gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive oxygen species as double-edged swords in cellular processes: low-dose cell signaling versus high-dose toxicity (2002)

ROS are diverse and abundant in biological systems. While excessive ROS production clearly damages DNA, low levels of ROS affect cell signaling particularly at the level of redox modulation. Moreover, the specific contributions of ROS to apoptosis and mitogenesis in maintenance of cell number homeostasis remains to be elucidated. ROS dose is a critical parameter in determining the ultimate cellular response; however the shape of the dose response curve is unpredictable. When cells are stimulated with ROS, cell-signaling cascades are activated. It appears that the cellular redox potential is an important determinant of cell function and interruption of redox balance may adversely affect cell function. As a result, compounds such as antioxidants may intercept critical ROS signaling molecules and both protect cells and foster pathogenesis. As a result, further study is needed to unravel the role of ROS in redox regulation and the potential outcome of antioxidant administration on cellular responses.
Larazotide acetate: a pharmacological peptide approach to tight junction regulation (2021)

Larazotide acetate (LA) is a single-chain peptide of eight amino acids that acts as a tight junction regulator to restore intestinal barrier function. LA is currently being studied in phase III clinical trials and is orally administered to adult patients with celiac disease as an adjunct therapeutic to enhance intestinal barrier function that has been disrupted by gliadin-induced immune reactivity. Mechanistically, LA is thought to act as a zonulin antagonist to reduce zonulin-induced increases in barrier permeability and has been associated with the redistribution and rearrangement of tight junction proteins and actin filaments to restore intestinal barrier function. More recently, LA has been linked to inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, which likely reduces tension on actin filaments, thereby facilitating tight junction closure. Small (rodent) and large (porcine) animal studies have been conducted that demonstrate the importance of LA as a tight junction regulatory peptide in conditions other than celiac disease, including collagen-induced arthritis in mice and intestinal ischemic injury in pigs.
What makes a psychotherapist effective (1999)

Researchers have wrangled for decades over what makes an effective psychotherapist. Timothy Carey wanders into the thicket of conflicting data and asks whether perceptual control theory might have something to offer. (editor abstract)
Is MENA Exceptional? (2010)

AbstractThe following sections are included:MENA: A REGION DEFINED BY DIVERSITYCHARACTERISTICS OF LESS DEVELOPED ECONOMIES – DOES MENA FIT THE MOLD?Low levels of capital accumulationHigh population growthNutrition and healthPrimary commodity exportsWeak institutional structuresCommon challenges–unemploymentEducation for all?Income inequality and poverty incidenceCONCLUSIONREFERENCES
PAC1 receptor–deficient mice display impaired insulinotropic response to glucose and reduced glucose tolerance (2000)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a ubiquitous neuropeptide of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family that potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Pancreatic beta cells express two PACAP receptor subtypes, a PACAP-preferring (PAC1) and a VIP-shared (VPAC2) receptor. We have applied a gene targeting approach to create a mouse lacking the PAC1 receptor (PAC1(-/-)). These mice were viable and normoglycemic, but exhibited a slight feeding hyperinsulinemia. In vitro, in the isolated perfused pancreas, the insulin secretory response to PACAP was reduced by 50% in PAC1(-/-) mice, whereas the response to VIP was unaffected. In vivo, the insulinotropic action of PACAP was also acutely reduced, and the peptide induced impairment of glucose tolerance after an intravenous glucose injection. This demonstrates that PAC1 receptor is involved in the insulinotropic action of the peptide. Moreover, PAC1(-/-) mice exhibited reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo, showing that the PAC1 receptor is required to maintain normal insulin secretory responsiveness to glucose. The defective insulinotropic action of glucose was associated with marked glucose intolerance after both intravenous and gastric glucose administration. Thus, these results are consistent with a physiological role for the PAC1 receptor in glucose homeostasis, notably during food intake.
Suppression and Enhancement in Parametric Two-Photon Resonant Nondegenerate Four-Wave Mixing via Quantum Interference (2004)

Quantum interference may lead to suppression and enhancement of the two-photon resonant nondegenerate four-wave mixing signal in a cascade four-level system. Such phenomena are demonstrated in Ba through inducing atomic coherence between the ground state 6s2 and the doubly excited autoionizing Rydberg state 6pnd. This method can be used as a new spectroscopic tool for measuring the transition dipole moment between two highly excited atomic states.
Molecular Design of Stable Graphene Nanosheets Dispersions (2008)

