gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Food sugar substitutes: a brief review for dental clinicians (2003)

The frequent ingestion of fermentable sugars such as sucrose, fructose, glucose and maltose is conducive to the development of caries in the teeth of susceptible individuals. Natural and artificial alternatives to these sugars have been and continue to be developed as non/low-caloric sweeteners. The US Food and Drug Administration have approved four non-caloric sweeteners at present. However, there are several other non-caloric sweeteners being commonly used in other countries. A review of these sweeteners is provided with information on a promising new agent that has not yet gained FDA approval.
Electron Density Measurement of MHD Combustion Plasmas with a Far-Infrared Laser (1987)

The electron density is the most important parameter for the performance of an MHD power generator. The far-infrared laser has offered a powerful diagnostic tool for measuring this quantitiy. However, the effect of neutral gases should be made clear to improve accuracy. In the present paper, the variable wavelength far-infrared laser is used to solve this problem. In the electron density measurement with a Michelson interferometer, the definite fringe shift due to neutral gases in the flame is detected, and the effect of neutral gases, especially that of the rotational absorption by water molecules on the flame refractivity is quantitatively clarified. The measured electron density agrees very well with theoretical calculations.
New Binding Assay and Preparative Trial of Cell-Surface Lectin from Lactobacillus acidophilus Group Lactic Acid Bacteria (1999)

To select Lactobacillus acidophilus group bacteria as a probiotic yogurt starter, we designed a new screening method that measures the binding activity of surface layer protein to rat colonic mucin, which contains sugar chains similar to those in human colonic mucin. The B1 subgroup (Lactobacillus gasseri), which is the dominant strain in the human intestinal tract, showed the highest binding activity to rat colonic mucin among all the subgroups of L. acidophilus. The binding activity of the surface layer protein was also shown to be significantly reduced after periodate oxidation of the rat colonic mucin. This new screening method is useful for rapid selection of L. acidophilus strains that have high adhesion to the human intestinal tract. Lectin-like proteins that were bound to rat colonic mucin were isolated from the surface layer proteins with a rat colonic mucin-coated membrane and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A few main bands together with several minor bands were observed on the electrophoretograms obtained from the strains tested. It is possible that those lectin-like proteins contribute to adhesion of the bacterial cell to human colonic mucosa by binding specifically to carbohydrate portions.
The SOT Task Force's Response to the NCTR Letter (1983)

Journal Article The SOT Task Force's Response to the NCTR Letter Get access ROBERT D.. BRUCE, ROBERT D.. BRUCE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar WILLIAM W. CARLTON, WILLIAM W. CARLTON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DAVID CLAYSON, DAVID CLAYSON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar KELVIN H. FERBER, KELVIN H. FERBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DONALD H. HUGHES, DONALD H. HUGHES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DAVID S. SALSBURG, DAVID S. SALSBURG Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JERRY M. SMITH, JERRY M. SMITH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W. RAY BROWN, W. RAY BROWN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MORRIS F. CRANMER, MORRIS F. CRANMER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT L. SIELKEN, Jr., ROBERT L. SIELKEN, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ... Show more JOHN VAN RYZIN, JOHN VAN RYZIN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT C. BARNARD ROBERT C. BARNARD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Toxicological Sciences, Volume 3, Issue 4, July 1983, Page 339, https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/3.4.339-b Published: 01 July 1983
Intermetallic Compounds as Fuels for Composite Rocket Propellants (2011)

Aluminized composite propellants have long suffered from efficiency and thermal challenges related to production of condensed phase slag droplets during operation. In an effort to mitigate the production of large droplets, a mechanically activated intermetallic forming nickel-aluminum compound was substituted for a portion of a propellant’s aluminum fuel. The resulting agglomerate size and burning rate of this propellant was compared to a standard aluminized AP/HTPB propellant. Addition of mechanically activated fuel particles increased the burning rate exponent of the propellant, while simultaneously decreasing condensed phase agglomerate size from 235 µm (for the control propellant) to 90 µ m( for the propellant containing 75 wt.% Ni-Al fuel). As such, intermetallic forming fuels may provide a route for increasing efficiency in solid rocket motors by simultaneously reducing the need for burning rate catalysts and minimizing two-phase nozzle flow losses.
Human Coronavirus NL63 Infection and Other Coronavirus Infections in Children Hospitalized with Acute Respiratory Disease in Hong Kong, China (2005)

HCoV-NL63 is a significant pathogen that contributes to the hospitalization of children, and it was estimated to have caused 224 hospital admissions per 100,000 population aged < or = 6 years each year in Hong Kong.
Monitoring of Oil and Gas Pipelines by Use of VTOL-Type Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (2016)

