gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
5‐HT<sub>4</sub> receptor‐mediated modulation of 5‐HT release in the rat hippocampus <i>in vivo</i> (1996)

1. In the present study, the ability of the 5-hydroxytryptamine, receptor (5-HT4 receptor) to modulate the release of 5-HT in the hippocampus of freely-moving rats was investigated by the in vivo microdialysis technique. 2. The 5-HT4 receptor agonist, renzapride (1.0-100 microM, administered via the microdialysis probe) increased extracellular hippocampal levels of 5-HT in concentration-dependent manner (approximately 200% maximal increase). The ability of renzapride (100 microM, administered via the microdialysis probe) to elevate extracellular levels of 5-HT remained in the presence of the selective 5-HT reuptake blocker, paroxetine (1.0 microM, administered via the microdialysis probe). Furthermore, another 5-HT4 receptor agonist 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT; 10 microM, administered via the microdialysis probe, in the presence of the non-5-HT4 5-HT receptor antagonists pindolol (10 microM) and methysergide (10 microM)) maximally elevated extracellular levels of 5-HT by approximately 450% in the rat hippocampus. The elevation of extracellular 5-HT levels induced by either renzapride (100 microM) or 5-MeOT (10 microM) was completely prevented by combined administration of the selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, GR113808 (100 nM, administered via the microdialysis probe). GR113808 (100 nM, administered via the microdialysis probe) administered alone, however, reduced extracellular hippocampal 5-HT levels by some 60%. 3. Systemic administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg kg-1, s.c.) reduced extracellular levels of 5-HT in the rat hippocampus by approximately 40%. Prior administration of 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg kg-1, s.c.), with an associated reduction of extracellular hippocampal 5-HT levels by approximately 40-50%, however, failed to prevent a subsequent elevation of extracellular levels of 5-HT induced by renzapride (100 microM, administered via the microdialysis probe). 4. Systemic administration of the 5-HT4 receptor agonist, renzapride (0.25 and 1.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) increased extracellular levels of 5-HT in the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner. The higher dose of renzapride increasing extracellular 5-HT levels by some 200%. The selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, GR125487D (1.0-100 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) caused a dose-dependent reduction in extracellular levels of 5-HT in the hippocampus (maximally approximately 80% reduction). Prior administration of GR125487D (10 micrograms kg-1, i.p.) prevented the elevation of extracellular levels of 5-HT induced by renzapride (1.0 mg kg-1, i.p.). 5. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that activation of the 5-HT4 receptor facilitates 5-HT release in the rat hippocampus in vivo.
Photocatalytic Activation of Water and Methane over Modified Gallium Oxide for Hydrogen Production (2010)

Ga2O3 photocatalysts showed a high and stable activity for the photocatalytic steam reforming of methane (PSRM; 2H2O(g) + CH4 → 4H2 + CO2) around room temperature. The activity was much influenced by the cocatalyst and the crystal structure of Ga2O3; the highest activity was obtained over Pt-loaded β-type Ga2O3 with specific surface area of 10−20 m2 g−1. The addition of metal cations into the bulk and/or on the surface of Ga2O3 was also effective to improve the photocatalytic activity; metal cations having both a smaller oxidation number than that of Ga3+ and a similar ionic radius to that of Ga3+, such as Mg2+ and Zn2+, were effective as the dopant into the bulk of β-Ga2O3, while cations of the aluminum group such as In3+ and Al3+ were effective as the surface additives. When we compared the activity for the PSRM with those for the water decomposition (WD; H2O → H2 + 1/2O2) and the methane decomposition (MD; CH4 → x/2H2 + CH4−x), it was revealed that the improvement of the bulk processes would mainly influence the water activation while that of the surface processes would affect the methane activation.
Hierarchical fault simulation in combinational circuits (2003)

A method is presented for speeding up fault simulation in combinational circuits by taking advantage of a hierarchical circuit description. The parallel-pattern single-fault-propagation technique is combined with the concept of fanout-free regions, and this approach is then extended to exploit hierarchy. A number of illustrative experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method and substantiate the gains in simulation speed. Besides the savings in CPU time, the method results in a significant reduction in the memory requirements for creating and maintaining the computational model of the circuit to be simulated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Code generation for Linux device driver (2006)

Device drivers are software interfaces between software applications and hardware devices. As part of complex operating system, device drivers are considered extremely difficult to develop. They are usually developed in low-level programming languages, such as C, that cannot provide type safety and device semantics. The device driver developers must have an in-depth understanding of given hardware and software platforms. This paper presents a method and tools to lower entry barriers of device driver development for software engineers who lack knowledge of operating system and hardware platform and to reduce development time and effort by introducing automations in device driver design process.
Camera system to detect the orientation of a corner cube in real time (2002)

The measurement of the position and orientation of a robot end effector is the most critical issue in calibrating robots. Systems to measure the position are well known but systems to measure the orientation at the same time and with a useful accuracy are not available. A method to do this was developed at the Institute of Flexible Automation (INFA). The new system (LuxWess) bases on a tracking system, a laser beam and image processing techniques. This paper describes the real time image processing system required to record the profile of the laser beam with a sample rate of more than 10000 frames per second and to find the geometry of the corner cube. The detection of the information needed to calculate the orientation of the corner cube with an accuracy of 10 arc seconds is explained. A method to increase the accuracy up to 2 arc seconds is introduced.
Differentiation of mixed biological traces in sexual assaults using DNA fragment analysis (2014)

During the investigation of sexual abuse, it is not rare that mixed genetic material from two or more persons is detected. In such cases, successful profiling can be achieved using DNA fragment analysis, resulting in individual genetic profiles of offenders and their victims. This has led to an increase in the percentage of identified perpetrators of sexual offenses. The classic and modified genetic models used, allowed us to refine and implement appropriate extraction, polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic procedures with individual assessment and approach to conducting research. Testing mixed biological traces using DNA fragment analysis appears to be the only opportunity for identifying perpetrators in gang rapes.
Eine Einfache Darstellungsmethode für Bromtrichlormethan (1963)

Abstract Eine einfache Laboratoriumsmethode zur Gewinnung von Bromtrichlormethan aus Aluminiumbromid und Tetrachlormethan wird beschrieben.
Processing Optimization of Chocolate with Fermented and Aged Garlic Extract (2010)

This study was conducted to aid in the development of the optimal recipe for chocolate with fermented and aged garlic extract (Allium sativum var. pekinense). We added garlic extract in order to increase the nutritional value of the chocolate. The optimal sensory composite recipe was determined, following Central Composites for chocolate with different levels of fermented and aged garlic extract (A) and cream (B), while analysis was performed by Response Surface Methodology, from the date that the sensory evaluation was performed. Ten experimental recipes, including 2 reference points in the composition, were selected. The compositional and functional properties were measured, and physical and sensory values were applied to the mathematical models. Perturbation plots showed the influence of each ingredient on the final product. Measurements showed significant values in lightness, sweetness, pH, hardness and cohesiveness, while sensory measurements showed significant values in color, texture, sourness, bitterness and overall quality. The optimum formulations were calculated by numerical and graphical methods, as being 34.61g fermented and aged garlic extract and 72.68g cream for each 200g chocolate. As well it was revealed that the aptitude of chocolate was more influenced by fermented garlic extract than it was by cream.
Solvent Extraction of Hexavalent Plutonium with 1-Phenyl,3-Methyl,4-Benzoyl Pyrazolone-5 (HPMBP) and Bi-dentate Neutral Donors (DBDECMP, DHDECMP and CMPO): Synergism and Thermodynamics (1996)

Article Solvent Extraction of Hexavalent Plutonium with 1-Phenyl,3-Methyl,4-Benzoyl Pyrazolone-5 (HPMBP) and Bi-dentate Neutral Donors (DBDECMP, DHDECMP and CMPO): Synergism and Thermodynamics was published on June 1, 1996 in the journal Radiochimica Acta (volume 73, issue 2).
Decomposition of Ethylene Glycol by the Combined Use of Ozone Oxidation and Electrolytic Methods (1990)

Abstract Decomposition of ethylene glycol by the combined use of an ozone oxidation and an electrolytic method was studied. The overall order of reaction was 0.8 with respect to the concentration of ethylene glycol, and 0.7 to that of ozone in the feed gas. Glycolaldehyde, glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, and formaldehyde were detected as reaction products, and the removal of total organic carbon (TOC), which was not attained by either of the two methods alone, was attained at the same time. The reaction pathway was estimated, and it was considered that the removal of TOC via formic acid was more important than that via oxalic acid. The synergistic effect of the combined use was considered to be caused by reactive radicals formed during the process of a reaction. The removal of TOC was greatly affected by the quality and quantity of salt added.
Neighboring group effects in the .beta.-halo amines. Synthesis and solvolytic reactivity of the anti-4-substituted 2-azaadamantyl system (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNeighboring group effects in the .beta.-halo amines. Synthesis and solvolytic reactivity of the anti-4-substituted 2-azaadamantyl systemJames G. Henkel and William C. FaithCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 24, 4953–4959Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00337a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00337a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views642Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Theory and Applications of Incremental&lt;tex&gt;$Delta Sigma $&lt;/tex&gt;Converters (2004)

