gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Case Report - Malaria complicated by gangrene: A case presentation and review (2011)

Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) is an extremely rare complication of malaria. It occurs acutely and progresses rapidly to cause irreversible necrosis of tissue following which debridement or amputation is inevitable. We present a case of malaria complicated by SPG. A 54-year old male developed SPG two days after he was diagnosed with severe malaria and treated with intravenous quinine. Despite intervention quad-amputation was necessary as the gangrene had involved all four limbs. SPG secondary to malaria is caused by obstruction of arterioles following sequestration of parasite infected erythrocytes. This is extremely rare, hence almost never anticipated during management of malaria patients. Furthermore due to its rapid progression, it is almost always detected at an advanced irreversible stage. Physicians managing malaria should therefore be vigilant, and look out for SPG, as its prognosis is dependent on correct and timely intervention.
Structural Design and Electronic Modulation of Transition‐Metal‐Carbide Electrocatalysts toward Efficient Hydrogen Evolution (2018)

As the key of hydrogen economy, electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) depend on the availability of cost-efficient electrocatalysts. Over the past years, there is a rapid rise in noble-metal-free electrocatalysts. Among them, transition metal carbides (TMCs) are highlighted due to their structural and electronic merits, e.g., high conductivity, metallic band states, tunable surface/bulk architectures, etc. Herein, representative efforts and progress made on TMCs are comprehensively reviewed, focusing on the noble-metal-like electronic configuration and the relevant structural/electronic modulation. Briefly, specific nanostructures and carbon-based hybrids are introduced to increase active-site abundance and to promote mass transportation, and heteroatom doping and heterointerface engineering are encouraged to optimize the chemical configurations of active sites toward intrinsically boosted HER kinetics. Finally, a perspective on the future development of TMC electrocatalysts is offered. The overall aim is to shed some light on the exploration of emerging materials in energy chemistry.
Ascend's Multilink Protocol Plus (MP+) (1996)

This document proposes an extension to the PPP Multilink Protocol (MP) [1]. Multilink Protocol Plus (MP+) is a new control protocol for managing multiple data links that are bundled by MP.
<i>Arabidopsis</i> pathology breathes new life into the necrotrophs‐vs.‐biotrophs classification of fungal pathogens (2004)

SUMMARY Fungal plant pathologists have for many decades attempted to classify pathogens into groups called necrotrophs, biotrophs and, more recently, hemibiotrophs. Although these terms are well known and frequently used, disagreements about which pathogens fall into which classes, as well as the precise definition of these terms, has conspired to limit their usefulness. Dogmas concerning the properties of the classes have been progressively eroded. However, the genetic analysis of disease resistance, particularly in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, has provided a biologically meaningful division based on whether defence against fungal pathogens is controlled via the salicylate or jasmonate/ethylene pathways. This mode-of-defence division distinguishes necrotrophs and biotrophs but it limits the biotroph class to pathogens that possess haustoria. The small number and limited range of pathogens that infect Arabidopsis means that several interesting questions are still unanswered. Do hemibiotrophs represents a distinct class or a subclass of the necrotrophs? Does the division apply to other plant families and particularly to cereals? and does this classification help us understand the intricacies of either fungal pathogenicity or plant defence?
Single image tree modeling (2008)

In this paper, we introduce a simple sketching method to generate a realistic 3D tree model from a single image. The user draws at least two strokes in the tree image: the first crown stroke around the tree crown to mark up the leaf region, the second branch stroke from the tree root to mark up the main trunk, and possibly few other branch strokes for refinement. The method automatically generates a 3D tree model including branches and leaves. Branches are synthesized by a growth engine from a small library of elementary subtrees that are pre-defined or built on the fly from the recovered visible branches. The visible branches are automatically traced from the drawn branch strokes according to image statistics on the strokes. Leaves are generated from the region bounded by the first crown stroke to complete the tree. We demonstrate our method on a variety of examples.
Spectral mismatch correction and spectrometric characterization of monolithic III–V multi‐junction solar cells (2002)

