gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gastric branch vagotomy blocks nutrient and cholecystokinin-induced suppression of gastric emptying (1993)

A role for the vagus nerve in the emptying of intragastric nutrients and the gastric inhibitory actions of the brain-gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed. To directly assess the role of the gastric vagal branches in these actions, we compared the emptying of 5-ml nutrient and nonnutrient gastric loads in male rats in which both branches of the gastric vagus nerves were cut (GVX, n = 7) with emptying in surgical control (n = 8) rats. Gastric emptying of saline was also examined in both groups after intraperitoneal administration of 8 micrograms/kg CCK. In control rats, high osmolarity, low pH, and caloric density all significantly decreased gastric emptying compared with the emptying of physiological saline. In addition, fat (oleic acid) and protein (peptone) loads emptied significantly more slowly than isocaloric carbohydrate (glucose) loads. Gastric branch vagotomy completely blocked the suppression of emptying produced by fat, protein, carbohydrate, and acid loads. In addition, GVX attenuated the ability of hyperosmotic nutrient and nonnutrient loads to inhibit emptying to the same degree, irrespective of their caloric content. Finally, in intact rats, CCK significantly inhibited the emptying of physiological saline, and gastric vagotomy abolished this suppression. Taken together, these results are consistent with the proposals that 1) the controlled emptying of caloric, hyperosmotic, and acidic solutions is dependent on gastric vagal branches, and 2) exogenous CCK relies on an intact vagal pathway in the control of gastric emptying.
Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (2009)

Abstract Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important, highly contagious disease of cloven‐hoofed animals characterized by the appearance of vesicles (blisters) on the feet and in and around the mouth. The causative agent, foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV), was the first mammalian virus to be discovered. It has a ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome enclosed within a protein coat. The virus replicates very rapidly within the cytoplasm of cells. The RNA genome has to function both as a messenger RNA (mRNA) and as a template for RNA replication. The RNA encodes a single polyprotein which is processed, by virus‐encoded proteases , to about 12 mature products which are required for virus replication and assembly. Some of these viral proteins modify host cell activities to block antivirus defence systems. Thus, this small virus displays a remarkably complex array of biological activities. Key concepts Foot‐and‐mouth disease has worldwide economic importance. Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) is able to replicate rapidly in a range of different animals and then spread within the environment. FMDV uses specific cell‐surface molecules as receptors to gain entry into cells. The viral RNA displays diverse activities, as a messenger RNA, as a template for RNA replication and as the genome. The virus‐encoded polyprotein is processed by proteases present within itself to make about 12 different mature products (plus important precursors). Viral proteins are required both for viral RNA replication and virus assembly, in addition, some also modify specific cellular functions in order to block host antiviral responses.
Automated detection of prostatic adenocarcinoma from high-resolution ex vivo MRI (2005)

Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most commonly occurring cancer among men in the United States, second only to skin cancer. Currently, the only definitive method to ascertain the presence of prostatic cancer is by trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) directed biopsy. Owing to the poor image quality of ultrasound, the accuracy of TRUS is only 20%-25%. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to have a higher accuracy of prostate cancer detection compared to ultrasound. Consequently, several researchers have been exploring the use of high resolution MRI in performing prostate biopsies. Visual detection of prostate cancer, however, continues to be difficult owing to its apparent lack of shape, and the fact that several malignant and benign structures have overlapping intensity and texture characteristics. In this paper, we present a fully automated computer-aided detection (CAD) system for detecting prostatic adenocarcinoma from 4 Tesla ex vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imagery of the prostate. After the acquired MR images have been corrected for background inhomogeneity and nonstandardness, novel three-dimensional (3-D) texture features are extracted from the 3-D MRI scene. A Bayesian classifier then assigns each image voxel a "likelihood" of malignancy for each feature independently. The "likelihood" images generated in this fashion are then combined using an optimally weighted feature combination scheme. Quantitative evaluation was performed by comparing the CAD results with the manually ascertained ground truth for the tumor on the MRI. The tumor labels on the MR slices were determined manually by an expert by visually registering the MR slices with the corresponding regions on the histology slices. We evaluated our CAD system on a total of 33 two-dimensional (2-D) MR slices from five different 3-D MR prostate studies. Five slices from two different glands were used for training. Our feature combination scheme was found to outperform the individual texture features, and also other popularly used feature combination methods, including AdaBoost, ensemble averaging, and majority voting. Further, in several instances our CAD system performed better than the experts in terms of accuracy, the expert segmentations being determined solely from visual inspection of the MRI data. In addition, the intrasystem variability (changes in CAD accuracy with changes in values of system parameters) was significantly lower than the corresponding intraobserver and interobserver variability. CAD performance was found to be very similar for different training sets. Future work will focus on extending the methodology to guide high-resolution MRI-assisted in vivo prostate biopsies.
<i>Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria</i>and<i>E. coli</i>nissle induce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (2006)

