gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serotonin receptor mRNA expression in the hypoglossal motor nucleus (1997)

Brainstem serotonin (5-HT)-containing cells are remarkable for their widespread axonal projections and having their highest activity during wakefulness and lowest during rapid eye movement sleep. One important site of action of 5-HT is on upper airway motoneurons. However, which of the 14 known 5-HT receptors mediate the effects is uncertain. We used the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction to detect mRNA for six distinct 5-HT receptors (1A, 1B, 2A, 2C, 3 and 7) in 50 nl micro-punches collected from the hypoglossal (XII) motor nucleus and, for comparison, from the viscerosensory nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in adult rats. The relative abundance of the distinct mRNAs was characterized by the minimal number of amplification cycles (25-40) necessary to detect a given mRNA. In the XII nucleus, mRNA for type 1B, 2A and 2C receptors was detectable after 29-31 cycles, detection of type 3 and 7 receptor mRNA required 33-35 cycles; and type 1A receptor mRNA was not detected. In the NTS, detection of mRNA for type 1B, 2C and 7 receptors required 31-33 cycles; type 1A receptor mRNA required 39 cycles; and type 2A receptor mRNA was not detected. The data from the XII nucleus demonstrate that not only the previously recognized type 1B, 2A and 2C receptors, but also type 3 and 7 receptors have the potential to mediate serotonergic effects in XII motoneurons.
Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. First report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. (1994)

It appears from this analysis that estrogen subjectively improves urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women. However, the studies included nonhomogeneous groups, and the diagnostic criteria, therapeutic interventions, and outcome assessments varied considerably.
Dual MMP7-Proximity-Activated and Folate Receptor-Targeted Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery (2014)

A dual-targeted siRNA nanocarrier has been synthesized and validated that is selectively activated in environments where there is colocalization of two breast cancer hallmarks, elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and folate receptor overexpression. This siRNA nanocarrier is self-assembled from two polymers containing the same pH-responsive, endosomolytic core-forming block but varying hydrophilic, corona-forming blocks. The corona block of one polymer consists of a 2 kDa PEG attached to a terminal folic acid (FA); the second polymer contains a larger (Y-shaped, 20 kDa) PEG attached to the core block by a proximity-activated targeting (PAT), MMP7-cleavable peptide. In mixed micelle smart polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) formed from the FA- and PAT-based polymers, the proteolytically removable PEG on the PAT polymers shields nonspecific SPN interactions with cells or proteins. When the PAT element is cleaved within an MMP-rich environment, the PEG shielding is removed, exposing the underlying FA and making it accessible for folate receptor-mediated SPN uptake. Characterization of mixed micelles prepared from these two polymers revealed that uptake and siRNA knockdown bioactivity of a 50% FA/50% PAT formulation was dependent on both proteolytic activation and FA receptor engagement. MMP activation and delivery of this formulation to breast cancer cells expressing the FA receptor achieved greater than 50% protein-level knockdown of a model gene with undetectable cytotoxicity. This modular nanoparticle design represents a new paradigm in cell-selective siRNA delivery and allows for stoichiometric tuning of dual-targeting components to achieve superior targeting specificity.
The effect of contaminants on the mercury consumption of fluorescent lamps (2009)

In order to study the effect of water adsorbed on the alumina coating of fluorescent lamps 35 W tubes were prepared by so setting the manufacturing process as not to fully remove contaminants. The light intensity has been measured along the tubes, showing a fast drop after the initial illumination at switching on. The minimum intensity was followed by a recovery of the light output, the brightening extending gradually from the liquid mercury reservoir of the tube. To explain the observations the reaction between mercury ions and water and its decomposition products (OH and H radicals) were considered, which decreases the free mercury concentration and thus the light output. Density functional calculations indeed indicate a strong binding between these species.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of optic disc swelling: comparison with CSLO in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. (2000)

