gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bistable laser diodes and their applications: state of the art (1997)

Recent progresses in research on bistable laser diodes and their applications in optical communications and photonic switching are reviewed. In addition to the conventional absorptive and dispersive bistable laser diodes, bistability in two-mode lasers via gain saturation has recently attracted attention, because of its ultra high speed. On the other hand, bistable laser diodes with saturable absorbers are mainly used in the system applications because of their stable operations at present. This paper presents the theoretical analysis of the two-mode bistable laser diodes, the stripe lasers and the vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) as the two major representatives of bistable lasers, and the profound discussion of their possible applications.
Mechanisms Behind Resistance to PI3K Inhibitor Treatment Induced by the PIM Kinase (2018)

Cancer resistance to PI3K inhibitor therapy can be in part mediated by increases in the PIM1 kinase. However, the exact mechanism by which PIM kinase promotes tumor cell resistance is unknown. Our study unveils the pivotal control of redox signaling by PIM kinases as a driver of this resistance mechanism. PIM1 kinase functions to decrease cellular ROS levels by enhancing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/antioxidant response element activity. PIM prevents cell death induced by PI3K-AKT-inhibitory drugs through a noncanonical mechanism of NRF2 ubiquitination and degradation and translational control of NRF2 protein levels through modulation of eIF4B and mTORC1 activity. Importantly, PIM also controls NAD(P)H production by increasing glucose flux through the pentose phosphate shunt decreasing ROS production, and thereby diminishing the cytotoxicity of PI3K-AKT inhibitors. Treatment with PIM kinase inhibitors reverses this resistance phenotype, making tumors increasingly susceptible to small-molecule therapeutics, which block the PI3K-AKT pathway.
Complexation of retroviruses with polymers significantly increases the number of genes transferred to murine embryonic stem cells, but does not raise transgene expression levels (2008)

Embryonic stem cells efficiently silence retrovirus transgene expression. To help to solve this problem, retroviruses have been developed that are more resistant to silencing, such as retroviruses derived from the MSCV (murine-stem-cell virus). A complementary approach to increasing transgene expression might be to increase the number of integrated transgenes. To test this approach, we formed polymer complexes with MSCV-derived ecotropic retroviruses, concentrated them up to 40-fold and transduced two different murine embryonic stem cell lines, with a mouse fibroblast cell line as a control. The number of integrated transgenes increased more than 50-fold in the embryonic stem cell lines, yet, surprisingly, transgene expression did not increase. Interestingly, the embryonic stem cells had significantly fewer integrated transgenes than the mouse fibroblasts, even though transduction conditions were identical, which suggests that embryonic stem cells may restrict a post-binding step of retrovirus transduction.
Spin Injection into Organic Light-Emitting Devices with Ferromagnetic Cathode and Effects on Their Luminescence Properties (2006)

We investigated the luminescence properties of organic light-emitting devices under an external magnetic field. Circularly polarized light was observed from the devices with an Fe cathode, whereas those with an Al cathode did not show such behavior. The degree of circular polarization on the device with an Fe cathode increased with increasing applied magnetic field and decreased with increasing emissive layer thickness. These phenomena can be well explained in terms of the recombination of spin-polarized electrons injected from a ferromagnetic cathode. Consequently, spin diffusion length in the emissive layer, tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato)-aluminum was estimated to be less than 60 nm from the thickness dependence of the degree of circular polarization.
GLOBAL DATA FLOW ANALYSIS (1979)

For global data flow analysis various algorithms have been developed. It is well-known that all these algorithms are to obtain the minimal solution of Boolean equations. The main trouble comes from the presence of diagonal terms in the equations. In this paper it is proved that the diagonal terms have actually no influence on the minimal solution, i.e. if we alter or even omit the diagonal terms, the minimal solution remains unchanged. Thus two transformations on Boolean equations can be introduced and a new algorithm can be devised which, unlike the algorithms mentioned above, imposes no restrictions on the flow graph of the problem.Moreover, through these transformations we can gain a better insight into the algorithms of Cocke-Allen and Kennedy.
The frequency of salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy as epidemiologic markers of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (2000)

