gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional regions of the homeodomain protein IDX-1 required for transactivation of the rat somatostatin gene. (1996)

The insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-producing cells (beta, alpha, and delta, respectively) in the pancreatic islets derive from a common precursor stem cell and differentiate sequentially during embryonic development. The homeodomain protein islet duodenum HOX (IDX)-1 [insulin promoter factor (IPF)-1/somatostatin transactivating factor (STF)-1)] is a transcription factor critically required for both the development of the pancreas and the transcriptional expression of the insulin gene. IDX-1 may also act to determine the differentiation of the common pancreatic precursor to beta, alpha, and delta cells. Although IDX-1 is detected in most adult mouse islet beta-cells and regulates insulin gene transcription, it is also found in 15% of the delta-cells and transactivates the rat somatostatin gene. The roles of different domains of IDX-1 involved in the transactivation of the somatostatin gene are unclear. In this study, we have created a series of amino- and carboxy-terminal deletions, as well as point substitution mutations to delineate functional domains within the IDX-1 protein. We find that deletions amino-proximal to the homeodomain enhance DNA-binding to the TAAT-1 transcriptional control element within the somatostatin gene promoter. However, these amino-terminal deletions result in substantial decreases in transactivation of a transcriptional reporter containing the TAAT-1 element. Paradoxically, coexpression of the transcriptionally inactive, amino-terminally deleted IDX-1 mutant proteins, either with the wild-type IDX-1 or with themselves, results in a marked enhancement of transactivation of the transcriptional TAAT-1 element reporter. We provide evidence that this synergistic enhancement of transactivation is mediated by protein-protein interactions among the regions of IDX-1 located carboxyl-proximal to the homeodomain. Although successive deletions into the carboxy-terminal region do not alter DNA-binding, these deletions result in a biphasic enhancement and diminution of transactivation. The IDX-1 homeodomain mediates sequence- specific DNA-binding because substitution mutations within this region abolish DNA-binding. All of the amino- and carboxy-terminal deletion proteins were present in nuclear extracts of transfected cells, suggesting that nuclear localization signals reside within the IDX-1 homeodomain. The mapping of the functional domains of IDX-1 may facilitate understanding of IDX-1-mediated gene regulation and islet cell development.
Differential Profile and Biochemical Effects of Antiautonomic Membrane Receptor Antibodies in Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sinus Node Dysfunction (2001)

Our results demonstrate a strong correlation between anti-betaRAbs and ventricular arrhythmias and anti-M2RAbs and sinus node dysfunction. Anti-betaRAbs increase and anti-M2RAbs inhibit cAMP production. These findings offer new insight into the etiology and pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias, with therapeutic implications.
Non-electrical power, near-term applications of fusion energy (2003)

A significant departure from the traditional approach of generating electricity from DT fusion power plants is suggested. This different approach recognizes that near-term commercial applications for fusion energy may be needed to sustain long-term public and private funding for fusion research. Fortunately, there are opportunities for using the fusion process to make useful products other than electricity. In the past, these applications were associated with /spl psi/by-products" from large thermonuclear plasmas such as fissile material, synfuels, hydrogen, process heat, etc. Such uses require the construction of full-scale, multi-GW/sub th/ reactors and therefore have essentially the same timeline as commercial fusion electricity plants. More recent investigations of alternative approaches to fusion with a wide variety of fuels have revealed that there is another class of small (a few watts to <10 kW) devices which can have immediate commercial applications even when the overall Q value (energy out/energy in) is <1. If the production of small, sometimes portable sources of high-energy particles (neutrons, protons, and alpha particles) is cheap enough, they then can compete with other more conventional sources of radiation (accelerators and small fission reactors). Possible near-term applications are discussed with a focus on the production of medical isotopes. The use of small devices that can burn advanced fusion fuels such as D/sup 3/He also appear to be quite advantageous to this stage of fusion research.
Intelligent agents extend knowledge-based systems feasibility (1995)

Episodic classification problems are the transient responsibilities of the knowledge worker—growing and then receding in importance over time. Typically, episodic classification problems do not conform to traditional expert system solutions, and they require specialized architectures to offer decision support and increased span of control for those individuals whose task is expediting the problems. This paper describes a system for addressing episodic classification problems, giving appropriate functional and technical detail, and continues by illustrating the effectiveness of the system through a case study of use of the system.
Modulation Code and PRML Detection for Multi-Level Run-Length-Limited DVD Channels (2006)

Multi-level run-length-limited (ML-RLL) modulation on optical storage channels is a promising method to increase the recording density effectively. In this paper, some experimental results of 4-level RLL modulation on digital versatile disc (DVD) read-only discs are firstly presented. A new DC-free 4-ary RLL (2.8) code with code rate of 8/10 (bits/symbol) is designed, and partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML) detection is used to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of multi-level readout signals. Experimental and simulation results show the feasibility of 4-level RLL modulation on DVD channels
Influence of Soil Temperature and Matric Potential on Sugar Beet Seedling Colonization and Suppression of Pythium Damping-Off by the Antagonistic Bacteria <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2004)

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas fluorescens B5 and Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 colonized sugar beet seedlings at matric potentials of -7 x 10(3), -140 x 10(3), and -330 x 10(3) Pa and under five temperature regimes ranging from 7 to 35 degrees C, with diurnal fluctuations of 5 to 22 degrees C. No interaction between matric potential and temperature was observed. In situ bioluminescence indicated physiological activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens B5. Colonization of the root at >/=4 cm below the seed decreased at very low matric potential (-330 x 10(3) Pa). Total population size of Pseudomonas fluorescens B5 per seedling was significantly increased at -140 x 10(3) Pa. However, matric potential had no significant effect on the population density of Pseudomonas fluorescens per gram of root fresh weight and did not affect the distribution of the population down the root. Total population size per seedling and downward colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens B5 were significantly reduced at high temperatures (25 to 35 degrees C). Maximum colonization down the root occurred at intermediate temperature (15 degrees C) at both matric potentials (-7 x 10(3) and -140 x 10(3) Pa). Addition of B. subtilis MBI 600 to the seed had no effect on rhizosphere populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens B5. Populations of B. subtilis MBI 600, which consisted largely of spores, were slightly reduced at lower matric potentials and were not affected by temperature. Survival and dry weight of plants in soils infested with Pythium spp. decreased with increasing soil temperature and matric potential, indicating an increase in disease pressure. However, there was no significant interaction between the two factors. At -330 x 10(3) Pa, soil dryness but not Pythium infection was the limiting factor for plant emergence. At temperatures of 7 to 25 degrees C and matric potentials of -7 x 10(3) to 120 x 10(3) Pa, treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens B5 increased plant survival and dry weight. At 7 degrees C and -120 x 10(3) Pa, there was almost complete emergence of seeds treated with Pseudomonas fluorescens B5. Antagonistic activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens B5 decreased with increasing soil temperature and decreasing matric potential. At 25 to 35 degrees C and -7 x 10(3) Pa, no effect was observed. In regimes with different day and night temperatures, the maximum (day) temperature was decisive for disease development and antagonistic activity. B. subtilis MBI 600 displayed no significant antagonistic effect against Pythium ultimum and did not influence the performance of Pseudomonas fluorescens B5 in combined inocula.
Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for Hydrogen Fluoride + 1,1-Difluoroethane at 288.23 and 298.35 K (1997)

Isothermal vapor−liquid equilibria for hydrogen fluoride + 1,1-difluoroethane at 288.23 and 298.35 K were measured using a circulation type apparatus equipped with an equilibrium view cell. The compositions of both vapor and liquid phases were analyzed by an on-line gas chromatographic method. They were compared with PTx equilibrium data measured by the total pressure method. The experimental data were correlated with Anderko's equation of state using the Wong−Sandler mixing rule as well as the van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule. The Wong−Sandler mixing rule gives better results, and the relevant parameters are presented.
Mitigating attacks on open functionality in SMS-capable cellular networks (2006)

The transformation of telecommunications networks from homogeneous closed systems providing only voice services to Internet-connected open networks that provide voice and data services presents significant security challenges. For example, recent research illustrated that a carefully crafted DoS attack via text messaging could incapacitate all voice communications in a metropolitan area with little more than a cable modem. This attack highlights a growing threat to these systems; namely, cellular networks are increasingly exposed to adversaries both in and outside the network. In this paper, we use a combination of modeling and simulation to demonstrate the feasibility of targeted text messaging attacks. Under realistic network conditions, we show that adversaries can achieve blocking rates of more than 70% with only limited resources. We then develop and characterize five techniques from within two broad classes of countermeasures - queue management and resource provisioning. Our analysis demonstrates that these techniques can eliminate or extensively mitigate even the most intense targeted text messaging attacks. We conclude by considering the tradeoffs inherent to the application of these techniques in current and next generation telecommunications networks.
Lipoic acid restores age‐associated impairment of brain energy metabolism through the modulation of <scp>A</scp>kt/<scp>JNK</scp> signaling and <scp>PGC</scp>1α transcriptional pathway (2013)

