gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibiting Early-Stage Events in HIV-1 Replication by Small-Molecule Targeting of the HIV-1 Capsid (2012)

The HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein plays essential roles in both early and late stages of virl replication and has emerged as a novel drug target. We report hybrid structure-based virtual screening to identify small molecules with the potential to interact with the N-terminal domain (NTD) of HIV-1 CA and disrupt early, preintegration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. The small molecule 4,4'-[dibenzo[b,d]furan-2,8-diylbis(5-phenyl-1H-imidazole-4,2-diyl)]dibenzoic acid (CK026), which had anti-HIV-1 activity in single- and multiple-round infections but failed to inhibit viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), was identified. Three analogues of CK026 with reduced size and better drug-like properties were synthesized and assessed. Compound I-XW-053 (4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoic acid) retained all of the antiviral activity of the parental compound and inhibited the replication of a diverse panel of primary HIV-1 isolates in PBMCs, while displaying no appreciable cytotoxicity. This antiviral activity was specific to HIV-1, as I-XW-053 displayed no effect on the replication of SIV or against a panel of nonretroviruses. Direct interaction of I-XW-053 was quantified with wild-type and mutant CA protein using surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry. Mutation of Ile37 and Arg173, which are required for interaction with compound I-XW-053, crippled the virus at an early, preintegration step. Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that treatment with I-XW-053 inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcription in multiple cell types, indirectly pointing to dysfunction in the uncoating process. In summary, we have identified a CA-specific compound that targets and inhibits a novel region in the NTD-NTD interface, affects uncoating, and possesses broad-spectrum anti-HIV-1 activity.
The Radiation Patterns of Dielectric Rods—Experiment and Theory (1948)

A theory is developed describing the electromagnetic radiation from dielectric rods used as terminations to rectangular wave guides. The radiation patterns are computed from the fields due to equivalent magnetic and electric currents on the surfaces of the rods. These equivalent currents are determined by use of Schelkunoff's equivalence principle applied to approximate fields within the dielectric. Specific calculations are carried out for rods whose average dimensions are 0.9″×0.25″ and whose lengths vary from three to ten wave-lengths. Experimental patterns are obtained for eight polystyrene rods, some of which are variable in length. Agreement with theory is found for rods from three to six wave-lengths long; differences between experiment and theory are discussed.
Fast and strong lightweight robots based on variable gear ratio actuators and control algorithms leveraging the natural dynamics (2017)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Grain boundary phenomena in <i>n</i>-type CdTe films grown by hot wall vacuum evaporation (1983)

Films of n-type CdTe doped by coevaporation of indium have been deposited by hot wall vacuum evaporation on 7059 Corning glass and BaF2 single crystal substrates. Layers deposited on glass show a dark resistivity of the order of 105 Ω cm and a light resistivity of 500 Ω cm under AM1.5; photoexcitation increases the electron density but does not affect the electron mobility. Layers deposited on BaF2 show a dark resistivity of about 3 Ω cm and a light resistivity of about 2 Ω cm, corresponding to an electron density of 3.9×1016 cm−3 and an electron mobility of 48 cm2/V s; illumination of these layers on BaF2 increases the electron mobility but not the electron density. A quantitative model for grain boundary transport in polycrystalline materials is shown to give good agreement with the experimental data.
Digitalization sparks a quiet revolution (2017)

The pump industry mantra has always been about high production values while keeping costs and waste low, but digitalization takes that a step further. Here, we look at the major strides some of the world's biggest manufacturers are taking and the game-changing impact that is having.
Ester-Directed Regioselective Borylation of Heteroarenes Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Iridium Complex (2010)

The ester-directed regioselective borylation of arenes catalyzed by a silica-supported monophosphine-Ir complex displayed a significantly broad substrate scope toward heteroaromatic compounds, including thiophene, pyrrole, furan, benzothiophene, benzofuran, indole, and carbazole derivatives. The regioselectivity is complementary to the selectivities observed in the heteroarene C-H borylation with the dtbpy-Ir catalyst system.
Highly Specific HER2-mediated Cellular Uptake of Antibody-modified Nanoparticles in Tumour Cells (2004)

