gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SOI material characterization using optical second harmonic generation (2002)

While SOI wafer manufacturing processes such as SIMOX and BESOI have been developed, it remains a challenge to produce SOI wafers with extremely thin top silicon layers that are uniform in thickness, low in defects, high in crystalline quality, and compatible to bulk silicon in electrical performance. These stringent requirements on SOI wafers have stimulated a parallel effort to develop characterization techniques for starting SOI wafer qualification, as conventional characterization techniques often prove to be inadequate as a result of complications arising from the presence of the buried oxide layer in SOI. New methods therefore have emerged to answer the needs. Here we report the use of optical second harmonic generation (SHG) method for the characterization of SOI wafer quality. This technique is non-destructive, real time, very sensitive and versatile. It can be used to address a number of SOI wafer issues such as silicon film uniformity, wafer bonding induced mechanical stress, dopant and defect density in the thin film, and buried oxide layer interfacial quality. Applying this method to the investigation of BESOI and SIMOX wafers, we have observed distinctive SHG signals and signal changes as the wafers are subjected to different processing conditions. These results indicate that the quality of the SOI wafers can in fact be probed effectively using the SHG technique.
Multimodal analgesia versus traditional opiate based analgesia after cardiac surgery, a randomized controlled trial (2014)

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01966172.
Attaching the Fluorine Atom to Organic Molecules Using BrF<sub>3</sub> and Other Reagents Directly Derived from F<sub>2</sub> (2005)

Elemental fluorine is a starting point for nucleophilic fluorinations (e.g., BrF3), radical fluorinations (e.g., F2 under irradiation), and electrophilic fluorinations (e.g., AcOF). All three categories are represented in this Account. Bromine trifluoride, although commercially available, can be readily made from the elements and is a very good source for naked nucleophilic fluoride ions. To minimize radical reactions, an anchor has to be installed in the molecules with which it reacts. Such an anchor is constituted of a soft base such as nitrogen and especially sulfur atoms. This reagent was used for constructing compounds with a CF2, CF3, CHF2, or CF2COOH group in specific sites. F2 itself was used for completing perfluorination of various polyfluoroethers, while the electrophilic acetyl hypofluorite is an excellent tool for introducing a single fluorine atom into organic molecules such as carboxylic acids and nitro compounds.
Redox regulation of glutathione S-transferase induction by benzyl isothiocyanate: correlation of enzyme induction with the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates. (2000)

Here we report the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in rat liver epithelial RL34 cells treated with a cancer chemopreventive isothiocyanate compound, benzylisothiocyanate (BITC). BITC was found to significantly induce GST activity in RL34 cells. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrated that BITC specifically enhanced the production of the class pi GST isozyme (GSTP1). Our studies demonstrated for the first time that the addition of BITC to the cells resulted in an immediate increase in the reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) detected by a fluorescence probe, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. The level of the ROIs in the cells treated with BITC (10 microM) was approximately 50-fold higher than those in the control cells. Furthermore, glutathione depletion by diethyl maleate significantly enhanced BITC-induced ROI production and accelerated the BITC-induced elevation of the GST activity, whereas pretreatment of the cells with glutathione inhibited both the ROI production and GST induction. The structure-activity relationship of the isothiocyanates also indicated that the ROI-producing activities closely correlated with their GST-inducing potencies. Moreover, the GSTP1 enhancer I-containing region was found to be essential for induction of the GSTP1 gene by intracellular ROI inducers such as BITC and diethyl maleate. These data suggest the involvement of the redox regulation on the induction of GSTP1 by BITC.
Circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Isolation and characterization. (1984)

Immunoprecipitable double-stranded (dsDNA) was previously shown to persist in the circulation of a clinically recognizable subgroup of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Plasma from 10 such patients was subjected to a DNA isolation procedure that used a combination of proteolysis, phenol extraction, and hydroxylapatite adsorption and elution in the presence of urea. The isolated dsDNA was radiolabeled by nick translation and then characterized by isopyknic ultracentrifugation in CsCl under both neutral and alkaline conditions, as well as after digestion with S1-endonuclease. These experiments demonstrated essential identity in nucleotide base composition between the plasma-derived DNA and human genomic DNA. The presence of specific human base sequences in the plasma DNA was demonstrated by finding that authentic human genomic DNA accelerated the renaturation of plasma DNA when compared with the effect of nonhuman, control DNA. The proportion of such sequences in plasma DNA was estimated by attempting to renature the plasma DNA in the presence of human DNA under conditions shown to result in complete renaturation of human DNA in model experiments. In this way, a minimum of 47% of plasma DNA base sequences could be shown also to be present in human genomic DNA. However, an average of 10-20% of the plasma-derived DNA failed to renature under these conditions, a result that was further confirmed by comparing the renaturation of the tritium-labeled plasma DNA specimens, in double-label experiments, with internal controls consisting of 14C-labeled authentic human DNA. Attempts to drive the reaction to completion with human DNA led to a similar conclusion. The relative nonrenaturability of this fraction of plasma DNA did not appear to be attributable to extensive chain breakage, although adequate analysis of this DNA subfraction was limited by reagent availability. It was therefore concluded that, in this group of SLE patients, persistently circulating DNA consisted largely of base sequences also found in human genomic DNA. The additional presence in plasma of a DNA subfraction that differed in its renaturation behavior from human genomic DNA was recognized, although its significance could not be established with certainty.
Parallel visual search for conjunctions of form and color (1987)

We measured reaction times (RTs) as observers searched for a target among a variable number of distractors. In searches for stimuli defined by conjunction of color and form (e.g., target: green +, distractors: red +, green ×), Treisman found that RTs increase as the number of distractors increase. Observers appear to conduct serial self-terminating searches for the target. We replicated this finding with naive observers. However, after 1000 trials of practice, RTs for two observers were independent of the number of distractors indicating that they could perform parallel searches for conjunctions. Egeth ef al 1 argue that observers can simultaneously disregard all distractors along one dimension (e.g., color). Therefore, we used a triple conjunction task of form, color, and size. (Target: large green +; distractors: large green ×, large red +, small green +, small red ×.) The stimuli were chosen so that if an observer was able to disregard all the distractors of one color, the remaining stimuli would still require search for a conjunction.
Comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerotic carotid plaques using parallel imaging and 3 T black-blood in vivo CMR (2013)

3 T bb-CMR is able to differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques, demonstrating the potential of bb-CMR to differentiate between stable and vulnerable lesions and ultimately to identify patients with low versus high risk for cardiovascular complications. Best predictors of the symptomatic side were a ruptured fibrous cap, AHA-LT 6, juxtaluminal hemorrhage/thrombus, and intraplaque hemorrhage.
A molecular dynamics method for simulations in the canonical ensemble (2002)

A molecular dynamics simulation method which can generate configurations belonging to the canonical (T, V, N) ensemble or the constant temperature constant pressure (T, P, N) ensemble, is proposed. The physical system of interest consists of N particles (f degrees of freedom), to which an external, macroscopic variable and its conjugate momentum are added. This device allows the total energy of the physical system to fluctuate. The equilibrium distribution of the energy coincides with the canonical distribution both in momentum and in coordinate space. The method is tested for an atomic fluid (Ar) and works well.
Contract (2012)

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD4/Thy-1 chimeric molecules serve as human immunodeficiency virus receptors in human, but not mouse, cells and are modulated by gangliosides (1991)

Human and mouse cell lines that expressed a CD4/Thy-1 fusion protein on the cell surface were constructed and tested for the capacity to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The human cell lines, in contrast to the mouse line, were infectable. The CD4/Thy-1 fusion, which is anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol tail rather than a peptide linkage, can therefore serve as a human immunodeficiency virus receptor. In addition, this molecule, like CD4, is down-modulated in its cell surface expression by exogenous gangliosides.
Conformational Analysis of Native Fibronectin by Means of Force Spectroscopy (2000)