The results indicate that US and CSLO readings are correlated i: both disc swelling and cupping conditions, but to a different extent because of a significant discrepancy in papilledema. US assessment can be considered highly reproducible. Combined US and HRT optic disc analysis may be recommended in papilledema evaluation as long as a better correlation can be demonstrated in further studies.
Spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy for selective laser melting (2016)

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing technique that typically builds parts layer by layer, for example, in the case of selective laser melted (SLM) material by fusing layers of metal powder. This allows the construction of complex geometry parts, which, in some cases cannot be made by traditional manufacturing routes. Complex parts can be difficult to inspect for material conformity and defects which are limiting widespread adoption especially in high performance arenas. Spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS) is a technique for material characterisation based on robustly measuring the surface acoustic wave velocity. Here the SRAS technique is applied to prepare additively manufactured material to measure the material properties and identify defects. Results are presented tracking the increase in the measured velocity with the build power of the selective laser melting machine. Surface and subsurface defect measurements (to a depth of 24 m) are compared to electron microscopy and X-ray computed tomography. It has been found that pore size remains the same for 140 W to 190 W melting power (mean: 115-119 m optical and 134-137 m velocity) but the number of pores increase significantly (70-126 optical, 95-182 velocity) with lower melting power, reducing overall material density.
Phonocardiogram spectral analysis simulator of mitral valve prostheses (1991)

Spectral analysis of sounds produced in vitro by mitral valve prostheses placed in a specially designed flow simulator has been carried out using a short-time Fourier representation of the recorded signal. Time variations of power spectra are displayed as a three-dimensional plot. Sounds produced by three types of valves, namely ball and cage, tilting disk and porcine valves, were analysed. Each valve type produced a characteristic spectrogram, and, for a given valve, spectrograms were reproducible to within a margin of 5 dB. The simulator may be used to detect structural deficiencies and functional abnormalities of prosthetic heart valves. In addition to quantifying the noise level of mechanical valves, the system may be used for quality control purposes to identify faulty valves.
Properties of the separated catalytic and regulatory units of brain adenylate cyclase. (1980)

Adenylate cyclase from bovine brain cortex was solubilized with 14 mM cholate and 1 M (NH4)2SO4. Gel filtration over a column of Sepharose 6B separated the catalytic unit (CU) from a factor (G/F) that confers responsiveness to 5'-guanylyl imidophosphate (p[NH]ppG) or fluoride. The separated CU, which elutes with a Kav, of 0.48 +/- 0.01 (n=5), is not responsive to p[NH]ppG or fluoride and is relatively inactive when Mg . ATP is the substrate but activated 8-15-fold by Mn2+. The separated G/F elutes with a Kav of 0.70 +/- 0.02 (n=4). It restores the responsiveness of the CU to p[NH]ppG and fluoride. Activation of the enzyme by p[NH]ppG before solubilization does not decrease the amount of G/F eluting with a Kav of 0.7. Therefore, the G/F is probably present in brain cortex in excess over the CU. p[NH]ppG stabilizes the G/F but not the CU against thermal inactivation, suggesting that it interacts with G/F and not with CU. Incubation of the G/F with p[NH]ppG before addition of CU markedly increases the rate of activation of the reconstituted enzyme by p[NH]ppG. We propose, therefore, that the rate-limiting step in adenylate cyclase activation is a process in G/F alone and not a slow conformational change in CU or a slow association of G/F with CU. Binding of p[NH]ppG to the isolated G/F appears to be readily reversible; the ability of fully activated G/F to stimulate CU can be blocked if GDP is added before CU. In contrast, after the CU has been activated by interaction with G/F, GDP cannot reverse the activation. This suggests that association with the CU increases the affinity of G/F for p[NH]ppG.
Anticancer Potency of Cytotoxic Drugs after Exposure to High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in the Presence of Microbubbles and Hematoporphyrin (2011)