Nanoparticles represent useful drug delivery systems for the specific transport of drugs to tumour cells. In the present study biodegradable nanoparticles based on gelatin and human serum albumin (HSA) were developed. The surface of the nanoparticles was modified by covalent attachment of the biotin-binding protein NeutrAvidin enabling the binding of biotinylated drug targeting ligands by avidin-biotin-complex formation. Using the HER2 receptor specific antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) conjugated to the surface of these nanoparticles, a specific targeting to HER2-overexpressing cells could be shown. Attachment of the antibody-conjugated nanoparticles to the surface of HER2-overexpressing cells was time and dose dependent. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated an effective internalisation of the nanoparticles by HER2-overexpressing cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The results indicate that nanoparticles conjugated with an antibody against a specific tumour antigen holds promise, as selective drug delivery systems for the treatment of tumours expressing a specific tumour antigen. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the effective and specific targeting of protein-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems.
Tetrahydrocannabinol Homologs with a s-Alkyl Group in the 3-Position. XVI<sup>1</sup> (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTetrahydrocannabinol Homologs with a s-Alkyl Group in the 3-Position. XVI1Roger Adams, K. H. Chen, and S. LoeweCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 9, 1534–1537Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01225a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01225a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views131Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Highly Elastic and Deformable Hydrogel Formed from Tetra‐arm Polymers (2010)

After decades of efforts by many researchers, we have succeeded in realizing a near-ideal polymer network. This network, the Tetra network, is made by cross-end-coupling of tetra-arm polymer modules. The mechanical energy dissipation was extremely low (tan δ ≈ 10(-4) ). The macroscopic stress-strain relationship of the Tetra network was in good agreement with that of microscopic elastic blobs. The maximum breaking strength was extremely high (≥27 MPa). These results indicate that the Tetra network is closer to an ideal polymer network than any other conventional model networks. Because the Tetra network can be treated as uniformly packed elastic blobs, it should help apply the knowledge of single polymer chains seamlessly to the design of polymer materials and help further develop the theory of rubber elasticity.
Design and implementation of a morphology-based spellchecker for Marathi, an Indian language (2005)

Morphological analysis is a core component of Technology for Indian languages. Complexities involved in spellchecking of documents in Marathi, an Indian language are described. Issues for both orthography and morphology are discussed. We have applied morphological analysis to a large number of words of different parts of speech. A spellchecker based on this analysis has been developed. The architecture of the spellchecker and the spellchecking algorithm based on morphological rules are outlined.
Unsupervised Bilingual Morpheme Segmentation and Alignment with Context-rich Hidden Semi-Markov Models (2011)

This paper describes an unsupervised dynamic graphical model for morphological segmentation and bilingual morpheme alignment for statistical machine translation. The model extends Hidden Semi-Markov chain models by using factored output nodes and special structures for its conditional probability distributions. It relies on morpho-syntactic and lexical source-side information (part-of-speech, morphological segmentation) while learning a morpheme segmentation over the target language. Our model outperforms a competitive word alignment system in alignment quality. Used in a monolingual morphological segmentation setting it substantially improves accuracy over previous state-of-the-art models on three Arabic and Hebrew datasets. 1
Modulation of Dendritic Cell Function by <i>Leishmania</i> Parasites (2008)

The interactions between Leishmania parasites and dendritic cells (DCs) are complex and involve paradoxical functions that can stimulate or halt T cell responses, leading to the control of infection or progression of disease. The magnitude and profile of DC activation vary greatly, depending upon the Leishmania species/strains, developmental stages, DC subsets, serum opsonization, and exogenous DC stimuli involved in the study. In general, the uptake of Leishmania parasites alone can trigger relatively weak and transient DC activation; however, the intracellular parasites (amastigotes) are capable of down-modulating LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated DC activation via multiple mechanisms. This review will highlight current data regarding the initial interaction of DC subsets with invading parasites, the alterations of DC signaling pathways and function by amastigotes, and the impact of DC functions on protective immunity and disease pathogenesis. Available information provides insight into the mechanisms by which DCs discriminate between the types of pathogens and regulate appropriate immune responses.
Identification of Aviation Weather Hazards Based on the Integration of Radar and Lightning Data (1994)

