gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correction: Altered Hypothalamic Protein Expression in a Rat Model of Huntington's Disease (2012)

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by progressive motor impairment and cognitive alterations. Changes in energy metabolism, neuroendocrine function, body weight, euglycemia, appetite function, and circadian rhythm can also occur. It is likely that the locus of these alterations is the hypothalamus. We used the HD transgenic (tg) rat model bearing 51 CAG repeats, which exhibits similar HD symptomology as HD patients to investigate hypothalamic function. We conducted detailed hypothalamic proteome analyses and also measured circulating levels of various metabolic hormones and lipids in pre-symptomatic and symptomatic animals. Our results demonstrate that there are significant alterations in HD rat hypothalamic protein expression such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), heat shock protein-70, the oxidative damage protein glutathione peroxidase (Gpx4), glycogen synthase1 (Gys1) and the lipid synthesis enzyme acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 1 (Agpat1). In addition, there are significant alterations in various circulating metabolic hormones and lipids in pre-symptomatic animals including, insulin, leptin, triglycerides and HDL, before any motor or cognitive alterations are apparent. These early metabolic and lipid alterations are likely prodromal signs of hypothalamic dysfunction. Gaining a greater understanding of the hypothalamic and metabolic alterations that occur in HD, could lead to the development of novel therapeutics for early interventional treatment of HD.
LARGE-AREA GRAPHENE-BASED FLEXIBLE TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING FILMS (2009)

A simple approach by direct synthesis of few-layer graphene sheets and transferring them onto flexible substrate is demonstrated. The hydrogen effect on the D band intensity of Raman spectra for few-layer graphene sheets synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Ni -evaporated silicon substrate is investigated by optimizing the mixing ratio of C 2 H 4 / H 2 . While the Ni etchant is used to melt away the squeezed Ni layers between graphene sheet and silicon substrate, the graphene sheet is transferred onto polyethylene terephthalate film by a fishing method. It is found that the condition of graphene transfer strongly relies on the cooling rate of the film during CVD synthesis. The sheet resistance of the film decreases as the film thickness increases. A sheet resistance of 233 Ω/sq is obtained at a transmittance of 62%.
Dynamics of the Dissociation of a Disulfide Biradical on a CdSe Nanoparticle Surface (2007)

Fluorescence spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) provide insights into the nature and dynamics of disulfide binding to the surface of CdSe quantum dots. We show evidence that adsorption occurs slowly but irreversibly, leading to time-dependent quenching efficiency.
An upstream regulatory element of the NCAM promoter contains a binding site for homeodomains (1991)

In the present study, we have analyzed an upstream regulatory element of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) promoter which is required for full promoter activity. It contains an ATTATTA motif that resembles the core recognition sequence of homeodomain (HD) proteins of the Antennapedia (Antp) and related types. Electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting analyses revealed that the Drosophila HDs coded by the Antp and the zerknüllt (zen) genes bind this site in vitro. In contrast, the engrailed (en) protein did not produce a detectable footprint. The functional relevance of the ATTATTA motif was demonstrated by showing that a two-nucleotide exchange curtailed stimulation of an heterologous promoter. An oligonucleotide known to be recognized with high affinity by Antp-like HDs efficiently competed for endogenous factor binding. These results suggest that the NCAM gene may be a target for HD proteins.
Fmoc-Based Synthesis of Peptide-<sup>α</sup>Thioesters:  Application to the Total Chemical Synthesis of a Glycoprotein by Native Chemical Ligation (1999)

The technique of native chemical ligation has enabled the total chemical synthesis of proteins with molecular weights far in excess of those achievable by conventional stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis. The method involves the condensation of two unprotected peptide segments, one bearing a C-terminal αthioester and the other an N-terminal cysteine residue, to afford a protein with a native amide linkage at the site of ligation. Here we report an extension of the native chemical ligation method to the total synthesis of a glycosylated protein, the antimicrobial O-linked glycoprotein diptericin. The major challenge in our synthesis was preparation of a 24-residue glycopeptide-αthioester segment, which was complicated by the incompatibility of glycosidic linkages with Boc chemistry and by the incompatibility of thioesters with Fmoc chemistry. The use of an alkanesulfonamide “safety-catch” linker circumvented this problem and permitted the solid-phase synthesis of the glycopeptide-αthioester using standard Fmoc chemistry protocols. Ligation of this thioester with a 58-residue glycopeptide bearing an N-terminal cysteine residue yielded the full-length glycoprotein with two sites of glycosylation. The fully deprotected diptericin glycoform was active in antimicrobial assays.
Electricity consumer classification using artificial intelligence (2004)

In a deregulated energy environment, consumers can purchase electricity from any provider regardless of size and location. As a result, there is a growing interest in understanding the nature of variations in consumer consumption. This information can be used to facilitate an electricity supplier in their marketing strategy. Thus, it is essential to have typical load profiles of different groups of consumers. Many techniques for consumer classification have been reported in the past. The techniques include applications of statistics, unsupervised clustering technique and methods based on frequency domain approach. This paper examines the capability of artificial intelligent techniques to classify electricity consumers by their pattern of consumption. Fuzzy clustering and an artificial neural network (ANN) have been employed in this study. The results obtained demonstrate the ability of the proposed method in classifying consumers by their energy consumption.
Mosaic Analysis in the Nematode <i>Caenorhabditis Elegans</i> (1989)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: cell lineagedevelopmentduplicationmuscleneuron Additional informationNotes on contributorsRobert K. HermanJoyce Laing works in the Department of Child and Family Psychiatry, Playfield House, Cupar, Fife, and is a Consultant Art Therapist to Psychiatric Hospitals and Prisons and Chairwoman of the Scottish Society of Art and Psychology.
Video Cataloging Based on Robust Logotype Detection (2006)

In this paper a technique for video cataloging based on logo detection is shown. No a priori knowledge about shape or spatial-temporal location of logos is assumed. The method implements a new algorithm for online logo detection based on temporal and spatial segmentation of broadcasted videos. Temporal segmentation identifies constant luminance regions within video frames while spatial segmentation helps to refine previous segmented regions. In a final step, identified logos are searched in a database and classified into candidate or learnt logotypes. Learnt logos can be directly tracked through the video. Candidate logotypes are assigned to a cluster of similar logos. After a promotion process, all the candidate logos belonging to the same cluster are used to create a new learnt logotype.
Achieving consistency of replicated copies with the relay race method (2002)

Relay race is a method for maintaining the consistency of replicated copes. A relay is a stream of bitransactions (binary transactions) propagating updates like a wave. Each bitransaction is atomic while the global process is asynchronous in the sense that a bitransaction starts as soon as the previous one commits. The goal is to extend relay race for supporting temporal consistency constraints. Temporal consistency is treated through a couple of consistency rules; one simply checks the consistency of a copy and does not depend on any consistency predicate; the other one implements the protocol for restoring the consistency of a copy whenever the associated consistency predicate becomes true.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
1200V reverse conducting IGBT (2004)

This report premieres to reveal the newly developed 1200V Reverse Conducting IGBT (RC-IGBT) by using our thin wafer process technology. The fabricated RC-IGBT operates as both IGBT and free wheeling diode (FWD). Adopting a Helium-irradiation carrier lifetime controlling technology to our RC-IGBT, the essential characteristics of the fabricated 1200V/100A chip can achieve a level comparable to those of conventional 3rd generation PT-type IGBT and FWD pair. The trade off with Vce(sat) and turn-off loss and the correlation between Vf and Err is almost same to the conventional 3rd generation PT-type IGBT and FWD pair.
Room-Temperature Continuous-Wave Frequency-Referenced Spectrometer up to 7.5 THz (2018)

An innovative spectrometer demonstrates the possibility of realizing room-temperature generation and detection of continuous-wave THz radiation spanning three octaves in frequency, and enabling molecular spectroscopy with state-of-the-art accuracy. The setup is based on a simple, reliable approach that combines robust telecom-laser components, nonlinear difference-frequency generation, and frequency-comb-assisted referencing to a primary frequency standard. The combination of ultrabroad-band coverage and microwatt power levels in a single source could pave the way to metrological-grade sources spanning most of the THz range, for countless demanding applications.
Lattice dynamics and Raman spectra of isotopically mixed diamond (1992)

We present coherent-potential-approximation (CPA) calculations and first- and second-order Raman spectra for diamonds with varying concentrations of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$. The calculations are based on the valence-force model of Tubino, Piseri, and Zerbi [J. Chem. Phys. 56, 1022 (1972)]. Contrary to previous claims, we find that this model does not give a sharp peak in the density of states (DOS) near the Raman mode. Alternative dispersion curves that do give such a peak are discussed. Raman results are reported for high-quality, single-crystal synthetic diamonds with isotopic compositions ranging from nearly pure $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ to nearly pure $^{13}\mathrm{C}$. A measurable deviation in the Raman frequency away from a simple ${\mathit{M}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ (``virtual-crystal'') dependence and an observable broadening of the first- and second-order spectra are qualitatively consistent with CPA predictions for the effects of isotopic disorder. Quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is achieved only if the reference DOS contains the above-mentioned peak. This supports the interpretation of the controversial second-order Raman peak in naturally abundant diamond (1.1 at. % $^{13}\mathrm{C}$) at 2667 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ as a DOS effect. At all compositions, the effects of isotopic disorder are relatively weak because of the small mass difference between $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$. For 1.1 at. % $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, the maximum broadening predicted in the CPA is less than 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than a previous estimate. For the lowest-frequency modes most relevant to the thermal conductivity, the CPA scattering rate reduces to the usual ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{4}$ dependence first derived by Klemens for phonon-isotope scattering. Using Callaway's theory, we show that this term can easily account for the recently observed 50% enhancement in room-temperature thermal conductivity upon elimination of $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ impurities, provided that sufficient normal scattering also occurs.
The culture of mouse blastocysts in the presence of uterine flushings collected during normal pregnancy, delayed implantation and pro-oestrus (1977)

When day-3 mouse embryos were cultured in a simple medium supplemented with uterine fluids of mice autopsied on day 4 of pregnancy, 48 h after administration of oestradiol, or during pro-oestrus, the percentage of blastocysts hatching from the zona pellucida was significantly greater than in unsupplemented medium. In the presence of uterine fluids recovered during delayed implantation this stimulation of blastocyst hatching was not observed. When the culture medium was supplemented with dialysed uterine flushings containing 20 or 30 microgram protein/ml, both 'day 4' and 'delay' uterine proteins were equally effective in enhancing hatching frequency (P less than 0.05). The results suggested that 'delay' uterine fluids may contain a dialysable inhibitor of blastocyst activity. The putative inhibitor was not effective in the presence of serum, since uterine fluids recovered both on day 4 of pregnancy and during delayed implantation significantly increased the size attained by blastocyst outgrowths in the presence of foetal calf serum (P less than 0.01). The percentage of blastocysts exhibitng giant cell transformation and outgrowth was also increased (P less than 0.02) by these uterine fluids when the concentration of FCS in the medium was minimal (0.25%).
An update on antifungal targets and mechanisms of resistance in<i>Candida</i><i>albicans</i> (2005)

Much progress has been made in the last decade in identifying genes responsible for antifungal resistance in Candida albicans. Attention has focused on five major C. albicans genes: ABC transporter genes CDR1 and CDR2, major facilitator efflux gene MDR1, and ergosterol biosynthesis genes ERG11 and ERG3. Resistance involves mutations in 14C-lanosterol demethylase, targeted by fluconazole (FLZ) and encoded by ERG11, and mutations that up-regulate efflux genes that probably efflux the antifungals. Mutations that affect ERG3 mutations have been understudied as mechanism resistance among clinical isolates. In vitro resistance in clinical isolates typically involves step-wise mutations affecting more than one of these genes, and often unidentified genes. Different approaches are needed to identify these other genes. Very little is understood about reversible adaptive resistance of C. albicans despite its potential clinical significance; most clinical failures to control infections other than oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) occur with in vitro susceptible strains. Tolerance of C. albicans to azoles has been attributed to the calcineurin stress-response pathway, offering new potential targets for next generation antifungals. Recent studies have identified genes that regulate CDR1 or ERG genes. The focus of this review is C. albicans, although information on Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Candida glabrata is provided in areas in where Candida research is underdeveloped. With the completion of the C. albicans genomic sequence, and new methods for high throughput gene overexpression and disruption, rapid progress towards understanding the regulation of resistance, novel resistance mechanisms, and adaptive resistance is expected in the near future.
Accumulation enhancement of human monoclonal antibody HB4C5 to lung tumor xenografts by N-deglycosylation. (1994)

The lung cancer-associated human monoclonal antibody HB4C5, which recognizes histone H2B as the antigen, accumulates specifically to the necrotic fraction of tumor. The uptake is enhanced by removal of N-terminal glycosyl residues from the antigen-binding site of the light chain.
Ultrastructural studies on Regan and non-Regan isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in human ovarian cancer cells. (1973)

Summary In order to examine the intracellular localization of the Regan isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase in human cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells from three selected patients were studied histochemically and electron microscopically. For selection of these cases, the patients9 ascites or tissue tumor cells derived from primary tumors were smeared or sectioned and stained histochemically for alkaline phosphatase by use of a simultaneous azodye coupling technique with or without amino acid inhibitors (d- and l-phenylalanine and l-homoarginine) in the incubation mixtures. These amino acids are able to distinguish the Regan isoenzyme from non-Regan alkaline phosphatases. Kaplow9s scoring technique was applied for evaluation of the respective enzyme activities. Of the three representative cases selected for this paper, alkaline phosphatase of the cells from Case 1 (S. C.) revealed high sensitivity only to l-phenylalanine; Case 2 (T. C.) showed sensitivity to l-phenylalanine and l-homoarginine; Case 3 (H. F.) showed sensitivity only to l-homoarginine. The staining features appeared granular (Cases 1 and 2) and diffuse or membranous (Cases 2 and 3) on light microscopy. The tissue cancer cells obtained by surgical operation were processed for electron microscopic examination in combination with the histochemical reaction for alkaline phosphatase with the metal precipitation method of Hugon and Borgers. l-Phenylalanine-sensitive cases (Cases 1 and 2) showed enzyme activity on mitochondria of the cancer cells in most of the cells and occasionally in other organelles such as Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear membranes, while in l-homoarginine-sensitive cases (Cases 2 and 3), especially in Case 3, deposition of the enzyme product was distinctly confined to the cell membranes. Case 2 also displayed cell membrane activities in addition to the other localizations described. From these results, there seemed to exist a likelihood that mitochondrial alkaline phosphatase is related to l-phenylalanine sensitivity, i.e., Regan alkaline phosphatase, while the cell membrane activities are sensitive to l-homoarginine i.e., non-Regan isoenzyme in ovarian cancer.
Characterization of DNAβ associated with begomoviruses in China and evidence for co-evolution with their cognate viral DNA-A FN1 (2003)

Eighteen samples of begomoviruses isolated from tobacco, tomato and weed species in Yunnan, China were found to be associated with DNAbeta molecules, for which the complete nucleotide sequences were found to contain 1333-1355 nt. The 18 DNAbeta molecules identified consist of three main types, each associated with a different begomovirus species: 72-99 % nucleotide identity was found within one type, but only 39-57 % identity was found between types. All the DNAbeta molecules reported here and elsewhere contain a 115 nt conserved region that has 93-100 % identity with a consensus sequence, and have a common ORF encoding 118 amino acids on the complementary strand (designated C1). Co-agroinoculation of the DNA-A component of Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus tobacco isolate Y10, with its associated DNAbeta (Y10beta), shows this DNAbeta to be involved in symptom induction in tobacco and tomato. The in-frame ATG mutation of C1 of Y10beta caused much milder symptoms as compared with wild Y10beta, indicating a functional role for this ORF. Pairwise nucleotide sequence identity comparisons of DNAbeta molecules and their cognate viral DNA-A molecules indicate that DNAbeta molecules have co-evolved with their cognate helper viruses. Recombination between DNAbeta molecules is documented and a DNAbeta species concept is proposed and discussed.
The Representation of Vowel Length (2011)

Length is the phonological correlate of durational differences between sounds, tied to the phonological concept “quantity.” The concept of length usually considers duration segmentally, attributing length to particular segments (the vowel or consonant is the locus of the property “long” or “short,” and not the syllable, foot, or word). Length being a phonological attribute, distinctions are discrete mental categories, not physical measurement, and, like most phonological attributes in generative theories, length is traditionally treated binarily.
Co-expression of P450 BM3 and glucose dehydrogenase by recombinant Escherichia coli and its application in an NADPH-dependent indigo production system (2006)

P450 BM3 mutant can catalyze indole to indoxyl, and indoxyl can dimerize to form indigo. But the reaction catalyzed by P450 BM3 requires NADPH, as coenzyme regeneration is very important in this system. As we know, when glucose dehydrogenase oxidizes glucose to glucolactone, NADH or NADPH can be formed, which can contribute to NADPH regeneration in the reaction catalyzed by P450 BM3. In this paper, a recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (pET28a (+)-P450 BM3-gdh0310) was constructed to co-express both P450 BM3 gene and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) gene. To improve the expression level of P450 BM3 and GDH in E. coli and to avoid the complex and low-efficiency refolding operation in the purification procedure, the expression conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum P450 BM3 and GDH activities amounted to 8173.13 and 0.045 U/mg protein, respectively. Then bioconversion of indole to indigo was carried out by adding indole and glucose to the culture after improved expression level was obtained under optimized conditions, and 2.9 mM (760.6 mg/L) indigo was formed with an initial indole concentration of 5 mM.
Response properties of a foveated space-variant CMOS image sensor (2002)

A new foveated CMOS image sensor has been designed and fabricated. The photocell elements transform the light into current, and then, in a continuous way, into voltage without charge integration. This kind of sensing cell has been already employed in image sensors for normal cameras, but never in foveated sensors. The presented sensor tries to emulate the human eye pixel resulting in a sensor with a space variant distribution of pixels. Consequences of this distribution are the different size of the sensing elements in the pixel matrix, the non orthogonal shapes of the different elements that integrate the pixel, and, as a result, the different response of every cell in the sensor. A scaling mechanism is needed due to the different pixel size from circumference to circumference. A mechanism for current scaling is presented. This mechanism has been studied along with other effects, as the narrow channel effect on submicron MOS transistors, and the influence of the logarithmic response of these special kinds of sensing cells. The chip has been fabricated using standard 0.7 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
Synthesis of [60]Fulleroindolines: Palladium-Catalyzed Heteroannulations of [60]Fullerene with <i>o</i>-Iodoanilines (2009)

The palladium-catalyzed reaction of C(60) with a variety of o-iodoanilines afforded the first synthesis of C(60)-fused indoline derivatives. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed.