gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EGS rock reactions with Supercritical CO2 saturated with water and water saturated with Supercritical CO2 (2013)

EGS using CO2 as a working fluid will likely involve hydro-shearing low-permeability hot rock reservoirs with a water solution. After that process, the fractures will be flushed with CO2 that is maintained under supercritical conditions (> 70 bars). Much of the injected water in the main fracture will be flushed out with the initial CO2 injection; however side fractures, micro fractures, and the lower portion of the fracture will contain connate water that will interact with the rock and the injected CO2. Dissolution/precipitation reactions in the resulting scCO2/brine/rock systems have the potential to significantly alter reservoir permeability, so it is important to understand where these precipitates form and how are they related to the evolving ‘free’ connate water in the system. To examine dissolution / precipitation behavior in such systems over time, we have conducted non-stirred batch experiments in the laboratory with pure minerals, sandstone, and basalt coupons with brine solution spiked with MnCl2 and scCO2. The coupons are exposed to liquid water saturated with scCO2 and extend above the water surface allowing the upper portion of the coupons to be exposed to scCO2 saturated with water. The coupons were subsequently analyzed using SEM to determine the location of reactions in both in and out of the liquid water. Results of these will be summarized with regard to significance for EGS with CO2 as a working fluid.
Quantification of Hepatic Steatosis with 3-T MR Imaging: Validation in<i>ob/ob</i>Mice (2009)

MR imaging can be used to accurately quantify fat in vivo in an animal model of hepatic steatosis and may serve as a quantitative biomarker of hepatic steatosis.
A COMPARISON OF MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR POTATOES IN UPSTATE NEW YORK (1978)

A long-standing problem in agricultural marketing is the question of "optimal" marketing patterns for a seasonally produced crop. When futures markets exist, agricultural economists have often recommended their use to improve marketing decisions, but farmer use of futures as an aid to marketing is not common. This paper considers the potential benefits to upstate New York farmers of hedging using Maine potato futures contracts. Benefits are defined in terms of the mean and variance of returns from alternative marketing strategies for potatoes. A portfolio approach is implicit in the analysis which also relies, in part, on the formulation of a simple price-forecasting model.
Size and path length of Patricia tries: Dynamical sources context (2001)

Abstract Digital trees, such as tries, and Patricia tries are data structures routinely used in a variety of computer and communication applications including dynamic hashing, partial match retrieval, searching and sorting, conflict resolution algorithms for communication broadcast, data compression, and so forth. Here, we consider tries and Patricia tries built from n words emitted by a probabilistic dynamical source. Such sources encompass classical and many models such as memoryless sources and finite Markov chains. The probabilistic behavior of its main parameters, namely, the size and the path length, appears to be determined by some intrinsic characteristics of the source, such as Shannon entropy and entropy‐like constants, that depend on the spectral properties of specific transfer operators of Ruelle type. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 289–315, 2001
Chitosan/polyethylene glycol-alginate microcapsules for oral delivery of hirudin (1998)

A mild chitosan/calcium alginate microencapsulation process, as applied to encapsulation of biological macromolecules such as albumin and hirudin, was investigated. The polysaccharide chitosan was reacted with sodium alginate in the presence of calcium chloride to form microcapsules with a polyelectrolyte complex membrane. Hirudin-entrapped alginate beads were further surface coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) via glutaraldehyde functionalities. It was observed that approximately 70% of the content is being released into Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4 within the initial 6 h and about 35% release of hirudin was also observed during treatment with 0.1 M HCl, pH 1.2 for 4 h. But acid-treated capsules had released almost all the entrapped hirudin into Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 media within 6 h. From scanning electron microscopic and swelling studies, it appears that the chitosan and PEG have modified the alginate microcapsules and subsequently the protein release. The microcapsules were also prepared by adding dropwise albumin-containing sodium alginate mixture into a PEG– CaCl2 system. Increasing the PEG concentration resulted in a decrease rate of albumin release. The results indicate the possibility of modifying the formulation to obtain the desired controlled release of bioactive peptides (hirudin), for a convenient gastrointestinal tract delivery system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 2143–2153, 1998
Management of Massive Calvarial Exposure in Young Children (1998)

Although small areas of exposed calvaria commonly occur in seriously burned children, these wounds are generally straightforward management problems. In contrast, management of the nearly completely exposed calvaria is an extraordinarily difficult problem--but is fortunately rare. Over the past 15 years, we have treated 119 children with full-thickness calvarial wounds requiring grafting. Four (3.4%) of these patients (average age, 2.9 years; range, 22 months to 5.5 years) had massive exposure of nonviable calvaria, defined as 75% or more of the surface area of the calvaria. These wounds were open an average of 28 months (range, 6 to 45 months). We have concluded that optimal management involves staged debridement of the desiccated outer table with a high-speed drill, taking appropriate precautions to avoid air embolism or inadvertent dural injury in the area of sutures or fontanelles. The resulting wounds quickly granulate and can be autografted.
Knots and the Maxwell Equations (2019)

