gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mammalian Synthetic Biology: Time for Big MACs (2016)

The enabling technologies of synthetic biology are opening up new opportunities for engineering and enhancement of mammalian cells. This will stimulate diverse applications in many life science sectors such as regenerative medicine, development of biosensing cell lines, therapeutic protein production, and generation of new synthetic genetic regulatory circuits. Harnessing the full potential of these new engineering-based approaches requires the design and assembly of large DNA constructs-potentially up to chromosome scale-and the effective delivery of these large DNA payloads to the host cell. Random integration of large transgenes, encoding therapeutic proteins or genetic circuits into host chromosomes, has several drawbacks such as risks of insertional mutagenesis, lack of control over transgene copy-number and position-specific effects; these can compromise the intended functioning of genetic circuits. The development of a system orthogonal to the endogenous genome is therefore beneficial. Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are functional, add-on chromosomal elements, which behave as normal chromosomes-being replicating and portioned to daughter cells at each cell division. They are deployed as useful gene expression vectors as they remain independent from the host genome. MACs are maintained as a single-copy and can accommodate multiple gene expression cassettes of, in theory, unlimited DNA size (MACs up to 10 megabases have been constructed). MACs therefore enabled control over ectopic gene expression and represent an excellent platform to rapidly prototype and characterize novel synthetic gene circuits without recourse to engineering the host genome. This review describes the obstacles synthetic biologists face when working with mammalian systems and how the development of improved MACs can overcome these-particularly given the spectacular advances in DNA synthesis and assembly that are fuelling this research area.
Unsupervised Adaptation of Categorical Prosody Models for Prosody Labeling and Speech Recognition (2009)

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems rely almost exclusively on short-term segment-level features (MFCCs), while ignoring higher level suprasegmental cues that are characteristic of human speech. However, recent experiments have shown that categorical representations of prosody, such as those based on the Tones and Break Indices (ToBI) annotation standard, can be used to enhance speech recognizers. However, categorical prosody models are severely limited in scope and coverage due to the lack of large corpora annotated with the relevant prosodic symbols (such as pitch accent, word prominence, and boundary tone labels). In this paper, we first present an architecture for augmenting a standard ASR with symbolic prosody. We then discuss two novel, un-supervised adaptation techniques for improving, respectively, the quality of the linguistic and acoustic components of our categorical prosody models. Finally, we implement the augmented ASR by enriching ASR lattices with the adapted categorical prosody models. Our experiments show that the proposed unsupervised adaptation techniques significantly improve the quality of the prosody models; the adapted prosodic language and acoustic models reduce binary pitch accent (presence versus absence) classification error rate by 13.8% and 4.3%, respectively (relative to the seed models) on the Boston University Radio News Corpus, while the prosody-enriched ASR exhibits a 3.1% relative reduction in word error rate (WER) over the baseline system.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation of Human Skin Replica (2010)

The skin is the largest organ of the integument sys- tem whose surface is closely related with many physiological and pathological conditions. Various methods are used to understand the structural and functional status of human skin. We would like to present usefulness of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation of skin replica and its significance of training module for a novice. The silicon replicas from several regions of the body (hand, finger, forearm, lip, and face) were casted by applying Exafine ® mixture. The positive replicas were prepared by applying EPON 812 mix- ture on negative silicon replicas. Some of the negative silicon repli- cas were cut with a razor blade and surface profiles were observed. The negative and positive replicas were coated with platinum and were observed under the scanning electron microscope. We could investigate the detailed structures of the human skin surface without any physical damage to the subject. The positive replicas depicted real surface structure of the human skin vividly. The cross sectional view of the negative silicon replicas provided surface profile clearly. The scanning electron microscopic observation of the human skin replicas would be useful to study skin surface structures and to evaluate medical and esthetical applications. (유연승, 정예지, 엄 창섭: 사람피부모사판의주사전자현미경적관찰)
A Fractional-N PLL Frequency Synthesizer Design (2005)

