gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments of Biaryl Synthesis via Cross-coupling Reactions of Areneboronic Acid Derivatives (2005)

Carbon-carbon bond formation reactions employing organoboron compounds and organic electrophiles have been recently recognized as powerful tools for the construction of new organic compounds. Among such reactions, aromatic-aromatic (or heteroaromatic) couplings between aromatic boronic acids or esters and aromatic electrophiles providing symmetrical and unsymmetrical biaryls selectively in high yields have been used most frequently. The importance of biaryl units as components of many kinds of compounds, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and natural products, as well as engineering materials, such as conducting polymers, molecular wires, and liquid crystals has attracted enormous interest from the chemical community. In this article such applications reported during 2001-2002 will be discussed.
Fast-Neutron Survey With Compact Plastic Scintillation Detectors (2017)

With the rise of the Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM), it is now practical to build compact scintillation detectors well suited to portable use. A prototype survey meter for fast-neutrons and gamma-rays, based around an EJ-299-34 plastic scintillator with SiPM readout, has been developed and tested. A custom digital pulse processor was used to perform pulse shape discrimination on-the-fly. Ambient dose equivalent H*(10) was calculated by means of two energy-dependent 'G-functions'. The sensitivity was calculated to be between 0.10 and 0.22 cps/(µSv/hr) for fast-neutrons with energies above 2.5 MeV. The prototype was used to survey various laboratory radiation fields, with the readings compared with commercial survey meters. The high sensitivity and lightweight nature of this detector makes it promising for rapid survey of the mixed neutron/gamma-ray fields encountered in industry and homeland security.
An ECG-based Algorithm for the Automatic Identification of Autonomic Activations Associated with Cortical Arousal (2007)

In its current version, the ECG algorithm cannot replace visual EEG arousal scoring. Sensitivity for detecting <10-s EEG arousals needs to be improved. However, in a nonclinical population, it may be valuable to supplement visual EEG arousal scoring by this automatic, objective, reproducible, cheap, and time-saving method.
Tracking and classification of arbitrary objects with bottom-up/top-down detection (2012)

Recently, the introduction of dense, long-range 3D sensors has facilitated tracking of arbitrary objects. Especially in the context of autonomous driving, other traffic participants driving the streets usually stay well-segmented from each other. In contrast, pedestrians or bicyclists do not always stay on the road and they often get close to static structure of the environment, e.g. traffic lights or signs, bushes, parking cars etc. These objects are not as easy to segment, often resulting in an under-segmentation of the scene and wrong tracking results. This paper addresses the problem of tracking moving objects that are hard to segment from their static surroundings by utilizing top-down knowledge about the geometry of existing tracks during segmentation. This includes methods for discerning static from moving objects to reduce the rate of false positive tracks as well as a classification of tracks into pedestrian, bicyclist, motor bike, passenger car, van and truck classes by considering an objects appearance and motion history. The proposed tracking system is experimentally validated in challenging real-world inner-city traffic scenes.
Fiber-optic rotation sensor: toward an integrated device; a review (1981)

Over the past five years, the fiber-optic implementation of the Sagnac ring interferometer gyroscope has evolved from a laboratory curiosity to a practical device, actively developed by over twenty research laboratories.
Long-Lasting Functional Disabilities in Middle-Aged Rats with Small Cerebral Infarcts (2003)

Recommendations from experts and recently established guidelines on how to improve the face and predictive validity of animal models of stroke have stressed the importance of using older animals and long-term behavioral-functional endpoints rather than relying almost exclusively on acute measures of infarct volume in young animals. The objective of the present study was to determine whether we could produce occlusions in older rats with an acceptable mortality rate and then detect reliable, long-lasting functional deficits. A reversible intraluminar suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) procedure was used to produce small infarcts in middle-aged rats. This resulted in an acceptable mortality rate, and robust disabilities were detected in functional assays, although the degree of total tissue loss measured 90 d after MCAO was quite modest. Infarcted animals were functionally impaired relative to sham control animals even 90 d after the occlusions, and when animals were subgrouped based on amount of tissue loss, MCAO animals with only 4% tissue loss exhibited enduring neurological-behavioral impairments relative to sham-operated controls, and the functional impairments in the group with the largest infarcts (20% tissue loss) were more severe than the functional impairments in the rats with 4% tissue loss. These results suggest that this model, using reversible MCAO to produce small infarcts and long-lasting functional-behavioral deficits in older rats, may represent an advance in the relatively higher-throughput modeling of stroke and its recovery in rodents and may be useful in the development and characterization of future stroke therapies.
Identifying New Components Participating in the Secondary Cell Wall Formation of Vessel Elements in <i>Zinnia</i> and <i>Arabidopsis</i>  (2009)

