gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the origin of species: Factors shaping the establishment of infant's gut microbiota (2015)

The human gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem, which naturally lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. Perturbations of the microbial composition (dysbiosis) and reduced diversity may promote disease susceptibility and recurrence. In contrast to the mature intestinal microbiota of healthy adults, which appears relatively stable over time, the infant's microbiome only establishes and matures during the first years of life. In this respect, early childhood seems to represent a crucial age-window in disease prevention, since microbial diversification and maturation of the microbiome primarily occurs during this period of life. A better understanding of ecological processes and pioneer consortia in microbial development is crucial, in order to support the development of a beneficial microbiota. Various deterministic and stochastic aspects seem to shape the microbiome in early life, including maternal, environmental, and host factors. Here, we review the current understanding of the origin of pioneer bacteria and the evolutionary factors that influence the development of the gut microbiota in infants. In addition, future perspectives, including manipulating and promoting the succession of initial bacteria during infancy, will be highlighted.
Improvement of Stability and Dissolution of Prostaglandin E1 by Maltosyl-.BETA.-cyclodextrin in Lyophilized Formulation. (1992)

To improve undesirable pharmaceutical properties of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in lyophilized formulation, potential use of highly water-soluble maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin (G2-β-CyD) was examined, comparing it with parent β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD). Inclusion complexation of PGE1 with G2-β-CyD in an aqueous solution was estimated by the solubility method, circular dichroism and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. PGE1 was freeze-dried with various additives and subjected to stability and dissolution testd. When the amorphous products were stored at 60°C, decomposition of PGE1 was significantly decelerated by both G2-β-CyD and β-CyD, while it was accelerated by mannitol as an inert ingredient. During storage, the rapid dissolving property of PGE1 was maintained by complexation with G2-β-CyD, while it tended to decrease by β-CyD, depending on the moisture-adsorbing and wetting properties along with crystallinity change of the additives. The limited data obtained here suggests that G2-β-CyD may be preferable to β-CyD for the improvement of chemical instability and poor dissolution properties of PGE1 in dry solids for injections.
A 1.8 GHz CMOS fractional-N frequency synthesizer with randomized multi-phase VCO (2003)

A synthesizer in 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS with an on-chip multiphase VCO exhibits no spurs resulting from interpolated phase errors. The proposed architecture randomizes phase errors of the multi-phase VCO to eliminate spurious tones generated by phase mismatch. Phase noise measured at 1.715 GHz is lower than -80 dBc within 20 kHz loop bandwidth and -118 dBc at 1 MHz offset with fractional spur below -70 dBc. The chip consumes 140 mW at 3.3 V and occupies 3.7 mm/spl times/4.6 mm.
Infant tuberculosis rates up (1993)

In 1990, tuberculosis cases in the United States went up 9.4 percent over the previous year, the largest annual increase since 1953. Of these 25,701 cases, 1,596 occurred in children younger than 15 years of age, and 936 of those cases were reported in children younger than 5 years of age, according to a study in the October issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America, Update on Neonatology .

The resurgence of TB in children can be traced to the HIV epidemic which has experienced its most rapid upswing among heterosexual women of childbearing age.
Magnetically nozzled plasma accelerators for advanced manufacturing (1997)

The coaxial plasma accelerator is a simple, efficient, compact, and mechanically robust device that utilizes the Lorentz J×B force to accelerate plasma to high velocity. Originally developed in the 1950s for the purpose of providing energetic plasmas for fusion energy experiments, coaxial plasma accelerators are presently being investigated as an environmentally sound and economical means of materials processing and advanced manufacturing. While commercial applications of this technology are already on line, future commercial applications will likely require improving accelerator reproducibility and better controlling the accelerated plasma flow velocity or energy, and the distribution of directed energy or power on a downstream target. At the Los Alamos National Laboratory, we have investigated the interaction of magnetic nozzles, composed of well-shaped magnetic fields, with accelerated plasma and have shown that these magnetic nozzles hold great promise in enabling the control capabilities necessary for future industrial applications. Conceptually, the magnetic nozzle controls plasma flow analogous to gas-dynamic nozzles, where the nozzle shape affects flow velocity and flow streamline distributions both within and downstream of the accelerator. Ongoing research is exploring the effects of magnetic nozzles on coaxial plasma accelerator operation with a view toward optimizing these devices for large area surface treatment applications.
NSAID use and dementia risk in the Cardiovascular Health Study* (2007)

