gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
29.3: Novel Wide‐View Circular Polarizers Using Negative and Positive AC Plates (2009)

Abstract Novel wide‐view circular polarizers for VA‐LCDs have been developed. In our new designs, no sophisticated retarders such as biaxial AB plates (n x >n z >n y ) are required. Alternatively, negative and positive AC plates (n x <n y <n z and n x >n y >n z respectively) are employed to suppress the off‐axis light leakages. Three promising configurations will be discussed.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 is a Novel Protein Sensor in Pregnancy (2017)

The twenty-first century has experienced a shift in cause of death worldwide from communicable diseases to noncommunicable diseases. Interestingly, many of these implicated chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, have been shown to be programmed in the womb. As first posited by the Barker Hypothesis, adverse exposures in utero can increase an individual’s risk for chronic disease later in life. Therefore, pregnancy is an opportune time for intervention to improve the health of future generations. Studies of exposures known to negatively impact infant health, e.g. states of overnutrition (obesity, diabetes, excess gestational weight gain) and undernutrition (starvation, protein restriction), are critical to reveal the mechanisms of and identify markers for developmental programming. Numerous endocrine signals including insulin, leptin, and adiponectin have been extensively investigated during pregnancy with aberrant effects on offspring growth and metabolic function. A novel endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which has been recently implicated as a signal for protein restriction, has not yet been studied for a potential role in developmental programming of future disease. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of FGF21 in pregnancy. We hypothesized FGF21 may be a nutrient sensor and a signal for fetal nutrient insufficiency during pregnancy. In studies of healthy, pregnant women, we found FGF21 was acutely regulated by maternal macronutrient balance. We then found in both mice and human studies that FGF21 is elevated in response to low maternal protein intake in pregnancy. We also showed elevated maternal FGF21 correlated with decreased infant size in the first year of life, an outcome commonly associated with reduced maternal protein intake in pregnancy. Finally, we used the Protein Leverage Hypothesis to directly test whether FGF21 is indeed a protein sensor in pregnancy and found that FGF21 is required for the hyperphagic response to low protein intake in pregnancy. In summary, these studies support the hypothesis that FGF21 is a protein sensor in pregnancy. Further studies in large clinical populations including fetal growth restriction are needed to discern whether FGF21 could be used as a marker for fetal nutrient insufficiency in the public health setting.
Migration of Dislocations in 4H-SiC Epilayers during the Ion Implantation Process (2007)

Synchrotron reflection X-ray topography and KOH etching were applied to investigate the effects of the ion implantation/annealing process on the existing dislocations in the 4H-SiC epilayers and second epitaxial growth on the ion implanted layer. No systematic generation of dislocations or stacking faults caused by the second epitaxial growth on the implanted layer was observed, while BPDs were confirmed to migrate in the epilayer during the implantation/annealing process. The BPDs bend markedly near the bottom of the implanted layer and tend to lie along the <1-100> (perpendicular to the off-cut direction) after the implantation/annealing process. The lattice mismatch strain created by the implantation is a possible driving force of the glide motion of the BPDs.
Impaired mucosal defense to acute colonic injury in mice lacking cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2 (2000)

To investigate roles in intestinal inflammation for the 2 cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, we determined susceptibility to spontaneous and induced acute colitis in mice lacking either the COX-1 or COX-2 isoform. We treated wild-type, COX-1(-/-), COX-2(-/-), and heterozygous mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to provoke acute colonic inflammation, and we quantified tissue damage, prostaglandin (PG) E(2), and interleukin-1beta. No spontaneous gastrointestinal inflammation was detected in mice homozygous for either mutation, despite almost undetectable basal intestinal PGE(2) production in COX-1(-/-) mice. Both COX-1(-/-) and COX-2(-/-) mice showed increased susceptibility to a low-dose of DSS that caused mild colonic epithelial injury in wild-type mice. COX-2(-/-) mice were more susceptible than COX-1(-/-) mice, and selective pharmacologic blockade of COX-2 potentiated injury in COX-1(-/-) mice. At a high dose, DSS treatment was fatal to 50% of the animals in each mutant group, but all wild-type mice survived. DSS treatment increased PGE(2) intestinal secretion in all groups except COX-2(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate that COX-1 and COX-2 share a crucial role in the defense of the intestinal mucosa (with inducible COX-2 being perhaps more active during inflammation) and that neither isoform is essential in maintaining mucosal homeostasis in the absence of injurious stimuli.
Modeling H-Bonding and Solvent Effects in the Alkylation of Pyrimidine Bases by a Prototype Quinone Methide:  A DFT Study (2003)

Nucleophilicity of NH(2), N3, and O(2) centers of cytosine toward a model quinone methide (o-QM) as alkylating agent has been studied using DFT computational analysis [at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level]. Specific and bulk effects of water (by C-PCM model) on the alkylation pathways have been evaluated by analyzing both unassisted and water-assisted reaction mechanisms. An ancillary water molecule, H-bonded to the alkylating agent, may interact monofunctionally with the o-QM oxygen atom (passive mechanisms) or may participate bifunctionally in cyclic hydrogen-bonded structures as a proton shuttle (active mechanisms). A comparison of the unassisted with the water-assisted reaction mechanisms has been made on the basis of activation Gibbs free energies (DeltaG(++)). The gas-phase alkylation reaction at N3 does proceed through a passive mechanism that is preferred over both the active (by -6.3 kcal mol(-1)) and the unassisted process. In contrast, in the gas phase, the active assisted processes at NH(2) and O(2) centers are both favored over their unassisted counterparts by -4.0 and -2.2 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The catalytic effect of a water molecule, in gas phase, reduces the gap between the TSs of the O(2) and NH(2) reaction pathways, but the former remains more stable. Water bulk effect significantly modifies the relative importance of the unassisted and water-assisted alkylation mechanisms, favoring the former, in comparison to the gas-phase reactions. In particular, the unassisted alkylation becomes the preferred mechanism for the reaction at both the exocyclic (NH(2)) and the heterocyclic (N3) nitrogen atoms. By contrast, alkylation at the cytosine oxygen atom is a water-catalyzed process, since in water the active water-assisted mechanism is still favored. As far as competition, among all the possible mechanisms, our calculations unambiguously suggest that the most nucleophilic site both in gas phase (naked reagents: N3 >> O(2) >or= NH(2)) and in water solution (solvated reagents: N3 >> NH(2) >> O(2)) is the heterocyclic nitrogen atom (N3) (DeltaG(++)(gas) = +7.1 kcal mol(-1), and DeltaG(++)(solv) = +13.7 kcal mol(-1)). Our investigation explains the high reactivity and selectivity of the cytosine moiety toward o-QM-like structures both in deoxymononucleoside and in a single-stranded DNA, on the basis of strong H-bonding interactions between reactants and solvent bulk effect. It also offers two general reactivity models in water, uncatalyzed and active water-catalyzed mechanisms (for nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles, respectively), which should provide a general tool for the planning of nucleic acid modification.
Hydrogen bond directed self-assembly of core-substituted naphthalene bisimides with melamines in solution and at the graphite interface (2004)

A series of red and blue highly fluorescent core-substituted naphthalene bisimide dyes has been synthesized and they have been investigated as supramolecular building blocks. NMR and UV-Vis titration experiments of these dyes with complementary melamines revealed the formation of triple hydrogen bonds (DAD-ADA arrays) in solution. At stoichiometric ratios, ditopic melamine receptors could dissolve otherwise insoluble bisimides by means of hydrogen bonding, even in aliphatic solvents. At the solution/graphite interface, one-dimensional chains of hydrogen bonded naphthalene bisimides and two-dimensional adlayers of ditopic melamines are formed for the pure compounds but little evidence for heterocomplexes between the two complementary building blocks could be obtained.
Bond-selective transient phase imaging via sensing of the infrared photothermal effect (2019)

Phase-contrast microscopy converts the phase shift of light passing through a transparent specimen, e.g., a biological cell, into brightness variations in an image. This ability to observe structures without destructive fixation or staining has been widely utilized for applications in materials and life sciences. Despite these advantages, phase-contrast microscopy lacks the ability to reveal molecular information. To address this gap, we developed a bond-selective transient phase (BSTP) imaging technique that excites molecular vibrations by infrared light, resulting in a transient change in phase shift that can be detected by a diffraction phase microscope. By developing a time-gated pump-probe camera system, we demonstrate BSTP imaging of live cells at a 50 Hz frame rate with high spectral fidelity, sub-microsecond temporal resolution, and sub-micron spatial resolution. Our approach paves a new way for spectroscopic imaging investigation in biology and materials science.
Materials Science (1981)

The color of human skin of 241 whites, blacks, and orientals was measured by reflection spectrophotometry. Among these groups, major differences in luminous reflectance and excitation purity, but not in dominant wavelength, were observed. The twin absorption bands of oxyhemoglobin at 540 and 580 nm were more prominent in whites (particularly females) than in orientals or blacks. Parameters determined for Source A were higher than those for Source C.
Service-Level Agreements for Electronic Services (2009)

The potential of communication networks and middleware to enable the composition of services across organizational boundaries remains incompletely realized. In this paper, we argue that this is in part due to outsourcing risks and describe the possible contribution of Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) to mitigating these risks. For SLAs to be effective, it should be difficult to disregard their original provisions in the event of a dispute between the parties. Properties of understandability, precision, and monitorability ensure that the original intent of an SLA can be recovered and compared to trustworthy accounts of service behavior to resolve disputes fairly and without ambiguity. We describe the design and evaluation of a domain-specific language for SLAs that tend to exhibit these properties and discuss the impact of monitorability requirements on service-provision practices.
Imaging and Nanomedicine in Inflammatory Atherosclerosis (2014)

Bioengineering provides unique opportunities to better understand and manage atherosclerotic disease. The field is entering a new era that merges the latest biological insights into inflammatory disease processes with targeted imaging and nanomedicine. Preclinical cardiovascular molecular imaging allows the in vivo study of targeted nanotherapeutics specifically directed toward immune system components that drive atherosclerotic plaque development and complication. The first multicenter trials highlight the potential contribution of multimodality imaging to more efficient drug development. This review describes how the integration of engineering, nanotechnology, and cardiovascular immunology may yield precision diagnostics and efficient therapeutics for atherosclerosis and its ischemic complications.
Efficacy of Dyphylline (Dihydroxypropyltheophylline) in Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (1975)

The efficacy of dyphlline in prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) was studied in seven subjects. A single 15 mg/kg dose of dyphylline 40 minutes prior to exercise prevented EIB as documented by a significantly smaller mean greatest percent decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second when compared to placebo. Mean serum dyphylline concentrations 40 minutes after a dose of 15 mg/kg were probably in the lower portion of the therapeutic range.
Alginate type and RGD density control myoblast phenotype (2002)

Alginates are being increasingly used for cell encapsulation and tissue engineering applications; however, these materials cannot specifically interact with mammalian cells. We have covalently modified alginates of varying monomeric ratio with RGD-containing cell adhesion ligands using carbodiimide chemistry to initiate cell adhesion to these polymers. We hypothesized that we could control the function of cells adherent to RGD-modified alginate hydrogels by varying alginate polymer type and cell adhesion ligand density, and we have addressed this possibility by studying the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts adherent to these materials. RGD density on alginates of varying monomeric ratio could be controlled over several orders of magnitude, creating a range of surface densities from 1–100 fmol/cm2. Myoblast adhesion to these materials was specific to the RGD ligand, because adhesion could be competed away with soluble RGD in a dose-dependent manner. Myoblast proliferation and differentiation could be regulated by varying the alginate monomeric ratio and the density of RGD ligands at the substrate surface, and specific combinations of alginate type and RGD density were required to obtain efficient myoblast differentiation on these materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 217–223, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.1287
Design, fabrication and testing of low-cost vacuum insulated packaging (2004)

