gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing cause from effect using observational data: methods and\n benchmarks (2014)

The discovery of causal relationships from purely observational data is a\nfundamental problem in science. The most elementary form of such a causal\ndiscovery problem is to decide whether X causes Y or, alternatively, Y causes\nX, given joint observations of two variables X, Y. An example is to decide\nwhether altitude causes temperature, or vice versa, given only joint\nmeasurements of both variables. Even under the simplifying assumptions of no\nconfounding, no feedback loops, and no selection bias, such bivariate causal\ndiscovery problems are challenging. Nevertheless, several approaches for\naddressing those problems have been proposed in recent years. We review two\nfamilies of such methods: Additive Noise Methods (ANM) and Information\nGeometric Causal Inference (IGCI). We present the benchmark CauseEffectPairs\nthat consists of data for 100 different cause-effect pairs selected from 37\ndatasets from various domains (e.g., meteorology, biology, medicine,\nengineering, economy, etc.) and motivate our decisions regarding the "ground\ntruth" causal directions of all pairs. We evaluate the performance of several\nbivariate causal discovery methods on these real-world benchmark data and in\naddition on artificially simulated data. Our empirical results on real-world\ndata indicate that certain methods are indeed able to distinguish cause from\neffect using only purely observational data, although more benchmark data would\nbe needed to obtain statistically significant conclusions. One of the best\nperforming methods overall is the additive-noise method originally proposed by\nHoyer et al. (2009), which obtains an accuracy of 63+-10 % and an AUC of\n0.74+-0.05 on the real-world benchmark. As the main theoretical contribution of\nthis work we prove the consistency of that method.\n
Structure of a Moloney murine leukemia virus-virus-like 30 recombinant: implications for transduction of the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene (1993)

Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl-2) encodes a novel serine-threonine protein kinase which is activated by provirus integration in the late stages of oncogenesis in Moloney leukemia virus (MoMuLV) induced rat T-cell lymphomas. In this report, we present evidence that the provirus integrated in the Tpl-2 locus in 1 of 10 T-cell lymphomas harboring a Tpl-2 rearrangement (2779) is a recombinant between MoMuLV and virus-like 30 (VL30) sequences (Mo-VL30). Recombination between MoMuLV and VL30 may contribute to the transduction of ras, as suggested by the finding that VL30 flanks the ras oncogene in all of the ras transducing viruses isolated from rats to date. The Mo-VL30 recombinant described here represents evidence that recombination between MoMuLV and VL30 can be uncoupled from the transduction of ras, and it may precede the transduction. Sequence comparison between clones of Mo-VL30, Harvey sarcoma virus (Ha-MSV), and genomic c-Ha-ras revealed that all three share a 124-bp region of 87.3% homology. This region was detected at nucleotide positions -1845 to -1720 of c-Ha-ras and 20 bp 5' of the recombination breakpoint between VL30 and ras in Ha-MSV. On the basis of the sequence comparison between VL30, Ha-MSV, and c-Ha-ras, we are proposing a model which explains how VL30 may have facilitated the transduction of c-Ha-ras and perhaps the other ras proto-oncogenes. According to this model, the sequence homology between VL30 and c-Ha-ras targets this gene for transduction by promoting the integration of the provirus in this locus through homologous recombination.
Polymer/Ceramic Composite Hybrids Containing Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes with High Dielectric Permittivity (2010)

Polymer-ceramic composites having polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix filled with nanocrystalline barium titanate (BT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were prepared by sonicated solution mixing method. The dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of such hybrids were measured over a wide range of frequencies. The results showed that the dielectric permittivity of PVDF/BT 50/50 composite at room temperature increases from &#x223C; 94 to &#x223C; 620 at 1 kHz by adding a small amount (2.5 vol. %) of nanotubes. Moreover, the dielectric permittivity of this hybrid composite tended to increase with increasing temperature and reached an apparent maximum value of 780 at 122 °C. The excellent dielectric performance of the composite was analyzed in terms of the percolation and dielectric relaxation concepts.
Rural Residents' Attitudes Toward Recreation and Tourism Development (1993)

