gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and characterization of a vitreous mimicking material for radiation force imaging (2002)

In many medical ultrasound applications tissue-mimicking phantoms are of fundamental importance for the performance of controlled experiments. Traditionally, such phantoms have been constructed using gelatin and agar gels. Although the use of these materials has become standard, few alternative materials have not been fully explored. In this paper, we present a protocol developed in our laboratory that reliably produces very soft, acrylamide-based phantoms that can mimic both acoustical and mechanical characteristics of the vitreous body of the eye. Following the described protocol, a series of phantoms were constructed ranging in acrylamide concentration from 1.60% to 1.70%. Measurements across the series yielded attenuation coefficients of 0.067-0.140 dB/cm/MHz, depending on acrylamide concentration. Speed of sound ranged between 1499 and 1510 m/s, also depending on acrylamide concentration. Published values for the vitreous gel indicate an attenuation of 0.10 dB/cm/MHz and a speed of sound of 1510 m/s, making our phantoms an excellent analog of this tissue. One application of these acrylamide phantoms is to test the efficacy of the Kinetic Acoustic Vitreoretinal Examination (KAVE), a tool developed in our laboratory with the potential to aid in the diagnosis of vitreoretinal disorders. KAVE utilizes acoustic radiation force to generate small, localized displacements within the vitreous-mimicking gel. These localized displacements are quantified to yield maximum displacement, relative elasticity, and relative viscosity images. We present KAVE images of a set of four phantoms with different gel concentrations. Although B-mode and relative viscosity images exhibit no significant differences, maximum displacement, and relative elasticity images clearly differentiate gels of different concentrations. Maximum displacements ranged between 30 and 5 microns, depending on acrylamide concentration. The results presented in this paper show that soft gel phantoms can be produced in a range of elasticities not previously reported, and that these phantoms are useful for testing ultrasound instruments designed for evaluation of the vitreous gel. Furthermore, the use of acrylamide-based gels may also offer a valuable and attractive alternative for many other ultrasound applications.
Evolutionary Cloud for Cooperative UAV Coordination (2014)

This report is dedicated to considerations and perspectives for the strategy of using unmanned aerial vehicles and Cloud Computing in emergency situa-tions in a Smart City environment. The aim is to provide inspiring insights in this highly complex problem from a technological and a tactical point of view. This specific case can be seen as a member of a family of similar problems, and hence the solutions proposed in this chapter can be used to solve a large set of related cases. The efficient use of the presented set-up would require to solve a time-consuming multi-objective optimization problem, which one could- at least partially- solve using some form of Evolutionary Computing. Emergency situations, by default, are unpredictable and often involves in-complete information which might be supplemented over time. The changing situation creates an unpredictable complexity for the computational problem and therefore we will need to cope with bursts in the need for computational power. To overcome this problem we propose to perform the computation us-ing Cloud Computing. This solution also improves the robustness of the overall system because it provides fail-over and content replication. In order to inte-grate and analyze the various measurements performed by the robots we sug-gest the use of Semantic Web technologies. However, the size of the sensing data can be grow to enormous sizes and we note that this problem can be con-sidered as a Big Semantic Data problem. Based on our earlier work, we propose to tackle this problem using an Evolving Knowledge Ecosystem. 1
Switchable Fresnel lens using polymer-stabilized liquid crystals (2003)

A switchable Fresnel zone plate lens is demonstrated using a polymer-stabilized liquid crystal. The fabrication process is relatively simple and the device can be operated below 10 volts with fast response time. Such a device works well for a linearly polarized light.
Impact of inter-bar currents on the performance of the brushless doubly-fed motor (2002)

The brushless doubly-fed machine has been proposed as an alternative adjustable speed drive because of the potential for reducing the size of the necessary power electronic converter. The motor's economic viability may depend upon the ability to die-cast the rotor, bringing the cost of production in line with that of an induction machine. Industrial experience has shown that when the rotor is die-cast without any special precautions for insulating the bars from the rotor iron, the performance is degraded with respect to a fabricated rotor with insulated bars. This performance degradation is shown to be caused by the presence of inter-bar rotor currents. This paper presents a coupled-circuit model which is able to simulate the performance of the motor, including the presence of the inter-bar currents. The model describes the physical structure of the windings and the rotor in terms of complex harmonic impedances. Both measured results and predicted results are presented. In addition, this model enables investigation of the decreased performance obtained with varying values of inter-bar resistance.
Chemical Modifications of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Therapeutic Purposes (2017)

Nucleic acid aptamers have minimal immunogenicity, high chemical synthesis production, low cost and high chemical stability when compared with antibodies. However, the susceptibility to nuclease degradation, rapid excretion through renal filtration and insufficient binding affinity hindered their development as drug candidates for therapeutic applications. In this review, we will discuss methods to conquer these challenges and highlight recent developments of chemical modifications and technological advances that may enable early aptamers to be translated into clinical therapeutics.
The production of this and that by young children (1986)

Many studies have considered the child's developing comprehension of the deictic terms this and that, used to refer to spatial proximity and distance. This is in contrast with the paucity of research into the child's early use of these terms. In the present study, three-year-old children produced both of these deictic terms and each was accompanied by characteristic specific gestures. This was accompanied by a picking up and handling of the object being referred to, while the gestural support for that was either a point or a proffering of the object, depending on spatial contextual restrictions. From this evidence, it is argued that children can use a pragmatic system of deictic contrasts, integrating both verbal and gestural aspects.
Improvement of odor recognition chip (2004)

Since a handheld odor-sensing system with high computation capability for a neural network is required for the field measurement, a digital LSI called an odor recognition chip with the neural network was developed In our circuit, the data are expressed as 1-bit data stream with delta-sigma modulation to reduce the amounts of circuit and wiring. The LVQ (Learning Vector Quantization) circuit was designed using that technique. The experimental result revealed that the chip recognized the odors almost correctly even if the sensor responses were remarkably changed due to the air turbulence.
Filamin A regulates focal adhesion disassembly and suppresses breast cancer cell migration and invasion (2010)

The actin cross-linking protein filamin A (FLNa) functions as a scaffolding protein and couples cell cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix and integrin receptor signaling. In this study, we report that FLNa suppresses invasion of breast cancer cells and regulates focal adhesion (FA) turnover. Two large progression tissue microarrays from breast cancer patients revealed a significant decrease of FLNa levels in tissues from invasive breast cancer compared with benign disease and in lymph node-positive compared with lymph node-negative breast cancer. In breast cancer cells and orthotopic mouse breast cancer models, down-regulation of FLNa stimulated cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis formation. Time-lapse microscopy and biochemical assays after FLNa silencing and rescue with wild-type or mutant protein resistant to calpain cleavage revealed that FLNa regulates FA disassembly at the leading edge of motile cells. Moreover, FLNa down-regulation enhanced calpain activity through the mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade and stimulated the cleavage of FA proteins. These results document a regulation of FA dynamics by FLNa in breast cancer cells.
Quantification of the oxygen uptake rate in a dissolved oxygen controlled oscillating jet‐driven microbioreactor (2015)

The results highlight the potential of DO-controlled microbioreactors to obtain real-time information on oxygen uptake rate, and by extension on cellular metabolism for a variety of cell types over a broad range of processing conditions. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
MENTOR: an algorithm for mesh network topological optimization and routing (1991)

The problem of obtaining a minimum cost topology for a mesh network given matrices specifying the cost of links between all pairs of nodes and the internode requirements is considered. A heuristic algorithm which works in terms of general network design principles and uses utilization as a figure of merit is presented. The procedure is applicable to a wide variety of networks, especially to the problem of obtaining starting topologies for other network design procedures. The algorithm's computational complexity is shown to be of order N/sup 2/, a significant improvement over currently used algorithms and fast enough to be embedded in the inner loop of other more general design procedures, e.g., node selection procedures. Computational experience is presented which shows that the procedure is fast and simple and yields solutions of a quality competitive with other much slower procedures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Heart of Midlothian and the Masculinization of Fiction (1994)

The energy he put into an exercise of canon-formation (the Lives of the Novelists he wrote for Ballantyne) and into criticism and reviews that took the novel seriously attest to his sense that the novel had been in the past, and could continue to be, something more than ephemeral. Yet he has little to offer in defence of the novel as a genre except to suggest that novels are less morally harmful than their de tractors claim, or that they are a pleasurable diversion from boredom, suffering, and even poverty.1 Far from being a spirited defender of the novel, he seems instead defensive about it. George Levine notes that defensiveness is reenacted everywhere in his novels, a defensiveness Levine regards as essential to his achievement and to the enormous importance of his work.2 Given the cultural associa tions of the novel in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century with women readers and writers—a fact of literary history that femi nist critics dealing with the period have emphasized—we might ex pect some of Scott's defensiveness about the novel to reflect his anxi eties about the relations of genre to gender. I shall argue here that such anxieties are particularly legible in The Heart of Midlothian (1818), which, as Scott's first and only heroine centered novel, offers a likely arena for their expression. After explic itly suggesting in the framing introductory chapter that novels effem inize the male reader, Scott pursues various strategies for masculiniz ing his novel, seeking to stamp it with a masculinity that seems always to elude him.3 Lurking in these not wholly successful efforts to make his novel an unambiguously masculine text are two possi bilities that Scott would probably find disquieting: that the novel is in some way inherently feminine (an essentialist view I would reject, whatever Scott may have feared), or that masculinity is itself tenuous, never completely and simply achieved. This second possibility echoes an observation made by the feminist critic and theorist Jacqueline Rose in an essay defending the theoreti cal importance of psychoanalysis for feminism. If we accept the no tion of an unconscious, Rose argues, we grasp that there is no conti
Wound-Inducible Proteinase Inhibitors in Pepper. Differential Regulation upon Wounding, Systemin, and Methyl Jasmonate (2001)

Seven small (approximately 6,000 D) wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor proteins were isolated from leaves of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants that are members of the potato inhibitor II family. N-terminal sequences obtained indicated that the pepper leaf proteinase inhibitors (PLPIs) exhibit homology to two GenBank accessions that code for preproteins containing three isoinhibitors domains each that, when post-translationally processed, can account for the mixture of isoinhibitors that are reported herein from pepper leaves. A constitutive level of PLPI proteins was found in pepper leaves, and these levels increased up to 2.6-fold upon wounding of the lower leaves. Exposing intact plants to methyl jasmonate vapors induced the accumulation of PLPIs. Supplying excised young pepper plants with water through the cut stems induced PLPI proteins to levels higher than those found in intact plants, but with high variability. Supplying the excised plants with systemin did not result in an increase of PLPI levels that were statistically higher than levels found in excised plants. Gel-blot analyses of PLPI induction revealed the presence of two mRNA bands, having slightly different mobilities in agarose gels. Only the low M(r) mRNA is present in untreated control plants, and it appears to be responsible for the constitutive levels of PLPI found in leaves. Both mRNA species are wound- and methyl jasmonate-inducible. Only the low- M(r) species is weakly induced by systemin, indicating a differential expression of the two PLPI species.
Preventing Location-Based Identity Inference in Anonymous Spatial Queries (2007)

The increasing trend of embedding positioning capabilities (for example, GPS) in mobile devices facilitates the widespread use of location-based services. For such applications to succeed, privacy and confidentiality are essential. Existing privacy-enhancing techniques rely on encryption to safeguard communication channels, and on pseudonyms to protect user identities. Nevertheless, the query contents may disclose the physical location of the user. In this paper, we present a framework for preventing location-based identity inference of users who issue spatial queries to location-based services. We propose transformations based on the well-established K-anonymity concept to compute exact answers for range and nearest neighbor search, without revealing the query source. Our methods optimize the entire process of anonymizing the requests and processing the transformed spatial queries. Extensive experimental studies suggest that the proposed techniques are applicable to real-life scenarios with numerous mobile users.
Studies on the light-focusing plastic rod 12: The GRIN fiber lens of methyl methacrylate–vinyl phenylacetate copolymer (1982)

The light-focusing plastic rod (LFR) and fiber (LFF) were fabricated by photocopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with vinyl phenylacetate (VPAc). The MMA-VPAc LFR has much higher clarity than that of the MMA-vinyl benzoate LFR reported previously. Using the benzoin methyl ether as the initiator, which initiates photopolymerization preferentially, led to a much steeper index distribution than using benzoyl peroxide, which initiates thermal- and photochemical polymerization simultaneously. The relationships between preparation condition and optical characteristics were clarified in terms of the index distribution, light scattering, lens function, and attenuation of light transmission.
PDA (Prolonged Depolarizing Afterpotential)–Defective Mutants: The Story of <i>nina's</i> and <i>ina's—pinta</i> and <i>santa maria</i> , Too (2012)

Our objective is to present a comprehensive view of the PDA (prolonged depolarizing afterpotential)-defective Drosophila mutants, nina's and ina's, from the discussion of the PDA and the PDA-based mutant screening strategy to summaries of the knowledge gained through the studies of mutants generated using the strategy. The PDA is a component of the light-evoked photoreceptor potential that is generated when a substantial fraction of rhodopsin is photoconverted to its active form, metarhodopsin. The PDA-based mutant screening strategy was adopted to enhance the efficiency and efficacy of ERG (electroretinogram)-based screening for identifying phototransduction-defective mutants. Using this strategy, two classes of PDA-defective mutants were identified and isolated, nina and ina, each comprising multiple complementation groups. The nina mutants are characterized by allele-dependent reduction in the major rhodopsin, Rh1, whereas the ina mutants display defects in some aspects of functions related to the transduction channel, TRP (transient receptor potential). The signaling proteins that have been identified and elucidated through the studies of nina mutants include the Drosophila opsin protein (NINAE), the chaperone protein for nascent opsin (NINAA), and the multifunctional protein, NINAC, required in multiple steps of the Drosophila phototransduction cascade. Also identified by the nina mutants are some of the key enzymes involved in the biogenesis of the rhodopsin chromophore. As for the ina mutants, they led to the discovery of the scaffold protein, INAD, responsible for the nucleation of the supramolecular signaling complex. Also identified by the ina mutants is one of the key members of the signaling complex, INAC (ePKC), and two other proteins that are likely to be important, though their roles in the signaling cascade have not yet been fully elucidated. In most of these cases, the protein identified is the first member of its class to be so recognized.
An Apoplastic H-Type Thioredoxin Is Involved in the Stress Response through Regulation of the Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species in Rice    (2011)

Thioredoxins (Trxs) are a multigenic family of proteins in plants that play a critical role in redox balance regulation through thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. There are 10 members of the h-type Trxs in rice (Oryza sativa), and none of them has been clearly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that OsTRXh1, a subgroup I h-type Trx in rice, possesses reduction activity in vitro and complements the hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of Trx-deficient yeast mutants. OsTRXh1 is ubiquitously expressed in rice, and its expression is induced by salt and abscisic acid treatments. Intriguingly, OsTRXh1 is secreted into the extracellular space, and salt stress in the apoplast of rice induces its expression at the protein level. The knockdown of OsTRXh1 results in dwarf plants with fewer tillers, whereas the overexpression of OsTRXh1 leads to a salt-sensitive phenotype in rice. In addition, both the knockdown and overexpression of OsTRXh1 decrease abscisic acid sensitivity during seed germination and seedling growth. We also analyzed the levels of hydrogen peroxide produced in transgenic plants, and the results show that more hydrogen peroxide is produced in the extracellular space of OsTRXh1 knockdown plants than in wild-type plants, whereas the OsTRXh1 overexpression plants produce less hydrogen peroxide under salt stress. These results show that OsTRXh1 regulates the redox state of the apoplast and influences plant development and stress responses.
In‐situ Investigation during Tempering of a High Speed Steel with X‐ray Diffraction (2005)

Abstract The combined use of a X‐ray diffractometer and a high temperature chamber allows in‐situ determination of microstructure during heat treatment. X‐ray diffractograms are recorded during tempering of high speed steels. The Rietveld method is used in connection with size‐strain analysis. Lattice parameters of austenite and martensite are utilized for estimating the change of carbon content that has massive influence on the secondary hardening. Nevertheless, it was shown that the heat treatment of deep‐frozen high speed steel cannot be deduced a priori from the applied tempering process under conventional quenching conditions. The differently conditioned microstructures are based on different phase amounts and microstrain‐situations.
Hybrid inhibitor of peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptors and inducible nitric oxide synthase mitigates liver fibrosis (2016)

Liver fibrosis, a consequence of chronic liver injury and a way station to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, lacks effective treatment. Endocannabinoids acting via cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB<sub>1</sub>R) induce profibrotic gene expression and promote pathologies that predispose to liver fibrosis. CB<sub>1</sub>R antagonists produce opposite effects, but their therapeutic development was halted due to neuropsychiatric side effects. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) also promotes liver fibrosis and its underlying pathologies, but iNOS inhibitors tested to date showed limited therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory diseases. Here, we introduce a peripherally restricted, orally bioavailable CB<sub>1</sub>R antagonist, which accumulates in liver to release an iNOS inhibitory leaving group. In mouse models of fibrosis induced by CCl<sub>4</sub> or bile duct ligation, the hybrid CB<sub>1</sub>R/iNOS antagonist surpassed the antifibrotic efficacy of the CB<sub>1</sub>R antagonist rimonabant or the iNOS inhibitor 1400W, without inducing anxiety-like behaviors or CB<sub>1</sub>R occupancy in the CNS. The hybrid inhibitor also targeted CB<sub>1</sub>R-independent, iNOS-mediated profibrotic pathways, including increased PDGF, Nlrp3/Asc3, and integrin αvβ6 signaling, as judged by its ability to inhibit these pathways in cnr1<sup>-/-</sup> but not in nos2<sup>-/-</sup> mice. Additionally, it was able to slow fibrosis progression and to attenuate established fibrosis. Thus, dual-target peripheral CB<sub>1</sub>R/iNOS antagonists have therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis.
Issues in the management of human papillomavirus genital disease. (1997)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells at a variety of anatomic sites. Of the more than 80 types of this virus, approximately one third infect genital tissue. Genital infection can be clinical (warts), subclinical (abnormal Papanicolaou [Pap] smears or lesions visible only with magnification and application of acetic acid) or latent (infection with apparently normal tissue). Recent research has revealed a clear association between genital warts and HPV types 6 and 11, and between cervical cancer and HPV types 16, 18 and others. Women with genital warts who have normal Pap smears do not need colposcopy. All available therapies are suboptimal because HPV is not eradicated by treatment. However, the active disease expression can be eliminated by treatment. The approach to treatment will depend on each patient's personal characteristics and preferences.