gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Half‐strength citrate CPD and new additive solutions for improved blood preservation. I. Studies of six experimental solutions (1993)

Summary: Poor stability of plasma factor VIII in whole blood and loss of erythrocyte 2,3‐bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) during red cell storage are limitations with systems for blood component preparation in current use. This study presents attempts to improve post‐collection storage conditions in both these respects using half‐strength citrate CPD solution (0·5CPD) for blood collection, which has been shown by others to improve the stability of factor VIII, and some compositions of hypotonic additive solutions for red cell storage containing citrate, adenine, mannitol, and phosphate. Guanosine was also included in some of the media. The erythrocyte BPG concentration was maintained at a normal level for 3–4 weeks with the best of the tested compositions. Total adenine nucleotide concentration was maintained at the original level for 49 days and adenosine triphosphate for 28 days. Spontaneous storage haemolysis was low, 0·31% (mean) ± 0·08‐0·10% (SD) after 49 days in the two best compositions. The intracellular pH was 0·2‐0·3 pH units higher than the extracellular pH at the beginning of storage, but this difference gradually diminished and disappeared after 4–5 weeks. We suggest two likely explanations of the effects: the maintenance of intracellular pH at a level sufficiently high not to impair BPG synthesis until after several weeks of storage, and a sufficient supply of phosphate needed in the synthesis of organic phosphate compounds. The content of citrate was selected such that the total amount supplied to a patient in a massive transfusion, when using a combination of 0·5CPD plasma and red cell suspension, would be smaller than that provided by a transfusion of CPD whole blood.
Structure of synthetic 2-line ferrihydrite by electron nanodiffraction (2000)

Comparison of experimental single-crystal electron diffraction patterns of synthetic two-line ferrihydrite (2LFh) with simulated single-crystal electron-diffraction patterns indicates that a synthetic 2LFh sample contains highly disordered material and nanocrystals with structures based on hexagonal (ABAB) and cubic (ABC) stacking of close-packed layers of O2- and OH- ions. An apparently continuous variation in ordering exists between the highly disordered material and each of the crystalline structures, suggesting that both nanocrystalline structures represent local extremes of three-dimensional ordering. Experimental diffraction patterns were obtained using electron nanodiffraction, a technique in which the finely focused beam from a field-emission gun in an electron microscope can be used to produce diffraction patterns from areas <1 nm across. Nanodiffraction patterns from the highly disordered material have diffuse streaks rather than distinct reflections, and are consistent with a two-dimensional structure that consists of close-packed anionic layers with essentially complete stacking disorder and nearly random distribution of Fe atoms. The structure with cubic stacking is similar to maghemite and has ~25% of the Fe in tetrahedral sites. The structure with hexagonal stacking consists of double chains of face-sharing Fe octahedra; each octahedron shares one face, two edges, and three corners with adjacent octahedra. Previous results from transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray and electron diffraction, and synchrotron-based techniques reflect the overall high degree of structural disorder rather than the characteristics of the maghemite-like and double-chain structures
A family of tissue-specific resistin-like molecules (2001)

We have identified a family of resistin-like molecules (RELMs) in rodents and humans. Resistin is a hormone produced by fat cells. RELMalpha is a secreted protein that has a restricted tissue distribution with highest levels in adipose tissue. Another family member, RELMbeta, is a secreted protein expressed only in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the colon, in both mouse and human. RELMbeta gene expression is highest in proliferative epithelial cells and is markedly increased in tumors, suggesting a role in intestinal proliferation. Resistin and the RELMs share a cysteine composition and other signature features. Thus, the RELMs together with resistin comprise a class of tissue-specific signaling molecules.
An Improved Synthesis of 2-Vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole and Characterization of Its Polymers (2000)

An efficient synthesis of (1Z)-1-amino-1,2-dicyano-3-aza-1,3,5-hexatriene (acrodamn), via condensation of acrolein and diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN), is described. A larger laboratory-scale synthesis of 4,5-dicyano-2-vinylimidazole (vinazene) is described in detail. The alkylation of vinazene proceeds with strong electrophiles. The compound, 4,5-dicyano-1-methyl-2-vinylimidazole (1-methylvinazene), undergoes Michael addition with pyrrolidine, morpholine, and thiophenol and at higher temperatures with itself, resulting in step-growth oligomerization. Direct measurements of kinetic rates for vinylic radical addition polymerization of vinazene yielded kapp = kp/2√ktfkd values of (7.2 ± 0.25) × 10-3 and (6.6 ± 0.27) × 10-3. Direct measurements of kinetic rates for 1-methylvinazene yielded kapp = kp/2√ktfkd values of (4.3 ± 0.31) × 10-3 and (3.7 ± 0.06) × 10-3. Indirect measurements show the polymerization obeys first-order kinetics. The poly(vinazene) is an acidic material with molecular weights ranging from 100 000 to 200 000 and polydispersities between 2.0 and 2.9. The Mark−Houwink constants for poly(vinazene) in 0.05 M LiBr in N-methylpyrrolidinone were K = 3.35 × 10-5 and a = 0.889. The titration behavior is similar to poly(methacrylic acid).
Extracellular Matrix Proteins of Dentine (2007)

Bone and dentine extracellular matrix proteins are similar, consisting primarily of type I collagen, acidic proteins and proteoglycans. Although collagen forms the lattice for deposition of calcium and phosphate for formation of carbonate apatite, the non-collagenous proteins are believed to control initiation and growth of the crystals. Despite this similarity, dentine contains three unique proteins apparently absent from bone and other tissue: dentine phosphophoryn (DPP), dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and dentine sialoprotein (DSP). DPP and DMP1 are acidic phosphoproteins probably involved in the control of mineralization processes. DPP may localize in gap regions of collagen and initiate apatite crystal formation by binding large quantities of calcium in a conformation that promotes this process. Extensive studies have been conducted in our laboratory on the nature, biosynthesis, localization and gene structure of DSP. Immunolocalization studies showed that rat DSP, a 53 kDa sialic acid-rich glycoprotein, was synthesized by young and mature odontoblasts, and by dental pulp cells and pre-ameloblasts, but not by ameloblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes or other cell types. The cDNA sequence indicated that DSP was a 366-residue protein with several potential N-glycosylation sites, as well as phosphorylation sites, but that the amino acid sequence was dissimilar to that of other known proteins. Northern blot analysis detected several mRNA species near 4.6 and 1.5 kb, indicative of alternative splicing events. Evidence for two DSP genes was obtained, further complicating this picture. Recent in situ hybridization studies utilizing rat and mouse molars and incisors indicated that DSP mRNA was expressed by young odontoblasts and odontoblasts in animals of all ages. Transcripts were also observed in pre-ameloblasts. The expression of DSP mRNA ceased when these cells matured to become secretory ameloblasts. DSP transcripts were not detected in osteoblasts or other cell types. The transient expression in pre-ameloblasts suggests a role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the formation of the tooth.
Matrix Alteration and Not Residual Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Cytotoxicity Affects the Cellular Repopulation of a Decellularized Matrix (2006)

It has been suggested that residual cytotoxic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is responsible for the low levels of cell in-growth observed in SDS decellularized tissues. To determine whether this is the case, we used 2 washing methods to remove residual SDS and extensive biochemical, mechanical, and structural analyses to determine the effects of SDS-based decellularization on porcine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissue and its propensity for cellular repopulation. The level of residual SDS in decellularized tissue was reduced using 2 different washing techniques (pH = 9 buffer, 75% ethanol). After washing in pH = 9 or 75% ethanol, residual SDS concentrations in decellularized tissues were found to be approximately 8 and 23 times less than reported SDS cytotoxic levels, respectively. It was found that SDS treatment significantly reduced glycosaminoglycan levels, increased collagen crimp amplitude and periodicity, and increased susceptibility of collagen to degradation by the gelatinase enzyme trypsin. The level of repopulation and viability of autologous ACL fibroblasts in the decellularized tissue after 28 days of culture were found to be the same regardless of the washing technique and resulting level of residual SDS in the tissue. This strongly indicates that alterations in tissue matrix biochemistry or structure from SDS treatment and not residual SDS cytotoxicity are responsible for the low cell re-population observed in SDS decellularized tissues.
Continuous Wave GaInAsP/InP Surface Emitting Lasers with a Thermally Conductive MgO/Si Mirror (1994)

We have fabricated continuous wave (cw) GaInAsP/InP vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers. For effective carrier confinement, we employed a planar buried heterostructure grown by a single-step maskless regrowth process. In addition, we introduced a novel multilayer mirror consisting of magnesia (MgO) and silicon (Si), which provides high reflectivity and high thermal conductivity simultaneously. Both threshold reduction and improvement of the highest cw temperature were clearly demonstrated by this new mirror; the highest cw temperature of 14° C was achieved with the threshold current of 22 mA. From the comparison of threshold current between cw and pulsed conditions, the increase of device temperature by the cw injection was estimated to be 8–15 K.
Fast-response VHF-band pulsed power amplifiers (2005)

Two pulsed power amplifiers operating at a nominal 250 MHz, with a minimum 400 W peak power, were designed to meet the specifications for an application in a pulsed EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectrometer. A thorough search revealed that there was no commercial, off-the-shelf amplifier available that would meet the specifications. Two vendors, Communication Power Corporation of Hauppauge, New York and Tomco Technologies of Norwood, South Australia, built amplifiers to the meet the specifications, and these were extensively tested, both as stand-alone units and in the spectrometer application. A summary of the specifications and performance of both amplifiers is presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 27B: 1–7, 2005
The in vivo auto-oxidation of polyether polyurethane by metal ions (1989)

The first large scale use of polyether polyurethane elastomers in long term human implants was as insulation for cardiac and neurologic pacing leads. While the performance of these polymers has generally been very good over a 14-year period, several failure mechanisms have been discovered that involve interactions between the devices, materials and the body. One of these is auto-oxidation of soft segment ether through the intermediate action of certain transition metal ions, derived from conductor wires by corrosion processes. Biologically produced oxidants appear to be an accelerating factor. In this study, Pellethane 2363-80A tubing containing conductor coils or mandrels of various metals or controls were implanted in rabbits. Explants were analyzed as a function of implant time by optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive analysis by X-ray, stress-strain, FTIR, GPC and AA spectrophotometry. Only cobalt produced bulk oxidative degradation while surface damage was found in the presence of cobalt bearing alloys. No evidence of significant auto-oxidation was found in the presence of silver, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, iron, titanium, platinum, 304 stainless steel, glass or empty tubing. The combination of polyether polyurethane and metals (especially those containing cobalt) in an implantable device must be carefully evaluated for biostability prior to human use.
Confinement Effect in the Synthesis of Polypyrrole within Polymeric Templates in Aqueous Environments (2013)

The most efficient catalysts have been developed and optimized by living systems. Indeed, in vivo enzyme-catalyzed reactions are several orders of magnitude more efficient than platinum-based catalyzed reactions. However, the rate of reaction and equilibrium interactions are considerably reduced when the biological systems are studied in vitro. This phenomenon is largely attributed to the effect of confinement or macromolecular crowding present in the cell. This paper focuses on the effect of the confinement in nanotemplates by decoupling the different factors that could influence the polymerization reaction of pyrrole within the templates. Indeed, the effect of the chemistry of the template, the size of the confinement, and in a previous study the contact with water are investigated separately. It is shown that the effect of confinement is paramount in the environmentally-friendly polymerization of pyrrole within nanotemplates.
Effect of Ploidy on Yield and Quality of Pearl Millet × Napiergrass Hybrids<sup>1</sup> (1984)

Abstract The highly male and female sterile triploid pearl millet [ Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) × napiergrass ( P. purpureum Schum .) interspecific hybrids produce high yields of high quality forage. Colchicine induced hexaploids are male and female fertile and morphologically resemble the triploids. However, information concerning the effects of increased ploidy on agronomic, quality, and elemental factors of the forage is limited. In 1979 and 1980, triploid and hexaploid clones of several interspecific hybrids were established in the field on a Fuquay soil (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Plinthic Paleudults) and evaluated for dry matter yield, concentrations of dry matter, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), crude protein, total sugars, cell wall, and the elements P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu. Triploids on the average had higher dry matter yields, and dry matter and protein concentrations than hexaploids. At anthesis, 3x plants were equal to or higher than 6x plants while at the vegetative stage 6x plants were generally higher than or equal to 3x plants in IVDMD. No differences were observed between 3x and 6x plants for total sugars and cell wall. Significant differences for elemental concentrations between ploidy levels were observed in 1980 for P (6x>3x), K (6x>3x), and Fe (3x>6x). These differences were not consistent for all clones. Increased ploidy from 3x to 6x in thisstudy generally had a neutral or negative effect on the characters studied. Triploids have the potential to produce higher yields of higher quality forage than hexaploids.
Reusing 60GHz Radios for Mobile Radar Imaging (2015)

The future of mobile computing involves autonomous drones, robots and vehicles. To accurately sense their surroundings in a variety of scenarios, these mobile computers require a robust environmental mapping system. One attractive approach is to reuse millimeterwave communication hardware in these devices, e.g. 60GHz networking chipset, and capture signals reflected by the target surface. The devices can also move while collecting reflection signals, creating a large synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for high-precision RF imaging. Our experimental measurements, however, show that this approach provides poor precision in practice, as imaging results are highly sensitive to device positioning errors that translate into phase errors. We address this challenge by proposing a new 60GHz imaging algorithm, {\em RSS Series Analysis}, which images an object using only RSS measurements recorded along the device's trajectory. In addition to object location, our algorithm can discover a rich set of object surface properties at high precision, including object surface orientation, curvature, boundaries, and surface material. We tested our system on a variety of common household objects (between 5cm--30cm in width). Results show that it achieves high accuracy (cm level) in a variety of dimensions, and is highly robust against noises in device position and trajectory tracking. We believe that this is the first practical mobile imaging system (re)using 60GHz networking devices, and provides a basic primitive towards the construction of detailed environmental mapping systems.
Finite-element analysis of vibrational modes in piezoelectric ceramic disks (1990)

The natural vibrational modes of axially symmetric piezoelectric ceramic disks have been calculated by the finite-element method. The disks are of the type used as active elements in compressional wave ultrasonic transducers, and are electrically polarized in thickness with full electrodes on the disk's major faces. To optimize disk geometry for ultrasonic transducer application, the dependence of the vibrational modes on the disk diameter-to-thickness ratio for ratios from 0.2 (a tall cylinder) to 10.0 (a thin disk) has been studied. Series and parallel resonance frequencies for each of the modes are determined through an eigenfrequency analysis, and effective electromechanical coupling coefficients are calculated. The modal displacement fields in the disk are calculated to determine the physical nature of each mode. An analysis of the complete spectrum of piezoelectrically active modes as a function of diameter-thickness ratio is presented for the ceramic PZT-5H, including and identification of radial, edge, length expander, thickness shear, and thickness extensional vibrations. From this analysis, optimal diameter-to-thickness ratios for good transducer performance are discussed.
Slippery Runs, Shifty Stops, Backward Steps, and Forward Hops: -2, -1, +1, +2, +5, and +6 Ribosomal Frameshifting (1987)

Frameshift mutations frequently express residual levels of gene activity; that is, they are often leaky. This leakiness can be used as a tool to define the functional components that affect the reading frame during gene expression (Atkins et al. 1972; Fox and Weiss-Brummer 1980; Weiss and Gallant 1983). Recent technological advances in the capability to efficiently build synthetic DNA sequences have facilitated the construction of small, defined "frameshift windows." These windows are regions where frameshift events can be detected and measured. The cloned synthetic window is fused onto the 5′ coding region of an active β-galactosidase gene that provides a sensitive monitor for the frameshift events. Fusions onto the lacZ gene have the advantages of simple colorimetric assays for β-galactosidase activity and little or no effect of the fused sequence on the specific activity or stability of the enzyme (Miller and Albertini 1983). A frameshift event also leaves a clue...
Recent progress in studies on the health benefits of pyrroloquinoline quinone (2015)

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an aromatic tricyclic o-quinone, was identified initially as a redox cofactor for bacterial dehydrogenases. Although PQQ is not biosynthesized in mammals, trace amounts of PQQ have been found in human and rat tissues because of its wide distribution in dietary sources. Importantly, nutritional studies in rodents have revealed that PQQ deficiency exhibits diverse systemic responses, including growth impairment, immune dysfunction, and abnormal reproductive performance. Although PQQ is not currently classified as a vitamin, PQQ has been implicated as an important nutrient in mammals. In recent years, PQQ has been receiving much attention owing to its physiological importance and pharmacological effects. In this article, we review the potential health benefits of PQQ with a focus on its growth-promoting activity, anti-diabetic effect, anti-oxidative action, and neuroprotective function. Additionally, we provide an update of its basic pharmacokinetics and safety information in oral ingestion.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR EVALUATION OF METAL-TENSIONED SYSTEMS IN GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS (2002)

This report documents and presents results of a study on evaluating remaining service life of metal-tensioned systems, including rock bolts, tiebacks, and soil nails. A recommended practice is proposed describing procedures to evaluate the condition and remaining useful life of in-place, metal-tensioned systems and to estimate the design life of new installations. The recommended practice considers key factors such as materials used in the tensioned systems; corrosion; anchorage methods; soil and rock conditions; environmental effects; construction techniques; and long-term, cost-effective measuring techniques. Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques--including measurement of half-cell potential and polarization current, impact echo testing, and ultrasonic probing--are used for condition assessment of metal-tensioned systems. NDT techniques are included in the recommended practice to supplement destructive tests, which provide the most reliable information needed for recommending future actions. Application of the recommended practice is demonstrated through field investigation of an inventory of existing metal-tensioned systems representing a range of types, subsurface conditions, and ages. Data from the field studies serve to validate the measurement methods, the corrosion assessment model, and the model for estimating the remaining useful service life described in the recommended practice.
Topography and associations of perivascular spaces in healthy adults (2014)

In a neurologically healthy cohort, the associations of PVS differ according to their topography. PVS distribution may be useful for the early detection and classification of small vessel disease.
The 68040 processor. I. Design and implementation (1990)

The design of the 68040, a third-generation, full-32-b microprocessor in the Motorola 68000 family, is presented. The 68040 integrates over 1.2 million transistors on one chip and can execute the complete 68020 microprocessor and 68882 floating-point coprocessor instruction sets. Pipelined integer and floating-point execution units that operate concurrently with separate internal memory controllers and an autonomous bus controller contribute to its high performance level. Physical caches of 4 kB each for instruction and data reside on chip. Separate address-translation caches of 64 entries apiece operate in parallel with the instruction and data caches. This arrangement provides complete memory management in a virtual, demand-paged operating system. The design team explains its total approach and the workings of the integer and floating-point units.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>