gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of p21<sup>Ras</sup> S-Nitrosylation and Kinetics of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Guanine Nucleotide Exchange (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive redox molecule, can react with protein thiols and protein metal centers to regulate a multitude of physiological processes. NO has been shown to promote guanine nucleotide exchange on the critical cellular signaling protein p21Ras (Ras) by S-nitrosylation of a redox-active thiol group (Cys(118)). This increases cellular Ras-GTP levels in vivo, leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways. Yet the process by which this occurs is not clear. Although several feasible mechanisms for protein S-nitrosylation with NO and NO donating have been proposed, results obtained from our studies suggest that Ras can be S-nitrosylated by direct reaction of Cys(118) with nitrogen dioxide (*NO(2)), a reaction product of NO with O(2), via a Ras thiyl-radical intermediate (Ras-S*). Results from our studies also indicate that Ras Cys(118) can be S-nitrosylated by direct reaction of Cys(118) with a glutathionyl radical (GS*), a reaction product derived from homolytic cleavage of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Moreover, we present evidence that reaction of GS* with Ras generates a Ras-S* intermediate during GSNO-mediated Ras S-nitrosylation. The Ras-S(*) radical intermediate formed from reaction of the Ras thiol with either *NO(2) or GS*, in turn, reacts with NO to complete Ras S-nitrosylation. NO and GSNO modulate Ras activity by promoting guanine nucleotide dissociation from Ras. Our results suggest that formation of the Ras radical intermediate, Ras-S*, may perturb interactions between Ras and its guanine nucleotide substrate, resulting in enhancement of guanine nucleotide dissociation from Ras.
Multiple L double-stranded RNA species of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for separate encapsidation. (1984)

The L double-stranded (ds) RNA component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may contain up to three dsRNA species, each with a distinct sequence but with identical molecular weights. These dsRNAs have been separated from each other by denaturation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 3' terminal sequences of the major species, LA dsRNA, were determined. Secondary structural analysis supported the presence of two stem and loop structures at the 3' terminus of the LA positive strand. In strain T132B NK-3, both the LA and LC species are virion encapsidated. Two distinct classes of virions were purified from this strain, each with a different RNA polymerase activity and with distinct protein components. The heavy virions harbored LA dsRNA, whereas the LC dsRNA species co purified with the light virion peak. Thus, LA and LC dsRNAs, when present in the same cell, may be separately encapsidated.
A simple, versatile valve model for use in lumped parameter and one‐dimensional cardiovascular models (2011)

Lumped parameter and one-dimensional models of the cardiovascular system generally employ ideal cardiac and/or venous valves that open and close instantaneously. However, under normal or pathological conditions, valves can exhibit complex motions that are mainly determined by the instantaneous difference between upstream and downstream pressures. We present a simple valve model that predicts valve motion on the basis of this pressure difference, and can be used to investigate not only valve pathology, but a wide range of cardiac and vascular factors that are likely to influence valve motion.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF HYDROXYMETHYLANTHRAQUINONES WITH THIONYL CHLORIDE (1975)

Die Hydroxymethylanthrachinone (I) reagieren mit Thionylchlorid in der Kälte zu den Verbindungen (II), die beim Erhitzen über ihren Schmelzpunkt unter Abspaltung von Schwefeldioxid in die Chlormethyl-Analoga (III) übergehen.
Enhanced pulseshaping capabilities and reduction of non-linear effects in all-fiber MOPA pulsed system (2009)

Pulseshaping is important in high energy pulsed fiber MOPA system to mitigate non-linear effects and optimize the processing of different materials. However, pulseshaping is greatly limited by the spectral features of the semiconductor seed source commonly used as the master oscillator. Through the appropriate design of an external fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and adequate current modulation, the spectrum of the fiber-coupled seed laser was broadened to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering occurring in the amplifier chain and the central emission wavelength and bandwidth were controlled. Pulseshaping is also quickly limited by the saturation energy and doping level of standard aluminosilicate ytterbium doped fibers used in the power amplifier even with large core diameter. Co-doping the fiber with phosphorus greatly increases the saturation energy of the system, which gives smoother pulseshape and significantly lower stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). It is shown that going from 1060 nm to longer emission wavelength at 1090 nm with this fiber increases further the pulseshaping capabilities and reduces SRS. The phosphorus codoping also allows higher ytterbium doping level without photo-degradation, which decreases nonlinear effects generation during the amplification while giving more flexible pump wavelength choice and efficiency.
Industrial inorganic chemicals : production and uses (1995)

Economic importance of the inorganic chemical sector, K. Gilbert environmental aspects of inorganic chemicals production, A. Barbour chemical engineering for the industrial chemist, D. Freshwater production of sulfuric acid and other sulfur products, A. Trickett sodium carbonate, R. Woode ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate and urea, S. Andrew hydrogen peroxide and inorganic peroxy compounds, B. Bertsch-Frank et al hydrofluoric acid, inorganic fluorides and fluorine, R. Powell and T. Ryan industrial gases, K. Guy production and uses of inorganic boron compounds, R. Thompson production and use of aluminium compounds, K. Evans silicas and zeolites, P. Kleinschmit titanium dioxide products T. Egerton and A. Tetlow elemental phosphorus, industrial phosphoric acid and their derivatives, J. McCoubrey.
A D-$\Sigma$ Digital Control for Three-Phase Inverter to Achieve Active and Reactive Power Injection (2013)

This paper presents a division-summation (D- Σ) digital control for a three-phase inverter to achieve active and reactive power injection to the ac grid. The proposed D- Σ approach summarizes the inductor-current variations over one switching cycle to derive control laws directly, which can overcome the limitation of d- q transformation. The inverter with this control can achieve various power factors (PFs) leading or lagging, by taking into account wide filter-inductance variation and grid-voltage distortion, reducing core size significantly. The control laws for achieving the desired features are derived in detail, and they are expressed in general forms for readily software programming. With the enhancement work of previous research, active and reactive power injection with PF from 0 to 1 can be controlled effectively, so that these control laws can be extended to wide current-tracking applications, such as static synchronous compensator and active power filter. In the design and implementation, the inductance values corresponding to various inductor currents were measured at the startup and stored in the controller for scheduling loop gain cycle by cycle. Measured results from a 10-kVA 3 φ inverter have confirmed the analysis and discussion of the proposed control approaches.
Growth Phase-Dependent Invasion of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and Its Survival within HeLa Cells (2001)

Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are classified into invasive and noninvasive (cytolytic) strains. In a noninvasive PA103 background, ExoS and ExoT have recently been shown to function as anti-internalization factors. However, these two factors seemed not to have such a function in an invasive strain PAK background. In this study, using HeLa tissue culture cells, we observed that the internalization of invasive strain PAK is dependent on its growth phases, with the stationary-phase cells internalized about 100-fold more efficiently than the exponential-phase cells. This growth phase-dependent internalization was not observed in the noninvasive PA103 strain. Further analysis of various mutant derivatives of the invasive PAK and the noninvasive PA103 strains demonstrated that ExoS or ExoT that is injected into host cells by a type III secretion machinery functions as an anti-internalization factor in both types of strains. In correlation with the growth phase-dependent internalization, the invasive strain PAK translocates much higher amount of ExoS and ExoT into HeLa cells when it is in an exponential-growth phase than when it is in a stationary-growth phase, whereas the translocation of ExoT by the noninvasive strain PA103 is consistently high regardless of the growth phases, suggesting a difference in the regulatory mechanism of type III secretion between the two types of strains. Consistent with the invasive phenotype of the parent strain, an internalized PAK derivative survived well within the HeLa cells, whereas the viability of internalized PA103 derivative was dramatically decreased and completely cleared within 48 h. These results indicate that the invasive strains of P. aeruginosa have evolved the mechanism of intracellular survival, whereas the noninvasive P. aeruginosa strains have lost or not acquired the ability to survive within the epithelial cells.
MFNW: A Flip-N-Write architecture for multi-level cell non-volatile memories (2015)

The increased capacity of multi-level cells (MLC) in emerging nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies comes at the cost of higher cell write energies and lower cell endurance. In this paper, we describe MFNW, a Flip-N-Write encoding solution that effectively reduces the average write energy and improves endurance of MLC NVMs. Two MFNW modes are proposed and analyzed: cell Hamming distance (CHD) mode and energy Hamming distance (EHD) mode. For both modes, we derive a probabilistic model to approximate the statistical behavior of MFNW. For negligible error, the probabilistic model predicts the average number of cell writes per memory word, which is proportional to energy consumption. This enables word length optimization to maximize energy reduction subject to memory overhead constraints. We also estimate the hardware and delay overheads to integrate MFNW into a phase change memory prototype. MFNW is compared to two state-of-the-art techniques in the literature using traces of SPEC2006 benchmarks. Simulation results show an average energy reduction of 19% over the state-of-the-art techniques. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity of MFNW to the choice of word length, and our findings suggest a tradeoff between word length and energy reduction.
Carbohydrate-Based Mimetics in Drug Design:  Sugar Amino Acids and Carbohydrate Scaffolds (2002)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbohydrate-Based Mimetics in Drug Design: Sugar Amino Acids and Carbohydrate Scaffolds†Sibylle A. W. Gruner, Elsa Locardi, Elisabeth Lohof, and Horst KesslerView Author Information Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany, and Novaspin Biotech GmbH, Mühlfeldweg 46, D-85748 Garching, Germany Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 2, 491–514Publication Date (Web):January 29, 2002Publication History Received24 September 2001Published online29 January 2002Published inissue 1 February 2002https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr0004409https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0004409research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6351Altmetric-Citations384LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbohydrates,Chemical structure,Monomers,Oligomers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Optimal sound speed estimation using modified nonlinear anisotropic diffusion to improve spatial resolution in ultrasound imaging (2012)

