gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A series of implementation of optical sensors in high voltage substations (2004)

The advancement of optical sensors and processes controlled by microprocessors and their reliability, in conjunction with the highly competitive environment of North American utilities with deregulation, mean that high reliability digital instrumentation in substation is seen as part of the solution to decrease safely substation expenditures. These advancements help to keep accounting records straight between generators, transmissions providers, and distributors of power. Digital apparatus are an improvement in output accuracy for conventional metering. They are called non conventional instrument transformers (NCIT). These digital apparatus offer many potential advantages and will probably grow in importance in the next decade. The ultimate objective is to increase the accuracy and to increase the overall reliability of the transmission system, to reduce the cost of these devices, and to make the utility more competitive.
Real-time detection of pathological cardiac events in the electrocardiogram (2007)

The development of accurate and fast methods for real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis is mandatory in handheld fully automated monitoring devices for high-risk cardiac patients. The present work describes a simple software method for fast detection of pathological cardiac events. It implements real-time procedures for QRS detection, interbeat RR-intervals analysis, QRS waveform evaluation and a decision-tree beat classifier. Two QRS descriptors are defined to assess (i) the RR interval deviation from the mean RR interval and (ii) the QRS waveform deviation from the QRS pattern of the sustained rhythm. The calculation of the second parameter requires a specific technique, in order to satisfy the demand for straight signal processing with minimum iterations and small memory size. This technique includes fast and resource efficient estimation of a histogram matrix, which accumulates dynamically the amplitude-temporal distribution of the successive QRS pattern waveforms. The pilot version of the method is developed in Matlab and it is tested with internationally recognized ECG databases. The assessment of the online single lead QRS detector showed sensitivity and positive predictivity of above 99%. The classification rules for detection of pathological ventricular beats were defined empirically by statistical analysis. The attained specificity and sensitivity are about 99.5% and 95.7% for all databases and about 99.81% and 98.87% for the noise free dataset. The method is applicable in low computational cost systems for long-term ECG monitoring, such as intelligent holters, automatic event/alarm recorders or personal devices with intermittent wireless data transfer to a central terminal.
Bimanual Interaction, Passive-haptic Feedback, 3D Widget Representation, and Simulated Surface Constraints for Interaction in Immersive Virtual Environments (1999)

The study of human-computer interaction within immersive virtual environments requires us to balance what we have learned from the design and use of desktop interfaces with novel approaches that allow us to work effectively in three dimensions. This dissertation presents empirical results from four studies into different techniques for indirect manipulation in immersive virtual environments. These studies use a testbed called the Haptic Augmented Reality Paddle (or HARP) system to compare different immersive interaction techniques. The results show that the use of hand-held windows as an interaction technique can improve performance and preference on tasks requiring head movement. Also, the use of a physical prop registered with the visual representation of an interaction surface can significantly improve user performance and preference compared to having no physical surface. Furthermore, even if a physical surface is not present, constraining user movement for manipulating interface widgets can also improve performance. Research into defining and classifying interaction techniques in the form of a taxonomy for interaction in immersive virtual environments is also presented. The taxonomy classifies interaction techniques based on three primary axes: direct versus indirect manipulation; discrete versus continuous action types; and the dimensionality of the interaction. The results of the empirical studies support the classification taxonomy, and help map out the possible techniques that support accomplishing real work within immersive virtual environments.
Fibromyalgia (1987)

Muscular rheumatism is a common experience, often seemingly related to unaccustomed exertion or injury. In most instances, the problem resolves in response to tincture of time and the judicious use of heat and analgesics. Despite the frequency of rheumatic pain, its precise pathophysiological basis is unknown. Since it is generally accepted that nonarticular musculoskeletal pain arises from tendons, bursae, and muscles, it would logically follow that a specific diagnosis would aid in subsequent treatment. Yet, it is not uncommon to see patients who have been symptomatic for years without their condition being correctly diagnosed. It is evident the basic ground rules for diagnosing this group of disorders are often poorly understood, and presumably poorly taught and underemphasized in medical education. In this issue ofThe Journal, Dr Goldenberg<sup>1</sup>provides a timely review of the fibromyalgia syndrome. The term<i>fibromyalgia</i>has evolved from another with the same meaning, namely,<i>fibrositis</i>
Towards a more rigorous and practical unit commitment by Lagrangian relaxation (1988)

A Lagrangian relaxation algorithm for power system generator unit commitment is proposed. The algorithm proceeds in three phases. In the first phase, the Lagrangian dual of the unit commitment is maximized by standard subgradient techniques. The second phase finds a reserve-feasible dual solution, followed by a third phase of economic dispatch. A mathematically based, systematic and generally applicable procedure to search for a reserve-feasible dual solution is presented. The algorithm has been tested on systems of up to 100 units to be scheduled over 168 hours, giving reliable performance and low execution times. Both spinning and time-limited reserve constraints are treated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Feasibility of transdermal delivery of Cyclosporine A using plasma discharges (2017)

