gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Taste transduction: appetizing times in gustation (2003)

Taste receptors cells sample the chemical composition of ingested material in order to provide the initial sensory information to facilitate decisions regarding its eventual acceptance or rejection. Ion channels, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors have been implicated in the initial events of transduction but until recently their identification has proven difficult. Recent advances in the identification and functional characterization of mammalian taste receptors has greatly increased our understanding of the pathways for the transduction of taste stimuli. This basic information will be critical to answer longstanding questions regarding the coding of taste information and may help elucidate the role of the taste system in the control of food intake.
The <i>Escherichia coli argU10</i> (Ts) Phenotype Is Caused by a Reduction in the Cellular Level of the <i>argU</i> tRNA for the Rare Codons AGA and AGG (2004)

The Escherichia coli argU10(Ts) mutation in the argU gene, encoding the minor tRNA(Arg) species for the rare codons AGA and AGG, causes pleiotropic defects, including growth inhibition at high temperatures, as well as the Pin phenotype at 30 degrees C. In the present study, we first showed that the codon selectivity and the arginine-accepting activity of the argU tRNA are both essential for complementing the temperature-sensitive growth, indicating that this defect is caused at the level of translation. An in vitro analysis of the effects of the argU10(Ts) mutation on tRNA functions revealed that the affinity with elongation factor Tu-GTP of the argU10(Ts) mutant tRNA is impaired at 30 and 43 degrees C, and this defect is more serious at the higher temperature. The arginine acceptance is also impaired significantly but to similar extents at the two temperatures. An in vivo analysis of aminoacylation levels showed that 30% of the argU10(Ts) tRNA molecules in the mutant cells are actually deacylated at 30 degrees C, while most of the argU tRNA molecules in the wild-type cells are aminoacylated. Furthermore, the cellular level of this mutant tRNA is one-tenth that of the wild-type argU tRNA. At 43 degrees C, the cellular level of the argU10(Ts) tRNA is further reduced to a trace amount, while neither the cellular abundance nor the aminoacylation level of the wild-type argU tRNA changes. We concluded that the phenotypic properties of the argU10(Ts) mutant result from these reduced intracellular levels of the tRNA, which are probably caused by the defective interactions with elongation factor Tu and arginyl-tRNA synthetase.
The Blood-Central Nervous System Barriers Actively Control Immune Cell Entry into the Central Nervous System (2008)

Before entering the central nervous system (CNS) immune cells have to penetrate any one of its barriers, namely either the endothelial blood-brain barrier, the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier or the tanycytic barrier around the circumventricular organs, all of which maintain homeostasis within the CNS. The presence of these barriers in combination with the lack of lymphatic vessels and the absence of classical MHC-positive antigen presenting cells characterizes the CNS as an immunologically privileged site. In multiple sclerosis a large number of inflammatory cells gains access to the CNS parenchyma. Studies performed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model for multiple sclerosis, have enabled us to understand some of the molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell entry into the CNS. In particular, the realization that /alpha4-integrins play a predominant role in leukocyte trafficking to the CNS has led to the development of a novel drug for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, which targets /alpha4-integrin mediated immune cell migration to the CNS. At the same time, the involvement of other adhesion and signalling molecules in this process remains to be investigated and novel molecules contributing to immune cell entry into the CNS are still being identified. The entire process of immune cell trafficking into the CNS is strictly controlled by the brain barriers not only under physiological conditions but also during neuroinflammation, when some barrier properties are lost. Thus, immune cell entry into the CNS critically depends on the unique characteristics of the brain barriers maintaining CNS homeostasis.
Mixed Agglutination with Platelets (1972)

Platelet layers firmly adhering to the glass surface were obtained by allowing human platelets to sediment onto the wall of test tubes or onto glass slides and &#8216;fixing&#8217; them by means of a 2% formaldehyde solution. Mixed agglutination tests with these platelet preparations were performed in following the procedure used for studies on monolayer cell cultures. It was shown that platelets contain human species-specific antigens similar to those present on all human nucleated cells. Reactions with human sera containing antibodies to alloantigens were also studied. Mixed agglutination tests with platelets gave antiserum titers 100 times higher than those obtained in the corresponding lymphocytotoxicity tests. In some instances, mixed agglutination tests with platelets detected HL-A antigens which were not demonstrable by means of lymphocytotoxicity tests.
Effects of fluid dynamic forces on vascular cell adhesion. (1996)

Cell adhesion plays a key role in a number of diverse biological processes, including inflammation and thrombosis. In the cardiovascular system, cells are exposed constantly to hemodynamic forces due to the flow of blood. Cell attachment to vessel wall depends on the balance between the dispersive hydrodynamic forces and the adhesive forces generated by the interaction of membrane-bound receptors and their ligands. Understanding the complex interplay among blood flow, cell adhesion, and vascular biology at the molecular level is crucial for developing specific approaches for altering vessel pathology. The extravasation of leukocytes from the vasculature to the tissue space is the pivotal event of the immune response and represents a relevant example of this dynamic adhesion process.
Automatically generating test data from a Boolean specification (1994)

This paper presents a family of strategies for automatically generating test data for any implementation intended to satisfy a given specification that is a Boolean formula. The fault detection effectiveness of these strategies is investigated both analytically and empirically, and the costs, assessed in terms of test set size, are compared.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of phosphorylated hsp27 on proliferation of human endothelial and smooth muscle cells (2009)

Recent studies have suggested a protective role of hsp27 against atherosclerosis and transplant graft vasculopathy. Here we have investigated the effects of over-expression of wild-type hsp27 and its phosphorylation mimics on proliferation of human endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). ECs and SMCs cultured from human blood vessels or cells lines (human microvascular endothelial cell line and human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit SMC) were infected with adenovirus containing DNA from wild-type hsp27, hyper-phosphorylated hsp27 mimic (3D hsp27), hypo-phosphorylated hsp27 mimic (3A hsp27) or anti-sense hsp27, and proliferation measured over the next 5 days. Protein extracts from infected cells were subjected to proteomic analysis using 2-D DIGE. Over-expression of 3D hsp27 and anti-sense hsp27 but not 3A hsp27 mimic caused significant inhibition of proliferation of ECs and SMCs. Proteomic analysis focussed on proteins that were significantly down-regulated by the 3D hsp27 mutant. The cell cycling proteins stathmin, cofilin and ubiquitination enzymes fullfilled these criteria. 1-D Western blots of infected human microvascular endothelial cell line and human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit SMC confirmed down-regulation of stathmin, cofilin and ubiquitination enzymes by 3D hsp27. The phosphorylation status of hsp27 is an important regulator of proliferation of human vascular ECs and SMCs; possibly contributing to cardiovascular protection.
The identification of DL‐<i>threo</i> dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine as novel inhibitors of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase signalling in airway smooth muscle (1996)

We present entirely novel evidence that DL-threo dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine are inhibitors of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cassette in mammalian cells. We show that DL-threo dihydrosphingosine is effective against both growth factor- and G-protein-dependent activation of ERK. We conclude that DL-threo dihydrosphingosine may represent an important pharmacological cell-permeable agent that may be usefully employed to block smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Molecular defect of prothrombin Barcelona. Substitution of cysteine for arginine at residue 273. (1986)

Prothrombin Barcelona has been isolated from a patient with a normal prothrombin antigen level but low prothrombin coagulant activity. The activation of this protein is impaired by the absence of one of the two factor Xa-catalyzed cleavages that normally lead to the formation of thrombin. Prothrombin Barcelona and prothrombin were isolated from patient plasma and normal plasma, respectively, in a single-step, high-yield immunoaffinity purification using conformation-specific antibodies immobilized on Sepharose. After reduction and alkylation, the purified proteins were subjected to trypsin hydrolysis. The resulting peptides were separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Comparison of the peptide maps of prothrombin Barcelona and prothrombin demonstrated that a peptide, identified as fragment 274-287 in prothrombin by automated Edman degradation, was missing in the prothrombin Barcelona digest. In the chromatogram derived from prothrombin Barcelona, an additional peptide was observed. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was Ala-Ile-Glu-Gly-Cys-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ser-Glu-Tyr-Gln-Thr-Phe-Phe-Asn-Pro-Arg, corresponding to residues 269-287 in prothrombin except for the substitution of cysteine for arginine at residue 273. The substitution of cysteine for arginine was confirmed by tryptic digestion of 14C-carboxymethylated prothrombin Barcelona. Edman degradation of fragment 269-287 indicated the association of 14C with the cysteine at residue 273. The replacement of arginine by cysteine at residue 273, adjacent to the known factor Xa cleavage site, precludes normal activation of prothrombin Barcelona by factor Xa and the generation of thrombin.
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and the environment within the phagosome (2007)

Once across the barrier of the epithelium, macrophages constitute the primary defense against microbial invasion. For most microbes, the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome is sufficient to kill them. Despite our understanding of the trafficking events that regulate phagosome maturation, our appreciation of the lumenal environment within the phagosome is only now becoming elucidated through real-time functional assays. The assays quantify pH change, phagosome/lysosome fusion, proteolysis, lipolysis, and beta-galactosidase activity. This information is particularly important for understanding pathogens that successfully parasitize the endosomal/lysosomal continuum. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects macrophages through arresting the normal maturation process of the phagosome, retaining its vacuole at pH 6.4 with many of the characteristics of an early endosome. Current studies are focusing on the transcriptional response of the bacterium to the changing environment in the macrophage phagosome. Manipulation of these environmental cues, such as preventing the pH drop to pH 6.4 with concanamycin A, abrogates the majority of the transcriptional response in the bacterium, showing that pH is the dominant signal that the bacterium senses and responds to. These approaches represent our ongoing attempts to unravel the discourse that takes place between the pathogen and its host cell.
Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Clinical Applications (1990)

