gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanometer-Scale Solvent-Assisted Modification of Polymer Surfaces Using the Atomic Force Microscope (2003)

We describe the response of poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces to localized mechanical stimulation by the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) in water, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous alcohol solutions. Simply pressing the AFM tip into the surface with no horizontal motion fails to produce visible features in subsequent low contact force images. A single small-area (40 × 40 nm2) high contact force scan has little effect in air but in water or in alcohol−water mixtures produces soft bumps (local volume increase) adjacent to the scanned area. These bumps typically have lateral dimensions of ∼100 nm and rise tens of nanometers above the surrounding surface. Larger, micron-scale scans produce approximately parallel, raised ridges 50−150 nm apart. These structures are stable over time periods of hours or more in air and in solvent. We present evidence that these modifications are due primarily to stress-enhanced solvent uptake in material surrounding the area of tip−polymer contact.
Structure–Activity Relationship and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Sotrastaurin (AEB071), a Promising Novel Medicine for Prevention of Graft Rejection and Treatment of Psoriasis (2011)

Protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes have emerged as key targets for the blockade of early T-cell activation. Herein, we report on the structure-activity relationship and the detailed physicochemical and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of sotrastaurin (AEB071, 1), a novel maleimide-based PKC inhibitor currently in phase II clinical trials. Most notably, the preferred uptake of sotrastaurin into lymphoid tissues is an important feature, which is likely to contribute to its in vivo efficacy.
Engineering of cyclodextrin glucanotransferases and the impact for biotechnological applications (2009)

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) are industrially important enzymes that produce cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) from starch. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases are also applied as catalysts in the synthesis of glycosylated molecules and can act as antistaling agents in the baking industry. To improve the performance of CGTases in these various applications, protein engineers are screening for CGTase variants with higher product yields, improved CD size specificity, etc. In this review, we focus on the strategies employed in obtaining CGTases with new or enhanced enzymatic capabilities by searching for new enzymes and improving existing enzymatic activities via protein engineering.
Obesity (1997)

Obesity is the most common and costly nutritional problem in the United States, affecting approximately 33 percent of adults.1 Health care costs directly attributable to obesity amount to approximately $68 billion per year, and an additional $30 billion per year is spent on weight-reduction programs and special foods.2 Nevertheless, treatment directed toward the long-term reduction of body weight is largely ineffective, and 90 to 95 percent of persons who lose weight subsequently regain it.3,4 The level of energy storage, or fatness, at which the risk of morbidity increases is determined on an actuarial basis. The body-mass index (the weight . . .
Glycan-Targeted Virus-like Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy (2012)

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have proven to be versatile platforms for chemical and genetic functionalization for a variety of purposes in biomedicine, catalysis, and materials science. We describe here the simultaneous modification of the bacteriophage Qβ VLP with a metalloporphyrin derivative for photodynamic therapy and a glycan ligand for specific targeting of cells bearing the CD22 receptor. This application benefits from the presence of the targeting function and the delivery of a high local concentration of singlet oxygen-generating payload.
Sorafenib induces ferroptosis in human cancer cell lines originating from different solid tumors. (2014)

The findings establish sorafenib as the first clinically-approved anticancer drug that can induce ferroptosis.
Transgenic Expression of Group V, but Not Group X, Secreted Phospholipase A2 in Mice Leads to Neonatal Lethality because of Lung Dysfunction (2006)

In an effort to elucidate the functions of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes in vivo, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice for group V sPLA2 (sPLA2-V) and group X sPLA2 (sPLA2-X), which act potently on phosphatidylcholine in vitro. We found that sPLA2-V Tg mice died in the neonatal period because of respiratory failure. The lungs of sPLA2-V Tg mice exhibited atelectasis with thickened alveolar walls and narrow air spaces, accompanied by infiltration of macrophages and only modest changes in eicosanoid levels. This severe pulmonary defect in sPLA2-V Tg mice was attributable to marked reduction of the lung surfactant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. Given that the expression of sPLA2-V is greatly elevated in human lungs with severe inflammation, our present results raise the intriguing possibility that this isozyme may contribute to ongoing surfactant hydrolysis often observed in the lungs of patients with respiratory distress syndrome. In contrast, sPLA2-X Tg neonates displayed minimal abnormality of the respiratory tract with normal alveolar architecture and surfactant composition. This unexpected result was likely because sPLA2-X protein existed as an inactive zymogen in most tissues. The active form of sPLA2-X was detected in tissues with inflammatory granulation in sPLA2-X Tg mice. These results suggest that sPLA2-X mostly remains inactive under physiological conditions and that its proteolytic activation occurs during inflammation or other as yet unidentified circumstances in vivo.
Central haemodynamics in acute myocardial infarction. Natural history, relation to enzyme release and effects of metoprolol. (1986)

