gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Neural Network for Prediction of Glucose Concentration in Type 1 Diabetes Patients (2008)

In this investigation, the feasibility of utilizing neural network models for the prediction of glucose using predictive windows ranging from 50-180 min is demonstrated. The predictive windows were chosen arbitrarily to cover a wide range; however, longer predictive windows were implemented to gain a predictive view of 120-180 min, which is very important for diabetes patients, specifically after meals and insulin dosages. Neural networks, such as those generated in this investigation, could be utilized in a semiclosed-loop device for guiding therapy in diabetes patients. Use of such a device may lead to better glycemic control and subsequent avoidance of complications.
Roman History (1987)

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An Electrophoretic Karyotype of <i>Neurospora crassa</i> (1988)

A molecular karyotype of Neurospora crassa was obtained by using an alternating-field gel electrophoresis system which employs contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields. The migration of all seven N. crassa chromosomal DNAs was defined, and five of the seven molecules were separated from one another. The estimated sizes of these molecules, based on their migration relative to Schizosaccharomyces pombe chromosomal DNA molecules, are 4 to 12.6 megabases. The seven linkage groups were correlated with specific chromosomal DNA bands by hybridizing transfers of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gels with radioactive probes specific to each linkage group. The mobilities of minichromosomal DNAs generated from translocation strains were also examined. The methods used for preparation of chromosomal DNA molecules and the conditions for their separation should be applicable to other filamentous fungi.
Reliability issues of flash memory cells (1993)

Reliability issues for flash electrically erasable programmable read-only memories are reviewed. The reliability of both the source-erase type (ETOX) flash memory and the NAND structure EEPROM are discussed. Disturbs during programming, write/erase endurance, charge loss of both devices are reviewed, and the reliability of the tunnel oxide and the interpoly dielectric are described. It is shown that bipolarity F-N programming/erase, which is used in the NAND EEPROM, improves the charge to breakdown and decreases the stress-induced leakage current.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TiCl<sub>3</sub>(OTf) and TiO(TFA)<sub>2</sub>Efficient Catalysts for Ring Opening of Epoxides with Alcohols, Acetic Acid and Water (1999)

Abstract TiCl3(OTf) and TiO(TFA)2 can efficiently catalyze nucleophilic ring opening of epoxides in primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, acetic acid and water to give the corresponding β-alkoxy alcohols, β-acetoxy alcohols and vicinal diols with high stereo- and regioselectivity in excellent yields. The reaction of optically active styrene oxide in MeOH with two titanium reagents was found to be highly stereospecific and afforded the corresponding S-(+)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl ethanol in 89-95% ee.
Tunable, single passband photonic microwave filter based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in nonlinear fiber (2009)

A single passband, photonic microwave bandpass filter based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in a 1-km long highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted optical fiber is experimentally demonstrated. Using the proposed scheme a single microwave passband with a ~ 26 MHz bandwidth is readily achieved over a 1.3 ~ 9.3 GHz range.
The use of RAPD to characterize Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates. (2005)

Bipolaris sorokiniana is a phytopathogenic fungus causing diseases of cereal crops such as common root rot, the leaf spot disease, seedling blight, and black point of the grain. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 20 isolates collected from different cultivars in wheat-producing regions in Brazil. Seventy primers, with random nucleotide sequences, were tested. Reproducibility to amplify the genomic DNA of isolates was found for 30 of the 70 primers tested, generating between 1 and 17 fragments ranging from 0.35 to 2.0 kb (average size). The degree of similarity between samples was calculated through simple association and the dendrogram was assessed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetical average. After the RAPD analyses 19 isolates were closely grouped, having a similarity coefficient of >or= 78%. Isolate I017 showed very low similarity coefficients, ranging between 38 and 46%. The RAPD analyses provided important information as to the degree of genetic variability and the relationship between the isolates investigated, revealing polymorphism and establishing electrophoretic profiles useful to characterize the phytopathogen.
Mode of action of the cyclic depsipeptide antibiotic LL-AO34β<sub>1</sub> and partial characterization of a <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> mutant resistant to the antibiotic (1993)

The antibacterial activity of the cyclic antibiotic LL-AO341 beta 1 was examined. The antibiotic was a narrow spectrum agent, effective principally against Gram-positive organisms. The intrinsic insusceptibility of Escherichia coli was due to exclusion of the drug by the outer membrane. The antibiotic was bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus, and cell death was associated with lysis of the bacteria. The antibiotic did not specifically inhibit the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, lipid or peptidoglycan since these synthetic activities continued for several minutes after exposure to lethal concentrations of the antibiotic and then all abruptly ceased between about 8 and 15 minutes post antibiotic exposure. These results are consistent with the cytoplasmic membrane being the primary target for LL-AO341 beta 1. Mutants of S. aureus 8325-4 selected on 10- or 20-times the MIC of LL-AO341 beta 1 occurred spontaneously with a frequency of about 3 x 10(-6). A mutant expressing a 160-fold increase in the MIC of LL-AO341 beta 1 was obtained by exposing cultures to progressively increasing concentrations of the antibiotic. This mutant displayed no cross-resistance to other agents apart from telomycin (a structural analogue of LL-AO341 beta 1), apparently did not modify or degrade LL-AO341 beta 1 and had only a slightly longer doubling time than the parent strain.
Fabrication of pyrenetetrasulfonate/layered double hydroxide ultrathin films and their application in fluorescence chemosensors (2011)

This paper reports the fabrication of fluorescence indicator/layered double hydroxide (LDH) ultrathin films (UTFs) by alternate assembly of 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonat acid tetrasodium salt (PTS) and Zn–Al LDH nanosheets on quartz substrates using the layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition technique, and demonstrates their application as a fluorescence chemosensor for Cu2+. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy indicates a stepwise and regular growth of the PTS/LDH UTFs upon increasing deposition cycles. X-Ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the UTFs possess a periodical layered structure perpendicular to the substrates with a thickness of 1.93–1.98 nm per bilayer. Furthermore, the fluorescence chemosensor with film thickness of 48 nm (24 bilayers) exhibits a broad linear response range for Cu2+ solution (0.6–50 μM), good repeatability (RSD less than 5% in 20 consecutive measurements), high photostability and storage stability (∼93.2% of its initial fluorescence intensity remains after one month) as well as excellent selectivity. In addition, the study on mechanism of measurement-regeneration cycle of the fluorescence chemosensor shows that Cu2+ enters/departs from the PTS/LDH UTF with reversible change in chemical composition, surface morphology and fluorescence anisotropy. Therefore, this work provides new opportunities for fabrication and application of chromophore/LDH UTFs which can be used as fluorescence chemosensors.
A mathematical morphology approach to Euclidean distance transformation (1992)

A distance transformation technique for a binary digital image using a gray-scale mathematical morphology approach is presented. Applying well-developed decomposition properties of mathematical morphology, one can significantly reduce the tremendous cost of global operations to that of small neighborhood operations suitable for parallel pipelined computers. First, the distance transformation using mathematical morphology is developed. Then several approximations of the Euclidean distance are discussed. The decomposition of the Euclidean distance structuring element is presented. The decomposition technique employs a set of 3 by 3 gray scale morphological erosions with suitable weighted structuring elements and combines the outputs using the minimum operator. Real-valued distance transformations are considered during the processes and the result is approximated to the closest integer in the final output image.
Training Neural Machine Translation using Word Embedding-based Loss (2018)

