gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maximum likelihood estimation of signals in autoregressive noise (1994)

Time series modeling as the sum of a deterministic signal and an autoregressive (AR) process is studied. Maximum likelihood estimation of the signal amplitudes and AR parameters is seen to result in a nonlinear estimation problem. However, it is shown that for a given class of signals, the use of a parameter transformation can reduce the problem to a linear least squares one. For unknown signal parameters, in addition to the signal amplitudes, the maximization can be reduced to one over the additional signal parameters. The general class of signals for which such parameter transformations are applicable, thereby reducing estimator complexity drastically, is derived. This class includes sinusoids as well as polynomials and polynomial-times-exponential signals. The ideas are based on the theory of invariant subspaces for linear operators. The results form a powerful modeling tool in signal plus noise problems and therefore find application in a large variety of statistical signal processing problems. The authors briefly discuss some applications such as spectral analysis, broadband/transient detection using line array data, and fundamental frequency estimation for periodic signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transcription and cap trimethylation of a nematode spliced leader RNA in a cell-free system. (1990)

Maturation of a fraction of mRNAs in nematodes involves the acquisition of a common 5' terminal spliced leader sequence derived from a nonpolyadenylylated spliced leader RNA by trans splicing. We have developed a cell-free system prepared from Ascaris lumbricoides embryos that accurately and efficiently synthesized the spliced leader RNA of A. lumbricoides. Transcription of the spliced leader RNA was catalyzed by RNA polymerase II, and the majority of the spliced leader RNAs synthesized in vitro possessed a trimethylguanosine cap structure identical to that found on in vivo-synthesized spliced leader RNA.
Immune privilege of endothelial cells differentiated from endothelial progenitor cells (2010)

EPC-derived EC are protected against allospecific cellular immune responses and humoral-mediated attacks in vitro. When transplanted in vivo as a component of vascular grafts, these cells are not rejected, which makes them useful in therapeutic applications, especially vascular reconstruction.
Response of Bioluminescent Bacteria to Alkyltin Compounds (1987)

The reduction of light intensity in bioluminescent bacteria upon exposure to toxic substances can be used for rapid screening of materials. Results are often comparable to more expensive standard bioassays. A commercially available system was used to determine the relative response of bioluminescent bacteria to a number of alkyltin compounds: <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_{4}Sn</tex> , <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_{3}SnX</tex> , <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R_{2}SnX_{2}</tex> , and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RSnX_{3}</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</tex> = alkyl group and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</tex> = halide. Within a series of compounds differing only in the number of R groups attached to the central tin atom, the most toxic compound was always the trialkyltin compound. The greatest difference in toxicity was found in the butyltin series of compounds; tributyltin was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim35</tex> times more toxic than dibutyltin and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim750</tex> times more toxic than (mono)butyltin. When trialkyltin compounds were compared, the toxicity to these bacteria increased with the number of carbons in the alkyl chain; the tributyltin compounds are <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim150</tex> times more toxic than trimethyltin compounds.
Shape-Uniform, High-Quality Monolayered MoS<sub>2</sub> Crystals for Gate-Tunable Photoluminescence (2017)

Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) has recently drawn major attention due to its promising applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a scalable method to produce large-area MoS<sub>2</sub> monolayers, yet it is challenging to achieve shape-uniform, high-quality monolayered MoS<sub>2</sub> grains as random, diverse crystallographic orientations and various shapes are produced in the same CVD process. Here, we report the growth of high-quality MoS<sub>2</sub> monolayers with uniform triangular shapes dominating (up to 89%) over other shapes on both SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si and sapphire substrates. The new confined-space CVD process prevents contamination and helps regulate the Mo/S ratio during the deposition. The as-grown triangular MoS<sub>2</sub> monolayers exhibit grain sizes up to 150 μm and possess better crystalline properties and lighter n-type doping concentration than those of the monolayers grown by common CVD methods. The corresponding field effect transistor devices show high electron mobilities of 50-60 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> and positive threshold voltages of 21-35 V. This mild n-type behavior makes it possible to regulate the formation of excitons by back-gate voltage due to the interaction of excitons with free charge carriers in the MoS<sub>2</sub> channel. As a result, gate-tunable photoluminescence (PL) effect, which is rarely achievable for MoS<sub>2</sub> samples prepared by common CVD or mechanical exfoliation, is demonstrated. This study provides a simple versatile approach to fabricating monolayered crystals of MoS<sub>2</sub> and other high-quality transition metal dichalcogenides and could lead to new optoelectronic devices based on gate-tunable PL effect.
Gaussian beam stabilization in a long absorptive plasma column (1977)

The behavior of a Gaussian laser beam propagating in a long absorptive plasma column is studied theoretically. The plasma is represented by a complex refractive index which varies quadratically with transverse position. With an absorption loss which is minimum at the axis, the width of the Gaussian beam will converge at large propagational distance to a constant which depends on the plasma characteristics alone. It is found that stable propagation of a Gaussian beam is obtained without requiring that the transverse variation of the real part of the refractive index be favorable to beam trapping.
A Deep Leaming Model with Multi-Scale Skip Connections for Solar Flare Prediction Combined with Prior Information (2019)

Solar flare prediction has been drawing increasing attention due to its impact on the global environment. However, its prediction remains computationally challenging. To address this, we develop a solar flare prediction model using Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) with multi-scale skip connections, referred to as LSTM-DNN Flare Net (LDFN). Different from the existing models, LDFN is constructed based on the physical meanings of variables, which is in accordance with the human cognitive process and thus enhances the interpretability of the model. In order to improve training efficiency, we integrate both long and short skip connections in the construction of the DNN subnet. The experimental results demonstrate that LDFN can outperform traditional machine learning models and typical deep learning models in terms of internationally recognized standard metrics. Furthermore, the trained LDFN is used to rank the importance of top 10 variables affecting solar flares. Results reveal that total unsigned vertical current, fraction of area with shear > 45 and total unsigned flux around high gradient polarity inversion lines are the most informative variables for predicting solar flare, which is consistent with the results of current research.
Enhanced extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through arrays of bridged nanohole pairs and their sensing applications (2014)

Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through arrays of gold nanoholes was studied with light across the visible to the near-infrared spectrum. The EOT effect was found to be improved by bridging pairs of nanoholes due to the concentration of the electromagnetic field in the slit between the holes. The geometrical shape and separation of the holes in these pairs of nanoholes affected the intensity of the transmission and the wavelength of resonance. Changing the geometrical shapes of these nanohole pairs from triangles to circles to squares leads to increased transmission intensity as well as red-shifting resonance wavelengths. The performance of bridged nanohole pairs as a plasmonic sensor was investigated. The bridged nanohole pairs were able to distinguish methanol, olive oil and microscope immersion oil for the different surface plasmon resonance in transmission spectra. Numerical simulation results were in agreement with experimental observations.
Flow cytometric measurement bof RNA synthesis using bromouridine labelling and bromodeoxyuridine antibodies (1993)

Nuclear RNA synthesis can be analysed by flow cytometry of cells labelled with 5-bromouridine (BrUrd) and stained with anti-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) antibody and FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. A panel of 5 different commercially available anti-BrdUrd antibodies was tested on cells of a HL-60 human leukemia cell line, stained as a methanol-fixed nuclear suspension. The BrUrd-induced fluorescence signals were highest with the antibody ABDM (Partec), moderate but reproducible with B-44 (Becton Dickinson), variable or low with BR-3 and IU-4 (Caltag), and not detectable with Bu20a (DAKO). Treatment of BrUrd-labelled nuclei with ribonuclease before staining with antibodies indicated that ABDM and B-44 antibodies specifically recognized BrUrd-substituted RNA, whereas BR-3 and IU-4 antibodies also bound to BrUrd-unlabelled RNA. Combined analysis of BrUrd and DNA contents demonstrated the variation of RNA synthesis during the cell cycle. The BrUrd incorporation was high in the S and G2 phase, variable in G1, and negligible in mitosis. Similar results were obtained using other cell types.
Transfer and Amplification of Iodine-Based Diacetylene Amphiphiles to Anisotropic Optical Properties by Uniaxial Orientation in Thin Films (2021)

For flexible displays, there is a desperate need for a broadband coatable polarizer that can absorb light in a specific direction. Conventional polarizers fabricated by the polymer stretching process are too thick (50-200 μm) to be used as polarizers that can be applied to antireflective films in flexible displays. For the development of the broadband coatable thin film polarizer, diacetylene (DA) amphiphiles containing I<sup>-</sup> or I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> are newly designed and synthesized, and the content of DA amphiphiles in the 4,6-decadiyne solvent is optimized to form a lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) phase. Topochemical polymerization of uniaxially oriented iodine-based DA not only stabilizes the film but also broadens the polarization light region from 350 to 700 nm. The transfer and amplification of iodine and DA functions in uniaxially oriented thin films enable the fabrication of broadband coatable thin film polarizers.
The Math You Need, when You Need It: Online Modules that Remediate Mathematical Skills in Introductory Geoscience Courses (2011)

