gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why Do Children Fight? Motivations and the Mode of Recruitment (2011)

Recruitment and retention are essential for any group. To be viable, a group must have members, whether a labour union, a political party, a football club or a rebel army. A group must convince people to join and to persuade them to continue participating in the group. For a violent organization engaged in military conflict, failing to retain members could be fatal – threatening the survival of the group itself as well as its leadership.KeywordsChild LabourArmed GroupChild SoldierFootball ClubHarsh PunishmentThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Effect of Row Direction on Spring Oat Yields<sup>1</sup> (1958)

Synopsis Spring oats drilled in north‐south direction yielded slightly more grain than those seeded in east‐west direction. The advantage for north‐south row direction increased as row spacing increased. Stand counts of inter‐seeded clover varied with oat row spacing and this variation was affected by distance from the oat rows and also the direction of the oat rows. Soil moisture and light intensity data were collected in an attempt to explain this interesting ecological phenomenon.
The third component of complement: covalent attachment of a radioactive sugar to the labile binding site of C3 via the alternative pathway. (1981)

A complement- (C) fixing particle consisting of agarose beads to which 5-thioglucose was attached by a --S--S-- bond (agarose-thioglucose) was employed to investigate the mechanism of attachment of C3 to surfaces. When whole serum containing [125I] C3 was incubated with agarose-thioglucose, labeled C3b was taken up in a form that was not removed by 2 M NaCl but was released by 10 mM dithiothreitol. Deposition of DTT-releasable C3b was dependent upon the alternative pathway of C activation. Gel electrophoresis of DTT-releasable C3b from similar experiments performed with unlabeled serum and agarose-[3H]thioglucose showed that the liberated C3b contained a molecule of radioactive thioglucose attached to the alpha'-chain by a covalent bond that was stable to mercaptoethanol. We propose that the thioglucose-alpha' chain bond was formed during the course of C activation by a reaction between the "labile binding site" of newly released C3b and the (then) particle-bound sugar. This formulation implies that the reaction by which C3b attaches to 5-thioglucose in this system is the reaction responsible for opsonization by C3b, and that the C3b-linked sugar represents a marker for the labile binding site. Incubation of the particle-bound C3b in serum resulted in the cleavage of the covalently linked alpha'-chain to several smaller polypeptides, the major cleavage product having a m.w. of 70,000.
Effects of Frame Design and Cab Suspension on the Ride Quality of Heavy Trucks (2002)

Frame and cab suspension designs of Class 8 heavy trucks were investigated to see their effects on ride comfort. Four trucks were used in this study, each with a different frame: a factory low frame, a lightweight low frame, a factory high frame, and a lightweight high frame. There were two different frame heights and three thicknesses. Two different rear cab suspensions were also tried out on each truck. Both suspensions used two airsprings and two dampers mounted vertically to control the vertical motion. The first suspension used two horizontally mounted dampers to control the lateral motion, while the second used a panhard rod connected to a torsion spring. In addition, two different sets of airsprings and two sets of vertical shocks were tried with each suspension, giving eight suspension combinations. The trucks were shaken through the forward drive (second) axle using two 5500 lb hydraulic actuators with displacement control. The steering (first) axle was left in contact with the ground (through the tires) and the rear drive (third) axle was strapped to the truck's frame and acted solely as dead weight. The actuators were given various inputs including single frequency sinusoidal signals, step signals, and decreasing amplitude chirp signals. Both roll and heave modes of the truck were excited. The ride was measured using three accelerometers located at the B-post inside the truck cab. These accelerometers were oriented in the vertical, fore/aft (longitudinal), and lateral (left/right) directions. Numerous other accelerometers and LVDTs were used to measure frame and cab motion. This study found that there while the beaming frequency shifted downward with the lighter frames, there was only a small decrease in ride quality. The panhard suspension rod had significantly higher roll motion, but the heave amplitudes were similar to the lateral damper suspension. Switching vertical shocks had a significant effect on heave motion, but none on the cab's roll. Switching the airsprings on the cab suspension in this study had no effect.
Quaternary phase shift keying for high speed DWDM transmission (2008)

To overcome limiting fiber effects as chromatic dispersion, PMD and also Kerr nonlinearities in high speed DWDM transmission, quaternary phase shift keying has been extensively investigated during the recent years, implementing both direct-detection (DD) and coherent reception schemes. We review recent experimental trial results on DD examining the robustness of RZ-DQPSK against linear and nonlinear fiber distortions in laboratory and field environments. The combination of QPSK modulation with polarization multiplexing and coherent detection opens a path towards greater spectral efficiency and thus to 100 Gb/s line rates, however at the cost of reduced tolerance against nonlinear effects.
Complement and virus-specific antibody-dependent infection of normal B lymphocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1993)

