gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
β arcades: recurring motifs in naturally occurring and disease‐related amyloid fibrils (2009)

Amyloid fibrils are filamentous protein aggregates that accumulate in diseases such as Alzheimer's or type II diabetes. The amyloid-forming protein is disease specific. Amyloids may also be formed in vitro from many other proteins, after first denaturing them. Unlike the diverse native folds of these proteins, their amyloids are fundamentally similar in being rigid, smooth-sided, and cross-beta-structured, that is, with beta strands running perpendicular to the fibril axis. In the absence of high-resolution fibril structures, increasingly credible models are being derived by integrating data from a crossfire of experimental techniques. Most current models of disease-related amyloids invoke "beta arcades," columnar structures produced by in-register stacking of "beta arches." A beta arch is a strand-turn-strand motif in which the two beta strands interact via their side chains, not via the polypeptide backbone as in a conventional beta hairpin. Crystal structures of beta-solenoids, a class of proteins with amyloid-like properties, offer insight into the beta-arc turns found in beta arches. General conformational and thermodynamic considerations suggest that complexes of 2 or more beta arches may nucleate amyloid fibrillogenesis in vivo. The apparent prevalence of beta arches and their components have implications for identifying amyloidogenic sequences, elucidating fibril polymorphisms, predicting the locations and conformations of beta arcs within amyloid fibrils, and refining existing fibril models.
Diversity-driven chemical probe development for biomolecules: beyond hypothesis-driven approach (2011)

Bioprobes are indispensable tools for biological study and clinical diagnosis. A conventional strategy for probe development is hypothesis-driven approach based on known molecular mechanisms of recognition for individual analytes. However, even the most sophisticated rational design does not always guarantee the applicability of probes in complex biological systems, therefore the efficiency and scope of probe development has been intrinsically limited. Diversity-driven approach is a rapidly emerging alternative and has been employed for the development of new probes even in the absence of the knowledge about target recognition mechanism. This tutorial review summarizes the recent advances in probe development along with conceptual advantages and perspectives of the diversity-driven approach.
Temperature-sensitive alteration in fusion activity of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus during serial passages in vitro and expression of hemagglutinin on the infected cells. (1981)

The Biken strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus, a maturation-defective variant of measles virus, was serially passed in human embryonic lung (HEL) cells at 37 C. The strain formed syncytial giant cells (GC) at both 37 C and 39 C, but the surface of infected cells did not show hemadsorption at early passages of the strain. However, GC-forming activity of the strain diminished at 39 C after 25 passages or more and hemadsorption on the infected cells became positive at both 37 C and 39 C after 40 passages or more of the strain. Hardly any infectious cell-free virus was detected in the culture fluid even after hemadsorption became positive. Possible mechanisms for the defect of SSPE virus were discussed.
A Review of Characterization Approaches for Smallholder Farmers: Towards Predictive Farm Typologies (2019)

Characterization of smallholder farmers has been conducted in various researches by using machine learning algorithms, participatory and expert-based methods. All approaches used end up with the development of some subgroups known as farm typologies. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the main approaches used to characterize smallholder farmers, presenting the pros and cons of the approaches. By understanding the nature and key advantages of the reviewed approaches, the paper recommends a hybrid approach towards having predictive farm typologies. Search of relevant research articles published between 2007 and 2018 was done on ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. By using a generated search query, 20 research articles related to characterization of smallholder farmers were retained. Cluster-based algorithms appeared to be the mostly used in characterizing smallholder farmers. However, being highly unpredictable and inconsistent, use of clustering methods calls in for a discussion on how well the developed farm typologies can be used to predict future trends of the farmers. A thorough discussion is presented and recommends use of supervised models to validate unsupervised models. In order to achieve predictive farm typologies, three stages in characterization are recommended as tested in smallholder dairy farmers datasets: (a) develop farm types from a comparative analysis of more than two unsupervised learning algorithms by using training models, (b) assess the training models' robustness in predicting farm types for a testing dataset, and (c) assess the predictive power of the developed farm types from each algorithm by predicting the trend of several response variables.
Representation and learning of concepts based on scope (2002)

