gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) in Renal Disease (2009)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in mediating cell size and mass, proliferation, and survival. mTOR has also emerged as an important modulator of several forms of renal disease. mTOR is activated after acute kidney injury and contributes to renal regeneration and repair. Inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin delays recovery of renal function after acute kidney injury. Activation of mTOR within the kidney also occurs in animal models of diabetic nephropathy and other causes of progressive kidney disease. Rapamycin ameliorates several key mechanisms believed to mediate changes associated with the progressive loss of GFR in chronic kidney disease. These include glomerular hypertrophy, intrarenal inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis. mTOR also plays an important role in mediating cyst formation and enlargement in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin or one of its analogues represents a potentially novel treatment for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Finally, inhibitors of mTOR improve survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Application of supervised range-constrained thresholding to extract lung pleura for automated detection of pleural thickenings from thoracic CT images (2007)

We develop an image analysis system to automatically detect pleural thickenings and assess their characteristic values from patients' thoracic spiral CT images. Algorithms are described to carry out the segmentation of pleural contours and to find the pleural thickenings. The method of thresholding was selected as the technique to separate lung's tissue from other. Instead thresholding based only on empirical considerations, the so-called "supervised range-constrained thresholding" is applied. The automatic detection of pleural thickenings is carried out based on the examination of its concavity and on the characteristic Hounsfield unit of tumorous tissue. After detection of pleural thickenings, in order to assess their growth rate, a spline-based interpolation technique is used to create a model of healthy pleura. Based on this healthy model, the size of the pleural thickenings is calculated. In conjunction with the spatio-temporal matching of CT images acquired at different times, the oncopathological assessment of morbidity can be documented. A graphical user interface is provided which is also equipped with 3D visualization of the pleura. Our overall aim is to develop an image analysis system for an efficient and reliable diagnosis of early stage pleural mesothelioma in order to ease the consequences of the expected peak of malignant pleural mesothelioma caused by asbestos exposure.
Turbine-Blade Vibration Due to Partial Admission (1940)

Abstract This paper deals with stresses in steam-turbine blades set up during partial admission, that is, when the steam loading on the blades is intermittent. By making simplifying assumptions about the character of the loading, it is possible to develop simple relations showing how the blade stress depends on frequency, running speed, and damping. Apparatus to determine experimentally the damping of blade steels and optical equipment to investigate the exact nature of the steam forces acting on the blades in actual operation are described.
Probing the Degradation Mechanism of Li<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries (2015)

Capacity and voltage fading of Li2MnO3 is a major challenge for the application of this category of material, which is believed to be associated with the structural and chemical evolution of the materials. This paper reports the detailed structural and chemical evolutions of Li2MnO3 cathode captured by using aberration corrected scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) after certain numbers of charge–discharge cycling of the batteries. It is found that structural degradation occurs from the very first cycle and is spatially initiated from the surface of the particle and propagates toward the inner bulk as the cyclic number increases, featuring the formation of the surface phase transformation layer and gradual thickening of this layer. The structure degradation is found to follow a sequential phase transformation: monoclinic C2/m → tetragonal I41 → cubic spinel, which is consistently supported by the decreasing lattice formation energy based on DFT calculations. For the first time, high spatial resolution quantitative chemical analysis reveals that 20% oxygen in the surface phase transformation layer is removed and such a newly developed surface layer is a Li-depleted layer with reduced Mn cations. This work demonstrates a direct correlation between structural degradation and the cell's electrochemical degradation, which enhances our understanding of Li–Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials.
동물원 환경해설프로그램의 만족도 및 효과에 관한 연구 (2010)

본 연구는 서울대공원 동물원에서 실시되고 있는 5개 해설프로그램의 만족도와 인식변화를 참가자 설문을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과 프로그램의 전체 만족도는 높았으나, 이 중 참가자 태도에서 상대적으로 낮은 만족도를 보였으며 학부모가 안전성 측면에서 우려하는 정도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 각 프로그램 간 만족도는 프로그램 별로 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었으나 내용만족도에 있어서는 차이가 없었다. 마지막으로 각각의 동물해설 프로그램은 다소의 차이는 있으나 동물원에 대한 긍정적 인식변화에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 동물원의 환경해설 프로그램은 동물원에 대한 정보를 보다 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는 매개로 작용하는 것을 확인하였으며, 동물원의 기능이 단순한 전시기능이 아닌 교육과 연구 등 다양하게 이루어지고 있다는 것을 통해 관심 또한 증대시킬 수 있는 효과적인 수단으로 작용하는 것으로 판단되었다. 이에 동물원 환경해설 프로그램을 보다 활성화 시킬 필요성이 있었다.
Progressive Wavelet Coding of Images (1999)

Fast and efficient image compression can be achieved with the progressive wavelet coder (PWC) introduced in this paper. Unlike many previous wavelet coders, PWC does not rely on zerotrees or other ordering schemes based on parent-child wavelet relationships. PWC has a very simple structure, based on two key concepts: (1) data-independent reordering and blocking, and (2) lowcomplexity independent encoding of each block via adaptive Rice coding of bit planes. In that way, PWC allows for progressive image encoding that is scalable both in resolution and bit rate, with a fully embedded bitstream. PWC achieves a rate vs. distortion performance that is comparable to that of the state-of-the-art SPIHT (set partitioning in hierarchical trees) coder, but with a better performance/complexity ratio. 1. Introduction In most applications, image (picture) data is usually transmitted in compressed form. For example, Web pages and digital cameras use compressed image formats, with JPEG (Joint Photog...
Combined Statistical Analyses of Peptide Intensities and Peptide Occurrences Improves Identification of Significant Peptides from MS-Based Proteomics Data (2010)

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS) proteomics uses peak intensities of proteolytic peptides to infer the differential abundance of peptides/proteins. However, substantial run-to-run variability in intensities and observations (presence/absence) of peptides makes data analysis quite challenging. The missing observations in LC-MS proteomics data are difficult to address with traditional imputation-based approaches because the mechanisms by which data are missing are unknown a priori. Data can be missing due to random mechanisms such as experimental error or nonrandom mechanisms such as a true biological effect. We present a statistical approach that uses a test of independence known as a G-test to test the null hypothesis of independence between the number of missing values across experimental groups. We pair the G-test results, evaluating independence of missing data (IMD) with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) that uses only means and variances computed from the observed data. Each peptide is therefore represented by two statistical confidence metrics, one for qualitative differential observation and one for quantitative differential intensity. We use three LC-MS data sets to demonstrate the robustness and sensitivity of the IMD-ANOVA approach.
Long term effect of Cis-Diamminedichloride platinum (CDDP) on renal function and structure in man (1978)

To examine CDDP induced nephrotoxicity in patients with testicular carcinoma, we measured renal function prior to therapy and at six month intervals for twelve months in fifteen patients and twenty-four months in seven patients. CDDP was given iv at 20 mg/M2 per day for five days at three week intervals. Eight patients received three courses, four received four courses and three received more than four courses. The mean creatinine clearance +/- SD prior to treatment was 112 +/- 12 ml/min. By six months, it had decreased to 68.5 +/- ml/min (p less than 0.01) and it remained at that level. Plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen increased significantly. Subjects receiving other potential nephrotoxins in addition to CDDP developed a greater decrease in creatinine clearance (p less than 0.05). Proteinuria and functional tubular disturbances were not observed. Microscopic features were characterized by hydropic degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium, thickened tubular basement membranes and mild interstitial fibrosis. Electron microscopy revealed phagolysosomes filled with flocculent material. CDDP resulted in a permanant, nonspecific renal injury in our patients. Although the renal injury has remained subclinical, future courses of CDDP may lead to clinically important chronic renal failure.
Recent Advances in Waveguide Hybrid Junctions (1956)

Design techniques for waveguide hybrid tee junctions, resulting in convenient structures and simple internal matching elements for increased bandwidth and power-handling capacity are described, and experimental data are given.
The Hypothesis on the Cause of Atherosclerosis from the Viewpoint of Fat Chemistry (1965)

In atherosclerosis, the most popular type of arterosclerosis, the deposit of cholesterol or cholesterol esters in the artery were present, but the cause of the deposit is still obscure. The lipids in the plasma are present as lipo-proteins. Generally, this combination of lipids and proteins is not strong. However, lipids, in which oxidized unsaturated fatty acids are present, and proteins react to form the lipid-protein complexes, with the strong combinning forces between the both undecomposed by the solvent extraction. If oxidized lipids form the complex with the proteins of the artery, it may be presumed that cholesterol and fatty acid cholesterol esters may be deposited around the complex. It was previously shown by the authors that trans-trans conjugated diene hydroperoxides are present in the lipids of atherosclerotic breast aorta. As the cause of atherosclerosis outbreak, the author presents a hypothesis that, “the oxidized fats form the complex with the proteins in aorta vessel, and then the lipids, such as cholesterol or cholesterol esters, are deposited around the complex in the artery” (written as (A) in the undergoing). It was previously shown by the authors' study that oxidized lipids are concentrated in the phospholipids of atherosclerosic aorta lipids, that they contain trans-traps conjugated diene hydroperoxides, that the lipid-protein complexes are present in atherosclerosic abdominal aorta, and that oxidized lipids containing traps isomers are present in the lipids combining with the aorta proteins. These facts are evidence of (A). Athero sclerosis broke out in the aorta of the rabbit by feeding it with the yolk of egg or with the brain of cattle. This can be explained by (A). It was reported that the deposit of lipids in artery has relation to lipo proteins in plasma. This can be understood by (A). Though Japanese take small amounts of fat, many are suffering from atherosclerosis. This cause can be explained by (A). Atherosclerosis also breakes out by taking a large amount of fat or cholesterol, by removing thyroid gland, and by feeding the food absence vitamin B6. These causes can be also understood by (A). By dosing vitamin G, pantothenic acid, or a large amount of proteins, atherosclerosis outbreak is restrained. This can be explained by (A).Thus the hypothesis (A) may be valuable to afford general understanding of atherosclerosis outbreak.
Purification and Characterization of a Cellulase from the Giant Snail<i>Achatina fulica</i> (1996)

