gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxygen vacancies in lithium niobate (1983)

Optical absorption peaks at 760 and 500 nm in LiNbO3 are assigned to oxygen vacancies containing one and two electrons, respectively. The 500-nm band appears after annealing above approximately 500 °C in a vacuum, i.e., a reducing atmosphere, and continues to grow with increasing anneal temperature. Optical bleaching near 77 K destroys the band at 500 nm and produces both a band at 760 nm and a Nb4+ electron spin resonance spectrum. The spectral dependence of the bleaching light required to convert the 500-nm band to the 760-nm band is determined.
Revealing deformation microstructures (2007)

A variety of features broadly classed as deformation microstructure elements are created during the plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals. While virtually all elements of deformation microstructure are composed of dislocations, describing the creation and evolution of larger-scale elements in terms of interactions between individual dislocations is a goal that has not yet been achieved. A hierarchical approach is thus favored in which structure creation and evolution are described at a range of length scales, from the nanometer to millimeter scale.
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 5 in sporadic ovarian carcinoma is a late event and is not associated with mutations in APC at 5q21-22 (1994)

Frequent loss of heterozygosity in ovarian carcinoma (OC) has been reported on several different chromosomes. We have studied 27 OCs and corresponding normal tissue for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using 10 markers detecting polymorphisms on chromosome 5 (two on 5p and eight on 5q). Three tumours showed extra copies, rather than loss, of one homologue. Twelve of 24 remaining tumours showed LOH on 5q (50%), and 8 of 21 on 5p (38%). Of the 12 showing LOH on 5q, 7 showed reduction to homozygosity at all informative markers over the chromosome. The remaining 5 showed LOH over all of 5q. These data are consistent with the localisation of a tumour suppressor gene on 5q involved in OC. A good candidate is the APC gene, which is mutated in a number of adenocarcinoma derived from several tissues and is located at 5q21-22. The APC gene was studied in 40 ovarian tumours, including all the OCs showing LOH, by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Analysis of all the exons containing published mutations (approximately 4.7 kb of the cDNA) did not reveal any band shifts that could be attributed to mutations. However, a new polymorphism was detected, as well as 7 known polymorphisms. Together, these data indicate that (1) LOH is common on chromosome 5 in OC, (2) APC is not mutated in OC, and (3) another gene (or genes) on chromosome 5q is responsible for the LOH seen.
Novel Therapies to Inhibit Mucus Synthesis and Secretion in Airway Hypersecretory Diseases (2015)

This review discusses a number of therapeutic approaches to reduce airway mucus in asthma and COPD, including the use of synthetic and natural products. In particular, it highlights areas where clinical trials of inhibitors of particular target molecules are lacking. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors are an example of a targeted therapy that has been researched to reduce mucus synthesis, as have inhibitors of EGFR's downstream signalling pathways, for example, mitogen-activated protein kinase-13 and hypoxia inducible factor-1. However, their efficacy and safety profiles are currently not up to the mark. There is clinical potential in Bio-11006, which reduces mucus secretion via the inhibition of myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate and is currently in Phase IIb trial.
Linkage Disequilibria and the Site Frequency Spectra in the <i>su(s)</i> and <i>su(wa</i>) Regions of the <i>Drosophila melanogaster X</i> Chromosome (2000)

Over the last decade, surveys of DNA sequence variation in natural populations of several Drosophila species and other taxa have established that polymorphism is reduced in genomic regions characterized by low rates of crossing over per physical length. Parallel studies have also established that divergence between species is not reduced in these same genomic regions, thus eliminating explanations that rely on a correlation between the rates of mutation and crossing over. Several theoretical models (directional hitchhiking, background selection, and random environment) have been proposed as population genetic explanations. In this study samples from an African population (n = 50) and a European population (n = 51) were surveyed at the su(s) (1955 bp) and su(w(a)) (3213 bp) loci for DNA sequence polymorphism, utilizing a stratified SSCP/DNA sequencing protocol. These loci are located near the telomere of the X chromosome, in a region of reduced crossing over per physical length, and exhibit a significant reduction in DNA sequence polymorphism. Unlike most previously surveyed, these loci reveal substantial skews toward rare site frequencies, consistent with the predictions of directional hitchhiking and random environment models and inconsistent with the general predictions of the background selection model (or neutral theory). No evidence for excess geographic differentiation at these loci is observed. Although linkage disequilibrium is observed between closely linked sites within these loci, many recombination events in the genealogy of the sampled alleles can be inferred and the genomic scale of linkage disequilibrium, measured in base pairs between sites, is the same as that observed for loci in regions of normal crossing over. We conclude that gene conversion must be high in these regions of low crossing over.
Analyzing Rapid Surface Motions With Moire Fringes (1977)

High speed photography of moire fringes was used to analyze the motion of surfaces subjected to dynamic loadings. The moire fringe device used a high power light source, a pair of Ronchi rulings, and commonly available lenses. One Ronchi ruling was projected at an angle onto the surface to be studied. The projected ruling was then imaged onto the second Ronchi ruling where a fringe pattern was produced which was characteristic of the stationary wall before impact. Any outward displacement of the surface caused a corresponding change in the original fringe pattern. Calculations of wall motion from fringe patterns were greatly simplified by the observation that each fringe can be represented as an ellipse which intersects the target (usually in two places) and both the projection and taking lenses.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the Î9 fatty acid desaturase gene and its promoter region from<i>Saccharomyces kluyveri</i> (2002)

A gene encoding Δ9 fatty acid desaturase, which catalyzes the first reaction of fatty acid desaturation, has been cloned from Saccharomyces kluyveri, a species capable of producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (poly-UFA). The open reading frame of this gene (named Sk-OLE1) consists of 1443 bp, encoding 480 amino acids. The deduced Sk-OLE1 protein shared 63–74% identity with those from other yeasts. Expression of the Sk-OLE1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae complemented genetic disruption of the S. cerevisiae OLE1 gene (Sc-OLE1). Fatty acid analysis showed that the ratio of palmitoleic acid to oleic acid in the Sk-OLE1-expressing S. cerevisiae strain was lower than that of the S. cerevisiae strain expressing the Sc-OLE1 gene. The promoter region of the Sk-OLE1 gene was shorter than that of the Sc-OLE1 gene and appeared to lack the fatty acid-regulated sequences present in the Sc-OLE1 promoter region. Analysis of transcriptional expression revealed that the Sk-OLE1 gene was not actually repressed in either S. kluyveri or S. cerevisiae by exogenous UFAs. The DDBJ accession number for the sequence reported in this paper is AB071696.
Observation of tubular modes in multimode graded-index optical fibres (1980)

The clean propagation of tubular modes over more than 50 m of a multimode optical fibre has been observed. This observation opens the way to multichannel transmission through multimode optical fibres and provides a new fibre testing method.
Purification and Characterization of Two Extremely Thermostable Enzymes, Phosphate Acetyltransferase and Acetate Kinase, from the Hyperthermophilic Eubacterium <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> (1999)

Phosphate acetyltransferase (PTA) and acetate kinase (AK) of the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima have been purified 1,500- and 250-fold, respectively, to apparent homogeneity. PTA had an apparent molecular mass of 170 kDa and was composed of one subunit with a molecular mass of 34 kDa, suggesting a homotetramer (alpha4) structure. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed significant identity to that of phosphate butyryltransferases from Clostridium acetobutylicum rather than to those of known phosphate acetyltransferases. The kinetic constants of the reversible enzyme reaction (acetyl-CoA + Pi -->/<-- acetyl phosphate + CoA) were determined at the pH optimum of pH 6.5. The apparent Km values for acetyl-CoA, Pi, acetyl phosphate, and coenzyme A (CoA) were 23, 110, 24, and 30 microM, respectively; the apparent Vmax values (at 55 degrees C) were 260 U/mg (acetyl phosphate formation) and 570 U/mg (acetyl-CoA formation). In addition to acetyl-CoA (100%), the enzyme accepted propionyl-CoA (60%) and butyryl-CoA (30%). The enzyme had a temperature optimum at 90 degrees C and was not inactivated by heat upon incubation at 80 degrees C for more than 2 h. AK had an apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa and consisted of one 44-kDa subunit, indicating a homodimer (alpha2) structure. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to those of all known acetate kinases from eubacteria as well that of the archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila. The kinetic constants of the reversible enzyme reaction (acetyl phosphate + ADP -->/<-- acetate + ATP) were determined at the pH optimum of pH 7.0. The apparent Km values for acetyl phosphate, ADP, acetate, and ATP were 0.44, 3, 40, and 0.7 mM, respectively; the apparent Vmax values (at 50 degrees C) were 2,600 U/mg (acetate formation) and 1,800 U/mg (acetyl phosphate formation). AK phosphorylated propionate (54%) in addition to acetate (100%) and used GTP (100%), ITP (163%), UTP (56%), and CTP (21%) as phosphoryl donors in addition to ATP (100%). Divalent cations were required for activity, with Mn2+ and Mg2+ being most effective. The enzyme had a temperature optimum at 90 degrees C and was stabilized against heat inactivation by salts. In the presence of (NH4)2SO4 (1 M), which was most effective, the enzyme did not lose activity upon incubation at 100 degrees C for 3 h. The temperature optimum at 90 degrees C and the high thermostability of both PTA and AK are in accordance with their physiological function under hyperthermophilic conditions.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Film Hydroxyapatite (1994)

Skin exit site infections are a major source of morbidity in patients with indwelling percutaneous catheters. Ceramic materials, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and alumina, have demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and low rates of infection in soft tissues. Previous attempts to design ceramic materials for use as percutaneous connectors have resulted in rigid discs or solid cylindrical tubes. In order to take advantage of the inherent properties of HA without reducing patient comfort or mobility, the feasibility of applying a thin film of HA directly onto a flexible polymeric catheter was studied. The coating was applied by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The beam from a KrF excimer laser impinged upon a target of pressed and sintered HA, producing a plume of ablated material that was deposited onto the catheter tubing. By rotating the tubing, an even coating of HA was applied to the catheter at a thickness of approximately 0.50 microm. The coating did not compromise the flexibility of the catheter tubing. Hence, PLD of a thin film of HA at the exit site of percutaneous catheters may be a means of incorporating the bioactive and biocompatible properties of HA with the mobility and patient comfort that characterize polymeric catheters.
Development of a Novel Integrated Strengthening and Sensing Methodology for Steel Structures Using CNT-Based Composites (2016)

Strengthening of deteriorating structural members by fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is an increasingly common and validated technique; however, concerns over means to evaluate the long-term durability of these retrofits exist. This paper explores a novel approach to overcome this concern through the use of a novel self-sensing composite material. Specifically, the objective of this paper is to provide a proof of concept for an integrated strengthening and sensing methodology for structural steel members achieved via infusing more-traditional composites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). To assess the strengthening and sensing capabilities of the CNT-based composite, a set of unidirectional tensile tests were conducted. The experimental results show stiffness increases and strain reductions due to the application of the CNT-based sensing composites that were in close agreement with both analytical and finite-element models. The sensing aspect was also validated by a corresponding linear change in resistance of the CNT-based sensor with increasing load up to the point at which debonding of the adhesive layer occurred. The nanotube sensing layer is able to capture the strain in the member as well as the onset and extension of interfacial debonding.
Chemokine Receptor CCR4 on CD4+ T Cells in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fluid Defines a Subset of Cells with Increased IL-4:IFN-γ mRNA Ratios (2001)

To understand the mechanisms that promote recruitment and survival of T cells within the pediatric inflamed joint, we have studied the expression of CCR4 and CCR5 on synovial fluid T cells and matched peripheral blood samples from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) patients using three-color flow cytometric analysis. Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine, ligands for CCR4, were measured by ELISA in JRA synovial fluid, JRA plasma, adult rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid, and normal plasma. IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA production was assessed in CD4+/CCR4+ and CD4+/CCR4(-) cell subsets. We found accumulations of both CCR4+ and CCR5+ T cells in JRA synovial fluids and a correlation for increased numbers of CCR4+ T cells in samples collected early in the disease process. Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine was detected in JRA synovial fluid and plasma samples, but not in adult rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid or control plasma. Macrophage-derived chemokine was present in all samples. CD4+/CCR4+ synovial lymphocytes produced more IL-4 and less IFN-gamma than CD4+/CCR4(-) cells. These findings suggest that CCR4+ T cells in the JRA joint may function early in disease in an anti-inflammatory capacity through the production of type 2 cytokines and may play a role in determining disease phenotype.
NARIRUTIN INHIBITS AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN AN ALLERGIC MOUSE MODEL (2007)

1. Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds that possess anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and anti-oxidant properties. In the present study, we investigated whether the flavonoid narirutin could reduce airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized/challenged NC/Nga mice, a model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. 2. Mice were initially immunized intraperitoneally with OVA on Days 0 and 7 and then challenged with inhaled OVA on Days 14, 15 and 16. In addition, some mice received narirutin orally at doses of 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg bodyweight daily on Days 7-16. 3. At 10 mg/kg, but not 0.1 or 1 mg/kg, narirutin significantly diminished OVA-induced airway inflammation caused by infiltration of lung tissue with inflammatory and mucus-producing cells, as well as reduced eosinophil counts in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), interleukin (IL)-4 levels in BALF and IgE levels in serum. 4. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of narirutin are likely to be associated with a reduction in the OVA-induced increases of IL-4 and IgE in a murine model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. These findings suggest that narirutin may be an effective new tool in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
Simultaneous Acquisition of the Polarized and Depolarized Raman Signal with a Single Detector (2017)

Polarization-resolved Raman spectroscopy provides much more information than its conventional counterpart. However, it usually either requires a complicated setup with two spectrographs and detectors or two measurements must be performed sequentially. This study presents a simple and straightforward approach to recording both polarization components simultaneously with a single spectrograph and detector. The vertically and a horizontally polarized laser beam exiting a Wollaston prism are focused into the sample with a small spatial separation. The scattered light from both beams is imaged onto the slit of an imaging spectrograph as two spatially separated signals, i.e., the polarized and the depolarized Raman signal. Eventually, both spectra are acquired on a single CCD chip simultaneously. Experimental data of ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide are shown as proof-of-concept. The new method has a number of advantages, for example, laser intensity fluctuations and the polarization dependence of the diffraction grating do not play a role. The proposed approach will be useful for an improved structural analysis and it will be the enabling technology for temporally resolved enantioselective Raman (esR) spectroscopy.
The scientific workstation of the future may be a pile of PCs (1996)

No abstract available.
Correlations between Measures of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology Derived from T2, T1, Magnetization Transfer and Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging (2001)

Giuseppe IANNUCCI1, Marco ROVARIS2, Laura GIACOMOTTI3, Giancarlo COMI4, Massimo FILIPPI3 1Neuroimaging Research Unit, Dep. of Neuroscience, IRCCS H. San Raffaele, Via Olgettina n°60, Milan, Italy; 2Neuroimaging Reserch Unit, Dep. of Neuroscience, IRCCS H. San Raffaele, Via Olgettina n°60, Milan, Italy; 3Neuroimaging Reserch Unit, Dep. of Neuroscience, IRCCS H. San Raffaele, ; 4Clinical Trials Unit, Dep of Neuroscience, IRCCS H. San Raffaele, ;
Amino Acid Sequence of β2-Bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus Venom. The Amino Acid Substitutions in the B Chains (1982)

beta 2-Bungarotoxin (beta 2-toxin) was isolated from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus by means of CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and CM-Sephadex C-25 column rechromatography. beta 2-Toxin consisted of two dissimilar polypeptides, a (120 amino acid residues) and B (60 amino acid residues) chains, crosslinked by an interchain disulfide bond. The neurotoxicity (LD50) and phospholipase activity of beta 2-toxin were 0.029 micrograms/g of mouse and 48.9 units/mg of toxin, respectively, and both the activities were slightly weaker than those (0.019 micrograms/g and 60.9 units/mg) of beta 1-bungarotoxin (beta 1-toxin). beta 2-Toxin was reduced and carboxymethylated and then its RCM-A and -B chains were separated. Each RCM-chain was maleylated and then digested with TPCK-trypsin. The tryptic peptides were sequences by manual Edman degradation or the dansyl-Edman method, and the total alignment of the tryptic peptides from each RCM-chain was deduced based on the amino acid sequences of the A and B chains of beta 1-toxin. The amino acid sequence of the B chain of beta 2-toxin differed from that of the B chain of beta 1-toxin by 22 amino acid substitutions, while those of their A chains were identical. We concluded that the variation in the amino acid sequence of the B chains did not significantly affect the neurotoxicity of the beta-toxins. The amino acid sequences of the B chains of the two beta-toxins were homologous to those of proteinase inhibitors from snake venoms and mammalian pancreas, but no inhibitory activity of the two beta-toxins on proteinases was observed.
Modeling hyperarticulate speech during human-computer error resolution (2002)

Hyperarticulate speech to computers remains a poorly understood phenomenon, in spite of its association with elevated recognition errors. The research presented analyzes the type and magnitude of linguistic adaptations that occur when people engage in error resolution with computers. A semi automatic simulation method incorporating a novel error generation capability was used to collect speech data immediately before and after system recognition errors, and under conditions varying in error base rates. Data on original and repeated spoken input, which were matched on speaker and lexical content, then were examined for type and magnitude of linguistic adaptations. Results indicated that speech during error resolution primarily was longer in duration, including both elongation of the speech segment and substantial relative increases in the number and duration of pauses. It also contained more clear speech phonological features and fewer spoken disfluencies. Implications of these findings are discussed for the development of more user centered and robust error handling in next generation systems.
Incremental angiogenesis assessed by color doppler ultrasound in the tumorigenesis of ovarian neoplasms (1994)

Angiogenesis is a common phenomenon in malignant ovarian neoplasms, but the intensity of neovascularization may depend on individual tumor characteristics. The authors documented the incremental decrease of the resistance index in ovarian neoplasms, which may reflect the increase in angiogenesis intensity as an indication of malignant potential.
The Evolutionarily Conserved Domain of Beclin 1 is Required for Vps34 Binding, Autophagy, and Tumor Suppressor Function (2005)

Atg6/Beclin 1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein family that has been shown to function in vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) in yeast; in autophagy in yeast, Drosophila, Dictyostelium, C.elegans, and mammals; and in tumor suppression in mice. Atg6/Beclin 1 is thought to function as a VPS and autophagy protein as part of a complex with Class III phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Vps34. However, nothing is known about which domains of Atg6/Beclin 1 are required for its functional activity and binding to Vps34. We hypothesized that the most highly conserved region of human Beclin 1 spanning from amino acids 244-337 is essential for Vps34 binding, autophagy, and tumor suppressor function. To investigate this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of wild-type and mutant beclin 1 gene transfer in autophagy-deficient MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells. We found that, unlike wild-type Beclin 1, a Beclin 1 mutant lacking aa 244-337 (Beclin 1DeltaECD), is unable to enhance starvation-induced autophagy in low Beclin 1-expressing MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells. In contrast to wild-type Beclin 1, mutant Beclin 1DeltaECD is unable to immunoprecipitate Vps34, has no Beclin 1-associated Vps34 kinase activity, and lacks tumor suppressor function in an MCF7 scid mouse xenograft tumor model. The maturation of cathepsin D, which requires intact Vps34-dependent VPS function, is comparable in autophagy-deficient low-Beclin 1 expressing MCF7 cells, autophagy-deficient MCF7 cells transfected with Beclin 1DeltaECD, and autophagy-competent MCF7 cells transfected with wild-type Beclin 1. These findings identify an evolutionarily conserved domain of Beclin 1 that is essential for Vps34 interaction, autophagy function, and tumor suppressor function. Furthermore, they suggest a connection between Beclin 1-associated Class III PI3K/Vps34-dependent autophagy, but not VPS, function and the mechanism of Beclin 1 tumor suppressor action in human breast cancer cells.
Routing Architecture for the Next Generation Internet (RANGI) (2010)

IRTF Routing Research Group (RRG) is exploring a new routing and
addressing architecture to address the issues with the current
Internet, e.g., mobility, multi-homing, traffic engineering, and
especially the routing scalability. This document describes a new
identifier (ID)/locator split based routing and addressing
architecture, called Routing Architecture for the Next Generation
Internet (RANGI), in an attempt to deal with the above problems.