gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>On the Oxidation Products of Carbothioamides, XXVII. Tautomerism Between Thioamide‐S‐oxides and Sulfenic Acids</i> (1971)

Abstract N ‐Aryl‐thiocarbamidsäure‐ O ‐arylester 2 (Tab. 1), die analogen N ‐Aryl‐dithiocarbamidsäure‐ S ‐arylester 5 (Tab. 2) sowie die Thioamide 6 – 8 (vgl. Tab. 3) werden dargestellt und mit Wasserstoffperoxid in ihre Primäroxydationsprodukte übergeführt. IR‐Spektren in verdünnter Lösung zeigen, daß die Primäroxydationsprodukte in der Reihe 2 als Gleichgewichtsmischung von Sulfensäure 3 und S ‐Oxid 4 vorliegen. Die Primäroxydationsprodukte von 5 – 8 existieren dagegen ausschließlich in der S ‐Oxid‐Form 4 . Dieser Unterschied wird auf verschieden starke, konkurrierende intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken zurückgeführt. Sterische Minimalforderungen für die Existenz der Primäroxydationsprodukte in der Reihe 2 erhärten diese Argumentation.
Will Women in Managed Care Use a Mailed HRT Workbook? The EnPower Study Workbook Trial (1999)

Newton, K M PhD.1; LaCroix, A Z PhD.1; Buist, D S.M PhD.1; Anderson, L A PhD.2; Delancy, K M MPH.1 Author Information
The Effect of Antipsychotics on the High-Affinity State of D2 and D3 Receptors (2009)

Antipsychotics block both the high- and low-affinity states of the D(2) receptors across the brain, but antipsychotic treatment does not block the [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO signal in the D(3) receptor-rich regions, despite the ongoing D(2) receptor blockade. This [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO signal in regions such as the globus pallidus seems increased despite antipsychotic treatment and is displaceable by a D(3) receptor-preferring agonist. The radiotracer [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO and the data open up new avenues for exploring the potential therapeutic significance of the D(3) receptor in schizophrenia.
Bond dissociation energies from equilibrium studies. Part 1.—D(CF<sub>3</sub>—Br), D(C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>5</sub>—Br) and D(n-C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>7</sub>—Br) (1967)

The gas-phase equilibria: Br2+CF3H ⇌ HBr+CF3Br (1) Br2+C2F5H ⇌ HBr+C2F5Br (2) Br2+n-C3F7H ⇌ HBr+n-C3F7Br (3) have been studied over the ranges 410–608°C (1), 359–569°C (2) and 340–528°C (3). Equilibria were approached from both sides. A third-law treatment of the values of K1 gives ΔH°1=–4.59 ± 0.25 kcal mole–1 so that ΔH°f(CF3Br)=ΔH°f(CF3H)+11.5 ± 0.30 kcal mole–1, all at 298°K. The use of our previous value of D(CF3—H) leads to D(CF3—Br)= 69.4 ± 0.8 kcal mole–1. The third-law method cannot be applied to equilibria (2) and (3) but we estimate that ΔH°2= 5.1 ± 1.0 and ΔH°3= 5.0 ± 1.0 kcal mole–1. Taking D(C2F5—H)=D(n-C3F7—H)= 103.5 ± 2.0, we obtain, D(C2F5—Br)=D(n-C3F7—Br)= 67.0 ± 2.5, all in kcal mole–1 at 298°K. The various bond dissociation energies are compared with those of the corresponding alkanes and alkyl bromides.
Flow cytometric analysis for sperm viability and counts in rats treated with Trimethylphosphate or Pyridoxine. (1998)

