gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Invariant Information Clustering for Unsupervised Image Classification and Segmentation (2019)

We present a novel clustering objective that learns a neural network classifier from scratch, given only unlabelled data samples. The model discovers clusters that accurately match semantic classes, achieving state-of-the-art results in eight unsupervised clustering benchmarks spanning image classification and segmentation. These include STL10, an unsupervised variant of ImageNet, and CIFAR10, where we significantly beat the accuracy of our closest competitors by 6.6 and 9.5 absolute percentage points respectively. The method is not specialised to computer vision and operates on any paired dataset samples; in our experiments we use random transforms to obtain a pair from each image. The trained network directly outputs semantic labels, rather than high dimensional representations that need external processing to be usable for semantic clustering. The objective is simply to maximise mutual information between the class assignments of each pair. It is easy to implement and rigorously grounded in information theory, meaning we effortlessly avoid degenerate solutions that other clustering methods are susceptible to. In addition to the fully unsupervised mode, we also test two semi-supervised settings. The first achieves 88.8% accuracy on STL10 classification, setting a new global state-of-the-art over all existing methods (whether supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised). The second shows robustness to 90% reductions in label coverage, of relevance to applications that wish to make use of small amounts of labels. github.com/xu-ji/IIC.
Environmental Wireless Sensor Networks This paper reviews recent experiments with networks for environmental and agricultural applications; it also provides a critical review of recent research and considers future challenges and opportunities. (2010)

This paper is concerned with the application of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to long-duration and large-scale environmental monitoring. The holy grail is a system that can be deployed and operated by domain spe- cialists not engineers, but this remains some distance into the future. We present our views as to why this field has progressed less quickly than many envisaged it would over a decade ago. We use real examples taken from our own work in this field to illustrate the technological difficulties and challenges that are entailed in meeting end-user requirements for information gathering systems. Reliability and productivity are key con- cerns and influence the design choices for system hardware and software. We conclude with a discussion of long-term challenges for WSN technology in environmental monitoring and outline our vision of the future.
The Thermal Properties of Liquid Crystalline Materials Incorporating Piperazine Skeleton (1985)

Abstract The thermal and electric properties of the homologous series of liquid crystalline materials incorporating a piperazine skeleton have been examined. Some piperazine compounds having a cyano group as the terminal function give rise to a wide-range nematic phase. On the other hand, the homologous series of α,α′-bis(4-alkyl-1-piperadinylimino)-p-xylenes and 1,4-bis(4-alkylbenzylideneamino)piperazines show strong smectic properties.
Mechanisms of free radical-induced damage to DNA (2012)

Endogenous and exogenous sources cause free radical-induced DNA damage in living organisms by a variety of mechanisms. The highly reactive hydroxyl radical reacts with the heterocyclic DNA bases and the sugar moiety near or at diffusion-controlled rates. Hydrated electron and H atom also add to the heterocyclic bases. These reactions lead to adduct radicals, further reactions of which yield numerous products. These include DNA base and sugar products, single- and double-strand breaks, 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, tandem lesions, clustered sites and DNA-protein cross-links. Reaction conditions and the presence or absence of oxygen profoundly affect the types and yields of the products. There is mounting evidence for an important role of free radical-induced DNA damage in the etiology of numerous diseases including cancer. Further understanding of mechanisms of free radical-induced DNA damage, and cellular repair and biological consequences of DNA damage products will be of outmost importance for disease prevention and treatment.
Bubble-based droplet mixers microfluidic systems (2011)

A method for on-demand droplet coalescence and mixing is realized using laser-induced cavitation bubbles. Water droplets are formed using a microchannel with the coupled T-junction structure. Laser-induced cavitation bubbles are generated inside water droplets to deform the droplets, which break up the continuous phase between the droplets and trigger the fusion process. The diffusion dominated mixing process after the fusion is observed. For two 0.11 pl droplets, they have been mixed in 800 μs to a high mixing quality.
P cell-stimulating factor: biochemical characterization of a new T cell-derived factor. (1981)

Abstract P cell-stimulating factor (PSF) was produced by activated T cells and supported the in vitro growth of persisting cells (P cells) that are probably mast cell progenitors. PSF was obtained from spleen cells or T cell hybridomas, but only after stimulation by concanavalin A. It was shown to be a glycoprotein sensitive to treatment with trypsin, protease, and 2-mercaptoethanol, but not to chymotrypsin or guanidine hydrochloride. PSF was resistant to heating at 80°C and was precipitated by 50 to 80% saturated ammonium sulphate. As determined by gel filtration, PSF had an apparent m.w. of 29,000 in phosphate buffered saline and 23,000 in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride; the closeness of these figures suggests the structure does not involve noncovalently linked sub-units. PSF showed considerable heterogeneity with respect to charge; activity was present with isoelectric points (pl’s) between 4 and 8. After neuraminidase treatment the charge heterogeneity was reduced considerably, and the activity focused between pl 6 and 8. A similar reduction of charge heterogeneity was observed with PSF that was produced in the presence of tunicamycin. Thus protein glycosylation can account, at least partially, for the charge heterogeneity. PSF bound to the mannose-specific lectins concanavalin A and lentil lectin and partly to the N-acetyl glucosamine-specific wheatgerm agglutinin. In all of these analyses, PSF derived from both spleen cells and monoclonal T cell hybridomas had similar properties.
Fault detection in an Ethernet network via anomaly detectors (1992)

In an Ethernet network, a common type of failure is the temporary or extended loss of bandwidth, or soft failure as it is referred to in the literature. Though the causes of soft failures vary, to the network user such failures are perceived as noticeably degraded or anomalous performance.
This research uses anomaly detection as a means to signal to performance degradations that are indicative of network faults. In addition, a paradigm called the fault feature vector is used to describe the anomalous conditions particular to a fault. This paradigm can be used to detect instances of specific faults by determining when anomalous conditions in the network match the feature vector description. In a two-year study of the CMU Computer Science Network the fault feature vector mechanism proved effective in detecting failures and discriminating between failure types. This mechanism was also effective at abstracting large amounts of network data to only those events which warrant operator attention; in this two-year study, over 32 million monitored data points were reduced to under a two hundred event matchings. The thesis closes with a discussion of potential uses of anomaly detection in network fault management.
A selected ion monitoring method for quantifying simvastatin and its acid form in human plasma, using the ferroceneboronate derivative (1990)

Simvastatin, a pro-drug lactone, forms the open carboxylic acid as a major metabolite that inhibits the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Simvastatin and the acid in plasma were quantified by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) method. These drugs were separated by solid-phase extraction and independently converted into a 1,3-diol-type compound. This compound reacted with ferroceneboronic acid to yield the cyclic boronate that gave satisfactory mass spectra for GC/MS/SIM measurements. The serum was dominated by the molecular ion appearing as the base peak, thereby leading to a sensitive and selective assay. The calibration curves for simvastatin and the acid were linear in their concentration range of 0.1-10 ng ml-1, where the values of coefficient of variation for both drugs were below 8%, except for the value of 11% for simvastatin at a concentration of 0.1 ng ml-1. The quantification limit for both drugs was 0.1 ng ml-1 on the basis of a signal-to-noise ratio of 4:1.
Ferroelectric Domains in PbTiO<sub>3</sub>/SrTiO<sub>3</sub>Superlattices (2012)

Polydomain superlattices composed of ferroelectric PbTiO3 and paraelectric SrTiO3 were investigated by means of temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction and electrical measurements. The ferroelectric nanodomains were found to have an almost isotropic distribution of domain wall alignments and to be highly responsive to applied electric fields, giving rise to large enhancements in the overall dielectric response of the structure. Electrical measurements revealed a dramatic dependence of the dielectric permittivity, tunability, and polarization-voltage characteristics on the superlattice period. For short-period superlattices, double hysteresis loops were observed.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis. IV. Prognostic Factors of Survival: Analysis of Tumor, Nodes and Metastasis Classification System (1994)

Various prognostic factors of survival were assessed in 118 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis treated at The Netherlands Cancer Institute between 1956 and 1989. Using the clinical parameters of the tumor, nodes and metastasis classification system of the International Union Against Cancer (1978 version) and a differentiation system consisting of 3 grades the prognostic relevance for survival was analyzed. T category, N category and grade of differentiation showed statistical significance in the univariate analysis. Patients with small tumors, clinically negative nodes and well differentiated tumors showed a favorable prognosis. Only N category and grade were independent prognostic factors of survival using the Cox proportional hazards model. On the basis of the survival analysis a stage grouping consisting of 3 stages is proposed with 5-year survival probabilities for stages 1, 2 and 3 of 93%, 55% and 30%, respectively. A revised version of the tumor, nodes and metastasis system was introduced in 1987. This latest version was analyzed with the previous method, which was used in this report, and prognostically important and clinically useful parameters, such as the size of the primary tumor and evidence of fixation of the regional lymph nodes, have been discarded. The changes in the revised version seem to have little relevance to clinical staging. The revised version should be considered a histopathological classification only.
Size Effects of Molecular Excitons in Organic-Inorganic Hetero Nanostructures (1995)

Nano boxes and nano sheets composed of organic molecular crystal of copperphthalocyanyne (CuPc) and amorphous ceramics of titanium oxide (TiO x ) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) were formed by vacuum thin film technology in order to explore physics in organic-inorganic hetero nanospaces. Quite different phenomena of CuPc molecular exciton between hetero structures of CuPc-SiO 2 and CuPc-TiO x have been observed. Molecular excitons of CuPc only in the CuPc-TiO x hetero nanostructures exhibited size effects clearly.
Induction of mouse liver glyoxalase I by hypobaric hypoxia. (1990)

Hypobaric hypoxia at 0.45 atm induced a reversible increase of mouse liver glyoxalase I. The levels of this enzyme increased after an exposure of 20 h and 20 + 20 h, whereas the activity decreased to the control values after 20 h at room pressure. Before the treatment, some animals received tritiated leucine (i.p.). Glyoxalase I was purified to homogeneity. The pure enzyme from the treated animals showed 20-times more radioactivity than the controls. Thus, the increase in specific activity is due to new protein synthesized in response to the treatment at 0.45 atm. The activities of glyoxalase II and glutathione S-transferase were not affected by the treatment.
Assessment of stem cell differentiation based on genome-wide expression profiles (2018)

In recent years, protocols have been established to differentiate stem and precursor cells into more mature cell types. However, progress in this field has been hampered by difficulties to assess the differentiation status of stem cell-derived cells in an unbiased manner. Here, we present an analysis pipeline based on published data and methods to quantify the degree of differentiation and to identify transcriptional control factors explaining differences from the intended target cells or tissues. The pipeline requires RNA-Seq or gene array data of the stem cell starting population, derived 'mature' cells and primary target cells or tissue. It consists of a principal component analysis to represent global expression changes and to identify possible problems of the dataset that require special attention, such as: batch effects; clustering techniques to identify gene groups with similar features; over-representation analysis to characterize biological motifs and transcriptional control factors of the identified gene clusters; and metagenes as well as gene regulatory networks for quantitative cell-type assessment and identification of influential transcription factors. Possibilities and limitations of the analysis pipeline are illustrated using the example of human embryonic stem cell and human induced pluripotent cells to generate 'hepatocyte-like cells'. The pipeline quantifies the degree of incomplete differentiation as well as remaining stemness and identifies unwanted features, such as colon- and fibroblast-associated gene clusters that are absent in real hepatocytes but typically induced by currently available differentiation protocols. Finally, transcription factors responsible for incomplete and unwanted differentiation are identified. The proposed method is widely applicable and allows an unbiased and quantitative assessment of stem cell-derived cells.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
Microsoft Office 97 Visual Basic Step by Step (1997)

From the Publisher:
Microsoft Office 97/ Visual Basic Step By Step gives you quick and easy self-paced training in Visual Basic for Applications. Work through every lesson to complete the full course, or do individual lessons to learn just the skills you need. Either way, you learn at your optimum pace from the teacher who knows you best--you. 
Experience Level: Beginner/ Intermediate
Robotic Process Automation for Auditing (2018)

ABSTRACT The advent of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) has the potential to disrupt the traditional audit model. With its capability to automate rules-based tasks that are repetitive and manual, RPA is expected to repurpose the role of the auditor by replacing perfunctory tasks and emphasizing higher order thinking skills that will eventually lead to enhanced audit quality. This editorial envisages the future of audit by introducing the concept of RPA and describing its usage in auditing. Moreover, considerations for RPA-based audits and a series of research questions are presented with the objective to create a dialogue in this evolutionary area.
Soft x-ray monochromator with a varied-space plane grating for synchrotron radiation: design and evaluation (1989)

A soft x-ray monochromator was developed for synchrotron radiation and installed at the Photon Factory in the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics. This monochromator consists of only two optical elements: a plane mirror and a varied-space plane grating with focusing properties. The 0.7-10-nm wavelength range can be covered with resolutions of 640 at 1.4 nm and 1200 at 5 nm. The output photon flux at wavelengths above 1 nm is ~10(10)-10(11) photons/s for a 100-mA beam current in the 1% spectral bandwidth.
Antigenomic Hepatitis delta virus ribozymes self-cleave in 18 M formamide (1991)

The ribozymes derived from Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA appear unique in their sequence requirements for self-cleavage. While truncating the 1679 nucleotide antigenomic HDV RNA, we have characterized the cleavage requirements of a number of ribozymes of intermediate length. Two of these, containing 186 and 106 HDV nucleotides respectively, cleaved to completion in the presence of 18 M formamide. The 186 nucleotide ribozyme also cleaved to completion in 10 M urea. Removal of an additional 10 nts from the 3' terminus of the 106 nt ribozyme resulted in a loss of the ability to cleave in high concentrations of the denaturants. The interaction of nucleotides near the cleavage site with a sequence within this 10 base region may confer unusual stability on these ribozymes.
A Novel Cloud Bursting Brokerage and Aggregation (CBBA) Algorithm for Multi Cloud Environment (2012)

Cloud computing is a paradigm of computing that aims at providing dynamically scalable computing resources over the Internet as a service. Users do not need to bother about the management of technology infrastructure. The practice of computing across two or more data centers separated by the Internet is growing in popularity due to an explosion in scalable computing demands. However, one of the major challenges that faces the cloud computing is how to secure and protect the data and processes the data of the user. The security of the cloud computing environment is a new research area requiring further development by both the academic and industrial research associations. In this paper we proposed a novel algorithm that is Cloud Bursting Brokerage and Aggregation (CBBA). In this approach we consider three clouds for bursting and aggregation operation. We also used secure sharing mechanism so that the cloud resources are shared among different cloud environment.
Enhancement of the efficiency of second-harmonic generation inside a resonator (1975)

An experimental study was made of the efficiency of the internal generation of the second harmonic in the resonator of a Q-switched YAG:Nd laser. It was found that the conversion efficiency could be increased by using the dispersive properties of the air gap in the resonator. A method was developed for increasing the conversion efficiency without introduction of additional optical elements into the resonator.
Plane segment finder: algorithm, implementation and applications (2002)

This paper describes the development of a plane segment finder, which is able to detect three-dimensional planar surfaces from input images in real-time. We propose an algorithm for detecting plane segments, that includes: 1) plane segment candidate extraction using the 3D Hough transform from depth map information; and 2) fitting the plane segment candidates to the depth map in order to detect the partial plane segment, since the extracted plane segment candidates are general planes, with no boundary. To achieve real-time plane segment finding system, we apply: 1) the recursive correlation method for depth map generation; and 2) the randomized Hough transform for plane segment extraction. Finally, experimental results using an implementation of our system along with a humanoid robot are shown.
Clostridium sulfidigenes sp. nov., a mesophilic, proteolytic, thiosulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacterium isolated from pond sediment (2009)

A novel strictly anaerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, designated strain SGB2(T), was isolated from a mixed culture from a pond sediment during screening for sulfate-reducing bacteria capable of degrading cyanophycin (CGP). In this study, the taxonomic characterization of this mesophilic, proteolytic Clostridium isolate and the role which it, and its phylogenetic relatives, may play in peptide degradation and in the sulfur cycle are reported. Strain SGB2(T) was a commensal strain, utilizing CGP degradation products produced by other micro-organisms. Cells were motile until sporulation, forming oval, terminal spores that swell the cells. It showed optimum growth at 34 degrees C, pH 6.6 and in the absence of NaCl. Strain SGB2(T) utilized proteinaceous compounds such as peptone, Casamino acids, gelatin and trypticase soy, in addition to several amino acids and pyruvate. Utilization of many of these compounds was enhanced in the presence of thiosulfate. The isolate was unable to use any of the carbohydrates or alcohols investigated or CGP as carbon and energy sources. Thiosulfate and elemental sulfur were used as terminal electron acceptors. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain SGB2(T) belongs to the low-G+C-containing Clostridiales group. It exhibited 99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to its closest relatives Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Lup21(T) and Clostridium subterminale DSM 6970(T). DNA-DNA hybridization values with these two strains were 39.4 and 42.1 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, we conclude that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Clostridium, Clostridium sulfidigenes sp. nov. The type strain is SGB2(T) (=DSM 18982(T) =ATCC BAA-1538(T)).
Increased Numbers of Low-Oxygenated Pancreatic Islets After Intraportal Islet Transplantation (2011)

The vascular engraftment of intraportally transplanted islets is markedly delayed compared with renal islet grafts. The prolonged ischemia of intraportally transplanted islets may favor an alternative implantation site.
Rethinking/dev and devices in the UNIX kernel (2002)

An outstanding novelty in UNIX at its introduction was the notion of file is a file is a file and even a device is a file. Going from hardware only changes when the DEC Field engineer is here to my toaster has USB has put serious strain on the rather crude implementation of the as files concept, an implementation which has survived practically unchanged for 30 years in most UNIX variants. Starting from a high-level view of devices and the semantics that have grown around them over the years, this paper takes the audience on a grand tour of the redesigned FreeBSD device-I/O system, to convey an overview of how it all fits together, and to explain why things ended up as they did, how to use the new features and in particular how not to.
Self-Assembly of ZnO: From Nanodots to Nanorods (2002)

Oriented attachment is the key: Single crystalline ZnO nanorods with lengths up to 500 nm could be prepared in a stepwise manner from quasi-spherical nanoparticles. Only after the formation of pearl-chain-like structures (left), do the aggregated particles fuse upon heating to form nanorods (center and right).