This paper proposes a fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer using 3rd order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator for 915 MHz medium speed FSK wireless link. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), pre-scaler of divide-by-8, phase frequency detector (PFD), and charge pump (CP) have been developed with 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process. A 3rd order external loop filter has been optimized to reduce the lock-in time. The fractional-N divider and 3rd order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator have been designed with the VHDL codes, and implemented through the FPGA board of the Xilinx Spartan2E. The VCO has been designed to span from 900 MHz to 950 MHz band using LC resonator, and a fractional-N divider uses a 36/37 modulus and 3rd order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator to reduce the fractional spur. The measured result shows that the RF output power of the frequency synthesizer is -10 dBm, the phase noise is -78 dBc/Hz at 100 KHz offset frequency, the minimum frequency step is 10 kHz, and the maximum lock-in time is around 800 ms with 10 MHz step change.
RNA virus quasispecies: significance for viral disease and epidemiology. (1994)

The experimental evidence available for animal and plant RNA viruses, as well as other RNA genetic elements (viroids, satellites, retroelements, etc.), reinforces the view that many different types of genetic alterations may occur during RNA genome replication. This is fundamentally because of infidelity of genome replication and large population sizes. Homologous and heterologous recombination, as well as gene reassortments occur frequently during replication of retroviruses and most riboviruses, especially those that use enzymes with limited processivity. Following the generation of variant genomes, selection, which is dependent on environmental parameters in ways that are poorly understood, sorts out those genome fits enough to generate viable quasispecies. Chance events can also be destabilizing, as illustrated by recent results on fitness loss and other phenotypic changes accompanying bottleneck transmission. Variation, selection, and random sampling of genomes occur continuously and unavoidably during virus evolution. Evolution of RNA viruses is largely unpredictable because of the stochastic nature of mutation and recombination events, as well as the subtle effects of chance transmission events and host/environmental factors. Among environmental factors, alterations resulting from human intervention (deforestation, agricultural activities, global climatic changes, etc.) may alter dispersal patterns and provide new adaptive possibilities to viral quasispecies. Current understanding of RNA virus evolution suggests several strategies to control and diagnose viral diseases. The new generation of chemically defined vaccines and diagnostic reagents (monoclonal antibodies, peptide antigens, oligonucleotides for polymerase chain reaction amplification, etc.) may be adequate to prevent disease and detect some or even most of the circulating quasispecies of any given RNA pathogen. However, the dynamics of viral quasispecies mandate careful consideration of those reagents to be incorporated into diagnostic kits. Broadening diagnosis without jeopardizing specificity of detection will be challenging. There is a finite probability (impossible to quantify at present) that a defined vaccine may promote selection of escape mutants or a particular diagnostic kit may fail to detect a viral pathogen. Of particular concern are the potential long-term effects of weak selective pressures that may initially go unnoticed. Variant viruses resulting from evolutionary pressure imposed by vaccines or drugs may insidiously and gradually replace previous quasispecies. The great potential for variation and phenotypic diversity of some important RNA virus pathogens (human immunodeficiency virus, the hepatitis viruses, the newly recognized human hantaviruses, etc.) has become clear. Prevention and therapy should rely on multicomponent vaccines and antiviral agents to address the complexity of RNA quasispecies mutant spectra.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Facial Expression Recognition Using Computer Vision: A Systematic Review (2019)

Emotion recognition has attracted major attention in numerous fields because of its relevant applications in the contemporary world: marketing, psychology, surveillance, and entertainment are some examples. It is possible to recognize an emotion through several ways; however, this paper focuses on facial expressions, presenting a systematic review on the matter. In addition, 112 papers published in ACM, IEEE, BASE and Springer between January 2006 and April 2019 regarding this topic were extensively reviewed. Their most used methods and algorithms will be firstly introduced and summarized for a better understanding, such as face detection, smoothing, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Optical Flow (OF), Gabor filters, among others. This review identified a clear difficulty in translating the high facial expression recognition (FER) accuracy in controlled environments to uncontrolled and pose-variant environments. The future efforts in the FER field should be put into multimodal systems that are robust enough to face the adversities of real world scenarios. A thorough analysis on the research done on FER in Computer Vision based on the selected papers is presented. This review aims to not only become a reference for future research on emotion recognition, but also to provide an overview of the work done in this topic for potential readers.
Allosteric inhibition of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase by adenosylmethionine. Effects of adenosylmethionine and NADPH on the equilibrium between active and inactive forms of the enzyme and on the kinetics of approach to equilibrium. (1987)

