gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laticifer Differentiation in Hevea brasiliensis: Induction by Exogenous Jasmonic Acid and Linolenic Acid (2000)

Laticifer differentiation of Hevea brasiliensis was investigated by application of lanolin containing jasmonic acid (JA) or other chemicals to the surface of young stems in epicormic shoots. The young stems had primary laticifers and no secondary laticifers. When applied to extending young stems, JA led to a significant increase in primary laticifer number but did not induce secondary laticifer differentiation. Secondary laticifer differentiation and a less significant increase in primary laticifer number were caused by JA application to the extended young stems. The induction of the secondary laticifers was dependent on the concentration of JA applied. Cambium cell division leading to the formation of secondary phloem was not accelerated by JA treatment. Treated bark tissues showed no visible changes except for the additional laticifers, which were normal in ultrastructure. The secondary laticifers were also induced by the application of linolenic acid, a precursor of JA biosynthesis. Abscisic acid, ethephon and salicylic acid had no detectable effect on laticifer differentiation. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company
Resonant-Switched Capacitor Converters for Chip-Scale Power Delivery: Design and Implementation (2014)

There is an increasing need for power management systems that can be fully integrated in silicon to reduce cost and form factor in mobile applications, and provide point-of-load voltage regulation for high-performance digital systems. Switched-capacitor (SC) converters have shown promise in this regard due to relatively high energy-density of capacitors and favorable device utilization figures of merit. Resonant switched-capacitor (ReSC) converters show similar promise as they benefit from many of the same architectures and scaling trends, but also from ongoing improvements in mm-scale magnetic devices. In this study, we explore the design and optimization of 2:1 step-down topologies, based on representative capacitor technologies, CMOS device parameters, and air-core inductor models. We compare the SC approach to the ReSC approach in terms of efficiency and power density. Finally, a chip-scale ReSC converter is presented that can deliver over 4 W at 0.6 W/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with 85% efficiency. The two-phase, nominally 2:1 converter supports input voltages from 3.6-6.0 V, and is implemented in 180-nm bulk CMOS with die-attached air-core solenoid inductors.
¿Es el fenómeno del trabajo femenino por cuenta propia un buen instrumento de política laboral? Análisis de algunos indicios (2004)

Además de objetivos de creación de empleo y estímulo de la actividad económica, el fomento del autoempleo está siendo utilizado desde la Política de Empleo como instrumento para mejorar la inserción laboral de las mujeres, en la medida, entre otros argumentos, permita evitar las situaciones de desigualdad laboral que tradicionalmente enfrenta este colectivo dentro del empleo asalariado. De acuerdo con esta idea, el objetivo de la investigación es verificar las posibilidades que el autoempleo puede tener como medida de Política de Empleo para la mujer. Para ello, y tras analizar la evolución del autoempleo femenino así como de las características que definen al colectivo, el articulo determinará si realmente, y en qué medida, el trabajo por cuenta propia modifica la desigual posición laboral que habitualmente detenta la mujer en el mercado de trabajo remunerado. Además del análisis estático, el estudio también considera la perspectiva longitudinal (transiciones laborales), con el objetivo de averiguar en qué medida el autoempleo se constituye en una vía para la integración laboral estable de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo.
Comparative Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis of MHC Class II-Associated Peptides Reveals a Role of GILT in Formation of Self-Peptide Repertoire (2010)

Gamma interferon Inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) is a unique lysosomal reductase that reduces disulfide bonds of endocytosed proteins. Lack of GILT clearly decreases CD4 T cell-antigen specific responses against some epitopes of antigens containing disulfide bonds, but not to proteins with few or no disulfide bridges. Hence, global impact of GILT on antigen presentation is currently not well understood. We used Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS to investigate how GILT affects diversity of self-peptides presented by MHC class II molecules. Surprisingly, the repertoire of self-peptides in the absence of GILT does not appear to be significantly different, as only few peptide species (approximately 2%) were found to be the unique indicators of GILT's presence or absence. In the absence of GILT about thirty peptide species (approximately 5%) were found either uniquely or fourteen to hundred fold more abundantly expressed than in the presence of GILT. Our data indicate that GILT has limited yet unexpected effect on self-peptide species presented by MHC class II antigens.
A five-coordinate copper(II) perchlorate complex with tris(<i>N</i>-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine and salicylate (2009)

A five-coordinate copper(II) complex with the tripod ligand tris(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine (Mentb) and salicylate, with the composition [Cu(Mentb) (salicylate)](ClO4) · 2DMF, was synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, electrical conductivity, IR and UV-Vis spectral measurements. The crystal structure of the complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Cu(II) is five-coordinate with four N atoms from the Mentb ligand and an O atom of the monodentate salicylate ligand. The N4O donors are in a distorted trigonal-bipyramid geometry. Cyclic voltammograms indicate a quasireversible Cu2+/Cu+ couple. The X-band EPR spectrum of the complex confirms the trigonal-bipyramidal structure with g∥ < g ⊥ and a very small value of A∥ (41 × 10−4 cm−1).
Reducing peak power with a table-driven adaptive processor core (2009)

The increasing power dissipation of current processors and processor cores constrains design options, increases packaging and cooling costs, increases power delivery costs, and decreases reliability. Much research has been focused on decreasing average power dissipation, which most directly addresses cooling costs and reliability. However, much less has been done to decrease peak power, which most directly impacts the processor design, packaging, and power delivery. This research proposes a new architecture which provides a significant decrease in peak power with limited performance loss. It does this through the use of a highly adaptive processor. Many components of the processor can be configured at different levels, but because they are centrally controlled, the architecture can guarantee that they are never all configured maximally at the same time. This paper describes this adaptive processor and explores mechanisms for transitioning between allowed configurations to maximize performance within a peak power constraint. Such an architecture can cut peak power by 25% with less than 5% performance loss; among other advantages, this frees 5.3% of total core area used for decoupling capacitors.
<title>Laterally graded multilayer optics for x-ray analysis</title> (1999)

Periodic multilayers are well known as Bragg reflectors for X- rays. A high reflectivity and a wide reflection width are their outstanding features. However, if multilayers shall be used as reflective coating for X-ray optics, especially for wide acceptance angles, uniform layer thicknesses cause chromatic aberrations. These aberrations can be overcome by laterally graded multilayer optics. Their Bragg angle is matched laterally to the incidence angle so that for all points on the reflector, Bragg reflection is obtained for the same wavelength. Three major types of laterally graded multilayer mirrors ('Gobel Mirrors') are applied in X-ray diffractometry: (1) parabolic, (2) elliptic and (3) planar. In this paper, we give design criteria and formulae for these mirrors. Furthermore, we discuss the requirements on the dimensions and the fabrication process. Two different processes suitable for the fabrication, sputter coating and pulsed laser deposition (PLD), are described. The X-ray optical parameters and their characterization are presented for various mirrors designed for Cu K(alpha) , Mo K(alpha) and Cr K(alpha) radiation. From Ni/C and Ni/B<SUB>4</SUB>C multilayers, high-photon-flux monochromators with a Cu K(beta) /K(alpha) intensity ratio of about 1:1000 have been realized. The divergence of the 'parallel' beam reflected from parabolic mirrors is about 0.02 degrees, which is one order of magnitude lower than the divergence of polycapillary optics, monocapillary optics and waveguides. Comparing the photon flux density in a high resolution diffraction setup with and without mirror optics a gain factor of 16 was achieved for parabolic Ni/B<SUB>4</SUB>C multilayer mirrors.
Adaptive human regulatory T cells: myth or reality? (2006)

It is now well established that a distinct subset of T lymphocytes is essential for downregulating immune responses to both endogenous (self) and exogenous antigens. These Tregs are CD4+ and express high levels of CD25 (the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor) and the transcription factor Foxp3. The mechanisms determining the lifespan, homeostasis, and in vivo generation of these Tregs are still ill defined. A study by Vukmanovic-Stejic et al. in this issue of the JCI shows that in humans, Tregs are present throughout life but that despite their high throughput, they are short lived (see the related article beginning on page 2423). It is thus unlikely that all CD4+ CD25hi Foxp3+ Tregs are generated as a separate lineage in the thymus. The authors propose that during adulthood, Tregs essentially emerge at the periphery from the memory T cell pool.
CLASSIFICATION OF EEG SIGNALS FOR DETECTION OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES BASED ON WAVELETS AND STATISTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION (2014)

The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is very important in the diagnosis of epilepsy. Long-term EEG recordings of an epileptic patient contain a huge amount of EEG data. The detection of epileptic activity is, therefore, a very demanding process that requires a detailed analysis of the entire length of the EEG data, usually performed by an expert. This paper describes an automated classification of EEG signals for the detection of epileptic seizures using wavelet transform and statistical pattern recognition. The decision making process is comprised of three main stages: (a) feature extraction based on wavelet transform, (b) feature space dimension reduction using scatter matrices and (c) classification by quadratic classifiers. The proposed methodology was applied on EEG data sets that belong to three subject groups: (a) healthy subjects, (b) epileptic subjects during a seizure-free interval and (c) epileptic subjects during a seizure. An overall classification accuracy of 99% was achieved. The results confirmed that the proposed algorithm has a potential in the classification of EEG signals and detection of epileptic seizures, and could thus further improve the diagnosis of epilepsy.
Some farm family gardens pay in dollars (1943)

According to the 1940 census for Iowa the average estimated value of the garden products reported (excluding potatoes) ranged from $27 in the Western Livestock area to $38 in the Northeast Dairy are!l and from $21 in Plymouth County to $55 in Winneshiek. The state average was $35. These figures are averages of crude estimates. They do, however, serve to reveal that the returns from farm family gardens differ greatly within the state.\nTo learn more about possible returns from farm family gardens, data on garden returns, costs and difficulties and fruits and vegetables purchased were secured from groups of families living in Story County in 1940 and 1941. The experience of these families indicates possible returns from gardens. The families included were a selected group. The non-FSA families included in 1940 were reeommended by the County Agricultural Agent, and the FSA families recommended were thought to be interested in gardening and willing to keep necessary records. Some families have kept records both years. Families who kept records only in 1941 were recommended by those who kept records in 1940 or by the FSA supervisors.
Human AlkB Homolog ABH8 Is a tRNA Methyltransferase Required for Wobble Uridine Modification and DNA Damage Survival (2010)

tRNA nucleosides are extensively modified to ensure their proper function in translation. However, many of the enzymes responsible for tRNA modifications in mammals await identification. Here, we show that human AlkB homolog 8 (ABH8) catalyzes tRNA methylation to generate 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine (mcm(5)U) at the wobble position of certain tRNAs, a critical anticodon loop modification linked to DNA damage survival. We find that ABH8 interacts specifically with tRNAs containing mcm(5)U and that purified ABH8 complexes methylate RNA in vitro. Significantly, ABH8 depletion in human cells reduces endogenous levels of mcm(5)U in RNA and increases cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Moreover, DNA-damaging agents induce ABH8 expression in an ATM-dependent manner. These results expand the role of mammalian AlkB proteins beyond that of direct DNA repair and support a regulatory mechanism in the DNA damage response pathway involving modulation of tRNA modification.
Gastroesophageal Reflux (1982)

In recent years, considerable new information has become available on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of gastroesophageal reflux. Gastric contents, mucosal resistance, esophageal acid clearance, and gastric emptying are now recognized, along with incompetency of the lower esophageal sphincter, as contributing factors to gastroesophageal reflux disease. The potential tests for reflux are reviewed and the diagnostic accuracy of each is evaluated. A diagnostic approach to the patient with reflux symptoms is outlined that considers the sensitivity and specificity of these various tests as well as their availability to the generalist and gastrointestinal specialist. Finally, an overview of the current therapy for reflux disease summarizes the controlled studies in the medical literature.
DNA Extraction from Herbarium Specimens (2013)

With the expansion of molecular techniques, the historical collections have become widely used. Studying plant DNA using modern molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing plays an important role in understanding evolutionary relationships, identification through DNA barcoding, conservation status, and many other aspects of plant biology. Enormous herbarium collections are an important source of material especially for specimens from areas difficult to access or from taxa that are now extinct. The ability to utilize these specimens greatly enhances the research. However, the process of extracting DNA from herbarium specimens is often fraught with difficulty related to such variables as plant chemistry, drying method of the specimen, and chemical treatment of the specimen. Although many methods have been developed for extraction of DNA from herbarium specimens, the most frequently used are modified CTAB and DNeasy Plant Mini Kit protocols. Nine selected protocols in this chapter have been successfully used for high-quality DNA extraction from different kinds of plant herbarium tissues. These methods differ primarily with respect to their requirements for input material (from algae to vascular plants), type of the plant tissue (leaves with incrustations, sclerenchyma strands, mucilaginous tissues, needles, seeds), and further possible applications (PCR-based methods or microsatellites, AFLP).
Associative Long Short-Term Memory (2016)

We investigate a new method to augment recurrent neural networks with extra memory without increasing the number of network parameters. The system has an associative memory based on complex-valued vectors and is closely related to Holographic Reduced Representations and Long Short-Term Memory networks. Holographic Reduced Representations have limited capacity: as they store more information, each retrieval becomes noisier due to interference. Our system in contrast creates redundant copies of stored information, which enables retrieval with reduced noise. Experiments demonstrate faster learning on multiple memorization tasks.
Heterogeneity of Antigenic‐Side‐Chain Length in Lipopolysaccharide from <i>Escherichia coli</i> 0111 and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> LT2 (1980)

Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111, its galE derivative when grown in galactose, E. coli 086, and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 all contain antigenic side chains and separate into more than 40 components by electrophoresis in gradients of polyacrylamide containing sodium dodecylsulfate. These components from E. coli 0111 are not interconvertible and show a heterogeneous size distribution when fractionated with Sephadex G‐200. Isoelectric focusing of this mixture in pH 3.5–10 ampholines reveals a single component, ruling out extensive charge heterogeneity. The relative antigenic side chain lengths for the components, estimated using ratios of galactose in antigenic side chain to phosphate in the lipid‐A–core oligosaccharide region, show that the size heterogeneity is due to differences in the number of antigenic side chain units per molecule and ranges from none to over 40. Preference for molecules of specific chain lengths, especially short ones, was observed. In contrast, the galE mutant grown without galactose does not synthesize antigenic side chains, and more than 90% of its lipopolysaccharide migrates as a single band at a position corresponding to the lowest‐molecular‐weight component from the above preparations. Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli PL2, a K12 strain lacking antigenic side chain, separates into two low‐molecular‐weight components on electrophoresis. These results confirm that the heterogeneity which we observe in lipopolysaccharide containing antigenic side chains, is due to the side chain rather than the lipid‐A –core oligosaccharide region.
The Oxidation of Citric Acid (1933)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Oxidation of Citric AcidAdrian C. KuyperCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 4, 1722–1727Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1933Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1933https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01331a071https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01331a071research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3247Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Modular bug detection with inertial refinement (2010)

Structural abstraction/refinement (SAR) [4] holds promise for scalable bug detection in software since the abstraction is inexpensive to compute and refinement employs pre-computed procedure summaries. The refinement step is key to the scalability of an SAR technique: efficient refinement should avoid exploring program regions irrelevant to the property being checked. However, the current refinement techniques, guided by the counterexamples obtained from constraint solvers, have little or no control over the program regions explored during refinement. This paper presents inertial refinement (IR), a new refinement strategy which overcomes this drawback, by resisting the exploration of new program regions during refinement: new program regions are incrementally analyzed only when no error witness is realizable in the current regions. The IR procedure is implemented as part of a generalized SAR method in the F-Soft verification framework for C programs. Experimental comparison with a previous state-of-the-art refinement method shows that IR explores fewer program regions to detect bugs, leading to faster bug-detection.
Unkommentierte Liste der Spinnen Litauens (Araneae) (1994)

Checklist of the spiders of Lithuania (Araneae). The checklist contains infonnations about all species of spiders in Lithuania recorded in 1930-1992 and includes a bibliography of the spider fauna of Lithuania. A total of 233 spider species Is known from Lithuania.
Erosion Due to Dust Particles in a Gas Stream (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTErosion Due to Dust Particles in a Gas StreamR. L. StokerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1949, 41, 6, 1196–1199Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50474a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50474a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts