gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) for the Rap1 GTPase (2000)

Although the Ras subfamily of GTPases consists of approximately 20 members, only a limited number of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that couple extracellular stimuli to Ras protein activation have been identified. Furthermore, no novel downstream effectors have been identified for the M-Ras/R-Ras3 GTPase. Here we report the identification and characterization of three Ras family GEFs that are most abundantly expressed in brain. Two of these GEFs, MR-GEF (M-Ras-regulated GEF, KIAA0277) and PDZ-GEF (KIAA0313) bound specifically to nucleotide-free Rap1 and Rap1/Rap2, respectively. Both proteins functioned as Rap1 GEFs in vivo. A third GEF, GRP3 (KIAA0846), activated both Ras and Rap1 and shared significant sequence homology with the calcium- and diacylglycerol-activated GEFs, GRP1 and GRP2. Similarly to previously identified Rap GEFs, C3G and Smg GDS, each of the newly identified exchange factors promoted the activation of Elk-1 in the LNCaP prostate tumor cell line where B-Raf can couple Rap1 to the extracellular receptor-activated kinase cascade. MR-GEF and PDZ-GEF both contain a region immediately N-terminal to their catalytic domains that share sequence homology with Ras-associating or RalGDS/AF6 homology (RA) domains. By searching for in vitro interaction with Ras-GTP proteins, PDZ-GEF specifically bound to Rap1A- and Rap2B-GTP, whereas MR-GEF bound to M-Ras-GTP. C-terminally truncated MR-GEF, lacking the GEF catalytic domain, retained its ability to bind M-Ras-GTP, suggesting that the RA domain is important for this interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the interaction of M-Ras-GTP with MR-GEF in vivo. In addition, a constitutively active M-Ras(71L) mutant inhibited the ability of MR-GEF to promote Rap1A activation in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that M-Ras may inhibit Rap1 in order to elicit its biological effects.
Incidence of and predisposing factors for nonunion of fractures involving the appendicular skeleton in cats: 18 cases (1998–2002) (2005)

Results suggest that in cats, fractures involving the tibia and proximal portion of the ulna are more likely to develop nonunions than are fractures involving other sites but that many factors may increase the risk of nonunion. Use of excessively large and rigid type II external skeletal fixators may be associated with development of nonunions; however, type II external skeletal fixators were commonly used to stabilize fractures in sites predisposed to nonunion.
What Does the Electroencephalogram Tell Us About the Mechanisms of Action of ECT in Major Depressive Disorders? (2014)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains to be one of the most effective treatment options in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). From the early days, researchers have embarked on extracting information from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings before, during, and after ECT to identify neurophysiological targets of ECT and discover EEG predictors of response to ECT in patients with MDD. In this article, we provide an overview of visually detected and quantitative EEG features that could help in furthering our understanding of the mechanisms of action of ECT in MDD. We further discuss the EEG findings in the context of postulated hypotheses of ECT therapeutic pathways. We introduce an alternative and unifying hypothesis suggesting that ECT may exert its therapeutic efficacy through resetting the aberrant functional connectivity and promoting the generation of new and healthy connections in brain regions implicated in MDD pathophysiology, a mechanism that may be in part mediated by the ECT-induced activation of inhibitory and neuroplasticity mechanisms. We further discuss the added value of EEG markers in the larger context of ECT research and as complementary to neuroimaging and genetic markers. We conclude by drawing attention to the need for longitudinal studies in large cohort of patients and the need for standardization and validation of EEG algorithms of functional connectivity across studies to facilitate the translation of EEG correlates of ECT response in routine clinical practice.
Rapid accumulation of mutations during seed-to-seed propagation of mismatch-repair-defective <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2004)

During the many cell divisions that precede formation of plant gametes, their apical-meristem and floral antecedents are continually exposed to endogenous and environmental mutagenic threats. Although some deleterious recessive mutations may be eliminated during growth of haploid gametophytes and functionally haploid early embryos ("haplosufficiency quality-checking"), the multiplicity of plant genome-maintenance systems suggests aggressive quality control during prior diploid growth. To test in Arabidopsis a hypothesis that prior mismatch repair (MMR) is paramount in defense of plant genetic fidelity, we propagated in parallel 36 MMR-defective (Atmsh2-1) and 36 wild-type lines. The Atmsh2-1 lines rapidly accumulated a wide variety of mutations: fifth-generation (G5) plants showed abnormalities in morphology and development, fertility, germination efficiency, seed/silique development, and seed set. Only two Atmsh2-1, but all 36 wild-type lines, appeared normal at G5. Analyses of insertion/deletion mutation at six repeat-sequence (microsatellite) loci showed each Atmsh2-1 line to have evolved its own "fingerprint," the results of as many as 10 microsatellite mutations in a single line. Thus, MMR during diploid growth is essential for plant genomic integrity.
Iron(II)/(NH)<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub> Macrocycles: Modular, Highly Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation Catalysts (2016)

A generalized protocol for the synthesis of chiral (NH)2P2 macrocycles allows changing the linker between the phosphines and gives access to a family of such ligands, as demonstrated for the propane-1,3-diyl analogue. The corresponding complexes based on earth-abundant and nontoxic iron were applied as catalysts in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of polar double bonds. Thanks to the ligand modularity and to the use of tunable isonitriles as ancillary ligands, the catalyst system can be individually optimized for each substrate to give high enantioselectivity (up to 99.9% conversion and 99.6% ee, TOF up to >3950 h–1) for a broad scope of 26 substrates.
Bone marrow abnormalities and early bone lesions in multiple myeloma and its precursor disease: a prospective study using functional and morphologic imaging (2015)

The incidence and importance of bone marrow involvement and/or early bone lesions in multiple myeloma (MM) precursor diseases is largely unknown. This study prospectively compared the sensitivity of several imaging modalities in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and MM. Thirty patients (10 each with MGUS, SMM and MM) were evaluated with skeletal survey, [18F]FDG-PET/CT, [18F]NaF-PET/CT and morphologic dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI. An additional 16 SMM patients had skeletal surveys and FDG-PET/CT. Among MGUS patients, DCE-MRI found only one focal marrow abnormality; other evaluations were negative. Among 26 SMM patients, five (19%) were re-classified as MM based on lytic bone lesions on CT and six had unifocal or diffuse marrow abnormality. Among MM, marrow abnormalities were observed on FDG-PET/CT in 8/10 patients and on DCE-MRI in nine evaluable patients. Abnormal NaF uptake was observed only in MM patients with lytic lesions on CT, providing no additional clinical information.
Cell-mediated immunity against herpes simplex induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (1980)

The conditions required for the induction of both primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo and secondary CTL in vitro against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected cells were defined. Primary CTL responses occurred only in mice exposed to infectious HSV-1. These responses, which were shown to be mediated by T lymphocytes, peaked at 1 week and had disappeared by 2 weeks after infection. The level of primary cytotoxicity was enhanced by treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide before infection. Secondary in vitro CTL responses were more pronounced and were induced by some forms of inactivated virus as well as by infectious HSV-1. Thus, both ultraviolet light- and glutaraldehyde-inactivated preparations of HSV-1 induced CTL, but heat-inactivated and detergent-extracted antigens failed to do so. The reasons for the differing efficiency of infectious and noninfectious HSV-1 for induction of CTL are discussed.
Use of Chelating Agents for Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil (1992)

The efficiency of removing lead (Pb) from a contaminated soil of high clay and silt content was studied in a laboratory investigation where chelating agents were used to extract the lead from the soil. Lead concentrations in the soil ranged from 500 to 10,000 mg/kg. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) were examined for their potential extractive capabilities. Concentrations of the chelating agents examined in this study ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 M. The pH of the suspensions in which the extractions were performed ranged from 4 to 12. Results showed that the removal of lead using NTA and water was pH-dependent, whereas the removal of lead using EDTA was pH-insensitive. For an initial lead concentration of 10,000 mg/kg, the maximum removals of lead using EDTA, NTA, and water (compared with nominal initial Pb concentrations) were 64.2, 19.1, and 5.8%, respectively.
Insect Juvenile Hormone Analogues (1971)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Purification and properties of tuberculin-active protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (1975)

When Mycobacterium tuberculosis was grown on Sauton medium, intracellular tuberculin-active protein was produced. This product was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 and was obtained in crystalline form. The crystals were plates, somewhat irregular in shape, about 50 mum in length and 25 mum in width. The yield corresponded to a 1.5% over-all recovery of total protein. Ultracentrifugal analysis showed only one major component with a calculated molecular weight of 9700. Sedimentation velocity analysis gave a sedimentation coefficient at 20 degrees (see article) of 1.73 S. The estimated specific activities of tuberculin-active protein were 6.33 times 10-9 tuberculin units per mg of protein-nitrogen for sensitized guinea pigs and 6.33 times 10-11 tuberculin units per mg of protein-nitrogen for humans. This is the most potent tuberculin-active protein that has yet been obtained.
Peptide and protein quantification: A map of the minefield (2009)

The increasing popularity of gel-free proteomics technologies has created a strong demand for compatible quantitative analysis methods. As a result, a plethora of different techniques has been proposed to perform gel-free quantitative analysis of proteomics samples. Each of these methods comes with certain strengths and shortcomings, and they often are dedicated to a specific purpose. This review will present a brief overview of the main methods, organized by their underlying concepts, and will discuss the issues they raise with a focus on data processing. Finally, we will list the available software that can help with the data processing from quantitative experiments. We hope that this review will thus enable researchers to find the most appropriate method available for their research objectives, and can also serve as a basis for creating a reliable data processing strategy.
Evaluation of a Method to Count and Measure Live Salmonids in the Field with a Video Camera and Computer (1991)

A prototype of a computerized video-camera system successfully counted and measured juvenile salmon in the field. Known numbers of smolts of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch swimming through transparent acrylic tunnels were videotaped, and the videotapes were subsequently interpreted with a microcomputer. Unaided, the computer underestimated the number of fish because fish sometimes overlapped while swimming through the tunnels and were thus recorded as a single fish. However, revised estimates were accurate when portions of the tapes were viewed by an operator and expansion factors for computer-generated counts determined. When a mouse pointing device was used to obtain measurements from videotapes of individual fish swimming through the tunnels, these measurements were accurate. The software did not reliably produce accurate fish-length measurements when unassisted, again because of fish crowding and overlap in the tunnels. When a computer operator viewed the tapes and rejected those fish measurements that were obviously in error, there were no differences among computer-generated length-frequency distributions and those obtained by direct measurements of the same fish in the field. The technology exists to use computerized video-camera systems to accurately count and measure live fish when the size range of fish being sampled is small. Potential benefits to the user of this developing technology include time savings, reduction of stress to the fish, the possibility of more accurate and consistent results, and the assurance of permanent records in the form of videotapes and computer files.
Engineering of Band Gap in Metal–Organic Frameworks by Functionalizing Organic Linker: A Systematic Density Functional Theory Investigation (2014)

A systematic investigation on electronic band structure of a series of isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOFs) using density functional theory has been carried out. Our results show that halogen atoms can be used as functional groups to tune not only the band gap but also the valence band maximum (VBM) in MOFs. Among halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I), iodine is the best candidate to reduce the band gap and increase the VBM value. In addition, it has been found that for the antiaromatic linker DHPDC (1,4-dihydropentalene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid) the energy gap is 0.95 eV, which is even lower than those calculated for other aromatic linkers, i.e., FFDC (furo[3,2-b]furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid) and TTDC (thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid). By analyzing the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital–highest occupied molecular orbital gaps calculated at the molecular level, we have highlighted the important role of the corresponding organic linkers in the MOF band gap. In particular, the change of C–C–C═O dihedral angle in the organic linker can be used to analyze the difference of band gaps in MOF crystals. It is shown that a deep understanding of chemical bonding within linker molecules from electronic structure calculations plays a crucial role in designing semiconductor properties of MOF materials for engineering applications.
Observation of spin polarized transport across a ferromagnet–two-dimensional electron gas interface (invited) (2000)

Spin injection at a ferromagnet–semiconductor interface has been demonstrated by convolving the spin-split density of states of carriers in a high mobility InAs quantum well with the spin polarization of conduction electrons in a thin ferromagnetic film. Transport measurements on a diode structure detected a spin-dependent interfacial resistance, with ΔRi/R̄i≈1%. In a different configuration, open circuit voltage experiments measure the spin-dependent shifts in the chemical potential of the carriers in the quantum well. Results of the two techniques are compared over the temperature range 50&lt;T&lt;296 K, demonstrating both spin injection and detection at the ferromagnet–semiconductor interface.
Oxidative Desulfurization of Azole‐2‐thiones with Benzoyl Peroxide: Syntheses of Ionic Liquids and Other Azolium Salts (2007)

Abstract 1‐Alkyl‐3‐methylimidazole‐2‐thiones were prepared from amino esters in one pot and converted to inherently halide‐free 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium benzoates by oxidation with benzoyl peroxide followed by a novel anion exchange. Also reported are the outcomes of exchanges with other anions, acidifications of the imidazolium benzoates to other salts, and extension of the method to the syntheses of 1,3‐diphenylimidazolium and 3‐methyl‐ and ‐butylthiazolium salts.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Conservative Management of Bilateral Vestibular Schwannomas in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Patients (2013)

: AAO-HNS, American Academy of Otololaryngologists and Head and Neck Surgery classificationMTD, mean tumor diameterNF2, neurofibromatosis type 2PTA, pure-tone averageSDS, speech discrimination scoreVS, vestibular schwannomas.
An improved predictive control approach for Multilevel Inverters (2013)

This paper proposes a flexible predictive control strategy for flying capacitors based Multi-Level Inverters (MLIs). The proposed controller, applied for a Flying Capacitors Inverter (FCI) and a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), is offering the possibility of furthering the capacitor voltages tracking, load and circulating current tracking, or a trade-off between all state variables tracking (capacitor voltages should be controlled in order to ensure a proper operation of the MLIs). This trade-off is made possible by the mean of weighting factors introduced in the cost function calculation. Theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results are described in this paper.
Taming disk/spindle vibrations through aerodynamic bearings and acoustically tuned-mass dampers (1999)

