gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoionization with Atomic Beams. II. Cadmium Atoms between 8.99 and 83 eV and Zinc Atoms between 27.35 and 65 eV (1969)

The energy dependences of the photoionization cross sections to produce Cd+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ have been measured with modulated atomic beams and pulsed, dispersed vacuum-ultraviolet radiation. Results are presented for cadmium ions at energies between 8.99 and 83 eV and for zinc ions at energies between 27.35 and 65 eV.
eNOS Mediates <scp>l</scp> -Arginine–Induced Inhibition of Thick Ascending Limb Chloride Flux (2000)

We recently reported that the rat thick ascending limb (THAL) possesses an active isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) that is substrate-limited in vitro. NO produced by THAL NOS inhibits chloride flux. Protein and transcript for each of the primary NOS isoforms-endothelial (eNOS), inducible (iNOS), and neuronal (nNOS)-have been demonstrated in THALs. However, the NOS isoform that mediates NO-induced inhibition of chloride flux is unknown. We hypothesized that NO produced from eNOS in the THAL inhibits NaCl transport. THALs from male eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS knockout mice and C57BL/6J wild-type controls were perfused in vitro and the response of transepithelial chloride flux (J(Cl)) to L-arginine (L-Arg), the substrate for NOS, and spermine NONOate (SPM), an NO donor was measured. We first tested whether isolated mouse THALs could synthesize NO and whether this NO inhibits transport. Addition of 0. 5 mmol/L L-Arg to the bath decreased J(Cl) from 105.8+/-17.5 to 79. 2+/-15.8 pmol/mm per minute (P<0.01) in C57BL/6J wild-type mice, whereas addition of D-Arginine had no effects on J(Cl.) In contrast, addition of 0.5 mmol/L L-Arg to the bath did not alter J(Cl) of THALs from eNOS knockout mice. When 10 micromol/L SPM was added to the bath of eNOS knockout THALs, J(Cl) decreased from 89.1+/-8.6 to 74.8+/-7.5 pmol/mm/min (P<0.05). Thus the lack of responsiveness of eNOS knockout THALs to L-Arg was not due to an inability to respond to NO. We next evaluated the role of iNOS and nNOS in the response to L-Arg. Addition of 0.5 mmol/L L-Arg to the bath decreased J(Cl) in THALs from iNOS and nNOS knockout mice by 37.7+/-6.4% (P<0.05) and 31.8+/-8.3% (P<0.01), respectively. We conclude that eNOS is the active isoform of NOS in the THAL under basal conditions. Mouse THAL eNOS responds to exogenous L-Arg by increasing NO production, which, in turn, inhibits J(Cl).
TiO<sub>2</sub>‐Supported Re as a General and Chemoselective Heterogeneous Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols (2016)

TiO<sub>2</sub> -supported Re, Re/TiO<sub>2</sub> , was found to promote selective hydrogenation of carboxylic acids having aromatic and aliphatic moieties to the corresponding alcohols. Re/TiO<sub>2</sub> showed superior results compared to other transition-metal-loaded TiO<sub>2</sub> and supported Re catalysts for selective hydrogenation of 3-phenylpropionic acid. 3-phenylpropanol was produced in 97 % yield under mild conditions (5 MPa H<sub>2</sub> at 140 °C). Contrary to typical heterogeneous catalysts, Re/TiO<sub>2</sub> does not lead to the formation of dearomatized byproducts. The catalyst is recyclable and shows a wide substrate scope in the synthesis of alcohols (22 examples; up to 97 % isolated yield).
Ethanol production by thermophilic bacteria: metabolic control of end product formation in Thermoanaerobium brockii (1981)

