gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative mapping of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea chromosomes reveals islands of conserved organization. (1994)

The chromosomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea have been extensively rearranged since the divergence of these species; however, conserved regions are evident. Eleven regions of conserved organization were detected, ranging from 3.7 to 49.6 cM in A. thaliana, spanning 158.2 cM (24.6%) of the A. thaliana genome, and 245 cM (29.9%) of the B. oleracea genome. At least 17 translocations and 9 inversions distinguish the genomes of A. thaliana and B. oleracea. In one case B. oleracea homoeologs show a common marker order, which is distinguished from the A. thaliana order by a rearrangement, indicating that the lineages of A. thaliana and B. oleracea diverged prior to chromosomal duplication in the Brassica lineage (for at least this chromosome). Some chromosomal segments in B. oleracea appear to be triplicated, indicating the need for reevaluation of a classical model for Brassica chromosome evolution by duplication. The distribution of duplicated loci mapped for about 13% of the DNA probes studied in A. thaliana suggests that ancient duplications may also have occurred in Arabidopsis. The degree of chromosomal divergence between A. thaliana and B. oleracea appears greater than that found in other confamilial species for which comparative maps are available.
Editors' Choice—Electrodeposition of Platinum on Titanium Felt in a Rectangular Channel Flow Cell (2016)

Highly porous platinised titanium substrates are attractive electrode materials for industrial electrochemical processing and electrochemical energy storage. The electrodeposition of platinum on titanium felt was carried out in a divided, rectangular channel flow cell from an alkaline bath without additives. The morphology and spatial distribution of the platinum deposits in the porous material were analysed using SEM and EDS microscopy in addition to X-ray computed tomography (CT). The electroplated surface area was estimated from the charge transfer current ratio for Ce(IV) reduction and related to a theoretical electrosorbed hydrogen monolayer surface area. The platinised titanium felt showed a significant enhancement of active surface area in comparison to conventional electrode materials. Although platinum was present throughout the porous electrode, CT revealed heterogeneous deposits accumulating in regions near the membrane (during electrodeposition), as a result of the potential distribution in the felt material and flowing electrolyte. Uniform platinum coatings are possible on thin titanium felt under 200 µm thick, by either potentiostatic or galvanostatic electrodeposition
Pulmonary eosinophilia requires interleukin-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ T cells in mice immunized with respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein (2008)

Severe illness, type 2 cytokine production, and pulmonary eosinophilia are adverse immune responses resulting from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge of vvGs-immunized mice. We have shown IL-4 and IL-13 activity must be simultaneously inhibited to reduce disease severity. We now address the contributions of IL-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the induction of disease-enhancing immune responses. Depletion of CD4+ T cells during immunization prevented IL-4, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 production, diminished eosinophilia, and reduced weight loss. Conversely, CD8+ T cell depletion did not decrease eosinophilia, weight loss, or type 2 cytokines but did dramatically reduce mucus production and increase eotaxin production. Anti-IL-5 administration at immunization or challenge significantly decreased pulmonary eosinophilia. Strikingly, there were not concomitant decreases in weight loss. Following RSV challenge eotaxin-1-deficient mice immunized with vvGs exhibited significantly less eosinophilia without decreased weight loss or type 2 cytokine production. We conclude CD4+ T cell production of IL-5 and induction of eotaxin-1 are required for vvGs-induced eosinophilia following RSV challenge, while CD8+ T cells appear to down-regulate eotaxin-1 and mucus production. In summary, we demonstrate that pulmonary eosinophilia 1) is a by-product of memory CD4+ T cell activation, 2) does not necessarily correlate with mucus production, and, most importantly, 3) is not required for the RSV G-induced illness in mice. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of candidate RSV vaccines.
Electroabsorption modulators based on bulk GaN films and GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells (2011)

Ultraviolet electroabsorption modulators based on bulk GaN films and on GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells were developed and characterized. In both types of devices, the absorption edge at room temperature is dominated by excitonic effects and can be strongly modified through the application of an external electric field. In the bulk devices, the applied voltage causes a broadening and quenching of the excitonic absorption, leading to enhanced transmission. In the quantum-well devices, the external field partially cancels the built-in polarization-induced electric fields in the well layers, thereby increasing the absorption. Unlike optical modulators based on smaller-bandgap zinc blende semiconductors, the bulk devices here are shown to provide similar performance levels as the quantum well devices, which is mainly a consequence of the uniquely large exciton binding energies of nitride semiconductors.
Intraperitoneal Therapy of Ovarian Cancer (1996)

