gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multipurpose Overhead Compressed-Air Foam System and Its Fire Suppression Performance (1996)

The paper describes a newly-developed compressed-air foam (CAF) system, based on an overhead fixed-pipe installation, and presents results showing its fire suppression performance. The CAF system generates foams by injecting compressed air into the flowing foam solution. The resulting foam is characterized by excellent fire-mitigation properties. This is because com pressed-air foams, at the expansion ratios of between 1:4 tc 1:10, consist of very small and uniform-in-size air bubbles. The system needs little water to operate and is able to provide effective protection against Class A and B fires. The system's performance was compared to the performance of water mist and sprinkler-based installations. The experiments confirmed that the CAF system is effective in suppressing Class A and B fires. For the scenarios evaluated, the compressed-air system generated foams with sufficient momentum to penetrate the fire plume and to reach the fuel surface. The experimental results indicate that, in an open space, the foam system performs much better than water mist in extinguishing wood crib and flammable liquid pool fires. In an enclosed space, both water mist and compressed-air foam perform equally well against flammable liquid fires. The suppression performance of the CAF system on large wood crib fires was much better than a sprinkler system.
Genome wide prediction of protein function via a generic knowledge discovery approach based on evidence integration (2006)

This study presents a global and generic gene knowledge discovery approach based on evidence integration of various genome-scale data. It can be used to provide insight as to how certain biological processes are implemented by interaction and coordination of proteins, which may serve as a guide for future analysis. New data can be readily incorporated as it becomes available to provide more reliable predictions or further insights into processes and interactions.
Development of thermotolerance in Neurospora crassa by heat shock and other stresses eliciting peroxidase induction (1990)

Hyperthermia, CdCl2, sodium arsenite, and H2O2 led to the rapid appearance of high levels of peroxidase in Neurospora crassa cultures and induced tolerance toward normally lethal temperatures in 60-h-old colonies. Intracellular superoxide dismutase levels did not correlate with the development of thermotolerance.
Refactoring use case models on episodes (2004)

Use case models are widely used to capture functional requirements of a system. However, to obtain well-organized use case models is not easy. Refactoring is an approach to reorganize the internal structure of models in order to improve them or extend them in some way. This work looks at refactoring of use case models based on the information captured in episode models. We introduce 10 refactoring rules for use case refactoring in detail, including their verification of the behavior-preserving property. We also present a case study based on the automated teller machine.
Upper limits on the lunar atmosphere determined from solar-wind measurements (1972)

Ionization of the lunar atmosphere by solar photons and solar-wind particles will create perturbations in the solar wind. Observations by lunar-orbiting Explorer 35 show that any such perturbations are generally <10% in the magnetic field (the practical threshold of detectability) but that they may occasionally be >10%. The perturbations occasionally observed may be due to transient increases in the atmosphere or to some other cause. Upper limits on the steady-state atmosphere, which correspond to a perturbation of 10%, can be determined if the coupling between the ionized atmosphere and the solar wind is known. Upper limits are given here for two coupling limits: a single-fluid limit, in which the ions instantly join the solar-wind flow, and a two-fluid limit, in which the ions are coupled to the wind by the steady solar-wind electric and magnetic fields. The results give upper limits on the surface density of between 10³ and 105 cm−3 for H, H2, He, Ne, A, O, O2, N, N2, H2O, OH, NO, N2O, CO, CO2, and CH4.
Further observations on the polynucleotide-induced stimulation of protein synthesis by cell-free preparations from rabbit reticulocytes (1965)

1. The effect of high-molecular-weight RNA from reticulocyte polyribosomes (messenger RNA) on protein synthesis by subcellular fractions derived from reticulocytes, reported by Arnstein, Cox & Hunt (1964), has now been studied in detail. Optimum response of the cell-free system requires 30-50mm-K(+) and approx. 5mm-Mg(2+) in the pH range 7.4-7.6. 2. RNA stimulates the incorporation into protein of both free amino acids and of aminoacyl residues from s-RNA. Stimulation by either RNA or polyuridylic acid is dependent on a labile factor or enzyme, which is present in the ;pH5 fraction' and may be concerned with the formation of new polysomes. Quantitatively the response of the cell-free system to RNA is similar to that of polyuridylic acid, and there appears to be competition between messenger RNA and polyuridylic acid or polyadenylic acid.
The Nuclear Pore Complex and Nuclear Transport (2010)

Internal membrane bound structures sequester all genetic material in eukaryotic cells. The most prominent of these structures is the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane termed the nuclear envelope (NE). Though this NE separates the nucleoplasm and genetic material within the nucleus from the surrounding cytoplasm, it is studded throughout with portals called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). The NPC is a highly selective, bidirectional transporter for a tremendous range of protein and ribonucleoprotein cargoes. All the while the NPC must prevent the passage of nonspecific macromolecules, yet allow the free diffusion of water, sugars, and ions. These many types of nuclear transport are regulated at multiple stages, and the NPC carries binding sites for many of the proteins that modulate and modify the cargoes as they pass across the NE. Assembly, maintenance, and repair of the NPC must somehow occur while maintaining the integrity of the NE. Finally, the NPC appears to be an anchor for localization of many nuclear processes, including gene activation and cell cycle regulation. All these requirements demonstrate the complex design of the NPC and the integral role it plays in key cellular processes.
Synergistic activation by recombinant mouse interferon-<i>gamma</i> and muramyl dipeptide of tumoricidal properties in mouse macrophages. (1985)

Mouse peritoneal macrophages were activated to become cytotoxic against B16-BL6 melanoma cells by the combination of subthreshold amounts of murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; 0.1 to 10 U/ml) and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP; 0.001 to 10 micrograms/ml), but not by the combination of pH 2-treated IFN-gamma and MDP, heat-treated IFN-gamma and MDP, or IFN-gamma and the inactive stereoisomer of MDP, N-acetyl-muramyl-D-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP-D). The encapsulation of intact IFN-gamma and MDP within the same liposome preparation was synergistic for macrophage activation. In contrast, the presentation of identical concentrations of IFN-gamma and MDP in separate liposome preparations did not activate macrophages. These data allow us to conclude that the encapsulation of genetically engineered IFN-gamma and synthetically produced MDP within the same liposome is highly efficient in producing synergistic activation of tumoricidal properties in mouse macrophages.
Synthetic surfactant scavenges oxidants and protects against hyperoxic lung injury (1994)

Injury and mortality after exposure to 100% oxygen can be diminished by surfactants that may operate by mechanisms other than those responsible for surface tension effects. We tested the hypotheses that 1) synthetic surfactant and its components function as antioxidants in vitro and 2) decrements in hyperoxic injury after treatment with a surfactant and its components are associated with decreases in oxidative stress to the lung. A synthetic surfactant (Exosurf) and its non-surface-active components tyloxapol and cetyl alcohol were incubated in an iron-containing hydroxyl radical-generating system to determine their abilities to prevent oxidation of deoxyribose. Doses of tyloxapol, cetyl alcohol, and artificial surfactant diminished the absorbance of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products of deoxyribose. Similarly, tyloxapol, cetyl alcohol, and the surfactant decreased hydroxylated products of salicylate in the same system. Rats were instilled intratracheally with saline, tyloxapol, tyloxapol plus cetyl alcohol, or artificial surfactant and immediately exposed to air or 100% oxygen. After 61 h of oxygen exposure, pleural fluid volume and wet-to-dry lung weight ratios were decreased in animals treated with surfactant and/or its components. There were also decrements in thiobarbituric acid-reactive products of lung tissue. In separate experiments, mean survival of saline-treated rats exposed to 100% oxygen was 67.3 +/- 8.1 h and > 96 h for rats given the surfactant or its components. We conclude that tyloxapol, cetyl alcohol, and Exosurf can function as antioxidants in vitro and their in vivo instillation is associated with reduction in measures of hyperoxic injury, oxidized tissue products, and mortality.
Antigenic Heterogeneity in the 115,000 M<sub>r</sub> Major Surface Antigen of <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i><sup>1</sup> (1988)

The 115,000-molecular-weight antigen of Trichomonas vaginalis was characterized using monoclonal antibodies developed to three different strains of T. vaginalis and one strain of Tritrichomonas foetus. The antigen was found to be present on all strains or isolates of T. vaginalis examined and was demonstrated to be located on the external surface plasma membrane by agglutination assays and complement-mediated lysis assays. Characteristics of the antigen were assessed with a proteolytic enzyme and periodate oxidation. Periodate treatment of whole T. vaginalis abrogated binding for eight antibodies while use of pronase-treated antigen resulted in loss of antibody binding for two different antibodies. Screening of 19 axenized clinical isolates of T. vaginalis and one strain each of T. foetus and Giardia lamblia with type-specific antibodies delineated three major groups of T. vaginalis based on antigenic specificities (epitope distributions) within the 115,000-molecular-weight antigen. In addition, one epitope of the 115,000-molecular-weight antigen was found only on the immunizing strain. Two epitopes were present on all T. vaginalis isolates as well as T. foetus and G. lamblia. One epitope was common to all T. vaginalis except one. A minimum of six different epitopes of the 115,000-molecular-weight antigen were identified. Antigens purified with type-specific or "common" monoclonal antibodies shared the same partial peptide maps demonstrating relatedness.
<title>Concept for zero-alignment micro-optical systems</title> (1999)

In this paper we present the results of the first fabrication and micro-assembly experiments of a silicon- wafer based micro-optical table (MOT). Based on these experiments, estimates of position accuracy are reported. We also report on progress in fabrication of lens elements in a hybrid sol-gel material (HSGM). Diffractive optical elements have been patterned in a 13-micron thick HSGM layer on a 150-micron thick soda-lime glass substrate. The measured rms surface roughness was 20 nm. Finally, we describe modeling of MOT systems using non-sequential ray tracing.
Challenges with nonfiber carbohydrate methods1,2 (2003)

Nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) encompass a compositionally and nutritionally diverse group exclusive of those carbohydrates found in NDF. Their content in feeds has often been described as a single value estimated by difference as 100% of dry matter minus the percentages of CP, NDF (adjusted for CP in NDF), ether extract, and ash. A calculated value was used because of difficulties with assays for individual NFC, but it does not differentiate among nutritionally distinct NFC. Errors in NFC estimation can arise from not accounting for CP in NDF and when multipliers other than 6.25 are appropriate to estimate CP. Analyses that begin to distinguish among NFC are those for starch, soluble fiber (non-NDF, nonstarch polysaccharides), and low molecular weight carbohydrates (mono- and oligosaccharides). Many starch analyses quantify alpha-glucans through specific hydrolysis of alpha-(1 --> 4) and alpha-(1 --> 6) linkages in the glucan, and measurement of released glucose. Incomplete gelatinization and hydrolysis will lead to underestimation of starch content. Starch values are inflated by enzyme preparations that hydrolyze carbohydrates other than alpha-glucan, measurement of all released monosaccharides without specificity for glucose, and failure to exclude free glucose present in the unhydrolyzed sample. Soluble fiber analyses err in a fashion similar to NFC if estimation of CP requires multipliers other than 6.25, or if contaminants such as CP and starch have not been properly accounted. Depolymerization and incomplete precipitation can also decrease soluble fiber estimates. The low molecular weight carbohydrates have been defined as carbohydrates soluble in 78 to 80% ethanol, which separates them from polysaccharides. They can be measured in extracts using broad-spectrum colorimetric assays (phenol-sulfuric acid assay or reducing sugar analysis of acid hydrolyzed samples) or chromatographic methods. Limitations of the colorimetric assays include lack of differentiation among mono- and oligosaccharides and differences in efficacy of measuring total carbohydrate. More sensitive and precise chromatographic methods require expensive equipment and specialized expertise. Current methods for NFC can separate nutritionally relevant fractions, but questions remain as to which fractions merit analysis and what analyses to use. These issues must be resolved in order to soundly evaluate and explore the roles of carbohydrates in diets.
3‐D multi‐observable probabilistic inversion for the compositional and thermal structure of the lithosphere and upper mantle. II: General methodology and resolution analysis (2013)

Here we present a 3‐D multi‐observable probabilistic inversion method, particularly designed for high‐resolution (regional) thermal and compositional mapping of the lithosphere and sub‐lithospheric upper mantle that circumvents the problems associated with traditional inversion methods. The key aspects of the method are as follows: (a) it exploits the increasing amount and quality of geophysical datasets; (b) it combines multiple geophysical observables (Rayleigh and Love dispersion curves, body‐wave tomography, magnetotelluric, geothermal, petrological, gravity, elevation, and geoid) with different sensitivities to deep/shallow, thermal/compositional anomalies into a single thermodynamic‐geophysical framework; (c) it uses a general probabilistic (Bayesian) formulation to appraise the data; (d) no initial model is needed; (e) compositional a priori information relies on robust statistical analyses of a large database of natural mantle samples; and (f) it provides a natural platform to estimate realistic uncertainties. In addition, the modular nature of the method/algorithm allows for incorporating or isolating specific forward operators according to available data. The strengths and limitations of the method are thoroughly explored with synthetic models. It is shown that the a posteriori probability density function (i.e., solution to the inverse problem) satisfactorily captures spatial variations in bulk composition and temperature with high resolution, as well as sharp discontinuities in these fields. Our results indicate that only temperature anomalies of Δ T ⪆ 150°C and large compositional anomalies of ΔMg# > 3 (or bulk ΔAl 2 O 3 > 1.5) can be expected to be resolved simultaneously when combining high‐quality geophysical data. This resolving power is sufficient to explore some long‐standing problems regarding the nature and evolution of the lithosphere (e.g., vertical stratification of cratonic mantle, compositional versus temperature signatures in seismic velocities, etc) and offers new opportunities for joint studies of the structure of the upper mantle with unprecedented resolution.
Density matrix description of spin-selective radical pair reactions (1976)

(1976). Density matrix description of spin-selective radical pair reactions. Molecular Physics: Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1491-1493.
Enhanced Stiffness of Amorphous Polymer Surfaces under Confinement of Localized Contact Loads (2007)

For contact depths < 200 nm from the free surface of amorphous polymers, the apparent mechanical stiffness is in excess of bulk elastic properties. This enhanced stiffness can be attributed to the dynamic formation of a mechanically distinct interphase at synthetic and biological polymer interfaces. In “glassy” polymers such as polystyrene, this enhanced stiffness is independent of molecular weight, processing route, and environmental conditions. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c2846_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Instant Gelation of Various Organic Fluids Including Petrol at Room Temperature by a New Class of Supramolecular Gelators (2006)

The supramolecular synthon concept has been exploited to generate a series of new organo gelators derived from salts of a primary amine and various derivatives of cinnamic acid. One such gelator, namely, benzylammonium cinnamate 13 (CIN) displays instant gelation ability at room temperature either with or without a brief exposure to sound. Most interestingly, inflammable commercial fluids such as petrol can be gelled instantly by 13 (CIN) at room temperature, which may find real-life applications in containing oil spill, oil mopping, and convenient transport of oil. Analyses of the single-crystal structures of eight salts suggest that structure−property correlation studies in gel research is quite important so that a rational approach may be undertaken to obtain facile synthesis of new gelator compounds.
A State-of-the-Art Survey of Indoor Positioning and Navigation Systems and Technologies (2017)

The research and use of positioning and navigation technologies outdoors has seen a steady and exponential growth. Based on this success, there have been attempts to implement these technologies indoors, leading to numerous studies. Most of the algorithms, techniques and technologies used have been implemented outdoors. However, how they fare indoors is different altogether. Thus, several technologies have been proposed and implemented to improve positioning and navigation indoors. Among them are Infrared (IR), Ultrasound, Audible Sound, Magnetic, Optical and Vision, Radio Frequency (RF), Visible Light, Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR)/Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Hybrid. The RF technologies include Bluetooth, Ultra-wideband (UWB), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and Near Field Communication (NFC). In addition, positioning techniques applied in indoor positioning systems include the signal properties and positioning algorithms. The prevalent signal properties are Angle of Arrival (AOA), Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), while the positioning algorithms are Triangulation, Trilateration, Proximity and Scene Analysis/ Fingerprinting. This paper presents a state-of-the-art survey of indoor positioning and navigation systems and technologies, and their use in various scenarios. It analyses distinct positioning technology metrics such as accuracy, complexity, cost, privacy, scalability and usability. This paper has profound implications for future studies of positioning and navigation.
Feature-Preserving Simplification of Texture-Mapped Models (2006)

A feature-preserving multi-resolution simplification algorithm based on half-edge collapse operation for texture-mapped models is proposed. A new error metric based on the geometric importance the texture-attribute importance of a half-edge is presented. It can generate a low-polygon-count approximation model with shape preservation and texture attributes preservation. In addition, the half-edge based scheme is more efficient in memory usage and convenient for generating progressive meshes with texture attributes for real-time transmission of various surface data on the Web. The visual comparisons showing that the proposed algorithm results in higher quality approximations of original models with texture attribute preservation even at very low levels of detail than other algorithms in the literature
Masking Level Differences Encountered in Clinical Populations (1976)

Methods for measuring masking level differences (MLDs) at 500 Hz and for spondees were used with 290 subjects: 50 persons with normal hearing and 240 patients with various diseases. Of particular interest was whether techniques currently in clinical use could be used with ease, dispatch, and profit in determining MLD size. The methods selected, which were variations of Békésy audiometry and speech reception threshold procedures, proved clinically feasible. Results revealed differences in behavior from one group of subjects to another. Although MLDs were not affected by cortical lesions, they were very often abnormally small for patients with eight-nerve tumor, Meniére's disease, or multiple sclerosis. The high incidence of abnormally small MLDs in populations with normal sensitivity to pure tones and speech but with evidence of subcortical central lesions, such as patients with multiple sclerosis, suggests that the MLD tasks can be of diagnostic value in detecting retrocochlear lesions. However, in persons with hearing loss or significant interaural differences in threshold sensitivity, or both, the MLD tests are not always reliable in differentiating cochlear from retrocochlear disease.
Rapid and efficient transfer of energy between inductors, with application to magnetic resonance imaging (1990)

Several circuits are proposed which store energy in an inductor and which, upon command, efficiently and rapidly transfer that energy to another inductor. In one of the proposals, a device is described that employs three capacitors to create, with the inductors, a doubly tuned circuit. The capacitors isolate the inductors insofar as direct current is concerned, and remove the need for ‘‘floating’’ switches. To transfer energy, the current through the primary inductor is simply switched off, and the current is then ‘‘picked up’’ in the secondary inductor a half cycle of oscillation later. Validation of this concept is provided by an instrument that switches 20 A between 350 μH inductors in 75 μs, the limitation on speed/current being the 400 V limit of the circuit employed. Loss of 5% of the current is ascribed totally to the resistance of the circuit during the half cycle switching period.