gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Simple Approach to Enhance the Effectiveness of Passive Currents Balancing in an Interleaved Multiphase Bidirectional DC–DC Converter (2018)

This paper studies the high power density bidirectional dc-dc converter with interleaving, soft-switching, and near critical conduction mode (near-CRM) operation. Systematic design and control methods are proposed to enhance the effectiveness of passive currents balancing between multiple interleaved phases without using individual phase current feedbacks. This paper first analyzes the zero voltage turn-on operation, including the turn-off energy diversion by the added snubber capacitor and the turn-off resonance models. Second, the intrinsic inverse co-relation between the phase current deviation and the resulting effective duty cycles variation is quantitatively formulated and modeled as a closed-loop mechanism that balances the currents passively. Then, the design constraints of the system parameters including the snubber capacitance, dead time, and valley currents of the near-CRM mode are formulated to guarantee the effectiveness of counteracting the current unbalance. Finally, a variable switching frequency control is proposed to actively control the valley current and maintain the current balancing effectiveness throughout the operating range. An IGBT-based 20-kW three-phase interleaved prototype with the maximum efficiency of 99.1% is constructed to verify the proposed design and control methods.
West Nile Virus Inhibits the Signal Transduction Pathway of Alpha Interferon (2005)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a human pathogen that can cause neurological disorders, including meningoencephalitis. Experiments with mice and mammalian cell cultures revealed that WNV exhibited resistance to the innate immune program induced by alpha interferon (IFN-alpha). We have investigated the nature of this inhibition and have found that WNV replication inhibited the activation of many known IFN-inducible genes, because it prevented the phosphorylation and activation of the Janus kinases JAK1 and Tyk2. As a consequence, activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT2 did not occur in WNV-infected cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that the viral nonstructural proteins are responsible for this effect. Thus, our results provided an explanation for the observed resistance of WNV to IFN-alpha in cells of vertebrate origin.
Multilayer GaAs injection laser (1968)

Experimental data are presented for multijunction GaAs lasers made by vapor-phase epitaxial growth in the form of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p-n-p-n-p-n</tex> structures. The overall thickness of the four inside layers was 5 microns for the multilayer material for which experimental data are given. The diodes made from this material exhibited current-controlled negative-resistance characteristics. The emitted output beams of the multilayer lasers were extremely narrow, with the beam diverging only 0.5 degree in the direction transverse to the junction planes. The corresponding near-field patterns for these lasers have, in addition to the expected bright laser regions, almost fifty lines spaced about 1 micron apart and almost equally bright. The current thresholds at 77°K for the multijunction lasers are three to four times higher than single-junction laser thresholds and the incremental output quantum efficiencies of these lasers were more than unity, 1.1.
Wound Healing. A New Perspective with Particular Reference to Ascorbic Acid Deficiency (1956)

Dunphy, J. Englebert M.D., F.A.C.S.; Udupa, K. N. F.R.C.S. (C); Edwards, Leon C. M.D. Author Information
An iterative reinforcement approach for fine-grained opinion mining (2009)

With the in-depth study of sentiment analysis research, finer-grained opinion mining, which aims to detect opinions on different review features as opposed to the whole review level, has been receiving more and more attention in the sentiment analysis research community recently. Most of existing approaches rely mainly on the template extraction to identify the explicit relatedness between product feature and opinion terms, which is insufficient to detect the implicit review features and mine the hidden sentiment association in reviews, which satisfies (1) the review features are not appear explicit in the review sentences; (2) it can be deduced by the opinion words in its context. From an information theoretic point of view, this paper proposed an iterative reinforcement framework based on the improved information bottleneck algorithm to address such problem. More specifically, the approach clusters product features and opinion words simultaneously and iteratively by fusing both their semantic information and co-occurrence information. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms the template extraction based approaches.
Stretchable and Flexible E-Fiber Wire Antennas Embedded in Polymer (2014)