PURPOSE: This is a review of the rationale for the intraperitoneal administration of antineoplastic agents in the management of ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients have been treated in a number of clinical trials to define the toxicity profile and efficacy of intraperitoneal therapy in this clinical setting. RESULTS: Phase I-II trials have confirmed that a number of cytotoxic and biological agents can be administered into the peritoneal cavity as treatment of ovarian cancer with an acceptable toxicity profile and with the attainment of surgically documented responses (including complete responses). In addition, a recently reported phase III trial comparing initial treatment of small-volume residual advanced ovarian cancer with either intravenous or intraperitoneal cisplatin concluded that the intraperitoneal route of drug administration was associated with a longer survival and less toxicity. DISCUSSION: In the salvage (second-line) setting, responses to intraperitoneally administered antineoplastic agents are seen principally in individuals with small-volume residual disease (largest tumor mass </= 0.5-1 cm in maximum diameter) who have previously responded to initial systemic treatment (i.e., documented chemosensitive cancers). Patients with cancers resistant to initial systemic chemotherapy or with larger tumor bulk should probably be treated by alternative strategies. Initial treatment of ovarian cancer with cisplatin delivered by the intraperitoneal route is a reasonable therapeutic option, based on currently available data. CONCLUSION: The intraperitoneal delivery of antineoplastic agents remains an interesting and potentially important management strategy for a select group of individuals (small-volume residual disease) with advanced ovarian cancer. Further exploration of a more defined role for this therapeutic approach in ovarian cancer is indicated
UV ozone cleaning of silicon substrates in silicon molecular beam epitaxy (1984)

This letter reports UV ozone cleaning of Si substrates for obtaining defect-free molecular beam epitaxial films by low-temperature in vacuum preheating. By using UV ozone cleaning, the high temperatures above 1200 °C required for removing surface carbon in the conventional method can be significantly lowered to below 1000 °C, since the UV ozone cleaning functions to remove carbon.
Negative effective permeability in polaritonic photonic crystals (2004)

We find that a two-dimensional photonic crystal composed of polaritonic materials behaves as an effective medium with negative permeability in the micron wavelength range. The resonance in μeff is due to the large values of ε(ω) attained near the transverse phonon frequency ωT. The minimal wavelength for achieving an effective permeability less than −1 in a LiTaO3 crystal, obtained by optimizing the rod size and the lattice constant, is around 12μm, a range previously inaccessible using dielectric metamaterials. For certain dissipation levels, we find that other polaritonic media also exhibit a resonant effect with μeff&lt;−1 for wavelengths ranging from 2 to ∼100μm.
Kinase Suppressor of Ras Signals through Thr269 of c-Raf-1 (2001)

We recently established a two-stage in vitro assay for KSR kinase activity in which KSR never comes in contact with any recombinant kinase other than c-Raf-1 and defined the epidermal growth factor (EGF) as a potent activator of KSR kinase activity (Xing, H. R., Lozano, J., and Kolesnick, R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 17276-17280). That study, however, did not address the mechanism of c-Raf-1 stimulation by activated KSR. Here we show that phosphorylation of c-Raf-1 on Thr(269) by KSR is necessary for optimal activation in response to EGF stimulation. In vitro, KSR specifically phosphorylated c-Raf-1 on threonine residues during the first stage of the two-stage kinase assay. Using purified wild-type and mutant c-Raf-1 proteins, we demonstrate that Thr(269) is the major c-Raf-1 site phosphorylated by KSR in vitro and that phosphorylation of this site is essential for c-Raf-1 activation by KSR. KSR acts via transphosphorylation, not by increasing c-Raf-1 autophosphorylation, as kinase-inactive c-Raf-1(K375M) served as an equally effective KSR substrate. In vivo, low physiologic doses of EGF (0.001-0.1 ng/ml) stimulated KSR activation and induced Thr(269) phosphorylation and activation of c-Raf-1. Low dose EGF did not induce serine or tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Raf-1. High dose EGF (10-100 ng/ml) induced no additional Thr(269) phosphorylation, but rather increased c-Raf-1 phosphorylation on serine residues and Tyr(340)/Tyr(341). A Raf-1 mutant with valine substituted for Thr(269) was unresponsive to low dose EGF, but was serine- and Tyr(340)/Tyr(341)-phosphorylated and partially activated at high dose EGF. This study shows that Thr(269) is the major c-Raf-1 site phosphorylated by KSR. Furthermore, phosphorylation of this site is essential for c-Raf-1 activation by KSR in vitro and for optimal c-Raf-1 activation in response to physiologic EGF stimulation in vivo.
DNA content prognostic in soft tissue sarcoma: 102 patients followed for 1–10 years (1991)

