gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mycotoxins and Poultry Management (1982)

SummaryMycotoxicosis is poisoning by the ingestion of toxins of fungal origin in foods which have been altered or damaged by the growth of certain toxin-producing mould fungi. Such mycotoxins enter poultry by ingestion, inhalation or direct skin contact and very small quantities can cause observable disease and death. At high concentration many mycotoxins can produce acute disease syndromes while at lower levels they can be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or oestrogenic and can reduce the growth rate of young birds and even interfere with natural mechanisms of resistance and impair immunological responsiveness making poultry more susceptible to infections.Mycotoxin production by a given fungus will depend on a suitable substrate for growth, e.g. cereals, poultry feed, and an environment suitable for fungal growth. Humidity and temperature are the two dominating environmental parameters predisposing cereals and poultry feed to mould infection. Techniques of storage are far from adequate and inferior storage conditions can be a major source of mycotoxin input to the poultry farm. The use of chemical preservatives must increasingly become more generally accepted. All poultry feeds will be susceptible to mould growth at some stage during their production, processing, transport and storage. Feed hygiene, correct storage and incorporation of chemical preservatives will greatly reduce mould growth. Ground nuts used as a protein supplement must be viewed with great caution because of the regular occurrence of aflatoxin.
Reasoning with Loose Concepts (1963)

A Man whose height is four feet is short; adding one tenthof an inch to a short man's height leaves him short; therefore, a man whose height is four feet and one tenth of an inch is short. Now begin again and argue in the same pattern. A man whose height is four feet and one tenth of an inch is short; adding one tenth of an inch to a short man's height leaves him short; therefore, a man whose height is four feet and two tenths of an inch is short. In this way, it seems, we can reach the absurd result that a man whose height is four feet plus any number of tenths of an inch is short. For, if the first argument is sound, so is the second; and if the second, so is the third; and so on. There appears to be no good reason for stopping at any one point rather than at another; it is hard to see why the chain of arguments should ever be broken. But the conclusion is ridiculous; it is, for example, preposterous to say that a man whose height is seven feet is, nevertheless, short.
Close range radar sensor for measurement of sugar-cane level inside a chute (2002)

The control of the level of sugar cane in the chute feeding the shredder at the input of a sugar mill is an important parameter in determining the efficiency of the overall milling process. This paper describes the design and testing of an X-band frequency radar system built to measure the cane level in a shredder chute. This system uses a high gain horn antenna mounted inside the chute to illuminate the target area. The radar system measures distance using a modified, Frequency Stepped Continuous Wave (FSCW) technique. The measured data is processed to remove interference resulting from the finite isolation of the radar electronics and reflections from the aperture of the antenna. Testing of a prototype system shows that distance can be measured to an accuracy of about /spl plusmn/1 cm at a rate of 1 measurement per second.
Five-ring hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with 18 dB/km loss (2013)

A 19-cell hollow-core photonic crystal fiber reaching 1.8±0.5 dB/km loss at 1530 nm is reported. Despite expanded corner holes in the first ring adjacent to the core, and only five cladding rings, the minimum loss is close to the previously published record of 1.7 dB/km at a comparable wavelength, achieved in a fiber with seven cladding rings. Since each additional cladding ring requires a significant increase in fabrication time and complexity, it is highly desirable to use as few as possible while still achieving low loss. Modeling results confirm that further reducing cladding deformations would yield only a small decrease in loss. This demonstrates that loss comparable to the previously demonstrated lowest-loss bandgap fibers can be achieved with fiber structures that are significantly simpler and faster to fabricate.
Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding an aminopeptidase involved in the selective toxicity of ascamycin toward Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (1996)

An aminopeptidase gene named XAP has been isolated from Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, a plant pathogenic bacterium. The bacterium is one of the rare micro-organisms susceptible to ascamycin, an aminoacyl nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. Sequence analysis reveals that the gene encodes a 311 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 35134 Da and approx. 50% identity for amino acids to the proline iminopeptidase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The XAP gene product, Xap, expressed in Escherichia coli has proline iminopeptidase activity as well as ascamycin dealanylating activity in vitro.
A Humidity Sensor Using Cross‐linked Quaternized Polyvinylpyridine (1989)

Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) was simultaneously cross‐linked and quaternized with α, ω‐dichloroalkane on the surface of an alumina substrate that had a pair of gold electrodes on it. The impedance of this device varied from 107 to 103Ω for the entire humidity range. The effect of preparation conditions such as reaction time or quaternizing reagents on the electrical properties as a humidity sensor was investigated. The resistivity depends on the amount of sorbed water regardless of the degree of quaternization.
Equalization and Clock and Data Recovery Techniques for 10-Gb/s CMOS Serial-Link Receivers (2007)