Signaling of Hematopoietic Growth Factors The IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-5 Receptor Family, Takahiko Hara and Atsushi Miyajima Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in Hematopoietic Growth Factor Signaling, Michael Hallek The Raf/Map Kinase Pathway: A Protein Kinase Cascade Mediating Signal Transduction Shared by Multiple Cytokines, Nancy S. Magnuson and Ulf R. Rapp Transcription Factors in the Mitogenic Response to Growth Factors, Marion A. Brach and Friedhelm Herrmann In Vitro and In Vivo Biology of Hematopoietic Growth Factors Modulation of Cell Function by Colony-Stimulating Factors for Granulocytes and Granulocytes/Macrophages, Wolfgang Oster, Roland Mertelsmann, and Friedhelm Herrmann Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Jurgen Frisch and Gregor Schulz Interleukin-3: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Use, Albrecht Lindemann and Roland Mertelsmann Hematopoietic Effects of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, George Morstyn Interleukin-1: Biological Effects in Human Hematopoiesis, John Crown, Ann Jakubowski, and Janice Gabrilove Economic Aspects of Therapy with Hematopoietic Growth Factors, Neil J. Johnson Hematopoietic Growth Factors and High-Dose Chemotherapy Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cells: Mobilization, Enrichment, Ex Vivo Expansion, and Clinical Use, L. Kanz, W. Brugger, and Roland Mertelsmann G-CSF: Role in Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation, Ulrich Duhrsen and William P. Sheridan GM-CSF and M-CSF in Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, John Nemunaitis Hematopoietic Cytokines for Possible Clinical Use Interleukin-9, Jean-Christophe Renauld, Frederic Houssiau, Catherine Uyttenhove, Anne Vink, and Jacques Van Snick Biological Activities and Clinical Potential of Interleukin-10, Satwant K. Narula, Sidney R. Smith, and Mary Ellen M. Rybak Interleukin-11: Biological and Clinical Perspectives, Katherine J. Turner and Steven C. Clark Natural Killer Cell Stimulatory Factor/Interleukin-12: Biology and Potential Clinical Use, Giorgio Trinchieri Chemokines, Barrett J. Rollins The In Vivo Hematopoietic Role of Stem Cell Factor, Ian K. McNiece and Krisztina M. Zsebo
Some effects of stress on users of a voice recognition system: A preliminary inquiry (1983)

Recent work with Automatic Speech Recognition has focused on applications and productivity considerations in the man-machine interface. This thesis is an attempt to see if placing users of such equipment under time-induced stress has an effect on their percent correct recognition rates. Subjects were given a message-handling task of fixed length and allowed progressively shorter times to attempt to complete it. Questionnaire responses indicate stress levels increased with decreased time-allowance; recognition rates decreased as time was reduced. (Author)
Emergent Electromagnetic Induction and Adiabatic Charge Pumping in Noncentrosymmetric Weyl Semimetals (2016)

The photovoltaic effect due to the adiabatic quantum phase in noncentrosymmetric Weyl semimetals is studied. We particularly focus on the case in which an external ac electric field is applied. By considering a generalized Weyl Hamiltonian with nonlinear terms, we show that the photocurrent is induced by circularly, rather than linearly, polarized light. This photovoltaic current can be understood as an emergent electromagnetic induction in momentum space; the Weyl node is a magnetic monopole in momentum space, the circular motion of which induces the electric field. This result is distinct from conventional photovoltaic effects, and the estimated photocurrent is ∼10^{-1}-10^{1} nA, which can be detected experimentally.
Modeling reformulation using passage analysis (2010)

Query reformulation modifies the original query with the aim of better matching the vocabulary of the relevant documents, and consequently improving ranking effectiveness. Previous techniques typically generate words and phrases related to the original query, but do not consider how these words and phrases would fit together in new queries. In this paper, we focus on an implementation of an approach that models reformulation as a distribution of queries, where each query is a variation of the original query. This approach considers a query as a basic unit and can capture important dependencies between words and phrases in the query. The implementation discussed here is based on passage analysis of the target corpus. Experiments on the TREC collection show that the proposed model for query reformulation significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
Design optimization of a high performance silicon MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensor for biomedical applications (2006)

