gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transition‐metal Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of Unsaturated Fatty Acids (1995)

Abstract The oxidative cleavage of the CC‐bond converts unsaturated fatty acids to carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids. The only method currently used in oleochemistry is ozonolysis. The high energy consumption of ozonolysis makes a transition‐metal catalyzed alternative with a cheaper secondary oxidant attractive. Here we report new methods for ruthenium‐, rhenium‐ and tungsten‐catalyzed oxidations with peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Whereas the direct oxidative cleavage of internal CC‐bonds still lacks selectivity, two‐step reactions are feasible. The first possibility is to convert natural, internal unsaturated fatty acids to ω‐unsaturated ones. These ω‐unsaturated fatty acids can be cleaved by Ru/acac) 3 /CH 3 COOOH or Re 2 O 7 /H 2 O 2 with yields up to 80 %. In the second two‐step procedure the fatty acid first is hydroxylated and the diol is cleaved: the overall yield for this method is 80 %, too.
Multidrug, Anti-HIV Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Nature and Mechanisms of Impacts of Drugs on Each Other’s Solution Concentrations (2017)

Drug therapy has been instrumental in prolonging the lives of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In order to combat development of resistance, therapies involving three or more drugs in combination are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to suppress HIV and prevent development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is desirable for multidrug combinations to be coformulated into single dosage forms where possible, to promote patient convenience and adherence to dosage regimens, for which amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is particularly well-suited. We investigated multidrug ASDs of three model anti-HIV drugs, ritonavir (Rit), etravirine (Etra), and efavirenz (Efa), in cellulosic polymer matrices. We hypothesized that the presence of multiple drugs would reduce crystallization tendency, thereby providing stable, supersaturating formulations for bioavailability enhancement. We explored new ASD polymers including cellulose acetate suberate (DS<sub>Sub</sub> 0.9, CASub) and cellulose acetate adipate propionate (DS<sub>Ad</sub> 0.9, CAAdP), and control commercial cellulosic polymers including 6-carboxycellulose acetate butyrate (CCAB) and carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB). We succeeded in preparing three-drug ASDs containing very high drug loadings (45% drug total; 15% of each drug); each polymer tested was effective at stabilizing the amorphous drugs in the solid phase, as demonstrated by XRD, SEM, and DSC studies. In pH 6.8 dissolution studies ASDs released each anti-HIV drug over 8 h, affording supersaturated solutions of each drug, but unexpectedly failing in some cases to reach maximum possible supersaturation. In a second set of dissolution studies (pH 6.8), the cause of the observed solution concentration limitations was investigated by studying release from single- and two-drug ASDs. Concentrations of Rit, Etra, and Efa achieved from three-drug ASDs were higher than those achieved from crystalline drugs. Surprisingly, however, there was a decrease in the achieved drug concentrations of both Rit and Efa when they dissolved together, while Etra solution concentration was enhanced by the presence of Rit and Efa in the ASD. We demonstrate that these effects have to do primarily with solution phase interactions between the anti-HIV drugs, rather than from the drugs influencing each other's release rate, and we suggest that such observations may indicate an important, previously inadequately recognized, and general phenomenon for ASDs containing multiple hydrophobic drugs.
Oxidation of Antipsoriatic 10‐Acyldithranol Derivatives and Dithranol to 1,8‐Dihydroxyanthraquinone (1988)

Abstract Decompositions of dithranol and butantrone (10‐butyryldithranol) were studied in buffer solutions. Half lives at pH 9.4, 7.4 and 6.5 were 0.6, 1.2 and 3.0 h for dithranol, and 1.3, 15 and 30 h for butantrone, respectively. 1,8‐Dihydroxyanthraquinone accounted for 50% of the decomposition products from dithranol and for 20% of those from butantrone at pH 9.4. Dithranol was not found as the decomposition product of butantrone. Based on kinetic considerations it is suggested that butantrone anion rather than dithranol anion is the intermediate of the main reaction in the oxidation of butantrone to 1,8‐dihydroxyanthraquinone.
Mutual Viscosity and Diffusion in Liquid Mixtures (1955)

A theory of diffusion in liquid mixtures is proposed which shows that the intrinsic diffusion coefficient, DA, of the substance A in a mixture of A and B in which the mole fractions are respectively fA and fB is DA = kT/6 (fAηAσA + fBηABσAB) where ηA is the viscosity of the pure liquid A, ηAB is the mutual viscosity of the mixture, and σA and σAB are intermolecular distances.
LSI chip set for closed caption decoder system (1991)

The authors have developed an LSI chip set for the decoder of the closed caption system to be installed in all TV sets with 13-inch or larger screens in the US, beginning in July 1993. The basic policies of the system development were as follows: the system must provide stabilized receiving operations; the system should offer low-cost operation; and, the system must be easily adaptable to different types of TV receivers. A closed caption decoder system consisting of three chips, front end, on screen display, and decoder, has been found to ensure reliable reception at low cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prototype development of advanced hierarchical frame aggregation in fibre-wireless access networks (2011)

In this reported work, the integration of the EPON and the next-generation WLAN-based mesh network is deployed. The work sheds light on the benefits of extending advanced frame aggregation techniques from next-generation WLANs to EPONs. Proposed and experimentally evaluated are advanced aggregation techniques to improve fibre-wireless (FiWi) network performance for video traffic under realistic wireless channel conditions. It is believed that this is the first time that the use of hierarchical frame aggregation techniques in EPON and FiWi networks has been experimentally examined.
Application of modulation measurement profilometry to objects with surface holes (1999)

We present a detailed discussion of how modulation measurement profilometry (MMP) is applied to measuring an object that has holes on its surface. MMP is not based on the conventional three-dimensional profilometry method with structured light triangulation but on modulation measurements; it has the advantage of measuring the surface of a test object by perpendicular projection, that is, the direction of the CCD camera is the same as that of the projecting light, and the wrapped phases need not be calculated. Thus the difficulties from shadows and spatial discontinuities in phase measurement profilometry and Fourier transform profilometry methods do not exist in MMP. Here we measure a wheellike object that is 31.5 mm thick with an outer diameter of 80 mm and an inner diameter of 20 mm. All the object seen with the CCD camera can be measured including the hole. Experimental results prove that this method is useful for three-dimensional profilometry measurement, especially for objects with discontinuous height steps and spatial isolation.
Factors Affecting Biological Control of Spurred Anoda (<i>Anoda cristata</i>) with<i>Alternaria macrospora</i> (1981)

In greenhouse studies, spurred anoda [ Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.] control by Alternaria macrospora Zimm. was influenced by stage of growth, inoculum concentration, and the temperature and duration of the dew periods following inoculation. Seedlings inoculated at the cotyledon to first-leaf stage were most easily controlled. Optimum dew periods for killing seedlings were ≥ 24 h at 20 to 30 C. Spray mixtures containing 2.5 to 10 × 10 5 spores/ml gave the best control. In field studies, A. macrospora significantly reduced the number and the dry weight of spurred anoda plants.
Inkjet patterned superhydrophobic paper for open-air surface microfluidic devices (2014)

We present a facile approach for the fabrication of low-cost surface biomicrofluidic devices on superhydrophobic paper created by drop-casting a fluoroacrylic copolymer onto microtextured paper. Wettability patterning is performed with a common household printer, which produces regions of varying wettability by simply controlling the intensity of ink deposited over prespecified domains. The procedure produces surfaces that are capable of selective droplet sliding and adhesion, when inclined. Using this methodology, we demonstrate the ability to tune the sliding angles of 10 μL water droplets in the range from 13° to 40° by printing lines of constant ink intensity and varied width from 0.1 mm to 2 mm. We also formulate a simple model to predict the onset of droplet sliding on printed lines of known width and wettability. Experiments demonstrate open-air surface microfluidic devices that are capable of pumpless transport, mixing and rapid droplet sampling (~0.6 μL at 50 Hz). Lastly, post treatment of printed areas with pH indicator solutions exemplifies the utility of these substrates in point-of-care diagnostics, which are needed at geographical locations where access to sophisticated testing equipment is limited or non-existent.
Pharmacokinetics and hepatic catabolism of tissue-type plasminogen activator. (1991)

Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA, alteplase, Actilyse, Activase; CAS 105857-23-6) is the most effective agent currently available for thrombolytic therapy of life-threatening diseases such as acute myocardial infarction. It acts by rapid, clot-specific lysis of pathological thrombi, with only limited effects on systemic hemostasis. Pharmacokinetics of rt-PA have been extensively characterized in animal species and man, and can be generally described by a 3-compartment model. Preferred analytical methods for rt-PA in plasma are ELISA and chromogenic activity assays. The dominant plasma half-life of rt-PA in myocardial infarction patients is short (3.6 min), which allows excellent control of plasma levels during therapy. Steady-state plasma concentrations effecting coronary thrombolysis using the current dosage regimen are 2.2 micrograms/ml. A deep compartment results in elevated rt-PA concentrations several hours after termination of infusions, which may contribute to short-term maintenance of patency of reperfused blood vessels. Clearance of rt-PA can be saturated in animals at very high plasma concentrations (Km = 12-15 micrograms/ml), however, pharmacokinetics in clinical settings are linear. Clearance occurs via hepatic receptor mediated endocytosis and intracellular degradation in liver parenchymal, endothelial and Kupffer cells. The catabolism involves coated pits, coated vesicles, endosomes, and finally degradation in lysosomes. Current evidence supports the existence of hepatic receptors recognizing carbohydrate as well as polypeptide determinants in rt-PA. In conclusion, increasing knowledge of rt-PA pharmacokinetics will contribute to the optimization of new clinical dosage regimens, such as front-loaded infusions and boluses, and to the identification of novel molecular targets for pharmacologic control of rt-PA catabolism and of circulating fibrinolytic activity.
Orifice Diameter Effects on Diesel Fuel Jet Flame Structure (2005)

The effects of orifice diameter on several aspects of diesel fuel jet flame structure were investigated in a constant-volume combustion vessel under heavy-duty direct-injection (DI) diesel engine conditions using Phillips research grade #2 diesel fuel and orifice diameters ranging from 45 μm to 180 μm. The overall flame structure was visualized with time-averaged OH chemiluminescence and soot luminosity images acquired during the quasi-steady portion of the diesel combustion event that occurs after the transient premixed burn is completed and the flame length is established. The lift-off length, defined as the farthest upstream location of high-temperature combustion, and the flame length were determined from the OH chemiluminescence images. In addition, relative changes in the amount of soot formed for various conditions were determined from the soot incandescence images. Combined with previous investigations of liquid-phase fuel penetration and spray development, the results show that air entrainment upstream of the lift-off length (relative to the amount of fuel injected) is very sensitive to orifice diameter. As orifice diameter decreases, the relative air entrainment upstream of the lift-off length increases significantly. The increased relative air entrainment results in a reduced overall average equivalence ratio in the fuel jet at the lift-off length and reduced soot luminosity downstream of the lift-off length. The reduced soot luminosity indicates that the amount of soot formed relative to the amount of fuel injected decreases with orifice diameter. The flame lengths determined from the images agree well with gas jet theory for momentum-driven nonpremixed turbulent flames.
Manufacturing of Human Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics for Clinical Use (2017)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem and progenitor cells may have therapeutic effects comparable to their parental cells and are considered promising agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases. To this end, strategies must be designed to successfully translate EV research and to develop safe and efficacious therapies, whilst taking into account the applicable regulations. Here, we discuss the requirements for manufacturing, safety, and efficacy testing of EVs along their path from the laboratory to the patient. Development of EV-therapeutics is influenced by the source cell types and the target diseases. In this article, we express our view based on our experience in manufacturing biological therapeutics for routine use or clinical testing, and focus on strategies for advancing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived EV-based therapies. We also discuss the rationale for testing MSC-EVs in selected diseases with an unmet clinical need such as critical size bone defects, epidermolysis bullosa and spinal cord injury. While the scientific community, pharmaceutical companies and clinicians are at the point of entering into clinical trials for testing the therapeutic potential of various EV-based products, the identification of the mode of action underlying the suggested potency in each therapeutic approach remains a major challenge to the translational path.
The computerised inventories and catalogues discussion group (1982)

