gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional activation of beta-adrenergic receptors by thiols in the presence or absence of agonists. (1985)

Treatment of beta-adrenergic receptor with dithiothreitol (DTT) or other thiol compounds caused its functional activation in the presence or absence of agonist ligands. Such activation was observed in reconstituted unilamellar phospholipid vesicles that contained beta-adrenergic receptors, purified to greater than or equal to 95% homogeneity from turkey erythrocyte plasma membranes, and the stimulatory GTP-binding protein of the adenylate cyclase system (Gs) purified from rabbit liver. Incubation of the vesicles with 2-10 mM DTT at 0 degrees C for 1 h increased the rate (4-5-fold) and the extent (3-4-fold) of activation of Gs by guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) binding, an effect about equivalent to the addition of beta-adrenergic agonists. Treatment with DTT also markedly potentiated the ability of agonists to stimulate GTP gamma S binding, increasing the initial rate about 10-fold. DTT treatment was as effective as agonist in stimulating GTPase activity, and maximal stimulation was obtained when DTT-treated vesicles were assayed in the presence of agonist. Other thiol compounds produced effects similar to those of DTT but were at least 10-fold less potent. Stimulation of GTP gamma S binding or GTPase activity required active receptor, and treatment of the receptor with DTT prior to reconstitution also increased its efficacy. There was no effect of DTT on Gs alone. Thus, the site of action of DTT appears to be on the beta-adrenergic receptor itself, and the reduction of disulfides and the binding of agonist act synergistically to activate the receptor. DTT treatment made the receptor more labile to thermal denaturation. Inclusion of cholesterol or cholesteryl-hemisuccinate (5-25%) in the vesicles protected the reduced receptor against such denaturation and enhanced its recovery during reconstitution. No effect of cholesterol or cholesteryl-hemisuccinate was observed on the stability of the nonreduced receptor, which was comparable to that observed in native membranes.
Angular stabilisation of resonant frequency of artificial magnetic conductors for TE-incidence (2004)

Two novel artificial magnetic conductors (high-impedance surfaces) are suggested that stabilise the resonant frequency of the structure with respect to variations of the angle of incidence of TE-polarised incident electromagnetic waves. The performance is compared to that of the well-known mushroom structure, both in theory and experiment. A possible explanation for the stabilising effect is presented.
Quantitative fluorescence measurements of ao‐stained normal and malignant bladder cells (1983)

Abstract Quantitative, corrected fluorescence emission spectra from the nuclei of acridine orange‐stained bladder epithelial cells were obtained with a corrected spectrum microspectrofluorophotometer (MSF) 5 which is calibrated with a phosphor particle fluorescence standard. The spectra demonstrated that the green fluorescence band (λ max ≅530 nm) is stoichiometrically related to the amount of nucleic acids (NA) present in a given nucleus, provided this spectroscopic species has reached saturation. The shape of this spectral band is constant. On the basis of this information, we used a simple microfluorometer, (SFM), calibrated with the phosphor particle standard, to routinely measure the amount of green fluorescence emission from the nuclei of AO‐stained bladder epithelial cells. The amount of green fluorescence per normal nucleus never exceeded 0.5 phosphor particle units (ppu). In contrast, in every sample containing malignant or cancerrelated cells, one or more cells contained nuclei that exhibited more than 0.5 ppu total green nuclear fluorescence. Results obtained with the SFM on 794 AO‐stained cells from 80 samples taken from 40 patients are reported here. Samples consisted of urine specimens, bladder washings, and biopsies. One or more malignant cells from every grade 3 or 4 tumor and 17 of 17 grade 1 or 2 tumors showed markedly elevated levels of total (integrated) green nuclear fluorescence indicating the presence of DNA aneuploidy, strongly, suggestive of the presence of malignant or potentially malignant cells. Comparison with diagnoses based on H and E‐stained biopsy material and Papanicolaou‐stained cytological preparations show excellent correlation. The quantitative fluorescence measurements demonstrate a clear difference between negatives and positives with linear ordering up through Grade 4 and CIS. Grades 1 and 2 were clearly different from 3 and 4 (p<0.001). The results indicate that the quantitative fluorescence methodology reveals the presence and extent of DNA aneuploidy which may prove to be a more sensitive cytologic method for detection of low grade tumors and may also provide an objective biochemical basis for tumor grade classification. Detecting the presence of DNA aneuploidy may even serve to provide earlier detection than is possible with conventional means, but this remains to be confirmed by longitudinal studies.
A Laboratory Investigation of Miscible Displacement by Carbon Dioxide (1971)

Abstract We have conducted displacements of reconstituted reservoir fluids in Boise outcrop sandstone cores of 6 to 42.5 ft in length using CO2 at various pressures. Our studies indicate that a miscible displacement may be achieved by CO2 injection at pressures well below those necessary when methane is the injection fluid. Miscibility by CO2 is generated through multiple contact equilibria in which the CO2 is progressively enriched with intermediates progressively enriched with intermediates (ethane through hexane) from the oil. The miscibility pressure for CO2 and a given reservoir fluid is difficult to determine because CO2 exhibits highly efficient swelling and vaporization of the oil. We also found it impractical to operate below the rates where differences in density between displaced and displacing fluids prevent viscous fingering in vertical cores. We were able to define the miscibility pressure using the anticipated increasing recovery as a function of core length in miscible displacements in combination with effluent fluid visual cell observations and chromatographic data. Introduction Miscible displacement processes in petroleum reservoirs fall generally into two classes: (1) processes in which the injected fluid and in-place fluid form a single-phase solution for all compositions and (2) processes in which the injected fluid and in-place fluid do not on a single equilibrium contact form a single-phase solution over most of the range of possible compositions, but which may generate a zone of contiguous single-phase compositions by multiple contact mass transfer of components between the injected and in-place fluids. Processes in Class 1 are sometimes characterized as having first contact miscibility; one example of such a process is the propane slug process. There are two important types of Class 2 processes, the enriched gas-drive process and the high-pressure gas process. In the enriched gas-drive process the injected gas contains methane and intermediate hydrocarbons, usually ethane, propane and butanes. These intermediate hydrocarbons dissolve in the oil, enriching it to the point where it becomes miscible with the injected gas. Miscibility in the high-pressure gas process is generated by transfer of intermediates, ethane through hexane, from the reservoir fluid into the injected lean gas. The enriched gas-drive process and the high-pressure gas process are both characterized at pressures where miscibility is possible by an initial period of immiscible displacement until sufficient mass transfer of intermediates has occurred to satisfy the requirement for miscibility.
A Hybrid, Neuro-Genetic Approach to Hydraulic Fracture Treatment Design and Optimization (1996)

Summary This paper summarizes the efforts conducted toward the development of a new and novel methodology for optimal design of hydraulic fracture treatments in a gas storage field. What makes this methodology unique is its capability to provide engineers with a near optimum design of a frac job despite very little (almost none) reservoir data availability. Lack of engineering data for hydraulic fracture design and evaluation had made use of 2D or 3D hydraulic fracture simulators impractical. As a result, prior designs of hydraulic frac jobs had been reduced to guess works and in some cases dependent on engineers with many years of experience on this particular field, who had developed an intuition about this formation and its possible response to different treatments. This was the main cause of several frac job failures every year. On the other hand, in case of relocation of engineers with experience on this particular field the risk of even more frac job failures was imminent. The unique design optimization method presented here is a logical continuation of the study that was covered in two previous papers1,2. To thoroughly understand this methodology, reading of these two references are highly recommended. This method will accept available data on each well, which includes basic well information and production history, and provides engineer with a detail optimum hydraulic fracture design unique to that well, along with the expected post-frac deliverability. Please note that there are no simulated data throughout this study and all data used for development and verification of all methods are done using actual field data.
Highly Reliable and Scalable Tungsten Polymetal Gate Process for Memory Devices Using Low-Temperature Plasma Selective Gate Reoxidation (2006)

We applied a very low-temperature plasma-type selective gate reoxidation process to W/poly-Si gate for suppression of abnormal oxidation of a low contact resistive WSix/WN diffusion barrier. The device with the plasma selective gate reoxidation showed superior gate oxide reliability and improved stress immunity of transistor compared to the thermally selective gate reoxidized devices
Microbial Populations Associated with Treatment of an Industrial Dye Effluent in an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (2001)

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using 16S and 23S rRNA-targeted probes together with construction of an archaeal 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clone library was used to characterize the microbial populations of an anaerobic baffled reactor successfully treating industrial dye waste. Wastewater produced during the manufacture of food dyes containing several different azo and other dye compounds was decolorized and degraded under sulfidogenic and methanogenic conditions. Use of molecular methods to describe microbial populations showed that a diverse group of Bacteria and Archaea was involved in this treatment process. FISH enumeration showed that members of the gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria and bacteria in the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum, together with sulfate-reducing bacteria, were prominent members of a mixed bacterial population. A combination of FISH probing and analysis of 98 archaeal 16S rDNA clone inserts revealed that together with the bacterial population, a methanogenic population dominated by Methanosaeta species and containing species of Methanobacterium and Methanospirillum and a relatively unstudied methanogen, Methanomethylovorans hollandica, contributed to successful anaerobic treatment of the industrial waste. We suggest that sulfate reducers, or more accurately sulfidogenic bacteria, together with M. hollandica contribute considerably to the treatment process through metabolism of dye-associated sulfonate groups and subsequent conversion of sulfur compounds to carbon dioxide and methane.
A Model for Intracortical Visual Prosthesis Research (2003)

In the field of visual prosthesis research, it has generally been held that animal models are limited to testing the safety of implantable hardware due to the inability of the animal to provide a linguistic report of perceptions. In contrast, vision scientists make extensive use of trained animal models to investigate the links between visual stimuli, neural activities, and perception. We describe an animal model for cortical visual prosthesis research in which novel animal psychophysical testing has been employed to compensate for the lack of a linguistic report. One hundred and fifty-two intracortical microelectrodes were chronically implanted in area V1 of a male macaque. Receptive field mapping was combined with eye-tracking to develop a reward-based training procedure. The animal was trained to use electrically induced point-flash percepts, called phosphenes, in performing a memory saccade task. It is our long-term goal to use this animal model to investigate stimulation strategies in developing a multichannel sensory cortical interface.
The ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: Structure, Function, and Gene Family Comparison between Rice and Arabidopsis (2003)

Cells are separated from their external environment by a membrane barrier, which ensures that certain ions, metabolic intermediates, and macromolecules, such as proteins, remain within the cell. However, life is not possible without the exchange of material and information with the external
Monolithically integrated nonlinear Sagnac interferometerandits application as a 20 Gbit/s all-optical demultiplexer (1996)

A Sagnac interferometer consisting of a semiconductor laser amplifier and a 3 dB coupler monolithically integrated within a waveguide loop mirror is fabricated and its application as a 20 Gbit/s all-optical demultiplexer is demonstrated.
Modulation for Three-Phase Transformerless Z-Source Inverter to Reduce Leakage Currents in Photovoltaic Systems (2011)

In this paper, a modified Z-source inverter (ZSI) with specific modulation techniques is proposed to reduce leakage currents in three-phase transformerless photovoltaic (PV) systems. The new topology only requires an additional fast-recovery diode when compared with the original structure. On the other hand, the pulsewidth modulation technique is entirely modified in order to reduce the leakage currents through the conduction path. Simulation results for the three-phase transformerless PV system operating in two cases, i.e., connected to a grid and connected to a grounded <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RL</i> load, are presented. Experimental results of leakage currents in three-phase ZSIs connected to a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RL</i> load are obtained to validate the theoretical and simulation models.
Scalable funding of Bitcoin micropayment channel networks (2018)

The Bitcoin network has scalability problems. To increase its transaction rate and speed, micropayment channel networks have been proposed; however, these require to lock funds into specific channels. Moreover, the available space in the blockchain does not allow scaling to a worldwide payment system. We propose a new layer that sits in between the blockchain and the payment channels. The new layer addresses the scalability problem by enabling trustless off-blockchain channel funding. It consists of shared accounts of groups of nodes that flexibly create one-to-one channels for the payment network. The new system allows rapid changes of the allocation of funds to channels and reduces the cost of opening new channels. Instead of one blockchain transaction per channel, each user only needs one transaction to enter a group of nodes-within the group the user can create arbitrarily many channels. For a group of 20 users with 100 intra-group channels, the cost of the blockchain transactions is reduced by 90% compared to 100 regular micropayment channels opened on the blockchain. This can be increased further to 96% if Bitcoin introduces Schnorr signatures with signature aggregation.
The effect of consecutive days of exercise on markers of oxidative stress (2007)

We examined the influence of 3 consecutive days of high-intensity cycling on blood and urinary markers of oxidative stress. Eight highly-trained male cyclists (VO2 max 76 +/- 4 mL.kg-1.min-1; mean +/- SD) completed an interval session (9 exercise bouts lasting 30 s each, at 150% peak power output) on day 1, followed by 2 laboratory-simulated 30 km time trials on days 2 and 3. The cyclists also completed a submaximal exercise trial matched to the interval session for oxygen consumption. Blood was collected pre- and post-exercise for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), vitamin E, and the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, while urine was collected for the determination of allantoin. There were significant increases in plasma MDA concentrations (p < 0.01), plasma TAS (p < 0.01), and urinary allantoin excretion (p < 0.01) following the high-intensity interval session on day 1, whereas plasma vitamin E concentration significantly decreased (p = 0.028). Post-exercise changes in plasma MDA (p = 0.036), TAS concentrations (p = 0.039), and urinary allantoin excretion (p = 0.031) were all significantly attenuated over the 3 consecutive days of exercise, whereas resting plasma TAS concentration was elevated. There were no significant changes in plasma MDA, TAS, or allantoin excretion following submaximal exercise and there were no significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activity over consecutive days of exercise or following submaximal exercise. Consecutive days of high-intensity exercise enhanced resting plasma TAS concentration and reduced the post-exercise increase in plasma MDA concentrations.
PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS FROM AN OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY WASTE (2019)

This work studies the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using crude olive pomace oil as raw material and zinc stearate as catalyst. Pomace oil is a non-edible by-product of olive oil production. The oil was characterized. In order to reduce the plant pigment content in the oil, the liquid was contacted with a modified clay. An experimental design was applied to determine the optimum operating conditions to achieve the minimum pigment concentration and the maximum amount of recovered oil. Response surface methodology was used to study the relationship between process variables and the selected response variables. A mixed-level factorial design was used, and the studied responses were triglyceride and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion and FAME yield at 30 min of reaction time. Under optimum conditions (temperature (T): 140ºC, catalyst loading (C): 3 wt%, initial molar ratio of the reactants (MR): 30), 98% and 67% of triglyceride and FFA conversions were achieved, with 84% of FAME yield. This study shows that pomace oil can be used as a raw material for biodiesel production. At short reaction times and under moderate operating conditions, it was possible to convert triglycerides and fatty acids selectively toward FAME.
Universal, strong and long-ranged trapping by optical conveyors (2014)

Optical conveyors are active tractor beams that selectively transport illuminated objects either upstream or downstream along their axes. Formed by the coherent superposition of coaxial Bessel beams, an optical conveyor features an axial array of equally spaced intensity maxima that act as optical traps for small objects. We demonstrate through measurements on colloidal spheres and numerical calculations based on the generalized Lorenz-Mie theory that optical conveyors' interferometric structure endows them with trapping characteristics far superior to those of conventional optical tweezers. Optical conveyors form substantially stiffer traps and can transport a wider variety of materials over a much longer axial range.
Improving the fairness of distributed-queue-dual-bus networks (2002)

The fairness problems suffered by distributed-queue-dual-bus (DQDB) networks that span metropolitan areas are examined in detail. The problems arise because the network control information is subject to propagation delays that are much longer than the transmission time of a data segment. A rate control procedure is proposed that requires only a minor modification of the current DQDB protocol. In order to guarantee that a node acquires only 90% of the available slots, every time it inserts nine data segments into its local queue it inserts one extra request slot into its transmission queue. This lets an extra idle slot go by that was not requested by any downstream node.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Diseño de una interfase para el control de eventos en tiempo real con la Commedore 641 (1985)

Se presenta el diseno de una interfase para la Commodore 64, que emplea el puerto paralelo de usuarios para entrada y salida. Se describe la forma de programacion de las lineas del puerto y se incluye un programa en BASIC que ejemplifica las operaciones de control y registro de eventos en tiempo real.
Participation of the interstitium in acute immune-complex nephritis: interstitial antigen accumulation, cellular infiltrate, and MHC class II expression (2003)

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) injected into the rabbits induces acute immune complex glomerulonephritis. Since albumin is filtered and reabsorbed in the tubules, we investigated whether tubulointerstitial cells participate in the pathogenesis of this experimental condition. For this purpose, we induced immune-complex nephritis in 45 rabbits with the injection of 125I-BSA and urinary BSA excretion, glomerular and tubulointerstitial BSA accumulation, lymphocyte infiltration, proliferative activity and MHC class II antigens were examined 2, 4-5 and 6-8 days after immunization. Proteinuria developed day 6-8. BSA was found in urine from day 2 (mean +/- SE; 1089 +/- 339 micro g/24 h) and peaked on day 4 after immunization (2249 +/- 1106). BSA content (cpm/g tissue) in tubulointerstitium (TI) and glomeruli were similar at day 2 (457 +/- 45 and 407 +/- 75, respectively), but afterward increased significantly in TI, reaching a peak level on day 5 (1026 +/- 406) while remained unchanged in glomeruli (388 +/- 95). At the same time, preceding the onset of proteinuria, maximal intensity of the lymphocyte infiltration, proliferative activity and MHC class II antigen expression in tubular cells, monocytes/macrophages and interstitial cells were observed. Our study shows that antigen is excreted in the urine and concentrated in TI in association with overexpression of MHC class II molecules and lymphocyte infiltration. These findings occur prior to the development of proteinuria and suggest that the tubulointerstitial cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of this model.
3D 프린팅을 활용한 재활치료보조기기 제품개발 연구 -뇌졸중 편마비환자의 경직관절 재활을 위한 발목관절보조기기 개발을 중심으로- (2018)

재활치료보조기기 시장은 매년 빠른속도로 성장하고 있으나, 여전히 재활치료보조기기의 제작환경은 수작업에 의한 아날로그방식에 의존하고 있으며, 이에 따라 오랜 제작기간과 고가격, 다량의 쓰레기양산, 비환자중심 제품개발환경, 고비용의 제작설비구축 등 다양한 문제를 내포하고 있다.
본 연구에서는 3D프린팅을 기반으로 한 재활치료보조기 개발 과정을 제시함으로써, 향후 재활치료보조기 시장에서의 효율적인 제작환경의 가능성을 제안하고자 하였다.
이를 위하여, 이론적 고찰을 통해 3D프린팅기술과 3D프린터 및 소재에 대한 고찰을 수행하고, 소재특성테스트를 통해 뇌졸중환자의 편마비질환에 따른 관절경직 재활치료를 위한 발목관절보조기 개발과정을 제시하였다.
의료기기 및 재활치료기기분야서 3D프린팅기술은 빠르게 확대 적용될 것으로 기대되는데 그 이유는 의료기기 및 재활치료보조기기의 경우 환자 개인별 맞춤제작의 필요성이 다른 산업군보다 매우 높기 때문이다. 본 연구를 기반으로 향후 의료기기 및 재활치료보조기기 분야에서 다양한 3D 프린팅기술과 3D 프린팅소재의 연구로 확대되어, 3D프린팅기술을 활용한 의료기기 및 재활치료기기 산업이 크게 발전되기를 기대한다.
Multimodal User Interface for Mobile Robots (1998)

rnABSTRACT SRI has developed a prototype of a multimodal user interface for small mobile robots that will help dis-mounted warfighters to conduct reconnaissance and safely enter urban areas occupied by hostile forces. By providing input via voice, pointing, and drawing, the multimodal user interface takes advantage of the natu-ral ways in which humans communicate. The novel aspect of our user interface is that the operator can directly interact with the video imagery and map data so as to easily and efficiently specify spatial locations and relationships. The user interface also enables the operator to task the robots with semiautonomous behav-iors that combine both operator-supplied and robot-supplied information. SRI implemented the user inter-face on a notebook computer and demonstrated it controlling a wheeled robot.