDLC sample with the matched molar ratio gave the smallest LC droplet size, the highest threshold, driving voltages, and lowest saturation transmittance because the orientation of LC molecules got difficulty in small droplets. The stoichiometric ratios of 3-SH to 4-AE played an important role in controlling the photocure rate, phase separation rate, microstructures of LC droplets, and electro-optical properties of thiol-ene-based PDLC systems.
Catabolism of premercapturic acid pathway metabolites of naphthalene to naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites in rats. (1985)

[14C]Naphthalene was given orally to rats with cannulated bile ducts and to germ-free rats. Bile and urine from the cannulated rats and urine from the germ-free rats contained no radioactive 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene and only trace amounts of radioactive naphthols or naphthol conjugates. Urine of control rats contained 4.6% of the 14C dose as naphthols and/or naphthol glucuronides. Appreciable quantities of 1- and 2-naphthol (7-20% of dose) and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-methylthionaphthalene (1-35% of dose) were in urine from rats dosed orally or intracecally with 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene. Apparently, in vivo, naphthols and methylthio-containing metabolites of naphthalene are formed during enterohepatic circulation of 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-cysteinylnaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-S-(N-acetyl)cysteinylnaphthalene in a process dependent upon intestinal microflora. A possible pathway for the formation of naphthols is aromatization of the precursor compounds by elimination of the appropriate substituent group from these metabolites. This discovery of the essential role of the intestinal microflora in the formation of naphthols from naphthalene indicates the existence of a novel pathway for hydroxylation of aromatic systems and challenges the current concept of the in vivo relevance of the in vitro production of naphthols from naphthalene 1,2-oxide.
A Comparison of the Self‐emulsifying Properties of Polyglycolysed Glyceride Oils (1995)

The self-emulsifying properties of three glyceride-based oils (Labrafac CM10, Labrafil WL2609 BS and Labrafil M1944 CS) mixed with Tween 20 have been investigated using visual examination, particle size analysis and differential interference contrast microscopy.



It was found that the oil with the highest hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value (Labrafac CM 10, HLB 10) showed the greatest tendency to spontaneously self-emulsify and yielded emulsions with the smallest particle size. Examination using differential interference contrast microscopy indicated that the oil-surfactant mixes may form w/o/w emulsions in water on gentle agitation, particularly when using Labrafil M1944 CS which had the lowest HLB of the three oils (HLB 3–4).



The results therefore indicate firstly that the nature of the oil may have a profound effect on the self-emulsification, secondly that these systems may form multiple emulsions and thirdly that the requirements to self-emulsify and to form w/o/w emulsions appear to be contrasting.