gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 1-GHz single-chip quadrature modulator (1992)

The design of an integrated quadrature modulator for a 800-MHz to 1-GHz frequency range is presented. It is shown that this modulator achieves a phase error of less than +or-3 degrees without any trimming or tuning. This performance was achieved by reducing the number of building blocks and keeping a symmetrical transistor structure even in the layout. To overcome the amplitude difference of the phase-shifted signals, a modulator principle is used rather than a multiplier principle. The circuit was implemented in a bipolar transistor array with an f/sub T/ of 9 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Image Sequences (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Basics of Motion Motion Estimation and Compensation Motion Segmentation, Video Objects, and Video Object Tracking Image Sequence Filtering Acknowledgments
Formation of 4-oestrene-3,17-dione (19-norandrostenedione) by porcine granulosa cells in vitro is inhibited by the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione and the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors aminoglutethimide phosphate and ketoconazole (1989)

The origin and biosynthesis of 4-oestrene-3,17-dione (19-norandrostenedione), a major steroid in porcine ovarian follicular fluid, was investigated by culturing granulosa cells from 4-6 mm follicles of prepubertal gilts with radiolabelled androstenedione and 19-hydroxyandrostenedione. Steroid metabolites were purified by solvent extraction and lipophilic column chromatography, and analysed by C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. 19-Hydroxyandrostenedione, 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta were obtained as major metabolites from androstenedione, while 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta were the major products from 19-hydroxyandrostenedione. Serum alone or serum plus FSH significantly enhanced formation of 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta from each substrate, compared with controls. Micromolar concentrations (1 mumol/l) of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, an aromatase inhibitor, significantly reduced formation of 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta by granulosa cells cultured with serum and FSH. Formation of 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta from androstenedione and 19-hydroxyandrostenedione was also significantly inhibited by aminoglutethimide phosphate, a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor known to block the conversion of androstenedione to oestrogens. Ketoconazole, an inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450 dependent 17,20-lysase, blocked formation of 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta only at millimolar concentrations. These results suggest that 19-norsteroid and oestrogen formation from C19 aromatizable androgens may share a common or overlapping pathway, and imply that 19-norsteroid and oestrogen synthesis is mediated by cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymes.
Insulin sensitivity in humans: alterations during drug administration and in essential hypertension. (1990)

Hypertension has a high prevalence among patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as well as in obese subjects, and glucose intolerance is emerging as a common feature to these conditions. There is increasing evidence that essential hypertension in nonobese, nondiabetic patients can be an insulin-resistant state per se. In view of the known acute effects of insulin on renal sodium retention, transcellular cation transport and perhaps also on sympathetic system, a possible involvement of insulin resistance in the genesis of essential hypertension deserves consideration. This point is of particular relevance not only because of the possible pathogenetic link between insulin resistance and high blood pressure, but also because of the potential metabolic interactions of certain drugs, especially in hypertensive diabetics. The oral glucose tolerance test, the glucose clamp and the minimal model approach represent three different methodological approaches that have been used to estimate insulin sensitivity in the intact organism. These methods differ with regard to their sensitivity, comparability and complexity. Although the oral glucose tolerance test has been widely used as standard approach to investigate drug-induced glucose intolerance, it does not provide a specific measure of insulin responsiveness. The insulin clamp introduced by Andres allows a direct quantification of insulin sensitivity, but its methodological complexity has limited its application in humans. The minimal model approach allows an accurate estimate and facilitates the assessment of insulin sensitivity under clinical conditions.
Evaluation of Swallowing Function Using an Optical Sensor-based System for In-home Nursing (2006)

Rehabilitation of dysphagia is an important factor in pursuing better quality of life (QOL) for patients suffering from the disorder. In order to make proper in-home rehabilitation policies, nursing staff must grasp the daily changes in the swallowing function of the patient. Current methods of evaluating the function, however, cannot easily be used for in-home nursing. In this research, we propose an optical sensor-based system that enables quantitative analysis of swallowing function and that can be handily used for in-home nursing
Muscle synergy patterns as physiological markers of motor cortical damage (2012)

The experimental findings herein reported are aimed at gaining a perspective on the complex neural events that follow lesions of the motor cortical areas. Cortical damage, whether by trauma or stroke, interferes with the flow of descending signals to the modular interneuronal structures of the spinal cord. These spinal modules subserve normal motor behaviors by activating groups of muscles as individual units (muscle synergies). Damage to the motor cortical areas disrupts the orchestration of the modules, resulting in abnormal movements. To gain insights into this complex process, we recorded myoelectric signals from multiple upper-limb muscles in subjects with cortical lesions. We used a factorization algorithm to identify the muscle synergies. Our factorization analysis revealed, in a quantitative way, three distinct patterns of muscle coordination-including preservation, merging, and fractionation of muscle synergies-that reflect the multiple neural responses that occur after cortical damage. These patterns varied as a function of both the severity of functional impairment and the temporal distance from stroke onset. We think these muscle-synergy patterns can be used as physiological markers of the status of any patient with stroke or trauma, thereby guiding the development of different rehabilitation approaches, as well as future physiological experiments for a further understanding of postinjury mechanisms of motor control and recovery.
Preliminary assessment of safety and effectiveness in humans of ProBiora<sup>3</sup> ™, a probiotic mouthwash (2009)

The results of this pilot human study suggest that the probiotic mouthwash product may be safe for daily use as an aid in maintaining both dental and periodontal health.
A new cinnoline synthesis. Part VI. 4-Mercaptocinnolines (1968)

4-Mercaptocinnolines are obtained in good yield from the 4-hydroxy-compounds by reaction with phosphorus pentasulphide in pyridine. The corresponding amines are prepared readily from the mercapto-compounds by treatment with ammonia or primary amines. The amination reaction fails with nitro-4-mercaptocinnolines. The reaction of the 4-mercapto-derivatives with hydrazine, methylating agents, and Raney nickel is described. Treatment of 6-chloro-4-mercaptocinnoline with chlorine in acetic acid gave a good yield of 4,6-dichlorocinnoline and not the expected 4-sulphonyl chloride.
Intelligence Algorithms for Protein Classification by Mass Spectrometry (2018)

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an important technique in protein research. Effective classification methods by MS data could contribute to early and less-invasive diagnosis and also facilitate developments in the bioinformatics field. As MS data is featured by high dimension, appropriate methods which can effectively deal with the large amount of MS data have been widely studied. In this paper, the applications of methods based on intelligence algorithms have been investigated. Firstly, classification and biomarker analysis methods using typical machine learning approaches have been discussed. Then those are followed by the Ensemble strategy algorithms. Clearly, simple and basic machine learning algorithms hardly addressed the various needs of protein MS classification. Preprocessing algorithms have been also studied, as these methods are useful for feature selection or feature extraction to improve classification performance. Protein MS data growing with data volume becomes complicated and large; improvements in classification methods in terms of classifier selection and combinations of different algorithms and preprocessing algorithms are more emphasized in further work.
On the solution of traveling salesman problems (1998)

Following the theoretical studies of J. B. Robinson and H. W. Kuhn in the late 1940s and the early 1950s, G. B. Dantzig, R. Fulkerson, and S. M. Johnson demonstrated in 1954 that large instances of the TSP could be solved by linear programming. Their approach remains the only known tool for solving TSP instances with more than several hundred cities; over the years, it has evolved further through the work of M. Grötschel, S. Hong, M. Jünger, P. Miliotis, D. Naddef, M. Padberg, W. R. Pulleyblank, G. Reinelt, G. Rinaldi, and others. We enumerate some of its refinements that led to the solution of a 13,509-city instance.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of All Eight <scp>l</scp>-Hexoses from <scp>l</scp>-Ascorbic Acid (2005)

[reaction: see text] A novel versatile method for the synthesis of all eight diastereomerically pure L-hexoses was developed. L-Ascorbic acid was converted to two diastereomers A. These alpha-hydroxy esters were transformed into four gamma-alkoxy-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters C via the intermediates B and subsequent Wittig olefination reactions. Each one of compounds C was subjected to dihydroxylation to provide a set of two diols D. Anti/syn-differentiation in diol formation was manipulated by using (DHQD)2PHAL and (DHQ)2PHAL as chiral ligands. Further two-step reaction sequence affords all eight diastereopure L-hexoses.
Low-dose in vivo pharmacokinetic and deuterium isotope effect studies of N-nitrosodimethylamine in rats. (1985)

The rates of elimination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its fully deuterated analogue (N-nitrosodi[2H6]methylamine, [2H6]NDMA) were studied in vivo to explore the origins of the difference in their carcinogenicity. Male Fischer 344 rats, 7.5 weeks of age, were given nitrosamine bolus doses of 1.35 mumol/kg by tail vein injection and 2.02 or 4.05 mumol/kg by p.o. gavage. Animals were sacrificed at various time points from 2.5 to 180 min after i.v. administration or 5 to 120 min after p.o. dosage, and their blood was analyzed for NDMA by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. After i.v. injection, blood nitrosamine concentrations declined in an apparently biexponential manner with a terminal half-life of 10 min for NDMA and 12 min for [2H6]NDMA. The apparent total systemic blood clearances for NDMA and [2H6]NDMA were 39 and 26 ml/min/kg, respectively. The apparent steady-state volumes of distribution were nearly identical (297 and 309 ml/kg, respectively). The areas under the curve after 2.02- and 4.05-mumol/kg p.o. doses were proportional to dose. The apparent bioavailability of NDMA was 8%, while that of [2H6]NDMA was 21%. Isotope effects calculated as the ratios of first-pass metabolism, total systemic clearances, bioavailabilities, and intrinsic hepatic clearances were 1.2, 1.5, 2.6, and 3.2, respectively. The isotope effect determined from blood concentrations measured after simultaneous administration of NDMA and [2H6]NDMA by steady-state infusion (each at 1.5 mumol/kg/h) was 2.6 +/- 0.9 (SD). This study thus provides quantitative reference data on the time course of the disappearance of both N-nitrosodimethylamine and its deuterated analogue from blood (over 5 to 8 half-lives) after doses similar to those used to elicit liver tumors in chronic feeding studies, confirms the first-pass effect on their metabolism using direct blood measurements, and permits estimation of their bioavailabilities from actual blood concentrations. The results suggest that elimination pathways not involving alpha-hydroxylation are more important than is currently recognized.
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase as a Drug Target for Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: An Update (2007)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a member of the PARP enzyme family consisting of PARP-1 and four additional, recently identified poly(ADP-ribosylating) enzymes. PARP-1 is one of the most abundant nuclear proteins and functions as a DNA nick sensor enzyme. Upon binding to DNA breaks, activated PARP cleaves NAD+ into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose and polymerizes the latter onto nuclear acceptor proteins including histones, transcription factors and PARP itself. On one hand, PARP is viewed as a guardian angel of genomic integrity, and inhibition of PARP has been used to facilitate the death of tumor cells alone, or in combination with antitumor agents. On the other hand, overactivation of PARP in response to oxidant- and free radical-mediated excessive DNA single strand breaks promotes cell dysfunction and necrotic type cell death in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of PARP, consequently, exerts cytoprotective effects in a variety of diseases including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and diabetes mellitus. The research into the role of PARP in diabetic cardiovascular injury is now supported by novel tools such as new classes of potent inhibitors of PARP as well as genetically engineered animals lacking the gene for PARP. In addition, potent PARP inhibitors have entered the stage of clinical testing. The current review provides an update on the most recent developments in the area of PARP.
A 0.127 &amp;#x003BC;m<sup>2</sup> High Performance 65nm SOI Based embedded DRAM for on-Processor Applications (2006)

We present a 65nm embedded DRAM cell (0.127 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Cell size) on unpatterned SOI fabricated using standard high performance SOI technology with dual stress liner (DSL) (1). The cell utilizes a low-leakage 2.2-nm gate oxide pass transistor and a deep trench capacitor. A trench side wall spacer process enables a simplified collarless process. Connection to the buried plate is realized by silicided substrate guardrings with fully landed tungsten contacts. The bitline structure and the deep trench capacitor are designed for high transfer ratio and low RC constant which ensure high performance and sufficient sensing signal. The pass transistor is strain engineered to boost on current and employs optimized S/D junctions to help attain sub-pA off current. This technology has produced fully-functional 2Mb prototype embedded macros with sub-1.5ns latency and sub-2ns random cycle times for on-processor caches. The low leakage device developed also enables for the first time a low standby power SOI technology.
MUTABLE R-NAVAJO ALLELES OF CYCLIC ORIGIN IN MAIZE (1973)

The generation in cyclic fashion of 26 mutable R-Navajo (mR(nj)) alleles in maize involved transposition of a non-specific repressor of gene action, Modulator (Mp), first away from, and then back to, the R locus represented by the R-Navajo (R(nj)) allele on chromosome 10. The mR(nj) alleles reconstituted in this way varied widely, and continuously, in mutability to R(nj)-that is, in transposition of Mp away from the R locus, thus derepressing the R(nj) gene. They were alike, or nearly so, however, in activating Ds chromosome breakage and in increasing the stability of variegated pericarp, another unstable compound allele comprising Mp conjoined with P(rr) on chromosomal 1. These latter two phenomena are based primarily on loci elsewhere in the genome. It is postulated that the 26 reconstituted mR(nj) alleles carry a common Mp which, however, is intercalated at a different site within each allele. Nucleotide sequence in the regions adjacent to Mp is assumed to determine the frequency with which a form of micro-nondisjunction occurs whereby Mp is released from a donor site. Transposition to a new site is interpreted in terms of a chromosome model that gives effect to nicking, or single strand breaks, occurring throughout the genome as a prerequisite to unwinding, strand separation, and replication, of the DNA double helix.
Whole‐exome sequencing detects somatic mutations of <i>IDH1</i> in metaphyseal chondromatosis with <scp>D</scp>‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (MC‐HGA) (2011)

We used exome sequencing of blood DNA in four unrelated patients to identify the genetic basis of metaphyseal chondromatosis with urinary excretion of D-2-hydroxy-glutaric acid (MC-HGA), a rare entity comprising severe chondrodysplasia, organic aciduria, and variable cerebral involvement. No evidence for recessive mutations was found; instead, two patients showed mutations in IDH1 predicting p.R132H and p.R132S as apparent somatic mosaicism. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of the mutation in blood DNA in one patient, and in blood and saliva (but not in fibroblast) DNA in the other patient. Mutations at codon 132 of IDH1 change the enzymatic specificity of the cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme. They result in increased D-2-hydroxy-glutarate production, α-ketoglutarate depletion, activation of HIF-1α (a key regulator of chondrocyte proliferation at the growth plate), and reduction of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate level in glial cells. Thus, somatic mutations in IDH1 may explain all features of MC-HGA, including sporadic occurrence, metaphyseal disorganization, and chondromatosis, urinary excretion of D-2-hydroxy-glutaric acid, and reduced cerebral myelinization.
Halogenierte Pyridine I. Die Herstellung von 3‐Halogenmethylpyridinen aus dimerem Acrylnitril (1976)

Halogenated pyridines I. The synthesis of 3‐halogenomethyl pyridines from dimeric acrylonitrile . α‐Methyleneglutaronitril, a linear dimerization product of acrylonitrile is a cheap, commercially available starting material for a new synthesis of 3‐halogenomethyl‐2, 6‐dihalogeno‐ or 2,5,6‐trihalogenopyridines prepared in two and three step reactions, respectively. The properties of this new class of halogenated pyridines are discussed.
Hand Hygiene Effects Measured by Hand Culture in Intensive Care Unit (2003)

The effect of hand hygiene was measured by hand culture before and after hand hygiene for 86 nurses, doctors, and nurses aide/housekeepers in Surgical Intensive Care Unit. The subjects were asked to press their dominant hand in hand-shaped Mannitol salt agar immediately after patient contact and then washed their hand by preferred hand hygiene agents [soap and water, waterless alcohol gel, or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate detergent (CHG)], and cultured one hand again Amount of isolated microorganism was calculated by counting the number of divided areas () which is culture positive in hand culture plate. The amount of microorganisms were significantly reduced from 58.1() to 27.4() cells after hand hygiene. The staff nurse's hand hygiene was more effective compared to medical doctors and nurses aide/housekeepers. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) was isolated in 41(47.1%) subjects ; but only removed 100% in 28(32.2%) subjects. When the amount of hand microorganisms was compared by subject's preferred hand hygiene agents, it was decreased in order of 4% CHG, waterless alcohol solution, soap and water, and water. The hand hygiene practice was inadequate to reduce hand microorganisms and significantly different by occupations. Further research and development of hand hygiene improvement program which emphasize the quality of hand hygiene is recommended.
Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma. (1993)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be related to lymphoid tumors and some types of epithelial tumors, including lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma with marked lymphocytic stroma. In this study, prevalence of EBV involvement in gastric cancer, and characteristics of tumors with such involvement, were investigated by EBV-encoded RNA 1 in situ hybridization applied to paraffin sections, including the tumor and adjacent gastric tissue, from 999 gastric carcinomas observed in 970 consecutive cases from a large Japanese hospital. EBV involvement occurred in 6.9 percent of lesions, a significantly lower proportion than has been observed in a North American series. Involvement was significantly more frequent among males, in tumors in the upper part of the stomach, and in adenocarcinomas of the moderately differentiated tubular and poorly differentiated solid or medullary types. Almost all carcinomas with marked lymphoid stroma were EBV-positive. Positive lesions were characterized by the presence of uniform hybridized signals in almost all carcinoma cells and by their absence from adjacent non-neoplastic tissue.
Reduction of Visceral Fat Is Associated With Decrease in the Number of Metabolic Risk Factors in Japanese Men (2007)

Visceral fat accumulation is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (1–8). However, the relationship between reduction of visceral fat and decrease in the number of metabolic risk factors has not been defined in the general population. Recently, we developed a new technique, the abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), to evaluate visceral fat area (VFA) (9). The aim of this study was to investigate whether reduction of visceral fat, estimated by the BIA, is associated with a decrease in the number of metabolic risk factors.

The study group comprised 2,336 Japanese men (aged mean ± SD 48.0 ± 10.5 years, BMI 24.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2), who were employees of Amagasaki City Office, an urban area, and had undergone annual health check-ups in both 2004 and 2005. After the health check-up, the medical staff provided risk factor–oriented, rather than obesity-oriented, health promotion programs to select individuals with visceral fat accumulation and multiple risk factors, with the aim of encouraging a scientific understanding of the spectrum of metabolic syndrome from visceral fat accumulation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we used VFA estimated by the BIA, which was shown to correlate significantly with VFA determined by computed tomography (9). The measurement of VFA by BIA complied with the Guidelines of the Ethical Committees of …
<i>In Vivo</i> Application of Photocleavable Protein Interaction Reporter Technology (2011)

In vivo protein structures and protein-protein interactions are critical to the function of proteins in biological systems. As a complementary approach to traditional protein interaction identification methods, cross-linking strategies are beginning to provide additional data on protein and protein complex topological features. Previously, photocleavable protein interaction reporter (pcPIR) technology was demonstrated by cross-linking pure proteins and protein complexes and the use of ultraviolet light to cleave or release cross-linked peptides to enable identification. In the present report, the pcPIR strategy is applied to Escherichia coli cells, and in vivo protein interactions and topologies are measured. More than 1600 labeled peptides from E. coli were identified, indicating that many protein sites react with pcPIR in vivo. From those labeled sites, 53 in vivo intercross-linked peptide pairs were identified and manually validated. Approximately half of the interactions have been reported using other techniques, although detailed structures exist for very few. Three proteins or protein complexes with detailed crystallography structures are compared to the cross-linking results obtained from in vivo application of pcPIR technology.