gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Energy Efficiency in Clouds (2009)

A cloud can be defined as a pool of computer resources that can host a variety of different workloads, ranging from long-running scientific jobs (e.g., modeling and simulation) to transactional work (e.g., web applications). A cloud computing platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and de-provisions servers as needed. Servers in the cloud can be physical machines or virtual machines. Cloud-hosting facilities, including many large businesses that run clouds in-house, became more common as businesses tend to out-source their computing needs more and more. For large-scale clouds power consumption is a major cost factor. Modern computing devices have the ability to run at various frequencies each one with a different power consumption level. Hence, the possibility exists to choose frequencies at which applications run to optimize total power consumption while staying within the constraints of the Service Level Agreements (SLA) that govern the applications. In this paper, we analyze the mathematical relationship of these SLAs and the number of servers that should be used and at what frequencies they should be running. We discuss a proactive provisioning model that includes hardware failures, devices available for services, and devices available for change management, all as a function of time and within constraints of SLAs. We provide scenarios that illustrate the mathematical relationships for a sample cloud and that provides a range of possible power consumption savings for different environments.
Broadband directional couplers fabricated in bulk glass with high repetition rate femtosecond laser pulses (2008)

A femtosecond fiber laser was applied to fabricate broadband directional couplers inside bulk glass for general power splitting application in the 1250 to 1650-nm wavelength telecom spectrum. The broadband response was optimized over the 400-nm bandwidth by tailoring the coupling strength and the waveguide interaction length to balance the differing wavelength dependence of the straight interaction and bent transition regions. High spatial finesse of the femtosecond-laser writing technique enabled close placement (approxiamtely 6 microm) of adjacent waveguides that underpinned the wavelength-flattened broadband response at any coupling ratio in the 0% to 100% range. The spectral responses were well-represented by coupled mode theory, permitting simple design and implementation of broadband couplers for bulk 3D optical circuit integration.
Maximizing Effective Proppant Permeability under High-Stress, High Gas-Rate Conditions (2004)

Abstract Work reported in this paper shows that fracture-pack permeability and conductivity are impacted by the mobility of formation-generated fines plugging under high-stress and high gas flow-rate conditions. The authors examine two approaches to (1) prevent formation fines from entering the proppant pack and (2) provide higher sustained fracture-pack permeability and conductivity under severe production conditions. The paper further shows that significant improvements can be obtained in both the short term and the long term, and how these improvements can be used to provide sustained gas production. The results of laboratory testing are reviewed in detail, including the mechanisms by which fines are immobilized and the conductivity is maintained. The mechanisms involve an on-the-fly, direct coating of proppant with surface- modification agents (SMA) just before the proppant is blended with the carrier fluid. The chemical properties of the SMA can be varied widely to meet downhole conditions and production flow rates. The treatment renders the formation sand and fines immobile so that migration and plugging do not occur. In addition to fines stabilization, SMA can be formulated using liquid resin to consolidate the proppant pack, making it useful in controlling proppant flowback at high production rates, and in providing long-term pack stability. The effects of non-darcy flow are also examined and compared to baseline data. Field studies are reviewed to evaluate how actual productivity can be affected, both short-term and long-term, by controlling fines damage to provide long-term fracture conductivity.
Small-signal analysis of the phase-shifted PWM converter (1992)

The specific circuit effects in the phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM) converter and their impact on the converter dynamics are analyzed. The small-signal model is derived incorporating the effects of phase-shift control and the utilization of transformer leakage inductance and power FET junction capacitances to achieve zero-voltage resonant switching. The differences in the dynamic characteristics of the PS-PWM converter and its PWM counterpart are explained. Model predictions are confirmed by experimental measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High efficiency CIGS based solar cells with electrodeposited ZnO:Cl as transparent conducting oxide front contact (2010)

Abstract In this paper high efficiency (up to 15.8%) Mo/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 /CdS/i‐ZnO solar cells terminated with an electrodeposited ZnO:Cl window layer are reported. The optoelectronic properties of these cells are comparable to reference cells terminated with standard sputtered ZnO:Al. The use of an electrochemical step, a low cost and easily up‐scalable method, in the fabrication process of this type of solar cell, opens the possibility to lower their production price and make them more competitive. The optimization involves a soft annealing treatment ( T ≤ 150°C) under atmospheric conditions after the electrodeposition which improves the transparency of the ZnO:Cl layers in the infrared region, the short circuit current and the fill factor of the I – V curve. These changes are related to the increase of one order of magnitude (up to 5 × 10 2 Ω −1 ·cm −1 ) of the lateral conductivity of the electrochemical layer due to an improvement of the free carrier mobility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular recognition of the Lewis Y antigen by monoclonal antibodies (1996)

