gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-speed noncontact fiber-diameter measurement using forward light scattering (1977)

The forward scattering of light by an optical fiber produces an interference fringe pattern, and the fringe period is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter. An electrooptic system has been developed to produce and detect this scattering pattern to provide an instrument which will measure fiber diameter during the drawing operation. The system measures the fiber diameter at a 1-kHz rate with a precision of 0.25 microm and an accuracy of +/-0.25 microm over a range of 50-150-microm diams. The instrument allows the fiber to move laterally in a 1-cm diam window maintaining the above accuracy. The system can be calibrated optically and does not need a standard fiber for this procedure. The instrument has been used for months without the need for recalibration. In addition to the digital diameter output, the system employs a microprocessor to compute mean and standard deviation values for various sample lengths and provides suitable signals for feedback control of fiber diameter.
Regulating the proton budget of higher plant photosynthesis (2005)

In higher plant chloroplasts, transthylakoid proton motive force serves both to drive the synthesis of ATP and to regulate light capture by the photosynthetic antenna to prevent photodamage. In vivo probes of the proton circuit in wild-type and a mutant strain of Arabidopsis thaliana show that regulation of light capture is modulated primarily by altering the resistance of proton efflux from the thylakoid lumen, whereas modulation of proton influx through cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is suggested to play a role in regulating the ATP/NADPH output ratio of the light reactions.
A mutation (−49C>T) in the promoter of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (2002)

We have identified a mutation (-49C>T) in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene in a Spanish familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patient. The mutation maps within repeat 3 of the LDLR gene promoter. This region binds Sp1 and collaborates with repeat 2 in the regulation of LDLR gene by sterols. To evaluate whether the mutation influenced the activity of the promoter, luciferase reporter plasmids containing 296 bp of the proximal promoter region were constructed. In transient transfection assays in HepG2 cells, the mutation resulted in an 80% reduction of promoter activity. Also, gel-shift assays demonstrated that the mutation severely affects Sp1 binding. However, the mutated promoter still retains the ability to respond to low sterol concentrations. As the analysis of the LDLR gene did not reveal any other changes, we conclude that the -49C>T mutation is the cause of FH in the patient. The analysis of the proband's pedigree indicated that not all the members of the family having the mutation disclose a FH phenotype. These results support the view that factors other than the presence of the mutation are important in the determination of the clinical phenotype in FH.
Limbal Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells Attract Stromal Niche Cells by SDF-1/CXCR4 Signaling to Prevent Differentiation (2011)

Corneal epithelial stem cells (SCs) are an ideal model for investigating how adult lineage-committed epithelial SCs are regulated by an anatomically defined and accessible niche, that is, limbal palisades of Vogt, located between the cornea and the conjunctiva. We have used collagenase digestion to isolate the entire limbal epithelial SCs and subjacent mesenchymal cells, and we have demonstrated that their close association is crucial for promoting epithelial clonal growth, implying that the latter serves as niche cells (NCs). After their close association was disrupted by trypsin/EDTA, single SCs and NCs could reunite to generate sphere growth in three-dimensional Matrigel in the embryonic SC medium, and that such sphere growth initiated by SC-NC reunion was mediated by SDF-1 uniquely expressed by limbal epithelial progenitor cells and its receptor CXCR4, but not CXCR7, strongly expressed by limbal stromal NCs. Inhibition of CXCR4 by AMD3100 or a blocking antibody to CXCR4 but not CXCR7 disrupted their reunion and yielded separate spheres with a reduced size, while resultant epithelial spheres exhibited more corneal differentiation and a notable loss of holoclones. For the first time, these results provide strong evidence supporting that limbal SC function depends on close physical association with their native NCs via SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling. This novel in vitro model of sphere growth with NCs can be used for investigating how limbal SC self-renewal and fate decision might be regulated in the limbal niche.
370 mW coupled into singlemode optical fibre from1.48 µmunstable cavity laser (1999)

