gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Challenge of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Expansion: Current and Prospective Answers (2017)

In the field of cell therapy, allogenic human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are often used in clinical trials, creating a demand for cell mass production using efficient dynamic bioreactor systems. As an advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP), such cells should meet certain special requirements, including product specifications requiring a production process compatible with good manufacturing practice (GMP). The development of processes in which the cells are the product therefore remains a significant challenge. This chapter describes the requirements at different steps in the upstream and downstream phases of such dynamic processes. Potential solutions are presented and future prospects are discussed, including the selection of media and carriers for the strictly adherent growing cells, allowing efficient cell adhesion and detachment. Strategies for dynamic cultivation in bioreactors are described in detail for fixed‐bed and stirred‐tank reactors based on GMP requirements and the integration of process analytical technology (PAT). Following cell harvest, separation and purification, the formulation and storage of the product are also described. Finally, the chapter covers important cell quality characteristics necessary for the approval of ATMPs.
Joint Attention in Driver-Pedestrian Interaction: from Theory to Practice (2018)

Today, one of the major challenges that autonomous vehicles are facing is the ability to drive in urban environments. Such a task requires communication between autonomous vehicles and other road users in order to resolve various traffic ambiguities. The interaction between road users is a form of negotiation in which the parties involved have to share their attention regarding a common objective or a goal (e.g. crossing an intersection), and coordinate their actions in order to accomplish it. In this literature review we aim to address the interaction problem between pedestrians and drivers (or vehicles) from joint attention point of view. More specifically, we will discuss the theoretical background behind joint attention, its application to traffic interaction and practical approaches to implementing joint attention for autonomous vehicles.
Mechanics of collisional motion of granular materials. Part 2. Wave propagation through vibrofluidized granular layers (1995)

According to numerous experimental observations and theoretical models vibrated layers composed of large granules behave like a solid plastic body. In contrast, in this study experimental data are presented that reveal that, for constant vibration amplitudes A ≥ 1 cm with the frequency ω increasing from zero, all layers pass through three vibrational states, with the respective behaviours being as of (i) a solid plastic body, (ii) a liquid, (iii) a gas. In the liquid-like vibrational state transverse waves propagating along the layer width were observed. These waves were shown to be gravitational resonance waves, with the corresponding frequencies well correlated by the known formula for incompressible liquids. In the gas-like vibrational state compression (shock) and expansion waves propagating across the layer height, were observed. A theoretical model for time-periodic collisional vibrational regimes was developed on the basis of the Euler-like equations of a granular gas composed of inelastic spheres. The model shows that the vibrational granular state (bed porosity, shock wave speed, granular pressure and kinetic energy) is inter alia governed by the dimensionless parameter V = ( A ω)/( h m g ) 1/2 , with g, h m being the gravitational acceleration and the height of the resting layer, respectively. This is in contrast with the previous studies, where the behaviour of vibrated granular layers was interpreted in terms of the dimensionless acceleration Δ = ( A ω 2 )/ g . The proposed model was tested by processing the data obtained from photographs of the particle distribution within vibrated layers. Theoretical predictions of the particle average concentration compared favourably with the experimental data. Other phenomena observed in vibrated granular layers include the formation of caverns, circulatory motion of granules and synchronized periodic motion of two adjacent vibrated layers of different widths. The importance of the observed phenomena in relation to various technological processes involving bulk materials (vibromixing, vibroseparation, etc.) is discussed.
Wnt Inhibitor Screen Reveals Iron Dependence of β-Catenin Signaling in Cancers (2011)

Excessive signaling from the Wnt pathway is associated with numerous human cancers. Using a high throughput screen designed to detect inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we identified a series of acyl hydrazones that act downstream of the β-catenin destruction complex to inhibit both Wnt-induced and cancer-associated constitutive Wnt signaling via destabilization of β-catenin. We found that these acyl hydrazones bind iron in vitro and in intact cells and that chelating activity is required to abrogate Wnt signaling and block the growth of colorectal cancer cell lines with constitutive Wnt signaling. In addition, we found that multiple iron chelators, desferrioxamine, deferasirox, and ciclopirox olamine similarly blocked Wnt signaling and cell growth. Moreover, in patients with AML administered ciclopirox olamine, we observed decreased expression of the Wnt target gene AXIN2 in leukemic cells. The novel class of acyl hydrazones would thus be prime candidates for further development as chemotherapeutic agents. Taken together, our results reveal a critical requirement for iron in Wnt signaling and they show that iron chelation serves as an effective mechanism to inhibit Wnt signaling in humans.
604. The electrical conductivity of chlorine trifluoride, bromine trifluoride, and iodine pentafluoride (1949)

