gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prolactin-Releasing Factor: Cellular Origin in the Intermediate Lobe of the Pituitary* (1990)

Our laboratory has provided substantial evidence for the presence of PRL-releasing factor (PRF) in the posterior pituitary. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the distribution of PRF activity between the neural and intermediate lobes, and 2) to assess the PRF activity of cultured posterior pituitary cells. Posterior pituitaries from adult male rats were dispersed with trypsin and cultured for 1-7 days. Cultured cells or intact posterior pituitaries were extracted with acid and lyophilized. PRF activity was determined by the ability of reconstituted extracts to increase PRL release from cultured anterior pituitary cells. Upon dissection of the posterior pituitary, PRF activity was primarily present in the intermediate lobe. There was minimal contamination between the two lobes, as indicated by the localization of 90% of the total oxytocin in the neural lobe and 95% of alpha MSH in the intermediate lobe. Extracts from intact posterior pituitaries and posterior pituitary cells cultured for 4 days stimulated PRL secretion in a similar dose-dependent manner. Cultured liver and cerebral cortex cells had very low PRF activity. Both oxytocin and dopamine, two neuronal markers, were reduced to less than 5% of their original values within 1 week of cell culture. There was also a significant reduction in the cell content of alpha MSH. On the other hand, PRF activity was relatively stable during culture. Incubation of posterior pituitary cells for 4 days with either cycloheximide or PRL caused a 55-60% reduction of the PRF activity of the cells. We conclude the following. 1) PRF is localized, almost exclusively, in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. 2) PRF activity is present within nonneuronal cells, either melanotrophs or a small subpopulation of nonopioid-producing cells. 3) PRF is tissue specific, and its presence in cultured posterior pituitary cells depends at least in part on de novo synthesis. 4) The synthesis and/or release of PRF may be subjected to short loop negative feedback regulation by PRL.
An endothelin B receptor‐selective antagonist: IRL 1038, [Cys<sup>11</sup>‐Cys<sup>15</sup>]‐endothelin‐1(11–21) (1992)

In the inhibition of specific binding of [125I]endothelins (ETs) to membrane from various tissues of rats, guinea pigs, pigs and humans, [Cys11-Cys15]-ET-1(11-21), IRL 1038, has a much higher affinity for ETB receptors (Ki = 6-11 nM) than for ETA receptors (Ki = 0.4-0.7 microM). In contraction assays, with ET-3 as a stimulant, 3 microM IRL 1038 antagonized the ETB receptor-mediated contraction of guinea pig ileal and tracheal smooth muscle without any significant agonistic activity, but did not effect the ETA receptor-mediated contraction of rat aortic smooth muscle. IRL 1038 is therefore, considered to be the first antagonist selective to the ETB receptor.
PCR-assist CBR for delivering pre-recorded MPEG-2 transport streams (1997)

Transmitting compressed variable bit-rate (VBR) video with a traditional constant bit-rate (CBR) service for continuous playback requires a large buffer on the viewer's side. In this paper, we study a new CBR transmission scheme which employs the program clock references (PCR) that are embedded in the MPEG-2 transport streams to reduce the buffer requirement. The scheme is called "PCR-assist CBR" (PCBR). The PCBR scheme uses PCRs to examine its transmission regularly. It holds up the transmission if it is ahead of schedule. Based on experimental results with video traces, the PCBR scheme reduces the buffer requirement at the cost of a higher transmission rate.
Changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms as outcome measures in clinical trials with cholinergic therapies for Alzheimer disease. (1997)