Six-week old SD-Slc male rats were treated for 4 weeks with compounds known to induce toxicological changes in male reproductive organs (pyridoxine in saline, 500 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or sperm (trimethylphosphate in distilled water, 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Each sperm sample taken from the cauda epididymis was analyzed with flow cytometry for the evaluation of sperm viability and counts. Sperm motility and morphology by microscopical observation, and histopathological examination of reproductive organs were also performed for estimating the adverse effects of each compound on spermatogenesis and sperm. While a decrease in sperm motility was noted for the trimethylphosphate group, the low motile sperm was evaluated as being viable sperm, not moribund, with flow cytometry. In the pyridoxine group, microscopical observation revealed morphological changes of sperm and a decrease of motility. The present sperm analysis with flow cytometry also suggested morphological changes reflected by dot plot as well as decrease of sperm viability and counts. These results indicated that this procedure led to profound findings in the compound-treated animals, with evaluation as viable sperm, not moribund, in a low motile sperm sample, and suggesting morphological changes in the dot plot of flow cytometry.
Mixed Chroma Sampling-Rate High Efficiency Video Coding for Full-Chroma Screen Content (2012)

Computer screens contain discontinuous-tone content and continuous-tone content. Thus, the most effective way for screen content coding (SCC) is to use two essentially different coders: a dictionary-entropy coder and a traditional hybrid coder. Although screen content is originally in a full-chroma (e.g., YUV444) format, the current method of compression is to first subsample chroma of pictures and then compress pictures using a chroma-subsampled (e.g., YUV420) coder. Using two chroma-subsampled coders cannot achieve high-quality SCC, but using two full-chroma coders is overkill and inefficient for SCC. To solve the dilemma, this paper proposes a mixed chroma sampling-rate approach for SCC. An original full-chroma input macroblock (coding unit) or its prediction residual is chroma-subsampled. One full-chroma base coder and one chroma-subsampled base coder are used simultaneously to code the original and the chroma-subsampled macroblock, respectively. The coder minimizing rate-distortion (R-D) is selected as the final coder for the macroblock. The two base coders are coherently unified and optimized to get the best overall coding performance and share coding components and resources as much as possible. The approach achieves very high visual quality with minimal computing complexity increment for SCC, and has better R-D performance than two full-chroma coders approach, especially in low bitrate.
On the Viability of Compression for Reducing the Overheads of Checkpoint/Restart-Based Fault Tolerance (2012)

The increasing size and complexity of high performance computing (HPC) systems have led to major concerns over fault frequencies and the mechanisms necessary to tolerate these faults. Previous studies have shown that state-of-the-field checkpoint/restart mechanisms will not scale sufficiently for future generation systems. Therefore, optimizations that reduce checkpoint overheads are necessary to keep checkpoint/restart mechanisms effective. In this work, we demonstrate that checkpoint data compression is a feasible mechanism for reducing checkpoint commit latencies and storage overheads. Leveraging a simple model for checkpoint compression viability, we show: (1) checkpoint data compression is feasible for many types of scientific applications expected to run on extreme scale systems, (2) checkpoint compression viability scales with checkpoint size, (3) user-level versus system-level checkpoints bears little impact on checkpoint compression viability, and (4) checkpoint compression viability scales with application process count. Lastly, we describe the impact that checkpoint compression might have on future generation extreme scale systems.
Differential effects of the hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist SB 334867 on high-fat food self-administration and reinstatement of food seeking in rats (2008)

Background and purpose: Many studies have demonstrated a role of hypocretin 1 (orexin 1) receptors in home-cage food consumption in rodents. However, the role of these receptors in operant food self-administration or relapse to food seeking in animal models is unknown. Experimental approach: In Experiment 1, we trained food-restricted rats (16–20 g per day) to lever press for high-fat (35%) pellets (3–6 h per day, every other day). We then tested the effect of the hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist SB 334867 (10, 20 mg kg−1, i.p) on pellet self-administration. In Experiment 2, we trained rats to self-administer the food pellets, and following extinction of the food-reinforced responding, we tested the effect of hypocretin 1 (3 and 6 μg, i.c.v) on reinstatement of food-seeking and the effect of SB 334867 on this reinstatement. In Experiment 3, we tested the effect of SB 334867 on reinstatement induced by non-contingent pellet exposure (pellet-priming) or the pharmacological stressor yohimbine (2 mg kg−1, i.p). Key results: SB 334867 attenuated high-fat pellet self-administration. In contrast, SB 334867 had no effect on reinstatement of lever presses induced by hypocretin 1, pellet-priming or yohimbine. Conclusions and implications: These data indicate that during dieting, hypocretin 1 receptors contribute to operant high-fat pellet self-administration, but not to relapse to food seeking induced by acute re-exposure to the food itself or by the induction of a stress-like state. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 406–416; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.3; published online 28 January 2008
Eccentric Connectivity Index:  A Novel Highly Discriminating Topological Descriptor for Structure−Property and Structure−Activity Studies (1997)

