gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear MMSE Multiuser Detection Based on Multivariate Gaussian Approximation (2005)

In this paper, a class of nonlinear MMSE multiuser detectors are derived based on a multivariate Gaussian approximation of the multiple access interference. This approach leads to expressions identical to those describing the probabilistic data association (PDA) detector, thus providing an alternative analytical justification for this structure. A simplification to the PDA detector based on approximating the covariance matrix of the multivariate Gaussian distribution is suggested, resulting in a soft interference cancellation scheme. Corresponding multiuser soft-input, soft-output detectors delivering extrinsic log-likelihood ratios are derived for application in iterative multiuser decoders. Finally, a large system performance analysis is conducted for the simplified PDA, showing that the bit error rate performance of this detector can be accurately predicted and related to the replica method analysis for the optimal detector. Methods from statistical neuro-dynamics are shown to provide a closely related alternative large system prediction. Numerical results demonstrate that for large systems, the bit error rate is accurately predicted by the analysis and found to be close to optimal performance.
Characterization of Integrated Tin Oxide Gas Sensors With Metal Additives and Ion Implantations (2008)

Post-treatment of the sensing film in tin oxide gas sensor arrays is widely used to improve the selectivity in gas recognition applications. This letter describes the characterization study of an integrated tin oxide gas sensor array chip in which the sensing films are modified using metal additives and ion implantations. Measurement results reveal that metal additives present a higher impact on the sensor sensitivity compared with ion implantations. The latter has no significant effect on the sensing properties. The drift is increased for the sensors with only ion implantation compared with the ones with metal additives. An array combining both post-treatment techniques is expected to improve the overall recognition performance.
Haidinger’s Brushes and Circularly Polarized Light (1955)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text W. A. Shurcliff, "Haidinger's Brushes and Circularly Polarized Light," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 45, 399-399 (1955) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Treatment strategies for recurrent oral aphthous ulcers (2001)

The clinical features, etiology, and treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) are discussed. Aphthous ulcers are among the most common oral lesions in the general population, with a frequency of up to 25% and three-month recurrence rates as high as 50%. The ulcers, which usually occur on the nonkeratinized oral mucosa, can cause considerable pain and may interfere with eating, speaking, and swallowing. RAU is classified as minor, major, and herpetiform on the basis of ulcer size and number. The cause of RAU is idiopathic in most patients. The most likely precipitating factors are local trauma and stress. Other associated factors include systemic diseases and nutritional deficiencies, food allergies, genetic predisposition, immune disorders, the use of certain medications, and HIV infection. The primary goals of therapy for RAU are relief of pain, reduction of ulcer duration, and restoration of normal oral function. Secondary goals include reduction in the frequency and severity of recurrences and maintenance of remission. Topical medications, such as antimicrobial mouthwashes and topical corticosteroids, can achieve the primary goals but have not been shown to alter recurrence or remission rates. Systemic medications can be tried if topical therapy is ineffective. Levamisole has shown variable efficacy in reducing ulcer frequency and duration in patients with minor RAU. Oral corticosteroids should be reserved for severe cases of major RAU that do not respond to topical agents. Thalidomide is effective but, because of its toxicity and cost, should be used only as an alternative to oral corticosteroids. RAU can be effectively managed with a variety of topical and systemic medications.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stress Response Factor SigH Is Required for Bacterial Burden as Well as Immunopathology in Primate Lungs (2012)

The Mtb:Δ-sigH mutant is completely attenuated for bacterial burden as well as immunopathology in NHPs. SigH and its regulon are required for complete virulence in primates. Further studies are needed to identify the molecular mechanism of this attenuation.
Characterization of Molecular Transport in Artificial Kidneys (1996)

Transport characterizations of artificial kidneys require the use of multiple marker molecules of various sizes, including small solutes, middle molecules, and albumin. Previous approaches for evaluating hemodialyzer transport performance are reviewed. New data obtained from in vitro experiments comparing 5 low molecular weight proteins of approximately the same molecular size as markers for middle molecule transport also are described. Sieving coefficients for marker low molecular weight proteins may vary substantially for a given artificial kidney membrane. Furthermore, sieving coefficients for marker proteins that do not absorb significantly to the membrane are comparable to those for polydisperse dextrans. These observations suggest that other protein properties besides molecular size are important determinants of protein sieving coefficients across artificial kidney membranes. We conclude that low molecular weight proteins can behave differently from one another and generalizations about artificial kidney membrane transport from data obtained on a single protein may be problematic, and that both low molecular weight proteins and polydisperse dextrans are useful markers of middle molecular transport across artificial kidney membranes.
Molecular approach to the modeling of elasticity and piezoelectricity of SiC polytypes (1995)

We present the results of a lattice-dynamical treatment of the 3C, 2H, 4H, and 6H structures of SiC, performed within the framework of an unified approach. This includes (i) a simple valence force field, whose parameters were in part derived from the quantum-mechanical calculations of the appropriate molecule, in part from a fitting procedure, and (ii) a charge distribution model regarding the electron transfer between bonded atoms as a response to the change of interatomic separation. A conflict exists in the literature about the elastic properties of 3C-SiC, and our opinion on the most reliable data is given. Complete sets of elastic and piezoelectric tensor elements derived from the model calculations are presented for all materials under consideration. The chemical regularity in the variation of sign of the ${\mathit{e}}_{14}$ piezoelectric constants from the I-VII to IV-IV members of the sphalerite family is discussed in light of the present model.
Zur polymerisation und copolymerisation des natriumvinylsulfonats (1959)

Abstract Natriumvinylsulfonat (VS‐Na) zeigt in konzentrierten wäßrigen Lösungen eine ausgeprägte Polymerisationsneigung. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und der erreichte Umsatz hängen stark von der Acidität der Lösungen ab. Es wurde gefunden, daß mit der Polymerisationsdauer und mit wachsendem Umsatz auch die Molekulargewichte der Polymerisate ansteigen. Wasserunlösliche oder nur begrenzt lösliche ungesättigte Verbindungen wie Styrol, Vinylacetat und andere können in Dimethylsulfoxyd in homogener Lösung mit VS‐Na copolymerisiert werden.
Recovering From Interruptions: Implications for Driver Distraction Research (2004)

This research adopted a model of goal activation to study the mechanisms underlying interrupted task performance. The effects of interruption timing, type of interruption, and age on task time and primary task resumption time were explored under conditions in which attention was switched back and forth between two tasks, much as when drivers shift attention between attending to the road and to an in-vehicle task. The timing of interruptions had a significant impact on task resumption times, indicating that the most costly time to interrupt task performance is during the middle of a task. However, this effect was overshadowed by age-related performance decrements for older participants. Interruptions that prevented strategic rehearsal of goals resulted in longer resumption times as compared with interruptions that allowed rehearsal. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design of in-vehicle device user interfaces, the timing of in-vehicle messages, and current metrics for assessing driver distraction.
Affinity precipitation of proteins (1996)

Affinity precipitation is being studied as a technique to be introduced at an early stage of downstream processing for the selective isolation of proteins. The technique utilizes a heterobifunctional ligand, which, in addition to having affinity for the target protein(s), possesses another function for controlling precipitation. The latter component is comprised of a polymer which can be made reversibly soluble and insoluble by altering a specific parameter such as pH or temperature. Different polymers of natural and synthetic origin have been used for this purpose. The soluble form of the ligand is used for the affinity binding step and precipitation is induced for obtaining separation of the affinity complex. Some of the polymers used in this laboratory include chitosan, alginate, Eudragit S-100 (copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate) and polyethyleneimine. Chitosan and alginate served as natural ligands for wheat germ agglutinin and pectinase, respectively. The aromatic dye Cibacron Blue 3GA coupled to Eudragit S 100 and polyethyleneimine way used for the affinity precipitation of some model enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase. As prior removal of cell debris, etc., is essential for affinity precipitation, the possibility of integration of the technique with extraction in aqueous two-phase systems was also demonstrated.
Confronting the System: Minority Group Identity and Powerlessness (2006)

The plight of low-income families like those in our study remains invisible and often incomprehensible to most middle-class white Americans. The poor, and particularly the minority poor, live in their own sections of town that most outsiders neither visit nor understand particularly well. What the average citizen knows about the poor is what he or she sees and hears on the evening news, gathers from the Internet, or reads in newspapers and magazines. Much of that information is negative and focuses on crime, family disruption, welfare dependence, and any number of other social pathologies. The fact that the waitresses, the busboys, the nurse's assistants, and the other service personnel that one encounters on a daily basis are so often black or speak Spanish among themselves only hints at the complex world that exists apart from America's richer neighborhoods and shopping areas. Although these low-wage workers are crucial to maintaining the high quality of life Americans enjoy, at the end of the day they return to their own neighborhoods and have little to do with the people they serve. They receive little thanks or appreciation for their efforts, and they receive even less money. They remain apart and outside the mainstream of middle-class American life.
Residual Stresses in a Glass Plate Cooled Symmetrically from Both Surfaces (1965)

Residual stresses in tempered glass are generated by interactions between thermal contraction, elasticity at low temperatures, viscoelastic flow at higher temperatures, and temperature gradients caused by cooling. To date, analyses have assumed highly idealized material behavior, such as elasticity below, and inviscid fluid flow above, a critical temperature. The theory presented in this paper is based on measured relaxation characteristics of glass and temperature influence through thermorheologically simple response, which prescribes an acceleration of all relaxation phenomena with rising temperature by a factor determined by experiment. The analysis of the varying stress history for a glass plate cooled symmetrically on both sides is developed and solved for several furnace and coolant temperature combinations by numerical solution of the integral equations which arise. The determination of the residual stress distribution follows naturally in terms of a reduced time used in the analysis. Maximum compressive residual stresses under the surface increase extremely rapidly with increasing furnace temperature above 60O°C. The method is compared with previous work on the same problem.
Electromigration failure mechanism studies on copper interconnects (2003)

Electromigration (EM) studies revealed a strong correlation between the observed failure scenario and local microstructural properties at the via-to-line-transition, in particular that of the liner. "Early" failure modes were found to have not only smaller failure times but also a lower current density exponent. The influence of specific processes on the occurrence of certain failure modes is discussed.
Macroporous monolithic supports for affinity chromatography (2011)

In the early 1990s, three research groups simultaneously developed continuous macroporous rod-shaped polymeric systems to eliminate the problem of flow through the interparticle spaces generally presented by the chromatography columns that use particles as filler. The great advantage of those materials, forming a continuous phase rod, is to increase the mass transfer by convective transport, as the mobile phase is forced to go through all means of separation, in contrast to particulate media where the mobile phase flows through the interparticle spaces. Due to their special characteristics, the monolithic polymers are used as base-supports in different separation techniques, those chromatographic processes being the most important and, to a greater extent, those involving the separation of biomolecules as in the case of affinity chromatography. This mini-review reports the contributions of several groups to the development of macroporous monoliths and their modification by immobilization of specific ligands on the products for their application in affinity chromatography.
我为《哈利·波特》狂 (2011)

《哈利·波特》不仅让孩子们着迷，也让成年人折服。它的故事情节环环相扣，主人公们历经各种磨难，每每险象环生之时，总能化险为夷；小说字里行间营造的神秘又悬疑的氛围，那呼之欲出又悬而未定的结局，
A novel self-aligned T-shaped gate process for deep submicron Si MOSFET's fabrication (1998)

T-shaped gate electrode is highly desired for high-speed FET fabrication since it can significantly reduce the gate resistance. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a self-aligned method of forming T-shaped gate which is suitable for ULSI Si-MOSFET's fabrication. This method employs CMP planarization, BOE selective etching and poly-Si sidewall spacer techniques to form the T-shaped poly-Si gate structure. Ti and Co silicidation were also incorporated to demonstrate the effectiveness of this process. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed process not only reduces the parasitic gate resistance, but also improves the thermal stability of the gate structure.
Magnetic properties of FeCoV film sandwiched by thin soft-magnetic films (2001)

Soft magnetization of FeCoV thin films has been examined experimentally. The coercive force of FeCoV films decreases by more than 90% with little reduction in saturation magnetization or changes in magnetization behavior when films are sandwiched between two thin FeNiMo soft-magnetic layers making up about 2% of the total volume. It can be assumed that a magnetic wall, parallel to the film surface and formed at the interface between the soft-magnetic layer and the FeCoV layer, will readily propagate into the FeCoV layer. The thickness of the soft-magnetic layer necessary for the magnetic wall formation is thought to be about 50/spl sim/100 /spl Aring/. The reduction in coercive force seems to be related to the anisotropy of the magnetic properties of the thin soft-magnetic layer. In the case of Fe films, however, a reduction in coercive force due to the thin soft-magnetic layer never occurs. Whether the thin soft-magnetic layer has effects on the crystal structure of FeCoV or Fe layers, will be examined experimentally in the future.
Geometric SMOTE: Effective oversampling for imbalanced learning through a geometric extension of SMOTE (2017)

Classification of imbalanced datasets is a challenging task for standard algorithms. Although many methods exist to address this problem in different ways, generating artificial data for the minority class is a more general approach compared to algorithmic modifications. SMOTE algorithm and its variations generate synthetic samples along a line segment that joins minority class instances. In this paper we propose Geometric SMOTE (G-SMOTE) as a generalization of the SMOTE data generation mechanism. G-SMOTE generates synthetic samples in a geometric region of the input space, around each selected minority instance. While in the basic configuration this region is a hyper-sphere, G-SMOTE allows its deformation to a hyper-spheroid and finally to a line segment, emulating, in the last case, the SMOTE mechanism. The performance of G-SMOTE is compared against multiple standard oversampling algorithms. We present empirical results that show a significant improvement in the quality of the generated data when G-SMOTE is used as an oversampling algorithm.
Interactions Between Polyaniline and Silver Cations (1995)