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a multifaceted disorder with primary manifestations involving neuropsychologic, neuropsychiatric, and neurologic domains. These primary disturbances are based on brain dysfunction and produce secondary effects on patient activities of daily living and quality of life, and have adverse consequences for caregivers, family members, and society. Apathy, agitation, mood disturbances, irritability, disinhibition, delusions, aberrant motor behavior, and abnormalities of sleep and eating are common in AD. The neuropsychiatric disorders of AD are mediated by limbic system and frontal lobe dysfunction and are related in part to the cholinergic deficiency affecting these structures. Cholinomimetic therapy ameliorates the behavioral and emotional disturbances of AD. Cholinergic compounds are unique psychotropic agents that exhibit disease specificity, exerting beneficial effects only in diseases such as AD with cholinergic deficits. Cholinergic agents are potentially useful in the treatment of behavioral disturbances of AD, and their neuropsychiatric effects should be assessed in all clinical trials of these compounds.
Spoken language processing by machine (2012)

Abstract The past twenty-five years have witnessed a steady improvement in the capabilities of spoken language technology, first in the research laboratory and more recently in the commercial marketplace. Progress has reached a point where automatic speech recognition software for dictating documents onto a computer is available as an inexpensive consumer product in most computer stores, text-to-speech synthesis can be heard in public places giving automated voice announcements, and interactive voice response is becoming a familiar option for people paying bills or booking cinema tickets over the telephone. This article looks at the main computational approaches employed in contemporary spoken language processing. It discusses acoustic modelling, language modelling, pronunciation modelling, and noise modelling. The article also considers future prospects in the context of the obvious shortcomings of current technology, and briefly addresses the potential for achieving a unified approach to human and machine spoken language processing.
Performance analysis of automatic assembly systems with in-line parallel stations (1997)

An automatic assembly system—a key tool for mass production—is generally composed of a number of workstations and a transport system. One common problem associated with automatic assembly systems is that some assembly operations may have relatively long cycle times. As a consequence, productivity, which is determined by the operations with the longest cycle time, can be reduced significantly. Therefore a special form of parallel workstation known as an in-line parallel (tandem-gated) station was developed to improve the performance of an automatic assembly system. In this design, stations working in parallel are installed in a serial structure and perform identical operations. Thus, more than one assembly may be processed simultaneously—a type of design especially beneficial when a stage requires a long operation cycle time. A typical example is a computer assembly system which performs long inspection operations to ensure that the quality level of each product is up to the acceptance level. In this paper, we describe a simulation study of the performance characteristics of this type of system, with a statistical analysis of each decision factor. Phenomena affecting the performance of in-line parallel stations, identified by the assistance of the computer graphical display, will then be discussed. An analytical model based on these phenomena identified is then developed. The results generated by the analytical model developed are validated by comparisons with the simulation results. Finally, guidelines for optimization of buffer size are presented.
Identification of a Novel Isoform of the Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Expressed in the Mouse Embryo (1990)

Retinoic acid is known to have profound effects on developmental processes. It has been implicated as a putative morphogen in the developing chick limb bud and regenerating amphibian limb blastema and has been demonstrated to have powerful teratogenic effects in mammals, including humans. Recently, three specific retinoic acid receptors (RARs), RAR alpha, -beta, and -gamma, were identified and shown to be members of the steroid receptor superfamily. We report the identification of a novel RAR gamma isoform, mRAR gamma B, which differs from the previously described mouse RAR gamma at its amino terminus. In addition, we show that both RAR gamma isoforms are expressed maximally at midgestation in structures known to be affected adversely by retinoic acid administration to pregnant mice. Multiple RAR isoforms, each of which may play a unique or combinatorial role as a regulator of mammalian development, are thus expressed in the mouse embryo.
DC MAGNETIC CONCENTRATOR AND OMNIDIRECTIONAL CASCADED CLOAK BY USING ONLY ONE OR TWO HOMOGENEOUS ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS OF POSITIVE PERMEABILITY (2013)

A novel concentrator for static magnetic field enhancement is proposed and designed utilizing transformation optics. Compared with other devices for static magnetic field enhancement, our device has many good features: first, our concentrator can achieve a DC magnetic field enhancement in a relatively large free space with high uniformity. Secondly, our concentrator is composed by only one or two homogenous anisotropic materials with principal value greater than zero (without any infinitely large or zero value), which can be achieved by using currently available materials. Thirdly, the geometrical shape of the proposed device determines the enhancement factor and the permeability of the device. After choosing suitable geometrical parameters, we can obtain a concentration with a suitable enhancement factor and a material requirement that is easily achievable. The proposed concentrator will have many important applications in many areas (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic sensors). Based on the same theoretical model, we also proposed a cascaded shielding device cloak for static magnetic fields. The proposed DC magnetic shielding device can be realized without using any material of zero permeability, and will have potential applications in, e.g., hiding a metallic object from being detected by a metal locator.
Blepharoconjunctivitis (1984)

