gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Approaches to using Al2O3 and HfO2 as gate dielectrics for CMOSFETs (2003)

We report on recent approaches to using Al 2 O 3 and HfO 2 in MOSFETs. A MOS diode with an Al 2 O 3 gate dielectric into which dimethylhydrasin (DMH) was doped shows a minimum D i t of 4 × 10 1 0 cm - 2 eV - 1 , which is halfthat of Al 2 O 3 . Mobility enhancement and an increase of saturation current were obtained with the DMH-doping. A SiN/HfO 2 / SiON gate stack was found to suppress HfO 2 /polysilicon reaction and dopant diffusion. The base oxide of SiON also helps to improve the reliability and thermal stability of the gate stack. An inversion EOT of 1.7 nm was obtained with a SiN/HfO 2 /SiON gate stack that shows a saturation current of 357 μA/μm at L g of 0.35 pm. A 55 nm CMOS with a 3 nm HfO 2 gate dielectric was fabricated using high-temperature annealing at ≥ 1000°C and cobalt silicide. Gate leakage current was decreased by more than three orders of magnitude and a low off-state current was obtained. We also investigated the thermal stability of Hf x Al 1 - x O y . Within 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8, Hf x Al 1 - x O y stays amorphous up to 800°C, which is 300°C higher than the corresponding temperature for HfO 2 .
Parallelization of MPEG-2 video encoder for parallel and distributed computing systems (2002)

In this paper, a parallel implementation of the MPEG-2 video encoder on various parallel and distributed platforms is presented. We use a data-parallel approach and exploit parallelism within each frame, which makes our encoder suitable for real-time applications where the complete video sequence may not be present on the disk. The Express environment is employed as the underlying message-passing system making our encoder portable across a wide range of parallel and distributed architectures. The encoder also provides control over various parameters such as number of processors, size of search window, buffer management and bit-rate. It is flexible and allows inclusion of fast and new algorithms for different stages of the codec, replacing current algorithms. Comparisons of execution times, speedups as well as frame encoding rates using different number of processors are provided. In addition, our study reveals the degrees of parallelism and bottlenecks in various computational modules of MPEG-2.
Optical SNR enhanced amplification in long-distancerecirculating-loopWDM transmission experiment using 1580 nm band hybrid amplifier (1999)

A finely gain-flattened wideband hybrid amplifier for a 120 km transmission fibre span with a significantly enhanced optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is realised using a distributed Raman amplifier, a 1580 nm erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA), and a gain equaliser. The amplifier yields a 5.4 dB improvement in OSNR and 3.7 times (5.6 dB) improvement in average transmission distance (from 570 to 2088 km) compared to a lumped EDFA.
Radiation Model for Terahertz Transmission-Line Metamaterial Quantum-Cascade Lasers (2012)

We present the use of the cavity antenna model in predicting the radiative loss, far-field polarization and far-field beam patterns of terahertz quantum-cascade (QC) lasers. Metal–metal waveguide QC-lasers, transmission-line metamaterial QC-lasers, and leaky-wave metamaterial antennas are considered. Comparison of the fundamental and first higher order lateral mode in a metal-metal waveguide QC-laser shows distinct differences in the radiation characteristics. Full-wave finite-element simulations, cavity model predictions and measurements of far-field beam patterns are compared for a one-dimensional leaky-wave antenna. Lastly, an active leaky-wave metamaterial antenna with full backward to forward wave beam steering is proposed and analyzed using the cavity antenna model.
Die Reproduzierbarkeit von elektrisch angeregten Lichterscheinungen (Phosphenen) bei zwei Versuchspersonen innerhalb von 6 Monaten (1962)

Article Die Reproduzierbarkeit von elektrisch angeregten Lichterscheinungen (Phosphenen) bei zwei Versuchspersonen innerhalb von 6 Monaten was published on January 1, 1962 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (volume 7, issue 4).
Biochemical Characterization and Relative Expression Levels of Multiple Carbohydrate Esterases of the Xylanolytic Rumen Bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23 Grown on an Ester-Enriched Substrate (2011)