In this chapter, we review the Rañada field line solutions of Maxwell's equations in the vacuum, which describe a topologically non-trivial electromagnetic field, as well as their relation with the knot theory. Also, we present a generalization of these solutions to the non-linear electrodynamics recently published in the literature.
The Dilemma Facing Contemporary Research in the <i>Yijing</i> (1993)

Even someone who is not knowledgeable about the study of the Yijing (Classic of change) will probably not deny that the study of the Yijing has today once more become a prominent field of scholarship. Today, in many bookstores and bookselling stalls dotting the streets in all the cities throughout the country, we can easily find books relating to the study of the Yijing sitting side by side with books that deal with such subjects as sexual physiology and psychology, or even "literary" magazines and periodicals that are highly and explicitly sexual or "erotic" in their contents and descriptions. This is a fact that those of us who are used to discussing the Yijing as some lofty and high-brow philosophy may not wish to acknowledge, but it is also something we simply cannot deny or dismiss out of hand. Within the last decade, our country's publishers, large and small, have published and republished thirty to forty works on the study of the Yijing, and two to three hundred articles on the subject have been published in our scholarly journals.
Element-Specific Magnetic Domain Imaging of (Nd, Dy)-Fe-B Sintered Magnets Using Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy (2011)

We demonstrate an element-specific observation of magnetic domains in thermally demagnetized Nd-Fe-B and (Nd, Dy)-Fe-B sintered magnets using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Clear chemical and magnetic contrast images with the 30-nm spatial resolution were taken by STXM. Both maze-like magnetic domains and stripe magnetic domains with their widths of 200-300 nm are observed in both Nd-Fe-B and (Nd, Dy)-Fe-B sintered magnets. In both sintered magnets, multidomain structures are mostly formed within each grain-that is, magnetic domains are likely to be terminated at the grain boundaries. Stripe domains are originated from the grains with the (001)-axis misoriented to the sample normal. From the comparison between chemical and magnetic images, it is found that no clear magnetic domain is observed in Nd-rich phase at grain boundary triple points. Furthermore, it is also found that the interface between Nd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sub> B phase and Nd-rich phase is chemically abrupt. Similar magnetic domain patterns are observed in Nd-Fe-B and (Nd, Dy)-Fe-B sintered magnets.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPOSITION OF PT ANODES SURFACES BY AUGER SPECTROSCOPY (1974)

Abstract Mittels Auger‐Spektroskopie werden in In H 2 SO 4 unter Entwicklung von Sauerstoff oder in 2N NaCl unter Entwicklung von Chlor anodisierte Pt‐Oberflächen untersucht.
A software platform for visualization and multimodal registration of diffuse optical tomography and MRI of breast cancer (2006)

We have developed a software platform for multimodal integration and visualization of diffuse optical tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Novel registration and segmentation algorithms have been integrated into the platform. The multimodal registration technique enables the alignment of non-concurrently acquired MR and DOT breast data. The non-rigid registration algorithm uses two-dimensional signatures (2D digitally reconstructed radiographs) of the reference and moving volumes in order to register them. Multiple two-dimensional signatures can robustly represent the volume depending on the way signatures are generated. An easy way to conceptualize the idea is to understand the motion of an object by tracking three perpendicular shadows of the object. The breast MR image segmentation technique enables a priori structural information derived from MRI to be incorporated into the reconstruction of DOT data. The segmentation algorithm is based on "Random walkers". Both registration and segmentation algorithms were tested and have shown promising results. The average Target Registration Error (TRE) for phantom models simulating the large breast compression differences was always below 5%. Tests on patient datasets also showed satisfying visual results. Several tests were also conducted for segmentation assessment and results have shown high quality MR breast image segmentation.
Pharmacological studies of a new derivative of amphotericin B, MS-8209, in mouse and hamster scrapie (1994)

Transmissible subacute spongiform encephalopathies (TSSE) are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of a modified, partially proteinase-resistant host protein, PrPSc, which accumulates in the brains of infected individuals. Recently it has been reported that amphotericin B (AmB) treatment of hamsters infected with scrapie strain 263K prolongs the incubation period of the disease, and dissociates in vivo replication of the scrapie agent from PrPSc accumulation. We report here on data obtained after treatment with AmB and one of its derivatives, MS-8209, in experimental scrapie of mouse and hamster. Treatment was carried out by the intraperitoneal route 6 days per week, at three different dosages initiated at the time of infection. Two regimens were used: during the early time of infection or throughout the experimental infection. Results indicate that MS-8209 was as efficient as AmB in prolonging the incubation time and decreasing PrPSc accumulation in the hamster scrapie model. A dose-dependent response was observed in mice treated early after experimental infection. At a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, MS-8209 significantly prolonged the incubation period (by 11.9%). In long-term treatment of mice, MS-8209 and AmB markedly reduced PrPSc levels in the preclinical stage of the disease. These data demonstrate that the effect of AmB is not restricted to one model (hamster-263K). This regimen leads to an inversion of the PrPSc to proteinase-sensitive protein (PrPSens) ratio, suggesting PrPSens (presumably cellular PrPC) accumulation occurs before its conversion into PrPSc. As it has been shown that AmB does not modify the infectivity titre, we conclude that the drugs could act by inhibiting either the interaction of the scrapie agent with PrPSens during the early times of infection or the conversion of PrPSens into PrPSc.
Mobile Health Monitoring Through Biotelemetry (2009)

