gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chloromethyl ketones block induction of nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages by preventing activation of nuclear factor- <i>kappa</i> B. (1995)

N-alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), serine protease inhibitors, block many cytotoxic functions of immune cells including superoxide anion production, cytokine release, cell-mediated cytolysis, and nitric oxide (NO)-related macrophage functions. IFN-gamma/LPS-induced NO production from murine peritoneal macrophages was inhibited by TPCK and TLCK in a dose-dependent manner (EC50s: approximately 20 microM for TPCK and approximately 30 microM for TLCK). Viability exceeded 91% with 25 microM TPCK and with 80 microM TLCK. When TPCK treatment was delayed until 1 h of activation, the inhibitory effect was markedly reduced. After 2 h of the activation, TPCK was not effective anymore. Addition of either TNF-alpha or conditioned media from IFN-gamma/LPS-activated macrophage culture did not prevent the inhibitory effect of TPCK. Neither TPCK nor TLCK reduced enzymatic NO production from macrophage lysates. Lysates from TPCK-treated cells did not generate NO even after supplementing necessary cofactors for NO synthase. Immunoblotting analysis showed that simultaneous treatment of TPCK with IFN-gamma/LPS abolished the NO synthase expression, whereas delayed addition of TPCK was either partially effective or not effective at all. Furthermore, TPCK treatment reduced the concentration of mRNA for NO synthase without decreasing mRNA stability. Thus, the serine protease inhibitors directly blocked an early event in expression of NO synthase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that TPCK blocked the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B, a transcription factor necessary for NO synthase induction. TPCK also blocked disappearance of I kappa B from cytosolic fraction, and nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B subunits p50 and p65. Delaying the addition of TPCK by 10 min partially prevented the inhibition of the NF-kappa B activation process and allowed partial resuming of NO production. Thus, TPCK inhibited NO synthase induction by blocking NF-kappa B activation.
Behaviour of oxygen atoms near the surface of nanostructured Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (2007)

Recombination of neutral oxygen atoms on oxidized niobium foil was studied. Three sets of samples have been prepared: a set of niobium foils with a film of polycrystalline niobium oxide with a thickness of 40 nm, another one with a film thickness of about 2 µm and a set of foils covered with dense bundles of single-crystal Nb2O3 nanowires. All the samples were prepared by oxidation of a pure niobium foil. The samples with a thin oxide film were prepared by exposure of as-received foils to a flux of O-atoms, the samples with a thick polycrystalline niobium oxide were prepared by baking the foils in air at a temperature of 800 °C, while the samples covered with nanowires were prepared by oxidation in a highly reactive oxygen plasma. The samples were exposed to neutral oxygen atoms from a remote oxygen plasma source. Depending on discharge parameters, the O-atom density in the postglow chamber, as measured with a catalytic probe, was between 5 × 1020 and 8 × 1021 m−3. The O-atom density in the chamber without the samples was found rather independent of the probe position. The presence of the samples caused a decrease in the O-atom density. Depending on the distance from the samples, the O-atom density was decreased up to 5 times. The O-atom density also depended on the surface morphology of the samples. The strongest decrease in the O-atom density was observed with the samples covered with dense bundles of nanowires. The results clearly showed that niobium oxide nanowires exhibit excellent catalytic behaviour for neutral radicals and can be used as catalysts of exhaust radicals found in many applications.
Identification of a New α1,2-Fucosyltransferase Involved in O-Antigen Biosynthesis of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O86:B7 and Formation of H-Type 3 Blood Group Antigen (2008)

Escherichia coli O86 possesses high human blood group B activity because of its O-antigen structure, sharing the human blood group B epitope. In this study, the wbwK gene of E. coli O86:B7 was expressed and purified as the GST fusion protein. Thereafter, the wbwK gene was biochemically identified to encode an alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase through radioactivity assays, as well as mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. WbwK shows strict substrate specificity and only recognizes Gal beta1,3GalNAc alpha-OR (T-antigen and derivatives) as the acceptor to generate the H-type 3 blood group antigen. In contrast to other alpha1,2-fucosyltransferases, WbwK does not display activity toward the simple substrate Gal beta-OMe. Comparison with another recently characterized alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase (WbsJ) of E. coli O128:B12 indicates a low level of amino acid identity between them; however, they share a common acceptor substrate, Gal beta1,3GalNAc alpha-OR. Domain swapping between WbwK and WbsJ revealed that the smaller variable domains located in the C-terminus determine substrate specificity, whereas the larger variable domain in the N-terminus might play a role in forming the correct conformation for substrate binding or for localization of the alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase involved in O-antigen biosynthesis. In addition, milligram scale biosynthesis of the H-type 3 blood group antigen was explored using purified recombinant WbwK. WbwK may have potential applications in masking T-antigen, the tumor antigen, in vivo.
In the Light of Michael Brown: Living the Mission of a Jesuit University (2017)

Dr. Norman White is Associate Dean for Community Engagement and Associate Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Saint Louis University (SLU). White has long been known for his work for and with the under-served and under-privileged minority communities that surround SLU’s urban campus. In August 2014, after Michael Brown was killed in Ferguson, Missouri and during the protests and civil unrest that followed, White fielded numerous calls from the media for interviews and analysis. Those interviews brought White to the attention of newly inaugurated SLU president Dr. Fred Pestello. The two met in person, by chance, at an August SLU vigil calling for peace and justice in the wake of the violence in Ferguson. As the events of Occupy SLU unfolded a few weeks later, Pestello called on White as he sought to discern how to proceed. White played a pivotal role in administrative deliberations about how to respond to the occupation, as a voice who personally knew the communities and concerns being lifted up by the protestors and as a voice for SLU’s Jesuit mission. White’s reflection offers a narrative of the events of Occupy SLU as he experienced them and suggests how he was transformed by those events.
Influence of Carbon Dioxide on the Performance of Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2010)

The influence of CO2 in the oxidant gas on the cell performance of anion-exchange membrane fuel cells was investigated using a three-electrode single cell with a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The overpotential of the cathode was hardly changed by the presence of CO2, while the overpotential of the anode increased after the introduction of CO2 at the cathode. The high anode overpotential was caused by a high CO32- concentration in the anode catalyst layer, even when most of the CO32- ions in the electrolyte membrane are purged during operation through the self-purging mechanism.
Synthesis of deuterium labeled perillyl alcohol and dual C-13 and deuterium labeled perillic acid, major metabolites of d‐limonene (1997)

Dual C-13 and deuterium labeled perillic acid, [(1,1-dideuterio-1-13C-2-methyl)ethenyl]-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid (6) and deuterated perillyl alcohol, [(2,2-dideuterio-1-methyl)ethenyl]-1-deuteriohydroxymethyl-1-cyclo-hexene (9) were synthesized from commercially available (4S)-(-)-perillaldehyde (1). Compound 1 was first protected with ethylene glycol to yield the ethylene ketal followed by oxidation with OsO4/NalO4 to cleave the terminal double bond to afford the key intermediate ketone, 4-acetyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde ethylene ketal (3). 3 was then converted to the labeled perillyl aldehyde by Wittig reaction with prepared Ph3P13CD3l or Ph3PCD3l followed by deprotection to give the labeled perillaldehydes, [(2,2-dideuterio-2-13C-1-methyl)ethenyl]-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (5) or [(2,2-dideuterio-1-methyl)ethenyl]-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (8). 5 was further oxidized by freshly prepared Ag2O to give the desired compound 6. 8 was reduced by LiAlD4 to afford the desired compound 9. The same synthetic procedure may be adopted to synthesize the radioactive isotope labeled perillic acid and perillyl alcohol. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High speed switching circuitry using tunnel diodes (1961)

TUNNEL DIODE CIRCUITRY incorporating transistors has been used to gain advanced digital speeds while improving circuit reliability and stability. Major disadvantages in the use of tunnel diodes are: (1) common input-output, (2) inability to obtain direct pulse inversion (3) bidirectional flow of information, and (4) the difficulty of stage-to-stage coupling caused by loading and insufficient signal transfer. Circuitry using transistors as emitter followers accomplishes pulse steering and impedance transformation. Nanosecond pulse transformers and transistor amplifiers provided signal inversion and amplification. A combination of these techniques makes possible advances in digital circuit operational speeds.
Improved Intralimb Coordination in People With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Following Training With Body Weight Support and Electrical Stimulation (2002)

The intervention used in this study is based on our current understanding of the role of afferent input in the production of walking. Although the study sample was small and there was no control group, results suggest that training may improve intralimb coordination in people with SCI.
Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Suppresses Nuclear Factor‐Kappa B Activation and Ameliorates Eye Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (2015)

Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used for hematologic cancer treatment. Since it can suppress NF-κB activation, which is critical for the inflammatory process, bortezomib has been found to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of bortezomib on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in mice and investigated the potential mechanisms related to NF-κB inactivation. High-dose bortezomib (0.75 mg/kg), low-dose bortezomib (0.15 mg/kg), or phosphate buffered saline was given after EAU induction. We found that the EAU is ameliorated by high-dose bortezomib treatment when compared with low-dose bortezomib or PBS treatment. The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was suppressed and expression of several key inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17, and MCP-1 was lowered in the high-dose bortezomib-treated group. These results suggest that proteasome inhibition is a promising treatment strategy for autoimmune uveitis.
Coherent Plane-Wave Compounding in Medical Ultrasound Imaging : Quality Investigation of 2D B-mode Images of Stationary and Moving Objects. (2012)

Coherent plane-wave compounding is the coherent summation of several successive plane waves incident at different angles. This thesis presents results from simulations and in vitro and in vivo measurements of stationary and moving objects, with focus on loss of resolution and contrast due to object motion. Resolution and contrast results for several angle selections, angle sequences and object velocities with and without motion correction have been compared.It is shown that using a subset of plane-wave tilt angles by decimating the optimal selection introduces grating lobes which degrades the image contrast, while imaging with a lower maximum tilt angle degrades the lateral resolution. The contrast loss for decimation factor 2 was more significant for simulations than for in vitro measurements. While the contrast went from -40 to -30 dB for the simulations, a decimation factor of 4 was needed to degrade the contrast significantly for the measurements. Decimating the angle selection by a factor of 2 doubles the achievable frame rate. A reduction in maximum angle from 13.7 to 8.2 deg., which corresponds to an increase in transmit F-number from 2.1 to 3.5, gives less than 0.3 mm degradation of lateral resolution. The lateral resolution is of the order of 1 mm. This reduction in maximum angle increases the frame rate by a factor of 1.2.Axial point scatterer velocity leads to considerably worse image quality than for stationary scatterers, while the effect of lateral scatterer velocities is limited. The degree of contrast and resolution loss due to object motion is dependent on the selection of plane waves which constitute a frame, and the sequence in which the plane waves are transmitted. Using a subset of the optimal angle selection leads to improvement in image quality for an axial velocity of 10.0 cm/s for decimation factor 4, but not for decimation factor 2, even though the total scatterer movement per frame is reduced by the reduction of transmitted plane-waves. The loss of quality due to motion was less for fewer tilt angles, but the total image quality was still worse for many of these sets of angles due to grating lobes.The unwanted effects of motion for in vivo-measurements were not seen to the same extent as for simulated point scatterers, and working with the coherent plane-wave compound seems promising for moving objects.
A <sup>31</sup>P nmr spectroscopic study of complexation of tin(II) and lead(II) by some phosphines, phosphine oxides, and related ligands, with the <sup>31</sup>P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of two tetratertiary phosphine tetraoxides and the analogous tetra-sulfides and -selenides (1981)

