gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluoride-free synthesis of a Sn-BEA catalyst by dry gel conversion (2015)

A Sn-BEA catalyst was synthesized in a fluoride-free medium for the first time <italic>via</italic> a dry gel conversion method. The use of alkali ions, zeolite BEA seed crystals and ion-exchange before the removal of the organic template has been shown to be indispensable to obtain the desired material.
Quantification of Log-Core Correlation Using the Formation Microscope (1991)

Abstract The FMS tool makes extremely dense conductivity measurements, approximately 7000 per foot. These measurements have been most commonly used to generate images approximating core photographs. The images have been used for geological interpretation and fracture identification. The main issue addressed in this paper is the comparison of rock property measurements made at different length scales. Small core plugs are often taken to represent larger sections of conventional core and comparisons are made with logs. FMS data can provide a quantitative measure of the variation that can be expected from this process. This measurement can be used to estimate the required sampling density of core plugs necessary to represent the formation in the vicinity of the wellbore to a specified degree of accuracy. It can also be used to determine the expected degree of agreement when comparing core and log data.
IDENTIFICATION OF PEPTIDE LIGANDS GENERATED BY COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY THAT BIND α-LACTALBUMIN (2001)

α-Lactalbumin is a whey protein with high digestibility and low potential for causing allergic problems in infants, making it a strong candidate for use in infant formulas. The development of an efficient and scalable process for isolation of α-lactalbumin is necessary to allow its use on a large scale. Affinity chromatography using short peptides as ligands is a promising technique because it allows the recovery of specific proteins without the use of harsh chemicals or problems due to ligand release. In the present paper we describe the identification of the hexapeptide WHWRKR, obtained from a combinatorial library, that shows affinity for α-lactalbumin.
[Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim in the treatment of urinary infection in primary care]. (1990)

The effectiveness of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (A/Cl) and trimetoprim (TMP) were compared in two different schedules: 10 days treatment and monodose, in 80 patients with, urinary tract infection (UTI) demonstrated by urine culture. The patients over 65 years, the males and those with underlying risk conditions randomly received A/Cl or TMP during 10 days. The rates of cure were 76.9% for A/Cl and 73.9% for TMP. The difference was not significant. Thirty-one patients without those features randomly received a short A/Cl course or a single dose of TMP. The rates of cure were 92.8% for A/Cl and 58.8% for TMP. The difference was statistically significant. It was concluded that, in our patients, complicated lower UTI have a similar response rate to a ten days course of A/Cl or TMP, whereas A/Cl for three days is more effective than a single TMP dose to treat noncomplicated lower UTI.
Merged capacitor switching based SAR ADC with highest switching energy-efficiency (2010)

A modified merged capacitor switching (MCS) scheme is proposed for the successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). The conventional MCS technique previously applied to a pipelined ADC improves signal processing speed and, with use in the SAR ADC, this scheme achieves lowest switching energy among existing switching schemes. The MCS scheme achieves 93.4% less switching energy as compared to the conventional architecture.
Synthesis and antiherpesviral activity of 5-C-substituted uracil nucleosides. (1980)

Reaction of 2'-deoxy-5-hydroxyuridine with some Wittig reagents gave 5-alkoxycarbonylmethyl-, 5-carbamoylmethyl-, 5-cyanomethyl-and 5-acetonyl-2'-deoxyuridines. The corresponding 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl derivatives were prepared from 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-hydroxymethyluracil. The latter was also converted to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-vinyluracil via triphenylphosphonium salt, and then to 5-(2-halogenovinyl)derivatives. Some of these compounds showed marked antiherpesviral activity in vitro.
General Theory of Natural Equivalences (1945)

Eilenberg and MacLane's paper 'General theory of natural equivalences' defines CATEGORY, FUNCTOR, and NATURAL TRANSFORMATION, thereby giving birth to category theory or theory of naturality.
Relative contribution of mutations in genes for autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathies: a genotype-phenotype correlation study (2007)

Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (HMN) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders affecting spinal alpha-motor neurons. Since 2001, mutations in six different genes have been identified for autosomal dominant distal HMN; glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS), dynactin 1 (DCTN1), small heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 (HSPB1), small heat shock 22 kDa protein 8 (HSPB8), Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL2) and senataxin (SETX). In addition a mutation in the (VAMP)-associated protein B and C (VAPB) was found in several Brazilian families with complex and atypical forms of autosomal dominantly inherited motor neuron disease. We have investigated the distribution of mutations in these seven genes in a cohort of 112 familial and isolated patients with a diagnosis of distal motor neuropathy and found nine different disease-causing mutations in HSPB8, HSPB1, BSCL2 and SETX in 17 patients of whom 10 have been previously reported. No mutations were found in GARS, DCTN1 and VAPB. The phenotypic features of patients with mutations in HSPB8, HSPB1, BSCL2 and SETX fit within the distal HMN classification, with only one exception; a C-terminal HSPB1-mutation was associated with upper motor neuron signs. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a genetic mosaicism in transmitting an HSPB1 mutation. This study, performed in a large cohort of familial and isolated distal HMN patients, clearly confirms the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of distal HMN and provides a basis for the development of algorithms for diagnostic mutation screening in this group of disorders.
IBM's new brain [News] (2014)

