gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Versatile microflex-based interconnection technique</title> (1998)

A new interconnection technique has been developed that allows versatile multiple strand connections between microsensors, sensor arrays, and chips designed for wire bonding. The new technique has been termed `microflex interconnects' (MFI). Conventional wire bonding technique is commonly restricted to planar interconnects with a limited degree of freedom for placing microsystem components. The MFI technique has overcome this limitation by interconnecting microsystem components through custom designed flexible foils with embedded metallized conductors. The MFI foils may also serve as circuit substrates. This basic foil material is polyimide (Du Pont PI 2611) or BCB which are patterned photolithographically. Platinum, gold or either conductive metals are sputtered or evaporated on the foil and patterned using lift-off technique. Several metallization layers can be embedded in the material. Pitch and shape of the MFI contact pads correspond to the one of the chips to be interconnected. A via hole is placed in the center of the MFI contact pads. MFI pads and chip pads are adjusted. Metal balls or wedges generate the electrical and mechanical contact through the vias between the chips and the MFI substrate. An commercial wire bonder is the only equipment needed to perform the MFI method. The MFI technique was applied to bond standard CMOS integrated circuit bond pads with a width of 30 micrometers and a pitch of 70 micrometers to a 10 micrometers thick MFI foil. The integration density of the of the MFI technique correspond to one of the flip- chip technology. Special advantages of the MFI technique are 3D interconnects, the flexibility in design and shape, and easy visual inspection of alignment qualities. The MFI method is also suited for biomedical applications because all materials used are biocompatible.
Carbothermic Reduction of some Oxides and Carbonate Ores Utilizing Microwave Energy. (1993)

Using a modified household microwave oven, the carbothermic reduction of several metal oxides as well as carbonates was experimentally examined. The main results obtained are as follows:(1) The temperature change of coal char layer placed in a ceramic crucible was determined under microwave radiation. It was found that the temperature elevation of the coal char layer is extremely fast, but it is necessary to give much attention to prevent a radiant heat for obtaining a high temperature.(2) The addition of limestone was found to be effective to enhance the carbothermic reduction of both hematite and mill scale. Mill scale giving a slightly higher reduction than hematite was more sensitive to microwave radiation. However, the reduction differences between these iron oxides were actually not significant because the overall reduction rates might be controlled by the existence of coal char.(3) Carbothermic reductions for metal oxides such as nickel and cobalt oxides also proceeded completely by the microwave radiation for 10 minutes. The addition of limestone to the reduction medium was essentilly unnecessary for the reductions of metal carbonates.(4) Metal oxides of lower oxide states were formed in the carbothermic reductions of manganese oxide, titanum oxide of anatase type and manganese carbonate.
Determinants of Volatile General Anesthetic Potency: A Preliminary Three-Dimensional Pharmacophore for Halogenated Anesthetics (2006)

We investigated the molecular basis for the immobilizing activity of halogenated volatile anesthetics using comparative molecular field analysis. In vivo potency data (expressed as minimum alveolar concentrations) for 69 structurally diverse anesthetics were obtained from the literature. The drugs were randomly divided into a training set (n = 52) used to derive the activity model and a test set (n = 17) used to independently assess the model's predictive power. The anesthetic structures were aligned so as to maximize their similarity in molecular shape and electrostatic potential to the most potent drug in the group, CF2H-(CF2)3-CH2OH. The conformers and alignments of the anesthetics with maximum similarity (calculated as Carbo indices) were retained and used to derive the comparative molecular field analysis models. The final model explained 94.2% of the variance in the observed activities of the training set compounds. The model showed good predictive capability for both the training set (cross-validated r2 = 0.705) and randomly excluded test set anesthetics (r2 = 0.837). Three-dimensional pharmacophoric maps were derived to identify the spatial distribution of key areas where steric and electrostatic interactions are important in determining immobilizing activity of the halogenated drugs and were compared with our previously published maps obtained for nonhalogenated volatile anesthetics.
Synthesis of Palladium/Helical Carbon Nanofiber Hybrid Nanostructures and Their Application for Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose Detection (2013)

