gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-inverse with increasing threshold: an error-recovery pattern recognition algorithm (1992)

A pseudo-inverse algorithm with an increasing threshold value for pattern recognition is presented. This method is particularly useful when the original matrix is not a square matrix. The algorithm and its implementation are studied. Using English capital letters as samples, the error-recovery capability of the proposed algorithm is observed to be better than that of the fixed threshold algorithm. Noisy patterns with 20% errors, i.e., 12 in Hamming distance, can be recognized using this approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coding for Errors and Erasures in Random Network Coding (2007)

The problem of error-control in a "noncoherent" random network coding channel is considered. Information transmission is modelled as the injection into the network of a basis for a vector space V and the collection by the receiver of a basis for a vector space U. A suitable coding metric on subspaces is defined, under which a minimum distance decoder achieves correct decoding if the dimension of the space V U is large enough. When the dimension of each codeword is restricted to a fixed integer, the code forms a subset of the vertices of the Grassmann graph. Sphere-packing, sphere-covering bounds and a Singleton bound are provided for such codes. A Reed-Solomon-like code construction is provided and decoding algorithm given.
Molecular Design of Prostaglandin Probes in Brain Research: High, Specific Binding to a Novel Prostacyclin Receptor in the Central Nervous System (2000)

Abstract Molecular design to develop a stable biochemical probe for a study of the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the brain led to the discovery of (15R)-16-m-tolyl-17,18,19,20-tetranorisocarbacylin (referred to as 15R-TIC), that selectively bind to a novel PGI2 receptor, IP2, expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). This artificial prostaglandin with the 15R configuration exhibits high binding affinity for the IP2 receptor in the thalamus (IC50 = 32 nM) and weak affinity for the peripheral-type PGI2 receptor, IP1, in the NTS (IC50 = 1.2 μM). The length of the ω side-chain and the position of the methyl substituent on the aromatic ring strongly influence the binding characteristics. The features of the IP2 receptor were elucidated by quantitative mapping, specificity studies, and Scatchard analysis, as well as by a study using knockout mice with a tritium-labeled 15R-TIC and related radioligands. In order to conduct in vivo PET studies, a rapid methylation reaction using methyl iodide and an excess amount of an aryltributylstannane has been developed. This has successfully been applied to the synthesis of short-lived 11C-incorporated PET tracers, 15R-[11C]TIC and its methyl ester. The PET experiments accomplished the imaging of the IP2 receptor in the brain of living rhesus monkeys through intravenous administration. The elimination of the C(15) chirality results in 15-deoxy-TIC with ten-fold higher affinity and selectivity for the IP2 receptor than original 15R-TIC. Neither 15R-TIC nor 15-deoxy-TIC inhibit platelets aggregation, up to 400 nM, while PGI2 derivatives which bind with the IP1 receptor show a very potent inhibitory effect at a several nM level. Notably, these artificial CNS-specific PGI2 ligands, like the unstable natural PGI2 itself, prevent the apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons induced under high (50%) oxygen atmosphere and by xanthine and xanthine oxidase or serum deprivation. The difference in the binding potency between 15R-TIC and 15-deoxy-TIC for the IP2 receptor correlates well with the extent of the prevention of the neuronal cell death (IC50 values of 300 and 30 nM, respectively, under high oxygen atmosphere). 15R-TIC protects CA1 pyramidal neurons against ischemic damage in gerbils. Thus the designed TICs have neuronal survival-promoting activity both in vitro and in vivo, providing the possibility as a new type of chemotherapeutic agents for applications in neurodegeneration.
Sesquiterpene lactone containing Mexican Indian medicinal plants and pure sesquiterpene lactones as potent inhibitors of transcription factor NF‐κB (1997)