In a prospective study of 102 patients with soft tissue sarcoma, the prognostic importance of DNA content and clinicopathologic features was analyzed. Based on DNA flow cytometry, 37 lesions were diploid (normal DNA content) and 65 were nondiploid (abnormal DNA content). The 5-year metastasis-free survival rate of the whole series was 0.59. The survival rate was 0.77 for patients with diploid tumors and 0.48 for those with nondiploid tumors (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis identified two independent metastatic risk factors: increasing tumor size and nondiploidy. Unexpectedly, high malignancy grade (III-IV) was not found to be an independent risk factor for metastasis. The risk of metastasis was strongly related to the number of risk factors present. Thus, the 5-year survival for the 76 patients with no or one risk factor was 0.69, as compared with 0.30 for the 26 patients with two risk factors (P less than 0.0001). Our study shows that metastatic disease in soft tissue sarcoma is closely related to nondiploidy. A prognostication model based on DNA content and tumor size was found to discriminate between patients with a good and a poor prognosis after surgical treatment. The model can be used to identify patients who should be excluded from trials with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Deposition and Characterization of Magnetron Sputtered Beta-Tungsten Thin Films (2016)

β-W is an A15 structured phase commonly found in tungsten thin films together with the bcc structured W, and it has been found that β-W has the strongest spin Hall effect among all metal thin films. Therefore, it is promising for application in spintronics as the source of spin-polarized current that can be easily manipulated by electric field. However, the deposition conditions and the formation mechanism of β-W in thin films are not fully understood. The existing deposition conditions for β-W make use of low deposition rate, high inert gas pressure, substrate bias, or oxygen impurity to stabilize the β-W over α-W, and these parameters are unfavorable for producing β-W films with high quality at reasonable yield. In order to optimize the deposition process and gain insight into the formation mechanism of β-W, a novel technique using nitrogen impurity in the pressure range of 10-5 to 10-6 torr in the deposition chamber is introduced. This techniques allows the deposition of pure β-W thin films with only incorporation of 0.4 at% nitrogen and 3.2 at% oxygen, and β-W films as thick as 1μm have been obtained. The dependence of the volume fraction of β-W on the deposition parameters, including nitrogen pressure, substrate temperature, and deposition rate, has been investigated. The relationship can be modeled by the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm, which indicates that the formation of β-W requires the adsorption of strongly interacting nitrogen molecules on the substrate. The dependence of β-W formation on the choice of underlayer materials has also been investigated. The β-W phase can only be obtained on the underlayer materials containing non-metallic elements. The dependence is explained by the existence of strong covalent bonds in β-W compared with that in α-W. The nickel and permalloy underlayers are the only exception to the above rule, and β-W has been successfully deposited on permalloy underlayer using very low deposition rate for spin-diffusion length measurement of β-W. The permalloy thin films usually take the (111) texture, since its (111) planes have the lowest surface energy. However, permalloy thin films deposited on β-W underlayer can achieve (002) texture using amorphous glass substrates. Therefore, the permalloy/β-W bilayer system can work as a seed layer for the formation of (002) textured films with fcc or bcc structure. The mechanism of the (002) texture formation cannot be explained by the existing models. The β-W to α-W phase transition was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The enthalpy of transformation is measured to be 8.3±0.4 kJ/mol, consistent with the value calculated using density functional theory. The activation energy for the β-W to α-W phase transformation kinetics is 2.2 eV, which is extremely low compared with that of lattice and grain boundary diffusion in tungsten. The low activation energy might be attributed to a diffusionless shuffle transformation process.
Breaking the bottleneck of sequential decoding for high-speed digital communication (1991)