This study investigates residents' attitudes toward recreation and tourism development in 10 rural Colorado towns. Two-per capita ratios based on tourism retail sales and total retail sales were developed and the communities were grouped into high and low tourism and high and low economic categories. These two ratios as grouping variables and length of residence as a covariate formed the basis for 2 x 2 ANCOVA conducted to determine any significant differences for eight recreation attitudes and 18 tourism development attitude statements. Generally, it was found that residents' attitudes towards tourism development in communities with both high economic and tourism development and low economic and tourism development were more positive than those residents of the low/high or high/low economic and tourism development communities. Further, recreation attitudes were affected by level of economic activity but not level of tourism development. Additionally, length of residence was found to have no significant effect on the residents' attitudes towards tourism development.
Device Design and Scalability of a Double-Gate Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor with Silicon–Germanium Source (2008)

Device Design and Scalability of a Double-Gate Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor with Silicon–Germanium Source, Eng-Huat Toh, Grace Huiqi Wang, Lap Chan, Dennis Sylvester, Chun-Huat Heng, Ganesh S. Samudra, Yee-Chia Yeo
An approach to inverse filtering of near-surface layer effects from seismic records (1961)

Abstract This paper suggests a scheme for compensating the effects that the near-surface stratification, variable from spread to spread, produces on both the character and the timing of the seismic traces. For this purpose, accurate near-surface velocity information is mandatory. This scheme should greatly reduce the correlation difficulties so frequently encountered in many areas. It may also be used to enhance the resolving power of the seismic reflection technique. The approach presented here is based on the rather restrictive assumptions of normal incidence, parallel equispaced plant reflectors, and noiseless conditions.
Guillermo Prieto (1818–1897), A Forgotten Historian of Mexico (1954)

It is fairly well known that in 1890 Guillermo Prieto was crowned the most popular poet in Mexico. Students of Mexican literature will add that he also wrote articles on manners and customs, criticism, original dramas, satire, travel books and folklore. Those who delve into political science have discovered that he served in the national congress for some forty-eight years, that as postmaster general he reorganized the Mexican postal system, and that he served four terms as minister of finance. Some have even seen the fat tomes in which he published his views on political economy, but practically nobody today knows that Prieto was also a writer of history. The purpose of this paper is to shed more light on Guillermo Prieto as a historian.
Ensuring service backwards compatibility with Generic Web Services (2009)

Ensuring compatibility in service-oriented systems is a challenging task. This article addresses the challenge of maintaining Web service backwards compatibility. In particular, the authors suggest a new interface design technique called Generic Web Services that allows service providers to add new features to Web services without breaking compatibility with existing clients. This is achieved by partially shifting the semantics of service operations from design time to runtime by relaxing the operations signatures with identity parameters. Furthermore, the authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of generic Web services. The article also contains an example that applies the aforementioned technique to a Web service from SAP Enterprise Services Workplace.
Predicting Object Dynamics in Scenes (2014)

Given a static scene, a human can trivially enumerate the myriad of things that can happen next and characterize the relative likelihood of each. In the process, we make use of enormous amounts of commonsense knowledge about how the world works. In this paper, we investigate learning this commonsense knowledge from data. To overcome a lack of densely annotated spatiotemporal data, we learn from sequences of abstract images gathered using crowd-sourcing. The abstract scenes provide both object location and attribute information. We demonstrate qualitatively and quantitatively that our models produce plausible scene predictions on both the abstract images, as well as natural images taken from the Internet.
TOXICITY OF <i>NICOTIAN A GOSSEI</i> DOMIN TO <i>MYZUS PERSICAE</i> (SULZER)<sup>1</sup> (1962)