Most patients with chronic blepharoconjunctivitis will fall into one of the four seborrheic groups or the primary meibomianitis group. With all of these, there appears to be a predisposition to develop an abnormality in sebaceous glands, as manifested by the fact that such patients have clinically diagnosable seborrheic dermatitis or acne rosacea. These patients tend to develop an abnormality of either the anterior portion of the eyelid with involvement of the gland of Zeis or the posterior portion of the eyelid with involvement of the meibomian glands. Patients in the staphylococcal group are typically younger, a higher percentage are female, and they have a history of symptoms for a relatively shorter period of time. It is only in this latter group that one can hope for a cure with therapy, whereas in the other groups one must aim for control of the disease process. The diagnosis of the various types of blepharoconjunctivitis is important not only because it directs therapy, but also because it gives both the physician and patient an idea about the prognosis. Laboratory evaluation in these patients appears to be of limited value; only in the staphylococcal and mixed seborrheic-staphylococcal group is a pathogen found in the form of S. aureus. The other organism that may contribute directly to disease is S. epidermidis. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these two organisms are fairly consistent, and so it is not necessary to culture them to determine antibiotic sensitivities: The majority are sensitive to both bacitracin and erythromycin ointments, as well as the aminoglycosides. Attempts to identify Demodex or to obtain conjunctival scrapings for cytology have not proved helpful. Therefore, the diagnosis is a clinical one and, from a practical standpoint, laboratory evaluation is not required for either diagnosis or management. Therapy for each case of chronic blepharoconjunctivitis must be tailored to the individual and based on the type and severity of blepharoconjunctivitis present. The mainstays in therapy are mechanical and hygienic (i.e., warm compresses and eyelid scrubs ). The use of topical antibiotics must be based on the sensitivities of the likely pathogens (i.e., S. aureus and S. epidermidis). Therefore, while sulfonamides would not appear to be appropriate therapy, bacitracin, erythromycin, or the aminoglycosides are effective antibiotics. The therapy is topical, with the exception of the rare and more severe case of seborrheic blepharoconjunctivitis with secondary meibomianitis and all cases of primary meibomianitis (meibomian keratoconjunctivitis).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Computational modelling of failure with the discontinuous Galerkin method (2003)

Abstract The present contribution is concerned with the computational modelling of failure with the discontinuous Galerkin method, which is attributed to Nitsche 's work. In the present work a hybrid method is introduced which consists of the discontinuous Galerkin method and an interface approach. Thereby the DG method is used to model the precritical continuous state, whereby the continuity condition along an internal surface is enforced weakly. The interface approach is applied in the post‐critical state to allow for a jump in the displacements, controlled by a constitutive law. Finally the applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by means of a computational model problem.
Effect of cerulenin on cellular autolytic activity and lipid metabolism during inhibition of protein synthesis in Streptococcus faecalis (1981)

