gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation for mapping light intensity contours (1970)

Automobile headlamp illumination is of concern because uniformity and shape of the beam pattern are quite important for optimum road visibility and safety for oncoming drivers. The Society of Automotive Engineers' specification on headlamp illumination [1] designates the maximum and minimum intensities at several spots within the beam. Many states require inspection of vehicle-mounted headlamps for illumination and aiming, and this test is commonly performed using a device which clamps on the headlamp lens. This clamp-on device is limited to checking the maximum intensity at beam center, rather than checking the overall beam pattern to the SAE-J579a specifications. In addition, mechanical limitations of this device have often resulted in the mis-aiming of vehicle headlamps. Present instrumentation available for measuring light intensity per SAE-J579a is primarily of the photo-cell type device, and the point-to-point measurement of light intensities is quite tedious and time consuming. A technique is described in this paper which incorporates electronic signal processing into a closed-circuit television system for displaying contours of constant illumination intensity. The technique is capable of rapidly performing vehicle-mounted headlamp testing per SAE-J579a and could be adapted for use at state inspection stations.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CIS AND TRANS ISOMERS IN RFFE(CO)4I COMPOUNDS (1976)

Abstract Die 1:2‐molare Umsetzung von Perfluorallyljodid mit Nonacarbonyldieisen in siedendem Pentan führt zu einem 1:1‐Gemisch der cis/trans‐Isomeren des Titelkomplexes (I), die durch rasche Sublimation trennbar sind.
Learning to See in the Dark (2018)

Imaging in low light is challenging due to low photon count and low SNR. Short-exposure images suffer from noise, while long exposure can induce blur and is often impractical. A variety of denoising, deblurring, and enhancement techniques have been proposed, but their effectiveness is limited in extreme conditions, such as video-rate imaging at night. To support the development of learning-based pipelines for low-light image processing, we introduce a dataset of raw short-exposure low-light images, with corresponding long-exposure reference images. Using the presented dataset, we develop a pipeline for processing low-light images, based on end-to-end training of a fully-convolutional network. The network operates directly on raw sensor data and replaces much of the traditional image processing pipeline, which tends to perform poorly on such data. We report promising results on the new dataset, analyze factors that affect performance, and highlight opportunities for future work.
Hypoxic and Ras-transformed cells support growth by scavenging unsaturated fatty acids from lysophospholipids (2013)

Cancer cell growth requires fatty acids to replicate cellular membranes. The kinase Akt is known to up-regulate fatty acid synthesis and desaturation, which is carried out by the oxygen-consuming enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1. We used (13)C tracers and lipidomics to probe fatty acid metabolism, including desaturation, as a function of oncogene expression and oxygen availability. During hypoxia, flux from glucose to acetyl-CoA decreases, and the fractional contribution of glutamine to fatty acid synthesis increases. In addition, we find that hypoxic cells bypass de novo lipogenesis, and thus, both the need for acetyl-CoA and the oxygen-dependent SCD1-reaction, by scavenging serum fatty acids. The preferred substrates for scavenging are phospholipids with one fatty acid tail (lysophospholipids). Hypoxic reprogramming of de novo lipogenesis can be reproduced in normoxic cells by Ras activation. This renders Ras-driven cells, both in culture and in allografts, resistant to SCD1 inhibition. Thus, a mechanism by which oncogenic Ras confers metabolic robustness is through lipid scavenging.
The use of Wavelight<sup>&reg;</sup>&nbsp;Contoura to create a uniform cornea: the LYRA Protocol. Part 1: the effect of higher-order corneal aberrations on refractive astigmatism (2017)

Higher-order aberrations interacting with lower-order astigmatism is the main reason for the differences between manifest refraction and Contoura measured astigmatism, and the linkage between these interactions can be successfully treated using Contoura and the LYRA Protocol. Lenticular astigmatism is relatively rare.
Efficient test response compression for multiple-output circuits (2002)

A major obstacle to achieving high fault coverage in built-in self testing (BIST) methods that employ response compression is aliasing, which occurs when a faulty circuit's signature maps to the fault-free signature. Another problem with many compression methods is that they are inefficient for multiple-output circuits. We present data showing that in most cases, faults are sensitized to an odd number of outputs, even when reduced test sets are used. This suggests that odd-parity detection alone provides very high fault coverage. We then introduce several systematic design techniques that guarantee zero-aliasing compression for single stuck-line faults in multiple-output circuits. We present the results of applying this approach to the ISCAS combinational benchmark circuits using both reduced and pseudorandom test sets. Our experiments show that very high fault coverage (up to 100%) can be achieved with small test sets and low hardware overhead.
OFDM-based turbo-coded hierarchical and non-hierarchical terrestrial mobile digital video broadcasting (2000)

The feasibility of terrestrial digital video broadcast (DVB) to mobile receivers is studied and turbo coded performance enhancements are proposed. Initially, the MPEG-2 codec is subjected to a rigorous bit error sensitivity investigation, in order to assist in designing various error protection schemes for wireless DVB transmission. The turbo codec is shown to provide signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance advantages in excess of 5-6 dB over conventional convolutional coding both in terms of bit error rate and video quality. Our experiments suggested that-despite our expectations-multi-class data partitioning did not result in error resilience improvements, since a high proportion of relatively sensitive video bits had to be relegated to the lower integrity subchannel, when invoking a powerful low-rate channel codec in the high-integrity protection class. Nonetheless, DVB transmission to mobile receivers is feasible, when using turbo-coded OFDM transceivers at realistic power-budget requirements under the investigated highly dispersive fading channel conditions. It is interesting to note furthermore that the 5-6 dB SNR improvement due to turbo coding allows us to invoke for example the double-throughput 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) mode instead of the standard convolutional-coded 4-QAM mode. This facilitates doubling the bit rate and hence improving the video quality.
Combination Approaches with Immune-Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy (2016)

In healthy individuals, immune-checkpoint molecules prevent autoimmune responses and limit immune cell-mediated tissue damage. Tumors frequently exploit these molecules to evade eradication by the immune system. Over the past years, immune-checkpoint blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programed death-1 emerged as promising strategies to activate antitumor cytotoxic T cell responses. Although complete regression and long-term survival is achieved in some patients, not all patients respond. This review describes promising, novel combination approaches involving immune-checkpoint blockade in the context of the cancer-immunity cycle, aimed at increasing response rates to the single treatments. Specifically, we discuss combinations that promote antigen release and presentation, that further amplify T cell activation, that inhibit trafficking of regulatory T cells or MSDCs, that stimulate intratumoral T cell infiltration, that increase cancer recognition by T cells, and that stimulate tumor killing.
Low-temperature processable inherently photosensitive polyimide as a gate insulator for organic thin-film transistors (2005)

We have fabricated organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) on polyethersulfone substrate using low-temperature processable, inherently photosensitive polyimide as the gate insulator and pentacene as the active material. The polyimide was prepared through two-step reaction. The polyimide precursor, poly(amic acid), was prepared from a dianhydride and aromatic diamine through a polycondensation reaction, and subsequently converted to its corresponding polyimide by a chemical imidization. Photolithographic properties of the polyimide are investigated. The pattern resolution of the cured polyimide was about 50μm. The pentacene OTFTs with the patterned polyimide were obtained with a carrier mobility of 0.1cm2∕Vs and ION∕IOFF of 5×105. The OTFT characteristics are discussed in more detail with respect to the electrical properties of the photosensitive polyimide thin film. This low-temperature photopatternable polyimide paves the way for the easy and low-cost fabrication of OTFT arrays without expensive and complicated photolithography and dry etching processes.
Gelation, Phase Behavior, and Dynamics of β-Lactoglobulin Amyloid Fibrils at Varying Concentrations and Ionic Strengths (2012)

We have investigated the thermodynamic and dynamic behavior of multistranded β-lactoglobulin protein fibrils in water, by combining static, dynamic, and depolarized dynamic light scattering (SLS, DLS, DDLS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), rheology, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). We focus on the region of the phase diagram at which ionic strength and concentration changes induce transitions in gelation and lyotropic liquid crystalline behavior. An increase in ionic strength, induced by NaCl salt, progressively causes the phase transitions from nematic (N) to gel (G) phases; a further increase causes the transition to a translucent phase and to a macroscopic phase separation, respectively. An increase in fibril concentration induces first a phase transition from an isotropic (I) to a nematic phase (N); a further increase induces the formation of a gel phase. The protein gel strength is investigated by rheology measurements. SANS and osmotic compressibility calculated by SLS measurements clearly capture the main features of the IN transition of β-lactoglobulin protein fibrils. The form and structure factors measured by scattering experiments are analyzed by the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM). Dynamics of the protein fibrils at different concentrations, measured by polarized and depolarized dynamic light scattering, show both individual and collective diffusion after the isotropic-nematic transition. Above this transition, cryo-TEM images further demonstrate the alignment of the protein fibrils, which is quantified by a 2D order parameter. This work discusses comprehensively, both experimentally and theoretically, the thermodynamics and dynamic features of β-lactoglobulin amyloid fibrils in a vast region of the concentration-ionic strength phase diagram.
Modelling of substrate binding to 3‐phosphoglycerate kinase with analogues of 3‐phosphoglycerate (1990)

