gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field emitter array fabricated using focused ion and electron beam induced reaction (2000)

A dual beam system consisting of focused ion and electron beams was used for manufacturing of Nb-gated silicon field emitter arrays. Gate opening was produced either by reactive focused ion beam etching of both the niobium and the silicon dioxide layer or by physical sputtering of the niobium layer by focused ion beam and subsequent wet etching of the underlying silicon dioxide layer. Platinum tips were deposited into the gate opening using an electron beam induced chemical reaction. Prototype devices, which exhibit field emission, were produced successfully. Several process parameters such as ion dose, beam diameter, and etch duration were systematically varied to identify the optimum condition for the fabrication of field emitter arrays.
A weighted finite state transducer implementation of the alignment template model for statistical machine translation (2003)

We present a derivation of the alignment template model for statistical machine translation and an implementation of the model using weighted finite state transducers. The approach we describe allows us to implement each constituent distribution of the model as a weighted finite state transducer or acceptor. We show that bitext word alignment and translation under the model can be performed with standard FSM operations involving these transducers. One of the benefits of using this framework is that it obviates the need to develop specialized search procedures, even for the generation of lattices or N-Best lists of bitext word alignments and translation hypotheses. We evaluate the implementation of the model on the French-to-English Hansards task and report alignment and translation performance.
Selective and Efficient Immunoprecipitation of the Disease-associated Form of the Prion Protein Can Be Mediated by Nonspecific Interactions between Monoclonal Antibodies and Scrapie-associated Fibrils (2004)

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are characterized by the accumulation in brain tissues of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein named PrPsc, which is the only direct marker known for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Here we show that PrPsc can be specifically immunoprecipitated by using several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of various specificities independently of the properties of their binding site (paratope). These results strongly suggest that a significant proportion of mAbs can interact with PrPsc aggregates through nonspecific paratope-independent interactions allowing selective immunoprecipitation of PrPsc when these mAbs are immobilized on a polydisperse solid phase like microbeads.
Editorial: The Relevance of Endocrinology to a National Research Program* (1989)

AT THE June 1989 meeting of the Endocrine Society, I had an opportunity to speak about the relationship of endocrine research to public concerns about health and disease. The tremendous importance of this relationship became clear to me about 3 yr ago when I was first invited to the U.S. Congress to testify in defense of the budget request for the NIDDK, NIH. Initially, I prepared for this budget hearing in much the same way I prepared for presentations to The Endocrine Society: I concentrated on science. I thought I would talk about the clatharin-coated compartment that is the site of proinsulin conversion, the structure and function of the estrogen receptor, the x-ray crystal structure of the renin molecule, and the properties of thyroglobulin and the TSH receptor. The night before the hearing, I rehearsed in my mind how these topics might be received and what questions might be asked. It was then I realized that these scientific advances, while of great interest to endocrinologists, would probably not seem quite so meaningful to the Congress, unless they were related to the health needs of the American public. I concluded that the science that drives endocrine research is not tightly coupled to the public health concerns that drive budgetary decisions, and that my task was to make and emphasize this connection. Ultimately, this is a relatively simple task, because, as shown in Fig. 1, a fundamental science such as endocrinology has made many seminal contributions to major public health concerns such as diabetes, breast cancer, osteoporosis, hypertension, Graves' disease, and thyroid cancer.
Ridge preservation with the use of Bio‐Oss<sup>®</sup> collagen: A 6‐month study in the dog (2009)