In this paper we report on the allosteric regulation of the dimeric flavoprotein methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (E.C. 1.5.1.20) by the inhibitor, AdoMet, and by one of the substrates, NADPH. These metabolites play antagonistic roles in this regulation, with NADPH recruiting active forms of the enzyme and AdoMet recruiting inactive forms. At high NADPH concentrations, activity dependence on AdoMet is sigmoidal, indicating cooperativity. The kinetics of inhibition induced by AdoMet are slow enough to be studied by conventional methods and exhibit marked biphasicity. Both the extents and rates of these phases are again affected antagonistically by the ligands, AdoMet increasing the extent of the faster phase, and NADPH decreasing the extent of the faster phase and the rate of the slower phase. We present a model consistent with these observations. Our model postulates two states of the enzyme, R and T. NADPH and AdoMet exhibit antagonistic binding to a given subunit, so that occupancy by one ligand decreases or abolishes affinity for the other ligand. However, within a given state, the subunits do not interact with each other, so the ligation of one does not affect the affinities of its neighbor. R-T transitions occur between all similarly ligated states. The ligands have different affinities for the R and T states, and AdoMet binding to a given subunit is measurably slow. This model predicts the observed features of the equilibrium and kinetic data noted above. We also present a system for simulation of reaction schemes in which each step is pseudo first order that is fast and versatile enough to allow least squares fitting of microscopic rate constants to kinetic data.
Mutation analysis using mutant schemata (1993)

Mutation analysis is a powerful technique for assessing and improving the quality of test data used to unit test software. Unfortunately, current automated mutation analysis systems suffer from severe performance problems. This paper presents a new method for performing mutation analysis that uses program schemata to encode all mutants for a program into one metaprogram, which is subsequently compiled and run at speeds substantially higher than achieved by previous interpretive systems. Preliminary performance improvements of over 300% are reported. This method has the additional advantages of being easier to implement than interpretive systems, being simpler to port across a wide range of hardware and software platforms, and using the same compiler and run-time support system that is used during development and/or deployment.
The Quantity Theory of Money: Its Historical Evolution and Role in Policy Debates (1974)

Money
Flexible Mixed-Potential-Type (MPT) NO2 Sensor Based on An Ultra-Thin Ceramic Film (2017)

A novel flexible mixed-potential-type (MPT) sensor was designed and fabricated for NO₂ detection from 0 to 500 ppm at 200 °C. An ultra-thin Y₂O₃-doped ZrO₂ (YSZ) ceramic film 20 µm thick was sandwiched between a heating electrode and reference/sensing electrodes. The heating electrode was fabricated by a conventional lift-off process, while the porous reference and the sensing electrodes were fabricated by a two-step patterning method using shadow masks. The sensor's sensitivity is achieved as 58.4 mV/decade at the working temperature of 200 °C, as well as a detection limit of 26.7 ppm and small response time of less than 10 s at 200 ppm. Additionally, the flexible MPT sensor demonstrates superior mechanical stability after bending over 50 times due to the mechanical stability of the YSZ ceramic film. This simply structured, but highly reliable flexible MPT NO₂ sensor may lead to wide application in the automobile industry for vehicle emission systems to reduce NO₂ emissions and improve fuel efficiency.
Synthesis of N‐Benzylated Anilines from the Reaction of Anilines and Benzyl Chloroformate. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Materiales sol-gel para aplicaciones en óptica y electroóptica (1997)