Specific changes in the chemical and microbial composition of Thermoanaerobium brockii fermentations were compared and related to alterations of process rates, end product yields, and growth parameters. Fermentation of starch as compared with glucose was associated with significant decreases in growth rate and intracellular fructose-1,6-bisphosphate concentration and with a dramatic increase in the ethanol/lactate product ratio. Glucose or pyruvate fermentation in the presence of acetone was correlated with increased substrate consumption, growth (both rate and yield), acetate yield, and quantitative reduction of acetone to isopropanol in lieu of normal reduced fermentation products (i.e., H2, ethanol, lactate). Acetone altered pyruvate phosphoroclastic activity of cell extracts in that H2, lactate, and ethanol levels decreased, whereas the acetate concentration increased. Glucose fermentation in the presence of exogenous hydrogen was associated with inhibition of endogenous H2 production and either increased ethanol/acetate product ratios and decreased growth at less than 0.5 atm (51 kPa) of H2 or total growth inhibition at 1.0 atm (102 kPA). The effects of exogenous hydrogen on glucose fermentation were totally reversed by the addition of acetone. Glucose fermentation in coculture with Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum correlated with increased growth (both rate and yield), acetate yield, and the formation of methane in lieu of monoculture reduced products. In coculture, but not monoculture, T. brockii grew on ethanol as the energy source, and acetate and methane were the end products as a direct consequence of hydrogen consumption by the methanogen.
Metallization systems for thin film CuInSe/sub 2//CdS solar cells (1984)

Thin film CuInSe/sub 2//CdS solar cells with efficiency between 8-9% on a small area (4 cm/sup 2/) have been characterized. The quality of the front and back contacts and their effect on the performance of these cells has been examined. Analysis of the dark and light current voltage characteristics show high series resistance. Auger ESCA analysis of the molybdenum (Mo) back contact indicates formation of MoSe/sub 2/ at the CuInSe/sub 2//Mo interface. Copper and indium also are observed to diffuse into the Mo layer. Adhesion of front grid lines using Al, Al-Ag, and In-Ag metals has been found to be sensitive to the processing conditions. Vacuum-deposited Al with minimal oxygen background pressure during deposition appears to be a suitable front contact.
Extrahepatic portal hypertension--long-term results. (1977)

This report reviews 164 cases derived from 2 Australian and 3 U.S. centres. There were 128 direct operations and 63 shunts. There were 16 deaths (10% mortality) but 3 were due to unrelated causes. Direct procedures; In the long term these appear of little value. 37 of 48 children having splenectomy subsequently rebled. Almost all children having ligation of varices and direct operations on the stomach rebled subsequently. Acute bleeding can almost always be controlled by conservative measures and direct operations would appear to offer no benefit over non-operative management except in the occasional case of catastrophic management that cannot be controlled conservatively. Shunts; A properly performed decompressive shunt offers the best hope of long term control for bleeding varices. Meso-caval shunts seem to give somewhat better results than splenorenal shunts. About two-thirds of the patients undergoing shunts remain free of any further bleeding. Non-operative management; 27 children have had no surgery performed and all are alive except for one child who subsequently died in a railroad accident. Bleeding episodes become less frequent after the age of 15 years and there are a number of reasons for this including the progressive development of natural shunts. We are not aware of any deaths or major complications from hypersplenism. Growth and development of all children in this series has been normal, although other have commented on a significant incidence of encephalopathy. Conclusions; 1. GIT bleeding becomes progressively less after the age of 15 years. 2. Direct operations have little place in treatment. 3. Decompressive shunts are the most effective method of controlling continuing bleeding but require a shunt of at least 1 cm diameter. 4. Splenomegaly and hypersplenism are not serious problems. 5. One can anticipate the progressive development of natural shunts. 6. Splenectomy should be avoided in this disease unless accompanied by a shunt.
Structural Basis for the Interaction between Casein Kinase 1 Delta and a Potent and Selective Inhibitor (2011)

Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ) and its closest homologue CK1ε are key regulators of diverse cellular growth and survival processes such as Wnt signaling, DNA repair, and circadian rhythms. We report three crystal structures of the kinase domain of human CK1δ, one apo and two complexed with a potent and selective CK1δ/ε inhibitor PF670462 in two different crystal forms. These structures provide a molecular basis for the strong and specific inhibitor interactions and suggest clues for further development of CK1δ/ε inhibitors.
Transdifferentiation of Adult Human Pigment Epithelium into Retinal Cells by Transfection with an Activated H- <i>ras</i> Proto-Oncogene (1993)

