gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization-Induced GaN-on-Insulator E/D Mode p-Channel Heterostructure FETs (2013)

Polarization-induced <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$p$</tex></formula> -type doping is realized in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown ultrathin body GaN/AlN heterostructures. The novel heterostructure consisting of a thin strained GaN layer grown on an AlN template exhibits a hole gas density close to the interface polarization charge <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$({\sim}5\times 10^{13}/{\rm cm}^{2})$</tex></formula> . Both enhancement- and depletion-mode (E/D) p-channel heterostructure field effect transistor (HFETs) are demonstrated. Driven by the high hole density, a 2.4- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm m}$</tex></formula> -long D-mode HFET with alloyed ohmic contacts shows improvement of drain current from 150 mA/mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$({\rm V}_{\rm GS}=12~{\rm V},{\rm V}_{\rm DS}=30~{\rm V})$</tex></formula> at 300 K to 270 mA/mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$({\rm V}_{\rm GS}=15~{\rm V},{\rm V}_{\rm DS}=30~{\rm V})$</tex></formula> at 77 K. The extrinsic peak transconductance of the D-mode device increases from 11 mS/mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$({\rm V}_{\rm GS}=6~{\rm V},{\rm V}_{\rm DS}=30~{\rm V})$</tex></formula> at 300 K to 16 mS/mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$({\rm V}_{\rm GS}=4~{\rm V},{\rm V}_{\rm DS}=30~{\rm V})$</tex></formula> at 77 K. Both the drive current and transconductance are recorded in nitride p-channel FETs. MBE regrown heavily Mg-doped <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm p}^{+}$</tex></formula> -GaN is then employed for ohmic contacts of E-mode p-channel HFETs. A 2- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm m}$</tex></formula> -long E-mode device with a drain current of 4 mA/mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$({\rm V}_{\rm GS}=10~{\rm V},{\rm V}_{\rm DS}=80~{\rm V})$</tex></formula> and ON/OFF current ratio of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$10^{3}$</tex> </formula> is achieved.
Transformation of VLF anomaly maps into apparent resistivity and phase (2003)

Abstract We investigate a transformation of magnetic transfer functions into the tangential-electric mode part of the impedance tensor in the scope of the plane-wave electromagnetic tensor–VLF method. The transformation, which is applicable to any 2D data representing the response of arbitrary 3D geoelectric structures, overcomes the difficulties of quantitative interpretation of magnetic transfer functions, which predominantly provide a measure of the lateral changes of the electrical conductivity in the earth. We require densely sampled magnetic transfer functions of one frequency as input data. These may be decomposed into their normal and anomalous parts (deviation from the response of a layered earth) for a unit external plane-wave source field using the Hilbert transform relationship between the magnetic field components. Faraday's law then directly provides the anomalous toroidal electric field. Unfortunately, there is no chance to estimate the normal electric field from magnetic data, since the magnetic field is not sensitive to a layered earth. This constant must be provided as a boundary condition, e.g., from one ground measurement, to derive an impedance tensor and related apparent resistivities and phases.
Immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor to the micro vasculature of human brain tumors (1992)

The presence of bFGF predominantly within the tumor microvasculature indicates a cellular depot for this potent growth factor that mediates angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. These data support a role for bFGF in the transition from the benign to the malignant phenotype.
Rhabdomyosarcoma arising in transgenic mice harboring the beta-globin locus control region fused with simian virus 40 large T antigen gene. (1993)

