gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection Following Orthopaedic Spinal Operations (2008)

Diabetes was associated with the highest independent risk of spinal surgical site infection, and an elevated preoperative or postoperative serum glucose level was also independently associated with an increased risk of surgical site infection. The role of hyperglycemia as a risk factor for surgical site infection in patients not previously diagnosed with diabetes should be investigated further. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics within one hour before the operation and increasing the antibiotic dosage to adjust for obesity are also important strategies to decrease the risk of surgical site infection after spinal operations.
Redox-based thrombelastographic method to detect carboxyhemefibrinogen-mediated hypercoagulability (2011)

Cigarette smoking is associated with plasmatic hypercoagulability, and carbon monoxide has been demonstrated to enhance coagulation by binding to a fibrinogen-bound heme. Our objective was to design and test a redox-based method to detect carboxyhemefibrinogen. Normal, pooled, citrated plasma was exposed to 0-100 μmol/l carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer; CORM-2) before or after exposure to the organic reductant phenylhydroxylamine (PHA, 0-30 mmol/l), a compound that rapidly converts Fe(+2) to Fe(+3) in heme. Addition of calcium and tissue factor activation in disposable thrombelastographic cups was performed, followed by data collection at 37°C for 15 min. Elastic modulus (G, dynes/cm(2)) was the primary endpoint. CORM-2 significantly increased G values by 67.8% compared to unexposed plasma; pretreatment with 10 mmol/l PHA significantly decreased G values in CORM-2-exposed plasma by 77.1%, whereas 30 mmol/l PHA was required to significantly decrease G values by 64.0% in plasma following CORM-2 pre-exposure. G values were not significantly different between unexposed plasma and plasma exposed to CORM-2 followed by 30 mmol/l PHA addition. Conversion of fibrinogen-bound to the metheme state alone decreased G by 34.3-38.9% following exposure to 10-30 mmol/l PHA. Conversion of fibrinogen-bound heme Fe(+2) to Fe(+3) with PHA abrogated carbon monoxide-mediated increases in clot strength. Clinical trials are planned to investigate smoking individuals to mechanistically link carboxyhemefibrinogen formation with in-vitro hypercoagulability.
Use of Adsorbent and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide To Concentrate Flavor Compounds from Orange Oil (2001)

Orange oil is composed largely of terpene hydrocarbons but is a source of flavor and fragrance compounds (oxygenated) that are present in low concentrations. To increase the ratio of oxygenated compounds to terpene hydrocarbons, orange oil was partially fractionated by adsorption of the oxygenated compounds onto porous silica gel, with full utilization of its adsorbent capacity, and then further purified by desorption into supercritical carbon dioxide. The desorption of 24 compounds was monitored by GC and GC-MS. Adsorption alone removed three-fourths of the terpene hydrocarbons, and fractional extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) improved the separation further. Response surface methodology was used in the experimental design, and regression analysis was used to determine the effects of process variables. Extraction at low temperatures and flow rates improved separation by SC-CO(2). Decanal was concentrated to 20 times that of the feed oil by using SC-CO(2) at 13.1 MPa, 35 degrees C, and 2 kg/h. The systems were operating at close to equilibrium conditions because of the fine dispersal of the oils and the excellent mass transfer properties of supercritical carbon dioxide.
Crystal structure, crystallization kinetics and morphology of a new polyimide (1992)

Abstract A new semicrystalline polyimide has been synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐(4‐aminophenoxy)propane. The polymer has a high glass transition temperature of 230°C and a melting temperature of 325°C. Its overall crystallization rate between 240 and 325°C is quite fast ( t 1 / 2 <10min) and relatively insensitive to the crystallization temperature. Although the degree of crystallinity obtained is dependent on the crystallization conditions, it can be as high as 50%. The polymer's morphology, which was examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), has a randomly stacked, ribbon‐like, lamellar texture. Both TEM and polarized light microscopy show that mature spherulites do not develop. The crystal unit cell, which was determined from wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements on highly oriented films, is monoclinic with a = 0.960nm, b = 0.582nm, c = 2.46nm and γ = 81.1°.
Phenytoin affects metabolism of free fatty acids and nucleotides in rat cerebral ischemia. (1990)

