gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative studies of in situ immune complex glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by planted, cationized antigen (1982)

Cationized human IgG can bind to the rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM), act as planted antigen, and induce in situ immune complex formation accompanied by severe glomerulonephritis. Perfusion of highly cationized human IgG (isoelectric point {more than} 9.5) via the left renal artery resulted in preferential localization within the perfused kidney (up to 56 percent of dose injected); after intravenous administration, only 4 percent was bound to the kidneys. The planted antigen was localized along the glomerular capillary walls and was accessible for antibody administered intravenously 1 h after perfusion, when virtually no antigen remained in the circulation. Persistence of cationized human IgG in the perfused kidney was markedly prolonged when complexed with antibody; one-half the cationized human IgG was still present after 12 d. There was a difference in the disappearance rates of antigen and antibody, as cationized human IgG was removed faster from the kidney than the antibody, the binding of which remained almost unchanged during the first week. Renal perfusion of a minimum of 20 mug of cationized human IgG, followed by intravenous injection of antibody, regularly induced severe glomerulonephritis with a proteinuria of at least 100 mg/24 h. The degree and the persistence of proteinuria induced depended on the dose of cationized human IgG perfused. Experiments using radiolabeled antigen and antibody showed that after renal perfusion of 20 mug cationized human IgG, 11.1 mug was kidney bound at the time of antibody injection. At the onset of proteinuria, 4.0 mug of antigen and 31.9 mug of anti-human IgG antibody were present in the perfused kidney. Immunofluorescence revealed immune deposits consisting of cationized human IgG and rabbit IgG (anti-human IgG) along the GBM. The staining pattern was linear (confluent) during the first 2 d and became granular during the course of the disease. Electronmicroscopically, a prominent finding was the accumulation of dense deposits, mainly in the subepithelial space and beneath the slit pores.
Discussion (1940)

Discussion Lewis B. Case CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.30.2.160 Published Online: August 29, 2011
New high-molecular decomposition products of natamycin (pimaricin) with intact lactone-ring. (1976)

Mild acid treatment of natamycin (IV) results in biologically inactive aponatamycin (VI), an amphoteric substance with some natamycin-like chemical and physical properties. Aponatamycin contains one natamycin- and one natamycinolide-moiety. More drastic acid degradation of natamycin eliminates the aminosugar under formation of the dimer (VII) of the hypothetical aglycone of natamycin, natamycinolide (V) as well as a non-ionic compound, the dimer of the 12-decarboxy-11-anhydro analogue of natamycinolide.
A 1-V 128-kb four-way set-associative CMOS cache memory using wordline-oriented tag-compare (WLOTC) structure with the content-addressable-memory (CAM) 10-transistor tag cell (2001)

This paper reports a 1-V 128-kb four-way set-associative CMOS cache memory implemented by a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology using wordline-oriented tag-compare (WLOTC) structure with the 10-transistor tag cell usually for content-addressable memory (CAM) for low-voltage low-power VLSI system application. Owing to the WLOTC structure with the CAM 10-transistor tag cell for accommodating the one-step hit/miss generation and the dynamic pulse generators for realizing read-enable signals, a small hit access time (3.5 ns), low power consumption (4.1 mW at 50 MHz), and good expansion capability without sacrificing speed have been obtained.
Factors Affecting High-Pressure Solvent Extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) of Additives from Polymers (1998)

Irganox 1010 (pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)] propionate) is successfully extracted from polypropylene using solvents at high temperatures and pressures in a homemade accelerated solvent extraction system. For example, using freeze-ground polymer, 90% extraction is possible within 5 min with 2-propanol at 150 °C. Extraction curves for 2-propanol and acetone fit well to the "hot ball" model, previously developed for supercritical fluid extraction. Diffusion coefficients are determined for extractions with 2-propanol, acetone, and cyclohexane over a range of temperatures, and the activation energies for the diffusion are 134, 107, and 61 kJ mol(-)(1), respectively. The lower figure for acetone and cyclohexane indicates that these solvents swell the polymer more than does 2-propanol. The polymer dissolves in the solvent at too high a temperature, which causes blockage of the transfer lines. For maximum extraction rates, the highest temperature for each solvent that avoids dissolution of the polymer should be used. The use of mixed solvents is investigated and shows advantages in some cases, with the aim of producing a solvent that will swell the polymer but not dissolve it.
Molecular pharmacology of renal organic anion transporters (2000)

