gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Nitriding of Titanium Particles in a Fluidized Bed Reactor at a Reduced Pressure (1990)

A fluidized bed reactor operated at a reduced pressure is used to modify the surface property of particles. Titanium particles of 46‐ to 74‐μm diameter are fluidized by a nitrogen gas flow of 0.35 cm 3 ‐std/s at a pressure of about 100 Pa, and a nitride layer is formed with the assistance of a radio‐frequency plasma discharge. Modified particles are characterized with elementary analysis and XPS. The nitriding rate is enhanced by the presence of the nitrogen plasma, and the kinetics obey a parabolic law.
A Modified Incremental Learning Approach for Data Stream Classification (2012)

Data mining for data stream becomes important in academic areas. Due to large-scale data, people utilize incremental learning approach to handle the data. In this paper, a modified Support Vector Machine (SVM) incremental learning model is proposed. Through experiments of selecting kernel function for the SVM method, we optimize several parameters. Real network dataset is used in our experiments to verify the model's feasibility and applicability. The experimental results show that the modified SVM incremental learning model can improve the accuracy of classification and increase performance.
Extended Multiplicative Signal Correction as a Tool for Separation and Characterization of Physical and Chemical Information in Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy Images of Cryo-Sections of Beef Loin (2005)

Extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC) is used to separate and to characterize physical and chemical information in spectra from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy. This appears especially useful for applications in infrared spectroscopy where the scatter variance in spectra changes with the chemical variance in the sample set. In these cases the chemical information of specific bands that are assigned to functional groups is easier to interpret when the scatter information is removed from the spectra. We show that scatter (physical) information in FT-IR spectra of heat-treated beef loin is related to chemical changes due to heat treatment. This information is caused by textural changes induced by the heat treatment and expressed by physical effects as the optical path length. The chemical absorbance changes introduced in the FT-IR spectra due to heat treatment are shifts in the protein region of the infrared spectrum caused by changes in the secondary structure of the proteins. If the scatter and the chemical information is not separated properly, scatter information may erroneously be interpreted as chemical information.
The ratio of free to total prostate specific antigen: an advantageous addition in the differential diagnosis of benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate? (1997)

High total PSA levels are a very good indicator for the presence of prostate cancer. There is still concern to improve the differentiation between the diagnosis between BPH and PC, when an intermediate or low value (< or = 95% specificity) is observed. The determination of Q is only useful in this range and might be helpful for the clinician's decision to apply or avoid biopsy.
Infrared semiconductor laser modules for DIRCM applications (2009)

We report on the concept, realization and performance data of infrared semiconductor laser modules serving as compact and robust laser sources for a Directed Infrared Countermeasures (DIRCM) system. While the 2-2.5 μm atmospheric transmission window is covered by a GaSb-based optically pumped semiconductor disk laser (OPSDL), delivering a continuous-wave (cw) or temporally modulated output of ≥ 1 W with a high beam quality (M<sup>2</sup> < 3), an external cavity (EC) quantum cascade (QC) laser module is used to cover the 4.5-5 μm spectral range. The EC-QC laser concept allows efficient spectral beam combining of the output of several QC laser located side-by-side on the same semiconductor chip, while preserving the high-quality output beam of a single emitter. Both the OPSDL and the EC-QC laser have been integrated into rugged laser modules, comprising also all necessary power supply and control electronics, ready for use in field trials.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Acyclic Nucleoside Analogs and Their Antiviral Properties Against Herpes Simplex Virus. (1986)

Abstract Two isosteric carbaanalogs, (IVa) and (IVb), of acyclovir‐ O‐monophosphate (IVc) as well as the compounds (V) and (VI) have been prepared with the goal of improving the antiherpesvirus activities of these potent and selective compounds and/or of finding derivatives with a modified mode of action, e.g. specific inhibitors of viral thymidine kinase which are not alternative Substrates.
ISOLATION OF EPIDERMAL DESMOSOMES (1974)

A method is reported for the isolation of desmosomes in a high yield and of a purity suitable for biochemical analysis. The procedure utilizes the selective solubilizing action of citric acid-sodium citrate (CASC) buffer, pH 2.6, on the non-cornified layers of cow nose epidermis, followed by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy with both thin sections of pellets and unfixed spread preparations reveals that after centrifugation, desmosomes are located mainly at the 55-60% sucrose interface. In the desmosome preparation thus obtained, the characteristic desmosome structure is well preserved, showing the midline, unit membranes, and dense plaques. Furthermore, removal of the epidermal filament bundles by the solubilizing action of CASC buffer has revealed a finely filamentous layer on the cytoplasmic surface of the plaques. The dimensions, location, and appearance of this layer correspond with those of the "connecting component" which has been previously suggested as being responsible for the attachment of epidermal filament bundles to the desmosome.
A New Way to Improve the Superalloys (1992)

