gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Focused ion beam milling of diamond: Effects of H2O on yield, surface morphology and microstructure (2003)

The effects of H2O vapor introduced during focused ion beam (FIB) milling of diamond(100) are examined. In particular, we determine the yield, surface morphology, and microstructural damage that results from FIB sputtering and H2O-assisted FIB milling processes. Experiments involving 20 keV Ga+ bombardment to doses ∼1018 ions/cm2 are conducted at a number of fixed ion incidence angles, θ. For each θ selected, H2O-assisted ion milling shows an increased material removal rate compared with FIB sputtering (no gas assist). The amount by which the yield is enhanced depends on the angle of incidence with the largest difference occurring at θ=75°. Experiments that vary pixel dwell time from 3 μs to 20 ms while maintaining a fixed H2O gas pressure demonstrate the additional effect of beam scan rate on yield for gas-assisted processes. Different surface morphologies develop during ion bombardment depending on the angle of ion incidence and the presence/absence of H2O. In general, a single mode of ripples having a wave vector aligned with the projection of the ion beam vector forms for θ as high as 70°. H2O affects this morphology by lowering the ripple onset angle and decreasing the ripple wavelength. At high angles of incidence (θ&gt;70°) a step/terrace morphology is observed. H2O-assisted milling at θ&gt;70° results in a smoother stepped surface compared with FIB sputtering. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the amorphized thickness is reduced by 20% when using H2O-assisted FIB milling.
Evaluation of Depigmenting Activity by 8-Hydroxydaidzein in Mouse B16 Melanoma Cells and Human Volunteers (2009)

In our previous study, 8-hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe) was demonstrated to be a potent and unique suicide substrate of mushroom tyrosinase. In this study, the compound was evaluated for in vitro cellular tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitory activities in mouse B16 melanoma cells and for in vivo skin-whitening activity in human volunteers. Tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in the cell culture incubated with 10 microM of 8-OHDe were decreased to 20.1% and 51.8% of control, respectively, while no obvious cytotoxicity was observed in this concentration. In contrast, a standard tyrosinase inhibitor, kojic acid, showed 69.9% and 71.3% of control in cellular tyrosinase and melanogenesis activity, respectively, at a concentration as high as 100 microM. Hence, 8-OHDe exhibited more than an inhibitory effects on melanin production in B16 cells 10-fold stronger than kojic acid. In addition, when a cream containing 4% 8-OHDe was applied to human skin in an in vivo study, significant increases in the dL*-values were observed after three weeks. Moreover, the increase in the dL*-values after 8-week treatment with 4% 8-OHDe (from -0.57 to 1.94) is stronger than those of 2% 8-OHDe treatment (from 0.26 to 0.94) and 2% ascorbic acid-2-glucoside treatment (from 0.07 to 1.54). From the results of the study, it was concluded that 8-OHDe, the potent suicide substrate of mushroom tyrosinase, has depigmenting activities in both mouse melanoma cells and in human volunteers. Thus, the compound has significant potential for use in cosmetics as a skin-whitening ingredient.
Influence of relative gas humidity on the inactivation efficiency of a low temperature gas plasma (2008)

Modifying simple process parameters such as the relative gas humidity can be used to optimize plasma treatment to improve inactivation of resistant micro-organisms such as conidiospores of A. niger.
Properties of a Defocused Optical System* (1969)

The optical properties of an aberration-free defocused optical system used to image incoherently illuminated objects are analyzed. The exact diffraction optical transfer function (OTF) and point spread function (PSF) are compared to the geometrical OTF and PSF, respectively, for both small and large amounts of defocusing. It follows that geometrical optics does not describe diffraction optics very well for any reasonable amount of defocusing. Calculation of the diffraction OTF is complicated and time consuming, even with a large computer. An empirically derived analytic approximation to the diffraction OTF which is much easier to calculate, is formulated. It is also shown, and examples are presented to demonstrate, that the exact OTF and PSF are different in planes at equal distances on the two sides of the in-focus plane.
Comparative Analysis of Resource Discovery Approaches in Grid Computing (2008)