The aim of this investigation was to study central haemodynamics in initially uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with respect to natural history, relation to enzyme estimated infarct size, mortality and effects of metoprolol. A total of 212 patients with AMI but without clinical signs of serious heart failure or hypotension and with a mean delay from onset of pain to study entry of about 7 hours were studied. They were randomised to placebo or metoprolol (15 mg i.v. + 50 mg orally q.i.d.) treatment. Central pressures and cardiac output were evaluated by repeated measurements over 24 hours by means of pulmonary artery catheters. The pharmacokinetics of metoprolol were studied in further 20 patients with AMI. The natural history, as reflected by the placebo group, was observed to be a gradual significant fall in systemic artery pressures, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP; 13.6-10.5 mmHg) and stroke volume, while heart rate increased, leaving cardiac output unchanged. The decrease in PCWP was confined to the group with baseline pressure above the median of 13 mmHg and was of equal magnitude in the group given concomitant medication to that of those who required no such therapy. Significant but weak correlations between the peak serum aspartate aminotransferase level and the baseline PCWP (r = 0.28) and stroke volume (r = 0.22) were found. Non-survivors had a significant baseline depression of cardiac output and stroke volume, while PCWP was increased. However, the overlap with survivors was large. The dosage of metoprolol used resulted in mean plasma levels of about 200 nmol/l, which should induce a rapid and sustained degree of beta-blockade. The patients randomised to placebo or metoprolol were assessed according to initial heart rate. The haemodynamic changes induced by metoprolol were similar but were more pronounced in patients with high heart rate compared to those with low rate. In patients with heart rate greater than 65 beats/min, the metoprolol treated group, in comparison to the placebo group, was characterised by a decrease of 10-20% in systolic artery pressure and heart rate, suggesting a decreased myocardial oxygen consumption. Cardiac index (2.9-2.2 l/min/m2) and stroke volume index (36-32 ml/beat/m2) decreased to a minimum after 30 minutes and gradually rose thereafter. The PCWP increased from 13.7 to 15.4 mmHg, 30 minutes after the injection of metoprolol. This increase was confined to the group with baseline low pressure and the difference compared to the placebo group disappeared after 8 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Brain metastases from breast cancer:Management approach (2007)

Brain metastases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with breast cancer. HER-2 positivity is an increasingly recognized risk factor for the development of brain metastases. Although considerable progress has been made in the treatment of this complication, supportive measures like steroids, anti-seizure medication and whole-brain radiation remain the cornerstones of management in the majority of patients. The current review discusses the above and other issues like surgical excision, stereotactic radiotherapy, adjuvant radiation, radiosensitization and chemotherapy. A brief discussion of the recent evidence for the use of 'HER-1/ HER-2'-targeted therapy is also present.
Characterization of a suppressive factor produced by a human T hybridoma. (1982)

The mode of action and the target cell of a suppressive factor continuously and spontaneously produced by a human hybrid T cell line constructed recently are reported. This factor was shown to suppress pokeweed mitogen-induced B cell differentiation when added within the first 48 hr of culture. It does not suppress B cell differentiation induced by Nocardia extracts, a relatively T-independent mitogen. The target cell for this factor seems to be a T lymphocyte in that it can be absorbed by E-rosetting cells but not by B lymphocytes or monocytes. This factor does not impair mitogen or allogeneic-induced lymphocyte proliferation and has an apparent m.w. of approximately 45,000 as estimated by Sephacryl S200 gel chromatography.
A spatial clustering scheme for downlink beamforming in SDMA mobile radio (2002)

We propose a new approach that clusters mobile users before downlink beamforming and broadens beams and nulls within the beamforming calculation. We first investigate the broadening beamforming scheme to alleviate inaccuracies in DOA estimation. Next we exam how to group the mobile users, with the constraint of separation angle, to enhance downlink beamforming. Simulations show that the downlink beamforming complexity is decreased dramatically with limited performance loss.
Chemical structures of green coffee bean polysaccharides (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical structures of green coffee bean polysaccharidesAllan G. W. Bradbury and Don J. HallidayCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 2, 389–392Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00092a010RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1090Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (535 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
DC offsets in direct-conversion receivers: characterization and implications (2005)

Since DC-offsets can have a large, negative impact on the performance of direct-conversion receivers, it is important to determine the offset performance of a given design. This article discusses one technique that can be used to characterize and measure dc-offsets in DCR circuit applications. DC-offsets are a primary concern in the design of DCRs and must be characterized in determining the performance of a particular receiver design. By measuring the dc level at the output of a DCR front-end in separate steps, the source of the offsets - device mismatches, LO self-mixing, and second order nonlinearities - can be resolved.
Fringe Map Based Text Line Segmentation of Printed Telugu Document Images (2011)

Text line segmentation is a crucial and important step which can greatly influence the accuracy of an OCR system. One of the major obstacles to building high-accuracy OCR systems for Indic scripts has been the text line segmentation problem. In particular for Telugu script this problem is still to be adequately addressed by research. The common methods of Roman script are not applicable due to the inherent script complexity of Telugu. Previous approaches to Telugu OCR in the literature take a simplified view of the problem, leading to errors in line segmentation. The problem is compounded in old documents that are typeset manually and have non-uniform print quality. In this work we propose a new method using the fringe map concept. In a fringe map each pixel of the binary image is associated with a fringe number that denotes the distance to the nearest black pixel. We use fringe value information to segment text lines. First we locate peak fringe numbers (PFNs). PFNs that are not between lines are filtered out. PFNs between adjacent lines are used to construct a region. The segmenting path between the adjacent lines is found by joining the filtered PFNs of a region.
D20 Report : Soil Gas surveys in the Weyburn oil field (2001-2003) (2004)

The International Energy Agency (IEA) Weyburn project is an international project that is\nstudying the feasibility of long-term geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), allied to an\nenhanced oil recovery operation, by Encana, in the Weyburn oilfield, south-eastern\nSaskatchewan, Canada. CO2 is being injected into the oil reservoir to improve oil production,\nwhilst at the same time the process should lead to long term geological storage of large volumes\nof CO2. Soil gas studies are being undertaken as part of an EU-funded component of this project,\nwith the primary objectives of measuring the natural background concentrations and to ascertain\nif there is a leak of CO2, or associated tracer gases, as a direct result of the solvent flood\npresently occurring at the Encana Weyburn oil field. This report describes the results from three\nsampling periods conducted between July of 2001 and October of 2003.\nSampling of the large 360 point grid above the injection area over the last three years showed\nCO2, O2 and CO2 flux values in the range of natural soils, and these observed levels can be\nexplained by standard metabolic pathways that normally occur in the shallow soil horizon. The\nspatial anomaly distributions of these gases are reasonably reproducible from year to year and\nseason to season, despite the fact that the range of values vary from high concentrations in the\nhot wet summer of 2001 to the low values found in the fall of 2002 and 2003. In contrast to\nthese biologically active species, the statistical and spatial distribution of radon and thoron is\nvery similar from one sampling season to the next. This provides support for the idea that\nleakage is not taking place, as one would expect to see high radon during the periods of high CO2\nif the latter was acting as carrier for the more trace former gas. Hydrocarbon values were found\nto be within normal ranges in October of 2003, however the previous two seasons showed\nelevated values which were not fully expected. In fact ethylene and propane show a statistical\ndistribution over the three years which is quite similar to that of CO2, whereas methane and\nethane have relatively constant values except for more concentrated outliers during the first and\nsecond seasons. As the heavier hydrocarbons do not normally originate via shallow biological\nreactions it is difficult to reconcile these results with those of the other gases.\nA comparison of the grid data with that of the background site, located in similar surface\ngeology but outside the Weyburn oil field, shows a very similar statistical distribution for all\nmonitored parameters. This result supports the interpretation that the observed gas\nconcentrations are not due to deep leakage. In particular, both sites have a very similar CH4 /\n(C2H6 + C3H8) ratio. This value is low and in the range of thermo-catalytic regime, however the\nfact that such a value was found both within and outside the oil field implies that the origin of\nthese gases are not necessarily from a deep oil reservoir.
CIGS sputtering targets fabricated from reclaimed materials (2013)

The development of techniques to sputter Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (CIGS) thin films from a single quaternary target has the potential to make industrial scale fabrication of large area thin-film photovoltaic (PV) devices possible due to sputtering's well established ability to deposit uniform films over large areas. However, sputtering has the disadvantage that much of the target material becomes waste. Material is preferentially consumed from a “racetrack” that forms a ring on the target. Once this racetrack consumes enough material to reach the backing plate the target must be replaced even though there is still plenty of unused material in the other regions of the target. In this work we present a technique to reclaim the material in the spent targets and use them to make new targets that produce PV devices with equal efficiencies as devices made from freshly batched targets.
Development of mucosal‐associated invariant T cells (2018)

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells develop in the thymus and migrate into the periphery to become the largest antigen-specific αβ T-cell population in the human immune system. However, the frequency of MAIT cells varies widely between human individuals, and the basis for this is unclear. While MAIT cells are highly conserved through evolution and are phenotypically similar between humans and mice, they represent a much smaller proportion of total T cells in mice. In this review, we discuss how MAIT cells transition through a three-stage development pathway in both mouse and human thymus, and continue to mature and expand after they leave the thymus. Moreover, we will explore and speculate on how specific factors regulate different stages of this process.
Advances in High Temperature Phosphor Thermometry for Aerospace Applications (2003)

Phosphor thermometry has been used for many years for non-contact temperature measurements in hostile environments. Aerospace systems are particularly prone to adverse high temperature environments, including large blackbody background, vibration, rotation, fire/flame, pressure, or noise. These environments often restrict the use of more common thermocouples or infrared thermometric techniques. Temperature measurements inside jet turbines, rocket engines, or similar devices are especially amenable to fluorescence techniques. Often the phosphor powders are suspended in binders and applied like paint or applied as high temperature sprays. Thin coatings will quickly assume the same temperature as the surface to which they are applied. The temperature dependence of phosphors is a function of the base matrix atoms and a small quantity of added activator or “dopant” ions. Often for high temperature applications, the selected materials are refractory and include rare earth ions. Phosphors like Y3Al5O12 (YAG) doped with Eu, Dy, or Tm, Y2O3 doped with Eu, or similar rare earth compounds, will survive high temperatures and can be configured to emit light that changes rapidly in lifetime and intensity. Recently, a YAG:Cr phosphor paint emitted fluorescence during short duration tests in a high Mach number hydrogen flame at 2,200 °C. One of the biggest challenges is to locate a binder material that can withstand tremendous variations in temperature in an adverse aerospace environment. This presentation will give research results applicable to the use of phosphors for aerospace thermometry. Emphasis will be placed on the selection of phosphor and binder combinations that can withstand high temperatures.
The synthesis of some substituted methyl pyridinecarboxylates. I. Methyl 6-substituted picolinates, methyl 6-substituted nicotinates, and methyl 2-substituted isonicotinates (1971)

General methods for the synthesis of methyl 6-X-picolinates, methyl 6- X-nicotinates, and methyl 2-X-isonicotinates (X = NO2, Br, MeO, Me2N) from the appropriate 2-amino-n-methylpyridine (n = 6, 5, 4 respectively) are described. Preparations of methyl 6-methylpicolinate and methyl 2-methylisonicotinate from the corresponding lutidines are given also.
Desulfurization of Coal during Carbonization - High Sulfur Indian Coal (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesulfurization of Coal during Carbonization - High Sulfur Indian CoalJ. K. Ghosh and R. E. BrewerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1950, 42, 8, 1550–1558Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50488a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50488a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views38Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts