gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potentials of ES Cell Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2008)

Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a heterogeneous spectrum of neural disorders that cause severe and progressive cognitive and motor deficits. A histological hallmark of these disorders is the occurrence of disease-specific cell death in specific regional subpopulations of neurons, such as the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegenerative disease can also possibly occur from the loss or dysfunction of selected glial cell subsets, such as the dysfunction of supportive glial cells around somatic motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The central nervous system (CNS), unlike many other tissues, has a very limited capacity for self-repair. Mature nerve cells lack the ability to regenerate, although endogenous neural stem cells exist in the adult brain that do have very limited ability to generate new functional neurons in response to injury. Rapid advances in stem cell biology have opened an alternative, fascinating perspective of neurogenesis by activation of endogenous neural stem cells and/or transplantation of in vitro-expanded stem cells and/or their neuronal- or glial-differentiated progeny. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, because of their ability to provide seemingly unlimited supply of specific cell types, their amenability to genetic engineering manipulations, and their broad developmental potential, are expected to become a cell source and biological delivery system for use in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, and are likely to play a role in the development of novel cell-based therapies for these indications. However, before the full potential of ES cells can be realized for regenerative medicine, we need to understand mechanisms regulating their proliferation, differentiation into therapeutically relevant cells, and most importantly in the case of neuronal and glial lineages, to characterize their functional properties. In the present review we will be focusing on the factors and methodologies responsible for differentiation of ES cell into different neural precursors and neural cell lineages with particular emphasis on the potential research and clinical applications of ES cells in the field of neurodegenerative disease.
Recent Advances in Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene-Polymer Nanocomposites (2012)

Graphene has attracted considerable interest over recent years due to its intrinsic mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Incorporation of small quantity of graphene fillers into polymer can create novel nanocomposites with im- proved structural and functional properties. This review introduced the recent progress in fabrication, properties and potential applications of graphene-polymer composites. Recent research clearly confirmed that graphene-polymer na-nocomposites are promising materials with applications ranging from transportation, biomedical systems, sensors, elec-trodes for solar cells and electromagnetic interference. In addition to graphene-polymer nanocomposites, this article also introduced the synergistic effects of hybrid graphene-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the properties of composites. Finally, some technical problems associated with the development of these nanocomposites are discussed.
k-Support anonymity based on pseudo taxonomy for outsourcing of frequent itemset mining (2010)

For any outsourcing service, privacy is a major concern. This paper focuses on outsourcing frequent itemset mining and examines the issue on how to protect privacy against the case where the attackers have precise knowledge on the supports of some items. We propose a new approach referred to as k-support anonymity to protect each sensitive item with k-1 other items of similar support. To achieve k-support anonymity, we introduce a pseudo taxonomy tree and have the third party mine the generalized frequent itemsets under the corresponding generalized association rules instead of association rules. The pseudo taxonomy is a construct to facilitate hiding of the original items, where each original item can map to either a leaf node or an internal node in the taxonomy tree. The rationale for this approach is that with a taxonomy tree, the k nodes to satisfy the k-support anonymity may be any k nodes in the taxonomy tree with the appropriate supports. So this approach can provide more candidates for k-support anonymity with limited fake items as only the leaf nodes, not the internal nodes, of the taxonomy tree need to appear in the transactions. Otherwise for the association rule mining, the k nodes to satisfy the k-support anonymity have to correspond to the leaf nodes in the taxonomy tree. This is far more restricted. The challenge is thus on how to generate the pseudo taxonomy tree to facilitate k-support anonymity and to ensure the conservation of original frequent itemsets. The experimental results showed that our methods of k-support anonymity can achieve very good privacy protection with moderate storage overhead.
Contrast enhancement using brightness preserving bi-histogram equalization (1997)

Histogram equalization is widely used for contrast enhancement in a variety of applications due to its simple function and effectiveness. Examples include medical image processing and radar signal processing. One drawback of the histogram equalization can be found on the fact that the brightness of an image can be changed after the histogram equalization, which is mainly due to the flattening property of the histogram equalization. Thus, it is rarely utilized in consumer electronic products such as TV where preserving the original input brightness may be necessary in order not to introduce unnecessary visual deterioration. This paper proposes a novel extension of histogram equalization to overcome such a drawback of histogram equalization. The essence of the proposed algorithm is to utilize independent histogram equalizations separately over two subimages obtained by decomposing the input image based on its mean with a constraint that the resulting equalized subimages are bounded by each other around the input mean. It is shown mathematically that the proposed algorithm preserves the mean brightness of a given image significantly well compared to typical histogram equalization while enhancing the contrast and, thus, provides a natural enhancement that can be utilized in consumer electronic products.
Strategies to improve contrast in turboFLASH imaging: Reordered phase encoding and K‐space segmentation (1991)

