gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Ab Initio</i> Characterization of the Electrochemical Stability and Solvation Properties of Condensed-Phase Ethylene Carbonate and Dimethyl Carbonate Mixtures (2015)

A central challenge in the refinement of lithium-ion batteries is to control cathode-induced oxidative decomposition of electrolyte solvents, such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). We study the oxidation potentials of neat EC, neat DMC, and 1:1 mixtures of EC and DMC using the newly developed projection-based embedding method, which we demonstrate to be capable of correcting qualitative inaccuracies in the electronic densities and ionization energies obtained from conventional Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT) methods. Our wave function-in-DFT embedding approach enables accurate calculation of the vertical ionization energy (IE) of individual molecules at the CCSD(T) level of theory while explicitly accounting for the solvent using a combination of DFT and molecular mechanics interactions. We find that the ensemble-averaged distributions of vertical IEs are consistent with a linear response interpretation of the statistics of the solvent configurations, enabling determination of both the intrinsic oxidation potential of the solvents and the corresponding solvent reorganization energies. Interestingly, we reveal that large contributions to the solvation properties of DMC originate from quadrupolar interactions, resulting in a much larger solvent reorganization energy than that predicted using simple dielectric continuum models. Demonstration that the solvation properties of EC and DMC are governed by fundamentally different intermolecular interactions provides insight into key aspects of lithium-ion batteries, with relevance to electrolyte decomposition processes, solid–electrolyte interphase formation, and the local solvation environment of lithium cations.
Differential activation of <i>Myf5</i> and <i>MyoD</i> by different Wnts in explants of mouse paraxial mesoderm and the later activation of myogenesis in the absence of <i>Myf5</i> (1998)

Activation of myogenesis in newly formed somites is dependent upon signals derived from neighboring tissues, namely axial structures (neural tube and notochord) and dorsal ectoderm. In explants of paraxial mesoderm from mouse embryos, axial structures preferentially activate myogenesis through a Myf5-dependent pathway and dorsal ectoderm preferentially through a MyoD-dependent pathway. Here we report that cells expressing Wnt1 will preferentially activate Myf5 while cells expressing Wnt7a will preferentially activate MyoD. Wnt1 is expressed in the dorsal neural tube and Wnt7a in dorsal ectoderm in the early embryo, therefore both can potentially act in vivo to activate Myf5 and MyoD, respectively. Wnt4, Wnt5a and Wnt6 exert an intermediate effect activating both Myf5 and MyoD equivalently in paraxial mesoderm. Sonic Hedgehog synergises with both Wnt1 and Wnt7a in explants from E8.5 paraxial mesoderm but not in explants from E9.5 embryos. Signaling through different myogenic pathways may explain the rescue of muscle formation in Myf5 null embryos, which do not form an early myotome but later develop both epaxial and hypaxial musculature. Explants of unsegmented paraxial mesoderm contain myogenic precursors capable of expressing MyoD in response to signaling from a neural tube isolated from E10.5 embryos, the developmental stage when MyoD is present throughout the embryo. Myogenic cells cannot activate MyoD in response to signaling from a less mature neural tube. Together these data suggest that different Wnt molecules can activate myogenesis through different pathways such that commitment of myogenic precursors is precisely regulated in space and time to achieve the correct pattern of skeletal muscle development.
Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Cobaltite and Manganite: Highly Active Catalysts for Toluene Complete Oxidation (2008)