Summary The vast and diverse spread of the oil and gas pipeline infrastructure makes real-time monitoring of the entire network a very costly task. This topology has provided vandals and crude-oil thieves with the opportunity of tapping the pipelines and successfully stealing crude oil from them unhindered. Nigeria lost more than USD 11 billion to crude-oil theft and pipeline vandalization over a 4-year period (2007 to 2011). The increase in vandalization has led to the divestment of assets by some of these oil companies because it is no longer economical to continue operating the assets. Strategies used by the government and oil companies to tackle these challenges include the deployment of military personnel to these assets and also along their pipeline right of way (ROW). In spite of these attempts, the results show that the deployment of these personnel and the attendant cost have not reduced the quantity and frequency of oil theft because the deployment time to some of these locations also contributes to delay in the response of the security personnel. The deployment of dynamic pipeline-pressure profiles enables the determination of the onset of a leak or a loss of crude oil. This paper presents the deployment plan and communication architecture of the vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) type of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for pipeline monitoring. The pipeline network of the company is divided into wide area cells, and each cell is controlled from a facility. Low-power UAVs with directional antennas and long-range zoom cameras are deployed to provide real-time visual monitoring of the pipeline section whenever a pressure drip or any significant third-party activity is detected on a section of the pipeline. Security personnel can then be deployed to the pipeline section if vandal activity is detected. This solution has the capability of reducing crude-oil theft by providing accurate location data in a timely manner to the company with respect to the bunkering activity along its pipeline ROW and also enabling the timely deployment of personnel to contain the situation.
Fabrication of sub-micron whole-wafer SIS tunnel junctions for millimeter wave mixers (1991)

As part of a program for the development of a space-qualified submillimeter-wave mixer operating in the region of one terahertz, the authors have developed processes for the fabrication of submicron whole-wafer tunnel junctions. Using the self-aligned whole-wafer process (SAWW) with electron beam lithography they have been able to reliably fabricate high-quality (V/sub m/>20 mV) submicron tunnel junctions from whole-wafer Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb structures. In particular, it is shown that the junction quality is independent of size down to 0.3 mu m/sup 2/ junction area. The problems of film stress, anodization, registration for electron beam lithography, and lift-off, which limit the yield of good quality submicron-scale junctions are addressed.
Memory-aware power modeling for PAC DSP core (2009)

In this work, we propose a fast and accurate system-level power estimation methodology. To achieve high accuracy for an in-house digital signal processor, called PAC, we incorporate a hybrid power modeling scheme integrating three different levels of power models (including the instruction-level power model, the memory power model, and the transaction-based power model). These models are built using gate-level simulation first before being applied to the ESL simulation in which SystemC and instruction-set simulator (ISS) can be used to quickly perform the system-level power simulation with some realistic application programs. Within this system-level power modeling and simulation framework, one is able to analyze how memory configuration (e.g., cache sizes) will affect the system's power consumption at a very early design stage.
CCR5 HIV-1 Vertical Transmission (1998)

for the Women and Infants Transmission Study Group *Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital Houston, Texas †New England Research Institutes Watertown, Massachusetts ‡Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
The evolution from single to pervasive smart cameras (2008)

Having seen increased interest from the research community, smart camera systems have gone through a number of evolutionary steps like from single cameras to distributed smart camera systems with collaboration features. This work aims at defining a taxonomy to classify these systems based on their platform capabilities, the degree of distributed processing as well as system autonomy aspects covering self-configuration and mobility. Existing camera systems are classified according to the proposed taxonomy. Besides capturing the design space for smart cameras, the main contribution of this paper is an overview of the research challenges for the envisioned class of pervasive smart camera systems. As defined in this work, future pervasive smart camera systems will be visual sensor networks targeted at end-user applications where special emphasis is put on unobtrusiveness of the cameras as well as simple deployment supported by self configuration capabilities.
Medicinal Properties of Neem Leaves: A Review (2005)

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has attracted worldwide prominence in recent years, owing to its wide range of medicinal properties. Neem has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a cynosure of modern medicine. Neem elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds that are chemically diverse and structurally complex. More than 140 compounds have been isolated from different parts of neem. All parts of the neem tree- leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases and dental disorders. The medicinal utilities have been described especially for neem leaf. Neem leaf and its constituents have been demonstrated to exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. This review summarises the wide range of pharmacological activities of neem leaf.
Subsurface diffuse optical tomography can localize absorber and fluorescent objects but recovered image sensitivity is nonlinear with depth (2007)

Subsurface tomography with diffuse light has been investigated with a noncontact approach to characterize the performance of absorption and fluorescence imaging. Using both simulations and experiments, the reconstruction of local subsurface heterogeneity is demonstrated, but the recovery of target size and fluorophore concentration is not linear when changes in depth occur, whereas the mean position of the object for experimental fluorescent and absorber targets is accurate to within 0.5 and 1.45 mm when located within the first 10 mm below the surface. Improvements in the linearity of the response with depth appear to remain challenging and may ultimately limit the approach to detection rather than characterization applications. However, increases in tissue curvature and/or the addition of prior information are expected to improve the linearity of the response. The potential for this type of imaging technique to serve as a surgical guide is highlighted.
Painful, degenerating intervertebral discs up‐regulate neurite sprouting and <scp>CGRP</scp> through nociceptive factors (2014)

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD) can result in chronic low back pain, a common cause of morbidity and disability. Inflammation has been associated with IVD degeneration, however the relationship between inflammatory factors and chronic low back pain remains unclear. Furthermore, increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are both associated with inflammation and chronic low back pain, but whether degenerating discs release sufficient concentrations of factors that induce nociceptor plasticity remains unclear. Degenerating IVDs from low back pain patients and healthy, painless IVDs from human organ donors were cultured ex vivo. Inflammatory and nociceptive factors released by IVDs into culture media were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and protein arrays. The ability of factors released to induce neurite growth and nociceptive neuropeptide production was investigated. Degenerating discs release increased levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, NGF and BDNF. Factors released by degenerating IVDs increased neurite growth and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression, both of which were blocked by anti-NGF treatment. Furthermore, protein arrays found increased levels of 20 inflammatory factors, many of which have nociceptive effects. Our results demonstrate that degenerating and painful human IVDs release increased levels of NGF, inflammatory and nociceptive factors ex vivo that induce neuronal plasticity and may actively diffuse to induce neo-innervation and pain in vivo.
Comprehensive Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Sphingolipids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2009)

There has been a recent explosion in research concerning novel bioactive sphingolipids (SPLs) such as ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sph), and sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1P) and this has necessitated the development of accurate and user-friendly methodology for analyzing and quantitating the endogenous levels of these molecules. ESI/MS/MS methodology provides a universal tool used for detecting and monitoring changes in SPL levels and composition from biological materials. Simultaneous ESI/MS/MS analysis of sphingoid bases (SBs), sphingoid base 1-phosphates (SB-1Ps), ceramides (Cers), ceramide 1-phosphates (Cer-1P), glucosyl/galactosyl-ceramides (Glu-Cers), and sphingomyelins (SMs) is performed on a Thermo Fisher Scientific triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive ionization mode. Biological materials (cells, tissues, or physiological fluids) are fortified with internal standards (ISs), extracted into a one-phase neutral organic solvent system, and analyzed by a LC/MS/MS system. Qualitative analysis (identification) of SPLs is performed by a Parent Ion scan of a common fragment ion characteristic for a particular class of SPLs. Quantitative analysis is based on calibration curves generated by spiking an artificial matrix with known amounts of target analyte, synthetic standards, and an equal amount of IS. The calibration curves are constructed by plotting the peak area ratios of analyte to the respective IS against concentration, using a linear regression model. This robust analytical procedure can determine the composition of endogenous sphingolipids (ESPLs) in varied biological materials and achieve a detection limit of subpicomole level. This methodology constitutes a "Lipidomic" approach to study the SPLs metabolism, defining a function of distinct subspecies of individual bioactive SPL classes.
Catalytic Behavior of Sulfonium Trihalides in the Low-temperature Liquid-phase Oxidation of Tetralin (1977)

Abstract Homogeneous oxidation of nonpolar tetralin catalyzed by sulfonium trihalides was found to proceed via a radical chain mechanism in which the trihalide catalysts promoted the reaction through the activation of molecular oxygen.
Open versus Two Forms of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair (2009)

Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Thymosin α1: the regulator of regulators? (2010)

The peripheral immune system can promote either immunity or tolerance when presented with new antigens. Current knowledge withholds that populations of suppressor or regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) constitute a pivotal mechanism of immunological tolerance. The potential role of malfunctioning T(reg) cells in chronic inflammatory immune and auto-immune diseases is well-documented. Learning how to successfully manipulate T(reg) responses could result in more effective vaccines and immunomodulators. We have already shown that Thymosin alpha1 (Talpha1), a naturally occurring thymic peptide first described and characterized by Allan Goldstein in 1972, by modulating signals delivered through innate immune receptors on dendritic cells, affects adaptive immune responses via modulation of Th cell effector and regulatory functions. We will discuss recent molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of Talpha1 to activate or inhibit immune responses.
Photoshop lightroom adventure (2007)

