gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Geldanamycin Treatment Ameliorates the Response to LPS in Murine Macrophages by Decreasing CD14 Surface Expression (2003)

Geldanamycin (GA) is an antibiotic produced by Actinomyces, which specifically inhibits the function of the heat shock protein 90 family. Treatment of a murine macrophage cell line (J774) with GA resulted in a reduced response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as visualized by a decrease of NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). To elucidate the mechanism of this effect, the expression of CD14, the formal LPS receptor, was analyzed. Cells treated with GA showed a reduced level of surface CD14 detected by immunostaining, whereas the expression of other surface receptors, such as FC-gamma receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-R1 and TNF-R2), was unaffected. The reduced surface level of CD14 was not due to a reduction in its expression because CD14 steady state mRNA levels or the total cellular pool of CD14 was not altered by GA treatment. Surface CD14 was more rapidly internalized after GA treatment (2-3 h) than after incubation with cycloheximide. Immunostaining of permeabilized cells after GA treatment revealed a higher intracellular content of CD14 colocalizing with calnexin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein. These results suggest that the decrease in CD14 surface expression after GA treatment is due to rapid internalization without new replacement. These effects may be due to the inhibition of Hsp90 and Grp94 by GA in macrophages.
Disulfide-Bond Cleavage and Formation in Proteins (1965)

Disulfide bonds can be cleaved at an alkaline pH by treating a protein with excess of a reagent disulfide in the presence of catalytic amounts of thiol. The cleavage products are stable and can be isolated; they contain the mixed disulfide between the reagent and the exposed thiol groups of the protein. The extent of cleavage is readily controlled by the pH of the reaction, temperature, and the addition of urea. Disulfide bonds cleaved by the reaction can be re-formed by exposing the mixed disulfide of the protein to catalytic amounts of thiol. Specific side chains can be added on to the thiol groups in native proteins by treatment with a reagent disulfide alone.
Estrogen modulates responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. (1990)

Although evidence indicates that estrogen replacement therapy reduces risk of coronary heart disease, the mechanism remains unknown. Among the possibilities are that estrogen replacement therapy may 1) inhibit growth of atherosclerotic plaque and 2) decrease the prevalence of transient myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction by modulating vasomotion in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Using quantitative coronary angiography, we determined vasomotor responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys; six were given physiological estrogen "replacement" by subcutaneous implants, and six were not. Intracoronary infusion of the endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine (1 X 10(-6) M) caused paradoxical constriction of coronary arteries (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm, p less than 0.05) in the estrogen-deficient monkeys. However, acetylcholine tended to minimally dilate the left circumflex coronary artery in estrogen-treated monkeys (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 1.5 +/- 0.2 mm, p greater than 0.2). Although estrogen replacement therapy reduced plaque extent in coronary arteries, altered vasomotion was not related to plaque extent. We conclude that estrogen modulates vasomotion of atherosclerotic coronary arteries of monkeys and speculate that estrogen-modulated constrictor responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries may reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.
Recognitions and Reviews: A Presidential Wrap-Up [Leader's Corner] (2013)

In this column the PES President covers a couple of items - recognizing the volunteer leaders and PES staff and reviewing activities accomplished by the volunteer leaders and members.
Crystal chemistry of "Li7 La3 Zr2 O12" garnet doped with Al, Ga, and Fe: a short review on local structures as revealed by NMR and Mößbauer spectroscopy studies (2016)

Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet stabilized by substitution of Li by supervalent cations (Al, Ga, and Fe) are exceptionally well suited to be used as protecting layer to enable Li-metal based battery concepts. On the one hand this dopants are needed to provide the outstanding properties of LLZO at room temperature (RT), but on the other hand dopants occupying Li sites are suspected to hinder the long-range Li ion transport properties within the structure. This depends on the type of dopant species and their amount in the LLZO garnet. In particular, the way these dopants can be distributed in the garnet structure is thought to play a critical role in the Li-diffusion behaviour. This short review addresses the difficulty to obtain structural information on minor amounts of cations in a large complicated structure such as LLZO by diffraction methods and the advantages of the application of complementary spectroscopic methods, such as Mosbauer and NMR spectroscopy, which provide information on the valence state and the distribution of the dopants Al, Ga, and Fe over the possible cation positions of the garnet structure. Finally, (i) NMR spectroscopy at very high magnetic fields (21.1 T) shows that Al and Ga are similarly distributed over the 24 d and 96 h sites in the garnet structure and (ii) Mosbauer spectroscopy proves that Fe occurs in the trivalent state, also at the 24 d and 96 h sites of the cubic garnet framework. The solubility limit of Fe, Al, and Ga is up to 0.25 pfu, 0.39 pfu, and 0.72 pfu, respectively.
Introduction to a new cell transplantation platform via recombinant peptide petaloid pieces and its application to islet transplantation with mesenchymal stem cells (2016)

Cell death cluster in transplanted cells remains a critical obstacle for regeneration strategies. This study describes a novel platform for cell transplantation (CellSaic) consisting of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and petaloid pieces of recombinant peptide (RCP), which can prevent cell death by arranging the cells in a mosaic. When hMSC CellSaics were subcutaneously implanted into NOD/SCID mice, hMSC CellSaics prevented cell death and accelerated angiogenesis in the graft, compared to the findings obtained on solely implanting cell spheroids. Additionally, we examined the application of CellSaic for subcutaneous cotransplantation of 200 rat islets with 2 × 10(5) hMSCs into diabetic mice. As the results of blood glucose levels at 1 m, the islet-only group was 398 ± 30 mg/dl and the islets with hMSCs group were 180 ± 65 mg/dl. On the other hand, the islets with hMSCs CellSaic group showed 129 ± 15 mg/dl and significantly improved glucose tolerance (P < 0.05). Additionally, we showed that the surface texture of the RCP petaloid pieces played an important role in graft survival and angiogenesis. It is anticipated that CellSaic will be used as a new platform for cell transplantation and tissue regeneration.
Preclinical evaluation of sorafenib against B- and T-cell lymphoma (2009)

Intracellular signal transduction by kinase mediated phosphorylation is essential for survival and growth of lymphoma cells, and particularly in T cell lymphoma, high expression levels of PDGFR alpha have been observed. Aiming at a multikinase inhibition approach, we analyzed known sorafenib targets, and found at least two of raf family members, VEGFRII, PDGFR, c-kit or flt3 to be expressed in any of 11 cell lines representing major types of aggressive B- and T-cell lymphomas. After short time exposure sorafenib reduced cell viability at clinically relevant concentrations with IC50 between 3.7 and 10.9 μM in most cell lines. Most sensitive were the diffuse large B cell lines SUDHL4 and Karpas422, as well as the Burkitt cell lines Ramos and Raji. Induction of apoptotic death increased significantly with exposure time (24 through 72 h). In the remaining cells proliferative arrest occurred, leading to a complete loss of in vitro clonogenicity from all cell lines following 10 day exposure to sorafenib (7.3 μM), even after discontinuation of sorafenib exposure. Such cytostatic effects were also seen in 11 primary lymphoma cell samples, including 4 cases of T cell lymphoma. Sorafenib perturbed the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, and induced the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation at degrees varying between cell lines. The concept of multikinase inhibition in PTCL will be clinically evaluated in the up-coming NEXavar in relapsed peripheral Tcell Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NEXT) trial.
Noncooperative and Cooperative Optimization of Distributed Energy Generation and Storage in the Demand-Side of the Smart Grid (2013)