A cellulase with activity as a cellobiohydrolase [EC3.2.1.91] was purified from the intestinal juice of the giant snail Achatina fulica. The enzyme (M(r) = about 23,000, and pI = about 5.3) also had a weak beta-glucosidase activity. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 20 amino acids was analyzed, and no similarity was noted for sequences of other known cellobiohydrolases.
Inhibition of Protein Kinase C–β by Ruboxistaurin Preserves Cardiac Function and Reduces Extracellular Matrix Production in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy (2009)

PKC-ss inhibition attenuated diastolic dysfunction, myocyte hypertrophy, and collagen deposition and preserved cardiac contractility. PKC-beta inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention of diabetes-associated cardiac dysfunction.
RECOVERY OF ELEMENTARY SULPHUR FROM GASES CONTAINING SUL PHURETTED HYDROGEN (1943)

For the recovery of elementary sulphur from waste gases, action of iron oxide as adsorbent for H<sub>2</sub>S has<em> </em>been tested. Incorporation of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and<em> </em>MnO<sub>2</sub> has been found to increase the activity of the adsorbent.
Music and Industry (2012)

We are entering a territory in which terminological uncertainty is a strong feature but this confusion is not accidental, it derives from the conflicting conceptions of ‘music’ and ‘industry’ embedded, generally, in cultural and social usage. Consider these comments which appeared on a BBC website for its children’s service: Most manufactured bands are highly successful, but I think truly talented people should come forward and make their mark without people interfering!! They should find their talent within their heart, not within the ‘manufacturing’ studio. Ella, 14, London I think most of the top 40 is rubbish but some songs are brilliant because the artists wrote them themselves and really thought about the lyrics! Eva, 11, Derry The top 40 nowadays is full of groups which are owned. This annoys me as we never get to see people who have formed a band themselves, and produce their own music. The companies which own the groups make the band go on different TV programmes and magazines, and the single turns out to be awful. The question is when are non-owned bands going to enter the charts? Paul, 15, Cheadle. (/cbbcnews/hi/chat/your_comments/…/2248416.stm 10 Sep 2002 – accessed 3 October 2011)
Disposable falling sensors to monitor atmospheric parameters (2016)

Detailed studies and researches about clouds and precipitations characterization are considered to play a key role in weather and strong events prediction. Most monitoring instruments perform indirect monitoring operation, sensing the parameters from a remote position and not being directly inside the phenomenon. A feasibility analysis of a set of disposable sensors is presented. The very light sensors are planned to be dropped by a plane or a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in the atmosphere and are designed to dynamically behave as very light particles similar to raindrops in their fluctuations and falling through the atmosphere. In order to realize sensing probes with a similar fluid-dynamic behavior of drops, the weight, the size and the surface properties of the probes should be carefully designed. An estimated size of the order of many centimeters and a total weight of less than 15 g is needed. Consequently particular attention has to be paid in designing electronic boards and in the choice of integrated measurement sensors as well as the transmitter. Minimum power consumption should be also guaranteed, in order to assure the proper working during the fluctuating and falling time. Sensors installed on the sensing probe will measure different atmospheric parameters (e.g. humidity, temperature, pressure, acceleration) with a sampling interval of the order of some milliseconds. All data are then sent to a receiver located on the ground and can then be stored and post processed for further analysis.
Advantages of five phase motors in microstepping drive (1994)

The following paper deals with the microstep operation of permanent magnet stepper motors driven in constant current mode. It describes the control and positioning characteristics of motors with different numbers of phases, 2/4, 3 and 5. Motors with higher number of phases show smaller positioning deviations. However in general the positioning errors are an order of magnitude larger than the theoretical step resolution. This fact alone makes the use of microstepping of questionable benefit in terms of simple increases in step resolution.
The Prevalence and Impact of Migraine and Severe Headache in the United States: Figures and Trends From Government Health Studies (2018)

Severe headache and migraine remain important public health problems that are more common and burdensome for women, particularly women of childbearing age, and other historically disadvantaged segments of the population. These inequities could be exacerbated if new high-cost treatments are inaccessible to those who need them most.
Speckle noise reduction in optical coherence tomography images based on edge-sensitive cGAN (2018)

Speckle noise in optical coherence tomography (OCT) impairs both the visual quality and the performance of automatic analysis. Edge preservation is an important issue for speckle reduction. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end framework for simultaneous speckle reduction and contrast enhancement for retinal OCT images based on the conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). The edge loss function is added to the final objective so that the model is sensitive to the edge-related details. We also propose a novel method for obtaining clean images for training from outputs of commercial OCT scanners. The results show that the overall denoising performance of the proposed method is better than other traditional methods and deep learning methods. The proposed model also has good generalization ability and is capable of despeckling different types of retinal OCT images.
Anti–Sia-lb (Anti-Gd) Cold Agglutinins Bind the Domain NeuNAcα2-3Gal in Sialyl Lewisx, Sialyl Lewisa, and Related Carbohydrates on Nucleated Cells and in Soluble Cancer-Associated Mucins (1997)

Abstract Anti–Sia-lb (formerly anti-Gd) cold agglutinins (CAs) recognize sialylated carbohydrates on both adult and neonate red blood cells (RBCs). RBC CA activity inhibition experiments reported here indicate that the domain NeuNAcα2-3Gal, as found in sialyllactose, synthetic sialyl(s) Lewis(Le)x and sLea, sialyllactosamine, sialyl-fucosyllactose, and nonfucosylated sLea, constitutes the minimal epitope for these CAs, implicating that these autoantibodies could be able to bind this domain in sLex and sLea and related carbohydrates expressed on nucleated cells and in soluble cancer-related mucins. The following data obtained with the previously characterized monoclonal IgMk anti-Sia-lb CA, GAS, show that this is the case. GAS epitope expression among leukocytes that lack sLea parallels that of sLex determinant as detected by mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), especially MoAb KM-93. It is also found on epithelial malignant cells bearing both sLex and sLea. GAS epitope on these nucleated cells, (1) like that present on RBC, is abolished by sialidase, unaffected by proteases, and inhibited by sialyllactose; and (2) is overlapping and/or proximal to that recognized by anti-sLex MoAb, CSLEX-1, and KM-93. Moreover, CAGAS binds soluble cancer-associated mucins bearing sLex and sLea determinants. This binding is inhibited by sialyllactose and these mucins inhibit the RBC CA activity of CAGAS. The possible significance of anti–Sia-lb (anti-Gd) CAs as autoantibodies directed to carbohydrate ligands of host adhesion molecules that might be receptors of microbial adhesins of some CA-inducing pathogens is discussed.
Quality assessment method for multiparty audiovisual communication services (2005)

This paper clarifies the effects of multiparty audiovisual communication quality factors - the quality imbalance and conversation roles - on overall quality and proposes a method of estimating overall quality taking them into account. First, we focused on packet loss and delay as quality degradation factors and performed a subjective quality assessment. The results showed that the overall quality at a given point is strongly influenced by inferior quality at other points and that the conversation roles influence the overall quality. Validation test results verified that the overall quality was estimated by the proposed method with sufficient accuracy for practical use. As a guideline for quality management and control for multiparty audiovisual communication, we show that improving the inferior other-point quality is an effective way to improve the overall quality.
A new approach to islanding detection of dispersed generators with self-commutated static power converters (2000)

In this paper, an islanding detection approach for dispersed generators with a self-commutated static power converter is proposed. This method is suggested based on the monitoring of the magnitude and sign change in /spl part/f/sub B//|/spl part/P/sub L/. To facilitate the detection process, a designated circuit for generating the output power deviation is also developed. The proposed method has been tested under various scenarios in order to examine the detection performance and operation reliability. It is found that the proposed method effectively detects the islanding event when different amount of power mismatch is considered. Moreover, by employing the simulated disturbances to the test system, the outcome reveals that the probability of false alarm is low. Test results solidify the feasibility of the method for the application considered.
Neuroprotection by Na+ Channel Blockade (2003)

From the Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY. Reprints: Hugh C. Hemmings Jr., MD, PhD, Professor of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Vice Chair of Research in Anesthesiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 50, New York, NY 10021 (e-mail [email protected]).