gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A stronger test of the visual heading strategy for guiding locomotion (2004)

Optic flow provides visual information about the direction of heading of a moving observer. One strategy for guiding locomotion would be to keep one's visual heading directed toward the target. Another strategy would be to aim one's physical direction of motion toward the visual target. These possibilities have been tested empirically using prism goggles or a virtual environment to dissociate visual and physical direction of motion. In previous experiments, however, conditions have forced observers to initially direct their physical heading toward the target: prior to movement onset, visual targets were displaced but no optic flow was available for comparison. The experiments reported here were designed to eliminate this confound. Subjects walked in a dynamic virtual environment to a visual target on the ground 4.5m away. Visual feedback was presented using a head mounted display system, updated in real-time based on data from an optical head tracking system. The simulated environment consisted of the target, a textured ground plane, and a cloud of random dots (to provide motion parallax). On a random subset of trials, visual space was rotated by ±15deg relative to physical space. In experiment 1, these rotations were phased in gradually over a 1m range during ongoing movements, such that no adjustment was necessary to keep visual heading directed toward the target. In experiment 2, rotations were applied prior to movement, but the appearance of the target was delayed until after subjects had already begun moving, and the target was positioned between visual and physical heading directions. In both experiments, subjects “corrected” to aim their physical heading toward the target, which required actively shifting the visual heading direction away from the target. The results suggest that visual guidance of locomotion is not based on visual heading error.
A study on VSC-HVDC based black start compared with traditional black start (2009)

A good Black-Start scheme is important and necessary to resume power supply fast and efficiently after black out, and how to choose black-start power is the first thing to consider in the scheme. In this paper, the advantages of VSC-HVDC as black start power are analyzed with contrast to traditional black start power. The ability of VSC-HVDC to soft energize major power system equipment is proved through simulation by software PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation waveforms during soft energization are illustrated. These plots have described the good voltage and frequency characteristics of VSC-HVDC. The transition from one control mode of VSC to another is also discussed. Simulation results indicate that by using soft energization, VSC-HVDC is an ideal black start power.
RtxA1‐Induced Expression of the Small GTPase Rac2 Plays a Key Role in the Pathogenicity of<i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> (2009)

Infection with the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) in host cells. In the present study, we employed mutant V. vulnificus strains to identify an essential virulence factor responsible for this ROS generation. We found that repeats-in-toxin A1 (RtxA1) expressed by V. vulnificus acts via Nox1 to induce significant ROS generation in the intestine epithelial cells, which ultimately results in cell death. Furthermore, RtxA1 modulates the small GTPase Rac2, which is known to play an important role in the activation of Nox. When mice were infected by the oral method, in contrast with the wild-type bacteria, an RtxA1-deficient V. vulnificus mutant was unable to induce ROS generation within the intestine and failed to cause death. These findings strongly suggest that RtxA1-induced Rac2 expression is a critical step underlying the pathogenicity of V. vulnificus.
Start-Stop Characteristics and Thermal Behavior of a Large Hybrid Airfoil Bearing For Aero-Propulsion Applications (2011)

Air/gas foil bearings (AFB) have shown a promise in high-speed micro to mid-sized turbomachinery. Compared to rolling element bearings, AFBs do not require oil lubrication circuits and seals, allowing the system to be less complicated and more environment-friendly. Due to the smaller number of parts required to support the rotor and no lubrication/seal system, AFBs provide compact solution to oil-free turbomachinery development.While foil bearing technology is mature in small industrial machines and power generation turbines, its application to aero-propulsion systems has been prohibited due to the reliability issues relevant to unique aero-propulsion environments such as severe rubbing due to the very slow acceleration of typically heavy rotors. This paper presents a hybrid air foil bearing (a combination of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic) with 102 mm in diameter designed for aero-propulsion applications, and preliminary test results on start-stop friction characteristics and thermal behavior at low speeds below 10,000 rpm are presented. The bearing could withstand 1000 start/stop cycles with 6 rev/s2 acceleration under a static load of 356 N (43.4 kPa).
Curvature Mode Shape-based Damage Assessment of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Beams (2006)

In this article, a combined analytical and experimental damage assessment method using curvature mode shapes is developed. The curvature mode is selected due to its sensitivity to the presence of the damage and the localized nature of the changes. An analytical relationship between the damaged and the healthy beams is formulated, for which the effect of damage in the form of stiffness loss is accounted. This relationship is later used to estimate the extent of damage from the experimentally identified changes in structural dynamic characteristics. Surface-bonded piezoelectric sensors are used to directly acquire the curvature modes of composite structures, which simplify the identification procedure. The specimens are made of carbon/epoxy laminated composite beams. Several different types of damages are introduced in the beams (i.e., delamination, impact, and saw-cut damages) to simulate possible damage scenarios. Several limitations and remarks of the proposed experimental and damage identification approaches are discussed. The study shows that the present technique using curvature mode shapes and piezoelectric materials can be used effectively to locate the damage in the laminated composite structures.
Infection Control in Total Parenteral Nutrition (1973)

Infection is a significant hazard, and disseminated fungal infection has been a particularly frequent and dread complication of total parenteral nutrition. Rates of septicemia as high as 27% have been reported. A survey by the Center for Disease Control and a review of the literature indicate that the risk of infection can be substantially reduced if stringent infection control measures are practiced. Accordingly, the Center's Hospital Infections Section has developed infection control guidelines for total parenteral nutrition programs.
Relation Between Repolarization and Refractoriness During Programmed Electrical Stimulation in the Human Right Ventricle (1995)

Repetitive extrastimulation not only shortens APD and subsequently ERP but also alters the ERP/APD relation by allowing capture to occur at progressively less complete repolarization levels. This progressive encroachment onto the preceding repolarization phase is associated with impaired impulse propagation and a high incidence of VT induction. This may help explain how repetitive, closely coupled extrastimulation induces ventricular tachycardia in the human heart.
Closed-Form for Infinite Sum in Bandlimited CDMA (2004)

A closed-form expression is presented for an infinite sum that appears in the theoretical analysis of works in code-division multiple access (CDMA) that assume root-raised-cosine pulse shaping instead of rectangular pulse shaping. The expression derived is sufficiently general to work for arbitrary values of the roll-off factor. The expression is expected to contribute to the simplification of the analysis of CDMA systems with realistic pulse shaping.
875. The electrolyte type of ionized complexes (1964)

R. D. Feltham and R. G. Hayter, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 4587 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640004587
Protection from Noise-Induced Temporary Threshold Shift by d-Methionine is Associated with Preservation of ATPase Activities (2008)

Noise not only induced TTS but also inhibited ATPase activities as well as increased oxidative stress in guinea-pig cochlear lateral walls; all of these changes could be attenuated by d-methionine through its antioxidative property. These results suggest the potential usefulness of d-methionine in protecting from noise-induced ototoxicity.
Combining satellite imagery and machine learning to predict poverty (2016)

Reliable data on economic livelihoods remain scarce in the developing world, hampering efforts to study these outcomes and to design policies that improve them. Here we demonstrate an accurate, inexpensive, and scalable method for estimating consumption expenditure and asset wealth from high-resolution satellite imagery. Using survey and satellite data from five African countries--Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda--we show how a convolutional neural network can be trained to identify image features that can explain up to 75% of the variation in local-level economic outcomes. Our method, which requires only publicly available data, could transform efforts to track and target poverty in developing countries. It also demonstrates how powerful machine learning techniques can be applied in a setting with limited training data, suggesting broad potential application across many scientific domains.
Site-directed mutagenesis of phosphorylation sites of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (1994)

Regulation of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, the rate-limiting enzyme of branched chain amino acid catabolism, involves phosphorylation of 2 amino acid residues (site 1, serine 293; site 2, serine 303). To directly assess the roles played by these sites, site-directed mutagenesis was used to convert these serines to glutamates and/or alanines. Functional E1 heterotetramers were expressed in Escherichia coli carrying genes for E1 alpha and E1 beta under control of separate T7 promoters in a dicistronic vector. Mutation of phosphorylation site 1 serine to glutamate inactivated E1 activity, i.e. mimicked the effect of phosphorylation of site 1. Replacement of the site 1 serine with alanine greatly increased Km for the alpha-ketoacid substrate but had no effect on maximum velocity. The site 1 serine to alanine mutant was phosphorylated at site 2, but phosphorylation had no effect upon enzyme activity. Mutation of site 2 serine to either glutamate or alanine also had no effect upon enzyme activity, but phosphorylation of these proteins at site 1 inhibited enzyme activity. E1 mutated to change both phosphorylation site serines to glutamates was without enzyme activity. The binding affinity of E1 to the E2 core was not affected by mutation of the phosphorylation sites to glutamates, suggesting no gross perturbation of the association of E1 with the E2 core. The results provide direct evidence that a negative charge at phosphorylation site 1 is responsible for kinase-mediated inactivation of E1. Site 2 is silent with respect to regulation of activity by phosphorylation.
Ferritin‐iron increases killing of Chinese hamster ovary cells by X‐irradiation (1992)

Stationary-phase Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultured in medium containing ferritin (approximately 19% iron by weight) added at concentrations ranging from 0 to 128 micrograms/ml. One set of cultures was unirradiated, and another set was exposed to 4.0 Gy of X-ray. Clonogenic cell survival was assessed in each set of cultures. In the absence of added ferritin, 4.0 Gy killed approximately 50% of the cells. In the absence of radiation, ferritin was not toxic at less than 48 micrograms/ml; above 48 micrograms/ml, toxicity increased with concentration. Apoferritin was not toxic at any concentration tested (up to 1000 micrograms/ml). Although 32 micrograms/ml ferritin, reflecting only a 3-6 fold increase in iron concentration over normal serum, was not toxic, it reduced the survival of X-irradiated cells by an additional 75%. These results indicate that a sublethal concentration of ferritin can be a potent radiosensitizer. This suggests the possibility that high body iron stores may increase susceptibility to radiation injury in humans.
Calcium Imaging in Populations of Olfactory Neurons by Planar Illumination Microscopy (2014)

Neurons in the olfactory system display extraordinary functional diversity, which at the level of sensory neurons arises from the expression of one out of several hundred distinct receptor types. To cope with this diversity, one approach is to use techniques that can record sensory responses from many neurons simultaneously. We have developed a form of light-sheet microscopy, called objective-coupled planar illumination (OCPI) microscopy, that is well suited to recording at high signal-to-noise ratios from large neuronal populations. Because OCPI microscopy illuminates the entire field simultaneously, it allows fast imaging without compromising field of view. At current camera speeds, pixels can be acquired more than 100-fold faster than by point-scanning fluorescence microscopy. Here we describe the theory, advantages, and practical implementation of planar illumination and briefly discuss its application to neuronal recording in the mouse vomeronasal organ. We also provide a brief protocol, in which a mouse is pretreated with dye for 1 wk to allow labeling of the sensory neurons before stimulation and imaging.
A REINFORCEMENT LEARNING APPROACH FOR SCHEDULING PROBLEMS (2015)

Scheduling problems are an important class of sequencing problems that can be found in many real life situations, especially in the field of production planning. The problem considered in this work is to find a permutation of operations to be sequentially processed on a number of machines under the restriction that the processing of each job has to be continuous with respect to the objective of minimizing the completion time of all jobs, known in literature as makespan or Cmax. This problem is as NP-hard, it is typical of combinatorial optimization and can be found in manufacturing environments, where there are conventional machines-tools and different types of pieces which can, in some scenarios, share the same route or not. The following research presents a Reinforcement Learning algorithm known as Q-Learning to solve scheduling problems, specifically Job Shop and Flow Shop. This algorithm is based on learning an action-value function that gives the expected utility of taking a given action in a given state, where an agent is associated to each of the resources. To validate the quality of the solutions, test cases of the specialized literature are used and the results obtained were compared with the reported optimal results.
Coupling of the Orientations of Liquid Crystals to Electrical Double Layers Formed by the Dissociation of Surface-Immobilized Salts (2001)

We report the orientations of thermotropic liquid crystals to be coupled through dipolar interactions to the electric fields of electrical double layers that form upon contact of the liquid crystals with model surfaces presenting sodium carboxylate salts. The surfaces were prepared by the self-assembly of HOOC(CH2)10SH on semi-transparent films of gold. The density of sodium carboxylate groups was controlled by pretreatment of the surfaces with aqueous solutions buffered between pH 3.2 to 10.6 and quantified by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We used this well-defined experimental system to test predictions of a model that describes the dipolar coupling of the orientations of liquid crystals to an electric field formed at a surface through dissociation of sodium ions into the liquid crystal. Four predictions of the model, namely (I) the influence of the sign of the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal, (II) the effect of the thickness of the film of liquid crystal relative to the Debye length within the liquid crystal, (III) the influence of the density of sodium carboxylate groups on the surface, and (IV) the influence of the concentration of electrolyte (NaI) dissolved within the liquid crystal, were found to be consistent with our experimental observations and thus support the proposed orientational coupling of the liquid crystal to the electric field formed by dissociation of the surface immobilized sodium carboxylate salt. A comparison of the orientational behavior of nematic phases of 4-cyano-4‘-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) to the predictions of the model also revealed the sodium carboxylate-5CB interface to be held close to a constant potential (rather than constant density of charge) upon addition of electrolye to the liquid crystal.
The phase problem (2003)

Given recent advances in phasing methods, those new to protein crystallography may be forgiven for asking 'what problem?'. As many of those attending the CCP4 meeting come from a biological background, struggling with expression and crystallization, this introductory paper aims to introduce some of the basics that will hopefully make the subsequent papers penetrable. What is the 'phase' in crystallography? What is 'the problem'? How can we overcome the problem? The paper will emphasize that the phase values can only be discovered through some prior knowledge of the structure. The paper will canter through direct methods, isomorphous replacement, anomalous scattering and molecular replacement. As phasing is the most acronymic realm of crystallography, MR, SIR, SIRAS, MIR, MIRAS, MAD and SAD will be expanded and explained in part. Along the way, we will meet some of the heroes of protein crystallography such as Perutz, Kendrew, Crick, Rossmann and Blow who established many of the phasing methods in the UK. It is inevitable that some basic mathematics is encountered, but this will be done as gently as possible.
The Chemistry and Technology of Gypsum (1984)

Description Eleven papers cover procedures to determine the chemical composition and physical properties of gypsum and gypsum products. They also consider problems and issues associated with the utilization of by-product gypsums.
Data center topologies for mission-critical business systems (2008)

In this paper we examine the ways in which data center topology choices affect mission-critical business system availability and we propose a methodology for ensuring business resilience by assessing the risks to the mission-critical business systems and then designing a data center topology to mitigate these risks. This methodology is based on the IBM Business Resilience Framework, a framework that accounts for a wide range of concerns, from data center facilities to the business strategy and vision.
Primary Dermal Melanoma (2004)

Primary dermal melanoma appears to be a distinct subtype of melanoma based on the excellent prognosis associated with this case series and others. Additional research focusing on cause, appropriate staging, and outcome of previously identified solitary dermal metastasis is warranted to further delineate this entity.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of benvitimod, a candidate drug for the treatment of psoriasis (2014)

Benvitimod cream, at single doses of up to 30 mg, is well tolerated by healthy subjects. Following topical application, systemic absorption was negligible.
An investigation into the fabrication and combustion performance of porous silicon nanoenergetic array chips (2012)

An investigation into the ignitions and combustions of porous silicon (PS) nanoenergetic material array chips (nECs) at different ignition voltages was performed. The PS nECs were fabricated by integrating PS nanoenergetic material (nEMs) matrices and Cr-microbridges (microigniters) on the surface of silicon substrates. The combustion of PS nECs was in ambient air. Its ignition and combustion were investigated by a testing system and an optical high-speed camera. Experimental results revealed that the combustion delay time of PS nEMs increased from 8.0 × 10(-5) s to 1.1 × 10(-4) s with the decrement of ignition voltages from 140 to 80 V. The scope of ignition energy ranged from 0.153 to 0.287 mJ by calculations. The reaction type was deflagration, from the analysis of the high-speed video of PS nECs. The comprehensive experimental results indicated that the combustion of PS nECs was ignited by the synergic effect of the heat and the plasma. The ignition experiments suggested that Cr-microbridges were reliable igniters to trigger the self-sustained combustion of PS nECs. The strong plume of flame emitted from the surface of PS nECs indicated that the PS nECs may be applied as micro/nano igniter chips and microthruster chips.
A Wireless Battery-less Computer Mouse with Super Capacitor Energy Buffer (2007)

This paper proposes a novel wireless computer mouse power supply system which runs off a standard USB port and eliminates the use of batteries completely. The system uses a soft switched current-fed push-pull converter for DC to AC conversion. The AC current, which flows through a disk coil embedded into a mouse-pad, provides a time varying magnetic field that transfer power to a power pick-up coil located within the mouse, through magnetic induction. This power, which was tuned-up and regulated by an advanced voltage control method-dynamic detuning control, has proven to be able to provide sufficient power to drive a wireless mouse. Furthermore, an energy buffer system is added which backs up and allocates the induced power to allow mouse operation and energy storage to occur in a coordinated way. This system allows the mouse to sustain in operation even when it is moved away from the mouse-pad. A minimum duration of 2 minutes was achieved when the mouse was constantly active.
Delivery of Antigens by Viral Vectors for Vaccination (2010)

Viral vectors have been developed as vaccine platforms for a number of pathogens and tumors. In particular, adenovirus (Ad)-based vectors expressing genes coding for pathogen or tumor antigens have proven efficacious to induce protective immunity. Major challenges in the use of Ad vectors are the high prevalence of anti-Ad immunity and the recent observation during an Ad-based HIV vaccine trial that led to increased HIV-1 acquisition in the presence of circulating anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies. In this review we summarize strategies to address these challenges and focus on modifications of the Ad capsid to enhance the adjuvant effect of anti-Ad immunogenicity and to circumvent pre-existing immunity. In addition, we summarize the current status and potential of other viral vector vaccines based on adeno-associated viruses, lentiviruses and poxviruses.