gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the effects of pharmacological agents on antigen-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice. (1987)

The model of antigen-induced monoarticular arthritis in BALB/c mice, originally described by Brackertz et al. (1), has been examined with regard to disease pathogenesis and the activities of established antirheumatic agents. The acute phase of the arthritis, up to 7 days after intra-articular (IA) challenge, was characterized by intense polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration into the challenged joint, synovial lining cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, accumulation of mononuclear cells within the subsynovial tissue, and pannus formation. Erosions of articular cartilage and bone commenced 7-14 days after IA challenge and progressed with time. Chronic synovitis was still evident 56 days after IA challenge. Prednisolone at 1 and 5 mg/kg, when administered against an established arthritis (dosing days 14-42), suppressed the histopathological changes. A similar level of suppression was observed when prednisolone was administered from days 0-42, indicating that the drug had no additional effect on the development phase of the arthritis. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIAs) indomethacin, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen failed to suppress either the established or developing disease. Daily treatment with D-penicillamine, tiopronin or chloroquine on days 14-42 had no significant effect on the arthritis; treatment with either D-penicillamine or chloroquine on days 0-56 was also ineffective. When administered on days 14-42 or 0-42 neither gold thiomalate nor auranofin were able to suppress the erosive changes. Sulphasalazine (10-30 mg/kg) suppressed the arthritis whereas sulphapyridine was inactive. Azathioprine (20 mg/kg) suppressed the erosive changes when administered over days 14-42 or 0-42; this activity was associated with toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Time-resolved power and impedance measurements of pulsed radiofrequency discharges (1995)

The power to a pulsed RF discharge in the Gaseous Electronics Conference reference reactor has been measured with sub-microsecond time resolution. There are large swings in the power delivered to the cell as a function of time during the first 5-10 mu s of the transient turn-on and turn-off. These power oscillations are in large part caused by the passive circuitry between the current-voltage sensors and the electrode assembly of the cell and have been modelled using an equivalent network with reasonable accuracy. They make it difficult to determine the plasma impedance at very early times during the discharge turn-on. This passive circuitry can also store RF energy and release it both to the plasma and to the RF generator at plasma turn-off. The power delivered to a 500 mTorr argon discharge does not reach steady state until approximately 500 mu s after the discharge turn-on even though the initial power oscillations end within the first 10 mu s. This longer term power variation appears to be related to a contraction of the electrode sheaths as well as to an electron density increase and electron temperature decrease during this time. As the sheath contracts, less of the RF field penetrates to the body of the glow and the electron atom collision frequency, which is related to the electron average energy, decreases by a factor of two.
Functional design of microparticulate drug delivery systems by controlling particle physical properties. (2002)

To develop microparticulate drug delivery system, numerous approaches have been tried to optimize the drug delivery. In this review, functional design of microparticlate drug delivery systems by controlling the particle size are focused. The particle size affect biodistribution after i. v. administration, drug release rate, bioavailability through the mucus layer via oral, nasal and pulmonary administration, Among the characteristic functions of nano-and micro-spheres, the ability to deliver the drug across a number of biological barriers to the target site is attractive for drug carriers. The mucosal delivery of high molecular weight substances, such as peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides and plasmids using nanoparticulate systems are discussed in the view of challenges for drug and gene targeting. Lymphatic targeting of drugs has been achieved with nanospheres with a suitable size distribution and appropriate surface characteristics to enhance the accumulation of drug in the lymph nodes following oral administration, In addition to the intestinal mucosal transportation of particles, the particle transfer across nasal and pulmonary mucosa is also discussed.
Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond (2004)

