gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Primordial Hematopoietic Stem Cells Generate Microglia But Not Myelin-Forming Cells in a Neural Environment (2003)

Finding ways to enhance remyelination is a major challenge in treating demyelinating diseases. Recent studies have suggested that circulating bone marrow cells can home in brain and transdifferentiate into neural cells. To ask whether hematopoietic precursors can form myelinating cells, we investigated the neuropoietic potential of embryonic precursors sorted from the mouse aorta-gonads-mesonephros (AGM) region. This cell fraction is capable of long-term hematopoietic reconstitution and generates colonies containing multipotential precursors and lymphoid or erythro-myeloid progenies. When cultured in hematopoietic growth conditions, a fraction of CD45-positive AGM cells coexpress neural markers such as nestin, the polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule, the betaIII tubulin isoform, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. However, when hematopoietic precursors containing green fluorescent protein were cocultured with embryonic striatal precursors into neurospheres, they maintained their hematopoietic phenotype without undergoing differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. After intraventricular grafting, hematopoietic precursors integrated into the brain of wild-type or hypomyelinated newborn shiverer mice and gave rise to microglia but not neurons or glia. In contrast, when wild-type embryonic striatal neurospheres were grafted in shiverer, they formed numerous myelin internode patches. Even when neural and hematopoietic precursors were grafted together into shiverer mice, only neural precursors generated myelin-forming cells and synthesized myelin. Thus, embryonic neurospheres have myelin repair properties not shown by embryonic hematopoietic precursors. This suggests that the use of multipotential neural precursors to generate myelin-forming cells remains one of the most promising avenues toward remyelination therapies.
Interactions, localization, and phosphorylation of the m<sup>6</sup>A generating METTL3–METTL14–WTAP complex (2018)

<i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-methyladenine (m<sup>6</sup>A) is found on many eukaryotic RNAs including mRNAs. m<sup>6</sup>A modification has been implicated in mRNA stability and turnover, localization, or translation efficiency. A heterodimeric enzyme complex composed of METTL3 and METTL14 generates m<sup>6</sup>A on mRNAs. METTL3/14 is found in the nucleus where it is localized to nuclear speckles and the splicing regulator WTAP is required for this distinct nuclear localization pattern. Although recent crystal structures revealed how the catalytic MT-A70 domains of METTL3 and METTL14 interact with each other, a more global architecture including WTAP and RNA interactions has not been reported so far. Here, we used recombinant proteins and mapped binding surfaces within the METTL3/14-WTAP complex. Furthermore, we identify nuclear localization signals and identify phosphorylation sites on the endogenous proteins. Using an in vitro methylation assay, we confirm that monomeric METTL3 is soluble and inactive while the catalytic center of METTL14 is degenerated and thus also inactive. In addition, we show that the C-terminal RGG repeats of METTL14 are required for METTL3/14 activity by contributing to RNA substrate binding. Our biochemical work identifies characteristic features of METTL3/14-WTAP and reveals novel insight into the overall architecture of this important enzyme complex.
Polymerization of bicyclic acetals. 15. Propagation process accompanied by oxonium exchange in the cationic polymerization of 3(e),4(a)-bis(benzyloxy)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymerization of bicyclic acetals. 15. Propagation process accompanied by oxonium exchange in the cationic polymerization of 3(e),4(a)-bis(benzyloxy)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octaneTakahito Hirasawa, Masahiko Okada, and Hiroshi SumitomoCite this: Macromolecules 1988, 21, 6, 1566–1571Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00184a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00184a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A recurrent fuzzy-neural model for dynamic system identification (2002)

This paper presents a fuzzy modeling approach for identification of dynamic systems. In particular, a new fuzzy model, the Dynamic Fuzzy Neural Network (DFNN), consisting of recurrent TSK rules, is developed. The premise and defuzzification parts are static while the consequent parts of the fuzzy rules are recurrent neural networks with internal feedback and time delay synapses. The network is trained by means of a novel learning algorithm, named Dynamic-Fuzzy Neural Constrained Optimization Method (D-FUNCOM), based on the concept of constrained optimization. The proposed algorithm is general since it can be applied to locally as well as fully recurrent networks, regardless of their structures. An adaptation mechanism of the maximum parameter change is presented as well. The proposed dynamic model, equipped with the learning algorithm, is applied to several temporal problems, including modeling of a NARMA process and the noise cancellation problem. Performance comparisons are conducted with a series of static and dynamic systems and some existing recurrent fuzzy models. Simulation results show that DFNN compares favorably with its competing rivals and thus it can be considered for efficient system identification.
A classifier-based approach to preposition and determiner error correction in L2 English (2008)