A pesar del gran avance tecnologico de nuestros dias en numerosos campos de la Ciencia, la fabricacion de vidrio no ha cambiado esencialmente con el transcurso de los siglos. Desde hace aproximadamente cuatro mil anos, las tecnicas de preparacion de vidrios se basaron en el calentamiento de los compuestos requeridos a altas temperaturas (>1500°C). Esto limito el uso de aditivos en un vidrio a solo los compuestos inorganicos, que son los unicos capaces de soportar tan altas temperatura sin quemarse o sufrir descomposicion alguna. Esta restriccion supone una severa limitacion en la preparacion de vidrios dopados con moleculas organicas, ya que estas se descomponen a bajas temperaturas. En este trabajo, se intenta dar una idea generalizada de la solucion dada a este viejo problema, que posibilito por primera vez la incorporacion de un aditivo organico (materia organica) dentro de un vidrio de silice que era preparado a temperatura ambiente. Basado en esta idea, se comentan algunos de los aspectos mas relacionados con la preparacion de vidrios sol-gel dopados con diferentes moleculas organicas para aplicaciones en optica y electrooptica.
Chymase Inhibition Reduces the Progression to Heart Failure After Autoimmune Myocarditis in Rats (2007)

Chymase has been known as a local angiotensin II-generating enzyme in the cardiovascular system in dogs, monkeys, hamsters, and humans; however, recently it was reported that chymase also has various other functions. Therefore, we decided to examine whether the inhibition of chymase improves disease conditions associated with the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy in rats and its possible mechanism of action as rat chymase is unable to produce angiotensin II. We examined the effect of TY-51469, a novel chymase inhibitor (0.1 mg/kg/day [group CYI-0.1, n = 15] and 1 mg/kg/day [group CYI-1, n = 15]), in myosin-immunized postmyocarditis rats. Another group of myosin-immunized rats was treated with vehicle (group V, n = 15). Age-matched normal rats without immunization (group N, n = 10) were also included in the study. After 4 weeks of treatment, we evaluated cardiac function; area of fibrosis; fibrogenesis; levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and collagen III; hypertrophy and its marker, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); and mast cell activity. Survival rate and myocardial functions improved dose-dependently with chymase inhibitor treatment after myosin immunization. A reduction in the percent area of myocardial fibrosis, fibrogenesis, myocardial hypertrophy, and mast cell activity along with a reduction in TGF-beta1, collagen III, and ANP levels in the myocardium were noted in postmyocarditis rats that received chymase inhibitor treatment. The treatment also decreased myocardial aldosterone synthase levels in those animals. Inhibition of chymase reduces the pathogenesis of postmyocarditis dilated cardiomyopathy and progression to heart failure by preventing the pathological remodeling and residual inflammation in rats.
Potentiometric Study of Acid−Base Equilibria of 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4,5-Oxadiazaboroles in Nonaqueous Media (2007)

The protonation constants of the amino nitrogens of some substituted 1,2,4,5-oxadiazaboroles have been determined in acetic acid by means of potentiometric titration with perchloric acid. pKa values of the title compounds were interpreted on the basis of structural effects due to the substituents and the main skeleton by plotting pKBH+ value versus Hammett constants. Good correlations between pKBH+, σ constants, and δCN and δNH values were also obtained.
Series expansions for the mutual coupling in microstrip patch arrays (1989)

A dominant-mode mutual coupling theory is developed for an array of microstrip patches. One of the key features of the formulation is that only values for isolated self- and mutual impedance are needed in the formulation, making the method suitable for either a cavity model or spectral-domain analysis, or compatible with experimental measurements. The formulation is equivalent with D.M. Pozar's (1982) moment-method formulation. A series expansion of the solution is derived, allowing for approximate formulas accurate to any specified order. These formulas do not require matrix inversion. Formulas up to third order require less computation time that the exact solution, for single elements of the impedance, admittance, and scattering matrices. These expansions are computationally efficient for large sparse arrays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study on preparation end physicochemicel properties of sodium polyphosphate-crosslinked starch (2007)