The National Weather Service Eastern Region is carrying out a national risk-reduction exercise at the Baltimore–Washington Forecast Office in Sterling, Virginia. The primary objective of this project is to integrate information from remote sensor technologies to produce comprehensive state-of-the-atmosphere reports that promote aviation safety. Techniques have been developed and tested to identify aviation-oriented hazardous weather based on data from conventional radars, a national lightning detection network, and collateral observations from new Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) sites that are being deployed throughout the nation. From July through September 1993, an experimental observational product to identify convective activity within 30 n mi of six airports from southern Virginia to Delaware was transmitted three times each hour to personnel at Weather Service Offices and Center Weather Service Units and to the meteorologists and flight dispatchers of five major air carriers. This user-oriented evaluation and the associated statistical analysis has provided important feedback to assess the utility of the product as a supplement to ASOS. Integration of information from several products generated by the new Doppler radar at Sterling with lightning network data is being pursued for the second phase of the project. The National Weather Service will determine the viability of this approach to generate products to routinely supplement the information provided by ASOS on either a national or a local basis.
Role of CD28 in the Generation of Effector and Memory Responses Required for Resistance to <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (1999)

CD28 deficient (CD28-/-) mice were used to study the role of costimulation in the T cell-mediated, IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. These mice were resistant to infection with the ME49 strain of T. gondii. Analysis of the immune response of acutely infected CD28-/- mice revealed that IL-12 was required for T cell production of IFN-gamma and this was independent of the CD40/CD40 ligand interaction. A similar mechanism of IL-12-dependent, CD28/B7 independent production of IFN-gamma by T cells was also observed in wild-type mice. Interestingly, although chronically infected wild-type mice were resistant to rechallenge with the virulent RH strain of T. gondii, chronically infected CD28-/- mice were susceptible to rechallenge with the RH strain. This deficiency in the protective memory response by CD28-/- mice correlated with a lack of IL-2 and IFN-gamma in recall responses and reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells expressing a memory phenotype. Together, our findings demonstrate that CD28 is not required for the development of a protective T cell response to T. gondii, but CD28 is required for an optimal secondary immune response.
Investigation of the Electrowinning of Neodymium Oxide in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (2018)

Neodymium has widespread applications in magnets, electronics, optical and laser materials. Currently, neodymium is produced using high-temperature molten salts processes that are very energy intensive and costly. There has been ongoing efforts to develop a technique for production of neodymium from neodymium oxide at low temperatures. Electrowinning technique for reduction of neodymium oxide in room temperature ionic liquid is designed, discussed and evaluated. The chemical process for synthesis of Nd(TFSI)3 from Nd2O3 and hydrogen-cation-based ionic liquid (HTFSI) is described. The electrochemical behavior and the electrodeposition of neodymium in hydrogen-cation-based ionic liquid are investigated. The cyclic voltammetric measurements are conducted and discussed to show one-step reduction of the trivalent neodymium ion in hydrogen-cation-based ionic liquid. The electrodeposition of neodymium in hydrogen-cation-based ionic liquid is carried out using a two-electrode system with copper cathode and neodymium anode. Furthermore, the electrodeposits from are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X- ray analysis (EDX).
Abstract 4857: Design and biological evaluation of substituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines as dual acting RTK and microtubule targeting agents (2016)

