gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutamine Synthetases of Higher Plants (1983)

The chromatographic properties of glutamine synthetase isoforms have been investigated in a wide range of higher plant leaves and shoots using ion exchange chromatography. Different patterns of glutamine synthetase isoform content were observed. Among higher plants, four patterns or groups could be recognized. The first group is characterized by having only cytosolic glutamine synthetase, whereas the second group is distinguished by having only chloroplastic glutamine synthetase. The third group is characterized by cytosolic glutamine synthetase being a minor component of the total leaf glutamine synthetase activity. The fourth group is distinct from the other groups in having high cytosolic and chloroplast glutamine synthetase activity. Immunological studies have been undertaken on a few species from each group to identify unambiguously both cytosolic and chloroplastic glutamine synthetases.
Effect of Modified Vaccinia Ankara–5T4 and Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide on Antitumor Immunity in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2017)

isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN54669986.
Cautery-assisted palatal stiffening operation☆ (2000)

Outpatient surgical therapy of habitual snoring and mild obstructive sleep apnea has evolved significantly in recent years. We introduce the cautery-assisted palatal stiffening operation (CAPSO) and detail its important advantages over uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, and palatal radiofrequency ablation. CAPSO is critically analyzed with regard to extent of surgery, need for repetition of procedure, results, complications, predictors of success, and cost analysis. CAPSO is a mucosal surgery that induces a midline palatal scar that stiffens the floppy palate. Two hundred six consecutive patients underwent CAPSO over an 18-month period, followed by office examination and telephone evaluation. The success rate was initially 92% and dipped to 77% after 1 year. CAPSO eliminates excessive snoring caused by palatal flutter and has success rates that were comparable with those of traditional palatal surgery. CAPSO is a simple and safe office procedure that avoids the need for multiple-stage operations and does not rely on expensive laser systems or radiofrequency generators and hand pieces. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:547-55.)
A Quantum Probability Model of Causal Reasoning (2012)

People can often outperform statistical methods and machine learning algorithms in situations that involve making inferences about the relationship between causes and effects. While people are remarkably good at causal reasoning in many situations, there are several instances where they deviate from expected responses. This paper examines three situations where judgments related to causal inference problems produce unexpected results and describes a quantum inference model based on the axiomatic principles of quantum probability theory that can explain these effects. Two of the three phenomena arise from the comparison of predictive judgments (i.e., the conditional probability of an effect given a cause) with diagnostic judgments (i.e., the conditional probability of a cause given an effect). The third phenomenon is a new finding examining order effects in predictive causal judgments. The quantum inference model uses the notion of incompatibility among different causes to account for all three phenomena. Psychologically, the model assumes that individuals adopt different points of view when thinking about different causes. The model provides good fits to the data and offers a coherent account for all three causal reasoning effects thus proving to be a viable new candidate for modeling human judgment.
Subpopulation of small‐cell lung cancer cells expressing <scp>CD</scp>133 and <scp>CD</scp>87 show resistance to chemotherapy (2012)

Tumors are presumed to contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that initiate tumor growth and promote tumor spreading. Multidrug resistance in CSCs is thought to allow the tumor to evade conventional therapy. This study focused on expression of CD133 and CD87 because CD133 is a putative marker of CSCs in some cancers including lung, and CD87 is associated with a stem-cell-like property in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Six SCLC cell lines were used. The expression levels of CD133 and CD87 were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. CD133+/- and CD87+/- cells were isolated by flow cytometry. The drug sensitivities were determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice were used for the tumor formation assay. SBC-7 cells showed the highest expression levels of both CD133 and CD87 among the cell lines. CD133-/CD87-, CD133+/CD87-, and CD133-/CD87+ cells were isolated from SBC-7 cells; however, CD133+/CD87+ cells could not be obtained. Both CD133+/CD87- and CD133-/CD87+ subpopulations showed a higher resistance to etoposide and paclitaxel and greater re-populating ability than the CD133-/CD87- subpopulation. CD133+/CD87- cells contained more G0 quiescent cells than CD133-/CD87- cells. By contrast, CD133-/CD87- cells showed the highest tumorigenic potential. In conclusion, both CD133 and CD87 proved to be inadequate markers for CSCs; however, they might be beneficial for predicting resistance to chemotherapy.
Nitric oxide: an emerging role in cardioprotection? (2001)