TurboFLASH (fast low-angle shot) sequences enable the acquisition of an image in a fraction of a second. However, unique to T1-weighted ultrafast imaging, the magnetization variation during image acquisition can produce artifacts along the phase-encoding direction. In this study, the signal behavior and nature of these artifacts were analyzed with various acquisition schemes to improve image contrast. The magnetization variation during image acquisition and its filtering effect on the image were simulated for three different approaches to T1-weighted turboFLASH imaging: standard turboFLASH with (a) monotonically ascending phase-encoding steps, (b) reordered phase encoding, and (c) k-space segmentation. Each of the modified data acquisition schemes has advantages. However, for subsecond imaging, reordered phase encoding produced improved image contrast over that of standard turboFLASH, and segmented k-space imaging gave superior tissue contrast compared with that of both standard and reordered turboFLASH, with imaging time that permits breath-hold studies.
Enhancement of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2-Mediated Transgene Expression in a Lung Epithelial Cell Line by Inhibition of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (2003)

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have attracted considerable interest as gene delivery systems because they show long-term expression in vivo and transduce numerous cell types. Limitations to successful gene transduction from rAAVs have prompted investigations of a variety of treatments to enhance transgene expression from rAAV vectors. Tyrphostin-1, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, dramatically enhances rAAV transgene expression. Elegant studies have demonstrated that a single-strand D-sequence-binding protein (ssDBP) is phosphorylated by EGFR and binds to the D sequence element in the AAV terminal repeat (TR). Binding of the Tyr-phosphorylated ssDBP prevents conversion of single-stranded vector DNA to a double-strand conformation. We observed dramatic increases in transgene expression in lung epithelial cells (IB3) with tyrphostin treatment. Gel shift analysis of ssDBP revealed that its DNA binding characteristics were unchanged after tyrphostin treatment or adenovirus infection. Tyrphostin stimulated rAAV transgene expression to a greater extent than adenovirus coinfection. Southern hybridizations revealed that the vector DNA remained in the single-strand conformation in tyrphostin-treated cells but double-stranded replicative form monomer DNA was most abundant in adenovirus-infected cells. Northern analyses revealed that tyrphostin treatment enhanced mRNA accumulation more than in adenovirus-infected cultures even though replicative form DNA was undetectable. Analysis of the JNK, ERK, and p38K mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways revealed that tyrphostin treatment stimulated the activity of JNK and p38K. Our data suggest that tyrphostin-induced alteration of stress response pathways results in dramatic enhancement of transcription on linear vector DNA templates in the IB3 cell line. These results expand the downstream targets of the EGFR in regulating rAAV transduction.
Design of a Battery Powered Skid-Steer Loader (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A battery-powered, skid-steer, loader was designed for farm-chore routines and general materials handling activities. The design criteria used are discussed in terms of vehicle performance, safety and energy use. Tubular plate, lead-acid batteries provide a usable energy capacity of 25 KWh. Series wound motors were used for traction and a compound motor used for the hydraulics package.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Side entry is a unique feature, facilitated by the opportunity to place the battery mass as a counter balancing force, which may provide easier and safer access than is currently offered by skid-steer loaders. The break-out force, lift-capacity, lift height and lifting rate are comparable with commercially available skid-steer loaders. An SCR dual-proportional controller operates two series wound traction motors. Two joystick controllers directionally position the vehicle, regular forward and reverse speeds and operate the loader hydraulics.</div>
AFLP fingerprinting reveals pattern differences between template DNA extracted from different plant organs (1997)

AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) fingerprinting of cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and some of its wild relatives has allowed the efficient detection of large numbers of polymorphic amplified fragments. While the reproducibility of fingerprints in repeated experiments is high, pattern differences were observed between fingerprints obtained from seed and leaf DNA template from the same wheat accession. These distinct organ specific amplified DNA fragments were shown to be due neither to genotypic mixtures nor to pathogen contamination. They are likely a result of differences in DNA methylation between organs. Even greater numbers of organ specific amplified fragments were observed when fingerprints obtained from the root and shoot of individual seedlings of the wheat relatives Aegilops mutica and Aegilops speltoides were compared. This phenomenon underlines the importance of ensuring that DNA is extracted from physiologically uniform tissue in phylogenetic studies based on AFLP fingerprints. For this purpose, mature seed is a convenient source.
A review of tree-based Bayesian methods (2017)

Tree-based regression and classification ensembles form a standard part of the data-science toolkit. Many commonly used methods take an algorithmic view, proposing greedy methods for constructing decision trees; examples include the classification and regression trees algorithm, boosted decision trees, and random forests. Recent history has seen a surge of interest in Bayesian techniques for constructing decision tree ensembles, with these methods frequently outperforming their algorithmic counterparts. The goal of this article is to survey the landscape surrounding Bayesian decision tree methods, and to discuss recent modeling and computational developments. We provide connections between Bayesian tree-based methods and existing machine learning techniques, and outline several recent theoretical developments establishing frequentist consistency and rates of convergence for the posterior distribution. The methodology we present is applicable for a wide variety of statistical tasks including regression, classification, modeling of count data, and many others. We illustrate the methodology on both simulated and real datasets.
Evaluation of Slot-Embedded Partial Electrostatic Shield for High-Frequency Bearing Current Mitigation in Inverter-Fed Induction Motors (2012)

In the last decade, the use of PWM voltage-source inverters to control three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors has increased significantly. Consequently, high-frequency current activity in the bearings of inverter-fed motors and/or of devices mechanically coupled to their shaft is presently a common issue, ultimately shortening the bearings lifetime. In fact, bearing failures occurrence in inverter-fed motors increased dramatically in the last few years. Recently, the effectiveness of insulation-based bearing current mitigation techniques (e.g., bearings with insulated rings or ceramic spheres) and/or motor shaft grounding with an electric contact brush has been fairly investigated. However, there are some alternative high-frequency common-mode bearing current mitigation techniques requiring further investigation. In this paper, a stator slot-embedded partial electrostatic shield to reduce the capacitive coupling between the stator windings and the rotor in inverter-fed motors is proposed, analyzed, and implemented, being experimentally demonstrated its practicability and effectiveness in attenuating the common-mode voltage between the rotor shaft and the frame/ground, contributing to the reduction of high-frequency common-mode bearing current activity.
Combination of HCGbeta, CA 19-9 and CEA with logistic regression improves accuracy in gastrointestinal malignancies. (2002)

Serum hCGbeta, CA 19-9 and CEA provide additive diagnostic information in gastrointestinal malignancies and the use of an algorithm established by LR analysis improves diagnostic accuracy.
ChemInform Abstract: Submillisecond Organic Synthesis: Outpacing Fries Rearrangement Through Microfluidic Rapid Mixing. (2016)

Abstract A microfluidic technique that outpaces the very rapid anionic Fries rearrangement to chemoselectively functionalize iodophenyl carbamates at the ortho position is reported.
Hydrogen desorption in SiGe films: A diffusion limited process (1997)

A model to explain the hydrogen desorption kinetics in SiGe alloys is presented. This is an extension of a previous desorption model of hydrogen from Si, that considers the presence of three dimer types in the surface in which hydrogen atoms tend to pair before the desorption reaction. Surface diffusion is included in the model. The comparison with experimental results shows that desorption is a diffusion limited process.
Progressive lightning III―The fine structure of return lightning strokes (1937)

Abstract It has been established in two previous papers by Schonland, and the authors (Schonland and Collens 1934; Schonland, Malan and Collens 1935) that the lightning flash involves two consecutive processes, a downward moving leader and an upward moving main or return process. These two processes are repeated for each separate of the series which may make up a complete flash. In these papers it has been shown that the return stroke travels with a velocity of the order of 2 x 109 cm./sec., and that the velocity decreases as the stroke travels upwards. Variations in luminosity and in velocity have been found to occur after the stroke has passed points where the original leader channel has branched.
Measurement of the nonlinear coefficient of telecommunication fibers as a function of Er, Al, and Ge doping profiles by using the photorefractive beam-coupling technique (2005)

We have used the photorefractive two-beam-coupling technique to measure the nonlinear coefficient (n_2/A_eff) of several telecommunication fibers and investigated the dependence of n_2/A_eff on Er, Al, and Ge doping profiles in single-mode fibers, where n_2 is the nonlinear refractive index and A_eff is the effective area of the LP_01 mode. A semiempirical relation is derived for predicting the value of n_2/A_eff as a function of Er, Al, and Ge content in optical fibers. We have further examined the wavelength dependence of A_eff in pure and doped silica fibers between 1064 and 1552 nm and found that the A_eff value of doped fibers changes more markedly with wavelength than that of pure-silica fibers.
Amino acid transporters (1995)

