gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of native point defect and dopant solubilities in gallium arsenide (1999)

A detailed analysis of the role of charged native point defects in controlling the solubility of electrically active dopants in gallium arsenide is presented. The key roles of (a) positively charged arsenic vacancies (VAs+) in determining the doping range over which the solubility curve is linear and (b) multiply negative charged gallium vacancies (VGam−) determining annealing and diffusion behavior in n+ material are demonstrated. An equilibrium thermodynamic model based on these concepts is shown to accurately describe the doping behavior of Te, Zn, Sn, Ge, Si, and C and the formation and annealing of the deep level denoted EL2 (assumed to be the arsenic antisite defect AsGa) in melt- and solution-grown crystals. The model provides a much more comprehensive and accurate description of dopant solubility than the widely cited Schottky barrier model of bulk nonequilibrium dopant incorporation. It is unambiguously shown that partial autocompensation of donor dopants by the donor–gallium vacancy acceptor complex occurs for both group IV and group VI donor dopants. The deduced concentrations of arsenic vacancies grown into the crystal during melt growth are shown to be in excellent agreement with values determined by titration and by density/lattice parameter measurements. The obtained data are used to plot the Ga–As solidus. Due to the presence of charged native point defect species (notably, VAs+), the free-carrier concentration at high temperatures is greater than the intrinsic concentration. The calculated concentration is shown to be in excellent agreement with published experimental data. The utility of an equilibrium thermodynamic model in seeking an understanding of doping behavior under conditions of high supersaturation, such as occur with organometallic vapor phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy, is demonstrated. Finally, some suggestions are made as to the likely native point defect equilibria in indium phosphide.
HIFFS: A Hybrid Index for Flash File System (2015)

Flash memory, especially NAND flash memory, has become a popular alternative for the design of storage system. Index schemes of conventional file systems do not take the flash memory characteristics into account and will cause poor performance. The current flash file systems work well only in the case of small capacity. To address the problem, we propose a new hybrid indexing scheme both in directory structure and file data index for NAND flash file system in this paper, which is called HIFFS (a Hybrid Index for Flash File System). HIFFS contains two components: hash tree directory and adaptive file data index. The hash tree directory uses a hash-based index to get better update performance and search efficiency. The adaptive file data index uses different file index strategy according to file size. The experiment results show that HIFFS outperforms the state-of-the-art file systems both in throughput.
The Treatment of Simple Aliphatic Amines with Nitrous Acid (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Treatment of Simple Aliphatic Amines with Nitrous AcidFrank C. Whitmore and R. S. ThorpeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 4, 1118–1120Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01849a064https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01849a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views174Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
What's really new about the new forms of retail payment? (1997)

Rapid developments in technology have brought about new methods of retail payment-such as remote banking, electronic cash, and debit, stored-value, and smart cards-that were unavailable a decade ago. Some observers believe that these alternative payment methods will differ from traditional methods not only in a technological but also in an economic sense and will alter how consumers and businesses interact. ; This article examines the question of whether, from the standpoint of economic theory, there is or will likely be anything new about these new forms of payment. The author describes some of the conflicts of interest that confront all types of payment systems in market economies. He then considers why traditional forms of payment, such as checks and banknotes, represent reasonable solutions to these conflicts of interest and outlines some shortcomings of the traditional forms. The article also analyzes the economic characteristics of the new forms of payment and explains why they differ little and in some cases not at all from more traditional forms. Finally, the author concludes that the same policy issues that apply to the creation of checkable deposits and to the issue of banknotes should apply to the creation of the new forms of liabilities.
Improving Aptamer Selection Efficiency through Volume Dilution, Magnetic Concentration, and Continuous Washing in Microfluidic Channels (2011)

The generation of nucleic acid aptamers with high affinity typically entails a time-consuming, iterative process of binding, separation, and amplification. It would therefore be beneficial to develop an efficient selection strategy that can generate these high-quality aptamers rapidly, economically, and reproducibly. Toward this goal, we have developed a method that efficiently generates DNA aptamers with slow off-rates. This methodology, called VDC-MSELEX, pairs the volume dilution challenge process with microfluidic separation for magnetic bead-assisted aptamer selection. This method offers improved aptamer selection efficiencies through the application of highly stringent selection conditions: it retrieves a small number (<10(6)) of magnetic beads suspended in a large volume (>50 mL) and concentrates them into a microfluidic chamber (8 μL) with minimal loss for continuous washing. We performed three rounds of the VDC-MSELEX using streptavidin (SA) as the target and obtained new DNA aptamer sequences with low nanomolar affinity that specifically bind to the SA proteins.
Measurement of active constitutive beta-D-glucosidase (esculinase) in the presence of sodium desoxycholate (1985)

