gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations (2001)

The co-authorship network of scientists represents a prototype of complex evolving networks. By mapping the electronic database containing all relevant journals in mathematics and neuro-science for an eight-year period (1991-98), we infer the dynamic and the structural mechanisms that govern the evolution and topology of this complex system. First, empirical measurements allow us to uncover the topological measures that characterize the network at a given moment, as well as the time evolution of these quantities. The results indicate that the network is scale-free, and that the network evolution is governed by preferential attachment, affecting both internal and external links. However, in contrast with most model predictions the average degree increases in time, and the node separation decreases. Second, we propose a simple model that captures the network's time evolution. Third, numerical simulations are used to uncover the behavior of quantities that could not be predicted analytically.
Kinetic Modeling Study on the Potential of Staged Combustion in Gas Turbines for the Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Biomass IGCC Plants (2000)

The potential for reduction of nitrogen oxides in gas turbine combustors was studied by detailed chemical kinetic modeling under ideal flow conditions. The investigation focused on turbines burning biomass-derived gasification gas from an air-blown integrated gasification combined cycle plant. The aim was to give detailed information about the parameters that favor reduction of NOx emissions, providing a solid background for designing an air-staged, low-NOx gas turbine. The potential and limitations of the detailed chemical kinetic modeling as a predictive tool for simulating the process were discussed. Instantaneous, delayed, and back-streamed air/fuel mixing models were tested to study the effect of mixing on the emissions. Predictions showed that the nitrogen chemistry was mainly affected by temperature and pressure: low temperatures of about 900−1000 °C and high pressures of about 10−20 bar favored fuel nitrogen conversion to N2. At atmospheric pressure, an increase in the number of air addition stages increased the conversion to N2, but at higher pressure the reduction was more efficient with three-stage addition than with either one- or six-stage addition. The conversion efficiency of NH3 to N2 increased with the inlet NH3 concentration, but the final NOx emission calculated in ppmv increased as well. NOx emission often was higher when HCN replaced ammonia in the gasification gas. The main paths for fuel−NH3 conversion to NOx and N2 were predicted to occur via intermediate formation of amino radicals (NHi). Another important conversion path to N2 was shown to proceed via a H2NO intermediate. Models accounting for delayed mixing led to more realistic predictions, showing the effect of CH4 in the gasification on increased NOx emission by means of its CHi radicals.
Antiatherothrombotic Properties of Statins (1998)

Clinical trials of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors or statin therapy have demonstrated that baseline or treated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels are only weakly associated with net coronary angiographic change or cardiovascular events. The beneficial effects of statins on clinical events may involve nonlipid mechanisms that modify endothelial function, inflammatory responses, plaque stability, and thrombus formation. Experimental animal models suggest that statins may foster stability through a reduction in macrophages and cholesterol ester content and an increase in volume of collagen and smooth muscle cells. The thrombotic sequelae caused by plaque disruption is mitigated by statins through inhibition of platelet aggregation and maintenance of a favorable balance between prothrombotic and fibrinolytic mechanisms. These nonlipid properties of statins may help to explain the early and significant cardiovascular event reduction reported in several clinical trials of statin therapy.
Parameterkurven in der Ebene (1989)

ZusammenfassungWie schon im vorhergehenden Kapitel angedeutet worden ist, werden Polynome im CAD u. a. dazu verwandt, Freiformkurven zu beschreiben. Die monomische Darstellung (Formel 4.1) ist allerdings wenig dazu geeignet, weil die Koeffizienten ai i. a. keine direkten Aussagen über die Gestalt und die Eigenschaften der durch sie bestimmten Kurve zulassen.
Bacterial Activity in Different Levels of the Intestine: And in Isolated Segments of Small and Large Bowel in Monkeys and in Dogs (1934)

In attempting to follow the activity of certain food poisoning organisms in the intestine it was found that before such an investigation could be made more must be learned regarding the in vivo activity of bacteria normally inhabiting the intestine. The enormous number of bacteria of different types usually present in the ileum and colon obscure the pathogenic significance of any one organism. The majority of previous studies have been made on feces because of the technical difficulties encountered in obtaining specimens from various levels of the intestine under physiologic conditions. We have attempted to use a different technic by maintaining normal physiologic conditions in dogs and in monkeys by means of fistulas into different levels of the intestine in some experiments and by isolating segments of the small and large intestine in others. Particular attention was given to the relationship and maintenance of certain bacteria in the intestine and the data are presented under the following headings : (1) technic, (2) the fate of Bacterium coli and Bacterium prodigiosum when introduced in food and injected into the stomach of monkeys, (3) bacterial activity in the small intestine and (4) bacterial activity in the colon.
Pultruded fibre reinforced polymer reinforcements with embedded fibre optic sensors (2000)

