gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE PREVENTION OF ENCEPHALITIS DUE TO THE VIRUSES OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS AND LOUPING‐ILL: EXPERIMENTS WITH TRYPAN RED, MEPACRINE, AND MANY OTHER SUBSTANCES (1952)

observed that intraperitoneally administered brilliant vital red and neutral red increased the resistance of mice and rabbits to various convulsant drugs (cocaine, strychnine, picrotoxin, etc.), but not to electrically- induced convulsions. Aird (1939) and Aird and Strait (1944) confirmed this and suggested that the effect was due to decreased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, since spectrophotometric determinations showed a reduction by 30-40 per cent in the amount of cocaine passing into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs and cats treated with brilliant vital red or trypan red. Aird and Strait found that the maximum effect with trypan red, a dye closely related to brilliant vital red, occurred after three or more daily doses. Hurst and Davies (1950) were able partly to confirm these observations. Wood and Rusoff (1945) studied the effect of similar pre-treatment on the inci- dence of encephalitis resulting from injection of " M M " virus into mice and cotton rats. In mice, one to three daily intraperitoneal doses of trypan red conferred increasing degrees of protection against small doses of virus administered by the same route on the 4th day. A degree of protection lasted for at least 29 days after the last injection of dye. The effect in cotton rats was less definite. Trypan red did not inactivate virus in vitro in 36 hours at 370 C. It.did not have an effect when given simultaneously with virus. Against " M M " virus injected intracerebrally preliminary treatment with trypan red wag without action, but with the Lansing virus thus introduced deaths were significantly reduced (P=0.03). Congo red and brilliant vital red were rather less effective; trypan blue, acid fuchsin, alizarin red, superchrome violet B, neutral red, and bismarck brown ineffective. Wood and Rusoff were cautious in interpreting these results in terms of altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
Identification and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yapsin 3, a new member of the yapsin family of aspartic proteases encoded by the YPS3 gene (1999)

A new aspartic protease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a high degree of similarity with yapsin 1 and yapsin 2 and a specificity for basic residue cleavage sites of prohormones, has been cloned. This enzyme was named yapsin 3. Expression of a C-terminally truncated non-membrane anchored yapsin 3 in yeast yielded a heterogeneous protein between 135-200 kDa which, upon treatment with endoglycosidase H, migrated as a 60 kDa form. Amino-acid analysis of the N-terminus of expressed yapsin 3 revealed two different N-terminal residues, serine-48 and phenylalanine-54, which followed a dibasic and a monobasic residue respectively. Cleavage of several prohormones by non-anchored yapsin 3 revealed a specificity distinct from that of yapsin 1.
Polybenzothiazoles. I. Synthesis and preliminary stability evaluation (1965)

Abstract Completely aromatic polybenzothiazoles possessing superior oxidative and thermal stability have been prepared from aromatic bis( o ‐mercaptoamines) and aromatic dicarboxylic acids and benzothiazole forming derivatives thereof. The condensations were performed in N , N ‐diethylaniline and polyphosphoric acid. The former solvent gave meltable, low molecular weight prepolymers which were advanced to high molecular weight polybenzothiazoles by heating in the solid state. The course of the reaction was follwed by removing samples periodically and determining the polymer melt temperature, inherent viscosity, specific extinction coefficient and observing changes in the infrared spectrum. In polyphosphoric acid, relatively high molecular weight polybenzothiazoles were obtained after a short reaction period. The polybenzothiazoles exhibited average TGA weight losses of 6% to 600°C. in static air. The maximum glass transition temperature obtained for poly‐2,2′‐( m ‐phenylene)‐6,6′‐bibenzothiazole was 910°C. Most of the polybenzothiazoles were soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and 0.3% solutions exhibited inherent viscosities as high as 1.51.
[The role of immunological mechanisms in the development of the late sequelae of nuclear disasters]. (1999)

