gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of dual-state Fabry–Perot étalons (1992)

We consider the optical properties of dual-state Fabry-Perot étalons where both the cavity and the external media can support two eigenmodes with different refractive indices. A matrix formulation is developed to analyze resonant transmission of such étalons. The results are presented and discussed. In particular, the results can be employed to explain the resonances of phase-locked arrays of antiguides.
QueryCat: automatic categorization of MEDLINE queries. (2000)

A searcher's inability to formulate an appropriate query can result in an overwhelming number of retrieved documents. Our approach to this problem is to use information about common types or categories of queries to (1) reformulate the user's initial query and (2) create an informative organization of the retrieved documents from the reformulated query. To achieve these goals, we first must identify which common categories or types of queries are the best abstraction of the user's specific query. In this paper, we describe a system that performs this first step of categorizing the user's query. Our system uses a two-phased approach: a lexical analysis phase, and a semantic analysis phase. An evaluation of our system demonstrates that its query categorization corresponds reasonably well to the query categorizations by medical librarians and physicians.
Many-to-many graph matching via metric embedding (2003)

Graph matching is an important component in many object recognition algorithms. Although most graph matching algorithms seek a one-to-one correspondence between nodes, it is often the case that a more meaningful correspondence exists between a cluster of nodes in one graph and a cluster of nodes in the other. We present a matching algorithm that establishes many-to-many correspondences between nodes of noisy, vertex-labeled weighted graphs. The algorithm is based on recent developments in efficient low-distortion metric embedding of graphs into normed vector spaces. By embedding weighted graphs into normed vector spaces, we reduce the problem of many-to-many graph matching to that of computing a distribution-based distance measure between graph embeddings. We use a specific measure, the earth mover's distance, to compute distances between sets of weighted vectors. Empirical evaluation of the algorithm on an extensive set of recognition trials demonstrates both the robustness and efficiency of the overall approach.
Signal integrity problems in electronic designing (2015)

While designing high speed systems signal integrity is a major issue that requires great consideration from researchers and engineers alike. In this paper, the importance of signal integrity in high speed system designing has been discussed by pointing out the major key factors effecting signal integrity. Extensive issues of signal integrity especially crosstalk in printed circuit design (PCB) and signal quality in high speed transmission are highlighted. Different simulation EDA tools are presented, which can be good candidates in designing high speed systems and signal integrity analysis. Mentor Graphic product Hyper Lynx is used as a simulation tool to simulate signal integrity analysis by eye diagram and crosstalk analysis in printed circuit design.
A simple via duplication tool for yield enhancement (2002)

Defect limited product yields are known to have a significant contribution from resistive or open vias between metal interconnect layers. A simple tool for via duplication is presented with application results. The tool automates the addition of redundant vias to existing customer product layouts where permitted by the design rules. Significant yield benefits are obtained when the technique is applied to a real product as part of a Design for Manufacturability (DfM) exercise. The potential for improved process robustness and enhanced fault tolerance is also demonstrated. Implications for yield modeling including critical areas and the relation of random defects to gross defects are discussed.
Genetic diversity of clinical isolates of Bacillus cereus using multilocus sequence typing (2008)

STs of clinical B. cereus isolates were phylogenetically diverse and distributed among two of three previously described clades. Greater numbers of strains will need to be analyzed to confirm if specific lineages or clonal complexes are more likely to contain clinical isolates or be associated with specific illness, similar to B. anthracis and emetic B. cereus isolates.
Morphogenic Effect of Added Ions on Crew-Cut Aggregates of Polystyrene-<i>b</i>-poly(acrylic acid) Block Copolymers in Solutions (1996)

The morphology of crew-cut aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers in dilute solutions can be controlled by the addition of ions in micromolar (HCl, NaOH, CaCl2, Ca(Ac)2) or millimolar (NaCl) concentrations. The copolymers are highly asymmetric polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) diblocks, PS-b-PAA, in which the lengths of the insoluble PS blocks are much longer than those of the soluble PAA blocks. In addition to spherical, rodlike, and univesicular or lamellar aggregates, large compound vesicles (LCVs), a new morphology, can be obtained from a single block copolymer. The morphogenic effect of different added ions on the crew-cut aggregates can be ascribed to the changed repulsive interactions among the hydrophilic PAA segments, due to neutralization by NaOH, protonation by HCl, ion-binding or bridging by Ca2+, and electrostatic screening by NaCl, respectively. The formation of the LCVs may involve a secondary aggregation of individual vesicles and a subsequent fusion process. Some features of the spontaneously formed LCVs may make them especially useful as drug delivering vehicles, and as models of biological cells.
Synthesis and Odor of Aliphatic Musks: Discovery of a New Class of Odorants (2004)

Abstract To find new aliphatic musks, we synthesized the propionates of 2‐[1′‐(3′′,3′′‐dimethylcyclohex‐1′′‐enyl)ethoxy]‐2‐methylpropanol ( 8 ), of 2‐[1′‐(5′′,5′′‐dimethylcyclohex‐1′′‐enyl)ethoxy]‐2‐methylpropanol ( 11 ), of hydroxyacetic acid 1‐(3′,3′‐dimethylcyclohex‐1′‐enyl)ethyl ester ( 12 ), and of hydroxyacetic acid 1‐(5′,5′‐dimethylcyclohex‐1′‐enyl)ethyl ester ( 13 ) starting from 1‐(3′,3′‐dimethylcyclohex‐1′‐enyl)ethanone ( 5 ) and 1‐ethynyl‐3,3‐dimethylcyclohexanol ( 9 ). We found that the 3,3‐dimethylcyclohexenyl derivatives 8 (odor threshold 0.2 ng/air) and 12 (odor threshold 0.6 ng/air) are superior musk odorants, and, thus, we constructed 1,2,4‐trimethylpent‐2‐enyloxy analogues as seco versions. The synthesis of the esters 17 − 26 commenced with a Wittig−Horner− Emmons reaction of isobutyric aldehyde ( 14 ), followed by saponification, alkylation with methyllithium, LAH reduction, etherification with isobutylene oxide, and Steglich esterification. (2′′ E )‐2′‐Methyl‐2′‐(1′′,2′′,4′′‐trimethylpent‐2′′‐enyloxy)propyl cyclopropanecarboxylate [(2′′ E )‐ 19 ], which has a powerful and sweet musk odor and slightly fruity nuances, was found to be a typical representative of this new class of musk odorants, was subjected to conformational analysis. In addition, we report the synthesis and olfactory properties of the related ketones 28 − 30 , the 2‐methyl‐2‐(1′,4′,4′‐trimethylpent‐2′‐enyloxy)propyl esters 31 − 33 , and the 2‐(1′,4′‐dimethylpent‐2′‐enyloxy)‐2‐methylpropyl esters 35 and 36 . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Nonlinear distributed-feedback structures as passive optical limiters (2000)

We analyze the intensity-dependent optical response of the passive optical limiters realized with distributed-feedback structures, which consist of alternating layers of materials possessing opposite Kerr nonlinearities. By elaborating an analytical model and employing numerical simulations, we explore device performance with respect to key requirements for passive optical-limiter deployment. We prove that the proposed limiting mechanism results in complete clamping of transmitted intensity to a sensor-safe limiting value, independent of incident intensity. We provide a direct analytical result of this limiting intensity in terms of structural and material parameters.
Broadly tunable high-power operation of an all-solid-state titanium-doped sapphire laser system (1991)

Broadly tunable and high-power operation of a titanium-doped sapphire laser is obtained with a diode-laser-pumped frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser as the pump source. A maximum broadband (FWHM = 25 nm) output pulse energy of 720 microJ at 795 nm in a TEM(00) mode is obtained for 1850 microJ of energy of 532-nm pump light. A minimum pulse duration of 7 ns is obtained from a 40-mm-long cavity. With the use of an intracavity prism, the Ti:sapphire laser is tunable continuously over the 696-1000-nm spectral range (with three different mirror sets).
Inclined epitaxy of (411) beta silicon carbide on (511) silicon by chemical vapor deposition (1987)

