gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymerase chain reaction monitoring reduces the incidence of cytomegalovirus disease and the duration and side effects of antiviral therapy after bone marrow transplantation (1995)

Culture-based preemptive therapy with ganciclovir was shown to reduce the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Culture techniques did not detect CMV in 12% to 13% of patients before the onset of CMV disease. In a prospective study, 71 patients either received preemptive therapy based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique (37 patients) or on culture assays (34 patients). In both groups, therapy was continued until clinical signs disappeared and PCR negativity was documented. Twenty-two patients in the PCR group and 15 patients in the culture group received antiviral therapy. PCR allowed detection of the virus (median day, +32 v day +49; P = .006) and introduction of antiviral therapy (median day, +44 v day +54; P = .02) earlier than did culture assays. The incidences of CMV disease (2 of 37 v 8 of 34 in PCR group v culture group, respectively; P = .02) and CMV-associated mortality (0 of 37 v 5 of 34 in PCR group v culture group, respectively; P = .02) were decreased, and the duration of ganciclovir therapy (P < .001) was shorter in the PCR-monitored group. Incidence and median duration of severe neutropenia (less than 500/microL) were lower in the PCR group (two v eight episodes, P = .02; median duration, 1.5 v 5 days, P = .04), as was the incidence of nonviral infections during/after antiviral therapy (2 of 37 v 9 of 34; P = .012). Thus, preemptive therapy based on more sensitive detection methods such as the PCR assay reduces the incidence of CMV disease and CMV-related mortality. Additionally, stopping and withholding antiviral therapy in a PCR-negative patient is safe and allows reduction of the duration and side effects of antiviral therapy.
Linear Predictive Models for Musical Instrument Identification (2006)

This paper deals with musical instrument identification. The proposed method consists of building the instrument models using a set of linear predictive coefficients, the Line Spectrum Frequencies. The models consist of characteristic short-term spectral envelopes calculated for each instrument in the database. The identification process involves the calculation of a similarity measure between two codebooks, one taken from the models database, one corresponding to the sample to identify. Next, the use of Support Vector Machines as classifier is investigated. The two systems are then applied to the identification of monophonic phrases extracted from commercial recordings. It is shown that good performance can be achieved for the classification of one unknown excerpt amongst 6 instruments.
An Extremely Simple Dibenzopentalene Synthesis from 2‐Bromo‐1‐ethynylbenzenes Using Nickel(0) Complexes: Construction of Its Derivatives with Various Functionalities (2009)

Nice and easy: A very simple synthesis for dibenzopentalenes, which starts from 1-bromo-2-ethynylbenzenes, has been developed. It uses Ni(0) complexes (see scheme), from which a relatively stable Ni(II) complex as an important intermediate has been isolated. Dibenzopentalenes with various functional groups can be prepared by the procedure, and their electronic properties are consistent with theoretical calculations.An extremely simple dibenzopentalene synthesis from readily available 2-bromo-1-ethynylbenzenes using a nickel(0) complex is described. Although the yields are moderate, the formation of three C-C bonds in a single process and the high availability of the starting materials are important advantages of this reaction. The corresponding aryl-nickel(II) complex as an important intermediate was isolated as relatively stable crystals, and the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The high stability of this complex should play a key role in this reaction. The reaction is applicable to the preparation of dibenzopentalenes bearing various functional groups. Their electronic properties are consistent with theoretical calculations. The cyclic voltammograms of these compounds reveal highly amphoteric redox properties. In particular, the electron-donating property of a tetramethoxy derivative is greater than that of oligothiophenes and dibenzodithiophenes and almost comparable to that of pentacene.
Key Aspects of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells (2002)

Recent developments in the following areas are briefly reviewed: a) the electrical structure of grain boundaries in CdTe absorbers, b) impurities and non-stoichiometry in CdTe solar cells and c) use of Sb2Te3 in contacts to CdTe. Nominally identical solar cells fabricated using 99.999% pure CdTe feedstock from two different suppliers were compared. Differences in the photovoltaic response and absorber grain size were correlated with the purity of the feedstock, the purer material giving the higher Voc, FF and efficiency, and larger grain size. Quantum efficiency and C–V measurements indicated that the performance differences are most likely to result from reduced doping at the back contact surface in the less pure sample. A quantitative SIMS study of Sb–Te contacts to CdTe reveals that annealing in air at 400 °C causes an influx of Sb and O into the absorber layer. Free energy calculations indicate that this is driven by the preferential reaction of O with Sb compared to CdTe oxidation.
Extraction and purification of the zwitterions cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin from <i>Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii</i> (2001)

The hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has been isolated from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (C. raci.). Efforts to study this toxin have been hampered by the time-consuming requirement to extract it from cultures of the organism. It is usually extracted from lyophilized cells collected from a laboratory culture. Our preliminary work suggested far more of the toxin is available in solution in the culture media than in the cells collected. We have therefore investigated the use of commercially available solid phase extraction sorbents to extract CYN from culture media in which C. raci. has been grown. A range of reverse phase and ion-exchange sorbents were tested across a range of pHs for their ability to retain CYN without success. Subsequently, graphitized carbon cartridges were found to retain CYN strongly. Elution with 5% formic acid in methanol allowed the CYN to be regained for final purification by HPLC. Deoxy-CYN, an analog of CYN can also be extracted using this procedure.
<title>Multispectral signature analysis measurements of selected sniper rifles and small arms</title> (1997)

During October 1995 - June 1996, the Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center RDT&E Division (NRaD), under sponsorship from Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), conducted an intensive series of multi-spectral signature analyses of typical sniper weapons. Multi-spectral signatures of the muzzle flashes from rifles and pistols and some imagery of the bullets in flight were collected. Multi- spectral signatures of the muzzle flash were collected in the infrared (2.5 - 14.5 microns), visible -- near-IR (400 - 1200 nanometers), and the ultra-violet (185 - 400 nanometers) wavelength regions. These measurements consisted of high spectral resolution (0.0159 micron) measurements of the spectral radiance of the muzzle flash. A time history plot of the muzzle flash as it evolves just forward of the end of the muzzle is provided. These measurements were performed with a CI Systems Model SR5000 IR/Visible spectroradiometer and an Ocean Optics Model PC1000 UV spectroradiometer. Muzzle flash infrared imagery is provided to show the effect that specific muzzle breaks have on the resulting muzzle flash. The following set of sniper weapons were included in this test: AK-47, SKS, M16A2, M-14, FN-FAL, SMLE IIa, 03 Springfield, SVD Dragunov, 50 caliber McMillan, and a 45 caliber ACP pistol. The results of this signature analysis show that important measurable electro-optical differences do exist between all these weapons in terms of spectral radiance of the flash, spectral content of the gun powders, and spectral shapes/geometries of the muzzle flashes. These differences were sufficient such that, after a more complete data base is collected, it will be possible to develop a passive electro-optical weapon and ammunition identifier.
Digital micromirror device camera with per-pixel coded exposure for high dynamic range imaging (2017)

In this paper, we overcome the limited dynamic range of the conventional digital camera, and propose a method of realizing high dynamic range imaging (HDRI) from a novel programmable imaging system called a digital micromirror device (DMD) camera. The unique feature of the proposed new method is that the spatial and temporal information of incident light in our DMD camera can be flexibly modulated, and it enables the camera pixels always to have reasonable exposure intensity by DMD pixel-level modulation. More importantly, it allows different light intensity control algorithms used in our programmable imaging system to achieve HDRI. We implement the optical system prototype, analyze the theory of per-pixel coded exposure for HDRI, and put forward an adaptive light intensity control algorithm to effectively modulate the different light intensity to recover high dynamic range images. Via experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and implement the HDRI on different objects.
Mucus degradation by pepsin: comparison of mucolytic activity of human pepsin 1 and pepsin 3: implications in peptic ulceration. (1986)

The ability to digest mucus, mucolytic activity of isolated pepsins and samples of human gastric juice has been assayed by measuring the fall in viscosity when incubated with purified pig gastric mucus glycoprotein. Pure human pepsin 1, the peptic ulcer associated pepsin, digested gastric mucus glycoprotein at a faster rate than did pure human pepsin 3 (the principal human pepsin), or the equivalent pig pepsin (pepsin A). At pH 2.0 pepsin 1 had twice the mucolytic activity of pepsin 3. Above pH 3.8 this difference became more marked and whereas pepsin 1 caused substantial mucolysis up to and including pH 5.1, pepsin 3 had minimal activity. At pH 4.0 pepsin 1 had six times the mucolytic activity of pepsin 3. Gastric juices from patients with duodenal ulcer each exhibited substantial mucolytic activity between pH 2 to 5, similar to that of pepsin 1. In contrast, gastric juice from non-symptomatic volunteers exhibited little mucolytic activity above pH 4. Analysis of the mucus glycoprotein by gel filtration showed that an increase in lower molecular weight, pepsin degraded, glycoprotein was associated with the fall in mucus viscosity for all enzyme preparations. These results showed that pepsin 1 can digest the mucus more effectively than pepsin 3 and at higher pH values. The raised concentrations of pepsin 1 in the juice of peptic ulcer patients may thus promote the ulcerative process by increased erosion of the mucus barrier under conditions likely to pertain in the duodenal bulb as well as the stomach.
Antimicrobial Activity of Small β-Peptidomimetics Based on the Pharmacophore Model of Short Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides (2009)