This beautifully illustrated and eminently practical book is the first to offer a complete tour of Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 1.2, the integrated digital photography workflow application that allows serious photographers to import, select, develop and showcase large volumes of digital images. Augmented by photos and case studies from a demanding road test in Iceland, award-winning photographer Mikkel Aaland explains how Lightroom 1.2 can improve the way you work. After watching -- and often helping -- Adobe create Lightroom entirely from the ground up, Aaland (author of Photoshop CS2 RAW) was ready to see how well it would do in the field. He organized a group of 12 top-notch photographers for a trek to Nature's Light Room, the pristine Icelandic landscape where each summer day is bathed in 22 hours of horizontal light -- and where the only studio was Lightroom on a laptop. In Photoshop Lightroom Adventure, Aaland uses hands-on knowledge from the trip to demonstrate how Lightroom 1.2 can help you create the best possible image under any conditions. This unique tutorial walks you step-by-step through Lightroom's: Library module for uploading, sorting, tagging, ranking and adding keywords to your imagesDevelop module with Adobe Camera RAW for complete non-destructive color and tonal adjustmentsSlideshow module, where you select and size images, and export the show to HTML, Flash, or PDF formatsPrint module, which includes several templates for printing contact sheets or full imagesWeb module, where you can create Flash or HTML web galleries With many gorgeous examples shot in the soft natural light of Iceland, this book lets you see the results for yourself. Mikkel Aaland's trademark ability to teach complicated topics on digital imaging with straightforward, easy-to-follow text makes this book a valuable learning tool for anyone serious about digital photography. This is not an update of previous Lightroom versions, but the first book that's completely up-to-date for Lightroom 1.2.
Determination of serum protein content using cell phone image analysis (2016)

This paper presents a simple, fast and inexpensive way to measure serum protein content (albumin and total proteins) by integration of color images acquired with a cell phone camera and multiple linear regression (MLR).
CHIPPER: A low-complexity bufferless deflection router (2011)

As Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) scale to tens or hundreds of nodes, the interconnect becomes a significant factor in cost, energy consumption and performance. Recent work has explored many design tradeoffs for networks-on-chip (NoCs) with novel router architectures to reduce hardware cost. In particular, recent work proposes bufferless deflection routing to eliminate router buffers. The high cost of buffers makes this choice potentially appealing, especially for low-to-medium network loads. However, current bufferless designs usually add complexity to control logic. Deflection routing introduces a sequential dependence in port allocation, yielding a slow critical path. Explicit mechanisms are required for livelock freedom due to the non-minimal nature of deflection. Finally, deflection routing can fragment packets, and the reassembly buffers require large worst-case sizing to avoid deadlock, due to the lack of network backpressure. The complexity that arises out of these three problems has discouraged practical adoption of bufferless routing. To counter this, we propose CHIPPER (Cheap-Interconnect Partially Permuting Router), a simplified router microarchitecture that eliminates in-router buffers and the crossbar. We introduce three key insights: first, that deflection routing port allocation maps naturally to a permutation network within the router; second, that livelock freedom requires only an implicit token-passing scheme, eliminating expensive age-based priorities; and finally, that flow control can provide correctness in the absence of network backpressure, avoiding deadlock and allowing cache miss buffers (MSHRs) to be used as reassembly buffers. Using multiprogrammed SPEC CPU2006, server, and desktop application workloads and SPLASH-2 multithreaded workloads, we achieve an average 54.9% network power reduction for 13.6% average performance degradation (multipro-grammed) and 73.4% power reduction for 1.9% slowdown (multithreaded), with minimal degradation and large power savings at low-to-medium load. Finally, we show 36.2% router area reduction relative to buffered routing, with comparable timing.
Stereochemical Diversity in Asymmetric Cyclization via Memory of Chirality (2006)

An enantiodivergent asymmetric cyclization of N-Boc-N-omega-bromoalkyl-alpha-amino acid derivatives has been developed. With potassium amide bases in DMF, cyclization proceeds with retention of configuration, while inversion of configuration was observed with lithium amide bases in THF. Chirality of the parent amino acids was preserved during enolate formation and cyclization to give aza-cyclic amino acids in up to 98% ee with retention of configuration or inversion of configuration, depending on the reaction conditions. Thus, both enantiomers of cyclic amino acids with a tetrasubstituted stereocenter were prepared in high enantiomeric purity from readily available l-alpha-amino acids. This protocol is also applicable to a spirocyclization and an intramolecular conjugate addition of alpha-amino acid derivatives, giving either of the enantiomers of a diazaspiro compound and a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative, respectively, in up to 99% ee.