gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal filtration of dynamic CT data using diffusion filters (2009)

We present a method for spatio-temporal filtration of dynamic CT data, to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of image data at the same time maintaining image quality, in particular spatial and temporal sharpness of the images. Alternatively, the radiation dose applied to the patient can be reduced at the same time maintaining the noise level and the image sharpness. In contrast to classical methods, which generally operate on the three spatial dimensions of image data, noise statistics is improved by extending the filtration to the temporal dimension. Our approach is based on nonlinear and anisotropic diffusion filters, which are based on a model of heat diffusion adapted to medical CT data. Bilateral filters are a special class of diffusion filters, which do not need iteration to reach a convergence image, but represent the fixed point of a dedicated diffusion filter. Spatio-temporal, anisotropic bilateral filters are developed and applied to dynamic CT image data. The potential was evaluated using data from perfusion CT and cardiac dual source CT (DSCT) data, respectively. It was shown, that in perfusion CT, SNR can be improved by a factor of 4 at the same radiation dose. On basis of clinical data it was shown, that alternatively the radiation dose to the patient can be reduced by a factor of at least 2. A more accurate evaluation of the perfusion parameters blood flow, blood volume and time-to-peak is supported. In DSCT noise statistics can be improved using more projection data than needed for image reconstruction, however, as a consequence the temporal resolution is significantly impaired. Due to the anisotropy of the spatio-temporal bilateral filter temporal contrast edges between adjacent time samples are preserved, at the same time substantially smoothing image data in homogeneous regions. Also temporal contrast edges are preserved, maintaining the very high temporal resolution of DSCT acquisitions (~ 80 ms). CT examinations of the heart require careful dose management to reduce the radiation dose burden to the patient. The use of spatio-temporal diffusion filters allows for dose reduction at the same noise level, at the same time preserving spatial and temporal image resolution. Our approach can be extended to any imaging method, that is based on dynamic data, as an efficient tool for edge-preserving noise reduction.
Studies on Peptidases of Aspergillus oryzae (1963)

Screening experiments for dipeptidase and aminopolypeptidase from 40 strains of molds were conducted using Leu-Gly, Gly-Leu, Ala-Gly and Gly-Gly-Leu as substrates.The strains of Aspergillus oryzae RO-0129 A-2, IAM-2600 and IAM-2616 showed strong activities of both dipeptidase and aminopolypeptidase.Further, optimal condi tions for making culture as well as those for the extractions of the peptidases from the mycerial mats were investigated.
Identification of extractable growth factors from small intestinal submucosa (1997)

When implanted as a biomaterial for tissue replacement, selected submucosal layers of porcine small intestine induce site-specific tissue remodeling. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS), as isolated, is primarily an acellular extracellular matrix material. In an attempt to discover the components of small intestinal submucosa which are able to induce this tissue remodeling, the material was extracted and extracts were tested for the ability to stimulate Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts to synthesize DNA and proliferate. Each of the four different extracts of small intestinal submucosa had measurable cell-stimulating activity when analyzed in both a whole cell proliferation assay (alamarBlue dye reduction) and a DNA synthesis assay ([3H]-thymidine incorporation). Proteins extracted from SIS with 2 M urea induced activity profiles in the two assays which were very similar to the activity profiles of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in the assays. As well, the changes in cell morphology in response to the extracted proteins mimicked the changes induced by FGF-2. Neutralization experiments with specific antibodies to this growth factor confirmed the presence of FGF-2 and indicated that it was responsible for 60% of the fibroblast-stimulating activity of the urea extract of small intestinal submucosa. Western blot analysis with a monoclonal antibody specific for FGF-2 detected a reactive doublet at approximately 19 kDa and further confirmed the presence of FGF-2. Cell stimulating activity of proteins extracted from SIS with 4 M guanidine was neutralized by an antibody specific for transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Changes in the morphology of the fibroblasts exposed to this extract were nearly identical to changes induced by TGFβ. Although no reactive protein band was detected at 25 kDa in nonreduced western blot analysis, several bands were reactive at higher molecular weight. The identity of this TGFβ-related component of small intestinal submucosa is unknown. Identification of FGF-2 and TGFβ-related activities in SIS, two growth factors known to significantly affect critical processes of tissue development and differentiation, provides the opportunity to further elucidate the mechanisms by which this extracellular matrix biomaterial modulates wound healing and tissue remodeling. J. Cell. Biochem. 67:478–491, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resonance Raman studies of iron spin and axial coordination in distal pocket mutants of ferric myoglobin. (1990)

We have used resonance Raman spectroscopy to study 11 distal pocket mutants and the "wild type" and native ferric sperm whale myoglobin. The characteristic Raman core-size markers v4, v3, v2, and v10 are utilized to assign the spin and coordination state of each sample. It is demonstrated that replacements of the distal and proximal histidines can discriminate against H2O as a sixth ligand and favor a pentacoordinate Fe3+ atom. Soret absorption band blueshifts are correlated with the pentacoordinate heme environment. One E7 replacement (Arg) leads to an iron spin state change and produces a low spin species. The Glu and Ala mutations at position E11 leave the protein's spin and coordination unaltered. A laser-induced photoreduction effect is observed in all pentacoordinate mutants and seems to be correlated with the loss of the heme-bound water molecule.
Microscopic determination of the penetration of proteins and polysaccharides into poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and similar hydrogels (1979)

Abstract Ultraviolet and light microscopy were used to measure the depth of penetration of fluoresce‐in‐labeled dextrans, serum albumin, and lysozyme into hydrogels. Proteins were visualized by a staining technique. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate was bulk polymerized (PHEMA, 37.7% H 2 O) and solution polymerized (PHEMA, 41.05–42.90% H 2 O); poly(glyceryl methacrylate) was solution polymerized (PGMA, 76.0–84.8% H 2 O); and poly(GMA‐co‐methyl methacrylate) was bulk polymerized [P(GMA/MMA), 41.5% H 2 O]. Dextrans of up to 150,000 mol wt and lysozyme penetrated PHEMA hydrogels; dextrans, but not proteins, penetrated P(GMA/MMA) hydrogels. Albumin penetrated only in the higher hydrated PGMA hydrogels. The porosity of PHEMA hydrogels is at least as large as 30 Å (the smaller axis of lysozyme); the porosity of P(GMA/MMA) hydrogels is at least 19 Å (the thickness of the rodlike dextran molecules of 150,000 mol wt). The PGMA hydrogels have a porosity of at least 50 Å, which is the size of the smallest axis of serum albumin.
Sampling plans, selective insecticides and sustainability: the case for IPM as ‘informed pest management’ (2009)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is considered the central paradigm of insect pest management and is often characterized as a comprehensive use of multiple control tactics to reduce pest status while minimizing economic and environmental costs. As the principal precursor of IPM, the integrated control concept formulated the economic theory behind pest management decisions and specified an applied methodology for carrying out pest control. Sampling, economic thresholds and selective insecticides were three of the critical elements of that methodology and are now considered indispensable to the goals of IPM. We examine each of these elements in the context of contemporaneous information as well as accumulated experience and knowledge required for their skillful implementation in an IPM program. We conclude that while IPM is principally about integrating control tactics into an effective and sustainable approach to pest control, this overarching goal can only be achieved through well-trained practitioners, knowledgeable of the tenets conceived in the integrated control concept that ultimately yield informed pest management.
Technology management in the air express industry - a case study (1997)

The air express industry moves not only physical packages but also shipment information. Keen market competition means that only those operating in an excellent quality environment will survive. Technology management is one major ingredient to help achieving quality excellence. The article discusses materials, methods and IT innovations, with real-life illustrations drawn from the DHL organisation in the Asia Pacific region.
High–yield reactive extraction of giant fullerenes from soot (1997)

By the common Soxhlet extraction with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene a mere 8 mass % of virgin fullerene soot can be dissolved. The extracted soot was subjected to a reactive extraction with 5-hexadecanamido-1,3-dihydro-2-benzothiophene 2,2-dioxide(4), an ortho-quinodimethane precursor. Through an irreversible Diels–Alder cycloaddition an additional 12 mass % was solubilized. Mass spectrometry, vapour pressure osmometry and elemental analysis indicate that the soluble material consists of multiple adducts of fullerenes C 60 –C 418 .
Identification of an erythropoietin-sensitive cell line (1987)

The murine lymphoblastic cell line DA-1 has been characterized as dependent upon both interleukin-3 (IL-3, multicolony-stimulating factor [multi-CSF]) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF) for survival and growth. Here we demonstrate that it is responsive to a third hematopoietic factor, the erythroid-specific hormone, erythropoietin (Epo). DA-1 cells are stimulated to proliferate by partly purified natural murine and human Epo, and pure recombinant human Epo. Antibody to Epo specifically blocks Epo-stimulated growth. Maximal growth stimulated by Epo and GM-CSF is similar, and considerably less than that stimulated by multi-CSF. Proliferation stimulated by Epo and GM-CSF is transient, decreasing within 24 to 48 hours of exposure. However, Epo acts cooperatively with GM-CSF to sustain proliferation. With or without GM-CSF, no obvious erythroid differentiation of DA-1 cells occurs after exposure to Epo for up to 72 hours. This is the first report of a growth factor-dependent cell line also responsive to Epo for survival and growth. The availability of this cell line model should greatly facilitate biochemical analysis of the mechanism of Epo growth-stimulating action.
High aspect ratio deep silicon etching (2012)

This paper reports an improved deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) process for ultra high aspect ratio silicon trenches with reduced undercut. By ramping process pressure, etch power, and switching time, we are able to produce 5.7 μm trenches with an aspect ratio of 70 and 3 μm trenches with an aspect ratio of 97. We reduce undercut by half by adjusting the length and pressure of the passivation step.
Stigma Associated With AIDS: A Meta‐Analysis<sup>1</sup> (1996)

Results of 21 studies determined the degree of stigma associated with AIDS compared to the degree of stigma associated with other comparable conditions. Focused contrast analyses indicate a greater degree of stigma expressed toward individuals with AIDS than toward individuals with other comparable illnesses ( r = .22), with college students ( r = .23) expressing a slightly higher degree of stigma than health professionals ( r = .10). A greater degree of stigma was obtained with scales measuring intended social interaction ( r = .26) than was obtained with scales containing items measuring attitudes and values ( r = .16). Effect sizes did not differ significantly as a function of the type of control condition used.
In vitro assembly and activity of an archaeal CRISPR-Cas type I-A Cascade interference complex (2014)

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems of type I use a Cas ribonucleoprotein complex for antiviral defense (Cascade) to mediate the targeting and degradation of foreign DNA. To address molecular features of the archaeal type I-A Cascade interference mechanism, we established the in vitro assembly of the Thermoproteus tenax Cascade from six recombinant Cas proteins, synthetic CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) and target DNA fragments. RNA-Seq analyses revealed the processing pattern of crRNAs from seven T. tenax CRISPR arrays. Synthetic crRNA transcripts were matured by hammerhead ribozyme cleavage. The assembly of type I-A Cascade indicates that Cas3' and Cas3'' are an integral part of the complex, and the interference activity was shown to be dependent on the crRNA and the matching target DNA. The reconstituted Cascade was used to identify sequence motifs that are required for efficient DNA degradation and to investigate the role of the subunits Cas7 and Cas3'' in the interplay with other Cascade subunits.
Broadband wireless communication in vehicles (2003)

Today our society is struggling more and more with environmental and economical problems related to the ever-increasing traffic on our highways and in our cities. The resulting traffic jams give rise to waste of time and money and are polluting our environment at a rapid pace. As a result, carpooling and public transport will be strongly encouraged by governments and industry. In order to make this more attractive to the frequent commuter, novel technologies for providing virtual offices or virtual homes in vehicles need to be developed. In order to provide high-bit-rate interactive multimedia services to fast-moving mobile users, one has to reuse the limited radio spectrum as efficiently as possible. This is made possible by using a cellular network with very small cells resulting in a high reuse factor of the frequency spectrum. This will result however in frequent handovers (typically every few seconds) because mobile devices may move very fast, crossing many cell boundaries. This paper discusses the major issues related to broadband wireless communication in vehicles, with special emphasis on the handover protocols and smart antennas and their influence on the quality of service (QoS) of the offered services.
Highly nonlinear optical fiber for all optical processing applications (1995)

We have designed and fabricated highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted germania-doped silica fibers for use in the EDFA gain window, and measured a 9-fold increase in the fiber nonlinearity, compared to conventional dispersion-shifted fiber. We have also measured the contribution of the germania index-raising dopant to the effective fiber nonlinearity. We believe that our new fiber design will afford a significant reduction in the required fiber length for nonlinear switching, leading to a broader wavelength switching window, and allowing compact device packaging.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermally Induced Solid-State Phase Transition of Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) Pentacene Crystals (2006)

Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS pentacene) is a functionalized pentacene derivative designed to enhance both the solution solubility and solid-state packing of pentacene. In this paper, we report our observations of a solid-state phase transition in TIPS pentacene crystals upon heating or cooling. Evidence from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), hot-stage optical microscopy, as well as high-temperature X-ray and electron diffraction are presented. A reasonable match with experimental data is obtained with molecular modeling. Our results reveal that the transition is associated with a conformational reorganization of the TIPS side groups, accompanied by a slight decrease in the acene-to-acene spacing and a shift of the overlap between the neighboring pentacene units. The observed cracking should be avoided or minimized in TIPS pentacene-based thin film transistors to maintain their relatively high charge carrier mobility.
Semisupervised Neural Networks for Efficient Hyperspectral Image Classification (2010)

A framework for semisupervised remote sensing image classification based on neural networks is presented. The methodology consists of adding a flexible embedding regularizer to the loss function used for training neural networks. Training is done using stochastic gradient descent with additional balancing constraints to avoid falling into local minima. The method constitutes a generalization of both supervised and unsupervised methods and can handle millions of unlabeled samples. Therefore, the proposed approach gives rise to an operational classifier, as opposed to previously presented transductive or Laplacian support vector machines (TSVM or LapSVM, respectively). The proposed methodology constitutes a general framework for building computationally efficient semisupervised methods. The method is compared with LapSVM and TSVM in semisupervised scenarios, to SVM in supervised settings, and to online and batch <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -means for unsupervised learning. Results demonstrate the improved classification accuracy and scalability of this approach on several hyperspectral image classification problems.
Improved current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance outputs by heterogeneous Ag-In:Mn-Zn-O nanocomposite spacer layer prepared from Ag-In-Zn-O precursor (2019)

A precursor material Ag-In-Zn-O (AIZO) for the spacer layer of current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance devices has been developed. A pseudo-spin-valve structure with polycrystalline Co2(Mn0.6Fe0.4)Ge (CMFG) Heusler alloy ferromagnetic layers and a AIZO spacer precursor exhibited a large magnetoresistance ratio (ΔR/R) up to 54% at a resistance-area product (RA) of ∼0.075 Ω μm2 and a maximum output voltage of ∼18 mV. Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that the spacer layer was not uniform but had a heterogeneous Ag-In:Mn-Zn-O nanocomposite structure, which is considered to have formed by the oxidation of Mn diffused from the CMFG layers and by the reduction of In2O3 to metallic In alloyed with Ag. Due to the current-confinement effect through the fcc Ag-In metallic path (current-confined-path, CCP) with the average lateral size of ∼7 nm surrounded by a rocksalt Mn-Zn-O matrix, both RA and ΔR/R were enhanced compared to the case with the uniform AgSn alloy spacer layer. A Ag/IZO bilayer precursor also formed a similar Ag-In:Mn-Zn-O nanocomposite spacer with a lateral size of the Ag-In CCPs of ∼3 nm, and the device with the Ag/IZO precursor showed ΔR/R ∼ 30%. The difference in ΔR/R between the AIZO and Ag/IZO precursors can be explained by the matching of effective spin resistance between the CMFG ferromagnetic layers and the Ag-In CCP with different sizes. The resistance dispersion of the devices was also analyzed both experimentally and theoretically.
Nonlinear Waves in Rods and Beams of Power-Law Materials (2017)

Some novel traveling waves and special solutions to the 1D nonlinear dynamic equations of rod and beam of power-law materials are found in closed forms. The traveling solutions represent waves of high elevation that propagates without change of forms in time. These waves resemble the usual kink waves except that they do not possess bounded elevations. The special solutions satisfying certain boundary and initial conditions are presented to demonstrate the nonlinear behavior of the materials. This note demonstrates the apparent distinctions between linear elastic and nonlinear plastic waves.
TopX: efficient and versatile top-k query processing for semistructured data (2007)

Recent IR extensions to XML query languages such as Xpath 1.0 Full-Text or the NEXI query language of the INEX benchmark series reflect the emerging interest in IR-style ranked retrieval over semistructured data. TopX is a top-k retrieval engine for text and semistructured data. It terminates query execution as soon as it can safely determine the k top-ranked result elements according to a monotonic score aggregation function with respect to a multidimensional query. It efficiently supports vague search on both content- and structure-oriented query conditions for dynamic query relaxation with controllable influence on the result ranking. The main contributions of this paper unfold into four main points: (1) fully implemented models and algorithms for ranked XML retrieval with XPath Full-Text functionality, (2) efficient and effective top-k query processing for semistructured data, (3) support for integrating thesauri and ontologies with statistically quantified relationships among concepts, leveraged for word-sense disambiguation and query expansion, and (4) a comprehensive description of the TopX system, with performance experiments on large-scale corpora like TREC Terabyte and INEX Wikipedia.
5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea/vomiting. (2012)

It is well appreciated that a number of things (e.g., various insults, chemotherapeutic agents, radiation) may lead to the release of serotonin from the enterochromaffin of the gastrointestinal tract. Released serotonin may then bind to certain 5-HT3 receptors and promote nausea/vomiting. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists may ameliorate nausea/vomiting in a number of circumstances and have been utilized as important antiemetics for multiple conditions such as chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting (CINV), radiation-induced emesis (RIS), and postoperative nausea/vomiting (PONV).
Calculating short-circuit currents in distribution systems via numerically computed Thevenin equivalents (2004)

Distribution system circuit topologies, connections, and equipment pose interesting challenges to system analysts. An approach based upon fundamental circuit analysis principles to calculating fault currents of various types is presented. The basic approach consists of obtaining the prefault phase voltages and a phase Thevenin matrix at the fault location, and using the phase Thevenin matrix to solve the equations imposed by the boundary conditions of a given fault. The approach requests services from a multiphase power flow software component and a circuit model software component. The approach works for both radial and looped distribution systems. The analysis can evaluate fault currents at a node regardless of whether it is three-phase or nonthree-phase and grounded or ungrounded. Experience obtained from solving circuits with more than 5000 nodes will be reviewed.