gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis with Slow-Release Sodium Fluoride: Final Report of a Randomized Controlled Trial (1995)

Slow-release sodium fluoride and calcium citrate administered for 4 years inhibits new vertebral fractures (but not recurrent fractures), augments spinal and femoral neck bone mass, and is safe to use.
Graphical comparisons of interferences in clinical chemistry instrumentation. (1986)

Instrument- and analyte-specific interferences can be produced by adding known concentrations of potentially interfering substances to serum from healthy volunteers. Analytical results are expressed as a percentage of the original (unaffected) result. Graphical displays of the transformed data document the conditions under which erroneous results would be probable for specimens containing the additive. If several analytical systems are available, one can make an informed choice of which to use for a particular analysis by comparing the appropriate graphical information. Comparisons of such displays of data from newer systems being considered for purchase may facilitate decisions regarding laboratory instrumentation.
Delayed-choice entanglement swapping with vacuum–one-photon quantum states (2002)

We report the experimental realization of a recently discovered quantum-information protocol by Peres implying an apparent nonlocal quantum mechanical retrodiction effect. The demonstration is carried out by a quantum optical method by which each singlet entangled state is physically implemented by a two-dimensional subspace of Fock states of a mode of the electromagnetic field, specifically the space spanned by the vacuum and the one-photon state, along lines suggested recently by E. Knill et al. [Nature (London) 409, 46 (2001)] and by M. Duan et al. [ibid. 414, 413 (2001)].
Proteinase Inhibators from a Mimosoideae Legume, (1979)

Four proteinase inhibitors, A-II, A-III, B-I, and B-II, were isolated from seeds of Albizzia julibrissin (silk tree) of the subfamily Mimosoideae, which is often regarded as the most primitive group of the Leguminosae plants. They were all of the high-molecular weight type (21,600 for A-II and A-III, and 19,000 for B-I and B-II), and composed of two polypeptide chains, linked together by a disulfide bond. A-II (A-III) inhibited bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin probably at an identical site. B-I (BII) inactivated bovine alpha-chymotrypsin and porcine elastase. Sequence analyses of A-II and B-II revealed a considerable homology with soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) but suggested the presence of an about 20-amino acid insertion in the A-II molecule.
Microcoil High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy (2006)

We report the construction of a dual-channel microcoil nuclear magnetic resonance probehead allowing magic-angle spinning for mass-limited samples. With coils down to 235 mum inner diameter, this allows high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra to be obtained for amounts of materials of a few nanoliters. This is demonstrated by the carbon-13 spectrum of a tripeptide and a single silk rod, prepared from the silk gland of the Bombyx mori silkworm. Furthermore, the microcoil allows for radio frequency field strengths well beyond current probe technology, aiding in getting the highest possible resolution by efficiently decoupling the observed nuclei from the abundantly present proton nuclei.
Impact of experimentally measured Doppler spectrum of ground clutter on MTI and STAP (1997)

The experimental measurement of the Doppler spectrum of the ground clutter has revealed an exponential shape in contrast to the commonly used Gaussian shape. The goal of this paper is to investigate its consequences on two practical applications, namely: clutter cancellation and target detection with coherent optimum MTI on ground based radar and with space-time adaptive processor (STAP) on airborne radar. The experimental evidence of the Doppler spectrum for ground clutter is included and the improvement factor of an optimum MTI is compared for Gaussian shaped as well as exponentially shaped clutter spectrum. The loss of improvement factor (IF) and the reduction of the target visibility as a function of the target Doppler frequency and of the number of integrated pulses are evaluated. A similar analysis is also presented for the case of an airborne radar equipped with a digital beam forming and a STAP.
Case-Control Study of Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Cancer (1996)

The relation of oral contraceptive use to the risk of breast cancer in white women aged 25-59 years was assessed with data collected during 1977-1992 in a case-control surveillance system in hospitals in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. A total of 3,540 cases with breast cancer were compared with 4,488 controls with nonmalignant nongynecologic conditions unrelated to oral contraceptive use. Relative risk estimates were obtained by unconditional logistic regression with control for major risk factors. For at least 1 year of use relative to less than 1 year, the multivariate relative risk estimate was 1.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-2.3) in women aged 25-34 years, 0.9 (95% CI 0.7-1.0) in women aged 35-44 years, and 1.2 (95% CI 1.0-1.4) in women aged 45-59 years (p < 0.01 for the difference across age). Among women aged 25-34 years, the relative risk estimates were greatest for use of long duration, but the trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.17); in addition, the duration of use was correlated with the recency of use, and it was not possible to distinguish their effects. Among women aged 35-44 years, the relative risk estimate decreased with increasing duration of use (p = 0.01). Among women aged 45-59 years, some relative risk estimates were increased, but there was no consistent pattern. The results add to the evidence of an association between oral contraceptive use and an increased risk of breast cancer at young ages.
Imaging of targeted lipid microbubbles to detect cancer cells using third harmonic generation microscopy (2016)

The use of receptor-targeted lipid microbubbles imaged by ultrasound is an innovative method of detecting and localizing disease. However, since ultrasound requires a medium between the transducer and the object being imaged, it is impractical to apply to an exposed surface in a surgical setting where sterile fields need be maintained and ultrasound gel may cause the bubbles to collapse. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an emerging tool for accurate, label-free imaging of tissues and cells with high resolution and contrast. We have recently determined a novel application of MPM to be used for detecting targeted microbubble adherence to the upregulated plectin-receptor on pancreatic tumor cells. Specifically, the third-harmonic generation response can be used to detect bound microbubbles to various cell types presenting MPM as an alternative and useful imaging method. This is an interesting technique that can potentially be translated as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of cancer and inflammatory disorders.
The CD8 T Cell Response to Respiratory Virus Infections (2018)

Humans are highly susceptible to infection with respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza virus. While some viruses simply cause symptoms of the common cold, many respiratory viruses induce severe bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and even death following infection. Despite the immense clinical burden, the majority of the most common pulmonary viruses lack long-lasting efficacious vaccines. Nearly all current vaccination strategies are designed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies, which prevent severe disease following a subsequent infection. However, the mucosal antibody response to many respiratory viruses is not long-lasting and declines with age. CD8 T cells are critical for mediating clearance following many acute viral infections in the lung. In addition, memory CD8 T cells are capable of providing protection against secondary infections. Therefore, the combined induction of virus-specific CD8 T cells and antibodies may provide optimal protective immunity. Herein, we review the current literature on CD8 T cell responses induced by respiratory virus infections. Additionally, we explore how this knowledge could be utilized in the development of future vaccines against respiratory viruses, with a special emphasis on RSV vaccination.
Nuclear Pumped Gas Lasers (1972)

Gas lasers pumping by nuclear energy, discussing heavy particle interactions, threshold densities, population inversion, etc
Improved Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Genetically Obese Mice Lacking aP2 (2000)

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, aP2, is a member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein family. Previously, studies have shown increased insulin sensitivity in aP2-deficient mice with dietary obesity. Here, we asked whether aP2-related alterations in lipolytic response and insulin production are features of obesity-induced insulin resistance and investigated the effects of aP2-deficiency on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in ob/ob mice, a model of extreme obesity. ob/ob mice homozygous for the aP2 null allele (ob/ ob-aP2-/-) became more obese than ob/ob mice as indicated by significantly increased body weight and fat pad size but unaltered body length. However, despite their extreme adiposity, ob/ob-aP2-/- animals were more insulin-sensitive compared with ob/ob controls, as demonstrated by significantly lower plasma glucose and insulin levels and better performance in both insulin and glucose tolerance tests. These animals also showed improvements in dyslipidemia and had lower plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Lipolytic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation and lipolysis-associated insulin secretion was significantly reduced in ob/ob-aP2-/- mice. Interestingly, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while virtually abolished in ob/ob controls, was significantly improved in ob/ob-aP2-/- animals. There were no apparent morphological differences in the structure or size of the pancreatic islets between genotypes. Taken together, the data indicate that in obesity, aP2-deficiency not only improves peripheral insulin resistance but also preserves pancreatic beta cell function and has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism.
A New Technique for Constructing Continuous Cartograms (1993)

This paper deals with the problem of constructing graphic images of territories that make the density of a variable (e.g., the density of population) uniform. The authors discuss some existing construction algorithms and describe a new algorithm and the results of its applications.
Flexible ultrasonic transducer arrays for nondestructive evaluation applications. II. Performance assessment of different array configurations (1996)

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 43, pp. 385-92 (1996). This work describes a fundamental investigation into a new series of transducer array structures intended for those applications where surface conformity is desirable. The first objective is to consider which material combinations will offer flexibility, while at the same time maximize the electromechanical efficiency for operating into solid load media. The theoretical approach of Part I is employed to compare and assess different array structures for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) imaging applications. The array structures under consideration include multielement piezocomposite and piezopolymer arrays, and hybrid devices comprising piezocomposite transmitters with piezopolymer receivers. Experimental data are provided for a novel array configuration, comprising a separate piezocomposite transmitter coupled to a piezopolymer receiver. Good agreement is demonstrated between experimental and theoretical results.
A Physical Map of the Filamentous Bacteriophage Cf Genome (1984)