The incubation of probiotic strains, which have been used in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases, with immunocompetent cells leads to different species specific reactions. High IL-10 response to cell debris of bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle can be found. This corresponds to positive effects of bifidobacteria and E. coli nissle in clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease compared to negative outcomes obtained with lactobacilli.
Compound GW506U78 in refractory hematologic malignancies: relationship between cellular pharmacokinetics and clinical response. (1998)

GW506U78 is an effective prodrug and a potent agent for hematologic malignancies with major efficacy in T-cell diseases. The pharmacokinetics of ara-GTP in leukemia cells are strongly correlated with clinical responses to GW506U78.
Process integration of isolated emitter transistors with common emitter heterojunction bipolar transistor circuits (2003)

The process of integrating two types of AlGaAs-GaAs emitter-down HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors), one with isolated emitter and one with grounded emitter, on a common n/sup +/ substrate is described. The use of a selective p/sup -/ implanted region followed by MOCVD (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) overgrowth has resulted in junction isolation with an emitter-to-emitter blocking voltage greater than approximately 12 V. The characteristics of such integrated HBTs are examined. The advantages and limitations of the isolated emitter HBT to enhance I/O interfaces and introduce linear circuits to an all emitter-down HBT technology are addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Associacao de opioides lipofilicos a bupivacaina na anestesia peridural. Ha vantagem no aumento da dose do opioide (1998)

Background and Objectives: - The effects of associating lipophilic opioids to local anesthetics in epidural anesthesia are not well defined. There are still questions and controversies about opioid doses to be used and their major effects in the epidural block. This study aimed at evaluating the epidural block effects in humans of the association of different fentanyl and sufentanil doses to bupivacaine with 1:200.000 epinephrine. Methods: - A double-blind randomized study was performed in 94 patients of both genders, physical status ASA I, aged between 18 and 60 years, submitted to lower abdomen, perineal or lower limb surgery. Patients without preanesthetic medication were epidurally injected with 100 mg (20 ml) 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.1 mg (0.1 ml) 1%o epinephrine plus a combination of the following drugs: BUPI Group (15 patients): 2 ml of 0.9% saline solution (SS); FENT50 Group (19 patients): 50 μg (1 ml) fentanyl + 1 ml SS; FENT100 Group (20 patients): 100 μg (2 ml) fentanyl; SUF30 Group (20 patients): 30 μg (0.6 ml) sufentanil + SS (1.4 ml); SUF100 Group (20 patients): 50 μg (1 ml) sufentanil + SS (1 ml). The following parameters were studied: onset of sensory block, analgesic block (onset time) in T12, T10 and T8, analgesic block duration in T10 and T12, motor block degree, consciousness degree, need for supplemental perioperative sedation and analgesia, hypotension, bradycardia and peri and post operative side-effects, analgesia duration, proportion of patients needing supplemental analgesia and evaluation of postoperative pain (pain analog visual scale). Results: Groups were demographically uniform. The addition of fentanyl or sufentanil did not alter major characteristics of perioperative epidural block and has not significantly increased postoperative analgesia duration as compared to the use of bupivacaine only. However, the addition of lipophilic opioids has increased the quality of perioperative anesthetic block, translated into a lesser need for supplemental analgesia (p < 0.02). The increased dose of fentanyl and especially of sufentanil has increased the incidence of perioperative drowsiness (p < 0.001) without significant increase in other side effects. Conclusions: In the conditions and doses used, the addition of lipophilic opioids to bupivacaine and the increased dose of lipophilic opioids have improved anesthetic block quality without changes in the epidural block characteristics or a significant increase in side effects, with the exception of drowsiness mainly caused by sufentanil. However, they were not able to provide a significant increase in postoperative analgesia duration.
A Comparison of the Effect of Shoes on Human Tibial Axial Strains Recorded during Dynamic Loading (1998)

Percutaneous axial extensometers were mounted on the medial cortex of the midtibial diaphysis in seven male volunteers and the effect of three different shoes on in vivo peak-to-peak axial compression-tension strains measured during dynamic loading. Zohar shoes had lower axial strains and strain rates during treadmill walking than Nike Air Max running shoes or Israeli infantry boots. During running on a running track, there was no statistically significant difference between the axial strains or strain rates between the shoes tested. Shoe gear can modify tibial strains and strain rates that contribute to the development of tibial stress fractures.
Synthesis of polyphenylene ether and thioether ketones (1989)

Abstract The known polymerization of 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone (DFB) with the dianion of hydroquinone to poly(phenylene ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and polymerization of either DFB with the dianion of 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone or self polycondensation of the anion of 4‐hydroxy‐4′‐fluoro‐benzophenone to poly(phenylene ether ketone) (PEK) were studied in N ‐cyclohexyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (CHP), which is a high‐boiling aprotic polar solvent. The formation of high‐molecular weight PEEK and PEK in this solvent was very efficient. The reactivity in CHP can be ascribed to effective solvation of metal ions rendering the anion very reactive toward nucleophilic substitution. The polymerization was extended to 4,4′‐bis(4‐fluorobenzoyl)diphenyl ether and 1,4‐bis[4‐(4‐fluorobenzoyl)phenoxy]benzene to give a high molecular weight polymer with PEK and PEEK repeating units and PEEK respectively. The polymerization of DFB with purified anhydrous sodium sulfide in CHP gave rapidly a high molecular weight poly(phenylene ketone sulfide) (PKS). In contrast, diphenyl sulfone (DPS) was not very effective in obtaining such a high molecular weight PKS even with prolonged heating, which suggests the uniqueness of CHP in promoting a high degree of polymerization.
High frequency transmission line transformer for DC/DC converters (2002)

A high frequency transmission line transformer for DC/DC power converters is proposed. A DC isolated transformer is formed using cascades of interconnected transmission line sections. The energy transfer takes place via electromagnetic waves. The distinct feature of the transformer is that the voltage ratio is determined solely by the characteristic impedance of transmission lines forming the transformer. The transformer features a planar coreless construction and has high efficiency due to its coreless nature. In order to achieve compactness in size and weight, printed circuit and microfabrication technology is utilized to build prototypes on planar multilayered structures, where transmission lines are made of etched parallel strips of copper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Advanced Site-Specific Propagation Prediction Techniques (1998)

This thesis describes advanced techniques for site-specific propagation prediction. The need for accurate site-specific propagation is discussed in the context of current trends in the wireless industry. The first half of the report is dedicated to measuring and modeling continuous wave (CW) local-area path loss. Specifically, the text uses examples from a 5.85 GHz CW measurement campaign in and around suburban homes. Not only do these measurements demonstrate the validity of the original models and techniques presented in the thesis, but the results themselves may prove particularly useful for developing in-home wireless devices operating in the National Information Infrastructure band. This unlicensed spectrum was allocated in January of 1997 and holds promising applications for public and private telecommunications, home-based wireless internet, wireless local loops, and anynumber of wideband wireless applications. There is an
Retinal Not Systemic Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress Correlated with VEGF Expression in Rodent Models of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes (2012)

