gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metallic Nanostructure Formation Limited by the Surface Hydrogen on Silicon (2010)

Constant miniaturization of electronic devices and interfaces needed to make them functional requires an understanding of the initial stages of metal growth at the molecular level. The use of metal-organic precursors for metal deposition allows for some control of the deposition process, but the ligands of these precursor molecules often pose substantial contamination problems. One of the ways to alleviate the contamination problem with common copper deposition precursors, such as copper(I) (hexafluoroacetylacetonato) vinyltrimethylsilane, Cu(hfac)VTMS, is a gas-phase reduction with molecular hydrogen. Here we present an alternative method to copper film and nanostructure growth using the well-defined silicon surface. Nearly ideal hydrogen termination of silicon single-crystalline substrates achievable by modern surface modification methods provides a limited supply of a reducing agent at the surface during the initial stages of metal deposition. Spectroscopic evidence shows that the Cu(hfac) fragment is present upon room-temperature adsorption and reacts with H-terminated Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces to deposit metallic copper. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to follow the initial stages of copper nucleation and the formation of copper nanoparticles, and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) confirms the presence of hfac fragments on the surfaces of nanoparticles. As the surface hydrogen is consumed, copper nanoparticles are formed; however, this growth stops as the accessible hydrogen is reacted away at room temperature. This reaction sets a reference for using other solid substrates that can act as reducing agents in nanoparticle growth and metal deposition.
Compact meander slot antennas (2000)

A meander slot antenna fed by a strip line is proposed. The length of the slot meander antenna is less than one-eighth of the effective wavelength, while the radiation pattern is similar to that of conventional microstrip antennas. The resonant and radiation properties of the proposed antennas have been examined, and good agreement between simulated results and measured results is demonstrated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 24: 377–380, 2000.
Evaluation and Mitigation of Radiation-Induced Soft Errors in Graphics Processing Units (2015)

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are increasingly attractive for both safety-critical and High-Performance Computing applications. GPU reliability is a primary concern for both the automotive and aerospace markets and is becoming an issue also for supercomputers. In fact, the high number of devices in large data centers makes the probability of having at least a device corrupted to be very high. In this paper, we aim at giving novel insights on GPU reliability by evaluating the neutron sensitivity of modern GPUs memory structures, highlighting pattern dependence and multiple errors occurrences. Additionally, a wide set of parallel codes are exposed to controlled neutron beams to measure GPUs operative error rates. From experimental data and algorithm analysis we derive general insights on parallel algorithms and programming approaches reliability. Finally, error-correcting code, algorithm-based fault tolerance, and duplication with comparison hardening strategies are presented and evaluated on GPUs through radiation experiments. We present and compare both the reliability improvement and imposed overhead of the selected hardening solutions.
Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5 (2019)

RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the form of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) motifs to induce expression of type 1 interferons (IFN1) (IFNα and IFNβ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines during the early stage of viral infection. While RIG-I and MDA5 share many genetic, structural and functional similarities, there is increasing evidence that they can have significantly different strategies to recognize different pathogens, PAMPs, and in different host species. This review article discusses the similarities and differences between RIG-I and MDA5 from multiple perspectives, including their structures, evolution and functional relationships with other cellular proteins, their differential mechanisms of distinguishing between host and viral dsRNAs and interactions with host and viral protein factors, and their immunogenic signaling. A comprehensive comparative analysis can help inform future studies of RIG-I and MDA5 in order to fully understand their functions in order to optimize potential therapeutic approaches targeting them.
ZLL/AGO10 maintains shoot meristem stem cells during Arabidopsis embryogenesis by down-regulating ARF2-mediated auxin response (2015)

Our results indicate that maintenance of shoot meristem stem cells by AGO10 involves negative regulation of auxin signaling and, via REV-mediated downregulation of ARF2 expression, auxin response.
Reactive diluents and properties of ultraviolet‐cured polycarbonate urethane acrylates (1995)

Abstract Polymer films obtained from photocurable formulations were investigated by tensile methods and dynamic mechanical analysis. The polymer formulations contained photoinitiator, urethane diacrylate oligomer, and acrylic reactive diluent. It was found that diluent concentration may strongly affect the glass transition temperature and elastic modulus of the cured coating. When the diluent homopolymer glass transition temperature is larger than that of oligomer homopolymer, the glass transition temperature and elastic modulus of the coating film increase with the increase of the diluent concentration. When the diluent homopolymer has lower glass transition temperature than the homopolymer of the oligomer, the increase in diluent concentration leads to a decrease in glass transition temperature and elastic modulus of the UV‐cured coating film. The effect of the testing temperature on tensile storage modulus of the films containing different concentrations of reactive diluents was studied as well. The data indicated that a variety of coatings with wide ranging but predictable properties can be formulated from previously examined starting materials but used at different concentrations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A PPM Gaussian monocycle transmitter for ultra-wideband communications (2004)

A Gaussian pulse generator incorporating a pulse position modulator for use in an impulse radio ultrawideband system is described. The pulse generator is preceded by a programmable pulse position modulator and comprises a cascade of complex first-order systems, which, in turn, are made up of differential pairs employing partial positive feedback. The resulting PPM Gaussian pulse generator is designed in IBM 0.18 /spl mu/m Bi-CMOS IC technology. Simulations predict the correct operation of the circuit for supply voltages of 1.8 V and a power consumption of 30 mW. The output monocycle indeed approximates a Gaussian monocycle, having a pulse duration of about 250 ps. Proper modulation of the pulse in time is confirmed.
Digital phase-locked loops for multi-GHz clock generation (2006)

The fetal development of mice trisomic for chromosome 13 (Ts 13) was investigated. Trisomic fetuses were obtained from the progeny of male mice heterozygous for the two Robertsonian translocation chromosomes Rb (11.13)4Bnr and Rb (6.13)3Rma mated to "all acrocentric" NMRI females. Trisomic fetuses were found at all stages between days 12 and 19 of gestation (vaginal plug day counted as day 1). The frequency of trisomy was 24.8% of all surviving implants. The frequency of Ts decreased slightly but not significantly with progressing pregnancy. In eight newborn litters, two dead and four living trisomic newborns (13.6%) were found. The latter died within a few hours after birth. The most conspicuous features of Ts 13 fetuses were their small size and a marked hypoplasia as compared with their normal euploid in utero mates. The weight of the the trisomic fetuses and that of their placentas was significantly lower than of the normal controls at all stages studied. The general developmental delay and the delay of the ossification of Ts 13 fetuses were about 1 to 11/2 days. Cleft palate was observed in 86% of the Ts 13 fetuses. Edema developed in the neck and back of the trisomic fetuses from day 14 on; this disappeared after day 17. It is suggested that the hypoplasia and general retardation of growth found in trisomy 13 and in other autosomal trisomies, as well as the more or less specific palatal and cardiovascular malformations in this disorder, may be caused by impaired proliferation of trisomic cells. This postulated impairment of cell growth may also affect the fetal part of the placenta.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies for Reactions of CF<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub> (HFC-245fa) Initiated by H-Atom Abstraction Using Atomic Chlorine (1997)

Kinetics and mechanisms of Cl atom initiated oxidation reactions of CF3CH2CHF2 (HFC-245fa) were investigated by long-path FTIR spectroscopic methods at 297 ± 2 K. The Cl atoms initiated the reaction mainly via H-atom abstraction from the terminal carbon (≥95%) to produce a CF3CH2CF2 radical. Subsequent reactions in 700 Torr of air produced CF3CHO and CF2O as the primary products. Secondary reactions of CF3CHO with Cl atoms led to the formation of CF3C(O)OH, CF3OH, CO2, and CF3OOOCF3 in the experimental system. However, under atmospheric conditions, CF3CHO would undergo a series of rapid oxidation and decomposition reactions ultimately leading to HF and CO2, and no long-lived organic decomposition products would be produced.
Keep in touch (2007)

We present an overview of Keep in Touch, a networked fabric touchscreen designed to support and maintain intimacy for couples in long distance relationships. To achieve this, a novel sensorial interface was created by combining the visual and tactile senses together. Each partner is presented with a blurred digital projection of their lover. When they touch their partner's body, the image comes into focus revealing their features. We describe how this sensory mapping creates an expressive and emotional interface allowing couples to communicate through touch, gestures, and body language.
Antiangiogenic agents significantly improve survival in tumor-bearing mice by increasing tolerance to chemotherapy-induced toxicity (2011)

Chemotherapy-induced broad toxicities are the leading cause of the drug-induced mortality in cancer patients. Antiangiogenic drugs (ADs) in combination with chemotherapy are widely used as front-line therapy for the treatment of various human cancers. However, the beneficial mechanisms underlying combination therapy are poorly understood. Here we show that, in several murine tumor models, administration of sunitinib markedly reduced chemotherapy-induced bone marrow toxicity. Intriguingly, in a sequential treatment regimen, delivery of ADs followed by chemotherapy demonstrated superior survival benefits compared with simultaneous administration of two drugs. In murine tumor models, we show that VEGF increased chemotoxicity by synergistically suppressing bone marrow hematopoiesis with cytostatic drugs. These findings shed light on molecular mechanisms by which ADs in combination with chemotherapy produce survival benefits in cancer patients and provide conceptual information guiding future designs of clinical trials, current practice, and optimization of ADs for the treatment of cancer.
Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries at all temperatures (2018)

Fast charging is a key enabler of mainstream adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). None of today's EVs can withstand fast charging in cold or even cool temperatures due to the risk of lithium plating. Efforts to enable fast charging are hampered by the trade-off nature of a lithium-ion battery: Improving low-temperature fast charging capability usually comes with sacrificing cell durability. Here, we present a controllable cell structure to break this trade-off and enable lithium plating-free (LPF) fast charging. Further, the LPF cell gives rise to a unified charging practice independent of ambient temperature, offering a platform for the development of battery materials without temperature restrictions. We demonstrate a 9.5 Ah 170 Wh/kg LPF cell that can be charged to 80% state of charge in 15 min even at -50 °C (beyond cell operation limit). Further, the LPF cell sustains 4,500 cycles of 3.5-C charging in 0 °C with <20% capacity loss, which is a 90× boost of life compared with a baseline conventional cell, and equivalent to >12 y and >280,000 miles of EV lifetime under this extreme usage condition, i.e., 3.5-C or 15-min fast charging at freezing temperatures.
Ethylene accelerates the breakdown of cytokinins and thereby stimulates rooting in Norway spruce hypocotyl cuttings (1990)

Cuttings were taken from 4‐week‐old seedlings of Norway spruce ( Picea abies L. Karst.) raised at two different irradiation levels. Rooting experiments showed that root formation was increased by the ethylene formed by adding 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid ACC or Ethrel, especially in the slowly rooting cuttings grown under high light (HL). Cobaltousion. an ethylene synthesis inhibitor, delayed rooting, especially in the easily rooted cuttings grown under low light (LL). Compounds isolated from the cuttings using immunoaffinity chromatography, on a column with antibodies against cytokinins, and separated by HPLC decreased in amount during the first week of the rooting period. An increase in ethylene production accelerated this process, especially in cuttings grown under HL, whereas cobaltous ion delayed it. We suggest that ethylene stimulates rooting by enhancing the degradation of cytokinins.
Top-down and bottom-up image processing (2002)

We introduce the problem of fitting a picture to the eye, by referring to the scanpath theory for top-down vision in humans and discuss how even such early processes as segmentation are likely controlled top-down by internal cognitive-spatial models. Experimental evidence is adduced for this view of human vision. The internal model must approximate the external world, since our species has survived. Alternately, certain bottom-up image processing algorithms may inversely serve to identify approximate sub-features or regions of interest of the internal model. Our results indicate, however, that these algorithms can not predict the sequential ordering of the subfeatures used by a person. Applications of schemata exploiting the above notions are suggested for: image compression; guided viewing of computer screens for increased efficiency; and compensating distortions for such eye lesions as scotomas.
Genetic diversity of the iron-binding protein (Fbp) gene of the pathogenic and commensal<i>Neisseria</i> (1994)

The pathogenic Neisseria and most commensal Neisseria species produce an iron-binding protein (Fbp) when grown under iron-limited conditions. In the current study, we confirmed the presence of Fbp, as well as DNA sequences homologous to the gonococcal fbp, in strains of N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. cinerea, N. lactamica, N. subflava, N. kochii and N. polysaccharea. The fbp genes from these strains were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, digested with StuI or RsaI, and the restriction patterns examined. The patterns for the gonococcal and meningococcal fbp were virtually identical; however, variations were observed in the fbp sequences of the commensal Neisseria species. N. flavescens, N. mucosa, N. sicca, N. ovis and Branhamella catarrhalis, did not produce Fbp as detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reactivity with an Fbp specific monoclonal antibody, nor did they hybridize to an fbp-specific DNA probe.
Competence, specification and induction of Pax-3 in the trigeminal placode (1999)

Placodes are discrete regions of thickened ectoderm that contribute extensively to the peripheral nervous system in the vertebrate head. The paired-domain transcription factor Pax-3 is an early molecular marker for the avian ophthalmic trigeminal (opV) placode, which forms sensory neurons in the ophthalmic lobe of the trigeminal ganglion. Here, we use collagen gel cultures and heterotopic quail-chick grafts to examine the competence, specification and induction of Pax-3 in the opV placode. At the 3-somite stage, the whole head ectoderm rostral to the first somite is competent to express Pax-3 when grafted to the opV placode region, though competence is rapidly lost thereafter in otic-level ectoderm. Pax-3 specification in presumptive opV placode ectoderm occurs by the 8-somite stage, concomitant with robust Pax-3 expression. From the 8-somite stage onwards, significant numbers of cells are committed to express Pax-3. The entire length of the neural tube has the ability to induce Pax-3 expression in competent head ectoderm and the inductive interaction is direct. We propose a detailed model for Pax-3 induction in the opV placode.
Effect of Irradiation on the Microstructure of Zircaloy-4 (1994)

This paper deals with the irradiation growth and the radiation-induced changes in the microstructure of Zircaloy-type materials. The experimental irradiations that were conducted at 400°C in Siloé (metallurgical test reactor) and Phénix (fast breeder reactor) show that the growth of both alpha-recrystallized and beta-quenched Zy-4FORT (high tin and oxygen contents) is accelerated after a dose of about 4 dpa (displacements per atom). In correlation with this acceleration, a high density of basal-plane c-component dislocations is revealed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) examinations. At this temperature, the structure of precipitates remains fully crystalline, but radiation-induced dissolution occurs and allows the formation of Zr5Sn3 particles evenly dispersed throughout the matrix. To allow comparisons with the microstructural evolutions produced in pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions, TEM examinations were also performed on standard Zircaloy-4 irradiated as recrystallized guide tube and stress-relieved cladding. In recrystallized Zircaloy-4 irradiated to 10 × 1021 n/cm2 (T ͌ 320°C), a high density of basal-plane c-component dislocations is also observed, the Zr(Fe,Cr)2 Laves phases undergo a partial crystalline-to-amorphous transformation, and their outer rim is severely depleted in iron. In stress-relieved Zircaloy-4 irradiated to the same neutron fluence. irradiation does not produce any significant recovery of the initial dislocation network. Although the Laves phases undergo an amorphous transformation only in the lower part (T ͌ 335°C), a marked dissolution is observed all along the cladding (335 to 380°C).
Presenting query aspects to support exploratory search (2010)

Successful information search requires a joint effort from both syntactic matching provided by current search engines and semantic matching performed by human users. Word-based syntactic matching schemes work well for tasks such as homepage finding or fact finding, but they are less effective in supporting exploratory search tasks such as learning and investigation. One way to overcome this limitation of syntactic matching is to capture the search journeys of other users with semantically related queries, and use them as a roadmap to guide exploratory search. This paper presents our investigation on the utilization of query semantics derived from query logs, to 1) increase the diversity of a search result; and 2) devise new interfaces that display a search result to support exploratory search. We conducted a user study to evaluate our initial interface prototypes. The evaluation shows that, with the interface that explicitly supports their task, subjects acquire more knowledge and are more confident about their task completeness. The differences between subjects' preferences suggest that we may need to provide a range of interfaces that can not only support users' search tasks, but also suit their personal styles.
Diabetes Care in an Australian Population (2004)

This study has shown that retinopathy screening is performed more frequently than foot screening in Australia. This may be due to the implementation of eye screening programs and awareness campaigns. Foot screening appears to be poor, with less than one-half of the population reporting a regular examination for foot complications. In Australia, diabetes nurse educators play a key role in promoting screening for diabetes complications.
Impaired surfactant protein B synthesis in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (2012)

Pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension account for significant morbidity and mortality in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Whether CDH is associated with surfactant dysfunction remains controversial. Therefore, we measured disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and surfactant protein (SP)-B concentration in tracheal aspirates and their synthesis rate in infants with CDH compared to infants without lung disease. (2)H2O as a precursor of DSPC and 1-(13)C-leucine as a precursor of SP-B were administered to 13 infants with CDH and eight controls matched for gestational age. DSPC and SP-B were isolated from tracheal aspirates, and their fractional synthesis rate was derived from (2)H and (13)C enrichment curves obtained by mass spectrometry. DSPC and SP-B amounts in tracheal aspirates were also measured. In infants with CDH, SP-B fractional synthesis rate and amount were 62±27% and 57±22% lower, respectively, than the value found in infants without lung disease (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). There were no significant group differences in DSPC fractional synthesis rate and amount. Infants with CDH have a lower rate of synthesis of SP-B and less SP-B in tracheal aspirates. In these infants, partial SP-B deficiency could contribute to the severity of respiratory failure and its correction might represent a therapeutic goal.
A novel real-time method for high dynamic range image tone mapping (2014)

Tone-mapping technique which can convert high dynamic range (HDR) to low dynamic range (LDR) images provides accurately visualization of HDR images on standard LDR displays. Most of the existing tone-mapping method could not realize real time processing while preserving good visualization. Utilizing an adaptive three-section lookup table, this paper proposes an effective, high quality, real time technique to convert 12-bit images to 8-bit image which can preserve abundant details and high contrast simultaneously. Experiment results show that this method can improve the weak signals of the image greatly, and the low luminance details can be observed distinctly on an 8-bit monitor.