gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
&lt;i&gt;Peanut Threshing and Shelling Machines for Community-Based Peanut Enterprises in Developing Countries&lt;/i&gt; (2019)

<b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> <b>The Philippine peanut value chain is being constrained by the lack of suitable and effective postharvest mechanization technologies. Peanut stripping and peanut shelling are two of the most labor intensive postharvest in the peanut production chain as it is still performed manually by the local peanut farmers in the Philippines. Imported machines are not designed and configured for local varieties and the existing farm conditions of the country, thus mechanical peanut stripper and mechanical peanut sheller, were developed and locally fabricated using locally available materials. These were tested using the BPI-PN9 variety which is widely cultivated in the northern part of the Philippines. The mechanical peanut stripper is used to separate the peanut pods from the vines, blow-off the dust, stacks and foreign materials, and sort the stripped pods into three sizes. It has an output stripping capacity up to 116kg/hr, stripping efficiency of 93% and mechanically damaged pods of 0.4%. The developed peanut sheller-sorter could be used to free kernels from peanut pods, blow-off the shells, and sort the kernels into three sizes. It has passed all the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) for peanut sheller with an average shelling capacity of 95 kg/hr, shelling efficiency and shelling recovery of 98.1%, unshelled loss and broken kernels of 2% and an output purity of 98.1%. Economic analysis shows that the peanut stripper and the peanut sheller machines developed are profitable investments for village0scale peanut farmers enterprises with a BCR of two years (4 cropping seasons) and 14 months (2 cropping seasons) and IRR of 51 percent and 120%, respectively. </b>
Coal-Fueled Diesel Engine Development Update at GE Transportation Systems (1992)

The U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring a General Electric Company development program for using coal-water slurry (CWS) to power a diesel engine and to test it in a locomotive. The first locomotive system test was successfully completed in 1991 on GE/TS test track. The first-phase coal-fueled 12-cylinder diesel engine used in the locomotive test employed a modified positive displacement fuel injection system and developed 2500 hp in the engine laboratory. The final phase all electric controlled fuel injection equipment (FIE) diesel engine has completed individual component development phases. Combustion research evaluated a broad range of CWS fuels with different source coals, particle sizes, and ash contents. The electronic controlled FIE single cylinder test engine yielded 99.5 percent combustion efficiency. Envelop filters and copper oxide sorbent have been chosen to clean up the engine emissions after extensive evaluation of various hot gas cleaning methods. The projected removal rate of particulate is 99.5 percent and that of SO2 is 90 percent. Over ten diamond insert injector nozzles performed well on the test engines. A bench test of one nozzle has been run for over 500 engine equivalent hours without significant wear. Tungsten carbide (WC) coated piston rings and cylinder liners were identified to be effective in overcoming power assembly wear. A matrix of WC spray parameters were investigated, and the best process was used to apply coatings onto full scale rings and liners. These and other test parts are currently running in two coal fuel operated cylinders on a converted eight-cylinder endurance test engine. All of these developed technologies will be applied onto the second phase engine and be used in the final phase locomotive test. An economic analysis was also completed on a concept locomotive design. Additional equipment cost and the level of diesel fuel price to repay the investment were analyzed. Thus the economic environment for the commercialization of the modern coal fueled locomotive is defined.
Intuitive and Inaccurate Predictions in the Relationship Between Overconfidence, Positive Feedback, and Performance (2018)

Overconfidence could be adaptive if it bolstered motivation, self-efficacy, and/or persistence. This study attempted to experimentally manipulate overconfidence via positive feedback to search for a relationship between overconfidence and performance or persistence on a Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) task. We sought potential mediators of these relationships by measuring participants’ self-reported levels of self-efficacy, anxiety, and self-esteem prior to completing the RPM task. We found that positive feedback significantly enhanced performance, but that it did not induce overconfidence or affect self-efficacy, self-esteem, or anxiety. Our findings indicate that the benefits of positive feedback are not mediated by overconfidence. We also explored the accuracy of participants’ predictions of how positive feedback would impact performance, self-efficacy, anxiety, and self-esteem. Participants accurately predicted that positive feedback could increase performance. Although our manipulation had weak effects on these measures, participants also predicted that positive feedback would increase self-efficacy and self-esteem and decrease anxiety.
New recursive algorithm for matrix inversion (2008)

To reduce the computational complexity of matrix inversion, which is the majority of processing in many practical applications, two numerically efficient recursive algorithms (called algorithms I and II, respectively) are presented. Algorithm I is used to calculate the inverse of such a matrix, whose leading principal minors are all nonzero. Algorithm II, whereby, the inverse of an arbitrary nonsingular matrix can be evaluated is derived via improving the algorithm I. The implementation, for algorithm II or I, involves matrix-vector multiplications and vector outer products. These operations are computationally fast and highly parallelizable. MATLAB simulations show that both recursive algorithms are valid.
Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring in the 2.0-2.5 μm wavelength range (2002)

