gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitogenic Signal Transduction Caused by Monomethylarsonous Acid in Human Bladder Cells: Role in Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis (2006)

Previous studies have shown that human bladder cells (UROtsa), a target of arsenic-induced cancer, can biotransform arsenite to monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), which is more cytotoxic and capable of transforming the UROtsa cells following long-term, low-level exposure. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) causes hyperplasia in bladder cells and is considered a key biomarker in bladder cancer. To investigate the role of mitogenic pathway stimulation in MMA(III)-induced transformation, UROtsa cells were treated with 50nM MMA(III) for 12, 24, or 52 weeks and analyzed by Western blot for COX-2 expression. Elevations in COX-2 expression were noted following chronic MMA(III) exposure, and this induction increased with duration of exposure, suggesting that COX-2 or the signal transduction pathways responsible for COX-2 protein expression may play a role in MMA(III)-induced transformation. Acute exposure studies found MMA(III) treatment (10, 50, and 100nM, 4 h) induced COX-2 in UROtsa cells with the lowest doses (10 and 50nM) causing the strongest induction. Using pharmacological inhibitors of various pathways, it was shown that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK-1/-2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and src were important in the induction of COX-2 by MMA(III). ERK-2 phosphorylation was verified by Western blot analysis with a peak at 15 min, and c-jun was translocated to the nucleus following 50nM MMA(III) treatment. To determine MMA(III) targets, receptors of the erythroblastosis oncogene family (ErbB) family were further investigated. Chronic MMA(III) exposure led to upregulation of the EGFR or ErbB1. Short-term MMA(III) treatment caused the phosphorylation of ErbB2 in its autophosphorylation site. To verify the importance of these signaling pathways to the growth of the MMA(III)-transformed UROtsa cells in soft agar, various inhibitors were used to block pathways and monitor cells growth. Pathways of importance in anchorage-independent growth of UROtsa cells chronically exposed to MMA(III) are src, PI3K, and COX-1 and -2. As COX-2 is an important mediator that contributes to carcinogenesis via promotion of cell proliferation, inhibition of cell death, induction of angiogenesis, and facilitation of invasion, and it is highly upregulated both acutely and chronically in the MMA(III)-transformed cells, it is likely that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and increased COX-2 expression is a plausible mechanism for MMA(III) bladder carcinogenesis.
Artifacts in Diffusion MRI (2010)

Abstract In addition to thermal noise, several artifacts can adversely affect the accuracy and precision of diffusion MRI measures. This chapter identifies the most relevant sources of artifacts in typical echo-planar diffusion MRI scans in a clinical setting. It examines the effects of image distortions originating from susceptibility differences, concomitant fields effects, and eddy currents on diffusion tensor computed quantities. It also reviews artifacts originating from "physiological noise" which includes subject motion, cardiac pulsation, and, possibly, respiratory motion. These artifacts not only affect the reproducibility of clinical diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) scans but most importantly could produce biased results. Physiological noise may not be equally distributed in different subjects and it may confound the assessment of differences between groups. For example, diffusion MRI differences found between healthy controls and patients may be due to artifacts originating from physiological noise, such as heart rate and subject motion, rather than to true anatomical differences. Fortunately, there are several data processing approaches that can successfully remove effects of artifacts and improve the quality of the computed diffusion metrics. The chapter reviews these approaches and we provide practical suggestions for designing acquisition protocols that help minimize the impact of artifacts originating from physiological noise and other sources.
Development and validation of a clinic based balance assessment technology (2011)

Falls in the elderly are a major problem worldwide, with enormous associated societal costs. Deficits in balance and postural control have long been associated with falls risk in elderly adults. The gold standard for quantitative assessment of human balance in a clinical setting is the force plate which is highly expensive, non-portable and requires specialized personnel to operate. The present study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of a portable quantitative balance measurement technology compared to the forceplate. Two participants (1 male, 1 female) performed sixteen balance trials each (eight eyes open and eight eyes closed). Simultaneous data were recorded from a portable pressure sensor platform and a laboratory grade force platform. Standard centre of pressure (COP) metrics from both modalities were compared and high levels of agreement in terms of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean percentage error (MPE) were found.
Cooperation between Rb and Arf in suppressing mouse retinoblastoma (2012)

