gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DOPO-Modified Two-Dimensional Co-Based Metal–Organic Framework: Preparation and Application for Enhancing Fire Safety of Poly(lactic acid) (2018)

Co-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) nanosheets were successfully synthesized by the organic ligands with Schiff base structure. The laminated structure gives Co-MOF nanosheets a great advantage in the application in the flame retardant field. Meanwhile, -C═N- from Schiff base potentially provides active sites for further modification. In this work, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) was used to modify Co-MOF (DOPO@Co-MOF) to further enhance its flame retardant efficiency. It is attractive that DOPO has a synergistic effect with Co-MOF on improving fire safety of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The obvious decrease in the values of peak heat release (27%), peak smoke production (56%), and total CO yield (20%) confirmed the enhanced fire safety of PLA composites. The possible flame retardant mechanism was proposed based on characterization results. Moreover, the addition of DOPO@Co-MOF had a positive influence on the mechanical performance, including tensile properties and impact resistance. This work designed and synthesized two-dimensional MOFs with active groups. As-prepared Co-MOF with expected structure shows a novel direction of preparing MOFs for flame retardant application.
Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing (2012)

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally important crop, accounting for 20 per cent of the calories consumed by humans. Major efforts are underway worldwide to increase wheat production by extending genetic diversity and analysing key traits, and genomic resources can accelerate progress. But so far the very large size and polyploid complexity of the bread wheat genome have been substantial barriers to genome analysis. Here we report the sequencing of its large, 17-gigabase-pair, hexaploid genome using 454 pyrosequencing, and comparison of this with the sequences of diploid ancestral and progenitor genomes. We identified between 94,000 and 96,000 genes, and assigned two-thirds to the three component genomes (A, B and D) of hexaploid wheat. High-resolution synteny maps identified many small disruptions to conserved gene order. We show that the hexaploid genome is highly dynamic, with significant loss of gene family members on polyploidization and domestication, and an abundance of gene fragments. Several classes of genes involved in energy harvesting, metabolism and growth are among expanded gene families that could be associated with crop productivity. Our analyses, coupled with the identification of extensive genetic variation, provide a resource for accelerating gene discovery and improving this major crop.
DefSent: Sentence Embeddings using Definition Sentences (2021)

Sentence embedding methods using natural language inference (NLI) datasets have been successfully applied to various tasks. However, these methods are only available for limited languages due to relying heavily on the large NLI datasets. In this paper, we propose DefSent, a sentence embedding method that uses definition sentences from a word dictionary, which performs comparably on unsupervised semantics textual similarity (STS) tasks and slightly better on SentEval tasks than conventional methods. Since dictionaries are available for many languages, DefSent is more broadly applicable than methods using NLI datasets without constructing additional datasets. We demonstrate that DefSent performs comparably on unsupervised semantics textual similarity (STS) tasks and slightly better on SentEval tasks to the methods using large NLI datasets. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/hpprc/defsent .
Pre and post-filtering for low bit-rate video coding (2002)

We propose pre and post-filters for low bit rate video coding. The purpose of the former is to make the video sequence easier to encode, whereas the latter aims to remove coding artifacts. The proposed techniques are computationally efficient and lead to scalable architectures which (1) can handle varied types of video content and (2) can be adapted to the available bandwidth and computational resources. Simulation results using H.263 show that significant gains can be achieved by pre and post-filtering.
Scripting languages : automating the web (1997)

The informality, ease, and rapid development cycle of scripting languages make them well suited to the constant change common to most web sites. This issue of the World Wide Web Journal guides developers and users in choosing and deploying scripting solutions such as JavaScript, Perl, VB, Python, and Win-CGI. It also includes discussion of web database connectivity with scripting languages, CGI programming, and an in-depth interview with Perl developers Larry Wall and Tom Christiansen.
Imperfect Forward Secrecy (2015)

