gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical and fluidic interconnect design and technology for 3D ICS (2011)

For decades, advances in device scaling has proven to be critical in improving the performance and productivity of 2D systems. In this thesis, we explore how advances in technology have pushed functional integration to such a high-level that interconnection and packaging issues represent real barriers to further progress. While three-dimensional (3D) integration offers to be a potential contender to overcome the barriers of increased energy consumption due to interconnects and bandwidth limitations, there are certain challenges that must be overcome before systems can be successfully stacked. Cooling and power delivery are among these key challenges in the integration of high performance 3D ICs. To address these challenges, microchannel heat sinks for inter-stratum cooling and through-silicon vias (TSVs) for signaling and power delivery between stacked ICs were explored. Novel integration schemes to integrate these uidic and electrical interconnects in conventional CMOS processes were also explored. Compact physical modeling was utilized to understand the trade-offs involved in the integration of electrical and microfluidic interconnects in a 3D IC stack. These concepts were demonstrated experimentally by showing different CMOS compatible methods of fabricating microchannels and integration of high aspect ratio (~20:1) and high density (200,000/cm²) electrical TSVs in the fins of the microchannels for signaling and power delivery. A novel mesh process for bottom up plating of high aspect ratio TSVs is also shown in this work. Fluidic reliability measurements are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology. This work also demonstrates the design and fabrication of a 3D testbed which consists of a 2 chip stack with microchannel cooling on each level. Preliminary testing of the stack along with interlayer electro-fluidic I/Os has also been demonstrated.
The Chinese Visible Human (CVH) datasets incorporate technical and imaging advances on earlier digital humans (2004)

We report the availability of a digitized Chinese male and a digitzed Chinese female typical of the population and with no obvious abnormalities. The embalming and milling procedures incorporate three technical improvements over earlier digitized cadavers. Vascular perfusion with coloured gelatin was performed to facilitate blood vessel identification. Embalmed cadavers were embedded in gelatin and cryosectioned whole so as to avoid section loss resulting from cutting the body into smaller pieces. Milling performed at -25 degrees C prevented small structures (e.g. teeth, concha nasalis and articular cartilage) from falling off from the milling surface. The male image set (.tiff images each of 36 Mb) has a section resolution of 3072 x 2048 pixels ( approximately 170 micro m, the accompanying magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography data have a resolution of 512 x 512, i.e. approximately 440 micro m). The Chinese Visible Human male and female datasets are available at http://www.chinesevisiblehuman.com. (The male is 90.65 Gb and female 131.04 Gb). MPEG videos of direct records of real-time volume rendering are at: http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~crc
[Physiological basis of insulin secretion abnormalities]. (2002)

The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is complex, with two distinct mechanisms: insulin resistance (decrease of insulin action on peripheral tissues) and insulin deficiency (impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells). These abnormalities are due to genetic and environmental factors. Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease: besides the common form with obesity, monogenic forms (such as MODY) exist. Knowledge of these forms has permit a better understanding of the genetic factors involved in diabetes, and of their relationship with insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss the main data available on genetics of type 2 diabetes, as well as the various research approaches. Today, the genetic determinism of functional abnormalities of pancreatic beta-cell is no longer discussed. However, it is also clearly established that acquired metabolic factors may contribute to pancreatic beta-cell failure. Hyperglycaemia, even moderate, induces a reduced insulin biosynthesis potential (glucotoxicity), and the increased free fatty acid flux accelerates pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis (lipotoxicity). The role of these metabolic abnormalities in the development of type 2 diabetes is briefly described.
THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THE NEW DRUG FISSARIO IN CLINICAL USAGE FOR THE TOPICAL TREATMENT OF THE ACUTE ANAL FISSURE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEMORRHOID DISEASE (2017)

