gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced process control with design-based metrology (2007)

K1 factor for development and mass-production of memory devices has been decreased down to below 0.30 in recent years. Process technology has responded with extreme resolution enhancement technologies (RET) and much more complex OPC technologies than before. ArF immersion lithography is expected to remain the major patterning technology through under 35 nm node, where the degree of process difficulties and the sensitivity to process variations grow even higher. So, Design for manufacturing (DFM) is proposed to lower the degree of process difficulties and advanced process control (APC) is required to reduce the process variations. However, both DFM and APC need much feed-back from the wafer side such as hot spot inspection results and total CDU measurements at the lot, wafer, field and die level. In this work, we discuss a new design based metrology which can compare SEM image with CAD data and measure the whole CD deviations from the original layouts in a full die. It can provide the full information of hot spots and the whole CD distribution diagram of various transistors in peripheral regions as well as cell layout. So, it is possible to analyze the root cause of the CD distribution of some specific transistors or cell layout, such as OPC error, mask CDU, lens aberrations or etch process variation and so on. The applications of this new inspection tool will be introduced and APC using the analysis result will be presented in detail.
Bromoalkoxystyrenes<sup>1</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBromoalkoxystyrenes1Thomas L. Jacobs and Willard R. Scott Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 22, 5500–5504Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01118a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01118a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views317Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Suppression of beam steering in an injection-locked laser diode array (1991)

Experimental measurements were made to demonstrate that the degree of beam steering in an injection-locked laser diode array is related to the divergence of the master laser beam. For a collimated master laser beam the beam steering was suppressed. The injection-locked laser diode array beam steers with the master laser wavelength because only a portion of the divergent master laser beam satisfies the round trip mode condition.
High-power, high repetition rate picosecond and femtosecond sources based on Yb-doped fiber amplification of VECSELs (2006)

Picosecond pulses at gigahertz repetition rates from two different passively mode-locked VECSELs are amplified to high powers in cascaded ytterbium doped fiber amplifiers. Small differences in pulse durations between the two VECSELs led to amplification in different nonlinear regimes. The shorter 0.5 ps pulses could be amplified to 53 W of average power in the parabolic pulse regime. This was confirmed by excellent pulse compression down to 110 fs. The VECSEL producing longer 4.6 ps pulses was amplified in an SPM dominated regime up to 200 W of average power but with poor recompressed pulse quality.
Plasma 7beta-hydroxycholesterol as a possible predictor of lung cancer risk. (2002)

Epidemiological data suggests a role of dietary cholesterol in the etiology of lung cancer without having a clear biological hypothesis. Although smoking as the outstanding risk factor for lung cancer may enhance lipid peroxidation reactions, this study was planned to assess smoking-independent associations between the extent of cholesterol oxidation and the risk for lung cancer. In the frame of a nested case-control study in European Prospective Investigation on Cancer-Heidelberg, six cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were determined in plasma samples of 20 incident lung cancer patients obtained 1.9 +/- 0.6 years before diagnosis and in 40 matched (including smoking habits) controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by conditional logistic regression. Among all COP compounds tested, plasma 7beta-hydroxycholesterol was associated with lung cancer risk. The high crude risk estimate (OR approximately equals 5) became significant after adjustment for sports activity (OR = 6.83, CI = 1.08-43.01, 3rd versus 1st tertile). For the independent effect of 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, i.e., adjusted for other COP compounds, an OR of 8.08 (CI = 1.12-58.54, 3rd versus 1st tertile) was calculated (P = 0.04 for trend). Lung cancer risk adjusted for sports activity significantly increased by 26% (CI = 1.050-1.506, P = 0.01) per unit (1 nmol/mmol plasma cholesterol) of 7beta-hydroxycholesterol. No dietary factor had a significant effect in the regression model, but the dietary intake of meat, eggs, animal fat, cholesterol, and fruits (inversely) correlated with plasma COP concentrations. In this small study, plasma 7beta-hydroxycholesterol appeared to be a smoking-independent predictor of lung cancer risk and might therefore be used as a biomarker. Because of the rather high-risk estimate, research on possible intrinsic biological effects of this compound should be encouraged.
Nematic Liquid Crystal 1024 Bits Page Composer (1974)

