gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Analysis of All Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases in <i>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</i> Reveals a Factor, NPS6, Involved in Virulence and Resistance to Oxidative Stress (2005)

Nonribosomal peptides, made by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, have diverse biological activities, including roles as fungal virulence effectors. Inspection of the genome of Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a fungal pathogen of maize and a member of a genus noted for secondary metabolite production, revealed eight multimodular nonribosomal peptide synthase (NPS) genes and three monomodular NPS-like genes, one of which encodes a nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase hybrid enzyme presumed to be involved in synthesis of a peptide/polyketide molecule. Deletion of each NPS gene and phenotypic analyses showed that the product of only one of these genes, NPS6, is required for normal virulence on maize. NPS6 is also required for resistance to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting it may protect the fungus from oxidative stress. This and all other nps mutants had normal growth, mating ability, and appressoria. Real-time PCR analysis showed that expression of all NPS genes is low (relative to that of actin), that all (except possibly NPS2) are expressed during vegetative growth, and that expression is induced by nitrogen starvation. Only NPS6 is unfailingly conserved among euascomycete fungi, including plant and human pathogens and saprobes, suggesting the possibility that NPS6 activity provides oxidative stress protection during both saprobic and parasitic growth.
X-Ray Analyses of Complexes Formed between Surfactants and Aromatic Compounds. I. A Common Structural Pattern of the Complexes (1998)

Abstract The cationic surfactants such as hexadecyl-, tetradecyl-, dodecyl-, and decyltrimethylammonium bromides form complexes with a variety of aromatic compounds in aqueous solutions. Well-defined crystals were obtained if the aromatic compounds had hydrogen donor moieties. The structures of ten kinds of the complex crystals were analyzed by X-rays. All the crystal structures had a common pattern of complex formation, in which the aromatic compounds are sandwiched by the two alkyl chains of the surfactant molecules. There are two modes of stacking when the complexes with the common pattern are piled up to form the crystalline lattice. The common pattern of complex formation is responsible for the high viscoelasticity of the aqueous solutions containing cationic surfactants and aromatic compounds.
Auto-regressive filter-based E-pulse discriminating scheme (1999)

Ultrawide-band radar target discrimination schemes have been of great interest during the last two decades. One of the most used methods is the so-called E-pulse discrimination scheme, which is based on the late-time impulse response of a target. Traditional techniques to construct the proper E-pulses require the determination of the natural frequencies as an intermediate step. Here, we present a technique that allows us to obtain the required E-pulses directly. The approach suggested is applied to two simple three-dimensional (3D) targets: a rectangular cavity and a strip with a fin.
Glass fiber laser at 136 μm from SiO_2:Nd (1989)

By adding 14 mol % P(2)O(5) to the core of a SiO(2):Nd fiber, laser emission was obtained at 1.36 microm. From the fluorescent spectra and laser thresholds for the (4)F(3/2) to (4)I(11/2) and (4)F(3/2) to (4)I(13/2) transitions, the net gain at 1.36 microm is 0.024 dB/mW, and the ratio of excited-state absorption (the (4)F(3/2) to (4)G(7/2) transition) to stimulated emission is estimated to be 0.78.
Construction and <i>In Vitro</i> Properties of SIV <sub>mac</sub> Mutants with Deletions in "Nonessential" Genes (1994)

Auxiliary genes that are not essential for viral replication in cell culture are found in all known lentiviruses. The "nonessential" auxiliary genes of HIV-1 are vif, vpr, vpu, and nef. Sequences within the upstream region of U3 in the LTR are also not required for virus replication in cell culture. We constructed a panel of 23 mutants with single and combination deletions in these regions in the wild-type HIV-1 infectious molecular clone NL4-3. Deletion of the vpu, vpr, and nef genes and the U3 upstream sequence (US), individually or in combinations, did not appreciably alter virus replication in either chimpanzee PBMCs, human PBMCs, or in the B/T cell hybrid line CEMx174. In contrast, deletion of the vif gene dramatically delayed virus replication in all three cell types. This collection of HIV-1 deletion mutants will be useful for elucidating the functions of these genes and for investigating antiviral immunity in animal models.
Inflight Connectivity: Deploying Different Communication Networks inside an Aircraft (2018)

The key requirement of fifth generation (5G) systems is seamless connectivity for anyone and anything. The current form of terrestrial mobile systems are mostly mature enough to provide connectivity for any terrestrial user and device. Nowadays, several projects seek to enhance the terrestrial systems to provide such connectivity to airborne users. However, providing connectivity for every airborne user needs a special design for different aircraft types. Due to the shape and structure of an aircraft, widely used system and channel models in terrestrial systems cannot be directly applied to onboard communication systems. In this paper, the realistic throughput performance of three different wireless communications technologies namely, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless-Fidelity (WiFi) and Light-Fidelity (LiFi) is investigated inside a medium-sized commercial aircraft. It is shown that the average user throughput performance is 1.6 Mbps, 2.7 Mbps and 16.6 Mbps for onboard WiFi, LTE and LiFi systems, respectively.
Planar stripe with waist and/or notch (SWAN) injection laser (1980)

This paper describes a novel planar stripe-geometry injection laser (referred as SWAN laser) showing a single transverse and longitudinal mode operation made by a simple fabrication method. This stripe-geometry is composed of a main stripe section with the width of around 10 μm and mode control section with the nominal width near to carrier diffusion length, less than 5 μm, a shape of which looks like waist(s) and/or notch(es) along the stripe. A "kink", which often appears in the relation between a light output and a current in conventional planar injection lasers, is not observed at the power level of more than 20 mw/ facet. The laser has advantage of controlling modulation dynamics by the shape of waist(s) and/or notch(es) along the stripe that enables control of the lateral carrier diffusion profile in the vicinity of an active layer and the amount of spontaneous emission into laser mode.
<scp>d</scp>‐pinitol regulates Th1/Th2 balance via suppressing Th2 immune response in ovalbumin‐induced asthma (2006)

D-pinitol has been demonstrated to exert insulin-like and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its anti-allergic effect in the Th1/Th2 immune response is poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that T-bet and GATA-3 are master Th1 and Th2 regulatory transcription factors. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether D-pinitol regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production, T-bet and GATA-3 gene expression in OVA-induced asthma model mice. We also examined to ascertain whether D-pinitol could influence eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity. After being sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) showed typical asthmatic reactions. These reactions included an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung tissue around blood vessels and airways, airway luminal narrowing, and the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). The administration of D-pinitol before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, this study may provide evidence that D-pinitol plays a critical role in the amelioration of the pathogenetic process of asthma in mice. These findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of D-pinitol in terms of its effects in a murine model of asthma, and also broaden current perspectives in our understanding of the immunopharmacological functions of D-pinitol.
Identification, Design and Biological Evaluation of Bisaryl Quinolones Targeting <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Type II NADH:Quinone Oxidoreductase (PfNDH2) (2012)

A program was undertaken to identify hit compounds against NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (PfNDH2), a dehydrogenase of the mitochondrial electron transport chain of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PfNDH2 has only one known inhibitor, hydroxy-2-dodecyl-4-(1H)-quinolone (HDQ), and this was used along with a range of chemoinformatics methods in the rational selection of 17 000 compounds for high-throughput screening. Twelve distinct chemotypes were identified and briefly examined leading to the selection of the quinolone core as the key target for structure-activity relationship (SAR) development. Extensive structural exploration led to the selection of 2-bisaryl 3-methyl quinolones as a series for further biological evaluation. The lead compound within this series 7-chloro-3-methyl-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)phenyl)quinolin-4(1H)-one (CK-2-68) has antimalarial activity against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum of 36 nM, is selective for PfNDH2 over other respiratory enzymes (inhibitory IC(50) against PfNDH2 of 16 nM), and demonstrates low cytotoxicity and high metabolic stability in the presence of human liver microsomes. This lead compound and its phosphate pro-drug have potent in vivo antimalarial activity after oral administration, consistent with the target product profile of a drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Other quinolones presented (e.g., 6d, 6f, 14e) have the capacity to inhibit both PfNDH2 and P. falciparum cytochrome bc(1), and studies to determine the potential advantage of this dual-targeting effect are in progress.
In vivo translation of a region within the rrnB 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli (1987)

In this study we show that a segment of the Escherichia coli rrnB 16S gene can be translated in vivo. Other laboratories have previously reported that there are internal transcription and translation signals and open reading frames within the E. coli rrnB rRNA operon. Their studies revealed a translation start signal followed by a 252-base-pair open reading frame (ORF16) within the 16S gene and detected a promoter (p16) in the same general region by using in vitro RNA polymerase binding and transcription initiation assays. By using plasmid gene fusions of ORF16 to lacZ we showed that an ORF16'-'beta-galactosidase fusion protein was made in vivo. Transcripts encoding the fusion protein were expressed either from the rrnB p1p2 control region or from a hybrid trp-lac promoter (tacP), but the amount of expression was considerably less than for a lacZ control plasmid. We used fusions to the cat gene to show that p16 is one-half as active as lacP. Deletions were used to show that p16 is located within ORF16 and thus cannot promote a transcript encoding the ORF16 peptide. A comparison of sequences from different organisms shows that ORF16 and p16 lie in a highly conserved region of the procaryotic 16S RNA structure. The first 20 amino acids of ORF16 are conserved in most eubacterial and plant organellar sequences, and promoter activity has been detected in this region of the Caulobacter crescentus sequence by other workers.
High-image quality, high-resolution camera with high sensitivity up to 1,100 nm (2018)

We have developed three types of prototype cameras based on multi-purpose and DSLR models equipped with full-frame (35 mm) CMOS sensors, i.e. modified versions of the Canon ME20F-SH, EOS-1D X, and EOS 5DS. We have also made a prototype interchangeable lens that is highly transmissive in the visible and near infrared (NIR) region, based on a Canon EF 100-400 mm lens. High signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio spectral images up to 1,100 nm were observed using the following tools: the modified ME20F-SH, which features a monochromatic sensor with a 19 μm pixel pitch; the modified EF 100-400 mm lens; NIR optical bandpass filters ranging from 1,000 to 1,200 nm with 25 nm bandwidth; and a short wavelength cut-off filter that blocks light below 840 nm. This camera and lens, with a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) attached, was able to clearly observe absorption bands attributed to hydroxyl groups near 960 nm in aqueous sucrose solutions. This experimental set was also applied to discrimination between dairy cream and whipped topping in combination with multivariate analysis; multi spectral data set obtained by this experimental set was processed by principal component analysis followed by a modified algorithm of independent component analysis. The Canon EOS-1D X’s 18.1 million pixel sensor was modified by introducing NIR pixels in addition to its RGB pixels. The modified EOS-1D X and the lens were able to acquire both high-image-quality photography and high-resolution NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in the observation of a lawn with a single press of the shutter button. This camera and lens set was also applied to observe hair in dried seaweed, producing a high-resolution NIR image in which each hair was visualized. Furthermore, a sharper image of the hair was obtained using the modified EOS 5DS and the LCTF.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of <i>N</i>‐(2‐Hydroxy‐ethyl)amide Derivatives (2008)

A series novel of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amide derivatives was synthesized and screened for their anticonvulsant activities by the maximal electroshock (MES) test, and their neurotoxicity was evaluated by the rotarod test (Tox). The maximal electroshock test showed that N-(2-hydroxyethyl)decanamide 1g, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)palmitamide 1l, and N-(2-hydroxyeth-yl)stearamide 1n were found to show a better anticonvulsant activity and also had lower toxicity than the marked anti-epileptic drug valproate. In the anti-MES potency test, these compounds exhibited median effective doses (ED50) of 22.0, 23.3, 20.5 mg/kg, respectively, and median toxicity doses (TD50) of 599.8, >1000, >1000 mg/kg, respectively, resulting in a protective index (PI) of 27.5, >42.9, >48.8, respectively. This is a much better protective index than that of the marked anti-epileptic drug valproate (PI = 1.6). To further investigate the effects of the anticonvulsant activity in several different models, compounds 1g, 1l, and 1n were tested having evoked convulsions with chemical substances, including pentylenetetrazloe, isoniazide, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, bicuculline, thiosemicarbazide, and strychnine.
Graphene Interfaced with Biological Cells: Opportunities and Challenges (2012)

By interfacing the quantum mechanical properties of nanomaterials with the complex processes in biology, several bio/nano systems have evolved with applications in biosensors, cellular devices, drug delivery, and biophotoluminescence. One recent breakthrough has been the application of graphene, a two-dimensional (2-D) sheet of sp(2) hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, as a sensitive platform for interfacing with biological cells to detect intra- and extracellular phenomena, including cellular excretion and cell membrane's potential modulation. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent results on graphene/cell interfacial devices and the principles defining the modulation of charge-carrier properties in graphene and its derivatives via interaction with cellular membranes. Graphene's high sensitivity in these applications evolves from the π-carrier cloud confined within an atom-thick layer, quantum-capacitance-induced doping enhancement, closely spaced electronic bands, and a large surface area. We discuss the effect of the electronegativity of the cell wall and the dynamic changes in its chemical potential on doping specific carriers into graphene. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of graphene-interfaced biocellular systems.
Caries preventive effects of toothpastes containing monofluorophosphate and trimetaphosphate: a 3‐year clinical trial (1983)

The caries-preventive effects of two toothpastes were tested in a 3-year clinical trial involving 1319 children aged 11-13 years. The test toothpastes were: 1) a low abrasion paste containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), and 2) a paste containing 3% sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP). The control toothpaste was a conventional, moderately abrasive paste containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate. The children were examined clinically and radiologically each year. Toothpaste was supplied to the children's homes, and its use was unsupervised. Caries increments after 3 years, in terms of DMF teeth and DMF surfaces, showed no significant differences between the MFP test group (444 children) and the MFP control group (450 children). However, the TMP test group (425 children) had significantly higher caries increments than the MFP control group. All three groups of children showed some improvement in oral hygiene and in gingival health, but there were no significant differences between the groups.
A novel specific binding site for anxiolytic homophthalazines in the rat brain (1992)

Radioligand binding studies were performed in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of anxiolytic-neuroleptic homophthalazines. Rat striatal membrane preparations were found to bind 3H-EGIS 6775 [3H-GYKI-52 322, 3H-(1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-dimethoxy-5H-homophthalazine)] in a specific and displaceable manner. Several other brain regions tested were devoid of similar binding activity. Saturation analysis revealed that binding affinity was in the 10(-8)-10(-7) M range. Binding was enhanced by Mg2+ ions and, to a smaller extent by Ca2+ ions. The binding principle was sensitive to heat or trypsin treatment. This specific binding site appears, according to competition studies, different from the receptors whose presence in the rat striatum has been reported earlier.
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Is Responsible for Residual Pleural Thickening in Pleural Tuberculosis (2015)

Residual pleural thickening (RPT) is the most frequent complication associated with pleural tuberculosis, and may occur even after successful anti-tuberculosis medications. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteinases capable of degrading all components of the extracellular matrix. The proteolytic action of MMPs may be involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. MMP-9, secreted by monocytes and lymphocyte, may lead to long-term fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to determine whether MMP-2 and/or MMP-9 and their specific inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2, could be used to predict RPT. This retrospective study enrolled 52 patients diagnosed with pleural tuberculosis. Levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIM-2 were determined in the pleural fluid by ELISA. The RPT was measured on chest X-ray at the completion of treatment and the final follow-up. The average periods of anti-tuberculosis medication and the follow-up after completion of treatment were 6.7 and 7.6 months, respectively. MMP-2 or MMP-9 levels had no significant correlation to RPT. The patients with RPT > 2 mm at the completion of anti-tuberculosis medication and the final follow-up had higher TIMP-1 levels (p = 0.00 and p = 0.001, respectively). However, patients with RPT > 2 mm at the completion of anti-tuberculosis medication had lower TIMP-2 levels (p = 0.005). In a logistic regression model, elevated TIMP-1 levels at the completion of anti-tuberculosis medications were associated with RPT. In conclusion, higher TIMP-1 levels are responsible for the development of RPT and may be helpful for predicting RPT in pleural tuberculosis.
Additional low-abundance human small nuclear ribonucleoproteins: U11, U12, etc. (1988)

Two-dimensional gel fractionation has revealed the existence of a number (greater than or equal to 8) of additional species of HeLa cell small RNAs that have 5' trimethylguanosine cap structures and are bound by proteins containing Sm epitopes. Therefore, these low-abundance (10(3)-10(4) per cell) RNAs belong to the Sm class of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), whose best-known members are the four highly abundant (approximately 10(6) per cell) particles required for pre-mRNA splicing. The complexity of Sm snRNPs in mammalian cells is thus not greatly different from that previously established for lower eukaryotes. Two of the new RNAs, designated U11 (131 nucleotides) and U12 (150 nucleotides), have been sequenced. The U11 and U12 snRNPs have been characterized further by examining their nuclease sensitivity and their possible interactions with other snRNPs. Potential roles for the low-abundance snRNPs in aspects of pre-mRNA processing are discussed.
Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning: When reading helps listening. (2002)

Three studies investigated whether and under what conditions the addition of on-screen text would facilitate the learning of a narrated scientific multimedia explanation. Students were presented with an explanation about the process of lightning formation in the auditory alone (nonredundant) or auditory and visual (redundant) modalities. In Experiment 1, the effects of preceding the nonredundant or redundant explanation with a corresponding animation were examined. In Experiment 2, the effects of presenting the nonredundant or redundant explanation with a simultaneous or a preceding animation were compared. In Experiment 3, environmental sounds were added to the nonredundant or redundant explanation. Learning was measured by retention, transfer, and matching tests. Students better comprehended the explanation when the words were presented auditorily and visually rather than auditorily only, provided there was no other concurrent visual material. The overall pattern of results can be explained by a dual-processing model of working memory, which has implications for the design of multimedia instruction.
Electroporated Transgene-Rescued Spermatogenesis in Infertile Mutant Mice with a Sertoli Cell Defect1 (2002)

The molecular basis of most human male infertility arising from spermatogenesis disruption is poorly understood because of a lack of useful investigation systems. To study the roles of the supporting Sertoli cells in mammalian spermatogenesis, we improved an electroporation technique for seminiferous tubules in vivo. Because Sertoli cells barely proliferate in mature testis, linear transgenes are not incorporated into the genome and quickly degrade. However, circular expression vector is stably expressed in Sertoli cells for a long period. By electrotransformation of a complete cDNA, we rescued defective spermatogenesis in infertile Sl(17H)/Sl(17H) mutant mice with partial dysfunction of stem cell factor in Sertoli cells. Application of this gene transfer system will facilitate both the understanding of spermatogenesis and the development of new gene therapies for human male infertility.
Faces of the future (2005)

Nursing Standard took nurses into schools to find out if they could persuade children to take up nursing. Adele Waters reports on the success rate