gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Detection and Segmentation of Focal Liver Lesions in Contrast Enhanced CT Images (2010)

In this paper a novel system for automatic detection and segmentation of focal liver lesions in CT images is presented. It utilizes a probabilistic boosting tree to classify points in the liver as either lesion or parenchyma, thus providing both detection and segmentation of the lesions at the same time and fully automatically. To make the segmentation more robust, an iterative classification scheme is integrated, that incorporates knowledge gained from earlier iterations into later decisions. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of both the segmentation and the detection performance for the most common hypo dense lesions is given. Detection rates of 77% could be achieved with a sensitivity of 0.95 and a specificity of 0.93 for lesion segmentation at the same settings.
Plant-scale production of fertilizers in a pan granulator (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPlant-scale production of fertilizers in a pan granulatorRobert S. Meline, Isaac W. McCamy, James Logan. Graham, and Thomas S. SloanCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1968, 16, 2, 235–240Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60156a040https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60156a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views119Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
(In)curability of breast cancer: a 30-year report of a series of 3933 cases (1998)

The aim was to compare mortality in a consecutive series of women with breast cancer to that of an age-matched cohort of the Scottish population. An analysis of outcome has been performed in a retrospective series of 3933 women with breast cancer diagnosed between 1954 and 1964 and followed for between 30 and 40 years (median 32 years). The ratio of observed to expected mortality (O:E) was calculated by quinquennia for the group as a whole and for subsets defined by clinical prognostic criteria. O:E mortality remained significantly greater than unity for at least 25 years following diagnosis and treatment, indicating a failure to demonstrate cure of the disease in a statistical sense, i.e. by the elimination of the excess hazard of death in the study group. Clinical prognostic factors, such as tumour size, palpability of axillary nodes and their combination in clinical stages, significantly discriminate for survival for the first 10 years only. These data confirm other long-term follow-up studies of women with breast cancer. For practical purposes, the disease should be considered to be incurable. The implications of this concept for the development of clinical research are discussed briefly.
Some effects of competition on the survival of yellow-poplar seedlings (1962)

In the upper Coastal Plain and northward in New Jersey, yellow-poplar is an important component of the hardwood forests because of its rapid growth, straight and clear bole, and desirable wood characteristics. But attempts to reproduce this species naturally after harvest cuttings have often been unsuccessful. Though poor seed crops and unfavorable seedbed conditions may at times restrict germination, observations indicate that mortality of seedlings after germination is of greater significance.
Chronic fatigue syndrome and the diagnostic utility of antibody to Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (1988)

Antibody to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen has been said to be the most specific indicator of symptomatic chronic EBV infection. We studied the clinical utility of this serologic test in the evaluation of patients with chronic fatigue. Thirty patients with chronic fatigue and highly elevated titers of antibody to early antigen (≥1:160) were compared with 30 age- and sex-matched controls with no antibody to early antigen. There were no significant differences noted between patients and controls at the initial evaluation (symptoms, physical examination, laboratory data). Follow-up information, available for 15 matched pairs, showed no differences in outcome between patients and controls. We conclude that the antibody to EBV early antigen is not helpful in the clinical evaluation of patients with chronic fatigue. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:971-973)
Spatial Light Modulator Technology: Materials, Devices and Applications (1994)

Nematic liquid crystals physical properties of smectic liquid crystals and novel electro-optic effects nonlinear optical properties of organic structures - fundamentals and applications photorefractive materials multiple quantum well spatial light modulators FLC spatial light modulators the magneto-optic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) charge-transfer-plate membrane-mirror light modulators acousto-optic Bragg cell devices smart pixels - technology and applications to parallel computing SLMs in optical computing display applications of SLMs SLMs for optical switching real-time holoography, innovative adaptive optics and compensated optical processors using spatial light modulators.
Hypnotic Efficacy of Triazolam and Methyprylon in Insomniac In-Patients (1976)

The hypnotic effects of a new triazolobenzodiazepine, triazolam (Halcion) 0-5 mg and methyprylon 300 mg was compared in twenty oncologic in-patient volunteers with insomnia using the preference technique. On the first night of the two-night trial, or methyprylon was given on a double-blind basis and on the second night the patients received the alternate medication. Following each trial night the patients were interviewed in regard to their sleep. Of the seventeen patients who completed the study, eleven patients preferred triazolam, three preferred methyprylon and three had no preference (p=0-057). Analysis of the various sleep parameters showed that triazolam helped the patients sleep more than methyprylon (p=0-13), induced more rapid sleep onset (p=0-003), gave a longer duration of sleep (p=0-013). The treatment was considered a success if the patient went to sleep in thirty minutes or less and slept for at least six hours. Triazolam was more successful than methyprylon in this respect (p=0-012). There were no side-effects reported on either of the drugs.
Spectral and laser characteristics of a mirror with a corrugated waveguide on its surface (1986)

A study is made of the spectral characteristics of selectively reflecting mirrors in the form of a plane-parallel substrate on the surface of which a corrugated optical waveguide is formed. It is shown that a resonance coupling between the modes excited in the waveguide determines the spectral profile of the reflection line obtained for normal incidence of a beam. It is shown that the use of such mirrors in a laser resonator should improve the distribution of the laser radiation field in the far zone.
Multivariate determination of glucose concentrations from optimally filtered frequency-warped NIR spectra of human blood serum (1996)

Glucose concentrations over the 39-160 mg dl-1 range have been determined from 357 NIR (near-infrared) spectra of human blood serum in the spectral region from 6766 cm-1 to 4003 cm-1. A frequency-warping procedure was applied to the NIR data to compress 511 spectral components into 102 in the 6766-4003 cm-1 spectral region. Before the data compression process was carried out, the NIR spectrum of deionized water was subtracted from each of the blood serum spectra to remove the intrinsic high background absorption due to the water. PLS (partial least-squares) regression was coupled with time-domain digital Butterworth bandpass filtering in an optimization procedure. The optimization procedure was carried out over a range of centre frequencies and bandwidths for first- (two-pole), second- (four-pole) and third- (six-pole) order bandpass filters, and over a range of PLS factors. The optimal PLS model and filter parameters were determined from a sequence of three-dimensional performance response maps for different numbers of PLS factors and filter orders. As a basis for comparison, the same optimization process was carried out for a Gaussian filter design approach (i.e., Fourier filtering). Using the optimally filtered frequency-warped NIR spectral data, an SEP (standard error of prediction) of 13.2 mg dl-1 was achieved fro the test (monitoring) data using 14 PLS factors and a simple first-order (two-pole) digital Butterworth bandpass filter.
Engineering Site Characterisation Using 2-D and 3-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2012)

Land reclaimed from water bodies or its equivalent (swamp, flood zones and abandon river channel) usually contain certain mechanically unstable geological formations (e.g. peat and clay) which are inimical to the foundation of engineering structures. Concerted effort must therefore be ensured to determine depth to competent layer across the proposed site as against conventional geotechnical test which is a point test. Complementary non invasive geophysical methods must be carried out for any engineering construction so as to ensure stability of building construction and avoid the devastating effects of building collapse rampant of late. Thus, electrical resistivity tomography and induced polarisation methods, constrained by percussion drilling, were used for the present study. The results of the 2-D and 3-D DC resistivity tomography using 64 multi-electrode systems with gradient electrode configuration along five parallel profiles with smallest electrode separation of 4.0m on a total length of 252 m was interpreted using Earth Imager Inversion software. The subsurface was characterised by Peat/Clay sandwich between upper and lower Clayey-sand/Sandy-clay and Sand. The presence of Peat and Clay were correlated to the cause of chronic differential settlements of some engineering structures within the area. The depths to the sand material were observed between 17-47 m. At shallow depths, the sand materials were underlain by mobile clay/peat materials, which correlates with the depth to competent layer (Sand) achieved by percussion drilling in the range of 20-24 m. This lithological sequence in which the near surface sand deposits are underlain by clay/peat saturated with water, gives a sense of instability to the overlaying sandy layer. To buttress this finding, residential and other public buildings surveyed in the entire area are marked with various degrees of distress, ranging from multiple cracks, sinking of building, partial collapse to complete collapse. It should be noted that the depth to the sand layer achieved during the research varied along the respective profiles. Thus application of 2-D resistivity tomography has revealed both the lateral and vertical variation in depth to competent sand layer within the study area as opposed to point information from CPT or Percussion drilling. This provides a useful guide to the site engineers in designing appropriate foundation structure.
Carbon−Carbon Bond-Forming Solid-Phase Reactions. Part II (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon−Carbon Bond-Forming Solid-Phase Reactions. Part IIRobert E. Sammelson and Mark J. KurthView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 1, 137–202Publication Date (Web):December 14, 2000Publication History Received26 June 2000Published online14 December 2000Published inissue 1 January 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr000086ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr000086eresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2850Altmetric-Citations169LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Anions,Crystal cleavage,Hydrocarbons,Organic polymers Get e-Alerts
Learning and Extracting Finite State Automata with Second-Order Recurrent Neural Networks (1992)

We show that a recurrent, second-order neural network using a real-time, forward training algorithm readily learns to infer small regular grammars from positive and negative string training samples. We present simulations that show the effect of initial conditions, training set size and order, and neural network architecture. All simulations were performed with random initial weight strengths and usually converge after approximately a hundred epochs of training. We discuss a quantization algorithm for dynamically extracting finite state automata during and after training. For a well-trained neural net, the extracted automata constitute an equivalence class of state machines that are reducible to the minimal machine of the inferred grammar. We then show through simulations that many of the neural net state machines are dynamically stable, that is, they correctly classify many long unseen strings. In addition, some of these extracted automata actually outperform the trained neural network for classification of unseen strings.
Asymmetric <i>Diels</i>‐<i>Alder</i> Cycloadditions with Chiral Carbamoyl Dienophiles (1992)

Abstract Chiral acylnitroso dienophiles 14 , which were obtained from L ‐proline and from D ‐mandelic acid, reacted with cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene to give the expected diastereoisomers 15 and 16 ( Scheme 2 and Table 1 ). The d.e. values for these Diels ‐ Alder reactions were moderate; they are related to the molecular stiffness of the dienophiles. The absolute configuration of the major cycloadducts was interpreted in terms of HOMO/LUMO interactions, the approach being ‘ endo ’ and the acylintroso dienophiles reacting from their s‐ cis ‐conformation.
PREPARATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES BY CVD PROCESS OVER NANOPARTICLES OF NI-CE-ZR MIXED OXIDES (2008)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by the catalytic chemical vapor deposition of C 2 H 2 at 550°C in 120 minutes using nanoparticles of Ni-Ce-Zr mixed oxides. The CNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that CNTs with diameter of about 45 nm are obtained. Utilization of Ni-Ce mixed oxides or NiO2 respectively afforded CNTs with helical and curved morphologies and diameters of about 50 and 90 nm. No CNTs were formed either in the absence of catalyst or exclusion of Ni from Ce-Zr mixed oxides. Details of the catalyst type and its impact on CNTs morphologies will be presented.
Manganese Transport and Trafficking: Lessons Learned from <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2005)

Manganese represents an essential trace element that is accumulated and utilized by virtually all forms of life.This redox active metal is a key cofactor for a wide range of metalloenzymes, including oxidases and dehydrogenases, DNA and RNA polymerases, kinases, decarboxylases, and sugar transferases (11,25).In addition to serving as an essential nutrient, manganese can also be toxic.In humans, exposure to manganese can cause severe neurological damage, leading to a Parkinsonian-like disorder known as "manganism" (3,4,46,59,69).While the biological importance of manganese has long been recognized, there is scarce understanding regarding the mechanisms of manganese homeostasis.Virtually every compartment of the cell contains one or more enzymes that require manganese for activity, and in order for manganese to reach said targets, the ion must overcome a number of obstacles.Lipid bilayer membranes must be crossed at both the cell surface and at organelles.In addition, the metal must evade the detoxification factors designed to sequester or eliminate manganese from the cell.Because manganese is potentially toxic, the ion is not likely to diffuse in the cell unattended, but, rather, is handled in a carefully controlled fashion by manganese homeostasis proteins.Such homeostasis factors include cell surface and intracellular manganese transporters and putative manganese chaperones that collectively guide the metal down a designated trafficking pathway, ultimately culminating in the activation of manganese enzymes.To date, only a few of the players involved in the network of manganese trafficking have been identified, and these have largely been revealed through molecular genetic studies of the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.This review shall highlight pathways of manganese homeostasis and trafficking that are operative under three distinct metabolic conditions: (i) manganese replete or "physiological" conditions when manganese is amply available for activation of manganese-requiring enzymes; (ii) manganese starvation stress, including the cellular response to compensate for low manganese availability; and (iii) manganese surplus or manganese toxicity, including the transport pathways and mechanisms of detoxification.Where applicable, references shall be made to analogous pathways described for humans, including potential implications for disease.(Physiological, as used in item i above, means nonstressed laboratory growth conditions, i.e., when manganese is amply available to activate manganese enzymes but is not at surplus levels at which toxicity might ensue.However, "physiological" conditions or the natural growth state for S. cerevisiae in the wild might be more akin to manganese starvation conditions.
Stereoselective Pinacol Coupling of Chiral Formylferrocene Using Divalent Samarium Triflate:  Preparation of a New Chiral Bisferrocenyl Oxazoline Ligand and Its Application to Asymmetric Diels−Alder Reactions (2005)

[reaction: see text] The pinacol coupling reaction of planar chiral ortho-oxazoline-substituted formylferrocene was smoothly mediated by SmI2 or Sm(OTf)3 to give the (R,R) isomer selectivity (up to 76% diastereomeric excess). The combination of Yb(OTf)3 and the (R,R)-ferrocenyl diol was revealed to be a good catalyst for the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of 3-acyloxazolidinone with cyclopentadiene, and the endo adduct was produced in up to 80% enantiomeric excess.
Automating object transformations for dynamic software updating (2012)

Dynamic software updating (DSU) systems eliminate costly downtime by dynamically fixing bugs and adding features to executing programs. Given a static code patch, most DSU systems construct runtime code changes automatically. However, a dynamic update must also specify how to change the running program's execution state, e.g., the stack and heap, to make it compatible with the new code. Constructing such state transformations correctly and automatically remains an open problem. This paper presents a solution called Targeted Object Synthesis (TOS). TOS first executes the same tests on the old and new program versions separately, observing the program heap state at a few corresponding points. Given two corresponding heap states, TOS matches objects in the two versions using key fields that uniquely identify objects and correlate old and new-version objects. Given example object pairs, TOS then synthesizes the simplest-possible function that transforms an old-version object to its new-version counterpart. We show that TOS is effective on updates to four open-source server programs for which it generates non-trivial transformation functions that use conditionals, operate on collections, and fix memory leaks. These transformations help programmers understand their changes and apply dynamic software updates.
Physical Characterization of Polymer Electrolytes as Novel Iontophoretic Drug Delivery Devices (1999)

Polymer electrolytes are solid-like materials formed by dispersing a salt at the molecular level in a high molecular weight polymer such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). They have been extensively studied for use in electrochemical applications such as batteries and display devices. This paper considers a novel application of polymer electrolytes as the basis of iontophoretic drug delivery systems. Polymer electrolyte films were cast from solutions of PEO and various drug salts using either water or an acetonitrile/ethanol mixture as the solvent. These films were characterized by variable-temperature polarizing microscopy (VTPM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and alternating current (AC) impedance analysis. The films were around 100-micron thick and mechanically strong; the optical and thermal methods provided evidence that the polymer electrolytes had crystalline and amorphous phases, although some drugs may exist in films as nanodispersions. The amorphous phase is important as ions have greater mobility in this phase and therefore allow a current to be passed when the material is incorporated into a device such as one suitable for drug delivery by iontophoresis. The AC impedance analysis showed that the conductivity of the films varied between 10(-6) and 10(-3) S cm-1, depending on the salt, casting solvent, and temperature. Two drugs in particular were shown to be promising candidates in these systems: lidocaine hydrochloride and lithium chloride.
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IS A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR NEUROGENIC URINARY INCONTINENCE: RESULTS OF A SINGLE TREATMENT, RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO CONTROLLED 6-MONTH STUDY (2005)

Intramuscular injections of BTX-A into the detrusor can provide rapid, well tolerated, clinically significant decreases in the signs and symptoms of urinary incontinence caused by neurogenic detrusor overactivity during a 24-week study period.