The identification of homologs to viral oncogenes in normal cells coupled with development of techniques for DNA transfer into cells offers a powerful approach to dissect the processes associated with differentiation-specific oncogenes. We have derived cell lines by transfection of viral DNAs and proto-oncogenes into primary retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Establishment of cell lines was successfully achieved with the SV40 large T-antigen gene activated form of Harvey (H)-ras proto-oncogene, c-myc, and adenovirus E1A. The cell lines derived using the H-ras oncogene appeared to contain cells with a neuronal phenotype. This feature was not observed in cell lines established with the other oncogenes. Characteristically, H-ras-transfected cells all exhibited features associated with neurons around 10-14 passages. The transdifferentiated cells were biochemically characterized and found to express neuronal markers, such as neurofilament protein and neuron-specific enolases. The specific neuronal changes were restricted to only two primary cultures of RPE derived from carcinoma donors. Although transdifferentiation of pigmented cells of iris, or the retina, into the lens has been demonstrated, our studies presented in this report provide evidence that RPE cells from adults can transdifferentiate into neurons under the influence of a specific oncogene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on transdifferentiation of adult human pigment epithelium into a neuronal cell type.
An Electrode for Recording Single Motor Unit Activity During Strong Muscle Contractions (1972)

The construction of a lightweight quadrifillar needle electrode offering four monopolar and six bipolar microelectrode combinations is described. The electrode has three useful features: 1) it can record distinct individual motor unit action potentials during strong muscle contractions, 2) the frequency response curve of the electrode can be altered to a simple functional relationship within the frequency range of myoelectric signals, and 3) the electrode minimizes the subject's discomfort.
Identification of genes expressed differentially by LNCaP or PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. (1998)

The transition from androgen-dependent to aggressive androgen-independent growth is an important development in prostate cancer, and the identification of genes expressed differentially between these two phenotypes could provide new therapeutic targets as well as prognostic markers. Using a subtractive approach designated linker capture subtraction, we have now isolated several genes expressed differentially between the human prostate carcinoma cell lines LNCaP and PC-3, which are androgen-dependent and androgen-independent, respectively. In addition to 10 known genes that may be involved in signal transduction, tumor growth, tumor invasion, and metastasis, 3 novel genes were isolated. One of these, designated NPG-1, was expressed by the majority of primary tumors examined. Moreover, the degree of NPG-1 expressed correlated with an aggressive histopathology.
Best Method to Balance Torque Loadings on a Pumping Unit Gearbox (2005)

Abstract In general there are three methods available to the operator to determine the net torque loading on a pumping unit's gearbox. Two dynamic methods determine the instantaneous torque throughout the pumping cycle. Method 1 combines the measured surface dynamometer card and calculated torque factors with measured or calculated counterbalance moments from the crank and weights. Method 2 uses measured motor power with motor and drive efficiencies and the pumping unit speed to calculate gearbox torque. The third method combines the counterbalance effect (CBE) with the measured dynamometer loads and the torque factors to compute the net torque on the gearbox. The CBE test is a direct method of determining net gearbox torque at a specific crank position to estimate the maximum counterbalance moment. This static test is where the cranks and counterweights are held level until no upward or downward movement is noticed when the break is released. Field case studies applying all three methods to determining gearbox torque are presented in this paper. The pros and cons of using each method are discussed. Introduction The oldest and most common method of artificial lift used in producing oil wells is sucker rod pumping. In the United States and Canada, sucker rod lift is used in over 85% of artificial lift wells. The sucker rod lift system consists of four components:prime mover;pumping unit;counterbalance to the rod loading; and,sucker rods and associated downhole equipment. The function of the pumping unit is to convert the rotary motion of the prime mover to the vertical reciprocating motion of the polished rod. Therole of the prime mover is to furnish the necessary power to drive the system. To improve efficiency, reduce the size of the prime mover and gearbox, and to load the gearbox more uniformly, the sucker rod pumping mechanism is furnished with some type of counterbalance system, where the counterbalance effect at the polished rod is approximately equal to the buoyant weight of the rods plus half the fluid load on the plunger. Balanced or Unbalanced Gearbox Loading For each complete stroke, the net torque load on the gearbox is cyclic, usually having two maximum peaks and two minimum valleys. The peaks occur during the upstroke and the downstroke, and the valleys occur at the top and bottom of the stroke. For balanced operation, the magnitude of the peaks should be approximately equal. Pumping unit manufacturers use various types of counterbalancing and mechanical features to reduce the peak gearbox torque and to smooth out the cyclic effects of the load. The gearbox is said to be underbalanced or rod heavy if the upstroke peak is greater, whereas the gearbox is said to be overbalanced or weight heavy if the downstroke peak is greater. Since in a rotating system torque and power are directly related, the previous statements can be equally applied to the cyclic nature of the motor power developed during a complete stroke of the pumping unit.
Political Aspects of Rural Economic Reform in China (1987)

