gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Nonpolar Constituents from Different Parts of Kava Plant (<i>Piper methysticum</i>) (2006)

Kava (Piper methysticum), a perennial shrub native to the South Pacific islands, has been used to relieve anxiety. Recently, several cases of severe hepatotoxicity have been reported from the consumption of dietary supplements containing kava. It is unclear whether the kava constituents, kavalactones, are responsible for the associated hepatotoxicity. To investigate the key components responsible for the liver toxicity, bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out in this study. Kava roots, leaves, and stem peelings were extracted with methanol, and the resulting residues were subjected to partition with a different polarity of solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) for evaluation of their cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme leakage assays. Organic solvent fractions displayed a much stronger cytotoxicity than water fractions for all parts of kava. The hexane fraction of the root exhibited stronger cytotoxic effects than fractions of root extracted with other solvents or extracts from the other parts of kava. Further investigations using bioassay-directed isolation and analysis of the hexane fraction indicated that the compound responsible for the cytotoxicity was flavokavain B. The identity of the compound was confirmed by (1)H and (13) C NMR and MS techniques.
Enzymatic Synthesis of UDP-Kanosamine (2009)

Aminoglycosides are antibiotics used to treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by gram negative bacteria. Kanamycin which is isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat a wide variety of infections. Kanamycin contains kanosamine, a major part plays key factor in biological control of plant disease and highly inhibitory to plant-pathogenic oomycetes is glycosylated from UDP-kanosamine to 2-DOS. Here we tried to one pot enzymatic synthesis of UDP-kanosamine from the cheap substrate UMP as a starting precursor via UDP-glucose and UDP 3-keto glucose. UDP-kanosamine is synthesized in two steps. First, we synthesize UDP-glucose from UMP using ACK, TMK and GalU enzyme and second, from UDP-glucose to UDP-3-keto-glucose an intermediate for UDP-kanosamine. To synthesize UDP-kanosamine, two major enzymes KanC (UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) and KanD (aminotransferase) were cloned in pET32a+ and the soluble protein was expressed and enzymatic assay was carried out and analyzed.
SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES IN THE RECYCLABLE IONIC LIQUID [BMIM]PF<sub>6</sub> (2001)

In our exploration of the new ionic liquid solvents as possible replacements for classical organic solvents, we have found that the reduction of aldehydes and ketones with NaBH4 in the ionic liquid [bmim]PF6 can be achieved. The ionic liquid can be recycled, and in some cases the product alcohol may be distilled directly from the ionic liquid eliminating classical organic solvents entirely.
Unprecedented CO2 uptake over highly porous N-doped activated carbon monoliths prepared by physical activation (2012)

Highly porous N-doped activated carbon monoliths (ACMs) are fabricated by carbonization and physical activation of mesoporous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) monoliths in the presence of CO(2). The monoliths exhibit exceptionally high CO(2) uptake; 5.14 mmol g(-1) at ambient pressure and temperature and 11.51 mmol g(-1) at ambient pressure and 273 K.
Enzymatic polymerization: The first in vitro synthesis of cellulose via nonbiosynthetic path catalyzed by cellulase (1992)

Abstract The in vitro synthesis of cellulose via a nonbiosynthetic path has been achieved for the first time by condensation of β‐D‐cellobiosyl fluoride as substrate for cellulase in a mixed solvent of acetonitrile/acetate buffer (pH 5,5:1) ( enzymatic polymerization ). Under reaction condition of a higher substrate concentration or higher acetonitrile concentration, cellooligosaccharides were produced predominantly. The present method of using a glycosyl fluoride as substrate for a hydrolytic enzyme in an organic/water mixed solvent has successfully been applied to synthesis of maltooligosaccharides and unnatural oligosaccharides.
Wetting hydrodynamics (1988)

