gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Use of Family Relationships and Linkage Disequilibrium to Impute Phase and Missing Genotypes in Up to Whole-Genome Sequence Density Genotypic Data (2010)

A novel method, called linkage disequilibrium multilocus iterative peeling (LDMIP), for the imputation of phase and missing genotypes is developed. LDMIP performs an iterative peeling step for every locus, which accounts for the family data, and uses a forward-backward algorithm to accumulate information across loci. Marker similarity between haplotype pairs is used to impute possible missing genotypes and phases, which relies on the linkage disequilibrium between closely linked markers. After this imputation step, the combined iterative peeling/forward-backward algorithm is applied again, until convergence. The calculations per iteration scale linearly with number of markers and number of individuals in the pedigree, which makes LDMIP well suited to large numbers of markers and/or large numbers of individuals. Per iteration calculations scale quadratically with the number of alleles, which implies biallelic markers are preferred. In a situation with up to 15% randomly missing genotypes, the error rate of the imputed genotypes was <1% and approximately 99% of the missing genotypes were imputed. In another example, LDMIP was used to impute whole-genome sequence data consisting of 17,321 SNPs on a chromosome. Imputation of the sequence was based on the information of 20 (re)sequenced founder individuals and genotyping their descendants for a panel of 3000 SNPs. The error rate of the imputed SNP genotypes was 10%. However, if the parents of these 20 founders are also sequenced, >99% of missing genotypes are imputed correctly.
Application of Direct Transcription to Commercial Aircraft Trajectory Optimization (1995)

One of the most effective numerical techniques for the solution of trajectory optimization and optimal control problems is the direct transcription method. This approach combines a nonlinear programming algorithm with a discretization of the trajectory dynamics. When the resulting mathematical programming problem is solved using a sparse sequential quadratic programming algorithm, the technique produces solutions very rapidly and has demonstrated considerable robustness when applied to atmospheric and orbital trajectories. This paper describes the application of the direct transcription technique to the optimal design of a commercial aircraft trajectory, subject to realistic constraints on the aircraft flight path. A primary result of the paper is to demonstrate that the transcription formulation leads to a very natural treatment of realistic Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) imposed path constraints within a high fidelity simulation. A second important result is to demonstrate that modeling tabular data using smooth approximations significantly improves the speed of convergence.
A connectionist model for consonant-vowel syllable recognition (2003)

The authors describe preliminary CV (consonant-vowel syllable) recognition experiments using neural network learning and retrieval paradigms. They have trained both one and two speaker systems and report on the results of both speaker dependent and speaker independent testing. The one-speaker systems performed at 94 percent correct classifying the three voiced stop consonants learned in 3 different vowel contexts using 40ms of data from burst onset per CV token (all results involve tokens not used in training). Vowel performance was also good when at least 55 ms of data from each CV were used. The system receives no segmentation information on consonant-vowel boundary. When both voiced and voiceless CV types were learned together by a one-speaker system, consonant performance dropped to just over 80 percent. This fall-off was mostly due to weak performance on velar stops. Two-speaker systems trained on the voiced CV tokens in three vowel contexts also performed at or above 90 percent. The two-speaker system also demonstrated speaker independent ability with over 80 percent correct consonant classification with voiced CV tokens from a third speaker.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TETHERED AEROLOGICAL BALLOON SYSTEM (1965)

Abstract : The tethered aerological balloon system (TABS) currently under development at NOTS is designed to maintain a captive balloon and payload at stratospheric altitudes for an indefinite period of time, taking advantage of the region of minimum wind velocity nearly always present at some level in the lower stratosphere. The system consists of (1) a conventional polyethylene balloon fitted with a self-deploying reefing system to reduce lateral drag; (2) an airborne telemetry-command package capable of monitoring up to six aerological or other parameters concurrently (additional packages may be distributed along the tether as needed); (3) a NOTS-developed glass fiber tether having a tensile strength comparable to that of steel, at one-fourth the latter's weight, fabricated in splice-free lengths exceeding 100,000 feet; and (4) a mobile ground vehicle from which all functions subsequent to launch can be performed, carrying a crew, control winch, and equipment to communicate with a ground telemetry and command station; the vehicle can run with the wind to reduce lateral drag loads on ascent or descent. The system is expected to become operational the fall of 1965. Various uses and possible further developments of such a stratospheric moored platform are discussed, including applications to manned systems.
Turnover of plasma cholesterol in man (1968)

Cholesterol-4-(14)C was injected intravenously into a series of normal men, untreated hyperlipidemic patients, and hyperlipidemic patients being treated with cholestyramine. The specific radioactivity of plasma total cholesterol was measured during the ensuing 10 wk. 16 studies were carried out in 10 subjects. Analysis of the turnover curves of plasma cholesterol revealed that in every study the turnover of plasma cholesterol conformed to a two-pool model. Each turnover curve was analyzed in terms of this model, as expressed by the equation: specific activity = C(A)e(-alphat) + C(B)e(-betat). The parameters which were calculated included the constants C(A), C(B), alpha, and beta; the size of the first pool (M(A)); the rate constants for the total rate of removal of cholesterol from each pool (k(AA) and k(BB)); and the production rate in pool A (PR(A)). In two normal men and five untreated patients the average size of pool A was 25g. The effect of cholestyramine was assessed by comparing the results obtained without therapy with those obtained during therapy in five subjects studied under both conditions. Cholestyramine therapy produced a large increase in PR(A) (from 0.98 to 1.98 g/day) and in the rate of removal of cholesterol from pool A. Cholestyramine did not significantly alter the size of pool A. It is not possible to calculate the size of the total body exchangeable pool of cholesterol from the turnover curve of plasma cholesterol. It is also not possible to calculate the metabolic turnover rate, i.e., the rate of cholesterol degradation and excretion, in the whole body. This parameter can, however, be estimated by assuming that cholesterol is removed from the body only by way of the tissue pools that comprise pool A. Under these conditions the metabolic turnover rate is equal to the production rate in pool A.
Experimental investigation of the thermal stability of strained InGaAs/InGaAsP MQWs (2002)

The authors report on the optical characterization of a strained multiple quantum well (MQW) structure grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on a (100), heavily doped, InP substrate. Upon thermal annealing in the temperature range 650-700/spl deg/C, they found that both the photoluminescence and absorption spectra exhibited a clear blue shift which can be used to deduce the kinetics of layers interdiffusion. From the analysis, it is shown that the band lineup is never ideal but, even for the as-grown sample, departs from the standard square-wells approximation. This results from finite effects of in-situ diffusion occurring during the growth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Confocal microscopy with a high numerical aperture parabolic mirror (2001)

A novel high-resolution stage scanning confocal microscope for fluorescence microscopy and spatially resolved spectroscopy with a high numerical aperture (NA 1) parabolic mirror objective is investigated. A spatial resolution close to the diffraction limit is achieved. As microscopic fluorescent test objects, dye-loaded zeolite microcrystals (diameter approx. 0.4 microm) and single fluorescent molecules were used. Confocal fluorescence images show a spatial resolution of .x = 0.8 . both at room temperature and at 1.8 K. Imaging of a quasi-point light source and focusing by the parabolic mirror were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Deviations between the theoretical results for a perfect parabolic mirror and the experimental results can be attributed to small deviations of the mirror profile from an ideal parabola.
Expected BLEU Training for Graphs: BBN System Description for WMT11 System Combination Task (2011)

BBN submitted system combination outputs for Czech-English, German-English, Spanish-English, and French-English language pairs. All combinations were based on confusion network decoding. The confusion networks were built using incremental hypothesis alignment algorithm with flexible matching. A novel bi-gram count feature, which can penalize bi-grams not present in the input hypotheses corresponding to a source sentence, was introduced in addition to the usual decoder features. The system combination weights were tuned using a graph based expected BLEU as the objective function while incrementally expanding the networks to bi-gram and 5-gram contexts. The expected BLEU tuning described in this paper naturally generalizes to hypergraphs and can be used to optimize thousands of weights. The combination gained about 0.5-4.0 BLEU points over the best individual systems on the official WMT11 language pairs. A 39 system multisource combination achieved an 11.1 BLEU point gain. 1
Satiety dysfunction in Prader-Willi syndrome demonstrated by fMRI (2005)

The neurobiology relating to the insatiable appetite observed in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) has not been fully characterised. Two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were performed on each of three adults with PWS. The scans were carried out pre- and post-treatment with the antiepileptic topiramate, which had little effect on body weight and appetite in these subjects. Subjects fasted overnight and drank a 75 g dextrose solution prior to fMRI scans for measurement of brain activation levels during/after glucose ingestion. Following glucose administration, there was a significant delay in activation at the hypothalamus and other brain regions associated with satiety compared with previous data on obese volunteers. These regions include the insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens. Individuals with PWS showed a mean latency of 24 min while in a previous study obese volunteers had shown a latency of 15 min and lean volunteers a latency of 10 min in the hypothalamus. Our results provide evidence towards a satiety dysfunction in the central nervous system of PWS patients.
Improvement of ultrasound image based on wavelet transform: speckle reduction and edge enhancement (2005)

For 2-dimensional B-mode ultrasound images, we propose an image enhancement algorithm based on a multi-resolution approach. In the proposed algorithm, we perform the directional filtering and noise reducing procedures from the coarse to fine resolution images that are obtained from the wavelet-transformed data. For directional filtering, the structural feature at each pixel is examined through the eigen-analysis. Then, if the pixel belongs to the edge region, we perform two-step directional filtering, namely, directional smoothing along the tangential direction of the edge to improve its continuity, and directional sharpening along the normal direction to enhance the contrast. Meanwhile, speckle noise is alleviated by reducing the wavelet coefficients corresponding to the homogeneous region. The reducing rate of the wavelet coefficients is determined by considering the frequency characteristics of speckle. Thereby, the algorithm reduces speckle noise efficiently without affecting the edge sharpness and enhances edges regardless their size. Note that the proposed speckle reduction scheme is based on the structural information rather than the statistics of the magnitude of wavelet coefficients as in the existing methods. The proposed algorithm is compared to the algorithm based on nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filtering and the one based on the wavelet shrinkage scheme. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm considerably improves the subjective image quality without providing any noticeable artifact.
The Antimicrobial Approach to Caries Management (2001)

Dental caries is an infectious disease of bacterial origin. The use of antimicrobial agents to reduce or eliminate the bacteria associated with caries follows the approach used to combat other infectious diseases of humans. Unfortunately, only a few dozen studies have sufficient resolving power to make inferences as to the anticaries efficacy of the antimicrobial approach to caries management. Here, we comment on the findings of the RTI/UNC review concerning antimicrobials, discuss additional findings not covered in that review, and make recommendations based upon both the available literature and from our own experience. Even though the studies published thus far are inconclusive or lack sufficient demonstration of efficacy to recommend a specific approach involving antimicrobial agents in routine clinical practice, several pieces of information from these studies suggest future avenues of investigation.
Using spectral estimation techniques in adaptive processing antenna systems (1985)

Improved spectral estimation techniques are becoming a valuable asset in adaptive processing array antenna systems. They are invaluable because the amount of additional useful information they can provide about the interference environment, utilizing only a relatively small number of degrees-of-freedom (DOF). The 'superresolution' capabilities, estimation of coherence, and relative power level determination serve to complement and refine the data from faster conventional estimation techniques. This report discusses two conceptual application area examples that use such techniques; partially-adaptive low- sidelobe arrays, and fully-adaptive tracking arrays. For the partially-adaptive area, the information is used for the efficient assignment of a limited number of DOF in a beamspace constrained adaptive system to obtain a stable mainbeam, retention of low sidelobes, considerably faster response, and reduction in overall cost. These benefits are demonstrated via simulation examples computed for a 16-element linear array. For the fully adaptive tracking array area, the information is used in an all-digital processing system concept to permit stable nulling of coherent interference sources in the mainbeam region, efficient assignment/control of the available DOF, and greater flexibility in time-domain adaptive filtering strategy. Keywords include: Adaptive arrays, Antennas, Nonlinear processing, Spectral analysis, Tracking, Digital processing, Optimal estimation, and Spatial filters.
Experimental Two-Photon, Three-Dimensional Entanglement for Quantum Communication (2002)

Orbital angular momentum entangled photons emitted by a down-conversion source are in higher dimensional entangled states. Here we report the experimental confirmation by demonstrating a violation of a generalized Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt-type Bell inequality in three dimensions by more than 18 standard deviations. Higher dimensional entangled states allow the realization of new types of quantum communication protocols. They also provide a more secure quantum cryptography scheme. Therefore our experimental results are likely to have applications in future quantum communication technology.
Windows NT file system internals: a developer's guide (1997)

This volume presents the details of the NT I/O Manager, the Cache Manager and the Memory Manager from the perspective of a software developer writing a file system driver or implementing a kernel-mode filter driver. It provides numerous code examples included on diskette, as well as the source for a complete, usable filter driver.
A Survey of Hardware Accelerators Used in Computer-Aided Design (1984)

Hardware accelerators, or special-purpose engines, have been used in computer-aided design applications for nearly 20 years. In this time, roughly 20 machines have been built and tested specifically for such purposes as simulation, design rule checking, placement, and routing. Their uses are increasing, and the machines are becoming commercially available. This survey describes not only the machines but also their problems and limitations. It also gives comparative data on speed-up techniques and performance. Examples include a simulation machine that achieves roughly a million-times speed-up over a conventional 1-MIP mainframe and a very low cost machine for design rule checking that provides a 100-times improvement. These and other examples clearly demonstrate the viability of special-purpose engines.
Functional and Pharmacological Differences Between Recombinant<i>N</i>-Methyl-<scp>d</scp>-Aspartate Receptors (1998)

N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors transiently transfected into mammalian HEK-293 cells were characterized with subunit-specific antibodies and electrophysiological recordings. Deactivation time course recorded in response to fast-glutamate pulses were studied in isolated and lifted cells, as well as in outside-out membrane patches excised from cells expressing recombinant NR1 subunits in combination with the NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, or NR2D NMDA receptor subunits. Transfected cells were preidentified by the fluorescence emitted from the coexpressed Aequorea victoria jellyfish Green Lantern protein. Currents generated by NR1/NR2A channels displayed double exponential deactivation time course being faster than that in NR1/NR2B or NR1/NR2C channels. However, a large decay variability was observed within each cotransfection, suggesting that mechanisms additional to subunit composition may also regulate deactivation time course. NR1/NR2D channels displayed slowly deactivating currents. Channel deactivation was fast and comparable among receptors obtained by cotransfecting five distinct spliced variants of the NR1 subunit, each with the NR2A subunit. Additionally, recovery from desensitization was slower for NR1/NR2B than for NR1/NR2A channels. The average deactivation time course of responses to brief L-glutamate applications in cells where NR1/NR2A/NR2B cDNAs were cotransfected at variable ratio was intermediate between those of the NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B channels. Although immunocytochemical evidence indicates that the majority of cells are cotransfected by all plasmids in triple transfection, our experimental condition did not allow for a tight control of the expression of NMDA receptor subunits. This produced the result that many cells were characterized by deactivation time course and haloperidol sensitivities of separate NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B subunit heteromers. We also speculate on the possible formation of channels resulting from the coassembly in the same receptor of NR1/NR2A/NR2B subunits from a minority of cells that gave responses to brief application of L-glutamate characterized by slow deactivation time course and decreased haloperidol sensitivity.
640×486 long-wavelength two-color GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array camera (2000)

We have designed and fabricated an optimized long-wavelength/very-long wavelength two-color quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) device structure. The device structure was grown on a 3-in semi-insulating GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The wafer was processed into several 640/spl times/486 format monolithically integrated 8-9 and 14-15 /spl mu/m two-color (or dual wavelength) QWIP focal plane arrays (FPAs). These FPAs were then hybridized to 640/spl times/486 silicon CMOS readout multiplexers. A thinned (i.e., substrate removed) FPA hybrid was integrated into a liquid helium cooled dewar for electrical and optical characterization and to demonstrate simultaneous two-color imagery. The 8-9 /spl mu/m detectors in the FPA have shown background limited performance (BLIP) at 70 K operating temperature for 300 K background with f/2 cold stop. The 14-15 /spl mu/m detectors of the FPA reaches BLIP at 40 K operating temperature under the same background conditions. In this paper we discuss the performance of this long-wavelength dualband QWIP FPA in terms of quantum efficiency, detectivity, noise equivalent temperature difference (NE/spl Delta/T), uniformity, and operability.
Carrier phase GNSS attitude determination with the Multivariate Constrained LAMBDA method (2010)

Carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution is the key to fast and high-precision GNSS positioning and navigation. It is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of the double-differenced carrier phase data as integers. The popular LAMBDA method is an efficient algorithm that is used to resolve the integer ambiguities, and is known to maximize the ambiguity success rate. The method has been modified to be applicable to attitude determination problems, where all the nonlinear constraints have been fully integrated into the objective function and corresponding integer search. The method is tested processing data collected on static as well as dynamic platforms, focusing on the stand-alone, unaided, single-frequency, single-epoch case, as this is the most challenging scenario for attitude ambiguity resolution.
APERTURE AND MUTUAL COUPLED CYLINDRICAL DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA ARRAY (2013)

A 1 £ 3 element linear array using cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas (CDRAs) is designed and presented for 802.11a WLAN system applications. The top and bottom elements of CDRA array are excited through the rectangular coupling slots etched on the ground plane, while the slots themselves are excited through the microstrip transmission line. The third element (i.e., central CDRA) is excited through the mutual coupling of two radiating elements by its sides. This mechanism enhances the bandwidth (96.1%) and gain (14.3%) as compared to aperture coupled technique. It is also observed that the side lobe levels are reduced over the designed frequency band. Using CST microwave studio, directivity of 10.5dBi has been achieved for operating frequency of 5.6GHz. Designed antenna array is fabricated and tested. Simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The equivalent lumped element circuit is also designed and presented using Advanced design system (ADS) for this proposed array.