AIM. To prove primary efficiency of Fissario in comparison with RelifAdvansfor anal fissure therapy and to confirm previously received safety data. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Multicenter, open, randomized, comparative clinical trial in parallel groups with active control (RelifAdvans) was conducted at 18 clinical centers in Russia, 188 patients participated.. Patients with deep and superficial analfissure in combination with chronic hemorrhoids were eligible for participation in trial. Patients administered investigational drugs 2 times a day for 28 days. Efficacy primary endpoint assessed as part ofpatients withfull healing of analfissure and epithelization on Day 28 from start of therapy. Also pharmacokinetics research was performed.: concentration of Nifedipinein blood plasma was assessed. Safety assessment was performed based on frequency and character of registered adverse events. RESULTS. Efficacy analysis showed statistically significant differences in favor of investigational drug in comparison with comparator on efficacy primary endpoint -part of patients with healing of anal fissure at Day 28. Difference of parts of defendants between group of investigational drug and comparator in full data population (with replacement of missed data) was 24,5 % (two-sided confidence interval 95 % for a difference of parts [11,9; 37,0 %], р <0,001), ratio of parts 1,4. Pharmacokinetics analysis based on Nifedipine concentration in plasma showed that observed concentration of Nifedipine in plasma after single rectal and topical use are significantly lower than therapeutic range. Most common adverse events registered during trial were gastrointestinal tract reactions and reactions at investigational drug application site. No serious adverse events, no serious unexpected adverse drug reactions nor cases of death were registered during trial. No influence of Fissario on results of clinical blood tests, biochemical blood tests, general urinalysis and ECG were registered during trial. CONCLUSION. Fissario, ointment for rectal and topical use, is an effective and safe drug for local therapy of acute anal fissure in combination with a chronic hemorrhoids. Fissario achieved more than 40 % superiority in comparison with Relif Advans based on anal fissure epithelizationrate at Day 28 of treatment.
Rod-shaped Pyocin 28 (1969)

Summary Pyocin 28 was obtained by induction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa p28 with mitomycin. Pyocin activity was correlated with the number of rod-shaped particles in purified preparations. The width of the pyocin rod was uniform, measuring about 90 Å, but the length was not uniform, varying from 200 to 4000 Å, but rods measuring 1000 to 1200 Å were most frequent. A dark central line and regular cross-striations were usually seen on the rod, and a fine fibre was sometimes visible at the sharp end. Pyocin activity was slightly reduced from ultrasonic treatment, but not at all by trypsin, Nagarse, DNase and RNase. The pyocin was stable between pH 5.0 and 8.0, and was completely inactivated by heating at 60° for 10 min. Specific attachment of numerous pyocin rods to the surface of sensitive bacteria was observed by the electron microscope.
Physicochemical characterization of the dimeric lanthanide complexes [en{Ln(DO3A)(H<sub>2</sub>O)}<sub>2</sub>] and [pi{Ln(DTTA)(H<sub>2</sub>O)}<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>: a variable‐temperature <sup>17</sup>O NMR study (2004)

The Gd(III) complexes of the two dimeric ligands [en(DO3A)2] {N,N'-bis[1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-10-yl-methylcarbonyl]-N,N'-ethylenediamine} and [pi(DTTA)2]8- [bisdiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine)] were synthesized and characterized. The 17O NMR chemical shift of H2O induced by [en{Dy(DO3A)}2] and [pi{Dy(DTTA)}2]2- at pH 6.80 proved the presence of 2.1 and 2.2 inner-sphere water molecules, respectively. Water proton spin-lattice relaxation rates for [en{Gd(DO3A)(H2O)}2] and [pi{Gd(DTTA)(H2O)}2]2- at 37.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 20 MHz are 3.60 +/- 0.05 and 5.25 +/- 0.05 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd, respectively. The EPR transverse electronic relaxation rate and 17O NMR transverse relaxation time for the exchange lifetime of the coordinated H2O molecule and the 2H NMR longitudinal relaxation rate of the deuterated diamagnetic lanthanum complex for the rotational correlation time were thoroughly investigated, and the results were compared with those reported previously for other lanthanide(III) complexes. The exchange lifetimes for [en{Gd(DO3A)(H2O)}2] (769 +/- 10 ns) and [pi{Gd(DTTA)(H2O)}2]2- (910 +/- 10 ns) are significantly higher than those of [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- (243 ns) and [Gd(DTPA)(H2O)]2- (303 ns) complexes. The rotational correlation times for [en{Gd(DO3A)(H2O)}2] (150 +/- 11 ps) and [pi{Gd(DTTA)(H2O)}2]2- (130 +/- 12 ps) are slightly greater than those of [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- (77 ps) and [Gd(DTPA)(H2O)]2- (58 ps) complexes. The marked increase in relaxivity (r1) of [en{Gd(DO3A)(H2O)}2] and [pi{Gd(DTTA)(H2O)}2]2- result mainly from their longer rotational correlation time and higher molecular weight.
Soft-output detector for partial response channels using vector quantization (2005)

An implementation of the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv algorithm for partial response detection which performs the usual forward and backward state metric recursions and the log-likelihood computation using only lookup tables is proposed. The state metrics are vector quantized, which requires fewer quantization points than the conventional approach of quantizing each state metric individually. This soft-output implementation is suitable for use in partial response systems using turbo equalization.
Intrastriatal injection of GDNF attenuates the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (1996)

Our study was designed to determine whether intrastriatal administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) can attenuate the behavioral effects and injury to the mesostriatal dopaminergic system caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Four groups of rats received a series of four intrastriatal injections of vehicle or one of three doses of GDNF (0.1, 1 or 10 micrograms per injection) on days 1,3,5 and 8. On day 4 the animals received a single, intrastriatal injection of 25 micrograms 6-OHDA. Treatment with GDNF significantly reduced the development of amphetamine-induced rotation, and the dose of 1 microgram per injection appeared to be the most effective. The group treated with this dose had significantly greater preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) fibers adjacent to the injection site in the striatum and significantly greater preservation of Nissl-stained and TH-IR neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc).
Experimental and theoretical study of ion distributions near 300 μm tall steps on rf-biased wafers in high density plasmas (2002)

We present an experimental and theoretical study of ion fluxes, energy distributions, and angular distributions close to 300 μm tall “steps” on rf-biased wafers in high-density argon plasmas. This feature size is important in the etching of microelectromechanical systems. The theory and data show good agreement in most of the trends in the ion distributions as our sampling point approaches the foot of the step: (1) the ion flux decreases, (2) the ions move away from vertical, turning towards the step, and (3) the widths of the double-peaked ion energy distributions become narrower. The theory predicts that the hot neutral flux near the foot of the step is comparable to the ion flux. These hot neutrals may have important effects on the etching process.
Eigenvector Centrality Mapping for Analyzing Connectivity Patterns in fMRI Data of the Human Brain (2010)

Functional magnetic resonance data acquired in a task-absent condition ("resting state") require new data analysis techniques that do not depend on an activation model. In this work, we introduce an alternative assumption- and parameter-free method based on a particular form of node centrality called eigenvector centrality. Eigenvector centrality attributes a value to each voxel in the brain such that a voxel receives a large value if it is strongly correlated with many other nodes that are themselves central within the network. Google's PageRank algorithm is a variant of eigenvector centrality. Thus far, other centrality measures - in particular "betweenness centrality" - have been applied to fMRI data using a pre-selected set of nodes consisting of several hundred elements. Eigenvector centrality is computationally much more efficient than betweenness centrality and does not require thresholding of similarity values so that it can be applied to thousands of voxels in a region of interest covering the entire cerebrum which would have been infeasible using betweenness centrality. Eigenvector centrality can be used on a variety of different similarity metrics. Here, we present applications based on linear correlations and on spectral coherences between fMRI times series. This latter approach allows us to draw conclusions of connectivity patterns in different spectral bands. We apply this method to fMRI data in task-absent conditions where subjects were in states of hunger or satiety. We show that eigenvector centrality is modulated by the state that the subjects were in. Our analyses demonstrate that eigenvector centrality is a computationally efficient tool for capturing intrinsic neural architecture on a voxel-wise level.
In Situ Forming Hydrogels Based on Tyramine Conjugated 4-Arm-PPO-PEO via Enzymatic Oxidative Reaction (2010)