We tested the susceptibility of human purified, normal B lymphocytes to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, in the presence or absence of complement-sufficient serum and of virus-specific antibodies. Virus replication was detected when cells were infected in the presence of both complement and anti-HIV antibodies (C'-ADE conditions), by day 2 postinfection. Similar results were obtained when B lymphocytes were purified either from peripheral blood (three healthy donors) or from tonsils (four individuals with chronic tonsillitis). HIV infection was shown by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of proviral sequences (gag and pol genes), by p24 antigen synthesis, and by cocultivation assay with MT2 cells. The higher p24 production was obtained when B cells were preactivated for 2 days by phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate (PMA) before infection and then cultured in the presence of low-molecular weight B-cell growth factor (LMW-BCGF). Expression of virus envelope glycoprotein (gp) 120 could also be detected on a subpopulation of B cells (CD19+, CD22+) by flow cytometry. Blocking experiments with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against CD4, CD21 (complement receptor 2 [CR2]), CD35 (CR1), CD19, and CD5 surface molecules indicated that infection of B cells involves CD4, CD21, and CD35 antigens. Indeed, blocking of CD4 receptor inhibited 10% of p24 production, and blocking of both CD21 and CD35 led to extinction of p24 signal. CR-dependent pathway is thus a major route for C'-ADE of HIV infection in normal B cells. Our results emphasize the importance of studying interactions between HIV and the complement system for better understanding infection mechanisms and the major dysfunctions of B cells in HIV-infected individuals.
Radio-frequency beam conditioner for fast-wave free-electron generators of coherent radiation. (1992)

A method for conditioning electron beams is proposed to enhance gain in resonant electron-beam devices by introducing a correlation between betatron amplitude and energy. This correlation reduces the axial-velocity spread within the beam, and thereby eliminates an often severe constraint on beam emittance. Free-electron-laser performance with a conditioned beam is examined and analysis is performed of a conditioner consisting of a periodic arry of ``FODO'' channels and idealized microwave cavitites excited in the ${\mathrm{TM}}_{210}$ mode. Numerical examples are discussed.
Hormones and lupus: defective dehydroepiandrosterone activity induces impaired interleukin-2 activity of T lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (1996)

There is strong evidence to implicate the involvement of sex steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the precise role of an imbalance of circulating sex hormones in the pathogenesis of the disease remains to be fully elucidated. Recent studies of our own as well as others have shown that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an intermediate compound in testosterone synthesis, significantly up-regulates IL-2 production of normal T cells and that administration of exogenous DHEA or IL-2 via a vaccinia construct to mice with murine lupus dramatically reverses their clinical autoimmune diseases. Thus, it is possible that in patients with SLE, the reported deficiency of IL-2 production is associated with defective DHEA activity. Indeed, we found that nearly all of the patients examined have very low levels of serum DHEA. The decreased DHEA levels are not simply a reflection of long term corticosteroid treatment, since serum samples drawn at the onset of disease, prior to any corticosteroid treatment also contained low levels of DHEA. In addition, supplementation with DHEA of the in vitro cultures of T cells restored impaired IL-2 production in patients with SLE. Thus, it would be suggested that defects of IL-2 synthesis in patients with SLE are at least in part due to the low DHEA activity in the serum, and that supplementation of DHEA could improve clinical manifestations in patients with SLE.
Solvent-Processible Polymer Membrane-Based Liquid Junction-Free Reference Electrode (1998)

A new type of liquid junction-free reference electrode system is devised by employing solvent-processible polymer membranes. The membranes are formulated with either a one-component silicone rubber or an aromatic-type polyurethane as the matrixes. The optimized formulations incorporate both cation- and anion-exchange sites (i.e., potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate and tridodecylmethylammonium chloride) and, in the case of silicone rubber, a plasticizer. The silicone rubber-based membrane, while possessing minimal response toward most ions, is found to display a near-Nernstian response to pH change. The aromatic polyurethane matrix formulation, however, is not sensitive to pH over a wide range (i.e., pH 2−12) and is shown to exhibit only a small emf variation (within ±2 mV) toward a wide variety of salts added even at very high concentrations (i.e., up to 0.1 M). Potentiometric emf responses of ISEs (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-), whether paired with a polymer membrane-based reference electrode or with a conventional liquid junction-type reference electrode, are shown to be remarkably similar within the precision of the measurement setup. The feasibility of adapting the proposed reference electrode to the planar solid-state sensor format is also demonstrated.
Sesame: Current knowledge of composition and use (1972)

Abstract Because of its good taste and outstanding stability, sesame oil has long been one of the most desirable edible vegetable oils. Sesame meal is a valuable supplement for food and feeds because of the high methionine content of its protein relative to other oilseed proteins. Production of sesame seed in the U.S. has been small but is expected to increase with success in the development of nonshattering varieties. Current information on the composition, properties, processing and use of sesame is discussed.
A STUDY OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME CINNAMATE SUNSCREENS BY STEADY STATE AND LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS (1982)

Abstract The E ⇄ Z photoisomerization of 4′‐methoxycinnamates, used as sunscreens in cosmetics, has been studied by steady state and laser flash photolysis, in aqueous and organic solutions. Photoisomerization quantum yields are found to be fairly high (˜0.5‐1), although no intermediate is detected upon laser flash photolysis. Cinnamates are not photodynamic sensitizers but are able to quench the 8‐methoxy‐psoralen and 5‐methoxypsoralen triplets which produces E → Z isomerization.
Aliphatic β-Chlorovinyl Aldoximes<sup>1a</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAliphatic β-Chlorovinyl Aldoximes1aWalter R. Benson and Albert E. PohlandCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 4, 1126–1129Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1965https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01015a043RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views224Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (539 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improved asymmetry prediction for short interfering <scp>RNA</scp>s (2013)

In the development of RNA interference therapeutics, merely selecting short interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences that are complementary to the mRNA target does not guarantee target silencing. Current algorithms for selecting siRNAs rely on many parameters, one of which is asymmetry, often predicted through calculation of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the two ends of the siRNA. However, we have previously shown that highly active siRNA sequences are likely to have particular nucleotides at each 5'-end, independently of their thermodynamic asymmetry. Here, we describe an algorithm for predicting highly active siRNA sequences based only on these two asymmetry parameters. The algorithm uses end-sequence nucleotide preferences and predicted thermodynamic stabilities, each weighted on the basis of training data from the literature, to rank the probability that an siRNA sequence will have high or low activity. The algorithm successfully predicts weakly and highly active sequences for enhanced green fluorescent protein and protein kinase R. Use of these two parameters in combination improves the prediction of siRNA activity over current approaches for predicting asymmetry. Going forward, we anticipate that this approach to siRNA asymmetry prediction will be incorporated into the next generation of siRNA selection algorithms.
Obesity, Overeating, and Rapid Gastric Emptying in Rats with Ventromedial Hypothalamic Lesions (1986)

Measurements confirm the quantitative theoretical prediction that the autonomic nonendocrine abnormality of rapid daytime gastric emptying is the major primary cause of the obesity resulting from ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats. Therapy for obesity could include slowing of stomach emptying.
A multiscale dynamic programming procedure for boundary detection in ultrasonic artery images (2000)

Ultrasonic measurements of human carotid and femoral artery walls are conventionally obtained by manually tracing interfaces between tissue layers. The drawbacks of this method are the interobserver variability and inefficiency. In this paper, we present a new automated method which reduces these problems. By applying a multiscale dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, approximate vessel wall positions are first estimated in a coarse-scale image, which then guide the detection of the boundaries in a fine-scale image. In both cases, DP is used for finding a global optimum for a cost function. The cost function is a weighted sum of terms, in fuzzy expression forms, representing image features and geometrical characteristics of the vessel interfaces. The weights are adjusted by a training procedure using human expert tracings. Operator interventions, if needed, also take effect under the framework of global optimality. This reduces the amount of human intervention and, hence, variability due to subjectiveness. By incorporating human knowledge and experience, the algorithm becomes more robust. A thorough evaluation of the method in the clinical environment shows that interobserver variability is evidently decreased and so is the overall analysis time. We conclude that the automated procedure can replace the manual procedure and leads to an improved performance.
Acclimation kinetics of physiological and molecular responses of plants to multiple mechanical loadings (2010)

During their development, plants are subjected to repeated and fluctuating wind loads, an environmental factor predicted to increase in importance by scenarios of global climatic change. Notwithstanding the importance of wind stress on plant growth and development, little is known about plant acclimation to the bending stresses imposed by repeated winds. The time-course of acclimation of young poplars (Populus tremula L.xP. alba L.) to multiple stem bendings is studied here by following diameter growth and the expression of four genes PtaZFP2, PtaTCH2, PtaTCH4, and PtaACS6, previously described to be involved in the mechanical signalling transduction pathway. Young trees were submitted either to one transient bending per day for several days or to two bendings, 1-14 days apart. A diminution of molecular responses to subsequent bending was observed as soon as a second bending was applied. The minimum rest periods between two successive loadings necessary to recover a response similar to that observed after a single bending, were 7 days and 5 days for growth and molecular responses, respectively. Taken together, our results show a desensitization period of a few days after a single transitory bending, indicating a day-scale acclimation of sensitivity to the type of wind conditions plants experience in their specific environment. This work establishes the basic kinetics of acclimation to low bending frequency and these kinetic analyses will serve as the basis of ongoing work to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Future research will also concern plant acclimation to higher wind frequencies.
Conformational flexibility revealed by the crystal structure of a crenarchaeal RadA (2005)

