gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-contrast photoresist development model for OPC application at 10nm node (2015)

The Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) model, a key to process yield in the mask synthesis flow, is getting more and more complicated and challenging at advanced technology nodes (1X nm). To achieve accurate critical dimension (CD) prediction and model robustness on varied designed patterns, a rigorously tuned compact model (RTCM) [1] that takes the photoresist chemical effects into considerations is strongly desired. A lithography process consists of three main stages: Exposure, Post-Exposure Bake (PEB), and Photoresist Development. Each stage is characterized by its fundamental physics or chemistry that governs the process of illumination induced photo-acid generation, thermally activated chemical reaction-diffusion, and developer dependent photoresist dissolution, respectively. The final resist profile is determined by the process details of all these stages directly or indirectly. For an ideal resist that the development contrast approaches infinity, resist development is aptly represented by a threshold model applied to the PEB latent image (acid or inhibitor concentration). So the quality of OPC modeling is largely determined by the fidelity of PEB latent image [2,3]. However, for some types of resist and developer used in Negative Tone Development (NTD), the development contrast shows a long tail without a sharp transition. For such low-contrast resist, the developed resist profile is no longer described well by the equilevel surface of PEB latent image. Going beyond the threshold approximation, we start from the fundamental equations of resist development physics and analyze the time evolution of development front that determines the resist profile. In this paper, a new compact model is derived to catch the main physics in resist Development, which is also simple and computationally efficient to suit for OPC applications. Comparison with S-LITHO rigorous solutions and real-wafer experiments with 1D and 2D test patterns have showed that the new compact model, with fewer free parameters, provides better CD prediction than the existing empirical lumped parameter models for low-contrast resists. The new physical compact model offers a more accurate and extendable solution for OPC modeling at the 10nm node and onward.
ESD Protection Design for Mixed-Voltage I/O Interfaces -- Overview (2006)

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design for mixed-voltage I/O interfaces has been one of the key challenges of system-on-a-chip (SOC) implementation in nanoscale CMOS processes. This paper presents an overview on the design concept and circuit implementations of the ESD protection designs for mixed-voltage I/O interfaces without using the additional thick gate-oxide process. The ESD design constraints in mixed-voltage I/O interfaces, the classification, and analysis of ESD protection designs for mixed-voltage I/O interfaces are presented and discussed.
Endothelial production of MCP‐1: modulation by heparin and consequences for mononuclear cell activation (1997)

Heparin is a polyanionic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that can bind with high affinity to a range of cytokines including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and members of the chemokine superfamily. This GAG also possesses immunomodulatory activity in vivo and can antagonize the capacity of IFN-gamma to induce class II MHC antigen expression, and to up-regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1, by cultured endothelial cells. Previous studies have shown that binding to cell-surface heparan sulphate is essential for optimal activity of IFN-gamma and that free heparin competitively inhibits this sequestration process. The present study was performed to increase our understanding of the immunosuppressive activity of heparin by investigation of potential antagonism of the production and function of monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine important for mononuclear leucocyte recruitment across vascular endothelium. It was found that mixture of heparin with IFN-gamma inhibited up-regulation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription protein, STAT-1 produced normally by treatment of endothelial cells with IFN-gamma. An inhibition of MCP-1 production was observed that was specifically caused by mixture of IFN-gamma with heparin-like, and therefore cytokine-binding, GAGs. It was also shown that mixture of heparin-like GAGs with MCP-1 inhibited the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase which is normally produced by treatment of mononuclear leucocytes with this chemokine. Blockade of this intracellular signalling event was associated with a reduction in the normal transendothelial migration response towards MCP-1. Results from this study indicate that soluble, heparin-like GAGs can block IFN-gamma-dependent up-regulation of MCP-1 production by cultured endothelial cells, and can also antagonize the leucocyte-activating and migration-promoting properties of pre-existing MCP-1. These activities may contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of heparin.
A Case Study in the Application of Authentic Material Texts: Findings after Using the New York Times Monday Weekly on the United Daily News (2009)

It is easy to have access to satellite or cable TV programs in Taiwan, and thus ordinary learners have ample opportunities to immerse themselves in an English-rich environment if they want. However, military cadets do not have enough English input because their time is limited on campus. In this study, the writer strives to figure out the best way to increases their interest in the language and relate English instruction to their real world. She used the New York Times Monday Weekly (NYTMW) in the United Daily News as a supplementary reading material during the 2005-2006 school year, and tried to analyze the mixed results. She finds that retention is increased if the selected material is relevant to learners’ lives. Key words: NYTMW, New York Times, reading assessment, authentic material texts Resume: Il est facile d’acceder aux programmes de satellite ou de televison par câble a Taiwai, et ainsi les apprenants disposent de nombreuses opportunites pour s’immigrer dans un environnement anglais s’ils en ont envie. Cependant, les eleves des ecoles militaires n’ont pas assez de contact avec l’anglais parce qu’ils passent leur temps au campus. Dans cette etude, l’auteur essaie de trouver le meilleur moyen de soulever leur interet et relier l’instruction anglaise a leur vie reelle. De plus, elle trouve que la retention est augmentee si le materiel selectionne concerne la vie des apprenants. Mots-Cles: NYTMW, New York Time, evaluation de lecture, materiel authentique
IC‐P‐051: Combination of cerebral metabolic and cognitive information as a better predictor of the conversion to Alzheimer's disease in mild cognitive impairment: A two‐year follow‐up study (2011)

This study aimed to indentify characteristic regional patterns of cerebral glucose metabolism at baseline in patients converting from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) after two years of follow-up, and to compare the ability of AD prediction between cerebral metabolic information alone and combination of metabolic and cognitive information. Forty seven elderly subjects with MCI and 30 cognitively normal (CN) elderly individuals were evaluated at baseline with a [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan and CERAD neuropsychological tests and followed up annually. Voxel-based statistical comparison of FDG-PET data with CN group and between MCI subgroups was performed using statistical parametric mapping 2 (SPM2). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the ability of regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMglc) alone and combination of rCMglc and cognitive test scores to predict those who would progress to AD. Among the overall MCI subjects, 14 (29.8%) were converted to clinically evident AD (referred to as MCIAD) and 33 (70.2%) were still in the MCI state (referred to as MCIMCI) after the 2-year follow-up. Compared with CN, MCIAD showed reduced rCMglc in the precuneus, posterior cingulate, temporoparietal, and frontal cortex at baseline. Relative baseline hypometabolism in the middle frontal, precuneus, and inferior parietal region was also found in MCIAD in comparison with MCIMCI. In terms of AD prediction ability, combination of frontal rCMglc and mini-mental state examination score (accuracy: 92.8%) was significantly better than frontal rCMglc alone (accuracy: 78.6%). However, the addition of other CERAD neuropsychological test scores did not improve AD prediction ability further. Our finding support that MCI patients who progress to AD within two years already have typical hypometabolism pattern of AD, even including frontal hypometabolism, at baseline. The addition of global cognitive test can improve the AD prediction ability of FDG-PET in MCI.
An image processing system for cell behaviour studies in subconfluent cultures (1995)

SUMMARY DRIMAPS (digitally recorded interference microscopy with automatic phase‐shifting) is a system that we have developed for quantifying the behaviour of cells in subconfluent cultures. The primary data generated by the system consist of phase‐shifted interference (PSI) images which are accurate density maps of the distribution of dry mass (non‐aqueous material) inside cells. Time‐lapse sequences of PSI images may be viewed as movie sequences or processed in various ways to reveal many different aspects of the dynamics of cell growth and motile behaviour. Here we describe the image processing routines that are an integral part of the system and are required for four main functions: 1 initial calculation of the PSI images; 2 compensation of these images for instrumental distortion and instability; 3 identification and tracking of individual cells in a time‐lapse sequence of PSI images; 4 extraction of cell behavioural data from a time‐lapse sequence of PSI images. The first function converts standard interference microscope images into an image that accurately represents the optical phase‐difference introduced by the specimen. The second function recalibrates a sequence of images by taking the cell‐free region in each image as a reference plane of zero phase‐difference. This is particularly necessary to compensate for the long‐term instability of the Horn type of double‐beam interference microscope, which has several advantages over other types of interference microscope for studying cell behaviour. The third function compares consecutive images in a sequence in order to trace the identity of individual cells throughout the sequence. Semi‐automatic tracking, which allows close interaction with a human operator, is less prone to error than fully automatic tracking. The fourth function automatically extracts dynamic data from the identified cells. These data may include the true mass centroids of cells for translocation analysis and robust morphometric parameters for cell morphology examination. The integrated intensity of a cell is an accurate measure of cell mass and allows the growth (increase in dry mass) of individual cells to be studied. These data may be entered into a relational database of cell behaviour and a rule‐based system allows efficient data access and analysis. Experiments with phase‐contrast microscopy have revealed that many of these image processing methods are generally useful for cell behaviour studies using more conventional forms of microscopy.
Distributed control of spatially invariant systems (2002)

We consider distributed parameter systems where the underlying dynamics are spatially invariant, and where the controls and measurements are spatially distributed. These systems arise in many applications such as the control of vehicular platoons, flow control, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), smart structures, and systems described by partial differential equations with constant coefficients and distributed controls and measurements. For fully actuated distributed control problems involving quadratic criteria such as linear quadratic regulator (LQR), H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin//, optimal controllers can be obtained by solving a parameterized family of standard finite-dimensional problems. We show that optimal controllers have an inherent degree of decentralization, and this provides a practical distributed controller architecture. We also prove a general result that applies to partially distributed control and a variety of performance criteria, stating that optimal controllers inherit the spatial invariance structure of the plant. Connections of this work to that on systems over rings, and systems with dynamical symmetries are discussed.
Bioinformatic Application in Proteomic Research on Biomarker Discovery and Drug Target Validation (2007)

Novel biomarker identification and drug target validation are highly complex and resource-intensive processes, requiring an integral use of various tools, approaches and information. The recently developed proteomic technology features high-throughput parallel analysis of thousands of proteins in individual patients and amount populations and thus opens up the possibility of providing more details at a global level on the molecular mechanisms. With regularly updated public databases, bioinformatics can contribute to these processes by providing functional information of target candidates and correlating this information to the biological pathways. In this review, we outline recent advances of bioinformatic application in proteomic research on biomarker discovery and drug target validation. Specifically, we highlight how bioinformatics can facilitate the proteomic studies of biomarker identification and drug target validation. Keywords: Bioinformatics, biomarker discovery, drug design, drug development, proteomics
A Classification of Schema Mappings and Analysis of Mapping Tools (2007)

Schema mapping techniques for data exchange have become popular and useful tools both in research and industry. A schema mapping relates a source schema with a target schema via correspondences, which are specified by a domain expert possibly supported by automated schema matching algorithms. The set of correspon- dences, i.e., the mapping, is interpreted as a data transformation usually expressed as a query. These queries transform data from the source schema to conform to the tar- get schema. They can be used to materialize data at the target or used as views in a virtually integrated system. We present a classification of mapping situations that can occur when mapping between two relational or nested (XML) schemata. Our classification takes into con- sideration 1:1 and n:m correspondences, attribute-level and higher-level mappings, and special constructs, such as choice constraints, cardinality constraints, and data types. Based on this classification, we have developed a general suite of schemata, data, and correspondences to test the ability of tools to cope with the different mapping situations. We evaluated several commercial and research tools that support the def- inition of schema mappings and interpret this mapping as a data transformation. We found that no tool performs well in all mapping situations and that many tools pro- duce incorrect data transformations. The test suite can serve as a benchmark for future improvements and developments of schema mapping tools.
List Viterbi decoding with continuous error detection for magnetic recording (2002)

The list Viterbi algorithm (LVA) with an arithmetic coding based continuous error detection (CED) scheme is applied to high-order partial-response magnetic recording channels. Commonly used magnetic recording systems employ distance-enhancing codes along with parity-check post-processors to correct most dominant error events. The system presented here inserts a CED encoder between the outer Reed-Solomon (RS) code and the channel, and utilizes LVA along with CED's error detection capabilities to improve the performance of the Viterbi decoder. Simulations show that this system results in a 2 dB improvement over MTR encoded EEPRML decoding at a BER of 2/spl times/10/sup -6/ in additive white Gaussian noise and localizes error occurrences to the end of the sector.
Gelation mechanism of protein solution by transglutaminase. (1986)

Transglutaminase catalyzes the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl cross-links within and between protein molecules. Therefore, transglutaminase polymerizes proteins through the formation of isopeptide bonds. We have reported that several high-concentration protein solutions formed firm gels when they were incubated with transglutaminase. This paper presents unambiguous evidence that αs1-casein solution is gelled by the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl cross-links. Gelation of αs1-casein was effected by the amount of transglutaminase and pH value, and αs1-casein gel was not dissolved by various denaturants. Succinylated αs1-casein, in which E-amino groups of lysine residues are blocked, was not gelled by transglutaminase. Therefore, it is confirmed that αs1-casein is formed by the action of transglutaminase.
NMR Study on the Photoresponsive DNA Tethering an Azobenzene. Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Two Diastereomers and Structure Determination of Their Duplexes in the <i>trans</i>-Form (2003)

Two diastereomers of a photoresponsive oligodeoxyribonucleotide tethering a trans-azobenzene, based on the chirality of the central carbon of a diol linker, were separated by reversed-phase HPLC. On the basis of 2D NMR analysis, absolute configurations of the diastereomers alpha and beta (tentatively designated from differences in their retention time) were determined as R- and S-forms, respectively. For both diastereomers, their NMR-determined duplex structure showed that trans-azobenzene intercalates between base pairs, because distinct NOEs were observed between the protons of azobenzene and those of the adjacent base pairs, such as with the imino protons and methyl protons of thymine. The melting temperatures of both duplexes were higher than that of the corresponding native duplex, which contained no azobenzene residue, due to the intercalated trans-azobenzene stabilizing the duplex by a stacking interaction. Between these two diastereomers, differences in T(m) were also found: the melting temperature of the R-form duplex (alpha-isomer) was higher than that of the S-form (beta-isomer). On the basis of the NMR-determined structure, this difference was attributed to the fact that the S-form (beta isomer) causes more stress forming the duplex than does the R-form (alpha isomer) due to disturbances of the right-hand helix.
Effects of Charge-to-Alanine Substitutions on the Stability of Ribosomal Protein L30e from <i>Thermococcus celer</i> (2005)

The ability to rationally engineer a protein with altered stability depends upon the detailed understanding of the role of noncovalent interactions in defining thermodynamic properties of proteins. In this paper, we used T. celer L30e as a model to address the question of the role of charge-charge interactions in defining the stability of this protein. A total of 26 single-site charge-to-alanine variants of this protein were generated, and the stability of these proteins was determined using thermal- and denaturant-induced unfolding. It was found that, although L30e is isolated from a thermophilic organism and is highly thermostable, some of the substitutions lead to a further increase in the transition temperature. Analysis of the effects of high ionic strength on the stabilities of L30e variants shows that the long-range charge-charge interactions are as important as the short-range (salt bridge) interactions. The changes in stabilities of the T. celer L30e protein variants were compared with the changes in the energy of charge-charge interactions calculated using different computational models. It was found that there is a good qualitative agreement between experimental and calculated data: for 70-80% (19-21 of 26, confidence p < 0.003) of the variants, computational models predict correctly the sign of the stability changes. In particular, computational models identify correctly those charged amino acid residue substitutions of which led to enhancement in thermostability. Thus, optimization of the charge-charge interactions might be a useful approach for the rational increase in protein stability.
Effects of Intracerebroventricular Injection of AF64A on Learning Behaviors in Rats (1988)

The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A) (3 nmole/2 microliter, each lateral ventricule), a putative selective cholinotoxin, on learning behaviors and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity were studied in rats. AF64A-treated rats (AF64A-rat) exhibited deficient performance in a passive avoidance task and a delayed alternation task in the T-maze, but demonstrated superior avoidance response in a two-way shuttle avoidance task. These changes in learning behaviors were associated with the selective decrease of hippocampal ChAT activity. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly improved the retention latency of AF64A-rats in the passive avoidance task. AF64A-rats receiving physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited a slight but not significant improvement of performance in the delayed alternation task in the T-maze. These findings suggested that ICV injection of AF64A may be useful for producing an experimental amnesia model with hippocampal cholinergic hypofunction like Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), if appropriate learning tests are selected.
Evaluation of virgin olive oil bitterness by quantification of secoiridoid derivatives (2004)

Abstract The bitterness of the main compounds identified in the phenolic extract of virgin olive ( Olea europaea L.) oils has been sensory‐tested. The aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycone (AOA) was responsible for this attribute. Correlations between the sensory bitterness and concentrations of secoiridoid derivatives, analyzed separately or in different combinations, were obtained for olive oils from different olive varieties. The best correlation obtained corresponds to AOA content ( r =0.96; P =1.83×10 −17 ) in the concentration range of 0.03 to 0.5 mmol/kg. AOA concentrations ≥0.5 mmol/kg produce sensory saturation of this attribute. The correlation with AOA concentration was better than that with the absorbance of the phenolic extract at 225 nm. Therefore, the equation obtained allows the evaluation of the bitterness in virgin olive oils by HPLC analysis of the phenolic extract using detection at 280 nm.
Ray tracing deformed surfaces (1986)

A collection of new methods for ray tracing differentiable surfaces is developed. The methods are general, and extend the set of "ray-traceable" surfaces suitable for use in geometric modeling. We intersect a ray l = at + b , t &gt; 0 with a parametric surface x = f (u, v) , and with implicit surfaces f(x,y,z) = 0. A smooth surface is treated as a deformation of a flat sheet; the intersection problem is converted to a new coordinate system in which the surfaces are flat, and the rays are bent. We develop methods for providing good initial estimates of the parametric intersection values, and a "closeness criterion," to reduce computation. These same criteria help us substitute a set of simpler surfaces for the more complex surface. The parametric method produces the intersection values of u, v , and t . These are suitable for shading calculations and for mapping textures onto the surface; they can also produce the local coordinate frame values, suitable for anisotropic lighting models.