gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensionally bonded spongy graphene material with super compressive elasticity and near-zero Poisson’s ratio (2015)

It is a challenge to fabricate graphene bulk materials with properties arising from the nature of individual graphene sheets, and which assemble into monolithic three-dimensional structures. Here we report the scalable self-assembly of randomly oriented graphene sheets into additive-free, essentially homogenous graphene sponge materials that provide a combination of both cork-like and rubber-like properties. These graphene sponges, with densities similar to air, display Poisson's ratios in all directions that are near-zero and largely strain-independent during reversible compression to giant strains. And at the same time, they function as enthalpic rubbers, which can recover up to 98% compression in air and 90% in liquids, and operate between -196 and 900 °C. Furthermore, these sponges provide reversible liquid absorption for hundreds of cycles and then discharge it within seconds, while still providing an effective near-zero Poisson's ratio.
Towards a unified approach to learning and adaptation (2006)

The aim of this thesis is to develop a system that enables autonomous and situated agents to learn and adapt to the environment in which they live and operate. In doing so, the system exploits both adaptation through learning and evolution. A unified approach to learning and adaptation, which combines the principles of neural networks, reinforcement learning and evolutionary methods, is used as a basis for the development of the system. In this regard, a novel method, called Evolutionary Acquisition of Neural Topologies (EANT), of evolving the structures and weights of neural networks is developed. The method introduces an efficient and compact genetic encoding of a neural network onto a linear genome that encodes the topology of the neural network implicitly in the ordering of the elements of the linear genome. Moreover, it enables one to evaluate the neural network without decoding it. The presented genetic encoding is complete in that it can represent any type of neural network. In addition to this, it is closed under both structural mutation and a specially designed crossover operator which exploits the fact that structures originating from some initial structure have some common parts. For evolving the structure and weights of neural networks, the method uses a biologically inspired meta-level evolutionary process where new structures are explored at larger timescale and existing structures are exploited at smaller timescale. The evolutionary process starts with networks of minimal structures whose initial complexity is specified by the domain expert. The introduction of neural structures by structural mutation results in a gradual increase in the complexity of the neural networks along the evolution. The evolutionary process stops searching for the solution when a solution with the necessary minimum complexity is found. This enables EANT to find optimal neural structures for solving a given learning task. The efficiency of EANT is tested on couple of learning tasks and its performance is found to be very good in comparison to other systems tested on the same tasks.
Clinical Retrospective Study on Outpatients at Clinic for Oral Implant. (1999)

A retrospective study was made on 1,000 outpatients visiting the Clinic for Oral Implant, University Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University between April 1995 and June 1998. The following findings were obtained according to sex, age group, reason for visit, classification of edentulous area, indication and contraindication for implant therapy, and pre-implant surgical treatment. Forty percent of the outpatients were male and 60% were female. The largest number was in the 50-59-year-old group. The reason for visit of 822 patients was request for implant therapy. 123 patients with uncomfortable implants done at other clinics, 12 patients undergoing maintenance of implants at other clinics and 43 other patients. There were 505 upper jaw cases and 529 lower jaw cases. Most anterior edentulous cases were in the upper jaw group. Most of the posterior edentulous cases were unilateral cases and many of them were free-end saddle cases. Indication patients were 447 of the 822 outpatients. The main contraindication was insufficient volume of bone. Two hundred twenty-one of the 477 indication patients did not need the pretreatment which consisted of extraction, bone graft, free gingival graft, provisional prosthetics, sinus lift, and so on.
Sensory nerve recording for closed-loop control to restore motor functions (1993)

A method is developed for using neural recordings to control functional electrical stimulation (FES) to nerves and muscles. Experiments were done in chronic cats with a goal of designing a rule-based controller to generate rhythmic movements of the ankle joint during treadmill locomotion. Neural signals from the tibial and superficial peroneal nerves were recorded with cuff electrodes and processed simultaneously with muscular signals from ankle flexors and extensors in the cat's hind limb. Cuff electrodes are an effective method for long-term chronic recording in peripheral nerves without causing discomfort or damage to the nerve. For real-time operation we designed a low-noise amplifier with a blanking circuit to minimize stimulation artifacts. We used threshold detection to design a simple rule-based control and compared its output to the pattern determined using adaptive neural networks. Both the threshold detection and adaptive networks are robust enough to accommodate the variability in neural recordings. The adaptive logic network used for this study is effective in mapping transfer functions and therefore applicable for determination of gait invariants to be used for closed-loop control in an FES system. Simple rule-bases will probably be chosen for initial applications to human patients. However, more complex FES applications require more complex rule-bases and better mapping of continuous neural recordings and muscular activity. Adaptive neural networks have promise for these more complex applications.
Cystatin Superfamily (2010)

Cystatins, the classical inhibitors of C1 cysteine proteinases, have been extensively studied and reviewed in the literature. Over the last 20 years, however, proteins containing cystatin domains but lacking protease inhibitory activities have been identified, and most likely more will be described in the near future. These proteins together with family 1, 2, and 3 cystatins constitute the cystatin superfamily. Mounting evidence points to the new roles that some members of the superfamily have acquired over the course of their evolution. This review is focused on the roles of cystatins in: 1) tumorigenesis, 2) stabilization of matrix metalloproteinases, 3) glomerular filtration rate, 4) immunomodulation, and 5) neurodegenerative diseases. It is the goal of this review to get as many investigators as possible to take a second look at the cystatin superfamily regarding their potential involvement in serious human ailments.
A Functional Homologous Recombination Assay Predicts Primary Chemotherapy Response and Long-Term Survival in Ovarian Cancer Patients (2018)

<b>Purpose:</b> Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) correlates with platinum sensitivity in patients with ovarian cancer, which clinically is the most useful predictor of sensitivity to PARPi. To date, there are no reliable diagnostic tools to anticipate response to platinum-based chemotherapy, thus we aimed to develop an <i>ex vivo</i> functional HRD detection test that could predict both platinum-sensitivity and patient eligibility to targeted drug treatments.<b>Experimental Design:</b> We obtained a functional HR score by quantifying homologous recombination (HR) repair after ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage in primary ovarian cancer samples (<i>n</i> = 32). Samples clustered in 3 categories: HR-deficient, HR-low, and HR-proficient. We analyzed the HR score association with platinum sensitivity and treatment response, platinum-free interval (PFI) and overall survival (OS), and compared it with other clinical parameters. In parallel, we performed DNA-sequencing of HR genes to assess if functional HRD can be predicted by currently offered genetic screening.<b>Results:</b> Low HR scores predicted primary platinum sensitivity with high statistical significance (<i>P</i> = 0.0103), associated with longer PFI (HR-deficient vs. HR-proficient: 531 vs. 53 days), and significantly correlated with improved OS (HR score <35 vs. ≥35, hazard ratio = 0.08, <i>P</i> = 0.0116). At the genomic level, we identified a few unclear mutations in HR genes and the mutational signature associated with HRD, but, overall, genetic screening failed to predict functional HRD.<b>Conclusions:</b> We developed an <i>ex vivo</i> assay that detects tumor functional HRD and an HR score able to predict platinum sensitivity, which holds the clinically relevant potential to become the routine companion diagnostic in the management of patients with ovarian cancer. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4482-93. ©2018 AACR</i>.
Oral Antimicrobial Peptides and Biological Control of Caries (2006)

The presence of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in saliva may be a biological factor that contributes to susceptibility or resistance to caries. This manuscript will review AMPs in saliva, consider their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions, and evaluate their potential role in the oral cavity for protection of the tooth surface as well as the oral mucosa. These AMPs are made in salivary gland and duct cells and have broad antimicrobial activity. Alpha-defensins and LL37 are also released by neutrophils into the gingival crevicular fluid. Both sources may account for their presence in saliva. A recent study in middle school children aimed to determine a possible correlation between caries prevalence in children and salivary concentrations of the antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3), the cathelicidin, LL37, and the alpha-defensins. The levels of these AMPs were highly variable in the population. While levels of LL37 and hBD-3 did not correlate with caries experience, the mean alpha-defensin level was significantly higher in children with no caries than in children with caries (p < 0.005). We conclude that several types of AMPs that may have a role in oral health are present in unstimulated saliva. Low salivary levels of alpha-defensin may represent a biological factor that contributes to caries susceptibility. Our observation could lead to new ways to prevent caries and to a new tool for caries risk assessment.
A Low Carbohydrate, High Protein Diet Slows Tumor Growth and Prevents Cancer Initiation (2011)

Since cancer cells depend on glucose more than normal cells, we compared the effects of low carbohydrate (CHO) diets to a Western diet on the growth rate of tumors in mice. To avoid caloric restriction-induced effects, we designed the low CHO diets isocaloric with the Western diet by increasing protein rather than fat levels because of the reported tumor-promoting effects of high fat and the immune-stimulating effects of high protein. We found that both murine and human carcinomas grew slower in mice on diets containing low amylose CHO and high protein compared with a Western diet characterized by relatively high CHO and low protein. There was no weight difference between the tumor-bearing mice on the low CHO or Western diets. Additionally, the low CHO-fed mice exhibited lower blood glucose, insulin, and lactate levels. Additive antitumor effects with the low CHO diets were observed with the mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 and especially with the COX-2 inhibitor Celebrex, a potent anti-inflammatory drug. Strikingly, in a genetically engineered mouse model of HER-2/neu-induced mammary cancer, tumor penetrance in mice on a Western diet was nearly 50% by the age of 1 year whereas no tumors were detected in mice on the low CHO diet. This difference was associated with weight gains in mice on the Western diet not observed in mice on the low CHO diet. Moreover, whereas only 1 mouse on the Western diet achieved a normal life span, due to cancer-associated deaths, more than 50% of the mice on the low CHO diet reached or exceeded the normal life span. Taken together, our findings offer a compelling preclinical illustration of the ability of a low CHO diet in not only restricting weight gain but also cancer development and progression.
Structure and rheology of polyethylene/imidazolium‐based montmorillonite nanocomposites (2012)

Abstract In this study, nanocomposites based on linear low density polyethylene (PE) and organomodified montmorillonites (MMTs) have been processed without adding any other polar compatibilizer such as maleic anhydride grafted PE. We evidence the beneficial effect on the state of dispersion of an imidazolium‐based MMT compared to traditional commercial organoclays, one of which being its alkylammonium equivalent. Transmission electron microscopy observations and melt rheology are used to characterize the state of dispersion of clay in the polymer matrix. Thinner primary particles and lower interparticle distances are obtained with the imidazolium‐based MMT. This result is attributed to a higher initial gallery spacing which favors delamination phenomena. As a consequence, the dispersion state of this organoclay is much more sensitive to changes in the mixing shear rate, contrarily to the commercial ones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Parametrically deformable contour models for image analysis (1991)

A practical system for boundary finding of natural objects in images has been developed. It is based on a new general probabilistic method of boundary finding that allows the incorporation of prior information about the global shape of the target object. Determining the boundaries of objects, and thereby their shape and location, is an important task in computer vision. Segmentation using boundary finding is enhanced both by considering the boundary as a whole and by using model-based global shape information. Previous boundary finding methods have either not used global shape or have designed individual shape models specific to particular shapes. Imperfect image data can be augmented by exploiting the extrinsic information that a model provides. Flexible constraints in the form of a probabilistic deformable model are applied to the problem of segmenting natural objects whose diversity and irregularity of shape makes them poorly represented in terms of fixed features or form. The objects being considered are expected, however, to have a tendency toward some average shape. The parametric model is based on the elliptic Fourier decomposition of the boundary. This is augmented with probability distributions defined on the parameters, which bias the model to a particular overall shape while allowing for deformations. Boundary finding is formulated as an optimization problem using a maximum a posteriori objective function. The best match is found between the boundary, as defined by the parameter vector, and a measure of image boundary strength derived from the image, as biased by the shape prior probability. A computer implementation was constructed and applied to object delineation problems from a variety of two-dimensional images. Results of the method applied to real and synthetic images are presented. Extensions of this method to three dimensions and temporal sequences are outlined.
Phosphoproteome profiling provides insight into the mechanism of action for carvedilol‐mediated cancer prevention (2018)

Recent studies suggest that the β-blocker drug carvedilol prevents skin carcinogenesis but the mechanism is unknown. Carvedilol is one of a few β-blockers identified as biased agonist based on an ability to promote β-arrestin-mediated processes such as ERK phosphorylation. To understand the role of phosphoproteomic signaling in carvedilol's anticancer activity, the mouse epidermal JB6 P+ cells treated with EGF, carvedilol, or their combination were analyzed using the Phospho Explorer Antibody Array containing 1318 site-specific and phospho-specific antibodies of over 30 signaling pathways. The array data indicated that both EGF and carvedilol increased phosphorylation of ERK's cytosolic target P70S6 K while its nuclear target ELK-1 were activated only by EGF; Furthermore, EGF-induced phosphorylation of ELK-1 and c-Jun was attenuated by carvedilol. Subcellular fractionation analysis indicated that ERK nuclear translocation induced by EGF was blocked by co-treatment with carvedilol. Western blot and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that the biased β-blockers carvedilol and alprenolol blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation and activation of c-Jun/AP-1 and ELK-1. Consistently, both carvedilol and alprenolol strongly prevented EGF-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ cells. Remarkably, oral carvedilol treatment significantly inhibited the growth of A375 melanoma xenograft in SCID mice. As nuclear translocation of ERK is a key step in carcinogenesis, inhibition of this event is proposed as a novel anticancer mechanism for biased β-blockers such as carvedilol.
Interpenetrating polymer networks of bismaleimide and polyether polyurethane–crosslinked epoxy (1998)

In this work, we prepared the interpenetrating polymer networks of bismaleimide and polyether-type polyurethane(polyoxypropylene)–crosslinked epoxy (BMI/PU(PPG)–EP IPNs) by employing the simultaneous bulk polymerization technique. The polyurethane (PU)–crosslinked epoxy was identified via infrared (IR) spectra analysis. Also investigated herein were the mechanical properties, including tensile strength, Izod impact strength, and fracture energy (GIC) of the IPNs with various BMI contents in PU–crosslinked epoxy matrix. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to examine the thermal properties of the BMI/PU(PPG)–EP IPNs. In addition, morphology and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of the BMI/PU(PPG)–EP IPNs were also studied. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 2635–2645, 1998
Methanol Electro-Oxidation of Electro-Spun RuO_2 Nanowire Supported Pt Catalysts (2011)

Pt nanoparticle catalysts incorporated on <TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX> nanowire support were successfully synthesized and their electrochemical properties, such as methanol electro-oxidation and electrochemically active surface (EAS) area, were demonstrated for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). After fabricating <TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX> nanowire support via an electrospinning method, two different types of incorporated Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts were prepared using a precipitation method via the reaction with <TEX>$NaBH_4$</TEX> as a reducing agent. One electrocatalyst was 20 wt% Pt/<TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX>, and the other was 40 wt% Pt/<TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX>. The structural and electrochemical properties of the Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts incorporated on electrospun <TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX> nanowire support were investigated using a bright field transmission electron microscopy (bright field TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry. The bright field TEM, XRD, and XPS results indicate that Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts with sizes of approximately 2-4 nm were well incorporated on the electrospun <TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX> nanowire support with a diameter of approximately 50 nm. The cyclic voltammetry results showed that the Pt nanoparticle catalysts incorporated on the electrospun <TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX> nanowire support give superior catalytic activity in the methanol electro-oxidation and a higher electrochemically active surface (EAS) area when compared with the electrospun Pt nanowire electrocatalysts without the <TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX> nanowire support. Therefore, the Pt nanoparticle catalysts incorporated on the electrospun <TEX>$RuO_2$</TEX> nanowire support could be a promising electrode for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).
Synthesis of 2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,2‐Dihydro‐3<i>H</i>‐pyrrol‐3‐one Preliminary Communication (1986)