In ultrasound exams of obese patients and the breast, the spatial and contrast resolutions of ultrasound images are severely deteriorated when a constant sound speed corresponding to soft tissue is used in receive dynamic beamformation. This degradation is due to the defocusing of the ultrasound beam because of the disparity in sound speed between soft tissue and fatty layers. To minimize the degradation, this paper proposes a new method of estimating an optimal sound speed that can be used to achieve the best beamforming performance in a region of interest (ROI). The proposed method employs a new focusing quality factor (FQF) as an indicator of how well the focusing is conducted with a given sound speed. The FQF is closely associated with the degree of edge conspicuity, which can be obtained using the proposed modified nonlinear anisotropic diffusion (MNAD) technique. To calculate FQF, ultrasound images are formed with different sound speeds ranging from 1400 to 1600 m/s and, subsequently, the ROI is chosen. In the ROI, the degrees of edge conspicuity (i.e., FQF) are calculated. The sound speed can be considered an optimal one for the ROI if it is used to construct the image that provides the maximum FQF. The performances of the proposed method were evaluated through simulation and in vitro experiments with a tissue-mimicking phantom. The performance was also compared with that of the conventional image-based method employed in a commercial ultrasound imaging system. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of estimating an optimal sound speed with an error of 10 m/s regardless of whether strong targets are included in the ROI or not. On the other hand, the conventional image-based method generated an estimation error of 60 m/s maximally in the case in which there were no strong targets in ROI. This indicates that the proposed method is a useful tool to improve ultrasound image quality for clinical applications, especially for ultrasound exams of obese patients and the breast.
Specific hydrolysis of intact erythrocyte cell‐surface glycosphingolipids by endoglycoceramidase (1993)

This study represents the specific hydrolysis of cell-surface glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of intact cells by endoglycoceramidase (EGCase; EC.3.2.1.123) which cleaves the linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides of various GSLs. After a 2-h incubation of horse intact erythrocytes with 20 mU EGCase II in the presence of activator at 37 degrees C, 68% of the N-glycolylneuraminic-acid-containing ganglioside GM3(NeuGc) and 70% of 4-O-acetyl GM3(NeuGc) were found to be hydrolyzed without hemolysis, accompanied by a corresponding increase in ceramide but not sphingosine or N,N-dimethylsphingosine. No hydrolysis was observed for sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol or membrane proteins. The decrease in immunoreactivity with GMR8 antibody, specific to NeuGc alpha 2,3Gal- of GM3(NeuGc), corresponded to that of cell-surface GM3(NeuGc) by the enzyme, and almost no immunoreactivity was found when 70% of the GM3(NeuGc) was hydrolyzed. Besides the cell-surface GM3(NeuGc) of horse erythrocytes, Gg3Cer of guinea pig, GM3(NeuAc) and LcCer of human, and bovine and rabbit erythrocyte IV3Gal alpha-nLc4Cer were found to be efficiently hydrolyzed by EGCase II even when present in intact cells, while human erythrocyte Gb4Cer is quite resistant to hydrolysis by the enzyme on the cell surface as well as in detergent micelles. Glucose incorporation via the glucose transporter in erythrocytes was not affected at all by the specific and exhaustive hydrolysis of cell-surface GSLs by EGCase II. This result strongly suggested that glucose transporter function was not directly modulated by endogenous GSLs. In summary, this paper demonstrates that, together with the assistance of activator protein, EGCase II will become a powerful tool for selectively removing sugar chains from cell-surface GSLs without damaging other cell membrane components, and will be useful for describing the biological functions of endogenous GSLs.
Mitral insufficiency complicating acute myocardial infarction. (1975)