Twenty-three restriction endonucleases were used to cleave the genome of bacteriophage Cf. BamHI, EcoRI, HaeII, KpnI, PstI, SalI, SmaI and SstII each cut Cf DNA at one site, HindIII, PvuI, PvuII and XhoI cleaved at two sites, Bg/II cleaved at three sites, HincII cleaved at four sites, HinfI, BstNI, AluI, HpaII and HaeIII cleaved at 14, 19, 20, 24 and 26 sites, respectively, whereas HpaI and XbaI have no cleavage site on the Cf genome. HhaI and TaqI cleaved at more than 20 and more than 8 sites respectively. Based on the sizes of the fragments produced by digestion with these enzymes, Cf DNA was estimated to have 7.62 +/- 0.1 kilobase pairs. Using the EcoRI cleavage site as a reference point, nine restriction enzymes, BamHI, Bg/II, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, PvuII, SstII and XhoI were selected and a detailed physical map of the Cf genome was constructed.
An expeditious synthesis of 1-aryl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines under solvent-free conditions using iodobenzene diacetate (2004)

A solvent-free and expeditious synthesis of 1-aryl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines is described that utilizes a relatively benign non-metallic oxidant, iodobenzene diacetate.
In Vitro Resistance to Thrombin-Induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein among Clinical Bacteremic Isolates of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Correlates with an Endovascular Infectious Source (1998)

Platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs), small cationic peptides released at sites of endovascular damage, kill common bloodstream pathogens in vitro. Our group previously showed that in vitro resistance of clinical staphylococcal and viridans group streptococcal bacteremic strains to PMPs correlated with the diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) (Wu et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:729-732, 1994). However, that study was limited by (i) the small number of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from IE patients, (ii) the retrospective nature of the case definitions, and (iii) the diverse geographic sources of strains. The present study evaluated the in vitro PMP susceptibility phenotype of a large number of staphylococcemic isolates (n = 60), collected at a single medical center and categorized by defined and validated clinical criteria. A significantly higher proportion of staphylococcemic strains from patients with IE was PMP resistant in vitro than the proportion of strains from patients with soft tissue sepsis (83% and 33%, respectively; P < 0.01). Moreover, the levels of PMP resistance (mean percent survival of strains after 2-h exposure to PMP in vitro) were significantly higher for isolates from patients with IE and with vascular catheter sepsis than for strains from patients with abscess sepsis (P < 0.005 and P < 0.01, respectively). These data further support the concept that bloodstream pathogens that exhibit innate or acquired PMP resistance have a survival advantage with respect to either the induction or progression of endovascular infections.
Recovery of spectral information from an imperfect detector using the expectation maximization algorithm (2002)

A gamma-ray detector can be modeled as a linear system which maps a photon flux with a given energy distribution to a pulse-height spectrum. In a perfect detector, the response to a monoenergetic beam would be a delta function. In any real detector, carrier trapping, escape of K x-rays, Compton scattering, and instrument noise will produce a broadened response function. We develop a model of the response function of a ZnCdTe detector and use it to recover the incident energy spectrum from a measured pulse height spectrum using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. This technique can be applied to any type of nuclear detector, using any combination of modeled and measured response functions. An analysis of the noise cost incurred in the reconstruction algorithm shows that the technique can be used to advantage even with relatively few counts in the measured spectrum.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
From Funny Current to HCN Channels: 20 Years of Excitation (2002)

The "funny" (pacemaker) current has unusual characteristics, including activation on hyperpolarization, permeability to K(+) and Na(+), modulation by internal cAMP, and a tiny, single-channel conductance. In cardiac cells and neurons, pacemaker channels control repetitive activity and excitability. The recent cloning of HCN subunits provides new insight into the molecular basis for the funny channel properties.
Modes in human-automation interaction: initial observations about a modeling approach (2002)

This paper is an exploration into the relationship between the operating environment and the mode-structure of supervisory control systems. Based on a field-study describing operators (e.g., pilots, controllers, technicians) interaction with modal systems, the authors developed several hypotheses about why and how operators transition among modes. The authors used these hypotheses to develop a framework of the complete environment-human-machine relationship. The framework, called 'OFAN', is based on Statecharts and Operator-Function models-both modern extensions to the finite-state-machine theory. Using the OFAN framework, the authors describe two examples of moding problems and identify the system's features that induce such problems. In the first example, a moding problem in a display, it was the product of dual transitions into a state: one consistent with the layout of the controls/displays (and therefore intuitive), the other dependent upon some internal state (and therefore unintuitive). In the second example, a moding problem in an automatic flight control system, it was a default entry into a state (of the machine) which was inconsistent with the state of the environment. For both examples, the underlying approach and methods used to highlight these moding problems are briefly discussed.
First temperature derivatives of the fundamental elastic constants of quartz (1979)

