gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities (2017)

The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to connect billions of smart objects to the Internet, which can bring a promising future to smart cities. These objects are expected to generate large amounts of data and send the data to the cloud for further processing, especially for knowledge discovery, in order that appropriate actions can be taken. However, in reality sensing all possible data items captured by a smart object and then sending the complete captured data to the cloud is less useful. Further, such an approach would also lead to resource wastage (e.g., network, storage, etc.). The Fog (Edge) computing paradigm has been proposed to counterpart the weakness by pushing processes of knowledge discovery using data analytics to the edges. However, edge devices have limited computational capabilities. Due to inherited strengths and weaknesses, neither Cloud computing nor Fog computing paradigm addresses these challenges alone. Therefore, both paradigms need to work together in order to build a sustainable IoT infrastructure for smart cities. In this article, we review existing approaches that have been proposed to tackle the challenges in the Fog computing domain. Specifically, we describe several inspiring use case scenarios of Fog computing, identify ten key characteristics and common features of Fog computing, and compare more than 30 existing research efforts in this domain. Based on our review, we further identify several major functionalities that ideal Fog computing platforms should support and a number of open challenges toward implementing them, to shed light on future research directions on realizing Fog computing for building sustainable smart cities.
Balance between Endogenous Superoxide Stress and Antioxidant Defenses (1998)

Cells devoid of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD) suffer enzyme inactivation, growth deficiencies, and DNA damage. It has been proposed that the scant superoxide (O2-) generated by aerobic metabolism harms even cells that contain abundant SOD. However, this idea has been difficult to test. To determine the amount of O2- that is needed to cause these defects, we modulated the O2- concentration inside Escherichia coli by controlling the expression of SOD. An increase in O2- of more than twofold above wild-type levels substantially diminished the activity of labile dehydratases, an increase in O2- of any more than fourfold measurably impaired growth, and a fivefold increase in O2- sensitized cells to DNA damage. These results indicate that E. coli constitutively synthesizes just enough SOD to defend biomolecules against endogenous O2- so that modest increases in O2- concentration diminish cell fitness. This conclusion is in excellent agreement with quantitative predictions based upon previously determined rates of intracellular O2- production, O2- dismutation, dehydratase inactivation, and enzyme repair. The vulnerability of bacteria to increased intracellular O2- explains the widespread use of superoxide-producing drugs as bactericidal weapons in nature. E. coli responds to such drugs by inducing the SoxRS regulon, which positively regulates synthesis of SOD and other defensive proteins. However, even toxic amounts of endogenous O2- did not activate SoxR, and SoxR activation by paraquat was not at all inhibited by excess SOD. Therefore, in responding to redox-cycling drugs, SoxR senses some signal other than O2-.
Lipid Tubule Self-Assembly: Length Dependence on Cooling Rate Through a First-Order Phase Transition (1995)

The formation kinetics and self-assembly of multilamellar tubules of the diacetylenic phospholipid 1,2-bis(tricosa-10,12-diynoyl)-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine formed under controlled cooling rates were studied by x-ray diffraction and optical, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy. Tubule formation was driven by a reversible first-order phase transition from an intralamellar, chain-melted L(alpha) phase to a chain-frozen L(beta), phase. These observations are the basis of a highly efficient method of tubule production in which tubule lengths can be controlled, between 1 and 100 micrometers, by varying the cooling rate. These tubules can be made in suspensions with 10 percent lipid by mass, far exceeding the lipid solubility limit.
The <i>hairless</i> gene mutated in congenital hair loss disorders encodes a novel nuclear receptor corepressor (2001)

The mammalian hairless (hr) gene plays a critical role in the maintenance of hair growth. Although the hr gene has been identified, the biochemical function of its encoded protein (Hr) has remained obscure. Here, we show that Hr functions as a transcriptional corepressor for thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). We find that two independent regions of Hr mediate TR binding and that interaction requires a cluster of hydrophobic residues similar to the binding motifs proposed for nuclear receptor corepressors (N-CoR and SMRT). Similarly, we show that Hr binds to the same region of TR as known corepressors. We show that Hr interacts with histone deacetylases (HDACs) and is localized to matrix-associated deacetylase (MAD) bodies, indicating that the mechanism of Hr-mediated repression is likely through associated HDAC activity. Thus, Hr is a component of the corepressor machinery, and despite its lack of sequence identity with previously described corepressors, its mode of action is remarkably conserved. On the basis of its thyroid hormone-inducible and tissue- and developmental-specific expression, Hr likely defines a new class of nuclear receptor corepressors that serve a more specialized role than ubiquitous corepressors. The discovery that Hr is a corepressor provides a molecular basis for specific hair loss syndromes in both humans and mice.
Evidence for an <i>O</i>‐glycan sialylation system in brain (1989)

We present evidence for the existence in rat brain of several sialyltransferases able to sialylate sequentially asialofetuin. [14C]Sialylated glycans of asialofetuin were analyzed by gel filtration. Three types of [14C]sialylated glycans were synthesized: N-glycans and monosialylated and disialylated O-glycans. The varying effects of N-ethylmaleimide, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) and trypsin, were helpful in the identification of these different sialyltransferases. One of them, selectively inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, was identified as the Neu5Ac alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-R:alpha 2----6 sialyltransferase previously described [Baubichon-Cortay, H., Serres-Guillaumond, M., Louisot, P. and Broquet, P. (1986) Carbohydr. Res. 149, 209-223]. This enzyme was responsible for the synthesis of disialylated O-glycans. LysoPtdCho and trypsin selectively inhibited the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of monosialylated O-glycan. N-ethylmaleimide, lysoPtdCho and trypsin did not inhibit Neu5Ac transfer onto N-glycans, giving evidence for three different molecular species. To identify the enzyme responsible for monosialylated O-glycan synthesis, we used another substrate: Gal beta 1----3GalNAc--protein obtained after galactosylation of desialylated ovine mucin by a GalNAc-R:beta 1----3 galactosyltransferase from porcine submaxillary gland. This acceptor was devoid of N-glycans and of NeuAc in alpha 2----3 linkages on the galactose residue. When using N-ethylmaleimide we obtained the synthesis of only one product, a monosialylated structure. After structural analysis by HPLC on SAX and SiNH2 columns, we identified this product as Neu5Ac alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----3GalNAc. The enzyme leading to synthesis of this monosialylated O-glycan was identified as a Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-R:alpha 2----3 sialyltransferase. When using lysoPtdCho and trypsin, sialylation was completely abolished, although the Neu5Ac alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-R:alpha 2----6 sialyltransferase was not inhibited. We provided thus evidence for the interpendence between the two enzymes, the alpha 2----3 sialyltransferase regulates the alpha 2----6 sialyltransferase activity since it synthesizes the alpha 2----6 sialyltransferase substrate.
Hand sanitizers: A review of ingredients, mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against coronaviruses (2020)

By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products, though future research should attempt to determine this directly.
eMedRef (November 2011) (2011)

eMedRef is FPIN's electronic Medical Reference, and we are excited to share with you portions of these clinical topic reviews as they are completed or updated each month.
The Liquid-State 31P-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study on Microfiltrated Milk (2001)

To gain further insight into diversiform phosphorus in bovine milk, we separated skim milk into casein micelle and serum fractions by microfiltration and subjected them to liquid-state 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As previously reported, the skim milk spectrum showed a broad and indistinct peak from phosphoserine residue (SerP) of casein. In the casein micelle spectrum, however, the SerP peak was more clearly observed with a phosphate peak that may be from micellar calcium phosphate (MCP). The serum spectrum was the same as skim milk spectrum, except for SerP peak. Furthermore, two types of casein micelle fractions, with 0.90 and 1.04 of [beta-casein + kappa-casein]/[alpha(s1)-casein + alpha(s2)-casein] ratios were generated by different temperature microfiltrations, occurring because beta-casein is released from the micelle at a low temperature. The shape of SerP peaks changed dramatically in both the casein micelle spectra, when the temperature dropped from 35 to 5 degrees C. Deconvolution analysis indicated that each SerP peak comprised the same set of four peaks. Half-width and composition discriminated between the two types of casein micelle fractions. As a consequence, there was significant interaction between casein micelle and milk serum, causing cloudiness of SerP in the liquid-state 31P-NMR spectrum of milk. Casein composition influenced the SerP-MCP interaction in micellar structure. Shape changing of the SerP peak was discussed in connection with beta-casein-release phenomenon.
The Action of t-Butyl Hypochlorite on Organic Compounds. II. Aromatic Aldehydes<sup>1</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Action of t-Butyl Hypochlorite on Organic Compounds. II. Aromatic Aldehydes1David GinsburgCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 2, 702–704Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01146a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01146a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1058Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The beta relaxation in epoxy resin‐based networks (1979)

Abstract The dynamic properties of epoxy–amine networks have been studied using a torsion pendulum, and the effect of replacement of resin by monoglycidyl ethers on the beta relaxation has been determined. It is shown that the loss peak is not sensitive to glyceryl units derived from the monofunctional diluents. From the effect of mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic‐based epoxy resins on the relaxation and from the loss properties of systems with varying ratio of resin to curing agent and catalytically cured systems, it is suggested that the loss peak has at least two basic components. One is related to the presence of glyceryl units derived from polyfunctional glycidyl compounds, while the other may be related to the presence of diphenylpropane units in the resin.
Mitochondrial protection impairs BET bromodomain inhibitor-mediated cell death and provides rationale for combination therapeutic strategies (2015)

Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain family (BETI) have recently entered phase I clinical trials. In patients with advanced leukemia's, potent antileukemia activity was displayed with minimum dose-limiting toxicity. In preclinical models of hematological malignancies, including aggressive B-cell lymphomas, BETI induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the underlying cell death mechanisms are still not well understood. Dissecting the mechanisms required by BETI to mediate cell death would provide strong direction on how to best utilize BETI to treat patients with aggressive hematological malignancies. Herein, we provide understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BETI-mediated cell death using I-BET762. Induction of cell death occurred in primary murine and human B-cell lymphomas through apoptosis. Genetic dissection using Eμ-myc B-cell lymphoma compound mutants demonstrated that I-BET762-induced apoptosis does not require the p53 pathway. Furthermore, deletion of Apaf1, and thus the absence of a functional apoptosome, is associated with a delayed drug response but do not provide long-term resistance. Prolonged treatment of this model in fact fails to suppress the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and is associated with biochemical features of autophagy. However, lack of mitochondrial permeability completely inhibited I-BET762-mediated tumor cell death, indicating mitochondrial damage as key events for its activity. Combination of I-BET762 with BH3-only mimetics ABT-263 or obatoclax, restored sensitivity to I-BET762 lymphoma killing; however, success was determined by expression of Bcl-2 family antiapoptotic proteins. Our study provides critical insight for clinical decisions regarding the appropriate strategy for using BETI as a single agent or in combination to treat patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
Pneumonia in Intubated Patients: Role of Respiratory Airway Care (1996)

In order to assess potential risk factors for pneumonia within the first 8 d of ventilation, we studied 83 consecutive intubated patients undergoing continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (CASS). Multivariate analysis showed the protective effect of antibiotic use (relative risk [RR] = 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01 to 0.71), whereas failure of the CASS technique (RR = 5.29; 95% CI = 1.24 to 22.64) was associated with a greater risk of pneumonia. In addition, there was a trend toward a higher risk of pneumonia (RR = 2.57; 95% CI = 0.78 to 8.03) among patients with persistent intracuff pressures below 20 cm H2O. The remaining factors analyzed were not significant. Failure of CASS did not influence the development of pneumonia among patients undergoing antibiotic treatment (33.0% versus 38.5%, p > 0.20), but was strongly associated with pneumonia (42.1% versus 8.3%, p < 0.01) among intubated patients not receiving antibiotics. When multivariate analysis was repeated in this subpopulation, failure of CASS (RR = 7.52, 95% CI = 1.48 to 38.07) and persistent intracuff pressure below 20 cm H2O (RR = 4.23, 95% CI = 1.12 to 15.92) were factors independently associated with the development of pneumonia. We conclude that leakage of colonized subglottic secretions around the cuff of the endotracheal tube is the most important risk factor for pneumonia within the first 8 d of intubation. This study confirms the importance of maintaining adequate intracuff pressure and effective aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing pneumonia in intubated patients not receiving antibiotic treatment.
Throughput analysis of production systems: recent advances and future topics (2008)

Throughput analysis is important for the design, operation and management of production systems. A substantial amount of research has been devoted to developing analytical methods to estimate the throughput of production systems with unreliable machines and finite buffers. In this paper we summarise the recent studies in this area. In addition to the performance evaluation of serial lines, approximation methods for more complex systems, such as assembly/disassembly systems, parallel lines, split and merge, closed-loop systems, etc., are discussed. Moreover, we propose future research topics from the automotive manufacturing systems perspective.
The case for odour risk assessment (2013)

One of the challenges is how to determine an appropriate separation distance for a new facility, or evaluate the effect of possible community encroachment on an existing facility. Also, how do we determine how strong an offensive odour is? And how do we classify how frequently an odour occurs before it becomes a nuisance?
Energy-yield and conversion-efficiency measurements of high-order harmonic radiation (1995)

Experimental measurements of the absolute energy yields and conversion efficiencies of high-order harmonic radiation in the spectral range of 31 to 17 nm are presented. We examine energy yields as a function of a number of parameters including drive laser wavelength, target atom, focal geometry, and peak laser intensity, and we have generated individual harmonics with energies as high as 60 nJ at wavelengths as short as 20 nm. Under optimum conditions, we find that conversion efficiencies of as high as ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}7}$ into each harmonic are possible.
Synthesis of stable isotope enriched metabolites of theophylline (1986)

Abstract Four isotopically labelled metabolites of theophylline were synthesized. The syntheses of 1‐(methyl‐d 3 luric‐2,8‐ 13 C 2 ‐acid; 1,3‐di( methyl‐d 3 )uric‐2,8‐ 13 C 2 ad d; 3‐(methyl‐d 3 lxanthi ne‐2‐ 13 C. 7‐ 15 N and 1‐ (methyl‐d 3 )xanthine‐2‐ 13 C are described. Modifications in published procedures for the synthesis of the corresponding unlabelled compounds were required to achieve the micro scale necessary to accommodate the small starting quantities of expensive stable isotope labelled precursors.
Gender determining method using thermography (2005)

Man and woman distinction is necessary to strengthen security and when various statistics on the visitor are taken in commercial facilities and so on. The conventional method of distinguishing a man from a woman is currently determined by using the person's appearance, the person's dress and in such cases, the way a person walks, the foot pressure, the hair type. But, these characteristics can be intentionally changed by human intervention or design. The proposed method gets the difference in the man's and woman's characteristics by taking images of the heat distribution of the person's face by thermography. This is a man and woman distinction based on a new concept and idea which this is used for. Consequently, this can be used to distinguish a man from a woman even if a man turns himself into the woman intentionally (and vice versa), because this method involves biometrics authentication.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Medicinal Chemistry At Merck. A Review (2008)

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been the subject of extensive medicinal chemistry efforts at several pharmaceutical companies, including Merck. The Merck effort produced a wide variety of SERMs including ER-alpha selective antagonists and ER-beta agonists in addition to balanced (non-selective) analogs. This article will provide a broad overview of the Merck SERM medicinal chemistry effort as published in the literature through early 2008.
Hairpin Peptide Motif. A New Class of Oligopeptides for Sequence-Specific Recognition in the Minor Groove of Double-Helical DNA (1994)

Peptides which bind in the minor groove of DNA as antiparallel side-by-side dimers can be linked head-to-tail\nto afford a new class of hairpin oligopeptides with enhanced sequence specificity for DNA. Four hexapeptides were\nsynthesized wherein the terminal amine and carboxyl groups of tris(N-methylpyrrolecarboxamide) (P3) and\nN-methylimidazole-2-carboxamide-netropsin (2-ImN), respectively, have been connected with glycine (Gly), β-alanine\n(βAla), 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and 5-aminovaleric acid (Ava) amino acids. The hexapeptide 2-ImN-GABA-P3\nbinds 5'-TGTTA-3' sites with a binding affinity of 7.6 X 10^7 M^(-1) (10 mM Tris·HCl, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl_2,\nand 5 mM CaCl_2 at pH 7.0 and 22 °C). The general and efficient synthetic methodology-for preparation of head-to-tail\nlinked peptides should allow the design of a new class of hairpin peptides for specific recognition of many different\nsequences in the minor groove of DNA.\n
Cloud-based RFID authentication (2013)

Along with the development of cloud computing, cloud-based RFID is receiving more and more attentions of researchers and engineers. However, there is no research in which cloud computing is applied to RFID authentication schemes. Most current works lay emphasis on functionalities, lacking considerations about security and privacy. Classical RFID authentication schemes fail to meet the special security and privacy requirements of cloud-based RFID. The basic postulates of traditional backend-sever-based RFID authentication, i.e. secure backend channel and entirely trustworthy database, are no longer natively tenable in cloud-based RFID scenarios. In this paper, a virtual private network agency is suggested to build secure backend channels and to provide readers with anonymous access to the cloud. The cloud database is structured as an encrypted hash table. The first cloud-based RFID authentication protocol preserving tag/reader privacy to database keepers is proposed. Comparing with classical schemes, the proposed scheme has advantages in deployment cost saving, pervasiveness of authentication, scalability of O(1) complexity to verify a tag, mobile reader holders' privacy preserving, and database security.
Antibody-Induced Redistribution of Measles Virus Antigens on the Cell Surface (1974)

Abstract Antibody specific for measles virus can redistribute (cap) measles virus antigens on infected cells in culture. Capping of measles virus antigens at the cell surface requires active cell metabolism and multivalent antibody. Capping was inhibited with oligomycin D, vinblastine sulfate, colchicine, and cytochalasin B, suggesting that ATP production and functioning microfilaments and microtubles are involved in the capping process.
An Information Protection Scheme Based upon Number Theory (1987)

We propose a new mechanism that fulfils the requirements of a single key-lock (SKL for short) information protection system. Using our method, each user is given a key, each file a lock, and an operation on the key of a user with the lock of a file yields the user's access privilege on the secured file.