In this paper, we present an approach to the automatic identification and correction of preposition and determiner errors in non-native (L2) English writing. We show that models of use for these parts of speech can be learned with an accuracy of 70.06% and 92.15% respectively on L1 text, and present first results in an error detection task for L2 writing.
Experimental observations on the development of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture. (1989)

In culture, hippocampal neurons develop a polarized form, with a single axon and several dendrites. Transecting the axons of hippocampal neurons early in development can cause an alteration of polarity; a process that would have become a dendrite instead becomes the axon (Dotti, C. G., and G. A. Banker. 1987. Nature (Lond.). 330:254-256). To investigate this phenomenon more systematically, we transected axons at varying lengths. The greater the distance of the transection from the soma, the greater the probability for regrowth of the original axon. However, it was not the absolute length of the axonal stump that determined the response to transection, but rather its length relative to the lengths of the cell's other processes. If one process was greater than 10 microns longer than the others, it invariably became the axon regardless of its identity before transection. Conversely, when a cell's processes were nearly equal in length, it was impossible to predict which would become the axon. In these cases, axonal outgrowth began only after a long latency. During this interval, the processes appeared to be in dynamic equilibrium, some growing for short distances while others retracted. When one process exceeded the others by a critical length, it rapidly elongated to become the axon. The establishment of neuronal polarity during normal development may similarly involve an interaction among processes whose identities have not yet been determined. When, by chance, one exceeds the others by a critical length, it becomes specified as the axon.
HANDBOOK OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS (2001)

While in the process of reviewing Texas Instruments applications notes, including those from Burr-Brown – I uncovered a couple of treasures, this handbook on op amp applications and one on active RC networks. These old publications, from 1963 and 1966, respectively, are some of the finest works on op amp theory that I have ever seen. Nevertheless, they contain some material that is hopelessly outdated. This includes everything from the state of the art of amplifier technology, to the parts referenced in the document – even to the symbol used for the op amp itself: These numbers in the circles referred to pin numbers of old op amps, which were potted modules instead of integrated circuits. Many references to these numbers were made in the text, and these have been changed, of course. In revising this document, I chose to take a minimal approach to the material out of respect for the original author, – Thomas R. Brown, leaving as much of the original material intact as possible while making the document relevant to present day designers. There were some sections that were deleted or substantially changed: • = “Broadbanding ” operational amplifier modules – replaced with discussion of uncompensated operational amplifiers. • = Open loop applications and Comparators – Applications showing an operational amplifier used open loop, as a comparator have been deleted. At the time of original publication, there were no dedicated comparator components. Good design techniques now dictate using a comparator instead of an operational amplifier. There are ways of safely using an operational amplifier as a comparator – if the output stage is designed to be used that way-as in a voltage limiting operational amplifier – or if clamping is added externally that prevents the output from saturating. These applications are shown. • = Testing Operational Amplifiers – a section that had become hopelessly outdated. Testing techniques are now tailored to the individual amplifier, to test for parameters important to its intended purpose or target end equipment. SBOA092A 2
Structure packing of coded video signals for ATM networks (1992)

Abstract In asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks, a cell loss may occur and cause burst errors or synchronization slips which damages the decoded picture. Therefore, some type of cell‐packing method is required which minimizes the picture deterioration. A structured packing for coded video signals is proposed which achieves a short packing delay and high transmission efficiency. The method is based on the structure of coded video signals and makes use of cell synchronization for coded data synchronization. The characteristics of the method have been analyzed by simulations using actual TV pictures and the effectiveness of the method has been shown. This method can be discussed from the viewpoint of the ATM adaptation layer.
Regional hydrogeology of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, with a section on vegetation (1969)

A3 2. Map of regional structural features___________________________________________________________________ 3. Generalized thickness map and sections of the C multiple-aquifer system__________________________________ 4. Stratigraphic section showing occurrence of ground water in the Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks_______________ 5. Generalized section of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the western San Juan basin______________________________ 6. Map showing hydrologic basins and chief structural features_____________________________________________ 18 7. Map showing large-scale folds ___________________________________________________________________ -____ 8. Diagrams showing occurrence of ground water along monoclines__________________________________________ 9. Map showing generalized artesian and water-table areas of the consolidated aquifers________________________ 10. Map showing generalized depth of water levels in wellsin the consolidated aquifers_________________________ 11. Map showing generalized range of well depths as of 1956-
Two‐Dimensional Hexagonally‐Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nitrides with Tunable Pore Diameter, Surface Area and Nitrogen Content (2008)

