gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B-lineage prolymphocytic leukemia as a distinct clinicopathologic entity. (1980)

Prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) was described originally by Galton and his colleagues as a special variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with distinct clinical and hematologic features. Subsequent authors have described considerable heterogeneity in the clinical and immunologic features of PLL but have not dealt in detail with pathologic descriptions of their cases. Consequently, one might question whether PLL represents one disorder or a heterogeneous group of disorders. Three patients who satisfied Galton's original diagnostic criteria for PLL were examined by pathologic and immunologic methods. The spleens of these patients showed distinctive pseudonodular pathologic features. The malignant prolymphocytes were characterized as B-lineage by the presence of surface IgM and IgD, the expression of HLA-DR antigen, the absence of E-rosette formation, and the absence of natural killer cell activity. The existence of B-lineage prolymphocytic leukemia is affirmed as a distinct entity with unique pathologic, clinical, and immunobiologic characteristics.
New catalysts for oxygen reduction based on transition-metal sulfides (1996)

Novel catalysts, based on Mo, Ru and S or Se, for the electrochemical reduction of oxygen, have been prepared and characterised by a variety of analytical and structural probes. Such catalysts are attractive as cathodes both in direct methanol fuel cells and in solid-polymer electrolyte cells, and their structure appears to resemble that of commonly employed catalysts for hydrodesulfurisation (HDS). The electrocatalytic activity of these novel materials in Nafion-bound gas-diffusion electrodes in aqueous acid has been investigated. The polarisation of the MoRuS catalyst at 400 mA cm–2 was about 120 mV poorer than that of a conventional Pt-based electrode. However, the former was relatively unaffected by exposure to methanol, whereas the Pt-electrode performance declined by ca. 100 mV, becoming comparable to that of the MoRuS-based electrode.
Random Krylov Spaces over Finite Fields (2003)

Motivated by a connection with block iterative methods for solving linear systems over finite fields, we consider the probability that the Krylov space generated by a fixed linear mapping and a random set of elements in a vector space over a finite field equals the space itself. We obtain an exact formula for this probability and from it we derive good lower bounds that approach 1 exponentially fast as the size of the set increases.
Ultrafast all-optical switching using differential spin excitation for all-optical serial-to-parallel conversion (2004)

In this paper, we demonstrate ultrafast all-optical switching using differential spin excitation for all-optical serial-to-parallel conversion in normal MQWs with very high excitonic nonlinearity and long carrier lifetime. The MQWs provides extremely high extinction ratio, very high switching efficiency, and ultrafast switching time independent of the spin relaxation time and carrier lifetime.
About room response equalization and dereverberation (2006)

Improvement of sound reproduction in rooms by signal processing techniques has been studied seriously for more than twenty years. Such methods are called for example dereverberation, room (response) equalization, and room (response) correction. Understanding the limitations and quality criteria for such methods is gradually achieved through studies of this highly multidimensional problem. In the present paper we discuss the terminology and goals, compare some recent approaches of these techniques in practical cases, and finally point out future challenges
Structural and magnetic properties of biaxially textured NiFe2O4 thin films grown on c-plane sapphire (2012)

Chemical solution deposition is used to grow biaxially textured NiFe2O4 (NFO) thin films on (0001) sapphire substrates; a high degree of out-of-plane orientation in the 〈111〉 direction is confirmed by θ–2θ X-ray diffraction and pole figures. X-ray φ-scanning indicates in-plane texture and an epitaxial relationship between NFO (111) and Al2O3 (0001) in two crystallographic variants. The out-of-plane magnetization exhibits improved Mr/Ms from 0.5 in 110 nm-thick films to 0.8 in 60 nm-thick films. Compared to uniaxially textured NFO films on platinized silicon, the out-of-plane coercivity is reduced by 20%. The improved out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy is comparable to epitaxial NFO films of similar thickness deposited by pulsed laser deposition and sputtering.
Efficient Zygotic Genome Editing via RAD51-Enhanced Interhomolog Repair (2018)

