gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adenosine A<sub>2a</sub>and A<sub>2b</sub>Receptors in Cultured Fetal Chick Heart Cells (1995)

Adenosine exerts pronounced biological effects in the heart cell. The role of multiple adenosine receptor subtypes in regulating the heart cell function is not known. Ventricular cells cultured from chick embryos 14 days in ovo were used to study a novel feature of heart cell regulation by the stimulatory adenosine receptors. The inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor pathway was first inactivated by pertussis toxin treatment of the cultures, and the effects of adenosine agonists and antagonists on the heart cell contractile amplitude, measured via an opticovideo motion detection system, and on the modulation of cAMP level were determined. Adenosine and N-ethyladenosine-5'-uronic acid (NECA), capable of activating both the adenosine A2a and A2b receptors, caused a greater increase in the contractile amplitude than did the A2a-selective agonist 2-[4-(2-carboxythyl)phenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoa denosine (CGS21680). NECA caused a biphasic increase in cAMP, which became monophasic in the presence of the A2a receptor-selective antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine, whereas the CGS21680-induced cAMP response was monophasic. Blocking with 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine abolished most of the CGS21680-elicited contractile or cAMP response while attenuating only part of the adenosine- or NECA-stimulated responses. Blocking with the A2b-selective antagonists 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine or alloxazine caused a more pronounced inhibititon of the contractile or cAMP response by adenosine or NECA than by CGS21680. Affinity of the A2a receptor was 60-fold higher than that of the A2b receptor. These data demonstrate that a functional A2b receptor is expressed on the heart cell and is capable of mediating augmentation of cardiac myocyte contractility and that adenosine A2a and A2b receptors, with greatly different affinity, coexist and are coupled to the same functional responses. Taken together, the data suggest a novel feature of heart cell regulation, where the high-affinity A2a receptor can play an important modulatory role in the presence of a low level of adenosine, whereas the low-affinity A2b receptor becomes functionally important when the adenosine level is high.
Metal films and particles on oxide surfaces: structural, electronic and chemisorptive properties (1996)

The interface between metals and oxides is critical in many technologies, including materials science, microelectronics and catalysis. Recent surface science studies of ultrathin vapour-deposited metal films on well defined surfaces of oxides under clean conditions of ultrahigh vacuum are reviewed. The geometric and electronic structure of the metal films and their chemisorption properties are described in detail, with illustrative examples from the author's work. Oxidation of the admetal and efficient spreading occurs in the first monolayer when the admetal is an alkali metal or an early transition metal whose oxide's heat of formation exceeds the enthalpy requirement for reducing the substrate. Repulsive lateral interactions between alkali-metal adatoms leads to a strongly decreasing heat of adsorption with coverage, and depolarization, as on metal substrates. Mid-to-early transition metals form three-dimensional metallic particles and leave part of the oxide surface uncovered, when thermodynamics control the reaction. Nevertheless, kinetic limitations can sometimes lead to nearly full coverage by the first monolayer at low temperatures. Although the first 1–10% of such monolayers is cationic, the remainder is usually nearly neutral, and forms disordered islands which nucleate at defects. Even when such islands are only one atom thick, they have chemisorption properties that are very similar to bulk metal surfaces with a high degree of coordinative unsaturation. This indicates that metal-metal bonding parallel to the surface resembles that in bulk metals, with weaker bonding to the oxide below. Deposition conditions and defect concentration can influence the fractional coverage at which 3D growth begins. Islands that are thicker than a few layers are often crystalline, and expose mainly low-index metal facets whose chemisorption properties resemble those facets. Subtle differences exist between the chemisorption properties of these 2D and 3D metal islands and bulk facets, which could dramatically affect catalytic performance.
Silicon Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) of Lithium Ion Battery Characterized by Microscopy and Spectroscopy (2013)

The surface reactions of electrolytes with a silicon anode in lithium ion cells have been investigated. The investigation utilizes two novel techniques that are enabled by the use of binder-free silicon (BF-Si) nanoparticle anodes. The first method, transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, allows straightforward analysis of the BF-Si solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The second method utilizes multi-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of D2O extracts from the cycled anodes. The TEM and NMR data are complemented by XPS and FTIR data, which are routinely used for SEI studies. Coin cells (BF-Si/Li) were cycled in electrolytes containing LiPF6 salt and ethylene carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate solvent. Capacity retention was significantly better for cells cycled with LiPF6/FEC electrolyte than for cells cycled with LiPF6/EC electrolyte. Our unique combination of techniques establishes that for LiPF6/EC electrolyte the BF-Si SEI continuously grows during the first 20 cycles and the SEI becomes integrated with the BF-Si nanoparticles. The SEI predominantly contains lithium ethylene dicarbonate, LiF, and LixSiOy. BF-Si electrodes cycled with LiPF6/FEC electrolyte have a different behavior; the BF-Si nanoparticles remain relatively distinct from the SEI. The SEI predominantly contains LiF, LixSiOy, and an insoluble polymeric species.
React (2018)

React is a popular JavaScript view library frequently used in conjunction with other technologies to create single-page JavaScript applications. Started in 2013 by Facebook, React has quickly outpaced other similar projects in popularity due to its declarative approach to state, colocation of templates with view logic, and relative lack of opinionatedness about the stack, which means it is most dissimilar to Angular (see Chapter 19 ) and Ember (see Chapter 21 ). In the last several years, an extensive ecosystem has developed surrounding the core React library.
Corporate governance, takeovers and the role of the non‐executive director (1990)

The takeover mechanism may have some effect on disciplining managers ‐ but it also allows them to spend shareholders money on self promotion. The authors of this paper argue that if we had a better system of corporate governance with a revitalised role for independent directors fewer takeovers would occur, and calls for reform of the acquisition market would diminish.
Practical dynamic reconstruction of control flow graphs (2020)

Abstract The automatic recovery of a program's high‐level representation from its binary version is a well‐studied problem in programming languages. However, most of the solutions to this problem are based on purely static approaches: techniques such as dataflow analyses or type inference are used to convert the bytes that constitute the executable code back into a control flow graph (CFG). This article departs from such a modus operandi to show that a dynamic analysis can be effective and useful, both as a standalone technique, and as a way to enhance the precision of static approaches. The experimental results provide evidence that completeness, that is, the ability to conclude that the entire CFG has been discovered, is achievable on many functions that are part of industry‐strong benchmarks. Experiments also indicate that dynamic information greatly enhances the ability of DynInst , a state‐of‐the‐art binary reconstructor, to deal with code stripped of debugging information. These results were obtained with CFGgrind , a new implementation of a dynamic code reconstructor, built on top of Valgrind . When applied to cBench , CFGgrind is 9% faster than callgrind , Valgrind 's tool used to track targets of function calls; and 7% faster in Spec Cpu2017 . CFGgrind recovers the complete CFG of 40% of all the procedures invoked during the standard execution of programs in Spec Cpu2017 , and 37% in cBench . When combined with CFGgrind , DynInst finds 15% more CFGs for cBench , and 7% more CFGs for Spec Cpu2017 . Finally, CFGgrind is more than 7 times faster than DCFG, a CFG reconstructor from Intel, and 1.30 times faster than bfTrace , a CFG reconstructor used in research. CFGgrind is also more precise than these two tools, handling operating system signals, shared code in functions, and unaligned instructions; besides supporting multithreaded programs, exact profiling and incremental refinements.
Dynamic Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction Observations of the Atomic Layer Epitaxy Growth of Zn Chaleogenides (1986)

Intensity variations of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) during atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) growth of Zn chalcogenides are investigated. The specular beam intensity varies exponentially with time when the surface changes between Zn-covered surface and Se-covered one. Simultaneously, the surface reconstruction changes corresponding to the change of the outermost surface layer. The time constant shows the adsorption time of an impinging molecular beam. The adsorption time constants are investigated as a function of K-cell temperatures and the substrate temperature. The growth dynamics of ALE of Zn chalcogenides thus can be investigated from variations in the RHEED intensity.
Epitaxial growth and optical characterization of InAs/InGaAsP/InP self-assembled quantum dots (2001)