An efficient ASIC architecture for the sequential stack decoding (SSD) algorithm used for channel coding is presented. It is different from the maximal likelihood (ML) Viterbi decoder (VD), mainly in the search for the correct memory path. Due to the dedicated memory organization, the storage space and required hardware can be reduced while the decoding efficiency remains almost the same. The proposed architecture results from step by step design of the I/O interface, high-level memory management, dedicated data paths, and controller. The ordering of these steps is important in optimizing the final solution. In addition, the construction of this hardware organization can be made by using the available hardware building blocks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple fully adaptive notch filter design based on allpass sections (2000)

We develop a canonical, adaptive cascade-structure IIR notch filter to detect and track multiple time-varying frequencies in additive white Gaussian noise. The algorithm uses allpass frequency transformation filters and a truncated gradient. Simulations indicate that our algorithm is computationally simple, converges rapidly, and has good frequency resolution.
Characterization of synthetic gasoline from the chloromethane-zeolite reaction (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of synthetic gasoline from the chloromethane-zeolite reactionCurt M. White, Louise J. Douglas, Joseph P. Hackett, and Richard R. AndersonCite this: Energy Fuels 1992, 6, 1, 76–82Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00031a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00031a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views221Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Strongly reduced volumes of putamen and thalamus in Alzheimer's disease: an MRI study (2008)

Atrophy is regarded a sensitive marker of neurodegenerative pathology. In addition to confirming the well-known presence of decreased global grey matter and hippocampal volumes in Alzheimer's disease, this study investigated whether deep grey matter structure also suffer degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, and whether such degeneration is associated with cognitive deterioration. In this cross-sectional correlation study, two groups were compared on volumes of seven subcortical regions: 70 memory complainers (MCs) and 69 subjects diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease. Using 3T 3D T1 MR images, volumes of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen and thalamus were automatically calculated by the FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST)--algorithm FMRIB's Software Library (FSL). Subsequently, the volumes of the different regions were correlated with cognitive test results. In addition to finding the expected association between hippocampal atrophy and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, volumes of putamen and thalamus were significantly reduced in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease. We also found that the decrease in volume correlated linearly with impaired global cognitive performance. These findings strongly suggest that, beside neo-cortical atrophy, deep grey matter structures in Alzheimer's disease suffer atrophy as well and that degenerative processes in the putamen and thalamus, like the hippocampus, may contribute to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.
The Role of Handouts in the M.Pharm Degree Pathway--Differentiating between the Inquisitive and the Acquisitive (2004)

Handouts are an established and recognised way for teaching staff to facilitate learning within higher education, by supplementing traditional didactic Learn- ing and Teaching (L&T) methods. Traditionally, teaching in UK Schools of Pharmacy has often relied upon the use of handouts as part of the L&T strategy. However, their use is inconsistent, and dependent upon the teaching style of the educator. To our knowledge, a systematic analysis of their impact on the student learning experience has not been conducted with respect to their use in the Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) degree programme. In this article, we survey the attitudes of undergraduate M.Pharm students with respect to the use of handouts and the effect on their learning at two UK schools of pharmacy and compare the results with an Australian (University of Queensland) school of veterinary science. We report that most students’ stated preference is for comprehensive learning support in the form of handouts. This is at slight variance with one of our previous works which, although reported a similar result, also reported that there is in some cases an inversely proportional relationship between the number of handouts given to students and the value they place upon them, as well as that students place greater value on material that they have downloaded them- selves by means of an intranet or Managed Learning Environment.Two hundred and eighty five School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton students (Levels 1–4) and 19 staff responded to questionnaire and 150 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth students responded.Reporting from the view that handouts can be a coherent and effective educational strategy to promote lifelong learning, we compare attitudes of the staff and students of the schools and whether or not these influence the manner in which students and staff approach their subjects.We report significant differences in the way five major questions were answered between each school. Comparisons of the responses from the different schools indicated that students from different universities and from both countries have different beliefs regarding handout usage. Eighty-three percent of Brighton students requested comprehensive handouts as an integral component of the lectures, compared to 56% of Queensland students, and 53% of Portsmouth students. Whilst staff favour the limited use of handouts as supplements to lecture materials and tended to agree on most responses, with only 32% of Brighton staff and 34% of Queensland staff agreeing that students should receive comprehensive handouts. More staff than students also agreed that handouts discourage further reading in a subject. Other factors that were significantly related to student responses were gender, year of study, choice of pre-registration field, the presence or absence of a part-time job and whether or not the student was studying in their native country.