The potential inhibitory effect of 54 Mexican Indian medicinal plants on the activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB was studied. Band-shift experiments identified the ethanolic leaf extracts of Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. mexicana, Calea zacatechichi, and Polymnia maculata (all rich in sesquiterpene lactones) as inhibitors of NF-kappaB down to a concentration of 25 microg/ml. The sesquiterpene lactones isohelenin and parthenolide prevented NF-kappaB activation completely as low as 5 microM. Treatment of HeLa cells with leaf extract of A. ludoviciana ssp. mexicana, isohelenin and parthenolide prevented the induction of transcription on the IL-6 promoter. These experiments identify the eudesmanolide and germacranolide type of sesquiterpene lactones as potent non-antioxidant inhibitors of NF-kappaB. All plants active in the NF-kappaB assay also showed a delay in the onset of capillary reactions of the allantois membrane in a physiological model for anti-inflammatory activity - the HET-CAM assay.
Lack of <i>in Vivo</i> Effect of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (1996)

Neutropenia complicates HIV disease or its treatment in a large proportion of patients. Hematopoietic growth factor support has been tested in a number of clinical settings in HIV disease and has been demonstrated to be of benefit for specific parameters. One consideration regarding the use of hematopoietic growth factors in HIV disease is their potential effect on HIV viral burden, since alterations in HIV expression have been documented with certain cytokines in vitro. It has also been reported that some cytokines, notably GM-CSF, potentiate the antiviral properties of thymidine analogs such as zidovudine (AZT) in vitro. We tested these observations in vivo. Twelve HIV-positive patients with a CD4 cell count < or = 200/mm3 or HIV plasma viremia who were receiving a stable dose of zidovudine were enrolled into three dose cohorts of yeast-derived GM-CSF at 50, 125, or 250 micrograms/m2 daily by subcutaneous self-injection for 28 days. Measurements of HIV activity included serum acid-dissociated HIV p24 antigen levels, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) limiting dilution HIV culture, and plasma HIV quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum and intracellular zidovudine levels were measured as well as hematologic, immunologic, and toxicity parameters. Virologic measures showed neither significant upregulation nor downregulation of serum acid-dissociated HIV p24 antigen, plasma and PBMC HIV culture, or PCR in association with GM-CSF administration. A trend toward increased intracellular AZT levels was noted, but this did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.073). CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were essentially unaffected while absolute neutrophil counts increased with GM-CSF administration as expected. These data suggest that administration of GM-CSF does not perturb HIV activity or immunologic parameters in patients receiving AZT for advanced HIV disease. No potentiation of AZT antiviral effect was demonstrated.
TRK2 is required for low affinity K+ transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1990)

TRK1, the gene encoding the high affinity K+ transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is nonessential due to the existence of a functionally independent low affinity transporter. To identify the gene(s) encoding the low affinity K+ transporter, we screened trk1 delta cells for mutants (Kla-) that require higher concentrations of K+ in the medium to support growth. trk1 delta trk2 mutants require up to tenfold higher concentrations of K+ to exhibit normal growth compared to trk1 delta TRK2 cells. K+ and 86Rb+ transport assays demonstrate that the mutant phenotype is due to defective K+ transport (uptake). Each of 38 independent mutants contains a mutation in the same gene, TRK2. Cells deficient for both high and low affinity K+ transport (trk1 delta trk2) exhibit hypersensitivity to low extracellular pH that can be suppressed by high concentrations of K+ but not Na+. TRK1 completely suppresses both the K+ transport defect and low pH hypersensitivity of trk2 cells, suggesting that TRK1 and TRK2 are functionally independent.
Study of the Electroless Deposition of Pd on Cu-Modified Graphite Electrodes by Metal Exchange Reaction (2008)

The electroless deposition of Pd on Cu-modified graphite electrodes using a metal exchange reaction was investigated. The modification procedure consisted in the electrodeposition of Cu on the graphite electrode, subsequently replaced by Pd at open circuit in a Pd-containing solution. The influence of experimental conditions on the exchange reaction rate, the chemical state and the distribution of Cu and Pd on the electrode surface are highlighted. The resulting deposits were studied using cyclic voltammetry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The last technique confirmed the spontaneous oxidation of Cu by the Pd complexes adsorbed on the electrode surface and also demonstrated that Pd/Cu atomic ratio increases by increasing the PdCl2 concentration. An increase of the Pd electroactive surface area, estimated by cyclic voltammetry, was observed by increasing the initial Cu loading, the exchange reaction time or the PdCl2 concentration. It was also demonstrated that the metal exchange reaction leads to the formation of a Cu core enveloped by a Pd shell for every PdCl2 concentration investigated here. The corrosion rate for the corrosion of copper by a Pd complex was determined and compared with that of the corrosion of copper by oxygen. On the basis of our observations, a general model to describe the Cu−Pd exchange process and the resulting electrode surface composition was proposed.
Experimental Investigation on the Seismic Behavior of Beam-Column Joints Reinforced with Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys (2008)

Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys (SE SMAs) are unique alloys that have the ability to undergo large deformations and return to their undeformed shape by removal of stresses. This study aims at assessing the seismic behavior of beam-column joints reinforced with SE SMAs. Two large-scale beam-column joints were tested under reversed cyclic loading. While the first joint was reinforced with regular steel rebars, SE SMA rebars were used in the second one. Both joints were selected from a Reinforced Concrete (RC) building located in the high seismic region of western Canada and designed and detailed according to current Canadian standards. The behavior of the two specimens under reversed cyclic loading, including their drifts, rotations, and ability to dissipate energy, were compared. The results showed that the SMA-reinforced beam-column joint specimen was able to recover most of its post-yield deformation. Thus, it would require a minimum amount of repair even after a strong earthquake.
Consensus protocols for blockchain-based data provenance: Challenges and opportunities (2017)

Blockchain has recently attracted tremendous interest due to its ability to enhance security and privacy through a immutable shared distributed ledger. Blockchain's ability to detect integrity violations are particularly key in providing assured data provenance in cloud platform. The practical adoption of blockchain will largely hinge on consensus protocols meeting performance and security guarantees. In this paper, we present the design issues for consensus protocols for blockchain based cloud provenance. We present the blockchain based data provenance framework for cloud. We find that there are performance and security challenges in adopting proof-of-work consensus protocol within this framework. We present unique design challenges and opportunities in developing proof-of-stake for data provenance in cloud platform.
Demonstration of large peak-to-valley current ratios in InAs/AlGaSb/InAs single-barrier heterostructures (1989)

We report large peak-to-valley current ratios in InAs/AlxGa1−xSb/InAs single-barrier tunnel structures. The mechanism for single-barrier negative differential resistance (NDR) has been proposed and demonstrated recently. A peak-to-valley current ratio of 3.4 (1.2) at 77 K (295 K), which is substantially larger than what has been previously reported, was observed in a 200-Å-thick Al0.42Ga0.58Sb barrier. A comparison with a calculated current-voltage curve yields good agreement in terms of peak current and the slope of the NDR region. The single-barrier structure is a candidate for high-speed devices because of expected short tunneling times and a wide NDR region.
Laser evaporation deposition of superconducting and dielectric thin films (1988)

We describe here the deposition of superconducting and dielectric thin films by the laser evaporation technique. The characterization of this process, and possible optimization with regards to wavelength and pulse duration of the laser will be discussed.
Anaesthesia and pain management in cerebral palsy (2000)

Cerebral palsy is the result of an injury to the developing brain during the antenatal, perinatal or postnatal period. Clinical manifestations relate to the area affected. Some of the conditions associated with cerebral palsy require surgical intervention. Problems during the peri-operative period may include hypothermia, nausea and vomiting and muscle spasm. Peri-operative seizure control, respiratory function and gastro-oesophageal reflux also require consideration. Intellectual disability is common and, in those affected, may range from mild to severe. These children should be handled with sensitivity as communication disorders and sensory deficits may mask mild or normal intellect. They should be accompanied by their carers at induction and in the recovery room as they usually know how best to communicate with them. Postoperative pain management and the prevention of muscle spasm is important and some of the drugs used in the management of spasm such as baclofen and botulinum toxin are discussed. Epidural analgesia is particularly valuable when major orthopaedic procedures are performed.
Adhesion molecules (2011)

Adhesion molecules are known to be important components of an active T cell-mediated immune response. Signals generated at a site of inflammation cause circulating T-cells to respond by rolling, arrest, and then transmigration through the endothelium, all of which are mediated by adhesion molecules. Consequently, strategies have been developed to treat immune disorders with specific antibodies that block the interaction of adhesion molecules. However, the therapeutic effects of such remedies are not always achieved. Our recent investigations have revealed that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) work together with chemokines to induce immunosuppression mediated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), thus demonstrating the dual role of adhesion molecules in immune responses. Since MSCs represent an important component of the stromal cells in an inflammatory microenvironment, our findings provide novel information for understanding the regulation of immune responses and for designing new strategies to treat immune disorders.
Highly efficient second-harmonic generation in buried waveguides formed by annealed and reverse proton exchange in periodically poled lithium niobate (2002)

Efficient three-wave mixing devices have numerous applications, including wavelength conversion, dispersion compensation, and all-optical switching. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a useful diagnostic for near-degenerate operation of these devices. With buried waveguides formed in periodically poled lithium niobate by annealed and reverse proton exchange, we demonstrate what is believed to be the highest normalized conversion efficiency (150%/W cm(2)) for SHG in the 1550-nm communications band reported to date.
In-vehicle hand activity recognition using integration of regions (2013)

In this paper, we focus on the analysis of naturalistic driver behavior using hand activity. To that end, a dataset of color and depth images under varying operating modes and illumination settings was collected. The proposed framework provides a robust solution for localizing the hands by partitioning visible and depth images into disjoint sub-regions which may be of interest for studying the state of the driver: wheel, lap, hand rest, gear, and infotainment region. Different feature extraction methods are proposed and thoroughly studied in terms of speed and performance for each of the five regions. A model for hand presence is learned for each region separately, and these are integrated using a second-stage classifier. As the appearance of hands varies among regions and the hands can only be found in a subset of the regions chosen, the technique leverages information and confidence from multiple regions to produce hand activity classification.
Tumor Engineering: Orthotopic Cancer Models in Mice Using Cell-Loaded, Injectable, Cross-Linked Hyaluronan-Derived Hydrogels (2007)

Current cancer xenograft models used to evaluate new anticancer therapies are limited to "good take" cell lines, fail to mimic normal human disease, and poorly predict clinical outcomes. We now describe the use of an injectable, in situ cross-linkable synthetic extracellular matrix (sECM) to deliver and grow cancer cells in vivo. The hyaluronan (HA)-derived sECMs were seeded with breast, colon, and ovarian cancer cells prior to gelation, and then injected subcutaneously into mammary fat pads, subserosally in colons, and intracapsularly in ovaries, respectively. Two cell lines were used for each type of cancer, and results were compared with orthotopic injection of cells in serum-free medium. At 4 weeks postinjection, four parameters were measured: (i) incidence and size of cancer at the injection site, (ii) vascularization or necrosis of new cancer tissue, (iii) cancer seeding in adjacent tissues, and (iv) metastasis to lymph nodes and other vital organs. In addition, the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) signaling pathway was analyzed immunohistochemically. Overall, orthotopic delivery of cancer cells in sECM hydrogels showed clear advantages: (i) increased incidence of cancer formation and reduced variability in tumor size, (ii) enhanced growth of organ-specific cancers with good tumor-tissue integration, (iii) improved vascularization and reduced necrosis within the tumor, (iv) reduced cancer seeding on adjacent tissues, and (v) better general health of animals. Thus, engineered tumors represent an improved approach to traditional tumor xenografts, and facilitate studies in cancer biology, invasion and metastasis, as well as the investigation of new therapeutic and diagnostic protocols.
Impact of formate on the growth and productivity of Clostridium ljungdahlii PETC and Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 grown on syngas. (2014)

The current energy model based on fossil fuels is coming to an end due to the increase in global energy demand. Biofuels such as ethanol and butanol can be produced through the syngas fermentation by acetogenic bacteria. The present work hypothesizes that formate addition would positively impact kinetic parameters for growth and alcohol production in Clostridium ljungdahlii PETC and Clostridium carboxidivorans P7 by diminishing the need for reducing equivalents. Fermentation experiments were conducted using completely anaerobic batch cultures at different pH values and formate concentrations. PETC cultures were more tolerant to formate concentrations than P7, specially at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Complete growth inhibition of PETC occurred at sodium formate concentrations of 30.0 mM; however, no differences in growth rates were observed at pH 7.0 for the two strains. Incubation at formate concentrations lower than 2.0 mM resulted in increased growth rates for both strains. The most recognizable effects of formate addition on the fermentation products were the increase in the total carbon fixed into acids and alcohols at pH 5.0 and pH 6.0, as well as, a higher ethanol to total products ratio at pH 7.0. Taken all together, these results show the ability of acetogens to use formate diminishing the energy demand for growth, and enhancing strain productivity.
Edge adaptive intra field de-interlacing of video images (2013)

Expanding image by an arbitrary scale factor and thereby creating an enlarged image is a crucial image processing operation. De-interlacing is an example of such operation where a video field is enlarged in vertical direction with 1 to 2 scale factor. The most advanced de-interlacing algorithms use a few consequent input fields to generate one output frame. In order to save hardware resources in video processors, missing lines in each field may be generated without reference to the other fields. Line doubling, known as “bobbing”, is the simplest intra field de-interlacing method. However, it may generate visual artifacts. For example, interpolation of an inserted line from a few neighboring lines by vertical filter may produce such visual artifacts as “jaggies.” In this work we present edge adaptive image up-scaling and/or enhancement algorithm, which can produce “jaggies” free video output frames. As a first step, an edge and its parameters in each interpolated pixel are detected from gradient squared tensor based on local signal variances. Then, according to the edge parameters including orientation, anisotropy and variance strength, the algorithm determines footprint and frequency response of two-dimensional interpolation filter for the output pixel. Filter’s coefficients are defined by edge parameters, so that quality of the output frame is controlled by local content. The proposed method may be used for image enlargement or enhancement (for example, anti-aliasing without resampling). It has been hardware implemented in video display processor for intra field de-interlacing of video images.
Processing and Intracellular Targeting of Prosomatostatin‐Derived Peptides: the Role of Mammalian Endoproteases (2007)

Prosomatostatin is cleaved at dibasic and monobasic sites to produce somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 respectively. The mammalian pro-protein convertases comprising furin, PACE4 and PC1-6 have recently been identified and are believed to mediate endoproteolysis of prohormone precursors such as prosomatostatin. Furin is membrane bound, localized to the Golgi and mediates constitutive processing. PC1 and PC2 are soluble and are expressed solely in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues suggesting a key role in prohormone processing. We have investigated the endogenous and heterologous synthesis and processing of rat prosomatostatin in 1027B2 rat islet somatostatinoma cells and in constitutive (COS-7, PC-12) and regulated (AtT-20, GH3/GH4C1) secretory cells. We have correlated processing efficiency with: secretion through the constitutive or regulated pathways; endogenous expression of furin, PC1 and PC2; and expression or overexpression of furin, PC1 and PC2. Pulse-chase studies showed that prosomatostatin is rapidly and independently processed to somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28. Furin is capable of monobasic processing of prosomatostatin and is a candidate somatostatin-28 convertase. PC1 and PC2 both effect dibasic processing of prosomatostatin and qualify as putative somatostatin-14 convertases. PC1 is active in constitutive and regulated secretory cells, has a broader specificity and is overall more potent than PC2. Efficient processing of prosomatostatin begins in a Golgi or pre Golgi compartment. It requires the milieu of the secretory cell but not the secretory granule.