gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Wall Heating in Horizontal Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxial Reactors (1991)

Numerical solutions of the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy equations in a horizontal organometallic vapor phase epitaxial reactor have been obtained for different temperature boundary conditions. The idealized case of isothermal reactor walls was compared to the physically realistic case of a wall which interacts radiatively and convectively with its surroundings. The thermal radiation analysis includes a two‐band model for the nongray, semitransparent, quartz walls of the reactor. The radiation analysis is coupled with convection to (or from) the gas on the inside and to the ambient on the outside of the reactor. Wall heating is shown to have a substantial effect on the velocity and temperature fields in the reactor. The simulated temperature fields show a close match with experimental results. The temperature distribution along the wall for the radiation case was compared with the isothermal case. Finally, the effect on growth rate along the susceptor was studied.
Archives of suppression (1986)

The number of cases of clear or suspected suppression is enormous. The previous chapters have presented a number of cases in some detail, though any one of them could be described at much greater length. To give an idea of the scale and variety of suppression, presented here are some thumbnail sketches.\nBecause the phenomenon of suppression has not been conceptualised or studied systematically, the available evidence about it is spread far and wide, and difficult to track down. What I have done here is to describe a variety of cases which I or my colleagues have come across in our reading. Non-academic cases are included to show the forms suppression can take in the "free world" and to illustrate the severe consequences that suppression can help to perpetuate, such as exposure of people to toxic chemicals. There are three main criteria for inclusion: first, the suppression or suspected suppression is either major or distinctive in character; second, substantial and accessible documentation is available; third, the case is not described elsewhere in this book.
Abbreviation definition identification based on automatic precision estimates (2008)

We developed an algorithm for abbreviation identification that uses a variety of strategies to identify the most probable definition for an abbreviation and also produces an estimated accuracy of the result. This process is purely automatic.
Polyurethane and Related Foams: Chemistry and Technology (2006)

Polyurethane and Related Foams: Chemistry and Technology is an in-depth examination of the current preparation, processing, and applications of polyurethanes (PURs) and other polymer foams. Drawing attention to novel raw materials, alternative blowing agents, and new processing methods, the book accentuates recent innovations that meet incre
Practical Cache Design Techniques For Today's RISC And CISC CPUS (1991)

Cache memories are moving into the forefront of popularity. Most microprocessor system designers can now expect to be called upon to design or implement a cache at some time in their carreers. It is somewhat difficult deciding where to start when first confronted with the task of designing a cache from scratch. This paper will focus on techniques which can be used in microprocessor cache designs to improve system throughput. Examples are shown using Intel's i486 processor, and the P3000 RISC processor.
Practical Compositional Fairness: Understanding Fairness in Multi-Task ML Systems. (2019)

Most literature in fairness has focused on improving fairness with respect to one single model or one single objective. However, real-world machine learning systems are usually composed of many different components. Unfortunately, recent research has shown that even if each component is ``fair,'' the overall system can still be ``unfair'' \cite{dwork2018fairness}. 
In this paper, we focus on how well fairness composes over multiple components in \emph{real systems}. We consider two recently proposed fairness metrics for rankings: exposure and pairwise ranking accuracy gap. We provide theory that demonstrates a set of conditions under which fairness of individual models does compose. We then present an analytical framework for both understanding whether a system's signals can achieve compositional fairness, and diagnosing which of these signals lowers the overall system's end-to-end fairness the most. Despite previously bleak theoretical results, on multiple data-sets---including a large-scale real-world recommender system---we find that the overall system's end-to-end fairness is largely achievable by improving fairness in individual components.
Distribution and behaviour of glabrous cutaneous receptors in the human foot sole (2002)

To document the activity of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the glabrous skin of the foot sole, tungsten microelectrodes were inserted through the popliteal fossa and into the tibial nerve of thirteen healthy human subjects. A total of 104 cutaneous mechanoreceptors were identified in the glabrous skin of the foot. This sample consisted of 15 slow adapting type I (14 %), 16 slow adapting type II (15 %), 59 fast adapting type I (57 %), and 14 fast adapting type II units (14 %). The location of the receptors and the outline of the receptive fields were determined by using nylon monofilaments perpendicularly applied against the surface of the skin. This revealed that the receptors were widely distributed without an accumulation of receptors in the toes. There were also larger receptive fields predominantly isolated on the plantar surface of the metatarsal-tarsal region of the foot sole. Furthermore, with the foot in an unloaded position, there was no background discharge activity in any of the cutaneous receptors in the absence of intentionally applied stimulation. These findings suggest that skin receptors in the foot sole behave differently from those receptors found on the glabrous skin of the hand. This may reflect the role of foot sole skin receptors in standing balance and movement control.
FIB Milled PZT Nanocapacitors Tested Using PFM (2004)

Recently there has been much interested on the generation of nanoscale ferroelectric islands to determine the minimum size that ferroelectric material can sustain inherent ferroelectric behaviour. In this paper we report the generation of ferroelectric capacitors with surface areas ranging from 6 × 10−14 m2 to 3 × 10−12 m2 in the form of circular capacitors with lateral diameters between 90 nm and 2 μm. We have shown that these capacitors exhibit piezoelectric behaviour by studying the response to applied electric fields though the technique of piezo-force-response microscopy (PFM). Capacitors show typical ‘butterfly’ type loops to a quasi DC applied field and enhanced displacements consistent with those measured from capacitive structures fabricated from epitaxial lead zirconium titanate (PZT) films [1 Ganpule, C. S., Nagarajan, V., Ogale, S. B., Roytburd, A. L., Williams, E. D. and Ramesh, R. 2001. “Domain nucleation and relaxation in thin films”. App. Phys. Let., 77(20): 2000 Mat.44, 1175–1179[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]]. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) was used to measure the piezoresponse of nanocapacitors with lateral diameters between 90 nm to 2 μm incorporating Pb(Ti0.7, Zr0.3)O3 (PZT(30/70). A conductive cantilever with a 10 V (±5 V) low frequency signal applied, back electrode held at ground. Electromechanical deformation induced by the alternating field was measured by the deflection of the cantilever; piezoelectric loops were obtained by plotting displacement against time-varying voltage. Enhanced displacement up to 4 times predicted for (PZT(30/70) was observed for capacitors of 200 nm and 300 nm diameter. Calculated δ33 values for the capacitors were found to vary from 70 pmV−1 to 250 pmV−1. The coercive field was found to be 10 (+/−2) Vμm−1 for all structures characterized.
Preparation and characterization of UV‐cured hybrid coatings by triethoxysilane‐modified dimethacrylate based on bisphenol‐s epoxy (2013)

Abstract Novel hybrid oligomers based on a UV‐curable bisphenol‐S epoxy dimethacrylate (DBSMA) were synthetized. DBSMA was modified with various amount of (3‐isocyanatopropyl)triethoxysilane coupling agent. The modification degree of the hybrid oligomer was varied from 0 to70 wt %. The photopolymerization kinetics was monitored by a real‐time infrared spectroscopy. The conversion and rate of hybrid coatings increased with the increase in modification degree. UV‐curable, hard, and transparent organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared. They were performed by the analyses of various properties such as surface and mechanical properties. Results from the mechanical measurements showed that the properties of hybrid coatings improved with the increase in modification degree. The thermal behavior of coatings was also investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Further evidence that tetracyclines inhibit collagenase activity in human crevicular fluid and from other mammalian sources (1985)

Recently, a new mechanism was proposed to explain the therapeutic efficacy of tetracyclines in periodontal disease— that specifically these antibiotics directly inhibit the activity of collagenase (and possibly other collagenolytic enzymes) produced by the host tissues resulting in a reduced rate of collagen breakdown (Golub et al . 1983). In the current studies, the effect of tetracyclines (minocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline) on collagenolytic enzyme activity was examined in human periodontal pockets and in several animal systems. In the clinical studies, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected on filter paper strips from individual periodontal pockets, the volume measured with the Periotron 6000, and the Gingival Index and pocket depth scored immediately thereafter at the same sites. The strips were incubated with [ 3 H‐methyi] collagen maintained in solution (or with 14 C‐glycine labeled collagen Fibrils), and the radiolabeled collagen degradation products measured in a liquid scintillation spectrometer, Using the techniques of SDS‐PAGE and fluorography, the GCF was observed to generate collagen degradation products characteristic of those produced by mammalian collagenase, a finding consistent with previous studies. Both minocycline and tetracycline therapy reduced GCF collagenolytic activity about 70% during the initial weeks of treatment; the clinical parameters also showed improvements at the same time periods. This reduction in collagenolytic activity had largely regressed by 5 weeks after terminating tetracycline therapy and by 19 weeks after minocycline therapy, in the absence of other forms of periodontal treatment. In a preliminary study, 50 days of doxycycline treatment also reduced GCF collagenase activity, an effect which persisted for at least 2 months (but less than 1 year) after terminating its administration. In several studies involving experimental animals, the tetracyclines (1) in vivo, were found to reduce the pathologically excessive collagenase activity in gingiva and skin of diabetic rats; and (2) in vitro, directly inhibited the activity of collagenases from rat PMNL's and rabbit chondrocytes. The data in the current and our previous studies (Golub et al. 1983, Gomes, Golub & Ramamurthy 1984) continue to support the hypothesis that tetracyclines, by directly inhibiting collagenolytic enzyme(s) activity, may be therapeutically useful in treating diseases, such as periodontitis, characterized by excessive collagen breakdown .
A video decoder for H.261 video teleconferencing and MPEG stored interactive video applications (1993)

A 450-MOPS video decoder that decompresses both H.261 and MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) compressed video streams is described. The decoder accepts bit rates up to 4 Mb/s and provides decoded frames of up to 352*288 pixels (CIF) at up to 30 frame/s operating at 45 MHz. The decoder places no restrictions on the H.261 bit streams. It decodes any combination of intra and predictive frames in QCIF or CIF format. In MPEG mode, it decodes any stream conforming to the MPEG constrained parameters, including any combination of intra, predictive, and bidirectional frames with half-pixel motion vectors. The architecture features a mix of dedicated hardware functions and programmable processors. The design methodology used for the decoder included extensive high-level modeling at two levels: a C++ behavioral model and a set of clock-cycle-accurate C models at the block level.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two types of mechanical reversible logic (1993)

The author describes two types of mechanical reversible logic which eliminate sliding contact. In the first type, contact between parts, when it does occur, involves only pressure. In the second, all contact between parts is eliminated. The entire computation could in principle be performed by a single block of complexly shaped oscillating material. The state of the computation is stored in the elastic deformations of this single block. If the material is perfectly elastic, the resulting computer will dissipate no energy. Real material moving sufficiently slowly can approximate a perfectly elastic material as closely as desired. In real materials, energy dissipation occurs during successive cycles of compression and decompression of the material much as energy dissipation occurs when a gas is compressed by a piston. However, at sufficiently low temperatures, this mechanism of energy dissipation might no longer be operative. It is not impossible that energy dissipation can be made to fall exponentially as both temperature and speed of operation are reduced.
Design of a Low-Field NMR Spectrometer to Measure Bone Mineral (1990)

Nuclear magnetic resonance phosphorus spectroscopy has been proposed as a new method to measure the mineral content of bone as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for osteoporosis. Preliminary studies have been performed on a Nicolet NT-150 NMR Spectrometer, using a 3.5-T superconducting magnet. This paper describes the design and construction of a low-field spectrometer for the human wrist. The 0.3256-T steady magnetic field is provided by a well-shimmed small-size permanent magnet made of neodymium-iron-boron. An IBM-PC-compatible computer is used both as host and post-processor to an Analogic AN9100A NMR Spectrometer. The narrower spectral linewidth expected at the lower magnetic field is expected to help compensate for sensitivity loss due to the weaker magnetic field.
ROBUST RECONSTRUCTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FROM DYNAMIC PET DATA (2007)

The primary goal of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) is to quantify the physiological and biological processes through tracer kinetics analysis. However, accurate quantification of such functional processes with PET is difficult to achieve because of the fundamental difficulties related to uncertainties in the imaging system and the measurement data. We introduce a novel and efficient strategy whereby compartmental tracer model parameters can be identified based on the H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> principles. The system equation is constructed from particular tracer kinetic models, with the number and relationship between tissue compartments dictated by the physiological and biochemical properties of the process under study. And the observation equation on measurement data is formed based on the PET imaging mechanism. Once we have the state space representation for the PET dynamic system, a robust system identification paradigm is adopted to estimate the tracer kinetics parameters from PET sinogram data directly. It is derived and extended from the H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> filtering principles and is particularly powerful for real-world situations where the types and levels of the disturbances are unknown. Specifically, we show the results of applying this strategy to synthetic phantom data for accuracy assessment
Unmixing Mixed Waste (1990)

A thermal treatment process successfully converted sludge classified as hazardous chemical/radioactive mixed waste to low specific activity radioactive waste at the National Guard Armory in Chicago, Ill. The sludge was generated during remedial action conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program. It was classified as mixed waste because it contained uranium in concentrations as great as 14,000 pCi/g, as well as sufficient quantities of ignitable volatile organic compounds as classified by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. There are no treatment facilities for mixed waste and it is illegal for commercial or federal facilities to accept it for disposal. The two-phase thermal treatment process eliminated the ignitability characteristic, making it acceptable for disposal. A ventilation system was utilized in both phases to prevent the release of radioactive and heavy metal particulates and volatile organic compounds into the environment. Post-treatment analytical results verified that the treatment substantially reduced the concentrations of volatiles and semi-volatiles. Disposal of the treated sludge as radioactive waste was approved by the disposal site in February 1989.
Molecular mechanism of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6: glutamine repeat disorder, channelopathy and transcriptional dysregulation. The multifaceted aspects of a single mutation (2015)

Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by late onset, slowly progressive, mostly pure cerebellar ataxia. It is one of three allelic disorders associated to CACNA1A gene, coding for the Alpha1 A subunit of P/Q type calcium channel Cav2.1 expressed in the brain, particularly in the cerebellum. The other two disorders are Episodic Ataxia type 2 (EA2), and Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 1 (FHM1). These disorders show distinct phenotypes that often overlap but have different pathogenic mechanisms. EA2 and FHM1 are due to mutations causing, respectively, a loss and a gain of channel function. SCA6, instead, is associated with short expansions of a polyglutamine stretch located in the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of the protein. This domain has a relevant role in channel regulation, as well as in transcription regulation of other neuronal genes; thus the SCA6 CAG repeat expansion results in complex pathogenic molecular mechanisms reflecting the complex Cav2.1 C-terminus activity. We will provide a short review for an update on the SCA6 molecular mechanism.
Synthesis and Characterization of Paramagnetic Lanthanide Benzyl Complexes (2013)

The organometallic chemistry of paramagnetic lanthanides (Ln, from Ce to Yb) is far less developed compared to that of their diamagnetic counterparts (Sc, Y, La, and Lu). Lack of available starting materials and characterization methods are the major obstacles. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of trisbenzyl complexes of neodymium, gadolinium, holmium, and erbium. In addition, we introduce a direct procedure for the synthesis of lanthanide benzyl and iodide complexes supported by a ferrocene diamide ligand starting from the corresponding oxides. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectroscopy (except for gadolinium compounds, which were NMR silent), and elemental analysis.
The grand emotion of “Ode to the west wind” (2016)

The imagine of Shelley’s Ode to the west wind vividly represent manly beauty. Reading this poem, we feel a vast boundless and grand emotional world.
Oxygen produced by isolated chloroplasts (1939)

Abstract The system concerned with the assimilation of carbon dioxide by the green plant has, under optimum conditions, an activity comparable with the highest rate of cellular respiration in animals. At the moment there is, in the case of animals, considerable knowledge of the subcellular chemical mechanisms which can be connected with respiratory activity. In the green plant, on the other hand, there is still no direct indication of a single chemical mechanism connected with carbon assimilation. As the oxygen output, apart from CO2 evolution is a guide in searching for systems connected with respiration, so might an oxygen output, apart from CO2 absorption, indicate mechanisms characteristic of photosynthetic activity in the plant. The subcellular evolution of oxygen under illumination has been known in the case of green plants for many years (Spoehr 1926). The effect, however, was always insignificant compared with the original photosynthetic activity of the cell. The oxygen could only be detected by using certain bacteria which show either motility or luminescence with traces of this gas. But to this method we owe the classical investigations of Engelmann (Spoehr 1926) who showed that in the living cell oxygen appeared in the neighbourhood of the illuminated chloroplast and the experiments on the isolated chloroplasts of Funaria hygrometrica by Haberlandt, who demonstrated the production of oxygen in light. Ewart (1896) confirmed and extended these results using other mosses and Selaginella helvetica; in a phanerogam, Elodea, no oxygen could be observed to come from the isolated chloroplastes. The same problem was approached in a somewhat different manner by Molisch (1925). The leaves of many phanerogams were allowed to dry slowly in air and finally over a dehydrating agent. This produced a stable preparation which, if ground up in water, would show an evolution of oxygen in light which could be detected by the bacterial methods. Molisch showed that these preparations were thermolabile, indicating an enzymic process. Recently, the matter was taken up by Inman (1935) who confirmed the experiments of Molisch and showed also that fresh green extracts of many phanerogams will evolve oxygen in light, using the bacterial mathod. Inman brought further evidence as to the enzymic nature of the process, and, moreover, did not consider the oxygen evolved to represent photosynthesis but suggested that it was due to a limited store of oxygen-giving material.
Indium and tin-mediated allylation in ionic liquids (2002)

The first report of the use of indium metal and allyl bromide for the allylation of aldehydes and ketones in ionic liquids is given in this paper. The homoallylic alcohol products are obtained in high yields on reaction at room temperature using stoichiometric quantities of indium. Initial results gained using a catalytic system of indium, manganese and TMSCl are also reported. The effect of ionic liquid solvents on the stereochemical selectivity of allylation of 2-methoxycyclohexanone and benzoin methyl ether has been investigated, showing a higher selectivity towards the chelation-controlled mechanism in ionic liquids than in conventional solvents such as water and THF. Using tetraallyltin as the allylating agent, the same reaction occurs with modest improvements in stereoselectivity compared with conventional solvents. The addition of 5 mol% Sc(OTf)3, however, results in a large increase in both reaction rate and selectivity, and permits the isolation of high yields of product via a simple workup procedure. The ionic liquid/Sc(OTf)3 mixture may also easily be recycled with good maintenance of yield and stereoselectivity.