The beta-globin locus control region (LCR) confers a high level of erythroid-specific and copy-number-dependent expression to human globin genes in transgenic mice. Simian virus 40 T (tumor) antigen (Tag) with its own natural enhancer causes choroid plexus tumors in mice. We investigated the effect of the LCR on Tag gene expression, reasoning that mice harboring a LCR-Tag fusion gene might develop hematopoietic malignancies. To test this hypothesis we introduced an enhancerless Tag gene downstream of a LCR cassette into the germ lines of mice. The phenotypes of the transgenic mice depended on the copy number of the transgene. While mice with 1-2 copies matured normally, those with 3-7 copies developed rhabdomyosarcomas in different anatomic sites at high frequency and showed hyperplasia of the pancreatic islet cells which progressed to pancreatic islet tumors. In addition, the mice bearing 7 copies of the transgene had hypoglycemia and were stunted in growth. Mice with more than 10 copies were markedly stunted in growth and died within 2-4 weeks. Tag expression was detected at high levels in the mouse tumors but not in any other tissues, including the hematopoietic cells.
Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour (2004)

Betamimetics help to delay delivery for women transferred to tertiary care or completed a course of antenatal corticosteroids. However, multiple adverse effects must be considered. The data are too few to support the use of any particular betamimetics.
Axial Vibration Study of a Mobile Fan Motor (2010)

A method observing both radial and axial vibrations of time domain and frequency spectrum was studied to investigate the axial load effect of a flat-type brushless dc fan motor operating with and without the rated axial thrust force. When the developed small motor does not exhibit an intrinsically excited unbalanced magnetic force (UMF), the axial force leads to a minor contribution to the growth of the axial vibration. However, when the UMF is intrinsically excited, the preload can enormously decrease the undesired axial vibration. The ratio of the axial vibration of the prototype with the asymmetric magnetic sheet to the one without the sheet is experimentally observed around 55 percent. It demonstrates that axial load plays an effective and crucial factor in controlling the axial vibration of the mobile fan motor.
Clinical outcomes of type III Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia* (2011)

The expression of type 3 secretion system exotoxins in bacteremic isolates of P. aeruginosa confers poor clinical outcomes independent of antibiotic susceptibility profile.
C−H Carboxylation of Aromatic Compounds through CO<sub>2</sub> Fixation (2017)

Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub> ) represents the most abundant and accessible carbon source on Earth. Thus the ability to transform CO<sub>2</sub> into valuable commodity chemicals through the construction of C-C bonds is an invaluable strategy. Carboxylic acids and derivatives, the main products obtained by carboxylation of carbon nucleophiles by reaction of CO<sub>2</sub> , have wide application in pharmaceuticals and advanced materials. Among the variety of carboxylation methods currently available, the direct carboxylation of C-H bonds with CO<sub>2</sub> has attracted much attention owing to advantages from a step- and atom-economical point of view. In particular, the prevalence of (hetero)aromatic carboxylic acids and derivatives among biologically active compounds has led to significant interest in the development of methods for their direct carboxylation from CO<sub>2</sub> . Herein, the latest achievements in the area of direct C-H carboxylation of (hetero)aromatic compounds with CO<sub>2</sub> will be discussed.
Effects of Night Lighting and Critical Illuminance on the Growth and Bolting of Spinach Cultivars. (1998)

ホウレンソウの夜間照明について, 施設栽培における生育, 抽だいへの影響を検討した.また, 夜間照明下における品種の限界照度を推定した.1. 照度が高いと草丈, 葉数は増加し, 葉は小型化した.また, 5月播種は11月播種にくらべ照度に対する草丈の増加が少なく, 低照度(2∿3lx)から葉長の減少や葉数の増加がおこった.2. 1∿25lxの照明下では照度が高いほど抽だい, 開花が促進された.11月播種においては, 'おかめ'など5月播種に用いられる品種の抽だい開始照度は高かった.3. 'パレード'など11月播種の適品種では, 限界照度は3∿5lxであった.また, 'おかめ'など5月播種に用いられる品種の限界照度は2∿3lxであったが, 'トニック'などの晩抽性品種を加えると13lxと高くなった.
<i>In vivo</i> forces during remodeling of a two‐segment anterior cruciate ligament graft in a goat model (1997)