We report design considerations and experimental results concerning a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) cell used in an ac crossbar addressing mode to achieve a page composer for holographic memories. Our display is a 32 x 32 binary elements page composer utilizing the electrooptic (EO) effect of index modulation or field effect in an homeotropic NLC cell, and this composer acts as a spatial wave polarization modulator.
Acupuncture Points of the Cranial Nerves (1984)

An attempt is made to name most of the acupuncture points in the face and forehead region using anatomic nomenclature known to western medicine. All acupuncture points in the face and forehead region are located along terminal or cutaneous branches of the trigeminal nerve and the motor points formed between muscular branches of the facial nerve to the muscles of facial expression. It is believed such nomenclatures will be comprehensible to basic medical scientists and clinical practitioners who have knowledge of anatomical sciences.
Virtue and Knowledge (2016)

Originally published in 1991, this book focuses on the concept of virtue, and in particular on the virtue of wisdom or knowledge, as it is found in the epic poems of Homer, some tragedies of Sophocles, selected writings of Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoic and Epicurean philosophers. The key questions discussed are the nature of the virtues, their relation to each other, and the relation between the virtues and happiness or well-being. This book provides the background and interpretative framework to make classical works on Ethics, such as Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, accessible to readers with no training in the classics.
Studies on Repression of Arginine Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli (1961)

For the biochemical geneticist who is interested in the physiological action of the gene, the discovery of repression introduced an unwelcome complication. Prior to this, it was generally accepted that the primary action of a gene is to control the production of a single enzyme. Since then, as a result of studies on the genetic control of repression and induction of enzymes, we have come to recognize two kinds of genes: structural genes, which conform to the above picture of the gene; and regulating genes whose action is pleiotropic, affecting a series of metabolically related enzymes. Both types of genes function together in the production of an enzyme. In order to understand gene action it becomes necessary to analyze separately the contribution of each type of gene to the formation of an enzyme.
Levels of fos, ets2, and myb proto-oncogene RNAs correlate with segregation of chromosome 11 of normal cells and with suppression of tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids. (1987)

The tumorigenicity in nude mice of human carcinoma-derived D98AH2 (D98) cells is suppressed when cell hybrids are made by fusing these cells with normal human diploid cells. Selection for hybrids that have segregated chromosomes results in the recovery of tumorigenic segregants. These segregants have all lost at least one copy of chromosome 11 of the diploid cell parent. Earlier we found that the parental D98 cells had detectable levels of mRNA specific for 13 of 21 proto-oncogenes examined. To determine if transregulation of proto-oncogenes by genes of the normal cell occurs in such hybrids, the steady-state levels of mRNA specific to 22 proto-oncogenes in the parental cells were compared with those of nontumorigenic D98 X human diploid hybrids as well as with those of their tumorigenic segregants and with the cells of the resulting tumors. The only chromosome consistently segregated in the latter was chromosome 11 of the diploid cell. fos and ets2 RNA levels and the amount of fos protein were consistently elevated in the segregants compared with amounts in the original hybrids. An unexpected finding was the inverse relationship for myb RNA that was barely detected in the parental D98 cells but was at least 10-fold elevated in hybrids that did not have segregated chromosomes compared with those that did. These patterns were evident in RNAs prepared from both subconfluent and confluent cell cultures. The findings suggest that genes of the normal cell parent can affect proto-oncogene expression. Whether the genes affecting fos, ets2, and myb RNA levels are on chromosome 11 and whether these alterations are causally related to the tumorigenic phenotype of the hybrid remain to be determined.
Cytokine Modulation Facilitates the In Vitro Generation of Antigen Specific T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy (2004)

s for the 19th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer, San Francisco, California, November 4-7, 2004: Adoptive Immunotherapy
File system and storage array design challenges for flash memory (2014)

Over the few decades the characteristics of the magnetic disk based persistent primary storage system have remained essentially unchanged. Seek, read and write are the primitive operations that can be performed against these devices. These three operations have endured because the devices within storage subsystems have not fundamentally changed since the invention of magnetic disks. In many cases, the file systems for the existing storage arrays are custom and proprietary and tuned for the characteristics of magnetic disk. As the cost of flash memory continues to decrease, enterprises are attempting to deploy flash in primary network attached storage systems such as storage arrays. Flash memory poses unique characteristics, which requires sophisticated data structures and algorithms to exploit the performance benefits. When flash memory is used in primary storage arrays, the file systems face lot of design challenges for the optimal flash performance and device endurance. Replace the new flash arrays with existing enterprise disk based storage arrays that provide data management and protection features is a challenging task. We discussed various challenges in file system and the storage arrays for integrating flash memory arrays in the primary storage. Also we discussed the previously proposed solutions to overcome the discussed problems.
Amino acid 310 determines the donor substrate specificity of serogroup W‐135 and Y capsule polymerases of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2008)