The electric energy distribution infrastructure is undergoing a startling technological evolution with the development of the smart grid concept, which allows more interaction between the supply- and the demand-side of the network and results in a great optimization potential. In this paper, we focus on a smart grid in which the demand-side comprises traditional users as well as users owning some kind of distributed energy source and/or energy storage device. By means of a day-ahead demand-side management mechanism regulated through an independent central unit, the latter users are interested in reducing their monetary expense by producing or storing energy rather than just purchasing their energy needs from the grid. Using a general energy pricing model, we tackle the grid optimization design from two different perspectives: a user-oriented optimization and an holistic-based design. In the former case, we optimize each user individually by formulating the grid optimization problem as a noncooperative game, whose solution analysis is addressed building on the theory of variational inequalities. In the latter case, we focus instead on the joint optimization of the whole system, allowing some cooperation among the users. For both formulations, we devise distributed and iterative algorithms providing the optimal production/storage strategies of the users, along with their convergence properties. Among all, the proposed algorithms preserve the users' privacy and require very limited signaling with the central unit.
Theoretical Analysis of the Mechanical Response of Lattice Structures Manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (2015)

Metallic lattice structure manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) is deemed a promising lightweight solution that can be widely used in the fields such as aerospace, automobile and bioscience. However, it is still difficult to design and optimize lattice structures made of a large number of complex units. In this paper, aiming to establish an effective mechanical method, typical cube-based lattice structures are studied using statically indeterminate equations joint with finite element modelling. For experimental study, sample structures were manufactured by SLM using Ti6Al4V powder. A series of uniaxial compressive tests of lattice structure were conducted to show the merits of the proposed mechanical method.
Drilling Efficiency and Rate of Penetration - Definitions, Influencing Factors, Relationships and Value (2010)

Abstract Drilling efficiency must be improved, in order to drive down operational costs. This requirement must not be viewed in isolation, considering the vast number of activities that determine a drilling program's success. In most instances, discussions relating to drilling efficiency have centered on rate of penetration (ROP)1,2. As a result, ROP is either equated to drilling efficiency, or seen as the parameter that establishes drilling efficiency. These positions, in addition to being flawed, are highly inconsistent with field results. ROP must not be equated to drilling efficiency. Rather, ROP needs to be seen as one of several parameters that influence drilling efficiency. The industry's most common performance quantifying metrics - cost per foot (CPF), feet per day (FPD), mechanical specific energy (MSE)3,4, etc - are strongly influenced by ROP. These relationships complicated earlier efforts that sought to establish the appropriate dependencies, between drilling efficiency and ROP. To drive down operational costs, while continuing to push drilling activities into harsher and more challenging environments, emphasis must clearly be placed on drilling efficiency. Thus, in order to achieve this goal, drilling efficiency and ROP must both be defined. In addition, the factors influencing ROP and drilling efficiency must be identified. Most importantly, drilling efficiency's different influencing factors5, which include but are not limited to ROP, must always be analyzed based on specific project objectives. This paper, in addition to addressing the issues listed above, will also establish a clear distinction between drilling efficiency and ROP. In addition the contributions and impact of both ROP and drilling efficiency, as it relates to value creation will be discussed. The positions, to be presented and argued, will be supported with field and operational data.
360. Carotenoids and related compounds. Part XI. Syntheses of δ-carotene and Îµ-carotene (1965)

P. S. Manchand, R. Rüegg, U. Schwieter, P. T. Siddons and B. C. L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 2019 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650002019
Reduced Reference Image Quality Assessment Based on Contourlet Domain and Natural Image Statistics (2009)

Reduced-reference (RR) image quality assessment metrics (IQA) evaluate the quality of images by extracting a parameter set from the original reference image and using this set in place of the actual reference image. In this paper, we propose a novel RR-IQA metric based on Contourlet transform. By combining Contourlet transform with a version of the hidden Markov model - Gaussian scale mixtures (GSM), the marginal distributions of neighbor coefficients in the Contourlet domain are modeled. With Contourlet transform as a pre-processing, the marginal histogram of coefficients in each subband can be well fitted by Guassian distribution after divisive normalization transforming. The standard derivation of the fitted Guassian transform and fitted error will be extracted as feature parameters. Experiments show that the proposed metric has good consistency with human subjective perception.
<title>High Data-Rate Modulation Of Laser Diodes</title> (1980)

A central advantage of optical communication over cable technology is the potential for long distance transmission at very high data rates. Above 200 Mb/s the modulation capability of the laser source becomes a significant factor in establishing system performance. We review here the current understanding of phenomena which limit laser diode performance at high data rates in fiber optical systems.
Brabant en de Karolingische dynastie. Over het ontstaan van een historiografische traditie (1995)

Veel vorstelijke geslachten pronkten in de middeleeuwen met een illustere afstamming om zo hun internationale prestige te verhogen 1. Volgens een tiende-eeuwse genealogie zouden de graven van Vlaanderen afstammen van een Karolingische prinses 2 . In de elfde eeuw voldeed deze afstamming blijkbaar niet meer en kwam een andere traditie op, die wilde dat de legendarische woudmeester Liederik de stamvader van de Vlamingen was 3 . Het geslacht van Boulogne ging in de twaalfde eeuw nog steeds prat op een Karolingische herkomst, en zo waren er vele andere vorstenhuizen". In de vijftiende eeuw konden ook de Hollanders geen weerstand meer bieden aan de verleiding, en de graven werden voorzien van Trojaanse adelsbrieven 5 . De Brabantse hertogen koesterden eveneens hun voorgeslacht. Zoals in allerlei andere vorstendommen, ontstond in Brabant een historiografische traditie die de Karolingische afstamming van de hertogen benadrukte. Meer nog dan de zwaanridderlegende, vormt de afstammingstraditie bij uitstek het centrale thema in de Brabantse historiografie Pas relatief laat, in de eerste helft van de veertiende eeuw, bereikte deze traditie haar hoogtepunt, toen de Antwerpse schepenklerk Jan van Boendale zijn Brabantsche Y eesten schreef 7 . In de Brabantsche Y eesten wordt in ongeveer 16.000 verzen minutieus de eminente herkomst van de Brabantse vorsten weergegeven, van de stamvader Pippijn I van Landen ('Dit was dierste hertoghe') tot Jan III 8 . Boendales voorbeeld zou in de vijftiende eeuw worden gevolgd door Emond de Dynter, Petrus de Thimo, Walter Bosch en door de anonymus die de Alderexcellenste Cronyke van *
Characterization of Structure and Function of ZS-9, a K+ Selective Ion Trap (2014)

Hyperkalemia, a condition in which serum potassium ions (K+) exceed 5.0 mmol/L, is a common electrolyte disorder associated with substantial morbidity. Current methods of managing hyperkalemia, including organic polymer resins such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), are poorly tolerated and/or not effective. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) is under clinical development as an orally administered, non-absorbed, novel, inorganic microporous zirconium silicate compound that selectively removes excess K+ in vivo. The development, structure and ion exchange properties of ZS-9 and its hypothesized mechanism of action are described. Based on calculation of the interatomic distances between the atoms forming the ZS-9 micropores, the size of the pore opening was determined to be ∼ 3 Å (∼ diameter of unhydrated K+). Unlike nonspecific organic polymer resins like SPS, the ZS-9 K+ exchange capacity (KEC) was unaffected by the presence of calcium (Ca2+) or magnesium ions (Mg2+) and showed>25-fold selectivity for K+ over either Ca2+ or Mg2+. Conversely, the selectivity of SPS for K+ was only 0.2-0.3 times its selectivity for Ca2+ or Mg2+in mixed ionic media. It is hypothesized that the high K+ specificity of ZS-9 is attributable to the chemical composition and diameter of the micropores, which possibly act in an analogous manner to the selectivity filter utilized by physiologic K+ channels. This hypothesized mechanism of action is supported by the multi-ion exchange studies. The effect of pH on the KEC of ZS-9 was tested in different media buffered to mimic different portions of the human gastrointestinal tract. Rapid K+ uptake was observed within 5 minutes - mainly in the simulated small intestinal and large intestinal fluids, an effect that was sustained for up to 1 hour. If approved, ZS-9 will represent a novel, first-in-class therapy for hyperkalemia with improved capacity, selectivity, and speed for entrapping K+ when compared to currently available options.
Cognitive Mechanisms in Chronic Tinnitus: Psychological Markers of a Failure to Switch Attention (2016)

The cognitive mechanisms underpinning chronic tinnitus (CT; phantom auditory perceptions) are underexplored but may reflect a failure to switch attention away from a tinnitus sound. Here, we investigated a range of components that influence the ability to switch attention, including cognitive control, inhibition, working memory and mood, on the presence and severity of CT. Our participants with tinnitus showed significant impairments in cognitive control and inhibition as well as lower levels of emotional well-being, compared to healthy-hearing participants. Moreover, the subjective cognitive complaints of tinnitus participants correlated with their emotional well-being whereas complaints in healthy participants correlated with objective cognitive functioning. Combined, cognitive control and depressive symptoms correctly classified 67% of participants. These results demonstrate the core role of cognition in CT. They also provide the foundations for a neurocognitive account of the maintenance of tinnitus, involving impaired interactions between the neurocognitive networks underpinning attention-switching and mood.
IN-FLIGHT OXIDATION AND EVAPORATION OF PLASMA-SPRAYED IRON PARTICLES (2003)

Metal particles injected in a plasma jet flowing through air may be subjected to evaporation and reaction with entrained oxygen. These phenomena are undesirable from the viewpoints of quality of coating, powder utilization, and fume formation. This paper is concerned with the plasma-spraying of iron powders and presents the results of four sequential models that simulated, a) temperature/velocity/concentration profiles and particle trajectories in the jet flow, b) heat transfer between plasma gas and particles, c) interaction between iron evaporation and oxidation phenomena, and d) oxidation rate of liquid iron droplets along particle trajectories The results showed that oxidation may be enhanced by induced flow within the particle that sweeps away the outer layer of iron oxide and exposes new metal surface. Also, the presence of oxygen in the enveloping atmosphere enhances metal evaporation by decreasing the thickness of the boundary layer around the particle. The model projections are in fair agreement with experimental observations of plasma-sprayed iron particles and fume formation.
Utility of CT-guided abdominal aspiration procedures (1982)

Over 200 consecutive diagnostic needle aspiration procedures of the abdomen were performed under computed tomographic (CT) guidance. Biopsies were done of the liver in 88 patients, the pancreas in 28, the kidney in 20, and the retroperitoneum in 32; 30 underwent an aspiration procedure for characterization of an intraabdominal fluid collection. Accuracy of diagnosis was very high for hepatic (99%) and renal (100%) biopsies and in characterization of fluid collections (100%). Accuracy for retroperitoneal biopsy was 87.5% and for pancreatic biopsy 82%. Overall accuracy for all sites was 95%. There were one false-negative diagnosis for the liver and five false-negative diagnoses for the pancreas. Insufficient material was obtained for diagnosis in four instances of retroperitoneal biopsy. There were no false positives. The technique is facilitated by rapid CT scan time, large aperture gantry, and rapid CT image reconstruction. Twenty gauge needles were used more frequently than 22 gauge needles because of their greater rigidity and ease of control. CT-guided diagnostic aspiration procedures are particularly useful for diagnosis of small, deep-seated lesions and in evaluation of lesions found in severely ill patients. An experienced cytologist is essential to the success of the technique.
Enabling efficient preemption for SIMT architectures with lightweight context switching (2016)

Context switching is a key technique enabling preemption and time-multiplexing for CPUs. However, for single-instruction multiple-thread (SIMT) processors such as high-end graphics processing units (GPUs), it is challenging to support context switching due to the massive number of threads, which leads to a huge amount of architectural states to be swapped during context switching. The architectural state of SIMT processors includes registers, shared memory, SIMT stacks and barrier states. Recent works present thread-block-level preemption on SIMT processors to avoid context switching overhead. However, because the execution time of a thread block (TB) is highly dependent on the kernel program. The response time of preemption cannot be guaranteed and some TB-level preemption techniques cannot be applied to all kernel functions. In this paper, we propose three complementary ways to reduce and compress the architectural states to achieve lightweight context switching on SIMT processors. Experiments show that our approaches can reduce the register context size by 91.5% on average. Based on lightweight context switching, we enable instruction-level preemption on SIMT processors with compiler and hardware co-design. With our proposed schemes, the preemption latency is reduced by 59.7% on average compared to the naive approach.