gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Endoscopic Estimate of Calculus Composition Directing Laser Lithotripsy Techniques (1992)

It is almost impossible to estimate a stone's composition preoperatively, yet there is no question that it plays a great role in the difficulty of an endoscopic lithotripsy. One hundred and sixty patients have been treated with endoscopic access to their upper urinary tract and laser lithotripsy. All calculi were fragmented successfully with the pulsed-dye laser (Pulsolith). In 59 consecutive patients, an estimate of calculus composition was made endoscopically, in 46 of whom sufficient stone fragments were retrieved for crystallographic analysis. Twentytwo patients were felt to have either pure (>90%) or mixed (>50%) calcium oxalate monohydrate stone exteriors at the time of endoscopy, and in all these patients, the final stone analysis agreed with the endoscopic assessment. Endoscopic assessment of calcium oxalate dihydrate, uric acid, and struvite/calcium oxalate phosphate stones was also found to be accurate on final stone analysis. Overall, there was a 89% success rate in estimating stone composition endoscopically.
High-performance integrated acousto-optic channel analyzer (2002)

In summary, we have demonstrated a further application of a high performance monolithic acousto-optic device in actual WDM networks. The acousto optical tunable filter (AOTF) optical channel analyser (OCA) gives results as accurate as standard laboratory spectrum analyzers. It is rugged and easy to handle, does not need a reference wavelength, and allows very high scanning rates.
Characteristics of role-based access control (1996)

Article Characteristics of role-based access control Share on Author: Virgil Gligor University of Maryland, College Park, MD University of Maryland, College Park, MDView Profile Authors Info & Claims RBAC '95: Proceedings of the first ACM Workshop on Role-based access controlDecember 1996 Pages 10–eshttps://doi.org/10.1145/270152.270169Online:01 December 1996Publication History 9citation956DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations9Total Downloads956Last 12 Months8Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
The Saga of the Ring B Unsaturated Equine Estrogens* (1988)

THE RING B unsaturated estrogens, equilin, equilenin, 17α-dihydroequilin, 17α-dihydroequilenin, 17β-dihydroequilin, and 17β-dihydroequilenin, are present in the urine of pregnant mares. Along with the ring B unsaturated estrogens, pregnant mare's urine also contains the classical estrogens, estrone, 17α-estradiol, and 17β-estradiol. The ring B unsaturated estrogens, as the name indicates, differ structurally from the classical estrogens by the presence of one or two additional double bonds in the ring B of the steroid nucleus (Fig. 1). The ring B unsaturated estrogens were first isolated by Girard et al. in 1932 (1, 2); however, their biosynthetic origin has not yet been fully elucidated. In 1941, a urinary extract containing the sulfate esters of the above nine estrogens was prepared from pregnant mare's urine by Ayerst Laboratories (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) and was named Premarin. This preparation has been for the last four decades, the most commonly prescribed estrogen for replacement therapy in estrogendeficient women. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests an etiological role for these estrogens in the carcinoma of the human endometrium. This review will discuss, 1) the existence of two pathways of steroidogenesis in the pregnant mare: (a) the classical pathway via cholesterol leading to the formation of the classical estrogens, estrone and estradiol, and (b) an alternate pathway which bypasses cholesterol and leads to the biosynthesis of ring B unsaturated estrogens, equilin and equilenin; 2) the biological activity of the ring B unsaturated estrogens; 3) the pharmacokinetics of equilin sulfate in postmenopausal women; 4) comparison of the interaction of ring B unsaturated estrogens and the classical estrogens with human endometrial estrogen receptors; 5) the role (if any) of ring B unsaturated estrogens in the etiology of endometrial cancer.
Defending Defending: The Case for Unmitigated Zeal on Behalf of People Who Do Terrible Things (2000)

