gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The relief of pain in laboratory animals (1984)

The data concerning the types of analgesic drugs available and the experimental evidence for their efficacy in laboratory species are reviewed. The information is then extrapolated to the clinical situation to provide guidance as to methods of achieving effective analgesia in experimental animals. The most generally useful agent at present seems to be buprenorphine which can be used to provide effective, long lasting analgesia in a wide range of species.
Composite Silica Spheres with Magnetic and Luminescent Functionalities (2006)

Abstract A new class of highly fluorescent, photostable, and magnetic core/shell nanoparticles in the submicrometer size range has been synthesized from a modified Stöber method combined with the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique. Luminescent magnetic nanoparticles are prepared via two main steps. The first step involves controlled addition of tetraethoxysilane to a dispersion of Fe 3 O 4 /γ‐Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles, which are thereby homogeneously incorporated as cores into monodisperse silica spheres. The second step involves the LbL assembly of polyelectrolytes and luminescent CdTe quantum dots onto the surfaces of the silica‐coated magnetite/maghemite particles, which are finally covered with an outer shell of silica. These spherical particles have a typical diameter of 220 ± 10 nm and a saturation magnetization of 1.34 emu g –1 at room temperature, and exhibit strong excitonic photoluminescence. Nanoparticles with such a core/shell architecture have the added benefit of providing a robust platform (the outer silica shell) for incorporating diverse functionalities into a single nanoparticle.
Next-Generation Cementing Systems to Control Shallow Water Flow (2000)

Abstract As documented in industry literature, shallow hazards, especially shallowwater flows (SWF's), pose a challenge in deepwater Gulf of Mexicooperations. 1,2 Cement systems that successfully solved SWF's were first used in1992. The first of these special systems was a lightweight nonfoamed system. In1994, special foamed lightweight systems were implemented and were provensuperior both in large-scale laboratory models and in field use. Severalspecial foamed-cement blends have been used to cement over 300 conductorcasings where SWF's were a threat. These formulations consisted of highlyactivated cements that required special blending at the shore base before beingtransported to the offshore rig. Because dry additives were used, the cementslurry could not be redesigned or modified, so any unused blend had to bediscarded. To address these challenges, the industry developed a lightweightfoamed-cement (LFC) slurry system. This system uses only liquid additives inconjunction with the dry Portland cement on board the rig. The LFC systemprovides a low-density slurry with short transition times to help prevent SWF's while maintaining zonal isolation, adequate placement time, and shorterwaiting-on-cement (WOC) time. Introduction Well construction in deep water (&gt;1,000 ft) requires special techniquesfor installing conductor casings. Formations where conductor pipe will becemented are unconsolidated and relatively young geologically (Fig. 1, Page 5). Consequently, these shallow formations have the potential for abnormallypressured saltwater sands, also known as SWF zones. Weak formations andpressured sands present very narrow margins between the pore pressure and thefracture gradient, which can cause a loss of cement returns. The presence of SWF's in the Gulf of Mexico was first observed in 1985.1 Theeconomic impact of lost wells, rig time, and remedial actions has amounted tomillions of dollars. An economic analysis of SWF's, presented by an operator atthe 1999 International Forum, revealed that the industry has spentapproximately $1.6 million per well on this problem. This analysis alsorevealed that about one-third of the money has been spent on prevention andtwo-thirds on remediation. Some experts believe that more money spent onpreventative measures would result in fewer remedial events. Research money hasalso been spent developing new technology that may provide better, moreeconomical solutions.
What exactly is HSDPA? (2004)

Hardly has 3G, in the form of wideband-CDMA, left the starting blocks than new enhancements are being added. In fact, the 3GSM 2004 Congress held in Cannes in February was filled with talk of HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access) and how it will transform the infant 3G services. It is expected that this new technology will allow 3G to compete more successfully with some of the other high-speed data systems that are now widely available. With W-CDMA offering peak data rates up to 2 Mbit/s, 3G needs to have some means of capturing the data market. HSDPA will do just that, enabling 3G to make a real impact on the market and allowing the new technology to offer higher data speeds while providing an improved quality of service (QoS). In this way, it even has the potential to rival and overtake services offered today by terrestrial broadband providers. A further advantage of HSDPA is that users can download packet data while simultaneously conducting a voice call. HSDPA is a packet-based data service used within the W-CDMA downlink. It allows data transmission speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s, and with further stages of its implementation planned for the future it will be possible to attain rates of up to 20 Mbit/s. All of this can be implemented using the standard W-CDMA bandwidth of 5 MHz.
A simple and fast detection technique for arsenic speciation based on high‐efficiency photooxidation and gas‐phase chemiluminescence detection (2009)

High-efficiency photooxidation (HEPO) and gas phase chemiluminescence detection (CL) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and hydride generation were developed for speciation of As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). After chromatography separation, the arsenic species were passed through HEPO which performed efficient photooxidation and converted MMA and DMA to As(V) in several seconds. Then the reaction of ozone and arsine upon hydride generation produced a CL signal as the analytical parameter. The total analytical process was completed within 10 min. The effects of operational parameters such as the concentrations of hydrochloric acid and NaBH4 solution, carrier gas flow and air gas flow for ozone generation were investigated. Detection limits were 3.7, 10.3, 10.2 and 10.0 microg/L for As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA, respectively. The recoveries of the four arsenic species in human urine sample ranged from 87 to 94%.
The Optimal Share of Variable Renewables: How the Variability of Wind and Solar Power affects their Welfare-optimal Deployment (2014)

This paper estimates the welfare-optimal market share of wind and solar power, explicitly taking into account their output variability. We present a theoretical valuation framework that consistently accounts for the impact of fluctuations over time, forecast errors, and the location of generators in the power grid on the marginal value of electricity from renewables. Then the optimal share of wind and solar power in Northwestern Europe’s generation mix is estimated from a calibrated numerical model. We find the optimal long-term wind share to be 20%, three times more than today; however, we also find significant parameter uncertainty. Variability significantly impacts results: if winds were constant, the optimal share would be 60%. In addition, the effect of technological change, price shocks, and policies on the optimal share is assessed. We present and explain several surprising findings, including a negative impact of CO2 prices on optimal wind deployment.
Optimum Speed for Fishing Boats (1990)

The optimum speed for fishing boats was derived by taking into account costs of the fishing boat and the labor productivity of the fishermen.The subject of this study is primarily high speed coastal fishing boats, and the following assumptions are made, 1. the horse power of high speed fishing boats is proportionally double its speed.2. the fishing operations are one-day trips.3. the crew consists of only the owner of the fishing boat.4. the landing value and operating time in the fishing area are constant.Based on the above assumptions the most economical speed, that is the speed for minimum operating costs, the lower the speed, the more economical is the operating cost. However, as the speed of the boat decreases, the time at sea is prolonged and the fishermen are forced to long working hours. Therefore, the optimum speed for labor productivity is the present high speed of coastal fishing boat, or ever higher.
Adaptable semi-autonomy in personal robots (2002)

Personal robotics is widely recognized as a major challenge for current robotics research. Robots assisting humans and closely interacting with them have to meet acceptability requirements which in turn leads one to reconsider the concept of autonomy in robotics. The paper presents an abstract analysis of possible levels of semi-autonomy in personal robots and illustrates a case study in which adaptable semi-autonomy is implemented and experimentally validated. Explanation modules for human-robot communication in the planning phase, and user modeling techniques, that allow the system to adapt to its user's needs and preferences, are proposed as ways to achieve adaptive semi-autonomy.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS (1949)

EQUIPMENT AND METHODS OF TEST TO DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS AT VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF MISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY ARE DESCRIBED. TESTS WERE MADE ON NINETEEN DIFFERENT SOILS WHICH REQRESENTED A WIDE TEXTURAL VARIETY, GRAVEL, SAND, SANDY LOAM, SILT LOAM, AND CLAY, AS WELL AS SOME CRUSHED ROCKS AND A FIBROUS PEAT. MOISTURE CONTENTS FOR TESTS VARIED FROM AIR-DRY TO VALUES GREATER THAN THE OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT; DENSITIES VARIED FROM A LOOSELY-POURED CONDITION TO THE MAXIMUM OBTAINABLE BY HEAVY RAMMING. SOILS WERE TESTED AT SEVERAL MEAN TEMPERATURES. THE MOST IMPORTANT INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE DEPENDS ON WHETHER IT IS ABOVE OR BELOW FREEZING. FOR MOISTURE CONTENT INCREASES ABOVE ABOUT 6 TO 12 PERCENT, THE CONDUCTIVITY OF FROZEN SOILS BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY GREATER THAN THAT OF THE UNFROZEN SOIL. DENSITY AFFECTS THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A SOIL IN ABOUT THE SAME MANNER FOR ALL SOILS, AT ANY MOISTURE CONTENT, AND FOR EITHER THE FROZEN OR UNFROZEN CONDITION. ON THE AVERAGE EACH ONE-POUND PER CUBIC CUBIC FOOT INCREASE IN DENSITY INCREASES THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BY ABOUT 3 PERCENT. AN INCREASE IN MOISTURE CONTENT CAUSES AN INCREASE IN THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. THIS IS TRUE UP TO THE POINT OF SATURATION. THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A SOIL, AT A GIVEN DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT, VARIES IN GENERAL WITH THE TEXTURE OF A SOIL, BEING RELATIVELY HIGH FOR COARSE TEXTURED SOILS AND RELATIVELY LOW FOR FINE TEXTURED SOILS. THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS ALSO EFFECTS THE CONDUCTIVITY. QUARTZ TENDS TO GIVE HIGH VALUES WHEREAS MINERALS SUCH AS PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR AND PYROXENE, WHICH ARE CONSTITUENTS OF BASIC ROCKS, TEND TO GIVE LOW VALUES OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. FOUR CHARTS ARE PRESENTED TO AID IN THE ESTIMATE OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A SOIL. TWO OF THE CHARTS ARE FOR SANDS OR SANDY SOILS, AND TWO FOR SILT AND CLAY SOILS. ONE OF THE CHARTS FOR EACH TYPE OF SOIL IS FOR THE FROZEN CONDITION, THE OTHER FOR THE UNFROZEN. THESE CHARTS WILL GIVE CONDUCTIVITY VALES WITHIN AN ACCURACY OF 25 PERCENT. /AUTHOR/
Virtualization in High-Performance Computing: An Analysis of Physical and Virtual Node Performance (2012)

The process of virtualizing computing resources allows an organization to make more efficient use of it's resources. In addtion, this process enables flexibility that deployment on raw hardware does not. Virtualization, however, comes with a performance penalty. This study examines the performance of utilizing virtualization technology for use in high performance computing to determine the suitibility of using this technology. It makes use of a small (4 node) virtual cluster as well as a 4 node physical cluster. The impacts on input/output operation are examined as well as performance of each cluster using two widely utilized tools, NAS Parallel Benchmarks and X High Performance Linpack.
GIÁ TRỊ Mp1p NƯỚC TIỂU TRONG CHẨN ĐOÁN BỆNH DO NẤM TALAROMYCES MARNEFFEI Ở BỆNH NHÂN NHIỄM HIV/AIDS (2023)

Mở đầu: Bệnh do nấm Talaromyces marneffei là một trong những nhiễm trùng cơ hội quan trọng và là nguyên nhân tử vong hàng đầu ở bệnh nhân nhiễm HIV/AIDS tại Việt Nam. Nguyên nhân tử vong chủ yếu là do chẩn đoán trễ vì các triệu chứng lâm sàng trùng lắp với các nhiễm trùng cơ hội khác và kết quả phân lập vi nấm thường chậm trễ, có thể lên đến 14 ngày. Mp1p ELISA được phát triển nhằm mục đích chẩn đoán sớm bệnh do nấm T. marneffei. Bên cạnh phát hiện trong huyết thanh, Mp1p còn có thể được tìm thấy trong nước tiểu, điều này có thể giúp cải thiện việc chẩn đoán bệnh do nấm T. marneffei cũng như giảm nguy cơ lây nhiễm cho nhân viên y tế khi sử dụng bệnh phẩm này. Mục tiêu: (1) Mô tả phân bố Mp1p nước tiểu ở bệnh nhân AIDS có TCD4+ < 100 tế bào/mm3; (2) Xác định ngưỡng cắt và giá trị chẩn đoán của xét nghiệm ELISA Mp1p nước tiểu ở bệnh nhân AIDS có TCD4+ < 100 tế bào/mm3; (3) Đánh giá sự tương hợp giữa Mp1p trong nước tiểu và huyết thanh ở bệnh nhân AIDS có TCD4+ < 100 tế bào/mm3. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu cắt ngang mô tả. Đối tượng là những bệnh nhân nhiễm HIV ≥ 18 tuổi có TCD4+ < 100 tế bào/mm3, điều trị nội trú tại Khoa Nhiễm E, Bệnh viện Bệnh nhiệt đới từ tháng 6/2017 đến 7/2019. Kết quả: Có 533 bệnh nhân đủ tiêu chuẩn được chọn vào nghiên cứu trong đó có 70 ca nhiễm nấm T. marneffei. Trung vị của Mp1p nước tiểu ở nhóm nhiễm nấm T. marneffei cao hơn nhóm nhiễm trùng cơ hội khác (NTCH) (3,15 (2,38 - 3,29) OD vs 0,02 (0,01 - 0,03) OD, p < 0,001)), và cao hơn Mp1p huyết thanh ở nhóm nhiễm nấm T. marneffei (3,15 (2,38 - 3,29) vs OD 2,53 (0,76 - 3,01), p < 0,001)). Ngưỡng cắt Mp1p nước tiểu là 0,60 OD với độ nhạy SEN = 90% và độ đặc hiệu SPE = 97,2%. Mp1p nước tiểu và huyết thanh có sự tương hợp mạnh với chỉ số k (kappa) = 0,870, p = 0,001. Kết luận: Mp1p ELISA nước tiểu được xem là một xét nghiệm nhiều hứa hẹn trong chẩn đoán sớm bệnh do nấm T. marneffei ở bệnh nhân AIDS bên cạnh Mp1p ELISA huyết thanh.
A secure camouflaged threshold voltage defined logic family (2016)

A myriad of security vulnerabilites can be exposed via the reverse engineering of the integrated circuits contained in electronics systems. The goal of IC reverse engineering is to uncover the functionality and internal structure of the chip via techniques such as depackaging/delayering, high-resolution imaging, probing, and side-channel examination. With this knowledge, an attacker can more efficiently mount various attacks, clone/-counterfeit the design possibly with hardware Trojans inserted, and discover trade secrets. We propose a gate camouflaging technique that relies on the usage of different threshold voltage transistors, but with identical layouts, to determine the logic gate function. In our threshold voltage defined (TVD) camouflaging technique, every TVD logic gate has the same physical structure and is one time mask programmed with different threshold implants for different boolean functionality. We design and implement TVD logic gates in an industrial 65nm bulk CMOS process. Using post-layout extracted simulation, we evaluate the logic style for VLSI overheads (area, power, delay) versus conventional logic, for process variablity robustness, and for various security metrics. Further, we evaluate the macro block overheads for ISCAS benchmark designs under various levels of TVD gate replacement upto and including 100% replacement. TVD logic gates are found to be CMOS process compatible, low overhead, and to increase security against various forms of attacks.
Plastic Flow, Creep, and Stress Relaxation: Part I. Plastic Flow (1946)

Plastic substances are considered to be composed of units of flow with various yield values. It is shown that in this case the product of the strain rate and viscosity is equal to the sum of the differences between the applied stress and the yield values. This relationship can be applied to any plastic system free of elastic after-effect and expresses their mechanical properties in terms of a coefficient of viscosity which is independent of the stress applied. With the proper choice of the distribution of yield values any kind of relation between stress and strain rate can be established. This relationship is applied to plastic flow which is defined as a deformation mechanism having a curvilinear relationship between stress and rate of deformation and a constant rate of deformation at constant stress. Equations are given for the coefficient of viscosity of such systems and for the relaxation of stress at constant deformation as a function of time.
Configuration and management strategies for cluster-based fabs (2002)

New models of conventional and single-wafer, cluster-based fabs running 0.35 micron logic flows have been developed based almost entirely on existing equipment technology. The cluster-based fabs are an embodiment of an alternative approach to semiconductor manufacturing, which is referred to as adaptable manufacturing systems (ASMs). Relative to conventional fabs, AMSs seek to balance throughput time and cost requirements, rather than only focusing on cost reduction as the dominant objective. The models are used to contrast the major components of throughput time and cost in the different types of fabs. Next, the models are used to show that that the optimal fab configurations and management strategies of the AMSs change over the life cycle of the fab. Making these changes at key points in the fab's life cycle allow the AMS to be more responsive to changing market demands, compared to conventional fabs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Choline Kinase Is a Novel Oncogene that Potentiates RhoA-Induced Carcinogenesis (2005)

Choline kinase is overexpressed in human breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate tumors, a finding that suggests the involvement of this enzyme in carcinogenesis. Here we show that overexpression of choline kinase induce oncogenic transformation of human embryo kidney fibroblasts and canine epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Choline kinase lays downstream of RhoA signaling and is activated through ROCK kinase, one of the best-characterized RhoA effectors. In keeping with this, coexpression of RhoA and choline kinase potentiates both anchorage independent growth and tumorigenesis. Finally, choline kinase-mediated transformation is sensitive to MN58b, a well-characterized specific choline kinase inhibitor. These results provide the definitive evidence that choline kinase has oncogenic properties and that choline kinase inhibition constitutes a novel valid antitumor strategy.
Rapid and Controllable Flame Reduction of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanowires for Enhanced Solar Water-Splitting (2013)

We report a new flame reduction method to generate controllable amount of oxygen vacancies in TiO2 nanowires that leads to nearly three times improvement in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting performance. The flame reduction method has unique advantages of a high temperature (>1000 °C), ultrafast heating rate, tunable reduction environment, and open-atmosphere operation, so it enables rapid formation of oxygen vacancies (less than one minute) without damaging the nanowire morphology and crystallinity and is even applicable to various metal oxides. Significantly, we show that flame reduction greatly improves the saturation photocurrent densities of TiO2 nanowires (2.7 times higher), α-Fe2O3 nanowires (9.4 times higher), ZnO nanowires (2.0 times higher), and BiVO4 thin film (4.3 times higher) in comparison to untreated control samples for PEC water-splitting applications.
High corrosion-resistant magneto-optical film on a new plastic substrate (1988)

To realize high-data-rate and high-reliability magnetooptical (MO) disks, a corrosion-resistant MO film and a novel plastic substrate were developed. Corrosion was reduced by adding a metallic element (M=Ti,Nb,Ta,Cr) to TbFeCo film. The magnetic characteristics of TbFeCoM film were designed to be the same as those of the TbFeCo film. The plastic substrate (photocurable casting resin, PHC) shows low retardation and high heat resistance. MO disks with a trilayer structure on PHC showed high reliability even in severe conditions. The performance of a prototype MO recording system using the PHC disk is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Identification and analysis of a multigene family encoding odorant receptors: implications for mechanisms underlying olfactory information processing (1993)

Journal Article Identification and analysis of a multigene family encoding odorant receptors: implications for mechanisms underlying olfactory information processing Get access Linda Buck Linda Buck Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Chemical Senses, Volume 18, Issue 2, April 1993, Pages 203–208, https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/18.2.203 Published: 01 April 1993 Article history Received: 26 January 1993 Accepted: 27 January 1993 Published: 01 April 1993
A Rac/Cdc42-specific Exchange Factor, GEFT, Induces Cell Proliferation, Transformation, and Migration (2003)

The Rho family of small GTPases, including Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, play essential roles in diverse cellular functions. The ability of Rho family GTPases to participate in signaling events is determined by the ratio of inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) forms in the cell. The activation of Rho family proteins requires the exchange of bound GDP for GTP, a process catalyzed by the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). The GEFs have high affinity for the guanine nucleotide-free state of the GTPases and are thought to promote GDP release by stabilizing an intermediate transition state. In this study, we have identified and characterized a new Rac/Cdc42-specific Dbl family guanine nucleotide exchange factor, named GEFT. GEFT is highly expressed in the excitable tissues, including brain, heart, and muscle. Low or very little expression was detected in other nonexcitable tissues. GEFT has specific exchange activity for Rac and Cdc42 in our in vitro GTPase exchange assays and glutathione S-transferase-PAK pull-down assays with GTP-bound Rac1 and Cdc42. Overexpression of GEFT leads to changes in cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton re-organization, including the formation of membrane microspikes, filopodia, and lamilliopodia. Furthermore, expression of GEFT in NIH3T3 cells promotes foci formation, cell proliferation, and cell migration, possibly through the activation of transcriptional factors involved in cell growth and proliferation. Together, our data suggest that GEFT is a Rac/Cdc42-specific GEF protein that regulates cell morphology, cell proliferation, and transformation.
In-situ synthesis of SAPO-34 molecular sieves on monolithic cordierite substrates (2000)

SAPO-34 molecular sieves have been successfully synthesized onto the cordierite substrates by hydrothermal technique, and characterized by XRD and SEM methods, The results show that SAPO-34 layers with the thickness about 30 mum are evenly distributed onto the inner walls of the cordierite substrate, which results in a weight increase of 15%-25% of the substrate. The molar ratio of Et3N/Al2O3 had an important effect on the nature of the molecular sieve product crystallized on the substrate. When n(Et3N)/n(Al2O3)=4. 0, pure SAPO-34 was crystallized on the cordierite substrate; whereas when n(Et3N)/n(Al2O3)=2, 5, a mixture product of SAPO-34 and SAPO-5 was formed on the substrate, In order to explore the mechanism of SAPO-34 formation on the cordierite substrate, the changes of the crystallization process on the substrate as well as in the solution has also been investigated.