gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nifedipine on Severe Experimental Cataract in Diabetic Rats (2008)

We examined the effects of Ca(2+)-channel blockers on sugar cataract formation in streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.v.)-induced diabetic rats that were given 5% D-glucose as drinking water. The diabetic rats were treated with an L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker, nifedipine or verapamil, for 9 weeks from the 3rd day of streptozotocin injection. Using the full lens images of the horizontal plane captured with the new digital camera system that we developed recently, the cataract formation was quantitatively assessed in parallel with the conventional scaling method. In the animal model of diabetes mellitus, the cataracts at the peripheral region of the lens were detected 2 weeks after induction of hyperglycemia and progressed depending on the length of the diabetic period. The majority of them developed mature cataracts after 9 weeks of hyperglycemia. Nifedipine slowed the progression rate of diabetic cataracts without affecting the period of time required for the onset of this disease, whereas verapamil had no significant inhibitory effect on the diabetic cataract. These findings suggest that nifedipine may be considered as a candidate drug to suppress the progression of diabetic cataracts.
Synthesis and characterization of aliphatic polyesters from glycerol, by-product of biodiesel production, and adipic acid (2007)

In the present work, polyesters were prepared from the polycondensation between glycerol and adipic acid using dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst. Three glycerol: adipic acid molar ratio were used for the bulk polymerization namely: 2:2; 2:3 and 2:4. FTIR confirmed the esterification of glycerol by the acid for all the polymers. DSC and XRD indicated no crystallinity for all the polymers. The morphology of the materials are characterized by globular structure, which may suggest compositional fluctuations throughout the samples.
Information Extraction (2012)

Information extraction (IE) is the automatic identification of selected types of entities, relations, or events in free text. This article appraises two specific strands of IE — name identification and classification, and event extraction. Conventional treatment of languages pays little attention to proper names, addresses etc. Presentations of language analysis generally look up words in a dictionary and identify them as nouns etc. The incessant presence of names in a text, makes linguistic analysis of the same difficult, in the absence of the names being identified by their types and as linguistic units. Name tagging involves creating, several finite-state patterns, each corresponding to some noun subset. Elements of the patterns would match specific/classes of tokens with particular features. Event extraction typically works by creating a series of regular expressions, customized to capture the relevant events. Enhancement of each expression is corresponded by a relevant, suitable enhancement in the event patterns.
Variability and Reproducibility of Circulating Vitamin D in a Nationwide U.S. Population (2012)

Our results suggest that a single blood sample obtained in spring or fall provides a reasonable average for 25(OH)D over a 1-yr period, but additional studies are needed to estimate variability and agreement in plasma 25(OH)D measurements over longer intervals and younger populations.
Covalent coupling of methotrexate to dextran enhances the penetration of cytotoxicity into a tissue-like matrix. (1994)

For antitumor agents introduced directly into the intracranial space, the extent of penetration into tissue, and hence the effectiveness of therapy, depends on the rate of drug elimination from the tissue. To test the hypothesis that slowly eliminated agents would penetrate further through tissues, methotrexate (MTX)-dextran conjugates were produced by covalently linking MTX to dextran through a short-lived ester bond (MTX-ester-dextran; t1/2 approximately 3 days in buffered saline) and a longer-lived amide bond (MTX-amide-dextran; t1/2 > 20 days in buffered saline). The ability of these agents to kill cells and to penetrate through tissue was evaluated using: (a) human brain tumor (H80) cells in a standard format; (b) H80 cells in a novel three-dimensional format that mimics many characteristics of intracranial tumors; and (c) 9L gliosarcoma in the rat brain. Penetration into three-dimensional tissue-like matrices was performed by suspending H80 cells in agarose gels within a hollow fiber that was permeable to MTX but not dextran and injecting MTX or MTX-dextran conjugates into one end of the fiber. The cytotoxicity of MTX-ester-dextran and MTX-amide-dextran against H80 was equivalent to unmodified MTX (50% inhibitory concentration, approximately 0.01 microgram/ml). When released from a biodegradable polyanhydride polymer matrix, MTX and MTX-dextran conjugates retained their ability to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase activity. When MTX or MTX-dextran was diffused into the three-dimensional tumor cell matrix for 10 days, cytotoxic activity penetrated > 2 cm for MTX-amide-dextran and approximately 1 cm for MTX or MTX-ester-dextran; this enhanced penetration correlated with the stability of the MTX-dextran linkage. Intracranial polymeric delivery of MTX or MTX-amide-dextran to rats with intracranial 9L gliosarcoma produced modest but significant increases in survival; conjugation of MTX to dextran appeared to shift the dose-response curve to a lower dosage.
Monofluorophosphate Physiology: General Considerations (1983)

Ingested monofluorophosphate (MFP) is hydrolyzed by phosphatases mainly in the lumen and wall of the small intestine. MFP hydrolysis is insignificant in the saliva and the stomach and absorption is greatest in the small intestine, mainly or entirely as F ions. Liver tissue also rapidly hydrolyzes MFP, and MFP ions have not been found parenterally. The post-absorption physiology of MFP therefore appears to be identical with that of NaF, which is briefly summarized. However, the absorption peaks of F in blood and other body fluids and tissues occur earlier and are higher after NaF ingestion, unless F is bound by Ca ions in the digestive tract. Ca ions have a comparatively small effect on F absorption from MFP, and complex-bound Ca has practically no effect.
Sources of Coherent Noise and Their Reduction (2010)

We conclude the discussion we began in Chapter 20 about photographic films with a review here of the sources of coherent noise and their reduction. In Sec. 21.2, we discuss the types and sources of noise in coherent imaging systems. These include dust noise, phase image noise, and speckle. Various techniques for reducing the effects of dust noise are described. Control of the spatial and temporal coherence of the system radiation, which reduces the effect of system speckle noise, is discussed and demonstrated. In Sec. 21.3, several of the numerous speckle-averaging techniques that have been introduced in the literature are put into the broad categories of spatial and temporal coherence control techniques and further subclassified in terms of ensemble- and temporal-averaging techniques. Results are summarized in Sec. 21.4 by listing five experimental procedures to be considered when designing a coherent optical system in which all noise effects will be minimized. Two experiments obeying these procedures are discussed and the results are shown.
Marker and function analysis of natural killer and alloreactive T cells during early stages of dimethylbenzanthracene carcinogenesis. The immunity system during the precancer period. (1986)

The effect of the chemical carcinogen dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) on cellular immunity was studied at a 6-mg dose which induces adenocarcinomas and adenoacanthomas in more than 70% of BalB/c mice within 1 year after administration. DMBA caused a significant reduction of splenic natural killer (NK) activity and responsiveness to alloantigens in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). These activities decreased soon after the carcinogen treatment and remained suppressed during the entire tumor induction period. There was a linear correlation between the reduction in NK activity and a selective decrease in the number of asialo GM1 positive cells in the spleen. However, cell sorting experiments using the flow cytometer have shown that the lytic activity per cell of asialo GM-1 positive cells in untreated mice and in DMBA-treated ones was similar. There was no correlation between the suppressed response of the T cells in MLR and the percentage of T cell subpopulations residing in the spleen of the DMBA-treated mice. The decrease in the number of NK cells and the reduced MLR activity in the spleen occurred simultaneously with a decrease in the potential of bone marrow precursor cells to reconstitute NK and MLR activity in the spleen of lethally irradiated mice. These results indicate that the carcinogen DMBA effects the immune system at various levels and either eliminates or inactivates precursor cells as well as mature lymphoid cells.
Transient Viremia, Plasma Viral Load, and Reservoir Replenishment in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (2007)

When antiretroviral therapy (ART) is administered for long periods to HIV-1-infected patients, most achieve viral loads that are "undetectable" by standard assay methods (ie, HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL). Despite sustaining viral loads lower than the level of detection, a number of patients experience unexplained episodes of transient viremia or viral "blips." We propose that transient activation of the immune system by infectious agents may explain these episodes of viremia. Using 2 different mathematical models, one in which blips arise because of target cell activation and subsequent infection and another in which latent cell activation generates blips, we establish a nonlinear (power law) relationship between blip amplitude and viral load (under ART) that suggest blips should be of lower amplitude, and thus harder to detect, as increasingly potent therapy is used. This effect can be more profound than is predicted by simply lowering the baseline viral load from which blips originate. Finally, we suggest that sporadic immune activation may elevate the level of chronically infected cells and replenish viral reservoirs, including the latent cell reservoir, providing a mechanism for recurrent viral blips and low levels of viremia under ART.
A Phosphane‐Free Catalyst System for the Heck Arylation of Disubstituted Alkenes: Application to the Synthesis of Trisubstituted Olefins (1999)

Trisubstituted olefins are easily accessible under mild reaction conditions using a new catalyst system consisting of dicyclohexylamine or methyl(dicyclohexyl)amine and a phase-transfer catalyst (see equation). The choice of the base was found to be crucial for the stereoselectivity and the rate of Heck type arylation reactions.
Bit error rate test accessory makes errors audible (2001)

A simple accessory for bit error rate test instruments provides a means to monitor error rate audibly without watching a display so that the user may observe and make adjustments to equipment under test while hearing the effects of these adjustments. Normally inaudible narrow error pulses trigger a toggle flip-flop to provide a signal rich in audible components.
Leakage suppression of gated diodes fabricated under low-temperature annealing with substitutional carbon Si/sub 1-y/C/sub y/ incorporation (2005)

We have demonstrated the fabrication of n/sup +/-p gated diodes using low-temperature annealing of 700/spl deg/C for 30 s with a significantly reduced junction leakage current. This is achieved with the incorporation of an epitaxially grown Si/sub 1-y/C/sub y/(y=0.0007) layer in the substrate located at the end-of-range (EOR) of arsenic implantations. The carbon devices show effectively suppressed EOR defects in the cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images and leakage characteristics similar to the controlled silicon device fabricated under high-temperature annealing of 950/spl deg/C for 30 s. Arrhenius measurement of the leakage profiles has indicated identical leakage mechanism for both the pure silicon and carbon devices, thus signifying the substantial elimination of the secondary EOR defects resulted from the implantations despite the low-temperature annealing of the latter.
Characterization of High Strength Al-Zn-Mg Alloy Sheet for Hot Stamping (2014)

High formability is required to stamp aluminium into complex structural automotive components such as the A-pillar and B-pillar. Formability of an Al-Zn-Mg (AA7xxx) alloy sheet is characterised through hot stamping a prototype part and simulating paint baking procedures. The precipitation behaviour is assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and the tensile properties measured between 350°C and 475°C over a range of strain rates from 0.01s -1 to 1s -1 . Natural ageing was found to increase the hardness of the hot stamped parts due to the formation of GP zone precipitates. A simulated three step paint baking procedure produced η precipitates and resulted in a yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 480MPa and 512MPa, respectively.
Communication across fault-containment firewalls on the SGI origin (2002)

Scalability and reliability are inseparable in high-performance computing. Fault-isolation through hardware is a popular means of providing reliability. Unfortunately, such isolation also increases communication latencies: typically, one has to drop into and out of the kernel to communicate between failure domains. On the other hand, relaxing fault isolation domains allows efficient communication, but at the risk of failure propagation, and thus reduced reliability. We are concerned with finding a middle ground between these extremes. We first review a few salient aspects of the SGI Origin-2000 architecture, mentioning the hardware features germane to efficient communication, and building protection-firewalls. Then, we describe a mechanism for risk-free, point-to-point communication between processes on distinct failure domains. Quoting performance numbers, we show that the overheads of crossing domains render this mechanism unattractive for small messages. To address this issue, we describe a mechanism for controlled opening of the firewalls, thereby achieving explicit inter-partition shared-memory for communication. We describe the kernel software that addresses the resulting reliability issues, and discuss how familiar IPC mechanisms such as MPI and SysV shared-memory can use the explicit shared-memory to advantage. Finally, based on the lessons learnt, we discuss some future directions, and draw concluding remarks.
Future prospects of luminescent nanomaterial based security inks: from synthesis to anti-counterfeiting applications (2016)

Counterfeiting of valuable documents, currency and branded products is a challenging problem that has serious economic, security and health ramifications for governments, businesses and consumers all over the world. It is estimated that counterfeiting represents a multi-billion dollar underground economy with counterfeit products being produced on a large scale every year. Counterfeiting is an increasingly high-tech crime and calls for high-tech solutions to prevent and deter the acts of counterfeiting. The present review briefly outlines and addresses the key challenges in this area, including the above mentioned concerns for anti-counterfeiting applications. This article describes a unique combination of all possible kinds of security ink formulations based on lanthanide doped luminescent nanomaterials, quantum dots (semiconductor and carbon based), metal organic frameworks as well as plasmonic nanomaterials for their possible use in anti-counterfeiting applications. Moreover, in this review, we have briefly discussed and described the historical background of luminescent nanomaterials, basic concepts and detailed synthesis methods along with their characterization. Furthermore, we have also discussed the methods adopted for the fabrication and design of luminescent security inks, various security printing techniques and their anti-counterfeiting applications.
Fast method for inverse determination of optical parameters from two measured signals (2013)

Solving inverse problems requires multiple forward calculations of measured signals. We present a fast method combining graphic processing unit-accelerated Monte Carlo simulations of individual photons and a new perturbation scheme for a 300-fold speedup in comparison to conventional CPU-based approaches. The method allows rapid calculations of the diffuse reflectance and transmittance signals from a turbid sample of absorption coefficient μ(a), scattering coefficient μ(s), and anisotropy factor g based on the principle of correlated sampling. To demonstrate its strong utility, we have applied the method for determining the optical parameters of diluted intralipid samples with satisfactory results.
Inhibition by leukocyte depletion of neointima formation after balloon angioplasty in a rabbit model of restenosis (2001)

These results suggest that leukocytes play a major role in the development of two of the major characteristics of the response to balloon injury, namely formation of neointima and adventitial fibrosis, that currently limit the success of clinical angioplasty. Elucidation of the fine mechanisms involved in leukocyte-mediated injury may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of restenosis.
Aperture jitter effects in wideband ADC systems (2003)

This paper describes the exact formula of the output noise power for almost any input signal in wideband sampling systems in the presence of aperture jitter. If is also shown that in ADC systems the quantization noise and the noise due to the aperture jitter can be added as the total noise power, and hence the exact formula of signal-to-noise ratio due to them in ADC systems is derived. Then the timing skew problem in the interleaved ADC system which is similar to the aperture jitter problem is discussed. We show the exact formula for the noise power due to the timing skews and clarify the difference and similarity between the aperture jitter and timing skew problems. Our theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations, and these results are useful for wideband sampling system applications.
Laser Variable Output Coupler (1967)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text R. L Byer and V. R. Costich, "Laser Variable Output Coupler," Appl. Opt. 6, 578-579 (1967) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Characterization of cellular pathways involved in glioblastoma response to the chemotherapeutic agent 1, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) by gene expression profiling. (1999)

The effectiveness of chemotherapy for human cancers is limited by pharmacokinetic parameters such as variation in metabolism and is determined by the cellular response. In this work, we aimed to gain a more holistic understanding of the molecular basis of glioma response to the DNA-alkylating agent 1, 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) by using a systematic approach: we investigated the expression of 588 genes with various cellular functions in a BCNU-resistant glioblastoma cell line and a BCNU-sensitive subline before and after treatment with BCNU. Our gene expression profiling revealed major differences in gene expression between these two cell lines, especially after treatment with BCNU. One striking example was that BCNU decreased the expression of six DNA-repair genes in sensitive but not in resistant cells. In sensitive cells, BCNU treatment resulted in the induction of two MAP kinase genes; this finding suggests that the specific response to BCNU in sensitive cells may involve the Jun kinase signal transduction pathway. After BCNU treatment, marked induction of tumor necrosis factor was detected only in sensitive cells, suggesting that tumor necrosis factor is a mediator of BCNU-induced cell death. Bcl-2 family members were not altered by BCNU in sensitive cells, suggesting that BCNU-induced cell death may be independent of the bcl-2 pathway. Results of the present study demonstrate that gene expression profiling may facilitate identification of cellular pathways associated with specific responses to chemotherapeutic agents and contribute to an understanding of the molecular basis of drug action.
Obfuscator-LLVM -- Software Protection for the Masses (2015)

Software security with respect to reverse-engineering is a challenging discipline that has been researched for several years and which is still active. At the same time, this field is inherently practical, and thus of industrial relevance: indeed, protecting a piece of software against tampering, malicious modifications or reverse-engineering is a very difficult task. In this paper, we present and discuss a software obfuscation prototype tool based on the LLVM compilation suite. Our tool is built as different passes, where some of them have been open-sourced and are freely available, that work on the LLVM Intermediate Representation (IR) code. This approach brings several advantages, including the fact that it is language-agnostic and mostly independent of the target architecture. Our current prototype supports basic instruction substitutions, insertion of bogus control-flow constructs mixed with opaque predicates, control-flow flattening, procedures merging as well as a code tamper-proofing algorithm embedding code and data checksums directly in the control-flow flattening mechanism.
Tians Scheduling: Using Partial Processing in Best-Effort Applications (2011)

To service requests with high quality, interactive services such as web search, on-demand video and on line gaming keep average server utilization low. As servers become busy, queuing delays increase, and requests miss their deadlines, resulting in degraded quality of service with poor user experience and potential revenue loss. In this paper, we propose Tians scheduling, a group of scheduling algorithms for interactive services that can produce partial answers during overload. A Tians scheduler allocates processing time to each request based on system load with the objective of maximizing overall quality of responses. We propose three Tians scheduling algorithms -- off line, on line clairvoyant and on line non clairvoyant. For interactive applications with concave quality profile, we prove that the off line algorithm is optimal. We show the effectiveness of the on line algorithms by conducting a simulation study modeling important applications -- a web search engine and video-on-demand (VOD) system. Simulation results show a significant improvement of Tians over traditional server models: average response quality improves and the variance of responses decreases.