gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determinantes socio-institucionales de la distribución de la renta. El caso de España (1987-2015) (2018)

Este trabajo analiza los factores que explican la caída continuada de la participación de los salarios sobre la renta en la economía española a lo largo del periodo 1987-2015. En el análisis se diferencian tres tipos de factores que dan cuenta de este retroceso: técnico-productivos, la acción del Estado y socio-institucionales. A través de una metodología estadístico-descriptiva, combinada con un análisis cualitativo del periodo, el artículo muestra que los cambios en la composición sectorial del empleo, la intensidad del empleo, la política económica y la evolución del marco de relaciones laborales y el mercado de trabajo son las causas del menor crecimiento de los salarios en relación al de la productividad del trabajo. Asimismo, incidiendo en la importancia de las condiciones socio-institucionales, presentamos un índice de capacidad negociadora de los asalariados, que combinando la evolución de hasta ocho variables, permite explicar en términos dinámicos la evolución de la cuota salarial.
Typical and Atypical Inducers of Lysosomal Cell Death: A Promising Anticancer Strategy (2018)

Lysosomes are conservative organelles with an indispensable role in cellular degradation and the recycling of macromolecules. However, in light of recent findings, it has emerged that the role of lysosomes in cancer cells extends far beyond cellular catabolism and includes a variety of cellular pathways, such as proliferation, metastatic potential, and drug resistance. It has been well described that malignant transformation leads to alterations in lysosomal structure and function, which, paradoxically, renders cancer cells more sensitive to lysosomal destabilization. Furthermore, lysosomes are implicated in the regulation and execution of cell death in response to diverse stimuli and it has been shown that lysosome-dependent cell death can be utilized to overcome apoptosis and drug resistance. Thus, the purpose of this review is to characterize the role of lysosome in cancer therapy and to describe how these organelles impact treatment resistance. We summarized the characteristics of typical inducers of lysosomal cell death, which exert its function primarily via alterations in the lysosomal compartment. The review also presents other anticancer agents with the predominant mechanism of action different from lysosomal destabilization, the activity of which is influenced by lysosomal signaling, including classical chemotherapeutics, kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, as well as photodynamic therapy.
Proximity-enabled bioreactivity to generate covalent peptide inhibitors of p53–Mdm4 (2016)

Although small molecule covalent inhibitors have been widely explored, macromolecular covalent inhibitors are more difficult to design and implement. Here we present a strategy to enable a peptide to bind to its target protein covalently via proximity-enabled bioreactivity, improving its activity of inhibiting the p53-Mdm4 interaction by 10-fold.
Focal Inflammation Causes Carbenoxolone-Sensitive Tactile Hypersensitivity in Mice (2010)

A focal and transitory inflammation induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the submandibular skin of mice elicits pain behavior that persists for several weeks after the initial inflammation has resolved. Chronic pain, assessed as tactile hypersensitivity to stimulation with von Frey filaments, was evident from 1-7 weeks following CFA injection, although inflammation at the injection site was resolved by 3-4 weeks. In contrast, there were no changes in tactile sensitivity in the paw (un-injected site for comparison), no alterations in open field behavior and no differences in a functional observation battery evident in CFA-treated mice compared to controls (saline-injected) or to baseline (before CFA injection). Neither strain (Balb/c vs. C57BL/6) nor sex differences in baseline tactile threshold were significant in the submandibular skin. CFA-induced tactile hypersensitivity was also not a function of strain or sex. A single intraperitoneal injection of the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone (CBX) restored normal tactile thresholds in CFA-treated mice when administered at the peak of inflammation (1 week), after significant resolution of inflammation (3 weeks) or after total resolution of inflammation (4 and 5 weeks) without altering the tactile threshold of control subjects, tactile threshold in the paw or open field behavior. Thus, in this novel model of post-inflammatory pain, transitory inflammation induced persistent sex- and strain-independent behavioral hypersensitivity that was reversed by the gap junction blocker CBX, suggesting neuronal and/or glial plasticity as a major component of the chronic pain.
Practical tuning mechanism for fused-tapered couplers (1988)

The axial twisting of a fused-tapered single-mode fiber coupler causes optical decóupling, which can change the power-splitting ratio of the coupler. Twisting of the coupling region causes a redistribution of the modal fields away from the coupler axis as a result of an effective refractive-index change. A simple analytical expression is derived that describes this decoupling effect. An environmentally stable package is implemented that allows a coupler's response to be tuned through all possible values.
<i>C</i><sub>2</sub>-Symmetric Bis-Hydrazones as Ligands in the Asymmetric Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling (2008)

Glyoxal bis-hydrazone derived from (S,S)-1-amino-2,5-diphenylpyrrolidine behaves as an excellent ligand for phosphine-free, asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross couplings, thereby affording a variety of enantiomerically enriched biaryls with different substitution patterns. The high catalytic activity of the [PdCl2(bis-hydrazone)] complex allows reactions to be performed at room temperature, affording products with excellent enantioselectivities in all cases.
Lanthanide Complexes Coordinated by N‐Substituted (<i>R</i>)‐1,1′‐Binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamido Ligands in the Catalysis of Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroamination (2005)

A new family of lanthanide ionic complexes derived from chiral, substituted (R)-binaphthylamine ligands, [Li(thf)(4)][Ln{(R)-C(20)H(12)(NR)(2)}(2)] (Ln=Yb, Sm, Nd, or Lu), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystal structure analyses. All complexes have been tested as new catalysts for the hydroamination/cyclization of 1-(aminomethyl)-1-allylcyclohexane. Ytterbium complexes proved to be both the most active and the most enantioselective, and the use of the complex [Li(thf)(4)][Yb{(R)-C(20)H(12)(NC(3)H(7))(2)}(2)], bearing isopropyl radicals on the nitrogen atoms, allowed the formation of the corresponding spiropyrrolidine in high yield with up to 70 % ee.
RAPD markers as predictors of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) resistance in shrimp (<i>Litopenaeus stylirostris</i>) (2002)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints of two shrimp populations (Litopenaeus stylirostris) were compared to find genetic marker(s) that may be associated with infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) resistance or susceptibility. Of the 100 10-mer random primers and 100 intersimple-sequence repeat (ISSR) primers screened, five provided markers specific to the Super Shrimp population and three provided markers specific to the wild caught population. The two populations were further characterized for relative viral load (reported as cycle threshold, CT) using real-time quantitative PCR with primers specific to the IHHNV genome. The beta-actin gene was amplified to serve as a control for normalization of the IHHNV viral load. The mean viral load was significantly lower (C(T) = 34.58; equivalent to 3.3 x 10(1) copies of IHHNV genome/ng DNA) in Super Shrimp than in the wild caught population (CT = 23.49; equivalent to 4.2 x 10(4) copies/ng DNA; P < 0.001; CT values are inversely related to viral load). A preliminary prediction model was created with Classification and Regression Tree (CART) software (Salford Systems, San Diego, Calif.), where the resultant decision tree uses the presence or absence of seven RAPD markers as predictors of the relative viral load.
Mixed-cell-height placement with complex minimum-implant-area constraints (2018)

Mixed-cell-height standard cells are prevailingly used in advanced technologies to achieve better design trade-offs among timing, power, and routability. As feature size decreases, placement of cells with multiple threshold voltages may violate the complex minimum-implant-area (MIA) layer rule arising from the limitations of patterning technologies. Existing works consider the mixed-cell-height placement problem only during legalization, or handle the MIA constraints during detailed placement. In this paper, we address the mixed-cell-height placement problem with MIA constraints into two major stages: post global placement and MIA-aware legalization. In the post global placement stage, we first present a continuous and differentiable cost function to address the Vdd/Vss alignment constraints, and add weighted pseudo nets to MIA violation cells dynamically. Then, we propose a proximal optimization method based on the given global placement result to simultaneously consider Vdd/Vss alignment constraints, MIA constraints, cell distribution, cell displacement, and total wirelength. In the MIA-aware legalization stage, we develop a graph-based method to cluster cells of specific threshold voltages, and apply a strip-packing-based binary linear programming to reshape cells. Then, we propose a matching-based technique to resolve intra-row MIA violations and reduce filler insertion. Furthermore, we formulate inter-row MIA-aware legalization as a quadratic programming problem, which is efficiently solved by a modulus-based matrix splitting iteration method. Finally, MIA-aware cell allocation and refinement are performed to further improve the result. Experimental results show that, without any extra area overhead, our algorithm still can achieve 8.5% shorter final total wirelength than the state-of-the-art work.
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes in Water Using Mid-Infrared Evanescent Field Spectroscopy (2004)

Attenuated total reflection mid-infrared spectroscopy is applied for simultaneous detection and quantification of the environmentally relevant analytes benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers. The analytes are enriched into a thin polymer membrane coated onto the surface of an internal reflection waveguide, which is exposed to the aqueous sample. Direct detection of analytes permeating into the polymer coating is performed by utilizing evanescent field spectroscopy in the fingerprint range (>10 microm) of the mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum (3-20 microm) without additional sample preparation. All investigated compounds are characterized by well-separated absorption features in the evaluated wavelength regime. Hence, data evaluation was performed by integration of the respective absorption peaks. Limits of detection lower than 20 ppb (v/v) for all xylene isomers, 45 ppb (v/v) for benzene, and 80 ppb (v/v) for toluene have been achieved. The straightforward experimental setup and the achieved detection limits for these environmentally relevant volatile organic compounds in the low-ppb concentration range reveal a substantial potential of MIR evanescent field sensing devices for on-line in situ environmental analysis.
Development and clinical evaluation of Prevnar 13, a 13‐valent pneumocococcal CRM<sub>197</sub> conjugate vaccine (2012)

Pneumococcus is the leading cause of bacterial illness in children worldwide. The development, clinical evaluation, and postlicensure impact of the pneumococcal CRM(197) protein conjugate vaccine, PCV13, (Prevnar 13®) builds upon the excellent safety and substantial effectiveness of PCV7 (Prevnar®) in preventing pneumococcal disease in children. PCV13 adds pneumococcal serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A to serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F in PCV7 to provide comprehensive coverage for over 85% of epidemiologically important pneumococcal serotypes in the United States and throughout the world. PCV13 development required demonstration of immunologic responses to the 13 serotypes contained in the vaccine that were noninferior to the responses elicited by PCV7, and demonstration of a satisfactory safety profile. Studies were also performed to demonstrate compatibility with other childhood vaccines. Now licensed in many countries worldwide, PCV13 shows significant promise for expanded protection against pneumococcal disease in children.
Genesis of resting microglia in the gray matter of mouse hippocampus (1984)

The genesis of resting microglia in the gray matter of mouse hippocampus was studied by 3H-thymidine autoradiography in combination with electron microscopy. Newborn mice were injected with 3H-thymidine singly or repeatedly at different postnatal stages, and killed shortly after the injection or after various intervals. Tissue specimens of the hippocampus at CA1 and CA2 were processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography. The results showed that at least 91% of glial cells in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampus are produced after birth. About three-fourths of astroglia in this area are produced before the sixth postnatal day, and a larger part of resting microglia are formed after the ninth postnatal day. Morphological transition can be traced from either proliferating cells in the stratum radiatum at late postnatal days to resting microglia, or from those in early postnatal days to astroglia. A continuous morphological transition was observed between the proliferating cells at the late postnatal days (microglial production period) and those at the early postnatal days (astroglial production period). The latter retain some fine structural characteristics similar to small glioblasts in the subependymal layer. These findings strongly suggest that resting microglia, as well as astroglia, are derived from glioblasts, and are of neurectodermal origin.
Imiquimod for the treatment of genital warts: a quantitative systematic review (2001)

The evidence base for imiquimod in treating genital warts is of high quality and the necessary size from which to draw useful conclusions. Imiquimod is effective in home application, though not in patients with HIV infection with the evidence presently available.
Cancellation of laser noise in an unequal-arm interferometer detector of gravitational radiation (1999)

Equal-arm interferometric detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the detector. In this paper we present a method for exactly canceling the laser noise in a one-bounce unequal-arm Michelson interferometer. The method requires separate measurements of the phase difference in each arm, made by interfering the returning laser light in each arm with the outgoing light. Let these two time series of phase difference be ${z}_{i},$ $i=1,2.$ By forming the quantity $[{z}_{1}(t\ensuremath{-}{2L}_{2}/c)\ensuremath{-}{z}_{1}(t)]\ensuremath{-}[{z}_{2}(t\ensuremath{-}{2L}_{1}/c)\ensuremath{-}{z}_{2}(t)],$ where ${L}_{i}$ are the arm lengths, gravitational wave signals remain while the laser noise is canceled. Unlike other proposed methods, this procedure accurately cancels the laser noise if the arm lengths are known. This method is direct in time and allows for time-varying arm-lengths. In this paper we demonstrate that this method precisely cancels the laser noise, present the transfer function of gravitational waves after forming this linear combination, and discuss system requirements (such as required knowledge of the arm lengths). We verify the technique with numerical simulation of periodic gravitational wave signals embedded in laser and shot noise having spectra expected for a space-borne interferometer, and compare our time-domain approach with approximate correction methods based on Fourier transforms of the ${z}_{i}$ processes.
AUTOANTIBODIES TO SMALL NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS. A STRONG ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANTI‐SS‐B (La), HLA‐B8, and SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME (1983)

The heterogeneity within multisystem autoimmune disease was evaluated according to the presence of antinuclear antibodies to ribonucleoproteins and the HLA-A1, B8, DR3 phenotype. Patients with various multisystem autoimmune diseases were tested by a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for autoantibodies to the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins known as SS-B (La) and ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and HLA phenotypes were determined. The 210 patients included 64 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 11 with "atypical SLE", 41 with Sjögren's syndrome, 22 with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 21 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 16 with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 35 with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (A-CAH). Anti-SS-B (La) was present in high frequency in Sjögren's syndrome and was strongly associated with HLA-A1, B8, DR3. Anti-RNP was detected predominantly in MCTD and had no association with HLA-A1, B8, DR3. There were sharply defined serological and genetic differences between primary Sjögren's syndrome and Sjögren's syndrome associated with RA. Anti-SS-B (La) was present in 70% of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome but in none with Sjögren's syndrome with RA, and the respective frequencies of HLA-A1, B8, and DR3 were 88%, 94% and 75% in the former compared with 38%, 29% and 14% in the latter. Thus primary Sjögren's syndrome differs immunogenetically from Sjögren's syndrome with RA. There was a notable absence of anti-SS-B (La) in PBC, an autoimmune disease associated with the Sjögren's syndrome. These findings illustrate the value of studying immunological and genetic markers in detecting heterogeneity within groups of diseases whose symptoms cannot be distinguished clinically.
Through-The-Earth Radio Communications For Trapped Miners (1984)

Through-the-earth radio offers a possible means of communication with trapped miners after a mining disaster. Much of the original work was the outgrowth of war research. Since the 1920's the efforts to develop through-the-earth radio have paralleled developing electromagnetic geophysical techniques. The electrical characteristics of the earth medium as well as the ambient electromagnetic noise have been determined and theoretical models of electromagnetic propagation have been derived. Since 1969, under U.S. Bureau of Mines leadership, numerous researchers have tried to develop deployable systems. Despite some successes the basic problem remains unresolved. Low frequency signals must be used to penetrate the earth to a sufficient depth; but low frequency equipment is bulky, heavy, expensive and requires large power supplies which are not available to trapped miners. New techniques utilizing miniaturized circuitry and computers shows promise of providing a technology from which workable through-the-earth communication systems may develop in the near future.
A hybrid page layout integrating PAX and NSM (2013)

The paper explores a hybrid page layout (HPL), combining the advantages of NSM and PAX. The design defines a continuum between NSM and PAX supporting both efficient scans minimizing cache faults and efficient insertions and updates. Our evaluation shows that HPL fills the PAX-NSM performance gap.
HEG87-211 For Sale By Owner: The Right Choice For You? (1987)

The purpose of this NebGuide is to help you decide if a "do-it-yourself" home sale is an appropriate choice. Steps in preparing and marketing a home are reviewed. Ideas to promote the sale and a decision-making checklist are included. The decision to sell your home yourself requires careful consideration. Saving the cost of a real estate agent's commission is a primary reason for "do-it-yourself" sales. However, this type of sale is not all profit. It is necessary to invest time, money and other resources, in preparing and marketing your house.
Improvement in affinity and HIV-1 neutralization by somatic mutation in the heavy chain first complementarity-determining region of antibodies triggered by HIV-1 infection (2001)

We assessed the impact of somatic hypermutation in the framework region 1 (FR1) and complementarity-determining region 1 (CDR1) of three clonally-related heavy chains from the human monovalent antigen-binding fragments Fab S19, S8 and S20 on gp120 binding and HIV-1 neutralization capacity. Nucleotide changes were introduced in the heavy chains to revert single and multiple amino acid residues, and two Fab libraries were constructed with the same light chain to express equivalent amounts of parental and reverted phage Fab. We studied the contribution of each amino acid replacement to antigen binding by calculating the frequency of phage Fab retrieval after competitive library selection on gp120. Whereas mutations in FR1 had no effect on antigen binding, somatic replacements in the CDR1 of the heavy chain (HCDR1) appeared to produce significant changes. In S19 HCDR1, somatic mutation of residue 32 reduced gp120 binding. In Fab S20, the Arg(30) and Asp(31) somatically replaced residues in HCDR1 improved antigen binding. Both of these residues are necessary to increase Fab binding to gp120; reversion of either residue alone results in a decrease in binding. The impact of these two replacements was confirmed by the greater neutralization capacity of S20 compared to the other Fab. Molecular modeling of S20 HCDR1 suggests that Arg(30) and Asp(31) are the main interaction sites for gp120, increasing antibody affinity and promoting the enhanced neutralization ability of S20. These findings are consistent with a gp120-driven process, supporting a role for affinity maturation and intraclonal evolution of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies.
Generalized Linear Models as Predictive Claim Models (2016)

A typical property and casualty (P&C) insurance will indemnify the insured against events that occur within a defined period. From an accounting viewpoint, a liability accrues to the insurer at the date of occurrence of an indemnified event. From that date the insurer's accounts are therefore required to recognize the quantum of this liability to the extent that it has not been settled.
A new fabrication method of short channel MOS FET-multiple walls self-aligned MOS FET (1977)

The fabrication procedure and device characteristics of the new structure of the MOS FET, Multiple Walls Self-Aligned MOS FET (MSA MOS), are described. These techniques provided a novel production method for the advanced self-aligned MOST, which are especially suitable for super short channel MOS FET. Two closely spaced photoresist walls, which are photolithographically formed on a silicon wafer, protect the narrow region between the walls against the obliquely incident ion beams. By applying this shadowing effect to ion beam etching and the ion implantation process, the positions of the source, drain, gate and their electrodes can at last be delineated by only a single photomask or one step electron beam exposure. This process will reduce the dimensions of MOS FET, resulting in further integration in MOS LSI. By using the MSA process procedure, poly silicon gate MOS FETs with a gate length of 1µm to 3µm are fabricated and tested. These transistors show good performance.