We measured expression and used biochemical characterization of multiple carbohydrate esterases by the xylanolytic rumen bacterium Prevotella ruminicola 23 grown on an ester-enriched substrate to gain insight into the carbohydrate esterase activities of this hemicellulolytic rumen bacterium. The P. ruminicola 23 genome contains 16 genes predicted to encode carbohydrate esterase activity, and based on microarray data, four of these were upregulated >2-fold at the transcriptional level during growth on an ester-enriched oligosaccharide (XOS(FA,Ac)) from corn relative to a nonesterified fraction of corn oligosaccharides (AXOS). Four of the 16 esterases (Xyn10D-Fae1A, Axe1-6A, AxeA1, and Axe7A), including the two most highly induced esterases (Xyn10D-Fae1A and Axe1-6A), were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and biochemically characterized. All four enzymes showed the highest activity at physiologically relevant pH (6 to 7) and temperature (30 to 40°C) ranges. The P. ruminicola 23 Xyn10D-Fae1A (a carbohydrate esterase [CE] family 1 enzyme) released ferulic acid from methylferulate, wheat bran, corn fiber, and XOS(FA,Ac), a corn fiber-derived substrate enriched in O-acetyl and ferulic acid esters, but exhibited negligible activity on sugar acetates. As expected, the P. ruminicola Axe1-6A enzyme, which was predicted to possess two distinct esterase family domains (CE1 and CE6), released ferulic acid from the same substrates as Xyn10D-Fae1 and was also able to cleave O-acetyl ester bonds from various acetylated oligosaccharides (AcXOS). The P. ruminicola 23 AxeA1, which is not assigned to a CE family, and Axe7A (CE7) were found to be acetyl esterases that had activity toward a broad range of mostly nonpolymeric acetylated substrates along with AcXOS. All enzymes were inhibited by the proximal location of other side groups like 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, ferulic acid, or acetyl groups. The unique diversity of carbohydrate esterases in P. ruminicola 23 likely gives it the ability to hydrolyze substituents on the xylan backbone and enhances its capacity to efficiently degrade hemicellulose.
Preparation and Formation Mechanism of Silica-Encapsulated Palladium Particles by Spray Pyrolysis (1997)

Silica-encapsulated palladium particles were formed from a palladium nitrate solution containing ultrafine SiO2 particles by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The mechanism of the formation of the encapsulated particles was investigated. A precursor particle formed below 700°C in the drying stage was composed of the homogeneous mixture of the nano-sized SiO2 and PdO⋅xH2O particles. When PdO is decomposed above 700°C, metallic palladium particles are formed in the matrix of silica. Because of the high surface free energy, the metallic palladium particles coagulate and condense to the composite particle interior. As a result of the relocation within the composite particle, SiO2 is forced out of the particle towards the surface to form a silica-encapsulated palladium particle.
miRBase: microRNA Sequences and Annotation (2010)

miRBase is the central repository for microRNA (miRNA) sequence information. miRBase has a role in defining the nomenclature for miRNA genes and assigning names to novel miRNAs for publication in peer-reviewed journals. The online miRBase database is a resource containing all published miRNA sequences, together with textual annotation and links to the primary literature and to other secondary databases. The database provides a variety of methods to query the data, by specific searches of sequences and associated text and literature. All miRBase data are also available for download from the miRBase FTP site.
Experimental characterization of disordered and ordered aggregates populated during the process of amyloid fibril formation (2009)

Recent experimental evidence points to intermediates populated during the process of amyloid fibril formation as the toxic moieties primarily responsible for the development of increasingly common disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. We describe here the application of a pulse-labeling hydrogen-deuterium (HD) exchange strategy monitored by mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR spectroscopy (NMR) to characterize the aggregation process of an SH3 domain under 2 different conditions, both of which ultimately lead to well-defined amyloid fibrils. Under one condition, the intermediates appear to be largely amorphous in nature, whereas under the other condition protofibrillar species are clearly evident. Under the conditions favoring amorphous-like intermediates, only species having no protection against HD exchange can be detected in addition to the mature fibrils that show a high degree of protection. By contrast, under the conditions favoring protofibrillar-like intermediates, MS reveals that multiple species are present with different degrees of HD exchange protection, indicating that aggregation occurs initially through relatively disordered species that subsequently evolve to form ordered aggregates that eventually lead to amyloid fibrils. Further analysis using NMR provides residue-specific information on the structural reorganizations that take place during aggregation, as well as on the time scales by which they occur.
Esophageal pressures in acute lung injury: do they represent artifact or useful information about transpulmonary pressure, chest wall mechanics, and lung stress? (2009)

Acute lung injury can be worsened by inappropriate mechanical ventilation, and numerous experimental studies suggest that ventilator-induced lung injury is increased by excessive lung inflation at end inspiration or inadequate lung inflation at end expiration. Lung inflation depends not only on airway pressures from the ventilator but, also, pleural pressure within the chest wall. Although esophageal pressure (Pes) measurements are often used to estimate pleural pressures in healthy subjects and patients, they are widely mistrusted and rarely used in critical illness. To assess the credibility of Pes as an estimate of pleural pressure in critically ill patients, we compared Pes measurements in 48 patients with acute lung injury with simultaneously measured gastric and bladder pressures (Pga and P(blad)). End-expiratory Pes, Pga, and P(blad) were high and varied widely among patients, averaging 18.6 +/- 4.7, 18.4 +/- 5.6, and 19.3 +/- 7.8 cmH(2)O, respectively (mean +/- SD). End-expiratory Pes was correlated with Pga (P = 0.0004) and P(blad) (P = 0.0104) and unrelated to chest wall compliance. Pes-Pga differences were consistent with expected gravitational pressure gradients and transdiaphragmatic pressures. Transpulmonary pressure (airway pressure - Pes) was -2.8 +/- 4.9 cmH(2)O at end exhalation and 8.3 +/- 6.2 cmH(2)O at end inflation, values consistent with effects of mediastinal weight, gravitational gradients in pleural pressure, and airway closure at end exhalation. Lung parenchymal stress measured directly as end-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure was much less than stress inferred from the plateau airway pressures and lung and chest wall compliances. We suggest that Pes can be used to estimate transpulmonary pressures that are consistent with known physiology and can provide meaningful information, otherwise unavailable, in critically ill patients.
[The latest study and development of cartilage tissue engineering]. (2007)

In this paper are reviewed the current situation and research progress of cartilage tissue engineering, including seeding cell, three-dimensional cytoskeleton, cell culture system and evaluation of artificial cartilage behavior, animal model, and clinical trial.
Lorry driver's time habits in work and their involvement in traffic accidents (1987)

Abstract Using representative samples of drivers operating in freight transportation, the sociological features of lorry drivers, the process of formation of this group, and their work conditions are described. In many ways they are similar to other blue collar workers. The analysis of career evolution shows the existence of social processes of selection, whereby some people leave this sort of work, while others stay in it but try to improve their working conditions by migrating to firms offering better salaries and/or easier conditions. As ‘normal’ durations and rhythms of work are known, it was possible to calculate the risk exposure to road accident involvement (according to the time at which the drivers are at the wheel and in relation to the amount of work already carried out) and to compare it, using a representative sample of the drivers involved, to the time features of the driver's activities prior to the accident. This demonstrated that the risk of involvement in an accident increases with the number of hours carried out, and according to the time at which the drivers are at the wheel (at the end of a normal working day and at night). However, the relation between the duration of the work periods and the accident risk is not the same for different types of drivers. Younger drivers, and those in the Transportation Branch, are exposed to a higher global risk level, but apparently find various ‘resources’ to fight fatigue for the most dangerous threshold periods. Thus it is necessary to take account of physiological mechanisms on the one hand, and acquisition modes of ‘know-how’ which may compensate for fatigue, on the other.
Matrix Effect Study and Immunoassay Detection Using Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Biosensor (2018)

Significant progress has been made on the development of electrolyte-gated graphene field effect transistor (EGGFET) biosensors over the last decade, yet they are still in the stage of proof-of-concept. In this work, we studied the electrolyte matrix effects, including its composition, pH and ionic strength, and demonstrate that variations in electrolyte matrices have a significant impact on the Fermi level of the graphene channel and the sensitivity of the EGGFET biosensors. This is attributed to the polarization-induced interaction between the electrolyte and the graphene at the interface which can lead to considerable modulation of the Fermi level of the graphene channel. As a result, the response of the EGGFET biosensors is susceptible to the matrix effect which might lead to high uncertainty or even false results. Then, an EGGFET immunoassay is presented which aims to allow good regulation of the matrix effect. The multichannel design allows in-situ calibration with negative control, as well as statistical validation of the measurement results. Its performance is demonstrated by the detection of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) from serum. The detection range is estimated to be around 2⁻50 nM with a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 20% and the recovery rate for IgG detection is around 85⁻95%. Compared with traditional immunoassay techniques, the EGGFET immunoassay is label-free and ready to be integrated with microfluidics sensor platforms, suggesting its great prospect for point-of-care applications.
Genetic Epidemiology of Breast Cancer and Associated Cancers in High-Risk Families. II. Linkage Analysis<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref> (1983)

Chromosomal locations of hypothetical alleles which increase susceptibility to human breast cancer in some families were investigated by genetic linkage analysis. In 7 families with primarily premenopausal breast cancer and (in 5 families) ovarian cancer, a dominant susceptibility allele may be linked to the genetic marker glutamicpyruvic transaminase or alanine aminotransferase (GPT; lod score 1.95 at zero recombination). The most positive lod score for linkage to a recessive susceptibility allele was for acid phosphatase (ACP; lod score 0.78 at 40% recombination), but ACP was informative in ony 1 family. In 3 families with primarily postmenopausal breast cancer, none of 21 genetic markers provided any evidence for linkage to either dominant or recessive susceptibility alleles. In the families with the possible GPT linkage, women who carry the hypothetical susceptibility allele would be at high risk of breast cancer, whereas their relatives who do not carry that allele would have no increased risk. GPT genotype is not associated with breast cancer risk in the general population, so GPT linkage cannot be used as a screening test for breast cancer.
Use of the Berthelot Reaction in the Automated Analysis of Serum Urea Nitrogen (1966)

Abstract A method is presented for the automated determination of urea nitrogen using the Berthelot reaction for measuring the ammonia released by the enzymatic action of urease. The method compares favorably with the automated diacetyl monoxime method and employs less dangerous and less expensive reagents.
Feeding Protected and Unprotected Oils to Dairy Cows (1976)

Feeding protected coconut oil, protected safflower oil, and protected soybean oil to dairy cows increased dry matter content of the milk. The protected soybean oil raised fat and protein whereas protected coconut oil increased the fat content in the milk to a similar extent. Due to protection of these oils, their effect appears to be at the postabsorptive stage. Protected hydrogenated soybean oil lowered the content of fat and dry matter in the milk. This suggests that the so-called milk fat depression with oil feeding is brought about by the biotransformed long chain fatty acids produced from the oil in the rumen.
Analysis of Single Frequency, Carrier Phase Based GPS Positioning Performance and Sensor Aiding Requirements (2013)

The work described in this report outlines the design and testing of a low-cost, single frequency, carrier phase\npositioning system. Furthermore, aiding sensor accuracy requirements are analyzed to improve the robustness of\nthe carrier phase system after emerging from signal outages. The applications of interest are ones with safety-of-life\nimplications such as driver assist systems.
The Elements of Stochastic Processes with Applications to the Natural Sciences. (1965)

Generating Functions Recurrent Events Random Walk Models Markov Chains Discrete Branching Processes Markov Processes in Continuous Time Homogeneous Birth and Death Processes Some Non-Homogeneous Processes Multi-Dimensional Processes Queueing Processes Epidemic Processes Competition and Predation Diffusion Processes Approximations to Stochastic Processes Some Non-Markovian Processes.
Using refactorings to automatically update component-based applications (2005)

Frameworks and libraries change their APIs during evolution. Migrating an application to the new API is tedious and disrupts the development process. Although some tools and techniques have been proposed to solve the evolution of APIs, most updates are done manually. Our goal is to reduce the burden of reuse on maintenance by reducing the cost of adapting to change. We studied the API changes of three frameworks and one library and discovered that over 80% of the changes the break existing applications are refactorings. This suggests that refactoring-based migration tools should be used to effectively update applications. We propose a methodology to automatically and safely update component-based applications with no overhead on the component producers.
Seismic early warning alert system (SEWAS) (2014)

As urbanization is increasing worldwide, earthquakes are a serious threat to lives and properties for urban areas near major active faults on land or subduction zones offshore. Seismic Early Warning Alert System (SEWAS) can be a useful tool for reducing earthquake hazards, if the spatial relation between cities and earthquake sources is favorable for such warning and their citizens are properly trained to respond to earthquake warning messages. The SEWAS will forewarn an urban area of forthcoming strong shake, normally with the maximum period of warning time so that peoples could take appropriate actions & respond to that situation effectively, i.e., when the P-wave is sensed before the arrival of the destructive S-wave part of the strong ground motion. Pre-warning will be useful for pre-programmed emergency measures for various critical facilities, such as rapid-transit vehicles and stopping high speed trains to avoid potential derailment; it will be also useful for orderly shutoff of gas pipelines to minimize fire hazards, controlled shutdown of high-technological manufacturing operations to reduce potential losses, and safe-guarding of computer facilities to avoid loss of vital databases. In this we will be using the concept of threshold, velocity & displacement & data points on the signals which are being received. A threshold value will be set on the basis of the past records which are recorded earlier. If the signal crosses the threshold then our tool i.e. SEWAS will be generating an alert message which will be send on mobile phones of almost all the users who reside there.
Combining Gradient and Evolutionary Approaches to the Artificial Neural Networks Training According to Principles of Support Vector Machines (2006)

A gradient based learning for ANN training in pattern recognition tasks and a genetic approach for ANN pruning are proposed in this paper. The goal is to achieve a wide margin classifier the Vapnik-Chevornenkis (VC) dimension of which is being reduced in order to increase the generalization performance. Inspired by Support Vector Machines the examples closest to the decision boundary contribute to the training the most. The training penalty is rule-based and calculated according to the spatial distribution of the training examples relative to the separating hyperplane. The tendency to saturation of hidden neurons is suppressed. Genetic algorithm based method is proposed for reduction of the size of a trained ANN. The proposed algorithms were tested on artificial and real world data and compared to standard Backpropagation and Support Vector Machine with Gaussian RBF kernel.
Meta Aircraft Flight Dynamics (2014)

A meta aircraft is an air vehicle composed of a set of independent aircraft that are connected together in flight to form a larger composite aircraft. This paper explores the dynamics of meta aircraft systems with a focus on the changes in the aircraft flight dynamic modes and flexible modes of the system. Specifically, when aircraft are connected, basic flight dynamic modes such as the phugoid, short period, dutch roll, spiral, and roll modes change as a function of the number of connected aircraft. For aircraft connected in a wing-tip-to-wing-tip configuration, the longitudinal modes remain largely invariant with respect to the number of aircraft, whereas lateral modes are variable for both tip-to-tail and wing-tip-to-wing-tip connection configurations. In addition, connected aircraft exhibit complex flexible modes that change based on the characteristics of the connection joint and the number of connected aircraft. These conclusions are reached using a rigid six-degree-of-freedom representation for a single aircraft, where aircraft are connected through a set of linear and rotational elastic elements modeling the connection mechanism. Aerodynamic loads from all lifting surfaces are computed using a nonlinear lifting-line approach to enable aerodynamic wake interactions between connected aircraft.