The authors assume that meanings of concepts consist of relations among concepts (definitions of concepts) and a habit which an agent using concepts has. They formulate this idea as a new framework of a knowledge representation system of concepts by introducing scope, i.e., a set of concepts which is in the present consideration. In the framework, they treat relations among concepts by means of partial extensions, i.e., functions from a possible model of subtheory, which is determined by the present scope, to the extension of each concept at the model. A habit is treated as a restriction of motion of scope. Then, inference based on the framework and a connection between efficiency of reasoning and a semantic property are studied. This connection leads to the possibility of extending explanation-based learning.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Exceeding the filling fraction limit in CoSb<sub>3</sub> skutterudite: multi-role chemistry of praseodymium leading to promising thermoelectric performance (2014)

Purposefully exceeding the FFL of the previously uninvestigated Pr-filled Co<sub>4</sub>Sb<sub>12</sub> system resulting in state-of-the-art thermoelectric properties for the single-filled skutterudite.
Sequence identity locates CEBPD and FGFR1 to mapped human loci within proximal 8p (1995)

The gene loci for human CEBPD (CCAAT enhancer binding protein, delta chain) and FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor) have been identified within two genetically mapped cosmids by sequence homology between rare cutter site regions and data base sequences for these loci. Cell hybrid and fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping places both of these loci within the chromosome region 8p11.2-->p11.1.
Purposeful Activity and Performance (1986)

Fifteen male and 15 female subjects performed activities designated as purposeful and nonpurposeful that required the same muscle function. Subjects continued each activity to a predefined level of perceived exertion. The number of repetitions performed, the heart rate, and electromyogram (EMG) recordings were compared for the purposeful and nonpurposeful activities. Results showed a significantly greater number of repetitions performed on the purposeful activities (p = .001) recorded at equal levels of exertion. The hypothesis that individuals will be motivated to perform longer when the activity is purposeful was supported empirically, thereby substantiating a basic premise of occupational therapy.
"24 GHZ LOW-COST DOPPLER SENSOR WITH FUNDAMENTAL-FREQUENCY GAAS PSEUDOMORPHIC HEMT OSCILLATOR STABILIZED BY DIELECTRIC RESONATOR OPERATING IN HIGHER-ORDER MODE" (1994)

GHz fundamental-frequency microwave oscillators using low-cost packaged HEMTs and a dielectric resona- tor in a higher-order mode are reported. From the very high quality factor of the resonator-mode, excellent phase noise (-95 dBc1Hz at 100 kHz offset) and a good tempera- ture stability (+9ppm/K) are achieved. The output power is about +10 dBm. By adding a demodulator diode and a patch antenna, a high-performance low-cost Doppler sen- sor for speed over ground measurements has been built.
Sports Medicine Applications of Platelet Rich Plasma (2012)

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a powerful new biologic tool in sports medicine. PRP is a fraction of autologous whole blood containing and increased number of platelets and a wide variety of cytokines such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-B1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) among many others. Worldwide interest in this biologic technology has recently risen sharply. Basic science and preclinical data support the use of PRP for a variety of sports related injuries and disorders. The published, peer reviewed, human data on PRP is limited. Although the scientific evaluation of clinical efficacy is in the early stages, elite and recreational athletes already use PRP in the treatment of sports related injuries. Many questions remain to be answered regarding the use of PRP including optimal formulation, including of leukocytes, dosage and rehabilitation protocols. In this review, a classification for platelet rich plasma is proposed and the in-vitro, preclinical and human investigations of PRP applications in sports medicine will be reviewed as well as a discussion of rehabilitation after a PRP procedure. The regulation of PRP by the World Anti-Doping Agency will also be discussed. PRP is a promising technology in sports medicine; however, it will require more vigorous study in order to better understand how to apply it most effectively.
PURIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF GLUTARALDEHYDE AND ITS EFFECT ON SEVERAL ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE (1967)