Abstract The title compound 3g is obtained via two different routes, either in a multistep synthesis starting from 2‐amino‐2‐methylpropionic acid (methylalanine) or by light‐induced, oxidative dealkylation of the corresponding N ‐isopropyl derivative 3c .
The effect of Listeria monocytogenes on resistance to pneumococcal infection. (1970)

SummaryListeria infection has been shown to increase resistance of mice to pneumococcal challenge. This protection does not appear to be related to presence of circulating antibody. Enhancement of macrophage function is proposed as an explanation for the observed phenomenon.
Improvements to Platt's SMO Algorithm for SVM Classifier Design (2001)

This article points out an important source of inefficiency in Platt's sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm that is caused by the use of a single threshold value. Using clues from the KKT conditions for the dual problem, two threshold parameters are employed to derive modifications of SMO. These modified algorithms perform significantly faster than the original SMO on all benchmark data sets tried.
UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 replication (2021)

The potential virucidal effects of UV-C irradiation on SARS-CoV-2 were experimentally evaluated for different illumination doses and virus concentrations (1000, 5, 0.05 MOI). At a virus density comparable to that observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, an UV-C dose of just 3.7 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> was sufficient to achieve a more than 3-log inactivation without any sign of viral replication. Moreover, a complete inactivation at all viral concentrations was observed with 16.9 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>. These results could explain the epidemiological trends of COVID-19 and are important for the development of novel sterilizing methods to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Low Stress TiN as Metal Hard Mask for Advance Cu-Interconnect (2012)

As VLSI technology scaled down to 65nm-node and beyond, BD (Black Diamond) and BD II are widely used as the dielectric. The BD and BD II are porous and soft, the CD (Critical Dimension) will distort and change after etch and line slant without enough support. Metal Hard Mask is an effective solution. And TiN is a good candidate as metal hard mask materials for its high hardness. With traditional PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) TiN stress is very high. It will cause CD distortion and Cu line void, too. In this paper, new PVD TiN process was developed and the film formation mechanism is studied based on TiN MD diagram. Experiment results show chamber pressure, process Ar flow, sputter power and deposition rate during processing can affect TiN film stress. Low stress TiN film with these new process used as Metal Hard Mask can avoid BD materials distortion and overcome Cu metal void formation due to Metal Hard mask process introduction.
A Role of the C-terminal Part of p44 in the Promoter Escape Activity of Transcription Factor IIH (2001)

The p44 subunit plays a crucial role in the overall activity of the transcription/DNA repair factor TFIIH: on the one hand its N-terminal domain interacts with and regulates the XPD helicase (, ); on the other hand, as shown in the present study, it participates with the promoter escape reaction. Mutagenesis along with recombinant technology using the baculovirus/insect cells expression system allowed us to define the function of the two structural motifs of the C-terminal moiety of p44: mutations within the C4 zinc finger motif (residues 291-308) prevent incorporation of the p62 subunit within the core TFIIH. Double mutations in the RING finger motif (residues 345-385) allow the synthesis of the first phosphodiester bond by RNA polymerase II, but prevent its escape from the promoter. This highlights the role of transcription factor IIH in the various steps of the transcription initiation process.