gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the <i>cnr</i> Cobalt and Nickel Resistance Determinant of <i>Ralstonia eutropha</i> ( <i>Alcaligenes eutrophus</i> ) CH34 (2000)

The linked resistance to nickel and cobalt of Ralstonia eutropha-like strain CH34 (Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34) is encoded by the cnr operon, which is localized on the megaplasmid pMOL28. The regulatory genes cnrYXH have been cloned, overexpressed, and purified in Escherichia coli. CnrY fractionated as a 10.7-kDa protein in in vitro translation assays. CnrX, a periplasmic protein of 16.5 kDa, was overproduced and purified as a histidine-tagged fusion protein in E. coli. His-CnrX was found to possess a secondary structure content rich in alpha-helical and beta-sheet structures. CnrH, a sigma factor of the extracytoplasmic function family, was purified as an N-terminally histidine-tagged fusion. In gel shift mobility assays, His-CnrH, in the presence of E. coli core RNA polymerase enzyme, could retard at least two different promoter DNA targets, cnrYp and cnrHp, localized within the cnrYXH locus. These promoters and their transcription start sites were confirmed by primer extension. Purified His-CnrX did not inhibit the DNA-binding activity of His-CnrH and is therefore unlikely to be an anti-sigma factor, as previously hypothesized (EMBL M91650 description entry). To study the transcriptional response of the regulatory locus to metals and to probe promoter regions, transcriptional fusions were constructed between fragments of cnrYXH and the luxCDABE, luciferase reporter genes. Nickel and cobalt specifically induced the cnrYXH-luxCDABE fusion at optimal concentrations of 0.3 mM Ni(2+) and 2.0 mM Co(2+) in a noncomplexing medium for metals. The two promoter regions P(Y) (upstream cnrY) and P(H) (upstream cnrH) were probed and characterized using this vector and were found to control the nickel-inducible regulatory response of the cnr operon. The cnrHp promoter was responsible for full transcription of the cnrCBA structural resistance genes, while the cnrYp promoter was necessary to obtain metal-inducible transcription from the cnrHp promoter. The zinc resistance phenotype (ZinB) of a spontaneous cnr mutant strain, AE963, was investigated and could be attributed to an insertion of IS1087, a member of the IS2 family of insertion elements, within the cnrY gene.
Orbital Control of the Color and Excited State Properties of Formylated and Fluorinated Derivatives of Azulene (2003)

New azulene derivatives containing resonantly electron withdrawing formyl and resonantly electron donating fluorine substituents on the seven- as well as the five-member ring have been prepared. Systematic color changes as a result of perturbation of HOMO, LUMO, and LUMO + 1 energies were discussed. Corresponding excited-state properties related to S2-fluorescence were determined.
Dithiocarbamate-Coated SERS Substrates: Sensitivity Gain by Partial Surface Passivation (2009)

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of nanoporous gold (NPG) can be boosted by controlled surface passivation. The SERS activities of unfunctionalized NPG were first optimized by etching substrates with NaI/I(2) (triiodide) and using 2-mercaptopyridine (2-MP) as the probing analyte. Gains in analyte sensitivity were then achieved by passivating the superficial regions of the NPG substrates with dimethyldithiocarbamate (Me(2)DTC) while leaving the more recessed "hot spots" available for SERS detection. Partial surface passivation with DTCs increased the substrate sensitivity to chemisorptive analytes such as 2-MP by an order of magnitude, whereas surface saturation lowered the sensitivity by an order of magnitude. The partially passivated NPG films can also be functionalized with supramolecular receptors for chemoselective SERS. Installation of a DTC-anchored terpyridine enabled the detection of divalent metal ions at trace levels, as determined by the complexation-induced shift of a characteristic Raman peak of the metal ion receptor.
Advances in Bioapplications of Carbon Nanotubes (2008)

Abstract This progress report provides an overview on recent advances in bioapplications of carbon nanotubes including the chemical modification of carbon nanotubes, targeting specifically their covalent and noncovalent conjugations with a variety of biological and bioactive species (proteins and peptides, DNAs/RNAs, and carbohydrates). Furthermore, the significant recent development and progress in the use of carbon nanotubes for biosensors, drug and other delivery systems, bioimaging, etc. and in the understanding of in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of carbon nanotubes are reported.
Distance- and velocity-detection interferometer by using a frequency triangular-modulated laser diode (1995)

