gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resorcinarenes with 2-benzimidazolone bridges: Self-aggregation, self-assembled dimeric capsules, and guest encapsulation (2002)

The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of self-assembled dimeric resorcinarenes 1a-d containing four 2-benzimidazolone (cyclic urea) bridges are reported. The nanometer-size capsules are held together by a cyclic array of complementary hydrogen bonds. Unlike the related imide-bridged resorcinarenes reported by Rebek and coworkers [Heinz, T., Rudkevich, D. M. & Rebek, J., Jr. (1998) Nature (London) 394, 764-766], these strongly bound dimers aggregate in chloroform solutions yielding different self-organized structures, depending on the nature and length of the four carbon chains attached at the bottom of each resorcinarene platform, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Thus, phenethyl groups (dimer 1c x 1c) produce long fibers, probably arising from tail to tail contacts and subsequent threading of the resulting linear self-assembled polymers, whereas long alkyl chains (dimers 1a x 1a and 1b x 1b) induce formation of large reverse vesicles of 0.8-2.2 microm diameter through side to side extensive stacking. Presumably, the rigidity of the dimer precludes folding of the aggregate into smaller vesicles. On the contrary, dimer 1d. 1d, containing four nine-carbon chains and a cis-double bond, does not substantially aggregate and gives rise to reasonably resolved (1)H NMR spectra. The compound was shown to be dimeric either by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight and vapor pressure osmometry. Encapsulation studies were followed by NMR. Propionic or pivalic acid was included in the capsules, probably as head to head hydrogen-bonded dimers in mesitylene-d(12), a solvent too big to be a guest by its own. Longer dimeric carboxylic acids or larger substrates, like 2-adamantyl azide or cyclohexylcarbodiimide, do not encapsulate, but mixtures of a long and a short carboxylic acid (i.e., propionic-adamantyl or propionic-cyclohexyl) yield pairwise complexes.
An improved design algorithm based on interval analysis for spatial parallel manipulator with specified workspace (2002)

We propose an algorithm that enable one to determine almost all the geometries of a simplified Gough platform whose workspace must include an arbitrary set of poses. Five design parameters have been identified and we assume that the stroke of the linear actuator is known. This algorithm is based on an interval analysis approach and its result is a set of ranges for the design parameters such that the workspace of any robot whose geometry is defined by values within the ranges will include the specified poses.
A Validation of the Color-Preference Index (1974)

Four fluorescent lamps of daylight chromaticity, and with varying Color-Preference Index (CPI), illuminated an array of fruit, vegetables, breads and meat. The lamps were rated in order of preference for the coloration of this array by 267 observers. Excellent correlation of observer preference with CPI, as well as with the prime-color content of the spectral power distributions of the lamps, served to validate the CPI and Judd's assignment of preferred chromaticities of identifiable objects.
In vitro bactericidal activity of equine platelet concentrates, platelet poor plasma, and plasma against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2011)

Los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1) evaluar el efecto antibacteriano de concentrados de plaquetas equinas (ePC) (activados o no con gluconato de calcio (CG)) frente a Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente (MRSA) y 2) comparar su efecto antibacteriano contra plasma pobre en plaquetas (PPP) (activado con CG -PPP/GC-) y plasma (P). Los productos sanguneos fueron divididos en 4 grupos (ePC, ePC/CG, PPP/CG y P), ms un grupo control positivo (PCG) y otro control negativo. Los grupos se mezclaron con caldo Mueller-Hinton y MRSA. Las muestras fueron incubadas durante 1, 4, 8, 12 y 24 horas y se contaron las unidades formadoras de colonias. El crecimiento de las bacterias fue significativamente (P = 0,01) inhibido por el ePC, ePC/CG, PPP/CG y P en comparacin con el PCG durante las primeras 12 h. Slo a las 24 horas hubo una diferencia estadsticamente significativa (P = 0.01) y se observ un efecto antibacteriano para el ePC, ePC/CG y PPP/CG en comparacin con el PCG y P. Los ePCs y PPP equinos mostraron el mejor efecto antibacteriano in vitro contra el MRSA.
Autophagy in disease: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential (2009)

Autophagy is a catabolic trafficking pathway for bulk destruction and turnover of long-lived proteins and organelles via regulated lysosomal degradation. In eukaryotic cells, autophagy occurs constitutively at low levels to perform housekeeping functions, such as the destruction of dysfunctional organelles. Up-regulation occurs in the presence of external stressors (e.g. starvation, hormonal imbalance and oxidative stress) and internal needs (e.g. removal of protein aggregates), suggesting that the process is an important survival mechanism. However, the occurrence of autophagic structures in dying cells of different organisms has led to the hypothesis that autophagy may also have a causative role in stress-induced cell death. The identification within the last decade of a full set of genes essential for autophagy in yeast, the discovery of human orthologues and the definition of signalling pathways regulating autophagy have accelerated our molecular understanding and interest in this fundamental process. A growing body of evidence indicates that autophagy is associated with heart disease, cancer and a number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that autophagy plays a role in embryogenesis, aging and immunity. Recently, it has been shown that autophagy can be intensified by specific drugs. The pharmacological modulation of the autophagic pathway represents a major challenge for clinicians to treat human disease.
Wireless telemedicine: the next step? (2003)

Mobile phones are designed and used for speech communications in digital format but with some modifications or additions they may also be used for sending digital data representing medical signals, for example the electrocardiogram (ECG). While there have been a number of wireless telemedicine studies recently, mainly focused on advances in technology, medical applications have not been widely adopted and the next step is far from clear. The subject could be said to be at a cross-roads and the needs of patients, together with advice from clinicians, must be considered carefully to take the right road ahead.
Two-Stage Speaker Adaptation of Hybrid Tied-Posterior Acoustic Models (2006)

In this paper, strategies are explored to adapt hybrid neural network/HMM systems based on the tied-posterior paradigm. We investigate the retraining of selected important parts of the neural network and a gradient based adaptation strategy for the HMM mixture coefficients based on maximizing the scaled likelihood. The paper presents the following innovations: first, it introduces one of the first adaptation methods for hybrid systems where the HMM component contributes significantly to the adaptation success; second, it presents a novel approach to the neural network's adaptation, based on the selection of suitable neurons for adaptation. Results on the WSJ speaker adaptation test show the capability of our methods to adapt to new speakers, especially in the case of adapting the neural net, and that both methods can be combined to achieve additional improvement of the word error rate in most cases.
Use of Biodiesel Byproduct Crude Glycerol as the Carbon Source for Fermentation Processes by Recombinant <i>Pichia </i><i>pastoris</i> (2008)

The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of using crude glycerol, the main byproduct of biodiesel industry, directly in the production media of Pichia pastoris fermentation processes. Different biodiesel synthesis conditions were examined, that is, transesterifications of canola, corn, soybean, and sunflower oils, with pure methanol in a molar ratio of 1:6 or 1:3, using 1% or 0.5% (w/v) NaOH as the catalyst. Among these, canola oil-derived glycerol served as the most favorable carbon source, and at a 1:6 molar ratio of canola oil:methanol and CNaOH = 1% (w/v), the highest recombinant human erythropoietin production (CrEPO = 31 mg L-1), cell concentration (CX = 10.5 g L-1), product yield on substrate (YrEPO/S = 1.48 mg g-1), and cell yield on substrate (YX/S = 0.57 g g-1) were obtained, having values approximately 1.4-fold higher than those attained with pure glycerol. Thus, this study demonstrated a potential use for crude glycerol, without any purification, in the production of additional value-added products.
Invited Article: Four-mode semiconductor optical amplifier (2016)

We demonstrate the first few-mode semiconductor optical amplifier (FM SOA) that supports up to four waveguide modes. We show that each of the modes are confined to the waveguide, overlapping the quantum wells with approximately the same amount, leading to equalized gain for each of the four waveguide modes.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Induces Translational Regulation of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 via a MEK-dependent Pathway (2002)