This paper studies the feasibility of suppressing the vibration of a spinning disk/spindle system by creating an aerodynamic bearing between the spinning disks and adjacent stationary flat surfaces. An automated impact hammer was first developed and instrumented to obtain repeatable and consistent frequency response functions (FRF). Through this device, frequency response functions of a 5-platter disk/spindle system were measured in the air and in the vacuum up to 7200 rpm with and without an air bearing, which consists of a flat surface 0.635 mm (25 mils) away from the top spinning disk. Compared with the experimental results in vacuum, the presence of the air (without the air bearing) causes the resonance frequencies of the disk/spindle system to split resulting in smaller resonance amplitudes. Nevertheless, the splitting does not increase the modal dampings of the disk/spindle system. When the air bearing is present, the air bearing does not further reduce the resonance amplitudes, but it does increase the modal dampings by 100-200%. Moreover, the presence of the air bearing lowers the resonance frequencies by 3%, because the air in the bearing behaves like incompressible fluid adding considerable inertia to the disk/spindle system. Also, the increase in damping and shift in natural frequencies are independent of the rotational speed. Finally, combination of the air bearing and a tuned-mass damper can significantly reduce the resonance amplitudes by 50-75%.
CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN ACT™ AND SAT® I SCORES (1999)

ABSTRACT Correspondences between ACT™ and SAT® I scores are presented from a conceptual framework that distinguishes among three kinds of correspondences, namely, equating, scaling, and prediction. Construct similarity plays an important role in determining the nature and degree of correspondence that can be achieved. This report also maintains that statistical indices in conjunction with rational considerations are needed to determine whether the highest level of correspondence attainable between scores from two admission tests is the conceptual and statistical exchangeability sought by equating, the distributional similarity achieved by scaling, or the association attained by prediction. Relationships among the different scales of the ACT and SAT I are described in the context of the conceptual framework developed herein. Sums of scores, composites of scores, and individual scores are examined. Different types of correspondences between different sets of scores from these two admission tests are amenable to different interpretations.
Jointless track circuit length (1999)

A mathematical model of a jointless track circuit (JTC) is presented, which allows the shunt sensitivity of either compensated and uncompensated JTCs to be determined. Results are shown for the value and distribution of the shunt sensitivity obtained by the model at different values of the JTC parameters. The point of the worst shunt sensitivity has been defined. A criterion is introduced for the admissibility of the track circuit length. Based on this criterion, the maximum length of the JTC is found.
Prognostic Significance of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Phosphorylation and Mutation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2009)

The molecular status of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has not been as well studied in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as in lung cancer. We examined the frequencies of EGFR mutations as well as the expression/phosphorylation status of the EGFR protein in HNSCC patients. Moreover, we tried to elucidate associations between EGFR molecular status and patient characteristics and disease-free survival. In this prospective cohort study, clinical data and samples were obtained from 82 consecutive patients who had not been treated with EGFR molecular targeting therapy. Full-length EGFR was sequenced, and expression and phosphorylation of the EGFR protein were measured by Western blotting. Four novel mutations (E709K, V765G, Ins770G, and G1022S) and one mutation well-known in lung cancer (L858R) were identified in six HNSCC samples (7%), but we could not find any mutations in the extracellular domain of EGFR, such as EGFRvIII, in this study. E709K and Ins770G as well as L858R appear to be functional mutations based on the use of Ba/F3 cells. In terms of patient characteristics, the number of metastatic lymph nodes and node stage were associated with phosphorylation of EGFR. No patients with EGFR mutations relapsed during the study period. Excluding mutated cases, patients whose tumor samples showed phosphorylated EGFR relapsed significantly earlier than those without phosphorylated EGFR. This finding was still significant after adjusting for mutation and overexpression of EGFR protein using the Cox proportional hazard model. In conclusion, phosphorylated EGFR without mutations may be a marker of poor prognosis in patients with HNSCC.
High-Frequency Lamb Wave Device Composed of LiNbO<sub>3</sub>Thin Film (2009)

It has been considered that it is difficult to realize a high-frequency device of 3 GHz or more, for instance, for a fourth generation mobile phone system in Japan, using a conventional surface acoustic wave (SAW) substrate. In this study, we attempted to fabricate a high-frequency resonator using Lamb waves, which has a high velocity and consists of a thin LiNbO3 film deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). As a result, a 1-port Lamb wave resonator composed of an electrode/thin epitaxial LiNbO3 film/air-gap/base substrate was fabricated. The measured resonator has a high resonant frequency of 4.5 GHz, which corresponds to a very high velocity of 14,000 m/s, a large impedance ratio of 52 dB, and a relatively wide bandwidth of 7.2%.