gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Which Controls the Depolymerization of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids: The Solid Acid Catalyst or Cellulose? (2010)

Cellulose is a renewable and widely available feedstock. It is a biopolymer that is typically found in wood, straw, grass, municipal solid waste, and crop residues. Its use as raw material for biofuel production opens up the possibility of sustainable biorefinery schemes that do not compete with food supply. Tapping into this feedstock for the production of biofuels and chemicals requires--as the first-step--its depolymerization or its hydrolysis into intermediates that are more susceptible to chemical and/or biological transformations. We have shown earlier that solid acids selectively catalyze the depolymerization of cellulose solubilized in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) at 100 degrees C. Here, we address the factors responsible for the control of this reaction. Both cellulose and solid acid catalysts have distinct and important roles in the process. Describing the depolymerization of cellulose by the equivalent number of scissions occurring in the cellulosic chains allows a direct correlation between the product yields and the extent of the polymer breakdown. The effect of the acid strength on the depolymerization of cellulose is discussed in detail. Practical aspects of the reaction, concerning the homogeneous nature of the catalysis in spite of the use of a solid acid catalyst, are thoroughly addressed. The effect of impurities present in the imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the reaction performance, the suitability of different ionic liquids as solvents, and the recyclability of Amberlyst 15DRY and BMIMCl are also presented.
Prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations among relatives of infants with hypoplastic left heart, coarctation of the aorta, and d‐transposition of the great arteries (2003)

Cardiovascular malformations (CVM) are the most common birth defects and carry significant and lifelong personal and societal costs. Research into genetic and environmental risk factors is therefore critical in identifying clues to causation and prevention. The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of familial aggregation in CVM, specifically among infants with left-sided obstructive heart defects. We ascertained families of probands with hypoplastic left heart (HLH: N = 38), coarctation of the aorta (CoA: N = 46), and d-transposition of the great arteries (dTGA: N = 22). First degree relatives had clinical examinations and echocardiograms; all other relatives had detailed reviews of medical records. A total of 2,694 relatives were included in the study: 379 1st degree, 986 2nd degree, and 1,329 3rd degree. Mean nuclear family size and sibship size were similar among the groups. CVM were detected more frequently in 1st degree relatives of probands with HLH (19.3%) or CoA (9.4%) than among dTGA families (2.7%). The proportions of affected 2nd degree relatives were similar across groups (</=1%). In 3rd degree relatives, CVM was detected in 1.8% of the HLH families compared to 1.2% in CoA and 0.4% in dTGA families. The predominant types of CVM among relatives of HLH and CoA probands were left-sided obstructive lesions, in 72% (21 of 29) and 67% (25 of 37) of the affected relatives, respectively. Familial aggregation of these types of CVM is therefore confirmed in this study, potentially facilitating the search for specific genetic and other risk factors in recurrent CVM.
Activated Cholinergic Signaling Provides a Target in Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma (2008)

The binding of exogenous nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChR) and the binding of endogenous ACh to both nAChR and muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR) stimulate growth of both small cell and non-small cell lung carcinomas. Understanding how cholinergic signaling is up-regulated in lung cancer may suggest new therapeutic approaches. Analysis of 28 squamous cell lung carcinomas (SCC) showed increased levels of alpha5 and beta3 nAChR mRNA and increased levels of ACh associated with increased levels of choline acetyltransferase mRNA and decreased cholinesterase mRNAs. Lynx1, an allosteric inhibitor of nAChR activity, was also decreased in SCC. Thus, cholinergic signaling is broadly increased in SCC caused by increased levels of receptors, increased levels of ligands, and decreased levels of receptor inhibitors. Partially explaining the cholinergic up-regulation seen in SCC, incubation of the H520 SCC cell line with nicotine increased levels of ACh secretion, increased expression of nAChR, and, as measured by electrophysiologic recording, increased activity of the expressed nAChR. Consistent with these effects, nicotine stimulated proliferation of H520 cells. One approach to blocking proliferative effects of nicotine and ACh on growth of lung cancers may be through M3 mAChR antagonists, which can limit the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is caused by both nicotinic and muscarinic signaling. This was tested with the M3-selective muscarinic antagonist darifenacin. Darifenacin blocked nicotine-stimulated H520 growth in vitro and also blocked H520 growth in nude mice in vivo. Thus, cholinergic signaling is broadly up-regulated in SCC and blocking cholinergic signaling can limit basal and nicotine-stimulated growth of SCC.
Structural genes of coagulation factors VII and X located on 13q34. (1986)