Unlike mercury, which has an extensive +1 oxidation state chemistry, zinc usually adopts the +2 oxidation state. Decamethyldizincocene, Zn2(eta5-C5Me5)2, an organometallic compound of Zn(I) formally derived from the dimetallic [Zn-Zn]2+ unit, has been isolated from the low-temperature (-10 degrees C) reaction of Zn(C5Me5)2 and Zn(C2H5)2 in diethyl ether. X-ray studies show that it contains two eclipsed Zn(eta5-C5Me5) fragments with a Zn-Zn distance (+/- standard deviation) of 2.305(+/-3) angstroms, indicative of a metal-metal bonding interaction.
Collection Planning for the OrbView-3 High Resolution Imagery Satellite (2006)

Commercial imaging satellites must respond to thousands of requests to image different areas of the earth within tight time constraints. To effectively satisfy and manage these requests, geodynamic, camera, and spacecraft constraints must be reconciled within a matter of minutes to create a workable plan for capturing images during a particular spacecraft pass. These constraints include customer-defined target viewing constraints, spacecraft power limitations, data storage attributes, pointing constraints, spacecraft agility limitations, high gain antenna blockages, cloud cover and more. Orbit Logic developed and delivered a high fidelity spacecraft simulator that is tightly integrated with scheduling optimization algorithms to meet this challenge. Dubbed the OrbView Tasking System (OTS), it is used today by GeoEye for OrbView-3 image collection planning. OTS incorporates spacecraft slew, scan, and other models, reconciles all constraints and efficiently generates valid collection plans using multiple optimization algorithms and/or manual planning inputs. It also incorporates innovative visualization capabilities for intuitive assessment of collection plans. This system is being upgraded for use with GeoEye-1, in addition to OrbView-3, and will be incorporated into a new system called the Collection Planning System (CPS). CPS includes a planning server that will manage multiple instances of OTS for increased computational performance and system scalability. This paper will describe the OTS and the overall approach to optimizing collection planning for OrbView-3 as well as the system's overall applicability for use with any imagery, radar, or remote sensing mission.
A low power video encoder with power, memory and bandwidth scalability (2002)

This paper presents a low power video encoder with power, memory and bandwidth scalability for use in portable video applications. The encoder uses generic block transform based vector quantizer encoders implemented by table lookups. In these table lookup encoders, input vectors to the encoders are used directly as addresses in code tables to choose the codewords. There is no need to perform the forward or reverse transforms. They are implemented in the tables. In order to preserve manageable table sizes for large dimension VQs, we use hierarchical structures to quantize the vector successively in stages. Since both the encoder and decoder are implemented by table lookups, there are no arithmetic computations required in the final system implementation. Subjective distortion measures are used in the design of VQs. In this paper we study the memory-rate-distortion-power trade-off of a video encoder based on perceptually weighted hierarchical vector quantization. The video encoder allows to trade-off power and memory size for rate-distortion and vice-versa. The power consumption of our video encoder is orders of magnitude smaller than existing video encoders in similar technology. Measured performance shows that the video encoder consumes between 150 to 300 micro-watts with a 1.5 V power supply in 0.8 /spl mu/ CMOS technology for 160/spl times/240 resolution video at 30 frames per second.
[The relation between the seed germination and seedling development of Bletilla striata and Mycena osmundicola etc. fungi]. (1992)

This paper reports the effects of Mycena osmundicola etc. fungi on the seed germination and seedling growth of Bletilla striata. The results showed that B. striata seeds are easily germinated under normal conditions and belong to a special type among Orchidaceae. Fungi promote cotyledon differentiation and growth, as well as rhizoid formation of B. striata protocorms after seeds are sown with fungi. A liquid extract mixture enhanced the percentage of seed germination, and carbinol extract notably accelerated differentiation and growth of the protocorm's cotyledon after seeds were incubated with the liquid extract of Mycena osmundicola-culture products.
A Component-Wise EM Algorithm for Mixtures (2001)

