gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure–Activity Relationship Analysis of Imidazoquinolines with Toll-like Receptors 7 and 8 Selectivity and Enhanced Cytokine Induction (2014)

Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLRs) have emerged as key targets in the design of small molecule adjuvants and stimulants for use in immunotherapies. This study examines the structure-activity relationship of a series of C2- and N1-substituted C7-methoxycarbonylimidazoquinolines to gain insight to the structural basis to TLR-7 and -8 selective activity. The analysis is further applied to evaluate the induction of multiple cytokines, including IL-10, IL-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, and IFN-γ, using murine BMDCs and human PBMCs. The results show TLR-7/8 activity is correlated to the C2-alkyl chain length, with peak activity occurring for the butyl (TLR-7) and pentyl (TLR-8) derivatives. A similar SAR is identified in the production of IL-1β, IL-12, and IFN-γ, which are shown to depend on both the C2-alkyl chain length and substitution to the N1-position. The compounds were also potent stimulators of IFN-α and IL-10 production but with less pronounced structure-based correlations.
Ammonia Derived from Glutaminolysis Is a Diffusible Regulator of Autophagy (2010)

Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process that plays key roles in normal cellular homeostasis and survival during periods of extracellular nutrient limitation and stress. The environmental signals that regulate autophagic activity are only partially understood. Here, we report a direct link between glutamine (Gln) metabolism and autophagic activity in both transformed and nontransformed human cells. Cells cultured for more than 2 days in Gln-containing medium showed increases in autophagy that were not attributable to nutrient depletion or to inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin. Conditioned medium from these cells contained a volatile factor that triggered autophagy in secondary cell cultures. We identified this factor as ammonia derived from the deamination of Gln by glutaminolysis. Gln-dependent ammonia production supported basal autophagy and protected cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced cell death. Thus, Gln metabolism not only fuels cell growth but also generates an autocrine- and paracrine-acting regulator of autophagic flux in proliferating cells.
Spectrophotometric determination of Cobalt by means of Co-EDTA butyl ester Complex (1966)

A new method of cobalt determination has been developed by employing ethylenediamine tetrabutyl acetate(EDTA-butyl ester) synthesized from EDTA and Butyl alcohol. The synthesized EDTA ester dissolved in butyl alcohol extracts various metal ions from aqueous solutions. Cobaltous ion extracted into organic phase containing EDTA ester to form Co (II)-EDTA butyl ester complex is back extracted into alkaline aqueous phase forming a stable pink colored complex of Co (III). The optimum condition for spectrophotometric determination of cobalt via the new complex has been established. The absorption peak occurs at 540 and Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration range of 0∼50 of cobalt.
Oblique and parallel modes of vortex shedding in the wake of a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers (1989)

Two fundamental characteristics of the low-Reynolds-number cylinder wake, which have involved considerable debate, are first the existence of discontinuities in the Strouhal-Reynolds number relationship, and secondly the phenomenon of oblique vortex shedding. The present paper shows that both of these characteristics of the wake are directly related to each other, and that both are influenced by the boundary conditions at the ends of the cylinder, even for spans of hundreds of diameters in length. It is found that a Strouhal discontinuity exists, which is not due to any of the previously proposed mechanisms, but instead is caused by a transition from one oblique shedding mode to another oblique mode. This transition is explained by a change from one mode where the central flow over the span matches the end boundary conditions to one where the central flow is unable to match the end conditions. In the latter case, quasi-periodic spectra of the velocity fluctuations appear; these are due to the presence of spanwise cells of different frequency. During periods when vortices in neighbouring cells move out of phase with each other, ‘vortex dislocations’ are observed, and are associated with rather complex vortex linking between the cells. However, by manipulating the end boundary conditions, parallel shedding can be induced, which then results in a completely continuous Strouhal curve. It is also universal in the sense that the oblique-shedding Strouhal data ( S θ ) can be collapsed onto the parallel-shedding Strouhal curve ( S 0 ) by the transformation, S 0 = S θ /cosθ, where θ is the angle of oblique shedding. Close agreement between measurements in two distinctly different facilities confirms the continuous and universal nature of this Strouhal curve. It is believed that the case of parallel shedding represents truly two-dimensional shedding, and a comparison of Strouhal frequency data is made with several two-dimensional numerical simulations, yielding a large disparity which is not clearly understood. The oblique and parallel modes of vortex shedding are both intrinsic to the flow over a cylinder, and are simply solutions to different problems, because the boundary conditions are different in each case.
Microtubule nucleating sites in higher plant cells identified by an auto-antibody against pericentriolar material. (1985)