The involvement of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in the biology of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has not previously been investigated. Here we report that FGF-2 prevented etoposide-induced apoptosis in H-510 SCLC cells. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling did not mediate this effect because FGF-2 failed to activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or protein kinase B. In contrast, the mitogen-activated extracellularly regulated kinase kinase (MEK) was crucial for this response because its inhibition abolished the prosurvival properties of FGF-2. Moreover, in H-69 SCLC cells, the failure of FGF-2 to prevent etoposide-induced apoptosis correlated with uncoupling from MEK activation. However, the introduction of an activated MEK rendered these cells resistant to etoposide killing. Cell rescue relied on de novo protein synthesis, and the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2 were up-regulated in a MEK-dependent fashion within 4 h of FGF-2 treatment. Contrary to previous reports, we found that this up-regulation occurred at the translational rather than the transcriptional level. Indeed, actinomycin D failed to prevent up-regulation of Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2, and FGF-2 did not increase the mRNA levels or the stability of these proteins. The induction of the pro-apoptotic protein Bad by etoposide was also blocked by FGF-2 in a MEK-dependent fashion. Thus, MEK/extracellularly regulated kinase signaling is critical in the coordinate modulation of both pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members by FGF-2.
Toward a National Market System for U.S. Exchange–listed Equity Options (2004)

ABSTRACT In its response to the 1975 Congressional mandate to implement a national market system for financial securities, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initially exempted the option market. Recent dramatic changes in the structure of the option market prompted the SEC to revisit this issue. We examine a sample of actively traded, multiply listed equity options to ask whether this market's characteristics appear consistent with the goals of producing economically efficient transactions and facilitating “best execution.” We find marked changes between June 2000, when quotes are often ignored, and January 2002, when the market more closely resembles a national market.
Early Learning (2017)

Armed with research about the significance of the early years and the increasing attention to early learning, educators are beginning to think seriously about strategic efforts toward developing enriched and educative experiences for our young children. A recent commitment by the Smithsonian Institution recognizes the value of early learning through financial support of a planning grant that will bring together experts in early childhood education and researchers focused on museums and young children. Without a national network currently in place, nor comprehensive data available outlining museum programs for early learners, Betsy Bowers approached the need to capture the moment in early learning programming through an informal on-line survey. The survey further indicates that the interest in early learning warrants “a larger and more thorough evaluation of early childhood programming in museums.” Understanding gleaned from years of early childhood research and practice offers tremendous potential to inform practices and provide insights for those working within the museum profession.
Optimize die size design to enhance owe for design for manufacturing (2007)

To enhance competitive advantages, it is crucial for wafer fabs to reduce average die cost through productivity improvement via increasing the number of gross dies per wafer and throughput. However, gross die number is influenced by die size in design phase, while the existing size of integrated circuit die was designed without considering the effect on wafer throughput in fabrication phase. This research aims to develop a die size optimization algorithm based on decision tree to construct the rules between the number of gross dies per wafer, mask utilization, and the die feature including length, width, and area. Without losing generality, an empirical study has been done for validation by using transformed data from a fab in Taiwan.
Single-Channel Microchip for Fast Screening and Detailed Identification of Nitroaromatic Explosives or Organophosphate Nerve Agents (2002)

A single-channel chip-based analytical microsystem that allows rapid flow injection measurements of the total content of organic explosive or nerve agent compounds, as well as detailed micellar chromatographic identification of the individual ones, is described. The protocol involves repetitive rapid flow injection (screening) assays--to provide a timely warning and alarm--and switching to the separation (fingerprint identification) mode only when harmful compounds are detected. While micellar electrokinetic chromatography, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), is used for separating the neutral nitroaromatic explosive and nerve agent compounds, an operation without SDS leads to high-speed measurements of the "total" explosives or nerve agent content. Switching between the "flow injection" and "separation" modes is accomplished by rapidly exchanging the SDS-free and SDS-containing buffers in the separation channel. Amperometric detection was used for monitoring the separation. Key factors influencing the sample throughput, resolution, and sensitivity have been assessed and optimized. Assays rates of about 360 and 30/h can thus be realized for the "total" screening and "individual" measurements, respectively. Ultimately, such development will lead to the creation of a field-deployable microanalyzer and will enable transporting the forensic laboratory to the sample source.
A Network-based Asynchronous Architecture for Cryptographic Devices (2006)

The traditional model of cryptography examines the security of the cipher as a mathematical function. However, ciphers that are secure when specified as mathemat-ical functions are not necessarily secure in real-world implementations. The physical implementations of ciphers can be extremely difficult to control and often leak so-called side-channel information. Side-channel cryptanalysis attacks have shown to be especially effective as a practical means for attacking implementations of crypto-graphic algorithms on simple hardware platforms, such as smart-cards. Adversaries can obtain sensitive information from side-channels, such as the timing of operations, power consumption and electromagnetic emissions. Some of the attack techniques require surprisingly little side-channel information to break some of the best known ciphers. In constrained devices, such as smart-cards, straightforward implementations of cryptographic algorithms can be broken with minimal work. Preventing these at-tacks has become an active and a challenging area of research. Power analysis is a successful cryptanalytic technique that extracts secret informa-
In situ chemical probing of the electrode–electrolyte interface by ToF-SIMS (2013)

A portable vacuum interface allowing direct probing of the electrode-electrolyte interface was developed. A classical electrochemical system consisting of a gold working electrode, platinum counter electrode, platinum reference electrode, and potassium iodide electrolyte was used to demonstrate real-time observation of the gold iodide adlayer on the electrode and chemical species as a result of redox reactions using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS, a vacuum-based surface technique) simultaneously. This microfluidic electrochemical probe provides a new way to investigate the surface region with adsorbed molecules and the region of the diffused layer with chemical speciation in liquids in situ by surface sensitive techniques.
Binding Energy, Specificity, and Enzymic Catalysis: The Circe Effect (1975)

Mechanisms for Rate Accelerations and Specificity Intrinsic Binding Energy Transition-State Analogs Catalysis by Micelles and Activity Coefficients of Transition States
Heterogeneous photoredox synthesis of N-hydroxy-oxazolidinones catalysed by metal–organic frameworks (2016)

The photocatalytic conversion of<italic>N</italic>-hydroxy-carbamates to<italic>N</italic>-hydroxy-oxazolidinones using metal–organic frameworks is reported herein.
Mode of action of 5-fluorocytidine and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine in L5178Y cells in vitro. (1982)

The mode of antiproliferative action of two 5-fluorocytosine nucleosides, 5-fluoro-cytidine (FCR) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FCdR), was examined using mouse leukemia L5178Y cells in vitro. FCR and FCdR were markedly active against L5178Y cells, though the cells were deficient in cytidine deaminase activity. Both compounds increased the incorporation of 14C-labeled thymidine into the acid-insoluble fraction of L5178Y cells and decreased labeled deoxycytidine incorporation. In reversal studies, the antiproliferative effects of both compounds were almost abolished by simultaneous addition of thymidine or deoxyuridine. Deoxycytidine completely reversed the growth inhibition caused by FCdR, but not that caused by FCR. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of both compounds is due to inhibition of thymidylate synthetase, presumably through formation of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) after deamination by deoxycytidylate deaminase in the pyrimidine de novo pathway.
Radiosynthesis and PET studies of [<sup>11</sup>C]RJR‐2403, a nicotinic agonist (2001)

Abstract (E)‐ N ‐methyl‐4‐(3‐pyridinyl)‐3‐butene‐1‐amine (RJR‐2403, or metanicotine), a nicotinic agonist developed as a cognitive‐enhancing drug for Alzheimer's disease, was labeled with carbon‐11 using [ 11 C]methyl iodide via a simple and efficient one‐step procedure. Regioselectivity of [ 11 C]methylation on the aliphatic nitrogen versus pyridine nitrogen is strongly dependent on the reaction solvent. The reaction in acetonitrile exclusively yields aliphatic N‐[ 11 C‐methyl]alkylation ([ 11 C]RJR‐2403), while only a byproduct is formed when DMF is used as a solvent. Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies in baboon showed a homogeneous distribution of radioactivity within baboon brain with a slow clearance. [ 11 C]RJR‐2403 was metabolized very rapidly as evidenced by the fact that at 2 min after intravenous injection only 50% of the total carbon‐11 in plasma is parent compound. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections. (2005)

Intertrigo is inflammation of skinfolds caused by skin-on-skin friction. It is a common skin condition affecting opposing cutaneous or mucocutaneous surfaces. Intertrigo may present as diaper rash in children. The condition appears in natural and obesity-created body folds. The friction in these folds can lead to a variety of complications such as secondary bacterial or fungal infections. The usual approach to managing intertrigo is to minimize moisture and friction with absorptive powders such as cornstarch or with barrier creams. Patients should wear light, nonconstricting, and absorbent clothing and avoid wool and synthetic fibers. Physicians should educate patients about precautions with regard to heat, humidity, and outside activities. Physical exercise usually is desirable, but patients should shower afterward and dry intertriginous areas thoroughly. Wearing open-toed shoes can be beneficial for toe web intertrigo. Secondary bacterial and fungal infections should be treated with antiseptics, antibiotics, or antifungals, depending on the pathogens.
Tumor Suppressor p53 Inhibits Autoimmune Inflammation and Macrophage Function (2005)

The tumor suppressor p53 regulates apoptosis, cell cycle, and oncogenesis. To explore the roles of p53 in autoimmunity, we studied type 1 diabetes and innate immune responses using C57BL/6 mice deficient in p53. We found that p53-deficient mice were more susceptible to streptozotocin-induced diabetes than control mice, and they produced higher levels of interleukin-1, -6, and -12. The innate immune response of p53-/- macrophages to lipopolysaccharides and gamma-interferon was significantly enhanced compared with p53+/+ cells. p53-/- macrophages produced more proinflammatory cytokines and higher levels of total and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1. These results indicate that p53 inhibits autoimmune diabetes and innate immune responses through downregulating STAT-1 and proinflammatory cytokines.
Diagnosing viruses by the rolling circle amplified synthesis of DNAzymes (2006)

Circular DNA is used as a template for the amplified detection of M13 phage ssDNA by a rolling circle amplification (RCA) process that synthesizes DNAzyme chains, thus enabling the colorimetric or chemiluminescent detection of the analyte.
Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer (2008)

Ovarian cancer is associated with an overall mortality of 75%, but can be cured in up to 90% of cases if diagnosed while still limited to the ovaries. Given the low prevalence of ovarian cancer in the general population, an effective screening strategy must not only have a high sensitivity for early-stage disease (>75%), but must also have a very high specificity (99.6%) to prompt no more than ten operations for each case of ovarian cancer diagnosed (positive predictive value [PPV] of 10%). Attempts to develop an effective screening strategy for ovarian cancer have utilized ultrasonography and serum tumor markers. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) and the serum marker CA125 have received the most attention to date. Used individually on a single occasion, neither of these approaches provides an adequate PPV and the cost of annual TVS is significant. Recent clinical trials have focused on serial monitoring of CA125 and the sequential use of a rising CA125 to prompt TVS in a limited number of women screened. Sequential monitoring of CA125 has significantly improved specificity of the assay in women over 50 years of age. The limited sensitivity of CA125 has, however, prompted a search for multiple serum markers that, in combination, would detect more than 90% of early-stage disease. Recent developments in genomic and proteomic research have identified a number of candidate biomarkers. Platforms have been developed that can assay more than 50 analytes in a few hundred microliters of serum. Panels of biomarkers have been discovered with high sensitivity and specificity for early-stage disease, but these require prospective validation. Several biomarkers have also been detected in urine, raising the possibility of a less expensive, more convenient screening test. Imaging techniques have been improved and mathematical methods developed that, in aggregate, promise to provide an effective screening strategy for ovarian cancer. In this review, we will assess the current status and describe future directions in ovarian cancer screening.