gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Origin and functional consequences of the complex I defect in Parkinson's disease (1996)

The mitochondrial electron transport enzyme NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), which is encoded by both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA, is defective in multiple tissues in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). The origin of this lesion and its role in the neurodegeneration of PD are unknown. To address these questions, we created an in vitro system in which the potential contributions of environmental toxins, complex I nuclear DNA mutations, and mitochondrial DNA mutations could be systematically analyzed. A clonal line of human neuroblastoma cells containing no mitochondrial DNA was repopulated with mitochondria derived from the platelets of PD or control subjects. After 5 to 6 weeks in culture, these cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines were assayed for electron transport chain activities, production of reactive oxygen species, and sensitivity to induction of apoptotic cell death by 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP+). In PD cybrids we found a stable 20% decrement in complex I activity, increased oxygen radical production, and increased susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium-induced programmed cell death. The complex I defect in PD appears to be genetic, arising from mitochondrial DNA, and may play an important role in the neurodegeneration of PD by fostering reactive oxygen species production and conferring increased neuronal susceptibility to mitochondrial toxins.
Impact of Brine Composition on Calcite Wettability: A Sensitivity Study (2016)

Summary Brine composition change has a significant demonstrated impact on the recovery of oil in laboratory corefloods. Although low-salinity waterflood in clastics has been studied extensively, the impact of brine composition on the wettability and recovery in carbonates is relatively less understood and studies are more recent. Wettability measurements by use of contact angles can reflect the surface energy changes caused by adsorption of compounds present in crude oil and the electrostatic, structural components caused by the formation of the double layer. In this study, the impact of ion composition on the contact angles and interfacial tensions (IFTs) between crude oil, brine, and restored/aged calcite-mineral surface is studied by use of a drop-profile-analysis method. A 13-factor experimental design is used to quantify the impact of six salts and seven interactions. This experimental method design, following the Taguchi method (Roy 1990), is used to identify the combination of different salts that leads to the lowest oil-wetness and highest water-wetness as measured through the contact angles. In addition, the impact of the total dissolved solids (TDS) on both the wettability and the IFT is studied for the selected crude oil/brine system. The analysis of variance of the measurements shows that the Alkali/Alkaline Earth metal chloride concentration has a significant impact on the wettability measured with static contact angles. The interactions between sodium chloride and sodium sulfate concentration; between sodium chloride and magnesium chloride salt concentration; and between sodium chloride and calcium chloride concentration are significant. The most-favorable interaction response is obtained at the highest sodium sulfate concentration along with lower sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride concentrations. Therefore, a combination of higher concentration of sulfate anions with lower cation concentration and reduced salinity can lead to more-water-wet conditions. This composition is found to lead to the lowest contact angle or the most-water-wet condition. It is interesting to note that the lowest contact angle of approximately 29 ° (highly water-wet) is obtained with a relatively high TDS content of 134.5 g/L. This observation is in line with some of the recent studies reported in the literature on carbonate-rock corefloods and offers a fundamental explanation.
ENHANCING THE DIRECTIVITY OF PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS USING LENS-ARRAYS (2013)

Small phased-array antennas can be combined with dielectric lenses or planar lens-arrays to form directive beam-steering system. The use of the lens increases the size of the radiating aperture and enhances the directivity of the phased array, but it also reduces its scan fleld of view. However, the efiect can be controlled by properly designing the phase delay proflle across the lens. This paper presents the formulation and methodology for designing modifled lenses that can allow the desired scan angle. The utility and limitations of the proposed approach will be illustrated by considering several design examples. Simulations suggest that a directivity enhancement of > 2dB and wide scan fleld of view (up to 45 - ofi boresight) can be obtained for compact radiation systems employing small lenses and short separations between the lens and phased array. Larger directivity improvements in the range of tens of dB's are possible in systems with limited scanning capability by employing large lenses and greater phased array-lens separation. Ease of implementation and the ability of the proposed topology to adapt to the system requirements make this topology an interesting candidate for various millimeter-wave radio applications.
Dielectric/TaN Interface Design with Self-Assembled Monolayer Liner for 45nm &amp; Beyond Cu/Porous Low-k Damascene Interconnects (2006)

The concerns of barrier integrity in applications of porous low-k (PLK) dielectrics for Cu dual damascene (DD) interconnects have been dismissed with a novel self-assembled monolayer (SAM) approach. Results showed a 7% improvement in the PLK/TaN-interface adhesion with SAM. SAM also achieved a 30% improvement in line-line (L-L) breakdown tolerance and 100X lower leakage current @ lMV/cm when applied to Cu/PLK interconnect with k=2.5 and pore size ~ 2.0 nm without compromising effective K, K <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub>
The education of national minorities : The early Soviet experience (1997)

