gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis: a continued work (2008)

Abstract Previous work has shown that the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse could be greatly enhanced by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment. There are several factors affecting the enzymatic digestibility of the biomass, including lignin and hemicelluloses content, cellulose crystallinity, acetyl group content, accessible surface area and so on. The objective of this work is to analyze the mechanism of the enhancement of enzymatic digestibility caused by PAA pretreatment. Delignification resulted in an increase of the surface area and reduction of the irreversible absorption of cellulase, which helped to increase the enzymatic digestibility. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were weakened or disappeared after PAA pretreatment. However, the infrared crystallization index (N.O'KI) was increased. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of PAA‐treated samples was increased owing to the partial removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses and probable physical change of cellulose. The effect of acetyl group content on enzymatic digestibility is negligible compared with the degree of delignification and crystallinity. The results indicate that enhancement of enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by PAA pretreatment is achieved mainly by delignification and an increase in the surface area and exposure of cellulose fibers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A functional interaction between the signal peptide and the translation apparatus is detected by the use of a single point mutation which blocks translocation across mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. (1987)

A functional interaction between the signal sequence and the translation apparatus which may serve as a first step in chain targeting to the membrane is described. To this end, we exploited the powerful technique of molecular cloning in a procaryotic system and the well characterized translocation system of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. The signal peptide of subunit B of the heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (EltB) was fused to several proteins. Single base substitutions were introduced in the signal peptide and their effect on protein synthesis and translocation was studied. We sought a single amino acid substitution which may define certain steps in the coordinated regulation of chain synthesis and targeting to the membrane. The substitution of proline for leucine at residue -8 in the signal peptide abolished all known functions of the signal peptide. In contrast to wild type signal peptide, the mutant signal peptide did not lead to arrest of nascent chain synthesis by signal recognition particle or translocation of the precursor protein across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, the mutant signal peptide was not cleaved by purified E. coli signal peptidase. Interestingly, the mutation resulted in about a 2-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of the precursor protein, suggesting a role for the signal peptide in regulating the synthesis of the nascent secretory chain as a means of ensuring early and efficient targeting of this chain to the membrane. This role might involve interaction of the signal peptide with components of the translation apparatus and/or endogenous signal recognition particle. These results were obtained with three different fusion proteins carrying the signal peptide of EltB thus leading to the conclusion that the effect of the mutation on the structure and function of the signal peptide is independent of the succeeding sequence to which the signal peptide is attached.
Microfluidic Flow Cell for Sequential Digestion of Immobilized Proteoliposomes (2012)

We have developed a microfluidic flow cell where stepwise enzymatic digestion is performed on immobilized proteoliposomes and the resulting cleaved peptides are analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The flow cell channels consist of two parallel gold surfaces mounted face to face with a thin spacer and feature an inlet and an outlet port. Proteoliposomes (50-150 nm in diameter) obtained from red blood cells (RBC), or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, were immobilized on the inside of the flow cell channel, thus forming a stationary phase of proteoliposomes. The rate of proteoliposome immobilization was determined using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) which showed that 95% of the proteoliposomes bind within 5 min. The flow cell was found to bind a maximum of 1 μg proteoliposomes/cm(2), and a minimum proteoliposome concentration required for saturation of the flow cell was determined to be 500 μg/mL. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies showed an even distribution of immobilized proteoliposomes on the surface. The liquid encapsulated between the surfaces has a large surface-to-volume ratio, providing rapid material transfer rates between the liquid phase and the stationary phase. We characterized the hydrodynamic properties of the flow cell, and the force acting on the proteoliposomes during flow cell operation was estimated to be in the range of 0.1-1 pN, too small to cause any proteoliposome deformation or rupture. A sequential proteolytic protocol, repeatedly exposing proteoliposomes to a digestive enzyme, trypsin, was developed and compared with a single-digest protocol. The sequential protocol was found to detect ~65% more unique membrane-associated protein (p < 0.001, n = 6) based on peptide analysis with LC-MS/MS, compared to a single-digest protocol. Thus, the flow cell described herein is a suitable tool for shotgun proteomics on proteoliposomes, enabling more detailed characterization of complex protein samples.
High performance of electrochemical lithium storage batteries: ZnO-based nanomaterials for lithium-ion and lithium–sulfur batteries (2016)

As one of the most promising electrode materials, zinc oxide-based nanomaterials have attracted great attention in recent decades for remarkable features such as relatively low cost, relatively high reversible capacity and good physical and chemical stability. In this article, we aim to present a general review of synthetic methods of zinc oxide-based nanomaterials and related morphologies. In addition, recent advances in lithium storage batteries are summarized and discussed (lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries). Tentative conclusions and assessments aim to promote the next generation of electrochemical lithium storage devices.
Measurement and computer-aided optimization of spectral power distributions (1971)

This paper describes a rapid and reliable method of measuring the spectral power distribution of a lamp. The computer program which calculates the colour rendering index and the correlated colour temperature from this s.p,d, is used to study the influence on colour rendering and correlated colour temperature of adding a line to the spectrum of a metal halide (HPI) lamp. Another application of the computer program shows that with spectra consisting of only three spectral lines it is possible to achieve a general colour rendering index R a ~80. It appears that the three lines have to be chosen in three different wavelength regions, namely a blue line in the region 455-485 nm, a green line in the region 525-560 nm and a red line in the region 595-620 nm. With decreasing colour temperature the optimal wavelengths shift slightly to longer wavelengths whilst the general colour rendering index slightly increases.
In vivo characterization of recombinant factor VIII in a canine model of hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) (1988)

Abstract Infusion studies of recombinant factor VIII were performed in hemophilic (factor VIII-deficient) animals. Functional activity was determined using a standardized model of bleeding and kinetic characteristics charted by performing assays of factor VIII functional and antigenic activities over time. To obtain an adequate comparison with plasma-derived factor VIII, a crossover study in two animals was performed in which each animal received either recombinant factor VIII or a highly purified plasma-derived factor VIII on day 1 and the alternative three days later (day 4). Both factor VIII preparations were functionally effective with complete correction of the cuticle bleeding time occurring one hour after infusion. The observed recovery was full and close to predicted for both preparations. The survival curves obtained for both functional and antigenic activities for both preparations were virtually identical and within the anticipated range determined from previous experiments using infusions of conventional factor VIII preparations. The plasma half-disappearance time (T 1/2) for recombinant factor VIII and plasma-derived factor VIII was 9.2 and 7.9 hours, respectively. Plasma samples obtained following infusion were subjected to chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The elution profile of factor VIII antigen activity was compared with that obtained with the infusates. A clear shift in profile was observed with the plasma samples, suggesting complexing of the infused factor VIII material with circulating canine von Willebrand factor (vWF). The elution profile of vWF antigen was superimposable, thus providing further evidence in support of this assumption. The study provided evidence that recombinant factor VIII possesses full functional activity in vivo, binds to circulating vWF, and exhibits normal recovery and survival characteristics.
Spermatogenesis of mice lacking CK2α′: Failure of germ cell survival and characteristic modifications of the spermatid nucleus (2003)

Csnk2a2 encodes the CK2alpha'catalytic subunit of CK2 that is predominantly expressed in testis. Male mice in which Csnk2a2 has been disrupted were infertile and displayed oligozoospermia with an abnormal shape of the spermatid nucleus. In this study, Csnk2a2 null testes revealed extensive germ cell degenerative processes at all stages of spermatogenesis, including the first spermatogenesis wave. Nuclear envelope (NE) protrusions with loss of nuclear pores, swelling of the outer membrane, and disruption of the inner membrane were observed in cells ranging from spermatogonia to early spermatids. Most early round spermatids were depleted, and DNA-specific fluorescent dyes showed a large chromatin-free nuclear domain near the chromocenter. Spermatids that were not eliminated retained NE defects that could explain the acrosomal and nuclear abnormalities of Csnk2a2 null spermatozoa. Data suggest that CK2alpha' deficiency could impair the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins of male germ cells leading to a particular cell-death pathway characterized by NE protrusions and an unusual pattern of chromatin modifications in spermatids.
Diet Modifies Elastase I and II Activities and mRNA Levels during Postnatal Development and Weaning in Piglets , (1997)

Little information is available on the expression of pancreatic elastase I and II, despite their role in protein milk digestion. We studied the developmental changes and the effects of diet composition on both elastase I and II expression in suckled and weaned piglets. We measured their activities and levels of their corresponding mRNA. Forty-two piglets were assigned to seven groups according to age and diet. Piglets were slaughtered at birth (Group 1), or suckled up to 13 d (Group 2) or 21 d (Group 3), fed a milk substitute from 14 to 21 d (Group 4) or to 56 d (Group 7), suckled up to 21 d and then fed a dry starter up to 56 d (Group 5), or fed a milk substitute from 14 to 21 d and then a dry starter up to 56 d (Group 6). At 21 d pancreatic function was not modified by the source and the form of milk consumed. The specific activity of elastase II was maximum at birth and declined sharply thereafter, whereas that of elastase I markedly increased after weaning. The presence of milk protein in the diet did not prevent the sharp decrease in elastase II activity observed with age. During the 13 d period of suckling sow's milk, the mRNA patterns indicated that the regulation was at the mRNA and post-transcriptional levels, whereas after weaning and depending on the source of dietary protein, it was essentially translational and/or post-translational. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the early expression of elastase I and II genes that could enhance protein digestion. It seems that elastase II might be a predominant pancreatic protease during the milk-feeding period, whereas elastase I might be related to weaning.
Marketing system utilizing a robot and smartphone (2015)

In the Internet society, corporate marketing has established various methods to obtain customer information from web sites and SNS. Through these methods, the corporate can perform marketing in the right place at the right time. However, real world locations, such as tourist spots or event/trade shows have difficulty collecting real time data. We believe that a service robot can solve this issue. In this paper, we would like to propose a marketing platform model that allows for more efficient marketing to customers or participants by utilizing the service robot. We constructed a prototype focused on tourism and verified the ability of the service robot to efficiently collect personal information.
Genetic Engineering and Breeding of Drought-Resistant Crops (2013)

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting the productivity of most field crops. Elucidation of the complex mechanisms underlying drought resistance in crops will accelerate the development of new varieties with enhanced drought resistance. Here, we provide a brief review on the progress in genetic, genomic, and molecular studies of drought resistance in major crops. Drought resistance is regulated by numerous small-effect loci and hundreds of genes that control various morphological and physiological responses to drought. This review focuses on recent studies of genes that have been well characterized as affecting drought resistance and genes that have been successfully engineered in staple crops. We propose that one significant challenge will be to unravel the complex mechanisms of drought resistance in crops through more intensive and integrative studies in order to find key functional components or machineries that can be used as tools for engineering and breeding drought-resistant crops.
Recent advances in the molecular diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (2008)

Colon cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide despite the well-characterized molecular events in the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence. There has been a strong emphasis on early detection of colon cancer, and fecal DNA-based methods have been developed to assist with early screening. Tissue-based assays have been utilized for many years to assess tumor aggressiveness and to determine prognosis and response to chemotherapeutic interventions. The most widely used serum marker for colon cancer (carcinoembryonic antigen) remains a useful modality to assess for occult disease following curative resection. Identification of tumor mutations in circulating tumor cells and microarray analysis holds a great deal of promise in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. The inhibitors of apoptosis may be important markers to determine resistance to radiation cytotoxicity in rectal cancer. This report presents a summary of the current status of the molecular markers of colorectal cancer to establish a diagnosis, determine prognosis and chemoradiotherapeutic interventions, and assess relapse following curative surgery.
The neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract in MPTP-intoxicated mice: An analysis of behavioral and biochemical varibles (2007)

We studied the influence of Withania somnifera (Ws) root extract (100 mg/kg body weight) on parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; i.p, 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 days), via the analysis of behavioral features and the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in the midbrain of mice. A significant alteration in behavior, increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were noticed in this region of brain in MPTP-treated mice. Oral treatment with the root extract resulted in a significant improvement in the mice's behavior and antioxidant status, along with a significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation. The results indicated that at least part of the chronic stress-induced pathology may be due to oxidative stress, which is mitigated by Ws. Further studies are needed to assess the precise mechanism to support the clinical use of the plant as an antiparkinsonic drug.
Structure of a urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2.alpha. in man (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of a urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2.alpha. in manElisabeth Granstrom and Bengt SamuelssonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 12, 3398–3400Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01040a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01040a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Practical Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis Third Edition (Java Version) (2010)

class Graph has methods to return the number of vertices and edges (methods n and e, respectively). Function weight returns the weight of a given edge, with that edge identified by its two incident vertices. For example, calling weight(0, 4) on the graph of Figure 11.1 (c) would return 4. If no such edge exists, the weight is defined to be 0. So calling weight(0, 2) on the graph of Figure 11.1 (c) would return 0. Functions setEdge and delEdge set the weight of an edge and remove an edge from the graph, respectively. Again, an edge is identified by its two incident vertices. setEdge does not permit the user to set the weight to be 0, because this value is used to indicate a non-existent edge, nor are negative edge weights permitted. Functions getMark and setMark get and set, respectively, a requested value in the Mark array (described below) for Vertex V . Nearly every graph algorithm presented in this chapter will require visits to all neighbors of a given vertex. Two methods are provided to support this. They work in a manner similar to linked list access functions. Function first takes as input a vertex V , and returns the edge to the first neighbor for V (we assume the neighbor list is sorted by vertex number). Function next takes as input Vertices V1 and V2 and returns the index for the vertex forming the next edge with V1 after V2 on V1’s Sec. 11.2 Graph Implementations 407 // Graph abstract class. This ADT assumes that the number // of vertices is fixed when the graph is created. class Graph { private: void operator =(const Graph&) {} // Protect assignment Graph(const Graph&) {} // Protect copy constructor public: Graph() {} // Default constructor virtual Graph() {} // Base destructor // Return the number of vertices in the graph virtual int n() =0; // Return the current number of edges in the graph virtual int e() =0; // Store an edge from v1 to v2 with weight wgt virtual void setEdge(int v1, int v2, int wgt) =0; // Delete the edge going from v1 to v2 virtual void delEdge(int v1, int =0; // Return weight of the edge from v1 to v2. // Return 0 if no such edge exists. virtual int weight(int v1, int =0; // Get the mark value for vertex v virtual int getMark(int v) =0; // Set the mark value for vertex v to be val virtual void setMark(int v, int val) =0; // Return the index of the first neighbor for vertex v virtual int first(int v) =0; // Return the index of the next neighbor // (after v2) for vertex v1 virtual int next(int v1, int =0; }; Figure 11.5 A graph ADT. This ADT assumes that the number of vertices is fixed when the graph is created, but that edges can be added and removed. It also supports a mark array to aid graph traversal algorithms.
An in vitro investigation of the flow fields through bileaflet and polymeric prosthetic heart valves. (2005)

Current designs of bileaflet mechanical heart valves (BMHVs) and trileaflet polymeric heart valves(TPHVs) are plagued by unacceptable levels of hemolysis and thrombus formation in critical areas thereby producing mediocre clinical performance. The objective of this study is: (1) to investigate the influence of BMHV designs on hinge flow characteristics, (2) to quantify the influence of hinge gap width tolerance in a BMHV\ndesign, and (3) to investigate the influence of TPHV design on flow characteristics.\n\nSt. Jude Medical (SJM) provided four transparent mitral BMHVs: one 23 mm CarboMedics (CM), one 27 mm SJM Standard and two 27 mm prototype BHMVs with\naltered hinge gap widths. Aortech Inc. provided three 23 mm aortic prototype TPHVs. Laser Doppler velocimetry and Particle Image velocimetry were used to measure flow velocity inside these valve prostheses. The flows through the valves were maintained within physiological limits.\n\nAll valves revealed Reynolds shear stress (RSS) levels greater than 200 Pa far exceeding the threshold for platelet activation and hemolysis. MHV hinge flows in the mitral position were characterized by a strong recirculation during ventricular diastole while leakage jets over and adjacent to leaflets were prominent during ventricular systole. CM hinge flow had higher RSS than in the SJM hinge. The large gap width hinge had the largest leakage jet size and highest RSS (>400 Pa) during ventricular diastole. The Standard gap width hinge showed better washout during systole and provided optimum hemodynamic performance than the prototype designs. In aortic prototype PHVs, elevated RSS conducive to hemolysis was observed along the central jet during systole and the leakage jet at the high central region inside the valve during diastole.\n\nThis study showed that hinge geometry designs and hinge gap width tolerance governed the success of the bileaflet MHV design. Also the performance of the three aortic PHVs is dependent on commissural designs and leaflet thicknesses. Owing to the critical nature flow fields on clinical outcomes studies such as the current study should be conducted in the pre-clinical evaluation phase for all new MHV or PHVs.