gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimethanogenic drugs and <i>Heliotropium europaeum</i> poisoning in penned sheep (1978)

Most sheep fed for prolonged periods on a ration containing 50% dried Heliotropium europaeum developed some of the clinical manifestations seen in field cases of pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis. Histologically demonstrated liver damage in the laboratory animals was comparatively mild, but the marked decline in their bromosulphophthalein (BSP) clearance rates indicated severe depletion of liver functional capacity. In sheep fed on H. europaeum for 13-week periods separated by 18-week rests, simultaneous oral administration of iodoform (16 mg twice daily) led to an increase from 33 to 55 weeks in the time required for death of half the susceptible sheep. Iodoform at levels of 32 mg and above twice daily proved hepatotoxic when given orally for several months. All susceptible sheep not given iodoform died following two periods of H. europaeum feeding, whereas three such periods were needed for iodoform-treated animals. It is concluded that iodoform prophylaxis may be a useful protective measure in the field for sheep exposed to H. europaeum grazing during a single season. Up to 20% of the sheep used survived ingestion of H. europaeum for the full experimental term; some of them sustained little or no decline in BSP clearance rate. This finding indicates that there are prospects for development of a pyrrolizidine-tolerant strain of sheep by selective breeding. Chloral hydrate proved unsatisfactory as a replacement for iodoform.
Low-pressure pulsed focused ultrasound with microbubbles promotes an anticancer immunological response (2012)

Abstract Background High-intensity focused-ultrasound (HIFU) has been successfully employed for thermal ablation of tumors in clinical settings. Continuous- or pulsed-mode HIFU may also induce a host antitumor immune response, mainly through expansion of antigen-presenting cells in response to increased cellular debris and through increased macrophage activation/infiltration. Here we demonstrated that another form of focused ultrasound delivery, using low-pressure, pulsed-mode exposure in the presence of microbubbles (MBs), may also trigger an antitumor immunological response and inhibit tumor growth. Methods A total of 280 tumor-bearing animals were subjected to sonographically-guided FUS. Implanted tumors were exposed to low-pressure FUS (0.6 to 1.4 MPa) with MBs to increase the permeability of tumor microvasculature. Results Tumor progression was suppressed by both 0.6 and 1.4-MPa MB-enhanced FUS exposures. We observed a transient increase in infiltration of non-T regulatory (non-Treg) tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and continual infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). The ratio of CD8+/Treg increased significantly and tumor growth was inhibited. Conclusions Our findings suggest that low-pressure FUS exposure with MBs may constitute a useful tool for triggering an anticancer immune response, for potential cancer immunotherapy.
Measurements for adaptive protection and control in a competitive market (2005)

In a competitive market where power generating companies compete for loads with open access to the transmission network, the protection and control techniques in use take on a special significance. In this new environment there are two issues which are related to the uses of real time measurements. First, there is the possibility that the pre-set control and protection decisions do not necessarily perform optimally when the system state changes, in particular as the generation pattern changes significantly. The real time measurements can be of great help in adapting the protection and control strategies to the new environment. The second issue deals with the problem of identifying what control processes are at work on the network at any given time. It would be interesting to investigate if precise measurements made on the network in real time could provide definitive assessment of what is happening on the network. The paper expands on the two ideas described above.
Microplasma Mass Spectrometric Detection in Capillary Gas Chromatography (1998)

A simple and miniaturized 350-kHz helium discharge for plasma mass spectrometric detection in gas chromatography (GC) has been developed. The plasma was sustained at low pressure within the end of the capillary GC column (0.32-mm i.d.) inside the ion source housing of a quadrupole mass spectrometer. This allowed direct introduction of ions from the plasma to the mass analyzer using only a repeller and electrostatic lenses to focus the ions. The plasma was sustained in only 25 mL min(-)(1) of helium, which was accepted by the mass spectrometer vacuum system. This low gas flow also served to enhance the energy density of the discharge and to produce a narrow spray of ions toward the mass analyzer. Due to the miniaturized nature of the plasma, it was operated at a low power level (2.0 W), and traces of oxygen were added to avoid deposition of carbon. With this new concept for GC plasma mass spectrometric detection, chlorine was successfully monitored down to the 2.2 pg s(-)(1) level without interference from elements like C, S, P, O, F, and N.
Lignins and Their Derivatives with Beneficial Effects on Human Health (2017)

A review of the pharmacological applications of lignins provides evidence of their protective role against the development of different diseases. In many cases, the effects of lignins could be explained by their antioxidant capacity. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature from the period 2010-2016 which provides information concerning new applications of lignins derived from recent research. The most promising findings are reported, including the methodologies employed and results obtained with lignins or their derivatives which may improve human health. We highlight potential applications in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, viral infections and cancer. Moreover, we report both that lignins can be used in the preparation of nanoparticles to deliver different drugs and also their use in photoprotection.
Population screening for coeliac disease in primary care by district nurses using a rapid antibody test: diagnostic accuracy and feasibility study (2007)