Five stacks of InAs quantum dots (QDs) with InGaAsP barriers were grown on (100) InP and luminescence characteristics were analyzed. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows that small dots with a lateral size of ∼30 nm and a height of ∼3 nm are formed with an areal density of ∼5×1010 cm−2. The QDs emit strong photoluminescence (PL) peaks in the range of 1.4–1.6 μm that can be controlled by nominal InAs thickness. The integrated PL intensity from QDs stays very high at room temperature as much as 20% of that at 10 K. At weak excitation, the carrier lifetimes are measured to be almost the same across the whole PL band at low temperature with a value of ∼4 ns and they remain at that value at room temperature. These characteristics strongly evidence that individual QDs are well isolated and have a strong carrier confinement at room temperature.
Cytogenetical studies on three species of Noemacheilinae and Gastromyzoninae fishes (Cobitidae; Cypriniformes). (2003)

Carassius auratus gibelio was chosen as an organism with a high level of tolerance against heavy metal to investigate changes in monovalent ions content in its tissues. Fish were kept in 10 ppm Cu2+ (3h), CrO4(2-) (96h), Co2+ (96h), Pb2+ (8h) and control (96h) solutions, then tissues were dissected and prepared for X-ray microanalysis. K+, Na+ and Cl- concentration was measured and calculated. Short periods of time of fish acclimation to Cu2+ (3h) and Pb2+ (8h) caused fish to suffocate as a consequence of heavy metal ions binding to gill mucopolisaccharides. Cl- and Na+ content decreased after Cu2+ treatment in kidney cells and muscle fibers, and so did K+ concentration in gill cells in comparison to control. After that CrO4(2-) ions acclimation changes in all tissues and in all measured ions were observed. Similar effects were observed in Co2+ ions treatment but not for muscle fibers. Pb2+ ions caused an elevation of Cl- and Na+ ions content in gill cells and muscle fibers but decreasing in liver and kidney cells in comparison to control. Changes in monovalent ions concentration are probably related to heavy metal ions influence on ionic pump activity, their interaction with metabolic enzymes, ATP production or membrane phospholipids.
A composite modulated structure approach to the lanthanide oxide fluoride, uranium nitride fluoride and zirconium nitride fluoride solid-solution fields (1993)

It is shown that the only generally applicable crystallographic approach to the anion excess, fluorite-related solid-solution fields reported in the zirconium nitride fluoride, uranium nitride fluoride and lanthanide oxide fluoride systems is a composite modulated structure approach. A TEM and powder XRD study has been made of the ZrN x F 4-3x (0.906 < x < 0.936) system
IFN-alpha induces autocrine production of IL-6 in myeloma cell lines (1991)

IL-6 is a major tumor growth factor in human multiple myeloma. Myeloma cell lines, which have the same phenotypic characteristics and Ig gene rearrangements as the original fresh myeloma cells and whose growth is strictly dependent on exogenous IL-6 similar to fresh myeloma cells, have been reproducibly established. We show here that IFN-alpha stimulated the growth of five of six of these human myeloma cell lines by inducing an autocrine production of IL-6 in myeloma cells. Indeed, IFN-alpha induced IL-6 mRNA accumulation and IL-6 production in myeloma cells and the IFN-alpha-induced growth of these cells was inhibited by anti-IL-6 mAb. Moreover, IFN-alpha made possible the rapid emergence of autonomously growing myeloma cell sublines, which produced IL-6 as an autocrine growth factor. As IFN-alpha has a potential therapeutical interest for multiple myeloma, the present study opens up new directions for studying its effects on the myeloma clone in vivo.
Developing Improvement Algorithm of Positional Accuracy on Moving Station GPS Surveying Using Linear Interpolation (2002)

Now, GPS equipment is known and generally used in the world. GPS equipment has been introduced as car navigation system. Car navigation system receives and analyses the signal from the GPS Satellite. Moving station and other informations are used to users with sound and graphic display for more comfortable and safe driving. In this study, we selected the road in a downtown as a model area. We obtained the WGS84 coordinates of the GPS satellite. This data is converted into the precise position data of car, using the precision coordinate transformation algorithm and map projection algorithm. We reproduced the course traveled by car on the digital map and analyzed deviation of car. With this method, we developed the linear interpolation algorithm of car position, and showed the car position on display using this algorithm. Also, we showed the precise car position with many voice information. We obtained the real-time voice information based on the analyzed the distance between object and car position.
microRNA-1/133a and microRNA-206/133b clusters: Dysregulation and functional roles in human cancers (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by repressing translation or cleaving RNA transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. A growing body of evidence suggests that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in many human cancers and that they play significant roles in the initiation, development and metastasis of human cancers. Genome-wide miRNA expression signatures provide information on the aberrant expression of miRNAs in cancers rapidly and precisely. Recently, studies from our group and others revealed that microRNA-1 (miR-1), microRNA-133a (miR-133a), microRNA-133b (miR-133b) and microRNA-206 (miR-206) are frequently downregulated in various types of cancers. Interestingly, miR-1-1/miR-133a-2, miR-1-2/miR-133a-1, and miR-206/miR-133b form clusters in three different chromosomal regions of the human genome - 20q13.33, 18q11.2 and 6p12.1, respectively. Here we review highlights of recent findings on the aberrant expression and functional significance of the miR-1/miR-133a and miR-206/miR-133b clusters in human cancers.
Tie-2 and angiopoietin-2 expression at the fetal-maternal interface: a receptor ligand model for vascular remodelling (2000)

The blood vessels at the fetal-maternal interface widen dramatically during pregnancy in order to increase blood flow to nourish the developing fetus. This vessel remodelling destroys normal vessel integrity and encompasses the dissolution of vessel muscle and elastic tissue. It also includes the displacement of endothelial cells by fetal trophoblasts that invade the maternal arteries of the uterus. Interaction between the endothelial cell receptor, Tie-2, and its recently discovered antagonist ligand, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), has been implicated in the loosening of vessel structure. Using Northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization analysis the expression pattern of Tie-2, and Ang-2 in the placenta throughout pregnancy, was investigated. We found Ang-2 expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast during the first trimester. In addition to the expected expression of the Tie-2 receptor in both fetal and maternal endothelial cells, we observed Tie-2 expression in endovascular invasive trophoblasts. These cells of epithelial origin invade the uterine spiral arteries and acquire endothelial cell properties. The temporal- and lineage-specific pattern of expression of Tie-2 and Ang-2 suggests that this receptor-ligand pair functions during the critical phase of development of the fetal vasculature and reworking of the maternal vessels during normal placentation.
Radiation Effects on Pure Silica Core Optical Fibers by γ-Rays: Relation between 2 eV Band and Non-Bridging Oxygen Hole Centers (1986)

The defect center causing the 2 eV absorption band induced in pure silica core fibers by 60 Co γ-rays is discussed. The 2 eV band and non-bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC, SI–O·) show almost the same thermal annealing characteristics. The peak wavelength of the 2 eV band in low-OH (≦6 ppm) fibers is 630 nm, but shifts to shorter wavelengths according to the amount of OH group the sample contains, and appears at 600 nm in high-OH (≧700 ppm) fibers. The peak shape is broader in high-OH fibers than in low-OH fibers. This shift and broadening is attributable to a hydrogen bond between NBOHC and a hydrogen atom. Based on the above results, the defect center responsible for the 2 eV band is considered to be NBOHC.
Combining multiple neural networks by fuzzy integral for robust classification (1995)

In the area of artificial neural networks, the concept of combining multiple networks has been proposed as a new direction for the development of highly reliable neural network systems. The authors propose a method for multinetwork combination based on the fuzzy integral. This technique nonlinearly combines objective evidence, in the form of a fuzzy membership function, with subjective evaluation of the worth of the individual neural networks with respect to the decision. The experimental results with the recognition problem of on-line handwriting characters confirm the superiority of the presented method to the other voting techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Catalytic Performance and Characterization of Silica Supported Sodium Phosphates for the Dehydration of Methyl Lactate to Methyl Acrylate andAcrylic Acid (2009)

Dehydration of methyl lactate (ML) to methyl acrylate (MA) and acrylic acid (AA) over silica supported sodium phosphates was investigated in a fixed-bed continuous flow reactor. On NaH2PO4/SiO2 a significantly higher selectivity to MA + AA than on Na2HPO4/SiO2 and Na3PO4/SiO2 was observed. For NaH2PO4/SiO2, there is an optimum loading of NaH2PO4, with which a higher selectivity to MA + AA could be obtained. It was found that the ratio of Na2O to P2O5 of the phosphates influenced the catalyst performance in the conversion of ML. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, Raman, NMR, and NH3-TPD techniques. The higher selectivity for the dehydration of ML to MA + AA on NaH2PO4/SiO2 is assumed to be related to the acidity and the amount of the terminal POH groups on the polyphosphate chains.
Masking, Photobleaching, and Spreading Effects in Hadamard Transform Imaging and Spectroscopy Systems (2001)

In analyzing the behavior of a Hadamard transform imaging spectroscopic system in an optical sectioning microscope, a previously undescribed masking effect was observed. During the process of characterizing this artifact, it was noted that while many masking errors have been reported previously in the literature, no attempt has been made to classify them or to systematically treat their effects in a variety of imaging and spectroscopy arrangements. Previous reports have documented echo artifacts in one-dimensional Hadamard mask systems based on sequences of length 2 n – 1, for which the echoes are well defined. Other valid cyclic S-sequences, such as those of prime length 4 m + 3 ≠ 2 n – 1, do not exhibit such behavior. Masking errors may be present with these sequences, but they do not appear as echoes. Recovered intensities are observed having both positive and negative magnitude distributed throughout the transform axis. These masking defects appear superficially to be “noise”, making associated errors more difficult to diagnose. Masking effects in two-dimensional systems have not been previously reported. In these, the relationship between the original image and resulting “echoes” can be quite complicated. This paper treats a variety of masking effects theoretically and presents simulations based on that treatment. Mask errors are divided into first- and second-order effects depending on whether the encoding passes through a mask once or twice. Symmetric, asymmetric, and static masking errors in one-dimensional Hadamard transform systems are treated in both first- and second-order arrangements. Where prior data exist, an attempt has been made to collect and categorize known mask-related artifacts and where appropriate provide additional documentation. Mask errors may be spatially varying or spatially invariant over the mask or within a given pixel. In systems which are spatially variant, proper sampling of the image or spectrum by the elements composing the mask is a prerequisite for successful correction of the data. Corrections applied to data from masks with spatially variant errors may cause artifacts to appear and, in some instances, complete correction may be impossible. The effects of photobleaching and mask spreading due to processes such as diffraction or aberrations in both one- and two-dimensional mask systems are investigated. Photobleaching is relatively easy to correct when an exponential decay model is applicable. In second-order systems, mask spreading gives rise to echoes or distortion even in perfectly implemented masks. Mask spreading can, in many cases, be corrected by analyzing the observed “echoes” and building a correction matrix or by using knowledge of the point, line, or other spreading function of the system. Finally, in masks of length 2 n – 1, a few simple rules greatly assist in diagnosing masking effects.
The science behind mobility devices for individuals with multiple sclerosis (2002)

There is a growing body of research related to prescription of mobility devices. This research enables clinicians and clients to make clinical decisions related to mobility based on sound research. Unfortunately, there is little research investigating appropriate prescriptions in degenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this article we will review the literature on mobility devices in MS and how it can be used to assist with clinical decision-making considering the progressive nature of this condition. In addition, we will review other research not conducted on individuals with MS that is relevant to this population. Finally we will present a call for future research that should help address this critical area.
Solving the Pitfalls of Bimanual Phacoemulsification – Oval Instruments Do Save Energy (2007)

In physics, energy transfer per unit of time equals power, or the amount of work done. The use of fluid as a tool to carry out work is known as hydraulics. In hydraulics, the use of the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is known as hydrodynamics, and the use of the static pressure of […]