gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-21 Signaling: Functions in Cancer and Autoimmunity (2007)

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine with structural and sequence homology to IL-2 and IL-15, yet possesses several biological properties distinct from these cytokines. IL-21 is produced mainly by activated CD4(+) T cells and natural killer T cells and mediates its activity by binding to the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R), consisting of an IL-21-specific alpha chain (IL-21Ralpha; JAK/STAT) that heterodimerizes with the common gamma chain (CD132). Intracellular signaling occurs through the Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Physiologic expression of IL-21R is restricted to lymphoid tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells; however, other tissues such as epithelium, synovium, or transformed cells can acquire expression of both components of IL-21R heterodimer. IL-21 has complex activities on a wide variety of cell types, leading to enhancement of adaptive T-cell immunity, antibody production, activation of natural killer cell subtypes, and opposition to suppressive effects mediated by regulatory T cells. Functionally, these activities promote immune responses and point to a physiologic role of IL-21 in autoimmunity and immune enhancement. Therapeutic manipulation of IL-21 activity may allow improved immunotherapy for cancer as well as insights into autoimmune disease. Recently conducted phase 1 trials in metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma have shown that recombinant IL-21 has a favorable safety profile and support its continued investigation as a potential anticancer drug.
Craniofacial Growth in Rabbits After Rigid or Semi-rigid Fixation of the Frontonasal Suture (1996)

Treatment of craniofacial dysostosis involves complex remodeling of the cranium and facial bones. Maintenance of the newly positioned segments may be achieved by rigid fixation using plates; however, there is concern that, over time, these plates may interfere with normal growth. The purpose of this study was to test a method of "semi-rigid" fixation of an osteotomy of the frontonasal suture in juvenile rabbits by comparing standardized parameters of craniofacial growth after conventional suture plating with the experimental plating method and with growth after sham operation. Forty-five, 6-week-old, weanling rabbits were divided into three groups of 15 each (12 for cephalometry, 3 for histological examination): (group 1) control, sham operated; (group 2) rigid fixation; (group 3) semi-rigid fixation. Rabbits were maintained for 14 weeks. Craniofacial growth was assessed using three-dimensional image analysis techniques. Measurements were subjected to statistical analysis (one-way analysis of variance) to compare the three treatment groups. Pairwise comparison of means between the treatment groups was done using Bonferroni's method at the 0.05 significance level. Semi-rigid fixation permitted significantly more normal growth of the developing rabbit head than rigid fixation in total snout length, total vault length, left and right midface height, and left orbital length. Both semi-rigid and rigid fixation significantly restricted growth compared with sham operated animals in left and right posterior midface height, right orbital length, right and left nasal bone length, and left parietal width. There were no significant differences in the growth of all other parameters measured.
Fractal and Image Analysis of the Microvasculature in Normal Intestinal Submucosa and Intestinal Polyps in <i>Apc</i><sup>Min/+</sup> Mice (2009)

Tumors are supported by the development of a unique vascular bed. We used fractal dimension (Db) and image analysis to quantify differences in the complexity of the vasculature in normal intestinal submucosa and intestinal polyps. Apc(Min/+) mice and wild-type mice were perfused with a curable latex compound, intestines sectioned, and images collected via confocal microscopy. The images were analyzed and area (A), perimeter (P), and integrated optical density (IOD) of the normal and tumor vascular beds were measured. The Db, a quantitative descriptor of morphological complexity, was significantly greater for the polyp vasculature from Apc(Min/+) mice than controls. This indicates that the polyp microvasculature is more chaotic than that of the controls, while the IOD and average vascular density values displayed no differences. This suggests the mass of blood volume is equivalent in normal and polyp microvasculature. The lower vascular area-perimeter ratios expressed by the polyp microvasculature suggest it is composed of smaller, more tortuous vessels. These data demonstrate that fractal analysis is applicable for providing a quantitative description of vascular complexity associated with angiogenesis occurring in normal or diseased tissue. Application of Db, IOD, and average density provides a clearer quantification of the complex morphology associated with tissue microvasculature.
ChemInform Abstract: Sol—Gel Synthesis of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Sintering into Microporous Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Abstract 16935: Underuse of Cardiovascular Prevention and Lifestyle Counseling in Peripheral Artery Disease (2016)

Introduction: Previous studies suggest that cardiovascular prevention medications are underutilized in the setting of peripheral artery disease. Using nationally representative data, we sought to evaluate trends in the medical therapy and lifestyle counseling of PAD in the United States from 2005 through 2012. Methods: Data from 1,982 outpatient visits among patients with PAD were obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), a nationally representative assessment of office-based and hospital outpatient department practice. We assessed trends in medication use (antiplatelet therapy [aspirin and/or clopidogrel], statins, cilostazol, and ACE-Inhibitors [ACE-I] or Angiotensin receptor blockers [ARB]) and lifestyle counseling (exercise or diet counseling and smoking cessation). Results: Over the 8-year period, the average annual number of ambulatory visits in the U.S. for PAD was 3,883,665. Across all visits, mean age was 69.2 years, 51.8% were female and 56.6% were Non-Hispanic white. Comorbid coronary artery disease (CAD) was present in 24.3% of visits. Medication use for cardiovascular prevention and symptoms of claudication was low: any antiplatelet therapy in 35.7% (standard error [SE] 2.7), statin 33.1% (SE, 2.4), ACE-I/ARB 28.4% (SE, 2.0), and cilostazol in 4.7% (SE, 1.0) of visits. Exercise or diet counseling was used in 22% (SE, 2.3) of visits. Among current smokers with PAD, smoking cessation counseling or medication was used in 35.8% (SE, 4.6) of visits. There was no significant change in medication use or lifestyle counseling over time. Compared to visits for patients with PAD alone, comorbid PAD and CAD were more likely to be prescribed antiplatelet therapy (OR 2.6 [1.8-3.9]), statins (OR 2.6 [1.8-3.9]), ACE-I/ARB (OR 2.6 [1.8-3.9]), and counseled for smoking cessation (OR 4.4 [2.0-9.6]). Conclusions: The use of guideline recommended therapies in patients with PAD was much lower than expected. These data highlight a clear opportunity to improve the quality of care in this high-risk group of patients.
Study on Chinese gallnut (2003)

This paper brief reviewed the application history of Chinese gallnut. The gallnut tannin basis component, the kinds of Chinese gallnut, gallnut aphids and its bio-ecology, the kinds of summer-hosts, winter-hosts were summarized. There were 14 kinds of Chinese gallnut that were come into 14 species or subspecies gallnut aphids on its summer-hosts respectively in China. The yield of horned gallnut, hard ensiform gallnut, egg-hard ensiform gallnut, shaped belly gallnut and inflorescence gallnut were roughly to occupy the total yield of Chinese gallnut of 80%. To protect and develope Chinese gallnut resources for making Chinese gallnut product to keep sustainable development,the authors must extend and apply successful techniques such as mature picking gallnut and to leave stirp gallnut and to develope new products.
Probiotics for the Prevention of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> –Associated Diarrhea (2012)

None.
The phytohormone signal network regulating elongation growth during shade avoidance (2010)

In contrast to animals, plants maintain highly plastic growth and development throughout their life, which enables them to adapt to environmental fluctuations. Phytohormones coordinately regulate these adaptations by integrating environmental inputs into a complex signalling network. In this review, the focus is on the rapid elongation that occurs in response to canopy shading or submergence, and current knowledge and recent advances in deciphering the network of phytohormone signalling that regulates this response are explored. The review concentrates on the involvement of the phytohormones auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene. Despite the occurrence of considerable gaps in current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, it was possible to identify a network of phytohormone signalling intermediates at multiple levels that regulates elongation growth in response to canopy shade or submergence. Based on the observations that there are spatial and temporal differences in the interactions of phytohormones, the importance of more integrative approaches for future studies is highlighted.
Robust document image understanding technologies (2004)

No existing document image understanding technology, whether experimental or commercially available, can guarantee high accuracy across the full range of documents of interest to industrial and government agency users. Ideally, users should be able to search, access, examine, and navigate among document images as effectively as they can among encoded data files, using familiar interfaces and tools as fully as possible. We are investigating novel algorithms and software tools at the frontiers of document image analysis, information retrieval, text mining, and visualization that will assist in the full integration of such documents into collections of textual document images as well as born digital documents. Our approaches emphasize versatility first: that is, methods which work reliably across the broadest possible range of documents.
Time-restricted role for dendritic activation of the mTOR-p70 <sup>S6K</sup> pathway in the induction of late-phase long-term potentiation in the CA1 (2003)

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of translational capacity. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin can prevent forms of protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity such as long-term facilitation in Aplysia and late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region of rodents. In the latter model, two issues remain to be addressed: defining the L-LTP phase sensitive to rapamycin and identifying the site of rapamycin-sensitive protein synthesis. Here, we show that L-LTP is sensitive to application of rapamycin only during the induction paradigm, whereas rapamycin application after the establishment of L-LTP was ineffective. Second, we observed that Thr-389-phosphorylated p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), the main active phosphoform of the mTOR effector p70S6K, was induced in an N-methyl-D-aspartate and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner throughout the dendrites but not in the cell bodies of CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices after L-LTP induction. A similar dendrite-wide activation of p70S6K was induced in primary hippocampal neurons by depolarization with KCL or glutamate. In primary hippocampal neurons, the sites of dendritic activation of p70S6K appeared as discrete compartments along dendritic shafts like the hotspots for fast dendritic translation. Conversely, only a subset of dendritic spines also displayed activated p70S6K. Taken together, the present data suggest that the N-methyl-d-aspartate-, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent dendritic activation of the mTOR-p70S6K pathway is necessary for the induction phase of protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity. Newly synthesized proteins in dendritic shafts could be targeted selectively to activity-tagged synapses. Thus, coordinated activation of dendrite-wide translation and synaptic-specific activation is likely to be necessary for long-term synaptic plasticity.
A review of economic research into determinants of divorce. (1995)

"This paper reviews econometric work on the determinants of divorce. There is a fair degree of agreement over some of the key variables. It seems well-established that the effect of male wage rates is negative while the effect of female wage rates is positive. Nonetheless, controversy still rages over the effect of legal changes. Further work is needed on this. Viewed as a scientific research programme, the study of the determinants of divorce needs access to a wider range of populations. The databases at present are primarily U.S. sample surveys."
Internet shopping, consumer search and product branding (2000)

Recent interest in the Internet as a medium for commerce has raised questions about the usefulness of branding on the World Wide Web. Examines whether consumers use brands as sources of information when shopping on the Internet. Applying theory from the economics of information, predicts that recent adopters of the Internet will be less proficient at searching for product information and will rely more on brands. As they gather more experience on the Internet, their search proficiency should rise and their brand reliance should fall. These hypotheses are tested and confirmed using usage and opinion survey data from the Internet community. The results suggest that branding can facilitate consumers' acceptance of electronic commerce.
Talking at the right level (2008)

The acquisition of speech and language skills underpins many important abilities, which means it is important for practitioners to know the stages that are involved in acquiring these complex skills.
Preparation of recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP‐1) in high yield and identification of a hydrophobic surface feature (1998)

The work presented here describes an effective method for refolding recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), a 21-kDa protein with six disulphide bonds. A yield of 30 mg TIMP-1/l culture medium was obtained from a high level bacterial expression system, using a slow removal of denaturant in the presence of 0.5 M guanidine and a suitable redox buffer. This protein is identical to the wild-type species when specific activity and secondary structure (by CD) are compared. The fluorescent, hydrophobic compound 8-anilino 1-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS) was used to quantify hydrophobic binding sites on the surface of both wild-type and recombinant TIMP-1. The wild-type protein has 1 binding site with a mean Kd of 1.3 mM and the recombinant protein has 1.5 binding sites with a mean Kd of 0.39 mM. The presence of surface hydrophobic residues is confirmed by selective broadening of ethyl and aromatic signals in the 1H-NMR spectrum on the addition of the paramagnetic probe 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxy, OH-TEMPO, to wild-type TIMP-1. When wild-type TIMP-1 is incubated with the N-terminal fragment of human fibroblast collagenase prior to the addition of ANS, the number of binding sites in the system decreases to 0.5 with a Kd of 0.15 mM.
Perfect relay lens at microwave frequencies based on flattening a Maxwell lens (2011)

We consider the design and implementation of a two-dimensional metamaterial relay lens, conceptually formed by flattening a Maxwell fisheye lens—a perfect imaging device—through the use of a coordinate transformation. Because Maxwell’s equations are form-invariant under coordinate transformations, the specifications for the constitutive parameters of the device are obtained immediately in a procedure that has now become known as transformation optics. To obtain a more favorable implementation of the lens, we seek a quasi-conformal transformation optics transformation that minimizes the required anisotropy, such that the resulting lens can be formed using isotropic, dielectric-only media. We demonstrate a flattened Maxwell lens at microwave frequencies using a nonresonant metamaterial and confirm its focusing and broad bandwidth behavior. Such planar, dielectric-only structures can be readily implemented in infrared and optical waveguides.
Skin lesions and cattle hide damage from <i>Haematobia irritans</i> infestations (1999)

The horn fly Haematobia irritans L. (Diptera: Muscidae) has recently spread to Argentina and Uruguay and is believed to cause damage to cattle hides. Four groups of ten Holstein steers each were maintained for 58 weeks under different infestation levels with H. irritans to determine if it was the cause of this problem. Hides (chrome tanned) from steers maintained under minimum infestation level had 4.7 +/- 3.8% of the area damaged. Maintaining the steers under low H. irritans level for the last 44 days of the trial using insecticidal ear-tags, resulted in 29.5 +/- 15.8% of hide area being damaged. Steers that were treated with 5% cypermethrin pour-on, when the H. irritans population was close to 50 flies, showed that 31.3 +/- 16.6% of hide area was injured, and 46.6 +/- 12.8% of damaged hide area was found in hides from non-treated steers. Significant differences were found between mean hide damage from steers maintained continuously under low H. irritans infestation levels and all other groups. Hyperaemia was significantly lower in the skin of steers under low H. irritans infestation level than in the skins of non-treated steers and steers maintained under low-level infestations for the final 44 days. Eosinophil and mononuclear cell infiltration was significantly lower when the population of H. irritans was less than six per steer than when the population was more than 100 flies per steer. Low numbers of Stomoxys calcitrans were found in all groups, but most hide damage was presumed due to H. irritans.
A Customized and Interpretable Deep Neural Network for High-Dimensional Business Data - Evidence from an E-Commerce Application (2017)

Extracting actionable information from complex data is a key challenge for business analytics researchers (Hedgebeth, 2007). This is particularly difficult for high-dimensional datasets, to which an increasing number of businesses have access (Martens et al., 2016). In this study, we develop a customized neural network for extracting interpretable features from very high-dimensional datasets. These features can be interpreted both at an aggregated as well as a very fine-grained level. Interpreting non-linear interactions is no more difficult than interpreting a linear regression. We apply the algorithm to a dataset related to product returns in online retail which contains a total of 3,637,654 transactions and 13,533 dimensions. Comparing 75 different models, we demonstrate that, in addition to being interpretable, our algorithm yields higher predictive accuracy than extant methods. The approach is sufficiently abstract to be applicable to a wide variety of business analytics datasets.
Unraveling the potential of intrinsically disordered proteins as drug targets: application to <i>Mycobacterium</i> <i>tuberculosis</i> (2009)

Many eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins remain disordered under physiological conditions and often acquire a stable secondary structure on binding to their cellular targets. Though the process of binding is still under analysis, it has been found that the flexibility of proteins can add to their functionality. This motivated us to explore intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) as drug targets. In silico studies have been carried out on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which, with emergence of hyper-virulent and drug resistant strains, XDRs and MDRs, is one of the most dreaded pathogens in the modern world. Our study reports 13 IDPs as potential drug targets, and three of them--FtsW (Rv2154c), GlmU (Rv1018c) and Obg (Rv2440c)--are chosen as key proteins and are described in detail. Future applications of this method can provide new insight into understanding the molecular mechanism of IDPs and their potential role as drug targets.
α,α-Trehalose−Water Solutions. VIII. Study of the Diffusive Dynamics of Water by High-Resolution Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering (2005)

The present paper shows high-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) findings on homologues disaccharides (i.e. trehalose, maltose, and sucrose)−water mixtures as a function of temperature. The QENS measurements were performed on both partially deuterated disaccharides in D2O and on hydrogenated disaccharides in H2O to separate the solute dynamics from that of the solvent. The results highlight a noticeable disaccharide kosmotrope character, with results more marked for trehalose. Such evidence accounts for its higher bioprotective effectiveness.
Shape from contour: straight homogeneous generalized cylinders and constant cross section generalized cylinders (1995)

We analyze the properties of straight homogeneous generalized cylinders (SHGCs) and constant cross section generalized cylinders (CGCs), and derive the types of symmetries that the limb boundaries and cross sections of these objects produce on the image plane. The constraints on the 3D shape of the objects are formulated based on the symmetries and from the geometry of the projection models. Finally, the methods that recover the 3D shape from the image of their contours are discussed and recovered surfaces are shown for sample objects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Statistical evaluation of confocal microscopy images (2001)

This CV analysis of a 10-microm Spherotech fluorescent bead can help determine the sensitivity in a confocal microscope and the system performance. The relationship among the factors that influence image quality is explained from a statistical endpoint. The data obtained from this test provides a systematic method of reducing noise and increasing image clarity. Many components of a CLSM, including laser power, laser stability, PMT functionality, and alignment, influence the CV and determine if the equipment is performing properly. Preliminary results have shown that the bead CV can be used to compare different confocal microscopy systems with regard to performance and sensitivity. The test appears to be analogous to CV tests made on the flow cytometer to assess instrument performance and sensitivity. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multidimensional signaling for intersymbol interference channels (2002)

The authors consider the use of multidimensional signaling and block demodulation for digital transmission over intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. As an example, the theory is developed for the unit-memory 1+ alpha z/sup -1/ channel. The authors first explain why multidimensional signals should be used over ISI channels by showing how the minimum Euclidean distance and the cutoff rate R/sub 0/ increase by increasing the dimensionality of the signals transmitted. Two ways of increasing the reliability of transmission over an ISI channel are discussed. The first way consists of increasing the energy associated with the symbols more affected by ISI. The second way uses a coding scheme which selectively protects those symbols. Generalized concatenated-codes are advocated for this purpose.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>