Although defending defending may be an endless pursuit, I cannot help taking it on. I am, after all, a defender myself, and defending fellow defenders seems to go with the territory. Of course, attacks on criminal defenders do not come out of nowhere - difficult and complex questions often arise in criminal defense work. Unfortunately, the questions that are raised in the aftermath of a high profile case such as the Abner Louima case are usually the easy ones - questions that have more to do with the nature of the adversarial system than with the values or ethics of individual defense lawyers or the power structure of our legal and political systems. In this Article I will try attempt to examine the hard questions raised by the Louima case. First, I will discuss the challenges that arise in counseling a client to plead guilty or go to trial. Then, I will consider the issues raised by theories of defense that exploit racism, sexism, homophobia, or ethnic bias. In the end, I will argue that even in the most despicable cases, where clients have done terrible, terrible things, criminal defense lawyers must represent the accused at full tilt, with "utmost devotion and zeal”.
New N<sup>4</sup>‐Hydroxycytidine Derivatives: Synthesis and Antiviral Activity. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Calcium-Free Hemodialysis for the Management of Hypercalcemia (1996)

The drug therapies for hypercalcemia of malignancy have been known to be associated with either limited efficacy or cumulative toxicity in patients with advanced renal failure. To establish the guidelines for the use of dialysis and to determine its optimal prescription for hypercalcemia, calcium-free hemodialysis was performed in 6 hypercalcemic patients with renal failure not responding enough to forced saline diuresis. Calcium-free dialysate contained sodium 135, potassium 2.5, chloride 108, magnesium 0.75, bicarbonate 30 mmol/l. Mean hemodialysis time was 160 +/- 27 min and mean Kt/V urea was 0.75 +/- 0.2. Plasma calcium concentrations fell from a mean value of 2.92 +/- 0.21 mmol/l (range 2.55-3.25) to 2.58 +/- 0.16 mmol/l at 1 h of hemodialysis and to 2.16 +/- 0.33 mmol/l (range 1.63-2.53) following 2-3 h of hemodialysis. The ionized calcium (n = 4) decreased from 1.44 +/- 0.14 mmol/l to 0.99 +/- 0.2 mmol/l. No patient showed any hypocalcemic symptoms and signs during hemodialysis. The rate of decrease in plasma calcium did not appear to produce adverse effects in any of the patients. There was a significant positive correlation between the decrease in plasma calcium concentration and the Kt/V urea (y = 1.4x - 0.29, r = 0.92, p < 0.01). We conclude that calcium-free hemodialysis is indicated when the presence of severe renal failure prevents the administration of large volumes of intravenous fluids to hypercalcemic patients. The amount of dialysis (Kt/V urea) can be used to predict the decrease in plasma calcium concentration during calcium-free hemodialysis.
On the Relationship between Complexity and Entropy for Markov Chains and Regular Languages. (1991)

Abstract. Using the past-future mutual information as a measure of complexity, the relation between the complexity and the Shannon entropy is determined analytically for sequences generated by Markov chains and regular languages. It is emphasized that, given an entropy value, there are many possible complexity values, and vice versa; that is, the relationship between complexity and entropy is not one-toone, but rather many-to-one or one-to-many. It is also emphasized that there are structures in the complexity-versus-entropy plots, and these structures depend on the details of a Markov chain or a regular language grammar. 1.
On ultrasound image reconstruction by tissue density estimation (2010)

An inherent property of medical ultrasound imaging is the speckle noise that generally obscures the image and reduces the diagnostic image resolution and contrast. Consequently, substantial improvement of ultrasound images is an important prerequisite for ultrasound imaging. Some recent research has suggested that the spatial distribution of tissue densities may be used in ultrasound imaging to reconstruct images with fewer speckles. This new approach is based on the direct estimation of tissue density from the radio frequency echo signals received by ultrasound probe. This paper presents a mathematical analysis of this approach and derives a simplified model for issue estimation. This model simplifies the computation involved in density estimation and provides deeper insight into the problem. It shows that image reconstruction by tissue density estimation may have limited effect on speckle noise embedded in the RF echo signal. The analysis results are verified by numerical calculations and simulation examples.
Expression of G alpha 16, a G-protein alpha subunit specific for hematopoiesis in acute leukemia. (1996)

