gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular signaling regulating anchorage-independent growth of cancer cells. (2004)

Normal adhering cells undergo apoptosis shortly after loss of adhesion to substratum, a phenomenon known as "anoikis." In-vitro-transformed cells and cancer-derived cells are able to survive and grow in the absence of anchorage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and their neighboring cells. This represents one of the most important oncogenic properties of cancer cells. Integrin-ECM-mediated function is essential for survival and growth of normal adhering cells, while cancer cells are able to abrogate this requirement. This article will review and summarize the recent findings from our laboratory about the molecular signaling pathways important for the regulation of anchorage-independent survival and the growth of transformed fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Our study has shown that integrin-ECM-mediated signaling and cytoskeletal architecture play an essential role in effective recognition of the substrates by activated protein-tyrosine kinases (PTK) and their subsequent signaling functions. Among the various oncogenic PTK-activated pathways, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling is the most critical for anchorage-independent survival and growth. The activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) and its function overlap partially with that of the PI3K/Akt in promoting anchorage-independent growth. Among the Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPase), Cdc42, and to some extent Rac1, also appear to be important for promoting anchorage-independent growth.
Effects of inductive coupling on parallel MR image reconstructions (2004)

Theoretical arguments and experimental results are presented that characterize the impact of inductive coupling on the performance of parallel MRI reconstructions. A simple model of MR signal and noise reception suggests that the intrinsic amount of spatial information available from a given coil array is unchanged in the presence of inductive coupling, as long as the sample remains the dominant source of noise for the coupled array. Any loss of distinctness in the measured coil sensitivities is compensated by information stored in the measured noise correlations. Adjustments to the theory are described to account for preamplifier noise contributions. Results are presented from an experimental system in which preamplifier input impedances are systematically adjusted in order to vary the level of coupling between array elements. Parallel image reconstructions using an array with four different levels of coupling and an acceleration factor up to six show average SNR changes of -7.6% to +7.5%. The modest changes in overall SNR are accompanied by similarly small changes in g-factor. These initial results suggest that moderate amounts of inductive coupling should not have a prohibitive effect on the use of a given coil array for parallel MRI.
Spermatid Head Elongation with Normal Nuclear Shaping Requires ADP-Ribosyltransferase PARP11 (ARTD11) in Mice1 (2015)

Sperm are highly differentiated cells characterized by their species-specific nuclear shapes and extremely condensed chromatin. Abnormal head shapes represent a form of teratozoospermia that can impair fertilization capacity. This study shows that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-11 (ARTD11/PARP11), a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD) family, is expressed preferentially in spermatids undergoing nuclear condensation and differentiation. Deletion of the Parp11 gene results in teratozoospermia and male infertility in mice due to the formation of abnormally shaped fertilization-incompetent sperm, despite normal testis weights and sperm counts. At the subcellular level, PARP11-deficient elongating spermatids reveal structural defects in the nuclear envelope and chromatin detachment associated with abnormal nuclear shaping, suggesting functional relevance of PARP11 for nuclear envelope stability and nuclear reorganization during spermiogenesis. In vitro, PARP11 exhibits mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity with the ability to ADP-ribosylate itself. In transfected somatic cells, PARP11 colocalizes with nuclear pore components, such as NUP153. Amino acids Y77, Q86, and R95 in the N-terminal WWE domain, as well as presence of the catalytic domain, are essential for colocalization of PARP11 with the nuclear envelope, but catalytic activity of the protein is not required for colocalization with NUP153. This study demonstrates that PARP11 is a novel enzyme important for proper sperm head shaping and identifies it as a potential factor involved in idiopathic mammalian teratozoospermia.
THE LIVER IN OBESITY (1952)

EXPERIMENTAL obesity produced by hypothalamic injury in various species of animals is uniformly accompanied with liver damage, progressing occasionally to cirrhosis.<sup>1</sup>In hereditarily obese strains of mice, liver damage is also seen uniformly, and even tumors of the liver are observed.<sup>2</sup>Although the increased incidence in human obesity of gall-bladder disease<sup>3</sup>and diabetes mellitus<sup>4</sup>has long been known, and although these conditions may lead independently to liver disease, there does not appear to be in the literature a consideration of the existence of liver damage in obesity per se. The majority of obese persons show a significant decrease in carbohydrate tolerance,<sup>5</sup>and this impairment has been related to the duration rather than to the degree of obesity.<sup>6</sup>Similar decreases in carbohydrate tolerance are observed in the experimental obesity of hypothalamic injury<sup>1</sup>and in hereditarily obese mice.<sup>7</sup>Newburgh and Conn<sup>8</sup>suggested that the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism occurring with obesity is related
Photodissociation of jet-cooled (CH3)3CNO: Temporal separation of radiationless transitions and unimolecular reactions (1986)