An existing goat model was used to measure in vivo graft forces during walking, to determine if the forces set at surgery change over time under the same external load and if the forces in the graft during in vivo function can be dictated by the forces set at surgery. The anterior cruciate ligament was reconstructed in 12 goats with use of a composite graft consisting of a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft and a synthetic augmentation segment. The forces in the graft segments were established intraoperatively by a force-setting technique. In five animals, the tendon segment was set to carry 90% of the total graft force, and in the seven other animals, the augmentation segment was set to carry 90% of the total force. The total graft force was the same in all animals. Graft forces due to anterior tibial loads of 67 N were measured before and after fixation and 6 weeks after surgery with the use of buckle transducers mounted extra-articularly over the anterior tibia. They were also measured during straight, level walking at 6 weeks. The forces changed significantly from just after surgery to 6 weeks later, such that the initially set load-sharing was eliminated by 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, a relatively smooth gait had been achieved, and the maximum total graft force in each animal during walking averaged 35 N and was of similar magnitude to forces generated by the anterior tibial loads of 67 N with the animal anesthetized. After fixation, forces in the tendon graft segments were significantly different between the group with high set forces and that with low set forces. At 6 weeks, when functional joint loads were approaching normal levels, the graft segment forces for the two groups were not significantly different. Load-sharing between tendon and augmentation segment and load in the tendon segment at 6 weeks could not be dictated at surgery.
Aquifer transport of Th, U, Ra, and Rn in solution and colloids. 1997 annual progress report (1997)

'Preparations have been made to collect groundwater samples from the unconfined Pleistocene aquifer on Long Island, N.Y. from wells at Brookhaven National Lab.. Dr. Jan Naidu of the Brookhaven Safety and Environmental Protection Division has been intimately involved with the groundwater monitoring program at the site for many years, and has provided us with detailed information regarding site hydrogeology, groundwater chemistry, and monitor well locations and construction. In consultation with Dr. Naidu, a series of wells have been chosen for sampling that extend over a distance of {approximately}5000 feet along a single flow path, with estimated water ages of up to {approximately}20 years. Since the recharge area for these waters has been the source of low levels of tritium (and possibly {sup 90}Sr) contamination, there has been considerable interest in the hydrogeology and chemistry of the area, and all information gathered at the site will be provided to BNL staff. Groundwater sampling is planned for the autumn of 1997. At this time, aquifer materials will also be obtained from the drill core repository of the USGS office in Long Island, where Mr. Henry Ku has indicated that material will be available for the use. As a complement to the studies of U and Th series nuclides, the sampling plan is being extended to include analysis of He isotopes. Concentrations of {sup 4}He are expected to largely reflect the time-integrated recoil production by decay of the U and Th series nuclides, without losses due to adsorption or decay, and will be compared to {sup 222}Rn concentrations, which provide recoil rates over short time periods. The concentrations of {sup 3}He due to decay of contaminant {sup 3}H in these waters will also be measured, and a comparison between the measured concentrations and that produced in the waters since the time of recharge will provide an indication of whether gas losses have occurred. Arrangements have been made to collaborate in this phase of the research with Dr. David Hilton of Scripps Institute of Oceanography, who has extensive experience in measuring He isotopes in hydrological systems. Dr. Hilton has agreed to provide the necessary field equipment for sampling and will conduct the laboratory analyses of He isotope concentrations.'
Internal laser cooling of Yb3+-doped glass measured between 100 and 300 K (1997)

Laser cooling of a solid can occur when it emits photons of higher mean energy than those it absorbs. Photothermal deflection spectra of a fluorozirconate glass (ZBLANP) doped with 1 wt% Yb3+ show cooling in an internal volume of the sample at temperatures between 100 and 300 K. A cooling efficiency of ∼1% relative to the absorbed laser power at 1015 nm is maintained at all temperatures. The results show promise for solid-state cooling of bulk materials at temperatures below 150 K.
Adaptive optics Η 2 -optimal control design applied on an experimental setup (2006)

