gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracking everyday chemical exposures (2016)

For one week, 92 preschool-aged children in Oregon sported colorful silicone wristbands provided by researchers from Oregon State University. The children’s parents then returned the bands, which the researchers analyzed to determine whether the youngsters had been exposed to flame retardants. The scientists were surprised to find that the kids were exposed to many polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), chemicals that are no longer produced in the U.S., as well as to organophosphate flame retardants, which are widely used as substitutes for PBDEs. The results from that wristband study (Environ. Res. 2016, DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.034) remain qualitative—they tell parents whether their child has been exposed to a particular chemical but don’t provide information regarding the amount of exposure. The researchers, led by environmental chemist Kim Anderson, are now working on ways to extract quantitative exposure data from the bands. The work by Anderson’s team is one of several projects evaluating the effectiveness
Multicomponent syntheses of functional chromophores (2016)

Multicomponent reactions are a valuable tool for the synthesis of functional π-electron systems. Two different approaches can be taken into account for accessing the target structures. In the more conventional scaffold approach an already existing chromophore is coupled with other components to give a complex functional π-system. Here, electronically monotonous components can also be introduced, which may exert synergistic electronic effects within the novel compound. The more demanding chromophore concept generates a complete π-electron system and a scaffold concurrently. The latter approach is particularly stimulating for methodologists since π-systems might be accessible from simple starting materials. This review encompasses the advances in the preparation of functional π-electron systems via multicomponent processes during the past few years, based both on the scaffold and chromophore concepts. Besides the synthetic strategies the most important properties, i.e. redox potentials, absorption and emission maxima or fluorescence quantum yields, of the synthesized molecules are highlighted.
Development and characterization of an alginate-impregnated polyester vascular graft (1997)

Alignate gels are known to be biocompatible, degradable, and nontoxic. In this study, sodium alginate was impregnated into a porous, knitted polyester graft (Microvel double velour graft) 6 mm in diameter. The alginate-impregnated graft was investigated in vitro and in vivo to evaluate its potential for use as a new vascular graft impervious to blood, while retaining high porosity for tissue ingrowth and biological healing. For in vitro investigation, the coating weight, water permeability, morphology, and mechanical properties of the alginate-impregnated grafts were compared to those of control or commercially available collagen-impregnated (Hemashield) grafts. The water permeability of the controls (1846 mL/min.cm2 at 120 mm Hg) was reduced > 99% by the alginate impregnation, rendering the graft impervious to blood. The coating weight of the alginate was 45 mg/g of graft, producing a much lower value than that of the collagen-impregnated model (310 mg/g). For in vivo investigation, the alginate-impregnated grafts were implanted in the aorta of mongrel dogs without preclotting for scheduled periods ranging from 4 h to 6 months. The control grafts after preclotting and the collagen-impregnated grafts without preclotting were also implanted for 3 and 6 months for comparison. Gross observation of the explanted grafts and histologic examination of the representative sections were conducted for three types of grafts using a light microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining. No significant differences were observed between the histologic appearance of the alginate-impregnated grafts and that of the preclotted and collagen-impregnated grafts in terms of the degree of inflammation, foreign-body giant cell reaction, and intimal fibrosis. Endothelial-like cells were present on the midsections of all the grafts after 3 months of implantation. The resorption rate of alginate impregnated into the graft was also examined after staining the sections with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, Toluidine blue, and Alcian blue, which are specific for alginates. The staining alginate was partially visible between the graft fabrics up to 1 month after implantation, but was completely resorbed after 3 months. This preliminary study demonstrated that the use of an alginate as a biological sealant instead of proteins such as collagen, gelatin, and albumin may be a feasible approach to developing imprevious textile arterial prostheses, since the proteins have been reported to be generally unstable, hard to obtain in pure forms, not easy to crosslink and control resorption rate, and difficult to render compatible with standard storage and sterilization procedures.
Functional Domains of Fused, a Serine-Threonine Kinase Required for Signaling in Drosophila (1996)