The pathological processes underlying the symptom of mitral insufficiency appearing during the course of acute myocardial infarction are reviewed. The mitral valve apparatus can be considered as being composed of fibrous elements (the annulus fibrosus, the valve leaflet and the chordae tendineae), the left atrial endocarduim and the muscular elements (the papillary muscles together with their supporting myocardium). Since the fibrous elements are avascular, it is concluded that they are unlikely to be directly affected by ischemia. For this and other reasons dilatation of the mitral annulus is not considered a cause of incompetence. It is suggested that muscular involvement is the most likely cause of mitral incompetence during acute myocardial infarction. The syndrome of 'papillary muscle dysfunction' is therefore reviewed under the headings of (1) conditions producing abnormal spatial orientation of the muscles, (2) conditions producing abnormal or absent contraction of the muscles and (3) conditions producing improper timing of muscular contraction. Cases are illustrated which demonstrated generalized dilatation of the left ventricle, localized dilatation and both complete and imcomplete papillary muscle rupture. Mitral insufficiency under these circumstances may ensue from either improper orientation or improper functioning of the muscular elements of the mitral valve apparatus, or from both. It is also emphasized that direct involvement of the papillary muscles by the ischemic process is not necessary for incompetence to occur, and that most cases of mitral incompetence complicating the acute stage of myocardial infarction are of transient nature, resolving during the recovery phase.
From Here to Attorney’s Fees: Certainty Efficiency and Fairness in the Journey to the Appellate Courts (1984)

A glance at the annotations to this section of the code will show how difficult the application of a superficially simple rule may become.")
Investigations of Thermally Controlled Mechanochemical Milling Reactions (2019)

Mechanochemical milling reactions have received much attention recently as a green and highly efficient path toward various relevant materials. Control over the fundamental reaction parameters in the milling procedure, such as temperature and pressure of the reactor, is still in its infancy, and the vast majority of milling reactions are done by controlling just the basic parameters such as frequency and milling media weight. We demonstrate here how milling under controlled, prolonged, and variable heating programs accomplished in a new milling reactor introduces a new level of mechanochemical reactivity beyond what can be achieved by conventional mechanochemical or solution procedures and also reduces the time and energy costs of the milling process. The methodology is demonstrated on four varied systems: C–C bond-forming Knoevenagel condensation, selective C–N bond formation for amide/urea synthesis, selective double-imine condensation, and solid-state formation of an archetypal open metal-organic framework, MOF-74. The potential of this methodology is best demonstrated on the one-pot selective synthesis of four complex products containing combinations of amide, amine, or urea functionalities from the same and simple acyl azide and diamine reactants. Principal control over this enhanced reactivity and selectivity stemmed from the application of specific heating regimes to mechanochemical processing accomplished by a new, in-house developed mechanochemical reactor. As even a moderate increase in temperature strongly affects the selectivity and the rate of mechanochemical reactions, the results presented are in line with recent challenges of the accepted theories of mechanochemical reactivity.
Nested microphone array processing for parameter estimation in Directional Audio Coding (2009)

Directional Audio Coding (DirAC) is an efficient technique to capture and reproduce spatial sound on the basis of a downmix signal and side information, i. e., direction of arrival and diffuseness of the sound field expressed in time-frequency domain. The main drawback of using arrays of omnidirectional microphones to obtain these parameters is that reliable estimates are available only in a certain frequency range, which depends on the aperture. To overcome this problem and cover large audio bandwidths nested microphone arrays can be used. In this paper, we derive optimal estimators which combine the microphone signals to achieve the best possible estimation of the DirAC parameters with respect to the mean squared error.
Enhancement of bovine growth hormone activity by antibodies against growth hormone peptides (1990)

The biological activity of growth hormones can be enhanced by complexing with monoclonal antibodies of appropriate specificity. In order to define the regions associated with the phenomenon, site-directed antisera to ovine GH (oGH) were prepared by vaccination of sheep with synthetic peptides. Peptides from six distinct regions of the oGH molecule raised antibodies which recognized the hormone in solid-phase radioimmunoassay; however, only one peptide elicited high-affinity antibody as determined by liquid-phase assay. This peptide, corresponding to amino acid sequence 35-53, resulted in circulating hormone antibody in the majority of vaccinated sheep. Immunoglobulin prepared from the serum of immunized animals produced an enhancement of the somatotrophic activity of exogenously administered GH in dwarf mice as determined by the incorporation of [35S]sulphate into costal cartilage. The identification of an antigenic peptide sequence from oGH/bovine GH which elicits enhancing antisera, raises the possibility of a growth-promotion vaccine.