In this paper the design optimization of high performance conventional silicon-based pressure sensors on flat diaphragms for low-pressure biomedical applications has been achieved by optimizing the doping concentration and the geometry of the piezoresistors. A new figure of merit called the performance factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of the product of sensor sensitivity (S) and sensor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to the temperature coefficient of piezoresistance (TCPR). PF has been introduced as a quantitative index of the overall performance of the pressure sensor for low-range biomedical applications. A comprehensive analysis considering the impact of doping concentration, length of the piezoresistor and thickness of the diaphragm indicates that for achieving the highest figure of merit an optimum concentration of 1018 atoms cc−1 and geometry of 100 µm long piezoresistor and 10 µm thick membrane for the specified biomedical application are required.
High-quality stacked CMOS inverter (1990)

A stacked CMOS technology with enhanced device performance and small geometries is discussed. Surface-channel mobilities were measured to be 700 cm/sup 2//V-s for bulk n-channel devices and 165 cm/sup 2//V-s for the top PMOS transistors. Excellent subthreshold slope of 100 mV/decade and leakage currents below 150-fA/ mu m channel width were measured for both device types. The low-impurity crystalline silicon film on top of the bulk devices was produced by local epitaxial overgrowth, an important alternative to recrystallized silicon films for three-dimensional CMOS circuits. The structure is planarized and requires only size masks with reduced processing time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polyquinolines containing both spirobifluorene and cardofluorene units: Synthesis and characterization (2004)

Abstract We have synthesized aromatic polyquinolines containing both spirobifluorene and cardofluorene moieties in the main chain by applying acid‐catalyzed Friedländer quinoline synthesis. The incorporation of these rigid nonplanar structures into the polymer backbone, which restricts segmental mobility, significantly increases both the glass‐transition temperature and thermal stability, while providing enhanced solubility as a result of a decrease in the degree of molecular packing and crystallinity. We have also examined the optical and electrochemical properties of these polyquinolines. The low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and quasireversible electrochemical reduction of these polyquinolines suggest their potential for use as electron‐injecting/transporting materials in polymer light‐emitting diodes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3314–3322, 2004
Piston Ring Coatings for High Performance Diesel Engines (1967)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Operating conditions in high performance diesel engines cause temperature sensitive chromium plate and oxidation sensitive molybdenum coatings to fail prematurely. Thesecoatings are evaluated by means of laboratory and engine test results. Comparisons are then made with several newly tested coatings including metallic carbides and a molybdenum-chromium carbide mixture.</div>
Explosive flux compression generators for rail gun power sources (1982)

A class of explosive magnetic flux compression generators is described that has been used successfully to power rail guns. A program to increase generator current magnitudes and pulse lengths is outlined. Various generator loss mechanisms are discussed and plans to control some of them are outlined. Included are various modifications of the conventional strip generators that are more resistant to undesirable expansion of generator components from magnetic forces. Finally, an integral rail gun is discussed that has coaxial geometry. Integral rail guns utilize the rails themselves as flux compression generator elements and, under ideal conditions, are theoretically capable of driving projectiles to arbitrarily high velocities. Integral coaxial rail guns should be superior in some regards to their square bore counterparts.
Results of the 4th scientific workshop of the ECCO (I): Pathophysiology of intestinal fibrosis in IBD (2014)

The fourth scientific workshop of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) focused on the relevance of intestinal fibrosis in the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective was to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis, to identify useful markers and imaging modalities of fibrosis in order to assess its presence and progression, and, finally, to point out possible approaches for the prevention and the treatment of fibrosis. The results of this workshop are presented in three separate manuscripts. This first section describes the most important mechanisms that contribute to the initiation and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD including the cellular and molecular mediators, the extracellular matrix molecules and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-system, the microbiota products, the role of fat, genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as the currently available experimental models. Furthermore, it identifies unanswered questions in the field of intestinal fibrosis and provides a framework for future research.
Environmental Impacts and Monitoring: A Historical Perspective on the Use of Natural Attenuation for Subsurface Remediation (2002)

The collective processes that constitute the broadly used term "natural attenuation," as it relates to subsurface remediation of contaminants, refer to the physical, chemical, and biological interactions that, without human intervention, reduce or contain contaminants in the subsurface environment. Knowledge of these processes has been used successfully to control water quality in surface water. However, the understanding of the impact of the same processes in the subsurface environment has improved fundamentally and dramatically over the course of the last three decades. It is now known that chemicals are capable of moving deep into the subsoil and sediments and are subject to a wide variety of complex chemical reactions, water/solid interactions, and microbial degradation. This chapter discusses the evolution in our understanding of these processes, how they relate to current philosophies concerning subsurface contaminant cleanup standards, and the issues pertaining to public acceptance of natural attenuation as an important component of remediation strategy.