gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> (2005)

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tickborne rickettsial infection of neutrophils caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The human disease was first identified in 1990, although the pathogen was defined as a veterinary agent in 1932. Since 1990, US cases have markedly increased, and infections are now recognized in Europe. A high international seroprevalence suggests infection is widespread but unrecognized. The niche for A. phagocytophilum, the neutrophil, indicates that the pathogen has unique adaptations and pathogenetic mechanisms. Intensive study has demonstrated interactions with host-cell signal transduction and possibly eukaryotic transcription. This interaction leads to permutations of neutrophil function and could permit immunopathologic changes, severe disease, and opportunistic infections. More study is needed to define the immunology and pathogenetic mechanisms and to understand why severe disease develops in some persons and why some animals become long-term permissive reservoir hosts.
Detection and Control of Mobile Robot Motion by Real-Time Computer Vision (1987)

An approach is presented that combines dynamical models of 3D motion with geometric models of the scene and the laws of perspective projection to estimate all motion parameters necessary to control a mobile robot vehicle. The approach is demonstrated by autonomous con-trol of a jet propelled air-cushion vehicle, navigating through a technical environment with three degrees of motion freedom and performing a rendezvous maneuver with a passive partner. Features of the partner and other objects in the scene, the 3D shapes of which are known, are looked for and then tracked by the processors of a multimicroprocessor system. A sequential Kalman filter formulation is used to detect and to cope with variable feature visibility due to occlusion and motion while determining the complete relative motion state without inversion of the projection equations. A scheme is developed for always selecting those features for tracking which yield the best state estimate, the quality of which is demonstrated by physical docking with a static partner. The system operates at 0.13 seconds cycle time, half of which is spent for I/O operations. Experimental results are given.
Mechanically-Steered, Mobile Satellite-Tracking Antenna (1990)

Signal from satellite tracked in moving vehicle. L-band, mechanically-steered, medium-gain antenna part of prototype radio equipment mounted in vehicle to demonstrate concept of land-mobile/satellite communication system. Provides such services as mobile telephone, voice or alphanumeric dispatch, paging, position-location information, and low-rate data transmission, for users within continental United States and Alaska. Antenna rotated mechanically until it finds direction from which maximum signal comes. Rate sensors provide inertial frame of reference during acquisition, so antenna locks onto signal even when vehicle turning.
Antiplasmodial Metabolites Isolated from the Marine Octocoral <i>Muricea austera</i> (2006)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract from the octocoral Muricea austera collected in the Pacific coast of Panama led to the isolation of eight compounds, including three tyramine derivatives (1-3), two steroidal pregnane glycosides (4, 5), and three sesquiterpenoids (6-8). Compounds 2-5 are new natural products, and their structures were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data (HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and CD studies). The antiprotozoal activities of the natural compounds 1-8 as well as those of a series of synthetic glycosides (11-22) and tyramine derivatives (23-35) were evaluated in vitro against a drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and intracellular form of Trypanosoma cruzi.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Brains with AIDS-Related Leukoencephalopathy (1987)

In addition to central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infections and neoplasms, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop unexplained dementia and encephalopathy and degeneration of the white matter. We studied autopsied brains from 20 adult patients who expired from AIDS to determine the relationship of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to white matter lesions and to clinical findings. In four patients with dementia/encephalopathy and abnormalities of the white matter, there was evidence of HIV infection as shown by in situ hybridization. In contrast, the remaining 16 patients who had no evidence of white matter degeneration revealed no hybridization to the HIV probe. The cells infected with HIV included endothelial cells, perivascular macrophages/monocytes, and multinucleated giant cells and were found in or adjacent to white matter degeneration. These results demonstrate a correlation between HIV-infected cells and AIDS leukoencephalopathy and provide further evidence for HIV-related dementia/encephalopathy.
Synthesis, antimicrobial testing and QSAR study of new 2-phenylethenylbenzothiazolium salts substituted by cyclic amines. (2000)

A series of new 2-phenylethenylbenzothiazolium salts substituted by cyclic amines has been prepared by the condensation of 2-methyl benzothiazolium bromide with substituted benzaldehydes. The nucleophilic substitution of 4-fluorobenzaldehyde with appropriate cyclic amines has been used to obtain the starting benzaldehydes. The compounds with saturated cycloamino substituents have shown enhanced activity against Euglena and some derivatives with piperazine substituent were active against Gram positive bacteria.
Event detection in sensor networks for modern oil fields (2008)

We report the experience of implementing event detection analytics to monitor and forewarn oil production failures in modern, digitized oil fields. Modern oil fields are equipped with thousands of sensors and gauges to measure various physical and chemical characteristics of oil and gas from underground reservoirs to distribution systems. Data from these massive sensor networks weave a picture depicting the state of oil production and potentially hinting at troubles ahead. Continuous streams of sensor readings can be tapped and fed into analytical algorithms in real time to estimate the likelihood of failure events and generate alerts for possible engineering actions. However, the large amount of main memory required to maintain algorithmic states on cumulative stream data poses challenges to today's web-centric, short-message oriented IT infrastructure. Familiar techniques such as data aggregation, selective sampling and window truncating cannot be applied to some sophisticated algorithms. The paper details our end-to-end solution, points out mismatches with the prevalent transactional web model and suggests new research directions.
The human MLH1 cDNA complements DNA mismatch repair defects in Mlh1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (1999)

The DNA mismatch repair gene hMLH1 is reported to function in mutation avoidance, cell cycle checkpoint control, the cytotoxicity of various DNA-damaging agents, and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. Formal proof of the involvement of hMLH1 in these processes requires single gene complementation. We have stably expressed hMLH1 from a transfected cDNA in Mlh1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Expression of hMLH1 restored normal levels of mPMS2 protein, reduced spontaneous base substitution and microsatellite mutations, increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of 6-thioguanine (6-TG), and restored 6-TG-induced cell cycle arrest. Our studies confirm that hMLH1 has an essential role in the maintenance of genomic stability and the potentiation of 6-TG cytotoxicity and provide a system for detailed structure/function analysis of the hMLH1 protein.
High Integrity Protection Systems (2004)

The American Petroleum Institute (API) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provide criteria for the protection of vessels and pipeline from excess pressure. In conventional design, a pressure relief device is used as the primary means of protection and a flare is used to safely combust the gases relieved during any overpressure event. However, community and regulatory authorities are demanding that industry reduce flaring. The need to balance safety and environmental requirements has resulted in the use of an alternative approach for overpressure protection — a safety instrumented system (SIS). API 521 and Code Case 2211 of ASME Section VIII, Division 1 and 2 allow the use of an SIS in lieu of a pressure relief device as long as the SIS meets or exceeds the protection provided by the pressure relief device. As SIS, their design must follow the safety lifecycle in the international standard IEC 61511. The required risk reduction results in the need for high SIS safety availability; therefore, these systems are often called High Integrity Protections Systems (HIPS).
Actor-Critic Algorithms for Risk-Sensitive Reinforcement Learning. (2014)

In many sequential decision-making problems we may want to manage risk by minimizing some measure of variability in rewards in addition to maximizing a standard criterion. Variance related risk measures are among the most common risk-sensitive criteria in finance and operations research. However, optimizing many such criteria is known to be a hard problem. In this paper, we consider both discounted and average reward Markov decision processes. For each formulation, we first define a measure of variability for a policy, which in turn gives us a set of risk-sensitive criteria to optimize. For each of these criteria, we derive a formula for computing its gradient. We then devise actor-critic algorithms that operate on three timescales a TD critic on the fastest timescale, a policy gradient (actor) on the intermediate timescale, and a dual ascent for Lagrange multipliers on the slowest timescale. In the discounted setting, we point out the difficulty in estimating the gradient of the variance of the return and incorporate simultaneous perturbation approaches to alleviate this. The average setting, on the other hand, allows for an actor update using compatible features to estimate the gradient of the variance. We establish the convergence of our algorithms to locally risk-sensitive optimal policies. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of our algorithms in a traffic signal control application.
Glyoxylate Metabolism Is a Key Feature of the Metabolic Degradation of 1,4-Dioxane by Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans Strain CB1190 (2012)

The groundwater contaminant 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) is transformed by several monooxygenase-expressing microorganisms, but only a few of these, including Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans strain CB1190, can metabolize the compound as a sole carbon and energy source. However, nothing is yet known about the genetic basis of dioxane metabolism. In this study, we used a microarray to study differential expression of genes in strain CB1190 grown on dioxane, glycolate (a previously identified intermediate of dioxane degradation), or pyruvate. Of eight multicomponent monooxygenase gene clusters carried by the strain CB1190 genome, only the monooxygenase gene cluster located on plasmid pPSED02 was upregulated with dioxane relative to pyruvate. Plasmid-borne genes for putative aldehyde dehydrogenases, an aldehyde reductase, and an alcohol oxidoreductase were also induced during growth with dioxane. With both dioxane and glycolate, a chromosomal gene cluster encoding a putative glycolate oxidase was upregulated, as were chromosomal genes related to glyoxylate metabolism through the glyoxylate carboligase pathway. Glyoxylate carboligase activity in cell extracts from cells pregrown with dioxane and in Rhodococcus jostii strain RHA1 cells expressing the putative strain CB1190 glyoxylate carboligase gene further demonstrated the role of glyoxylate metabolism in the degradation of dioxane. Finally, we used (13)C-labeled dioxane amino acid isotopomer analysis to provide additional evidence that metabolites of dioxane enter central metabolism as three-carbon compounds, likely as phosphoglycerate. The routing of dioxane metabolites via the glyoxylate carboligase pathway helps to explain how dioxane is metabolized as a sole carbon and energy source for strain CB1190.
Neurodegenerative disease: models, mechanisms, and a new hope (2017)

Neurodegeneration is a feature of many debilitating, incurable diseases that are rapidly rising in prevalence, such as Parkinson's disease. There is an urgent need to develop new and more effective therapeutic strategies to combat these devastating diseases. Models - from cell-based systems, to unicellular organisms, to complex animals - have proven to be a useful tool to help the research community shed light on the mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases, and these advances have now begun to provide promising therapeutic avenues. In this themed issue of Disease Models & Mechanisms, a special collection of articles focused on neurodegenerative diseases is introduced. The collection includes original research articles that provide new insights into the complex pathophysiology of such diseases, revealing candidate biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Some of the articles describe a new disease model that enables deeper exploration of key mechanisms. We also present a series of reviews that highlight some of the recent translational advances made in studies of neurodegenerative diseases. In this Editorial, we summarize the articles featured in this collection, emphasizing the impact that model-based studies have made in this exciting area of research.
Chemical Dual‐Responsive Wettability of Superhydrophobic PANI‐PAN Coaxial Nanofibers (2007)

Abstract PANI‐PAN coaxial nanofibers have been prepared by electro‐spinning during polymerization. The surface of the resulting nanofibers is superhydrophobic with a water contact angle up to 164.5°. Conductivity of the PANI‐PAN nanofibers is about 4.3 × 10 −2 S · cm −1 . The superhydrophobic nanofibers show a chemical dual‐responsive surface wettability, which can be easily triggered by changing pH value or redox properties of the solution. A reversible conversion between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity can be performed in a short time. The strategy used here may provide an easy method to control the wettability of smart surfaces by using properties of low‐cost functional polymers. magnified image
A new paradigm for parallel and distributed rule-processing (1990)

This paper is concerned with the parallel evaluation of datalog rule programs, mainly by processors that are interconnected by a communication network. We introduce a paradigm, called data-reduction, for the parallel evaluation of a general datalog program. Several parallelization strategies discussed previously in [CW, GST, W, WS] are special cases of this paradigm. The paradigm parallelizes the evaluation by partitioning among the processors the instantiations of the rules. After presenting the paradigm, we discuss the following issues, that we see fundamental for parallelization strategies derived from the paradigm properties of the strategies that enable a reduction in the communication overhead, decomposability, load balancing, and application to programs with negation. We prove that decomposability, a concept introduced previously in [WS, CW], is undecidable.
Kinetic applications of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. III. Self-reactions of dialkyl nitroxide radicals (1971)

Bimolecular rate constants and activation parameters have been measured for the self-reactions of several dialkyl nitroxides in a number of solvents. It has been shown that there is a large deuterium isotope effect on the reaction if the hydrogens on the α-carbons are replaced by deuterium. The results are consistent with a mechanism involving the reversible formation of a diamagnetic nitroxide dimer and its slow decomposition to a hydroxylamine and a nitrone. The equilibrium constant for dimer formation has been determined with (CH3-CD2)2NO· in isopentane and in CF2Cl2. The analogy between the self-reactions of nitroxides and of peroxy radicals is pointed out.
Stimulated Raman scattering imaging by continuous-wave laser excitation (2013)

We demonstrate a low-cost-stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope using continuous-wave (cw) lasers as excitation sources. A dual modulation scheme is used to remove the electronic background. The cw-SRS imaging of lipids in fatty liver is demonstrated by excitation of C─H stretch vibration.
Arterio-Venous Anastomoses and Thermoregulation (Arterio-Veneuze Anastomosen en Thermoregulatie) (1991)

In a cold environment human heat loss is reduced by peripheral vasoconstriction, counter-current heat exchange and a change of peripheral circulation pattern. However, these mechanisms go at the expense of the tissue temperature in the extremities. The cooling can be so pronounced that local cold injuries occur. Cold induced vasodilation (CIVD) may be regarded as an effective protection against local cold injury. The underlying mechanism is often associated with the presence of arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA). Rhythmic relaxation and contraction of the strong muscular wall of the AVA is often supposed to cause the hunting response in CIVD. The contraction phase is probably caused by stimulation of the alpha-adrenoceptors in the smooth muscle wall. Relaxation may be caused by a nervous blockade of the sympathetic system. There is no scientific evidence for humeral mediators. The influence of the body temperature on the vasomotor tone of the AVA remains to be investigated. The locations of AVA and the sites where CIVD occurs are not in perfect correspondence and also this point needs further research.
Power-Aware Test Scheduling in Network-on-Chip Using Variable-Rate On-Chip Clocking (2005)

Network-on-chip is the new paradigm in core-based system design. Reuse of the on-chip communication network for NoC test is critical to reduce test cost. However, efficient reuse of the communication network for test of legacy cores is challenging. A mismatch between the NoC channel width and the core test wrapper width can adversely affect test efficiency. In addition, stringent power constraints on today's high-density systems exacerbate the test scheduling problem. In this paper, we propose a method for efficiently utilizing the on-chip network for power-aware test scheduling in NoCs. We make use of on-chip clocking to speed up test data transfer by selectively using faster clocks to test certain cores; other cores receive slower clocks to limit test power consumption. A method is presented to determine the clock rate distribution among cores. Experimental results for the ITC '02 benchmarks show that the new method leads to substantial reduction in overall test application time, while satisfying power constraints.
Accelerated Super-resolution MR Image Reconstruction via a 3D Densely Connected Deep Convolutional Neural Network (2018)

Magnetic resonance (MR) images are often acquired with low resolution (LR) due to hardware limitations, practical limitations on acquisition time, and patient comfort. In this study, we propose a novel method to reconstruct high resolution (HR) MR images through efficiently learning the LR to HR nonlinear mapping by a densely connected 3D deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses learnable deconvolution on multi-level features for upsampling. Different from the current CNN-based MR image super-resolution (SR) methods that take interpolated patches as input, the proposed method directly takes LR MR images (or LR patches) as input to reduce computational complexity and accelerate SR reconstruction. Improved dense blocks in this architecture are adopted to extract multi-level features from the LR image, and carry the information forward with dense connections. The final deconvolution layer automatically learns a filter to fuse and upscale all feature maps to generate HR MR images. The experimental results on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art MR image SR reconstruction performance with less computational load and memory usage.
The First Total Synthesis of Sporiolide A (2006)

The first total synthesis of the natural cytotoxic agent sporiolide A has been accomplished from D-glucal in 16 steps with 6.1% overall yield. Carbohydrates were applied as the chiral templates to manipulate the absolute configuration during the synthesis. Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)-promoted transformation of the cyclic enol-ether to lactone, followed by Yamaguchi esterification and intramolecular ring closure metathesis, greatly facilitates synthesis of the target compound.
Multiple Layers of Meaning in an Oral Proficiency Test: The Complementary Roles of Nonverbal, Paralinguistic, and Verbal Behaviors in Assessment Decisions (2003)

This study investigated the influence of nonverbal behavior in the context of interactive talk during the assessment of an oral proficiency interview test. The participants were 4 Spanish–speaking and 4 Chinese–speaking international teaching assistants (ITAs). Microanalysis of videotaped tests indicated that interviewees who employed nonverbal behavior considered appropriate by North American evaluators and who negotiated a degree of control over the interview process were able to compensate for perceived weaker linguistic proficiency. Active nonverbal behavior as listeners and turn–takers, together with appropriate paralinguistic features in their talk in interaction, created for the raters an impression of the test taker's interactional competence. This interplay of behaviors ensured high scores for ITAs perceived to be linguistically proficient and low passing scores for those rated as linguistically weaker. The successful test takers in this study were able to modify the power dynamic and to reduce the interview asymmetry. Those participants who framed the interview as a discussion or conversation among peers were more successful than those who framed it as an examination. Implications for oral proficiency testing and ESL instruction are discussed.
Testing for serum IgM binding to GM1 ganglioside in clinical practice (2000)

To the Editor:

A recent article by Carpo et al.1 and an associated editorial by Holloway and Feasby2 dealt with a variety of issues regarding serum testing for IgM anti-GM1 antibodies. Although there have been several collaborations across study centers to evaluate such testing,3,4 in which we have always participated, ELISA methods for measuring IgM anti-GM1 antibodies are not standardized. Carpo et al. and many commercial laboratories use methodologies that differ from ours,5,6 and each other, in important aspects.

We compared our Co-GM1 ELISA assay methods to the techniques that were outlined by Carpo et al.,1 including their algorithms for serum dilutions, coating of control wells with bovine serum albumin, and determination of sera with antibody levels over background. We simultaneously tested 22 multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) sera (from our previous study) and 24 disease control sera. ⇓ 

View this table:

Table 1. 
Methods



We have also completed an extensive quality control study of our methods of analysis of IgM binding to Co-GM1 and NP-9 antigen, based on the actual clinical practice of our referral laboratory. Test results of more than 5,000 sera sent for routine analysis to our laboratory, and clinical correlations with our own patients from a subset of these sera, confirm our original data.5

Sensitivity: MMN is a clinical motor neuropathy syndrome, as described in several publications.7-10 Motor conduction block is a focal reduction (>50%) in compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes in distal nerves at locations other than sites of compression. IgM anti-Co-GM1 antibodies with …