We investigate the security of Diffie-Hellman key exchange as used in popular Internet protocols and find it to be less secure than widely believed. First, we present Logjam, a novel flaw in TLS that lets a man-in-the-middle downgrade connections to "export-grade" Diffie-Hellman. To carry out this attack, we implement the number field sieve discrete log algorithm. After a week-long precomputation for a specified 512-bit group, we can compute arbitrary discrete logs in that group in about a minute. We find that 82% of vulnerable servers use a single 512-bit group, allowing us to compromise connections to 7% of Alexa Top Million HTTPS sites. In response, major browsers are being changed to reject short groups. We go on to consider Diffie-Hellman with 768- and 1024-bit groups. We estimate that even in the 1024-bit case, the computations are plausible given nation-state resources. A small number of fixed or standardized groups are used by millions of servers; performing precomputation for a single 1024-bit group would allow passive eavesdropping on 18% of popular HTTPS sites, and a second group would allow decryption of traffic to 66% of IPsec VPNs and 26% of SSH servers. A close reading of published NSA leaks shows that the agency's attacks on VPNs are consistent with having achieved such a break. We conclude that moving to stronger key exchange methods should be a priority for the Internet community.
Imaging the Detergency of Single Cotton Fibers with Confocal Microscopy: the Effect of Surfactants and Lipases (2007)

Abstract Detergency mechanisms of lipids from single cotton fibers were visualized by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Fibers were soiled with different types of lipids: olive oil, lard and tri‐C 10 , and subsequently stained with the fluorescent probe Nile Red. A surfactant composition of 300 μM C 12 E 6 /LAS (1:2 mol%) was used to mimic the surfactants used in a common washing solution. It was evident from the captured image series that the different kinds of soiling were removed by different mechanisms by the surfactants, depending on the fluidity of the lipid. Roll‐up was the main mechanism when removing olive oil, whereas emulsification (necking) and/or solubilization were observed in the removal of lard and tri‐C 10 . Only 20–25% of the olive oil remained after treatment with surfactants, which was much less compared to the solid fats where roughly 50% remained at end of treatment. The effect of adding lipases to the detergent formulation was clearly seen, both by an apparently higher rate of removal of olive oil but also using double injection when removing lard. A first injection of only surfactants removed a certain part of the lard as emulsion droplets stuck onto the fiber. A second injection of both lipases and surfactants was able to remove some of the preformed emulsion particles and reduce the overall remaining lard content on the cotton fiber.
Titanium‐mediated [CpTiCl<sub>2</sub>(OEt)] ring‐opening polymerization of lactides: A novel route to well‐defined polylactide‐based complex macromolecular architectures (2010)

Abstract Among three cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes studied, CpTiCl 2 (OEt), containing a 5% excess CpTiCl 3 , has proven to be a very efficient catalyst for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L ‐lactide (LLA) in toluene at 130 °C. Kinetic studies revealed that the polymerization yield (up to 100%) and the molecular weight increase linearly with time, leading to well‐defined PLLA with narrow molecular weight distributions ( M w / M n ≤ 1.1). Based on the above results, PS‐ b ‐PLLA, PI‐ b ‐PLLA, PEO‐ b ‐PLLA block copolymers, and a PS‐ b ‐PI‐ b ‐PLLA triblock terpolymer were synthesized. The synthetic strategy involved: (a) the preparation of OH‐end‐functionalized homopolymers or diblock copolymers by anionic polymerization, (b) the reaction of the OH‐functionalized polymers with CpTiCl 3 to give the corresponding Ti‐macrocatalyst, and (c) the ROP of LLA to afford the final block copolymers. PMMA‐ g ‐PLLA [PMMA: poly(methyl methacrylate)] was also synthesized by: (a) the reaction of CpTiCl 3 with 2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, HEMA, to give the Ti‐HEMA‐catalyst, (b) the ROP of LLA to afford a PLLA methacrylic‐macromonomer, and (c) the copolymerization (conventional and ATRP) of the macromonomer with MMA to afford the final graft copolymer. Intermediate and final products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography, equipped with refractive index and two‐angle laser light scattering detectors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1092–1103, 2010
ChemInform Abstract: New Heterocyclic Derivatives of Benzimidazole with Germicidal Activity. Part 8. In vitro Aromatase Inhibitory Activity; Preliminary Observations (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Quantitation of immunoglobulins in mouse tears using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (1985)