Purpose.: To correlate changes between VEGF expression with systemic and retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in rodent models of obesity induced insulin resistance and diabetes. Methods.: Retinal VEGF mRNA and protein levels were assessed by RT-PCR and VEGF ELISA, respectively. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and CD11b/c positive cell ratio were used as systemic inflammatory markers. Retinal expression of Nox2, Nox4, and p47phox mRNA levels were measured as oxidative stress markers. TNF-α, inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), IL1β, and activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were used as retinal inflammatory markers. Results.: Retinal VEGF mRNA and protein expression increased in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDFfa/fa) rats and streptozotosin (STZ) induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats, after two months of disease, but not in Zucker fatty (ZF) rats. Systemic markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were elevated in insulin resistant and diabetic rats. Some oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, and IL1-β) were upregulated in the retina of ZDFfa/fa and STZ diabetic rats after 4 months of disease. In contrast, activation of NF-κB in the retina was observed in high fat fed nondiabetic and diabetic cis-NF-κBEGFP mice, ZF, ZDFfa/fa, and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Conclusions.: Only persistent hyperglycemia and diabetes increased retinal VEGF expression. Some markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were elevated in the retina and systemic circulation of obese and insulin resistant rodents with and without diabetes. Induction of VEGF and its associated retinal pathologies by diabetes requires chronic hyperglycemia and factors in addition to inflammation and oxidative stress.
Environmental Realpolitik: Joint Implementation and Climate Change (1996)

Professor Heller's article discusses why there has been little\nprogress after the Rio Earth Summit in developing the Framework\nConvention on Climate Change. He argues that, beyond the scientific\nuncertainties about climate change and its economic impacts,\nagreement on the legal structure of a comprehensive regime has been\nhampered by institutional factors. These include: the political\ndiscounting of damage to future populations, the diverse risks of\nglobal warming in different regions, and the distrust in many nations\nwith market instruments, like taxes or tradable permits, that are\nfavored by many industrial nations dependent on fossil fuels.\nResolving these problems will be particularly difficult in multilateral\nnegotiations under the auspices of the United Nations. This is due to\nthe conflation of environmental issues with a broader, contested\nagenda of North-South issues. Unless this impasse is overcome in the\nnear term, key nations, essential to a successful mitigation regime,\nmay abandon collective solutions and invest in local adaptations to\nclimate change. Heller argues that Joint Implementation (JI), a type\nof tradable permit system, can help to break this deadlock. However,\ninvestment in JIprojects has been slow due to political opposition and\nto confusion about the nature of an international market in\nenvironmental services. The article concludes with an outline for the\ndevelopment of a JI market that does not require a prior multilateral\nconsensus.
Decatenation of kinetoplast DNA by topoisomerases. (1980)

Kinetoplast DNA is the mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatids such as Crithidia fasciculata. This DNA is in the form of networks containing thousands of DNA circles which are apparently catenated (interlocked). Some topoisomerases, such as T4 phage topoisomerase and DNA gyrase, catalyze a decatenation of the networks to form individual covalently closed circles.
Enaminone Intermediate in the One-Methylene Incorporated Dimerization Reaction of Ketone Enolate. Cross Reaction to Unsymmetrical 1,5-Diketones (1987)

Abstract An enaminone has been isolated as an intermediate from the one-methylene incorporated dimerization reaction of ketone enolate using N-phenyl-N-methylformamide. The reaction of the enaminone with the other ketone enolates gives unsymmetrical 1,5-diketones in good yields.
Enhanced Substituted Resorcinol Hydrophobicity Augments Tyrosinase Inhibition Potency (2007)

The objective of the present study was to investigate to what extent the addition of hydrophobic residues to a 2,4-resorcinol derivative would contribute to their tyrosinase inhibitory potency. Hence, 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, isolated from Ficus carica, was transformed into esters, and the relationship between the structure of these esters to their mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity was explored. The enzyme crystallographic structure, published recently (Matoba, Y. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 8981-8990) was docked with the new esters, and their calculated free energy (FE) and docking energy (DE) were compared with the experimental IC(50) values, providing good correlations. The observed IC(50) of the isopropyl ester was 0.07 microM, and its interaction with the enzyme binding site appears to be composed of four hydrogen bonds and two hydrophobic interactions. It may be concluded that the addition of a hydrophobic moiety to 2,4-resorcinol derivatives augments tyrosinase inhibitory potency as was predicted from the modeling study.
HfSb<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Te<i><sub>x</sub></i>: The Second New Compound on the Quasi‐Binary Section HfSb<sub>2</sub>‐HfTe<sub>2</sub> with Different Sb–Sb Interactions (2011)

Abstract Thus far, three different ribbons and layers of antimony atoms with various Sb–Sb bonds were found in Hf 5 Sb 9 , HfSb 2 and HfSbTe. We uncovered a new variant when trying to dope Hf 5 Sb 9 with tellurium atoms, namely HfSb 2– x Te x , with 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 0.7. HfSb 2– x Te x adopts the monoclinic OsGe 2 type, space group C 2/ m , a = 10.5216(8) Å, b = 3.7142(3) Å, c = 8.5924(7) Å, β = 11.571(1), V = 292.05(4) Å 3 ( Z = 4) when x = 0.5. This structure is composed of a layer of puckered six‐membered rings of antimony atoms, with Sb–Sb distances of 2.82 and 3.12 Å. The different antimony atom substructures are compared in this article. Independent of the exact Sb/Te ratio, monoclinic HfSb 2– x Te x is predicted to be metallic, as are Hf 5 Sb 9 , HfSb 2 and orthorhombic HfSbTe.
Scent dog identification of samples from COVID-19 patients – a pilot study (2020)

These preliminary findings indicate that trained detection dogs can identify respiratory secretion samples from hospitalised and clinically diseased SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals by discriminating between samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and negative controls. This data may form the basis for the reliable screening method of SARS-CoV-2 infected people.
Ultrathin Body InAlN/GaN HEMTs for High-Temperature (600$^{\circ} {\rm C}$) Electronics (2013)

Lattice matched 0.25-μm gatelength InAlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors are realized in an ultrathin body mesa technology (50-nm AlN nucleation layer/50-nm GaN buffer) on sapphire. At room temperature, the maximum output current density is I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> =0.4A/mm, the threshold voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> =-1.4 V with an associated subthreshold voltage swing of 73 mV/dec and a leakage current ≈ 1 pA (for W <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> =50 μm) and thus a current on/off ratio of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> . At 600°C, the maximum drain current, threshold voltage, and transconductance are nearly unchanged. The current on/off ratio is still approximately 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> . First 1-MHz class A measurements with ±2.0 V peak-to-peak signal amplitude have resulted in 109-mW/mm output power at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> =8.75 V.
Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (1968)

A carbon monoxide analyzer has been developed which is capable of continuous measurement of the carbon monoxide concentration in the atmosphere. The operating principle of the instrument is the reaction of carbon monoxide with hot mercuric oxide followed by the photometric determination of the mercury vapor produced. Oxygenated hydrocarbons and olefins are quantitatively detected. Those normally present are in the ambient atmosphere in low concentrations relative to CO. Hydrogen and methane in the atmosphere do not interfere with the CO analysis. Measurements of atmospheric CO concentrations in California, Greenland, and Oregon seem to indicate that CO content is an air mass characteristic. North Pacific marine air mass concentrations may be as low as about 0.040 parts per million (ppm) CO, while the air mass over continental California seems to be characterized by CO levels of 0.5-1.0 ppm or greater.