gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Inhibition of Insulin Release by Blood Mononuclear Cells from Insulin-Dependent Diabetic and Healthy Subjects: Synergistic Action of IL-1 and TNF (1994)

Previous studies have demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (BMC) from type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients inhibit insulin release (IR) from rat or mouse islet cells in vitro. This phenomenon is of great interest as a model for islet graft rejection. We found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BMC of healthy donors and type 1 diabetic patients suppress both basal and stimulated insulin secretion. To study whether this inhibition was due to soluble mediators we added supernatants of LPS-stimulated BMC or recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) at concentrations comparable to those found in the supernatants to rat islet cells. The inhibitory effect of BMC on islet cells could be transferred by supernatants of LPS-stimulated BMC. We found that neither IL-1 nor TNF alone inhibit IR from dispersed adult rat islet cells. However, the combination of IL-1 and TNF was highly effective. Ultrafiltration of supernatants of LPS-stimulated BMC through a PM-10 membrane (10 kDa cutoff) deprived the supernatants of the inhibitory activity indicating that only intact IL-1 and TNF (m.w. about 17 kDa), but not smaller IL-1 and TNF fragments, were responsible for the effects on islet cells. These data suggest that activation of BMC and cytokine release at islet graft site may result in an early loss of graft function. Islet transplantation using microcapsules not permeable for molecules with m.w. > 10 kDa would be preferable.
Extraction of Hydrogen from Alcohols by a Methylene-Bridged Iridium(I) Dinuclear Complex Having a Short Ir−Ir Double Bond (2010)

Reduction of [Cp*2Ir2(μ-CH2)2Cl2] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) with Na in benzene leads to the formation of a methylene-bridged iridium(I) dinuclear complex with a considerably short Ir−Ir double bond (2.4375(2) Å), [Cp*2Ir2(μ-CH2)2], which reacts with alcohols (RCH2OH, R = H, Me, Et, Ph) to afford a unique cis-dihydride complex and the respective aldehyde (RCHO).
A new Cu–cysteamine complex: structure and optical properties (2014)

We report the structure and optical properties of a new Cu–cysteamine complex with a formula of Cu<sub>3</sub>Cl(SR)<sub>2</sub> (R = CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>), which shows intense luminescence upon UV or X-ray excitation.
Hypertension in mice with transgenic activation of the brain renin-angiotensin system is vasopressin dependent (2013)

An indispensable role for the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been documented in most experimental animal models of hypertension. To identify the specific efferent pathway activated by the brain RAS that mediates hypertension, we examined the hypothesis that elevated arginine vasopressin (AVP) release is necessary for hypertension in a double-transgenic model of brain-specific RAS hyperactivity (the "sRA" mouse model). sRA mice experience elevated brain RAS activity due to human angiotensinogen expression plus neuron-specific human renin expression. Total daily loss of the 4-kDa AVP prosegment (copeptin) into urine was grossly elevated (≥8-fold). Immunohistochemical staining for AVP was increased in the supraoptic nucleus of sRA mice (~2-fold), but no quantitative difference in the paraventricular nucleus was observed. Chronic subcutaneous infusion of a nonselective AVP receptor antagonist conivaptan (YM-087, Vaprisol, 22 ng/h) or the V(2)-selective antagonist tolvaptan (OPC-41061, 22 ng/h) resulted in normalization of the baseline (~15 mmHg) hypertension in sRA mice. Abdominal aortas and second-order mesenteric arteries displayed AVP-specific desensitization, with minor or no changes in responses to phenylephrine and endothelin-1. Mesenteric arteries exhibited substantial reductions in V(1A) receptor mRNA, but no significant changes in V(2) receptor expression in kidney were observed. Chronic tolvaptan infusion also normalized the (5 mmol/l) hyponatremia of sRA mice. Together, these data support a major role for vasopressin in the hypertension of mice with brain-specific hyperactivity of the RAS and suggest a primary role of V(2) receptors.
Adaptive Early Packet Filtering for Defending Firewalls Against DoS Attacks (2009)

