gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Post-crisis social rights and social security law in Spain (2015)

The last crisis had a strong impact in Spanish economy. As a consequence, and underrecommendation of the EU, the successive Governments since 2008 till the end of 2014 have passed“emergency legislation” that affected social rights and Social Security System, introducing amendmentsand “cuts” on them. Contrary to what occurred in other countries (that have made Finance Acts, thebudget, or even Parliamentary Acts the fundamental ways to conduct such reforms) in Spain, the RoyalDecree-Law (RDL), a “legislative” type text (serving as an Act of Parliament) has prevailed. The reforms,amendments and “cuts” (in some cases) caused by the crisis have highlighted the weakness of the theoryof supra-legal character of the Spanish Constitution (whose writing would be compulsory for the publicauthorities, and even for the Parliament). The main amendments and “cuts” have focused on fight againstfraud in Social Security, unemployment benefits (contributive and non contributive levels), the revaluationor increase of pensions (“Sustainability factor in the pension System” formula has been passed byAct), retirement agreements with workers affected by redundancy plans (economic dismissal), age ofretirement (that will get 67 progressively in the next years), early retirement and partial retirement, thetax burden which affects the contribution base in the general scheme (Regimen General); the techniqueused for rising this consist of including in the quoted base concepts (monetary, benefits in kind) that weretraditionally excluded from taxation. It is true that during these years 2008 to 2014 protective measuresfor the unemployed and to promote self-employment have been passed by the Spanish Governments andParliament, but they cannot dodge the fact that the social rights have been seriously affected. Keywords: social rights, Social Security System, unemployment benefits, age of retirement, “cuts”
Synthesis, morphology, and properties of waterborne m-TMXDI-based anionic polyurethane and hybrids (2014)

In this study, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) hybrid emulsions with a weight ratio of 2/1 were prepared by emulsion polymerization using a mixture of styrene (St) and/or butyl acrylate (BA) monomers with WPU dispersion. WPU dispersion was synthesized with isocyanic acid and m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (m-TMXDI)-based anionic poly(urethane-urea) dispersions using the prepolymer mixing process. The structures of WPU and hybrids were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The size and morphology of the latex particles were investigated using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The stability of the emulsions was determined according to their shelf life and particle size using the dispersion analyser LUMiSizer® with STEP™-Technology. The thermal and mechanical properties of these films were examined by thermogravimetric analysis and strain-stress curves.
Investigation of a Novel Reciprocating Compression Reformer for Use in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems (2003)

A novel reciprocating compression device has been investigated as a non-catalytic natural gas reformer for solid oxide fuel cell systems. The reciprocating compression reformer is a potential improvement over current reforming technology for select applications due to its high degree of heat integration, its homogenous gas phase reaction environment, and its ability to co-produce shaft work. Performance modeling of the system was conducted to understand component integration and operational characteristics. The reformer was modeled by utilizing GRI mech. in tandem with CHEMKIN. The fuel cell was modeled as an equilibrium reactor assuming constant fuel utilization. The effect on the reformer and the reformer – fuel cell system efficiencies and exit gas concentrations was examined over a range of relative air-to-fuel ratios, 0.2 to 1.0, and at compression ratios of 50 and 100. Results from this study indicate that the reformer – fuel cell system could approach 50% efficiency, if run at low relative air-to-fuel ratios (0.3 to 0.5). With higher air-to-fuel ratios, system efficiencies were shown to continuously decline due to a decrease in the quality of synthesis gas provided to the fuel cell (i.e. more power being produced by the reformer). Optimal operation of the system has been shown to occur at a relative air-to-fuel ratio of approximately 0.775 and to be nearly independent of the compression ratio in the reciprocating compression reformer. Higher efficiencies may be obtained at lower relative air-to-fuel ratios; however, operation below this point may lead to excessive carbon formation as determined from an equilibrium carbon formation analysis.
A case study review of technical and technology issues for transition of a utility load management program to provide system reliability resources in restructured electricity markets (2001)

