gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Über Isonitrilkomplexe, I. Mitteil.: Darstellung und Eigenschaften aromatischer Nickeltetraisonitrile. Ein chemisches Argument für die Nitrilstruktur der Blausäure (vorläufige Mitteilung) (1950)

Abstract Es werden die Darstellung einiger Nickel‐tetraarylisonitrile durch Verdrängung der Kohlenoxydreste aus Nickel‐tetracarbonyl mittels aromatischer Isonitrile sowie ihre Eigenschaften beschrieben. Die Untersuchung weiterer Verdrängungsreaktionen führte insbesondere zu dem ersten rein chemischen Argument für die Nitrilstruktur der Blausäure.
On the Behaviour of High Polymer in Solutions (1956)

ポリビニルアルコール (PVA) 水溶液は粘度が時間的に上昇し, ある濃度以上ではついにゲル化する。その機作を明らかにする目的をもって, 種々の條件でつくったゲルの見かけの融点とPVA濃度との関係およびその水溶液の見かけの粘度の時問的変化を種々の濃度, 温度について測定した。ゲルの見かけの融点Tmと濃度Cとの間にはPVA2209/lまでの濃度範囲では1og C=ΔH/RTm+Constantなる関係が成立し, これから計算されるΔHは8.8kcal/molである。これは大体水素結合1～2個に相当し, したがって少なくとも稀薄なゲルにおいては高分子銀は水素結合1～2個程度の強さで結びつけられ網状構造をつくっていると考えられる。見かけの粘度はある濃度以上では明らかに時間とともに上昇するが, かなり顕著なチクソトロピーを示す。これらのことからゲル化の初期段階と考えられる溶液のagingはおそらくPVA分子間の弱い結合によるのであろうと想像される。
Identification of anatoxins in blue-green algae food supplements using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2001)

Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in tablets and capsules, which are marketed as health food supplements, were investigated for the presence of neurotoxins related to anatoxin-a. These neurotoxins, which are nicotinic agonists, were investigated using isocratic micro-liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (micro-LC-MS-MS). The investigated compounds were anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a, together with their degradation products, dihydroanatoxin-a, epoxyanatoxin-a, dihydrohomoanatoxin-a and epoxyhomoanatoxin-a which were synthesized from the parent toxins. The analytes were extracted with methanol followed by isocratic chromatography on a micro C18 reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-water, 50:50 (v/v), containing 20 mm acetic acid at 30 microl min(-1). The toxins were ionized in an ionspray (IS) interface operating in the positive ion mode, where the intact protonated molecules, [M + H]+, were generated at m/z 166, m/z 168, m/z 182, m/z 180, m/z 182 and m/z 196, for anatoxin-a, dihydroanatoxin-a, epoxyanatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, dihydrohomoanatoxin-a and epoxyhomoanatoxin-a, respectively. These served as precursor ions for collision-induced-dissociation (CID) and diagnostic product ions for these anatoxins were identified to carry out toxin confirmation by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) LC-MS-MS analysis. Dihydrohomoanatoxin-a and a novel isomer of epoxyanatoxin-a were identified in blue-green algae tablets. This finding suggests that a potential human health hazard could be associated with the consumption of these food supplements.
Compact, 24 kHz Ti:S Laser (2004)

We report the development of a compact pulsed Ti:S laser operating at a pulse repetition frequency of 24 kHz. The Ti:S laser produced average output power of 320 mW, consisting of 50 nsec pulses with 440 W peak power. Use of a CVL pump source produces short tunable pulses with excellent pulse-to-pufse stability
Optimization of equilibrium geometries and transition structures (1982)

Abstract A modified conjugate gradient algorithm for geometry optimization is outlined for use with ab initio MO methods. Since the computation time for analytical energy gradients is approximately the same as for the energy, the optimization algorithm evaluates and utilizes the gradients each time the energy is computed. The second derivative matrix, rather than its inverse, is updated employing the gradients. At each step, a one‐dimensional minimization using a quartic polynomial is carried out, followed by an n ‐dimensional search using the second derivative matrix. By suitably controlling the number of negative eigenvalues of the second derivative matrix, the algorithm can also be used to locate transition structures. Representative timing data for optimizations of equilibrium geometries and transition structures are reported for ab initio SCF – MO calculations.
Characterization of the interactions between the glycine transporters GLYT1 and GLYT2 and the SNARE protein syntaxin 1A (2000)

In this study we have examined the effect of the SNARE protein syntaxin 1A on the glycine transporters GLYT1 and GLYT2. Our results demonstrate a functional and physical interaction between both glycine transporters and syntaxin 1A. Co-transfection of syntaxin 1A with GLYT1 or GLYT2 in COS cells resulted in approximately 40% inhibition in glycine transport. This inhibition was reversed by the syntaxin 1A-binding protein, Munc18. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation studies showed a physical interaction between syntaxin 1A and both transporters in COS cells and in rat brain tissue. Finally, we conclude that this physical interaction resulted in a partial removal of the glycine transporters from the plasma membrane as demonstrated by biotinylation studies.
Disturbed Healing of Extraction Wounds (1999)

Disturbed healing of a dental extraction wound can cause severe pain and can jeopardize attempts at dental implants or other treatments. The pathogenesis of disturbed healing was studied by histological examination of 221 postoperative biopsies taken for diagnostic purposes from human extraction wounds at different stages of healing. A relationship was observed between the healing stages and different disturbances such as dry socket, suppurative osteitis, necrotizing osteitis, and fibrous healing.
Notch signals positively regulate activity of the mTOR pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2007)

Constitutive Notch activation is required for the proliferation of a subgroup of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Downstream pathways that transmit pro-oncogenic signals are not well characterized. To identify these pathways, protein microarrays were used to profile the phosphorylation state of 108 epitopes on 82 distinct signaling proteins in a panel of 13 T-cell leukemia cell lines treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) to inhibit Notch signals. The microarray screen detected GSI-induced hypophosphorylation of multiple signaling proteins in the mTOR pathway. This effect was rescued by expression of the intracellular domain of Notch and mimicked by dominant negative MAML1, confirming Notch specificity. Withdrawal of Notch signals prevented stimulation of the mTOR pathway by mitogenic factors. These findings collectively suggest that the mTOR pathway is positively regulated by Notch in T-ALL cells. The effect of GSI on the mTOR pathway was independent of changes in phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and Akt activity, but was rescued by expression of c-Myc, a direct transcriptional target of Notch, implicating c-Myc as an intermediary between Notch and mTOR. T-ALL cell growth was suppressed in a highly synergistic manner by simultaneous treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and GSI, which represents a rational drug combination for treating this aggressive human malignancy.
Hole dominated transport in InGaAs metal semiconductor metal photodetectors (1995)

We report the direct measurement of the intrinsic photocurrent response of both top and back illuminated planar metal–semiconductor–metal structures. We directly observe the temporal dynamics of the hole transport dependence on applied bias and the initial spatial distribution using a near infrared tunable femtosecond light source and electrically biased structures. The increased hole transit time of back illuminated structures can be completely understood in terms of the hole velocity and the initial spatial distribution of the carriers. Additionally, we report the fastest directly measured 50 μm diameter InGaAs photodetector with a 26 ps full width at half maximum.
<title>Polymer integrated optics: promise versus practicality</title> (2002)

