gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial dynamics and function in mammalian hippocampal and dopaminergic neurons (2011)

PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin act in a common pathway to regulate mitochondrial dynamics, the involvement of which in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly being appreciated. However, how the PINK1/Parkin pathway influences mitochondrial function is not well understood, and the exact role of this pathway in controlling mitochondrial dynamics remains controversial. Here we used mammalian primary neurons to examine the function of the PINK1/Parkin pathway in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and function. In rat hippocampal neurons, PINK1 or Parkin overexpression resulted in increased mitochondrial number, smaller mitochondrial size and reduced mitochondrial occupancy of neuronal processes, suggesting that the balance of mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics is tipped toward more fission. Conversely, inactivation of PINK1 resulted in elongated mitochondria, indicating that the balance of mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics is tipped toward more fusion. Furthermore, overexpression of the fission protein Drp1 (dynamin-related protein 1) or knocking down of the fusion protein OPA1 (optical atrophy 1) suppressed PINK1 RNAi-induced mitochondrial morphological defect, and overexpression of PINK1 or Parkin suppressed the elongated mitochondria phenotype caused by Drp1 RNAi. Functionally, PINK1 knockdown and overexpression had opposite effects on dendritic spine formation and neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Finally, we found that PINK1/Parkin similarly influenced mitochondrial dynamics in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons. These results, together with previous findings in Drosophila dopaminergic neurons, indicate that the PINK1/Parkin pathway plays conserved roles in regulating neuronal mitochondrial dynamics and function.
Thermoacoustic life sciences refrigerator (1993)

This thermoacoustic refrigerator is being built to preserve biological samples (blood, urine, etc.) during Space Shuttle operations. It employs two high-power electrodynamic drivers capable of generating 60 W of acoustic power each, two ‘‘stacks,’’ and four internal heat exchangers in order to produce 700 BTU/h (205 W) of cooling in the refrigerator mode at 4 °C and 400 BTU/h (117 W) of cooling in the freezer mode at −22 °C. The working fluid is a 2-MPa mixture of He and Xe gas. Both hot and cold heat exchangers use circulating fluids to remove heat from the insulated sample enclosure and exhaust enthalpy from the engine. This talk will describe the acoustical design and electronic control systems that permit long-term autonomous operation while on orbit. Except for the fact that the entire systems operates from a 28-Vdc power supply, it is not unlike a typical small household refrigerator. [Work supported by NASA—Life Sciences Division and managed by General Electric Government Systems.]
Development of a constitutive model for brain tissue under multiaxial loading (2012)

Material properties of brain tissue have been characterized under different modes of loading; however it has been shown that a constitutive model developed under one mode of loading (e.g. shear) may not necessarily predict the behavior of the tissue under another mode of loading (e.g. compression). In this study a viscoelastic constitutive model for brain tissue was developed that is capable of predicting the behavior of the tissue under multiaxial loading. Step and hold tests under shear and compression loading were performed on bovine brain samples with a strain rate of 10 s-1 to strain levels of 30%. The applicability of quasilinear viscoelastic assumption was validated for strain levels up to 30% for shear and compression deformation. A generalized Rivlin model with 3 terms was considered and the response of this model to shear and compression was determined. These responses were used to determine the viscoelastic behavior under each mode of loading by fitting to the experimental model simultaneously. The hyperelastic material parameters and parameters of a relaxation function at 4 decay rates were determined. The developed model was compared with previously developed models and it showed a close agreement with them in their corresponding mode of loading, while having the advantage of modeling multiaxial loading as well.
Bisphosphonates--history and experimental basis. (1987)

This paper reviews the mechanisms of action of the bisphosphonates, a new class of recently developed drugs. The geminal bisphosphonates are characterized by a P-C-P bond and are thus analogs of pyrophosphate. They bind strongly to hydroxyapatite crystals and in vitro inhibit both crystal formation and dissolution. In vivo, they inhibit soft tissue calcification and in some instances normal calcification. Furthermore, they are very potent inhibitors of bone resorption. The mechanism of action for the inhibition of calcification probably involves an inhibition of calcium phosphate crystal growth. However, the mode of action on bone resorption is not yet known, but is more likely to be cellular. The bisphosphonates are accumulated specifically in mineralized tissues. They are released when bone is resorbed so that osteoclasts and their precursors may be exposed to high local concentrations. Both inhibition of calcification and the effect on bone resorption is highly dependent upon the specific chemical structure of the individual bisphosphonate, so that each bisphosphonate must be considered as a compound per se. The only common characteristic is the tropism to mineral, which is due to the P-C-P group. This opens interesting possibilities for the development of new compounds.
Adaptive and Maladaptive Cardiorespiratory Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Hypoxia Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 1 and 2 (2012)

