gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abdominal Closure and Incisional Hernia (2003)

Summary: Background: Wound complications such as wound infection, early wound dehiscence and incisional hernia are encountered after all types of abdominal surgery. Most of the risk factors cannot be altered or are difficult to influence. Risk factors related to the surgical technique are, however, completely within the hands of the surgeon. Methods: Recommendations for abdominal closure to avoid incision hernia are reviewed analysing the current literature. Results: Midline incisions should be closed by a continuous suture technique in one layer with a monofilament suture material. Self locking knots should be used. Excessive tension on the suture should be avoided. A suture length to wound length ratio of more than 4 is mandatory. Many stitches should be placed in the aponeurosis only at short intervals at an even distance from the wound edge. Conclusions: The suture technique monitored through the suture length to wound length ratio is of major importance for the development of wound complications. Zusammenfassung: Grundlagen: Wundkomplikationen wie Wundinfektionen, frühe Wunddehiszenzen und Narbenbrüche werden unabhängig nach Abdominaleingriffen beobachtet. Manche allgemeine Risikofaktoren können weder beeinflußt noch verändert werden. Chirurgisch technische Risikofaktoren werden durch den Chirurgen selbst beeinflußt. Methodik: Die aktuellen Techniken des Abdominalverschlusses zur Vermeidung von Narbenhernien werden anhand einer Literaturübersicht dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Mediane Inzisionen sollen durch eine fortlaufende, einschichtige Naht mit monofilem Faden verschlossen werden. Dabei sind Einzelknopfnähte zur Fixierung zu verwenden. Starke Spannungen müssen an den Nähten verhindert werden. Das Verhältnis Nahtlänge zu Wundlänge sollte mehr als 4 betragen. Viele Nähte sollten in kurzen Abständen nur in die Aponeurose in gleichem Abstand zum Wundrand angebracht werden. Schlußfolgerungen: Jene Nahttechnik, welche das wichtige Verhältnis zu Wundlänge beachtet, verhindert am besten Wundkomplikationen.
Inhibition of T Cell Function During Malaria (2003)

Summary. The evasion and subversion of immune responses during infection has elucidated many interesting and ingenious pathways used by pathogens to survive, expand, and eventually be transmitted to new hosts. These immune evasion mechanisms are of interest as they frequently suggest ways to prevent
Oncogenic HER2Δ16 suppresses miR-15a/16 and deregulates BCL-2 to promote endocrine resistance of breast tumors (2010)

Tamoxifen is the most commonly prescribed therapy for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)α-positive breast tumors. Tumor resistance to tamoxifen remains a serious clinical problem especially in patients with tumors that also overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Current preclinical models of HER2 overexpression fail to recapitulate the clinical spectrum of endocrine resistance associated with HER2/ER-positive tumors. Here, we show that ectopic expression of a clinically important oncogenic isoform of HER2, HER2Δ16, which is expressed in >30% of ER-positive breast tumors, promotes tamoxifen resistance and estrogen independence of MCF-7 xenografts. MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells evade tamoxifen through upregulation of BCL-2, whereas mediated suppression of BCL-2 expression or treatment of MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells with the BCL-2 family pharmacological inhibitor ABT-737 restores tamoxifen sensitivity. Tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells upregulate BCL-2 protein levels in response to suppressed ERα signaling mediated by estrogen withdrawal, tamoxifen treatment or fulvestrant treatment. In addition, HER2Δ16 expression results in suppression of BCL-2-targeting microRNAs miR-15a and miR-16. Reintroduction of miR-15a/16 reduced tamoxifen-induced BCL-2 expression and sensitized MCF-7/HER2Δ16 to tamoxifen. Conversely, inhibition of miR-15a/16 in tamoxifen-sensitive cells activated BCL-2 expression and promoted tamoxifen resistance. Our results suggest that HER2Δ16 expression promotes endocrine-resistant HER2/ERα-positive breast tumors and in contrast to wild-type HER2, preclinical models of HER2Δ16 overexpression recapitulate multiple phenotypes of endocrine-resistant human breast tumors. The mechanism of HER2Δ16 therapeutic evasion, involving tamoxifen-induced upregulation of BCL-2 and suppression of miR-15a/16, provides a template for unique therapeutic interventions combining tamoxifen with modulation of microRNAs and/or ABT-737-mediated BCL-2 inhibition and apoptosis.
Development of a Streamlined Rat Whole Embryo Culture Assay for Classifying Teratogenic Potential of Pharmaceutical Compounds (2012)

This study describes a novel rat whole embryo culture (rWEC) teratogenicity assay that applies a simplified experimental design and statistical prediction model, resulting in reduced animal requirements and increased throughput with low prediction error rate for classifying teratogenic potential of compounds. A total of 70 compounds (38 teratogens and 32 nonteratogens) were evaluated, and the prediction model was generated from a dataset of 59 compounds. The rWEC assay requires only one test concentration (1μM) and three structural endpoints (group average morphological scores of spinal cord, heart, and number of somite pairs), which are used in a recursive partition model for classifying teratogenic liability. The model fitting concordance between the WEC assay and in vivo outcome was 83% with a standard deviation (SD) of 4.9%. The predictivity for future compounds was evaluated by using two statistical methods. Fivefold cross-validation estimated the predictivity of this model at 73% (SD 5.8%). A second estimation of predictivity was obtained from an independent test set of 11 compounds that were not used to build the prediction model and reached 82% (SD 11.6%). The overall estimate for prediction concordance is 74% (SD 5.2%). There is no statistically significant difference (p value > 0.50) in the predictivity between this model and the model supporting European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods WEC assay with predictivity of 80% (SD 10.6%). Overall, the streamlined WEC assay is estimated to reduce animal use and operational costs by more than 50%. It substantially improves results turnaround with no loss of predictivity.
Concentration of mutations causing schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia in the C-terminal noncollagenous domain of type X collagen (1995)

Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD) has previously been shown to be the result of mutations in the type X collagen gene, COL10A1. A further three mutations have been identified, including two nonsense mutations (Y268X, W651X) and a frameshift mutation (1856delCC). Each of the 10 SMCD mutations identified to date is within the C-terminal noncollagenous domain of type X collagen and three of five deletions initiated around the same nucleotide. This domain is believed to be involved in the initiation of collagen trimerization. The concentration of mutations within this domain is consistent with the hypothesis that the phenotype is the result of a reduction in the level of mature type X collagen due to the mutant polypeptide's inability to participate in trimer formation, although a dominant-negative mechanism cannot be discounted, on the basis of current evidence.
Rapid decline in detectability of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations after stopping therapy (1999)

This study showed a rapid decline in detectability of the majority of primary mutations within 13 weeks of stopping combination therapy. From this data, HIV-1 resistance testing to direct patients' therapy should only be carried out when on existing therapy, or < 2 weeks off therapy, if reliable decisions are to be made relating to future combinations.
Optimization of annealing for ClusterBoron and ClusterCarbon PMOS SDE (2006)

High dopant activation and low implant damage are crucial in realizing the formation of a low resistivity ultra shallow junction (USJ). Future annealing process requires diffusion less activation and has ultimately define the junction depth. Conventional boron implant at ultra-low energies perform poorly in throughput and in energy contamination. Molecular species (B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sub> ) can provide implants with no energy contamination and low beam divergence along with self-amorphization. Implantation of ClusterBoron in combination with ClusterCarbon can provide junction depths in the 15-20 nm regime and achieve a higher level of dopant activation with conventional spike anneal. We used various ClusterBoron and ClusterCarbon energies and doses along with various anneal techniques to arrive at an optimum resistivity and junction depth for PMOS SDE applications. We carried out various analytical measurements like SIMS, sheet-resistance to understand the self-amorphization, enhanced dopant activation and the damage level effect of the dopants after the anneals. The results are discussed in detail in the paper
A VLSI architecture for real-time image coding using a vector quantization based algorithm (1992)

Digital image coding using vector quantization (VQ) based techniques provides low-bit rates and high quality coded images, at the expense of intensive computational demands. The computational requirement due to the encoding search process, had hindered application of VQ to real-time high-quality coding of color TV images. Reduction of the encoding search complexity through partitioning of a large codebook into the on-chip memories of a concurrent VLSI chip set is proposed. A real-time vector quantizer architecture for encoding color images is developed. The architecture maps the mean/quantized residual vector quantizer (MQRVQ) (an extension of mean/residual VQ) onto a VLSI/LSI chip set. The MQRVQ contributes to the feasibility of the VLSI architecture through the use of a simple multiplication free distortion measure and reduction of the required memory per code vector. Running at a clock rate of 25 MHz the proposed hardware implementation of this architecture is capable of real-time processing of 480*768 pixels per frame with a refreshing rate of 30 frames/s. The result is a real-time high-quality composite color image coder operating at a fixed rate of 1.12 b per pixel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electrostatic linear micro actuators with vibrating motion for pan-tilt drive of a micro CCD camera (2002)

Newly developed linear electrostatic micro actuators employing a vibrating motion and fabricated by a bulk silicon micromachining process are described. The moving part (slider) of these actuators is sandwiched between two glass plates whose surfaces have many electrodes (fixed electrodes), is attached and detached to these fixed electrodes by turns, and actuates linearly on a macroscopic level. A feature of these actuators is that the influence of friction is reduced significantly and a large stroke is achieved. However, several difficulties have been identified regarding attachment/detachment operation actuators. The interactive forces, including the accumulation of charge caused by contact between each stator and slider create one of the most difficult problems. Our developed actuators incorporate micro pyramid stoppers, which prevent the accumulation of charge and other interactive forces, on both surfaces of the moving parts. The casing size of the prototype is 8/spl times/8/spl times/1.2 mm and achieves a 2 mm range of movement. The minimum driving voltage is 60 V and maximum velocity is 2.0 mm/s. The behavior of the slider is not simple and further analysis is very important in order to improve positioning accuracy, increase output force, and decrease driving voltage. The characteristics of the actuator (Stepping Model) obtained by experiments is reported. The authors further apply these actuators to a micro pan-tilt mechanism for altering the vision angle of a micro CCD camera and experimentally confirm their practical utility.
Potential-Induced Redox Switching in Viologen Self-Assembled Monolayers: An ATR−SEIRAS Approach (2007)

Monolayers of viologens (N-alkyl-N‘-(n-thioalkyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium bromide, n = 6, 8, 10) have been self-assembled from ethanolic solution onto gold substrates. Their structure and redox functionality were studied by cyclic voltammetry and in situ ATR−SEIRAS. Voltammetric experiments revealed that the first redox process, V2+ ↔ V•+, is reversible, whereas the second redox process, V•+ ↔ V0, is quasi reversible. The V2+ adlayer exhibits a sandwich-like structure. Van der Waals interactions between the alkyl chains lead to two well-ordered hydrophobic layers, with the redox-active bipyridinium unit enclosed in between. The alkyl chains are aligned in an all-trans configuration in a tilted orientation with respect to the surface normal and exhibit a slight conformational disorder. The long axis of the central bipyridinium rings is also tilted. The alignment of V2+ is stabilized by interplanar π−π stacking and electrostatic coulomb interactions. Both monomers and dimers of V•+ coexist in the V•+adlayer. The molecular alignment of the V•+ adlayer is stabilized by the strong vibronic coupling within the dimers and the π−π stacking between the monomers. Increasing length of the alkyl chain results in more tilted bipyridinium units, and favors both the dimerization and the alignment of V•+ within the SAMs. The complex reaction, V2+ → V•+, is described as electron transport from the electrode to the V2+ moiety followed by the dimerization of V•+, the delocalization of the radical electrons, and the migration of coadsorbed ClO4- anions.
LLCPS: A new security framework based on TLS for NFC P2P applications in the Internet of Things (2013)

