gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges and opportunities in drug and biomarker development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Findings and recommendations from an American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases–U.S. Food and Drug Administration Joint Workshop (2014)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) in North America. It is a growing contributor to the burden of CDL requiring liver transplantation. Cirrhosis is also associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular cancer, which may occur even in the absence of cirrhosis in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the histological form of NAFLD associated with increased liver-related mortality. The diagnosis of NASH currently requires a liver biopsy. There are also no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for NASH. Therefore, there is a need to develop better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with NASH, targeting both those with early-stage disease as well as those with advanced liver fibrosis. There are unique challenges in the design of studies for these target populations. The long relatively asymptomatic time interval in the progression of NAFLD and NASH to cirrhosis and ultimately liver failure, along with gaps in knowledge regarding disease modifiers, combine to present significant challenges in trial design. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop methods to identify the populations at particular risk of disease progression and validate endpoints that reflect meaningful changes in health status in this population. This article summarizes the discussion at a joint workshop held September 5 and 6, 2013 in Silver Spring, Maryland, sponsored by the FDA and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases to develop guidance on diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for NASH.
Targeting mi<scp>R</scp>‐155 restores abnormal microglia and attenuates disease in <scp>SOD</scp>1 mice (2014)

We found overexpression of miR-155 in the SOD1 mouse and in both sporadic and familial human ALS. Targeting miR-155 in SOD1 mice restores dysfunctional microglia and ameliorates disease. These findings identify miR-155 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of ALS.
Bovine Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Induced Dentinogenesis (1993)

Differentiation of odontoblasts is important for dentin formation in tooth germs and mature teeth. Although previous reports have indicated that there may be a kind of inductive agent that could induce mesenchymal cells in dental pulps to differentiate into odontoblasts, and secrete dentin matrix, the primary inductive factor of odontoblasts has not been found. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), which induces the formation of cartilage and bone when implanted in muscle tissue, is found in dentin matrix. The relationship between the differentiation of odontoblasts and BMP was observed by means of immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody (MAb) against BMP in dental pulp tissue and cell culture; [3H]thymidine incorporation; and measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity. The conclusions are: (1) BMP exists in odontoblasts, ameloblasts, and dentin matrix (the positive reaction in ameloblasts appeared earlier and remained stronger); (2) BMP promotes incorporation of [3H]thymidine and increases the activity of alkaline phosphatase in cultured dental pulp cells; (3) BMP-induced dental pulp cells in dental pulp tissue cultures differentiate from mesenchymal to odontoblast-like cells; and (4) BMP induces formation of osteodentin and tubular dentin when used as a dental capping agent of dogs' teeth. Bone morphogenetic protein plays an important role in differentiation of odontoblasts and might be one of the inductive agents of odontoblasts. Further investigations of BMP as a biologic dental capping agent are warranted.
Centralized On‐Line Hemodiafiltration System Utilizing Purified Dialysate as Substitution Fluid (1998)

We followed the guidelines of the Kyushu Society for Hemodiafiltration (HDF) Therapy on the purification of dialysate used as substitution fluid and clinically applied HDF using only 20 L or 15 L of substitution fluid in the pre- or postdilution mode, respectively. We used a centralized on-line HDF system consisting of a novel multi-patient dialysate delivery system applying 3 endotoxin (ET) removal filters in series, maintaining the ET level within the criteria limit below 1.0 IU/L (measured at the first filter outlet to be 0.1 IU/L and after the third filter to be below the sensitivity limit) irrespective of the fluctuation in the ET level of the tap water. Low molecular weight proteins (beta2-microglobulin, prolactin, alpha1-microglobulin, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein) were more effectively removed in this HDF system than in conventional hemodialysis (HD) using the same dialyzer as that in the HDF system, and the removal of these proteins in the HDF system was enhanced as their molecular weights increased. The clinical effect of the HDF system was demonstrated by a decrease in joint pain accompanied by improvement in joint motion in 6 dialysis patients followed over the long term (100 weeks).
Glycaemic control in critically ill patients with cardiovascular disease (2006)

Tight control of blood glucose has been shown to be beneficial in several patient groups. The optimal target glucose concentration and glucose and insulin regimens remain to be confirmed or determined in each clinical situation.
Fluorescence rejection in Raman spectroscopy using a synchronously pumped, cavity-dumped dye laser and gated photon counting (1986)

