gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SANAA의 사회인식과 공간인식에 대한 연구 (2018)

SANAA, Architectural firm of japan, founded by Kazuyo Sejima & Ryue Nishizawa in 1995. Their groundbreaking works gave them 2010 pritzkerprize. This study was focused on the Social cognition and spatial awareness through their house works and what kinds of elements contribute to making new spaces. It can be summarized as follows: First, SANAA tried to find new relationships between social and architecture, social and space. They denied conventional relationships or hierarchy. From their works, We can see the nonhierarchy and decentering spaces Second, Their new spaces are ambiguous and neutral. They want to make experimental space from the blurring boundaries. It doesn't work anymore as wall and floor for boundary. Third, They liked to use glass or acryl, steel frames to express lightness and transparence and consequently made open space to the social, surroundings, and nature. Their works give us fresh shocks always.
Photofission and photoneutron cross sections and photofission neutron multiplicities for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">U</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>233</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">U</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>234</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Np</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>237</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Pu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts/><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>239</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow/></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1986)

The photonuclear cross sections for $^{233}\mathrm{U}$, $^{234}\mathrm{U}$, $^{237}\mathrm{Np}$, and $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$ have been measured from threshold up to 18 MeV. The source of radiation was the monoenergetic photon beam from the annihilation in flight of fast positrons. The branching among the neutron-producing reaction channels was determined by measuring the photofission prompt neutron multiplicities \ensuremath{\nu}${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{p}$. One interesting result is the complete absence of any (\ensuremath{\gamma},2n) cross section for $^{233}\mathrm{U}$ and $^{234}\mathrm{U}$. The values of \ensuremath{\nu}${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{p}$(E) for $^{234}\mathrm{U}$ agree with those measured with neutrons incident on $^{233}\mathrm{U}$. The parameters of the giant dipole resonance deduced from the total photonuclear cross sections show that these nuclei have large static deformations, as expected. The integrated photofission cross sections are large (as are the absolute fission probabilities), and account for 60% to 80% of the total photonuclear absorption strength.
[The role of radiotherapy in breast cancer]. (2007)

Radiotherapy has been widely used in breast cancer in many situations. These are breast irradiation of breast conserving therapy,post mastectomy regional irradiation,irradiation for regional lymph nodes recurrence,breast irradiation of inoperable locally advanced cases,palliative irradiation of brain metastasis,bone metastasis and so on. The relationship among radiotherapy,surgery and systemic therapy has to be considered in those situations. In breast conserving therapy, the usefulness of breast irradiation is well established. Otherwise, a local controllability depend on a grade of residual tumor cell has not been understand. The authors conducted the survey of 941 cases of positive surgical margins and found that doses more than 60 Gy has a tendency for better local control in post menopausal cases. To reduce patient's burden,3 weeks short course irradiation (Canadian protocol) or accelerated partial breast irradiation have been introduced in breast irradiation. A subgroup which has no need to irradiate to conserving breast had not been identified. The timing between postoperative chemotherapy and irradiation is another point that has to be considered. To reduce distant metastasis,chemotherapy first has been considered better. As for post mastectomy regional irradiation, improvement of local and systemic control has been widely known these days. A timing of systemic therapy and irradiation is a point has to consider. In inoperable or far advanced T 4 tumors, breast irradiation with concurrent chemotherapy must be considered in stead of surgery. We have to know a big shortage in Japanese cancer treatment situation that we have few radiation oncologists or medical physicists in Japan. We have to educate those specialists to catch up with increasing cancer patients.
TSNWFET for SRAM cell application: Performance variation and process dependency (2008)

ION is increased about 25 % with the width/height (W/H) of 12/24 nm nanowire (NW) in comparison with the W/H of 12/12 nm at V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</inf> -V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</inf> =1 V. With these results, we have successfully fabricated NW SRAM arrays with the W/H of 5/15 nm and LG of 40 nm for the first time. Static noise margin (SNM) of 325 mV is achieved at V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</inf> =1 V. NW height and gate oxide thickness dependency of n-ch twin silicon nanowire MOSFET (TSNWFET) on device variations is investigated. Line edge roughness and size variation are more critical than random dopant fluctuation in TSNWFET
Evaluation methods for topic models (2009)

A natural evaluation metric for statistical topic models is the probability of held-out documents given a trained model. While exact computation of this probability is intractable, several estimators for this probability have been used in the topic modeling literature, including the harmonic mean method and empirical likelihood method. In this paper, we demonstrate experimentally that commonly-used methods are unlikely to accurately estimate the probability of held-out documents, and propose two alternative methods that are both accurate and efficient.
Shape control of III–V semiconductor nanocrystals: Synthesis and properties of InAs quantum rods (2003)

A novel approach for synthesis of soluble semiconductor quantum rods using metal nanoparticles to direct and catalyze one-dimensional growth is developed. The method is useful in particular for III–V semiconductors with cubic lattice, where the utilization of surfactant-controlled rod-growth is not easily realized. The growth takes place via the solution–liquid–solid (SLS) mechanism where proper precursors are injected into a coordinating solvent. Centrifugation is used for separation of rod-fractions with different lengths. The reaction is demonstrated for InAs, InP and GaAs. Focusing on InAs rods as a model system, we examined the effects of the type of metal catalyst, and the tuning of reaction conditions with respect to temperature, concentration, catalyst content and reaction time. Within the three types of metal catalysts used—Au, Ag and In, Au was found to provide the best control for achieving rod-growth even though the melting point of bulk gold is significantly higher then the reaction temperature. The structural properties of the rods were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Rods have a cubic lattice and grow mainly along the [111] direction. The relative gold content decreases in shorter rods suggesting Au depletion as a cause for limiting the growth. Room and low temperature absorption and photoluminescence measurements show that the band-gap shifts to the red upon increasing rod length revealing strong quantum confinement along the long axis in InAs rods, providing spectral coverage of the near-IR range relevant for telecommunication applications. Emission intensity also decreases with increased rod-length. These length dependent properties manifest the transition from 0D to 1D quantum confined systems.
Functional implications for Kir4.1 channels in glial biology: from K<sup>+</sup> buffering to cell differentiation (2008)

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are characterized by a very negative resting potential and a high resting permeability for K(+) ions. Early pharmacological and biophysical studies suggested that the resting potential is established by the activity of inwardly rectifying, Ba(2+) sensitive, weakly rectifying Kir channels. Molecular cloning has identified 16 Kir channels genes of which several mRNA transcripts and protein products have been identified in glial cells. However, genetic deletion and siRNA knock-down studies suggest that the resting conductance of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes is largely due to Kir4.1. Loss of Kir4.1 causes membrane depolarization, and a break-down of K(+) and glutamate homeostasis which results in seizures and wide-spread white matter pathology. Kir channels have also been shown to act as critical regulators of cell division whereby Kir function is correlated with an exit from the cell cycle. Conversely, loss of functional Kir channels is associated with re-entry of cells into the cell cycle and gliosis. A loss of functional Kir channels has been shown in a number of neurological diseases including temporal lobe epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinal degeneration and malignant gliomas. In the latter, expression of Kir4.1 is sufficient to arrest the aberrant growth of these glial derived tumor cells. Kir4.1 therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in a wide variety of neurological conditions.
Hydrogenation of quinolines, alkenes, and biodiesel by palladium nanoparticles supported on magnesium oxide (2012)

A new catalyst composed of Pd nanoparticles supported on MgO has been prepared by the room temperature NaBH(4) reduction of Na(2)PdCl(4) in methanol in the presence of the support. TEM measurements reveal well-dispersed Pd particles of mean diameter 1.7 nm attached to the MgO surface. Further characterization was achieved by ICP-AES, XPS, XRD, H(2) pulse chemisorption and H(2)-TPR. The new catalyst is efficient for the regioselective hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring of quinolines, as well as for the mild reduction of a variety of alkenes representative of fuel components, and the partial saturation of biodiesel. The new material is considerably more reactive than commercial Pd/SiO(2) and Pd/Al(2)O(3) catalysts under analogous reaction conditions.
Flat-Field Response And Geometric Distortion Measurements Of Optical Streak Cameras (1988)

To accurately measure pulse amplitude, shape, and relative time histories of optical signals with an ontical streak camera, it is necessary to correct each recorded image for spatially-dependent gain nonuniformity and geometric distortion. Gain nonuniformities arise from sensitivity variations in the streak-tube photocathode, phosphor screen, image-intensifier tube, and image recording system. These nonuniformities may be severe, and have been observed to be on the order of 100% for some LLNL ontical streak cameras. Geometric distortion due to optical couplings, electron-optics, and sweep nonlinearity not only affects pulse position and timing measurements, but affects pulse amplitude and shape measurements as well. By using a 1.053-μm, long-pulse, high-power laser to generate a spatially and temporally uniform source as input to the streak camera, the combined effects of flat-field response and geometric distortion can be measured under the normal dynamic operation of cameras with S-1 photocathodes. Additionally, by using the same laser system to generate a train of short pulses that can be spatially modulated at the input of the streak camera, we can effectively create a two-dimensional grid of equally-spaced pulses. This allows a dynamic measurement of the geometric distortion of the streak camera. We will discuss the techniques involved in performing these calibrations, will present some of the measured results for LLNL optical streak cameras, and will discuss software methods to correct for these effects.
Real-time physiological tremor estimation using recursive singular spectrum analysis (2017)

Physiological hand tremor causes undesirable vibration of hand-held surgical instruments which results in imprecisions and poor surgical outcomes. Existing tremor cancellation algorithms are based on detection of the tremulous component from the whole motion; then adding an anti-phase tremor signal to the whole motion to cancel it out. These techniques are based on adaptive filtering algorithms which need a reference signal that is highly correlated with the actual tremor signal. Hence, such adaptive approaches use a non-linear phase filter to pre-filter the tremor signal either offline or in real-time. However, pre-filtering causes unnecessary delays and non-linear phase distortions as the filter has frequency selective delays. Consequently, the anti-phase tremor signal cannot be generated accurately which results in poor tremor cancellation. In this paper, we present a new technique based on singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and its recursive version, that is, recursive singular spectrum analysis (RSSA). These algorithms decompose the whole motion into dominant voluntary components corresponding to larger eigenvalues and oscillatory tremor components having smaller eigenvalues. By selecting a group of specific decomposed signals based on their eigenvalues and spectral range, both voluntary and tremor signals can be reconstructed accurately. We test the SSA and RSSA algorithms using recorded tremor data from five novice subjects. This new approach shows the tremor signal can be estimated from the whole motion with an accuracy of up to 85% offline. In real-time, tolerating a delay of ≈ 72ms, the tremor signal can be estimated with at least 70% accuracy. This delay is found to be one-tenth of the delay caused by a conventional linear-phase bandpass filter to achieve similar performance in real-time.
Exosomes and Microvesicles: Identification and Targeting By Particle Size and Lipid Chemical Probes (2014)

Exosomes and microvesicles are two classes of submicroscopic vesicle released by cells into the extracellular space. Collectively referred to as extracellular vesicles, these membrane containers facilitate important cell-cell communication by carrying a diverse array of signaling molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Recently, the role of extracellular vesicle signaling in cancer progression has become a topic of significant interest. Methods to detect and target exosomes and microvesicles are needed to realize applications of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and, perhaps, therapeutic targets. Detection of exosomes and microvesicles is a complex problem as they are both submicroscopic and of heterogeneous cellular origins. In this Minireview, we highlight the basic biology of extracellular vesicles, and address available biochemical and biophysical detection methods. Detectible characteristics described here include lipid and protein composition, and physical properties such as the vesicle membrane shape and diffusion coefficient. In particular, we propose that detection of exosome and microvesicle membrane curvature with lipid chemical probes that sense membrane shape is a distinctly promising method for identifying and targeting these vesicles.
Circadian Clock NAD <sup>+</sup> Cycle Drives Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism in Mice (2013)

Circadian clocks are self-sustained cellular oscillators that synchronize oxidative and reductive cycles in anticipation of the solar cycle. We found that the clock transcription feedback loop produces cycles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) biosynthesis, adenosine triphosphate production, and mitochondrial respiration through modulation of mitochondrial protein acetylation to synchronize oxidative metabolic pathways with the 24-hour fasting and feeding cycle. Circadian control of the activity of the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) generated rhythms in the acetylation and activity of oxidative enzymes and respiration in isolated mitochondria, and NAD(+) supplementation restored protein deacetylation and enhanced oxygen consumption in circadian mutant mice. Thus, circadian control of NAD(+) bioavailability modulates mitochondrial oxidative function and organismal metabolism across the daily cycles of fasting and feeding.
Electrophilic ipso-substitutions. Part 2. Reactions of 3-substituted indoles and 4-substituted NN-dimethylanilines with arenediazonium ions (1982)

3-Substituted indoles and 4-substituted NN-dimethylanilines react with arenediazonium ions to form 3-arylazoindoles and 4-arylazo-NN-dimethylanilines, respectively. The formation of the σ-complex intermediate was interpreted both as electrophilic ipso-attack and as coupling of two radicals deriving from an electron transfer process. Both mechanisms are discussed on the basis of the experimental evidence and on the substrate oxidation potentials. The leaving abilities of the substituents are discussed on the basis of the experimental results.
Proton magnetic resonance studies of compounds with bridgehead nitrogen atoms: XXXII—The <sup>1</sup>H n.m.r. spectra and stereochemistry of 4‐aryl‐1,6,7,11b‐tetrahydro‐2<i>H</i>,4<i>H</i>‐[1,3]oxazino[4,3‐<i>a</i>]isoquinoline, 4‐aryl‐1,2,6,7,12,12b‐hexahydro‐4<i>H</i>‐[1,3]oxazino[3′,4′:1,2]pyrido[3,4‐<i>b</i>]indole and of related systems (1976)

Abstract cis (4‐H,11b‐H)‐4‐Aryl‐1,6,7,11b‐tetrahydro‐2 H ,4 H ‐[1,3]oxazino [4,3‐ a ]isoquinoline and the related thiazino compound preferentially adopt in solution the O (or S) inside cis ‐conformation in contrast to cis (1‐H,4a‐H)‐1‐arylperhydropyrido[1,2‐ c ][1,3]oxazine which adopts the trans fused conformation. 1‐(β‐Hydroxy‐ethyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline condenses with benzaldehyde to give the 1,3‐oxazine derivative rather than the dimeric structure reported in the literature.
Thymosin Activity in Patients with Cellular Immunodeficiency (1975)

An extract of calf thymus, thymosin, induces an increase in percentage of T-cell rosettes when incubated in vitro with sheep erythrocytes and lymphocytes from patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases or viral illness. Precursor lymphocytes are required for this increase to occur. The percentage of T-cell rosettes, when they are normal, is not increased further upon incubation with thymosin. A patient with thymic hypoplasia and immunoglobulin synthesis was selected to receive thymosin in vivo when her T-cell rosettes had increased from 15 to 48 per cent after in vitro incubation with thymosin. During therapy, she clinically improved, the percentage of T-cell rosettes gradually increased to normal, and positive delayed hypersensitivity skin tests developed. Thymosin may be useful clinically for partial reconstitution of cellular immunity. An increased percentage of T-cell rosettes after incubation with thymosin in vitro may predict which patients will respond to thymosin therapy in vivo.
COMPARISON OF HF AND DF CONTINUOUS CHEMICAL LASERS: I. POWER (1970)

A continuous DF chemical laser is reported. Population inversion is obtained by diffusing D2 into a supersonic free jet containing F atoms. Output power of the DF laser is compared with a similar HF laser previously reported. The ratio of DF to HF laser output power is 0.7 for fixed supersonic jet conditions and the same molar flow of H2 and D2. The efficiency of conversion of chemical energy to laser energy is approximately 12 and 8 % for the HF and DF lasers, at power levels of 475 and 340 W, respectively.
dc analysis of parallel arrays of two and three Josephson junctions (1975)

Arrays of Josephson junctions are becoming of increasing interest, and the dependence of the maximum zero-voltage current on various factors is important in applications. When the array carries the maximum possible zero-voltage current it is said to be in the critical state. Sets of equations describing the critical-state behaviors of arrays of two and three junctions are derived. Account is taken of possible differences of the individual critical currents, self-induced flux, and asymmetric current feed. In a space having the phase differences across the junctions as coordinates, one can construct a locus relating the phase differences that are obtained when the array is in the critical state. It is shown that the periodic, symmetric, and other properties of the various relationships between variables can be inferred from the properties of the phase-difference locus.
Prophets Under God's Authority: Headcoverings in 1 Corinthians 11:1-16 (2000)

Corinthians 11:116 is a challenging passage, and breaking the code is deeply satisfying.Unlike 1 Tim 2, 1 Cor 11 is clearly describing the assembly of Gods people worshiping together.1 Pauls concern in vs. 116 is convincing the Corinthian church that women must cover their hairand so their headswhile praying aloud or prophesying.2 Some denominations have understood these verses to mean that all women should cover their heads in public, or at least during worship.Not so!The text clearly restricts this command to women while they are praying or prophesying (vs.45).3 (By implication, as this prophesying is public, out loud, in the worship setting, we should see this as public prayer, as well, and not private, silent prayer.)There is no mention of any requirement for all women to cover their heads.When these chosen women have finished praying or prophesying, evidently, they may uncover.(Do these women know in advance they will be praying or prophesying and so bring a headcovering with them?Is one provided, passed out to the women as necessary?We dont know.)Why is Paul concerned about these women covering their heads?Burton claims it is so men are not attracted to these women while they are praying or prophesying.4 I find no warrant for this assumption in the text.It would be odd
Experimental chlorpromazine cataracts. (1969)

Chronic ingestion of large doses of chlorpromazine (CPZ) by human beings has been associated with the production of corneal and lens opacities, and less frequently with chorioretinal pigmentation, and a peculiar purplish coloration of exposed skin and conjunctiva. When guinea pigs were fed large doses of CPZ and exposed to ultraviolet light, lens opacities were consistently produced that resemble those in human patients on chronic high doses of CPZ. They developed in albino and pigmented animals. A progressive increasing deposition of CPZ with increased treatment was demonstrated in the lens and other tissues of treated guinea pigs, and occurred in albino and pigmented animals. The respiratory metabolism of lens epithelium of CPZ-treated animals teas reduced by a statistically significant amount in this study, xohen compared to control values. Sodium succinate was shown to stimidate respiration in CPZtreated, but not control, lens epithelium (both exposed to glucose substrate). It appears that CPZ alters respiratory mechanisms by effecting a metabolic block at some site preceding succinate. On the basis of this study, the CPZ cataract has no apparent relation to melaniti. It may represent foci of denatured protein resulting from the interaction of light with the drug, a photosensitizing agent, and lens protein, or possibly deposits of drug within the lens.