gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of GaN single crystals by defect‐selective etching (2003)

In this communication it is shown that both “orthodox” etching in molten KOH–NaOH eutectic (E etch and its modification) and photo-etching in aqueous KOH solution (PEC method) permit quick assessment of density, distribution and, after appropriate calibration, type of defects in GaN single crystals and epitaxial layers. Characteristic features of both etching methods are briefly discussed. It is shown that dislocations and micro-defects can be revealed in the form of etch pits (in “orthodox” E etch) and as etch hillocks (PEC method) on both Ga- and N-polar surfaces. The reliability of both methods has been confirmed by direct TEM calibration and by using indentation method. Very low dislocation density (EPD ≤ 2 × 102 cm–2) in the undoped GaN single crystals and MOCVD-grown epitaxial layers has been confirmed by this study.
The algorithm design manual (1998)

....The most comprehensive guide to designing practical and efficient algorithms!.... The Algorithm Design Manual, Second Edition ...the book is an algorithm-implementation treasure trove, and putting all of these implementations in one place was no small feat. The list of implementations [and] extensive bibliography make the book an invaluable resource for everyone interested in the subject. --ACM Computing Reviews It has all the right ingredients: rich contents, friendly, personal language, subtle humor, the right references, and a plethora of pointers to resources.-- P. Takis Metaxas, Wellesley College is the most approachable book on algorithms I have. -- Megan Squire, Elon University, USA This newly expanded and updated second edition of the best-selling classic continues to take the mystery out of designing algorithms, and analyzing their efficacy and efficiency. Expanding onthe first edition, the book now serves as the primary textbook of choice for algorithm design courses while maintaining its status as the premier practical reference guide to algorithms for programmers, researchers, and students. The reader-friendly Algorithm Design Manual provides straightforward access to combinatorial algorithms technology, stressing design over analysis. The first part, Techniques, provides accessible instructionon methods for designing and analyzing computer algorithms. The second part, Resources, is intended for browsing and reference, and comprises the catalog of algorithmic resources, implementations and an extensive bibliography. NEW to the second edition: Doubles the tutorial material and exercises over the first edition Provides full online support for lecturers, and a completely updated and improved website component with lecture slides, audio and video Contains a unique catalog identifying the 75 algorithmic that arise most often in practice, leading the reader down the right path to solve them Includes several NEW war stories relating experiences from real-world applications Provides up-to-date links leading to the very best algorithm implementations available in C, C++, and Java ADDITIONAL Learning Tools: Exercises include job interview problems from major software companies Highlighted take-home lesson boxes emphasize essential concepts Provides comprehensive references to both survey articles and the primary literature Exercises points to relevant programming contest challenge Many algorithms presented with actual code (written in C) as well as pseudo-code A full set of lecture slides and additional material available at www.algorist.com Written by a well-known algorithms researcher who received the IEEE Computer Science and Engineering Teaching Award, this new edition of The Algorithm Design Manual is an essential learning tool for students needing a solid grounding in algorithms, as well as a special text/reference for professionals who need an authoritative and insightful guide. Professor Skiena is also author of the popular Springer text, Programming Challenges: The Programming Contest Training Manual.
An Approach to Precise Nitrogen Management Using Hand-Held Crop Sensor Measurements and Winter Wheat Yield Mapping in a Mediterranean Environment (2015)

Regardless of the crop production system, nutrients inputs must be controlled at or below a certain economic threshold to achieve an acceptable level of profitability. The use of management zones and variable-rate fertilizer applications is gaining popularity in precision agriculture. Many researchers have evaluated the application of final yield maps and geo-referenced geophysical measurements (e.g., apparent soil electrical conductivity-ECa) as a method of establishing relatively homogeneous management zones within the same plot. Yield estimation models based on crop conditions at certain growth stages, soil nutrient statuses, agronomic factors, moisture statuses, and weed/pest pressures are a primary goal in precision agriculture. This study attempted to achieve the following objectives: (1) to investigate the potential for predicting winter wheat yields using vegetation measurements (the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-NDVI) at the beginning of the season, thereby allowing for a yield response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer; and (2) evaluate the feasibility of using inexpensive optical sensor measurements in a Mediterranean environment. A field experiment was conducted in two commercial wheat fields near Seville, in southwestern Spain. Yield data were collected at harvest using a yield monitoring system (RDS Ceres II-volumetric meter) installed on a combine. Wheat yield and NDVI values of 3498 ± 481 kg ha(-1) and 0.67 ± 0.04 nm nm(-1) (field 1) and 3221 ± 531 kg ha(-1) and 0.68 ± 0.05 nm nm(-1) (field 2) were obtained. In both fields, the yield and NDVI exhibited a strong Pearson correlation, with r(xy) = 0.64 and p < 10(-4) in field 1 and r(xy) = 0.78 and p < 10(-4) in field 2. The preliminary results indicate that hand-held crop sensor-based N management can be applied to wheat production in Spain and has the potential to increase agronomic N-use efficiency on a long-term basis.
Towards systematic evaluation of the evadability of bot/botnet detection methods (2008)

Automated bot/botnet detection is a difficult problem given the high level of attacker power. We propose a systematic approach for evaluating the evadability of detection methods. An evasion tactic has two associated costs: implementation complexity and effect on botnet utility. An evasion tactic’s implementation complexity is based on the ease with which bot writers can incrementally modify current bots to evade detection. Modifying a bot in order to evade a detection method may result in a less useful botnet; to explore this, we identify aspects of botnets that impact their revenue-generating capability. For concreteness, we survey some leading automated bot/botnet detection methods, identify evasion tactics for each, and assess the costs of these tactics. We also reconsider assumptions about botnet control that underly many botnet detection methods. 1
Basic Research in the Information Technology Industry (2003)

Why do information technology companies support exploratory research in physics and allied fields? The answer is simple—because of the need to bring new technology quickly to market. Ultimately, even long-term research is all about speed.
Comparative analysis of different flow cytometry‐based immunophenotypic methods for the analysis of CD59 and CD55 expression on major peripheral blood cell subsets (2002)

In summary, our results show that the sample preparation protocol has a significant impact on the quality of the staining obtained for the CD55 and CD59 antigens on the major PB leucocyte subsets; additionally, we propose a simple and reliable stain-non-lyse-non-wash method for the simultaneous analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on PB red cells, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, which could be reached through the use of two triple stainings.
Irreversible electroporation (NanoKnife) in cancer treatment (2014)

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising new minimally invasive modality for the ablation of solid tumors. Unlike the current leading thermal ablation modalities, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoablation, IRE uses nonthermal electric energy to irreversibly destabilize cell membranes, resulting in focused cell death. Over the past 7 years, IRE has been emerging as a novel ablation tool by using the effect of an applied electric field to kill cancer cells, without damaging the surrounding extracellular matrix, vessels, nerves, and neighboring normal tissue. Although IRE has been investigated for a short period of time, its potential use for cancer and tissue ablation has been receiving growing attention leading to a considerable number of studies on its validity and safety, including recent in vivo animal and human studies.
Compact Multimode Polymer Waveguide Bends for Board-Level Optical Interconnects (2013)

Multimode polymer waveguides are promising for use in board-level optical interconnects. In recent years, various on-board optical interconnection architectures have been demonstrated making use of passive routing waveguide components. In particular, 90 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> bends have played important roles in complex waveguide layouts enabling interconnection between non co-linear points on a board. Due to the dimensions and index step of the waveguides typically used in on-board optical interconnects, low-loss bends are typically limited to a radius of ~ 10 mm. This paper therefore presents the design and fabrication of compact low-loss waveguide bends with reduced radii of curvature, offering significant reductions in the required areas for on-board optical circuits. The proposed design relies on the exposure of the bend section to the air, achieving tighter light confinement along the bend and reduced bending losses. Simulation studies carried out with ray tracing tools and experimental results from polymer samples fabricated on FR4 are presented. Low bending losses are achieved from the air-exposed bends up to 4 mm of radius of curvature, while an improvement of 14 μm in the 1 dB alignment tolerances at the input of these devices (fibre to waveguide coupling) is also obtained. Finally, the air-exposed bends are employed in an optical bus structure, offering reductions in insertion loss of up to 3.8 dB.
Fire‐Related Roof Collapse: Case Study (1991)

On the morning of October 2, 1982, a fire broke out at an abandoned training facility on an army base in Boston, Massachusetts. While firemen were fighting the fire from the roof, the roof collapsed, shearing the roof trusses away from the columns, and falling straight down leaving all the walls standing. Three firemen were permanently disabled, while others sustained injuries of varying severity. Because of the extra‐ordinary mechanism of collapse, an investigation into the probable causes of collapse was undertaken. The building had been cleaned up immediately after the fire and no physical evidence existed, except for some photographs that were taken by an arson‐squad investigator some hours after the fire. The investigation, which was begun in October of 1987, showed that the building had been moved in the late 1950s. Without any opportunity to investigate the building after the collapse, a case was made that the building had not been constructed properly, either originally or after the move, and that most likely the collapse occurred because some shear rings had been left out. After one day in court, the Federal Government settled.
Tuning the collision test for power (2004)

The collision test is an important statistical test for rejecting poor random number generators. The test simulates the throwing of balls randomly into urns. A problem in applying this test is to determine the number of urns, m, and the number of balls, n, so that the test is among the most powerful possible on a computer.The problem was tackled empirically. A set of canonical congruential generators with increasing periods was first implemented. The stringency of a test against congruential generators is measured as the number of canonical generators the test rejects. Experiments were then conducted to measure the stringencies of the collision tests for various (m, n) values. The results reveal that for a fixed m, the stringency of a test reaches maximum when m < n ≤ 2m. Moreover, the stringency increases as m increases. Similar results were observed when the experiments were repeated on lagged Fibonacci generators and on shift-register generators. Further investigation showed that the variance of the number of collisions reaches maximum together with the stringencies, at n = [1.256431m].Eighteen well-known generators were tested against the collision tests with m = 221, 222, ..., up to 230. Many generators failed starting from some points along the way, including congruential generators, shift-register generators, lagged Fibonacci generators of lags less than 40, subtract-with-borrow generators of lags less than 24, and a combined generator.
Blebbistatin specifically inhibits actin-myosin interaction in mouse cardiac muscle (2007)

Blebbistatin is a powerful inhibitor of actin-myosin interaction in isolated contractile proteins. To examine whether blebbistatin acts in a similar manner in the organized contractile system of striated muscle, the effects of blebbistatin on contraction of cardiac tissue from mouse were studied. The contraction of paced intact papillary muscle preparations and shortening of isolated cardiomyocytes were inhibited by blebbistatin with inhibitory constants in the micromolar range (1.3-2.8 muM). The inhibition constants are similar to those previously reported for isolated cardiac myosin subfragments showing that blebbistatin action is similar in filamentous myosin of the cardiac contractile apparatus and isolated proteins. The inhibition was not associated with alterations in action potential duration or decreased influx through L-type Ca(2+) channels. Experiments on permeabilized cardiac muscle preparations showed that the inhibition was not due to alterations in Ca(2+) sensitivity of the contractile filaments. The maximal shortening velocity was not affected by 1 muM blebbistatin. In conclusion, we show that blebbistatin is an inhibitor of the actin-myosin interaction in the organized contractile system of cardiac muscle and that its action is not due to effects on the Ca(2+) influx and activation systems.
A temporal interpolation approach for dynamic reconstruction in perfusion CT (2007)

This article presents a dynamic CT reconstruction algorithm for objects with time dependent attenuation coefficient. Projection data acquired over several rotations are interpreted as samples of a continuous signal. Based on this idea, a temporal interpolation approach is proposed which provides the maximum temporal resolution for a given rotational speed of the CT scanner. Interpolation is performed using polynomial splines. The algorithm can be adapted to slow signals, reducing the amount of data acquired and the computational cost. A theoretical analysis of the approximations made by the algorithm is provided. In simulation studies, the temporal interpolation approach is compared with three other dynamic reconstruction algorithms based on linear regression, linear interpolation, and generalized Parker weighting. The presented algorithm exhibits the highest temporal resolution for a given sampling interval. Hence, our approach needs less input data to achieve a certain quality in the reconstruction than the other algorithms discussed or, equivalently, less x-ray exposure and computational complexity. The proposed algorithm additionally allows the possibility of using slow rotating scanners for perfusion imaging purposes.
Modeling of glow discharge-induced fluid dynamics (2002)

Modeling of fluid dynamics and the associated heat transfer induced by plasma between two parallel electrodes is investigated. In particular, we consider a capacitvely coupled radio frequency discharge plasma generator, where the plasma is generated on the surface of a dielectric circuit board with electrode strips on the top and bottom. The electrodes have a thickness of 100 μm, which is comparable to the height of the boundary layer. The regime considered is that the electron component is in the non-equilibrium state, and the plasma is nonthermal. Overall, due to the ion and large fluid particle interaction, the pressure is higher in the downstream of the electrode, causing the velocity structure to resemble that of a wall jet. Parameters related to the electrode operation, including the voltage, frequency, and free stream speed are varied to investigate the characteristics of the plasma-induced flow. Consistent with the experimental observation, the model shows a clear dependence of the induced jet velocity on the applied voltage and frequency. The heat flux exhibited a similar dependence on the strength of the plasma. The present plasma-induced flow concept can be useful for thermal management and active flow control.
Intracavernosal Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Improves Vasoreactivity in the Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit (2005)

ICI of bFGF improved vasoreactivity in hypercholesterolemic rabbit corporal tissue, offering a new direction to explore for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
WiLIS: Architectural modeling of wireless systems (2011)

The performance of a wireless system depends on the wireless channel as well as the algorithms used in the transceiver pipelines. Because physical phenomena affect transceiver pipelines in difficult to predict ways, detailed simulation of the entire transceiver system is needed to evaluate even a single processing block. Further, some protocol validations require simulation of rare events (say, 1 bit error in 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> bits), which means the protocol must simulate for a long enough time for such events to materialize. This requirement coupled with the heavy computation typical of most physical-layer processing, rules out pure software solutions. In this paper we describe WiLIS, an FPGA-based hybrid hardware-software system designed to facilitate the development of wireless protocols. We then use WiLIS to evaluate several microarchitectures for measuring very low bit-error rates (BER). We demonstrate, for the first time, that the recently proposed SoftPHY can be implemented efficiently in hardware.
Thermal deterioration mechanism of CoFeB/PdPtMn spin valves (1999)

We clarified the mechanism of thermal deterioration that occurs in the CoFeB/PdPtMn spin-valve films at temperatures above 310 °C. Two kinds of CoFeB spin-valve film, Ta/NiFe/CoFeB/Cu/CoFeB/PdPtMn/Ta (B:0–3 at. %) and Ta/NiFe/CoFeB/Cu/CoFeB/FeMn/Ta (B:2 at. %), were prepared and annealed in a magnetic field. For the PdPtMn spin-valve samples, the magnetoresistance (MR) output decreased after annealing at a temperature above 330 °C and there was an increase in the interlayer coupling field of free and pin layers (Hin). There was no large change in the sheet resistance for annealing below 330 °C. For CoFe/PdPtMn(no B) spin valves, the MR output decreased during annealing at more than 310 °C and there was an increase of Hin. An addition of only 1 at. % of boron into the free and pinned layers is sufficient to obtain thermal stability. For the CoFeB/FeMn spin-valve samples, the MR output decreased for annealing above 280 °, the sheet resistance increased, and the Hin value did not change for annealing below 300 °C. The interface properties of PdPtMn spin valves were examined using high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. We observed the connection between the free and the pinned layers through Cu pinholes and reduced Mn inter diffusion for the deteriorated sample. The increase of Hin can be explained by the pinholes of the Cu layer which result in a connection between the free and pinned layers. Boron in the free and pinned layer has the effect of blocking diffusion, thereby preventing a connection of the free and pinned layers.
THE PREPARATION OF CYCLOBUTANE (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PREPARATION OF CYCLOBUTANEJAMES CASON and RICHARD L. WAYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1949, 14, 1, 31–36Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1949https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01153a006RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views391Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (446 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Solid-state study of cyclic thiohydroxamic acids: 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(3H)- thiazolethione (2000)

Cyclic thiohydroxamic acids such as 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione (1) and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione (2) find diverse applications as fungicides and alkoxy-radical precursors. Selected physico-chemical properties such as thermal stability can be rationalized by examination of their solid-state structures. We report here a new hydrated form of 2 (denoted 3) that displays enhanced thermal stability and solubility compared with the anhydrous form. These enhanced properties may be attributed to the ionic nature of 3 in the solid state. The oxidized form of 1, 2,2′-dithiobis(pyridine-1-oxide) (DTPO, 4) also finds application as a fungicide. Attempts to produce an analogous disulfide from 2 produced a new thioether product, 3-hydroxy-4-{[3-oxo-4-methyl-2(3H)-thiazol-2-yl]thio}-2(3H)-thiazolethione (5). Co-crystallization of 1 with 2 produced a mixed molecular crystal (6) containing both DTPO and a new thioether derivative of 2, 5,5′-thiobis[3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione]. The supramolecular complementarity of the two components gives rise to discrete hydrogen-bonded dimers within the co-crystal. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Additional material for this paper is available from the epoc website at http://www.wiley.com/epoc
Data Updating and Query in Real-Time Data Warehouse System (2008)

The issue of data updating is the most important issue facing organizations deploying real-time data warehouse solutions. This paper discussed the real-time data warehouse implement method, proposed feasible real-time data warehouse architecture based on SOA. This SOA based real-time data warehouse architecture uses the Web service to pack the various source database systems, and the various changed data was captured by the data capture Web service. When it comes to the data transformation and flow, the update strategy based on Web service and XML are used for the real data warehouse real-time updating. Also the multi-level real-time data cache is used for real-time data storage. Using this real-time data warehouse architecture, we can implement the real-time data warehouse easily.