gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Matrix Metalloprotease-2 Levels by Mechanical Loading of Three-Dimensional Mesenchymal Stem Cell Constructs: Impact on <i>In Vitro</i> Tube Formation (2010)

Angiogenesis is essential to tissue reconstitution, is sensitive to mechanical stresses, and currently represents one of the major challenges in tissue engineering. The pro-angiogenic matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) is upregulated in mechanically loaded mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Therefore, MMP-2 may provide a regulating link between angiogenesis and the surrounding mechanical conditions. This study aimed to modulate MMP-2 levels by mechanical loading of MSCs embedded in a three-dimensional matrix as well as to investigate the mechanism of MMP-2 regulation along with its contribution to angiogenesis stimulation. MMP-2-inducing conditions (30% compression, 1 Hz, 72 h) were defined after varying loading parameters. Addition of the Golgi-disturbing agent Brefeldin A suppressed this mechanical upregulation of MMP-2. Analysis of enzymatic activities demonstrated an enhancement of pro-MMP-2, mature MMP-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-2. Further, mechano-regulation of MMP-14 and mature MMP-2 was dependent upon the activity of furin, a proprotein processing endoprotease. Angiogenesis was stimulated by conditioned media from MSCs loaded at inducing conditions. This augmentation of angiogenesis was hindered by inhibition of pro-MMP-2 and mature MMP-2. In conclusion, mechanical stimulation of MSCs in a three-dimensional matrix induces pro-MMP-2 secretion and MMP-2 activation, potentially via the activation complex consisting of MMP-2/-14/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-2. Mechano-regulated pro-MMP-2 and mature MMP-2 seem to contribute to angiogenesis stimulation. Thus, an application of these loading parameters could augment vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs based on the described MMP-2-dependent mechanism.
Role of pancreatic <i>β</i> ‐cell death and inflammation in diabetes (2013)

Apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells is the final step in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), leading to critically diminished β-cell mass and contributing to the onset of hyperglycaemia. The spontaneous apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells during pancreas ontogeny also induces cell death-associated inflammation, stimulates antigen-presenting cells and sensitizes naïve diabetogenic T cells. The role of pancreatic β-cell death in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is less clear. In the preclinical period of T2D, hyperinsulinaemia and β-cell hyperplasia develop to compensate for insulin resistance, which is clearly seen in animal models of T2D. For the development of overt T2D, relative insulin deficiency is critical in addition to insulin resistance. Insulin deficiency could be due to β-cell dysfunction and/or decreased β-cell mass. Pancreatic β-cell apoptosis due to lipid injury (lipoapoptosis), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or JNK activation could contribute to the decreased β-cell mass in T2D. Activation of inflammasomes by lipid injury, ER stress, human islet amyloid polypeptide, hyperglycaemia or autophagy insufficiency could also lead to β-cell death or dysfunction. Thus, β-cell death and cell death-associated inflammation through innate immune receptors could be important in both T1D and T2D.
Has The Reasonable Experimentation Doctrine Become Unreasonable?: Rethinking The Reasonable Experimentation Doctrine In Light Of Automated Experimental Techniques, 2 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 116 (2002) (2002)

PROCEDURE (hereinafter "MPEP") 2173.05(h)(8th ed.2001).Chemical compounds and libraries are commonly claimed by using either the compound's official International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name or the compound's chemical structure, often in generic, Markush form.Id.A Markush claim is a claim that creates an artificial group and recites members of that group as being "selected from the group consisting of."Id.A Markus-h claim is used when there is no single generic term available to describe all of what an applicant's invention includes.Id.8 The term "compound" is used herein in the traditional sense, referring to chemical material that has sufficient spectral or other structural data to allow for the identification of the same compound by another practitioner.This is sometimes referred to as "characterizing" the compound.The term "compound" as used herein is different than a mere "library member," which is any uncharacterized, physical product of the method to make the library.While "compounds" and "library members" are clearly differentiated in the academic chemical literature, patents often use these two terms interchangeably.Preparation of Manuscripts, J. COMBINATORIAL CHEM., 4, 12A, 13A (2002), available at http://pubs
A blind calibration method for an adaptive array antenna in DS-CDMA systems using an MMSE algorithm (2002)

A new blind calibration method is proposed to compensate for the amplitude and phase errors in the antenna branches of DS-CDMA base stations with adaptive array antennas. The proposed method calibrates these errors using the MMSE (minimum mean square error) algorithm, requiring only the received (or transmitted) signals at the array antenna and not requiring any additional reference signal to be inserted for calibration. The proposed method and structure can be applied to both the downlink and uplink. The fast convergence property of this method ensures a tracking capability against amplitude-phase variances. In an uplink, using the proposed calibrator, a beam steering adaptive array antenna based on a directional finding algorithm of a desired signal has a BER performance that improves by about 2 dB at the BER of 10/sup -3/ when a non-linear RF amplifier is used. We have also evaluated the downlink performance of this method when a non-linear RF amplifier is used and have confirmed its robustness against that of the amplifier.
An Ultra-Low-Power Power Management IC for Wireless Sensor Nodes (2007)

A power interface IC is designed and demonstrated to convert and manage power for a wireless tire pressure sensor node. Power conversion is performed using on-chip switched-capacitor converters with size-optimized devices and level-shifting gate drivers. A synchronous rectifier efficiently harvests energy from an electromagnetic shaker and control circuitry regulates the output voltage while minimizing power consumption. The converters achieve efficiencies approaching 80%.
Synthesis of pipelined DSP accelerators with dynamic scheduling (1997)

To construct complete systems on silicon, application specific DSP accelerators are needed to speed up the execution of high throughput DSP algorithms. In this paper, a methodology is presented to synthesize high throughput DSP functions into accelerator processors containing a datapath of highly pipelined, bit-parallel hardware units. Emphasis is put on the definition of a controller architecture that allows efficient run-time schedules of these DSP algorithms on such highly pipelined data paths. The methodology is illustrated by means of an image encoding filter bank.
IgG Fc Receptors in Sera from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (1988)

A murine monoclonal antibody to receptors for IgG (FcR) in human placenta was used in a competitive ELISA to demonstrate soluble FcR in human sera. Sera from 20 blood donors, 30 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined. Soluble FcR were demonstrated in all sera. However, significantly lower amounts of FcR were demonstrated in the patient groups as compared to blood donors. Whether this is due to increased consumption or reduced production has to be further investigated. The findings may be of significance in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Survey of pipeline flowmeters (1982)

This article is a critical review of the major types of pipe-mounted flowmeters in current use. It treats the basic principles of each type, considers applications, rangeabilities and accuracies as well as pointing out advantages and pitfalls for the user. Variants of the differential pressure meter, still a popular choice by and large, are examined in greater detail. More modern techniques come to the fore in such examples as electromagnetic, vortex-shedding, acoustic and cross-correlation forms. Comparative costing of different flowmeter types is touched on and the authors put forward suggestions for further reading for those who want fuller information on the material reviewed.
Sub-Structural Niching in Non-Stationary Environments (2005)

Niching enables a genetic algorithm (GA) to maintain diversity in a population. It is particularly useful when the problem has multiple optima where the aim is to find all or as many as possible of these optima. When the fitness landscape of a problem changes overtime, the problem is called non--stationary, dynamic or time--variant problem. In these problems, niching can maintain useful solutions to respond quickly, reliably and accurately to a change in the environment. In this paper, we present a niching method that works on the problem substructures rather than the whole solution, therefore it has less space complexity than previously known niching mechanisms. We show that the method is responding accurately when environmental changes occur.
Iodine Oxidation of <i>S</i>‐Trityl‐ and <i>S</i>‐Acetamidomethyl‐cysteine‐peptides Containing Tryptophan: Conditions Leading to the Formation of Tryptophan‐2‐thioethers (1980)

Abstract Cystine peptides are conveniently prepared from S ‐acetamidomethyl‐ or S ‐trityl‐protected cysteine derivatives by direct oxidation with iodine. Since the reaction proceeds through the formation of sulfenyl iodides, these highly reactive groups may substitute the indole ring of tryptophan residues, resulting in the formation of 2‐thioethers. During the synthesis of the peptide hormone somatostatin, we investigated this possible side reaction. By‐products of the tryptophan‐2‐thioether type can be produced under conditions which lead to a marked retardation of the disulfide bond formation. The largest amount of these compounds were formed when the oxidation was carried out in 90% aqueous trifluoroethanol. In model peptides in which tryptophan and cysteine residues were separated by 1 to 4 glycine residues, the ring size of the resulting thioether exerted a strong influence on the yield: in peptides with 1 and 2 glycines, only dimeric disulfides were formed. Incorporation of 3 and 4 glycine residues gave thioethers in yields of about 40% and 70% respectively. Conversely, under normal conditions of iodine oxidation, when disulfides are rapidly formed from the S ‐acetamidomethyl‐ or S ‐tritylcysteine residues, tryptophan‐2‐thioethers are produced only in insignificant amounts or not at all.
Using an EPID for patient‐specific VMAT quality assurance (2011)

This in-house software can be used to automatically verify the MLC leaf positions for all control points of VMAT plans using cine images acquired by an EPID.
Pattern recognition by quasi-linguistic translation into artificial noise-resistant language (1971)

A new approach to the recognition problem is considered, which does not require clustering of the sampling space into the appropriate number of regions.