The use of the pultrusion process for the manufacture of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites with embedded fibre optic sensors is discussed. The specific application is the use of smart composite reinforcements for strain monitoring in innovative concrete bridges and structures. The Bragg grating and Fabry-Perot fibre optic sensors are embedded during the pultrusion of FRP rods and the process-induced residual strains are evaluated using these sensors. The behaviour of optic sensors during pultrusion is assessed, and the effect of the embeddment of optical fibres and their surface coatings on the mechanical properties of the composite material is investigated. To verify the operation of the optic sensors embedded in the smart pultruded rods, mechanical tests were conducted and the output of the fibre optic sensors was compared to that of an extensometer. These mechanical tests were performed at room temperature as well as under conditions of low and high temperature extremes. The reliability assessment of the fibre optic sensors further entailed the study of their fatigue and creep behaviour as well as their performance when the rods in which they are embedded are placed in a severe environment (e.g., alkaline solutions) that may simulate conditions encountered in concrete structures wherein the composite rods will be used as prestressing tendons or rebars.Key words: smart composite reinforcements, fibre optic sensors, pultrusion, residual strain, fatigue and creep behaviour, reliability assessment.
Interactions among neuronal systems assessed with functional neuroimaging. (2001)

Cortical organisation is based on the principles of functional specialisation and functional integration. Those two concepts exist at multiple spatial scales. For example at a macroscopic level, functionally segregated areas V1 and V5 are integrated within the dorsal visual stream. At a microscopic level, it is possible to infer the functional integration of (segregated) ocular dominance columns within area V1. At the macroscopic level functional specialisation and integration can be tested with functional neuroimaging, using fMRI/PET or EEG/MEG. A framework that allows making inferences on functional integration between brain regions using fMRI will be presented. The common feature of all techniques within that framework is that they can incorporate second order terms and therefore explicitly allow for contextual modulations. Two examples demonstrate how attention and paired associates learning can modulate effective connectivity within the visual system. Furthermore these models can incorporate non-linear modulatory (feedback) connections that can account for the changes in effective connectivity observed.
PAB1 Self-Association Precludes Its Binding to Poly(A), Thereby Accelerating CCR4 Deadenylation In Vivo (2007)

The mRNA deadenylation process, catalyzed by the CCR4 deadenylase, is known to be the major factor controlling mRNA decay rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified the proline-rich region and RRM1 domains of poly(A) binding protein (PAB1) as necessary for CCR4 deadenylation. Deletion of either of these regions but not other regions of PAB1 significantly reduced PAB1-PAB1 protein interactions, suggesting that PAB1 oligomerization is a required step for deadenylation. Moreover, defects in these two regions inhibited the formation of a novel, circular monomeric PAB1 species that forms in the absence of poly(A). Removal of the PAB1 RRM3 domain, which promoted PAB1 oligomerization and circularization, correspondingly accelerated CCR4 deadenylation. Circular PAB1 was unable to bind poly(A), and PAB1 multimers were severely deficient or unable to bind poly(A), implicating the PAB1 RNA binding surface as critical in making contacts that allow PAB1 self-association. These results support the model that the control of CCR4 deadenylation in vivo occurs in part through the removal of PAB1 from the poly(A) tail following its self-association into multimers and/or a circular species. Known alterations in the P domains of different PAB proteins and factors and conditions that affect PAB1 self-association would, therefore, be expected to be critical to controlling mRNA turnover in the cell.
Fc gamma receptor cross-linking down-regulates IL-1 receptor antagonist and induces IL-1 <i>beta</i> in mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with endotoxin or <i>Staphylococcus</i> aureus. (1994)

