gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae) (2011)

Trichomonas vaginalis, which causes the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide, is itself commonly infected by nonsegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses from the genus Trichomonasvirus, family Totiviridae. To date, cDNA sequences of one or more strains of each of three trichomonasvirus species have been reported, and gel electrophoresis showing several different dsRNA molecules obtained from a few T. vaginalis isolates has suggested that more than one virus strain might concurrently infect the same parasite cell. Here, we report the complete cDNA sequences of 3 trichomonasvirus strains, one from each of the 3 known species, infecting a single, agar-cloned clinical isolate of T. vaginalis, confirming the natural capacity for concurrent (in this case, triple) infections in this system. We furthermore report the complete cDNA sequences of 11 additional trichomonasvirus strains, from 4 other clinical isolates of T. vaginalis. These additional strains represent the three known trichomonasvirus species, as well as a newly identified fourth species. Moreover, 2 of these other T. vaginalis isolates are concurrently infected by strains of all 4 trichomonasvirus species (i.e., quadruple infections). In sum, the full-length cDNA sequences of these 14 new trichomonasviruses greatly expand the existing data set for members of this genus and substantiate our understanding of their genome organizations, protein-coding and replication signals, diversity, and phylogenetics. The complexity of this virus-host system is greater than has been previously well recognized and suggests a number of important questions relating to the pathogenesis and disease outcomes of T. vaginalis infections of the human genital mucosa.
Psychedelic Effects of Ketamine in Healthy Volunteers  (1998)

Subanesthetic doses of ketamine produce psychedelic effects in healthy volunteers. The relation between steady-state venous plasma ketamine concentrations and effects is highly linear between 50 and 200 ng/ml.
ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults (2018)

Crohn's disease is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology with genetic, immunologic, and environmental influences. The incidence of Crohn's disease has steadily increased over the past several decades. The diagnosis and treatment of patients with Crohn's disease has evolved since the last practice guideline was published. These guidelines represent the official practice recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology and were developed under the auspices of the Practice Parameters Committee for the management of adult patients with Crohn's disease. These guidelines are established for clinical practice with the intent of suggesting preferable approaches to particular medical problems as established by interpretation and collation of scientifically valid research, derived from extensive review of published literature. When exercising clinical judgment, health-care providers should incorporate this guideline along with patient's needs, desires, and their values in order to fully and appropriately care for patients with Crohn's disease. This guideline is intended to be flexible, not necessarily indicating the only acceptable approach, and should be distinguished from standards of care that are inflexible and rarely violated. To evaluate the level of evidence and strength of recommendations, we used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The Committee reviews guidelines in depth, with participation from experienced clinicians and others in related fields. The final recommendations are based on the data available at the time of the production of the document and may be updated with pertinent scientific developments at a later time.
A New Hydrogen Chloride Plasma-Based Copper Etching Process (2002)

The plasma–copper reaction that is based on the hydrogen chloride (HCl) feed gas has been studied. Copper line can be etched at a high rate with this process. The wall profile can also be controlled by the process condition. Influences of process parameters such as plasma exposure time, pressure, plasma power, and substrate temperature, to the reaction process were investigated. In addition to the reaction rate, the relationships between the structure of the reaction product and the process condition were investigated. The results show that both the plasma-phase chemistry and the ion bombardment energy play important roles in the reaction mechanism. The reaction product is a non-stoichiometric, non-homogeneous, and polycrystalline CuClx film. These results are critical to the fabrication of advanced microelectronic devices as well as to the understanding of this new copper dry etching process.
Nucleation and Growth of Ice Crystals Upon Crystalline Substrates (1960)

The importance of various surface imperfections in the nucleation of ice crystals iR considered and it is concluded that dislocations are not preferred nucleation sites, whereas steps and re-entrant corners do encourage nucleation. Expressions are derived for the height of the free energy barrier in several important cases, and the retention of embryos under unsaturated conditions is discussed. Embryos initially grow by twodimensional nucleation, but ultimately a dislocation growth mechanism becomes more important. There is not yet enough experimental evidence to decide upon the reality of the entropy effect, previousl:y- proposed, which inhibits nucleation upon certain CITRta] faces.
Heterodyne spectroscopy with superconducting single-photon detector (2016)

We demonstrate successful operation of a Superconducting Single Photon Detector (SSPD) as the core element in a heterodyne receiver. Irradiating the SSPD by both a local oscillator power and signal power simultaneously, we observed beat signal at the intermediate frequency of a few MHz. Gain bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector single pulse width, where the latter depends on the detector kinetic inductance, determined by the superconducting nanowire length.
LONG-TERM OXIDATION STABILITY OF GASOLINE ON ACCOUNT OF MIR MONITORING (2006)

The problem of oxidation stability of petroleum products often arises under the protracted transportation or tankage of products in the maritime terminal storages or in the national repositories for a prolonged time. So, this paper presents the results of study of auto‐oxidation kinetics of hydrocarbons in the gasoline, carried out by applying the method of middle range IR spectroscopy (MIR) monitoring aimed at the prediction of fuel oxidation stability. The results of study enabled to propose the virtual chemometrical model based on the MIR spectrum analysis which was applicable for testers which register the changes in concentration of olefins. As the object of research there was taken the gasoline which was carrying JV; > 50–90 of different structures of C2‐C10 olefins in unordered set of hydrocarbons which degrade the petroleum product.
DA-9601 for erosive gastritis: Results of a double-blind placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial (2004)

From these results, it appears that DA-9601 has excellent efficacy on erosive gastritis. This study also confirms the safety profile of DA-9601.
Pre-clinical comparison of [DTPA0] octreotide, [DTPA0,Tyr3] octreotide and [DOTA0,Tyr3] octreotide as carriers for somatostatin receptor-targeted scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy (1998)

We have evaluated the potential usefulness of radiolabelled [DTPA0,Tyr3]octreotide and [DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide as radiopharmaceuticals for somatostatin receptor-targeted scintigraphy and radiotherapy. In vitro somatostatin receptor binding and in vivo metabolism in rats of the compounds were investigated in comparison with [111In-DTPA0] octreotide. Comparing different peptide-chelator constructs, [DTPA0,Tyr3]octreotide and [DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide were found to have a higher affinity than [DTPA0]octreotide for subtype 2 somatostatin receptors (sst2) in mouse AtT20 pituitary tumour cell membranes (all IC50 values obtained were in the low nanomolar range). In vivo studies in CA20948 tumor-bearing Lewis rats revealed a significantly higher uptake of both 111In-labelled [DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide and [DTPA0,Tyr3]octreotide in sst2-expressing tissues than after injection of [111In-DTPA0]octreotide, showing that substitution of Tyr for Phe at position 3 in octreotide results in an increased affinity for its receptor and in a higher target tissue uptake. Uptake of 111In-labelled [DTPA0]octreotide, [DTPA0,Tyr3]octreotide and [DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide in pituitary, pancreas, adrenals and tumour was decreased to less than 7% of control by pre-treatment with 0.5 mg unlabelled octreotide/rat, indicating specific binding to sst2. Comparing different radionuclides, [90Y-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide had the highest uptake in sst2-positive organs, followed by the [111In-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide, whereas [DOTA0,125I-Try3]octreotide uptake was low compared to that of the other radiopharmaceuticals, when measured 24 hr after injection. Renal uptake of 111In-labelled [DTPA0]octreotide, [DTPA0,Tyr3]octreotide and [DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide was reduced over 50% by an i.v. injection of 400 mg/kg D-lysine, whereas radioactivity in blood, pancreas and adrenals was not affected.
High performance micro-channel air cooling (2002)

A high performance, compact air-cooling technology is discussed. It combines the microlaminar flow concept with an efficient heat sink design in order to achieve a cooling performance comparable to that of complex water-cooled modules. The thermal resistance of the microlaminar heat sinks was measured to be less than 2 degrees C/W of power dissipated in a 1-cm/sup 2/ chip at an air flow rate of 2 ft/sup 3//min. The required air pressure depends on the desired volumetric efficiency. The capability to remove in excess of 600 W from a multichip module (25 chips at 25 W and 16% chip-to-substrate coverage) with a quiet 10-W tubeaxial fan has been demonstrated. The volume of the complete module, including the plenum and the fan, is only about 1 liter. The chips are held to a maximum temperature rise of 55 degrees C above ambient. Even higher cooling performance at greater chip-to-substrate coverage was shown to be possible with larger air movers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
All-Optical Logic Gates Based on Nanoscale Plasmonic Slot Waveguides (2012)

