gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinician's Guide to Medications for PTSD (2009)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has biological, psychological, and social causes and implications. Medications can be used to ameliorate the biological basis for PTSD symptoms along with co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses, and may benefit psychological and social symptoms as well. Studies suggest that cognitive behavioral therapies such as prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) have greater effects on PTSD symptoms than medications, but some people may prefer medications or may benefit from receiving a medication in addition to psychotherapy. It is crucial to consider the level of evidence available for specific medication interventions being considered. Trials which are randomized, placebocontrolled, and double blinded are the gold standard for guiding pharmacotherapy decision making. Less strongly supported evidence includes open trials and case reports. It is vital for the clinician to question the level of evidence supporting the medications being prescribed for PTSD, because there are a variety of influences on prescribing, including marketing, patient preferences, and clinical custom, all of which can be inconsistent with the evidence base.
Antiapoptotic Signaling by the Insulin Receptor in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (1998)

We have sought to determine whether insulin can promote cell survival and protect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells from apoptosis induced by serum starvation. Low concentrations of insulin were antiapoptotic for cells overexpressing wild-type insulin receptors but not in cells transfected with kinase-defective insulin receptor mutants that lacked a functional ATP binding site. However, treatment with orthovanadate (50 microM), a widely used tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, led a dramatic reduction in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in both cell lines. Cells transfected with truncated receptor mutants in either the juxtamembrane or C-terminal domain were as responsive as cells overexpressing wild-type receptors in mediating insulin antiapoptotic protection. The mechanisms underlying insulin antiapoptotic protection were investigated using a variety of pharmacological tools known to inhibit distinct signaling pathways. The phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 had only a modest influence whereas blocking protein farnesylation with manumycin severely disrupted the antiapoptotic capacity of the insulin receptor. Of interest, cells gained antiapoptotic potential following inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation with the pharmacological agent PD98059. Insulin induced MKK3/MKK6 phosphorylation and activation of p38 MAP kinase whose activity was inhibited with SB203580. However, the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase had no effect on the protection offered by insulin. We conclude that the antiapoptotic function of the insulin receptor requires intact receptor kinase activity and implicates a farnesylation-dependent pathway. Increase in cellular phosphotyrosine content, however, triggers antiapoptotic signal that may converge downstream of the insulin receptor.
The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) (2012)

Oranges are an important nutritional source for human health and have immense economic value. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). The assembled sequence covers 87.3% of the estimated orange genome, which is relatively compact, as 20% is composed of repetitive elements. We predicted 29,445 protein-coding genes, half of which are in the heterozygous state. With additional sequencing of two more citrus species and comparative analyses of seven citrus genomes, we present evidence to suggest that sweet orange originated from a backcross hybrid between pummelo and mandarin. Focused analysis on genes involved in vitamin C metabolism showed that GalUR, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the galacturonate pathway, is significantly upregulated in orange fruit, and the recent expansion of this gene family may provide a genomic basis. This draft genome represents a valuable resource for understanding and improving many important citrus traits in the future.
Eukaryotic translation termination factor gene (ETF1/eRF1) maps at D5S500 in a commonly deleted region of chromosome 5q31 in malignant myeloid diseases (2000)

The human genome contains four ETF1 (eukaryotic translation termination factor 1) homologous sequences, localized on chromosomes 5, 6, 7 and X, and corresponding to a functional gene on chromosome 5 and three processed pseudogenes on the other chromosomes. ETF1 genomic or cDNA probes were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to 5q31, 6p21, 7q11 and Xp11.4-->p11.1. A microsatellite marker (D5S500) was identified in intron 7 of the functional ETF1 gene providing its exact position in the 5q31 band. Thus, the ETF1 gene is located in a 5q region which contains unidentified genes responsible for genetic or malignant disorders, and it might be considered as a candidate gene involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
The effect of seasonal climate on bottled water distribution in rural Cambodia (2013)

The rural population of Cambodia currently has limited access to improved water sources, with monthly access significantly varying between the wet and dry seasons. This poses difficulties for many households across the country, especially in the dry season when stored rainwater – a common source for many – becomes difficult to obtain, necessitating a switch to sources unsafe for consumption. This study evaluates the effect of seasonal climate on bottled water as an alternative solution to accessing safe drinking water. A study of 240 households in the Battambang province, Cambodia correlated seasonal uptake of bottled water with household wealth, quality of road access and access to alternatives. This was supported by historical data on bottled water uptake from three communities. The results suggest that substantial seasonal change in uptake occurs in rural Cambodia; most noticeably in households of low wealth. As one of the first studies on bottled water in Cambodia, these are important findings; particularly given the recent increase in rural bottled water distribution. The study finds bottled water is not an appropriate means for Non-Governmental Organisations targeting the poorest strata of the community; however there is potential for the private sector to supply more affluent households.
Persistent Lactation, with a Note on Chiari and Frommel's Disease (1941)

Surgeon to Out-patients
Lithium regulates PKC‐mediated intracellular cross‐talk and gene expression in the CNS <i>in vivo</i> (2000)

It has become increasingly appreciated that the long-term treatment of complex neuropsychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder (BD) involves the strategic regulation of signaling pathways and gene expression in critical neuronal circuits. Accumulating evidence from our laboratories and others has identified the family of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes as a shared target in the brain for the long-term action of both lithium and valproate (VPA) in the treatment of BD. In rats chronically treated with lithium at therapeutic levels, there is a reduction in the levels of frontal cortical and hippocampal membrane-associated PKC alpha and PKC epsilon. Using in vivO microdialysis, we have investigated the effects of chronic lithium on the intracellular cross-talk between PKC and the cyclic AMP (cAMP) generating system in vivo. We have found that activation of PKC produces an increase in dialysate cAMP levels in both prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, effects which are attenuated by chronic lithium administration. Lithium also regulates the activity of another major signaling pathway the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway--in a PKC-dependent manner. Both Li and VPA, at therapeutically relevant concentrations, increase the DNA binding of activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors in cultured cells in vitro, and in rat brain ex vivo. Furthermore, both agents increase the expression of an AP-1 driven reporter gene, as well as the expression of several endogenous genes known to be regulated by AP-1. Together, these results suggest that the PKC signaling pathway and PKC-mediated gene expression may be important mediators of lithium's long-term therapeutic effects in a disorder as complex as BD.
Animal Polarization Imaging and Implications for Optical Processing (2014)

Biologically inspired solutions for modern-day sensory systems promise to deliver both higher capacity and faster, more efficient processing of information than current computational approaches. Many animals are able to perform remarkable sensing tasks despite only being able to process what would be considered modest data rates and bandwidths. The key biological innovations revolve around dedicated filter designs. By sacrificing some flexibility, specifically matched and hard-wired sensory systems, designed primarily for single roles, provide a blueprint for data and task-specific efficiency. In this paper, we examine several animal visual systems designed to use the polarization of light in spatial imaging. We investigate some implications for artificial optical processing based on models of polarization image processing in fiddler crabs, cuttlefish, octopus, and mantis shrimp.
The Downside Risk of U.S. and U.K. Housing Markets (2012)

This research employs a filtered and unfiltered value at risk (VaR) model to evaluate the downside risk in housing markets in the United States and the United Kingdom. Empirical results show that the filtered general Pareto distribution (GPD) can correctly capture the downside risks in both housing markets. As the actual return distribution in the U.S. housing market is non-normal, the model of normality assumption underestimates extreme risk in this market. Finally, the value at risk (VaR) of filtered models can mirror the dramatic change in downside risk in the housing market. Hence, VaR can be used by mortgage banks to monitor foreclosure risk to prevent the unfavorable impact of systematic risk.
Lighting with sunlight using sun tracking concentrators (1977)

The use of controlled beams of sunlight for lighting interior parts of a building is proposed as an economically attractive and practical option in a solar energy context. Sun tracking concentrators introduce beams of sunlight through holes in the roof. Inside, the beams can be relayed throughout the building by means of mirrors and lenses. Ideally cool lighting is obtained by using dielectric mirrors to separate the visible and ir parts of the solar spectrum. The ir can be used to generate electricity and usable heat in solar cells. Results of a preliminary experiment are given.
Dispiro-1,2,4-trioxane Analogues of a Prototype Dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane:  Mechanistic Comparators for Artemisinin in the Context of Reaction Pathways with Iron(II) (2005)

Single electron reduction of the 1,2,4-trioxane heterocycle of artemisinin (1) forms primary and secondary carbon-centered radicals. The complex structure of 1 does not lend itself to a satisfactory dissection of the electronic and steric effects that influence the formation and subsequent reaction of these carbon-centered free radicals. To help demarcate these effects, we characterized the reactions of achiral dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolane 4 and dispiro-1,2,4-trioxanes 5-7 with ferrous bromide and 4-oxo-TEMPO. Our results suggest a small preference for attack of Fe(II) on the nonketal peroxide oxygen atom of 1. For 4, but not for 5 and 6, there was a strong preference for attack of Fe(II) on the less hindered peroxide bond oxygen atom. The steric hindrance afforded by a spiroadamantane in a five-membered trioxolane is evidently much greater than that for a corresponding six-membered trioxane. Unlike 1, 5-7 fragment by entropically favored beta-scission pathways forming relatively stable alpha-oxa carbon-centered radicals. These data suggest that formation of either primary or secondary carbon-centered radicals is a necessary but insufficient criterion for antimalarial activity of 1 and synthetic peroxides.
Seismoelectric wave conversions in porous media: Field measurements and transfer function analysis (2001)

