gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy Return on Investment for Algal Biofuel Production Coupled with Wastewater Treatment (2012)

This study presents a second-order energy return on investment analysis to evaluate the mutual benefits of combining an advanced wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (with biological nutrient removal) with algal biofuel production. With conventional, independently operated systems, algae production requires significant material inputs, which require energy directly and indirectly, and the WWTP requires significant energy inputs for treatment of the waste streams. The second-order energy return on investment values for independent operation of the WWTP and the algal biofuels production facility were determined to be 0.37 and 0.42, respectively. By combining the two, energy inputs can be reduced significantly. Consequently, the integrated system can outperform the isolated system, yielding a second-order energy return on investment of 1.44. Combining these systems transforms two energy sinks to a collective (second-order) energy source. However, these results do not include capital, labor, and other required expenses, suggesting that profitable deployment will be challenging.
Film properties of MoSi<sub>2</sub>and their application to self-aligned MoSi<sub>2</sub>gate MOSFET (1980)

Molybdenum silicide (MoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) gate technology has been extensively investigated in conjunction with MOS device performance and reliability. Features of the MoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> gate technology are to realize a low resistivity of 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> Ω . cm for both gate and interconnection, and to give rise to higher reliability under both positive and negative bias stress of 2 MV/cm at 250° C. Problems on the ohmic contact between MoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and single-crystal substrates are not completely solved yet, particularly when the device is processed at high temperature after MoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> deposition.
Structure and activity of artificial mutant variants of human growth hormone (1989)

Four artificial mutant variants of human growth hormone (hGH) with the following characteristics were prepared in Escherichia coli by in vitro mutagenesis: (i) replacement of Trp86 with Tyr (W86Y hGH); (ii) deletion of Trp86 (delta W86 hGH); (iii) deletion of residues 32-46 (20-kd-hGH); and (iv) deletion of residues 32-71 (17.5-kd-hGH). Both W86Y hGH and delta W86 hGH have a point mutation at Trp86 which is the only Trp residue in hGH and is conserved among members of the growth hormone family. 20-kd-hGH is a minor component of hGH in the pituitary gland and plasma and is the result of an alternative splicing of the primary gene transcript, while only the corresponding mRNA and not the protein has been found in the case of 17.5-kd-hGH. The biological activities (adipogenic activity and potentiation of gain in body weight) and structures (as analyzed by circular dichroism) were mostly retained by the W86Y, delta W86 and 20-kd-hGH variants but not by 17.5-kd-hGH.
Shampoos: Ingredients, efficacy and adverse effects (2007)

Shampoos are the most frequently prescribed treatment for the hair and scalp. The different qualities demanded from a shampoo go beyond cleansing. A cosmetic benefit is expected, and the shampoo has to be tailored to variations associated with hair quality, age, hair care habits, and specific problems related to the condition of the scalp. The reciprocal relationship between cosmetic technology and medical therapy is reflected in the advances of shampoo formulation that has made applications possible that combine benefits of cosmetic hair care products with efficacy of medicinal products. A shampoo is composed of 10 to 30 ingredients: cleansing agents (surfactants), conditioning agents, special care ingredients, and additives. Since the cleansing activity depends on the type and amount of surfactants utilized, shampoos are composed of a blend of different surfactants, depending on the requirements of the individual hair type. Development time from the concept to the commercial shampoo may take longer than a year. Much effort is invested in the development of conditioning agents, which impart luster, smoothness, volume and buoyancy. Another prerequisite is a scalp free of scaling. Current anti-dandruff agents primarily have an antimicrobial mode of action, and inhibit growth of Malassezia spp. Recent developments in shampoo technology have led to increased efficacy of anti-dandruff agents, allowing shorter contact time, and reducing irritation.
Groundwater abstraction from Basement Complex areas of Africa (1985)

Summary The Basement Complex of Africa is a heterogeneous mixture of crystalline rocks, predominantly of a granitic or gneissose character. Groundwater occurs within these crystalline rocks in fissures or in the superficial weathered zones. The rocks are relatively impermeable and groundwater can occur in the superficial deposits overlying the bedrock. There are no regional aquifers in Basement Complex country and each site has to be treated as unique. The occurrence of groundwater in fissure systems or weathered zones means that the resources at any one site are finite and relatively small. Well yields similarly are limited, rarely exceeding 500 m 3 /day. In this situation the groundwater reservoir is structurally controlled and, therefore, susceptible to investigation by a variety of techniques including photogeology and geophysics. Furthermore, although each borehole is unique, the data from all the boreholes in a specific area can be analysed statistically to produce well design criteria. The limited resources within the crystalline basement can lead to multiple-source solutions to supply problems where every alternative has to be examined. Shafts or cisterns, for example, may be used. The superficial deposits commonly hold significant resources of water and, in certain circumstances, can give much higher yields than the Basement Complex rocks. This superficial water can be tapped through bores, shafts or trenches, and the resource can be enhanced by water harvesting techniques. The development of a resource is instigated for a specific purpose—a village water supply or an industrial supply. It is important that the planners and engineers involved in putting forward proposals recognise the limitations of groundwater abstraction in Basement areas. The water supply must be proven and developed before the costly infra structure—the factory or distribution network—is built.
Hill climbing with reduced search space (logic optimization) (2003)

