gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas (2014)

The lymphatic system of the pancreas is a complex, intricate network of lymphatic vessels and nodes responsible for the drainage of the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas. Its anatomical divisions and embryological development have been well described in the literature with emphasis on its clinical relevance in regards to pancreatic pathologies. A thorough knowledge and understanding of the lymphatic system surrounding the pancreas is critical for physicians in providing diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis and is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a surgeon may try to predict the routes for metastasis for pancreatic cancer, the complexity of this system presents difficulty due to variable drainage patterns. Pancreatitis also presents as another severe disease which has been shown to have an association with the lymphatics. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the lymphatics of the pancreas, pancreatic pathologies, and the available imaging methodologies used to study the pancreatic lymphatics. Clin. Anat. 28:527–537, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short paper (2011)

In a Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET), vehicles broadcast safety messages disclosing their trajectory information in order to warn drivers of impending accidents. Precise location information needed for these safety applications, combined with the need to exclude attackers through the use of authentication, creates a significant privacy risk. One method proposed to improve privacy is the use of many pseudonyms, and changing pseudonyms while in a mix zone where all other vehicles also change pseudonyms. Previous work has evaluated the effectiveness of mix zones using traces generated based on traffic theory. In this paper, we analyze the privacy obtainable from using mix zones in VANETs based on actual recordings of vehicle movements. We choose rank instead of entropy as our privacy metric because, as we will show, entropy is difficult to measure in our scenarios.
Predicting Hydraulically Induced Fractures Using Acoustic Impedance Inversion Volumes: A Barnett Shale Formation Example* (2011)

Once considered only as source rocks and seals, shale formations are now also considered as tight-porosity and low-permeability unconventional gas reservoirs. The classification as a reservoir is mainly technology- and economics-driven. Major gas (and minor oil) production from these plays is facilitated by massive hydraulic fracturing treatments that increase permeability and help to reactivate natural fractures. Stimulation ultimately enhances reservoir drainage, yielding economically viable hydrocarbon production. Natural faulting and fracturing are critical factors controlling present day stress distribution, which in turn influences hydraulically induced fracture system development. Most predictive models used to estimate recovery in microseismicity monitoring wells are based on assumptions that lead to oversimplified fracture network geometry. To avoid such assumptions, and better understand the created fracture geometry, borehole-based induced microseismicity monitoring may be used. Hydraulically induced fracture networks mapped in various formations around the world using borehole-based microseismic monitoring techniques correlate closely to stress states at various scales. Mapped fracture systems generally tend to propagate perpendicularly or nearly perpendicularly to the minimum horizontal stress while influenced by local and regional structural features. However, the heterogeneous and anisotropic mineralogical composition of the shale formation results in variable fracture gradients and fractured zones. To characterize the variations of rock properties within such formations, we generated seismic inversion volumes from a 14-square-mile seismic survey acquired over the Barnett Shale within the Fort Worth Basin using P- and S-impedance and Lame parameters from density, shear, and compressional velocity logs. We show that the locations of microseismic events correlate to specific values of the inverted surface seismic properties. Fractured zones correlate to low density and low P- and S-impedance values. While impedance characterizes the matrix properties of the Barnett Shale, Lame parameters shed light on the extent of the fracture system into gas-bearing zones. This initial correlation suggests that
Fetal Neuron Grafts Pave the Way for Stem Cell Therapies (2000)

Over the past 10 years, researchers have learned that fetal nerve cell transplants can alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson9s disease. But despite the promise these cells have shown, they will never be widely used, for reasons ranging from ethical concerns to the fact that there will simply never be enough fetal tissue to treat the 1 million Parkinson9s patients in the United States alone. The hope now is that stem cells can be used instead. To do so, however, researchers must first learn how to keep stem cells dividing for many generations in culture and then be able to trigger them to differentiate into the type of neuron they want, as it may be crucial to use the specific type of dopamine neurons that die in Parkinson9s.
The TiNiSi Family of Compounds:  Structure and Bonding (1998)

We report the synthesis and structure and discuss in substantial detail the bonding of a remarkable family of compounds spanning most of the transition series. All members of the MTSi (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni; T = Co, Ni) series have now been prepared, and their crystal structures have been determined accurately using X-ray diffraction and, for MnNiSi and FeNiSi, neutron diffraction. Each of these compounds, four of which were previously unknown, crystallizes in the TiNiSi structure type. In contrast, for T = Cu, one has only representatives with M = Sc and Ti. A simple Zintl picture, which works so well for the three-dimensional four-connected indium net of the related BaIn2 structure, is not applicable to these intermetallics; there is substantial M−T and M−Si bonding, and the “extra” electrons in the MTSi structure enter orbitals essentially nonbonding within the TSi network. A structural change observed for M = Fe and higher d-electron counts, distorting the six-rings in the structure, is traced to the formation of M−M bonds. The instability of the corresponding Cu phases is discussed in terms of Miedema's ideas about electronegativity and electron density.
NO stack: A software-defined framework for 5G mobile network (2016)

Existing mobile networks suffer from complex protocols, inflexible equipment, and vendor specific configuration interfaces and other problems. This paper proposes a novel framework, NO Stack (short for “Not Only Stack”), which is a software-defined framework for 5G mobile network. NO Stack emphasizes on the decoupling of the user plane, control plane and management plane, pushes down the layer-by-layer protocol stack. In this paper, three key technologies are introduced: flat user plane, global network view (GNV) and on-demand network slice. The demo instance is set up to certify NO Stack can implement the virtualization shield of the infrastructure resources, to enable the highly elasticity of the network and seamless migration.
Inhibition of Glioma Cell Lysosome Exocytosis Inhibits Glioma Invasion (2012)

Cancer cells invade by secreting enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and these are sequestered in lysosomal vesicles. In this study, the effects of the selective lysosome lysing drug GPN and the lysosome exocytosis inhibitor vacuolin-1 on lysosome exocytosis were studied to determine their effect on glioma cell migration and invasion. Both GPN and vacuolin-1 evidently inhibited migration and invasion in transwell experiments and scratch experiments. There are more lysosomes located on the cell membrane of glioma cells than of astrocytes. GPN decreased the lysosome number on the cell membrane. We found that rab27A was expressed in glioma cells, and colocalized with cathepsin D in lysosome. RNAi-Rab27A inhibited lysosome cathepsin D exocytosis and glioma cell invasion in an in vitro assay. Inhibition of cathepsin D inhibited glioma cell migration. The data suggest that the inhibition of lysosome exocytosis from glioma cells plays an important modulatory role in their migration and invasion.
Performance cockpit (2011)

Measurement-based performance evaluations are heavily used in practice to test system behavior under load, identify resource bottlenecks, or size system landscapes. Existing literature provides guidelines on how to conduct performance evaluations correctly. Many tools (e.g. for load generation, monitoring, or statistical analyses)provide basic assets to conduct such evaluations. However, the wide range of knowledge required to conduct performance evaluations and control the available tools restricts the group of users to a small set of performance experts. Additionally, the large effort to set up systems for performance evaluations often limits their application. In this demo paper, we present a framework that encapsulates best practices and allows for separation of concerns regarding the different aspects of a performance evaluation. The Performance Cockpit provides a single point of configuration for performance analysts and orchestrates plug-ins provided by corresponding experts. The resulting flexibility and automation enables new approaches for quality assurance and lowers the hurdles for conducting performance evaluations.
Structural and functional reorganization of propriospinal connections promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury (2015)

Axonal regeneration and fiber regrowth is limited in the adult central nervous system, but research over the last decades has revealed a high intrinsic capacity of brain and spinal cord circuits to adapt and reorganize after smaller injuries or denervation. Short-distance fiber growth and synaptic rewiring was found in cortex, brain stem and spinal cord and could be associated with restoration of sensorimotor functions that were impaired by the injury. Such processes of structural plasticity were initially observed in the corticospinal system following spinal cord injury or stroke, but recent studies showed an equally high potential for structural and functional reorganization in reticulospinal, rubrospinal or propriospinal projections. Here we review the lesion-induced plastic changes in the propriospinal pathways, and we argue that they represent a key mechanism triggering sensorimotor recovery upon incomplete spinal cord injury. The formation or strengthening of spinal detour pathways bypassing supraspinal commands around the lesion site to the denervated spinal cord were identified as prominent neural substrate inducing substantial motor recovery in different species from mice to primates. Indications for the existence of propriospinal bypasses were also found in humans after cortical stroke. It is mandatory for current research to dissect the biological mechanisms underlying spinal circuit remodeling and to investigate how these processes can be stimulated in an optimal way by therapeutic interventions (e.g., fiber-growth enhancing interventions, rehabilitation). This knowledge will clear the way for the development of novel strategies targeting the remarkable plastic potential of propriospinal circuits to maximize functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Pyrrolyl 2‐Aminopyridines as Potent and Selective Human β‐Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors. (2010)

Abstract Design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of novel pyrrolyl substituted aminopyridines (I) as BACE1 inhibitors are described.
Elimination of Spurious Modes in SH0 Lithium Niobate Laterally Vibrating Resonators (2015)

This letter reports on a spurious mode suppression technique for the shear horizontal (SH0) mode lithium niobate laterally vibrating resonators. The concept utilizes triangular and arched edge shapes on the transversal sides of a resonant cavity to effectively distribute and scatter the acoustic waves in the inactive regions, yielding the suppression of transverse spurious modes. 2D models and 3D finite-element analyses were employed to theoretically verify the technique. For devices with the archedshape edges, complete removal of higher order transverse modes has been experimentally demonstrated with 2× enhancement for quality factor (Q). The Q enhancement arises from the improved concentration of mechanical energy under the inter-digitated transducers. The fabricated device exhibits a Q of 920, a large electromechanical coupling (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) of 17.8%, and a figure of merit of 164.
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2012 (2012)

The fourth edition of the World Water Development Report (WWDR4), ‘Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk’ is a comprehensive review of the world's freshwater resources and seeks to demonstrate, among other messages, that water underpins all aspects of development, and that a coordinated approach to managing and allocating water is critical. The Report underlines that in order to meet multiple goals water needs to be an intrinsic element in decision-making across the whole development spectrum. It was launched at the 6th World Water Forum in Marseille by Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director General, and Michel Jarraud, UN-Water Chair.
Extrasynaptic Glutamate Diffusion in the Hippocampus: Ultrastructural Constraints, Uptake, and Receptor Activation (1998)

Fast excitatory synapses are generally thought to act as private communication channels between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Some recent findings, however, suggest that glutamate may diffuse out of the synaptic cleft and bind to several subtypes of receptors, either in the perisynaptic membrane or at neighboring synapses. It is not known whether activation of these receptors can occur in response to the release of a single vesicle of glutamate. Here we estimate the spatiotemporal profile of glutamate in the extrasynaptic space after vesicle exocytosis, guided by detailed ultrastructural measurements of the CA1 neuropil in the adult rat. We argue that the vicinity of the synapse can be treated as an isotropic porous medium, in which diffusion is determined by the extracellular volume fraction and the tortuosity factor, and develop novel stereological methods to estimate these parameters. We also estimate the spatial separation between synapses, to ask whether glutamate released at one synapse can activate NMDA and other high-affinity receptors at a neighboring synapse. Kinetic simulations of extrasynaptic glutamate uptake show that transporters rapidly reduce the free concentration of transmitter. Exocytosis of a single vesicle is, however, sufficient to bind to high-affinity receptors situated in the immediate perisynaptic space. The distance separating a typical synapse from its nearest neighbor is approximately 465 nm. Whether glutamate can reach a sufficient concentration to activate NMDA receptors at this distance depends critically on the diffusion coefficient in the extracellular space. If diffusion is much slower than in free aqueous solution, NMDA receptors could mediate crosstalk between neighboring synapses.
Invited review: Frontotemporal dementia caused by <i>microtubule‐associated protein tau</i> gene (<scp><i>MAPT</i></scp>) mutations: a chameleon for neuropathology and neuroimaging (2014)

Hereditary frontotemporal dementia associated with mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) is a protean disorder. Three neuropathologic subtypes can be recognized, based on the presence of inclusions made of tau isoforms with three and four repeats, predominantly three repeats and mostly four repeats. This is relevant for establishing a correlation between structural magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography using tracers specific for aggregated tau. Longitudinal studies will be essential to determine the evolution of anatomical alterations from the asymptomatic stage to the various phases of disease following the onset of symptoms.
Shifted Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (2007)

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has become a widely used blind source separation technique due to its part based representation and ease of interpretability. We currently extend the NMF model to allow for delays between sources and sensors. This is a natural extension for spectrometry data where a shift in onset of frequency profile can be induced by the Doppler effect. However, the model is also relevant for biomedical data analysis where the sources are given by compound intensities over time and the onset of the profiles have different delays to the sensors. A simple algorithm based on multiplicative updates is derived and it is demonstrated how the algorithm correctly identifies the components of a synthetic data set. Matlab implementation of the algorithm and a demonstration data set is available.
Kinetics of Inorganic Phosphate Release during the Interaction of p21ras with the GTPase-Activating Proteins, p120-GAP and Neurofibromin (1995)

The rate of GTP hydrolysis on p21ras is accelerated by approximately 10(5) times by the catalytic domains of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), p120-GAP (GAP-344) or neurofibromin (NF1-334). The kinetic mechanism of this activation has been investigated by following the release of inorganic phosphate (Pi), using a fluorescent probe that is sensitive to Pi [Brune, M., Hunter, J., Corrie, J. E. T., & Webb, M. R. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 8262-8271]. Measurements were made in real time with a stopped-flow apparatus, in which the p21ras complex with the 2',3'-methanthraniloyl analogue of GTP (mantGTP) was mixed with the GAP in the presence of this Pi probe. The results show that Pi release is fast and that the overall hydrolysis is controlled by the cleavage itself or a conformational change preceding the cleavage. The time courses were single exponentials over a range of [GAP-344] and were modeled to show that a single step controlled Pi release. The maximum rate constant was 15 s-1 (all data at 30 degrees C, pH 7.6, low ionic strength) in experiments in which GAP-344 underwent a single turnover, compared with 5 s-1 for multiple-turnover experiments, and possible causes of this discrepancy were investigated and discussed. With NF1-334 the time courses were more complex, showing a lag prior to rapid release of Pi. The results were consistent with a Kd of 0.04 microM for NF1-344 affinity is some 3 orders of magnitude tighter than that of GAP-344.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Two diallyl sulphides derived from garlic inhibit meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in diabetic mice (2007)

The inhibitory effect of diallyl sulphide (DAS) and diallyl disulphide (DADS) against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in diabetic mice was studied. The influence of these agents on the plasma levels of fibronectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and on the activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), antithrombin III (AT-III) and protein C, in MRSA-infected diabetic mice was examined. To induce diabetes, mice were treated intraperitoneally with streptozotocin for 5 consecutive days. Ten clinical MRSA isolates obtained from infected patients were used in this study. Diabetic mice were infected by injecting 200 microl MRSA/PBS suspension containing 10(7) c.f.u. via the tail vein. At day 4 post-infection, 200 microl DAS or DADS was administrated twice orally with an interval of 12 h. Eight hours after each administration, the blood and organs of mice were collected. Results showed that DAS and DADS significantly decreased MRSA viability in the kidney (P<0.05), with administration of each agent twice showing a greater inhibitory effect than when given once (P<0.05). MRSA infection in diabetic mice significantly elevated the plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha (P<0.05). DAS or DADS given once did not affect the plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha (P>0.05); however, DAS or DADS given twice significantly decreased the plasma levels of both IL-6 and TNF-alpha (P<0.05). DAS and DADS treatments also significantly reduced the plasma levels of CRP, fibronectin and fibrinogen (P<0.05). DAS or DADS treatment did not affect PAI-1 activity (P>0.05), but DAS or DADS given twice significantly increased AT-III activity (P<0.05). DADS given twice elevated protein C activity (P<0.05). MRSA infection significantly increased malondialdehyde levels in the kidney and spleen (P<0.05), and these levels were significantly decreased by treatment with DAS or DADS (P<0.05). These data suggest that DAS and DADS could provide multiple protective functions against MRSA infection in diabetic mice.
A Reference Architecture Based on Edge and Cloud Computing for Smart Manufacturing (2019)

The paper examines the development of production systems from automated to data analysis-supported process control. In current concepts, process optimization is carried out by data analysis with the help of a decision support system after the production process. Prescriptive automation envisages controlling the process before and autonomously on the basis of a prescriptive analytics model. The development of an IT architecture is identified as an essential part of the overall concept. On the basis of expert interviews and current literature reviews, the question is answered, which requirements an IT architecture for prescriptive automation has to fulfill. These requirements are opposed to solution components with the goal of a modular architectural concept. On basis of the requirements and therefore needed solution components, a reference architecture is identified on the assumption of the data processing resources. The main processing components of this architecture are a combination of edge and cloud computing.
Catalytic Enantioselective Meerwein−Eschenmoser Claisen Rearrangement: Asymmetric Synthesis of Allyl Oxindoles (2008)

The first catalytic, enantioselective Meerwein−Eschenmoser Claisen rearrangement has been achieved. Palladium(II) BINAP or phosphinooxazoline catalysts were employed to generate oxindole products with 100% conversion and up to 92% ee.