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What is Left? (1996)

Because of the persecution and the anti-racial laws in Mussolini's Italy my parents did a religious wedding and my father was baptised. Before my arrival my mother wanted to separate but she changed completely and wanted to help when she saw my father was in danger. He couldn't bear the humiliation, like when a woman spat at him in the lift and said 'I don't go in the lift with a Jew.' He escaped to Switzerland at the right moment so I didn't see him till the end of the war. Only some time after the war I realised it was because he was a Jew.KeywordsJewish CommunityJewish IdentityJewish PeopleJewish CultureJewish BackgroundThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Consequences of Dopaminergic Denervation on the Metabolic Activity of the Cortical Neurons Projecting to the Subthalamic Nucleus in the Rat (2002)

Parkinsonian symptoms are currently thought to be related to hyperactivity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Because the STN is known to receive many inputs including glutamatergic cortical afferent fibers, we sought to determine whether the activity of this pathway is altered after dopaminergic denervation to estimate its contribution to the impairment of STN activity. A precise mapping of the origin of the corticosubthalamic projection was first performed using retrograde and anterograde tracing methods. Cortical neurons projecting to the STN were found to originate in layer V of the motor, anterior cingulate, and dorsal insular cortices, and the most anterior tip of the frontal lobe, leading to different functional corticosubthalamic inputs. The metabolic activity of the neurons projecting to the STN, first identified by retrograde tracing, was then evaluated by in situ hybridization of the first subunit of cytochrome oxidase (COI), a marker of metabolic activity, in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Measurements of COI mRNA expression showed a 38 and 41.5% decrease after dopaminergic denervation in the neurons projecting to the STN located in the motor and dorsal insular areas, respectively, whereas neuronal activity was mildly changed in neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex. The modified activity of STN neurons in parkinsonism may thus result in part from complex interactions between glutamatergic hyperactive fibers originating in the thalamus and the pedunculopontine nucleus and hypoactive fibers originating in the cerebral cortex.
A New Technique for Frame Synchronization of OFDM Systems (2009)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a well known multi-carrier digital modulation scheme in which a transmitted data is split into multiple streams that are modulated at different frequencies. The OFDM system is very sensitive to frame and frequency synchronization errors. In this paper, we propose a new OFDM preamble for accurate frame synchronization of OFDM systems. The preamble is generated by loading the second half of the subcarriers of the preamble with the complex conjugate of the PN (Pseudo random sequence) data loaded onto the first half of the subcarriers in frequency domain. By using the proposed preamble, a frame synchronization method for OFDM systems is described. And, it is shown that the proposed frame synchronization method yields sharp peak at the frame boundary and is independent of carrier frequency offset. Simulations are conducted for AWGN and frequency selective channels to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Finally, proposed method is compared with the existing methods and shown that it shows superior performance in severe fading channels.
A genetic study of type 2 neurofibromatosis in the United Kingdom. I. Prevalence, mutation rate, fitness, and confirmation of maternal transmission effect on severity. (1992)

A clinical and genetic study of type 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2) has been carried out in the United Kingdom. Virtually complete ascertainment of cases in the north-west of England was achieved and suggests a population incidence of 1 in 33,000 to 40,000. In the UK as a whole, 150 cases have been identified and been used to study the clinical and genetic features of NF2. The autosomal dominant inheritance of NF2 was confirmed, 49% of cases were assessed as representing new mutations, and the mutation rate was estimated to be 6.5 x 10(-6). Evidence to support a maternal gene effect was found in that age at onset was 18.17 years in 36 maternally inherited cases and 24.5 in 20 paternally inherited cases (p = 0.027). The preponderance of maternally inherited cases was also significant (p = 0.03). Data are presented which suggest that there are two types of NF2, one with later onset and bilateral vestibular schwannomas as the only usual feature, and the other with earlier onset and multiple other tumours. A considerable number of cases did not fall easily into one or other group and other factors such as maternal effect on severity and anticipation need to be considered.
Wild-type and Drug-resistant Leishmania major Hydrolyze Methotrexate to N-10-Methyl-4-deoxy-4-aminopteroate without Accumulation of Methotrexate Polyglutamates (1989)

We have examined the metabolism of the folate analog methotrexate (MTX) in the human parasite Leishmania major. These cells readily hydrolyzed MTX to N-10-methyl-4-deoxy-4-aminopteroate (MAPA), such that following a 24-h incubation in 1 microM [3H]MTX approximately 30% of the cell-associated radioactivity was MAPA. MAPA also accumulated in the culture medium, exceeding the concentration of MTX after 24 h. Neither 7-hydroxy-methotrexate nor MTX polyglutamates were observed in cells or medium, even after a 72-h incubation with MTX. In contrast to MTX, folate is extensively polyglutamylated in L. major (Santi, D. V., Nolan, P., and Shane, B. (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146, 1089-1092). MAPA was found to be 190-fold less potent than MTX as an inhibitor of leishmanial growth and to bind less tightly than MTX to leishmanial dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. We therefore examined the possibility that MTX resistance is mediated by increased MTX hydrolysis to MAPA in drug-resistant Leishmania. However, enzymatic assays show that the rate of MTX hydrolysis was unaltered in the MTX-resistant R1000-3 line and the primaquine-resistant PQ-R30 line (which is 24-fold cross-resistant to MTX). In addition to MAPA, several minor unidentified metabolites were observed in the LT252, R1000-5B, and PQR30 cells but no consistent differences in the amounts of these metabolites were evident among these lines. These data indicate that alterations in the rate of MTX hydrolysis in vitro, or in the characteristics of MTX metabolites formed in vivo, do not underly the MTX resistance displayed by the H region-amplified R1000-5B and PQ-R30 lines.
Direct transport across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells of<i>Leishmania</i>HASPB as revealed by a CHO export mutant (2005)

Leishmania HASPB is a lipoprotein that is exported to the extracellular space from both Leishmania parasites and mammalian cells via an unconventional secretory pathway. Exported HASPB remains anchored in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane mediated by myristate and palmitate residues covalently attached to the N-terminal SH4 domain of HASPB. HASPB targeting to the plasma membrane depends on SH4 acylation that occurs at intracellular membranes. How acylated HASPB is targeted to the plasma membrane and, in particular, the subcellular site of HASPB membrane translocation is unknown. In order to address this issue, we screened for clonal CHO mutants that are incapable of exporting HASPB. A detailed characterization of such a CHO mutant cell line revealed that the expression level of the HASPB reporter molecule is unchanged compared to CHO wild-type cells; that it is both myristoylated and palmitoylated; and that it is mainly localized to the plasma membrane as judged by confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation. However, based on a quantitative flow cytometry assay and a biochemical biotinylation assay of surface proteins, HASPB transport to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is largely reduced in this mutant. From these data, we conclude that the subcellular site of HASPB membrane translocation is the plasma membrane as the reporter molecule accumulates in this location when export is blocked. Thus, these results allow us to define a two-step process of HASPB cell surface biogenesis in which SH4 acylation of HASPB firstly mediates intracellular targeting to the plasma membrane. In a second step, the plasma membrane-resident machinery, which is apparently disrupted in the CHO mutant cell line, mediates membrane translocation of HASPB. Intriguingly, the angiogenic growth factor FGF-2, another protein secreted by unconventional means, is shown to be secreted normally from the HASPB export mutant cell line. These observations demonstrate that the export machinery component defective in the export mutant cell line functions specifically in the HASPB export pathway.