gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of three cloned and expressed 13‐hydroperoxide lyase isoenzymes from alfalfa with unusual N‐terminal sequences and different enzyme kinetics (2000)

Three full-length cDNAs from alfalfa seedlings coding for hydroperoxide lyases were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized as cytochrome P450 enzymes. The isoenzymes were specific for 13-hydroperoxy linoleic and linolenic acids and did not use the 9-hydroperoxy isomers as substrates. Because alfalfa contains both specificities, this indicates the presence of two different types of hydroperoxide lyases, each specific for one kind of substrate. The enzymes contain 480 amino acids (54 kDa) and contain an unusual, nonplastidic N-terminal sequence of 22 amino acids, which strongly reduces the enzyme activity. The only known presequence of a hydroperoxide lyase (from Arabidopsis thaliana) was considered to be a transit sequence. The reduced enzyme activity, however, indicates that the hydroperoxide lyases with N-terminal extensions could be pro-enzymes. This hypothesis is supported by the fast release of hydroperoxide lyase products by plants upon wounding. One of the isoenzymes showed a strongly decreased Vmax and Km compared to the other two. Because this is probably due to the substitution of Ser377 by Phe; the residue at position 377 seems to be important. This is the first time that sufficient quantities of hydroperoxide lyase have been obtained for characterization studies, by circumventing difficult purification procedures and degradation of the enzyme. The high expression level, easy purification, good stability and high specificity make these cloned hydroperoxide lyases excellent tools to study the reaction mechanism and structure. We postulate an integrated reaction mechanism, based on the known chemistry of cytochrome P450 enzymes. This is the first mechanism that unifies all observed features of hydroperoxide lyases.
A semiotic and critical approach to teaching inter-cultural management (2014)

Inter-cultural communication requires not just cognitive and conceptual knowledge but also attributional knowledge to grasp how values relate to behaviour. Multiple inputs must be taken into account, among others specific ‘emic’ knowledge of cultures. Traditional value dimension models also systematically overlook power relationships. To explore this we use a critical approach to culture with special focus on semiotics, seen as a means of interpreting power and status relationships in society through the meanings of signs. Meaning is constructed, dynamic and constantly under review (Magala, 2009) in light of one’s strategic purpose in transactions. As teachers, we use cases mediated by academic, critical and pragmatic analysis to help students gain a rich understanding of multi-cultural business realities. We also make it clear that ‘neutrality’ may not be as neutral as it seems: teachers may have to take sides on cultural and ethical issues.
Handbook of Dementing Illnesses (2006)

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE AND PREVENTION In the past century, life expectancy has increased more than 27 years. As the number of elderly persons has dramatically increased, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the major public health problems in the United States and the entire developed world. The “prevalence and malignancy of AD,” as described in a two-page editorial written in 1976 by Dr. Robert Katzman (1), has become well known to physicians as well as the lay public. In the editorial, Katzman estimated the prevalence and mortality due to AD, and placed AD as a leading cause of death in the United States. Hebert has shown that the impact of AD will be ever more dramatic over the next 50 years as the numbers of very elderly in the population rise at an accelerated rate (2). Projecting age-specific prevalence data for AD to the population distributions obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 4.5 million cases of AD in the United States in the year 2000 and there will be 13.2 million in the year 2050.
Degree of Polarization in Anisotropic Single-Mode Optical Fibers: Theory (1982)

The degree of polarization for propagation waves in anisotropic single-mode fibers is formulated in terms of light source spectrum, incident polarization condition, and fiber parameters. The polarization degree deterioration is based on the incident wave split into two eigenpolarization modes inherent in the fiber. Since the two eigenpolarization modes have different group velocities from each other, the degree of polarization is degraded when both of the modes are excited. Polarization degree is preserved when only one of the eigenpolarization modes is excited. The degradation is determined by the mutual correlation function gamma, between the two modes, which depends on the light source spectra, fiber polarization dispersion, and fiber length.
3D Surface Analysis for Automated Detection of Deformations on Automotive Body Panels (2012)

© 2012 Yogeswaran and Payeur, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 3D Surface Analysis for Automated Detection of Deformations on Automotive Body Panels
Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia by <i>psaA</i> PCR Analysis of Lung Aspirates from Adult Patients in Kenya (2003)

psaA is the gene encoding pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA), a 37-kDa protein expressed on the surface of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PCR primers for psaA have been shown to amplify the target DNA sequence in all 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae and in none of 67 heterologous pathogens and colonizing bacteria of the upper respiratory tract. Pathogenic bacteria identified in lung aspirate specimens cannot normally be dismissed as contaminants or colonizers, which limit the assay specificity of other respiratory tract specimens. psaA PCR analysis was evaluated in 171 lung aspirates from Kenyan adults with acute pneumonia. The limit of detection was one genome equivalent. Sensitivity, estimated in 35 culture-positive lung aspirates, was 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 0.95). psaA PCR analysis extended the number of identifications of S. pneumoniae in lung aspirates from 35 on culture to 61 by both methods. Of 26 new pneumococcal diagnoses, 19 were corroborated by results of blood culture or urine antigen detection. Sequences of the PCR products from 12 positive samples were identical to the psaA target gene fragment. Using an internal control for the PCR, inhibition of psaA PCR was demonstrated in 17% (8 of 47) of false-negative specimens. The results of a control PCR for the human gene beta-actin suggested that false-negative psaA PCR results are attributable to problems of specimen collection, processing, or DNA extraction in 30% of cases (14 of 47). psaA PCR analysis is a sensitive tool for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults.
Unexpected Functional Diversity among FadR Fatty Acid Transcriptional Regulatory Proteins (2005)

The FadR protein of Escherichia coli has been shown to play a dual role in transcription of the genes of bacterial fatty acid metabolism. The protein acts as a repressor of beta-oxidation and an activator of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. FadR DNA binding is antagonized by long chain acyl-CoAs, and thus FadR acts as a sensor of fatty acid availability in the environment. When viewed from a genomic viewpoint, FadR proteins are unusual in that the DNA binding domain is very highly conserved among FadR-containing bacteria, whereas the C-terminal acyl-CoA binding domain shows only weak conservation. To further our understanding of the role of FadR in bacterial lipid metabolism we have examined the in vivo and in vitro properties of a diverse set of FadR proteins expressed in E. coli. In addition to E. coli FadR the proteins examined were those of Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus influenzae. These FadR proteins were found to differ markedly in their effects on repression and induction of beta-oxidation in E. coli and in their acyl-CoA binding abilities as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. The E. coli and S. enterica proteins were the most similar, although they differed in their effects on utilization of oleic acid and acyl-CoA binding affinities, whereas the P. multocida and H. influenzae proteins showed only weak repression and poor acyl-CoA binding affinities. The V. cholerae FadR was strikingly superior to the other proteins in the amplitude of its regulatory response, and it bound long chain acyl-CoAs appreciably more strongly than the E. coli and S. enterica proteins. The significance of these findings is discussed in view of the protein sequences and the physiological niches occupied by these organisms.
Brassinosteroids (1991)

The discovery of a new naturally occurring group of plant growth promoting substances, termed brassins, from various sources of pollen was reported in 1970 (Nature 1970, 225:1065). In 1974 a cooperative effort for identifying the active component(s) of brassins was initiated among U.S.D.A. scientists at the Northern Regional Research Center (NRRC), Peoria, IL; the Eastern Regional Research Center (ERRC), Philadelphia, PA; and the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Beltsville, MD. To obtain enough crude pollen extract for identification, about 227 kg of bee-collected rape (Brassica napus L.) pollen was processed via a pilot plant-size solvent extraction procedure at ERRC and partially purified at BARC (Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1978, 17:351). A few crystals (4 mg) were obtained at NRRC and subjected to x-ray crystallographic analysis to determine structure (Nature 1979, 281:216). This biologically active plant growth promoter, brassinolide [2α, 3α, 22α, 23α-tetrahydroxy-24α-methyl-β-homo-7-oxa-5α-cholestan-6-one], was found to be a steroidal lactone with an empirical formula of C28H48O6 (MW = 480). The concentration of brassinolide in rape pollen is estimated to be about 100 parts per billion. Syntheses of brassinosteroids, biologically active analogues of brassinolide, were first conducted at BARC (J. Organic Chem. 1979, 44:5002).
Zenith-angle dependence of VHF specular reflection echoes in the lower atmosphere (1995)

Abstract We studied the characteristics of specular echoes reflected from stratified layers in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In particular, we observed echoes at antenna-beam zenith angles, θ, from 0 ° to 28 ° in steps of 2 °. When the radar measurements were averaged over about 30 min, the zenith angle dependence of the echo power normalized by the vertical power, S (θ) , was generally the same for sufficiently intense reflection echoes. That is, the echo power was largest in the vertical direction, decreased to about − 10 dB at 6 °, and then gradually decreased to a constant level between − 15 and − 25 dB at θ ≥ 20 °. This constant level is interpreted as the isotropic turbulence scattering level S i . The width of S (θ) was significantly broader than expected for specular reflection from a perfectly horizontal layer. In order to explain this broadening, we developed two numerical models that describe statistically the slope of a reflection layer that has been distorted by vertical gravity-wave motions. With realistic gravity-wave spectra, the shape of S (θ) for θ = 0–6 ° was successfully explained. However, from 8 ° to 18 ° the observed S (θ) was enhanced by as much as 7 dB over the model. From the observations we showed that all of the reflection echoes, including the enhanced echoes at θ = 8–18 °, are probably due to the same process. Then we showed that the discrepancy with the model may be the result of our neglect of the horizontal component of gravity-wave motions, which was done in order to constrain the number of calculations.
RASSF1A methylation is predictive of poor prognosis in female breast cancer in a background of overall low methylation frequency. (2011)

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer worldwide. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is no exception, with ever increasing incidence rates. An interesting feature of this disease is the relatively young age of the affected women. The average age in the present cohort of 100 sporadic cases of invasive ductal carcinomas was 45 years, with a median of 46 years (range between 19-81 years). In an effort to understand the molecular signature of BC in the Saudi population, we undertook this study to profile the methylation events in a series of key genes including Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1 isoform a (RASSF1A), hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB2), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), paired-like homeodomain 2 (PITX2), secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), and slit homolog 2 (SLIT2), using MethyLight analysis in archival tumour samples. Interestingly, the overall methylation levels were low in this cohort, with only 84% of the cases displaying methylation in one or more of the analysed genes. The frequency of RASSF1A methylation was the highest (65%), while there was almost complete absence of methylation of the ESR1 and the CDH1 genes (1% and 3%, respectively). Several statistically significant correlations were identified between specific methylation events and clinical parameters which gained more significance when analysis was limited to the estrogen receptor positive samples. Although there was no significant correlations between any methylation event and disease-specific survival, methylation of MYOD1 or RASSF1A was associated with lower disease-free survival and increased chance of disease recurrence. Furthermore, multivariate (Cox) regression analysis identified RASSF1A as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in terms of disease-free survival in this cohort. Our findings provide further evidence on the usefulness of RASSF1A methylation status as an informative prognostic biomarker in BC in a Saudi population.
A Motion Planning System for Mobile Robots (2012)

In this paper, a motion planning system for a mobile robot is proposed. Path planning tries to find a feasible path for mobile robots to move from a starting node to a target node in an environment with obstacles. A genetic algorithm is used to generate an optimal path by taking the advantage of its strong optimization ability. Mobile robot, obstacle and target localizations are realized by means of camera and image processing. A graphical user interface (GUI) is designed for the motion planning system that allows the user to interact with the robot system and to observe the robot environment. All the software components of the system are written in MATLAB that provides to use non-predefined accessories rather than the robot firmware has, to avoid confusing in C++ libraries of robot's proprietary software, to control the robot in detail and not to re-compile the programs frequently in real-time dynamic operations.
General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications (2011)

The overall goal of the authors with General Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications was to produce a text that introduces the students to the relevance and excitement of chemistry. Although much of first-year chemistry is taught as a service course, Bruce and Patricia feel there is no reason that the intrinsic excitement and potential of chemistry cannot be the focal point of the text and the course. So, they emphasize the positive aspects of chemistry and its relationship to students’ lives, which requires bringing in applications early and often. In addition, the authors feel that many first year chemistry students have an enthusiasm for biologically and medically relevant topics, so they use an integrated approach in their text that includes explicit discussions of biological and environmental applications of chemistry. Topics relevant to materials science are also introduced to meet the more specific needs of engineering students. To facilitate integration of such material, simple organic structures, nomenclature, and reactions are introduced very early in the text, and both organic and inorganic examples are used wherever possible. This approach emphasizes the distinctions between ionic and covalent bonding, thus enhancing the students’ chance of success in the organic chemistry course that traditionally follows general chemistry. Finally, the authors made a conscious effort to treat material that has traditionally been relegated to boxes, and thus perhaps perceived as peripheral by the students, by incorporating it into the text to serve as a learning tool. To begin the discussion of chemistry rapidly, the traditional first chapter introducing units, significant figures, conversion factors, dimensional analysis, and so on, has been reorganized. The material has been placed in the chapters where the relevant concepts are first introduced, thus providing three advantages: (1) it eliminates the tedium of the traditional approach, which introduces mathematical operations at the outset, and thus avoids the perception that chemistry is a mathematics course; (2) it avoids the early introduction of operations such as logarithms and exponents, which are typically not encountered again for several chapters and may easily be forgotten when they are needed; and (3), it provides a review for those students who have already had relatively sophisticated high school chemistry and math courses, although the sections are designed primarily for students unfamiliar with the topic. Consider this text for your course if you are interested in In summary, a text that represents a step in the evolution of general chemistry texts toward one that reflects the increasing overlap between chemistry and other disciplines. Most importantly, if you want a text that discusses exciting and relevant aspects of biological, environmental, and materials science that are usually relegated to the last few chapters, in a format that allows the you to tailor the emphasis to the needs of the class. Request your desk copy today.
Function and Regulation of the Murine Lymphocyte CD2 Receptor (1991)

The CD2 receptor on T-lymphocytes plays a major part in mediating adhesive interactions via the LFA-3 ligand and in transducing signals for lymphocyte activation. In this study the expression, function, and internalization of the CD2 receptor was investigated in resting and activated murine T-cells. Surface iodination of intact lymphocytes showed that both types of cell expressed this antigen as a single polypeptide of 63 KDa, and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that there was four times as much CD2 on lymphoblasts as on resting cells. Moreover, the CD2 receptor had a more prominent role in the adhesion of the activated lymphocytes to extravascular cells than in the binding of resting cells. Only activated lymphocytes internalized CD2, in the presence or absence of the anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 12-15, more than 80% of the 12-15/CD2 complex being removed from the cell surface within 24 hr. Application of 125I-labelled mAb 12-15 followed by subcellular fractionation on Percoll gradients showed that the complex was internalized initially into a low-density compartment and subsequently transported to heavy-density organelles, in which it was degraded. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed that immediately after the initial binding of mAb 12-15 to the lymphoblasts, the gold particles were localized in clusters exclusively at the plasma membrane. After a short period of culture, the mAb 12-15/CD2 complex was detected in small vesicles near the cell surface. Immunogold staining for a lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase (Gus), for the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-1, and for the mannose 6-phosphate targetting receptor (MPR) showed that the complex was transported from the endosomal compartment to lysosomal organelles in the activated T-cell. Although mAb 12-15 bound to CD2 in resting T-lymphocytes, in these cells the complex remained associated with the plasma membrane compartment only, even after prolonged culture. These data show that activated but not resting lymphocytes endocytosed the receptor, thereby regulating the expression of this antigen at the plasma membrane. This suggests that the endocytic and lysosomal compartments of lymphocytes have major roles in immune functions, by controlling the level of receptors at the lymphocytes cell surface and thus their response to cytokines and inflammatory mediators as well as their direct interaction with other cells.
Notes concerning the peritonitis of urinary aetiology. (2010)

Urinary peritonitis (the uroperitoneum) is categorized as a difficult to diagnose clinical entity due to its poor manifestations. Vesical trauma following pelvis bone fracture is the most frequently involved in the uroperitoneum aetiology, followed by spontaneous vesical rupture and intraoperative iatrogenic lesions. One of the most important and constant signs that can occur is diffuse abdominal tension, without tenderness. The imagistic procedure that sets the diagnosis is retrograde cystography showing intraperitoneal urine effusion. Vesical rupture is a surgical emergency. The uroperitoneum is a particular type of peritonitis that has hidden and misleading symptoms which can delay the diagnosis long enough to endanger the patient's life.
Slim-type Speaker for Flat-panel Televisions (2006)

An ultra-slim speaker incorporating a new sandwich-type magnetic circuit has been designed, making the speaker slimmer than a traditional one. The rigid diaphragm and the planar voice coil suppress the diaphragm's unwanted vibration mode and reproduces high quality sound. This slim speaker is suitable for flat-panel display televisions.
In-vitro Investigations on Ultrasonic Control of Water Chestnut (2007)

Water chestnut ( Trapa natans L.) is native to southern Europe and tropical Africa and Asia and was first introduced into North America in 1874. Since then, wild populations have quickly become established in many locations in the northeastern United States. T. natans is referred to as a noxious aquatic weed since its aggressive growth usually results in complete coverage of the water surface with floating rosettes of leaves. This study investigated the potential of the ultrasonic control of water chestnut since ultrasound has been documented to effectively damage plant cells and tissues. Various frequencies and amplitudes of ultrasound waves generated by submerged transducers were applied directly to water chestnuts. Ultrasound frequencies of 20-kHz, 100-kHz, 500-kHz, 1-MHz, and 2-MHz caused substantial damage to plant cells and penetrated petiole tissues. 20-kHz ultrasound caused the most significant cell damage after 10 seconds of ultrasound exposure. The mortality rate of water chestnut plants treated with ultrasound aimed directly at water chestnut stems was 97% with no seed production. The results of this laboratory study demonstrated that ultrasound caused severe damage and plant death by aiming 20-kHz ultrasound waves directly on water chestnut stems. In the future, development of a high-efficiency multi-transducer device is recommended for a field demonstration. Limited research has been conducted to determine the effects of 201