gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge trapping at high doses in an active matrix flat panel dosimeter (2004)

Active matrix flat panel dosimeters (AMFPDs) have a high density of charge trapping centers (/spl sim/3/spl times/10/sup 15//cm/sup 3/) which lead to both lag and ghosting in reconstructed dose measurements. Lag is due to charge release within the detector and is a function of the lifetime of the trapping centers within the detector. Ghosting, defined as excess charge not produced by charge release, is a phenomenon believed to be caused by reduced charge trapping probability due to the trapped charge population density being greater after exposure to a radiation field than previous to the exposure. This paper examines the characteristics of a large AMFPD (26 cm /spl times/ 26 cm) detector for long exposure times (up to 1 minute) and high doses (up to 3 Gy). This detector was operated in a direct detection mode. Nonlinear response functions were mapped as a function of exposure time and dose for an X-ray beam where the accelerating potential of the electrons was 6 megavolts (MV). Additionally, the impulse response functions (IRFs) were measured at 6 MV for the same set of exposure times and doses used for the measurement of the nonlinear mapping. These IRFs are shown to be functions of both exposure time and dose delivered to the detector. The reproducibility of dose measurements using procedures derived from this paper is discussed. The temporal transfer function (TTF), defined as the absolute value of the Fourier transform of the IRF, is introduced and several examples of the TTFs are shown and discussed.
A development of micro sheath flow chamber (2002)

A micro-sheath flow chamber for a particle analyzer was developed using micro-machining. Sheath flow geometry is formed in a two-dimensional passage configuration. A viscous flow analysis using the finite element method helps to examine the inside flow of a small passage and design the passage configuration. The micro-sheath flow chamber consists of bent passages for sheath fluid, a constricted passage, and a capillary tube. The height of these passages is 300 mu m. The viscous flow analysis reveals that swirl flow is generated at the constricted passage, causing the sample flow to scatter. This result suggests that a sample flow guide plate is needed to eliminate the swirl flow and induce a flow to envelope the sample fluid. Experimental measurement of the sample flow using a guide plate shows that smooth constricted sheath flow is obtained and that the velocity reaches 3.0 m/s, nearly the same speed as the value obtained by the viscous analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A memristor emulator as a replacement of a real memristor (2014)

In this paper, we propose a memristor emulator that embraces most of features of a real memristor. The important features that a memristor emulator should include are a sufficiently wide range of memristance, bimodal operability of pulse and continuous signal inputs, a long period of nonvolatility, floating operation, operability with other devices, and the ability to be implemented with off-the-shelf devices. The proposed memristor emulator circuit contains all of these features. Specifically, the small variation range of memristance and the nonfloating operation that limit conventional memristor emulators are improved significantly. It is designed to be built with off-the-shelf electronics devices.
An extended Kalman filter for spinning spacecraft attitude estimation (1991)

An extended Kalman filter for real-time ground attitude estimation of a gyro-less spinning spacecraft was developed and tested. The filter state vector includes the angular momentum direction, phase angle, inertial nutation angle, and inertial and body nutation rates. The filter solves for the nutating three-axis attitude and accounts for effects due to principle axes offset from the body axes. The attitude is propagated using the kinematics of a rigid body symmetric about the principle spin axis; disturbance torques are assumed to be small. Filter updates consist only of the measured angles between celestial objects (Sun, Earth, etc.) and the nominal spin axis, and the times these angles were measured. Both simulated data and real data from the Dynamics Explorer -A (DE-A) spacecraft were used to test the filter; the results are presented. Convergence was achieved rapidly from a wide range of a priori state estimates, and sub-degree accuracy was attained. Systematic errors affecting the solution accuracy are discussed, as are the results of an attempt to solve for sensor measurement angle biases in the state vector.
Junction temperature post-fault analysis of single IGBT short-circuit for double-side cooling inverter used for electric vehicle (2017)

Compared with single-side cooling inverter, double-side cooling inverter is more advantageous for the application of electric vehicle in terms of efficient cooling performance, mechanical robustness and high power density. IGBT short-circuit fault is one of the detrimental factors to cause the whole inverter failure. From the perspective of inverter, this paper analyzed the fault condition of single IGBT short circuit and compared the post-fault protection strategies of ASC (active short circuit) and UCG (uncontrolled generation mode) considering IGBT junction temperature under load and no-load conditions.
Molecular Bridge Enables Anomalous Enhancement in Thermal Transport across Hard‐Soft Material Interfaces (2014)

