gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Halogenation of Pyrogallol Trimethyl Ether and Similar Systems<sup>1a</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHalogenation of Pyrogallol Trimethyl Ether and Similar Systems1aDVORA FRIEDMAN and DAVID GINSBURGCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 1, 16–17Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01095a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01095a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views392Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Multi-Hop 6LoWPAN Wireless Sensor Network for Waste Management Optimization (2011)

In the first part of this Thesis several Wireless Sensor Network technologies, including the ones based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol Standard like ZigBee, 6LoWPAN and Ultra Wide Band, as well as other technologies based on other protocol standards like Z-Wave, Bluetooth and Dash7, are analyzed with respect to relevance and suitability with the Waste Management Outsmart European FP7 Project. A particular attention is given to the parameters which characterize a Large Scale WSN for Smart Cities, due to the amount of sensors involved and to the practical application requested by the project. \nSecondly, a prototype of sensor network is proposed: an Operative System named Contiki is chosen for its portability on different hardware platforms, its Open Source license, for the use of the 6LoW-PAN protocol and for the implementation of the new RPL routing protocol. The Operative System is described in detail, with a special focus on the uIPv6 TCP/IP stack and RPL implementation. With regard to this innovative routing proto col designed specifically for Low Power Lossy Networks, chapter 4 describes in detail how the network topology is organized as a Directed Acyclic Graph, what is an RPL Instance and how downward and upward routes are constructed and maintained. With the use of several AVR Atmel modules mounting the Contiki OS a real WSN is created and, with an Ultrasonic Sensor, the filling level of a waste basket prototype is periodically detected and transmitted through a multi-hop wireless network to a sink node
Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation on cFos expression in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in female rats (1993)

N-Methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMA), an agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitatory amino acid receptors, stimulates the secretion of LH by increasing the release of LHRH. During proestrus, LHRH neurons express cFos in association with the LH surge. To determine the involvement of NMDA receptors in the activation of LHRH neurons on proestrus, we treated animals with an NMDA receptor blocker, MK-801. Treatment with MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg, sc) at 1130 h blocked both the LH and PRL surges and cFos expression in LHRH neurons. These data suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in the regulation of LHRH neuronal activation during the LH surge. We then determined whether NMA treatment could restore LH secretion and cFos expression in LHRH neurons in animals whose endogenous proestrous LH surges were blocked with pentobarbital. In the pentobarbital-blocked rats, NMA failed to induce cFos expression in LHRH neurons and increase LH secretion, but it did result in an increase in PRL secretion. To determine if NMA treatment alone could induce cFos expression in LHRH neurons, diestrous rats were treated with NMA by either systemic (40 mg/kg BW; four injections, 10 min apart) or third ventricular (2 micrograms in 2 microliters; four injections, 10 min apart) injections. NMA administration (regardless of the route of administration) caused an increase in LH secretion and significant cFos expression in many regions of the brain, including sites where the LHRH perikarya are concentrated. However, neither systemic nor intraventricular administration of NMA induced cFos expression in LHRH neurons. Thus, even though NMA results in increased activity of LHRH neurons, as evidenced by increased LH secretion, NMDA receptor activation alone appears to be insufficient to induce cFos expression in the LHRH neurons.
Scatering analysis of separated aperture sensor GPR for buried targets detection (2011)

To detect buried targets, the performance of the separated-aperture sensor (SAS) working as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is assessed over the operating frequency band. An alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been used for electromagnetic simulation, together with the uniaxial perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary conditions. The nonorthogonal grids are applied to modeling the anomalistic regions of the target only to increase computational efficiency. The results are presented considering various practical parameters, such as the operating frequency, the electric properties of the ground soil and the buried target, and the depth at which the target is buried under the ground surface. It is shown that target detect-ability using the SAS is strongly dependent on above parameters. The simulating results have been verified by using the nonorthogonal ADI-FDTD method
Broadcast in radio networks tolerating byzantine adversarial behavior (2004)

Much work has focused on the Byzantine Generals (or secure broadcast) problem in the standard model in which pairwise communication is available between all parties in the network. Some research has also explored the problem when pairwise channels exist only between selected pairs of players, or under the assumption of "k-cast channels" shared by all subsets of players of size k. However, none of these models are appropriate for radio networks in which a player can communicate only by multicasting a message which is then received by all players within some radius r (i.e., the neighbors of the transmitting node). Yet, as far as we are aware, obtaining secure broadcast in radio networks in the presence of a Byzantine adversary has not been studied before.This paper corrects this omission, and provides the first analysis of secure broadcast in radio networks for the case of Byzantine adversaries. We note that secure broadcast is impossible in the presence of an omnipotent adversary. To bypass this barrier, we make the following assumption: there exists a prefixed schedule for players to communicate and everyone (including corrupted ones) adheres to this schedule. Under this assumption, we give a simple broadcast protocol which is provably secure whenever the adversary corrupts at most 1<over>4 r(r+√rover2 + 1)-3 neighbors (roughly a 1/4π fraction) of any honest player. On the other hand, we show that it is impossible to achieve secure broadcast when the adversary corrupts ⌈1/2 r(2r+1)⌉ (roughly a 1/π fraction) neighbors of any honest player.
ChemInform Abstract: PTERIDINE STUDIES. PART 46. 2‐ALKYLPTERIDIN‐4‐ONES FROM 2‐AMINOPYRAZINE‐3‐CARBOXAMIDE AND ITS DERIVATIVES (1979)

Abstract Die Pyrazine (I) werden auf mehreren Wegen zu den 2‐Alkyl‐ (bzw. Aryl‐)pteridinonen (IIa)‐(IId‐) umgesetzt, um die Effektivität der Methoden vergleichen zu können.
From the Garret to the Garden: Courtship, Personality, and Location in Jane Austen (2010)

Sponsor, Joan Ray; Professor, English Department, University of Colorado Colorado Springs; (ENGL 498, Fall 2009)
Study of the integrated growth of dielectric films on GaN semiconductor substrates (2010)

Typical perovskite oxides SrTiO₃ (STO) and PbZr₀.₅₂Ti₀.₄₈O₃ (PZT) were fabricated on GaN semiconductor substrates by pulsed laser deposition. STO and PZT films were deposited on bare GaN, TiO₂, and MgO-buffered GaN. The effects of TiO₂ and MgO buffer-layers on the orientations and electric properties of the perovskite films were systematically studied. The crystalline properties were in situ monitored by reflective high energy electron diffraction and ex situ characterized by X-ray diffraction. It was found that the epitaxial temperature of STO and PZT was reduced by inserting a buffer layer. (111)-oriented films were obtained on bare and TiO₂-buffered GaN. However, the orientations of the perovskite films were changed to be (110) when deposited on MgO buffer layer. Furthermore, PZT films deposited on MgO- and TiO₂-buffered GaN show better electric performance compared with these films directly deposited on GaN. These results show that perovskite oxide could be epitaxially grown on GaN semiconductor substrates by inserting a proper buffer layer.
Specific Inhibition of Type I Interferon Signal Transduction by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (2004)

Respiratory viruses often express mechanisms to resist host antiviral systems, but the biochemical basis for evasion of interferon effects by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is poorly defined. In this study, we identified RSV effects on interferon (IFN)-dependent signal transduction and gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Initial experiments demonstrated inhibition of antiviral gene expression induced by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, but not IFN-gamma, in epithelial cells infected with RSV. Selective viral effects on type I IFN-dependent signaling were confirmed when we observed impaired type I, but not type II, IFN-induced activation of the transcription factor Stat1 in RSV-infected cells. RSV infection of airway epithelial cells resulted in decreased Stat2 expression and function with preservation of upstream signaling events, providing a molecular mechanism for viral inhibition of the type I IFN JAK-STAT pathway. Furthermore, nonspecific pharmacologic inhibition of proteasome function in RSV-infected cells restored Stat2 levels and IFN-dependent activation of Stat1. The results indicate that RSV acts on epithelial cells in the airway to directly modulate the type I IFN JAK-STAT pathway, and this effect is likely mediated though proteasome-dependent degradation of Stat2. Decreased antiviral gene expression in RSV-infected airway epithelial cells may allow RSV replication and establishment of a productive viral infection through subversion of IFN-dependent immunity.
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) activation of endothelial cell matrix metalloproteinases: role of reactive oxygen species (2004)

Lymphocytes bound at endothelial cell junctions extravasate within minutes. Lymphocyte-endothelial cell binding is mediated by receptors such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). VCAM-1 activates endothelial cell nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in minutes, and this activity is required for VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte migration. In this report, we examined mechanisms for activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte migration. Lymphocyte binding to VCAM-1 rapidly activated endothelial cell-associated MMPs. Furthermore, inhibition of MMPs on the endothelial cells but not on the lymphocytes blocked VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte migration across endothelial cells. The activation of endothelial cell MMPs required VCAM-1-stimulated endothelial cell NADPH oxidase activity as determined by scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by pharmacologic or antisense inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Exogenous addition of 1 microM H(2)O(2), the level of H(2)O(2) generated by VCAM-1-stimulated endothelial cells, rapidly activated endothelial cell-associated MMPs. In contrast, activation of lymphocyte-associated MMPs was delayed by hours after binding to VCAM-1, and this activation was blocked by inhibition of endothelial cell ROS generation. There was also a delay in H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in lymphocyte-associated tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), resulting in an increase in MMP/TIMP ratio. In summary, this is the first report of a mechanism for ROS function in VCAM-1 activation of endothelial cell MMPs during VCAM-1-dependent lymphocyte migration.
Iso-nitrous acid: spectral frequencies and possible synthetic pathwaysElectronic Supplementary Information available. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cp/b1/b107637j/ (2002)

Several recent computational studies have predicted the possible formation in combustion systems of the unknown species H–NO2, iso-nitrous acid. We report here high-level calculations of the harmonic vibration frequencies as an aid to identification, together with a series of intermediate-level CCSD(T) and hybrid density functional calculations for the reactions of NO2 with various hydrogen-containing molecules, viz. H2, HO2, HCHO, H2O, H2S, CH3OH, HBr, HI, and cis- and trans-HONO, in an attempt to identify likely routes to a synthesis.
The Thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect : A Powerful probe for missing baryons (2001)

About 90% of baryons in the universe have thus far escaped direct observation. This is known as the {\\it missing baryon problem}. The Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect (SZ effect) has the potential to directly measure the state of the majority of these missing baryons. The next generation CMB experiments such as AMIBA will provide an unbiased sample of the intergalactic medium through the SZ effect. The existing and upcoming simulations and analytical studies provide a quantitative understanding of the SZ effect. All these make the SZ effect a powerful baryon probe. We present an overview of this probe from both phenomelogical and theoretical aspects.
Machining Process Monitoring and Control: The State-of-the-Art (2004)

Research in automating the process level of machining operations has been conducted, in both academia and industry, over the past few decades. This work is motivated by a strong belief that research in this area will provide increased productivity, improved part quality, reduced costs, and relaxed machine design constraints. The basis for this belief is two-fold. First, machining process automation can be applied to both large batch production environments and small batch jobs. Second, process automation can autonomously tune machine parameters (feed, speed, depth of cut, etc.) on-line and off-line to substantially increase the machine tool’s performance in terms of part tolerances and surface finish, operation cycle time, etc. Process automation holds the promise of bridging the gap between product design and process planning, while reaching beyond the capability of a human operator. The success of manufacturing process automation hinges primarily on the effectiveness of the process monitoring and control systems. This paper discusses the evolution of machining process monitoring and control technologies and conducts an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art of these technologies over the past decade. The research in each area is highlighted with experimental and simulation examples. Open architecture software platforms that provide the means to implement process monitoring and control systems are also reviewed. The impact, industrial realization, and future trends of machining process monitoring and control technologies are also discussed.
INFLUENCE OF AERIAL POLLUTANTS ON OBJECTIVE COUGH-SOUND RECOGNITION (2013)

The relation of air quality and respiratory health and comfort in man and animal is widelyshown. In general a state of respiratory discomfort in every day indoor and outdoor life isprevailed by an increase in acoustic audible symptoms. The general concept of sound-analysis asobjective non-invasive biomarker for aerial pollution is studied on free field cough-sound of 12Belgian Landrace piglets. A citric acid induced cough-sound recognition-algorithm withrecognition rate of 95% is applied to cough-sounds registered in presence of distinct types ofaerial pollutants: irritating gas (ammonia), respirable particulars (dust) and climate factors(temperature). The recognition-performance for all aerial pollutants obtained > 90% andmaintained 94% on average. Therefore it is concluded that sound-analysis allows an effectivebiomarker for all 3 types of aerial pollution. The generality of the biomarker is hypothesized tobe due to the common mechanism involved in protective coughing which will stand as long as nophysical changes to the state of the respiratory system occur. As a consequence it is suggested toimply sound-analysis as a biomarker for the respiratory state into ventilation-control to improverespiratory comfort affected by aerial pollutants.
The SH-SY5Y cell line in Parkinson’s disease research: a systematic review (2017)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating and highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease for which only symptomatic treatment is available. In order to develop a truly effective disease-modifying therapy, improvement of our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis and progression is crucial. For this purpose, standardization of research protocols and disease models is necessary. As human dopaminergic neurons, the cells mainly affected in PD, are difficult to obtain and maintain as primary cells, current PD research is mostly performed with permanently established neuronal cell models, in particular the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y lineage. This cell line is frequently chosen because of its human origin, catecholaminergic (though not strictly dopaminergic) neuronal properties, and ease of maintenance. However, there is no consensus on many fundamental aspects that are associated with its use, such as the effects of culture media composition and of variations in differentiation protocols. Here we present the outcome of a systematic review of scientific articles that have used SH-SY5Y cells to explore PD. We describe the cell source, culture conditions, differentiation protocols, methods/approaches used to mimic PD and the preclinical validation of the SH-SY5Y findings by employing alternative cellular and animal models. Thus, this overview may help to standardize the use of the SH-SY5Y cell line in PD research and serve as a future user's guide.
A safer coupling collar for the Cathetron linkages (1977)

It goes without saying that in the operation of the Cathetron intracavitary unit the drive cable must be firmly attached to the source cable. If this is not achieved then it is possible for a source to be pushed out of the safe and into the treatment catheter without the assurance of it being withdrawn again to the safe position. It is of the utmost importance to guard against this possibility. The coupling of the two cables is by a simple hook and eye arrangement as shown in Fig. 1. This is an effective link because once it is covered by a tube of diameter slightly larger than the cables the hook is too large to come out of the eye.
Activities of Drug Combinations against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Grown in Aerobic and Hypoxic Acidic Conditions (2013)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is exposed to hypoxia and acidity within granulomatous lesions. In this study, an acidic culture model of M. tuberculosis was used to test drug activity against aerobic 5-day-old (A5) and hypoxic 5-, 12-, and 19-day-old (H5, H12, and H19, respectively) bacilli after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. In A cultures, CFU and pH rapidly increased, while in H cultures growth stopped and pH increased slightly. Ten drugs were tested: rifampin (R), isoniazid (I), pyrazinamide (Z), ethambutol (E), moxifloxacin (MX), amikacin (AK), metronidazole (MZ), nitazoxanide (NZ), niclosamide (NC), and PA-824 (PA). Rifampin was the most active against A5, H5, H12, and H19 bacilli. Moxifloxacin and AK efficiently killed A5 and H5 cells, I was active mostly against A5 cells, Z was most active against H12 and H19 cells, and E showed low activity. Among nitrocompounds, NZ, NC, and PA were effective against A5, H5, H12, and H19 cells, while MZ was active against H12 and H19 cells. To kill all A and H cells, A5- and H5-active agents R, MX, and AK were used in combination with MZ, NZ, NC, or PA, in comparison with R-I-Z-E, currently used for human therapy. Mycobacterial viability was determined by CFU and a sensitive test in broth (day to positivity, MGIT 960 system). As shown by lack of regrowth in MGIT, the most potent combination was R-MX-AK-PA, which killed all A5, H5, H12, and H19 cells in 14 days. These observations demonstrate the sterilizing effect of drug combinations against cells of different M. tuberculosis stages grown in aerobic and hypoxic acidic conditions.
Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases (2020)

Background Chest CT is used in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is an important complement to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value and consistency of chest CT as compared with RT-PCR assay in COVID-19. Materials and Methods This study included 1014 patients in Wuhan, China, who underwent both chest CT and RT-PCR tests between January 6 and February 6, 2020. With use of RT-PCR as the reference standard, the performance of chest CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19 was assessed. In addition, for patients with multiple RT-PCR assays, the dynamic conversion of RT-PCR results (negative to positive, positive to negative) was analyzed as compared with serial chest CT scans for those with a time interval between RT-PCR tests of 4 days or more. Results Of the 1014 patients, 601 of 1014 (59%) had positive RT-PCR results and 888 of 1014 (88%) had positive chest CT scans. The sensitivity of chest CT in suggesting COVID-19 was 97% (95% confidence interval: 95%, 98%; 580 of 601 patients) based on positive RT-PCR results. In the 413 patients with negative RT-PCR results, 308 of 413 (75%) had positive chest CT findings. Of those 308 patients, 48% (103 of 308) were considered as highly likely cases and 33% (103 of 308) as probable cases. At analysis of serial RT-PCR assays and CT scans, the mean interval between the initial negative to positive RT-PCR results was 5.1 days ± 1.5; the mean interval between initial positive to subsequent negative RT-PCR results was 6.9 days ± 2.3. Of the 1014 patients, 60% (34 of 57) to 93% (14 of 15) had initial positive CT scans consistent with COVID-19 before (or parallel to) the initial positive RT-PCR results. Twenty-four of 57 patients (42%) showed improvement on follow-up chest CT scans before the RT-PCR results turned negative. Conclusion Chest CT has a high sensitivity for diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Chest CT may be considered as a primary tool for the current COVID-19 detection in epidemic areas. © RSNA, 2020 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i> <i>A translation of this abstract in Farsi is available in the supplement.</i> ترجمه چکیده این مقاله به فارسی، در ضمیمه موجود است.