Homologous recombinational repair is an essential mechanism for repair of double-strand breaks in DNA. Recombinases of the RecA-fold family play a crucial role in this process, forming filaments that utilize ATP to mediate their interactions with single- and double-stranded DNA. The recombinase molecules present in the archaea (RadA) and eukaryota (Rad51) are more closely related to each other than to their bacterial counterpart (RecA) and, as a result, RadA makes a suitable model for the eukaryotic system. The crystal structure of Sulfolobus solfataricus RadA has been solved to a resolution of 3.2 A in the absence of nucleotide analogues or DNA, revealing a narrow filamentous assembly with three molecules per helical turn. As observed in other RecA-family recombinases, each RadA molecule in the filament is linked to its neighbour via interactions of a short beta-strand with the neighbouring ATPase domain. However, despite apparent flexibility between domains, comparison with other structures indicates conservation of a number of key interactions that introduce rigidity to the system, allowing allosteric control of the filament by interaction with ATP. Additional analysis reveals that the interaction specificity of the five human Rad51 paralogues can be predicted using a simple model based on the RadA structure.
Debottleneck delayed cokers for greater profitability (1996)

International Standard Registered Clinical Study Number (ISRCTN): 66285945; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN66285945 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6WlT2nuX4).
Human dermis separation via ultra-short pulsed laser plasma-mediated ablation (2009)

In vitro layer separation of human dermal tissues via laser plasma-mediated ablation was successfully conducted for the first time. The ablation of wet dermis was generated using a 900 fs ultra-short pulsed laser with the wavelength centred at 1552 nm. The ablation and separation results were imaged and measured by scanning electron microscopy. The dermis ablation threshold was determined as 9.65 ± 1.21 J cm−2 and the incubation factor was found as 0.46 ± 0.03. Histological examinations were performed to find proper laser parameters for dermis ablation and separation with minimal thermal damage. No thermal damage was found in the single line ablation results when the pulse overlap rate was not over 5 pulses µm−1. Even in the multi-line ablation, thermal damage was insignificant and the lateral damage zone was generally within 5 µm in the results with 100 continuously repeated line scans. The separation of a whole piece of wet dermal tissue into two thin layers was presented. Several separation tests with different layer thicknesses from 200 to 600 µm were completed. The unevenness of the separated layers was generally under 10%. The cohesion and morphology of the separated tissue layers were not altered.
Physics of electro-thermal effects in ESD protection devices (1992)

Damage in ESD protection devices can be caused by high local temperatures ulting from heat generation by an ESD pulse. In order to obtain physical insight into the process that leads to permanent damage, device simulations of coupled thermal and electrical behaviour have been performed. Additional to the potential and the electron and hole concentrations the lattice tem-perature issolved as a variable. Simulations of ESD pul,~ies (forward bias) applied to a diode have been performed, The discharge mechanism could be visualised by using the coupled thermal/ electrical model. Locations with considerable t mperature rise that eventually ead to damage can be extracted from the calculated temperat~lre distributions. Protection devices with optimum elec-trical and thermal characteristics can be designed b,y adjusting doping profiles and layout param-eters. The buried layer of the protection device does not contribute inconducting current at high current levels. Therefore the buried layer is not functional in diodes that are subjected to ESD in forward bias. Measurements determining the ESD vulnerability of protection devices with and without buried layer confirm this fact. 1.
DBGET/LinkDB. An Integrated Database Retrieval System for Molecular Biology. (2000)

DBGET/LinkDB は京都大学化学研究所と東京大学ヒトゲノム解析センターが共同で開発している分子生物学データベース統合検索システムです。検索サーバーは京都大学化学研究所にあり、ゲノムネットを通して世界中からアクセスすることができます。また、ミラーサーバーが東京大学ヒトゲノム解析センターと北陸先端科学技術大学院大学にあります。DBGET/LinkDB では、GenBank やSWISS-PROTといったデータベースに対しキーワード検索できるだけでなく、データベース間のリンク情報だけを集めた LinkDB により、検索した結果からさらに関連する情報を引き出すことができます。DBGET/LinkDB はWWWを通してアクセスするのが最も手軽なので、ここではWWWを使ったアクセス方法や検索方法を説明することにします。
Monolithic integration of complementary HBTs by selective MOVPE (1990)

The monolithic integration of n-p-n and p-n-p heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) through the use of selective metal organic vapor phase epitaxial regrowth is discussed. This was accomplished by masking, patterning, and etching a p-n-p HBT wafer and then selectively regrowing an n-p-n structure in the etched areas. The selective epitaxial regrowth did not degrade the current gain of the p-n-p structure. Several complementary amplifier circuits were fabricated and tested successfully, demonstrating the feasibility of a monolithic complementary HBT technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>