La1−xSrxMO3−δ (M = Co, Mn; x = 0, 0.4) catalysts have been fabricated via a strategy of citric acid complexing and hydrothermal treatment. The oxidation of toluene was used as a probe reaction for the evaluation of catalytic performance. The materials were characterized by a number of techniques. We observed that the catalytic activity (evaluated by the temperature required for 80% conversion of toluene, T80%) increased in the sequence of LaMnO3.10 (T80% = 295 °C) < LaCoO2.89 (T80% = 246 °C) < La0.6Sr0.4MnO3.03 (T80% = 233 °C) < La0.6Sr0.4CoO2.76 (T80% = 219 °C) at toluene/O2 molar ratio = 1/400 and space velocity = 20 000 h−1. Moreover, CO2 and H2O were the only products for toluene oxidation over the catalysts. It is concluded that factors such as enriched structural defects (oxygen vacancies) and good Mn4+/Mn3+ or Co3+/Co2+ redox ability are responsible for the excellent catalytic performance of the La1−xSrxMO3−δ nanomaterials.
Molecular Control of Cell Cycle Progression in the Pancreatic β-Cell (2006)

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes both result from inadequate production of insulin by the beta-cells of the pancreatic islet. Accordingly, strategies that lead to increased pancreatic beta-cell mass, as well as retained or enhanced function of islets, would be desirable for the treatment of diabetes. Although pancreatic beta-cells have long been viewed as terminally differentiated and irreversibly arrested, evidence now indicates that beta-cells can and do replicate, that this replication can be enhanced by a variety of maneuvers, and that beta-cell replication plays a quantitatively significant role in maintaining pancreatic beta-cell mass and function. Because beta-cells have been viewed as being unable to proliferate, the science of beta-cell replication is undeveloped. In the past several years, however, this has begun to change at a rapid pace, and many laboratories are now focused on elucidating the molecular details of the control of cell cycle in the beta-cell. In this review, we review the molecular details of cell cycle control as they relate to the pancreatic beta-cell. Our hope is that this review can serve as a common basis and also a roadmap for those interested in developing novel strategies for enhancing beta-cell replication and improving insulin production in animal models as well as in human pancreatic beta-cells.
Role of the hexapeptide disulfide loop present in the .gamma.-carboxyglutamic acid domain of human protein C in its activation properties and in the in vitro anticoagulant activity of activated protein C (1991)

In order to examine whether the structural integrity of the hexapeptide disulfide loop (residues 17-22), present in the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gamma) domain of human protein C (PC), and common to all vitamin K dependent coagulation proteins, is necessary for its anticoagulant properties, we employed recombinant (r) DNA technology to generate two important variants that would address this issue. One such mutein contained aspartic acid for gamma-residue substitutions at sequence positions 19 and 20 ([gamma 19D, gamma 20D]r-PC) in the light chain of the mature protein, and the other possessed a serine for cysteine substitution at position 22 ([C22S]r-PC of the same light chain. A subpopulation of molecules of these mutant proteins, containing the maximum levels of gamma-residues in each, has been purified by fast-protein anion-exchange liquid chromatography and affinity chromatography on an anti-human PC column. A study of the kinetic characteristics of the inhibition by Ca2+ of the thrombin-catalyzed activation rates of these variants, and the corresponding stimulation by Ca2+ of the thrombin/thrombomodulin-catalyzed activation rates of the same recombinant PC molecules, demonstrated that higher concentrations of Ca2+ were required to display these effects, when compared to wild-type (wt) r-PC and human plasma PC. This suggested that the kinetically relevant Ca2+ site responsible for these effects on activation of PC, and known to be present in another domain of PC, was affected by both mutations in the gamma-domain. The recombinant PC variants were converted to their activated forms ([gamma 19D, gamma 20D]r-APC and [C22S]r-APC) and assayed for their Ca(2+)-dependent anticoagulant activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Degrees of freedom of the interference channel: A general formula (2011)

We give a general formula for the degrees of freedom of the K-user real additive-noise interference channel involving maximization of information dimension. Previous results are recovered, and even generalized in certain cases with simplified proofs. Connections to fractal geometry are drawn.
Cellular pulse-coupled neural network with adaptive weights for image segmentation and its VLSI implementation (2004)

We present a cellular pulse coupled neural network with adaptive weights and its analog VLSI implementation. The neural network operates on a scalar image feature, such as grey scale or the output of a spatial filter. It detects segments and marks them with synchronous pulses of the corresponding neurons. The network consists of integrate-and-fire neurons, which are coupled to their nearest neighbors via adaptive synaptic weights. Adaptation follows either one of two empirical rules. Both rules lead to spike grouping in wave like patterns. This synchronous activity binds groups of neurons and labels the corresponding image segments. Applications of the network also include feature preserving noise removal, image smoothing, and detection of bright and dark spots. The adaptation rules are insensitive for parameter deviations, mismatch and non-ideal approximation of the implied functions. That makes an analog VLSI implementation feasible. Simulations showed no significant differences in the synchronization properties between networks using the ideal adaptation rules and networks resembling implementation properties such as randomly distributed parameters and roughly implemented adaptation functions. A prototype is currently being designed and fabricated using an Infineon 130nm technology. It comprises a 128 × 128 neuron array, analog image memory, and an address event representation pulse output.
Introduction: Habitual New Media, or Updating to Remain (Close to) the Same (2016)

This chapter contains sections titled: Contradictory Habits, Neoliberal Habits: Privacy Depraved and Deprived, New Media: Wonderfully Creepy
Co-compartmentalization of MAP kinases and cytosolic phospholipase A2 at cytoplasmic arachidonate-rich lipid bodies. (1998)

Lipid bodies are inducible lipid domains abundantly present in leukocytes engaged in inflammation. They are rich in esterified arachidonate and are also potential sites for eicosanoid-forming enzyme localization. It is therefore of interest to know whether arachidonate-releasing cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) localizes at lipid bodies. Here, we present evidence that cPLA2 and its activating protein kinases, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, co-localize at lipid bodies. U937 cells express high levels of cPLA2 and contain numerous cytoplasmic lipid bodies. Using double-labeling immunocytochemistry we demonstrated punctate cytoplasmic localizations of both cPLA2 and MAP kinases in U937 cells that were perfectly concordant with fluorescent fatty-acid-labeled lipid bodies. The co-localization of cPLA2 and MAP kinases at lipid bodies was confirmed by subcellular fractionation and immunoblot. Lipid body fractions free of cytosol and other organelles contained significant amounts of [14C]arachidonate-labeled phosphatidylcholine and cPLA2 enzymatic activities. Immunoblotting with specific antibodies identified cPLA2 as well as MAP kinases, including ERK1, ERK2, p85, and p38, in lipid bodies. The co-compartmentalization within arachidonate-rich lipid bodies of cPLA2 and its potentially activating protein kinases suggests that lipid bodies may be structurally distinct intracellular sites active in extracellular ligand-induced arachidonate release and eicosanoid formation.
A fast hierarchical algorithm for 3-D capacitance extraction (1998)

We present a new algorithm for computing the capacitance of three-dimensional perfect electrical conductors of complex structures. The new algorithm is significantly faster and uses much less memory than previous best algorithms, and is kernel independent. The new algorithm is based on a hierarchical algorithm for the n-body problem, and is an acceleration of the boundary element method for solving the integral equation associated with the capacitance extraction problem. The algorithm first adaptively subdivides the conductor surfaces into panels according to an estimation of the potential coefficients and a user-supplied error bound. The algorithm stores the potential coefficient matrix in a hierarchical data structure of size O(n), although the matrix is size n/sup 2/ if expanded explicitly, where n is the number of panels. The hierarchical data structure allows us to multiply the coefficient matrix with any vector in O(n) time. Finally, we use a generalized minimal residual algorithm to solve m linear systems each of size n/spl times/n in O(mn) time, where m is the number of conductors. The new algorithm is implemented and the performance is compared with previous best algorithms. For the k/spl times/k bus example, our algorithm is 100 to 40 times faster than FastCap, and uses 1/100 to 1/60 of the memory used by FastCap. The results computed by the new algorithm are within 2.7% from that computed by FastCap.
Development of the Turner Valley Gas and Oil Field (1939)

Canada's oil production is obtained almost entirely from the Turner Valleygas and oil field, in the Province of Alberta. This field, about 30 milessouthwest of the city of Calgary and approximately 115 miles north of theUnited States border, supplied 92 per cent of production in Canada during 1937. In 1938 considerable development took place in this field and total productionfor the year amounted to 6,688,716 bbl., an increase of 3,922,146 bbl. over theproduction in 1937, which increased the percentage of production toapproximately 97 per cent of Canada's total. In the British Empire, Canada'sproduction is thus comparable to that of Bahrein Island and Burma, each ofwhich produced approximately 7,800,000 bbl. in 1937, being second to Trinidad'sproduction of 15,500,000 bbl. The total production of the British Empire inthat year amounted to 2.07 per cent of the world's total. History Development of the Turner Valley field commenced in 1913, when a well wasstarted near a gas seepage on the banks of the South Fork of Sheep River in thecentral part of the Valley. This well found small quantities of a light crudeoil in beds of Upper Cretaceous age and precipitated a wild boom in 1913–1914 which ended with the beginning of the Great War in 1914. A small amount ofdrilling was done in the years from 1914 to 1922 and a few wells found smallcrude-oil production in the upper sands. In 1922 a few wells were started, including the Royalite Oil Company's No. 4 well (R, Fig. l), which became the discovery well of naphtha production fromthe Paleozoic limestone. In October 1924, this well was completed at a depth of3740 ft., being approximately 300 ft. in the limestone, with an initial flow of600 bbl. of 72? A.P.I. gravity naphtha and 20,000 M cu. ft. of gas per day.Intense activity was not started until the latter part of 1928, when the OkaltaNo. 1 well (Q, Fig. 1) was drilled, with an initial production of 500 bbl. ofnaphtha per day. This well was only 1? miles from Royalite No. 4, but it wasapproximately 1300 ft. lower on structure and potentialities of the field wereconsiderably increased. T.P. 1099
Olefin-accelerated solid-state C–N cross-coupling reactions using mechanochemistry (2019)

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are one of the most powerful and versatile methods to synthesize a wide range of complex functionalized molecules. However, the development of solid-state cross-coupling reactions remains extremely limited. Here, we report a rational strategy that provides a general entry to palladium-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reactions in the solid state. The key finding of this study is that olefin additives can act as efficient molecular dispersants for the palladium-based catalyst in solid-state media to facilitate the challenging solid-state cross-coupling. Beyond the immediate utility of this protocol, our strategy could inspire the development of industrially attractive solvent-free palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling processes for other valuable synthetic targets.
Catalytic Aminomethylation of Alkenoic Compounds: I. Reaction of monoolefins with secondary amines, carbon monoxide, and water in the presence of rhodium and iron catalysts (1971)

Abstract Reactions, in the presence of rhodium oxide and/or iron pentacarbonyl, of cyclic or acyclic higher olefins with carbon monoxide, water, and secondary amines to give the corresponding aminomethyl‐cycloalkanes or ‐alkanes (equ. 1) are described. As catalyst rhodium oxide is by far superior to iron carbonyl; however, optimum results are obtained with combinations of the two. The method can be applied to synthesis of long‐chain alkylamines, which are valuable as intermediates for synthetic detergents.
Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Cactus Mucilage Nanofibers (2011)

This work seeks to fabricate, optimize, and characterize nanofibers of cactus Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage and Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by electrospinning. Mucilage is a neutral mixture of sugars produced by cactus and PVA is a non-toxic, water-soluble, synthetic polymer, which is widely used as a co-spinning agent for polymers. Mucilage was extracted from the cactus pad and prepared for electrospinning by mixing with acetic acid. Two types of PVA were used differentiating in high and low molecular weights. Concentrations of PVA were varied to find an adequate threshold for fiber formation. Changing the ratio of PVA to cactus mucilage produced fibers of different diameter and quality. The optimizations of the parameters used in the electrospinning setup were also a factor in creating quality fibers without deformity. An acceptable PVA to mucilage ratio mixture was reached for the use of the electrospinning process and consistent nanofibers were accomplished with the use of both the low and high molecular weight PVA. The fibers were observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. In this project we were able to obtain nanofiber meshes made with environmentally friendly materials with fiber diameters raging from 50nm to 7um sized. The produced nanofibers were made in the hope that it can be utilized in the future as an inexpensive, biocompatible, and biodegradable water filtration system.
Interleave-division-multiplexing space-time codes (2003)

This paper presents a family of interleaving based space-time codes. We employ low-rate turbo-type codes to exploit the expansion of the signaling dimension due to the use of multiple transmit antennas. Low-cost iterative detection algorithms are derived to treat both cross antenna interference and intersymbol interference. The complexity involved increases only linearly with transmit antenna number and quadratically with path number. The proposed scheme can achieve performance close to the capacity of multiple transmit antenna systems.
Exploitation of Query Sentences Using Specific Weighting in Support-sentence Retrieval (2013)

Our goal is to develop a support-sentence retrieval system that retrieves sentences relevant to a given theme and then, classifies them into relevant types, such as agreement, contradiction, refinement, and supplement. This paper focuses on the first step, a sentence retrieval module. Lexical and typed dependency matching are used to compute the similarity between two sentences. A new query term weighting scheme based on the specificity of the terms is proposed and combined with ordinary IDF weighting for a better performance. Experimental results indicate that our method achieves 34% higher precision than the traditional TF-ISF method
Development of Lymphoid Hyperplasia in Transgenic Mice Expressing the HIV <i>tat</i> Gene (1995)

During HIV infection, individuals experience multiorgan disorders such as adenopathy, splenomegaly, and lung and brain diseases. There is an increasing body of evidence that the HIV trans-activating tat gene product possesses multiple activities. First, it can activate several cellular genes; second, in its extracellular soluble form, it plays the role of growth factor in some cells such as Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Thus, we introduced the HIV tat gene, under the control of the cellular proteolipoprotein promoter, into the germline of mice and demonstrate that, when expressed, the tat gene product induces lymphoid hyperplasia in spleen, lymph nodes, and lung, as is observed in AIDS patients, but not in the brain or testes. Our findings indicate that HIV, through some of its genes, directly participates in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
The Revolutionary Health Science of Psychoendoneuroimmunology: A New Paradigm for Understanding Health and Treating Illness (2004)

This paper reviews the social and behavioral factors acting on the brain that influence health, illness, and death. Using data from several areas of research, a new paradigm is proposed for understanding health and illness. This paradigm, psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI), provides both the concepts and the mechanisms for studying and explaining mind-body relationships. The brain is the body's first line of defense against illness, and the mind is the functioning of the brain. PENI incorporates ideas, belief systems, hopes, and desires as well as biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy. As we change our thoughts, we are changing our brain and thus our biology and our body. Belief systems set a baseline for the brain upon which other variables will act and have their effects.
Iron chelating agents with clinical potential (1992)

Synopsis: Iron is a critically important metal for a wide variety of cellular events. The element holds this central position by virtue of its facile redox chemistry and the high affinity of both redox states (iron II and iron III) for oxygen. These same properties also render iron toxic when levels exceed the normal binding capacity of the cell. As a result of this potential toxicity, selective iron chelators are finding an important role in the treatment of iron overload associated with many forms of thalassaemia. In addition, they appear to have potential in treating situations where a local increase in iron concentration causes an unfavourable pathology, for instance, in reperfused tissue (heart disease and stroke) and in Parkinsonian brain. There is also evidence that iron chelators may minimise the toxicity of paraquat and the side effects of bleomycin and doxorubicin. Non-haem iron enzymes can also be inhibited by iron chelators and consequently such enzymes as ribonucleotide reductase and lipoxygenase can be selectively inhibited. Such inhibitory action is being investigated for the treatment of malaria, neoplastic disease, psoriasis and asthma. Recent developments in these areas are discussed in the present overview.