gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Epidemiological characteristics of imported acute infectious diseases in the border areas of Yunnan province, 2008-2017]. (2019)

<b>Objective:</b> To understand the epidemiological characteristics of imported acute infectious diseases between 2008 and 2017 in the border areas of Yunnan province. <b>Methods:</b> All the cases occurred between January 2008 and December 2017 and related information was from the Chinese CDC infectious disease report information management system, according to definition of imported cases diagnosed by clinicians. Epidemiological characteristics of the imported cases of related information were gathered. <b>Results:</b> A total of 13 157 imported acute infectious diseases were reported from the border areas of Yunnan province, which accounted for 6.03<i>%</i> (13 157/218 284) of the total number of acute infectious diseases in the same areas from 2008 to 2017. Malaria, dengue fever and hand-foot-mouth disease were accounted for 56.05<i>%</i> (7 374/13 157), 21.82<i>%</i> (2 871/13 157) and 4.62<i>%</i> (608/13 157), of all the case, respectively. The number of imported malaria cases decreased annually. However, dengue fever showed a sharp increase. Peaks of the epidemics appeared as: May for malaria and October for dengue fever. Male patients were accounting for the majority (73.22<i>%</i>, 9 634/13 157), so as the patients with Chinese nationality (54.91<i>%</i>, 7 225/13 157). The age distribution appeared as: 67.12<i>%</i> (8 829/13 157) for the 15-44 year olds and 19.26<i>%</i> (2 535/13 157) were children below 14 years of age. Proportions of occupation appeared as: farmers (45.23<i>%</i>, 5 596/13 157), migrant workers (21.30<i>%</i>, 2 802/13 157) and children living at home (11.12<i>%</i>, 1 463/13 157). Most of the imported cases were coming from Myanmar and appearing in the following three counties: Ruili city, Tengchong city, and Yingjiang of Yunnan province. Cities/counties that with number of imported cases more than 10<i>%</i> of the local reported cases, would include Ruili city, Tengchong city, Zhenkang county and Mangshi of Yunnan province. <b>Conclusions:</b> Imported acute infectious disease was a serious public health problem in Yunnan province, 2008-2017. The main imported acute infectious diseases were malaria, dengue fever and hand-foot-mouth disease. The majority imported cases were accounting for Chinese, male, young adults and farmers. It is also important for immigration workers to carry out surveillance, prevention and control programs on infectious diseases when working in neighboring countries.
Ahab: A cloud‐based distributed big data analytics framework for the Internet of Things (2016)

Summary Smart city applications generate large amounts of operational data during their execution, such as information from infrastructure monitoring, performance and health events from used toolsets, and application execution logs. These data streams contain vital information about the execution environment that can be used to fine‐tune or optimize different layers of a smart city application infrastructure. Current approaches do not sufficiently address the efficient collection, processing, and storage of this information in the smart city domain. In this paper, we present Ahab , a generic, scalable, and fault‐tolerant data processing framework based on the cloud that allows operators to perform online and offline analyses on gathered data to better understand and optimize the behavior of the available smart city infrastructure. Ahab is designed for easy integration of new data sources, provides an extensible API to perform custom analysis tasks, and a domain‐specific language to define adaptation rules based on analysis results. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach using an example application for autonomous intersection management in smart city environments. Our framework is able to autonomously optimize application deployment topologies by distributing processing load over available infrastructure resources when necessary based on both online analysis of the current state of the environment and patterns learned from historical data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XY female mice resulting from a heritable mutation in the primary testis determining gene, <i>Tdy</i> (1990)

Chimeric mice constructed with XY embryonic stem (ES) cells that had been multiply infected with a retroviral vector were used in a genetic screen to look for mutations affecting the sex determination pathway in mice. From a small number of chimeras screened one was identified that gave rise to a low proportion of XY females amongst his offspring. Analysis of the segregating patterns of retroviral insertions demonstrated that the mutation was found in a subset of the offspring derived from one originally infected ES cell. However, the mutation appeared to have occurred subsequent to the infection. Some of the XY females proved to be fertile, and the mutant phenotype was found to segregate exclusively with the Y chromosome. Analysis of the offspring also confirmed the absence of any retroviral insertion that could be correlated with the mutation. Further characterisation of the Y chromosome carrying the mutation by karyotypic analysis, and by Southern blotting with a range of Y-specific DNA probes suggested that there has been no gross deletion or rearrangement of the Y carrying the mutation. There also appeared to be no loss of Y-specific gene functions apart from that of testis determination. Moreover, the mutation is complemented by Sxr', the minimum portion of the mouse Y known to carry Tdy. From the phenotype and deduced location of the mutation, we conclude that it is within the Tdy locus. This is the first such mutation to be described in mice.
Nonlinearity of the radio-frequency sheath (1996)

The nonlinearity of the plasma sheath for frequencies well above the ion plasma frequency is analyzed. The work focuses on the relation of sheath voltage and displacement current for the low-pressure discharge. The simple model of a stepwise electron density distribution within the sheath and a generalized model are derived. Both approaches result in a fundamental and general relation of sheath voltage, displacement current, and time dependent sheath width. Experiments at asymmetrical rf discharges show the models to be realistic. The temporal dependence of the sheath width is calculated from experimental data.
South African Statements of Accounting Practice as Part of a User-oriented Framework (1989)

In this third and final article on a suggested Hierarchy of Objectives for Financial Reporting the author deals with Statements of Accounting Practice as the operational level thereof, implementing concepts and principles towards achieving the objectives defined. As a consequence the concepts of materiality and substance over form, the fundamental assumptions of going concern, matching and prudence, and the term “accounting policies” are reviewed within the context of a framework.
Phase conjugation driven by orthogonal pump waves in birefringent fibers (2003)

Phase conjugation driven by orthogonal pump waves in birefringent polarization-maintaining fibers is studied analytically and numerically. For typical parameters, the gain bandwidths and polarization sensitivities associated with orthogonal-pump waves are comparable to those associated with parallel-pump waves. However, the maximal gains are significantly lower.
Fast maximum likelihood for blind identification of multiple FIR channels (1996)

This paper develops a fast maximum likelihood method for estimating the impulse responses of multiple FIR channels driven by an arbitrary unknown input. The resulting method consists of two iterative steps, where each step minimizes a quadratic function. The two-step maximum likelihood (TSML) method is shown to be high-SNR efficient, i.e., attaining the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRB) at high SNR. The TSML method exploits a novel orthogonal complement matrix of the generalized Sylvester matrix. Simulations show that the TSML, method significantly outperforms the cross-relation (CR) method and the subspace (SS) method and attains the CRB over a wide range of SNR. This paper also studies a Fisher information (FI) matrix to reveal the identifiability of the M-channel system. A strong connection between the FI-based identifiability and the CR-based identifiability is established.
A structural &amp; operational comparative study of converter topologies &amp; analysis of MMC for high voltage applications (2015)

This paper presents the structural and operational comparison of line commutated converter (LCC), voltage source converter (VSC) and Modular Multi level converter(MMC) for High voltage applications and also presents the simulation model of modular multilevel converter (MMC) which is one of the most promising converter topologies for highvoltage applications, especially for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. The converter is characterized by a modular arm structure, formed by a cascaded connection of a large number of simple chopper cells with floating DC capacitors. These cells are called Sub-Modules (SM) and can be easily assembled into a converter for high-voltage or mediumvoltage power conversion systems. A control scheme also presented for voltage balancing control and a leg total voltage control in order to achieve a stable behavior in all operating conditions. The validity and the effectiveness of the voltage control strategy are confirmed by numerical simulations. Simulations are done by using MATLAB/Simulink software.
Localization of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin Cross-Reactive Protein in Human and Baboon Endometrium and Decidua during the Menstrual Cycle and Early Pregnancy1 (1999)

We have examined the distribution of ubiquitin and the related ubiquitin cross-reactive protein (UCRP) in paraffin-embedded sections of human and baboon endometrium and decidua by immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence cytochemistry with antibodies raised against ubiquitin, UCRP, CD45, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1. Anti-ubiquitin immunoreactivity was present in the nonpregnant endometrium, particularly in the glandular epithelial cells, and up-regulated in endometrial stromal cells as they decidualized at the beginning of pregnancy. Anti-UCRP immunoreactivity was absent from nonpregnant tissue but accumulated to high levels in decidual cells during pregnancy. Western blotting indicated that immunoreactivity was primarily due to the presence of ubiquitin and UCRP conjugated to other proteins, and that although levels of ubiquitin-protein conjugates do not change substantially during pregnancy, decidualization is accompanied by the appearance of conjugates of UCRP. Baboon uterine tissues demonstrated a similar distribution of the two proteins, which indicates that the baboon may be a useful model for study of the role of the ubiquitin system and UCRP in the establishment of pregnancy in humans.
Fast Monte Carlo Algorithms for Matrices III: Computing a Compressed Approximate Matrix Decomposition (2006)

In many applications, the data consist of (or may be naturally formulated as) an $m \times n$ matrix A which may be stored on disk but which is too large to be read into random access memory (RAM) or to practically perform superlinear polynomial time computations on it. Two algorithms are presented which, when given an $m \times n$ matrix A, compute approximations to A which are the product of three smaller matrices, C, U, and R, each of which may be computed rapidly. Let $A' = CUR$ be the computed approximate decomposition; both algorithms have provable bounds for the error matrix $A-A'$. In the first algorithm, c columns of A and r rows of A are randomly chosen. If the $m \times c$ matrix C consists of those c columns of A (after appropriate rescaling) and the $r \times n$ matrix R consists of those r rows of A (also after appropriate rescaling), then the $c \times r$ matrix U may be calculated from C and R. For any matrix X, let $\|X\|_F$ and $\|X\|_2$ denote its Frobenius norm and its spectral norm, respectively. It is proven that $$ \left\|A-A'\right\|_\xi \le \min_{D:\mathrm{rank}(D)\le k} \left\|A-D\right\|_\xi + poly(k,1/c) \left\|A\right\|_F $$ holds in expectation and with high probability for both $\xi = 2,F$ and for all $k=1,\ldots,\mbox{rank}(A)$; thus by appropriate choice of k $$ \left\|A-A'\right\|_2 \le \epsilon \left\|A\right\|_F $$ also holds in expectation and with high probability. This algorithm may be implemented without storing the matrix A in RAM, provided it can make two passes over the matrix stored in external memory and use $O(m+n)$ additional RAM (assuming that c and r are constants, independent of the size of the input). The second algorithm is similar except that it approximates the matrix C by randomly sampling a constant number of rows of C. Thus, it has additional error but it can be implemented in three passes over the matrix using only constant additional RAM. To achieve an additional error (beyond the best rank-k approximation) that is at most $\epsilon \|A\|_F$, both algorithms take time which is a low-degree polynomial in k, $1/\epsilon$, and $1/\delta$, where $\delta>0$ is a failure probability; the first takes time linear in $\mbox{max}(m,n)$ and the second takes time independent of m and n. The proofs for the error bounds make important use of matrix perturbation theory and previous work on approximating matrix multiplication and computing low-rank approximations to a matrix. The probability distribution over columns and rows and the rescaling are crucial features of the algorithms and must be chosen judiciously.
Keep the Beat: On-The-Fly Clock Offset Compensation for Synchronous Transmissions in Low-Power Networks (2017)

Emerging protocols for low-power wireless networks increasingly exploit constructive interference and the capture effect. The basic idea is that the synchronous transmission of identical packets by neighboring nodes leads to constructive interference - or at least do not cause destructive interference. This requires that the temporal displacement of packets at receiving nodes is lower than 0.5 μs when employing IEEE 802.15.4 radios. However, commonly used sensor nodes are equipped with cheap and imprecise clocks that show high frequency deviations across nodes, making constructive interference difficult to achieve. Such deviations further increase when individual nodes are exposed to different temperatures. In this paper we introduce Flock, a novel approach to compensate for differences in clock frequency across synchronously transmitting nodes. We implemented Flock in Contiki on the example of Glossy, a flooding protocol based on synchronous transmissions. Our results confirm that Flock can achieve constructive interference on real sensor nodes in over 98% of the cases. Overall, Flock makes protocols that exploit synchronous transmissions more robust to operate even in challenging environments.
Resistance switching properties of sol–gel derived SrZrO<sub>3</sub>based memory thin films (2007)

Sol?gel derived SrZrO3 based metal/insulator/metal (MIM) devices were fabricated to study their reversible resistance switching properties operated by dc voltage sweep and voltage pulses. The leakage-state of the device is changed from the original-state and finally switched between the high leakage-state (H-state) and the low leakage-state (L-state). The resistance ratio between the H-state and the L-state is about 104, and the leakage-states are not changed without power supply, which is suitable for nonvolatile memory application. The conduction mechanisms of the original-state, the H-state and the L-state obey Schottky emission, Frenkel?Poole emission and Ohmic conduction, respectively. The first device resistance switching, called the forming process, changed from the original-state to the H-state. The switching time from the H-state to the L-state is much longer than that from the L-state to the H-state and that of the forming process. The decay behaviours of leakage current after resistance switching are influenced by pulse width and voltage stress directions. The switching time can be accumulated to switch the device from the H-state to the L-state, which could be a guide to multi-level memory applications. The model of conducting paths can well explain the electrical behaviours of our resistance switching devices.
Delay discounting: Concepts and measures. (2012)

Delay discounting, one element which underlies decision-making, can be defined as the depreciation of the value of a reward related to the time that it takes to be released. High rates of delay discounting are found in subjects who are willing to forgo greater rewards available only after some length of time and who show a preference for smaller rewards that are available immediately. Widely used as a measure of impulsiveness, delay discounting can be evaluated using experimental tasks. The present review evaluated tasks of delay discounting, their features, measures of evaluation and anomalies, and some variables that can affect delay discounting results and applications in the study of individual and intra-individual differences.
Separation of oxidant-initiated and redox-regulated steps in the NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway. (1994)

Studies presented here show that overall NF-kappa B signal transduction begins with a parallel series of stimuli-specific pathways through which cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha), oxidants (hydrogen peroxide and mitomycin C), and phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) individually initiate signaling. These initial pathways culminate in a common pathway through which all of the stimulating agents ultimately signal NF-kappa B activation. We distinguish the stimuli-specific pathways by showing that the oxidative stimuli trigger NF-kappa B activation in only one of two human T-cell lines (Wurzburg but not Jurkat), whereas tumor necrosis factor alpha and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate readily stimulate in both lines. We propose the common pathway as the simplest way of accounting for the common requirements and properties of the signaling pathway. We include a redox-regulatory mechanism(s) in this common pathway to account for the previously demonstrated redox regulation of NF-kappa B activation in Jurkat cells (in which oxidants don't activate NF-kappa B); we put tyrosine phosphorylation in the common pathway by showing that kinase activity (inhibitable by herbimycin A and tyrphostin 47) is required for NF-kappa B activation by all stimuli tested in both cell lines. Since internal sites of oxidant production have been shown to play a key role in the cytokine-stimulated activation of NF-kappa B, and since tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activities are known to be altered by oxidants, these findings suggest that intracellular redox status controls NF-kappa B activation by regulating tyrosine phosphorylation event(s) within the common step of the NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway.
Effects of Oral Creatine and Resistance Training on Myogenic Regulatory Factor Expression (2003)

When combined with heavy resistance training, Cr supplementation increases M-CK mRNA expression, likely due to concomitant increases in the expression of myogenin and MRF-4. Therefore, increases in myogenin and MRF-4 mRNA and protein may play a role in increasing myosin heavy chain expression, already shown to occur with Cr supplementation.
Tomography of hydrogen with nuclear magnetic resonance. (1980)

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imager with a 6.5-cm aperture is described. Spatial resolution is 0.47 X 2.0 mm with a slice thickness of 8.4 mm. Contrast resolution is 3% for a 4-minute image. Because of the excellent spatial resolution and high contrast between soft tissues, the images provide a great deal of detail and reconstruction artifacts due to motion are avoided. Blood flow can be observed, and selected enhancement of lesions thorough the modification of software-controlled operational parameters is demonstrated.
Distinct Photochemical Phase Transition Behavior of Azobenzene Liquid Crystals Evaluated by Reflection-Mode Analysis (1997)

Photochemical phase transition behavior of photochromic azobenzene liquid crystals (LCs) was explored by means of reflection-mode analysis. On pulse irradiation at 355 nm, which causes trans−cis isomerization of the azobenzene moiety, these LCs underwent nematic (N) to isotropic (I) phase transition in 100 μs as probed by change in reflectivity at the interface between the sample and glass substrate. The N−I phase transition was confirmed by calculation of the refractive index of the sample before and after pulse irradiation on the basis of the reflectivity. The decay that represents the recovery of the initial N phase occurred in 2−3 ms and remarkably faster than that observed in the transmission-mode analysis in which transmittance of the probe light through crossed polarizers, with the sample between them, was measured as a function of time. In the reflection-mode analysis, the N phase was assumed to be restored through diffusion of the cis form, followed by reorientation of the trans form that replaced the cis form in the interface region, while in the transmission-mode analysis the N phase recovered through the cis−trans thermal back-isomerization process.
Depth-resolved model-based reconstruction of attenuation coefficients in optical coherence tomography (2013)

We present a method, based on a single scattering model, to calculate the attenuation coefficient of each pixel in optical coherence tomography (OCT) depth profiles. Numerical simulations were used to determine the model's response to different depths and attenuation coefficients. Experiments were performed on uniform and layered phantoms with varying attenuation coefficients. They were measured by a 1300 nm OCT system and their attenuation coefficients were evaluated by our proposed method and by fitting the OCT slope as the gold standard. Both methods showed largely consistent results for the uniform phantoms. On the layered phantom, only our proposed method accurately estimated the attenuation coefficients. For all phantoms, the proposed method largely reduced the variability of the estimated attenuation coefficients. The method was illustrated on an in-vivo retinal OCT scan, effectively removing common imaging artifacts such as shadowing. By providing localized, per-pixel attenuation coefficients, this method enables tissue characterization based on attenuation coefficient estimates from OCT data.
Operating Characteristics, Absorptivity/Reflectivity Measurements, and Pulse System Design of the NPS (Naval Postgraduate School) Hydrogen Fluoride/Deuterium Fluoride Laser. (1984)

The Hydrogen Fluoride/Deterium Fluoride Laser is a fast flow electrical discharge operated chemical laser. Refitting of the subsystems of the laser was completed and lasing was observed utilizing a 100 percent reflectance mirror and a 95 percent reflectance output coupling mirror. The maximum multiline output power obtained was 2.6 Watts at 19.0 kV and 475 mA. The data obtained was in general agreement with previously reported data. However, an increase in power output from 1.6 to 2.6 Watts was obtained by utilization of a Hipotronics power supply that enabled usage of higher output voltages for SF6 dissociation. Measurements were also taken over a variation of the He, SF6, H2 and O2 flow rates resulting in the change of optimum flow rates for the above listed gases. Target reflectivity/absorptivity measurements were taken and a dependence on incidence angle with the laser beam was found. For the P-doped Silicon wafer used, the power absorbed decreased over the range of 25 to 60 degrees. At the 25 degree angle approximately 95 percent of the incident power was absorbed. The reflected power was found to increase with the increase in target angle with approximately 95 percent of the incident power being reflected at 60 degrees. Originator-supplied keywords include: Hydrogen Fluoride/Deterium Fluoride Laser, Absorptivity/Reflectivity.