gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Agent-based copyright protection architecture for online electronic publishing</title> (1999)

Electronic publishing faces one major technical and economic challenge, i.e., how to prevent individuals from easily copying and illegally distributing electronic documents. Conventional cryptographic systems permit only valid key- holders access to encrypted data, but once such data is decrypted there is no way to track its reproduction or retransmission. Therefore, they provide little protection against data privacy, in which a publisher is confronted with unauthorized reproduction of information. In this paper, we explore the use of intelligent agent, digital watermark and cryptographic techniques to discourage the distribution of illegal electronic copies and propose an agent-based strategy to protect the copyright of on-line electronic publishing. In fact, it is impossible to develop an absolute secure copyright protection architecture for on-line electronic publishing which can prevent a malicious customer from spending a great deal of efforts on analyzing the software and finally obtaining the plaintext of the encrypted electronic document. Our work in this paper aims at making the value of analyzing agent and removing watermark to be much greater than that of the electronic document itself.
Expression of Complement Components Differs Between Kidney Allografts from Living and Deceased Donors (2009)

A disparity remains between graft survival of renal allografts from deceased donors and from living donors. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie this disparity may allow the development of targeted therapies to enhance graft survival. Here, we used microarrays to examine whole genome expression profiles using tissue from 53 human renal allograft protocol biopsies obtained both at implantation and after transplantation. The gene expression profiles of living-donor kidneys and pristine deceased-donor kidneys (normal histology, young age) were significantly different before reperfusion at implantation. Deceased-donor kidneys exhibited a significant increase in renal expression of complement genes; posttransplantation biopsies from well-functioning, nonrejecting kidneys, regardless of donor source, also demonstrated a significant increase in complement expression. Peritransplantation phenomena, such as donor death and possibly cold ischemia time, contributed to differences in complement pathway gene expression. In addition, complement gene expression at the time of implantation was associated with both early and late graft function. These data suggest that complement-modulating therapy may improve graft outcomes in renal transplantation.
Frequency response of interferometric fiber-optic coil hydrophones (1981)

The frequency response of interferometric optical fiber hydrophones is examined both theoretically and experimentally. Previous models have considered only either the static pressure or high-frequency (axially constrained) response. In the present study, the acoustic sensitivities of fiber coils (∠5 cm diam, 10–20 m total fiber length) are given for the range 100 Hz to 50 kHz. The observed dependence of the acoustic sensitivity on the sound frequency and coil orientation is explained in terms of an approximate theoretical model. According to this model, the acoustic driving force on the coil is the sum of two terms, a surface pressure and a pressure gradient term, of opposite sign. It is assumed that only the lowest-order radial mode of vibration leads to a net optical phase shift in the coil. The observed peaks in the acoustic sensitivity of the coils are found to be in the vicinity of the resonance frequency for the lowest-order radial mode of the coil.
Direct Observation by Tem on the Generation Process of Carbon Clusters at 800°C (1997)

Abstract In-situ observation of carbon cluster formation, an initial stage of the generation process for carbon nanotubes, and a coalescence of carbon clusters on the surface of graphite from hydrocarbons were performed by using a heating holder at 800°C with a weak electron beam irradiation in a TEM.
Hierarchies of antigen‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell responses (1998)

Studies carried out using either mice or humans have shown that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to many different pathogenic organisms often comprise CTL specific for multiple class I-restricted peptide epitopes. Differences in the magnitude of epitope-specific CTL responses appear to arise mainly from differences in the expression level of the corresponding class I/peptide complex on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell. The size of the CTL response may be limited by the frequency and possibly by the affinity of specific CTL precursors in the naive T-cell pool. Thus, both the efficiency of antigen processing and the composition of the peripheral T-cell pool impose direct limitations on the extent of a T-cell response to a given peptide epitope. Studies of CTL hierarchies have resulted in the identification of immunodominant epitopes i.e. peptide epitopes which stimulate the largest number of specific CTL and which are therefore generally believed to offer the best level of protection against the pathogen from which they were derived. It is also thought that CTL responses to non-dominant epitopes mediate protection against pathogenic challenge. These ideas are considered here with respect to experimental data collected following infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
Linear transmitter design for MSAT terminals (1990)

One of the factors that will undoubtedly influence the choice of modulation format for mobile satellites, is the availability of cheap, power-efficient, linear amplifiers for mobile terminal equipment operating in the 1.5-1.7 GHz band. Transmitter linearity is not easily achieved at these frequencies, although high power (20W) class A/AB devices are becoming available. However, these components are expensive and require careful design to achieve a modest degree of linearity. In this paper an alternative approach to radio frequency (RF) power amplifier design for mobile satellite (MSAT) terminals using readily-available, power-efficient, and cheap class C devices in a feedback amplifier architecture is presented.
Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A effects in the rat ileum (1996)

Saccharomyces boulardii, a nonpathogenic yeast, is effective in treating some patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. We have previously reported that S. boulardii inhibits rat ileal secretion in response to C. difficile toxin A possibly by releasing a protease that digests the intestinal receptor for this toxin (C. Pothoulakis, C. P. Kelly, M. A. Joshi, N. Gao, C. J. O'Keane, I. Castagliuolo, and J. T. LaMont, Gastroenterology 104: 1108-1115, 1993). The aim of this study was to purify and characterize this protease. S. boulardii protease was partially purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and octyl-Sepharose. The effect of S. boulardii protease on rat ileal secretion, epithelial permeability, and morphology in response to toxin A was examined in rat ileal loops in vivo. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified S. boulardii protease revealed a major band at 54 kDa. Pretreatment of rat ileal brush border (BB) membranes with partially purified protease reduced specific toxin A receptor binding (by 26%). Partially purified protease digested the toxin A molecule and significantly reduced its binding to BB membranes in vitro (by 42%). Preincubation of toxin A with S. boulardii protease inhibited ileal secretion (46% inhibition, P < 0.01), mannitol permeability (74% inhibition, P < 0.01), and histologic damage caused by toxin A. Thus, S. boulardii protease inhibits the intestinal effects of C. difficile toxin A by proteolysis of the toxin and inhibition of toxin A binding to its BB receptor. Our results may be relevant to the mechanism by which S. boulardii exerts its protective effects in C. difficile infection in humans.
Development of novel thermochromic plastic films for optical temperature sensing (1999)

The preparation of plastic film optical ‘CO2-based’ temperature-sensing films that utilise the temperature-dependent acid–base equilibria of indicator dyes is described. In film formulations a suitable dye, such as phenolphthalein, in a hydrophobic base, tetraoctylammonium hydroxide, solubilised within a plasticised, hydrophobic polymer matrix, creates a system which is sensitive to ambient CO2 levels. The resultant solution, when cast on to glass supports, yields ‘CO2-based’ temperature-sensitive films which change colour in response to a highly temperature-dependent reaction between the deprotonated form of the dye and CO2 dissolved in the film. The absorbance characteristics of these films display a fully reversible response to temperature over a temperature range which is largely determined by the pKa of the dye and the ambient CO2 concentration. The magnitude of the response is dependent on the dye concentration. The response time towards changes in temperature is typically ⩽2.2 min and the films show good stability under operational conditions. A simple mechanism of the reaction is suggested and an associated working equation has been derived and fitted to data obtained for a typical sensor functioning over the range 278–333 K. A ‘CO2-based’ temperature-sensing film is used successfully alongside a standard CO2 sensing film. This combination not only provides temperature information but also ensures that the response of the CO2 sensor is corrected for any changes in temperature. In addition, both sensors use the same interrogating light and light intensity monitoring system because they contain the same phenolphthalein dye. The latter two features represent an improvement on the existing optical systems used to measure CO2 and temperature.
Assignment of Rfp-Y to the chicken major histocompatibility complex/NOR microchromosome and evidence for high-frequency recombination associated with the nucleolar organizer region. (1996)

Rfp-Y is a second region in the genome of the chicken containing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes. Haplotypes of Rfp-Y assort independently from haplotypes of the B system, a region known to function as a MHC and to be located on chromosome 16 (a microchromosome) with the single nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in the chicken genome. Linkage mapping with reference populations failed to reveal the location of Rfp-Y, leaving Rfp-Y unlinked in a map containing >400 markers. A possible location of Rfp-Y became apparent in studies of chickens trisomic for chromosome 16 when it was noted that the intensity of restriction fragments associated with Rfp-Y increased with increasing copy number of chromosome 16. Further evidence that Rfp-Y might be located on chromosome 16 was obtained when individuals trisomic for chromosome 16 were found to transmit three Rfp-Y haplotypes. Finally, mapping of cosmid cluster III of the molecular map of chicken MHC genes (containing a MHC class II gene and two rRNA genes) to Rfp-Y validated the assignment of Rfp-Y to the MHC/NOR microchromosome. A genetic map can now be drawn for a portion of chicken chromosome 16 with Rfp-Y, encompassing two MHC class I and three MHC class II genes, separated from the B system by a region containing the NOR and exhibiting highly frequent recombination.
Antibodies Generated in Cats by a Lipopeptide Reproducing the Membrane-Proximal External Region of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Transmembrane Enhance Virus Infectivity (2007)

The immunogenicity of a lipoylated peptide (lipo-P59) reproducing the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the transmembrane glycoprotein of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was investigated with cats. In the attempt to mimic the context in which MPER is located within intact virions, lipo-P59 was administered in association with membrane-like micelles. Analyses showed that in this milieu, lipo-P59 had a remarkable propensity to be positioned at the membrane interface, displayed a large number of ordered structures folded in turn helices, and was as active as lipo-P59 alone at inhibiting FIV infectivity in vitro. The antibodies developed differed from the ones previously obtained by immunizing cats with the nonlipoylated version of the peptide (G. Freer, S. Giannecchini, A. Tissot, M. F. Bachmann, P. Rovero, P. F. Serres, and M. Bendinelli, Virology 322:360-369, 2004) in epitope specificity and in the fact that they bound FIV virions. However, they too lacked virus-neutralizing activity and actually enhanced FIV infectivity for lymphoid cell cultures. It is concluded that the use of MPER-reproducing oligopeptides is not a viable approach for vaccinating against FIV.
A five‐gene signature as a potential predictor of metastasis and survival in colorectal cancer (2009)

To understand the molecular mechanisms of metastasis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), we isolated single cell-derived progenies (SCPs) from SW480 cells in vitro and compared their metastatic potential in an orthotopic CRC tumour model in vivo. Two groups of SCPs with the capability of high and low metastasis, respectively, were obtained. By analysing the gene expression profiles of high (SCP51), low (SCP58) metastatic SCPs, and their parental cell line (SW480/EGFP), we demonstrated that 143 genes were differentially expressed either between SCP51 and SCP58 or between SCP58 and SW480/EGFP. Gene-annotation enrichment analysis of DAVID revealed 80 genes in the top ten clusters of the analysis (gene enrichment score > 1). Of the 80-gene set, 32 genes are potentially involved in metastasis, as revealed by Geneclip. Five putative metastatic genes (LYN, SDCBP, MAP4K4, DKK1, and MID1) were selected for further validations. Immunohistochemical analysis in a cohort of 181 CRC clinical samples showed that the individual expression of LYN, MAP4K4, and MID1, as well as the five-gene signature, was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis in CRC patients. More importantly, the individual expression of LYN, MAP4K4, SDCBP, and MID1, as well as the five-gene signature, was significantly correlated with overall survival in CRC patients. Thus, our five-gene signature may be able to predict metastasis and survival of CRC in the clinic, and opens new perspectives on the biology of CRC.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an Emerging Global Opportunistic Pathogen (2012)

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. S. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. Infections of S. maltophilia can occur in a range of organs and tissues; the organism is commonly found in respiratory tract infections. This review summarizes the current literature and presents S. maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection. S. maltophilia can be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients, as a cocolonizer with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent evidence of cell-cell communication between these pathogens has implications for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Animal models of S. maltophilia infection have provided useful information about the type of host immune response induced by this opportunistic pathogen. Current and emerging treatments for patients infected with S. maltophilia are discussed.
Genetic inhibition of discoidin domain receptor 1 protects mice against crescentic glomerulonephritis (2012)

This study investigated the role of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen receptor that displays tyrosine-kinase activity, in the development of glomerulonephritis. Crescentic glomerulonephritis was induced in DDR1-deficient mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates as controls, by injection of alloimmune sheep nephrotoxic serum (NTS). Histological, functional and transcriptomic studies were performed. Glomerulonephritis produced a 17-fold increase of DDR1 expression, predominantly in glomeruli. DDR1 deletion protected NTS-treated mice against glomerular disease (proteinuria/creatininuria 5.5±1.1 vs. 13.2±0.8 g/mmol in WT, crescents 12±2 vs. 24±2% of glomeruli, urea 16±2 vs. 28±5 mM), hypertension (123±11 vs. 157±8 mmHg), and premature death (70 vs. 10% survival) (all P<0.05). Reciprocal stimulation between DDR1 and interleukin-1b expression in vivo and in cultured podocytes suggested a positive feed-back loop between DDR1 and inflammation. In NTS-treated WT mice, administration of DDR1-specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides decreased DDR1 expression (-56%) and protected renal function and structure, including nephrin expression (4.2±1.4 vs. 0.9±0.4 arbitrary units, P<0.05), compared to control mice receiving scrambled oligodeoxynucleotides. The therapeutic potential of this approach was reinforced by the observation of increased DDR1 expression in glomeruli of patients with lupus nephritis and Goodpasture's syndrome. These results prompt further interest in DDR1 blockade strategies, especially in the treatment of glomerulonephritis.
Affective Social Competence in Adolescence: Current Findings and Future Directions (2016)

Abstract Affective Social Competence (ASC) is a conceptual framework describing complementary processes of sending, receiving, and experiencing emotions in dynamic interactions. This framework may be applied across the lifespan. To date, however, empirical studies addressing ASC have focused predominantly on childhood samples. In this review, we examine empirical evidence relevant to ASC in adolescence in comparison with childhood. We then discuss future directions that may promote understanding of Affective Social Competence among adolescent samples: the use of person‐oriented analyses to integrate all three components of ASC; consideration of understudied social contexts that may influence and be influenced by ASC; and use of microgenetic designs to examine growth across transitions during early, middle, and late adolescence.
Correlations between strength and functional tests at baseline for the dominant (D) and the non-dominant (ND) sides. (2015)

<p>*p-value<0.05, **p-value<0.01.</p><p>Correlations between strength and functional tests at baseline for the dominant (D) and the non-dominant (ND) sides.</p>
A new Local-Main-Gradient-Orientation HOG and contour differences based algorithm for object classification (2013)

This paper presents a new algorithm to better classify objects in videos. In our case, the objects are cars, vans, and people on the roads. First, in order to extract the moving objects more precisely, we have proposed a method for foreground extraction based on the contour differences between the video frame and the background image. Second, after we got the integrated moving object, we have proposed a new algorithm to extract better features from the object. The new algorithm is based on two extended Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) descriptor. We have improved HOG in two aspects: (a) selecting the gradient information from the moving objects and discarding the background gradient; (b) weighting every bin of gradient orientation histogram according to their significance within predefined area, in order to emphasize the important gradient information. We obtained Contour-Difference HOG (CD-HOG) from the first extension and Local-Main-Gradient-Orientation HOG (LMGO-HOG) from the second extended HOG. These extensions can cope with the cluttered background and make the features more distinguishable. Each of the extended HOG descriptors can produce a satisfying performance separately and an even better one if they are applied in cascade. From extensive evaluations, we showed the wonderful performance of our algorithm, and the accuracy rate of 94.04% can be achieved in some cases.
Dynamic high resolution imaging of rats: design considerations (1991)

Researchers at the University of Washington were surveyed to determine the biological criteria for dynamic positron emission imaging of rats. To be useful, 3-mm isotropic resolution and 2-3-s time binning were desirable characteristics for such a dedicated tomograph. A single plane in which two objects of interest could be imaged simultaneously was considered acceptable. Multilayered detector designs were evaluated as a possible solution to the dynamic acquisition and high-resolution imaging requirements. The University of Washington photon history generator was used to generate data to investigate a tomograph's sensitivity to true, scattered, and random coincidences for varying detector ring diameters. Intrinsic spatial uniformity advantages of multilayered detector designs over conventional detector designs were investigated using a Monte Carlo program. As a result, a modular two-layered detector prototype is being developed. A module will consist of a layer of five 3.5-mm-wide crystals and a layer of six 3.5-mm-wide crystals. It is believed that adequate sampling can be achieved with a stationary detector system using these modules. Economical crystal decoding strategies have been investigated, and simulations have been run to investigate optimum light channeling methods for block decoding strategies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multisensor image fusion using influence factor modification and the ANOVA methods (2000)

A new scheme is proposed for fusing multisensor images in which one image is regarded as the main image and the other the complementary; based on the evaluation of certain characteristics in the images. In effect, the scheme is used to fuse an image pair in which one image is superior to the other for interpretation in terms of higher resolution, better image quality, or having more recognizable features. Feature information is based on local statistical characteristics, which are extracted using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method, in the framework of experimental designs. In effect, feature information from one image is used to influence the corresponding pixel values of the other image. The fused image leads to a better human and/or machine interpretation of the area of interest in the images.
Enzymic determination of ethanol in beer. (1990)

V ÄlĂĄnku je porovnĂĄvĂĄno enzymovĂŠ stanovenĂ­ ethanolu pomocĂ­ komerÄnĂ­ch souprav firmy Boehringer s bÄĹžnÄ pouĹžĂ­vanĂ˝m stanovenĂ­m ethanolu destilaÄnĂ­ metodou podle ÄSN 56 0186. AnalyzovĂĄny byly vzorky 8, 10, 12 % piva a Pita. Bylo statisticky prokĂĄzĂĄno, Ĺže obÄ metody spolu korelujĂ­, na hladinÄ vĂ˝znamnosti 99 % s korelaÄnĂ­m koeficientem 0,997, pĹiÄemĹž enzymovĂŠ stanovenĂ­ je rychlejĹĄĂ­ a jednoduĹĄĹĄĂ­.