gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional maximum probability atlas of the human brain, with particular reference to the temporal lobe (2003)

Probabilistic atlases of neuroanatomy are more representative of population anatomy than single brain atlases. They allow anatomical labeling of the results of group studies in stereotaxic space, automated anatomical labeling of individual brain imaging datasets, and the statistical assessment of normal ranges for structure volumes and extents. No such manually constructed atlas is currently available for the frequently studied group of young adults. We studied 20 normal subjects (10 women, median age 31 years) with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. Images were nonuniformity corrected and reoriented along both the anterior-posterior commissure (AC-PC) line horizontally and the midsagittal plane sagittally. Building on our previous work, we have expanded and refined existing algorithms for the subdivision of MRI datasets into anatomical structures. The resulting algorithm is presented in the Appendix. Forty-nine structures were interactively defined as three-dimensional volumes-of-interest (VOIs). The resulting 20 individual atlases were spatially transformed (normalized) into standard stereotaxic space, using SPM99 software and the MNI/ICBM 152 template. We evaluated volume data for all structures both in native space and after spatial normalization, and used the normalized superimposed atlases to create a maximum probability map in stereotaxic space, which retains quantitative information regarding inter-subject variability. Its potential applications range from the automatic labeling of new scans to the detection of anatomical abnormalities in patients. Further data can be extracted from the atlas for the detailed analysis of individual structures.
A critical review of scoring options for clinical measurement tools (2015)

Whereas simple summation is a theoretically justified scoring system for reflective measurement models, formative measures likely benefit from the use of weighted scores that preserve the contribution of each of the aspects of the construct.
The allergy gene: how a mutation in a skin protein revealed a link between eczema and asthma (2011)

Ichthyosis vulgaris is a common genetic skin disorder characterized by dry, scaly skin. About 1% of the European population have the full presentation of ichthyosis vulgaris; up to 10% have a milder, subclinical form. Atopic eczema is the most common, inflammatory skin condition, affecting 20% of children. It is often accompanied by a number of other allergies, including atopic asthma. Atopic eczema is a complex trait, where predisposing genes in combination with environmental stimuli produce the disease. Recently, we reported the first loss-of-function genetic mutations in the filaggrin gene as the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris. We noted people with ichthyosis vulgaris also have atopic eczema (and vice versa) and that the filaggrin gene sits in a known atopic eczema susceptibility locus. We went on to confirm that filaggrin mutations, carried by up to 10% of the population, are the major genetic predisposing factor for atopic eczema and the various allergies associated with atopic eczema. Filaggrin is a highly abundant protein expressed in the uppermost part of the epidermis that is critical to the formation and hydration of the stratum corneum-the outermost dead cell layers responsible for the barrier function of the skin. Filaggrin deficiency leads to a "leaky" skin barrier that allows higher than normal water loss (explaining the dry, scaly skin), as well as allowing entry of allergens through the epidermis where they trigger inflammatory and allergic immune responses (atopic eczema and allergies). This work has placed the skin barrier at the center stage of eczema and allergy research and has kick-started new therapy development programs aimed at repairing or enhancing skin-barrier function as a means of treating or preventing these very common diseases.
Approximate Clustering on Distributed Data Streams (2008)

We investigate the problem of clustering on distributed data streams. In particular, we consider the k-median clustering on stream data arriving at distributed sites which communicate through a routing tree. Distributed clustering on high speed data streams is a challenging task due to limited communication capacity, storage space, and computing power at each site. In this paper, we propose a suite of algorithms for computing (1 + epsiv) -approximate k-median clustering over distributed data streams under three different topology settings: topology-oblivious, height-aware, and path-aware. Our algorithms reduce the maximum per node transmission to <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">polylog</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> (opposed to Omega( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> ) for transmitting the raw data). We have simulated our algorithms on a distributed stream system with both real and synthetic datasets composed of millions of data. In practice, our algorithms are able to reduce the data transmission to a small fraction of the original data. Moreover, our results indicate that the algorithms are scalable with respect to the data volume, approximation factor, and the number of sites.
Efficiency gain from elastic optical networks (2011)

We compare the cost-efficiency of optical networks based on mixed datarates (10, 40, 100Gb/s) and datarateelastic technologies. A European backbone network is examined under various traffic assumptions (volume of transported data per demand and total number of demands) to better understand the impact of traffic characteristics on cost-efficiency. Network dimensioning is performed for static and restorable networks (resilient to one-link failure). In this paper we will investigate the trade-offs between price of interfaces, reach and reconfigurability, showing that elastic solutions can be more cost-efficient than mixed-rate solutions because of the better compatibility between different datarates, increased reach of channels and simplified wavelength allocation.
High-speed CMOS image sensor for high-throughput lensless microfluidic imaging system (2012)

The integration of CMOS image sensor and microfluidics becomes a promising technology for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis. However, commercial image sensors usually have limited speed and low-light sensitivity. One high-speed and high-sensitivity CMOS image sensor chip is introduced in this paper, targeted for high-throughput microfluidic imaging system. Firstly, high speed image sensor architecture is introduced with design of column-parallel single-slope analog-todigital converter (ADC) with digital correlated double sampling (CDS). The frame rate can be achieved to 2400 frames/second (fps) with resolution of 128×96 for high-throughput microfluidic imaging. Secondly, the designed system has superior low-light sensitivity, which is achieved by large pixel size (10μm×10μm, 56% fill factor). Pixel peak signalnoise- ratio (SNR) reaches to 50dB with 10dB improvement compared to the commercial pixel (2.2μm×2.2μm). The degradation of pixel resolution is compensated by super-resolution image processing algorithm. By reconstructing single image with multiple low-resolution frames, we can equivalently achieve 2μm resolution with physical 10μm pixel. Thirdly, the system-on-chip (SoC) integration results in a real-time controlled intelligent imaging system without expensive data storage and time-consuming computer analysis. This initial sensor prototype with timing-control makes it possible to develop high-throughput lensless microfluidic imaging system for POC diagnosis.
Differentiated Scheduling for Bluetooth QoS with Parameter Optimization (2005)

This paper considers an efficient scheduling policy for Bluetooth Medium Access Control (MAC) and its parameter optimization method. The proposed algorithm improves performance as well as supports Quality of Service (QoS) simultaneously. Since Bluetooth is basically operated with a Round Robin (RR) scheduling policy, many slots may be wasted by POLL or NULL packets when there is no data waiting for transmission in the queues of the polled pair. To overcome this link wastage problem, several algorithms have been proposed. However, they have some limitations such as a heavy signaling overhead or no consideration of QoS. Therefore, we have proposed an efficient Bluetooth MAC scheduling algorithm, Differentiated K-Fairness Policy (Diff-KFP), which guarantees improved throughput and delay performance, and it can also lead to differentiated services. That is, if the parameter of the proposed algorithm is optimized, we can satisfy the QoS requirement of each master-slave pair and thereby keep communications in progress from interruption, which is a source of throughput degradation. Simulation results show that our algorithm has remarkably improved the performance and gratifies the QoS requirements of various applications.
<title>Injection Molding Of Plastic Optics</title> (1983)

Injection molded optics, though originally limited to nonprecision applications and to components with unconventional, intricate shapes, became also important for high-quality photographic lenses during the last 15 years. This paper presents a survey of the principal optical plastics, their physical properties and some aspects concerning optical design with plastic materials. We discuss the relationship between lens quality, injection mold, and injection process. At last some examples show the imaging properties of plastic-glass systems and technical and economic limitations of the manufacturing process.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SHOCK PRODUCED BY ENDOTOXIN, TRAUMA, AND HEMORRHAGE (1957)

The vascular effects of lethal doses of E. coli endotoxin, as observed in the mesentery of the rat, resemble the reactions of traumatic and hemorrhagic shock in the following respects: a profound inhibition of arteriolar and precapillary reactivity to topical epinephrine occurs after an initial stage of hyperreactivity; the small veins show failure to relax completely following constrictor doses of epinephrine; and the terminal vessels develop an unusual sensitivity to fluctuations in temperature of the fluid irrigating the tissue. Rats in which tolerance to bacterial endotoxin is induced, by repeated doses given daily, become highly resistant to the lethal effects of both drum trauma and hemorrhagic shock. However, rats in which the adaptation to traumatic shock is produced by repeated exposure to drum trauma, do not develop a significant degree of tolerance to lethal doses of endotoxin. The injection of small non-lethal doses of bacterial endotoxin during non-lethal episodes of trauma or hemorrhage, leads to the development of irreversible shock and death. The bearing of these findings on the problem of the relationship between endotoxin and traumatic shock is discussed.
Multi-frequency steady evoked potential test (2002)

在清醒及睡眠状态下,分别测试了正常听力儿童组和成人组的多频稳态诱发反应.结果显示,作为一种客观测试方法,多频稳态诱发电位的频率特性高,客观性好,得到的客观听力学资料较全面.为保证结果准确,测试应在睡眠状态下进行,阈值处的刺激应进行重复以避免假阳性.
3D pose estimation for laparoscopic instruments: A single camera and a planar mirror approach (2015)

Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) with Laparoscopic instruments (LI) has many advantages over traditional procedures, and thus training of laparoscopic instruments via computer simulations has become important. In this study, a method is proposed for 3d pose estimation. For the proposed scheme, a computer vision based training simulator which used a training box composed of a single camera and a planar mirror was developed. This method has advantages over similar literature methods in terms of processing speed and capability of working even with low resolution images. Furthermore, the proposed approach can handle tool occlusions by using the epiline geometry.
A New Standard Budget - Costs Are Up, But You're Living Better (1968)

A look at a Bureau of Labor Statistics budget reveals some of the general changes in living costs. About 50 percent of the increased cost of living since 1951 is due to higher prices - the other half because we've raised our living standards.
Multibeam Phased Array Feed System Using Beam Group Concept (2007)

The concept of beam groups should enable us to obtain a lightweight antenna feed system that offers high antenna gain and high flexibility in radio-frequency (RF) power distribution among the beams of the next-generation multibeam communication satellite. Setting up groups of beams and exciting all the beams in a group using the same amplitude weight improves the antenna gain over the entire coverage area compared with the conventional array-fed reflector antenna and achieves flexible RF power distribution among the beams. The beams shared by different beam groups are combined with appropriate phase and division ratios so as to further improve the RF power distribution flexibility. An antenna feeder that uses these techniques is only half the weight of conventional antenna feed systems.
Japan's superconducting Maglev train (2002)

We have developed a Maglev train under the guidance of the Japanese Ministry of Transport. The Maglev train is an advanced train that can run more than 500 km/h with a linear synchronous motor (LSM) that has both a superconducting magnet on board and an armature coil in the ground. The Maglev train was tested on the Yamanashi Maglev test line. Tests began in 1997, which exercised various functions of performance. The main results of the tests are reported in this article.
A Fixed Combination of Probiotics and Herbal Extracts Attenuates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction from Inflammatory Stress in an In vitro Model Using Caco-2 Cells (2018)

In summary, the fixed combination of probiotics and herbal extracts investigated in this research was found to be an interesting candidate for targeting the re-establishment of intestinal barrier function in IBD conditions.
Targeting CLDN18.2 by CD3 Bispecific and ADC Modalities for the Treatments of Gastric and Pancreatic Cancer (2019)

Human CLDN18.2 is highly expressed in a significant proportion of gastric and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, while normal tissue expression is limited to the epithelium of the stomach. The restricted expression makes it a potential drug target for the treatment of gastric and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, as evidenced by efforts to target CLDN18.2 via naked antibody and CAR-T modalities. Herein we describe CLDN18.2-targeting via a CD3-bispecific and an antibody drug conjugate and the characterization of these potential therapeutic molecules in efficacy and preliminary toxicity studies. Anti-hCLDN18.2 ADC, CD3-bispecific and diabody, targeting a protein sequence conserved in rat, mouse and monkey, exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity in BxPC3/hCLDN18.2 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.52, 2.03, and 0.86 nM) and KATO-III/hCLDN18.2 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.60, 0.71, and 0.07 nM) respectively and inhibited tumor growth of pancreatic and gastric patient-derived xenograft tumors. In a rat exploratory toxicity study, the ADC was tolerated up to 10 mg/kg. In a preliminary assessment of tolerability, the anti-CLDN18.2 diabody (0.34 mg/kg) did not produce obvious signs of toxicity in the stomach of NSG mice 4 weeks after dosing. Taken together, our data indicate that targeting CLDN18.2 with an ADC or bispecific modality could be a valid therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastric and pancreatic cancer.
AN OVERVIEW ON CLUSTERING METHODS (2012)

Clustering is a common technique for statistical data analysis, which is used in many fields, including machine learning, data mining, pattern recognition, image analysis and bioinformatics. Clustering is the process of grouping similar objects into different groups, or more precisely, the partitioning of a data set into subsets, so that the data in each subset according to some defined distance measure. This paper covers about clustering algorithms, benefits and its applications. Paper concludes by discussing some limitations.
Cellular Membranes, the Sites for the Antifungal Activity of the Herbicide Sethoxydim (2007)

The fungicidal effect of sethoxydim on the canola (Brassica napus var. Olifera) white stem rot pathogen (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) encouraged us to conduct a series of studies on the mechanism of the antifungal activity of this herbicide commonly applied in Iranian fields under canola cultivation. Present preliminary studies on the changes in the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) as the main product generated through peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids indicated the disintegration of the fungal bilayer of plasma membrane as the result of the herbicidal treatment. Also, it was demonstrated that the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the treated samples was higher than the control samples with no herbicidal treatment. Therefore, our present results confirm the disintegration of the plasma membrane as one of the mechanism for the antifungal impact of sethoxydim. As with weed plants, the phytotoxic impact of this herbicide has been attributed to the inhibition of the first enzyme in the lipid biosynthesis pathway, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, therefore, it would be very interesting to study on this subject and the relations between the sensitivity of different fungi and their DNA and protein sequences of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Equilibrium swelling behavior and elastic properties of polymer–clay nanocomposite hydrogels (2008)

Abstract Nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared by free‐radical polymerization of the monomers acrylamide (AAm), N,N ‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA), and N ‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) in aqueous clay dispersions at 21°C. Laponite XLS was used as clay nanoparticles in the hydrogel preparation. The hydrogels based on DMA or NIPA monomers exhibit much larger moduli of elasticity compared with the hydrogels based on AAm monomer. Calculations using the theory of rubber elasticity reveal that, in DMA‐clay or NIPA‐clay nanocomposites, both the effective crosslink density of the hydrogels and the functionality of the clay particles rapidly increase with increasing amount of Laponite up to 10% (w/v). The results suggest that DMA‐clay and NIPA‐clay attractive interactions are stronger than AAm‐clay interactions due to the formation of multiple layers on the nanoparticles through hydrophobic associations. It was also shown that, although the nanocomposite hydrogels do not dissolve in good solvents such as water, they dissolve in dilute aqueous solutions of acetone or poly(ethylene oxide) of molecular weight 10,000 g/mol, demonstrating the physical nature of the crosslink points. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Seismic Analysis of Segmental Retaining Walls. I: Model Verification (2001)

Block-faced geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls, referred to as “segmental” retaining walls, have been extensively used in recent years as permanent civil engineering structures. The disjointed concrete facing blocks are held together through interface friction and concrete keys or mechanical connectors. Because of the disjointed nature of the facing blocks, the design of the segmental wall must consider the available shear resistance between these blocks. Connection capacity must also be considered. Of concern also is the permanent deformation of the segmental wall face following an earthquake. This paper describes a finite-element analysis of a model segmental wall subjected to earthquakelike loading generated by a shake table. The finite-element analysis used the computer program DYNA3D. Results from DYNA3D, using a simple model—Ramberg-Osgood model—to simulate the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of soil, are consistent with observed results from laboratory shake table tests on segmental walls.
ACCOMMODATIVE-CONVERGENCE IN PRESBYOPIA (1951)

Pennsylvania State College of Optometry Philadelphia, Pennsylvania *Submitted on August 24, 1950, for publication in the January, 1951, issue of the American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry. †Optometrist. Member of faculty. Fellow, American Academy of Optometry.
Recent progress in the design, simulation, and fabrication of small cross-section silicon-on-insulator VOAs (2003)

The principles of operation and general design criteria for PIN diode variable optical attenuators (VOAs) realized from silicon-on-insulator rib waveguide structures are described. We present as a benchmark the performance of devices based on the established VOA produced by Bookham Technology Plc, and demonstrate 25dB attenuation at less than 70mW with novel recessed dopant geometries. Optical and electrical simulation results for new, smaller cross-section VOA structures based on rib waveguides utilizing a 2mm high guiding layer are detailed and discussed. Experimental results demonstrating the successful fabrication of these structures and the significant improvements in performance attained are presented. In particular we show that the attenuation efficiency can be 30% higher than that of the larger structure, and that modulation bandwidths may approach 10MHz.
A protein microbolometer for focal plane arrays (1999)

Conventional forward-looking infrared (FLIR) devices made of a cooled platinum silicide, cooled mercury-cadmium-telluride, or indium antimonide are costly, in part, because they require an initial cool-down period and need additional power for a cooling pump. Using proteins and DNAs in an uncooled microbolometer will significantly improve the performance of the current technology.
The choline and serum protein requirements of mouse fibroblast cells (Strain <i>LS</i>) in culture (1969)

ABSTRACT The maximum cell population density of mouse fibroblast (strain LS) cells growing in static suspension culture was found to be directly proportional to the dialysed calf serum concentration. This was due to choline limitation and the fact that serum protein was a major source of choline. The growth yield (Y) was 3·2 × 105 cells/μg choline chloride. Studies on the role of serum in the presence of excess choline showed the following. When protein was omitted from the medium, cell death occurred. Whole serum protein could be replaced by either (1) bovine serum albumin fraction V, or (2) crystalline bovine serum albumin + sodium pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate, or (3) polyvinylpyrrolidone + methylcellulose + pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate. The population doubling time was 24 h in the presence of whole serum protein and increased considerably with the substitutes (1—3). The increase in maximum cell population density (without medium changes) exceeded 2·9 × 106 cells/ml with either whole serum protein or substitutes (1) and (2). With serum substitute (3) the maximum increase in population density was reduced to 1·6 × 106 cells/ml.