The economic reform policies of the past five years have brought far-reaching changes to the Chinese countryside. This article sets out to identify some of the major political factors influential in generating and sustaining the new policies, and the possible political effects of a successful reform programme.
Deep Identity-aware Transfer of Facial Attributes (2016)

This paper presents a Deep convolutional network model for Identity-Aware Transfer (DIAT) of facial attributes. Given the source input image and the reference attribute, DIAT aims to generate a facial image that owns the reference attribute as well as keeps the same or similar identity to the input image. In general, our model consists of a mask network and an attribute transform network which work in synergy to generate a photo-realistic facial image with the reference attribute. Considering that the reference attribute may be only related to some parts of the image, the mask network is introduced to avoid the incorrect editing on attribute irrelevant region. Then the estimated mask is adopted to combine the input and transformed image for producing the transfer result. For joint training of transform network and mask network, we incorporate the adversarial attribute loss, identity-aware adaptive perceptual loss, and VGG-FACE based identity loss. Furthermore, a denoising network is presented to serve for perceptual regularization to suppress the artifacts in transfer result, while an attribute ratio regularization is introduced to constrain the size of attribute relevant region. Our DIAT can provide a unified solution for several representative facial attribute transfer tasks, e.g., expression transfer, accessory removal, age progression, and gender transfer, and can be extended for other face enhancement tasks such as face hallucination. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Even for the identity-related attribute (e.g., gender), our DIAT can obtain visually impressive results by changing the attribute while retaining most identity-aware features.
Importins and Beyond: Non‐Conventional Nuclear Transport Mechanisms (2009)

The movement of proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus conventionally involves the recognition of nuclear targeting signals by members of the importin (Imp) superfamily of nuclear transporters, followed by translocation through the nuclear envelope-embedded nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). It is becoming increasingly apparent, however, that distinct alternative pathways for nuclear transport exist and are relatively abundant. This review examines several of these novel pathways, including facilitation of Imp-dependent transport by microtubule motors, and Imp-independent pathways involving either other transport molecules such as the calcium-binding protein calmodulin or through direct binding to the components of the NPC. The existence of these pathways and the fact that many proteins appear to possess separate Imp-dependent and -independent nuclear import mechanisms ensure that the cell can function under conditions in which Imp-dependent transport is inhibited and/or modulate the efficiency of Imp-dependent transport itself, according to the need.
Radioimmunoassay for leukotriene B <sub>4</sub> (1982)

A rabbit immunized with leukotriene B(4) [LTB(4); (5S,12R)-6, 14-cis-8, 10-trans-icosatetraenoic acid] coupled to bovine serum albumin via the 12-oxy function of the lipid produced antibodies having an average association constant (K(a)) for [14,15-(3)H]LTB(4) of 3.2 x 10(9) M(-1) at 37 degrees C and in a concentration of 0.37 mug/ml of the immune plasma. When 10 mul of anti-LTB(4) and 3.9 nCi of [14,15-(3)H]LTB(4) (28 Ci/mmol; 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10(10) becquerels) were incubated in a volume of 250 mul, 50% inhibition of radioligand binding was achieved with 0.31 ng of LTB(4) and with 1.95 ng of (5S,12S)-6-trans-8-cis-LTB(4). The sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, LTC(4) and LTD(4), displaced the radioligand from this antibody with less than 1/100th the activity of LTB(4), and the diastereoisomers of 6-trans-LTB(4), 5-L-hydroxy-6-trans-8,11,14-cis-icosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), and three prostaglandins were minimally effective. The specificity of this radioimmunoassay was further shown by assessment of the immunoreactive products generated from calcium ionophore (A23187)-activated rat serosal mast cells and human neutrophils after reversed-phase HPLC. Resolution of the supernatants from each cell type yielded a single immunoreactive peak that coeluted with synthetic LTB(4) and quantitatively correlated with the physical measurement by integrated A(269) in that peak; UV-absorbing peaks eluting at other retention times were not immunoreactive. The immunoreactive LTB(4) generated averaged 4.6 ng per 10(6) rat mast cells and resolution of the supernatants by reversed-phase HPLC without a prior extraction step gave a recovery of 54%, validating the direct applicability of this sensitive and specific assay for LTB(4), a highly potent chemotactic factor, to unfractionated biologic fluids.
Depression in the patient with chronic pain. (1996)

