gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Ames II and traditional Ames test responses with respect to mutagenicity, strain specificities, need for metabolism and correlation with rodent carcinogenicity (2009)

The Ames II Salmonella mutagenicity assay procedure was used to test 71 chemicals, and the results were compared with those from the traditional Ames Salmonella test using the NTP database as the reference. All Ames II tests were performed using a fluctuation procedure in microplate format, using TAMix for the detection of base pair substitutions and TA98 to detect frameshift mutations. There was 84% agreement between the two procedures in identifying mutagens and non-mutagens, which is equivalent to the intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility of 87% for the traditional test. The two tests also performed similarly in their predictions of rodent carcinogenicity.
Development and fine mapping of markers closely linked to the SCMV resistance loci Scmv1 and Scmv2 in European maize (Zea mays L.) (2003)

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is an important disease in European maize cultivars (Zea mays L.). Because of its non-persistent transmission by aphid vectors, it is not possible to control SCMV directly. Therefore, cultivation of resistant maize varieties is an efficient way to control SCMV infections. \nThe overall objectives of this study were the genetic analysis of SCMV resistance in cross F7 x FAP1360A and the identification of closely linked markers to the SCMV resistance genes Scmv1 on chromosome 6 and Scmv2 on chromosome 3 for map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection (MAS). The technical objectives were to (1) identify in particular the location of Scmv1 and Scmv2 on chromosomes 3 and 6 in cross F7 x FAP1360A, (2) estimate the gene action of the alleles present at these loci, (3) enrich the SCMV resistance regions surrounding Scmv1 and Scmv2 with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers by applying a modified targeted bulked segregant analysis, tBSA, (4) convert AFLP markers into codominant, simple PCR-based markers as a tool for MAS and map-based cloning of Scmv1 and Scmv2 and, (5) assess resistance gene analogues (RGAs) as potential candidate genes for Scmv1 and Scmv2.\nQuantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping SSR markers revealed the presence of two QTL on chromosome 6 (Scmv1a and Scmv1b) and one QTL on chromosome 3 (Scmv2). \ntBSA identified 24 AFLP and 25 SSR markers adjacent to either Scmv1 or Scmv2. AFLP marker E35M62-1, closely linked to Scmv1 on chromosome 6, was successfully converted into an indel marker. For chromosome 3, AFLP marker E33M61-2 was converted into a CAPS marker. Both converted AFLP markers mapped to the same chromosome region as their original AFLP markers. Development of CAPS of the RGAs and mapping in relation to SCMV resistance genes Scmv1 and Scmv2 identified pic19 and pic13 as potential candidates for these resistance genes. \nIn this study, useful markers were developed for applications in MAS. Because inheritance of SCMV resistance is strongly affected by the environment, MAS enables the selection of resistant individuals independently of field experiments. Furthermore, MAS can assist breeders to identify resistant individuals before flowering and to pyramid resistance genes in elite inbred lines. Another benefit of these closely linked markers is their application for map-based cloning. Final evidence, whether there are one or more genes clustered on chromosomes 3 and 6, conferring resistance against SCMV, can only be solved after cloning these genes.
Evaluation of Modified Iodometric Method (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvaluation of Modified Iodometric MethodC. D. Wagner, R. H. Smith, and E. D. PetersCite this: Anal. Chem. 1947, 19, 12, 976–979Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60012a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60012a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views747Altmetric-Citations130LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A study of design/process dependence of 0.25 μm gate length CMOS (2002)

We investigate the design/process dependence of a 0.25 /spl mu/m gate length CMOS technology and evaluate performance (including I/sub drive/ vs. I/sub off/, I/sub drive/ at the onset of subthreshold 2/sup nd/ slope, inverse-short-channel effect) and reliability (channel hot electron lifetime, gate-induced drain leakage, and ESD related thermal, or 2/sup nd/ breakdown). Increased nMOS I/sub drive/ before onset of subthreshold 2/sup nd/ slope (resulting from sub-surface S/D punch-through) is realized with increased As S/D anneal temperature and is correlated with reduced inverse-short-channel effect (i-SCE: measure of increase in V/sub T/ with decreasing L/sub gate/). Improved nMOS I/sub drive/ vs. I/sub off/ is additionally achieved (at same R/sub SD/) using S/D with As only compared to P LDD and is correlated with reduced sub-surface punch-through. Use of RTA annealing to 1000/spl deg/C reduces i-SCE for non-LDD nMOS as well as increasing pMOS C/sub invC/sub ox/ to /spl ges/90% at t/sub ox/=50 /spl Aring/. (comparable to nMOSFET). nMOS ESD reliability (as measured by I/sub t2/: drain current at ESD related 2/sup nd/ breakdown) is increased with optimum S/D anneal and with As only S/D. nMOS pocket implant reduces V/sub T/ rolloff and maintains hot carrier reliability and I/sub t2/ while marginally increasing C/sub j/. Use of nMOS pocket implant and pMOS super-steep retrograde channel implant improve the V/sub T/ rolloff but do not show significant improvement in I/sub drive/ vs. I/sub off/. A design/process has been implemented which results in a high performance CMOS technology consistent with industry trend as measured using a figure-of-merit metric.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: 1. A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIOS (1959)