The capsular polysaccharides of serogroup W-135 and Y meningococci are sialic acid-containing heteropolymers, with either galactose or glucose as the second sugar residue. As shown previously, sequences of the predicted enzymes that catalyse capsule polymerization, i.e. SiaD(W-135) and SiaD(Y), differ in only a few amino acids. By in vitro assays with purified recombinant proteins, SiaD(W-135) and SiaD(Y) were now confirmed to be the capsule polymerases harbouring both hexosyltransferase and sialyltransferase activity. In order to identify amino acids crucial for substrate specificity of the capsule polymerases, polymorphic sites were narrowed down by DNA sequence comparisons and subsequent site-directed mutagenesis. Serogroup-specific amino acids were restricted to the N-terminal part of the proteins. Exclusively amino acid 310, located within the nucleotide recognition domain of the enzymes' predicted hexosyltransferase moiety, accounted for substrate specificity as shown by immunochemistry and in vitro activity assay. Pro-310 determined galactosyltransferase activity that resulted in a serogroup W-135 capsule and Gly-310 determined glucosyltransferase activity that resulted in a serogroup Y capsule. In silico analysis revealed a similar amino acid-based association in other members of the same glycosyltransferase family irrespective of the bacterial species.
Ionizing Radiation and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2004)

The U.S. government recently implemented rules for awarding compensation to individuals with cancer who were exposed to ionizing radiation while working in the nuclear weapons complex. Under these rules, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is considered to be a nonradiogenic form of cancer. In other words, workers who develop CLL automatically have their compensation claim rejected because the compensation rules hold that the risk of radiation-induced CLL is zero. In this article we review molecular, clinical, and epidemiologic evidence regarding the radiogenicity of CLL. We note that current understanding of radiation-induced tumorigenesis and the etiology of lymphatic neoplasia provides a strong mechanistic basis for expecting that ionizing radiation exposure increases CLL risk. The clinical characteristics of CLL, including prolonged latency and morbidity periods and a low case fatality rate, make it relatively difficult to evaluate associations between ionizing radiation and CLL risk via epidemiologic methods. The epidemiologic evidence of association between external exposure to ionizing radiation and CLL is weak. However, epidemiologic findings are consistent with a hypothesis of elevated CLL mortality risk after a latency and morbidity period that spans several decades. Our findings in this review suggest that there is not a persuasive basis for the conclusion that CLL is a nonradiogenic form of cancer.
The impact of sulfonylurea treatment upon the mechanisms responsible for the insulin resistance in type II diabetes. (1984)

Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of patients with type II diabetes mellitus as well as patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The cause of the insulin resistance in patients with IGT appears to be solely related to a decrease in the number of cellular insulin receptors, causing a decrease in insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, the mechanisms of the insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes mellitus are heterogeneous; in these subjects a combination of receptor and postreceptor defects exists, and the relative contribution of these two abnormalities to the overall insulin-resistant state differs depending on the severity of the diabetes. In those patients with the greatest degree of fasting hyperglycemia, the postreceptor defect is clearly the predominant abnormality. In addition to resistance to insulin's effects to promote glucose disposal, type II diabetic patients also exhibit a marked increase in the rate of entry of glucose into the circulation from the liver, as manifested by accelerated rates of hepatic glucose production. Sulfonylureas exert potent extrapancreatic effects that partially correct all of the abnormalities present in the type II diabetic state. Thus, after 3 mo of glyburide treatment, glycemic control is markedly improved and this is accompanied by an increase in insulin secretion, no change in cellular insulin receptors, decreased hepatic glucose production rates, and an increase in overall insulin-mediated glucose disposal. After 18 mo of glyburide treatment, an increase in insulin secretion can no longer be demonstrated, whereas insulin binding to receptors is now significantly increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
52 km-long single-mode optical fibre fault location using the stimulated Raman scattering effect (1982)

A new method of fault location for an ultra-long single-mode optical fibre is proposed. It uses the Stokes light pulses as a probing pulse, which is generated by the stimulated Raman scattering effect in the measured fibre. Experimental results show that the fibre broken points with no Fresnel reflection up to 52 km are observable with this method.
Page-based optimistic concurrency control for memory-mapped persistent object systems (2002)

New applications that support cooperative work of users on distributed computers often share persistent data structures that contain pointers. For these applications, the underlying system, often uses the "page server" architecture, in which the persistent data are shipped from the server on a page basis, and clients cache the pages for object-grain accesses. In this page-grain environment, conventional concurrency control schemes do not work as well as they do in the object-grain environment for business applications, because of their lack of efficiency and/or correctness. The two-phase locking scheme and timestamp ordering scheme suffer from frequent lock contention, (false) deadlocks, and/or frequent transaction restarts. Existing optimistic schemes sometimes provide inconsistent views of the persistent storage to transactions that are to be aborted. This paper proposes a novel concurrency control scheme. Called "page-based versioned optimistic" scheme. suitable for serialization of distributed cooperative applications with page-grain accesses. The optimistic scheme with versioning avoids lock contention, commits all read-only transactions, and provides consistent views of the persistent storage even to transactions that are to be aborted. The scheme is able to be implemented efficiently in distributed systems as well as in centralized systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A novel 6H-SiC power DMOSFET with implanted p-well spacer (1999)

We utilize a lower thermal budget with an aluminum doped p-well to minimize the effect of "step bunching" and a new structural design with deep spacer implants to prevent the JFET "pinching" action at small p-well spacings (5 μm) in planar vertical double implanted MOSFET (DIMOS) devices fabricated on 6H-SiC. A specific ON-resistance of 42 m/spl Omega/-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (further reducible by 35% through simple design modification), which represents a 100% reduction over devices which did not receive the spacer implants, is observed on the 2-μm channel devices. This novel scheme will allow increased packing densities for high power applications using the DIMOS structure in SiC.
A New Class of Broad-Band Microwave 90-Degree Phase Shifters (1958)

In the type of circuits considered here, the input power is divided equally between two channels whose outputs are caused to have a very nearly 90° phase difference over a broad frequency range. Networks suitable for application at low frequencies which perform the above function have been widely investigated. This report describes a new type of 90° differential phase shifter which has a constant resistance input, and which is useful over bandwidths as large as 5:1 in the microwave region.
Remoting patterns (2004)

Patterns and pattern languages offer a practical means for distributed system developers to both gain a deeper understanding of the middleware they use and to convey their knowledge about it The proposed Remoting pattern language offers a systematic way to reuse software models, designs, and implementations to extend, integrate, customize, or build distributed object middleware solutions. This pattern language has rich dependencies with other patterns and pattern languages from related domains, including networking, concurrency, and resource management.
Controlled Growth of WO3Nanostructures with Three Different Morphologies and Their Structural, Optical, and Photodecomposition Studies (2009)

Tungsten trioxide (WO(3)) nanostructures were synthesized by hydrothermal method using sodium tungstate (Na(2)WO(4).2H(2)O) alone as starting material, and sodium tungstate in presence of ferrous ammonium sulfate [(NH(4))(2)Fe(SO(4))(2).6H(2)O] or cobalt chloride (CoCl(2).6H(2)O) as structure-directing agents. Orthorhombic WO(3) having a rectangular slab-like morphology was obtained when Na(2)WO(4).2H(2)O was used alone. When ferrous ammonium sulfate and cobalt chloride were added to sodium tungstate, hexagonal WO(3) nanowire clusters and hexagonal WO(3) nanorods were obtained, respectively. The crystal structure and orientation of the synthesized products were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and their chemical composition was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical properties of the synthesized products were verified by UV-Vis and photoluminescence studies. A photodegradation study on Procion Red MX 5B was also carried out, showing that the hexagonal WO(3) nanowire clusters had the highest photodegradation efficiency.
Evolution of basal plane dislocations during 4H-silicon carbide homoepitaxy (2005)

A method based on the combination of molten KOH etching and reactive ion etching was developed to track dislocations from 4H-silicon carbide homoepilayer to the substrate. The conversion of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) to threading edge dislocations (TEDs) was found to occur at the epilayer/substrate interface. The BPDs with dislocation lines parallel (or approximately parallel) to the off-cut direction may propagate as BPDs into the epilayer, while those with dislocation lines forming large angles (&gt;10°) with the off-cut direction will get converted to TEDs. A model is proposed to explain the observations.