Most adaptive optics systems (AO) are based on a simple control law that is unable to account for the temporal evolution of the wavefront. In this paper, a recently proposed data-driven <i>Η</i><sub>2</sub>-optimal control approach is demonstrated on an AO laboratory setup. The proposed control approach does not assume any form of decoupling and can therefore exploit the spatio-temporal correlation in the wavefront. The performance of the optimal control approach is compared with a conventional method. An analysis of the dominant error sources shows that the optimal control approach leads to a significant reduction in the temporal error. Since the temporal error grows with the Greenwood to sampling frequency ratio, the performance gain is especially large at large ratios.
Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Control of H versus J Aggregation Mode of Porphyrins Stacks in an Organogel System (2003)

To obtain insights into a correlation relationship between the structure and the aggregation mode in an organogel system, we synthesized gelators 2a-4a bearing a porphyrin moiety as a one-dimensional aggregation unit and amide groups as peripheral hydrogen-bonding sites. Gelators 3a and 3b bearing the amide groups at the 4-position of the meso-phenyl groups are classified as versatile gelators, gelating 10 and 14 solvents, respectively, among 23 solvents tested herein. In contrast, gelators 2a and 4a bearing the amide groups at the 3,5-positions and 3-position, respectively, are classified as poor gelators. Examination by spectroscopic methods (UV-vis, ATR-FTIR, XRD, etc.) revealed that in the organogel phase porphyrins in 3a adopt the H aggregation mode whereas those in 2a and 4a adopt the J aggregation mode. X-ray analysis of the single crystals established that in fact 3b features a columnar stack of porphyrin moieties that can be classified as the H-aggregate, whereas 2a results in a two-dimensional a-b plane, in which porphyrin moieties are arranged in the J-aggregate. Very interestingly, the difference in the H versus J aggregation mode is well-reflected by the difference in the macroscopic aggregate morphology observed by SEM: 3a + cyclohexane gel results in a one-dimensionally aggregated fibrillar structure, whereas 2a + cyclohexane gel results in a two-dimensional sheetlike structure. These findings indicate that the H versus J aggregation mode of porphyrin stacks can be controlled by the peripheral hydrogen-bonding interactions and the microscopic hydrogen-bonding network structure is well-reflected by the macroscopic SEM-observed structure.
Platelet dysfunction associated with wilms tumor and hyaluronic acid (1987)

Acquired von Willebrand disease (AVWD) has been described in two cases of nephroblastoma. We studied a patient with nephroblastoma who presented with a coagulopathy suggestive of AVWD. The subject had undetectable levels of F.VIIIR:Ag, diminished F.VIIIR:WF (16.3%), F.VIII:C activity (37%), and lack of platelet aggregation to ADP, epinephrine, collagen, and arachidonic acid. These results were associated with abnormally high serum levels (850 mg/dl) of hyaluronic acid (HA), which made the patient's serum hyperviscous. Examination of the neoplasm revealed HA in the tumor matrix. All abnormalities of coagulation resolved after chemotherapy and extirpation of the neoplasm, which produced normal serum HA levels. To study the effects of HA on platelet function, we added HA to normal platelet-poor plasma (NPP), which rendered F.VIIIR:Ag undetectable; treatment of HA with hyaluronidase eliminated F.VIIIR:Ag assay interference caused by HA. F.VIII:C activity decreased in vitro when HA was mixed with normal platelet-poor plasma (NPP). HA reduced the initial slope of normal platelet aggregation. Partial correction of platelet aggregation occurred after hyaluronidase treatment of HA-spiked PRP. Experiments in rabbits exposed to HA (serum level 400 mg/dl) demonstrated abnormalities similar to those noted in the patient. Shear rate studies of whole blood containing HA (500 mg/dl) yielded high shear stress, 27-136 dynes/cm2 over shear rates of 10-216 sec-1. We conclude that the coagulopathy demonstrated in this case is secondary to hyperviscosity produced by elevated levels of HA, which interferes with the assay for F.VIIIR:Ag. Thus the acquired coagulopathy associated with other cases of nephroblastoma may present as spurious von Willebrand disease.
Thiophilic interaction chromatography facilitates detection of various molecular complexes of prostate‐specific antigen in biological fluids (2002)