A bioassay procedure for the evaluation of the nutritional quality of the protein in foods is described. This method involves measurement of the protein efficiency ratio (grams gain per gram protein consumed) under standardized conditions. Male rats of the Wistar strain 20–23 days of age are fed ad libitum an otherwise adequate reference diet containing 10% protein supplied by a standard sample of casein. Foods to be assayed are added to the diet as the sole source of protein at the expense of the casein and corn starch to maintain a protein level of 10%. Protein efficiency ratios (P.E.R.'s) are calculated after 4 weeks and are adjusted to a constant value of 2.5 for casein. Although influenced by the age of rat and subject to certain inherent criticisms, determination of P.E.R. values was found to be a simpler method for evaluating protein quality than determination of net protein retention or net protein utilization and equally sensitive.
Predicting the location of mobile users (2009)

Mobile context-aware applications experience a constantly changing environment with increased dynamicity. In order to work efficiently, the location of mobile users needs to be predicted and properly exploited by mobile applications. We propose a spatial context model, which deals with the location prediction of mobile users. Such model is used for the classification of the users' trajectories through Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Predicting spatial context is treated through supervised learning. We evaluate our model in terms of prediction accuracy w.r.t. specific prediction parameters. The proposed model is also compared with other ML algorithms for location prediction. Our findings are very promising for the efficient operation of mobile context-aware applications.
Human Thioredoxin Reductase Is Efficiently Inhibited by (2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-Terpyridine)platinum(II) Complexes. Possible Implications for a Novel Antitumor Strategy (2001)

Malignant neoplasms of the brain represent the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in children under the age of 15. The prognosis of patients with glioblastoma multiforme, the most malignant type of gliomas, remains poor offering a median survival time of only 1 year. (2,2':6',2"-Terpyridine)platinum(II) complexes are known to possess DNA-intercalating activity and have been shown to be potential chemotherapeutic agents. In the present study we identified the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) as a major target of (2,2':6',2"-terpyridine)platinum(II) complexes. New complexes were synthesized in order to optimize this inhibition. The NADPH-reduced enzyme is inhibited almost stoichiometrically by the complexes involving a reversible competitive and an irreversible tight-binding component. For the most potent inhibitor, N,S-bis(2,2':6',2"-terpyridine)platinum(II)-thioacetimine trinitrate, the K(i) for the competitive component of the inhibition is 4 nM and the IC(50) for the tight-binding component is 2 nM after an incubation time of 5 min. The closely related but non-selenium-containing enzyme glutathione reductase is much less inhibited (by a factor of >1000). The platinum complexes were found to strongly inhibit the proliferation of three different glioblastoma cell lines as well as of two different head-and-neck squamous carcinoma cell lines. In a glioblastoma cell culture, less than 10 microM of a platinum(II) compound caused an initial drop of hTrxR activity which was followed by an increase of activity in the surviving cells. A 10 microM inhibitor added every 24 h led to 4% residual hTrxR activity but 100% glutathione reductase activity in the cells surviving for 67 h. The potential of (2,2':6',2"-terpyridine)platinum(II) complexes acting simultaneously at two different intracellular targets-hTrxR and DNA-as antitumor agents is discussed.
Assessment of Chemical Effects on Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 cells Using High Content Screening (2008)

Identification of chemicals that pose a hazard to the developing nervous system is the first step in reducing human exposure and preventing health risks to infants and children. In response to the need for more efficient methods to identify potential developmental neurotoxicants, the present study evaluated the utility of an automated high content screening system to detect chemical effects on neurite outgrowth in Neuroscreen-1 cells (NS-1), a subclone of PC12 cells. Plating 2000 NS-1 cells per well with 100 ng/ml nerve growth factor for 96 h produced optimal neurite growth in a 96-well format. Using this protocol, five chemicals that had been previously shown to inhibit neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells were examined. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth (assessed as total neurite length per cell) was observed for all five chemicals. For three of the chemicals, inhibition was associated with decreased cell viability. To demonstrate the utility of this approach for screening, a further set of chemicals (eight known in vivo developmental neurotoxicants and eight chemicals with little evidence of in vivo neurotoxicity) were tested over a wide concentration range (1 nM-100 microM). Trans-retinoic acid, dexamethasone, cadmium, and methylmercury inhibited neurite outgrowth, although dexamethasone and cadmium only affected neurite outgrowth at concentrations that decreased viability. Amphetamine facilitated neurite outgrowth, whereas valproic acid, diphenylhydantoin, and lead had no effect. Of the chemicals that were not neurotoxic, there were no effects on cell viability, but two (dimethyl phthalate and omeprazole) increased neurite outgrowth at the highest concentration tested. These results demonstrate that a high content screening system can rapidly quantify chemical effects on neurite outgrowth in vitro. Concentration-response data for both neurite outgrowth and cell viability allowed for the determination of the specificity of chemical effects on a neurodevelopmental endpoint. Further studies will examine the utility of other in vitro preparations for cell-based assays of neurite outgrowth.
Statistical Methods in Seed Corn Product Selection (1988)

