gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The so-called heel-shaped cairns of Shetland, with remarks on the chambered tombs of Orkney and Shetland (1940)

In the Orkney Islands the chambered tombs, broadly speaking, fall into two classes, corridor tombs (so-called stalled cairns) and chambered tombs proper. All are passage tombs. In the Shetland Islands great funerary monuments such as occur in\r\nthe Orkneys are nowhere to be seen. Only a relatively small number of chambered cairns exist, and all exhibit, by comparison with the Orkney tombs, features which suggest degeneration, combined, however, with others which might be regarded as archaic. The surviving heel cairns peculiar to Shetland are in poor condition and there is an absence of relics. An account of these monuments is presented and their relationship to other types of chambered cairn is considered.
Predicting coaxial helical stacking in RNA junctions (2011)

RNA junctions are important structural elements that form when three or more helices come together in space in the tertiary structures of RNA molecules. Determining their structural configuration is important for predicting RNA 3D structure. We introduce a computational method to predict, at the secondary structure level, the coaxial helical stacking arrangement in junctions, as well as classify the junction topology. Our approach uses a data mining approach known as random forests, which relies on a set of decision trees trained using length, sequence and other variables specified for any given junction. The resulting protocol predicts coaxial stacking within three- and four-way junctions with an accuracy of 81% and 77%, respectively; the accuracy increases to 83% and 87%, respectively, when knowledge from the junction family type is included. Coaxial stacking predictions for the five to ten-way junctions are less accurate (60%) due to sparse data available for training. Additionally, our application predicts the junction family with an accuracy of 85% for three-way junctions and 74% for four-way junctions. Comparisons with other methods, as well applications to unsolved RNAs, are also presented. The web server Junction-Explorer to predict junction topologies is freely available at: http://bioinformatics.njit.edu/junction.
Modeling Study of the Impact of Surface Roughness on Silicon and Germanium UTB MOSFETs (2005)

We outlined a simple model to account for the surface roughness (SR)-induced enhanced threshold voltage (V/sub TH/) shifts that were recently observed in ultrathin-body MOSFETs fabricated on <100> Si surface. The phenomena of enhanced V/sub TH/ shifts can be modeled by accounting for the fluctuation of quantization energy in the ultrathin body (UTB) MOSFETs due to SR up to a second-order approximation. Our model is then used to examine the enhanced V/sub TH/ shift phenomena in other novel surface orientations for Si and Ge and its impact on gate workfunction design. We also performed a calculation of the SR-limited hole mobility (/spl mu//sub H,SR/) of p-MOSFETs with an ultrathin Si and Ge active layer thickness, T/sub Body/<10 nm. Calculation of the electronic band structures is done within the effective mass framework via the Luttinger Kohn Hamiltonian, and the mobility is calculated using an isotropic approximation for the relaxation time calculation, while retaining the full anisotropy of the valence subband structure. For both Si and Ge, the dependence of /spl mu//sub H,SR/ on the surface orientation, channel orientation, and T/sub Body/ are explored. It was found that a <110> surface yields the highest /spl mu//sub H,SR/. The increasing quantization mass m/sub z/ for <110> surface renders its /spl mu//sub H,SR/ less susceptible with the decrease of T/sub Body/. In contrast, <100> surface exhibits smallest /spl mu//sub H,SR/ due to its smallest m/sub z/. The SR parameters, i.e. autocorrelation length (L) and root-mean-square (/spl Delta//sub rms/) used in this paper is obtained from the available experimental result of Si<100> UTB MOSFETs, by adjusting these SR parameters to obtain a theoretical fit with experimental data on SR-limited mobility and V/sub TH/ shifts. This set of SR parameters is then employed for all orientations of both Si and Ge devices.
Safer and More Efficient Ship Handling with the Pivot Point Concept (2016)

The concept of the pivot point of a turning ship has been in existence for more than two centuries. It was not, however, properly understood from the beginning, and thus some misconceptions developed. This in turn caused it to be viewed as something mystical, thus preventing ship handling from scientific approach. The concept is expounded in a fresh light, deriving an equation for the definition and others for the calculation of the pivot point location both in general and for specific examples in an idealized condition. The implications of the derived equations are discussed. The results of a verification experiment are presented, which proved centuries’ of teachings and learnings to have been incorrect. A number of exercises for both steady and unsteady cases have been suggested for the training of the practitioners in the light of these new findings.
Normal fetal bone (2001)

There 1are important differences between fetal bone (woven or immature bone) and adult bone. Bone production begins by secretion of collagen molecules and ground substance by osteoblast cells. Collagen molecules polymerize to form collagen fibres, which make up 90–95% of osteoid tissue. In fetal bone, collagen fibres lie in a random arrangement forming a complex interwoven meshwork. The bone is therefore laid down in an irregular arrangement, with primary calcification and no secondary calcification. Fetal bone does not have the organized lamellar appearance of adult bone. The bone salts, principally those of calcium and phosphate which make up the crystalline salt hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, precipitate on the surface of the collagen fibres. The osteoblasts become trapped in the osteoid as they secrete collagen around themselves and, once trapped, they become osteocytes. The figure is a photomicrograph taken from a human fetal lumbar vertebra at autopsy at 24 weeks gestation, which clearly illustrates this process (B, bone; M, marrow; OO, osteoblasts; O, osteoblast becoming trapped in the osteoid). Trabecular bone is being laid down by the osteoblast cells and one has almost become surrounded by osteoid.
The Relationship of Mucus Concentration (Hydration) to Mucus Osmotic Pressure and Transport in Chronic Bronchitis (2015)

Abnormal regulation of airway surface hydration may slow MCC in CB and contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Time‐series analysis, forecasting and econometric modelling: The structural econometric modelling, time‐series analysis (SEMTSA) approach (1994)

Abstract In this paper an account of our experiences in modelling and forecasting the annual output growth rates of 18 industrialized countries is presented. A structural econometric modelling, rime‐series a nalysis (SEMTSA) approach is described and contrasted with other approaches. Theoretical and applied results relating to variable and model selection and point and turning‐point forecasting are discussed. A summary of results and directions for future research concludes the paper.
Exenatide Exerts a Potent Antiinflammatory Effect (2011)

Exenatide exerts a rapid antiinflammatory effect at the cellular and molecular level. This may contribute to a potentially beneficial antiatherogenic effect. This effect was independent of weight loss.
Exchange coupling of sputter deposited NiCo–O/NiFe thin films (1996)

NiCo–O serving as the exchange layer in a spin valve structure has the advantage of being corrosion resistant and unable to shunt sensing current in the read element. In this work, NiCo–O/NiFe thin films are studied. The films are deposited on Si wafers using rf sputtering. The antiferromagnetic NiCo–O films were reactively sputtered from alloy targets; one has a 55 at. % of Co and the other 60 at. % of Co. The chamber atmosphere is an Ar/O2 mixture containing ∼10% O2. For films with optimal structures, the exchange strength is around 40–45 Oe. The coercivity of the pinned layer is between 18–26 Oe. The exchange strength and coercivity as a function of NiCo–O thickness (with NiFe thickness fixed at 200 Å) and NiFe thickness (with NiCo–O fixed at 250 Å) are examined. The exchange field is found to increase with the antiferromagnet thickness initially and then flatten out or drop slightly when the antiferromagnet thickness is beyond 200–250 Å. Blocking temperature of the bilayer films is also measured, and is found to increase with NiCo–O thickness. NiCo–O with lower Co content shows slightly higher blocking temperature.
SDM technology beyond 100 Tb/s (2012)

We review our progress in space division multiplexed (SDM) transmission technology enabling 100-300 Tb/s transmission. As the key components, we describe our free-space SDM multiplexer (MUX) and demultiplexer (DEMUX) and novel multi-core fibers.
Organ-specific PTB1-associated microRNAs determine expression of pyruvate kinase isoforms (2015)