The hydrolysis of esculin in the presence of bile has been utilized for many years for the identification of bacteria. It is especially useful in differentiating species of the genus Streptococcus. The procedure is a two-step one. First, the bacterium must grow in a particular concentration of bile, and second, it must hydrolyze esculin. The hydrolysis of esculin has traditionally been determined by the brown-black color that results when one of the hydrolysate products, esculetin, reacts with iron in the medium. The procedure requires incubation for 24 h or more. A method was developed based on the measurement of constitutive beta-glucosidase (esculinase) with the repression of this enzyme by bile equivalent (sodium desoxycholate) that required only 30 min. p-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside was the esculinase substrate, and sodium desoxycholate was substituted for bile salts. After inoculation, a yellow color was equivalent to the brown-black seen in the 40% bile-esculin reaction. The reagent was dispensed in test tubes and was stable for 6 months. The 30-min procedure correlated well with the conventional 24-h bile-esculin agar tube. Streptococcus pneumoniae could also be identified because of the rapid lysis it exhibited in the substrate solution.
Laboratory trials on the toxicity of hydramethylnon (Amdro; AC 217,300) to <i>Reticulitermes santonensis</i> Feytaud (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and <i>Microtermes lepidus</i> Sjöstedt (Isoptera: Termitidae) (1990)

Abstract The amidinohydrazone insecticide hydramethylnon, exhibited delayed toxicity to workers of Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud and Microtermes lepidus Sjöstedt over a range of concentrations, with deaths starting two to six days after exposure. R. santonensis workers which had been exposed to hydramethylnon passed the insecticide to untreated termite workers, larvae and nymphs by trophallaxis. Laboratory colonies of R. santonensis exposed to hydramethylnon were killed completely within 20 days. The possible use of hydramethylnon impregnated baits for the control of subterranean termites is discussed.
The electrochemical behavior of methylene blue at a microcylinder carbon fiber electrode (1995)

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of methylene blue (MB) at a carbon fiber microcylinder electrode, was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The charge transfer coefficient α of the electrode reaction with two‐electron transfer is 0.5, and the number of H + participating in the electrode process is 3 at pH 2.2–5.4, 2 at pH 5.4–6.0 and 1 at pH 6.0–10.7, respectively. The standard electron transfer rate constant k o′ , and standard formal potential E o′ of MB at various pH were determined by using the carbon fiber microcylinder electrode. The electrode reaction mechanism of methylene blue at various pH is proposed. The adsorbability of MB at the electrode is discussed and explored by cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometric technique.
Autophagy (2010)

Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that autophagy, which is induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in adipocytes, may play an important role in obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity induces ER stress in mouse adipose tissue, which correlates with reduced adiponectin levels. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, induction of ER stress is sufficient to promote autophagy-dependent adiponectin degradation. In contrast, suppressing ER stress increases adiponectin levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and alleviates high fat diet-induced adiponectin downregulation in mice. The ER stress-induced adiponectin downregulation can also be suppressed by overexpression of DsbA-L, a newly identified protein involved in promoting adiponectin multimerization and stability. Taken together, our results show that ER stress-induced autophagy provides an important mechanism underlying obesity-induced adiponectin downregulation in adipocytes. In addition, increasing the expression levels of DsbA-L could be an effective approach to improve adiponectin biosynthesis and stability, thus improving insulin sensitivityin cells and in vivo.
Antireflection coating on metallic substrates for solar energy and display applications (2010)

Normally metallic films are required for solar energy and display related coatings. To increase the absorbing efficiency or contrast, it is necessary to apply an antireflection coating (ARC) on the metal substrate. However, the design of a metal substrate is very different from the design of a dielectric substrate, since the optical constant of metallic thin film is very dependent on its thickness and microstructure. In this study, we design and fabricate ARCs on Al substrates using SiO<sub>2</sub> and Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as the dielectric materials and Nb for the metal films. The ARC successfully deposited on the Al substrate had the following structure: air/SiO<sub>2</sub>/Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/Metal/Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/Al. The measured average reflectance of the ARC is less than 1% in the visible region. We found that it is better to use a highly refractive material than a low refractive material. The thickness of the metallic film can be thicker with the result that it is easier to control and has a lesser total thickness. The total thickness of the ARC is less than 200 nm. We successfully fabricated a solar absorber and OLED device with the ARC structure were successfully fabricated.
Deoxyribonucleic acid-based photochromic material for fast dynamic holography (2007)

The authors report on a biopolymeric material made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complexed with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl-ammonium (CTMA) and doped with the photochromic disperse red 1 dye (DR1) for dynamic holographic recording. The molar ratio of the DNA-CTMA to the dye is about 5:1. They have found that the photochromic properties of DR1 in the DNA-CTMA matrix are favorably modified in speed of response with respect to conventional polymeric matrices. Dynamic holographic gratings which were inscribed in DR1:DNA-CTMA films are characterized by switching times within a 1–10ms range. An excellent reversibility of the recording process is reported.
Interstitial Lung Disease in Systemic Sclerosis (2008)

An easily applicable limited/extensive staging system for SSc-ILD, based on combined evaluation with HRCT and PFTs, provides discriminatory prognostic information.
Metabolic symbiosis in cancer: Refocusing the Warburg lens (2012)

Abstract Using relatively primitive tools in the 1920s, Otto Warburg demonstrated that tumor cells show an increased dependence on glycolysis to meet their energy needs, regardless of whether they were well‐oxygenated or not. High rates of glucose uptake, fueling glycolysis, are now used clinically to identify cancer cells. However, the Warburg effect does not account for the metabolic diversity that has been observed amongst cancer cells nor the influences that might direct such diversity. Modern tools have shown that the oncogenes, variable hypoxia levels, and the utilization of different carbon sources affect tumor evolution. These influences may produce metabolic symbiosis, in which lactate from a hypoxic, glycolytic tumor cell population fuels ATP production in the oxygenated region of a tumor. Lactate, once considered a waste product of glycolysis, is an important metabolite for oxidative phosphorylation in many tissues. While much is known about how muscle and the brain use lactate in oxidative phosphorylation, the contribution of lactate in tumor bioenergetics is less defined. A refocused perspective of cancer metabolism that recognizes metabolic diversity within a tumor offers novel therapeutic targets by which cancer cells may be starved from their fuel sources, and thereby become more sensitive to traditional cancer treatments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthese von Carbazolderivaten, 1. Mitt.: Über die Reaktion von 3‐(2‐Nitroethenyl)indol‐2‐malonestern mit <i>Michael</i>‐Akzeptoren (1995)

Michael-type reaction of compounds of type 9 were studied. Addition reactions with acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, respectively, lead--depending on the conditions--to pyridoindoles of type 16 and 14 and/or to tetrahydrocarbazoles of type 17 and 15. With Triton B compounds 15 undergo retro-Michael-type elimination of the nitromethyl group, followed by hydrolysis/decarboxylation and dehydrogenation, leading to the disubstituted carbazoles 20. In the case of 17a, the primary elimination product 18 could be isolated. The synthetic potential of these reaction types is discussed. Some of the described compounds and derivatives of them show antimycobacterial activity.
A Simple Device for the Construction of the Trace of the Axial “Plane” of a Competent Fold when the Centres of Curvature of the Components of the Curve are not known (1939)

In the search for oil on asymmetrical anticlinal structures it is of prime importance to know the position of the axial “plane” of the fold, for it is never safe, even where asymmetry is only moderate, to drill a test well across the axial “plane” and so penetrate the steep flank. Where such a thing has happened, the evidence in regard to the oil prospects of the area can generally be ruled out as inconclusive, and in that way much money and effort have been wasted.
Acetylcholine Increases the Free Intracellular Calcium Concentration in Podocytes in Intact Rat Glomeruli via Muscarinic M5 Receptors (2001)

The effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on the free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) of microdissected glomeruli were investigated using fura-2 fluorescence digital imaging and two-photon confocal microscopy. ACh caused a concentration-dependent [Ca2+](i) increases with an initial peak followed by a sustained plateau, which was suppressed by reduced extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. The [Ca2+](i) plateau was not affected by the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nicardipine, whereas gadolinium and lanthanum (both at 1 microM) blocked the plateau. Diphenylacetoxy-N:-methylpiperidine methiodide (100 nM), an M(3)/M(5) receptor antagonist, and pirenzepine (1 microM), an M(1) receptor antagonist, completely inhibited the effect of ACh. [Ca2+](i) measurements using two-photon excitation of fluo-3 and staining of the cells with calcein/acetoxymethyl ester, for observation of the capillary network together with the glomerular cells, showed that [Ca2+](i) was increased in single podocytes. Immunohistochemical studies did not demonstrate M(3) receptor expression in glomerular cells. M(1) receptors could be detected only in the parietal sheet of Bowman's capsule, whereas M(5) receptors were found only in podocytes. The data show that ACh increases [Ca2+](i) in podocytes of intact glomeruli, most likely via muscarinic M(5) receptors.
A misspliced form of the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor in pancreatic carcinoma: role of reduced sellular U2AF35 and a suboptimal 3'-splicing site leading to retention of the fourth intron. (2002)

Abnormal splicing of primary RNA transcripts of normal genes is a recognized mechanism for the production of some abnormal proteins found in cancer cells. A misspliced form of the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin (CCK-B) receptor recently was reported to be present in colon carcinoma, where it was postulated to play a role in stimulating tumor growth (M. R. Hellmich et al., J. Biol. Chem., 275: 32122-32128, 2000). Here, we report the presence of the same abnormal protein in pancreatic carcinoma and explore the molecular basis for this missplicing event. Reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing were used to demonstrate the presence of a misspliced form of the CCK-B receptor having its fourth intron retained in three pancreatic cancer cell lines and in tumor tissue, but not in surrounding healthy pancreas, from two patients with pancreatic carcinoma. A mini-gene construct representing the region of this gene from its third through its fifth exon and containing the two intervening introns was produced and transiently expressed in the MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell line. Specific reverse transcription-PCR reactions with both vector-derived and receptor-specific primers demonstrated the presence of both correctly fully spliced and selectively misspliced forms of this receptor. Mutagenesis of the mini-gene demonstrated that a suboptimal sequence at the 3'-end of intron 4 contributed to this missplicing. This focused attention on the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle auxiliary splicing factors (U2AFs) known to interact specifically with this domain. Indeed, quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated a reduced level of expression of one of these factors, U2AF35, in pancreatic cancer cells compared with healthy pancreas. Furthermore, the relative amount of missplicing of the CCK-B receptor mini-gene in the pancreatic cancer cell line was reversed by transfection of the cells with U2AF35 cDNA. This work describes the presence of an additional abnormal protein in pancreatic cancer and describes a new molecular mechanism for its production, providing additional potential therapeutic targets.
Focal Chromosomal Copy Number Aberrations Identify CMTM8 and GPR177 as New Candidate Driver Genes in Osteosarcoma (2014)

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone tumor that preferentially develops in adolescents. The tumor is characterized by an abundance of genomic aberrations, which hampers the identification of the driver genes involved in osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. Our study aims to identify these genes by the investigation of focal copy number aberrations (CNAs, <3 Mb). For this purpose, we subjected 26 primary tumors of osteosarcoma patients to high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses and identified 139 somatic focal CNAs. Of these, 72 had at least one gene located within or overlapping the focal CNA, with a total of 94 genes. For 84 of these genes, the expression status in 31 osteosarcoma samples was determined by expression microarray analysis. This enabled us to identify the genes of which the over- or underexpression was in more than 35% of cases in accordance to their copy number status (gain or loss). These candidate genes were subsequently validated in an independent set and furthermore corroborated as driver genes by verifying their role in other tumor types. We identified CMTM8 as a new candidate tumor suppressor gene and GPR177 as a new candidate oncogene in osteosarcoma. In osteosarcoma, CMTM8 has been shown to suppress EGFR signaling. In other tumor types, CMTM8 is known to suppress the activity of the oncogenic protein c-Met and GPR177 is known as an overexpressed upstream regulator of the Wnt-pathway. Further studies are needed to determine whether these proteins also exert the latter functions in osteosarcoma tumorigenesis.
A Lentiviral Functional Proteomics Approach Identifies Chromatin Remodeling Complexes Important for the Induction of Pluripotency (2010)

Protein complexes and protein-protein interactions are essential for almost all cellular processes. Here, we establish a mammalian affinity purification and lentiviral expression (MAPLE) system for characterizing the subunit compositions of protein complexes. The system is flexible (i.e. multiple N- and C-terminal tags and multiple promoters), is compatible with Gateway cloning, and incorporates a reference peptide. Its major advantage is that it permits efficient and stable delivery of affinity-tagged open reading frames into most mammalian cell types. We benchmarked MAPLE with a number of human protein complexes involved in transcription, including the RNA polymerase II-associated factor, negative elongation factor, positive transcription elongation factor b, SWI/SNF, and mixed lineage leukemia complexes. In addition, MAPLE was used to identify an interaction between the reprogramming factor Klf4 and the Swi/Snf chromatin remodeling complex in mouse embryonic stem cells. We show that the SWI/SNF catalytic subunit Smarca2/Brm is up-regulated during the process of induced pluripotency and demonstrate a role for the catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF complex during somatic cell reprogramming. Our data suggest that the transcription factor Klf4 facilitates chromatin remodeling during reprogramming.