Effects, both specific and non-specific, were analysed of ionizing radiation in a comparative evaluation of medical sequels of the Chernobyl disaster and of the Semipalatinsk Range nuclear test. A hypothesis is advanced assuming that development of all major bodily morbid conditions is directly related to the dysfunction of certain complex of organs, the thyroid gland in the first place, the thymus gland known to be a central organ of systemic immunogenesis. A breach in the thymus link triggers harmful cascade reactions of neuroimmunoendocrinological regulation, appeared to be responsible for the pathogenesis of practically all pathologies disclosed.
On the Foundation of the Popular Ratio Test for GNSS Ambiguity Resolution (2004)

Integer carrier phase ambiguity resolution is the key to fast and high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning and navigation. It is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of the double-differenced carrier phase data as integers. For the problem of estimating the ambiguities as integers a rigorous theory is available. The user can choose from a whole class of integer estimators, from which integer least-squares is known to perform best in the sense that no other integer estimator exists which will have a higher success rate. Next to the integer estimation step, also the integer validation plays a crucial role in the process of ambiguity resolution. Various validation procedures have been proposed in the literature. One of the earliest and most popular ways of validating the integer ambiguity solution is to make use of the so-called Ratio Test. In this contribution we will study the properties and underlying concept of the popular Ratio Test. This will be done in two parts. First we will criticize some of the properties and underlying principles which have been assigned in the literature to the Ratio Test. Despite this criticism however, we will show that the Ratio Test itself is still an important, albeit not optimal, candidate for validating the integer solution. That is, we will also show that the procedure underlying the Ratio Test can indeed be given a firm theoretical footing. This is made possible by the recently introduced theory of Integer Aperture Inference. The necessary ingredients of this theory will be briefly described. It will also be shown that one can do better than the Ratio Test. The optimal test will be given and the difference between the optimal test and the Ratio Test will be discussed and illustrated.
Defensins in Viral Infections (2009)

Defensins are antimicrobial peptides important to innate host defense. In addition to their direct antimicrobial effect, defensins modulate immune responses. Increasing evidence indicates that defensins exhibit complex functions by positively or negatively modulating infections of both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The effects of defensins on viral infections appear to be specific to the defensin, virus and target cell. Regulation of viral infection by defensins is achieved by multiple mechanisms. This review focuses on the interplay between defensins and viral infections, the mechanisms of action of defensins and the in vivo studies of the role of defensins in viral infections.
Real-time robustness evaluation of regression based myoelectric control against arm position change and donning/doffing (2017)

There are some practical factors, such as arm position change and donning/doffing, which prevent robust myoelectric control. The objective of this study is to precisely characterize the impacts of the two representative factors on myoelectric controllability in practical control situations, thereby providing useful references that can be potentially used to find better solutions for clinically reliable myoelectric control. To this end, a real-time target acquisition task was performed by fourteen subjects including one individual with congenital upper-limb deficiency, where the impacts of arm position change, donning/doffing and a combination of both factors on control performance was systematically evaluated. The changes in online performance were examined with seven different performance metrics to comprehensively evaluate various aspects of myoelectric controllability. As a result, arm position change significantly affects offline prediction accuracy, but not online control performance due to realtime feedback, thereby showing no significant correlation between offline and online performance. Donning/doffing was still problematic in online control conditions. It was further observed that no benefit was attained when using a control model trained with multiple position data in terms of arm position change, and the degree of electrode shift caused by donning/doffing was not severely associated with the degree of performance loss under practical conditions (around 1 cm electrode shift). Since this study is the first to concurrently investigate the impacts of arm position change and donning/doffing in practical myoelectric control situations, all findings of this study provide new insights into robust myoelectric control with respect to arm position change and donning/doffing.
Assessment of chemotherapy‐induced DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients using the alkaline comet assay (2001)

The alkaline comet assay was employed to assess the pre- and post-treatment levels of in vivo DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients. During the study all patients were given antineoplastic drugs, mainly as polychemotherapy. To quantify the DNA damage, two different comet parameters were evaluated: the tail length and the tail moment. Our results indicate marked interindividual variations between baseline DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes recorded among cancer patients prior to the chemotherapy. After intravenous administration of various antineoplastic drugs, a significantly increased level of DNA damage in all cancer patients compared to their pre-treatment values was recorded The highest level of DNA damage was seen following administration of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cisplatin (FAP protocol). The results indicate that administration of antineoplastic drugs in standard protocols is accompanied by significant DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes. In order to diminish the potential risks of developing second neoplasms, a continuous biomonitoring of cancer patients after the ending of chemotherapy becomes important. Despite their limitations, present results confirm the usefulness of the alkaline comet assay as a sensitive biomarker of exposure that enables rapid and simple detection of primary DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients. Together with standard cytogenetic endpoints, the comet assay provides a powerful technique for the routine detection of critical DNA lesions produced after administration of antineoplastic drugs in the clinical settings.
The First General Palladium Catalyst for the Suzuki−Miyaura and Carbonyl Enolate Coupling of Aryl Arenesulfonates (2003)

The first general method for the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura and carbonyl enolate coupling of unactivated aryl arenesulfonates was developed utilizing XPhos, 1, and Pd(OAc)2. This is of significant interest because aryl tosylates and aryl benzenesulfonates are more easily handled and considerably less expensive than aryl triflates. This catalyst system effects the coupling of a variety of aryl, heteroaryl, and extremely hindered arylboronic acids with different aryl tosylates, under mild conditions. The same catalyst was employed in the first carbonyl enolate coupling of aryl arensulfonates.
Induction, Morphogenesis, and Germination of the Chlamydospore of <i>Candida albicans</i> (1970)

Early log phase yeast cells of Candida albicans transformed into suspensor cells and chlamydospores when streaked on washed agar without added nutrients. The transformation was apparently a result of endogenous metabolism since starved yeast cells did not form chlamydospores. Addition of glucose (5 mg/ml) to washed agar completely suppressed chlamydospore formation. Size of inoculum and age of inoculum markedly affected chlamydospore yield. Electron microscopy of thin sections revealed the chlamydospore wall to be double layered, the outer thin layer being continuous with the wall of the suspensor cell. A technique was devised to study germination of chlamydospores. Chlamydospores germinated by budding, and the fluorescent antibody technique was used to study the budding process.
What the Back of the Object Looks Like: 3D Reconstruction from Line Drawings without Hidden Lines (2008)

The human vision system can interpret a single 2D line drawing as a 3D object without much difficulty even if the hidden lines of the object are invisible. Many reconstruction methods have been proposed to emulate this ability, but they cannot recover the complete object if the hidden lines of the object are not shown. This paper proposes a novel approach to reconstructing a complete 3D object, including the shape of the back of the object, from a line drawing without hidden lines. First, we develop theoretical constraints and an algorithm for the inference of the topology of the invisible edges and vertices of an object. Then we present a reconstruction method based on perceptual symmetry and planarity of the object. We show a number of examples to demonstrate the success of our approach.
A convenient synthesis of bifunctional chelating agents based on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and their coordination chemistry with yttrium(III) (1991)

The bifunctional chelating agents N,N,N',N'',N''-pentakis(carboxymethyl)-1- [(4-aminophenyl)methyl]-diethylenetriamine and N,N,N',N'',N''-pentakis(carboxymethyl)-1-[(4-aminophenyl)methyl]-4- methyldiethylenetriamine were prepared in six-step syntheses in overall yields of 38% and 31%, respectively. The use of bromoacetate esters in the synthesis allowed large-scale flash chromatographic purification of reaction products. The synthesis of N,N,N',N'',N''-pentakis(carboxymethyl)-1- [(4-aminophenyl)-methyl]-4-methyldiethylenetriamine resulted in a mixture of two diastereomers. Chelation of yttrium-(III) with these bifunctional chelating agents resulted in 1:1 chelates. In the case of N,N,N',N'',N''-pentakis(carboxymethyl)-1-[4- aminophenyl)methyl]diethylenetriamine, two diastereomers were observed upon chelation, as expected. In the case of N,N,N',N'',N''- pentakis(carboxymethyl)-1-[(4-aminophenyl)-methyl]-4- methyldiethylenetriamine, only three of the four anticipated diastereomers were observed.
Emerging roles of BMP9 and BMP10 in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (2015)

Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder. Three genes are causally related to HHT: the ENG gene encoding endoglin, a co-receptor of the TGFβ family (HHT1), the ACVRL1 gene encoding ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1), a type I receptor of the TGFβ family (HHT2), and the SMAD4 gene, encoding a transcription factor critical for this signaling pathway. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth factors of the TGFβ family. Among them, BMP9 and BMP10 have been shown to bind directly with high affinity to ALK1 and endoglin, and BMP9 mutations have recently been linked to a vascular anomaly syndrome that has phenotypic overlap with HHT. BMP9 and BMP10 are both circulating cytokines in blood, and the current working model is that BMP9 and BMP10 maintain a quiescent endothelial state that is dependent on the level of ALK1/endoglin activation in endothelial cells. In accordance with this model, to explain the etiology of HHT we hypothesize that a deficient BMP9/BMP10/ALK1/endoglin pathway may lead to re-activation of angiogenesis or a greater sensitivity to an angiogenic stimulus. Resulting endothelial hyperproliferation and hypermigration may lead to vasodilatation and generation of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). HHT would thus result from a defect in the angiogenic balance. This review will focus on the emerging role played by BMP9 and BMP10 in the development of this disease and the therapeutic approaches that this opens.
Structure Sensitivity Study of Waterborne Contaminant Hydrogenation Using Shape- and Size-Controlled Pd Nanoparticles (2013)

Catalytic reduction with Pd has emerged as a promising technology to remove a suite of contaminants from drinking water, such as oxyanions, disinfection byproducts, and halogenated pollutants, but low activity is a major challenge for application. To address this challenge, we synthesized a set of shape- and size-controlled Pd nanoparticles and evaluated the activity of three probe contaminants (i.e., nitrite, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and diatrizoate) as a function of facet type (e.g., (100), (110), (111)), ratios of low- to high-coordination sites, and ratios of surface sites to total Pd (i.e., dispersion). Reduction results for an initial contaminant concentration of 100 μM show that initial turnover frequency (TOF0) for nitrite increases 4.7-fold with increasing percent of (100) surface Pd sites (from 0% to 95.3%), whereas the TOF0 for NDMA and for diatrizoate increases 4.5- and 3.6-fold, respectively, with an increasing percent of terrace surface Pd sites (from 79.8% to 95.3%). Results for an initial nitrite concentration of 2 mM show that TOF0 is the same for all shape- and size-controlled Pd nanoparticles. Trends for TOF0 were supported by results showing that all catalysts but one were stable in shape and size up to 12 days; for the exception, iodide liberation in diatrizoate reduction appeared to be responsible for a shape change of 4 nm octahedral Pd nanoparticles. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations for the free energy change of hydrogen (H2), nitrite, and nitric oxide (NO) adsorption and a two-site model based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism suggest that competition of adsorbates for different Pd sites can explain the TOF0 results. Our study shows for the first time that catalytic reduction activity for waterborne contaminant removal varies with the Pd shape and size, and it suggests that Pd catalysts can be tailored for optimal performance to treat a variety of contaminants for drinking water. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Photonic Multiply-Accumulate Operations for Neural Networks (2019)

It has long been known that photonic communication can alleviate the data movement bottlenecks that plague conventional microelectronic processors. More recently, there has also been interest in its capabilities to implement low precision linear operations, such as matrix multiplications, fast and efficiently. We characterize the performance of photonic and electronic hardware underlying neural network models using multiply-accumulate operations. First, we investigate the limits of analog electronic crossbar arrays and on-chip photonic linear computing systems. Photonic processors are shown to have advantages in the limit of large processor sizes (>100 μm), large vector sizes (N > 500), and low noise precision (≤4 bits). We discuss several proposed tunable photonic MAC systems, and provide a concrete comparison between deep learning and photonic hardware using several empiricallyvalidated device and system models. We show significant potential improvements over digital electronics in energy (>10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), speed (>10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), and compute density (>10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ).
The effect of sample movement in fault detection using eddy currents (1959)

Eddy-current methods of non-destructive testing applied to travelling metal objects on production lines show two advantages over other techniques. These are the comparative ease with which an instrument can be coupled to test objects and the high speed of response, making possible the fast scanning rates required with fast manufacturing process.Experience in recent years has shown that relative motion between test object and measuring head gives results which differ from those of a static system, and may severely limit permissible scanning rates. The paper draws attention to dynamically-induced currents, as causing the speed effect experienced in eddy-current testing. The theoretical arguments advanced have been used to evolve three methods of overcoming the speed effect.
Characterization of the genus<i>Pseudozyma</i>by the formation of glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids (2006)

Pseudozyma antarctica is one of the best producers of the glycolipid biosurfactants known as mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), which show not only excellent surface-active properties but also versatile biochemical actions. In order to obtain a variety of producers, all the species of the genus were examined for their production of MELs from soybean oil. Pseudozyma fusiformata, P. parantarctica and P. tsukubaensis were newly identified to be MEL producers. Of the strains tested, P. parantarctica gave the best yield of MELs (30 g L(-1)). The obtained yield corresponded to those of P. antarctica, P. aphidis and P. rugulosa, which are known high-level MEL producers. Interestingly, P. parantarctica and P. fusiformata produced mainly 4-O-[(4',6'-di-O-acetyl-2',3'-di-O-alkanoyl)-beta-d-mannopyranosyl]-meso-erythritol (MEL-A), whereas P. tsukubaensis produced mainly 4-O-[(6'-mono-O-acetyl-2',3'-di-O-alkanoyl)-beta-d-mannopyranosyl]-meso-erythritol (MEL-B). Consequently, six of the nine species clearly produced MELs. Based on the MEL production pattern, the nine species seemed to fall into four groups: the first group produces large amounts of MELs; the second produces both MELs and other biosurfactants; the third mainly produces MEL-B; and the fourth is non-MEL-producing. Thus, MEL production may be an important taxonomic index for the Pseudozyma yeasts.
Accumulation of premutagenic DNA lesions in mice defective in removal of oxidative base damage (1999)

DNA damage generated by oxidant byproducts of cellular metabolism has been proposed as a key factor in cancer and aging. Oxygen free radicals cause predominantly base damage in DNA, and the most frequent mutagenic base lesion is 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). This altered base can pair with A as well as C residues, leading to a greatly increased frequency of spontaneous G.C-->T.A transversion mutations in repair-deficient bacterial and yeast cells. Eukaryotic cells use a specific DNA glycosylase, the product of the OGG1 gene, to excise 8-oxoG from DNA. To assess the role of the mammalian enzyme in repair of DNA damage and prevention of carcinogenesis, we have generated homozygous ogg1(-/-) null mice. These animals are viable but accumulate abnormal levels of 8-oxoG in their genomes. Despite this increase in potentially miscoding DNA lesions, OGG1-deficient mice exhibit only a moderately, but significantly, elevated spontaneous mutation rate in nonproliferative tissues, do not develop malignancies, and show no marked pathological changes. Extracts of ogg1 null mouse tissues cannot excise the damaged base, but there is significant slow removal in vivo from proliferating cells. These findings suggest that in the absence of the DNA glycosylase, and in apparent contrast to bacterial and yeast cells, an alternative repair pathway functions to minimize the effects of an increased load of 8-oxoG in the genome and maintain a low endogenous mutation frequency.