Analog-Digital (A/D) converters used in instrumentation and measurements often require high absolute accuracy, including very high linearity and negligible dc offset. The realization of high-resolution Nyquist-rate converters becomes very expensive when the resolution exceeds 16 bits. The conventional delta-sigma (/spl Delta//spl Sigma/) structures used in telecommunication and audio applications usually cannot satisfy the requirements of high absolute accuracy and very small offset. The incremental (or integrating) converter provides a solution for such measurement applications, as it has most advantages of the /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ converter, yet is capable of offset-free and accurate conversion. In this paper, theoretical and practical aspects of higher order incremental converters are discussed. The operating principles, topologies, specialized digital filter design methods, and circuit level issues are all addressed. It is shown how speed, resolution, and A/D complexity can be optimized for a given design, and how with some special digital filters improved speed/resolution ratio can be achieved. The theoretical results are verified by showing design examples and simulation results.
Active efflux of tetracycline encoded by four genetically different tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli. (1980)

Tetracycline resistance encoded by four genetically different determinants residing on plasmids in Escherichia coli was shown to be associated in each case with an energy-dependent decrease in accumulation of the antibiotic in whole cells in which resistance had been induced. The different class determinants examined were those on plasmids RP1 (class A), R222 (class B), R144 (class C), and RA1 (class D). This decrease in accumulation was attributable to an active efflux, because everted (inside-out) membrane vesicles made from tetracycline-induced E. coli cells containing any one of the four plasmids were shown to concentrate tetracycline by an active influx. This active uptake was not seen in inside-out vesicles from sensitive cells or uninduced R222-containing cells. In vesicles from induced R222-containing cells, the efflux appeared to be carrier-mediated with a Km of about 6 microM. These results demonstrate that active export of tetracycline is a common component of the mechanism for tetracycline resistance encoded by different plasmid-borne determinants in bacteria.
Dummies and the sudden infant death syndrome. (1993)

The association between dummy use and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was investigated in 485 deaths due to SIDS in the postneonatal age group and compared with 1800 control infants. Parental interviews were completed in 87% of subjects. The prevalence of dummy use in New Zealand is low and varies within New Zealand. Dummy use in the two week period before death was less in cases of SIDS than in the last two weeks for controls (odds ratio (OR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 1.02). Use of a dummy in the last sleep for cases of SIDS or in the nominated sleep for controls was significantly less in cases than controls (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.73). The OR changed very little after controlling for a wide range of potential confounders. It is concluded that dummy use may protect against SIDS, but this observation needs to be repeated before dummies can be recommended for this purpose. If dummy sucking is protective then it is one of several factors that may explain the higher mortality from SIDS in New Zealand than in other countries, and may also explain in part the regional variation within New Zealand.
Placenta-specific Methylation of the Vitamin D 24-Hydroxylase Gene (2009)

Plasma concentrations of biologically active vitamin D (1,25-(OH)(2)D) are tightly controlled via feedback regulation of renal 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1; positive) and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1; catabolic) enzymes. In pregnancy, this regulation is uncoupled, and 1,25-(OH)(2)D levels are significantly elevated, suggesting a role in pregnancy progression. Epigenetic regulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 has previously been described in cell and animal models, and despite emerging evidence for a critical role of epigenetics in placentation generally, little is known about the regulation of enzymes modulating vitamin D homeostasis at the fetomaternal interface. In this study, we investigated the methylation status of genes regulating vitamin D bioavailability and activity in the placenta. No methylation of the VDR (vitamin D receptor) and CYP27B1 genes was found in any placental tissues. In contrast, the CYP24A1 gene is methylated in human placenta, purified cytotrophoblasts, and primary and cultured chorionic villus sampling tissue. No methylation was detected in any somatic human tissue tested. Methylation was also evident in marmoset and mouse placental tissue. All three genes were hypermethylated in choriocarcinoma cell lines, highlighting the role of vitamin D deregulation in this cancer. Gene expression analysis confirmed a reduced capacity for CYP24A1 induction with promoter methylation in primary cells and in vitro reporter analysis demonstrated that promoter methylation directly down-regulates basal promoter activity and abolishes vitamin D-mediated feedback activation. This study strongly suggests that epigenetic decoupling of vitamin D feedback catabolism plays an important role in maximizing active vitamin D bioavailability at the fetomaternal interface.
Medium‐chain triglyceride loading test in carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase deficiency: Insights on treatment (1999)

The results of a medium-chain triglyceride loading test in a patient with severe carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency clearly demonstrated impaired in vivo utilization of medium-chain triglycerides. The loading test was performed at the ages of 7 and 36 months. The diet was adjusted accordingly. The clinical course has been favourable and the child is now in very good condition at age 4 years. We conclude that the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides is only partial in carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and cannot reasonably be considered an optimal source of energy for these patients. Careful adjustment of dietetic treatment may help to improve prognosis.
The CIP family of fieldbus protocols and its newest member - Ethernet/IP (2002)