From 7 cases of abnormalities involving chromosome 13, the structural gene(s) coding for coagulation factors VII and X were located in the region 13q34-13qter. Gene-dosage effects for these coagulation factors seem to act in both directions, causing a decrease when there is monosomy of segment 13q34, but also, as has not been demonstrated before, an increase when there is trisomy of this same segment.
Rearranged Vibsane-Type Diterpenes from Viburnum awabuki and Photochemical Reaction of Vibsanin B (2005)

Nine new diterpenes, neovibsanin D (1), 7-epi-neovibsanin D (2), 15-O-methylneovibsanin F (3), 14-epi-15-O-methylneovibsanin F (4), 15-O-methyl-18-oxoneovibsanin F (5), 2-O-methylneovibsanin H (6), 2-O-methylneovibsanin I (7), neovibsanin G (8), and 14-epi-neovibsanin G (9), were isolated from a methanol extract of the leaves of Viburnum awabuki. Their structures were elucidated to be uniquely rearranged vibsane-type diterpenes by spectroscopic analyses and comparison of NMR data with those of previously reported vibsane-type diterpenes. In addition, irradiation of vibsanin B (12) in methanol with a high-pressure Hg lump led to the direct formation of neovibsanins A (14) and B (15). These results gave a clue to understanding of the biogenetic interconversion of 11-membered vibsanins into neovibsanins.
Simultaneous spatial separation and direction-of-arrival estimation of wideband sources using bootstrapped algorithms (1996)

This paper presents two versions of a novel adaptive algorithm for simultaneous spatial separation and direction finding of two wideband, uncorrelated sources received by two separated sensors. The algorithm provides estimates of the spatial location of the sources (direction of arrival-DOA) and outputs two signals which are filtered versions of the source signals. We describe the different configurations of the separation system and study sensitivity of the two signal estimates to the accuracy in estimating the DOA of the sources. We show that perfect separation is achieved even if the DOAs are not perfectly estimated, at the cost of degradation in the output signal-to-noise-ratio. Then we propose implementation of an adaptive control algorithm and we discuss the steady state performance in the presence of an additive noise. We compare the complexity, performance and noise immunity of the two versions of the proposed algorithm.
$\hbox{HfO}_{x}$ Bipolar Resistive Memory With Robust Endurance Using AlCu as Buffer Electrode (2009)

A novel method of fabricating HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> -based resistive memory device with excellent nonvolatile characteristics is proposed. By using a thin AlCu layer as the reactive buffer layer into the anodic side of a capacitor-like memory cell, excellent memory performances, which include reliable programming/erasing endurance (> 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> cycles), robust data retention at high temperature, and fast operation speed (< 50 ns), have been demonstrated. The resistive memory based on AlCu/HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> stacked layer in this letter shows promising application in the next generation of nonvolatile memory.
Determination of Oxygen Concentration in Single‐Side Polished Czochralski‐Grown Silicon Wafers by p‐Polarized Brewster Angle Incidence Infrared Spectroscopy (1991)

Oxygen concentration has been determined in single‐side polished Czochralski‐grown silicon wafers as easily and precisely as in double‐side polished wafers, by means of p‐polarized Brewster angle incidence infrared spectroscopy. Interference fringes due to internal multiple reflections are scarcely observed in the p‐polarized Brewster angle incidence absorption spectra of single‐side polished wafers with a resolution of 1 cm−1. The infrared absorbance spectra are successfully analyzed to determine oxygen concentration in accordance with Lambert‐Beer's law, which does not include multiple reflection contributions.
Backestimation for training multilayer perceptrons (1991)

The training of a multilayer perceptron is formulated as a maximum likelihood estimation problem. Statistical techniques such as the EM algorithm and the linear regression are used to exploit the linearity and separability structures of the feedforward multilayer neural networks. The resulting algorithm iterates a few linear regressors and nonlinear data transformers. All its parameters are statistically determined. Initial numerical experiments show that the algorithm has outstanding performance and deserves to be fully developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids]. (1989)

Flavonoids are widely spread in plant kingdom. Since the works of Rusznyak and Szent-Gyorgyi (1936), they are mainly used as vitamin P like agents. Nevertheless, other properties have been discovered, among these the anti-inflammatory activity. Hypolaetin 8-glucoside and some other anti-inflammatory flavonoids showed protection effects on the gastric mucosa. The combination of both the properties is unusual and of interest. Flavonoids with such properties might represent a new class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Sustainability-related publications calendar years 2015 – 2016 (2017)

This work demonstrated the energy
Reconstruction of Surfaces from Profiles (1987)

THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING A DEPTH MAP FOR A SMOOTH SURFACE FROM A SEQUENCE OF PROFILE CURVES. THE ALGORITHM REQURIES THAT THE VIEWING DIRECTIONS BE COPLANAR. IN ADDITION FORMULAE ARE DERIVED FOR COMPUTING DIRECTLY THE GAUSS AND MEAN CURVATURES WITHOUT FIRST COMPUTING A DEPTH MAP. WE HAVE USED THE ALGORITHM TO RECONSTRUCT CURVES FROM THEIR PROFILES WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF ACCURACY FROM SYNTHETIC, NOISE-FREE DATA.
Ferrocene derivatives. Part 24. Synthesis of dihydro-2-pyrindines and dihydro-3H-2-cyclopent[c]azepines by photolysis of their cyclopentadienyliron derivatives (1989)

Bischler-Napieralski type cyclizations of N-acyl-2-ferrocenylethylamine and N-acyl-3-ferrocenylpropylamine lead respectively to cyclopentadienyl(dihydro-2-pyrindin-5-yl)iron and cyclopentadienyl(tetrahydrocyclopent[c]azepine)iron derivatives. Photolysis of their quarternary ammonium salts liberates the metal-free azabicyclic systems.
A Mild Synthesis of Vinyl Halides and<i>gem</i>-Dihalides Using Triphenyl Phosphite−Halogen-Based Reagents (2007)

A new application of (PhO)3P-halogen-based reagents to the synthesis of vinyl halides and gem-dihalides is described. Vinyl halides were prepared in good to excellent yields from enolizable ketones, whereas aldehydes afforded the corresponding gem-dihalides. The halogenation proceeded smoothly under mild conditions.
Hypoxia stimulates release of endothelium-derived relaxant factor (1989)

It was tested whether hypoxia stimulates the release of endothelium-derived relaxant factor (EDRF). In paired segments (with and without endothelium) of either femoral artery (n = 49) or aorta (n = 42) from rabbits, selective luminal hypoxia (Po2 = 24 +/- 8 mmHg) was induced, whereas the Po2 at the adventitial side was kept above 300 mmHg. Hypoxia induced a dilation of 11 +/- 2% in aortic segments with endothelium, whereas the paired segments without endothelium dilated by only 1.2 +/- 0.2% (P less than 0.001). Similar results were obtained in femoral segments (11.8 +/- 1.5% dilation in segments with endothelium vs. 1.4 +/- 0.2% in segments without; P less than 0.001). Likewise in 19 out of 36 bioassay experiments, perfusate from endothelium-intact rabbit aortas or cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia elicited dilation (10.7 +/- 3.2%) in the detector. The EDRF-inhibitors, hemoglobin (5 microM) and dithiothreitol (200 microM), significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced dilation of intact segments as well as of assay segments perfused with effluent from hypoxic donors. These results suggest that hypoxia stimulates the release of EDRF from native and cultured endothelium. Low partial pressures of oxygen, such as those that exist in small arteries and arterioles, might therefore be a physiological stimulus for continuous release of EDRF.
MEDIUM CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROLS (1996)

ABSTRACT Medium chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) are a unique class of lipids that contain fatty acids of primarily eight and ten carbons in chain length. Since they first became commercially available in 1955, MCTs have found an increasing number of uses because of their unique properties. Historically, they have been used in the treatment of patients with various fat malabsorption syndromes, surgical patients, cancer patients, and preterm infants. With the filing of a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) petition for medium chain triacylglycerols, they are increasingly gaining the interest of food formulators because of their unique metabolic and physical properties. This paper gives an overview of the manufacture of medium chain triacylglycerols, their nutritional benefits and their use in various food applications. MCT derivatives are also discussed.
Spatiotemporal Patterns in the Energy Release of Great Earthquakes (1993)

For the past 80 years, the energy released in great strike-slip and thrust earthquakes has occurred in alternating cycles of 20 to 30 years. This pattern suggests that a global transfer mechanism from poloidal to toroidal components of tectonic plate motions is operating on time scales of several decades. The increase in seismic activity in California in recent years may be related to an acceleration of global strike-slip moment release, as regions of shear deformation mature after being reached by stresses that have propagated away from regions of great subduction decoupling earthquakes in the 1960s.
The Secondary Scintillation Output of Xenon in a Uniform Field Gas Proportional Scintillation Counter (1977)

Data an the xenon uniform field gas proportional scintillation counter is presented. The energy resolution obtained for 8.1 MeV α-particles was 1.2%. Measurements for pressures from 600 to 1500 Torr showed that the "reduced light output", i. e. the number of photons produced by a single electron travelling the unit of distance, divided by the gas pressure, depends only on the reduced electric field but not on the gas pressure. An empirical equation for this quantity is given. The role played by different mechanisms is discussed.
A new approach to advertising in social networks - business-centric check-ins (2011)

This paper describes a new model for advertising in the social networks. Our approach introduces a new generic mobile service that lets any business publish customized records (statuses) in social networks in exchange for some benefits (discounts, gifts, coupons) provided for the customers. For the business, this service introduces a new way for advertising in the social networks. For the consumers, this service introduces a way for exchanging access to the own social graph for some benefits. And QRpon application described below creates customized implementations for this model.
Extra Wide Input Voltage Range and High Efficiency DC-DC Converter Using Hybrid Modulation (2006)

In this paper an interleaving phase shift modulating (PSM) control strategy for DC-DC converter is proposed based on two conventional PWM half bridge converters. A new rectifier structure suitable to the interleaving technique is proposed. With the proposed hybrid control method (PSM and PWM) and the proposed rectifier structure the DC transfer gain of the converter can be improved. Therefore, it can be employed in a wide input voltage application to reduce the current stress and conduction loss in primary. According to the proposed control strategy, a new rectifier structure is proposed to reduce the voltage stress of the diode and the filter requirement. Based on the proposed converter, a cell structure concept is proposed. Using this cell structure a multi-phase converter can be constructed with any wide input voltage range. A two phase prototype (100k/500W) is built to verify the theoretical analysis
Bidirectional three-level DC-DC converters: Sum-difference modeling and control (2017)

This paper proposes a modeling and control approach for the three-level DC-DC converter. The converter is described in a sum and difference (ΣΔ) framework. It is shown that the formulation is useful to model the inverter and derive design-specific equations. The Σ component is responsible for the inductor current, i.e. the power flow, and the Δ component is used to balance (or unbalance) the DC-link capacitor voltages. It is shown that there are cross-coupling terms between the Σ and Δ axes that can be compensated. The proposed model is validated using high fidelity simulations with a proportional-integral controller. Two- and three-level converter operation is shown and it is proven that the passive components can be reduced by 50% to 75% using three-level operation without affecting the control performance. The control is verified by introducing load current and DC voltage steps.
Optimization of crystallization conditions for biological macromolecules (2014)

For the successful X-ray structure determination of macromolecules, it is first necessary to identify, usually by matrix screening, conditions that yield some sort of crystals. Initial crystals are frequently microcrystals or clusters, and often have unfavorable morphologies or yield poor diffraction intensities. It is therefore generally necessary to improve upon these initial conditions in order to obtain better crystals of sufficient quality for X-ray data collection. Even when the initial samples are suitable, often marginally, refinement of conditions is recommended in order to obtain the highest quality crystals that can be grown. The quality of an X-ray structure determination is directly correlated with the size and the perfection of the crystalline samples; thus, refinement of conditions should always be a primary component of crystal growth. The improvement process is referred to as optimization, and it entails sequential, incremental changes in the chemical parameters that influence crystallization, such as pH, ionic strength and precipitant concentration, as well as physical parameters such as temperature, sample volume and overall methodology. It also includes the application of some unique procedures and approaches, and the addition of novel components such as detergents, ligands or other small molecules that may enhance nucleation or crystal development. Here, an attempt is made to provide guidance on how optimization might best be applied to crystal-growth problems, and what parameters and factors might most profitably be explored to accelerate and achieve success.
Identification of BFN1, a Bifunctional Nuclease Induced during Leaf and Stem Senescence in Arabidopsis (2000)

Nuclease I enzymes are responsible for the degradation of RNA and single-stranded DNA during several plant growth and developmental processes, including senescence. However, in the case of senescence the corresponding genes have not been reported. We describe the identification and characterization of BFN1 of Arabidopsis, and demonstrate that it is a senescence-associated nuclease I gene. BFN1 nuclease shows high similarity to the sequence of a barley nuclease induced during germination and a zinnia (Zinnia elegans) nuclease induced during xylogenesis. In transgenic plants overexpressing the BFN1 cDNA, a nuclease activity of about 38 kD was detected on both RNase and DNase activity gels. Levels of BFN1 mRNA were extremely low or undetectable in roots, leaves, and stems. In contrast, relatively high BFN1 mRNA levels were detected in flowers and during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1 nuclease activity was also induced during leaf and stem senescence. The strong response of the BFN1 gene to senescence indicated that it would be an excellent tool with which to study the mechanisms of senescence induction, as well as the role of the BFN1 enzyme in senescence using reverse genetic approaches in Arabidopsis.
COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THREE VERTEBRAE FOR GIANT-CELL TUMOUR (1971)

1. A twenty-six-year-old woman was paraplegic because of a benign giant-cell tumour which had destroyed the body of the twelfth thoracic vertebra completely and the bodies of the eleventh thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae partially. The tumour had expanded into both pleural cavities and displaced the aorta forward and to the left. The extent and topography of the tumour were evaluated before operation by angiography. The function of the spinal cord had not been improved significantly by laminectomy. It was therefore decided to attempt extirpation of the tumour by removing all remaining parts of the three vertebrae involved. 2. After the removal of the tumour, only the spinal cord with the thecal sac bridged the gap between the tenth thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae. The gap was bridged with struts of cortical bone from both tibiae and with two strong plates, all secured with steel wire. The metal was removed five months later because it had become loose. Gradual shortening and angulation of the spine then occurred, together with progressive resorption of the cortical grafts. Nevertheless, the operation restored the function of the spinal cord; the patient regained ability to walk and full control of the bladder.
Optimal caliper placement: manual <i>vs</i> automated methods (2013)

In about 90% of the cases, it was possible to obtain basic biometric measurements with an automated system. The use of automated measurements resulted in a significant improvement of the intra-operator but not of the inter-operator repeatability, but measurements were not significantly closer to the gold standard of expert examiners.
Relationship Between Water Quality and Deaths From Cardiovascular Disease (1962)

By regression analysis of 1949‐51 data with average hardness varying from 17 to 299: ppm, this study has established the statistical significance of the relationship between water hardness and the death rate of white males aged 45‐64 to be greater than 99.9 per cent. It therefore appears, both on a national as well as on a local scale, that the presence of calcium or magnesium, or other substances normally present or absent when calcium or magnesium is present, are responsible for substantial reductions in the death rates from cardiovascular disease.