gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 6 inhibits proliferation and, in cooperation with an epidermal growth factor receptor autocrine loop, increases migration of T47D breast cancer cells. (2001)

Interleukin (IL)-6, a multifunctional regulator of immune response, hematopoiesis, and acute phase reactions, has also been shown to regulate cancer cell proliferation. We have investigated IL-6 signaling pathways and cellular responses in the T47D breast carcinoma cell line. The IL-6-type cytokines, IL-6 and oncostatin M, simultaneously inhibited cell proliferation and increased cell migration. In T47D cells, IL-6 stimulated the activation of Janus-activated kinase 1 tyrosine kinase and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3 transcription factors. Expression of dominant negative STAT3 in the cells strongly reduced IL-6-mediated growth inhibition but did not prevent IL-6-induced cell migration. IL-6 treatment led to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Inhibition of MAPK or PI3K activity reversed IL-6- and oncostatin M-stimulated migration. Because cross-talk between cytokine receptors and members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases has been described previously, we have examined their interaction in T47D cells. Down-regulation of ErbB receptor activity, through the use of specific pharmacological inhibitors or dominant negative receptor constructs, revealed that IL-6-induced MAPK activation was largely dependent on epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor activity, but not on ErbB-2 activity. Using a monoclonal antibody that interferes with EGF receptor-ligand interaction, we have shown that in T47D cells, IL-6 cooperates with an EGF receptor autocrine activity loop for signaling through the MAPK and PI3K pathways and for cell migration. Both the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and the multisubstrate docking molecule Gab1, which are potential links between IL-6 and the MAPK/PI3K pathways, were constitutively associated with the active EGF receptor. On IL-6 stimulation, SHP-2 and Gab1 were recruited to the gp130 subunit of the IL-6 receptor and tyrosine phosphorylated, allowing downstream signaling to the MAPK and PI3K pathways. Thus, in T47D breast carcinoma cells, IL-6 acts in synergy with EGF receptor autocrine activity to signal through the MAPK/PI3K pathways. Cooperation between IL-6 and the EGF receptor in T47D breast carcinoma cells illustrates how a combination of multiple stimuli, either exogenous or endogenous, may result in synergistic cellular responses.
Combining Multiple Semiconductor Laser Sources for Spectral Pulse Shaping (2011)

We propose and demonstrate a low cost multiple semiconductor laser source (SCL) for ultra-wideband pulse generation. The parallel gain-switched SCL source configuration, combined with a thermally adjustable pulse shaper, increases the synthesized waveform resolution.
On the mechanism of the chemical and enzymic oxygenations of alpha-oxyprotohemin IX to Fe.biliverdin IX alpha. (1986)

alpha-Oxyprotohemin IX, an early intermediate in heme catabolism, was synthesized and its autoxidation to biliverdin IX alpha was studied. In anaerobic aqueous pyridine, alpha-oxyprotohemin (hexacoordinated) underwent autoreduction to yield an Fe(II) alpha-oxyprotoporphyrin pi-neutral radical bis(pyridine) complex, which reacted with an equimolar amount of dioxygen to give pyridine.verdohemochrome IX alpha and CO in 75-80% yield via an intermediate with an absorption maximum at 893 nm. Verdohemochrome IX alpha did not react with further dioxygen. Reconstituted apomyoglobin.alpha-oxyprotohemin IX complex (pentacoordinated) reacted with an equimolar amount of dioxygen to form an Fe(II) oxyporphyrin pi-neutral radical intermediate, which rearranged to a green compound (lambda max 660 and 704 nm) with elision of CO. The green product, which is probably an apomyoglobin.verdoheme pi-radical complex, reacted with another equimolar amount of dioxygen to give Fe(III).biliverdin IX alpha. Demetallation of this gave biliverdin IX alpha in overall yield of 70-75%. These results indicate that the sequence of oxyheme autoxidation in the presence of apomyoglobin is alpha-oxyprotoheme IX O2----CO----verdohemochrome IX alpha pi-radical O2----Fe(III).biliverdin IX alpha. A similar mechanism may prevail in vivo. The hexa- and pentacoordinated Fe(II) pi-radical form of the oxyporphyrin is crucial in triggering the autoxidation of the complex to verdohemochrome IX alpha. Further oxygenation of verdohemochrome IX alpha to Fe(III).biliverdin IX alpha occurred only in the pentacoordinated apomyoglobin.verdoheme Fe(II) complex.
Characterization of feline Helicobacter pylori strains and associated gastritis in a colony of domestic cats (1995)

Twenty-four young adult domestic cats from a commercial vendor were found to be infected with Helicobacter pylori. Histopathologic analyses, selected electron microscopy, and urease mapping were performed on mucosal samples collected from the cardias and fundi, bodies, and antra of these cats' stomachs. H. pylori organisms were abundant in all areas of the stomach on the basis of histologic evaluation and urease mapping. H. pylori infection was associated with a moderate to severe lymphofollicular gastritis in 21 of 24 cats (88%). The gastritis was most pronounced in the antral region and consisted mainly of multifocal lymphoplasmacytic follicular infiltrates in the deep mucosa. The severity of gastritis in the antrum corresponded to high numbers of H. pylori there on the basis of the use of the urease assay as an indicator of H. pylori colonization. Ten of 24 cats (42%) also had small to moderate numbers of eosinophils in the gastric mucosa. All 24 cats had gastric lymphoid follicles, with follicles being most prevalent in the antrum. Electron microscopy of gastric tissue revealed numerous H. pylori organisms, some of which were closely adhered to the mucosal epithelium. Human H. pylori gene-specific primers to ureA and ureB amplified products of similar sizes from H. pylori cat isolates. Digestion of the products with restriction enzymes resulted in fragments characteristic of the restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of H. pylori isolates from humans. In the domestic cat, H. pylori infection is associated with a lymphofollicular gastritis, consisting of lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration into the lamina propria, and the organism appears to provide chronic antigenic stimulation resulting in the formation of gastric lymphoid follicles.
Material tailoring of structures to achieve a minimum radiation condition (1992)

A strategy is developed for designing structures that radiate sound inefficiently in light fluids. The problem is broken into two steps. First, given a frequency and overall geometry of the structure, a surface velocity distribution is found that produces a minimum radiation condition. This particular velocity distribution is referred to as the ‘‘weak radiator’’ velocity profile. Second, a distribution of Young’s modulus and density distribution is found for the structure such that it exhibits the weak radiator velocity profile as one of its mode shapes. In the first step, a finite element adaptation of the integral wave equation is combined with the Lagrange multiplier theorem to obtain a surface velocity distribution that minimizes the radiated sound power. In the second step, extensive use of structural finite element modeling as well as linear programming techniques is made. The result is a weak radiator structure. When compared to a structure with uniform material properties, the weak radiator structural response is found to exhibit three important characteristics. First, the weak radiator structure shows lower vibration amplitude near its boundaries. Second, the weak radiator structure exhibits lower wave number content in the supersonic region. Third, the distribution of surface acoustic intensity on the weak radiator structure is very small at all the points along its surface. The effect of modal overlap on the performance of the weak radiator structures is found to be negligible. While the method employed here is general, the example of a simple beam radiating in a rigid baffle is used for the purpose of illustration.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Aryl Indole NK<sub>1</sub> Receptor Antagonists: Optimization of Indole Substitution. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Turbomachinery for a Supercritical CO2 Electro-Thermal Energy Storage System (2013)

This paper presents analysis of CO2 turbomachinery for the electro-thermal energy storage (ETES) concept for site-independent bulk (grid-scale) electric energy storage. In charging mode, ETES operates as a transcritical CO2 heat pump, consuming electric energy which is converted into thermal energy stored in the form of hot water and ice on the hot and cold side of the cycle, respectively. On demand, the CO2 cycle is reversed for discharging during which ETES operates as transcritical CO2 power generation plant, consuming the stored hot and cold sources. The target capacity of the ETES system is of the order of units of MW electric to ∼100 MW electric, with typical daily cycles and 4 to 8 hours of storage. The estimated electric-to-electric round trip efficiency of ETES is about 60%. A companion paper [1] presents the control concept of the ETES plant and discusses several issues specific to the ETES plant design and operation. This paper analyzes these particular requirements from the perspective of the CO2 turbomachinery required for the storage plant, presenting the selection of the turbomachinery types and their shaft arrangement suitable for the ETES. The expected performance, main design features and challenges are discussed, together with questions related to the scalability of the turbomachines towards high power targets. Impacts of the turbomachinery designs on the ETES system performance, such as the sensitivity of the system electric-to-electric round trip efficiency on the turbomachinery efficiency are discussed.
Protein C deficiency in liver disease. (1990)

Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent zymogen of a serine protease that is found in blood plasma. The active form, activated protein C, can inhibit blood coagulation and stimulate fibrinolysis. Protein C is synthesized in the liver as a single chain protein. Its synthesis requires several post-translational modifications including carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation of aspartic acid residues, and glycosylation. Plasma protein C levels are sensitive to liver function. Protein C levels fall more rapidly than other vitamin K-dependent proteins when synthesis is altered by the administration of oral anticoagulants. In addition, low protein C levels are highly indicative of abnormal liver function. In one case, homozygous protein C deficiency has been corrected by liver transplantation. In liver transplantation for end-stage liver failure, plasma protein C levels may be a good indicator of the success of the transplantation.
Heterogeneous proliferative potential of occult metastatic cells in bone marrow of patients with solid epithelial tumors (2002)

Bone marrow is a major homing site for circulating epithelial tumor cells. The present study was aimed to assess the proliferative capacity of occult metastatic cells in bone marrow of patients with operable solid tumors especially with regard to their clinical outcome. We obtained bone marrow aspirates from 153 patients with carcinomas of the prostate (n = 46), breast (n = 45), colon (n = 33), and kidney (n = 29). Most of the patients (87%) had primary disease with no clinical signs of overt metastases [tumor-node-metastasis (TNM)-stage UICC (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer) I-III]. After bone marrow was cultured for 21-102 days under special cell culture conditions, viable epithelial cells were detected by cytokeratin staining in 124 patients (81%). The cultured epithelial cells harbored Ki-ras2 mutations and numerical chromosomal aberrations. The highest median number of expanded tumor cells was observed in prostate cancer (2,619 per flask). There was a significant positive correlation between the number of expanded tumor cells and the UICC-stage of the patients (P = 0.03) or the presence of overt metastases (P = 0.04). Moreover, a strong expansion of tumor cells was correlated to an increased rate of cancer-related deaths (P = 0.007) and a reduced survival of the patients (P = 0.006). In conclusion, the majority of cancer patients have viable tumor cells in their bone marrow at primary tumor diagnosis, and the proliferative potential of these cells determines the clinical outcome.
Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria: Current Epidemics, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Treatment Options (2015)

Carbapenemases, with versatile hydrolytic capacity against β-lactams, are now an important cause of resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. The genes encoding for the acquired carbapenemases are associated with a high potential for dissemination. In addition, infections due to Gram-negative bacteria with acquired carbapenemase production would lead to high clinical mortality rates. Of the acquired carbapenemases, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (Ambler class A), Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (Ambler class B), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (Ambler class B) and many OXA enzymes (OXA-23-like, OXA-24-like, OXA-48-like, OXA-58-like, class D) are considered to be responsible for the worldwide resistance epidemics. As compared with monotherapy with colistin or tigecycline, combination therapy has been shown to effectively lower case-fatality rates. However, development of new antibiotics is crucial in the present pandrug-resistant era.
A Study of Polyacrylamide-Based Gels Crosslinked With Polyethyleneimine (2009)