The TrueNorth neuromorphic chip takes a big step toward using the human brain‚s architecture to reduce computing‚s power consumption. Neuromorphic computer chips meant to mimic the neural network architecture of biological brains have generally fallen short of their wetware counterparts in efficiency-a crucial factor that has limited practical applications for such chips. That could be changing. At a power density of just 20 milliwatts per square centimeter, IBM‚s new brain-inspired chip [above] comes tantalizingly close to such wetware efficiency. The hope is that it could bring brainlike intelligence to the sensors of smartphones, smart cars, and–if IBM has its way–everything else.
On eddy currents in a rotating disk (1942)

A DEVICE which often occurs in electric machines and instruments consists of a relatively thin conducting disk rotating between the pole pieces of a permanent magnet or electromagnet. The author has received inquiries as to the method of calculating the paths of the eddy currents and the torque in such cases. The following rather simple method, which is quite accurate for a permanent magnet, seems not to be described in the literature. It assumes that the disk is so thin that the skin effect can be neglected. This is true for all frequencies that can be produced mechanically. To facilitate calculation in the special case of circular poles it is also assumed that 2πωabγ=εa is much less than one where ω is the angular frequency of rotation in radians per second, a the pole-piece radius, b the disk thickness, and γ the electric conductivity, all in centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic units. This produces a fractional error of less than εa in the eddy current densities and of less than (εa) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in the torque. In the case of the electromagnet the situation is complicated by the presence of the permeable pole pieces in the magnetic field of the eddy currents. This may send a large demagnetizing flux through the electromagnet. An approximate solution for this case will be considered.
Chemistry of fungi. XI. Corticins A, B, and C, benzobisbenzofurans from <i>Corticium caeruleum</i> (1976)

Structures for corticin A (5), B (6), and C (14), benzobisbenzofuranoid metabolites of the fungus Corticium caeruleum are suggested. The synthesis of a number of benzobisbenzofuranoid derivatives is described and their mass spectra are discussed.
About Minimal Submanifolds of Locally Symmetric Spaces (2003)

In this paper,we dicusses orientable compacted minimal submanifolds in orientable locally symmetric Riemannian manifolds and obtains a global pinching theorem for length of second fundamental form for this manifolds.
Rescue of lesioned septal cholinergic neurons by nerve growth factor: specificity and requirement for chronic treatment (1988)

We earlier reported that chronic intraventricular injections of NGF into adult rats with partial transection of the fimbria prevent the lesion-induced disappearance of cholinergic neurons in the medial septal nucleus and the diagonal band of Broca (Hefti, 1986). The present study assessed the specificity and treatment requirements of this effect of NGF. Immunohistochemical visualization of NGF receptors (NGF-R) revealed that these molecules are selectively located in forebrain cholinergic neurons of unlesioned brains. Fimbrial transection resulted in transient accumulation of NGF-R in proximal stumps of lesioned axons but failed to induce the expression of NGF-R by other cells in the septal area or near the lesion. Two to three weeks after lesioning, the number of septal neurons expressing NGF-R was reduced by approximately 50% in parallel with the reduction of the number of neurons expressing cholinergic marker enzymes. Repeated intraventricular NGF injections during 4 weeks prevented the disappearance of these cells. Fimbrial transections also reduced the number of septal GABAergic neurons visualized by glutamate decarboxylase immunohistochemistry. The loss of GABAergic neurons was not prevented by NGF. These findings suggest that NGF prevents the lesion-induced degeneration of cholinergic neurons by directly acting on NGF-R expressed by cholinergic cells and that NGF does not affect any neuron with an axonal lesion. Delayed start of the NGF treatment failed to prevent the disappearance of lesioned cholinergic neurons, providing evidence that NGF treatment indeed promotes the survival of these cells rather than simply upregulating the expression of transmitter-specific enzymes. A single injection of NGF at the time of the lesion was not sufficient to prevent the lesion-induced degeneration of cholinergic neurons. Furthermore, termination of chronic NGF treatment after 4 weeks was followed by loss of septal cholinergic neurons after an additional 4 weeks. These findings suggest that the continuous presence of NGF during more than 4 weeks is required to prevent the degeneration of cholinergic cells. The data are discussed in the context of a possible physiological role of NGF in the function of adult forebrain cholinergic neurons.
Rational Transductions (1979)