In the 1.5-1.8 /spl mu/m range the glucose absorption signature is weak and not distinct. Tunable laser sources or arrays of laser diodes can eliminate the low signal limitation, even with modest powers narrow linewidths are not important, but wavelength stability (for lasers in an array) or wavelength reproducibility (for a tunable system) is critical. Successful noninvasive measurements will likely require very large signal-to-noise-ratios, so wavelength deviations must be very small.
Modernization of the federal civil service: methodology for functional reviews (2001)

The paper sets out a methodology for conducting functional reviews in Russia which is both appropriate to present needs and circumstances in Russia; and which also takes appropriate account of lessons and experiences of conducting such approaches over recent years in a wide range of countries. The paper summarizes a number of the different approaches adopted by a number of countries to developing and implementing functional reviews; assesses the applicability of different approaches to different objectives and circumstances; and identifies what is felt to be the most potentially useful approach for conducting functional reviews in the Russian Federation as part of the approach to implementation of proposals for modernization of the Federal Civil Service over the short to medium-term. This approach is based on a model which we have described as intermediate functional reviews.
Fungal Microbiota Profile in Newly Diagnosed Treatment-naïve Children with Crohn’s Disease (2016)

We report highly significant fungal dysbiosis in newly diagnosed treatment-naïve CD children. Depleted and more abundant taxa suggest anti-inflammatory and pro-inflamatory potentials, respectively. Further studies with larger sample size and including functional analysis are needed to clarify the significance of the fungal community in the pathogenesis of CD.
Bispecific Antibody Mediated Targeting of <i>nido</i>-Carboranes to Human Colon Carcinoma Cells (1996)

Boron neutron capture therapy, a binary form of cancer treatment, has the potential to deliver potent cytotoxic radiation to tumor cells with minimal collateral damage to normal tissues if methods for the selective accretion of elevated concentrations of boron-10 in tumor can be developed. In this regard, a monoclonal antibody with dual specificity, for both anionic boron cluster compounds (nido-carboranes) and a tumor-associated antigen (carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA), was produced. The specific binding of a nido-carborane to CEA-expressing tumor cells was achieved using this bispecific antibody. The ability of this bispecific antibody to concentrate selectively at tumor sites in vivo has also been demonstrated, thus suggesting its potential for sequestering boron-rich compounds in tumors.
Comparison of use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kits and PCR amplification of rRNA genes for simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar (1997)

A comparison of the use of three commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kits and PCR amplification of rRNA genes to detect and differentiate Entamoeba histolytica from E. dispar was carried out. Only the Techlab kit did not cross-react with E. dispar antigens, but it was 100 times less sensitive than PCR in detection of and differentiation between the two types of Entamoeba.
Verifiable Searchable Symmetric Encryption from Indistinguishability Obfuscation (2015)

Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) allows a client to encrypt his data in such a manner that the data can be efficiently searched. SSE has practical application in cloud storage, where a client outsources his encrypted data to a cloud server while maintaining the searchable ability over his data. Most of the current SSE schemes assume that the cloud server is honest-but-curious. However, the cloud may actively cheat on the search process to keep its cost low. In this paper, we focus on the malicious cloud model and propose a new verifiable searchable symmetric encryption scheme. Our scheme is built on the secure indistinguishability obfuscation (iO) and can be considered as the first step to apply iO in the SSE field. Moreover, our scheme can be easily extended to multiple functionalities, such as conjunctive and boolean queries. Furthermore, it can be extended to realize a publicly verifiable SSE. Thorough analysis shows that our scheme is secure and achieves a better performance.
A Convenient Procedure for the Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides and Alkenes (2005)

[reaction: see text] Silver fluoride and cinchona alkaloids catalyze the diastereo- and enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azomethine ylides, generated from N-alkylideneglycine esters, and acrylates to give the corresponding endo-adducts. Azomethine ylides derived from aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes react in a highly diastereoselective reaction with good yields and enantioselectivities of the substituted pyrrolidines.
Real-time plaque characterization and visualization with spectral analysis of intravascular ultrasound data. (2005)

Coronary artery disease is the number one cause of death in the United States and the Western world, and approximately 250,000 affected people die per year without ever being admitted to a hospital. One of the main reasons of such a high death-rate without any diagnosis is that more than 50 or heart-attacks) occur in patients with no prior history of known heart disease or symptoms. Coronary artery disease leads to the occlusion of arteries that are vital in providing nutrients to the heart muscles. The disease develops by progressive accumulation or formation of "plaque" within an artery. Certain types of plaques could occlude blood flow and yet might be "stable". These plaques usually have a high fibrous content, and are known as hard plaques. On the other hand, "unstable" or "soft" plaques might not cause much occlusion but could be vulnerable to rupture. Rupture of such plaques could lead to total or partial occlusion in arteries resulting in sudden cardiac death or heart-attack. In fact, 68 coronary arteries are less than 50.Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a minimally invasive imaging modality that provides cross-section images of arteries in real-time, allowing visualization of atherosclerotic plaques in vivo. In standard IVUS gray-scale images, calcified regions of plaque and dense fibrous components generally reflect ultrasound energy well and thus appear bright and homogeneous on IVUS images. Conversely, regions of low echo reflectance in IVUS images are usually labeled "soft" or "mixed" plaque. However, this visual interpretation has been demonstrated to be very inconsistent in accurately determining plaque composition and does not allow real-time assessment of quantitative plaque constituents.Spectral analysis of the backscattered radiofrequency (RF) ultrasound signals allows detailed assessment of plaque composition. Advanced mathematical techniques can be employed to extract spectral information from these RF data to determine composition. The spectral content or signature of RF data reflected from tissue depends on density, compressibility, concentration, size, etc. A combination of spectral parameters were used to develop statistical classification schemes for analysis of in vivo IVUS data in real-time. The clinical data acquisition system is ECG gated and the analysis software developed by our group reconstructs IVUS gray-scale images from the acquired RF data. A combination of spectral parameters and active contour models is used for real-time 3D plaque segmentation followed by computation of color-coded tissue maps for each image cross-section and longitudinal views of the entire vessel. The "fly-through" mode allows one to visualize the complete length of the artery internally with the histology components at the lumen surface. In addition, vessel and plaque metrics such as areas and volumes of individual plaque components (collagen, fibro-lipid, calcium, lipid-core) are also available.
Image morphometric nuclear grading of intraepithelial neoplastic lesions with applications to cancer chemoprevention trials. (1999)

A new image morphometric method of nuclear grading is described and assessed in the context of the evaluation of histological samples from ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The method results in a continuous scaled variable, or nuclear grading scale, expressed in SD units from measured normal nuclei from breast or cervix. For a given histological preinvasive neoplastic lesion, the mean nuclear grade of measured nuclei was shown to be analogous to the histopathological nuclear grade of the same lesion assigned subjectively by the pathologist. In a chemoprevention trial of the effect of difluoromethylornithine given for 1 month to subjects with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3, pathologists could see no difference in 14 histological sections taken before and after difluoromethylornithine treatment. However, the image morphometric method detected a systematic effect of lowered mean nuclear grade and a decrease in the variability of nuclear grade expression. Twelve of 14 samples showed a lower posttreatment mean nuclear grade (P<0.05), and 13 of the 14 samples showed a decrease in the SD of their nuclear grade distributions (P<0.01). This study demonstrates the use of image morphometric nuclear grading in a chemoprevention setting. It may be very useful in supplementing the pathologist's histopathological grading by providing objective, quantitative assessments.
Shear‐Induced orientation in liquid crystalline polymers (1989)

Abstract The orientation development characteristics in shear flow of wholly aromatic thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers were studied. Based on the analysis of shear flow in a capillary followed by elongational flow, an experimental setup has been proposed to determine the shear‐induced orientation. Experimental results have indicated that shear‐induced orientation depends on total shear strain. However, orientation enhancement due to shear flow is much less effective compared with orientation buildup in the case of elongational flow. Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers that exhibited higher orientability in elongational flow exhibited also higher orientability in shear flow. Finally, to obtain high, shear orientation in processing of thermotropics, special care should be exercised in the design of dies and molds and in optimizing processing conditions, so that high shear rates and/or long shearing times should prevail.
Serum CA 125 measurements to identify patients with endometrial cancer who require lymphadenectomy. (1998)

CA 125 serum levels may provide additional information in the preoperative assessment of endometrial cancer patients. More studies are needed to establish the appropriate cut-off level for serum CA 125 in this respect.
Range estimation via multidimensional segmentation (2004)

A new graph-theoretic algorithm for stereo range estimation, utilizing a Mumford-Shah variational, multidimensional segmentation of a 3D or 4D spatio-(temporal)-parallax space to implicitly solve the stereo correspondence problem, is described. Initial results and comparison with an area correlation range estimation algorithm demonstrate that it is capable of producing very accurate boundary demarcation including alpha coverage information, suggesting its applicability to foreground/background separation and range keying applications.
Designer Receptors Enhance Memory in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome (2015)

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are novel and powerful tools to investigate discrete neuronal populations in the brain. We have used DREADDs to stimulate degenerating neurons in a Down syndrome (DS) model, Ts65Dn mice. Individuals with DS develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and have elevated risk for dementia starting in their 30s and 40s. Individuals with DS often exhibit working memory deficits coupled with degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neurons. It is thought that LC degeneration precedes other AD-related neuronal loss, and LC noradrenergic integrity is important for executive function, working memory, and attention. Previous studies have shown that LC-enhancing drugs can slow the progression of AD pathology, including amyloid aggregation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. We have shown that LC degeneration in Ts65Dn mice leads to exaggerated memory loss and neuronal degeneration. We used a DREADD, hM3Dq, administered via adeno-associated virus into the LC under a synthetic promoter, PRSx8, to selectively stimulate LC neurons by exogenous administration of the inert DREADD ligand clozapine-N-oxide. DREADD stimulation of LC-NE enhanced performance in a novel object recognition task and reduced hyperactivity in Ts65Dn mice, without significant behavioral effects in controls. To confirm that the noradrenergic transmitter system was responsible for the enhanced memory function, the NE prodrug l-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine was administered in Ts65Dn and normosomic littermate control mice, and produced similar behavioral results. Thus, NE stimulation may prevent memory loss in Ts65Dn mice, and may hold promise for treatment in individuals with DS and dementia.
Palladium−Triethylborane-Triggered Direct and Regioselective Conversion of Allylic Alcohols to Allyl Phenyl Sulfones (2005)

A combination of Pd(OAc)2 (5 mol %), PPh3 (10 mol %), and Et3B (200 mol %) promotes the formation of allyl phenyl sulfones from the allylic alcohols directly with excellent yields under mild conditions. The activation of an alcohol group is not necessary which is achieved in situ. The conjugated dienols also were equally effective for the said transformation.
Morphogenetic signals from chondrocytes promote chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (2007)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potentially useful cells for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. However, controlling MSC differentiation and tissue formation in vivo remains a challenge. There is a significant need for well-defined and efficient protocols for directing MSC behaviors in vivo. We hypothesize that morphogenetic signals from chondrocytes may regulate MSC differentiation. In micromass culture of MSCs, incubation with chondrocyte-conditioned medium (CCM) significantly enhanced the production of cartilage specific matrix including type II collagen. In addition, incubation of MSCs with conditioned medium supplemented with osteogenic factors induced more osteogenesis and accumulation of calcium and increased ALP activity. These findings reveal that chondrocyte-secreted factors promote chondrogenesis as well as osteogenesis of MSCs during in vitro micromass culture. Moreover, when MSCs expanded with chondrocyte-conditioned medium were encapsulated in hydrogels and subsequently implanted into athymic mice, basophilic extracellular matrix deposition characteristic of neocartilage was evident. These results indicate that articular chondrocytes produce suitable morphogenetic factors that induce the differentiation program of MSCs in vitro and in vivo.
Experimental membrane fouling sensors (2011)

One of the major foulants that results in formation of cake layer on ultrafiltration membrane is colloidal particles. Particle fouling greatly affects the fouling behaviours of UF membrane and therefore the membrane filtration process. The effect of particle fouling on UF membrane was investigated in this study. Experiments were carried out to look into the effect of operation parameters namely the permeate flux and feed particle concentration on the UF membrane. The model foulant chosen to represent colloidal particles in this study was bentonite.As the experiments are conducted under constant flux, the scale of membrane fouling was measured by comparing the increase in transmembrane pressure at different operating conditions. Experimental results suggest that application of higher flux and higher feed particle concentration both leads to higher transmembrane pressure. The results can be attributed to the formation of cake layer and the high fluid viscosity at high feed concentration.
“Hearing Loss” in QCM Measurement of Protein Adsorption to Protein Resistant Polymer Brush Layers (2017)

Accurate quantification of nonspecific protein adsorption on biomaterial surfaces is essential for evaluation of their antifouling properties. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is an acoustic sensor widely used for the measurement of protein adsorption. However, although the QCM is highly sensitive, it does have performance limitations when working with surfaces modified with thick viscous layers. In the case of polymer brush surfaces, factors such as the thickness and viscosity of the brush may bring such limitations. In the present work, three types of antifouling molecules were used to explore the applicability of QCM for the evaluation of the protein resistance of hydrophilic polymer brush surfaces. Adsorption was also measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as a reference. It was shown that the detection of adsorbed protein requires that protein be located within a critical distance from the QCM chip surface, determined by the viscosity of polymer brush. For larger proteins like fibrinogen, adsorption is expected to occur mainly "on top" of the polymer brush, and brush thickness determines whether protein is located in the "detectable zone". For smaller proteins like lysozyme, adsorption is expected to occur mainly at the chip surface and within the polymer brush layer and to be detectable by QCM. However, the quantity of adsorbed lysozyme may be underestimated when secondary adsorption also occurred. It is concluded that QCM data suggesting very low protein adsorption on polymer brush surfaces should take account of these considerations and should be treated generally with caution.