A new process is presented to fabricate stretchable and flexible wire antennas using conductive fibers (E-fibers). Stretchability and flexibility are important for wire antennas that operate in environments subjecting them to shape deformation (e.g., automotive, wearable, implantable applications, etc.). The concept is to embroider the wire antenna using E-fibers and embed it into a stretchy polymer. This also preserves the integrity of the textile threads and protects them from corrosion. A key challenge is to remove the non-stretchable fabric on which the textile antenna was embroidered while still preserving its original shape. To validate our technology, we fabricate and test a stretchable and flexible wire antenna operating at 915 MHz. The E-fiber prototype is found to achieve excellent performance, comparable to that of its non-stretchable and non-flexible copper-wire counterpart. A future goal is to embed such antennas into hostile environments, such as a truck tire, for collecting automotive data.
The Growth and Nutrition of Crithidia fasciculata (1958)

The conditions for luxuriant axenic cultivation of the trypanosomid flagellate Crithidia fasciculata in chemically-defined media were determined. Improvements over the hitherto published media include higher concentrations of amino acids, folic acid (where this is the sole source of pteridine) and purines and the inclusion of threonine and Tween 80. Increased oxygenation was obtained by incubating liquid cultures in tubes in a sloped position. Under these conditions consistently excellent growth (up to 2 × 108 organisms/ml.) was obtained and the useful incubation period could be decreased to 4 days. Using the improved medium, qualitative and quantitative studies on the nutritional requirements of the organism were carried out. Growth failed when any one of the following amino acids was omitted from the basal medium: histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, arginine, tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan. The omission of threonine caused drastically decreased growth rates and lower yields. It was found that phenylpyruvic acid could replace phenylalanine; cysteine, cystathionine or homocysteine could replace methionine; and citrulline, but not ornithine, could replace arginine for C. fasciculata. In addition to the amino acid requirements a nutritional need for the following was demonstrated: a carbohydrate, haemin, a purine, thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid or its amide, pyridoxal or pyridoxamine, biotin, folic acid and an unconjugated pteridine (biopterin). The natural purines, their nucleosides and nucleotides are nearly equivalent, on a molar basis, in growth promotion. Numerous substituted purines were also tested for their ability to supply the purine requirement. No exogenous source of pyrimidine for nucleic acid synthesis is necessary provided folic acid is present. Folic acid can be omitted from the growth medium provided thymine and methionine are present. The absolute requirement for biotin could not be demonstrated in the present medium without the use of avidin.
Design of an Adenosine Analogue that Selectively Improves the Affinity of a Mutant U1A Protein for RNA (2003)

The RNA recognition motif (RRM), one of the most common RNA binding domains, contains three highly conserved aromatic amino acids that participate in stacking interactions with RNA bases. We have investigated the contribution of these highly conserved aromatic amino acids to the affinity of the complex formed between the N-terminal RRM of the U1A protein and stem loop 2 of U1 snRNA. Previously, we found that substitution of one of these conserved aromatic amino acids, Phe56, with Ala resulted in a large destabilization of the complex. Here, we have modified A6, the base in stem loop 2 RNA that stacks with Phe56, to compensate for a portion of the destabilization caused by the Phe56Ala mutation. We have designed two modified adenosines, A-3CPh and A-4CPh, in which a phenyl group is linked to the adenosine such that it may replace the phenyl group that is eliminated by the Phe56Ala mutation in the complex. We have found that incorporation of A-3CPh into stem loop 2 RNA stabilizes the complex formed with Phe56Ala by 0.6 kcal/mol, while incorporation of A-4CPh into stem loop 2 RNA stabilizes this complex by 1.8 kcal/mol. Either base modification destabilizes the wild-type complex by 0.8-0.9 kcal/mol. Experiments with other U1A mutant proteins suggest that the stabilization of the complex between the Phe56Ala U1A protein and stem loop 2 RNA is due to a specific interaction between the Phe56Ala U1A protein and A6-4CPh stem loop 2 RNA.
Deciphering the function of canonical Wnt signals in development and disease: conditional loss- and gain-of-function mutations of β-catenin in mice (2008)

Wnt signaling is one of a handful of powerful signaling pathways that play crucial roles in the animal life by controlling the genetic programs of embryonic development and adult homeostasis. When disrupted, these signaling pathways cause developmental defects, or diseases, among them cancer. The gateway of the canonical Wnt pathway, which contains >100 genes, is an essential molecule called beta-catenin (Armadillo in Drosophila). Conditional loss- and gain-of-function mutations of beta-catenin in mice provided powerful tools for the functional analysis of canonical Wnt signaling in many tissues and organs. Such studies revealed roles of Wnt signaling that were previously not accessible to genetic analysis due to the early embryonic lethality of conventional beta-catenin knockout mice, as well as the redundancy of Wnt ligands, receptors, and transcription factors. Analysis of conditional beta-catenin loss- and gain-of-function mutant mice demonstrated that canonical Wnt signals control progenitor cell expansion and lineage decisions both in the early embryo and in many organs. Canonical Wnt signaling also plays important roles in the maintenance of various embryonic or adult stem cells, and as recent findings demonstrated, in cancer stem cell types. This has opened new opportunities to model numerous human diseases, which have been associated with deregulated Wnt signaling. Our review summarizes what has been learned from genetic studies of the Wnt pathway by the analysis of conditional beta-catenin loss- and gain-of-function mice.
System-level performance estimation of SCMA (2016)

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a novel non-orthogonal multiple access technique, which enjoys the low complexity of message passing algorithm (MPA) and the shaping gain of multidimensional codewords. The performance of SCMA is usually evaluated by the system level simulation and represented by the block error rate (BLER) as a metric. In this paper, we propose a new evaluation method to evaluate the performance of SCMA at the system level. We establish a link to system (L2S) interface and get the relationship between the instantaneous SNR and effective SNR. The simulation results show that the system level BLER achieved by the proposed method is accurate for various coding rates and modulation schemes.
Status Epilepticus (2008)

Status epilepticus (SE) in adults is a state of continuous seizures lasting more than 5 minutes, or rapidly recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness. The overall US and European estimated crude incidence rate of SE ranges from 6.8 to 41/100,000/yr. The etiologies of SE include primary central nervous system pathologies and systemic disorders. The two basic mechanisms involved in the genesis of SE are an excess of excitatory activity and a loss of normal inhibitory neurotransmission. Mortality associated with SE can be as high as 26% for the average adult. Early recognition and treatment are important for improving the chances for a good outcome. The first line of treatment is an intravenous benzodiazepine, with lorazepam being the current preferred agent. All patients with SE who remain with altered awareness 20 to 30 minutes after cessation of clinical seizures should undergo electroencephalographic studies, because up to 20% of patients without clinical evidence of seizures after initial treatment can have nonconvulsive SE.
Metamaterial Combining Electric- and Magnetic-Dipole-Based Configurations for Unique Dual-Band Signal Enhancement in Ultrahigh-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2017)

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS) are both widely used techniques in medical diagnostics and research. One of the major thrusts in recent years has been the introduction of ultrahigh-field magnets in order to boost the sensitivity. Several MRI studies have examined further potential improvements in sensitivity using metamaterials, focusing on single frequency applications. However, metamaterials have yet to reach a level that is practical for routine MRI use. In this work, we explore a new metamaterial implementation for MRI, a dual-nuclei resonant structure, which can be used for both proton and heteronuclear magnetic resonance. Our approach combines two configurations, one based on a set of electric dipoles for the low frequency band, and the second based on a set of magnetic dipoles for the high frequency band. We focus on the implementation of a dual-nuclei metamaterial for phosphorus and proton imaging and spectroscopy at an ultrahigh-field strength of 7 T. In vivo scans using this flexible and compact structure show that it locally enhances both the phosphorus and proton transmit and receive sensitivities.
Interactive approach to optical tweezers control (2006)