The murine monoclonal antibody BR55-2 is directed against the tumor-associated antigen Lewis Y oligosaccharide. The Lewis Y core antigen is a difucosylated structure consisting of four hexose units. Analysis of binding profiles of lactoseries isomeric structures by BR55-2 suggest that the binding epitope includes the OH-4 and OH-3 groups of the beta-D-galactose unit, the 6-CH3 groups of the two fucose units and the N-acetyl group of the subterminal beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine (beta DGlcNAc). To elucidate the molecular recognition properties of BR55-2 for the Y antigen, BR55-2 was cloned, sequenced and its three-dimensional structure was examined by molecular modeling. The crystal structure of BR96, another anti-Lewis Y antibody, solved in complex with a nonoate methyl ester Lewis Y tetrasaccharide, and the lectin IV protein in complex with a Lewis b tetrasaccharide core were used as a guide to probe the molecular basis for BR55-2 antigen recognition and specificity. Our modeling study shows that BR55-2 shares similar recognition features for the difucosylated type 2 lactoseries Lewis Y structure observed in the BR96-sugar complex. We observe that a major source of specificity for the Lewis Y structure by anti-Y antibodies emanates from interaction with the beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine residue and the nature of the structures extended at the reducing site of the fucosylated lactosoamine.
Controlled Gelation and Sintering of Monolithic Gels Prepared from γ‐Alumina Fume Powder (1991)

The gelation, phase transformation, and densification of a colloidal monolithic gel made from γ‐Al 2 O 3 fume powder are investigated. Among the six gelation agents that we use, formamide and urea are quick in causing gelation and easy to burn off. The densification rate of this gel decreases rapidly after the γ‐to‐α phase transformation. TiO 2 is an effective sintering aid to overcome this bottleneck of densification because (1) it enhances the phase transformation rate so that the sintering of α‐alumina occurs at a lower temperature, and (2) it promotes sintering rates at the initial and intermediate stages after phase transformation. On the other hand, MgO has an inappreciable effect on gel sintering. The effect of MgO at the final sintering stage is obstructed by this densification barrier after transformation. The titania‐doped gel monoliths can be sintered to high density and fine microstructure at 1400°C.
Medicinal applications of fullerenes. (2007)

Fullerenes have attracted considerable attention in different fields of science since their discovery in 1985. Investigations of physical, chemical and biological properties of fullerenes have yielded promising information. It is inferred that size, hydrophobicity, three-dimensionality and electronic configurations make them an appealing subject in medicinal chemistry. Their unique carbon cage structure coupled with immense scope for derivatization make them a potential therapeutic agent. The study of biological applications has attracted increasing attention despite the low solubility of carbon spheres in physiological media. The fullerene family, and especially C60, has appealing photo, electrochemical and physical properties, which can be exploited in various medical fields. Fullerene is able to fit inside the hydrophobic cavity of HIV proteases, inhibiting the access of substrates to the catalytic site of enzyme. It can be used as radical scavenger and antioxidant. At the same time, if exposed to light, fullerene can produce singlet oxygen in high quantum yields. This action, together with direct electron transfer from excited state of fullerene and DNA bases, can be used to cleave DNA. In addition, fullerenes have been used as a carrier for gene and drug delivery systems. Also they are used for serum protein profiling as MELDI material for biomarker discovery. In this review we report the aspects of medicinal applications of fullerenes.
Receptor‐like protein kinase genes of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1993)

The isolation of a maize cDNA clone that encodes a membrane spanning protein kinase related to the self-incompatibility glycoproteins (SLG) of Brassica and structurally similar to the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases has recently been reported. Three distinct receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) cDNA clones from Arabidopsis thaliana have now been identified. Two of the Arabidopsis RLK genes encode SLG-related protein kinases but have different patterns of expression: one is expressed predominantly in rosettes while the other is expressed primarily in roots. The third RLK gene contains an extracellular domain that consists of 21 leucine-rich repeats that are analogous to the leucine-rich repeats found in proteins from humans, flies and yeast. The Arabidopsis leucine-rich gene is expressed at equivalent levels in roots and rosettes. These results show that there are several genes in higher plants that encode members of the receptor protein kinase superfamily. The structural diversity and differential expression of these genes suggest that each plays a distinct and possibly important role in cellular signaling in plants.
Performance Characteristics of Metal Mesh Foil Bearings: Predictions Versus Measurements (2013)