Polyaniline (PAn) thin films were prepared from aniline solutions in by scanning the potential cyclically between −0.2 and 0.8 V (vs. SCE). Films of different thicknesses, and hence different intrinsic oxidation states, reacted differently with . While redox reactions leading to the deposition of silver metal occurred between Ag+ and PAn in thick films (≥40 deposition cycles), thin films (≤20 deposition cycles) favored the formation of a metal cation‐polymer complex. The valency of silver in the polymer was determined by electrochemical measurements and x7hyphen;ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Changes in polymer morphology due to the treatment were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It is suggested that the interactions between PAn and Ag+ could be applied to electrocatalysis and to the recovery of silver from aqueous solutions.
Effect of prostaglandin E in multiple experimental models. VIII. effect on host response to metastatic tumor (1991)

Prostaglandin E (PGE) is produced by certain tumors and is reported to decrease primary tumor growth. We evaluated its effect in multiple tumor models utilizing a 1 week course of the long acting PGE derivative dimethyl-PGE (dPGE) at a dosage of 100 micrograms/kg/day vs. a lactated Ringers control. For all tumor models, a suspension of 1 x 10(6) colon carcinoma cells were injected into Wistar-Furth rats. When the suspension was injected subcutaneously and the drug was begun at the time of tumor challenge, there was no effect on survival. When the tumor was injected intraperitoneally or intravenously and the drug begun at the time of tumor challenge, dPGE decreased survival time. When the tumor was administered intravenously but dPGE was delayed for 5 days, there was no effect on survival time. When rats were given a 1 week course of dPGE or saline, dPGE was found not to alter natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, macrophage cytotoxicity, spontaneous lymphocyte blastogenesis, or mitogen stimulated blastogenesis. dPGE failed to alter lymphocyte metabolism of glucose in nonstimulated lymphocytes, but decreased the rate of glucose metabolism and adenosine deaminase activity in mitogen stimulated lymphocytes. In conclusion, PGE appears to enhance metastatic growth of tumor lines where it does not alter primary tumor growth. This effect does not appear immunologically mediated.
A Message from the New Editor-in-Chief (2016)

Presents the introductory editorial for this issue of the publication.
Federated Identity Management - We Built It; Why Won't They Come? (2013)

Solutions for federated identity management (FIM) are maturing; however, the adoption rate of this technology hasn't been as high as expected. The authors conducted and analyzed eleven semistructured interviews with representatives from the Norwegian oil and gas industry to learn more about the perceived benefits and challenges of FIM adoption. Their results show that some benefits of FIM adoption are offset by its challenges.
A stacked chalcopyrite thin‐film tandem solar cell with 1.2 V open‐circuit voltage (2003)

Abstract CuGaSe 2 (CGS) thin films were prepared on tin‐doped indium oxide (ITO) coated soda‐lime glass substrates by thermal co‐evaporation to fabricate transparent solar cells. The films consisted of columnar grains with a diameter of approximately 1 μm. Some deterioration of the transparency of the ITO was observed after deposition of the CGS film. The CGS solar cells were electrically connected in series with Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells and mechanically stacked on the CIGS cells to construct tandem cells. The tandem solar cell with the CGS cell as the top cell showed an efficiency of 7.4% and an open‐circuit voltage of 1.18 V (AM 1.5, total area). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition (2004)

Pain sensitivity varies substantially among humans. A significant part of the human population develops chronic pain conditions that are characterized by heightened pain sensitivity. We identified three genetic variants (haplotypes) of the gene encoding catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) that we designated as low pain sensitivity (LPS), average pain sensitivity (APS) and high pain sensitivity (HPS). We show that these haplotypes encompass 96% of the human population, and five combinations of these haplotypes are strongly associated (P=0.0004) with variation in the sensitivity to experimental pain. The presence of even a single LPS haplotype diminishes, by as much as 2.3 times, the risk of developing myogenous temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), a common musculoskeletal pain condition. The LPS haplotype produces much higher levels of COMT enzymatic activity when compared with the APS or HPS haplotypes. Inhibition of COMT in the rat results in a profound increase in pain sensitivity. Thus, COMT activity substantially influences pain sensitivity, and the three major haplotypes determine COMT activity in humans that inversely correlates with pain sensitivity and the risk of developing TMD.
Effect of adenoidectomy on dentofacial skeleton in naso-respiratory dysfunction children (1991)

This study was made to investigate the effect of adenoidectomy on dentofacial skeleton in naso-respiratory dysfunction children. The clinical material compromised the 24 children in a previous study who had naso-respiratory dysfunction and 24 children who were the nasal breathing with normal occlusion. The cephalograms were taken at the initial examination and 1 year later for the control group and experimental group the paired sample statistical analysis was performed. The result were as follows. 1. In cranial base variable, difference between two groups were not statistically significant. 2. In craniofacial variable, experimental group showed brachyfacial pattern but control groups didn't show significant growth pattern. 3. In maxillary variables, experimental group showed flattening the palptal plane. 4. In mandibular variables, experimental group showed the decrease of mandibular plane angle and gonial angle. 5. In facial height variables, experimental group showed horizontal growth rotation.