Epitaxial growth of β-SiC on Si(511) substrates has been carried out. Single-crystalline β-SiC films without warpage and cracking are grown by chemical vapor deposition. The epitaxial orientation of the film is determined using x-ray precession camera. The orientation is inclined as SiC(411)//Si(511) coincident with the [011̄] axis, which should be compared with the parallel epitaxial growth on Si(100) or Si(111).
Therapy of hepatitis C: Re-treatment with alpha interferon (1997)

The long-term benefit of interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C is limited. During therapy, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decrease to normal and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA decreases in 40% to 60% of patients. However, most patients relapse after therapy withdrawal, so that no more than 15% to 25% achieve a sustained response. Re-treatment has been evaluated in studies using different regimens and forms of alpha interferon in different cohorts of patients at different times after initial therapy. Both end-of-treatment and sustained responses to re-treatment correlate with the type of response achieved during the initial course. Patients who do not respond or have only a partial response to the initial course of interferon have an extremely low rate of sustained response when re-treated, independently of the regimen used. Combining data from 13 studies, sustained responses occurred in no patients who were re-treated with 3 million units (MU) three times weekly for 6 months, and in only 2% to 3% of patients re-treated with higher doses and/or for longer periods. In contrast, a significant number of patients who responded during the initial course but subsequently relapsed have a sustained response when re-treated with interferon alone. Combining data from 11 published studies on patients who relapsed after an initial course, sustained responses occurred in 15% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-20%) of patients re-treated with 3 MU three times weekly for 6 months, in 29% (CI, 17%-40%) re-treated with a higher dose for 6 months, and in 43% (CI, 34%/50%) re-treated for at least 12 months. On the other hand, patients who relapsed after a 12-month course of interferon had only 4% rate (range, 0%-8%) of sustained response when re-treated. The best predictor of sustained response to re-treatment in patients who had relapsed was a negative serum HCV-RNA test by polymerase chain reaction at the end of the first course. These results, which have been confirmed in a recent prospective, randomized controlled trial, indicate that nonresponders to interferon should not be re-treated with interferon alone, whereas patients who relapse after a 6-month course of alpha interferon therapy have an indication to be re-treated for at least 12 months, especially if serum HCV RNA was negative at the end of the first course of treatment.
Measuring Target Cost in Unit Selection with Kl-Divergence Between Context-Dependent HMMS (2006)

This paper proposes a new approach for measuring the target cost in unit selection, where the difference between the target and candidate units is estimated by the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) between the context-dependent hidden Markov models (HMM). In order to model the left/right phonetic context, biphone models are generated by merging regular tri-phone HMMs sharing the same left/right phonetic context. To characterize prosodic contexts, various sets of prosody-sensitive monophone HMMs are trained. KLDs between these context models are calculated as the replacement cost between the contexts. Perceptual experiments show that the resulting synthesized speech sounds slightly better than those with the manually-tuned costs. An important advantage is that the proposed method can be conveniently applied to new corpora or languages without the need of collecting perceptual data
Translational control in plant stress: the formation of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) in response to desiccation of <i>Tortula ruralis</i> gametophytes (1999)

Summary Changes in gene expression observed in vivo in response to desiccation and rehydration of the desiccation‐tolerant bryophyte Tortula ruralis are regulated by alterations in the pattern of selection of messenger RNAs, from a qualitatively constant mRNA pool, by the translational machinery. When drying rates are slow, messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) are formed in the drying gametophytes. A representative rehydrin mRNA, Tr288, was sequestered into these particles which were analysed using sucrose and CsCl gradients. Quantitative RT–PCR analysis of the fractions from a low salt extraction demonstrated that Tr288 mRNA migrated farther in the sucrose gradient, relative to those extractable in high salt, indicating that the transcript is associated with particles that are of higher density. RT–PCR analysis also demonstrated that the majority of Tr288 mRNA, from slowly desiccated gametophytes, is associated with particles that have buoyant densities between 1.44 and 1.64 g cm – 3 which correspond to the buoyant density range reported for mRNP particles. mRNPs that are unique to drying T. ruralis gametophytes form at least four size classes after in vivo UV cross‐linking based upon FPLC analysis. This is the first report of mRNP formation in response to a vegetative water deficit in plants.
<i>Solanaceae</i> XIPs are plasma membrane aquaporins that facilitate the transport of many uncharged substrates (2011)

Summary Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) transport water and uncharged solutes across membranes in all kingdoms of life. Recently, an uncharacterized MIP subfamily was identified in the genomes of plants and fungi and named X Intrinsic Proteins (XIPs). Here, we describe the genetic features, localization, expression, and functions of a group of Solanaceae XIPs. XIP cDNA and gDNA were cloned from tobacco, potato, tomato, and morning glory. A conserved sequence motif in the first intron of Solanaceae XIPs initiates an RNA‐processing mechanism that results in two splice variants (α and β). When transiently or stably expressed in tobacco plants, yellow fluorescent protein‐tagged NtXIP1;1α and NtXIP1;1β were both localized in the plasma membrane. Transgenic tobacco lines expressing NtXIP1;1 ‐promoter‐GUS constructs and RT‐PCR studies showed that NtXIP1;1 was expressed in all organs. The NtXIP1;1 promoter was mainly active in cell layers facing the environment in all above‐ground tissues. Heterologous expression of Solanaceae XIPs in Xenopus laevis oocytes and various Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants demonstrated that these isoforms facilitate the transport of bulky solutes, such as glycerol, urea, and boric acid. In contrast, permeability for water was undetectable. These data suggest that XIPs function in the transport of uncharged solutes across the cell plasma membrane in specific plant tissues, including at the interface between the environment and external cell layers.
Investigation into the Robustness of Australian River Assessment System Clusters (2003)

The Australian River Assessment System (AusRivAS) is a nation-wide program designed to assess the health of Australian rivers and streams. The general AusRivAS method involves the establishment of a database of reference sites, which are sites that are considered to be minimally affected by anthropogenic impacts. These sites are then grouped into clusters of similar macroinvertebrate communities. The clusters are analysed to find relationships between the physical, geographical and chemical properties of sites in a cluster and the corresponding macroinvertebrate communities. The relationships found are then used to predict the macroinvertebrate communities at degraded sites that would be expected if these sites were equivalent to least disturbed reference conditions. To determine the level of river health, the expected macroinvertebrate community is compared with the observed community. As part of AusRivAS, the clustering step is conducted using the statistical Unweighted Pair Group Arithmetic Averaging (UPGMA) method. Recently, alternative techniques for clustering ecological data have been suggested in the literature, including selforganising maps (SOMs) and an approach using mutual information as the performance measure for grouping similar data points together (MIR-max). These approaches have a number of potential advantages, as they can cater for non-linearities in the data and have an increased ability to represent the topology of higher-dimensional data. In this paper, the SOM and MIR-max approaches are applied to the South Australian combined season riffle AusRivAS data, and the results obtained are compared with those obtained using the UPGMA method in order to assess the robustness of the current AusRivAS clusters. The results show that cluster composition varies significantly, depending on the clustering method used. This suggests that the South Australian combined season riffle AusRivAS clusters obtained using the UPGMA method are not robust, and that it might be difficult to cluster the data into discrete groups.
The Correlation Analysis of BMD in Proximal Femur and Spine with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (2012)

본 논문에서는 외래환자의 골밀도 검사를 통해 대퇴골 및 요추부에서 정확한 검사를 얻을 수 없을 경우 두 부위간의 골밀도 검사 수치간의 상관관계를 밝혀 검사 결과를 유추하는 데 목적이 있다. C대학교 부속병원을 내원한 환자 62명을 그룹1(40세 미만, 21명), 그룹2(40세 이상~60세 미만, 21명), 그룹3(60세 이상, 20명)으로 세 개 그룹으로 분류하였다. 이들의 T-score와 Z-score를 조사하여 평균값과 상관관계를 평가하였다. 두 부위의 검사 수치를 이용하여 대응표본 T-검정을 통해 상관관계를 분석하였다. 통계 분석 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 연령이 높아질수록 T-score가 낮아지고 있고 60세이상 고령자의 경우 골 감소증이 발생하였다. 둘째, 세 그룹으로 비교를 통해 골밀도 검사에서 대퇴골과 요추부 두 부분에 대한 Z-score와 T-score의 상관관계가 높았으며 골밀도값의 결과는 매우 높은 상관관계를 가지고 있었다. 본 연구는 상관관계를 통해 어느 한 부위의 결과로서 다른 부위의 결과를 유추할 수 있는 임상적 유용성이 있을 것으로 생각되며, 이는 골다공증 환자의 처치 및 예후를 결정할 수 있는 보조적인 인자로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. To analogize the result of the test through explaining the correlation of bone mineral density (BMD) test value between proximal femur and lumbar spine at age. It is based on 62 cases who visited the out-patient department. They were classified into three groups by age, group I (30~40 yr) and II (40~60 yr) and III (60~80 yr). Then we evaluated the average and the degree of correlation between the three groups and analyzed the correlation of the three sites according to the BMD result and T & Z-score through the t-test analysis. The results are listed below, first, if rise in age T-score is lower and over 60age occurred osteopenia, second, compared three groups, the correlation of BMD results was some of the highest between Lumbar spine and Proximal femur of T-score & Z-score. the correlation of BMD results is very high. It is regarded that there will be a clinical availability which can analogize the result of a part by using the result of the other part.
A review of methods for determining stress fields from earthquakes focal mechanisms; Application to the Sierentz 1980 seismic crisis (Upper Rhine graben) (2013)

Abstract The inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms is one of the few tools available for determining principal stress directions at seismogenic depths. Various methods have been proposed for performing such inversions. For three of the most commonly used methods, including one that has been proposed by Jacques Angelier, we discuss the physical assumptions and the error determination and then we propose an extension for one of the methods. All four methods are then applied for evaluating the stress field in the Upper Rhine graben. They are applied to seismic data recorded with a temporary monitoring network that was deployed 12 hours after the magnitude Mw = 4.4 Sierentz earthquake, which occurred on July 15, 1980. While differences in principal stress directions can be as much as 28° depending on the method used for the principal stress direction determination (orientation of the minimum principal stress has been found to range from N051°E with a 27° plunge to N090° E with a 20° plunge), the 90% confidence level associated with each method varies from 11° to 27°. Moreover, these various methods yield fairly diverse values for the R factor that characterizes relative differences between principal stress magnitudes (from R = 0.7 with a 0.2 90% confidence level to R = 0.3 with a 0.2 90% confidence level). Furthermore all three methods leave some focal mechanisms unexplained. These are then declared to be the result of heterogeneity and are not considered for the inversion. It is concluded that earthquake focal mechanisms inversions lack resolution for stress field evaluation at depth if no proper attention is given to the event independence hypothesis. When proper attention is given to this hypothesis, a resolution of the order of 15° may be achieved. The minimum principal stress orientation derived with these various focal mechanisms inversions differs by 4 to 36° from the orientation determined from borehole breakouts observed in Basel, in a 5 km deep well (N054°E ± 14°), located some 20 km from Sierentz. The solution that fits best borehole breakout observations is that which satisfies the minimum number (three) of prerequisite physical assumptions.
Fungal Biotransformation of 6-Nitrochrysene (1998)

The fungus Cunninghamella elegans was used to biotransform 6-nitrochrysene, a mutagen that is a widespread environmental contaminant. After 6 days, 74% of the 3H-labeled 6-nitrochrysene added had been metabolized to two isomeric sulfate conjugates. These conjugates were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by UV-visible, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral techniques as 6-nitrochrysene 1-sulfate and 6-nitrochrysene 2-sulfate.
The Fluorescence of Sulfur Dioxide<sup>1</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Fluorescence of Sulfur Dioxide1Kenneth F. Greenough and A. B. F. DuncanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 3, 555–560Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01464a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01464a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views194Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts