gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Crystal Structure of the Calystegia sepium Agglutinin Reveals a Novel Quaternary Arrangement of Lectin Subunits with a β-Prism Fold (2003)

The high number of quaternary structures observed for lectins highlights the important role of these oligomeric assemblies during carbohydrate recognition events. Although a large diversity in the mode of association of lectin subunits is frequently observed, the oligomeric assemblies of plant lectins display small variations within a single family. The crystal structure of the mannose-binding jacalin-related lectin from Calystegia sepium (Calsepa) has been determined at 1.37-A resolution. Calsepa exhibits the same beta-prism fold as identified previously for other members of the family, but the shape and the hydrophobic character of its carbohydrate-binding site is unlike that of other members, consistent with surface plasmon resonance analysis showing a preference for methylated sugars. Calsepa reveals a novel dimeric assembly markedly dissimilar to those described earlier for Heltuba and jacalin but mimics the canonical 12-stranded beta-sandwich dimer found in legume lectins. The present structure exemplifies the adaptability of the beta-prism building block in the evolution of plant lectins and highlights the biological role of these quaternary structures for carbohydrate recognition.
High-Speed and High-Reliability InP-Based HBTs With a Novel Emitter (2009)

This paper describes InP HBTs with a novel emitter simply consisting of a degenerately doped n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InGaAs layer and an undoped InP thin layer. An n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InP layer is not necessary because the quasi-Femi level in the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InGaAs layer is high enough to exceed the conduction band discontinuity between the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InGaAs layer and the undoped InP layer. In the proposed structure, a thin ( ~ 10 nm) ledge structure can easily be fabricated by etching the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InGaAs layer. The fabricated HBTs with a 15-nm-thick ledge structure provide a high collector current density of over 6 mA/¿m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . There is almost no degradation of current gain, although the emitter width is reduced to as small as 0.5 ¿m. The HBTs also exhibit an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ft</i> of 324 GHz at a collector current density of 5.5 mA/¿m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which is comparable with that of HBTs with a conventional emitter consisting of an n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InGaAs layer, an n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -InP layer, and an n-InP layer. From the results of accelerated life tests, the activation energy of the degradation in HBTs is estimated to be around 1.8 eV, and the extrapolated mean time to failure is estimated to be over 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> h at a junction temperature of 125°C.
Suppression of glycoprotein formation of Semliki Forest, influenza, and avian sarcoma virus by tunicamycin (1976)

Tunicamycin, a new antibiotic, halts the formation of physical particles of Semliki forest and fowl plague virus, whereas avian oncornavirus particles which show a reduction in infectivity and do not contain detectable labeled glycoprotein are released in the presence of the drug. In Semliki forest virus-infected cells only the protein moieties of the glycoproteins could be labeled. In cells infected with fowl plague and avian sarcoma virus neither intact glycoproteins nor their protein moieties could be detected. By using a protease inhibitor (N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysin chloromethyl ketone, TLCK) it could be shown, however, that the carbohydrate-free hemagglutinin precursor of influenza virus is synthesized but is presumably degraded by intracellular proteases in the absence of TLCK as a consequence of the lack of carbohydrate.
A brief introduction to advanced surface modification technologies. (1992)

Techniques for the modification of surfaces are evolving rapidly. In implantology, few of the newer surface modification techniques have been used. The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to advanced surface modification processes that could be useful in dental implant manufacturing. There are three general techniques used to modify surfaces: add material, remove material, and change the material already present. Several processes for the addition of material to surfaces are described in this paper. Two new processes that can create relatively thick coatings are sol-gel and plasma-spraying. Several new processes making thin film coatings (sub-micron) have come from the electronics and optics industries. These are vapor deposition techniques, where the coating material condenses onto a surface from a vapor. The three basic vapor deposition techniques are: evaporation, sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition. New processes for the removal of material from surfaces, often for cleaning purposes, are glow discharge treatment and sputter-etching. Surface properties can also be changed without addition or removal of material by use of laser and electron beam thermal treatments. Ion implantation can be used to add material to surfaces, modify coatings, and change microstructures. The techniques outlined in this paper have great potential for improving implants.
Introduction (1994)

Routes taken by translocating bacteria to reach the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
Studies towards the synthesis of diazonamide A. Unexpected formation of a 3,4-bridged indole (1997)

Model studies towards the synthesis of the cytotoxic marine natural product diazonamide A are described. Three model 3-phenylbenzo[b]furan derivatives 5, 8 and 10 were prepared using rhodium(II) catalysed decomposition of the diazophenylacetate 3, Claisen rearrangement of the ether 7, and a classical intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction as key steps. Only the aromatic benzofuran system proved satisfactory in palladium coupling reactions; diazoacetyl(benzofuranyl)indole 18 was prepared by Suzuki coupling of (benzofuran-7-yl)boronic acid 11 with 4-bromoindole 14 to give 17, followed by diazo-transfer. Rhodium(II) catalysed decomposition of 18 in acetonitrile resulted in the formation of the 3,4-bridged indole 19 rather than the desired oxazole 20.
Soft X-ray effects upon silicon-diode arrays aged in camera tubes (1970)

The rate of dark current increase of silicon-diode-array camera- tube targets has been found to be as high as 10 nA/h when operated with electrode potentials as high as 1000 volts. Irradiation of the target by soft X-rays is shown to cause the fast-state density at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface to increase. The increased fast-state density is largely responsible for the increased dark current. The X-rays are generated by the impact of the returning electron beam upon high-potential tube electrodes. Several means for reducing the X-ray flux at the target are discussed. The most effective means is a reduction in tube electrode potentials to low values where dark current aging rates as small as 0.001 nA/h have been achieved.
Clinical study of plasma thrombomodulin detection. (2007)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical value of plasma thrombomodulin (PTM) in different diseases or in different severity or complications of diseases, PTM in 979 patients and 60 healthy controls was determined by ELISA method. The results showed that the PTM level in the control group was 20.40 +/- 7.72 microg/L, there was no difference in sex and ages. In chronic primary glomerular disease, the PTM level in chronic renal failure (CRF) group was higher than that in non-CRF group (P < 0.01). PTM level > 70 microg/L was defined as its positive criterion. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value in PTM were 85.7%, 82.4% and 77.8% respectively. The PTM level in septemia group was higher than that in non-septemia group (P < 0.01), the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 86.6%, 89.5% and 76.5% respectively (> 50 microg/L as its positive criterion). With respect of multiple trauma, the PTM level in multiple organ failare (MOF) group was higher than that in non-MOF group (P < 0.01), while the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 77.8%, 77.3% and 73.7% respectively (> 40 microg/L as its positive criterion). For systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the PTM level in the patients with albuminuria was higher than that in the patients without albuminuria (P < 0.01), and the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 77.8%, 92.3% and 93.3% respectively (> 35.54 microg/L as its positive criterion). For diabetes, the PTM level in complication group was higher than that in group without complications, the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 53.4%, 97.1% and 98.6% respectively (> 35.54 microg/L as its positive criterion). The PTM level in microangiopathy group was higher than that in macroangiopathy group (P < 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 71.2%, 97.1% and 97.9% respectively. Acute leukemia (AL) and multiple myeloma (MM) had higher PTM level and PTM level was extremely high when renal failure developed (P < 0.01). As compared the acute stage with the restoration stage in stroke, pre-chemotherapeutics with post-chemotherapeutics in AL and MM, and pre-operation with post-operation in cancer, the PTM level was connected with clinical development. The PTM level in the patients with microangiopathy was higher than that in the patients with macroangiopathy (P < 0.01). The defined PTM level was higher than its normal upper limit as PTM positive criterion in microangiopathy diseases, the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 77.7%, 71.2% and 75.6% respectively. It is concluded that PTM level is a good criterion in evaluating the microangiopathy, and PTM is also a valuable indicator in prediction or assessment of the severity of diseases, or evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness.
Gene Knockout or Pharmacological Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Prevents Lung Inflammation in a Murine Model of Asthma (2003)

Airway inflammation is a central feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to inflammation by damaging DNA, which, in turn, results in the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and depletion of its substrate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Here we show that prevention of PARP-1 activation protects against both ROS-induced airway epithelial cell injury in vitro and airway inflammation in vivo. H(2)O(2) induced the generation of ROS, PARP-1 activation and concomitant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion, and release of lactate dehydrogenase in A549 human airway epithelial cells. These effects were blocked by the PARP-1 inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB). Furthermore, 3-AB inhibited both activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB and expression of the interleukin-8 gene induced by H(2)O(2) in these cells. In a murine model of allergen-induced asthma, 3-AB prevented airway inflammation elicited by ovalbumin. Moreover, PARP-1 knockout mice were resistant to such ovalbumin-induced inflammation. These protective effects were associated with an inhibition of expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results implicate PARP-1 activation in airway inflammation, and suggest this enzyme as a potential target for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of asthma as well as other respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The role and significance of extracellular polymers in activated sludge. Part I: Literature review (2006)

In biological wastewater treatment, bacteria tend to aggregate by forming flocs, biofilms and even granules. A large part of the floc structure in activated sludge is composed of extracellular polymers. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are mainly responsible for the structural and functional integrity of biofilms/flocs and they are considered to be important for the physico-chemical properties of activated sludge. This review considers the composition of EPS and proportion between the constituents. Moreover it includes the relationship between the EPS constituents and sludge properties such as sludge retention time, hydrophobicity and surface charge.
Involvement of ROS in the inhibitory effect of thermotherapy combined with chemotherapy on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell growth through the Akt pathway (2012)

Mechanisms of synergistic effect of thermotherapy and chemotherapy on human lung adenocarcinoma cell growth are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate these effects and explore the function of ROS, Akt and caspase-3 in relation to these. A549 cells were subjected to different thermochemotherapy treatments: 43˚C heat+50 µg/l paclitaxel (thermochemotherapy group), 43˚C heat+50 µg/l paclitaxel+1 µmol/l wortmannin (wortmannin group), 43˚C heat+50 µg/l paclitaxel+30 µmol/l NAC (NAC group) and 50 µg/l paclitaxel (chemotherapy group). The cells without any treatment were regarded as controls. Cell proliferation rates were measured with MTT assay and intracellular ROS levels were detected with fluorescence labeling technologies. Phosphorylation of Akt and caspase-3 expression were determined by western blotting and the cell apoptosis rates were examined by flow cytometry. Tests in vivo were carried out at the same time. It was found that the cell proliferation rates of the thermochemotherapy group were significantly lower compared to those of the controls or the chemotherapy group (P<0.05). The intracellular ROS levels of the thermochemotherapy group were elevated significantly compared with those of other groups, and these changes could be reversed using the ROS inhibitor NAC but not a PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin). Phosphorylation of Akt was significantly decreased in the thermochemotherapy group (P<0.05), which could be blocked by wortmannin, but increased by NAC (P<0.05). The caspase-3 expression levels and cell apoptosis rates of the thermochemotherapy group were higher compared to those of the other groups (P<0.05). All results have been confirmed by in vivo tests. Thus, the combination of thermotherapy with chemotherapy showed a stronger inhibitory effect on A549 cell growth compared to chemotherapy alone, which may be able to cause additional cell apoptosis through inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and activation of caspases by increased intracellular ROS production.
GIPC Participates in G Protein Signaling Downstream of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (2002)

Several recent studies have demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) activation is abolished by pertussis toxin, suggesting that trimeric G proteins of the G(i) class are novel cellular targets of the IGF-1 signaling pathway. We report here that the intracellular domain of the Xenopus IGF-1 receptor is capable of binding to the Xenopus homolog of mammalian GIPC, a PDZ domain-containing protein previously identified as a binding partner of G(i)-specific GAP (RGS-GAIP). Binding of xGIPC to xIGF-1 receptor is independent of the kinase activity of the receptor and appears to require the PDZ domain of xGIPC. Injection of two C-terminal truncation mutants that retained the PDZ domain blocked IGF-1-induced Xenopus MAP kinase activation and oocyte maturation. While full-length xGIPC injection did not significantly alter insulin response, it greatly enhanced human RGS-GAIP in stimulating the insulin response in frog oocytes. This represents the first demonstration that GIPC x RGS-GAIP complex acts positively in IGF-1 receptor signal transduction.
Biodegradable salicylate‐based poly(anhydride‐ester) microspheres for controlled insulin delivery (2013)

Salicylate-based poly(anhydride-esters) (PAEs) chemically incorporate salicylic acid (SA) into the polymer backbone, which is then delivered in a controlled manner upon polymer hydrolysis. In this work, a salicylate-based PAE is a carrier to encapsulate and deliver insulin. Polymer microspheres were formulated using a water/oil/water double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The microspheres obtained had a smooth surface, high protein encapsulation efficiency, and relatively low emulsifier content. Insulin was released in vitro for 15 days, with no signs of aggregation or unfolding of the secondary structure. The released insulin also retained bioactivity in vitro. Concurrently, SA was released from the microspheres with polymer degradation and anti-inflammatory activity was observed. Based upon these results, the formulated microspheres enable simultaneous delivery of insulin and SA, both retaining bioactivity following processing.
Caffeine Adsorption on Natural and Synthetic Smectite Clays: Adsorption Mechanism and Effect of Interlayer Cation Valence (2020)

There is currently significant interest in adsorbents for selective removal of caffeine from water. Here, we examined caffeine adsorption in a natural montmorillonite (Mnt) smectite clay mineral. A simple exchange of the original monovalent sodium interlayer cations with polyvalent aluminum cations increased the caffeine adsorption rate of the smectite by approximately 1.6 times (maximum adsorption from a 1.5 mmol L–1 aqueous solution of caffeine: Na+Mnt, 57.1%; Al3+Mnt, 91.2%). These adsorptions were well fitted by the Langmuir adsorption model indicating, that the adsorptions were limited by equilibrium. Humidity-controlled X-ray diffraction confirmed that caffeine adsorption occurred mainly in the interlayer nanospace. 23Na and 27Al magic-angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) analyses revealed an attractive interaction between the interlayer cations and the caffeine molecules. The 27Al MAS-NMR spectrum of Al3+Mnt indicated that most of the interlayer Al3+ was coordinated with six water molecules. From these findings, we developed an interaction model that simulated caffeine adsorption by Al3+Mnt. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that adsorption occurred via electrostatic interactions between the caffeine molecules and the interlayer cations, not the basal planes of the clay. Optimization of the electrostatic interactions and nanospace available for the adsorption will be crucial for developing highly efficient, selective, clay-mineral-based adsorbents of caffeine molecules.
Genre, hypertext och etnografiskt perspektiv? : Om begrepp som hjälp och hinder i utforskningen av nya textkulturer (2002)

Genre, hypertext och etnografiskt perspektiv? : Om begrepp som hjalp och hinder i utforskningen av nya textkulturer
Redox Flow Batteries: MetILs<sup>3</sup>: A Strategy for High Density Energy Storage Using Redox‐Active Ionic Liquids (Adv. Sustainable Syst. 9/2017) (2017)

Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) hold the potential for high energy density grid scale storage, though are often limited by the solubility of the redox-active species in their electrolytes. In article number 1700066, a systematic approach for increasing the concentration of redox-active species in electrolytes for nonaqueous RFB, starting from a metal coordination cation-based ionic liquid is presented, by Leo J. Small and co-workers. Cover graphics prepared by Vicente Garcia.
Player Tracking and Stroke Recognition in Tennis Video (2003)

In this paper we present an investigation into the computer vision problem of tracking humans in digital video. The investigation domain is digital tennis footage and the aim is to track the tennis player and recognise the strokes played. The motivation behind this investigation is to eventually automate the task of digital tennis footage annotation so that metadata, such as the time codes and a description of the strokes played, are automatically appended to the video. This then enables a number of compelling applications, from simple search facilities for the home viewer, to more complex analysis tools suitable for a tennis coach. The system developed solves the problem of tennis player tracking and stroke recognition using relatively simple, and well known, image processing operations constrained by an a priori knowledge of the image capture conditions, the background scene, and the application domain.
Study of polyamide 6/6 synthesis carried out by interfacial polymerization on carbon fibre (2002)

Abstract Polyamide 6/6 synthesis via interfacial polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipoyl chloride with simultaneous impregnation of carbon fibres was investigated. This experimental work was carried out to study the recovery of carbon fiber cables by polyamide 6/6 using six different concentrations of the monomer. Variation in the polyamide monomer concentration resulted in significant changes of chemical and morphological characteristics of the polyamide 6/6 and its composite with carbon fibre. Carbon fibre impregnation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the polyamide coating obtained in different concentrations was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and TGA. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A learning technique for legal document analysis (1999)

More and more law is available freely on the Internet. The growing complexity of legal rules and the necessary adaptation to user needs requires better instruments than manual browsing and searching interfaces of the past. Information reconnaissance of an unknown text corpus would provide a major help. Our research on neural networks concerns adaptive learning techniques for information reconnaissance in legal document archives. Self-organising maps offer besides successful classification a promising tool for this purpose. The neural processing elements can be labeled with the most appropriate keywords to describe the contents of the documents. Applying the tools of refinement, our novel approach describes the most interesting features of the document. The user can choose properly between the various units in order to refine the next step of research. An integration of this tool of information reconnaissance into an intelligent agent is straightforward and will bring much benefit in a practical application.