gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Normal Antibody-Dependent Killer Cell Function in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 2 (1977)

Unfractionated mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and nylon wool-nonadherent (B-cell-depleted and T- and null-cell enriched) cells from normal control individuals and untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were tested for killer cell function in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Killer cell activity was present in unfractionated cells from normal individuals and was enriched after removal of adherent cells. Target cell killing by unfractionated mononuclear cells from CLL patients was deficient in 5 of 6 patients tested, but after removal of adherent cells it was approximately equal to that of normal nonadherent cells. Our results indicate that the apparent deficit of killer cells in unfractionated PBL from some CLL patients is due to dilution of killer cells and not to an intrinsic defect in the function of these cells, the presence of suppressor cells in the adherent population, or suppression of killer cell function by serum factors.
Stereospecific hydroxylation of indan by Escherichia coli containing the cloned toluene dioxygenase genes from Pseudomonas putida F1 (1992)

Escherichia coli JM109(pDTG601), containing the todC1C2BA genes encoding toluene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida F1, oxidizes indan to (-)-(1R)-indanol (83% R) and trans-1,3-indandiol. Under similar conditions, P. putida F39/D oxidizes indan to (-)-(1R)-indanol (96% R), 1-indanone, and trans-1,3-indandiol. The differences in the enantiomeric composition of the 1-indanols formed by the two organisms are due to the presence of a 1-indanol dehydrogenase in P. putida F39/D that preferentially oxidizes (+)-(1S)-indanol.
Assessing adrenocortical activity by determining levels of urinary free cortisol and urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol (1989)

A comparative study of urinary free cortisol and urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol levels as a diagnostic test for hypercortisolemic states was carried out by measuring the excretion in 24-h specimens from 289 apparently healthy subjects and 10 Cushing patients. The diurnal variations of both variables were examined in normal subjects and subjects with altered adrenal activities. Two of the 289 apparently normal subjects had high values of urinary free cortisol; one had a high, the other a normal 6 beta-hydroxycortisol level; they were later diagnosed as having Cushing's syndrome and infertility, respectively. Three other subjects had high values of the urinary variables, but during 5 years of follow-up did not show any clinical evidence of hypercortisolism. The two urinary variables gave no false-negative results in the Cushing patients. The diurnal variation revealed that levels of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol change in parallel with those of free cortisol in normal subjects and in subjects with altered adrenal activities. However, the ratio of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol to free cortisol during the diurnal variation varied from low values when free cortisol levels were high to high values when free cortisol levels were low. In normal subjects, 1 mg of dexamethasone taken orally at 23.00 h completely suppressed the levels of both variables on the following day. It is concluded that urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol is correlated to urinary free cortisol so that measurement of urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol levels can be used as a diagnostic test for hypercortisolism in a way comparable to the method using urinary free cortisol.
<title>Fabrication of microlenses by laser-assisted chemical etching</title> (1991)

The laser assisted chemical etching technique (LACE) is capable of generating high quality aspheric microlenses, as well as other miniature components such as prisms and waveguides. Using a calculated intensity map it is possible to individually specify the optical properties of each element in the array. To date, arrays of high quality lenslets have been fabricated with specifications ranging from f/0.7 to f/10 with spacing of 50 to 300 (mu) . Microlenses have been generated in glass, silicon, CdTe and sapphire having 95 fill factors with figure quality better than 1/10th wave.
Text categorization using compression models (2002)

Summary form only given. Test categorization is the assignment of natural language texts to predefined categories based on their concept. The use of predefined categories implies a "supervised learning" approach to categorization, where already-classified articles which effectively define the categories are used as "training data" to build a model that can be used for classifying new articles that comprise "the data". Typical approaches extract features from articles and use the feature vectors as input to a machine learning scheme that learns how to classify articles. The features are generally words. It has often been observed that compression seems to provide a very promising alternative approach to categorization. The overall compression of an article with respect to different models can be compared to see which one it fits most closely. Such a scheme has several potential advantages: it yields an overall judgement on the document as a whole, rather than discarding information by pre-selecting features it avoids the messy and rather artificial problem of defining word boundaries; it deals uniformly with morphological variants of words; depending on the model (and its order), it can take account of phrasal effects that span word boundaries; it offers a uniform way of dealing with different types of documents for example, arbitrary files in a computer system; it generally minimizes arbitrary decisions that inevitably need to be taken to render any learning scheme practical.
Bad Company: The Cult of the CEO (2003)

"In the second Quarterly Essay of 2003, Gideon Haigh scrutinises the way we have turned CEOs into tin gods. Is moral outrage the appropriate response to the collapses of Enron or HIH or are we all implicated in a crazy system? Haigh argues that the attempt to create great entrepreneurs of the new caste of CEOs by giving them shares is doomed to failure and inherently absurd. In a tough-minded, vigorous demolition job on the culture that produced the cult of the CEO, Haigh writes a mini-history of business and shows how the classic traditions of capitalism are mocked by the managerialism of the present."The world where the CEO is deemed to be a 'genius' at least equal to a great actor or a great sportsman is a world in which ... Gideon Haigh refuses to believe." -Peter Craven, Introduction"The making of the modern CEO has been a story of more: more power, more discretion, more ownership, more money, more demands, more expectations and, above all, more illusions. More, as so often, has brought less ..." -Gideon Haigh, Bad CompanyGideon Haigh has worked as a journalist for the Bulletin, the Guardian, the Times and the Monthly. As an author he has written books on business, including The Battle for BHP and One of a Kind: The Story of Bankers Trust Australia 1969-1999, and cricket: among others, Silent Revolutions, Game for Anything, The Green and Golden Age and All Out: the Ashes 2006-07. His latest book is Good Enough: The Ashes 2009.".
Ionic Screening of Charged-Impurity Scattering in Graphene (2009)

We have studied the ionic screening effect on the charge transport properties of graphene field effect transistors. By increasing the ionic concentration, we found dramatic increases in the carrier mobilities and systematic changes in the position and magnitude of minimum conductivity, as well as the width of minimum conductivity plateau, which supports the theory of long-range Coulomb scattering. We also observed clear conductivity saturation and systematic crossover from the linear to constant conductivity regimes.
Defect Detection and Thickness Mapping of Passivation Layers on Integrated Circuits Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis and Image Processing Techniques (1988)

The relative thickness of passivation layers has been mapped for integrated circuits by utilizing the penetration voltage method, in conjunction with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), to detect defects and map film thickness. The thickness mapping technique was evaluated for area coverage and correlated to size of defective areas. The purpose of this study was to determine optimal operational conditions for fast and accurate defect detection on an integrated circuit for failure analysis and non-destructive process evaluation. Image processing was required to enhance the acquired map and to obtain a calibrated image for relative comparison of thickness non-uniformity. Once the defect is detected, linescan and spot measurements can be used to obtain more accurate characterization of the defect areas. Considerable improvement in the detection and characterization of thickness and hole defects in the passivation layers on integrated circuit devices can be obtained with the use of this method.
Easily unwound DNA sequences and hairpin structures in the Epstein-Barr virus origin of plasmid replication (1993)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) origin of plasmid replication (oriP) includes two known cis-acting components, the dyad symmetry region and the family of repeats. We used P1 nuclease, a single-strand-specific endonuclease, to probe EBV oriP for DNA sequences that are intrinsically easy to unwind on a negatively supercoiled plasmid. Selective nuclease hypersensitivity was detected in the family of repeats on an oriP-containing plasmid and in the dyad symmetry region on a plasmid that lacks the family of repeats, indicating that the DNA in both cis-acting components is intrinsically easy to unwind. The hierarchy of nuclease hypersensitivity indicates that the family of repeats is more easily unwound than the dyad symmetry region, consistent with the hierarchy of helical stability predicted by computer analysis of the DNA sequence. A specific subset of the family of repeats is nuclease hypersensitive, and the DNA structure deduced from nucleotide-level analysis of the P1 nuclease nicks is a cruciform near a single-stranded bubble. The dyad symmetry region unwinds to form a broad single-stranded bubble containing hairpins in the 65-bp dyad sequence. We propose that the intrinsic ease of unwinding the dyad symmetry region, the actual origin of DNA replication, is an important component in the mechanism of initiation.
Magnetic field shift due to mechanical vibration in functional magnetic resonance imaging (2005)

Mechanical vibrations of the gradient coil system during readout in echo-planar imaging (EPI) can increase the temperature of the gradient system and alter the magnetic field distribution during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This effect is enhanced by resonant modes of vibrations and results in apparent motion along the phase encoding direction in fMRI studies. The magnetic field drift was quantified during EPI by monitoring the resonance frequency interleaved with the EPI acquisition, and a novel method is proposed to correct the apparent motion. The knowledge on the frequency drift over time was used to correct the phase of the k-space EPI dataset. Since the resonance frequency changes very slowly over time, two measurements of the resonance frequency, immediately before and after the EPI acquisition, are sufficient to remove the field drift effects from fMRI time series. The frequency drift correction method was tested "in vivo" and compared to the standard image realignment method. The proposed method efficiently corrects spurious motion due to magnetic field drifts during fMRI.
Creating drought- and salt-tolerant cotton by overexpressing a vacuolar pyrophosphatase gene (2011)

Increased expression of an Arabidopsis vacuolar pyrophosphatase gene, AVP1, leads to increased drought and salt tolerance in transgenic plants, which has been demonstrated in laboratory and field conditions. The molecular mechanism of AVP1-mediated drought resistance is likely due to increased proton pump activity of the vacuolar pyrophosphatase, which generates a higher proton electrochemical gradient across the vacuolar membrane, leading to lower water potential in the plant vacuole and higher secondary transporter activities that prevent ion accumulation to toxic levels in the cytoplasm. Additionally, overexpression of AVP1 appears to stimulate auxin polar transport, which in turn stimulates root development. The larger root system allows AVP1-overexpressing plants to absorb water more efficiently under drought and saline conditions, resulting in stress tolerance and increased yields. Multi-year field-trial data indicate that overexpression of AVP1 in cotton leads to at least 20% more fiber yield than wild-type control plants in dry-land conditions, which highlights the potential use of AVP1 in improving drought tolerance in crops in arid and semiarid areas of the world.
BioWatch: A Noninvasive Wrist-Based Blood Pressure Monitor That Incorporates Training Techniques for Posture and Subject Variability (2015)

Noninvasive continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is not yet practically available for daily use. Challenges include making the system easily wearable, reducing noise level and improving accuracy. Variations in each person's physical characteristics, as well as the possibility of different postures, increase the complexity of continuous BP monitoring, especially outside the hospital. This study attempts to provide an easily wearable solution and proposes training to specific posture and individual for further improving accuracy. The wrist watch-based system we developed can measure electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram. From these two signals, we measure pulse transit time through which we can obtain systolic and diastolic blood pressure through regression techniques. In this study, we investigate various functions to perform the training to obtain blood pressure. We validate measurements on different postures and subjects, and show the value of training the device to each posture and each subject. We observed that the average RMSE between the measured actual systolic BP and calculated systolic BP is between 7.83 to 9.37 mmHg across 11 subjects. The corresponding range of error for diastolic BP is 5.77 to 6.90 mmHg. The system can also automatically detect the arm position of the user using an accelerometer with an average accuracy of 98%, to make sure that the sensor is kept at the proper height. This system, called BioWatch, can potentially be a unified solution for heart rate, SPO2 and continuous BP monitoring.
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness among Elderly Nursing Home Residents: A Cohort Study (2001)

Outbreaks of influenza in nursing homes still occur, even when a large portion of residents have been inoculated with inactivated vaccine. Data were collected in 1991--1992 from 83 eligible skilled nursing homes located in southern Lower Michigan to determine the effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in preventing influenza-like illness and influenza-associated pneumonia. Surveillance was conducted to identify the occurrence of influenza in the homes and, at the end of the season, specific data were gathered on all residents of homes with influenza activity. Age- and sex-adjusted estimates of vaccine effectiveness were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models for each nursing home. Estimates were pooled using precision-based weights calculated from data for each home. Vaccine was found to be 33% effective in preventing total respiratory illness (influenza-like illness and clinically diagnosed pneumonia). In prevention of pneumonia alone, vaccine was 43% effective. The estimate for prevention of pneumonia rose to 55% if the period under consideration was limited to the time of peak influenza activity. Given the number of eligible homes and the cohort methodology used, the results support continuation of current policy, encouraging use of vaccine in all nursing home residents.
Material and technology trends in fiber optics (2014)

Abstract The increasing fields of applications for modern optical fibers present great challenges to the material properties and the processing technology of fiber optics. This paper gives an overview of the capabilities and limitations of established vapor deposition fiber preform technologies, and discusses new techniques for improved and extended doping properties in fiber preparation. In addition, alternative fabrication technologies are discussed, such as a powder-based process (REPUSIL) and an optimized glass melting method to overcome the limits of conventional vapor deposition methods concerning the volume fabrication of rare earth (RE)-doped quartz and high silica glasses. The new preform technologies are complementary with respect to enhanced RE solubility, the adjustment of nonlinear fiber properties, and the possibility of hybrid fiber fabrication. The drawing technology is described based on the requirements of specialty fibers such as adjusted preform and fiber diameters, varying coating properties, and the microstructuring of fiber configurations as low as in the nanometer range.
Intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen in Radikalkationen von Di‐ und Tetra(α‐methoxy)‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracenen (1986)

Abstract Durch [4 + 2]‐Cycloaddition von Maleinsäureanhydrid, 2‐Chlorpropenoylchlorid bzw. ( E )‐Dichlorethen an 1,4‐Di‐ ( 3a ) und 1,4,5,8‐Tetramethoxyanthracen ( 3b ) entstehen die Dihydroethanoanthracene 4, 5 bzw. 8 . Dem überwiegenden der Maleinsäureanhydrid‐Addukte 4a wird aufgrund des ESR‐Spektrums der Radikalkationen 4a + ˙ die exo ‐Konfiguration zugeordnet. Die Cycloaddukte 5 und 8 werden über die Ketone 6 bzw. Dihydroethenoanthracene 9 in die Dihydroethanoanthracene 10 übergeführt. Aluminiumchlorid in Nitromethan oxidiert die α‐Methoxydihydroethanoanthracene 4, 6a, 8 und 10 zu Radikalkationen, deren ESR‐Spektren analysiert werden. Neben den erwarteten Protonen‐Hyperfeinaufspaltungen des 1,4‐Dimethoxybenzolrings beobachtet man weitreichenden Transfer von Spindichte zum unsubstituierten Benzolring [ a (4H) = 0.008–0.010 mT] sowie zu den syn ‐[ 10a + ˙: a (2H) = 0.013 mT] und anti ‐Protonen [ a (2H) = 0.059–0.069 mT] der Ethanobrücke. Von den Radikalkationen mit zwei 1,4‐Dimethoxybenzolringen zeigen die aus 4b und 10b erhaltenen keine dynamischen ESR‐spektroskopischen Phänomene. Dagegen wird in 8b + ˙ das ungepaarte Elektron rasch bezüglich der Hyperfeinaufspaltungs‐Zeitskala zwischen den 1,4‐Dimethoxybenzolringen ausgetauscht. Die Abhängigkeit der Austauschfrequenz von der Temperatur und der Aluminiumchlorid‐Konzentration weist auf Ionenpaar‐Effekte hin.
Drug Effects on Survival of Homografts of Skins (1963)

Many attempts have been made to prolong the survival of homografts by suppressing the reticuloendothelial system of the host with drugs and other agents. A study of the Bagg lymphosarcoma in our laboratory showed that the growth of homografts of this tumor in rats was enhanced when the recipient animals were preconditioned with certain cytotoxic drugs and antimetabolites. 4 This study has been extended to determine if these agents affect the survival of homograft of normal skin. The transparent chamber technique was used because it provides an accurate criteria of survival of homografts. Skin is an organ which is very sensitive to the homograft rejection mechanism. Drugs which affect the survival of homografts of skin might have a similar effect upon homografts of other tissues. It is hoped that the simple technique described in this paper might be useful in the selection of drugs for the conditioning of animals for
Multiple Feature Fusion for Automatic Emotion Recognition Using EEG Signals (2018)

Automatic emotion recognition based on electroencephalo-graphic (EEG) signals has received increasing attention in recent years. The Deep Residual Networks (ResNets) can solve vanishing gradient problem and exploding gradient problem well in computer vision and can learn more profound semantic information. And for traditional methods, frequency features often play important role in signal processing area. Thus, in this paper, we use the pre-trained ResNets to extract deep semantic information and the linear-frequency cepstral coefficients (LFCC) as features from raw EEG signals. Then the two features are fused to improve the emotion classification performance of our approach. Moreover, several classifiers are used for our fused features to evaluate the performance and it shows that the proposed approach is effective for emotion classification. We find that the best performance is achieved when use k-nearst neighbor (KNN) as classifier, and we provide a detailed discussion for the reason.
Colchicine in the Treatment of Cirrhosis of the Liver (1988)

There is preliminary evidence that colchicine, an inhibitor of collagen synthesis, may be beneficial in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver. To evaluate the use of colchicine (1 mg per day, five days per week) in the treatment of hepatic cirrhosis, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 100 patients were followed for up to 14 years. Forty-five patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, 41 had posthepatitic cirrhosis, and the remaining 14 had cirrhosis with various other causes. Histologic studies were available for 92 percent of patients. Seventy-three patients were in Child-Turcotte class A, 26 were in class B, and one was in class C. Fifty-four patients received colchicine, and 46 received placebo. The overall survival in the colchicine group was markedly better than in the placebo group (median survival, 11 and 3.5 years, respectively; P less than 0.001). The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 75 percent in the colchicine group and 34 percent in the placebo group; the corresponding 10-year survival rates were 56 percent and 20 percent. Among the 30 patients treated with colchicine who underwent repeated liver biopsies, histologic improvement was seen in 9; the liver appeared normal in 2, and 7 had minimal portal fibrosis. No histologic improvement was observed in the 14 members of the placebo group who had two or more biopsies. Few side effects were observed in either group.
Mast cells, glia and neuroinflammation: partners in crime? (2013)

Glia and microglia in particular elaborate pro-inflammatory molecules that play key roles in central nervous system (CNS) disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia respond also to pro-inflammatory signals released from other non-neuronal cells, mainly those of immune origin such as mast cells. The latter are found in most tissues, are CNS resident, and traverse the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers when barrier compromise results from CNS pathology. Growing evidence of mast cell-glia communication opens new perspectives for the development of therapies targeting neuroinflammation by differentially modulating activation of non-neuronal cells that normally control neuronal sensitization - both peripherally and centrally. Mast cells and glia possess endogenous homeostatic mechanisms/molecules that can be up-regulated as a result of tissue damage or stimulation of inflammatory responses. Such molecules include the N-acylethanolamine family. One such member, N-palmitoylethanolamine is proposed to have a key role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis in the face of external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation. N-Palmitoylethanolamine has proven efficacious in mast-cell-mediated experimental models of acute and neurogenic inflammation. This review will provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of microglia, neuroimmune interactions involving mast cells and the possibility that mast cell-microglia cross-talk contributes to the exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerates disease progression, as well as promoting pain transmission pathways. We will conclude by considering the therapeutic potential of treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signalling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.