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in adolescents and young adults with Crohnʼs disease: A cautionary tale? (2007)

Therapy for the inflammatory bowel diseases increasingly includes the use of immune-modifying and biologic therapies. Recently, in young patients with IBD, an association has been noted between the use of infliximab along with concomitant purine analogues and the development of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL)-a rare and all but incurable form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This report briefly reviews the issue of lymphoma and IBD therapy. Additionally, a description of HSTCL and a summary of the known cases of this apparent therapeutic complication are presented. Clinical options in light of this new information are explored.
Exploratory and Mechanistic Studies of the Trimerization Reaction of Benzoylacetylenes in the Presence of a Secondary Amine (1994)

Abstract A variety of benzoylacetylenes are trimerized to give the corresponding 1,3,5-tribenzoylbenzenes when heated with a catalytic amount of diethylamine. A large amount of diethylamine gives γ-(diethylamino)propenoylbenzene at the expense of 1,3,5-tribenzoylbenzene, verifying a Michael-addition/trimerization/elimination-type mechanism for the formation of the benzene ring.
Modeling, Measurements and Analysis of Gas-Flow Generated Noise From Twin-Screw Compressors (2000)

This paper gives a short presentation of a method for the computer simulation of noise caused by the gas pulsations, created from the opening and closing of inlet and discharge ports of twin-screw compressors. The method takes into account influences from lobe combinations, wrap angle, length/diameter ratio, leakage through blowhole and clearances at mesh, rotor tips and discharge end. Oil content in the gas as well as resonance in the compressor discharge chamber and downstream piping are also taken into consideration. Comparisons between calculations and laboratory measurements, as well as analysis of the influence of different design parameters, are presented and discussed. p(t)
Magnetic resonance elastography technique for breast tissue in-vitro elasticity measurement (2003)

A soft tissue elasticity measurement technique based on Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) is presented. In this technique, a tissue specimen is encased in a gelatine-agar block with known elasticity modulus. This block is slowly compressed using a MRI compatible device and displacements are measured using a phase contrast MRI technique. These displacements are processed using an iterative MRE model and the tissue elasticity modulus is obtained. Another uniaxial indentation method for soft tissue elasticity measurement developed in our lab is also presented. To demonstrate the performance of these two methods, a small specimen of adipose tissue obtained from breast reduction was tested by both methods and good agreement was achieved.
A unified formalization of four shared-memory models (1993)

The authors present a data-race-free-1, shared-memory model that unifies four earlier models: weak ordering, release consistency (with sequentially consistent special operations), the VAX memory model, and data-race-free-0. Data-race-free-1 unifies the models of weak ordering, release consistency, the VAX, and data-race-free-0 by formalizing the intuition that if programs synchronize explicitly and correctly, then sequential consistency can be guaranteed with high performance in a manner that retains the advantages of each of the four models. Data-race-free-1 expresses the programmer's interface more explicitly and formally than weak ordering and the VAX, and allows an implementation not allowed by weak ordering, release consistency, or data-race-free-0. The implementation proposal for data-race-free-1 differs from earlier implementations by permitting the execution of all synchronization operations of a processor even while previous data operations of the processor are in progress. To ensure sequential consistency, two sychronizing processors exchange information to delay later operations of the second processor that conflict with an incomplete data operation of the first processor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Magnetic anisotropy in evaporated amorphous films of the ternary system Gd<i>x</i>(Fe1−<i>y</i>Co<i>y</i>)1−<i>x</i> (1977)

