gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classifying Idiomatic and Literal Expressions Using Topic Models and Intensity of Emotions (2014)

We describe an algorithm for automatic classification of idiomatic and literal expressions. Our starting point is that words in a given text segment, such as a paragraph, that are highranking representatives of a common topic of discussion are less likely to be a part of an idiomatic expression. Our additional hypothesis is that contexts in which idioms occur, typically, are more affective and therefore, we incorporate a simple analysis of the intensity of the emotions expressed by the contexts. We investigate the bag of words topic representation of one to three paragraphs containing an expression that should be classified as idiomatic or literal (a target phrase). We extract topics from paragraphs containing idioms and from paragraphs containing literals using an unsupervised clustering method, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Since idiomatic expressions exhibit the property of non-compositionality, we assume that they usually present different semantics than the words used in the local topic. We treat idioms as semantic outliers, and the identification of a semantic shift as outlier detection. Thus, this topic representation allows us to differentiate idioms from literals using local semantic contexts. Our results are encouraging.
Selective Induction of Eotaxin Release by Interleukin-13 or Interleukin-4 in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Is Synergistic with Interleukin-1 β and Is Mediated by the Interleukin-4 Receptor α -Chain (2002)

The biologic activities of interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-4 often overlap, and evidence supports their importance in atopic disease and airways hyperresponsiveness. Here, their capacity to release eosinophil-activating cytokines was examined in cultured human airway smooth muscle. IL-13 and IL-4 induced selective release of eotaxin with no effect on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), or IL-8. A profound synergistic increase in eotaxin release occurred when IL-13 or IL-4 was combined with IL-1beta that was abrogated by a neutralizing antibody to the IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha)-chain but not to the IL-2 receptor gamma (IL-2Rgamma)-chain. Expression of cell surface IL-4 receptors and IL-4Ralpha in lysates was constitutive and unchanged by treatment with IL-13 or IL-4 alone or in combination with IL-1beta. Activation of IL-4Ralpha by IL-13 or IL-4 induced signal transducer and activation of transcription-6 (STAT6), p42/ p44 ERK, p38, and to a lesser extent, SAPK/JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. STAT6 and MAP kinase activation by IL-13 or IL-4 was not further potentiated after combined stimulation with IL-1beta. However, eotaxin release induced by IL-13 or IL-4 alone, and in combination with IL-1beta, was prevented by the MEK inhibitor U 0126 and by the p38 inhibitor SB 202190. Collectively, the data suggest that selective eotaxin release induced either by IL-13 and IL-4 or when combined with IL-1beta is mediated by a constitutive cell surface IL-4Ralpha and the activation of multiple intracellular pathways.
A comparative study of image feature detection and matching algorithms for touchless fingerprint systems. (2016)

Usually, in touchless 3D Fingerprint recognition system the effective area is increased by taking multiple images of the finger. This is done to mosaic or stitch these images together. The key problem here is the need to effectively extract feature points from these images individually and match them. There has never been a complete survey on the different methods of image feature detection specific for fingerprints. The goal of this paper is to have a comparative study visualizing the merits and demerits of the methods. We evaluate the performance of existing image feature detection techniques, such as, Difference-of-Gaussian, Hessian, Hessian Laplace, Harris Laplace, Multiscale Hessian, Multiscale Harris and OpenSURF, on a database that contains multiple images of a finger. The process involves (i) feature detection, (ii) feature matching and validation, and (iii) image stitching. Also we evaluate the performance by visually examining the mosaicked images as well as the number of matches. Computer simulation are presented and the goal is to make a comparison of the existing feature detection algorithms.
An improved feature selection algorithm based on MAHALANOBIS distance for Network Intrusion Detection (2013)

Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) plays an important role in providing network security. Efficient NIDS can be developed by defining a proper rule set for classifying network audit data into normal or attack patterns. Generally, each dataset is characterized by a large set of features, but not all features will be relevant or fully contribute identifying an attack. Since different attacks need different subsets to have better detection accuracy, this paper describes an improved feature selection algorithm to identify most appropriate subset of features for a certain attack. The proposed method is based on MAHALANOBIS Distance feature ranking and an improved exhaustive search to choose a better combination of features. We evaluate the approach on the KDD CUP 1999 datasets using SVM classifier and KNN classifier. The results show that classification is done with high classification rate and low misclassification rate with the reduced feature subsets.
Protein–protein docking benchmark version 3.0 (2008)

We present version 3.0 of our publicly available protein-protein docking benchmark. This update includes 40 new test cases, representing a 48% increase from Benchmark 2.0. For all of the new cases, the crystal structures of both binding partners are available. As with Benchmark 2.0, Structural Classification of Proteins (Murzin et al., J Mol Biol 1995;247:536-540) was used to remove redundant test cases. The 124 unbound-unbound test cases in Benchmark 3.0 are classified into 88 rigid-body cases, 19 medium-difficulty cases, and 17 difficult cases, based on the degree of conformational change at the interface upon complex formation. In addition to providing the community with more test cases for evaluating docking methods, the expansion of Benchmark 3.0 will facilitate the development of new algorithms that require a large number of training examples. Benchmark 3.0 is available to the public at http://zlab.bu.edu/benchmark.
Sickle cell anemia and central nervous system infarction: A neuropathological study (1986)

CNS infarcts were demonstrated in 12 of 24 autopsied patients with sickle cell anemia. The infarcts occurred most extensively in the territory supplied by the distal branches of the internal carotid artery, especially the anterior-middle cerebral artery boundary zone. They were regularly associated with organizing and recanalizing thrombi involving the distal cervical and proximal intracranial divisions of the internal carotid system. On the basis of these findings, we infer that the pathogenesis of the infarction involves perfusion failure or intraarterial embolization in addition to intravascular sickling.
Identification and characterization of <i>LMO</i> <i>4</i> , an LMO gene with a novel pattern of expression during embryogenesis (1998)

LMO4 is a novel member of the LIM-only (LMO) subfamily of LIM domain-containing transcription factors. LMO1, LMO2, and LMO4 have distinct expression patterns in adult tissue, and we demonstrate that nuclear retention of LMO proteins is enhanced by the nuclear LIM interactor (NLI). In situ hybridization to early mouse embryos of 8-14.5 days revealed a complex pattern of LMO4 expression spatially overlapping with NLI and LHX genes. LMO4 expression in somite is repressed in mice mutant for the segment polarity gene Mesp2 and expanded in Splotch mutants. During jaw and limb outgrowth, LMO4 and LMO2 expression define mesenchyme that is uncommitted to regional fates. Although both LMO2 and LMO4 are activated in thymic blast cells, only LMO4 is expressed in mature T cells. Mesenchymal and thymic blast cell expression patterns of LMO4 and LMO2 are consistent with the suggestion that LMO genes inhibit differentiation.
Chinese herb derived-Rocaglamide A is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic cancer cells. (2016)

Pancreatic cancer ranks No.1 in mortality rate worldwide. This study aims to identify the novel anti-pancreatic cancer drugs. Human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines were purchased from ATCC. CPE-based screening assay was used to examine the cell viability. Patient derived tumor xenografts in SCID mice was established. The Caspase-3 and 7 activities were measured using the Caspase Glo 3/7 Assay kit. Soft agar colony formation assay was used to evaluate the colony formation. Wound healing assay was employed to determine the cell migration. We screened a Chinese herbal product library and found three "hits" that kill cancer cells at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. One of these compounds, rocaglamide, was found to be potent inhibitors of a wide spectrum of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Furthermore, Rocaglamide reduced the tumor size in a patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse model without noticeable toxicity in vivo. Rocaglamide also inhibits pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, these data support that Rocaglamide may be a promising anti-pancreatic cancer drug.
Refractive-index changes of standard telecommunication fiber through exposure to femtosecond laser pulses at 810 cm (2001)

We report on permanent refractive-index changes as great as 6 x 10(-3) in standard fibers on irradiation with tightly focused femtosecond (120-fs) near-IR (lambda = 800-nm) pulses. The refractive-index increase was measured through changes in the transmission spectrum of an UV photowritten Bragg-grating-based Fabry-Perot interferometer. We depict the dependence of the index variation on exposure time. The changes in refractive index can be optimized after a few seconds of irradiation. The measured induced excess loss increases during near-IR exposure.
Primary, secondary, and tertiary phosphines, polyphosphines, and heterocyclic organophosphorus (III) compounds (1990)

Structure and bonding in organophosphorus (III) compounds, D.G.Gilheany optically active phosphines - preparation, uses and chiroptical properties, H.B.Kagan and M.Sasaki electrochemistry of organophosphorus (III) compounds, K.S.V.Santhanam thermochemistry of phosphorus (III) compounds, G.Pilcher ESR spectra of free radicals derived from phosphines, P.Tordo preparation of phosphines, D.G.Gilheany and C.M.Mitchell the preparation and reactivity of bi- and poly-dentate phosphines with p-cn-p bonding, O.Stelzer and K.P.Langhans chemistry and ligating properties of phospha-alkynes and their derivatives, M.J.Maah et al cyclic phosphines, L.D.Quin and A.N.Hughes nucleophilic reactions of phosphines, H.R.Hudson acid-base and hydrogen-bonding properties of phosphines, H.R.Hudson photochemistry of organophosphorus (III) compounds, M.Dankowski phosphine complexes of transition metals, W.Levason biochemistry of phosphines, N.R.Price and J.Chambers.
Improved power converter line synchronisation using an adaptive Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) (2003)

The problem of line synchronisation for grid connected power converters where the grid is weak or comes from a remote area power supply with poor frequency governing, is now well recognised. Such supplies can suffer a significant amount of line voltage distortion due to notches caused by power device commutation and/or low frequency harmonic content. This distortion can easily corrupt the output of a conventional zero crossing detector. In this paper a method of filtering the incoming supply voltage using a recursive discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is presented. This filter shows a high degree of noise immunity but produces a phase shift between the incoming supply voltage and filtered output voltage when the time window of the DFT does not match the system period. Two methods of compensating for this phase shift are presented based on tracking the drift in the phase predicted by the recursive DFT. The first method makes a deadbeat adjustment to the time window (thereby changing the sampling rate) while the second approach calculates the phase error based on the linear phase response of the DFT. These compensation algorithms can correct for discrepancies of at least 25% between the DFT time window and the system period, and can track grid frequencies with slew rates as high as 40 Hz/sec with negligible phase shift between the line voltage input and the filtered output waveforms.
High efficiency 90 GHz InP Gunn oscillators (1980)

High efficiency InP Gunn devices and oscillators have been developed for the millimetre wave range. At approximately 90 GHz, the highest c.w. efficiency measured was 4.7% and the highest pulsed efficiency was 6.3%. Output powers of 126 mW c.w. and 236 mW pulsed have been achieved.
Using CRISPR-Cas9 to Generate Gene-Corrected Autologous iPSCs for the Treatment of Inherited Retinal Degeneration (2017)

Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for autologous cell replacement. However, for many inherited diseases, treatment will likely require genetic repair pre-transplantation. Genome editing technologies are useful for this application. The purpose of this study was to develop CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing strategies to target and correct the three most common types of disease-causing variants in patient-derived iPSCs: (1) exonic, (2) deep intronic, and (3) dominant gain of function. We developed a homology-directed repair strategy targeting a homozygous Alu insertion in exon 9 of male germ cell-associated kinase (MAK) and demonstrated restoration of the retinal transcript and protein in patient cells. We generated a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) approach to excise a major contributor to Leber congenital amaurosis, the IVS26 cryptic-splice mutation in CEP290, and demonstrated correction of the transcript and protein in patient iPSCs. Lastly, we designed allele-specific CRISPR guides that selectively target the mutant Pro23His rhodopsin (RHO) allele, which, following delivery to both patient iPSCs in vitro and pig retina in vivo, created a frameshift and premature stop that would prevent transcription of the disease-causing variant. The strategies developed in this study will prove useful for correcting a wide range of genetic variants in genes that cause inherited retinal degeneration.
An Exploration of the Use of Eye Gaze and Gestures in Females With Rett Syndrome (2016)

Eye gaze is used more frequently than gestures for communication, and this is related to age, MECP2 mutation type, and gross motor abilities.
Histone H2B ubiquitin ligase RNF20 is required for <i>MLL</i> -rearranged leukemia (2013)

Mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) fusions are potent oncogenes that initiate aggressive forms of acute leukemia. As aberrant transcriptional regulators, MLL-fusion proteins alter gene expression in hematopoietic cells through interactions with the histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase DOT1L. Notably, interference with MLL-fusion cofactors like DOT1L is an emerging therapeutic strategy in this disease. Here, we identify the histone H2B E3 ubiquitin ligase ring finger protein 20 (RNF20) as an additional chromatin regulator that is necessary for MLL-fusion-mediated leukemogenesis. Suppressing the expression of Rnf20 in diverse models of MLL-rearranged leukemia leads to inhibition of cell proliferation, under tissue culture conditions as well as in vivo. Rnf20 knockdown leads to reduced expression of MLL-fusion target genes, effects resembling Dot1l inhibition. Using ChIP-seq, we found that H2B ubiquitination is enriched in the body of MLL-fusion target genes, correlating with sites of H3K79 methylation and transcription elongation. Furthermore, Rnf20 is required to maintain local levels of H3K79 methylation by Dot1l at Hoxa9 and Meis1. These findings support a model whereby cotranscriptional recruitment of Rnf20 at MLL-fusion target genes leads to amplification of Dot1l-mediated H3K79 methylation, thereby rendering leukemia cells dependent on Rnf20 to maintain their oncogenic transcriptional program.
Sonographically guided laparoscopy and mediastinoscopy using miniature catheter-based transducers (1993)

Miniature ultrasound transducers (12.5 MHz) housed in 9 Fr catheters were passed through a laparoscope or mediastinoscope to image a variety of normal and abnormal structures within the peritoneal cavity and mediastinum in 20 patients. These transducers made it possible to visualize the gallbladder and bile ducts and evaluate for the presence of stones, to detect masses and provide guidance for their aspiration or biopsy, and to image the internal structures of the ovary and fallopian tube. In addition, these miniature transducers were used to locate such normal vital structures as blood vessels, thereby allowing the surgeon to decide on the best approach for dissection during mediastinoscopy. During conventional surgery, the surgeon or gynecologist can palpate an area of abnormality not directly visualized. However, during laparoscopy and mediastinoscopy direct palpation is not possible. Therefore, it is important to find another method to determine what structures lie beneath the visualized surface. These miniature ultrasound transducers appear to offer a means for making such determinations.
Design of an automatic impedance-matching device (1999)

An automatic impedance-matching device using a sectioned transmission line attached with many switching reactive elements is described. The device can give a good impedance matching for a load with an arbitrary impedance. After the load impedance is determined by measuring the voltage amplitudes at the junction points of the matching line, the switching states of the reactive elements (switch off, or switch to a capacitance or an inductance) are determined by either a noniterative method or a genetic algorithm. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 20: 236–240, 1999.
<i>mda-9</i>/Syntenin: A Positive Regulator of Melanoma Metastasis (2005)

Metastasis is a significant event in cancer progression and continues to pose the greatest challenge for a cancer cure. Defining genes that control metastasis in vivo may provide new targets for intervening in this process with profound therapeutic implications. Melanoma differentiation associated gene-9 (mda-9) was initially identified by subtraction hybridization as a novel gene displaying biphasic expression during terminal differentiation in human melanoma cells. Mda-9, also known as syntenin, is a PDZ-domain protein overexpressed in many types of human cancers, where it is believed to function in tumor progression. However, a functional role of mda-9/syntenin in tumor growth and metastasis and the signaling pathways involved in mediating these biological activities remain to be defined. Evidence is now provided, using weakly and highly metastatic isogenic melanoma variants, that mda-9/syntenin regulates metastasis. Expression of mda-9/syntenin correlates with advanced stages of melanoma progression. Regulating mda-9/syntenin expression using a replication-incompetent adenovirus expressing either sense or antisense mda-9/syntenin modifies the transformed phenotype and alters metastatic ability in immortal human melanocytes and metastatic melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo in newborn rats. A direct relationship is observed between mda-9/syntenin expression and increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, c-Jun-NH2-kinase, and p38. This study provides the first direct link between mda-9/syntenin expression and tumor cell dissemination in vivo and indicates that mda-9/syntenin expression activates specific signal transduction pathways, which may regulate melanoma tumor progression. Based on its ability to directly alter metastasis, mda-9/syntenin provides a promising new focus for melanoma cancer research with potential therapeutic applications for metastatic diseases.
Phase-Separated, Epitaxial, Nanostructured LaMnO<sub>3</sub>+MgO Composite Cap Layer Films for Propagation of Pinning Defects in YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub>Coated Conductors (2009)

Nanostructural modulation in the cap layer used in coated conductors can be a potential source for nucleating microstructural defects into the superconducting layer for improving the flux-pinning. We report on the successful fabrication of phase separated, epitaxial, nanostructured films comprised of LaMnO3 (LMO) and MgO via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on biaxially-textured MgO metallic templates with a LMO buffer layer. Scanning Auger compositional mapping and transmission electron microscopy cross sectional images confirm the nanoscale, spatial modulation corresponding to the nanostructured phase separation in the film. YBa2Cu3O7-δ films (0.8 µm thick) grown using PLD on such phase separated, nanostructured cap layers show reduced field dependence of the critical current density with an α value of ∼0.38 (in Jc∼H-α).
Advancements and challenges of patterning biomolecules with sub-50 nm features (2013)

In recent years, the patterning of biomolecules with sub-50 nanometer resolution has enabled fundamental studies on cellular interactions with their environment and the development of densely packed biosensors. To further these efforts, the ability to precisely position multicomponent, single biomolecules and small clusters in various shapes and patterns has emerged as a major challenge. We highlight recent strategies to immobilize biomolecules with sub-50 nanometer resolution, emphasizing the advancements and challenges associated with each approach.
Platin‐Rückgewinnung bei der NH<sub>3</sub>‐Verbrennung an Platin/Rhodium‐Netzkatalysatoren (1968)

Abstract Zur Pt‐Rückgewinnung bei der NH 3 ‐Oxidation an Pt/Rh‐Netzkatalysatoren wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, bei dem unmittelbar unter den Pt/Rh‐Netzen angeordnete Netze aus Pd/Au‐Drähten die verdampften Pt‐Atome aus dem Gasstrom herausgettern. Das Verfahren eignet sich besonders auch für Druckanlagen, bei denen die in Normaldruckanlagen angewandten Verfahren mehr oder weniger versagen. Die prozentuale Pt‐Rückgewinnung beträgt für ein einzelnes Pd/Au‐Netz bei Hochdruckanlagen rd. 20%, bei Mitteldruckanlagen rd. 45% und bei Normaldruckanlagen rd. 60%. Entsprechend höhere Rückgewinnungsquoten werden durch Hintereinanderschalten mehrerer Netze erzielt.
Energy Value and Amino Acid Bioavailability of Faba Bean Seeds in Broilers Diets (2012)

The aim of this study was to determine the apparent (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME(subscript n)) as well as the crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) total tract (by excreta collection) digestibility (bioavailability) of faba bean seeds (FBS) of the Greek cultivar ”Polikarpi”. Forty eight broilers were placed in individual cages and randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments. Birds consumed 80 g d^(-1) of either a typical commercial diet or the same diet in which 100, 200 or 300 g kg^(-1) had been substituted by ground FBS. The experiment lasted 15 d. Apparent and true CP bioavailability of FBS were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) only at the inclusion rate of 300 g kg^(-1). AA bioavailability remained at high levels (~0.80) with the exception of cystine and was similar to CP mean. The mean AME and TME(subscript n) values of FBS were estimated equal to 11.1 and 11.4 MJ ME kg^(-1), respectively.