31 P nmr has been used to show that, in MeNO 2 , M(SbF 6 ) 2 (M = Sn or Pb) forms 1:1 complexes with Ph 2 P(CH 2 ) 2 PPh 2 , PhP[(CH 2 ) 2 PPh 2 ] 2 , MeC(CH 2 PPh 2 ) 3 , [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]P[(CH 2 ) 2 PPh 2 ] 3 , and Ph 2 P[(CH 2 ) 2 PPh] 2 (CH 2 ) 2 PPh 2 . The phosphonium ligands are formed in situ. Spectra characteristics of slow inter- and intramolecular exchange were obtained in all cases except, perhaps, those involving the last two ligands, which may be involved in rapid intramolecular exchange. For the first five ligands, the maximum denticity is achieved and unambiguous one-bond M(II)— 31 P (M = 117/119 Sn or 207 Pb) coupling constants are reported and discussed. In the presence of M(SbF6)2 (M = Sn or Pb). PPh 3 is protonated in MeNO 2 , while in acetone Sn(SbF 6 ) 2 forms a 1:1 complex with PPh 3 which appears to be solvent-inserted, [Sn—O—CMe 2 PPh 3 ] 2+ .Reduced temperature 31 P nmr spectroscopy has allowed the detection of 1:2 and 1:3 (M:L) complexes of OPPh 3 , and 1:1 complexes of Ph 2 P(O)(CH 2 ) 2 P(O)Ph 2 , PhP(O)[(CH 2 ) 2 P(O)Ph 2 ] 2 , and (O)P[(CH 2 ) 2 P(O)Ph 2 ] 3 , with both tin(II) and lead(II). The 1:1 complexes with polydentate ligands are isolable; nmr shows that the maximum denticity occurs except with the last ligand which behaves in a tridentate manner. Several two-bond M—O—P coupling constants have been obtained. Also, the changes which complexation produces in the P—P couplings are compared with changes produced in the analogous phosphine complexes.The synthesis and characterization of Ph 2 P(E)[(CH 2 ) 2 P(E)Ph] 2 (CH 2 ) 2 P(E)Ph 2 (E = S or Se) and (Se)P[(CH 2 ) 2 P(Se)Ph 2 ] 3 are reported. The 31 P nmr spectra of these compounds are compared with those of the parent tetraphosphines and other members of the corresponding tetraoxide–tetrachalcogenide series.
Studies on the Syntheses of N-Heterocyclic Compounds. IV. Hypocholesterolemic 1, 2, 4-Oxadiazole Derivatives. (2) (1973)

The derivatives of 3-[4-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylethoxy) phenyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)-1, 2, 4-oxadiazole (I), which showed considerable hypocholesterolemic activities, were synthesized. Among them, 3-[4-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylethoxy) phenyl]-5-(2-or 3-chlorophenyl)-1, 2, 4-oxadiazole (13, 14) and their amide derivatives (29, 30) showed nearly equal activity to I. Two alternative synthetic routes of I were developed.
Robust Object Segmentation Using Graph Cut with Object and Background Seed Estimation (2006)

In this paper we propose a new robust way of extracting accurate human silhouettes indoors with an active stereo camera. We first infer the parts of object and background areas of high confidence by fusing color, stereo matching information and image segmentation methods. Then the inferred areas(seeds) are incorporated in a graph cut. The experimental results were presented with image sequences taken with pan-tilt stereo camera. Our proposed algorithms were evaluated with respect to the ground truth data. We proved that our algorithms can outperform other methods that are based on either color/contrast or stereo/contrast principles alone.
Programmable Microcapsules from Self-Immolative Polymers (2010)

For the autonomous repair of damaged materials, microcapsules are needed that release their contents in response to a variety of physical and chemical phenomena, not just by direct mechanical rupture. Herein we report a general route to programmable microcapsules. This method creates core-shell microcapsules with polymeric shell walls composed of self-immolative polymer networks. The polymers in these networks undergo a head-to-tail depolymerization upon removal of the triggering end group, leading to breakdown of the shell wall and subsequent release of the capsule's liquid interior. We report microcapsules with shell walls bearing both Boc and Fmoc triggering groups. The capsules release their contents only under conditions known to remove these triggering groups; otherwise, they retain their contents under a variety of conditions. In support of the proposed release mechanism, the capsule shell walls were observed to undergo physical cracking upon exposure to the triggering conditions.
Data-efficient Transfer Learning with Pre-trained Networks (2017)

Deep learning has dominated the computer vision field since 2012, but a common criticism of deep learning methods is their dependence on large amounts of data. To combat this criticism research into data-efficient deep learning is growing. The foremost success in data-efficient deep learning is transfer learning with networks pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset. Pre-trained networks have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many tasks. We consider the pre-trained network method for a new task where we have to collect the data. We hypothesize that the data efficiency of pre-trained networks can be improved through informed data collection. After exhaustive experiments on CaffeNet and VGG16, we conclude that the data efficiency indeed can be improved. Furthermore, we investigate an alternative approach to data-efficient learning, namely adding domain knowledge in the form of a spatial transformer to the pre-trained networks. We find that spatial transformers are difficult to train and seem to not improve data efficiency.
Automated online feature selection and learning from high-dimensional streaming data using an ensemble of Kohonen neurons (2015)

Here we describe a new algorithm that uses Kohonen networks at its core for class-based feature selection and for learning to recognize classes of patterns. This online algorithm is meant for streaming big data and for highly parallel implementation on a platform such as Apache Spark. The algorithm works in two phases. In the initial phase, it examines some streaming data to determine the features that distinguish a particular class from the rest of the classes. After this phase of class-based feature selection, it then uses those selected features to learn pattern classifiers. All phases use Kohonen networks and Kohonen style online learning. Kohonen networks trained in the first phase are discarded once features are selected. Automation is based on an ensemble of Kohonen neurons for pattern classification. We provide here some initial computational results on some high-dimensional gene expression problems based on a desktop implementation. In testing this algorithm, no parameters were changed for the different problems solved. And that is an essential feature of automation of learning.
Electrocardiographic changes due to sauna bathing. Influence of acute reduction in circulating blood volume on body surface potentials with special reference to the Brody effect. (1983)

Sauna bathing causes profuse sweating, which could lead to an acute reduction in the circulating blood volume and the intraventricular blood volume. Sauna bathing thus provides a good clinical model with which to evaluate the inter-relation between the body surface potentials and the intraventricular blood mass. After bathing the internal dimension of the left ventricle in diastole was appreciably decreased, whereas the spatial QRS magnitude and the magnitudes of the R and Q waves in lead Z and of the S wave in lead X were significantly increased. These findings indicate that a decrease in the intraventricular volume was accompanied by an increase in the body surface potential and contradict the Brody effect.
Solid‐state polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycled from postconsumer soft‐drink bottles. I. (1993)

Abstract Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), taken from postconsumer soft‐drink bottles, was subjected to solid‐state polycondensation, as received or after dissolution in various solvents and precipitation in methanol. The solvents used were: benzyl alcohol, phenol/tetrachloroethane 60/40, or o ‐chlorophenol. The effect of various reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature (180, 200, 220, and 230°C), and time on intrinsic viscosity [η] and carboxyl and hydroxyl end‐group content have been investigated. During the solid‐state polycondensation of PET that was used as received, both esterification and transesterification took place at all temperatures, while in PET samples, used after dissolution, the transesterification was observed only at 230°C. The highest number average molecular weight, M n = 60,200, was obtained from PET with initial M n = 20,300, dissolved in o ‐chlorophenol, after solid‐state polycondensation at 230°C for 8 h. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Ultra Wideband Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Design (2007)

The characteristics of antipodal Vivaldi antennas with different structures and the key factors that affect the performance of the antipodal antennas have been investigated. The return loss, radiation pattern and current distribution with various elliptical loading sizes, opening rates and ground plane sizes have been analyzed and compared using full wave simulation tool. Based on the parameter study, a design that is capable of achieving a bandwidth from 2.1 GHz to 20 GHz has been identified.