gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intensive Periodic Liquid−Liquid Extraction in a Thin Extractant Layer (1999)

The periodic extraction of a solute from an aqueous solution into a thin layer of an organic solvent (extractant) and its back extraction into a second aqueous solution have been studied experimentally. An aqueous solution of citric acid, whose temperature was cycled as a square wave, was circulated through a bed of polypropylene pellets that were coated with a thin layer of an organic solvent containing Alamine 336. The results indicate the following: (a) Periodic extraction by means of a minute amount of extractant, spread on a suitable support material, is feasible. (b) Frequent shallow penetration of the solute into the extractant layer is both feasible and useful as it will intensify the overall average mass transport. (c) The penetration by diffusion of the solute into deep layers of the extractant is too slow to affect the average overall mass transfer. The results of this study should be applicable to liquid−liquid extraction systems using a driving force other than thermal.
The Theory of Screening, Education, and the Distribution of Income (1975)

One of the most important kinds of information concerns the qualities of a factor or a commodity. One knows that there are important differences among individuals, among bonds, among equities, and among brands of automobiles. The identification of these qualities one call screening, and devices that sort the commodities according to their qualities are call, screening devices. This paper focuses on the labeling of individuals, on the economic costs and benefits of labeling, the institutions that provide it, and the determination of the equilibrium amount of screening under various institutional arrangements. The educational sector provides an important point of comparison between the two allocation processes. If, education provides information as well as skills, then it is providing a "commodity" for which it is well known that the market "fails"; author has shown how social returns differ from private returns and have examined in detail the market allocation of resources to education as well as the structure of the educational system which would emerge from a simplified political process in a highly idealized setting.
Selective band-gap blueshifting of InGaAsP/InGaAs(P) quantum wells by thermal intermixing with phosphorus pressure and dielectric capping (1994)

Group V interdiffusion of strained and unstrained InGaAsP/InGaAs(P) quantum wells induced by thermal anneals at 650 °C with phosphorus gas pressure using photoluminescence spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements have been investigated. The blueshift of the annealed quantum well photoluminescence peak exhibits large variations with the phosphorus pressure, with a minimum around 0.1 atm. Samples capped with a SiO2 layer only exhibit minor blueshifts, thus demonstrating the possibility of spatially selective control of the intermixing. A differential blueshift as large as 80 meV is presently obtained between capped and uncapped areas. The interdiffusion of the quantum well interfaces is shown to be dependent on the layer strain.
[Substrate specificity of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase from the rat liver]. (1990)

The interaction between acetyl-CoA fragments and rat liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase was studied. It was found that the 3'-phosphate group did not interfere with the enzyme interaction since the substrate properties of acetyl-dephospho-CoA and acetyl-CoA are nearly identical. The non-nucleotide substrate analogs S-acetyl-pantethin and its 4'-phosphate) also displayed substrate properties (V = 1.5% and 15% of the V for acetyl-CoA carboxylation respectively). The nucleotide fragment of the acetyl-CoA molecule produced an appreciable effect on the thermodynamics of this substrate interaction with the enzyme. Its physiological role consists in all probability, in the activation and propes orientation of the acetyl group in the enzyme active center. The far more pronounced substrate properties of S-acetyl pantethin 4'-phosphate and the inhibitory properties of pantethin 4'-phosphate (compared to non-phosphorylated analogs) suggest the essential role of the beta-phosphate residue of ADP in the acetyl-CoA binding to the enzyme. The data obtained suggest also that the hydrophobic region responsible for the acyl radical binding, has a site which specifically recognizes the beta-mercaptoethyl residue of the CoA pantethin fragment. The pivotal role in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase interaction with the substrate is ascribed to the productive binding of the acetyl radical; the contribution of individual fragment of the CoA molecule is variable.
AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST (2004)

This section of the book is directed at a more selective audience than Parts I–IV. First, it deals with the specific roles that general practitioners, nurses, and dietitians play in the management of patients with AN and other eating disorders. Second, it provides a brief section on the essential information that should be given to patients, their families, and their friends. Third, it draws conclusions about the possible future direction of clinical work in eating disorders and to the possibility of prevention programs with AN appraisal of risk factors.
Presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase in vitamin D target cells of rat yolk sac. (1982)

