gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simple algorithm for the measurement of absorption coefficients of a two-layered medium by spatially resolved and time-resolved reflectance (2005)

An inversion procedure for the recovery of absorption coefficients of a two-layered semi-infinite diffusive medium by use of time-resolved reflectance measured at two different source-detector distances is proposed. The inversion procedure is based on the property of the photon diffusion equation; i.e., the solution of the diffusion equation for the time-resolved reflectance measured at a longer source--detector distance coincides with that measured at a shorter one by a proper temporal, spatial, and intensity transformation. This inversion procedure, used together with the results of one set of Monte Carlo simulations, is validated as working well when the values of the scattering coefficients of the two layers and the thickness of the first layer are within a range of interest in tissue optics.
Human IL-22 binding protein isoforms act as a rheostat for IL-22 signaling (2016)

The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22), which is a member of the IL-10 family, is produced exclusively by immune cells and activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in nonimmune cells, such as hepatocytes, keratinocytes, and colonic epithelial cells, to drive various processes central to tissue homeostasis and immunosurveillance. Dysregulation of IL-22 signaling causes inflammatory diseases. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP; encoded by IL22RA2) is a soluble IL-22 receptor, which antagonizes IL-22 activity and has genetic associations with autoimmune diseases. Humans have three IL-22BP isoforms, IL-22BPi1 to IL-22BPi3, which are generated by alternative splicing; mice only have an IL-22BPi2 homolog. We showed that, although IL-22BPi3 had less inhibitory activity than IL-22BPi2, IL-22BPi3 was more abundant in various human tissues under homeostatic conditions. IL-22BPi2 was more effective than IL-22BPi3 at blocking the contribution of IL-22 to cooperative gene induction with the inflammatory cytokine IL-17, which is often present with IL-22 in autoimmune settings. In addition, we found that IL-22BPi1 was not secreted and therefore failed to antagonize IL-22 signaling. Furthermore, IL-22BPi2 was the only isoform that was increased in abundance when myeloid cells were activated by Toll-like receptor 2 signaling or retinoic acid, a maturation factor for myeloid cells. These data suggest that the human IL-22BP isoforms have distinct spatial and temporal roles and coordinately fine-tune IL-22-dependent STAT3 responses in tissues as a type of rheostat.
Thermodynamics of the Complex Protein Unfolding Reaction of Barstar (1997)

The complex unfolding reaction of barstar has been characterized by studying the apparent rate of unfolding, monitored by intrinsic Trp fluorescence, as a function of temperature and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) concentration. The kinetics of unfolding and folding of wild-type (wt) barstar at 5 degrees C were first studied in detail. It is shown that when unfolding is carried out using concentrations of GdnHCl in the posttransition zone of unfolding, the change in fluorescence that accompanies unfolding occurs in two phases: 30% of the change occurs in a burst phase that is complete within 4 ms, and 70% of the change occurs in a fast phase that is complete within 2 s. In contrast, when the protein is unfolded at 25 degrees C, no burst-phase change in fluorescence is observed. To confirm that a burst-phase change in fluorescence indeed accompanies unfolding at low temperature, unfolding studies were also carried out on a marginally destabilized mutant form of barstar for which the burst-phase change in fluorescence is shown to be as high as 70%. These results confirm a previous report [Nath et al., (1996), Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 920-923], in which the detection of a burst-phase change in circular dichroism at 222 nm during unfolding at 25 degrees C led to the inclusion of a rapidly formed kinetic intermediate, IU, on the unfolding pathway. To characterize thermodynamically the unfolding pathway, apparent unfolding rates were then measured at six different concentrations of GdnHCl in the range 2.6 to 5.0 M, at five different temperatures from 5 to 46 degrees C. The subsequent analysis was done on the basis of the observation that a preequilibrium between the fully folded state (F) and IU gets established rapidly before further unfolding to the completely unfolded state (U). The results indicate that IU has a specific heat capacity similar to that of F and therefore suggest that IU is as compact as F, with practically no exposure of the hydrophobic core. On the other hand, the transition state of unfolding has a 45% greater heat capacity than F, indicating that significant hydration of the hydrophobic core occurs only after the rate-limiting step of unfolding.
Transient Migration of Large Numbers of CD14++ CD16+ Monocytes to the Draining Lymph Node after Onset of Inflammation (2016)

