gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silica‐Modified Oligonucleotide−Gold Nanoparticle Conjugate Enables Closed‐Tube Colorimetric Polymerase Chain Reaction (2011)

A facile silica coating significantly enhances the thermal stability and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compatibility of oligonucleotide-gold nanoparticle conjugates, thus enabling colorimetric detection of PCR results in a closed-tube format. This method is specific, sensitive, and generally applicable. Its simplicity, visual readout, and carryover contamination-free features hold promise for point-of-care or on-site DNA testing.
A review on recent research results (2008–2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals. A review. (2011)

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial activity of essential oils is discussed in this review taking in account studies which were published in the period of time from 2008 until September 2010. Furthermore, the most important methods to examine the antimicrobial efficiency of essential oils are presented. The studies are divided into the following two groups, namely antibacterial and antifungal active agents depending on the activity of the applied essential oil against the test microorganisms. Various interesting possible applications are revealed such as the use of essential oils instead of synthetic drugs to circumvent the increasing resistance of some pathogens. Moreover, they could not only be used for the therapy of infectious illnesses, but also as preservatives in the food industry. A further possibility is, among others, the application of essential oils in skin products in order to treat or avoid dermal infections. Additionally, the prevalent constituents of the individual antimicrobial active essential oils are elaborated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-resolution X-ray projection microscopy (1955)

Abstract The X-ray shadow projection microscope has been limited previously to a resolution of 0.5/4. A resolution of 0.1μ has now been achieved with the same exposure time of 5 min. This has been done by using a very thin gold-leaf X-ray target (0.1μ thick) to avoid enlargement of the point source of X-rays due to electron scattering in a thick target. Electron lens aberrations such as astigmatism and spherical aberration are considered but dismissed as possible limitations on X-ray microscope resolution. This improved resolution is tested by observing Fresnel edge diffraction fringes 0.1μ wide, and this fringe width method is suggested as a resolving power test for all X-ray microscopes. An X-ray micrograph of gold-shadowed bull spermatozoa, tails 0.3μ diameter, shows this resolution with an actual biological specimen. Finally, electron-induced contamination on test grids has been observed at atmospheric pressure due to electrons penetrating this thin gold-leaf target.
Synthesis and Chemical Recycling of a Polycarbonate Obtained by Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of a Bifunctional Cyclic Carbonate (2005)

This article deals with anionic ring-opening polymerization of a bifunctional cyclic carbonate consisting of both five- and six-membered rings (65CCP) and anionic depolymerization of the obtained polymer. Anionic ring-opening polymerization of 65CCP initiated with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene (DBU) afforded a polycarbonate remaining a five-membered cyclic carbonate group in the side chain (P(65CCP)) by the selective polymerization of the six-membered cyclic carbonate ring. The equilibrium nature of the polymerization allowed the efficient depolymerization of P(65CCP) by a catalytic amount of DBU to recover 65CCP in high yield, in which the five-membered cyclic carbonate ring also remained unreacted.
Crystal and electronic structures of substituted halide perovskites based on density functional calculation and molecular dynamics (2016)

Durability of organo-lead halide perovskite are important issue for its practical application in a solar cells. In this study, using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics, we theoretically investigated a crystal structure, electronic structure, and ionic diffusivity of the partially substituted cubic MA<sub>0.5</sub>X<sub>0.5</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> (MA = CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, X = NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> or (NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH<sup>+</sup> or Cs<sup>+</sup>). Our calculation results indicate that a partial substitution of MA induces a lattice distortion, resulting in preventing MA or X from the diffusion between A sites in the perovskite. DFT calculations show that electronic structures of the investigated partially substituted perovskites were similar with that of MAPbI<sub>3</sub>, while their bandgaps slightly decrease compared to that of MAPbI<sub>3.</sub> Our results mean that partial substitution in halide perovskite is effective technique to suppress diffusion of intrinsic ions and tune the band gap.
Fundamental Studies of Glucose Oxidase Deposition on a Pt Electrode (2001)

The direct electrodeposition of glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) on a platinum electrode was investigated as a means for controlled immobilization. The presence of a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, was found essential to produce a multilayered deposit. Moreover, to work properly, the detergent must be present above its critical micelle concentration. Under these conditions, a deposit of approximately 50 enzyme layers (480 nm), with surface uniformity of +/-20 nm, was verified using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and by atomic force microscopy. In the absence of detergent, a layer of 25 nm is formed. Contrary to most previous claims, the deposition, which is potential dependent but optimal at 1.3 V versus AgCl/Ag electrode, is not electrophoretically driven, but is instead controlled by a lowering of the pH at the electrode surface due to concomitant oxygen evolution.
Overexpression of any fibrinogen chain by Hep G2 cells specifically elevates the expression of the other two chains. (1994)

