gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interfacial exchange coupling and magnetization reversal in perpendicular [Co/Ni]N/TbCo composite structures (2015)

Interfacial exchange coupling and magnetization reversal characteristics in the perpendicular heterostructures consisting of an amorphous ferrimagnetic (FI) TbxCo(100-x) alloy layer exchange-coupled with a ferromagnetic (FM) [Co/Ni]N multilayer have been investigated. As compared with pure TbxCo(100-x) alloy, the magnetization compensation composition of the heterostructures shift to a higher Tb content, implying Co/Ni also serves to compensate the Tb moment in TbCo layer. The net magnetization switching field Hc⊥ and interlayer interfacial coupling field Hex, are not only sensitive to the magnetization and thickness of the switched TbxCo(100-x) or [Co/Ni]N layer, but also to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy strength of the pinning layer. By tuning the layer structure we achieve simultaneously both large Hc⊥ = 1.31 T and Hex = 2.19 T. These results, in addition to the fundamental interest, are important to understanding of the interfacial coupling interaction in the FM/FI heterostructures, which could offer the guiding of potential applications in heat-assisted magnetic recording or all-optical switching recording technique.
Instructional Technology - The Nomenclature (2009)

Over the years the mystique - and indeed the jargon - associated with the instructional technology and the associated infrastructure has grown. It is therefore important to pause briefly to clarify the terms that will be used throughout the study and reiterate what the publication will and will not address.
Understanding cross-band interference in unsynchronized spectrum access (2009)

We consider the problem of cross-band interference when devices from the same or different networks share radio spectrum. Cross-band interference occurs when unsynchronized transmissions create harmful interference among each other although they use non-overlapping frequency bands. We perform an in-depth study to analytically quantify the degree of interference and its impact on OFDMA-based packet transmissions. The analysis also takes into account practical artifacts including temporal sampling mismatch, frequency offset and power heterogeneity. Using insights from the analysis, we build and compare three methods that apply temporal and frequency redundancy to reduce the interference and add robustness against it. Experimental and analytical results show that adding frequency guardband is the most efficient solution to tackle cross-band interference.
Load-independent equivalent circuit model for transverse waveguide slots (2005)

An LCT equivalent circuit model for waveguide slots was proposed and results obtained from the circuit analysis exhibited very good agreement with the full-wave solution over the entire frequency band of interest. The use of this model to solve a variety of waveguide coupling and radiation problems was illustrated by the analysis and design of a number of waveguide slot-based structures. Problems involving slot arrays were also considered, where the formulas for the slot parameters were employed to facilitate the synthesis problem.
Pore-Scale Investigation of Phase Distribution and Residual-Oil Development During Secondary and Tertiary Solvent Injection (2014)

Summary Flow of three phases, of which one is miscible with another, in porous media may commonly be encountered during enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) applications in oil reservoirs. Typical examples include solvent (miscible-gas) injection alternated with water and coinjection or alternate injection of steam (or hot water) and solvent in heavy-oil/bitumen reservoirs. Oil, water, and solvent flow together under immiscible (water/oil and water/solvent) and miscible (oil/solvent) conditions at the same time, and the distribution of phases and removal of residual oil in those types of processes depend on many parameters. This paper reports microscale experimental investigations on this complex flow process and provides an extensive parametric analysis on the microscopic displacement efficiency of oil recovery using miscible solvent. For this purpose, micromodels created by use of a replica of sandstones were used. Waterflood residual-oil displacement requires contact of the injected solvent with the blocked oil. The efficiency of this process depends on several parameters, including matrix wettability, oil viscosity, initial water saturation, and reservoir heterogeneity. On the other hand, the sequence of injection of solvent and water is considered as another parameter by which oil recovery can be affected significantly. The results of the micromodel-visualization experiments showed that injection of solvent before the introduction of any water to the reservoir can increase the recovery factor significantly. Existence of the water phase in the reservoir creates capillary barriers that prevent oil/solvent contact. The matrix wettability and oil viscosity were observed to be critically important to the amount of oil recovery.
Directed self-assembly of block copolymers for next generation nanolithography (2013)

Directed self-assembly of block copolymers has received a great deal of research attention as a promising nanolithography to complement the intrinsic limitations of conventional photolithography. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in the development of the directed self-assembly process for practical utilization in semiconductor applications. Various advanced directed self-assembly approaches are examined, in which block copolymer self-assembly is synergistically integrated with conventional photolithography, such as ArF lithography or I-line lithography, via either epitaxial self-assembly or the graphoepitaxy principle. We focus on the practical advantages anticipated from directed self-assembly integration, such as pattern density multiplication, feature size uniformity improvement, line edge roughness reduction, as well as cost reduction. Additionally, a direction for future research on directed self-assembly is suggested with diverse potential applications.
Prognostic markers in rectal carcinoma (1998)

Guidelines from two major organizations have recently supported the use of only the serological marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for the prognostication and monitoring of patients with colorectal carcinoma. However, in view of the exciting advances made recently in elucidating the molecular and cellular biology of adenocarcinoma of the rectum, the molecules that transform the well-ordered normal rectal epithelium into an invasive adenocarcinoma may yield information about the ultimate behavior of that cancer. Consequently, assessing the expression of molecules within a primary cancer may predict the probability of regional and distant metastasis, response to therapy, and outcome. This review analyzes the current state of intratumoral expression of several molecular markers for the management of rectal cancer and evaluates their potential for defining which patients may undergo rectal sphincter preservation and need adjuvant therapy.
Isolates of Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus from decaying wood compost display genetic and phenotypic microdiversity (2011)

In this study, 12 strains of Thermoanaerobacter were isolated from a single decaying wood compost sample and subjected to genetic and phenotypic profiling. The 16S rRNA encoding gene sequences suggested that the isolates were most similar to strains of either Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus or Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus. Examination of the lesser conserved chaperonin-60 (cpn60) universal target showed that some isolates shared the highest sequence identity with T. thermohydrosulfuricus; however, others to Thermoanaerobacter wiegelii and Thermoanaerobacter sp. Rt8.G4 (formerly Thermoanaerobacter brockii Rt8.G4). BOX-PCR fingerprinting profiles identified differences in the banding patterns not only between the isolates and the reference strains, but also among the isolates themselves. To evaluate the extent these genetic differences were manifested phenotypically, the utilization patterns of 30 carbon substrates were examined and the niche overlap indices (NOI) calculated. Despite showing a high NOI (> 0.9), significant differences existed in the substrate utilization capabilities of the isolates suggesting that either a high degree of niche specialization or mechanisms allowing for non-competitive co-existence, were present within this ecological context. Growth studies showed that the isolates were physiologically distinct in both growth rate and the fermentation product ratios. Our data indicate that phenotypic diversity exists within genetically microdiverse Thermoanaerobacter isolates from a common environment.
Plasma viral RNA load predicts disease progression in accelerated feline immunodeficiency virus infection (1996)

Viral RNA load has been shown to indicate disease stage and predict the rapidity of disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. We had previously demonstrated that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) RNA levels in plasma correlate with disease stage in infected cats. Here we expand upon those observations by demonstrating that plasma virus load is 1 to 2 logs higher in cats with rapidly progressive FIV disease than in long-term survivors. Differences in plasma FIV RNA levels are evident by 1 to 2 weeks after infection and are consistent throughout infection. We also evaluated humoral immune responses in FIV-infected cats for correlation with survival times. Total anti-FIV antibody titers did not differ between cats with rapidly progressive FIV disease and long-term survivors. These findings indicate that virus replication plays an important role in FIV disease progression, as it does in HIV-1 disease progression. The parallels in virus loads and disease progressions between HIV-1 and FIV support the idea that the accelerated disease model is well suited for the study of therapeutic agents directed at reducing lentiviral replication.
An extensible object-oriented database testbed (2003)

The authors describe the object-oriented design and implementation of an extensible schema manager for object-oriented databases. The open class hierarchy approach has been adopted to achieve the extensibility of the implementation. In this approach. the system meta information is implemented as objects of system classes. A graphical interface for an object-oriented database scheme environment, GOOSE, has been developed. GOOSE supports several advanced features which include schema evolution, schema versioning, and DAG (direct acyclic graph) rearrangement view of a class hierarchy. Schema evolution is the ability to make a variety of changes to a database scheme without reorganization. Schema versioning is the ability to define multiple scheme versions and to keep track of schema changes. A novel type of view for object-oriented databases, the DAG rearrangement view of a class hierarchy, is also supported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cyclosporine A augments the regenerative response after partial hepatectomy in the rat. (1988)

Injury to the liver results in a regenerative response that is characterized by proliferation of both parenchymal and littoral cells. During orthotopic transplantation of the liver, the liver may be injured by ischemia during the harvesting procedure and by rejection in the posttransplant period. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a powerful immunosuppressive agent, is used routinely after orthotopic liver transplantation, and it thus seemed appropriate and important to study the effect of CsA on hepatic regeneration.
Photochromism of 4‘-Methoxyflavylium Perchlorate. A “Write−Lock−Read−Unlock−Erase” Molecular Switching System (1997)

In aqueous solution (2 < pH < 8) the thermodynamically stable form of the 4‘-methoxyflavylium ion (AH+) is its hydrated derivative trans-4‘-methoxychalcone, Ct. The Ct compound shows a broad absorption band with λmax = 350 nm. In acid medium, irradiation of Ct with near-UV light causes strong spectral changes with five isosbestic points and appearance of a very intense band in the visible region with maximum at 435 nm, corresponding to the AH+ form. It has been shown that irradiation of Ct causes a trans → cis photoisomerization reaction (Φ = 0.04 at λexc = 365 nm), which is followed by 100% conversion of the cis-chalcone form (Cc) to the AH+ ion. The AH+ ion is photochemically inactive and thermally inert in acid medium (half-life of the back conversion at 25 °C in the dark is 815 days at pH 1.0 and 20 h at pH 4.3, respectively). At high temperature (>50 °C) and/or pH ≥3, however, AH+ can be quantitatively converted back to Ct (half-life of 15 min at pH 4.0 and 60 °C). Owing to this unique behavior, this represents a novel molecular system in which the color can be controlled by light and changes in temperature and/or pH. The ability to photochemically convert the stable and colorless Ct form to the kinetically inert and colored AH+ form, and the possibility to reconvert AH+ to Ct at high temperature or by a pH jump make the system well-suited as the basis for an optical memory device with multiple storage and nondestructive readout capacity through a write−lock−read−unlock−erase cycle.
Kras and Tumor Immunity: Friend or Foe? (2017)

With the recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy as curative treatments in certain tumor types, there has been renewed interest in the relationship between immunity and tumor growth. Although we are gaining a greater understanding of the complex interplay of immune modulating components in the tumor microenvironment, the specific role that tumor cells play in shaping the immune milieu is still not well characterized. In this review, we focus on how mutant Kras tumor cells contribute to tumor immunity, with a specific focus on processes induced directly or indirectly by the oncogene.
Disease-Related Detection with Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review (2017)

Rapid diagnosis of diseases at their initial stage is critical for effective clinical outcomes and promotes general public health. Classical in vitro diagnostics require centralized laboratories, tedious work and large, expensive devices. In recent years, numerous electrochemical biosensors have been developed and proposed for detection of various diseases based on specific biomarkers taking advantage of their features, including sensitivity, selectivity, low cost and rapid response. This article reviews research trends in disease-related detection with electrochemical biosensors. Focus has been placed on the immobilization mechanism of electrochemical biosensors, and the techniques and materials used for the fabrication of biosensors are introduced in details. Various biomolecules used for different diseases have been listed. Besides, the advances and challenges of using electrochemical biosensors for disease-related applications are discussed.
Sequence variation in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (<i>HIF1A</i>): association with maximal oxygen consumption (2003)

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is a DNA transcription factor composed of two subunits, one of which is regulated by hypoxia (HIF1alpha, encoded by HIF1A). Genes regulated by HIF1 are involved in the processes of angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and metabolism, making HIF1A a candidate gene in establishing maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) before and after aerobic exercise training. The purpose of the present study was to screen HIF1A for sequence variation and determine whether such variation is associated with VO2 max before and after aerobic exercise training. A total of 233 Caucasian and African-American subjects were available for screening of HIF1A and determination of allele frequencies, with 155 of those subjects used to study VO2 max in relation to identified variants. We measured VO2 max before and after 24 wk of aerobic exercise training. Screening revealed several rare and common polymorphisms in HIF1A with race-specific allele frequencies. African Americans with AT or TT genotype at the A-2500T locus exhibited significantly lower baseline VO2 max compared with those of AA genotype (21.9 +/- 0.99 vs. 25.1 +/- 1.0, P = 0.03). An age by P582S (C/T) genotype interaction was observed in Caucasian subjects, such that those of CT or TT genotype exhibited significantly lower change in VO2 max after training than those of CC genotype when compared at ages 65 and 60 yr, but not at age 55 yr. No other significant differences were noted among genotype groups at the A-2500T, P582S, or T+140C sites. Based on these findings, we conclude that HIF1A sequence variation is associated with VO2 max before and after aerobic exercise training in older humans.
Quantum-well intermixing in GaAs-AlGaAs structures using pulsed laser irradiation (1997)

We report the use of a pulsed laser irradiation technique, using multiphoton absorption, to promote quantum-well intermixing (QWI) in double-quantum-well GaAs-AlGaAs laser structures. The process requires neither ion implantation nor the deposition of dielectric caps. Differential bandgap shifts of up to 40 meV have been obtained between the control and the laser irradiated samples. Bandgap tuned lasers were fabricated from the intermixed samples and exhibited negligible changes in slope efficiency and only small increases (15%) in threshold current compared to as-grown devices.
Methylation-related chromatin structure is associated with exclusion of transcription factors from and suppressed expression of the O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene in human glioma cell lines. (1994)

There is considerable interest in identifying factors responsible for expression of the O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, as MGMT is a major determinant in the response of glioma cells to the chemotherapeutic agent 1,3 bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Recently we have shown that MGMT expression is correlated in a direct, graded fashion with methylation in the body of the MGMT gene and in an inverse, graded fashion with promoter methylation in human glioma cell lines. To determine if promoter methylation is an important component of MGMT expression, this study addressed the complex interactions between methylation, chromatin structure, and in vivo transcription factor occupancy in the MGMT promoter of glioma cell lines with different levels of MGMT expression. Our results show that the basal promoter in MGMT-expressing glioma cell lines, which is 100% unmethylated, was very accessible to restriction enzymes at all sites tested, suggesting that this region may be nucleosome free. The basal promoter in glioma cells with minimal MGMT expression, however, which is 75% unmethylated, was much less accessible, and the basal promoter in nonexpressing cells, which is 50% unmethylated, was entirely inaccessible to restriction enzymes. Despite the presence of the relevant transcription factors in all cell lines examined, in vivo footprinting showed DNA-protein interactions at six Sp1 binding sites and one novel binding site in MGMT-expressing cell lines but no such interactions in nonexpressors. We conclude that in contrast to findings of previous in vitro studies, Sp1 is an important component of MGMT transcription. These correlations also strongly suggest that methylation and chromatin structure, by determining whether Sp1 and other transcription factors can access the MGMT promoter, set the transcriptional state of the MGMT gene.
Image fusion or 4D cardiac CTA and MR images (2002)

Various imaging techniques can be used to evaluate coronary artery disease and cardiac function. However, no single imaging modality provides extensive information on both. The goal of this research is to develop a method for combining the coronary vasculature obtained from computed tomographic angiography (CTA) data with the myocardial functional information obtained from dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) data. Temporally matched cardiac CTA and trueFISP (true Fast Imaging with Steady-state Precession) MR images were obtained on human subjects. Each CTA volume was resampled according to the MR sampling scheme and spatially registered with the MR volume using an iterative closest point algorithm and the epicardial boundary points. The segmented coronary vasculature from CTA was surface rendered along with the original MR image planes. An expert in cardiac imaging visually verified the results of the 4D fusion. Future use of this technique will be investigated using additional data sets and types of functional MR images, i.e. perfusion and SPAMM (SPAtial Modulation of Magnetization).
Design and preclinical evaluation of a 99mTc-labelled diabody of mAb J591 for SPECT imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (2014)

The presented diabody has favourable properties required to warrant its further development for antibody-based imaging of PSMA expression in prostate cancer, including PSMA-specific uptake, favourable pharmacokinetics compared to the parental antibody and efficient site-specific radiolabelling with 99mTc.
Harmonic effects of solar geomagnetically induced currents on the electrical distribution system in nuclear power plants (1992)

Most previous analysis on the effects of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) on electric utility systems has steady-state phenomena, with the main interest in the generator step-up transformer and the off-site power system. This paper begins to investigate the possible effects that a GIC event might have on the power plant itself, by examining the harmonic distortion that could exist at various voltage levels in the on-site distribution system.
Distort-and-Recover: Color Enhancement Using Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

Learning-based color enhancement approaches typically learn to map from input images to retouched images. Most of existing methods require expensive pairs of input-retouched images or produce results in a non-interpretable way. In this paper, we present a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based method for color enhancement to explicitly model the step-wise nature of human retouching process. We cast a color enhancement process as a Markov Decision Process where actions are defined as global color adjustment operations. Then we train our agent to learn the optimal global enhancement sequence of the actions. In addition, we present a 'distort-and-recover' training scheme which only requires high-quality reference images for training instead of input and retouched image pairs. Given high-quality reference images, we distort the images' color distribution and form distorted-reference image pairs for training. Through extensive experiments, we show that our method produces decent enhancement results and our DRL approach is more suitable for the 'distort-and-recover' training scheme than previous supervised approaches. Supplementary material and code are available at https://sites.google.com/view/distort-and-recover/.
Ten-Year Follow-up on the Performance of a Telemetric Intracranial Pressure Sensor (1988)

A permanently implanted epidural sensor has permitted long term telemetric intracranial pressure monitoring in selected neurosurgical patients. The sensor, consisting only of an inductance and a pressure-sensitive capacitance, has been implanted in 127 patients. Of these 127 patients, 13 have continued to have the sensor in place for 4 to 9 years (average, 6.8 +/- 0.44 years). The remaining patients were lost to follow-up or the sensor was removed. The sensor has been evaluated from the standpoint of accuracy, longevity, safety, and stability. Longevity was proven by successful monitoring over periods of years (in 1 patient, at least 9 years). The sensor has been a safe tool; the only morbidity has been two asymptomatic perisensor blood clots in 2 patients. There have been no infections in any of the 127 cases. The stability of the sensor was evaluated by measuring base line drift over time. This rate was 1.0 +/- 0.2 mm H2O/day. Causes of the drift and possible solutions are discussed, and the sensor is compared to other epidural telemetric monitoring systems.