gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Tone Reservation Method Combining Linear Clipping and PRT-Aided Detection Algorithm (2011)

In tone reservation (TR) methods, the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals is reduced through exploiting the reserved tones, i.e., peak-reduction tones (PRT), so as to manipulate the clipping noise generated from the soft limiter with predefined clipping threshold. In this work, from the least-squares perspective, the PRT are designed with linear operation only and a corresponding clipping threshold is proposed by a simple closed-form formula. Furthermore, a PRT-aided detection algorithm for the receiver is proposed to exploit the information embedded in the PRT, which is a linear function of the data-tone signal. The data-tones and PRT are jointly and iteratively estimated to increase the accuracy of detection. No extra receive-side information is required in the proposed method. Simulation results reveal that a remarkable gain in bit error rate (BER) is achieved.
Identification of Bacteria in Blood Culture Broths Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Sepsityper™ and Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (2011)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a novel method for the direct identification of bacteria from blood culture broths. We evaluate for the first time, the performance of the MALDI Sepsityper™ Kit and MS for the identification of bacteria compared to standard phenotypic methods using the manufacturer's specified bacterial identification criteria (spectral scores ≥1.700-1.999 and ≥2.000 indicated identification to genus and species level, respectively). Five hundred and seven positive blood culture broths were prospectively examined, of which 379 (74.8%; 358 monomicrobial, 21 polymicrobial) were identified by MALDI-TOF MS; 195 (100%) and 132 (67.7%) of 195 gram-positive; and 163 (100%) and 149 (91.4%) of 163 gram-negative organisms from monomicrobial blood cultures were correctly identified to genus and species level, respectively. Spectral scores <1.700 (no identification) were obtained in 128/507 (25.2%) positive blood culture broths, including 31.6% and 32.3% of gram-positive and polymicrobial blood cultures, respectively. Significantly more gram-negative organisms were identified compared to gram-positive organisms at species level (p<0.0001). Five blood cultures were misidentified, but at species level only; including four monomicrobial blood cultures with Streptococcus oralis/mitis that were misidentified as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Positive predictive values for the direct identification of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from monomicrobial blood culture broths to genus level were 100%. A diagnostic algorithm for positive blood culture broths that incorporates gram staining and MALDI-TOF MS should identify the majority of pathogens, particularly to genus level.
Composition of bovine milk lipids (1973)

Abstract Recent literature on the composition of milk lipids is reviewed and discussed. Many additional exotic fatty acids, mainly branched chain, keto, hydroxy and isomers containing double bonds, have been identified, often with the aid of mass spectrometry. It is estimated that ca. 500 fatty acids have been found in milk lipids. Components of lipid classes have been isolated and their structure determined, e.g., glucosyl and lactosyl ceramide, sphingomyelin, ether lipids, etc. The fatty acid composition of “protected” milk is discussed. This milk, obtained from cows fed polyunsaturated oils encapsulated with formaldehyde‐treated casein, contains about five times more linoleic acid than regular milk. The future of research on milk lipids is promising, as there are still many intriguing problems of separation and identification.
Porous LaCo<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Ni<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>3−δ</sub>Nanostructures as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation and for a Zinc–Air Battery (2016)

Perovskites have emerged as promising earth-abundant alternatives to precious metals for catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of porous perovskite nanostructures, LaCo0.97O3-δ, with systematic Ni substitution in Co octahedral sites. Their electrocatalytic activity during the water oxidation reaction was studied in alkaline electrolytes. The electrocatalytic OER activity and stability of the perovskite nanostructure was evaluated using the rotating disk electrode technique. We show that the progressive replacement of Co by Ni in the LaCo0.97O3-δ perovskite structure greatly altered the electrocatalytic activity and that the La(Co0.71Ni0.25)0.96O3-δ composition exhibited the lowest OER overpotential of 324 and 265 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) in 0.1 M KOH and 1 M KOH, respectively. This value was much lower than that of the noble metal catalysts, IrO2, Ru/C, and Pt/C. Furthermore, the La(Co0.71Ni0.25)0.96O3-δ nanostructure showed outstanding electrode stability, with no observable decrease in performance up to 114th cycle in the auxiliary linear sweep voltammetry that lasted for 10 h in chronoamperometry studies. The excellent oxygen evolution activity of the La(Co0.71Ni0.25)0.96O3-δ perovskite nanostructure can be attributed to its intrinsic structure, interconnected particle arrangement, and unique redox characteristics. The enhanced intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of the La(Co0.71Ni0.25)0.96O3-δ catalyst was correlated with several parameters, such as the electrochemical surface area, the roughness factor, and the turnover frequency, with respect to variation in the transition metals of the perovskite structure. Subsequently, La(Co0.71Ni0.25)0.96O3-δ was utilized as the air cathode in a zinc-air battery application.
Development of experimental models for meningeal neoplasia using intrathecal injection of 9L gliosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in the rat. (1986)

