gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties of ‘two‐tone inhibition’ in primary auditory neurones (1971)

1. Properties of two‐tone inhibition in primary auditory neurones of cats were studied with phase‐locked sound stimuli. One sound was a continuous tone at the best frequency of a given neurone, and the other, a tone burst which was changed in amplitude, frequency, and phase relative to the continuous tone. 2. The tone burst which caused two‐tone inhibition had either an excitatory or no effect when it was delivered alone. Inhibitory areas commonly appeared on both sides of the excitatory area when the best frequency was higher than a few kc/s. 3. Two‐tone inhibition began and ceased within a few milliseconds of the onset and termination of the excitation caused by a tone burst. The degree of inhibition was greatest at the beginning of the tone burst and reached a plateau within 500 msec. The discharge rate during inhibition could be lower than the rate for either tone alone or for spontaneous activity. At the termination of inhibition, prominent rebound in the discharge rate was found. 4. With an increase in amplitude of a tone burst, for either a fixed or equally increased continuous tone, the discharge rate during inhibition decreased to a minimum and then began to increase. That is, the degree of inhibition was non‐monotonically related to the sound level. 5. Compound period histograms of discharges during inhibition showed that single neurones usually carried information about the combined wave form of the two tones. The information about each tone was, however, modified by the inhibitory phenomenon in both amplitude and phase from that indicated by the compound period histograms for the individual tones. 6. Possible mechanisms and functional significance of two‐tone inhibition are discussed.
A Simple Vehicle Model for Path Prediction During Evasive Maneuvers and a Stochastic Analysis on the Crash Probability (2007)

Active safety systems are being developed in automotive industry, and an analytical vehicle model is needed in such systems to predict vehicle path to assess the crash probability. However, the bicycle model cannot result in a good correlation with test data and ADAMS simulation results, and other analytical vehicle models which have 8 or 14 degrees of freedom need more computation time. Therefore, in this study a simple analytical vehicle model was proposed to predict vehicle path especially during evasive maneuvers. The analytical vehicle model can predict a vehicle’s path based on the given vehicle speed and steering angle. In the analytical vehicle model, two different moment arms were used for inboard and outboard wheels, and lateral and longitudinal load transfers were taken into account. In addition, the magic formula tire model was used to estimate the lateral force. The analytical vehicle model has been validated with a sophisticated ADAMS model, and it resulted in a good correlation with test data. Using the simple analytical model, a stochastic analysis was conducted to analyze the effect of the initial offset amount and the heading angle on the crash probability. Another stochastic analysis was also conducted to analyze the effect of a sensing error on the false negative rate (FNR) and the false positive rate (FPR). It was found that the initial offset amount and the heading angle played a key role in the crash probability, and only FPR was affected noticeably by a sensing error.
Preventing DDoS using Bloom Filter: A Survey (2018)

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) is a menace for service provider and prominent issue in network security. Defeating or defending the DDoS is a prime challenge. DDoS make a service unavailable for a certain time. This phenomenon harms the service providers, and hence, causes loss of business rev
An Assessment on the Interaction of a Hydrophilic Ionic Liquid with Different Sorbents (2009)

Ionic liquids have received an upsurge in interest as green solvents, primarily as replacements for conventional media in chemical processes. This growing interest may soon lead to their presence in the environment. To evaluate the environmental fate of ionic liquids, their sorption onto different media is an essential parameter. This study presents an experimental verification of the sorption of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]) onto different sorption media. The examined sorption media included two activated carbons (SPS-200 and SPC-100), an ion-exchange resin (IER), a fermentation waste (Corynebacterium glutamicum), and a dried activated sludge. Through HPLC and MS/MS analysis, [BMIM][Cl] was found to be stable only in the pH range 3 to 11. The experimental results reveal that removal of [BMIM][Cl] was only possible using IER and the two forms of activated carbon. The equilibrium solution pH was found to have no significant effect on the sorption ability of IER, whereas, both forms of activated carbon exhibited high sorption under strong alkaline conditions. No significant sorption of [BMIM] was observed with both C. glutamicum and the activated sludge. According to the Langmuir model, the IER can sorb as much as 179.4 mg [BMIM]/g, whereas those of SPS-200 and SPC-100 were 20.6 and 19.6 mg [BMIM]/g, respectively. The sorption kinetics was found to be rapid, with only 15 and 60 min required to attain equilibrium for IER and the two forms of activated carbon, respectively. Only IER exhibited significant sorption ability toward chloride ions which are an anionic part of the IL.
Biocidal polymers active by contact. V. Synthesis of polysiloxanes with biocidal activity (2000)

Polysiloxanes with 3-(alkyldimethylammonio)propyl pendant groups were synthesized by quaternization of n-octyldimethylamine or n-dodecyldimethylamine with linear polysiloxanes containing 3-chloropropyl groups and/or 3-bromopropyl groups attached to silicon atoms. The precursor polysiloxanes, poly[(3-chloropropyl)methylsiloxane] homopolymer and various copolymers containing (3-halogenopropyl)methylsiloxane and dimethylsiloxane units, were obtained by equilibrium cationic polymerization of linear and cyclic siloxanes with (3-halogenopropyl)methylsiloxane units. The polysiloxanes bearing quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) showed bactericidal activity against bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila when incorporated in a polysiloxane network. The activity was retained after 66 days of immersion in water. The QAS-containing polysiloxanes are also active in aqueous solution. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1005–1012, 2000
CD16 is indispensable for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by human monocytes (2016)

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is exerted by immune cells expressing surface Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) against cells coated with antibody, such as virus-infected or transformed cells. CD16, the FcγRIIIA, is essential for ADCC by NK cells, and is also expressed by a subset of human blood monocytes. We found that human CD16- expressing monocytes have a broad spectrum of ADCC capacities and can kill cancer cell lines, primary leukemic cells and hepatitis B virus-infected cells in the presence of specific antibodies. Engagement of CD16 on monocytes by antibody bound to target cells activated β2-integrins and induced TNFα secretion. In turn, this induced TNFR expression on the target cells, making them susceptible to TNFα-mediated cell death. Treatment with TLR agonists, DAMPs or cytokines, such as IFNγ, further enhanced ADCC. Monocytes lacking CD16 did not exert ADCC but acquired this property after CD16 expression was induced by either cytokine stimulation or transient transfection. Notably, CD16+ monocytes from patients with leukemia also exerted potent ADCC. Hence, CD16+ monocytes are important effectors of ADCC, suggesting further developments of this property in the context of cellular therapies for cancer and infectious diseases.
Automated Identification of Optically Sensed Aphid (Homoptera: Aphidae) Wingbeat Waveforms (2002)

Abstract An optical sensor was used to make digital recordings of wingbeat waveforms for the five most common aphids found on Guam: Aphis craccivora Koch, A. gossypii Glover, A. nerii Fonscolombe, Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, and Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy). Wingbeat frequencies for each species overlapped all other species. However, mean wingbeat frequencies were significantly different for all species. Wingbeat frequencies and harmonic patterns were extracted from the recordings and submitted to cluster analysis, which failed to separate species completely. Several nearest neighbor and probabilistic neural network classifiers were built using time series, frequency spectra, wingbeat frequencies, and harmonic patterns as input variables. These classifiers were evaluated by having them identify wingbeat waveforms from aphids collected and recorded after their construction. The best performing classifier model was a probabilistic artificial neural network trained using 256-bin frequency spectra as input. Sixty-nine percent of the waveforms presented to this network were identified correctly. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing an insect flight monitor that automatically counts and identifies individual flying insects. Essential components of the monitoring system are a photosensor, a multimedia personal computer, and software that identifies wingbeat frequency spectra using an artificial neural network.
Micromachining processes and structures in micro-optics and optoelectronics (1991)

Microengineering principles and techniques are playing an increasing role in the design and fabrication of components in the fields of micro-optics and optoelectronics. Referring to optical mirrors, gratings, lenses, waveguides, air bridges for electrical interconnects, alignment aids etc, micromachining techniques offer a wide range of possibilities-both in silicon and III-V semiconductors-to manufacture various components and also to batch-produce and integrate them onto a wafer. A new, fast growing discipline called 'microsystems' has evolved from a combining of the three subject areas of mechanics, optics and electronics at micron scales. The technology centered on microsystems provides the potential for microstructures based on an integration of mechanical, optical and electronic elements and devices. In combination, these three fields can realize a number of exciting and new capabilities, and structures that have not been possible before.
One‐Pot Aerosol Route to MoO<sub>3</sub>‐SiO<sub>2</sub>‐Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalysts with Ordered Super Microporosity and High Olefin Metathesis Activity (2012)

Aerosol processing coupled with surfactant-templated sol–gel synthesis is used to produce MoO3-SiO2-Al2O3 catalysts. By quenching the sol–gel kinetics by fast drying of the aerosol, molecular-scale dispersion of each component is achieved. The structuring agent generates an organized porosity at the nanoscale. The catalysts have a high specific surface area and outstanding olefin metathesis activity.
Folding of <i>Aplysia limacina</i> Apomyoglobin Involves an Intermediate in Common with Other Evolutionarily Distant Globins (2003)

In the globin family, similarities in the folding mechanism have been found among different mammalian apomyoglobins (apoMb). The best-characterized intermediate of sperm whale apoMb, called I(AGH), is mainly stabilized by nativelike contacts among the A, G, and H helices involving a cluster of hydrophobic residues that includes two conserved tryptophans. To verify the hypothesis of a common intermediate in the folding of all members of the globin family, we have extensively studied a site-directed mutant of the myoglobin from Aplysia limacina, distantly related to the mammalian counterpart, in which one of the two tryptophans in the A-G-H cluster [i.e., Trp(H8)130] has been mutated to tyrosine. The results presented here show that this mutation destabilizes both the native state and the acid intermediate I(A) but exerts little or no effect on the thermally stable core of an intermediate species (called I(T)) peculiar to Aplysia apomyoglobin. Dynamic quenching of Trp emission by acrylamide provides information on the accessibility of the chromophores at the native and the intermediate states of wild-type and mutant Aplysia apomyoglobin, consistent with the thermodynamics. Our results agree well with those obtained for the corresponding topological position of apomyoglobin from sperm whale and clearly show that the H8 position is involved in the stabilization of the main intermediate in both apoproteins. This residue thus plays a role which is evolutionarily conserved in the globin family from invertebrates to mammals; our results support the contention that the A-G-H cluster is important in the folding pathway of different globins.
Field desorption mass spectra of tryptic peptides of human hemoglobin chains (1981)

Field desorption mass spectra of tryptic peptides of normal human hemoglobin α-, β-, γ-, δ-chains and abnormal β-chain of hemoglobin S were studied. Almost all mass peaks of the protonated molecular ions of tryptic peptides and many doubly charged ions were observed. The molecular weights of all tryptic peptides were estimated from the mass spectra, the heaviest mass being m/z 2955, and coincided with the values obtained from the known amino acid sequences. The different chains of hemoglobin can be distinguished by their field desorption mass spectra. The mass spectrum of abnormal β-chain of hemoglobin S (sickle-cell-anemia) showed a shift of the characteristic line due to the mutation of amino acid.
Respective potencies of Botox and Dysport: a double blind, randomised, crossover study in cervical dystonia. (2002)

Dysport 1:3 (and Dysport 1:4 to a greater extent) is more efficient than Botox for both impairment and pain in cervical dystonia although with a somewhat higher incidence of minor adverse effects. This strongly suggests that the most appropriate conversion factor between Botox and Dysport units is less than 3 in cervical dystonia.
Poly(ethylene glycol) Graft Copolymers Containing Carboxylic Acid Groups:  Aggregation and Viscometric Properties in Aqueous Solution (1996)

Poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ethers (MPEG) were grafted on copolymers of maleic anhydride and styrene, methyl methacrylate, and ethylhexyl methacrylate, respectively. Hydrolysis of the remaining anhydride residues gave graft copolymers carrying a large number of carboxylic acid groups along the main chains. The properties in aqueous solutions of these graft copolymers were studied with respect to aggregation behavior and viscometric properties. Aggregation of the polymers was examined by quasi-elastic light scattering and flow field-flow fractionation in water and KCl solution. Both methods showed that the anionic graft copolymers mainly were present as single molecules in pure water, with a minor fraction of aggregates. In KCl solution, aggregates with average sizes of approximately 30 nm were the dominant species. In aqueous solution, the polymers exhibited polyelectrolyte behavior, i.e., a dramatic increase of the viscosity upon neutralization. Graft copolymers with hydrophobic groups in the backbone had lower viscosities.
Holographically Defined TiO<sub>2</sub> Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2010)

We describe a multibeam interference lithography for creating 3D polymeric porous structures. The coating of a TiO(2) shell and subsequent removal of the template produce holographically defined TiO(2) (h-TiO(2)) electrodes. We analyze the morphological features of the h-TiO(2) electrodes and consider their applicability to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Specifically, the performance of the h-TiO(2) electrode was evaluated by comparison with a macroporous TiO(2) electrode produced from colloidal crystals. The h-TiO(2) structure possesses a larger specific area than the inverted colloidal crystals because of a bicontinuous air network with the TiO(2) shell. Consequently, the h-TiO(2) electrode can produce a 30% higher photogenerated electron current.
Cathode phase inversion (1938)

A simple method for phase inversion which introduces little distortion, yet amplifies considerably, is described. The input is at earth or any chosen positive potential; outputs are symmetrical with respect to earth. Linear amplification is obtained throughout the audio frequency range for outputs up to the potential of the anode supply.
Gigabit Telerobotics: Applying Advanced Information Infrastructure (1993)

Advanced manufacturing concepts such as "Virtual Factories" use an information infrastructure to tie together changing groups of specialized facilities into agile manufacturing systems. A necessary element of such systems is the ability to teleoperate machines, for example telerobotic systems with full-capability sensory feedback loops. We have identified three network advances needed for splitting robotic control from robotic function: increased bandwidth, decreased error rates, and support for isochronous traffic. These features are available in the Gigabit networks under development at Penn and elsewhere.\nA number of key research questions are posed by gigabit telerobotics. There are issues in network topology, robot control and distributed system software, packaging and transport of sensory data (including wide-area transport), and performance implications of architectural choices using measures such as cost, response time, and network utilization.\nWe propose to explore these questions experimentally in a joint research effort combining the Distributed Systems Laboratory (DSL) and the General Robotics and Sensory Perception (GRASP) Laboratory at the University of-Pennsylvania. The proposed experiments should provide important early results. A detailed research program is described.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Dialkylated<i>N</i>-Heterocycles by Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation (2015)

The enantioselective synthesis of α-disubstituted N-heterocyclic carbonyl compounds has been accomplished using palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation. These catalytic conditions enable access to various heterocycles, such as morpholinone, thiomorpholinone, oxazolidin-4-one, 1,2-oxazepan-3-one, 1,3-oxazinan-4-one, and structurally related lactams, all bearing fully substituted α-positions. Broad functional group tolerance was explored at the α-position in the morpholinone series. We demonstrate the utility of this method by performing various transformations on our useful products to readily access a number of enantioenriched compounds.
Effects of theaflavins on<i>N</i>‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine‐induced esophageal tumorigenesis (1997)

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the inhibitory effects of the polyphenol fraction of black tea, theaflavins (TF), the polyphenol fraction of green tea, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in the rat esophageal tumor model. The tea fractions were administered in the drinking water at concentrations of 360 and 1,200 ppm for two weeks before administration of the esophageal carcinogen N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA). NMBA was administered subcutaneously in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide three times weekly for five weeks. Additional groups of rats received only vehicle and plain drinking water or vehicle and drinking water containing 1,200 ppm of each tea fraction. Twenty-five weeks after NMBA administration began, the experiment was terminated and esophagi were excised and scored for tumors. Rats that were not dosed with NMBA had no tumors. Rats treated with NMBA only had an esophageal tumor incidence of 100% and a multiplicity of 3.3 +/- 0.4 tumors/rat. The proportion of rats developing tumors was not significantly reduced by any of the four tea fractions at the concentrations tested. However, the 1,200 ppm concentrations of each tea fraction in the drinking water produced some reduction in esophageal tumor multiplicity, although only TF significantly reduced tumor multiplicity compared with rats treated with NMBA only. The rates of esophageal tumor formation were significantly reduced at 360 and 1,200 ppm by TF and EGCG.
Defect properties of Sb- and Bi-doped CuInSe2: The effect of the deep lone-pair <i>s</i> states (2014)

Bi or Sb doping has been used to make better material properties of polycrystalline Cu2(In,Ga)Se2 as solar cell absorbers, including the experimentally observed improved electrical properties. However, the mechanism is still not clear. Using first-principles method, we investigate the stability and electronic structure of Bi- and Sb-related defects in CuInSe2 and study their effects on the doping efficiency. Contrary to previous thinking that Bi or Sb substituted on the anion site, we find that under anion-rich conditions, the impurities can substitute on cation sites and are isovalent to In because of the formation of the impurity lone pair s states. When the impurities substitute for Cu, the defects act as shallow double donors and help remove the deep InCu level, thus resulting in the improved carrier life time. On the other hand, under anion-poor conditions, impurities at the Se site create amphoteric deep levels that are detrimental to the device performance.
Allosteric antibody inhibition of human hepsin protease (2011)

Hepsin is a type II transmembrane serine protease that is expressed in several human tissues. Overexpression of hepsin has been found to correlate with tumour progression and metastasis, which is so far best studied for prostate cancer, where more than 90% of such tumours show this characteristic. To enable improved future patient treatment, we have developed a monoclonal humanized antibody that selectively inhibits human hepsin and does not inhibit other related proteases. We found that our antibody, hH35, potently inhibits hepsin enzymatic activity at nanomolar concentrations. Kinetic characterization revealed non-linear, slow, tight-binding inhibition. This correlates with the crystal structure we obtained for the human hepsin-hH35 antibody Fab fragment complex, which showed that the antibody binds hepsin around α3-helix, located far from the active centre. The unique allosteric mode of inhibition of hH35 is distinct from the recently described HGFA (hepatocyte growth factor activator) allosteric antibody inhibition. We further explain how a small change in the antibody design induces dramatic structural rearrangements in the hepsin antigen upon binding, leading to complete enzyme inactivation.
Visual interference with a transparent head mounted display (2001)

Potential perceptual problems that may occur with monocular wearable displays are binocular rivalry and visual interference. We report the results from an experiment with a monocular wearable showing that text becomes increasingly difficult to read as the background becomes more complex. Indeed subjects adopted strategies to avoid the visually complex backgrounds and thereby minimize the interference.
LEAFY Interacts with Floral Homeotic Genes to Regulate Arabidopsis Floral Development. (1992)

In the leafy mutant of Arabidopsis, most of the lateral meristems that are fated to develop as flowers in a wild-type plant develop as inflorescence branches, whereas a few develop as abnormal flowers consisting of whorls of sepals and carpels. We have isolated several new alleles of leafy and constructed a series of double mutants with leafy and other homeotic mutants affecting floral development to determine how these genes interact to specify the developmental fate of lateral meristems. We found that leafy is completely epistatic to pistillata and interacts additively with agamous in early floral whorls, whereas in later whorls leafy is epistatic to agamous. Double mutants with leafy and either apetala1 or apetala2 showed a complete loss of the whorled phyllotaxy, shortened internodes, and suppression of axillary buds typical of flowers. Our results suggest that the products of LEAFY, APETALA1, and APETALA2 together control the differentiation of lateral meristems as flowers rather than as inflorescence branches.