Xylem vessel elements are hollow cellular units that assemble end-to-end to form a continuous vessel throughout the plant body; the xylem vessel is strengthened by the xylem elements' reinforced secondary cell walls (SCWs). This work aims to unravel the contribution of unknown actors in xylem vessel differentiation using the model in vitro cell culture system of Zinnia elegans differentiating cell cultures and the model in vivo system of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Tracheary Element Differentiation-Related6 (TED6) and TED7 were selected based on an RNA interference (RNAi) screen in the Zinnia system. RNAi reduction of TED6 and 7 delayed tracheary element (TE) differentiation and co-overexpression of TED6 and 7 increased TE differentiation in cultured Zinnia cells. Arabidopsis TED6 and 7 were expressed preferentially in differentiating vessel elements in seedlings. Aberrant SCW formation of root vessel elements was induced by transient RNAi of At TED7 alone and enhanced by inhibition of both TED6 and 7. Protein-protein interactions were demonstrated between TED6 and a subunit of the SCW-related cellulose synthase complex. Our strategy has succeeded in finding two novel components in SCW formation and has opened the door for in-depth analysis of their molecular functions.
Optical Fiber Communications and Devices (2012)

This book is a collection of works dealing with the important technologies and mathematical concepts behind today's optical fiber communications and devices. It features 17 selected topics such as architecture and topologies of optical networks, secure optical communication, PONs, LANs, and WANs and thus provides an overall view of current research trends and technology on these topics. The book compiles worldwide contributions from many prominent universities and research centers, bringing together leading academics and scientists in the field of photonics and optical communications. This compendium is an invaluable reference edited by three scientists with a wide knowledge of the field and the community. Researchers and practitioners working in photonics and optical communications will find this book a valuable resource.
Regulation of reactive-oxygen-species generation in fibroblasts by Rac 1 (1996)

In a variety of non-phagocytic cell types, there is a marked increase in intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and H2O2, after ligand stimulation. We demonstrate that in NIH 3T3 cells transient expression of constitutively activated forms of the small GTP-binding proteins Ras or Rac1 leads to a significant increase in intracellular ROS. An increase in intracellular ROS is also demonstrated after growth factor [platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or epidermal growth factor (EGF)] or cytokine [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interleukin (IL)-1 beta] stimulation of NIH 3T3 cells. Expression of a dominant negative allele of Rac1 inhibits the rise in ROS seen after Ras expression or after stimulation by either growth factors or cytokines. These results provide the first demonstration of the pathway by which ligand stimulation of ROS occurs in non-phagocytic cells and suggest that the family of Ras-related small GTP-binding proteins may function as regulators of the intracellular redox state.
A Novel Thermally Stable Spironaphthoxazine and Its Application in Rewritable High Density Optical Data Storage (2005)

A novel spironaphthoxazine SOFC molecule with a stable ring-opened photomerocyanine form by incorporating a ferrocene moiety to the parent spironaphthoxazine has been synthesized. Two-dimensional luminescence images obtained by confocal microscope employing fluorescence as read-out method (see Figure) and three-dimensional high-density recording using two-photon technology of SOFC-poly(methyl methacrylate) films are demonstrated. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2005/c0953_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Dressing wounds (1998)

This article describes the choice and method of application of wound dressing in a variety of situations. The types of wounds covered include those in awkward areas, cavity wounds and fungating wounds. The problems of patients with allergies to wound dressings are also discussed.
Effect of Ni Addition on Bending Properties of Sn-Ag-Cu Lead-Free Solder Joints (2007)

Effect of Ni addition on the bending properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder joints was investigated. Three point bending tests were conducted with a 324pin flip chip specimen at 10 Hz frequency and with 3mm substrate displacement. The test temperatures were 298 K and 398 K. At each temperature, Sn-l.2Ag-0.5Cu with a small amount of Ni addition, LF35 showed higher performance. The reason LF35 showed higher bending performance was discussed based on a mechanical fatigue test using a micro bulk specimen. Ni addition caused a fine subgrain of j3 -Sn, hence the crack propagation mechanism is changed, resulting in the improved fatigue performance of LF35.
Closed-loop Control of Shock Location in Mach 1.8 Direct Connect Wind Tunnel (2014)