Utility load management programs--including direct load control and interruptible load programs--were employed by utilities in the past as system reliability resources. With electricity industry restructuring, the context for these programs has changed; the market that was once controlled by vertically integrated utilities has become competitive, raising the question: can existing load management programs be modified so that they can effectively participate in competitive energy markets? In the short run, modified and/or improved operation of load management programs may be the most effective form of demand-side response available to the electricity system today. However, in light of recent technological advances in metering, communication, and load control, utility load management programs must be carefully reviewed in order to determine appropriate investments to support this transition. This report investigates the feasibility of and options for modifying an existing utility load management system so that it might provide reliability services (i.e. ancillary services) in the competitive markets that have resulted from electricity industry restructuring. The report is a case study of Southern California Edison's (SCE) load management programs. SCE was chosen because it operates one of the largest load management programs in the country and it operates them within a competitive wholesale electricity market. The report describes a wide range of existing and soon-to-be-available communication, control, and metering technologies that could be used to facilitate the evolution of SCE's load management programs and systems to provision of reliability services. The fundamental finding of this report is that, with modifications, SCE's load management infrastructure could be transitioned to provide critical ancillary services in competitive electricity markets, employing currently or soon-to-be available load control technologies.
Electricity from Waste –Bibliographic Survey (2014)

Presented here is a bibliographic survey, which covers the work done in the period ranging from 1913 to 2013; towards realization of feasible methods of electricity generation using waste materials. This paper is the outcome of thorough analysis of various literatures available from the earlier research. This paper would be a great source of literature summarized in one paper. This paper would be helpful as a one stop guide, it will introduce the subject to the reviewer, give him an idea of all the previous work done in this field, the chronological research done by some scientist as well as the development in technology/methodology all along the period.
Thermodynamically Driven One-Dimensional Evolution of Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanorods: One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis for Emerging Intrinsic Superiority of Dimensionality (2014)

In photoelectrochemical cells, there exists a competition between transport of electrons through the porous semiconductor electrode toward the conducting substrate and back-reaction of electrons to recombine with oxidized species on the semiconductor-electrolyte interface, which determines the charge collection efficiency and is strongly influenced by the density and distribution of electronic states in band gap and architectures of the semiconductor electrodes. One-dimensional (1D) anatase TiO2 nanostructures are promising to improve charge transport in photoelectrochemical devices. However, the conventional preparation of 1D anatase nanostructures usually steps via a titanic acid intermediate (e.g., H2Ti3O7), which unavoidably introduces electronic defects into the host lattice, resulting in undesired shielding of the intrinsic role of dimensionality. Here, we manage to promote the 1D growth of anatase TiO2 nanostructures by adjusting the growth kinetics, which allows us to grow single-crystalline anatase TiO2 nanorods through a one-step hydrothermal reaction. The synthesized anatase nanorods possess a lower density of trap states and thus can simultaneously facilitate the diffusion-driven charge transport and suppress the electron recombination. Moreover, the electronically boundary free nanostructures significantly enhance the trap-free charge diffusion coefficient of the anatase nanorods, which enables the emergence of the intrinsic superiority of dimensionality. By virtue of these merits, the anatase nanorods synthesized in this work take obvious advantages over the conventional anatase counterparts in photoelectrochemical systems (e.g., dye-sensitized solar cells) by showing more efficient charge transport and collection and higher energy conversion efficiency.
Dual product codes for correction of multiple low-density burst errors (1973)

In many communication channels noise disturbances occur in the form of low-density bursts. Codes capable of correcting multiple bursts of low density are efficient tools of error control for such channels. One such class of codes is presented ia this paper. This Class of codes can be decoded by simple majority logic. The approach is to use codes which are the duals of product codes whose component codes are majority-logic-decodable cyclic codes.
Methylsterol compositions of 19 vegetable oils (1973)

Abstract The unsaponifiables from 19 vegetable oils were divided into 4‐methylsterol fraction, triterpene alcohol fraction and two other fractions by thin layer chromatography. The 4‐methylsterol and triterpene alcohol fractions were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography, and identification of major components was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Gramisterol(24‐methylenelophenol), citrostadienol and obtusifoliol were present in all oils, and the presence of a 4‐methylsterol, presumably cycloeucalenol, was indicated in most of the oils. Cycloartenol and 24‐methylenecycloartanol were found as common triterpene alcohols in all oils, and the occurrence of cyclobranol(24‐methylcycloartenol), cycloartanol, and α‐ and β‐amyrins was demonstrated in most of the oils.
Low Temperature Heat Capacity and Entropy of Variscite, AlPO<sub>4</sub>-2H<sub>2</sub>O, 10° to 310° K. (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLow Temperature Heat Capacity and Entropy of Variscite, AlPO4-2H2O, 10° to 310° K.E. P. Egan Jr. and Z. T. WakefieldCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1966, 11, 4, 610–611Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je60031a051https://doi.org/10.1021/je60031a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of the plasma‐assisted patterning of the organic layers on the performance of organic light‐emitting diodes (2009)

Abstract In this paper, a plasma‐assisted patterning method for the organic layers of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and its effect on the OLED performances are reported. Oxygen plasma was used to etch the organic layers, using the top electrode consisting of lithium fluoride and aluminum as an etching mask. Although the current flow at low voltages increased for the etched OLEDs, there was no significant degradation of the OLED efficiency and lifetime in comparison with the conventional OLEDs. Therefore, this method can be used to reduce the ohmic voltage drop along the common top electrodes by connecting the top electrode with highly conductive bus lines after the common organic layers on the bus lines are etched by plasma. To further analyze the current increase at low voltages, the plasma patterning effect on the OLED performance was investigated by changing the device sizes, especially in one direction, and by changing the etching depth in the vertical direction of the device. It was found that the current flow increase at low voltages was not proportional to the device sizes, indicating that the current flow increase does not come from the leakage current along the etched sides. In the etching depth experiment, the current flow at low voltages did not increase when the etching process was stopped in the middle of the hole transport layer. This means that the current flow increase at low voltages is closely related to the modification of the hole injection layer, and thus, to the modification of the interface between the hole injection layer and the bottom electrode.
Hysteretic transfer characteristics of double-walled and single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (2007)

In both double-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (DWCNT-FETs) and single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (SWCNT-FETs), “clockwise” hysteretic transfer characteristics are observed. These characteristics can be attributed to mobile ions or charged clusters in surfactant layers around the tube channels. Compared with SWCNT-FETs, more significant surfactant influences on the transfer characteristics are observed in DWCNT-FETs due to superior surfactant adsorption properties of double-walled carbon nanotubes. Our findings suggest that not only water molecules but also the surfactants play critical roles in dominating the hystereses, especially when the carbon nanotubes are double walled.
Patterns for RANTES Secretion and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Expression Mediate Transepithelial T Cell Traffic Based on Analyses In Vitro and In Vivo (1998)

Immune cell migration into and through mucosal barrier sites in general and airway sites in particular is a critical feature of immune and inflammatory responses, but the determinants of transepithelial (unlike transendothelial) immune cell traffic are poorly defined. Accordingly, we used primary culture airway epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to develop a cell monolayer system that allows for apical-to-basal and basal-to-apical T cell transmigration that can be monitored with quantitative immunofluorescence flow cytometry. In this system, T cell adhesion and subsequent transmigration were blocked in both directions by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (induced by interferon gamma [IFN-gamma] treatment of epithelial cells). The total number of adherent plus transmigrated T cells was also similar in both directions, and this pattern fit with uniform presentation of ICAM-1 along the apical and basolateral cell surfaces. However, the relative number of transmigrated to adherent T cells (i.e., the efficiency of transmigration) was increased in the basal-to-apical relative to the apical-to-basal direction, so an additional mechanism was needed to mediate directional movement towards the apical surface. Screening for epithelial-derived beta-chemokines indicated that IFN-gamma treatment caused selective expression of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and the functional significance of this finding was demonstrated by inhibition of epithelial-T cell adhesion and transepithelial migration by anti-RANTES mAbs. In addition, we found that epithelial (but not endothelial) cells preferentially secreted RANTES through the apical cell surface thereby establishing a chemical gradient for chemotaxis across the epithelium to a site where they may be retained by high levels of RANTES and apical ICAM-1. These patterns for epithelial presentation of ICAM-1 and secretion of RANTES appear preserved in airway epithelial tissue studied either ex vivo with expression induced by IFN-gamma treatment or in vivo with endogenous expression induced by inflammatory disease (i.e., asthma). Taken together, the results define how the patterns for uniform presentation of ICAM-1 along the cell surface and specific apical sorting of RANTES may serve to mediate the level and directionality of T cell traffic through epithelium (distinct from endothelium) and provide a basis for how this process is precisely coordinated to route immune cells to the mucosal surface and maintain them there under normal and stimulated conditions.
Low-Flow Vascular Malformations: MR-guided Percutaneous Sclerotherapy in Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Therapy and Outcome (2004)

MR imaging allows safe guidance and monitoring of minimally invasive sclerotherapy and permits verification of therapeutic success postinterventionally and during follow-up examinations.
BLOCK MATRIX PRECONDITIONER METHOD FOR THE ELECTRIC FIELD INTEGRAL EQUATION (EFIE) FORMULATION BASED ON LOOP-STAR BASIS FUNCTIONS (2013)

In this paper, electromagnetic scattering problems are analyzed using an electric field integral equation (EFIE) formulation that is based on loop-star basis functions so as to avoid low-frequency instability problems. Moreover, to improve the convergence rate of iterative methods, a block matrix preconditioner (BMP) is applied to the EFIE formulation based on loop star-basis functions. Because the matrix system resulting from the conventional method of moments is a dense matrix, a sparse matrix version of each block matrix is constructed, followed by the inversion of the resultant block sparse matrix using incomplete factorization. Numerical results show that the proposed BMP is efficient in terms of computation time and memory usage.
Plant tubulin genes: Structure and differential expression during development (1987)

Abstract Microtubules are important components of the cytoskeleton of plant cells and play key roles in plant growth and morphogenesis. Recent molecular studies have begun to elucidate the structure and expression of plant genes coding for the major components of microtubules, α‐ and β‐tubulin. Tubulin amino acid sequences deduced from the DNA sequences of eight higher plant tubulin genes are 79–87% homologous with constitutively expressed mammalian tubulins. The genome of the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana contains four dispersed α‐tubulin sequences and at least seven β‐tubulin sequences, only two of which appear to be linked. Of the five A. thaliana genes whose expression has been analyzed, the transcripts of one α‐tubulin and one β‐tubulin gene are constitutively expressed in roots, leaves, and flowers. A second α‐tubulin gene is expressed predominately in flowers; the transcripts of the second and third β‐tubulin genes are found predominately in leaves or in roots, respectively.
A critical role for PPARα-mediated lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: Modulation by dietary fat content (2003)

To explore the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)-mediated derangements in myocardial metabolism in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, insulinopenic mice with PPARα deficiency (PPARα −/− ) or cardiac-restricted overexpression [myosin heavy chain (MHC)-PPAR] were characterized. Whereas PPARα −/− mice were protected from the development of diabetes-induced cardiac hypertrophy, the combination of diabetes and the MHC-PPAR genotype resulted in a more severe cardiomyopathic phenotype than either did alone. Cardiomyopathy in diabetic MHC-PPAR mice was accompanied by myocardial long-chain triglyceride accumulation. The cardiomyopathic phenotype was exacerbated in MHC-PPAR mice fed a diet enriched in triglyceride containing long-chain fatty acid, an effect that was reversed by discontinuing the high-fat diet and absent in mice given a medium-chain triglyceride-enriched diet. Reactive oxygen intermediates were identified as candidate mediators of cardiomyopathic effects in MHC-PPAR mice. These results link dysregulation of the PPARα gene regulatory pathway to cardiac dysfunction in the diabetic and provide a rationale for serum lipid-lowering strategies in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Survey of Haemorrhagic Erosive Gastritis (1968)

Fluorescent-antibody studies in 22 patients out of a total of 40 cases of acute erosive gastritis showed no antibodies to gastric parietal cells. Hence erosive gastritis seems unlikely to be an autoimmune phenomenon.In this series 57.5% of cases belonged to blood group A. This suggests that there is a correlation between the instability of the gastric mucosa and blood group A.The operative mortality in erosive gastritis is high. Operation should be delayed as long as possible in the hope that the bleeding will stop spontaneously. Erosive gastritis may be idiopathic or precipitated by drugs, particularly aspirin. The highest risk was found to occur in those cases where bleeding was drug-induced.
Composites with Gradient Properties From Solid Freeform Fabrication (1998)

TetraCast is a build style developed by Milwaukee School ofEngineering involving stereolithography patterns produced with an open cellular structure inside a surface shell. Composites are created using this pattern as a host fora filler material, generally epoxy matrices loaded with various fibers or microspheres. Regions within a singleobjectrrray be separated by thin barriers, allowing filling with different matrix materials.to create regiollsof differing.local properties. The internal structure can also be continually graded in thickness to prodUl::e composites with properties ranging from that ofthe fillermaterial to that ofthe TetraCast material (currently stereolithography epoxy or FDM ABS)
Heavy-Metal-Free Reduction Methodology for Large-Scale Synthesis Applicable to Heterocyclic and Arylhydrazines (2008)

A green chemistry methodology that uses a heavy-metal-free reduction in aqueous medium is described to produce 5-hydrazinoquinoline [1-(quinolin-5-yl)hydrazine] (6a) as the anhydrous dihydrochloride salt at large scale. The process is entirely aqueous and utilizes l-ascorbic acid to reduce the diazonium salt (2a) derived from 5-aminoquinoline [quinolin-5-amine] (1a).