gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corrugated Quantum-Well Infrared Photodetector Focal Plane Arrays (2009)

Corrugated quantum-well infrared photodetectors (C-QWIPs) have been proposed for long-wavelength infrared detection. In this work, we optimize the detector structure and produce a number of large format focal plane arrays (FPAs). Specifically, we adopt one-corrugation-per-pixel geometry to increase the active detector volume and incorporate a composite cover layer to preserve the large sidewall reflectivity, which results in a large detector quantum efficiency. We also optimize the detector material structure such as the final state energy, the doping density, and the number of quantum well periods to improve the FPA operation under the existing readout electronics. As a result, high FPA sensitivity has been achieved, and their characteristics are in agreement with the detector model. Based on this model, we perform a systematic analysis on the FPA performance with a wide range of detector and system parameters. We find that C-QWIP FPAs are capable of high-speed imaging especially for those with longer cutoff wavelengths.
Vitamin D Metabolites and Bone Mineralization in Man* (1978)

A comparison was made of the biochemical and osseous effects of 25–hydroxyvitamin D3[25(OH)D3], lα–25–hydroxyvitamin D3[lα,25(OH)2D3], and 24,25–dihydroxyvitamin D., [24,25(OH)2D3] in adult vitamin D-deficient man. Administration of 50 jug/d of 25(OH)D3 for 8 weeks led to a return of the mineralization front to normal associated with a return of Tmpo4/GFR to normal, an increase in serum phosphate and calcium concentrations, a fall in serum IPTH, and a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Giving 2.5 jug/d of la,25(OH)2D3 did not produce these effects. Administration of lα,25(OH)2D3 caused an increase in intestinal calcium absorption, and a rise in serum calcium associated with a fall in serum immunoreactive parathormone (IPTH) concentrations but no sustained rise in either alkaline phosphatase, serum phosphate concentration, nor in Tmpo4/GFR. Its administration caused an increase in the extent of the osteoclastic bone resorption surface but the extent of the mineralization front remained subnormal. Administration of 20 ug/d of 24,25(OH)2D3 caused a fall in urinary calcium excretion and in serum IPTH, and a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase, but no change in Tmpo4/GFR or serum phosphate, and only a slight increase in the extent of the mineralization front. Combined treatment with lα,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 led to a return of the mineralization front of normal even though both Tmpo4/ GFR and serum phosphate concentration remained low. It is concluded that lα,25(OH)2D3 is not the sole biologically active metabolite of vitamin D in man. It is apparent that either 25(OH)D3 or some as yet unidentified metabolite of 25(OH)D3 stimulates the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, and that the subsequent rise in serum phosphate concentrations along with the direct actions of lα–25(OH)2D3,24,25(OH)2D3, and possibily 25(OH)D3 on bone cells all participate in the restoration of normal bone formation and bone mineralization in vitamin D–deficient man. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab46: 284, 1978)
Next-Generation Roofs and Attics for Homes (2008)

Prototype residential roof and attic assemblies were constructed and field tested in a mixed-humid U.S. climate. Summer field data showed that at peak day irradiance the heat transfer penetrating the roof deck dropped almost 90% compared with heat transfer for a conventional roof and attic assembly. The prototype assemblies exhibited attic air temperatures that did not exceed the peak day outdoor air temperature. The assemblies use a combination of strategies: infrared reflective cool roofs, radiant barriers, above-sheathing ventilation, lowemittance surfaces, insulation, and thermal mass to reduce the attic air temperature and thus the heat transfer into the home. Field results were benchmarked against an attic computer tool and simulations indicated that retrofitting pre-1980 construction with prototype roof systems and improving ductwork by reducing air leakage and heat transfer to existing ducts in attics could yield annual savings of about $200. In the hot, dry southeastern region of California, the combined ceiling and duct annual load drops by 23% of that computed for a code-compliant roof and attic assembly.
Counting objects with biologically inspired regulatory-feedback networks (2009)

Neural networks are relatively successful in recognizing individual patterns. However, when images consist of combination of patterns, a preprocessing step of segmentation is required to avoid combinatorial explosion of the training phase. In practical applications, segmentation is a context dependent task which itself requires recognition. In this paper we propose and develop a biologically inspired neural architecture that can recognize and count an arbitrary collection of objects even if trained with individual objects, without making use of additional segmentation algorithms. The two essential features that govern the neurons in this algorithm are 1. dynamical feedback and 2. competition for activation. We show analytically that while the equations governing the output neurons are highly nonlinear in individual feature amplitudes, they are linear in groups of feature amplitudes. We further demonstrate through simulations, that our architecture can precisely count and recognize scenes in which three and four non-overlapping patterns are presented simultaneously. The ability to generalize numerosity outside the training distribution with a simple learning scheme, lack of connection weights and segmentation algorithms prove regulatory feedback networks not only beneficial for machine learning tasks but also for biological modeling of animal vision.
Infrared fluorescence ‘‘decay-time’’ temperature sensor (1985)