Two models for meningeal neoplasia have been developed in rats using intrathecal injection of 9L gliosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Tumor cells were injected in unanesthetized animals through an indwelling catheter inserted at the cisterna magna to the level of the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. Survival of rats was dependent on the number of tumor cells injected. Spread of tumor was quantified by histology using a grading scale, and functional and behavioral changes were measured. Rats injected with 10(6) 9L gliosarcoma cells showed progressive weight loss, flaccid paralysis, and neurogenic bladder dysfunction and had a median survival of 11 days. The tumor frequently grew as a mass compressing the spinal cord. The 9L gliosarcoma tumor cells markedly invaded the Virchow-Robin spaces but exhibited only minimal invasion of the central nervous system parenchyma. The tumor reached the brain by day 10. Rats injected with 2 X 10(5) Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells showed progressive weight loss and weakness and had a median survival of 6 days. The tumor grew within the leptomeninges in a discontinuous multifocal fashion and reached the brain by day 4. There was extensive invasion of the central nervous system parenchyma by Walker 256 tumor cells along the Virchow-Robin spaces resulting in hemorrhage and necrosis of grey and white matter. Hot plate and tail flick response times were significantly delayed only in the days immediately preceding death of animals with either 9L or Walker 256 tumor and were not good indicators of tumor progression. Loss of motor coordination and failure of the stepping and placing reflex on the other hand showed good correlation with spread of tumor measured histologically. Control animals injected with 0.9% NaCl or with lethally irradiated tumor cells showed no significant weight loss or functional or behavioral changes. The intrathecal 9L gliosarcoma and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma models show different characteristics of human meningeal carcinomatosis and will be used for studies of experimental chemotherapy with intrathecally administered antitumor drugs.
Investigation of direct production of <sup>68</sup>Ga with low energy multiparticle accelerator (2011)

Abstract Experimentally measured cross sections are presented for the nat Cu( α , xn ) 66,67,68 Ga and 68 Zn( p , xn ) 67,68 Ga nuclear processes up to 36 and 20 MeV, respectively. Based on these results and the reliable cross section data available in the literature, the possible thick target yields were also calculated. Two different 68 Ga production routes (Cu+ α and Zn+ p ) are discussed in detail, especially with regard to the 66 Ga and 67 Ga contamination levels as a function of the target enrichment level and the incident bombarding energies. Both processes can be used for in-house 68 Ga production with low (<1%) 66 Ga and/or 67 Ga EOB contamination using enriched 68 Zn (>80%) or 65 Cu (>95%) target. The maximum available yield on 100% enriched 68 Zn and 65 Cu (irradiation time: 2.25 h; bombarding energy: E p =20 MeV and E α =18 MeV) is 352.45 mCi/μA (13.04 GBq/μA) and 14.28 mCi/μA (528.36 MBq/μA), respectively.
Plasma levels of omentin-1 and visfatin in senile patients with coronary heart disease and heart failure (2014)

Decreased levels of omentin-1 and increased levels of visfatin may be involved in the occurrence and development of CHD. Omentin-1 and visfatin, independently, may be protective and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, both omentin-1 and visfatin may be related to lipid metabolism. Visfatin may be an independent risk factor of CHD.
Lithium increases proliferation of hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells and rescues irradiation-induced cell cycle arrest<i>in vitro</i> (2015)

