gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diffraction Patterns of Generalized Curvilinear Diffraction Gratings (1985)

Three examples of a class of generalized curvilinear diffraction gratings are analysed according to a recently published general theory of diffraction by generalized gratings. The two types of diffraction patterns described by the theory are the Fresnel/Fraunhofer patterns and a new type labelled the ‘image diffraction pattern’ (IDP). Examples of image diffraction patterns are discussed and compared with two methods of predicting the patterns—one method based on optical image processing techniques and the other method based on the solution of the IDP equations by a computer graphics system. The theoretical Fresnel/Fraunhofer and image diffraction patterns are found to be in very good agreement with experiment.
The determinants of entrepreneurial activity (1995)

Examines the interface of entrepreneurship and marketing. Defines entrepreneurship as a variable phenomenon that can be applied at the societal, organizational and individual levels. Marketing is conceptualized as a fundamentally entrepreneurial activity. Argues that entrepreneurship is an environmentally‐driven phenomenon and that the environmental determinants of entrepreneurship can be categorized into three groups: infrastructure; turbulence and personal life experiences. Draws out the implications of these determinants, and the corresponding level of entrepreneurship that they produce, for the nature and role of marketing at the macro and micro levels.
A semi-autonomous robotic airship for environmental monitoring missions (2002)

This paper discusses Project AURORA (autonomous unmanned remote monitoring robotic airship) which focuses on the development of the control, navigation, sensing, and inference technologies required for substantially autonomous robotic airships. Our target application areas include the use of robotic airships for environmental, biodiversity, and climate research and monitoring. Based on typical mission requirements, we present arguments that favour airships over airplanes and helicopters as the ideal platforms for such missions. We outline the overall system architecture of the AURORA robotic airship, discuss its main subsystems, and mention the research and development issues involved.
Federal Courts--Proposed Aircraft Crash Litigation Legislation (1970)

The legal consequences of an air crash are infinitely more complex than other transportation disasters, and the litigation almost always presents special problems. A single crash often gives rise to multiple claims filed in diverse federal districts, each of which has proper jurisdiction and venue. Since liability may vary in accordance with the particular state law under which the case is tried, such duplication is arguably a necessary price for a federal system of law. State law, which ordinarily controls the resolution of substantive issues, may vary as to the use of certain defenses, the burden of proof, the availability of certain theories of recovery such as strict liability, and the use of certain doctrines which ease the plaintiff's burden of proof or which help to overcome certain affirmative defenses (e.g., res ipsa loquitur, last clear chance). Additionally, there is the danger of a wide disparity in the amounts recovered by different plaintiffs, since nine jurisdictions, including Missouri, limit the amount recoverable in a wrongful death action. For these reasons, a need exists for more efficient judicial handling of the legal questions which arise from aircraft disasters. At the present time, federal law provides two statutory remedies, the purposes of which are to alleviate the problems inherent in multiple litigation of identical factual questions.
Effectiveness of injectable filler materials for smoothing wrinkle lines and depressed scars. (1994)

Both synthetic and biological materials have been used for smoothing wrinkle lines and depressed scars. Injectable fillers provide a convenient and easy alternative to surgical methods to treat dermal defects. Optimally, injectable fillers augmenting dermal tissue should exhibit properties similar to the dermal collagen network, providing a stable matrix for long-term correction but also being subject to the dynamic changes that occur to dermal tissue during the aging processes. At present, only biological materials are available on a commercial basis, although a number of synthetic injectables are being evaluated in clinical trials. The long-term effectiveness of most commercial materials has been limited prompting questions about the cost-benefits of such treatment. In this regard, the effectiveness of the injectable fillers, particularly of biological materials, will be discussed as will the difficulties involved in determining the expected result (effectiveness) for specific materials and in providing methods of measuring effectiveness.
'I reckon I will just walk away and live on the streets myself. It's all too hard!': Part 3: cultural obligations to accommodate family and housing design (2013)

This chapter examines the poor fit between cultural obligations to accommodate family and houses that are designed for small nuclear families. The situation of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) people arriving in Adelaide provides a poignant description of the dire circumstances many people find themselves in.
A new method to customize protein expression vectors for fast, efficient and background free parallel cloning (2013)

This new expression vector series allows efficient and cost-effective parallel cloning and thus screening of different protein constructs, tags and expression hosts.
Alpha cell regulation of beta cell function (2020)