Force measurements provide an excellent tool to study the folding and unfolding of single-filamentous proteins. In particular, elastic properties of muscle proteins and proteins of the extracellular matrix are of paramount interest for the understanding of structure−function relationships of fibrous proteins. In this study, we focused on the unfolding of native fibronectin, a modular extracellular matrix protein comprising different types of repeating units exhibiting a large variety of functions. Native fibronectin (220−250 kDa) from blood plasma is a dimer composed of at least three classes of repeating units, FN-I, -II, and -III domains. The domains differing in the number of amino acids all have a β-barrel structure. Statistical analysis of force−extension curves clearly revealed the distinct unfolding of FN-I (45 amino acids), FN-II (60 amino acids), and FN-III (90 amino acids). Besides data about mechanical properties of the filament, the analysis provided also information about the absolute composition and the actual number of amino acids of each domain. Moreover, information about the potential topology may be inferred from computer simulations.
HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY WITH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT (1968)

Simultaneous red and ultraviolet holographic interferograms were recorded on a single Eastman 649F plate by radiation existing after the passage of a Q-switched ruby laser beam through a KDP crystal. The ultraviolet record had twice the sensitivity to optical path length changes as the red record.
Evaluation of benzofuroxan as a chromophoric oxidizing agent for thiol groups by using its reactions with papain, ficin, bromelain and low-molecular-weight thiols (1977)

1. Benzofuroxan (benzofurazan 1-oxide, benzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole N-oxide) was evaluated as a specific chromophoric oxidizing agent for thiol groups. 2. Aliphatic thiol groups both in low-molecular-weight molecules and in the enzymes papain (EC 3.4.22.2), ficin (EC 3.4.22.3) and bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) readily reduce benzofuroxan to o-benzoquinone dixime; potential competing reactions of amino groups are negligibly slow. 3. The fate of the thiol depends on its structure: a mechanism is proposed in which the thiol and benzofuroxan form an adduct which, if steric factors permit, reacts with another molecule of thiol to form a disulphide; when the thiol is located in the active site of a thiol proteinase and steric factors preclude enzyme dinner formation, the adduct reacts instead with water or HO- to form a sulphenic acid; attack on the sulphur atom of the adduct by either a sulphur or oxygen nucleophile releases o-benzoquinone dioxine. 4. Benzofuroxan contains n o proton-binding sites with pKa values in the range 3-10 and probably none in the range 0-14; o-benzoquinone dioxine undergoes a one-proton ionization with pKa=6.75.5. o-benzoquinone dioxime absorbs strongly at wavelengths greater than 410nm, where absorption by benzofuroxan, proteins and simple thiol compounds is negligible; 416 nm is an isosbestic point (epsilon 416 = 5110 litre. mol-1-cm-1); epsilon430=3740+[1460/(1+[H+]/Ka)] where pKa=6.75. 6. The possibility of acid-base catalysis of the oxidation by active-centre histidine residues of the thiol proteinases is discussed.
Inhibitory effects of fasudil on renal interstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (2015)

Renal fibrosis is the major cause of chronic kidney disease, and the Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) signaling cascade is involved in the renal fibrotic processes. Several studies have reported that ROCK inhibitors attenuate renal fibrosis. However, the mechanism of this process remains to be fully elucidated. The present study assessed the inhibitory effect of fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, in vivo and in vitro, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying renal interstitial fibrosis. In mice induced with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), collagen accumulation, the expression of fibrosis‑associated genes and the content of hydroxyproline in the kidney increased 3, 7, and 14 days following UUO. Fasudil attenuated the histological changes, and the production of collagen and extracellular matrix in the UUO kidney. The expression of α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) and the transforming growth factor‑β (TGFβ)‑Smad signaling pathway, and macrophage infiltration were suppressed by fasudil in the kidneys of the UUO mice. The present study also evaluated the role of intrinsic renal cells and infiltrated macrophages using NRK‑52E, NRK‑49F and RAW264.7 cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of collagen I and α‑SMA increased in the NRK‑52E and NRK‑49F cells stimulated by TGF‑β1. Hydroxyfasudil, a bioactive metabolite of fasudil, attenuated the increase in the mRNA and protein expression levles of α‑SMA in the two cell types. However, the reduction in the mRNA expression of collagen I was observed in the NRK‑49F cells only. Hydroxyfasudil decreased the mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 (MCP‑1) induced by TGF‑β1 in the NRK‑52E cells, but not in the NRK‑49F cells. In the RAW264.7 cells, the mRNA expression levels of MCP‑1, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor α were increased significantly following lipopolysaccharide stimulation, and were not suppressed by hydroxyfasudil. These data suggested that the inhibition of ROCK activity by fasudil suppressed the transformation of renal intrinsic cells into the myofibroblast cells, and attenuated the infiltration of macrophages, without inhibiting the expression or the activation of cytokine/chemokines, in the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.
Fractures and dislocations (1982)

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care: March 1982 - Volume 22 - Issue 3 - p 260
「政府唔畀人安樂死，無理由唔畀我哋求生」 : 談龐貝氏症患者賴凱詠 (2012)

二零零九年，賴凱詠畢業於嶺南大學中文系，其後他又繼續在嶺南大學中文系研究班深造，精修現代文學，今年畢業，現正打算申請修讀博士課程。這一路走來，正如他今年出版的個人自傳的書名《輕舟‧重山》一樣，輕舟雖已在重重山嶺外，但中間委實經歷過千般險阻，需穿越萬重群山，只因他是一位龐貝氏症患者。\n龐貝氏症（Pompe Disease），又稱酸性麥芽糖酵素缺乏症（AMD）或是肝醣儲積症第二型（GSD），屬罕有的遺傳疾病。因第十七條染色體的酵素基因出現突變而導致退化性的神經肌肉疾病。病因是身體缺乏負責轉化肝醣（Glycogen）為葡萄糖（Glucose）的酸性麥芽酵素（Acid Alpha-glucosidase, GAA），過剩的肝醣會積聚於橫紋肌、心肌及肝臟內，逐漸傷害肌肉而變得無力（特別是軀幹和下肢），造成呼吸系統衰竭。患者會因肌肉萎縮，脊椎側彎而影響呼吸，病重時要靠呼吸機維持生命。\n凱詠十三歲開始病發，身體自此後一直萎縮，長期以輪椅代步，需要依靠呼吸機維持生命。雖然情況如此艱難，但醫生一直鼓勵凱詠及凱詠的家人要堅持下去，因將來可能或有治療方法。
The Genetics and Pathophysiology of Type II and Gestational Diabetes (1995)

The development of both type II diabetes and gestational diabetes is probably governed by a complex and variable interaction of genes and environment. Molecular genetics has so far failed to identify discrete gene mutations accounting for metabolic changes in NIDDM. Both beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are operative in the manifestation of these disorders. Specific and sensitive immunoradiometric assays found fasting hyperproinsulinemia and first-phase hypoinsulinemia early in the natural history of the disorder. A lack of specificity of early radioimmunoassays for insulin resulted in measuring not only insulin but also proinsulins, leading to overestimation of insulin and misleading conclusions about its role in diabetes. The major causes of insulin resistance are the genetic deficiency of glycogen synthase activation, compounded by additional defects due to metabolic disorders, receptor downregulation, and glucose transporter abnormalities, all contributing to the impairment in muscle glucose uptake. The liver is also resistant to insulin in NIDDM, reflected in persistent hepatic glucose production despite hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is present in many nondiabetics, but in itself is insufficient to cause type II diabetes. Gestational diabetes is closely related to NIDDM, and the combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion is of importance in its pathogenesis.
Highly Flexible UV–Vis Radiation Sources and Novel Detection Schemes for Spectrophotometric HPLC Detection (2014)

The concept and performance of the first multiwavelength deep UV light-emitting-diode-based high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) absorbance detector are presented. In single-wavelength mode and with optical reference, the limit of detection (LOD) is comparable to conventional state-of-the-art HPLC absorbance detectors. In multiwavelength mode--at present up to eight wavelengths without optical reference--the LOD is about 10 times higher than in single-wavelength mode. Multiplexing and demultiplexing methods are used to separate chromatographic signals in multiwavelength mode and keeps the detector configuration simple and yet flexible. Depending on the operation mode, stray light is either totally negligible or controlled electronically and digitally.
Killing of <i>Leishmania</i> Parasites in Activated Murine Macrophages is Based on an L-Arginine-Dependent Process That Produces Nitrogen Derivatives (1991)

The experiments described in this report were aimed at determining whether L-arginine (L-arg)-derived nitrogen oxidation products (nitric oxide, nitrous acid, nitrites) are involved in the intracellular killing of Leishmania parasites by activated murine macrophages in vitro. Peritoneal or bone marrow-derived macrophages were infected with L. enriettii or L. major, then activated by exposure to recombinant murine interferon-gamma or to macrophage activating factor (MAF)-rich media in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. Activation of macrophages in regular (i.e., arginine-containing) culture medium led to complete destruction of the microorganisms within 24 h (L. enriettii) or 48 h (L. major), concomitant with accumulation of nitrites (NO2-) in the culture fluids. When macrophage activation was carried out in L-arg-free medium, however, neither parasite killing nor NO2- production was obtained. A similar inhibition of macrophage leishmanicidal activity and of NO2- release was observed using media treated with arginase (which converts L-arg to urea and ornithine), or supplemented with NG-monomethyl-L-arg or guanidine (which inhibit the conversion of L-arg to nitrogen oxidation products). In all these situations, an excellent correlation between the levels of NO2- production by macrophages and intracellular killing of Leishmania was observed, whereas no strict correlation was detectable between leishmanicidal activity and superoxide production. Intracellular parasite killing by activated macrophages could be prevented by addition of iron salts to the incubation fluids. Incubation of free parasites with NaNO2 at acid pH (which permits the production of nitrous acid) led to immobilisation, multiplication arrest, and morphological degeneration of the microorganisms. Similarly, exposure of infected cells to NaNO2 led to killing of the intracellular parasite without affecting macrophage viability. These experiments strongly suggest that the leishmanicidal effect of activated murine macrophages involves the agency of L-arg-derived nitrogen oxidation products.
IL-10 Inhibits Apoptosis of Promyeloid Cells by Activating Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 and Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase (2001)

IL-10 is well known to be a potent inhibitor of the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, but noninflammatory hemopoietic cells also express IL-10Rs. Here we show that IL-10 directly affects progenitor myeloid cells by protecting them from death following the removal of growth factors. Murine factor-dependent cell progenitors cultured in the absence of growth factors were 43 +/- 1% apoptotic after 12 h. Addition of IL-10 at a concentration as low as 100 pg/ml significantly reduced the apoptotic population to 32 +/- 3%. At 10 ng/ml, IL-10 caused a 4-fold reduction in the apoptotic population (11 +/- 1%). The anti-apoptotic activity of IL-10 was significantly inhibited with a neutralizing IL-10R Ab. Factor-dependent cell progenitor promyeloid cells expressed functional IL-10Rs, as assessed by precipitation of a 110-kDa protein with an Ab to the IL-10R and by the ability of IL-10 to activate Jak1 and Tyk2 and to phosphorylate tyrosine 705 on Stat-3. IL-10 increased tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2 and stimulated the enzymatic activity of both phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and Akt. The anti-apoptotic activity of IL-10 was blocked by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. Wortmannin and LY294002 also totally inhibited activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 by IL-10. Direct inhibition of ERK1/2 with the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059 partially, but significantly, impaired the anti-apoptotic activity of IL-10. These data establish that activation of the IL-10R promotes survival of progenitor myeloid cells. This survival-promoting activity is totally due to IL-10 stimulating the insulin receptor substrate-2/PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway, which increases the anti-apoptotic activity of ERK1/2.
All-trans retinoic acid induces monocyte growth factor receptor (c-fms) gene expression in HL-60 leukemia cells. (1993)

All-trans-retinoic (ATRA) treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia results in differentiation of the malignant cells and a high complete remission rate. ATRA treatment induced granulocytic differentiation in HL-60 cells as assessed by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, but had no effect on non-specific esterase (NSE) straining, as expected in cells maturing along the monocytic lineage. However, our results demonstrate that ATRA (0.1-10 microM) induces expression of the c-fms (monocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor) gene in HL-60 cells. This effect was detectable after 2 days and expression was maximal at 5 days. Similar results were obtained during treatment with cis-retinoic acid (CRA), hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The results also demonstrate that ATRA-induced c-fms expression is potentiated by exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The induction of c-fms transcripts by ATRA is associated with induction of M-CSF-binding ability, suggesting cell surface expression of the monocyte growth factor receptor. Our results indicate that retinoic acid can induce features of both monocytic and granulocytic differentiation in HL-60 cells.