Results were consistent with previous cohort studies showing reduced risk of AD in NSAID users, but this association was found only in those with an APOE epsilon 4 allele, and there was no advantage for A beta(42)-lowering NSAIDs.
Non-Bitter Hop Contributions to Beer Flavor (1981)

The main purpose of using hops in beer is to add bitterness to the final product. A series of compounds referred to as α and β-acids are responsible for this taste (1). A secondary, ill defined flavor (flavor referring to smell and taste) is also imparted to beer by brewing with "aroma hops." Not all hop varieties are considered "aroma hops," and there is evidence that the flavors imparted to beer by different aroma hops are different (2). There has been considerable controversy in recent years as to the nature and source of this flavor. Researchers have credited terpene alcohols (2, 3), humulene oxidation products (4, 5), multicyclic terpenoid ethers (6) and carotenoids (6) as being in part responsible for this flavor. Floral Hop Aroma/Taste The most easily definable hop contribution to beer aroma is a floral flavor note that certain hop varieties (not necessarily the traditional "aroma hop" varieties)
Redifferentiation of human hepatoma cell induced by 6-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-[1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-s-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TDZ). (2005)

6-(p-Chlorophenyl)-3-[1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-s-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TDZ) is a derivative of various substituted s-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, which are associated with diverse pharmacological activities. However, the antitumor activity of TDZ is not well understood. To evaluate its role on tumor cell lines, we have examined the effect of TDZ on two tumor lines: human hepatoma cell (SMMC-7721) in vitro and Sarcoma180 tumor (S180) in vivo. The cytotoxicity of TDZ on human hepatoma cells was assessed using the MTT assay. The inhibition on tumor growth was evaluated by means of trypan blue exclusion test in vitro, and using a Sarcoma180 tumor (S180) animal model in vivo. A scanning electronic microscope was used to discover the morphological changes on cell surface, cell electrophoresis was employed to determine the changes of cell surface negative charges, and alpha-fetoprotein was applied as a biomarker of hepatoma. The effect of TDZ on DNA synthesis was determined by a [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay, and cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry. The IC50 value of TDZ on SMMC-7721 cells was 52.9 microg/ml (48 h). However, TDZ could inhibit the growth of SMMC-7721 cells at concentrations far lower than the IC50 value. Treated with the same low concentrations of TDZ, microvilli on the surface of SMMC-7721 cells decreased obviously, electrophoresis rate of cells reduced from 2.14 microm ms(-1) x V(-1) x cm(-1) of control to 1.54 and 1.56 microm x s(-1) x V-1 x cm(-1), the content of AFP dropped from 205.14 +/- 6.41 ng x mg(-1) Pr to 115.68 +/- 3.47 and 78.57 +/- 2.35 ng mg(-1) Pr, and the DNA replication was inhibited by 26.8% and 45.2%. These results indicated that TDZ may inhibit proliferation of cancer cells by reversing SMMC-7721 cells malignant phenotypic characteristics and inducing redifferentiation. Flow cytometry showed that TDZ-treated cells resulted in a higher proportion of cells in S phase compared with untreated cells, and only when the concentration reached 64 microg/ml, the apoptosis could happen at the rate of 4.2%. Detection of the inhibition of Sarcoma 180 tumor growth in vivo showed that TDZ reduced the tumor weight and 69.08% of the growth was inhibited. TDZ could inhibit the proliferation of tumors in vitro and in vivo; the possible antitumor mechanism might be inducing redifferentiation at a lower dosage on vitro.
Microspray Applicator and Enclosure for Administering Chemicals to Plants (1989)

Abstract In our research on producing herbicide-tolerant hybrid poplars through somaclonal variation in microculture (Michler and Bauer, 1987; Michler and Bauer, 1988; Michler and Haissig, 1988), we had to test herbicide-tolerant plants in the greenhouse by spraying small volumes of herbicide on them. To do this, we needed an accurate, small-volume spray applicator. It was necessary to apply volumes of 10 -5 liters to single immature trees at concentrations equal to field dosages. Other available small-volume spray applicators did not allow for application of single-tree dosages (McWhorter et al., 1988). The maximum plant size for efficient application with minimal drift was 15 to 18 cm or less crown diameter, sprayed from a maximum distance of 76 cm.
Comprehensive Methods of Evaluation and Project Efficiency Account (2016)

