gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single crystal diamond wafers for high power electronics (2016)

According to international energy proposal, about 25% of the total CO2 reduction should come from “end use efficiency”. Hence, low loss power devices are an important technology for the 21st century. Diamond-based devices have the potential, but this would require fast development in order to contribute to the CO2 reduction plan early in this century. Here, we present a clear target for the R&D of diamond wafer. According to the expected applications of diamond devices with a vertical structure, the required target properties for first stage diamond wafers are; a killer defect density less than 0.1 cm− 2, resistivity less than 0.005 Ω cm and a size of 4 in. For the final commercialization stage, targets of zero killer defects, resistivity of 0.001 Ω cm and a size of 6 in. are proposed. The challenges and proposal solutions are reviewed for each technology.
Ferroelectric Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Pb(Zr, Ti)O<sub>3</sub> Thin Films (1993)

Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 thin films of thickness ranging from 55 nm to 625 nm were synthesized on Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substrates using a sol-gel process. The film thickness dependence of both microstructure and electrical properties was investigated. The synthesized films showed columnar structure. The diameter of each column was around 100 nm regardless of the film thickness. The 328 nm-thick film exhibited a dielectric constant (ε) of 1000, remanent polarization ( P r ) of 20 µC/cm 2 , and coercive field ( E c ) of 47 kV/cm. Both ε and P r decreased and E c increased with decreasing film thickness. This behavior is attributed to the existence of a low-dielectric-constant interface layer. The results of leakage current measurement were in good agreement with the model of space-charge-limited current.
Automatic Recognition of Aggressive Behavior in Pigs Using a Kinect Depth Sensor (2016)

Aggression among pigs adversely affects economic returns and animal welfare in intensive pigsties. In this study, we developed a non-invasive, inexpensive, automatic monitoring prototype system that uses a Kinect depth sensor to recognize aggressive behavior in a commercial pigpen. The method begins by extracting activity features from the Kinect depth information obtained in a pigsty. The detection and classification module, which employs two binary-classifier support vector machines in a hierarchical manner, detects aggressive activity, and classifies it into aggressive sub-types such as head-to-head (or body) knocking and chasing. Our experimental results showed that this method is effective for detecting aggressive pig behaviors in terms of both cost-effectiveness (using a low-cost Kinect depth sensor) and accuracy (detection and classification accuracies over 95.7% and 90.2%, respectively), either as a standalone solution or to complement existing methods.
Identification of Immunodominant Antigens from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and Evaluation of Their Reactivities with Sera from Patients with Different Gastroduodenal Pathologies (2000)

Colonization of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of gastroduodenal pathologies in humans. Studying the outcome of the humoral immune response directed against this gastric pathogen may contribute substantially to vaccine development and to the improvement of diagnostic techniques based on serology. By using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 29 proteins from H. pylori G27 were identified which strongly react with sera derived from H. pylori-infected patients suffering from different gastroduodenal pathologies. These antigens were characterized by mass spectrometry and proved to correspond to products of open reading frames predicted by the H. pylori genome sequence. The comparison of the antigenic patterns recognized by these sera revealed no association of specific H. pylori antigens with antibodies in patients with particular gastroduodenal pathologies.
A Radio Frequency Non-Reciprocal Network Based on Switched Low-Loss Acoustic Delay Lines (2018)

This work demonstrates the first 4-port radio frequency circulator based on switched low-loss acoustic delay lines. The 4-port circulator is built upon a recently reported frequency-independent, programmable, and non-reciprocal framework based on switched delay lines. Large delays provided by the in-house fabricated, low-loss, and wide-band lithium niobate (LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> )SH0 mode acoustic delay lines are leveraged to produce high performance and reduce the modulation effort simultaneously for enabling non-reciprocity. The implemented 4-port circulator has been demonstrated with an 18.8 dB non-recip-rocal contrast between the insertion loss (IL = 6.6 dB)and isolation (25.4 dB)over a fractional bandwidth of 8.8% at a center frequency 155 MHz, using a record low switching frequency of 877.19 kHz. The circulator also shows 25.9 dB suppression for the intra-modulated tones. Upon further development, such a system can potentially lead to wide-band, low-loss chip-scale nonreciprocal RF systems with unprecedented programmability.
Adsorption Characteristics of Phenol in Aqueous Solution by <i>Pinus massoniana</i> Biochar (2013)