The principle of the change in the ‘‘decay time’’ of the fluorescence of a small sample of neodymium in a glass matrix, excited by infrared radiation from a high-power light emitting diode has been used in the construction of a fiber-optic temperature sensor. Such a device is an inexpensive transducer and has demonstrated a fiber-optic sensor not requiring referencing to the intensity of the exciting radiation.
Regional haemodynamic effects of recombinant murine or human leptin in conscious rats (2000)

Regional haemodynamic responses to recombinant murine or human leptin were assessed in conscious, chronically-instrumented, male, Long-Evans rats (350 - 450 g). Human, but not murine, leptin caused a slight hindquarters vasoconstriction, but neither peptide had any effect on mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate. In the presence of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118551, a hindquarters vasoconstrictor response to human leptin was not seen, and there was a tachycardia, as there was to murine leptin. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, (L-NAME), did not influence the cardiovascular effects of murine or human leptin. The results indicate that the previously reported sympathoexcitatory effects of murine leptin in anaesthetized rats are not manifest as regional haemodynamic changes in conscious rats, and this is not due to beta(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilator mechanisms opposing any vasoconstrictor responses. Moreover, the ability of L-NAME to unmask a pressor effect of murine leptin in anaesthetized rats may not be apparent in the conscious state.
Amino acid residues on human poliovirus receptor involved in interaction with poliovirus. (1994)

We have previously demonstrated that the N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain (domain 1; 115 amino acids) of human poliovirus receptor (hPVR) is essential for poliovirus binding and infection to cells. To identify amino acids involved in the interaction with poliovirus, we constructed a number of cDNAs encoding mutant hPVRs whose domain 1 was partially derived from mouse PVR (mPVR) homolog, which does not serve as a binding site for poliovirus. Poliovirus binding and infection assays were performed on mouse L cells that express these chimera cDNAs. Anti-hPVR monoclonal antibodies were employed to confirm the presence of mutant PVRs on the surface of mouse cells and to know conformational alteration of these PVRs. A significant decrease in efficiency of both poliovirus binding and infection to the cells was observed when one or a few amino acids of hPVR at Gly73, Ser74, Gln82, Leu99-Glu102, or Gln130-Ser132 were substituted by the corresponding amino acids of mPVR. Similar results were obtained when a 2-amino acid insertion of mPVR, which was missing in hPVR, was introduced at the corresponding site (between Arg98 and Leu99) of hPVR. These amino acids were highly conserved in functional PVRs of primates but not in unfunctional PVRs of rodents. These results indicate that the amino acids identified may have important roles in interaction of PVR with poliovirus that leads to the establishment of the virus infection. In the three-dimensional model of the domain 1 of hPVR, these amino acids are located on one side of the molecule. This suggests that the interaction with poliovirus occurs on this side of the domain 1.
Biological Treatment of TNT-Contaminated Soil. 1. Anaerobic Cometabolic Reduction and Interaction of TNT and Metabolites with Soil Components (1998)

The explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), found as a major contaminant at armament plants from the two world wars, is reduced by a variety of microorganisms when electron donors such as glucose are added. This study shows that the cometabolic reduction of TNT to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene by an undefined anaerobic consortium increased considerably with increasing TNT concentrations and decreased with decreasing concentrations and feeding rates of glucose. The interactions of TNT and its reduction products with montmorillonitic clay and humic acids were investigated in abiotic adsorption experiments and during the microbial reduction of TNT. The results indicate that reduction products of TNT particularly hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes and 2,4,6-triaminotoluene bind irreversibly to soil components, which would prevent or prolong mineralization of the contaminants. Irreversible binding also hinders a further spread of the contaminants through soil or leaching into the groundwater.
Optimizing and Visualizing Deep Learning for Benign/Malignant Classification in Breast Tumors (2017)

Breast cancer has the highest incidence and second highest mortality rate for women in the US. Our study aims to utilize deep learning for benign/malignant classification of mammogram tumors using a subset of cases from the Digital Database of Screening Mammography (DDSM). Though it was a small dataset from the view of Deep Learning (about 1000 patients), we show that currently state of the art architectures of deep learning can find a robust signal, even when trained from scratch. Using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we are able to achieve an accuracy of 85% and an ROC AUC of 0.91, while leading hand-crafted feature based methods are only able to achieve an accuracy of 71%. We investigate an amalgamation of architectures to show that our best result is reached with an ensemble of the lightweight GoogLe Nets tasked with interpreting both the coronal caudal view and the mediolateral oblique view, simply averaging the probability scores of both views to make the final prediction. In addition, we have created a novel method to visualize what features the neural network detects for the benign/malignant classification, and have correlated those features with well known radiological features, such as spiculation. Our algorithm significantly improves existing classification methods for mammography lesions and identifies features that correlate with established clinical markers.
The Universal Chronicle of Ranulf Higden. By John Taylor. Pp. xi + 198 + 1 plate. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. 38s. (1967)

