gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper Nanowires Synthesis and Self-Assembly for Interconnect Applications (2000)

One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterial self-assembly offers an excellent approach to the fabrication of highly complex nanodevices. Despite considerable effort and research, precisely controlling the orientation and positioning of nanowires (NWs) on a large-scale area and assembling into a functional device is still a state of the art problem. This thesis focuses on the dimensionally controlled copper nanowires (Cu NWs) synthesis, and magnetic field assisted self-assembly of cupronickel nanowires (Cu/Ni NWs) into interconnect structures on a carbon doped silicon dioxide (CDO) wafer. CDO is a low dielectric constant (k) material used for copper interconnects in multilayered complex integrated circuits (ICs). Here, a strong affinity of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) to thiol (-SH) functional groups were exploited to strongly adhere the nanowires (Cu/Ni NWs) onto the CDO substrate. Thiol (-SH) functionalization of the CDO surface was achieved via a series of reactions involving (1) esterification of the surface exposed ≡Si-OH functional group to its triflate (≡Si-O-Tf), (2) reduction of triflate to ≡Si-H using DIBAL-H, and (3) hydrosilylation of ≡Si-H using 2-propene thiol (≡Si-(CH2)3-SH) in a photochemical reaction. The thiol functionalization of CDO surface enhances the interaction of Cu/Ni NWs with strong chemical bonds. The same reaction scheme was also used in the functionalization of the hydrophilic (Si-OH) surface to the hydrophobic long alkyl chain derivatized (≡Si-CH2-(CH2)16-CH3) surface. This long alkyl chain modified surface acts as an excellent moisture resistant film, which helps to maintain the low-k value of CDO. The dimensionally controlled Cu NWs were synthesized by a wet chemical approach. Optimization of the reducing agent, hydrazine (N2H4), controlled the surface morphology of nanowires (NWs). Interestingly, the high concentration of reducing agent produced particle decorated and/or with a rough NW surface, and conversely decreasing its concentration resulted in a comparatively thin, particle-free and smooth surface. The reaction temperature affected the aspect ratio (Length/Diameter) of the NWs. As the reaction temperature increased from 60 to 90 °C, the aspect ratio decreased from 140 to 21. Controlling the orientation of Cu NWs in a magnetic field was accomplished by coating them with a thin layer (~20 nm) of ferromagnetic nickel (Ni). This Ni-coated NWs showed an excellent degree of alignment (half-width ≈10 degrees) in the direction of an applied magnetic field over a large surface area at field strength as low as 2500 Gauss. Also, the Ni coating helped in protecting the copper core from oxidation resulting in better electrical wire-to-wire contacts. A nanowire-based
Gas Physiology in Space Operations (1966)

In decompression sickness, the supersaturation factor is brought about by reduction in ambient pressure (PA), with a resultant decrease in the free hydrostatic pressure (H). The equilibrium defined by equation (3) would therefore be upset, resulting in diffusion of gas from the liquid to the vaporous cavity. The bubble radius will continue to increase. The simultaneous increase of tissue deformation pressure (D) would finally control the ultimate bubble size. In "loose" tissue, the volume-elastic properties would allow great bubble size with no pain. In "tight" tissue, maximum bubble size would be reached rather quickly and the internal bubble pressure . . .
Acousto-optic digital computer fundamentals (2003)

The author describes how programmable, arbitrary-bit-length, all-digital central processing unit (CPU) computations are now possible by using control logic to compute ALU (arithmetic and logic unit) primitives for emulating a general-purpose programmable computer. These primitives are then executed sequentially in order to calculate 32-b or larger primitives. The author initially discusses the theoretical background which addresses Shannon's expansion theorem (1938), Morozov's control operator method (1984), and DeMorgan's laws. These three schemes are then coupled and mapped onto current optical computer hardware technology using laser diode arrays, multichannel acoustooptic spatial light modulators, and avalanche photodiode arrays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular basis for catecholaminergic neuron diversity (2004)

Catecholaminergic neurons control diverse cognitive, motor, and endocrine functions and are associated with multiple psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. We present global gene-expression profiles that define the four major classes of dopaminergic (DA) and noradrenergic neurons in the brain. Hypothalamic DA neurons and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus display distinct group-specific signatures of transporters, channels, transcription, plasticity, axon-guidance, and survival factors. In contrast, the transcriptomes of midbrain DA neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are closely related with <1% of differentially expressed genes. Transcripts implicated in neural plasticity and survival are enriched in ventral tegmental area neurons, consistent with their role in schizophrenia and addiction and their decreased vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. The molecular profiles presented provide a basis for understanding the common and population-specific properties of catecholaminergic neurons and will facilitate the development of selective drugs.
Antibacterial activity of coumermycin alone and in combination with other antibiotics (1984)

Coumermycin has been shown to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains that are susceptible and those that are resistant to methicillin at concentrations less than or equal to 0.05 micrograms/ml. Listeria monocytogenes and Corynebacterium spp. resistant to cephalosporins were inhibited by less than or equal to 1.6 micrograms of coumermycin ml, and streptococcal species, with the exception of Streptococcus faecalis, were inhibited by 0.1 micrograms/ml. Cross-resistance with beta-lactams or aminoglycosides was not found. Coumermycin acted synergistically with ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enoxacin against S. aureus but did not show synergy when combined with nafcillin, vancomycin, or rifampin. Coumermycin did not inhibit members of the family Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Colour Perception on Facial Expression towards Emotion (2012)

This study is to investigate human perceptions on pairing of facial expressions of emotion with colours. A group of 27 subjects consisting mainly of younger and Malaysian had participated in this study. For each of the seven faces, which express the basic emotions neutral, happiness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear and sadness, a single colour is chosen from the eight basic colours for the “match” of best visual look to the face accordingly. The different emotions appear well characterized by a single colour. The approaches used in this experiment for analysis are psychology disciplines and colours engineering. These seven emotions are being matched by the subjects with their perceptions and feeling. Then, 12 male and 12 female data are randomly chosen from among the previous data to make a colour perception comparison between genders. The successes or failures in running of this test depend on the possibility of subjects to propose their every single colour for each expression. The result will translate into number and percentage as a guide for colours designers and psychology field.
Direct suppression of autoreactive lymphocytes in the central nervous system via the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor (2007)

The cannabinoid system is now recognized as a regulator of both the nervous and immune systems. Although marijuana has been used for centuries for the treatment of a variety of disorders, its therapeutic mechanisms are only now being understood. The best-studied plant cannabinoid, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), produced by Cannabis sativa and found in marijuana, has shown evidence of being immunosuppressive in both in vivo and in vitro. Since THC binds to at least two receptors that are differentially expressed by the immune and nervous systems, it has not been possible to clearly discriminate the biological effects it exerts in the two systems. In addition, endogenous cannabinoids have also been described that bind to both receptors and exert both neuronal and immune modulatory activity. The generation of mice deficient in specific cannabinoid receptors has facilitated studies to discriminate cannabinoid-specific functions. This review focuses on the function of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), primarily expressed in the immune system, in regulating T cell effector functions associated with autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS).
Thallium-201 scintigraphy in unstable angina pectoris. (1978)

Thallium-201 scintigraphy was performed during the pain free period in 98 patients with unstable angina. Scintiscans were positive in 39 patients, questionable in 27 patients and normal in 32 patients. Eighty-one patients responded favorably to treatment (group I). Seventeen patients had complicated courses (group II) and despite maximal treatment with propranolol either developed infarction (six patients) or continued to have angina necessitating coronary surgery (11 patients). In group I during the pain free period 26 of 81 patients had positive thallium-201 scans, whereas 20 patients had an abnormal ECG at that time; during angina 18 patients had transient ECG changes. In group II during the pain free period 13 of 17 patients had positive scans, whereas two patients had abnormal ECG at that time; during angina 12 patients showed transient ECG changes. The sensitivity to recognize group II was 76% for thallium-201 scintigraphy, 11% for ECG during the pain free period; 70% for ECG during angina; 94% for the combination of either positive scans or abnormal ECG. Thus, 1) positive thallium-201 scans occur in patients with unstable angina, 2) positive scans can be obtained during the pain free period, 3) thallium-201 scans are more frequently positive in patients with complicated course.
RECOVERY OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT IN HEMIPLEGIC PATIENTS (1990)

The severity of the disorder of voluntary movement in 89 chronic hemiparetic patients was correlated with the degenerative reduction of descending fibres evaluated by the magnitude of the shrinkage of the cerebral peduncles (CP) in computed tomographic (CT) images. The severity of hemiplegic posture and motor disturbance in the proximal and distal muscles was related to the total amount of residual descending fibres in the CP. In all patients whose CPs were less than 60% of the normal size, recovery from disturbance in reaching and grasping movements and impairment of relative independent finger movements was incomplete. Recovery of these movements occurred when more than 60% of the CP was spared and the degree of recovery from motor weakness was positively correlated with the quantity of intact fibres spared (residual CP ratio). The ability to perform fine and discrete movements with the fingers, known to be an essential function of the pyramidal system, was consistently impaired in patients with severe shrinkage involving the medial division of the CP. There was no particular correlation between the CP shrinkage and neurological signs such as spasticity, hyperreflexia, and pathological reflexes.
Effects of endothelin-1 on components of anterograde axonal transport in optic nerve. (2002)

Effects of intravitreous ET-1 are consistent with a receptor-mediated role for elevated ETs in pathologic misregulation(s) of anterograde axonal transport.
Migration and Tribal Identity among the Frafras of Ghana (1971)

Discussion focuses on the impact of increased labor migration away from the traditional homeland on 1 of Ghanas many tribes the Frafras followed by an analysis of the ways in which tribal identity has continued to have meaning for the members of the migrant community of Frafras in Accra. Currently in contrast with the prewar situation experience of urban conditions and migration are no longer synonymous for Frafras. The nature of their homeland has been transformed by the emergence of a booming entrepot and administrative center in Bolgatanga. It is no longer necessary to travel hundreds of miles to the nearest major town. Lorries and traders link Bolgatanga with all parts of the district -- educational social welfare and missionary services have spread to most corners. The overall rate of migration also has undergone radical changes. Overpopulation has long been a problem in North East Ghana one which has increasingly affected the Frafra district with the passage of time. Census figures present a clear picture of the increased rate of migration among Frafras in recent years. In 1948 less than 5% of the total Frafra tribe (8201 out of 175000) was recorded away from home but in Davisons survey of northbound travelers at Yeji in March 1954 Frafras far outnumbered any other group with 2501 or 34% of all those originating from the Northern Territories (Davison 1954). The population of the Frafra local council area in 1960 showed a change since 1948 of minus 8.2%; 42000 of 187000 Frafras were recorded as abroad. The age structure and sex ratios of the home area pointed out the disproportionate incidence of migration among Frafra males in the 20-45 age group. Until the period following independence in 1957 Accra was not a major source of employment but in the last decade the capital has become more and more the target for a horde of migrants seeking work. Frafras have recently settled in large numbers in Accra and the tribal community there is probably the biggest single aggregate of Frafras in the country outside their homeland. Frafras today do not become urbanized or westernized by the mere act of migrating to an urban setting. The institutional environment of the city differs from their homeland yet most migrants do not shake off the beliefs of their upbringing. This is a significant agent of continuity in alien surroundings. The sanctions operating on migrants to maintain close ties with their kin and with other Frafras in the migrant community can be grouped under 4 headings representing a combination of the reasons given by the migrants themselves and obervation: the system of marriage and bridewealth is a powerful institutional force binding migrants to home kin; most migrants stress the importance of being given the appropriate mortuary and funeral rites in order to attain full ancestor status in the afterlife; economic insecurity is a prominent feature of migrant life; and tribal associations make intratribal relations a form of social insurance.
Semi‐Empirical Calculation of Depletion Region Width in n+‐p Silicon Solar Cells (1975)

An extension of the width calculation for impurity distributions of complementary error function and the Gaussian function, in addition to the exponential function is used in combination with experimental width values deduced from capacitance measurements at zero bias to numerically determine the width occurring in both the n+ and p junctions. The total possible error o the semi-empirical calculation is less than plus or minus 3%. Results show considerable variation in the depletion widths occurring in the n+ and p regions for different impurity profiles.
Chylomicrons enhance endotoxin excretion in bile (1993)

Chylomicrons prevent endotoxin toxicity and increase endotoxin uptake by hepatocytes. As a consequence, less endotoxin is available to activate macrophages, thereby reducing tumor necrosis factor secretion. To determine whether the chylomicron-mediated increase in hepatocellular uptake of endotoxin results in increased endotoxin excretion into bile, we examined bile after endotoxin administration. A sublethal dose (7 micrograms/kg) of 125I-endotoxin was incubated with either rat mesenteric lymph containing nascent chylomicrons (500 mg of chylomicron triglyceride per kg of body weight) or an equal volume of normal saline (controls) for 3 h and then infused into male Sprague-Dawley rats. Bile samples were collected via a common bile duct catheter for 24 h. Infusion of endotoxin incubated with chylomicrons increased biliary excretion of endotoxin by 67% at 3 h (P < or = 0.006) and by 20% at 24 h (P < or = 0.01) compared with infusion of endotoxin incubated in saline. Endotoxin activity, as measured by the Limulus assay, was not detected in the bile of test animals. However, endotoxin activity was detected after hot phenol-water extraction of bile, demonstrating that endotoxin is inactive in the presence of bile but retains bioactivity after hepatic processing. Since the majority of an intravenous endotoxin load has been shown to be cleared by the liver, acceleration of hepatocyte clearance and biliary excretion of endotoxin may represent a component of the mechanism by which chylomicrons protect against endotoxin-induced lethality.
A computer aided method to detect bleeding, tumor, and disease regions in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (2016)

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a relatively new technology to record the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in vivo. A large amount of images (frames) are captured during the WCE examination. Reviewing this number of images by a gastroenterologist would be time consuming and prone to human error. Therefore, a diagnostic computer-aided technique is essential to detect and segment regions of abnormalities. In this study, a novel method based on textural features (such as Gabor filters, local binary pattern, and Haralick) in HSV color space, Fisher score test, and neural networks is presented to detect and differentiate regions such as bleeding, tumor, and other types of gastric diseases including Crohn's, Lymphangectasia, Stenosis, Lymphoid Hyperslasia and Xanathoma. The experimental results indicate that this method is able to classify a lesion from a normal region in every single frame and group them into normal and abnormal frames to be considered for surgery/treatment planning by an expert.
<title>Optical imaging of objects within highly scattering media using silicon-micromachined collimating arrays</title> (2002)

Optical imaging of objects within highly scattering media requires the detection of ballistic/quasiballistic photons through these media. Recent works have used Phase/Coherence Domain or Time Domain Tomography (femtosecond pulses) to detect the shortest path photons through scattering media. Our collimation detection uses Small Acceptance Angle Devices to extract photons emitted within a small source angle. This work employs a high aspect, micromachined collimating detector array fabricated by high-resolution silicon surface micromachining. Consider a linear collimating array of very high aspect ratio (200:1) containing 51x1000 micrometers etched channels with 102 micrometers spacing over a 10 mm silicon width. With precise array alignment to a laser source, unscattered light passes directly through the channels to the CCD detector and the channel walls absorb the scattered light at angles >0.29 degree(s) Objects within a scattering medium were scanned quickly with a computer-controlled Z-axis table. High-resolution images of 100 micrometers wide lines and spaces were detected at scattered-to-ballistic ratios of 500,000:1. At >5,000,000:1 ratios, a uniform background of scattered illumination degrades the image contrast unless recovered by background subtraction. Simulations suggest smaller channels and longer arrays could enhance detection by factors greater than 100. Detection using Silicon Micromachined Collimating Arrays are also nearly wavelength independent.
Neuropilin-2 acts as a modulator of Sema3A-dependent glioma cell migration (2009)

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a secreted guidance molecule initially described in the nervous system. This protein is able to control axon growth but also effects on endothelial cells migration. Here, we report that Sema3A acts as a chemorepellent factor for the rat C6 glioma cells and three different human glioma cell lines. Interestingly, Sema3A triggered a chemoattractive response in a fourth human glioma cell line. The nature of the receptor complex ensuring the appropriate signaling was dissected in C6 cells by using function blocking antibodies and gain- or loss-of function experiments using recombinant receptors. Our results demonstrate that neuropilin-1, neuropilin-2 and PlexinA1 are necessary to trigger cell repulsion. The selective blockade of neuropilin-1 or Plexin-A1 switched the chemorepulsive effect of Sema3A into a chemoattractive one. Strikingly, blocking Neuropilin-2 suppressed Sema3A-induced cell migration while overexpression of neuropilin-2 was able to convert the chemorepulsive effect of Sema3A into a chemoattractive one. Our results not only provide additional evidence for a biological function of Sema3A in glioma migration but also reveal part of the receptor complex involved. Hence, our study describes a receptor-based plasticity in cancer cells leading to opposite migration behavior in response to the same extracellular signal.
L-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase: epimerisation through carbon-carbon bond cleavage (2009)

L-Ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase, a bacterial enzyme which catalyses the final step in L-arabinose metabolism, interconverts L-ribulose-5-phosphate and D-xylulose-5-phosphate independently of NAD+. The labile stereocentre does not bear an acidic proton; therefore, a simple deprotonation-reprotonation mechanism cannot be followed. The epimerase was cloned from Escherichia coli into a highly efficient overexpression vector. The recombinant enzyme was found to contain a mixture of divalent zinc, manganese and copper ions. A preparation of a homogeneous sample of the Zn²+ form of the recombinant enzyme displayed kinetic constants similar to those of the naturally abundant epimerase from E. coli. Amino acid sequence similarity between the epimerase and the Class II L-fuculose-1- phosphate aldolase suggests that these two enzymes may be evolutionarily related and that the epimerisation, which is metal-dependent, may occur through carbon-carbon bond cleavage and reformation. Three conserved residues (H95, H97 and D76) which are thought to be the metal ion ligands in the epimerase have been independently altered by site directed mutagenesis to asparagine. The resulting mutant epimerases exhibit low kcat values. The H95N and H97N epimerases have a reduced affinity for Zn²+ and lose metal readily, while the D76N epimerase which has an affinity for Zn²+ comparable to that of the wild type epimerase loses metal upon extended dialysis. These observations serve to establish a structural link between the active sites of the epimerase and the aldolase. The H97N epimerase was found capable of catalysing the aldol addition between dihydroxyacetone and glycolaldehyde phosphate (the unbound forms of the proposed reaction intermediates) to form an equilibrium mixture of L-ribulose-5-phosphate and Dxylulose- 5-phosphate. In addition, the epimerase was able to release dihydroxyacetone from an equiHbrating pool of L-ribulose-5-phosphate and D-xylulose-5-phosphate. These observations of aldolase activity establish that the active site of the epimerase is capable of catalysing carbon-carbon bond cleavage, and support the notion that the epimerase and the aldolase are evolutionarily related. Glycolaldehyde phosphate was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of the H97N enzyme with a KI of 0.37 mM. The wild type enzyme was not significantly inhibited at 5 mM. The H97N mutation appears to have created a "leaky" epimerase which can bind to the normal reaction intermediates and generate them from the unbound aldol cleavage products. [Scientific formulae used in this abstract could not be reproduced.]