fused (fu) is a segment-polarity gene encoding a putative serine-threonine kinase. In a wild-type context, all fu mutations display the same set of phenotypes. Nevertheless, mutations of the Suppressor of fused [Su(fu)] gene define three classes of alleles (fuO, fuI, fuII). Here, we report the molecular analysis of known fu mutations and the generation of new alleles by in vitro mutagenesis. We show that the Fused (Fu) protein functions in vivo as a kinase. The N-terminal kinase and the extreme C-terminal domains are necessary for Fu+ activity while a central region appears to be dispensable. We observe a striking correlation between the molecular lesions of fu mutations and phenotype displayed in their interaction with Su(fu). Indeed, fuI alleles which are suppressed by Su(fu) mutations are defined by inframe alterations of the N-terminal catalytic domain whereas the C-terminal domain is missing or altered in all fuII alleles. An unregulated FuII protein, which can be limited to the 80 N-terminal amino acids of the kinase domain, would be responsible for the neomorphic costal-2 phenotype displayed by the fuII-Su(fu) interaction. We propose that the Fu C-terminal domain can differentially regulate the Fu catalytic domain according to cell position in the parasegment.
The strobilurins, oudemansins, and myxothiazols, fungicidal derivatives of β-methoxyacrylic acid (1993)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Refractive index measurement in TCO layers for micro optoelectronic devices (2014)

The operation of micro-optoelectronic devices relies on optical properties of materials, first of all the wavelength dependent refractive index. Standard measurement techniques are often prone to significant ambiguities caused by the periodic nature of the optical response. In this paper we propose a procedure which exploits transmittance measurements, performed at variable light incidence angle, to reconstruct the complex refractive index as a function of the wavelength. Experiments performed on a thin TCO layer prove the reliability of the method.
Visualization of Geoenvironmental Data using Google Earth (2014)

EXTRAWINGプロジェクトにおいて，Google Earth用ボリューム可視化ソフトウェアVDVGEの開発を行っている．VDVGEはシミュレーションや観測により得られた三次元スカラー場データを可視化し、Google Earthでの表示に適したデータフォーマットで出力する． Google Earth上でのボリューム表現は，入力データから作成した断面画像を貼付したポリゴン面を積層表示することで実現する．これをGoogle Earthで読み込み可能なデータ形式であるKMLおよびCOLLADAを使って記述する．VDVGEを用いることにより，ボリューム表現を含むGoogle Earth用コンテンツファイルをGUIによる簡単な操作で作成することができる．本稿ではVDVGEを紹介するとともに，VDVGEを使ったいくつかの可視化事例を紹介する．
Managing Postoperative Artifacts on Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2011)

Orthopedic hardware should not be considered a contraindication to computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The hardware alloy, the geometry of the hardware, and the orientation of the hardware all affect the magnitude of image artifacts. For commonly encountered alloys, the severity of image artifacts is similar for CT and MR. Cobalt chrome or stainless steel hardware produces the most artifacts; titanium hardware produces the least. In general, image artifacts are most severe adjacent to the hardware. CT image artifacts are related to incomplete X-ray projection data resulting in streaks. These can be mitigated by increasing scan technique and using a smoother reconstruction filter. Hardware with a rectangular cross-sectional shape such as a fixation plate will cause more artifacts than a radially symmetrical device such as an intramedullary nail. Image artifacts at MR are caused by the hardware magnetic susceptibility and the induction of eddy currents within the metal. A turbo spin-echo sequence yields the best results. The use of larger image matrices, thinner slices, and a wide receiver bandwidth are recommended parameter adjustments when imaging patients with hardware. This article discusses how hardware-related artifacts can be minimized by altering scan technique and image reconstruction.
A 1600 kW IGBT converter with interphase transformer for high speed gas turbine power plants (2002)

A high-speed 1600 kW permanent-magnet generator is being developed. The generator is designed to run directly from a gas turbine without a gearbox. The 600 Hz generator frequency is rectified by means of 6-pulse diode bridges. Connection to 50 Hz (60 Hz) mains frequency in the case of decentralized power generation is achieved by means of a power electronic converter based on a special interlaced technique with two 300 kVA IGBT stacks paralleled by means of an interphase transformer. A 500 kW (600 kVA) TWIN converter module with interphase transformer has been designed, built and tested. Details concerning the practical design aspects and the system control are given.
Timing analysis tools in a model-driven development environment (2017)