Background. To study the incidence of non‐gonococcal salpingitis, gonococcal salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy in a defined population over a 28‐year period on the assumption that the frequency of salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy may indirectly illustrate the epidemiological pattern of Chlamydia trachomatis . Design. A retrospective epidemiological study. Setting. University hospital with an urban catchment area. Patients. Five thousand two hundred and thirty‐three patients admitted to the hospital between 1969 and 1996 with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, non‐gonococcal salpingitis, or gonococcal salpingitis. Results. The frequencies of both non‐gonococcal and gonococcal salpingitis increased steeply early in the period under study, rising to a peak in the early 1970s, then decreasing throughout the period except for the last 3 years when a slight increase was seen again. The frequency of ectopic pregnancy showed a steady increase, peaking in the late 1980s and early 1990s and then declining at the end of the study period. While the introduction of more sensitive pregnancy tests and programs for assisted fertility would increase the rate of ectopic frequency the decline during the ŉineties cannot be accounted for in this way. The peak of salpingitis cases in the early 'seventies seems to be mirrored exactly by the peak of ectopic pregnancies fifteen years later in the late 'eighties. Conclusion. The frequencies of salpingitis and of ectopic pregnancy can probably be used to estimate the incidence of preceding Chlamydia trachomatis . Thus the incidence of C. trachomatis has probably declined since the early 'seventies like that of N. gonorrheae.
A Pertussis Outbreak in a Wisconsin Nursing Home (1991)

The epidemiologic features and clinical spectrum of pertussis in the elderly are poorly understood. In October 1985, the Wisconsin Division of Health investigated an outbreak of pertussis in residents of a nursing home in rural Wisconsin. Clinical information and nasopharyngeal swab and acute- and convalescent-phase serum specimens were obtained from all consenting residents and employees. Of 105 residents, 38 (36.2%) were seropositive, including four who were culture-positive for Bordetella pertussis. Culture-positive residents (age range, 52-81 years) had cough lasting 43-54 days. Three of these residents had paroxysmal cough, and all four had cough that interrupted sleep; none of the residents had cough with apnea or vomiting, and all recovered without sequelae. Of six seropositive residents with clinical pertussis, five lived on the south wing of the facility. Of 104 employees, 8 (7.7%) were seropositive, but none were culture-positive for B. pertussis. The higher attack rate for residents and the clustering of clinical cases were consistent with ongoing transmission within the nursing home.
Downregulation of GSTK1 Is a Common Mechanism Underlying Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (2016)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and is associated with a number of potential outcomes, including impaired diastolic function, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Various etiologies have been described for HCM, including pressure overload and mutations in sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric genes. However, the molecular pathogenesis of HCM remains incompletely understood. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis to identify dysregulated genes common to five mouse HCM models of differing etiology: (i) mutation of myosin heavy chain 6, (ii) mutation of tropomyosin 1, (iii) expressing human phospholamban on a null background, (iv) knockout of frataxin, and (v) transverse aortic constriction. Gene-by-gene comparison identified five genes dysregulated in all five HCM models. Glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 (Gstk1) was significantly downregulated in the five models, whereas myosin heavy chain 7 (Myh7), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), periostin (Postn), and reticulon 4 (Rtn4) were significantly upregulated. Gene ontology comparison revealed that 51 cellular processes were significantly enriched in genes dysregulated in each transcriptome dataset. Among them, six processes (oxidative stress, aging, contraction, developmental process, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation) were related to four of the five genes dysregulated in all HCM models. GSTK1 was related to oxidative stress only, whereas the other four genes were related to all six cell processes except MYH7 for oxidative stress. Gene-gene functional interaction network analysis suggested correlative expression of GSTK1, MYH7, and actin alpha 2 (ACTA2). To investigate the implications of Gstk1 downregulation for cardiac function, we knocked out gstk1 in zebrafish using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 system. We found that expression of the zebrafish homologs of MYH7, ACTA2, and actin alpha 1 were increased in the gstk1-knockout zebrafish. In vivo imaging of zebrafish expressing a fluorescent protein in cardiomyocytes showed that gstk1 deletion significantly decreased the end diastolic volume and, to a lesser extent, end systolic volume. These results suggest that downregulation of GSTK1 may be a common mechanism underlying HCM of various etiologies, possibly through increasing oxidative stress and the expression of sarcomere genes.
Volatile Natural Products for Monitoring the California Tree Nut Insect Pest<i>Amyelois transitella</i> (2013)

The navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) is a major insect pest that inflicts serious economic damage to the California tree nut industry. Feeding by navel orangeworm larvae causes physical damage resulting in lower kernel quality; more importantly larvae are purported to vector the aflatoxigenic fungi. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by aspergilli and represent a major food safety concern. Over the years volatile natural products have played a large role in efforts to control or monitor navel orangeworm moths. The two most important sources of relevant natural products have been female navel orangeworm, which produce a complex sex pheromone blend; and, the almond host plant, which has recently been described as the source of a blend of volatiles that attract both male and female navel orangeworm. Provided herein is an overview of natural products and their role in efforts to control or monitor navel orangeworm moths in California almonds, pistachios, and walnuts.
Structure and Function of PA4872 from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, a Novel Class of Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase from the PEP Mutase/Isocitrate Lyase Superfamily<sup>,</sup> (2007)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA4872 was identified by sequence analysis as a structurally and functionally novel member of the PEP mutase/isocitrate lyase superfamily and therefore targeted for investigation. Substrate screens ruled out overlap with known catalytic functions of superfamily members. The crystal structure of PA4872 in complex with oxalate (a stable analogue of the shared family alpha-oxyanion carboxylate intermediate/transition state) and Mg2+ was determined at 1.9 A resolution. As with other PEP mutase/isocitrate lyase superfamily members, the protein assembles into a dimer of dimers with each subunit adopting an alpha/beta barrel fold and two subunits swapping their barrel's C-terminal alpha-helices. Mg2+ and oxalate bind in the same manner as observed with other superfamily members. The active site gating loop, known to play a catalytic role in the PEP mutase and lyase branches of the superfamily, adopts an open conformation. The Nepsilon of His235, an invariant residue in the PA4872 sequence family, is oriented toward a C(2) oxygen of oxalate analogous to the C(3) of a pyruvyl moiety. Deuterium exchange into alpha-oxocarboxylate-containing compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Having ruled out known activities, the involvement of a pyruvate enolate intermediate suggested a decarboxylase activity of an alpha-oxocarboxylate substrate. Enzymatic assays led to the discovery that PA4872 decarboxylates oxaloacetate (kcat = 7500 s(-1) and Km = 2.2 mM) and 3-methyloxaloacetate (kcat = 250 s(-1) and Km = 0.63 mM). Genome context of the fourteen sequence family members indicates that the enzyme is used by select group of Gram-negative bacteria to maintain cellular concentrations of bicarbonate and pyruvate; however the decarboxylation activity cannot be attributed to a pathway common to the various bacterial species.
The Bafilomycin/Concanamycin Binding Site in Subunit c of the V-ATPases from Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2004)