Glutaraldehyde was quantitated by chemical titration, osmometry and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Pure glutaraldehyde exhibited an absorption maximum at 280 mµ and absorbance at this wavelength conformed to Beer's law. A second maximum at 235 mµ indicated the presence of "impurities" (probably of polymeric origin), and effective purification was achieved by distillation or by repeated washing with charcoal of high surface area (Norit EX). Purified glutaraldehyde was stable when stored under nitrogen or freon at 4°C. Representative oxidoreductase, transferase and hydrolase activities were measured in supernatants and sediments of skeletal muscle homogenates that had been treated with glutaraldehyde samples of low, intermediate and high impurity content (based on relative absorbance at 235 mµ). Enzyme recovery was inversely related to impurity content, the highest levels being obtained from tissue treated with the purest glutaraldehyde.
Head Lice (2002)

An eight-year-old girl is sent home after the school nurse detects head lice. She will not be permitted to return to school until the absence of infestation is documented. What treatment strategy is most likely to allow her to return to school with a minimal risk of infecting her classmates?
Solid-Phase Syntheses of 6-Arylpyridazin-3(<i>2H</i>)-Ones (2005)

The 3-chloropyridazine moiety was immobilized on a Wang resin, using two different methodologies. The first of these involved direct nucleophilic substitution of 3,6-dichloropyridazine with the alcoholate of Wang resin. The experimental conditions were optimized. The second method involved a Mitsunobu reaction between the Wang resin and 6-chloropyridazin-3-ol during which a problem of regioselectivity was observed. The so-obtained chloropyridazine-containing resins were subsequently reacted with various arylboronic acids under Suzuki conditions. Acid cleavage yielded 6-arylpyridazin-3(2H)-ones with high chemical purity.
Towards model based prediction of human error rates in interactive systems (2002)

Growing use of computers in safety-critical systems increases the need for Human Computer interfaces (HCIs) to be both smarter-to detect human errors-and better designed-to reduce likelihood of errors. We are developing methods for determining the likelihood of operator errors which combine current theory on the psychological causes of human errors with formal methods for modelling human-computer interaction. We present the models of the HCI and operator in an air-traffic control (ATC) system simulation, and discuss the role of these in the prediction of human error rates.
Endoscope‐assisted silicone plug insertion for patulous Eustachian tube patients (2017)

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Ethnobotanical studies and validation of lead: a case study on evaluation of Calotropis sp. on dermal fungal infections (2011)

The lead obtained from the classical and ethnic literature on the use of Calotropis spp. on dermal fungal affections (Ringworm, Athlete’s foot) was tested. Author noticed the great prevalence of skin disease in the contemporary society. It appears that the humid at mosphere of south Gu jarat perhaps plays a role in the precipitation of these diseases. It was also noticed that the fungal infections are very difficu lt to treat. It was also learnt that though Calotropis spp. are highly hailed in the classic and ethnic literature, for skin ailments including fungal infections, no preparation involving Calotropis is available in the market, as far as the authors are aware. This pro mpted the author to undertake this work. The work involved two major aspects: 1) Develop ment of standard, dispensable drug 2) Clin ical trial of dispensable medicine.
Context-dependent adaptation improves robustness of myoelectric control for upper-limb prostheses (2017)

This is the first online evaluation of a method integrating information from multiple on-board prosthesis sensors to modulate the output of a machine-learning-based myoelectric controller. The proposed scheme is general and presents a simple, non-invasive and cost-effective approach for improving the robustness of myoelectric control.
Evidence for the Interaction of an Imidazolinone Herbicide with Leucine, Valine, and Isoleucine Metabolism (1985)