The management of patients with chronic pain is a challenging clinical problem that frequently requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Depression is a common comorbidity associated with chronic pain, occurring in as many as 50% of chronic pain patients. Depression may develop secondarily or independently of the chronic pain syndrome, or it may occur as the primary cause of chronic pain. Regardless of their etiology, evidence exists to suggest that depression and chronic pain share common biologic pathways, namely, the serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic systems. Chronic pain patients who are depressed require aggressive, full-dose treatment with antidepressants. Treatment should be selected based on a prior clinical response, the side-effect profile, the dosing schedule, and the potential for drug interactions. The newer antidepressants, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors venlafaxine and nefazodone, are therapeutic options for the treatment of depression in the patient with chronic pain.
Nonconjugated Dimesitylboryl-Functionalized Phenylpyridines and Their Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes (2011)

To investigate possible through-space charge transfer transitions between a Pt(II) ion and a triarylborane unit, the two new nonconjugated molecules 1 and 2 have been synthesized and fully characterized. Compound 1 has a V-shaped geometry, while 2 has a U-shaped geometry. In 1 a BMes2Ar group and a ppy group (Mes = mesityl, ppy = phenylpyridine) are linked together by a SiPh2 unit, while in 2 these groups are joined together by a 1,8-naphthyl linker. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Their cyclometalated compounds Pt-1 and Pt-2 with a Pt(acac) unit chelated to the ppy site have been synthesized. Computational and experimental examinations on the photophysical properties of the free ligands and the Pt(II) compounds revealed that the molecular shape and geometry of the molecule have a distinct impact on the fluorescence and phosphorescence of these molecules. Pt-1 is a bright phosphorescent emitter with λem 490 nm and Φ = 66% while Pt-2 is very weakly emissive with λem 567 nm and Φ = ∼0.05%. Anions such as fluoride were found to have no impact on the phosphorescence of these two Pt(II) compounds, thus establishing that phosphorescence of these molecules does not involve a through-space charge transfer transition between the Pt(ppy)(acac) unit and the BMes2Ar unit.
Effect of Adaptation to Ethanol on Cytoplasmic and Membrane Protein Profiles of <i>Oenococcus oeni</i> (2004)

The practical application of commercial malolactic starter cultures of Oenococcus oeni surviving direct inoculation in wine requires insight into mechanisms of ethanol toxicity and of acquired ethanol tolerance in this organism. Therefore, the site-specific location of proteins involved in ethanol adaptation, including cytoplasmic, membrane-associated, and integral membrane proteins, was investigated. Ethanol triggers alterations in protein patterns of O. oeni cells stressed with 12% ethanol for 1 h and those of cells grown in the presence of 8% ethanol. Levels of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, which generate reduced nicotinamide nucleotides, were decreased during growth in the presence of ethanol, while glutathione reductase, which consumes NADPH, was induced, suggesting that maintenance of the redox balance plays an important role in ethanol adaptation. Phosphoenolpyruvate:mannose phosphotransferase system (PTS) components of mannose PTS, including the phosphocarrier protein HPr and EII(Man), were lacking in ethanol-adapted cells, providing strong evidence that mannose PTS is absent in ethanol-adapted cells, and this represents a metabolic advantage to O. oeni cells during malolactic fermentation. In cells grown in the presence of ethanol, a large increase in the number of membrane-associated proteins was observed. Interestingly, two of these proteins, dTDT-glucose-4,6-dehydratase and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase, are known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Using a proteomic approach, we provide evidence for an active ethanol adaptation response of O. oeni at the cytoplasmic and membrane protein levels.