gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Immune System (2000)

The immune system is an organization of cells and molecules with specialized roles in defending against infection. There are two fundamentally different types of responses to invading microbes. Innate (natural) responses occur to the same extent however many times the infectious agent is encountered, whereas acquired (adaptive) responses improve on repeated exposure to a given infection. The innate responses use phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages), cells that release inflammatory mediators (basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils), and natural killer cells. The molecular components of innate responses include complement, acute-phase proteins, and cytokines such as the interferons. Acquired responses involve the proliferation of . . .
Breakthrough of the Year (2002)

Each year the editorial and news staffs of Science gather to debate and decide which, among the discoveries of the preceding year, deserves the Breakthrough trophy. There's a natural polarity in the discussion: The physical science types have entries to which they are understandably loyal; the biologists counter, knowing that they have a slight advantage in volume. Last year, the physical folks won with nanocircuits. This year it is the biologists' turn, but notice that they stole a leaf from last year's book. Not only does this year's award recognize a group of papers rather than a single contribution, it also resembles last year's in honoring little things.
A user interface using fingerprint recognition (1998)

This paper describes a new user interface, called a fingerprint user interface (FUI), which employs fingerprint recognition. While the unique feature patterns of fingerprints have mainly been used for personal identification, the FUI is unique in that it uses not only the differences among fingerprint patterns of different persons, but also the differences among the ten fingers of a single person. In the FUI, the system identifies the finger that has operated (touched) an input device through pattern matching of fingerprints and it performs the task assigned to the identified finger. Since users are able to specify different tasks by using different fingers, they feel as if commands and data objects were actually held on their fingers.
Compensating Current Feedback Amplifiers in Photocurrent Applications (2013)

Historically, current feedback amplifiers (CFA) have not been the first choice for use as transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) due to their relatively high inverting input currents and inverting input current noise, which can be at least an order of magnitude larger than that
Upgrading to a New Version of an ERP System: A Multilevel Analysis of Influencing Factors in a Software Ecosystem (2012)

This paper presents research findings about the process of upgrading from an old to a new version of a pre-packaged enterprise system in a software ecosystem of independent software vendors (ISVs) and value added resellers (VARs). Empirical data was collected from documents, observations and interviews with practitioners. Grounded theory was used to analyze the data. The resulting theory illustrates the upgrade decision process from the perspective of ISVs and VARs respectively and from the perspective of the software ecosystem as a whole. The findings suggest that the interdependence of the actors in the ecosystem may cause inertia in the diffusion of new versions.
Design and construction of a mechanically simple, interdigitated-wire ion gate (2005)

This note describes the design of a simple, wire-array ion gate that is easy to create and machine. The gate consists of two separate wires that can be pulsed differentially to either neutralize ions or deflect the path of an ion beam. Unlike previous designs, the gate described herein consists of only a single piece: an insulator through which two wires are woven to create an interdigitated array. The wires are then terminated at both ends, where electrical connections to external voltage sources can be made. Once constructed, the gate has a 1 mm grid spacing and takes about 3–4 h to complete after the initial support is machined. A gate constructed with this design has been successfully installed in an ion-mobility spectrometer, and its performance compares favorably to that of a previously configured gate system.
Effect of alkyl chain spacer on charge transport in n-type dominant polymer semiconductors with a diketopyrrolopyrrole-thiophene-bithiazole acceptor–donor–acceptor unit (2017)

In contrast with donor (D)–acceptor (A) p-type dominant polymer semiconductors, the shorter alkyl spacer (C1) is found to facilitate charge transport more effectively in A–D–A n-type dominant polymer semiconductors.
Dual-Frequency High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound and Its Effect on Tissue Lesions (2006)

A new type of high-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU),working in dual or single frequency mode,was introduced.Excised porcine liver samples in different states were sonicated with the two working modes respectively.The experimental results showed that the lesions induced by dual-frequency mode were obviously larger than those induced by single-frequency mode under the same exposure condition,and the preexisted gas in the liver samples could enlarge the tissue lesions.Frequency difference selection in dual-frequency mode could also improve the lesioning effect.It was concluded that the dual-frequency HIFU could ameliorate the efficiency and effect in large tumor therapy.The mechanism of the experiment results were discussed and analyzed.
Polarization transfer for sensitivity‐enhanced MRS using a single radio frequency transmit channel (2007)

