gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NaAlH<sub>4</sub> Clusters with Two Titanium Atoms Added (2007)

We present density functional theory calculations on a NaAlH4 cluster with two titanium atoms added. The two titanium atoms were adsorbed on the (001) surface of NaAlH4 as a Ti dimer or as two separate atoms. Various absorption sites inside the cluster were investigated, either by placing the Ti atoms in interstitial sites or by exchanging them with Na and Al atoms. The results imply that Ti is more stable in the subsurface region of the cluster than on the surface and that exchange with Na is preferred. Almost equally stable is the exchange with one Na and one Al, as long as the resulting structure contains a direct Ti−Ti bond. The calculations also show that when considering adsorption on the surface only, Ti prefers to adsorb as atomic Ti rather than as a Ti2. In this case, the Ti atoms adsorb above Na sites, with the Na atoms being displaced toward the subsurface region. A zipper model is proposed for explaining the enhanced kinetics due to Ti.
Regulation of the Interaction of Pak2 with Cdc42 via Autophosphorylation of Serine 141 (2005)

Pak2, a member of the p21-activated protein kinase (Pak) family, is activated in response to a variety of stresses and is directly involved in the induction of cytostasis. At the molecular level Pak2 binds Cdc42(GTP), translocating Pak2 to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is autophosphorylated and activated. Pak2 is autophosphorylated at eight sites; Ser-141 and Ser-165 in the regulatory domain and Thr-402 in the activation loop are identified as key sites in activation of the protein kinase. The function of phosphorylation of Ser-141 and Ser-165 on the activation was analyzed with wild-type (WT) and mutants of Pak2. With S141A, the level of autophosphorylation was reduced to 65% as compared with that of WT and S141D with a concomitant 45% reduction in substrate phosphorylation, indicating that phosphorylation at Ser-141 is required for optimal activity. Autophosphorylation inhibited the interaction between WT Pak2 and Cdc42(GTP). In 293T cells, WT Pak2, S141A, and S141D formed a stable complex with the constitutively active mutant Cdc42 L61, but not with the dominant negative Cdc42 N17. As shown in glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays, S141A bound to Cdc42(GTP) at a 6-fold higher level than that of S141D. In contrast, the S165A and S165D mutants had no effect on autophosphorylation, binding to Cdc42, or activation of Pak2. In summary, autophosphorylation of Ser-141 was required for activation of Pak2 and down-regulated the interaction of Pak2 with Cdc42. A model is proposed suggesting that binding of Cdc42 localizes Pak2 to the endoplasmic reticulum, where autophosphorylation alters association of the two proteins.
Electrochemical wastewater treatment (1988)

A new method is presented for wastewater treatment, which allows estn. of the facility of the electrochem. oxidn. of org. species using the Electrochem. Oxidizability Index (EOI) and the degree of oxidn. using the Electrochem. Oxygen Demand (EOD). At Pt anodes and in alk. medium only benzene derivs. with electron donating substituent (-NH2) are efficiently oxidized giving maleic acid as the final product. [on SciFinder (R)]
Intracellular uptake of CdSe‐ZnS/polystyrene nanobeads (2005)

The ideal optical properties of quantum dots (QDs) offer the possibility of using them as fluorescent probes in biological staining and diagnostics. Some techniques have been developed to incorporate QDs into polymer beads, to solve the problems relating to QDs' surface chemistry, such as water solubility, biocompatibility, chemical stability in physiological media, and so on, or to pack different combinations of QDs and produce QD encoded polymer beads. However, the QD encoded polymer beads that have been reported so far are above 100 nm; therefore they are very useful for multiplexed bioassays, but not suitable for staining or labeling of subcellular components or intracellular measurements because of the relatively big size of the beads. There is great need for QD encoded polymer beads smaller than 100 nm. In this work, luminescent CdSe-ZnS QDs were incorporated into polystyrene (PS) beads grafted with carboxyl groups with the use of an emulsion polymerization method, and separation of nanoscale QD encoded PS beads (30 nm) was performed through centrifugation at high speed in viscous solution. The nanobeads were further surface modified with folic acid and their intracellular delivery into NIH-3T3 and HT-29 cell lines was investigated with the use of confocal microscope. The longevity of QDs allows the intracellular delivery of the nanobeads to be tracked over a certain time period.
Surfactants in Cosmetics, Second Edition, (2017)

Surfactant chemistry and classification physical properties of surfactants used in cosmetics the analysis of surfactants in cosmetics principles of emulsion formation emulsifier selection/HLB multiple emulsions in cosmetics multiphase emulsions stability of emulsions phase inversion in emulsions - CAPICO - concept and application solubilization in cosmetic systems selection of solubilizers lipsomes and niosomes surfactants for skin cleansers cleansing bars for face and body - in search of mildness topical antibacterial wash products hair cleansers surfactants in dental products in vitro interactions - biochemical and biophysical effects of surfactants on skin surfactant mildness surfactant effects on skin barrier bioengineering techniques for investigating the effects of surfactants on skin skin penetration enhancement by surfactants human in vitro methods for assessing the irritation potential of cleansing systems the challenge of using the inarticulate consumer as an R&D partner in cosmetic product development toxicology of surfactants used in cosmetics chemical instability of surfactants inactivation of preservatives by surfactants solubilization of fragrances by surfactants.
Comparison of<i>dkgB</i>-linked intergenic sequence ribotyping to DNA microarray hybridization for assigning serotype to<i>Salmonella enterica</i> (2012)

Two DNA-based methods were compared for the ability to assign serotype to 139 isolates of Salmonella enterica ssp. I. Intergenic sequence ribotyping (ISR) evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms occurring in a 5S ribosomal gene region and flanking sequences bordering the gene dkgB. A DNA microarray hybridization method that assessed the presence and the absence of sets of genes was the second method. Serotype was assigned for 128 (92.1%) of submissions by the two DNA methods. ISR detected mixtures of serotypes within single colonies and it cost substantially less than Kauffmann-White serotyping and DNA microarray hybridization. Decreasing the cost of serotyping S. enterica while maintaining reliability may encourage routine testing and research.
Methyleugenol reduces cerebral ischemic injury by suppression of oxidative injury and inflammation (2010)

The present study tested the cytoprotective effect of methyleugenol in an in vivo ischemia model (i.e. middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1.5 h and subsequent reperfusion for 24 h) and further investigated its mechanism of action in in vitro cerebral ischemic models. When applied shortly after reperfusion, methyleugenol largely reduced cerebral ischemic injury. Methyleugenol decreased the caspase-3 activation and death of cultured cerebral cortical neurons caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 1 h and subsequent re-oxygenation for 24 h. Methyleugenol markedly reduced superoxide generation in the ischemic brain and decreased the intracellular oxidative stress caused by OGD/re-oxygenation. It was found that methyleugenol elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Further, methyleugenol inhibited the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Methyleugenol down-regulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells. The results indicate that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia/inflammation-related diseases.
통합교육과정에 대한 한 관점 - 간학문적 접근의 영재 및 범재 교육에 대한 시사점 (2005)

본 연구는 교과중심 교육과정과 통합교육과정의 특성을 비교하며, 왜 학교에서 교과중심의 교육과정이 우위를 차지하여 왔는가, 왜 근자에 들어 통합교육과정이 주목 받게 되었는가를 비교교육적 관점에서 분석하여 교육과정 개정에서 다소 간과되기 쉬운 영역들을 살펴보았다. 또한 교과에 대한 통합적인 접근과 영재학생들의 지적발달과의 관련성을 논의하였다. 그리고 학자들의 통합교육과정에 대한 다양한 정의의 유사성 및 차별성을 조명하여 교사들이 현장에서 직접 실행하기 위해 취할 방안은 무엇인가 강구해 보았다. 아울러 교사들의 입장에서는 교과중심의 교육과정과 통합교육과정을 서로 양립하기 힘든 것으로 받아들이는 경향이 있음을 고려하여, 서로 상반되게 보이는 양자 간의 협력적 관계설정의 중요성 및 과제를 제시하였다.
Sound propagation in the ear canal and coupling to the eardrum, with measurements on model systems (1989)

