gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brain Miffed by Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (2012)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine which also exhibits enzymatic properties like oxidoreductase and tautomerase. MIF plays a pivotal role in innate and acquired immunity as well as in the neuroendocrine axis. Since it is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation, neoangiogenesis, and cancer, MIF and its signaling components are considered suitable targets for therapeutic intervention in several fields of medicine. In neurodegenerative and neurooncological diseases, MIF is a highly relevant, but still a hardly investigated mediator. MIF operates via intracellular protein-protein interaction as well as in CD74/CXCR2/CXCR4 receptor-mediated pathways to regulate essential cellular systems such as redox balance, HIF-1, and p53-mediated senescence and apoptosis as well as multiple signaling pathways. Acting as an endogenous glucocorticoid antagonist, MIF thus represents a relevant resistance gene in brain tumor therapies. Alongside this dual action, a functional homolog-annotated D-dopachrome tautomerase/MIF-2 has been uncovered utilizing the same cell surface receptor signaling cascade as MIF. Here we review MIF actions with respect to redox regulation in apoptosis and in tumor growth as well as its extracellular function with a focus on its potential role in brain diseases. We consider the possibility of MIF targeting in neurodegenerative processes and brain tumors by novel MIF-neutralizing approaches.
Effect of atrial fibrillation on the dynamics of mitral annular area. (2003)

It is concluded that AF blunts or eliminates the phasic changes in mitral annular size during the cardiac cycle with loss of its presystolic sphincteric action; this may have implications in the genesis and surgical correction of mitral regurgitation.
Study of 3D Virtual Reality Picture Quality (2019)

Virtual Reality (VR) and its applications have attracted significant and increasing attention. However, the requirements of much larger file sizes, different storage formats, and immersive viewing conditions pose significant challenges to the goals of acquiring, transmitting, compressing and displaying high quality VR content. Towards meeting these challenges, it is important to be able to understand the distortions that arise and that can affect the perceived quality of displayed VR content. It is also important to develop ways to automatically predict VR picture quality. Meeting these challenges requires basic tools in the form of large, representative subjective VR quality databases on which VR quality models can be developed and which can be used to benchmark VR quality prediction algorithms. Towards making progress in this direction, here we present the results of an immersive 3D subjective image quality assessment study. In the study, 450 distorted images obtained from 15 pristine 3D VR images modified by 6 types of distortion of varying severities were evaluated by 42 subjects in a controlled VR setting. Both the subject ratings as well as eye tracking data were recorded and made available as part of the new database, in hopes that the relationships between gaze direction and perceived quality might be better understood. We also evaluated several publicly available IQA models on the new database, and also report a statistical evaluation of the performances of the compared IQA models.
Requirements for Interactive Query with Dynamic Network Probes (2017)

This document discusses the motivation and requirements for supporting
interactive network queries and data collection through a mechanism
called Dynamic Network Probes (DNP). Network applications and OAM have
various data requirements from the data plane. The unpredictable and
interactive nature of the query for network data analytics asks for
dynamic and on-demand data collection capabilities. As user
programmable data plane is becoming a reality, it can be enhanced to
support interactive query through DNPs. DNP supports node, path, and
flow-based data preprocessing and collection. For example, in-situ OAM
(iOAM) with user-defined flow- based data collection can be programmed
and configured through DNP. DNPs serve as a building block of an
integrated network data telemetry and analytics platform which
involves the network data plane as an active component for user-
defined data collection and preparation.
Closing the Loop in Deep Brain Stimulation: A Responsive Treatment for Essential Tremor (S27.005) (2016)

Objective: to deliver a responsive therapeutic stimulation to patients with Essential Tremor (ET) Background: Essential Tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders defined as a rhythmical, involuntary oscillatory movement of the limbs. Intention tremor occurs in the hands and arms, typically with a slow oscillation (~5-10 Hz). It is experienced during the initiation and execution of goal-directed reaching motions, while it is absent at rest. Although the pathophysiological basis of ET remains unknown, a pathological synchronous oscillation in a neuronal network involving the thalamus, especially the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim), the premotor (PM) and primary motor (M1) cortices, and the cerebellum has been suggested. Methods: It is assumed that deep brain stimulation (DBS) suppresses tremor by masking the “tremor cells” in the Vim. Stimulation would be delivered on demand based on the presence of specific biomarkers such as movement intention (mu rhythm on motor and premotor cortices), presence of tremor (accelerometer), coherence between electrocorticography (ECoG) and accelerometer. Results: It was possible to detect movement intention within a single trial consistently in the PM and the VIM, showing decrease in low frequency beta oscillations (high beta 18-30 Hz for PM, narrow band high beta 24-27 Hz for VIM) before movement (even in the presence of 105 Hz DBS delivered in the Vim). Conclusions: Using the biomarkers found, it will be theoretically possible to create a closed loop system for ET. This approach would allow theoretically to deliver an equally effective treatment while avoiding most of the stimulation side effects such as balance and speech impairment, and slowing the battery depletion of the implant.
Phonon heat conduction in a semiconductor nanowire (2001)

A model for phonon heat conduction in a semiconductor nanowire with dimensions comparable to the phonon mean free path is developed. It is based on the solution of Boltzmann’s equation, which takes into account (i) modification of the acoustic phonon dispersion due to spatial confinement, and (ii) change in the nonequilibrium phonon distribution due to partially diffuse boundary scattering. Numerical simulation is performed for a silicon nanowire with boundaries characterized by different interface roughness. Phonon confinement and boundary scattering lead to a significant decrease of the lattice thermal conductivity. The value of this decrease and its interface roughness and temperature dependence are different from the predictions of the early models. The observed change in thermal resistance has to be taken into account in simulation of deep-submicron and nanometer-scale devices.
NEURAL NETWORKS FOR FACE RECOGNITION USING SOM (2010)

In today&apos;s networked world, the need to maintain the security of information or physical property is becoming both increasingly important and increasingly difficult. Face recognition is one of the few biometric methods, which is very complicated system since the human faces change depending on their age, expressions etc. A human being has lots of expressions. So it is not possible to learn all types of expressions into the network. As a result, there is a solution for the unrecognized. Moreover due to the performance variations of the input device, face cannot be detected correctly and pattern may change extremely. In this paper we have developed and illustrated a recognition system for human faces using Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM). The main objective of our face recognition system was to obtain a model that is easy to learn i.e. minimization of learning time, react well with different facial expressions with noisy input and optimize the recognition as possible. Among the architectures and algorithms suggested for artificial neural network, the SOM has special property of effectively creating spatially organized “internal representation ’ of various features of input signals and their abstractions. After supervised fine tuning of its weight vectors, the SOM has been particularly successful in various pattern recognition tasks involving very noisy signal. SOM are topologically ordered, which leads to good extracting feature ability. One develops realistic cortical structures when given approximations of visual environment as input, and is effective way to model the development of face recognition capability. The experimental result shows face recognition rate using SOM is 96.2 % for 40 persons ’ 400 images of AT&amp;T database. IJCST Vo l. 1, Is s u e 2, De ce m b e r 2010
Acyl-CoA Synthetase VL3 Knockdown Inhibits Human Glioma Cell Proliferation and Tumorigenicity (2009)