Magnetic anisotropy has been determined for evaporated amorphous films of Gdx(Fe1−yCoy)1−x with 0.08&lt;x&lt;0.35 and 0.06&lt;y&lt;0.62. The anisotropy data were fitted with a dipolar equation of the form Ku=𝒥 CijMiMj in which Cij is a dipolar coupling constant for the i-j pair and Mi and Mj are sublattice magnetizations. The model satisfactorily described the experimental data for all films that were amorphous. The anisotropy could be attributed to pair ordering in which rare earth–transition metal pairs (Gd-Co) and Gd-Fe) contribute to in-plane anisotropy and rare earth–rare earth (Gd-Gd) and transition metal–transition metal (Fe-Fe, Co-Co, and Fe-Co) pairs contribute to perpendicular anisotropy. The Fe-Co pairs were the strongest contributor to perpendicular anisotropy with CFe-Co=2.809, CFe-Fe=0.992, and CCo-Co=0.660.
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala Dysfunction During an AngerInduction Positron Emission Tomography Study in Patients With Major DepressiveDisorder With Anger Attacks (2004)

These results suggest a pathophysiology of MDD + A that is distinct from that of MDD - A and that may be responsible for the unique clinical presentation of patients with MDD + A.
Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation after use of moisturizers with a combination of topical niacinamide and <i>N</i>-acetyl glucosamine: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial (2009)

A formulation containing the combination of niacinamide + NAG reduced the appearance of irregular pigmentation including hypermelaninization, providing an effect beyond that achieved with SPF 15 sunscreen.
Visible Light Absorption of Binuclear TiOCoII Charge-Transfer Unit Assembled in Mesoporous \nSilica (2008)

Grafting of CoII(NCCH3)2Cl2 onto mesoporous Ti-MCM-41 silica in acetonitrile solution affords binuclear Ti-O-CoII sites on the pore surface under complete replacement of the precursor ligands by interactions with anchored Ti centers and the silica surface. The CoII ligand field spectrum signals that the Co centers are anchored on the pore surface in tetrahedral coordination. FT-infrared action spectroscopy using ammonia gas adsorption reveals Co-O-Si bond modes at 831 and 762 cm-1. No Co oxide clusters are observed in the as-synthesized material. The bimetallic moieties feature an absorption extending from the UV into the visible to about 600 nm which is attributed to the TiIV-O-CoII?3 TiIII-O-CoIII metal-to-metal charge-transfer (MMCT) transition. The chromophore is absent in MCM-41 containing Ti and Co centers isolated from each other; this material was synthesized by grafting CoII onto a Ti-MCM-41 sample with the Ti centers protected by a cyclopentadienyl ligand. The result indicates that the appearance of the charge-transfer absorption requires that the metal centers are linked by an oxo bridge, which is additionally supported by XANES spectroscopy. The MMCT chromophore of Ti-O-CoII units has sufficient oxidation power to serve as visible light electron pump for driving multi-electron transfer catalysts of demanding uphill reactions such as water oxidation.
GF(2/sup m/) multiplication and division over the dual basis (1996)

In this paper an algorithm for GF(2/sup m/) multiplication/division is presented and a new, more generalized definition of duality is proposed. From these the bit-serial Berlekamp multiplier is derived and shown to be a specific case of a more general class of multipliers. Furthermore, it is shown that hardware efficient, bit-parallel dual basis multipliers can also be designed. These multipliers have a regular structure, are easily extended to different GF(2/sup m/) and hence suitable for VLSI implementations. As in the bit-serial case these bit-parallel multipliers can also be hardwired to carry out constant multiplication. These constant multipliers have reduced hardware requirements and are also simple to design. In addition, the multiplication/division algorithm also allows a bit-serial systolic finite field divider to be designed. This divider is modular, independent of the defining irreducible polynomial for the field, easily expanded to different GF(2/sup m/) and its longest delay path is independent of m.
Cellular Ceramic Diesel Particulate Filter (1981)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An innovative design of ceramic filter for diesel engine exhaust particulate matter is described. It is a cellular ceramic honeycomb with porous walls which act as the filter medium. Test results relating the effects of wall thickness, cell density, porosity, and filter volume on collection efficiency, pressure drop and filter capacity are described.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Regeneration of the filter by ignition of the accumulated soot has been accomplished with conclusions drawn about the influence of exhaust temperature, oxygen content, and the effect of the filter design.</div>