We have synthesized a series of small beta-peptidomimetics (M(w) <650) that were based on the minimal pharmacophore model for anti-Staphylococcal activity of short cationic antimicrobial peptides. All beta-peptidomimetics had a net charge of +2 and formed an amphipathic scaffold consisting of an achiral lipophilic beta(2,2)-amino acid coupled to a C-terminal l-arginine amide residue. By varying the lipophilic side-chains of the beta(2,2)-amino acids, we obtained a series of highly potent beta-peptidomimetics with high enzymatic stability against alpha-chymotrypsin and a general low toxicity against human erythrocytes. The most potent beta-peptidomimetics displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 2.1-7.2 muM against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), and Escherichia coli. Small amphipathic beta-peptidomimetics may be a promising class of antimicrobial agents by means of having a similar range of potency and selectivity as larger cationic antimicrobial peptides in addition to improved enzymatic stability and lower costs of production.
Adjuvant corynebacterium parvum immunotherapy for squamous cell epitheliomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx (1985)

Patients with primary squamous cell epitheliomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx were stratified according to stage and site and randomized to receive either intratumoral immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum followed 2 weeks later by surgery and postoperative C parvum for 2 years or surgery alone. There were 209 patients entered into the trial and 176 were fully evaluable. All prognostic variables were similar between the two groups. There was no difference in disease-free survival or absolute survival between the two groups of patients. In addition, there was no difference noted for any stage and/or site. The only difference in sequential immunologic testing was that chemokinesis was increased following intratumoral C parvum, but neither this nor any other immunologic test correlated with ultimate recurrence or survival. These data demonstrate that immunotherapy using preoperative, intralesional C parvum and postoperative, subcutaneous C parvum is ineffective when used as an adjuvant to surgery for primary cancers arising in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
Molecular chaperone function of Mia40 triggers consecutive induced folding steps of the substrate in mitochondrial protein import (2010)

Several proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space are targeted by internal targeting signals. A class of such proteins with α-helical hairpin structure bridged by two intramolecular disulfides is trapped by a Mia40-dependent oxidative process. Here, we describe the oxidative folding mechanism underpinning this process by an exhaustive structural characterization of the protein in all stages and as a complex with Mia40. Two consecutive induced folding steps are at the basis of the protein-trapping process. In the first one, Mia40 functions as a molecular chaperone assisting α-helical folding of the internal targeting signal of the substrate. Subsequently, in a Mia40-independent manner, folding of the second substrate helix is induced by the folded targeting signal functioning as a folding scaffold. The Mia40-induced folding pathway provides a proof of principle for the general concept that internal targeting signals may operate as a folding nucleus upon compartment-specific activation.
PCM Transmission in the Exchange Plant (1962)

Attention is focused on the choice of a code for transmitting a PCM signal in the exchange plant via paper-insulated cable pairs. Inter- and intra-system crosstalk via near-end coupling is the principal source of interference. A code and repeater structure for reconstructing this code to minimize the effect of crosstalk into the timing channel of a reconstructive repeater is emphasized. It is shown that the conventional self-timed unipolar repeater is not suited to this environment. Several pseudo-ternary codes are developed and surveyed for overcoming crosstalk interference. A bipolar code and a repeater for reconstructing this code are chosen for a variety of reasons. The repeater features nonlinear timing wave extraction and complete retiming and pulse width control, and its realization is discussed in detail in a companion paper by J. S. Mayo. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup>
Characterization of mouse switch variant antibodies by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (1996)

The amino acid sequences of mouse monoclonal antibodies have been characterized completely by mass spectrometry. Antibodies used in the present study were derived from mouse switch variant cell lines that produce four kinds of immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs). The amino acid sequences of these antibodies had not been estimated from the corresponding DNA sequence, so the sequences of IgGs derived from other strains were used as references in this study. Intra- and interchain disulfide bonds of the IgGs were reduced and carboxymethylated and the products were subjected to proteolytic digestion. The existence of N-linked oligosaccharides also was taken into account. The capabilities and limitations of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry are discussed in the structural characterization of the antibodies. Based on our results, allotypes of the antibodies examined are discussed. This study shows that amino acid sequences of proteins, such as IgG, can be investigated without information about the corresponding DNA sequence if appropriate reference sequences derived from other strains can be used.
Surface Self-Concentrating Amphiphilic Quaternary Ammonium Biocides as Coating Additives (2008)

A variety of amphiphilic quaternary dimethylammonium compounds bearing n-alkyl and oxyethylene groups have been designed and synthesized as antimicrobial additives for use in self-decontaminating surfaces. The effectiveness of these additives stems from a unique ability to self-concentrate at the air-polymer interface without the incorporation of exotic perfluorinated or polymeric functionalities. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals surface enrichment as high as 18-fold, providing a 7-log reduction of both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The migration to the surface is a consequence of the hydrophobicity of the additive within the hydrophilic polyurethane resin, over which an unprecedented level of control can be exerted by altering the lengths of the n-alkyl and oxyethylene groups. Thus, for the first time, specific surface and bulk coating concentrations can be achieved as desired using a single class of antimicrobial additives.
Structure and Function of Glucose Binding Protein–Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Complexes (2012)

Understanding the structure and function of glucose binding proteins (GBP) complexed with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is important for the development of applications including fluorescent sensors and nanostructure particle tracking. Herein, circular dichroism (CD), thermal denaturation, photo-absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy are used to study these nanostructures. The protein retains its glucose-binding activity after complexation and is thermally stable below 36 °C. However, the SWNT lowers the midpoint denaturation temperature (Tm) by 5 °C and 4 °C in the absence and presence of 10 mM glucose, respectively. This data highlights that using techniques such as CD and thermal denaturation may be necessary to fully characterize such protein-nanomaterial nanostructures.
Codeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief . 4. Potential alternates for cough relief. (1969)

In this report-the fourth of a series on codeine and its alternates for pain and cough relief-an attempt is made to evaluate, on the basis of experimental and clinical data, and wherever possible in comparison with codeine, the effectiveness of a number of antitussive substances currently in clinical use. In the discussion of the undesired side-effects particular attention is paid to the risk of dependence and abuse.
In vivo chemical shift imaging of γ‐aminobutyric acid in the human brain (1999)

A gradient-based multiple quantum filtering method is presented for in vivo chemical shift imaging of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human brain, which provides effective suppression of the overlapping creatine singlet with close to optimal detection efficiency. It is shown by product operator calculations and coherence pathway analysis that under conditions of no B1 and B0 inhomogeneity gradient filtering retains 75% of the two outer resonance lines of the GABA-4 triplet with no creatine contamination. A variation of the method with 100% retention of the GABA-4 outer resonance lines but higher sensitivity to B1 inhomogeneity is also discussed. By using a localized version of the sequence with an 8-cm surface coil for transmission and detection, it was found in phantom experiments at 2.1 T that a 69% signal retention of the two outer resonance lines of the GABA-4 triplet was achieved relative to a spin echo sequence with inhibition of GABA J modulation. A creatine suppression ratio of 2000:1 was measured. The use of the method for chemical shift imaging of GABA is demonstrated by coronal images obtained from phantoms and from the occipital lobe of a healthy volunteer. Magn Reson Med 41:35-42, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Personal Characteristics on Serum CA125, Mesothelin, and HE4 Levels in Healthy Postmenopausal Women at High-Risk for Ovarian Cancer (2008)

CA125, mesothelin, and HE4 levels in healthy, postmenopausal women at increased risk for ovarian cancer are significantly associated with a few ovarian cancer risk factors. Since the effects of these personal characteristics on these serum markers are not large, their incorporation in screening algorithms may be unnecessary. This is true especially if a longitudinal algorithm is used because the marker level at the previous screen reflects personal characteristics such as age, body mass index, and age of menarche. Understanding the influence of personal factors on levels of novel early detection markers in healthy, unaffected women may have clinical utility in interpreting biomarker levels.
Isolation of the Ornithine-δ-Aminotransferase cDNA and Effect of Salt Stress on Its Expression in<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>1 (1998)

To evaluate the relative importance of ornithine (Orn) as a precursor in proline (Pro) synthesis, we isolated and sequenced a cDNA encoding the Orn-delta-aminotransferase (delta-OAT) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high homology with bacterial, yeast, mammalian, and plant sequences, and the N-terminal residues exhibited several common features with a mitochondrial transit peptide. Our results show that under both salt stress and normal conditions, delta-OAT activity and mRNA in young plantlets are slightly higher than in older plants. This appears to be related to the necessity to dispose of an easy recycling product, glutamate. Analysis of the expression of the gene revealed a close association with salt stress and Pro production. In young plantlets, free Pro content, Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase mRNA, delta-OAT activity, and delta-OAT mRNA were all increased by salt-stress treatment. These results suggest that for A. thaliana, the Orn pathway, together with the glutamate pathway, plays an important role in Pro accumulation during osmotic stress. Conversely, in 4-week-old A. thaliana plants, although free Pro level also increased under salt-stress conditions, the delta-OAT activity appeared to be unchanged and delta-OAT mRNA was not detectable. Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase mRNA was still induced at a similar level. Therefore, for the adult plants the free Pro increase seemed to be due to the activity of the enzymes of the glutamate pathway.