gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding precision in host based intrusion detection: formal analysis and practical models (2007)

Abstract. Many host-based anomaly detection systems monitor process execution at the granularity of system calls. Other recently proposed schemes instead verify the destinations of control-flow transfers to prevent the execution of attack code. This paper formally analyzes and compares real systems based on these two anomaly detection philosophies in terms of their attack detection capabilities, and proves and disproves several intuitions. We prove that for any system-call sequence model, under the same (static or dynamic) program analysis technique, there always exists a more precise control-flow sequence based model. While hybrid approaches combining system calls and control flows intuitively seem advantageous, especially when binary analysis constructs incomplete models, we prove that they have no fundamental advantage over simpler control-flow models. Finally, we utilize the ideas in our framework to make external monitoring feasible at the precise control-flow level. Our experiments show that external control-flow monitoring imposes performance overhead comparable to previous system call based approaches while detecting synthetic and real world attacks as effectively as an inlined monitor.
A Case Study of the Interplay between Conflict Management and Version Management in Hardware Transactional Memory Systems (2011)

As one of the most potential solution to parallel programming on the future many-core platforms, Transactional Memory (TM) systems have attracted a great deal of attention from both the industry and academic since the first TM was proposed in 1993. Various design and implementation proposals have been proposed to improve the performance while reducing the overheads. Recent investigations of the high-contention and coarse-grained transactional workloads on TMs reveal various pathologies that will offset the performance benefits. In this paper, we analysis the advantages and disadvantages of the existing conflict management and version management schemes, make a case study in the interplay between conflict management and version management in hardware transactional memory systems, to learn its impact on performance and find some interesting appearance that can guide the future design. In particular, apply software runtime environment to support recognize application's dynamic behaviors and resolve transactional conflicts can obtain an average speedup of 11.7% across the 8 applications selected from the STAMP benchmark suite on DynTM, which is regarded as one of the most latest progress in hardware transactional memory systems.
Signal detection strategies and algorithms for multiple-input multiple-output channels (2005)

In today's society, a growing number of users are demanding more sophisticated services from wireless communication devices. In order to meet these rising demands, it has been proposed to increase the capacity of the wireless channel by using more than one antenna at the transmitter and receiver, thereby creating multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. Using MIMO communication techniques is a promising way to improve wireless communication technology because in a rich-scattering environment the capacity increases linearly with the number of antennas. However, increasing the number of transmit antennas also increases the complexity of detection at an exponential rate. So while MIMO channels have the potential to greatly increase the capacity of wireless communication systems, they also force a greater computational burden on the receiver. 
Even suboptimal MIMO detectors that have relatively low complexity, have been shown to achieve unprecedented high spectral efficiency. However, their performance is far inferior to the optimal MIMO detector, meaning they require more transmit power. The fact that the optimal MIMO detector is an impractical solution due to its prohibitive complexity, leaves a performance gap between detectors that require reasonable complexity and the optimal detector. The objective of this research is to bridge this gap and provide new solutions for managing the inherent performance-complexity trade-off in MIMO detection. 
The optimally-ordered decision-feedback (BODF) detector is a standard low-complexity detector. The contributions of this thesis can be regarded as ways to either improve its performance or reduce its complexity---or both. (1) We propose a novel algorithm to implement the BODF detector based on noise-prediction. This algorithm is more computationally efficient than previously reported implementations of the BODF detector. Another benefit of this algorithm is that it can be used to easily upgrade an existing linear detector into a BODF detector. (2) We propose the partial decision-feedback detector as a strategy to achieve nearly the same performance as the BODF detector, while requiring nearly the same complexity as the linear detector. (3) We propose the family of Chase detectors that allow the receiver to trade performance for reduced complexity. By adapting some simple parameters, a Chase detector may achieve near-ML performance or have near-minimal complexity. We also propose two new detection strategies that belong to the family of Chase detectors called the B-Chase and S-Chase detectors. Both of these detectors can achieve near-optimal performance with less complexity than existing detectors. (4) Finally, we propose the double-sorted lattice-reduction algorithm that achieves near-optimal performance with near-BODF complexity when combined with the decision-feedback detector.
The Family of Protein Kinase C for Signal Transduction (1989)

Protein kinase C, an enzyme that is activated by diacylglycerol resulting from the receptor-mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, relays information of a variety of extracellular signals across the cell membrane to regulate many intracellular processes. Since this enzyme also serves as a major receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters, it has attracted great attention from biologists interested in the mechanism of signal transduction and carcinogenesis. Recent analysis has revealed that protein kinase C is a large family of proteins, with the multiple subspecies that possess subtle individual enzymological characteristics. Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies indicate that the protein kinase C subspecies may be differently distributed in particular cell types and with limited intracellular locations. Presumably, each member of the family plays discrete roles in the processing of various physiological and pathological responses to external signals, such as in the modulation of membrane functions and the activation of gene transcription.
P Transposons Controlled by the Heat Shock Promoter (1986)

