gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Social Risk Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social Protection, and Beyond (2000)

This paper proposes a new definition, and conceptual framework for social protection, grounded in social risk management. The concept repositions the traditional areas of social protection (labor market intervention, social insurance, and social safety nets) in a framework that includes three strategies to deal with risk (prevention, mitigation, and coping), three levels of formality of risk management (informal, market-based, public), and, many actors (individuals, households, communities, non-governmental organizations, governments at various levels, and international organizations) against the background of asymmetric information, and different types of risk. This expanded view of social protection emphasizes the double role of risk management instruments - protecting basic livelihood, as well aspromoting risk taking. It focuses specifically on the poor, since they are the most vulnerable to risk, and typically lack appropriate risk management instruments, which constrains them from engaging in riskier, but also higher return activities, and hence gradually moving out of chronic poverty.
The Exhibition in the Library (2009)

The centenary of the death of William Wordsworth is the occasion of an exhibition in the library of St John's, which should certainly be seen during the present term, and which provides an excuse, if one were needed, to visit one of the finest libraries of Cambridge, second only to Trinity in splendour, though far less well known to the public at large. The richness and variety of the exhibits are a testimony not only to the generous piety of donors but to the careful watching of the book-market by successive librarians of the College, which aroused the professional envy and respectful admiration of the librarian of another foundation.
A PUT-Based Approach to Automatically Extracting Quantities and Generating Final Answers for Numerical Attributes (2016)

Automatically extracting quantities and generating final answers for numerical attributes is very useful in many occasions, including question answering, image processing, human-computer interaction, etc. A common approach is to learn linguistics templates or wrappers and employ some algorithm or model to generate a final answer. However, building linguistics templates or wrappers is a tough task for builders. In addition, linguistics templates or wrappers are domain-dependent. To make the builder escape from building linguistics templates or wrappers, we propose a new approach to final answer generation based on Predicates-Units Table (PUT), a mini domain-independent knowledge base. It is deserved to point out that, in the following cases, quantities are not represented well. Quantities are absent of units. Quantities are perhaps wrong for a given question. Even if all of them are represented well, their units are perhaps inconsistent. These cases have a strong impact on final answer solving. One thousand nine hundred twenty-six real queries are employed to test the proposed method, and the experimental results show that the average correctness ratio of our approach is 87.1%.
Anaerobic hydrogen production with an efficient carrier‐induced granular sludge bed bioreactor (2004)

A novel bioreactor containing self-flocculated anaerobic granular sludge was developed for high-performance hydrogen production from sucrose-based synthetic wastewater. The reactor achieved an optimal volumetric hydrogen production rate of approximately 7.3 L/h/L (7,150 mmol/d/L) and a maximal hydrogen yield of 3.03 mol H2/mol sucrose when it was operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.5 h with an influent sucrose concentration of 20 g COD/L. The gas-phase hydrogen content and substrate conversion also exceeded 40 and 90%, respectively, under optimal conditions. Packing of a small quantity of carrier matrices on the bottom of the upflow reactor significantly stimulated sludge granulation that can be accomplished within 100 h. Among the four carriers examined, spherical activated carbon was the most effective inducer for granular sludge formation. The carrier-induced granular sludge bed (CIGSB) bioreactor was started up with a low HRT of 4-8 h (corresponding to an organic loading rate of 2.5-5 g COD/h/L) and enabled stable operations at an extremely low HRT (up to 0.5 h) without washout of biomass. The granular sludge was rapidly formed in CIGSB supported with activated carbon and reached a maximal concentration of 26 g/L at HRT = 0.5 h. The ability to maintain high biomass concentration at low HRT (i.e., high organic loading rate) highlights the key factor for the remarkable hydrogen production efficiency of the CIGSB processes.
Superfast Methacrylate Photomonomers: Ester Derivatives of Ethyl .alpha.-Hydroxymethacrylates (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSuperfast Methacrylate Photomonomers: Ester Derivatives of Ethyl .alpha.-HydroxymethacrylatesLon J. Mathias, Kevin Thigpen, and Duygu AvciCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 26, 8872–8874Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00130a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00130a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Fiber Composites Using Interleaved Materials (2018)

Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) provides superior mechanical properties and low weight, enabling their extensive use in the aerospace industry. Susceptibility to internal damage due to out-of-plane loads and poor electrical properties are some of their major challenges that require to be addressed in order to increase the utilization of composites in further aerospace structures. Lightning strikes can lead to catastrophic damage, inflicting high repair and certification costs. Lightning Strike Protection (LSP) solutions such as integration of metallic meshes or foils into the composite structures, even though effective, impose extra costs and hinders the aircraft performance due to the increased weight of the aircraft. This research aims at the development of a different LSP solution, by enhancing the electrical conductivity of composite, while maintaining a sufficient degree of mechanical properties. The use of non-woven conductive interlayers was proposed for manufacturing of conductive composites. Highly-conductive, low-aerial-weight carbon veil was utilized to manufacture prepreg-based CF/Epoxy laminates, which are generally toughened, in order to improve their conductivity using vacuum bag only (VBO) and heat-pressing techniques. Further, a bi-functional interlayer of graphene coated Polyamide (PA) was developed using interfacial trapping method. This conductive thermoplastic interlayer was then utilized for manufacturing Benzoxazine (BZ) infused carbon fabric laminate with Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method, which acted as a conductive toughener and improves the Inter-laminar Fracture Toughness (ILFT) as well as to increase the electrical conductivity. The effects of the incorporation of non-woven interlayers on the electrical conductivity, thermal behavior of composites, and mechanical properties such as shear strength, compressive strength, and the ILFT (Mode-I and Mode-II) were investigated in this study. In both types of composites, an increase in electrical properties, as well as mechanical properties, were observed. The only exception was in the Mode-I ILFT of the CF/Epoxy prepregs, which decreased with the increase of the areal weight of the interleaved carbon veils. The mechanical properties increased in the range of 9%–138% with the only decrement observed in Mode-I ILFT of CF/Epoxy with carbon veils of 25%. The volume resistivity of the CF/Epoxy samples decreased significantly by approximately 50% due to the incorporation of the conductive interlayer. This added feature was used to develop a structural health monitoring (SHM) procedure. The conductive composite showed an increased sensitivity in detecting the pre-identified damage location in the composites.
Transplantation of Cyclic Stretched Fibroblasts Accelerates the Wound-Healing Process in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice (2014)

Mechanical stimulation is a known modulator of survival and proliferation for many cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, we found that mechanical strain prevents apoptosis and increases the adhesive ability of dermal fibroblasts in vitro and thus confers the survival advantage in vivo after transplantation of fibroblasts into the full-thickness wound of diabetic mice. Cyclic stretch at a frequency of 0.5 Hz and maximum elongation of 20% stimulates cellular survival mediated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and the serine/threonine kinase Akt (AKT). Stretching of the fibroblasts increases the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and the formation of denser focal adhesion structures, both of which are required for fibroblast adhesion. The stretched fibroblasts also upregulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), which enhanced wound healing in vivo. Indeed, preconditioning with mechanical stretch allows better survival of the transplanted fibroblasts, when compared to unstretched control cells, in the wound environment of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and thus accelerates the wound-healing process in these mice.
Synergistic Effect between TiO<sub>2</sub>, Zirconium and Carbon in the Photodegradation of Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue (2013)

The photocatalytic behaviour of TiO 2 prepared from titanium (IV) ethoxide was determined with regard to the decomposition of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes, respectively. In addition, we compared the behaviour of TiO 2 photocatalysts prepared in a similar fashion but which were (1) doped with different amounts of zirconium, (2) mixed with active carbon and (3) doped with different amounts of zirconium and mixed with active carbon. All of the TiO 2 samples were found to be mesoporous with some microporosity having an average particle size between 200 and 500 nm and with anatase crystallographic modification. The kinetics of the MO and MB dyes' photocatalytic degradation fitted well with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model and were found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rates were highest for the TiO 2 samples doped with both Zr and mixed with the activated carbon. Characterization of these TiO 2 photocatalysts was carried out by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and adsorption studies.
Roles of c-type cytochromes in respiration in Neisseria meningitidis (2008)