First Page
Market Segmentation Strategy, Competitive Advantage, and Public Policy: Grounding Segmentation Strategy in Resource-Advantage Theory (2004)

Market segmentation is one of the most widely accepted concepts in marketing. Its fundamental thesis is that, to achieve competitive advantage and, thereby, superior financial performance, firms should (1) identify segments of demand, (2) target specific segments, and (3) develop specific marketing “mixes” for each targeted market segment. However, understanding the competitive circumstance in which segmentation strategy will work requires an understanding of the process of competition. That is, segmentation must be grounded in competition theory. This article examines the nature of market segmentation strategy and identifies the characteristics that a theory of competition must possess if it is to provide a theoretical foundation for it. The criteria are argued to be that a grounding theory must (1) provide for the existence of demand heterogeneity, (2) justify why firms would choose to produce and market a variety of market offerings, and (3) explicate a mechanism by which a market segmentation strategy can lead to superior financial performance. This article argues that resource-advantage theory, a process theory of competition, meets these criteria and, therefore, provides a theoretical foundation for market segmentation strategy. Furthermore, it argues that the use of market segmentation promotes public welfare by prompting the innovations that foster firm-level, industry-level, and societal-level productivity.
Properties of solvent-borne acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives synthesized by a simple approach (2009)

Acrylic polymers are widely used for fabricating pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) with the inherent unique advantages of transparency and superior intrinsic adhesive properties over other polymer-based adhesives. In this study, we have developed and evaluated a method of obtaining by radical copolymerization PSAs for liquid crystalline (LCD) applications. Various factors including the amount of monomers, amount of cross-linker, coating weight, dwell time and thermal treatment are investigated for further optimizing the properties of acrylic polymer based PSAs to meet the emerging strict requirements for practical uses related mainly to holding powder and peel strength. The results illustrate that novel crosslinking reagents coupled with the thermal treatment at 70C can make the resultant PSAs with the improved adhesive properties. The coating weight variation from 10 to 40 g/m 2 can significantly enhance the peel strength from 4.0 g/25 mm to 12.5 g/25 mm with about 310% increment. If the dwell time of PSAs with cross-linking reagent is more than 10 hrs, the peel strength can be reduced down to a suitable value to meet the criterion for use. Therefore, acrylic PSAs with peel strength less than 20 g/25 mm and holding power above 120 hrs were successfully synthesized by elaborately designing the reaction system, which are practically applicable for advanced industrial applications.
Fully CMOS-Compatible 1T1R Integration of Vertical Nanopillar GAA Transistor and Oxide-Based RRAM Cell for High-Density Nonvolatile Memory Application (2013)

A fully CMOS-compatible vertical nanopillar gate-all-around transistor integrated with a transition-oxide-based resistive random access memory cell to realize 4 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> footprint has been demonstrated and systematically characterized. The nanopillar transistor exhibits excellent transfer characteristics with diameter scaled down to a few tens of nanometer. Three types of resistive switching behavior have been observed in the fabricated one-transistor one-resistor cell, namely, preforming ultralow-current switching, unipolar switching, and bipolar switching after forming process. A reset current of only 200 pA has been observed in the preforming ultralow-current switching, while for the unipolar and bipolar switching modes after forming process, good memory performance and operation parameter uniformity are demonstrated. Furthermore, reset current is found to decrease with reducing nanopillar transistor design diameter, which is beneficial for circuit power consumption consideration.
Dimeric Self-Assembling Capsules Derived from the Highly Flexible Tribenzylamine Skeleton (2002)

Tris(m-ureidobenzyl)amines dimerize both in solid state and in solution to give molecular capsules which are able to encapsulate small molecules. The self-assembly was confirmed by crystal X-ray analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray structure showed the encapsulation of one molecule of CH(2)Cl(2). This new type of capsules presents a propeller-like topology and a belt of six hydrogen-bonded ureas. Encapsulation studies in solution and heterodimerization processes are also disclosed.
Gassmann fluid substitutions: A tutorial (2003)

Abstract Fluid substitution is an important part of seismic attribute work, because it provides the interpreter with a tool for modeling and quantifying the various fluid scenarios which might give rise to an observed amplitude variation with offset (AVO) or 4D response. The most commonly used technique for doing this involves the application of Gassmann's equations. Modeling the changes from one fluid type to another requires that the effects of the starting fluid first be removed prior to modeling the new fluid. In practice, the rock is drained of its initial pore fluid, and the moduli (bulk and shear) and bulk density of the porous frame are calculated. Once the porous frame properties are properly determined, the rock is saturated with the new pore fluid, and the new effective bulk modulus and density are calculated. A direct result of Gassmann's equations is that the shear modulus for an isotropic material is independent of pore fluid, and therefore remains constant during the fluid substitution process. In the case of disconnected or cracklike pores, however, this assumption may be violated. Once the values for the new effective bulk modulus and bulk density are calculated, it is possible to calculate the compressional and shear velocities for the new fluid conditions. There are other approaches to fluid substitution (empirical and heuristic) which avoid the porous frame calculations but, as described in this tutorial, often do not yield reliable results. This tutorial provides the reader with a recipe for performing fluid substitutions, as well as insight into why and when the approach may fail.
Cotransfer of linked eukaryotic genes and efficient transfer of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase by DNA-mediated gene transfer. (1980)

The efficiency of DNA-mediated transfer of the gene (hprt) for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) is dependent upon the recipient cell used. hprt has been transferred into mouse TG8 or Chinese hamster CHTG49 cells at a high frequency, similar to the frequency of the gene (tk) for thymidine kinase (TK; ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) transfer into mouse LMTK- cells (i.e., 10(-6)). In contrast, the frequency of transfer of hprt into mouse A9 cells was about two orders of magnitude less. The identification of efficient recipient cells for hprt transfer permits the use of DNA-mediated transfer as a bioassay for the gene. Cotransfer of the linked tk gene and the gene (galk) for galactokinase (ATP: D-galactose 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.6) to LMTK- cells has been detected once among 87 tk transferrents. This suggests that the distance between the tk and galk genes in the Chinese hamster genome may be smaller than was previously thought. Significant differences between chromosome-mediated and DNA-mediated gene transfer were observed with respect to both the size of the transferred functional genetic fragment and the recipient cell specificity.
Generation and Function of Induced Regulatory T Cells (2013)

CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential to the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. There are two major subsets of Treg cells, "natural" Treg (nTreg) cells that develop in the thymus, and "induced" Treg (iTreg) cells that arise in the periphery from CD4(+) Foxp3(-) conventional T cells and can be generated in vitro. Previous work has established that both subsets are required for immunological tolerance. Additionally, in vitro-derived iTreg cells can reestablish tolerance in situations where Treg cells are decreased or defective. This review will focus on iTreg cells, drawing comparisons to nTreg cells when possible. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of iTreg cell induction, both in vivo and in vitro, review the Foxp3-dependent and -independent transcriptional landscape of iTreg cells, and examine the proposed suppressive mechanisms utilized by each Treg cell subset. We also compare the T cell receptor repertoire of the Treg cell subsets, discuss inflammatory conditions where iTreg cells are generated or have been used for treatment, and address the issue of iTreg cell stability.
A solid-state photovoltaic cell sensitized with a ruthenium bipyridyl complex (1998)

Ruthenium bipyridyl complexes have been used as efficient sensitizers for photoelectrochemical cells based on nano-porous films of . It is found that cis-dithiocyanate-bis(2,2-bipyridyl-4,4-dicarboxylate) ruthenium (II) can be used as the sensitizer in a solid-state photovoltaic cell in which a monolayer of the sensitizer is sandwiched between nano-porous n- and p-CuI. The data on performance of the cell and the problems encountered in construction of dye-sensitized solid-state photovoltaic cells are described.
Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety of Hepatitis C Virus Drugs in Patients with Liver and/or Renal Impairment (2016)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients often suffer from liver cirrhosis, which can be complicated by renal impairment. Therefore, in this review we describe the treatment possibilities in HCV patients with hepatic and renal impairment. Cirrhosis alters the structure of the liver, which affects drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. These modifications influence the plasma concentration of substrates of drugs metabolized/transported by these enzymes. The direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are substrates of, for example, cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. Most DAAs are not studied in HCV-infected individuals with decompensated cirrhosis, and therefore awareness is needed when these patients are treated. Most DAAs are contraindicated in cirrhotic patients; however, patients with a Child-Pugh score of B or C can be treated safely with a normal dose sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir or daclatasvir, in combination with ribavirin. Patients with renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] <90 mL/min) or who are dependent on dialysis often tolerate ribavirin treatment poorly, even after dose adjustments. However, most DAAs can be used at the normal dose because DAAs are not renally excreted. To date, grazoprevir plus elbasvir is the preferred DAA regimen in patients with renal impairment as data are pending for sofosbuvir patients with GFR <30 mL/min (as for ledipasvir and velpatasvir). However, sofosbuvir has been used in a small number of patients with severe renal impairment and, based on these trials, we recommend sofosbuvir 400 mg every day when no other DAA regimen is available. Ledipasvir and velpatasvir are not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment.
A 1.16 pJ/bit 80 Gb/s 2<sup>11</sup>&#x2212;1 PRBS generator in SiGe bipolar technology (2014)

A 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> -1, 80Gb/s pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) generator, employing parallel architecture is presented. The generator is optimized to provide a high bit rate as well as a long sequence length without any need of inductive peaking for a lower power consumption, compared to PRBS generators reported in literature. The PRBS generator consists of two parallel complementary rows of linear feedback shift registers (LFSR), operating up to 40Gb/s, where the generated PRBS from each are multiplexed to provide a bit-rate of double the clock frequency, reaching up to 80Gb/s. The clock distribution network was carefully optimized for a reduced amplitude and phase error to push the boundaries of the maximum achievable bit-rate. The PRBS generator is capable of generating bit-rates ranging from 10Gb/s up to 80Gb/s, with a power consumption of 576 mW to 1 W. The circuit is manufactured in an 0.35 μm SiGe-Bipolar technology with an f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> of 200 GHz.
Novel Mechanism of Cathepsin B Inhibition by Antibiotic Nitroxoline and Related Compounds (2011)

A new trick for an old dog! Aberrant cathepsin B activity is associated with tumor progression, however, despite extensive research, there are no cathepsin B inhibitors in clinical use. Here, nitroxoline, an established antimicrobial agent, is identified as a potent, reversible inhibitor of cathepsin B, and is thus a potential drug candidate for the treatment of cancer and other diseases in which cathepsin B activity plays a role.
Mapping DiffServ to MAC differentiation for IEEE 802.11e (2006)

In Internet, the user's traffic crosses several domains. The users want more and more an end-to-end quality of service (QoS). So it’s necessary to have differentiation mechanisms in the access networks where the bottlenecks are often located. In this paper, we propose a global quality of service management applied to DiffServ environments and IEEE 802.11e wireless networks. The essential basis for DiffServ is analysed in order to ensure an optimal differentiation. Then solutions of QoS introduction into the 802.11e network are evaluated. We finish by a study of mapping solution between DiffServ and QoS mechanisms for IEEE 802.11e wireless networks.
Mechanical properties of cold-rolled and aged MP35N alloys for cryogenic magnet applications (2012)

MP35N is a Nickel-Cobalt based superalloy that currently has numerous applications at both room and elevated temperatures due to its ultra high strength, high modulus and outstanding corrosion resistance. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) further explored the use of MP35N in cryogenic temperature applications. Currently, the material is used as a structural reinforcement component for high field pulsed magnets operating at 77 K. The NHMFL is also pursuing the application of MP35N below 77 K, such as either reinforcement or substrates for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets operating at 4.2 K. This paper reports the tensile properties of cold-rolled and aged MP35N at room temperature, liquid nitrogen and liquid helium temperatures. Optimized fabrication methods developed by the NHMFL and H.C. Starck have improved the material's cryogenic properties with ultimate tensile strengths exceeding 2500 MPa and a modulus of elasticity higher than 200 GPa. Closer examination of the stress-strain curve reveals that the material exhibits internal stress which is attributed to the development of nanoplatelets during the fabrication process.
Factors affecting growth and drug sensitivity of mouse mammary tumor lines in collagen gel cultures. (1985)

A series of mouse mammary tumor subpopulation lines were compared for growth properties and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs when grown as boluses in a collagen gel matrix versus in monolayer culture. Although the cell lines exhibited characteristic rates of bolus expansion in collagen, this growth was not paralleled by an exponential increase in cell number with time. Cell boluses contained a higher proportion of cells in G0-G1 phases of the cell cycle than did the same cell lines in monolayer cultures. Histological examination revealed areas of necrosis in boluses. Thus cells growing in collagen cultures resembled cells growing as solid tumors and cells from other three-dimensional culture systems. The growth of cell boluses in collagen gel cultures was reduced nonexponentially by melphalan, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in contrast to the exponential decrease in growth measured in cloning assays. The lowest concentration to which cells first responded to drug was in general similar for collagen gel assays and for cloning assays. The rank order of sensitivity of different cell lines in the two assays was identical for methotrexate (four cell lines), similar for melphalan (four of five lines), but quite different for 5-fluorouracil. In contrast to cloning assays cell boluses continued to grow, albeit at a reduced rate, in the presence of high drug concentrations. This was not due to either diminished drug availability in collagen gel or drug penetration into the bolus.
Up-regulation of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar patients (2002)

The delineation of dopamine dysfunction in the mentally ill has been a long-standing quest of biological psychiatry. The present study focuses on a recently recognized group of dopamine receptor-interacting proteins as possible novel sites of dysfunction in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. We demonstrate that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar cases from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium display significantly elevated levels of the D2 dopamine receptor desensitization regulatory protein, neuronal calcium sensor-1. These levels of neuronal calcium sensor-1 were not influenced by age, gender, hemisphere, cause of death, postmortem period, alcohol consumption, or antipsychotic and mood stabilizing medications. The present study supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may be associated with abnormalities in dopamine receptor-interacting proteins.