Hypoxia is a fundamental stimulus that impacts cells, tissues, organs, and physiological systems. The discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and subsequent identification of other members of the HIF family of transcriptional activators has provided insight into the molecular underpinnings of oxygen homeostasis. This review focuses on the mechanisms of HIF activation and their roles in physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia, with an emphasis on the cardiorespiratory systems. HIFs are heterodimers comprised of an O(2)-regulated HIF-1α or HIF-2α subunit and a constitutively expressed HIF-1β subunit. Induction of HIF activity under conditions of reduced O(2) availability requires stabilization of HIF-1α and HIF-2α due to reduced prolyl hydroxylation, dimerization with HIF-1β, and interaction with coactivators due to decreased asparaginyl hydroxylation. Stimuli other than hypoxia, such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, can also activate HIFs. HIF-1 and HIF-2 are essential for acute O(2) sensing by the carotid body, and their coordinated transcriptional activation is critical for physiological adaptations to chronic hypoxia including erythropoiesis, vascularization, metabolic reprogramming, and ventilatory acclimatization. In contrast, intermittent hypoxia, which occurs in association with sleep-disordered breathing, results in an imbalance between HIF-1α and HIF-2α that causes oxidative stress, leading to cardiorespiratory pathology.
On Resonant Scatterers As a Factor Limiting Carrier Mobility in Graphene (2010)

We show that graphene deposited on a substrate has a non-negligible density of atomic scale defects. This is evidenced by a previously unnoticed D peak in the Raman spectra with intensity of ∼1% with respect to the G peak. We evaluated the effect of such impurities on electron transport by mimicking them with hydrogen adsorbates and measuring the induced changes in both mobility and Raman intensity. If the intervalley scatterers responsible for the D peak are monovalent, their concentration is sufficient to account for the limited mobilities currently achievable in graphene on a substrate.
On Construction of Rate-Compatible Low-Density Parity-Check Codes (2004)

In this letter, we present a framework for constructing rate-compatible low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The codes are linear-time encodable and are constructed from a mother code using puncturing and extending. Application of the proposed construction to a type-II hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme with information block length k=1024 and code rates 8/19 to 8/10, using an optimized irregular mother code of rate 8/13, results in a throughput which is only about 0.7 dB away from Shannon limit. This outperforms existing similar schemes based on turbo codes and LDPC codes by up to 0.5 dB.
Cassie–Wenzel and Wenzel–Cassie transitions on immersed superhydrophobic surfaces under hydrostatic pressure (2010)

For incorporating superhydrophobic surfaces in microfluidic systems, it is important to understand the ability of the superhydrophobic state to withstand hydraulic pressure. In this paper we describe experiments to probe the collapse transition on superhydrophobic surfaces completely covered by water, where the air film formed on the surface is closed. Polyethylene foils nanoimprinted with micrometre sized pillars in different geometries and densities are used as the model superhydrophobic surfaces. The pressure required for the transition from Cassie to Wenzel state is measured for all surfaces and also compared to analytical and numerical models. We find that the closed film of trapped air helps stabilise the Cassie state at low pillar densities and that the effect of a small change in pillar sidewall angle can drastically change the collapse behaviour. Finally, the reverse transition, from Wenzel to Cassie state, is observed on densely pillared surfaces at low water pressure.
Nitric oxide-sensing mechanisms in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2006)

Exposure of Escherichia coli to nitric oxide (NO) or nitrosating agents causes significant changes in patterns of gene expression. Three recent studies have used microarrays to analyse the response of the E. coli transcriptome to NO and nitrosative stress. Drawing on the array data, I review our current understanding of the E. coli regulatory systems that are involved.
Hexagonal Ferrite Isolators (1964)

Waveguide bandwidth isolators requiring virtually no externally applied magnetic field have been developed for the millimeter wave frequency range. These ferrimagnetic resonance-type devices utilize highly anisotropic uniaxial hexagonal ferrites. The specific ferrite compounds used are from the two families BaO·2NiO·ΔAl2O3 · (8-Δ) Fe2O3 and SrO·δAl2O3· (6-δ) Fe2O3 denoted Ni2W (ΔAl) and SrM (δAl), respectively. The substitution variables Δ and δ were adjusted to yield different materials whose effective magnetic anisotropy fields were appropriately spaced over the range 16 to 30 kOe. This spacing permitted their use in isolator designs throughout the frequency range 50 to 90 Gc/sec. Five materials from the Ni2W(ΔAl) family were used to cover the frequency range 50 to 60 Gc/sec and 12 materials from the SrM(δAl) family covered the range 60 to 90 Gc/sec. Pertinent electrical properties of these materials are reported as well as techniques essential to their successful application in the isolator structure. Waveguide bandwidth isolators using these materials were developed for the bands 50 to 75 and 60 to 90 Gc/sec.
Communication Buses and Protocols for Sensor Networks (2002)

