gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 3,7,8‐<sup>15</sup>N<sub>3</sub>‐N<sup>1</sup>‐(<i>β</i>‐D‐<i>erythro</i>‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin (2003)

Abstract 3,7,8‐ 15 N 3 ‐N 1 ‐( β ‐D‐ erythro ‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin was synthesized from the oxidation of 1,7,NH 2 ‐ 15 N 3 ‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine with 2 equivalents of Ir(IV) in pH 4.5 potassium phosphate buffer. The synthesis of 1,7,NH 2 ‐ 15 N 3 ‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine started with bromination of 1,7,NH 2 ‐ 15 N 3 ‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. The resulting 1,7,NH 2 ‐ 15 N 3 ‐8‐bromo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine reacted with sodium benzyloxide to afford 1,7,NH 2 ‐ 15 N 3 ‐8‐benzyloxy‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. Subsequent catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 1,7,NH 2 ‐ 15 N 3 ‐8‐benzyloxy‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine with cyclohexene and 10% Pd/C yielded 1,7,NH 2 ‐ 15 N 3 ‐8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. Purification of 3,7,8‐ 15 N 3 ‐N 1 ‐( β ‐D‐ erythro ‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin was first carried out on a C18 column and the product was further purified on a graphite column. ESI‐MS was used to confirm the identity and to determine the isotopic purity of all the labeled compounds. The isotopic purity of 3,7,8‐ 15 N 3 ‐N 1 ‐( β ‐D‐ erythro ‐pentofuranosyl)‐5‐guanidinohydantoin was 99.4 atom% based on LC‐MS measurements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using rice as soft biotemplate (2013)

Pure zinc oxide crystals were successfully synthesized using rice flour as biotemplate at various ratios of zinc salt to rice. The size- and shape-controlled capability of rice to assemble the ZnO particles can be employed for further useful practical applications.
Specific Detection of Shedding and Latency of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and 5 using a Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (1997)

A sensitive method for simultaneously detecting and discriminating between bovine herpesviruses types 1 and 5 (BHV-1 and BHV-5) was developed using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Following amplification using type-common primers derived from gC sequences, amplification using type-specific nesting primers produced different-sized bands specific to the corresponding types, as demonstrated by blot hybridization. Less than 0.1 plaque-forming units (PFU) of each virus and 75 fg or less of viral DNA were routinely detected. The PCR technique amplified correct product from 4 BHV-5 isolates and from 48 BHV-1 isolates, all from the United States, and did not amplify heterologous herpesviruses. The PCR technique was more sensitive than virus isolation in detection of BHV-1 or BHV-5 in nasal secretions from experimentally and naturally infected calves, and it detected BHV-1 or BHV-5 in trigeminal ganglia from these calves.
Phase diagram of water in carbon nanotubes (2007)

A phase diagram of water in single-walled carbon nanotubes at atmospheric pressure is proposed, which summarizes ice structures and their melting points as a function of the tube diameter up to 1.7 nm. The investigation is based on extensive molecular dynamics simulations over numerous thermodynamic states on the temperature-diameter plane. Spontaneous freezing of water in the simulations and the analysis of ice structures at 0 K suggest that there exist at least nine ice phases in the cylindrical space, including those reported by x-ray diffraction studies and those unreported by simulation or experiment. Each ice has a structure that maximizes the number of hydrogen bonds under the cylindrical confinement. The results show that the melting curve has many local maxima, each corresponding to the highest melting point for each ice form. The global maximum in the melting curve is located at approximately 11 A, where water freezes in a square ice nanotube.
Infection in Social Networks: Using Network Analysis to Identify High-Risk Individuals (2005)

Simulation studies using susceptible-infectious-recovered models were conducted to estimate individuals' risk of infection and time to infection in small-world and randomly mixing networks. Infection transmitted more rapidly but ultimately resulted in fewer infected individuals in the small-world, compared with the random, network. The ability of measures of network centrality to identify high-risk individuals was also assessed. "Centrality" describes an individual's position in a population; numerous parameters are available to assess this attribute. Here, the authors use the centrality measures degree (number of contacts), random-walk betweenness (a measure of the proportion of times an individual lies on the path between other individuals), shortest-path betweenness (the proportion of times an individual lies on the shortest path between other individuals), and farness (the sum of the number of steps between an individual and all other individuals). Each was associated with time to infection and risk of infection in the simulated outbreaks. In the networks examined, degree (which is the most readily measured) was at least as good as other network parameters in predicting risk of infection. Identification of more central individuals in populations may be used to inform surveillance and infection control strategies.
A Simple Neural Network Exhibiting Selective Activation of Neuronal Ensembles: From Winner-Take-All to Winners-Share-All (1997)

A neuroecological equation of the Lotka-Volterra type for mean firing rate is derived from the conventional membrane dynamics of a neural network with lateral inhibition and self-inhibition. Neural selection mechanisms employed by the competitive neural network receiving external inputs are studied with analytic and numerical calculations. A remarkable findings is that the strength of lateral inhibition relative to that of self-inhibition is crucial for determining the steady states of the network among three qualitatively different types of behavior. Equal strength of both types of inhibitory connections leads the network to the well-known winner-take-all behavior. If, however, the lateral inhibition is weaker than the self-inhibition, a certain number of neurons are activated in the steady states or the number of winners is in general more than one (the winners-share-all behavior). On the other hand, if the self-inhibition is weaker than the lateral one, only one neuron is activated, but the winner is not necessarily the neuron receiving the largest input. It is suggested that our simple network model provides a mathematical basis for understanding neural selection mechanisms.
An RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Prevents Meristem Invasion by Potato Virus X and Is Required for the Activity But Not the Production of a Systemic Silencing Signal (2005)

One of the functions of RNA silencing in plants is antiviral defense. A hallmark of RNA silencing is spreading of the silenced state through the plant. Little is known about the nature of the systemic silencing signal and the proteins required for its production, transport, and reception in plant tissues. Here, we show that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RDR6 in Nicotiana benthamiana is involved in defense against potato virus X at the level of systemic spreading and in exclusion of the virus from the apical growing point. It has no effect on primary replication and cell-to-cell movement of the virus and does not contribute significantly to the formation of virus-derived small interfering (si) RNA in a fully established potato virus X infection. In grafting experiments, the RDR6 homolog was required for the ability of a cell to respond to, but not to produce or translocate, the systemic silencing signal. Taking these findings together, we suggest a model of virus defense in which RDR6 uses incoming silencing signal to generate double-stranded RNA precursors of secondary siRNA. According to this idea, the secondary siRNAs mediate RNA silencing as an immediate response that slows down the systemic spreading of the virus into the growing point and newly emerging leaves.
A recombinant single‐chain human class II MHC molecule (HLA‐DR1) as a covalently linked heterotrimer of α chain, β chain, and antigenic peptide, with immunogenicity <i>in vitro</i> and reduced affinity for bacterial superantigens (1997)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules bind to numerous peptides and display these on the cell surface for T cell recognition. In a given immune response, receptors on T cells recognize antigenic peptides that are a minor population of MHC class II-bound peptides. To control which peptides are presented to T cells, it may be desirable to use recombinant MHC molecules with covalently bound antigenic peptides. To study T cell responses to such homogeneous peptide-MHC complexes, we engineered an HLA-DR1 cDNA coding for influenza hemagglutinin, influenza matrix, or HIV p24 gag peptides covalently attached via a peptide spacer to the N terminus of the DR1 beta chain. Co-transfection with DR alpha cDNA into mouse L cells resulted in surface expression of HLA-DR1 molecules that reacted with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for correctly folded HLA-DR epitopes. This suggested that the spacer and peptide did not alter expression or folding of the molecule. We then engineered an additional peptide spacer between the C terminus of a truncated beta chain (without transmembrane or cytoplasmic domains) and the N terminus of full-length DR alpha chain. Transfection of this cDNA into mouse L cells resulted in surface expression of the entire covalently linked heterotrimer of peptide, beta chain, and alpha chain with the expected molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa. These single-chain HLA-DR1 molecules reacted with mAb specific for correctly folded HLA-DR epitopes, and identified one mAb with [MHC + peptide] specificity. Affinity-purified soluble secreted single-chain molecules with truncated alpha chain moved in electrophoresis as compact class II MHC dimers. Cell surface two-chain or single-chain HLA-DR1 molecules with a covalent HA peptide stimulated HLA-DR1-restricted HA-specific T cells. They were immunogenic in vitro for peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The two-chain and single-chain HLA-DR1 molecules with covalent HA peptide had reduced binding for the bacterial superantigens staphylococcal enterotoxin A and B and almost no binding for toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. The unique properties of these engineered HLA-DR1 molecules may facilitate our understanding of the complex nature of antigen recognition and aid in the development of novel vaccines with reduced superantigen binding.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reactions of 1,2,4‐Triazines: Synthesis of Tricyclic Condensed Pyridines and Pyrazines. (1986)

Abstract Salicylsäurehydrazid (I) kondensiert mit Benzil (II) zum 1,2,4‐Triazin, das direkt zu (Va) bzw. (Vb) verethert wird.
Reactivation of streptococcal cell wall‐induced arthritis by homologous and heterologous cell wall polymers (1985)

Joint inflammation initially induced by intraarticular injection of an aqueous suspension of peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) fragments isolated from Streptococcus pyogenes was reactivated by systemic injection of a normally subarthropathic dose of homologous or heterologous cell wall polymers, including muramyl dipeptide and lipopolysaccharide. Reactivation was not correlated with the severity of the initial inflammatory reaction. Results of studies utilizing 125I-labeled PG-PS fragments suggested that reactivation was associated with increased localization of PG-PS fragments in the joint following reinjection. These results indicate that the initial injury of the joint by S pyogenes PG-PS fragments increases the susceptibility of the joint to subsequent injury. Furthermore, once the inflammatory reaction is initiated, it can be perpetuated by a variety of ubiquitous cell wall polymers derived from normal flora as well as from pathogenic bacteria.
<i>Relation of Increased Airway Resistance to Breathing Work and Breath Velocity and Acceleration Patterns With Maximum and Near Maximum Breathing Effort</i> (1958)

The oxygen cost of breathing, mechanical work done in breathing, efficiency of breathing and breath patterns have been studied at various resistance levels with maximum breathing effort. With the chest-lung complex considered as a machine for doing external work, it was observed that mechanical efficiencies increased with increasing airway resistance, to a point, after which they fell off. When the oxygen cost was corrected for work done on the chest-lung complex, efficiencies were observed to decrease with increasing airway resistance. Breath acceleration patterns were observed to provide a more sensitive appraisal of changes in the movement of the breath than either breath volume or velocity patterns. External work output increased with increasing external resistance only to a point, after which it decreased. At low resistance levels, work output was contraction speed limited and at high resistance levels it was contraction force limited. With maximum effort at all resistance levels oxygen consumption appeared to be constant. Data are also presented as peak alveolar pressure, breath velocity and change in functional residual capacity. Inspiratory breath phase percentage increased to more than half the cycle length with increasing airway resistance. Submitted on March 18, 1958
Biofilms: microbes and disease (2008)

Bacteria that attach to surface aggregate in a hydrated polymeric matrix of their own synthesis to form biofilms. These represent microbial societies with their own defense and communication system. Transitioning from acute to chronic infection is frequently associated with biofilm formation.Bacteria in biofilms are innately more resistant to antimicrobial agents. The presence of indwelling medical devices increases the risk for biofilm formation and subsequent infection. The current antibiotic therapies are of limited effectiveness in resolving biofilms infection.This review attempts to discuss the stages in biofilm formation, their pathogenic mechanisms, effect of antimicrobial agents, detection and eradication of the biofilms.
The Ketene Aminal-Isocyanate Reaction and RIM Systems (1985)

Improvements to conventional polyurethane RIM technology have given better performing parts, fewer rejects, faster molding cycles, etc. Improvements have been found in formulation changes of existing polyurethane RIM technology. New extenders have broadened the scope of isocyanate-based RIM systems. (1) Both step-growth and chain growth RIM polymerizations require rapid, essentially quantitative reactions evolving no volatiles (intentionally foamed parts excluded). The chemistry employed, monomer purity, viability of catalysts if used, etc. must insure that these relatively basic requirements be met. We have recently been examining chemistry that allows the preparation of RIM derived polyamides from isocyanates. We reported some initial results during a previous RIM symposium held in Atlanta. (2-3) We reported the use of enamine isocyanate chemistry to give amide products (equation 1). This paper will describe the reactions of ketene aminals, 1, more highly activated electron-rich alkenes, with isocyanates to again afford amide products. We shall initially discuss the
MOF Scaffold for a High‐Performance Mixed‐Matrix Membrane (2018)

Abstract A novel composite membrane consisting of an interconnected MOF scaffold coated with cross‐linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been developed. As a result of its unique structure, the membrane shows an exceptional 18‐fold permeability enhancement as compared to pristine PEG membranes, without compromising the selectivity. This performance is unattainable with current mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs). Our optimized membrane has a permeability of 2700 Barrer with a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 35, which surpasses the latest Robeson upper bound.
Development of a symmetric echo planar imaging framework for clinical translation of rapid dynamic hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C imaging (2016)

Ramp-sampled, symmetric EPI with spectral-spatial excitation of a single metabolite provides a fast, robust, and clinically efficacious approach to acquire hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup> C dynamic molecular imaging data. The gains of this efficient sampling, combined with partial Fourier methods, enables large matrix sizes required for human studies. Magn Reson Med 77:826-832, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Washed off the rock (1999)

Providing healthcare workers with cost information about the medications they prescribe can influence their decisions. The current study aimed to analyse the impact of two nudges that presented cost information to prescribers through a hospital's electronic prescribing system. The nudges were co-created by the research team: four behavioural scientists and the lead hospital pharmacist. The nudges were rolled out sequentially. The first nudge provided simple cost information (percentage cost-difference between two brands of mesalazine: Asacol<sup>®</sup> and Octasa<sup>®</sup>). The second nudge provided information about the potential annual cost savings if the cheaper medication were selected across the National Health Service. Neither nudge influenced prescribing. Prescribing of Asacol<sup>®</sup> and Octasa<sup>®</sup> at baseline and during the implementation of the first nudge did not differ (at <i>p</i> ≥ 0.05), nor was there a difference between the first nudge and second (at <i>p</i> ≥ 0.05). Although these nudges were not effective, notable administrative barriers were overcome, which may inform future research. For example, although for legal reasons the cost of medicine cannot be displayed, we were able to present aggregated cost information to the prescribers. Future research could reveal more behavioural factors that facilitate medication optimisation.
Defining the repeating elements in the cysteine‐rich region (CRR) of the CD18 integrin β2 subunit (2001)

The cysteine-rich region (CRR) of the integrin beta subunits is organised into four repeating elements. By expression of a panel of truncated beta 2 subunits, and CRR segments fused to the C-terminal end of a CD4 soluble fragment, the segment required for the expression of two monoclonal antibody conformational epitopes was determined. This segment, E482-Q574, contains 16 cysteines representing two repeating units. We have thus defined the CRR unit motif of 'xC---C---C---CxCxxCxC---Cx', where 'x' represents a single residue, and '---' represents a stretch of four to 14 residues.
Multi-task Learning of Deep Neural Networks for Low-resource Speech Recognition (2015)

We propose a multitask learning (MTL) approach to improve low-resource automatic speech recognition using deep neural networks (DNNs) without requiring additional language resources. We first demonstrate that the performance of the phone models of a single low-resource language can be improved by training its grapheme models in parallel under the MTL framework. If multiple low-resource languages are trained together, we investigate learning a set of universal phones (UPS) as an additional task again in the MTL framework to improve the performance of the phone models of all the involved languages. In both cases, the heuristic guideline is to select a task that may exploit extra information from the training data of the primary task(s). In the first method, the extra information is the phone-to-grapheme mappings, whereas in the second method, the UPS helps to implicitly map the phones of the multiple languages among each other. In a series of experiments using three low-resource South African languages in the Lwazi corpus, the proposed MTL methods obtain significant word recognition gains when compared with single-task learning (STL) of the corresponding DNNs or ROVER that combines results from several STL-trained DNNs.
Reactive Distillation Processes (1999)

Reactive distillation, i.e., the simultaneous implementation of reaction and distillation in a countercurrent column, is a promising alternative to common sequential processes. In a previous study, the effective phase equilibrium of a reactive distillation was studied, focusing on the determination of so-called reactive azeotropes. In this paper, the knowledge of these thermodynamic fundamentals is applied to the conceptual design of reactive distillation processes. In addition, some process examples of technical importance are presented.
Onboard Diagnosis of Engine Misfires (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The integrity of the exhaust emission system in a passenger vehicle can best be maintained by monitoring its performance continuously on board the vehicle. It is with the intent of monitoring emission system performance that the California Air Resources Board has proposed regulations which will require vehicles to be equipped with on-board monitoring systems. These proposed regulations are known as OBDII and will probably be followed by similar Federal EPA regulations.This paper discusses a method of monitoring engine misfire as part of the OBDII requirements for passenger vehicle on-board diagnostics. The method is relatively inexpensive in that it uses an existing sensor for measuring instantaneous crankshaft angular position, and utilizes electronic signal processing which can be implemented in relatively inexpensive custom integrated circuits. Our experimental results, obtained over nearly a decade, indicate that the performance of the proposed misfire detection system is sufficient to detect extremely low levels of engine misfire, thus effectively protecting the health of the emissions control system.</div>
Federico II : la condanna della memoria : metamorfosi di un mito (2012)

Federico II di Svevia (1194-1250) è un personaggio dotato di un fascino imperituro, che lo ha portato a godere di una doppia vita: una nel mondo, contingente, l’altra nel mito, immortale. Essere ricordati è il desiderio di tutti i grandi, ma per Federico II – l’eccelso imperatore, l’unico degno di quel nome vissuto nel XIII secolo – è quasi una damnatio, una condanna, ancora maggiore dell’oblio, perché la sua esistenza reale ha finito con l’essere sepolta sotto le concrezioni della memoria trasfigurata.\nNel libro si seguirà il percorso che ha portato Federico II dalla storia al mito, e che, viceversa, ha ricondotto nella storia il protagonista dell’anonimo Itinerarium, il poeta-imperatore capace di improvvisare i motti in versi che ancora oggi identificano molte città pugliesi. Se la figura storica è ricostruibile con l’attenta lettura delle fonti, accanto ad essa si è venuta costantemente a collocare quella mitizzata, che lo stesso Svevo ha ampiamente contribuito a creare, ma che l’ha spesso reso indistinguibile nei tratti autentici. \nAffrontare l’immagine di Federico II attraverso le attestazioni del suo mito serve a definirne i contorni, ma impone, al tempo stesso, un termine perentorio alle invenzioni fantastiche che l’hanno immersa in una strumentale dimensione atemporale, trasformando tutto ciò che le è correlato – e innanzitutto Castel del Monte – in oscuri e irrazionali simboli esoterici.
Bio-Inspired Strategies for Improving the Selectivity and Sensitivity of Artificial Noses: A Review (2020)

Artificial noses are broad-spectrum multisensors dedicated to the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Despite great recent progress, they still suffer from a lack of sensitivity and selectivity. We will review, in a systemic way, the biomimetic strategies for improving these performance criteria, including the design of sensing materials, their immobilization on the sensing surface, the sampling of VOCs, the choice of a transduction method, and the data processing. This reflection could help address new applications in domains where high-performance artificial noses are required such as public security and safety, environment, industry, or healthcare.
A toolkit for specializing production operating system code (2018)

See next page for additional authors Let us know how access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at: