gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Volumetric Quantification of Coronary Artery Calcifications Using Dual-Slice Spiral CT Scanner: Improved Reproducibility of Measurements with 180° Linear Interpolation Algorithm (2001)

Reproducibility of TCS with dual-slice helical CT is improved by the 180 LI algorithm. However, dual-slice helical CT is not sufficiently reproducible to allow serial quantification of TCS over time.
Analysis of Titan IV Launch Responsiveness (1992)

Abstract : This research investigates the feasibility of developing responsive space systems through responsive launch operations with the Titan IV, the only expendable heavy-lift launch vehicle in the United States inventory. A definition for responsive launch has not been firmly established by Air Force Space Command for this launch vehicle. For benchmark purposes, this study uses the responsive launch definition contained in the proposal request for the Medium Launch Vehicle Ill: launch vehicle ignition within 60 days of mission need notification. Titan IV launch processing at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida currently requires in excess of six months, rendering Titan IV launch operations non-responsive. A Top-Down analysis of Titan IV launch processing at CCAFS is conducted to expose those factors which contribute to its current total duration. The factors considered are the time required for the assembly, testing, and transshipment activities associated with Titan IV launch operations. Analysis of improvements in these activities estimates their effect on Titan IV responsiveness. This study indicates that a Titan IV responsive launch capability may be attainable with improvements in processing activities, with a new launch processing concept of preprocessing, or with a combination of both. Titan IV, Cape Canaveral AFS, Launch Operations, Launch Processing, Responsive Launch, Launch Vehicle, Expendable Launch Vehicle, Top-Down Analysis.
Engineering Aspects of Hyperthermia Therapy (1999)

The continuing accrual of positive results in clinical cancer trials of adjunctive, synergistic hyperthermia therapy remains a strong motivation for the development of improved hyperthermia equipment and software. Indeed, the lack of needed engineering tools can be viewed as the major stumbling block to hyperthermia's effective clinical implementation. Developing clinically effective systems will be difficult, however, because (a) it requires solving several complex engineering problems, for which (b) setting appropriate design and evaluation goals is currently difficult owing to a lack of critical biological, physiological, and clinical knowledge, two tasks which must (c) be accomplished within a complicated social/political structure.
Endothelial progenitor cells promote fracture healing in a segmental bone defect model (2010)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of local endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) therapy on bone regeneration in a rat model. A segmental bone defect (5 mm) was created in the femur and fixed with a mini-plate. There were two groups: EPC-treated (N = 28) and control (N = 28). Seven animals were sacrificed from each group at 1, 2, 3, and 10 weeks postoperatively. Healing of the defect was evaluated with radiographic, histological, and quantitative micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Radiographically, mean scores of the EPC and control groups were, respectively, 1.16-0.61 (p < 0.05) at 1 week, 2.53-1.54 (p < 0.05) at 2 weeks, and 4.58-2.35 at 3 weeks (p < 0.05). At 10 weeks, all the animals in the EPC-treated group had complete union (7/7), but in the control group none achieved union (0/7). Histological evaluation revealed that specimens from EPC-treated animals had abundant new bone and vessel formation compared to that in controls. Micro-CT assessment of the samples from the animals sacrificed at 10 weeks (N = 14) showed significantly improved parameters of bone volume (36.58-10.57, p = 0.000), bone volume density (0.26-0.17, p = 0.000), model index -2.22-2.79, p = 0.000), trabecular number (1.28-0.91, p = 0.063), trabecular thickness (0.21-0.15, p = 0.001), trabecular spacing (0.63-1.07, p = 0.022), bone surface (353.75-152.08, p = 0.000), and bone surface to bone volume ratio (9.54-14.24, p = 0.004) for the EPC group compared to control, respectively. In conclusion, local EPC therapy significantly enhanced bone regeneration in a segmental defect model in rat femur diaphysis.
Modulation of branching morphogenesis of fetal mouse submandibular gland by sodium ascorbate and epigallocatechin gallate. (2005)

As an initial step to study the effect of antioxidants on the oral environment, we here investigated how sodium ascorbate and (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) affect the branching morphogenesis of the fetal mouse submandibular gland (SMG). When mouse SMG was prepared from the embryo at 13-day post prenatal stage and cultured, gradual development of branching morphogenesis was observed. Addition of sodium ascorbate affected this morphological change in a bimodal fashion. At lower concentrations of sodium ascorbate (0.25 approximately 2.27 mM), the branching morphogenesis was slightly but significantly (about 60%) enhanced, whereas at higher concentrations of sodium ascorbate (6.82 approximately 10.1 mM), the branching morphogenesis was inhibited. The addition of EGCG failed to stimulate, but inhibited the branching morphogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. These data support that the addition of a lower concentration of sodium ascorbate is essential to stimulate the growth of SMG, and that sodium ascorbate, but not all antioxidants, induces hormesis (beneficial action at lower concentration) in the present SMG system.
Shale Gas-in-Place Calculations Part I: New Pore-Scale Considerations (2011)

Summary Using focused-ion-beam (FIB)/scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) imaging technology, a series of 2D and 3D submicroscale investigations revealed a finely dispersed porous organic (kerogen) material embedded within an inorganic matrix. The organic material has pores and capillaries having characteristic lengths typically less than 100 nm. A significant portion of total gas in place appears to be associated with interconnected large nanopores within the organic material. Thermodynamics (phase behavior) of fluids in these pores is quite different; gas residing in a small pore or capillary is rarefied under the influence of organic pore walls and shows a different density profile. This raises serious questions related to gas-in-place calculations: Under reservoir conditions, what fraction of the pore volume of the organic material can be considered available as free gas, and what fraction is taken up by the adsorbed phase? How accurately is the shale-gas storage capacity estimated using the conventional volumetric methods? And finally, do average densities exist for the free and the adsorbed phases? We combine the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with the volumetrics for free gas and formulate a new gas-in-place equation accounting for the pore space taken up by the sorbed phase. The method yields a total-gas-in-place prediction. Molecular dynamics simulations involving methane in small carbon slit-pores of varying size and temperature predict density profiles across the pores and show that (a) the adsorbed methane forms a 0.38-nm monolayer phase and (b) the adsorbed-phase density is 1.8–2.5 times larger than that of bulk methane. These findings could be a more important consideration with larger hydrocarbons and suggest that a significant adjustment is necessary in volume calculations, especially for gas shales high in total organic content. Finally, using typical values for the parameters, calculations show a 10–25% decrease in total gas-storage capacity compared with that using the conventional approach. The role of sorbed gas is more important than previously thought. The new methodology is recommended for estimating shale gas in place.
[Protective effect of suloctidil against cerebral hypoxia (author's transl)]. (1980)

The protective effect of suloctidil [MY 103, erythro-1-(4-isopropylthiophenyl)-2-n-octylaminopropanol] against cerebral hypoxia was investigated in terms of survival time under normobaric hypoxia (96% N2 + 4% O2 gas mixture) in mice and evoked potential in prepyriform cortex of guinea pig in vitro. In a hypoxic condition, the pretreatment with MY 103 (3.0-12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in a marked and dose-dependent prolongation of survival time of mice without any adverse effect. The prolongation of survival time was statistically significant at doses over 6.3 mg/kg. The amplitude of evoked potential to electrical stimulation of olfactory tract in the brain slice was consistently and reversibly suppressed by the perfusion with low oxygen Ringer's solution containing about 45% O2 or normal Ringer's solution. This amplitude reduction after 6 minutes exposure to hypoxic perfusate, was consistently reproducible in the same preparation. Preincubation of brain slices in normal Ringer's solution containing 10(-7)-10(-6) g/ml MY 103 for 15 min, however, effectively prevented the hypoxic reduction of the amplitude of evoked potentials to 30-50% of the control experiments. The above data indicate that MY 103 exerts its anti-anoxic effect presumably through modified metabolic processes such as active oxygen or glucose uptake by the brain.
Logging Experience with the Pulsed Spectral Gamma Tool (1993)

Abstract A newly introduced pulsed spectral gamma-ray (PSG*) logging tool utilizes a high-density bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillation detector to improve the log measurement. The traditional limitation of the carbon/oxygen (C/O) measurement is its poor statistical performance due to the small dynamic range of the measurement. This limitation is significantly reduced by the improved sensitivity of the bismuth germanate detector to high-energy gamma-rays. Chaxts based on extensive laboratory measurements characterize the tool response to porosity, lithology, fluid type and borehole conditions. The C/O ratio shows a dynamic range of 22% at 35 pu in a 10-in borehole. It is relatively insensitive to variations in casing size and weight, and cement type and thickness. Field logging experience demonstrates that, compared to older C/O tools, the improved capabilities of the PSG tool enables either recording acceptable logs at higher logging speeds (5 ft/min) or better saturation precision at slower speeds (1 to 2 ft/min) than was previously possible. Logging speed can be at least tripled while obtaining precision Comparable to older tools. Capture spectral processing to obtain relative elemental yields is provided and aids in lithology interpretation. Several logs from wells in both Nigeria and Alaska illustrate log presentation formats and the quality of the measurements under a variety of logging environments. Oil saturation calculations using only PSG data and using PSG data plus porosity from open-hole logs correlate well with open-hole oil saturation predictions. Complex lithology evaluation is available through ULTRA* and is compared to open-hole results. Merging multiple passes improves the quality of the oil saturation determination. Five-minute station measurements are compared to continuous logs and show satisfactory correlation. Generally, statistical uncertainties for logs run at an effective logging speed of 2 ft/min or less are dominated by systematic uncertainties from environmental effects. Several log quality indicators that monitor hardware spectral gain stabilization and offset and software functions (curve statistical precision) are available in real time.
Bicistronic Lentiviruses Containing a Viral 2A Cleavage Sequence Reliably Co-Express Two Proteins and Restore Vision to an Animal Model of LCA1 (2011)

The disease processes underlying inherited retinal disease are complex and are not completely understood. Many of the corrective gene therapies designed to treat diseases linked to mutations in genes specifically expressed in photoreceptor cells restore function to these cells but fail to stop progression of the disease. There is growing consensus that effective treatments for these diseases will require delivery of multiple therapeutic proteins that will be selected to treat specific aspects of the disease process. The purpose of this study was to design a lentiviral transgene that reliably expresses all of the proteins it encodes and does so in a consistent manner among infected cells. We show, using both in vitro and in vivo analyses, that bicistronic lentiviral transgenes encoding two fluorescent proteins fused to a viral 2A-like cleavage peptide meet these expression criteria. To determine if this transgene design is suitable for therapeutic applications, we replaced one of the fluorescent protein genes with the gene encoding guanylate cyclase-1 (GC1) and delivered lentivirus carrying this transgene to the retinas of the GUCY1*B avian model of Leber congenital amaurosis-1 (LCA1). GUCY1*B chickens carry a null mutation in the GC1 gene that disrupts photoreceptor function and causes blindness at hatching, a phenotype that closely matches that observed in humans with LCA1. We found that treatment of these animals with the 2A lentivector encoding GC1 restored vision to these animals as evidenced by the presence of optokinetic reflexes. We conclude that 2A-like peptides, with proper optimization, can be successfully incorporated into therapeutic vectors designed to deliver multiple proteins to neural retinal. These results highlight the potential of this vector design to serve as a platform for the development of combination therapies designed to enhance or prolong the benefits of corrective gene therapies.
BLACK: detection and preferential dropping of high bandwidth unresponsive flows (2004)

In this paper, we present the BLACK scheme that aims to prevent the unfairness problem generated by high bandwidth unresponsive flows. The scheme needs to store only a small amount of state information to maintain and exercise its fairness mechanism and utilizes a packet sampling technique that estimates both the flow's buffer occupancy fraction and the number of active flows. When working in conjunction with RED, BLACK has shown not only to be able to handle unresponsive traffic, but also improve the fairness among TCP connections with different round-trip delays in some scenarios.
Comparison of Two Acid Hydrotropes for Sustainable Fractionation of Birch Wood (2020)

This study reports on a comparative study of acid hydrotropic fractionation (AHF) of birch wood using maleic acid (MA) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH). Under the same level of delignification, lignin dissolved by MA is much less condensed with a higher content of ether aryl β-O-4 linkages. Lignin depolymerization dominated in MA hydrotropic fractionation (MAHF) and resulted in a single lower molecular weight peak, in contrast to the competitive depolymerization and repolymerization in p-TsOH AHF with a bimodal distribution. The less condensed MA-dissolved lignin facilitated catalytic conversion to monophenols. Carboxylation of residual lignin in fractionated cellulosic water-insoluble solids (WISs) enhanced enzymatic saccharification by decreasing nonproductive cellulase binding to lignin. At a low cellulase loading of 10 FPU g<sup>-1</sup> glucan, saccharification of WIS-M<sub>T120</sub> from MAHF at 120 °C was 95 % compared with 48 % for WIS-P<sub>T85</sub> from p-TsOH AHF at 85 °C under the same level of delignification of 63 %. Residual lignin carboxylation also facilitated nanofibrillation of WIS for producing lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) through an enhanced lignin lubrication effect, which substantially decreases fibrillation energy. LCNFs from only one pass of microfluidization of WIS-M<sub>T120</sub> have the same morphology as those from WIS-P<sub>T85</sub> after three passes. MA also has a lower solubility and higher minimal hydrotropic concentration, which facilitated acid recovery. MA is U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved as an indirect food additive, affording significant advantages compared with p-TsOH for biorefinery applications.
Mechanisms of Transport of<i>p</i>-Borono-Phenylalanine through the Cell Membrane<i>In Vitro</i> (2000)

The mechanisms of transport of p-(dihydroxyboryl)-phenylalanine (BPA) through the cell membrane were investigated in vitro, evaluating especially the systems responsible for the transport of neutral amino acids as potential carriers for BPA. Rat 9L gliosarcoma cells and Chinese hamster V79 cells were exposed to BPA under controlled conditions and in a defined medium that was free of amino acids. The time course of (10)B (delivered by BPA) uptake and efflux was measured under different conditions. To analyze the intracellular boron content, direct-current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (DCP-AES) was used after separating the cells from extracellular boron in the cell medium using an oil filtration technique. The dependence of factors such as cell type, temperature, composition and concentration of amino acids and specific substrates for amino acid transport systems in the culture medium or in intracellular compartments on BPA uptake and efflux were studied. The results of this study support the hypothesis that BPA is transported by the L system and that transport can be further stimulated by amino acids preaccumulated in the cell by either the L or A amino acid transport system.
The photogalvanic effect in media lacking a center of symmetry (1980)

This review presents the fundamental theoretical concepts concerning the photogalvanic effect (PGE)—the phenomenon of appearance of a direct current in a homogeneous medium under uniform illumination. This effect can occur in all media lacking a center of symmetry, in particular, in ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, gyrotropic crystals, and in gases and liquid possessing natural optical activity. The starting point of a systematic microscopic theory is the asymmetry of the elementary electronic processes—their noninvariance with respect to spatial reflection. Within the framework of the theory, we study the most important mechanisms of the PGE in the regions of impurity, interband, and intraband light absorption. Possible observable manifestations of the PGE are discussed. Theoretical results are compared with experimental data.
Proteomic analysis defines altered cellular redox pathways and advanced glycation end-product metabolism in glomeruli of<i>db/db</i>diabetic mice (2007)

To attain a profile of protein expression during diabetes, we applied proteomic analysis to glomeruli of 160-day-old db/db diabetic and db/m nondiabetic mice. Glomerular proteins were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to construct a proteome map. Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting were used to identify 190 proteins. Of 105 analyzed spots, expression of 40 proteins, including the antioxidative enzymes peroxiredoxin 1 and 3, glutathione peroxidase 1, and SOD-1, was increased with diabetes, suggesting an adaptive response to oxidative stress associated with this diabetic model. However, activity of glutathione peroxidase and SOD was unaltered in glomeruli of diabetic mice. Expression of glyoxalase I was increased in glomeruli of diabetic mice. Because the cofactor for glyoxalase I, glutathione, is decreased in renal cortex of db/db mice, renal cortical glyoxalase I activity was measured in vitro with fixed amounts of exogenous glutathione. Glyoxalase I activity was decreased in renal cortex of db/db mice. These data indicate that diabetes-induced decreases in glyoxalase I activity are likely to be due to glutathione-dependent and -independent mechanisms and that increased expression of glyoxalase I may represent an insufficient adaptive response to increased methylglyoxal formation.
Antihydrogen Production by Positronium-Antiproton Collisions in an Ion Trap (1988)

A method for producing antihydrogen by the + Ps → + e- reaction is described. Included are the calculated capture cross sections, and short descriptions of the electrostatic slow positron beam, positronium-formation, and the antiproton ion trap to be used for antihydrogen production. With present available technology, collimated monoenergetic beams with an energy of a few keV and an intensity in the order of one per second can be produced by this method. Possible enhancements of this rate are discussed.
Effect of reactive-ion bombardment on the properties of silicon nitride and oxynitride films deposited by ion-beam sputtering (1994)

Silicon nitride and oxynitride films of very low hydrogen content have been deposited on silicon at low temperatures (150–200 °C) using ion-beam sputtering. A dual-ion-beam sputtering technique, making simultaneous use of an energetic argon-ion beam to sputter silicon nitride from a target and a low-energy oxygen or nitrogen ion beam to react with the sputtered films on the substrate, has been employed to control the composition of the films. A precise control of film composition independent of deposition rate has been achieved through the control of oxygen/nitrogen ion-beam parameters and gas flow ratios. The films have been characterized by the measurement and study of refractive index, chemical etch rate, infrared absorption, and x-ray photoelectron spectra. A direct correlation between film properties with oxygen content has been obtained for silicon oxynitride films. The electrical properties have been studied by the measurement of the characteristics of metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors fabricated using the deposited films. In situ ion-beam oxidation of silicon prior to the oxynitride deposition has resulted in a film with a low insulator charge number density (3.5×1011 cm−2) and interface trap density (4×1011 cm−2 eV−1), which is suitable for device applications.
Optimal well design for triple-well CMOS digital circuits with back-biasing V/sub T/ control (2005)

A model of the substrate well in circuits implemented in a triple-well deep-submicron technology is presented. This model takes into account the distributed nature of the well and the distance of the bulk of each transistor from the well contacts. The model is applied to CMOS standard-cell circuits with back-biasing VT control to study the impact of the number of gates placed in the same well and the well contacts' placement, and the resistance between the well contacts and the bulk of the transistors. The lumped equivalent network of the well is derived as a function of the number of gates in the well and the results of simulations of the circuit-in-the-well lead to guidelines for optimal well sizing and contact placement. The performance and power consumption of logic circuits is analyzed leading to conclusions for optimal design and layout.
Percutaneous closure of interatrial communications in adults – prospective embolism prevention study with two- and three-dimensional echocardiography (2004)

After primary paradoxical systemic embolism, results of transcatheter occlusion of the interatrial communications are dependent on the closure device system and can prevent further secondary embolic events for up to 1 year after the percutaneous closure. Three dimensional echocardiography provides dynamic features of the defects and the post closure status and may lead to an improved understanding and diagnosis of the interatrial defect.
Self-assembled two-dimensional copper oxide nanosheet bundles as an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst for water splitting applications (2017)

Self-assembled CuO nanosheet bundles are fabricated on stainless steel<italic>via</italic>chemical bath deposition and optimized for efficient electrocatalysis.
Mild and Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Indole‐2′‐oxazolines at Room Temperature—A Simple Access to Novel IndOX Ligands (2008)

Abstract A simple synthesis of a totally new enantiopure compound family, the IndOX compounds, is presented. These chiral compounds can be prepared in two simple steps from commercial starting materials, using no protective groups. The motive for preparing this family is the promising ligand activity of the already known analogs and structural similarity to active pharmaceuticals.