Radiotherapy in children causes debilitating cognitive decline, partly linked to impaired neurogenesis. Irradiation targets primarily cancer cells but also endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) leading to cell death or cell cycle arrest. Here we evaluated the effects of lithium on proliferation, cell cycle and DNA damage after irradiation of young NSPCs in vitro.NSPCs were treated with 1 or 3 mM LiCl and we investigated proliferation capacity (neurosphere volume and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation). Using flow cytometry, we analysed apoptosis (annexin V), cell cycle (propidium iodide) and DNA damage (γH2AX) after irradiation (3.5 Gy) of lithium-treated NSPCs.Lithium increased BrdU incorporation and, dose-dependently, the number of cells in replicative phase as well as neurosphere growth. Irradiation induced cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2/M phases. Treatment with 3 mM LiCl was sufficient to increase NSPCs in S phase, boost neurosphere growth and reduce DNA damage. Lithium did not affect the levels of apoptosis, suggesting that it does not rescue NSPCs committed to apoptosis due to accumulated DNA damage.Lithium is a very promising candidate for protection of the juvenile brain from radiotherapy and for its potential to thereby improve the quality of life for those children who survive their cancer.
Technical and economic assessment of producing hydrogen by reforming syngas from the Battelle indirectly heated biomass gasifier (1995)

The technical and economic feasibility of producing hydrogen from biomass by means of indirectly heated gasification and steam reforming was studied. A detailed process model was developed in ASPEN Plus{trademark} to perform material and energy balances. The results of this simulation were used to size and cost major pieces of equipment from which the determination of the necessary selling price of hydrogen was made. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the process to study hydrogen price as a function of biomass feedstock cost and hydrogen production efficiency. The gasification system used for this study was the Battelle Columbus Laboratory (BCL) indirectly heated gasifier. The heat necessary for the endothermic gasification reactions is supplied by circulating sand from a char combustor to the gasification vessel. Hydrogen production was accomplished by steam reforming the product synthesis gas (syngas) in a process based on that used for natural gas reforming. Three process configurations were studied. Scheme 1 is the full reforming process, with a primary reformer similar to a process furnace, followed by a high temperature shift reactor and a low temperature shift reactor. Scheme 2 uses only the primary reformer, and Scheme 3 uses the primary reformer and the high temperature shift reactor. A pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system is used in all three schemes to produce a hydrogen product pure enough to be used in fuel cells. Steam is produced through detailed heat integration and is intended to be sold as a by-product.
CD4 T-Cell Memory Generation and Maintenance (2014)

Immunologic memory is the adaptive immune system's powerful ability to remember a previous antigen encounter and react with accelerated vigor upon antigen re-exposure. It provides durable protection against reinfection with pathogens and is the foundation for vaccine-induced immunity. Unlike the relatively restricted immunologic purview of memory B cells and CD8 T cells, the field of CD4 T-cell memory must account for multiple distinct lineages with diverse effector functions, the issue of lineage commitment and plasticity, and the variable distribution of memory cells within each lineage. Here, we discuss the evidence for lineage-specific CD4 T-cell memory and summarize the known factors contributing to memory-cell generation, plasticity, and long-term maintenance.
Nico: An Open-Source Interface, Bridging The Gap Between Musician And Tesla Coil (2014)

(Abstract to follow)
Minimal model quantification of pulmonary gas exchange in intensive care patients (2010)

Mathematical models are required to describe pulmonary gas exchange. The challenge remains to find models which are complex enough to describe physiology and simple enough for clinical practice. This study aimed at finding the necessary 'minimal' modeling complexity to represent the gas exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Three models of varying complexity were compared for their ability to fit measured data from intensive care patients and to provide adequate description of patients' gas exchange abnormalities. Pairwise F-tests showed that a two parameter model provided superior fit to patient data compared to a shunt only model (p<0.001), and that a three parameter model provided superior fit compared to the two parameter model (p<0.1). The three parameter model describes larger ranges of ventilation to perfusion ratios than the two parameter model, and is identifiable from data routinely available in clinical practice.
<i>Asp299Gly</i> and <i>Thr399Ile</i> Genotypes of the <i>TLR4</i> Gene Are Associated With a Reduced Prevalence of Diabetic Neuropathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2004)

Our data indicate that Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile genotypes of the TLR4 gene are associated with reduced prevalence of diabetic neuropathy in type 2, but not in type 1, diabetes. Thus different mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Nitrogen-starvation-induced chlorosis in Synechococcus PCC 7942: adaptation to long-term survival (1998)

When deprived of essential nutrients, the non-diazotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 undergoes a proteolytic degradation of the phycobiliproteins, its major light-harvesting pigments. This process is known as chlorosis. This paper presents evidence that the degradation of phycobiliproteins is part of an acclimation process in which growing cells differentiate into non-pigmented cells able to endure long periods of starvation. The time course of degradation processes differs for various photosynthetic pigments, for photosystem I and photosystem II activities and is strongly influenced by the illumination and by the experimental conditions of nutrient deprivation. Under standard experimental conditions of combined nitrogen deprivation, three phases of the differentiation process can be defined. The first phase corresponds to the well-known phycobiliprotein degradation, in phase 2 the cells lose chlorophyll a prior to entering phase 3, the fully differentiated state, in which the cells are still able to regenerate pigmentation after the addition of nitrate to the culture. An analysis of the protein synthesis patterns by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis during nitrogen starvation indicates extensive differential gene expression, suggesting the operation of tight regulatory mechanisms.
Introduction (2009)

Welfare and democracy are two inseparable questions. Organizing welfare is not reducible to a technical exercise or professional understanding of the services provided. It is fundamentally the result of the institutional struggles of the welfare state through the centuries. To assume that welfare bureaucracies were ‘frozen’ in the period between 1945 and 1950, when they indeed acquired full-fledged political power of their own in most European countries after World War II, is not an adequate assumption for the study of social policy change. Most of the studies on social administration are limited to the nationalization and institutionalization of the welfare states in Europe in the aftermath of World War II. However, tremendous changes have occurred in the last decades, which require radical adaptations of welfare institutions. Considering those administrative adaptations as technical matters, or management issues, would simply contribute to obfuscate the new hidden threat to the relationship between the welfare state and its democratic structures.
State Justification Using Genetic Algorithms in Sequential Circuit Test Generation (1996)

Complex VLSI circuits impose constraints on a test generator which are very difficult to handle using deterministic algorithms. Thus, a major goal in developing a new test generator is to have the capability of handling constraints, but without sacrificing the performance and effectiveness of deterministic approaches. In this paper, we describe a hybrid sequential circuit test generator which combines deterministic algorithms for fault excitation and propagation with genetic algorithms for state justification. The hybrid test generator restricts state justification for complex circuits to the genetic approach, which is better able to handle constraints. High fault coverages were obtained for the ISCAS89 sequential benchmark circuits and several synthesized circuits, and in many cases the results are better than those for purely deterministic approaches. Results were further augmented by preceding the hybrid test generation by a fast run of simulation-based test generation controlled by...
Global, Seasonal Cloud Variations from Satellite Radiance Measurements. Part I: Sensitivity of Analysis (1989)

Global, daily, visible and infrared radiance measurements from the NOAA-5 Scanning Radiometer (SR) are analyzed for the months of January, April, July and October 1977 to infer cloud and surface radiative properties. In this first paper in a three part series, the data and analysis method are described. A unique feature of the method is that it utilizes radiative transfer models that simulate the SR measurements using explicit parameters representing the properties of the surface, atmosphere, and clouds. The simulations also account for variations that depend on viewing geometry. The analysis combines several datasets so that the cloud contributions to the SR measurements can be isolated. The accuracy of all the results depends primarily on the proper separation of the total radiance distribution into those parts representing clear and cloudy scenes. Comparison of the surface properties retrieved from the clear scene radiances [see also Rossow et al. (1989)], sensitivity tests of the cloud detection algorithm, and comparisons of the resulting cloud amounts (see also Part II) provide an assessment of the accuracy of the method.
Quantitative Tissue‐Tracking Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) of Left Atrial Deformation and the Risk of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (2015)

Depressed LA reservoir function assessed by tissue-tracking cardiac magnetic resonance is significantly associated with a prior history of stroke/transient ischemic attack in patients with AF. Our findings suggest that assessment of LA reservoir function can improve the risk stratification of cerebrovascular events in AF patients.
Mixed azide–carboxylate bridged tri- and tetranuclear MnII clusters in coordination polymers derived from a zwitterionic dicarboxylate ligand: structures and magnetism (2010)

Two Mn(II) coordination polymers with azide and the zwitterionic dicarboxylate ligand bis(N-carboxymethyl-4-pyridinium) (bcp) were synthesized, and structurally and magnetically characterized. They are formulated as [Mn(3)(bcp)(2)(N(3))(2)(SO(4))(2)(H(2)O)(4)].6H(2)O (1) and [Mn(4)(bcp)(2)(N(3))(8)(H(2)O)(2)].4H(2)O (2). Compound 1 contains anionic linear [Mn(3)(N(3))(2)(COO)(4)(SO(4))(2)(H(2)O)(4)](4-) units with simultaneous mu(2)-EO (end-on) azide, sulfate and carboxylate bridges, while compound 2 contains [Mn(4)(COO)(4)(N(3))(8)(H(2)O)(2)](4-) clusters with mixed mu(2)-EO azide, mu(3)-EO azide and carboxylate bridges. In these compounds, the anionic tri- or tetranuclear units are linked into coordination chains by the cationic bipyridinium spacers, and are also hydrogen bonded into chains by double O-H...O bridges. Magnetic analyses were carried out on temperature-variable susceptibility data for both compounds, and also on isothermal magnetization data for 1. It is revealed that all the mixed double and triple bridges, [(EO-N(3))(COO)(SO(4))] in 1, [(COO)(EO-N(3))(2)] and [(COO)(EO-N(3))] in 2, transmit antiferromagnetic coupling between Mn(II) ions. The [(EO-N(3))(2)] bridge in , with Mn-N-Mn = 96.6 degrees, also transmits antiferromagnetic coupling, providing the first example in the antiferromagnetic regime predicted theoretically for double EO-azide bridges between Mn(II) ions. The double hydrogen bonding [(O-H...O)(2)] bridges in both compounds induce weak antiferromagnetic interactions.
Imipramine and Thioridazine in Depressed and Schizophrenic Patients (1964)

Thioridazine hydrochloride and imipramine hydrochloride were compared in 68 schizophrenic and 77 depressive patients using blind controls. A computer procedure making use of pretreatment psychiatric rating profiles was used to classify patients into depressive and schizophrenic groups. In the schizophrenic sample, thioridazine was found to be significantly superior to imipramine in a number of areas. In the depressive sample, essentially no significant differences between the drugs were found, although the observed mean differences tended to favor thioridazine over imipramine in this group also. Summing across both patient samples, thioridazine was found significantly superior to imipramine in a number of symptom areas, while imipramine was superior only in reducing motor retardation.
Analysis of the Tony!™ Variable Geometry VDT Keyboard (1990)

This study utilizes a variable geometry keyboard to analyze the optimal configuration for a split QWERTY-type keyboard. The measured criteria were muscle activity as measured by EMG and reported operator discomfort. A variable geometry keyboard, simultaneously adjustable in opening angle (yaw) and lateral angle (roll) was obtained. The upward slope (tilt) was preset at 10%. The study manipulated the keyboard geometry to assess the difference in musculoskeletal activity between using (1) a conventional, flat, linear keyboard; (2) a neutral, undeviated wrist position; and (3) two forearm positions that essentially eliminate pronation. Eight experienced subjects with no prior history of wrist injury or other pathology were tested. EMG activity of four relevant muscle groups was measured on each subject for each of the four keyboard positions. The study suggested an 18° opening angle and a 30°–60° lateral angle as optimal when compared with a flat, standard keyboard (they minimize objective EMG activity and subjective discomfort).