Proven low-cost gas bearing technologies are sought to enable more compact rotating machinery products with extended maintenance intervals. The paper presents an analysis for predicting the static and dynamic forced performance characteristics of metal mesh foil bearings (MMFBs) which comprise a top foil supported on a layer of metal mesh of a certain compactness. The analysis couples a finite element model of the top foil and underspring support with the gas film Reynolds equation. A comparison of the predictions against laboratory measurements with two bearings aims to validate the analysis. The predicted drag friction factor in one bearing (L = D = 28.00 mm) during full film operation is just f ∼ 0.03 at ∼50,000 rpm, in good agreement with measurements at increasing applied loads. The predictions further elucidate the effect of the applied load and rotor speed on the bearing minimum film thickness, journal eccentricity, and attitude angle. For a second bearing (L = 38.0 mm, D = 36.5 mm), predicted bearing force coefficients show magnitudes comparable with the measurements, with less than a 20% difference, in the 250–350 Hz excitation frequency range. While the predicted direct stiffness coefficients are rather constant, the experimental force coefficients increase with frequency (maximum 400 Hz), due mainly to the increasing amplitudes of dynamic force applied to excite the bearing with a set amplitude of motion. The analysis underpredicts the direct damping coefficients at high frequencies (>300 Hz). The cross-coupled stiffness and damping coefficients are typically lower (<40%) than the direct ones. The bearings operated stably at all speeds without any subsynchronous whirl. The reasonable agreement of the predictions with the available test data promote the better design and further development of MMFB supported rotating machinery.
Über unsymmetrisch <i>N</i>‐substituierte Bispidine (3,7‐Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane), II (1977)

Abstract Die 3,7‐Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐2,4,6,8‐tetraone 5–7 , die bei der Synthese als sterische Isomerengemische anfallen, werden in die reinen Komponenten aufgetrennt. Mit Hilfe der 1 H‐NMR‐Spektren (Vergleich mit den dargestellten Verbindungen 11–15 ) läßt sich die Konfiguration bestimmen.
Isolation and characterization of nodulation genes from <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> sp. ( <i>Vigna</i> ) strain IRc 78 (1985)

An 11.76-kilobase-pair (kb) segment of DNA from Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) strain IRc 78 that hybridizes to nodulation genes of Rhizobium meliloti strain 41 was isolated. Hybridization of the 11.76-kb DNA fragment to DNA from other Bradyrhizobium species revealed a high degree of sequence conservation in this region. Transfer of the 11.76-kb segment to nodulation-defective (Nod(-)) mutants of R. meliloti restored their ability to induce nodules on Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Mutants of strain IRc 78 generated by Tn5 mutagenesis of the 11.76-kb segment fell into three classes according to their symbiotic reaction with Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). Class I mutants of strain IRc 78 were unable to induce root-hair curling or to nodulate; class II induced small, ineffective nodules; and class III showed delayed and decreased nodulation with reduction in amount of nitrogen fixed. Furthermore, in contrast to the wild-type strain, class I mutants could not induce nodules on Glycine max (soybean), Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), or Arachis hypogaea (peanut). This finding suggests a common function of the 11.76-kb region in the infection of host plants by Bradyrhizobium either through root hairs or by "crack entry."
On the implementation of AMBIT/G: a graphical programming language (1969)

This paper deals with the implementation of an interactive graphical programming language for the manipulation of directed graphs. Interesting aspects of the design and a user's view of the facilities are presented. The language is a modified version of AMBIT/G; a brief description of AMBIT/G is contained in the introduction.
Construction of a BAC Contig Map of Chromosome 16q by Two-Dimensional Overgo Hybridization (2000)

We have used sequence-based markers from an integrated YAC STS-content/somatic cell hybrid breakpoint physical map and radiation hybrid maps of human chromosome 16 to construct a new sequence-ready BAC map of the long arm of this chromosome. The integrated physical map was generated previously in our laboratory and contains 1150 STSs, providing a marker on average every 78 kb on the euchromatic arms of chromosome 16. The other two maps used for this effort were the radiation hybrid maps of chromosome 16 from Whitehead Institute and Stanford University. To create large sequenceable targets of this chromosome, we used a systematic approach to screen high-density BAC filters with probes generated from overlapping oligonucleotides (overgos). We first identified all available sequences in the three maps. These include sequences from genes, ESTs, STSs, and cosmid end sequences. We then used BLASTto identify 36-bp unique fragments of DNA for overgo probes. A total of 906 overgos were selected from the long arm of chromosome 16. Hybridizations occurred in three stages: (1) superpool hybridizations against the 12x coverage human BAC library (RPCI-11); (2) two-dimensional hybridizations against rearrayed positive BACs identified in the superpool hybridizations; and (3) pooled tertiary hybridizations for those overgos that had ambiguous positives remaining after the two-dimensional hybridization. For the superpool hybridizations, up to 236 overgos have been pooled in a single hybridization against the 12x BAC library. A total of 5187 positive BACs from chromosome 16q were identified as a result of five superpool hybridizations. These positive clones were rearrayed on membranes and hybridized with 161 two-dimensional subpools of overgos to determine which BAC clones were positive for individual overgos. An additional 46 tertiary hybridizations were required to resolve ambiguous overgo-BAC relationships. Thus, after a total of 212 hybridizations, we have constructed an initial probe-content BAC map of chromosome 16q consisting of 828 overgo markers and 3363 BACs providing >85% coverage of the long arm of this chromosome. The map has been confirmed by the fingerprinting data and BAC end PCR screening.
Development of Aluminum Cooling System Components for a 10.8 Liter Diesel Engine (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel engine builders are faced with a new challenge to lower the weight of engines to increase payload while meeting rigorous durability goals for the engine. Cooling system parts represent a family of components which may be converted to lightweight metallic alloys for significant weight savings. To utilize lightweight alloys, cooling system parts must be engineered to maintain the same durability as the cast iron components they replace. For a modern high speed diesel, the B<sub>l0</sub> design life may be upwards of 1,280,000 kilometers which is a very aggressive target for a new component design.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A test program was planned to guide design and development of aluminum (Al) cooling system parts for a new engine. The part must exhibit no corrosion after long duration operating with acceptable coolant. This program included three major phases consisting of bench scale corrosion tests for alloy selection, component rig tests for design verification and engine testing for system reliability.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Engine testing was carried out on a 10.8 liter, 6 cylinder, turbocharged diesel engine rated 298 kw (400 hp) which was being developed with Al cooling system parts. A coolant test matrix was developed to correspond to the limits of coolant degradation that could produce corrosion in the cooling system of typical engines in the field. The coolants used in the test program ranged in composition from a recommended coolant to an aggressive coolant with no antifreeze, low levels of corrosion inhibitor, high chloride, copper ions and high pH..</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Corrosion damage detected in test parts was strongly dependent on the type of coolant used during testing. The design of the part was also found to be an important variable in the observed failures. Corrosion damage that was detected may be explained in terms of the mechanisms of corrosion failure which were observed including cavitation, erosion-corrosion, and galvanic type failures.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Although the development program is not complete, preliminary results show that with the proper choice of coolant, the correct design and alloy selection, Al parts can be utilized with no degradation in performance when compared with current cast iron designs. The durability aspects of A1 cooling system parts at high mileage have not been evaluated through field testing.</div>
Mining named entities with temporally correlated bursts from multilingual web news streams (2011)

In this work, we study a new text mining problem of discovering named entities with temporally correlated bursts of mention counts in multiple multilingual Web news streams. Mining named entities with temporally correlated bursts of mention counts in multilingual text streams has many interesting and important applications, such as identification of the latent events, attracting the attention of on-line media in different countries, and valuable linguistic knowledge in the form of transliterations. While mining "bursty" terms in a single text stream has been studied before, the problem of detecting terms with temporally correlated bursts in multilingual Web streams raises two new challenges: (i) correlated terms in multiple streams may have bursts that are of different orders of magnitude in their intensity and (ii) bursts of correlated terms may be separated by time gaps. We propose a two-stage method for mining items with temporally correlated bursts from multiple data streams, which addresses both challenges. In the first stage of the method, the temporal behavior of different entities is normalized by modeling them with the Markov-Modulated Poisson Process. In the second stage, a dynamic programming algorithm is used to discover correlated bursts of different items, that can be potentially separated by time gaps. We evaluated our method with the task of discovering transliterations of named entities from multilingual Web news streams. Experimental results indicate that our method can not only effectively discover named entities with correlated bursts in multilingual Web news streams, but also outperforms two state-of-the-art baseline methods for unsupervised discovery of transliterations in static text collections.
Interaction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Vpx and Invariant Chain (2000)

Vpx is a virion-associated protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency viruses. The yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify invariant chain (Ii) as a cellular protein that interacts with HIV-2 Vpx. Vpx-Ii interaction was confirmed in cell-free reactions using bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and by coimmunoprecipitation in transfected and infected cells. In chronically infected cells expressing Vpx, Ii levels were markedly decreased, presumably due to enhanced degradation. These findings suggest that Vpx may disrupt major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation.