gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Normal venous anatomy of the brain: demonstration with gadopentetate dimeglumine in enhanced 3-D MR angiography. (1991)

This investigation evaluates whether gadopentetate dimeglumine enhancement of three-dimensional (3-D) acquisition MR angiography can generate clinically useful images of the normal venous anatomy of the brain. 3-D MR angiography of normal cerebral arterial anatomy has made rapid progress, although demonstration of detailed venous anatomy with similar techniques has been much less revealing. To overcome the limitation of slow venous flow, IV gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast enhancement was used to alter the relaxation times of blood, thus augmenting the venous signal. Several groups of patients were evaluated: we studied eight patients both with and without contrast enhancement, 20 patients and volunteers with multiple techniques to determine optimal technical parameters, and seven patients in whom enhanced MR studies were compared with standard selective biplane cut-film arterial angiograms. Only the large dural sinuses (such as the transverse sinus) could be seen on unenhanced studies owing to the saturation of slowly flowing venous spins. With contrast enhancement, many of the important small and large cerebral venous structures were routinely seen with reasonable scanning times (7 min). The venous anatomy was well seen for approximately one-half hour after injection and correlated well with angiograms. There are several important limitations to this technique, including a limited field of view, variable visibility of specific veins owing to technical and physiologic factors, confusion of enhancing non-flow-related structures, and lack of detailed physiologic information. Single excitation 3-D MR angiograms are insensitive in the evaluation of cerebral venous structures. Enhancement with gadopentetate dimeglumine affords rapid scanning and excellent visualization of the pertinent venous anatomy. The best image quality was obtained with a sequence of 50/7/30 degrees (TR/TE/flip angle).
Liquid‐Like Phases Preorder Peptides for Supramolecular Assembly (2020)

Abstract Controlling supramolecular assembly remains a major challenge for materials science and synthetic biology. Biopolymers organize into multimolecular architectures via two‐step nucleation processes involving dynamic intermediate solute‐rich phases. Here we present spectroscopic analyses of metastable phases formed with a congener of the Alzheimer's disease Aβ peptide that reveals diverse populations of single β‐sheets. The degree of order in this liquid‐like particle phase is remarkable both in the range of sheets and the selection of a single propagating nucleus. The resulting fibril seed is less stable in solution and cooperatively transforms into another fibril. The conformational dynamics of this peptide provide a mechanistic model for controlling the range of polymorphic amyloid assemblies in health and disease.
170-GHz transceiver with on-chip antennas in SiGe technology (2008)

A single-chip transceiver with on-die transmit and receive antennas, Rx and Tx amplifiers, 165-GHz oscillator and static frequency divider is reported in a SiGe HBT process with f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> /f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</sub> of 270 GHz/340 GHz. This marks the highest frequency transceiver in silicon and the highest level of functional integration above 100 GHz in any semiconductor technology. The downconversion gain peaks at -5 dB and the transmit power is -5 dBm when measured at the transceiver pads. Both degrade by approximately 25 dB when measured above the antennas of the transceiver with on-die antennas. The experimental performance of dipole (with and without floating metal strips) and patch antennas is also investigated. The measured 15-dB gain of a standalone amplifier is centered at 170 GHz and remains higher than 10 dB from 160 GHz to 180 GHz while the saturated output power is 0 dBm at 165 GHz.
Effects of Metal Capping on Thermal Annealing of Copper Interconnects (2012)

Grain growth of Cu interconnects in a low- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> dielectric was achieved at an elevated anneal temperature of 300 °C without stress-migration-related reliability problems. For this, a TaN metal passivation layer was deposited on the plated Cu overburden surface prior to the thermal annealing process. As compared to the conventional anneal process at 100 °C, the passivation layer enabled further Cu grain growth at the elevated temperature, which then resulted in an increased Cu grain size and improved electromigration resistance in the resulted Cu interconnects.
Action of Aqueous Alkali on a Bituminous Coal (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleAction of Aqueous Alkali on a Bituminous CoalLeo KasehagenCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1937, 29, 5, 600–604Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50329a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50329a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views35Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
End-Pumped Monoblock Laser For Eyesafe Targeting Systems (2006)

We describe a next-generation monoblock laser capable of greater than 10 mJ, 1.5 8m output at 10 pulses per second (PPS) over broad ambient temperature extremes with no active temperature control. The transmitter design is based on a Nd:YAG laser with a Cr4+ passive Q-switch and intracavity KTP OPO. In order to achieve the repetition rate and efficiency goals of this effort, but still have wide temperature capability, we are endpumping the Nd:YAG slab with a 12-bar stack of 100 W (each) diode bars. We compare different techniques for focusing the pump radiation into the 4.25 mm x 4.25 mm end of the slab, including a lensed design, a reflective concentrator, and a lens-duct. We demonstrate widetemperature operation (-20 to 50 degrees Celsius) for each end-pumped configuration.
Recording potential of bit-patterned media (2006)

A comprehensive analysis of the areal density potential of bit-patterned media recording shows that the recording performance is dominated by written-in errors. The statistical fluctuations of the magnetic properties and the locations of the individual bits lead to error probabilities so that some dots are either not recorded at all or cannot be recorded in the time window necessary to ensure synchronized writing. The highest areal densities are obtained with a combination of a pole head, a soft magnetic underlayer, and a storage medium of the composite type. Areal density scenarios of up to 5Tbits∕in.2 are analyzed.
Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Behavior of Ti and Ti-Al Alloys in Methanol Iodine Solutions (1968)

Studies have been made of the corrosion characteristics and susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking of pure titanium and Ti-Al binary alloys in methanol-iodine solutions. The results indicate that two distinct stress-corrosion mechanisms may be operative, depending on the composition of the solid. In pure titanium and a Ti-2.09 w/o Al alloy failures were found to be intergranular, while in the higher alloys (&gt;5 w/o Al) only the initial part of the crack was intergranular, the part adjacent to the final ductile fracture being largely transgranular. In all the materials examined, the intergranular stress-corrosion process could be inhibited by cathodic polarization or the introduction of water in the methanol-iodine solution. On the basis of these and other observations, it is suggested that this process represents stress-accelerated intergranular corrosion involving dissolution of metal at a crack tip. The transgranular crack propagation stage observed in the higher alloys has the characteristics of mechanical failure, and its occurrence appears to be related to a reduced propensity for cross-slip.
Performance of network formation and scheduling algorithms in the Bluetooth wireless ad‐hoc network (2001)

Bluetooth is a promising new technology for short range, low power, low cost, pico‐cellular wireless connectivity between mobile devices. Efficient clustering or topology construction algorithms play a very important role in the fast connection establishment of such networks. The performance of these algorithms is mainly dependent on the device discovery time, i.e., the time taken by a node to discover and to connect to another node in its radio range, as well as the protocols used for organizing them into the required topology. We define metrics for device discovery performance and evaluate them by simulating the inquiry routine in Bluetooth for various ad‐hoc scenarios. We indicate the scenario where device discovery in Bluetooth can become a bottleneck. We then describe some recent results on topology construction algorithms for Bluetooth. Data applications running over Bluetooth such as http, ftp and real audio will need transport layer protocols such as TCP and UDP to send packets over the wireless links. We propose and compare a number of MAC scheduling algorithms with the aim of improving the performance of asynchronous data traffic over a Bluetooth piconet that supports multiple active slaves. We study how the presence of circuit‐switched voice impacts the performance of data traffic.
Investigations on the variability of breath gas sampling using PTR-MS (2009)

Breath gas analysis is a promising technology in the frame of medical diagnostics. By identifying disease-specific biomarkers in the breath of patients, a non-invasive and easy method for early diagnosis or therapy monitoring might be developed. However, to verify this potential and develop diagnostic tools based on breath gas analysis one essential prerequisite is a low variability in measurement of exhaled volatile organic compounds. Therefore, a study has been undertaken in order to identify possible artefacts within the application of a breath gas test in practice, for which the breath gas is analysed by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). After validating the low instrumental variability by repeatedly measuring standard gas, the variability of breath gas sampling has been evaluated. The latter has been carried out by measuring single breath gas samples (mixed expiratory breath) collected over different periods of time such as 1 min (10 volunteers, 4 breath gas samples each), 1 h (10 volunteers, 11 breath gas samples each) and several days (11 volunteers, 10 breath gas samples each). The breath gas samples were collected in Teflon bags and consecutively measured with PTR-MS. It was found that those samples collected within 1 min and 1 h show a low variability. This was, however, not the case for samples being collected over longer periods of time (15&ndash;70 days). Under these circumstances, many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed significant day-to-day variation in concentration, although the breath collection had been performed under the same conditions (similar sampling time, sampling technique, sample storage time, measurement conditions, etc). This large variation might be assigned to the influence of room air VOCs, which have been investigated in this work, or with other parameters which will be discussed. It was also found that the variability in the measurement of exhaled concentrations of methanol, acetone and isoprene within different individuals (inter individual variability) is much higher than differences in the same volunteer (intra individual variability) measured over a longer time interval.
An integrated correlation measure for semantic video segmentation (2003)

Semantic segmentation is critical in video content analysis and retrieval. We propose an approach to semantic video segmentation by integrating multiple video cues into a generic scheme. We define a consistency measurement of contexts, continuity, which has two components, called cohesion and disjunction. As a result we can treat all the features, both low level features and semantic features, in the same way. At each shot boundary, the continuity measurement gives a confidence of being the boundary between two semantic units. The effectiveness of our approach has been demonstrated by experiments on all kinds of live videos.
CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION BY POLYMERIC SOIL CONDITIONERS (1986)

Polyacrylamide polymers are useful in forming water-stable aggregates in soil. They not only have a favorable effect on water infiltration in soil, but also decrease the erodibility of soil. To stabilize soil, the polymers are either mixed dry with soil and then subjected to a wetting, drying, and cultivation cycle or solutions containing polymers are applied to cultivated soil. Five diferent situations where polymers can decrease soil erosion are described. The first situation involves application to soil several centimeters deep to improve water penetration, so that there is less water runoff and less erosion. The second situation involves application to the surface up to a 2-cm depth of soil to create water-stable aggregates that resist erosion. The third situation involves spraying polymers in solution or applying dry material followed by wetting onto the soil surface, so that after drying the stable structure of the surface of soil will not easily break during rain storms, even thought water will penetrate, but with much running off. The soil may not be cultivated in this situation. The fourth situation involves applying polymers to soil via irrigation water to decrease soil erosion by the irrigation water, particularly from furrows. The fifth situation involves applying polymers to driveways and playing fields to decrease erosion of dust by wind. Tested rates of the polymers that inhibited erosion were much lower than those rates used for the product Krilium over 30 years ago.
Systems network architecture: a tutorial (1988)

SNA history architecture overview data link control path control transmission control data flow control network addressable unit services logical unit types SNA network interconnection related architectures networks of small SNA systems comparison with the OSI reference model.
Multiparadigm Modeling of Dynamical Crack Propagation in Silicon Using a Reactive Force Field (2006)

We report a study of dynamic cracking in a silicon single crystal in which the ReaxFF reactive force field is used for several thousand atoms near the crack tip, while more than 100,000 atoms are described with a nonreactive force field. ReaxFF is completely derived from quantum mechanical calculations of simple silicon systems without any empirical parameters. Our results reproduce experimental observations of fracture in silicon including changes in crack dynamics for different crack orientations.
Increased Susceptibility to <i>Escherichia coli</i> Infection in Mice Pretreated with <i>Corynebacterium parvum</i> (1983)

The contribution of activated macrophages to protection against Escherichia coli was studied in mice treated intravenously with Corynebacterium parvum 7 days before infection. C. parvum-treated mice showed increased phagocytic activity and enhanced resistance to Listeria infection. In contrast, these mice showed increased susceptibility to a subsequent challenge with E. coli that correlated closely with a reduction in the LD50 of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these mice. The peritoneal macrophages obtained from C. parvum-treated mice had a strong ability to phagocytize and kill E. coli in in vitro experiments. A rapid decline in the number of bacteria in the liver of C. parvum-treated mice was observed in the early period of infection. However, the number of bacteria in liver and spleen increased progressively to a lethal dose from 6 hr after infection. At this time, a significant increase in beta-glucuronidase, a lysosomal acid hydrolase, was found in the serum of these mice. In vitro experiments revealed that the peritoneal macrophages from C. parvum-treated mice were highly susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of LPS after 6 hr of incubation with LPS. It is suggested that the hypersensitivity of activated macrophages to the cytotoxic effect of endotoxin derived from E. coli may be partly responsible for the increased susceptibility of C. parvum-treated mice to E. coli infection.
Two-Stage Algebraic Multiscale Linear Solver for Highly Heterogeneous Reservoir Models (2012)