Summary Organically crosslinked gels have been used to control water production in high-temperature reservoirs. Most of these gels consist of a polyacrylamide-based polymer and an organic crosslinker. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been used as an organic crosslinker for polyacrylamide tertiary butyl acrylate (PAtBA) copolymer. Literature reported that PEI can also form ringing gels with polyacrylamide (PAM) copolymers in addition to simple PAM homopolymers. We report a comparative study of two water-control gel systems (i.e., PAtBA copolymer and PAM crosslinked with PEI). Several techniques were used in the present study, including gas chromatography (GC), carbon 13 nuclear-magnetic-resonance (C13 NMR) spectroscopy, and steady-shear viscometry. The gases produced during the reaction, structural changes, and gelationtime data were all integrated to provide further insights into differences between the two gelling systems. The evolution of isobutene gas was identified at temperatures as low as 60°C during the formation of PAtBA/PEI gels. In addition, GC studies revealed the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a product of thermal decomposition of the tBA groups on PAtBA during PAtBA/PEI gelation. Lower initial pH values were found to delay the gelation time of the two systems. Salts were found to increase the gelation time. This paper summarizes these results and investigates the main reaction mechanisms involved. It also discusses how these new findings will affect the application of these gels in the field.
A Case of Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-producing Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor with Multiple Liver Metastases (2010)

Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (p-NET) is relatively rare, and patients with this tumor show poor prognosis. In this study, we present the case of a 64-year-old woman who presented with ectopic ACTH syndrome due to p-NET with multiple liver metastases. Computed tomography revealed that she had multiple masses in the liver and a solid mass in the head of the pancreas. Endocrinological examinations revealed markedly elevated plasma ACTH (735.0 pg/mL) and cortisol (34.7 microg/dL) levels associated with hypokalemia (2.7 mEq/L), diabetes and typical Cushingoid features. Histological examinations by needle biopsy of liver tumors in S5 and S8 indicated metastatic ACTH-producing NET, which was also confirmed by venous sampling. The metastatic live tumor was somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-2a- and SSTR-5-positive as revealed by immunohistochemical staining, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed divergent expression patterns of SSTRs, pro-opiomelanocortin, and gastrin mRNA. To avoid complications of hypercortisolemia, metyrapone was first administered to reduce the cortisol levels. After near-normalization of cortisol levels, transarterial chemoembolization and somatostatin analogue treatment were performed. The combination of these treatments effectively decreased ACTH and cortisol levels and also ameliorated hyperglycemia. We have achieved controlled hormone secretion and prevented tumor growth in this patient for more than 20 months, suggesting that highly individualized treatment for NET should be undertaken because of its divergent and heterogeneous characteristics.
Synthesis of Piperazines. IV (1955)

Heating of β-aminoethanol as a hydrochloride or hydrobromide for 1.5-3.5hours at 240-250° results in the formation of piperazine in 44-51% yield of the theoretical amount and a small amount of β, β′-diaminodiethyl ether (2-5% of the theoretical yield) is formed as a by-product. Heating of β-methylaminoethanol hydrochloride under the same conditions affords N-methylpiperazine (yield, 26%), N, N′-dimethylpiperazine (yield, 5%), and N, N′-dimethylethylenediamine (yield, 12%). The same reaction of β-dimethylaminoethanol gives only N, N′-dimethylpiperazine (yield, 26%). In the case of β-aminoethanol and mono-, di-, or trialkylamine hydrochloride gives, according to reaction conditions, N-alkyl- or N-dialkylethylenediamine and N-alkylpiperazine. In the case of β-aminoethanol and aromatic amines, only N-arylethyl enediamine is formed and N-arylpiperazine is not obtained. Catalytic vapor phase reactions of the above substances were not successful.
Preparation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Cubosome Encapsulated Metal Nanocrystals (2020)

Herein, we demonstrate a method for the functionalization of cubic phase lipid nanoparticles (cubosomes) with a series of magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), copper oxide (Cu<sub>2</sub>O), and silver (Ag) nanocrystals, with prospective applications across a wide range of fields, including antimicrobial treatments. The resulting cubosomes are characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering, demonstrating the retention of a typical cubic phase structure and particle size following nanocrystal encapsulation at concentrations up to 20% w/w. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy reveals significant loading and association of each nanocrystal type with both monoolein- and phytantriol-based cubosomes. The antibiotic potential of these hybrid nanoparticles is demonstrated for the first time; cubosomes with embedded silver nanocrystals display a high level of antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with observed minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 15.6-250 μg/mL. Lastly, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy is used to visualize cubosome-bacteria interactions, suggesting the involvement of particle interactions as a delivery mechanism.
Enabling the semantic web with ready-to-use web widgets (2007)

The overall awareness among the pediatricians regarding the ill effects of pediatric liquid medications on teeth is satisfactory.
Surface modification of polyolefine by UV light/ozone treatment (1996)

The surface modification of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) was investigated by UV light/ozone (UVO) treatment. The surface oxygenation was determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). As shown from ESCA spectra, after UVO treatment, oxygen-containing functional groups, such as carbonyl, carboxyl, and ether groups, were produced in the sample surface. The dependence of oxygenation extent (as measured by O1s/C1s value of ESCA spectra) on different experimental conditions, such as irradiation time, temperature, and O2 flow rate, was obtained. It was shown that after UVO treatment at suitable conditions the surface properties of polyolefine samples, such as hydrophilicity, adhesion property, and dyeability, were improved remarkably. Furthermore, UVO treatment in short time does not have notable effect on the ageing property. It was concluded that UVO treatment is a promising technique to modify polyolefine surface properties. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanisms Underlying the Training Effects Associated with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (1991)

Although neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can increase the ability of muscle to exert force, the means by which this is accomplished seem to be different from those associated with voluntary exercise. The aim of the study was to determine whether the recruitment order of motor units elicited by over-the-muscle electrical stimulation is different from that achieved with voluntary activation of muscle. This difference was tested by comparing muscle twitch responses that were elicited by Hoffmann reflexes (H-reflexes) and direct motor responses (M-responses) and by examining the effect of submotor NMES on the twitch force associated with H-reflexes. Because H-reflexes represent the summed activity of many motor units, in a manner that is consistent with volitional activation, variation in the time to peak twitch force indicates changes in the population of motor units that contribute to the response. The results demonstrated that the percutaneous application of submotor NMES to the limbs of human subjects causes a faster-contracting population of motor units to be activated during a test H-reflex. Consequently, it seems that the application of NMES preferentially activates faster-contracting motor units, perhaps those that are normally only active at high exercise intensities under voluntary conditions.
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Hypoxia <sup>18</sup>F-Fluoromisonidazole Dynamic PET in Head and Neck Cancer (2009)

There is a positive correlation of 0.86 between the average T/B and average hypoxia index K(i) of the region of interest. However, because of the statistical photon counting noise in PET and the amplification of noise in kinetic analysis, the direct correlation between the T/B and hypoxia of the individual pixel is not obvious. For a tumor region of interest, there is a slight negative correlation between k(1) and K(i), moderate positive correlation between beta and K(i), but no correlation between beta and k(1).
A distributed and policy-free general-purpose shared window system (1995)

Shared window systems allow collaboration transparent, single-user applications interacted with on multiple users' workstations, enabling the members of a cooperative ensemble to simultaneously share and revise information. The paper presents a system capable of sharing applications running under the X Window System. In contrast to previously implemented systems, the present shared window system addresses issues that are crucial for general-purpose use. The shared window system is policy-free, i.e., there are no preferred policies for handling issues such as admission and floor control. Instead, it offers a set of essential mechanisms on top of which various policies and user paradigms may be realized. Further, the system distributes the sharing functionality among all sites involved in a cooperative activity. Measurements have shown a positive impact of this on the overall performance of the system and thus justified the viability of the design decisions taken.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>