This paper overviews existing digital communication buses which are commonly used in sensor networks, discusses sensor network architectures, and introduces a new sensor bus for low power microsystem applications. The new intra-module multi-element microsystem (IM2) bus is nine-line interface with 8b serial data which implements several advanced features such as power management and plug-n-play while maintaining minimum hardware overhead at the sensor node. Finally, some issues in wireless sensor networking are discussed. The coverage of these issues provides a guideline for choosing the appropriate bus for different sensor network applications.
Micro/Nano-fibrillated Cellulose from Cotton Linters as Strength Additive in Unbleached Kraft Paper: Experimental, Semi-empirical, and Mechanistic Studies (2017)

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) isolated from cotton linters were evaluated as a strength additive in unbleached kraft paper and compared with semi-empirical and mechanistic models. The z-directional tensile strength was enhanced due to NFC and MFC. The tensile energy absorption (TEA) derived via integrating the z-directional stress-strain curve was 29.165 J/m2, 120.658 J/m2, and 187.768 J/m2 for the control, MFC, and NFC, respectively. Burst factor significantly increased from 11 to 14 for 10% MFC, while no increase was observed in NFC. From TEA predictions by semi-empirical models, a modified Page equation, Shear-lag, and a negative trend was found due to increased relative bonded area (RBA) with the addition of MFC/NFC. The mechanistic model used six mechanisms involved in binding the fibers and predicted the increased trend of TEA. The increased TEA due to NFC contributed to z-directional tensile strength, but not to the tensile indices and tear factor. This was ascribed to the large size difference of NFC with base pulp fibers and a higher RBA.
Brillouin microscopy for ocular biomechanics (2010)

We present Brillouin confocal microscopy with high throughput and high extinction for non-invasive mechanical measurements of tissue and biomaterials. In particular, we demonstrate biomechanical characterization of crystalline lens and cornea.
Design issues in a Rule-Based System (1985)

This paper discusses a language and associated environment for building rule-based programs. The language and environment are encapsulated in a system we call ORBS (Oregon Rule Based System). In tune with this conference, our focus will be on the interplay between language and environment design. However, we will broaden this somewhat to include design constraints placed by our program development model1 as well. Instead of attempting a complete design rationalization of ORBS, we will concentrate on design decisions that highlight the coupling between language, environment, and development model. ORBS falls in the class of rule-based systems that often is categorized as forward-chaining or data-driven. Other systems in this category include OPS5 [9], YAPS [2], and all of the Hearsay family [5, 11, 15]. What is often taken as the inverse of this set are the backward-chaining or goal-directed languages such as EMYCIN [17]. Arguments for and against the forward and backward approaches have been made many times elsewhere (see [12] for examples of each), and we will not address the issue further in this paper.2 While we believe that many of the arguments we make for the design of ORBS are applicable to rule-based systems in general, any reference to the term rule-based should be taken in light of the classification above.
Compiler-directed application mapping for NoC based chip multiprocessors (2007)

The problem attacked in this paper is one of automatically mapping an application onto a Network-on-Chip (NoC) based chip multi-processor architecture in a locality-aware fashion. The proposed compiler approach has four major steps: task scheduling, processor mapping, data mapping, and packet routing. Our experimental result clearly shows that the proposed framework reduces energy consumption of our applications significantly (27.41% on average over a pure performance oriented application mapping strategy) as a result of improved locality of data accesses.
Electronic and Lattice Structures of Isolated Se Chains and Defects in Them. I. A Semi-Empirical Model and Properties of Regular Se Helix (1989)

We make a semi-empirical model for chains of Se based on the INDO and MINDO type models. It includes some other elements to mimic Se chains enclosed in channels of mordenite crystals (M-Se). With this model we calculate the electronic and lattice structures of isolated Se chains under the unrestricted Hartree-Fock approximation. The model gives a helical structure and a band gap of a long Se chain consistent with data of M-Se. The band gap and width in finite chains have chain length dependences. The calculated rotational potential shows that the helical structure is considerably soft against fluctuations of dihedral angles. The rotational potential has another minimum to make a kink in the helix. The kink has no gap level. A long regular planer zigzag chain is unstable and remains to be semiconducting. The stabilization mechanism of the helical structure is elucidated.
A Digital Audio Distribution Switcher System (1990)

Digital audio hardware is becoming more common in broadcasting. The need for an all-digital system that can successfully interface with different kinds of equipment is apparent. Since not all equipment is digital, however, a system that handles both high-quality analog and digital signals is needed. Synchronization and some possible digital switching topologies are discussed, and an advanced digital audio switching system for the AES/EBU digital audio standard is presented.
Agarose Gel as Biomaterial or Scaffold for Implantation Surgery: Characterization, Histological and Histomorphometric Study on Soft Tissue Response (2012)

Maxillofacial, orthopedic, oral, and plastic surgery require materials for tissue augmentation, guided regeneration, and tissue engineering approaches. In this study, the aim was to develop and characterize a new extrudable hydrogel, based on agarose gel (AG; 1.5% wt) and to evaluate the local effects after subcutaneous implantation in comparison with collagen and hyaluronic acid. AG chemical-physical properties were ascertained through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and rheological analysis. In vivo subcutaneous implants were performed, and histological and histomorphometric evaluations were done at 1, 4, 12, and 16 weeks. FT-IR confirmed that spectroscopic properties were the same for the baseline agarose and rheological characterization established that AG is a weak hydrogel. Subcutaneous AG implants induced new vessels and fibrous tissue formation rich in neutrophils; the capsule thickness around AG increased until the 12th week but remained thinner than those around hyaluronic acid and collagen. At 16 weeks, the thickness of the capsule significantly decreased around all materials. This study confirmed that 1.5% wt AG possesses some of the most important features of the ideal biocompatible material: safety, effectiveness, costless, and easily obtained with specific chemical and geometrical characters; the AG can represent a finely controllable and biodegradable polymeric system for cells and drug delivery applications.
A new coding method to increase SNR on the magnetic recording channel (2002)

A new form of coding is described which allows certain minimum distance error events on the PR4 partial response channel to be eliminated. When used on the magnetic recording channel, this method provides an increase in effective SNR of 1.25 dB at the recording densities of interest. The minimum distance events eliminated are those which are most affected by noise correlation. Parity codes are shown to-achieve the desired effect but with poor run length properties. Codes with a zero running digital sum modulo 3 are shown to achieve the desired gain but with better run length properties. The performance gains are evaluated by analysis and simulations, and the complexity of implementation is compared to alternative methods.
Characteristics of endwall and sidewall boundary layers in a rotating cylinder with a differentially rotating endwall (1998)

The flow in a rotating cylinder driven by the differential rotation of its top endwall is studied by numerically solving the time-dependent axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations. When the differential rotation is small, the flow is well described in terms of similarity solutions of individual rotating disks of infinite radius. For larger differential rotations, whether the top is co-rotating or counter-rotating results in qualitatively distinct behaviour. For counter-rotation, the boundary layer on the top endwall separates, forming a free shear layer and this results in a global coupling between the boundary layer flows on the various walls and a global departure from the similarity flows. At large Reynolds numbers, this shear layer becomes unstable. For a co-rotating top, there is a qualitative change in the flow depending on whether the top rotates faster or slower than the rest of the cylinder. When the top rotates faster, so does the bulk of the interior fluid, and the sidewall boundary layer region where the fluid adjusts to the slower rotation rate of the cylinder is centrifugally unstable. The secondary induced meridional flow is also potentially unstable in this region. This is manifested by the inflectional radial profiles of the vertical velocity and azimuthal vorticity in this region. At large Reynolds numbers, the instability of the sidewall layer results in roll waves propagating downwards.
Reproductive performance and estimates of labor requirements associated with combinations of artificial insemination and natural service in swine (1992)

A study was conducted to examine effects of mating systems composed of natural service (NS) and AI in swine on farrowing rate, litter size, and labor requirements. Sows and gilts were bred once per day via one of the following treatments (d 1/d 2): NS/NS, NS/AI, AI/AI, and NS/none. Gilts bred with NS/AI, AI/AI, and NS/NS had higher (P less than .05) farrowing rates than gilts bred with NS/none matings. Similarly, farrowing rates were higher (P less than .05) in NS/AI than in NS/NS gilts. Numbers of pigs born alive were greater (P less than .05) in NS/NS, NS/AI, and AI/AI than in NS/none gilts. In sows, a treatment x time interaction (P less than .01) was present for farrowing rate. In the AI/AI treatment, farrowing rate increased (P less than .01) from 70.0% (wk 1 through 3) to 88.5% (wk 4 through 10). Farrowing rates were 87.3, 93.2, and 76.0% in the NS/NS, NS/AI, and NS/none groups, respectively, and did not change (P = .72) over time. Sows bred via NS/NS and NS/AI had larger litters (P less than .05) than NS/none sows. In the present study, if four or more sows and gilts were bred, then AI required less (P less than .05) time per animal than NS. Furthermore, gilts required more (P less than .05) time for breeding than sows. Results from this study demonstrate that gilts and sows responded differently to combinations of NS and AI in terms of reproductive performance. In addition, differences in labor requirements per sow or gilt between NS and AI matings were dependent on parity and daily breeding demands.