Thiophilic gel has strong affinity for all known molecular forms of PSA present in any biological material. Visualization of PSA molecular forms in Western-blot analysis was feasible only after patient serum was processed through T-gel. Our procedure can be used to screen hybridoma and antibodies specific to the individual PSA complex. The PSA molecular forms isolated from patient serum after T-gel procedure may provide useful internal calibrators, and thus may significantly enhance the reliability of PSA measurements.
The MutT Proteins or “Nudix” Hydrolases, a Family of Versatile, Widely Distributed, “Housecleaning” Enzymes (1996)

Our studies on the biochemical basis of spontaneous mutations took an interesting and unexpected turn when we discovered that a small region of amino acid homology between the MutT protein of Escherichia coli and the MutX protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae was involved in their nucleoside triphosphatase as well as their antimutator activities (1, 2, 3). Computer searches of the data banks revealed that this same small conserved region was present in a number of other proteins in organisms ranging from viruses to humans (2, 4).
Plinabulin, a Novel Small Molecule That Ameliorates Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia, Is Administered on the Same Day of Chemotherapy and Has Anticancer Efficacy (2016)

Abstract Plinabulin is a small molecule with tumor-inhibiting and immune-enhancing effects. Plinabulin induces dendritic cell maturation and cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-12 production, all of which are important in neutrophil survival. In preclinical studies, plinabulin prevented docetaxel- or cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia via a mechanism of action different from that of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) analogues. In phase 1 and 2 solid tumor trials of plinabulin, which included >140 patients, routine safety laboratory assessments revealed an unexpected protective effect against neutropenia. In the phase 2 clinical trial, patients were randomized to receive docetaxel 75 mg/m2 alone (n=73) or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 followed by plinabulin (NPI-2358-101) at 30 mg/m2 (n=50) or at 20 mg/m2 (n=40), repeated every 3 weeks (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00630110). Plinabulin was given by a 30-minute intravenous (IV) infusion, starting 1 hour after administration of docetaxel. The primary efficacy endpoint was median overall survival. Secondary endpoints included safety assessments, such as complete blood count measurements, on Days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle. Compared to docetaxel treatment alone, the addition of plinabulin to docetaxel significantly (p<0.0003) reduced the proportion of patients with grade 4 neutropenia from 33.3% to 4.6% in Cycle 1. The figure shows the proportions of patients with grade 4 neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] <0.5x109/L) on Day 8, the approximate day after docetaxel administration corresponding to the largest reduction in neutrophil count (Blackwell Ann Oncol 2015). Plinabulin also reduced the clinical sequelae associated with docetaxel-induced neutropenia (sepsis, infections, hospitalizations, need for docetaxel dose reduction, and G-CSF use). Bone pain was reported in 4% of patients receiving plinabulin. Plinabulin had a favorable safety profile; the most prominent finding was grade 3 transient hypertension in 20% and 5% of patients receiving 30 mg/m2 and 20 mg/m2 plinabulin, respectively. Docetaxel (n=65) vs plinabulin 20 mg/m2 (n=39): p = 0.00026 Docetaxel (n=65) vs plinabulin 30 mg/m2 (n=47): p = 0.00018 Plinabulin 20 mg/m2 (n=39) vs plinabulin 30 mg/m2 (n=47): p = 0.68 Plinabulin is a novel small molecule that is being developed for the mitigation of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Administered by IV infusion on the same day of (approximately 1 h after) chemotherapy, plinabulin will be given in a single dose of 20 mg/m2 per cycle. Plinabulin has the potential to be an effective, safe (with much less bone pain), cost-effective, and convenient alternative to G-CSF for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Figure Figure. Disclosures Blayney: BeyondSpring: Other: Travel and lodging to develop clinical trial protocol. Lloyd:BeyondSpring: Consultancy. Huang:BeyondSpring: Employment. Mohanlal:BeyondSpring: Employment.