We report realizations of nanoscale integrated all-optical XNOR, XOR, NOT, and OR logic gates using plasmonic slot waveguides based on linear interference between surface plasmon polariton modes. The miniature device size with lateral dimensions smaller than 5 μm, precisely controlled optical phase difference, and quasi-monochromatic surface plasmon polariton modes excited by a continuous wave 830 nm laser beam ensure a high intensity contrast ratio of 24 dB between the output logic states "1" and "0". Compared with previous reported results, the intensity contrast ratio is enhanced 4-fold, whereas the lateral dimension is reduced 4-fold. These compact logic devices are stable, robust, free from environmental impact, and much suitable for practical on-chip applications. These also provide a means to construct all-optical logic devices and nanophotonic processors.
Fluorometric Study of Magnesium-Bissalicylidene-ethylenediamine System (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorometric Study of Magnesium-Bissalicylidene-ethylenediamine SystemC. E. White and Frank. CuttittaCite this: Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 12, 2083–2087Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1959https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60156a064RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (575 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING DEMAND-LIMITING SETPOINT TRAJECTORIES IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS USING SHORT-TERM DATA ANALYSIS (2006)

This paper presents the evaluation of three different methods for determining zone temperature setpoint variations that limit peak electrical demand in buildings. The methods were developed in a companion paper (Lee and Braun 2006b) and are evaluated in the current paper through simulation for two different buildings. One of the buildings houses the Iowa Energy Center and is representative of a small commercial building. This building was modeled using a detailed inverse model that was developed in a previous study. The other building is the Santa Rosa Federal building, which is representative of a large commercial building. This building was modeled using Energy Plus, which was calibrated using test data. All three methods worked well in terms of peak demand reduction. In addition, two of the methods provided good predictions of peak load reduction for both buildings.
Immunoregulation by blasts from null cell and T-cell leukemias: Help and suppression of T-cell proliferative responses to mitogens (1982)

The immunoregulatory activity of bone marrow leukemic blasts from five patients with null-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and two children with T-cell ALL was evaluated. Blasts were studied in co-culture for their effects on the proliferative responses of normal allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. Mitomycin C-treated null cell ALL blasts from two of five children suppressed the proliferative responses of normal responder cells by 80% and 58% whereas those from two other children enhanced the responses by 118% and 31%. T-cell leukemic blasts from one patient with T-cell ALL exhibited helper cell activity (26%) and T-leukemic blasts from the other demonstrated suppressor cell activity (53%). The helper cell activity of leukemic blasts was associated with stimulating capacity of null blasts in one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions. In six of seven cases, incubation of blast cells with concanavalin A (20 microgram/ml) for 48 hours prior to co-culture with responder cells did not result in the generation of significant suppressor cell activity. Our study suggests that leukemic blasts from certain patients with 'null' and T-cell ALL may possess spontaneous helper or suppressor cell immunoregulatory activity. This functional heterogeneity of leukemic blasts may help in subclassifying the ALL.
T Cell Development in Mice that Lack the ζ Chain of the T Cell Antigen Receptor Complex (1993)

The zeta subunit of the T cell antigen receptor complex is required for targeting nascent receptor complexes to the cell surface and for receptor-mediated signal transduction. To examine the significance of the zeta subunit in T cell development, mice deficient for zeta expression were generated by gene targeting. These zeta-/- mice had few CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, and the generation of CD4+ and CD8+ single positive T cells was impaired but not completely abrogated. Peripheral T cells were present but were unusual in that they expressed small amounts of CD5 and few T cell receptors. Thus, zeta chain expression influences thymocyte differentiation but is not absolutely required for the generation of single positive T cells.
ATP Synthase and the Actions of Inhibitors Utilized To Study Its Roles in Human Health, Disease, and Other Scientific Areas (2008)

ATP synthase, a double-motor enzyme, plays various roles in the cell, participating not only in ATP synthesis but in ATP hydrolysis-dependent processes and in the regulation of a proton gradient across some membrane-dependent systems. Recent studies of ATP synthase as a potential molecular target for the treatment of some human diseases have displayed promising results, and this enzyme is now emerging as an attractive molecular target for the development of new therapies for a variety of diseases. Significantly, ATP synthase, because of its complex structure, is inhibited by a number of different inhibitors and provides diverse possibilities in the development of new ATP synthase-directed agents. In this review, we classify over 250 natural and synthetic inhibitors of ATP synthase reported to date and present their inhibitory sites and their known or proposed modes of action. The rich source of ATP synthase inhibitors and their known or purported sites of action presented in this review should provide valuable insights into their applications as potential scaffolds for new therapeutics for human and animal diseases as well as for the discovery of new pesticides and herbicides to help protect the world's food supply. Finally, as ATP synthase is now known to consist of two unique nanomotors involved in making ATP from ADP and P(i), the information provided in this review may greatly assist those investigators entering the emerging field of nanotechnology.
Electric Machines : Steady-State Operation (1990)

INTRODUCTION Types of Rotating Machines Efficiency, Energy, and Losses Methods of Analysis Ratings and Limitations on Electric Machines Economic Considerations References MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND TRANSFORMERS Review of Electromagnetic Field Theory Magnetic Materials Magnetic Losses Magnetic Circuits Ampere's Law Applied to a Magnetic Circuit Differences Between Magnetic and Electronic Circuits Faraday's Law and Induced Voltage Energy Relations in a Magnetic Field Inductance Transformers References Problems DC MACHINES The Faraday Disk and Faraday's Law The Heteropolar of Conventional DC Machine Constructional Details Classification According to Forms of Excitation Performance Equations Amature Reaction Reactance Voltage and Commutation Voltage Buildup in a Shunt Generator Generator Characteristics Motor Characteristics Starting and Control of Motors Losses of Efficiency Tests on DC Machines References Problems SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Some Construction Details Magnetomotive Forces and Fluxes Due to Amature and Field Windings Synchronous Speed Synchronous Generator Operations Synchronous Motor Operation Certain Realistic Considerations Operating Characteristics of a Synchronous Machine Salient Pole Synchronous Machines References Problems INDUCTION MACHINES Operation of a Three-Phase Induction Motor Slip Development of Equivalent Circuits Performance Calculations Approximate Equivalent Circuit From Test Data Performance Criteria of Induction Motors Speed Control of Induction Motors Starting of Induction Motors Induction Generators Single-Phase Induction Motors References Problems ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS Mechanical Forces Due to Magnetic Fields Energy Conservation and Energy Conversion The Force Equation Current and Flux Variations Dynamics of Electromechanical Systems Electrical Equivalent Circuits Doubly and Multiply Excited Systems Instantaneous, Average, and Root-Mean-Square Values of Forces References Problems Appendix I: Unit Conversion Appendix II: Magnet Wire Table for Single Film-Coated Round Wire Index
Ethanol from cellulosic biomass (1983)

Abstract The major objective of this project is to achieve the direct microbiological conversion of cellulosic biomass to liquid fuel, ethanol. Within the scope of this objective, it is also the intent to maximize the conversion efficiency of ethanol production from biomass. This can be achieved through the effective utilization of both the cellulosic (six-carbon sugar) and hemicellulosic (five-carbon sugar) fractions in biomass. The degradation of cellulosic biomass is achieved through the use of a thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum. This microorganism is unique in that it is able to hydrolyse both the cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of biomass but, unfortunately, it is not able to metabolize the pentoses. Therefore, to achieve total utilization of biomass, a second thermophilic and anaerobic microorganism, Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, has been under study owing to its ability to convert pentoses to ethanol. Mutation, selection and adaption programmes have yielded ethanol tolerant strains of both organisms. A fermentation process using mutant strains of the anaerobic, thermophilic bacteria Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum has been investigated for the direct production of ethanol from agricultural cellulosics. Through strain improvements for increased ethanol tolerance and catabolite selectivity, alcohol yields of 85% of the theoretical maximum have been obtained from solka floc with mixed culture. The method of isolation and the performance of these improved strains on both refined cellulosics and a realistic biomass, corn [maize] stover, is presented in detail.
CD226 Protein Is Involved in Immune Synapse Formation and Triggers Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activation via Its First Extracellular Domain (2014)

CD226, an activating receptor that interacts with the ligands CD155 and CD112, activates natural killer (NK) cells via its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activatory motif (ITAM). There are two extracellular domains of CD226; however, the comparative functional relevance of these domains remains unknown. In this study, two different deletion mutants, rCD226-ECD1 (the first extracellular domain) and rCD226-ECD (full extracellular domains), were recombinantly expressed. We observed that rCD226-ECD1, similar to rCD226-ECD, specifically bound to ligand-positive cell lines and that this interaction could be competitively blocked by an anti-CD226 mAb. In addition, rCD226-ECD1 was able to block the binding of CD112 mAb to tumor cells in a competitive binding assay. Importantly, based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we determined that rCD226-ECD1, similar to rCD226-ECD, directly bound to its ligand CD155 on a protein chip. Functionally, NK cell cytotoxicity against K562 or HeLa cells was blocked by rCD226-ECD1 by reducing the expression of CD69 and granzyme B, indicating the critical role of ECD1 in NK cell activation. We also examined the role of rCD226-ECD1 in effector/target interactions by using rCD226-ECD to block these interactions. Using flow cytometry, we found that the number of conjugates between IL-2-dependent NKL cells and HeLa cells was reduced and observed that the formation of immune synapses was also decreased under confocal microscopy. In addition, we prepared two anti-rCD226-ECD1 agonistic antibodies, 2E6 and 3B9. Both 2E6 and 3B9 antibodies could induce the phosphorylation of ERK in NK-92 cells. Taken together, our results show that CD226 functions via its first extracellular domain.