Conventional wisdom tells us that interfacial thermal transport is more efficient when the interface adhesion energy is enhanced. In this study, it is demonstrated that molecular bridges consisting of small molecules chemically absorbed on solid surfaces can enhance the thermal transport across hard-soft material interfaces by as much as 7-fold despite a significant decrease in the interface adhesion energy. This work provides an unconventional strategy to improve thermal transport across material interfaces.
Clerodane diterpenes: sources, structures, and biological activities (2016)

Covering: 1990 to 2015The clerodane diterpenoids are a widespread class of secondary metabolites and have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families and in organisms from other taxonomic groups. These substances have attracted interest in recent years due to their notable biological activities, particularly insect antifeedant properties. In addition, the major active clerodanes of Salvia divinorum can be used as novel opioid receptor probes, allowing greater insight into opioid receptor-mediated phenomena, as well as opening additional areas for chemical investigation. This article provides extensive coverage of naturally occurring clerodane diterpenes discovered from 1990 until 2015, and follows up on the 1992 review by Merritt and Ley in this same journal. The distribution, chemotaxonomic significance, chemical structures, and biological activities of clerodane diterpenes are summarized. In the cases where sufficient information is available, structure activity relationship (SAR) correlations and mode of action of active clerodanes have been presented.
Evidence for a Global Seismic-Moment Release Sequence (2005)

Temporal clustering of the larger earthquakes (foreshock-mainshock-aftershock) followed by relative quiescence (stress shadow) are characteristic of seismic cycles along plate boundaries. A global seismic-moment release history, based on a little more than 100 years of instrumental earthquake data in an extended version of the catalog of Pacheco and Sykes (1992), illustrates similar behavior for Earth as a whole. Although the largest earthquakes have occurred in the circum-Pacific region, an analysis of moment release in the hemisphere antipodal to the Pacific plate shows a very similar pattern. Monte Carlo simulations confirm that the global temporal clustering of great shallow earthquakes during 1952–1964 at M ≥ 9.0 is highly significant (4% random probability) as is the clustering of the events of M ≥ 8.6 (0.2% random probability) during 1950–1965. We have extended the Pacheco and Sykes (1992) catalog from 1989 through 2001 using Harvard moment centroid data. Immediately after the 1950–1965 cluster, significant quiescence at and above M 8.4 begins and continues until 2001 (0.5% random probability). In alternative catalogs derived by correcting for possible random errors in magnitude estimates in the extended Pacheco–Sykes catalog, the clustering of M ≥ 9 persists at a significant level. These observations indicate that, for great earthquakes, Earth behaves as a coherent seismotectonic system. A very-large-scale mechanism for global earthquake triggering and/or stress transfer is implied. There are several candidates, but so far only viscoelastic relaxation has been modeled on a global scale.
Low-Loss Transponder Aggregator Using Spatial and Planar Optical Circuit (2015)

We propose a compact transponder aggregator (TPA) consisting of a wavelength selective switch (WSS) array and a direction switch array. It has no intrinsic splitting loss and therefore the number of ports can exceed that of a conventional multicast switch. A waveguide-based frontend that incorporates spatial beam transformers enables us to increase the number of ports and integrate multiple WSSs in a simple optical system. The direction switch array is integrated in the frontend. We describe an 8 × 24 prototype, which is the largest port count yet achieved for a TPA with no intrinsic splitting loss.
Eifersuchtsbewältigung (1992)

Wie die sie auslösenden Außenbeziehungen ist auch Eifersucht zwar nicht immer, aber doch oft genug störend, manchmal sogar sehr. Sie belastet und gefährdet dann die Eifersüchtigen, die von ihr Betroffenen und deren Beziehungen. Deshalb versuchen viele Menschen, ihre oder ihrer Partner Eifersucht zu überwinden oder doch wenigstens zu reduzieren, was sich u.a. in einer erklecklichen Zahl von “Ratgebern” zum besseren Umgang mit Eifersucht dokumentiert176. Aber kann Eifersucht überhaupt bewältigt werden? Die immer wieder neue Thematisierung der Bewältigungsproblematik in Büchern wie Zeitschriften spricht ja eher dagegen. Und dürfen sexuelle Eifersucht und damit das sexuelle Treuegebot aufgegeben werden, wo doch durch sexuelle Untreue z.B. eine HIV-Infektion und damit u.U. sogar AIDS droht? In diesem Kapitel geht es um solche grundlegenden Fragen der prinzipiellen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, aber auch der Zwecke und der allgemeinen Strategien einer Bewältigung sexueller Eifersucht.
Rituximab Maintenance Therapy After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients With Relapsed CD20<sup>+</sup> Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Final Analysis of the Collaborative Trial in Relapsed Aggressive Lymphoma (2012)

In relapsed DLBCL, we observed no difference between the control group and the rituximab maintenance group and do not recommend rituximab after ASCT.
Fluorescent nanoparticles from self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized fluorene copolymers for organic molecule sensing and cell labeling (2012)

Bromide-bearing conjugated fluorene copolymers were prepared by Suzuki coupling polymerization of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(6′-bromohexyl)fluorene and 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9,9-dihexylfluorene. Thiol-functionalized β-cyclodextrin was subsequently grafted to the bromoalkyl side chains of the fluorene copolymers via the thio-bromo ‘click’ reaction. The resulting fluorene copolymers can self-assemble into fluorescent nanoparticles surrounded by a β-cyclodextrin outer layer in an aqueous medium. Host–guest interactions of the β-cyclodextrin moieties of nanoparticles with the organic guest molecules in the aqueous medium gave rise to variations in the emission intensity of the nanoparticles. The low cytotoxicity of the fluorescent nanoparticles was revealed by incubation with KB cells, a cell line derived from carcinoma of the nasopharynx, in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays in vitro. The biocompatible and fluorescent nanoparticles were further used as effective fluorescence labels for KB cells.
Hot electrons in low-dimensional structures (1991)

The properties of hot electrons in systems where electrons and phonons experience quantum confinement are reviewed. The modifications to the behaviour of electrons and phonons brought about by confinement are described, particularly with reference to the principal scattering mechanism. The latter include the interaction with longitudinal optical phonons and plasmons, along with carrier-carrier effects. Some conflict in the literature concerning Fuchs-Kliewer polaritons is discussed. Low-temperature interactions with acoustic phonons are described. A central topic is that of energy relaxation, and the experimental and theoretical data relating to this form a large part of the review. Energy relaxation mechanisms in the femtosecond to nanosecond regimes, including intersubband and well-capture processes, are eventually summarized. An equally large section deals with hot-electron transport; in which negative differential resistance and other instabilities associated with parallel transport are discussed before turning to ballistic transport and impact ionization.
A Backup Mechanism with Concurrency Control for Multilevel Secure Distributed Database Systems (2008)

The concurrency control in distributed database management systems is an important research problem. Several concurrency control algorithms have been proposed for secure distributed database systems, and several have been and are being implemented. Most of the concurrency control algorithms are the variations of the following basic techniques: Two-Phase Locking, Timestamp Ordering and Serialization Graph Testing. These algorithms may not be providing accurate performance model. In this paper, it is proposed an algorithm model to enhance the performance of concurrent transactions using backup mechanism with multilevel security for distributed database. This model reduces the data access time and wait time for every transaction monitored by the subquery analyzer. Simulation study reveals that the effective enhancement of performance for concurrent transactions with different levels of security.
Compact signed-digit adder using multiple-valued logic (2002)

As minimum feature sizes shrink and the number of transistors integrated in a single chip grow, interconnect complexity is one of the most important issues to be solved in future VLSI chips. The use of multivalued logic is one way to effectively solve this problem because multiple-valued signals convey more information than binary signals and thus, require a lower number of interconnecting wires to achieve similar bandwidths. This paper describes a new signed-digit adder design, which uses multiple-valued logic. The circuit is composed of resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs) and MOS transistors. The negative differential-resistance (NDR) characteristics of RTDs help to achieve very compact circuits for implementing the multiple-valued functions found in signed-digit adders, MOS transistors are useful for implementing current-mode logic, in which addition of two or more signals is performed by simple wire interconnection. Since a redundant arithmetic is being used the selected transfer functions allow the proposed circuit to perform addition where no ripple-carry effect is present. The design was verified using circuit simulation. To demonstrate the validity of the principles being used, a modified prototype of the circuit was built. In the prototype, a standard 2-micron CMOS process was used to fabricate the MOS-based circuitry while RTDs were connected externally. Even though no fabrication processes which integrate RTDs and MOS devices are currently available, there are efforts on the development of such technologies so that the advantages of these devices can be combined.
Road Surface Modeling using Stereo Vision (2012)

Modern day cars are often equipped with a variety of sensors that collect information about the car and its surroundings. The stereo camera is an example of a sensor that in addition to regular images also provides distances to points in its environment. This information can, for example, be used for detecting approaching obstacles and warn the driver if a collision is imminent or even automatically brake the vehicle. Objects that constitute a potential danger are usually located on the road in front of the vehicle which makes the road surface a suitable reference level from which to measure the object's heights. This Master's thesis describes how an estimate of the road surface can be found to in order to make these height measurements. The thesis describes how the large amount of data generated by the stereo camera can be scaled down to a more effective representation in the form of an elevation map. The report discusses a method for relating data from different instances in time using information from the vehicle's motion sensors and shows how this method can be used for temporal filtering of the elevation map. For estimating the road surface two different methods are compared, one that uses a RANSAC-approach to iterate for a good surface model fit and one that uses conditional random fields for modeling the probability of different parts of the elevation map to be part of the road. A way to detect curb lines and how to use them to improve the road surface estimate is shown. Both methods for road classification show good results with a few differences that are discussed towards the end of the report. An example of how the road surface estimate can be used to detect obstacles is also included.
Fault-tolerant adaptive and minimal routing in mesh-connected multicomputers using extended safety levels (2000)

The minimal routing problem in mesh-connected multicomputers with faulty blocks is studied. Two-dimensional meshes are used to illustrate the approach. A sufficient condition for minimal routing in 2D meshes with faulty blocks is proposed. Unlike many traditional models that assume all the nodes know global fault distribution, our approach is based on the concept of an extended safety level, which is a special form of limited fault information. The extended safety level information is captured by a vector associated with each node. When the safety level of a node reaches a certain level (or meets certain conditions), a minimal path exists from this node to any nonfaulty nodes in 2D meshes. Specifically, we study the existence of minimal paths at a given source node, limited distribution of fault information, and minimal routing itself. We propose three fault-tolerant minimal routing algorithms which are adaptive to allow all messages to use any minimal path. We also provide some general ideas to extend our approaches to other low-dimensional mesh-connected multicomputers such as 2D tori and 3D meshes. Our approach is the first attempt to address adaptive and minimal routing in 2D meshes with faulty blocks using limited fault information.
Using Commercial Knowledge Bases for Clinical Decision Support: Opportunities, Hurdles, and Recommendations (2006)

The quality and safety of health care leaves much to be desired.1,2 Automated clinical decision support (CDS) tools embedded in clinical information systems (CISs) such as computer provider order entry (CPOE) and electronic health records (EHR) applications have the potential to improve care and should be part of any comprehensive approach to improve quality.3,4,5,6 Medication prescribing is a component of health care with well documented quality and safety problems that can be improved by CDS.7,8,9

Medication-related CDS requires that pharmaceutical knowledge be represented in a computable, explicit and unambiguous form. Creating an automated representation of medical knowledge often is the most time consuming step in the development of a CDS system and is known as the “knowledge acquisition bottleneck.”10 For a time, it was hoped that the move toward explicit guidelines in medicine would decrease the knowledge acquisition effort,11 but that has not happened.12 Experiments on data sharing from over a decade ago have not progressed.13 As a result, just a few organizations, primarily academic medical centers, are creating rules and benefiting from CDS,14 but most health care organizations do not have the expertise or resources to create such knowledge bases themselves.

One potential solution to the problem of access to automated medication-related knowledge is the set of commercial vendors that supply medication-related knowledge bases for pharmacy and prescribing applications. These vendors' products contain such knowledge as drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, minimum and maximum dosing suggestions, drug-allergy cross-sensitivity groupings, and groupings of medications by therapeutic class. Developers of CISs (either vendor-based or “homegrown”), with appropriate licensing, can incorporate commercial knowledge bases into their products. The knowledge base vendor receives a licensing fee for each CIS implementation and can amortize the …
Accurate mass measurement of DNA oligonucleotide ions using high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (2002)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) play an essential role in the analysis of biological molecules, not only peptides and proteins, but also DNA and RNA. Tandem mass spectrometry used for sequence analysis has been a major focus of technological developments in mass spectrometry, but accurate mass measurements by high-resolution TOFMS are equally important. This paper describes the role that high mass measurement accuracy can play in DNA composition assignment and discusses the influence of several parameters on mass measurement accuracy in both MALDI and ESI mass spectra. Five oligonucleotides (5-13mers) were used to test the resolving power and mass measurement accuracy obtained with MALDI and ESI instruments with reflectron TOF mass analyzers. The results from the experimental studies and additional theoretical calculations provide a basis to predict the practical utility of high-resolution TOFMS for the analysis of larger oligonucleotides.
On-line text/drawings segmentation of handwritten patterns (2002)

A simple and fast segmentation of text and line drawings which exploits the characteristics of online handwritten patterns is presented. Many attempts have been made on text/figure segmentation in offline research, but none in online. In online environment, mode selection is easily employed to input characters and drawings commongly. But it disturbs the user's thought. The authors propose online but delayed processing of handwritten patterns after they are written. Because the input patterns consists of characters and line drawings, there is a need to discriminate input patterns into characters and line drawings. An analysis of 17 handwritten patterns shows that the logarithmic distribution of character stroke length and that of the length of the longer side of rectangles circumscribing character strokes have similarity to the normal distribution. This finding, the contact frequency of character strokes and drawing strokes, and stroke input order have been used to perform the segmentation. In the testing of 18 patterns, 88% of all strokes were correctly judged.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>