A scheme for distance and velocity signal detection is implemented. This technique is based on a laser diode with its frequency modulated by a triangular waveform and followed by time gating.
Double heterojunction bipolar transistors UsingAlGaInP/GaAs/GaInP (1994)

The first Al0.18Ga0.34In0.48P/GaAs/Ga0.52In0.48P double heterojunction bipolar transistors grow by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy are reported. They exhibit a current gain of 110 at high collector-emitter voltage and a small offset voltage of 30mV. The addition of Al to the emitter has not adversely affected the quality of the emitter-base interface.
Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of Cannabis Smoke (2004)

Several reports have demonstrated that sweat is a suitable alternative biological matrix for monitoring recent drug use (1)(2). This is based on the assumption that, in the context of the absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion (ADME) cycle of drugs, a small but sufficient fraction of a drug is excreted in sweat and can be tested. The passage of lipid-soluble compounds from blood to other fluids or matrices is regulated by the substance’s p K a and by the pH of the other fluids or matices. A modified version of the Henderson–Hasselbach equation, which uses the p K a and the pH, allows theoretical calculation of the fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio (F/P ratio) (3). Drugs are generally incorporated into sweat by passive diffusion because of a concentration gradient in which only the free fraction of drug (unbound to proteins) diffuses through lipid membranes from plasma to sweat. Furthermore, because under normal conditions sweat, with a mean pH of 6.3, is more acidic than blood, basic drugs tend to accumulate in sweat.

Two approaches are currently used in testing for drugs in sweat. The first is aimed at detection of recent use of drugs (<24 h) and involves only collection of sweat at a point in time. An immunochromatographic test of the sample then provides a qualitative result (4), or drugs in sweat collected on a cotton wipe can be extracted and subjected to confirmatory analysis (5). This approach is mainly oriented to identify individuals who are under the influence of drugs. The second approach is based on patch technology and allows monitoring of illicit drug use for time windows wider than those provided …
Histidine<sup>77</sup>, Glutamic Acid<sup>81</sup>, Glutamic Acid<sup>123</sup>, Threonine<sup>126</sup>, Asparagine<sup>194</sup>, and Tryptophan<sup>197</sup> of the Human Emopamil Binding Protein Are Required for in Vivo Sterol Δ8−Δ7 Isomerization (1998)

The human emopamil binding protein (hEBP) exhibits sterol Delta8-Delta7 isomerase activity (EC 5.3.3.5) upon heterologous expression in a sterol Delta8-Delta7 isomerization-deficient erg2-3 yeast strain. Ala scanning mutagenesis was used to identify residues in the four putative transmembrane alpha-helices of hEBP that are required for catalytic activity. Isomerization was assayed in vivo by spectrophotometric quantification of Delta5,7-sterols. Out of 64 Ala mutants of hEBP only H77A-, E81A-, E123A-, T126A-, N194A-, and W197A-expressing yeast strains contained 10% or less of wild-type (wt) Delta5,7-sterols. All substitutions of these six residues with functionally or structurally similar amino acid residues failed to fully restore catalytic activity. Mutants E81D, T126S, N194Q, and W197F, but not H77N and E123D, still bound the enzyme inhibitor 3H-ifenprodil. Changed equilibrium and kinetic binding properties of the mutant enzymes confirmed our previous suggestion that residues required for catalytic activity are also involved in inhibitor binding [Moebius et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 16871-16878]. His77, Glu81, Glu123, Thr126, Asn194, and Trp197 are localized in the cytoplasmic halves of the transmembrane segments 2-4 and are proposed to line the catalytic cleft. Ala mutants of Trp102, Tyr105, Asp109, Arg111, and Tyr112 in a conserved cytoplasmic domain (WKEYXKGDSRY) between transmembrane segments 2 and 3 contained less than 10% of wt Delta5,7-sterols, implying that this region also could be functionally important. The in vivo complementation of enzyme-deficient yeast strains with mutated cDNAs is a simple and sensitive method to rapidly analyze the functional consequences of mutations in sterol modifying enzymes.
A 56 Gb/s PAM4 VCSEL-Based LiFi Transmission With Two-Stage Injection-Locked Technique (2016)

A 56 Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) light-based WiFi (LiFi) transmission based on a 680-nm/5.4-GHz vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with a two-stage injection-locked technique is proposed and demonstrated. Experimentally results show that a 5.4-GHz VCSEL with a two-stage injection-locked technique is effective for 56 Gb/s PAM4 LiFi transmissions. To the authors' knowledge, it is the first one to adopt a 680-nm VCSEL transmitter with two-stage injection-locked technique in a 56 Gb/s PAM4 LiFi transmission. A pair of doublet lenses is employed in the proposed PAM4 VCSEL-based LiFi transmissions to enhance the free-space link. The link performances of the proposed PAM4 LiFi transmissions have been analyzed in real time. Good bit error rate performance and three independent clear eye diagrams are obtained over a 20-m free-space link. Such a proposed 56 Gb/s PAM4 VCSEL-based LiFi transmission with two-stage injection-locked technique has the potential to play a significant role in future wireless infrastructure for providing high transmission rate and long free-space transmission distance effectively.
Conditions under which immobilized platelets activate as well as capture flowing neutrophils (1999)

Immobilized activated platelets present P-selectin and efficiently capture flowing neutrophils. We investigated how the treatment of the platelets affected whether adherent neutrophils rolled continuously or became immobilized. Washed platelets were maintained in a 'resting' state by Ca++ chelation, prostacyclin and theophylline. When these platelets were adhered to glass that had been coated with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APES) they retained discoidal morphology. Compared to a confluent surface of spread platelets prepared by allowing heparinized platelet-rich plasma to settle on APES-glass, 'resting' platelets captured far fewer flowing neutrophils, which rolled rapidly. However, if neutrophils were perfused along with thrombin (>/= 0.2 U/ml), then the resting platelets rapidly changed shape, neutrophil binding increased markedly, rolling velocity decreased, and 40-70% of the neutrophils were immobilized via beta2-integrins. Similar effects could be induced using ADP perfused with the neutrophils. Thrombin did not itself activate neutrophils, and stationary adhesion could also be induced if platelets were treated with thrombin before addition of neutrophils. After thrombin treatment of platelets, rolling adhesion was only fully re-established after a prolonged period of washout. Thus, platelets presented a stable surface-bound agent able to activate neutrophils. Blockade of platelet-activating factor receptor, leukotriene B4 receptor, or CXC-chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) on neutrophils did not inhibit conversion from rolling to stationary adhesion, but blockade of CXCR2 maintained a higher proportion of rolling adhesion. Thus, platelets attached to damaged vessels may capture flowing neutrophils, but the stability of neutrophil deposition will depend on the scale of the local generation of platelet agonists such as thrombin and ADP.
Expression of the Human Oxytocin Receptor in Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells: High-Affinity Binding Is Induced by a Cholesterol-Cyclodextrin Complex (1995)

We have expressed a c-myc epitope-tagged human oxytocin receptor in the baculovirus/Sf9 cell system. The receptor was identified by SDS-PAGE and subsequent immunoblot as a approximately 50 kDa protein which decreased to about 44 kDa upon treatment with tunicamycin. Binding studies showed that the human oxytocin receptor was expressed in a low-affinity state (Kd = 215 nM; Bmax = 1.66 pmol/mg). After addition of cholesterol in the form of a soluble cholesterol-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex to the membranes, we obtained part of the human oxytocin receptor in its high-affinity state for oxytocin (Kd = 0.96 nM and Bmax = 318 fmol/mg of protein). In subsequent studies, we added the cholesterol-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex to the Sf9 cell culture medium at various times post infection. Binding analysis showed that this results in a more than 3-fold further increase in functional receptor binding sites of high-affinity state (Bmax = 1.08 pmol/mg). The cholesterol effect was dose-dependent, with an EC50 of about 50 microM cholesterol. Due to these findings, we determined the cholesterol and phospholipid content in purified Sf9 plasma membranes. The untreated naturally cholesterol auxotroph insect cells grown in medium with 2% fetal calf serum had a molar cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of about 0.04, which is approximately 20-fold lower than normally found in plasma membranes of higher eukaryotic cells. The high-affinity binding of the oxytocin receptor increased in parallel with the cholesterol levels present in the corresponding plasma membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Allyl sulfides from garlic suppress the<i>in vitro</i>proliferation of human a549 lung tumor cells (1997)

The present studies compared the antiproliferative effects of diallyl trisulfide (DATS) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) on cultured human neoplastic (A549) and nonneoplastic (MRC-5) lung cells. Addition of 10 microM DATS reduced A549 growth by 47%, whereas 10 microM DADS decreased growth by only 20%. DATS treatment (10 microM) did not alter MRC-5 cell growth. DATS (10 microM) caused a marked and progressive increase in intracellular Ca2+ in A549 cells during the first four hours after treatment. Intracellular Ca2+ in A549 cells exposed to DATS returned to near control levels within one hour after refeeding complete medium without DATS. Exposure to 1 microM DATS for 24 hours significantly induced apoptosis, as indicated by increased DNA fragmentation. The ability of DATS and DADS to suppress neoplastic growth is consistent with increasing evidence that several garlic components have anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic properties.
Injectivity Improvement in the Grayburg Formation at a Waterflood in Lea County, NM (1984)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this project was to improve water injectivity into the Grayburg formation at MORANCO's Rice-Hardin Waterflood in Lea County, NM. The project was a cooperative effort between the Petroleum Recovery Research Center, the New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center, the New Mexico Energy and Minerals Department, the New Mexico Energy Research and Development Institute, and MORANCO of Hobbs, NM. Laboratory tests with reservoir cores were conducted at the Petroleum Center. These tests indicated that certain chemical treatments had the ability to increase water permeability about 30%. The treatments were designed to reduce the oil saturation in a region about 8 to 10 feet out from the injection wellbore, and to improve injectivity by increasing the relative permeability to water. Two of the most promising treatments were selected for the field trial. Rice No. I injection well was treated with a surfactant solution, and Hardin No. 3 was treated with an aromatic solvent followed by a surfactant solution. Costs of chemicals were approximately $3,000 per well. As a result of these treatments, slightly more water could be injected at pressures 400 psi less than the before-treatment levels. Since improvement in flow efficiency, observed from the injection rate and pressure data, is on the order of 50 to 60%, the field treatments apparently worked somewhat better than indicated by the laboratory tests. Based on the encouraging results obtained from the trial, these concepts should have applicability in other waterflood projects and may also have potential in certain enhanced recovery projects where low injectivity is a problem. projects where low injectivity is a problem.
In Vivo Irreversible Electroporation Kidney Ablation: Experimentally Correlated Numerical Models (2014)

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation uses brief electric pulses to kill a volume of tissue without damaging the structures contraindicated for surgical resection or thermal ablation, including blood vessels and ureters. IRE offers a targeted nephron-sparing approach for treating kidney tumors, but the relevant organ-specific electrical properties and cellular susceptibility to IRE electric pulses remain to be characterized. Here, a pulse protocol of 100 electric pulses, each 100 μs long, is delivered at 1 pulse/s to canine kidneys at three different voltage-to-distance ratios while measuring intrapulse current, completed 6 h before humane euthanasia. Numerical models were correlated with lesions and electrical measurements to determine electrical conductivity behavior and lethal electric field threshold. Three methods for modeling tissue response to the pulses were investigated (static, linear dynamic, and asymmetrical sigmoid dynamic), where the asymmetrical sigmoid dynamic conductivity function most accurately and precisely matched lesion dimensions, with a lethal electric field threshold of 575 ± 67 V/cm for the protocols used. The linear dynamic model also attains accurate predictions with a simpler function. These findings can aid renal IRE treatment planning under varying electrode geometries and pulse strengths. Histology showed a wholly necrotic core lesion at the highest electric fields, surrounded by a transitional perimeter of differential tissue viability dependent on renal structure.
Utilizing device behavior in structure-based diagnosis (1999)