DeviceNet and ControlNet are two well known members of the same family of protocols - the CIP family (CIP=Control an Information Protocol). Both protocols have been developed by Rockwell Automation, but are now owned and maintained by the two manufacturers organizations ODVA (Open DeviceNet Vendors Association, see http://www.odva.org) and ControlNet International (see http://www.controlnet.org/). ODVA and ControlNet International have recently introduced the newest member of this family - Ethernet/IP ("IP" stands for "Industrial Protocol"). This paper describes the basics of CIP and gives an overview over the newest member of this family of protocols - Ethernet/IP.
Adsorption of inorganic arsenic and organoarsenicals on hydrous oxides (1987)

Abstract Adsorption of aqueous arsenic on activated alumina was investigated. pH greatly affects the surface chemical interactions of all species of arsenic, inorganic or organic, with hydrous alumina. Arsenate adsorbs well at pHs less than the pH zpc of alumina, with maximum adsorption occurring at pH 5. Maximum adsorption of arsenite occurs at pH 8. The adsorption behavior of monomethyl arsonate (MMA) is similar to that of arsenate. Adsorption of arsenic is enhanced by the presence of cations. Experiments with fixed alumina beds with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of only five minutes or less indicate that arsenic concentrations typical of North American waters can be removed effectively for long periods of time without regeneration. Spent alumina beds can be successfully regenerated using 0.5% NaOH followed by dilute acid rinse.
Quantitative analyses by diffusion column reactions. II. Reproducibility of analyses pertinent to the determination of reactant concentrations. (1962)

Summary 1.Of 100 lines resulting from regression of diffusion (mm) onto √min for SD columns of fraction (II, V)-antifraction homologous reactions, 91% could be adequately expressed by a linear equation ( y = K √min + a ) when tested for good-of-fit (F-ratio test) over a wide range of antibody concentrations. 2.At specific reactant concentrations, diffusion (mm) vs √min had 57% and 100% reproducibility for two series for Fractions II and V homologous SD reactions respectively (Table I). 3.Analyses of standard curves with slope m , resulting from K regressed on the logarithm of wide ranges of antigen or antibody concentration, indicated that 19 out of 40 (47%) could be adequately expressed by a linear equation ( K = m (log concentration + b )) (Table II). 4.Considering only standard curves that gave adequate straight line fits and using stored SD columns, the resulting slopes m had good reproducibility (89%) even on only duplicate series of titrations (Table II).
The Great Divide: A Comparison of Kentucky and Ohio Counties Along the Ohio River (1840-1860) (2001)

This paper operates under an opposite assumption and, instead, argues that the Kentucky-Ohio border is an ideal test case for the null hypothesis that the institution of slavery per se had no significant economic effects. Kentucky and Ohio counties tracing the Ohio River are composed of the same soil and face similar weather conditions (Blanford, 2001; Barnhisel, 2001; Foster, 2001). Both regions likewise claim the same geographical access to outside markets.
Downstream Processing in Industrial Biotechnology (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Separations in Industrial Biotechnology Examples of Downstream Processing of Different Product Groups Acknowledgments References
Formate dehydrogenase from the methane oxidizer Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b (1990)

Formate dehydrogenase (NAD+ dependent) was isolated from the obligate methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. When the enzyme was isolated anaerobically, two forms of the enzyme were seen on native polyacrylamide gels, DE-52 cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 columns; they were approximately 315,000 and 155,000 daltons. The enzyme showed two subunits on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The Mr of the alpha-subunit was 53,800 +/- 2,800, and that of the beta-subunit was 102,600 +/- 3,900. The enzyme (Mr 315,000) was composed of these subunits in an apparent alpha 2 beta 2 arrangement. Nonheme iron was present at a concentration ranging from 11 to 18 g-atoms per mol of enzyme (Mr 315,000). Similar levels of acid-labile sulfide were detected. No other metals were found in stoichiometric amounts. When the enzyme was isolated aerobically, there was no cofactor requirement for NAD reduction; however, when isolated anaerobically, activity was 80 to 90% dependent on the addition of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to the reaction mixture. Furthermore, the addition of formate to an active, anoxic solution of formate dehydrogenase rapidly inactivated it in the absence of an electron acceptor; this activity could be reconstituted approximately 85% by 50 nM FMN. Flavin adenine dinucleotide could not replace FMN in reconstituting enzyme activity. The Kms of formate dehydrogenase for formate, NAD, and FMN were 146, 200, and 0.02 microM, respectively. "Pseudomonas oxalaticus" formate dehydrogenase, which has physical characteristics nearly identical to those of the M. trichosporium enzyme, was also shown to be inactivated under anoxic conditions by formate and reactivated by FMN. The evolutionary significance of this similarity is discussed.
The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (2007)

Clinical trials testing the efficacy of vitamin E in the treatment of OA and inflammatory arthritis have been methodologically weak and have produced contradictory findings. There is presently no convincing evidence that selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C or the combination product selenium ACE is effective in the treatment of any type of arthritis.