Two short analogues of 3-phosphoglycerate, -OOC-CHOH-CH2-O-PO32-, phosphonolactate, (-OOC-CHOH-CH2-PO32-) and arsonolactate (-OOC-CHOH-CH2-AsO32-) have been tested with 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. None of these served as substrate for the kinase reaction, unlike the previously studied [Orr, G. A. & Knowles, J. R. (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 721-723] analogues -OOC-CHOH-CH2-CH2-PO32- and -OOC-CHOH-CH2-CH2-AsO32-, which are isosteric with 3-phosphoglycerate. Thus, a decrease in the substrate size and the accompanying stereochemical changes cannot be tolerated by the catalytic mechanism. Instead, both analogues acted as relatively poor competitive inhibitors with respect to both 3-phosphoglycerate and MgATP. AT pH 8.5 and 20 degrees C, the inhibitory constants (Ki) of phosphonolactate and arsnolactate against both substrates are 17 +/- 5 mM and 30 +/- 7 mM, respectively. Surprisingly, however, both analogues proved to be more effective than either 3-phosphoglycerate or its isosteric analogues in protecting the enzyme against modification of its fast-reacting thiols. This comparison suggests that the shorter analogues bind differently, and that the catalytic mechanism demands a precise fitting of the -CH2-O-PO32- segment of the substrate.
Automatic Removal of Physiological Artifacts in EEG: The Optimized Fingerprint Method for Sports Science Applications (2018)

Data contamination due to physiological artifacts such as those generated by eyeblinks, eye movements, and muscle activity continues to be a central concern in the acquisition and analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. This issue is further compounded in EEG sports science applications where the presence of artifacts is notoriously difficult to control because behaviors that generate these interferences are often the behaviors under investigation. Therefore, there is a need to develop effective and efficient methods to identify physiological artifacts in EEG recordings during sports applications so that they can be isolated from cerebral activity related to the activities of interest. We have developed an EEG artifact detection model, the Fingerprint Method, which identifies different spatial, temporal, spectral, and statistical features indicative of physiological artifacts and uses these features to automatically classify artifactual independent components in EEG based on a machine leaning approach. Here, we optimized our method using artifact-rich training data and a procedure to determine which features were best suited to identify eyeblinks, eye movements, and muscle artifacts. We then applied our model to an experimental dataset collected during endurance cycling. Results reveal that unique sets of features are suitable for the detection of distinct types of artifacts and that the Optimized Fingerprint Method was able to correctly identify over 90% of the artifactual components with physiological origin present in the experimental data. These results represent a significant advancement in the search for effective means to address artifact contamination in EEG sports science applications.
Glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in the liver of exercised rats. (1990)

Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Xanthine oxidase, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPxI), catalase activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined in liver of three groups of exercised rats (E) viz., one day (E1), 10 days (E10) and 60 days (E60). GST, SOD and xanthine oxidase activities increased significantly with the increase in exercise period. Lipid peroxidation, expressed in terms of MDA formation, also increased in the liver of all the three groups. But catalase activity decreased significantly during exercise. Further, GPxI did not show any significant change in its activity in response to exercise. Our findings indicate that: 1) The significant increase in GST activity suggests their induction aimed at counteracting the oxidant stress induced during exercise; 2) The significant increase in xanthine oxidase and SOD activities indicates the generation of more superoxide anion radicals and their removal, respectively. 3) The significant reduction in catalase activity denotes the decreased formation of hydrogenperoxides during exercise; and 4) The pattern of changes in the activity level of GPxI indicate its least participation during exercise. However, in another way it is giving a scope for the involvement of GPxII associated with GST in the reduction of organic hydroperoxides. Further more, the relative increase in MDA is considered as the indicator of the rate of lipid peroxidation in the wake of exhaustive exercise.
Epidemiology and Successful Control of a Large Outbreak Due to <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Producing ExtendedSpectrum β-Lactamases (1998)

An outbreak due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) was detected from May 1993 to June 1995. A total of 145 patients, particularly patients in intensive care units (ICUs) (107 patients [72%]), were colonized or infected. Infection developed in 92 (63%) patients, and primary bacteremia caused by ESBL-KP was the most frequent infection (40 of 92 patients [43%]). A single clone of ESBL-KP was identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis throughout the whole period, and no molecular epidemiological relationship could be found between the epidemic strain and non-ESBL-KP isolates. To determine risk factors for ESBL-KP infection weekly rectal swabs were obtained in three serial incidence surveys (470 patients); the probabilities of carriage of ESBL-KP in the digestive tract were 33% (October and November 1993), 40% (May and June 1994), and 0% (October and November 1995) at 10 days of ICU admission. A logistic regression model identified prior carriage of ESBL-KP in the digestive tract (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 10.4) as an independent variable associated with ESBL-KP infection. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the restricted use of oxyimino-beta-lactams (189 defined daily doses [DDD]/ 1,000 patient-days to 24 DDD/1,000 patient-days) and the trends of ESBL-KP infection (r = 0.7; P = 0.03).
A closed-form phase-comparison ML DOA estimator for automotive radar with one single snapshot (2013)

