gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Segmentation of textured images using a multiresolution Gaussian autoregressive model (1999)

We present a new algorithm for segmentation of textured images using a multiresolution Bayesian approach. The new algorithm uses a multiresolution Gaussian autoregressive (MGAR) model for the pyramid representation of the observed image, and assumes a multiscale Markov random field model for the class label pyramid. The models used in this paper incorporate correlations between different levels of both the observed image pyramid and the class label pyramid. The criterion used for segmentation is the minimization of the expected value of the number of misclassified nodes in the multiresolution lattice. The estimate which satisfies this criterion is referred to as the "multiresolution maximization of the posterior marginals" (MMPM) estimate, and is a natural extension of the single-resolution "maximization of the posterior marginals" (MPM) estimate. Previous multiresolution segmentation techniques have been based on the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimation criterion, which has been shown to be less appropriate for segmentation than the MPM criterion. It is assumed that the number of distinct textures in the observed image is known. The parameters of the MGAR model-the means, prediction coefficients, and prediction error variances of the different textures-are unknown. A modified version of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is used to estimate these parameters. The parameters of the Gibbs distribution for the label pyramid are assumed to be known. Experimental results demonstrating the performance of the algorithm are presented.
Workpiece and Machine Design in Additive Manufacturing for Multi-Axis Fused Deposition Modeling (2017)

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies require innovative design paradigms and guidelines that exhaust the offered freedoms in geometry and material. The aim of the Design for Additive Manufacturing is to provide design opportunities and to enhance workpiece properties taking into account constraints of the process, e.g. kinematics and limitations of print technology. Most AM applications are constrained to three-axis movements limiting the fabrication of workpieces layer by layer to one fixed building direction only. This causes limitations of strength properties, surface quality and the need of supporting structures. Multi-axis AM enables completely new design possibilities going beyond current optimization and design strategies of conventional AM workpieces. This innovation requires multiple design and manufacturing changes in the internal and external geometry of the workpiece as well as in machine and printing head technology. This paper identifies the requirements and capabilities of multi-axis AM and presents possible solutions to overcome the identified challenges. Preliminary results for multi-axis AM are described on an exemplary workpiece.
Securitization of Credit: Inside the New Technology of Finance (1988)

SECURITIZED CREDIT: THE NEW LENDING TECHNOLOGY. An Introduction to Credit Securitization. Overview of Securitized Credit Product Structures. SECURITIZED CREDIT TRANSACTIONS. Vehicle Loans. Credit Card Loans. Lease Receivables. Commercial Mortgages. Nonconforming Residential Mortgages. Receivables--Backed Commercial Paper Programs. PERSPECTIVE ON SECURITIZATION. The Future of Credit Securitization. Appendix A: Methodology for Financing Cost Calculations. Appendix B: List of Securitized Credit Transactions. Index.
The Development and the Integration of the 5 µm to 1 µm Half Pitches Wafer Level Cu Redistribution Layers (2016)

The original purpose of the Re-Distribution Layers(RDL) was to assist in the adaption of metal bumping and flip chip packaging technologies, by the addition of the metal and dielectric layers onto the wafer surface to re-route the legacy designed irregular peripheral I/O layout, into a new area array bond pads layout to facilitate a balanced metal bumps and flip chip bonding. The redistribution layer technology required polymeric/organic thin film (e.g. BCB, Polyimide, PBO) as insulator and with semi-additive metallization scheme (often Cu pattern plating) to serve rerouting purpose. The redistribution trace technology, other continuing its association with bumping and flip chip packaging and wafer level chip scale packaging (WLCSP), now extend its application into advanced packaging technologies, such as fanout wafer level packaging (FO WLP) and various TSV-less, substrate-less multiple chip integration, that to drive the cos teffective miniaturization of system-in-package (SiP) application. The Cu RDL that in production, the line width/ line spacing are 10 micrometer (μm)/10 μm which make the full pitch of 20 μm and half pitch of 10 μm. For the sake of the simplicity, half pitch will be used as index for benchmarking. In the area of the multiple chip integration or SiP applications, particularity those that do not use laminate substrates, RDL play an important role to interconnect multiple ICs with IO counts in thousands to tens thousands, replacing the role of multiple build up layers of the laminate substrate, thus 10 μm half pitch no longer meet the need of connecting high density IO and there is driving force to scale down RDL half pitch and increase number of RDL layers, from single layers to two to three layers of metal traces excluding under bumping metals(UBM) for attaching BGA balls. PWB industry is under going the similar efforts to target to put substrate with 5 um linewidth into market. In this paper, development efforts in scaling down RDL half pitch, with existing polymeric insulting film and Cu pattern plating will be revealed. It is discovered that scaling from 10 to 3 μm posed no significant technical difficulties with existing tools that are in production, as long as the Cu thickness are proportional shrunk to keep the width/ height aspect ratio. Below half pitch of 3 μm, it would be difficult to make such fine pitch layer on top of other layers, since the topography of multiple RDL with any planarization, that is out of the depth of focus (DoF) range of 2 μm and 1 μm, and these 1 μm / 2 μm half pitches, would be limited to as the first RDL in the multiple RDL scheme. Cu dual damascene technology with CVD dielectric film (Si oxide, Si nitride) that were commonly used in the modern IC fabrication fab capable of the advanced node (90nm and beyond), was also phased in and demonstrated that up to three levels of 1um Cu RDL are feasible with this technology. Furthermore, hybrid integration of the fine line CVD RDL with the RDL with polymeric dielectrics is also demonstrated.
The Effect of Tear Film on Higher Order Corrections Applied to the Corneal Surface During Wavefront-guided Refractive Surgery (2005)

Tear film flow following initial film formation by a blink can be demonstrated by computer simulation and observed with live corneal topography video. Tear film dynamics will not erase the effects of ablative corrections for higher order aberrations.
Characteristics of the Color TV Telephone (1973)

The new color TV telephone consists of a 12-in shadow-mask tube for color reception, a 3-in black and white picture tube for monitoring the transmitted image, and a camera lens. The push-button telephone is a separate unit.
Thermal Diffusivity Measurements on Metals at High Temperatures (1962)

A flash method for the measurement of the thermal diffusivity of metals up to 1800°C is described. A high intensity short duration light pulse is absorbed in the front surface of a thermally insulated specimen a few millimeters thick heated in an induction furnace and the resultant temperature history of the rear surface is measured by a lead sulfide cell, displayed on an oscilloscope, and photographed by a Polaroid Land camera. The thermal diffusivity of the material is determined from this temperature versus time curve provided the theoretical boundary conditions are experimentally satisfied. Measurements of the thermal diffusivity of Armco iron, molybdenum, and titanium have been made.
Tissue Factor Regulation by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transitions: Effect on Tumor Initiation and Angiogenesis (2008)

ErbB oncogenes drive the progression of several human cancers. Our study shows that in human carcinoma (A431) and glioma (U373) cells, the oncogenic forms of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; including EGFRvIII) trigger the up-regulation of tissue factor (TF), the transmembrane protein responsible for initiating blood coagulation and signaling through interaction with coagulation factor VIIa. We show that A431 cancer cells in culture exhibit a uniform TF expression profile; however, these same cells in vivo exhibit a heterogeneous TF expression and show signs of E-cadherin inactivation, which is coupled with multilineage (epithelial and mesenchymal) differentiation. Blockade of E-cadherin in vitro, leads to the acquisition of spindle morphology and de novo expression of vimentin, features consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These changes were associated with an increase in EGFR-dependent TF expression, and with enhanced stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production, particularly following cancer cell treatment with coagulation factor VIIa. In vivo, cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition exhibited an increased metastatic potential. Furthermore, injections of the TF-blocking antibody (CNTO 859) delayed the initiation of A431 tumors in immunodeficient mice, and reduced tumor growth, vascularization, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Collectively, our data suggest that TF is regulated by both oncogenic and differentiation pathways, and that it functions in tumor initiation, tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, TF could serve as a therapeutic target in EGFR-dependent malignancies.
Ranging errors caused by angular misalignment between ultrasonic transducer pairs (1990)

Significant errors can occur in ultrasonic systems that measure the distance between separate transmitters and receivers when the transducers are not in angular alignment. This paper describes the results of experiments and numerical simulation to explain and quantify the ranging errors due to angular misalignment between ultrasonic transducer pairs. Two commercially available, 40-kHz piezoelectric transducer pairs are studied (10- and 25-mm diameter). The ranging error is shown to be a predictable function of the orientation angle.
Label-free DNA sensors using ultrasensitive diamond field-effect transistors in solution (2006)