Timing analysis tools in a model-driven development environment \tDescripción: This paper discusses the use of timing analysis tools on software systems developed with model-driven engineering methodologies. Model-driven development is mainly based on model transformations and automatic code generation. However, a deep understanding of the internal structure and behaviour of the automatically generated code is required in order to conduct later phases of the lifecycle, including validation of non-functional requirements such as real-time properties. The paper describes the integration of a timing analysis tool with TASTE, a model-driven environment developed under the auspices of the European Space Agency. A study of the influence of using an MDE approach on timing analysis techniques, along with figures on the proportion of automated and human-written code in a representative example of a spacecraft attitude control system is included in the paper.
An up-conversion loop transmitter IC for digital mobile telephones (2002)

In mobile telephones, highly-selective filtering is often required in the RF transmit path to suppress noise generated in the receive band. In GSM phones an expensive duplex filter is usually used at the antenna. The up-conversion loop is a modulation technique that achieves a low noise floor, so no subsequent filtering is necessary, and the duplexer is replaced by switching diodes plus a receive filter. This saves power and cost, as the insertion loss of the duplexer is eliminated, and the output level of the power amplifier can be lowered. The up-conversion loop generates less residual AM than other modulation methods so the power amplifier can operate closer to compression.
A Strategy for the Determination of the Elemental Composition by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry Based on Isotopic Peak Ratios (2010)

We propose a novel strategy for determining the elemental composition of organic compounds using the peak ratio of isotopic fine structure observed by high-magnetic field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). Using 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate and CTU guanamine as standard organic compounds, isotopic peaks derived from (15)N-, (34)S-, and (18)O-substituted forms were separated from (13)C-substituted species. Furthermore, these isotopic peaks were quantitatively detected and closely matched the natural abundance of each element. These data successfully led us to determine the one elemental composition in a standard independent manner. The approach should be particularly amenable to the metabolomics research field.
Severity of Loss in the Event of Default in Small Business and Larger Consumer Loans (1998)

© 1998 by RMA and Westpac Banking Corporation. Eales is head of Portfolio Management, Group Risk Management, and Bosworth is former manager, Statistical Projects, Group Portfolio Unit, at Westpac Banking Corporation, one of the “big four” Australian banks, headquartered in Sydney. Bosworth is now senior quantitative analyst, Credit Union Services Corporation in Sydney. At first glance, small business loans and larger consumer loans may seem an incongruous combination. However, many small business loans are secured by mortgages over the owners’ homes or other property. In addition to determining loss in the event of default (LIED) ratios, the study supporting this article tested commonly held views regarding severity of loss upon default. For example, there is a common perception that loans secured by residential real estate suffer no or little loss in the event of default and also that the purposes to which such loans are applied do not significantly affect the severity of the loss. The results of Westpac’s investigation contradict both of these perceptions. The loans included in the sample had all been worked out fully. The ultimate outcome was known, enabling a complete economic analysis to be done. This contrasts with LIED proxies sometimes used elsewhere,1 such as the secondary market value of defaulted loans. This work was influenced considerably by Asarnow and Edwards.2 It differs, however, from their approach in several respects: • The methodology has been refined. • The geographical location and market segment are different. • A larger number of defaults are included. • The large sample enabled subsets to be examined and comparisons to be made between customer segments and security types. However, this study lacks the time span encompassed by Asarnow and Edwards.
Hydrothermal Growth of Large Sound Crystals of Zinc Oxide (1964)

Large (10 to 20 g) macroscopically sound ZnO crystals suitable for preliminary transducer and other studies have been grown hydrothermally at rates of from 10 to 15 mils per day. The factors found to be important in achieving good growth were (1) base concentration of growth solution, (2) temperature difference between dissolving and growth regions, (3) presaturation of growth solution, (4) warm‐up procedure, (5) addition of Li+ to the growth solution to suppress dendrite formation, (6) etching to remove seed damage, and (7) nutrient size. Each of the foregoing factors was studied and is discussed.
PROTECTION DES VOIES FERREES CONTRE LES CHUTES DE ROCHERS (1980)

L'ARTICLE DECRIT LES MESURES MISES EN OEUVRE PAR LA SNCF POUR PRESERVER SES INFRASTRUCTURES, EN PRENANT POUR EXEMPLE LA REGION DE CHAMBERY. IL DEVELOPPE ENSUITE L'INVENTAIRE DES MESURES A PRENDRE, LE FILET DETECTEUR, L'INFORMATION DES AUTORITES, LES PROTECTIONS PASSIVES : FILET PROTECTEUR, LE PIEGE A CAILLOUX, LE MUR-BARRAGE; LES PURGES, LA GALERIE PARAVALANCHE. LES PROTECTIONS ACTIVES : PILIERS DE SOUTENEMENT, ECRAN GRILLAGE, ANCRAGES, BETON PROJETE, VEGETATION.
Applying performance-controlled systems, fuzzy logic, and fly-by-wire controls to general aviation. (2002)

Abstract : A fuzzy-logic 'performance control' system, providing envelope protection and direct command of airspeed, vertical velocity, and turn rate, was evaluated in a reconfigurable general aviation simulator (configured as a Piper Malibu) at the FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute. Performance of 24 individuals (6 each of high-time pilots, low-time pilots, student pilots, and non-pilots) was assessed during a flight task requiring participants to track a 3-D course, from take-off to landing, represented by a graphical pathway primary flight display. Baseline performance for each subject was also collected with a conventional control system. All participants operated each system with minimal explanation of its functioning and no training. Results indicated that the fuzzy-logic performance control reduced variable error and overshoots, required less time for novices to learn (as evidenced by time to achieve stable performance), required less effort to use (reduced control input activity), and was preferred by all groups.
BICEP2. II. EXPERIMENT AND THREE-YEAR DATA SET (2014)

We report on the design and performance of the BICEP2 instrument and on its three-year data set. BICEP2 was designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on angular scales of 1°-5°(ℓ = 40-200), near the expected peak of the B-mode polarization signature of primordial gravitational waves from cosmic inflation. Measuring B-modes requires dramatic improvements in sensitivity combined with exquisite control of systematics. The BICEP2 telescope observed from the South Pole with a 26 cm aperture and cold, on-axis, refractive optics. BICEP2 also adopted a new detector design in which beam-defining slot antenna arrays couple to transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers, all fabricated on a common substrate. The antenna-coupled TES detectors supported scalable fabrication and multiplexed readout that allowed BICEP2 to achieve a high detector count of 500 bolometers at 150 GHz, giving unprecedented sensitivity to B-modes at degree angular scales. After optimization of detector and readout parameters, BICEP2 achieved an instrument noise-equivalent temperature of 15.8 µK√s. The full data set reached Stokes Q and U map depths of 87.2 nK in square-degree pixels (5.'2 μK) over an effective area of 384 deg^2 within a 1000 deg^2 field. These are the deepest CMB polarization maps at degree angular scales to date. The power spectrum analysis presented in a companion paper has resulted in a significant detection of B-mode polarization at degree scales.
Simultaneous Voltammetric/Amperometric Determination of Sulfide and Nitrite in Water at BDD Electrode (2015)

This work reported new voltammetric/amperometric-based protocols using a commercial boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode for simple and fast simultaneous detection of sulfide and nitrite from water. Square-wave voltammetry operated under the optimized working conditions of 0.01 V step potential, 0.5 V modulation amplitude and 10 Hz frequency allowed achieving the best electroanalytical parameters for the simultaneous detection of nitrite and sulfide. For practical in-field detection applications, the multiple-pulsed amperometry technique was operated under optimized conditions, i.e., -0.5 V/SCE for a duration of 0.3 s as conditioning step, +0.85 V/SCE for a duration of 3 s that assure the sulfide oxidation and +1.25 V/SCE for a duration of 0.3 s, where the nitrite oxidation occurred, which allowed the simultaneously detection of sulfide and nitrite without interference between them. Good accuracy was found for this protocol in comparison with standardized methods for each anion. Also, no interference effect was found for the cation and anion species, which are common in the water matrix.
Detection of fetal movement using Doppler ultrasound. (1987)

Using conventional cardiotocographic equipment with the ultrasound transducer placed to detect the fetal heart, we obtained unprocessed Doppler signals in the frequency range 13-70 Hz and used them to detect movements of the fetal trunk. In an assessment of maternal perception of fetal activity, we found that Doppler signals were associated with 739 of 780 appreciated movements (95%); however, 36% of all the Doppler signals were unaccounted for. A separate comparison of the Doppler signals against real-time ultrasound observations of fetal activity showed that 913 of 970 visualized trunk movements (94%) were associated with Doppler signals. Other Doppler signals were found to be due principally to fetal breathing and fetal hiccups. Appropriate processing of the Doppler signals obtained during antenatal cardiotocography may allow an objective assessment of fetal activity to be added to the fetal heart rate recording.
Some factors affecting sensory thresholds and relative bitterness of limonin and naringin (1974)

Abstract Equivalent sweetness to varying levels of sucrose was determined for naringin dihydrochalcone (ND), neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHD), hesperetin dihydrochalcone glucoside (HDG) and aspartylphenylalanine methyl ester (AP). The effect of sucrose and these compounds at equivalent sweetness levels on thresholds of limonin and naringin was determined. HDG was the most effective compound and sucrose the least effective in raising the threshold or suppressing bitterness of both limonin and naringin. At 1% sucrose equivalence, limonin thresholds were increased 0,40, 150 and 220% for sucrose, NHD, AP and HDG, respectively. At 5% sucrose equivalence, naringin thresholds were increased 80, 90, 145 and 180% by AP, sucrose, NHD and HDG, respectively.
Identification of families with cortical Lewy body disease (2004)

Until recently, cortical Lewy body disease (CLB) was considered essentially the same as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). It is now known patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with a later-onset dementia (PD-dementia) have the same pattern and extent of cortical Lewy body pathology. Inheritance patterns of CLB have not been evaluated previously. To identify genetic influence on CLB, all cases with this pathology need to be considered. We selected 180 cases meeting clinical and/or pathological criteria for DLB or PD (+/-dementia) from two patient groups: a PD and PD-dementia brain donor program, and a case-control study of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cases meeting NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD were excluded and non-demented PD cases used as a comparison group. A detailed family history was taken analyzing onset and progression of dementia and PD phenotypes and a family tree constructed. The frequency of a positive family history of dementia and/or PD and risk of developing CLB in relatives was calculated. Fifty-five percent of dementia and 52% of PD cohorts did not have relatives with clinical disease. There was no increased frequency of familial disease in the CLB cohort compared with PD. However, in half the CLB families, rather than a dominant dementia, the clinical presentation varied (dementia and/or PD). Unlike PD, there was an increased risk of dementia if CLB was present in a parent ( approximately 20% risk) compared with another family member ( approximately 5% risk), suggesting CLB is more likely than PD to occur in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance.
Measurement of amikacin in serum by a latex agglutination inhibition test (1985)

Levels of amikacin in serum were determined in 106 serum specimens by a latex agglutination inhibition card test and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a high degree of correlation between the two assays (latex = 0.95 (RIA) + 0.69; r = 0.97). Assay of three control sera containing 7.5, 15, and 30 micrograms of amikacin per ml on 7 separate days showed good reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of 0 to 11.7% for the latex assay compared with 7.01 to 22.2% for RIA. Recovery of amikacin in spiked sera varied between 93 and 108% for the latex assay compared with 90 and 100% for RIA. Because the procedure involves a titer, the latex agglutination inhibition card test produces results which are categorized rather than results which are continuous. However, it is a rapid and specific method for determining amikacin levels in clinical specimens and is particularly useful when processing small numbers of specimens.