gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Farnesoid X Receptor Protects Liver Cells from Apoptosis Induced by Serum Deprivation in Vitro and Fasting in Vivo (2008)

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a key metabolic regulator in the liver by maintaining the homeostasis of liver metabolites. Recent findings suggest that FXR may have a much broader function in liver physiology and pathology. In the present work, we identify a novel role of FXR in protecting liver cell from apoptosis induced by nutritional withdrawal including serum deprivation in vitro or starvation in vivo. Two FXR ligands, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and GW4064, rescued HepG2 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. This effect of FXR on apoptotic suppression was compromised when FXR was knocked down by short interfering RNA. Similarly, the effects of both CDCA and GW4064 were abolished after inhibition of the MAPK pathway by a specific inhibitor of MAPK kinase 1/2. Immunoblotting results indicated that FXR activation by CDCA and GW4064 induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which was attenuated by serum deprivation. In vivo, FXR(-/-) mice exhibited an exacerbated liver apoptosis and lower levels of phosphorylated-ERK1/2 compared to wild-type mice after starvation. In conclusion, our results suggest a novel role of FXR in modulating liver cell apoptosis.
LED 광원을 이용한 직하형 백라이트 광학계 설계 (2006)

RGB 3색 LED를 이용 백라이트에서는 백색 광원을 구현을 위해서는 혼색을 위한 충분한 공간 또는 광학계를 필요로 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 RGB 3색 LED의 컬러 혼색을 위해 광학 설계를 진행을 하였고, 이 광학계는 광경로 변경을 통해 BLU 내부 공간에서 각각의 3색 LED가 충분한 혼색 구간을 확보하여 백색을 구현하게 된다. 최근 적용하고 있는 Side emitting 방식 LED가 아닌 Top view type의 power LED를 이용하여 32인치급 TV LCD 백라이트를 제작하여 최적화를 진행하였다.
Laser-generation of narrow-band surface waves (2002)

One of the factors limiting the application of laser-based ultrasonics for nondestructive evaluation, is the relatively low efficiency of ultrasound generation by laser illumination. The authors describe a method for improved narrowband surface wave generation by the use of a line focused laser and an array technique. A tone-burst-like surface wave has been generated by a diffraction grating, and a lens system. The system provides controllable center frequency by adjustment of the width and spacing of the lines of laser illumination in the array. It is demonstrated by the use of laser interferometer detection that the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
One-Pot Synthesis of Dendritic Gold Nanostructures in Aqueous Solutions of Quaternary Ammonium Cationic Surfactants: Effects of the Head Group and Hydrocarbon Chain Length (2012)

Hierarchical, three-fold symmetrical dendritic gold was prepared in an aqueous solution of the quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). Similar surfactants with different head groups and hydrocarbon chain lengths were also used for comparison. Two-fold and one-fold symmetrical dendritic gold nanostructures were obtained in N-dodecyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bromide (C(12)-MPB) and dodecyltriethylammonium bromide (DTEAB) aqueous solutions, respectively. Longer hydrocarbon chain lengths were unfavorable for the formation of dendritic nanostructures. The interaction energies between the individual surfactants and Au (111) plane were calculated using molecular dynamics simulations. Based on a series of contrast experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, the possible growth mechanism and fabrication process of the dendritic structures were proposed. The DTAB-capped, three-fold gold dendrites exhibited good surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity toward rhodamine 6G (R6G), indicating their potential for use in SERS-based detections and analysis. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for fabricating dendritic gold nanostructures in aqueous solutions.
Material Classification from Time-of-Flight Distortions (2018)

This paper presents a material classification method using an off-the-shelf Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera. The proposed method is built upon a key observation that the depth measurement by a ToF camera is distorted for objects with certain materials, especially with translucent materials. We show that this distortion is due to the variation of time domain impulse responses across materials and also due to the measurement mechanism of the ToF cameras. Specifically, we reveal that the amount of distortion varies according to the modulation frequency of the ToF camera, the object material, and the distance between the camera and object. Our method uses the depth distortion of ToF measurements as a feature for classification and achieves material classification of a scene. Effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical evaluations and real-world experiments, showing its capability of material classification, even for visually indistinguishable objects.
HIV-associated malnutrition. (1995)

The author reviews the role of malnutrition in HIV infection. He hypothesizes that malnutrition contributes to complications encountered by an HIV-infected person and malnutrition problems are independent of the degree of immune depletion. Healthcare professionals have placed little emphasis on nutritional education. Nutritional trials have been a low priority for organized clinical trials groups, and clinical application of nutritional therapies is flawed. There is no advocacy for proper nutrition and no accepted standard of nutritional care in HIV disease. Cost cutting may further hamper efforts to provide nutritional support. While the last few years have seen advances in the understanding of the weight loss that results from HIV-associated malnutrition, much is left to be done. Preliminary results of a small randomized controlled trial suggest that treatment with an oral enteral supplement may provide an effective and far less costly alternative to treatment with total parenteral nutrition (TNP). Studies on how malnutrition may relate to problems with food intake, nutrient absorption, or intermediary metabolism are reviewed. The author concludes that definitive clinical trials must be performed, including estimates of costs and clinical outcomes, and nutritional end points. The results of these studies must be used in the continuing development of healthcare financing policy.
A simple biological imaging system for detecting viable human circulating tumor cells (2009)

The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood is associated with short survival, making the detection of CTCs clinically useful as a prognostic factor of disease outcome and/or a surrogate marker of treatment response. Recent technical advances in immunocytometric analysis and quantitative real-time PCR have made it possible to detect a few CTCs in the blood; however, there is no sensitive assay to specifically detect viable CTCs. Here, we report what we believe to be a new approach to visually detect live human CTCs among millions of peripheral blood leukocytes, using a telomerase-specific replication-selective adenovirus expressing GFP. First, we constructed a GFP-expressing attenuated adenovirus, in which the telomerase promoter regulates viral replication (OBP-401; TelomeScan). We then used OBP-401 to establish a simple ex vivo method that was able to detect viable human CTCs in the peripheral blood. The detection method involved a 3-step procedure, including the lysis of rbc, the subsequent addition of OBP-401 to the cell pellets, and an automated scan using fluorescence microscopy. OBP-401 infection increased the signal-to-background ratio as a tumor-specific probe, because the fluorescent signal was amplified only in viable, infected human tumor cells, by viral replication. This GFP-expressing virus-based method is remarkably simple and allows precise enumeration of CTCs.
Localization of a <i>Plasmodium</i> Surface Antigen Epitope by Tn5 Mutagenesis Mapping of a Recombinant cDNA Clone (1983)

A recombinant complementary DNA clone from Plasmodium knowlesi makes a beta-lactamase fusion polypeptide in Escherichia coli that reacts with a monoclonal antibody to a Plasmodium surface antigen. An epitope of the surface antigen was localized by transposon Tn5 mutagenesis mapping of the complementary DNA clone. The Tn5 mutation having the farthest 5' insert into the complementary DNA portion of the chimeric gene, giving the shortest truncated protein that maintained the ability to bind monoclonal antibody, defined the location of the epitope.
Measurement of the shunt impedance of overcoupled klystron cavities (1962)

The paper describes a measurement method for the determination of the shunt impedance Zsh = (R0/Q0)QL for over-coupled klystron cavities by field measurements in the cavity gap and a slotted line connected to the output waveguide. Losses and possible field distortions introduced by the coupling network are taken into account. An experimental check was performed on a cavity for which the characteristic impedance R0/Q0 was computed exactly. Under carefully controlled conditions a measurement accuracy of 5% can be achieved. The application of the method to the measurement of the shunt impedance of a multiple-beam ring circuit that is heavily over-coupled to a concentric line is described.
Endothelin and the human kidney: a potential target for new drugs (1994)

The existence of a powerful endogenous endotheliumderived vasoconstrictor was predicted from the early 1980s, but not until 1988 did Yanagisawa and colleagues first report the identification of a 21 aminoacid peptide, endothelin (ET), from the supernatant of cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells [1]. Within a year, two further ET isoforms were described (ET-2 and ET-3), their existence having been predicted from the study of cDNA libraries isolated from several species [2], and today, no more potent vasoconstrictors have been discovered. The sarafotoxins, which are the envenoming agents of the Israeli burrowing asp, have a very high degree of sequence homology with ET, and share its effects [1]. These include, in animals, initial transient vasodilatation (via endothelial cell surface receptors and interaction with endotheliumderived relaxing factors), then intense and unusually long-lasting vasoconstriction (via receptors on smooth muscle), positive inotropy and arrhythmogenesis [3]. ET is synthesised not only by the endothelial lining of vessels in a wide variety of tissues and across many species, but also by a range of cultured cells [4], including those of epithelial, smooth muscle, mesangial, malignant and neural origin. However despite 5 years of intensive study and the publication of more than 2500 papers, a clear pathophysiological role for this family of peptides has yet to be identified.
Molybdenum Trafficking for Nitrogen Fixation (2009)

The molybdenum nitrogenase is responsible for most biological nitrogen fixation, a prokaryotic metabolic process that determines the global biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and carbon. Here we describe the trafficking of molybdenum for nitrogen fixation in the model diazotrophic bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. The genes and proteins involved in molybdenum uptake, homeostasis, storage, regulation, and nitrogenase cofactor biosynthesis are reviewed. Molybdenum biochemistry in A. vinelandii reveals unexpected mechanisms and a new role for iron-sulfur clusters in the sequestration and delivery of molybdenum.
Reliability-aware controller placement for Software-Defined Networks (2013)

The Software-Defined Network (SDN) approach decouples control and forwarding planes. Such separation introduces reliability design issues of the SDN control network, since disconnection between the control and forwarding planes may lead to severe packet loss and performance degradation. This paper addresses the problem of placing controllers in SDNs, so as to maximize the reliability of control networks. After presenting a metric to characterize the reliability of SDN control networks, several placement algorithms are developed. We evaluate these algorithms and further quantify the impact of controller number on the reliability of control networks using real topologies. Our approach can significantly improve the reliability of SDN control networks without introducing unacceptable latencies.
[Simultaneous screening for 22 poisonous alkaloids in blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple-reaction monitoring]. (2007)

The method was sufficiently selective and sensitive to detect poisonous alkaloids and can be applied in forensic and clinical toxicology.
Leukemia Virus Linked to Nerve Disease (1987)

Le lien entre HTLV 1 et des maladies nerveuses aux tropiques et au Japon etend la gamme des retrovirus impliques comme causes de conditions neurologiques humaines
Roles of Hypoxia During the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2014)

Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue without innervations, characterized by low cell density and abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). These characteristics leave articular cartilage with very limited capacity of repair and regeneration. Common injuries and degenerative diseases often lead to progressive dysfunction of articular cartilage, even joint arthroplasty finally. In recent years, cell-based therapies targeting cartilage-related diseases have aroused strong interests of doctors and researchers. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multilineage cell types such as osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. The chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs is regulated by many factors, including oxygen tensions. Evidences have suggested that low oxygen tension or hypoxia is involved in the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Expansion and chondrogenic induction of MSCs under hypoxia generally result in enhanced chondrogenic differentiation, although with some inconsistent result. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are a group of transcription factors. Their stability and transactivation may be essential to the effect of hypoxia on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. PI3K/Akt/FoxO pathways may also be involved in enhanced chondrogenic differentiation under hypoxia. In this review, we discuss the roles of hypoxic conditions in chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and mechanisms underlying cellular responses to hypoxia.
<i>In Vitro</i> Metabolism of <i>N</i>-(5-Chloro-2-methylphenyl)-<i>N‘</i>-(2-methylpropyl)thiourea:  Species Comparison and Identification of a Novel Thiocarbamide−Glutathione Adduct (1997)

The in vitro metabolism of SDZ HDL 376, a thiocarbamide developed for the treatment of atherosclerosis, was investigated in rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes, as well as in rat and human liver slices. [14C]SDZ HDL 376 was extensively metabolized in all the species except human. In rat liver microsomes an S-oxide was the major metabolite. In human and monkey microsomes, carbon hydroxylation was favored. The NADPH-dependent oxidation of SDZ HDL 376 resulted in covalent binding to microsomal protein. Addition of GSH to the incubations decreased protein binding in a concentration-dependent manner and resulted in a novel SDZ HDL 376-GSH adduct. Adduct formation required NADPH and was mediated predominantly by cytochrome P450. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by 1-aminobenzotriazole resulted in a 95% decrease in adduct formation, while heat inactivation of flavin-containing monooxygenases resulted in a 10% decrease. Unlike other thiocarbamides which form disulfide adducts with GSH, the SDZ HDL 376 adduct contained a thioether linkage as characterized by LC/MS/MS and reference to a synthetic standard. Reactions performed with [35S]GSH resulted in a [35S]SDZ HDL 376-GSH adduct, demonstrating the sulfur was derived from GSH. Adduct formation was faster in rat microsomal reactions compared to human microsomes. Other structurally unrelated thiocarbamides (phenylthiourea, methimazole, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-mercaptoquinazoline, and 2-propyl-6-thiouracil) did not form similar adducts in rat liver microsomes supplemented with GSH. Therefore, the GSH adduct of SDZ HDL 376 is unique for this type of thiocarbamide. These results suggest that the bioactivation and detoxification of SDZ HDL 376 differ significantly from other thiocarbamides. Furthermore, the in vitro formation of S-oxides and GSH adducts in rat hepatic tissue, and ring hydroxylation and glucuronidation in human hepatic tissue, suggests rats may be more susceptible to the toxicity of SDZ HDL 376 compared to humans.
Process Intensification in Base-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production (2008)

Biodiesel is considered a means to diversify our supply of transportation fuel, addressing the goal of reducing our dependence on oil. Recent interest has resulted in biodiesel manufacture becoming more widely undertaken by commercial enterprises that are interested in minimizing the cost of feedstock materials and waste production, as well as maximizing the efficiency of production. Various means to accelerate batch processing have been investigated. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has experience in developing process intensification methods for nuclear separations, and this paper will discuss how technologies developed for very different applications have been modified for continuous reaction/separation of biodiesel. In collaboration with an industrial partner, this work addresses the aspect of base-catalyzed biodiesel production that limits it to a slow batch process. In particular, we have found that interfacial mass transfer and phase separation control the transesterification process and have developed a continuous two-phase reactor for online production of a methyl ester and glycerol. Enhancing the mass transfer has additional benefits such as being able to use an alcohol-to-oil phase ratio closer to stoichiometric than in conventional processing, hence minimizing the amount of solvent that has to be recycled and reducing post-processing clean up costs. Various technical issues associated withmore » the application of process intensification technology will be discussed, including scale-up from the laboratory to a pilot-scale undertaking.« less
Dynamic thermal management for MPEG-2 decoding (2006)

In this paper, we propose an effective dynamic thermal management (DTM) scheme for MPEG-2 decoding by allowing some degree of spatiotemporal quality degradation. Given a target MPEG-2 decoding time, we dynamically select either an intra-frame spatial degradation or an inter-frame temporal degradation strategy in order to make sure that the microprocessor chip will continue to stay in a thermally safe state of operation, albeit with certain amount of image/video quality loss. For our experiments, we use the MPEG-2 decoder program of MediaBench and modify/combine Wattch and HotSpot for the power and thermal simulations and measurements, respectively. Our experimental results show that we achieve thermally safe state with spatial quality degradation of 0.12 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and with frame drop rate of 12.5% on average.
Long‐term effects of exenatide therapy over 82 weeks on glycaemic control and weight in over‐weight metformin‐treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2006)