Renal organic anion transport systems play an important role in the elimination of drugs, toxic compounds, and their metabolites, many of which are potentially harmful to the body. The renal proximal tubule is the primary site of carrier-mediated transport from blood to urine of a wide variety of anionic substrates. Recent studies have shown that organic anion secretion in renal proximal tubule is mediated by distinct sodium-dependent and sodium-independent transport systems. Knowledge of the molecular identity of these transporters and their substrate specificity has increased considerably in the past few years by cloning of various carrier proteins. However, a number of fundamental questions still have to be answered to elucidate the participation of the cloned transporters in the overall tubular secretion of anionic xenobiotics. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on molecular and pharmacological properties of renal organic anion transporters and homologs, with special reference to their nephron and plasma membrane localization, transport characteristics, and substrate and inhibitor specificity. A number of the recently cloned transporters, such as the p-aminohippurate/dicarboxylate exchanger OAT1, the anion/sulfate exchanger SAT1, the peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2, and the nucleoside transporters CNT1 and CNT2, are key proteins in organic anion handling that possess the same characteristics as has been predicted from previous physiological studies. The role of other cloned transporters, such as MRP1, MRP2, OATP1, OAT-K1, and OAT-K2, is still poorly characterized, whereas the only information that is available on the homologs OAT2, OAT3, OATP3, and MRP3-6 is that they are expressed in the kidney, but their localization, not to mention their function, remains to be elucidated.
Coding for the gaussian channel: The promise of weighted‐output decoding (1989)

Abstract We introduce the concept of weighted‐output decoding, which enables us to perform many successive decodings without information loss. The design of a coding system for the additive white Gaussian channel can thus be viewed as a means for combining many simple codes. We illustrate this concept by the example of parity‐check codes which are combined according to Elias' iterated product. Examination of the performance thus obtained leads us to criticize the conventional minimal distance criterion and to propose as a criterion a proximity measure of the weight distribution of the code with respect to the binomial one. According to this point of view, the iterated product of parity‐check codes appears as a means of decimation of the set of n ‐tuples.
P27.03: Unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia: Primary prenatal finding of Phaces Syndrome, a case report (2008)

An isolated unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia is one of the least frequent malformation in the fetal cerebellum, and it may be the first finding of several syndromes like: Goldenhar, Aicardi, Moebius and PHACES. PHACES Syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder incluiding these many different combination: posterior fossa malformations, facial hemangiomas, arterial, cardiac, eyes anomalies, and sternal clefts. We report a single unusual case of prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis made at the routine morphologic scan at 21 weeks, on a 29-years-old primigravida with negative family history. The routine cross-sectional 2D planes showed an abnormal posterior fossa, with an asimmetric enlarged Cisterna Magna, and an asymmetrical cerebellar hemisphere with the right greater than the left. The study was completed with a multiplanar 3D scan that confirmed the previous diagnosis and rules out other abnormalities. Fetal MRI was performed at 21 and 32 weeks of gestational age and confirmed an isolated left hypoplasic cerebellar hemisphere. The fetal ecocardiography study was normal. After a multidisciplinary counseling the couple decided to continue with the pregnancy, and they refused an amniocentesis for fetal karyotype. A female baby was born by spontaneous vaginal delivery at 40 weeks, 3200 g, Apgar test 9/10. The postnatal evaluation showed a normal: echocardiography, periferic blood karyotype and the cerebral ultrasound. and MRI finally confirmed the previous prenatal diagnosis. At one month's life the infant developed in her left-face side a hemangioma involving trigeminal division V1 and V2, that leads to the diagnosis of PHACES Sindrome. At the present, 6 months of life, neurological development has been normal and she has started corticoids treatment because of intraorbital afection of the hemangioma. In conclusion the prenatal diagnosis of an assimetric hypoplastic cerebellum may be an important feature of a genetic syndrome
Scalable learning of collective behavior based on sparse social dimensions (2009)

The study of collective behavior is to understand how individuals behave in a social network environment. Oceans of data generated by social media like Facebook, Twitter, Flickr and YouTube present opportunities and challenges to studying collective behavior in a large scale. In this work, we aim to learn to predict collective behavior in social media. In particular, given information about some individuals, how can we infer the behavior of unobserved individuals in the same network? A social-dimension based approach is adopted to address the heterogeneity of connections presented in social media. However, the networks in social media are normally of colossal size, involving hundreds of thousands or even millions of actors. The scale of networks entails scalable learning of models for collective behavior prediction. To address the scalability issue, we propose an edge-centric clustering scheme to extract sparse social dimensions. With sparse social dimensions, the social-dimension based approach can efficiently handle networks of millions of actors while demonstrating comparable prediction performance as other non-scalable methods.
High expression of Wilms' tumor suppressor gene predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. (2002)

These results suggest that measurement of WT1 mRNA levels in tumor tissues might be useful as a new prognostic factor in breast cancer patients.
High Breakdown Voltage (−201) $\beta $ -Ga2O3 Schottky Rectifiers (2017)

β-Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated in a vertical geometry structure consisting of Ni/Au rectifying contacts without edge termination on Si-doped epitaxial layers (10 μm, n~4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> ) on Sn-doped bulk Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> substrates with full-area Ti/Au back Ohmic contacts. The reverse breakdown voltage, VBR, was a function of rectifying contact area, ranging from 1600 Vat 3.1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (20-μm diameter) to ~250 Vat 2.2×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> (0.53-mm diameter). The current density near breakdown was not strongly dependent on contact circumference but did scale with contact area, indicating that the bulk current contribution was dominant. The lowest ON-state resistance, Ron, was 1.6 mQ· cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the largest diode and 25 mQ·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the 1600-V rectifier, leading to a Baliga figure-of-merit (V2BR/Ron) for the latter of approximately 102.4 MW·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . The ON-OFF ratio was measured at a forward voltage of 1.3 V and ranged from 3×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> to 2.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> for reverse biases from -5 to -40 V and showed only a small dependence on temperature in the range from 25 °C to 100 °C.
Procedure for the determination of 210Pb in phosphate ore, gypsum and phosphoric acid by radiochemical separation and gamma-ray spectrometry (1994)

A procedure is described for the determination of 210Pb in phosphate ore, gypsum and phosphoric acid by radiochemical separation and gamma-ray spectrometry of the 46.5 keV gamma ray of 210Pb. The procedure involves microwave dissolution, removal of interfering Fe by extraction with thiocyanate in isobutyl methyl ketone and extraction of Pb as the diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) complex into CHCl3. After evaporation of the CHCl3, the DDTC complex is decomposed and Pb is precipitated as PbCrO4. The chemical yield is determined gravimetrically and the precipitate is counted on a low-energy gamma-ray detector. Experiments proved the linearity between the 210Pb counting result for PbCrO4 masses in the range 15–100 mg. For materials with levels of approximately 500 Bq kg–1, 10 g of material are processed and the PbCrO4 preparate is counted for 24 h. Materials with a 210Pb content lower than 75 Bq kg–1 demand larger sample masses and/or longer counting times. The limit of determination is 75 Bq kg–1. A relative standard deviation of 2.5–5.0% at the 500 Bq kg–1 level for replicate 210Pb determinations in phosphate ore and gypsum was achieved. An inaccuracy of the method of less than 10% was derived from results for selected materials, that were also analysed by direct gamma-ray spectrometry.
The Protein Truncation Test (2003)

The protein truncation test (PTT) (1), occasionally referred to as the in vitro synthesized-protein (IVSP) assay (2), is a method for screening the coding region of a gene for mutations that result in the premature termination of mRNA translation. The techniques involved in performing PTT are relatively straightforward and begin with the isolation of genomic DNA or RNA. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify a DNA template, usually of 1–3 kb in size, that is tested in an in vitro transcription and translation assay. Truncated proteins are identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography or fluorography. A single, large exon of a gene can be amplified directly from genomic DNA in several overlapping fragments. The complete coding sequence of a large gene, with many small exons, can be amplified in several overlapping fragments by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) starting from RNA. Amplifying the gene in several segments that overlap each other by 300–500 bp increases the sensitivity of PTT. A truncating mutation located toward the 3′ end of one segment will also occur near the 5′ end of the next overlapping segment, thus increasing the likelihood of identifying a truncated protein. A specially modified forward PCR primer is required for PTT. In addition to the in-frame gene-specific primer sequence, an extension at the 5′ end includes the T7 promoter sequence for RNA transcription by T7 RNA polymerase, the eukaryotic consensus sequence for the initiation of protein translation, and the ATG protein translation start site.
1. Fatality Following a Sternal Bone Marrow Aspiration Procedure (2004)

A 58-year-old man was admitted to hospital for the investigation and treatment of pancytopaenia and anaemic heart failure but four days later he died following a sternal bone marrow aspiration procedure. The autopsy revealed a significant haemopericardium as a result of a puncture wound of the heart. The thickness the body of the sternum was 2 to 3 mm. No other significant pathology was noted and death was ascribed to a haemopericardium due to a puncture wound of the heart associated with bone marrow aspiration. An inquest was held at which the doctor who undertook the procedure was found not to be negligent.
Nicotinamide Prevents Ultraviolet Radiation‐induced Cellular Energy Loss (2010)

UV radiation is carcinogenic by causing mutations in the skin and also by suppressing cutaneous antitumor immunity. We previously found nicotinamide (vitamin B3) to be highly effective at reducing UV-induced immunosuppression in human volunteers, with microarray studies on in vivo irradiated human skin suggesting that nicotinamide normalizes subsets of apoptosis, immune function and energy metabolism-related genes that are downregulated by UV exposure. Using human adult low calcium temperature keratinocytes, we further investigated nicotinamide's effects on cellular energy metabolism. We found that nicotinamide prevented UV-induced cellular ATP loss and protected against UV-induced glycolytic blockade. To determine whether nicotinamide alters the effects of UV-induced oxidative stress posttranslationally, we also measured UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nicotinamide had no effect on ROS formation, and at the low UV doses used in these studies, equivalent to ambient daily sun exposure, there was no evidence of apoptosis. Hence, nicotinamide appears to exert its UV protective effects on the skin via its role in cellular energy pathways.
Metformin-treated cancer cells modulate macrophage polarization through AMPK-NF-κB signaling (2017)

Accumulating evidence is indicating metformin to possess the potential ability in preventing tumor development and suppressing cancer growth. However, the exact mechanism of its antitumorigenic effects is still not clear. We found that metformin suppressed the ability of cancer to skew macrophage toward M2 phenotype. Metformin treated cancer cells increased macrophage expression of M1-related cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α and attenuated M2-related cytokines IL-8, IL-10, and TGF-β expression. Furthermore, metformin treated cancer cells displayed inhibited secretion of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13; cytokines important for inducing M2 macrophages. Conversely, M1 inducing cytokine IFN-γ was upper-regulated in cancer cells. Additionally, through increasing AMPK and p65 phosphorylation, metformin treatment activated AMPK-NF-κB signaling of cancer cells that participate in regulating M1 and M2 inducing cytokines expression. Moreover, Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly increased IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 expression while BAY-117082, an NF-κB inhibitor, decreased expression. In metformin-treated tumor tissue, the percentage of M2-like macrophages decreased while M1-like macrophages increased. These findings suggest that metformin activates cancer AMPK-NF-κB signaling, a pathway involved in regulating M1/M2 expression and inducing genes for macrophage polarization to anti-tumor phenotype.
Measuring the spatiotemporal electric field of tightly focused ultrashort pulses with submicron spatial resolution (2009)

We demonstrate a powerful and practical spectral interferometer with near-field scanning microscopy (NSOM) probes for measuring the spatiotemporal electric field of tightly focused ultrashort pulses with sub-micron spatial resolution and high spectral resolution. To make these measurements we use SEA TADPOLE which is a high spectral resolution, experimentally simplified version of spectral interferometry that uses fiber optics to introduce the pulse into the device. To measure the spatiotemporal field of focusing pulses, the entrance fiber is scanned around the focus and a measurement at each fiber position is made, so that E(ω) is found at many positions along the beam's cross section so that we can reconstruct E(x,y,z,ω). The make these measurements we require that the fiber's mode size be smaller than the focused spot size. In the past using optical fibers we were limited to measuring foci with NA's less than 0.1, and here by replacing the fiber with an NSOM fiber, we measure the spatiotemporal field of focused pulses with NAs as high as 0.44. To demonstrate this technique we measured pulses that were focused with two different microscope objectives to verify that we achieved the expected results. We also measured foci that had severe distortions, such as the Bessel-like X-shaped pulse caused by spherical aberrations and the "fore-runner pulse" due to chromatic aberrations and we verified these results with non-paraxial simulations. In our measurements we observed spatial features smaller than 1μm.
Gastritis due to spiral shaped bacteria other than Helicobacter pylori: clinical, histological, and ultrastructural findings. (1991)

An intensive histological search for Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy specimens has led to the detection of other spiral shaped bacteria in the human gastric mucosa. The clinical and morphological findings of 39 cases (0.25% of all gastric biopsies performed in the observation period) are reported for 34 patients (87.2%) complaining of upper abdominal discomfort. Five patients (12.8%) had chronic gastritis and 34 (87.2%) chronic active gastritis. The organisms were seen by light microscopy deep in the gastric foveolae and intracellularly. The scanning and transmission electron microscopic findings show bacteria which invade and damage gastric mucosal cells. These organisms are similar to the spiral shaped bacteria found in the stomachs of cats and dogs and non-human primates. In eight patients organisms were not detected after four weeks of treatment with bismuth salts. The disappearance of the organisms coincided with resolution of the chronic active gastritis and the symptoms.