gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Synthesis of (2<i>S</i>)‐2‐Amino‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐phosphonophenyl)propionic Acid (= 3′‐Phosphono‐<scp>L</scp>‐tyrosine) and Its Incorporation into Peptides (1993)

Abstract The asymmetric synthesis of derivatives of the new amino acid (2 S )‐2‐amino‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐phosphono‐phenyl)propionic acid (3′‐phosphono‐ L ‐tyrosine; Tyr [3′‐PO(OH) 2 ]) is described. The protected amino acid 13 is obtained via a Schöllkopf synthesis by coupling of the rearranged ortho ‐phosphonophenolic side chain (see Scheme 1 , 6a ) with the lithiated bis‐lactim ether 8 of cyclo(‐ D ‐valyl‐glycyl‐) (see Scheme 2 ). The incorporation of the protected amino acid 14 in a biologically active dodecapeptide is successfully achieved by the [(9 H ‐fluoren‐9‐yl)‐methoxy]carbonyl (Fmoc) strategy of solid‐phase peptide synthesis. Differential protection of Tyr[3′‐PO(OH) 2 ] provides four levels of selective deprotection of, in the order, the N 2 ‐amino, the carboxyl (cleavage from the resin), the phenol, and the phosphono function (→ peptide 16 ).
On the particle size distribution function and the attrition of cracking catalysts (1969)

Abstract The rate of attrition of a catalyst sample, of a single particle size, can be expressed by a simple function of initial diameter and time. The initial rate is a function of initial diameter, whereas the decrease in attrition rate of a catalyst of a given size as it ages depends only on time. The attrition equation for a single size of particles is introduced into the particle size distribution function and, through mathematical analyses, yields a relationship for the attrition of a full size‐range catalyst. The form of this relationship, which includes terms for attritability and severity of attrition conditions, is verified by laboratory and commercial attrition data on two full‐range catalysts. The size distribution of an attrited sample is not expressible in simple analytical form, but is readily obtained by numerical analysis.
Hybrid Power Systems for Construction Machinery: Aspects of System Design and Operability of Wheel Loaders (2009)

This paper will examine the wheel loader as a system with two parallel energy conversion systems that show a complex interaction with each other and with the power source. Using a systematic design approach, several principle design solutions for hybridization can be found. Furthermore, the human operator with his/her control actions needs to be considered as part of the total system. This paper will therefore also connect to results from ongoing and previous research into operator workload and operability.
Isolating adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from lipoaspirate blood and saline fraction (2010)

Isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) typically involves 8+ hours of intense effort, requiring specialized equipment and reagents. Here, we present an improved technique for isolating viable populations of mesenchymal stem cells from lipoaspirate saline fractions within 30 minutes. Importantly, the cells exhibit remarkable similarities to those obtained using the traditional isolation protocols, in terms of their multipotent differentiation potential and immunophenotype. Reducing the acquisition time of ASCs is critical for advancing regenerative medicine therapeutics, and our approach provides rapid and simple techniques for enhanced isolation and expansion of patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries (2013)

Overall, and for the individual clinical conditions, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of PRT for treating musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. Researchers contemplating RCTs should consider the coverage of currently ongoing trials when assessing the need for future RCTs on specific conditions. There is need for standardisation of PRP preparation methods.
Cell electroporation: estimation of the number of pores and their sizes. (1999)

In this paper the size and the apparent number of the pores induced in human red blood cells under the influence of a single electric field pulse have been estimated. The size of the pores was evaluated by two different approaches: (i) by measuring the kinetics of ascorbic acid entrance into the cells and (ii) by studying the protective action of mannitol and sucrose against colloid-osmotic lysis. The data presented here indicated that (i) the pores are small (0.2 < r < 0.5 nm); (ii) pores with a size such that the molecules of ascorbic acid and mannitol could penetrate through them appear when the field strength exceeds 2.5 kV/cm (tau i = 20 microseconds); (iii) with increasing pulse intensity there is an increase in both the radius of the pores and the number of cells permeable to mannitol or sucrose. It has been concluded that the presence of only one small (r approximately 0.3 nm) pore in the human erythrocyte is sufficient for a cell to be regarded as porated.
Eyeing central neurons in vascular growth and reparative angiogenesis (2012)