Charge detection biosensors have recently become the focal point of biosensor research, especially field-effect-transistors (FETs) that combine compactness, low cost, high input, and low output impedances, to realize simple and stable in vivo diagnostic systems. However, critical evaluation of the possibility and limitations of charge detection of label-free DNA hybridization using silicon-based ion-sensitive FETs (ISFETs) has been introduced recently. The channel surface of these devices must be covered by relatively thick insulating layers ( SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3, or Ta2O5) to protect against the invasion of ions from solution. These thick insulating layers are not suitable for charge detection of DNA and miniaturization, as the small capacitance of thick insulating layers restricts translation of the negative DNA charge from the electrolyte to the channel surface. To overcome these difficulties, thin-gate-insulator FET sensors should be developed. Here, we report diamond solution-gate FETs (SGFETs), where the DNA-immobilized channels are exposed directly to the electrolyte solution without gate insulator. These SGFETs operate stably within the large potential window of diamond (>3.0 V). Thus, the channel surface does not need to be covered by thick insulating layers, and DNA is immobilized directly through amine sites, which is a factor of 30 more sensitive than existing Si-ISFET DNA sensors. Diamond SGFETs can rapidly detect complementary, 3-mer mismatched (10 pM) and has a potential for the detection of single-base mismatched oligonucleotide DNA, without biological degradation by cyclically repeated hybridization and denature.
2-Sulfonylbiphenyls and 6,7-Dihydro-2,3,4,5-dibenzothiapin-6-one-1-dioxide; a Seven-Membered Ring β-Ketosulfone<sup>1</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Sulfonylbiphenyls and 6,7-Dihydro-2,3,4,5-dibenzothiapin-6-one-1-dioxide; a Seven-Membered Ring β-Ketosulfone1DONALD D. EMRICK and WILLIAM E. TRUCECite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 7, 1103–1106Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1960https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01077a009RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views323Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (551 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Alone Together: The Case of Judy and Ann (2007)

This case describes the treatment of a middle-aged woman with a history of extreme physical and sexual abuse seen in psychoanalytic psychotherapy two and three sessions per week. Dissociation and enactment are two salient features of the therapy. Detailed clinical vignettes that occurred over the eight-year period of treatment highlight co-created sequences involving intensified affective moments experienced by the analyst as often challenging, perplexing, and surprising. I have never worked with a patient as denigrated, as humiliated, as falsely blamed, and as sexually and physically abused as Ann.We are still working together, so you are hearing work in progress. This is not only Ann's story as I understand it, but it is also my story of experiences that Ann and I have co-created together. Naturally, Ann would have her own version.
Irradiation Experiments in the Testing Nuclear Power Plant VAK (1983)

Within the German research program “Integrity of Components” the first two capsules were irradiated in the Testing Nuclear Power Reactor VAK. The materials are of the 22 NiMoCr 37 and 20 MnMoNi 55 types and represent the lower bound of the base material regarding upper shelf energy and chemical composition (Cu, S, P) as well as a state of material which does not meet both chemical and toughness requirements (low upper shelf test melt). Tension, Charpy, drop-weight, and fracture mechanics specimens were irradiated up to a range of 1 · 5 to 2 · 1019 cm−2 (&gt;1 MeV). Despite the materials being at or beyond the specification limits, the results show irradiation sensitivity which can be predicted from the U.S. Reg. Guide Trend Curves (1.99) and KWU Trend Curves in a conservative manner. The procedure to determine the adjusted reference temperature RTNDT (adj.) on the basis of ΔT41J (following ASTM E 185) could also be confirmed as conservative by comparing the different criteria derived from Charpy and drop weight tests in the unirradiated and irradiated condition. The results of fracture mechanics testing in the linear elastic range show a remarkable temperature margin to the KIc-curve of ASME XI [6]. Prestrained 40-mm compact tension (CT) specimens made of 22 NiMoCr 3 7 material with an upper-shelf energy of approximately 100 J were wedge loaded in a range up to 30 MPa √m and exposed to the water environment during irradiation. Macroscopic examination gave no indications of stress corrosion cracking. From tests of these specimens in the linear elastic range, a fracture toughness KIc, which was not affected by the prestrain and environment history, was found dependent only on the overload applied during the prestraining procedure.
On the moment problem for random sums (2003)

A recent paper by Lin and Stoyanov is devoted to the moment problem for geometrically compounded sums. The aim of this note is to provide affirmative answers to their conjectures.
Comprehensive evaluation of ten deformable image registration algorithms for contour propagation between CT and cone-beam CT images in adaptive head & neck radiotherapy (2017)

