gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimism and consistency in partitioned distributed database systems (1984)

A protocol for transaction processing during partition failures is presented which guarantees mutual consistency between copies of data-items after repair is completed. The protocol is “optimistic” in that transactions are processed without restrictions during failure; conflicts are then detected at repair time using a precedence graph , and are resolved by backing out transactions according to some backout strategy . The resulting database state then corresponds to a serial execution of some subset of transactions run during the failure. Results from simulation and probabilistic modeling show that the optimistic protocol is a reasonable alternative in many cases. Conditions under which the protocol performs well are noted, and suggestions are made as to how performance can be improved. In particular, a backout strategy is presented which takes into account individual transaction costs and attempts to minimize total backout cost. Although the problem of choosing transactions to minimize total backout cost is, in general, NP-complete, the backout strategy is efficient and produces very good results.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF ORGANIC ANIONS. LVIII. THE PROBLEM OF COMPETITIVE NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF ORTHO‐ AND PARA‐HALOGENS IN 2,4‐DIHALONITROBENZENES BY SOME CARBANIONS (1977)

Abstract Die Umsetzung der Titelverbindungen (I) mit nach den Methoden a)‐d) aus den Verbindungen (II), (V), (X) bzw. (XI) erzeugten Carbanionen wird untersucht: Mit (II) werden die Substitutionsprodukte (III) erhalten; in geringen Mengen werden entsprechende Nebenprodukte (IV) gebildet.
Clinical Decision-Support Systems (2009)

Clinical decision-support systems (CDSS) apply best-known medical knowledge to patient data for the purpose of generating case-specific decision-support advice. CDSS forms the cornerstone of health informatics research and practice. It is an embedded concept in almost all major clinical information systems and plays an instrumental role in helping health care achieve its ultimate goal: providing high-quality patient care while, at the same time, assuring patient safety and reducing costs. This entry introduces the concept of clinical decision support from early generation artificial intelligence-based systems to the evolution of modern systems based on evidence-based clinical guidelines. The discussion also includes the key technological considerations of CDSS and the barriers inhibiting its widespread adoption and effective use.
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATION OF CRYSTAL AND SOLUTION STRUCTURES OF GLAUCYRONES BY X‐RAY, NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, AND ULTRAVIOLET METHODS (1981)

Abstract Eine Einkristall‐Röntgenstruktur‐ Untersuchung des schwarzen 3,3 ′‐Diacetyl‐5,5′‐bis‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐glaucyrons bestätigt seine enolische Struktur (I).
Editorial (2021)

Escribir es un acto creativo, pero es ante todo un acto político: una posibilidad de aparecer públicamente, de iluminar ciertas dimensiones no vistas de un debate, de leer el mundo y posicionar miradas.Escribir, desde esta perspectiva, constituye una potente manifestación de la tradición intelectual de trabajo social, que desde sus orígenes ha reclamado la generación de conocimientos que sienten las bases de la profesión y la disciplina.Hoy tenemos el honor de presentar a la comunidad académica y profesional Propuestas Críticas en Trabajo Social -Critical Proposals in Social Work, la revista del Departamento de Trabajo Social de la Universidad de Chile, que surge precisamente bajo ese compromiso buscando promover el debate y la construcción de propuestas frente a los impactos del capitalismo, las desigualdades y opresiones que afectan a diversos sectores de la sociedad.
Extension of Golay's two pair construction for general complex complementary sequences (2008)

An extension of Golay's two pair recursive construction of biphase complementary sequences to general complex alphabets is proposed. There are no restrictions on the alphabets, structures and lengths of the two component complementary pairs. Golay complementary sequences of various QAM constellations can be obtained, including new QAM Golay sequences from non-standard QPSK Golay pairs. Three parameters in the construction allow for flexible zero insertions.
Ligand- and Nuclear Factor-Dependent Change in Hydrophobicity of Thyroid Hormone β <sub>1</sub> Receptor (1998)

