gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of an inner profile measurement instrument using a ring beam device (2010)

Inner profile measurement is an important matter in such fields as medicine, dentistry and anthropology as well as mechanical engineering and other industrial applications. Here we describe recent development of our measurement principle for inner diameter of pipes and/or holes. The key device in this technique is a ring beam device which consists of a conical mirror and a laser diode. And the fundamental principle is based on optical sectioning without using any contact type stylus. The optically sectioned profile of an inner wall of a pipe-like object is analyzed to give the inner profile in addition to the inner diameter. This optical instrument with a simple and small configuration is now under development for practical uses. In our hitherto trial experimental works, the availability of this instrument has been evaluated in many cases and availability for practical applications is expected, especially, for measurement and inspection of mechanical components and elements besides pipes. This ring beam device consisting of a conical mirror and a LD is assembled to form a disk-like light sheet. We show measurement result of pipes and holes, and, at the same time, report a compact inner profile measuring instrument at this point. Both the ring beam device and a miniaturized CCD camera are fabricated into a glass tube. Availability of this instrument is shown by measuring the inner profiles of various pipes. In response to this trial, there appeared a strong request that not only the internal but external profiles should be measured simultaneously. Therefore we propose potentially possible method for measurement of external profile at the same time with internal profile. If one pair of concave mirrors are used in our arrangement, external profile is captured. In combination with inner profile measurement technique, simultaneous measurement of inner and outer profiles becomes attainable. A measurement result on a bevel gear shows availability of here proposed principle. In addition, we are trying to extend our technique to check defects and/or flaws on the inner wall of pipe-like objects.
Enhanced Benzaldehyde Tolerance in <i>Zymomonas mobilis</i> Biofilms and the Potential of Biofilm Applications in Fine-Chemical Production (2006)

Biotransformation plays an increasingly important role in the industrial production of fine chemicals due to its high product specificity and low energy requirement. One challenge in biotransformation is the toxicity of substrates and/or products to biocatalytic microorganisms and enzymes. Biofilms are known for their enhanced tolerance of hostile environments compared to planktonic free-living cells. Zymomonas mobilis was used in this study as a model organism to examine the potential of surface-associated biofilms for biotransformation of chemicals into value-added products. Z. mobilis formed a biofilm with a complex three-dimensional architecture comprised of microcolonies with an average thickness of 20 microm, interspersed with water channels. Microscopic analysis and metabolic activity studies revealed that Z. mobilis biofilm cells were more tolerant to the toxic substrate benzaldehyde than planktonic cells were. When exposed to 50 mM benzaldehyde for 1 h, biofilm cells exhibited an average of 45% residual metabolic activity, while planktonic cells were completely inactivated. Three hours of exposure to 30 mM benzaldehyde resulted in sixfold-higher residual metabolic activity in biofilm cells than in planktonic cells. Cells inactivated by benzaldehyde were evenly distributed throughout the biofilm, indicating that the resistance mechanism was different from mass transfer limitation. We also found that enhanced tolerance to benzaldehyde was not due to the conversion of benzaldehyde into less toxic compounds. In the presence of glucose, Z. mobilis biofilms in continuous cultures transformed 10 mM benzaldehyde into benzyl alcohol at a steady rate of 8.11 g (g dry weight)(-1) day(-1) with a 90% molar yield over a 45-h production period.
Quality enhancement in information extraction from scanned documents (2006)

When constructing a large document archive, an important element is the digitizing of printed documents. Although various techniques for document image analysis such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR) have been developed, error handling is required in constructing real document archive systems. This paper discusses the problem from the quality enhancement perspective and proposes a robust reference extraction method for academic articles scanned with OCR mark-up. We applied the proposed method to articles appearing in various journals, and these experiments showed that the proposed method achieved a recognition accuracy of more than 94%. This paper also discusses manual correction and investigates experimentally the relationship between extraction accuracy and cost reduction.
Deauthentication/Disassociation Attack: Implementation and Security in Wireless Mesh Networks (2011)

Wireless M esh Networks have emerged as a widely deployed, new paradigm with improved performance and reliability. M esh Networks offer ubiquitous network connectivity along with better flexibility and adaptability features. Despite of these benefits, Wireless M esh Networks are vulnerable to attacks due to the absence of trusted central authority and the unprotected nature of the management frames. This security breach leads to the spoofing of legitimate client's information. Thus facilitating the launch of dos attacks on the behalf of the legitimate identity holders .The influence of DOS attacks is highly intense, because complete network resources have been consumed by the attacker after launch of the attack. Consequently, it leads to deterioration of network performance thus halting the communication. Therefore, security is a major concern that needs to be dealt with to alleviate the effect of these attacks . So that the deterioration and disruption caused by these attacks to the network performance has been thwarted. In this paper we have implemented the dos attacks on the real wireless mesh test bed and analyzed their impact on the network performance and proposed a security algorithm for the detection of these attacks.
Statistical Schedule Length Analysis in Asynchronous Datapath Synthesis (2005)

The paper proposes statistical schedule length analysis for evaluating schedule and datapath during asynchronous datapath synthesis. In order to handle the randomness of delay variation mathematically, the execution time of each operation is modeled by a stochastic variable, and an algorithm to calculate the distribution of total computation time of an application is presented. The proposed statistical schedule length analysis is then incorporated with resource binding and scheduling to form an asynchronous datapath synthesis system. Our system tends to generate better solutions than the conventional one in the mean total computation time, when the size of a target algorithm becomes larger, the number of functional units becomes larger, and the variance of execution delay of each module becomes larger. Experimental results have been obtained for a differential equation solver, a wave digital filter and elliptic wave filters.
Growth of microalgae in high CO{sub 2} gas and effects of SO{sub x} and NO{sub x} (1991)

Growth and lipid production of microalgae were investigated, with attention to the feasibility of making use of flue gas CO{sub 2} as a carbon source. The effect of a high CO{sub 2} level in artificial seawater differed from strain to strain. Three algal strains from the Solar Energy Research Institute (Golden, CO) collection were selected as good fixers of CO{sub 2} when the level of CO{sub 2} in the sparging gas was high. These algae also accumulated large amounts of crude lipids. SO{sub x} and NO{sub x} inhibited algal growth, but a green alga, Nannochloris sp. NANNO2 grew after a lag period, even when it received NO gas at the concentration of 300 ppm.
Plasma phospholipid transfer protein enhances transfer and exchange of phospholipids between very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins during lipolysis. (1985)

In order to determine the effects of a plasma phospholipid transfer protein on the transfer of phospholipids from very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to high density lipoproteins (HDL) during lipolysis, biosynthetically labeled rat 32P-labeled VLDL was incubated with human HDL3 and bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the presence of the plasma d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction or a partially purified human plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PTP). The addition of either the PTP or the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction resulted in a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of the transfer of phospholipid radioactivity from VLDL into HDL during lipolysis. In the absence of LPL, the PTP caused a less marked stimulation of transfer of phospholipid radioactivity. Both the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction and the PTP enhanced the transfer of VLDL phospholipid mass into HDL, but the percentage transfer of phospholipid radioactivity was greater than that of phospholipid mass, suggesting stimulation of both transfer and exchange processes. Stimulation of phospholipid exchange was confirmed in experiments where PTP was found to augment transfer of [14C]phosphatidylcholine radioactivity from HDL to VLDL during lipolysis. In experiments performed with human VLDL and human HDL3, both the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction and the PTP were found to stimulate phospholipid mass transfer from VLDL into HDL during lipolysis. Analysis of HDL by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis showed that enhanced lipid transfer was associated with only a slight increase in particle size, suggesting incorporation of lipid by formation of new HDL particles. In conclusion, the plasma d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction and a plasma PTP enhance the net transfer of VLDL phospholipids into HDL and also exchange of the phospholipids of VLDL and HDL. Both the transfer and exchange activities of PTP are stimulated by lipolysis.
Constitutive activation of hypoxia-inducible genes related to overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in clear cell renal carcinomas. (2001)

The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is an important mediator of hypoxic adaptation of tumor cells and controls several genes that have been implicated in tumor growth. Oxygen-dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha, the regulatory subunit, requires binding to the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein. Because functional inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene occurs in up to 70% of clear cell renal carcinomas, we investigated whether this results in overexpression of HIF-1alpha and its target genes. Immunoblotting revealed increased expression of HIF-1alpha in 24 of 32 (75%) clear cell renal carcinomas but only 3 of 8 non-clear cell renal tumors. Somatic mutations of the VHL gene were detected only in clear cell renal carcinomas that overexpressed HIF-1alpha. None of the HIF-1alpha-negative tumors displayed a VHL mutation. The level of HIF-1alpha mRNA was not different between tumors and adjacent kidney tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed distinct patterns of nuclear staining for HIF-1alpha, depending on histological type and overall abundance of HIF-1alpha. In those clear cell renal carcinomas that showed increased expression on immunoblots, HIF-1alpha was expressed in almost all cells. In the remaining clear cell and in non-clear cell tumors, staining was focal; these different patterns thus were compatible with genetic stabilization in contrast to microenvironmental stimulation of HIF-1alpha as the primary mechanism. The mRNA expression of two known target genes of HIF-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor and glucose transporter 1, increased progressively with increasing amounts of HIF-1alpha in tumor extracts. In addition, glucose transporter 1 protein levels correlated with HIF-1alpha abundance. In conclusion, the data provide in vivo evidence for a constitutive up-regulation of HIF-1alpha in the majority of clear cell renal carcinomas, which leads to more widespread accumulation of this transcription factor than hypoxic stimulation. These observations are most likely linked to functional inactivation of the VHL gene product. Increased expression of HIF-1alpha is associated with alterations in gene expression patterns that are likely to contribute to tumor phenotype and progression.
High performance packet capture on multi-core platform (2011)

In order to improve the efficiency of packet capture processes, this paper proposes a new zero-copy algorithm (PF_DMA) which can significantly reduce modifications to NIC drivers after implemented in the operating system kernel functions, and is portable between heterogeneous network platforms. Additionally, PF_DMA optimizes its algorithm for multi-core processors. By combining new techniques of modern NICs, PF_DMA realizes parallel packet captures through multiple receive queues, and improves the efficiency of packet captures. Experimental results indicate that PF_DMA can capture packets of 64 Byte at 2 Gbit wire-rate, and surpasses the performance of traditional zero-copy algorithms.
The History of Gastric Surgery (1960)

The history of gastric surgery is one of the most complex in the annals of medicine.The practice of this surgery depended upon the growing know- ledge of the pathology of gastric diseases.This knowledge, together with animal experiments and the introduction of anaesthesia during the last century, led to the first successful planned opera-9, Great James Street, W.C.
Preface (1978)

Preface Get access R.G. R.G. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rheumatology, Volume XVII, Issue suppl, January 1978, Page 4, https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/XVII.suppl.4 Published: 01 January 1978
Focused ion beam repair: staining of photomasks and reticles (1993)

Focused ion beam (FIB) repair of chromium defects on photomasks and reticles leaves a post repair stain in the quartz substrate. The wavelength dependent absorption properties of typical stained regions have been measured, showing transition losses up to 80% in the deep UV. A simple model is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
Magnetic resonance imaging in pathologically proven Hallervorden‐Spatz disease (1989)

We present an 11-year-old girl in whom high field strength MRI performed 2 1/2 years and 6 months before her death showed prominent hypointensity in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra consistent with iron deposition. This finding suggested Hallervorden-Spatz disease, which was confirmed at autopsy.
DNA microarray inspection by interference microscopy (2001)

DNA microarrays are important new objects for biologists, offering new methods for high speed genetic studies. Many of them are manufactured by depositing small spots, containing DNA molecules, on a coated glass slide. The quality of the spots (homogeneity, shape) is an important factor in the quality of the analysis. We have built a Linnik-type interference microscope providing three-dimensional (3D) topographic images of surfaces with a sensitivity of a few tens of picometers in height. This microscope has been applied to obtain 3D images of DNA microarray spots. We demonstrate the ability of the system to reveal the quality of DNA spots.
Hybrid nanocrystal FinFET with large P/E window for MLC NAND Flash memory application (2007)

The engineered trap layer with nanocrystal and high-k blocking oxide are applied to the FinFET structure. The increased trap density of the hybrid nanocrystal trap layer and the enhanced leakage reduction of AlxOy are proposed as a dominant role of the larger program and erase window of 8.3 V which is applicable to the MLC Flash memory device.
Dynamic Request Redirection and Elastic Service Scaling in Cloud-Centric Media Networks (2014)

We consider the problem of optimally redirecting user requests in a cloud-centric media network (CCMN) to multiple destination Virtual Machines (VMs), which elastically scale their service capacities in order to minimize a cost function that includes service response times, computing costs, and routing costs. We also allow the request arrival process to switch between normal and flash crowd modes to model user requests to a CCMN. We quantify the trade-offs in flash crowd detection delay and false alarm frequency, request allocation rates, and service capacities at the VMs. We show that under each request arrival mode (normal or flash crowd), the optimal redirection policy can be found in terms of a price for each VM, which is a function of the VM's service cost, with requests redirected to VMs in order of nondecreasing prices, and no redirection to VMs with prices above a threshold price. Applying our proposed strategy to a YouTube request trace data set shows that our strategy outperforms various benchmark strategies. We also present simulation results when various arrival traffic characteristics are varied, which again suggest that our proposed strategy performs well under these conditions.
Methylene−<i>gem</i>-Difluorocyclopropane Analogues of Nucleosides:  Synthesis, Cyclopropene−Methylenecyclopropane Rearrangement, and Biological Activity (2001)

Alkylation-elimination of adenine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine with gem-difluorocyclopropane dibromide 10 gave E- and Z-methylene-gem-difluorocyclopropanes 11a, 11b, 12a, and 12b and gem-difluorocyclopropenes 13a and 13b. Debenzylation of intermediates 11a, 11b, 12a, and 12b afforded E- and Z-methylenecyclopropanes 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b. Hydrolysis of 2-amino-6-chloropurine derivatives 4b and 5b afforded guanine analogues 4c and 5c. Composition of products (except 14b) obtained from alkylation-elimination reflects thermodynamically controlled cyclopropene-methylenecyclopropene rearrangement. The E-isomer 4a was moderately active against human cytomegalovirus and along with the Z-isomer 5a was active against leukemia L1210 and solid tumors in vitro.
하천환경에서의 유출사고에 따른 유해화학물질 감지기술 개발 (2020)

최근 국내에서 화학물질의 수환경 유출사고가 지속적으로 일어나고 있으며, 이러한 사고로 인한 피해를 예방하고 저감하기 위한 관리체계 및 적용 가능한 기술 확보가 필요하다. 또한 낙동강 유역은 하천에서 상수원수를 취수하고 있기때문에 하천에 유해화학물질 유출 시 오염된 원수로 인한 심각한 문제가 발생 될 수도 있다. 이러한 수질오염사고로 인해 발생될 피해를 최소화하기 위해서는 오염원의 종류, 이동경로 및 확산 범위를 예측하여 친수시설, 취수장, 주거지역 등을 보호할 수 있어야 한다. 따라서 화학사고 시 유해물질이나 대체지표를 감지하고 측정할 수 있는 센서기술의 개발이 필요하다. 화학사고의 신속한 대응에 있어 다양한 센서를 기반으로 화학물질을 감지하고, 실시간으로 계측된 데이터들이 IoT망과 연계되어 실시간으로 정보를 제공할 수 있는 기술 개발의 필요성이 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하천의 유해화학물질 유출사고 발생 시 첨단센서기술 기반으로 유해화학물질 감지를 통해 유출지점 및 유출량을 규명하고 하류 취수장 등 하천 주요지점에서의 유해화학물질 도달 시간, 기준 농도 초과여부를 예측하여 유출 사고에 대한 신속한 대응을 통해 피해가 최소화가 될 수 있는 기술을 구축하는 것을 목표로 하였다.
Inheritance of idiopathic torsion dystonia among Jews. (1984)

Idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) has long been considered to be genetically determined, but the pattern of inheritance has been unclear. It has been suggested that inheritance may differ in Jews and non-Jews. In the present study, data gathered in a nationwide survey of ITD in Israel were analysed. Between 1969 and 1980, 47 patients were collected, of whom 40 were of European origin. In these European Jews, the ITD frequency was about 1:23 000 live births, which was five-fold greater than in Jews of Afro-Asian origin. Assuming that all cases fit the same genetic model, an X linked or a simple autosomal recessive model of inheritance did not agree well with our data. An autosomal dominant model with low penetrance could have accounted for our observations and would yield an ITD gene frequency in European Jews of 3 to 4:100 000. In view of the increased ages of their fathers, the isolated cases may have included some new mutations. Multifactorial inheritance was also possible. However, it may be inappropriate to assume that all cases have the same genetic basis, or even that all are inherited.
Neurotoxic Mechanisms of Electrophilic Type-2 Alkenes: Soft Soft Interactions Described by Quantum Mechanical Parameters (2007)

Conjugated Type-2 alkenes, such as acrylamide (ACR), are soft electrophiles that produce neurotoxicity by forming adducts with soft nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups on proteins. Soft-soft interactions are governed by frontier molecular orbital characteristics and can be defined by quantum mechanical parameters such as softness (sigma) and chemical potential (mu). The neurotoxic potency of ACR is likely related to the rate of adduct formation, which is reflected in values of sigma. Correspondingly, differences in mu, the ability of a nucleophile to transfer electrons to an electrophile, could determine protein targets of these chemicals. Here, sigma and mu were calculated for a series of structurally similar Type-2 alkenes and their potential sulfhydryl targets. Results show that N-ethylmaleimide, acrolein and methylvinyl ketone were softer electrophiles than methyl acrylate or ACR. Softness (sigma) was closely correlated to corresponding second-order rate constants (k(2)) for electrophile reactions with sulfhydryl groups on N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The rank order of softness was also directly related to neurotoxic potency as determined by impairment of synaptosomal function and sulfhydryl loss. Calculations of mu showed that the thiolate state of several cysteine analogs was the preferred nucleophilic target of alkene electrophiles. In addition, mu was directly related to the thiolate rate constant (k) for the reaction of the Type-2 alkenes with the cysteine compounds. Finally, in accordance with respective mu values, we found that NAC, but not N-acetyl-L-lysine, protected synaptosomes from toxicity. These findings suggest that the neurotoxicity of ACR and its conjugated alkene analogs is related to electrophilic softness and that the thiolate state of cysteine residues is the corresponding adduct target.
Automatic Error Detection Method for Japanese Particles (2010)

In this article, I propose an approach for detecting appropriate usage models of case particles in the writings of Japanese Second Language learners (JSL) in order to create a Japanese automatic error detection system.As learner corpora are receiving special attention as an invaluable source for the educational feedback to improve teaching material and methodology, automatic methods of error analysis have become necessary to facilitate the development of learner corpora.Particle errors account for a substantial proportion of all grammatical errors by JSL learners and discourage the readers from understanding the meaning of a sentence.To address this issue, I trained Support Vector Machines (SVMs) to learn correct patterns of case particle usages from a Japanese newspaper text corpus.The result differs according to the kind of the particle.The object marker "wo ()" has the best score of 81.4%.Applying the "wo ()" model to detect wrong use of the particle, the result shows 92.6% for precision and 34.3% for recall with the 100 instance test set.The result shows 95.2% for precision and 37.6% for recall with the 200 instance test set.Although this is a pilot study, this experiment shows a promising result for Japanese particle error detection.