Bretherton's (1961) theory of the forced, steady displacement of one fluid by another in a tube or between parallel plates is generalized to account for the effects of intermolecular forces in submicroscopically thin films and of a finite driving-fluid viscosity. The theory predicts that there are two displacement regimes, depending on capillary number μU/γ. At low speed the dynamic apparent contact angle retains its static value. If the displaced fluid perfectly wets the solid an equilibrium thin-film remains ; if not, there is not a continuous thin-film. At high speed a hydrodynamically entrained film is left behind regardless of equilibrium wetting characteristics. The entrained film thickens slightly with increasing driving-fluid viscosity. These predictions accord with experiment. In addition, evidence is presented that observed discrepancies between Bretherton's theory and measured film thicknesses are caused by the presence of surface-active impurities. Finally, implications for the submicroscopic origins of seeming slip at apparent contact lines, air entrainment in coating flows, soap-film dynamics, and the generation of mixed-wettability states in porous media are discussed.
Bovine milk contains microRNA and messenger RNA that are stable under degradative conditions (2012)

We previously reported that microRNA (miRNA) is present in human breast milk. Recently, other groups have reported that bovine milk also contains miRNA; however, these reports are few. We therefore investigated bovine milk miRNA using microarray and quantitative PCR analyses to identify the differences between colostrum and mature milk. The RNA concentration in a colostrum whey fraction was higher than that in a mature milk whey fraction. In total, 102 miRNA were detected in bovine milk by microarray analysis (100 in colostrum and 53 in mature milk; 51 were common to both). Among these miRNA, we selected several immune- and development-related miRNA, including miR-15b, miR-27b, miR-34a, miR-106b, miR-130a, miR-155, and miR-223. These miRNA were detected in bovine milk by quantitative PCR, and each of these miRNA was significantly more highly expressed in colostrum than in mature milk. We also confirmed the presence of some mRNA in bovine milk. Nevertheless, synthesized miRNA spiked in the raw milk whey were degraded, and naturally existing miRNA and mRNA in raw milk were resistant to acidic conditions and RNase treatment. The RNA molecules in milk were stable. We also detected miRNA and mRNA in infant formulas purchased from Japanese markets. It is still unknown whether milk-derived RNA molecules play biological roles in infants; however, if milk-derived RNA do show functions in infants, our data will help guide future studies.
Dominance of radiative recombination from electron-beam-pumped deep-UV AlGaN multi-quantum-well heterostructures (2016)

AlGaN-based multiple-quantum-well (MQW) heterostructures were irradiated with a pulsed electron beam. Excitation with a beam energy of 12 keV and a beam current of 4.4 mA produced cathodoluminescense at λ=246 nm with a measured peak output power of &gt;200 mW. The emission is dominated by radiative recombination from the MQW up to the maximum tested excitation power density of 1 MW/cm2, as evidenced by unity slope in a double-logarithmic plot of the light output power vs. excitation power density. Monte Carlo simulations of the depth distribution of deposited energy for different beam energies produced good agreement with the measured peak output power vs. beam energy for an assumed carrier diffusion length of ∼200 nm.
UTILIZATION OF WHOLE UNDEFATTED GLANDLESS COTTONSEED KERNELS AND SOYBEANS TO PROTEIN‐FORTIFY CORN TORTILLAS (1977)

ABSTRACT Tortillas have long been recognized as the ideal vehicle for fortification to upgrade the nutritional status of peoples of the South and Southwest where tortillas are widely consumed. In previous work reported by the same authors, oilseed flours were used to protein‐fortify corn flour used for the preparation of corn tortillas. In this work, we have found that tortillas can be protein‐fortified by utilizing the traditional means of preparation and incorporating blends of undefatted glandless cottonseed kernels and soybeans with corn in sufficient quantities to provide a total of 12%, 15% and 18% protein in the blends. This provided a significant protein increase from 10.5% protein in the corn control to a maximum of 18% protein in the blends on a dry basis ‐ a 42% increase in protein. Higher protein blends could not be successfully prepared with glandless cottonseed kernels because the increased oil became an objectionable factor. A dough preparation technique was developed which yielded fortified doughs that compared favorably with the corn control. In color comparisons made with a Hunter color‐difference meter, 12% protein blend tortillas were comparable in color with the corn control. As the amount of oilseed increased in the protein blend above 12%, the color of the cooked tortillas increased as well. Ammo acid profiles of the cooked tortillas indicated that there is an increase in both the quality and quantity of protein when glandless cottonseed kernels and soybeans are utilized in blends with corn for making corn tortillas. Tortillas containing the different blends were submitted to a taste panel for sensory evaluation and the scores obtained were statistically analyzed. When all protein levels of a particular oilseed were considered together, at both 1% and 5% level of significance, taste panel members expressed no difference in overall satisfaction from the corn as compared to cottonseed‐fortified tortillas. Furthermore both the control and cottonseed‐fortified tortillas were preferred to soy or blend‐fortified tortillas.
Novel BiCMOS compatible, short channel LDMOS technology for medium voltage RF and power applications (2003)

We describe a very short channel, 0.15 /spl mu/m, LDMOS transistor, with a breakdown voltage of up to 45 V, manufactured in a standard 0.35 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process. At 1900 MHz and a 12 V supply voltage the 0.4 mm gate width device gives 100 mW output power P/sub 1/ /sub dB/ at a drain efficiency of 43%. It has a transducer power gain of more than 20 dB and a current gain cutoff frequency, f/sub T/, of 13 GHz. The maximum available gain cutoff frequency, f/sub MAX/, is 27 GHz. The LDMOS process module does not affect the performance or models of other devices. We present for the first time a simple way to create high voltage, high performance LDMOS transistors for RF power amplifier use even in a very downscaled silicon technology.
Direct measurement of HDL cholesterol: Method eliminating apolipoprotein E‐rich particles (2001)

It has been reported that the existing direct method of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol measures particles enriched with apolipoprotein E (apoE). The aim of our study was to investigate a new analytical protocol to directly measure HDL cholesterol that eliminates apoE-rich particles. The interactions of four lipoproteins (HDL(3), HDL(2), LDL, and VLDL + chylomicron) with surfactants, divalent cations, sugars, and lectins were investigated. By analyzing sera, HDL(3), and HDL(2), we examined the relationships among the measurements obtained by our protocol, a precipitation method using heparin-MnCl(2), and a commercially available kit for this direct method. A significant difference was found between the direct method and the heparin-MnCl(2) method, but not between our protocol and the heparin-MnCl(2) method. Multiple regression analysis showed that the difference between the direct method and the heparin MnCl(2) method is dependent on sources of apoE-rich HDL. In conclusion, our protocol enables a direct measurement of HDL cholesterol that eliminates apoE-rich particles.
Bone Marrow Cells May Provide Muscle Power (1998)

As we age, many of us start hitting the workout trail to stave off the muscular decline that comes as the years go by. But people afflicted with muscular dystrophy or other such degenerative diseases don't have that option. Over time, the dystrophy gradually destroys their muscle cells, eventually robbing them of even the ability to move. Now, a team from Italy has provided preliminary evidence that it may one day be possible to replenish degenerating muscles with fresh cells from an unexpected source: patients' bone marrow.
Integration of danger peptide signals with herbivore‐associated molecular pattern signaling amplifies anti‐herbivore defense responses in rice (2018)

Plant defense against herbivores is modulated by herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) from oral secretions (OS) and/or saliva of insects. Furthermore, feeding wounds initiate plant self-damage responses modulated by danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as immune defense-promoting plant elicitor peptides (Peps). While temporal and spatial co-existence of both patterns during herbivory implies a possibility of their close interaction, the molecular mechanisms remain undetermined. Here we report that exogenous application of rice (Oryza sativa) peptides (OsPeps) can elicit multiple defense responses in rice cell cultures. Specific activation of OsPROPEP3 gene transcripts in rice leaves by wounding and OS treatments further suggests a possible involvement of the OsPep3 peptide in rice-herbivore interactions. Correspondingly, we found that simultaneous application of OsPep3 and Mythimna loreyi OS significantly amplifies an array of defense responses in rice cells, including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and generation of defense-related hormones and metabolites. The induction of OsPROPEP3/4 by OsPep3 points to a positive auto-feedback loop in OsPep signaling which may contribute to additional enhancement of defense signal(s). Finally, the overexpression of the OsPep receptor OsPEPR1 increases the sensitivity of rice plants not only to the cognate OsPeps but also to OS signals. Our findings collectively suggest that HAMP-DAMP signal integration provides a critical step in the amplification of defense signaling in plants.
External optical feedback effects on semiconductor injection laser properties (1980)

Influences on the semiconductor laser properties of external optical feedback, i.e., return of a portion of the laser output from a reflector external to the laser cavity, have been examined. Experimental observations with a single mode laser is presented with analysis based on a compound cavity laser model, which has been found to explain essential features of the experimental results. In particular, it has been demonstrated that a laser with external feedback can be multistable and show hysteresis phenomena, analogous to those of non-linear Fabry-Perot resonator. It has also been shown that the dynamic properties of injection lasers are significantly affected by external feedback, depending on interference conditions between returned light and the field inside the laser diode.
Effect of vitamin A treatment on cellular immune reactivity in patients with CLL. (1988)

Treatment with vitamin A (100,000 U daily for 2 weeks) of patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia resulted in an enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, natural killer cell activity and blastogenic response to plant mitogens.
Corrigendum: Excellent Stability of a Lithium‐Ion‐Conducting Solid Electrolyte upon Reversible Li<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> Exchange in Aqueous Solutions (2015)

The cover picture of issue 1/2015 contains a mistake that was only noticed after printing. The wrong picture has been replaced in the online version, and the correct version is shown below. The editorial office of Angewandte Chemie apologizes for this mistake.1
Critique and Renewal in the Sociology of Music: Bourdieu and Beyond (2011)

This paper reviews the status, position and legacy of Bourdieu in the sociology of music, the waxing and waning of his influence and the recent move away from Bourdieu towards something like a post-critical engagement with musical forms and practices. The idea is to show the reaction to and treatment of Bourdieu’s ideas as a gauge of where we are in the sociology of culture, the various strands of influence that emanate from his work, and to assess what is at stake in a ‘post-Bourdieu’ moment when a position once considered progressive and critical now acts as the foil against which new work is being conducted. The article engages with some recent contributions to the music/society debate from figures in the UK and France, and points to the ways these contributions move debates on musico-social relations into territories more sensitive to the complex mediating qualities of music. Such work is better placed, it is argued, to represent music as an animating force in everyday life, including its specific mediating qualities ‘in action’. At the same time, however, the construction of a new sociology of music is not without its perils. The article will conclude with some potential problems with these approaches, and take stock of what might be lost as well as gained by adherence to them.
Studying the Effects of Driver Distraction and Traffic Density on the Probability of Crash and Near-Crash Events in Naturalistic Driving Environment (2013)

Driver distraction detection and intervention are important for designing modern driver-assistance systems and for improving safety. The main research question of this paper is to investigate how the cumulative driver off-road glance duration can be controlled to reduce the probability of occurrences of crash and near-crash events. Based on the available data sets from the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 100-car study, the conditional probability is calculated to study the chance of crash and near-crash events when the given cumulative off-road glance duration in 6 s has been reached. Different off-road eye-glance locations and traffic density levels are also evaluated. The results show that one linear relationship can be obtained between the cumulative off-road eye-glance duration in 6 s and the risk of occurrences of crash and near-crash events, which varies for different off-road eye-glance locations. In addition, the traffic density level is found to be one significant moderator to this linear relationship. Detailed comparisons are made for different traffic density levels, and one nonlinear equation is obtained to predict the probability of occurrences of crash and near-crash events by considering both cumulative off-road glance duration and traffic density levels.
Protected Maleimide Building Blocks for the Decoration of Peptides, Peptoids, and Peptide Nucleic Acids (2013)

Monomers allowing for the introduction of [2,5-dimethylfuran]-protected maleimides into polyamides such as peptides, peptide nucleic acids, and peptoids were prepared, as well as the corresponding oligomers. Suitable maleimide deprotection conditions were established in each case. The stability of the adducts generated by Michael-type maleimide-thiol reaction and Diels-Alder cycloaddition to maleimide deprotection conditions was exploited to prepare a variety of conjugates from peptide and PNA scaffolds incorporating one free and one protected maleimide. The target molecules were synthesized by using two subsequent maleimide-involving click reactions separated by a maleimide deprotection step. Carrying out maleimide deprotection and conjugation simultaneously gave better results than performing the two reactions subsequently.
SMC: Thinner — Smoother — Tougher a New Generation of Low Profile Additives (1982)

The automotive industry's need for thinner, smoother and tougher low profile sheet molding compound (SMC) composites for the evolving body panel parts of the 1980's has prompted the development of Union Carbide Low Profile Additives XLP-4514 and XLP-8521. Composites utiliz ing these aditives have provided Class A surface characteristics at 80 mils thickness and above on developmental deck lid tools. Also improved surfaces on commercial parts such as a variety of models of grill opening panels, truck hoods, etc. have been observed. These studies were conducted using computer assisted experimental designs and results-analysis to ensure valid conclusions.
A modified technique for RF-LCF interstitial hyperthermia (2000)

To provide uniform heating of a tumour, it is necessary to establish sufficient volumetric control of power deposition. The interstitial Radio-Frequency Localized Current Field (RF-LCF) technique may provide such control when segmented electrodes are used. The length of segments is equal to 1-1.5 cm. Each segment is connected to a separate power source. However, this technique requires an additional implant for interstitial radiotherapy, because the lumen of segmented electrodes is filled with wires necessary to connect each segment to a separate power source. In this work, a modified method of implant that allows delivery of sequential and concomitant controlled thermoradiotherapy was investigated. In this method, each segmented electrode is surrounded by four continuous electrodes. Continuous electrodes pass through vertices of 1.5 x 1.5 cm square and a segmented electrode passes through the centre of the square. The distance between segmented and continuous electrodes is 1.06 cm. The electric field induced between an electrically interacting segment and continuous electrodes is concentrated primarily between this segment and its projection on continuous electrodes. Therefore, control of temperature distribution achieved with a modified implant is similar to that achieved with an implant containing only segmented electrodes. For temperature control during treatment, plastic catheters are inserted at a 0.5 cm distance from each segmented electrode. Temperature is monitored using multisensor temperature probes. The continuous electrodes are also used for placement of radioactive sources. The lateral distance between radioactive sources is equal to 1.5 cm. Besides allowing a sequential and concomitant thermoradiotherapy, the modified method is simpler to implement because it uses several fold less amount of segmented electrodes and power sources.
Cycloheptatrienyl-Pentadienyl Complexes of Zirconium (Half-Open Trozircenes): Syntheses, Structures, Bonding, and Chemistry (2009)

The reactions of Zr(C7H7)(Cl)(tmeda) (tmeda = tetramethylethylenediamine) with pentadienyl anions lead to formally tetravalent Zr(C7H7)(Pdl) complexes, for Pdl = C5H7, 2,4-C7H11, 6,6-dmch, and c-C7H9 (C7H11 = dimethylpentadienyl, dmch = dimethylcyclohexadienyl, c-C7H9 = cycloheptadienyl). Structural characterizations of the first three have been carried out, revealing much shorter Zr−C distances for the C7H7 ligand and a pattern of Zr−C bond distances for the pentadienyl ligands that is consistent with a formally high (+4) metal oxidation state, which is also supported by DFT calculations. As had been found for the analogous Cp complexes, these 16-electron species are susceptible to Lewis base coordination, and the 2,6-xylyl isocyanide adducts of the 2,4-C7H11 and 6,6-dmch complexes have been isolated and characterized by IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The IR spectroscopic studies indicate that the pentadienyl ligands are serving as better net electron donors than Cp ligands, opposite what is typically found for related but lower valent species. At high temperatures the 16-electron Zr(C7H7)(C5H7) complex undergoes slow conversion to the corresponding Cp complex.