Abstract Recent advances in genome editing have greatly improved knock-in (KI) efficiency 1–9 . Searching for factors to further improve KI efficiency for therapeutic use and generation of non-human primate (NHP) models, we found that the strand exchange protein RAD51 can significantly increase homozygous KI using CRISPR/Cas9 in mouse embryos through an interhomolog repair (IHR) mechanism. IHR is well-described in the context of meiosis 10 , but only occurs at low frequencies in mitotic cells 11,12 and its existence in zygotes is controversial. Using a variety of approaches, we provide evidence for an endogenous IHR mechanism in zygotes that can be enhanced by RAD51. We show that this process can be harnessed for generating homozygous KI animals from wildtype zygotes based on exogenous donors and for converting heterozygous alleles into homozygous alleles without exogenous templates. Furthermore, we elucidate additional factors that contribute to zygotic IHR and identify a RAD51 mutant capable of insertion-deletion (indel)-free stimulation of IHR. Thus, our study provides conclusive evidence for the existence of zygotic IHR and demonstrates methods to enhance IHR for potential use in gene drives, gene therapy, and biotechnology.
Tracking humans from a moving platform (2002)

Research at the Computer Vision Laboratory at the University of Maryland has focussed on developing algorithms and systems that can look at humans and recognize their activities in near real-time. Our earlier implementation while quite successful, was restricted to applications with a fixed camera. In this paper we present some recent work that removes this restriction. Such systems are required for machine vision from moving platforms such as robots, intelligent vehicles, and unattended large field of regard cameras with a small field of view. Our approach is based on the use of a deformable shape model for humans coupled with a novel variant of the condensation algorithm that uses quasi-random sampling for efficiency. This allows the use of simple motion models which results in algorithm robustness, enabling us to handle unknown camera/human motion with unrestricted camera viewing angles. We present the details of our human tracking algorithms and some examples from pedestrian tracking and automated surveillance.
Resist Materials Utilizing Oxygen Plasma Resistance of Iodine Compounds (1985)

Relative rates were measured for polymer film loss in an oxygen plasma environment. Both polymers doped with iodine compounds and iodinated polymers show high resistance to the oxygen plasma. Our ESCA studies on iodinated polystyrenes indicate that the oxygen plasma converts the iodo‐substituent to iodine oxides. Through taking advantage of the oxygen plasma resistance of iodine compounds, we have been able to come up with a two‐layer photolithography system for microfabrication. In the context of this two‐layer process, evaluations were made of a positive photoresist formulated from OFPR‐800 (Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Company) and 2,4,6‐triiodophenol, as well as a negative deep‐UV resist composed of iodinated poly(vinyl phenol) and 3,3'‐diazidodiphenyl sulfone.
Discriminative Learning over Constrained Latent Representations (2010)

This paper proposes a general learning framework for a class of problems that require learning over latent intermediate representations. Many natural language processing (NLP) decision problems are defined over an expressive intermediate representation that is not explicit in the input, leaving the algorithm with both the task of recovering a good intermediate representation and learning to classify correctly. Most current systems separate the learning problem into two stages by solving the first step of recovering the intermediate representation heuristically and using it to learn the final classifier. This paper develops a novel joint learning algorithm for both tasks, that uses the final prediction to guide the selection of the best intermediate representation. We evaluate our algorithm on three different NLP tasks – transliteration, paraphrase identification and textual entailment – and show that our joint method significantly improves performance. 1
The Modular High-Temperature Reactor (1983)

