gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absorption, distribution, & metabolism of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid in relation to phytotoxicity. II. Distribution & metabolic fate of dalapon in plants. (1961)

Patterns of absorption and initial translocation of Cl36-and C14-labeled 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) in both tolerant and susceptible species were described earlier (8). Of equal or perhaps more importance in understanding the physiological action of growth regulators are the long-term translocation, re-distribution, accumulation, and metabolic fate of the compound in association with plant tissues. The recent emphasis on pesticide residues in food and feed products has given the latter considerations an additional order of importance. Despite the foregoing, perhaps our greatest ignorance of herbicides today concerns their ultimate fate in plants. The tendency of a herbicide to persist in an active form or to be detoxified rapidly is likely to be of primary importance, whatever the precise mechanism(s) of herbicidal action. All of a given herbicide that enters a plant, e.g. via the leaves, is not necessarily available for translocation and/or herbicidal action. Possible niechanisms accounting for the immobilization, inactivation, or disappearance of the compound are adsorption on colloidal surfaces, true accumulation by living cells, metabolic degradation followed by loss or incorporation of breakdown products, and reduced movement due to phase distribution effects as on a chromatogram (6, 29, 30, 31). The direct loss of various substances from roots or other plant parts may also occur (4, 5, 8, 14, 16, 26). Considerable research has been conducted on the loss or persistence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in both active and dormant tissues (17, 18, 19, 22, 29, 31). Several papers are summarized in a recent review (33). Radioactive 2,4-D is known to be metabolized to varying degrees in plant tissues, with the resultant incorporation of C14-labeled compounds and the evolution of C1402. Strong evidence exists also for relatively long persistence of 2,4-D in plants, which leads to symptomatic expression in succeeding seasons (perennials) or succeeding generations (annuals) by transmission through dormant buds or seeds. This latter phenomenon has been observed following both foliar and root applications. 2,4-D is known to persist in plants for longer periods than exogenous indoleacetic acid. Prior to the present series of experiments (6, 8), none of the foregoing topics had been investigated with respect to dalapon. Herein are reported the results of several studies on the distributional and metabolic fate of dalapon in association with plant tissues. Finally, these results, as well as experimental findings from other sources, will be discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of herbicidal selectivity.
Reproducible Plaquing System for Rabies, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis, and Other Ribonucleic Acid Viruses in BHK-21 / 13S Agarose Suspensions (1967)

BHK21/13S-agarose suspension cultures provide an excellent plaquing system for rabies and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses. The system has facilitated accurate and reproducible assay of serum neutralization and cloning of these viruses. Rubella, reo, and Kern Canyon viruses may also be assayed by this technique.
High frequency properties of high voltage barium titanate-ferrite multiferroic metamaterial composites (2016)

Permittivity and permeability parameters of dielectric composites made of ferrite particles coated in a barium titanate (BaTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) layer were analyzed and compared against composites of ferrite powders without a dielectric layer. A hydrothermal synthesis process combined barium hydroxide (Ba(OH) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) and titanium dioxide (TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) to form the coating of barium titanate around a ferrite core. These barium titanate ferrite composites particles are then combined with a unique binder to form a metamaterial. Discs of the metamaterial are characterized with an Agilent coaxial airline and dielectric measurement software to determine the permittivity and permeability responses within a frequency range of 200 MHz to 4 GHz. By comparing these results to previous work on ferrite composites, the merit of insulating the magnetic particles with a dielectric layer is examined.
Mining Web Logs for Prediction in Prefetching and Caching (2008)

Proxy caching is an effective method to improve response latency and reduce network traffic. There are two main alternative approaches that are automatically managed and tuned Web resources. Although both replacement and prefetching strategies very useful to Web caching but several replacement strategies remain slightly improvement. On the other hand, the challenge schemes focus on prefetching techniques. Prefetching becomes very popular by predict the possibility of which web object could be requested in near future. This paper present the prediction for Web caching model, which apply web mining and machine learning techniques for prediction in prefetching and caching. Interval period time of re-ordering Web object requested information from Web logs have been analyzed and apply statistical techniques to produce useful information to predict future requested. Our results show potential improvement to achieve better performance management.
Effects of Solution Conditions on the Steady-State Kinetics of Initiation of Transcription by T7 RNA Polymerase (1994)

The T7 family of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases presents an ideal model system for the study of fundamental aspects of transcription. The small size of the promoter allows a variety of studies based on simple steady-state kinetics in the synthesis of a five-base runoff transcript. This assay can be used to characterize the effects on the initiation of transcription of simple modifications to potential protein or DNA specificity contacts. In the current work, in vitro conditions for this assay have been identified which optimize the apparent Km for the interaction between the enzyme and the promoter DNA. The addition to the reaction mixture of 0.05% Tween-20 and the substitution of 10 mM NaCl by 100 mM potassium glutamate not only improves the quality of the kinetic assays but also decreases Km by about an order of magnitude (strengthening the interaction between polymerase and its promoter). As observed for DNA binding in other systems, the parameter Km increases substantially with increasing [NaCl], but the salt dependence is shifted to higher concentrations as a function of [KGlu]. Thermal denaturation of the protein, monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopy, confirms the effects of salt and supports a model in which Cl- and other anions compete for phosphate binding sites on the protein. Finally, while Km is highly dependent on [NaCl], the measured kcat is relatively insensitive to salt. These data indicate that the parameters Km and kcat reflect changes respectively in promoter binding and in a rate-limiting step or steps leading to the initiation of transcription.
Kinetic study of the isomerization of itaconic anhydride to citraconic anhydride (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetic study of the isomerization of itaconic anhydride to citraconic anhydrideMichele C. Galanti and Anthony V. GalantiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 8, 1572–1574Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00347a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00347a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views443Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Core network planning, optimization and forecasting in GSM/GPRS networks (2002)

Despite the wide theoretical and technical knowledge about the capabilities of Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) elements, there is no specific methodology for designing from scratch either the network sub-system (NSS) or the base station subsystem (BSS) parts or optimizing and expanding the existing NSS/BSS architecture, by forecasting future requirements in terms of network elements/resources. Thus, for an evolving network operator who wishes to have a network running at lower cost, offering a competitive quality of service (QoS) to its subscribers, a planning, optimization and forecasting tool (POFTool) is of pivotal importance. This paper aims at identifying the main features of a proper POFTool that efficiently supports dimensioning and optimization studies for a combined GSM/General Packet Radio System (GPRS) network and proposes an evaluation methodology which enables prioritization of alternative core network configurations according to operator-driven criteria.
A non-invasive acoustical method to measure the mean roughness height of the free surface of a turbulent shallow water flow (2014)

In this paper, the directivity of the airborne sound field scattered by a dynamically rough free flow surface in a flume is used to determine the mean roughness height for six hydraulic conditions in which the uniform depth of the turbulent flow. The nonlinear curve fitting method is used to minimize the error between the predicted directivity and directivity data. The data fitting algorithm is based on the averaged solution for the scattered sound pressure as a function of angle which is derived through the Kirchhoff integral and its approximations. This solution takes into account the directivity of the acoustic source. For the adopted source and receiver geometry and acoustic frequency it is shown that the contribution from the stationary phase point (single specular point on the rough surface) yields similar results to those which can be obtained through the full Kirchhoff's integral. The accuracy in the inverted mean roughness height is comparable to that achieved with an array of conductive wave probes. This method enables non-invasive estimation of the flow Reynolds number and uniform flow depth.
Hygroscopicity of optical glasses as an indicator of serviceability (1946)

Several modifications of a powder-hygroscopicity method have been tried as a rapid means of determining the serviceability of optical glasses, i. e., their ability to maintain a clear polished surface under normal conditions of service. The method has been applied to a wide variety of glasses, and it shows the typical optical glasses in common use to be much less hygroscopic than the average commercial sheet and container glasses. In fact, many of the optical glasses even compare favorably with the better chemical laboratory wares, such as Pyrex, Tamworth, and Kimble N-51-a. This grouping of these glasses of s uch very dissimilar chemical durabilities serves well to emphasize that the;capacity of aglass to maintain a clear surface upon exposure to the atmosphere, and its chemical durability as conventionally determined are two inherently different properties. A comparison of the hygroscopicity valu es of the Corning 015 electrode glass with those of the optical and chemical ware glasses whose electrode capacity is very poor suggests strongly that the pH resp onse of a glass is primarily a function of its hygroscopicity. Tests made on a limited number of glasses of the binary series Na20-Si02, K 20-Si02, Li20-Si02, and PbO-B20 a appear to reflect some of the critical compositions of the respective phase equilibrium diagrams.
DCAF1 controls T-cell function via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms (2016)

On activation, naive T cells grow in size and enter cell cycle to mount immune response. How the fundamental processes of T-cell growth and cell cycle entry are regulated is poorly understood. Here we report that DCAF1 (Ddb1-cullin4-associated-factor 1) is essential for these processes. The deletion of DCAF1 in T cells impairs their peripheral homeostasis. DCAF1 is upregulated on T-cell receptor activation and critical for activation-induced T-cell growth, cell cycle entry and proliferation. In addition, DCAF1 is required for T-cell expansion and function during anti-viral and autoimmune responses in vivo. DCAF1 deletion leads to a drastic stabilization of p53 protein, which can be attributed to a requirement of DCAF1 for MDM2-mediated p53 poly-ubiquitination. Importantly, p53 deletion rescues the cell cycle entry defect but not the growth defect of DCAF1-deficient cells. Therefore, DCAF1 is vital for T-cell function through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
A Real-Time Selective Harmonic Elimination Based on a Transient-Free Inner Closed-Loop Control for Cascaded Multilevel Inverters (2015)

Applying the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique to grid-connected-cascaded modular multilevel inverters has been widely discussed in the literature. However, due to the difficulties of solving high-order nonlinear transcendental equations, the SHE technique cannot be implemented in real time so its applications are limited. This paper presents a technique to convert the nonlinear equations to a specific control system and use a look-up table, integral controllers and a decoupling controller to help the system converge to a zero-error steady state. An inner instantaneous observer is introduced to directly extract the harmonic spectrum of the output voltages without applying FFT algorithm to output step voltage waveforms. It can not only simplify software design but also eliminate the phase delay generated by conventional spectrum extracting algorithm. The proposed technique can achieve an accurate switching angle control and a fast response. Simulation and experimental results verified that the system can achieve zero-error steady state within one line period.
Some Monomeric Organosilicon Compounds of High Thermal Stability (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Monomeric Organosilicon Compounds of High Thermal StabilityHENRY GILMAN and JACK J. GOODMANCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 1, 45–47Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01352a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01352a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A New Synthesis of Glutathione <i>via</i> the Thiazoline Peptide (1980)

Abstract A convenient synthesis of glutathione (GSH) by the use of minimal protecting groups was investigated. N-Formyl-l-2-amino-4-cyanobutyric acid ethyl ester was condensed with ethyl l-cysteinylglycinate to give (4R)-2-[(3S)-3-ethoxycarbonyl-3-(formylamino)propyl]-4-(ethoxycarbonylmethylcarbamoyl)-2-thiazoline. This compound was saponified in aqueous acetone at −15–−20 °C and subsequently treated with dilute H2SO4 (pH 4) to yield formylglutathione, whose formyl group was then hydrolyzed with 0.5 M (1 M=1 mol dm−3) H2SO4 to give free GSH. For purification, this was changed to a copper thiolate, which was then decomposed with H2S to afford pure GSH.
Messenger RNA Turnover Processes in<i>Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis</i>, and Emerging Studies in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2009)

The regulation of mRNA turnover is a recently appreciated phenomenon by which bacteria modulate gene expression. This review outlines the mechanisms by which three major classes of bacterial trans-acting factors, ribonucleases (RNases), RNA binding proteins, and small noncoding RNAs (sRNA), regulate the transcript stability and protein production of target genes. Because the mechanisms of RNA decay and maturation are best characterized in Escherichia coli, the majority of this review will focus on how these factors modulate mRNA stability in this organism. However, we also address the effects of RNases, RNA binding proteins, sRNAs on mRNA turnover, and gene expression in Bacillus subtilis, which has served as a model for studying RNA processing in gram-positive organisms. We conclude by discussing emerging studies on the role modulating mRNA stability has on gene expression in the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.
The prototype γ-2 herpesvirus nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, ORF 57, transports viral RNA through the cellular mRNA export pathway (2005)

HVS (herpesvirus saimiri) is the prototype gamma-2 herpesvirus. This is a subfamily of herpesviruses gaining importance since the identification of the first human gamma-2 herpesvirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. The HVS ORF 57 (open reading frame 57) protein is a multifunctional transregulatory protein homologous with genes identified in all classes of herpesviruses. Recent work has demonstrated that ORF 57 has the ability to bind viral RNA, shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm and promotes the nuclear export of viral transcripts. In the present study, we show that ORF 57 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a CRM-1 (chromosomal region maintenance 1)-independent manner. ORF 57 interacts with the mRNA export factor REF (RNA export factor) and two other components of the exon junction complex, Y14 and Magoh. The association of ORF 57 with REF stimulates recruitment of the cellular mRNA export factor TAP (Tip-associated protein), and HVS infection triggers the relocalization of REF and TAP from the nuclear speckles to several large clumps within the cell. Using a dominant-negative form of TAP and RNA interference to deplete TAP, we show that it is essential for bulk mRNA export in mammalian cells and is required for ORF 57-mediated viral RNA export. Furthermore, we show that the disruption of TAP reduces viral replication. These results indicate that HVS utilizes ORF 57 to recruit components of the exon junction complex and subsequently TAP to promote viral RNA export through the cellular mRNA export pathway.
The origin recognition complex has essential functions in transcriptional silencing and chromosomal replication. (1995)

The role of the origin recognition complex (ORC) was investigated in replication initiation and in silencing. Temperature-sensitive mutations in ORC genes caused defects in replication initiation at chromosomal origins of replication, as measured by two-dimensional (2-D) origin-mapping gels, fork migration analysis, and plasmid replication studies. These data were consistent with ORC functioning as a eukaryotic replication initiator. Some origins displayed greater replication initiation deficiencies in orc mutants than did others, revealing functional differences between origins. Alleles of ORC5 were isolated that were defective for silencing but not replication, indicating that ORC's role in silencing could be separated from its role in replication. In temperature-sensitive orc mutants arrested in mitosis, temperature-shift experiments caused a loss of silencing, indicating both that ORC had functions outside of the S phase of the cell cycle and that ORC was required for the maintenance of the silenced state.
Chemotaxis of Cancer Cells during Invasion and Metastasis (2004)

Chemotaxis to EGF Events that Define the Leading Edge during Chemotaxis Is Actin Polymerization the Initial Asymmetry Generating Event? Do the Early and Late Actin Polymerization Transients Result from Different Mechanisms? Conclusions References
Display of VP1 on the Surface of Baculovirus and Its Immunogenicity against Heterologous Human Enterovirus 71 Strains in Mice (2011)

Our results illustrated that Bac-Pie1-gp64-VP1 retained native epitopes of VP1 and acted as an effective EV71 vaccine candidate which would enable rapid production without any biosafety concerns.
Co-ordination of developmental processes by small RNAs during leaf development (2010)

Leaf development entails the transition from a small group of undifferentiated cells to a structure of defined size and shape, highly organized into different cell types with specialized functions. During this developmental sequence, patterning, growth, and differentiation have to be tightly coordinated by intricate regulatory networks in which small RNAs [microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs)] have emerged during the last years as essential players. In this review, after having given an overview of miRNA and ta-siRNA biogenesis and mode of action, their contribution to the life of a leaf from initiation to senescence is described. MiRNA and ta-siRNA are not merely regulators of gene expression patterns, but, by acting both locally and at the whole organ scale, they have an essential role in the coordination of complex developmental processes and are fully integrated in genetic networks and signalling pathways.
Programmable shaping of ultrabroad-bandwidth pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser (1995)

We have used a commercially available liquid-crystal spatial light modulator within a reflective optics pulse-shaping apparatus to shape ultrashort pulses with temporal resolution approaching 10 fs. Using the spatial light modulator as a phase modulator, we produce a variety of complex ultrafast waveforms, including odd pulses, high repetition rate (>23 THz) pulse trains, and asymmetric pulse trains. We also show that it is possible to compensate for large amounts of high-order phase dispersion (in excess of 60π) by appropriate cubic- and quartic-phase modulations of the pulse. Finally, we examine the limitations of shaping ultrabroad-bandwidth pulses. We find that, for specific classes of waveforms, Fourier-transform pulse-shaping techniques can be used for pulses with 5-fs durations, which exceed the current state of the art in ultrashort pulse generation. However, synthesis of general waveforms with 5-fs resolution will require compensating for nonlinear spatial dispersion of frequency in the masking plane.