gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
“End-Only” Functionalized Oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s: Synthesis, Photophysical and Biocidal Activity (2010)

It is essential to develop alternative strategies to treat infections, especially those infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for most skin infections. Among those strategies, light-induced inactivation of pathogens appears to be a promising candidate. We present four novel “end only” oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s (EO-OPE-1s) that have the ends functionalized with cationic groups and are powerful light-activated biocides against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S. aureus. We have correlated the light-induced biocidal activities with singlet oxygen quantum yields Φ (1O2) of EO-OPE-1s, and a higher Φ (1O2) correlates with a better light-induced biocidal activity. Coupled with our previous work on the interactions of EO-OPE-1s with dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/cholesterol vesicles, we believe the biocidal process involves the following: (1) EO-OPE-1s penetrate the bacterial membrane, (2) EO-OPE-1s photosensitize the generation of singlet oxygen and/or other reactive oxygen species, and (3) singlet oxygen and/or reactive oxygen species trigger the cytotoxicity.
Analysis and Design of Cost-Effective, High-Throughput LDPC Decoders (2017)

This paper introduces a new approach to cost-effective, high-throughput hardware designs for low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoders. The proposed approach, called nonsurjective finite alphabet iterative decoders (NS-FAIDs), exploits the robustness of message-passing LDPC decoders to inaccuracies in the calculation of exchanged messages, and it is shown to provide a unified framework for several designs previously proposed in the literature. NS-FAIDs are optimized by density evolution for regular and irregular LDPC codes, and are shown to provide different tradeoffs between hardware complexity and decoding performance. Two hardware architectures targeting high-throughput applications are also proposed, integrating both Min-Sum (MS) and NS-FAID decoding kernels. ASIC post synthesis implementation results on 65-nm CMOS technology show that NS-FAIDs yield significant improvements in the throughput to area ratio, by up to 58.75% with respect to the MS decoder, with even better or only slightly degraded error correction performance.
(Invited) Atomic Control of Doping during Si Based Epitaxial Layer Growth Processes (2010)

Atomic-level processing based on surface reaction control is used for B and P doping during Si, SiGe or Ge epitaxy. The concept of atomic layer processing is base on the separation of adsorption of the dopant gases from the layer growth. By this way the doping process is controlled by surface adsorption / desorption of dopant gas mainly. For B atomic layer doping of SiGe and pure Ge using B 2 H 6 , high doping levels and steep doping profiles have been reached. The process was found to be self-limited at ~100 o C indicating preferred adsorption of B 2 H 6 on Si and Ge sites and suppression of B cluster formation. For P atomic layer doping on Si and SiGe self-limitation of the process has been observed for temperatures between 200-600 o C allowing very precise dopant dose and location control.
REIT Characteristics and Predictability (2007)

This paper examines the relationship between return predictability and REIT characteristics. We build a multifactor model based on a set of firm-specific factors that include (1) Risk factors; (2) Liquidity factors; (3) Expensiveness; (4) Profitability; and (5) Return history. Our model demonstrates the capability of predicting the “winners ” and the “losers, ” with fairly high consistency. Given the large return differences uncovered by the model, and the fundamental characteristics of the “winners ” versus the “losers, ” it is unlikely that strong results are artifacts of a biased methodology.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of a Postbuckled Embedded Delamination (1989)

Delamination growth caused by local buckling of a delaminated group of plies was investigated. Delamination growth was assumed to be governed by the strain- energy release rates G I , G II , and G III . The strain-energy release rates were calculated using a geometrically nonlinear, three-dimensional, finite element analysis. The program is described and several checks of the analysis are discussed. Based on a limited para metric study, the following conclusions were reached: 1. The problem is definitely mixed-mode. In some cases G I is larger than G II ; for other cases the opposite is true. 2. In general, there is a large gradient in the strain-energy release rates along the delamination front. 3. The locations of maximum G I , and G II depend on the delamination shape and the ap plied strain. 4. The mode III component was negligible for all cases considered. 5. The analysis predicted that parts of the delamination would overlap. The results pre sented herein did not impose contact constraints to prevent overlapping. Further work is needed to determine the effects of allowing the overlapping.
Induction of Neurasthenic Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome by Selective Sleep Stage Deprivation (1976)

Two groups of young, healthy, nonathletic volunteers were subjected to selective sleep stage deprivation. Six subjects were deprived of stage 4 sleep and seven subjects of REM sleep. The stage 4 deprived group reported more musculoskeletal symptoms during the deprivation condition than did the REM deprived group. The stage 4 deprived group also showed a significant increase in muscle tenderness between the baseline and deprivation conditions and an altered pattern of overnight change in muscle tenderness in response to deprivation. The REM deprived group did not show either of these changes. These results are discussed in the light of the previously postulated relationship between NREM sleep disturbance and muscoloskeletal pain in patients with so-called "Fibrositis syndrome."
Interactive Local Super-Resolution Reconstruction of Whole-Body MRI Mouse Data: A Pilot Study with Applications to Bone and Kidney Metastases (2014)

In small animal imaging studies, when the locations of the micro-structures of interest are unknown a priori, there is a simultaneous need for full-body coverage and high resolution. In MRI, additional requirements to image contrast and acquisition time will often make it impossible to acquire such images directly. Recently, a resolution enhancing post-processing technique called super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) has been demonstrated to improve visualization and localization of micro-structures in small animal MRI by combining multiple low-resolution acquisitions. However, when the field-of-view is large relative to the desired voxel size, solving the SRR problem becomes very expensive, in terms of both memory requirements and computation time. In this paper we introduce a novel local approach to SRR that aims to overcome the computational problems and allow researchers to efficiently explore both global and local characteristics in whole-body small animal MRI. The method integrates state-of-the-art image processing techniques from the areas of articulated atlas-based segmentation, planar reformation, and SRR. A proof-of-concept is provided with two case studies involving CT, BLI, and MRI data of bone and kidney tumors in a mouse model. We show that local SRR-MRI is a computationally efficient complementary imaging modality for the precise characterization of tumor metastases, and that the method provides a feasible high-resolution alternative to conventional MRI.
Phase-compensated optical beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence (1978)

The modulation transfer function and the irradiance profile of a phase-compensated laser beam propagating through atmospheric turbulence are calculated for various values of the normalized transmitter diameter, D/r(0). Both focused Gaussian beam and collimated beam with modal phase corrections of arbitrary orders are considered using Zernike polynomials as basic correcting modes. Examples are given for low-order corrections such as tilt, focus, and astigmatism as well as for higher order corrections. The beam quality criteria, defined in terms of Strehl ratio, spot radius, and energy in a bucket, are used to measure the beam performance with different compensating modes. The effects on the beam propagation of central obscuration of the transmitter are also examined, and numerical results are given.
Cellular Senescence in Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential Age-Related Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment (2013)

The aging process is associated with a loss of complexity in the dynamics of physiological systems that reduce the ability to adapt to stress, causing frailty and/or age-related diseases. At the cellular level, proliferative and/or oxidative-stress induced cell senescence associated with a pro-inflammatory state may greatly contribute to age-associated impaired tissue and organ functions. Senescence of endothelial and cardiac cells observed over normal aging, appear to be accelerated in age-related diseases and in particular, in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence have been extensively studied, a complete understanding of their role in CVD is still limited. Cardiac, endothelial (EC), vascular smooth muscle (VSMC), leukocytic and stem cells (endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), embryonic stem cells (ESC) and haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)) may play a pivotal role on the maintenance and regeneration of cardiovascular tissue. Age-associated changes of such cells may enhance the risk of developing CVD. The purpose of this review is to illustrate how cellular senescence may affect tissue repair and maintenance toward CVD, focusing on the role played by telomere length and microRNA expression. Finally, interventions aimed at improving the age-related decline in vascular cells during aging and disease, as well as strategies to harness the regenerative capacity of stem cells in CVD will be discussed.
AN ENGINE EXHAUST PARTICLE SIZERTM SPECTROMETER FOR TRANSIENT EMISSION PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS (2003)

There has been increased interest in obtaining size distribution data during transient engine operation where both particle size and total number concentrations can change dramatically. Traditionally, the measurement of particle emissions from vehicles has been a compromise based on choosing between the conflicting needs of high time resolution or high particle size resolution for a particular measurement. Currently the most common technique for measuring submicrometer particle sizes is the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPSTM) system. The SMPS system gives high size resolution but requires an aerosol to be stable over a long time period to make a particle size distribution measurement. A Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) is commonly used for fast time response measurements but is limited to measuring total concentration only. This paper describes a new instrument, the Engine Exhaust Particle SizerTM (EEPSTM) spectrometer, which has high time resolution and a reasonable size resolution. The EEPS was designed specifically for measuring engine exhaust and, like the SMPS system, uses a measurement based on electrical mobility. Particles entering the instrument are charged to a predictable level, then passed through an annular space where they are repelled outward by the voltage from a central column. When the particles reach electrodes on the outer cylindrical (a column of rings), they create a current that is measured by an electrometer on one or more of the rings. The electrometer currents are measured multiple times per second to give high time resolution. A sophisticated realtime inversion algorithm converts the currents to particle size and concentration for immediate display.
Probing Nanoscale Ferroelectricity by Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy (2006)

We demonstrated that ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy is an effective technique to measure the transition temperature (Tc) in ferroelectric ultrathin films and superlattices. We showed that one-unit-cell-thick BaTiO3 layers in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices are not only ferroelectric (with Tc as high as 250 kelvin) but also polarize the quantum paraelectric SrTiO3 layers adjacent to them. Tc was tuned by approximately 500 kelvin by varying the thicknesses of the BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 layers, revealing the essential roles of electrical and mechanical boundary conditions for nanoscale ferroelectricity.
Three-dimensional super-resolution and localization of dense clusters of single molecules (2014)

When a single molecule is detected in a wide-field microscope, the image approximates the point spread function of the system. However, as the distribution of molecules becomes denser and their images begin to overlap, existing solutions to determine the number of molecules present and their precise three-dimensional locations can tolerate little to no overlap. We propose a localization scheme that can identify several overlapping molecule images while maintaining high localization precision. A solution to this problem involving matched optical and digital techniques, as here proposed, can substantially increase the allowable labeling density and accelerate the data collection time of single-molecule localization microscopy by more than one order of magnitude.
Improved two-stage DC-coupled gate driver for enhancement-mode SiC JFET (2010)

Normally-OFF SiC VJFETs have been proved to be advantageous as a ¿drop-in¿ replacement of MOSFETs and IGBTs in a variety of applications. As this device's acceptance continues to grow, developers are investigating optimized driver methods that will yield the best possible switching performance leading to higher system efficiencies. This paper presents new results for an alternative and more optimized gate driver to the capacitive coupled driver used in past literature. Additionally switching energy measurements are documented for the 50 mOhm enhancement-mode SiC VJFET in the newly optimized two-stage, DC-coupled gate driver and compared against past results obtained using the initial driver design. Specific design guidelines are included for achieving the best possible results using the two stage gate driver design presented here.
Guided-wave acousto-optic Bragg diffraction in indium gallium arsenide phosphide waveguides (1997)

Theoretical and experimental studies on guided-wave acousto-optic (AO) Bragg diffraction in a composite indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) planar waveguide were carried out. In this letter, the experimental results of the excitation and propagation of a 〈110〉-directed surface acoustic wave (SAW) at the center frequency of 167 MHz, and the AO Bragg diffraction at a 1.31 micron wavelength in In0.22Ga0.78As0.47P0.53 waveguide are reported. An AO Bragg diffraction efficiency as high as 14% was achieved at an acoustic drive power of 8.5 mW with an interaction length (transducer aperture) of only 1.0 mm. Two orders of magnitude improvement in the Bragg diffraction efficiency versus rf drive power should be achievable by the optimization of the SAW transducer and the optical waveguide parameters.
INTERPRETATION OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS (1961)

Abstract A linear filter model of the complicated seismic process can be formulated by assuming that (1) the layering of the earth is described by the continuous velocity log, (2) the shot pulse is time-invariant and propagates as a plane wave with normal incidence, and (3) all multiples, ghosts, and other noise are negligible. Then, the model earth with discrete layers can be considered a filter whose impulse response is the set of reflection coefficients. The set of reflection coefficients becomes the reflectivity function when the model earth has a continuously varying velocity. By definition, the reflectivity function is the derivative of the logarithm of velocity, where both are functions of two-way travel time. The input to this filter is the time-invariant shot pulse. The output is a synthetic seismogram that contains the reflectivity function filtered by the shot pulse; in other words, it consists of primary reflections only. Since the filter is linear, the input and the filter may be interchanged, the reflectivity function becoming the input and the shot pulse becoming the filter. A non-mathematical discussion of the reflections from simple, ideal velocity layering shows that: (1) The reflection from a step velocity function is the shot pulse itself. (2) Thin beds produce a differentiated shot pulse. (3) Beds which approximate a square pulse in velocity produce a pair of shot pulses, with the second delayed in time and reversed in phase with respect to the first. The composite reflection has its greatest amplitude when the layer thickness (in two-way travel time) is one-half the basic period of the shot pulse. This situation is called “tuning.” The strongest reflections on field records result when the shot pulse is tuned to the velocity layering. (4) Ramp-transition zones (linear increase in the logarithm of velocity) produce integrated shot pulses at the changes in slope of the velocity function. A correspondence can be established between the velocity function and the synthetic seismogram by shifting the velocity function later in time. The shift is required because of “filter delay.” The amount of filter delay is related to the impulse response waveform, which, in the case of the synthetic seismogram, is given by the reflection from a step velocity function.
On the Estimation of SAR and Compliance Distance Related to RF Exposure From Mobile Communication Base Station Antennas (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) estimation formulas for RF main beam exposure from mobile communication base station antennas are proposed. The formulas, given for both whole-body SAR and localized SAR, are heuristic in nature and valid for a class of common base station antennas. The formulas were developed based on a number of physical observations and are supported by results from an extensive literature survey together with supplementary measurements and numerical simulations of typical exposure situations. Using exposure limits, the proposed SAR estimation formulas can be converted to formulas for estimating compliance distance. </para>
Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles Induce Gene Expression Changes in Müller Cells of the Retina (2012)

Cell-derived microvesicles (MVs), recognized as important components of cell-cell communication, contain mRNAs, miRNAs, proteins and lipids and transfer their bioactive contents from parent cells to cells of other origins. We have studied the effect that MVs released from embryonic stem cells (ESMVs) have on retinal progenitor Müller cells. Cultured human Müller cells were exposed to mouse ESMVs every 48 hours for a total of 9 treatments. Morphological changes were observed by light microscopy in the treated cells, which grew as individual heterogeneous cells, compared to the uniform, spindle-like adherent cellular sheets of untreated cells. ESMVs transferred to Müller cells embryonic stem cell (ESC) mRNAs involved in the maintenance of pluripotency, including Oct4 and Sox2, and the miRNAs of the 290 cluster, important regulators of the ESC-specific cell cycle. Moreover, ESMV exposure induced up-regulation of the basal levels of endogenous human Oct4 mRNA in Müller cells. mRNA and miRNA microarrays of ESMV-treated vs. untreated Müller cells revealed the up-regulation of genes and miRNAs involved in the induction of pluripotency, cellular proliferation, early ocular genes and genes important for retinal protection and remodeling, as well as the down-regulation of inhibitory and scar-related genes and miRNAs involved in differentiation and cell cycle arrest. To further characterize the heterogeneous cell population of ESMV-treated Müller cells, their expression of retinal cell markers was compared to that in untreated control cells by immunocytochemistry. Markers for amacrine, ganglion and rod photoreceptors were present in treated but not in control Müller cells. Together, our findings indicate that ESMs induce de-differentiation and pluripotency in their target Müller cells, which may turn on an early retinogenic program of differentiation.
Embedded 5V-to-3.3V voltage regulator for supplying digital ICs in 3.3V CMOS technology (1997)