Over a decade of research has shown nitric oxide (NO) to be a ubiquitous modulator of biological phenomena from cell signal to effector and from physiology to pathophysiology. The involvement of NO in cardiovascular biology has contributed significantly to our understanding of complex disease states including atherosclerosis, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, endotoxic shock, pre-eclampsia,1cardiomyopathy,2 and cardiac allograft rejection.3 However, the emerging role of NO in the maintenance of cell physiology from immunomodulation to calcium signalling has highlighted the importance of this fascinating molecule in cytostasis. This dichotomy of effector function is the “double edged sword” of NO in biological systems. However, the balance between cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of NO may lie in the tissue concentration of NO produced, the particular NO synthase (NOS) isoform activated (that is, “high output” or “low output”), and the complex interaction with other free radicals such as superoxide. However, a much greater understanding of the molecular and cellular actions of NO as a physiological regulator has resulted in a body of recent research increasing our understanding of NO, and thus NO releasing agents, in cytoprotection. Current evidence is outlined below.

NO is produced by the catalytic action of NOS on the substrateL-arginine. The reaction involves the oxidation of one of the guanidinonitrogens of arginine and the process involves the oxidation of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form) and the reduction of molecular oxygen. Three NOS enzymes have been characterised: type I (ncNOS), type II (iNOS), and type III (ecNOS). ncNOS and ecNOS are calcium dependent and low output enzymes associated with NO production in the picomolar range, whereas iNOS is a calcium independent and high output enzyme associated with NO production in the nanomolar (nmol) range. All three NOS isoforms have been shown to be present in …
An architecture for virtual reality, audio, video, text, and document handling in applications supporting multi-person interactions (2002)

There are limitations to Internet, networked PC, and mobile device document handling and communication services and applications. In general, these do not provide for awareness of, and communication with others while working on documents. Limiting services in this way runs contrary to major findings from CSCW: users move between media and devices promiscuously; combine applications and media in effective, but idiosyncratic ways; and need awareness of others and their activities for successful accomplishment of much work. This awareness, whether backgrounded or foregrounded, needs to be constantly available/present. The paper presents a scalable architecture for handling multiple media (VR, video, audio, text, and documents) and devices where awareness of others/activities can be almost universally provided. Important features are presentation level integration and choices between media. These support new approaches to collaborations involving arbitrary combinations of documents, people, media and access devices.
Cochlear Damage from Chlorhexidine in Guinea Pigs (1981)

The disinfectant chlorhexidine has been extensively used as preoperative skin sterilizing agent. In the early 1970s it was suspected from clinical experience that inner ear damage with deafness might result from chlorhexidine accidentally introduced into the middle ear during preoperative skin disinfection. In order to study if chlorhexidine by local application in the middle ear has any ototoxic effect resulting in morphological changes in the organ of Corti, the tympanic cavity of guinea pigs was exposed to two different concentrations of the substance. Two different solvents were used and the duration of exposure was varied. The animals were sacrificed 2, 3, 4 or 10 weeks after exposure. In surface preparations of the organ of Corti, damage was seen in almost all exposed ears, related in extent to the concentration of chlorhexidine, the duration of exposure, and the time lapse after exposure. Furthermore, it was found that inner ear damage often extended beyond the organ of Corti and pathological changes were also observed in the mucosal lining of the tympanic cavity.
Deploying CPU-Intensive Applications on MEC in NFV Systems: The Immersive Video Use Case (2018)

Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) will be a technology pillar of forthcoming 5G networks. Nonetheless, there is a great interest in also deploying MEC solutions in current 4G infrastructures. MEC enables data processing in proximity to end users. Thus, latency can be minimized, high data rates locally achieved, and real-time information about radio link status or consumer geographical position exploited to develop high-value services. To consolidate network elements and edge applications on the same virtualization infrastructure, network operators aim to combine MEC with Network Function Virtualization (NFV). However, MEC in NFV integration is not fully established yet: in fact, various architectural issues are currently open, even at standardization level. This paper describes a novel MEC in an NFV system which successfully combines, at management level, MEC functional blocks with an NFV Orchestrator, and can neutrally support any “over the top” Mobile Edge application with minimal integration effort. A specific ME app combined with an end-user app for the provision of immersive video services is presented. To provide low latency, CPU-intensive services to end users, the proposed architecture exploits High-Performance Computing resources embedded in the edge infrastructure. Experimental results showing the effectiveness of the proposed architecture are reported and discussed.
Elimination and addition reactions. Part 33. Formation and behaviour of carbanions derived from sulphones and nitriles bearing β-′onium substituents (1977)

Kinetics of elimination reactions of β-arylsulphonylethyl- and β-cyanoethyl-ammonium and -sulphonium salts have been measured in ethanolic triethylamine buffers. The reactions show buffer saturation kinetics; at low buffer base concentrations ionisation to form the intermediate carbanion is rate-determining, but at higher buffer base concentrations the intermediate carbanion is formed in a rapidly established pre-equilibrium step and the observed rate constant does not change with increasing base concentration at constant buffer ratio.The rate data separately yield the ionisation rates of the substrates studied, together with the ratio (k2: k–1) of the rate constants for loss of the ′onium leaving group from the carbanion and its reprotonation.Formation of a carbanion from a sulphone is very sensitive to steric and polar effects; ionisation of nitriles is less sensitive in both respects, particularly the former.The elimination-reprotonation ratio (k2: k–1) depends upon the activating group, but for a given activating group and type of leaving group it is insensitive to the structure of the leaving group. It is also insensitive to substitution at either Cα or Cβ.Comparisons are drawn with unactivated elimination reactions of ′onium salts, and the Hammett ρ value has been obtained for expulsion of the leaving group in the 2-phenylethylammonium series.
Cyclizations. Part 1. Electrochemical and photochemical reactions of 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-halogenophenyl)tetrazoles (1993)

Electrochemical reduction of the title compounds, where the halogen substituent is Cl, Br or I, leads to cleavage of the carbon–halogen bond to leave a phenyl radical. Competition then follows between intramolecular radical substitution giving 7-fluorotetrazolo[1,5-f]phenanthridine and further reduction of the radical, then protonation, giving 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazole. Substitution predominates but reduction and protonation becomes a more competing reaction when the halogen is Br or I. Photochemical reaction of the title compounds shows competition between carbon–halogen bond cleavage to give 7-fluorotetrazolo[1,5-f]phenanthridine and loss of nitrogen followed by cyclization to give 2-halogenophenyl-5-fluorobenzimidazole. Carbon–halogen bond cleavage predominates and becomes the only reaction when the halogen is I. The fluorine substituent allows the determination of product yields by 19F NMR spectroscopy.
CETP Inhibitors to Increase HDL Cholesterol Levels (2007)

Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are inversely related to the incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke. The lowering of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with statin therapy reduces the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease but only by about one third. These findings have led to the idea that raising HDL cholesterol might be a treatment for atherosclerosis. On the basis of the high-HDL phenotype of a human genetic deficiency of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP),1 a new class of drugs that inhibit CETP was developed.2 Although the CETP inhibitor torcetrapib is effective at raising HDL cholesterol levels, it . . .
Performance of Some GaAs Mesfet Mixers (1976)

The performance of MESFET mixers used as down-converters from frequencies around 8 GHz to an intermediate frequency of 1 GHz is presented. Several possible mixer configurations have been considered and preliminary results are described involving the use of the MESFET in single as well as double device circuits. Experimental results concern the devices single sideband. noise figures and associated values of small signal conversion gain. Large signal saturation is discussed and results of third order intermodulation product are described. A single sideband noise figure of 7.8 dB associate with a gain of 8 dB at 7 GHz has been measured from a mixer using a single transistor.
Experimental and computational modelling characterisation of fine particle Pb-free solder paste volumes for flip chip assembly applications (2003)

Advanced flip-chip technology is the key technique used to achieve a high-density assembly of components onto printed circuit boards (PCB). Increasing demands are being made on electronics manufacturers to use flip chip components with greater input/output capabilities at pitches below 0.100 mm for their future applications. Furthermore, the advancement in this technology is challenged by the requirement to use new Pb-free materials for interconnections; this being driven by the European directive, Waste from Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) that necessitates the elimination of lead containing materials from electronics products by January 2006. The advancements in flip chip technology place a requirement for ultra small solder volumes in joint interconnection. Volume also plays a significant role towards the long-term reliability of the joints. Computational modelling can yield reliability data and required solder volumes for flip chip interconnection. However, in order to implement small solder volumes into a flip chip assembly process, a firm understanding of the formation and subsequent behaviour throughout the process is required. In this investigation, stencil printing of Pb-free solder paste via small stencil apertures, required for ultra fine pitch flip-chip applications, is reported, highlighting the issues encountered at such small geometries.
Principles of Induction Hardening and Inspection (2014)

Abstract Induction hardening of steel components is the most common application of induction heat treatment of steel. This article provides a detailed account of electromagnetic and thermal aspects of metallurgy of induction hardening of steels. It describes induction hardening techniques, namely, scan hardening, progressive hardening, single-shot hardening, and static hardening. The article discusses the techniques used to control the heat pattern, and provides a brief review of quenching techniques used in the induction hardening. It provides guidelines for selecting the frequency and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive testing methods, namely, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing to evaluate induction-hardened components.
Transition to unsteady nonperiodic state in a through-flow lid-driven cavity (1992)

A flush-mounted hot-film anemometer is used to investigate the transition to unsteady flow in a lid-driven cavity with a small amount of through flow. The quantitative measurements with the hot-film probe confirm the transition from steady to time-periodic state from previous flow visualization studies and show a second transition in the primary state from time-periodic to quasiperiodic flow and a transition to a state with a broad band of frequencies typical of a chaotic state. From these results, it is concluded that the transition to unsteady nonperiodic state in this system is through a torus bifurcation.
Finite Element Analysis of Bending in a Threaded Connector for a 5 1/2-in. Marine Riser (1984)

Abstract This paper describes the development of a new finite element modelling technique for performing nonlinear bending analysis of tubulars and its application to a threaded connector for a 5–1/2 inch production tubing marine riser. A finite element technique has been developed for analyzing bending loads applied to an axisymmetric geometry. The method uses a Fourier series solution. The first two terms of the series are solved simultaneously, allowing nonlinearities to be included since the method does not use superposition, which normally requires linearity. Existing methods of analysis require either a linear elastic assumption and axisymmetric approximation of bending loads, or a full three dimensional analysis. The new technique includes nonlinearities in mechanical properties, gapping, and friction. It is more accurate than the method where axisymmetric loads are applied so that pipe OD stresses are the same as those that would result from bending. The model is considerably less complicated to use than a three dimensional model and is also considerably less expensive. The method described above is applied to a 5-1/2 inch threaded connector. The connector is analyzed under make-up, tension, pressure, bending, and shear loads. Predictions include average and reversing stresses in the pin and box wall and at stress concentrations. These predictions can be used to evaluate the fatigue life of the connector. Introduction Fatigue analysis is important in determining the expected useful life of a marine riser. As with any tubular string, one of the weak links of the system is the joint connections. In the case of a marine riser, the connector is an area of complex stress distributions and stress concentrations. Full scale laboratory tests can go a long way towards determining the tensile strength and leak resistance of a threaded connector, but it is nearly impossible to measure stresses or strains at critical locations in the connector (at thread roots and seal ring grooves) or to test a connector until it falls in fatigue. However, fatigue calculations require that the connector stresses be computed. Finite element analysis has been applied as a useful tool in connector design and evaluation. It is most useful in determining stresses and deformations that cannot be measured in the laboratory and in determining the effects of connector variables and loads that are not easily controlled in the lab. In this case, accurate stress values can only be obtained with a finite element analysis. Due to the complex and nonlinear behavior of a threaded connector, existing finite element codes could not efficiently model a connector subjected to shear and bending loads. The objective of the work presented in this paper was to develop the capability to perform efficient nonlinear analysis of bending in tubulars, then apply the newly developed method to analyze a threaded connector for use in a marine riser.
Ceramic–Polymer Ba <sub>0.6</sub> Sr <sub>0.4</sub> TiO <sub>3</sub> /Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Composites with Different Type Composite Structures for Electronic Technology (2010)

Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 (BST)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites with 0–3, 1–3, and 2–2 type structures were prepared and studied. The effect of composite type on the dielectric properties of BST/PMMA composites was comprehensively investigated by both theoretical and experimental methods. The 1–3 type composite shows the highest permittivity and dielectric tunability, while the 2–2 and 0–3 type composites show lower permittivity as well as lower dielectric tunabilities. The experimentally measured dielectric properties are in agreement with the theoretically calculated values. The results help in understanding and tailoring the dielectric properties of ceramic–polymer composites by choosing a suitable composite structure.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier‐transform mass spectrometry of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1993)

Conditions for the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) of oligodeoxyribonucleotides at 355 nm, developed using a 3-Tesla Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTMS), are reported. Efficient ion trapping and matrix selection are critical to the desorption and detection of oligonucleotides by FTMS. The achievable upper mass limit for the MALDI-FTMS of biomolecules on our 3-Tesla system has been extended from approximately 2 kDa to 6 kDa through the use of pulsed-trapping-plate ion deceleration techniques. By implementing the deceleration techniques, molecular ions for bovine insulin (MW = 5733.5), an oligodeoxythymidylic acid, pd[T]10 (MW = 3060.0), and a mixed-base 12-mer (MW = 3611.5) have been measured. For the analysis of oligonucleotides by FTMS, selection of an appropriate MALDI matrix is essential for the generation of [M-H]- ions. 3-Hydroxypicolinic acid provides a significant improvement over 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid for production of deprotonated molecules particularly for mixed-base oligomers. MALDI studies using FTMS have been duplicated using a newly constructed time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) and oligonucleotide fragmentation on the TOFMS is reduced relative to that observed by FTMS. This may be a consequence of the longer times (milliseconds) required for FTMS detection.