A general optimization algorithm, which in some areas successfully competes with simulated annealing and the Kernighan-Lin algorithm, as well as special heuristics, is presented. It gains speed by taking advantage of the structure of the objective function in order to reduce the search space. Results obtained from the implementation of the algorithm on three problems are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Coccidiostatic Action of Nitrophenide on Eimeria tenella (1952)

Waletzky, Hughes, and Brandt (1949) reported that the continuous feeding of nitrophenide in the mash at a concentration of 0.05 per cent for eight to ten days, starting on the day of inoculation or one or two days before inoculation, checked mortality from severe cecal coccidiosis in chicks. They also referred to unpublished data by themselves which indicated that nitrophenide was effective in controlling Eimeria tenella infections when administered 48 to 96 hours after inoculation; the drug was ineffective, however, when administered at time of inoculation to 48 hours after inoculation. In the same paper they presented preliminary evidence to show that nitrophenide is also effective against Eimeria necatrix. Bottorff (1950) presented data from field tests to show that the feeding of nitrophenide in the mash to chicks, from one day of age through 11 weeks, reduced mortality from cecal coccidiosis. Seeger (1950) fed nitrophenide continuously in the mash at concentrations of 0.0125 and 0.00625 per cent and reported good results. Swales (1950) fed nitrophenide continuously in the mash at 0.0125 per cent concentration, starting 24 hours before exposure to contaminated litter, and obtained little protection from cecal coccidiosis. In continuous feeding at 0.05 per cent concentration, starting at time of exposure, he got widely varying results. However, he found that the feeding of 0.1 per cent concentration for four days, starting 48 hours after exposure, resulted in a definite reduction in mortality. In a more recent paper (1951), Swales reported a reduction in mortality among birds on field tests, treated continuously with 0.0125 per cent nitrophenide mash. Peterson and Hymas (1950) found that a concentration of 0.05 per cent was necessary to suppress mortality in experimental Eimeria necatrix infection. Brackett and Bliznick (1949) reported that chicks given nitrophenide continuously for the duration of the experiment discharged fewer oocysts of Eimeria tenella than did untreated chicks, and that the percentage of sporulation of the oocysts passed by treated birds was much lower than that of the oocysts passed by untreated birds. Dickinson, Babcock, and Osebold (1951) found that continuous feeding of nitrophenide in the mash at a level of 0.05 per cent suppressed oocyst development of both cecal and intestinal coccidia, and gave protection from the disease during the period of administration of the drug.
Contact force-sensing catheters (2014)

Contact force-sensing catheters have demonstrated improved outcome after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Future studies will focus on ventricular tachycardia ablation; preliminary data suggest more durable lesions with contact force-sensing catheters. Contact force catheters may enhance academic training by giving real-time feedback regarding catheter contact, increase safety, and may lead to a resurgence in remote navigation ablation systems.
Social snapshots (2011)

Recently, academia and law enforcement alike have shown a strong demand for data that is collected from online social networks. In this work, we present a novel method for harvesting such data from social networking websites. Our approach uses a hybrid system that is based on a custom add-on for social networks in combination with a web crawling component. The datasets that our tool collects contain profile information (user data, private messages, photos, etc.) and associated meta-data (internal timestamps and unique identifiers). These social snapshots are significant for security research and in the field of digital forensics. We implemented a prototype for Facebook and evaluated our system on a number of human volunteers. We show the feasibility and efficiency of our approach and its advantages in contrast to traditional techniques that rely on application-specific web crawling and parsing. Furthermore, we investigate different use-cases of our tool that include consensual application and the use of sniffed authentication cookies. Finally, we contribute to the research community by publishing our implementation as an open-source project.
Pheromones for Monitoring and Control of Stored-Product Insects (1985)

The use of pheromones is one of several· modem techniques that shows promise in controlling stored-product insects. Tolerance levels as set forth in FDA regulations for these cryptic species are usually zero for processed food prod­ ucts. Stored products therefore present a unique pheromone trapping situation in contrast to the higher insect tolerances that are allowed in forest and field crops. Food-processing and warehouse managers will now be able to use pheromones to trap these elusive insects. The managers view the use of the pheromone traps as part of a progressive pest-suppression program. This insect detection and monitoring program aids sanitation and quality control personnel in evaluating their insect control program. Food plant inspectors have also learned the value of the pheromone traps in detecting insects and their impor-
New optimization method for conformational energy calculations on polypeptides: Conformational space annealing (1997)

A new optimization method is presented to search for the global minimum-energy conformations of polypeptides. The method combines essential aspects of the build-up procedure and the genetic algorithm, and it introduces the important concept of “conformational space annealing.” Instead of considering a single conformation, attention is focused on a population of conformations while new conformations are obtained by modifying a “seed conformation.” The annealing is carried out by introducing a distance cutoff, Dcut, which is defined in the conformational space; Dcut effectively divides the whole conformational space of local minima into subdivisions. The value of Dcut is set to a large number at the beginning of the algorithm to cover the whole conformational space, and annealing is achieved by slowly reducing it. Many distinct local minima designed to be distributed as far apart as possible in conformational space are investigated simultaneously. Therefore, the new method finds not only the global minimum-energy conformation but also many other distinct local minima as by-products. The method is tested on Met-enkephalin, a 24-dihedral angle problem. For all 100 independent runs, the accepted global minimum-energy conformation was obtained after about 2600 minimizations on average. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 18: 1222–1232
Novel FPGA-based implementation of median and weighted median filters for image processing (2005)

An efficient hardware implementation of a median filter is presented. Input samples are used to construct a cumulative histogram, which is then used to find the median. The resource usage of the design is independent of window size, but rather, dependent on the number of bits in each input sample. This offers a realisable way of efficiently implementing large-windowed median filtering, as required by transforms such as the Trace Transform. The method is then extended to weighted median filtering. The designs are synthesised for a Xilinx Virtex II FPGA and the performance and area compared to another implementation for different sized windows. Intentional use of the heterogeneous resources on the FPGA in the design allows for a reduction in slice usage and high throughput.
The Clinical Applications of Heat Shock Protein Inhibitors in Cancer - Present and Future (2003)

The potential clinical applications of the prototype first-in-class Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG and other emerging Hsp90 drugs are very exciting. Rigorously planned and executed clinical trials, incorporating measurement of appropriate biomarkers and pharmocodynamic endpoints are critical for selecting the optimal dose and schedule. A detailed understanding of the molecular mode of action of Hsp90 inhibitors alongside the elucidation of the molecular pathology of individual cancers will help us to identify tumour types and individual patients that will benefit most from treatment. Careful in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to choose the most potentially advantageous combination studies. It is important to construct a pharmacologic audit trail linking molecular biomarkers and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters to tumour response endpoints. Phase I clinical studies with 17AAG have shown that the drug can be given at does that are well tolerated and that also achieve active pharmacokinetic exposures and elicit molecular signatures of gene and protein expression that are indicative of Hsp90 inhibition. Furthermore, examples of disease stabilisation have been documented, consistent with the generally cytostatic responses that are seen in animal models. Selecting tumour types for Phase II clinical trials must involve balancing 1) our knowledge of molecular response determinants, such as the expression of and dependence upon key client proteins and 2) more pragmatic evidence of antitumour activity in the relevant preclinical models. Examples of likely disease targets include chronic myeloid leukaemia, melanoma, breast, ovarian, brain, thyroid, colorectal and prostate cancer.
The Economics of Building: A Practical Guide for the Design Professional (1990)

This book is both an introduction to economic principles and theories as they relate to building design decisions, and a practical reference guide on how to use economic principles when making decisions. It unites a variety of specialized topics relating to building economics, such as cost estimating, life-cycle costing, cost indexes, capital budgeting, decision analysis, and real estate feasibility analysis, developing them within the framework of an integrated approach to making building design and management decisions. This integrated approach is developed by adapting basic approaches of decision theory to economic evaluation. This book attempts to achieve a sensible balance between the need to simplify relatively complex economic and decision theory principles and practices without sacrificing the intellectual content of the material
Lysine 71 of the Chaperone Protein Hsc70 Is Essential for ATP Hydrolysis (1996)

It has been proposed that lysine 71 of the bovine 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein might participate in catalysis of ATP hydrolysis by stabilizing an H2O molecule or an OH- ion for nucleophilic attack on the gamma-phosphate of the nucleotide (Flaherty, K. M., Wilbanks, S. M., DeLuca-Flaherty, C., and McKay, D. B. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 12899-12907; Wilbanks, S. M., DeLuca-Flaherty, C., and McKay, D. B. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 12893-12898). To test this hypothesis, lysine 71 of the ATPase fragment 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein has been mutated to glutamic acid, methionine, and alanine; and the kinetic and structural properties of the mutant proteins have been determined. All three mutant proteins are devoid of measurable ATP hydrolysis activity. Crystal structures of the mutant proteins have been determined to a resolution of 1.7 A; all three have ATP in the nucleotide binding site. These data identify lysine 71 as a residue that is essential for chemical hydrolysis of ATP.
Development of Shear Type Compact MR Brake for the Intelligent Ankle-Foot Orthosis and Its Control; Research and Development in NEDO for Practical Application of Human Support Robot (2007)

A brake in which the magnetorheologic fluid (MRF) is used has a simple structure and good responsibility. Therefore, MR brake is expected to perform a good adaptability for human-coexistence system. Being applied in an ankle-foot orthosis, however, conventional MR brake is too large to fit. Then, in this study we developed a shear-type MR brake with multi layer disks and minute gaps (50 micrometers) to realize compactness and high performance. This paper describes the development of a shear type compact MR brake and a new controllable ankle-foot orthosis with this brake. Furthermore, we design algorithm to control an ankle. We assist gait of a patient by changing a brake force.
Residual Oil Saturation Determination – Case Studies in Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs (2013)

Abstract In petroleum reservoirs only a small fraction of the original oil-in-place is economically recovered by primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery mechanisms. A considerable amount of hydrocarbon ends up unrecovered or trapped due to microscopic phase trapping in porous media which results in an oil recovery factor typically less than 50%. Waterflooding is by far the most widely used method to increase oil recovery. The oil that remains in the porous media after waterflooding is called remaining oil saturation (ROS) which is larger than the relative permeability residual oil saturation (Sorw or simply Sor). This residual oil saturation varies depending on lithology, pore size distribution, permeability, wettability, fluid characteristics, recovery method, and production scheme. The Sor represents a statistical average over a wide range of pore scale residual saturations with in a representative elementary volume (REV). Determination of the residual oil saturation of a reservoir is a key parameter for reserve assessment and recovery estimates. Further, reliable Sor data is important for investigation of potential incremental recovery under Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. Various residual oil saturation measurement techniques are available both at laboratory and field scale. None of the techniques can be regarded as a single best method of determining Sor. Depending on the complexity of the reservoir under study, combinations of methods are always advisable for appropriate Sor determination. This paper catalogues a number of field case studies which use different techniques of determining Sor and ROS in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.
CYP1A1, GST gene polymorphisms and risk of chronic myeloid leukemia (2008)

This data suggests that polymorphic CYP1A1 and GSTT1 genes appear to affect susceptibility to CML.
Specification of SUMO1- and SUMO2-interacting Motifs (2006)

SUMO proteins are ubiquitin-related modifiers implicated in the regulation of gene transcription, cell cycle, DNA repair, and protein localization. The molecular mechanisms by which the sumoylation of target proteins regulates diverse cellular functions remain poorly understood. Here we report isolation and characterization of SUMO1- and SUMO2-binding motifs. Using yeast two-hybrid system, bioinformatics, and NMR spectroscopy we define a common SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) and map its binding surfaces on SUMO1 and SUMO2. This motif forms a beta-strand that could bind in parallel or antiparallel orientation to the beta2-strand of SUMO due to the environment of the hydrophobic core. A negative charge imposed by a stretch of neighboring acidic amino acids and/or phosphorylated serine residues determines its specificity in binding to distinct SUMO paralogues and can modulate the spatial orientation of SUMO-SIM interactions.
Cryopreservation of human insulin expressing cells macro-encapsulated in a durable therapeutic immunoisolating device theracyte. (2013)

Encapsulating insulin producing cells (INPCs) in an immunoisolation device have been shown to cure diabetes in rodents without the need for immunosuppression. However, micro-encapsulation in semi-solid gels raises longevity and safety concerns for future use of stem cell derived INPCs. We have focused on a durable and retrievable macro-encapsulation (> 10(6) cells) device (TheraCyte). Cryopreservation (CP) of cells preloaded into the device is highly desirable but may require prolonged exposure to cryoprotectants during loading and post-thaw manipulations. Here, we are reporting survival and function of a human islet cell line frozen as single cells or as islet-like cell clusters. The non-clusterized cells exhibited high cryosurvival after prolonged pre-freeze or post-thaw exposure to 10 percent DMSO. However, both clusterization and especially loading INPCs into the device reduced viable yield even without CP. The survived cryopreserved macro-encapsulated INPCs remained fully functional suggesting that CP of macro-encapsulated cells is a promising tool for cell based therapies.