Abstract Two‐dimensional mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN) with tunable pore diameters have been successfully prepared for the first time using SBA‐15 materials with different pore diameters as templates through a simple polymerization reaction between ethylenediamine (EDA) and carbon tetrachloride (CTC) by a nano hard‐templating approach. The obtained materials have been unambiguously characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and CHN analysis. The results show that the pore diameter of the MCN materials can be easily tuned from 4.2 to 6.4 nm without affecting their structural order. XRD, HRTEM and N 2 adsorption results reveal that the materials are structurally well ordered with a two‐dimensional porous structure, a high surface area and a large pore volume. It is also demonstrated for the first time that the textural parameters such as the specific pore volume, the specific surface area and the pore diameter, and the nitrogen content of the MCN materials can be controlled by the simple adjustment of the EDA to CTC weight ratio. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the MCN decreases from 4.3 to 3.3 with increasing EDA to CTC weight ratio from 0.3 to 0.9. The optimum EDA to CTC weight ratio required for fabricating the well‐ordered MCN materials with excellent textural parameters and high nitrogen content is around 0.45. The catalytic activity of the materials has been tested in the Friedel‐Crafts acylation of benzene using hexanoyl chloride as the acylating agent. The materials are highly active and show a high conversion and 100 % product selectivity to caprophenone.
The ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme CHD7 regulates pro-neural gene expression and neurogenesis in the inner ear (2010)

Inner ear neurogenesis is positively regulated by the pro-neural bHLH transcription factors Ngn1 and NeuroD, but the factors that act upstream of this regulation are not well understood. Recent evidence in mouse and Drosophila suggests that neural development depends on proper chromatin remodeling, both for maintenance of neural stem cells and for proper neuronal differentiation. Here, we show that CHD7, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzyme mutated in human CHARGE syndrome, is necessary for proliferation of inner ear neuroblasts and inner ear morphogenesis. Conditional deletion of Chd7 in the developing otocyst using Foxg1-Cre resulted in cochlear hypoplasia and complete absence of the semicircular canals and cristae. Conditional knockout and null otocysts also had reductions in vestibulo-cochlear ganglion size and neuron number in combination with reduced expression of Ngn1, Otx2 and Fgf10, concurrent with expansion of the neural fate suppressor Tbx1 and reduced cellular proliferation. Heterozygosity for Chd7 mutations had no major effects on expression of otic patterning genes or on cell survival, but resulted in decreased proliferation within the neurogenic domain. These data indicate that epigenetic regulation of gene expression by CHD7 must be tightly coordinated for proper development of inner ear neuroblasts.
Assessment of FAE1 polymorphisms in three Brassica species using EcoTILLING and their association with differences in seed erucic acid contents (2010)

This study showed the applicability of EcoTILLING for detecting gene polymorphisms in Brassica. The association between B. napus FAE1 polymorphisms and the erucic acid contents of seeds may provide useful guidance for LEA breeding. The discovery of the LEA resource in B. rapa can be exploited in Brasscia cultivation.
Molecular analysis of diversity, gene expression and activity of mineral-associated bacteria (2013)