Grid technologies enable the sharing of a wide variety of distributed resources. To utilize these resources, effective Resource Management systems are needed. Resource Management system performs resource discovery to obtain information about the available resources. However, the complex and dynamic nature of grid resources make sharing and discovery, a challenging issue. Resource Discovery is initiated by a network application to find suitable resources with in the Grid. Resource Discovery process is critical for efficient resource allocation and management. For making the Resource Discovery more efficient and reliable large numbers of Approaches are there. This paper analyses some of existing Approaches for Resource Discovery, which can search for the preferred resources quickly and efficiently (return the correct results quickly and reduce network complexity) in Grid computing. Finally a qualitative comparison between these Approaches based on the factors that affect Grid Resource Discovery process, has been done and results are presented.
Tactile Sensor without Wire and Sensing Element in the Tactile Region Based on EIT Method (2007)

We propose a novel soft areal tactile sensor made of pressure-sensitive conductive rubber, the principle of which is based on the inverse problem theory. The significant feature of this sensor is that it needs neither wire nor sensing element in the tactile region, because the distribution of applied pressure relating to the resistivity change in the tactile region can be estimated using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). This method enables us to make a very simple tactile sensor free from problems of wire breaks and electrodes peeling off from the rubber. The results of experiments with a have proved its effectiveness. We also discuss our computation technique to reconstruct stable pressure distribution by using the least squares method.
Characterisation of the lpdA gene from Neisseria meningitidis by polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing (1999)

P64k protein from Neisseria meningitidis is well recognised in sera from individuals convalescent from meningococcal disease or vaccinated with the Cuban antimeningococcal vaccine VA-MENGOC-BC®. The presence of the protein in more than 80 meningococcal strains has also been verified. It is immunogenic in animal models and the antibodies elicited show bactericidal activity against meningococci. To further investigate at the molecular level whether lpdA, the gene coding for P64k protein, is conserved among different N. meningitidis strains, a total of 20 strains isolated from different geographic areas were differentiated on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the lpdA gene and restriction endonuclease digestion with HpaII. Although a total of five different PCR-RFLP patterns were present, nucleotide sequence determination showed that identity levels were as high as 93–99% among the N. meningitidis strains analysed.
An Efficient and Time-Optimal Trajectory Generation Approach for Waypoints Under Kinematic Constraints and Error Bounds (2018)

This paper presents an approach to generate the time-optimal trajectory for a robot manipulator under certain kinematic constraints such as joint position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk limits. This problem of generating a trajectory that takes the minimum time to pass through specified waypoints is formulated as a nonlinear constraint optimization problem. Unlike prior approaches that model the motion of consecutive waypoints as a Cubic Spline, we model this motion with a seven-segment acceleration profile, as this trajectory results in a shorter overall motion time while staying within the bounds of the robot manipulator's constraints. The optimization bottleneck lies in the complexity that increases exponentially with the number of waypoints. To make the optimization scale well with the number of waypoints, we propose an approach that has linear complexity. This approach first divides all waypoints to consecutive batches, each with an overlap of two waypoints. The overlapping waypoints then act as a bridge to concatenate the optimization results of two consecutive batches. The whole trajectory is effectively optimized by successively optimizing every batch. We conduct experiments on practical scenarios and trajectories generated by motion planners to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed approach over existing state-of-the-art approaches.
The process of decision-making by stressed social workers: To stay or leave the workplace (2005)

This paper considers the perception of stress and its impact on social workers, their relationships and decision-making. It begins with an exploration of stress, perception and how perception is utilized to understand stress experiences. It continues with exploration of decision-making processes. Finally it explores themes relating to decision-making based on case study findings of social workers who experienced stress and explores the outcomes of decision-making in relation to the workplace and how this might impact on retention.
Monoclonal anti-idiotypes induce neutralizing antibodies to enterovirus 70 conformational epitopes (1992)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the prototype enterovirus 70 (EV-70) strain J670/71 were generated and characterized in order to produce anti-idiotypic MAbs (MAb2s) for use as surrogate immunogens. Western immunoblot and radioimmunoprecipitation assays suggested that all the MAbs recognize conformational epitopes on the virion surface. An EV-70-neutralizing antibody, MAb/ev-12 (MAb1), was selected for the production of MAb2s. Five MAb2s were selected for their capacities to inhibit the interaction of MAb/ev-12 with EV-70 in dot immunobinding inhibition and immunofluorescence assays. In addition, these five MAb2s inhibited virus neutralization mediated by MAb/ev-12, suggesting that they recognize paratope-associated idiotopes. In competition enzyme immunosorbent assays, none of the five MAb2s recognized other neutralizing and nonneutralizing EV-70-specific MAbs, demonstrating that the MAb2s were specific for private idiotopes. Immunization with each of the MAb2s was carried out for the production of anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3). All five MAb2s induced an immune response. Moreover, results suggested that they share idiotopes, since MAb2-MAb/ev-12 binding could be inhibited by homologous as well as heterologous Ab3s. Ab3 sera were shown to possess antibodies capable of immunoprecipitating 35S-labeled viral proteins in the same manner as MAb/ev-12. Nine of 15 mice immunized with MAb2s demonstrated Ab3 neutralizing activity specific for the prototype EV-70 strain, J670/71. The potential application of MAb2s to serve as surrogate immunogens for conformational epitopes is substantiated by the results presented in this report.
Chronic Toxicity Studies of 5-(2-Pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-l,2-dithiole-3-thione, a Potential Chemopreventive Agent (1997)

The synthetic compound Oltipraz, 5-(2-pyraziny1)-4-methyl-1,2- dithiole-3-thione, is related to the 1,2-dithiolthiones naturally found in cruciferous vegetables, the consumption of which has been epidemiologically associated with reduced frequency of colorectal cancers. Oltipraz has shown chemopreventive efficacy in numerous laboratory epithelial cancer models and is a potential chemopreventive, antimutagenic compound that specifically induces Phase II enzymes. Thirteen-week and 1-year toxicity studies in rats and dogs were performed to characterize the toxicities of the compound at high dosages and to support potential further development as a chemopreventive agent in clinical trials. Administration to rats by gavage for 13 weeks at dosages of 5 and 50 mg/kg/day and for 52 weeks at dosages of 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg/ day produced effects on the liver and on clinical chemistry and hematology parameters. Absolute and relative liver weight increases correlated with diffuse hypertrophy in the mid- and highdose males and centrilobular hypertrophy in the high-dose females. Granularity of hepatocyte cytoplasm was also observed. These anatomical findings were associated with dose-associated slight increases in albumin, total protein, and cholesterol in the males and a moderate increase in cholesterol only in the females. In addition, slight decreases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit and reticulocyte elevations occurred. The no effect dose was considered 10 mg/kg/day. Administration by capsule to dogs at dosages of 10 and 100 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks and of 5, 15, and 60 mg/kg/day for 52 weeks also produced effects on the same endpoints noted in the rodent studies. In the 13-week study, precipitate was observed in the bile canaliculi, and gonadal atrophy and increased pituitary weights occurred in the males. Cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity were slightly elevated in both studies. Decreased hematology parameters in the 13-week study also occurred. The no effect dose was considered to be 5 mg/kg/ day. Oltipraz is being carefully evaluated in clinical trials as a potential antimutagenic compound.
Activation of Mouse and Human Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptors (α, β/δ, γ) by Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (2006)

This study evaluates the potential for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), using a transient transfection cell assay. Cos-1 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Minimal Essential Medium (DMEM) with fetal bovine serum in 96-well plates and transfected with mouse or human PPARalpha, beta/delta, or gamma reporter plasmids. Transfected cells were exposed to PFOA (0.5-100 microM), PFOS (1-250 microM), positive controls (i.e., known agonists and antagonists), and negative controls (i.e., DMEM, 0.1% water, and 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide). Following treatment for 24 h, activity was measured using the Luciferase reporter assay. In this assay, PFOA had more transactivity than PFOS with both the mouse and human PPAR isoforms. PFOA significantly increased mouse and human PPARalpha and mouse PPARbeta/delta activity relative to vehicle. PFOS significantly increased activation of mouse PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta isoforms. No significant activation of mouse or human PPARgamma was observed with PFOA or PFOS. The PPARalpha antagonist, MK-886, significantly suppressed PFOA and PFOS activity of mouse and human PPARalpha. The PPARgamma antagonist, GW9662, significantly suppressed PFOA activity on the human isoform. In conclusion, this study characterized the dose response and differential activation of mouse and human PPARalpha, beta/delta, gamma by PFOA and PFOS. While this model allows opportunities to compare potential activation by perfluoroalkyl acids, it only evaluates the interaction and activation of the PPAR reporter constructs and is not necessarily predictive of a toxicological response in vivo.
Comment on ‘‘Low-temperature reactive ion etching and microwave plasma etching of silicon’’ [Appl. Phys. Lett. <b>5</b> <b>2</b>, 616 (1988)] (1988)

First Page
Towards chip-scale atomic clocks (2005)

MEMS technology is used to shrink atomic clocks from their present-day table-top sizes down to only 1 cm/sup 3/ while at the same time retaining timing stability on the order of 30 ns over one hour. The power consumption of the system is less than 30 mW.
Response to RIT 4237 Oral Rotavirus Vaccine in Human Milk, Adapted‐ and Soy‐Formula Fed Infants (1989)

During the first month of life 28 full-term newborns were breast-fed (18 males and 11 females). Thereafter 8 infants continued breast-feeding while the remainder were randomly fed on either an adapted milk formula (n=13) or a soy-formula (n=7). At five months, after an oral dose of RIT 4237 rotavirus vaccine of bovine origin was given, growth and IgM/IgG type antibodies against rotavirus were measured. Weight gain was similar in all infants. There were 2 IgM and 1 IgG responders out of 7 soy fed infants, compared with 4 out of 8 human milk fed (both IgM and IgG) and 7 out of 13 IgM and 6/12 IgG formula fed infants responding to vaccination. This observation confirms previous results obtained with polio, diphtheria tetanus and pertussis vaccines indicating that soy-protein formulas may interfere with immunization processes.
Host-Pathogen Interactions (1981)

The fact that fungal glucans will stimulate soybeans to accumulate phytoalexins prompted an investigation of soybean cell beta-1,3-glucanases and beta-glucosidases, as well as the ability of these enzymes to hydrolyze the fungal glucans. Several beta-1,3-glucanases and beta-glucosidases can be solubilized from the walls of suspension-cultured soybean cells by treatment with 1.0 molar sodium acetate buffer. An enzyme, which has been termed beta-glucosylase I, is the dominant beta-1,3-glucanase in the cell wall extracts. Utilizing CM-Sephadex chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and affinity chromatography, beta-glucosylase I has been purified 71-fold, with 39% recovery, from the mixture of cell wall enzymes. The affinity chromatography column material was prepared by covalently attaching p-aminophenyl-1-beta-d-glucopyranoside, an analog of a beta-glucosylase I substrate, to Sepharose. beta-Glucosylase I, purified by this procedure, yields a single band on isoelectric focusing gels (pH 8.9). However, the purified beta-glucosylase I yields a darkly-staining protein band at an apparent molecular weight of 69,000 and several lightly-staining protein bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Additional purification procedures fail to remove these lightly-staining protein bands.beta-Glucosylase I will hydrolyze the beta-glucan substrates, laminarin (3-linked) and lichenan (3- and 4-linked), and therefore, possesses beta-glucanase activity. Studies of the progressive hydrolysis of laminarin by beta-glucosylase I demonstrate that the enzyme hydrolyzes polysaccharide substrates in an exo manner. beta-Glucosylase I will also hydrolyze a variety of low molecular weight beta-glucosides including various beta-linked diglucosides. Thus, beta-glucosylase I also possesses beta-glucosidase activity.Several lines of evidence are presented that the beta-glucanase and the beta-glucosidase activities exhibited by purified beta-glucosylase I preparations are catalyzed by the same enzyme. This evidence includes inhibition studies which indicate that the beta-glucanase and the beta-glucosidase activities of beta-glucosylase I are catalyzed at the same active site. beta-Glucosylase I will also catalyze glucosyl transfer. This catalytic activity is responsible for the observed ability of the enzyme to synthesize di- and trisaccharides from laminarin. The disaccharides formed by beta-glucosylase I-catalyzed transglucosylation are the beta-anomers of the 6-, 4-, 3-, and 2-linked diglucosides in the relative proportions of 10:1:1:1. The ability of beta-glucosylase I to catalyze glucosyl transfer indicates that beta-glucosylase I is biochemically more similar to previously studied beta-glucosidases than to beta-glucanases. This conclusion is supported by the observation that beta-glucosylase I is strongly inhibited by 1,5-d-gluconolactone, an inhibitor of beta-glucosidases but not of beta-glucanases.
Bioink properties before, during and after 3D bioprinting (2016)

Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration and interaction with the material. A calibrated computational framework is able to predict the tissue development and maturation and to optimize the bioprinting input parameters such as the starting material, the initial cell loading and the construct geometry. In this contribution relevant bioink properties are reviewed and discussed on the example of most popular bioprinting approaches. The effect of cells on hydrogel processing and vice versa is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogel construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
Inhibition of <i>α</i>-<scp>l</scp>-fucosidase by derivatives of deoxyfuconojirimycin and deoxymannojirimycin (1990)

Deoxyfuconojirimycin (1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-L-fucitol) is a potent, specific and competitive inhibitor (Ki 1 x 10(-8) M) of human liver alpha-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.51). Six structural analogues of this compound were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit alpha-L-fucosidase and other human liver glycosidases. It is concluded that the minimum structural requirement for inhibition of alpha-L-fucosidase is the correct configuration of the hydroxy groups at the piperidine ring carbon atoms 2, 3 and 4. Different substituents in either configuration at carbon atom 1 (i.e. 1 alpha- and beta-homofuconojirimycins) and at carbon atom 5 may alter the potency but do not destroy the inhibition of alpha-L-fucosidase. The pH-dependency of the inhibition by these amino sugars suggests very strongly that inhibition results from the formation of an ion-pair between the protonated inhibitor and a carboxylate group in the active site of the enzyme. Deoxymannojirimycin (1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-mannitol) is also a more potent inhibitor of alpha-L-fucosidase than of alpha-D-mannosidase. This can be explained by viewing deoxymannojirimycin as beta-L-homofuconojirimycin lacking the 5-methyl group. Conversely, beta-L-homo analogues of fuconojirimycin can also be regarded as derivatives of deoxymannojirimycin. This has permitted deductions to be made about the structural requirements of inhibitors of alpha- and beta-D-mannosidases.
An Efficient Non-blind Watermarking Scheme for Color Images using Discrete Wavelet Transformation (2010)

In this paper we present a new invisible robust non blind watermarking scheme. The proposed scheme embeds the monochrome (logo) watermark into the high and middle {HL, LH, HH} frequency bands of luminance channel of the color image. The Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) channels of color image are transformed into Luminance (Y), Intensity (I) and Hue (Q) Channels, the Luminance channel of color image is decomposed using Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT), then the high and middle frequency components of this Luminance are used to embed the watermark. To increase the detection speed and efficiency of algorithm, the location of modified high and middle frequency components are stored into key array. Use of this key array improves the speed of the extraction algorithm. The experimental results show that the watermark is robust against different types of attacks like image cropping, image filtering, image Compression and Image transformations. Further, the results show that the performance of our scheme is superior to other similar techniques.