A study of the transdermal delivery of Cyclosporine A by atmospheric plasma irradiation was realized on the epidermal layer of the Hairless Yucatan micropig. Drug flux and the amount of drug penetrated through the skin were determined by a Franz cell diffusion experiment. After treatment of the skin by atmospheric plasma jet or microplasma dielectric barrier discharge, an increase in the permeability of the skin was observed. The authors did not observe drug penetration for samples that were not treated with plasma. There was no significant difference between treatments of skin by plasma jet or microplasma dielectric barrier discharge. Drug flux increased to its maximal value up to 3 h after the drug application, and then it decreased. This phenomenon could indicate a temporal effect of plasma on skin. A pharmacokinetic two-compartment model was developed to estimate the possibility of using plasma drug delivery of Cyclosporine A in medical praxis. Our model showed that it is possible to use this technique if a suitable treatment area and concentration of applied drug are chosen.
Antioxidant and Anti‐inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extracts of <i>Tremella fuciformis</i> and Its Major Phenolic Acids (2014)

Methanol extract subfractions of the edible white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis), were assessed for the following antioxidant properties: ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and inhibitory activity of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Among the subfractions tested, the chloroform subfraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with the highest total phenolic content (66.31 μg CAE/mg extract) and flavonoids content (5.12 μg QE/mg extract). The ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity of the chloroform subfraction was 7.89 μmol trolox/mg extract, which was the highest among all subfractions. This subfraction also showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of LDL oxidation. In addition, the chloroform subfraction demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Major phenolic acids from the mushroom extract were identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (323 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom), gentisic acid (174 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom), and 4-coumaric acid (30 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom).
Membrane-bound beta-lactamase forms in Escherichia coli. (1988)

Frameshift pseudo-revertants of Escherichia coli RTEM beta-lactamase were obtained by a selection procedure, starting from frameshift mutants at the signal-processing site. These pseudo-revertant proteins, which have a totally altered COOH-terminal part of the signal sequence, are attached to the outer face of the inner membrane. The mutant proteins are enzymatically active in vitro and in vivo, and the membrane localization has no deleterious effect on cell growth. We conclude that initiation of transport across the membrane does not require the COOH-terminal part of the signal, but this part of the sequence determines whether the protein is released to the periplasm either with or without cleavage of the signal, or whether the protein remains anchored to the membrane. Mutants with two signals in series were used to show that a truncated signal is not refractory to transport per se. If neither signal contains a functional cleavage site, the protein is at least partially found on the outer face of the inner membrane. If both signals contain functional cleavage sites, both are removed and the protein is released to the periplasm. If only the first signal contains a cleavage site, a longer fusion protein is transported and released. The results presented here show that a pre-beta-lactamase-like protein can fold properly even as a membrane-bound species.
Crystallisation of cu-containing K-fluor-richterite (KNaCa(Mg,Cu)(5)Si8O22F2 glasses (2005)

Gradual substitutions of Cu for Mg in K-fluor-richterite glass-ceramics were investigated. Crystallisation of Cu free or Cu containing glasses gave K-fluor-richterite, enstatite, diopside, forsterite, rodderite, tenorite, cuprite, fluorite and crystalline silica. Colour changes in the crystallised glasses, from blue to orange or dark brown with increasing copper indicates change of either valency or the position of copper in the glass-ceramic structure. Although the base and low Cu containing glass-ceramic samples had ultrafine microstructures, the high Cu containing ones had pronounced crystals in a cryptocrystalline matrix. Rounded long crystals were thought to be K-fluor-richterite whilst euhedral crystals were thought to be Cu oxide phases. EDS analysis showsed a gradual replacement of Cu 2+ for Mg 2+ in addition to, Cu + and Ca 2+ for Na + in the crystallised K-fluor-richterite phase. The coefficient of thermal expansion was low in base or low Cu content glasses and was high in high Cu content ones. The coefficients of thermal expansion of the corresponding glass-ceramic samples were higher than their parent glasses. The Vicker's microhardness valuers of the glass-ceramic samples are higher than those of the corresponding glasses. The Vicker's microhardness values decrease as the Cu content increases in the glasses or as the Cu oxide phases increase in the glass-ceramic samples. The densities of both glass and glass-ceramic increase with increasing the Cu content or Cu oxide phases, respectively.
The Role of Order, Nanocrystal Size, and Capping Ligands in the Collective Mechanical Response of Three-Dimensional Nanocrystal Solids (2010)

Chemically synthesized PbS, CdSe, and CoPt(3) nanocrystals (NCs) were self-assembled into highly periodic supercrystals. Using the combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nanoindentation, we correlated the mechanical properties of the supercrystals with the NC size, capping ligands, and degree of ordering. We found that such structures have elastic moduli and hardnesses in the range of approximately 0.2-6 GPa and 10-450 MPa, respectively, which are analogous to strong polymers. The high degree of ordering characteristic to supercrystals was found to lead to more than 2-fold increase in hardnesses and elastic moduli due to tighter packing of the NCs, and smaller interparticle distance. The nature of surface ligands also significantly affects the mechanical properties of NCs solids. The experiments with series of 4.7, 7.1, and 13 nm PbS NCs revealed a direct relationship between the core size and hardness/modulus, analogous to the nanoparticle-filled polymer composites. This observation suggests that the matrices of organic ligands have properties similar to polymers. The effective moduli of the ligand matrices were calculated to be in the range of approximately 0.1-0.7 GPa.
A triazole linkage that mimics the DNA phosphodiester group in living systems (2015)

Abstract We describe the development of a chemical process based on the CuAAC reaction (click chemistry) to ligate DNA strands and produce an unnatural triazole backbone linkage. The chemical reaction is templated by a complementary DNA splint which accelerates the reaction and provides the required specificity. The resultant 1,4-triazole linkage is read through by DNA and RNA polymerases and is biocompatible in bacterial and human cells. This work has implications for the synthesis of chemically modified genes and other large modified DNA and RNA constructs.
Thermal conductivity of solids at room temperature and below : (1973)

From Abstract: An extensive compilation is given of the measured values of thermal conductivity for nearly all solid materials from room temperature down to 0.02 kelvin. Experimental methods and physical phenomena are discussed in the text and coded in the tables for references for which curves are shown.
Joint Morphological and Syntactic Disambiguation (2007)

In morphologically rich languages, should morphological and syntactic disambiguation be treated sequentially or as a single problem? We describe several efficient, probabilisticallyinterpretable ways to apply joint inference to morphological and syntactic disambiguation using lattice parsing. Joint inference is shown to compare favorably to pipeline parsing methods across a variety of component models. State-of-the-art performance on Hebrew Treebank parsing is demonstrated using the new method. The benefits of joint inference are modest with the current component models, but appear to increase as components themselves improve. 1
Chemical derivatization and mass spectral libraries in metabolic profiling by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS (2004)

An overview is presented of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), the two major hyphenated techniques employed in metabolic profiling that complement direct 'fingerprinting' methods such as atmospheric pressure ionization (API) quadrupole time-of-flight MS, API Fourier transform MS, and NMR. In GC/MS, the analytes are normally derivatized prior to analysis in order to reduce their polarity and facilitate chromatographic separation. The electron ionization mass spectra obtained are reproducible and suitable for library matching, mass spectral collections being readily available. In LC/MS, derivatization and library matching are at an early stage of development and mini-reviews are provided. Chemical derivatization can dramatically increase the sensitivity and specificity of LC/MS methods for less polar compounds and provides additional structural information. The potential of derivatization for metabolic profiling in LC/MS is demonstrated by the enhanced analysis of plant extracts, including the potential to measure volatile acids such as formic acid, difficult to achieve by GC/MS. The important role of mass spectral library creation and usage in these techniques is discussed and illustrated by examples.
Antibodies against neuroactive amino acids and neuropeptides. I. A new two-step procedure for their conjugation to carrier proteins and the production of an anti-Met-enkephalin antibody reactive with glutaraldehyde-fixed tissues. (1991)

We developed a new two-step procedure to couple haptens to bovine serum albumin (BSA) via glutaraldehyde (GA). After activation of BSA with excess GA and removal of unreacted GA, the hapten was bound to the activated protein in a second step. This two-step procedure is easy to use, the desired molecular ratio of coupled hapten to protein is conveniently adjusted, and no visible precipitation of the conjugate is detected. Using a low peptide concentration, nearly 50% of the inserted haptens are bound to the protein, and unbound expensive peptide can be recovered after Sephadex chromatography. Antisera to neuroactive amino acids (GABA, glycine, and glutamate) and neuropeptides (Met-enkephalin) were prepared by immunization of rabbits with these conjugates. Immunological analysis of immune sera by dot-blot and ELISA techniques and subsequent removal of crossreactivities by solid-phase adsorption yielded monospecific antibodies, which were further purified by affinity chromatography. The immunocytochemical specificities of these purified antibodies were verified in adjacent sections of GA-fixed rat spinal cord. Pre-embedding staining with anti-Met-enkephalin in combination with post-embedding staining for amino acids such as GABA allowed double staining of the two antigens in a single semi-thin section.
Thrombocytosis as a prognostic factor for survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2006)

Thrombocytosis was found to be an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Photo- and cathodoluminescence of hydrothermally synthesized Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Tb and NaY(WO{sub 4}){sub 2}:Tb (1995)

Cathodoluminescent (CL) phosphors with improved low-voltage characteristics are needed for use in emissive flat panel displays. Conventional high-temperature methods for phosphor synthesis yield large polycrystalline grains that must be pulverized prior to screen deposition. Grinding has been implicated in reducing phosphor efficiency by causing surface contamination and defects. Hydrothermal synthesis has been used to improve the quality of ceramic powders by producing fine, well-formed crystallites without grinding. Two green-emitting phosphors, Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Tb (YAG:Tb) and NaY(WO{sub 4}){sub 2}:Tb, were used to test the effects of hydrothermal. synthesis on grain size and morphology, and on low-voltage CL properties. YAG:Th prepared hydrothermally consisted of submicron crystallites with a typical garnet habit. The CL efficiency of hydrothermally synthesized YAG:Tb (3 lm/W at 800 V) was comparable to that of equivalent YAG:Tb compositions prepared via high-temperature solid state reaction. In comparison, CL intensities of Gd{sub 3}Ga{sub 5}O{sub l2}:Tb were slightly better (3.5 lm/W at 800 V), while those of NaY(WO{sub 4}){sub 2}:Tb were approximately 1/100th that of YAG:Tb. Both CL and photoluminescence data show that the difference in the cathodoluminescence of YAG and NaY(WO{sub 4}){sub 2} can be understood in terms of differences in the mechanism of activation.
Comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of diazepam-butorphanol-ketamine, acepromazine-butorphanol-ketamine, and xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine in ferrets (1998)

Ten ferrets were used in a crossover study to determine the sedative effects of intramuscularly administered diazepam (3 mg/kg body weight)-butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg body weight)-ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight); acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg body weight)-butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg body weight)-ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight); and xylazine (2 mg/kg body weight)-butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg body weight)-ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight). All of the ferrets became laterally recumbent following the administration of each drug combination. The xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine combination induced significantly longer (p less than 0.05) durations of tail-clamp analgesia (mean+/-standard deviation [SD], 81.0+/-19.1 min versus 20.5+/-25.4 min and 30.0+/-26.9 min), dorsal recumbency (mean+/-SD, 94.6+/-13.6 min versus 75. 6+/-34.7 min and 55.2+24.8 min), and muscle relaxation suitable for endotracheal intubation (mean+/-SD, 67.1+/-23.0 min versus 7.0+/-22.1 min and 9.5+/-15.4 min) than the diazepam-butorphanol-ketamine and acepromazine-butorphanol-ketamine combinations, respectively. The recovery time from dorsal recumbency to standing was not significantly different among the three treatment groups. The heart rate was significantly lower in the xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine group; however, systolic blood pressure was not significantly different among the treatment groups. Ventilatory function was more depressed in the diazepam-butorphanol-ketamine and xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine groups than in the acepromazine-butorphanol-ketamine group. A period (approximately 45 minutes) of hypoxia was observed in the xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine-treated ferret. Of the three combinations evaluated in ferrets, xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine was concluded to be the most effective anesthetic combination. However, hypoxemia and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine-treated ferrets, so the effectiveness of the xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine combination should be weighed against its cardiorespiratory side effects.
Understanding Anomalous Phase Behavior in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs (2012)

Abstract Normal pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) analysis is based on a fundamental assumption that there is no potential difference between the gas a d liquid phases. The nanometer pore throats in unconventional reservoirs could impose a phase capillary pressure up to 1,000 psi. Therefore, the observed oil viscosity and bubble point pressure (Pb) in an unconventional oil reservoir are substantially lower than those reported by the PVT lab. Such reductions are further aggravated by the compaction effect and then become variable with pressure depletion. In this work, a set of non-linear fugacity equations was constructed by bringing capillary pressure in with the phase equilibrium equations. The corresponding PVT reports for 14 Bakken fluid samples were recalibrated by combining the newly developed non- linear fugacity equations and the pore throat reduction imposed by compaction effects. The resultant PVT tables help clarify all the inconsistent PVT observations. Examples are presented to demonstrate the significance of such PVT corrections. The corrected PVT tables were used in the Bakken reservoir simulation model and successfully resolved not only the inconsistent gas/oil ratio (GOR) issue between the model and real production data, but also substantially facilitated the history match and widened the optimal operational pressure window. A series of studies were completed to address the combined impact of the capillary pressure and compaction on Bakken reservoir fluid properties. The Pb could be reduced in a range from hundreds to over 1,000 psi, compared to the corresponding lab PVT report. Such reduction is more severe in the lower formation permeability and solution GOR scenarios. Furthermore, oil density and viscosity could also be reduced by up to 10% due to the lighter components migrating to the oil phase. This study reveals the cause of the delayed GOR increase and the strange stepwise GOR increases observed in unconventional oil reservoirs. This new understanding of the PVT property variation in an unconventional oil reservoir optimizes the operations procedure and will permit more reliable performance forecasts.