gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Compendium of Genome-Wide Associations for Cancer: Critical Synopsis and Reappraisal (2010)

Since 2007, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified numerous well-supported, novel genetic risk loci for common cancers; however, there are concerns that this technology is reaching its limits. We provide an overview of GWA-identified genetic associations with solid tumors. We simulated the distribution of population risk alleles for colorectal, prostate, testicular, and thyroid cancers based on genetic variants identified in GWA studies. We also evaluated whether statistical power to detect typical genetic effects could be improved with studies performing GWA analyses of all available samples rather than multistage designs. Fifty-six eligible articles yielded 92 eligible associations between cancer phenotypes and genetic variants with a median per-allele odds ratio (OR) of 1.22 (interquartile range = 1.15-1.36). Half of the associations pertained to prostate, colorectal, or breast cancer. Individuals at the upper quartile of simulated risk had only 2.1- to 4.2-fold higher relative risk than those in the lower quartile. Comprehensive evaluation of currently available samples with GWA platforms would yield few additional variants with per-allele OR = 1.4, but many more variants with OR = 1.2 could be detected; statistical power to detect weak associations (OR = 1.07) would still be negligible. The GWA approach is effective in identifying common genetic variants with moderate effect; however, identifying loci with very small effects and rare variants will require major new efforts. At present, the utility of GWA-identified risk loci in risk stratification for cancer is limited.
Electrochemical deposition of iridium and iridium-nickel-alloys (2017)

To develop durable and reliable electronic contacts, precious metals are still very important for finish plating of contact surfaces. The lesser-known iridium might be an interesting alternative to substitute gold alloys, platinum or rhodium for applications with highest demands to wear and corrosion resistance such as sliding and plug contacts. As matters stand there is no commercial electrolyte for iridium plating. Initial investigation screened the parameter range for different iridium compounds when an iridium layer occurred on the substrates. This approach showed that the oxidation state of iridium is crucial to reach contenting deposits. Best results came from Ir(IV) electrolyte with high bromine concentration coming from the starting compound, while electrolytes made from Ir(III) compounds gave very poor deposits. In subsequent experiments different organic compounds were added to the electrolytes to improve plating efficiency and stability of the solutions. So found electrolytes gave crack-free deposits up to two microns with a micro-hardness of 600 HV. To reduce the iridium content in the layer, iridium-nickel-alloys were investigated, finding that a nickel-content of 10 wt% raised the layer hardness to more than 900 HV.
Cononsolvency in mixed aqueous solutions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (1991)

The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAAM), prepared by an aqueous redox polymerization, was studied in the cononsolvent mixture of water and methanol by means of cloud-point and microcalorimetric measurements. The observed solution behavior was quite distinct from that of poly(vinylmethyl ether) in the same binary solvent. Other cononsolvents, including dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, yielded phase diagrams similar to those of PNIPAAM in water-methanol mixtures. Flory-Huggins ternary solution theory can explain the observed results only in terms of a change in the solvent-solvent interaction parameter (χ _(12)) in PNIPAAM solutions. We believe this to be physically implausible in the dilute (0.04%) solutions used in this work. Furthermore, we find in comparing our work with that of Hirotsu (Hirotsu, S. J . Chem. Phys. 1988,88, 427) that the behavior of PNIPAAM in water-methanol mixtures is strikingly insensitive to a 200-fold variation in polymer concentration. We suggest that perturbation of is not the origin of cononsolvency or of the gel collapse transitions reported by Hirotsu and by Tanaka and co-workers (Amiya,T.; Hirokawa, Y.; Hirose, Y.; Li, Y.; Tanaka, T. J . Chem. Phys. 1987, 86,2375)
Early Intermediate in Human Prion Protein Folding As Evidenced by Ultrarapid Mixing Experiments (2006)

An important step toward understanding the mechanism of the PrP(C)-to-PrP(Sc) conversion is to elucidate the folding pathway(s) of the prion protein. On the basis of stopped-flow measurements, we recently proposed that the prion protein folds via a transient intermediate formed on the submillisecond time scale, and mutations linked to familial diseases result in a pronounced increase in the population of this intermediate. Here, we have extended these studies to continuous-flow measurements using a capillary mixing system with a time resolution of approximately 100 micros. This allowed us to directly observe two distinct phases in folding of the recombinant human prion protein 90-231, providing unambiguous evidence for rapid accumulation of an early intermediate (with a time constant of approximately 50 micros), followed by a rate-limiting folding step (with a time constant of approximately 700 micros). The present study also clearly demonstrates that the population of the intermediate is significantly increased at mildly acidic pH and in the presence of urea. A similar three-state folding behavior was observed for the Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease-associated F198S mutant, in which case the population of an intermediate was greatly increased as compared to that of the wild-type protein. Overall, the present data strongly suggest that this partially structured intermediate may be a direct monomeric precursor of the misfolded PrP(Sc) oligomer.
Moving fiber-optic hydrophone (1980)

A fiber-optic hydrophone based on an intensity-modulation mechanism is described. The device possesses sufficient sensitivity to detect typical deep-sea noise levels in the frequency range 100 Hz to 1 kHz and to detect static displacements of 8.3 × 10−3 Å. It is not susceptible to phase noise and is insensitive to static-pressure head variations. The hydrophone is passive in nature and requires no electrical power. Ease of fabrication and potential low cost make this device an attractive candidate for incorporation into practical fiber-optic acoustic sensing arrays.
Cluster-Assembled Materials (2009)

Cluster-assembled materials offer the ability to tune component properties, lattice parameters, and thus coupling of physical properties through the careful selection and assembly of building blocks. Multi-atom clusters have been found to exhibit physical properties beyond those available from the standard elements in the periodic table; classification of the properties of such clusters effectively enables expansion of the periodic table to a third dimension. Using clusters as superatomic building blocks for hierarchically assembled materials allows these properties to be incorporated into designer materials with tailored properties. Cluster-assembled materials are currently being explored and methods developed to control their design and function. Here, we discuss examples of building block syntheses, assembly strategies, and property control achieved to date.
Solution for spectrum monitoring of the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands (2015)

The growing need for Internet connectivity allied with technological advances in the production of mobile devices have resulted in the proliferation of local networks with wireless access techniques. These networks allow greater mobility and comfort for its users, and provide multiple access and satisfactory transfer rates. These networks also became popular due to the low cost of its operational infrastructure, partly by the use of unlicensed bands, of free and public use. The widespread use of these frequency bands cause the interference from signals transmitted by multiple devices, resulting in the need of spectral analysis to obtain a local frequency spectrum diagnosis, thus providing a more effective use of it. The goal of this work is creating an infrastructure for spectral analysis of an unlicensed band, using low cost elements, allowing the monitoring of the environment and the access of that information in a simple and practical way.
A custom data conversion subsystem for personal computers (1985)

A `full custom' data conversion integrated circuit is described. it is used in a personal computer as an interface to the cassette recorder and the audio sound channel, and interfaces the joysticks to the computer. The chip contains a six-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a three-channel multiplexer, a four-channel operational amplifier, and a comparator. The IC's unique features include the following: it uses a merged 96-collector p-n-p to produce the weighted current sources for the DAC; the bipolar op amp has a full rail-to-rail input capability; and the hysteresis in the comparator is accomplished using a cross-coupled current mirror technique. The chip operates with a single 5 V supply at 50 mW.
A Minimally Invasive Antenna for Microwave Ablation Therapies: Design, Performances, and Experimental Assessment (2010)

A new coaxial antenna for microwave ablation therapies is proposed. The antenna design includes a miniaturized choke and an arrowhead cap to facilitate antenna insertion into the tissues. Antenna matching and the shape and dimension of the area of ablated tissue (thermal lesion) obtained in ex vivo conditions are evaluated both numerically and experimentally, finding an optimal agreement between numerical and experimental data. Results show that the antenna is well matched, and that it is able to produce a thermal lesion with an average length of 6.5 cm and an average diameter of 4.5 cm in ex vivo bovine liver when irradiates 60 W for 10 min. Finally, the dependence of antenna performances on possible changes in the antenna's structure is investigated, finding an optimal stability with respect to manufacturing tolerances and highlighting the fundamental role played by the antenna's choke.
Digital transmission with intracavity loss modulated quantum well distributed feedback lasers (1991)

The authors compare the modulation and spectral characteristics of a conventional current modulated multiple quantum well (MQW) distributed feedback (DFB) laser and a voltage controlled, intracavity loss modulated (ICLM) MQW DFB laser. They show that the leading edge of optical pulses from digitally modulated ICLM lasers also has an associated blue-shift but that the trailing edge, however, has virtually no spectral shift. Pulses with these spectral characteristics will degrade system performance only when the span length is such that the leading edge has propagated through the dead time due to the laser turn-on delay. Only beyond that span will a dispersion penalty appear. A comparison is made between temporal profiles and time resolved optical spectra of regular injection current modulation and intracavity loss modulation. The authors illustrate the results by demonstrating penalty free digital transmission at a 1.7 Gb/s/sup -1/ data rate over a 36 km span of single-mode optical fiber. >
Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation (1999)

Two studies have related the timing of sexual intercourse (relative to ovulation) to day-specific fecundability. The first was a study of Catholic couples practising natural family planning in London in the 1950s and 1960s and the second was of North Carolina couples attempting to become pregnant in the early 1980s. The former identified ovulation based on the ovulatory shift in the basal body temperature, while the latter used urinary assays of hormones. We use a statistical model to correct for error in identifying ovulation and to re-estimate the length of the fertile window and day-specific fecundabilities. We estimate the same 6-day fertile interval in both studies after controlling for error. After adjusting for error both data sets showed the highest estimate of the probability of pregnancy on the day prior to ovulation and both fell close to zero after ovulation. Given that the fertile interval is before ovulation, methods that anticipate ovulation by several days (such as the assessment of cervical mucus) would be particularly useful for couples who want to time their intercourse either to avoid or facilitate conception.
A scheduling and routing algorithm for digital microfluidic ring layouts with bus-phase addressing (2007)

Digital microfluidic systems (DMFS) are a new class of lab-on-a-chip systems for biochemical analysis. A DMFS uses electro wetting to manipulate discrete droplets on a planar array of electrodes. The chemical analysis is performed by repeatedly moving, mixing, and splitting droplets on the electrodes. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in developing algorithms and computational tools for the design, simulation, and performance evaluation of DMFS. In this paper, we present an algorithm for coordinating droplet movement in batch mode operations on ring layouts with bus-phase addressing. In bus- phase systems, each electrode is not individually addressable, instead a set of electrodes are all controlled by the same signal. Though this hardware design simplifies chip fabrication, it increases the complexity of routing droplets. The presented algorithm allows multiple independent reactions, each with two reactants and one product, and chain reactions with multiple stages, where each stage produces reactants for the next stage, to take place simultaneously on the chip. This algorithm is scalable to different number of reactions within a limit which depends on the size of the layout, placement of sources and number of phases used. It also addresses any sensor constraints under which droplets need to visit sensor locations for specified amounts of time. We present simulation results using our algorithm to coordinate droplet movements for example analyses on a ring layout.
Optimal Doppler Centroid Estimation for SAR Data from a Quasi-Homogeneous Source (1986)

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing, an accurate Doppler centroid is required for most applications involving target motion estimation and antenna pointing direction estimation. In some cases the Doppler centroid can be sufficiently determined using available information regarding the terrain topography, the relative motion between the sensor and the terrain, and the antenna pointing direction. But most often, a highly accurate Doppler centroid value has to be derived by analyzing the received SAR signal itself. This kind of signal processing is referred to as Doppler centroid estimation (DCE). This correspondence briefly describes two DCE algorithms, provides a performance summary for these algorithms, and presents the experimental results. These algorithms include a previously reported one and a newly developed one that is optimized for quasi-homogeneous sources. The performance enhancement achieved by the optimal DCE algorithm is clearly demonstrated by the experimental results.
<title>Design considerations and tradeoffs for passive RFID tags</title> (2005)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems are widely used in a variety of tracking, security and tagging applications. Their operation in non line-of-sight environments makes them superior over similar devices such as barcode and infrared tags. RFID systems span a wide range of applications: medical history storage, dental prosthesis tracking, oil drilling pipe and concrete stress monitoring, toll ways services, animal tracking applications, etc. Passive RFID tags generate their power from the incoming signal; therefore, they do not require a power source. Accordingly, minimizing the power consumption and the implementation area are usually the main design considerations. This paper presents a complete analysis on designing a passive RFID tag. A system design methodology is introduced including the main issues and tradeoffs between different design parameters. The uplink modulation techniques used (ASK, PSK, FSK, and PWM) are illustrated showing how to choose the appropriate signaling scheme for a specific data rate, a certain distance of operation and a limited power consumption budget. An antenna system (transmitter and receiver) is proposed providing the maximum distance of operation with the transmitted power stated by FCC regulations. The backscatter modulation scheme used in the downlink is shown whether to be ASK-BM or PSK-BM and the differences between them are discussed. The key building blocks such as the charge pump, voltage reference, and the regulator used to generate the DC supply voltage from the incoming RF signal are discussed along with their design tradeoffs. A complete architecture for a passive RFID tag is provided as an example to illustrate the proposed RFID tag design methodology.
Biological Control of Damping-Off of Alfalfa Seedlings with <i>Bacillus cereus</i> UW85 (1990)

We explored the potential of biological control of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedling damping-off caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis by screening root-associated bacteria for disease suppression activity in a laboratory bioassay. A total of 700 bacterial strains were isolated from the roots of field-grown alfalfa plants by using Trypticase soy agar. A simple, rapid assay was developed to screen the bacteria for the ability to reduce the mortality of Iroquois alfalfa seedlings that were inoculated with P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis zoospores. Two-day-old seedlings were planted in culture tubes containing moist vermiculite, and each tube was inoculated with a different bacterial culture. Sufficient P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis zoospores were added to each tube to result in 100% mortality of control seedlings. Of the 700 bacterial isolates tested, only 1, which was identified as Bacillus cereus and designated UW85, reduced seedling mortality to 0% in the initial screen and in two secondary screens. Both fully sporulated cultures containing predominantly released spores and sterile filtrates of these cultures of UW85 were effective in protecting seedlings from damping-off; filtrates of cultures containing predominantly vegetative cells or endospores inside the parent cell had low biocontrol activity. Cultures grown in two semidefined media had significantly greater biocontrol activities than cultures grown in the complex tryptic soy medium. In a small-scale trial in a field infested with P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis, coating seeds with UW85 significantly increased the emergence of alfalfa. The results suggest that UW85 may have potential as a biocontrol agent for alfalfa damping-off, thus providing an alternative to current disease control strategies.
Report of one case of hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (2011)

: Hyperimmunoglobulin E (HIE) syndrome is a rare immunodeficiency disorder. HIE syndrome has multiple abnormalities include recurrent skin abscesses (hence, the name Job syndrome), pneumonia, high serum levels of IgE, Facial, dental and skeletal features. We presented a case of HIE with dermatologic findings, recurrent productive cough and facial features. The diagnosis of HIE require differentiation from other disease. No definitive therapy is available for the treatment. The mainstay of treatment is the control of bacterial infections.
A conducting polymer with enhanced electronic stability applied in cardiac models (2016)

Electrically active constructs can have a beneficial effect on electroresponsive tissues, such as the brain, heart, and nervous system. Conducting polymers (CPs) are being considered as components of these constructs because of their intrinsic electroactive and flexible nature. However, their clinical application has been largely hampered by their short operational time due to a decrease in their electronic properties. We show that, by immobilizing the dopant in the conductive scaffold, we can prevent its electric deterioration. We grew polyaniline (PANI) doped with phytic acid on the surface of a chitosan film. The strong chelation between phytic acid and chitosan led to a conductive patch with retained electroactivity, low surface resistivity (35.85 ± 9.40 kilohms per square), and oxidized form after 2 weeks of incubation in physiological medium. Ex vivo experiments revealed that the conductive nature of the patch has an immediate effect on the electrophysiology of the heart. Preliminary in vivo experiments showed that the conductive patch does not induce proarrhythmogenic activities in the heart. Our findings set the foundation for the design of electronically stable CP-based scaffolds. This provides a robust conductive system that could be used at the interface with electroresponsive tissue to better understand the interaction and effect of these materials on the electrophysiology of these tissues.
Behind the Scenes: An Approach to Incorporate Context in GUI Test Case Generation (2011)

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are a common way to interact with software. To ensure the quality of such software it is important to test the possible interactions with its user interface. GUI testing is a challenging task as they can allow, in general, infinitely many different sequences of interactions with the software. As it is only possible to test a limited amount of possible user interactions, it is crucial for the quality of GUI testing to identify relevant sequences and avoid improper ones. In this paper we propose a model for better GUI testing. Our model is created based on two observations. It is a common case that different user interactions result in the execution of the same code fragments. That is, it is sufficient to test only interactions that execute different code fragments. Our second observation is that user interactions are context-sensitive. That is, the control flow that is taken in a program fragment handling a user interaction depends on the order of some preceding user interactions. We show that these observations are relevant in practice. We present a preliminary implementation that utilizes these observations for test case generation.
Sierra/SD - User's Manual (2021)

Sierra/SD provides a massively parallel implementation of structural dynamics finite element analysis, required for high-fidelity, validated models used in modal, vibration, static and shock analysis of weapons systems. This document provides a user’s guide to the input for Sierra/SD. Details of input specifications for the different solution types, output options, element types and parameters are included. The appendices contain detailed examples, and instructions for running the software on parallel platforms.
The Involvement of Cork-Silica Cell Pairs in the Production of Wax Filaments in Johnsongrass (<i>Sorghum halepense</i>) Leaves (1989)

Wax filaments > 100 μm long on the epidermis of johnsongrass leaves and culms occurred only around the edge of costal cork-silica cell pairs and intercostal silica cells. Silica cells alternating with cork cells occurred in rows over veins. Solitary or occasionally paired cork-silica cells occurred between veins. The high silicon content of silica cells was verified with X-ray mapping of silicon. X-ray analysis also indicated that wax filaments contained silicon. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of dislodged intercostal silica cells showed that wax filaments emerged from an integument that surrounded the silica cell. It is theorized that at high ambient temperatures the silica gel in silica cells provides the localized cooling necessary to solidify liquid wax constituents as they are extruded onto the surface of the plant.