The contribution of lipid metabolic pathways to malignancy is poorly understood. Expression of the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase ACSVL3 was found to be markedly elevated in clinical malignant glioma specimens but nearly undetectable in normal glia. ACSVL3 levels correlated with the malignant behavior of human glioma cell lines and glioma cells propagated as xenografts. ACSVL3 expression was induced by the activation of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) c-Met and epidermal growth factor receptor. Inhibiting c-Met activation with neutralizing anti-hepatocyte growth factor monoclonal antibodies reduced ACSVL3 expression concurrent with tumor growth inhibition in vivo. ACSVL3 expression knockdown using RNA interference, which decreased long-chain fatty acid activation, inhibited anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent glioma cell growth by approximately 70% and approximately 90%, respectively. ACSVL3-depleted cells were less tumorigenic than control cells, and subcutaneous xenografts grew approximately 60% slower than control tumors. Orthotopic xenografts produced by ACSVL3-depleted cells were 82% to 86% smaller than control xenografts. ACSVL3 knockdown disrupted Akt function as evidenced by RTK-induced transient decreases in total and phosphorylated Akt, as well as glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, via a caspase-dependent mechanism. Expressing constitutively active myr-Akt rescued cells from the anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth inhibitory effects of ACSVL3 depletion. These studies show that ACSVL3 maintains oncogenic properties of malignant glioma cells via a mechanism that involves, in part, the regulation of Akt function.
Dose-response study with N-nitrosomorpholine in drinking water of F-344 rats. (1988)

A dose-response study in carcinogenesis was carried out with N-nitrosomorpholine in female F344 rats. The compound was administered in drinking water, which was supplied in controlled amounts of 20 ml per day per rat, 5 days a wk. At the two highest dose rates, 100 mg/liter and 40 mg/liter, treatment lasted 25 and 40 wk, respectively. At the other dose rates, which differed by a factor of 2.5, treatment lasted 50 or 100 wk. The average total dose received by each rat ranged from 250 mg to 0.7 mg. There were 100 animals per group at the lowest dose rates and 24 animals per group at the highest dose rates. Total doses of nitrosomorpholine above approximately 30 mg per rat caused a statistically significant decrease in survival, but at lower doses survival was similar to that of untreated controls. In nearly all of the treated groups there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of benign or malignant hepatocellular neoplasms, with a highly significant dose-related trend. At the higher doses there was a significant incidence of hemangiosarcomas of the liver. Both hepatocellular carcinomas and hemangiosarcomas metastasized to the lungs and other organs. At the highest doses there was a significant incidence of neoplasms of the tongue and esophagus, which were rarely seen at the lower doses. The results suggest that even the lowest dose of nitrosomorpholine received by the rats, 0.7 mg or approximately 3 mg/kg body weight, was not a no-effect dose during the 2-yr lifetime of a rat. Probit analysis of the results indicate a dose estimated to cause tumors in 50% of the population of 25 mg nitrosomorpholine for liver neoplasms.
Sequential Monte Carlo tracking of body parameters in a sub-space (2004)

In recent years sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods have been applied to handle some of the problems inherent to model-based tracking. Two issues regarding SMC are investigated in the context of estimating the 3D pose of the human arm. Firstly, we investigate how to apply a subspace to representing the pose of a human arm more efficiently, i.e., reducing the dimensionality. Secondly, we investigate how to apply a local method to estimated the maximum a posteriori (MAP). The former issue is based on combining a screw axis representation with the position of the hand in the image. The latter issue is handled by applying a method based on maximising a proximity function, to estimate the MAP. We find that both the subspace and the proximity function are sound strategies and that they are an improvement over the current SMC-methods.
Injectable Tissue-Engineered Cartilage with Different Chondrocyte Sources (2004)

Injectable engineered cartilage that maintains a predictable shape and volume would allow recontouring of craniomaxillofacial irregularities with minimally invasive techniques. This study investigated how chondrocytes from different cartilage sources, encapsulated in fibrin polymer, affected construct mass and volume with time. Swine auricular, costal, and articular chondrocytes were isolated and mixed with fibrin polymer (cell concentration of 40 x 10 cells/ml for all groups). Eight samples (1 cm x 1 cm x 0.3 cm) per group were implanted into nude mice for each time period (4, 8, and 12 weeks). The dimensions and mass of each specimen were recorded before implantation and after explantation. Ratios comparing final measurements and original measurements were calculated. Histological, biochemical, and biomechanical analyses were performed. Histological evaluations (n = 3) indicated that new cartilaginous matrix was synthesized by the transplanted chondrocytes in all experimental groups. At 12 weeks, the ratios of dimension and mass (n = 8) for auricular chondrocyte constructs increased by 20 to 30 percent, the ratios for costal chondrocyte constructs were equal to the initial values, and the ratios for articular chondrocyte constructs decreased by 40 to 50 percent. Constructs made with auricular chondrocytes had the highest modulus (n = 3 to 5) and glycosaminoglycan content (n = 4 or 5) and the lowest permeability value (n = 3 to 5) and water content (n = 4 or 5). Constructs made with articular chondrocytes had the lowest modulus and glycosaminoglycan content and the highest permeability value and water content (p < 0.05). The amounts of hydroxyproline (n = 5) and DNA (n = 5) were not significantly different among the experimental groups (p > 0.05). It was possible to engineer injectable cartilage with chondrocytes from different sources, resulting in neocartilage with different properties. Although cartilage made with articular chondrocytes shrank and cartilage made with auricular chondrocytes overgrew, the injectable tissue-engineered cartilage made with costal chondrocytes was stable during the time periods studied. Furthermore, the biomechanical properties of the engineered cartilage made with auricular or costal chondrocytes were superior to those of cartilage made with articular chondrocytes, in this model.
On the Temporal Dynamics of Opinion Spamming (2016)

Recently, the problem of opinion spam has been widespread and has attracted a lot of research attention. While the problem has been approached on a variety of dimensions, the temporal dynamics in which opinion spamming operates is unclear. Are there specific spamming policies that spammers employ? What kind of changes happen with respect to the dynamics to the truthful ratings on entities. How do buffered spamming operate for entities that need spamming to retain threshold popularity and reduced spamming for entities making better success? We analyze these questions in the light of time-series analysis on Yelp. Our analyses discover various temporal patterns and their relationships with the rate at which fake reviews are posted. Building on our analyses, we employ vector autoregression to predict the rate of deception across different spamming policies. Next, we explore the effect of filtered reviews on (long-term and imminent) future rating and popularity prediction of entities. Our results discover novel temporal dynamics of spamming which are intuitive, arguable and also render confidence on Yelp's filtering. Lastly, we leverage our discovered temporal patterns in deception detection. Experimental results on large-scale reviews show the effectiveness of our approach that significantly improves the existing approaches.
Signaling by Covalent Heterodimers of Interferon-γ (2000)

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and its receptor complex are dimeric and bilaterally symmetric. We created mutants of IFN-gamma that bind only one IFN-gammaR1 chain per dimer molecule (called a monovalent IFN-gamma) to see if the interaction of IFN-gamma with one-half of the receptor complex is sufficient for bioactivity. Mutating a receptor-binding sequence in either AB loop of a covalent dimer of IFN-gamma yielded two monovalent IFN-gammas, gamma(m)-gamma and gamma-gamma(m), which cross-link to only a single soluble IFN-gammaR1 molecule in solution and on the cell surface. Monovalent IFN-gamma competes fully with wild type IFN-gamma for binding to U937 cells but only at a greater than 100-fold higher concentration than wild type IFN-gamma. Monovalent IFN-gamma had anti-vesicular stomatitis virus activity and antiproliferative activity, and it induced major histocompatibility complex class I and class II (HLA-DR) expression. In contrast, the maximal levels of activated Stat1alpha produced by monovalent IFN-gammas after 15 min were never more than half of those produced by either wild type or covalent IFN-gammas in human cell lines. These data indicate that while monovalent IFN-gamma activates only one-half of a four-chain receptor complex, this is sufficient for Stat1alpha activation, major histocompatibility complex class I surface antigen induction, and antiviral and antiproliferative activities. Thus, while interaction with both halves of the receptor complex is required for high affinity binding of IFN-gamma and efficient signal transduction, interaction with only one-half of the receptor complex is sufficient to initiate signal transduction.
In vitro study on cytotoxicity and intracellular formaldehyde concentration changes after exposure to formaldehyde and its derivatives (2013)

HeLa cells were exposed to formaldehyde and its metabolic derivatives, methanol, formic acid, and acetaldehyde, to investigate that the toxicity of formaldehyde is not caused by the chemical group. After 1 h of treatment with formaldehyde, mitochondrial assays showed that low concentrations (e.g. 10 μmol/L) of formaldehyde promoted growth of the HeLa cells, while higher concentrations (e.g. ≥62.5 μmol/L) inhibited cell growth; while all four chemicals at a concentration of 125 μmol/L affected cell growth, formaldehyde affected the largest. Reactive oxygen species concentration increased with the concentration of the exposure chemical. The endogenous formaldehyde content increased the most in the formaldehyde group, but in other three groups, it did not increase as the exposure concentration increased. Expression of dehydrogenase (formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH)) in the formaldehyde (10.40) and methanol (10.60) groups increased significantly compared with the control (1), while it was similar to the control in formic acid (0.90) and acetaldehyde (1.10) groups. Our results suggest that formaldehyde could affect cell activity and even enter cells. Exposure to formaldehyde changes the endogenous formaldehyde concentration in cells within 24 h, and this induces expression of FDH for formaldehyde degradation to maintain the formaldehyde balance. The toxicity of formaldehyde is not caused by the carbon atoms in the aldehyde, hydroxyl, or carboxyl groups. Formaldehyde is hypothesized to be an important signaling molecule in the regulation of cell growth and maintenance of the endogenous formaldehyde level.
THE KINETICS OF ELASTOLYSIS: Elastin Catabolism During Experimentally Induced Fibrosis (1999)

Lung injury and matrix destruction result in the release into the circulation of desmosine, a product of elastin catabolism. To determine whether measurements of desmosine concentrations in the urine can provide important information about the severity of lung injury, we measured the kinetics of lung elastin catabolism following elastase-induced and fibrotic lung injury in mice. Pancreatic elastase instillation in the lung caused immediate elastin destruction, removing as much as 25% of the lung elastin within the first few hours. Peak concentrations of desmosine peptides appeared in the blood within 1-2 hours, and soluble elastin peptides in the lung and urine followed a similar course with peak levels occurring early and then declining rapidly, approaching control levels by 24 hours. More than half of the desmosine peptides removed from the lung following elastase injury were sequestered by the kidney and then slowly released over a period of several days. Lung histology and morphological measurements indicated that bleomycin, TiO2, and SiO2 instillation resulted in severely fibrotic lungs. However, the lung injuries sustained from these agents resulted in minimal elastin damage, representing less than 0.1% of the total lung elastin catabolized as estimated by desmosine analysis. The rapid accumulation of desmosine in renal tissue and its slow release into the urine keep urine concentrations low and minimize the power of urine desmosine assays for quantifying low level tissue destruction.
The Formation of Nanoparticles between Small Interfering RNA and Amphipathic Cell-Penetrating Peptides (2017)

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are delivery vectors widely used to aid the transport of biologically active cargoes to intracellular targets. These cargoes include small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that are not naturally internalized by cells. Elucidating the complexities behind the formation of CPP and cargo complexes is crucial for understanding the processes related to their delivery. In this study, we used modified analogs of the CPP transportan10 and investigated the binding properties of these CPPs to siRNA, the formation parameters of the CPP/siRNA complexes, and their stabiliy to enzymatic degradation. We conclude that the pH dependent change of the net charge of the CPP may very well be the key factor leading to the high delivery efficiency and the optimal binding strength between CPPs to siRNAs, while the hydrophobicity, secondary structure of the CPP, and the positions of the positive charges are responsible for the stability of the CPP/siRNA particles. Also, CPPs with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions may assemble into nanoparticles that could be described as core-shell formulations.