In automotive radar systems, only a small number of snapshots are available for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in high mobility scenarios. We here propose a closed-form single-snapshot maximum likelihood (ML) DOA estimator based on the phase-comparison technique. The estimator can be effective in a wide field-of-view (FOV) scenario and is robust to gain-mismatch effects among antenna elements. Computer simulations are conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Grain boundary structure of nanocrystalline Cu processed by cryomilling (2003)

The microstructures of cryogenically ball-milled Cu were investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy. It was found that the grain-size reduction is a dislocation-controlled continuous process which consists of the formation of small-angle grain boundaries (GBs), a gradual increase in misorientations as a result of accumulation of more dislocations and, finally, the formation of large-angle GBs. The GBs were generally curved, wavy or faceted, and heavily strained, which are typical characteristics of nanostructured materials. In addition, extrinsic dislocations were found in many GBs, indicating that most are in a high-energy non-equilibrium configuration, which is consistent with observations in equal-channel angular pressing processed Cu, Ni, and Al-Mg, repetitive corrugation and straightening processed Cu and room-temperature ball-milled Cu. These results support a still-disputed concept that GBs in nanostructured metals processed by severe plastic deformation are mostly in non-equilibrium states.
iBench: Quantifying interference for datacenter applications (2013)

Interference between co-scheduled applications is one of the major reasons that causes modern datacenters (DCs) to operate at low utilization. DC operators traditionally side-step interference either by disallowing colocation altogether and providing isolated server instances, or by requiring the users to express resource reservations, which are often exaggerated to counter-balance the unpredictability in the quality of allocated resources. Understanding, reducing and managing interference can significantly impact the manner in which these large-scale systems operate. We present iBench, a novel workload suite that helps quantify the pressure different applications put in various shared resources, and similarly the pressure they can tolerate in these resources. iBench consists of a set of carefully-crafted benchmarks that induce interference of increasing intensity in resources that span the CPU, cache hierarchy, memory, storage and networking subsystems. We first validate the effect that iBench workloads have on performance against a wide spectrum of DC applications. Then, we use iBench to demonstrate the importance of considering interference in a set of challenging problems that range from DC scheduling and server provisioning, to resource-efficient application development and scheduling for heterogeneous CMPs. In all cases quantifying interference with iBench results in significant performance and/or efficiency improvements. We plan to release iBench under a free software license.
Opportunistic Mode Selection and RB Assignment for D2D Underlay Operation in LTE Networks (2014)

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has become an attractive alternative in bringing popular mobile video contents much closer to the end users. However resulting interference caused by the direct communicating D2D pair demands sufficient resources as well as proper admission control mechanisms for the corresponding mode. To resolve these issues, in this paper, we suggest how source and destination end users can optimally select the corresponding operational mode between cellular and D2D modes aiming to maximize the network capacity. Further, we formulate resource block (RB) assignment as an optimization problem and design a deterministic and heuristic algorithm to approximate the optimal solution. The simulation results show a comparison of our proposed optimal and distributed heuristic mode selection with RB assignment algorithms, as well as traditional cellular and underlay D2D mode schemes. From simulation results, we show that our algorithm achieves better average uplink throughput and SINR by reducing interference.
Methotrexate disposition following concomitant administration of ketoprofen, piroxicam and flurbiprofen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (1994)

The effects of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate were studied in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ketoprofen (3 mg kg-1 day-1), flurbiprofen (3 mg kg-1 day-1), piroxicam (20 mg day-1), or a non-NSAID control (paracetamol/acetaminophen) were administered to patients for at least 6 days (13 days in the case of piroxicam to establish steady state) in a randomized crossover design prior to receiving a weekly oral dose of methotrexate. In the non-NSAID control portion of the study, MTX oral clearance (CLo) was 11.0 +/- 3.9 l h-1, renal clearance (CLR) was 7.9 +/- 2.8 l h-1, percent excreted unchanged was 72 +2- 19% and fraction unbound (fu) was 0.54 +/- 0.11. Values of oral clearance, renal clearance, fraction unbound and percentage excreted unchanged of methotrexate varied no more than 12.2% from non-NSAID control during concomitant administration of ketoprofen, flurbiprofen or piroxicam and were not statistically different from non-NSAID control. In contrast to other NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and salicylates, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen or piroxicam in clinically relevant doses do not appear to affect methotrexate disposition and may be used safely in combination with methotrexate.
[Orthognathodontic therapy in handicapped patients]. (1991)

This contribution aims to highlight the importance of orthognathic approach and therapy for the handicapped, with emphasis on the necessity for early intervention to prevent the orthognathic pathology becoming worse. Finally, depending on the condition of the patient, it is advisable to obtain his or her complete collaboration, whenever possible, in order to operate on an outpatient basis, thus avoiding hospitalisation and to give therapy under general anaesthesia.