gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epoxy Networks Containing Large Mass Fractions of a Monofunctional Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) (2003)

A polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) containing one epoxy group and seven isobutyl groups per molecule was incorporated into an epoxy network following a two-stage process. In the first stage, POSS was reacted with an aromatic diamine, employing a 1:1 molar ratio of both reactants. The distribution of species at the end of reaction, determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), was close to the ideal one. In a second step, this precursor was reacted with the stoichiometric amount of an aromatic diepoxide to generate an organic−inorganic hybrid material containing 51.8 wt % POSS. A primary liquid−liquid phase separation process occurred at the time of adding the diepoxide to the POSS−diamine precursor. This led to a macrophase separation into epoxy-rich and POSS-rich regions, possibly derived from the incompatibility of the isobutyl groups attached to the POSS with the aromatic epoxy−amine network. A secondary phase separation occurred in the epoxy-rich phase in the course of polymerization, producing a dispersion of small POSS domains. Both modulated local thermal analysis (LTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that most POSS-rich domains were amorphous. A small fraction of POSS crystals was also detected. A postcure cycle led to an increase in the glass transition temperature and the disappearance of crystallinity. A reference network was synthesized by replacing POSS by phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) in equimolar amounts. The resulting network was homogeneous but exhibited a lower glass transition temperature than the POSS-modified network. As both networks had the same topology, the higher Tg observed for the POSS-modified epoxy may be associated with the hindering of polymer chain motions by their covalent bonding to POSS clusters. The most important concept arising from these results is that a phase separation process may take place when employing a POSS bearing organic groups that are not compatible with the epoxy network.
Effect of Alloying Elements on Anodic Polarization Properties of Titanium Alloys in Acid Solutions (1994)

The effect of Zr, Sn, Nb, Ta, Pd, N and O on the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys for medical implants was investigated by measuring the anodic polarization curves at 310 K in 5 mass% H2SO4 and 5%HCl solutions deaerated by high-purity N2 gas bubbling. The critical current density for passivation (Ic) and passive current density at 0.6 V versus SCE of the titanium alloys markedly decreased with increasing Zr, Nb, Ta, and Pd contents in the range from 5 to 20, 4 to 8, 2 to 4 and 0 to 0.2%, respectively, although Sn had an adverse effect in the range from 10 to 20 mass%. The effect of N and O on Ic was undetected. The log (Ic) value decreased linearly with increasing bond order (\barBo) value representing the covalent bond strength between Ti and the alloying elements. The passive film formed on Ti-15%Zr-4%Nb-2%Ta-0.2%Pd alloy in the 5% H2SO4 solution consisted mainly of TiO2, ZrO2, Nb2O5 and Ta2O5, as demonstrated by the electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The anodic polarization properties of Ti-15%Zr-4%Nb-2%Ta-0.2%Pd and Ti-15%Sn-4%Nb-2%Ta-0.2%Pd alloys were superior to those of the Ti-6%Al-4%V extra low interstitial alloy and SUS316L stainless steel.
A New Approach to Semi-Active Vibration Suppression using Adjustable Inertia Absorbers (2001)

Detuning is a common occurrence, which is widely seen in industry and brings sub par vibration suppression performance. This study introduces a semi-active retuning methodology that imparts optimum absorber features without the danger of inviting instability. The proposed scheme uses an adjustable effective inertia mechanism and a piezoelectric actuation. It consists of periodic system identification to detect variations in both the absorber and the primary system and⁄or excitation frequency, a concurrent in situ adjustment of a secondary mass position, and a variable rate-damping coefficient to comply with the desired optimality criterion. Although various mechanisms can be used, the example presented in this paper demonstrates the novelty of the concept. The absorber retuning is optimal; hence, it is effective for a wide band excitation. The feasibility of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through simulations. Results indicate that the retuned absorber delivers considerable vibration suppression improvement over the detuned absorber.
Gecko‐Foot‐Mimetic Aligned Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Dry Adhesives with Unique Electrical and Thermal Properties (2007)

Vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (VA-SWNT) arrays synthesized by a combined plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and fast heating method show a maximum achievable macroscopic adhesive force of 29 N cm–2, which is the highest among all synthetic and natural gecko feet (10 N cm–2). This, together with the unique thermal and electric properties of SWNTs, represents a significant advance in developing new dry adhesives of electrical/thermal management capabilities for diverse potential applications, ranging from smart packaging to advanced electronic integration. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c0023_s.html or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Importance of Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance (1997)

For a number of years following the recognition that cellular metabolism can generate free radicals and other oxygen-derived oxidants, elevated oxidative status was viewed only as a potential cause of cellular damage. The antioxidant enzymes known as the superoxide dismutases (SOD), together with catalase and glutathione peroxidase, were viewed as essential, protective "housekeeping" enzymes, designed to effectively scavenge and eliminate their toxic substrates. One notable exception to this general concept was the realization that phagocytes produce superoxide radical not as a toxic by-product but rather as weapon in their war against invading microbes (1). Thus, in this limited context, superoxide production could be viewed as desirable or positive, even though its cellular action was still that of cytotoxicity directed against both the ingested microbe and the ingesting phagocyte. Extracellular superoxide dismutase, for example, was found capable of preventing the phagocytosis-induced death of the neutrophil (2).
Visualization of Probabilistic Fiber Tracts in Virtual Reality (2011)

Understanding the connectivity structure of the human brain is a fundamental prerequisite for the treatment of psychiatric or neurological diseases. Probabilistic tractography has become an established method to account for the inherent uncertainties of the actual course of fiber bundles in magnetic resonance imaging data. This paper presents a visualization system that addresses the assessment of fiber probabilities in relation to anatomical landmarks. We employ real-time transparent rendering strategy to display fiber tracts within their structural context in a virtual environment. Thereby, we not only emphasize spatial patterns but furthermore allow an interactive control over the amount of visible anatomical information.
Efficient Key Generation by Exploiting Randomness From Channel Responses of Individual OFDM Subcarriers (2016)

Key generation from the randomness of wireless channels is a promising technique to establish a secret cryptographic key securely between legitimate users. This paper proposes a new approach to extract keys efficiently from the channel responses of individual orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers. The efficiency is achieved by: 1) fully exploiting randomness from time and frequency domains and 2) improving the cross-correlation of the channel measurements. Through the theoretical modeling of the time and frequency autocorrelation relationship of the OFDM subcarrier's channel responses, we can obtain the optimal probing rate and use multiple uncorrelated subcarriers as random sources. We also study the effects of non-simultaneous measurements and noise on the cross-correlation of the channel measurements. We find that the cross-correlation is mainly impacted by noise effects in a slow fading channel and use a low-pass filter to reduce the key disagreement rate and extend the system's working signal-to-noise ratio range. The system is evaluated in terms of randomness, key generation rate, and key disagreement rate, verifying that it is feasible to extract randomness from both time and frequency domains of the OFDM subcarrier's channel responses.
Interactions of hydridocarbonyltriphenylphosphine complexes of rhodium and iridium with conjugated dienes and allene (1971)

The hydrides IrH(CO)2(PPh3)2 and RhH(CO)(PPh3)3 react with allene and with certain conjugated dienes to give π-ally complexes M(allyl)(CO)(PPh3)2. The allyl and 2-methylallyl complexes have also been prepared by reaction of the appropriate Grignard reagent with trans-MCl(CO)(PPh3)2. N.m.r. studies show that the allyl groups are dynamic at normal temperatures. The compound Ir(π-2-methylallyl)(CO)(AsPh3)2 was also prepared by the Grignard reaction.The reactions of these species with carbon, monoxide, hydrogen, and hydrogen chloride have been studied by i.r. and n.m.r. techniques. The solids IrR(CO)2(PPh3)2[R = C3H5(allyl) or C4H7(2-methylallyl)] and Ir(COR)(CO)2(PPh3)2[R = C3H5(allyl), C4H7(2-methylallyl and but-2-enyl), C5H9(1,2-dimethylallyl), or C7H13(1-isopropyl-2-methylallyl)] have been isolated. The IrR(CO)2(PPh3)2 complexes have σ-allyl groups in the solid state but exist in solution largely as dynamic π-allyl systems. The acyl complexes Ir(COR)(CO)2(PPh3)2[R = C4H7(but-2-enyl), C5H9, or C7H13] are formed as mixtures of cis- and trans-isomers about the double bond; CO insertion occurs at the unsubstituted end of the allylic system. There is spectroscopic evidence for the existence of Ir(σ-allyl)(CO)3(PPh3) species in solution.
Solid-State Phase Transformation in Cubic Silicon Carbide (1991)

The thermal stability of single crystalline 3C-SiC was investigated at temperatures from 1800 to 2400°C in an Ar atmosphere, and a solid-state phase transformation from 3C-SiC to 6H-SiC was observed above 2150°C. Single crystals of 3C-SiC(100) grown on Si(100) were used as starting crystals after removing Si. Annealings were carried out with changing temperature, pressure and time. The change in the Si/C composition ratio of annealed samples was determined by Auger electron analysis. The polytypes of samples were examined by photoluminescence, Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction and reflection high-energy electron diffraction before and after annealing. The spatial distribution and depth profile of the phase-transformed 6H-SiC region in annealed samples were observed by means of Raman microscopy. The mechanism of 3C→6H phase transformation in SiC is discussed.
Understanding a large corpus of web tables through matching with knowledge bases: an empirical study. (2015)

Extracting and analyzing the vast amount of structured tabular data available on the Web is a challenging task and has received a significant attention in the past few years. In this paper, we present the results of our analysis of the contents of a large corpus of over 90 million Web Tables through matching table contents with instances from a public cross-domain ontology such as DBpedia. The goal of this study is twofold. First, we examine how a large-scale matching of all table contents with a knowledge base can help us gain a better understanding of the corpus beyond what we gain from simple statistical measures such as distribution of table sizes and values. Second, we show how the results of our analysis are affected by the choice of the ontology and knowledge base. The ontologies studied include DBpedia Ontology, Schema.org, YAGO, Wikidata, and Freebase. Our results can provide a guideline for practitioners relying on these knowledge bases for data analysis.
A 0.7-V 28-nW CMOS Subthreshold Voltage and Current Reference in One Simple Circuit (2019)

This paper presents a low-power and high-precision voltage and current reference (VCR) in one simple circuit. The voltage reference is derived from the threshold voltage difference between an I/O (i.e., 3.3-V NMOS) and standard (i.e., 1.8-V NMOS) transistors with temperature-independent bias current, and the current reference is the voltage reference divided by a temperature-insensitive resistor. The resistor is made up by series connection of a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) NWELL resistor and a complementary-to-absolute-temperature (CTAT) high-resistance poly resistor in series. Implemented in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS process, the proposed VCR circuit takes an active area of only 0.055 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The measured voltage and current references (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> ) at room temperature are 368 mV and 9.77 nA, respectively. The measured average temperature coefficient (TC) of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> are 43.1 ppm/°C and 149.8 ppm/°C over a temperature range of -40~125°C with one-time trimming and the variation coefficients are 0.35% and 1.6%, respectively. The measured voltage and current line sensitivities are 0.027%/V and 0.6%/V, respectively. The minimum supply voltage is 0.7 V with a total power consumption of 28 nW. The measured power supply ripple rejection (PSRR) of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> is -65 dB @DC and -39.4 dB at frequencies higher than 1 Hz.
Long Micro-Channel Electrode Arrays: A Novel Type of Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (2009)

We have demonstrated that micro-channel electrode arrays with 100 microm x 100 microm cross-section channels support axon regeneration well, and that micro-channels of similar calibre and up to 5 mm long can support axon regeneration and vascularisation. They may be microfabricated using silicon, silicone, or polyimide and thin metal films to form 3-D bundles of long micro-channels. Arrays of "mini-nerves," i.e., miniature nerve fascicles with their own blood vessels, successfully grew through implants 0.5-5 mm long. Furthermore, guiding the regenerating nerve fibres into the small insulating channels allows for a significant increase of the extracellular (recordable) amplitude of action potentials, which promises considerable improvement for in vivo electrophysiology.
Acoustic crosswell imaging using asymptotic waveforms (2000)

Abstract Seismic waveforms are inverted using an asymptotic method. The asymptotic method models amplitudes correctly at the caustics and takes nonstationary raypaths into account when computing the waveforms, and thus is an extension of geometrical ray theory. Using numerical differencing, partial derivatives of the data with respect to the model are computed. As expected, these partial derivatives (or sensitivity functions) are concentrated along, but not confined to, raypaths. The sensitivity functions enable the formulation of a waveform inversion algorithm, which is applied to a synthetic crosswell experiment and a laboratory crosswell experiment. The synthetic experiment shows the advantages of the waveform inversion method over conventional traveltime inversion methods. Boundaries of anomalies are better defined, and smearing is reduced. The waveform inversion produces a much lower misfit than the traveltime inversion. The goal of the laboratory experiment was the detection of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in water saturated sand. The sand was imaged before and after injection of the NAPL. Using the waveform inversion method, low-velocity anomalies were imaged that correlate well with post-experiment determination of NAPL concentrations. The low-velocity anomaly defocuses the seismic energy. However, the amplitude reduction due to the low-velocity anomaly is not enough to explain the observed low amplitudes. We suggest that other mechanisms (such as multiple scattering, 3-D effects, or intrinsic attenuation) not included in the asymptotic waveform modeling play an important role in decreasing the amplitude.
Fibrillar Structure of Nafion:  Matching Fourier and Real Space Studies of Corresponding Films and Solutions (2004)

cited By 229
<i>Astragalus</i>-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials (2006)

Astragalus-based Chinese herbal medicine may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
Sensitization of CD4+ T Cells to Coagulation Factor VIII: Response in Congenital and Acquired Hemophilia Patients and in Healthy Subjects (2000)

Antibodies (Ab) that inhibit factor VIII (fVIII) may develop in patients with hemophilia A and rarely in individuals without congenital fVIII deficiency (acquired hemophilia). Synthesis of fVIII inhibitors requires CD4+ T cells. We investigated the proliferative response of blood CD4+ cells from 11 patients with congenital or acquired hemophilia and 12 healthy subjects, to recombinant human fVIII, and to pools of overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the sequences of individual fVIII domains. All patients had CD4+ cells that responded to fVIII. The intensity of the responses fluctuated over time: several patients had brief periods when they did not respond to fVIII. All healthy subjects had transient CD4+ responses to fVIII, that were significantly lower than those of hemophilia patients. Also, healthy subjects responded to fVIII less frequently and for shorter periods than hemophilia patients. All patients and healthy subjects recognized several fVIII domains: the A3 domain was recognized most strongly and frequently. The transient sensitization of CD4+ cells to fVIII in healthy subjects suggests that inadequate tolerization of CD4+ cells to fVIII, due to lack of endogenous fVIII, is an important factor in the development of clinically significant anti-fVIII antibodies in hemophilia A.
Hot Isostatic Pressing: Today and Tomorrow (2008)

are creating a new generation of application opportunities to improve the performance and durability of critical parts and materials. New press and furnace designs, uniform rapid cooling capability, and digital control techniques have shortened cycle times significantly. Presses have nearly doubled in size in the past 10 years, dramatically reducing per-unit processing costs. Even larger systems are on the horizon, limited in size only by transportation realities. This will allow densification of everlarger products and batches, cutting costs and helping customers to grow their competitive advantage. HIP is today more viable and affordable than ever for producing the strong, long-lasting products that are increasingly demanded by globally competitive manufacturers in all kinds of industries. Abstract: Hot Isostatic Pressing: Today and Tomorrow
Enzymatic Conversion of Starch in Twin‐Screw HTST‐Extruder (1983)

Abstract Wheat starch was liquefied to DE 25–30 employing heat stable α‐amylase and twin‐screw Werner & Pfleiderer Continua 58 HTST‐extruder. Most significant reduction in batch saccharification time was obtained when starch was liquefied as a slurry containing 60% water at 120°C mass temperature, feed rate 1 500 g min −1 , screw rotation rate 250 min −1 , and 0.9% (w/w, d.s.) Novo Termamyl 120 L α‐amylase was added immediately after initiation of gelatinization in the extruder. Saccharification was carried out at 60°C employing 0.36% (w/w, d.s.) Novo glucoamylase 150 L to reach a DE 96 in 22 h. Best total conversion was, however, obtained when also saccharification was initiated in the extruder by adding glucoamylase just before the die element, after lowering mass temperature to 60°C, and by allowing the saccharification to continue at 60°C after extrusion processing to reach a DE 94 in 5 h and DE 97 in 21 h.
Wasserstein generative adversarial networks for motion artifact removal in dental CT imaging (2019)

In dental computed tomography (CT) scanning, high-quality images are crucial for oral disease diagnosis and treatment. However, many artifacts, such as metal artifacts, downsampling artifacts and motion artifacts, can degrade the image quality in practice. The main purpose of this article is to reduce motion artifacts. Motion artifacts are caused by the movement of patients during data acquisition during the dental CT scanning process. To remove motion artifacts, the goal of this study was to develop a dental CT motion artifact-correction algorithm based on a deep learning approach. We used dental CT data with motion artifacts reconstructed by conventional filtered back-projection (FBP) as inputs to a deep neural network and used the corresponding high-quality CT data as labeled data during training. We proposed training a generative adversarial network (GAN) with Wasserstein distance and mean squared error (MSE) loss to remove motion artifacts and to obtain high-quality CT dental images. In our network, to improve the generator structure, the generator used a cascaded CNN-Net style network with residual blocks. To the best of our knowledge, this work describes the first deep learning architecture method used with a commercial cone-beam dental CT scanner. We compared the performance of a general GAN and the m-WGAN. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed algorithm effectively removes motion artifacts from dental CT scans. The proposed m-WGAN method resulted in a higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) and a lower root-mean-squared error (RMSE) than the general GAN method.
CD28 Inhibits T Cell Adhesion by Recruiting CAPRI to the Plasma Membrane (2015)

CD28 is a coreceptor expressed on T lymphocytes. Signaling downstream of CD28 promotes multiple T cell functions such as proliferation, survival, and cytokine secretion. Adhesion to APCs is another function of T cells; however, little is known with regard to the role of CD28 in this process. Our previous studies have shown that CD28 inhibits T cell adhesion, but the underlying mechanism that mediates this process remains unknown. In the present study we discovered that signaling downstream of CD28 resulted in inhibition of Rap1 activity and decreased LFA-1-mediated adhesion. We showed that this was regulated by the recruitment of calcium-promoted Ras inactivator (CAPRI), a GTPase-activating protein, to the plasma membrane downstream of CD28 signaling. CAPRI trafficking to the plasma membrane was secondary to calcium influx and was mediated by its C2A and C2B domains. We conclude that CD28 inhibits Rap1-mediated adhesion by recruiting the protein CAPRI to the plasma membrane.