Two equalizer filter topologies and a merged equalizer/CDR circuit are described that operate at 10 Gb/s in 0.13-mum CMOS technology. Using techniques such as reverse scaling, passive peaking networks, and dual- and triple-loop adaptation, the prototypes adapt to FR4 trace lengths up to 24 inches. The equalizer/CDR circuit retimes the data with a bit error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> while consuming 133 mW from a 1.6-V supply.
Interferometric measurement of tear film thickness by use of spectral oscillations (1998)

A method of measuring the tear film thickness is described in which interference causes oscillations in the reflectance spectrum from the tears. Strong oscillations were usually observed when a contact lens was worn. Measurement of modulation and phase of these oscillations confirmed that they were associated with the tear layer in front of the contact lens. Calculated thickness of this layer averaged 2.7 microns. In one out of five subjects, weak oscillations were sometimes observed without a contact lens. These oscillations probably arose from the aqueous layer of the tears with a thickness of approximately 3 microns. The relative merits of three interference methods of measuring the tear film are discussed.
Introduction to Power MOSFETs and their Applications (1998)

The Power MOSFETs that are available today perform the same function as Bipolar transistors except the former are voltage controlled in contrast to the current controlled Bipolar devices. Today MOSFETs owe their ever-increasing popularity to their high input impedance and to the fact that being a majority carrier device, they do not suffer from minority carrier storage time effects, thermal runaway, or second breakdown.
Distribution of L-values in gray-mapped M<sup>2</sup>-QAM: closed-form approximations and applications (2009)

In this paper we develop closed form approximations for the probability density function (PDF) of the reliability metrics (L-values) in bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM). The expressions are valid for M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -ary quadrature amplitude modulations (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -QAM) with binary reflected Gray mapping when the metrics are calculated using the so-called max-log approximation. Based on the developed expressions, we also propose two simple Gaussian mixture approximations that are analytically tractable. We apply our developments to efficiently calculate the BICM capacity, and to develop bounds on the coded bit-error rate when a convolutional code is used. The coded performance of a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) based on constellation rearrangement is also evaluated.
Compliant motion control of kinematically redundant manipulators (1993)

Two control schemes, termed extended hybrid control and extended impedance control, respectively, are proposed for compliant motion control of redundant manipulators. In the two control schemes, the basic compliant motion task is accomplished while the redundancy is utilized to realize some additional constraints that optimize any user-defined objective function. Some experimental results on a three-DOF planar redundant manipulator are presented to illustrate the two proposed schemes and demonstrate their capabilities for optimizing various objective functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amiloride directly inhibits growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity. (1985)

Addition of amiloride to A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell membranes inhibited autophosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. The tyrosine phosphorylation of histone H2B catalyzed by an affinity-purified preparation of EGF receptor was also inhibited by amiloride. The inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to histone but competitive with ATP, suggesting that amiloride may act as an ATP analogue which causes the formation of nonproductive enzyme-substrate complexes. The tyrosine phosphorylation of histone H2B catalyzed by the purified EGF receptor was inhibited by amiloride at concentrations identical to those previously reported to block EGF action on cell proliferation (Ki = 350 microM). Amiloride similarly inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of the human placental insulin receptor and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor of Swiss 3T3 cells. Immunoprecipitation of the EGF receptor from A431 cells labeled for 24 h with [32P]phosphate demonstrated that amiloride decreased the phosphorylation of the EGF receptor on serine and threonine residues and blocked the effect of EGF to cause phosphorylation of the receptor on tyrosine residues. Phosphoamino acid analysis of total cell proteins indicated that amiloride inhibited the increase in phosphotyrosine levels caused by EGF. We conclude that amiloride directly inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptors for EGF, insulin, and platelet-derived growth factor in in vitro and can mediate such actions in vivo. This effect of amiloride demonstrates that it is unsuitable as a drug to test the hypothesis that the stimulation of the Na+/H+ antiporter is essential for mitogenic signaling by growth factor receptors.
Pharmacological actions and clinical use of fructus schizandrae. (1989)

Fructus Schizandrae (FS) is a well-known Chinese herb which has been widely used in ancient China. During recent decades, it has been found to be effective in viral and chemical induced hepatitis. In this paper, we report the studies on the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of FS on mice liver. The results indicated that FS and its several components can mainly protect liver from injury induced by toxic substances such as CCl4; they have anti-oxidant activities against oxygen free radicals; FS and four components have inducing action on liver cytochrome P-450; they also promote certain anabolic metabolism such as serum protein biosynthesis and glycogenesis. All these activities would be of importance in the protection and repair of the injured liver cells. The clinical use of FS is also presented.
Somatostatin receptors and autoimmune‐mediated diabetes (2004)

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is produced by various SST-secreting cells throughout the body and acts as a neurotransmitter or paracrine/autocrine regulator in response to ions, nutrients, peptides hormones and neurotransmitters. SST is also widely distributed in the periphery to regulate the inflammatory and immune cells in response to hormones, growth factors, cytokines and other secretive molecules. SST peptides are considered the most important physiologic regulator of the islet cell, gastrointestinal cell and immune cell functions, and the importance of SST production levels has been implicated in several diseases including diabetes. The expression of SST receptors has also been found in T lymphocytes and primary immunologic organs. Interaction of SST and its receptors is also involved in T-cell proliferation and thymocyte selection. SSTR gene-ablated mice developed diabetes with morphologic, physiologic and immunologic alterations in the endocrine pancreas. Increased levels of mononuclear cell infiltration of the islets are associated with the increased levels of antigen-presenting cells located in the islets and peripancreatic lymph nodes. Increased levels of SST were also found in antigen-presenting cells and are associated with a significant increase of CD8 expression levels on CD4(+)/CD8(+) immature thymocytes. These findings highlight the crucial role of this neuroendocrine peptide and its receptors in regulating autoimmune functions.
Characterization of JAZ-interacting bHLH transcription factors that regulate jasmonate responses in Arabidopsis (2011)

The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) plays important roles in the regulation of plant defence and development. JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins inhibit transcription factors that regulate early JA-responsive genes, and JA-induced degradation of JAZ proteins thus allows expression of these response genes. To date, MYC2 is the only transcription factor known to interact directly with JAZ proteins and regulate early JA responses, but the phenotype of myc2 mutants suggests that other transcription factors also activate JA responses. To identify JAZ1-interacting proteins, a yeast two-hybrid screen of an Arabidopsis cDNA library was performed. Two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins, MYC3 and MYC4, were identified. MYC3 and MYC4 share high sequence similarity with MYC2, suggesting they may have similar biological functions. MYC3 and MYC4 interact not only with JAZ1 but also with other JAZ proteins (JAZ3 and JAZ9) in both yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 were all capable of inducing expression of JAZ::GUS reporter constructs following transfection of carrot protoplasts. Although myc3 and myc4 loss-of-function mutants showed no phenotype, transgenic plants overexpressing MYC3 and MYC4 had higher levels of anthocyanin compared to the wild-type plants. In addition, roots of MYC3 overexpression plants were hypersensitive to JA. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR expression analysis of nine JA-responsive genes revealed that eight of them were induced in MYC3 and MYC4 overexpression plants, except for a pathogen-responsive gene, PDF1.2. Similar to MYC2, MYC4 negatively regulates expression of PDF1.2. Together, these results suggest that MYC3 and MYC4 are JAZ-interacting transcription factors that regulate JA responses.
Toward Large‐Scale Alignment of Electrohydrodynamic Patterning of Thin Polymer Films (2006)

Abstract To pattern thin polymer films via electrohydrodynamic instabilities, we design and utilize two different kinds of mask patterns to guide pillars into alignment over regions much greater in extent than their natural domain sizes. First, narrow protruding ridges that intersect to form regular patterns on the mask trigger the growth of pillars beneath. Later, square and triangular packings of pillars develop in the regions enclosed by those ridges, preserving the registry from one domain to the next over a much larger area than within individual domains in unpatterned portions of the mask. Second, small square protrusions that are prealigned into a large regular array on the mask guide the formation of square packings of pillars in domains that conform to the mask, forming a large array of pillars. Novel structures involving a combination of linear ridges and pillars are also produced mainly due to the dynamic merging among preformed pillars. Finally, we find vertex symmetry of the mask pattern is necessary for generating and preserving ordered patterns on the polymer film.
Actuated suspensions with enhanced dynamics for hard disk drives (2005)

This paper presents two novel designs of piezoelectric milli-actuators for secondary-stage head positioning. The designs are an inline-actuated suspension and a quad-morph actuated suspension, which use a piezoelectric plate and a piezoelectric quad-morph, respectively, to drive a parallel mechanism into lateral stroke. The inline design at elongated portion of a slender load beam is capable of enhancing the first torsional frequency; whereas, the quad-morph design at the extended base plate is capable of enhancing the first sway frequency. Both designs produce adequate lateral stroke. The proof of concepts was confirmed using finite-element simulation and experimental modal testing.
Trefoil factor 3 is induced during degenerative and inflammatory joint disease, activates matrix metalloproteinases, and enhances apoptosis of articular cartilage chondrocytes (2010)

In this study using articular cartilage as a model, we demonstrated that TFF3 supports catabolic functions in diseased articular cartilage. These findings widen our knowledge of the functional spectrum of TFF peptides and demonstrate that TFF3 is a multifunctional trefoil factor with the ability to link inflammation with tissue remodeling processes in articular cartilage. Moreover, our data suggest that TFF3 is a factor in the pathogenesis of OA and septic arthritis.
The presence of ceramide hydrolase and synthetase in pig lens epithelium. (1982)

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ceramide and its degradation to sphingosine and fatty acid has been found in pig lens epithelium. The enzyme has been partially purified fivefold by subcellular fractionation. It is activated by Triton X-100 and sodium cholate. The pH optimum for both hydrolase and synthetase has occurred at alkaline range. The enzymatic hydrolysis of ceramide has an apparent Km of 1.0 x 10(-4) M, and its reverse reaction (via the free-acid pathway) has an apparent Km of 8.2 X 10(-5) M and 2.45 X 10(-4) M for palmitic acid and sphingosine, respectively. The hydrolysis of ceramide by this enzyme was stimulated approximately 75% in the presence of fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin at the concentration of 3.33 X 10(-5) M.
Einstein Gravity-Supergravity Correspondence (2000)

A correspondence between the three-block truncated 11D supergravity and the 8D pure Einstein gravity with two commuting Killing symmetries is discussed. The Kaluza-Klein two-forms of the 6D theory obtained after dimensional reduction along the Killing orbits generate the four-form field of supergravity via an inverse dualization. Thus any solution to the vacuum Einstein equations in eight dimensions depending on six coordinates have 11D-supergravity counterparts with the non-trivial four-form field. Using this proposed duality we derive a new dyon solution of 11D supergravity describing the M2 and M5-branes intersecting at a point.
Comparison between Coherent and Noncoherent Receivers for UWB Communications (2005)

We present a comparison between coherent and noncoherent UWB receivers, under a realistic propagation environment, that takes into account also the effect of path-dependent pulse distortion. As far as coherent receivers are concerned, both maximal ratio combining (MRC) and equal gain combining (EGC) techniques are analyzed, considering a limited number of estimated paths. Furthermore, two classical noncoherent schemes, a differential detector, and a transmitted-reference receiver, together with two iterative solutions, recently proposed in the literature, are considered. Finally, we extend the multisymbol approach to the UWB case and we propose a decision-feedback receiver that reduces the complexity of the previous strategy, thus still maintaining good performance. While traditional noncoherent receivers exhibit performance loss, if compared to coherent detectors, the iterative and the decision-feedback ones are able to guarantee error probability close to the one obtained employing an ideal RAKE, without requiring channel estimation, in the presence of static indoor channel and limited multiuser interference.
Parallel computation of optimized arrays for 2-D electrical imaging surveys (2010)

Modern automatic multi-electrode survey instruments have made it possible to use nontraditional arrays to maximize the subsurface resolution from electrical imaging surveys. Previous studies have shown that one of the best methods for generating optimized arrays is to select the set of array configurations that maximizes the model resolution for a homogeneous earth model. The Sherman-Morrison Rank-1 update is used to calculate the change in the model resolution when a new array is added to a selected set of array configurations. This method had the disadvantage that it required several hours of computer time even for short 2-D survey lines. The algorithm was modified to calculate the change in the model resolution rather than the entire resolution matrix. This reduces the computer time and memory required as well as the computational round-off errors. The matrix-vector multiplications for a single add-on array were replaced with matrix-matrix multiplications for 28 add-on arrays to further reduce the computer time. The temporary variables were stored in the double-precision Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) registers within the CPU to minimize computer memory access. A further reduction in the computer time is achieved by using the computer graphics card Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) as a highly parallel mathematical coprocessor. This makes it possible to carry out the calculations for 512 add-on arrays in parallel using the GPU. The changes reduce the computer time by more than two orders of magnitude. The algorithm used to generate an optimized data set adds a specified number of new array configurations after each iteration to the existing set. The resolution of the optimized data set can be increased by adding a smaller number of new array configurations after each iteration. Although this increases the computer time required to generate an optimized data set with the same number of data points, the new fast numerical routines has made this practical on commonly available microcomputers.
PATTERN RECOGNITION SYSTEMS UNDER ATTACK: DESIGN ISSUES AND RESEARCH CHALLENGES (2014)

We analyze the problem of designing pattern recognition systems in adversarial settings, under an engineering viewpoint, motivated by their increasing exploitation in security-sensitive applications like spam and malware detection, despite their vulnerability to potential attacks has not yet been deeply understood. We first review previous work and report examples of how a complex system may be evaded either by leveraging on trivial vulnerabilities of its untrained components, e.g. parsing errors in the pre-processing steps, or by exploiting more subtle vulnerabilities of learning algorithms. We then discuss the need of exploiting both reactive and proactive security paradigms complementarily to improve the security by design. Our ultimate goal is to provide some useful guidelines for improving the security of pattern recognition in adversarial settings, and to suggest related open issues to foster research in this area.