A. A. Banks, H. J. Emeléus and A. A. Woolf, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 2861 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490002861
Coumarin imparts repeated photochemical remendability to polyurethane (2011)

Coumarin, a traditional perfume substance, serves as a photosensitive crosslinker to construct a polyurethane network. Upon mechanical damage or ultraviolet illumination at a wavelength of 254 nm, the coumarin dimers on the fractured surface that link the polyurethane backbones with one another are cleft, and can be reconnected via irradiation at 350 nm. By using this feature, cracks on the polymer are mended by ultraviolet exposure or even sunlight without the aid of any catalyst. Owing to the reversibility of the photocyclization of coumarin moieties, multiple cycles of crack mending are allowed, as demonstrated by both qualitative and quantitative characterization. This repeated photo-remendability enables the polyurethane to heal the same site in the material more than once, which is of value for practical applications.
Search-Engine-Oriented Theme Crawler Design (2010)

A theme crawler is the most important part of a vertical search engine. To recall web pages efficiently and accurately, the design work of theme crawler was studied in this paper. Seed link and similarity measurement are two key techniques for a theme crawler, which are explained in detail in this paper. And the relevant program codes and algorithm were provided to explain there two techniques clearly. The process of a theme crawler begins from fetching seed links, host search engine, interface of search engine and fetch link were illustrated in the paper. To improve the efficiency of crawler, a model of page evaluation was added to the crawler module.
LE 모델로 분석한 핀란드의 국가경쟁력 (2000)

이 연구는 세계화와 지방화가 동시에 진행되고 있고, 앞으로 그런 추세가 더욱 촉진될 것으로 예상되는 지금, 최근 국가경쟁력이 급속히 향상된 핀란드의 국가경쟁력 향상전략을 분석 · 연구하고, 그 시사점은 무엇인지, 그리고 우리 나라가 배울 점을 추출하고자 하는 것이다. 한국과 핀란드는 유사점이 많다. 강대국 사이에 끼여 침략과 지배를 받았고, 부존자원이 부족하고(핀란드의 경우 삼림자원은 풍부), 인적자원의 개발과 국민의 근면성이 경제성장에 크게 기여하였다. 내수시장의 협소, 즉 내부 수요조건이 좋지 않으므로 수출의존, 개방화로 가지 않을 수 없었다. 그리고 지금까지 두 나라 모두 자본과 노동의 투입 증가를 통해 경제를 성장시켰고, 그 결과 세계시장의 수요조건과 적합하지 않을 때는 과잉투자와 금융위기를 겪은 적이 있다. 그러나 핀란드는 1995년 이후 IMD가 평가한 국가경쟁력을 꾸준히 향상시켜 왔다. 핀란드가 국가경쟁력을 향상한 밑바닥에는, 중앙정부와 지방정부에 성과지향문화를 확립했다는 점이다. 지금까지 성과문화는 사적부문 즉 기업부문 외에는 해당되지 않는 것으로 생각하고 있었다. 정부는 계획을 세우고 자금을 지원하는 것으로 그 임무를 다한 것으로 생각했다. 그러나 핀란드는 국가와 지방의 행정 그리고 공공단체에도 경영개념과 성과문화를 도입, 민관파트너십(private public partnership)을 형성하였다. 또한 중앙정부와 지방정부도 선택과 집중 원칙에 근거하여 국가와 지방의 자원을 효율적으로 활용하고, 미래의 변화에 적극적으로 대처했다. 그 결과가 지역별 특성화된 연구과학단지이다. 연구단지의 운영에 있어서도 적은 인력으로 효율성을 추구하고 그 성과를 평가받는다. 이 연구의 결과는 우리 나라의 국가경쟁력 향상에 많은 시사점을 제공할 것으로 생각된다 .
Power-delay characteristics of CMOS adders (1994)

An approach to designing CMOS adders for both high speed and low power is presented by analyzing the performance of three types of adders - linear time adders, logN time adders and constant time adders. The representative adders used are a ripple carry adder, a blocked carry lookahead adder and several signed-digit adders, respectively. Some of the tradeoffs that are possible during the logic design of an adder to improve its power-delay product are identified. An effective way of improving the speed of a circuit is by transistor sizing which unfortunately increases power dissipation to a large extent. It is shown that by sizing transistors judiciously it is possible to gain significant speed improvements at the cost of only a slight increase in power and hence a better power-delay product. Perflex, an in-house performance driven layout generator, is used to systematically generate sized layouts.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Global abstraction-safe marshalling with hash types (2003)

Type abstraction is a key feature of ML-like languages for writing large programs. Marshalling is necessary for writing distributed programs, exchanging values via network byte-streams or persistent stores. In this paper we combine the two, developing compile-time and run-time semantics for marshalling, that guarantee abstraction-safety between separately-built programs. We obtain a namespace for abstract types that is global, i.e. meaningful between programs, by hashing module declarations. We examine the scenarios in which values of abstract types are communicated from one program to another, and ensure, by constructing hashes appropriately, that the dynamic and static notions of type equality mirror each other. We use singleton kinds to express abstraction in the static semantics; abstraction is tracked in the dynamic semantics by coloured brackets. These allow us to prove preservation, erasure, and coincidence results. We argue that our proposal is a good basis for extensions to existing ML-like languages, pragmatically straightforward for language users and for implementors.
Microporous polypropylene fibers containing fine particles of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) or poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) (1999)

Styrene-divinylbenzene or glycidylmethacrylate-divinyl-benzene were copolymerized in powdery polypropylene suspended in water and the resultant polymer composites were blended with a definite amount of polypropylene. The products consisted of polypropylene and the fine particles of the copolymer, which were uniformly dispersed in polypropylene phase. These products were melt-spun to prepare polypropylene fibers containing the fine particles and then the fibers were stretched to make the fibers microporous. Some properties were estimated: porosity, 1.6–19.7%; average pore size, 0.004–0.009 µm; and specific surface, 9–137 m2/g. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 722–727, 1999
Arbitrary<scp>L</scp>agrangian–<scp>E</scp>ulerian Methods (2017)

Abstract The aim of this chapter is to provide an in‐depth survey of arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods, including both conceptual aspects of the mixed kinematical description and numerical implementation details. Applications are discussed in fluid dynamics, nonlinear solid mechanics, and coupled problems describing fluid–structure interaction. The need for an adequate mesh‐update strategy is underlined, and various automatic mesh‐displacement prescription algorithms are reviewed. This includes mesh‐regularization methods essentially based on geometrical concepts, as well as mesh‐adaptation techniques aimed at optimizing the computational mesh according to some error indicator. Emphasis is then placed on particular issues related to the modeling of compressible and incompressible flow and nonlinear solid mechanics problems. This includes the treatment of convective terms in the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy, as well as a discussion of stress‐update procedures for materials with history‐dependent constitutive behavior.
Isolation and Identification of 2-Phenoxyethanol from a Ballpoint Pen Ink as a Trail-Following Substance of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes sp. (1998)

Isolation and identification of 2-phenoxyethanol from a ballpoint pen ink as a termite trail-following substance was accomplished by using trail-following bioassays, column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This chemical elicited trail-following in both C. formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes sp.
Uncoupling of the DNA breaking and rejoining steps of Escherichia coli type I DNA topoisomerase. Demonstration of an active covalent protein-DNA complex. (1986)