Cellular autolytic activity as well as lipid and lipoteichoic acid metabolism have been studied in cultures of Streptococcus faecalis receiving various combinations of the following treatments: chloramphenicol addition, starvation for an essential amino acid (valine), and cerulenin treatment. Lipoteichoic acid initially accumulated in chloramphenicol-treated and amino acid-starved cells and decreased relative to the cellular mass in cerulenin-treated cells. The relative phosphatidylglycerol content of amino acid-starved cultures or of cultures treated with either antibiotic rapidly decreased upon initiation of each treatment. In all cases, cerulenin initially stimulated diphosphatidylglycerol synthesis. Pretreatment of cultures with cerulenin prevented the inhibition of cellular synthesis autolysis normally observed during chloramphenicol treatment, but did not affect amino acid starvation-induced inhibition of autolytic activity. Variations in the levels of the nonionic lipid fraction, predominantly diglycerides, correlated best with the patterns of autolytic activity observed during chloramphenicol treatment, whereas variations in the levels of diphosphatidylglycerol and lipoteichoic acid correlated best with the patterns of autolytic activity observed during amino acid starvation. Components of the nonionic lipid fraction were demonstrated to inhibit autolytic activity 50% in whole cell and in cell wall assays at 60 and 120 nmol/mg (dry weight), respectively.
Genetically Engineered <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> as an Imageable Therapeutic Probe for Cancer (2009)

Tumor-targeting bacteria have been studied in terms of their ability to visualize the infection pathway (through imaging probes) or to carry therapeutic molecules to tumors. To integrate these monitoring and therapeutic functions, we engineered attenuated Salmonella typhimurium defective in guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate synthesis to carry cytotoxic proteins (cytolysin A) and express reporter genes. We successfully visualized the therapeutic process with these engineered bacteria in mice and found that they often mediated complete tumor (CT-26) eradication on cytotoxic gene induction. Furthermore, treatment with the engineered bacteria markedly suppressed metastatic tumor growth.
Analysis of Fully Buffered DIMM Interface in High-Speed Server Applications (2006)

Processor, memory, and I/O are three important segments in today's high-speed server platforms. Doubling of processor speed almost every two years and recent advancements in processor performance by developments such as multi-core processing and simultaneous multi-threading (SMT) have resulted in an imbalance in the three segments. With the introduction of serial I/O technologies like PCI express and serial attached SCSI (SAS) as the industry standard, the I/O subsystem is keeping pace with processing advancements. However, in high-speed server applications, the memory capacity and throughput are becoming important issues. As the memory data rates increase to match the increasing processor speeds, multi-drop parallel bus limitations constrain the memory system's scalability. Therefore, result in failure to meet the memory capacity requirements of modern server and workstation applications. Because of the need for increased memory capacity to keep up with both processor and I/O improvements, the industry has opted for a new approach called fully buffered DIMM (FB-DIMM). FB-DIMM addresses both the scaling needs in terms of capacity and bandwidth requirements. In FB-DIMM technology, an advanced memory buffer (AMB) is added to each DIMM and the memory controller communicates with AMB in a daisy chained, point-to-point serial interface. This allows the memory channel to operate at higher data rates and support more connections. In this paper, electrical design characteristics of a FB-DIMM memory interface are analyzed in a high-end rack-mount and blade server application. Also, the next generation FB-DIMM interface in a production high-end server environment from a signal integrity perspective is discussed. Sensitivity analysis for the variations in electrical parameters.
Immunodominance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes co‐injected <i>in vivo</i> and modulation by interleukin‐12 (1996)

Immunodominance (ID) of T cell epitopes is a well-documented phenomenon that might have profound significance in the evolution of T cell responses to pathogens, tumors, autoantigens and vaccines. With the intention of developing vaccines composed of several cytotoxic T cell (CTL) epitopes, we injected mice with peptide mixtures containing two to five CTL epitopes and observed clear patterns of ID. In a first case, ID strictly correlated with the competitor activity of the individual peptides for H-2Kd, whereas in a second case, the absence of correlation between ID and competitor activity, binding affinity, half-life of the peptides in serum, induction of proliferation in vitro and the individual immunogenicity of the peptides, suggested to us that ID of co-injected CTL epitopes can be determined both at the peptide level (binding affinity to H-2Kd) and at the T cell level. This hypothesis is supported by our finding that interleukin-12 strongly modulates ID when it is not correlated with MHC binding.
Aerosol Instrumentation in Occupational Hygiene: An Historical Perspective (1998)

ABSTRACT Occupational hygiene has always been very influential in aerosol science—and vice versa. This paper gives an historical overview of this interaction, in particular how aerosol measurement instrumentation has evolved for the measurement of workers' exposures to aerosols in the occupational setting. It shows how health-related criteria for aerosol measurement have shifted from ones based on airborne particulate mass to ones based on particle count concentration, and then back again, depending on the aerosol science knowledge that was available at the time. It also draws the distinction between instrumentation based on time weighted-average sampling and direct-reading measurement, and the factors that govern how the choice of type of measuring instrument was made in the past, the way it is made now, and the way it might be made in the future.
Modeling of PEG Hydrogel Membranes for Biomedical Applications (2009)

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed for surface‐initiated photopolymerization of PEG‐DA forming cross‐linked hydrogel membranes on the surface of a substrate. The existing model was extended to apply the NF technique, which made it possible to describe the progression of photopolymerization through gelation, and to calculate gelation time, cross‐link density of the gel and soluble phases. The model provides a tool for understanding and studying the kinetics of interfacial photopolymerization reactions, which are important in processes such as cell encapsulation by hydrogel membranes formed through free radical photopolymerization. It will also be useful for applications in tissue engineering, where protein gradients are required for optimizing engineered tissue formation. magnified image
Comparison of Calcium Antagonist Properties of Antispasmotic Agents (1987)

Several agents commonly employed for the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia or instability are characterized as antispasmotics. Their mechanism of action is not completely understood but it has been proposed that their actions are dependent on anticholinergic activity, CNS mediated relaxation, or local anesthetic properties. The purpose of this study was to determine if imipramine, flavoxate HCl, or oxybutynin HCl possess any calcium antagonist properties. This was accomplished by determining the ability of these agents to inhibit a standard cholinergic stimulus (200 uM bethanechol) over a range of extracellular calcium concentrations (0.5 to 10.0 mM). In-vitro isolated smooth muscle strips of rabbit bladder dome were utilized. Control tissues displayed a reproducible response to bethanechol stimulation at different calcium concentrations with an ED50 of 0.4 mM calcium and a peak response of 5.0+/-0.4 grams tension. Flavoxate (2.5 mM), oxybutynin (2.5 uM), and imipramine 25 uM) all significantly reduced peak tension generation. The ED 50's for extracellular calcium in the presence of flavoxate and oxybutynin were not significantly different from controls. Imipramine at both 3 and 25 uM significantly increased the ED50 for calcium. The above data demonstrate that imipramine possesses competitive calcium antagonism. The relative contribution of calcium antagonism toward the inhibitory effects of imipramine is unknown but may play a significant role in its clinical activity.
Synthesis and Reaction of [{HC(CMeNAr)<sub>2</sub>}Mn]<sub>2</sub> (Ar = 2,6-<i>i</i>Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>):  The Complex Containing Three-Coordinate Manganese(I) with a Mn−Mn Bond Exhibiting Unusual Magnetic Properties and Electronic Structure (2005)

This paper reports on the synthesis, X-ray structure, magnetic properties, and DFT calculations of [[HC(CMeNAr)2]Mn]2 (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) (2), the first complex with three-coordinate manganese(I). Reduction of the iodide [[HC(CMeNAr)2]Mn(mu-I)]2 (1) with Na/K in toluene afforded 2 as dark-red crystals. The molecule of 2 contains a Mn2(2+) core with a Mn-Mn bond. The magnetic investigations show a rare example of a high-spin manganese(I) complex with an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two Mn(I) centers. The DFT calculations indicate a strong s-s interaction of the two Mn(I) ions with the open shell configuration (3d54s1). This suggests that the magnetic behavior of 2 could be correctly described as the coupling between two S1 = S2 = 5/2 spin centers. The Mn-Mn bond energy is estimated at 44 kcal mol(-1) by first principle calculations with the B3LYP functional. The further oxidative reaction of 2 with KMnO4 or O2 resulted in the formation of manganese(III) oxide [[HC(CMeNAr)2]Mn(mu-O)]2 (3). Compound 3 shows an antiferromagnetic coupling between the two oxo-bridged manganese(III) centers by magnetic measurements.