The Warburg effect is a well-known feature of cancer cells. However, its' functional significance hasn't been elucidated yet. Pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM), which is a rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme, has 2 isoforms, PKM1 and PKM2. It has been reported that PKM2 is a tumor-specific isoform and promotes the Warburg effect. Also, it has been thought that tumor cells switch their PKM isoform from PKM1 to PKM2 during tumor development. Here, we showed that this switching machinery was induced only in limited cases, based on PKM expression in normal tissues, and that brain-specific microRNA (miR)-124 and muscle-specific miR-133b regulated this machinery by controlling PKM expression through targeting polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB1), which is a splicer of the PKM gene. Also, we confirmed that the PKM2/PKM1 ratio was further elevated in other PKM2-dominant organs such as colon through the down-regulation of these PTB1-associated microRNAs during tumor development.
Characterization of n-Si∕RbAg[sub 4]I[sub 5] Interfaces by Photocurrent Measurements and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (2005)

A photoelectrochemical cell with an interface showed a high open-circuit potential and a high incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency in a wide range of wavelengths from visible to near-infrared light (500-900 nm). An electronic structure model at the interface was proposed from electrochemical data involving electrochemical impedance spectra to elucidate the origin of the high . The flatband potential was determined to be obtained from a Mott-Schottky plot, which led to band-edge potentials of and 0.79 V for the conduction band and the valence band, respectively. The redox potential of the couple (0.65 V), which donates electrons to photogenerated holes in the valence band, was higher but close to the band-edge potential of the valence band, resulting in the high .
Infiltration Systems: A Sustainable Source‐Control Option for Urban Stormwater Quality Management? (2000)

Abstract Source control is regarded as a key principle in supporting concepts of sustainable management and integrated pollution control for diffuse non‐point stormwater runoff, with infiltration procedures being a prime component of such source‐control systems. The potential conflicts between the benefits of groundwater recharge and the risks to long‐term groundwater quality uncertainties associated with infiltration disposal are considered. The long‐term performance of a number of infiltration systems is reported in terms of their pollutant removal efficiencies, and the utility of an infiltration acceptability matrix approach is reviewed.
Refractive-index measurements of undoped yttrium aluminum garnet from 04 to 50 μm (1998)

We report measurements of the refractive index of undoped yttrium aluminum garnet from 0.4 to 5.0 mum and the calculation of Sellmeier coefficients based on our data. The data differ considerably from previously published reports. The effect of the new data on the design of optical devices such as intracavity etalons for lasers is discussed.
Distributed Control System (1991)

The Distributed Control System is a network-oriented controller for various machines like industrial robots and assembly machines. Instead of a large centralized controller, this system is composed of a number of modules interconnected through 5 Mbit/s network. The author has developed three types of module: Servo Module, I/O Module and Display Module. They have powerful CPUs and are small enough to be embedded in machines. The author developed a compact monitor software running on these modules. An experimental application is presented to illustrate the advantages of this system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Weighted color and texture sample selection for image matting (2012)

Color information is leveraged by color sampling-based matting methods to find the best known samples for foreground and background color of unknown pixels. Such methods do not perform well if there is an overlap in the color distribution of foreground and background regions because color cannot distinguish between these regions and hence, the selected samples cannot reliably estimate the matte. Similarly, alpha propagation based matting methods may fail when the affinity among neighboring pixels is reduced by strong edges. In this paper, we overcome these two problems by considering texture as a feature that can complement color to improve matting. The contribution of texture and color is automatically estimated by analyzing the content of the image. An objective function containing color and texture components is optimized to choose the best foreground and background pair among a set of candidate pairs. Experiments are carried out on a benchmark data set and an independent evaluation of the results show that the proposed method is ranked first among all other image matting methods.
High performance transflective liquid crystal display associated with fringe-field switching device (2011)

The outdoor readability of the most popular portable liquid crystal display (LCDs) viz. fringe field switching has been addressed both in single and dual cell gap transflective devices. The devices use dual orientation, such as, homogeneous alignment in transmissive (T) part and 64° twisted alignment in reflective (R) part. The dark states of the proposed devices are achieved by controlling phase retardation in T part and polarization rotation in R part and the white state is realized by rotating optic axis of liquid crystal and removing phase retardation in T and R parts, respectively. The devices show high light efficiency without requiring any optical compensation films, exhibiting strong potential for portable display applications.
Structural Insights into the Membrane Fusion Mechanism Mediated by Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (2014)

Membrane fusion is involved in many fundamental cellular processes and entry of enveloped viruses into host cells. Influenza type A virus HA has long served as a paradigm for mechanistic studies of protein-mediated membrane fusion via large-scale structural rearrangements induced by acidic pH. Here we report the newly determined crystal structure of influenza B virus HA2 in the postfusion state. Together with a large number of previously determined prefusion structures of influenza A and B virus HA and a postfusion structure of influenza A/H3N2 HA2, we identified conserved features that are shared between influenza A and B virus HA in the conformational transition and documented substantial differences that likely influence the detailed mechanisms of this process. Further studies are needed to dissect the effects of these and other structural differences in HA conformational changes and influenza pathogenicity and transmission, which may ultimately expedite the discovery of novel anti-influenza fusion inhibitors.
Guest Editorial Body Sensor Networks: From Theory to Emerging Applications (2009)

The use of sensor networks for healthcare, well-being, and working in extreme environments has long roots in the engineering sector in medicine and biology community. With the maturity of wireless sensor networks, body area networks (BANs), and wireless BANs (WBANs), recent efforts in promoting the concept of body sensor networks (BSNs) aim to move beyond sensor connectivity to adopt a system-level approach to address issues related to biosensor design, interfacing, and embodiment, as well as ultralow-power processing/communication, power scavenging, autonomic sensing, data mining, inferencing, and integrated wireless sensor microsystems. As a result, the system architecture based on WBAN and BSN is becoming a widely accepted method of organization for ambulatory and ubiquitous monitoring systems. This editorial paper presents a snapshot of the current research and emerging applications and addresses some of the challenges and implementation issues.
Developing Physical Exposure-Based Back Injury Risk Models Applicable to Manual Handling Jobs in Distribution Centers (2012)

Using our ultrasound-based "Moment Monitor," exposures to biomechanical low back disorder risk factors were quantified in 195 volunteers who worked in 50 different distribution center jobs. Low back injury rates, determined from a retrospective examination of each company's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 300 records over the 3-year period immediately prior to data collection, were used to classify each job's back injury risk level. The analyses focused on the factors differentiating the high-risk jobs (those having had 12 or more back injuries/200,000 hr of exposure) from the low-risk jobs (those defined as having no back injuries in the preceding 3 years). Univariate analyses indicated that measures of load moment exposure and force application could distinguish between high (n = 15) and low (n = 15) back injury risk distribution center jobs. A three-factor multiple logistic regression model capable of predicting high-risk jobs with very good sensitivity (87%) and specificity (73%) indicated that risk could be assessed using the mean across the sampled lifts of the peak forward and or lateral bending dynamic load moments that occurred during each lift, the mean of the peak push/pull forces across the sampled lifts, and the mean duration of the non-load exposure periods. A surrogate model, one that does not require the Moment Monitor equipment to assess a job's back injury risk, was identified although with some compromise in model sensitivity relative to the original model.
Nitroolefin-based coumarin as a colorimetric and fluorescent dual probe for biothiols (2011)

A coumarin-based thiol probe featuring the 1,4-addition reaction of thiols to nitroolefin was reported. The molecular probe exhibited higher selectivity toward biothiols (Cys, Hcy and GSH) than other amino acids.
Calcium‐activated neutral protease and its endogenous inhibitor Activation at the cell membrane and biological function (1987)

The structures of calcium-activated neutral protease (CANP) and its endogenous inhibitor elucidated recently have revealed novel features with respect to their structure-function relationship and enzyme activity regulation. The protease is regarded as a proenzyme which can be activated at the cell membrane in the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipid, and presumably regulates the functions of proteins, especially membrane-associated proteins, by limited proteolysis. Protein kinase C is hydrolysed and activated by CANP at the cell membrane to a cofactor-independent form. These results are reviewed and the possible involvement of CANP in signal transduction is discussed.
Inactivation of<i>Streptomyces</i>phage ɸC31 by 405 nm light (2014)

Exposure to narrowband violet-blue light around 405 nm wavelength can induce lethal oxidative damage to bacteria and fungi, however effects on viruses are unknown. As photosensitive porphyrin molecules are involved in the microbicidal inactivation mechanism, and since porphyrins are absent in viruses, then any damaging effects of 405 nm light on viruses might appear unlikely. This study used the bacteriophage ɸC31, as a surrogate for non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses, to establish whether 405 nm light can induce virucidal effects. Exposure of ɸC31 suspended in minimal media, nutrient-rich media, and porphyrin solution, demonstrated differing sensitivity of the phage. Significant reductions in phage titer occurred when exposed in nutrient-rich media, with ~3-, 5- and 7-log<sub>10</sub> reductions achieved after exposure to doses of 0.3, 0.5 and 1.4 kJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. When suspended in minimal media a 0.3-log<sub>10</sub> reduction (<i>P</i> = 0.012) occurred after exposure to 306 J/cm<sup>2</sup>: much lower than the 2.7- and > 2.5-log<sub>10</sub> reductions achieved with the same dose in nutrient-rich, and porphyrin-supplemented media, suggesting inactivation is accelerated by the photo-activation of light-sensitive components in the media. This study provides the first evidence of the interaction of narrowband 405 nm light with viruses, and demonstrates that viral susceptibility to 405 nm light can be significantly enhanced by involvement of exogenous photosensitive components. The reduced susceptibility of viruses in minimal media, compared with that of other microorganisms, provides further evidence that the antimicrobial action of 405 nm light is predominantly due to the photo-excitation of endogenous photosensitive molecules such as porphyrins within susceptible microorganisms.
Effect of dose and source of potassium on yield and quality of 'Alphonso Mangao (Mangifera indica) (2006)

An experiment was conducted during 2001-2003 to study the effect of different doses and sources of potassium on yield and quality of'Alphonso' mango (Mangifera indica L.) at the Central Experimental Station, Wakawali, Maharashtra. The pooled results of this experimentation revealed a new recommendation to mango growers as soil application of 50 kg farmyard manure, 1.5 kg N, 0.5 kg P 2 O 5 and 1.0 kg K 2 O in the form of sulphate of potassium/ tree in the first fortnight of June and application of paclobutrazol @ 0.75g a i/m canopy diameter during second fortnight of July to first fortnight of August with 3 foliar sprays of 1% KNO 3 at peanut, marble and egg stage to increase yield and quality of 'Alphonso' mango. This treatment increased the flowering (11.89%), fruit retention (34.28%), fruit yield (28.93%), fruit weight (5.15%), ascorbic acid (26.99%), organoleptic score for texture, flavour, colour and shelf-life and reduced physiological weight loss (22.79%) and spongy tissue (68.08%) over the previous recommendation of soil application of 50 kg farmyard manure, 1.5 kg N, 0.5 kg P 2 O 5 and 0.5 kg K 2 O/tree during August.
Altered microglial response to Aβ plaques in APPPS1-21 mice heterozygous for TREM2 (2014)

Loss of a single copy of trem2 had no effect on Aβ pathology, but altered the morphological phenotype of plaque-associated microglia. These data suggest that TREM2 is important for the microglial response to Aβ deposition but that a 50% decrease inTREM2 expression does not affect Aβ plaque burden.
Toward clinical trials of DNA vaccines against malaria (1997)

In mid 1997 the first malaria DNA vaccine will enter clinical trials. This single gene DNA vaccine encoding the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) will be studied for safety and immunogenicity. If these criteria are met, a multi-gene DNA vaccine designed to induce protective CD8+ T cell responses against P. falciparum infected hepatocytes will be subsequently assessed for safety, immunogenicity and capacity to protect immunized volunteers against experimental challenge with P. falciparum sporozoites. Our perspectives on malaria vaccine development in general, and on a multi-gene DNA vaccine in particular, have been recently reviewed. Herein, we review the rationale and experimental foundation for the anticipated P. falciparum DNA vaccine trials.