A simple rapid antibody test enabled primary care nurses to detect patients with coeliac disease in the community who were not picked up in clinical care. Extra training is needed to improve sensitivity.
Aeroengine Control System Sensor Fault Diagnosis Based on CWT and CNN (2020)

The aeroengine control system is a piece of complex thermal machinery which works under high-speed, high-load, and high-temperature environmental conditions over lengthy periods of time; it must be designed for the utmost reliability and safety to function effectively. The consequences of sensor faults are often extremely serious. The inherent complexity of the engine structure creates difficulty in establishing accurate mathematical models for the model-based sensor fault diagnosis. This paper proposes an intelligent fault diagnosis method for aeroengine sensors combining a deep learning algorithm with time-frequency analysis wherein the signal recognition problem is transformed into an image recognition problem. The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is first applied to seven common health condition signals in an engine control system sensor in order to generate scalograms that capture the characteristics of the signal. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model trained with preprocessed and labeled datasets is then used to extract the features of a time-frequency graph based on which faults can be identified and isolated. This method does not require modeling and design thresholds, so it has strong robustness and accuracy rate of over 97%. The trained model effectively reveals faults in sensor signals and allows for accurate identification of fault types.
A noniterative method for identification using Hammerstein model (1971)

A noniterative method developed by Hsia for the particular case where the transfer function in the Hammerstein model has no zeros is extended to the general case where the transfer function may have zeros. Numerical examples show that the computation time by this method is considerably less than by the iteratire procedure proposed by Narendra and Gallman while the accuracy of the estimates is comparable.
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Revisited (2003)

During the past 3 decades, the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole has occupied a central role in the treatment of various commonly encountered infections and has also been particularly useful for several specific clinical conditions. However, changing resistance patterns and the introduction of newer broad-spectrum antibiotics have led to the need to carefully redefine the appropriate use of this agent in clinical practice. While trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole's traditional role as empirical therapy for several infections has been modified by increasing resistance, it remains a highly useful alternative to the new generation of expanded-spectrum agents if resistance patterns and other clinical variables are carefully considered. It also seems to have an increasing role as a cost-effective pathogen-directed therapy with the potential to decrease or delay development of resistance to newer antibiotics used for empirical treatment. In addition, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole continues to be the drug of choice for several clinical indications.
Miniaturized, highly sensitive single-chip multichannel quartz-crystal microbalance (2002)

A miniaturized highly sensitive single-chip multichannel quartz-crystal microbalance prepared by deep reactive ion etching is presented. In the present work, quartz resonators in a single-chip with the diameters in the range 0.05–1.0 mm and thicknesses in the range 18–82 μm were fabricated. The conductance measurements carried out on the resonators showed that the Q factor is inversely proportional to resonator thickness. The Q-factor value as high as ∼30 000 has been observed in case of a 94 MHz resonator whose diameter is 1 mm and the thickness 17.8 μm. The Q factor of a resonator of very small diameter (0.1 mm) reached the value 5700.
Old and new findings on lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: a soluble pattern-recognition molecule (2011)

LBP [LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-binding protein] was discovered approximately 25 years ago. Since then, substantial progress has been made towards our understanding of its function in health and disease. Furthermore, the discovery of a large protein family sharing functional and structural attributes has helped in our knowledge. Still, key questions are unresolved, and here an overview on the old and new findings on LBP is given. LBP is an acute-phase protein of the liver, but is also synthesized in other cells of the organism. While LBP is named after the ability to bind to LPS of Gram-negative bacteria, it also can recognize other bacterial compounds, such as lipopeptides. It has been shown that LBP is needed to combat infections; however, the main mechanism of action is still not clear. New findings on natural genetic variations of LBP leading to functional consequences may help in further elucidating the mechanism of LBP and its role in innate immunity and disease.
Sparse and Non-Negative BSS for Noisy Data (2013)

Non-negative blind source separation (BSS) has raised interest in various fields of research, as testified by the wide literature on the topic of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). In this context, it is fundamental that the sources to be estimated present some diversity in order to be efficiently retrieved. Sparsity is known to enhance such contrast between the sources while producing very robust approaches, especially to noise. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm in order to tackle the blind separation of non-negative sparse sources from noisy measurements. We first show that sparsity and non-negativity constraints have to be carefully applied on the sought-after solution. In fact, improperly constrained solutions are unlikely to be stable and are therefore sub-optimal. The proposed algorithm, named nGMCA (non-negative Generalized Morphological Component Analysis), makes use of proximal calculus techniques to provide properly constrained solutions. The performance of nGMCA compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms is demonstrated by numerical experiments encompassing a wide variety of settings, with negligible parameter tuning. In particular, nGMCA is shown to provide robustness to noise and performs well on synthetic mixtures of real NMR spectra.
The pharmacology of sildenafil, a novel and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 5 (1999)

Sildenafil (1-[4-ethoxy-3-(6,7-dihydro-1-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-1H-pyrazolo [4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl) phenylsulphonyl]-4-methylpiperazine) has been shown to be an effective oral treatment for male erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil is a potent competitive inhibitor of PDE5 (IC50 3.5 nM) and is selective over PDE1 to 4 (80 to 19,000-fold) and retinal PDE6 (10-fold). Sildenafil enhanced cGMP accumulation driven with sodium nitroprusside in the corpus cavernosum of rabbits without affecting cAMP formulation. In the absence of nitric oxide drive, sildenafil had no functional effect on the human and rabbit isolated corpus cavernosum, but potently potentiated the relaxant effects of nitric oxide on these tissues. In the anaesthetised dog, sildenafil (ED50: 12 to 16 micrograms/kg i.v.) enhanced the increase in intracavernosal pressure induced by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve or intracavernosal injection of sodium nitroprusside in the absence of meaningful effects on blood pressure. Consistent with its mode of action, sildenafil potentiated the vasorelaxant effects of glyceryl trinitrate on rabbit isolated aortic rings. However, unlike milrinone, sildenafil had no inotropic effects on the dog isolated trabeculae carneae. Thus it is unlikely to have the deleterious effects on cardiac function associated with PDE3 inhibitors. As a consequence of inhibition of PDE6 in the retina, sildenafil (1 to 100 microM) altered the kinetics of the light response of the dog isolated retina. In the anaesthetised dog, sildenafil modified the a- and b-wave of the electroretinogram induced by a flash of blue light. These effects were proportional to plasma concentrations, were fully reversible and only occurred following plasma concentrations higher (approximately 30-fold) than those active on intracavernosal pressure. These studies have shown that sildenafil is a potent and selective inhibitor of PDE5. It enhances the effect of nitric oxide on the corpus cavernosum and has been shown to be an effective oral treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Trapping of Minority Carriers in Silicon. II.<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>-Type Silicon (1955)

Experimental evidence of temporary trapping of holes in the volume of $n$-type silicon in at least two different traps is presented. The trap parameters of cross section for capture and energy level above the valence band are determined by measuring the unfilled trap density, the hole density, the rate at which holes are trapped, and the rate at which holes are released from traps. Measurement of the temperature dependence of these quantities for the deeper traps gives, in addition, the temperature variation of the cross section for capture, the energy level of the traps below the conduction band and a second determination of the trap level above the valence band. The values obtained are consistent with accepted values of the energy gap. There is evidence for a loss mechanism for holes (recombination) from the deeper traps at a rate which is found to be proportional to the square of the electron concentration.
Evaluación de los parámetros modales de dos ejes, uno fabricado con materiales compuestos y otro en acero estructural, mediante la implementación de una técnica de Análisis Modal Operacional (OMA) (2020)

Este trabajo se centra en la obtención de los parámetros modales de dos ejes de transmisión de potencia en operación. El estudio está planteado en un eje fabricado con materiales compuestos, fibras de carbono en una matriz epóxica y un eje en acero estructural A36. El objetivo es, evaluar y validar la implementación de una técnica de Análisis Modal Operacional (OMA) en ejes de diferente composición estructural, y a su vez, comparar la respuesta dinámica de los elementos objeto de estudio.
Why Some Countries Are Rich and Some Are Poor (1999)

Douglass C. North, 1993 Nobel laureate in economics, Spencer T. Olin Professor of Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, delivers the 1999 Centennial Lecture.\nProfessor North approaches the fundamental question of why some countries are rich and others poor by focusing his analysis on the political and legal framework for economic growth and the connection between economic change, technical development and institutional conditions.\nRecognized for his pioneering work in "the new institutional economics," an approach emphasizing the importance of institutions in economic growth, Professor North was co-recipient of the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and was the first economic historian ever to win the economics profession's prestigious John R. Commons Award. He has done path-breaking work in economic history as well as development economics.\nRuntime: 01:23:51
Detecting content spam on the Web through text diversity analysis (2011)

Web spam is considered to be one of the greatest threats to modern search engines. Spammers use a wide range of content generation techniques known as content spam to fill search results with low quality pages. We argue that content spam must be tackled using a wide range of content quality features. In this paper we propose a set of content diversity features based on frequency rank distributions for terms and topics. We combine them with a wide range of other content features to produce a content spam classifier that outperforms existing results. 1
A Neural Network Based Algorithm for Building Crystal Look-up Table of PET Block Detector (2006)

Crystal look-up table (CUT) used in the Siemens Inveon dedicated PET scanner defines the matching relation between signal position of a detected event to a corresponding detector pixel location. It is the result of the first stage scanner calibration and brings significant influence to the gantry overall performance. The currently used method involves a lot of human interaction for CLT corrections, and can not be implemented as an on-line process due to its complexity. This paper introduces a neural network based algorithm for crystal identification. A modified unsupervised self-organizing feature map (SOFM) is trained by the incoming events to construct a CLT. The algorithm is implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip in the Inveon event processing module (EPM) electronics, which significantly reduces the training time and brings feasibility to detector on-line monitoring. The preliminary training result shows that SOFM can be used effectively in CLT construction with excellent accuracy.
Adaptive control of combustion instability using extremum-seeking (2000)

We present results of experiment with two distinct extremum-seeking adaptive algorithms for control of combustion instability suitable for reduction of acoustic pressure oscillations in gas turbine over large range of operating conditions. The algorithms consists of a frequency tracking extended Kalman filter to determine the in-phase component, the quadrature component, and the magnitude of the acoustic mode of interest, and a phase shifting controller with the controller phase tuned using an extremum-seeking algorithms. Even though the algorithms were designed specifically for control of combustion instability in gas turbine engines, they are applicable for control of oscillations of systems whose oscillation frequency and optimal control phase shift depends on operating conditions, and which are driven by strong broad-band disturbance. The algorithms have been tested in combustion experiments involving full-scale engine hardware and during simulated fast engine transients.
The Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mater in Man: Anatomical and Ultrastructural Observations (1988)

The objects of the present study were: (1) to define the relationships of the arachnoid mater to blood vessels in the subarachnoid space; (2) to establish the structure of leptomeningeal trabeculae and their relationships to the pia mater; and (3) to investigate the fine structure of the human pia mater. Intracranial portions of vertebral artery were taken at post mortem, and normal cerebral cortex and overlying leptomeninges were obtained from surgical lobectomies. Tissue from these specimens was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, by light microscopy and by immunocytochemistry for the presence of basement membrane, desmosomal proteins and vimentin. Results of the study showed that as the vertebral artery pierced the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and entered the subarachnoid space, it acquired a leptomeningeal coat as the arachnoid was reflected on to it. It has been demonstrated previously that as vessels enter the brain, the leptomeningeal coat is reflected on to the surface of the cortex as the pia mater. The arachnoid mater was seen to consist of a subdural mesothelial layer and a compact central layer as previously reported. From the inner layer of the arachnoid, collagen bundles coated by leptomeningeal cells extended as trabeculae across the subarachnoid space to fuse with the pia mater. The pia itself was composed of a delicate but apparently continuous layer of cells joined by desmosomes and gap junctions but no tight junctions were observed. It was possible to detect pia mater cells in the perivascular spaces of the brain by immunocytochemical techniques using light microscopy. The significance of the observed anatomical arrangement for cerebrospinal fluid physiology is discussed.
Femtosecond writing of active optical waveguides with astigmatically shaped beams (2003)

We describe a novel approach for the fabrication of optical waveguides by focused low-repetition-rate femtosecond laser pulses. This approach overcomes the main limitation of the technique, i.e., the strong asymmetry of the waveguide profile. By use of an astigmatic beam and suitably controlling both beam waist and focal position in tangential and sagittal planes, it is possible to shape the focal volume in such a way as to obtain waveguides with a circular transverse profile and of the desired size. This technique is applied to the fabrication of active waveguides in Er:Yb-doped glass substrates. The waveguides are single mode at 1.5 μm and exhibit propagation losses of ∼0.25 dB/cm and an internal gain of 1.4 dB at 1534 nm.
A multi-tiered collaborative commerce model based on the integration of CORBA and EJB (2005)

The development e-commerce provides the companies more opportunities to conduct business. The companies have the requests of collaborative commerce (c-commerce) with their partners than ever. Traditional technologies and methods have the limitations to provide efficient operation. CORBA and EJB can be combined via IDL, ORB and RM/IIOP protocol, which gives us a new way to establish high performance information systems. By this means, we can transform the traditional models into CORBA/EJB based models. The paper illustrates the integration method of the two technologies and puts forward a new collaborative model with better security, portability, flexibility and performance of inter-platform and inter-operation systems. The interaction process of the client-side objects and server-side objects is also given. Based on the model, the company and its partners or customers can implement the collaborations easily. Finally, an example based on the model is developed, which demonstrates the suggested model