The demand in optical networking for photonic components that meet performance criteria as well as economic requirements has opened the door for novel technologies capable of high-yield low-cost manufacturing while delivering high performance and enabling unique functions. The most promising new technologies are based on integrated optics. Integration permits the parallel production of complex multi-function photonic circuits on a planar substrate. Polymeric materials are particularly attractive in integrated optics because of their ability to be processed rapidly, cost-effectively, and with high yields; because they enable power-efficient dynamic componentry through thermo-optic and electro-optic actuation; and because they allow to form compact optical circuits by offering large refractive index contrasts (index difference values between waveguide core and cladding). We compare the properties of optical polymers with those of other material systems utilized in integrated optics. We present an up-to-date snapshot of the global effort in optical polymer material development. We describe the criteria that optical polymers need to meet in order to be viable for commercial deployment. We review the state of the art in polymeric integrated optical components including switches, attenuators, filters, polarization controllers, modulators, lasers, amplifiers, and detectors. We further emphasize the practicality aspect by conveying which technologies have been productized successfully, which ones are ready for commercial introduction, and which ones are still under development in research laboratories.
Microenvironmental Remodeling as a Parameter and Prognostic Factor of Heterogeneous Leukemogenesis in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (2015)

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of stem cell-like blasts in bone marrow (BM); however, their unique cellular interaction within the BM microenvironment and its functional significance remain unclear. Here, we assessed the BM microenvironment of AML patients and demonstrate that the leukemia stem cells induce a change in the transcriptional programming of the normal mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). The modified leukemic niche alters the expressions of cross-talk molecules (i.e., CXCL12 and JAG1) in MSCs to provide a distinct cross-talk between normal and leukemia cells, selectively suppressing normal primitive hematopoietic cells while supporting leukemogenesis and chemoresistance. Of note, AML patients exhibited distinct heterogeneity in the alteration of mesenchymal stroma in BM. The distinct pattern of stromal changes in leukemic BM at initial diagnosis was associated with a heterogeneous posttreatment clinical course with respect to the maintenance of complete remission for 5 to 8 years and early or late relapse. Thus, remodeling of mesenchymal niche by leukemia cells is an intrinsic self-reinforcing process of leukemogenesis that can be a parameter for the heterogeneity in the clinical course of leukemia and hence serve as a potential prognostic factor.
Approaches to Arresting Dental Caries: An Update (2015)

Various fluoride containing agents are clinically effective in arresting progression of carious lesion. However, these materials should be used appropriately understanding their scope and limitations to arrest dental caries.
A framework for incremental extensible compiler construction (2003)

Much of the research in compiler design and optimization has traditionally focused on the effectiveness and efficiency of code optimization. However, the subject of efficiency of the entire compilation process itself (as opposed to the complexity of individual analysis or optimization algorithms) remains a highly complex and less investigated topic. In this paper we present a global approach to extensible and efficient compiler design, which aims at also improving the effectiveness and efficiency of analysis and optimization capabilities. Extensibility in complex compiler systems goes well beyond modularity of design and it needs to be considered from the early stages of the design, especially the design of the Intermediate Representation (IR). One of the primary barriers to compiler pass extensibility and modularity is interference between passes caused by transformations that invalidate existing analysis information. In this paper we also present a callback system which is provided to automatically track changes to the compiler's internal representation (IR) allowing full pass reordering and an easy-to-use interface for developing lazy update incremental analysis passes. We present a new algorithm for incremental interprocedural data flow analysis and demonstrate the benefits of our design framework and our prototype compiler system. It is shown that compilation time for multiple data flow analysis algorithms can be cut in half by incrementally updating data flow analysis. Our quantitative performance analysis is based on well-known benchmarks instead of random graphs like previous works. For smaller optimizations, order of magnitude improvements have been demonstrated. Our approach also simplifies design and implementation and hides many of the intricacies of a compiler's internal structures from the developer.
Maternal TLR signaling is required for prenatal asthma protection by the nonpathogenic microbe <i>Acinetobacter lwoffii</i> F78 (2009)

The pre- and postnatal environment may represent a window of opportunity for allergy and asthma prevention, and the hygiene hypothesis implies that microbial agents may play an important role in this regard. Using the cowshed-derived bacterium Acinetobacter lwoffii F78 together with a mouse model of experimental allergic airway inflammation, this study investigated the hygiene hypothesis, maternal (prenatal) microbial exposure, and the involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in prenatal protection from asthma. Maternal intranasal exposure to A. lwoffii F78 protected against the development of experimental asthma in the progeny. Maternally, A. lwoffii F78 exposure resulted in a transient increase in lung and serum proinflammatory cytokine production and up-regulation of lung TLR messenger RNA. Conversely, suppression of TLRs was observed in placental tissue. To investigate further, the functional relevance of maternal TLR signaling was tested in TLR2/3/4/7/9(-/-) knockout mice. The asthma-preventive effect was completely abolished in heterozygous offspring from A. lwoffii F78-treated TLR2/3/4/7/9(-/-) homozygous mother mice. Furthermore, the mild local and systemic inflammatory response was also absent in these A. lwoffii F78-exposed mothers. These data establish a direct relationship between maternal bacterial exposures, functional maternal TLR signaling, and asthma protection in the progeny.
A Piecewise Local Partial Least Squares (PLS) Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Plutonium Nitrate Solutions (2017)

We have developed a piecewise local (PL) partial least squares (PLS) analysis method for total plutonium measurements by absorption spectroscopy in nitric acid-based nuclear material processing streams. Instead of using a single PLS model that covers all expected solution conditions, the method selects one of several local models based on an assessment of solution absorbance, acidity, and Pu oxidation state distribution. The local models match the global model for accuracy against the calibration set, but were observed in several instances to be more robust to variations associated with measurements in the process. The improvements are attributed to the relative parsimony of the local models. Not all of the sources of spectral variation are uniformly present at each part of the calibration range. Thus, the global model is locally overfitting and susceptible to increased variance when presented with new samples. A second set of models quantifies the relative concentrations of Pu(III), (IV), and (VI). Standards containing a mixture of these species were not at equilibrium due to a disproportionation reaction. Therefore, a separate principal component analysis is used to estimate of the concentrations of the individual oxidation states in these standards in the absence of independent confirmatory analysis. The PL analysis approach is generalizable to other systems where the analysis of chemically complicated systems can be aided by rational division of the overall range of solution conditions into simpler sub-regions.
Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude (2010)

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) has been used on a commercial scale for more than eighty years. It was initially developed for strategic reasons because it offered a source of transportation fuels that was independent from crude oil. Unlike crude, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude is rich in olefins and oxygenates, while being sulphur and nitrogen free. Consequently, the catalysis involved in refining it is significantly different and only a few catalysts have been developed for the purpose. Until now, an account of this topic has been missing from the literature, despite mounting interest in the technology. This is the first book to provide a review and analysis of the literature (journal and patent) on the catalysis needed to refine syncrude to transportation fuels. It specifically highlights the impact of oxygenates and how oxygenates affect selectivity and deactivation. This aspect is also related to the refining of biomass derived liquids. Topics covered include: dimerisation / oligomerisation, isomerisation / hydroisomerisation, catalytic cracking / hydrocracking and hydrogenation, catalytic reforming, aromatic alkylation, etherification, dehydration, and some oxygenate and wax specific conversions.
Immunoassay for organic analyses devel (1987)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTImmunoassay for organic analyses develJAMES KRIEGERView Author Information WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1987, 65, 13, 22Publication Date (Print):March 30, 1987Publication History Published online8 November 2010Published inissue 30 March 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v065n013.p022https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v065n013.p022newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1987 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views9Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Immunoassays Get e-Alerts
Tau pathology in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease revisited (2016)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a human prion disease with different etiologies. To determine the spectrum of tau pathologies in CJD, we assessed phospho-Tau (pTau) immunoreactivities in 75 sporadic CJD cases including an evaluation of the entorhinal cortex and six hippocampal subregions. Twelve cases (16%) showed only small tau-immunoreactive neuritic profiles. Fifty-two (69.3%) showed additional tau pathology in the medial temporal lobe compatible with primary age related tauopathy (PART). In 22/52 cases the lower pTau immunoreactivity load in the entorhinal cortex as compared to subiculum, dentate gyrus or CA4 region of the hippocampus was significantly different from the typical distribution of the Braak staging. A further 11 cases (14.7%) showed widespread tau pathologies compatible with features of primary tauopathies or the gray matter type of ageing-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG). Prominent gray matter ARTAG was also observed in two out of three additionally examined V203I genetic CJD cases. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed prominent increase of total tau protein in cases with widespread tau pathology, while pTau (T181) level was increased only in four. This correlated with immunohistochemical observations showing less pathology with anti-pTau T181 antibody when compared to anti-pTau S202/T205, T212/S214 and T231. The frequency of tau pathologies is not unusually high in sporadic CJD and does not precisely relate to PrP deposition. However, the pattern of hippocampal tau pathology often deviates from the stages of Braak. Currently applied examination of cerebrospinal fluid pTau (T181) level does not reliably reflect primary tauopathies, PART and ARTAG seen in CJD brains.
Factors affecting red blood cell storage age at the time of transfusion (2013)

A simple model, based on hospital demand, may serve as the basis for examining factors affecting the storage age of RBCs in hospital inventories. The model suggests that the age of RBCs at the time of their issue to the patient depends on factors external to the hospital transfusion service. Any substantial change in the expiration date of stored RBCs will need to address the broad variation in demand for RBCs while attempting to balance considerations of availability and blood wastage.
Fabrication and evaluation of metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor probe (2007)

The metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor probe with the focused-ion-beam (FIB) nano tip is fabricated and evaluated for the surface electric properties. The high working speed and the high sensitivity of the MOS transistor improve the scanning speed and the system minimization. The device is fabricated with the standard CMOS process and FIB nano deposition. The device is applied to the patterned sample plate, and the measuring result shows the well defined line patterns.
A method for field measurement of diagnostic X-ray tube potential (1974)

Diagnostic X-ray tubes produce X-ray beams which are non-monoenergetic; nevertheless for a given tube potential setting, materials exhibit nearly constant absorption coefficients below the tenth value layer. Below 10% transmission, these 'effective' linear absorption coefficients were obtained for vanadium in the 60 to 135 kVp range. These data indicate that by using vanadium filtration, kVp can be determined in the field to 5% uncertainty when compared with bleeder bank measurements made in the laboratory. Preliminary results indicate that regardless of the high-voltage waveform applied to the X-ray tube, 7% uncertainty can be obtained over the same kVp range.
Synthesis and Stoichiometry of Different Layered Sodium Cobalt Oxides (2014)

Layered Na–metal oxides can form in different crystal structures, each with different electrochemical behavior. As a prototype system to better understand how each phase can be formed, we present the conditions under which different layered phases of NaxCoO2 can be stabilized in solid-state synthesis. Using a novel combination of ex situ XRD on as-synthesized samples, with in situ XRD to monitor the relation between Na content and lattice parameters, we are able to construct a phase diagram of NaxCoO2 between 450 to 750 °C in air and for Na:Co sample ratios ranging from 0.60 to 1.05. Four single phase domains of O3, O′3, P′3, and P2 are revealed based on the XRD analysis. In contrast to previous reports it is found that pure O3, O′3 and P′3 phase can only form at a fixed stoichiometry of x = 1.00, 0.83, and 0.67, respectively, while the P2 phase forms in a slightly larger composition range from 0.68 to 0.76. Galvanostatic charging of O3–Na1.00CoO2 shows several flat and sloping regions on the voltage profile, which follows the sequence of O3–O′3–P′3–P3–P′3, with increasing interslab distances. Our results indicate that the electrochemically important P2 structure is likely stabilized by entropy.