A fully-integrated 5V-to-3.3V supply voltage regulator for application in digital ICs has been designed in a 3.3V 0.5µm CMOS process. The regulator is able to deliver peak current transients of 300mA while the output voltage remains within a margin of 10% around the nominal value. The circuit draws a static quiescent current of 1mA during normal operation and includes also a power-down mode with only 12µA current consumption. The die area is 1mm2and can be scaled proportional to the maximum peak current. Special precautions have been taken to allow 5V in the 3.3V process.
Robust Formulations of the Cauchy Method Suitable for Microwave Duplexers Modeling (2007)

It is well known that a Vandermonde matrix generates an ill-conditioned system matrix when applied with finite numerical precision. This deficiency affects the Cauchy method by restricting its application to only lower order systems. This paper presents innovative, accurate, and robust formulations of the Cauchy method to rectify this limitation and make the Cauchy method suitable for the extraction of a high-order microwave duplexer polynomial model. The techniques employed are: the change of polynomial basis into the Krylov subspace and the precondition technique, both acting on the system matrix of the classic Cauchy method formulation. A novel formulation using the QR algorithm on the two characteristic functions of the duplexer and a suitable combination of the QR method and the precondition technique are then presented. Each of these procedures has been successfully verified by numerical application examples
Lessons Learned in Fabrication of a High-Specific-Torque Concentric Magnetic Gear (2019)

Magnetic gearing is being investigated at NASA as a replacement to conventional mechanical gearing in aerospace applications. Some potential benefits of magnetic gears over mechanical gearing are torque transmission without mechanical contact, decreased transmission noise, and no required lubrication. However, in order to be a viable alternative for aerospace applications, magnetic gearing must be shown to provide high enough specific torque (torque per unit mass). NASA's second magnetic gearing prototype (PT-2) was able to achieve promising specific torque on par with low torque mechanical gearboxes. This work will briefly review the electromagnetic and structural design of PT-2, provide detailed information on fabrication and assembly, examine build errors, walk through rebuild efforts to improve operation, and conclude with remarks on build difficulties and opportunities for improvement in future prototypes.
Synthesis of <sup>99m</sup>Tc(CO)<sub>3</sub>-Pazufloxacin Dithiocarbamate Complex and Biodistribution in Experimentally Induced Infection in Female Nude Mice (2012)

In this study the 99mTc(CO)3-PZND complex was prepared through the [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ technique and its radiobiological characteristics were compared with 99mTcV≡N-PZND complex in terms of stability in saline and in serum, in vitro Escherichia coli (E. coli) uptake and biodistribution in female nude mice model. Based on the elevated stability in saline, improved immovability in serum, higher in vitro E. coli uptake, and promising in vivo biodistribution, we confirmed the pre-eminence of the 99mTc(CO)3-PZND complex as a much better in vivo E. coli infection radiotracer than the 99mTcV≡N-PZND complex.
Effect of Single Moxibustion on Blood Coagulation Activities in Healthy Volunteers (1984)

ヒト血液凝固能に及ぼす施灸刺激の影響について検索した。被験者は健康成人男子12名である。施灸は総艾量45mg/body を分け, 期門穴両側に各15壮, 1回行った。施灸前, 施灸後1時間および3時間に採血を行い, 血液凝固能 (TEG, PRCT, APTT, PT), ヘパプラスチンテスト (HPT), 血球数, 白血球百分率および血小板凝集能について検索した。その結果, 施灸後1時間でTEGのk値の短縮および3時間でHPTの活性上昇を認めた。PRCT, APTT, PTでは殆ど変化を認めなかった。血小板凝集能では, 3時間で最大凝集能の低下傾向を認めた。血球数に変化はなかったが, 白血球百分率では, 1時間で分節核好中球が減少し, 相対的にリンパ球が増加した。