Earlier studies showed that overexpression of B beta fibrinogen chains, by transfection of Hep G2 cells with B beta cDNA, specifically enhanced the synthesis of all three fibrinogen chains (Roy, S. N., Mukhopadhyay, G., and Redman, C. M. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 6389-6393). To determine whether overexpression of any of the three component chains of fibrinogen affects the synthesis of the other two chains, we developed stable Hep G2 cell lines transfected with individual fibrinogen chain cDNAs. As a control, cells were also transfected with expression vector, which did not contain fibrinogen cDNA. Transfection with any fibrinogen cDNA increased the synthesis of all three fibrinogen chains but not of other plasma proteins. Hep G2 cells transfected with B beta cDNA produced 3-4-fold more fibrinogen than control cells, and cells transfected with A alpha or gamma cDNA made about 2-fold more fibrinogen. Northern blot analyses showed that levels of all 3 fibrinogen mRNAs were increased and were highest in Hep G2-B beta cells. Nuclear run-on transcription assays demonstrated that increased expression of the chains was due to increased transcriptional activity. These studies show that transcription of the three fibrinogen chains is tightly linked, and increased expression of any chain specifically leads to increased synthesis of the other two chains.
A user centric always best connected service business model for MVNOs (2010)

The most successful MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) model in practice today is the service provider model in which the MVNO appears to be a mobile network operator in its own right and sells comparable voice and data services to those of the underlying network operator. This model has been successful as the mobile operator and the MVNO can cooperate to create services that complement each other or will buy and host together platforms that the mobile operators will benefit from. In recent times, with the advent of new wireless access technologies IP data services to the mobile device are a reality and with this, new data based services have appeared which extend the reach of desktop and internet based applications down into the mobile device. This phenomenon of internet based services on the mobile device is likely to erode the existing user - network relationship, causing the user - network relationship to last for short time-scales of minutes to hours, as compared to the current contract of months to years. Consequently, MVNOs will have to rethink their business model and concentrate more on the development of data services which are independent and portable of the underlying access and transport network and gives their consumers the possibility of always being best connected to their data application.
Layered Perovskite Oxide: A Reversible Air Electrode for Oxygen Evolution/Reduction in Rechargeable Metal-Air Batteries (2013)

For the development of a rechargeable metal-air battery, which is expected to become one of the most widely used batteries in the future, slow kinetics of discharging and charging reactions at the air electrode, i.e., oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, are the most critical problems. Here we report that Ruddlesden-Popper-type layered perovskite, RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 (n = 3), functions as a reversible air electrode catalyst for both ORR and OER at an equilibrium potential of 1.23 V with almost no overpotentials. The function of RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 as an ORR catalyst was confirmed by using an alkaline fuel cell composed of Pd/LaSr3Fe3O10-2x(OH)2x·H2O/RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 as an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.23 V was obtained. RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 also catalyzed OER at an equilibrium potential of 1.23 V with almost no overpotentials. Reversible ORR and OER are achieved because of the easily removable oxygen present in RP-LaSr3Fe3O10. Thus, RP-LaSr3Fe3O10 minimizes efficiency losses caused by reactions during charging and discharging at the air electrode and can be considered to be the ORR/OER electrocatalyst for rechargeable metal-air batteries.
Salmonella challenges: Prevalence in swine and poultry and potential pathogenicity of such isolates1,2 (2007)

Salmonellosis is the second leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, and the great majority of these infections are associated with the consumption of products such as meat, poultry, eggs, milk, seafood, and fresh produce contaminated with Salmonella. The per capita consumption of meat and poultry in United States has increased significantly over the past century. This increase is especially evident with poultry products, where there has been a nearly 6-fold increase in chicken consumption and 17-fold increase in turkey consumption since 1909. The per capita consumption of pork has also increased over this time from 18.7 to 21.7 kg/yr. With this increase in meat and poultry consumption, the dynamics of animal production and consumer exposure have changed leading to new challenges in limiting salmonellosis. To meet the demands of consumers, more intensive agricultural practices have been adopted, which has likely changed the population characteristics of Salmonella present among poultry flocks and swine populations. In Salmonella isolated from swine in the United States, S. Typhimurium has replaced S. Choleraesuis as the predominant serovar in recent years. Among isolates from turkeys collected in 2004, serovars S. Senftenberg and S. Hadar were most common overall; however, S. Heidelberg was most common from clinical diagnostic sources, potentially indicating increased virulence. Salmonella Heidelberg was also the most commonly detected serovar among chicken isolates from clinically ill birds and Salmonella surveillance samples. Overall among the 10 serovars most commonly associated with human infections, 6 are also found in the top serovars of swine and poultry. These include S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, S. Montevideo, S. Saintpaul, and S. I 4,[5],12:i:-.
Study on the sensor for the pedal push force of bicycle (2009)

Since the pedal push force is a key evaluation parameter during the process of ridding a bicycle, it is practically important to measure and detect the pedal push force. This paper focuses on the sensory device of measuring the pedal push force. By using ANSYS software of the FEM, the finite element stress calculation and analysis of the sensory device are carried out. The related parameters, such as the sizes and shape of the sensory device, the mounted position of resistance strain elements, and so on, are optimized. With the present method, a sensory device of dynamically measuring the pedal push force is designed with utility value.
Biotransformation of 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) by Denitrifying <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. Strain FA1 (2003)

The microbial and enzymatic degradation of a new energetic compound, 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), is not well understood. Fundamental knowledge about the mechanism of microbial degradation of CL-20 is essential to allow the prediction of its fate in the environment. In the present study, a CL-20-degrading denitrifying strain capable of utilizing CL-20 as the sole nitrogen source, Pseudomonas sp. strain FA1, was isolated from a garden soil. Studies with intact cells showed that aerobic conditions were required for bacterial growth and that anaerobic conditions enhanced CL-20 biotransformation. An enzyme(s) involved in the initial biotransformation of CL-20 was shown to be membrane associated and NADH dependent, and its expression was up-regulated about 2.2-fold in CL-20-induced cells. The rates of CL-20 biotransformation by the resting cells and the membrane-enzyme preparation were 3.2 +/- 0.1 nmol h(-1) mg of cell biomass(-1) and 11.5 +/- 0.4 nmol h(-1) mg of protein(-1), respectively, under anaerobic conditions. In the membrane-enzyme-catalyzed reactions, 2.3 nitrite ions (NO(2)(-)), 1.5 molecules of nitrous oxide (N(2)O), and 1.7 molecules of formic acid (HCOOH) were produced per reacted CL-20 molecule. The membrane-enzyme preparation reduced nitrite to nitrous oxide under anaerobic conditions. A comparative study of native enzymes, deflavoenzymes, and a reconstituted enzyme(s) and their subsequent inhibition by diphenyliodonium revealed that biotransformation of CL-20 is catalyzed by a membrane-associated flavoenzyme. The latter catalyzed an oxygen-sensitive one-electron transfer reaction that caused initial N denitration of CL-20.
Rightsizing carbon dioxide removal (2017)

Betting the future on planetary-scale carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere is risky
Confidence Bands for ROC Curves: Methods and an Empirical Study (2004)

In this paper we study techniques for generating and evaluating confidence bands on ROC curves. ROC curve evaluation is rapidly becoming a commonly used evaluation metric in machine learning, although evaluating ROC curves has thus far been limited to studying the area under the curve (AUC) or generation of one-dimensional confidence intervals by freezing one variable—the false-positive rate, or threshold on the classification scoring function. Researchers in the medical field have long been using ROC curves and have many well-studied methods for analyzing such curves, including generating confidence intervals as well as simultaneous confidence bands. In this paper we introduce these techniques to the machine learning community and show their empirical fitness on the Covertype data set—a standard machine learning benchmark from the UCI repository. We show how some of these methods work remarkably well, others are too loose, and that existing machine learning methods for generation of 1-dimensional confidence intervals do not translate well to generation of simultanous bands—their bands are too tight.
Analysis of ion implanted diamond-like-carbon films using laser-induced transient reflecting grating technique (1994)

Laser-induced transient reflecting grating (TRG) technique was applied to measure both nitrogen-ion-implanted and nonimplanted thin-film coatings (thickness, 40nm) of diamond-like-carbon (DLC). Different TRG responses corresponding to the different samples with a variety of nitrogen-ion implantation doses were observed and the hypersonic surface acoustic wave velocities were obtained with a variety of wavelengths. A phenomenon was observed that the SAW velocity of the implanted DLC coating with higher dose became larger than that of the nonimplanted sample.
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Second Edition (1994)

The purpose of this document is to provide enough information to allow the reader to use the guide, in combination with other references, to efficiently proceed from identifying a contaminated site toward communicating and recommending suitable site remediation technologies to environmental regulators. The approach used to prepare this document was to review and compile the unique features of several U. S. Government documents into one compendium document. Information on widely used and presumptive remedies is provided in order to minimize the amount of remediation resources used in obtaining site characterization data and/or evaluating every possible remedial alternative. Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for common categories of sites established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), based on historical patterns of remedy selection and EPA's scientific and engineering evaluation of performance data on technology implementation.
Nycteris thebaica (1999)

CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Chiropt era, Subord er Microchiroptera, Family Nycteridae
Atmospheric downstream plasma etching of Si wafers (2002)

A dry etch technology for processing Si wafers using an atmospheric downstream plasma (ADP) source is described. Application of ADP etching for backside damage removal after grinding and wafer thinning is discussed. ADP is an inert gas thermal plasma generated by DC discharge at atmospheric pressure in the process chamber. The reactant (freon) is injected into the plasma stream outside the plasma source. Due to the high temperature of the plasma, the reactant is fully decomposed, resulting in high reactant usage efficiency and no freon emission from the tool. Plasma stream stability is maintained via a closed loop system, resulting in uniform removal of thin Si layers. By deploying the plasma in a downstream configuration, ADP prevents ion impact damage while keeping wafer temperatures below 200/spl deg/C. This technique enables high rates of Si removal without generating Si crystal defects, surface contamination, or wafer stress. Wafer thinning results are reported. Critical success factors include thickness uniformity, surface roughness, Si crystal defects, and contamination levels. SEM, TEM, AFM and TXRF techniques were used for the study. In addition to ADP technology, this paper also describes ADP tool design.
Ammonia-sensitive fibre optic probe utilising an immobilised spectrophotometric indicator (1987)

The immobilisation of an indicator dye reagent for the development of fibre optic probes for detecting ammonia vapour has been investigated. The indicator dye reagent bromothymol blue was immobilised on a hydrophilic polymer matrix and the concentration of ammonia in the vapour phase determined in the range 1.5 × 10–3–60 × 10–3 mol l–1 by reflectance measurements. Some possible interferences from other vapours were also investigated.
Nanowire FET Biosensors on a Bulk Silicon Substrate (2012)

A biosensor based on a nanowire field-effect transistor is demonstrated on a bulk silicon wafer for low-cost applications. The silicon nanowire is fabricated using a simple reactive-ion etching technique known as the Bosch process. The sensor operation of the fabricated device is confirmed as a proof of concept by detecting the negatively and positively charged polymers on the nanowire surface in real time. The drain current of the device is clearly modulated by the charge polarity of the polymers. In addition, the specific binding of the antigen and the antibody for avian influenza is also detected by a real-time label-free electrical method for practical applications. Control experiments support that a charged species only on the nanowire surface leads to a significant change in the drain current of the sensor. The proposed approach in bulk nanowire biosensors paves the way for the application of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology for low-cost and miniaturized biosensors without external transducers; this approach is attractive in disposable and portable applications.
High temporal resolution in multi-pulse coding (2003)

A CELP (code-excited linear predictive) coder using code books populated with pulses generated using a higher time resolution than a classical multi-pulse system is proposed. The pulses in the code book are generated as sampled sinc pulses, which are allowed to attain their corresponding maximum values at positions not necessarily equal to sample positions. The proposed code book performs equally well as CELP coders using multipulse code books in terms of robustness toward corrupted speech. However, the speech obtained is smoother, and the number of pulses required per subblock can be reduced without degrading the speech quality. A preliminary estimation of the bit rate required indicates that a reasonable choice lies in the range 8-9 kb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Influence of Thyroid Hormone Level on Insulin Action in Human Adipose Tissue (1984)

The relationship between the levels of circulating thyroid hormones and the action of insulin on adipose tissue was investigated in 6 hypothyroid patients and 6 hyperthyroid patients, all untreated, and 8 healthy control subjects. All were matched for age, body weight, and fat cell size. Gluteal s.c. adipose tissue was used. The insulin receptor number in isolated adipocytes was increased by 70% in hypothyroidism and decreased by 40% in hyperthyroidism. The sensitivities of the effects of insulin on lipolysis and glucose oxidation were increased fourfold in hypothyroidism and decreased fivefold in hyperthyroidism. The maximum insulin-induced glucose oxidation (insulin responsiveness) was inhibited by 60% in hypothyroidism and enhanced by 180% in hyperthyroidism. The thyroid hormone concentration was significantly correlated with insulin receptor number (r = -0.72), insulin responsiveness (r = 0.71), and insulin sensitivity (r = -0.75). It is suggested that thyroid hormones regulate the effect of insulin on adipose tissue, which occurs at the receptor and postreceptor levels of insulin action.
Seed Availability, an Ignored Factor in Crop Varietal Adoption Studies: A Case Study of Beans in Tanzania (2002)

ABSTRACT Few studies on the adoption of new crop varieties report on the implications of seed availability for the adoption of modern crop varieties, both in terms of the decision to try a new variety and to continue growing it season after season. By exploring the low adoption of a modern bean variety in 1998 in Bukoba District, Tanzania, this paper examines the importance of seed availability for the adoption of new crop varieties. The findings suggest that two factors accounted for low adoption of Lyamungu 90 variety at the time of the study: farmers' limited access to seed coupled with a failure to promote the variety, and low and fluctuating market demand which was partly caused by scattered seed distribution. The paper shows that failure to consider seed availability as an adoption constraint may lead to the erroneous conclusion that farmers reject new varieties solely on the merit of their characteristics and performance. Seed dissemination strategies aimed at small, resource poor farmers should resupply seed over several seasons until new varieties become fully established in local seed networks and markets.