gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Nicoderm (Nicotine Transdermal System) and Half‐Hourly Cigarette Smoking (1995)

Nicoderm, a nicotine transdermal system (NTS), provides a continuous, transdermal delivery of nicotine and is used as an aid to smoking cessation. In contrast, cigarette smoking yields nicotine concentrations in plasma that rise and fall with each cigarette. The primary objective of this study was to compare nicotine pharmacokinetics after treatment of subjects with either the NTS or controlled smoking. Fourteen healthy adult male smokers, who smoked at least 30 cigarettes per day, were entered into a randomized crossover design trial that compared the NTS, 21 mg/day applied for 24 hours, with half-hourly smoking during the day. Subjects abstained from smoking for 2 days, and were treated for 5 days with either the NTS (daily) or controlled smoking (30 cigarettes at half-hourly intervals on days 1 and 5; ad libitum smoking on days 2-4). Blood samples were obtained frequently on days 1 and 5 for analysis of nicotine and cotinine. Pharmacokinetic comparisons showed that nicotine Cmax, area under the curve (AUC)inf, and Cavg for the NTS were lower than corresponding values for controlled smoking; Cmax and Cavg values were approximately half those of smoking. Cmax and Cavg values for cotinine were similarly lower for the NTS compared to controlled smoking. For both treatments, plasma nicotine concentrations were higher on day 5 compared to day 1. Thus, the NTS provides concentrations of nicotine that are lower than smoking.
The use of the writhing test in mice for screening different types of analgesics. (1984)

The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors studied were highly potent analgesics against ATP and ACh-induced writhing, but slightly effective or ineffective against MgSO4-induced pain. Morphine also proved to be more effective against ATP and ACh than against MgSO4-induced writhing. ATP and ACh-induced writhing syndrome could be inhibited by the prostaglandin receptor antagonist- Sc-19220. However, Sc-19220 failed to inhibit writhing elicited by MgSO4. The concentration of malondialdehyde was significantly higher in the peritoneal fluid following intraperitoneal injection of ATP and ACh, but was unaltered when MgSO4 was applied as a challenge substance. These results suggest that the prostaglandin system might be involved in the ATP- and ACh- but not in MgSO4-induced pain reaction.
Active learning for deep semantic parsing (2018)

Semantic parsing requires training data that is expensive and slow to collect. We apply active learning to both traditional and "overnight" data collection approaches. We show that it is possible to obtain good training hyperparameters from seed data which is only a small fraction of the full dataset. We show that uncertainty sampling based on least confidence score is competitive in traditional data collection but not applicable for overnight collection. We evaluate several active learning strategies for overnight data collection and show that different example selection strategies per domain perform best.
Towards Deep-Learning-Driven Intrusion Detection for the Internet of Things (2019)

Cyber-attacks on the Internet of Things (IoT) are growing at an alarming rate as devices, applications, and communication networks are becoming increasingly connected and integrated. When attacks on IoT networks go undetected for longer periods, it affects availability of critical systems for end users, increases the number of data breaches and identity theft, drives up the costs and impacts the revenue. It is imperative to detect attacks on IoT systems in near real time to provide effective security and defense. In this paper, we develop an intelligent intrusion-detection system tailored to the IoT environment. Specifically, we use a deep-learning algorithm to detect malicious traffic in IoT networks. The detection solution provides security as a service and facilitates interoperability between various network communication protocols used in IoT. We evaluate our proposed detection framework using both real-network traces for providing a proof of concept, and using simulation for providing evidence of its scalability. Our experimental results confirm that the proposed intrusion-detection system can detect real-world intrusions effectively.
Presence of defensin in epithelial Langerhans cells adjacent to oral carcinomas and precancerous lesions. (2000)

We aimed to immunohistochemically study the localization of defensin (HNPs), a family of peptides with antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, in oral tumor tissue. Therefore, tissue sections were embedded in paraffin, and defensin was immunostained by the streptavidin-biotin coupled peroxidase method. Langerhans cells were confirmed by indirect immunostaining with anti-S-100 protein polyclonal antibody. Melanocytes were stained with Fontana-Masson's stain. Neutrophils and intimal cells were stained by anti-defensin antibody. Langerhans cells in normal epithelium or dysplasic epithelium adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesion were also stained. Defensins (HNPs) are nonspecific peptides that occur in neutrophils and protect against bacteria, fungi, and tumor cells. Since defensins are also found in epithelial Langerhans cells adjacent to tumor tissue, these peptides most likely have a role in tumor immunity.
Androgen axis in prostate cancer (2006)

Endocrine therapy for advanced prostate cancer is based on androgen ablation or blockade of the androgen receptor (AR). AR action in prostate cancer has been investigated in a number of cell lines, their derivatives, and transgenic animals. AR expression is heterogenous in prostate cancer in vivo; it could be detected in most primary tumors and their metastases. However, some cells lack the AR because of epigenetic changes in the gene promoter. AR expression increases after chronic androgen ablation in vitro. In several xenografts, AR upregulation is the most consistent change identified during progression towards therapy resistance. In contrast, the AR pathway may be by-passed during chronic treatment with a nonsteroidal anti-androgen. AR sensitivity in prostate cancer increases as a result of activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. One of the major difficulties in endocrine therapy for prostate cancer is acquisition of agonistic properties of AR antagonists observed in the presence of mutated AR. Enhancement of AR function by associated coactivator proteins has been extensively investigated. Cofactors SRC-1, RAC3, p300/CBP, TIF-2, and Tip60 are upregulated in advanced prostate cancer. Most studies on ligand-independent activation of the AR are focused on Her-2/neu and interleukin-6 (IL-6). On the basis of studies that showed overexpression and activation of the AR in advanced prostate cancer, it was suggested that novel therapies that reduce AR expression will provide a benefit to patients. There is experimental evidence showing that prostate tumor growth in vitro and in vivo is inhibited following administration of chemopreventive drugs or antisense oligonucleotides that downregulate AR mRNA and protein expression.
Using grayscale images for object recognition with convolutional-recursive neural network (2016)

There is a common tendency in object recognition research to accumulate large volumes of image features to improve performance. However, whether using more information contributes to higher accuracy is still controversial given the increased computational cost. This work investigates the performance of grayscale images compared to RGB counterparts for visual object classification. A comparison between object recognition based on RGB images and RGB images converted to grayscale was conducted using a cascaded CNN-RNN neural network structure, and compared with other types of commonly used classifiers such as Random Forest, SVM and SP-HMP. Experimental results showed that classification with grayscale images resulted in higher accuracy classification than with RGB images across the different types of classifiers. Results also demonstrated that utilizing a small receptive field CNN and edgy feature selection on grayscale images can result in higher classification accuracy with the advantage of reduced computational cost.
Sensory system device for suture-manipulation tension measurement for surgery (2012)

In this paper, we describe a sensor-based device for suture-manipulation tension measurement for surgical purposes. The main purpose of this device is to protect the surgeon from applying the excessive force in making suture knots for any kind of surgery. This excessive tension might lead to skin rupture, tissue damage, and suture cut, etc. It is a simple device that can be used to train the new surgeons before working on real stitching on the human body, or used for future robotic system to perform delicate stitching and do plastic operations. We have used two-way visualization of suture tension using MATLAB GUI (tension vs. time) and LCD (numerical value-Newton) display on the device. The device is equipped with special phonic warning system using HCS12 microcontroller. When tension reaches to certain threshold (depends on the suture category), warning system starts alarming.
Control design for a high speed railway vehicle via fixed and non-fixed order optimization (2017)

In this paper, the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) responses of the heave and pitch accelerations, the suspension travels, and the wheel deflections of a high-speed railway vehicle excited by random road inputs are studied. The road excitations at the front wheels are modelled by a second-order linear shape filter driven by white-noise inputs; and the temporal correlations between the front and the rear wheels are predicted by second order Pade filters. The derived model is used to study the influence of correllation structure on the ride performance of the actively controlled railway vehicle. Next, a multi-objective control problem is formulated as a nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization problem with controller order restricted to be less than or equal to the passive system model order. For a range of orders, controllers are synthesized by using the HIFOO toolbox.
A Quorum-Sensing-Induced Bacteriophage Defense Mechanism (2013)

One of the key determinants of the size, composition, structure, and development of a microbial community is the predation pressure by bacteriophages. Accordingly, bacteria have evolved a battery of antiphage defense strategies. Since maintaining constantly elevated defenses is costly, we hypothesize that some bacteria have additionally evolved the abilities to estimate the risk of phage infection and to adjust their strategies accordingly. One risk parameter is the density of the bacterial population. Hence, quorum sensing, i.e., the ability to regulate gene expression according to population density, may be an important determinant of phage-host interactions. This hypothesis was investigated in the model system of Escherichia coli and phage λ. We found that, indeed, quorum sensing constitutes a significant, but so far overlooked, determinant of host susceptibility to phage attack. Specifically, E. coli reduces the numbers of λ receptors on the cell surface in response to N-acyl-l-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing signals, causing a 2-fold reduction in the phage adsorption rate. The modest reduction in phage adsorption rate leads to a dramatic increase in the frequency of uninfected survivor cells after a potent attack by virulent phages. Notably, this mechanism may apply to a broader range of phages, as AHLs also reduce the risk of χ phage infection through a different receptor. IMPORTANCE To enable the successful manipulation of bacterial populations, a comprehensive understanding of the factors that naturally shape microbial communities is required. One of the key factors in this context is the interactions between bacteria and the most abundant biological entities on Earth, namely, the bacteriophages that prey on bacteria. This proof-of-principle study shows that quorum sensing plays an important role in determining the susceptibility of E. coli to infection by bacteriophages λ and χ. On the basis of our findings in the classical Escherichia coli-λ model system, we suggest that quorum sensing may serve as a general strategy to protect bacteria specifically under conditions of high risk of infection.
Clinical trial of an oral vestibular shield for the control of snoring. (1993)

Stock intra-oral vestibular shields of a heat malleable, semiflexible ethylene vinyl-acetate material were adapted at chairside to the mouths of 77 chronic snorers. The effectiveness of the shield in controlling snoring was assessed eight to ten weeks after fitting. 77.9 per cent of subjects benefitted from wearing the device. Of the subjects who failed to benefit nine (11.7 per cent) appeared to have nasal or naso-pharyngeal obstruction. A further five (6.5 per cent) abandoned the clinical trial due to poor self-motivation while two subjects (2.6 per cent) were unable to tolerate the shield in the mouth. The potential of the device in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea warrants further investigation.
Sodium Amytal as a Means of Obtaining Contact in Stuporous and Uncommunicative Cases (1936)

CURRENT LITERATURE: III. SYMBOLIC NEUROLOGY: PSYCHOLOGY, PSYCHOANALYSIS, PSYCHONEUROSES, PSYCHOSES: PDF Only
Cloning and analysis of a recombinant antigen containing an epitope specific for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (1992)

An immunodominant HTLV-I-specific epitope in the HTLV-I envelope glycoprotein (GP) 46 has been described. To determine if the analogous region of HTLV-II contains a similarly immunogenic and specific epitope, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify HTLV- II DNA fragments encoding various portions of the putative epitope. The synthesized DNAs were cloned into lambda-phage gt11 and screened for production of immunoreactive fusion protein using sera from HTLV-II- or HTLV-I-infected individuals. Antisera from HTLV-II-infected individuals identified three of four recombinant clones when tested in a plaque immunoassay. Fusion protein from one of the clones, GH2-K15, was purified and analyzed by Western blot against a panel of HTLV-I and HTLV-II antisera. Twenty-one of 22 HTLV-II-infected sera were reactive with the GH2-K15 epitope. Sera from HTLV-I-infected and HTLV-I- uninfected individuals did not cross-react with GH2-K15. Western blot analysis of recombinant proteins encoding portions of the HTLV-II sequences in the Gh2-K15 antigen localized the HTLV-II-specific epitope to a 17-amino acid sequence. Recombinant antigens containing this epitope should be useful for type-specific serologic diagnosis of HTLV- II infection.
Differential gene expression of GDP‐L‐fucose‐synthesizing enzymes, GDP‐fucose transporter and fucosyltransferase VII (2006)

L-fucose is a fundamental monosaccharide component of many mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids. Fucosylation requires GDP-L-fucose as a donor of fucose and a specific fucosyltransferase (Fuc-T) to catalyze the transfer of L-fucose to various lactosamine acceptor molecules. The biosynthesis of GDP-L-fucose consists of two pathways. The constitutively active de novo pathway involves conversion of cellular GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L-fucose by GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase-4-reductase (FX). In the alternative biosynthetic pathway, in the salvage metabolism, L-fucokinase (Fuk) synthesizes L-fucose-1-phosphate from free fucose. L-fucose-1-phosphate is further catalyzed to GDP-L-fucose by GDP-L-fucose pyrophosphorylase (Fpgt). GDP-L-fucose, synthesized in the cytosol, is translocated to the Golgi for fucosylation by a specific GDP-fucose transporter (FUCT1). Glycans that contain alpha(1,3)-fucosylated modifications, e.g. sialyl Lewis X-type glycans, have an important role in inflammation and in tumorigenesis. We studied the mRNA expression levels of GDP-L-fucose-synthesizing enzymes, GDP-fucose transporter and fucosyltransferase VII by quantitative real-time PCR in mouse endothelial cells, macrophages and lymphoid tumor cells. Moreover, the expression of the same transcripts was detected in acute inflammation using rat kidney allograft as model system. Our results indicate the simultaneous upregulation of the GDP-L-fucose synthesizing enzymes of the de novo pathway, GDP-fucose transporter and fucosyltransferase VII in inflammation and in tumorigenesis.
Genome Sequence of Edwardsiella ictaluri 93-146, a Strain Associated with a Natural Channel Catfish Outbreak of Enteric Septicemia of Catfish (2012)

Edwardsiella ictaluri is the cause of extensive mortalities and economic losses to the channel catfish industry of the southeast United States. Here we report the complete genome of Edwardsiella ictaluri 93-146. Whole-genome sequence analysis of E. ictaluri provides a tool for understanding the genomic regions specific to the species and the Edwardsiella genus.
A Scan-Based Side Channel Attack on the NTRUEncrypt Cryptosystem (2012)

Scan-based Design-for-Test (DFT) is a widely deployed technique for testing hardware chips. Using this approach, all flip-flops in the design under test are connected to a scan chain where their states can be scanned out through this chain during the testing phase. Scan-based side channel attacks exploit the information obtained by analyzing the scanned data in order to retrieve secret information from cryptographic hardware devices that are designed with this testability feature. The NTRU encryption algorithm (NTRUEncrypt) is a parameterized family of lattice-based public key cryptosystems which has recently been accepted to the IEEE P1363 standards under the specifications for lattice-based public-key cryptography. In this paper, we present a scan-based side channel attack on NTRUEncrypt hardware implementations that employ scan based DFT techniques. Our attack determines the scan chain structure of the polynomial multiplication circuits used in the decryption algorithm which allows the cryptanalyst to efficiently retrieve the secret key.
Hepatitis C virus core protein, lipid droplets and steatosis (2007)

Lipid droplets are intracellular organelles involved not only in lipid storage but also in cell signalling and the regulation of intracellular vesicular trafficking. Recent basic studies have suggested that interactions between hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein and lipid droplets are required for the HCV infection cycle. In infected cells, the HCV core protein is associated with the surface of lipid droplets and the endoplasmic reticulum membranes closely surrounding these droplets, and its self-assembly drives virion budding. This interaction also seems to be directly linked to a virus-induced steatosis, which involves the deposition of triglycerides in the liver and contributes to the progression of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Many clinical studies have reported that virus-induced steatosis is significantly more severe with HCV genotype 3 than with other genotypes, and this phenomenon has been modelled in recent basic studies based on the production of HCV core proteins of various genotypes in vitro. The association of HCV core protein with lipid droplets seems to play a central role in HCV pathogenesis and morphogenesis, suggesting that virus-induced steatosis may be essential for the viral life cycle.
Mesh partitioning for parallel computational fluid dynamics applications on a grid (2005)

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Centrifugal field effects on the sedimentation coefficient of the Escherichia coli nucleoid after heat treatment. (1981)

The effects of the centrifugal field on the sedimentation coefficient of the heated (50 degrees C, 30 min) Escherichia coli nucleoid were investigated. Form 3,000 r.p.m. the sedimentation coefficients of the heated nucleoids were highly dependent on rotor speed. At 3,000 r.p.m. thier sedimentation coefficient was about 4,000 S while at 7,000 r.p.m. if was about 1,500-1,700 S. At 7,000 r.p.m. and over, nucleoid aggregations occurred and it was difficult to differentiate speed dependence from nucleoid aggregation. Factors likely to cause speed dependence and/or nucleoid aggregation are indicated. The practical importance of these findings is pointed out.
DCTN: An Integrated Services Digital Network for the Department of Defense (1986)

The Defense Commercial Telecommunications Network (DCTN) has provided the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) with a dedicated, integrated network offering feature-rich digital services spanning voice, data and video capabilities. The service is provided over a unique private network designed to make efficient use of the terrestrial and satellite portions of the network in eventually connecting the 160+ locations. A major planning area is to make DCTN an Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN). ISDN capabilities will significantly enhance the set of new services and features DCTN will offer to the customer. Initial service of DCTN was provided in 1986 with full voice, data and video teleconferencing capabilities. Discussion will begin with a description of this network including access, internodal, and service features. A planning effort for the expansion and evolution of DCTN will then be described. Plans are already underway for growing the network in several key ways. In addition to the ISDN capabilities mentioned above, there may be a substantial increase in the number of locations on the dedicated network.
Resource Allocation over Network Dynamics without Timescale Separation (2010)

We consider a widely applicable model of resource allocation where two sequences of events are coupled: on a continuous time axis (t), network dynamics evolve over time. On a discrete time axis [t], certain control laws update resource allocation variables according to some proposed algorithm. The algorithmic updates, together with exogenous events out of the algorithm's control, change the network dynamics, which in turn changes the trajectory of the algorithm, thus forming a loop that couples the two sequences of events. In between the algorithmic updates at [t-1] and [t], the network dynamics continue to evolve randomly as influenced by the previous variable settings at time [t-1]. The standard way used to avoid the subsequent analytic difficulty is to assume the separation of timescales, which in turn unrealistically requires either slow network dynamics or high complexity algorithms. In this paper, we develop an approach that does not require separation of timescales. It is based on the use of stochastic approximation algorithms with continuous-time controlled Markov noise. We prove convergence of these algorithms without assuming timescale separation. This approach is applied to develop simple algorithms that solve the problem of utility-optimal random access in multi-channel, multi-radio wireless networks.