In the pregnant rat, the yolk sac, which possesses true placental functions, is a vitamin D target organ. We tested its ability to hydroxylate 25-hydroxy- and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3). 24,25-Dihydroxy- and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 were produced by rat yolk sac homogenates incubated with tritiated 25-OHD3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3. Rat yolk sac homogenates also formed small amounts of 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3. These newly synthesized metabolites were isolated and identified by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and periodate cleavage. Yolk sac 25-OHD3- and 1,25-(OH)2D3-24-hydroxylases were present in mitochondria and were of a mixed function oxidase nature. They were detected in the yolk sac as early as day 12 in the embryonic period and until the end of gestation. No hydroxylation occurred in maternal liver, amnion, fetal brain, or skin homogenates. Both 24-hydroxylases were detected in pure isolated rat yolk sac endodermal cells. This may be of physiological importance, since they are the 1,25-(OH)2D3 target cells in the yolk sac. Injection of 1,25-(OH)2[3H]D3 into rat yolk sac vitelline veins strongly suggested that the yolk sac vitelline veins strongly suggested that the yolk sac produced 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 in vivo. We conclude that the yolk sac and more precisely its endodermal cells may help to control vitamin D metabolism within the fetoplacental unit.
Wearable Contact Lens Biosensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Using Smartphones (2018)

Low-cost, robust, and reusable continuous glucose monitoring systems that can provide quantitative measurements at point-of-care settings is an unmet medical need. Optical glucose sensors require complex and time-consuming fabrication processes, and their readouts are not practical for quantitative analyses. Here, a wearable contact lens optical sensor was created for the continuous quantification of glucose at physiological conditions, simplifying the fabrication process and facilitating smartphone readouts. A photonic microstructure having a periodicity of 1.6 μm was printed on a glucose-selective hydrogel film functionalized with phenylboronic acid. Upon binding with glucose, the microstructure volume swelled, which modulated the periodicity constant. The resulting change in the Bragg diffraction modulated the space between zero- and first-order spots. A correlation was established between the periodicity constant and glucose concentration within 0-50 mM. The sensitivity of the sensor was 12 nm mM<sup>-1</sup>, and the saturation response time was less than 30 min. The sensor was integrated with commercial contact lenses and utilized for continuous glucose monitoring using smartphone camera readouts. The reflected power of the first-order diffraction was measured via a smartphone application and correlated to the glucose concentrations. A short response time of 3 s and a saturation time of 4 min was achieved in the continuous monitoring mode. Glucose-sensitive photonic microstructures may have applications in point-of-care continuous monitoring devices and diagnostics at home settings.
The Role of Training in Preparing End Users to Learn Related Software (2000)

The aim of this paper is to determine what types of formal training methods can provide appropriate "mapping via training" of a new but related database management system (DBMS) given that "mapping via analogy" is also taking place. To this end, trainees’ existing mental models were measured prior to being exposed to one of three training methods. Training methods were varied in an experimental setting across two dimensions: the training task context (generic and/or relevant), and the number of DBMSs demonstrated (one and/or two). Outcomes were measured in terms of learning performance and perceptions of ability to transfer skills to a new but related DBMS. The results indicate that both task context and the number of software packages learned are important training variables that influence trainees’ mental models of the software, their transfer self-efficacy expectation, and their perceptions about the usefulness of the training.
Ectodomain Cleavage of ErbB-4 (2003)

Ectodomain cleavage of the ErbB-4 receptor tyrosine kinase generates a membrane-associated fragment of 80 kDa (m80) that has been subjected to N-terminal sequencing. The sequence obtained shows that the N terminus of this fragment begins with Ser-652 of ErbB-4. When a 12-residue peptide corresponding to ErbB-4 residues 646-657 was incubated with recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme, fragments representing residues 646-651 and 652-657 were obtained. These data indicate that ectodomain cleavage of ErbB-4 occurs between His-651 and Ser-652, placing the cleavage site within the ectodomain stalk region approximately 8 residues prior to the transmembrane domain. Several experiments have characterized other aspects of the m80 ErbB-4 fragment. Inhibition of ErbB-4 tyrosine kinase activity with pan-ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors indicates that kinase activity is stringently required for heregulin-dependent, but not 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced, ErbB-4 ectodomain cleavage and formation of the m80 fragment. When the m80 ErbB-4 fragment is generated by cell treatment with heregulin or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, the fragment associates with intact ErbB-2. However, this fragment does not associate with the intact ErbB-4 molecule.
On Grammar-translation Teaching Method (2005)

Grammar-translation teaching method once monopolized the English teaching in our country. However, it was also criticized violently, and people even proposed that the method be completely abandoned. By analyzing grammar-translation teaching method, aiming at the current problems that newly appeared in English teaching, and considering Chinese students' actual characteristics and Chinese teachers' actual practice, we can draw a conclusion that grammar-translation teaching method is still very important in China.
Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders (1985)

We report the novel concept of photochemical sterilization. Microbial cells were killed photoelectrochemically with semiconductor powder (platinum-loaded titanium oxide, TiO2/Pt). Coenzyme A, (CoA) in the whole cells was photo-electrochemically oxidized and, as a result, the respiration of cells was inhibited. Inhibition of respiratory activity caused death of the cells. Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli (103 cells/ml respectively) were completely sterilized when they were incubated with TiO2/Pt particles under metal halide lamp irradiation for 60–120 min.
Improvement of the Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System Utilizing Ferrite Cored Coils for Artificial Hearts (2006)

Newly designed transcutaneous energy transmission system for a ventricular assist device was developed. We obtained higher dc-dc efficiency of 93.4% and smaller size of devices. Also, the devices were designed in view of the biomedical compatibility, gradually sloped coils and the flexibility of the primary coil prevent pressure necroses of the skin. The rectifier circuit board was placed in the internal space of the ferrite core to reduce the number of the implanted devices. However, radiated outward ground patterns were adopted to achieve a balance between thermal radiation and reduction of eddy-current loss.
Space charge probing in dielectrics at nanometer scale by techniques derived from atomic force microscopy (2013)

Charges accumulation and injection in dielectric material remains critical because it is related to a lot of applications or issues. A deep understanding of interfaces phenomena is needed, but classical space charges techniques exhibit less resolution than the required one. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) because of its sensitivity to electrostatic force and its high resolution (close to nanometer) appears to be the best method to characterize charges at nanoscale. Here, two techniques are investigated and compare: Kelvin Force Microscopy (KFM) and Electrostatic Force Distance Curve (EFDC). KFM is used to measured surface potential modification induced by charges. However vertical localization of charges seems difficult to attempt. EFDC follows electrostatic force as function of tip-surface distance. This technique appears promising because of its high resolution, sensitivity to charges localization and distance dependance.
CHIP-Hsc70 Complex Ubiquitinates Phosphorylated Tau and Enhances Cell Survival (2004)

The microtubule-binding protein tau has been implicated in the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Within affected cells, ubiquitinated and hyperphosphorylated tau assembles into massive filamentous polymers. Eventually these tangle-bearing neurons die. The formation of neurofibrillary tangles closely parallels the progression and anatomic distribution of neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that these lesions play a role in the disease pathogenesis. Mutations in the human tau gene cause autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders. These and other neurodegenerative conditions are also characterized by extensive neurofibrillary pathology. The mechanisms underlying tau-mediated neurotoxicity remain unclear; however, phosphorylated tau is a strong candidate for a toxic molecule, particularly those isoforms phosphorylated by the kinases glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and Cdk5. Here we show that Alzheimer tau binds to Hsc70, and its phosphorylation is a recognition requirement for the addition of ubiquitin (Ub) by the E3 Ub ligase CHIP (carboxyl terminus of the Hsc70-interacting protein) and the E2 conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. Other E3 Ub ligases including parkin and Cbl failed to ubiquitinate phosphorylated tau. CHIP could rescue phosphorylated tau-induced cell death, and therefore the CHIP-Hsc70 complex may provide a new therapeutic target for the tauopathies.
Comparative Immune Response to PE and PE_PGRS Antigens of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2001)

Sequencing of the entire genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified a novel multigene family composed of two closely related subfamilies designated PE and PE_PGRS. The major difference between these two families is the presence of a domain containing numerous Gly-Ala repeats extending to the C terminus of the PE_PGRS genes. We have used a representative PE_PGRS gene from M. tuberculosis, Rv1818c (1818PE_PGRS), and its amino-terminal PE region (1818PE), to investigate the immunological response to these proteins during experimental tuberculosis and following immunization with DNA constructs. During infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, a significant humoral immune response was observed against recombinant 1818PE_PGRS but not toward the 1818PE protein. Similarly, immunization with a 1818PE_PGRS DNA construct induced antibodies directed against 1818PE_PGRS but not against 1818PE proteins, and no humoral response was induced by 1818PE DNA. These results suggest that certain PE_PGRS genes are expressed during infection of the host with M. tuberculosis and that an antibody response is directed solely against the Gly-Ala-rich PGRS domain. Conversely, splenocytes from 1818PE-vaccinated mice but not mice immunized with 1818PE_PGRS secreted gamma interferon following in vitro restimulation and demonstrated protection in the mouse tuberculosis challenge model. These results suggest that the PE vaccine can elicit an effective cellular immune response and that immune recognition of the PE antigen is influenced by the Gly-Ala-rich PGRS domain.
Contents Adaptation of XForms Pages Using XPath Filtering (2008)

While Web contents adaptation for mobile devices is generally performed by transcoding servers, we studied a client-based interface adaptation technique for XML-based Web pages. Recently, UI description languages, such as XForms, have been attracting much attention as a tool for constructing Representational state transfer (REST) based service interfaces. For XML-based UI languages, it is more effective to perform interface adaptation using contents-based filtering in combination with the conventional transcoding method.In this paper, we suggested a method of describing adaptation rules in XPath expressions with predicates on context values. The realization of an adaptive UI is possible using well-established evaluation methods of XPath access controls. Moreover, we presented that the proposed approach can apply to the adaptation of remote communication actions interacting with RESTful services.
High‐error approximate dictionary search using estimate hash comparisons (2006)

Abstract A method for finding all matches in a pre‐processed dictionary for a query string q and with at most k differences is presented. A very fast constant‐time estimate using hashes is presented. A tree structure is used to minimize the number of estimates made. Practical tests are performed, showing that the estimate can filter out 99% of the full comparisons for 40% error rates and dictionaries of up to four million words. The tree is found to be efficient up to a 50% error rate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
<title>Assessment of brain perfusion using parametric and factor images extracted from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI images</title> (1998)

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging offers a minimally invasive method of investigating brain blood flow. This paper describes two different methods of extracting quantitative and qualitative information from this data. The first approach is to generate parametric images showing blood flow, blood volume and time-to-peak activity on a pixel by pixel basis. The second approach uses factor analysis. Principal components are extracted from the data and these orthogonal factors are then rotated to give a set of oblique factors, which satisfy certain simple constraints. In most cases three factors can be identified: a background or non- enhancing factor, an early vascular factor which is strongly correlated to arterial flow, and a late vascular factor which is strongly correlated to venous flow. The parametric and factor images are complimentary in nature: the former provides quantitative information that is readily understood by the clinician, while the latter makes no a priori assumptions about the underlying physiology and also allows more subtle changes in cerebral blood flow to be assessed. The factor images may also be of great value in defining regions of interest over which to carry out a more detailed quantitative analysis. This dual approach can be readily adapted to assess perfusion in other organs such as the heart or kidneys.
The Loudspeaker Design Cookbook, 5th Edition (1999)

First Page
Parallel Neuronal Mechanisms for Short-Term Memory (1994)

Although objects that have just been seen may persist in memory automatically for a time and interact passively with incoming stimulation, some tasks require that the memory be actively maintained and used. To test for the existence of separate automatic and volitional mechanisms of short-term memory, recordings were made from neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of monkeys while the monkeys held a sample picture "in mind" and signaled when it was repeated in a sequence of pictures, ignoring other stimulus repetitions. Some neurons were suppressed by any picture repetition, regardless of relevance, whereas others were enhanced, but only when a picture matched the sample. Short-term memory appears to reflect the parallel operation of these two mechanisms—one being automatic and the other active.
Estimating the time-delay and frequency decay parameter of scattering components using a modified MUSIC algorithm (1994)

A superresolution technique to determine the time-delay and frequency response of individual components of electromagnetic scattering is presented. A modification of the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is proposed for the data model which includes scattering components with frequency dependent amplitudes. The modified technique is based on pre-multiplying the scattering data by the inverse of an assumed frequency dependence parameterized by a variable /spl alpha/. Estimates of /spl alpha/ are then obtained by considering the roots of the root-MUSIC polynomial for various /spl alpha/. The algorithm is tested for simulated and experimental compact range data. For the example of measured scattering from a diagonal flat plate, different decay parameters corresponding to the single and double diffraction components are determined using the new algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>In Vivo</i>Olfactory Model of APP-Induced Neurodegeneration Reveals a Reversible Cell-Autonomous Function (2011)

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) has long been linked to the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the associated cell death has been difficult to capture in vivo, and the role of APP in effecting neuron loss is still unclear. Olfactory dysfunction is an early symptom of AD with amyloid pathology in the olfactory epithelium correlating well to the brain pathology of AD patients. As olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) regenerate continuously with immature and mature OSNs coexisting in the same olfactory epithelium, we sought to use this unique system to study APP-induced neurodegeneration. Here we have developed an olfactory-based transgenic mouse model that overexpresses humanized APP containing familial AD mutations (hAPP) in either mature or immature OSNs, and found that despite the absence of extracellular plaques a striking number of apoptotic neurons were detected by 3 weeks of age. Importantly, apoptosis was restricted to the specific population overexpressing hAPP, either mature or immature OSNs, sparing those without hAPP. Interestingly, we observed that this widespread neurodegeneration could be rapidly rescued by reducing hAPP expression levels in immature neurons. Together, these data argue that overexpressing hAPP alone could induce cell-autonomous apoptosis in both mature and immature neurons, challenging the notion that amyloid plaques are necessary for neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we show that hAPP-induced neurodegeneration is reversible, suggesting that AD-related neural loss could potentially be rescued. Thus, we propose that this unique in vivo model will not only help determine the mechanisms underlying AD-related neurodegeneration but also serve as a platform to test possible treatments.