Abstract We present a series of field experiments showing the transient electric fields generated by a seismic excitation of the subsurface. After removing the powerline noise by adaptive filtering, the most prominent feature of the seismoelectric recordings is the presence of electric signals very similar to conventional seismic recordings. In one instance, we identified small-amplitude precursory electromagnetic disturbances showing a polarity reversal on either side of the shotpoint. Concentrating on the dominant seismoelectric effect, we theoretically show that the electric field accompanying the compressional waves is approximately proportional to the grain acceleration. We also demonstrate that the magnetic field moving along with shear waves is roughly proportional to the grain velocity. These relationships hold true as long as the displacement currents are much smaller than the conduction currents (diffusive regime), which is normally the case in the low-frequency range used in seismic prospecting. Furthermore, the analytical transfer functions thus obtained indicate that the electric field is mainly sensitive to the salt concentration and dielectric constant of the fluid, whereas the magnetic field principally depends on the shear modulus of the framework of grains and on the fluid's viscosity and dielectric constant. Both transfer functions are essentially independent of the permeability. Our results suggest that the simultaneous recording of seismic, electric, and magnetic wavefields can be useful for characterizing porous layers at two different levels of investigation: near the receivers and at greater depth.
Continuous test generation (2014)

In object oriented software development, automated unit test generation tools typically target one class at a time. A class, however, is usually part of a software project consisting of more than one class, and these are subject to changes over time. This context of a class offers significant potential to improve test generation for individual classes. In this paper, we introduce Continuous Test Generation (CTG), which includes automated unit test generation during continuous integration (i.e., infrastructure that regularly builds and tests software projects). CTG offers several benefits: First, it answers the question of how much time to spend on each class in a project. Second, it helps to decide in which order to test them. Finally, it answers the question of which classes should be subjected to test generation in the first place. We have implemented CTG using the EvoSuite unit test generation tool, and performed experiments using eight of the most popular open source projects available on GitHub, ten randomly selected projects from the SF100 corpus, and five industrial projects. Our experiments demonstrate improvements of up to +58% for branch coverage and up to +69% for thrown undeclared exceptions, while reducing the time spent on test generation by up to +83%.
A Comparative Study of Data Anonymization Techniques (2019)

In today's digital era, it is a very common practice for organizations to collect data from individual users. The collected data is then stored in multiple databases which contain personally identifiable information (PII). This may lead to a major source of privacy risk for the database. Various privacy preservation techniques have been proposed such as perturbation, anonymization and cryptographic. In this study, five anonymization techniques are compared using the same dataset. In addition to that, this study reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the different technique. In the evaluation of efficiency, suppression is found as the most efficient while swapping is in the last place. It is also revealed that swapping is the most resource-consuming technique while suppressing being less resource consuming.
Resistance of IAPs to methylation reprogramming may provide a mechanism for epigenetic inheritance in the mouse (2003)

Genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming by demethylation occurs in early mouse embryos and primordial germ cells. In early embryos many single-copy sequences become demethylated both by active and passive demethylation, whereas imprinted gene methylation remains unaffected. In primordial germ cells single-copy and imprinted sequences are demethylated, presumably by active demethylation. Here we investigated systematically by bisulphite sequencing the methylation profiles of IAP and Line1 repeated sequence families during preimplantation and primordial germ cell development. Whereas Line1 elements were substantially demethylated during both developmental periods, IAP elements were largely resistant to demethylation, particularly during preimplantation development. This may be desirable in order to prevent IAP retrotransposition, which could cause mutations. In turn, this can result in the transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic states of IAPs, which could lead to heritable epimutations of neighbouring genes through influencing their transcriptional states.
Generating user-focused, content-based summaries for multi-documents using document graphs (2006)

Due to the huge amount of information available on-line, the research and development of systems to automatically summarize multiple documents has become the focus of considerable interest and investment in many research sectors. One of the challenges that face multi-document summarization is generating user-focused summaries. Here, we present a new method for automatic user-focused summarization generation of multiple documents using document graphs. We propose generating summaries based on identifying the important concepts/entities and relations in the text. In this approach we are generating 3 different summaries, each one of them belongs to a different level of focus. The data from Document Understanding Conference 2002 (DUC2002) has been used in the experiment
Why the Beijing Consensus is a non-consensus: Implications for contemporary China-Africa relations (2010)

When the United States emerged as the victorious nation in the Cold War the âWashington Consensusâ became the only remaining credible sociopolitical model. With the financial crisis in 2008, continued African underdevelopment and Chinaâs economic success, it lost this status again. The result is a welcome debate about a âChina Modelâ, referring to the economic and political system that led to sustained growth in China, while many African countries continue to struggle with the effects of âstructural adjustmentâ policies. While the term âChinese Modelâ is misleading, because it implies a certain transferability of the Chinese experience, it is clear that some aspects of it are highly relevant for Africa.\nThis paper describes why China does not refer to a âBeijing Consensusâ, and argues that this has to be seen as a good thing for African development. Especially, it questions the universality and, in a second step, the transferability that both terms imply. Rather than finding a consensus on a single model put forward, Beijing recognizes the coexistence of commonality and difference. Africa is a continent that has been told for centuries by foreign powers which model to follow. In contemporary ChinaâAfrica relations, it is therefore not the successful âChina Modelâ, but the absence of a single âBeijing Consensusâ that makes China so attractive.
PB-5266 A, B and C, new monobactams. I Taxonomy, fermentation and isolation. (1987)

New monobactams, PB-5266 A, B and C were isolated from the culture filtrate of Cytophaga johnsonae PB-5266 by various types of column chromatography and preparative reverse phase HPLC. PB-5266 A, B and C exhibited weak antibacterial activity against a sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Genetic and biological comparison of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Hokkaido and far-eastern Russia. (2002)

We compared the biological properties of Oshima 5-10 (tick-borne encephalitis [TBE] virus isolated in Hokkaido, Japan) and Sofjin-HO (Far-Eastern subtype TBE virus) including plaque formation, virus replication and virus protein synthesis in BHK-21 cell cultures to reveal strain differences. We also determined the complete nucleotide sequences of both strains and compared the deduced amino acid sequences. Plaques of Oshima 5-10 were smaller than those of Sofjin-HO. Virus titers in culture fluid of Oshima 5-10 were 1/100 of those of Sofjin-HO at 9 and 12 hr after infection. Less viral protein and RNA syntheses of strain Oshima 5-10 was observed than with Sofjin-HO. Genetic analysis revealed 1.4% of amino acids to differ with Sofjin-HO. No difference between the two strains was detected in the motif sequence of the viral enzyme, cleavage sites of viral protein or glycosylation sites of NS1.
Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Organosilicon Reagents with Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Bromides (2004)

A metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of organosilicon compounds with alkyl halides has been developed. Noteworthy attributes of the method are its scope (secondary electrophiles), its high functional-group compatibility, and the air stability of the catalyst components.
Use of a rapid thermal annealing system to initiate indiffusion for fabrication of Ti:LiNbO_3 optical channel waveguides (1989)

A rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system has been used to initiate indiffusion of Ti into LiNbO(3) for fabrication of optical channel waveguides. Four separate processes are investigated, each with different RTA temperature vs time variations followed by furnace heating. The sample processed with a fast initial ramp of temperature vs time to 875 degrees C yielded the lowest waveguide propagation loss of 1 dB/cm at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, compared with samples processed with other RTA variations and with a sample undergoing only furnace processing. Use of a dry O(2) ambient during RTA resulted in a smoother waveguide surface with no outdiffusion, when compared with use of a wet O(2) ambient.
Oxygen Diffusion and Photon-Induced Decomposition of Acetone on Zr- and Nb-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles (2009)

We report on the photoinduced decomposition of acetone on Zr- and Nb-doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by the sol−gel method in oxygen-free environment (N2) and synthetic air, respectively. Physical properties of the nanoparticles were determined by TEM, SEM, AFM, XRD, and UV−vis spectroscopy. Photoinduced surface reactions were monitored by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Acetone photo-oxidation occurs in the absence of O2 in the reaction gas and is proposed to be due to reactions with photoactivated surface oxygen. In N2 atmosphere a new parallel reaction pathway is found that stimulates surface carbonate formation. A coupled diffusion-reaction model was developed to quantitatively determine the role of O diffusion. The results yield quantitative support to an oxygen surface diffusion mechanism, which depletes the surface from oxygen and gradually deactivates the particles in the absence of external oxygen supply. The diffusion reaction pathway is significant on the doped TiO2 particles. The contribution of this reaction pathway amounts to up to 65% of the total PID rate on Nb- and Zr-doped TiO2 in synthetic air environment, while it gives only a minor contribution on pure TiO2.