The vacuolar H+-ATPase is inhibited with high specificity and potency by bafilomycin and concanamycin, macrolide antibiotics with similar structures. We previously reported that mutation at three residues in subunit c of the vacuolar ATPase from Neurospora crassa conferred strong resistance to bafilomycin but little or no resistance to concanamycin (Bowman, B. J., and Bowman, E. J. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 3965-3972). We have identified additional mutated sites in subunit c that confer resistance to bafilomycin. Furthermore, by subjecting a resistant mutant to a second round of mutation we isolated strains with increased resistance to both bafilomycin and concanamycin. In all of these strains the second mutation is also in subunit c, suggesting it forms at least part of the concanamycin binding site. Site-directed mutagenesis of the gene encoding subunit c in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that single mutations in each of the residues identified in one of the double mutants of N. crassa conferred resistance to both bafilomycin and concanamycin. Mutations at the corresponding sites in the VMA11 and VMA16 genes of S. cerevisiae, which encode the c' and c" subunits, did not confer resistance to the drugs. In all, nine residues of subunit c have been implicated in drug binding. The positions of these residues support a model in which the drug binding site is a pocket formed by helices 1, 2, and 4. We hypothesize that the drugs inhibit by preventing the rotation of the c subunits.
Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach (1991)

Eleven experimental saccular aneurysms were created on the common carotid artery of swine. Between 3 and 15 days after creation of these aneurysms, they were thrombosed via an endovascular approach, using a very soft detachable platinum coil delivered through a microcatheter positioned within the aneurysm. This detachable platinum coil was soldered to a stainless steel delivery guidewire. Intra-aneurysmal thrombosis was then initiated by applying a low positive direct electric current to the delivery guidewire. Thrombosis occurred because of the attraction of negatively charged white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and fibrinogen to the positively charged platinum coil positioned within the aneurysm. The passage of electric current detached the platinum coil within the clotted aneurysm in 4 to 12 minutes. This detachment was elicited by electrolysis of the stainless steel wire nearest to the thrombus-covered platinum coil. Control angiograms obtained 2 to 6 months postembolization confirmed permanent aneurysm occlusion as well as patency of the parent artery in all cases. No angiographic manifestation of untoward distal embolization was noted. Due to the encouraging results of this research, this technique has been applied in selected clinical cases which are described in Part 2 of this study.
Wireless HD Video Heats Up (2008)

To eliminate cables and provide installation flexibility, consumers want the various elements of their home-entertainment systems to communicate wirelessly. In response, vendors are developing wireless high-definition video technologies.
Experimental study of 650V AlGaN/GaN HEMT short-circuit safe operating area (SCSOA) (2014)

The short-circuit reliability of power switches plays very important part in many applications, where a 10μs short-circuit duration at 400V is usually required for 650V switches. Although emerging high voltage AlGaN/GaN HEMT technologies have shown switching advantages, the short-circuit performance has not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, we present an experimental study and numerical simulation analysis of 650V AlGaN/GaN HEMTs short-circuit safe-operating-area (SCSOA), and provide a theory for the reduction in ruggedness at high voltage short circuit conditions.
Improved method for the simultaneous determination of d4T, 3TC and ddl intracellular phosphorylated anabolites in human peripheral‐blood mononuclear cells using high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2002)

There is still a need for direct determination (i.e. without dephosphorylation) of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) triphosphorylated nucleotides in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-positive patients. The objective of this paper was first to improve our previously described direct liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) assay for stavudine triphosphate (d4T-TP). Preparation of PBMCs was modified to reduce degradation of d4T-TP during cell preparation and to simplify this step for routine use in clinical units. The performance of several HPLC columns was compared in order to improve the stability of peak shape over time. The SMT C(18) column was replaced by a Supelcogel ODP-50, thereby reducing two-fold the concentration of the first standard. Various internal standards were compared to optimize peak shape and remove an interfering peak in LC. 2-Chloroadenosine 5prime prime or minute-triphosphate was chosen as the most appropriate internal standard. Substitution of the narrowbore column by a microbore column (150 x 0.32 mm) is also presented and discussed. Secondly, this improved method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of d4T-TP, dideoxyadenosine triphosphate (ddA-TP) and lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP) in PBMCs, which is useful in view of the common use of NRTI combinations. The method was subsequently applied to clinical samples from HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy containing d4T, ddl and/or 3TC. This method can be used simply and routinely on approximately 200 samples per week, using commercially available instruments and with a simple cell lysis as sample treatment.
Applying the design structure matrix to system decomposition and integration problems: a review and new directions (2001)

Systems engineering of products, processes, and organizations requires tools and techniques for system decomposition and integration. A design structure matrix (DSM) provides a simple, compact, and visual representation of a complex system that supports innovative solutions to decomposition and integration problems. The advantages of DSMs vis-a-vis alternative system representation and analysis techniques have led to their increasing use in a variety of contexts, including product development; project planning, project management, systems engineering, and organization design. This paper reviews two types of DSMs, static and time-based DSMs, and four DSM applications: (1) component-based or architecture DSM, useful for modeling system component relationships and facilitating appropriate architectural decomposition strategies; (2) team-based or organization DSM, beneficial for designing integrated organization structures that account for team interactions; (3) activity-based or schedule DSM, advantageous for modeling the information flow among process activities; and (4) parameter-based (or low-level schedule) DSM, effective for integrating low-level design processes based on physical design parameter relationships. A discussion of each application is accompanied by an industrial example. The review leads to conclusions regarding the benefits of DSMs in practice and barriers to their use. The paper also discusses research directions and new DSM applications, both of which may be approached with a perspective on the four types of DSMs and their relationships.
Application of Chemical Looping Concept for Air Separation at High Temperatures<sup>†</sup> (2009)

A novel approach, supported by preliminary experimental and theoretical data, is proposed here for separation of oxygen from air. The approach is based on the chemical looping concept and is inherently simple and cost-effective, relying on the cyclic oxidation (i.e., combustion) and reduction of a metallic oxide as a means of separating oxygen from air. Thermodynamic calculations and preliminary experiments were carried out on oxides of Cu (CuO/Cu2O), Mn (Mn2O3/Mn3O4), and Co (Co3O4/CoO) to ascertain their feasibility for the proposed air-separation method. Results confirmed the feasibility of the approach and showed that Mn and Co oxide systems and their mixtures were, in particular, quite suited for air-separation applications.
Etiology and Treatment of Prolonged Vasospasm (1976)

According to the Speden's method, a spirally cut strip of the basilar artery of a dog was mounted in a bath filled with artificial CSF, and vasoactivity of fresh and aged serum, whole blood and blood-CSF mixture upon the isolated artery were tested. Contraction of artery produced by serum was most obvious in the fresh sample and diminished quickly as aging continued. Thus serum aged over 4 days were essentially non-vasoactive. Also it was completely abolished by adding methysergide, a serotonin antagonist. On the other hand, vasoactivity found in supernatants of the incubated whole blood and blood-CSF mixture progressively increased as incubation continued, reaching its peak after approximately 7 days of incubation. When the aged whole blood or aged blood-CSF mixture, particularly the latter, was applied, a tonic tention superimposed with phasic contraction of the isolated artery developed and lasted for several hours. Contraction was further enhanced markedly under the hypoxic condition produced by the cessation of continuous O2-supply into the reaction medium. Supernatants of blood-CSF mixture incubated for 7 days at 37°C was passed through a column of sephadex G-100. Vasoactive substance existed specifically at the peak III which demonstrated positive ninhydrin reaction. When peak III, thus isolated, was introduced into the basal cistern of the dog marked vasospasm at the circle of Willis and basilar artery developed and lasted over 2 weeks. Further biochemical analysis of peak III using CM cellulose ion exchange resin and disc electrophoresis, demonstrated that the vasoactive property lay in the polypeptides closely allied to oxyhemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin itself. Haptoglobin, a normal constituent of serum, is known to combine with hemoglobin to form a stable hemoglobin-haptoglobin compound. Following the next series of experiments of either in vitro or in vivo conditions, it was demonstrated that the hemoglobin induced vasospasm was greatly abolished by the addition of haptoglobin. Clinical application of haptoglobin upon the spastic cerebral artery around the ruptured aneurysm were found to be very encouraging.