Human scleroderma serum 5051, which is known to recognize the amorphous pericentriolar microtubule organizing center material of a variety of vertebrate cells, was found to immunostain spindle poles of meristematic higher plants from pre-prophase to late anaphase. Subsequently, during cytokinesis, staining was redistributed around the reforming telophase nuclei, but was not evident in the cytokinetic phragmoplast. At the transition between telophase and interphase, before the typical cortical interphase microtubule array was established, short microtubules radiated from the nucleus and in such cells the material recognized by 5051 was located around the daughter nuclei and not the cortex. These observations have led us to propose that the perinuclear region, or the nuclear surface, may function as a nucleation center for both spindle and interphase microtubules in higher plant cells.
Determination of ethylene glycol using periodate oxidation and liquid chromatography (1985)

The coupling of a simple pre-derivatisation reaction step with high-performance liquid chromatography permitted the determination of ethylene glycol at levels from 12 to 100 p.p.m. Ethylene glycol was oxidised by periodate (IO4–) to form formaldehyde and iodate (IO3–). The iodate was retained on a polymeric anion-exchange column for about 8 min and the resulting peak was used to quantitate the initial ethylene glycol in the sample. Using UV absorbance at 254 nm, the detection limit for iodate corresponded to about 12 p.p.m. of ethylene glycol. A simple but effective extraction scheme was developed to permit the determination of ethylene glycol in either new or used oil samples.
Effects of process parameters on low frequency modulation on sputtered disks for longitudinal recording (1986)

In-line magnetron sputtering systems with nonrotational substrate fixturing are attractive as a way to produce magnetic media (e.g., hard disks) in large quantities. However, magnetic materials sputtered in in-line sputtering systems seem to have an inherent magnetic anisotropy correlated to the direction of substrate travel, resulting in a low frequency modulation of the readback signal when typical magnetron sputtering parameters (e.g., Ar pressure, sputtering rate) are used. Experiments have been carried out to determine the effects of such parameters as argon pressure, static sputtering rate, magnetic field, film thickness, substrate temperature, and others on this low frequency modulation. Results of experiments performed on magnetic films consisting of 80% Co–20% Ni alloy over a Cr underlayer indicate that low frequency modulation can be suppressed to an acceptably low level mainly through the proper optimization of pressure and rate.
Dough and Baking Properties of High‐Amylose and Waxy Wheat Flours (2002)

ABSTRACT The dough properties and baking qualities of a novel high‐amylose wheat flour (HAWF) and a waxy wheat flour (WWF) (both Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated by comparing them with common wheat flours. HAWF and WWF had more dietary fiber than Chinese Spring flour (CSF), a nonwaxy wheat flour. Also, HAWF contained larger amounts of lipids and proteins than WWF and CSF. There were significant differences in the amylose and amylopectin contents among all samples tested. Farinograph data showed water absorptions of HAWF and WWF were significantly higher than that of CSF, and both flours showed poorer flour qualities than CSF. The dough of WWF was weaker and less stable than that of CSF, whereas HAWF produced a harder and more viscous dough than CSF. Differential scanning calorimetry data showed that starch in HAWF dough gelatinized at a lower temperature in the baking process than the starches in doughs of WWF and CSF. The starch in a WWF suspension had a larger enthalpy of gelatinization than those in HAWF and CSF suspensions. Amylograph data showed that the WWF starch gelatinized faster and had a higher viscosity than that in CSF. The loaves made from WWF and CSF were significantly larger than the loaves made from HAWF. However, the appearance of bread baked with WWF and HAWF was inferior to the appearance of bread baked with CSF. Bread made with WWF became softer than the bread made with CSF after storage, and reheating was more effective in refreshing WWF bread than CSF bread. Moreover, clear differences in dough and bread samples were revealed by scanning electron microscopy. These differences might have some effect on dough and baking qualities.
Experimental Pancreatitis Induced by Alcohol and Bile in Rabbits (1962)

Hong, S. S. M.D.; Chin, D. S. M.D.; Cho, T. S. B.S.; Kim, S. E. M.D. Author Information
Chimeric receptors as a tool for luminescent measurement of biological activities of steroid hormones (1994)

Some applications of chimeric cellular models are presented to study the biological activities of steroid hormones. We have used several chimeric constructs encoding the DNA binding domain of Gal4 yeast protein fused to the hormone binding domain of various steroid receptors (MR, PR, GR and ER). Interactions of these chimeric receptors with a 17-mer DNA sequence, specific for Gal-4, control expression of the firefly luciferase as a reporter gene. Stable transfected cell lines expressing the firefly luciferase under the control of different steroids were established and an efficient and easy sub-cloning was allowed with the help of an imaging system using a single-photon-counting camera. In the cell lines obtained, the bioluminescent response can be easily measured and thus used to measure specific biological activities of steroid agonists or antagonists. We observed that the responses are effector-concentration-dependent and their biological activities will be compared to those of native receptors.
Type-1 response in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (2003)

Our study has demonstrated that the peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from the HT patients show a type-1 activation strictly correlated to the occurrence of hypothyroidism. Further studies will be needed to clarify the exact role of peripheral lymphocytes in HT and whether they could provide a reliable marker of thyroid immune involvement.
Isoquinolino[4,3,2-de]phenanthridine: synthesis and its use in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to form nitrogen-containing polyaromatic hydrocarbons (2014)

The synthesis of the novel azomethine ylide, isoquinolino[4,3,2-de]phenanthridine, and its use in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with various alkenes and alkynes to form the corresponding fused pyrrolidines and pyrroles is reported.
Anomalously Weak Scattering in Metal-Semiconductor Multilayer Hyperbolic Metamaterials (2015)

Electromagnetic scattering has applications in astrophysics, atmospheric science, and medical imaging. Researchers design a metamaterial that exhibits anomalously weak scattering over a band of optical frequencies.
Handling preferences in evolutionary multiobjective optimization: a survey (2002)

Despite the relatively high volume of research conducted on evolutionary multiobjective optimization in the last few years. Little attention has been paid to the decision making process that is required to select a final solution to the multiobjective optimization problem at hand. This paper reviews the most important preference handling approaches used with evolutionary algorithms, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages, and then, it proposes some of the potential areas of future research in this discipline.
Fuzzy Neural Network PID Control for Electric Power Steering System (2007)

The automobile mathematical model is established on the analysis to the automobile electric power steering system (EPS) structural style and the performance. In order to solve the problem that the most automobile power steering is difficult to determine the PID controller parameter, the article uses the fuzzy neural network PID control in EPS. Through the simulation of PID control and the fuzzy neural network PID control computation, the test result indicated that, fuzzy neural network PID the control EPS system has a better robustness compared to traditional PID the control EPS, can improve EPS effectively the steering characteristic and the automobile changes characteristic well.
Regulation of Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early Gene Expression (1996)

The positive and negative cis-acting elements that affect transcription from the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early (MIE) promoter and the viral and cellular proteins that bind to these elements are discussed. The data obtained using in vitro transcription and transient transfection assays are reviewed and compared to recent data using recombinant viruses with cis-acting elements deleted. The effects of cell type and cellular differentiation on activation of transcription from the MIE promoter are compared with the effects of mitogens and virion-associated tegument proteins that directly or indirectly activate protein kinase pathways. The repressor and enhancer regions upstream of the MIE promoter in the large unique component of the viral genome are compared to the elements upstream of the more simplified IEUS3 promoter in the short unique component of the viral genome.
Radiation-Induced Apoptosis Measured in TK6 Human B Lymphoblast Cells Using the Comet Assay (1993)

The comet assay, a sensitive method of measuring DNA strand breaks in individual cells, is also capable of identifying apoptotic cells which contain highly fragmented DNA. This method requires embedding cells in agarose, lysing cells to remove proteins, and providing a brief exposure to an electric field to allow broken pieces of DNA to migrate. TK6 human B lymphoblast cells undergo fragmentation which is dependent on both time after irradiation and radiation dose. While some TK6 cells undergo apoptosis within 2 h after irradiation, the fragmentation rate increases approximately 10 h after exposure to radiation doses of 2.5 to 15 Gy. Results confirm that apoptosis is a very rapid event since few cells with intermediate amounts of DNA damage were detected. The comet assay detected apoptotic TK6 cells much earlier than a flow cytometry method.
Identification of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Determination of Methicillin Resistance Directly from Positive Blood Cultures by Isothermal Amplification and a Disposable Detection Device (2008)

A simple, rapid, and user-friendly procedure has been developed to identify Staphylococcus aureus and determine its methicillin resistance directly from gram-positive cocci in cluster-containing blood culture medium. The specimens were diluted and heated prior to amplification of the nuc and mecA genes with isothermal helicase-dependent amplification. Amplicons were detected using a disposable detection device. The analytical sensitivity of the assays was 50 CFU per reaction, and the clinical sensitivity and specificity were both 100% for S. aureus detection and 100% and 98% for methicillin resistance determination, respectively.
Similarities and differences between selective and nonselective BAFF blockade in murine SLE (2006)

B cells have multiple roles in immune activation and inflammation separate from their capacity to produce antibodies. B cell depletion is currently under intense investigation as a therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. The TNF family members B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and its homolog A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are B cell survival and differentiation factors and are therefore rational therapeutic targets. We compared the effects of BAFF receptor-Ig, which blocks only BAFF, with those of transmembrane activator and calcium modulator ligand interactor-Ig, which blocks both BAFF and APRIL, in a murine SLE model. Both reagents prolonged the life of NZB/W F1 mice when given either before or after disease onset. Many immunologic effects of the 2 reagents were similar, including B cell and B cell subset depletion and prevention of the progressive T cell activation and dendritic cell accumulation that occurs with age in NZB/W mice without substantial effects on the emergence of the IgG anti-double-stranded DNA response. Furthermore, both reagents inhibited the T cell-independent marginal zone B cell response to particulate antigen delivered i.v., but not the B1 B cell response to the same antigen delivered i.p. In contrast, blockade of both BAFF and APRIL, but not blockade of BAFF alone, reduced the serum levels of IgM antibodies, decreased the frequency of plasma cells in the spleen, and inhibited the IgM response to a T cell-dependent antigen. The differences between selective and nonselective BAFF blockade are relevant to the choice of a BAFF blocking agent for the treatment of autoimmune and malignant diseases.
External and Internal Factors Influence Fruit Tolerance to Low-oxygen Atmospheres (1992)

Fruits of `Bing' cherry (Prunus avium L.), `Red Jim' nectarine (Prunuspersica L.), `Angeleno' plum (Prunus salicina, L.), `Yellow Newtown' and `Granny Smith' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), and `20th Century' pear (Pyrus serotina L.) were treated with 0.25% or 0.02% O 2 (balance N 2 ) at 0, 5, or 10C to study the effects of these insecticidal low-O 2 atmospheres on their postharvest physiology and quality attributes. Development of alcoholic off-flavor was associated with ethanol accumulation, which was the most common and important detrimental effect that limited fruit tolerance to low O 2 . Relatively higher storage temperature (T), higher respiration rate (R), and greater resistance to gas diffusion (r) enhanced while relatively higher O 2 concentration (C) and higher soluble solids concentration (SSC) reduced off-flavor development. Using a SAS computer program to do multiple regression analysis with T, C, R, r, and SSC as variables, models were developed for prediction of fruit tolerance to insecticidal low-O, atmospheres. Comparison of fruit tolerances and published information on the times required to completely kill specific insects by O 2 levels at or below 1% suggests that low-O 2 atmospheres have a good potential for use as postharvest quarantine treatments for some fruits.
The Role of Adaptor Proteins in the Biology of Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells (2019)

Adaptor proteins contribute to the selection, differentiation and activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells, an innate(-like) lymphocyte population endowed with powerful immunomodulatory properties. Distinct from conventional T lymphocytes NKT cells preferentially home to the liver, undergo a thymic maturation and differentiation process and recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells. NKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which combines the Vα14-Jα18 chain with a Vβ2, Vβ7, or Vβ8 chain in mice and the Vα24 chain with the Vβ11 chain in humans. The avidity of interactions between their TCR, the presented glycolipid antigen and CD1d govern the selection and differentiation of NKT cells. Compared to TCR ligation on conventional T cells engagement of the NKT cell TCR delivers substantially stronger signals, which trigger the unique NKT cell developmental program. Furthermore, NKT cells express a panoply of primarily inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) that control their self-reactivity and avoid autoimmune activation. Adaptor proteins influence NKT cell biology through the integration of TCR, NKR and/or SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) receptor signals or the variation of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation. TCR and NKR ligation engage the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa slp-76 whereas the SLAM associated protein SAP serves as adaptor for the SLAM receptor family. Indeed, the selection and differentiation of NKT cells selectively requires co-stimulation via SLAM receptors. Furthermore, SAP deficiency causes X-linked lymphoproliferative disease with multiple immune defects including a lack of circulating NKT cells. While a deletion of slp-76 leads to a complete loss of all peripheral T cell populations, mutations in the SH2 domain of slp-76 selectively affect NKT cell biology. Furthermore, adaptor proteins influence the expression and trafficking of CD1d in antigen presenting cells and subsequently selection and activation of NKT cells. Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3), for example, is required for the efficient presentation of glycolipid antigens which require internalization and processing. Thus, our review will focus on the complex contribution of adaptor proteins to the delivery of TCR, NKR and SLAM receptor signals in the unique biology of NKT cells and CD1d-restricted antigen presentation.
Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders (1975)

Is the emotionally disturbed person a victim of forces beyond his awareness, over which he has no control? This is the belief on which neuropsychiatry, psychoanalysis, and behaviour therapy are all based. But what if this premise is wrong? What if a person's psychological difficulties stem from his own erroneous assumptions and faulty concepts of himself and the world? Such a person can be helped to recognize and correct distortions in thinking that cause his emotional disturbance. Now one of the founders of cognitive therapy has written a clear, comprehensive guide to its theory and practice, highlighting such important concepts as learning the meaning of hidden messages - listening to your automatic thoughts - the role of sadness, anger and anxiety - understanding and overcoming phobias and depression.