An aqueous two-phase partitioning assay was performed using in vitro translated human thyroid hormone beta1 receptor (TRbeta1). Wild-type TRbeta1 was less hydrophobic in the presence of both triiodothyronine (T3) and nuclear extract. This reflects a conformational change, or change in electrostatic properties, of the TRbeta1-nuclear factor complex as a result of T3 binding. Mutant TRbeta1s with reduced T3 binding affinity required a higher concentration of T3 for the shift of hydrophobicity, and a mutant without T3 binding activity did not show any shift, even in the presence of 1 mM T3. The unique mutant receptor, R243Q, has impaired transcriptional function despite virtually normal binding affinity for T3. When this mutant was examined in this assay, the shift of hydrophobicity was significantly impaired even in the presence of both nuclear extract and a high concentration of T3. Nuclear extract of COS1 cells did not affect the T3-binding affinity of R243Q. These results indicate that the R243Q mutant has impaired a ligand-dependent conformational change and interaction with nuclear factor(s). Inability of R243Q to interact normally with nuclear factor(s) may explain, in part, the molecular mechanism of discordance between ligand binding and transactivation function of this mutant.
Borverbindungen XXIX<sup>1)</sup> Katalysierte Dialkylborylierung von Alkoholen und Phenolen (1975)

Abstract Die mit (Diäthylboryl)pivalat katalysierte Abspaltung eines Äthylrestes aus Triäthylboran führt mit Alkoholen, Phenolen oder Dihydroxyverbindungen unterhalb 80°C in hohen Ausbeuten zu Alkoxy(diäthyl)boranen (Tabelle 8), Aryloxy(diäthyl)boranen (Tabelle 11) bzw. zu Bis(diäthylboryloxy)verbindungen (Tabelle 10). Andere Trialkylborane reagieren langsamer als Triäthylboran, und zwar in der Reihenfolge: Bät 3 ≥ BPr 3 > B(iPr) 3 > B(iBu) 3 . Die Borylierungen mit B(CH3)3 verlaufen auch in Anwesenheit von Pivalinsäure‐dialkylborylester nur träge und nicht einheitlich. — Weniger aktiv als (Dialkylboryl)pivalate sind andere Pivalinsäurederivate (Tabelle 13) oder Derivate anderer Carbonsäuren (Tabelle I). —Auch die katalysierten Diäthylborylierungen von Hydroxyverbindungen mit C  C‐ oder C  C‐Bindungen (Tabelle 9) sowie von Derivaten mit Fluor‐, Chlor‐ oder Bromatomen (Tabelle 12) oder mit Carbonsäureestergruppen oder aromatischen Nitrogruppen verlaufen ohne Nebenreaktionen. — Die katalysierte Diäthylborylierung eignet sich gut zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Hydroxygruppen (Tabellen 2‐7).
Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Patients With Hemifacial Spasm (2002)

As MRI techniques improve, diagnosis and treatment of patients with hemifacial spasm will become easier. Ophthalmologists should be aware of these new magnetic resonance techniques.
Comparison between the effects of propofol and midazolam on pentylenetetrazole kindled convulsions in rats (2019)

Propofol, a short acting intravenous anesthetic which is wildly used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. In addition, propofol has been successfully used in the management of status epileptics. However, sporadic reports of the occurrence of seizures or seizure like phenomena in epileptic and non‐epileptic patients continue to appear. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of intravenous (IV) administration of various doses of propofol and midazolam on pentylentetrazole (PTZ) kindled convulsions in rat. Experiments were conducted in adult females Sprague–Dawley rats (230–250 g). PTZ kindling was induced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of a subconvulsivant dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg) every alternate day. After each injection of PTZ rats were placed in plexy glass cages and were monitored for 30 minutes for the occurrence of behavioral seizures. Severity of behavioral seizures and seizure score was rated according to Racine scale (Racin, 1972). An animal was considered fully‐kindled when it has had stage 4–5 seizure score on two consecutive trials. To examine the effects of propofol on PTZ kindled convulsions, fully kindled rats (8–10 animals per group) were injected with various doses of propofol (2.5, 5, 10 mg/Kg) prior to PTZ challenge. The drug was administered IV as a single dose through the dorsal tail vein via a 25G butterfly scalp vein cannula. Control animals received an equal volume of saline. Few minutes following drugs or saline injection, rats were challenged with a subconvulsant dose of PTZ (35 mg/Kg) and seizure score for individual animals was recorded. To compare the effects of midazolam on PTZ kindled seizures with these of propofol, the same animal groups were administered various doses of midazolam (2.5, 5, 10 mg/Kg). A period of a two weeks washout was allowed prior to midazolam treatment. The result of our study shows that both anesthetic agents suppressed PTZ kindled seizures in a dose dependent manner indicating that both agents protects against PTZ kindled seizures. However, the effects of midazolam were more profound. Dose response analysis of percent inhibition of kindled seizures shows that the ED 50 for midazolam was 1.85 mg/Kg with 95 % CI of (1.71–2.05), whereas the estimated ED 50 of propofol was 5.36 mg/kg with 95 % CI of (4.85–5.96). The data of the present study shows that propofol is an effective anticonvulsant against PTZ kindled seizures and provides further support of the anticonvulsant properties reported in different experimental seizures models. Support or Funding Information The research was supported by a grant from Arabian Gulf University. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
On linear combinations of biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy (2004)

We consider combining multiple biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy. Su and Liu derived the linear combinations that maximize the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. These linear combinations, however, may have unsatisfactory low sensitivity over a certain range of desired specificity. In this paper, we consider maximizing sensitivity over a range of specificity. We first present a simpler proof for Su and Liu's main theorem and further investigate some other optimal properties of their linear combinations. We then derive alternative linear combinations that have higher sensitivity over a range of high (or low) specificity. The methods are illustrated using data from a study evaluating biomarkers for coronary heart disease.
An efficient approach for cloning P450 hydroxylase genes from actinomycetes (1998)

Oligonucleotide primers were designed and successfully applied to amplify DNA fragments of P450 hydroxylase genes from actinomycetes which produce a large variety of medically important metabolites. Primers were designed based on several regions of strong similarities in amino acid sequence of P450 hydroxylases from a variety of actinomycetes, primarily in the regions of an oxygen binding site and a heme ligand pocket. These primers were used to amplify DNA fragments from seven different actinomycetes species producing a variety of different compounds. The deduced amino acid sequences of the isolated fragments revealed significant similarities to known P450 hydroxylase including the product of the suaC or subC genes from Streptomyces griseolus that is capable of metabolizing a number of sulfonylurea herbicides, and to the product of the P450 sca2 from S. carbophilus that produces a specific HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. This method should help researchers in cloning the P450 hydroxylase genes involved in the biosynthesis of useful compounds.
Micro- and nanotechnology approaches for capturing circulating tumor cells (2010)

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are cells that have detached from primary tumors and circulate in the bloodstream where they are carried to other organs, leading to seeding of new tumors and metastases. CTC have been known to exist in the bloodstream for more than a century. With recent progress in the area of micro- and nanotechnology, it has been possible to adopt new approaches in CTC research. Microscale and nanoscale studies can throw some light on the time course of CTC appearance in blood and CTC overexpression profiles for cancer-related markers and galvanize the development of drugs to block metastases. CTC counts could serve as endpoint biomarkers and as prognostic markers for patients with a metastatic disease. This paper reviews some of the recent researches on using micro- and nanotechnology to capture and profile CTC.
Structural data of the tysonite-type superstructure modification <i>β</i> -PrF <sub>3</sub> from X-ray powder and electron single-crystal diffraction (1995)

The crystal structure of the tysonite-type superstructure of β -PrF 3 has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction and high-energy electron diffraction from single crystals. The crystal data are: a = 7.0795(1) Å, c = 7.2380(2) Å, Z = 6, hexagonal system, space group (No. 165), ρ calc = 6.28 g cm −3 . Atomic parameters and interatomic distances are presented from the final refinement with R conv = 1.72%.
Epoxidation of Olefins by Hydroperoxo−Ferric Cytochrome P450 (2003)

The T252A mutant of cytochrome P450cam is unable to form the oxoferryl "active oxygen" intermediate, as judged by its inability to hydroxylate its normal substrate, camphor. In the present study, we demonstrate that T252A P450cam is nonetheless able to epoxidize olefins, due to the action of a second oxidant. However, as shown in earlier radiolytic studies and by the ability of T252A to reduce dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide, the mutant retains the ability to form the hydroperoxo-ferric reaction cycle intermediate. The present results provide strong evidence that hydroperoxo-ferric P450 can serve as a second electrophilic oxidant capable of olefin epoxidation.
Reply: From Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis to Cystic Fibrosis: Got Lactate? (2013)

We read the contribution of Kottmann and coworkers on the role of lactic acid in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (1) with great interest.The authors showed that lactic acid is elevated in the lung tissue of patients with IPF and proposed that lactic acid induced myofibroblast differentiation via activation of transforming growth factor-b with a subsequent increase of hypoxiainducible factor-1a and lactate dehydrogenase-5 expression (1).The source of lactate, however, was not identified.Our investigations on lactate expression in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from patients with the hereditary disease cystic fibrosis (CF) suggest a potential source.It is generally accepted that neutrophils are a predominant cell type in lung tissues and airways of patients with CF and IPF (2, 3), although neutrophil influx is more intense in CF ( 4), and the mechanisms that lead to neutrophil influx are obviously different.Activation of neutrophils with subsequent necrotic decay during chronic stimulation provokes the release of various components from neutrophil granules and cytosol, and large amounts of lactate can be present in airspace secretions (5).Disrupted microvasculature and impaired angiogenesis may promote tissue ischemia in IPF ( 6), and tissue ischemia has also been observed in fibrotic tissues in systemic sclerosis (7).Our data show concentrations of lactate in sputum (3.4 6 2.3 mmol/L) that are similar to that measured by Kottmann and coworkers (3.8 6 0.5 mmol/L) (1), and we have demonstrated profoundly hypoxic conditions in airspace secretions of patients with CF via bronchoscopy (8).Additionally, lactate can be detected in BAL from patients with CF (unpublished data) and correlates with neutrophil influx and concentrations of neutrophil granule contents (myeloperoxidase and elastase).Strikingly, as in IPF, chronic inflammation in CF leads to alveolar tissue remodeling with extensive expression of nuclear factor-kB, insulin-like growth factor-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and increased numbers of myofibroblasts (2).Thus, accumulation of lactate, which may be derived from neutrophils under conditions of tissue hypoxia, may promote pathophysiological mechanisms of tissue remodeling in CF that are similar to that described by Kottmann and colleagues in IPF.
Effect of Addition Pattern on the Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Neutral and Reduced 1,2- and 1,4-(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>60</sub> Isomers (2000)

The spectral and electrochemical properties of isomeric 1,2- and 1,4-adducts of fullerenes of the type R2C60 have been examined in their neutral, singly and/or doubly reduced forms. The first reduction potentials of 1,2- and 1,4-(C6H5CH2)2C60 in PhCN containing 0.1 M TBAP are the same within experimental error but the second and third reductions of the two isomers differ by 50 mV, with the 1,2-isomer being easier to reduce. Much larger differences, however, are seen in the near-IR spectra of the singly and doubly reduced organofullerene isomers. The monoanion of 1,2-R2C60 possesses an absorption band at about 1000 nm, while the dianion has a band at around 900 nm. The 1,4-R2C60 derivatives also show bands at similar wavelengths in their monoanionic and dianionic forms, but there is a second near-IR band at 1500 (monoanion) or 1300 nm (dianion).
Nanoordering of Fluorinated Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline/Amorphous Diblock Copolymers (2005)

The role of anchoring the mesogenic side chains at the internal and boundary interfaces in the thin film morphology has been investigated for two fluorinated side-chain liquid crystalline/amorphous diblock copolymers. Initial bulk investigations indicate that the two polymers strongly microphase segregate into a cylindrical and a lamellar morphology, respectively. Inside the liquid-crystal block, the cylinder-forming block copolymer shows both a crystalline-B and a smectic-A phase, whereas the lamellae-forming polymer gives only a smectic-A phase, with the side chains organized in double layers with a spacing of 3.33 nm. In both situations the smectic layers are oriented perpendicular to the block interfaces, which state is retained in films. In thin films of the cylinder-forming block copolymer, the smectic layering and the orientational wetting properties of the fluorinated side chains stabilize the minority cylindrical domains normal to the substrate. For films of the lamellar system, however, an evolved structure forms with block lamellae parallel to the substrate in combination with anchoring of the fluorinated chains at the surface of the film.
Dependence on glucose limitation of the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> influences on CHO cell growth, metabolism and IgG production (2007)

The culture levels of glucose and CO(2) have been reported to independently have important influences on mammalian cell processes. In this work the combined effects of glucose limitation and CO(2) partial pressure (pCO(2)) on monoclonal antibody (IgG) producing Chinese Hamster Ovary cells were investigated in a perfusion reactor operated with controlled cell specific medium feed rate, pH and osmolality. Under high glucose conditions (14.3 +/- 0.8 mM), the apparent growth rate decreased (from 0.021 to 0.009 h(-1)) as the pCO(2) increased to approximately 220 mmHg, while the cell specific IgG productivity was almost unchanged. The lactate yield from glucose was not affected by pCO(2) up to approximately 220 mmHg and glucose was mainly converted to lactate. A feed medium modification from high (33 mM) to low (6 mM) glucose resulted in <0.1 mM glucose in the culture. As a result of apparently shifting metabolism towards the conversion of pyruvate to CO(2), both the ratio of lactate to glucose and the alanine production rate were lowered (1.51-1.14 and 17.7-0.56 nmol/10(6) cells h, respectively). Interestingly, when the pCO(2) was increased to approximately 140 mmHg, limiting glucose resulted in 1.7-fold higher growth rates, compared to high glucose conditions. However, at approximately 220 mmHg pCO(2) this beneficial effect of glucose limitation on these CHO cells was lost as the growth rate dropped dramatically to 0.008 h(-1) and the IgG productivity was lowered by 15% (P < 0.01) relative to the high glucose condition. The IgG galactosylation increased under glucose- limited compared to high-glucose conditions.
Stability of Supported Liquid Membranes: State of the Art (1996)

This paper presents a state of art review on the stability of supported liquid membranes (SLM). The backgrounds of SLM instability phenomena are presented, and various mechanisms for explaining these phenomena are treated in detail. Several suggestions for stability improvement are discussed.
Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 by spray-drying using sweet whey and skim milk as encapsulating materials (2014)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of encapsulating material on encapsulation yield, resistance to passage through simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 during storage. Microparticles were produced from reconstituted sweet whey or skim milk (30% total solids) inoculated with a suspension of L. acidophilus La-5 (1% vol/vol) and subjected to spray-drying at inlet and outlet temperatures of 180°C and 85 to 95°C, respectively. The samples were packed, vacuum-sealed, and stored at 4°C and 25°C. Encapsulation yield, moisture content, and resistance of microencapsulated L. acidophilus La-5 compared with free cells (control) during exposure to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2.0 and 7.0) were evaluated. Viability was assessed after 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90d of storage. The experiments were repeated 3 times and data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test for the comparison between means. The encapsulating material did not significantly affect encapsulation yield, average diameter, or moisture of the particles, which averaged 76.58±4.72%, 12.94±0.78μm, and 4.53±0.32%, respectively. Both microparticle types were effective in protecting the probiotic during gastrointestinal simulation, and the skim milk microparticles favored an increase in viability of L. acidophilus La-5. Regardless of the encapsulating material and temperature of storage, viability of the microencapsulated L. acidophilus La-5 decreased on average 0.43 log cfu/g at the end of 90d of storage, remaining higher than 10(6)cfu/g.
Review of hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, etiology, and carcinogenesis (2017)

Since the 1970s, the epidemic of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has spread beyond the Eastern Asian predominance and has been increasing in Northern hemisphere, especially in the United States (US) and Western Europe. It occurs more commonly in males in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Among all cancers, HCC is one of the fastest growing causes of death in the US and poses a significant economic burden on healthcare. Chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus and alcohol accounts for the majority of HCC cases. Incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been on the risem and it has also been associated with the development of HCC. Its pathogenesis varies based on the underlying etiological factor although majority of cases develop in the setting of background cirrhosis. Carcinogenesis of HCC includes angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and tumor macroenvironment and microenvironment. There is a significant role of both intrinsic genetic risk factors and extrinsic influences such as alcohol or viral infections that lead to the development of HCC. Understanding its etiopathogenesis helps select appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments.