gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Convenient Synthesis of 3,5-<i>bis</i>(Trifluoromethyl)Salicylic Acid (1997)

Abstract A convenient method is reported for the synthesis of the biologically important intermediate, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-salicylic acid, by a sequence involving diazotization/iodination of 2-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline, displacement of the bromide with sodium methoxide, and carboxylation of the anion generated by lithium-iodine exchange with carbon dioxide. Alternatively, the anion could be carbonylated with dimethylformamide and the resulting aldehyde oxidized with Jones reagent. Demethylation of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)anisic acid with boron tribromide gave the title compound.
5-HT<sub>3</sub>-Receptor Antagonists in the Management of Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer and Cancer Treatment (2005)

The 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists, considered as 'gold standard' therapy for cancer patients, are generally perceived to have similar efficacy and safety profiles, andmost antiemetic guidelines do not distinguish between agents. However, important pharmacological differences exist between agents, which may translate into potential benefits for some patients. In particular, 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists vary in the nature of their receptor antagonism and plasma half-lives, possibly leading to differences in duration of action. Agents with a longer duration of action provide antiemetic protection throughout the acute emetic period (24 h) with a single daily dose, whereas shorter-acting agents, e.g. ondansetron, may require multiple dosing for full efficacy. Differences also exist between agents in their hepatic metabolism and cardiovascular safety, which may present particular problems for elderly patients who often receive additional medications for comorbid conditions, increasing the risk of drug-drug interaction. Recent antiemetic guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommend preferential use of palonosetron for moderately emetogenic chemotherapy; however, this agent is newly approved and key clinical questions remain unanswered by clinical trial data. Selection of an appropriate 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonist should be based on proven efficacy and safety, as well as on the individual characteristics of the patient.
Sonic hedgehog maintains the identity of cortical interneuron progenitors in the ventral telencephalon (2005)

Fate determination in the mammalian forebrain, where mature phenotypes are often not achieved until postnatal stages of development, has been an elusive topic of study despite its relevance to neuropsychiatric disease. In the ventral telencephalon, major subgroups of cerebral cortical interneurons originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), where the signaling molecule sonic hedgehog (Shh) continues to be expressed during the period of neuronogenesis. To examine whether Shh regulates cortical interneuron specification, we studied mice harboring conditional mutations in Shh within the neural tube. At embryonic day 12.5, NestinCre:Shh(Fl/Fl) mutants have a relatively normal index of S-phase cells in the MGE, but many of these cells do not co-express the interneuron fate-determining gene Nkx2.1. This effect is reproduced by inhibiting Shh signaling in slice cultures, and the effect can be rescued in NestinCre:Shh(Fl/Fl) slices by the addition of exogenous Shh. By culturing MGE progenitors on a cortical feeder layer, cell fate analyses suggest that Shh signaling maintains Nkx2.1 expression and cortical interneuron fate determination by MGE progenitors. These results are corroborated by the examination of NestinCre:Shh(Fl/Fl) cortex at postnatal day 12, in which there is a dramatic reduction in cell profiles that express somatostatin or parvalbumin. By contrast, analyses of Dlx5/6Cre:Smoothened(Fl/Fl) mutant mice suggest that cell-autonomous hedgehog signaling is not crucial to the migration or differentiation of most cortical interneurons. These results combine in vitro and ex vivo analyses to link embryonic abnormalities in Shh signaling to postnatal alterations in cortical interneuron composition.
measures 1-year smartphone study in multiple sclerosis (2015)

Objective: In this cohort of individuals with and without multiple sclerosis (MS), we illustrate some of the novel approaches that smartphones provide to monitor patients with chronic neurologic disorders in their natural setting. Methods: Thirty-eight participant pairs (MS and cohabitant) aged 18–55 years participated in the study. Each participant received an Android HTC Sensation 4G smartphone containing a custom application suite of 19 tests capturing participant performance and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Over 1 year, participants were prompted daily to complete one assigned test. Results: A total of 22 patients with MS and 17 cohabitants completed the entire study. Among patients with MS, low scores on PROs relating to mental and visual function were associated with dropout (p , 0.05). We illustrate several novel features of a smartphone platform. First, fluctuations in MS outcomes (e.g., fatigue) were assessed against an individual’s ambient environment by linking responses to meteorological data. Second, both response accuracy and speed for the Ishihara color vision test werecaptured,highlightingthe benefitsofboth active and passive data collection. Third, a new trait, a person-specific learning curve in neuropsychological testing, was identified using spline analysis. Finally, averaging repeated measures over the study yielded the most robust correlation matrix of the different outcome measures. Conclusions: We report the feasibility of, and barriers to, deploying a smartphone platform to gather useful passive and active performance data at high frequency in an unstructured manner in the field. A smartphone platform may therefore enable large-scale naturalistic studies of pa
Using False Discovery Rates to Benchmark SNP-callers in next-generation sequencing projects (2013)