The cross-linking of monocyte Fc gamma R is a potent stimulus for IL-1ra production but does not induce IL-1 beta. However, during systemic infection, IgG-coated bacteria can activate mononuclear phagocytes via both cell wall components and opsonized IgG. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of combinations of Fc gamma R cross-linking and bacterial cell wall components on mononuclear phagocyte IL-1 beta and IL-1ra production. Human mononuclear cells and monocytes were cultured either alone or with combinations of immobilized IgG, LPS, or heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus (HKSA). Cells cultured on immobilized IgG released large amounts of IL-1ra but no detectable IL-1 beta. In response to LPS, mononuclear cells released IL-1ra at 1000-fold lower doses of LPS than was required to induce IL-1 beta. However, when measured in the presence of immobilized IgG, the LPS sensitivity for IL-1 beta release increased 100-fold, whereas IL-1ra release correlated inversely with the LPS dose. Furthermore, HKSA, a nonendotoxin stimulus, affected mononuclear cell IL-1 beta and IL-1ra release similarly. In addition, polymyxin B, a specific endotoxin inhibitor, blocked the LPS, but not the HKSA-induced changes in IL-1 beta and IL-1ra secretion, irrespective of immobilized IgG co-stimulation. In summary, these results suggest that mononuclear phagocyte stimulation with immobilized IgG favors IL-1ra over IL-1 beta production. Conversely, the addition of LPS or HKSA to the Fc gamma R-stimulated cells augments IL-1 beta but suppresses IL-1ra production.
WISE and ICARUS—New X-Ray Algorithms to Improve the Detection of Counterfeit Components (2015)

Abstract The drive towards miniaturization has created increasing challenges to the overall failure analysis and quality inspection of electronic devices. This trend has equally challenged the image quality of x-ray inspection systems – engineers need to see more details in each inspection. Image quality is paramount to the ability of making actionable decisions on the information acquired from an x-ray machine. Previous generations of x-ray technologies have focused on hardware improvements – better x-ray sources and better x-ray sensors. Although further improvements can still be achieved in hardware, our focus will be on the latest wave of technology breakthroughs and innovation in radiography systems: algorithms.
Epiglottitis following preparation for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. (1995)

We describe a 7-year-old boy who developed acute, airway-threatening, non-infectious epiglottitis following high-dose cytosine arabinoside and total body irradiation preparative regimen for allogeneic BMT. Unlike gastrointestinal symptoms and oropharyngeal mucositis, acute epiglottitis is a previously unreported early complication following allogeneic BMT preparation. The pathogenesis of epiglottitis in our patient was presumably multifactorial, resulting from the combination of chemotherapy and irradiation. We recommend that this diagnosis be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with significant upper airway symptoms following BMT preparation.
2-Chloro-3-dimethylamino-6-phenylsulfonylphenyllithium (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Chloro-3-dimethylamino-6-phenylsulfonylphenyllithiumHerman E. Zieger and Georg WittigCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 9, 3270–3273Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01056a070https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01056a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views111Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Recommending the World's Knowledge (2016)

At Quora, our mission is to share and grow the world's knowledge. Recommender systems are at the core of this mission: we need to recommend the most important questions to people most likely to write great answers, and recommend the best answers to people interested in reading them. Driven by the above mission statement, we have a variety of interesting and challenging recommendation problems and a large, rich data set that we can work with to build novel solutions for them. In this talk, we will describe several of these recommendation problems and present our approaches solving them.
Protein Kinase CK2 Phosphorylation of EB2 Regulates Its Function in the Production of Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Viral Particles (2007)

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) early protein EB2 (also called BMLF1, Mta, or SM) promotes the nuclear export of a subset of early and late viral mRNAs and is essential for the production of infectious virions. We show here that in vitro, protein kinase CK2alpha and -beta subunits bind both individually and, more efficiently, as a complex to the EB2 N terminus and that the CK2beta regulatory subunit also interacts with the EB2 C terminus. Immunoprecipitated EB2 has CK2 activity that phosphorylates several sites within the 80 N-terminal amino acids of EB2, including Ser-55, -56, and -57, which are localized next to the nuclear export signal. EB2S3E, the phosphorylation-mimicking mutant of EB2 at these three serines, but not the phosphorylation ablation mutant EB2S3A, efficiently rescued the production of infectious EBV particles by HEK293(BMLF1-KO) cells harboring an EB2-defective EBV genome. The defect of EB2S3A in transcomplementing 293(BMLF1-KO) cells was not due to impaired nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the mutated protein but was associated with a decrease in the cytoplasmic accumulation of several late viral mRNAs. Thus, EB2-mediated production of infectious EBV virions is regulated by CK2 phosphorylation at one or more of the serine residues Ser-55, -56, and -57.
Evaluation of VIDAS®Salmonella (SLM) Easy Salmonella Method for the Detection of Salmonella in a Variety of Foods: Collaborative Study (2011)