Exenatide was generally well tolerated, producing a durable reduction in HbA1c and a progressive reduction in weight over 82 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes failing to achieve glycaemic control with metformin.
Opportunities and Challenges (2018)

After the traditional days of mourning (Shiva), I returned to Dallas to resume a full schedule. Besides the regular duties at my three places of employment, I planned for the end-of-the-year music festival. I thought it would be fitting to do two evenings of music: one dedicated to my father's music and the other a performance of Ernest Bloch's Sacred Service. At that time I had befriended the Harrell family. Mack Harrell, the famous Metropolitan Opera baritone, was teaching voice at Southern Methodist University, while his wife Marjory Fulton Harrell was a professor of violin North Texas State University. The Harrells had three children two boys and a girl. The youngest son, Lynn, was studying the cello and was making quite a name for himself. One day Mack called me to ask me to take Lynn as a theory student. Even though he loved to practice the cello, he did not like to do theory exercises, no matter how much I tried. As is well known, he became one of the world's greatest cellists. Whenever I meet him, he tells me how much he regrets not having taken the theory lessons more seriously. In exchange for teaching Lynn, I asked Mack to be the soloist for the Bloch Sacred Service, and he immediately accepted my invitation. The perfor¬mance was one of the highlights of my Dallas days. We did it mostly in Hebrew, except for a few sections that Bloch himself had recorded in English. I sent a recording to Bloch and he wrote me a beautiful letter, saying that this was truly a definitive performance and that Mack's interpretation could not have been better. The celebration of my father's music was equally successful. We did ex¬cerpts from all of his sacred services, especially Music for the Synagogue, which was the piece commissioned by the Central Conference of American Rabbis when we first came to the United States.
A 120dB-SNR 100dB-THD&#x002B;N 21.5mW/channel multibit CT &#x0394;&#x03A3; DAC (2011)

Automotive and consumer multi-channel 24 b audio systems have demanded low-cost digital-to-analog converters (DACs) which offer wide dynamic range, high linearity, small die size, and low power consumption such that the system can be housed in a small low-cost plastic package. Several 120 dB SNR audio ΔΣ DACs have been reported using either switched-capacitor or continuous-time techniques. This paper presents a continuous time (CT) area optimized multibit DAC which achieves 120dB SNR and 100dB THD+N at 21.5mW/chan nel. This performance is achieved by using a new 3-level rotational data shuffling scheme which achieves small area and low digital activity at low signal level, and by applying low-power low-noise analog techniques.
Predicting biomarkers for ovarian cancer using gene-expression microarrays (2004)

Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of gynaecological cancers. This is partly due to the lack of effective screening markers. Here, we used oligonucleotide microarrays complementary to approximately 12 000 genes to establish a gene-expression microarray (GEM) profile for normal ovarian tissue, as compared to stage III ovarian serous adenocarcinoma and omental metastases from the same individuals. We found that the GEM profiles of the primary and secondary tumours from the same individuals were essentially alike, reflecting the fact that these tumours had already metastasised and acquired the metastatic phenotype. We have identified a novel biomarker, mammaglobin-2 (MGB2), which is highly expressed specific to ovarian cancer. MGB2, in combination with other putative markers identified here, could have the potential for screening.
Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients Under Frost Conditions In A Finned-Tube Evaporator (2002)

The objectives of this study are to provide experimental data and a correlation that can be used in the optimal design of an evaporator under frost conditions.In the present study, we tested both a single stage and a two-stage evaporator with a variation of operating parameters and fin geometry under frost conditions.The effects of tube space and fin alignment on the heat transfer performance were also