The dynamics of skin-draining cells following infection or vaccination provide important insight into the initiation of immune responses. In this study, the local recruitment and activation of immune cells in draining lymph nodes (LNs) was studied in calves in an adjuvant-induced inflammation. A transient but remarkably strong recruitment of monocytes was demonstrated after onset of inflammation, constituting up to 41% of live cells in the draining LNs after 24 h. Numerous CD14(+) cells were visualized in subcutaneous tissues and draining LNs, and the majority of these cells did not express dendritic cell-associated markers CD205 and CD11c. In the LNs, recruited cells were predominately of a CD14(++) and CD16(+) phenotype, consistent with an intermediate monocyte subset characterized to possess a high inflammatory potential. Moreover, monocytes from the draining LN showed a high expression of genes coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFa, and TGFβ. Shortly after their appearance in the LN cortical areas, the monocytes had moved into the medulla followed by an increase in peripheral blood. In conclusion, this study provides novel information on in vivo monocyte recruitment and migration after onset of inflammation.
Serodiagnosis of Chagas' disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using two synthetic peptides as antigens (1994)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detecting antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi. Two synthetic T. cruzi peptides, TcD and PEP2, were used. The specificity and sensitivity of the peptide ELISA were determined with 260 serum samples from individuals living in an area in which Chagas' disease is endemic. ELISAs were performed with the peptides singly or in combination. The evaluation of these tests showed that 168 (93.8%) of 179 serum samples from T. cruzi-infected patients were positive when TcD peptide was used as antigen; 164 (91.6%) samples were positive with PEP2, and 178 (99.4%) samples were positive when the two peptides were combined. Thus, the sensitivity of the ELISA using the two peptides exceeded 99%. The specificity was evaluated by using a panel of 118 serum samples that included samples from 81 individuals living in an area of endemicity with negative serology for Chagas' disease and from 37 patients from areas in which T. cruzi was not endemic but with other pathologies, such as leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, and leprosy. Only two false-positive serum samples were found in this group of individuals, giving a test specificity of more than 98%. Because these peptides can be synthesized and are very stable at room temperature, the use of such reagents can improve the standardization and reproducibility of ELISAs for the serodiagnosis of T. cruzi infection.
Automatic Implement Tilt Control for Kubota Agricultural Tractors (1984)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An electro-hydraulic control system was applied to a tractor and rotary tiller to provide automatic implement tilt control. The Automatic Implement Tilt Control (AITC) system maintains the rotary tiller horizontal or at a selected tilt angle independent of tractor rolling motion.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The performance of AITC, especially accuracy and response time, has been found to be sufficient for the Japanese rice farming. As the leveling of soil surface has been substantial needs of farmers, AITC has resulted in rapid acceptance in Japan.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Potential applications of AITC have been increased by locating all sensors on the tractor to make possible interchangeability between three-point hitch implements.</div>
Abnormal Voltage Conditions Produced by Open Conductors on 3-Phase Circuits Using Shunt Capacitors [includes discussion] (1953)

Undesired voltages often accompanied by phase reversal have been experienced1,2 on distribution systems after the opening of 1- or 2-phase conductors. The mere opening of phase conductors on a 3-phase system will not necessarily result in undesirable voltages and phase reversal, but certain combinations of open conductors and unbalanced circuit impedances3 or open conductors and balanced impedances containing inductive and capacitive reactance4,5 can result in undesirable voltage conditions. In the latter, previous studies have not included simultaneously the effect of system load and of the transformer non-linear magnetizing characteristic upon these abnormal voltages. The results in this paper include the combined effect and are therefore more applicable to a wider range of system conditions. Specifically, these phenomena were investigated with regard to the grounded-wye or 4-wire distribution system containing floating wye or delta-connected capacitor banks for kilovar supply, because it is the most common circuit arrangement occurring in practice. However, it is recognized that many other configurations may result in the same phenomena. It is the purpose of this paper to define the nature of the phenomena and under what conditions they may be obtained, including the effect of capacitor size, transformer magnetizing characteristics, magnitude of load, and load power factor. This study was made largely on systems in miniature on the transient network analyzer.
Communication Complexity of Distributed Convex Learning and Optimization (2015)

We study the fundamental limits to communication-efficient distributed methods for convex learning and optimization, under different assumptions on the information available to individual machines, and the types of functions considered. We identify cases where existing algorithms are already worst-case optimal, as well as cases where room for further improvement is still possible. Among other things, our results indicate that without similarity between the local objective functions (due to statistical data similarity or otherwise) many communication rounds may be required, even if the machines have unbounded computational power.
A fast room-temperature strategy for direct reduction of graphene oxide films towards flexible transparent conductive films (2014)

Fast room-temperature reduction of GO films on PET for flexible transparent conductive films.
Viral-Bacterial Pneumonia in Calves: Effect of Bovine Herpesvirus-l on Immunologic Functions (1985)

The temporal relation between a lung infection with bovine herpesvirus-1, suppression of some immune functions, and susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection resulting in fibrinous pneumonia prompted a study to determine the mechanism(s) involved in the apparent immunosuppression. In six independent experiments employing from five to 40 calves, we studied the immunologic parameters of migration of and superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lectin-induced lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 production, natural cytotoxicity, interferon and antibody formation, as well as complement activation and hematologic parameters. Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, natural cytotoxicity, and mitogen response of peripheral blood leukocytes were depressed, whereas superoxide anion generation by polymorphonuclear neutrophils was transiently increased and interleukin-2 production was only marginally affected. The assumption that virus-induced interferon might be a common cause for the various changes could not be substantiated. However, the results did suggest that mechanisms other than lack of T helper cell activity, accessory cell activity of macrophages, or development of suppressor T cells were the cause of suppressed mitogen responses. None of the immunologic parameters appeared to have consistent prognostic value with respect to outcome of the infection.
Short Channel Output Conductance Enhancement Through Forward Body Biasing to Realize a 0.5 V 250 0.6–4.2 GHz Current-Reuse CMOS LNA (2015)

This work examines the use of a forward body biasing (FBB) scheme to mitigate output conductance degradation due to short channel effects in ultra-low voltage (ULV) circuits with no additional power consumption. It is shown that FBB boosts the output resistance of a transistor such that the intrinsic gain reduction due to low-supply voltages can be compensated. This technique is then used to implement a low-noise amplifier (LNA) tailored for ultra-low power (ULP) and ULV applications. The proposed LNA uses common-gate (CG) NMOS transistors as input devices in a complementary current-reuse structure. Low-power input matching is achieved by employing an active shunt-feedback architecture while the current of the feedback stage is also reused by the input transistor. Moreover, a separate FBB scheme is exploited to tune the feedback coefficient. An inductive gm-boosting technique is used to increase the bandwidth of the LNA without additional power consumption. The proposed LNA is implemented in an IBM 0.13 μm 1P8M CMOS technology and occupies 0.39 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The measured LNA has a 14 dB gain, 4 dB minimum noise figure, IIP3 of -10 dBm, and 0.6-4.2 GHz bandwidth, while consuming only 500 μA from a 0.5 V supply. The LNA operates with supplies as low as 0.4 V while maintaining good performance.
Monitoring Technology (2013)

Abstract Chapter 14 covers Monitoring Technology (Invasive and Noninvasive), including Indications, Contraindications, Techniques, Central Venous Pressure Monitoring, Cardiac Output Monitoring, Determining Fluid Responsiveness, Central Venous Oxygen Saturation, Lactate, Complications, and Pearls of Care.
Solubilizing Coelenterazine in Water with Hydroxypropyl-<i>β</i>-cyclodextrin (1997)

Coelenterazine is poorly soluble in water except at alkaline pH values that promote auto-oxidation. The solubility is markedly increased by adding hydroxypropyl-p-cyclodextrin in a neutral buffer solution, the solubilization being most effective in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.0. The concentration of coelenterazine dissolved in a pH 7.0 buffer containing 50 mM hydroxypropyl-p-cyclodextrin was about 280-fold higher than that without the additive.
Identification of a DNA Nonhomologous End-Joining Complex in Bacteria (2002)

In eukaryotic cells, double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA are generally repaired by the pathway of homologous recombination or by DNA nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Both pathways have been highly conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, but no equivalent NHEJ system has been identified in prokaryotes. The NHEJ pathway requires a DNA end-binding component called Ku. We have identified bacterial Ku homologs and show that these proteins retain the biochemical characteristics of the eukaryotic Ku heterodimer. Furthermore, we show that bacterial Ku specifically recruits DNA ligase to DNA ends and stimulates DNA ligation. Loss of these proteins leads to hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation in Bacillus subtilis. These data provide evidence that many bacteria possess a DNA DSB repair apparatus that shares many features with the NHEJ system of eukarya and suggest that this DNA repair pathway arose before the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages diverged.
Further evidence for the dispersion of the human fibrillar collagen genes. (1986)

Recombinant DNA probes specific for the human pro alpha 1(II) and pro alpha 1(III) collagen chains have been used for the chromosomal localization of the two genes. Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA from human-rodent hybrid cell lines in conjunction with in situ hybridization of human metaphasic chromosomes have shown that the gene coding for the pro alpha 1 chain of type II collagen (COL2A1) is located on chromosome 12 in the segment 12q131----12q132. Likewise, the gene coding for the pro alpha 1 chain of type III collagen (COL3A1) was assigned to the segment 2q31----2q323 of chromosome 2.
Adaptive strategies in constrained manipulation (2005)

Earlier work (Slotine and Li, 1986) demonstrates that using state feedback to directly modify a manipulator's energy function, rather than its fully expanded dynamics, represents a powerful approach to robot control, and, in particular, yields a simple globally convergent adaptive algorithm for trajectory control problems. An important practical feature of the algorithm is that is does not require measurements or estimates of the manipulator's joint accelerations. This paper rewrites the approach in term of end-effector dynamics, extends it to hybrid motion/force control, and discusses adaptive strategies involving mobile environments, such as the external motion control of an unknown passive mechanism.
Autoantibody appearance and risk for development of childhood diabetes in offspring of parents with type 1 diabetes: the 2-year analysis of the German BABYDIAB Study. (1999)

The temporal development of autoantibodies was studied in 1,353 offspring of parents with type 1 diabetes. Islet cell antibodies (ICAs) and autoantibodies to insulin (IAAs), glutamic acid decarboxylase, and IA-2 were measured at birth, 9 months, 2 years, and 5 years of age. At birth, no offspring had islet autoimmunity other than maternally acquired antibodies, which were shown to influence antibody prevalence up to age 6 months. Antibodies detected thereafter were likely to represent a true de novo production, since prevalences were the same for offspring from mothers and fathers with diabetes, antibodies detected at 9 months were almost always confirmed in the 2-year sample and were associated with an increased likelihood of having or developing other antibodies. By 2 years of age, autoantibodies appeared in 11% of offspring, 3.5% having more than one autoantibody. IAAs were detected most frequently, and few had autoantibodies in the absence of IAAs. In 23 offspring with multiple islet autoantibodies, IAAs preceded other antibodies in 10 cases and were first detected concurrently with other antibodies in 12 and after detection of other antibodies in 1. Development of additional antibodies and changes in levels, including decline of IAAs at older age, was frequent. Nine children, all with IAAs and ICAs, developed diabetes. Overall cumulative risk for disease by 5 years of age was 1.8% (95% CI 0.2-3.4) and was 50% (95% CI 19-81) for offspring with more than one autoantibody in their 2-year sample. Autoimmunity associated with childhood diabetes is an early event and a dynamic process. Presence of IAAs is a consistent feature of this autoimmunity, and IAA detection can identify children at risk.
Prontosil in Erysipelas (1937)

There is by this time a considerable literature on the experimental and clinical results of the use of prontosil and the sulphonamide derivatives. It is not intended to review that literature in this paper. It may be pointed out, however, that so far as erysipelas is concerned no work has been published dealing with a large series of cases properly controlled. There has not been comparison with other cases of the disease during the same period of review, in every way similar as regards nursing and diet and differing solely in the special lines of treatment to be investigated. Such a series is presented here.
Modeling strategies for enantiomers separation by SMB chromatography (1998)

Abstract Modeling strategies for simulated moving bed adsorbers were studied to compare the simulated moving bed model (SMB) that considers the real shift of the injection and collection points to the true moving bed approach (TMB) that considers liquid and solid flow in opposite directions. The prediction of these two models is compared in terms of steady‐state performance, steady‐state internal concentration profiles, and transient behavior of the extract and raffinate purities. The influence of the degree of subdivision of the bed in the SMB model predictions is also analyzed and compared with the TMB performance. Model results are compared with experimental results obtained for the chromatographic separation of binaphthol enantiomers.
Large area electronically controllable light shutter array using PVF2bimorph vanes (1980)

A new type of electronically controllable venetian blind-type light shutter array using PVF2 bimorph devices was constructed and demonstrated. Such an array may be used as an electronically-controlled window blind for solar energy control, general convenience, or for large-scale displays. Each of the nine bimorph device elements used in the demonstration array was 2.5 cm in length, 10 cm in width, and 15 μm in thickness. The 2 cm spacings between the device strips are completely closed by the device bending action caused by the application of 140 volts dc derived from rectified mains ac. The switching time is about a quarter of a second.
THE EFFECT OF RESTING ROOSTERS FROM EJACULATION ON THE QUALITY OF SPERMATOZOA IN SEMEN (1966)

During an investigation of the chemical composition of fowl semen it was felt necessary to study the effect of varying the length of rest periods between ejaculations on the quality of fowl spermatozoa. Such information could be useful for future work on the storage of semen in vitro for long periods, since there might be an optimum ejaculation rate for obtaining spermatozoa of the best quality and thus likely to survive best in vitro. Twenty related males of the Breeding Line of Brown Leghorns at the Poultry Research Centre, Edinburgh (Blyth, 1954) were selected randomly from roosters trained for the artificial collection of semen. Semen had been collected and examined at least once weekly from all the males for a month before the start of the experiment. The males were subdivided randomly into five