gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparison of ligature and contextual models for hidden Markov model based on-line handwriting recognition (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of on-line, writer-independent, unconstrained handwriting recognition. Based on hidden Markov models (HMM), we focus on the construction and use of word models which are robust towards contextual character shape variations and variations due to ligatures and diacriticals with the objective of an improved word error rate. We compare the performance and complexity of contextual hidden Markov models with a 'pause' model for ligatures. While the common contextual models lead to a word error rate reduction of 12.7%-38% at the cost of almost six times more character models, the pause model improves the word error rate by 15%-25% and adds only a single model to the recognition system. The results for a mixed-style word recognition task on two test sets with vocabularies of 200 (up to 98% correct words) and 20000 words (up to 88.6% correct words) are given.
High-Resolution Genome-Wide Mapping of Genetic Alterations in Human Glial Brain Tumors (2005)

High-resolution genome-wide mapping of exact boundaries of chromosomal alterations should facilitate the localization and identification of genes involved in gliomagenesis and may characterize genetic subgroups of glial brain tumors. We have done such mapping using cDNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization technology to profile copy number alterations across 42,000 mapped human cDNA clones, in a series of 54 gliomas of varying histogenesis and tumor grade. This gene-by-gene approach permitted the precise sizing of critical amplicons and deletions and the detection of multiple new genetic aberrations. It has also revealed recurrent patterns of occurrence of distinct chromosomal aberrations as well as their interrelationships and showed that gliomas can be clustered into distinct genetic subgroups. A subset of detected alterations was shown predominantly associated with either astrocytic or oligodendrocytic tumor phenotype. Finally, five novel minimally deleted regions were identified in a subset of tumors, containing putative candidate tumor suppressor genes (TOPORS, FANCG, RAD51, TP53BP1, and BIK) that could have a role in gliomagenesis.
Photorefractive Polymers Poised To Play Key Role In Optical Technologies (1995)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTPhotorefractive Polymers Poised To Play Key Role In Optical TechnologiesKnown only a few years, these new materials show great potential for use in optical data storage and processing applicationsRON DAGANICite this: Chem. Eng. News 1995, 73, 8, 28–32Publication Date (Print):February 20, 1995Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 20 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v073n008.p028https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v073n008.p028newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1995 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views9Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Crystals Get e-Alerts
Nondepleting Anti-CD4 Has an Immediate Action on Diabetogenic Effector Cells, Halting Their Destruction of Pancreatic β Cells (2000)

The induction of tolerance in a primed immune system is a major aim for therapy in autoimmunity and transplant rejection. In this paper, we investigate the action of the nondepleting anti-CD4 Ab, YTS 177. Although this Ab is nondepleting, we have demonstrated a direct action in vivo on activated effector cells. We show that the Ab inhibits transfer of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by the CD4+ Th1 clone BDC2.5 to nonobese diabetic mice. Furthermore, we show that this Ab acts directly on diabetogenic effector cells because it prevented BDC2.5-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in nonobese diabetic-scid recipients in the absence of other T cells. The Ab halts the diabetic process even when it is administered after the BDC2.5 cells have infiltrated the pancreas and destruction of islets is already underway. This is accompanied by an immediate decrease in proinflammatory cytokine production with cessation of beta cell destruction and disappearance of infiltrating cells from the pancreas, leaving any remaining beta cells intact. These data suggest that Abs such as this may be effective not only because they induce regulatory T cells but also because they are able to directly prevent effector cell function.
A Field Application of Pulse-Testing for Detailed Reservoir Description (1968)

Abstract Johnson et al. have described a new well-testing technique that measures formation flow properties between wells. The technique, called pulse-testing, requires a sequence of rate changes in the flow at one well and measurement of the resulting pressure changes at an adjacent well with a very sensitive differential pressure gauge. This paper describes an extensive application of the technique in a producing oil field. Pulse-tests on 28 of 45 possible well pairs in the field provided a picture of the areal distribution of reservoir hydraulic diffusivity, transmissibility and storage. The primary objective in presenting these data is to demonstrate the potential of the method for reservoir description. A second objective is to show in three ways the qualitative and quantitative accuracy of reservoir parameters determined from pulse-tests:pulse-test data show a nonuniformity in the field, closely correlating with the oil-water distribution as given by production data;pulse-test values for permeability are comparable with core values, andperhaps most important, the field responds to a conventional interference test in the manner in which pulse-test data predict it should. Introduction The pulse-testing technique by Johnson et al. is an ideal source of data for purposes of reservoir description, for it provides a measurement of formation storage S = phi ch, hydraulic diffusivity eta = k/phi c mu and transmissibility T kh/mu between wells. This paper describes an application of this method in a producing oil field. Results were analyzed to give numerical values for the parameters eta, T and S. These values were compared with oil-water production data (for the effect of fluid saturation), with core data and with data from an interference test. The reservoir in which the pulse-test survey was run is the result of a structural trap formed by a fault along the east side of a north-south trending anticline. A down-structure aquifer provides a natural flank water drive for the pool. The producing formation is a dolomitic limestone having mainly vugular permeability; the formation oil has a gravity of 29 degrees API with negligible dissolved gas. The field contains 19 wells, all on pump, arranged on 40-acre spacing along the top of the anticline. Fig. 1 shows the location of all these wells except two at the south end of the field. The dashed line on the righthand side of the figure represents the approximate location of the fault with respect to well positions. Pulse-Test Survey and Analysis of Data A pulse-test requires a pulsing well and a responding well. JPT P. 313ˆ
User interface standards for control system design applications (2003)

Aspects of the design and specification of a generic graphical user interface for control system design and the emerging standards for user interface implementation that underlie it are discussed. The use of this interface in future design environments should permit the rapid development of novel design methods and at the same time, by enforcing a consistent look and feel across applications, make the transfer of new knowledge much simpler than is possible at present. A brief history of computer-aided control system design (CACSD) is given. Advantages of sophisticated graphical user interfaces and standards for user interface development are discussed. A description of how an existing CACSD package has been redesigned to take on board the latest user interface technology is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Control of the Shear Layer Above a Supersonic Cavity Using Energy Deposition (2008)

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of pulsed energy deposition as a means of active flow control for the shear layer above a supersonic cavity in the open configuration. The excitation pulse was generated with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and was applied as a spanwise oriented line along the leading edge of a cavity. The study was conducted at a freestream Mach number of 1.4 and for a cavity length-to-depth ratio of 5.29. The flowfield was analyzed over a range of delay times from the excitation laser pulse using schlieren photography and particle image velocimetry. Analysis of phase-averaged schlieren images suggested the formation and growth of a coherent large-scale structure (consisting of two adjoining vortices) in the wake of the generated disturbance. This result was confirmed through two-component velocity field data obtained from particle image velocimetry measurements. The velocity information was also used to determine the instantaneous convective velocity and define characteristic scales for the large-scale structure.
A multi/hyper-spectral imaging system for land use/land cover using unmanned aerial systems (2016)

During last years the automated classification enabled by Unmanned Aerial System (UASs) captured the interest of many investors and researchers. Several applications could be explored ranging from precision agriculture to Land Use / Land Cover (LU/LC) thematic mapping. The use of UASs is novel when we consider the very high resolution (VHR) multi-hyper spectral sensing of a given area. Remote sensing and LU/LC have a strong intersection from many years even if only in the last period VHR images over several bands are applicable considering the technological progress. Today it is possible to acquire data in Visible (VIS) - Near InfraRed (NIR)-Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) by using compact and low cost sensors that could be integrated into small size UAS. These sensors overcame the main limitations of classical remote sensed data from satellite increasing the spectral, spatial and temporal resolution also reducing the influence of clouds and water vapor on atmospheric absorption. In particular, in this paper we propose an imaging system to perform analysis from thematics maps derived from hyper-spectral radiometers and multi-spectral cameras mounted on UAS. The high spectral and geometric resolution enhance the level of details of a LU/LC maps. We propose also a novel method to fast classify data by using an improved version of the k-means algorithm. The proposed method significantly reduces the computational time especially for very large high-resolution data-set. Comparison of k-means over regular grid and quadtree decomposition are discussed.
Selective Zinc Sensor Molecules with Various Affinities for Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Revealing Dynamics and Regional Distribution of Synaptically Released Zn<sup>2+</sup> in Hippocampal Slices (2005)

We have developed a series of fluorescent Zn(2+) sensor molecules with distinct affinities for Zn(2+), because biological Zn(2+) concentrations vary over a wide range from sub-nanomolar to millimolar. The new sensors have K(d) values in the range of 10(-8)-10(-4) M, compared with 2.7 nM for ZnAF-2. They do not fluoresce in the presence of other biologically important metal ions such as calcium or magnesium, and they can detect Zn(2+) within 100 ms. In cultured cells, the fluorescence intensity of ZnAF-2 was saturated at low Zn(2+) concentration, while that of ZnAF-3 (K(d) = 0.79 muM) was not saturated even at relatively high Zn(2+) concentrations. In hippocampal slices, we measured synaptic release of Zn(2+) in response to high-potassium-induced depolarization. ZnAF-2 showed similar levels of fluorescence increase in dentate gyrus (DG), CA3 and CA1, which were indistinguishable. However, ZnAF-3 showed a fluorescence increase only in DG. Thus, by using a combination of sensor molecules, it was demonstrated for the first time that a higher Zn(2+) concentration is released in DG than in CA3 or CA1 and that we can easily visualize Zn(2+) concentration over a wide range. We believe that the use of various combinations of ZnAF family members will offer unprecedented versatility for fluorescence-microscopic imaging of Zn(2+) in biological applications.
Analytical scheduling of small nursing teams (1971)

Abstract By using empirical studies of nursing organizations and theoretical models, improvements in- the utilization of nursing teams have been achieved. These improvements are evidenced by increased time spent with the patient rather than on other duties. A problem, so far unresolved, arises with the need to change the allocation of nurses to patients at certain times. Whilst this did not hinder the operation of the scheme when it was tested, nurses expressed some reservations on this point, and further research is clearly required.
M-Plane GaN Grown on m-Plane Sapphire by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (2009)

M-plane GaN epilayers have been directly grown on m-plane sapphire substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy using a low temperature GaN nucleation layer. The m-plane GaN surface is optically smooth and mirror-like, with rms roughness similar to 2.0 nm (5 x 5 mu m(2)) measured by atomic force microscopy. We have found that the sapphire surface treatments prior to the growth determine the crystal orientations of the GaN epilayers. In particular, in situ thermal cleaning in H-2 ambient, followed by NH3 nitridation at low temperature, reproducibly results in single m-plane GaN orientation, while other surface preparations lead to semi-polar GaN (10 (1) over bar(3) over bar) plane. (C) 2009 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
Ceramic filter elements with tailored macro- and microstructures (1995)

SummaryCompared with currently available filter elements, CeraNova and Specific Surface Corporations believe that 3DP rigid filter elements have the following advantages:They offer engineered-design flexibility with fast design-change turnaround.They are produced as a month.They accept any powdered raw material, tailored to specific applications.They offer a very high degree of uniformity, and tailored micro- and macrostructure/porosity control.Processing is fully automated, and is scaleable to output requirements.They give complete filtration of airborne particles for high-yield, high-temperature recovery.An opportunity exists here to provide a novel solution to particulate filter element designs, especially where a wide range of temperatures and corrosive atmospheres are present, and where a volume-efficient compact package is required.
Exactly-Once Transactions (2000)

A three-tier application is organized as three layers: human users interact with front-end clients (e.g browsers); middle-tier application servers (e.g. Web servers) contain the application's business logic, and perform transactions against back-end databases. Although three-tier applications are becoming mainstream, they usually fail to provide sufficient reliability guaranteesto the users. Usually, replication and transaction-processing techniques are applied to specific parts of the application, but their combination does not provide end-to-end reliability. The aim of this paper is to precisely define a desirable, yet realistic, specification of end-to-end reliability in three-tier applications. We present the specification in the form of a problem, called Exactly-Once Transactions, which encompasses both safety and liveness properties in such environments. We also describe a practical protocol that solves the problem and we discuss its implementation and performance in a practical setting.
Hepatitis C Virus Is Detected in a Monocyte/Macrophage Subpopulation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Infected Patients (1992)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the primary agent of posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. HCV RNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by polymerase chain reaction in 17 of 24 HCV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis with or without cirrhosis. One of 5 patients whose PBMC contained HCV RNA also had negative-stranded HCV RNA in the PBMC. In 3 of 11 patients whose PBMC contained HCV RNA, flow cytometry with a murine monoclonal antibody to HCV core epitope revealed cytoplasmic staining of peripheral blood monocytes. The monocyte surface and the peripheral blood lymphocytes did not stain for HCV core epitopes. No correlation could be made between the presence of HCV RNA or antigen in PBMC and any serologic markers of HCV infection. These results indicate that monocyte uptake of HCV by either phagocytosis or infection may be part of the pathophysiology of this chronic disease.
Soft X‐ray microscopy with a cryo scanning transmission X‐ray microscope: I. Instrumentation, imaging and spectroscopy (2000)

We have developed a cryo scanning transmission X-ray microscope which uses soft X-rays from the National Synchrotron Light Source. The system is capable of imaging frozen hydrated specimens with a thickness of up to 10 microm at temperatures of around 100 K. We show images and spectra from frozen hydrated eukaryotic cells, and a demonstration that biological specimens do not suffer mass loss or morphological changes at radiation doses up to about 1010 Gray. This makes possible studies where multiple images of the same specimen area are needed, such as tomography (Wang et al. (2000) Soft X-ray microscopy with a cryo scanning transmission X-ray microscope: II. Tomography. J. Microsc. 197, 80-93) or spectroscopic analysis.
Selective photoelectrochemical oxidation of glycerol to high value-added dihydroxyacetone (2019)

It is highly profitable to transform glycerol - the main by-product from biodiesel production to high value-added chemicals. In this work, we develop a photoelectrochemical system based on nanoporous BiVO<sub>4</sub> for selective oxidation of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone - one of the most valuable derivatives of glycerol. Under AM 1.5G front illumination (100 mW cm<sup>-2</sup>) in an acidic medium (pH = 2) without adscititious oxidant, the nanoporous BiVO<sub>4</sub> photoanode achieves a glycerol oxidation photocurrent density of 3.7 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> at a potential of 1.2 V versus RHE with 51% 1,3-dihydroxyacetone selectivity, equivalent to a production rate of 200 mmol of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone per m<sup>2</sup> of illumination area in one hour.
Evaluation of the Antitumor Efficacy of RNAi-Mediated Inhibition of <i>CDC20</i> and <i>Heparanase</i> in an Orthotopic Liver Tumor Model (2015)

Over 90% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed at an advanced stage. This study investigated the antitumor efficacy of the inhibition of cell division cycle protein 20 (CDC20) and heparanase (HPSE) expression in Hepa1-6 mouse hepatoma cells. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Cell cycle was analyzed by cytometry. The invasion assay was performed using the Transwell chamber. The orthotopic liver tumor model was established by inoculating the livers of immunocompetent Kunming mice with Hepa1-6 cells. The MTT assay showed that 50 and 100 nM CDC20 siRNA-1 and HPSE siRNA-2 significantly reduced Hepa1-6 cell viability with the combination of CDC20 and HPSE siRNA being the most effective. Silencing of CDC20 or both CDC20 and HPSE expression significantly induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in Hepa1-6 HCC cells. Silencing HPSE expression significantly inhibited the invasion ability of Hepa1-6 cells with the combination of CDC20 and HPSE silencing being more effective than HPSE alone. Silencing CDC20 and HPSE expression significantly inhibited HCC tumor growth in the orthotopic liver tumor model, but the combination was most effective. Silencing CDC20 and HPSE expression activated cell apoptosis and autophagy. In conclusion, targeting inhibition of both CDC20 and HPSE expression is an ideal strategy for HCC therapy.
Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. I. Spatiotemporal organization of receptive fields (1976)

1. The properties of single cells in striate cortex of the rhesus monkey, representing the visual field 2 degrees -5 degrees from the fovea, were examined quantitatively with stationary and moving stimuli. Three distinct classes of cells were identified: S type, CX type, and T type. 2. S-type cells were defined as those oriented cells which to the optimal direction of movement in their receptive fields exhibited one or more spatially separate subfields within each of which a response was obtained to either a light or dark edge, but not to both. Several different types of S-cells were distinguished: a) S1-type cells for which moving edges revealed a single excitatory area within which a response was elicited by either a light or a dark edge but not by both. Most of these cells were unidirectional. b) S2-type cells for which moving edges revealed two spatially separate response areas, one of which was excited by a light edge and the other by a dark edge. Both regions responded to the same direction of movement. c) S3-type cells which had two response areas, one of which was excited by a stimulus moving in one direction (at right angles to the axis of orientation) and the other, of opposite contrast, which responded in the opposite direction, d) S4-type cells which to one direction of movement showed two spatially separate regions sensitive to a light and dark edge and which in the other direction of movement had only one responsive area (either light or dark). e) Cells which had multiple spatially separate subfields (S5-7 types). 3. CX-type cells were defined as those oriented cells which in their receptive fields exhibited no spatial separation for light- and dark-edge responses; they discharged to both edges in the same direction of movement and in the same spatial area. Flashing stimuli elicited both on and off responses throughout the receptive field. CX-type cells were predominantly of two types: those which were selective for direction of stimulus movement and those which were not. 4. A third class of cells (T-type) were those which were excited by only one sign of contrast change and responded in a sustained fashion even when there was no contour within the receptive field. These cells were poorly or not at all oriented; some of them were selective to wavelength. 5. Quantitative comparisons showed the following differences between S-type and CX-type cells: a) S-type cells had smaller receptive fields than CX-type cells but the populations over-lapped considerably. Receptive-field size was smallest in layer 4c. In all other layers S-type cells had the same size fields. CX-type cells, by contrast, tended to have larger fields in layer 5-6 than 2-3. b) The spatial separation between light and dark response areas was the best criterion for distinguishing S-type and CX-type cells. The distribution of this measure disclosed two populations of cells with relatively limited overlap. c) In layers 2 and 3, both S-type and CX-type cells had low spontaneous activity...