A major threat to data networks is based on the fact that some traffic can be expensive to classify and filter as it will undergo a longer than average list of filtering rules before being rejected by the default deny rule. An attacker with some information about the access-control list (ACL) deployed at a firewall or an intrusion detection and prevention system (IDS/IPS) can craft packets that will have maximum cost. In this paper, we present a technique that is light weight, traffic-adaptive and can be deployed on top of any filtering mechanism to pre-filter unwanted expensive traffic. The technique utilizes Internet traffic characteristics coupled with a special carefully tuned representation of the policy to generate early defense policies. We use Boolean expressions built as binary decision diagrams (BDD) to represent relaxed versions of the policy that are faster to evaluate. Moreover, it is guaranteed that the technique will not add an overhead that will not be compensated by the gain in filtering time in the underlying filtering method. Evaluation has shown considerable savings to the overall filtering process, thus saving the firewall processing power and increasing overall throughput. Also, the overhead changes according to the traffic behavior, and can be tuned to guarantee its worst case time cost.
Diadenosine polyphosphates as extracellular signal molecules (2001)

Abstract Dinucleoside polyphosphates are an interesting group of signalling molecules that control numerous physiological functions. Diadenosine compounds, with a backbone of anything from two to seven phosphates, are known to occur naturally. Some of them have been isolated from cerebral nerve terminals and, acting via nucleoside (P1), nucleotide (P2), or dinucleotide receptors, can affect central nervous system function. Many of them have been isolated from human blood platelet secretory granules and are potentially involved in haemostatic mechanisms and peripheral control of vascular tone. Many visceral organs respond to the application of adenine dinucleotides and, although they act on receptors in the periphery that can be mainly defined as either P1 or P2, evidence is now accumulating for discrete dinucleotide receptors. In the periphery, adenine dinucleotides can be potent agonists, with diverse functions, causing contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle. Many P2X receptor proteins and P2Y receptors have been cloned and adenine dinucleotides have a variable pharmacological profile at these receptors and may be useful tools for characterising subtypes of P2X and P2Y receptors. This review provides a broad description of the many extracellular roles of diadenosine polyphosphates as emerging, yet increasingly important, natural ligands for a plethora of structurally diverse mononucleotide and dinucleotide receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 52:260–273, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proton Relaxation Times in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury (1987)

Pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation induced in mice by biweekly injection of low doses (20 mg/kg) of bleomycin chronically administered subcutaneously was associated with a significant increase in T2 values measured in vitro (54.6 +/- 20.7 ms vs. 36.2 +/- 3.8 ms in controls). T1 values, however, were not altered significantly (613 +/- 124.6 ms vs. 666 +/- 105.7 ms in controls). Lung water content did not change (79.1 +/- 2.5% vs. 78.4 +/- 0.98% in controls, NS). Water content to dry weight ratio in the control group (3.63 +/- 0.212) did not differ significantly from that in the experimental group clinically treated with bleomycin (3.84 +/- .618). However, morphometric and histologic analysis indicated that in 71% of the chronically treated mice, there was marked pulmonary fibrosis (mean area of involvement 3.5 +/- 8.1% vs. 0.25 +/- 0.15% in controls, P less than .01). In addition, there was marked increase in pulmonary cellularity and infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages (mean area of macrophage infiltration 8.71 +/- 13.256% vs. 1.17 +/- 1.404% in controls). The alteration in T2 in bleomycin damaged lung occurred in the absence of change in overall water content. However, the change in cellularity indicates an alteration of water distribution between the cellular, intravascular, and interstitial components induced by the measurable fibrotic and inflammatory response to bleomycin.
Identification of the Anopheles gambiae ATP-binding Cassette Transporter Superfamily Genes (2003)

The Anopheles gambiae genome sequence has been analyzed to find ATP-binding cassette protein genes based on deduced protein similarity to known family members. A nonredundant collection of 44 putative genes was identified including five genes not detected by the original Anopheles genome project machine annotation. These genes encode at least one member of all the human and Drosophila melanogaster ATP-binding protein subgroups. Like D. melanogaster, A. gambiae has subgroup ABCH genes encoding proteins different from the ABC proteins found in other complex organisms. The largest Anopheles subgroup is the ABCC genes which includes one member that can potentially encode ten different isoforms of the protein by differential splicing. As with Drosophila, the second largest Anopheles group is the ABCG subgroup with 12 genes compared to 15 genes in D. melanogaster, but only 5 genes in the human genome. In contrast, fewer ABCA and ABCB genes were identified in the mosquito genome than in the human or Drosophila genomes. Gene duplication is very evident in the Anopheles ABC genes with two groups of four genes, one group with three genes and three groups with two head to tail duplicated genes. These characteristics argue that the A. gambiae is actively using gene duplication as a mechanism to drive genetic variation in this important gene group.
Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus (2012)

The vertebrate pharyngeal apparatus, serving the dual functions of feeding and respiration, has its embryonic origin in a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches. Developmental studies have been able to discern how these structures are constructed and this has opened the way for an analysis of how the pharyngeal apparatus was assembled and modified during evolution. For many years, the role of the neural crest in organizing pharyngeal development was emphasized and, as this was believed to be a uniquely vertebrate cell type, it was suggested that the development of the pharyngeal apparatus of vertebrates was distinct from that of other chordates. However, it has now been established that a key event in vertebrate pharyngeal development is the outpocketing of the endoderm to form the pharyngeal pouches. Significantly, outpocketing of the pharyngeal endoderm is a basal deuterostome character and the regulatory network that mediates this process is conserved. Thus, the framework around which the vertebrate pharyngeal apparatus is built is ancient. The pharyngeal arches of vertebrates are, however, more complex and this can be ascribed to these structures being populated by neural crest cells, which form the skeletal support of the pharynx, and mesoderm, which will give rise to the musculature and the arch arteries. Within the vertebrates, as development progresses beyond the phylotypic stage, the pharyngeal apparatus has also been extensively remodelled and this has seemingly involved radical alterations to the developmental programme. Recent studies, however, have shown that these alterations were not as dramatic as previously believed. Thus, while the evolution of amniotes was believed to have involved the loss of gills and their covering, the operculum, it is now apparent that neither of these structures was completely lost. Rather, the gills were transformed into the parathyroid glands and the operculum still exists as an embryonic entity and is still required for the internalization of the posterior pharyngeal arches. Thus, the key steps in our phylogenetic history are laid out during the development of our pharyngeal apparatus.
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE PREPARATION AND SYNTHETIC USES OF THE REACTIONS OF 3<i>H</i>-PYRAZOLES. A REVIEW (1993)

(1993). RECENT PROGRESS IN THE PREPARATION AND SYNTHETIC USES OF THE REACTIONS OF 3H-PYRAZOLES. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 403-435.
Sexual Functioning and SSRIs (2002)

This article reviews the literature concerning the relationship between sexual functioning and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Reduced sexual functioning is a common depressive symptom that typically improves after successful antidepressant treatment. On the other hand, sexual dysfunction has been observed in a substantial proportion of patients treated with all classes of antidepressants. In particular, SSRI use has been shown to be associated with sexual dysfunction. A number of pharmacologic interventions have been found to be helpful in anecdotal case reports. Unfortunately, the lack of placebo-controlled studies in this area limits our ability to draw firm conclusions on the efficacy of such interventions. Three classes of drugs have primarily been used to counteract sexual side effects of SSRIs: serotonin receptor antagonists, a2-adrenergic receptor antagonists, and dopaminergic agents. An open trial from our group suggests the potential usefulness of oral sildenafil in the treatment of antidepressant-associated sexual side effects, but further studies are needed.
THE CHEMICAL STABILITY OF<i>S</i>-(2-ACYLTHIOETHYL) AND<i>S</i>-ACYLOXYMETHYL PROTECTED THYMIDYLYL-3′,5′-THYMIDINE PHOSPHOROMONOTHIOLATES AND THEIR DEACYLATION PRODUCTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION (2001)