Graphene sheets, one-atom-thick layers of carbon atoms, are receiving enormous scientific attention because of extraordinary electronic and mechanical properties. These intrinsic properties will lead to innovative nanocomposite materials that could be used to produce novel transistors and thermally conductive polymeric materials. Such applications are currently hindered by the difficulty of producing large quantities of individual graphene sheets and by the propensity of these nanoparticles to agglomerate when dispersed in aqueous and/or organic matrixes. We report here molecular dynamics simulations for pristine and functionalized graphene nanosheets of 54 and 96 carbon atoms each dispersed in liquid organic linear alkanes (oils) at room conditions. For the first time, our results show that, although pristine graphene sheets agglomerate in the oils considered, graphene sheets functionalized at their edges with short branched alkanes yield stable dispersions. We characterized the simulated systems by computing radial distribution functions between the graphene sheets centers of mass, pair potentials of mean force between the graphene sheets in solution, and site-site radial distribution functions. The latter were used to determine the preferential orientation between approaching graphene sheets and the packing of the organic oils on the graphene sheets. Our results are useful not only for designing practical recipes for stabilizing graphene sheets in organic systems, but also for comparing the molecular mechanisms responsible for the graphene sheets aggregation to those that stabilize graphene sheets-containing dispersions, and for controlling the coupling between organic oils and graphene sheets used as fillers. In particular, we demonstrated that excluded-volume effects, generated by the branched architecture of the functional groups grafted on the graphene sheets, are responsible for the stabilization of small graphene sheets in the organic systems considered here.
The C-terminal conserved domain of DNA-PKcs, missing in the SCID mouse, is required for kinase activity (2000)

DNA-PKcs, the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), has a phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) domain close to its C-terminus. Cell lines derived from the SCID mouse have been utilised as a model DNA-PKcs-defective system. The SCID mutation results in truncation of DNA-Pkcs at the extreme C-terminus leaving the PI 3-K domain intact. The mutated protein is expressed at low levels in most SCID cell lines, leaving open the question of whether the mutation abolishes kinase activity. Here, we show that a SCID cell line that expresses the mutant protein normally has dramatically impaired kinase activity. We estimate that the residual kinase activity typically present in SCID fibroblast cell lines is at least two orders of magnitude less than that found in control cells. Our results substantiate evidence that DNA-PKcs kinase activity is required for DSB rejoining and V(D)J recombination and show that the extreme C-terminal region of DNA-PKcs, present in PI 3-K-related protein kinases but absent in bona fide PI 3 lipid kinases, is required for DNA-PKcs to function as a protein kinase. We also show that expression of mutant DNA-PKcs protein confers a growth disadvantage, providing an explanation for the lack of DNA-PKcs expression in most SCID cell lines.
The accessory function of murine intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in T lymphocyte activation. Contributions of adhesion and co-activation (1991)

These studies demonstrate that the murine intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) performs at least two roles in enhancing T cell activation. These two roles are evident in both of our experimental systems: with ICAM-1 expressed on the surface of transfected fibroblast cells, and with purified ICAM-1 immobilized on plastic. First, as has been documented by many investigators, ICAM-1 mediates adhesion between ICAM-1- and lymphocyte function-associated Ag-1 (LFA-1)-bearing cells. This adhesive interaction occurs even in the absence of T cell stimulation, although it is increased by addition of phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. Although ICAM-1 expression does markedly increase intercellular adhesion, the increase is significantly less than the improvement ICAM-1 expression makes in the Ag-presenting ability of MHC class II-transfected fibroblast cells. We have investigated whether this difference is due to LFA-1-mediated signaling, and we present data that demonstrates that although ICAM-1 does not deliver costimulatory signals required for T cell activation, the interaction of LFA-1 with ICAM-1 does synergize with TCR-transduced signals. This synergy is observed for ICAM-1 on live and on chemically fixed accessory cells, and for purified ICAM-1 molecules, but in all cases occurs only when the ICAM-1 and the TCR ligands are on the same surface. Finally, when the ICAM-1 is present on the surface of accessory cells, it enhances T cell activation by changing the Ag dose-dependence of the T cell, but when ICAM-1 and CD3 mAb are co-immobilized, ICAM-1 increases the peak response of the T cell without affecting the dose dependence of the response.
Comparison of the Chloride Electrode and Gravimetric Chloride Titration Sweat Tests (1979)

The chloride electrode sweat test and gravimetric chloride titration technic are compared. The two technics gave comparable mean values, ogives, equivalent points, and overlap for patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy subjects. As a single test with either technic has an unacceptable risk for false-positive or false-negative results, tests should always be done in pairs. A statistical interpretation technic based on prevalence and technical variability of the two tests will decrease the number of undiagnosed subjects and will define probability of cystic fibrosis in the undiagnosed group.
High-Temperature Properties and Applications of Polymeric Materials (1995)

In this chapter we present an overview of the high-temperature properties and applications of polymers and polymer composites. Included are discussions of heat transfer in polymer-based materials, their physical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, chemical and physical aging of polymers and effects of aging on properties, and the thermal and mechanical response in high-temperature, high-heat-flux environments. Finally, we present a brief discussion of modern high-temperature polymers and the effect of molecular structure on their properties.
Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence During Sexual Activity: A Single Center Prevalence Study (2011)