DNA topoisomerases have been shown to cleave DNA phosphodiester bond and simultaneously become linked to the DNA at the cleavage site via a phosphotyrosine linkage (Tse, Y.-C., Kirkegaard, K., and Wang, J. C. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 5560-5565). For prokaryotic DNA topoisomerases, this is observed only when denaturant or protease is added to the topoisomerase-DNA incubation mixture. Previous attempts to reform DNA phosphodiester bonds from the covalent protein-DNA complex have been unsuccessful. Using oligonucleotides as substrates, the cleavage reaction of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I occurs spontaneously (Tse-Dinh, Y.-C., McCarron, B. G. H., Arentzen, R., and Chowdhry, V. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 8691-8701). Upon reaction with oligo(dA) labeled with 32P using terminal transferase and [alpha-32P]dATP, the enzyme becomes covalently linked to the 32P-labeled oligonucleotide. This 32P label can then be transferred to the 3'-OH end of a linear or nicked duplex DNA molecule subsequently added to the reaction mixture. This phosphodiester bond rejoining reaction can occur at a recessed, blunt, or protruding 3'-end of double-stranded DNA. It requires magnesium ions. These observations suggest that the covalent protein-DNA complex is a true intermediate during topoisomerization. Implications on the structure of prokaryotic type I DNA topoisomerases as compared to their eukaryotic counterparts are discussed.
Toe joints that enhance bipedal and fullbody motion of humanoid robots (2003)

Addresses the extension of a humanoid's action capability by attaching toe joints. The effectiveness of toe joints is discussed in three aspects. One is utilizing it to speed up the walking, another is using it to enable a humanoid to go up higher steps, and the other is using it to whole-body action in which knees are contacting the ground. Feet with toe joints are developed for humanoid 'H6'. An experiment of the wholebody action in which knees are contacting the ground is carried out to show the usefulness of toe joints for such actions. Then the walking pattern generation system is extended to use toe joints. Using this extended system maximum speed of knee joints can be reduced at the same walking speed, and 80% faster walking speed is achieved on humanoid 'H6'.
Enhanced Carrier Lifetimes and Suppression of Midgap States in GaAs at a Magnetic Metal Interface (1997)

We report the first measurement of room temperature carrier lifetimes at a magnetic metal--semiconductor interface, $\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$. The lifetimes are significantly enhanced relative to uncoated or sulfur-passivated surfaces, or the $\mathrm{Al}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ interface. These enhanced lifetimes correlate with a corresponding decrease in the density of midgap states which otherwise dominate the character of the GaAs(001) surface. The epitaxial Fe film provides both a ferromagnetic contact and a superior surface-passivating layer which does not pin the Fermi energy.
Independent Coding of Reward Magnitude and Valence in the Human Brain (2004)

Previous research has shown that two components of the event-related brain potential, the P300 and feedback negativity, are sensitive to information about rewards and penalties. The present study investigated the properties of these components in a simple gambling game that required participants to choose between cards that were unpredictably associated with monetary gains and losses of variable magnitude. The aim was to determine the sensitivity of each component to two critical features of reward stimuli: magnitude (small or large) and valence (win or loss). A double dissociation was observed, with the P300 sensitive to reward magnitude but insensitive to reward valence and the feedback negativity showing the opposite pattern, suggesting that these two fundamental features of rewarding stimuli are evaluated rapidly and separately in the human brain. Subsequent analyses provided additional evidence of functional dissociations between the feedback negativity and P300. First, the P300 (but not the feedback negativity) showed sensitivity to the reward value of alternative, nonselected stimuli. Second, individual differences in the amplitude of the feedback negativity correlated with individual differences in risk-taking behavior observed after monetary losses, whereas individual differences in P300 amplitude were related to behavioral adjustments observed in response to alternative, unchosen outcomes.
Long-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. 4. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships for a series of basic and nonbasic derivatives of 2[(2-aminoethoxy)methyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists (1990)