Rational transductions are defined by rational relations, i.e. rational subsets of the product of two free monoids. The chapter therefore begins with two sections concerned with recognizable and rational subsets of an arbitrary monoid. The next two sections contain the definition and basic properties of rational relations and rational transductions. Examples of rational transductions are given in Section 5. Then the machines realizing rational transductions are introduced. Matrix representations of rational transductions are investigated in Section 7. In the last section we show that most of the usual decision problems are unsolvable for rational transductions.
Liquid secondary ion mass spectra of 2-iminothiolane derivatives (1994)

The derivatization reaction of 2-iminothiolane with several small peptides has been studied using liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. The 2-iminothiolane reagent reacts with side-chain amino groups and with N-terminal amines in peptides. Addition of 2-iminothiolane introduces a free sulfhydryl group and an immonium group into the peptide. The signal intensity for the derivative of a small peptide is approximately the same as that of the [M + H]+ ion of the same underivatized peptide from a glycerol solution. The pattern of dissociation observed in the product ion MS/MS spectrum is altered to reflect the derivative. The sulfhydryl group introduced via 2-iminothiolane reaction further allows for the incorporation of maleimide fluorophores into the peptide for sensitive detection by ultraviolet/visible absorption or fluorescence. This work also reports a previously unrecognized recyclization side-reaction that involves loss of the immonium group during the derivatization reaction.
Plugging Channels Technique Without Abandoned Adjacent Layers (2005)

Abstract This paper analyses the reasons that lead to channeling of the oil and water wells in the Daqing Oilfield. Considering the developed layers' adjustments in the future, a new kind of chemical plugging technique is introduced to shut off the channels without abandoned adjacent layers. To realize the aim of both protecting the adjacent layers and plugging channels, the following steps are usually adopted. First, the channeling intervals should be perforated by a special perforating gun. Second, circulating the channels by a high velocity flush to make sure the agent can be squeezed into it easily. Finally, run the plugging string that carries the agent to the desired depth, increase the pressure to squeeze the agent into the channel, and then waiting for the solidification. Up to now, 12 wells have been treated by this technique. The channeling intervals' thickness is between 1.97 and 38.7 feet. The plugged channels can resist 2175.5psi pressure and the treatments' success ratio was 100%. Applications and excellent results proved that the technique can mitigate contradictions between different layers in the water-flood and polymer-flood area, and it can realize the goal of separate zone injection or separate zone oil production in the Daqing Oilfield.
A New Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based Method for the Detection of T-Cell Clonality in Patients With Possible Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (1999)

Polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the TCRG gene is a rapid and sensitive method that can contribute to the diagnosis of CTCL. The new method is especially useful when used in conjunction with immunophenotyping.
Emerging Immune Therapeutics Targeting Glioblastoma-Mediated Immune Suppression: Dark Before the Dawn (2013)

As the most common and particularly devastating primary brain malignancy, glioblastoma exerts profound immunosuppression on the anti-tumour weapons of the immune system, which also poses a tremendous obstacle to immunotherapy. By targeting glioblastomamediated immune suppression, enthusiasm and confidence are accumulating based not only on the encouraging results of current clinical trials but also largely on promising preclinical findings. In this article, we summarize causes of glioblastoma-mediated immune suppression, review the current and potential approaches against several key immunosuppressive regulators, and discuss the challenges and future of immunotherapy in glioblastoma treatment.
In-Situ Load Testing of Bridge A6358 Osage Beach, MO (2005)

This report presents the assessment of a high performance steel bridge located at the Lake of the Ozarks in Miller County, Missouri. The bridge number is A6358 and it is located on U.S. Route 54/Osage River. Two different modern techniques for structural health monitoring were applied for this purpose, in order to advance their field validation process. Displacements of the girders during the pouring of the concrete deck and a diagnostic load test, conducted after the bridge completion, were evaluated using an optical non-contact measurement technique based on an automated total station system. The setup included a total of 22 reflecting prisms mounted onto the bottom flange of the girders, plus four reference targets placed outside the bridge superstructure. Strain and temperature distributions along some of the girders were measured during the diagnostic load test using a fiber optic distributed Brillouin sensing technique. The method is based on the Brillouin phenomenon, which defines a linear relation between the axial strain in an optical fiber, and the corresponding shift in the frequency distribution of the scattered Brillouin light generated when an optical impulse runs through a fiber. A single optical circuit, comprised of bare fibers and a custom-made novel glass fiber reinforced polymer tape with embedded sensing fibers, was installed on the web of the girders at different depths, along two continuous spans. Experimental deflection and strain data were verified to be consistent with each other and allowed to evaluate the actual girder distribution factors. The comparison between experimental and theoretical results based on the AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications allowed for the establishment of the safety of the structure, although pointing out a significant drop in the expected behavior of one of the external girders, which may call for further assessment.
Linking high-resolution metabolic flux phenotypes and transcriptional regulation in yeast modulated by the global regulator Gcn4p (2009)

Genome sequencing dramatically increased our ability to understand cellular response to perturbation. Integrating system-wide measurements such as gene expression with networks of protein-protein interactions and transcription factor binding revealed critical insights into cellular behavior. However, the potential of systems biology approaches is limited by difficulties in integrating metabolic measurements across the functional levels of the cell despite their being most closely linked to cellular phenotype. To address this limitation, we developed a model-based approach to correlate mRNA and metabolic flux data that combines information from both interaction network models and flux determination models. We started by quantifying 5,764 mRNAs, 54 metabolites, and 83 experimental (13)C-based reaction fluxes in continuous cultures of yeast under stress in the absence or presence of global regulator Gcn4p. Although mRNA expression alone did not directly predict metabolic response, this correlation improved through incorporating a network-based model of amino acid biosynthesis (from r = 0.07 to 0.80 for mRNA-flux agreement). The model provides evidence of general biological principles: rewiring of metabolic flux (i.e., use of different reaction pathways) by transcriptional regulation and metabolite interaction density (i.e., level of pairwise metabolite-protein interactions) as a key biosynthetic control determinant. Furthermore, this model predicted flux rewiring in studies of follow-on transcriptional regulators that were experimentally validated with additional (13)C-based flux measurements. As a first step in linking metabolic control and genetic regulatory networks, this model underscores the importance of integrating diverse data types in large-scale cellular models. We anticipate that an integrated approach focusing on metabolic measurements will facilitate construction of more realistic models of cellular regulation for understanding diseases and constructing strains for industrial applications.
Theory of the contribution to sliding friction from electronic excitations in the microbalance experiment (1995)

The electronic contribution to the force of friction between a physioadsorbed film of atoms and the metallic substrate on which it is adsorbed in a microbalance experiment is calculated using time-dependent perturbation theory, and estimates of the experimentally observed slip time are made. The van der Waals interaction between an adsorbate and a substrate atom is also estimated. The connection between the adsorbate friction and the adsorbate contribution to the resistivity is also discussed on the basis of the perturbation theory calculations.
Procedures for comparing hydrophone noise with minimum water noise (1973)

In a recent paper by Henriquez, the noise level of a hydrophone is shown falling below the thermal water noise level at high frequencies. The writer believes this should not happen and presents a data-processing procedure for noise evaluations which will ensure that it will not. The use of equivalent plane waves to represent electrical noise is deprecated, and the concept of the isotropic acoustic equivalent of electrical noise is introduced and used in their stead.
A global view of the pathophysiology of varicocele (2018)

Varicocele is the most common abnormality identified in men being evaluated for subfertility. In this comprehensive review of the pathophysiology of varicocele, we will shed light on novel pathophysiological findings and their clinical implications that may direct future researches; we will shed light on the impact of transient scrotal hyperthermia and the roles of inflammation and differential protein expression and androgen expression in spermatozoa on inducing pathophysiological findings. Furthermore, we will clarify the linked processes contributing to the pathophysiology of varicocele and the impact of genetics on the induction of these processes. Spermatogenesis is a temperature-sensitive process, and heat stress of varicocele is considered the most plausible cause of impaired spermatogenesis. The three processes associated with the presence of varicocele - heat stress, excess reactive oxygen species, and increased apoptosis - appear to be linked; heat stress is associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, which can induce apoptosis. The genetic role should not be overlooked as a contributing factor in the induction of heat stress, excess reactive oxygen species/oxidative stress, and apoptosis; this is evidenced by the association of varicocele with decreased expression of heat-shock proteins, higher polymorphism of glutathione S transferase and nitric oxide synthase genes, and increased BAX and decreased BCL2 genes and proteins. In this article, we will highlight the need of application of novel diagnostic techniques that can provide a precise pathophysiological diagnosis to guide potential specific innovative therapies. Innovative therapies can counteract the varicocele-induced stasis, suppress the degenerative effects of testicular hyperthermia, reduce the varicocele-induced apoptosis, and target the elevated-neutrophil products aiming at abrogating the testicular damage caused by the induced varicocele in rats/mice. In conclusion, on the basis of the novel scientific research, it may be possible to formulate new treatments and achieve the appropriate selection of patients who can benefit from these treatments.
An Initial Study on the Bug Report Duplication Problem (2010)

According to recent work, duplicate bug report entries in bug tracking systems impact negatively on software maintenance and evolution productivity due to, among other factors, the increased time spent on report analysis and validation, what in some cases take over 20 minutes. Therefore, a considerable amount of time is lost mainly with duplicate bug report analysis. This work presents an initial characterization study using data from bug trackers from private and open source projects, in order to understand the possible factors that cause bug report duplication and its impact on software development.