Polarization transfer techniques are used to enhance sensitivity and improve localization in multinuclear MRS, by transferring polarization from highly polarized or even hyperpolarized nuclei to less sensitive spin systems. Clinical MR scanners are in general not equipped with a second radio frequency (RF) transmit channel, making the conventional implementation of polarization transfer techniques such as distortionless enhanced polarization transfer (DEPT) impossible. Here we present a DEPT sequence using pulses sequentially that can be used on a single RF transmit channel (SC-DEPT). Theoretical simulations, phantom measurements, and in vivo results from human brain at 3 T show that the SC-DEPT method performs as well as the conventional DEPT method. The results indicate that an independent second RF transmit channel for simultaneous pulsing at different nuclear frequencies is not needed for polarization transfer, facilitating the use of these methods with common clinical systems with minor modifications in the RF architecture.
Performance of prohexadione-calcium on shoot growth and fruit quality of apple — Effect of spray surfactants (2008)

Vegetative growth control of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and cropping. Pruning is a labour-intensive management practice to achieve this and intrinsically stimulates new growth. Prohexadione-calcium (PC) is a plant bio-regulator that effectively regulat es the shoot extension growth of apples and other tree fruits. Previous research has demonstrated that its efficacy can vary based on the use of spray surfactants and adjuvants. This study investigated the efficacy of two rates of Apogee™, the commercial form of PC, used in combination with the spray surfactants Sylgard 309 and LI 700, on extension shoot growth and yield parameters. Experiments were conducted in Ontario on Empire and Nova Scotia on Royal Court™ Cortland apples. Treatments of 0, 75 or 125 mg L -1 PC, with and without either 0.5% (vol/vol.) LI 700 surfactant or 0.05% (vol/vol) Sylgard 309 surfactant were applied to Empire trees, and 75 or 125 mg L -1 PC, with or without 0.5% (vol/vol) LI 700, were applied to Royal Court™ trees. An untreated control treatment was also included for comparison purposes. A total of two sprays were applied to the Empire trees and a total of three sprays were applied to the Royal Court™ trees. PC significantly decreased the vegetative growth of Empire and Royal Court™ trees by approximately 18 to 44%, respectively, and the efficacy of PC was enhanced when combined with either Sylgard 309 or LI 700 surfactant. No additional benefit in vegetative growth control was gained when using Apogee™ at rates of 125 mg L -1 PC, relative to 75 mg L -1 PC. The rate of Apogee™ did not influence the number of fruit or yield per tree or mean fruit size of either cultivar. For Empire, LI 700 and Sylgard 309 significantly reduced the number of fruit per tree, resulting in lower yields and crop densities. In addition, higher mean fruit weights, and a greater distribution of fruit in the larger size categories were observed for LI 700. Fruit from Royal Court trees treated with the highest rate of Apogee™ had higher crop densities, poorer coloured fruit, and a higher percentage of fruit less than 60 mm in diameter. These data provide support for the use of alternative surfactants with Apogee™ other than those listed on the US and Canadian product labels. Key words: Apogee™, Empire, Cortland, Regalis, calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propionylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, surfactant
Copper(I) catalysis in cyclopropanations with diazo compounds. Role of olefin coordination (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCopper(I) catalysis in cyclopropanations with diazo compounds. Role of olefin coordinationRobert G. Salomon and Jay K. KochiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 10, 3300–3310Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00791a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00791a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3768Altmetric-Citations266LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Antenna-on-Package Concept: Shielding of Backside Radiation and Study of Electromagnetic Near Field inside Package (2006)

In recent years a lot of research has been performed in the field of antenna integration. Very interesting is the integration of a planar radiating element in the package surrounding a chip. The electromagnetic field at the back of the antenna is not negligible, and may cause interference with the circuits in the chip, possibly encumbering the operation of the system. This interference was quantified by a numerical near field analysis, and shielding methods to reduce it were investigated
A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Acyl and 2‐Alkylaminobenzimidazoles for 5‐Lipoxygenase Inhibitors. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Identification of Two <i>Shigella flexneri</i> Chromosomal Loci Involved in Intercellular Spreading (1998)

