gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Memory allocation costs in large C and C++ programs (1994)

Abstract Dynamic storage allocation is an important part of a large class of computer programs written in C and C + +. High‐performance algorithms for dynamic storage allocation have been, and will continue to be, of considerable interest. This paper presents detailed measurements of the cost of dynamic storage allocation in 11 diverse C and C + + programs using five very different dynamic storage allocation implementations, including a conservative garbage collection algorithm. Four of the allocator implementations measured are publicly available on the Internet. A number of the programs used in these measurements are also available on the Internet to facilitate further research in dynamic storage allocation. Finally, the data presented in this paper is an abbreviated version of more extensive statistics that are also publicly available on the Internet.
Wind-tunnel test results of airfoil modifications for the EA-6B (1987)

Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted (to determine the effects on airfoil performance for several airfoil modifications) for the EA-6B Wing Improvement Program. The modifications consist of contour changes to the leading-edge slat and trailing-edge flap to provide a higher low-speed maximum lift with no high-speed cruise-drag penalty. Airfoil sections from the 28- and 76-percent span stations were selected as baseline shapes with the major testing devoted to the inboard airfoil section (28-percent span station). The airfoil modifications increased the low-speed maximum lift coefficient between 20 and 35 percent over test conditions of 3 to 14 million chord Reynolds number and 0.14 to 0.34 Mach number. At the high-speed test conditions of 0.4 to 0.80 Mach number and 10 million chord Reynolds number, the modified airfoils had either matched or had lower drag coefficients for all normal-force coefficients above 0.2 as compared to the baseline airfoil. At normal-force coefficients less than 0.2, the baseline (original) airfoil had lower drag coefficients than any of the modified airfoils.
Direct interactions between immunocytes and neurons after axotomy in Aplysia (2001)

Axon growth during development and after injury has processes in common, but also differs in that regeneration requires the participation of cells of the immune system. To investigate how neuron-immunocyte interactions might influence regeneration, we developed an in vitro model whereby neurons and hemocytes from Aplysia californica were cocultured. The hemocytes, which behave like vertebrate macrophages, migrated randomly throughout the dish. When a neuron was encountered, some hemocytes exhibited an avoidance response, whereas others formed stable contacts. Hemocytes did not distinguish between neurons from different animals. Stable contacts occurred on neurites and growth cones, but not the cell soma, and were benign in that the hemocytes did not impede neurite growth. When hemocytes attached to the cell body, it presaged the destruction of the neuron. Destruction was a dynamic process that was initiated when groups of one to three hemocytes adhered to various regions of the cell soma. Each group was then joined by other hemocytes. They did not contact the neuron, but interconnected the initial groups, forming a network around the neuron. The network then contracted to dismember the cell. Once a neuron was destroyed, hemocytes removed the debris by phagocytosis. Both damaged neurons and those without apparent damage were targets for destruction. Severing neurites with a needle resulted in the destruction of only one of six cells. Our studies suggest that hemocytes, and by extrapolation, vertebrate macrophages, exhibit highly complex interactions with neurons that can exert a variety of influences on the course of nerve regeneration. Published 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 46: 89–96, 2001
Sensor abstractions for control of navigation (2002)

An approach to building high-level control systems for robotics that is based on Bayesian decision theory is presented. The authors show how this approach provides a natural and modular way of integrating sensing and planning. They develop a simple solution for a particular problem as an illustration. They also examine the cost of using such a model and consider the areas in which abstraction can reduce this cost. The authors focus on the area of spatial abstraction. They discuss an abstraction that has been used to solve problems involving robot navigation and give a detailed account of the mapping from raw sensor data to the abstraction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A three-dimensional folded dynamic RAM in beam-recrystallized polysilicon (1984)

A three-dimensional folded one-transistor dynamic RAM circuit consisting of an access transistor in a beam-recrystallized polysilicon layer above a storage capacitor has been fabricated. Large cell capacitance and low transistor leakage are obtained by use of multiple polysilicon layers and by folding the storage capacitor beneath the access transistor. The resulting storage times are longer than 1 min, several orders of magnitude greater than storage times in a previously published nonfolded dynamic RAM in recrystallized polysilicon [1].
Intraoperative localization using an armless, frameless stereotactic wand (1993)

A technique of "frameless" stereotaxy that allows real-time intraoperative neurosurgical localization is described. The system is composed of four components: a hand-held probe containing two ultrasonic emitters, a microphone array that is rigidly affixed to the operating table in proximity to the surgical field, hardware to control and detect timing of signal production and reception, and a color graphics computer workstation with software to calculate and present the location of the probe tip on reconstructed neuroimaging studies. Unlike previously reported mechanical or sonic navigational devices, this system is adaptable to a wide array of neurosurgical instruments, allows free movement of the operating table and conventional patient draping, and has accuracy in the hostile operating room environment that rivals that of frame stereotaxy. In the operating room environment, using four pulse pairs with the wand positioned optimally, reproducibility of a point in space is +/- 0.6 mm. The wand has a broad range of orientations that maintain error at or below 1.0 mm. The mean error when measuring distances within a 1000-cu cm cube is 1.1 +/- 1.0 mm (1.0% +/- 0.7%). The ability to localize a fourth point (a target) in space is typically within 1.5 mm (using computerized tomography scans with a 1-mm slice thickness) but is dependent on several variables. This technology provides a powerful yet flexible tool in the neurosurgical operating room.
Breast parenchymal patterns and their changes with age (1995)

In studies on mass screening, it has often been reported that tumours in breasts with dense parenchyma are difficult to detect and may have a more advanced stage at diagnosis. Shorter rescreening intervals have been suggested for these women but, before recommending such a strategy, it is important to investigate how often dense breast parenchyma (P2 and DY patterns according to Wolfe) is actually present in a screening population and to what extent these patterns change with age. The prevalence of dense breast parenchyma (P2 and DY) in our study population was 33% at first examination (n = 2581), which is fairly low compared with other screening populations. Its presence was strongly, inversely age-dependent. Breast patterns of 1177 women, aged 35-85 years, were followed for 12 years. In 39% (182/461) of the women with a P2 or DY pattern at their first examination, regression to a lucent pattern (N1 and P1) occurred over the years. The majority of these women were assumed to have reached menopause in the follow-up period. These findings support the hypothesis that the presence of dense breast parenchyma is related to the reproductive period and indicate that shortening the rescreening intervals would be most effective in pre-menopausal age groups.
Color indices for weed identification under various soil, residue, and lighting conditions (1994)

Color slide images of weeds among various soils and residues were digitized and analyzed for red, green, and blue (RGB) color content. Red, green, and blue chromatic coordinates (rgb) of plants were very different from those of background soils and residue. To distinguish living plant material from a nonplant background, several indices of chromatic coordinates were studied, tested, and were successful in identifying weeds. The indices included r-g, g-b, (g-b)/ |r-g|, and 2g-r-b. A modified hue was also used to distinguish weeds from non-plant surfaces. The modified hue, 2g-r-b index, and the green chromatic coordinate distinguished weeds from a nonplant background (0.05 level of significance) better than other indices. However, the modified hue was the most computationally intense. These indices worked well for both nonshaded and shaded sunlit conditions. These indices could be used for sensor design for detecting weeds for spot spraying control.
Nonlinear multiwavelength conversion based on an aperiodic optical superlattice in lithium niobate (2002)

We have demonstrated what is to our knowledge the first successful achievement of multiwavelength conversion in an aperiodic optical superlattice (AOS) lithium niobate crystal with equalized gain. The two AOS devices in our experiment, numerically synthesized from 2857 crystal blocks with a unit block thickness of 3.5 microm, have fundamental wavelengths of 1540 and 1545 nm for double-wavelength second-harmonic generation (SHG) and of 1540, 1545, and 1553 nm for triple-wavelength SHG at 50 degrees C. Our experiment and simulation show that the output spectrum of an AOS wavelength converter is fairly insensitive to typical fabrication errors.
The application of multiplexed, multi‐dimensional ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to the high‐throughput screening of lysosomal storage disorders in newborn dried bloodspots (2010)

Lysozomal storage disorders are just beginning to be routinely screened using enzyme activity assays involving dried blood spots and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This paper discusses some of the analytical challenges associated with published assays including complex sample preparation and potential interference from excess residual substrate. Solutions to these challenges are presented in the form of on-line two-dimensional chromatography to eliminate off-line liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) to separate excess substrate from all other analytes and multiplexed sample introduction for higher throughput required of a population screening assay. High sensitivity, specificity and throughput were demonstrated using this novel method.
Immune function in unemployed women. (1987)

Immunologic effects of unemployment were prospectively studied in women over a period of 8 months. Subjects were classified into three groups depending on their employment history, and were studied concomitantly. Group A consisted of unemployed women who were recipients of traditional support from the Swedish welfare state. Group B was composed of unemployed women who were given the opportunity to participate in a psychosocial program, in addition to receiving the traditional unemployment benefits received by group A. Group C, the control, consisted of securely employed women. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) reactivity of lymphocytes decreased significantly in both groups of unemployed women after 9 months of unemployment. The psychosocial program did not counteract this decrease. Reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin also decreased significantly in the unemployed subjects. No changes were observed in the securely employed women. There were no significant differences among the groups in T cell subpopulations, B cells, and serum cortisol. The data suggest that some aspects of the immune system may be altered at a specific time period following the loss of work. Further studies are needed to see if this effect is only temporary or more long lasting.
A 10-bit 50 MS/s Pipelined ADC With Capacitor-Sharing and Variable-$g_{m}$ Opamp (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) architecture which is suitable for low power and small area is presented. The prototype ADC achieves 10-bit resolution with only two opamps by removing a front-end sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) and sharing an opamp between two successive pipeline stages. The errors from the absence of SHA and opamp-sharing are greatly reduced by the proposed techniques and circuits. Further reduction of power and area is achieved by using a capacitor-sharing technique and variable-<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$g_{m}$</tex></formula> opamp. The ADC is implemented in 0.18 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex> </formula> CMOS technology and occupies a die area of 0.86 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">${\hbox{mm}}^{2}$</tex></formula>. The differential and integral nonlinearity of the ADC are less than 0.39 LSB and 0.81 LSB, respectively, at full sampling rate. The ADC achieves 56.2 dB signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio, 72.7 dB spurious free dynamic range, <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">${-}$</tex></formula>66.2<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula>dB total harmonic distortion, 9.03 effective number of bits for a Nyquist input at full sampling rate, and consumes 12 mW from a 1.8 V supply. </para>
Shell Cross-Linked Nanoparticles Containing Hydrolytically Degradable, Crystalline Core Domains (2000)

Shell cross-linked knedel-like nanoparticles (SCKs) possessing an amphiphilic core−shell morphology consisting of a cross-linked shell and a hydrolytically degradable, crystalline core domain were synthesized from poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PCL-b-PAA) amphiphilic diblock copolymers via a two-step process: self-assembly of PCL-b-PAA into polymer micelles followed by cross-linking of the hydrophilic shell layer via condensation reactions between the carboxylic acid functionalities of PAA and the amine groups of 2,2‘-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine). PCL-b-PAA was prepared from the selective hydrolysis of a poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PCL-b-PtBA) precursor, which was synthesized by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) followed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA). Selective hydrolysis of the tert-butyl ester groups of the PtBA block by reaction with trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI), followed by reaction with aqueous acid, gave PCL-b-PAA with nearly 100% conversion and minimal cleavage of the PCL chain segments. Alternatively, selective thermal deprotection of the tert-butyl esters was also performed. SCKs prepared from PCL-b-PAA formed globular nanoparticles when deposited from aqueous solution onto a mica surface at room temperature. The effects of copolymer composition and cross-linking extent on the properties of the SCKs were investigated by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The PCL core domains exhibited interesting crystallization and melting behaviors, in which the PCL melting transition temperature increased as the SCK core volume increased. This suggests that the lamellar thicknesses of PCL cores in larger SCKs are greater. The selective hydrolysis of the polyester (PCL) core domain in the presence of amide cross-links throughout the shell layer to yield nanocage structures was studied by 1H NMR and AFM. The degradation of PCL was monitored by 1H NMR, from the appearance of the resonance for sodium 6-hydroxyhexanoate under basic hydrolysis conditions. From AFM analysis for the nanoparticles adsorbed onto a mica surface, it was found that, under both acidic and basic hydrolysis conditions, the core-degraded nanocages formed broader structures with decreased height, in comparison with SCKs before core hydrolysis.
A characterization study of direct imaging technique for stencil printing of thick boards (0.125") in the alternative assembly and reflow technology (AART) or pin-in-paste process (2002)

Stencil printing poses significant challenges in the successful implementation of the alternative assembly and reflow technology (AART) or pin-in-paste process for thick (0.125") boards. When the AART process is used, it is extremely important to deposit adequate volumes of solder paste in the plated through holes (PTHs). In some cases, adequate amounts of solder paste cannot be deposited into the PTH with the conventional stencil printing method that uses a squeegee. Therefore, alternate techniques must be used to meet the solder paste volume requirements for thick boards. The "ProFlow direct imaging" system is a unique method of stencil printing. It is a viable, if not better, alternative to the traditional squeegee-solder paste system. The "ProFlow" system consists of a pressure application mechanism that exerts a vertical force on an enclosed volume of solder paste. This research characterized the "ProFlow" system for the stencil printing of thick boards. Three PTH diameters were considered on the board: 35, 37 and 39 mils. The effect of the significant variables in the "ProFlow" system, such as transfer pressure and print speed, on hole fill and printability was systematically investigated. Also, the role of the "ProFlow" system's wiper pressure on the stencil printing process was examined. Thick boards were assembled with surface mount as well as through hole components to validate the applicability of the "ProFlow" system to the AART process.
Linear-mode single-photon-sensitive avalanche photodiodes for GHz-rate near-infrared quantum communications (2008)

We present design and performance data for a high-speed telecom-band (1.3 mum) single-photon-sensitive receiver based on a new class of multi-stage InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) operated in the proportional mode (linear mode). Unlike Geiger-mode single-photon-sensitive APDs (SPADs), a multi-stage linear SPAD is operated below its avalanche breakdown voltage and need not be gated to suppress afterpulsing. Further, the linear-mode APD preserves signal amplitude information, whereas the response of a Geiger APD is binary. Unlike contemporary near-infrared (NIR) APDs, the engineered APDs have excess avalanche noise comparable to silicon, sufficient for quantum communication protocols.
ETOMIDATE, A NEW WATER-SOLUBLE NON-BARBITURATE INTRAVENOUS INDUCTION AGENT (1976)

Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England
Amino acid requirements of Streptococcus mutans and other oral streptococci (1975)

The amino acid requirements of Streptococcus mutans strains AHT, OMZ-61, FA-1, BHT, GS-5, JC-2, Ingbritt, At6T, OMZ-176, 6715, Streptococcus salivarius HHT, Streptococcus sanguis OMZ-9, and strain 72x46 were determined in a chemically defined medium. When grown anaerobically in the presence of sodium carbonate (or bicarbonate for a few strains), few amino acids were required. All strains tested required cystine (or cystine) as a nutrient. Three strains (S. mutans OMZ-176, FA-1, and BHT) required glutamate (and/or glutamine). A third amino acid (lysine for S. mutans FA-1 and histidine for S. mutans OMZ-176) was required by two of the three strains which required glutamate. The amino acids mentioned above were required for all conditions of incubation (and inoculum) tested. The requirements for several other amino acids were conditional, that is, dependent on the incubation conditions and inoculum used. For example, when carbonate was not added, glutamate was required by S. mutans GS-5. Aerobic incubations, with carbonate or bicarbonate added, resluted in requirements for glutamate and leucine by several strains. With these incubation conditions, one strain required isoleucine (S. mutans FA-1), another valine (S. mutans AHT), and a third tyrosine (72x46). Aerobic incubations in the absence of carbonate or bicarbonate further increased the number of amino acids required by several strains. Furthermore, when stationary-phase cultures replaced exponentially growing cultures as an inoculum, several strains required additional amino acids, presumably for the initiation of growth.
Platelet Aggregation Caused by Dithiothreitol (1984)

MacIntyre et al. showed that over 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) aggregates blood platelets in the presence of fibrinogen; aggregation is not inhibited by prostaglandin E1. We confirmed their data and found that 70 mM 2-mercaptoethanol was also active. DDT-induced aggregation was not associated with platelet shape change or secretion of dense granule contents, was not inhibited by tetracaine or metabolic inhibitors, was prevented at pH 6.5, and prevented, reversed, or arrested by EDTA, depending on when the EDTA was added. DTT did not cause aggregation of thrombasthenic, EDTA-treated, or cold (0 degree C) platelets, which also failed to aggregate with ADP. Platelets stimulated with DTT bound 125I-labeled fibrinogen. Thus DTT appears to "expose" the fibrinogen receptors. SDS gel electrophoresis of platelet fractions prepared by use of Triton X-114 showed that aggregating concentrations of DTT reduced proteins of apparent Mr 69,000 and 52,000 (probably platelet albumin) and, to a variable extent, glycoproteins Ib, IIb and III. Exposure of unlabeled or 125I-labeled platelets to ADP had no discernible effect on the electrophoretic patterns.
Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups: a population-based study. (1992)

It has been proposed that patients with dyspepsia can be classified into symptom groupings that may represent different pathophysiological entities; however, it remains to be shown that distinct symptom subgroups exist. To estimate the prevalence of dyspepsia (defined as upper abdominal pain) and dyspepsia subgroups, an age- and sex-stratified random sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents, aged 30-64 years, were mailed a valid self-report questionnaire; 82% responded (n = 835). Subgroups were as follows: those with symptoms suggestive of peptic ulceration (ulcerlike dyspepsia), those with gastric stasis (dysmotilitylike dyspepsia), those with gastroesophageal reflux (refluxlike dyspepsia), and the remainder (unspecified dyspepsia). Ulcerlike dyspepsia was the commonest subgroup (prevalence, 16.0/100; 95% confidence interval, 13.4-18.5), but 43% of subjects with dyspepsia could be classified into more than one subgroup. Nearly one third of dyspeptics also had irritable bowel symptoms, but these were not confined to any particular dyspepsia subgroup. Although dyspepsia is very common in the community and the majority have ulcerlike symptoms, there is such overlap among the dyspepsia subgroups that a classification based on symptoms alone in uninvestigated patients may not be useful.
Assessing Cellular Protein Phosphorylation: High Throughput Drug Discovery Technologies (2004)

Changes in protein phosphorylation mediate much of cellular physiology. Perturbations in the activity of the kinases that catalyze these reactions underlie numerous human pathologies, including metabolic and inflammatory disorders and most notably, cancer. HTS techniques that determine the activity of protein kinases in vitro are useful in the development of small molecule kinase inhibitors, but do not address underlying mechanistic concerns or efficient in vivo targeting. Observing protein phosphorylation in cell lysates and fixed cells in a high throughput manner is fundamental to understanding the mechanism of action of lead molecules and whether they target signaling pathways of interest. Herein we discuss several higher throughput techniques to study cellular protein kinase signal transduction and the strategies for implementation in kinase drug discovery.