gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital Integrated Circuit Design (2008)

This practical, tool-independent guide to designing digital circuits takes a unique, top-down approach, reflecting the nature of the design process in industry. Starting with architecture design, the book comprehensively explains the why and how of digital circuit design, using the physics designers need to know, and no more. Covering system and component aspects, design verification, VHDL modeling, signal integrity, clocking and more, the scope of the book is uniquely comprehensive. With a focus on CMOS technology, numerous examples - VHDL and Verilog code, architectural concepts, and failure reports - practical guidelines, and design checklists, this engaging textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses on digital ICs will prepare students for the realities of real-world circuit design. Practitioners will also find the book valuable for its insights and its practical approach. Instructor only solutions and lecture slides are available at: www.cambridge.org/Kaeslin.
Dynamic covalent polymers (2016)

This Highlight presents an overview of the rapidly growing field of dynamic covalent polymers. This class of polymers combines intrinsic reversibility with the robustness of covalent bonds, thus enabling formation of mechanically stable, polymer-based materials that are responsive to external stimuli. It will be discussed how the inherent dynamic nature of the dynamic covalent bonds on the molecular level can be translated to the macroscopic level of the polymer, giving access to a range of applications, such as stimuli-responsive or self-healing materials. A primary distinction will be made based on the type of dynamic covalent bond employed, while a secondary distinction will be based on the consideration whether the dynamic covalent bond is used in the main chain of the polymer or whether it is used to allow side chain modification of the polymer. Emphasis will be on the chemistry of the dynamic covalent bonds present in the polymer, in particular in relation to how the specific (dynamic) features of the bond impart functionality to the polymer material, and to the conditions under which this dynamic behavior is manifested. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. <b>2016</b>, <i>54</i>, 3551-3577.
Research on vehicle-to-X electricity trading rules (2014)

With rising oil prices, green appeal, and development of electric vehicle technology, the size of the electric car industry is gradually expanding. However, the rapid development of electric vehicles, the battery-powered electric vehicles, electric energy needs regular supplement. The electric power requirement has brought tremendous pressure to the electricity market which is crisis under the current situation. However, the battery of the electric vehicles and other electric power source, such as solar power stored in battery, can also be used to meet the shortage of grid. Electric vehicles can get supply from other vehicle's battery or solar power stored in battery. The electric vehicle charging outside the grid market, vehicle-to-x electricity trading market, will be formed in the near future. This paper analyzes the vehicle-to-x electricity trading mode among users. The trading parameters and transaction flow are discussed in this paper, and the trading rules are given.
Alkaline phosphatase (tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme) is a phosphoethanolamine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate ectophosphatase: normal and hypophosphatasia fibroblast study. (1990)

To clarify its physiologic role, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was examined in normal skin fibroblasts and was shown to be the tissue-nonspecific (TNS) isoenzyme type (as evidenced by heat and inhibition profiles) and to be active toward millimolar concentrations of the putative natural substrates phosphoethanolamine (PEA) and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP). Fibroblast ALP has a low-affinity activity, with a distinctly alkaline pH optimum (9.3), toward 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (4-MUP), PEA, and PLP but a more physiologic pH optimum (8.3) toward physiologic concentrations (micromolar) of PEA and PLP. Normal fibroblast ALP is linked to the outside of the plasma membrane, since in intact cell monolayers (1) dephosphorylation rates of the membrane-impermeable substrates PEA and PLP in the medium at physiologic pH were similar to those observed with disrupted cell monolayers, (2) brief exposure to acidic medium resulted in greater than 90% inactivation of the total ALP activity, and (3) digestion with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) released about 80% of the ALP activity. Hypophosphatasia fibroblasts were markedly deficient (2%-5% control values) in alkaline and physiologic ALP activity when 4-MUP, PLP, and PEA were used as substrate. The majority of the detectable ALP activity, however, appeared to be properly lipid anchored in ecto-orientation. Thus, our findings of genetic deficiency of PEA- and PLP-phosphatase activity in hypophosphatasia fibroblasts, as well as our biochemical findings, indicate that TNS-ALP acts physiologically as a lipid-anchored PEA and PLP ectophosphatase.
Silver Cluster Formation, Dynamics, and Chemistry in Metal−Organic Frameworks (2009)

Synthetic methods used to produce metal nanoparticles typically lead to a distribution of particle sizes. In addition, creation of the smallest clusters, with sizes of a few to tens of atoms, remains very challenging. Nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising solution to these problems, since their long-range crystalline order creates completely uniform pore sizes with the potential for both steric and chemical stabilization. We report a systematic investigation of silver nanocluster formation within MOFs using three representative MOF templates. The as-synthesized clusters are spectroscopically consistent with dimensions < or =1 nm, with a significant fraction existing as Ag(3) clusters, as shown by electron paramagnetic resonance. Importantly, we show conclusively that very rapid TEM-induced MOF degradation leads to agglomeration and stable, easily imaged particles, explaining prior reports of particles larger than MOF pores. These results solve an important riddle concerning MOF-based templates and suggest that heterostructures composed of highly uniform arrays of nanoparticles within MOFs are feasible.
A framework for learning query concepts in image classification (2003)

In this paper, we adapt the Multiple Instance Learning paradigm using the Diverse Density algorithm as a way of modeling the ambiguity in images in order to learn "visual concepts" that can be used to classify new images. In this framework, a user labels an image as positive if the image contains the concept. Each example image is a bag of instances (sub-images) where only the bag is labeled-not the individual instances (sub-images). From a small collection of positive and negative examples, the system learns the concept and uses it to retrieve images that contain the concept from a large database. The learned "concepts" are simple templates that capture the color, texture and spatial properties of the class of images. We introduced this method earlier in the domain of natural scene classification using simple, low resolution sub-images as instances. In this paper, we extend the bag generator (the mechanism which takes an image and generates a set of instances) to generate more complex instances using multiple cues on segmented high resolution images. We show that this method can be used to learn certain object class concepts (e.g. cars) in addition, to natural scenes.
Jaw tracking devices--historical review of methods development. Part II. (2005)

Chewing or mastication is one of the main functions of the stomatognathic system. The use of devices for quantitatively measuring mandibular motion has recently become more common in scientific and clinical use. Often, the goal has been to provide an objective basis for diagnosing musculoskeletal disorders of the jaws, to monitor the progress of active treatment methods or to evaluate prosthodontic treatment functional results. To better understand differences between various systems to record mandibular motion a review of recording methods presented over the years was made. To give fundamental description for development of existing methods review was divided in three parts. Part II includes analyses of electronic and telemetric methods, magnetometry and opto-electronic methods, describing not only technologies by themselves, but also analyzing essential limitations, possible direction of the functional improvement and, specially, their scientific and clinical significance.
Regression Test Cases Generation Based on Automatic Model Revision (2012)

Regression testing is a widely used way to assure the quality of modified software. It requires executing a suite of test cases to ensure that modifications do not introduce any negative impact to software behavior. To collect test cases in the suite that can reveal modifications, different versions of software must be compared carefully. Existing approaches, relying on manual examination on programs or models to identify differences, are expensive. In the paper, we present a fully automatic approach to generating regression test cases based on activity diagram revision. By collecting execution traces and revising old activity diagrams, the approach firstly constructs new activity diagrams that can reveal software behavior changes. Then, both affected paths and new paths in activity diagrams are identified. Finally, an execution-based approach is applied to generate regression test cases whose execution can cover these paths. Experiments show the effectiveness of our approach.
Array of high quality surface micromirrors by chemical mechanical polishing of dielectric and metal (2002)

The reflective spatial light modulator (SLM) technology of ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) on a CMOS VLSI substrate is now relatively mature. In order to optimize the optical performance of such a SLM, the silicon backplane should exhibit the following properties the backplane should be optically flat, both globally (across the backplane) in order to minimize distortion introduced by reflection from its surface and locally (within a pixel) in order to minimize scattering the pixel mirrors should occupy as much of the pixel area as possible, with minimal gaps between mirrors, in order to maximize the amount of reflected light the SLM surface should be microscopically smooth in order to promote good alignment of the FLC molecules. To achieve this we have developed micromachining techniques which are applied (in various combinations) as a post-processing sequence to "fully" processed wafers from a silicon foundry (such as Alcatel-Mietec or Austria Mikro Systeme). The post processing techniques involve the deposition, polishing and patterning of both dielectric and metal layers on top of the "fully" processed wafer.
Highly Sensitive Halide Ions Recognition with Diprotonated Porphyrin (2008)

@The titration of the diprotonated form of 3,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,8,12,18-tetrabutylporphyrin with the series of halide ions has been done in the acetonitrile solution. It was shown that the stable complexes of 1:1 and 1:2 structures with halide ions have been formed. The influence of complexation with halide ions on the porphyrin fluorescent properties has been studied. The strong quenching of the porphyrin fluorescence has been found. It was established that both static quenching upon the nonfluorescent complex formation due to internal heavy atom effect and dynamic diffusioncontrolled quenching took place. Based on the analysis of dependencies of fluorescence intensity and lifetime on the iodide ions concentration in solution, it was proposed to use the diprotonated form of the porphyrin as a basic compound for design of the fluorescent molecular receptor for the halide ions.
Lenalidomide (Revlimid): A Thalidomide Analogue in Combination With Dexamethasone For the Treatment of All Patients With Multiple Myeloma. (2016)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow that interferes with the production of normal blood cells, resulting in leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The second most prevalent blood cancer after non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, it represents approximately 1% of all cancers and 2% of all cancer deaths.1 In the United States, approximately 30,330 new cases of MM (17,900 in men and 12,430 in women) will be diagnosed in 2016; the lifetime risk of MM is one in 143 (0.7%). Approximately 12,650 deaths from MM (6,430 in men and 6,220 in women) are predicted in 2016.2 Presentations of the disease vary from asymptomatic to severely symptomatic, with complications such as kidney failure, bone lesions, hypercalcemia, and spinal cord compression.3,4 The relative five-year survival rate of MM, which is higher in younger than older populations, is approximately 46.6%.5–7

Lenalidomide (Revlimid, Celgene) is a thalidomide derivative introduced in 2004 as an immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of various cancers such as MM, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and lymphoma. Lenalidomide, despite its known toxicities, has significantly improved the once-poor prognosis and survival rates of MM.8 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded the existing indication for lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone to include newly diagnosed MM in February 2015, based on safety and efficacy results from a phase 3 study of 1,623 newly diagnosed patients who were not stem-cell transplant candidates.9 This study evaluated continuous lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone until disease progression versus melphalan, prednisone, and thalidomide for 18 months as the primary analysis.10 Although lenalidomide has other approved indications, this article focuses on MM.
Standard Compatible Error Correction for Multimedia Transmissions Over 802.11 WLAN (2005)

In this paper, we analyze a standard compatible error correction technique for multimedia transmissions over 802.11 WLANs that exploits, when available, the information of previous erroneous transmissions. The basic idea is to store erroneous frames for error correction purposes. More specifically, at the receiver each bit is estimated with a majority criterion. The performance of different standard compliant error recovery techniques have been evaluated using actual transmission experiments in various channel conditions. Optimal tradeoffs between complexity, memory and perceived quality have been determined studying the quality gains that can be achieved for the specific case of multimedia applications. Perceived quality has been evaluated using objective measures, e.g. ITU-T PESQ for voice and PSNR for video. Results show that the majority combining approach is particularly effective for multimedia communications, even in very noisy scenarios. Gains up to about one unit on the MOS scale for speech and up to 5-6 dB PSNR in case of video have been measured with respect to the standard ARQ technique
A flexible biocompatible graphene sensor for real-time monitoring of PH and protein (2011)

This paper presents the preliminary results of graphene biosensors for the measurement of pH and protein concentration. Graphene is a semiconductor, and its conductivity can be modulated by the field effect of surrounding charged biomolecules and applied voltage. We used mechanical exfoliation to produce high-quality graphene, and monitored the change of conductance in the solutions of different pH and different protein concentration (bovine serum albumin, BSA). We observed negatively charge hydroxyl ions and BSA induces electron holes in graphene, making the Dirac point shift to the positive voltage, and changing its conductance.
Optical investigation of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Eu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>in a sodium borosilicate glass: Evidence for two different site distributions (1996)

A borosilicate glass of molar composition 0.${01\mathrm{E}\mathrm{u}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$\ensuremath{\cdot}0.99(${25\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}}_{2}$O\ensuremath{\cdot}${50\mathrm{B}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${25\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) has been studied through the optical spectroscopy of the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ion. Absorption and excitation spectra, fluorescence line narrowing, and time-resolved spectroscopy show that the impurity ions are accommodated in two different site distributions, one related to a silicate environment, and the other one related to a borate environment. These results have been corroborated by crystal-field calculations and comparison with the crystal-field parameters for the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ion in silicate and borate glasses. The presence of phonon sidebands indicates strong coupling with high-frequency Si-O and B-O stretching vibrational modes. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Comparative Efficacy of Aspirin and Acetaminophen in the Reduction of Fever in Children (1981)

Antipyretics should be employed in the pediatric population whenever it is the clinical judgment of the attending physician that fever should be lowered. Aspirin and acetaminophen are equally effective as antipyretics. The efficacy and safety of these two most common antipyretic agents are examined, and various studies with these agents are critically reviewed. Since acetaminophen has a greater margin of safety at antipyretic dosages, it is preferred to aspirin when an anti-inflammatory effect is not required. The efficacy and safety of combination therapy with acetaminophen and aspirin in pediatric patients--or an alternative treatment regimen with both these drugs--warrant investigation.
A novel cholesterol stain reveals early neuronal cholesterol accumulation in the Niemann-Pick type C1 mouse brain (2004)

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive accumulation of cholesterol, gangliosides, and other lipids in the central nervous system and visceral organs. In the NPC1 mouse model, neurodegeneration and neuronal cell loss occur before postnatal day 21. Whether neuronal cholesterol accumulation occurs in vivo before the first signs of neuronal cell loss has not been demonstrated. In this report, we used the NPC1 mouse model and employed a novel cholesterol binding reagent, BC theta, that enabled us to visualize cellular cholesterol accumulation at a level previously unattainable. The results demonstrate the superiority of BC theta staining over conventional filipin staining in confocal microscopy and highlight several new findings. We show that at postnatal day 9, although only mild signs of neurodegeneration are detectable, significant neuronal cholesterol accumulation has already occurred throughout the NPC1 brain. In addition, although NPC1 Purkinje neurons exhibit a normal morphology at day 9, significant cholesterol accumulation within their extensive dendritic trees has occurred. We also show that in the thalamus and cortex of NPC1 mice, activated glial cells first appear at postnatal day 9 and heavily populate by day 22, suggesting that in NPC1 mice, neuronal cholesterol accumulation precedes neuronal injury and neuronal cell loss.
Cholesterol Sulfate (2001)

Cholesterol sulfate supports platelet adhesion and may be one of the factors determining the prothrombotic potential of atherosclerotic lesions.
KAOS: an object-oriented software tool for the objects definition, updating, querying and programming in an object-oriented environment (2002)

The main purpose of this paper is to present KAOS, an object-oriented software tool built as an implementation of the object-oriented model OASIS developed at the Information Systems and Computing Department of the Technical University of Valencia and based on the object-oriented specification language OASIS. KAOS is a first prototype that offers the functionality of an object-oriented, deductive and active database management system, built over KBMSI, a knowledge-base management system.
Design optimization of a 3/4 coil-type axial magnetic field contact for 126 kV vacuum interrupter (2017)

The objective of this paper is to optimize a 3/4 coil-type axial magnetic field (AMF) contact design used for 126 kV vacuum interrupter. Through central composite design and finite element calculation, axial magnetic field characteristics and loop resistance of the contact system with various design parameters were obtained. Four contact parameters including coil width w, coil height h, air gap width between coils s, and slot length l were chosen as optimized parameters. The optimization objectives were chosen as follows: the maximum axial magnetic flux density at current peak B, the maximum area ratio of “effective region” λ, the minimum axial magnetic flux density at current zero B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , and the minimum loop resistance of contact system R. Based on the simulation results, equations of AMF characteristics and loop resistance of the contact system were determined. Therefore, the 3/4 coil-type AMF contact were optimized. The optimum values of w, h, s, and l were determined as 18.3 mm, 14.0 mm, 1.7 mm, and 40.0 mm, respectively, which achieve the optimal performance. The optimized B, λ, B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> and R were 310.20 mT, 44.20 %, 41.27 mT, and 26.06 μΩ, respectively.
A Parallel Algorithm for Rotating‐Frame Zeugmatography (1984)

An algorithm, which utilizes a high degree of parallel processing, has been developed for two-dimensional rotating-frame zeugmatography so that a picture of 256 X 256 pixels can be generated with a minicomputer system 2 sec after data accumulation. An array processor is employed as a second processor and, the refresh memory of a display unit is used as a fast data storage entity. Approximately half the calculations are carried out in the array processor during the nuclear relaxation period. Data movement to and from the display memory occurs largely during, and in parallel with, the array processing. The sequence can be run at a repetition rate of 35 msec per free induction decay and the algorithm can be implemented in any two-dimensional experiment of the Fourier transform genre.
Insulin selectively activates STAT5b, but not STAT5a, via a JAK2‐independent signalling pathway in Kym‐1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells (1999)

The STAT multigene family of transcriptional regulators conveys signals from several cytokines and growth factors upon phosphorylation by janus kinases (JAK). Activation of STAT5 is typically mediated by JAK2, but more recent data indicate a direct activation by the insulin receptor kinase. STAT5 exists in two closely homologous isoforms, STAT5a and b. We here describe the selective tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5b in Kym-1 cells in response to insulin. Blocking insulin signalling by HNMPA-(AM)(3), an insulin receptor kinase inhibitor, resulted in the loss of insulin-induced STAT5b tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas the inhibition of JAK2 by the JAK selective inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 had no effect. By contrast, in the same cells, IFNgamma-induced STAT5b activation was JAK2-dependent, indicating that this signal pathway is functional in Kym-1 cells. We conclude from this rhabdomyosarcoma model that STAT5b, but not STAT5a is a direct target of the insulin receptor kinase.