THE education system plays a central role in the long-term development of any nationality. While a period of intense struggle may cement or even create a nation's sense of identity and national awareness, it is in the school as much as in the family that national sentiment is preserved in the next generation. National education is, first of all, a question of language. But in a state where language rights have never before been guaranteed, the fulfilment of this basic educational provision is itself a powerful statement of nationhood. In the second place, the cultural content of education is necessarily national in form to a degree which can vary according to policy. The fact that for most of the 1920S the numerous nationalities of the Soviet Union enjoyed a widespread flourishing of national education which, as a matter of policy, not only guaranteed the development of the national language but also the promotion of the national culture, has left an indelible mark on the development of the national question in the Soviet Union and the postSoviet order. This was the period when many of the national minorities of the former Russian empire developed a national consciousness for the first time on a mass scale. Several factors played a role in this development the political division of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation along national lines, the development of personnel from the local nationality for state and Communist Party bodies, and moves to develop industry and communications. But the promotion of national languages in the administration and education more than anything guaranteed that, far from nations withering away, the nationalities of the Soviet Union would develop into strong political forces as nations. In I9I3, Lenin unequivocally supported the equality of languages and the right to use the native tongue, but was opposed outright to the education of different nationalities in different schools, proposing instead to provide for children of each nationality in the same schools
Portable Trap–Sensor System for Monitoring Low Levels of Ethylene (1997)

A portable device for measuring trace amounts of ethylene is described. Ethylene was trapped on a silver catalyst, which was then flash heated, releasing a plug of ethylene into a flowing gas stream. The ethylene was detected using an amperometric sensor with a gold–Nafion sensing electrode. For a trap time of 10 min, a detection limit of 1 ppb of ethylene was achieved. This compares with 40 ppb obtained using the sensor without pretrapping. In addition to the improvement in sensitivity, the trapping procedure also allowed improved selectivity, making the device suitable for applications where very low levels of ethylene need to be measured and interferents may be present.
Effert Of Lactoperoxidase and Thiocyanate on the Growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae in a Chemically Defined Culture Medium (1966)

SUMMARY A chemically defined culture medium was used to study the effect of Parified lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate on the growth of several cultures of Streptococcus pyogenes and S. agalactiae. While not inhibited by either component alone, S. pyogenes growth was completely inhibited when both components were present in the medium. The growth inhibition was annulled completely by glutathione, thioglycollic (mercaptoacetic) acid of catalase. S. pyogenes glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase was inhibited by lactoperoxidase when hydrogen peroxide was present. The inhibition was annulled with cysteine and glutathione which suggested this dehydrogenase to be a possible site of inhibition. The inhibition was Postulated to be a peroxidatic conversion of essential enzymic sulphydryl groups to inactive disulphide groups, thus interfering with the energy metabolism up of S. pyogenes. With S. agalactiae cultures a delay in growth inhibition up to 6 hr resulted instead of complete growth inhibition. Catalase neutralized this effect. The extent of growth inhibition was greatest in those strains which were unable to adapt to an oxidative pathway for their energy supply. In becoming independent of the fermentative pathway, the cultures were no longer as sensitive to peroxidase, thioeysnate and hydrogen peroxide. The necessity for thiocyanate in the is inhibitory system is not yet clear. Thiouracil and thiourea were ineffective replacements for thiocyanate.
Ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of Dodonaea species (1998)

The phytotherapeutic uses and the phytochemistry, of members of the genus Dodonaea are reviewed. An attempt is made to correlate the bioactivity of the metabolites or groups of metabolites with the reputed activity Circumstantial evidence suggests a pharmacological basis for the traditional uses of the plants.
The Act-4 Years after. (1971)

The MP who did most to put the Abortion Act on to the statute book assesses the way it has been used and abused and whether it needs to be amended.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of D‐erythro‐ and D‐threo‐Sphingosine Derivatives from L‐Serine. (1988)

Abstract The protected serine aldehyde (I) reacts with the Li derivative (II) to afford the erythro‐ or threo‐alkynols (III) or (VII), depending on the conditions used.
Visualization of building interior design to reduce rework (2002)

A significant amount of rework in construction is caused by clients' last-minute changes and their inability to acquire a realistic appreciation of the product from the 2D drawings at the design development stage. This paper introduces a computer system that enables a user to construct a 3D design model efficiently using object models stored in graphical element libraries. The system allows the user to 'walk through' the 3D design so that the client and the user can have a realistic appreciation of the product before it is built. In this paper, the architecture of the system and issues related to its implementation are presented.
Performance Analysis of Three Phase On-Line UPS Using Single Stage Power Converter (2013)

This paper proposes the performance improvement of the power converters in Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) based on size reduction, efficiency improvement and power quality. The traditional UPS consists of step up transformer or dc-dc chopper to boost the voltage which decreases the efficiency, reduces the power quality and leads to increase the cost of energy conversion. The proposed ZSI is a single stage power converter and it overcomes the limitations of traditional pwm inverter in UPS. In the three phase Z-source inverter a symmetrical LC network is employed to couple the main power circuit of an inverter to a battery bank. The ZSI having the advantages of operating at shoot through time period which is forbidden in the traditional VSI. By controlling the shoot through time the ZSI can operate in both buck and boost mode. The effectiveness of ZSI is greatly utilized in this research for UPS application. The analysis of proposed UPS system is based on cost effective, energy conversion efficiency and power quality. The proposed and conventional system of UPS is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software and its results are validated with 2 kVA experimental setup in the laboratory.
The United States Supreme Court and the Protection of Refugees (1993)

The problem of refugees is a worldwide phenomenon. The twentieth century has been called the century of refugees. Its history is replete with mass displacements of peoples fleeing war, political oppression, human rights deprivations or disasters of one kind or another. Currently, there are about seventeen million refugees around the world. The specter of masses of refugees huddled at national boundaries seeking asylum is common to the experience of many nations. The United States, being a nation of immigrants and a land of opportunity, is certainly not immune from such pressures, as most recently illustrated by the exodus of the Haitian boat people destined for U.S. shores.
Transition from Rolling to Firm Adhesion Can Be Mimicked by Extension of Integrin αLβ2 in an Intermediate Affinity State (2006)

AlphaLbeta2 affinity for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is regulated by the conformation of the alphaL I domain, which is in turn controlled by the conformation and orientation of other adjacent domains. Additionally, overall integrin conformation (bent versus straightened) influences the orientation of the I domain and access to its ligands, influencing adhesive efficiency. The open or high affinity I domain conformation supports strong adhesion, whereas the closed, low affinity conformation mediates weak interactions or rolling. We have previously suggested that alphaLbeta2 can also exist on the cell surface in an intermediate affinity state. Here we have studied the adhesive properties of integrin alphaLbeta2 containing mutant I domains with intermediate affinities for ICAM-1. In an overall bent conformation, the intermediate affinity state of alphaLbeta2 is hardly detected by conventional adhesion assays, but robust adhesion is seen when an extended conformation is induced by a small molecule alpha/beta I allosteric antagonist. Intermediate affinity alphaLbeta2 supports more stable rolling than wild-type alphaLbeta2 under shear conditions. Moreover, antagonist-induced extension transforms rolling adhesion into firm adhesion in a manner reminiscent of chemokine activation of integrin alphaLbeta2. These findings suggest the relevance of intermediate affinity states of alphaLbeta2 to the transition between inactive and active states and demonstrate the importance of both I domain affinity and overall integrin conformation for cell adhesion.
Influence of thermal budget on phosphosilicate glass prepared by high-density plasma chemical-vapor deposition (2005)

High-density plasma chemical-vapor deposition phosphosilicate glass (PSG) films were evaluated for the application of premetal dielectric materials. The PSG films were deposited using phosphorous-related precursors reacted with silane and oxygen at a temperature ⩽550°C. The as-deposited films were subsequently furnace annealed at 400 °C for 10 to 30 min to simulate the effect of thermal budget on premetal dielectric layers in the current integrated circuit scheme. In addition, the PSG films were also annealed by rapid thermal processing at 925 °C for 10 to 30 s, to examine film stability near the glass transformation temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), stress measurement, x-ray fluorescence analysis, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the PSG films. Film stress measurement was used to examine the stress hysteresis of the PSG films in the thermal-budget process. The results show that residual inactive phosphorous and compounds with PO bonds are present in the as-deposited PSG films. Some residual phosphorous became active after the thermal annealing. The FTIR results that show an increase in the PO group upon numerous annealing treatments is in agreement with the XPS analysis.
A Model to Predict Wireline Formation Tester Sample Contamination (1998)

Abstract Wireline formation testers (WFT) collect fluid samples for PVT analysis through a probe set against the borehole wall. Filtrate contamination is reduced prior to sampling by either pumping the mixture of filtrate and reservoir fluid from the formation to the borehole or flowing the mixture into one or more WFT chambers. The cleanup is monitored at the surface. The time to reach the level of acceptable contamination (LAC) depends on the depth of invasion, pumpout rate and various fluid and rock properties. Generalized guidelines predict time to first oil based on simple volumetrics but do not predict the rate of cleanup. Excessive cleanup time increases costs and the risk of differential sticking of the tool/cable. In some cases it may not be practical to attempt the operation as the LAC may take too long to achieve. A numerical simulator was used to investigate the characteristics of the contamination level versus time curve and to define the variables governing cleanup. The model was validated using data from five wells from two fields with differing rock and fluid properties. One hundred and fifty simulation runs were made with different invasion depths, flow rates, and rock and fluid properties. An equation was developed for field use, that estimates filtrate contamination fw as a function of cleanout time t. An alternative approach for WFT sampling is also suggested, using not one but two probes. With this method, both cleanup time and the final level of filtrate contamination can be substantially reduced. P. 27
Standardization of sensitive human immunodeficiency virus coculture procedures and establishment of a multicenter quality assurance program for the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. The NIH/NIAID/DAIDS/ACTG Virology Laboratories (1992)

An independent quality assurance program has been established by the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, for monitoring virologic assays performed by nearly 40 laboratories participating in multicenter clinical trials in the United States. Since virologic endpoints are important in evaluating the timing and efficacy of therapeutic interventions, it is imperative that virologic measurements be accurate and uniform. When the quality assurance program was initially created, fewer than 40% of the laboratories could consistently recover human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-infected patients. By comparing coculture procedures in the more competent laboratories with those in laboratories who were struggling to isolate virus, optimal conditions were established and nonessential reagents and practices were eliminated. Changes were rapidly introduced into a laboratory when experience dictated that such modifications would result in a favorable outcome. Isolation of HIV was enhanced by optimizing the numbers and ratios of patient and donor cells used in cultures, by standardizing PBMC separation procedures, by using fresh rather than frozen donor PBMCs, by processing whole blood within 24 h, and by using natural delectinated interleukin 2 instead of recombinant interleukin 2 products in existence at that time. Delays of more than 8 h in the addition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated donor cells to freshly separated patient PBMCs reduced recovery. Phytohemagglutinin in cocultures and the addition of Polybrene and anti-human alpha interferon to media were not important in HIV isolation. The introduction of a consensus protocol based on this information brought most laboratories quickly into compliance. In addition, monthly monitoring has successfully maintained proficiency among the laboratories, a process that is critical for the scientific integrity of collaborative multicenter trials. Problems which might not be appreciated for months are now being resolved early, before data can be compromised unknowingly. This consensus protocol is recommended for any laboratory attempting to isolate HIV for the purpose of standardizing recovery and for accessing virologic endpoints in clinical trials.
Hybrid Deep Neural Network--Hidden Markov Model (DNN-HMM) Based Speech Emotion Recognition (2013)

Deep Neural Network Hidden Markov Models, or DNN-HMMs, are recently very promising acoustic models achieving good speech recognition results over Gaussian mixture model based HMMs (GMM-HMMs). In this paper, for emotion recognition from speech, we investigate DNN-HMMs with restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) based unsupervised pre-training, and DNN-HMMs with discriminative pre-training. Emotion recognition experiments are carried out on these two models on the eNTERFACE'05 database and Berlin database, respectively, and results are compared with those from the GMM-HMMs, the shallow-NN-HMMs with two layers, as well as the Multi-layer Perceptrons HMMs (MLP-HMMs). Experimental results show that when the numbers of the hidden layers as well hidden units are properly set, the DNN could extend the labeling ability of GMM-HMM. Among all the models, the DNN-HMMs with discriminative pre-training obtain the best results. For example, for the eNTERFACE'05 database, the recognition accuracy improves 12.22% from the DNN-HMMs with unsupervised pre-training, 11.67% from the GMM-HMMs, 10.56% from the MLP-HMMs, and even 17.22% from the shallow-NN-HMMs, respectively.
Fundamentals of Endothelial Function for the Clinical Cardiologist (2002)

Mr Gundry is a 42-year-old construction worker who has had type II diabetes mellitus for the past 6 years.He has no other vascular risk factors and is currently asymptomatic.Is this patient at risk of developing endothelial dysfunction?Case presentation 2: Mr Sinha is a 64-year-old man who presents to your office for symptomatic intermittent claudication.Past medical history is unremarkable except for the presence of multiple vascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity).How do vascular risk factors cause endothelial dysfunction?Is endothelial dysfunction treatable?A survey of medical history will reveal that major breakthroughs are often a result of simple and at times unexpected observations.Indeed, the era of endothelial biology was brought to the forefront through a simple pharmacological experiment conducted approximately 2 decades ago in Dr Furchgott's laboratory. 1 In this landmark study, the authors described the essential role of the endothelium in mediating the vasodilatory actions of acetylcholine, now known to be dependent on the release of nitric oxide (NO) from the endothelium.No one could have predicted that this observation would have the gargantuan impact on vascular biology that is evident today.Endothelial dysfunction now is implicated in the pathogenesis and clinical course of the majority of cardiovascular diseases.The purpose of this "Clinical Cardiology: Physician Update" is to provide the busy cardiovascular specialist with some of the fundamental principles of endothelial function as they relate to cardiovascular health and disease.