Effects of the imidazolinone herbicide AC243 997 [2-(5-isopropyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl) nicotinic acid] on the growth of corn ( Zea mays L. ‘Black Mexican Sweet’) cell suspension cultures were characterized. The herbicide caused half maximal growth inhibition at concentrations in the range of 10 nM to 30 nM. Significant reductions in protein synthesis were observed following treatment of cells with 10 μM herbicide. Analysis of free amino acid pool sizes indicated that levels of the biosyn-thetically related amino acids leucine and valine were substantially decreased in cells exposed to 10 μM herbicide. Supplementation of suspension culture growth media with leucine and valine plus isoleucine (1 mM each) reversed growth inhibitory effects of AC243 997 at levels ranging from 10 nM to 1 mM. The results suggest a specific interaction of this imidazolinone herbicide with leucine, valine, and isoleucine metabolism.
Structure of vanadate in calcium phosphate and vanadate apatite solid solutions (2000)

Polycrystalline solid solutions of phosphate and vanadate calcium apatites were synthesized and studied by XRD, XPS, 31P and 51V NMR, FTIR and UV spectroscopies. Homogeneous distributions of vanadium within the solid and the surface were obtained. While 51V NMR spectra suggest an axial symmetry of the vanadate group, FTIR spectra indicate distortion from essentially C3v symmetry in solid solutions with low vanadium content to Cs for pure vanadate apatite, in agreement with the site symmetry group of phosphate in hydroxyapatite. Refinements of XRD pattern of vanadate apatite by Rietveld method confirm the Cs point group attribution. Three vanadium oxygen bond lengths were found around 168 pm and one close to 174 pm, suggesting that the Cs point group could be generated by a small distortion from C3v symmetry. Analysis of UV spectra confirms that distortion from Td symmetry increases with vanadium content and suggests some contraction of the vanadate ion in the apatite lattice.
Exploring Millions of Footprints in Location Sharing Services (2021)

Location sharing services (LSS) like Foursquare, Gowalla, and Facebook Places support hundreds of millions of user-driven footprints (i.e., "checkins"). Those global-scale footprints provide a unique opportunity to study the social and temporal characteristics of how people use these services and to model patterns of human mobility, which are significant factors for the design of future mobile+location-based services, traffic forecasting, urban planning, as well as epidemiological models of disease spread. In this paper, we investigate 22 million checkins across 220,000 users and report a quantitative assessment of human mobility patterns by analyzing the spatial, temporal, social, and textual aspects associated with these footprints. We find that: (i) LSS users follow the “Levy Flight” mobility pattern and adopt periodic behaviors; (ii) While geographic and economic constraints affect mobility patterns, so does individual social status; and (iii) Content and sentiment-based analysis of posts associated with checkins can provide a rich source of context for better understanding how users engage with these services.
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) testing in ovarian cancer clinical practice: a review of the literature (2017)

Until recently our knowledge of a genetic contribution to ovarian cancer focused almost exclusively on mutations in the <i>BRCA1/2</i> genes. However, through germline and tumor sequencing an understanding of the larger phenomenon of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) has emerged. HRD impairs normal DNA damage repair which results in loss or duplication of chromosomal regions, termed genomic loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The list of inherited mutations associated with ovarian cancer continues to grow with the literature currently suggesting that up to one in four cases will have germline mutations, the majority of which result in HRD. Furthermore, an additional 5-7% of ovarian cancer cases will have somatic HRD. In the near future, patients with germline or somatic HRD will likely be candidates for a growing list of targeted therapies in addition to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and, as a result, establishing an infrastructure for widespread HRD testing is imperative. The objective of this review article is to focus on the current germline and somatic contributors to ovarian cancer and the state of both germline and somatic HRD testing. For now, germline and somatic tumor testing provide important and non-overlapping clinical information. We will explore a proposed testing strategy using somatic tumor testing as an initial triage whereby those patients found with somatic testing to have HRD gene mutations are referred to genetics to determine if the mutation is germline. This strategy allows for rapid access to genomic information that can guide targeted treatment decisions and reduce the burden on genetic counselors, an often limited resource, who will only see patients with a positive somatic triage test.
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood (2011)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important human pathogen responsible for foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. In this paper, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed for detection of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood. A set of four primers, two outer and two inner, was designed specifically to recognize the thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh) of V. parahaemolyticus. The LAMP assay was capable of detecting a minimum of 900 fg test tube−1 for V. parahaemolyticus genomic DNA and 2.4 × 102 CFU mL−1 for pure cultures. The detection limit for the seeded seafood samples was 8.9 × 102 CFU g−1. In addition, 42 shares of natural seafood samples were tested and 8 samples were recorded positive for V. parahaemolyticus, while 6 were positive by conventional culture methods. In conclusion, the LAMP assay is an effective and low-cost method with high specificity and sensitivity for rapid detection and identification of V. parahaemolyticus both in culture isolates and seafood samples.
Optimized Pre-Processing for Discrimination Prevention (2017)

Non-discrimination is a recognized objective in algorithmic decision making. In this paper, we introduce a novel probabilistic formulation of data pre-processing for reducing discrimination. We propose a convex optimization for learning a data transformation with three goals: controlling discrimination, limiting distortion in individual data samples, and preserving utility. We characterize the impact of limited sample size in accomplishing this objective. Two instances of the proposed optimization are applied to datasets, including one on real-world criminal recidivism. Results show that discrimination can be greatly reduced at a small cost in classification accuracy.
The Design and Synthesis of Bis(thiourea) Ligands and Their Application in Pd‐Catalyzed Heck and Suzuki Reactions Under Aerobic Conditions (2005)

Abstract New, bulky N , N ‐disubstituted acyclic and cyclic bis(thiourea) ligands have been designed and synthesized. Their palladium(0) complexes are very stable and are active catalysts for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions of aryl iodides and bromides under aerobic conditions. Good TONs and TOFs were achieved in the coupling reactions [for PhI, TONs up to 1000000 and TOFs up to 200000 (h –1 ); for activated aryl bromide, TONs up to 89000]. In addition, further studies were conducted to know more about the nature of these catalysts. The active catalyst was found to be the chelate complex containing the bis(thiourea) and Pd in a 1:1 ratio. However, unlike a monothiourea, further coordination can occur to give a coordinatively saturated complex when bis(thiourea) and Pd are combined in a 2:1 ratio; this complex is catalytically inactive in coupling reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A New Type of Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer:  Proton Transfer from Phenol OH to a Carbon Atom of an Aromatic Ring Observed for 2-Phenylphenol<sup>1</sup> (2002)

The photochemical deuterium incorporation at the 2'- and 4'-positions of 2-phenylphenol (4) and equivalent positions of related compounds has been studied in D(2)O (CH(3)OD)-CH(3)CN solutions with varying D(2)O (CH(3)OD) content. Predominant exchange was observed at the 2'-position with an efficiency that is independent of D(2)O (MeOD) content. Exchange at the 2'-position (but not at the 4'-position) was also observed when crystalline samples of 4-OD were irradiated. Data are presented consistent with a mechanism of exchange that involves excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) from the phenol to the 2'-carbon position of the benzene ring not containing the phenol, to generate the corresponding keto tautomer (an o-quinone methide). This is the first explicit example of a new class of ESIPT in which an acidic phenolic proton is transferred to an sp(2)-hybridized carbon of an aromatic ring. The complete lack of exchange observed for related substrates 6-9 and for planar 4-hydroxyfluorene (10) is consistent with a mechanism of ESIPT that requires an initial hydrogen bonding interaction between the phenol proton and the benzene pi-system. Similar exchange was observed for 2,2'-biphenol (5), suggesting that this new type of ESIPT is a general reaction for unconstrained 2'-aryl-substituted phenols and other related hydroxyarenes.