Three c-type cytochromes were identified in Neisseria meningitidis, based on predictions from genome sequences, that were hypothesized to be involved in electron transport to terminal electron acceptor reductases for oxygen (the cytochrome cbb(3) oxidase) and nitrite (the nitrite reductase, AniA). Mutants were generated by allelic exchange with disrupted copies of the genes encoding these cytochromes and the phenotypes of the resultant mutants analysed. It was found that cytochrome c(5) is required for in vivo nitrite reductase activity, whereas cytochromes c(x) and c(4) are both required for efficient growth using oxygen as an electron acceptor. Mutants in c(x), c(4), and c(x)+c(4) have a decreased capacity to reduce oxygen, but there is a background oxygen-reduction activity, indicating that there may be other routes for electron transfer from the cytochrome bc(1) complex to the cytochrome cbb(3) oxidase, whereas cytochrome c(5) appears to be the sole route of electrons to the nitrite reductase in N. meningitidis. Interestingly, cytochrome c(x) is highly similar to a domain of copper nitrite reductases from various proteobacteria, whereas cytochrome c(5) has high identity with a domain of the cytochrome cbb(3) oxidase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, yet these two proteins function in oxygen respiration and nitrite respiration, respectively. This highlights a limitation of predicting protein function from similarity to known proteins, i.e. very closely related protein domains in different organisms can have different redox partners.
Synonymous Deoptimization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Causes Attenuation <i>In Vivo</i> while Inducing a Strong Neutralizing Antibody Response (2015)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most feared viral diseases that can affect livestock. Although this disease appeared to be contained in developed nations by the end of the last century, recent outbreaks in Europe, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, etc., have demonstrated that infection can spread rapidly, causing devastating economic and social consequences. The Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA), an international organization launched in 2003, has set as part of their five main goals the development of next-generation control measures and strategies, including improved vaccines and biotherapeutics. Our work demonstrates that newly developed codon pair bias deoptimization technologies can be applied to FMD virus to obtain attenuated strains with potential for further development as novel live attenuated vaccine candidates that may rapidly control disease without reverting to virulence.
Bilensectomy: The implications of removing phakic intraocular lenses at the time of cataract extraction (2000)

Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery: January 2000 - Volume 26 - Issue 1 - p 2-3 doi: 10.1016/S0886-3350(99)00381-8
Vasopressin Secretion: Osmotic and Hormonal Regulation by the Lamina Terminalis (2004)

The lamina terminalis, located in the anterior wall of the third ventricle, is comprised of the subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). The subfornical organ and OVLT are two of the brain's circumventricular organs that lack the blood-brain barrier, and are therefore exposed to the ionic and hormonal environment of the systemic circulation. Previous investigations in sheep and rats show that this region of the brain has a crucial role in osmoregulatory vasopressin secretion and thirst. The effects of lesions of the lamina terminalis, studies of immediate-early gene expression and electrophysiological data show that all three regions of the lamina terminalis are involved in osmoregulation. There is considerable evidence that physiological osmoreceptors subserving vasopressin release are located in the dorsal cap region of the OVLT and possibly also around the periphery of the subfornical organ and in the MnPO. The circulating peptide hormones angiotensin II and relaxin also have access to peptide specific receptors (AT(1) and LGR7 receptors, respectively) in the subfornical organ and OVLT, and both angiotensin II and relaxin act on the subfornical organ to stimulate water drinking in the rat. Studies that combined neuroanatomical tracing and detection of c-fos expression in response to angiotensin II or relaxin suggest that both of these circulating peptides act on neurones within the dorsal cap of the OVLT and the periphery of the subfornical organ to stimulate vasopressin release.
Recursive Gradient Estimation Using Splines for Navigation of Autonomous Vehicles. (1985)

Terrain gradient estimation is needed for navigation of an autonomous vehicle in climbing the hills. The in-path and cross-path terrain slopes are estimated from the set of corresponding range slopes. A two-dimensional recursive smoothing algorithm using polynomial splines in the third dimension is developed for this purpose. Approximations are introduced in the sub-optimal system so that the computation time increases only linearly with the size of the two-dimensional data.
Adaptively Reconfigurable Controller for the Flash Memory (2011)

As the continuous development on the capacity and work frequency, Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) especially Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are playing an increasingly important role in embedded systems designs. The FPGA market has hit about 3 and 4 billion US dollars respectively in 2009 and 2010, and is expected by Xilinx CEO Moshe Gavrielov to grow steadily to 4.5 billion by the end of 2012 and 6 billion by the end of 2015. The application fields of FPGAs and other PLDs range from bulky industrial and military facilities to portable computer devices or communication terminals. Figure 1 demonstrates the market statistics of some most significant fields in the third quarter of 2009.
Studies on the Respiratory Chain-linked Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenase (1968)

Abstract Titration of submitochondrial particles with 14C-piericidin A, labeled by biosynthesis, results in linear binding which continues well beyond the point at which NADH oxidase activity is completely inhibited. However, when the titrated particles are treated with a bovine serum albumin solution, excellent proportionality is found between the binding and inhibition curves, indicating that binding is only at the specific site associated with NADH oxidase activity, and not at unspecific sites. The titer for 14C-piericidin A at the specific site in membrane fragments of varying complexity in cytochrome composition is 1 to 1.5 times the estimated concentration of NADH dehydrogenase. These findings confirm and extend previous studies with 14C-rotenone which binds at the same site but with a lower affinity, requiring indirect rather than direct calculation of the titer. The binding of 14C-piericidin A to the specific site is noncovalent, since the radiocarbon bound to this site is released by protein denaturants, phospholipase A, and proteolytic enzymes. Rotenone and Amytal, which bind at the same specific site as piericidin A, do not effectively compete with piericidin A nor remove it from this site, while piericidin A readily displaces bound rotenone from the specific site. Thus, piericidin A is a more specific and more tightly bound inhibitor of the NADH oxidase segment of the respiratory chain than either rotenone or barbiturates. Several labeled 14C-compounds related to piericidin A, although qualitatively acting in the same manner, are less effective inhibitors and bind less tightly. The inhibition of succinoxidase activity by piericidin A reported in the literature requires high inhibitor concentration and is probably associated with unspecific binding. Only cytochrome b reduction accompanies NADH oxidation in piericidin A-inhibited submitochondrial particles, whereas all the cytochromes are slowly reduced in piericidin A-inhibited mitochondria.
Spatio-Resolved, Macromolecular Architectural Surface:  Highly Branched Graft Polymer via Photochemically Driven Quasiliving Polymerization Technique (1999)

We present a new method for highly spatio-resolved graft-copolymerized surface fabrication, in which the stem design (parent graft chain length) and the branch design (daughter graft chain length and degree of branching) are relatively well controlled. This is based on the photochemistry of the benzyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DC) group that acts as an initiator-transfer-terminator (iniferter) agent. DC-derivatized glass was used as the substrate. Ultraviolet light irradiation of the DC-derivatized glasses in the presence of chloromethylstyrene (CMS) produced polyCMS-graft-polymerized surfaces with different chain lengths (parent graft), depending on the irradiation time. Subsequent dithiocarbamylation of the CMS unit and irradiation in the presence of sodium methacrylate resulted in the formation of a macromolecular architectural surface in which lengths of both parent and daughter chains in graft copolymers were controlled by the irradiation time. The degree of branching was found to be controlled by CMS content in the parent graft chains which were prepared by graft copolymerization of CMS with N,N-dimethylacrylamide. These were verified by fluorescence intensity measurements of malachite green-stained samples using a confocal scanning laser microscope.
Transmittance Characteristics of Surface Diffusers and the Design of Nearly Band-Limited Binary Diffusers* (1972)

The autocorrelation of the amplitude transmittance of surface diffusers and their scattering characteristics are related to the optical-path autocorrelation for several sets of optical-path statistics. Simple relationships are found for the gaussian case and experimental evidence is given to support the view of a ground-glass surface being accurately modeled by a gaussian process. Some closed-form results are also obtained for binary diffusers, including the design of a quasi-band-limited binary diffuser with a much improved power spectrum.
Histone shuttle driven by the automodification cycle of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (1993)

In mammalian cells, the incision step of DNA excision repair triggers a dramatic metabolic response in chromatin. The reaction starts with the binding of a zinc-finger protein, i.e. poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase to DNA nicks, activation of four resident catalytic activities leading to poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, conversion of the polymerase into a protein modified with up to 28 variably sized ADP-ribose polymers, and rapid degradation of polymerase-bound polymers by poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase. This automodification cycle catalyzes a transient and reversible dissociation of histones from DNA. Shuttling of histones on the DNA allows selected other proteins, such as DNA helicase A and topoisomerase I, to gain access to DNA. Histone shuttling in vitro mimics nucleosomal unfolding/refolding in vivo that accompanies the postincisional steps of DNA excision repair. Suppression of the automodification cycle in mammalian cells prevents nucleosomal unfolding and nucleotide excision repair.