A theoretical model of sound propagation in the ear canal is described, which takes into account both the complicated geometry of real ear canals and the distributed acoustical load presented by the eardrum. The geometry of the ear canal enters the theory in the form of a cross-sectional area function relative to a curved axis that follows the center of the ear canal. The tympanic membrane forms part of the ear canal wall and absorbs acoustical energy over its surface. Its motion leads to a driving term that must be added to the horn equation describing the pressure distribution in the ear canal. The sound field within the canal is assumed to be effectively one dimensional, depending only on longitudinal position along the canal. Experiments using model ear canals of uniform cross section were performed to test the ability of the theory to handle distributed loads. Sound-pressure distributions within each model canal were measured using a probe microphone. The behavior of the eardrum was simulated using either a distributed, locally reacting impedance or a mechanically driven piston. The agreement between theory and experiment is good up to a nominal upper frequency limit at which the ratio of canal width to wavelength is 0.25. It is estimated that the theory is applicable in ear canals of cats for frequencies at least as high as 25 kHz and in human ear canals to at least 15 kHz.
Micromachined waveguide antennas for 1.6 THz (2006)

A new type of horn antenna for operation at 1.6 THz, that can be fabricated monolithically with 1/4-height micromachined waveguide, is described. Height limitations imposed by the micromachining process are overcome by removing a tapered slot in the upper surface of a scalar horn, allowing the E-plane fields to extend outside the confines of the metallic structure before radiation, with a consequent reduction in E-plane beamwidth. 1.6 THz radiation pattern measurements for different designs show that, while there is scope for further optimisation, 3 dB beamwidths of 24° and 17.5° in the E- and H-planes, respectively, can be achieved.
Early Childhood Teacher Competences toward Actualizing the ｢2019 Nuri Curriculum｣ (2019)

이 연구는 「2019 개정 누리과정」의 성격을 해석하고, 개정 누리과정을 성격을 구현하는데 필요한 교사의 역량을 탐색하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구자는 개정 누리과정이 추구하는 '유아중심'을 '유아의 교육과정'과 '유아를 위한 교육과정'의 의미로 풀이하였으며, '놀이중심'은 '놀이기반 교육과정'과 '놀이를 통한 배움'이라는 두 가지 의미로 해석하였다. 그리고 '교육공동체의 교육과정 참여'와 '자율적 교육과정 실천'의 의미를 담고 있는 것으로 '교육과정의 자율성'을 이해하였다. 이러한 해석에 기초하여 연구자는 개정 누리과정 실천을 위해 교사의 비판적 사유와 윤리적 실천 역량이 필요하다고 제안하였다. 교사는 교육과정의 권리와 힘에 대해 그리고 배움∼가르침의 관계에 대해 끊임없이 질문하고, 귀 기울이기와 회절하기의 윤리적 행위를 통해 유아중심, 놀이중심, 교육과정 자율성을 실천해야 함을 제시하면서, 교사교육의 현실에 관해 논의하였다.
A theoretical description of the 5106-&#197; pulsed copper vapor laser (1967)

A theoretical model that accounts for the experimentally observed features of the 5106-Å pulsed copper vapor laser has been devised. The electron excitation and ionization cross sections used in the theory were calculated by the use of the classical Gryzinski-type methods.
<i>toxB</i> Gene on pO157 of Enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia</i> <i>coli</i> O157:H7 Is Required for Full Epithelial Cell Adherence Phenotype (2001)

Adherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) to the intestinal epithelium is critical for initiation of a bacterial infection. An in vitro infection study previously indicated that EHEC bacteria initially adhere diffusely and then proliferate to develop MC, a process that is mediated by various secreted proteins, such as EspA, EspB, EspD, Tir, and intimin, as well as other putative adherence factors. In the present study, we investigated the role of a large 93-kb plasmid (pO157) in the adherence of O157:H7 (O157Sakai) and found the toxB gene to be involved in the full adherence phenotype. A pO157-cured strain of O157Sakai (O157Cu) developed microcolonies on Caco-2 cells; however, the number of microcolonies was lower than that of O157Sakai, as were the production and secretion levels of EspA, EspB, and Tir. Introduction of a mini-pO157 plasmid (pIC37) composed of the toxB and ori regions restored full adherence capacity to O157Cu, including production and secretion of the proteins. In contrast, introduction of a pO157 mutant possessing toxB::Km into O157Cu could not restore the full adherence phenotype. Expression of truncated versions of His-tagged ToxB also promoted EspB production and/or secretion by O157Cu. These results suggest that ToxB contributes to the adherence of EHEC to epithelial cells through promotion of the production and/or secretion of type III secreted proteins.
Amperometric Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis with an Etched Joint (1997)

A system for coupling amperometric detection with capillary electrophoresis (CE) is demonstrated. In CE amperometric detection, the separation and detection capillaries are usually coupled with a porous joint to isolate the detector from the high applied voltage when the capillary inner diameter is larger than 25 μm. In this report a simple method is suggested. The joint was prepared by etching the capillary wall with HF after the polyimide coating of the capillary had been removed. This etched joint can efficiently isolate the detector from the high applied voltage. The performance of the CE-amperometric detection with an etched joint was evaluated with hydroquinone. The successful separation and amperometric detection of catecholic compounds, diphenols, and phenol have been carried out by this system.
Integrated resynthesis for low power (1996)

Research on synthesis for low power has been done in all three stages of logic synthesis: technology independent optimization, technology mapping, and technology dependent optimization. This paper presents an integrated method, using remapping and technology dependent optimizations, to minimize the power of a mapped circuit under the given delay constraints. It produces 24% savings in power.
The marginalized likelihood ratio test for detecting abrupt changes (1996)

The generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test is a widely used method for detecting abrupt changes in linear systems and signals. In this paper the marginalized likelihood ratio (MLR) test is introduced for eliminating three shortcomings of GLR while preserving its applicability and generality. First, the need for a user-chosen threshold is eliminated in MLR. Second, the noise levels need not be known exactly and may even change over time, which means that MLR is robust. Finally, a very efficient exact implementation with linear in time complexity for batch-wise data processing is developed. This should be compared to the quadratic in time complexity of the exact GLR.
Effects of Monocrotaline on Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Sulfhydryl Levels in Rat Lungs (2002)

The nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signal-transduction mechanism plays a key role in the regulation of vascular tone and structure. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension is associated with low bioavailability of nitric oxide. To characterize the mechanism(s) involved in this dysfunction, rats received a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline, normal saline (control), or monocrotaline plus daily L-arginine, a precursor of nitric oxide, in drinking water. Pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy were assessed 2 weeks later. In addition, the authors evaluated the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA, endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and sulfhydryl levels in the lungs. Sulfhydryls are needed for the dynamic modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, which results in cyclic guanosine monophosphate formation. L-arginine treatment did not attenuate monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension or right ventricular hypertrophy. Monocrotaline did not alter the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA or endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein in the lungs. Protein-bound sulfhydryls (28 +/- 5 vs. 75 +/- 16 pmol/microg protein) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (0.63 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.06 +/- 0.017 pmol/microg protein) levels in the monocrotaline group were significantly low compared with controls. The low sulfhydryl levels, an indicator of oxidant stress, may account for the impaired availability of bioactive nitric oxide and low cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels. These results suggest that oxidative stress may, in part, contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in the monocrotaline model.
Enhancing Vehicle Stability Through Model Predictive Control (2009)

Vehicle stability control systems have been widely and accurately cited as a significant influence in reducing the rate of severe injuries and fatalities in automotive crashes. However, these systems are purely reactive, providing additional control input only after undesired vehicle behavior is sensed. This paper presents a new approach to controlling the motion of a vehicle in highly dynamic situations. This approach solves a convex optimization problem over a finite time horizon to predict and prevent these hazardous situations. Thus, the controller determines input that simultaneously tracks the driver’s intended trajectory while preventing tire saturation. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of this control approach.
Making Mosaics Of SAR Imagery (1990)

Spaceborne synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) images useful for mapping of planets and investigations in Earth sciences. Produces multiframe mosaic by combining images along ground track, in adjacent cross-track swaths, or in ascending and descending passes. Images registered with geocoded maps such as ones produced by MAPJTC (NPO-17718), required as input. Minimal intervention by operator required. MOSK implemented on DEC VAX 11/785 computer running VMS 4.5. Most subroutines in FORTRAN, but three in MAXL and one in APAL.
An Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Rubber Chemistry (1936)

The applicability of infrared methods to some problems arising in the chemistry of rubber has been demonstrated. The spectra of isoprene, styrene, polymerized butadiene, and several types of rubber have been studied and certain variations in the 5.5μ—6.5μ regions are attributed to changes occurring during the processes of polymerization. The effects of vulcanization also appear in the spectra of the rubber samples. The methods of infrared analysis do not necessitate the use of solutions of rubber compounds in carbon tetrachloride or carbon disulphide as in the case of previous Raman work.
Buccoadhesive tablets for insulin delivery: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. (2002)

In the present work, insulin (6 U/kg) was formulated into bioadhesive buccal tablets using Carbopol 934, Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or Hydroxypopylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and different absorption promoters. The effect of different ratios of HPC or HPMC to Carbopol on the rate of water uptake was studied. The axial and radial detachment force as well as the duration of adhesion of tablets to a porcine buccal tissues were also investigated. Furthermore the hypoglycemic effect of some formulations containing HPMC and Carbopol in different ratios with different additives and enhancers was studied using diabetic male beagle dogs. The rate of water uptake of tablets prepared with 3:1, 1:1 or 1:3 of HPC or HPMC: Carbopol was directly proportion to the Carbopol content of the tablet. The incorporation of enhancers (10%) to tablets prepared with HPMC: Carbopol of 1:1 ratio did not affect to a great extent the rate of tablets hydration. On the other hand, coating one side of the tablet with 50 mg of the impermeable cutina led to a significant reduction in the rate of tablets' water uptake reaching 50% to 75% in comparison with the uncoated tablets. Carbopol had the most influential effect on both mucoadhesion force and duration followed by HPMC. Tablets prepared with 100% HPC completely eroded within 6 hours during the measurement of the duration of adhesion. The incorporation of Carbopol with this polymer significantly improved its mucoadhesion duration reaching more than 24 hours with the 1:3 HPC: Carbopol. Ten percent of either sodium salicylate (NaSal) or sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) did not affect the duration of mucoadhesion of tablets prepared with 1:1 HPMC: Carbopol while 10% of Witepsol or Cacao butter and 1% of polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POELE) significantly reduced it. Tablets made using a polymer mixture of HPMC: Carbopol 934, 1:3 resulted in improved pharmacodynamic parameters producing a relative hypoglycemia (RH) of 6.72%. Furthermore, tablets made using polymer mixture of HPMC: Carbopol 934 in a ratio of 1:1 and containing 1% POELE resulted in 26% reduction in plasma glucose levels and producing 9.42% RH. Inclusion of other promoters such as 10% sodium deoxycholate or 10% sodium salicylate gave rise to RH values of 7.93 and 8.65% respectively.
Fast-Forwarding Hit to Lead: Aurora and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Lead Identification (2010)

A focused library of furanopyrimidine (350 compounds) was rapidly synthesized in parallel reactors and in situ screened for Aurora and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity, leading to the identification of some interesting hits. On the basis of structural biology observations, the hit 1a was modified to better fit the back pocket, producing the potent Aurora inhibitor 3 with submicromolar antiproliferative activity in HCT-116 colon cancer cell line. On the basis of docking studies with EGFR hit 1s, introduction of acrylamide Michael acceptor group led to 8, which inhibited both the wild and mutant EGFR kinase and also showed antiproliferative activity in HCC827 lung cancer cell line. Furthermore, the X-ray cocrystal study of 3 and 8 in complex with Aurora and EGFR, respectively, confirmed their hypothesized binding modes. Library construction, in situ screening, and structure-based drug design (SBDD) strategy described here could be applied for the lead identification of other kinases.
On the stability problem caused by finite actuator dynamics in the collocated control of large space structures (1985)

As large space structures are basically distributed systems, serious consideration must be given to the very high order, and consequently very high bandwidth, of these systems. In particular, as practical active control devices such as sensors and actuators have finite bandwidth, great care must be exercised so that control of low-frequency modes does not destabilize the intermediate and higher-order modes. In this paper, the nature of these stability problems is investigated and a technique using position feedback is considered.