As the population ages and the risk of chronic disease increases, the cost of healthcare will rise. Technology for mobile telemetry could reduce cost and improve the efficiency of treatment. In order to achieve these goals, we first need to overcome several technical challenges, including sufficient
Carrier-Assisted Single-Tube Processing Approach for Targeted Proteomics Analysis of Low Numbers of Mammalian Cells (2018)

Heterogeneity in composition is inherent in all cell populations, even those containing a single cell type. Single-cell proteomics characterization of cell heterogeneity is currently achieved by antibody-based technologies, which are limited by the availability of high-quality antibodies. Herein we report a simple, easily implemented, mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted proteomics approach, termed cLC-SRM (carrier-assisted liquid chromatography coupled to selected reaction monitoring), for reliable multiplexed quantification of proteins in low numbers of mammalian cells. We combine a new single-tube digestion protocol to process low numbers of cells with minimal loss together with sensitive LC-SRM for protein quantification. This single-tube protocol builds upon trifluoroethanol digestion and further minimizes sample losses by tube pretreatment and the addition of carrier proteins. We also optimized the denaturing temperature and trypsin concentration to significantly improve digestion efficiency. cLC-SRM was demonstrated to have sufficient sensitivity for reproducible detection of most epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway proteins expressed at levels ≥30 000 and ≥3000 copies per cell for 10 and 100 mammalian cells, respectively. Thus, cLC-SRM enables reliable quantification of low to moderately abundant proteins in less than 100 cells and could be broadly useful for multiplexed quantification of important proteins in small subpopulations of cells or in size-limited clinical samples. Further improvements of this method could eventually enable targeted single-cell proteomics when combined with either SRM or other emerging ultrasensitive MS detection.
A Comprehensive Model to Predict the Timing Resolution of SiPM-Based Scintillation Detectors: Theory and Experimental Validation (2012)

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are expected to replace photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in several applications that require scintillation detectors with excellent timing resolution, such as time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET). However, the theory about the timing resolution of SiPM-based detectors is not yet fully understood. Here we propose a comprehensive statistical model to predict the timing resolution of SiPM-based scintillation detectors. It incorporates the relevant SiPM-related parameters (viz. the single cell electronic response, the single cell gain, the charge carrier transit time spread, and crosstalk) as well as the scintillation pulse rise and decay times, light yield, and energy resolution. It is shown that the proposed model reduces to the well-established Hyman model for timing with PMTs if the number of primary triggers (photoelectrons in case of a PMT) is Poisson distributed and crosstalk and electronic noise are negligible. The model predictions are validated by measurements of the coincidence resolving times (CRT) for 511 keV photons of two identical detectors as a function of SiPM bias voltage, for two different kinds of scintillators, namely LYSO:Ce and LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :5%Ce. CRTs as low as 138 ps ± 2 ps FWHM for LYSO:Ce and 95 ps ± 3 ps FWHM for LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> :5%Ce were obtained, demonstrating the outstanding timing potential of SiPM-based scintillation detectors. These values were found to be in good agreement with the predicted CRTs of 140 ps FWHM and 95 ps FWHM, respectively. Utilizing the proposed model, it can be shown that the CRTs obtained in our experiments are mainly limited by photon statistics while crosstalk, electronic noise and signal bandwidth have relatively little influence.
Lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles: luminescence, upconversion, and biological applications (2008)

There has recently been a surge of interest in the luminescence of lanthanide (Ln3+) ions doped in fluoride nanoparticles due to their potential for use in a number of diverse fields. Due to their remarkable optical properties, efforts are underway to investigate these nanoparticles for biotechnological applications, for example as fluorescent biolabels. Ln3+-doped fluoride nanoparticles can be excited with near-infrared (NIR) radiation and in turn, will efficiently convert the NIR light to visible, a process known as upconversion, resolving the problem of autofluorescence from biological species. In this review, we describe some selected examples of the luminescence (including upconversion) of fluoride nanoparticles doped with various Ln3+ ions and present strategies used to improve the luminescence (core/shell). Dispersibility of the Ln3+-doped nanoparticles in water is vital for biological use thus we discuss the optical properties of fluoride nanoparticles that have been either synthesised in an aqueous medium, or have been surface engineered to render them water dispersible. Finally, we discuss the state of the art in biological uses of Ln3+-doped fluoride nanoparticles.
Sphere Therapy for Corneal Endothelium Deficiency in a Rabbit Model (2005)

Precursors from rabbit CE were isolated by a sphere-forming assay. Rabbit CE-derived sphere therapy is an effective treatment in a rabbit CE deficiency model.
The Unicode Standard (2000)

The Unicode Standard is a global character set for worldwide computing covering the major modern scripts of the world as well as classical forms of Greek, Sanskrit, and Pali. The history and implications of Unicode Standard are discussed. The principles underpinning the design of the Unicode Standard are described with reference to those principles that also are present in USMARC and UNIMARC. Unicode give the potential to support every script. Expanding the character set would have consequences for transcription. Faithfulness of transcription has implications for retrieval. The addition of more characters to support more exact cataloging affects the economic cost of cataloging. The need for characters should be related not to the production of a surrogate for the physical item that has been cataloged, but to facilitating retrieval.
Essentials of Pressure Ulcer Treatment (1993)

For successful preventive foot care patients and physicians need to understand how and why ulcers form and the rationale for the types of footwear and care necessary to prevent ulcers.
The 9/11 Commission and the White House: Issues of Executive Privilege and Separation of Powers (2010)

The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, popularly known as the 9/11 Commission, came into being at the end of 2002 after a long and tortuous legislative process. The families of the victims of the 9/11 attacks, who felt that their Government failed to protect their family members on 9/11, trusted neither the Executive Branch nor Congress to conduct an investigation of the attacks and their causes. They lobbied Congress persistently for the creation of an independaent Commission that would investigate the causes of the 9/11 attacks and assign blame to those in the Government who had failed to prevent the attacks. The Bush Administration, citing the need for national unity and resolve in the aftermath of the attacks and in the new “War on Terrorism,” resisted creation of an independent Commission. Additionally, the Republican leadership in Congress tried to head off legislation by creating, in the spring of 2002, a joint inquiry by the House and Senate Intelligence Committees into the intelligence failures preceding the 9/11 attacks. This effort did not appease the organizations of 9/11 families, and their constant pressure for an independent investigation eventually paid off. In July 2002 the House, with most Republican
Very high-efficiency and low voltage phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes based on a <i>p-i-n</i> junction (2004)

Green phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) employing tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium doped into a wide energy gap hole transport host have been studied. N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzidine doped with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane is used as a hole injection and transport layer, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and cesium are coevaporated as a n-doped electron transport layer, and an intrinsic emission layer is sandwiched between these two doped layer. Such a p-i-n device features efficient carrier injection from both contacts into the doped transport layers and low ohmic losses in these highly conductive layers. Thus, low operating voltages are obtained compared to conventional undoped OLEDs. By modifying the device structure, we optimized the carrier balance in the emission layer and at its interfaces. For the optimized device, the maximum power efficiency is 53 lm/W, and a luminance of 1000 cd/m2 is reached at 3.1 V with a power efficiency of 45 lm/W.
Direct interaction and N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun by c-Mil/Raf. (1995)

c-Mil is the avian homologue of the mammalian serine/threonine kinase c-Raf-1. c-Mil/Raf is a mediator of signal transduction leading to gene expression via the c-Jun DNA-binding site, AP-1. Here we show that c-Mil immunopurified from MC29-virus-transformed quail fibroblasts phosphorylates c-Jun in vitro near its N terminus (Ser-63 and -73). Furthermore, the viral oncogene product Gag-Mil of the avian wild-type retrovirus MH2 phosphorylates c-Jun in vitro. A contribution by other known kinases phosphorylating c-Jun, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinases, was excluded by control reactions. c-Raf-1 and c-Jun directly interact in vitro as shown by various immobilized glutathione S-transferase-Raf fusion proteins which specify the cysteine-rich region of c-Mil/Raf as the major N-terminal binding site. An additional minor binding site is located in the C-terminal region. The biological relevance of these results is demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation of c-Jun and c-Mil from 32P-labeled MC29- and MH2-transformed fibroblasts as well as normal quail embryo fibroblasts, whereby c-Jun was identified by tryptic phosphopeptide analysis. The complexed c-Jun exhibits a decreased electrophoretic mobility corresponding to a more highly phosphorylated state. Cell fractionation analyses indicate that the c-Mil/c-Jun complex is located in the cytoplasm. The data demonstrate that c-Jun can be a direct target of the protein kinase c-Mil/Raf, suggesting an alternative pathway, which leads to c-Jun phosphorylation independent of the MAPKs and MAPK-related proteins.