gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New insight into high-field mobility enhancement of nitrided-oxide N-MOSFET's based on noise measurement (1994)

The mobility crossover phenomenon observed in NH/sub 3/-nitrided N-MOSFET's has been interpreted by the reduced acceptor-type interface states which are located near and above the conduction band edge. However. A direct confirmation of such a hypothesis is not available from the conventional electrical measurement techniques. In this work, for the first time, we used both 1/f noise and random telegraph signal (RTS) measurements which are capable of probing those oxide traps near and above Si conduction band of energy, to study the modification of interface traps induced by N/sub 2/O nitridation. The 1/f noise measurement results confirm that thermal nitridation decreases the near-interface oxide trap density at the higher energy levels, as a result, trapping of the mobile electrons is decreased. The RTS measurement further suggests that thermal nitridation moves the oxide traps farther away from the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface and thus suppresses the Coulombic scattering of mobile electrons by the trapped charges. Both nitridation-induced interfacial modifications result in enhanced high-field mobility of nitrided-oxide devices over the standard MOS devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Performance of on-axis holography with a flexible endoscope</title> (1993)

A new holographic technique based on a numerical reconstruction method is presented and applied to endoscopic holograms. The hologram is obtained by the interference between the light reflected by the object and a reference beam taken as a plane wave travelling back along the axis of the multimode fiber bundle (MMB). The reconstruction of the image is computed numerically, using a fast algorithm to perform the Fresnel transform of the illuminated hologram. The quality of the reconstructed image has been evaluated by simulation and the limitations of the microendoscopic process enlightened: reduced aperture, sampling through the MMB. The resolution limit reachable by a miniaturized endoscope has been predicted by deriving the pseudo 3-D amplitude modulation transfer function (AMTF) of the system, and the noise originating from the twin image. Both AMTF (contrast included) and noise allow the calculation of the SNR (signal to noise ratio) of the reconstructed object. The size of the smallest object observable from the hologram can be established. This size is taken as an image quality index (IQI). Our simulations have shown that this IQI is good enough to identify small size objects (100 micrometers or less) from a small aperture (0.31 mm) endoscopic hologram. The sampling of the on-axis hologram on the tip of the MMB has been shown not to significantly degrade the image.
Isoprenylation of RhoB Is Necessary for Its Degradation (2002)

Statins improve vascular functions by mechanisms independent from their cholesterol-lowering effect. Rho GTPases are emerging as key targets for the vascular effects of statins. RhoB is a short-lived, early-response inducible protein involved in receptor endocytosis, apoptosis, and gene expression. Here we show that statins regulate RhoB expression by acting at multiple levels. Simvastatin increased RhoB protein levels by 8- to 10-fold. This effect was related to a depletion of isoprenoid intermediates, as deduced from the observation that several metabolites of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, namely, mevalonate and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate, attenuated simvastatin-induced RhoB up-regulation. Moreover, prenyltransferase inhibitors mimicked simvastatin effect. Cholesterol supplementation did not prevent simvastatin-elicited up-regulation but increased RhoB levels per se. Simvastatin moderately augmented RhoB transcript levels, but markedly impaired the degradation of RhoB protein, which accumulated in the cytosol in its non-isoprenylated form. Inhibition of RhoB isoprenylation was apparently required for simvastatin-induced up-regulation, because levels of an isoprenylation-deficient RhoB mutant were not affected by simvastatin. Moreover, this mutant was found to be markedly more stable than the wild-type protein. These results show that RhoB isoprenylation is necessary for rapid turnover of this protein and identify a novel link between the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and the regulation of G-protein expression.
The Rearrangement of Certain Derivatives of Toluene by the Action of Aluminum Chloride (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Rearrangement of Certain Derivatives of Toluene by the Action of Aluminum ChlorideJames F. Norris and Howard S. TurnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 8, 2128–2131Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01877a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01877a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Butterfly interconnection network: design of multiplier, flip-flop, and shift register (1994)

A 2 × 2 bit multiplier is designed by the use of a butterfly interconnection network. The butterfly topology is also used to design a sequential flip-flop and a multibit parallel-in parallel-out shift register.
Isomers of Epidermal Growth Factor with Ser ⇒ Cys Mutation at the N-Terminal Sequence:  Isomerization, Stability, Unfolding, Refolding, and Structure (2005)

The structure of human epidermal growth factor (EGF, 53 amino acids) comprises three distinct loops (A, B, and C) connected correspondingly by the three native disulfide bonds, Cys(6)-Cys(20), Cys(14)-Cys(31), and Cys(33)-Cys(42). The connection of Cys(6) and Cys(20) forming the N-terminal A loop is essential for the biological activity of EGF [Barnham et al. (1998) Protein Sci. 7, 1738-1749] and has also been shown to represent a major kinetic trap in the oxidative folding of EGF [Chang et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 4845-4852]. To further understand the chemical nature of this kinetic trap, we have prepared three EGF mutants each with a single Ser --> Cys mutation at Ser residues (Ser(2), Ser(4), and Ser(9)) flanking Cys(6). This allows competition between Cys(6) and mutated Cys(2), Cys(4), and Cys(9) to link with Cys(20) and to form EGF isomers containing different sizes of the A loop. The results show that, in the cases of EGF(S2C) and EGF(S4C), native Cys(6)-Cys(20) is favored over Cys(2)-Cys(20) and Cys(4)-Cys(20) by 4.5- and 9-fold, respectively, in the state of equilibrium. However, in the case of EGF(S9C), a non-native Cys(9)-Cys(20) is thermodynamically more stable than the native Cys(6)-Cys(20) by a free-energy difference (DeltaG degrees ) of 1.12 kcal/mol. Implications of these data in the formation of kinetic trap of EGF folding are discussed. Stabilized isomers of EGF were further generated from denaturation of wild-type and mutant EGF via the method of disulfide scrambling. Properties of these diverse isomers of EGF, including their isomerization, stability, unfolding, refolding, and disulfide structures, are described in this paper.
A facile solvent mediated self-assembly silver nanoparticle mirror substrate for quantitatively improved surface enhanced Raman scattering (2017)

Herein, a facile solvent mediated silver nanoparticle (AgNP) mirror was introduced as a reproducible and sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The AgNP mirror was fabricated based on commercially available citrate coated AgNPs via a facile and unique water-solvent interface assembly method without using any electrical equipment. By adding 0.2 mg ml<sup>-1</sup> citrate coated AgNPs dropwise into a mediating solvent, self-assembled AgNP mirrors were formed instantly and gradually settled down at the bottom. The mediating solvent is the key for this fabrication, which should contain a mixture of a non-polar (e.g. hexane, cyclohexane, and iso-octane) and a polar (e.g., acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, and ethanol) organic solvents that have a lower density than water. The fabricated AgNP mirror showed a uniform monolayer arrangement which produced highly reproducible and sensitive signals. The coefficient of variance (i.e., percentage relative standard deviation) for AgNP mirrors was 7.3% compared to 33.0% for AgNP aggregates. A lower limit of detection (0.008 ppm) and a higher coefficient of determination (0.9981) for the detection of the fonofos pesticide were also obtained from the AgNP mirror compared to that from the AgNP aggregates. The practical application of this nanoscale AgNP mirror sensing substrate was also confirmed by its accurate quantification of 0.5 ppm fonofos in apple juice and green tea (i.e., 105.06% and 106.16% recovery value, respectively).
Hypertension Induced in Pregnant Mice by Placental Renin and Maternal Angiotensinogen (1996)

Maternal hypertension is a common complication of pregnancy and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. This phenomenon was studied in an animal model by mating transgenic mice expressing components of the human renin-angiotensin system. When transgenic females expressing angiotensinogen were mated with transgenic males expressing renin, the pregnant females displayed a transient elevation of blood pressure in late pregnancy, due to secretion of placental human renin into the maternal circulation. Blood pressure returned to normal levels after delivery of the pups. Histopathologic examination revealed uniform enlargement of glomeruli associated with an increase in urinary protein excretion, myocardial hypertrophy, and necrosis and edema in the placenta. These mice may provide molecular insights into pregnancy-associated hypertension in humans.
Follicular response of adult rats to PMSG and effect of sodium pentobarbital on number of ova shed in superovulation treated rats. (1983)

成熟ラットを用い,PMSG注射後の直径550μm以上の正常卵胞数の推移を調べ,同卵胞数が最高値に達した時期にhCGを注射し,排卵数を観察した。また,発情前期におけるペントバルビタール投与の排卵数におよぼす影響もあわせ検索した。1. 発情後期にPMSG 40 IU 投与後,直径550μm以上の正常卵胞数は排卵予定時刻後12時間(+12h)に最高値(約110個)に達し,以後急激に減少した。2. 大型正常卵胞数が最高値に達する+12hにhCG(40IU)を筋肉内注射し,排卵数を検索したが排卵数の増加は認められなかった。PMSG投与後,発情前期にペントバルビタールで麻酔し,+12hにhCGを投与した結果,排卵数は約100個と著しく増加した。
Non-A, non-B hepatitis: a contemporary assessment. (1982)

The current status of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis is reviewed with respect to: (i) epidemiology and incidence of posttransfusion and sporadic NANB hepatitis; (ii) experimental transmission of NANB hepatitis; (iii) serologic tests and the evidence for virus-like NANB agents; (iv) clinical features of NANB hepatitis as compared to hepatitis B; (v) indication and impact of therapeutic and preventive measures against NANB hepatitis. Without specific markers for NANB infection, non-A, non-B hepatitis continues to be a diagnosis by exclusion of infection with hepatitis A, hepatitis B or other viruses. Recent observations suggest that NANB hepatitis may in fact be caused by a group of viruses immunologically different from but genetically similar to the hepatitis B virus.
Improved SPECT quantitation using fully three-dimensional iterative spatially variant scatter response compensation (1996)