We have transformed Drosophila melanogaster with modified P-element transposons, which express the transposase function from the heat-inducible hsp70 heat shock promoter. The Icarus transposon, which contains a direct hsp70-P fusion gene, behaved like a very active autonomous P element even before heat shock induction. Although heat shock led to abundant somatic transcription, transposition of the Icarus element was confined to germ line cells. To reduce the constitutive transposase activity observed for the Icarus element, we attenuated the translational efficiency of the transposase RNA by inserting the transposon 5 neomycin resistance gene between the hsp70 promoter and the P-element sequences. The resulting construct, called Icarus-neo, conferred resistance to G418, and its transposition was significantly stimulated by heat shock. Heat shocks applied during the embryonic or third instar larval stage had similar effects, indicating that transposition of P elements is not restricted to a certain developmental stage. Both Icarus and Icarus-neo destabilized snw in a P-cytotype background and thus at least partially overcome the repression of transposition. Our results suggest that the regulation of P-element transposition occurs at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
Fas and<i>FasL</i>Expression in Human Adipose Tissue Is Related to Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes (2013)

Independently of body weight, increased Fas expression may contribute to impaired insulin sensitivity and AT dysfunction in obesity. Moreover, significant weight loss reduces Fas expression in OM and sc fat depots.
Kynurenine as an Intermediate in the Formation of Nicotinic Acid from Tryptophane by Neurospora (1947)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
USE OF GENE‐MANIPULATED MODELS TO STUDY THE PHYSIOLOGY OF LIPID TRANSPORT (1997)

SUMMARY 1. In vivo and in vitro gene‐manipulated models were used to study the metabolism of chylomicron remnants. Transgenic mice expressing human apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 or E4, gene knockout mice deficient in ApoE or low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and antisense gene inhibition in HepG2 cells were used to evaluate the effect of gene manipulations on the metabolism of chylomicron remnants. 2. Mice transgenic for human ApoE4 showed accelerated clearance of chylomicron‐like emulsions when animals were fed a low‐fat diet. When challenged by a high‐fat diet, remnant clearance in ApoE4 transgenic mice was delayed, as in normal or non‐transgenic controls. However, unlike normal non‐transgenic controls, in ApoE4 transgenic mice high density lipoprotein (HDL)‐choIesterol levels remained high after high‐fat feeding, which probably protected the animals from the development of atherosclerosis. 1 In contrast, clearance of chylomicron‐like lipid emulsions was not affected by the over‐expression of human ApoAI in transgenic mice. 3. Gene knock‐out mice deficient in ApoE or deficient in the LDL receptor were used to show that ApoE and LDL receptors are both essential for the normal, fast catabolism of chylomicron remnants by the liver. 2 In the absence of the LDL receptor, an alternative ApoE‐dependent pathway operates to clear chylomicrons from the plasma, with significantly delayed catabolism. 4. Antisense gene inhibition techniques were used to suppress the expression of syndecan, a core protein of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in HepG2 cells. Remnant uptake in cells transfected with the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to a 20 nucleotide sequence upstream of the initiation site of syndecan cDNA markedly reduced the uptake of chylomicron remnant.
Motivation: New Directions for Theory, Research, and Practice (1982)

The current state of motivation theory is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the internal, unobservable aspects of motivation and the distinction between motivation and behavior and performance. Major theories of motivation concerned with the arousal and choice of behavior are examined, problems of implementation are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested. They include study of the circumstances under which any given motivational theory is most effective. The long-run objective should be a contingency type model of motivation.
T2‐weighted thin‐section imaging with the multislab three‐dimensional RARE technique (1991)

A novel three-dimensional (3D) RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) sequence was implemented on a clinical imager. In this technique, multiple slabs are excited in the same way as in the multisection spin-echo sequence, and each slab is further phase encoded into eight sections along the section-slab direction. With a 16-echo RARE sequence, 128 excitations cover the 256 X 256 X 8 3D k space. With a TR of 2,500 msec, 10 slabs can be excited sequentially at each TR, yielding 80 sections in 5 minutes. Slabs were overlapped to give contiguous sections after discarding of the aliased sections at slab edges. This relatively fast sequence makes contiguous thin-section T2-weighted imaging possible, an impractical achievement with the much longer spin-echo method. Compared with 3D Fourier transform gradient-echo imaging, the sensitivity of 3D RARE sequences to magnetic susceptibility is reduced. The clinical potential of T2-weighted 3D imaging is illustrated with high-resolution brain, spine, and temporomandibular joint images.
Fuel Cell Systems Analysis (2003)