G-proteins are essential in signal transduction pathways. A G-protein alpha subunit termed G alpha 16 was found to be exclusively expressed in hematopoietic cell lines. In cells derived from patients, G alpha 16 expression has been detected in progenitor- and pre-B ALL cells and also in peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). In this study, we analyzed G alpha 16 expression using a RT-PCR technique by testing elutriated blood cells from normal donors, PBSC from breast cancer patients and bone marrow or peripheral blood cells from acute leukemia patients. Both of two ALL patients and 15/16 AML patients expressed G alpha 16. In elutriation experiments, G alpha 16 expression was found in fractions containing the highest number of precursor cells but was absent in mature T and B cell fractions. In addition, CD34-enriched PBSC were positive for G alpha 16 expression. Further in vitro experiments using the cell line KG1 showed that G alpha 16 expression was not affected by the growth inhibiting hemoregulatory peptide pEEDCK which has a sequence homology present within G alpha 16. Taken together, these data demonstrate that G alpha 16 is expressed in various normal and malignant hematopietic progenitors but not in their differentiated counterparts. G alpha 16 could play a vital role in signal transduction pathways controlling proliferation in early normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
Predictability of Quantification of Beta-Trace Protein for Diagnosis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Cutoff Determination in Nasal Fluids with Two Control Groups (2009)

Beta-trace concentrations above 0.496 mg/L are highly suggestive of the presence of CSF in examined nasal secretion. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 100%. BetaTP nephelometric test can predict the side of the CSF leak.
Loss of LARGE2 Disrupts Functional Glycosylation of α-Dystroglycan in Prostate Cancer (2012)

Dystroglycan (DG) is a cell surface receptor for extracellular matrix proteins and is involved in cell polarity, matrix organization, and mechanical stability of tissues. Previous studies documented loss of DG protein expression and glycosylation in a variety of cancer types, but the underlying mechanisms and the functional consequences with respect to cancer progression remain unclear. Here, we show that the level of expression of the βDG subunit as well as the glycosylation status of the αDG subunit inversely correlate with the Gleason scores of prostate cancers; furthermore, we show that the functional glycosylation of αDG is substantially reduced in prostate cancer metastases. Additionally, we demonstrate that LARGE2 (GYLTL1B), a gene not previously implicated in cancer, regulates functional αDG glycosylation in prostate cancer cell lines; knockdown of LARGE2 resulted in hypoglycosylation of αDG and loss of its ability to bind laminin-111 while overexpression restored ligand binding and diminished growth and migration of an aggressive prostate cancer cell line. Finally, our analysis of LARGE2 expression in human cancer specimens reveals that LARGE2 is significantly down-regulated in the context of prostate cancer, and that its reduction correlates with disease progression. Our results describe a novel molecular mechanism to account for the commonly observed hypoglycosylation of αDG in prostate cancer.
Expression and immmunogenicity of HLA-B27 in high-transfection recipient P815: (1989)

Original Articles HLA-Dw RSH': a new HLA-Dw specificity associated with HLA-DRwl8(3) Lyme-Borreliosis and possible association with HLA-antigens Lymphocytotoxic cross-matching performed on spleen cells: immunomagnetic technique versus current KN (Kissmeyer-Nielsen) technique Biochemical HLA typing: a population study in 112 Caucasians HLA-B SNA antigen: a BW6 associated B locus antigen belonging to the B5 CREG Are HLA class II genes controlling susceptibility and resistance to Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem)?HLA-antigens in renal transplanted patients with varicella-zoster infection DNA-DR typing shows HLA-DRwll RFLPs are increased in frequency in both
Infectious Diseases Society of America and Centers for Disease Control: Summary of a Workshop on Surveillance for Congenital Cytomegalovirus Disease (1991)

Each year in the United States, 30,000 to 40,000 infants are born congenitally infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), and more than 9,000 of these children suffer permanent sequelae. The purpose of this workshop was to present and discuss current information on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CMV disease in mothers and their infants. The participants concluded that congenital CMV disease is a significant public health problem that, to date, has been largely ignored. They also agreed that certain child-rearing practices, such as the common use of day-care centers and breast-feeding, have changed the epidemiology of CMV in the United States and that the next decade may bring an increase in congenital CMV disease in certain groups. Therefore, a national system for surveillance of congenital CMV disease was established; its goals are to characterize trends over time, to identify risk groups, and to lay the groundwork for evaluation of future intervention programs. In addition, the surveillance system will be used to educate the medical and lay communities about congenital CMV disease and to facilitate collaborative efforts in research.
Differential effects of retinoic acid on uncoupling protein-1 and leptin gene expression (1998)

All-trans-retinoic acid (RA), one of the active metabolites of vitamin A, can increase the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene. To determine whether RA stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and modulates leptin gene expression in vivo, 6-month-old, vitamin-A sufficient, F344 x BN rats were administered a single dose of RA (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or the beta 3-adrenergic receptor (beta 3AR) specific agonist, CGP 12177 (0.75 mg/kg). Levels of UCP1 mRNA in BAT and leptin mRNA in perirenal white adipose tissue (WAT) were examined 5 h after treatment. mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were also examined in BAT and perirenal WAT. Administration of CGP 12177 caused the expected increase in UCP1 mRNA levels. RA treatment also significantly increased UCP1 mRNA levels but to a lesser extent than CGP 12177. In contrast, there was no acute effect of RA on whole body oxygen consumption, one measure of BAT thermogenesis. Both CGP 12177 and RA treatment decreased levels of leptin mRNA to a similar extent. RA treatment had no effect on mRNA levels of LPL in BAT or perirenal WAT. There were no changes in total DNA content, total protein content, or in the levels of beta-actin mRNA in either BAT or perirenal WAT upon administration of RA or CGP 12177. Thus, the acute effects of RA paralleled the effects of the beta 3AR specific agonist, CGP 12177, on UCP1 and leptin gene expression. This involvement of RA in positive regulation of UCP1 mRNA and negative regulation of leptin mRNA suggests a contrasting role for RA in energy homeostasis.
Cross‐linking of Both Types of IgG Fc Receptors, FcγyRI and FcγyRII, Enhances Intracellular Free Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the Monocytic Cell Line U937 (1990)

We have studied the effects of Fc receptor triggering on the free cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration, [Ca 2+ ] i , in U937. These cells express two types of IgG Fc receptors, FcγRI and FcγRII. Binding of several anti‐FcγRI and anti‐FcγRII mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to Quin2‐ or Indo‐I‐loaded U937 cells had no direct effect on [Ca 2+ ] i . After addition of a bridging anti‐mouse Ig antibody however, transient increases in [Ca 2+ ] i were observed for both types of FcγR. One of the anti‐FcγRII MoAb, CIKM5, was exceptional in that it could induce Ca 2+ increases in U937 cells by itself. Studies with F(ab′) 2 fragments of CIK M5 revealed that this MoAb simultaneously binds to FcγRII, via both its Fab and Fc fragments, which might induce cross‐linking of two FcγRII molecules. One anti‐FcγRI MoAb, 197, a mouse (m)IgG2a antibody directed to an epitope outside the IgG‐binding region, remarkably also caused an immediate increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , but only when added to U937 precultured with gamma interferon (IFN‐γ). FcγRI can bind monomeric human IgG as well as mIgG2a, and cross‐linking of cytophilic Ig induced an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i . Our results show that [Ca 2+ ] i increases can be induced only after cross‐linking of FcγR, either via anti‐FcγR MoAb or via Fc‐FcR interactions. Furthermore, we show that FcγR cross‐linking results in activation of the Ca 2+ /phosphatidylinositol (PI) signal transduction pathway.
A Comparison of Alkaline Water and Mediterranean Diet vs Proton Pump Inhibition for Treatment of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (2017)

Our data suggest that the effect of PPI on the RSI based on proportion reaching a 6-point reduction in RSI is not significantly better than that of alkaline water, a plant-based, Mediterranean-style diet, and standard reflux precautions, although the difference in the 2 treatments could be clinically meaningful in favor of the dietary approach. The percent reduction in RSI was significantly greater with the dietary approach. Because the relationship between percent change and response to treatment has not been studied, the clinical significance of this difference requires further study. Nevertheless, this study suggests that a plant-based diet and alkaline water should be considered in the treatment of LPR. This approach may effectively improve symptoms and could avoid the costs and adverse effects of pharmacological intervention as well as afford the additional health benefits associated with a healthy, plant-based diet.
MultiRace: efficient on‐the‐fly data race detection in multithreaded C++ programs (2006)

Abstract Data race detection is highly essential for debugging multithreaded programs and assuring their correctness. Nevertheless, there is no single universal technique capable of handling the task efficiently, since the data race detection problem is computationally hard in the general case. Thus, all currently available tools, when applied to some general case program, usually result in excessive false alarms or in a large number of undetected races. Another major drawback of many currently available tools is that they are restricted, for performance reasons, to detection units of fixed size. Thus, they all suffer from the same problem—choosing a small unit might result in missing some of the data races, while choosing a large one might lead to false detection. We present a novel testing tool, called MultiRace, which combines improved versions of Djit and Lockset—two very powerful on‐the‐fly algorithms for dynamic detection of apparent data races. Both extended algorithms detect races in multithreaded programs that may execute on weak consistency systems, and may use two‐way as well as global synchronization primitives. By employing novel technologies, MultiRace adjusts its detection to the native granularity of objects and variables in the program under examination. In order to monitor all accesses to each of the shared locations, MultiRace instruments the C++ source code of the program. It lets the user fine‐tune the detection process, but otherwise is completely automatic and transparent. This paper describes the algorithms employed in MultiRace, gives highlights of its implementation issues, and suggests some optimizations. It shows that the overheads imposed by MultiRace are often much smaller (orders of magnitude) than those obtained by other existing tools. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motion Perception and Alzheimer's Disease (1994)

The motion sensitivity of 15 probable Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and 15 healthy elderly adults was investigated with a correlated motion paradigm. The AD patients exhibited significantly higher thresholds for detecting the direction of motion. Contrast sensitivity for a 2 cpd, 7.5 Hz counterphased stimulus was related to motion threshold in the AD group. There also was a significant relationship between an index of dementia severity, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), and motion sensitivity. The results support the hypothesis proposed from neuroanatomical evidence by Hof and Morrison (1990) that AD results in a disruption of the visual signals mediated by area 17. Further, the data suggest that this disruption of visual processing is linked to the progression of dementia. The study offers support for the hypothesis that AD leads to a deficit in the magnocellular or M pathway of visual processing.
Synthesis of Erythrina and Related Alkaloids Part XLV. Synthesis of Homoerythrinan Alkaloids of 1(2)-Alkene and 1,6-Diene Types: Total Synthesis of Comosine, Dihydroschelhammeridine, Schelhammeridine, and 3-Epischelhammeridine. (1996)

Total syntheses of homoerythrinan alkaloids of 1(2)-alkene type, dihydroschelhammeridine and comosine, and those of 1, 6-dienoid type, schelhammeridine and 3-epischelhammeridine, were achieved. Total synthesis of the former alkaloids provided definite proof of their A/B-cis stereochemistry. In relatin to the stereochemistry, the conformations of erythrinan and homoerythrinan alkaloids are discussed.
Evaluation of Difluoromethyl Ketones as Agonists of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type B (GABA<sub>B</sub>) Receptor (2013)

The design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and in vivo studies of difluoromethyl ketones as GABAB agonists that are not structurally analogous to known GABAB agonists, such as baclofen or 3-aminopropyl phosphinic acid, are presented. The difluoromethyl ketones were assembled in three synthetic steps using a trifluoroacetate-release aldol reaction. Following evaluation at clinically relevant GABA receptors, we have identified a difluoromethyl ketone that is a potent GABAB agonist, obtained its X-ray structure, and presented preliminary in vivo data in alcohol-preferring mice. The behavioral studies in mice demonstrated that this compound tended to reduce the acoustic startle response, which is consistent with an anxiolytic profile. Structure-activity investigations determined that replacing the fluorines of the difluoromethyl ketone with hydrogens resulted in an inactive analogue. Resolution of the individual enantiomers of the difluoromethyl ketone provided a compound with full biological activity at concentrations less than an order of magnitude greater than the pharmaceutical, baclofen.