We report on a novel sensing platform for H2O2 and glucose based on immobilization of palladium-helical carbon nanofiber (Pd-HCNF) hybrid nanostructures and glucose oxidase (GOx) with Nafion on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). HCNFs were synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition process on a C60-supported Pd catalyst. Pd-HCNF nanocomposites were prepared by a one-step reduction free method in dimethylformamide (DMF). The prepared materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The Nafion/Pd-HCNF/GCE sensor exhibits excellent electrocatalytic sensitivity toward H2O2 (315 mA M(-1) cm(-2)) as probed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. We show that Pd-HCNF-modified electrodes significantly reduce the overpotential and enhance the electron transfer rate. A linear range from 5.0 μM to 2.1 mM with a detection limit of 3.0 μM (based on the S/N = 3) and good reproducibility were obtained. Furthermore, a sensing platform for glucose was prepared by immobilizing the Pd-HCNFs and glucose oxidase (GOx) with Nafion on a glassy carbon electrode. The resulting biosensor exhibits a good response to glucose with a wide linear range (0.06-6.0 mM) with a detection limit of 0.03 mM and a sensitivity of 13 mA M(-1) cm(-2). We show that small size and homogeneous distribution of the Pd nanoparticles in combination with good conductivity and large surface area of the HCNFs lead to a H2O2 and glucose sensing platform that performs in the top range of the herein reported sensor platforms.
Novel SLM Based Techniques for PAPR Reduction of OFDM (2006)

Three new algorithms based on minimization of autocorrelation of transmitted symbols and the SLM approach which are computationally less demanding have been proposed. In the first algorithm, autocorrelation of complex data sequence is minimized to a value of 1 that results in reduction of PAPR. Second algorithm generates multiple random sequences from the sequence generated in the first algorithm with same value of autocorrelation i.e. 1. Out of these, the sequence with minimum PAPR is transmitted. Third algorithm is an extension of the second algorithm and requires minimum side information to be transmitted. Multiple sequences are generated by modifying a fixed number of complex numbers in an OFDM data sequence using only one factor. The multiple sequences represent the same data sequence and the one giving minimum PAPR is transmitted. Simulation results for a 256 subcarrier OFDM system show that significant reduction in PAPR is achieved using the proposed algorithms
Mushrooms as Functional Foods (2008)

In this study I compared the nutritional composition of the commonly consumed fruits and vegetables with three of the most important cultivated mushrooms: white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus LANGE/IMBACH), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.JACQ.P. KUMM.) and shiitake (Lentinula edodes BERKELY/PEGLER).I compared the energy content and some mineral values (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and selenium), as these play a major role in the nutritional value of mushrooms.The focus was on the vitamin B group and the vitamin D content in mushrooms, which is especially important due to the fact that fruits and vegetables do not contain this vitamin.Nowadays one of the main research and experimental topic is finding possible ways for enhancing the vitamin D content in cultivated mushrooms by UV-light.The Corvinus University of Budapest is running a project in this research area as well.Based on the data presented in this study we can say that mushrooms and therefore the cultivated mushrooms have an honourable place within the group of functional foods.
Monolithic matrix-addressable AlGaAs&#8212;GaAs array (1986)

Planar monolithic matrix-addressable visible LED arrays were fabricated from the AlGaAs-GaAs material system using proton bombardment for pixel-to-pixel electrical isolation. Computer simulation was used to model the current distribution in the device in order to determine the uniformity of brightness across the emitting surface. A 5 × 7 element visible LED display was demonstrated using an ASCII character generator.
β<sub>1</sub>- and α<sub>6</sub>-integrin are surface markers on mouse spermatogonial stem cells (1999)

Although spermatogenesis is essential for reproduction, little is known about spermatogonial stem cells. These cells provide the basis for spermatogenesis throughout adult life by undergoing self-renewal and by providing progeny that differentiate into spermatozoa. A major impediment to our understanding of the biology of these stem cells is the inability to distinguish them from spermatogonia that are committed to differentiation. We made use of the known association of stem cells with basement membranes and our spermatogonial transplantation assay system to identify specific molecular markers on the stem cell surface. Selection of mouse testis cells with anti-β 1 - or anti-α 6 -integrin antibody, but not anti-c-kit antibody, produced cell populations with a significantly enhanced ability to colonize recipient testes and generate donor cell-derived spermatogenesis. We demonstrate spermatogonial stem cell-associated antigens by using an assay system based on biological function. Furthermore, the presence of surface integrins on spermatogonial stem cells suggests that these cells share elements of a common molecular machinery with stem cells in other tissues.
P-Channel InGaN-HFET Structure Based on Polarization Doping (2004)

A p-channel GaN-based heterostructure field-effect transistor (HFET) concept based on a two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) induced by polarization doping is presented. The structure employed is a GaN-InGaN-GaN heterostructure without external acceptor doping. The p-channel 2DHG characteristics are verified by operation at low temperature (20 K) and capacitance-voltage profiling. Hall measurements result in a positive Hall-coefficient and indicate a 2DHG hole mobility of approximately 700 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs at 66 K. For an optimum structure supported by extrinsic doping a simulated output current of approximately 100 mA/mm is predicted for a gate length of 0.5 μm.
Automated development of test program sets for analog circuit modules (2003)