Abstract Combination chemotherapy with antiangiogenic (cytostatic) and microtubule targeting (cytotoxic) agents (MTA) have shown significant promise and several studies with such combinations have progressed to the clinic. Single agents with both antiangiogenic activities as well as cytotoxicity would circumvent pharmacokinetic problems of multiple agents, might be effective at lower doses to alleviate toxicity, and delay or prevent tumor cell resistance. We have designed, synthesized and evaluated single agents that are novel pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine MTAs that also inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor â (PDGFRâ). Sixteen pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogs were synthesized with variations on the C-2 and the 4-anilino position. The importance of various substituents was evaluated based on their abilities to cause cellular microtubule depolymerization and inhibit proliferation of MDA-MB-435 cancer cells. Compounds with N5-Me were more potent than the N5-H analogs indicating that a conformational restriction induced by N5-Me could mimic the bioactive conformation. In addition, all C2-Cl compounds afforded 2 to 10-fold more potentIC50 values than their C2-Me counterparts as illustrated by C2-Cl analog AG336 (IC50 = 18.3 ± 5.0 nM) compared to its C2-Me analog AG85 (IC50 = 193 ± 39 nM). The most active antitubulin agents were evaluated against RTKs and demonstrated good inhibition for EGFR (IC50 = 29.5 - 91.5 nM), VEGFR-2 (182.3 - 543.6 nM) and PDGFRâ (IC50 = 204.4 - 450.2 nM), thus demonstrating dual-targeting ability. Preclinical assessment of AG165 at 75 mg/kg in mice in the NCI/ADR resistant tumor model demonstrated significant reduction of tumor volume compared to paclitaxel (10 mg/kg) treated mice [p = 0.0333], indicating antitumor activity in a multidrug resistant tumor model, in addition to excellent antitumor activity in MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 xenograft models. These results demonstrate the viability of these multitargeted single agents as potential clinically active antitumor agents. Citation Format: Aleem Gangjee, Khushbu Shah, Nicholas Dybdal-Hargreaves, Susan Mooberry, Anja Bastian, Michael Ihnat. Design and biological evaluation of substituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines as dual acting RTK and microtubule targeting agents. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4857.
An Anomaly Detection Algorithm Based on Lossless Compression (2012)

Anomaly detection is essential in network security. It has been researched for decades. Many anomaly detection methods have been proposed. Because of the simplicity of principles, statistical and Markovian methods dominate these approaches. However, their effectiveness is constrained by specific preconditions, which make them work for only appropriate data sets which satisfy their premises. Other than statistical and Markovian model, information theory provides a different perspective about anomaly detection. However, the computation of information theoretic measures is still based on statistics. In this paper, we present a novel, information theoretic anomaly detection framework. Instead of statistics, it employs lossless compression for measuring the information quantity, and detects outliers according to compression result. We also discuss the selection of underlying compression algorithm, and choose a grammar compression for utilizing the structure of data. With grammar compression, our method overcomes the shortcomings of statistical and Markovian methods. In addition, the implementation and operation of our method is even simpler than traditional approaches. We test our method on four data sets about text analyzing, host intrusion detection and bug detection. Experimental results show that, even traditional methods fail in some situations, our simple method works well in all cases.
Gazeta Literária (1761-62) : reflexos e sombras de um jornal das Luzes (1993)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that spreads rapidly causing a high case fatality rate in vulnerable populations. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are known to be inflammatory biomarkers in certain infections. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between NLR and PLR with the severity of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabanan Regency General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia, from January 2021 to December 2022. All patients included in the study tested positive for COVID-19 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), aged 18-50 years with no comorbid. Laboratory examinations were carried out on admission. The patients were categorized into two groups based on the severity: moderate and severe/critical. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the association between NLR and PLR with the severity of COVID-19. A total of 104 patients were included in the study, the majority of COVID-19 patients had moderate (77.9%) severity. The average NLR was 5.8 and the PLR was 21.7. There was a significant relationship between NLR (<i>p</i>=0.002) and PLR (<i>p</i>=0.001) with the severity of COVID-19. The defined cut-off values of NLR and PLR were ≥3.8 and ≥106, yielding sensitivities of 95% and 70%, and specificities of 74% and 50%, respectively. This study highlights the promising role of NLR and PLR as predictive biomarkers to assess COVID-19 severity.
Design of parallel hardware neural network systems from custom analog VLSI 'building block' chips (1989)

Hardware to implement feedforward neural networks has been developed for the evaluation of learning algorithms and prototyping of applications. To allow the construction of networks with arbitrary architectures, CMOS VLSI building-block components (e.g. arrays of neurons and synapses) have been designed. These can be cascaded to form networks with hundreds of neurons per layer. A 64-channel multiplexer input neuron chip serves to buffer stored charges for injection into the first synaptic layer. A 32*32 synapse chip design uses multiplier circuits to generate a conductance from stored analog charges representing weights. A 32-channel variable-gain neuron chip applies an adjustable-gain sigmoidal activation function to the sum of currents from the previous synaptic layer. Learning is performed by a host computer that can download weights and inputs onto the feedforward hardware, and read resultant network outputs. Weights and input values are stored as charges on on-chip capacitors; these are serially and invisibly refreshed by off-chip circuits that convert values stored in digital memory into analog signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>