Deformable image registration (DIR) is a critical technic in adaptive radiotherapy (ART) for propagating contours between planning computerized tomography (CT) images and treatment CT/cone-beam CT (CBCT) images to account for organ deformation for treatment re-planning. To validate the ability and accuracy of DIR algorithms in organ at risk (OAR) contour mapping, ten intensity-based DIR strategies, which were classified into four categories-optical flow-based, demons-based, level-set-based and spline-based-were tested on planning CT and fractional CBCT images acquired from twenty-one head & neck (H&N) cancer patients who underwent 6~7-week intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Three similarity metrics, i.e., the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), the percentage error (PE) and the Hausdorff distance (HD), were employed to measure the agreement between the propagated contours and the physician-delineated ground truths of four OARs, including the vertebra (VTB), the vertebral foramen (VF), the parotid gland (PG) and the submandibular gland (SMG). It was found that the evaluated DIRs in this work did not necessarily outperform rigid registration. DIR performed better for bony structures than soft-tissue organs, and the DIR performance tended to vary for different ROIs with different degrees of deformation as the treatment proceeded. Generally, the optical flow-based DIR performed best, while the demons-based DIR usually ranked last except for a modified demons-based DISC used for CT-CBCT DIR. These experimental results suggest that the choice of a specific DIR algorithm depends on the image modality, anatomic site, magnitude of deformation and application. Therefore, careful examinations and modifications are required before accepting the auto-propagated contours, especially for automatic re-planning ART systems.
Involvement of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) in HIV infection: inhibition by monoclonal antibody (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the alpha- and beta-chain of lymphocyte-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) were examined for inhibition of HIV-1 infection in vitro. Infection of the T cell line MT4 and the monocytic cell line U937 by isolates HTLVIIIB and SSI-002, respectively was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by MAb against the beta-chain but not against the alpha-chain. No cross-reactivity was found between MAb against LFA-1 and against the CD4 receptor (MAb Leu3a). MAbs against the beta-chain and the CD4 receptor were found to act synergistically in inhibiting HIV infection. These data indicate that the beta-chain of LFA-1 in addition to the CD4 receptor may be involved in HIV infection in vitro.
Chikungunya Virus Neutralization Antigens and Direct Cell-to-Cell Transmission Are Revealed by Human Antibody-Escape Mutants (2011)

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus responsible for numerous epidemics throughout Africa and Asia, causing infectious arthritis and reportedly linked with fatal infections in newborns and elderly. Previous studies in animal models indicate that humoral immunity can protect against CHIKV infection, but despite the potential efficacy of B-cell-driven intervention strategies, there are no virus-specific vaccines or therapies currently available. In addition, CHIKV has been reported to elicit long-lasting virus-specific IgM in humans, and to establish long-term persistence in non-human primates, suggesting that the virus might evade immune defenses to establish chronic infections in man. However, the mechanisms of immune evasion potentially employed by CHIKV remain uncharacterized. We previously described two human monoclonal antibodies that potently neutralize CHIKV infection. In the current report, we have characterized CHIKV mutants that escape antibody-dependent neutralization to identify the CHIKV E2 domain B and fusion loop "groove" as the primary determinants of CHIKV interaction with these antibodies. Furthermore, for the first time, we have also demonstrated direct CHIKV cell-to-cell transmission, as a mechanism that involves the E2 domain A and that is associated with viral resistance to antibody-dependent neutralization. Identification of CHIKV sub-domains that are associated with human protective immunity, will pave the way for the development of CHIKV-specific sub-domain vaccination strategies. Moreover, the clear demonstration of CHIKV cell-to-cell transmission and its possible role in the establishment of CHIKV persistence, will also inform the development of future anti-viral interventions. These data shed new light on CHIKV-host interactions that will help to combat human CHIKV infection and inform future studies of CHIKV pathogenesis.
Microregional blood flow in murine and human tumours assessed using laser Doppler microprobes. (1996)

A multichannel laser Doppler system has been used to measure microregional fluctuations in perfusion in the HT29 human tumour xenograft and in patients with advanced malignant disease. A comparison is made with previously obtained data for the SaF, a transplantable murine tumour. The 300 microns diameter probes recorded fluctuations in erythrocyte flux in tumour microregions with an estimated volume of 10(-2) mm3. Of the 66 human tumour microregions sampled, 26% showed a change in erythrocyte flux by a factor of 2 or more over the 60 min measurement period, compared with 37% of HT29 and 48% of SaF microregions. In each of the studies more than 50% of changes were completed within 20 min, although slower changes were more common in the human tumours than in the experimental systems. Within the 1 h monitoring period at least 30% of the changes were reversed (human tumours 30%, HT29 45%, SaF 31%). These findings demonstrate that microregional changes in erythrocyte flux, consistent with transient, perfusion-driven changes in oxygenation, are a feature of human malignancies as well as experimental transplanted tumours.
Growth Rate of <i>Escherichia coli</i> at Elevated Temperatures: Limitation by Methionine (1971)

When Escherichia coli growing in minimal medium is shifted from 37 C to any temperature in the range 40 to 45 C, the growth rate immediately assumes a new, lower value, characteristic of that temperature. The decrease is shown to be due, in several strains, to decreased activity of the first enzyme of the methionine pathway, homoserine trans-succinylase, which thus appears to be more heat-sensitive than any other essential enzyme in the cell. This sensitivity does not involve progressive denaturation of the enzyme; rather, the response to a shift of temperature, in either direction, is immediate and reversible.