Nearly all problems encountered in large High-temperature reactor power plants with respect to design and safety are related to the mere physical size of a larger reactor core. Our analyses show that it is feasible to subdivide a larger reactor core into modular units, analogous to the common practice of using several smaller units instead of one large unit. In connecting several modular reactor units in series,a larger power output can be obtained by merely using simple technical designs,in addition to utilizing the favorable safety characteristics of small pebble-bed cores.It can be shown that for these cores such classical safety devices as shutdown systems and decay heat removal systems lose their dominance in respect to risk evaluations.
Derivation of porcine circovirus type 2-negative pigs from positive breeding herds (2004)

Objective: To summarize procedures utilized to derive piglets negative both for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and for antibody to PCV2, from PCV2-positive breeding herds. Methods: Sow herds were screened for antibodies to PCV2 by ELISA, with sample-to-positive (S:P) ratios >= 0.2 considered positive. Piglets were obtained by segregated early weaning (SEW) at 10 to 12 days of age. Maternal anti-PCV2 antibody was determined by testing weekly blood samples by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Absence of PCV2 was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on weekly serum samples and by PCR and immunohistochemistry assays on lymphoid tissues collected at necropsy (8 to 15 weeks of age). Results: Piglets negative for PCV2 by PCR and for anti-PCV2 antibody were derived from PCV2-positive breeding herds. Mean PCV2-antibody half-life in weanlings was estimated to be 19.0 days (95% confidence intervals, 17.6 and 20.3 days). Passively acquired PCV2-antibody present at 10 to 12 days of age declined to S:P ratios < 0.2 by 4.9 +/- 1.2 weeks of age in piglets with S:P ratios >= 0.2 and < 0.6; by 8.1 +/- 1.9 weeks in piglets with S:P ratios >= 0.6 and <= 1.0; and by 11.1 +/- 2.5 weeks in piglets with S:P ratios >= 1.0. Pigs kept in isolation remained PCV2-negative by PCR and ELISA through 8 to 15 weeks of age. Implications: SEW may be an effective technique to derive PCV2-negative piglets from positive breeding herds.
CXCR3 Antagonism Impairs the Development of Donor-Reactive, IFN-γ-Producing Effectors and Prolongs Allograft Survival (2009)

These results indicate that in synergy with co-stimulation blockade, CXCR3 is a viable therapeutic target to prevent acute graft rejection.
Contrast reversal in scanning capacitance microscopy imaging (1998)

We have investigated the quantification properties of scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) by using two dedicated test structures and highlight the response of SCM to changes in dopant density. Our results indicate that contrast reversal occurs and that the SCM output is not always a monotonically increasing signal with decreasing dopant density. Two epitaxially grown staircase structures covering the doping ranges 1014–1020 cm−3 p type and 5×1014–5×1019 cm−3 n type were produced for this study as the turning point in the response function typically occurs at a doping level of around 1017 cm−3. Through the use of a simple simulation model we see that contrast reversal is expected due to a relative shift between the dC/dV curves for different doping levels. The onset of contrast reversal can be adjusted by changing the dc sample bias leading to a shift in the operating position of the SCM, and the significance of this point will be discussed here.
Botnet Fingerprinting: A Frequency Distributions Scheme for Lightweight Bot Detection (2020)

Efficient bot detection is a crucial security matter and widely explored in the past years. Recent approaches supplant flow-based detection techniques and exploit graph-based features, incurring however in scalability issues, with high time and space complexity. Bots exhibit specific communication patterns: they use particular protocols, contact specific domains, hence can be identified by analyzing their communication with the outside. A way we follow to simplify the communication graph and avoid scalability issues is looking at frequency distributions of protocol attributes capturing the specificity of botnets behaviour. We propose a bot detection technique named BotFP, for BotFingerPrinting, which acts by (i) characterizing hosts behaviour with attribute frequency distribution signatures, (ii) learning benign hosts and bots behaviours through either clustering or supervised Machine Learning (ML), and (iii) classifying new hosts either as bots or benign ones, using distances to labelled clusters or relying on a ML algorithm. We validate BotFP on the CTU-13 dataset, which contains 13 scenarios of bot infections, connecting to a Command-and-Control (C&C) channel and launching malicious actions such as port scanning or Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. Compared to state-of-the-art techniques, we show that BotFP is more lightweight, can handle large amounts of data, and shows better accuracy.
A flexible 5G frame structure design for frequency-division duplex cases (2016)

A 5G frame structure designed for efficient support of users with highly diverse service requirements is proposed. It includes support for mobile broadband data, mission-critical communication, and massive machine communication. The solution encompasses flexible multiplexing of users on a shared channel with dynamic adjustment of the transmission time interval in coherence with the service requirements per link. This allows optimizing the fundamental tradeoffs between spectral efficiency, latency, and reliability for each link and service flow. The frame structure is based on in-resource physical layer control signaling that follows the corresponding data transmission for each individual user. Comparison against the corresponding LTE design choices shows attractive benefits.
The role of INI1 and the SWI/SNF complex in the development of rhabdoid tumors: meeting summary from the workshop on childhood atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. (2002)

A workshop on childhood atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation of the United States, was held on January 29, 2001 in Bethesda, Maryland. Drs. Malcolm Smith, Jaclyn Biegel, and Roger Packer hosted the meeting. There were 22 participants from 14 institutions. The sessions were designed to review what was known about the biology and clinical behavior of rhabdoid tumors and to begin to develop treatment strategies that might be effective against this clinically aggressive group of malignancies. This report summarizes the biology sessions from the meeting. A detailed summary of the discussions regarding diagnostic studies and the roles for radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplant in the treatment of rhabdoid tumors will be published separately.
Maternal serum levels of placental proteins after <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation and their implications for prenatal screening (2004)

Reduced PAPP-A with increased hCG yields an increased risk in screening for foetal trisomy 21. We confirm recently published observations but do not recommend the establishment of normal medians for IVF pregnancies since the extent of the deviations is varying according to the different stimulation protocols and dosages of gonadotrophins used.
Bragg grating-based fibre optic sensors in structural health monitoring (2006)

This work first considers a review of the dominant current methods for fibre Bragg grating wavelength interrogation. These methods include WDM interferometry, tunable filter (both Fabry-Perot and acousto-optic) demultiplexing, CCD/prism technique and a newer hybrid method utilizing Fabry-Perot and interferometric techniques. Two applications using these techniques are described: hull loads monitoring on an all-composite fast patrol boat and bolt pre-load loss monitoring in a composite beam in conjunction with a state-space modelling data analysis technique.
Abstraction of high level concepts from numerical values in databases (1994)

In a national hospital-based study of cN1 invasive breast cancer patients with residual ITC or micrometastases after NAC, RNI did not have a significant effect on OS.
Fast-response liquid crystal phase modulators for augmented reality displays (2017)

We report three new liquid crystal mixtures optimized for the phase modulator of an augmented reality display. The mixtures exhibit a relatively high birefringence (Δn) yet low viscosity, modest dielectric anisotropy (Δε), and acceptable resistivity and UV stability. High Δn enables a thin cell gap (d≈1.7 μm) for achieving 2π phase change with a reflective Liquid-Crystal-on-Silicon (LCoS) device and ~2 ms average phase-to-phase response time at 40°C. The modest Δε helps lower the operation voltage to 5V. To improve the response time of a full-color LCoS, we propose a new driving method by shifting the operation voltage away from the threshold. We also applied such a high Δn LC mixture to LCoS based amplitude modulators and achieved submillisecond response time. Widespread applications of these materials for the emerging augmented reality displays are foreseeable.
Nonequilibrium Pulsed Discharge:  A Novel Method for Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons or Alcohols (2004)

Steam reforming of methane, propane, hexane, cyclohexane, methanol, and ethanol using a nonequilibrium pulsed discharge was investigated under the conditions of atmospheric pressure and low temperature (393 K) without the use of catalyst. In each case, steam reforming proceeded efficiently and selectively and hydrogen was formed as a main product. Although the steam/carbon ratio was 1, there were trace amounts of carbon deposition or wax formation. The energy injection for the discharge region calculated by current and voltage waveforms measured by a digital signal oscilloscope was very small. As compared with the conventional catalytic steam reforming process, this method has some advantages such as fast start-up, quick response, and miniaturization and simplification of a hydrogen production system. Therefore we consider that the hydrogen production system employing a nonequilibrium pulsed discharge has a potential for being an effective way for supplying hydrogen or syngas.
2-5A synthetase activity in patients with metastatic carcinoma and its response to interferon treatment. (1985)

The interferon-induced enzyme 2-5A synthetase was measured in extracts of ficoll-purified peripheral mononuclear cells from normal healthy volunteers and a large group of patients with metastatic carcinoma. The range of values in both populations was very large and overlapped considerably. On average, individuals with disseminated cancer have a two-fold increase in 2-5A synthetase activity. In addition, several patients have been identified who appear to have fully induced 2-5A synthetase activity with no detectable serum interferon and no history of prior interferon injections. This indicates that the interferon regulated 2-5A system is activated in metastatic carcinoma. Treatment of patients with interferon-alpha caused a dose-dependent increase in enzyme activity. The maximum fold increase varied from individual to individual, as did the dose required for maximum enzyme stimulation. A rigorous attempt must now be made to correlate enzyme induction with the clinical outcome of interferon treatment in order to assess the clinical value of such measurements.
Federalism, National Competition Policy (2005)

The merits of federalism, which limits the power of government through dispersal and also allows competitive practices in government policy, are presented. The flaws in the National Competition Policy (NCP), set up to reduce anti-competitive activities of the States, and the reforms needed to make governance more beneficial to the public, are discussed.
A polarized brightness-enhanced Nd:Y/sub 3/Al/sub 5/O/sub l2/ planar waveguide laser (1998)

A simple method for the production of a polarized Nd:Y <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> 0/sub 12/ on Y <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> O/sub 12/ planar waveguide laser is reported. A 50-nm layer of Au deposited on the surface of an unclad, 8.3-μm thick core region has produced an improvement in the TE/TM polarization extinction ratio from 7 to 27 dB. The M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of the beam in the guided plane has been reduced from 1.53/spl plusmn/0.01 in an uncoated region of the waveguide to 1.17/spl plusmn/0.01 in the Au-coated region using optimum pump launch conditions.
Interaction of pneumolysin-sufficient and -deficient isogenic variants of Streptococcus pneumoniae with human respiratory mucosa (1995)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, and pneumolysin, a hemolytic toxin, is thought to be an important virulence factor. We have studied the interaction of a pneumolysin-sufficient type II S. pneumoniae strain (PL+) and an otherwise identical pneumolysin-deficient derivative (PL-) with human respiratory mucosa in an organ culture with an air interface for up to 48 h. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured by a photometric technique, and adherence to and invasion of the epithelium were assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. PL+ and PL- caused a progressive fall in CBF compared with the control which became significant (P < 0.01) at 24 h for PL+ and at 48 h for PL-. At 24 h, there was a significant increase in the percentage of the mucosa of the organ culture that was damaged for PL+ compared with the control (P < 0.01) and PL- (P < 0.02). At 48 h, there was a significant increase in mucosal damage for both PL+ (P < 0.005) and PL- (P < 0.05) compared with the control. At 24 and 48 h, PL+ and PL- adhered predominantly to mucus and damaged cells. PL+ infection alone caused separation of tight junctions between epithelial cells, and at 48 h PL+ cells were adherent to the separated edges of otherwise healthy unciliated cells. PL+ and PL- both caused damage to the epithelial cell ultrastructure. S. pneumoniae infection caused patchy damage to the respiratory mucosa and a lowered CBF. These changes were more severe and occurred earlier with the pneumolysin-sufficient variant.