The generation of blood vessels is a highly synchronized process requiring the coordinated efforts of several vascular and nonvascular cell populations as well as a stringent orchestration by the tissue being vascularized. Stereotyped angiogenesis is vital for both developmental growth and to restore tissue metabolic supply after ischemic events. Central neurons such as those found in the brain, spinal cord, and retina are vast consumers of oxygen and nutrients and therefore require high rates of perfusion by functional vascular networks to ensure proper sensory transmission. During a metabolic mismatch, such as that occurring during a cerebrovascular infarct or in ischemic retinopathies, there is increasing evidence that central neurons have an inherent ability to influence the vascular response to injury. With a focus on the retina and retinal ischemic disorders, this review explores the ever-growing evidence suggesting that central neurons have the propensity to impact tissue vascularization and reparative angiogenesis. Moreover, it addresses the paradoxical ability of severely ischemic neurons to hinder vascular regrowth and thus segregate the most severely injured zones of nervous tissue. The topics covered here are pertinent for future therapeutic strategies because promoting and steering vascular growth may be beneficial for ischemic disorders.
Characterization of IRX10 and IRX10‐like reveals an essential role in glucuronoxylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (2008)

Xylan, the major hemicellulosic polysaccharide in Arabidopsis secondary cell walls, requires a number of glycosyltransferases (GT) to catalyse formation of the various glycosidic linkages found in the polymer. In this study, we characterized IRX10 and IRX10-like (IRX10-L), two highly homologous genes encoding members of the glycosyltransferase family 47 (GT47). T-DNA insertions in IRX10 gave a mild irregular xylem (irx) phenotype consistent with a minor defect in secondary cell-wall synthesis, whereas plants containing mutations in IRX10-L showed no change. However, irx10 irx10-L double mutant plants showed a much more severe irx and whole-plant phenotype, suggesting considerable functional redundancy between these two genes. Detailed biochemical analysis of the irx10 irx10-L double mutant showed a large reduction of xylan in the secondary cell walls, consistent with a specific defect in xylan biosynthesis. Furthermore, the irx10 irx10-L mutant retains the unique oligosaccharide found at the reducing end of Arabidopsis xylan, but shows a severe reduction in beta(1,4) xylosyltransferase activity. These characteristics are similar to those of irx9 and irx14, mutants that are believed to be defective in xylan chain elongation, and suggests that IRX10 and IRX10-L also play a role in elongation of the xylan backbone.
Hypoxia After Liver Surgery Imposes an Aggressive Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype on Residual Tumor Cells (2013)

Surgery-generated hypoxia in the liver causes rapid dedifferentiation of tumor cells into immature CSCs with high clone- and metastasis-forming capacity. The results help explain the phenomenon of aggressive local tumor recurrence after liver surgery and offer a potential strategy to kill aggressive CSCs by hypoxia-activated prodrugs.
Self-mixing interferometry with a terahertz Quantum Cascade Laser: Feedback induced voltage signal (2010)

We report here a compact and efficient sensing technique that utilises the self-mixing effect in terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs). A terahertz QCL is used both for the emission and the detection of light. Sensors based on this technique promise high sensitivity, simplicity of optical design and the potential for implementation in monolithic arrays.
A Novel Group of Moraxella catarrhalis UspA Proteins Mediates Cellular Adhesion via CEACAMs and Vitronectin (2012)

Moraxella catarrhalis (Mx) is a common cause of otitis media and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, an increasing worldwide problem. Surface proteins UspA1 and UspA2 of Mx bind to a number of human receptors and may function in pathogenesis. Genetic recombination events in the pathogen can generate hybrid proteins termed UspA2H. However, whether certain key functions (e.g. UspA1-specific CEACAM binding) can be exchanged between these adhesin families remains unknown. In this study, we have shown that Mx can incorporate the UspA1 CEACAM1-binding region not only into rare UspA1 proteins devoid of CEACAM-binding ability, but also into UspA2 which normally lack this capacity. Further, a screen of Mx isolates revealed the presence of novel UspA2 Variant proteins (UspA2V) in ∼14% of the CEACAM-binding population. We demonstrate that the expression of UspA2/2V with the CEACAM-binding domain enable Mx to bind both to cell surface CEACAMs and to integrins, the latter via vitronectin. Such properties of UspA2/2V have not been reported to date. The studies demonstrate that the UspA family is much more heterogeneous than previously believed and illustrate the in vivo potential for exchange of functional regions between UspA proteins which could convey novel adhesive functions whilst enhancing immune evasion.
Induction of Mania With Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (1996)

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are now considered the first-line treatment for depression, but they have not been well studied in bipolar disorder. Recently, some authors have recommended that patients at risk for antidepressant-induced mania be treated with SRIs rather than tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Clinical information about 11 patients who developed mania during treatment with SRIs is described. These patients were found to have personal or family histories of hypomania or mania, but these disorders were not usually recognized at the time of the patients' initial treatment for depression. The SRI-induced manic episodes were also quite severe, having psychotic features or requiring patients to be secluded for extreme agitation, but patients responded completely to antimanic treatment. The risk of treatment-emergent mania with SRIs is not trivial, especially among patients at risk for bipolar disorder. Additional research is needed to compare the actual rate of drug-induced mania with SRIs and TCAs in patients with different bipolar subtypes, while controlling for concurrent antimanic drug use.
Throughput analysis and improvement of hybrid multiple access in IEEE 802.15.3c mm-wave WPAN (2009)