A novel, distance-cum-adjacency topological descriptor, termed as eccentric connectivity index, has been conceptualized, and its discriminating power has been investigated with regard to physical/biological properties of molecules. Correlation coefficients ranging from 95% to 99% were obtained using eccentric connectivity index in various datasets with regard to physical properties of diverse nature. These correlations were far superior to those correspondingly derived from the Wiener index. For structure−activity studies, a dataset, comprised of 94 substituted piperidinyl methyl ester and methylene methyl ester analogs as analgesic agents, was selected. Values of the eccentric connectivity index, the Wiener index, and Randić's molecular connectivity index were calculated, and active ranges were identified. Good correlations between topological descriptors and analgesic activity of these analogs were obtained. Eccentric connectivity index exhibited highest predictibility of the order of 86%. High discriminating power as revealed by excellent correlations obtained from structure−property and structure−activity studies offers an eccentric connectivity index of vast potential in QSPR/QSAR.
NbO<inf>2</inf>-based low power and cost effective 1S1R switching for high density cross point ReRAM Application (2014)

In this paper, 5Xnm cross point cell array for the low power ReRAM operation was developed with 1S1R cell structure. Through the optimization of both TiOx/TaOx based-1R and NbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> based-1S stacks with TiN based-electrode, the world's first and best bipolar switching characteristics with the lowest operation current (20~50uA) and sneak current (~1uA) level were acquired.
Saturation magnetostriction of an ultrathin CoFe free-layer on double-layered underlayers (2002)

We investigated the saturation magnetostriction (λs) of an ultrathin CoFe free-layer on double-layered underlayers of Ru/Cu. By increasing the Ru underlayer thickness, λs becomes positively large; on the other hand, λs becomes negatively large by increasing the Cu underlayer thickness. This tendency can be explained by the model where λs is changed by the film strain. The λs sensitivity on the Cu underlayer thickness becomes large with increasing the Co concentration of the CoFe free-layer. This indicates that CoFe λs becomes sensitive to strain with increasing Co concentration. In order to realize small magnetostriction spin-valve films with an ultrathin CoFe free-layer, we have to take care of the lattice strain of the film.
Pooled Analysis of Safety and Efficacy of Oxaliplatin Plus Fluorouracil/Leucovorin Administered Bimonthly in Elderly Patients With Colorectal Cancer (2006)

FOLFOX4 maintains its efficacy and safety ratio in selected elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Its judicious use should be considered without regard to patient age, although scant data are available among patients older than 80 years.
A G-protein alpha subunit from asexual Candida albicans functions in the mating signal transduction pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is regulated by the a1-alpha 2 repressor. (1992)

We have isolated a gene, designated CAG1, from Candida albicans by using the G-protein alpha-subunit clone SCG1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probe. Amino acid sequence comparison revealed that CAG1 is more homologous to SCG1 than to any other G protein reported so far. Homology between CAG1 and SCG1 not only includes the conserved guanine nucleotide binding domains but also spans the normally variable regions which are thought to be involved in interaction with the components of the specific signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, CAG1 contains a central domain, previously found only in SCG1. cag1 null mutants of C. albicans created by gene disruption produced no readily detectable phenotype. The C. albicans CAG1 gene complemented both the growth and mating defects of S. cerevisiae scg1 null mutants when carried on either a low- or high-copy-number plasmid. In diploid C. albicans, the CAG1 transcript was readily detectable in mycelial and yeast cells of both the white and opaque forms. However, the CAG1-specific transcript in S. cerevisiae transformants containing the C. albicans CAG1 gene was observed only in haploid cells. This transcription pattern matches that of SCG1 in S. cerevisiae and is caused by a1-alpha 2 mediated repression in diploid cells. That is, CAG1 behaves as a haploid-specific gene in S. cerevisiae, subject to control by the a1-alpha 2 mating-type regulation pathway. We infer from these results that C. albicans may have a signal transduction system analogous to that controlling mating type in S. cerevisiae or possibly even a sexual pathway that has so far remained undetected.
Particle technology and separation processes (1991)

Particulate solids size reduction of the solids particles in fluids packed beds and columns sedimentation fluidisation filtration gas cleaning centrifugal separations leaching distillation absorption of gases liquid-liquid extraction evaporation crystallisation drying adsorption ion exchange chromatographic separations membrane separations problems.
THEORY OF HEAT PIPES (1965)

A heat pipe is a self-contained structure which achieves very high thermal conductance by means of two-phase fluid flow with capillary circulation.A quantitative engineering theory for the design and performance analysis of heat pipes is given.
Connecting two continents: species richness, functional traits and extinction risk in the Panamanian Isthmus-Choco continuum (2012)

Macroecological analyses provide a powerful tool for evaluating the animal communities and the conservation status of an ecoregion. Using this approach in smaller scales allows reaching solid results in how the species richness, functional traits and extinction risk are changing throughout a specific region. The connectivity area between the Costa Rican Seasonal forest and the Choco Darien Moist Forest represents the bridge between the Mesoamerican region and the Andean tropical region. This area has historical importance based on the role played in the great mammal exchange, currently containing over 327 species of mammals and possessing well preserved forest patches as well as highly deforested areas. Species composition follows a clear pattern within a geographic logic, but extinction risk and functional traits do not follow the same pattern. Here we provide exploratory and preliminary analyses of the ecological continuum between Costa Rica and Colombia, based on a macroecological perspective, in order to provide insights on current biogeographical and threat patterns as a basis for ecological understanding and conservation planning.
Information-theoretic bounds on target recognition performance from laser radar data (2006)

Laser radar systems historically offer rich data sets for automatic target recognition (ATR). ATR algorithm development for laser radar has focused on achieving real-time performance with current hardware. Our work addresses the issue of understanding how much information can be obtain from the data, independent of any particular algorithm. We present Cramer-Rao lower bounds on target pose estimation based on a statistical model for laser radar data. Specifically, we employ a model based on the underlying physics of a coherent-detection laser radar. Most ATR algorithms for laser radar data are designed to be invariant with respect to position and orientation. Our information-theoretic perspective illustrates that even algorithms that do not explicitly involve the estimation of such nuisance parameters are still affected by them.
Semimature Stage: A Checkpoint in a Dendritic Cell Maturation Program That Allows for Functional Reversion after Signal-Regulatory Protein-α Ligation and Maturation Signals (2006)

CD47 on live cells actively engages signal-regulatory protein-alpha (SIRP-alpha) on phagocytes and delivers a negative signal that prevents their elimination. We evaluated the biological consequences of SIRP-alpha ligation on the dendritic cell (DC) response to maturation signals and the potential interplay with the IL-10/IL-10R inhibitory pathway. At first, CD47/SIRP-alpha allowed the generation of mature migratory DCs not producing IL-12, IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10, and CCL19. Rather, they secreted neutrophils attracting chemokine CXCL5 and IL-1beta, reflecting a partial block in functional DC maturation. Afterward, semimature DCs functionally regressed in an IL-10-independent fashion toward cells that retrieved the cardinal features of immature DCs: re-expression of CCR5, loss of DC-lysosome-associated membrane protein, high endocytosis, and impaired allostimulatory functions. The global gene expression profile of IL-10 and SIRP-alpha-ligated DC demonstrated two distinct molecular pathways. IL-10R and SIRP-alpha expression were reciprocally down-regulated by CD47 and IL-10, respectively. These results emphasize that the SIRP-alpha pathway might be part of the molecular machinery used by the DC to dampen or resolve an inflammatory response in an IL-10-independent manner.
Imitation Learning (2017)

Imitation learning techniques aim to mimic human behavior in a given task. An agent (a learning machine) is trained to perform a task from demonstrations by learning a mapping between observations and actions. The idea of teaching by imitation has been around for many years; however, the field is gaining attention recently due to advances in computing and sensing as well as rising demand for intelligent applications. The paradigm of learning by imitation is gaining popularity because it facilitates teaching complex tasks with minimal expert knowledge of the tasks. Generic imitation learning methods could potentially reduce the problem of teaching a task to that of providing demonstrations, without the need for explicit programming or designing reward functions specific to the task. Modern sensors are able to collect and transmit high volumes of data rapidly, and processors with high computational power allow fast processing that maps the sensory data to actions in a timely manner. This opens the door for many potential AI applications that require real-time perception and reaction such as humanoid robots, self-driving vehicles, human computer interaction, and computer games, to name a few. However, specialized algorithms are needed to effectively and robustly learn models as learning by imitation poses its own set of challenges. In this article, we survey imitation learning methods and present design options in different steps of the learning process. We introduce a background and motivation for the field as well as highlight challenges specific to the imitation problem. Methods for designing and evaluating imitation learning tasks are categorized and reviewed. Special attention is given to learning methods in robotics and games as these domains are the most popular in the literature and provide a wide array of problems and methodologies. We extensively discuss combining imitation learning approaches using different sources and methods, as well as incorporating other motion learning methods to enhance imitation. We also discuss the potential impact on industry, present major applications, and highlight current and future research directions.
Spectral reflectance and transmittance prediction model for stacked transparency and paper both printed with halftone colors (2012)

When a transparency printed with a first halftone color is deposited on top of a paper printed with a second halftone color, we obtain a third color that we are able to predict in both reflectance and transmittance modes, thanks to a spectral prediction model. The model accounts for the multiple reflections of light between the printed paper and the printed transparency, which are themselves described by specific reflectance and transmittance models, each one being calibrated using a small number of printed colors. The model can account for light scattering by the inks. The measuring geometry and the orientations of light in the transparency are taken into account on the basis of radiometric rules and geometrical optical laws. Experimental testing carried out from several inkjet-printed CMY halftones shows fairly good agreement between predictions and measurements.
Facile fabrication of hierarchically porous carbonaceous monoliths with ordered mesostructure via an organic organic self-assembly (2009)

A simple strategy for the synthesis of macro-mesoporous carbonaceous monolith materials has been demonstrated through an organic-organic self-assembly at the interface of an organic scaffold such as polyurethane (PU) foam. Hierarchically porous carbonaceous monoliths with cubic (Im $$ \bar 3 $$ m) or hexagonal (p6mm) mesostructure were prepared through evaporation induced self-assembly of the mesostructure on the three-dimensional (3-D) interconnecting struts of the PU foam scaffold. The preparation was carried out by using phenol/formaldehyde resol as a carbon precursor, triblock copolymer F127 as a template for the mesostructure and PU foam as a sacrificial monolithic scaffold. Their hierarchical pore system was macroscopically fabricated with cable-like mesostructured carbonaceous struts. The carbonaceous monoliths exhibit macropores of diameter 100–450 μm, adjustable uniform mesopores (3.8–7.5 nm), high surface areas (200–870 m2/g), and large pore volumes (0.17–0.58) cm3/g. Compared with the corresponding evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) process on a planar substrate, this facile process is a time-saving, labor-saving, space-saving, and highly efficient pathway for mass production of ordered mesoporous materials.
Synthesis of a new class of converters that utilize energy recirculation (2002)

A new class of switchmode power electronic circuit topologies, named energy recirculation and storage circuits (ERSCs), are described which have the characteristic of storing and recirculating energy in a return path to augment the source. A port reduction technique is developed which connects output to input and is applied to buck and boost derived converters. A description of circuit operation is given for an ideal boost/buck ERSC. Two possible applications for ERSCs are for in-situ testing of power devices and for power factor correction. The second utilizes a cascaded boost/buck ERSC as an output-regulated power-factor correction (PFC) circuit. The PFC-ERSC is evaluated and a detailed description with key equations included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>