Project management is one of the main areas of contemporary organization management. This article is aimed at analysis of existing tools of project assessmentmainly comprehensive methods, but also partial techniques -and referring them to undertakings efficiency calculation which comprises cost-effectiveness evaluation, risk analysis, and investment decision taking. Business case (BC), as one of the comprehensive methods of project assessment, is simultaneously the main subject in PRINCE2 (PRoject IN Controlled Environments). It is for this reason that the case study for BC is based on this recognised method of project management. This article contains also the proposals of solutions of discerned problems within project assessment.
Tec Kinase Associates with c-kit and Is Tyrosine Phosphorylated and Activated following Stem Cell Factor Binding (1994)

Stem cell factor (SCF) plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis through its interaction with the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit. However, the signaling events that are activated by this interaction and involved in the control of growth or differentiation are not completely understood. We demonstrate here that Tec, a cytoplasmic, src-related kinase, physically associates with c-kit through a region that contains a proline-rich motif, amino terminal of the SH3 domain. Following SCF binding, Tec is tyrosine phosphorylated and its in vitro kinase activity is increased. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Tec is not detected in the response to other cytokines controlling hematopoiesis, including colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3). Conversely, the cytoplasmic kinase JAK2 is activated by IL-3 but not by SCF stimulation. The activation of distinct cytoplasmic kinases may account for the synergy seen in the actions of SCF and IL-3 on hematopoietic stem cells.
A Microporous Titania Membrane for Nanofiltration and Pervaporation (2004)

The synthesis and properties of microporous titania membranes that contain pore sizes <1 nm are reported. The membranes show a molecular weight cut-off of less than 400 in nanofiltration, and are selective in the pervaporation of water from binary liquids.
A freestanding proofreading domain is required for protein synthesis quality control in Archaea (2004)

Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) participates in protein synthesis quality control by selectively editing the misacylated species Ser-tRNA(Thr). In bacteria and eukaryotes the editing function of ThrRS resides in a highly conserved N-terminal domain distant from the active site. Most archaeal ThrRS proteins are devoid of this editing domain, suggesting evolutionary divergence of quality-control mechanisms. Here we show that archaeal editing of Ser-tRNAThr is catalyzed by a domain unrelated to, and absent from, bacterial and eukaryotic ThrRSs. Despite the lack of sequence homology, the archaeal and bacterial editing domains are both reliant on a pair of essential histidine residues suggestive of a common catalytic mechanism. Whereas the archaeal editing module is most commonly part of full-length ThrRS, several crenarchaeal species contain individual genes encoding the catalytic (ThrRS-cat) and editing domains (ThrRS-ed). Sulfolobus solfataricus ThrRS-cat was shown to synthesize both Thr-tRNAThr and Ser-tRNAThr and to lack editing activity against Ser-tRNAThr. In contrast, ThrRS-ed lacks aminoacylation activity but can act as an autonomous protein in trans to hydrolyze specifically Ser-tRNAThr, or it can be fused to ThrRS-cat to provide the same function in cis. Deletion analyses indicate that ThrRS-ed is dispensable for growth of S. solfataricus under standard conditions but is required for normal growth in media with elevated serine levels. The growth phenotype of the ThrRS-ed deletion strain suggests that retention of the discontinuous ThrRS quaternary structure relates to specific physiological requirements still evident in certain Archaea.
Evidence of a major gene influencing hair length and heat tolerance in Bos taurus cattle1,2,3 (2003)

Evidence was found that supports the existence of a major gene (designated as the slick hair gene), dominant in mode of inheritance, that is responsible for producing a very short, sleek hair coat. Cattle with slick hair were observed to maintain lower rectal temperatures (RT). The gene is found in Senepol cattle and criollo (Spanish origin) breeds in Central and South America. This gene is also found in a Venezuelan composite breed, the Carora, formed from the Brown Swiss and a Venezuelan criollo breed. Two sets of backcross matings of normal-haired sire breeds to Senepol crossbred dams assumed to be heterozygous for the slick hair gene resulted in ratios of slick to normal-haired progeny that did not significantly differ from 1:1. Data from Carora x Holstein crossbred cows in Venezuela also support the concept of a major gene that is responsible for the slick hair coat of the Carora breed. Cows that were 75% Holstein: 25% Carora in breed composition segregated with a ratio that did not differ from 1:1, as would be expected from a backcross matinginvolving a dominant gene. The effect of the slick hair gene on RT depended on the degree of heat stress and appeared to be affected by age and/or lactation status. The decreased RT observed for slick-haired crossbred calves compared to normal-haired contemporaries ranged from 0.18 to 0.4 degrees C. An even larger decrease in RT (0.61 degrees C; P < 0.01) was observed in lactating Carora x Holstein F1 crossbred cows, even though it did not appear that these cows were under severe heat stress. The improved thermotolerance of crossbred calves due to their slick hair coats did not result in increased weaning weights, possibly because both the slick and normal-haired calves were being nursed by slick-haired dams. There were indications that the slick-haired calves grew faster immediately following weaning and that their growth during the cooler months of the year was not compromised significantly by their reduced quantity of hair. In the Carora x Holstein crossbred cows there was a positive effect of slick hair on milk yield under dry, tropical conditions.
Doherty amplifier design for 3.5 GHz WiMAX considering load line and loop stability (2008)

Legacy Doherty amplifier is characterized by using a larger transistor for the peak amplifier such that this reaches saturation with a smaller excitation signal. However due to device availability and modelling considerations, this is not often feasible. In this paper, the design and measurement of a Doherty amplifier utilizing only single sized device is realized. Unlike previous research works, intrinsic load line is utilized to tune the offset lines, as well as to verify the actual dynamic load principle. Stability aspects are covered for this type of amplifier, which are not normally included in earlier works. Finally an assessment of its applicability and benefits for WiMAX at 3.5 GHz is realized using a class AB amplifier as a comparison basis.
Consumption of EGF by A431 cells: evidence for receptor recycling. (1993)

We examined the extent of EGF consumption by EGFR in A431 cells. When 125I-EGF was added to A431 cell cultures at low or high density, at concentrations which corresponded to 10-fold excess of ligand over receptor on the cell surface, most of the 125I-EGF was consumed within 2 h. The amounts of 125I-EGF consumed were much greater than available EGFR on the A431 cells, by a factor of 6.5 in low-density cultures and 5.8 in high-density cultures. When the concentration of 125I-EGF was increased in low density cultures, further consumption of 125I-EGF by the A431 cells was greatly reduced, partially due to a rapid down regulation of EGFR. However, when higher concentrations of 125I-EGF were added to high density cultures, with reduced receptor down regulation, the cells continued to consume a large fraction of the EGF in the culture medium. The consumption of 125I-EGF by these cultures was in excellent agreement with the measured amount of ligand internalized into the cell. EGF consumption was far in excess of the number of EGFR down regulated or degraded. Only a minor portion of the EGFR could have been replaced during the assay period by synthesis of new EGFR or from the intracellular pool of EGFR, and the fluid-phase uptake of EGF is only temporarily increased by exposure to EGF. Our results demonstrate that EGFR in high density A431 cell cultures recycled many times. The apparent level of recycling was dependent upon the concentration of EGF and followed Michaelis-Menton kinetics for ligand concentrations as high as 215 nM. At this EGF concentration, high-density cultures consumed 45 EGF molecules per receptor over a period of 6 h.
La participació de la infància en la seva pròpia educació (2008)

Com podem aconseguir que l'alumnat prengui part activa i s'impliqui en el seu proces d'aprenentatge? 
Per treballar aquesta pregunta, tindrem en compte les bases que tota persona necessita i tambe els condicionaments de la situacio social des de tots els vessants.
<i>In situ</i> small-angle x-ray scattering study of nanostructure evolution during decomposition of arc evaporated TiAlN coatings (2009)

Small-angle x-ray scattering was used to study in situ decomposition of an arc evaporated TiAlN coating into cubic-TiN and cubic-AlN particles at elevated temperature. At the early stages of decomposition particles with ellipsoidal shape form, which grow and change shape to spherical particles at higher temperatures. The spherical particles grow at a rate of 0.18 Å/°C while coalescing.
The composition of the difficultly extractable soybean phosphatides (1960)

Summary The object of the present work has been to study those soybean phosphatides which cannot be extracted by means of nonpolar solvents but only be means of mixtures of nonpolar and polar solvents, for instance hexane and ethanol. These phosphatides were fractionated by the countercurrent distribution technique, and the following groups of substances were found: a) carbohydrates with d‐inositol in the form of the methyl ether called pinitol; b) a number of nitrogen‐containing substances, the nature of which is not as yet fully elucidated but which is perhaps merely decomposition products of proteins; c) a glyceroinositophosphatidic acid which contains equimolar quantities of glycerophosphoric acid and inositolmonophosphoric acid and phosphorus and fatty acids at a ratio of about 1 to 2; d) a high‐molecular phosphatide acid; and e) a mixture of the three glycerophosphatides: phosphatidylcholine,‐ethanolamine, and‐serine.
Demodulation of multi-gigahertz frequency-modulated optical signals in an injection-locked distributed feedback laser oscillator (1990)

A new type of wavelength selective optical receiver that allows the demodulation of multi-gigaHertz frequency modulated (FM) optical signals is demonstrated by detecting FM light-induced changes in the forward voltage of an optically injection-locked distributed feedback semiconductor laser operating at far above the losing threshold. A bandwidth as wide as 2 GHz is reported together with an FM demodulation efficiency of 52 μV/GHz.
Reconstitution of the Z-disk. (1977)

Although detailed structural studies of the Z-disk have been published,1`4) the exact pro tein composition of the Z-disk except the presence of -actinin is still unknown. Re constitution of the Z-disk by incubating some known myofibrillar proteins with Z-diskextracted fiber bundles was carried out by Stromer et al5,6) From their reports, we can easily imagine the presence of some other proteins than -actinin as constituents of the Z-disk. Recently, one of the authors dis covered in rabbit skeletal muscle an endogenous factor that removed Z-disk in the presence of Ca2+, and named this factor CASF (Ca2+activated sarcoplasmic factor).7)
Effects of Surface Active Agents on the Chemical Stability of Synthetic Resin Latex. (1961)

合成樹脂ラテックスの化学的安定性に及ぼす陰イオン活性剤および非イオン活性剤の影響を検討した。試料には脂肪酸セッケンを乳化剤とし播種重合で合成した単分散性のポリスチレンラテックスを用い,化学的安定性の判定はポリマー濃度1.0g/lに希釈した試料に塩化カルシウムを加え遠心分離してから濁度を測定する方法によって行なった。その結果,陰イオン活性剤は安定化効果がないが,非イオン活性剤は著しく向上効果を示し,なかでもHLBの大きい非イオン活性剤ほど化学的安定性を増大した。また乳化剤に陰イオン活性剤と非イオン活性剤を併用して合成したラテックスの化学的安定性は,同一量の陰イオン活性剤単独で合成したものに非イオン活性剤を後から添加した場合とほとんど差が認められなかった。
Characterization of HIV-1 Enzyme Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition by the Compound 6-Chloro-1,4-Dihydro-4-Oxo-1-(&#946;-D-Ribofuranosyl) Quinoline-3-Carboxylic Acid Through Kinetic and In Silico Studies (2009)

We recently described that the chloroxoquinolinic ribonucleoside 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (compound A) inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), and its replication in primary cells. Based on these findings, we performed kinetic studies to investigate the mode of inhibition of compound A and its aglycan analog (compound B). We found that both molecules inhibited RT activity independently of the template/primer used. Nevertheless, compound A was 10-fold more potent than compound B. Compound A inhibited the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity of RT with an uncompetitive and a noncompetitive mode of action with respect to dTTP incorporation and to template/primer (TP) uptake, respectively. The kinetic pattern of the inhibition displayed by compound A was probably due to its greater affinity for the ternary complex (RT-TP-dNTP) than the enzyme alone or the binary complex (RT-TP). Besides, by means of molecular modeling, we show that compound A bound on the NNRTI binding pocket of RT. However, our molecule targets such a site by making novel interactions with the enzyme RT, when compared to NNRTIs. These include a hydrogen bridge between the 2'-OH of our compound and the Tyr675 of the enzyme RT's chain B. Therefore, compound A is able to synergize with both a NRTI (AZT-TP) and a NNRTI (efavirenz). Taken together, our results suggest that compound A displays a novel mechanism of action, which may be different from classical NRTIs and NNRTIs.