The placement of a biomaterial in an extraction socket may modify modeling and counteract marginal ridge contraction that occurs following tooth removal.
Target Therapies in Pancreatic Carcinoma (2014)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) occurs in the majority of cases with early locoregional spread and distant metastases at diagnosis, leading to dismal prognosis and limited treatment options. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy provides only modest benefit to patients with PDAC. Identification of different molecular pathways, overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cells, has provided the opportunity to develop targeted therapies (monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors) and peculiar new class of taxanes with a crucial therapeutic role in this cancer setting. A phase III trial has shown that erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine was clinically irrelevant and skin toxicity can be a positive prognostic factor. Moreover, the combination of cetuximab or erlotinib with radiotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer has shown to be synergistic and a reversal of radio-resistance has been suggested by inhibition of VEGF/EGFR pathway. To overcome EGFR-inhibition therapy resistance several alternative pathways targets are under investigation (IGF- 1R, MMPs, Hedgehog proteins, m-TOR, MEK, COX-2) and provide the rationale for clinical use in phase II/III studies. Also nab-paclitaxel, a new taxanes class, uses high pancreatic albumin-binding protein SPARC levels to act in cancer cells with a less toxic and more effective dose with respect to classic taxanes. Understanding of molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma continues to expand. However, many promising data in preclinic and phase I/II trials did not yield promise in phase III trials, suggesting that identification of predictive biomarkers for these new agents is mandatory. The knowledge of biologic and molecular aspects of pancreatic cancer can be the basis for future therapeutic developments.
Harmonious Textual Layout Generation Over Natural Images via Deep Aesthetics Learning (2021)

Automatic typography is important because it helps designers avoid highly repetitive tasks and amateur users achieve high-quality textual layout designs. However, there are often many parameters and complicated aesthetic rules that need to be adjusted in automatic typography work. In this paper, we propose an efficient deep aesthetics learning approach to generate harmonious textual layout over natural images, which can be decomposed into two stages, saliency-aware text region proposal and aesthetics-based textual layout selection. Our method incorporates both semantic features and visual perception principles. First, we propose a semantic visual saliency detection network combined with a text region proposal algorithm to generate candidate text anchors with various positions and sizes. Second, a discriminative deep aesthetics scoring model is developed to assess the aesthetic quality of the candidate textual layouts. We build a new Textual Layout Aesthetics dataset with dense annotations of each image and design a reasonable evaluation metric to compare our method with richer baselines. The results demonstrate that our method can generate harmonious textual layouts in various actual scenarios with better performance.
Dihydropyridine Ca <sup>2+</sup> Channel Blockers Increase Cytosolic [Ca <sup>2+</sup> ] by Activating Ca <sup>2+</sup> -sensing Receptors in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells (2013)

The dihydropyridine derivatives increase [Ca(2+)](cyt) by potentiating the activity of CaSR in PASMC independently of their blocking (or activating) effect on Ca(2+) channels; therefore, it is possible that the use of dihydropyridine Ca(2+) channel blockers (eg, nifedipine) to treat IPAH patients with upregulated CaSR in PASMC may exacerbate pulmonary hypertension.
MoS2-coated vertical graphene nanosheet for high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen production (2016)

Hybrid nanostructures composed of vertical graphene nanosheet (VGNS) and MoS2 nano-leaves are synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition method followed by a solvothermal process. The unique three-dimensional nanostructures of MoS2/VGNS arranged in a vertically aligned manner can be easily constructed on various substrates, including Ni foam and graphite paper. Compared with MoS2/carbon black, MoS2/VGNS nanocomposites grown on Ni foam exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance as the anode material of lithium-ion batteries, delivering a specific capacity of 1277 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and a high first-cycle coulombic efficiency of 76.6%. Moreover, the MoS2/VGNS nanostructures also retain a capacity of 1109 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1, suggesting excellent cycling stability. In addition, when the MoS2/VGNS nanocomposites grown on graphite paper are applied in the hydrogen evolution reaction, a small Tafel slope of 41.3 mV dec−1 and a large double-layer capacitance of 7.96 mF cm−2 are obtained, which are among the best values achievable by MoS2-based hybrid structures. These results demonstrate the potential applications of MoS2/VGNS hybrid materials for energy conversion and storage and may open up a new avenue for the development of vertically aligned, multifunctional nanoarchitectures. Transforming normally flat graphene into vertical structures makes it easier to enhance energy devices using nanostructured semiconductors. Recent studies have revealed that graphene can be produced from surprising sources — for example, butter molecules can be turned into few-layered graphene sheets that align perpendicular to surfaces using a combination of plasma radiation and chemical vapor deposition. Hui Ying Yang and co-workers from Singapore University of Technology and Design have discovered that butter-derived vertical graphene nanosheets (VGNS) can also act as platforms for growing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), an inorganic material with potent electrochemical activity. The team used a solvothermal reaction to sprout ‘nanoleaves’ of MoS2 onto VGNS without needing polymeric binders. The MoS2/VGNS hybrid proved adept at improving lithium-ion battery capacity and rate capability, as well as boosting the production of hydrogen gas in water electrolysis. MoS2-coated vertical graphene nanosheet nanocomposites are successfully designed and synthesized as high-performance electrode materials for both lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen production. The unique three-dimensional hybrid structure is the key to the high performance for energy storage and conversion.
Mechanism of Electrochemical Activity in Li<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> (2003)