Structure-based approaches to diagnosis pro-vide useful computational guarantees based on a device structure. In particular, these approaches can identify device structures for which the complexity of model-based diagnosis is guaranteed to be linear. Structure-based ap-proaches, however, can fail to answer even the simplest diagnostic queries if the device struc-ture is not well behaved (strongly connected). We show in this paper that this deficiency can be addressed to a reasonable extent by utiliz-ing device behavioral properties (its component models in particular) which are typically ig-nored by structure-based approaches. Specif-ically, we present a structure-based algorithm for diagnosis which takes advantage of a device behavior and then present experimental results indicating that our algorithm can lead to signif-icant (orders-of-magnitude) savings over pure structural approaches when applied to strongly connected devices. 1
Guiding Wheelchair Motion Based on EOG Signals Using Tangent Bug Algorithm (2011)

In this work, we propose new method beside the classic method, to control the motorized wheelchair using EOG signals. The new method allows the user to look around freely while the wheelchair navigates automatically to the desired goal point. Only EOG signals are used to control the wheelchair, eye gazing and blinking. The user can still choose to control the wheelchair using the classic manual method in case the environment and obstacles structure does not help with the auto navigation method. In the new auto navigation method the micro controller can know the goal point direction and distance by calculating the gaze angle that the user is gazing at. Gaze angle and blinks are measured and used as inputs for the controlling method. Tangent Bug algorithm is used to navigate the wheelchair in Auto controlling method.
The technic of posterior colpotomy. (1951)

The technic of posterior colpotomy is described. The patient is put in the lithotomy position and conditions for possible contraindications are determined. The incision in the cul-de-sac is made well posterior in the fold between the uterosacral ligaments. The fascia is pushed downward with the index finger, displacing the rectum and exposing a widearea of thin peritoneum. The peritoneum is then opened without danger of injury to the bowel. The ovary is palpated with the index finger and grasped with a ring forceps bringing it up and medial, exposing the tube. When the uterus is anterior, gentle pressure is made over the fundus abdominally and the lateral aspect of the incision is elevated exposing the ovary. Lifting the ovary anterior and medial with pressure over the fundus abdominally facilitates exposure of the cornual portion of the tube. The incision is closed with interrupted mattress sutures including all layers. Colpotomy is a safe, certain method of confirming the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy. It is more accurate than needle aspiration of the cul-de-sac. Contraindications of this method include severe hemorrhage, shock, previous pelvic operations with extensive adhesions, endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum, fixed pelvic pathology and acute vaginitis.
Some Observations on the Pneumococcus and on the Current Status of Pneumococcal Disease and Its Prevention (1981)

Although the means whereby pneumococcus damages the hosts it invades remain unknown, some advances in understanding the biology of this organism and the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection have been made in recent years. Knowledge of the composition of the cell wall (C) polysaccharide of the pneumococcus and its relation to the capsular polysaccharides of this organism is considered and a hypothesis of the evolution of the pneumococcal capsule is entertained. Refinements in understanding the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteremia, and otitis media are reviewed, and current knowledge of the epidemiology of pneumococcal infections and of the distribution of pneumococcal types causing such infections is discussed. The history of the development of pneumococcal vaccines is summarized briefly, together with an account of the field trials of contemporary polyvalent vaccines of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conducted recently.
New Generation of Passenger Vehicles: FCV or HEV? (2006)

This paper compares the performance and parameter characteristics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) with a view towards an objective assessment of the relative performance of these vehicles. In particular, this paper reviews major characteristics of fuel cell powered vehicles (FCVs) as zero or ultra-low emission vehicles (ZEV/ULEVs), their presumed high efficiency, while also considering their limited performance at high power demands. The paper also considers the main characteristics of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as low emission vehicles (LEVs), including presumed high efficiency. The paper presents comparison for well-to-wheels emissions for various vehicles. Well-to-wheels efficiencies, emissions, and fuel economy are compared for FCVs and HEVs. In addition, other issues like battery types for HEVs and HFCVs are explored in this paper. The potential control strategies for FCVs and HEVs will be discussed and compared. In both FCVs and HEVs, best control strategies need to rely on predicting the driver command, which presents a particularly challenging opportunity for further development. The paper also gives the comparison of total costs for FCVs and HEVs. Finally, the commercialization issues for both FCVs and HEVs are mentioned in the paper.