Our purpose is to examine statistical methods, particularly field plot technique, hypothesis testing, and inference suggesting, from a seed corn ( Zea mays L.) company viewpoint. Company managers must look beyond traditional statistical methods to develop systems that identify superior new products. These systems should mimic the processes used by farmers in selecting new hybrids that provide superior performance in the broad range of environments where they will be grown. This paper shows the evolution of seed company strategy to identify superior hybrids in product development and testing systems. Test resource allocation has changed to fewer replicates per location, to more locations per year, to more years per hybrid comparison, and to more data integration across test types. Experimental design has changed from sophisticated to simple designs, from experiment summaries to head‐to‐head comparisons (two hybrids compared in all tests in which both were grown) then to head‐to‐group comparisons (series of head‐to‐head comparisons for a hybrid with appropriate elite hybrids within a maturity group), and from analyses of variance to t ‐test analyses. Stability regressions have become more popular. As improved statistical methods have been used, more genetic progress per unit of time has resulted; hybrids have become more stress tolerant, thus more widely adapted.
Cytokeratin No. 9, an epidermal type I keratin characteristic of a special program of keratinocyte differentiation displaying body site specificity. (1986)

Plantar epidermis of the bovine heel pad as well as human plantar and palmar epidermis contain large amounts of an acidic (type I) keratin polypeptide (No. 9) of Mr 64,000 which so far has not been found in epidermis of other sites of the body. We present evidence for the keratinous nature of this protein, including its ability to form cytokeratin complexes and intermediate-sized filaments in vitro. We have isolated RNA from plantar epidermis of both species and show, using translation in vitro, that these polypeptides are genuine products of distinct mRNAs. Using immunofluorescence microscopy with specific antibodies against this protein, we demonstrate its location in most cells of suprabasal layers of plantar epidermis as well as in sparse keratinocytes which occur, individually or in small clusters, in upper layers of epidermis of other body locations. We conclude that cytokeratin No. 9 is characteristic of a special program of keratinocyte differentiation which during morphogenesis is expressed in most epidermal keratinocytes of soles and palms but only in a few keratinocytes at other body sites. This example of cell type-specific expression of a member of a multigene family in relation to a body site-related program of tissue differentiation raises important biological questions concerning the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation and morphogenesis as well as the function of such topological heterogeneity within a given type of tissue.
Vaginal Colonization with Group B Streptococcus: A Study in College Women (1977)

Vaginal specimens for culture of group B Streptococcus and anonymous questionnaires were obtained from 499 college women. Group B Streptococcus was isolated from 90 (18.0%) of the participants. A selective broth medium was more sensitive for detection of vaginal isolates (85 of 493; 17.2%) than was direct inoculation of blood agar plates (44 of 466; 9.4%). The most prevalent serotypes among the isolates were type III (37.9%) and type II (25.3%). Logit analysis identified four factors associated with a higher prevalence of vaginal colonization with group B Streptococcus. These organisms were isolated significantly more often from (1) women who had an intrauterine device (50% vs. 18.6%; P less than 0.001), (2) sexually experienced women (20% vs. 7.1%; P less than 0.02), (3) women studied during the first half of the menstrual cycle (26.5% vs. 14.5%; P less than 0.01), and (4) women 20 years of age or younger (21.4% vs. 14.8%; P less than 0.05). The prevalence of colonization with group B Streptococcus was not related to sexual practices, history of venereal disease, use of oral contraceptives, presence of gynecologic symptoms, use of antibiotics, race, educational level, marital status, or history of pregnancy.
Predation on Voles: An Experimental Approach (1995)

We manipulated access to penned populations of voles to assess the relative importance of four different groups of predators in eastcentral Illinois. Larger carnivores (feral cats, raccoons, and foxes) generally accounted for more losses than did the other groups, particularly in winter. Losses to small carnivores (weasels) and raptors peaked in autumn, but snakes had low impact throughout the year (none at all in winter when they were not active). Large carnivores and snakes showed no consistent preference for young or adult voles of either sex, whereas small carnivores and raptors regularly took more immature voles of both sexes. The heavy use of voles by large carnivores, even when densities of voles in surrounding fields were low, supported the hypothesis that resident generalist predators can respond quickly to local increases in density of voles and may prolong periods of low densities.
The effects of irradiation with high energy electrons on the structure and reactivity of native and cross-linked collagen fibres (1970)

ABSTRACT Native and cross-linked rat tail tendon collagen was irradiated with high energy electrons up to a maximum dose of 100 × 104 J kg − 1 (100 Mrd). Fibres irradiated dry showed greater damage when examined in the electron microscope using negative staining techniques than those irradiated wet. Cross-linking with glutaraldehyde prior to irradiation resulted in the band structure being preserved even at the highest dose but an unequal shrinkage of the bands was noted. Irradiation altered the reactivity of both native and cross-linked collagen with collagenase and elastase. Wet-but not dry-irradiated native collagen became resistant to collagenase. Both wet- and dry-irradiated specimens were digested with elastase. Cross-linked collagen, normally resistant to both elastase and collagenase, became sensitive after varying doses of radiation; different results were obtained after irradiation in the wet and dry states. Irradiated collagen reacted abnormally with various histological stains and tended to resemble elastin in tinctorial properties. No marked changes were noted in the amino acid composition of the collagen after irradiation. Solubility in dilute alkali, acetic acid and hot water was decreased after irradiation of collagen in the wet state and increased after irradiation in the dry state. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that electron irradiation of collagen in the dry state results in scission of the polypeptide chains and that, in the presence of water, this is accompanied by the formation of intermolecular bonds. It also appears that changes in the configuration of the polypeptide chains accompany both these processes.
Differential Role of Human Choline Kinase α and β Enzymes in Lipid Metabolism: Implications in Cancer Onset and Treatment (2009)

This study represents the first evidence of the distinct metabolic role of ChoKalpha and ChoKbeta isoforms, suggesting different physiological roles and implications in human carcinogenesis. These findings constitute a step forward in the design of an antitumoral strategy based on ChoK inhibition.
Illumination from curved reflectors (1992)

article Illumination from curved reflectors Share on Authors: Don Mitchell AT&T Bell Laboratories AT&T Bell LaboratoriesView Profile , Pat Hanrahan Princeton University Princeton UniversityView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGGRAPH Computer GraphicsVolume 26Issue 2July 1992 pp 283–291https://doi.org/10.1145/142920.134082Online:01 July 1992Publication History 89citation1,082DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations89Total Downloads1,082Last 12 Months47Last 6 weeks8 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Axial and Radial Forces of Cross-Bridges Depend on Lattice Spacing (2010)

Nearly all mechanochemical models of the cross-bridge treat myosin as a simple linear spring arranged parallel to the contractile filaments. These single-spring models cannot account for the radial force that muscle generates (orthogonal to the long axis of the myofilaments) or the effects of changes in filament lattice spacing. We describe a more complex myosin cross-bridge model that uses multiple springs to replicate myosin's force-generating power stroke and account for the effects of lattice spacing and radial force. The four springs which comprise this model (the 4sXB) correspond to the mechanically relevant portions of myosin's structure. As occurs in vivo, the 4sXB's state-transition kinetics and force-production dynamics vary with lattice spacing. Additionally, we describe a simpler two-spring cross-bridge (2sXB) model which produces results similar to those of the 4sXB model. Unlike the 4sXB model, the 2sXB model requires no iterative techniques, making it more computationally efficient. The rate at which both multi-spring cross-bridges bind and generate force decreases as lattice spacing grows. The axial force generated by each cross-bridge as it undergoes a power stroke increases as lattice spacing grows. The radial force that a cross-bridge produces as it undergoes a power stroke varies from expansive to compressive as lattice spacing increases. Importantly, these results mirror those for intact, contracting muscle force production.
Simultaneous amplification of four DNA repair genes and beta-actin in human lymphocytes by multiplex reverse transcriptase-PCR. (1995)

We describe here the development, optimization, and use of a non-radioactive, quantitative, multiplex reverse transcriptase-PCR technique to measure, in a single reaction, the relative levels of the transcripts of four DNA repair genes (XPCC, hMSH2, XRCC1, and ERCC1) and the beta-actin gene in lymphoblastoid cell lines and frozen peripheral blood lymphocytes. Expression of defective DNA repair genes was not detected in DNA repair-deficient human cell lines, whereas the intact genes were detected in repair-proficient cell lines and in lymphocytes from a normal donor. The assay was reproducible, and repeated determinations of the same samples generated highly consistent results for each target gene. This approach should facilitate molecular epidemiological studies that incorporate screening for germline alterations that may affect gene expression and for changes in the levels of gene expression.