The NFC (Near Field Communication) is a promising technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). It enables proximity communications (a few centimeters) with modest throughputs (hundreds Kbit/s) and low power consumption (a few mW). Although this technology is deployed for payment, access control, transport, or file transfer applications, it does not support a security framework. This demonstration presents Peer to Peer (P2P) transactions protected by a new protocol, LLCPS, i.e. the Logical Link Control protocol (LLCP) secured by TLS. LLCPS should enable a wide range of trusted services for the IoT.
Precontact mammalian sperm-egg communication and role in fertilization (1992)

In creatures with external fertilization, e.g., metazoa, it is well established that there is precontact sperm-egg communication in the form of chemotaxis. An intriguing question is whether also in mammals, where fertilization is internal and the need for precontact sperm-egg communication is not self-evident, such a process occurs and what its physiological significance may be. Here we review the evidence related to such a process in mammals, evidence which suggests that sperm attraction to the ovulated egg may indeed occur. On the basis of the available data we propose a hypothesis, according to which a sperm population is heterogeneous with respect to its physiological state; some spermatozoa are at a physiological state ready for fertilizing an egg, while others are premature or overmature. According to the hypothesis this is a dynamic state; the population of fertilizing spermatozoa gradually loses its potency and, at the same time, other spermatozoa mature and acquire fertilizing ability. After ovulation, only the fertilizing spermatozoa are attracted to the egg, while the rest are either repelled or inhibited and thus prevented from reaching the egg. The potential significance of sperm-egg communication is discussed.
FAS inhibitor cerulenin reduces food intake and melanocortin receptor gene expression without modulating the other (an)orexigenic neuropeptides in chickens (2006)

Cerulenin, a natural fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor, and its synthetic analog C75 are hypothesized to alter the metabolism of neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate ingestive behavior to cause a profound decrease of food intake and an increase in metabolic rate, leading to body weight loss. The bulk of data exclusively originates from mammals (rodents); however, such effects are currently lacking in nonmammalian species. We have, therefore, addressed this issue in broiler chickens because this species is selected for high growth rate and high food intake and is prone to obesity. First, we demonstrate that FAS messenger and protein are expressed in the hypothalamus of chickens. FAS immunoreactivity was detected in a number of brain regions, including the nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis and the nucleus infundibuli hypothalami, the avian equivalent of the mammalian arcuate nucleus, suggesting that FAS may be involved in the regulation of food intake. Second, we show that hypothalamic FAS gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by overnight fasting similar to that in liver, indicating that hypothalamic FAS gene is regulated by energy status in chickens. Finally, to investigate the physiological consequences of in vivo inhibition of fatty acid synthesis on food intake, we administered cerulenin by intravenous injections (15 mg/kg) to 2-wk-old broiler chickens. Cerulenin administration significantly reduced food intake by 23 to 34% (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001) and downregulated FAS and melanocortin receptors 1, 4, and 5 gene expression (P < 0.05). However, the known orexigenic (neuropeptide Y, agouti gene-related peptide, orexin, and orexin receptor) and anorexigenic (pro-opiomelanocortin and corticotropin-releasing hormone) neuropeptide mRNA levels remained unchanged after cerulenin treatment. These results suggest that the catabolic effect of cerulenin in chickens may be mediated through the melanocortin system rather than the other neuropeptides known to be involved in food intake regulation.
A microprocessor controlled pressure scanning system (1976)

A microprocessor-based controller and data logger for pressure scanning systems is described. The microcomputer positions and manages data from as many as four 48-port electro-mechanical pressure scanners. The maximum scanning rate is 80 pressure measurements per second (20 ports per second on each of four scanners). The system features on-line calibration, position-directed data storage, and once-per-scan display in engineering units of data from a selected port. The system is designed to be interfaced to a facility computer through a shared memory. System hardware and software are described. Factors affecting measurement error in this type of system are also discussed.
Use of fiber optics for remote UF/sub 6/ laser-induced fluorescence measurements (1983)

A fiber-optics-based method for making remote gas density and temperature measurements in UF/sub 6/ using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is described. An input laser pulse of up to 2 mJ of near-uv pulsed (5 ns) laser light is transported through 50 m of single optical fiber to the gas. The output fluorescence stimulated in a gas cell by refocused output from the fiber is imaged onto a coherent fiber bundle and conveyed to a photomultiplier detector. The following aspects of the optical system are discussed: input and output laser beam profiles; fiber attenuation; fiber breakdown thresholds; fiber sizes; optical spatial resolution and sensitivity; coupling and monitoring techniques; and other pertinent experimental details. Typical signal data obtained in a static gas cell experiment are presented. 7 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Regulation of Tone in Pig Urethral Smooth Muscle (1993)

Cystometry and urethral pressure profilometry performed in Large White pigs reveal a fall in urethral pressure before micturition. The area of highest pressure in the female is in the mid-urethra. Circular smooth muscle dissected from this region generates a high spontaneous tone, which is increased by phenylephrine and carbachol, but is unaffected by guanethidine and atropine. Electrical field stimulation using different parameters produces frequency-dependent relaxations or a combination of relaxation and contraction, all sensitive to tetrodotoxin. Only the contraction is inhibited by atropine and guanethidine. However, phasic relaxations are abolished by N-nitro-L-arginine, an effect partially reversed by L- but not by D-arginine. Oxyhemoglobin also marginally reduces the relaxations. Sodium nitroprusside produces concentration-dependent relaxations of the urethral smooth muscle, maximal at 10(-5) M. It is suggested that the urethral muscle generates a high myogenic tone that maintains continence and can be enhanced by adrenergic and cholinergic input, or inhibited by NANC innervation, partially mediated by the transmitter nitric oxide.
A longitudinal study of high scorers on the Hypomanic Personality Scale. (2000)

Former college students (n = 36) identified by high scores on the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HYP; Eckblad & Chapman, 1986) were compared with control participants (n = 31) at a 13-year follow-up assessment. As hypothesized, the HYP group reported more bipolar disorders and major depressive episodes than the control group. The HYP group also exceeded the control group on the severity of psychotic-like experiences, symptoms of borderline personality disorder, and rates of substance use disorders. HYP group members with elevated scores on the Impulsive-Nonconformity Scale (Chapman et al., 1984) experienced greater rates of bipolar mood disorders, poorer overall adjustment, and higher rates of arrest than the remaining HYP or control participants.
Animal models for emerging coronavirus: progress and new insights (2020)

The emergences of coronaviruses have caused a serious global public health problem because their infection in humans caused the severe acute respiratory disease and deaths. The outbreaks of lethal coronaviruses have taken place for three times within recent two decades (SARS-CoV in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012 and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019). Much more serious than SARS-CoV in 2002, the current SARS-CoV-2 infection has been spreading to more than 213 countries, areas or territories and causing more than two million cases up to date (17 April 2020). Unfortunately, no vaccine and specific anti-coronavirus drugs are available at present time. Current clinical treatment at hand is inadequate to suppress viral replication and inflammation, and reverse organ failure. Intensive research efforts have focused on increasing our understanding of viral biology of SARS-CoV-2, improving antiviral therapy and vaccination strategies. The animal models are important for both the fundamental research and drug discovery of coronavirus. This review aims to summarize the animal models currently available for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and their potential use for the study of SARS-CoV-2. We will discuss the benefits and caveats of these animal models and present critical findings that might guide the fundamental studies and urgent treatment of SARS-CoV-2-caused diseases.