The objective of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of phenol adsorption from aqueous solution by Pinus massoniana biochar. Adsorption conditions, including contact time, initial phenol concentration, adsorbent dosage, strength of salt ions and pH, have been investigated by batch experiments. Equilibrium can be reached in 24 h for phenol from 50 to 250 mg• L -1 . The optimum pH value for this kind of biochar is 5.0. The amount of phenol adsorbed per unit decreases with the increase in adsorbent dosage. The existence of salt ions makes negligible influence on the equilibrium adsorption capacity. The experimental data is analyzed by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Equilibrium data fits well to the Freundlich model. Adsorption kinetics models are deduced and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model provides a good correlation for the adsorbent process. The results show that the Pinus massoniana biochar can be utilized as an effective adsorption material for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution.
Delay line readout of microchannel plates (1988)

A two-dimensional delay line readout to be used with large-diameter (127-mm) microchannel plates (MCPs) has been developed. High spatial resolutions (25 mu m FWHM for an MCP gain of 2*10/sup 7/) and excellent linearity of position readout (less than +or-65- mu m deviation from linearity) have been achieved in a test setup using 30-mm-diameter MCPs coupled to 140-mm*140-mm delay lines. Single-pass delays of only 176 ns allow system deadtimes of less than 1 mu s. This type of readout will be applied to imaging X-ray detectors to be used in protein crystallography.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coordination Properties of 2,5-Dimesitylpyridine: An Encumbering and Versatile Ligand for Transition-Metal Chemistry (2011)

To overcome the unfavorable steric pressures associated with 2,6-disubstitution in encumbering pyridine ligands, the coordination chemistry of a 2,5-disubstituted variant, namely, 2,5-dimesitylpyridine (2,5-Mes(2)py), is reported. This diaryl pyridine shows good binding ability to a range of transition-metal fragments with varying formal oxidation states and coligands. Treatment of 2.0 equiv of 2,5-Mes(2)py with monovalent Cu and Ag triflate sources generates complexes of the type [M(2,5-Mes(2)py)(2)]OTf (M = Cu, Ag; OTf = OSO(2)CF(3)), which feature long M-OTf distances and a substrate-accessible primary coordination sphere. Combination of 2,5-Mes(2)py with Cu(OTf)(2) and Pd(OAc)(2) produces four-coordinate complexes featuring cis- and trans-2,5-Mes(2)py orientations, respectively. The four-coordinate palladium complex Pd(OAc)(2)(2,5-Mes(2)py)(2) is found to resist py-ligand dissociation at room temperature in solution, but functions as a precatalyst for the aerobic C-H bond olefination of benzene at elevated temperatures. This C-H bond activation chemistry is compared with a similar Pd-based system featuring 2,6-disubstituted pyridines. 2,5-Mes(2)py also readily supports mono- and dinuclear divalent Co complexes, and the solution-phase equilibria between such species are detailed. The coordination studies presented highlight the potential of 2,5-Mes(2)py to function as an encumbering ancillary for the stabilization of low-coordinate complexes and as a supporting ligand for metal-mediated transformations.
A Multi-User MIMO Downlink Receiver and Quantizer Design Based on SINR Optimization (2011)

In a quantization based multiuser multiple-input/multiple-output (MU-MIMO) broadcast channel, the effective channel gain (i.e., the norm of a channel vector obtained from the receive combiner) needs to be considered in addition to a reduction of quantization errors for maximizing the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). In this work, we prove that the effective channel gains in the space limited by an N_R x M_T MIMO channel form a min(M_T,N_R)-dimensional ellipsoid in the channel space. Utilizing the geometric proof, the achievable effective channel gain is derived as a function of its direction for a given MIMO channel. Based on the derivation, we finally propose a quantization vector selection criterion and an optimal receive combiner to maximize the SINR. The proposed maximum SINR based combining (MSC) is proven to be a better solution for maximizing the SINR compared to quantization based combining (QBC) and maximum gain based combining (MGC), each of which attempts to minimize quantization errors and maximize the effective channel gain.
A Listening Test System for Automotive Audio - Part 1: System Description (2005)