Retinoblastoma is a pediatric cancer that has served as a paradigm for tumor suppressor gene function. Retinoblastoma is initiated by RB gene mutations, but the subsequent cooperating mutational events leading to tumorigenesis are poorly characterized. We investigated what these additional genomic alterations might be using human retinoblastoma samples and mouse models. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization studies revealed deletions in the CDKN2A locus that include ARF and P16INK4A, both of which encode tumor suppressor proteins, in both human and mouse retinoblastoma. Through mouse genetic analyses, we found that Arf was the critical tumor suppressor gene in the deleted region. In mice, inactivation of one allele of Arf cooperated with Rb and p107 loss to rapidly accelerate retinoblastoma, with frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the Arf locus. Arf has been reported to exhibit p53-independent tumor suppressor roles in other systems; however, our results showed no additive effect of p53 and Arf coinactivation in promoting retinoblastoma. Moreover, p53 inactivation completely eliminated any selection for Arf LOH. Thus, our data reveal important insights into the p53 pathway in retinoblastoma and show that Arf is a key collaborator with Rb in retinoblastoma suppression.
Dynamic Interactions of Eye and Head Movements When Reading with Single-Vision and Progressive Lenses in a Simulated Computer-Based Environment (2003)

Eye movement and head movement strategies and timing were contingent on viewing conditions. The longer eye movement duration and gaze-stabilization times suggested that additional eye movements were needed to locate the clear-vision zone and commence reading after the RSS. Head movements with PALs for the SP condition were similarly optically induced. These eye movement and head movement results may contribute to the reduced reading rate and related symptoms reported by some PAL wearers. The dynamic interactions of eye movements and head movements during reading with the PALs appear to be a sensitive indicator of the effect of lens optical design parameters on overall reading performance, because the movements can discriminate between SVL and PAL designs and at times even between PALs.
Feature-based 3D surface modeling by improved constrained triangular meshes (2002)

Triangular meshes are suitable representations for the large amounts of 3D data produced by range sensors. 3D object recognition tasks are complicated due to the high resolutions involved. We present a new technique to improve the interpretation quality of triangular meshes and to bridge the gap between raw sensory data and symbolic models used for recognition. We efficiently describe the surface features and avoid insignificant high resolution details. We accentuate the surface features by locally and incrementally improving the mesh topographic properties. The resulting locally-optimal triangular mesh removes the artifacts inevitably introduced by scene digitization. This simplifies subsequent object recognition tasks.
Robot- and computer-assisted craniotomy (CRANIO): From active systems to synergistic man—machine interaction (2009)

Computer and robot assistance in craniotomy/craniectomy procedures is intended to increase precision and efficiency of the removal of calvarial tumours, enabling the preoperative design and manufacturing of the corresponding implant. In the framework of the CRANIO project, an active robotic system was developed to automate the milling processes based on a predefined resection planning. This approach allows for a very efficient milling process, but lacks feedback of the intra-operative process to the surgeon. To better integrate the surgeon into the process, a new teleoperated synergistic architecture was designed. This enables the surgeon to realize changes during the procedure and use their human cognitive capabilities. The preoperative planning information is used as guidance for the user interacting with the system through a master-slave architecture. In this article, the CRANIO system is presented together with this new synergistic approach. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the accuracy of the system in active and synergistic modes for the bone milling procedure. The laboratory studies showed the general feasibility of the new concept for the selected medical procedure and determined the accuracy of the system. Although the integration of the surgeon partially reduces the efficiency of the milling process compared with a purely active (automatic) milling, it provides more feedback and flexibility to the user during the intra-operative procedure.
Overview of paclitaxel (Taxol) in advanced lung cancer. (1993)

Paclitaxel (TAXOL), a novel diterpene plant product isolated from the western yew Taxus brevifolia, is an active agent in the treatment of lung cancer. In two studies, the drug produced 21% and 24% objective response rates among patients with non-small cell lung cancer. A response rate of 34% was reported in a single trial involving patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Additional trials are needed to evaluate single-agent paclitaxel in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Studies also are planned to measure the effect of paclitaxel as a radiosensitizer and in combination regimens with other active agents for the treatment of lung cancer.
Integrated Optical Refractive Index Sensor By Ion-Exchange In Glass (1989)

An integrated optical refractive index sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder waveguide structure is demonstrated. The waveguides are fabricated by an ion-exchange technic in the BGG 21 glass from JOT, followed by end face preparation for fiber-chip coupling to get an all guided wave sensor system.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epidemiology and management of <i>Leptosphaeria maculans</i> (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe (2001)

Phoma stem canker (blackleg), caused by Leptosphaeria maculans , is an important disease on oilseed rape (canola, rapeseed, Brassica napus , Brassica juncea , Brassica rapa ) causing seedling death, lodging or early senescence in Australia, Canada and Europe, but not in China. The two forms of L. maculans (A group and B group) that occur on oilseed rape are now considered to be separate species. The epidemiology and severity of phoma stem canker differs between continents due to differences in the pathogen population structure, oilseed rape species and cultivars grown, climate and agricultural practices. Epidemics are most severe in Australia, where only the A group occurs, and can be damaging in Canada and western Europe, where both A and B groups occur, although their proportions vary within regions and throughout the year. Epidemics are slight in China, where the A group has not been found. Dry climates (Australia, western Canada) lengthen the persistence of infected debris and may synchronize the release of airborne ascospores (after rain) with seedling emergence. L. maculans spreads from cotyledon and leaf infections down petioles to reach the stem, with infections on cotyledons and leaves early in the season producing the most damaging stem cankers at the stem base (crown). Development of both crown cankers and phoma stem lesions higher up stems is most rapid in regions with high temperatures from flowering to harvest, such as Australia and Canada. Breeding for resistance (genetic, disease escape or tolerance), stubble management, crop rotation and fungicide seed treatments are important strategies for control of phoma stem canker in all areas. Fungicide spray treatments are justified only in regions such as western Europe where high yields are obtained, and accurate forecasts of epidemic severity are needed to optimize their use.
Designing and evaluating glanceable peripheral displays (2006)

Peripheral displays are an important class of applications that improve our ability to multitask. Increased knowledge on how to design and evaluate glanceable peripheral displays can lead to better support for multitasking. We will contribute a set of guidelines for designing glanceable peripheral displays, using the wealth of abstraction techniques (e.g., change detection, feature extraction), design variables (e.g., color, shape), and design characteristics (e.g., dimensionality, symbolism) available. We will contribute an evaluation framework that clearly defines peripheral displays, metrics for evaluating their success, and guidelines for selecting evaluation methods. These contributions will improve peripheral displays that enable users to manage multiple tasks through low-effort monitoring.
Thirty-One Novel Biomarkers as Predictors for Clinically Incident Diabetes (2010)

We identified novel biomarkers that were associated with the risk of clinically incident diabetes over and above the classic risk factors. This gives new insights into the pathogenesis of diabetes and may help with targeting prevention and treatment.
ASALTO RÁPIDO, ATAQUE PREVENTIVO. EL TEATRO DOMÉSTICO DE LA GUERRA Y LAS NUEVAS DISIDENCIAS (2003)

Las tácticas para reprimir la disidencia en el escenario doméstico en EE.UU son las mismas que aprovechan las acciones militares en el exterior: asalto rápido y ataque preventivo. La derecha opera por medio de entrelazadas que sin embargo no logran reinterpelar la ciudadanía de manera consistente o satisfactoria. L a derechización actual en EE.UU tiene antecedentes en el macartismo y la Primera Guerra Mundial, y orígenes en un nuevo activismo desarrollado a partir de 1968 y ayudado por la monopolización de los medios. Sin embargo, el internet ofrece un poderoso apoyo a las prácticas opositoras, y crea un nuevo agente político, el público global.
Arbitrary spectral shaping using optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (2009)

It is demonstrated that arbitrary spectral shaping can be achieved with pump pulse time shaping in optical parametric amplification. This result is confirmed with our high energy PW front end laser system.
Video inpainting of occluding and occluded objects (2005)

We present a basic technique to fill-in missing parts of a video sequence taken from a static camera. Two important cases are considered. The first case is concerned with the removal of non-stationary objects that occlude stationary background. We use a priority based spatio-temporal synthesis scheme for inpainting the stationary background. The second and more difficult case involves filling-in moving objects when they are partially occluded. For this, we propose a priority scheme to first inpaint the occluded moving objects and then fill-in the remaining area with stationary background using the method proposed for the first case. We use as input an optical-flow based mask, which tells if an undamaged pixel is moving or is stationary. The moving object is inpainted by copying patches from undamaged frames, and this copying is independent of the background of the moving object in either frame. This work has applications in a variety of different areas, including video special effects and restoration and enhancement of damaged videos. The examples shown in the paper illustrate these ideas.
Photon-Counting Spatial Light Modulator Technology Development. (1994)

Abstract : The goal of this program is to measure and improve the performance of photon-counting spatial light modulators operating in an optically-addressed reflection mode. Experimental results are obtained for silicon devices. These device consists of an avalanche photodiode (APD) operated in the Geiger mode with the front and back surface of the diode forming an asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity. The phase delay within the cavity is modified directly by the avalanche via the free-carrier refractive index or by Joule heating. Experiments were conducted first with the write laser beam at 1064 nm and the read beam at the same wavelength and second with the write beam at 850 nm and the read beam at 1300 nm. The device differs qualitatively from other approaches such as smart pixels by virtue of its photon-counting sensitivity its low cost and its ability to form a spatially-coherent read-out wavefront. (MM)
The Third Hydrogenase: A Ferracyclic Carbamoyl with Close Structural Analogy to the Active Site of Hmd (2010)