Summary An efficient Two-Stage Algebraic Multiscale Solver (TAMS) that converges to the fine-scale solution is described. The first (global) stage is a multiscale solution obtained algebraically for the given fine-scale problem. In the second stage, a local preconditioner, such as the Block ILU (BILU), or the Additive Schwarz (AS) method is used. Spectral analysis shows that the multiscale solution step captures the low-frequency parts of the error spectrum quite well, while the local preconditioner represents the high-frequency components accurately. Combining the two stages in an iterative scheme results in efficient treatment of all the error components associated with the fine-scale problem. TAMS is shown to converge to the reference fine-scale solution. Moreover, the eigenvalues of the TAMS iteration matrix show significant clustering, which is favorable for Krylov-based methods. Accurate solution of the nonlinear saturation equations (i.e., transport problem) requires having locally conservative velocity fields. TAMS guarantees local mass conservation by concluding the iterations with a multiscale finite-volume step. We demonstrate the performance of TAMS using several test cases with strong permeability heterogeneity and large-grid aspect ratios. Different choices in the TAMS algorithm are investigated, including the Galerkin and finite-volume restriction operators, as well as the BILU and AS preconditioners for the second stage. TAMS for the elliptic flow problem is comparable to state-of-the-art algebraic multigrid methods, which are in wide use. Moreover, the computational time of TAMS grows nearly linearly with problem size.
Modified form birefringence in periodic multilayer structures including uniaxial anisotropic materials (2008)

International audience
Study on the staggered array of an LED system for improved thermal behavior (2015)

This paper proposes a staggered array to minimize heat concentration of an LED system. The purpose of this paper is to investigate temperature distribution with and without an optimized process of an LED system in various placements by experimental and numerical methods in order to improve thermal behavior. The proposed work develops an effective method to design an LED's placement for enhanced thermal uniformity and luminous efficacy, thus decreasing thermal concentrations and temperature of the LED system. Measured and calculated temperature distribution of the LED system shows good agreement.
Synthesis of Novel “Rod−Coil” Brush Polymers with Conjugated Backbones through Bergman Cyclization (2009)

This work reports synthesis of “rod−coil” brush polymers with rigid conjugated backbone. “Grafting through” strategy was employed via combination of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and Bergman cyclization polymerization. Enediyne-containing macromonomers were first synthesized through ROP of caprolactone with dual-functional initiators conceiving free hydroxy groups and dialkynylbenzene moieties. After protection of terminal free hydroxy group of PCL chain and removal of trimethylsilyl protecting group of enediyne unit, the macromonomers were subjected to thermal Bergman cyclization under vacuum. The brush polymers obtained were characterized with GPC and NMR, IR, and UV−vis spectroscopy. The conjugated backbones were revealed as copolymers of naphthalene and indenylmethylene according to NMR analysis.
End-to-end Learning of Driving Models from Large-scale Video Datasets (2016)

Robust perception-action models should be learned from training data with diverse visual appearances and realistic behaviors, yet current approaches to deep visuomotor policy learning have been generally limited to in-situ models learned from a single vehicle or a simulation environment. We advocate learning a generic vehicle motion model from large scale crowd-sourced video data, and develop an end-to-end trainable architecture for learning to predict a distribution over future vehicle egomotion from instantaneous monocular camera observations and previous vehicle state. Our model incorporates a novel FCN-LSTM architecture, which can be learned from large-scale crowd-sourced vehicle action data, and leverages available scene segmentation side tasks to improve performance under a privileged learning paradigm.
Advanced tests of nonlocality with entangled photons (2016)

In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen questioned whether quantum mechanics can be complete, as it seemingly does not adhere to a natural view of reality: local realism, which is the notion that an event can only be influenced by events in the past lightcone, and can only influence events in the future lightcone. This question sparked a philosophical debate that lasted for three decades, until John Bell demonstrated that not only are quantum mechanics and local realism philosophically incompatible, but they predict different statistical results for an appropriate set of measurements on entangled particles, which changed the debate to a scientific discussion. Since then, Bell inequality violations have occurred in a plethora of systems, hinting that local realism is indeed wrong. However, every experiment had imperfections that complicated the interpretation --- the experiments had so-called "loopholes" which allowed local realism to persist.\n\nIn this manuscript, we present our work in using optimized sources of entangled photons to perform the long-sought loophole-free Bell test. This landmark experiment invalidates local realism to the best that science will allow. Beyond answering questions on reality, these Bell tests have a important application in generating provably-secure private random numbers, which then can be used as a seed for cryptographic applications.\n\nNot only do we demonstrate that nonlocality must exist, but we begin an experimental exploration in an attempt to understand and quantify this nonlocality. We do so by considering all theories that obey no-signaling (or relativistic causality). In our experiments, we observe the counter-intuitive feature of measuring more nonlocality with less entangled states. We also place a bound on the predictive power of any theory that obeys relativistic causality. And finally, we are able to measure quantum correlations only attainable through complex qubits. This work merely begins to probe the quantum boundary, beginning a journey that may someday find evidence of a beyond-quantum theory.