Sequence alignments form the basis for many comparative and population genomic studies. Alignment tools provide a range of accuracies dependent on the divergence between the sequences and the alignment methods. Despite widespread use, there is no standard method for assessing the accuracy of a dataset and alignment strategy after resequencing. We present a framework and tool for determining the overall accuracies of an input read dataset, alignment and SNP-calling method providing an isolate in that dataset has a corresponding, or closely related reference sequence available. In addition to this tool for comparing False Discovery Rates (FDR), we include a method for determining homozygous and heterozygous positions from an alignment using binomial probabilities for an expected error rate. We benchmark this method against other SNP callers using our FDR method with three fungal genomes, finding that it was able achieve a high level of accuracy. These tools are available at http://cfdr.sourceforge.net/.
Polycatenanes (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTPolycatenanesZhenbin Niu and Harry W. Gibson*View Author Information Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 11, 6024–6046Publication Date (Web):August 11, 2009Publication History Received6 January 2009Published online11 August 2009Published inissue 11 November 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr900002hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr900002hreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8591Altmetric-Citations427LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catenanes,Chemical structure,Cyclization,Polymerization,Polymers Get e-Alerts
Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin is a less potent inducer of serum amyloid A synthesis than interleukin 1. (1987)

Serum amyloid A (SAA) gene expression is known to be induced by interleukin (IL-1). The time course of in vivo induction of SAA synthesis by IL-1 was found to vary according to dose, in that SAA concentration was maximal at 6 hours following lower doses of IL-1, but greater at 20 hours when higher (greater than 500 ng) doses were administered. Because of recent reports that recombinant human tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (TNF) is a pyrogen similar to IL-1, its efficacy as an inducer of SAA synthesis was analyzed. TNF was found to be at least 100 fold less potent that IL-1 on a weight basis in both C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6 mice. However, C3H/HeJ mice were found to be more sensitive than C57BL/6 mice to both IL-1 and TNF stimulated SAA production. The magnitude of the acute phase SAA response was therefore found to be a function of the type of inflammatory mediator and genetic factors in the host.
Inferring emotional information from vocal and visual cues: A cross-cultural comparison (2011)

The present work reports results of perceptual experiments aimed to explore the human ability to recognize emotional expressions through the visual and auditory channel, investigating if one channel is more effective than the other to infer emotional information and if this effectiveness is affected by the cultural context and in particular by the language. To this aim American, French, and Italian subjects were involved in a comparative analysis of subjective perceptions of emotional states dynamically portrayed by visual and vocal cues, exploiting a cross-modal database of verbal and non-verbal American video clips. What should make the difference is that while one group of participants is native speaker of the language and belongs to the same cultural context of the video-clips used as stimuli (the American English), the other two are not. Results showed that emotional information is affected by the communication mode and that language plays a role.
Miniature Planar Solid Immersion Mirror with Focused Spot Less Than a Quarter Wavelength (2005)

We describe a microoptical planar waveguide solid immersion mirror with high optical throughput, and show that it can focus light to spot sizes of ~90 nm at a wavelength of 413 nm. Scanning near field optical microscope images of the light within the device are in good agreement with a simple theoretical model. This device is accurately mass-produced with lithographic and thin film deposition techniques known from modern integrated circuit processing.
A New Fast Skin Color Detection Technique (2008)

Skin color can provide a useful and robust cue for human-related image analysis, such as face detection, pornographic image filtering, hand detection and tracking, people retrieval in databases and Internet, etc. The major problem of such kinds of skin color detection algorithms is that it is time consuming and hence cannot be applied to a real time system. To overcome this problem, we introduce a new fast technique for skin detection which can be applied in a real time system. In this technique, instead of testing each image pixel to label it as skin or non-skin (as in classic techniques), we skip a set of pixels. The reason of the skipping process is the high probability that neighbors of the skin color pixels are also skin pixels, especially in adult images and vise versa. The proposed method can rapidly detect skin and non-skin color pixels, which in turn dramatically reduce the CPU time required for the protection process. Since many fast detection techniques are based on image resizing, we apply our proposed pixel skipping technique with image resizing to obtain better results. The performance evaluation of the proposed skipping and hybrid techniques in terms of the measured CPU time is presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods achieve better result than the relevant classic method.
Managing oral anticoagulation therapy: improving clinical outcomes. A review (2008)

Many physicians are reluctant to prescribe oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) because of the fear of haemorrhagic complications. Changes in patient health, lifestyle or diet and other drugs can alter the effectiveness of oral anticoagulants. These potential interferences, added to the fact that each individual has a different reaction to these drugs, requires that therapy is monitored regularly. This article aims to review those strategies which help to achieve optimal anticoagulation control and improve the outcomes of OAT. Relevant articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE and included publications reporting on intensity of anticoagulation, the initiation of therapy and the role of pharmacogenetics, the transition from primary to secondary care, management by specialized clinics using decision support software and home-testing. Implementation of these strategies would increase the use of oral anticoagulants by physicians and offers the potential to improve patient safety and reduce adverse events.
Epinephrine Reduces the Severity of Catheter‐induced Urethral Inflammation by Action at the α <sub>2</sub> ‐adrenoceptors (1993)

We have studied the contribution of epinephrine to experimentally induced urethral inflammation in the rat. Inflammation was induced by inserting latex strips into the urethra. The effects of various experimental procedures were assessed according to a 4-point scale based on histological findings. The results showed that 0.5 mg/kg epinephrine decreased the severity of catheter-induced urethral inflammation. This effect was blocked by the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, yohimbine, but not by alpha 1 (prazosin), beta 1 (M32 MTC), or beta 2 (butoxamine) antagonists. The results suggest that the suppressive effect of epinephrine is mediated by action at the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor.
Synthesis and properties of fluorene‐based polyheteroarylenes for photovoltaic devices (2006)

Abstract Novel copolymers consisting of the alternating push–pull comonomers fluorene and thieno[3,4‐ b ]pyrazine/quinoxaline were synthesized by a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction in 60–80% yields. The structure of the deeply colored copolymers was confirmed with 1 H and 13 C NMR. All the new materials were characterized with spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on some of the novel polymers in combination with the well‐known fullerene acceptor [6,6]‐phenyl C 61 –butyric acid methyl ester were fabricated, and their photovoltaic parameters were measured. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6952–6961, 2006
MAC Address Translation for Enabling Scalable Virtual Private LAN Services (2007)

Virtual private LAN service (VPLS) has been considered as a feasible solution for transparent LAN service. By virtually locating all of the service intelligence in the provider edge routers, the VPLS architecture can be easily integrated with the existing IP/MPLS networks. Nevertheless, the VPLS architecture has scalability issues, such as signaling for full-mesh connectivity, replication and media address control (MAC) address table explosion. While the first two can be tackled by hierarchical VPLS, the existing solution for the last problem involves the layer-3 routers and changes the original form of layer-2 VPN. In this paper, we present a MAC address translation scheme to achieve scalable VPLS. Our scheme is based on the "locally administered address", which is defined in the Ethernet specification. The proposed scheme can significantly reduce the size of MAC address tables from N times M entries to N + M(M - 1) entries for each VPLS instance, where N and M are the numbers of the hosts and sites respectively.
The geometric blueprint of perovskites (2018)

Perovskite minerals form an essential component of the Earth's mantle, and synthetic crystals are ubiquitous in electronics, photonics, and energy technology. The extraordinary chemical diversity of these crystals raises the question of how many and which perovskites are yet to be discovered. Here we show that the "no-rattling" principle postulated by Goldschmidt in 1926, describing the geometric conditions under which a perovskite can form, is much more effective than previously thought and allows us to predict perovskites with a fidelity of 80%. By supplementing this principle with inferential statistics and internet data mining we establish that currently known perovskites are only the tip of the iceberg, and we enumerate 90,000 hitherto-unknown compounds awaiting to be studied. Our results suggest that geometric blueprints may enable the systematic screening of millions of compounds and offer untapped opportunities in structure prediction and materials design.
Polymer‐Grafted Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes through Surface‐Initiated Polymerization (2004)

Hairy polymers from MWNTS: Surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (S) has been performed from the surfaces of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by using a covalently attached atom-transfer radical initiator. The initiator is grafted to the surface of the MWNTs through carboxy groups. Hairy homo, block, and copolymers consisting of PS and PMMA brushes can then be grown from the surface of the MWNTs (see scheme). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z53329_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Patient specific respiratory motion modeling using a limited number of 3D lung CT images (2014)

To build a patient specific respiratory motion model with a low dose, a novel method was proposed that uses a limited number of 3D lung CT volumes with an external respiratory signal. 4D lung CT volumes were acquired for patients with in vitro labeling on the upper abdominal surface. Meanwhile, 3D coordinates of in vitro labeling were measured as external respiratory signals. A sequential correspondence between the 4D lung CT and the external respiratory signal was built using the distance correlation method, and a 3D displacement for every registration control point in the CT volumes with respect to time can be obtained by the 4D lung CT deformable registration. A temporal fitting was performed for every registration control point displacements and an external respiratory signal in the anterior-posterior direction respectively to draw their fitting curves. Finally, a linear regression was used to fit the corresponding samples of the control point displacement fitting curves and the external respiratory signal fitting curve to finish the pulmonary respiration modeling. Compared to a B-spline-based method using the respiratory signal phase, the proposed method is highly advantageous as it offers comparable modeling accuracy and target modeling error (TME); while at the same time, the proposed method requires 70% less 3D lung CTs. When using a similar amount of 3D lung CT data, the mean of the proposed method's TME is smaller than the mean of the PCA (principle component analysis)-based methods' TMEs. The results indicate that the proposed method is successful in striking a balance between modeling accuracy and number of 3D lung CT volumes.
Mannose‐6‐phosphate stimulates proliferation of neuronal precursor cells (1990)

The mitogenic signal function of mannose‐6‐phosphate (Man‐6‐P)/insulin‐like growth factor II (IGF‐II) receptors was studied in neuronal precursor cells from developing rat brain (E15). About 30% of the cellular Man‐6‐P/IGF‐II receptors were present on the cell surface. Man‐6‐P and IGF‐II stimulated DNA synthesis twofold and their effects were additive. Antibody 3637 to the Man‐6‐P/IGF‐II receptor blocked the response to Man‐6‐P but not that to IGF‐II. Other phosphorylated hexoses were also active. Fructose‐1‐phosphate was equally potent with Man‐6‐P, whereas glucose‐6‐phosphate was 5 times less potent. We conclude that Man‐6‐P‐containing proteins and IGF‐II act as mitogens in developing brain by interaction with the Man‐6‐P/IGF‐II receptor and the IGF‐I receptor, respectively.
Compressive Sensing of Cuff-less Biosensor for Energy-Efficient Blood Pressure Monitoring (2019)

Compressive Sensing (CS) is an emerging technique in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) application especially for smart wearable devices to prolong the sensor lifetime, and enable a continuous healthcare monitoring system. This paper describes the performance of CS on our wrist-based cuff-less biosensor for estimating blood pressure (BP) continuously. The proposed biosensor offers a novel BP estimation method by only using the biosignal from subject wrist. A CS technique is implemented to encrypt and reduce the data transmission load of the dual biosignal, which include impedance plethysmography (IPG) and photo plethysmography (PPG). Therefore, multiple compression ratio (CR) were tested to the original signal. We further compare the CS-based extracted features called pulse transit times (PTTs). Based on our experiments, CS-based PTT value that calculated from the IPG peak point to the PPG max<sub>2</sub> point (F2), achieved the best correlation coefficient (R) of -0.85 and -0.43 to the systolic BP and diastolic BP, respectively. These results suggest that the implementation of CS on our proposed wrist biosensor is suitable for non-intrusive, yet long-term continuous BP monitoring.
Phantom (1996)

This paper presents Phantom , a simple constant space algorithm for rate based flow control. As shown by our simulations, it converges fast to a fair rate allocation while generating a moderate queue length. While our approach can be easily implemented in ATM switches for managing ABR traffic, it is also suitable for flow control in TCP router based networks. Both the introduced overhead and the required modifications in TCP flow control systems are minimal. The implementation of this approach in TCP guarantees fairness and provides a unifying interconnection between TCP routers and ATM networks. The new algorithm easily inter-operates with current TCP flow control mechanisms and thus can be gradually introduced into installed based TCP networks.