gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Activate Vascular Endothelial Cells (1996)

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are associated with a syndrome of arterial and venous thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss. We have shown that IgG purified from patients with aPL activate vascular endothelial cells (EC), converting the steady-state, non-thrombotic endothelial surface to a pro-thrombotic state. The aPL-activated EC are characterized by the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, including ICAM-1, VCAM, and E-selectin. EC activation is dependent upon the presence of beta 2-GP-I, a cofactor necessary for anticardiolipin reactivity. In addition, EC activation is not attributable to endotoxin contamination, Fc receptor interactions, or immune complexes, but rather is the result of the specific anticardiolipin reactivity of the IgG. Endothelial activation by aPL may be an important mechanism by which these antibodies cause a hypercoagulable state.
Magnetization switching by spin torque using subnanosecond current pulses assisted by hard axis magnetic fields (2006)

We have induced magnetization switching by spin transfer in pillar-shaped spin valves using nanosecond-scale current pulses combined with hard axis fields. Switching events requiring 100ps pulses were obtained. In comparison with the switching induced by a single current pulse, biasing the device with a hard axis field decreases the pulse duration needed for error-free switching. The reduction of the cost in pulse amplitude scales with the magnitude of the applied field, and can be quantitatively understood from micromagnetic simulations and macrospin arguments taking into account the thermal fluctuations.
Novel context modeling scheme for lossless image compression using statistical reference (2009)

A novel context modeling scheme is presented for loss-less image compression. First, each line in the input image is divided into 1 times N line segments, called processing unit (PU). Then, the statistical reference is evaluated in each PU, which reveals the randomness of pixels in the local image region. The context is designed based on both neighbor pixels and the statistical reference. Finally, each pixel is adaptively compressed based on the proposed context condition. In the experiment, the proposed scheme yields the comparable performance to the standard JPEG-LS , while the number of context conditions are decreased by 30%, Moreover, the compression performance of the proposed system shows slightly better performance than the new image compression standard of JPEG-XR.
Simultaneous Multiple Entry Hydraulic Fracture Treatments of Horizontally Drilled Wells (1988)

ABSTRACT The number of horizontally drilled wells has continued to increase in the past few years. Nearly all of these well s have been completed as "drainholes" with slotted or perforated liner and without a cement sheath. The majority of these have been successful in their designed intent. Hydraulic fracturing treatments have been performed on a relatively small number of these wells. To be effectively fracture stimulated, a horizontally drilled well must be cased and cemented through the horizontal producing section of the well. Casing and cementing the horizontal section allows fracture initiation points to be controlled in placing multiple fractures. In situ stresses greatly influence the potential effectiveness of any fracturing treatment procedure. The one factor which most directly affects horizontal wellbore fracturing is the least principal stress, which is at a right angle to the induced fracture. The direction of the horizontal segment of the borehole dictates whether or not the induced fracture will be parallel or at an angle to the borehole. The use of properly applied controlled entry techniques at several fracture initiation points will help allow equal placement of proppant or reactive fluids in one stimulation treatment. Ei ther fracturi ng wi th proppant or fracture acidizing can be used in the stimulation treatment. The potential economic benefit to be derived from a successful multiple entry fracturing treatment merits strong consideration be given to the development of fracturing techniques to help obtain maximum wellbore drainage. Subject paper explains techniques and methods to be used in creating and placing proppant and/or reactive fluids in each of the multiple fractures in a horizontally drilled well. Economic considerations of the simultaneous stimulation treatment procedure are presented and compared to a vertical well under similar conditions.
Functionalized Methanofullerenes Used as n-Type Materials in Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells and in Field-Effect Transistors (2008)

The synthesis of two well-solubilized [60]methanofullerene derivatives ( p- EHO-PCBM and p- EHO-PCBA) is presented for usage in organic solar cells and in field-effect transistors. The para position of the PCBM's phenyl ring was substituted with a branched alkoxy side chain, which contributes to higher solubility, facilitating synthesis, purification, and processing. We find a small change of the open-circuit voltage ( V oc) as a slight improvement in performance upon application in P3HT/[60]methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction-photovoltaic cells, when compared to PCBM, because of the electron donation of the alkoxy group. In the case of the devices with a TiO x layer, the best power conversion efficiencies (PCE, eta e) is observed in a layered structure of P3HT/ p- EHO-PCBA/TiO x (eta e = 2.6%), which slightly exceeds that of P3HT/PCBM/TiO x (eta e = 2.3%) under conditions reported here. This can be attributed, in part, to the carboxylic acid group in p- EHO-PCBA that leads to an effective interface interaction between the active layer and TiO x phase. In addition, n-channel organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices were fabricated with thin films of p- EHO-PCBM and p- EHO-PCBA, respectively cast from solution on SiO 2/Si substrates. The values of field-effect mobility (mu) for p- EHO-PCBM and p- EHO-PCBA are 1 x 10 (-2) and 1.6 x 10 (-3) cm (2)/V.s, respectively. The results in this paper demonstrate the effects of a carboxylic acid group and an electron-donating substituent in [60]methanofullerenes as n-type materials with respect to organic solar cells and OFET applications.
Load distribution on microkernels (2002)

The authors investigate the appropriateness of a /spl mu/kernel for load distribution. They demonstrate /spl mu/kernel benefits by presenting a load distribution implementation on top of the Mach /spl mu/kernel. The load distribution scheme is based on three main parts: task migration, load information management, and distributed scheduling. It is shown that it is relatively easy to implement transparent task migration on top of a message passing /spl mu/kernel, such as Mach. Changing the distributed scheduler so that it considers IPC and VM load in addition to processor load is straightforward, and it yields up to a 30% improvement in average execution time. The authors investigate distributed scheduling strategies in the light of the extended load information management. Finally, they compare load distribution on various OS architectures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of porous carbon from cotton using an Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> template for form-stabilized phase change materials with high encapsulation capacity, transition enthalpy and reliability (2018)

A novel porous carbon with a certain degree of graphitization obtained from commercially available cotton <italic>via</italic> a template method is designed for shape-stabilized PCM synthesis with high thermal energy storage performance.
Loads Providing Ancillary Services: Review of International Experience (2007)

In this study, we examine the arrangements for and experiences of end-use loads providing ancillary services (AS) in five electricity markets: Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), the Nordic market, and the ERCOT and PJM markets in the United States. Our objective in undertaking this review of international experience was to identify specific approaches or market designs that have enabled customer loads to effectively deliver various ancillary services (AS) products. We hope that this report will contribute to the ongoing discussion in the U.S. and elsewhere regarding what institutional and technical developments are needed to ensure that customer loads can meaningfully participate in all wholesale electricity markets.
Optical filters for systems with wavelength division-multiplexing (2002)

The construction and results of accounts of the optical filter consisting of the ring resonator coupled with optical waveguides are submitted in this work. The characteristics of filters for different values of its parameters are represented. The expediency of application of filters in systems with WDM and DWDM is noted.
Automatic Moisture Sensor for Measurement and Control of Cotton Ginning Processes (1983)

Cotton fiber moisture content is one of the most important factors that affects the operation of the cotton ginning process. A system has been developed that measures cotton’s dielectric constant and density with sufficient accuracy to indicate moisture content of the fiber during processing. An electronic capacitor and a pneumatic density sensor supply measurements to a microprocessor which combines them into a predicted moisture content. Tests showed that these predicted readings are more precise than conventional oven-moisture determinations and that they can be used for process control in the ranges from 6.5- to 12-percent moisture content.
Polyglutamine pathogenesis (1999)

An increasing number of neurodegenerative disorders have been found to be caused by expanding CAG triplet repeats that code for polyglutamine. Huntington's disease (HD) is the most common of these disorders and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is very similar to HD, but is caused by mutation in a different gene, making them good models to study. In this review, we will concentrate on the roles of protein aggregation, nuclear localization and proteolytic processing in disease pathogenesis. In cell model studies of HD, we have found that truncated N-terminal portions of huntingtin (the HD gene product) with expanded repeats form more aggregates than longer or full length huntingtin polypeptides. These shorter fragments are also more prone to aggregate in the nucleus and cause more cell toxicity. Further experiments with huntingtin constructs harbouring exogenous nuclear import and nuclear export signals have implicated the nucleus in direct cell toxicity. We have made mouse models of HD and DRPLA using an N-terminal truncation of huntingtin (N171) and full-length atrophin-1 (the DRPLA gene product), respectively. In both models, diffuse neuronal nuclear staining and nuclear inclusion bodies are observed in animals expressing the expanded glutamine repeat protein, further implicating the nucleus as a primary site of neuronal dysfunction. Neuritic pathology is also observed in the HD mice. In the DRPLA mouse model, we have found that truncated fragments of atrophin-1 containing the glutamine repeat accumulate in the nucleus, suggesting that proteolysis may be critical for disease progression. Taken together, these data lead towards a model whereby proteolytic processing, nuclear localization and protein aggregation all contribute to pathogenesis.
Decision tree classifier for network intrusion detection with GA-based feature selection (2005)

Machine Learning techniques such as Genetic Algorithms and Decision Trees have been applied to the field of intrusion detection for more than a decade. Machine Learning techniques can learn normal and anomalous patterns from training data and generate classifiers that then are used to detect attacks on computer systems. In general, the input data to classifiers is in a high dimension feature space, but not all of features are relevant to the classes to be classified. In this paper, we use a genetic algorithm to select a subset of input features for decision tree classifiers, with a goal of increasing the detection rate and decreasing the false alarm rate in network intrusion detection. We used the KDDCUP 99 data set to train and test the decision tree classifiers. The experiments show that the resulting decision trees can have better performance than those built with all available features.
Ultrafast Energy Migration in Chromophore Shell−Metal Nanoparticle Assemblies (2006)

A multifunctional ligand-coated nanoparticle system containing approximately 2000 highly two-photon absorptive chromophores has been investigated by means of steady-state and femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy. This system with a high local concentration of chromophores showed remarkably low self-quenching and a high fluorescence quantum yield, which is important for a variety of two-photon sensing and imaging applications. We have observed evidence for ultrafast energy migration in these chromophore shell-metal nanoparticle systems. Time-resolved experiments also showed non-zero residual anisotropy after the initial fast decay, which can be interpreted as due to the formation of the specific domains on the metal surfaces. This investigation opens new avenues toward the development of multi-chromophoric efficient TPA fluorescence sensing/imaging systems with large numbers of chromophores per one metal particle nanoparticle.
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Characterizations Using Plant Extract of Papaver somniferum (2017)

Nanotechnology has a vast range of applications in medicines, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. The present research work is eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using methanolic extract of Papaver somniferum. The appearance of deep purple color is the initial indication of gold nanoparticles synthesis. Papaver somniferum contains some active compounds which found to be responsible for the reduction of gold and convert it into a bioactive metal. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis (UV-Vis spectrophotometer), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) FTIR. The UV spectra of gold nanoparticles showed absorbance band at 544 nm which is specific for gold. SEM analysis showed spherical morphology of synthesized AuNPs with average size of 77 nm. FTIR analysis showed the presence of various functional groups i.e. phenyl, ribose and amide which were responsible for the reduction and capping of AuNPs. The present work confirmed that Papaver somniferum already hold therapeutic promise and its conversion from extract to nanoparticles will be very helpful for medicinal application.
Marked alterations of neutrophil functions during sepsis-induced immunosuppression (2015)

Severe septic syndromes deeply impair innate and adaptive immunity and are responsible for sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Although neutrophils represent the first line of defense against infection, little is known about their phenotype and functions a few days after sepsis, when the immunosuppressive phase is maximal (i.e., between d 3 and 8). The objective of the present study was to perform, for the first time, a global evaluation of neutrophil alterations in immunosuppressed septic patients (at d 3-4 and d 6-8) using phenotypic and functional studies. In addition, the potential association of these parameters and deleterious outcomes was assessed. Peripheral blood was collected from 43 septic shock patients and compared with that of 23 healthy controls. In the septic patients, our results highlight a markedly altered neutrophil chemotaxis (functional and chemokine receptor expressions), oxidative burst, and lactoferrin content and an increased number of circulating immature granulocytes (i.e., CD10(dim)CD16(dim)). These aspects were associated with an increased risk of death after septic shock. In contrast, phagocytosis and activation capacities were conserved. To conclude, circulating neutrophils present with phenotypic, functional, and morphologic alterations a few days after sepsis onset. These dysfunctions might participate in the deleterious role of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. The present results open new perspectives in the mechanisms favoring nosocomial infections after septic shock. They deserve to be further investigated in a larger clinical study and in animal models recapitulating these alterations.
Where, when, and how to detect biased expression of disease-relevant V beta genes in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (1993)

The biased use of V beta 8.2 and V beta 6 in rats by encephalitogenic T cells specific for the S72-89 and S87-99 epitopes of guinea pig basic protein (Gp-BP) has allowed the use of anti-V beta antibodies and synthetic TCR peptides for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Striking V gene biases also occur in human autoimmune diseases, raising the question of to what degree these biases reflect potentially pathogenic T cells. To address this question, we evaluated the expression of the EAE-associated marker V beta 8.2 and V beta 6 molecules in the periphery, spinal cord (SC), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the course of EAE, in unselected, IL-2-expanded, and Gp-BP-restimulated populations. In CSF cells, there was a strong bias for the marker V beta before the onset of EAE, but this bias was not enhanced by IL-2, which skewed the CSF population to > 80% CD8+ T cells. In SC, the marker V beta were expressed optimally during the onset of EAE, even in unselected cells, and this bias could be enhanced sequentially by IL-2 expansion and Gp-BP restimulation. During the recovery phase, however, the marker V beta 8.2 bias was obfuscated by the appearance of a heterogeneous V beta T cell population. Biased expression of the marker V genes was not detected in unselected or IL-2-expanded peripheral cells at any time during EAE. These data suggest that peripheral T cells bearing the disease-relevant V genes first appeared in CSF before disease onset and then migrated to SC beginning on the first day of clinical signs. During the recovery phase of the disease, these cells were diluted by an influx of T cells bearing other V beta genes, requiring restimulation with Gp-BP to observe the V beta 8.2 bias. These data have important implications for the interpretation of V beta gene biases that have been reported in human autoimmune diseases.
The Murine NK Receptor 2B4 (CD244) Exhibits Inhibitory Function Independent of Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule-Associated Protein Expression (2004)

2B4 (CD244) is a receptor belonging to the CD2-signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family and is found on all murine NK cells and a subset of NKT and CD8+ T cells. Murine 2B4 is expressed as two isoforms (2B4 short and 2B4 long) that arise by alternative splicing. They differ only in their cytoplasmic domains and exhibit opposing function when expressed in the RNK-16 cell line. The ligand for 2B4, CD48, is expressed on all hemopoietic cells. Previous studies have shown that treatment of NK cells with a 2B4 mAb results in increased cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production. In this report, we used CD48+/- variants of the P815 tumor cell line and 2B4 knockout mice to show that engagement of 2B4 by its counterreceptor, CD48, expressed on target cells leads to an inhibition in NK cytotoxicity. The addition of 2B4 or CD48 mAb relieves this inhibition resulting in enhanced target cell lysis. This 2B4-mediated inhibition acts independently of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein expression. Imaging studies show that 2B4 preferentially accumulates at the interface between NK and target cells during nonlytic events also indicative of an inhibitory receptor. This predominant inhibitory function of murine 2B4 correlates with increased 2B4 long isoform level expression over 2B4 short.
Prevalence of Age-related Maculopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1999)

This population-based study documents the higher prevalence of early ARM in whites compared with blacks. Measures of atherosclerosis and its risk factors were generally unrelated to ARM and do not explain these racial differences.
A Traceability Technique for Specifications (2008)

Traceability in software involves discovering links between different artifacts, and is useful for a myriad of tasks in the software life cycle. We compare several different Information Retrieval techniques for this task, across two datasets involving real-world software with the accompanying specifications and documentation. The techniques compared include dimensionality reduction methods, probabilistic and information theoretic approaches, and the standard vector space model.
Recent Patents in Olive Oil Industry: New Technologies for the Recovery of Phenols Compounds from Olive Oil, Olive Oil Industrial by-Products and Waste Waters (2010)

Olive oil is the major source of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the Mediterranean basin. It has been demonstrated that several olive components play an important role in human health. Among these components, polyphenols play a very important role. They are responsible for olive oil stability and sensory attributes. Moreover, they have pharmacological properties, are natural antioxidants and inhibit the proliferation of many pathogen microorganisms. Studies in vitro have demonstrated that hydroxytyrosol scavenges free radicals, inhibits human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation which is a process involved in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerosis, inhibits platelet aggregation and discloses anticancer activity on cancer cells by means of pro-apoptotic mechanisms. It has also been demonstrated that hydroxytyrosol acts in vitro against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which are involved in many infections of respiratory and intestinal tracts. In this review, the most recent patents developed to improve technologies for recovering of antioxidant compounds of olive oil, olive oil industrial by products and waste-waters have been presented.
The Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Five Years After Surgery for a Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation (1993)

Biopsy specimens of the lumbar multifidus were obtained from 18 patients with lumbar disc herniation at operation and after a postoperative follow-up period of 5 years. The structure and morphometry of the muscle fibers were analyzed and these data were compared with intraoperative biopsy results and the clinical outcome of the operation. The main findings were: 1) on the basis of occupational handicap score 10 patients belonged in the "positive" and 8 in the "negative" outcome group; 2) the intraoperatively recorded selective type 2 muscle fiber atrophy and the extent of pathologic inner structure changes both decreased in the "positive" outcome group, whereas they persisted in the "negative" group; 3) grouping as a definite sign of reinnervation was seen in only two versus four patients of the "positive" versus "negative" outcome group; 4) the relative amount of adipose tissue within the muscle decreased more markedly in the "positive" outcome group. The authors propose that both inactivity and axonal injury (mainly of neurapraxia type) contribute to the selective type 2 atrophy and inner structure changes in disc patients' multifidus muscle. These pathologic structural changes correlated well with the clinical outcome, and most importantly they are reversible and can be diminished by adequate therapy.
Mechanisms of communication disruption by pheromone in the control of Lepidoptera: a review (1982)

ABSTRACT. Five possible mechanisms involved in the disruption of phero‐mone‐mediated behaviour in the control of lepidopterous pests are discussed. The various techniques used in the field, laboratory investigations of such mechanisms, and possible limitations in the application of such studies, are reviewed.