Incontinence during sexual activity is a persistent problem for some men after radical prostatectomy. Significant incontinence during sexual activity may occur in the absence of stress urinary incontinence during nonsexual activities. Effective management of this problem requires further investigation.
Mice overexpressing progastrin are predisposed for developing aberrant colonic crypt foci in response to AOM (2000)

Recent studies show that nonamidated gastrins (Gly-gastrin and progastrin) stimulate colonic proliferation. However, the role of nonamidated vs. amidated gastrins in colon carcinogenesis has not been defined. We measured intermediate markers of carcinogenesis in transgenic mice overexpressing either progastrin (hGAS) or amidated gastrin (INS-GAS) in response to azoxymethane (AOM). The hGAS mice showed significantly higher numbers of aberrant crypt foci (140-200% increase) compared with that in wild-type (WT) and INS-GAS mice (P < 0.05) after AOM treatment. The bromodeoxyuridine-labeling index of colonic crypts also was significantly elevated in hGAS mice vs. that in WT and INS-GAS mice. The results therefore provide evidence for a mitogenic and cocarcinogenic role of nonamidated gastrins (progastrin), which is apparently not shared by the amidated gastrins. Although nonamidated gastrins are now believed to mediate mitogenic effects via novel receptors, amidated gastrins mediate biological effects via different receptor subtypes, which may explain the difference in the cocarcinogenic potential of nonamidated vs. amidated gastrins. In conclusion, our results provide strong support for a cocarcinogenic role for nonamidated gastrins in colon carcinogenesis.
Analysis and Design of CMOS Amplitude Modulator With Digitally Controlled Variable Attenuator (2011)

A multimode RF amplitude modulator and a digitally controlled variable attenuator (VATT) are presented. A comprehensive analysis of nonlinear distortion in a current source modulated amplitude modulator is studied in this paper. To improve the dynamic range and reduce local oscillator leakage, dual power modes and a cascode transistor for amplitude modulation are employed in the amplitude modulator. The amplitude modulator consists of a switching transistor with a modulating current source, which allows low power consumption and linear amplitude modulation. The digitally controlled VATT is designed for power level control. Five II stages are cascaded to attain the attenuation levels over 32 dB. By using the proposed adaptive II type attenuator, we can get the optimized attenuation stages and port matching at all the attenuation states. The maximum output power of the modulator is 7.8 dBm, while consuming 18 mA of dc current. In the low power mode, the modulator consumes less than 1 mA of dc current. The current consumption is scaled down to 7 mA when the modulated WCDMA signal output power is 0.9 dBm and the EDGE signal output power is 1.2 dBm. The measured minimum insertion loss of the VATT is 2.5 dB and the maximum attenuation control range is 34.8 dB at 1.95 GHz. The control resolution is 1 dB. The worst case <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> 11 and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> 22 responses were measured to be -16 dB. There is no power consumption at the VATT. The chip is implemented with a 0.18-μm CMOS process. The total chip size is 1 × 0.9 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Magnetic Excitations in Antiferromagnetic Co<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>. I. Spin-Optical-Phonon Interaction (1971)

The interaction of the low-lying magnons and excitons with the ${E}_{g}$ optical phonon in antiferromagnetic Co${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is directly observed by measuring the magnetic-dipole intensity transferred from magnetic excitations to the otherwise optically inactive ${E}_{g}$ lattice mode. The anomalous behavior of the frequency, linewidth, and magnetic-dipole intensity of this phonon have been measured as the temperature is raised from 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K through the N\'eel point (37.7 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) to \ensuremath{\sim} 4.5 ${T}_{N}$ (180 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The frequency drops continuously with a break in slope at the N\'eel point, while the linewidth narrows by more than a factor of 3 when the temperature passes through the N\'eel point. A theory of the temperature dependence of the transferred intensity is derived which distinguishes two contributions. The first is proportional to the sublattice magnetization and vanishes in the paramagnetic state; the second is proportional to the square of the Boltzmann factor for the exciton states and vanishes only at arbitrarily high temperature. By fitting the experimental temperature dependence of the intensity to the theory, the local spin-lattice-interaction parameters for the ${E}_{g}$ distortions can be determined.
Fusion of the dendritic cell-targeting chemokine MIP3α to melanoma antigen Gp100 in a therapeutic DNA vaccine significantly enhances immunogenicity and survival in a mouse melanoma model (2016)

The current study shows that fusion of MIP3α to melanoma antigen gp100 enhances the immunogenicity and efficacy of a DNA vaccine in a therapeutic B16F10 mouse melanoma model. This study analyzes an adaptable and easily produced MIP3α-antigen modular vaccine platform that could lend itself to a variety of functionalities, including combination treatments and neoantigen vaccination in the pursuit of personalized cancer therapy.
Superresolution Multidimensional Imaging with Structured Illumination Microscopy (2013)

The resolution of an optical microscope is fundamentally limited by diffraction. In a conventional wide-field fluorescence microscope, the resolution limit is at best 200 nm. However, modern superresolution methods can bypass this limit. Pointillistic imaging techniques like PALM (photoactivated localization microscopy) and STORM (stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) do so by precisely localizing each individual molecule in a sample. In contrast, STED uses the stimulated emission process driven to saturation to dramatically reduce the size of the region in the sample that is capable of spontaneously emitting fluorescence. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) illuminates the sample with a pattern, typically the image of a grating. This computationally removes the out-of-focus blur, a method known as optical sectioning SIM. Furthermore, frequency mixing of the illumination pattern with the sample caused by the moiré effect results in a downmodulation of fine sample detail into the frequency-support region of the detection optical transfer function. High-resolution SIM achieves typically a twofold lateral resolution enhancement. This is further improved by exploiting a nonlinear sample response to the illumination light in SIM. Recent developments of the method allow fast, multicolor, and three-dimensional high-resolution live-cell imaging.
A fully programmable Rake-receiver architecture for multi-standard baseband processors (2005)

A flying spot digital imaging unit was devised to measure skeletal length and angles. This device uses a spinning chopper wheel and fixed slit collimator in front of a conventional X-ray tube to produce a scanning pencil beam that passes through the patient and onto an electronic detector. The beam scans the patient transversely and the device moves longitudinally, creating a digital image with a skin dose of less than 2 mrad (0.02 mGy). Patients can be imaged both when upright and when recumbent. A large field of view makes it possible for the entire length of the spine or lower extremities to be included in a single image. Built-in computer algorithms are used to make measurements of skeletal lengths and angles. The accuracy of the digital device was tested by making measurements of known angles and lengths using protractors and rulers. Skeletal measurements were then made on a number of patients. Interobserver error was tested using both patient and nonpatient images. The following patient measurements were made: Cobb angle in 166 patients with scoliosis; knee joint angles in 120 patients undergoing knee surgery; lower extremity lengths in 78 patients with length inequalities; bony fragment angulation and displacement in 30 patients with healing fractures. These studies have shown the device to be accurate with low interobserver error, while delivering much lower patient dose than more conventional methods. The ability to manipulate window levels and widths enables visualization of thick and thin body parts on the same image. Our experience both in the laboratory and with patients has been encouraging, and the method appears to have several advantages over more conventional techniques.
The Heart of the Matter: U.K. and the EEC, the Problem of Agriculture (1971)

Much has happened both within the European Community and the United Kingdom since the failure of the first negotiations for British entry into the Community in 1963.'It is realistic to expect that negotiations for British membership in the Community will prove productive in the near future.The nascent, ill defined, supranational European structure, which existed at the time of the first attempted British entry in 1961-1963, has become a most workable and viable reality. 2 In Britain, despite considerable public dissatisfaction, all major parties are now firmly committed to joining the European Community. 3
Regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous venovenous haemofiltration using commercial preparations (2006)

Continuous venovenous haemofiltration using commercial preparations of replacement fluid and citrate anticoagulation can be safe, efficient and simple.
Genome editing in induced pluripotent stem cells (2012)

The discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has broadened the promises of regenerative medicine through the generation of syngeneic replacement cells or tissues via the differentiation of patient-specific iPS cells. To apply iPS cell-mediated therapy to patients with genetic disorders, however, genome-editing technologies with high efficiency and specificity are needed. Recently, several targeted genome-editing strategies mediated by zinc finger nuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease have been applied to human and mouse iPS cells. Furthermore, spontaneous homologous recombination can restore genotype to wild type in mouse iPS cells heterozygous for genetic mutations. Through genome editing, the clinical application of patient-specific genetic mutation-free iPS cells to genetic disorders can finally be realized.
Distinguishing Content from Carrier (2007)

RDA: Resource Description and Access is in development as a new standard for resource description and access designed for the digital world. It is being built on the foundation established for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR). Although it is being developed for use primarily in libraries, it aims to attain an effective level of alignment with the metadata standards used in related communities such as archives, museums and publishers, and to provide a better fit with emerging database technologies.
Detection of Pulsed Radar in a Time Division Duplexed System (2011)

Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) is the technology chosen by ETSI, FCC, and Industry Canada to provide unlicensed access for broadband radios in licensed bands. It is implemented by the base-station or base-station/subscriber combination. In a time-division duplexed (TDD) system with DFS implemented solely at the base-station, a periodic 'quiet time' is enforced. This work determines the likelihood that a radar pulse train can be detected in a TDD system with radar detection restricted to the base-station. The results are tailored for TDD systems such as WiMAX, and can be used by designers to determine under what system constraints DFS can be implemented in their systems.