The preparation of a series of 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) which have polar, acyclic, nonbasic substituents on an ethoxymethyl chain at the 2-position is described. In addition, in order to assess the effects of incorporating a basic center into DHPs of this type, a series of glycinamides were also prepared. The calcium antagonist activity on rat aorta of both these classes of DHP is compared with their negative inotropic activity as determined by using a Langendorff perfused guinea pig heart model. A number of the compounds evaluated have activity of the same order as nifedipine although those with more extended substituents have lower potency, particularly when a basic substituent is present. The compounds examined displayed a wide variation in selectivity for vascular over cardiac tissue. A number of structure-activity relationship trends were identified and possible explanations to account for the differences in selectivity observed are advanced. One of the compounds, 2-[[2-[[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-6- methyl-1,4-dihydropyrid-2-yl]methoxy]ethyl]amino]acetamide (26, UK-51,656), was identified as a potent (IC50 = 4 x 10(-9) M) calcium antagonist which is 20-fold selective for vascular over cardiac tissue and which has a markedly longer duration of action (greater than 5 h) than nifedipine in the anesthetized dog on intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetic half-life of 26 was established as 4.7 h and possible explanations are advanced to account for 26 having a shorter plasma half-life than amlodipine and a longer plasma half-life than felodipine.
β-Galactosidases of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Characterization by Oligosaccharides Formed During Hydrolysis of Lactose (1981)

Lactic acid bacteria for high/3-galactosidase activity were screened by cell-free extracts from 14 strains of six Lactobacillus species and 4 strains of four Streptococcus species. Cell-free extracts from Lactobacillus species exhibited high /3-galactosidase activity except for 2 strains of L. casei. In the Streptococcus species, only S. tbermopbilus 510 had high /3-galactosidase activity. During hydrolysis of 20% lactose solutions, 3 to 11 types of oligosaccharides were formed in cell-free extracts from 12 strains of Lactobacillus species and from S. tberrnopbilus 510. Paper chromatograms of oligosaccharides produced upon lactose hydrolysis showed that the lactic acid bacteria could be classified into four groups based upon the chromatographic patterns. /3-Galactosidases of group 1 formed 6-O-~-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose and a trisaccharide; group 2 formed 6-O-~3-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glu cose, 6-0-t3-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose and a trisaccharide; group 3 formed 6-O-/3-Dgalactopyranosyl-D-glucose, 3-O-/3-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose and a trisaccharide; and group 4 formed 6-O-/3-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, 6-O-/3-D-galactopy ranosyl-D-galactose, 3-O-13-D-galacto pyranosyl-D-glucose, 2-O-/3-D-galact opy ranosyl-D-glucose, and tri-
Mechanism of translation of the hepadnaviral polymerase (P) gene. (1990)

Unlike many other reverse transcriptase genes, the polymerase (P) gene of the hepatitis B viruses is expressed by translational initiation from its own AUG codon rather than by ribosomal frameshifting during translation of the overlapping core gene (C). To explore the mechanism of its translation, we have fused the P gene of duck hepatitis B virus to the bacterial lacZ gene at a point 3' to the C-P overlap; this allows detection of the products of P translation with antisera to the lacZ-encoded protein. The C and P/Z coding regions were cloned downstream of a heterologous promoter and expressed in COS-7 cells. A single, bicistronic mRNA containing both C and P sequences is detected in these cells, and translational initiation occurs efficiently at the internally situated P AUG. Mutations affecting C translation have only minimal effects on P expression, in contrast to what would be expected from a modified scanning model for translation. We conclude that P translation depends on a mechanism other than scanning to allow internal entry of ribosomes to the region of the P initiator.
Taxonomy and biology of <i>Leptocybe invasa</i> gen. & sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an invasive gall inducer on <i>Eucalyptus</i> (2004)

Abstract Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle, a new genus and species of Eulophidae, displays thelytokous reproduction, forming typical bump‐shaped galls on the leaf midribs, petioles and stems of new growth of several Eucalyptus species. Presently, this wasp occurs in large areas in the Middle East, the Mediterranean and Africa, and is a serious pest in young plantations. Heavy galling prevents further development of the infested growth. Leptocybe invasa is only known from females. Mean length of a gall containing a single wasp is 2.1 mm, leaves of intensively growing trees may carry over 50 galls per leaf. Mean development time from oviposition to emergence is 132.6 d in room temperature. In Israel the wasp produces two or three overlapping generations annually. Mean survival time for wasps fed with honey and water is 6.5 days. Ten species were found to be suitable hosts in Israel: E. botryoides , E. bridgesiana E. camaldulensis , E . globulus . E . gunii . E. grandis , E. robusta , E. saligna , E. tereticornis , and E. viminalis .