Aqueous tears were collected by glass capillary tubes at weekly intervals from 6-9 week old, Swiss-Webster mice. Mouse IgA, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM were quantitated in the tears using sandwich type enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). IgE was quantitated using an indirect two-step ELISA. The results established IgA as the predominant antibody in mouse tears at a level of 110 micrograms/ml. This was determined using a mouse IgA standard which contained both polymeric and monomeric IgA. IgG1, IgG2a and IgM were detected in the tears at low levels, 13 ng/ml, 21 ng/ml and 442 ng/ml, respectively. IgE was not detectable in mouse tears with a lower limit of detection equal to 10 ng/ml. These studies establish the relative levels of IgA, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM in the tears of normal adult mice.
Mechanism of Photoregulated Carotenogenesis in <italic>Rhodotorula minuta</italic> V. Photoinduction of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl Glutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase (1982)

The effect of light on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in Rhodotorula minuta was studied in cell-free extracts prepared from cells grown under various light conditions. HMG-CoA reductase activity in cells grown under continuous illumination was higher than that in cells grown in the dark, and depended on the light intensity used during incubation. The relationship between activity [A (nmol/mg-N/min)] and light intensity [I (erg/cm2/sec)] was expressed by the equation A=0.72 log I$0.80. Illumination at −1.5°C followed by dark incubation at 26°C resulted in a rapid increase in HMG-CoA reductase activity immediately after the beginning of incubation. This photoinduced HMG-CoA reductase activity was regulated by the light dose and followed the Roscoe-Bunsen reciprocity law. When cycloheximide was added immediately after the beginning of incubation in the dark, the increase in HMG-CoA reductase activity was completely inhibited. The inhibitory effect of cycloheximide, however, gradually decreased with the delay of the addition. On the basis of these results we have postulated that the photoregulation of carotenogenesis in Rh. minuta results from the photoregulation of HMG-CoA reductase synthesis.
An industrial view of electronic design automation (2000)

The automation of the design of electronic systems and circuits [electronic design automation (EDA)] has a history of strong innovation. The EDA business has profoundly influenced the integrated circuit (IC) business and vice-versa. This paper reviews the technologies, algorithms, and methodologies that have been used in EDA tools and the business impact of these technologies. In particular, we focus on four areas that have been key in defining the design methodologies over time: physical design, simulation/verification, synthesis, and test. We then look briefly into the future. Design will evolve toward more software programmability or some other kind of field configurability like field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). We discuss the kinds of tool sets needed to support design in this environment.
Radio tomographic imaging and tracking of stationary and moving people via kernel distance (2013)

Network radio frequency (RF) environment sensing (NRES) systems pinpoint and track people in buildings using changes in the signal strength measurements made by a wireless sensor network. It has been shown that such systems can locate people who do not participate in the system by wearing any radio device, even through walls, because of the changes that moving people cause to the static wireless sensor network. However, many such systems cannot locate stationary people. We present and evaluate a system which can locate stationary or moving people, without calibration, by using kernel distance to quantify the difference between two histograms of signal strength measurements. From five experiments, we show that our kernel distance-based radio tomographic localization system performs better than the state-of-the-art NRES systems in different non line-of-sight environments.
Investigation of automated feature extraction techniques for applications in cancer detection from multispectral histopathology images (2003)

Recent developments in imaging technology mean that it is now possible to obtain high-resolution histological image data at multiple wavelengths. This allows pathologists to image specimens over a full spectrum, thereby revealing (often subtle) distinctions between different types of tissue. With this type of data, the spectral content of the specimens, combined with quantitative spatial feature characterization may make it possible not only to identify the presence of an abnormality, but also to classify it accurately. However, such are the quantities and complexities of these data, that without new automated techniques to assist in the data analysis, the information contained in the data will remain inaccessible to those who need it. We investigate the application of a recently developed system for the automated analysis of multi-/hyper-spectral satellite image data to the problem of cancer detection from multispectral histopathology image data. The system provides a means for a human expert to provide training data simply by highlighting regions in an image using a computer mouse. Application of these feature extraction techniques to examples of both training and out-of-training-sample data demonstrate that these, as yet unoptimized, techniques already show promise in the discrimination between benign and malignant cells from a variety of samples.
Noninvasive Imaging of Enhanced Prostate-Specific Gene Expression Using a Two-Step Transcriptional Amplification-Based Lentivirus Vector (2004)