The ability of Shigella flexneri to multiply within colonic epithelial cells and spread to adjacent cells is essential for production of dysentery. Two S. flexneri chromosomal loci that are required for these processes were identified by screening a pool of TnphoA insertion mutants. These mutants were able to invade cultured epithelial cells but could not form wild-type plaques. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence indicated that the sites of TnphoA insertion were within two different regions that are almost identical to Escherichia coli K-12 chromosomal sequences of unknown functions. One region is located at 70 min on the E. coli chromosome, upstream of murZ, while the other is at 28 min, downstream of tonB. The mutant with the insertion at 70 min was named vpsC because it showed an altered pattern of virulence protein secretion. The vpsC mutant formed pinpoint-sized plaques, was defective in recovery from infected tissue culture cells, and was sensitive to lysis by the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate. Recombinant plasmids carrying the S. flexneri vpsA, -B, and -C genes complemented all of the phenotypes of the vpsC mutant. A mutation in vpsA resulted in the same phenotype as the vpsC mutation, suggesting that these two genes are part of a virulence operon in S. flexneri. The mutant with the insertion at 28 min was interrupted in the same open reading frame as S. flexneri ispA. This ispA mutant could not form plaques and was defective in bacterial septation inside tissue culture cells.
<title>Shape from active shadow motion</title> (1993)

We propose an active vision technique for recovering object shape and absolute position information. The algorithm relies on the controlled motion of a point light source and reasonable assumptions on the general shape of the objects. The sequence of shadow images created by the illuminant is used to produce the surface information. In this approach the light source is not at infinity and light rays are not parallel. For the case of objects with `sharp' edges, our approach requires only solving a linear system of equations. We provide a sensitivity analysis as a basis for robust estimation of surface shape and depth values. Simulations and experiments are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm.
Enabling flexible datacenter interconnect networks with WDM silicon photonics (2014)

Datacenters are creating an unprecedented challenge for optical transceivers requiring multiple high performance lasers, modulators and photodiodes in a single module to meet growing bandwidth needs along with dramatically lower power and cost reflecting the higher volume and density of interconnections. The heterogeneous integration of InP material into a silicon photonics wafer flow enables high performance integrated circuits to be fabricated using established silicon foundry infrastructure. Aurrion has established a library of photonic circuit elements which can be combined to form the single chip solutions for products like 100Gb/s transceivers needed for current and next generation datacenter applications.
Application of the ANNA neural network chip to high-speed character recognition (1992)

A neural network with 136000 connections for recognition of handwritten digits has been implemented using a mixed analog/digital neural network chip. The neural network chip is capable of processing 1000 characters/s. The recognition system has essentially the same rate (5%) as a simulation of the network with 32-b floating-point precision.
Low density microcellular foam processing in extrusion using CO<sub>2</sub> (1998)

Abstract A continuous extrusion process for the manufacture of low‐density microcellular polymers is presented. Microcellular polymers are foamed plastics characterized by a cell density greater than 10 9 cells/cm 3 and a fully grown cell size on the order of 10 μm. Previous research on continuous processing of microcellular polymers has focused on control of microcell nucleation in extrusion. This paper presents an effective means for control of cell growth to achieve a desired expansion ratio with CO 2 as a blowing agent in microcellular foam processing. Also, a strategy to prevent deterioration of the cell‐population density via cell coalescence during expansion is presented. Promotion of a desired volume expansion ratio and prevention of cell coalescence in microcellular foam processing were experimentally verified. By tailoring the extrusion processing parameters, microcellular HIPS foams with a cell density of 10 10 cells/cm 3 and a controlled expansion ratio in the range of 1.5 to 23 were obtained.
Nuclear factor-kappa B interacts functionally with the platelet-derived growth factor B-chain shear-stress response element in vascular endothelial cells exposed to fluid shear stress. (1995)

Hemodynamic forces, such as fluid shear stress, that act on the endothelial lining of the cardiovascular system can modulate the expression of an expanding number of genes crucial for homeostasis and the pathogenesis of vascular disease. A 6-bp core element (5'-GAGACC-3'), defined previously as a shear-stress response element is present in the promoters of many genes, including the PDGF B-chain, whose expression is modulated by shear stress. The identity of the nuclear protein(s) binding to this element has not yet been elucidated. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and in vitro DNase I footprinting, we demonstrate that nuclear factor-kappa B p50-p65 heterodimers, which accumulate in the nuclei of cultured vascular endothelial cells exposed to fluid shear stress, bind to the PDGF-B shear-stress response element in a specific manner. Mutation of this binding motif abrogated its interaction with p50-p65 and abolished the ability of the promoter to mediate increased gene expression in endothelial cells exposed to shear stress. Transient cotransfection studies indicate that p50-p65 is able to activate PDGF-B shear-stress response element-dependent reporter gene expression in these cells. These findings thus implicate nuclear factor-kappa B in the transactivation of an endothelial gene responding to a defined fluid mechanical force.
Glass Transition and Food Technology: A Critical Appraisal (2002)

ABSTRACT: Most low water content or frozen food products are partly or fully amorphous. This review will discuss the extent to which it is possible to understand and predict their behavior during processing and storage, on the basis of glass transition temperature values (Tg) and phenomena related to glass transition. Two main conclusions are provisionally proposed. Firstly, glass transition cannot be considered as an absolute threshold for molecular mobility. Transport of water and other small molecules takes place even in the glassy state at a significant rate, resulting in effective exchange of water in multi‐domains foods or sensitivity to oxidation of encapsulated materials. Texture properties (crispness) also appear to be greatly affected by sub‐Tg relaxations and aging below Tg. Secondly, glass transition is only one among the various factors controlling the kinetics of evolution of products during storage and processing. For processes such as collapse, caking, crystallization, and operations like drying, extrusion, flaking, Tg data and WLF kinetics have good predictive value as regards the effects of temperature and water content. On the contrary, chemical/biochemical reactions are frequently observed at temperature below Tg, albeit at a reduced rate, and WLF kinetics may be obscured by other factors.
Ayurvedic Treatment of Vipadika (Kshudra Kushtha) in Pediatric age - A Case Study (2018)

The skin is the largest organ of the body which first exposed with the environment agents like physical, chemical and biological agents. Many of the skin disorders in Ayurveda have been described under the heading of Kushtha and Kshudrakustha. Vipadika (Palmo -plantar psoriasis) is one of such diseases which has been included under the heading of Kshudra Kushtha. Main symptoms of Vipadika are cracks (sputana) either in palms or soles or in both with severe pain. The pain present in Vipadika is so intense that it severely afflicts the quality of life of the patients. In spite it being a minor condition it stultifies the routine work of patients. A case of 13yr old female patient who presented features of Vipadikalike scaling of skin, Erythmatous lesion, itching etc was treated by External application of panchvalkal Kwatha and gandhak malhara and internally by Twaka vikara anubhoot yoga, Manjishthadi kwatha, Kaishore guggulu. The treatment showed, showed marked improvement in scaling, itching and pain.
Reversible Pegylation Prolongs the Hypotensive Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (2007)

Natriuretic peptides (NP), including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), induce potent natriuresis and vasodilation and thereby generate hypotension in vivo. Despite intensive efforts, clinical application of NP as an antihypertensive agent is limited because of their short biological half-life and poor bioavailability. Recently, we have developed a strategy that facilitates slow release of peptides from PEG-peptide inactive conjugates, based on reversible pegylation. Peptides prepared by this approach undergo slow, spontaneous chemical hydrolysis at physiological conditions, releasing the native active peptide/protein drug from the inactive conjugates over prolonged periods. A PEG chain of 30 kDa was linked covalently to the alpha-amino side chain of the hormone via a MAL-Fmoc-NHS spacer, yielding PEG 30-Fmoc-ANP, a prodrug that releases the native hormone upon incubation at physiological conditions. Bolus administration of native ANP to Wistar rats receiving adrenaline yields a short, transitory effect in lowering blood pressure (BP), reaching a maximum at 2 min, and then returning to control values after 12 to 25 min. In contrast, administration of PEG 30-Fmoc-ANP lowered BP following a lag period of 50 min, and maintained low BP for a period exceeding 60 min. Saline or PEG 30-Fmoc-Alanine were not effective in lowering BP in Wistar rats. These results show that the novel compound, PEG 30-Fmoc-ANP, is a reversible pegylated prodrug derivative that facilitates a prolonged BP lowering effect in rats and may be considered as a candidate for development into an antihypertensive drug.
Server-class DDR3 SDRAM memory buffer chip (2012)

IBM System i®, System p®, and System z® servers require an efficient ultrareliable high-performance memory subsystem. The fourth-generation IBM advanced memory buffer (AMB) chip provides industry-leading performance, scalability, and reliability for the double-data-rate 3 (DDR3) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) subsystems employed across a wide range of server platforms. The new IBM AMB employs a cyclic redundancy code-protected packet-protocol-based 6.4-Gb/s host channel, as well as dual 9-byte/10-byte wide 800 to 1,333-Mb/s SDRAM interfaces with dynamic calibration for optimal signal integrity under varied device and system environmental conditions. Applications support industry-standard dual inline memory module (DIMM) and low-latency high-capacity proprietary DIMM packages in conventional multichannel and redundant array of independent memory system architectures. A fully configured daisy-chain topology contains up to 256 GB of memory per host channel. This paper describes the IBM AMB chip architecture, design, and key engineering aspects.