Resistance in Nicotiana species to the green peach aphid appears to result from the production of a toxic material produced by the aerial parts of the plant. Materials exuded from the leaf hairs which are transferred to glass micro beakers are toxic to several species of aphids. The symptoms of such poisoning resemble those of nicotine poisoning, but resistance does not appear to be correlated with the amount of nicotine in the leaf. Zusammenfassung GIFTWIRKUNG VON NICOTIANA GOSSEI AUF MYZUS PERSICAE ( SULZER ) Nicotiana‐ Arten erzeugen einen Stoff, der für die grüne Pfirsichlaus, Myztu persicae und verschiedene andere Blattlausarten giftig ist. Dieser Giftstoff scheint von den Haaren der Pflanzen ausgeschieden zu werden. Er wird von den Blattläusen aufgenommen, während sie über die Pflanzen laufen, und vermutlich durch die Kutikula absorbiert. Wenn man diese Exsudate mit Kamelhaarpinseln von den Blättern resistenter Pflanzen in Mikrobecher überträgt, werden die Blattläuse verschiedener Art getötet, sobald sie in diese Becher gesetzt werden. Die von N. gossei , einer hoch resistenten Art, übertragene Substanz blieb in diesen Behältern wenigstens 28 Tage lang toxisch. Das erste Symptom der Vergiftigung ist eine Lähmung der Hinterbeine. Die beiden anderen Beinpaare werden kurz danach betroffen, sodass sich die Blattläuse nicht mehr aufrecht halten können. Die Endsymptome bestehen in ziemlich raschen, jedoch nicht heftigen Zuckungen der Beine und Antenne. Es scheint keinerlei Beziehung zwischen der Anfälligkeit der Nicotiana ‐Arten und der Nicotiana tabacum ‐Sorten durch die Grüne Pfirsichlaus und dem Nikotingehalt der Blätter zu bestehen. Reziproke interspezifische Pfropfungen zwischen resistenten und anfälligen Nicotiatia ‐Arten verursachen keinerlei Veränderungen in der Resistenz von Unterlagen und Reissem.
4 Telomere Proteins (1995)

Telomeres are the DNA protein complexes found at the ends of linear chromosomes. When the first telomeric DNA sequence was determined (Blackburn and Gall 1978), attention became focused on the DNA component of telomeres. This was a fruitful approach, leading to the discovery of the telomere-replicating enzyme, telomerase (see Greider; Blackburn, both this volume). However, the functions of telomeres cannot be understood from their DNA sequence alone. Knowledge of their protein components is also required. Telomere proteins comprise a class of structural proteins that bind sequence-specifically to telomeric DNA (Fig. 1). Telomere proteins cap the ends of chromosomes, preventing nucleolytic degradation and end-to-end ligation, and thus confer stability to chromosomes. They are involved in chromosome localization, in nuclear architecture, and in repression of the expression of adjacent genes. Telomere proteins presumably also affect the accessibility of telomeric DNA to telomerase. In this chapter, we review the structure and function of these trans -acting protein factors: how they interact with telomeric DNA, how they interact with other proteins and with nuclear structures, and how they mediate telomere functions. Telomeric DNA usually consists of tandemly repeated sequences with one strand rich in guanosine (see Henderson, this volume). The G-rich strand is always oriented in the 5′ to 3′ direction toward the end of the chromosome. For example, human telomeres have a T 2 AG 3 repeat sequence, Oxytricha telomeres have T 4 G 4 repeats, Tetrahymena has T 2 G 4 repeats, and Saccharomyces has a more irregular sequence of Ts and Gs that can be approximated by TG 1–3 Telomeric...
Survivin gene silencing sensitizes prostate cancer cells to selenium growth inhibition (2010)

Selenium could inhibit the growth of hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, but the effects were modest. The growth inhibition was not mediated by downregulating survivin expression. Survivin silencing greatly enhanced the growth inhibitory effects of selenium.
Cellular Ceramics by Direct Foaming of Emulsified Ceramic Powder Suspensions (2008)

A new direct foaming method to produce macroporous cellular ceramics using surfactants as foam stabilizers is presented. The technology relies on the transition of a stabilized aqueous ceramic powder suspension containing a homogeneously dispersed alkane or air–alkane phase into cellular ceramics. The stabilization of the powder suspension and the emulsion is realized with particular emphasis on the interaction of both mechanisms providing enduring stability of the system up to high foaming degrees. Anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants were studied with their stabilization and foaming effects. The presence and influence of air bubbles was proved to be of negligible importance. Foaming is then provided by the evaporation of the emulsified alkane droplets, leading to the expansion of the emerging foam and giving rise to solids foams with cell sizes from 0.5 to 3 mm and porosities up to 97.5% after sintering. The microstructures of these filigree ceramics are stable and rigid with dense struts and uniform distributions of the solid phase and the porosity.
Facile Synthesis of Cucurbit[<i>n</i>]uril Derivatives via Direct Functionalization:  Expanding Utilization of Cucurbit[<i>n</i>]uril (2003)

A long-standing problem in cucurbituril chemistry is answered through the first direct functionalization of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]; n = 5-8)) leading to perhydroxyCB[n] which can be further modified to provide tailored CB[n] derivatives with desired functional groups and good solubility. Anchoring a CB[6] derivative on the surface and its potential application as a sensor are demonstrated. A CB[6] derivative forms nanospheres with possible use in protein and peptide drug delivery.
Needle-Core Biopsy in the Pathologic Diagnosis of Malignant Lymphoma Showing High Reproducibility Among Pathologists (2013)

Needle-core biopsy is an effective technique for the diagnosis of lymphoma and should be considered the first-line procedure for cases with suspicion for lymphoma.
Localization of Urokinase‐type Plasminogen Activator, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1, 2 and Plasminogen in Colon Cancer (1995)

We examined the localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2) and plasminogen (plg) in 26 cases of colon cancer by immunohistochemical staining. The u-PA antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of cancer cells (18/26) and stromal cells adjacent to cancer tissues (9/26). The localization of u-PA mRNA examined by in situ hybridization was consistent with that of u-PA antigen. The PAI-1 antigen was detected in fibroblasts and endothelial cells (22/26), while PAI-2 antigen was found in cancer cells (20/26). The plg antigen was seen in the extracellular matrix of the cancer stroma. The u-PA expression in cancer cells was significantly more frequently detected in cases with lymph node metastasis than in cases without metastasis. In either PAI-1- or PAI-2-expressing cases, lymph node metastasis seemed to be restrained. These findings indicate that cancer cells themselves produce u-PA, and suggest that u-PA converts plg into plasmin, which dissolves the extracellular matrix surrounding cancer cells, resulting in cancer invasion and metastasis. PAI-1 and PAI-2 may have inhibitory actions on cancer invasion and metastasis mediated by u-PA.
Tratamiento metodológico a los 30 minutos del trabajo político ideológico en el primer turno de clase (2009)

Se abordan aspectos relacionados con el tratamiento que los docentes deben realizar al Trabajo Político Ideológico durante los 30 minutos planificados en el primer turno de clase y al mismo tiempo se proponen indicaciones metodológicas que servirán de herramientas al profesor en la conducción de este proceso que constituye una de las vías que como parte de la estrategia de trabajo político ideológico, se implementa en la Universidad de Ciencias Pedagógicas “Raúl Gómez García”.
A Unified Framework and Algorithm for Channel Assignment in Wireless Networks (1997)

Channel assignment problems in the time, frequency and code domains have thus far been studied separately. Exploiting the similarity of constraints that characterize assignments within and across these domains, we introduce the first unified framework for the study of assignment problems. Our framework identifies eleven atomic constraints underlying most current and potential assignment problems, and characterizes a problem as a combination of these constraints. Based on this framework, we present a unified algorithm for efficient (T/F/C)DMA channel assignments to network nodes or to inter-nodal links in a (multihop) wireless network. The algorithm is parametrized to allow for tradeoff-selectable use as three different variants called RAND, MNF, and PMNF. We provide comprehensive theoretical analysis characterizing the worst-case performance of our algorithm for several classes of problems. In particular, we show that the assignments produced by the PMNF variant are proportional to the thickness of the network. For most typical multihop networks, the thickness can be bounded by a small constant, and hence this represents a significant theoretical result. We also experimentally study the relative performance of the variants for one node and one link assignment problem. We observe that the PMNF variant performs the best, and that a large percentage of unidirectional links is detrimental to the performance in general.
Improving the recovery of principal components with semi-deterministic random projections (2016)

Random projection is a technique which was first used for data compression, by using a matrix with random variables to map a high dimensional vector to a lower dimensional one. The lower dimensional vector preserves certain properties of the higher dimensional vector, up to a certain degree of accuracy. However, random projections can also be used for matrix decompositions and factorizations, described in [1]. We propose a new structure of random projections, and apply this to the method of recovering principal components, building upon the work of Anaraki and Hughes [2]. Our extension results in a better accuracy in recovering principal components, as well as a substantial saving in storage space. Experiments have been conducted on both artificial data and on the MNIST dataset to demonstrate our results.
Genomic aberrations in carcinomas of the uterine corpus (2004)

Endometrial carcinoma, the most common invasive neoplasm of the female genital tract, occurs either in a hormone-related, less virulent form (type I) or in a hormone-independent, more aggressive form (type II). Another cancer of the uterine corpus is carcinosarcoma, a biphasic or mixed epithelial-mesenchymal tumor, now classified as metaplastic carcinoma. We examined by karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization a consecutive series of 67 endometrial carcinomas and 15 carcinosarcomas and compared the cytogenetic features of the different carcinoma subtypes. All three subtypes of uterine carcinoma had in common a nonrandom gain of material from 1q and 8q but differed from one another in other respects. Endometrial carcinomas of type I mostly presented gains from chromosome arms 1q and 8q and losses from Xp, 9p, 9q, 17p, 19p, and 19q, whereas endometrial carcinomas of type II showed a more complex imbalance picture, with gains from chromosome arms 1q, 2p, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7p, 8q, 10q, and 20q and losses from Xq, 5q, and 17p. The carcinosarcomas mostly showed gains of or from 1q, 5p, 8q, and 12q but losses from 9q, that is, they were much more similar to endometrial carcinomas in their pattern of acquired genomic changes than to sarcomas of the uterine corpus. It was also possible to identify different copy number changes among the different grades of type I carcinomas, between serous papillary and clear-cell carcinomas of type II, as well as between homologous and heterologous carcinosarcomas. Specifically, type I adenocarcinomas that were highly differentiated mostly showed gains from 1q and 10p; those that were moderately differentiated showed gains from 1q, 7p, 7q, and 10q as well as losses from Xp, 9p, 9q, 17p, 19p, and 19q; whereas those poorly differentiated showed gains from 1q, 2p, 2q, 3q, 6p, 8q, and 20q but losses from Xp, Xq, 5q, 9p, 9q, 17p, and 17q. The serous papillary carcinomas showed gains from 1q, 2p, 2q, 3q, 5p, 6p, 6q, 7p, 8q, 18q, 20p, and 20q but losses from 17p, whereas the clear-cell carcinomas showed gains from 3q, 7p, 8q, 10q, 16p, and 20q but losses from 6q. Finally, the homologous carcinosarcomas presented gains from 1p, 1q, 8q, 12q, and 17q as well as losses from 9q and 13q, whereas the heterologous tumors showed gains from 1q, 8p, and 8q. The reproducibility of the observed correlations between karyotypic aberration patterns and histological differentiation was underscored by the fact that those carcinosarcomas whose epithelial component resembled type I endometrial carcinomas also exhibiting a type I aberration profile, whereas carcinosarcomas with a type II carcinoma differentiation had karyotypic abnormalities similar to those of type II endometrial carcinomas.
Checking before output may not be enough against fault-based cryptanalysis (2000)

In order to avoid fault-based attacks on cryptographic security modules (e.g., smart-cards), some authors suggest that the computation results should be checked for faults before being transmitted. In this paper, we describe a potential fault-based attack where key bits leak only through the information whether the device produces a correct answer after a temporary fault or not. This information is available to the adversary even if a check is performed before output.