This paper presents the design and implementation of a closed-loop control scheme to regulate shock location within a Mach 1.8 wind tunnel isolator test section. As part of the feedback controller, the sensing scheme for shock localization utilizes a set of high frequency Kulite pressure transducers to sample the static pressure at various points along the wind tunnel test section. A geometry-based shock localization algorithm is then executed at 250 Hz to determine the location of the shock in real time. The closed-loop controller generates actuation commands for a motorized flap downstream of the test section every 100 ms toward regulating the shock at the desired position. Several forms of closed-loop implementation are addressed including: (a) simple logic-based controllers; (b) Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers, and (c) Proportional-Derivative (PD) controllers. In addition to using the geometry-based shock localization schemes, the paper also describes the implementation of a novel Kalman-filter-based framework for fusing estimates from other shock localization schemes such as standard deviation and sum-of-squares. It also explores important design criteria that should be considered for satisfactory control performance as a function of pressure transducer spacing, shock localization speed, flapmotor’s actuation speed and actuator resolution. Experimental results are presented for various test scenarios such as regulation of the shock location in the presence of stagnation pressure disturbances as well as tracking of a time-varying reference input. Performance and robustness analysis of the control system during these tests is discussed. Further areas of improvement for the closed-loop control system in both hardware and software are discussed along with possible applications.
Line-of-sight signaling and positioning for mobile devices (2013)

We are developing an optical line-of-sight signaling technology that enables mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops to identify, locate, and receive information from other devices and infrastructure within their vicinity. Using this technology we can determine where particular devices are with respect to each other in a room - the angles between the devices - and we can use our mobile devices to read light-emitting codes similar to Quick Response (QR) codes in the environment. Our technology uses a robust encoding method and can tolerate shaking due to unsteady hands holding the mobile devices. Experimental results using hand-held cameras show our technology can accurately and robustly locate and decode signals from small LED emitters even at indoor distances of at least 5 meters.
Polarization control in optical-fiber gyroscopes (1981)

Analysis indicates that strict attention must be paid to polarization control in fiber gyroscopes in order to ensure drift stability. It is shown that the maximum drift rate that is due to faulty polarization control is proportional to the amplitude-extinction ratio for the rejected polarization channel. Consequently, in the worst circumstances, which on present evidence cannot be excluded, the intensity extinction for the rejected polarization channel in a typical fiber gyroscope must approach 10(-6). Options for achieving this control are indicated by the analysis.
Micromachining of high-contrast optical waveguides in [111] silicon wafers (2000)

A fabrication technique by KOH etching for very thin free standing plane parallel silicon bridges in a [111] silicon wafer is presented. The applications of such a stress free slab as an evanescent optical waveguide sensor of unusually high sensitivity are discussed.
Partially Supervised Classification of Text Documents (2002)

We investigate the following problem: Given a set of documents of a particular topic or classÈ, and a large setÅof mixed documents that contains documents from classÈand other types of documents, identify the documents from classÈinÅ. The key feature of this problem is that there is no labeled non-Èdocument, which makes traditional machine learning techniques inapplicable, as they all need labeled documents of both classes. We call this problem partially supervised classification. In this paper, we show that this problem can be posed as a constrained optimization problem and that under appropriate conditions, solutions to the constrained optimization problem will give good solutions to the partially supervised classification problem. We present a novel technique to solve the problem and demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique through extensive experimentation. 1.
Efficient algorithm for extended operational space inertia matrix (2003)

This paper describes an efficient recursive algorithm for the computation of the extended operational space inertia matrix of an n-link branching (tree-like) redundant robotic mechanism with multiple operational points. The proposed algorithm behaves linearly with respect to n in practice. Therefore, as the number of links increases, this algorithm performs significantly better than the existing O(n/sup 3/) symbolic method. The experimental results of this algorithm are presented using real-time dynamic simulation.
Transcriptional control of <i>toxT</i>, a regulatory gene in the ToxR regulon of <i>Vibrio</i> cholerae (1994)

Co-ordinate expression of many virulence genes in Vibrio cholerae is under the control of the ToxR and ToxT proteins. These proteins function in a regulatory cascade in which ToxR is required to activate toxT, and ToxT activates virulence genes. The precise mechanism for ToxR activation of toxT is unknown, but data presented in this report suggest a direct involvement of ToxR. Primer extension and gene fusion analyses identified a ToxR-regulated promoter directly upstream of toxT, immediately following a region of inverted repeats capable of terminating transcription. Gel mobility shift studies indicate that ToxR binds DNA within the inverted repeat region, yet preliminary evidence suggests that ToxR binding alone is not sufficient for activation of toxT. Possible mechanisms of ToxR-dependent toxT expression are discussed.
Warfarin Resistance with Nafcillin Therapy (1984)

Drug-induced warfarin resistance may be mediated by the direct effect of a drug on warfarin's absorption, excretion, distribution, or metabolism. A 29-year-old man on long-term stable anticoagulation therapy with warfarin sodium developed resistance to warfarin while receiving nafcillin. His prothrombin time ranged between 14 and 17 s (control, 12 s) despite an increase in his warfarin dosage to 25 mg/d. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the decreased hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin was most likely due to rapid metabolism of the anticoagulant induced by nafcillin. Warfarin's half-life was 11 hours when the patient was on nafcillin therapy and 44 hours when he was off nafcillin therapy. This interaction may be clinically important in patients requiring concomitant administration of nafcillin and warfarin.
Frequency correlations in reflection from random media (2015)

We present a theoretical study of frequency correlations of light backscattered from a random scattering medium. This statistical quantity provides insight into the dynamics of multiple scattering processes accessible in theoretical and experimental investigations. For frequency correlations between field amplitudes, we derive a simple expression in terms of the path length distribution of the underlying backscattering processes. In a second step, we apply this relation to describe frequency correlations between intensities in the regime of weak disorder. Since, with increasing disorder strength, an unexplained breakdown of the angular structure of the frequency correlation function has recently been reported in experimental studies, we explore extensions of our model to the regime of stronger disorder. In particular, we show that closed scattering trajectories tend to suppress the angular dependence of the frequency correlation function.
<i>DMD</i> genotypes and loss of ambulation in the CINRG Duchenne Natural History Study (2016)

As exon 44 skipping-amenable DMD has a later LoA, mutation-specific randomization and selection of placebo groups are essential for the success of clinical trials.
Mechanisms of Gas Transport During Ventilation by High-Frequency Oscillation (1984)

Departments of Physiology and Medicine and Biomedical Engineering Unit, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
Localization of Spyware in Windows Environments (2004)

This is a thesis about different methods that can be used to detect spyware. Methods included are Layered Service Provider, Internet Protocol Helper API, TDI filtering and API hooking. Some firewall testing applications, leak tests, that use methods that can be used by real spyware program to penetrate firewalls have also been examined. The goal was to develop a Windows 2000/XP program that is able to detect as many of our examined leak tests as possible. Our program uses the methods TDI filtering and API hooking for detection of spyware because our study showed that these methods were the best. To evaluate the program it was tested against our examined leak test programs. Our program managed to detect all leak tests except one.
Urinary Osteocalcin as a Marker of Bone Metabolism (2005)

The three immunoassays had unique specificities toward different naturally occurring U-OC fragments. U-OC concentrations measured with any of these assays correlated with bone turnover rates assessed by conventional serum markers of bone metabolism. The measurement of OC in urine samples could be used as an index of bone turnover in monitoring bone metabolism.
Blood Velocity Measurement by Fiber Optic Laser Doppler Anemometry (1982)

Laser Doppler anemometry has been used to measure blood velocities by using a fine fiber optic probe both to deliver laser light into the blood and to receive reflected light from red blood cells at the tip of the probe. In vitro, with the probe aligned in the direction of flow, nonlinear calibration is possible to velocities of 15 cm/s in a 3 mm diameter vessel. When the probe is aligned against the flow, measurement of velocity is linear to at least 1 m/s. In vivo recordings of coronary and aortic blood velocity are produced by performing a fast Fourier transform (FET) in real time.
Objective estimation of perceived speech quality .II. Evaluation of the measuring normalizing block technique (1999)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.7, no.4, p.371-82. Part I of this paper describes a new approach to the objective estimation of perceived speech quality. This new approach uses a simple but effective perceptual transformation and a distance measure that consists of a hierarchy of measuring normalizing blocks. Each measuring normalizing block integrates two perceptually transformed signals over some time or frequency interval to determine the average difference across that interval. This difference is then normalized out of one signal, and is further processed to generate one or more measurements. In this part, the resulting estimates of the perceived speech quality are correlated with the results of nine subjective listening tests. Together, these tests include 219 4 kHz bandwidth speech codecs, transmission systems, and reference conditions, with bit rates ranging from 2.4 to 61 kb/s. When compared with six other estimators, significant improvements are seen in many cases, particularly at lower bit rates, and when bit errors or frame erasures are present. These hierarchical structures of measuring normalizing blocks, or other structures of measuring normalizing blocks may also address open issues in perceived audio quality estimation, layered speech or audio coding, automatic speech or speaker recognition, audio signal enhancement, and other areas.
Nitric-oxide-mediated relaxations in salt-induced hypertension: effect of chronic β1-selective receptor blockade (2002)

Despite nebivolol and atenolol having the same blood-pressure-decreasing effect, only nebivolol was able to prevent endothelial dysfunction. This study demonstrates for the first time that the acute NO-mediated vasodilatory action of nebivolol is also present during chronic treatment. Hence, nebivolol might become a new therapeutic tool with which to exert vascular protective effects against end-organ damage in conditions associated with NO deficiency.