gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mau osteotomy: an alternative procedure to the closing abductory base wedge osteotomy. (1989)

The authors analyzed the postoperative results of the closing abductory wedge osteotomy and the Mau osteotomy for the reduction of metatarsus primus adductus deformity in terms of radiographic position of the first metatarsal. A review of 21 Mau osteotomies was performed. Data were collected on preoperative and long-term postoperative x-rays to evaluate first metatarsal shortening and elevation.
Use of statistical evaluation of antigen profiles in differential diagnosis between colonic and ovarian adenocarcinomas. (1988)

A study was carried out to determine whether it was possible to classify colonic and ovarian adenocarcinomas by their antigen profile. Colonic and ovarian adenocarcinomas were immunostained with a panel of antibodies which have a limited specificity for colon (parlam-4, 19.9, anti-secretory component) and ovary (OV-TL3 and OC125) and the most discriminatory antibodies were selected by stepwise linear discriminant analysis. For frozen material OV-TL3 and OC125 were the best classifying antibodies. Although OC125 had better discriminative power, for paraffin wax embedded material parlam-4 was selected as the best classifying antibody. OC125 had no additional effect on the classification of a tumour. These antibodies were subsequently tested on an independent test set of primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas of colonic and ovarian origin. When ovarian posterior probabilities of less than 0.1 and greater than 0.9 were selected as cut off points for a positive identification of colonic or ovarian origin (jackknifed classification method), no adenocarcinoma was incorrectly identified as ovarian carcinoma in frozen material. The same trend was noticed for paraffin wax embedded material. Statistical analysis of antigen profiles can be helpful in defining the colonic or ovarian origin of an adenocarcinoma when routine microscopy does not yield a definitive result.
Mass spectrometry in the investigation of β‐lysine‐containing peptides (1972)

Abstract Mass spectrometry can be used for amino acid sequence determination in β‐lysine‐containing peptides and for the identification of α‐ and β‐lysine residues in peptides, as well as for amide bond type determination in β‐lysine peptides. The peptide bond in streptothricin D is shown to be formed through the participation of an ε‐amino group of the L‐β‐lysine residue.
Sex Differences in the Responses of the Human Amygdala (2005)

The amygdala is a structure in the temporal lobe that has long been known to play a key role in emotional responses and emotional memory in both humans and nonhuman animals. Growing evidence from recent neuroimaging studies points to a new, expanded role for the amygdala as a critical structure that mediates sex differences in emotional memory and sexual responses. This review highlights current findings from studies of sex differences in human amygdala response during emotion-related activities, such as formation of emotional memories and sexual behavior, and considers how these findings contribute to the understanding of behavioral differences between men and women. Clinical implications for the understanding of sex differences in the prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders are discussed, and future directions in the study of the amygdala's role in human sex differences are outlined.
CMOS scaling into the 21st century: 0.1 µm and beyond (1995)

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and characterization of 0.1-µm-channel CMOS devices with dual n+/p+ polysilicon gates on 35-A gate oxide. A 2× performance gain over 2.5-V, 0.25-µm CMOS technology is achieved at a power supply voltage of 1.5 V. In addition, a 20× reduction in active power/circuit is obtained at a supply voltage of < 1 V with the same delay as the 0.25-micron CMOS. These results demonstrate the feasibility of high-performance and low-power room-temperature 0.1-µm CMOS technology. Beyond 0.1 µm, a number of fundamental device and technology issues must be examined: oxide and silicon tunneling, random dopant distribution, threshold voltage nonscaling, and interconnect delays. Several alternative device structures (in particular, low-temperature CMOS and double-gate MOSFET) for exploring the outermost limit of silicon scaling are discussed.
Neighbor Unreachability Detection Is Too Impatient (2014)

IPv6 Neighbor Discovery includes Neighbor Unreachability Detection.
That function is very useful when a host has an alternative neighbor
-- for instance, when there are multiple default routers -- since it
allows the host to switch to the alternative neighbor in a short time.
By default, this time is 3 seconds after the node starts probing.
However, if there are no alternative neighbors, this timeout behavior
is far too impatient. This document specifies relaxed rules for
Neighbor Discovery retransmissions that allow an implementation to
choose different timeout behavior based on whether or not there are
alternative neighbors. This document updates RFC 4861.
Initializing multilayer neural networks with fuzzy logic (2003)

The authors have developed a neuro-fuzzy system that initializes a structured neural network with a fuzzy logic system that is based on expert knowledge. The neural network gains precision through adaptive learning, and is then converted back into a set of fuzzy rules for ease of understanding. The authors discuss a bond rating application that uses this process. The system produces bond ratings that closely match those of human experts, and has higher precision and better generalization than a simple three-layer neural network. The system also makes it easier to understand the neural system's reasoning by translating it into the fuzzy inference format.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CIRCULATING ANTIPERICYTE AUTOANTIBODIES IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (1999)

Purpose: A number of reports suggest that autoimmune mechanisms may play a role in diabetic microangiopathy, and the existence of circulating antiendothelial cell autoantibodies in diabetic retinopathy has been reported. Because capillary pericyte injury/dysfunction is considered to be an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and pericyte “drop out” or loss is considered pathognomonic in diabetic retinopathy, we screened diabetic sera for the presence of circulating antipericyte autoantibodies. Methods: Diabetic sera were screened for the presence of antipericyte autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on tissue cultured bovine retinal pericytes. Analysis of autoantibody prevalence data was performed with 2 x 2 contingency tables analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results: Diabetic subjects were found to have autoantibodies to microvascular pericytes in their circulation. The prevalence of these antibodies declines with increasing severity of retinopathy. A peak of antibody prevalence was seen at 5–10 years' duration of diabetes. These autoantibodies were found in both Type I and Type II diabetics and in prediabetics. Conclusions: The finding of antipericyte autoantibodies in the circulation of a subpopulation of diabetic subjects suggests that the immune system may play a role in the early pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy in some patients. These results may contribute to understanding why retinopathy progresses in some patients despite consistent reduction of blood sugar.
Electrohydrodynamic Pressure of the Point-to-Plane Corona Discharge (1991)

In this article we discuss the electrohydrodynamics of the point-to-plane discharge, which is geometrically somewhat simpler than the wire-plate electrode arrangement
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (2009)

Set enrichment analytical methods have become commonplace tools applied to the analysis and interpretation of biological data. The statistical techniques are used to identify categorical biases within lists of genes, proteins, or metabolites. The goal is to discover the shared functions or properties of the biological items represented within the lists. Application of these methods can provide great biological insight, including the discovery of participation in the same biological activity or pathway, shared interacting genes or regulators, common cellular compartmentalization, or association with disease. The methods require ordered or unordered lists of biological items as input, understanding of the reference set from which the lists were selected, categorical classifiers describing the items, and a statistical algorithm to assess bias of each classifier. Due to the complexity of most algorithms and the number of calculations performed, computer software is almost always used for execution of the algorithm, as well as for presentation of the results. This chapter will provide an overview of the statistical methods used to perform an enrichment analysis. Guidelines for assembly of the requisite information will be presented, with a focus on careful definition of the sets used by the statistical algorithms. The need for multiple test correction when working with large libraries of classifiers is emphasized, and we outline several options for performing the corrections. Finally, interpreting the results of such analysis will be discussed along with examples of recent research utilizing the techniques.
Real-Time Protection against DDoS Attacks Using Active Gateways (2005)

This paper presents solutions for protecting servers against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks that inundate the system with file download and script execution requests. Our solution uses a dynamic packet filtering on dual-ported active NIC based gateways to drop attacking packets based on locally measured request rates and information from the server (such as server loading, number of incomplete connections). A variety of techniques for performing such packet filtering in real-time are discussed. A prototype implementation using a test bed of several clients, attacking machines and servers indicates that considerable improvements in the response times to legitimate requests and overall improvements in the performance of the servers are realized by the proposed scheme. As a sustained high-volume attack is started, the intelligent gateway is successful in detecting and filtering out apparently malicious traffic in only a few 10s of seconds.
FLEXIBLE UPCONVERSION FOR HIGH QUALITY TV AND MULTIMEDIA DISPLAYS (2005)

The paper describes the application of broadcast digital processing techniques to video upconversion, offering high picture quality as well as programmable display rates for multi-media applications. The techniques have been realised in 0.5 um CMOS as a digital ASIC for consumer applications.
Cloning and Expression in Yeast of a Plant Potassium Ion Transport System (1992)

A membrane polypeptide involved in K+ transport in a higher plant was cloned by complementation of a yeast mutant defective in K+ uptake with a complementary DNA library from Arabidopsis thaliana. A 2.65-kilobase complementary DNA conferred ability to grow on media with K+ concentration in the micromolar range and to absorb K+ (or 86Rb+) at rates similar to those in wild-type yeast. The predicted amino acid sequence (838 amino acids) has three domains: a channel-forming region homologous to animal K+ channels, a cyclic nucleotide-binding site, and an ankyrin-like region.
Specific A/G-to-C.G mismatch repair in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 requires the mutB gene product (1990)

An assay has been developed that permits analysis of repair of A/G mismatches to C.G base pairs in cell extracts of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. This A/G mismatch repair is independent of ATP, dam methylation, and mutS gene function. The gene product of mutB has been shown to be involved in the dam-independent pathway through the in vitro assay. Moreover, specific DNA-protein complexes and an endonuclease can be detected in S. typhimurium extracts by using DNA fragments containing an A/G mismatch. These activities are not observed with substrates which have a T/G mismatch or no mismatch. The S. typhimurium endonuclease, like the A/G endonuclease found in Escherichia coli (A-L. Lu and D.-Y. Chang, Cell 54:805-812, 1988), makes incisions at the first phosphodiester bond 3' to and the the second phosphodiester bond 5' to the dA of the A/G mismatch. No incision site was detected on the other DNA strand. Extracts prepared from mutB mutants cannot form A/G mismatch-specific DNA-protein complexes and do not contain the A/G endonuclease activity. Thus the A/G mismatch specific binding and nicking activities are probably involved in the A/G mismatch repair pathway. Preliminary analysis of the mutational spectrum of the mutB strain has indicated that this mutator allele causes an increase in C.G-to-A.T transversions without affecting the frequencies of other transversion or transition events. In addition, the mutB gene has been mapped to the 64-min region of the S. typhimurium chromosome. Together, this biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the mutB gene product of S. typhimurium is the homolog of the E. coli micA (and/or mutY) gene product.
The mechanism of autoantibody production in an autoimmune <i>MRL/lpr</i> mouse. (1994)

Abstract Rheumatoid factors (RF) and anti-DNA Abs from MRL/lpr mice have features similar to Abs directed toward foreign Ags, indicating a role of specific activation by Ags during disease. But our previous studies and analogous studies from others concentrated on a limited subset of hybridomas selected on the basis of Ag binding to well characterized target autoantigens. Thus, it has been unclear to what extent clonal expansion is restricted to identifiable autospecificities. To obtain a more complete picture of disease-associated autoantibody production, we designed the following experiment. A large number of B cell hybridomas were generated from the spleen of an MRL/lpr mouse and then analyzed for self-specificity, sequence, and clonal relationship. Surprisingly, we found that clonal expansion was limited to only a few autospecificities, implying a unique property of this response. In addition, we used Southern blotting with heavy and L chain constant region probes to screen both RF and non-RF hybridomas for membership in clones, one of which was first identified among RF hybridomas. We found no non-RF members of this clone. The size and number of mutations of this clone were sufficient for us to conclude that nonspecific (i.e., non-RF) mutant members are rapidly lost. Had an Ag other than IgG2a been driving clonal expansion, we should have seen mutants that retained spectificity for that Ag but that lost specificity for IgG2a. This observation, along with the restriction of clonal expansion to a few autospecificities, provides strong evidence that normal autoantigens themselves drive autoantibody clonal expansion.
Metal Spar/Superhybrid Shell Composite Fan Blades. (1979)

The use of superhybrid materials in the manufacture and testing of large fan blades is analyzed. The FOD resistance of large metal spar/superhybrid fan blades is investigated. The technical effort reported was comprised of: (1) preliminary blade design; (2) detailed analysis of two selected superhybrid blade designs; (3) manufacture of two process evaluation blades and destructive evaluation; and (4) manufacture and whirligig testing of six prototype superhybrid blades.
A low-voltage high contact force rf-mems switch (2004)

This paper describes a novel structure for an electro-static actuated RF-MEMS metal-contact switch which achieves low-voltage actuations. Using a cantilever and placing a pull-down electrode outside the contact dimples, the actuation voltage can be reduced greatly while keeping a high contact force and restoration force. The simulation results show that the novel design operates around 20 V and produces a contact force of >200 /spl mu/N per contact, and a restoration force of >115 /spl mu/N per contact. The measured actuation voltage is 20-30 V which is higher than the designed value, and is thought to be caused by stress induced deflection. The measured RF isolation is 29 dB (Cu=28 fF) and the measured insertion loss is 0.2 dB (Rs=2.1 /spl Omega/) at 2 GHz.
One-pot synthesis of N-doped carbon dots by pyrolyzing the gel composed of ethanolamine and 1-carboxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and their selective fluorescence sensing for Cr(<scp>vi</scp>) ions (2018)

N-Doped carbon dots (CDs) were directly synthesized with a high yield of 21.85% by one-pot pyrolysis of a gel composed of ethanolamine and 1-carboxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at 220 °C for 2 h. The as-synthesized CDs with a mean particle size of 7.8 nm were uniform, amorphous, and abundant in nitrogen content (23.15 wt%) and surface groups such as amide and hydroxyl. Thus, the CDs exhibited good water-solubility, bright blue excitation- and pH-dependent fluorescence with a quantum yield of 17.93%, and high ionic strength tolerance. In addition, a CD-based fluorescent sensor towards Cr(vi) ions with favorable sensitivity and selectivity was constructed based on the inner filter effect. Two good linear relationships between the concentration of Cr(vi) ions and the PL quenching efficiency were obtained in the ranges from 0.2 to 2 (R2 = 0.9965) and 2-40 μM (R2 = 0.9918), and the limits of detection (LOD = 3σ/S) were calculated as 0.018 and 0.25 μM, respectively. Importantly, this sensor was solid and capable of rapidly detecting Cr(vi) ions in tap water with detection ranges of 0.2-2 (R2 = 0.9817) and 2-60 μM (R2 = 0.9902), LODs of 0.048 and 0.40 μM, and recoveries of 102.1-106%.
A Novel Pathway of Insulin Sensitivity in Chromogranin A Null Mice (2009)

Chromogranin A (CHGA/Chga), a proprotein, widely distributed in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues (not expressed in muscle, liver, and adipose tissues), generates at least four bioactive peptides. One of those peptides, pancreastatin (PST), has been reported to interfere with insulin action. We generated a Chga knock-out (KO) mouse by the targeted deletion of the Chga gene in neuroendocrine tissues. KO mice displayed hypertension, higher plasma catecholamine, and adipokine levels and lower IL-6 and lipid levels compared with wild type mice. Liver glycogen content was elevated, but the nitric oxide (NO) level was diminished. Glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies established increased insulin sensitivity in liver but decreased glucose disposal in muscle. Despite higher catecholamine and ketone body levels and muscle insulin resistance, KO mice maintained euglycemia due to increased liver insulin sensitivity. Suppressed mRNA abundance of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in KO mice further support this conclusion. PST administration in KO mice stimulated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and G6Pase mRNA abundance and raised the blood glucose level. In liver cells transfected with G6Pase promoter, PST caused transcriptional activation in a protein kinase C (PKC)- and NO synthase-dependent manner. Thus, PST action may be mediated by suppressing IRS1/2-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-FOXO-1 signaling and insulin-induced maturation of SREBP1c by PKC and a high level of NO. The combined effects of conventional PKC and endothelial NO synthase activation by PST can suppress insulin signaling. The rise in blood PST level with age and in diabetes suggests that PST is a negative regulator of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
Effects of pentoxifylline on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis (2014)

Pentoxifylline therapy results in weight loss, improved liver function and histological changes in patients with NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, pentoxifylline may be a new treatment option for NAFLD.
Robust space compaction of test responses (2003)

Presents the design of robust space compactors for reducing test data volume. These compactors are totally error-propagating for a given test test set, i.e. all possible errors are propagated irrespective of the fault model. In addition, these compactors also provide a high degree of error propagation for other test sets. All errors that affect up to three outputs of the circuit under test, as well as all errors that affect an odd number of outputs, are detected. This is irrespective of the test set or the fault model. The number of compactor outputs grows very slowly with the number of circuit outputs and size of the test set. Finally, no structural information of the circuit under test is required for fault simulation. We present experimental results on compactor design for a set of ISCAS and ITC-99 benchmark circuits.
Segmenting, modeling, and matching video clips containing multiple moving objects (2004)

This paper presents a novel representation for dynamic scenes composed of multiple rigid objects that may undergo different motions and be observed by a moving camera. Multi-view constraints associated with groups of affine-invariant scene patches and a normalized description of their appearance are used to segment a scene into its rigid parts, construct three-dimensional protective, affine, and Euclidean models of these parts, and match instances of models recovered from different image sequences. The proposed approach has been implemented, and it is applied to the detection and recognition of moving objects in video sequences and the identification of shots that depict the same scene in a video clip (shot matching).
Separation of DNA sequencing fragments using an automated capillary electrophoresis instrument (1996)

Rapid, high-resolution separation of DNA sequencing fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis using an automated, commercially available instrument is presented. The effect of column lengths and electric field strength on the resolution of sequencing fragments as well as the sensitivity of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was investigated. Using a short capillary of 20 cm length, which results in a U-shape of the capillary in the capillary cartridge, very high separation efficiency, up to 17 x 10(6) theoretical plates per m, is obtained. Analysis of the band broadening factors revealed that the resolution on the short column is predominantly determined by axial diffusion and to a minor extent by detection zone width. Presumably due to the coiling of longer capillaries in the capillary cartridge, increasing the capillary length does not increase the separation efficiency as predicted for diffusion-limited separation. The concentration limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 2) is 0.2 x 10(-12) M of fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide primer under the separating conditions for DNA sequencing samples. Increasing the electric field strength from 100 to 175 V/cm improved resolution and at the same time approximately doubled the sequencing speed. Fragments up to 500 nucleotides in length are resolved in less than 50 min.
Molecular Characterization of Gasoline and Diesel Streams (2010)

A novel methodology to characterize gasoline and diesel streams into the molecular level is developed on the basis of molecular type homologous series (MTHS) matrix framework (Chem. Eng. Sci. 2005, 60, 6702−6717). The method comprises the enhancements of both representation matrix construction and transformation methodology of bulk properties into molecular composition. To improve the accuracy and adequacy of the representation model, different strategies are set up separately for gasoline and diesel streams for the consideration of isomers. By introducing statistical distribution and applying extensive bulk properties, the transformation approach is revolutionized to increase the usability, and tackle the challenge of possibly achieving significantly different molecular compositions from the same bulk properties of refining streams by existing transformation approaches. The proposed method is verified with both gasoline and diesel streams, and the results show a good agreement with measured data.