The existing temperature derivatives of the effective elastic constants of quartz are referred to the variable temperature-dependent intermediate position of material points rather than the fixed reference position, to which the fundamental elastic constants are referred. Since the existing temperature derivatives are not with respect to the fundamental elastic constants, they cannot conveniently be employed in calculations of thermally induced frequency changes in electroded quartz resonators. This is essentially a result of the fact that a knowledge of temperature-induced biasing strains and the third-order elastic constants cannot be used in the existing linearly based formalism, but requires a proper nonlinearly based formalism. In order to remedy the existing situation, the derivatives with respect to temperature of the fundamental elastic constants of quartz are determined from the original data from which the existing temperature derivatives of the effective elastic constants were obtained. As usual in such work, the electric field and piezoelectric effect are completely ignored in the analytical treatment.
Complete assignment of the 13C NMR spectrum of vancomycin (1995)

The antibiotic vancomycin has been studied by NMR spectroscopy using modern, two-dimensional, 1H–13C correlation techniques. Working with the fully assigned 1H spectrum it has been possible, by a series of experiments designed to detect direct (one-bond) and indirect (multiple-bond)1H–13C couplings, to assign all 66 carbons of the antibiotic. The assignment was carried out in a DMSO solution and the results then translated to an aqueous solution by titration.
Minimizing the Impact of SCR Catalyst on Total Generating Cost Through Effective Catalyst Management (2004)

For coal-fired boilers equipped with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NOx reduction technology, direct catalyst cost contributes to a major operating expense. Decisions regarding catalyst management have other significant impacts to generating cost, including outage time and frequency and parasitic load. Strategies for minimizing the impact to total generating cost while preserving system performance — generally referred to as catalyst management — are receiving greater attention. Approaches to managing catalyst can vary widely. Therefore, analysis of catalyst management strategies requires accurate predictive tools for assessing SCR system performance that have the flexibility to address a wide range of scenarios. These predictive tools may also be used to investigate performance issues that facility operators may encounter. However, until recently, operators have not had access to these tools, except through catalyst suppliers or consultants. In this presentation, various catalyst management strategies will be examined. Using an analysis tool recently adopted by several power plant operators and SCR technology suppliers, we will illustrate how such a tool can be used to optimize a catalyst management strategy to minimize the total cost of generation. Comparisons of model results to measured SCR performance at operating facilities will be presented. The model will be used to show operating trade offs for SCR operating parameters, such as NOx reduction, ammonia slip, catalyst outage frequency, catalyst usage, and parasitic load under a variety of scenarios. We will also discuss how the tool can be used to diagnose operating problems.
Acoustic remote sensing for source localization and atmospheric tomography: Applications of the cross-correlation Green's function retrieval method (2018)

In this work, the application of the cross-correlation Green's function retrieval method for source localization and atmospheric acoustic tomography is presented. Open field experimental measurements of an acoustic source, with an impulsive waveform, are conducted for the evaluation of an array system. Of particular interest are the source localization and sound speed estimation capabilities of the array system. The cross-correlation delay-and-sum beamformer is used to estimate source directivity and sound speed. This beamformer inherently employs the cross-correlation Green's function retrieval method between a pair of receivers. The beamforming results adequately identify the various source directions as well as the scatterers along the propagation path. Reasonable sound speed estimates are obtained at the peak frequency of the retrieved Green's functions. In the case of atmospheric acoustic tomography, the estimated sound speed from the array system can serve as an average background sound speed in a tomographic inversion algorithm. Utilizing a tomographic inversion algorithm with radial basis functions and the estimated sound speed, the reconstruction of temperature and wind velocity profiles are demonstrated.
A Thomistic Philosophy of History (1961)

Men have aiways feIt that their lives were conditioned by the actions of other men. No matter how far the curtain is lifted from the hidden past, human hopes, fears, joys and sins are seen to be explained and elaborated in terms of the activity oi other human beings. As they have become more actively rational, men have attempted to reduce these individual, contingent, relational activities to some universal intelligibility. If the human situation was to be interpreted in terms of cosmic forces whose effects alone could be experienced, then these terrible operative influences were personalized in natural religions; myth explained their behavior as it interpreted their causality. In a more humanistic atmosphere, such as in that of ancient Greece, it was to be expected that the explanation would lay increasing responsibility upon human conduct for human affairs; and the great histories of this social culture bear witness to such progressive anthropocentric interpretations. Horner and Hesiod give way before Herodotus who in turn gives way to Thucydides and Polybius. Myth disappears first into history and finally beneath history.