This study examines the progress of a hypometabolic state inherent in brain aging with an animal model consisting of Fischer 344 rats of young, middle, and old ages. Dynamic microPET scanning demonstrated a significant decline in brain glucose uptake at old ages, which was associated with a decrease in the expression of insulin-sensitive neuronal glucose transporters GLUT3/4 and of microvascular endothelium GLUT1. Brain aging was associated with an imbalance between the PI3K/Akt pathway of insulin signaling and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and a downregulation of the PGC1α-mediated transcriptional pathway of mitochondrial biogenesis that impinged on multiple aspects of energy homeostasis. R-(+)-lipoic acid treatment increased glucose uptake, restored the balance of Akt/JNK signaling, and enhanced mitochondrial bioenergetics and the PGC1α-driven mitochondrial biogenesis. It may be surmised that impairment of a mitochondria-cytosol-nucleus communication is underlying the progression of the age-related hypometabolic state in brain; the effects of lipoic acid are not organelle-limited, but reside on the functional and effective coordination of this communication that results in improved energy metabolism.
REMOTE SCORING OF ESSAYS (1988)

ABSTRACT Essays written by college freshmen on two different topics were scored first by readers working in a conference setting and second by another set of readers working in their own homes or offices. The conference readers were trained in the standard manner on the specific topics to be scored and were monitored by table leaders, as is done in standard scoring procedures. The remote readers received only written instructions in the mail and there was no monitoring of their scoring. Analyses of the reliability and validity of the two scoring methods were then conducted. Reliability comparisons favored the conference method over the remote method (.75 for conference scoring versus an average of .62 for remote scoring of two essays by three readers). Validity was assessed through multiple correlations with two criteria: (1) a four‐essay criterion, with each essay scored by three readers different from those who scored the essays being examined, and (2) freshman English course grade. The conference scores yielded a slightly higher average multiple correlation with the four‐essay criterion than did the remote scores (.67 versus .63), but for the English course grade criterion the average multiple correlation was the same for both types of scoring (.50). Average incremental validity (the contribution of essay score over and beyond the multiple correlation using multiple‐choice scores—TSWE and ECT) was .06 for the conference scoring and .05 for the remote scoring when the four‐essay criterion was used. The remote scores were also statistically calibrated by adjusting scores for reader tendencies. These calibrations were effective in reducing score discrepancies, and reliabilities and validities were increased slightly as a result of the calibrations. The comparisons conducted suggest some promise for remote scoring, especially if more sophisticated calibration procedures can be developed and if improved reader monitoring can be implemented, but with current procedures remote scoring is not as effective as conference scoring. Under certain circumstances, however, where cost or convenience may be relatively more important than reliability and validity, remote scoring may be preferable to conference scoring.
Interaction of peroxidized cardiolipin with rat‐heart mitochondrial membranes: Induction of permeability transition and cytochrome <i>c</i> release (2006)

Cardiolipin peroxidation plays a critical role in mitochondrial cytochrome c release and subsequent apoptotic process. Mitochondrial pore transition (MPT) is considered as an important step in this process. In this work, the effect of peroxidized cardiolipin on MPT induction and cytochrome c release in rat heart mitochondria was investigated. Treatment of mitochondria with micromolar concentrations of cardiolipin hydroperoxide (CLOOH) resulted in a dose-dependent matrix swelling, DeltaPsi collapse, release of preaccumulated Ca2+ and release of cytochrome c. All these events were inhibited by cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid, indicating that peroxidized cardiolipin behaves as an inducer of MPT. Ca2+ accumulation by mitochondria was required for this effect. ANT (ADP/ATP translocator) appears to be involved in the CLOOH-dependent MPT induction, as suggested by the modulation by ligands and inhibitors of adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT). Together, these results indicate that peroxidized cardiolipin lowers the threshold of Ca2+ for MPT induction and cytochrome c release. This synergistic effect of Ca2+ and peroxidized cardiolipin on MPT induction and cytochrome c release in mitochondria, might be important in regulating the initial phase of apoptosis and also may have important implications in those physiopathological situations, characterized by both Ca2+ and peroxidized cardiolipin accumulation in mitochondria, such as aging, ischemia/reperfusion and other degenerative diseases.
Brown Fat and Browning for the Treatment of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders (2016)

Brown fat is a specialized fat depot that can increase energy expenditure and produce heat. After the recent discovery of the presence of active brown fat in human adults and novel transcription factors controlling brown adipocyte differentiation, the field of the study of brown fat has gained great interest and is rapidly growing. Brown fat expansion and/or activation results in increased energy expenditure and a negative energy balance in mice and limits weight gain. Brown fat is also able to utilize blood glucose and lipid and results in improved glucose metabolism and blood lipid independent of weight loss. Prolonged cold exposure and beta adrenergic agonists can induce browning of white adipose tissue. The inducible brown adipocyte, beige adipocyte evolving by thermogenic activation of white adipose tissue have different origin and molecular signature from classical brown adipocytes but share the characteristics of high mitochondria content, UCP1 expression and thermogenic capacity when activated. Increasing browning may also be an efficient way to increase whole brown fat activity. Recent human studies have shown possibilities that findings in mice can be reproduced in human, making brown fat a good candidate organ to treat obesity and its related disorders.
Determination of the resin content of carbon fibre-resin composites (1978)