We have developed software with an interactive user interface that can be used to generate phase holograms for use with spatial light modulators. The program utilizes different hologram design techniques, allowing the user to select an appropriate algorithm. The program can be used to generate multiple beams and can be used for beam steering. We see a major application of the program to be in optical tweezers to control the position, number, and type of optical traps.
Novel cell‐binding activity specific for <i>N</i>‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine in an <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain (1983)

Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with different levels of urinary tract infection and from healthy persons were tested for their ability to haemagglutinate endo-beta-galactosidase-treated human erythrocytes. Among the 104 strains studied one revealed a strong agglutination reaction with the enzyme-treated erythrocytes. From the monosaccharides tested N-acetyl-D-glucosamine inhibited agglutination most effectively. Orosomucoid and asialo-orosomucoid had no effect on the haemagglutination whereas beta-galactosidase treated asialo-orosomucoid was inhibitory. These findings indicate that the E. coli strain studied contains a novel cell-binding activity with specificity for terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
Exploring the interaction of the surfactant N‐terminal domain of γ‐Zein with soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes (2003)

Zeins are maize storage proteins that accumulate inside large vesicles called protein bodies. gamma-Zein lines the inner surface of the protein body membrane, and its N-terminal, proline-rich, repetitive domain with the sequence (VHLPPP)(8) appears to be necessary for the accumulation of the protein within the organelle. Synthetic (VHLPPP)(8) adopts an amphipathic polyproline II conformation and forms cylindrical micelles in aqueous solution. Here we explore the interaction of (VHLPPP)(8) with soybean phosphatidylcholine unilamellar lipid vesicles and examine its effect on the stability and permeability of the liposome membrane. The amphipathic N-terminal domain of gamma-zein interacts with the membrane and assembles to form extended domains over the phospholipid membrane. The interaction between the peptide and the membrane increases the stability and permeability of the liposome membrane. The spontaneous amphipathic aggregation of (VHLPPP)(8) on the membrane suggests a mechanism of gamma-zein deposition inside maize protein bodies.
Expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in the early phases of human epithelial carcinogenesis. (1996)

Many mitogens and human oncogenes activate extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs), which in turn convey proliferation signals. ERKs or mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are inactivated in vitro by MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs). The gene encoding one of these MKPs, MKP-1, is a serum-inducible gene and is transcriptionally activated by mitogenic signals in cultured cells. As MKP-1 has been shown to block DNA synthesis by inhibiting ERKs when expressed at elevated levels in cultured cells, it has been suggested that it may act as a tumor suppressor. MKP-1 mRNA and MAP kinase (ERK-1 and -2) protein expression was assessed in 164 human epithelial tumors of diverse tissue origin by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. MKP-1 was overexpressed in the early phases of prostate, colon, and bladder carcinogenesis, with progressive loss of expression with higher histological grade and in metastases. In contrast, breast carcinomas showed significant MKP-1 expression even when poorly differentiated or in late stages of the disease. MKP-1, ERK-1, and ERK-2 were co-expressed in most tumors examined. In a subset of 15 tumors, ERK-1 enzymatic activity as well as structural alterations that might be responsible for loss of function of MKP-1 during tumor progression, were examined. ERK-1 enzymatic activity was found to be elevated despite MKP-1 overexpression. No loss of 5q35-ter (containing the MKP-1 locus) was detected by polymerase chain reaction in metastases compared with primary tumors. Finally, no mutations were found in the catalytic domain of MKP-1. These data indicate that MKP-1 is an early marker for a wide range of human epithelial tumors and suggest that MKP-1 does not behave as a tumor suppressor in epithelial tumors.
Defect-related versus excitonic visible light emission from ion beam synthesized Si nanocrystals in SiO2 (1996)