We investigated the effects of phenytoin on the rate of enzymatic release of free fatty acids and on the levels of energy metabolites and nucleoside phosphates in ischemic brain. Phenytoin (10 mg/kg i.v.) was administered 30 minutes before the onset of ischemia induced in 30 male Wistar rats by occluding the basilar and both common carotid arteries. The rats' brains were frozen in situ after 0, 5, or 30 minutes of ischemia or 10, 30, or 60 minutes of recirculation following 30 minutes of ischemia (n = 5 at each time). Nucleoside triphosphate levels were higher in the phenytoin-treated rats than in corresponding untreated rats at each time during and after ischemia. Phenytoin significantly attenuated the accumulation of lactate and free fatty acids (arachidonic acid and stearic acid) during ischemia and accelerated their recovery during recirculation. These results suggest that phenytoin has favorable protective effects on ischemic brain and that phenytoin may inhibit calcium-mediated phenomena, especially the inositol cycle, in cerebral ischemia.
Discarded tires: energy conservation through alternative uses (1979)

Scrap tires that are not recycled through retreading constitute a serious solid-waste problem, but also offer energy-conservation opportunities through their use as: (1) solid fuel (displaced energy = 15,000 Btu/lb or 35 kJ/g); (2) derived fuel and chemical feedstock (11,000 to 23,000 Btu/lb or 25 to 53.5 kJ/g); (3) virgin rubber compound substitute in traditional rubber products (34,000 to 40,000 Btu/lb or 79 to 93 kJ/g); and (4) asphalt additive for paving applications (90,000 Btu/lb or 210 kJ/g). Both the energy of the displaced fuel and material and the energy consumed preparing the tires for the above uses have been included, where possible, in these estimates. Also provided is a summary of the available data on the cost and requisite scale of operation for the various end use processes.
Application of Immunohistochemical Methods in the Diagnosis of Malignant Disease (1985)

For over a century histopathological diagnosis was firmly based upon the examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections with the occasional use of various “special stains,” introduced as an aid to the “routine” staining. Recently, histopathologists have turned their attention to identifying cells, including tumor cells, by immunohistological staining methods. As this approach relies upon the detection of cellular antigens with specific antibodies, much of the inherent subjectivity of cellular recognition by orthodox staining is avoided. The approach facilitates the identification and classification of tumor cells and the detection of small metastatic foci in biopsy material from various sites including the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and cytologic preparations from body fluids or smears.Immunohistological methods, especially the immunoperoxidase method with its rapid growth in acceptance by the surgical pathologist, will be discussed in some detail. The method stems from a combination of two existing and well-established techniques, neither of which are new. The final phase of the immunoperoxidase reaction is a direct exploitation of histochemical methods for the demonstration of enzymatic activity of peroxidase, while the theoretical basis of the peroxidase-labelled antibody technique is strictly analogous to the immunofluorescence method.
What Is the Relationship Between Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors and Markers of Inflammation? (2008)

The treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) is clinically measured by monitoring changes in venous lipids and inflammatory markers. There is currently no established quantified relationship between coronary flow reserve and markers of inflammatory CAD. A total of 120 men and women underwent quantified measurement of coronary blood flow using SPECT imaging at baseline and 1 year later. They had fasting venous blood work obtained at baseline and 1 year later. These markers of lipids and inflammation included, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein-a, homocysteine, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6. Regression analysis reveals no general statistical relationship between these markers and coronary blood flow as measured by myocardial perfusion imaging. However, when changes in indices are considered and changes in risk factors are compared with changes in ischemia, blood factor based estimates yield an adjusted R2 = 0.31, R = 0.57, P < .0001. Initial levels of coronary ischemia cannot be diagnostically inferred from baseline values in lipid and inflammatory markers of coronary artery disease. When change in coronary blood flow is quantified using SPECT imaging, 6 independent underlying blood factors provided statistically useful information in identifying changes in coronary blood flow. Although the relationship of changes is statistically significant ( P < .0001), quantification of coronary blood flow by SPECT imaging provides physiologic status information, which cannot be inferred from fasting markers of lipids and inflammation status.
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 6/2018 (2018)

Front Cover: The front cover highlights work in article 1700588 by Sunwoo Lee and co-workers, where a β-phase PVDF is a polymer with piezoelectric properties, resulting in its use as an electric power generator. Carbon nanotubes introduced as filler in the PVDF composite can derive the β-phase PVDF without any additional processes, consequently enhancing the generating efficiency of the flexible generator.
Investigating three methods for improving the performance of the SIM algorithm (2002)

A sparse iterative method for solving electromagnetic problems has been implemented in an object-oriented version of NEC. The SIM is based on the generation of a sparse matrix which is factored and subsequently used in an iterative solution of a matrix equation. The paper investigates three methods of filling the sparse matrix. The three methods are compared by investigating the effect they have on the density of the sparse matrix and the number of iterations required to converge to a solution. It also reports on the use of an extrapolation technique in order to reduce the iteration count in the solution of the matrix equation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Regulation of Phosphorylation of Thr-308 of Akt, Cell Proliferation, and Survival by the B55α Regulatory Subunit Targeting of the Protein Phosphatase 2A Holoenzyme to Akt (2007)

Akt is a protein serine/threonine kinase that is involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. Phosphorylation of Akt at regulatory residues Thr-308 and Ser-473 leads to its full activation. The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has long been known to negatively regulate Akt activity. The PP2A holoenzyme consists of the structural subunit (A), catalytic subunit (C), and a variable regulatory subunit (B). Here we report the identification of the specific B regulatory subunit that targets the PP2A holoenzyme to Akt. We found endogenous association of PP2A AB55C holoenzymes with Akt by co-immunoprecipitation analyses in pro-lymphoid FL5.12 cells. Akt was shown to associate with ectopically expressed B55alpha subunit in NIH3T3 cells. The direct interaction between B55alpha subunit and Akt was confirmed using in vitro pulldown analyses. Intriguingly, we found that overexpression of B55alpha subunit significantly impaired phosphorylation at Thr-308, but to a lesser extent at Ser-473 of Akt in both FL5.12 and NIH3T3 cells. Concomitantly, phosphorylation of a subset of Akt substrates, including FoxO3a, was substantially decreased by B55alpha overexpression in these cells. Silencing of B55alpha expression markedly increased phosphorylation at Thr-308 but not at Ser-473 in both FL5.12 cells and NIH3T3 cells. Consistently, PP2A AB55alphaC holoenzymes preferentially dephosphorylated phospho-Thr-308 rather than phospho-Ser-473 in in vitro dephosphorylation assays. Furthermore, B55alpha overexpression retarded proliferation of NIH3T3 cells, and knockdown of B55alpha expression increased survival of FL5.12 cells upon interleukin-3 deprivation. Together, our data demonstrate that B55alpha-dependent targeting of the PP2A holoenzyme to Akt selectively regulates Akt phosphorylation at Thr-308 to regulate cell proliferation and survival.
Equilibrium, Kinetic and Structural Studies of AAZTA Complexes with Ga<sup>3+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> (2012)

Abstract A detailed study of the structures, thermodynamic stabilities and kinetics of the dissociation of Ga 3+ , In 3+ and Cu 2+ complexes formed with the heptadentate ligand AAZTA is reported. The stability constants (log K ML ) of the AAZTA complexes of Ga 3+ , In 3+ and Cu 2+ are 22.18, 29.58 and 22.27, respectively, which suggests that the seven‐membered‐ring skeleton is suited to the accommodation of these metal ions. The solid‐state structure of [Cu(H 2 AAZTA)] · H 2 O shows a distorted octahedral coordination. The equatorial coordination sites of Cu 2+ are occupied by one of the ring N atoms, a water O atom, one of the carboxylate O atoms and the N atom of the iminodiacetate moiety. The other ring N atom and the carboxylate O atom of the iminodiacetate moiety coordinate to the Cu 2+ in the axial positions. In the pH range 4.5–8.5, Ga 3+ is present in the form of the highly stable [Ga(AAZTA)OH] 2– (log β GaLH–1 = 17.69) The exchange reactions of [Ga(AAZTA)OH] 2– with Cu 2+ and transferrin are very slow and mainly occur through the spontaneous dissociation of the complex close to physiological conditions. The half‐life for the dissociation of [Ga(AAZTA)OH] 2– is t 1/2 = 23 h at pH = 7.5 and 25 °C in 0.025 M NaHCO 3 and 0.15 M NaCl. The high conditional stability, fast formation and sufficiently slow dissociation of [Ga(AAZTA)OH] 2– represent promising properties for the complexation and diagnostic applications of radioactive Ga isotopes.
Effects of reduced indoor temperature and night setback on energy consumption of residential heat pumps (1977)

The energy consumption of heat pump systems (heat pumps plus resistance heaters are compared for several different indoor temperature regimes under varied climatic conditions in order to access the energy savings, possible during the heating season. Results of the computer simulation study showed that, compared with a constant 72/sup 0/ indoor temperature setting of thermostats, 68/sup 0/ daytime settings and 68/sup 0/, 60/sup 0/, and 55/sup 0/ night time settings result in 29 to 14%, 40 to 20% and 42 to 22% energy savings, respectively, for climatic conditions typical of Atlanta and Minneapolis. (LCL)
A Methodology for Retrieving Information from Malware Encrypted Output Files: Brazilian Case Studies (2013)

This article presents and explains a methodology based on cryptanalytic and reverse engineering techniques that can be employed to quickly recover information from encrypted files generated by malware. The objective of the methodology is to minimize the effort with static and dynamic analysis, by using cryptanalysis and related knowledge as much as possible. In order to illustrate how it works, we present three case studies, taken from a big Brazilian company that was victimized by directed attacks focused on stealing information from a special purpose hardware they use in their environment.
<title>Imaging diffusive media using time-independent and time-harmonic sources: dependence of image quality on imaging algorithms, target volume, weight matrix, and view angles</title> (1995)

We present results examining the dependence of image quality for imaging in dense scattering media as influenced by the choice of parameters pertaining to the physical measurement and factors influencing the efficiency of the computation. The former includes the density of the weight matrix as affected by the target volume, view angle, and source condition. The latter includes the density of the weight matrix and type of algorithm used. These were examined by solving a one-step linear perturbation equation derived from the transport equation using three different algorithms: POCS, CGD, and SART algorithms with contraints. THe above were explored by evaluating four different 3D cylindrical phantom media: a homogeneous medium, an media containing a single black rod on the axis, a single black rod parallel to the axis, and thirteen black rods arrayed in the shape of an 'X'. Solutions to the forward problem were computed using Monte Carlo methods for an impulse source, from which was calculated time- independent and time harmonic detector responses. The influence of target volume on image quality and computational efficiency was studied by computing solution to three types of reconstructions: 1) 3D reconstruction, which considered each voxel individually, 2) 2D reconstruction, which assumed that symmetry along the cylinder axis was know a proiri, 3) 2D limited reconstruction, which assumed that only those voxels in the plane of the detectors contribute information to the detecot readings. The effect of view angle was explored by comparing computed images obtained from a single source, whose position was varied, as well as for the type of tomographic measurement scheme used (i.e., radial scan versus transaxial scan). The former condition was also examined for the dependence of the above on choice of source condition [ i.e., cw (2D reconstructions) versus time-harmonic (2D limited reconstructions) source]. The efficiency of the computational effort was explored, principally, by conducting a weight matrix 'threshold titration' study. This involved computing the ratio of each matrix element to the maximum element of its row and setting this to zero if the ratio was less than a preselected threshold. Results obtained showed that all three types of reconstructions provided good image quality. The 3D reconstruction outperformed the other two reconstructions. The time required for 2D and 2D limited reconstruction is much less (< 10%) than that for the 3D reconstruction. The 'threshold titration' study shows that artifacts were present when the threshold was 5% or higher, and no significant differences of image quality were observed when the thresholds were less tha 1%, in which case 38% (21,849 of 57,600) of the total weight elements were set to zero. Restricting the view angle produced degradation in image quality, but, in all cases, clearly recognizable images were obtained.
Isolation of Clostridium difficile from diarrhoea patients in Bangladesh. (1987)

An attempt was made to detect Clostridium difficile and its toxin from the stools of 20 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD), 35 with colitis, six with chronic diarrhoea and 300 with watery diarrhoea. Two toxigenic and three non-toxigenic strains were isolated from patients associated with antimicrobial therapy. All 300 stools from watery diarrhoea patients, not associated with antibiotics, were negative for Cl. difficile and its toxin. We conclude that Cl. difficile might be a cause of AAD in Bangladesh.
Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Concentrations in Photoreceptors: An ATP-Dependent Stimulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase by Light (1973)

Regulation of cyclic nucleotide concentrations in rod outer segments (Rana pipiens) has been further examined. The present studies show that illumination markedly diminishes the concentration of cyclic nucleotides in suspensions of photoreceptor membranes, but the locus of regulation is cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.c) (light-stimulated) and not adenylate cyclase. There is a marked disproportionality between bleaching of rhodopsin and stimulation of phosphodiesterase. Bleaching only 0.6% of the rhodopsin produces half the stimulation produced by bleaching 100% of the rhodopsin. The process of activation of phosphodiesterase by light is in two steps, a light-dependent step followed by an ATP-dependent step. Illumination (in the absence of ATP) produces a trypsin-resistant, heat-labile, macromolecular stimulator. In the presence of 0.75 mM ATP (GTP or ITP) this stimulator produces a greater than 5-fold increases in the V(max) of photoreceptor phosphodiesterase without changing the K(m). At physiological substrate concentrations (10(-7) M) the rate of hydrolysis of cyclic GMP is 23 times greater than that of cyclic AMP. The light-produced stimulator appears unique to the photoreceptor membranes and does not activate phosphodiesterase in other tissues.
p40<i>phox</i> Expression Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment and Function during the Resolution Phase of Intestinal Inflammation (2012)

NADPH oxidase is a multisubunit complex that assembles during phagocytosis to generate reactive oxygen species. Several components of this complex have been implicated in chronic granulomatous disease and Crohn's disease, highlighting the importance of reactive oxygen species in regulating host immune response. In this study, we use genetically deficient mice to elucidate how p40(phox), one subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex, functions during intestinal inflammation. We show that p40(phox) deficiency enhances inflammation in both dextran sulfate sodium-induced and innate immune-mediated murine colitis models. This inflammation is characterized by severe colonic tissue injury, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and increased neutrophil recruitment. We demonstrate that neutrophils are essential during the recovery phase of intestinal inflammation and that p40(phox) expression is necessary for this restitution. Lastly, using an integrative bioinformatic approach, we show that p40(phox) deficiency leads to upregulation of chemokine receptor 1 and downregulation of enzymes involved in glycan modifications, including fucosyltransferases and sialyltransferases, during inflammation. We propose that p40(phox) deficiency enhances intestinal inflammation through the dysregulation of these two pathways in neutrophils.
Hair follicle aging is driven by transepidermal elimination of stem cells via COL17A1 proteolysis (2016)

Hair thinning and loss are prominent aging phenotypes but have an unknown mechanism. We show that hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) aging causes the stepwise miniaturization of hair follicles and eventual hair loss in wild-type mice and in humans. In vivo fate analysis of HFSCs revealed that the DNA damage response in HFSCs causes proteolysis of type XVII collagen (COL17A1/BP180), a critical molecule for HFSC maintenance, to trigger HFSC aging, characterized by the loss of stemness signatures and by epidermal commitment. Aged HFSCs are cyclically eliminated from the skin through terminal epidermal differentiation, thereby causing hair follicle miniaturization. The aging process can be recapitulated by Col17a1 deficiency and prevented by the forced maintenance of COL17A1 in HFSCs, demonstrating that COL17A1 in HFSCs orchestrates the stem cell-centric aging program of the epithelial mini-organ.