Objectives • Develop a validated model for automotive fuel cell systems and periodically update it to assess the status of technology. • Conduct studies to improve performance and packaging, to reduce cost, and to identify key R&D issues. • Compare and assess alternative configurations and systems for transportation and stationary applications. • Support DOE/FreedomCAR automotive fuel cell (FC) development efforts.
<i>In-situ</i>fabrication of sacrificial layers in electrodeposited NiFe microstructures (1999)

This paper describes the development of a fabrication and etching process for the in-situ formation of sacrificial layers in electrodeposited NiFe magnetic alloys. Sacrificial layers consist of iron-rich material electrodeposited in a nickel-rich matrix. The iron-rich layers are formed using a pulsed electrolyte agitation scheme. The removal of sacrificial layers is investigated using a concentrated acid etching procedure as well as a potential- enhanced etching technique. The formation of sacrificial layers in electrodeposited microgears and planar films is demonstrated. We find that glacial acetic acid preferentially removes the sacrificial layers at a rate of 0.5 µm hr-1 while leaving the remaining nickel-rich structure unaffected. An applied potential is used to accelerate the etch rate of sacrificial material in dilute acetic acid as well as in a chloride-based etching solution. Under potential control, sacrificial layers are etched at rates approaching 80 µm hr-1. The remaining nickel-rich matrix is not significantly affected during etching and retains its structural fidelity. NiFe sacrificial layers of varying compositions are shown to etch at rates that depend on the iron content. The implications for using these techniques in conventional through-mold plating applications are discussed.
Epitaxial Growth of Aligned Semiconductor Nanowire Metamaterials for Photonic Applications (2008)

Abstract A novel class of optical metamaterials is presented consisting of high densities of aligned gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowires fabricated using metal‐organic vapor phase‐epitaxy. Starting from a gold island film as a catalyst for nanowire growth, a sequential combination of vapor–liquid–solid and lateral growth modes is employed to obtain a continuous tunability of the nanowire volume fraction from 7% to over 35%. By choosing different crystallographic orientations of the GaP substrate, metamaterials are designed with different nanowire orientations. The anisotropy of the nanowire building blocks results in strong optical birefringence. Polarization interferometry demonstrates a very large polarization extinction contrast of 4 × 10 3 combined with a sharp angular resonance which holds promise for optical sensing. Nanowire metamaterials may find applications in photonics, optoelectronics, non‐linear and quantum optics, microfluidics, bio‐, and gas sensing.
The Effect of Pump and Signal Laser Fluctuations on the Output Signal from Raman and Brillouin Optical Fiber Amplifiers (1992)

Article The Effect of Pump and Signal Laser Fluctuations on the Output Signal from Raman and Brillouin Optical Fiber Amplifiers was published on March 1, 1992 in the journal Journal of Optical Communications (volume 13, issue 1).
SU‐DD‐A2‐04: Direct Measurement of Pediatric CT Radiation Dose with a New Solid State Detector System (2005)

Purpose: Because of potential risks, the determination of CT radiation doses is important for young children. Direct patient measurements are usually not practical. Many CT scanners provide a calculation of the CTDI volume . A unique, tiny solid state dosimeter system (which has recently been developed) permits the instantaneous measurement of cumulative patient entrance radiation doses during clinical CT procedures. This study compared the calculated CTDI volume to direct measurements with this new detector in pediatric patients. Method and Materials: The new dosimeter system utilizes three tiny silicon detector chips 1cm × 0.5cm in size coupled to a small readout with thin cables. The system digitally displays the total accumulated dose. The energy response is +/−10% between 60 and 120 kVp. Radiation dose measurements during routine clinical head and body CT scans with a GE CT/i scanner were gathered for pediatric patients from newborns upto 18 years old. Results: Head and body data were separated and plotted in mGy per 100 mAs. The CT scanner calculated data showed no variation with patient size or anatomical location. The measured data, however, indicated radiation doses that were 2–3 times greater in small children and matched the calculated data for larger sizes. At the lower mAs values utilized for pediatric body scans, the measured radiation doses ranged from 2 to 5 mGy per procedure. At the higher mAs values for pediatric head CT scans, the radiation doses were 5–10 times greater than the body doses. Conclusion: This solid state integrating detector system provides a new tool for the accurate and instantaneous measurement of CT radiation dose that was previously unavailable. Moreover, the data demonstrate that the scanner calculated CT radiation doses can be in error by a factor of 2 to 3 times due to patient size variations and non‐homogeneity of patient anatomy.
Expression and Role of Sonic Hedgehog in the Process of Fracture Healing with Aging. (2016)

Aging is one of the risk factors for delayed fracture healing. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein, an inducer of embryonic development, has been demonstrated to be activated in osteoblasts at the dynamic remodeling site of a bone fracture. Herein, we compared and examined the distribution patterns of SHH and the functional effect of SHH signaling on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis between young (5-week-old) and aged (60-week-old) mice during fracture healing. We found that SHH was expressed in bone marrow cells from the fractured site of the rib of young mice on day 5, but was barely detectable in the corresponding cells from the rib of aged mice. SHH was also detected in osteoblasts and bone marrow cells at the callus remodeling stage on days 14 and 28 in both young and aged mice. The number of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-positive osteoblasts was significantly higher in young mice on days 5 and 14, whereas the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts was significantly higher in aged mice. SHH stimulated significantly more osteoblast formation in the young compared to old mice. SHH stimulated the osteoclast formation directly in the aged mice and suppressed the formation indirectly through osteoprotegerin expression in the young mice. Results indicate that an aged-related delay of fracture healing may contribute to the unbalanced bone formation and resorption, regulated by hedgehog signaling.
Loss of Hsp90 Association Up-Regulates Src-Dependent ErbB2 Activity (2006)

The receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. We showed previously that the molecular chaperone Hsp90 protects ErbB2 from proteasome-mediated degradation by binding to a short loop structure in the N-lobe of the kinase domain. Here we show that loss of Hsp90 binding correlates with enhanced ErbB2 kinase activity and its transactivating potential, concomitant with constitutively increased phosphorylation of Tyr877, located in the activation loop of the kinase domain. We show further that Tyr877 phosphorylation is mediated by Src and that it is necessary for the enhanced kinase activity of ErbB2. Finally, computer modeling of the kinase domain suggests a phosphorylation-dependent reorientation of the activation loop, denoting the importance of Tyr877 phosphorylation for ErbB2 activity. These findings suggest that Hsp90 binding to ErbB2 participates in regulation of kinase activity as well as kinase stability.
A Review of Analysis Techniques for Blade Tip-Timing Measurements (1997)

This paper aims at evaluating the performance of the analysis methods currently used for the interpretation of vibration data measured at turbomachinery rotor blade tips using optical laser probes. The methods are classified by the form of the vibration which they can identify, namely asynchronous and synchronous with respect to rotor speed. Both actual assembly measurements and simulated response data are used during the investigation. In the latter case, synchronous vibration data are obtained via a multi-degree-of-freedom numerical simulator, which includes the structural and geometric properties of the bladed-disk assembly, the external forcing terms and the characteristics of the optical probe. The results of the tip timing analysis are compared to those obtained from standard strain-gauge tests and the relative merits of the two approaches are discussed with emphasis on the effects of blade mistuning. Existing industry-standard tip-timing analysis techniques are found to exhibit a number of inherent limitations and suggestions were made to address these deficiencies. A detailed tip-timing case study for a steam turbine rotor is presented in some detail and other potential application areas are explored. Finally, future analysis methods and possible future developments in tip-timing systems are discussed.
Adaptor for Continuous Stimulation (SACS) with the WR‐S8 Monitor‐Stimulator (1990)

An adaptor for continuous stimulation of the facial nerve (SACS) to be used with the WR-S8 Monitor/Stimulator during otologic surgery has been developed. This device allows the surgeon to use the electrified air drill and microsurgical instruments instead of a probe-tip during dissection. The SACS saves surgical time, is easy and convenient to use, and is safe. Routine monitoring of facial nerve function using SACS has helped prevent iatrogenic facial nerve injuries and has improved our ability to save the facial nerve during otologic and neurotologic surgery.
Associations between Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Overview (2009)

Age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, is a degenerative condition of the macula characterized by death or dysfunction of the photoreceptors. With the aging population growing, the incidence of age-related macular degeneration is expected to increase. This raises concern about the future of visual dysfunction related falls and the resulting injuries in the elderly population. Lutein and zeaxanthin are macular pigments that may play a role in reducing the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration. Evidence is accumulating on the consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin (in whole food or supplemental form), the resulting concentrations in the serum, and tissue distribution throughout the body, particularly in the retina. Lutein and zeaxanthin intake increases serum concentrations which in turn increases macular pigment density. Existing literature focuses on factors affecting macular pigment density, functions of lutein and zeaxanthin as blue-light filters and antioxidants, and risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. Few studies have focused on the impact of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on retinal function and the potential to preserve vision and prevent further degeneration. This presents an opportunity for further research to determine an effective dose that delays the progression of age-related macular degeneration.