Two sources of room temperature visible luminescence are identified from SiO2 films containing ion beam synthesized Si nanocrystals. From a comparison of luminescence spectra and photoluminescence decay lifetime measurements between Xe+-implanted SiO2 films and SiO2 films containing Si nanocrystals, a luminescence feature attributable to defects in the SiO2 matrix is unambiguously identified. Hydrogen passivation of the films selectively quenches the matrix defect luminescence, after which luminescence attributable to Si nanocrystals is evident, with a lifetime on the order of milliseconds. The peak energy of the remaining luminescence attributable to Si nanocrystals ‘‘redshifts’’ as a function of different processing parameters that might lead to increased nanocrystal size and the intensity is directly correlated to the formation of Si nanocrystals. Upon further annealing hydrogen-passivated samples at low temperatures (&lt;500 °C), the intensity of nanocrystal luminescence increases by more than a factor of 10.
Tunable microwave and millimeter-wave band-pass filters (1991)

The authors present an overview of tunable microwave and millimeter-wave bandpass filters realized in different technologies. Some general design principles are described. Recent progress in the performance of various tunable filters is reported. The authors survey magnetically tunable filters (ferrimagnetic resonance filters, magnetostatic-wave filters, evanescent waveguide filters, E-plane printed circuit filters), electronically tunable filters, and mechanically tunable filters. The typical performance parameters are summarized. This comparison shown that none of these devices can simultaneously satisfy all requirements for perfect tunable filters. For microwave systems where multioctave tuning is essential, a YIG filter is an obvious choice. In systems where the requirement of high power handling capability combined with low insertion loss, predominates, mechanically tunable filters and magnetically tunable E-plane filters are recommended. If the tuning speed is a crucial requirement, varactor-tuned filters or E-plane filters with ferrite toroids are devices of choice. For millimeter-wave design, the most promising structures are ferrimagnetic resonance filters utilizing hexagonal ferrite resonators or, up to 60 GHz, magnetically tunable E-plane printed circuit filters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic map acquisition for navigation in domestic environments (2004)

An autonomous robot navigating in its environment needs a map representing the large-scale structure of the setting. There are a variety of different types of maps used in mobile robotics: for example, grid maps, maps containing geometrical beacons, or topological maps. Each of those poses its own constraints on the problem of acquiring the map, where its complexity is a major issue. We present a system that is able to build a topological map of large-scale indoor environments in a semi-autonomous way. This means that a person shows the robot around, interacts with it via a basic interface, the platform is following autonomously, and simultaneously creating the map. The acquisition mechanisms are rather simple and computationally inexpensive, due to the low complexity of the topological map. However, experiments show that this map is sufficient to navigate between arbitrary positions in the environment.
An FRAM-Based Nonvolatile Logic MCU SoC Exhibiting 100% Digital State Retention at <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">${\rm VDD}=$</tex></formula> 0 V Achieving Zero Leakage With <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${&lt;}$</tex> </formula>400-ns Wakeup Time for ULP Applications (2013)

This paper presents a nonvolatile logic (NVL)-based 32-b microcontroller system-on-chip (SoC) that backs up its working state (all flip-flops) upon receiving a power interrupt, has zero leakage in sleep mode, and needs less than 400 ns to restore the system state upon power-up. Nonvolatile Fe-Cap-based mini-arrays backup the machine state and allow the chip to wake up instantly after a power cycle. Without NVL, a chip would either have to keep all flip-flops powered, resulting in high standby power, or waste energy and time rebooting after power-up. NVL allows systems to use leakier processes to achieve higher performance/lower dynamic power while still having zero leakage in the sleep mode. Optimized system, architecture, and circuit techniques are presented that make NVL practical by adding only 3.6% to the SoC area. Since nonvolatile elements are added to the SoC, reliability and testability have to be key features of the design. This is the first NVL SoC with measured NVL bitcell read signal margin data and extensive test and debug capabilities. The chip is fabricated in a commercial 130-nm low-leakage process and uses a single 1.5-V power supply.