gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Progressive and Cell Non-Autonomous Increase in Striatal Neural Stem Cells in the Huntington's Disease R6/2 Mouse (2006)

Neural stem and progenitor cells are located in the subependyma of the adult forebrain. An increase in adult subependymal cell proliferation is reported after various kinds of brain injury. We demonstrate an expansion of neural precursor cells in the postnatal subependyma in a murine genetic disease model of Huntington's disease (HD), the R6/2 mouse. We used the in vitro neurosphere assay as an index of the number of neural stem cells in vivo and to assess proliferation kinetics in vitro and in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling to assess the progenitor cell population and their fates. Disease progression in this model leads to an increase in the numbers of neural stem cells in the adult striatal subependyma. This increase is produced cell non-autonomously by events in the R6/2 brains as the mice become increasingly symptomatic. Once the neural stem cell increase is induced in vivo, it is maintained during in vitro passaging of neural stem cells, but the neural stem cell increase is not reproduced during in vitro passaging of neural stem cells from presymptomatic R6/2 mice. In addition, we show that some of the R6/2 neural progenitor cells show a change from their normal migration destiny toward the olfactory bulb. Instead, some of these cells migrate into the striatum, one of the main affected areas in HD. Our findings demonstrate that HD damage recruits precursor cells in two ways: expansion of neural stem cells and altered migration of progenitor cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Syntheses of KS‐501, KS‐502, and Their Enantiomers. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Contrasting efficacy of presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I and class II products when peptides are administered within a common protein carrier, self immunoglobulin (1993)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II products are specialized to present antigens via different intracellular processing routes. Peptides originating from proteins in the cytoplasm can gain access to class I peptide-binding grooves, most likely in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Peptides from proteins in acidic endocytic vacuoles gain access to class II. It has been proposed that MHC class I products also can capture peptides from "exogenous" or noninfectious sources, and this assumption underlies the use of intact proteins as vaccines for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here we describe quantitative information comparing the efficacy of peptide presentation from exogenous proteins by administering a class I- and II-restricted peptide within the same context, the CDR3 loop of the VH domain of a self immunoglobulin. Antigen-presenting cells (APC), including primary dendritic cells, efficiently present an influenza hemagglutinin peptide from the immunoglobulin (Ig) carrier (50% maximal response at 10 nM Ig-HA) to an MHC class II-restricted T cell. In contrast, these same APC are unable to present an influenza nucleoprotein (NP) peptide from the same context (1 microM Ig-NP) to an MHC class I-restricted T cell. Ig-NP DNA transfectants do present the nucleoprotein viral peptide on class I. Thus, peptides within the complementarity-determining region loops of Ig carriers can be presented on class I or II MHC products, but the endocytic compartment, when offered MHC class I- and II-restricted peptides within the same carrier protein context, favors presentation by class II by at least 1000-fold.
Spectroscopic characterization of the matrix–silane coupling agent interface in fiber‐reinforced composites (1982)

Abstract The copolymerizations of anhydride‐cured epoxy resin on fiberglass surfaces treated with a N ‐methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent has been investigated using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The structure of the interface of the silane and the resin in fiber‐reinforced composites is composed of copolymers of the epoxy resin with the organofunctionality of the deposited silanes. The number of interfacial bonds formed depends on the amount of silane coupling agent deposited on the fiberglass and the reaction conditions. The silane induces additional esterification and increases the curing density of the epoxy matrix near the fiber surface by about 5–10% relative to the bulk resin.
An Accurate Calibration Technique for 3-D Laser Stripe Sensors (1990)

Laser stripe sensors are being used in a variety of industrial applications including part inspection, process control, and robot guidance. Certain characteristics of the sensor such as standoff and field of view are likely to change from one application to the next. The paper describes an approach to laser stripe sensor calibration when the sensor is composed of off-the-shelf equipment. Sensor dimensions such as the position of the laser in relation to the camera and particular lens characteristics such as focal length and distortion are treated as unknown parameters in the calibration procedure presented here. The paper shows that high accuracy is attainable in range measurements acquired with off-the-shelf components and proper calibration.
Biology of Bone Marrow Stroma (1995)

The marrow microenvironment is a complex, three-dimensional structure composed of many cell types and abundant extracellular matrix. Much of the data are derived from analysis of the adherent layer of murine and, especially, human long-term marrow cultures. An essential feature of this in vitro counterpart to the marrow microenvironment is the presence of flat angulated cells functionally defined as marrow stromal cells with the following phenotype: type IV collagen(+), laminin(+), vimentin(+), CD10(+), muscle actin(+), Stro-1(+), and negative for CD45, Mac-1, and HLA-DR. Stromal precursors are Stro-1(+) and CD34(+). Regulation of hematopoietic precursors by the microenvironment occurs by elaboration of regulatory molecules such as hematopoietic cytokines, by cell-cell contact via adhesion molecules such as alpha 4 beta 1 integrin, and by interactions with components of the extracellular matrix as in the case of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid with cell-associated CD44. Although little about the regulation of stromal cell development itself is known, several studies indicate the transplantability of marrow stromal cells under specific conditions. These developments suggest a potential role of stromal cells in cell therapy. Transfected stromal cells may serve as suitable vehicles for gene delivery to correct single gene disorders in which the product of the target gene does not require stringent regulation as, for example, in the correction of Factor VIII and Factor IX deficiency. Further studies are warranted to investigate marrow stromal cell physiology and regulation to better understand hematopoiesis and to explore the possible use of stroma in therapy.
Video compression based on distributed source coding principles (2009)

This paper applies distributed source coding principles to three areas of video compression, leading to Witsenhausen-Wyner video coding, layered Wyner-Ziv video coding, and multiterminal video coding. Compared to H.264/AVC and H.26L-FGS video coding, the advantage of Witsenhausen-Wyner video coding and layered Wyner-Ziv video coding is error robustness when the compressed video has to be delivered over a noisy channel. The price for this added error robustness is a small loss of compression performance. In multiterminal video coding for video sensor network applications, since the encoders are not allowed to communicate with each other, the use of distributed source coding is out of necessity. We propose a generic scheme for multiterminal video coding based on Slepian-Wolf coded quantization, where we explore multiple view geometry in computer vision to generate the side information. Experimental results with two- and three-view video sequences show that our multiterminal video coder can achieve a lower sum-rate than separate H.264/AVC coding. Comparison with the standard JMVM joint encoding scheme is also provided.
Basic studies on aperture for adaptive antenna with switched loads of parasitic elements (2005)

Abstract This paper considers an adaptive array antenna in which multiple parasitic elements are placed in concentric circles with the radiating element as the center, and the outputs of the parasitic elements are connected to open, shorted, or fixed loads, so that the directivity can be controlled adaptively. The number of circular arrays, the number of parasitic elements in a circular array, the radius of the circular array, and the value of the fixed load are investigated. All combinations of three arrival wave angles are considered in the horizontal plane within the range of adaptive beam forming. All combinations of load settings are investigated. The design parameters are investigated on the basis of the achieved cumulative SINR distribution function. We find that SINR values above 10 dB can be expected in an environment with up to two interfering waves by constructing an aperture with one circular array with a radius of 0.5λ containing 10 parasitic elements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(9): 19–26, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20202
Core-shell particles designed for toughening the epoxy resins. II. Core-shell-particle-toughened epoxy resins (1998)

The diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A–m-phenylene diamine (DGEBA–MPDA) epoxy resin was toughened with various sizes and amounts of reactive core-shell particles (CSP) with butyl acrylate (BA) as a core and methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymerized with various concentration of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a shell. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was used to crosslink either core or shell. Among the variables of incorporated CSP indicated above, the optimal design was to obtain the maximum plastic flow of epoxy matrix surrounding the cavitated CSP during the fracture test. It could be achieved by maximizing the content of GMA in a shell-crosslinked CSP, the particle size, and the content of CSP in the epoxy resin without causing the large-scale coagulations. The incorporation of reactive CSP could also accelerate the curing reaction of epoxy resins. Besides, it was able to increase the glass transition temperature of epoxy resins if the particle size ≤0.25 μm and the dispersion was globally uniform. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 2313–2322, 1998
Identification of Oxidized Derivatives of Neuroketals (2002)

Oxidative stress and protein aggregation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The formation of neuroprostanes, isoprostane-like compounds formed from oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid, which is uniquely enriched in the brain, is increased in Alzheimer's disease. We recently identified the formation of a new class of highly reactive gamma-keto aldehydes, neuroketals, in vivo as products of the neuroprostane pathway. Neuroketals adduct to lysine residues of proteins with remarkable rapidity and induce cross-linking. Because neuroketals have either a 1,4-pentadiene or 1,4,7-octatriene side chain structure, we hypothesized that they could undergo further oxidation to form neuroketals with an additional hydroxyl group. Oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid in vitro yielded a series of compounds that were confirmed to be oxidized neuroketals by mass spectrometric analyses. Analysis of oxidized neuroketal adducts during oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid in the presence of lysine revealed the formation of oxidized Schiff base and hydroxylactam adducts. Oxidized hydroxylactam neuroketal-lysyl protein adducts, analyzed after digestion of proteins to individual amino acids, were not detected in nonoxidized rat brain synaptosomes but were readily detected following oxidation of synaptosomes. These studies indicate that neuroketals can undergo further oxidation, which in turn suggests that measurement of only unoxidized neuroketal adducts likely underestimates the amount of neuroketal adducts present in the brain in disorders of oxidant stress.
Deciphering Normal Blood Gene Expression Variation—The NOWAC Postgenome Study (2010)

There is growing evidence that gene expression profiling of peripheral blood cells is a valuable tool for assessing gene signatures related to exposure, drug-response, or disease. However, the true promise of this approach can not be estimated until the scientific community has robust baseline data describing variation in gene expression patterns in normal individuals. Using a large representative sample set of postmenopausal women (N = 286) in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) postgenome study, we investigated variability of whole blood gene expression in the general population. In particular, we examined changes in blood gene expression caused by technical variability, normal inter-individual differences, and exposure variables at proportions and levels relevant to real-life situations. We observe that the overall changes in gene expression are subtle, implying the need for careful analytic approaches of the data. In particular, technical variability may not be ignored and subsequent adjustments must be considered in any analysis. Many new candidate genes were identified that are differentially expressed according to inter-individual (i.e. fasting, BMI) and exposure (i.e. smoking) factors, thus establishing that these effects are mirrored in blood. By focusing on the biological implications instead of directly comparing gene lists from several related studies in the literature, our analytic approach was able to identify significant similarities and effects consistent across these reports. This establishes the feasibility of blood gene expression profiling, if they are predicated upon careful experimental design and analysis in order to minimize confounding signals, artifacts of sample preparation and processing, and inter-individual differences.
Reduction Reactions of Electrolyte Salts for Lithium Ion Batteries: LiPF<sub>6</sub>, LiBF<sub>4</sub>, LiDFOB, LiBOB, and LiTFSI (2018)

The reduction products of common lithium salts for lithium ion battery electrolytes, LiPF6, LiBF4, lithium bisoxalato borate (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalato borate (LiDFOB), and lithium trifluorosulfonylimide (LiTFSI), have been investigated. The solution phase reduction of different lithium salts via reaction with the one electron reducing agent, lithium naphthalenide, results in near quantitative reactions. Analysis of the solution phase and head space gasses suggests that all of the reduction products are precipitated as insoluble solids. The solids obtained through reduction were analyzed with solution NMR, IR-ATR and XPS. All fluorine containing salts generate LiF upon reduction while all oxalate containing salts generate lithium oxalate. In addition, depending upon the salt other species including, LixPFyOz, LixBFy, oligomeric borates, and lithium bis[N-(trifluoromethylsulfonylimino)] trifluoromethanesulfonate are observed.
Electron-beam lithographic pattern generation system (1978)

An electron-beam lithographic system has been evolving over the past few years at the IBM Research Laboratory in Yorktown Heights, New York. Several versions are now operational in the Yorktown Laboratory, and one in the IBM San Jose Laboratory. Many novel features which create a high degree of automation have been incorporated into each of these systems. This paper describes a pattern generator which was designed to allow a highly compact word syntax for transmission of stored mask information from a small computer, while the computer concurrently controls other system functions. The pattern generator is arranged to write shapes a minimum of data transfer. After initialization, only the origin and size of the first shape need be specified to begin execution. Then, if any parameters pertaining to a shape remain unchanged for the following shape, only the changes need be transmitted to cause the fill routine to operate. Predefined shapes (rectangles, parallelograms, triangles,...) are microcoded into the Generator and are directly invoked during the writing of a mask. A feature which provides still greater flexibility allows dynamic loading a microcode defining cells containing shapes whose perimeter may be irregular or curved. In addition, all these features may be written in an orientable array by giving a few machine instructions. This allows the repetition of millions of similar shapes with but a few transmitted words. The organization of the pattern generator is described, as well as integration with the remainder of the system to provide high-speed addressing of a 16K×16K array of points.
On the Setting Properties of Acrylic Bone Cement (1973)

In the one batch of methylmethacrylate tested the surface of the setting cement never exceeded 70 degrees centigrade while the setting time was prolonged by lowering the ambient temperature, decreasing the powder to liquid ratio, and increasing the mass of cement. Working time, that is, the interval between the dough stage and setting, did not change as the powder-liquid ratio varied but decreased with rises in ambient temperature and mass. Batch to batch variation should be expected, and even greater variation will occur with minor variations in composition of cement.
Interpreting concept sketches (2013)

Concept sketches are popularly used by designers to convey pose and function of products. Understanding such sketches, however, requires special skills to form a mental 3D representation of the product geometry by linking parts across the different sketches and imagining the intermediate object configurations. Hence, the sketches can remain inaccessible to many, especially non-designers. We present a system to facilitate easy interpretation and exploration of concept sketches. Starting from crudely specified incomplete geometry, often inconsistent across the different views, we propose a globally-coupled analysis to extract part correspondence and inter-part junction information that best explain the different sketch views. The user can then interactively explore the abstracted object to gain better understanding of the product functions. Our key technical contribution is performing shape analysis without access to any coherent 3D geometric model by reasoning in the space of inter-part relations. We evaluate our system on various concept sketches obtained from popular product design books and websites.
Note on the Transfusion of Reconstituted Dried Human Serum (1940)

is beginning to involve the age groups in which ulcers are common.
A network for learning kinematics with application to human reaching models (2002)

A model for self-organization of the coordinate transformations required for spatial reaching is presented. During a motor babbling phase, a mapping from spatial coordinate directions to joint motion directions is learned. After learning, the model is able to produce straight-line spatial trajectories with characteristic bell-shaped spatial velocity profiles, as observed in human reaches. Simulation results are presented for transverse plane reaching using a two degree-of-freedom arm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Zebrafish as a model for developmental neurotoxicity testing (2006)

Teratogenicity measured in 96-hpf zebrafish is predictive of mammalian teratogenicity and is useful in determining whether a compound causes specific neurotoxicity or general developmental toxicity. Induction of apoptosis or necrosis is an indicator of neurotoxicity. An effect on motor neurons in the caudal third of the embryo correlates with expected defects in motility. Overall, our results showed a strong correlation with mammalian data and suggest that zebrafish is a predictive animal model for neurotoxicity screening.
Glycosaminoglycans partially substitute for proteoglycans in spheroid formation of adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. (1988)

Adult rat hepatocytes seeded in a noncoated plastic dish containing serum-free medium formed a monolayer within 24 h of culture. Those seeded in a dish coated with a proteoglycan fraction isolated from rat liver reticulin fibers attached to the dish but did not spread within 4 h, and then gradually assembled to form floating spherical aggregates (spheroids) with a diameter of 120 +/- 40 micron, within 72 h. The proteoglycan fraction appeared to contain dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and an unidentified glycosaminoglycan in its glycan moieties by glycosaminoglycan analysis after pronase digestion and high molecular weight proteoglycan molecules (mw: over 300,000 and about 200,000) by SDS-PAGE analysis. Cells seeded in dishes coated with these defined glycosaminoglycans and heparin assembled to form hemispheroids and multilayer islands, but not floating spheroids, within 72 h of culture. Dermatan sulfate had a stronger ability to induce hemispheroids than heparan sulfate or heparin. As the hemispheroid and multilayer islands were the intermediate form between monolayer and floating spheroids, the glycosaminoglycan moieties of the proteoglycan fraction were thought to participate in the formation of spheroid.
Health and Function of Patients With Untreated Idiopathic Scoliosis (2003)

Untreated adults with LIS are productive and functional at a high level at 50-year follow-up. Untreated LIS causes little physical impairment other than back pain and cosmetic concerns.
The Calcineurin-Dynamin 1 Complex as a Calcium Sensor for Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis (1999)

Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is calcium-dependent, with synaptotagmin serving as the calcium sensor. Endocytosis of synaptic vesicles has also been postulated as a calcium-dependent process; however, an endocytic calcium sensor has not been found. We now report a physical association between the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and dynamin 1, a component of the synaptic endocytic machinery. The calcineurin-dynamin 1 interaction is calcium-dependent, with an EC(50) for calcium in the range of 0.1-0. 4 microM. Disruption of the calcineurin-dynamin 1 interaction inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Thus, the calcium-dependent formation of the calcineurin-dynamin 1 complex, delivered to the other endocytic coat proteins, provides a calcium-sensing mechanism that facilitates endocytosis.
β‐Oxoanilides in heterocyclic synthesis: An expeditious synthesis of new polyfunctionally substituted pyridine and pyrazole derivatives (2008)

Abstract magnified image 3‐Oxo‐ N ‐{4‐[(pyrimidin‐2‐ylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl}butanamide 3 was condensed with (DMF‐DMA) in refluxing dry dioxane to yield branched structure 4 not its linear isomeric 5 . Compound 4 readily reacted with active methylene to yield compounds 8a‐c, 14, 17 and 20 respectively. Also enaminone 4 reacted with phenyl hydrazine giving 24 and 25 . In contrast, when compound 4 reacted with hydrazine hydrate in the same experimental conditions pyrazole derivative 27 was obtained. Furthermore, condensation of anilide 3 with triethylorthoformate in refluxing acetic anhydride afforded the ethoxy methylene derivative 28 . On the other hand, compound 28 was reacted with active methylene reagents, and hydrazines to afford the products identical in all respects (mp., mixed mp., and spectral data) with those corresponding to compounds 6‐27 respectively. Similarly, compound 3 was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford the reaction product 29 . Also, compound 3 reacted with cyanoacetamide in refluxing ethanolic pipridine solution to yield the pyridine derivative 30 . Finally, 3 reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in refluxing ethanol/sodium acetate solution to yield the acyclic oxime derivative 31 .