gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF AN R&D ELECTROSTATIC SEPTUM FOR THE 50-GEV PROTON SYNCHROTRON (2000)

The electrostatic septum for the slow extraction system of the JHF 50-GeV proton synchrotron is one of the crucial hardware components. Its required electric field strength is 6.8 MV/m in the gap of 25 mm and the length of 1.5 m. The voltage across the gap becomes 170 kV. In order to achieve these design goals, we started RD the material is W(97%)-Re(3%). The cathode material is stainless steel (SUS304), and the length is 0.7 m. We have attained a field strength of 7.3 MV/m (183 kV/25 mm), which is higher than the goal of 6.8 MV/m (170 kV/25 mm), and 10.5 MV/m with a gap of 10 mm.
ICA-17043, a novel Gardos channel blocker, prevents sickled red blood cell dehydration in vitro and in vivo in SAD mice (2003)

A prominent feature of sickle cell anemia is the presence of dehydrated red blood cells (RBCs) in circulation. Loss of potassium (K(+)), chloride (Cl(-)), and water from RBCs is thought to contribute to the production of these dehydrated cells. One main route of K(+) loss in the RBC is the Gardos channel, a calcium (Ca(2+))-activated K(+) channel. Clotrimazole (CLT), an inhibitor of the Gardos channel, has been shown to reduce RBC dehydration in vitro and in vivo. We have developed a chemically novel compound, ICA-17043, that has greater potency and selectivity than CLT in inhibiting the Gardos channel. ICA-17043 blocked Ca(2+)-induced rubidium flux from human RBCs with an IC(50) value of 11 +/- 2 nM (CLT IC(50) = 100 +/- 12 nM) and inhibited RBC dehydration with an IC(50) of 30 +/- 20 nM. In a transgenic mouse model of sickle cell disease (SAD), treatment with ICA-17043 (10 mg/kg orally, twice a day) for 21 days showed a marked and constant inhibition of the Gardos channel activity (with an average inhibition of 90% +/- 27%, P <.005), an increase in RBC K(+) content (from 392 +/- 19.9 to 479.2 +/- 40 mmol/kg hemoglobin [Hb], P <.005), a significant increase in hematocrit (Hct) (from 0.435 +/- 0.007 to 0.509 +/- 0.022 [43.5% +/- 0.7% to 50.9% +/- 2.2%], P <.005), a decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (from 340 +/- 9.0 to 300 +/- 15 g/L [34.0 +/- 0.9 to 30 +/- 1.5 g/dL], P <.05), and a left-shift in RBC density curves. These data indicate that ICA-17043 is a potent inhibitor of the Gardos channel and ameliorates RBC dehydration in the SAD mouse.
Lateral error recovery for media streaming in application-level multicast (2006)

We consider media streaming using application-level multicast (ALM) where packet loss has to be recovered via retransmission in a timely manner. Since packets may be lost due to congestion, node failures, and join and leave dynamics, traditional "vertical" recovery approach where upstream nodes retransmit the lost packets is no longer effective. We therefore propose lateral error recovery (LER). In LER, hosts are divided into a number of planes, each of which forms an independent ALM tree. Since error correlation across planes is low, a node effectively recovers its error by "laterally" requesting retransmission from nearby nodes in other planes. We present analysis on the complexity and recovery delay on LER. Using Internet-like topologies, we show via simulations that LER is an effective error recovery mechanism. It achieves low overhead in terms of delivery delay (i.e., relative delay penalty) and physical link stress. As compared with traditional recovery schemes, LER attains much lower residual loss rate (i.e., loss rate after retransmission) under a certain deadline constraint. The performance can be substantially improved in the presence of some reliable proxies.
Expression and manipulation of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (1992)

The phenylpropanoid pathway leads to the biosynthesis of a large number of phenolic compounds in plants. The importance of this diverse class of chemicals originating from phenylalanine has been recognised for some time, as it plays a key role in plant development and protection against environmental stress. The variety of chemical structures synthesised includes compounds like quinones involved in electron transport (French et al., 1976), flavonoid pigments responsible for flower coloration (Ebel & Hahlbrock, 1982) and protection against UV irradiation (Hahlbrock et al., 1982), and cinnamic acid esters and phytoalexins involved in disease resistance (Dixon et al., 1983). Phenolic metabolites like acetosyringone activate bacterial genes such as the Agrobacterium virulence genes or Rhizobium nodulation genes in the rhizosphere (Downie & Johnston, 1986; Stachel & Zambryski, 1986). Salicylic acid, which is involved in systemic induced resistance, is induced after wounding. Lastly, lignin, a major cell wall polymer found in close association with cellulose fibres and hemicellulose in the xylem, is a product of the phenylpropanoid pathway (Lewis & Yamamoto, 1990).
Automated cell characterization by a nanohandling robot station (2007)

Current research work on the development of a nanohandling robot station for automated characterization of biological cells is presented. The station consists of a sample piezo scanning stage with three degrees of freedom (DoF) and a three-axes nanomanipulator that is equipped with a piezoresistive atomic force microscope (AFM) probe as an endeffector. Thus, the endeffector can be used both to measure mechanical properties of the sample and as a force sensor giving a feedback signal to the underlying control system. While the endeffector can be positioned coarsely by the nanomanipulator, fine positioning of the sample is performed by the piezo stage. As a visual sensor for the station an inverted optical microscope is utilized. The setup is enhanced by a second nano-manipulator equipped with a pipette for injection/extraction tasks or patch clamp purposes. Alternatively, a second piezoresistive AFM probe can be used as an endeffector for the second nanomanipulator. The station provides the opportunity to automatically determine a region-of-interest (i.e. a single cell) by means of object recognition in previously acquired images from the optical microscope. Next, the endeffector is brought into proximity to the sample, and an automated, mechanical characterization of the cell is performed. First experiments cover recordings of single force-distance curves to gain information on elasticity and adhesion of the cell. Using the fast piezo stage, complete adhesion or elasticity maps of the region-of-interest can be obtained. This mechanical characterization delivers valuable information about cell mechanics concerning cell to cell contact or cell motility. It is also of interest in oncology, since tumor cells tend to have a different elasticity than healthy cells. The use of a second nanomanipulator surpasses the capabilities of a standard AFM system, since it enables the station to cover areas as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction, measurements of reactions to drug injection or electrophysiological measurements of stress activated ion channels.
Mechanisms for success or failure of diffusion barriers between aluminum and silicon (1989)

Diffusion barrier layers with improved stability are needed in very large scale integrated (VLSI) devices to prevent aluminum from interacting with silicon, under the demanding constraints of shallow junctions and processing heat cycles. We present a comparison of the mechanisms controlling the integrity or failure of diffusion barriers at temperatures above 500 °C. Three classes of high-temperature barrier materials are discussed: amorphous metal alloys, conducting nitrides, and conducting oxides. The advantage of an amorphous barrier is shown to be minimal. Amorphous refractory metal alloys (W–Re) fail by intermetallic reaction with Al at ∼525 °C, well below their crystallization temperature, to form Al12(W,Re). This performance is only slightly better than a polycrystalline film of the same composition, and offers little improvement over pure W. Conducting nitrides (TiN, W–N) have been shown to be effective barriers up to 600 °C or higher, but only if exposed to air prior to Al metallization. In this case, we show evidence for the formation of interfacial aluminum oxide, which prevents further Al reaction. When not exposed to air, these nitrides fail as Al barriers at much lower temperature (450–500 °C) through the formation of Al3Ti and Al12W. Conducting oxides (RuO2, Mo–O) also prevent Al penetration up to 600 °C. Here, the growth of interfacial aluminum oxide is even more pronounced, and reduction of the barrier layers occurs. We conclude that the presence of an interfacial aluminum oxide layer is responsible for the high-temperature (600 °C) stability of diffusion barriers between Al and Si.
Human RNA Polymerase I-Driven Reverse Genetics for Influenza A Virus in Canine Cells (2010)

We have established a human RNA polymerase I (pol I)-driven influenza virus reverse genetics (RG) system in the Madin-Darby canine kidney 33016-PF cell line, which is approved for influenza vaccine manufacture. RNA pol I polymerases are generally active only in cells of species closely related to the species of origin of the polymerases. Nevertheless, we show that a nonendogenous RNA pol I promoter drives efficient rescue of influenza A viruses in a canine cell line. Application of this system allows efficient generation of virus strains and presents an alternative approach for influenza vaccine production.
'Tiered contention multiple access' (TCMA), a QoS-based distributed MAC protocol (2003)

Distributed multiple access techniques provide quality of service through prioritization of access. Tiered contention multiple access (TCMA) is a CSMA/CA protocol that differentiates between traffic priority classes with respect to the following: arbitration time; persistence factor; the MAC layer dwell-time limit. The arbitration time is the idle time required before transmission may be attempted. The persistence factor is the coefficient multiplying the contention window size in successive retransmission attempts following a collision. The MAC layer dwell-time limit restricts the time a packet spends in the MAC layer. Several variations of TCMA are possible. Features of TCMA have been adopted as the EDCF MAC protocol presently under review for adoption into the IEEE 802.11 standard. Simulation results are presented comparing the performance of TCMA to the legacy 802.11 MAC protocol.
Design of phase-shifted hybrid silicon distributed feedback lasers (2011)

We present data on the design and performance analysis of phase shifted distributed feedback (DFB) lasers on the hybrid silicon platform. The lasing wavelength for various input currents and temperatures, for devices with standard quarter-wavelength, 60 μm and 120 μm-long phase shift are compared for mode stability and output power. The pros and cons of including a large phase shift region in the grating design are analyzed.
Signpost (2015)

Poor scalability is a long standing problem in multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) networks: in order to select concurrent uplink users with strong channel orthogonality and thus high total capacity, channel state information (CSI) feedback from users is required. However, when the user population is large, the overhead from CSI feedback can easily overwhelm the actual channel time spent on data transmission. Moreover, due to spontaneous uplink traffic, uplink user selection cannot rely on the access point's central assignment and needs a distributed realization instead, which makes the problem even more challenging.
Control of Neurospora crassa morphology by cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (1976)

The role of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the control of the Neurospora asexual life cycle was studied. Endogenous cyclic AMP levels were 10 to 20 times higher in strains having the wild-type cr-1 allele than in those carrying the mutated allele. In a wild-type strain these levels remained constant throughtout the entire growth period in shaken liquid cultures, except during a short period at the beginning of the stationary growth phase. In this period a marked increase in the cyclic nucleotide level was observed. The culture of cr-1 mutant strains in the presence of cyclic AMP or its dibutyryl derivative restores some morphological properties characteristic of wild-type strains. Specifically these cyclic nucleotides stimulated the rate of mycelial elongation, as well as the differentiation of aerial hyphae.
State-trajectory control of LLC converter implemented by microcontroller (2014)

This paper investigates how to integrate state-trajectory control functions of LLC resonant converter within a commercial low-cost microcontroller, including Simplified Optimal Trajectory Control (SOTC) for load transient, burst mode and soft start up. Simplified calculation process is proposed for SOTC to minimize digital delay. Guideline to select a proper microcontroller is presented to limit calculation delay and ADC delay within 1 switching cycle to ensure good transient performance. Optimized transient processes are proposed to eliminate large oscillation between burst mode and normal operation. Soft start-up is implemented with sensing the output voltage only. The whole control system structure is proposed to integrate all these control functions and for the first time all these control functions are integrated in one low-cost MCU. The results are demonstrated on a 130kHz 300W 380V/12V halfbridge LLC resonant converter with MCU TMS320F2808.
Benign papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. (2000)

We report a case of benign mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis in a 69-year-old man who presented with a 4-month history of scrotal swelling. A polypoid pedunculated nodule, 1.5 cm in diameter, was found near the head of the right epididymis. Histologically, the tumor exhibited features characteristic of a well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma. The mesothelial origin of this tumor was further supported by immunohistochemical analysis. The tumor cells exhibited nuclear p53 protein accumulation, despite the benign histologic findings and a 3-year uneventful follow-up after resection. A polymerase chain reaction analysis for simian virus 40 DNA was negative. The papillary configuration seen in this tumor is uncommon for this site, inasmuch as benign mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis testis usually exhibit an adenomatous pattern. One should be aware of this pattern, and benignity should be mentioned in the pathologic report to prevent overtreatment. In addition, positive p53 immunohistochemical staining should not be taken automatically as evidence for malignancy in this type of lesion.
Klopfenstein tapered 2&#x2013;18 GHz microstrip balun (2012)

Tapered microstrip Balun is used as an impedance transformer network in feeding sections of spiral antennas as it provides impedance transformation over a large range of frequency and also serves the purpose of conversion of single ended port to a symmetric port. The conversion from unbalanced to balanced line relies on a gradual change of cross section of the line. This paper presents a 2-18 GHz microstrip Balun that uses the Klopfenstein equations for the taper. The Balun structure was first simulated in Ansoft HFSS and then fabricated; there was a close match between the simulated and measured results.
Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications (2011)

Ever since the invention of laser by Schawlow and Townes in 1958, various innovative ideas of laser-based applications emerge very year. At the same time, scientists and engineers keep on improving laser's power density, size, and cost which patch up the gap between theories and implementations. More importantly, our everyday life is changed and influenced by lasers even though we may not be fully aware of its existence. For example, it is there in cross-continent phone calls, price tag scanning in supermarkets, pointers in the classrooms, printers in the offices, accurate metal cutting in machine shops, etc. In this volume, we focus the recent developments related to laser scanning, a very powerful technique used in features detection and measurement. We invited researchers who do fundamental works in laser scanning theories or apply the principles of laser scanning to tackle problems encountered in medicine, geodesic survey, biology and archaeology. Twenty-eight chapters contributed by authors around the world to constitute this comprehensive book.
Combinatorial release of dexamethasone and amiodarone from a nano-structured parylene-C film to reduce perioperative inflammation and atrial fibrillation (2016)

Suppressing perioperative inflammation and post-operative atrial fibrillation requires effective drug delivery platforms (DDP). Localized anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic agent release may be more effective than intravenous treatment to improve patient outcomes. This study utilized a dexamethasone (DEX) and amiodarone (AMIO)-loaded Parylene-C (PPX) nano-structured film to inhibit inflammation and atrial fibrillation. The PPX film was tested in an established pericardial adhesion rabbit model. Following sternotomy, the anterior pericardium was resected and the epicardium was abraded. Rabbits were randomly assigned to five treatment groups: control, oxidized PPX (PPX-Oxd), PPX-Oxd infused with DEX (PPX-Oxd[DEX]), native PPX (PPX), and PPX infused with DEX and AMIO (PPX[AMIO, DEX]). 4 weeks post-sternotomy, pericardial adhesions were evaluated for gross adhesions using a 4-point grading system and histological evaluation for epicardial neotissue fibrosis (NTF). Atrial fibrillation duration and time per induction were measured. The PPX[AMIO, DEX] group had a significant reduction in mean adhesion score compared with the control group (control 2.75 ± 0.42 vs. PPX[AMIO, DEX] 0.25 ± 0.42, P < 0.001). The PPX[AMIO, DEX] group was similar to native PPX (PPX 0.38 ± 0.48 vs. PPX[AMIO, DEX] 0.25 ± 0.42, P=NS). PPX-Oxd group adhesions were indistinguishable from controls (PPX-Oxd 2.83 ± 0.41 vs. control 2.75 ± 0.42, P=NS). NTF was reduced in the PPX[AMIO, DEX] group (0.80 ± 0.10 mm) compared to control (1.78 ± 0.13 mm, P < 0.001). Total duration of atrial fibrillation was decreased in rabbits with PPX[AMIO, DEX] films compared to control (9.5 ± 6.8 s vs. 187.6 ± 174.7 s, p = 0.003). Time of atrial fibrillation per successful induction decreased among PPX[AMIO, DEX] films compared to control (2.8 ± 1.2 s vs. 103.2 ± 178 s, p = 0.004). DEX/AMIO-loaded PPX films are associated with reduced perioperative inflammation and a diminished atrial fibrillation duration. Epicardial application of AMIO, DEX films is a promising strategy to prevent post-operative cardiac complications.
Fallstudie horizontales elektronisches Arbeitsnetz/ Open Source- Projekt (2004)

Die Open Source-Projekte erstellen gemeinsam Software bzw. Quellcode, d.h. ein immaterielles Gut, über das Internet, wobei die Beteiligten das Produkt ihrer Arbeit Nutzern kostenfrei zur Verfügung stellen. Ein Kennzeichen dieser sozialen Bewegung ist, daß sie den Quellcode ihrer Software offenlegen. Im Falle der Open Source-Communities schützt eine Lizenz den offenen Quellcode. Es gibt verschiedene Arten von solchen Communityprojekten, die sich um bestimmte Softwarebereiche gruppieren. Diese Open Source-Projekte teilen sich in sehr viele kleine Ein-Personen-Projekte und einige wenige große Projekte auf, bei denen über 100 Personen mitarbeiten. Das hier in einer Fallstudie untersuchte Projekt gehört zu einer solchen Groß-Community, die einen Desktop entwickelt,\nder im Allgemeinen auf dem Unix- bzw. Linux-Betriebssystem aufbaut. Besonders untersucht wird die Struktur der Akteure, die verwendeten Werkzeuge, die Beziehung zu anderen Projekten sowie die Funktionsweise des Open Source-Projekts.
Hepatic changes in the failing Fontan circulation (2006)

Liver injury, which can be extensive in this patient group, is related to Fontan duration and hepatic vein pressures. CT scan assists non-invasive assessment. Cardiac cirrhosis with the risk of developing gastro-oesophageal varices and regenerative liver nodules, a precursor to hepatocellular carcinoma, is common in this patient group.
Autonomous Generation of Soundscapes using Unstructured Sound Databases (2009)

This research focuses on the generation of soundscapes using unstructured sound databases for the sonification of virtual environments. A generalized methodology for design based on soundscape categorization, perceptual discrimination of sources and media design principles is proposed, with the underlying principle of the composition of a source and a textural layer within any soundscape. A generative model is proposed based on these principles covering sound object retrieval, segmentation, parameterization and resynthesis. The model incorporates wavelet resynthesis, sample playback and a technique for concatenative synthesis using an MFCC-based BIC segmentation method. Principles for optimal grain size selection with respect to source layer content are discussed, and the concatenation of segments is based on a relative MFCC Euclidean distance calculation. An implementation of the model using a photorealistic panoramic image in an urban context is described, using a sound database of community-provided recordings. The implementation utilizes sample playback and concatenative synthesis in order to maximally preserve the contextual attributes of the photorealistic environment, while wavelet resynthesis is discussed as a potential avenue for further development. The methods of classification, segmentation and synthesis adhering to the particular application are discussed, along with a validation of the model using a subjective evaluation. The results of the study demonstrate the applicability of the design principles to an autonomous generation engine, while highlighting some of the challenges of implementation for autonomous functionality related to retrieval, segmentation and synthesis parameterization.
Physical properties of Lewisian rocks: implications for deep crustal structure (1987)

Summary Data on the densities, seismic velocities, magnetization, and permeability of Lewisian rocks are summarized. These properties have been used to estimate the shallow-depth extension of exposed boundaries within the Lewisian, and between the Lewisian and other rocks; and also to predict downward changes in porosity and electrical conductivity. Geophysical surveys of the deep crust can be interpreted in terms of subsurface distributions of Lewisian, or Lewisian-like, rocks. Among the more significant conclusions relevant to the interpretation of surface structure of the Lewisian is that the Kylesku Group rocks of the central belt in Sutherland may be isolated from deeper crustal rocks of similar composition which are characterized by P -wave velocities of 6.4 km s −1 and over. Such rocks may form the mid crust below NW Scotland, shallowing north of the mainland possibly with a sharp discontinuity upwards into more acid basement rocks. West of the mainland direct evidence of the 6.4 km s −1 rocks is missing; they appear to be absent from the upper crust and buried rather deeply, perhaps with a transitional top, in the middle or lower crust. Granulite-facies rocks occurring in the upper crust west of the mainland are likely to be more acid than average Kylesku Group rocks. The layered basic rocks of the central belt provide an analogue of the deepest crust in NW Britain. Permeability/porosity studies allow estimates of electrical conductivity to be made in an attempt to explain the high conductivity of the lower crust in terms of trapped saline fluids. Porosities in the deep crust may be high enough to account for deep crustal seismic reflections in areas where porous layers are sub-horizontal.