Abstract III–V monolithic multi‐junction (MJ) solar cells reach efficiencies exceeding 30% (AM 1.5 global) and have applications in space and in terrestrial concentrator systems. The subcells of monolithic MJ cells are not accessible separately, which presents a challenge to measurement systems and procedures. A mathematical approach is presented which enables a fast way of spectral mismatch correction for MJ cells, thereby significantly reducing the time required for calibration. Moreover, a systematic investigation of the I–V parameters of a MJ solar cell with variation of the incident spectrum is possible, herein called ‘spectrometric characterization’. This analysis method visualizes the effects of current limitation and shifting of the operating voltage, and yields precise information about the current‐matching of the subcells. MJ cells can hereby be compared without the need to match the current of the structures to a reference spectrum in advance. Further applications of the spectrometric characterization are suggested, such as for the determination of the radiation response of the subcells of MJ space solar cells or for the prediction of the annual power output of terrestrial MJ concentrator cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin 5 induces S mu-S gamma 1 DNA rearrangement in B cells activated with dextran-anti-IgD antibodies and interleukin 4: a three component model for Ig class switching. (1993)

The cellular signals required for induction of immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching are only partially understood. Two processes that are considered to be necessary for such induction are DNA synthesis and germline constant heavy (CH) gene transcription. We now show that an additional signal, as mediated by interleukin 5 (IL-5), is also required. To induce proliferation of resting B cells, but not Ig secretion, we utilized anti-IgD antibodies conjugated to dextran (alpha delta-dex). The addition of IL-4, a well-established switch factor for the IgG1 subclass, to alpha delta-dex-activated cell cultures failed to induce IgG1 secretion or mIgG1+ cells unless IL-5 was also present. While IL-4 stimulated an increase in germline gamma 1 RNA in alpha delta-dex-activated cells, this effect could neither be induced nor enhanced by IL-5. By contrast, IL-5 strongly enhanced steady-state levels of productive gamma 1 RNA induced by alpha delta-dex and IL-4, suggesting that IL-5 stimulated IgG1 switch rearrangement. To test this possibility we measured switch (S) mu-S gamma 1 DNA recombination events using a newly developed assay, digestion circularization polymerase chain reaction (DC-PCR). We demonstrated that IL-5 was necessary for induction of S mu-S gamma 1 DNA rearrangement in alpha delta-dex plus IL-4-activated cells but that it had little effect on rearrangement in the absence of IL-4. Our data strongly suggest, therefore, a three-component model for induction of Ig class switching. This model includes germline CH gene transcription, DNA synthesis, and a third component that is necessary for recombination.
Dendritic cells respond to nasopharygeal carcinoma cells through annexin A2-recognizing DC-SIGN (2014)

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in immunity and are used in cancer immunotherapy. However, these cells can be tuned by tumors with immunosuppressive responses. DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-Grabbing Nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a C-type lectin expressed on DCs, recognizes certain carbohydrate structures which can be found on cancer cells. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial cell-derived malignant tumor, in which immune response remains unclear. This research is to reveal the molecular link on NPC cells that induces the immunosuppressive responses in DCs. In this article, we report identification of annexin A2 (ANXA2) on NPC cells as a ligand for DC-SIGN on DCs. N-linked mannose-rich glycan on ANXA2 may mediate the interaction. ANXA2 was abundantly expressed in NPC, and knockdown of ANXA2 suppressed NPC xenograft in mice, suggesting a crucial role of ANXA2 in NPC growth. Interaction with NPC cells caused DC-SIGN activation in DCs. Consequently DC maturation and the proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-12 production were inhibited, and the immunosuppressive IL-10 production was promoted. Blockage of either DC-SIGN or ANXA2 eliminated the production of IL-10 from DCs. This report suggests that suppression of ANXA2 at its expression or glycosylation on NPC may improve DC-mediated immunotherapy for the tumor.
Expression of the <i>ompATb</i> operon accelerates ammonia secretion and adaptation of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> to acidic environments (2011)

Homeostasis of intracellular pH is a trait critical for survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. However, mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis adapts to acidic environments are poorly understood. In this study, we analysed the physiological functions of OmpATb, a surface-accessible protein of M. tuberculosis. OmpATb did not complement the permeability defects of a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin mutant to glucose, serine and glycerol, in contrast to the porin MspA. Uptake rates of these solutes were unchanged in an ompATb operon mutant of M. tuberculosis indicating that OmpATb is not a general porin. Chemical analysis of low-pH culture filtrates showed that the proteins encoded by the ompATb operon are involved in generating a rapid ammonia burst, which neutralized medium pH and preceded exponential growth of M. tuberculosis. Addition of ammonia accelerated growth of the ompATb operon mutant demonstrating that ammonia secretion is indeed a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis neutralizes acidic environments. Infection experiments revealed that the ompATb operon was not required for full virulence in mice suggesting that M. tuberculosis has multiple mechanisms of resisting phagosomal acidification. Taken together, these results show that the ompATb operon is necessary for rapid ammonia secretion and adaptation of M. tuberculosis to acidic environments in vitro but not in mice.
Early Maturity in the Male Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Gene Expression and Their Regulation by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue and Testosterone1 (2000)

Striped bass are seasonal breeding fish, spawning once a year during the spring. All 3-yr-old males are sexually mature; however, 60-64% of the fish mature earlier as 1- or 2-yr-old animals. The endocrine basis underlying early maturity in 2-yr-old males was studied at the molecular level by monitoring changes in pituitary beta FSH and beta LH mRNA levels by ribonuclease protection assay, and correlating these changes to stages of testicular development. In maturing males, the mRNA levels of beta FSH were elevated during early spermatogenesis, whereas beta LH mRNA levels peaked during spermiation. The appearance of spermatozoa in the testis was associated with a decrease in beta FSH mRNA and a rise in beta LH mRNA abundance. Immature males had lower levels of beta LH mRNA than maturing males, but there were no differences in beta FSH mRNA levels between immature and maturing males. The regulation of gonadotropin gene expression in 2-yr-old males was studied by the chronic administration of GnRH analogue (GnRHa) and testosterone (T), with or without pimozide (P) supplementation. In immature males, the combination of T and GnRHa stimulated a three- to fivefold increase in beta FSH and beta LH mRNA levels, but the same treatment had no effect on gonadotropin gene expression in maturing males. In addition, the coadministration of P to immature males suppressed the stimulatory effect of GnRHa and T on beta FSH and beta LH mRNA levels, suggesting that dopamine may have a novel role in regulating gonadotropin gene expression.
The interaction of plectin with actin: evidence for cross-linking of actin filaments by dimerization of the actin-binding domain of plectin (2001)

Plectin is a major component of the cytoskeleton and is expressed in a wide variety of cell types. It plays an important role in the integrity of the cytoskeleton by cross-linking the three filamentous networks and stabilizing cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts. Sequence analysis showed that plectin contains a highly conserved actin-binding domain, consisting of a pair of calponin-like subdomains. Using yeast two-hybrid assays in combination with in vitro binding experiments, we demonstrate that the actin-binding domain of plectin is fully functional and preferentially binds to polymeric actin. The sequences required for actin binding were identified at the C-terminal end of the first calponin homology domain within the actin-binding domain of plectin. We found that the actin-binding domain of plectin is able to bundle actin filaments and we present evidence that this is mediated by the dimerization of this domain. In addition we also show that plectin and another member of the plakin family, dystonin, can heterodimerize by their actin-binding domains. We propose a new mechanism by which plectin and possibly also other actin-binding proteins can regulate the organization of the F-actin network in the cell.
Thermodynamic and Structural Investigation of Thermoreversible Poly(3-dodecyl thiophene) Gels in the Three Isomers of Xylene (2003)

Poly(3-dodecyl thiophene) (P3DDT) produces thermoreversible gels in o-, m-, and p-xylene (Xy). All of these gels have fibrillar network morphology and exhibit reversible first-order phase transitions. The enthalpy changes related to the polymer part of P3DDT−p-Xy gels indicate polymer−solvent complex formation having stoichiometry of P3DDT monomeric unit/p-Xy = 2:3. In P3DDT−o-Xy and P3DDT−m-Xy gels, the enthalpy changes also indicate similar polymer−solvent complexation of 2:3 type. In our experimental condition, only p-Xy crystallizes, and analysis of its enthalpy changes indicate the formation of a polymer−solvent complex of stoichiometry P3DDT monomeric unit/p-Xy = 3:1. In the phase diagrams, there are main chain melting and side chain melting boundaries; the latter encompasses the whole composition region. In the P3DDT−p-Xy system, there is an additional solvent melting boundary. The phase diagram nature suggests that the 2:3 complex is singular type. The solvent-subtracted Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed different absorbance peaks in the gels of different compositions and are attributed to the different polymer−solvent complexes produced in the gels. Wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) study indicated an increase in the lamellar thickness with decreasing P3DDT concentration in the gel, and the intensity ratio of the diffraction peaks also changes from those of the polymer melt. The lamella structure is absent in the dilute gel (WP3DDT = 0.14) indicating that dilute gels have different structure than concentrated gels (WP3DDT = 0.59 and 0.86) have. Molecular modeling using MMX program supports the increase of interchain lamellar thickness of P3DDT chain with incorporation of p-Xy molecules.
Atmospheric-air continuous-wave CO<sub>2</sub>laser (1977)

A description is given of a fast-flow open-cycle CO2 laser utilizing a mixture of atmospheric air and carbon dioxide at pressures of 40?100?Torr. The results are given of measurements of the output radiation power as a function of the air humidity, CO2 concentration, and power supplied to the discharge chamber.
Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19 (2020)

This pilot study provides evidence for active and prolonged 'quiescent' GI infection even in the absence of GI manifestations and after recovery from respiratory infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gut microbiota of patients with active SARS-CoV-2 GI infection was characterised by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens, loss of salutary bacteria and increased functional capacity for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.
High efficiency two-stage cascaded converter with energy storage device for renewable energy sources (2013)

Since photovoltaic energy sources operate at low voltage, typically boost converters are used for the high-voltage dc link. However, the high-boosted voltage causes significant power losses. This paper proposes a power-loss reduction scheme by using an energy storage connected between Boost-converter and Bidirectional-Converter in Cascade (BBCC). First stage, the boost-converter makes a voltage boosting around 100V. Because of the low voltage-rating, we can use a schottky diode for the converter. In second stage, a bidirectional-converter makes a voltage boost up to 400Vdc. Using a schottky diode and a simple bidirectional-converter can reduce the power-loss significantly. To make the output power stable, the renewable energy system needs an energy storage. Compared to conventional energy-storage systems, the proposed-system is relatively cost-effective. In this paper, the operating principle and design guidelines of the proposed scheme are presented, along with the performance analysis. Also, a 350W BBCC hardware prototype has been implemented for experimental verifications of the proposed system architecture.
Closed loop stability controls for s-aloha satellite communications (1977)

S-ALOHA channels are intrinsically unstable and must be equipped with proper controls. The function of the controls is to dynamically adjust the ALOHA channel transmission gates in accordance with the dynamic load fluctuations. The purpose of the controls is to protect the channel from unstable behavior while optimizing channel efficiency and performance during normal operating conditions.Two control algorithms are proposed: the Closed Loop Control-Collision Detect (CLC-CD) algorithm, which assumes the capability of distinguishing collision slots from empty slots at the receiving station; and the Closed Loop Control-Collision Non-Detect (CLC-CND) algorithm, which does not require such capability. The control implementation is distributed among all stations. Channel stability and efficiency is achieved by driving the total transmission and retransmission rate to unity, using a feedback, closed loop control approach.A family of simulation runs was made to evaluate and compare the performance of the CLC schemes with that of other schemes in a variety of traffic conditions.Simulation results show that the controlled systems converge to near optimality at steady state. Futhermore, the performance of the CLC-CND algorithms is about equivalent to that of the CLC-CD algorithm, thus indicating that the requirement of distinguishing collisions from empty slots is not critical for the performance of closed loop controls.The stability properties of the CLC algorithms and their superiority over other schemes for varying load patterns are demonstrated in a series of experiments involving cyclic traffic patterns and pulse patterns. The CLC scheme displays better performance than the uncontrolled schemes as well as the previously proposed control schemes (namely, the Control Limit scheme and the Retransmission Control scheme) even when the latter are specifically tuned to handle the traffic pattern under consideration (the CLC scheme does not require any prior setting of the parameters).
Estrogen-Related Receptor α1 Functionally Binds as a Monomer to Extended Half-Site Sequences Including Ones Contained within Estrogen-Response Elements (1997)

The human estrogen-related receptor alpha 1 (hERR alpha 1) is an orphan member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. A cDNA encoding this protein was originally isolated on the basis of sequence similarity in its DNA-binding domain with estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha). Previously, we reported the purification of hERR alpha 1 from HeLa cell nuclear extracts on the basis of its ability to bind two sites in the late promoter of simian virus 40 (SV40). We have now determined the primary structure and the DNA and protein binding specificities of hERR alpha 1 and developed in vivo and in vitro assays for its functional activities. hERR alpha 1 was found to bind as a monomer, with a high-affinity binding site containing the extended half-site sequence 5'-TCAAG-GTCA-3'. Binding sites for hERR alpha 1 were identified in many cellular promoters, including some that were previously shown to function as estrogen-response elements (EREs). hERR alpha 1 was shown to function as a sequence-specific repressor of the SV40 late promoter in both cell culture and cell-free transcription systems. It was also shown to interact with both ER alpha and the transcription factor TFIIB by direct protein-protein contacts. Thus, hERR alpha 1 may play a role in the response of some genes to estrogen via heterodimerization with ERs or competition with ERs for binding to EREs.
Rapid and Simple Determination of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Clinical Strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2009)

We recently reported a simple new in situ diffusion assay, developed as a kit, to visualize DNA fragmentation in single bacterial cells. Use of this assay in a collection of 95 genetically unrelated Escherichia coli clinical strains resulted in correct identification of all of the isolates as resistant or susceptible to ciprofloxacin, consistent with the MIC results. This relevant information is obtained in 80 min.
The Fusion Rate of Calcium Sulfate With Local Autograft Bone Compared With Autologous Iliac Bone Graft for Instrumented Short-Segment Spinal Fusion (2005)

The fusion rate and fusion size between the two groups are similar. Calcium sulfate pellets may play a role as a bone graft extender in short-segment spinal fusion.
Optimal Forecast Reconciliation for Hierarchical and Grouped Time Series Through Trace Minimization (2018)

Large collections of time series often have aggregation constraints due to product or geographical groupings. The forecasts for the most disaggregated series are usually required to add-up exactly to the forecasts of the aggregated series, a constraint we refer to as “coherence.” Forecast reconciliation is the process of adjusting forecasts to make them coherent. The reconciliation algorithm proposed by Hyndman et al. (2011) is based on a generalized least squares estimator that requires an estimate of the covariance matrix of the coherency errors (i.e., the errors that arise due to incoherence). We show that this matrix is impossible to estimate in practice due to identifiability conditions. We propose a new forecast reconciliation approach that incorporates the information from a full covariance matrix of forecast errors in obtaining a set of coherent forecasts. Our approach minimizes the mean squared error of the coherent forecasts across the entire collection of time series under the assumption of unbiasedness. The minimization problem has a closed-form solution. We make this solution scalable by providing a computationally efficient representation. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method compared to alternative methods using a series of simulation designs which take into account various features of the collected time series. This is followed by an empirical application using Australian domestic tourism data. The results indicate that the proposed method works well with artificial and real data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.