The hydrolytic stability of the S-(2-acetylthioethyl) (1a,b), S-(2-pivaloylthioethyl) (2a,b), and S-acetyloxymethyl (3a,b) protected Rp and Sp phosphoromonothiolates of 3',5'-TpT has been studied. Rather unexpectedly, an intramolecular hydroxide ion catalyzed acetyl migration from the protecting group to the nucleoside 3'- and 5'-hydroxy functions was found to compete with the intermolecular displacement of the AcSCH2CH2S- or AcOCH2S-ligand from the phosphorus atom of 1a,b and 3a,b, respectively. With the S-pivaloylthioethyl derivative 2a,b no such reaction took place. Additionally, the kinetics of the cleavage of the S-(2-mercaptoethyl) group from 4a,b, the products of enzymatic deacylation of 1a,b and 2a,b, were studied as a function of pH.
From growing to secreting: New roles for mTOR in aging cells (2011)

Deregulation of the nutrient sensitive mTOR signaling pathway has been recently involved in several age-related diseases, and pharmacological blockade of mTOR extends longevity in model organisms and in mice. Mechanistic studies in vitro have shed light on the role of mTOR-dependent growth signals in promoting senescence and exhaustion of quiescent stem cells, thus linking excess nutrients to tissue ageing. Novel findings add complexity to this theoretical framework, revealing that mTOR cooperates with autophagy to promote the "secretory phenotype" of senescent cells and the release of factors known to contribute to defective renewal and dysfunction of aging tissues. Thus, both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous mechanisms link unchecked mTOR activity to cell senescence and by extension to the aging process.
RAPID: Reputation based approach for improving intrusion detection effectiveness (2010)

Reducing false positives have been one of the toughest challenges and a very practical problem in real life deployments of intrusion detection systems. It leads to decreased confidence in the IDS alerts. The security analyst is faced with the choice between disabling valuable signatures that also generate false positives on one hand, and missing true alerts among the flood of false positives on the other hand. In this paper we present an architecture that utilizes IP reputation along with signature levels in order to reduce false positives and thereby increase the effectiveness of the IDS. In the proposed approach the IDS signatures are classified and grouped into various levels based on their false positive rating, and the incoming traffic is analyzed by one or more of the signature levels based on the reputation of the IP addresses. We also discuss a prototype implementation of the proposed approach that is based on open source IDS - Snort. Evaluation showed promising results in reducing false positives and corresponding improvement in Bayesian detection rate for the prototype system as compared to Snort.
Perspectives on interactions between lactoferrin and bacteriaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 7th International Conference on Lactoferrin: Structure, Function, and Applications, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. (2006)

Lactoferrin has long been recognized for its antimicrobial properties, initially attributed primarily to iron sequestration. It has since become apparent that interaction between the host and bacteria is modulated by a complex series of interactions between lactoferrin and bacteria, lactoferrin and bacterial products, and lactoferrin and host cells. The primary focus of this review is the interaction between lactoferrin and bacteria, but interactions with the lactoferrin-derived cationic peptide lactoferricin will also be discussed. We will summarize what is currently known about the interaction between lactoferrin (or lactoferricin) and surface or secreted bacterial components, comment on the potential physiological relevance of the findings, and identify key questions that remain unanswered.
Research Progress of Paraoxonase-3 (2012)

Paraoxonase-3(PON3) is a member of the paraoxonase(PON) family.In addition to PON3,it also includes PON1 and PON2.They share a large number of structural homology,and all the three proteins prevent oxidative stress and fight inflammation.They therefore seem central to a wide variety of human illnesses,including atherosclerosis,obesity,diabetes,inflammation bowel disorders and mental disorders.In vitro studies,the antioxidant capacity of PON3 is even stronger than PON1,so PON3 may also have the potential to become the treatment factors of certain diseases.The purpose of this review is to conclude some of the latest findings on PON3 in recent years,so as to provide new ideas for further research of the PON family.
A Mild and Convenient Synthetic Method for Arylhydrazones of Methyl Benzoate (2004)

Abstract A series of ester arylhydrazones were prepared by treating methyl benzimidate hydrochloride with arylhydrazine hydrochlorides. Treatment of benzimidate hydrochloride with a mixture of arylhydrazine hydrochlorides and sodium methoxide in absolute methanol at room temperature produced the arylhydrazones of methyl benzoate with moderate yield.
Production of high quality and low energy chemithermomechanical pulp (1994)

Chemithermomechanical pulps (CTMP) were produced from Eastern black spruce chips in a two-stage pilot plant using different conditions of chemical pretreatment and refining intensity. The conventional CTMP was produced by impregnating chips with sulfite liquor at a pH of approximately 10 and the conducting the first-stage refining in a double disc refiner at 1,200 rpm. The distribution of specific energy and refining intensity was about the same in the two stages. The experiments showed that, by decreasing the impregnating liquor pH to approximately 4.5 and conducting the first-stage refining at a relatively low specific energy and high refining intensity (by operating the refiner at 1,800 rpm), an energy saving of up to 33% could be achieved without any adverse effect on the pulp quality.
The Dissociation of Proteins by Chaotropic Salts (1973)

Chaotropic salts were examined with a view to their use as protein-dissociating agents. The rank order of their ability to dissociate proteins followed the Hofmeister series for proteins which self-interact mainly via the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds (β-lactoglobulin A, hemoglobin). For hydrophobic associations (β-casein, concanavalin A, chymotrypsin), misplacements in the Hofmeister series were noted. Chaotropic salts do not necessarily bring about complete dissociation of protein polymer to protein monomer. However, dissociation was induced at salt concentrations which did not cause major shifts in protein conformation. Thus, chaotropic salts should prove most useful in dissociating multienzyme complexes and in improving the solubility of membrane-bound proteins.
Conversion of electric logs for seismic time sections (1965)

Abstract Geophysicists are constantly faced with the problem of showing geological data at the proper scale on seismic "time" sections, in order to help their geological colleagues put the seismic data into proper spatial relationship. This is a critical problem with the modem seismic "record" sections which have both vertical (reflection times) and horizontal (spread length) scales that differ radically from the geologist's conventional distance (feet or meters) scales.
A transformant of<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>deficient in the antigenic cytotoxin ASPFI (1993)

The aspfI gene encoding a ribonucleotoxin, a putative virulence factor of Aspergillus fumigatus, was inactivated by gene disruption. Gene replacement through homologous recombination by the disrupted allele tagged by the hygromycin B resistance marker was performed by transformation of a pathogenic strain. One transformant with the disrupted aspfI gene failed to produce the ASPFI protein and was shown to be pathogenic for mice. We concluded that this ribotoxin is not a main factor in the colonization of the lung tissues by A. fumigatus.
Polarization patterns of thick clouds: overcast skies have distribution of the angle of polarization similar to that of clear skies (2007)

The distribution of polarization in the overcast sky has been practically unknown. Earlier the polarization of light from heavily overcast skies (when the Sun's disc was invisible) has been measured only sporadically in some celestial points by point-source polarimetry. What kind of patterns of the degree p and angle alpha of linear polarization of light could develop after transmission through a thick layer of ice or water clouds? To answer this question, we measured the p and alpha patterns of numerous totally overcast skies on the Arctic Ocean and in Hungary by full-sky imaging polarimetry. We present here our finding that depending on the optical thickness of the cloud layer, the pattern of alpha of light transmitted through the ice or water clouds of totally overcast skies is qualitatively the same as the alpha pattern of the clear sky. Under overcast conditions the value of alpha is determined predominantly by scattering on cloud particles themselves. Nevertheless, the degrees of linear polarization of light from overcast skies were rather low (p<or=16%). Our results obtained under overcast conditions complete the earlier findings that the alpha pattern of the clear sky also appears in partly cloudy, foggy, and smoky skies. Our results show that the celestial distribution of the direction of polarization is a very robust pattern being qualitatively always the same under all possible sky conditions. This is of great importance for the orientation of polarization-sensitive animals based on sky polarization under conditions when the Sun is not visible.