The islet of Langerhans is a complex endocrine micro-organ consisting of a multitude of endocrine and non-endocrine cell types. The two most abundant and prominent endocrine cell types, the beta and the alpha cells, are essential for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. While the beta cell produces insulin, the only blood glucose-lowering hormone of the body, the alpha cell releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose. Under physiological conditions, these two cell types affect each other in a paracrine manner. While the release products of the beta cell inhibit alpha cell function, the alpha cell releases factors that are stimulatory for beta cell function and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research into the regulation of beta cell function by alpha cells, focusing on the effect of alpha cell-secreted factors, such as glucagon and acetylcholine. The consequences of differences in islet architecture between species on the interplay between alpha and beta cells is also discussed. Finally, we give a perspective on the possibility of using an in vivo imaging approach to study the interactions between human alpha and beta cells under in vivo conditions. Graphical abstract.
ClpL Is Required for Folding of CtsR in Streptococcus mutans (2012)

ClpL, a member of the HSP100 family, is widely distributed in Gram-positive bacteria but is absent in Gram-negative bacteria. Although ClpL is involved in various cellular processes, such as the stress tolerance response, long-term survival, virulence, and antibiotic resistance, the detailed molecular mechanisms are largely unclear. Here we report that ClpL acts as a chaperone to properly fold CtsR, a stress response repressor, and prevents it from forming protein aggregates in Streptococcus mutans. In vitro, ClpL was able to successfully refold urea-denatured CtsR but not aggregated proteins. We suggest that ClpL recognizes primarily soluble but denatured substrates and prevents the formation of large protein aggregates. We also found that in vivo, the C-terminal D2-small domain of ClpL is essential for the observed chaperone activity. Since ClpL widely contributes to various cellular functions, we speculate that ClpL chaperone activity is necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis.
Reclassification of the Crenarchaeal Orders and Families in Accordance with 16S rRNA Sequence Data (1997)

A phylogenetic analysis of all validly published members of the Crenarchaeota, including several new isolates from our laboratory, suggests three orders within this archaeal kingdom. The Thermoproteales consist of both the rod-shaped, hyperthermophilic, neutrophilic representatives of the Thermoproteaceae and the members of the new family Thermofilaceae. The Sulfolobales harbor all thermoacidophilic, coccoid organisms. The neutrophilic, hyperthermophilic cocci are members of a new order tentatively named "Igneococcales." This order comprises two families, the Desulfurococcaceae, characterized by maximal growth temperature of up to 100 degrees C, and the new family Pyrodictiaceae, for which optimal growth occurs at temperatures above 100 degrees C.
A unified framework for consistency check (1995)

Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) involves finding values for variables to satisfy a set of constraints. Consistency check is the key technique in solving this class of problems. Past research has developed many algorithms for such a purpose, e.g., node consistency, are consistency, generalized node and arc consistency, specific methods for checking specific constraints, etc. In this article, an attempt is made to unify these algorithms into a common framework. This framework consists of two parts. the first part is a generic consistency check algorithm, which allows and encourages each individual constraint to be checked by its specific consistency methods. Such an approach provides a direct way of practical implementation of the CSP model for real problem-solving. the second part is a general schema for describing the handling of each type of constraint. the schema characterizes various issues of constraint handling in constraint satisfaction, and provides a common language for expressing, discussing, and exchanging constraint handling techniques. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immobilization of α-chymotrypsin to a temperature‐responsive reversibly soluble–insoluble oligomer based on N-isopropylacrylamide (1998)

A temperature-responsive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) oligomer with an ester functional end group and a molecular weight of 3300 was prepared by chain-transfer polymerization using β-mercaptopropionic acid and subsequently activated by N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). This oligomer was coupled to α-chymotrypsin to yield a thermo-sensitive reversibly soluble–insoluble oligomer–enzyme conjugate, which is water-soluble at temperatures below 34°C and that precipitates above 36°C. The conjugated enzyme showed higher activity, and improved thermal stability compared with native enzyme. Kinetic properties and optimum conditions for activity were compared with those of native enzyme. More than 93% enzyme activity of the conjugate was recovered after eight cycles of thermal-induced precipitation. The oligomer–enzyme complex was used for repeated hydrolysis of casein; the biocatalyst was recovered between runs by thermal-induced precipitation and showed good stability. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry
Controlling the cooperative-competitive boundary in niched genetic algorithms (1999)

Niching can allow a diverse population to cooperatively represent a single, distributed solution to the problem at hand. Successful niching mechanisms must promote both cooperation (i.e., co-existence of separate for each desired niche), and competition (i.e., intensive search for the best species for each niche). In this paper we seek to control the competitive-cooperative boundary in the space of possible niche relationships, so that we can choose which pairs of interacting niches will survive under GA selection and which niche pairs will be resolved to yield a single winner. We introduce the concept of resource replenishment period, τ, as a control on the relative importance of objective fitness over diversity pressure. We find that by varying τ between zero and one, we can smoothly transition between pure selection and full niching.
An allosteric model for the inhibition of glucokinase by long chain acyl coenzyme A. (1982)

Rat liver glucokinase is specifically inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA and other long chain acyl-CoAs at concentrations well below their critical micelle concentrations
Microorganisms from canals of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions (2003)

The microbial flora in canals after failure of root-canal treatment were limited to a small number of predominantly Gram-positive microbial species. Facultative anaerobes, especially E. faecalis, were the most commonly isolated microorganisms, however, polymicrobial infections and obligate anaerobes were frequently found in canals of symptomatic root-filled teeth.
Studies on the Differentiation Inducers of Myeloid Leukemic Cells from Citrus Species. (1993)

An attempt was made to isolate differentiation inducers from Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium and the fruit peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae). Twenty-seven kinds of flavones, including five new flavones, were isolated after repeated chromatography from methanol extracts of these plants and their structures were established, from their physicochemical data, to be highly methoxylated flavones. Each compound, except for two flavone glucosides, showed the differentiation inducing activity toward mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1), and the cells came to have phagocytic activity. Furthermore, differentiation inducing activity was tested using human acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60).
The effect of dexamethasone and glucagon on the expression of hepatocyte plasma membrane proteins during development (1988)

The regulation of different maturational processes in the liver is believed to be influenced by the hormonal system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two hormones, glucagon and dexamethasone, on levels of plasma membrane proteins in rat liver cells during late fetal and early postnatal stages of development. For this purpose, 18-day-old rat fetuses and 1-day-old newborns were treated with glucagon or dexamethasone and killed at 22 days of gestation and 3, 5 and 7 days of age, respectively. Postnuclei liver membranes were isolated using a sucrose gradient method and assessed for levels of specific membrane proteins. Asialoglycoprotein receptor and 110,000 Mr glycoprotein, denoted GP 110, representing the sinusoidal and bile canalicular domains, respectively, were quantitated using the immunoblot method. Membrane enzymes alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transferase were evaluated using enzymatic methods. The data showed that glucagon and dexamethasone have a differential effect on membrane constituents according to the stage of development. Glucagon increased the levels of membrane enzymes during the late fetal stage but had no effect on liver membrane proteins in the newborn animal. In contrast, although dexamethasone elevated GP 110 in fetal rat livers, none of the other marker proteins was significantly affected. On the other hand, in newborns dexamethasone reduced the amount of asialoglycoprotein receptor and alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase enzyme activities but greatly augmented the level of gamma-glutamyl transferase. Thus, glucagon primarily affects plasma membrane proteins in late gestation while dexamethasone does so during the early postnatal period. The roles that these two hormones may play during ontogeny is discussed with respect to liver development.
Electronic control unit for passenger car antiskid (1979)

By introducing modern technologies for the electronics, Bosch succeeded in developing a high-quality antiskid system for passenger cars. Two well-known German automakers are introducing the system just now, others will follow in the near future. Two wheel speed sensors measure the angular velocity of the front wheels. In order to minimize brake force differences of the rear axle on roadways with split coefficients, a common control for the rear wheels has been chosen. The hydraulic unit comprises three (for front-rear brake system) or four (for diagonal brake system) novel solenoid valves and a return pump driven by an electric motor. Brake pressure can be raised in a steady or stepwise way, held at a constant level or decreased. The electronic unit is mainly of digital design and consists of a few integrated circuits. The antiskid system comprises many sophisticated functions which result in a high complexity of the circuit. The digital design was chosen because it allows for a greater integration than the analog design. To ensure optimal system safety the main components of the system are checked for their proper functioning prior to driving the vehicle. En route the main system components are Continuously monitored. The overall antiskid system is switched off once a critical defect has been detected. In that case the normal brake system is available and a warning lamp indicates to the driver that the antiskid system is not functioning.
Multimedia storage servers: a tutorial (1995)

Real-time processing of multimedia data is required of those who offer audio and video on-demand. This tutorial highlights the unique issues and data storage characteristics that concern designers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chemoenzymatic Labeling of Protein C-Termini for Positive Selection of C-Terminal Peptides (2011)

Many proteomic experiments require selective labeling of either N- or C-termini of proteins and recovery of terminal peptides. Although N-termini can be selectively labeled, selective labeling of protein C-termini has not been possible due to the difficulty in discriminating between the carboxyl group on the C-terminus versus that on aspartate and glutamate residues. Here we describe the first simple proteomic approach for positive selection of protein C-termini, Profiling Protein C-Termini by Enzymatic Labeling (ProC-TEL). ProC-TEL uses carboxypeptidase Y and other readily available reagents to selectively add an affinity tag to protein C-termini and to capture C-terminal peptides from complex cell lysates for mass spectrometry (MS) identification. Using ProC-TEL, we identify novel C-terminal processing and internal proteolytic cleavage events. These results indicate that ProC-TEL provides a straightforward approach for profiling C-terminal peptides and identifying protein processing in complex biological samples.
Synthesis and adrenergic .BETA.-blocking activity of some propanolamine derivatives. (1978)

Some propanolamine derivatives were synthesized and their β-adrenergic blocking activities were determined. Among the compounds tested, all compounds with benzothiazole nucleus were found to have potent β-adrenergic blocking activity, and those with other nuclei failed to produce substantial β-blocking activity with one exception. Three compounds with benzothiazole nucleus were more potent than sotalol in their β-blocking activity, and the other two were equipotent to sotalol. One with benzotriazole nucleus had about the same β-blocking activity as sotalol.
Chemical structures of amicoumacins produced by Bacillus pumilus. (1982)

The chemical structures of amicoumacin A, B and C, which are produced by Bacillus pumilus BN-103, were elucidated on the basis of mass, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral analyses and chemical degradation. Amicoumacin A was derived from amicoumacin B via amicoumacin C.
Herbivorax saccincola gen. nov., sp. nov., a cellulolytic, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium isolated via in sacco enrichments from a lab-scale biogas reactor (2016)

A novel Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium, strain GGR1T, was isolated from a thermophilic lab-scale biogas fermenter. The novel organism was effectively degrading crystalline cellulose. It seems to play a role in remineralization of plant biomass by hydrolysing its polysaccharides. 16S rRNA gene comparative sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolate formed a hitherto unknown subline within the family Ruminococcaceae. The closest phylogenetic relative of GGR1T among the taxa with validly published names was Clostridiumthermocellum, sharing 94.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain GGR1T was catalase-negative, indole-negative and produced acetate and ethanol as major end-products during fermentative cellulose utilization. The major cellular fatty acids (>1 %) were 16 : 0 iso fatty acid and 16 : 0 fatty acid. Cells were rod shaped and grew optimally at 60 °C and pH 7.0. The DNA G+C content was 34.9 mol%. A novel genus and species, Herbivoraxsaccincola gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed on the basis of phylogenetic analysis and physiological properties of the novel isolate. Strain GGR1T (=DSM 101079T=CECT 9155T) represents the type strain for the novel genus and novel species Herbivoraxsaccincola gen. nov., sp. nov.
Aspects of the reproductive biology and breeding management of Asian and African elephants <i>Elephas maximus</i> and <i>Loxodonta africana</i> (2006)

Elephants possess many unique qualities, including some that relate directly to their reproductive biology. Thus, comparative studies on elephants provide valuable information to the growing biological database for extant mammals. Left undisturbed, Asian Elephas maximus and African Loxodonta Africana elephants reproduce well in the wild. It is ironic then that most captive populations face possible‘extinction'because of historically poor reproductive performance. Some of the problems with breeding elephants in captivity are logistical but others, like ovarian and uterine pathologies and bull infertility, have management‐related aetiology. Through ad van ces in endocrine monitoring and ultrasound imaging techniques, we are beginning to understand some of the complex mechanisms controlling reproductive function in elephants. Several reproductive characteristics appear to be unique to the taxon, such as luteal steroidogenic function, follicular development patterns, pituitary gonadotrophin secretion, a 22 month‐long gestation and musth (in ♂♂). One example is the‘double LH surge'occurring 3 weeks apart during the follicular or non‐luteal phase of the cycle, with only the second surge inducing ovulation. These qualities have at times both enhanced and hampered efforts to understand and control reproduction. We have learned that techniques developed for domestic or laboratory species are not always directly applicable to elephants. However, the recent success of artificial insemination based on new ultrasound and endocrine methodology offers hope that establishing selfsustaining populations is possible. This paper reviews our current knowledge of elephant reproduction and how it is being used to aid species conservation for maximal reproductive efficiency and enhancement of genetic management.
Distribution Aware Active Learning (2018)

Discriminative learning machines often need a large set of labeled samples for training. Active learning (AL) settings assume that the learner has the freedom to ask an oracle to label its desired samples. Traditional AL algorithms heuristically choose query samples about which the current learner is uncertain. This strategy does not make good use of the structure of the dataset at hand and is prone to be misguided by outliers. To alleviate this problem, we propose to distill the structural information into a probabilistic generative model which acts as a \emph{teacher} in our model. The active \emph{learner} uses this information effectively at each cycle of active learning. The proposed method is generic and does not depend on the type of learner and teacher. We then suggest a query criterion for active learning that is aware of distribution of data and is more robust against outliers. Our method can be combined readily with several other query criteria for active learning. We provide the formulation and empirically show our idea via toy and real examples.