gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Better Performance of Monodentate <i>P</i>‐Stereogenic Phosphanes Compared to Bidentate Analogues in Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations (2010)

Abstract The cationic allylpalladium complexes 3a – 3f , 4a , 4e , 5e of type [Pd(η 3 ‐2‐Me‐C 3 H 4 )P 2 ]PF 6 were synthesized using a group of monodentate P ‐stereogenic phosphanes, P=PPhRR′ ( a – f ) and diphosphanes (PhRPCH 2 ) 2 ( 1a , 1e ) or PhRPCH 2 Si(Me) 2 CH 2 PPhR ( 2e ). The analogous cationic complexes with the disubstituted allyl group (η 3 ‐1,3‐Ph 2 ‐C 3 H 3 ) and monodentate phosphanes were not isolated as stable solids; only [PdCl(η 3 ‐1,3‐Ph 2 ‐C 3 H 3 )P] ( 6a , 6d ) were obtained. Palladium allyl complexes were screened as precatalysts in the allylic substitution of rac ‐3‐acetoxy‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1‐propene ( I ) and ( E )‐3‐acetoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propene ( III ) with dimethyl malonate as the nucleophile. The various catalytic precursors showed a wide range of activity and selectivity. The bismonodentate phosphane complexes 3 are more active than the bidentate analogues. With regard to the regioselectivity, precursors containing monodentate phosphanes favour the formation of the linear product in the allylic substitution of cinnamyl acetate ( III ) compared with those containing bidentate phosphanes. With substrate I , compounds with the diphosphanes 1a and 1e , containing a five‐membered chelate ring, gave low enantioselectivities (less than 10 % ee ), but those with the diphosphane 2e , forming a six‐membered chelate ring or with two monodentate phosphanes, afforded products with moderate enantioselectivity under standard conditions ( ee up to 74 %). The results show that the performance of precursors containing monodentate phosphanes was superior to those containing bidentate ligands in both activity and selectivity.
Very Thin Silicon Nitride Films Grown by Direct Thermal Reaction with Nitrogen (1978)

Very thin uniform silicon nitride films less than 100Å have been obtained on silicon wafers by direct thermal reaction with nitrogen at temperatures ranging from 1200° to 1300°C. Small amounts of water or oxygen in reaction mixture caused vapor etching which gave rise to local crystallization. By eliminating both from the reaction ambient to less than 1 ppm, amorphous silicon nitride films can be deposited. These films have been found to have properties similar to those of CVD by investigations of Auger electron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. Remarkable masking effects of the films against oxidation and phosphorus diffusion have been found.
A synthetic analog of fibrinogen alpha 27-50 is an inhibitor of thrombin. (1991)

Binding of the synthetic peptide AAKDSDWPFAS-DEDWNYKAPSGAR, a fibrinogen alpha 27-50 analog, to thrombin was studied by inhibition assays and affinity chromatography. Peptide alpha 27-50 corresponds to a segment of human fibrinogen downstream from the thrombin cleavage site, with cysteine residues at positions 28, 36, 45 and 49 replaced by alanine. The peptide inhibited clotting of fibrinogen with an inhibition constant of 190-400 microM. Cleavage of fibrinopeptides A and B was inhibited by the peptide and the peptide was competitive with fibrinogen for thrombin. Inhibition of the small substrate tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-p-nitroaniline was not observed indicating that the peptide did not block the active site of the enzyme. Peptide alpha 27-50 that was covalently linked to Sepharose bound active site-inhibited thrombin at low ionic strength and was eluted at higher salt concentration. The peptide was not cleaved on overnight exposure to thrombin as determined by reverse phase HPLC. In summary, the peptide bound to, but was not a substrate for thrombin. These results suggest that this region of fibrinogen contributes to binding of thrombin.
<title>Krypton as filter for ions, debris, and useless radiation in EUV projection lithography systems</title> (2001)

The life time of the first multilayer mirror (the condenser) in optical systems for projection Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) lithography based on Laser Produced Plasmas (LPP) is limited both by the debris bombardment and by the EUV radiation photoablation. These problems can be dramatically reduced by using krypton as debris stopper, exploiting its high atomic weight (21 times the helium value) and its high transparency in the EUV region only between 60 and 90 eV. We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that by filling the laser-target interaction chamber with krypton at low pressure (a few mbar) it is possible to stop efficiently the small debris (having a size smaller than 1 micron, including ions, neutrals and clusters) while keeping a reasonable transmission of the EUV radiation in the 60-90 eV range. In particular, this is experimentally demonstrated for a solid target LPP based on a tantalum or copper tape target and pumped by a large energy (4 J - 120 ns) XeCl excimer laser. The poor transmission of krypton, out of the above mentioned spectral window, significantly reduces the exposition of the condenser mirror to useless radiation. This new technique for stopping the debris has recently been patented by our group. As far as the larger size debris is regarded, a dramatic reduction of their flux has been obtained by decreasing the laser intensity on the target, still keeping a laser to EUV energy conversion as high as 0.7 percent/eV/sr at 70 eV, from a Ta target, together with a shot to shot EUV pulse energy stability better than 1 percent.
Synthesis of 2,3‐dihydro‐1<i>H</i>‐imidazo[1,2‐<i>b</i>]pyrazoles (1980)

Abstract Two novel 2,3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐imidazo[1,2‐ b ]pyrazole derivatives 7 and 8 have been prepared by hydrazinolysis with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine of 1‐(benzylideneamino)‐2‐(2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐nitromethylidene)‐imidazolidine 4 . The precursor 4 was conveniently prepared from ethyl nitroacetate and 1‐(benzylidene‐amino)‐2‐(methylthio)imidazoline 3 . Two examples are presented in which ethyl aceto(and trifluoroaceto)acetate 2‐nitrophenyl‐hyrazone, 9 and 10 , both of which also feature the β‐hydrazinoacrylate arrangement, are refluxed in ethanol containing hydrochloric acid and thereby converted into pyrazolones 11 and 12 , pyrazoles 13 and 14 , and ketone 2‐nitrophenylhydrazones 15 and 16 , respectively.
Color Centers in X‐Irradiated Soda‐Silica Glasses (1964)

The coloration produced by X‐irradiation in silicate glasses prepared under oxidizing and reducing conditions was studied. These glasses differed both in the position of the absorption maximums and in the thermal stability of the color centers formed. Maximums were observed at 4.10, 2.70, and 1.96 ev in oxidized glasses and at 2.15 ev in reduced glasses. Additions of a wide variety of cations to the basic glasses modified the coloration produced by X‐irradiation. These modifications appeared as new centers or in the enhancement or reduction of coloration produced by X‐irradiation in the base glasses. The reduction of ions such as Ce 4+ , Eu 3+ , and Yb 3+ by X‐irradiation is observed. Although several of the color centers appeared to be associated with the glass network itself, there was some correlation between the added cations and the coloration of the glass by X‐irradiation.
Innentitelbild: A Millimeter‐Wave Absorber Based on Gallium‐Substituted ε‐Iron Oxide Nanomagnets (Angew. Chem. 44/2007) (2007)

Millimeterwellen bei 30–300 GHz werden verstärkt in elektronischen Bauteilen für die drahtlose Hochgeschwindigkeitskommunikation eingesetzt. S. Ohkoshi et al. beschreiben in der Zuschrift auf S. 8544 ff. einen Millimeterwellenabsorber aus ε-GaxFe2−xO3-Nanomagneten (0.10≤x≤0.67) mit einer ferromagnetischen Resonanz bei 35–190 GHz. Der zentrale Fels, die Wellen im Sand und der Fels im Vordergrund des im Bild gezeigten japanischen Landschaftsgartens (Zuiho-in in Kyoto) lassen an einen Millimeterwellengenerator, Millimeterwellen bzw. einen Millimeterwellenabsorber denken.
Synergistic effects of epoxy- and amine-silanes on microarray DNA immobilization and hybridization (2003)

Most microarray slides are manufactured or coated with a layer of poly(L-lysine) or with silanes with different chemical functional groups, for the attachment of nucleic acids on to their surfaces. The efficiency with which nucleic acids bind to these surfaces is not high, because they can be washed away, especially in the case of spotting oligonucleotides. In view of this, we have developed a method to increase the binding capacity and efficiency of hybridization of DNA on to derivatized glass surfaces. This makes use of the synergistic effect of two binding interactions between the nucleic acids and the coating chemicals on the surface of the glass slides. The enhanced binding allows the nucleic acids to be bound tightly and to survive stringency washes. When immobilized, DNA exhibits a higher propensity for hybridization on the surface than on slides with only one binding chemical. By varying the silane concentrations, we have shown that maximal DNA oligonucleotide binding on glass surfaces occurs when the percentage composition of both of the surface-coating chemicals falls to 0.2%, which is different from that on binding PCR products. This new mixture-combination approach for nucleic-acid binding allows signals from immobilization and hybridization to have higher signal-to-noise ratios than for other silane-coated methods.
Formation and thermal stability of ultra-shallow p+ junctions in Si and Si1−x Gex formed by molecular beam epitaxy (2002)

Ultra-shallow junction layers are required for deep-submicron complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors and quantum devices. The use of low temperature Si molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been investigated for the formation of 10 nm ultra-shallow doped layers. Uniformly B-doped Si layers, B delta-doped Si, and uniformly B-doped Si1−x Gex (x=0, 0.2, or 0.4) layers have been studied. Regardless of the growth technique (uniform versus delta-doped) or Ge concentration, the sheet resistance of the optimally-doped, as-grown samples were equivalent to idealized, box profiles having a carrier concentration equal to the B solid solubility limit in Si, 6×1020/cm3, which is a substantial improvement over the best reported, ion implanted shallow layers. The B in the as-grown, optimally-doped MBE layers is fully electrically active and does not require a post-growth anneal. The thermal budget of the layers was established so that the layers can be employed in a device fabrication process. The MBE-grown shallow-doped layers were not affected by 10 min thermal processing up to 700 °C. While substantial B redistribution occurred as a result of the 800 °C 10 min anneal, the sheet resistances of the MBE-grown layers are still less than ion implanted samples having the same junction depth. In addition, it was observed that the Ge alloy layers impeded the diffusion of B at 800 °C.
Privacy-preserving matchmaking For mobile social networking secure against malicious users (2011)

The success of online social networking and of mobile phone services has resulted in increased attention to mobile social networking. Matchmaking is a key component of mobile social networking. It notifies users of nearby people who fulfil some criteria, such as having shared interests, and who are therefore good candidates for being added to a user's social network. Unfortunately, the existing matchmaking approaches are troublesome from a privacy point of view. One approach has users' smartphones broadcast their owners' personal information to nearby devices. This approach reveals more personal information than necessary. The other approach requires a trusted server that participates in each matchmaking operation. Namely, the server knows the interests and current location of each user and performs matchmaking based on this information. This approach allows the server to track users. This paper proposes a privacy-preserving matchmaking protocol for mobile social networking that lets a potentially malicious user learn only the interests (or some other traits) that he has in common with a nearby user, but no other interests. In addition, the protocol is distributed and does not require a trusted server that can track users or that needs to be involved in each matchmaking operation. We present an implementation and evaluation of our protocol on Nexus One smartphones and demonstrate that the protocol is practical.
Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Deep and Lobar Intracerebral Hemorrhage (2014)

Our results suggest that in deep ICH, arterial stiffening represents a possible pathogenetic factor that modifies arterial wall properties and contributes to vascular rupture in response to intravascular pressure acute elevation. Therapeutic strategies that reduce arterial stiffness may potentially lower the incidence of deep hemorrhagic stroke.
GenClust: A genetic algorithm for clustering gene expression data (2005)

Experiments show that none of the algorithms we have used is markedly superior to the others across data sets and validation measures; i.e., in many cases the observed differences between the worst and best performing algorithm may be statistically insignificant and they could be considered equivalent. However, there are cases in which an algorithm may be better than others and therefore worthwhile. In particular, experiments for GenClust show that, although simple in its data representation, it converges very rapidly to a local optimum and that its ability to identify meaningful clusters is comparable, and sometimes superior, to that of more sophisticated algorithms. In addition, it is well suited for use in conjunction with data driven internal validation measures and, in particular, the FOM methodology.
Optical inhomogeneities in sol-gel derived ormosils and nanocomposites (1995)

Interferometric measurements are used to characterize and quantify optical inhomogeneities present in laser dye doped MPMMA, ORMOSILS, and silicate/PMMA nanocomposites. A brief history of the effect of optical inhomogeneities in high beam quality dye lasers is given and their importance to the solid-state dye laser program is discussed.
Reactivity and Influence of Fluorine in Aliphatic Compounds (1936)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactivity and Influence of Fluorine in Aliphatic CompoundsAlbert L. Henne and Thomas Midgley Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 6, 882–884Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1936Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1936https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01297a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01297a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views139Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dinickel Phosphide as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Vapor Phase Reduction of Nitrobenzene with Hydrogen to Aniline and Water (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDinickel Phosphide as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Vapor Phase Reduction of Nitrobenzene with Hydrogen to Aniline and WaterNorman P. Sweeny, Charles S. Rohrer, and O. W. BrownCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 4, 799–800Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01537a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01537a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views437Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A comparison of textbook vocabulary load analysis (2021)

The popularity of using textbooks in second language programs in universities around the world continues to grow. Textbooks support teachers in their teaching by providing accessible materials and clear instruction. In addition, learners are guided by familiar lesson frameworks (e.g., beginning, middle, end) to guide their independent study (Swales, 1980). However, textbooks present many challenges. Learners’ difficulties include the range in lexical knowledge they must possess (Nation, 2006) and the different lexical and grammatical features that are found in written textbook registers (Biber et al., 1998). This study investigates and outlines the vocabulary load of two English for Academic Purpose textbooks, using the British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English (BNC/COCA) 25,000 (Nation, 2012) and JACET8000 (JACET, 2016) word lists. The results show that for each textbook, more lexical demands are needed for second language learners in the JACET8000 compared with the BNC/COCA 25,000 lists. Understanding the content in textbooks will inform of the vocabulary-level requirements needed when taught in tertiary-level programs. Using a general and a Japanese-specific word list to identify possible pedagogical priorities can help to determine textbook priorities for teachers that can be applied to teaching in the Japanese classroom.
An extension of Elmore's delay and its application for timing analysis of MOS pass transistor networks (1986)

This work extends the notion of delay defined by Elmore [2] to accommodate the effect of non-unit-step (slow) excitations for MOS pass networks. Following Horowitz [3], each pass transistor in a pass network is modeled as a nonlinear device. A single value of delay for each node in a pass network is then derived by performing a state-space ana on the network model. This approach offers a provision to deal with excitations and it provides a compact delay expression in closed-form.
Broadband dispersion compensating module considering its attenuation spectrum behaviour for WDM system (2003)

Dispersion-compensating module capable of flattening the dispersion spectrum in 80 km of single mode fibre (SMF) was successfully developed while realizing attenuation variance within 0.35 dB/module in 1530 nm to 1570 nm and attenuation fluctuation <0.1 dB/module in -5/spl deg/C to 50/spl deg/C.
Spatially aware tangible display interaction in a tabletop environment (2012)

One limiting factor of digital tabletops is that interaction is usually restricted to a single 2D surface. I propose to extend this interaction space to the 3D space above the table by using spatially aware handheld displays. Utilizing the spatial position and orientation of such tangible displays provides an additional dimension of interaction that allows users to interact with complex information spaces in a more direct and natural way. The simultaneous use of multiple tangible displays explicitly supports collaborative work. My research includes the identification of basic interaction principles, the design and implementation of a technical framework, and the development and evaluation of interactive systems demonstrating the benefits of tangible displays for different application domains.
Propagation, Quantification, Detection, and Storage of West Nile Virus (2013)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. WNV, an emerging viral pathogen, is transmitted by mosquitoes to birds and mammals and is responsible for an increasing incidence of human disease in North America and Europe. Due to its ease of use in the laboratory and the availability of robust mouse models of disease, WNV provides an excellent experimental system for studying molecular virology and pathogenesis of infection by flaviviruses. Here, we describe common laboratory techniques used to propagate, quantify, detect, and store WNV. We also briefly describe appropriate safety precautions required for the laboratory use of WNV, which is classified as a Biosafety Level 3 pathogen by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
PIP5K-driven PtdIns(4,5)<i>P</i>2 synthesis: regulation and cellular functions (2009)

It has long been known that phosphoinositides are present in cellular membranes, but only in the past four decades has our understanding of their importance for proper cell function advanced significantly. Key to determining the biological roles of phosphoinositides is understanding the enzymes involved in their metabolism. Although many such enzymes have now been identified, there is still much to learn about their cellular functions. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks) are a group of kinases that catalyse the production of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)]. As well as being a substrate for the enzymes phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), PtdIns(4,5)P(2) acts as a second messenger in its own right, influencing a variety of cellular processes. In this Commentary, we review how PIP5Ks are modulated to achieve regulated PtdIns(4,5)P(2) production, and discuss the role of these proteins in different cellular processes.
Cyclic guanidines. 17. Novel (N-substituted amino)imidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-2-ones: water-soluble platelet aggregation inhibitors (1985)

A series of novel 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-2-one derivatives substituted with a secondary amino group has been prepared and tested for the activities of inhibiting platelet aggregation in rats in vitro and ex vivo. Most of the compounds were found to be the potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Some of the active compounds were soluble in water and effective via iv infusion in rats. Structure-activity relationships have indicated that a lipophilic secondary amino group located at position 6 or 7 contributed to retention of potent activity. Among the compounds studied, 7-piperidino-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-2- one (13 g,DN-9693) was the most favorable compound.
A discrete wavelet model for target recognition (2002)

A parametric multiresolution technique that utilizes the Haar wavelet basis expansion of object planar contours over a discrete time-scale space is used for target identification. The Haar wavelet is orthonormal and has a good localization properties. The multiresolution Haar transform represents shape features at different resolution levels. The model is independent of shape size and location. Experimental shape classification results are provided.