Noninvasive evaluation of gene transfer to specific cells or tissues will allow for long-term, repetitive monitoring of transgene expression. Tissue-specific promoters that restrict the expression of a transgene to tumor cells play a vital role in cancer gene therapy imaging. In this study, we have developed a third-generation HIV-1-based lentivirus vector carrying a prostate-specific promoter to monitor the long-term, sustained expression of the firefly luciferase (fl) reporter gene in living mice. The fl gene in the transcriptionally targeted vector is driven by an enhanced prostate-specific antigen promoter in a two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system. The efficiency of the lentivirus (LV-TSTA)-mediated gene delivery, cell-type specificity, and persistence of gene expression were evaluated in cell culture and in living mice carrying prostate tumor xenografts. In vivo bioluminescence imaging with a cooled charge-coupled device camera revealed significantly high levels of fl expression in prostate tumors. Injection of LV-TSTA directly into the prostate of male nude mice revealed efficient and long-term fl gene expression in the prostate tissue for up to 3 months. These studies demonstrate the significant potential of TSTA-based lentivirus vectors to confer high levels of tissue-specific gene expression from a weak promoter, while preserving cell-type specificity and the ability to image noninvasively the sustained, long-term expression of reporter genes in living animals.
Parallel sorting on a shared-nothing architecture using probabilistic splitting (2002)

The authors consider the problem of external sorting in a shared-nothing multiprocessor. A critical step in the algorithms the authors consider is to determine the range of sort keys to be handled by each processor. They consider two techniques for determining these ranges of sort keys: exact splitting, using a parallel version of the algorithm proposed by Iyer, Ricard, and Varman; and probabilistic splitting, which uses sampling to estimate quantiles. They present analytic results showing that probabilistic splitting performs better than exact splitting. Finally, the authors present experimental results from an implementation of sorting probabilistic splitting in the Gamma parallel database machine.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Abrasion and stain removal by different manual toothbrushes and brush actions: studies in vitro (2001)

The differences between brushes for both abrasion and stain removal must in large part relate to the filament contact area with the substrate surface. Whilst the model may not be predictive of clinical differences, it could find use to establish minimum criteria for toothbrush action.
임상연구 : 자궁내막증 환자의 정상위치 자궁내막 및 이소성 자궁내막에서의 EGF의 전령리보핵산 및 단백질의 발현 (2009)

목적: 자궁내막증 환자의 정상위치 자궁내막조직과 이소성 자궁내막조직, 자궁내막증 소견을 보이지 않는 양성 부인과 질환환자의 자궁내막조직에서 상피세포성장인자 전령리보핵산 (epidermal growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid, EGF mRNA)과 단백질의 발현정도를 각각 비교, 분석하였다. 연구 방법: 2004년 10월부터 2005년 12월까지, 서울아산병원 산부인과에서 수술받고 병리조직학적 검사상 자궁내막증으로 확진된 환자들 중에서 최근 6개월간 자궁내막증에 대한 어떠한 치료도 받은 적이 없는 환자들 34명을 연구군으로 하고, 정상 월경주기를 가진 여성들 중에서 같은 기간 동안에 자궁내막증 이외의 다른 양성 부인과 질환으로 수술받은 환자들 14명을 대조군으로 하였다. 연구군에서 자궁내막종 낭종 내피 일부를 절제하여 이소성 자궁내막조직을 얻었고, 연구군과 대조군의 정상위치의 자궁내막조직은 수술중 생검을 통해 얻었다. 각 자궁내막조직 내의 EGF mRNA의 발현정도는 실시간 역전사중합효소연쇄반응을 이용하여 정량화하였고 단백질 발현정도는 Western blot으로 확인하였다. 결과: 자궁내막증 환자군의 정상위치 (P<0.01) 및 이소성 (P<0.01) 자궁내막조직 내에서의 EGF mRNA 발현량은 증식기 및 분비기 모두에서 대조군의 자궁내막조직에 비해 유의하게 적었다. 또한 EGF 단백질 발현 정도도 자궁내막증 환자의 정상위치 및 이소성 자궁내막조직에서 대조군에 비해 적은것으로 나타났다. 결론: 자궁내막증의 발생과 자궁내막조직 내에서 EGF의 저발현은 관련이 있으며, 정상위치 자궁내막 자체에서 특정 인자의 변화 또는 결함이 자궁내막증의 생성에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각된다.
A solid-state three-dimensional upconversion display (2002)

We demonstrate a novel solid-state three-dimensional display using rare earth doped heavy metal fluoride glass as the active medium. In this device, two laser beams intersect inside a bulk glass at room temperature to address a pixel in three-dimensional space. The two-step resonant upconversion process requires two different infrared wavelengths to produce visible radiation. In this manner, a pixel can be addressed only at the intersection of the two laser beams. By scanning the intersection of these beams inside the display material, true three-dimensional figures can be drawn. For practical applications with high bit densities and low power pump lasers, high upconversion efficiency is necessary. Recent work on upconversion in fluoride glasses, motivated by fiber amplifier and short wavelength laser development, has identified fluoride glass hosts and rare earth dopants as systems that have high radiative recombination rates and high upconversion efficiencies. In this presentation we demonstrate three-dimensional displays in both trivalent praseodymium (Pr/sup 3+/:ZBLAN) and in trivalent thulium (Tm/sup 3+/:ZBLAN) doped bulk fluoride glass.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Building Hypertext on a Multimedia Toolkit: An Overview of Andrew Toolkit Hypermedia Facilities. (1990)

This paper discusses several hypermedia facilities built on top of the Andrew Toolkit (ATK) and their use in ATK applications. As a general-purpose, multimedia, application-development system, ATK permits many kinds of links, references and other connections to be made within pieces of content and between pieces of content, regardless of the content&apos;s medium. We argue that starting with a multimedia architecture facilitates the construction of all forms of hypermedia. Four specific hypermedia facilities implemented with ATK are discussed: an integrated web and indexing system (Help), a simple multimedia link facility (Link), a cross reference (Textref) capability, and a linksupporting embedded object language (Ness). As a toolkit, ATK is used to build other applications which inherit ATK&apos;s hypermedia facilities. Therefore we consider briefly the way that hypermedia facilities are used in conventional applications, such as mail systems.
Proteolipid Promoter Activity Distinguishes Two Populations of NG2-Positive Cells throughout Neonatal Cortical Development (2002)

Transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by the mouse myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) gene promoter have been developed to investigate cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Transgene expression is consistent with the developmental expression of PLP, with cells at all stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation clearly visualized. These animals were analyzed to establish the time course of oligodendrocyte progenitor migration, proliferation, and differentiation in neonatal cortex. In these animals, two populations of NG2 proteoglycan-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells were identified that exist in postnatal subventricular zone and cortex. These two populations are distinguished by the presence or absence of PLP gene expression. Thus, PLP gene expression defines a subpopulation of NG2-positive cells from very early postnatal ages, which migrates toward the pial surface and proliferates in situ. EGFP(+)/NG2(+) cells are present in the cortex from postnatal day 1, and they remain in the cortex as undifferentiated oligodendrocyte progenitors for up to 3 weeks before myelination begins. These data could be explained by the presence of an important inhibitor of oligodendrocyte differentiation in the cortex during this period, which is downregulated in a region-specific manner to allow myelination. On the other hand, it is possible that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain undifferentiated in cortex until an essential signal is produced in situ to induce differentiation.
Isolation and structural analysis of polysaccharide containing galactofuranose from the cell walls of Bifidobacterium infantis (1996)

We isolated cell wall polysaccharides (PS-1 and PS-2) from Bifidobacterium infantis Reuter ATCC 15697 and found that the backbone of PS-2 is-->3)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Galp- (1-->in which beta-D-Galf and alpha-D-Galp are partially substituted at O-6 with beta-D-Glcp. This is the first report of the presence of this disaccharide backbone in a gram-positive bacterium; it resembles the O antigen of some bacteria.