Lithium intercalation compounds based on lithium manganese oxides are of great importance as positive electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. It is widely accepted that Li+ may be extracted (deintercalated) from such lithium manganese oxides accompanied by oxidation of Mn up to a maximum oxidation state of +4. However, it has been suggested recently that further Li+ removal may be possible. Among the mechanisms that have been proposed to charge balance the removal of Li+ are Mn oxidation beyond +4 or loss of O2-. To investigate this phenomenon we have selected Li2MnO3, a layered compound Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2 with a ready supply of mobile Li+ ions but with all Mn already in the +4 oxidation state. We show that a substantial quantity of Li (at least 1.39 Li) may be removed. At 55 °C this occurs exclusively by oxidation of the nonaqueous electrolyte, thus generating H+ which exchange one-for-one with Li+ to form Li2-xHxMnO3. The presence of H+ between the oxide layers results in a change of the layer stacking from O3 to P3, the latter being more stable for O−H−O bonding. At 30 °C initial Li removal is accompanied by oxygen loss (effective removal of Li2O) but further Li+ removal involves the same proton exchange mechanism as observed at 55 °C. The reaction is partially reversible. On extended cycling the material converts to spinel.
Measuring multitasking behavior with activity-based metrics (2011)

Multitasking is the result of time allocation decisions made by individuals faced with multiple tasks. Multitasking research is important in order to improve the design of systems and applications. Since people typically use computers to perform multiple tasks at the same time, insights into this type of behavior can help develop better systems and ideal types of computer environments for modern multitasking users. In this paper, we define multitasking based on the principles of task independence and performance concurrency and develop a set of metrics for computer-based multitasking. The theoretical foundation of this metric development effort stems from an application of key principles of Activity Theory and a systematic analysis of computer usage from the perspective of the user, the task and the technology. The proposed metrics, which range from a lean dichotomous variable to a richer measure based on switches, were validated with data from a sample of users who self-reported their activities during a computer usage session. This set of metrics can be used to establish a conceptual and methodological foundation for future multitasking studies.
Your data in their hands: big data, mass surveillance and privacy (2016)

The British public rarely gets to hear how its secret service agents protect them. But GCHQ recently revealed that since 2014 it has ‘disrupted’ seven terror attack plots and the activities of over 50 paedophiles.1 Last year, MI5 detailed how attacks prevented in the past decade included 10 terrorists plotting to blow up multiple transatlantic airliners and nine others intent on attacking the Stock Exchange and other iconic targets in London.2 And crucially, the agencies say, these successes were all helped by the bulk collection of electronic data. People want both protection from criminals and to preserve their own online privacy. And this is creating a state of tension between governments and tech firms. A compromise technical solution seems impossible. To safeguard user data, tech firms have been building unbreakable encryption into devices and services. Meanwhile, governments insist that tech companies should provide back doors. Tim Ring investigates whether there is any way to resolve this important conflict.
<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> lipoproteins are secreted to the outer surface by default (2006)

Borrelia spirochaetes are unique among diderm bacteria in their abundance of surface-displayed lipoproteins, some of which play important roles in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease and relapsing fever. To identify the lipoprotein-sorting signals in Borrelia burgdorferi, we generated chimeras between the outer surface lipoprotein OspA, the periplasmic oligopeptide-binding lipoprotein OppAIV and mRFP1, a monomeric red fluorescent reporter protein. Localization of OspA and OppAIV point mutants showed that Borrelia lipoproteins do not follow the '+2' sorting rule which targets lipoproteins to the cytoplasmic or outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria via the Lol pathway. Fusions of mRFP1 to short N-terminal lipopeptides of OspA, and surprisingly OppAIV, were targeted to the spirochaetal surface. Mutagenesis of the OspA N-terminus defined less than five N-terminal amino acids as the minimal secretion-facilitating signal. With the exception of negative charges, which can act as partial subsurface retention signals in certain peptide contexts, lipoprotein secretion occurs independent of N-terminal sequence. Together, these data indicate that Borrelia lipoproteins are targeted to the bacterial surface by default, but can be retained in the periplasm by sequence-specific signals.
Simple detection of the 5S ribosomal RNA of Pneumocystis carinii using in situ hybridisation. (1996)

Using a digoxigenin labelled PCR probe for the entire 5S rRNA sequence in conjunction with conventional staining, ISH is highly reactive and specific for the diagnosis of PCP.
Electrochemical detection of carbohydrates at nickel‐copper and nickel‐chromium‐iron alloy electrodes (1993)

Abstract Nickel‐copper and nickel‐chromium‐iron alloy electrodes are employed in the amperometric detection of carbohydrates after anion‐exchange liquid chromatographic separation. The sugars are oxidized at the Ni(III) oxyhydroxide sites formed on the electrode surface at potentials of approximately 0.45 V (versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode). The set potential for the electrochemical detection of carbohydrates is optimized on a signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio analysis at different potential values. The detection limits for glucose, based on an S/N ratio of 3, are 15 and 1 picomoles at the nickel‐copper and the nickel‐chromium‐iron alloy electrodes, respectively. The electrodes' response was also assessed with respect to the detection of sugar alcohols, mono‐, and disaccharides.
Fimbrial types among respiratory isolates belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae (1991)

Bacterial attachment is believed to be an early step in gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia. The frequency of fimbria-associated adhesins among respiratory pathogens has not been studied in detail. In this study isolates belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, prospectively obtained from intensive care unit patients who were suspected of having nosocomial pneumonia, were examined for fimbria-associated adhesins. Type 3, P, type 1, and other fimbrial phenotypes were identified by specific hemagglutination and electron microscopy. The Klebsiella type 3 fimbrial phenotype was further characterized by using a monoclonal antibody. Also, both type 3 and Escherichia coli P fimbrial genotypes were detected by using DNA colony blot assays. The frequencies of genera or species isolated were as follows: Enterobacter (38.6%), Klebsiella (26.8%), Serratia (17.7%), E. coli (13%), and Proteus (5.2%). Isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae most commonly possessed the type 3 fimbrial phenotype and genotype. The phenotype and genotype for E. coli P fimbriae (46.2 and 50%, respectively), a known pathogenic determinant in the urinary tract, were detected more frequently than expected. In addition, a previously unspecified hemagglutinin that was specific for porcine erythrocytes was almost uniformly expressed among isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes. Finally, the expression of the type 1 fimbrial phenotype was widely detected among the isolates tested but notably absent among K. oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis isolates. The frequency of the various fimbrial types identified suggests a role for these bacterial organelles in adherence to respiratory epithelia.
PROLINE HYDROXYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION (2005)

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master transcriptional regulator of hypoxia-inducible genes and consists of a labile alpha subunit (such as HIF1alpha) and a stable beta subunit (such as HIF1beta or ARNT). In the presence of oxygen, HIFalpha family members are hydroxylated on one of two conserved prolyl residues by members of the egg-laying-defective nine (EGLN) family. Prolyl hydroxylation generates a binding site for a ubiquitin ligase complex containing the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, which results in HIFalpha destruction. In addition, the HIFalpha transcriptional activation function is modulated further by asparagine hydroxylation by FIH (factor-inhibiting HIF), which affects recruitment of the coactivators p300 and CBP. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into oxygen sensing by metazoans and are the first examples of protein hydroxylation being used in intracellular signaling. The existence of three human EGLN family members, as well as other putative hydroxylases, raises the possibility that this signal is used in other contexts by other proteins.
Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Type 1 Circulating in Spain (2000)

The protease, reverse transcriptase (RT), and envelope (env) genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clinical isolates from 13 immigrants (mainly of African origin) living in Spain were examined. Phylogenetic analyses were performed, taking as reference a panel of 25 HIV-1 sequences representing various subtypes. A discrepant topology was recognized in comparing the protease, RT, and/or env phylogenetic trees in 10 isolates, in which sequences clustering in 2 or 3 different HIV-1 subtypes were found. In eight of these strains, the discrepant region was env with respect to concordant pol genes. Five of nine patients harboring subtype G sequences at the protease and RT genes showed discrepant env sequences, being subtype A (three) or B (two). In addition, one recombinant H/A strain, one recombinant H/B isolate, and a triple recombinant, A/D/C, variant were found. This work represents the first phylogenetic characterization of HIV-1 recombinant clinical isolates in Spain.
Is grip strength associated with health-related quality of life? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (2006)

our findings suggest that lower grip strength is associated with reduced HRQoL in older men and women. This does not appear to be explained by age, size, physical activity or co-morbidity and may reflect the link between sarcopaenia and generalised frailty. Individuals with sarcopaenia may benefit from interventions to improve muscle mass and strength before the onset of chronic disorders usually associated with impaired HRQoL.
SIR JAMES HALL'S IMPRESSIONS OF FRANCE IN 1791 (1964)

Journal Article SIR JAMES HALL'S IMPRESSIONS OF FRANCE IN 1791 Get access †F. C. GREEN †F. C. GREEN EDINBURGH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XVIII, Issue 3, July 1964, Pages 236–243, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XVIII.3.236 Published: 01 July 1964
Bioactive glass particles of narrow size range for the treatment of oral bone defects: a 1–24 month experiment with several materials and particle sizes and size ranges (1997)

The aim of this study was to evaluate bone growth around bioactive glass particles in bone defects in comparison to hydroxylapatite particles. The bioactive glass particles were implanted in the partial edentulous jaws of Beagle dogs in two different compositions and several sizes and size ranges. After 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months the samples were harvested and processed for undecalcified sectioning. Histological analysis showed a superior response of the bioactive glass particles of composition A and narrow size range (300-355 microns). Besides extensive osteoconductive properties, the bone repair was also stimulated by bone growth in the internally eroded particles. The data demonstrate conclusively that the well known corrosion reactions of the bioactive glass lead to the formation of protective pouches. In these protective pouches formation of new bone is detected without this bone being connected to the bone tissue outside the particles. These islands of newly formed bone tissue function as nuclei for further bone growth and enhance the repair of the defect.
DUAL-WIDEBAND MONOPOLE LOADED WITH SPLIT RING FOR WLAN APPLICATION (2011)

This paper presents a novel monopole antenna which uses split ring loading in order to achieve a dual-wideband operation for WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8GHz) application. By adjusting the split ring position and its natural resonant frequency, the proposed antenna can produce more than 1GHz wideband match in the 5GHz band. According to the measured results, the bandwidth with re∞ection coe-cient less than i10dB is about 715 and 1017MHz in the two bands. Good radiation patterns are also achieved. The dimensions of the monopole loaded with split ring are 27.2mm £ 16.2mm £ 1mm, which is suitable for a hallway antenna or ceiling mount antenna of WLAN application.