Chemotherapy is undertaken perioperatively to improve the efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for solid tumors. HIFU at a sufficient intensity for tissue ablation has recently been applied for drug delivery; ultrasonic cavitation plays an important part in HIFU and drug delivery. Hematoporphyrin and microbubbles are adjuncts because they aid cavitation. The effect of HIFU (1.0 MHz; 12,999 W/cm(2) in continuous waves), in the presence of hematoporphyrin and/or microbubbles, on the anticancer potency of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, paclitaxel, mitomycin C or adriamycin, was investigated. Insonated adriamycin resulted in a lower death rate of human cancer cells HO-8910 (45.85 ± 2.65% vs 34.84 ± 1.21%, p < 0.05), which was exacerbated when employing hematoporphyrin (34.84 ± 1.21% vs 23.09 ± 7.82%, p < 0.05) or hematoporphyrin combined with microbubbles (34.84 ± 1.21% vs. 8.79 ± 3.69%, p < 0.05); the therapeutic activity was not affected when adding microbubbles alone. High-performance liquid chromatography detected a smaller peak area after subjecting adriamycin to HIFU with the use of hematoporphyrin alone or combined with microbubbles. The other drugs were not affected. Hematoporphyrin, microbubbles and adriamycin increased the throughput of hydroxyl radicals resulting from cavitation as determined by iodine and methylene blue assays. These data suggested that the anticancer activity of a drug may be decreased by HIFU exposure (particularly in the presence of hematoporphyrin and microbubbles). Cavitation produced reactive species that attacked drug molecules, thereby decreasing their antitumor potency; this process was enhanced if the drug itself generated free radicals under insonation.
Plasma flood system-physics of low energy electron generation, plasma coupling, electron transport and surface charge neutralization on wafer (2002)

Plasma Flood System (PFS) was developed for the Precision Implant 9500 to achieve the most advanced charging control on wafer surface for high throughput implant processes over a wide range of beam current. A novel configuration of plasma discharge chamber made it possible to generate primary electrons at between 0 eV and 5 eV while maintaining a high emission current of over 100 mA. Space charge limit in generating low energy electrons was overcome by combining the arc discharge chamber at the anode potential with a negatively biased confinement tube via a potential shielding. Magnetic field from the plasma source coupled with a filament induced field plays an important role in transporting low energy electrons out of the chamber. The system also has a feature to increase the emission by one order of magnitude by offsetting a reference potential of the plasma source. This paper discusses the physics of the PFS describing how the electrons are generated at below 5 eV and transported at a high flux into the guide tube held typically at -10 V.
The ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase variable subunit gene from Anacystis nidulans (1991)

The ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase variable subunit gene of Anacystis nidulans was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. A single-copy 219-bp open reading frame encoded a protein of 73 amino acid residues, with a calculated Mr of 8,400. The monocistronic transcripts were represented in a 400-base and a less abundant 300-base mRNA form.
EEPROM-based Charging-Effects Sensors for Plasma Etching and Ion Implantation (1992)

Conventional studies of damage effects associated with plasma-based processes and ion implantation have focused on characterization of the damage inflicted on typical IC structures and devices. Although essential, these studies provide little insight regarding the nature and magnitudes of the driving forces behind the damage, which is essential for the design of more benign wafer processing equipment, process optimization, etc. This talk describes the design, characterization, and application of re-usable, EEPROM-transistor-based, wafer-level, sensors intended to quantify the driving forces behind the damage, and to v unipolar monitors for capturing information about transients of opposite polarities; extended range UV monitors; and structures for characterization of process environment equivalent networks needed for damage modeling. Most of the sensors incorporated on the monitor wafers employ EEPROM transistors, due to their sensitivity to electrostatic and photo-electric effects, and due to their ability to remember critical attributes of these driving forces. Individual sensors are personalized for specific tasks by additional elements attached to the EEPROM transistors, and by suitable pre-conditioning and test techniques. Experimental results from plasma etching and high-current ion implant experiments are presented to illustrate the capabilities of these (CHARM2) monitors.
Mesh Refinement Based on the 8-Tetrahedra Longest- Edge Partition. (2003)

The 8-tetrahedra longest-edge (8T-LE) partition of any tetrahedron is defined in terms of three consecutive edge bisections, the first one performed by the longest-edge. The associated local refinement algorithm can be described in terms of the polyhedron skeleton concept using either a set of precomputed partition patterns or by a simple edgemidpoint tetrahedron bisection procedure. An e#ective 3D derefinement algorithm can be also simply stated. In this paper we discuss the 8-tetrahedra partition, the refinement algorithm and its properties, including a non-degeneracy fractal property. Empirical experiments show that the 3D partition has analogous behavior to the 2D case in the sense that after the first refinement level, a clear monotonic improvement behavior holds. For some tetrahedra a limited decreasing of the tetrahedron quality can be observed in the first partition due to the introduction of a new face which reflects a local feature size related with the tetrahedron thickness.
Lentiviral vectors for immune cells targeting (2010)

Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are efficient gene delivery vehicles suitable for delivering long-term transgene expression in various cell types. Engineering LVs to have the capacity to transduce specific cell types is of great interest to advance the translation of LVs toward the clinic. Here we provide an overview of innovative approaches to target LVs to cells of the immune system. In this overview we distinguish between two types of LV targeting strategies: (i) targeting of the vectors to specific cells by LV surface modifications, and (ii) targeting at the level of transgene transcription by insertion of tissue-specific promoters to drive transgene expression. It is clear that each strategy is of enormous value but ultimately combining these approaches may help reduce the effects of off-target expression and improve the efficiency and safety of LVs for gene therapy.
Long noncoding RNA high expression in hepatocellular carcinoma facilitates tumor growth through enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in humans (2011)

Together, these results indicate that lncRNA-HEIH is an oncogenic lncRNA that promotes tumor progression and leads us to propose that lncRNAs may serve as key regulatory hubs in HCC progression.
Learning part-of-speech guessing rules from lexicon (1996)

One of the problems in part-of-speech tagging of real-word texts is that of unknown to the lexicon words. In (Mikheev, 1996), a technique for fully unsupervised statistical acquisition of rules which guess possible parts-of-speech for unknown words was proposed. One of the over-simplification assumed by this learning technique was the acquisition of morphological rules which obey only simple concatenative regularities of the main word with an affix. In this paper we extend this technique to the non-concatenative cases of suffixation and assess the gain in the performance.
Surface-relief and polarization gratings for solar concentrators (2011)

Transmission gratings that combine a large diffraction angle with a high diffraction efficiency and a low angular and wavelength dispersion could be used to collect sunlight in a light guide. In this paper we compare the diffractive properties of polarization gratings and classical surface-relief gratings and explore their possible use in solar concentrators. It is found that polarization gratings and surface-relief gratings have qualitatively comparable diffraction characteristics when their thickness parameters are within the same regime. Relatively large grating periods result in high diffraction efficiencies over a wide range of incident angles. For small grating periods the efficiency and the angular acceptance are decreased. Surface-relief gratings are preferred over polarization gratings as in-couplers for solar concentrators.
New Complementation Constructs for Inducible and Constitutive Gene Expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis (2012)

We have created new complementation constructs for use in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. The constructs contain regions of homology with the chromosome and direct the insertion of a gene of interest into the intergenic region between the genes iga and trpB. In order to increase the available options for gene expression in Neisseria, we designed the constructs to contain one of three different promoters. One of the constructs contains the isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible lac promoter, which has been widely used in Neisseria. We also designed a construct that contains the strong, constitutive promoter from the gonococcal opaB gene. The third construct contains a tetracycline-inducible promoter, a novel use of this promoter in Neisseria. We demonstrate that anhydrotetracycline can be used to induce gene expression in the pathogenic Neisseria at very low concentrations and without negatively affecting the growth of the organisms. We use these constructs to complement an arginine auxotrophy in N. gonorrhoeae as well as to express a translational fusion of alkaline phosphatase with TraW. TraW is a component of the gonococcal type IV secretion system, and we demonstrate that TraW localizes to the periplasm.
Novel Procedure for Measuring Psychosine Derivatives by an HPLC Method (1992)

We developed a sensitive and simple method to determine galactosylsphingosine and glucosylsphingosine as a 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan autofluorescent compound, using HPLC equipped with a Showdex sugar column. Amounts of galactosylsphingosine were successfully measured in the picomole range. This novel procedure is more stable and simpler than the previous method using o-phthalaldehyde. It was applied to tissues from the twitcher mouse, an animal model of human globoid cell leukodystrophy. The amount of galactosylsphingosine was 34-102 micrograms/kg of wet tissues in control cerebrum and cerebellum, whereas in twitcher mice the range was 2,251-4,228 micrograms/kg of wet tissues. The psychosine concentration was also increased in the liver and kidney of twitcher mice, respectively, 1,513 micrograms and 1,106 micrograms/kg of wet tissue (normal liver, 125 micrograms; normal kidney, 74 micrograms/kg of wet tissue). This novel procedure is useful for the pathochemical evaluation of lysosphingolipids in various sphingolipidoses as well as in other neuropathological and cellular conditions.
Calculating the induced electromagnetic fields in real human head by deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (2013)

Stimulation of deeper brain structures by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be beneficial in the treatment of several neurological and psychiatric disorders. This paper presents numerical simulation of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) by considering double cone, H-and Halo coils. Three-dimensional distributions of the induced fields i.e. magnetic flux density, current density and electric fields in realistic head model by dTMS coils were calculated by impedance method and the results were compared with that of figure-of-eight coil. It was found that double cone and H-coils have significantly deep field penetration at the expense of induced higher and wider spread electrical fields in superficial cortical regions. The Halo coil working with a circular coil carrying currents in opposite directions provides a flexible way to stimulate deep brain structures with much lower stimulation in superficial brain tissues.
Joint Replacement Technology (2008)

Part 1 Introduction: Biomechanics of joints Tribology in joint replacement Biomaterials and the chemical environment of the body Materials for joint replacement Regulatory issues affecting joint replacement: The case of the UK. Part 2 Material and mechanical issues: Metals for joint replacement Ceramics for joint replacement Joint bearing surfaces and replacement joint design Cementless fixation techniques in joint replacement Bone cement fixation: acrylic cements Bone cement fixation: glass-ionomer cements Failure mechanisms in joint replacement Predicting the lifetime of joints: clinical results. Part 3 The device biological environment: The healing response to implants used in joint replacement Biological causes of prosthetic joint failure Using drug delivery systems to enhance joint replacement Sterilisation of joint replacement technology. Part 4 Specific joints: Hip replacement: Tribological principles, materials and engineering Hip replacement: clinical perspectives Knee replacement: Clinical perspectives Intervertebral disc joint replacement technology Replacing tempero-mandibular joints (TMJ) Replacing ankle joints Replacing shoulder joints Replacing elbow joints Replacing joints with pyrolytic carbon.
Barrier Thickness Dependence of Photovoltaic Characteristics of InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Well Solar Cells (2012)

We discuss the influence of the barrier thickness of an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structure on solar cell performance. As barrier thickness decreases, short-circuit current density increases and open-circuit voltage decreases. The open-circuit voltage is much lower than expected from the absorption edge because of the large leakage current and large ideality factor of diodes owning to the carrier tunneling through the barrier. An MQW with a 3-nm-thick barrier layer shows a much longer carrier lifetime than that with a 9-nm-thick barrier layer. This is one possible reason for a higher short-circuit current in solar cell with the 3-nm-thick barrier MQW structure than that with the 9-nm-thick barrier MQW.
Breeding High Amylose Corn<sup>1</sup> (1958)

Synopsis A new strain of high amylose was found to be nonallelic with the previously repotted ha strain. The F 3 segregates of a cross between the two strains gave amylose contents ranging from 25.4 to 70.3%. Modifying factors for amylose content apparently exist in some normal dent corn lines.