gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The calcium sensor CBL1 integrates plant responses to abiotic stresses (2003)

Calcium ions represent both an integrative signal and an important convergence point of many disparate signaling pathways. Calcium-binding proteins, like calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins, have been implicated as important relays in calcium signaling. Here, we report the in vivo study of CBL1 function in Arabidopsis. Analyses of loss-of-function as well as CBL1-overexpressing lines indicate a crucial function of this calcium sensor protein in abiotic stress responses. Mutation of CBL1 impairs plant responses to drought and salt stresses and affects gene expression of cold-regulated genes, but does not affect abscisic acid (ABA) responsiveness. Conversely, overexpression of CBL1 reduces transpirational water loss and induces the expression of early stress-responsive transcription factors and stress adaptation genes in non-stressed plants. Together, our data indicate that the calcium sensor protein CBL1 may constitute an integrative node in plant responses to abiotic stimuli and contributes to the regulation of early stress-related transcription factors of the C-Repeat-Binding Factor/dehydration-responsive element (CBF/DREB) type.
A stabilized electronic multiplier (1952)

Many people engaged in the development of precision analog computing equipment have concluded that the two most useful computing circuit elements are a stabilized d-c amplifier and a high-speed precision switch. The first requirement is met by a circuit disclosed by Goldberg. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> A method of stabilizing a large number of d-c amplifiers with a single pulse amplifier was first reported by Ingerson. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup>
Inhibition of Toxicity in the β-Amyloid Peptide Fragment β-(25–35) Using N-Methylated Derivatives (2000)

beta-(25-35) is a synthetic derivative of beta-amyloid, the peptide that is believed to cause Alzheimer's disease. As it is highly toxic and forms fibrillar aggregates typical of beta-amyloid, it is suitable as a model for testing inhibitors of aggregation and toxicity. We demonstrate that N-methylated derivatives of beta-(25-35), which in isolation are soluble and non-toxic, can prevent the aggregation and inhibit the resulting toxicity of the wild type peptide. N-Methylation can block hydrogen bonding on the outer edge of the assembling amyloid. The peptides are assayed by Congo red and thioflavin T binding, electron microscopy, and a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) toxicity assay on PC12 cells. One peptide (Gly(25) N-methylated) has properties similar to the wild type, whereas five have varying effects on prefolded fibrils and fibril assembly. In particular, beta-(25-35) with Gly(33) N-methylated is able to completely prevent fibril assembly and to reduce the toxicity of prefolded amyloid. With Leu(34) N-methylated, the fibril morphology is altered and the toxicity reduced. We suggest that the use of N-methylated derivatives of amyloidogenic peptides and proteins could provide a general solution to the problem of amyloid deposition and toxicity.
Long-Range Architecture in a Viral RNA Genome (2013)

We have developed a model for the secondary structure of the 1058-nucleotide plus-strand RNA genome of the icosahedral satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) using nucleotide-resolution SHAPE chemical probing of the viral RNA isolated from virions and within the virion, perturbation of interactions distant in the primary sequence, and atomic force microscopy. These data are consistent with long-range base pairing interactions and a three-domain genome architecture. The compact domains of the STMV RNA have dimensions of 10-45 nm. Each of the three domains corresponds to a specific functional component of the virus: The central domain corresponds to the coding sequence of the single (capsid) protein encoded by the virus, whereas the 5' and 3' untranslated domains span signals essential for translation and replication, respectively. This three-domain architecture is compatible with interactions between the capsid protein and short RNA helices previously visualized by crystallography. STMV is among the simplest of the icosahedral viruses but, nonetheless, has an RNA genome with a complex higher-order structure that likely reflects high information content and an evolutionary relationship between RNA domain structure and essential replicative functions.
Einleitung (1956)

Bei der Herstellung und Anwendung von Kunststoffen ist es oft sehr wichtig, nähere Kenntnisse über die Molekulargewichte, Form und Abmessungen der Makromoleküle zu besitzen, da die Eigenschaften der Kunststoffe in hohem Maße von diesen Daten abhängen.
Neurogenesis and brain injury: managing a renewable resource for repair (2003)

The brain shows limited ability to repair itself, but neurogenesis in certain areas of the adult brain suggests that neural stem cells may be used for structural brain repair. It will be necessary to understand how neurogenesis in the adult brain is regulated to develop strategies that harness neural stem cells for therapeutic use.
Up-Regulation of Uncoupling Protein 3 Gene Expression by Fatty Acids and Agonists for PPARs in L6 Myotubes (2001)

Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), which uncouples electron transport from ATP synthesis, is expressed at high levels in the skeletal muscle, an important organ in glucose and lipid metabolism. Because several reports proposed that fatty acids induced UCP3 gene expression in skeletal muscle in vivo, in the present study we examined the regulation of UCP3 gene expression by various fatty acids using L6 myotubes. UCP3 gene expression was increased in L6 myotubes by various fatty acids or by alpha-bromopalmitate, a nonmetabolized derivative of palmitic acid. Because fatty acids are also known as agonists for PPARs, we examined the involvement of PPARs in the regulation of the UCP3 gene expression. L-165041, a PPAR delta agonist, increased UCP3 gene expression in L6 myotubes, whereas neither Wy 14,643, a PPAR alpha agonist, nor Pioglitazone, a PPAR gamma agonist, increased it. Therefore, we conclude that UCP3 gene expression is increased by the activation of PPAR delta in L6 myotubes and postulate that PPAR delta mediates at least some part of the increased UCP3 gene expression by fatty acids in skeletal muscle in vivo.
Cutaneous side effects of molecularly targeted therapies for the treatment of solid tumors (2018)

The identification of these reactions is important to both dermatologists and oncologists so that they properly diagnose the reaction and administer adequate treatment, which would allow greater adherence to the oncological treatment and improve patients' quality of life.
Planning Mombasa (1993)

This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to change the social relationships. Official discourse around the planning of the town invoked an imagery of moral and physical contamination, which emphasized the importance of establishing proper boundaries and preventing the incorporation of even more migrants into the Swahili population. But the implementation of these plans in the town was considerably delayed. While serious planning had begun under Hobley in 1913, the remaking of the town began only in the later 1920s, and came some time after the peak of attempts to enforce the policies of separation in the hinterland.
The First Synthesis of 2,2′:5′,2′′-Terthiazole (2008)

2,2′:5′,2′′-Terthiazole, a previously unknown terthiazole isomer, was prepared by copper-mediated oxidative coupling of 2-lithiothiazole. The yield was improved in the presence of equimolar 2,2′-bithiazole. The 5,5′′-positions were cleanly lithiated by lithium diisopropylamide, which demonstrates its potential in the extension of π-systems.
Multilateral Well Leg Re-Entry Made Possible With a Unique Coiled Tubing Downhole Tool (2000)

Abstract In recent years, new drilling technologies have changed the traditional well profile to increase field productivity. The majority of new wells now being drilled have one or more horizontal legs in order to maximize the drilled hole interface with the rock formation, thereby increasing production from a single wellhead. New techniques to manage and service these wells have also emerged, however, re-entry into open hole or uncontrolled multilateral junctions can be difficult. A new coil tubing tool or lateral entry guidance system has been developed to help locate and steer into these multiple completions. The tool uses a unique methodology for use with standard coil tubing to gain access into lateral legs. No special electrical conduits are required to operate the tool and tool function is automatic when downhole. A precise series of pressures and flow rates from a surface pump are the only requirement to operate the tool. The tool can deliver most stimulation fluids directly via the coiled tubing or piggyback other coil tubing tools.
The color dictionary of shrubs (1976)

The Color Dictionary of Shrubs , The Color Dictionary of Shrubs , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Amine/anhydride reaction versus amide/anhydride reaction in polyamide/anhydride carriers (1995)

Abstract Polyamide 6 (PA6) and poly(metaxylene adipamide) (PAmXD6) were blended in a batch mixer with anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride, n ‐octadecyl succinic anhydride, and anhydride‐grafted ethylene propylene rubber. The melt viscosity, the solution viscosity, and chain end concentration were studied during the mixing. PA was first mixed 5 min to get an homogeneous melt prior to the anhydride addition. The introduction of the anhydride to the molten polyamide resulted in large decreases of melt and solution viscosities and of amine chain end concentrations. The anhydride units react with amine chain ends to form imide groups. The resulting low amine chain end concentration causes hydrolysis reaction to maintain the condensation equilibrium. As a consequence an increased carboxylic chain end concentration is observed. The imide concentration was studied by IR. It was shown that when most of the amine chain ends are consumed, the remaining anhydride reacts with amino groups formed by polyamide hydrolysis. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Domain Specific Ontologies for Semantic Information Brokering on the Global Information Infrastructure (1998)

Recent emerging technologies such as internetworking and the World Wide Web (WWW) have significantly expanded the types, availability, and volume of data accessible to an information management system. In this new environment it is imperative to view an information source at the level of its relevant semantic concepts. We propose that these semantic concepts be chosen from pre-existing domain specific ontologies. Domain specific ontologies are used as tools/mechanisms for specifying the ontological commitments or agreements between information users and providers on the information infrastructure. We use domain specific ontologies to tackle the information explosion by the: (a) Refuse and organization of knowledge in pre-existing real world ontologies, achieved by mapping semantic concepts in the ontologies to data structures in the underlying repositories, and (b) Knowledge integration and development of mechanisms to translate information requests across ontologies. We thus provide support for multiple domain specific ontologies as alternate world views on the vast amounts of data. Semantic information brokering is implemented by brokering across domain ontologies based on interontology relationships such as synonyms, hyponyms and hypernyms defined between terms in different ontologies. Information requests are rewritten using these relationships to obtain translations across ontologies. These ideas have been implemented in the OBSERVER system, the algorithms for which are discussed in this chapter.
Evaluation of antibody response of killed and live vaccines against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a field study (2014)

This study clearly confirms that killed vaccine has induced higher antibody levels and may contribute to the design of future research and vaccine programs.
Specific Light-Up System for Protein and Metabolite Targets Triggered by Initiation Complex Formation (2017)

Gene regulation systems are mimicked by simple quantitative detection of non-nucleic acid molecular targets such as protein and metabolite. Here, we describe a one-tube, one-step real-time quantitative detection methodology for isothermal signal amplification of those targets. Using this system, real-time quantitative detection of thrombin and streptomycin, which were used as examples for protein and metabolite targets, was successfully demonstrated with detection limits of at most 50 pM and 75 nM, respectively. Notably, the dynamic range of target concentrations could be obtained for over four orders of magnitude. Thus, our method is expected to serve as a point-of-care or on-site test for medical diagnosis and food and environmental hygiene.
Fusion of phospholipid vesicles induced by .alpha.-lactalbumin at acidic pH (1986)

Alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-LA), lysozyme, and ribonuclease are found to induce fusion of phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles at low pH. The fusogenic behavior and the binding to phospholipid vesicles of one of these proteins, alpha-LA, are studied at a wide range of conditions. The initial rate of fusion in the presence of alpha-LA increases with increasing acidity below pH 6, and the extent of alpha-LA binding to the vesicles is also found to increase with decreasing pH. Once bound to the vesicles in acidic media, the neutralization to pH 7 fails to dislodge the alpha-LA from the vesicles, and this irreversible binding also increases with decreasing pH. A segment of alpha-LA is found to be resistant to the proteolytic digestion when initially incubated with the vesicles at low pH. The amino acid composition of this fragment was determined, and from this the sequence of alpha-LA fragment, which appears to be inserted into the bilayer, is deduced. Hydrophobic labeling with dansyl chloride renders support that this segment indeed penetrates into the hydrophobic interior of bilayer. Since both the N-terminal and the C-terminal of this vesicle-bound protein are accessible to the externally added proteolytic enzymes, it is concluded that a loop of the polypeptide segment goes into the bilayer. These observations, taken together, suggest a possibility that the penetration by a loop of alpha-LA segment into the phospholipid bilayer is responsible for the fusion.
Large-Diameter Graphene Nanotubes Synthesized Using Ni Nanowire Templates (2010)

We report a method to synthesize tubular graphene structures by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Ni nanowire templates, using ethylene as a precursor at growth temperature of around 750 °C. Unlike carbon nanotubes that are synthesized via conventional routes, the number of graphene layers is determined by the growth time and is independent of the tube diameter and tube length, which follow those of the nanowire template. This allows us to realize large-diameter tubes with shells comprising a few or many layers of graphene as desired. Thin graphene layers are observed to be highly crystalline, and of uniform thickness throughout the length of the nanowire. Raman analysis shows the presence of a small level of defects typical of CVD-grown graphene. The metallic core could be removed by chemical etching to result in a collapsed tube. Backgated field-effect transistor measurements were conducted on the collapsed graphene tube. This approach to the realization of tubular graphene offers new opportunities for graphene-based nanodevices.
Molecular Dynamics and<i>ab initio</i>Total Energy Calculations (1986)

Received 4 February 1986DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.2656©1986 American Physical Society
Multistimuli‐Responsive Luminescence Switching of Pyrazine Derivative Based Donor–Acceptor–Donor Luminophores (2015)

Three symmetrical donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) luminophores (C1, C2, and C3) with pyrazine derivatives as electron-withdrawing groups have been developed for multistimuli-responsive luminescence switching. For comparison, reference compounds R1 and R2 without the pyrazine moiety have also been synthesized. Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) interactions can be found for all D-A-D luminophores owing to the electron-withdrawing properties of the two imine nitrogen atoms in the pyrazine ring and the electron-donating properties of the other two amine nitrogen atoms in the two triphenylamine units. Moreover, luminophores C1, C2, and C3 exhibit "on-off-on" luminescence switching properties in mixtures of water/tetrahydrofuran with increasing water content, which is different from the "on-off" switching for typical aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) materials and "off-on" switching for traditional aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials. Additionally, upon grinding the pristine samples, luminophores C1, C2, and C3 display bathochromically shifted photoluminescence maxima that can be recovered by either solvent fuming or thermal annealing treatments. The piezofluorochromic (PFC) properties are more pronounced than those for reference compounds R1 and R2, which indicates that D-A molecules have the ability to amplify the PFC effect by tuning the ICT interactions upon tiny structural changes under pressure. Furthermore, the target luminophores demonstrate acid-responsive photoluminescence spectra that can be recovered in either basic or ambient environments. These results suggest that D-A complexes are potential candidates for multistimuli-responsive luminescence switching because their ICT profiles can be facilely tuned with tiny external stimuli.
Sensitivity-constrained linear optimal control forced singular perturbation model reduction (1978)

A new approach to parameter desensitized optimal control is presented. This approach, which is based on forced singular perturbation model reduction, is different from the usual desensitization techiques in that it avoids realization problems - a well posed optimization problem always results, employs no sensitivity function generators, and requires no state vector augmentation.
Experimental Aerodynamic Characteristics of Flapping Membrane Wings (2009)

An experimental study has been conducted on the aerodynamic performance of a flapping membrane flying wing model. It is conducted in the low speed open wind tunnel on a flapping-wing model having two different membrane wings. Both wings have different weights but having the same batten tailoring and the same geometric characteristics. The model is fixed on a six component sting balance to measure the aerodynamic forces encounters the model. Data and image acquisition systems are developed including data analysis codes for analyzing the measured data. This analysis code enabling measuring the flapping frequency, the flapping angle with time history and the wing dynamic twist.It is found that, the flexible wing is necessary in obtaining better aerodynamic performance at high flapping frequency. Membrane mass has a major effect on performance, where the performance increased for the Thrust results rather than Lift. The flapping stroke angle being an important parameter during flapping of the membrane wing. The results show a best performance in case of greater downstroke than upstroke angle. In zero forward speed experiments, the results show that the model is capable of performing vertical take-off.
A self-convergence erasing scheme for a simple stacked gate flash EEPROM (2002)

A novel erasing method for simple stacked gate flash EEPROMs is described. The method makes use of avalanche hot carrier injection after erasure by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The threshold voltages converge to a certain 'steady-state' as a result of the injection. The steady-state is caused by a balance between avalanche hot electron injection into the floating gate and avalanche hot hole injection into the floating gate, and can be controlled easily by the channel doping. Tight distribution of threshold voltages and stable erasure without over-erased cells are demonstrated by applying cells using 0.6- mu m CMOS technology. In addition, short erase time is realized using the novel erase sequence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Further insights into the neurobiology of melanin-concentrating hormone in energy and mood balances (2006)

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a critical hypothalamic anabolic neuropeptide, with key central and peripheral actions on energy balance regulation. The actions of MCH are, so far, known to be transduced through two seven-transmembrane-like receptor paralogues, named MCH1R and MCH2R. MCH2R is not functional in rodents. MCH1R is an important receptor involved in mediating feeding behaviour modulation by MCH in rodents. Pharmacological antagonism at MCH1R in rodents diminishes food intake and results in significant and sustained weight loss in fat tissues, particularly in obese animals. Additionally, MCH1R antagonists have been shown to have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent numerous pieces of evidence showing that pharmacological blockade at MCH1R could be a potential treatment for obesity and its related metabolic syndrome, as well as for various psychiatric disorders.
[Use of the CO2 laser in the surgical treatment of complicated echinococcosis of the liver]. (1990)

The article discusses experience in the use of high-energy CO2 laser in the treatment of 108 patients with complicated forms of echinococcosis of the liver. The diagnostic efficacy of instrumental methods of examination is determined. The most informative are ultrasonic echolocation (96.8%) and computered tomography (100%). They allow exact localization of the cyst, which is important in the choice of the operative approach. The use of the laser for excising the fibrous capsule and treating the residual cavity makes is possible to: abandon the traditional methods for completing echinococcectomy (drainage of the residual cavity, marsupialization, capitonnage), exclude suppuration of the residual cavity, reduce markedly the period of the patient's hospitalization.
Conjugated alternating copolymers containing both donor and acceptor moieties in the main chain (2007)

A straightforward synthesis toward two conjugated alternating copolymers consisting of 2,7-linked carbazole donor (2,7-Cz) and ladderized pentaphenylene with diketone bridge (LPPK) acceptor chromophores is reported: the copolymers differ by the repeat unit ratio between the 2,7-Cz and LPPK units within the backbone; energy and charge transfer properties and supramolecular organizations of donor-acceptor moieties in these copolymers have been studied via optical spectroscopy and two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D-WAXS); preliminary results such as the efficient energy and charge transfer and pi-stacking character in the solid state suggest that the copolymers are potentially useful for photovoltaic devices.