This review focuses on two main aspects of amino acid transport. One aspect is the role of the basic amino acid transporter gene in causing cystinuria, its functional properties, and its potential transport functions. The other is the regulation of amino acid transporters at the levels of information processing and cellular organization.
Performance, forage utilization, and ergovaline consumption by beef cows grazing endophyte fungus-infected tall fescue, endophyte fungus-free tall fescue, or orchardgrass pastures1 (1992)

Two 120-d trials (May to September, 1988 and 1989) determined the effects of grazing tall fescue (two varieties) or orchardgrass on forage intake and performance by beef cows. Each summer, 48 cow-calf pairs grazed endophyte-infected Kentucky-31 tall fescue (KY-31), endophyte-free Mozark tall fescue (MOZARK), or Hallmark orchardgrass (OG) pastures (16 pairs/treatment). Forage OM intakes and digestibilities were determined during June and August each year. Cow and calf BW and milk production were determined every 28 d. During June of both years, OM intakes did not differ (P greater than .10) among treatments. During August of 1988, intakes were 18% lower (P less than .05) by KY-31 cows (1.6% of BW) than by MOZARK or OG cows (average 1.95% of BW); however, no differences (P greater than .10) were measured in August of 1989. Estimates of ergovaline consumption during June from KY-31 were between 4.2 (1988) and 6.0 mg/d (1989), whereas August estimates were between 1.1 (1988) and 2.8 mg/d (1989). Ergovaline in MOZARK estrusa was below detection limits, except in August of 1989. Cows that grazed KY-31 lost three times (P less than .01) more BW than cows that grazed MOZARK or OG (42 vs 9 and 13 kg, respectively). Milk production by KY-31 cows was 25% lower (P less than .01) than that by cows that grazed MOZARK or OG (6.0 vs average of 8.0 kg/d). Similarly, slower (P less than .01) calf gains were noted for KY-31 than for MOZARK or OG (.72 vs .89 and .88 kg/d, respectively). Cows grazing KY-31 experienced accelerated BW loss and reduced milk production and weaned lighter calves than did cows grazing MOZARK or OG. Decreased performance was not explained by consistently reduced forage intakes; hence, altered nutrient utilization was suspected.
Compensated-DNN: Energy Efficient Low-Precision Deep Neural Networks by Compensating Quantization Errors (2018)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) represent the state-of-the-art in many Artificial Intelligence (AI) tasks involving images, videos, text, and natural language. Their ubiquitous adoption is limited by the high computation and storage requirements of DNNs, especially for energy-constrained inference tasks at the edge using wearable and IoT devices. One promising approach to alleviate the computational challenges is implementing DNNs using low-precision fixed point (<;16 bits) representation. However, the quantization error inherent in any Fixed Point (FxP) implementation limits the choice of bit-widths to maintain application-level accuracy. Prior efforts recommend increasing the network size and/or re-training the DNN to minimize loss due to quantization, albeit with limited success. Complementary to the above approaches, we present Compensated-DNN, wherein we propose to dynamically compensate the error introduced due to quantization during execution. To this end, we introduce a new fixed-point representation viz. Fixed Point with Error Compensation (FPEC). The bits in FPEC are split between computation bits vs. compensation bits. The computation bits use conventional FxP notation to represent the number at low-precision. On the other hand, the compensation bits (1 or 2 bits at most) explicitly capture an estimate (direction and magnitude) of the quantization error in the representation. For a given word length, since FPEC uses fewer computation bits compared to FxP representation, we achieve a near-quadratic improvement in energy in the multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations. The compensation bits are simultaneously used by a low-overhead sparse compensation scheme to estimate the error accrued during MAC operations, which is then added to the MAC output to minimize the impact of quantization. We build compensated-DNNs for 7 popular image recognition benchmarks with 0.05-20.5 million neurons and 0.01-15.5 billion connections. Based on gate-level analysis at 14nm technology, we achieve 2.65 × -4.88 × and 1.13 × -1.7 × improvement in energy compared to 16-bit and 8-bit FxP implementations respectively, while maintaining <;0.5% loss in classification accuracy.
The Sub-micron GaN HEMT Device on 200mm Si(111) Wafer with Low Wafer Bow (2018)

GaN-on-Silicon growth by MOCVD is wildly discussed in the context of stress and strain management. The low bow AlGaN/GaN structure grew on 200mm Si(111) wafer was demonstrated in this study. After using the sapphire pits on the normal flat susceptor, the wafer bow and residual stress decrease to 21.27um and 0.28GPa tensile stress. The GaN quality and the Rs in HEMT also got huge improvement. The sub-micron devices also show the comparable results in DC and small signal characteristics.