通过单因素实验和正交实验,研究了多聚磷酸钠交联淀粉的制备方法,测定了多聚磷酸钠交联淀粉的理化性质.实验结果表明:经过多聚磷酸钠交联改性的淀粉抗凝沉性减弱,冻融稳定性提高,膨胀度和溶解度降低.以多聚磷酸钠为交联剂制备交联淀粉的最佳工艺条件为: 反应体系pH10,反应温度40℃,反应时间1.5h, 多聚磷酸钠比例1%.
Evaluation of the sensitivity of transmission measurements at millimeter waves using patch antennas for non-invasive glucose sensing (2016)

This paper presents a miniature setup and corresponding measurement results of a millimeter (mm) wave non-invasive glucose sensor for continuous monitoring of glucose levels for diabetic patients. The sensor comprises of two facing microstrip patch antennas operating at 60 GHz, placed across human tissue and a tank filled with glucose solution. Transmission of mm-waves is measured through the acrylic tank filled with water containing various glucose concentration. The S-parameters depend on the permittivity change on the microwave path and can be correlated to the glucose levels in water or blood.
Glass-to-Metal Seal Against Liquid Helium (1987)

Simple compression joint with indium gasket forms demountable seal for superfluids. Seal developed for metal lid on glass jar used in experiments on liquid helium. Glass container allows contents to be viewed for such purposes as calibration of liquid-level detectors and adjustments of displacement plungers. Seal contains liquid helium even when temperature drops below 2.19K. Made from inexpensive, commercially available materials and parts.
Heterocyclic polyfluoro-compounds. Part XVI. 2,4,5-Trifluoro-6-iodopyrimidine (1969)

Reaction of tetrafluoropyrimidine with sodium iodide in dimethylformamide yields 2,4,5-trifluoro-6-iodopyrimidine 2,5-difluoro-4,6-di-iodopyrimidine, and traces of 2,4,5-trifluoropyrimidine, when terafluoropyrimidine is gether with 2,5-difluoropyrimidine and small amount of 4,5,6-trifluoropyrimidine, when tetrafluoropyrimidine is treated with lithium aluminium hydride. Methoxide ion and ammonia attack 2,4,5-trifluoro-6-iodopyrimidine at the 4-position to yield the corresponding substituted 2,5-difluoroiodopyrimidines; coupling of the 6-iodo-compound by the Ullmann technique affords perfluoro-4,4′-bipyrimidyl, Attempts to convert 2,4,5-trifluoro-6-iodopyrimidine into the corresponding Grignard reagent failed.
Fabrication and Analysis of a MEMS NIR Fabry–Pérot Interferometer (2011)

We report the design and fabrication of a tunable MEMS Fabry-Pérot étalon for use in microscale spectroscopic applications. The reflective elements of the interferometer are dielectric mirror stacks optimized for 1500-nm light and the tunability arises via capacitive attraction of a translatable mirror on a spring. The mirror reflectivity was measured to be 97.3%, corresponding to a calculated finesse of 115, while the measured linewidth and FSR are 70 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> and 334 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , respectively, corresponding to a measured finesse of 5.
Dynamic mechanism for conduction block in heart tissue (2003)

Previous work has shown that dynamic heterogeneity and conduction block can occur in homogeneous heart fibres during prolonged pacing at rapid rates. Here we investigated the mechanism for conduction block following the delivery of one to four premature stimuli using a coupled maps computer model of a one-dimensional canine heart fibre. The coupled maps model allowed us to identify the roles that velocity (V) restitution, action potential duration (D) restitution and cardiac memory (M) played in the development of spatial heterogeneity and conduction block. We found that the likelihood of conduction block could be reduced by three methods. (1) By altering the V restitution function so that conduction slowed at very short rest intervals (I). (2) By altering the D restitution function to reduce the sensitivity of D to changes in I. (3) By increasing the contribution of cardiac memory (M). Although the results of this study need to be confirmed experimentally, they suggest several potential interventions that may reduce the probability of arrhythmia induction.