The application of a picosecond-pulsed laser system, in conjunction with a time-to-amplitude converter, to the suppression of fluorescence noise in Raman spectra is described. Enhancements of 14.6 (Raman signal/fluorescence background) and 2.8 (Raman signal/fluorescence noise) were obtained for a solution of benzene doped with a fluorophore with lifetime tau f=11.8 ns, while corresponding improvements of 5.5 and 2.0 were observed for a dopant with tau f=3.9 ns. When the samples studied exhibited non-Poisson fluctuations in background intensity, the signal-to-noise enhancement was much greater (7.2). Calculations are presented which successfully model the signal-to-noise enhancement as a function of tau f and the detector timing resolution. These calculations have been verified experimentally over a wide range of gate widths and positions. The importance of the Raman signal/fluorescence noise ratio rather than the Raman signal/fluorescence background level is stressed.
Decade Bandwidth Bias T's for MIC Applications up to 50 GHz (Short Paper) (1987)

A new design of bias T is described capable of carrying direct currents (dc) of a number of amperes while operating over RF bandwidths of more than a decade. Realized in microstrip or stripline, a design can operate up to at least 50 GHz as either a stand-alone component or as part of a microwave integrated circuit (MIC). The bias T circuit has been treated as a combination of HP, BP, and LP filters, the BP filter forming the major part. Design of the filter is by an exact transfer function synthesis procedure involving the application of the Richards transformation.
An Efficient Catalyst for the Conversion of Hydrosilanes to Alkoxysilanes (1995)

Abstract The copper(I) hydride [Ph 3 PCuH] 6 is an efficient catalyst for the alcoholysis of primary and secondary silanes. The reactions proceed at room temperature within a few hours and give the alkoxysilanes in high yields. Only with bulky alcohols or silanes are longer reaction times and/or increased temperatures required. The presence of air accelerates the reactions and gives rise to higher yields of alkoxysilanes, particularly with bulky alcohols. Diols react with PhRSiH 2 (R = Me, Ph) to afford 1,3‐dioxo‐2‐silacycloalkanes and with tertiary silanes to furnish the bissilylated diols. When unsaturated alcohols (2‐propen‐1‐ol or 2‐propyn‐1‐ol) are employed, the double or triple bond is retained.
A comparison between one-way and two-way wave-equation migration (2004)

Abstract Results for wave-equation migration in the frequency domain using the constant-density acoustic two-way wave equation have been compared to images obtained by its one-way approximation. The two-way approach produces more accurate reflector amplitudes and provides superior imaging of steep flanks. However, migration with the two-way wave equation is sensitive to diving waves, leading to low-frequency artifacts in the images. These can be removed by surgical muting of the input data or iterative migration or high-pass spatial filtering. The last is the most effective. Iterative migration based on a least-squares approximation of the seismic data can improve the amplitudes and resolution of the imaged reflectors. Two approaches are considered, one based on the linearized constant-density acoustic wave equation and one on the full acoustic wave equation with variable density. The first converges quickly. However, with our choice of migration weights and high-pass spatial filtering for the linearized case, a real-data migration result shows little improvement after the first iteration. The second, nonlinear iterative migration method is considerably more difficult to apply. A real-data example shows only marginal improvement over the linearized case. In two dimensions, the computational cost of the two-way approach has the same order of magnitude as that for the one-way method. With our implementation, the two-way method requires about twice the computer time needed for one-way wave-equation migration.
Inexpensive instruments for the measurement of solar radiation (1972)

Abstract Four inexpensive solarimeters were compared with a standard. Mean errors (on a daily basis) were 5 per cent for the Gunn‐Bellani, 9 per cent for the Campbell‐Stokes, 10 per cent for the bimetallic actinograph and 12 per cent for the Sol‐a‐Meter. The corresponding weekly errors were 2–5 per cent, 3 per cent, 3.5 per cent and 4.5 per cent. A fifth instrument was not included because daily totals were difficult to obtain.
A probabilistic framework for acoustic emission source localization in plate-like structures (2012)

This paper proposes a probabilistic approach for acoustic emission (AE) source localization in isotropic plate-like structures based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The proposed approach consists of two main stages. During the first stage, time-of-flight (TOF) measurements of Lamb waves are carried out by a continuous wavelet transform (CWT), accounting for systematic errors due to the Heisenberg uncertainty; the second stage uses an EKF to iteratively estimate the AE source location and the wave velocity. The advantages of the proposed algorithm over the traditional methods include the capability of: (1) taking into account uncertainties in TOF measurements and wave velocity and (2) efficiently fusing multi-sensor data to perform AE source localization. The performance of the proposed approach is validated through pencil-lead breaks performed on an aluminum plate at systematic grid locations. The plate was instrumented with an array of four piezoelectric transducers in two different configurations.
D and z-values for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in packaged low-fat ready-to-eat turkey bologna subjected to a surface pasteurization treatment (2003)

The D-values of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium at various surface pasteurization temperatures were determined for low-fat turkey bologna. Four cm2 meat squares were sterilized by irradiation prior to inoculation with 0.1 mL of a 10(8) cfu/mL culture, aseptically packaged in a linear low-density polyethylene pouch, and vacuum-sealed. Thermal treatments were administered by submerging packages in a heated water bath maintained at various set temperatures. At an 85 degrees C water bath temperature, no L. monocytogenes cells were detected (<10(2)) after 10 s of exposure, whereas at 61 degrees C cells viable were detected (>10(2)) up to 10 min of heating. No S. Typhimurium cells (<10(2)) were detected after 10 s at 70 degrees C, but cells survived up to 7 min at 60 degrees C. The D-values for L. monocytogenes at 61 and 65 degrees C were 124 and 16.2 s, respectively; whereas S. Typhimurium D-values were 278 s at 57 and 81 s at 60 degrees C. Z-values were 4.44 and 5.56 degrees C, respectively, for L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium. This study demonstrated that significant reductions in bacterial populations and complete inactivation of S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes cells can be achieved using an in-package thermal pasteurization process.
Approximately Bisimilar Symbolic Models for Incrementally Stable Switched Systems (2009)

Switched systems constitute an important modeling paradigm faithfully describing many engineering systems in which software interacts with the physical world. Despite considerable progress on stability and stabilization of switched systems, the constant evolution of technology demands that we make similar progress with respect to different, and perhaps more complex, objectives. This paper describes one particular approach to address these different objectives based on the construction of approximately equivalent (bisimilar) symbolic models for switched systems. The main contribution of this paper consists in showing that under standard assumptions ensuring incremental stability of a switched system (i.e., existence of a common Lyapunov function, or multiple Lyapunov functions with dwell time), it is possible to construct a finite symbolic model that is approximately bisimilar to the original switched system with a precision that can be chosen <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a priori</i> . To support the computational merits of the proposed approach, we use symbolic models to synthesize controllers for two examples of switched systems, including the boost dc-dc converter.
Rate Constants for Reactions between Iodine- and Chlorine-Containing Species:  A Detailed Mechanism of the Chlorine Dioxide/Chlorite-Iodide Reaction (1996)

The chlorite-iodide reaction is unusual because it is substrate-inhibited and autocatalytic. Because analytically pure ClO2- ion is not easily prepared, it was generated in situ from the rapid reaction between ClO2 and I-. The resulting overall reaction is multiphasic, consisting of four separable parts. Sequentially, beginning with mixing, these parts are the (a) chlorine dioxide-iodide, (b) chlorine(III)-iodide, (c) chlorine(III)-iodine, and (d) hypoiodous and iodous acid disproportionation reactions. The overall reaction has been studied experimentally and by computer simulation by breaking it down into a set of kinetically active subsystems and three rapidly established equilibria: protonations of chlorite and HOI and formation of I3-. The subsystems whose kinetics and stoichiometries were experimentally measured, remeasured, or which were previously experimentally measured include oxidation of iodine(−1,0,+1,+3) by chlorine(0,+1,+3), oxidation of I- by HIO2, and disproportionation of HOI and HIO2. The final mechanism and rate constants of the overall reaction and of its subsystems were determined by sensitivity analysis and parameter fitting of differential equation systems. Rate constants determined for simpler reactions were fixed in the more complex systems. A 13-step model with the three above-mentioned rapid equilibria fits the overall reaction and all of its subsystems over the range [I-]0 < 10-3 M, [ClO2-]0 < 10-3 M, [I-]0/[ClO2-]0 = 3−5, pH = 1−3.5, and 25 °C. The derived model with all experimentally determined rate and equilibrium constants fits both the overall reaction and all of its subsystems within 1% relative accuracy.
Thermal, mechanical, and dielectric behaviors of crosslinked linear low density polyethylene/polyolefin elastomers blends (2007)

Abstract Crosslinked linear low density polyethylene (XLPE) containing polyolefin elastomers (POE) has been evaluated. The blends with different dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and POE contents have been prepared and processed by compression molding. A series of the samples obtained have been investigated by gel content determination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), different scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical, and dielectric behaviors measurements. The results obtained clearly show the relevant influence of the POE content, as well as of the DCP content, which tends to enhance crosslinking. As expected, the toughness of XLPE is improved by using adequate content of POE, and the blends exhibit a much more similar tensile behavior to that of elastomer. In addition, the results indicate that the blends possess the excellent dielectric behaviors, such as dielectric constant and dissipation factor. The crystallinity of the blends decreases as the DCP and POE contents increase. The melting temperature of the blends also decreases with the increase of DCP content, while POE content has few influences on the melting temperature of the blends. The SEM images strongly reveal that the blends are partially compatible, and the POE can be dispersed well in the matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1920–1927, 2007
Vibration sensitive admixture for roller compacted concrete (2013)

In order to further speed up the construction progress,shorten the rolling time and reduce the rolling times of roller compacted concrete after analyzing work of construction progress improvement measures of roller compacted concrete,research on vibration sensitive admixture is carried out and satisfactory results are acquired.The new type vibration sensitive admixture was used in the project of Jinghong hydropower station in Yunnan Province,China.The engineering experimental results show that various indexes have been verified.Meanwhile,the compactness of roller compacted concrete is improved under the same rolling times,the rolling times and the duration time can be reduced under the same compactness requirement in construction practice.
DNA sequence recognition by a eukaryotic sequence-specific endonuclease, Endo.SceI, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1991)

A eukaryotic sequence-specific endonuclease, Endo.SceI, causes sequence-specific double-stranded scission of double-stranded DNA to produce cohesive ends with four bases protruding at the 3' termini. Unlike in the case of restriction enzymes, an asymmetric 26-base pair consensus sequence was found around the cleavage site for Endo.SceI instead of a common sequence. We analyzed the base pairs that interacted with Endo.SceI on the recognition of its cleavage sites. A region comprising -10 through +16 base pairs from the center of the cleavage site was shown to be essential and sufficient for the sequence-specific cutting with Endo.SceI by experiments involving synthesized DNAs. Methylation interference experiments indicate that bases in the region comprising the +7 through +14 base pairs is involved in close contact with Endo.SceI in its recognition of the cleavage site. This +7 through +14-base pair region overlaps the most stringently conserved sequence in the consensus sequence for the cleavage site, suggesting that this region constitutes the core for the recognition by Endo.SceI.
Lactate Regulates Metabolic and Pro-inflammatory Circuits in Control of T Cell Migration and Effector Functions (2015)

Lactate has long been considered a "waste" by-product of cell metabolism, and it accumulates at sites of inflammation. Recent findings have identified lactate as an active metabolite in cell signalling, although its effects on immune cells during inflammation are largely unexplored. Here we ask whether lactate is responsible for T cells remaining entrapped in inflammatory sites, where they perpetuate the chronic inflammatory process. We show that lactate accumulates in the synovia of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Extracellular sodium lactate and lactic acid inhibit the motility of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. This selective control of T cell motility is mediated via subtype-specific transporters (Slc5a12 and Slc16a1) that we find selectively expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, respectively. We further show both in vitro and in vivo that the sodium lactate-mediated inhibition of CD4+ T cell motility is due to an interference with glycolysis activated upon engagement of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 with the chemokine CXCL10. In contrast, we find the lactic acid effect on CD8+ T cell motility to be independent of glycolysis control. In CD4+ T helper cells, sodium lactate also induces a switch towards the Th17 subset that produces large amounts of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17, whereas in CD8+ T cells, lactic acid causes the loss of their cytolytic function. We further show that the expression of lactate transporters correlates with the clinical T cell score in the synovia of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Finally, pharmacological or antibody-mediated blockade of subtype-specific lactate transporters on T cells results in their release from the inflammatory site in an in vivo model of peritonitis. By establishing a novel role of lactate in control of proinflammatory T cell motility and effector functions, our findings provide a potential molecular mechanism for T cell entrapment and functional changes in inflammatory sites that drive chronic inflammation and offer targeted therapeutic interventions for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders.
Radiochemical Purity and Stability of Commercial 99mTc-Stannous DTPA Kits Using a New Chromatography Technique (1975)

The radiochemical purity and stability of four commercial 99mTc-stannous diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-Sn-DTPA) kits were evaluated. A chromatographic technique involving Gelman instant thin layer chromatography was utilized to distinguish between 99mTc-Sn-DTPA, 99mTc-pertechnetate (99mTcO4 –), and hydrolyzed reduced 99mTc (99mTc-HR). The radiochemical purity of the kits was consistently greater than 99.0% on the two consecutive days evaluated. The stability of the commercial kits was greater than 99.0% at 4 hr after preparation. However, breakdown of two commercial kits was observed 6 hr after radiopharmaceutical preparation. These kits had radiochemical purities of 85.7 and 86.6% at 6 hr after preparation.
Binding of immunoglobulin classes to subpopulations of human red blood cells separated by density-gradient centrifugation (1980)

Human erythrocytes (RBC) from whole blood were separated according to their specific densities by centrifugation on a polyvinyl-pyrrolidine- coated colloidal silica matrix (Percoll) into four major subpopulations. By indirect immunofluorescence assay, the most dense RBC subpopulation, with specific density greater than 1.110 g/ml (3%-5% of total RBC), was positive for membrane-bound immunoglobulin; the remaining, less dense subpopulations were negative. IgG was present on 85%-95%, IgM on 28%-32%, and IgA on 15%-20% of the RBC in the most dense population. When these immunoglobulins were eluted, radiolabeled, and used in binding studies with autologous RBC fractions subjected to thermal and/or enzymatic treatment, they reacted specifically with the less dense RBC subpopulations. These results suggest that previously cryptic antigens were revealed by the activity of neuraminidase on the plasma membranes of the treated RBC.