The quality and quantitative accuracy of iteratively reconstructed SPECT images improves when better point spread function (PSF) models of the gamma camera are used during reconstruction. Here, inclusion in the PSF model of photon crosstalk between different slices caused by limited gamma camera resolution and scatter is examined. A three-dimensional (3-D) projector back-projector (proback) has been developed which models both the distance dependent detector point spread function and the object shape-dependent scatter point spread function of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A table occupying only a few megabytes of memory is sufficient to represent this scatter model. The contents of this table are obtained by evaluating an analytical expression for object shape-dependent scatter. The proposed approach avoids the huge memory requirements of storing the full transition matrix needed for 3-D reconstruction including object shape-dependent scatter. In addition, the method avoids the need for lengthy Monte Carlo simulations to generate such a matrix. In order to assess the quantitative accuracy of the method, reconstructions of a water filled cylinder containing regions of different activity levels and of simulated 3-D brain projection data have been evaluated for technetium-99m. It is shown that fully 3-D reconstruction including complete detector response and object shape-dependent scatter modeling clearly outperforms simpler methods that lack a complete detector response and/or a complete scatter response model. Fully 3-D scatter correction yields the best quantitation of volumes of interest and the best contrast-to-noise curves.
Evolution of brain-computer interfaces: going beyond classic motor physiology (2009)

The notion that a computer can decode brain signals to infer the intentions of a human and then enact those intentions directly through a machine is becoming a realistic technical possibility. These types of devices are known as brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). The evolution of these neuroprosthetic technologies could have significant implications for patients with motor disabilities by enhancing their ability to interact and communicate with their environment. The cortical physiology most investigated and used for device control has been brain signals from the primary motor cortex. To date, this classic motor physiology has been an effective substrate for demonstrating the potential efficacy of BCI-based control. However, emerging research now stands to further enhance our understanding of the cortical physiology underpinning human intent and provide further signals for more complex brain-derived control. In this review, the authors report the current status of BCIs and detail the emerging research trends that stand to augment clinical applications in the future.
Distinct Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and <i>KRAS</i> Mutation Patterns in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with Different Tobacco Exposure and Clinicopathologic Features (2006)

This study shows EGFR mutations are prevalent in lung adenocarcinoma and suggests that it plays an increasing oncogenic role with decreasing direct tobacco damage.
Lack of significant differences in the corrected activity of lysophospholipase D, producer of phospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid, in incubated serum from women with and without ovarian tumors (2001)

The current results suggest that lysophospholipase D is not associated with the elevated plasma levels of LPA in ovarian carcinoma patients previously reported, although only a limited number of patients were analyzed.
Anomalous macromolecular assembly of partially fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (2012)

Fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (F-POSS) compounds were prepared by employing a facile, corner-capping methodology. Using this modular approach, fluorocarbons with varying degree of fluorine content and architecture were installed on the POSS cage of a partially condensed trisilanol. The melting properties of the F-POSS derivatives showed various influence by Si…F contacts via intermolecular packing assembly. All F-POSS compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C, 19F, and 29Si NMR spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, thermal and elemental combustion analysis.
Base Station Application Optimizer (2010)

Expectation and requirements for future wireless communication systems continue to grow and evolve. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a recent effort taken by cellular providers and equipment vendors to step into wireless broadband market. The key enhancements target an introduction of new all-IP architecture, enhanced link layer and radio access. In LTE, one of the recurring problems is the bottlenecked backhaul links, connecting the cell sites with the core network. The basic idea behind the Base Station Application Optimizer is to replace the traditional base station with a smart entity, capable of analyzing and optimizing the user data in the application level. In particular, such unit can prevent unnecessary data from travelling though the bottlenecked backhaul network. The benefits of such entity are reduced latency, jitter and network deployment costs.
Enhancement of long-term testosterone secretion and steroidogenic enzyme expression in human Leydig cells by co-culture with human Sertoli cell-enriched preparations (1998)

We have shown previously that long-term testosterone secretion, which decreases when human Leydig cells are cultured alone, increases when purified human Leydig and Sertoli cells are cultured together. In this work, human Leydig cell functions were studied further during in vitro culture, either alone or with human Sertoli cells, on a basal membrane derived from bovine corneal endothelial cells. The secretion of testosterone increased during the first week of co-culture and remained elevated up to day 12 of culture. In one prolonged co-culture, testosterone secretion decreased progressively after day 12 and, after 1 month of culture, was at a level similar to that observed during the first 48 h. After culture for 48 h, testosterone secretion in the co-culture was enhanced by 162 +/- 5% (p < 0.0001) compared with values observed when Leydig cells were cultured alone (42.6 +/- 10.6 ng/10(6) Leydig cells/48 h; mean +/- SEM). This change was associated with increase in mRNA levels for 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta 5-delta 4-isomerase (2.49 +/- 0.58-fold), cytochrome P450c17 (2.81 +/- 0.99-fold), cytochrome P450scc (5.20 +/- 0.13-fold) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (1.73 +/- 0.21-fold) when Leydig cells were co-cultured with Sertoli cells (p < 0.05 for each enzyme). IGF-I mRNA levels were higher (2.77 +/- 0.72-fold for 7.6 kb and 1.41 +/- 0.07-fold for 1.1-1.3 kb transcripts) in the Leydig-Sertoli cell co-cultures than the sum of the levels in Leydig and in Sertoli cells cultured alone. Both basal and hCG-induced testosterone secretion were enhanced by treatment of the co-culture with human recombinant FSH (50 mIU/mL). For basal testosterone secretion, this increase amounted to 163 +/- 5% compared with Leydig cells cultured alone (p < 0.0001) and by 112 +/- 4% compared with non-FSH treated co-cultures (p < 0.01); for hCG-stimulated testosterone secretion this increase was 220 +/- 12% compared with Leydig cells cultured alone (p < 0.0001) and 132 +/- 8% compared with non-FSH treated co-cultures (p < 0.01). This study confirms the enhancement of long-term testosterone secretion by adult human Leydig cells by co-culture with adult human Sertoli cells and shows that this effect is associated with an enhancement of the expression of several steroidogenic enzymes; it might be mediated, as in other species, through increased production of IGF-I by co-culture.
Use of disparate sensors for the detection of chemical and biological events (2002)

Currently, the detection of Chemical and Biological agents on the battlefiedl is limited to the response from point and standoff C/B agent detectors. Speculation has been raised, however, that non-C/B sensors could assist in the detection process. Data from unattended ground sensors, infrared imagers, and radar may provide useful information to support a deteciton and may actually provide some warning capability. Ideally, these devices would provide this informiaotn while providign the core Force Protection functions assigned to them. Over the last years, the Soldier and Biological Chemical Command has conducted ouitdoor testing to collect seismic, acoustic, infrared, and radar signatures from conventional and non-conventional events to determine if tehse events can be separated. Preliminary results using several high resolution-laboratory grade seismic, acoustic and IR sensors would indicate that these sensors provide useful discrimination information.
Factors associated with tobacco and alcohol use (2008)

The objectives of this study were to analyze the socio-economical factors related to smoking and drinking behaviors using the Korea Welfare Panel data. The key variables were sex, age, frequency of health and medical facilities visit, subjective health level, smoking level, drinking level, depression symptoms, and low income level. Since the health variables in the Welfare Panel data were limited, the analysis was exploratory. In male population of those older than 30 years old, low income group people were more likely to smoke cigarettes than the general income population. In the result of the Chi square analysis, the smoking rate showed significantly different relationships with the different age groups, gender and income level. According to the descriptive analysis, persons with low income level were more likely to experience health risk behaviors and showed more medical service utilization. The utilization of the local public health centers was 4.6% for the low income level and 1% for the general level. The higher smoking rate was associated with the younger age, and the lower income. The smoking rate in the age category from 20 to 29 was 23.3% for the general level and 25% for the low income level. On the other hand, the drinking rate was even higher in the general families. The rates of non use of alcohol was 36.7% in the general families and 58.4% for the low income families. For both smoking and high risk drinking issues, demographic and sociological variables such as sex, age, education levels and income levels were analyzed, and there wer significant relationships. Health risk factors were serious for males, with age groups of 20's and 30's, lower education level, and in a low income family. In general, females were more unhealthy. The rates of smoking and drinking were higher in the low income level. Even in the health and nutrition survey results in 2005, persons in the low income class were experiencing poorer health in health level or the degree of action restriction. Since the effects of the health promotion could not be measured in a short period of time, it has not been easy to create the basis for the substantial effects. Factors related to health risks needs to be continuously studied using data from diverse field.
High-speed InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors with thin absorption layers (1997)

The responsivity and the bandwidth of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSMPD's) with different InGaAs absorption layer thicknesses and electrode geometries were investigated. By decreasing the InGaAs thickness from 1.0 to 0.25 μm, the bandwidth was found to increase by approximately a factor of 2, while the responsivity was found to decrease by almost a factor of 3 from 0.29 to 0.10 A/W at a bias of -5 V. Devices with an electrode width and spacing of 1 μm and a 0.25-μm absorption layer displayed a bandwidth of 19.5 GHz when biased at -15 V under front-side illumination with 1.55-μm light.