A metallography coupled with the microprobe method was used to study the solidification process of superalloys. It was found that the final solidification temperatures of the conventional superalloys are generally very low, about lOtSO-112OC, the solidification ranges are large enough, reaching 180-24OC, that makes the solidification segregation serious. Strictly controlling the contents of the minor elements P,Zr,B and Si in superalloys can raise the final solidification temperature to 1180-1280C and contract the solidification temperature range to 50-12O"C, that results in alleviating the solidification segregation obviously. After controlling the contents of the minor elements, a series of new superalloys with low segregation and excellent properties have been developed.
A shaft multiplication precision angle encoder (1962)

The method of precision angle encoding described utilizes a magnetic multiple resolver for electrical shaft angle multiplication. A system of this type is capable of 360,000 quanta of output for one revolution of the shaft to be measured. The equipment is characterized by functional simplicity and reliability
The cause and prevention of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions. (1971)

This literature review attempts to enumerate possible etiologies of postoperative peritoneal adhesions as well as to suggest preventitive measures. The theory that the cause of adhesions was development of fibrous tissue resulting from the destruction of serosa at surgery is discussed, but the author points out that numerous experimental and clinical experiences point to a more complicated etiology. Serosal defects do heal, and not necessarily through adhesion formation, as shown in experimental animals; therefore a new notion of the process of peritoneal repair was advanced which, simply stated, sees free-floating macrophages as the principal source of new serosa. So other areas and tissue types are probably the source of adhesions. The discussion of these other etiological factors include ischemic tissue as a source of adhesions and foreign body causes of granuloma and adhesions (primarily surgical glove powder). In terms of adhesion prevention, many approaches have been tried from using prophylactic agents to inhibit the formation of fibrin in peritoneal exudate (agents such as sodium citrate, heparin, and anticoagulants), use of enzymes and fibrinolytic agents, such as streptokinase and hyaluronidase, to introduction of inert polysiloxanes for prevention at the time of surgery. The use of cortisone, which has been reported to have good results, is also discussed. Finally, the control of distribution of adhesions by plicative techniques is enumerated. With the up-to-date knowledge that adhesions which develop after abdominal operations represent a vascular response by surrounding structures to the stimulus of ischemic tissue or foreign material within the peritoneal cavity, rather than a healing mechanism for serosal defects, a rational approach toward operating on adhesions is presented; this technique requires scrupulous surgical procedure, freedom from foreign body intrusion, the leaving open of serosal defects (rather than pulling together under tension), and, frequently, attempts to surgically ensure that the inevitable adhesion formation occurs in areas which are innocuous to adjacent structures.
Studies of the epigenetic disease mechanism in FSHD (2009)

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant myopathy that is caused by a contraction of the D4Z4 repeat on the 4qA161 genetic variant of chromosome 4qter (FSHD1). FSHD1 patients show loss of DNA methylation on the first D4Z4 repeat unit. Interestingly, a small group of patients with a myopathy clinically indistinguishable from FSHD1 but without a D4Z4 contraction (FSHD2) and patients suffering from the ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability and Facial anomalies) syndrome also present with very low D4Z4 methylation. 
In this thesis studies are described that focused on the unraveling of the epigenetic disease mechanism responsible for FSHD development. These studies show that (1) the overlap between FSHD patients and ICF patients is restricted to low D4Z4 methylation levels, (2) FSHD1 and FSHD2 patients show loss of methyl groups on lysine 9 of histone protein H3 and a secondary loss of the proteins HP1? and cohesin at the D4Z4 repeat, (3) the combination of the 4qA161 genetic variant and low D4Z4 methylation is a necessary prerequisite for FSHD development and (4) supplementation with folic and methionine can raise the total amount of methyl groups present on the DNA but cannot restore D4Z4 methylation levels in FSHD1 and FSHD2 patients.
Current Trends in Enzymatic Determination of Glycerol (2006)

This review focuses on the enzymatic glycerol detection methods. Importance of glycerol as biologically active compound, chemical glycerol determination methods, and current trends in enzymatic glycerol determination are reviewed. Application of FAD-dependent glycerol oxidases, NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, lipases and multi-enzymatic systems for glycerol and polyglyceride detection by optical and electrochemical methods are analyzed in detail. The application of PQQ-dependent enzymes is predicted as one of alternative and promising ways for detection of glycerol in complex biological samples. Future trends in application of PQQ-dependent glycerol dehydrogenases are predicted. Keywords: biosensorPQQglycerol dehydrogenasepolypyrroleelectrochemical detectionfoodbeveragewine Acknowledgments This work was partially financially supported by Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation project number C-03047, and COST action D25. All authors of Sector of Immunoanalysis and Informatics in the Institute of Immunology.
Substituent effects on .sigma.-.pi. conjugation. Absence of .pi.-electron transmission through cyclopropane rings (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstituent effects on .sigma.-.pi. conjugation. Absence of .pi.-electron transmission through cyclopropane ringsR. S. Brown and T. G. TraylorCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 24, 8025–8032Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00805a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00805a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cardinality change-based early detection of large-scale cyber-attacks (2013)

Cyber-attacks are happening every day, with a variety of behaviors and objects. For example, email spammers may compromise computers to sign-up millions of email accounts for sending spam emails; during worm spreading, each infected host may try to connect to many hosts to further spread the worm, etc. However, many such large-scale and often distributed cyber-attacks share a common characteristic that the activities involved in them result in changes in the cardinality of attack traffic. Examples include: the cardinality of the accounts signed up by a compromised host often increases in spam email delivery scenarios, and the cardinality of the connections made from a host may increase in worm spreading scenarios. In this paper, we focus on changes in the cardinality of the network/attack traffic that may indicate on-going cyber-attacks. We formulate this problem as cardinality-based change point detection in distributed streams of attack traffic, and develop a nonparametric error-bounded scheme for it. Our scheme supports the capability of merging information collected from multiple monitoring points to detect large-scale attacks. Also, our scheme uses small space as well as constant processing time, which makes it applicable for spaceconstrained network or security systems. We have conducted experiments using both real-world traces and synthetic data. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that our scheme can detect changes in the cardinality within given time and error bounds. We expect the solutions of this work will be deployed as a building block in network and security monitoring systems to detect large distributed cyber attacks.
<i>Mariner</i> Sails into <i>Leishmania</i> (1997)

[ Daniel L. Hartl ][1] Transposons are bits of DNA that can move from place to place in the genomes of plants and animals. The wide-ranging transposon mariner is found in many different animals, and in this issue [Gueiros-Filho and Beverley][2] show that, given the right circumstances, it can also move into the genome of Leishmania , the cause of a deadly disease in the tropics. In his Perspective, Hartl explains the features of this transposable element and how the ability to move it into the Leishmania genome will increase the tools available in the search for a treatment for this pathogen. 


[][3]

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org#affiliation
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/276/5319/1716
 [3]: http://
Impact of CYP2B6 983T>C polymorphism on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients (2008)

This is the first report that the 983T>C genotype (part of the CYP2B6*18 haplotype) impacts on nevirapine plasma concentrations and the first study to assess the impact of 983C homozygosity on efavirenz concentrations. These data have implications for administration of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to Black patients.
On triangulation-based dense neighborhood graph discovery (2010)

This paper introduces a new definition of dense subgraph pattern, the DN -graph. DN -graph considers both the size of the substructure and the minimum level of interactions between any pair of the vertices. The mining of DN -graphs inherits the difficulty of finding clique, the fully-connected subgraphs. We thus opt for approximately locating the DN -graphs using the state-of-the-art graph triangulation methods. Our solution consists of a family of algorithms, each of which targets a different problem setting. These algorithms are iterative, and utilize repeated scans through the triangles in the graph to approximately locate the DN -graphs. Each scan on the graph triangles improves the results. Since the triangles are not physically materialized, the algorithms have small memory footprint. With our solution, the users can adopt a "pay as you go" approach. They have the flexibility to terminate the mining process once they are satisfied with the quality of the results. As a result, our algorithms can cope with semi-streaming environment where the graph edges cannot fit into main memory. Results of extensive performance study confirmed our claims.
Solar ponds collect sun's heat (1982)

This paper describes the principles of the solar pond design and its operation and gives some data gathered with solar ponds in Israel. The subject is discussed under headings - how solar ponds work; size of solar ponds; temperature available; the brine layer; diffusion of the brine layer; solar ponds for the chemical processing industry; cost of solar ponds; and performance data of new built solar ponds. 9 refs.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Activation of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (2004)

By stimulating the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the VEGF-induced angiogenesis remains elusive. We hypothesized that sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), transcription factors governing cellular lipid homeostasis, play an important role in regulating angiogenesis in response to VEGF. VEGF activated SREBP1 and SREBP2 in ECs, as demonstrated by the increased SREBPs, their cleavage products, and the upregulation of the targeted genes. VEGF-induced SREBP activation depended on SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), because knocking down SCAP by RNA interference (RNAi) inhibited SREBP activation in response to VEGF. SREBP activation was also blocked by 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). To verify the functional implication of SREBPs in VEGF-induced angiogenesis, we tested the role of SREBPs in EC migration and proliferation. SCAP RNAi or 25-HC inhibited VEGF-induced pseudopodia extension and migration of ECs. Both treatments inhibited VEGF-induced EC proliferation, with cell growth arrested at the G(0)/G(1) phase and a concomitant decrease of the S phase. Blocking the PI3K-Akt pathway inhibited the VEGF-activated SREBPs, demonstrating that PI3K-Akt regulates SREBPs. Consistent with our in vitro data, SREBP1 was detected in newly developed microvasculatures in a rabbit skin partial-thickness wound-healing model. SREBP inhibition also markedly suppressed VEGF-induced angiogenesis in chick embryos. In summary, this study identifies SREBPs as the key molecules in regulating angiogenesis in response to VEGF.
Real-time landmark-based unrestrained animal tracking system for motion-corrected PET/SPECT imaging (2003)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Jefferson Lab and are collaborating to develop a new high-resolution single photon emission tomography (SPECT) instrument to image unrestrained laboratory animals. This technology development will allow functional imaging studies to be performed on the animals without the use of anesthetic agents. This technology development could have eventual clinical applications for performing functional imaging studies on patients that cannot remain still (Parkinson's patients, Alzheimer's patients, small children, etc.) during a PET or SPECT scan. A key component of this new device is the position tracking apparatus. The tracking apparatus is an integral part of the gantry and designed to measure the spatial position of the animal at a rate of 10-15 frames per second with sub-millimeter accuracy. Initial work focuses on brain studies where anesthetic agents or physical restraint can significantly impact physiologic processes.
Study on Spatial Distribution Modeling of Dengue Fever Based on RS-GIS (2008)

A model for identifying the environmental factors contributing to the distribution of Dengue Fever(DF) in districts of Guangzhou city in 2002 via RS and GIS is proposed in this article.Results show that DF distribution of Guangzhou City is determined mostly by the population density and the coverage of so-called'alternation area between human and Aedes'.Deviating from the distribution of population,investigation of Aedes is meaningless to the DF prevention.The graph of enhanced statistic model is very similar to that of the simple linear regression model.However,neither of them could simulate DF distribution strictly perfect.This is mainly due to the ungetable of the timing of some data.Therefore,the method of coupling RS and GIS,which is used to study the spatial distribution of epidemic,has immense advantages and widest application foreground.
Reference index-based H.264 video watermarking scheme (2012)

Video watermarking has received much attention over the past years as a promising solution to copy protection. Watermark robustness is still a key issue of research, especially when a watermark is embedded in the compressed video domain. In this article, a robust watermarking scheme for H.264 video is proposed. During video encoding, the watermark is embedded in the index of the reference frame, referred to as reference index, a bitstream syntax element newly proposed in the H.264 standard. Furthermore, the video content (current coded blocks) is modified based on an optimization model, aiming at improving watermark robustness without unacceptably degrading the video's visual quality or increasing the video's bit rate. Compared with the existing schemes, our method has the following three advantages: (1) The bit rate of the watermarked video is adjustable; (2) the robustness against common video operations can be achieved; (3) the watermark embedding and extraction are simple. Extensive experiments have verified the good performance of the proposed watermarking scheme.
Paper‐Based Energy‐Storage Devices Comprising Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Polypyrrole‐Cladophora Nanocellulose Composite Electrodes (2012)

Abstract Composites of polypyrrole (PPy) and Cladophora nanocellulose, reinforced with 8 μm‐thick chopped carbon filaments, can be used as electrode materials to obtain paper‐based energy‐storage devices with unprecedented performance at high charge and discharge rates. Charge capacities of more than 200 C g −1 (PPy) are obtained for paper‐based electrodes at potential scan rates as high as 500 mV s −1 , whereas cell capacitances of ∼60–70 F g −1 (PPy) are reached for symmetric supercapacitor cells with capacitances up to 3.0 F (i.e.,0.48 F cm −2 ) when charged to 0.6 V using current densities as high as 31 A g −1 based on the PPy weight (i.e., 99 mA cm −2 ). Energy and power densities of 1.75 Wh kg −1 and 2.7 kW kg −1 , respectively, are obtained when normalized with respect to twice the PPy weight of the smaller electrode. No loss in cell capacitance is seen during charging/discharging at 7.7 A g −1 (PPy) over 1500 cycles. It is proposed that the nonelectroactive carbon filaments decrease the contact resistances and the resistance of the reduced PPy composite. The present straightforward approach represents significant progress in the development of low‐cost and environmentally friendly paper‐based energy‐storage devices for high‐power applications.