A system for automatically generating test program sets for analog circuit modules is proposed. The aim is to use artificial intelligence techniques to capture the approach used by experienced test engineers. The circuit is described in terms of functional units consisting of groups of components which have some higher function in the circuit module. Knowledge of the characteristics of each type of functional unit is stored in a library. This information allows propagation of signals and error tolerances for use in simulation of the circuit. In addition, the knowledge for each functional unit type includes a list of faults to be detected, test strategies for detecting those faults, and heuristics for working backwards through the circuit to obtain signals required for a local test strategy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chirp response of a single-plate transducer (1996)

The chirp response of a thickness-resonant, single-plate transducer is evaluated using a recursive digital-filter method. The theoretical model using the z-form method is most suitable for lossless and simple transducer structures, such as with back and front resistive loads, and with no front layer. The results of the analysis are compared with experimental measurements and are also compared with theoretical results obtained with a simple lumped-element, tuned-circuit model of the plate.
BBS mutations modify phenotypic expression of CEP290-related ciliopathies (2013)

Ciliopathies are a group of heterogeneous disorders associated with ciliary dysfunction. Diseases in this group display considerable phenotypic variation within individual syndromes and overlapping phenotypes among clinically distinct disorders. Particularly, mutations in CEP290 cause phenotypically diverse ciliopathies ranging from isolated retinal degeneration, nephronophthisis and Joubert syndrome, to the neonatal lethal Meckel-Gruber syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of the variable expressivity in ciliopathies are not well understood. Here, we show that components of the BBSome, a protein complex composed of seven Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, physically and genetically interact with CEP290 and modulate the expression of disease phenotypes caused by CEP290 mutations. The BBSome binds to the N-terminal region of CEP290 through BBS4 and co-localizes with CEP290 to the transition zone (TZ) of primary cilia and centriolar satellites in ciliated cells, as well as to the connecting cilium in photoreceptor cells. Although CEP290 still localizes to the TZ and connecting cilium in BBSome-depleted cells, its localization to centriolar satellites is disrupted and CEP290 appears to disperse throughout the cytoplasm in BBSome-depleted cells. Genetic interactions were tested using Cep290(rd16)- and Bbs4-null mutant mouse lines. Additional loss of Bbs4 alleles in Cep290(rd16/rd16) mice results in increased body weight and accelerated photoreceptor degeneration compared with mice without Bbs4 mutations. Furthermore, double-heterozygous mice (Cep290(+/rd16);Bbs4(+/-)) have increased body weight compared with single-heterozygous animals. Our data indicate that genetic interactions between BBSome components and CEP290 could underlie the variable expression and overlapping phenotypes of ciliopathies caused by CEP290 mutations.
Facile fabrication of an efficient BiVO <sub>4</sub> thin film electrode for water splitting under visible light irradiation (2012)

An efficient BiVO(4) thin film electrode for overall water splitting was prepared by dipping an F-doped SnO(2) (FTO) substrate electrode in an aqueous nitric acid solution of Bi(NO(3))(3) and NH(4)VO(3), and subsequently calcining it. X-ray diffraction of the BiVO(4) thin film revealed that a photocatalytically active phase of scheelite-monoclinic BiVO(4) was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the surface of an FTO substrate was uniformly coated with the BiVO(4) film with 300-400 nm of the thickness. The BiVO(4) thin film electrode gave an excellent anodic photocurrent with 73% of an IPCE at 420 nm at 1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Modification with CoO on the BiVO(4) electrode improved the photoelectrochemical property. A photoelectrochemical cell consisting of the BiVO(4) thin film electrode with and without CoO, and a Pt counter electrode was constructed for water splitting under visible light irradiation and simulated sunlight irradiation. Photocurrent due to water splitting to form H(2) and O(2) was confirmed with applying an external bias smaller than 1.23 V that is a theoretical voltage for electrolysis of water. Water splitting without applying external bias under visible light irradiation was demonstrated using a SrTiO(3)Rh photocathode and the BiVO(4) photoanode.
Hemodynamic differences between supine and upright exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. (1982)

Although the differences in hemodynamic responses to supine and upright exercise have been studied in normal subjects and in patients with angina pectoris, no such comparison has been made in patients with congestive heart failure. Many investigators measure exercise hemodynamics in heart failure patients to assess the effect of vasodilator and inotropic drugs. Both modes of exercise have been used and have often yielded differing results. We compared the hemodynamic response to supine and upright exercise in 14 patients with stable, New York Heart Association class III chronic heart failure. During upright exercise, peak heart rate was higher (124 +/- 15 vs 115 +/- 18 beats/min, p less than 0.025) and peak mean arterial pressure was lower (102 +/- 15 vs 95 +/- 17 mm Hg, p less than 0.25), yielding similar double products. Although the peak left ventricular filling pressure was slightly lower during upright exercise (40 +/- 7 vs 35 +/- 10 mm Hg, p less than 0.05), the maximum cardiac and stroke indexes were not significantly different (3.6 +/- 0.8 vs 3.4 +/- 0.8 l/min/m2 and 30 +/- 8 vs 30 +/- 6 ml/m2, upright vs supine exercise). In contrast to these relatively similar hemodynamic responses, exercise capacity was significantly greater during upright exercise (peak work load 336 +/- 84 vs 293 +/- 73 kpm/min, p less than 0.1; maximum oxygen consumption 12.1 +/- 2.4 vs 9.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min/kg, p less than 0.001). We conclude that either exercise method may be used to assess the hemodynamic effects of drugs, but that exercise capacity should be measured in the upright position.
Effects of longitudinal and torsional stress annealing on the magnetic anisotropy in amorphous ribbon materials (1985)

The influence of tensile stress annealing on the magnetic properties of amorphous alloys is reported for ribbons belonging to the pseudo ternary system (FeCoNi) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">75</inf> Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</inf> B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</inf> . Ribbons of compositions (Co <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Fe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">75</inf> Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</inf> B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</inf> are susceptible to stress annealing in the whole composition range <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0 \leq x \leq 1</tex> . A very large easy ribbon axis anisotromy can be produced in the range <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2 \leq x \leq 0.7</tex> whereas the largest hard ribbon axis anisotropy is producable in the composition range around x=0.15. Ribbons of compositions [CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> (Fe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</inf> Ni <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> ] <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">75</inf> Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</inf> B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</inf> are found susceptible to stress annealing only in the range <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0 \leq x \leq 0.7</tex> . In all the compositions the induced easy ribbon axis anisotropies are irreversible whereas the hard ribbon axis anisotropies are recoverable with activation energies ≥ 1.55 eV.
Genetic algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems (2002)

Several approximate algorithms using hill-climbing techniques and neural networks have been proposed to solve large constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) in a practical time. In these proposals, many methods of escaping from local optima are discussed, however, there are very few methods actively perform global search. In this paper we propose a hybrid search method that combines the genetic algorithm with the min-conflicts hill-climbing (MCHC). In our method, the individual that has the fewest conflicts in the population is used as the initial value of MCHC to search locally. The detailed experimental simulation is also performed to prove that the proposed method generally gives better efficiency than the random restarting MCHC when CSPs are sparsely-connected.
An Lms Adaptive Array Using a Pilot Signal (1985)

A least mean square (LMS) adaptive array requires a reference signal. When the desired signal contains a pilot signal, it may be used as the reference signal. In this paper the steady-state performance of an LMS adaptive array in which the pilot signal is used as the reference signal is examined. It is shown that the LMS adaptive array occasionally suppresses the desired signal. The loop gain, which is an important parameter, is also considered.
Periodontal bone loss in Porphyromonas gingivalisinfected specific pathogen‐free rats after preinoculation with endogenous Streptococcus sanguis (1992)

Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria dominate in periodontitis locations, while Gram-positive bacteria characterize healthy sites. A well-established Gram-positive flora might therefore inhibit the colonization of Gram-negative pathogens. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine whether endogenous S. sanguis could prevent, or reduce, periodontal bone loss in rats infected with a virulent P. gingivalis strain. Sixty specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups. Doxycycline was administered in the drinking water for 2 weeks to the groups A, B, C, and D to suppress the preexisting microflora in the mouth. Rats in groups A and C were subsequently inoculated with an S. sanguis strain, isolated from one of the rats, once a day for 5 d. Infection with P. gingivalis 381 was then carried out for 5 d in groups A, B, and E. Group F was not treated with doxycycline nor infected with bacteria and served as untreated control. Six weeks after the P. gingivalis inoculation, the rats were killed. Periodontal bone levels were assessed radiographically and morphometrically, and serum antibody against P. gingivalis 381 was determined by a fluorescence immunoassay. Periodontal bone support, determined radiographically, was reduced in group B (doxycycline-treated, P. gingivalis-inoculated) compared with the other groups. In contrast, the morphometric determination showed no differences between the groups. In group B antibody levels against two different P. gingivalis 381 cell surface antigens were significantly elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)