Maximum likelihood estimation in finite mixture distributions is typically approached as an incomplete data problem to allow application of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. In its general formulation, the EM algorithm involves the notion of a complete data space, in which the observed measurements and incomplete data are embedded. An advantage is that many difficult estimation problems are facilitated when viewed in this way. One drawback is that the simultaneous update used by standard EM requires overly informative complete data spaces, which leads to slow convergence in some situations. In the incomplete data context, it has been shown that the use of less informative complete data spaces, or equivalently smaller missing data spaces, can lead to faster convergence without sacrifying simplicity. However, in the mixture case, little progress has been made in speeding up EM. In this article we propose a component-wise EM for mixtures. It uses, at each iteration, the smallest admissible missing data space by intrinsically decoupling the parameter updates. Monotonicity is maintained, although the estimated proportions may not sum to one during the course of the iteration. However, we prove that the mixing proportions will satisfy this constraint upon convergence. Our proof of convergence relies on the interpretation of our procedure as a proximal point algorithm. For performance comparison, we consider standard EM as well as two other algorithms based on missing data space reduction, namely the SAGE and AECME algorithms. We provide adaptations of these general procedures to the mixture case. We also consider the ECME algorithm, which is not a data augmentation scheme but still aims at accelerating EM. Our numerical experiments illustrate the advantages of the component-wise EM algorithm relative to these other methods.
Hyper-excitability and epilepsy generated by chronic early-life stress (2015)

Epilepsy is more prevalent in populations with high measures of stress, but the neurobiological mechanisms are unclear. Stress is a common precipitant of seizures in individuals with epilepsy, and may provoke seizures by several mechanisms including changes in neurotransmitter and hormone levels within the brain. Importantly, stress during sensitive periods early in life contributes to 'brain programming', influencing neuronal function and brain networks. However, it is unclear if early-life stress influences limbic excitability and promotes epilepsy. Here we used an established, naturalistic model of chronic early-life stress (CES), and employed chronic cortical and limbic video-EEGs combined with molecular and cellular techniques to probe the contributions of stress to age-specific epilepsies and network hyperexcitability and identify the underlying mechanisms. In control male rats, EEGs obtained throughout development were normal and no seizures were observed. EEGs demonstrated epileptic spikes and spike series in the majority of rats experiencing CES, and 57% of CES rats developed seizures: Behavioral events resembling the human age-specific epilepsy infantile spasms occurred in 11/23 (48%), accompanied by EEG spikes and/or electrodecrements, and two additional rats (9%) developed limbic seizures that involved the amygdala. Probing for stress-dependent, endogenous convulsant molecules within amygdala, we examined the expression of the pro-convulsant neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and found a significant increase of amygdalar--but not cortical--CRH expression in adolescent CES rats. In conclusion, CES of limited duration has long-lasting effects on brain excitability and may promote age-specific seizures and epilepsy. Whereas the mechanisms involved require further study, these findings provide important insights into environmental contributions to early-life seizures.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF MALEIC ACID DIESTERS WITH ETHYLENE‐ AND HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINES, AND MONOETHANOLAMINE (1979)

Abstract Reaktionen der Diester (Ia) mit Ethylendiamin liefern in polarem Medium die Tetraester (III), in Benzol als Lösungsmittel erhält man die Fumarsäureesteramide (IV).
Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded Human Microbiome Project (2017)

The characterization of baseline microbial and functional diversity in the human microbiome has enabled studies of microbiome-related disease, diversity, biogeography, and molecular function. The National Institutes of Health Human Microbiome Project has provided one of the broadest such characterizations so far. Here we introduce a second wave of data from the study, comprising 1,631 new metagenomes (2,355 total) targeting diverse body sites with multiple time points in 265 individuals. We applied updated profiling and assembly methods to provide new characterizations of microbiome personalization. Strain identification revealed subspecies clades specific to body sites; it also quantified species with phylogenetic diversity under-represented in isolate genomes. Body-wide functional profiling classified pathways into universal, human-enriched, and body site-enriched subsets. Finally, temporal analysis decomposed microbial variation into rapidly variable, moderately variable, and stable subsets. This study furthers our knowledge of baseline human microbial diversity and enables an understanding of personalized microbiome function and dynamics.
Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat microglia is induced by adenosine A2a-receptors (1996)

We investigated the regulation of COX-2 expression and activity by adenosine receptors in rat microglial cells. The selective adenosine A2a-receptor agonist CGS21680 and the non-selective adenosine A1- and A2-receptor agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxiamidoadenosine (NECA) induced an increase in COX-2 mRNA levels and the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The adenosine A1-receptor agonist cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) was less potent, and the adenosine A1-receptor-specific agonist N6-2-(-aminophenylo)ethyladenosine (APNEA) showed only marginal effects. Microglia expressed adenosine A1-, A2a-, and A3-, but not A2b-receptor mRNAs, whereas astroglial cells expressed adenosine A2b- but not A2a-receptor mRNA. The adenosine A2a-receptor selective antagonist (E)-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine (KF17837) inhibited both CGS21680-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 release. CGS21680-increased PGE2 levels were inhibited by dexamethasone, by the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug meloxicam, and by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purine-6-amine (SQ22536). CGS21680 and NECA both increased intracellular cAMP levels in microglial cells. Dibutyryl cAMP as well as forskolin induced the release of PGE2. The results strongly suggest that adenosine A2a-receptor-induced intracellular signaling events cause an up-regulation of the COX-2 gene and the release of PGE2. Apparently, the cAMP second messenger system plays a crucial role in COX-2 gene regulation in rat microglial cells. The results are discussed with respect to neurodegenerative disorders of the CNS such as Alzheimer's disease, in which activated microglia are critically involved and COX inhibitors may be of therapeutic benefit.
Role of small differences in CYP1A2 in the development of uroporphyria produced by iron and 5-aminolevulinate in C57BL/6 and SWR strains of mice (1999)

Previous work has implicated CYP1A2 in experimental uroporphyria caused by polyhalogenated aromatic compounds, and in uroporphyria caused by iron and 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) in the absence of inducers of CYP1A2. Here we examined whether the different susceptibilities of SWR and C57BL/6 strains of mice to uroporphyria in the absence of inducers of CYP1A2 are related to different levels of CYP1A2. Enzymological assays (ethoxy- and methoxyresorufin dealkylases, and uroporphyrinogen oxidation) and immunoblots indicated that there was about twice the amount of hepatic CYP1A2 in SWR mice compared with C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CYP1A2 was located centrilobularly in the liver, and the staining was more intense in SWR mice than in C57BL/6 mice. Hepatic non-heme iron was about double in SWR compared with C57BL/6 mice. In SWR mice given iron dextran, hepatic iron was 1.7-fold that of C57BL/6 mice given iron dextran. SWR mice administered ALA in the drinking water accumulated much less hepatic protoporphyrin than did C57BL/6 mice. To confirm the importance of small increases in CYP1A2, C57BL/6 mice were given a low dose of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) (15 mg/kg), as well as iron and ALA. There was about a 5- to 6-fold increase in hepatic uroporphyrin accumulation after 32 days on ALA compared with animals not given MC. In these animals, CYP1A2 was increased by 10-fold at 2 days, but returned to basal levels by 14 days. We conclude that small and transient differences in CYP1A2 may be important in the development of uroporphyria.
Inhibition of rabbit muscle aldolase by phosphorylated aromatic compounds (1997)

The interactions of the phosphorylated derivatives of hydroquinone (HQN-P2), resorcinol (RSN-P2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA-P) and 2, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHBA-P; phosphate group at position 4) with fructose bisphosphate aldolase were analysed by enzyme kinetics, UV/visible difference spectroscopy and site-directed mutagenesis. Enzyme activity was competitively inhibited in the presence of HQN-P2, RSN-P2 and HBA-P, whereas DHBA-P exhibited slow-binding inhibition. Inhibition by DHBA-P involved active-site Schiff-base formation and required a phenol group ortho to the aldehyde moiety. Rates of enzyme inactivation and of Schiff-base formation by DHBA-P were identical, and corresponded to 3.2-3.5 DHBA-P molecules covalently bound per aldolase tetramer at maximal inactivation. Site-directed mutagenesis of the active-site lysine residues at positions 107, 146 and 229 was found to be consistent with Schiff-base formation between DHBA-P and Lys-146, and this was promoted by Lys-229. Mutation of Glu-187, located vicinally between Lys-146 and Lys-229 in the active site, perturbed the rate of Schiff-base formation, suggesting a functional role for Glu-187 in Schiff-base formation and stabilization. The decreased cleavage activity of the active-site mutants towards fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is consistent with a proton-transfer mechanism involving Lys-229, Glu-187 and Lys-146.
La culpabilidad en los delitos cometidos por la persona jurídica: El «delito de sospecha blindado» y la responsabilidad objetiva «impura» en la Circular 1/2010 de la FGE (2011)

La Fiscalia General del Estado ha dictado recientemente la Circular 1/2010 interpretando la entrada en el Codigo Penal de la responsabilidad de las personas juridicas. La Circular, meritoria en casi todos sus extremos, incurre en un grave error al configurar como «delitos de sospecha blindados» los que se atribuyen a la persona juridica y, ademas, en regimen de «responsabilidad objetiva» por eludir la vigencia del principio de culpabilidad. Esta elusion de la imputacion objetiva y subjetiva de los delitos imputables a la persona juridica es incompatible con la Constitucion y con lo dispuesto en el CP.
Sponge‐Like: A New Protocol for Preparing Bacterial Ghosts (2013)

Bacterial Ghosts (BGs) received an increasing interest in the recent years for their promising medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, for the first time we introduce a new protocol for BGs production. E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS (Promega) was used as a model to establish a general protocol for BGs preparation. The protocol is based on using active chemical compounds in concentrations less than the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC). Those chemical compounds are SDS, NaOH, and H2O2. Plackett-Burman experimental design was used to map the best conditions for BGs production. Normal and electronic microscopes were used to evaluate the BGs quality (BGQ). Spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the amount of the released protein and DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to determine the existence of any residue of DNA after each BGs preparation. Viable cells, which existed after running this protocol, were subjected to lysis by inducing the lysozyme gene carried on pLysS plasmid. This protocol is able to produce BGs that can be used in different biotechnological applications.
Topochemical Transketalization Reaction Driven by Hydrogen Bonding (2004)

An unusual thermal isomerization of 1,2;3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol to 1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol was observed in the solid state. A detailed study revealed that this ketal migration is a topochemically driven one. X-ray structure revealed that strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal preorganizes the hydroxyl and ketal carbon in a transition-state-like arrangement favorable for the reaction. The 5-OH of each molecule faces the trans ketal carbon of a neighboring molecule at a close distance and an angle of approach near to linearity, making a trigonal-bipyramidal-like arrangement in the crystal, which could facilitate the reaction. This is the first report of a topochemical transketalization reaction.
PTEN depletion rescues axonal growth defect and improves survival in SMN-deficient motor neurons (2010)

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, is widely involved in the regulation of protein synthesis. Here we show that the PTEN protein is enriched in cell bodies and axon terminals of purified motor neurons. We explored the role of the PTEN pathway by manipulating PTEN expression in healthy and diseased motor neurons. PTEN depletion led to an increase in growth cone size, promotion of axonal elongation and increased survival of these cells. These changes were associated with alterations of downstream signaling pathways for local protein synthesis as revealed by an increase in pAKT and p70S6. Most notably, this treatment also restores beta-actin protein levels in axonal growth cones of SMN-deficient motor neurons. Furthermore, we report here that a single injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6) expressing siPTEN into hind limb muscles at postnatal day 1 in SMNDelta7 mice leads to a significant PTEN depletion and robust improvement in motor neuron survival. Taken together, these data indicate that PTEN-mediated regulation of protein synthesis in motor neurons could represent a target for therapy in spinal muscular atrophy.