The VIDAS Salmonella (SLM) Easy Salmonella method is a specific enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay performed in the automated VIDAS instrument. The VIDAS Easy Salmonella method is a simple 2-step enrichment procedure, using pre-enrichment followed by selective enrichment in a newly formulated broth, SX2 broth. This new method was compared in a multilaboratory collaborative study to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 5 method for five food matrixes (liquid egg, vanilla ice cream, spinach, raw shrimp, and peanut butter) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook 4.04 method for deli turkey. Each food type was artificially contaminated with Salmonella at three inoculation levels. A total of 15 laboratories representing government, academia, and industry, throughout the United States, participated. In this study, 1583 samples were analyzed, of which 792 were paired replicates and 791 were unpaired replicates. Of the 792 paired replicates, 285 were positive by both the VIDAS and reference methods. Of the 791 unpaired replicates, 341 were positive by the VIDAS method and 325 were positive by the cultural reference method. A Chi-square analysis of each of the six food types was performed at the three inoculation levels tested. For all foods evaluated, the VIDAS Easy SLM method demonstrated results comparable to those of the reference methods for the detection of Salmonella.
Risk-Sensitive Rate Correcting for Dynamic Heterogeneous Networks: Autonomy and Resilience (2020)

This work is proposing a unified framework for dynamic and heterogeneous networks from a control engineering standpoint. Adaptive learning and risk-sensitive policies illustrate ways of dealing with: i) state-space realization to account for heterogeneous flow rates, bottleneck links with rate allocating routers or switches, and coupling between queue regulation, stochastic and time lag effects; ii) centralized rate-based stabilization with explicit congestion indication feedback via partially noisy observations; iii) performance risk mitigation enabled by Minimal-Cost-Variance control theory; and iv) distributed adaptation based on companion window flow control mechanisms at sources. The expected results will help to reveal new insights on systematic designs and rigorous analysis of adaptive and scalable learning and management schemes for coordinated resilience across all layers and elements in networked systems.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of genes to mouse spermatogonial stem cells<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="afn1">†</xref></sup> (2016)

Spermatogenesis is a complicated process that originates from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which have self-renewal activity. Because SSCs are the only stem cells in the body that transmit genetic information to the next generation, they are an attractive target for germline modification. Although several virus vectors have been successfully used to transduce SSCs, cell toxicity or insertional mutagenesis of the transgene has limited their usage. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is unique among virus vectors because of its target specificity and low toxicity in somatic cells, and clinical trials have shown that it has promise for gene therapy. However, there are conflicting reports on the possibility of germline integration of AAV into the genome of male germ cells, including SSCs. Here, we examined the usefulness of AAV vectors for exploring germline gene modification in SSCs. AAV1 infected cultured SSCs without apparent toxicity. Moreover, SSCs that were infected in fresh testis cells generated normal appearing spermatogenic colonies after spermatogonial transplantation. A microinsemination experiment produced offspring that underwent excision of the floxed target gene by AAV1-mediated Cre expression. Analysis of the offspring DNA showed no evidence of AAV integration, suggesting a low risk of germline integration by AAV infection. Although more extensive experiments are required to assess the risk of germline integration, our results show that AAV1 is useful for genetic manipulation of SSCs, and gene transduction by AAV will provide a useful approach to overcome potential problems associated with previous virus vector-mediated gene transduction.
Deburring of Sheet Metal by Barrel Finishing (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
An automatic beautifier for drawings and illustrations (1985)

We describe a method for inferring constraints that are desirable for a given (rough) drawing and then modifying the drawing to satisfy the constraints wherever possible. The method has been implemented as part of an online graphics editor running under the UNIX™ operating system and it has undergone modifications in response to user input. Although the framework we discuss is general, the current implementation is polygon-oriented. The relations examined are: approximate equality of the slope or length of sides, collinearity of sides, and vertical and horizontal alignment of points.
Characterization of Monomeric Intermediates during VSV Glycoprotein Structural Transition (2012)

Entry of enveloped viruses requires fusion of viral and cellular membranes, driven by conformational changes of viral glycoproteins. Crystal structures provide static pictures of pre- and post-fusion conformations of these proteins but the transition pathway remains elusive. Here, using several biophysical techniques, including analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroïsm, electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering, we have characterized the low-pH-induced fusogenic structural transition of a soluble form of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein G ectodomain (G(th), aa residues 1-422, the fragment that was previously crystallized). While the post-fusion trimer is the major species detected at low pH, the pre-fusion trimer is not detected in solution. Rather, at high pH, G(th) is a flexible monomer that explores a large conformational space. The monomeric population exhibits a marked pH-dependence and adopts more elongated conformations when pH decreases. Furthermore, large relative movements of domains are detected in absence of significant secondary structure modification. Solution studies are complemented by electron micrographs of negatively stained viral particles in which monomeric ectodomains of G are observed at the viral surface at both pH 7.5 and pH 6.7. We propose that the monomers are intermediates during the conformational change and thus that VSV G trimers dissociate at the viral surface during the structural transition.