A 1.48 µm unstable cavity laser is coupled into a singlemode fibre using three microlenses. Up to 370 mW of CW fibre-coupled power is obtained at an injected current of 3.7 A, with a chip-to-fibre coupling efficiency of 58%. This is the highest reported power coupled in a singlemode fibre from a single semiconductor laser at this wavelength.
Stability and Stabilization of Systems with Time Delay (2011)

Time-delays are important components of many dynamical systems that describe coupling or interconnection between dynamics, propagation, or transport phenomena in shared environments, in heredity, and in competition in population dynamics. This monograph addresses the problem of stability analysis and the stabilisation of dynamical systems subjected to time-delays. It presents a wide and self-contained panorama of analytical methods and computational algorithms using a unified eigenvalue-based approach illustrated by examples and applications in electrical and mechanical engineering, biology, and complex network analysis.
Implementation of MathML-based Web Mathematical Expressions Editor (2008)

To make up for shortage of traditional approach for resolving mathematical expressions on Web, a MathML-based mathematical expressions editor named MathEdit is presented. It is a totally Web-based environment for mathematical expressions processing and transmit, which is implemented in standard JavaScript and DOM, and makes use of browser support for MathML display. The architecture, implementation, flexibility and extensibility of MathEdit are discussed.
An evaluation study of wireless access technologies for V2G communications (2011)

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology can be used to interconnect electric or plug in hybrid vehicles with the power grid by either delivering electricity and level peak demands or by throttling their charging rate. Two types of wireless communications are required to a V2G system. The communications between the Aggregator and the Control Center which will be realized through IEEE 802.16-2004 (802.16d) and between Aggregator and the Electric Vehicles which will be realized through vehicular communications (IEEE 802.11p). In this paper a V2G architecture design is presented and the two wireless communication protocols, are proposed and evaluated to the system needs. IEEE 802.16d referred to as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) specifies the air interface including the medium access control layer and multiple physical layer specifications of fixed broadband wireless access systems supporting multimedia services. IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment defines modifications to IEEE 802.11 to support Intelligent Transportation Systems applications.
Expression of HLA class I-specific inhibitory natural killer cell receptors in HIV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes: Impairment of specific cytolytic functions (1997)

Human T lymphocytes have been shown to express inhibitory natural killer cell receptors (NKR), which can down-regulate T cell antigen receptor-mediated T cell function, including cytolytic activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that CD3+NKR+ cells can be identified in HIV-infected patients. HIV-specific cytolytic activity was analyzed in five patients in whom autologous lymphoblastoid B cell lines could be derived as a source of autologous target cells. Phytohemagglutinin-activated T cell populations that had been cultured in interleukin 2 displayed HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against HIV env, gag, pol, and nef in 3 of 5 patients. Addition of anti-NKR mAb of IgM isotype could increase the specific CTL activity. Moreover, in one additional patient, HIV-specific CTL activity was undetectable; however, after addition of anti-NKR mAb such CTL activity appeared de novo. Similar results were obtained by analysis of CD3+NKR+ clones derived from two patients. These data provide direct evidence that CD3+NKR+ cells may include antigen (HIV)-specific CTLs and that mAb-mediated masking of inhibitory NKR may revert the down-regulation of CTL function.
Praziquantel: A Major Advance in Anthelminthic Therapy (1983)

Praziquantel recently has been approved in the United States for use against a broad range of trematodes and cestodes. The drug is highly effective against all Schistosoma species that infect humans as well as other flukes and tapeworms, including the larval stage of Taenia solium, which causes cysticercosis. In addition, praziquantel is relatively nontoxic, well accepted by patients, and can be given orally in one dose or several doses in a single day. Praziquantel lowers or abolishes the threshold for treating persons with these infections, and, if costs can be contained, may help in the global control of serious systemic helminthic infections.
Decorin Antagonizes IGF Receptor I (IGF-IR) Function by Interfering with IGF-IR Activity and Attenuating Downstream Signaling (2011)

We have recently discovered that the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) is up-regulated in human invasive bladder cancer and promotes migration and invasion of transformed urothelial cells. The proteoglycan decorin, a key component of the tumor stroma, can positively regulate the IGF-IR system in normal cells. However, there are no available data on the role of decorin in modulating IGF-IR activity in transformed cells or in tumor models. Here we show that the expression of decorin inversely correlated with IGF-IR expression in low and high grade bladder cancers (n = 20 each). Decorin bound with high affinity IGF-IR and IGF-I at distinct sites and negatively regulated IGF-IR activity in urothelial cancer cells. Nanomolar concentrations of decorin promoted down-regulation of IRS-1, one of the critical proteins of the IGF-IR pathway, and attenuated IGF-I-dependent activation of Akt and MAPK. This led to decorin-evoked inhibition of migration and invasion upon IGF-I stimulation. Notably, decorin did not cause down-regulation of the IGF-IR in bladder, breast, and squamous carcinoma cells. This indicates that decorin action on the IGF-IR differs from its known activity on other receptor tyrosine kinases such as the EGF receptor and Met. Our results provide a novel mechanism for decorin in negatively modulating both IGF-I and its receptor. Thus, decorin loss may contribute to increased IGF-IR activity in the progression of bladder cancer and perhaps other forms of cancer where IGF-IR plays a role.
Effectiveness of family index selection for reproductive performance in pigs. (1990)

: (2); :(3); :(4); (3),0.10 ,(1)0.1821, ,(4)0.05-0.20,0.3110-0.4973 ,(2),0.186-0.247 ,0
The fusarium wilt resistance locus <i>Fom‐2</i> of melon contains a single resistance gene with complex features (2004)

The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis causes significant losses in the cultivated melon, a key member of the economically important family, the Cucurbitaceae. Here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of the resistance gene Fom-2 that confers resistance to race 0 and 1 of this plant pathogen. Two recombination events, 75 kb apart, were found to bracket Fom-2 after screening approximately 1324 gametes with PCR-based markers. Sequence analysis of the Fom-2 interval revealed the presence of two candidate genes. One candidate gene showed significant similarity to previously characterized resistance genes. Sequence analysis of this gene revealed clear polymorphisms between resistant and susceptible materials and was therefore designated as Fom-2. Analysis of susceptible breeding lines (BL) presenting a haplotype very similar to the resistant cultivar MR-1 indicated that a gene conversion had occurred in Fom-2, resulting in a significant rearrangement of this gene. The second candidate gene which shared high similarity to an essential gene in Arabidopsis, presented an almost identical sequence in MR-1 and BL, further supporting Fom-2 identity. The gene conversion in Fom-2 produced a truncated R gene, revealing new insights into R gene evolution. Fom-2 was predicted to encode an NBS-LRR type R protein of the non-TIR subfamily. In contrast to most members of this class a coiled-coil structure was predicted within the LRR region rather than in the N-terminal. The Fom-2 physical region contained retroelement-like sequences and truncated genes, suggesting that this locus is complex.
An Integrated Longitudinal and Lateral Vehicle Following Control System With Radar and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (2019)

A control framework adopting the on-board radar sensor and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has been developed to fulfill the automated vehicle following in the longitudinal and lateral directions. First, a linear feedforward and feedback controller constrained by the string stability is designed to follow the velocity of the preceding vehicle and ensure a safe inter-vehicle distance. Then, a path estimation method is proposed to calculate the trajectory of the preceding vehicle based on its historical movement data transmitted by V2V. The model predictive control method is applied to regulate the steering angle of the front wheel. Furthermore, the robustness and adaptability of the proposed method are validated by simulations and tests under several driving conditions. The results indicate that the proposed method shows the reliable performance to realize the longitudinal and lateral vehicle following only by radar and V2V, independent of high-accuracy positioning system and road marking, and is promising to expand available areas of automated vehicle platooning.
Test consideration for nanometer-scale CMOS circuits (2006)

The exponential increase in leakage, the device parameter variations, and the aggressive power management techniques will severely impact IC testing methods. Test technology faces new challenges as faults with increasingly complex behavior become predominant. Design approaches aimed at fixing some of the undesirable effects of nanometric technologies could jeopardize current test approaches. In this article, we explore test considerations for scaled CMOS circuits in the nanometer regime and describe possible solutions to many of these challenges, including statistical timing and delay test, I/sub DDQ/ test under exponentially increasing leakage, and power or thermal management architectures.
A heat-pulse flowmeter for measuring minimal discharge rates in boreholes (1982)

The U.S. Geological Survey has tested a borehole-configured heat-pulse flowmeter which has good low-velocity flow-measuring sensitivity.
A stochastic approach to the problem of upscaling of conductivity in disordered media: Theory and unconditional numerical simulations (1990)

A general problem in groundwater modeling is how to assign conductivity values to blocks of a numerical model. In this study, a method is proposed to upscale the conductivity measurements observed at a given scale to block conductivity values for arbitrary block size. Assuming a multilognormal distribution for the point conductivities, the block conductivity appears as a random function whose distribution, conditional to point measurements, can be derived. This conditional distribution allows filling the flow simulator blocks with equiprobable realizations of block conductivities locally conditioned to actual data. These realizations could also be conditioned to conductivity values measured at any scale if the size of the measurement support is known. The analytical results are compared to results obtained through a Monte Carlo analysis, and a good agreement was found even for variances of ln ( T ) larger than 1.
Mitigating Poisoning Attacks on Machine Learning Models (2017)

The use of machine learning models has become ubiquitous. Their predictions are used to make decisions about healthcare, security, investments and many other critical applications. Given this pervasiveness, it is not surprising that adversaries have an incentive to manipulate machine learning models to their advantage. One way of manipulating a model is through a poisoning or causative attack in which the adversary feeds carefully crafted poisonous data points into the training set. Taking advantage of recently developed tamper-free provenance frameworks, we present a methodology that uses contextual information about the origin and transformation of data points in the training set to identify poisonous data, thereby enabling online and regularly re-trained machine learning applications to consume data sources in potentially adversarial environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach to incorporate provenance information as part of a filtering algorithm to detect causative attacks. We present two variations of the methodology - one tailored to partially trusted data sets and the other to fully untrusted data sets. Finally, we evaluate our methodology against existing methods to detect poison data and show an improvement in the detection rate.
Reagents and synthetic methods. 31. Silylations with <i>N</i>-trimethylsilyl-2-oxazolidinone (TMSO) (1984)

Silylation of ketones, alcohols, mercaptans, and carboxylic acids with N-trimethylsilyl-2-oxazolidinone (TMSO) and triflic acid as catalyst has been described from synthetic and mechanistic points of view.
Die Bedeutung eines deutschen Beitrages zur Weltraumfahrt (1964)

Die ersten sechs Jahrzehnte dieses Jahrhunderts haben der Menschheit zahlreiche Erfindungen und Entdeckungen gebracht und dadurch viele neue Zweige der Technik entstehen lassen. Diese Entwicklung erfaßte unser Leben und veränderte es tiefgreifend. Die bewundernswerten Leistungen von Forschung, Entwicklung und Produktion steigerten den materiellen Wohlstand beträchtlich und gaben der Menschheit eine ständig sich steigernde Machtfülle, die gleichermaßen zur nützlichen und leider auch zur mißbräuchlichen Verwendung zur Verfügung stand. Dieser Prozeß ist in unaufhaltsamem ständigen Fortschreiten und führt in eine ungewisse Zukunft, die uns mit Hoffnung erfüllt, wenn die Menschheit die positive Seite dieser Entwicklung ergreift, die aber zur ernsten Sorge wird, wenn dem Mißbrauch nicht Einhalt zu gebieten ist. Von diesem Dilemma ist kein Zweig der Technik ausgenommen.
The carbonatation of gypsum: Pathways and pseudomorph formation (2009)

In this paper, we present an experimental study of the interaction between gypsum (010) surfaces and aqueous solutions of Na2CO3 with different concentrations. This interaction leads to the carbonatation (i.e., the transformation into carbonate minerals) of gypsum crystals, which under ambient conditions shows the characteristics of a mineral replacement and leads to the formation of pseudomorphs consisting of an aggregate of calcite crystals. Carbonatation progress was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The carbonatation advances from outside to inside the gypsum crystal and occurs through a sequence of reactions, which involves the dissolution of gypsum and the simultaneous crystallization of different polymorphs of CaCO3 [amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), vaterite, aragonite, and calcite], as well as several solvent-mediated transformations between these polymorphs. The sequence in which CaCO3 phases form is interpreted taking into consideration nucleation kinetics and the qualitative evolution of several chemical parameters in the aqueous solution. The textural characteristics of the transformed regions are described. The degree of faithfulness of the pseudomorphs obtained is related to the kinetics of the carbonatation process, which in turn depends on the initial concentration of carbonate in the aqueous solutions. Finally, changes in the rate at which the transformation front advances are discussed on the basis of both textural and physicochemical considerations.
Fourier-transform optical microsystems (1999)

The design, fabrication, and initial characterization of a miniature single-pass Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTS) that has an optical bench that measures 1 cm x 5 cm x 10 cm is presented. The FTS is predicated on the classic Michelson interferometer design with a moving mirror. Precision translation of the mirror is accomplished by microfabrication of dovetailed bearing surfaces along single-crystal planes in silicon. Although it is miniaturized, the FTS maintains a relatively high spectral resolution, 0.1 cm-1, with adequate optical throughput.
Part A: Directed Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Early Endoderm Cells (2007)

The in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells has been vigorously researched for model systems of human embryology and replacement therapy. Among the most interesting organs are ones derived from definitive endoderm, such as pancreas and liver. In this chapter, we describe a procedure for the induction of endoderm from human ES cells with activin A, by using two differentiation ways, a monolayer culture and embryoid body (EB) formation. A monolayer culture, in which human ES cells on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder are treated with activin A in low serum condition, produces more than 70% of Sox17+endoderm cells, while culture using EB and activin A did around 40%. Thus, the monolayer culture can more efficiently produce endoderm cells than EB and provides us an initial step for the efficient generation of endoderm derivatives.
Requiem for an Enigma Michael Washburn .<i>The Ego and the Dynamic Ground. Second Edition</i>. New York, State University of New York Press, 1995. (1996)

(1996). Requiem for an Enigma. The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 75-78.
The transcription factor GATA6 is essential for branching morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation during fetal pulmonary development (2001)

Recent loss-of-function studies in mice show that the transcription factor GATA6 is important for visceral endoderm differentiation. It is also expressed in early bronchial epithelium and the observation that this tissue does not receive any contribution from Gata6 double mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells in chimeric mice suggests that GATA6 may play a crucial role in lung development. The aim of this study was to determine the role of GATA6 in fetal pulmonary development. We show that Gata6 mRNA is expressed predominantly in the developing pulmonary endoderm and epithelium, but at E15.5 also in the pulmonary mesenchyme. Blocking or depleting GATA6 function results in diminished branching morphogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. TTF1 expression is unaltered in chimeric lungs whereas SPC and CC10 expression are attenuated in abnormally branched areas of chimeric lungs. Chimeras generated in a ROSA26 background show that endodermal cells in these abnormally branched areas are derived from Gata6 mutant ES cells, implicating that the defect is intrinsic to the endoderm. Taken together, these data demonstrate that GATA6 is not essential for endoderm specification, but is required for normal branching morphogenesis and late epithelial cell differentiation.