In neural machine translation (NMT), the computational cost at the output layer increases with the size of the target-side vocabulary. Using a limited-size vocabulary instead may cause a significant decrease in translation quality. This trade-off is derived from a softmax-based loss function that handles in-dictionary words independently, in which word similarity is not considered. In this paper, we propose a novel NMT loss function that includes word similarity in forms of distances in a word embedding space. The proposed loss function encourages an NMT decoder to generate words close to their references in the embedding space; this helps the decoder to choose similar acceptable words when the actual best candidates are not included in the vocabulary due to its size limitation. In experiments using ASPEC Japanese-to-English and IWSLT17 English-to-French data sets, the proposed method showed improvements against a standard NMT baseline in both datasets; especially with IWSLT17 En-Fr, it achieved up to +1.72 in BLEU and +1.99 in METEOR. When the target-side vocabulary was very limited to 1,000 words, the proposed method demonstrated a substantial gain, +1.72 in METEOR with ASPEC Ja-En.
Structural and functional analysis of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7 (1997)

The ppc gene, encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), from Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7 was cloned and sequenced. Primer extension analysis identified a transcriptional start site 42 bp upstream of the ppc initiation codon. An R. palustris No. 7 PEPC-deficient strain showed a slower doubling time compared with the wild-type strain either anaerobically in the light or aerobically in the dark, when pyruvate was used as a carbon source.
Correction: Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Mechanisms for Oncogenic Overexpression of Ether À Go-Go K<sup>+</sup>Channel (2011)

The human ether-a `-go-go-1 (h-eag1) K + channel is expressed in a variety of cell lines derived from human malignant tumors and in clinical samples of several different cancers, but is otherwise absent in normal tissues. It was found to be necessary for cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. Specific inhibition of h-eag1 expression leads to inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. We report here that h-eag1 expression is controlled by the p532miR-342E2F1 pathway through a negative feed-forward mechanism. We first established E2F1 as a transactivator of h-eag1 gene through characterizing its promoter region. We then revealed that miR-34, a known transcriptional target of p53, is an important negative regulator of h-eag1 through dual mechanisms by directly repressing h-eag1 at the post-transcriptional level and indirectly silencing h-eag1 at the transcriptional level via repressing E2F1. There is a strong inverse relationship between the expression levels of miR-34 and h-eag1 protein. H-eag1antisense antagonized the growth-stimulating effects and the upregulation of h-eag1 expression in SHSY5Y cells, induced by knockdown of miR-34, E2F1 overexpression, or inhibition of p53 activity. Therefore, p53 negatively regulates h-eag1 expression by a negative feed-forward mechanism through the p532miR-342E2F1 pathway. Inactivation of p53 activity, as is the case in many cancers, can thus cause oncogenic overexpression of h-eag1 by relieving the negative feed-forward regulation. These findings not only help us understand the molecular mechanisms for oncogenic overexpression of h-eag1 in tumorigenesis but also uncover the cell-cycle regulation through the p532miR-342E2F12h-eag1 pathway. Moreover, these findings place h-eag1 in the p532miR-342E2F12h-eag1 pathway with h-eag as a terminal effecter component and with miR-34 (and E2F1) as a linker between p53 and h-eag1. Our study therefore fills the gap between p53 pathway and its cellular function mediated by h-eag1.
Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in traumatic brain injury and major trauma: outcome analysis of a brain tissue oxygen–directed therapy (2009)

The prevention and aggressive treatment of cerebral hypooxygenation and control of ICP with a PbtO(2)-directed protocol reduced the mortality rate after TBI in major trauma, but more importantly, resulted in improved 6-month clinical outcomes over the standard ICP/CPP-directed therapy at the authors' institution.
Extraction of Surface Features from LiDAR Point Clouds Using Incremental Segmentation Strategy (2014)

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) point clouds are measurements of irregularly distributed points on scanned object surfaces acquired with airborne or terrestrial LiDAR systems. Feature extraction is the key to transform LiDAR data into spatial information. Surface features are dominant in most LiDAR data corresponding to scanned object surfaces. This paper proposes a general method to segment co-surface points. An incremental segmentation strategy is developed for the implementation, which comprises several algorithms and employs various criteria to gradually segment LiDAR point clouds into several levels. There are four operation steps. First, the proximity of point clouds is established as spatial indices defined in an octree-structured voxel space. Second, a connected-component labeling algorithm for voxels is applied for segmenting neighboring points. Third, coplanar points then can be segmented with the octree-based split-and-merge algorithm as plane features. Finally, combining neighboring plane features forms surface features. With respect to each step, processed LiDAR point clouds are segmented into organized points, neighboring point groups, coplanar point groups, and co-surface point groups. The proposed method enables an incremental retrieval and analysis of a large LiDAR dataset. Experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the segmentation algorithm in handling both airborne and terrestrial LiDAR data. The end results as well as the intermediate results of the segmentation may be useful for object modeling of different purposes using LiDAR data.
Inverse scattering design of fiber Bragg gratings with cladding mode losses compensation (2003)

Cladding mode losses are included in Bragg gratings' design using a fast, discrete transfer matrix method and an iterative inverse scattering algorithm. Simulations show perfect equalization in a linear dispersion compensating grating written on a standard SMF fiber.
Narrow Filtered DPSK Implements Order-1 CAPS Optical Line Coding (2004)

A novel family of optical line codes has been presented elsewhere, here referred to as combined amplitude-phase shift (CAPS) codes. We show here that narrow filtering of a differential phase shift keying signal with bandwidth equal to about 2/3 of the bit rate turns out to closely implement the order-1 CAPS line coding. Performance of the two systems is compared for various types of optical filters.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY ON EARLY CALLUS DEVELOPMENT FROM IMMATURE EMBRYOS OF THE MAIZE STRAINS A188 AND A632 (1987)

Immature embryos of two maize inbred lines (A188 and A632) have been examined during the first three days of in vitro culture using light and electron microscopy. The first day of culture is characterized by an increase in the amount of organelles, changes in vacuolation and in nucleolar morphology. These ultrastructural events take place in both inbred lines and are not influenced by the presence of 2,4D. After one day of culture variation in developmental patterns occurs, which is dependent on genotype and culture conditions. It is found, that in the scutellum of A188 embryos proliferation is activated strongly within two days of culture, followed by the appearance of a broad scutellar meristematic zone. A second meristematic region is observed around the coleorhiza. In A632 embryos only a coleorhizal meristematic zone developed, while in the scutellum proliferation was hardly observed. Therefore we have subdivided the first period of maize embryo culture into two phases. The first phase is called the shock response and takes about one day, while the second phase starts after one day and is called growth response. In concurrent cultures of A188, which were prolonged for several weeks, white compact callus developed accompanied by somatic embryos, while in the A632 cultures non-embryogenic callus was produced.
Porous‐electrode theory with battery applications (1975)

Abstract Developments in the theory of flooded porous electrodes are reviewed with regard to simulation of primary and secondary batteries, adsorption of ions and double‐layer charging, and flow‐through electrochemical reactors.
Element and orbital-specific observation of two-step magnetic transition in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>NpNiGa</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism study (2009)

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) experiments were performed at the $\text{Np}\text{ }{M}_{4,5}$ and the $\text{Ga}\text{ }K$ absorption edges of ${\text{NpNiGa}}_{5}$ to investigate the temperature-dependent changes of magnetic properties of $\text{Np}\text{ }5f$ and $\text{Ga}\text{ }4p$ electron states. By the sum-rule analysis of the $\text{Np}\text{ }{M}_{4,5}$ XMCD data, the orbital magnetic moment ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{L}$ and the spin magnetic moment ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{S}$ were estimated for the $\text{Np}\text{ }5{f}^{3}$ and $5{f}^{4}$ electronic configurations and their comparison to the previous magnetization and neutron-scattering experiments suggests that the $5{f}^{4}$ configuration is more likely than the $5{f}^{3}$ configuration in ${\text{NpNiGa}}_{5}$. It was found that $|{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{L}/{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{S}|$ tends to increase from the high-temperature low-moment ordered state to the low-temperature high-moment ordered state. The result of the $\text{Ga}\text{ }K$ XMCD indicates that the $\text{Ga}\text{ }4p$ electrons are magnetically polarized and the temperature and magnetic-field dependences of the $\text{Ga}\text{ }4p$ orbital moment are proportional to those of the magnetization measurements.
Submicron air-bridge interconnection process for complex gate geometries (1997)

A one-step electron-beam lithography process for fabrication of submicron air bridges is described. The fabrication principle is based on differing sensitivities of three layers of resist. By modulating the exposure dose it is possible to develop through all layers, the top layers only, or the center layer only (tunnels). We have fabricated the gate structure for making a quantum ring of 1 μm diameter on GaAs material, with five separate Ti/Au Schottky gates around and in the center of the ring, including an air-bridge connection to the center gate.
A 12 bit 200 MHz low glitch CMOS D/A converter (2002)

A 12-bit 200 MHz CMOS current steering D/A converter is presented. The measured glitch energy is 0.8 pVs. To obtain this very low glitch energy specification, a new driver circuit using a dynamic latch is proposed. The measured INL is better than +/-0.5 LSB. The D/A converter operates at a 2.7 V power supply, it has a 20 mA full swing output current and a 200 MHz conversion rate. The worst case power consumption is 140 mW at the maximum conversion rate. The chip has been processed in a standard 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
Polyhydroxylated fullerene attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via a fortifying Nrf2-regulated cellular antioxidant defence system (2014)

Polyhydroxylated derivatives of fullerene C60, named fullerenols (C60[OH]n), have stimulated great interest because of their potent antioxidant properties in various chemical and biological systems, which enable them to be used as a new promising pharmaceutical for the future treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases, but the details remain unknown. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a principal transcription factor that regulates expression of several antioxidant genes via binding to the antioxidant response element and plays a crucial role in cellular defence against oxidative stress. In this study we investigated whether activation of the Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway contributes to the cytoprotective effects of C60(OH)24. Our results showed that C60(OH)24 enhanced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulated expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1, and γ-glutamate cysteine ligase in A549 cells. Treatment with C60(OH)24 resulted in phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinases. By using inhibitors of cellular kinases, we showed that pretreatment of A549 cells with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, abolished nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and induction of HO-1 protein induced by C60(OH)24, indicating an involvement of p38 MAPK in Nrf2/HO-1 activation by C 60(OH)24. Furthermore, pretreatment with C60(OH)24 attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death in A549 cells, and knockdown of Nrf2 by small interfering ribonucleic acid diminished C60(OH)24-mediated cytoprotection. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that C60(OH)24 may attenuate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via augmentation of Nrf2-regulated cellular antioxidant capacity, thus providing insights into the mechanisms of the antioxidant properties of C60(OH)24.
Multifaceted Analyses of Epidermal Serine Protease Activity in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis (2020)

The serine proteases kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) 5 and KLK7 cleave cell adhesion molecules in the epidermis. Aberrant epidermal serine protease activity is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). We collected the stratum corneum (SC) from healthy individuals (n = 46) and AD patients (n = 63) by tape stripping and then measuring the trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine protease activity. We also analyzed the p.D386N and p.E420K of SPINK5 variants and loss-of-function mutations of FLG in the AD patients. The serine protease activity in the SC was increased not only in AD lesions but also in non-lesions of AD patients. We found, generally, that there was a positive correlation between the serine protease activity in the SC and the total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels, and peripheral blood eosinophil counts. Moreover, the p.D386N or p.E420K in SPINK5 and FLG mutations were not significantly associated with the SC's serine protease activity. Epidermal serine protease activity was increased even in non-lesions of AD patients. Such activity was found to correlate with a number of biomarkers of AD. Further investigations of serine proteases might provide new treatments and prophylaxis for AD.