Each sample mapped in multi-dimensional space is represented by a family of points (vectors), forming a certain configuration. Less compact location of the points leads to more simple and reliable pattern recognition. The input description is represented by the formed by a Bet of binary pulse sequences. The recognition implies that the text fragments of different space-temporal structure should be related to one of the different classes. The recognition is carried out as an informational transformation of the input text into another one, invariant of any small variations in the space-temporal structure of the input text. Sufficiently different texts are translated into non-identical output texts. Repeated transformation of the input text by a number of translators is accompanied by an increasing abstraction (stabilization) of the output text relative to the input text variations. As a result, the output text structure can be considered as a list of classes, to which the input text fragments belong.

It is pointed out that the information compression characterizing the recognition process can not necessarily be carried out a priori but it can always be carried out as a consequence of the recognition process.

A correspondence is implied between the features of the translation process and some neuro-physiological phenomena.
Averaging, maximum penalized likelihood and Bayesian estimation for improving Gaussian mixture probability density estimates (1998)

We apply the idea of averaging ensembles of estimators to probability density estimation. In particular, we use Gaussian mixture models which are important components in many neural-network applications. We investigate the performance of averaging using three data sets. For comparison, we employ two traditional regularization approaches, i.e., a maximum penalized likelihood approach and a Bayesian approach. In the maximum penalized likelihood approach we use penalty functions derived from conjugate Bayesian priors such that an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm can be used for training. In all experiments, the maximum penalized likelihood approach and averaging improved performance considerably if compared to a maximum likelihood approach. In two of the experiments, the maximum penalized likelihood approach outperformed averaging. In one experiment averaging was clearly superior. Our conclusion is that maximum penalized likelihood gives good results if the penalty term in the cost function is appropriate for the particular problem. If this is not the case, averaging is superior since it shows greater robustness by not relying on any particular prior assumption. The Bayesian approach worked very well on a low-dimensional toy problem but failed to give good performance in higher dimensional problems.
Ratios of Dried Skimmilk and Dried Whey for Pig Starter Rations (1960)

Sixty Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred pigs were used to evaluate ratios of dried skimmilk and dried whey for pig starter rations. In addition, the effect of starter treatment upon the subsequent performance of the pigs was studied. The greatest gain and feed efficiency was made by the pigs fed a ration containing 30% dried skimmilk and 10% dried whey during the starter period. Gains and feed efficiency decreased when the dried whey level was increased above 10%. Pigs fed starter rations containing dried whey made greater gains during the subsequent period than those fed a 40% dried skimmilk starter ration. There was no significant difference in the amount of feed required per pound of gain by the pigs during the subsequent feeding period.
The Improving Efficiency Frontier of Religious Not-for-Profit Hospitals (2006)

By using data-envelopment analysis (DEA), this study evaluates the efficiency of religious not-for-profit hospitals. Hospital executives, healthcare policy makers, taxpayers, and other stakeholders benefit from studies that improve hospital efficiency. Results indicate that overall efficiency in religious hospitals improved from 72% in 1998 to 74% in 2001. What is more important is that the number of religious hospitals operating on the efficiency frontier increased from 40 in 1998 to 47 in 2001. This clearly documents that religious hospitals are becoming more efficient in the management of resources. From a policy perspective, this study highlights the economic importance of encouraging increased efficiency throughout the healthcare industry.
Splittable pseudorandom number generators using cryptographic hashing (2013)

We propose a new splittable pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) based on a cryptographic hash function. Splittable PRNGs, in contrast to linear PRNGs, allow the creation of two (seemingly) independent generators from a given random number generator. Splittable PRNGs are very useful for structuring purely functional programs, as they avoid the need for threading around state. We show that the currently known and used splittable PRNGs are either not efficient enough, have inherent flaws, or lack formal arguments about their randomness. In contrast, our proposed generator can be implemented efficiently, and comes with a formal statements and proofs that quantify how 'random' the results are that are generated. The provided proofs give strong randomness guarantees under assumptions commonly made in cryptography.
Editorial: measuring immunisation coverage -editorial- (1996)

Measurement of immunisation status is not as straightforward as it might seem. A child may have received several vaccines but despite this he or she may not be adequately protected against disease. Protection depends on the nature of the vaccines, the ages at which doses were given, the intervals between doses, the age at which courses were started, and the size and sometimes site of the doses. Surveys of immunisation coverage need to consider at least some of these issues. The Australian immunisation program serves children well until they reach the age of 18 months, when there is a large decline in the percentage of children receiving their Hib and DTP booster doses. As a result there is a fall in the proportion of children immunised up to date. This has become a serious problem in several countries where accelerated immunisation schedules to increase coverage have been implemented. (non-author abstract)
Degradative organelles containing mislocalized α- and β-synuclein proliferate in presenilin-1 null neurons (2004)

Presenilin-1 null mutation (PS1 -/-) in mice is associated with morphological alterations and defects in cleavage of transmembrane proteins. Here, we demonstrate that PS1 deficiency also leads to the formation of degradative vacuoles and to the aberrant translocation of presynaptic alpha- and beta-synuclein proteins to these organelles in the perikarya of primary neurons, concomitant with significant increases in the levels of both synucleins. Stimulation of autophagy in control neurons produced a similar mislocalization of synucleins as genetic ablation of PS1. These effects were not the result of the loss of PS1 gamma-secretase activity; however, dysregulation of calcium channels in PS1 -/- cells may be involved. Finally, colocalization of alpha-synuclein and degradative organelles was observed in brains from patients with the Lewy body variant of AD. Thus, aberrant accumulation of alpha- and beta-synuclein in degradative organelles are novel features of PS1 -/- neurons, and similar events may promote the formation of alpha-synuclein inclusions associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
Windows and people : (1975)

An understanding of human requirements for windows in buildings can be developed through a survey of the literature on the reaction to environments with and without windows. Evaluation of the response to a variety of windowless situations reveals that although the attitudes toward a windowless space are often somewhat unfavorable, the most adverse reaction occurs in a small, restricted and essentially static environment. This suggests that one function performed by a window is the addition of a dynamic, active quality to an interior environment.
Article II of the Outer Space Treaty and Human Presence on Celestial Bodies: Prohibition of State Sovereignty, Exclusive Property Rights, or Both? (2005)

It was clear from the beginning of space activities that the classical rules of international law on sovereignty, territory and delimitation cannot apply to outer space and celestial bodies. For example, one must not expect to be in a position to assert territorial sovereignty simply by planting a flag in the ground upon landing on the Moon. Similarly, in the modern world of rockets, ballistic missiles and interplanetary spacecraft, the traditional “cannon-shot” rule of potestas finitur ubi finitur armorum vis can no longer apply, regardless of whatever arbitrary limit is prescribed to be the limit of state sovereignty.
ECG compression using multilevel thresholding of wavelet coefficients (2008)

A wavelet-based electrocardiogram (ECG) compression algorithm is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm reduces the bit rate of ECG and preserves its main clinically diagnostic features intact by minimizing reconstructed signal distortion. The original signal is divided into blocks and each block goes through a discrete wavelet transform. A threshold based on energy packing efficiency of the wavelet coefficients is used to threshold the wavelet coefficients. To assess the proper applicability of the proposed technique we have evaluated the effect of threshold level selection on the quality of the reconstructed signal. To generalize the proposed method, the technique is tested for the compression of a large set of normal and abnormal ECG signals extracted from MIT-BIH database. The performance parameters of the compression algorithm are measured and an average compression ratio of 13.57 with percent root mean square difference (PRD) of 4.87 is achieved. This technique outperforms the recently published ones in most of the data sets of MIT-BIH database.
Effects of Gadolinium Contrast Agent Administration on Automatic Brain Tissue Classification of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (2014)

The administration of gadolinium contrast agent had a significant effect on automatic brain-tissue classification in patients with MS by using synthetic tissue-mapping. The observed differences, however, were much smaller than the group differences between MS and controls.
Pricing mechanisms for crowdsourcing markets (2013)

Every day millions of crowdsourcing tasks are performed in exchange for payments. Despite the important role pricing plays in crowdsourcing campaigns and the complexity of the market, most platforms do not provide requesters appropriate tools for effective pricing and allocation of tasks.
A cone complementarity linearization algorithm for static output-feedback and related problems (2002)

This paper describes a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based algorithm for the static and reduced-order output-feedback synthesis problems of n-th order linear time invariant (LTI) systems with n/sub u/ (resp. n/sub y/) independent inputs (resp. outputs). The algorithm is based on a "cone complementarity" formulation of the problem, and is guaranteed to produce a stabilizing controller of order m/spl les/n-max(n/sub u/,n/sub y/), matching a generic stabilizability result of Davison and Chatterjee (1971). Extensive numerical experiments indicate that the algorithm finds a controller with order less or equal to that predicted by Kimura's (1994) generic stabilizability result (m/spl les/n-n/sub u/-n/sub y/+1). A similar algorithm can be applied to a variety of control problems, including robust control synthesis.
Performance comparison of pulse width modulated resonant mode DC/DC converters for space applications (2003)

Three resonant converter topologies-series, parallel, and series-parallel-are analyzed. Simple analytical expressions are derived to exhibit natural characteristics of the converters. The performance of each topology is presented, and the performances are compared. The series converter has better full-load to no-load efficiency, and a lower total volt-ampere rating than the other two topologies. The pulse-width modulated technique permits the operation of the series converter at no-load. Consequently, the series converter topology is recommended for all applications except low-voltage, high-current outputs. For these latter outputs, the series-parallel converter topology is preferred.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>