gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molectronics: a circuit design perspective (2001)

Recently, several mechanisms have been proposed as a basis for designing molecular electronic logic switching elements. Many two terminal molecular devices functioning as diodes have been synthesized with responses similar to silicon devices such as rectifying and resonant tunneling diodes. In this paper, the feasibility of integrating these molecular diodes into current circuit architectures is explored. A series of logic gates and a memory element are simulated based on the voltage-controlled current flow method using the Tour-Reed molecular diode exhibiting negative differential resistance (NDR). HSPICE simulation results are used to illustrate the performance of these devices and to quantify additional component and interconnect requirements. Finally, future system design approaches using molecular components are discussed.
Cancer of unknown primary: clinicopathologic correlations (2003)

Cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) accounts for 5-10% of all malignant tumors at presentation and remains the death certificate diagnosis in 0.5-5% of patients. We investigated CUP patients whose primary site remained unknown throughout the entire clinical course. We reviewed 9,436 consecutive autopsies performed between 1984 and 1999 at the Mayo Clinic, matched with 177,167 cancer patients treated in the same time period. Sixty-four patients who died of CUP underwent postmortem examination. Antemortem pathologic diagnoses were obtained in 57 patients, agreed with postmortem diagnoses in 98%, and included adenocarcinoma (n=44), undifferentiated carcinoma (n=7), squamous cell carcinoma (n=3), and others (n=3). Autopsy located the primary site in 35 patients (55%). Common primary sites were lung (n=8), the pancreaticobiliary (n=13) and GI tracts (n=9). Of 43 patients evaluated for tumor-specific therapy, only six received no further oncologic treatment and untreated patients survived a median of 57 (range 10-280) days, compared with 225 (range 19-1,129) days for patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (n=37). Our findings show that (1) autopsy studies provide a valuable tool for quality control in the setting of CUP, and (2) treated patients have a small but significant survival benefit.
A New Polynucleotide Complex Stabilized by Three Interbase Hydrogen Bonds, Poly2-aminoadenylic Acid + Polyuridylic Acid (1966)

Abstract A new polynucleotide helix stabilized by three interbase hydrogen bonds has been prepared and investigated. The additional hydrogen bond possible in the complex between poly-2-aminoadenylic acid and polyuridylic acid leads to an increase of 25° in Tm or approximately half the increase attributed to the third hydrogen bond in guanosine-cytosine pairs.
dictyBase—a Dictyostelium bioinformatics resource update (2008)

dictyBase (http://dictybase.org) is the model organism database for Dictyostelium discoideum. It houses the complete genome sequence, ESTs and the entire body of literature relevant to Dictyostelium. This information is curated to provide accurate gene models and functional annotations, with the goal of fully annotating the genome. This dictyBase update describes the annotations and features implemented since 2006, including improved strain and phenotype representation, integration of predicted transcriptional regulatory elements, protein domain information, biochemical pathways, improved searching and a wiki tool that allows members of the research community to provide annotations.
Effects of Dopaminergic Agents on Progression of Naturally Occurring Myopia in Albino Guinea Pigs (<i>Cavia porcellus</i>) (2014)

Our data suggest that the activation of D1-like receptors inhibits, whereas activation of D2-like receptors promotes, progressive myopia in this animal model. The robust effects of antagonists suggest that ocular dopamine receptors in these albinos may be in a chronic state of partial excitation. The precise location and identity of the receptors responsible for these effects remain to be determined.
Monoclonal autoantibodies specific for oxidized phospholipids or oxidized phospholipid–protein adducts inhibit macrophage uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (1999)

We recently cloned monoclonal IgM autoantibodies which bind to epitopes of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) from apoE-deficient mice (EO- autoantibodies). We now demonstrate that those EO- autoantibodies that were originally selected for binding to copper-oxidized low-density lipoproteins (CuOx-LDL), also bound both to the oxidized protein and to the oxidized lipid moieties of CuOx-LDL. The same EO- autoantibodies showed specific binding to products of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) and to the specific oxidized phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-phosphatidyl-choline (POVPC), whereas oxidation of fatty acids (linoleic or arachidonic acid) or cholesteryl esters (cholesteryl-oleate or cholesteryl-linoleate) did not yield any binding activity. Those EO- autoantibodies that bound to oxidized phospholipids (e.g., EO6) inhibited the binding and degradation of CuOx-LDL by mouse peritoneal macrophages up to 91%, whereas other IgM EO- autoantibodies, selected for binding to malondialdehyde (MDA)-LDL, had no influence on binding of either CuOx-LDL or MDA-LDL by macrophages. F(ab')2 fragments of EO6 were equally effective as the intact EO6 in preventing the binding of CuOx-LDL by macrophages. The molar ratios of IgM to LDL needed to maximally inhibit the binding varied from approximately 8 to 25 with different CuOx-LDL preparations. Finally, a POVPC-bovine serum albumin (BSA) adduct also inhibited CuOx-LDL uptake by macrophages. These data suggest that oxidized phospholipid epitopes, present either as lipids or as lipid-protein adducts, represent one class of ligands involved in the recognition of OxLDL by macrophages, and that apoE-deficient mice have IgM autoantibodies that can bind to these neoepitopes and inhibit OxLDL uptake.
High Strength, Hard-Coated All Silica Optical Fiber For Laser Surgery (1989)

Recently many researchers, doctors and instrument companies have begun developing fiber optic laser delivery systems to accomplish less traumatic surgery or localized irradiation treatmentE13. With high power levels, particularly in short bursts, fibers with cores larger than telcom are needed to keep the power densities from approaching the damage threshold of silica. Among the many advantages of using optical fibers in laser surgery are the following: microsurgery can be employed, trauma is reduced, access to interior through catheter introduction into vascular, gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts, accurate application of laser power through a lightweight medium to provide localized irradiation as well as surgical removal , and the devices are sterilizable and of moderate cost permitting one-time use (disposable) probes.
A Study on an Air-Jet Loom with Substreams Added (1972)

The distribution of air velocity through the weaving shed was studied when substreams were added from outside of the shed on an air-jet loom, in order to get some valuable instructions for improving the weft flying performance. The results are : 1. A simple velocity potential was proposed on the air flow from two nozzles obliquely and symmetrically set against their symmetrical axis. The approximation to the real air flow experimentally obtained was quite good.2. Two simple pipes were set as above mentioned in the free open air to get the air flow experimentally, from which the optimum angle of nozzle inclination to the symmetrical axis was calculated to get the maximum weft propulsive force. The result shows that the optimum angle is 18 degrees, which, however, should be much lower in case when nozzles are applied to the weaving shed.3. Air in shed was liable to flow toward the reed. Therefore, both the position showing the highest air velocity in any plane vertical to the shed axis and the weft path shifted gradually toward the reed.4. Such a nozzle for substream addition was most suitable as its outlet area was wide near the reed and narrow near the weaving front proportionally to the shed shape, and was composed of many small holes.5. While flying through the shed, the weft-front was liable to buckle into a lump. This caused the difference between the weft velocity passing through the main nozzle and the weftfront velocity.
Grapiprant: an <scp>EP</scp>4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation (2015)

There are five active prostanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) that have widespread and varied physiologic functions throughout the body, including regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow, renal haemodynamics and primary haemostasis. Each prostanoid has at least one distinct receptor that mediates its action. Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE <sub>2</sub>) is a prostanoid that serves important homeostatic functions, yet is also responsible for regulating pain and inflammation. PGE <sub>2</sub> binds to four receptors, of which one, the EP4 receptor, is primarily responsible for the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis (OA). The deleterious and pathologic actions of PGE <sub>2</sub> are inhibited in varying degrees by steroids, aspirin and cyclo-oxygenase inhibiting NSAIDs; however, administration of these drugs causes decreased production of PGE <sub>2</sub>, thereby decreasing or eliminating the homeostatic functions of the molecule. By inhibiting just the EP4 receptor, the homeostatic function of PGE <sub>2</sub> is better maintained. This manuscript will introduce a new class of pharmaceuticals known as the piprant class. Piprants are prostaglandin receptor antagonists (PRA). This article will include basic physiology of AA, prostanoids and piprants, will review available evidence for the relevance of EP4 PRAs in rodent models of pain and inflammation, and will reference available data for an EP4 PRA in dogs and cats. Piprants are currently in development for veterinary patients and the purpose of this manuscript is to introduce veterinarians to the class of drugs, with emphasis on an EP4 PRA and its potential role in the control of pain and inflammation associated with OA in dogs and cats.
A Mutant of Sindbis Virus Which Is Able To Replicate in Cells with Reduced CTP Makes a Replicase/Transcriptase with a Decreased <i> K <sub>m</sub> </i> for CTP (2004)

We reported earlier the isolation and characterization of a Sindbis virus mutant, SV(PZF), that can grow in mosquito cells treated with pyrazofurin (PZF), a compound that interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis (Y. H. Lin, P. Yadav, R. Ravatn, and V. Stollar, Virology 272:61-71, 2000; Y. H. Lin, H. A. Simmonds, and V. Stollar, Virology 292:78-86, 2002). Three amino acid changes in nsP4, the viral RNA polymerase, were required to produce this phenotype. We now describe a mutant of Sindbis virus, SVCPC, that is resistant to cyclopentenylcytosine (CPC), a compound that interferes only with the synthesis of CTP. Thus, in contrast to SVPZF, which was selected for its ability to grow in mosquito cells with low levels of UTP and CTP, SVCPC was selected for its ability to grow in cells in which only the level of CTP was reduced. Although SV(PZF) was cross-resistant to CPC, SVCPC was not resistant to PZF. Only one amino acid change in nsP4, Leu 585 to Phe, was required for the CPC resistance phenotype. The viral replicase/transcriptase generated in SVCPC-infected mosquito cells had a lower Km for CTP (but not for UTP) than did the enzyme made in SVSTD-infected mosquito cells. SV(PZF) and SVCPC represent the first examples of viral mutants selected for the ability to grow in cells with low levels of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs). Further study of these mutants and determination of the structure of nsP4 should demonstrate how alterations in an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase permit it to function in cells with abnormally low levels of rNTPs.
A fission gas monitor for gas cooled or off-gas experimental systems. (1959)

The fission gas monitor is a very sensitive instrument for the detection of fresh fission products in gas cooled or off-gas systems. It is quite versatile so that it can be used on a wide variety of experiments either as a quick, positive, and sensitive detector of fission products or as a quantitative measuring device for release of fresh gaseous fission products. Installation costs are reasonable. The formula presented for quantitative analyses is adequate for constant production rates of fission gases where the delay time between filters F/sub 1/ and F/sub 2/ is not much greater than the half life of the daughter product to be collected and analyzed on the F/sub 2/ filter. Examples of data obtained with a prototype monitor and curves illustrating calculated sensitivity of the monitor indicate the usefulness of the system for monitoring gas streams contairing fresh fission gases and also illustrate a few of the many methods of making quantitative analyses to determine prcduction rates of fission products in gas effluent lines. (auth)
Question Classification in English-Chinese Cross-Language Question Answering: An Integrated Genetic Algorithm and Machine Learning Approach (2007)

Question classification plays an important role in cross-language question answering (CLQA) systems, while question Informer plays a key role in enhancing question classification for factual question answering. In this paper, we propose an integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and machine learning (ML) approach for question classification in English-Chinese cross-language question answering. To enhance question informer prediction, we use a hybrid method that integrates GA and conditional random fields (CRF) to optimize feature subset selection in a CRF-based question informer prediction model. The proposed approach extends cross-language question classification by using the GA-CRF question informer feature with support vector machines (SVM). The results of evaluations on the NTCIR-6 CLQA question sets demonstrate the efficacy of the approach in improving the accuracy of question classification in English-Chinese cross-language question answering.
Osteogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells on polycaprolactone-<i>β</i>-tricalcium phosphate scaffold fabricated via selective laser sintering and surface coating with collagen type I (2013)

The current study aimed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) polycaprolactone (PCL), polycaprolactone and β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL-TCP) scaffolds via a selective laser-sintering technique (SLS). Collagen type I was further coated onto PCL-TCP scaffolds to form PCL-TCP-COL scaffolds. The physical characters of these three scaffolds were analysed. The osteogenic potential of porcine adipose-derived stem cells (pASCs) was compared among these three scaffolds in order to find an optimal scaffold for bone tissue engineering. The experimental results showed no significant differences in pore size and porosity among the three scaffolds; the porosity was ca. 75-77% and the pore size was ca. 300-500 µm in all three. The compressive modulus was increased from 6.77 ± 0.19 to 13.66 ± 0.19 MPa by adding 30% β-TCP into a 70% PCL scaffold. No significant increase of mechanical strength was found by surface-coating with collagen type I. Hydrophilicity and swelling ratios showed statistical elevation (p < 0.05) after collagen type I was coated onto the PCL-TCP scaffolds. The in vitro study demonstrated that pASCs had the best osteogenic differentiation on PCL-TCP-COL group scaffolds, due to the highest ALP activity, osteocalcin mRNA expression and mineralization. A nude mice experiment showed better woven bone and vascular tissue formation in the PCL-TCP-COL group than in the PCL group. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the ability to fabricate 3D, porous PCL-TCP composite scaffolds (PCL:TCP = 70:30 by weight) via an in-house-built SLS technique. In addition, the osteogenic ability of pASCs was found to be enhanced by coating COL onto the PCL-TCP scaffolds, both in vitro and in vivo. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redress, principle of (2014)

The principle of redress is "the principle that undeserved inequalities call for redress" (TJ 86). Consider the case of people who are born with debilitating handicaps or with a melancholy disposition. Since these people do not deserve to be less well off than others, they are entitled to compensation for their handicaps or dispositions under the principle of redress. Consider next the case of people who are born with great intelligence or beauty. Since these people do not deserve to be better off than others, it is appropriate to penalize them for their natural good fortune under the principle of redress. In one formulation or another, the principle of redress is accepted by all those who are identified as luck egalitarians. Rawls does not accept the principle of redress, but he does claim that the difference principle gives some weight to it. He does not accept the principle of redress because he does not think that justice applies to the distribution of natural primary goods, such as intelligence or beauty. The fact that some have more and others have less of these goods is neither just nor unjust. For Rawls, justice is a matter of how the basic structure of a society determines distributions of social primary goods, not natural primary goods. Yet, as mentioned, Rawls does claim that the difference principle gives some weight to the principle of redress. Like this latter principle, it holds that people do not deserve their good fortune in the distribution of natural talents and so they cannot make a desert-based claim that they are entitled to the social primary goods that low from the exercise of these talents.
Review: A review of the use of zonisamide in Parkinson’s disease (2009)

Although zonisamide was previously only used to treat epilepsy, recently more applications have been forthcoming. Due to a good side effect profile, a lower frequency of interactions and a more comfortable posology, there are several studies regarding its uses in other pathologies such as migraine, neuropathic pain, essential tremor and various psychiatric diseases. A multicentered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in Japan suggested that zonisamide, as an add-on treatment, has efficacy in treating motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition, other studies support the utility of zonisamide in other symptoms of this disease. The therapeutic doses of zonisamide for the treatment of Parkinson's disease are considerably lower than those for the treatment of epilepsy. This antiepileptic drug has been used in Japan for more than 15 years and so it is expected that it will be safe and well tolerated in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of the antiparkinsonian actions of zonisamide remain unclear and more basic investigation is warranted. The aim of this paper is to review the structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and antiparkinsonian action of zonisamide.
Theory of the motion at the band crossing points in bulk semiconductor crystals and in inversion layers (2009)

This paper presents an original investigation of the motion at the band crossing points in the energy dispersion of either bulk crystals or inversion layers. In particular, by using a formalism based on the time dependent Schrödinger equation, we address the quite elusive topic of the belonging of the carriers to the bands that are degenerate at the crossing point. This problem is relevant and delicate for the semiclassical transport modeling in numerically calculated band structures; however, its clarification demands a full-quantum transport treatment. We here propose analytical derivations and numerical calculations clearly demonstrating that, in a given band structure, the motion of the carriers at the band crossing points is entirely governed by the overlap integrals between the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian that has produced the same band structure. Our formulation of the problem is quite general and we apply it to the silicon conduction band calculated by means of the nonlocal pseudopotential method, to the hole inversion layers described by a quantized k⋅p approach, and to the electron inversion layers described by the effective mass approximation method. In all the physical systems, our results underline the crucial role played by the abovementioned overlap integrals.
ChemInform Abstract: The Oxidation of Mo‐W‐Cr‐Pd Alloys (1990)

Abstract in air or dry oxygen is studied in the range 1000‐1250 °C. The oxidation behavior of quaternary Mo‐W‐Cr‐Pd alloys (40‐45 wt.% Mo, 40‐45 wt.% W, 9‐19 wt.% Cr, 0.5‐1 wt.% Pd) is similar to that of ternary W‐Cr‐Pd alloys; however, the oxidation resistance of the Mo‐W‐Cr‐Pd alloys is higher and it is suggested that these alloys are one of the most oxidation‐resistant alloys of Mo or W developed to date.
A Measuring Interferometer for High Accuracy Alignment (1968)

An interferometer is described that is capable of measuring the deviation of a target device from a plane with an accuracy of 0.1 micro, when the interferometer-target separation is as much as 10 m. This interferometer resembles one described in 1965 by Baldwin and Whitten in that they both use a Kösters prism and a Porro prism. The present use of a laser for the light source yields nonlocalized fringes at the output that are easily monitored by an electronic fringe detector.
Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning-Based False Data Injection Attack to Automatic Voltage Control (2018)

False data injection (FDI) attacks intend to threaten the security of power systems. In this paper, a novel strategy of FDI attacks is proposed, which aims to distort normal operation of a power system regulated by automatic voltage controls (AVCs). Such attacks can be launched from a single substation by the attacker who has little knowledge of the whole power grid. The optimal attack strategy is modeled as a partial observable Markov decision process (POMDP). Then, a Q-learning algorithm with nearest sequence memory is adopted to enable on-line learning and attacking. Stealthy attack strategies are also developed and incorporated into the POMDP model. Various tests are performed upon the IEEE 39-bus systems. Corresponding results verify the efficacy of the proposed attack strategies. The feasibility of independent and data-driven FDI attacks is investigated. Moreover, a bad data detection and correction method are presented based on kernel density estimation to mitigate the disruptive impacts of the proposed FDI attacks. Test results show that this defensive method can help maintain the security of the AVC system, even under heavy system loading.
Efficient visual servoing with the ABCshift tracking algorithm (2008)

Visual tracking algorithms have important robotic applications such as mobile robot guidance and servoed wide area surveillance systems. These applications ideally require vision algorithms which are robust to camera motion and scene change but are cheap and fast enough to run on small, low power embedded systems. Unfortunately most robust visual tracking algorithms are either computationally expensive or are restricted to a stationary camera. This paper describes a new color based tracking algorithm, the Adaptive Background CAMSHIFT (ABCshift) tracker and an associated technique, mean shift servoing, for efficient pan-tilt servoing of a motorized camera platform. ABCshift achieves robustness against camera motion and other scene changes by continuously relearning its background model at every frame. This also enables robustness in difficult scenes where the tracked object moves past backgrounds with which it shares significant colors. Despite this continuous machine learning, ABCshift needs minimal training and is remarkably computationally cheap. We first demonstrate how ABCshift tracks robustly in situations where related algorithms fail, and then show how it can be used for real time tracking with pan-tilt servo control using only a small embedded microcontroller.