H. Swift, Analyst, 1978, 103, 990 DOI: 10.1039/AN9780300990
Unravelling Two-Photon High-Dimensional Entanglement (2005)

We propose an interferometric method to investigate the non-locality of high-dimensional two-photon orbital angular momentum states generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion. We incorporate two half-integer spiral phase plates and a variable-reflectivity output beam splitter into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to build an orbital angular momentum analyzer. This setup enables testing the non-locality of high-dimensional two-photon states by repeated use of the Clauser-Horne inequality.
SIMON and SPECK: Block Ciphers for the Internet of Things. (2015)

The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) developed the Simon and Speck families of lightweight block ciphers as an aid for securing applications in very constrained environments where AES may not be suitable. This paper sum-marizes the algorithms, their design rationale, along with current cryptanalysis and implemen-tation results. 1
Metabolism of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, prenylated flavonoids from hops (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.), by human liver microsomes (2005)

Abstract The female flowers of hops ( Humulus lupulus L.) used to flavor beer contain the prenylated flavonoids xanthohumol (XN) and isoxanthohumol (IX). IX is moderately estrogenic in vitro and XN has pharmacological properties that might make it useful as a cancer chemopreventive agent. The metabolism of these dietary flavonoids was investigated in vitro using human liver microsomes. Hydroxylation of a prenyl methyl group was the primary route of oxidative metabolism forming either cis or trans hydroxylated metabolites of IX but only the trans isomer of XN. The double bond on the prenyl group of both compounds formed an epoxide which was opened by an intramolecular reaction with the neighboring hydroxyl group. The potent phytoestrogen 8‐prenylnaringenin (8‐PN) was detected as a demethylation product of IX. However, the analogous demethylation reaction was not observed for XN. Since XN can be converted to IX through acid‐catalyzed cyclization in the stomach, XN might contribute to the in vivo levels of estrogenic 8‐PN following consumption of hops extracts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Antibody Surface Coverage on Nanoparticles Determines the Activity and Kinetics of Antigen Capturing for Biosensing (2014)

The antigen-capturing activity of antibody-coated nanoparticles is very important for affinity-based bioanalytical tools. In this paper, a comprehensive study is reported of the antigen-capturing activity of antibodies that are nondirectionally immobilized on a nanoparticle surface. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (500 nm) were covalently functionalized with different quantities of monoclonal antibodies against cardiac troponin I (cTnI). At a low antibody surface coverage, up to 4% of the immobilized antibodies could capture antigen molecules from solution. At high antibody coverage (≥50 × 10(2) antibodies per nanoparticle, i.e., ≥ 64 × 10(2) antibodies per μm(2)), the fraction of antigen-capturing antibodies drops well below 4% and the number of active antibodies saturates at about 120 per nanoparticle. The fraction of active antibodies is small, yet surprisingly their dissociation constants (Kd) are low, between 10 and 200 pM. In addition, the surface-binding activity of the antibody-coated nanoparticles was analyzed in an optomagnetic sandwich immunoassay biosensor, measuring cTnI in undiluted blood plasma. The data show that the immunoassay response scales with the number of active antibodies, increasing initially and saturating at higher antibody densities. The observations are summarized in a molecular sketch of the attachment, ordering, and functionality of antibodies on the nanoparticle surface.
Plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels as predictors of outcome in severe sepsis patients in the emergency room (2012)

Plasma DNA has potential use for predicting outcome in septic patients arriving at the emergency room. Plasma mitochondrial DNA level on admission is a more powerful predictor than lactate concentration or SOFA scores on admission.
Sleep deprivation decreases superoxide dismutase activity in rat hippocampus and brainstem (2002)

Sleep deprivation by the disk-over-water technique results in a predictable syndrome of physiological changes in rats. It has been proposed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be responsible for some of these effects. A variety of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) help to regulate the level of ROS. In this study we investigated the effects of prolonged (5-11 days) sleep deprivation on the activities of SOD and GPx as well as the metabolic activity of the mitochondria (using alamar blue) in several brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, brainstem and cerebellum). We show that prolonged sleep deprivation significantly decreased Cu/Zn-SOD activity in the hippocampus and brainstem, suggesting an alteration in the metabolism of ROS resulting in oxidative stress.
Peter H. Olden (1993)

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Composites of lignin and polyacrylonitrile as carbon precursors (2008)

Films of polyacrylonitrile and lignin cast from dimethylformamide were studied by dynamic thermal analysis in a self-generated atmosphere and in a vacuum. The occurrence of a thermochemical reaction of the components on heating was demonstrated. The optimal conditions of the reaction between polyacrylonitrile and lignin were determined.