This dissertation investigated the diversity and hydrogenase activity and gene expression of mineral-associated microorganisms. Surface-associated microbes have been shown to dominate diversity and activity in the environment, however molecular analysis of sediment-associated communities is hindered by both inaccessibility to the subsurface and co-extraction of inhibitory compounds. In order to analyze microbial communities in which the environmental conditions previously had precluded the use of traditional sediment extraction techniques, biofilm coupons (metal, mesh cylinders containing surrogate substrata) were used to recover microorganisms able to attach and compete in a biofilm. The community recovered from the contaminated site using hematite as a surrogate substratum was dominated by microbes most closely related to Alcaligenes sp. (metal-tolerant), Frateuria sp. (acidophilic), and Methylobacterium radiotolerans (radionuclide-tolerant) which together reflect the acidic, metal-, and radionuclide-contaminated environment. Hematite, as compared to other substrata, was shown to recover communities most closely representative of sediment communities inhabiting the saturated zone. Surface-associated cells have been shown to express greater activity than suspended populations and mineral-associated sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) mediate the formation of different secondary minerals as compared to suspended cells. In order to investigate the affect of surface-association on enzyme activity, hydrogenase enzyme activity was compared in hematite-associated and suspended populations of the SRB Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Essex 6. Hydrogenase activity of surface-associated populations was higher than that displayed by suspended cells. Hydrogenase likely affects the pH and pE of the conditions immediately surrounding the cell. The greater rate of activity may be one factor which contributes to the formation of a mineral phase not observed in the presence of suspended populations of this bacterium. In order to determine the portion of cells expressing hydrogenase in the surface-associated populations, in situ reverse-transcription PCR was applied to the hematite-associated cells and all cells were expressing the [NiFe] hydrogenase gene. This thesis demonstrates that environmental conditions of contaminated subsurface environments select for microorganisms able to tolerate or utilize the contaminants. Also, the hydrogenase activity of surface-associated populations is not representative of the suspended cells thus indicating the importance of studying attached populations where enzyme activity likely influences the conditions at the mineral-microbe interface.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) gels as photoacoustic breast phantoms revisited (2011)

A popular phantom in photoacoustic imaging is poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel fabricated by freezing and thawing (F-T) aqueous solutions of PVA. The material possesses acoustic and optical properties similar to those of tissue. Earlier work characterized PVA gels in small test specimens where temperature distributions during F-T are relatively homogeneous. In this work, in breast-sized samples we observed substantial temperature differences between the shallow regions and the interior during the F-T procedure. We investigated whether spatial variations were also present in the acoustic and optical properties. The speed of sound, acoustic attenuation, and optical reduced scattering coefficients were measured on specimens sampled at various locations in a large phantom. In general, the properties matched values quoted for breast tissue. But while acoustic properties were relatively homogeneous, the reduced scattering was substantially different at the surface compared with the interior. We correlated these variations with gel microstructure inspected using scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, the phantom's reduced scattering spatial distribution matches the optical properties of the standard two-layer breast model used in x ray dosimetry. We conclude that large PVA samples prepared using the standard recipe make excellent breast tissue phantoms.
A method for net representation with polygon decomposition (2003)

A method of decomposing polygons into convex subpolygons is presented. The result gives accurate polygon areas and maintains the tree-structure relationships of net branches represented by the polygon. Contacts which connect polygons on different layers are used. The whole net can be represented in a backward linklist. An implementation for treating signal delay in an RC tree network is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Building Self-Managing Web Information Systems from Generic Components (2005)

The increasing need for device independence and personalization forces organizations to automatically adapt their Web Information Systems (WISs) to individual users and their client platforms.\nMoreover, the Web’s evolution to a dynamic interaction medium also requires such WISs to be self-adaptive, i.e. to dynamically adjust themselves to a constantly changing reality. Still, there are no generic software components to manage this multitude of adaptation aspects. This paper presents the Self-Adapting GAC (SAG), a generic component for\nrealizing self-managing adaptive WISs. It has the capability to perform adaptive data transformations, but it can also dynamically reconfigure itself to the current situation. For configuring the SAG an RDF-based rule language is introduced, providing rules for both content adaptation and self-configuration. Moreover, based on the modular document generation architecture of the AMACONT project an implementation of the SAG is provided. The resulting architecture is explained in detail and elucidated by a running example prototype.
Chromium (II) Silylamides (1979)

Abstract Novel, generally highly oxygen sensitive („hemi”︁) ClCrN(SiMe 3 ) 2 (L) n , I , and Cr[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 LL′, II , were prepared with L, L′ = (a) aliphatic and cyclic ethers (including polyfunctional ligands) (b) alkyl cyanides, (c) aromatic tertiary amines or (d) mixtures of a and c. The products are characterized by elemental analysis and chemical reactions. Representative reflectance spectra are presented. Chemical and physical properties are strongly dependent on the nature of L, L′ and oxygen sensitivity, thermal stability, solubility and reactivity of the CrN linkage (in reactions with surface magnified image ) could be regulated by varying the coordinated ligands. Empirical reactivity series for various LL′ combinations and ligand lability interrelationships were established. Behavior of some complexes in Cr(II) alkoxide synthesis, ring opening polymerizations, and in pyrolysis reactions is discussed.