Der Natur abgeschaut: Die Synthese eines Strukturanalogons des aktiven Zentrums der [Fe]-Hydrogenase wird beschrieben (siehe Struktur; C grau, H dunkelblau, Fe grün, N hellblau, O rot, S gelb). Es wird vermutet, dass das natürliche Enzym den fünfgliedrigen Ferracyclus aufbaut, um den 2-Hydroxypyridinsubstituenten in einer Position auszurichten, in der er die heterolytische Spaltung von Diwasserstoff unterstützt. Das nun verfügbare Analogon kann dazu dienen, diese Annahme zu prüfen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Synthesis and anthelminthic evaluation of 2-amidino-1,3,4-oxa and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, structurally related to tetramisole. (1990)

N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) 1a-1k and N-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-) amidines 2a-2g, N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl) 3a, 3b and N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl-)amidines 4a, 4b were synthesized and tested as anthelminthics, in vitro, against a free nematode (Rhabditis pseudoelongata), against infecting larvae of an intestinal parasite of rats (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis) and against infecting larvae of a filaria (Molinema dessetae).
Yield focused defect reduction methodology (2003)

The complexity of yield management continues to increase as the industry progresses towards larger wafers and smaller feature sizes. This progression is faster than ever seen before and the yield ramping window is closing in with the competitive nature of the industry. This phenomenon drives the need to use in line or "short loop" cycles to learn Yield more quickly than the classical approach of the strip back and backtrack. Another noticeable trend in the industry is the increased capital investment for in line defect inspection tools and complex strategies to detect defects in line. These tools generate an enormous amount of data that is difficult to convert into useful information for the Yield Engineer. Some fundamental questions asked of the Yield engineer are: What are the current Yield limiters of the Fab? What in line defects do we need to focus on? What is the Yield impact of each Scan level? What is the defect process capability of the line today? What in line defect levels do we need to drive our process to in order to meet Yield objectives? This paper describes a macro level in line to sort correlation methodology is currently used at AMD to systematically drive the defect related yield loss to the minimum level capable by the fab equipment and resources. The simplest way to describe the methodology is by using "long loop" feedback and verification activity to implement "short loop" cycles for quicker learning. The inspection strategy uses "product level" wafer scans at several inspection points in line and the wafer final test or sort data at the end of the line.
DERMATITIS (1940)

At the turn of the century allergy was an unknown word. It was coined by Pirquet in 1906 to express the concept of an altered capacity to react, in an attempt to simplify the problems of "hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity." Perhaps time will justify its choice, but at present the term needs further clarification. Hence many immunologists and practitioners still prefer such terms as sensitivity, hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, anaphylaxis and idiosyncrasy. Whatever the fate of the word allergy may be, or the concepts which prompted the origin of the term, it has profoundly stimulated thought, blazed new trails into the hinterlands of research and forged bonds of common interest between dermatology and other branches of medicine, particularly immunology. Under this influence dermatology has made striking progress in the past four decades. Of special note is our growing knowledge of those groups of so-called eczemas which comprise perhaps three fourths of all cutaneous
A comprehensive characterization of the interfaces in Mo/CIS/CdS/ZnO solar cell structures (2002)

The alignment of energy bands in a Mo/CIS/CdS/ZnO solar cell structure is presented. Special attention is paid to the surface chemistry of the molybdenum coated substrate. In this study we have performed in situ analyses on polycrystalline thin films starting from the molybdenum coated soda lime glass. The different films have been deposited sequentially under ultra high vacuum conditions and analyzed with photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. We have found that Mo surface is significantly oxidized. Air annealing at 200/spl deg/C leads to a diffusion of sodium through the Mo layer. Mo-O and Mo-Se compounds are formed and present during the evolution of the Mo-CIS interface. Band lineups have been determined for the CIS/CdS/ZnO interfaces of the solar cell structure. We have found no indication for band discontinuities deteriorating the solar cell device performance.
Reactivity and microbiological activity of 2-methyl-3-carboethoxy-5-pyrrolinone derivatives. (1992)

This work describes the synthesis of 2-methyl-3-carboethoxy-5-pyrrolinone which was then allowed to react with aromatic aldehydes, nitromethines, benzendiazonium salts, hydrazine and amines. Several of the products have shown good results in preliminary antimicrobial and antifungal tests.
Detection of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles by using screen-printed electrodes and a handheld device (2007)

A simple method based on screen-printed electrodes and a handheld potentiostatic device is reported for the detection of water soluble CdS quantum dots modified with glutathione. The detection method is based on the stripping of electrochemically reduced cadmium at pH 7.0 by using square wave voltammetry. Various parameters that affect the sensitivity of the method are optimized. QD suspension volumes of 20 microl and a number of around 2 x 10(11) CdS quantum dots have been able to be detected. The proposed method should be of special interest for bioanalytical assays, where CdS quantum dots can be used as electrochemical tracers.