A selection procedure was devised in order to select listeners for experiments in which their main task will be to judge multi-channel reproduced sound. 91 participants filled in a web-based questionnaire. 78 of them took part in an assessment of their hearing thresholds, their spatial hearing, and their verbal production abilities. The listeners displayed large individual differences in their performance. 40 subjects were selected based on the test results. The self-assessed listening habits and experience in the web questionnaire could not predict the results of the selection procedure. Further, the hearing thresholds did not correlate with the spatial-hearing test. This leads to the conclusion that task-specific performance tests might be the preferable means of selecting a listening panel.
Fine tuning the immune response with PI3K (2009)

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family of lipid kinases regulates diverse aspects of lymphocyte behavior. This review discusses how genetic and pharmacological tools have yielded an increasingly detailed understanding of how PI3K enzymes function at different stages of lymphocyte development and activation. Following antigen receptor engagement, activated PI3K generates 3-phosphorylated inositol lipid products that serve as membrane targeting signals for numerous proteins involved in the assembly of multiprotein complexes, termed signalosomes, and immune synapse formation. In B cells, class IA PI3K is the dominant subgroup whose loss causes profound defects in development and antigen responsiveness. In T cells, both class IA and IB PI3K contribute to development and immune function. PI3K also regulates both chemokine responsiveness and antigen-driven changes in lymphocyte trafficking. PI3K modulates the function not only of effector T cells, but also regulatory T cells; these disparate functions culminate in unexpected autoimmune phenotypes in mice with PI3K-deficient T cells. Thus, PI3K signaling is not a simple switch to promote cellular activation, but rather an intricate web of interactions that must be properly balanced to ensure appropriate cellular responses and maintain immune homeostasis. Defining these complexities remains a challenge for pharmaceutical development of PI3K inhibitors to combat inflammation and autoimmunity.
Multi-task Learning for Natural Language Generation in Task-Oriented Dialogue (2019)

Chenguang Zhu, Michael Zeng, Xuedong Huang. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.
A new measuring method of magnetostrictive vibration (1979)

A new method for measuring magnetostrictive vibrational displacements has been developed by utilizing a laser interferometric technique with sensitivity enough to detect a vibrational displacement of 10 Å. The most striking merit of this method is that a non-contact and reaction free measuring is essentially permitted. The reliability of this interferometric method is checked by measuring vibrational displacements of a cylindrical nickel rod specimen by means of both the present method and the conventional strain gauge method simultaneously. It is found that the agreement between the two experimental results obtained on the basis of these methods is very good. Therefore, it is concluded that the present interferometric method is quite reliable. The magnitude and the sign of the magnetostrictive vibrational displacements of the cylindrical rod specimens of a single crystal nickel and a polycrystal Ni60-Fe40 alloy are measured by means of the present interferometric method. Satisfactory results are obtained.
Mode of action of levamisole. (1978)

Levamisole is a heterocyclic compound that is an effective antihelminthic agent and is also immunoregulatory. Its likely immuno-regulatory mode of action is by mimicry of the thymic hormone thymopoietin. Chemically, levamisole may form a thymopoietin-mimetic tertiary structure, stimulate lymphocytes by its imidazole component, or be metabolized to O.M.P.I., a reducing compound which affects radical scavenging in multiplying lymphocytes. Physiologically, thymopoietin affects many components of the immune system including both neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes and its therapeutically important actions are probably targeted at stimulation of phagocytosis and stimulation of regulatory T cells to restore homeostasis in a perturbed immune system.
Comparison of Anterior and Posterior Instrumentation for Correction of Adolescent Thoracic Idiopathic Scoliosis (1999)

1) Coronal correction and balance were equal in both the anterior and posterior groups, even though the anterior group had the majority of curves (97%) fused short or to L1, whereas only 18% were fused short or to L1 in the posterior group. 2) In the anterior group there was a better correction of sagittal profile in those with a preoperative hypokyphosis less than 20 degrees. However, hyperkyphosis (with a mean of 54 degrees) occurred in 40% of those in the anterior group with a preoperative kyphosis of more than 20 degrees. 3) An average of 2.5 lumbar levels can be saved with anterior fusion and instrumentation according to the criteria used for choosing posterior fusion levels in this study. 4) Using the 3.2-mm flexible rod in this study, loss of correction, pseudarthrosis, and rod breakage were unacceptably highe
LytM-Domain Factors Are Required for Daughter Cell Separation and Rapid Ampicillin-Induced Lysis in<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2009)

Bacterial cytokinesis is coupled to the localized synthesis of new peptidoglycan (PG) at the division site. This newly generated septal PG is initially shared by the daughter cells. In Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria, it is split shortly after it is made to promote daughter cell separation and allow outer membrane constriction to closely follow that of the inner membrane. We have discovered that the LytM (lysostaphin)-domain containing factors of E. coli (EnvC, NlpD, YgeR, and YebA) are absolutely required for septal PG splitting and daughter cell separation. Mutants lacking all LytM factors form long cell chains with septa containing a layer of unsplit PG. Consistent with these factors playing a direct role in septal PG splitting, both EnvC-mCherry and NlpD-mCherry fusions were found to be specifically recruited to the division site. We also uncovered a role for the LytM-domain factors in the process of beta-lactam-induced cell lysis. Compared to wild-type cells, mutants lacking LytM-domain factors were delayed in the onset of cell lysis after treatment with ampicillin. Moreover, rather than lysing from midcell lesions like wild-type cells, LytM(-) cells appeared to lyse through a gradual loss of cell shape and integrity. Overall, the phenotypes of mutants lacking LytM-domain factors bear a striking resemblance to those of mutants defective for the N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidases: AmiA, AmiB, and AmiC. E. coli thus appears to rely on two distinct sets of putative PG hydrolases to promote proper cell division.
Wafer ambient control for Agile FAB (2002)

The "Wafer Ambient Control Box" has been developed for minimizing the influence of chemical contaminants such as acidic gas, basic gas, organic molecules, and also humidity. It consists of a ULPA filter, chemical filters, SPE films (dehumidifier), and a fan. We applied the Box to the Al interconnection process. The acidic gas adsorbed on the wafer causes corrosion defects. By keeping the wafer in the "Wafer Ambient Control Box", Al lines were prevented from corrosion because the chemical filter trapped the acidic gas desorbed from the wafer. We also applied the humidity controlled one to the poly-Si plug process. The poly-Si/Si contact resistance was equivalent to that processed continuously even though it was kept for 67 h before poly-Si deposition.
Car as a Sensor. Paying people for providing their car data (2015)

Most modern cars are equipped with a lot of sensors that exchange data in high frequencies.So far, the sole purpose of this sensor network has been to enable the car to drive.However, in a world of the Internet of Things it makes sense to extend this network of information exchange from within a car to many cars and other objects.A car could then be seen as a sensor that shares its data to become truly part of an Internet of Things.The Car-as-a-Sensor could be of high value to realize or improve many use cases.In order to incentivize car owners to share their car data, we propose direct monetary rewards.Results of a survey that asked for people's willingness to accept money to share their data are presented and discussed.
Effects of Iron from an Amino Acid Complex on the Iron Status of Neonatal and Suckling Piglets (2005)

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of iron from an amino acid complex (Availa-Fe ) on the iron status of neonatal and suckling piglets. A total of 24 gestating sows (LandraceLarge White) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments. The control diet contained 80 mg kg -1 Fe from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO 4 7H 2 O), while the two experimental diets were supplemented with an additional 120 mg kg -1 Fe from Availa-Fe or FeSO 4 7H 2 O, respectively. The lactating sows remained the same iron treatments as gestating sows, while neonatal piglets of 24 litters born from the above sows were allotted to another three treatments. Piglets from the sows of the control treatment were fed basal diet with no supplemental Fe as control treatment, but were injected with 100 mg Fe as Fe dextran at birth. Piglets from the sows of Availa-Fe or FeSO 4 7H 2 O treatments were supplemented with 120 mg kg -1 iron from Availa-Fe or FeSO 4 7H 2 O, respectively. The total born alive and weaned, and the average piglets weight at birth and at weaning were not significantly affected by the sow's dietary treatments (p>0.05). Iron from Availa-Fe did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and plasma iron of sows on day 90 and 105 of pregnancy and the milk iron of sows during lactation (p>0.05). Neonatal piglets in the Availa-Fe treatment had a significantly higher hemoglobin concentration (p<0.05) and higher hematocrit and plasma iron (p>0.05) than those in the other two treatments, respectively. The hemoglobin of suckling piglets in the Availa-Fe treatment was higher than that of piglets in FeSO 4 7H 2 O treatment on day 28 (p<0.05). The total iron binding capacity of piglets in Availa-Fe treatment was lower than that of piglets in the control and FeSO 4 7H 2 O treatment on day 14 (p<0.05), but there was not a statistically significant difference among three treatments on day 28 (p>0.05). However, the hemoglobin and hematocrit of suckling piglets injected with Fe were higher than those of piglets in the other two treatments (p<0.05). This study indicated that the addition of 120 mg kg -1 iron from amino acid complex into the diets improved iron status of neonatal and nursing piglets more effectively than the addition of 120 mg kg -1 iron from FeSO 4 7H 2 O, however, this improvement of the organic Fe was not sufficient to replace the Fe injection for prevention of iron-deficiency anemia. (
Introduction of the Surface Complexation Model into the Theory of Colloid Stability (2001)

This article shows that the introduction of the Surface Complexation model into the family of theories that comprise the Theory of Colloid Stability makes that theory absolute.This means that one characterizes the electrical interfacial layer, e.g. by adsorption measurements, and calculates the equilibrium parameters, such as the equilibrium constants of protonation and deprotonation of amphoteric surface OH groups, equilibrium constants of the association of counterions, capacitances of inner and outer interfacial layers and the total concentration of surface sites.From these equilibrium parameters one evaluates the potential at the onset of the diffuse layer (f d ) and calculates the electrostatic interaction energy yielding the rate constant of aggregation and the stability coefficient.It is shown that counterion association plays an important role in the aggregation phenomena by reducing the value of potential f d .
VeMap: Indoor Road Map Construction via Smartphone-Based Vehicle Tracking (2016)

Since GPS signal is not applicable indoors, vehicle tracking has proven a hassle in underground parking structures. Recent solutions highly rely on floor map to constraint inertial sensors noises. In this paper, we propose VeMap, a road map construction system using only smartphones inside vehicles. It saves effort-intensive and time-consuming business negotiations with building operators, and expensive personnel cost to gather such data. It fuses multiple sensors to calibrate inertial noises, and uses Dynamic Time Warping to align multiple trajectories. We represent the floor plan with occupancy grid mapping, and explore a vision-mobile joint algorithm to extract its skeleton and form the road map. VeMap is tested in a 250mx90m parking structure, and it can be directly used for driving navigation to free parking spaces.
Actuarial Fairness of Crop Insurance Rates with Constant Rate Relativities (2004)

Increased availability and demand for low‐deductible crop insurance policies have increased focus on crop insurance rating methods. Actuarial fairness cannot be achieved if constant multiplicative factors are used to determine how premiums change as coverage levels increase. A comparison of premium rates generated by the factors used by the two most popular crop insurance products with those generated by a standard yield distribution shows that the popular insurance products overcharge for low‐deductible policies in most counties. This overpricing may explain why large premium subsidies were required to induce farmers to move from low‐deductible to high‐deductible policies beginning in 2001.