Pilot studies of an NSF-funded project called The Math You Need When You Need It (TMYN; http://serc.carleton. edu/mathyouneed) reveal that online, asynchronous learning modules are effective at remediating students’ quantitative skills in introductory geoscience in both community college and university settings. TMYN uses a just-in-time and necessity approach to mathematical learning, with online modular tutorials assigned prior to students encountering a quantitative concept in a geoscience context. Preand posttest scores show that TMYN modules used in conjunction with a geoscience course successfully increase student’s quantitative skills. Survey responses indicate that students perceive the modules as helpful. Variation in student completion rates across the pilots illustrates challenges to effective implementation of online learning modules and suggests that instructional methods and students’ perceptions (and instructor reinforcement) of task value and expectancy of success may influence student interaction with TMYN and, thus, effective mathematics remediation. Class size and focus, concepts covered, and grading stakes seem to have a negligible influence on student completion and success rates, illustrating TMYN’s flexibility in a variety of instructional settings. The modular, asynchronous, and online approach of TMYN represents a promising solution to the challenge of teaching quantitative material that is contextually framed in a science context. Increasingly, students arrive in college underprepared to use mathematics in introductory science courses. Estimates of the percentage of entering students needing remediation in mathematics vary. Self-report data suggest 15%–22% of first-year students entering postsecondary institutions in 2008 registered for a remedial math course (Planty et al. 2008). Similarly, a study of a single community college found that 65% of first-time students took a remedial mathematics course and roughly half passed (Fike and Fike 2008). High demand for remedial mathematics courses is disturbing given evidence that success in mathematics shapes interest in STEM disciplines, particularly in young women, and leads students to choose math and science majors (Betz The Math You Need, When You Need It: Online Modules That Remediate Mathematical Skills in Introductory Geoscience Courses
The mammalian fetal membranes (1981)

Some of my colleagues entering the field of reproductive physiology have expressed dismay at the bewildering variety of structures involved in the maintenance of pregnancy in different species. They have also expressed a certain exasperation with the terminology used in describing it. This essay was written to provide them with a very broad picture and to facilitate their accumulation of detail in selected areas. It has proved useful to beginners, to some who are not primarily biologists and to some biologists who have found this part of the subject indigestible because its literature is scattered and difficult of access. The latter complaint has meanwhile been alleviated by the publication of Comparative Placentology (Steven, 1975) which offers a guide to further reading. References have been confined to a few of the classic texts, with some more recent publications that will provide access to the bulk of the relevant literature. For those entering on serious study of mammalian embryology or comparative placentology, this essay can only serve as an introductory survey, a preface to the literature. It deals only with structure and will not (in the words of the Editor of the book just referred to) "encourage that most dangerous of anatomical pursuits, the prediction of function from structure". The study of function depends on experiment, but knowledge of the structures involved is a prerequisite of planned experiment, and in no other area of mammalian physiology is there such variety as is to be found in the means by which animals of different species contrive to retain, nurture and finally expel their young.
Iodine and Iodine Compounds (2000)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Occurrence 5. Production 6. Quality Specifications, Transportation, and Storage 7. Uses 8. Economic Aspects 9. Inorganic Iodine Compounds 10. Organic Iodine Compounds 11. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 Protects against Nickel-induced Acute Lung Injury (2008)

Nickel compounds are environmental and occupational hazards that pose serious health problems and are causative factors of acute lung injury. The c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are regulated through a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) 3 kinase-MAP2 kinase cascade and have been implicated in nickel toxicity. In this study, we used genetically modified cells and mice to investigate the involvement of two upstream MAP3Ks, MAP3K1 and 2, in nickel-induced JNK activation and acute lung injury. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, levels of JNK activation and cytotoxicity induced by nickel were similar in the Map3k2-null and wild-type cells but were much lower in the Map3k1/Map3k2 double-null cells. Conversely, the levels of JNK activation and cytotoxicity were unexpectedly much higher in the Map3k1-null cells. In adult mouse tissue, MAP3K1 was widely distributed but was abundantly expressed in the bronchiole epithelium of the lung. Accordingly, MAP3K1 ablation in mice resulted in severe nickel-induced acute lung injury and reduced survival. Based on these findings, we propose a role for MAP3K1 in reducing JNK activation and protecting the mice from nickel-induced acute lung injury.
2-D Large Inverse Transform (16×16, 32×32) for HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) (2012)

This paper proposes a 16×16 and 32×32 inverse transform architecture for HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding). HEVC large transform of 16×16 and 32×32 suffers from huge computational complexity. To resolve this problem, we proposed a new large inverse transform architecture based on hardware reuse. The processing element is optimized by exploiting fully recursive and regular butterfly structure. To achieve low area, the processing element is implemented by shifters and adders without multiplier. Implementation of the proposed 2-D inverse transform architecture in 0.18 ㎛ technology shows about 300 ㎒ frequency and 287 Kgates area, which can process 4K (3840×2160)@ 30 fps image.
Development of 3D in Vitro Technology for Medical Applications (2014)

In the past few years, biomaterials technologies together with significant efforts on developing biology have revolutionized the process of engineered materials. Three dimensional (3D) in vitro technology aims to develop set of tools that are simple, inexpensive, portable and robust that could be commercialized and used in various fields of biomedical sciences such as drug discovery, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic approaches in regenerative medicine. The proliferation of cells in the 3D scaffold needs an oxygen and nutrition supply. 3D scaffold materials should provide such an environment for cells living in close proximity. 3D scaffolds that are able to regenerate or restore tissue and/or organs have begun to revolutionize medicine and biomedical science. Scaffolds have been used to support and promote the regeneration of tissues. Different processing techniques have been developed to design and fabricate three dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering implants. Throughout the chapters we discuss in this review, we inform the reader about the potential applications of different 3D in vitro systems that can be applied for fabricating a wider range of novel biomaterials for use in tissue engineering.
UFO: unified convex optimization algorithms for fixed-outline floorplanning (2010)

In this paper, we apply two convex optimization methods, named UFO, for fixed-outline floorplanning. Our approach consists of two stages which are a global distribution stage and a local legalization stage. In the first stage, we first transform modules into circles and use a pull-push model to distribute modules among a fixed outline under the wirelength consideration. Because good results can be obtained after the first stage, we do not need to consider wirelegnth in the second stage; thus, we can devote to legalize modules. To keep the good results of the first stage, we propose a procedure to extract the geometric relations of modules from a layout and record them by constraint graphs. Then, a quadratic function as well as non-overlap and boundary constraints are formulated to determine the locations and shapes of modules. We have implemented the two convex functions on Matlab, and experimental results have demonstrated that UFO clearly outperforms the results reported in the literature on the GSRC benchmark.
Differences in the vascular patterns of basal and squamous cell skin carcinomas explain their differences in clinical behaviour (2003)

Tumour angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and appears to play an important role both at the transition from hyperplasia to invasive growth and at a late stage in the dissemination process. Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and trichoepitheliomas (TEs) are related tumours that share the properties of invasive growth but without the capacity to metastasize. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin are derived from a similar cell type and they have both invasive and metastatic potential. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the behaviour of these tumours could be explained by differences in their microvasculature. The study looked both qualitatively and quantitatively at the microvasculature of BCCs (n=50) and TEs (n=33) and compared them with normal skin (n=6) and with SCCs of the skin (n=22). Vessel counts were performed using a standard graticule count method after immunohistochemical staining for CD31. Counts were made of blood vessels in the stroma surrounding the tumour and also for vessels in the body of the tumour. The stromal counts for all the tumour groups differed significantly from normal skin. The SCC counts differed significantly from the counts for the BCCs and TEs. There was no significant difference between the counts for different subtypes of BCC or TE groups. While vessels could be found in the body of the SCCs, none was seen in the nodular BCC or the TE groups. There was no correlation between the vascular density and the depth of invasion. Overall, invasive growth correlated with an angiogenic response in the stroma, while metastatic potential correlated with microvessels being present in the body of the tumour.
Work-efficient parallel non-maximum suppression for embedded GPU architectures (2016)

With the emergence of GPU computing, deep neural networks have become a widely used technique for advancing research in the field of image and speech processing. In the context of object and event detection, sliding-window classifiers require to choose the best among all positively discriminated candidate windows. In this paper, we introduce the first GPU-based non-maximum suppression (NMS) algorithm for embedded GPU architectures. The obtained results show that the proposed parallel algorithm reduces the NMS latency by a wide margin when compared to CPUs, even clocking the GPU at 50% of its maximum frequency on an NVIDIA Tegra K1. In this paper, we show results for object detection in images. The proposed technique is directly applicable to speech segmentation tasks such as speaker diarization.