Over the past decades, hydrogels have been widely studied as biomaterials for various biomedical applications like implants, drugs and cell delivery carriers because of their high biocompatibility, high water contents and excellent permeability for nutrients and metabolites. Especially, in situ forming hydrogel systems have received much attention because of their easy application based on minimal invasive techniques. Chemical cross-linking systems fabricated using enzymatic reactions have various advantages, such as high biocompatibility and easy control of reaction rates under mild condition. In this study, we report enzyme-triggered injectable and biodegradable hydrogels composed of Tetronic-tyramine conjugates. The Tetronic-tyramine conjugates were synthesized by first reacting Tetronic with succinic anhydride and subsequent conjugation with tyramine using DCC/NHS as coupling reagents. The chemical structure of Tetronic-succinic anhydride-tyramine (Tet-SA-TA) copolymer was characterized by (1)H NMR and FTIR. The hydrogels were prepared from a Tet-SA-TA solution above 3 wt % in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and H(2)O(2) under physiological conditions. Their mechanical property, gelation time, swelling ratio and degradation time were evaluated at different polymer, HRP, and H(2)O(2) concentrations. In addition, a cyto-compatibility study was performed using the MC3T3-E1 cell line. In the cytotoxicity test, it was clear that the Tet-SA-TA hydrogel had no apparent cytotoxicity except for the hydrogel formed with 0.25 wt % H(2)O(2) due to the cytotoxicity of residual H(2)O(2). In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrated that the Tet-SA-TA hydrogel has great potential for use as an injectable scaffold for tissue engineering and as a drug carrier for controlled drug delivery systems.
On adaptive vector transform quantization for speech coding (1989)

Adaptive vector transform quantization (AVTQ) as a coding system is discussed. The optimal bit assignment is derived based on vector quantization asymptotic theory for different PDFs (probability density functions) of the transform coefficients. Strategies for shaping the quantization noise spectrum and for adapting the bit assignment to the changes in the speech statistics are discussed. A good estimate of the efficiency of any coding system is given by the system coding gain over scalar PCM (pulse code modulation). Based on the optimal bit allocation, the coding gain of the vector transform quantization (VTQ) system operating on a stationary input signal is derived. The VTQ coding gain demonstrates a significant advantage of vector quantization over scalar quantization within the framework of transform coding. System simulation results are presented for a first-order Gauss-Markov process and for typical speech waveforms. The results of fixed and adaptive systems are compared for speech input. Also, the AVTQ results are compared to known scalar speech coding systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Translation Time (2006)

This paper describes an automated system to address disconnect between the design and analysis programs. The disconnect between computer-aided design (CAD) and analysis occurs because one system is powered by geometrical information and the other is not. One system is meant to handle geometry, while the other creates a mesh and does not rely on geometry in the same way that CAD does. Engineering software developers coming up with a design-analysis workaround by building design automation into their CAD packages. This method gives engineers vital information about the part from the get-go. The information is gleaned from the past designs for similar parts and can be automatically included in the new model. Such automated systems capture expert knowledge and reapply it to other models. The system might ask engineers to answer several questions about what they intend to design before they even start. The automated system would help engineers build parts upfront that would meet criteria for phenomena from varied disciplines, including fluid, structural, or thermal analysis.
Chemokine MIP-2/CXCL2, Acting on CXCR2, Induces Motor Neuron Death in Primary Cultures (2007)

CXCR2 activation might directly contribute to motor neuron degeneration. Thus, chemokines acting on CXCR2, including IL-8, may have direct pathogenic effects in CNS diseases, independent of the induction of leukocyte migration.
High refractive index immersion fluids for 193 nm immersion lithography (2005)

For the next-generation immersion lithography technology, there is a growing interest in the immersion fluids having a refractive index larger than 1.5 and low absorbance at 193nm wavelength. In this paper, we report our effort in identifying new immersion fluid candidates. The absolute refractive index values and thermo-optic coefficients, d<i><b>n</b></i>/d<b>T</b>, were measured with 1x10<sup>-4</sup> and 1x10<sup>-5</sup> accuracy respectively at 193nm wavelength. The results showed promising candidates having refractive index ranging from 1.5 to 1.65 with low absorbance at 193nm wavelength. Preliminary imaging results with a new immersion fluid gave good 65nm Line/Space patterns. However, the minimum exposure time of 20sec is about ten times as needed for water, indicating the need to further reduce the absorbance of the immersion fluid.
Visualizing and Manipulating Complex Calendar Scheduling Information (2006)

Calendar scheduling is a difficult task for people who have overbooked calendars and many constraints. We are collabo-rating with artificial intelligence researchers, who are develop-ing an intelligent calendar scheduling agent that gathers avail-ability constraints, searches for times that satisfy the con-straints, and negotiates with invitees when no satisfactory time is found for the constraints. The agent will never be able to act with complete autonomy because, just like a good human as-sistant, it will need to consult its supervisor when a task is under-specified, has ambiguous instructions, deviates from the normal, or when the task has changed. Furthermore, users need an interface to tell the agent all of their constraints, to see the agent’s proposed solutions, and to respond to the agent’s questions. Currently, calendar applications do not allow users to specify scheduling constraints such as how preferable a free time is for scheduling a new meeting or to what extent an ex-isting meeting can be rescheduled. These requirements in-spired the “availability bar,” an interaction and visualization technique for complex, multi-dimensional calendar scheduling constraints. Availability bars were specifically designed to be embedded in calendar applications. Additionally, availability bars will help people who schedule their calendar by hand.
Mining Internet-Scale Software Repositories (2007)

Large repositories of source code create new challenges and opportunities for sta-tistical machine learning. Here we first develop Sourcerer, an infrastructure for the automated crawling, parsing, and database storage of open source software. Sourcerer allows us to gather Internet-scale source code. For instance, in one ex-periment, we gather 4,632 java projects from SourceForge and Apache totaling over 38 million lines of code from 9,250 developers. Simple statistical analyses of the data first reveal robust power-law behavior for package, SLOC, and lexical containment distributions. We then develop and apply unsupervised author-topic, probabilistic models to automatically discover the topics embedded in the code and extract topic-word and author-topic distributions. In addition to serving as a convenient summary for program function and developer activities, these and other related distributions provide a statistical and information-theoretic basis for quantifying and analyzing developer similarity and competence, topic scattering, and document tangling, with direct applications to software engineering. Finally, by combining software textual content with structural information captured by our CodeRank approach, we are able to significantly improve software retrieval per-formance, increasing the AUC metric to 0.84 – roughly 10-30 % better than pre-vious approaches based on text alone. Supplementary material may be found at:
Femtosecond carrier kinetics in low-temperature-grown GaAs (1992)

The carrier energy distribution and recombination kinetics in low-temperature-grown and annealed GaAs (with 1% excess arsenic occurring as microclusters/point defects) have been time resolved at 295 K through luminescence upconversion and correlation spectroscopy using an 80 fs, 720 nm Ti:sapphire laser. We infer that the radiative recombination coefficient is the same in GaAs:As as in normal GaAs and that both electron and hole trapping times are about 1 ps. Luminescence is detected at energies as much as 300 meV below the band gap and is identified with delocalized states induced by excess As. We observe that the presence of excess As gives photoexcited carriers a higher initial temperature than in GaAs. Finally, since the carrier density decays faster than the emitted optical phonons, energy relaxation is inhibited more effectively than in normal GaAs.
A Fast Hopping Frequency Synthesizer for UWB Systems in a CMOS Technology (2005)

A 3 to 5GHz fast hopping frequency synthesizer for multi-band OFDM UWB applications is designed using a 0.18 μ m CMOS technology. The frequency synthesizer operates in the "Mode 1 bands (centered at 3432MHz, 3960MHz, and 4488MHz). Single-sideband mixer up-converts or down-converts the 528MHz quadrature signals of ring VCO mixing 3960MHz LC VCO signals. The sideband suppression is less than -32dBc for 3432MHz and -26dBc for 4488MHz and band switching time from 4488MHz to 3432MHz is measured about 2ns. Phase noise of the LC VCO and the ring VCO is about -110dBc/Hz and -98dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset frequency, respectively. The total power consumption of the proposed frequency synthesizer is about 68mW with a 1.8V supply voltage.