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Signal transduction through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-like pp57 blocked in differentiated cells having low protein kinase C beta activity. (1993)

pp57 is a cytoplasmic kinase which is related antigenically and functionally to the extracellular signal regulated kinase or the mitogen-activated kinase family of signal transduction proteins. Two undifferentiated colon carcinoma cell lines responded to the diacylglycerol diolein by growth and a rapid 3-4-fold increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of pp57, and smaller increases in threonine and serine phosphorylation. By enhancing tyrosine phosphorylation of pp57, diolein increased pp57 kinase activity on myelin basic protein. Two enterocytic differentiated colon carcinoma cell lines, when treated with diolein, exhibited neither increased pp57 tyrosine phosphorylation nor increased growth. Both enterocytic lines exhibited 30% of the total PKC activity, 10-20% of the abundance of PKC beta as detected by Western blotting with anti-peptide antisera, and 10-20% of the PKC beta activity, by immune complex kinase reactions, that was expressed in the undifferentiated cell lines. The abundance of three other PKC isozymes, alpha, epsilon, and zeta appeared unchanged in the undifferentiated and enterocytic lines, reflecting their common parental cell line origin. The association between loss of PKC beta activity and blocked signaling through pp57 in each of two cell lines suggests that PKC beta is part of a signal transduction system activating pp57.
MAVENs: Motion analysis and visualization of elastic networks and structural ensembles (2011)

MAVEN has been developed to simplify ENM generation, allow for diverse models to be used, and facilitate useful analyses, all on the same platform. This represents an integrated approach that incorporates all four levels of the modeling process - generation, evaluation, analysis, visualization - and also brings to bear multiple ENM types. The intension is to provide a versatile modular suite of programs to a broader audience. MAVEN is available for download at http://maven.sourceforge.net.
Use of 5-fluorouracil to analyze the effect of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha on long-term reconstituting stem cells in vivo (1993)

A macrophage-derived inhibitor of early hematopoietic progenitors (colony-forming unit-spleen, CFU-A) called stem cell inhibitor was found to be identical to macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha). We investigated the effect of MIP-1 alpha on the earliest stem cells that sustain long-term hematopoiesis in vivo in a competitive bone marrow repopulation assay. Because long-term reconstituting (LTR) stem cells are normally quiescent, an in vivo model was first developed in which they are triggered to cycle. A first 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injection was used to eliminate later progenitors, causing the LTR stem cells, which are normally resistant to 5-FU, to enter the cell cycle and become sensitive to a second 5-FU injection administered 5 days later. Human MIP-1 alpha administered from day 0 to 7 was unable to prevent the depletion of the LTR stem cells by the second 5-FU treatment, as observed on day 7 in this model, suggesting that the LTR stem cells were not prevented from being triggered into cycle despite the MIP-1 alpha treatment. However, the MIP-1 alpha protocol used here did substantially decrease the number of more mature hematopoietic progenitors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells [CFC], burst- forming unit-erythroid, CFCmulti, and preCFCmulti) recovered in the bone marrow shortly after a single 5-FU injection. In vitro, MIP-1 alpha had no inhibitory effect on the ability of these progenitors to form colonies. This study confirms the in vivo inhibitory effect of MIP- 1 alpha on subpopulations of hematopoietic progenitors that are activated in myelodepressed animals. However, MIP-1 alpha had no effect on the long-term reconstituting stem cells in vivo under conditions in which it effectively reduced all later progenitors.
Metabolic fate of the novel antihypertensive drug naftopidil. (1991)

The metabolism of 14C-naftopidil ((R,S)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl-3- (1-naphthyl-oxy-2-propanol, CAS 57149-07-2) and the pharmacodynamic action of the metabolites was investigated. The metabolic pathway in rat, dog, mouse and man was qualitatively similar, with preference for the hydroxylation of the phenyl or naphthyl moiety of naftopidil [phenyl)hydroxy-metabolite, (naphthyl)hydroxy-metabolite). Cleavage of the parent compound and production of the propylene glycol metabolite was a further important reaction especially for rat and man. In all species investigated, demethylation of naftopidil occurs to a minor extent. O-desmethyl-naftopidil, (phenyl)hydroxy-naftopidil and (naphthyl)hydroxy-naftopidil were found to have similar affinities for the alpha 1-adrenoceptors as the parent compound (IC50)nmol/l): 433.0; 585.0; 52.7; respectively; naftopidil: 235.0). The naftopidil metabolites, like the parent compound showed no alpha 2- or beta-adrenoceptor affinity.
Glyphosate Can Reduce Glyphosate-resistant Canola Growth After Individual or Sequential Applications (2006)

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine whether multiple applications of glyphosate and time of glyphosate application with regard to the crop's growth stage had a significant effect on the growth and development of glyphosate-resistant canola. Glyphosate was applied as single applications at the two-, four-, or six-leaf stage of canola; as sequential double applications at the two- and four-, two- and six-, and four- and six-leaf stages of canola; and as a triple application at all three stages. Of the plant growth parameters measured, single applications of glyphosate resulted in significant reductions to stem weight and shoot weight compared with nontreated plants, and multiple applications of glyphosate caused significant reductions to leaf area, leaf weight, stem weight, and shoot weight. Single applications of glyphosate were less injurious to glyphosate-resistant canola compared with multiple applications, and canola growth parameter reductions were greatest after earlier glyphosate applications.
Needed Information and Assistance for Women Entrepreneurs: A Comparison with Male Small Business Owners (2000)

This study is based on a survey of small businesses to determine assistance needs of women owners as compared to male owners. The study showed that a large proportion of women had not used information sources available to them. Women used SBDC&apos;s, SBA, and Minority Business Development Centers more than male owners. More men used information from equipment vendors than women. A majority of the women indicated a need for business and technical assistance. The major types of assistance received from women at colleges and universities were mainly continuing professional development classes and business assistance.
Shop and Go: An innovative approach towards shopping using Deep Learning and Computer Vision (2020)

Today, technology plays a vital role in developing the nation and it is changing day-by-day to make people lives much simpler, without this change it is hard to imagine our life. Everyday new innovation is taking place, and one such innovation made by amazon is Amazon Go. Amazon Go is enhancement to shopping experience which employees' self-checkout technique. Amazon Go currently uses the technology such as sensor fusion and deep learning. It introduces a complete new kind of shopping style with just Walk-out technology. It is designed for those who do not like to stand in checkout queue. Customer needs to install an app that needs to be scanned at entry point. It then uses sophisticated technology to track the customer's purchase and add them to customer's cart. Customer can exit the store without physical checkout and the purchase amount will be deducted from their account directly. Our implementation focuses on building a shopping system to ease the users experience with respect to shopping. It further discusses the challenges faced during implementing this new technology and suggest some ways through which we can overcome it. These technologies have a vast application in various fields that will play important role in near future.
Study on the Integration of Flue Gas Waste Heat Desulfurization and Dust Removal in Civilian Coal-fired Heating Furnace (2020)

Abstract To put the policy of civil coal governance environment, the clean and efficient use of technology and civilian cainuanlu practical application within consideration, this paper designed a set of flue gas desulfurization dust removal integration of recovery of waste heat from flue gas treatment system, in order to achieve the recovery of waste heat of flue gas and reduce cainuanlu particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions. The flue gas treatment system mainly used the structure of the spiral coil heating and stainless steel tube, and will recovery the smoke waste heat ; There are three dust removal processes: the strainer mesh filtration of the entire unit, adsorption of modified activated coke and water spray cleaning; Desulfurization part was designed to operate the easy drawer cabinet structure, using the modified adsorption properties of activated coke processing SO2 in flue gas. The experimental results show that the processing system of dust removal and desulfurization efficiency is at 80%.
STOCHASTIC FOOD PRICES AND SLASH-AND-BURN AGRICULTURE (1998)

This paper explores the interrelationship between poverty, risk, and deforestation by small farmers in the low-income tropics.A nonseparable household model reveals how exogenous shocks to the mean or variance of a food price distribution might affect peasants' incentives to clear forest.The resulting links between food price policy, farmer behavior, and deforestation offer an innovative explanation of the vicious cycle of peasant immiserization and tropical deforestation.An intriguing, testable hypothesis also emerges: that market-oriented reforms that increase the mean and variance of food prices may inadvertently stimulate deforestation in economies in which a sizable proportion of farmers are net buyers.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF EU COMPANY LAW PROVISIONS PROTECTING WHO, WHAT AND HOW? (2015)

The stakeholder-oriented nature of EU company law can be observed in the case of public or private limited liability companies. In the case of the former, protection of shareholders also comes in the forefront and it can be found through the information model legislation, demanding all relevant information to be presented to the shareholders, on the basis of which the shareholders take on the responsibility for their decisions. This shift of responsibility for protection from legislative provisions in the hands of company law actors can be also observed in the case of provisions addressed to creditors, albeit in limited form. The interplay of the two legislative approaches- information based Anglo-American approach and (minimum) harmonization Continental approach can be seen throughout the body of EU company law, including CJEU case law, but the use of one or another does not always depend on the EU legislative policy. The lack of harmonization of some basic company law principles across the national laws of Member