This paper studies the throughput of the IEEE 802.15.3c millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) WPAN system that is based on the hybrid multiple access of CSMA/CA and TDMA. In order to study the throughput of this system, we construct a novel analytical model by considering hybrid multiple access. Our throughput analysis shows that the throughput is significantly affected by the length of access time of CSMA/CA. A large length of access time of CSMA/CA will cause a low data transmission time in TDMA, while a short length of access time of CSMA/CA will cause a large number of data transmission collisions in CSMA/CA. The failure of data transmission channel release due to the collisions will lead to an increase in the unused data transmission time in TDMA. In order to improve the throughput, we introduce a private channel-release time to avoid the failure of data transmission channel release and provide the optimum access time of CSMA/CA, thereby maximizing the throughput. The proposed method can significantly improve the throughput of the IEEE 802.15.3c mm-wave WPAN system.
Smart Material Systems (2005)

The past 15 years have seen anincredible surge in research anddevelopment activity aroundsmart materials, the transducersthey enable, and the structuresin which they are embedded.Smart materials are a class ofmaterials that exhibit a strong,repeatable change in physicalproperties in response to chang-ing external conditions. Forexample, a shape memory alloy (SMA) such as NiTi, typi-cally Ni
Cathepsin B, a Cysteine Protease Implicated in Metastatic Progression, is also Expressed During Regression of the Rat Prostate and Mammary Glands (1994)

We have developed a novel library-to-library cross-screening technology to clone unique mRNAs that are expressed during tissue regression. We have cloned a number of regression selected genes (RSG) that are expressed during the regression of the mammary gland and ventral prostate of the rat after the removal of the respective trophic hormone. In this investigation, we have characterized one of these genes, RSG-2, that is homologous to cathepsin B, a thiol protease that has been previously identified as one of the extracellular proteases which is activated in metastatic cells. The steady-state levels of RSG-2 mRNA in the normal prostate are low but detectable. In the regressing prostate, RSG-2 mRNA levels peak at 3-4 days after castration, at the time that tissue regression is maximal. The gene is induced in a similar fashion in the regressing mammary gland. Using in situ hybridization, we have established that RSG-2 mRNA is expressed in the luminal epithelial cells of the prostate and mammary gland that are known to undergo active cell death, suggesting that it may be a general marker for secretory epithelial cell death. Analysis of the distribution of the cathepsin B protein by immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrates that there is diffuse, but punctate, expression of the protein in all of the luminal epithelial cells of the normal prostate and mammary gland. However, at early times after hormone ablation in both glands, the majority of the increase in cathepsin B protein appears to result from redistribution to the basal aspect of the cells. At later time points, there appears to be increased amounts of the protein which is localized to the apoptotic bodies. These results suggest that RSG-2, or cathepsin B, is required for the local degradation of the basement membrane, which is one of the earliest morphologically recognizable events of active cell death.
A Microfluidic System for Controlling Reaction Networks in Time (2003)

Mischen in Millisekunden und Transportieren ohne Dispersion werden durch nichtstationäre Strömungen erreicht, die in Tropfen von rund 60 pL ausgelöst werden, die durch gekrümmte Mikrokanäle wandern (oberes Bild). Fluoreszenz kann genutzt werden, um das Durchmischen zu verfolgen (unteres Bild) oder Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten zu messen. Im Prinzip lassen sich durch das Zusammenführen und Aufspalten von Strömen solcher Tropfen beliebig komplexe Reaktionsnetzwerke erzeugen.
Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes Correlate in a Clinical Trial Monitoring Cyclosporine Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis (1997)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor cyclosporine therapy for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis in a multicenter clinical trial and an analysis was performed to determine whether there was a correlation between clinical changes and MRI changes. MRI was performed on 163 patients at the onset and completion of the 2-year study. Burden of disease (BOD, lesion load) was quantitated by a single observer using a computer program. Active lesions were also identified. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was determined every 3 months MRI data did not show any effect of cyclosporine treatment on BOD progression (mean 24.5% increase/yr) or lesion activity. However, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the baseline total BOD value and the baseline EDSS score (r = 0.221, p = 0.005) and a positive correlation between the percent changes in BOD from baseline to exit and EDSS score (r = 0.186, p = 0.018). The study supports the concepts that MRI is a useful technique in monitoring therapeutic trials and that MRI is a direct measure of pathology.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth Predicted by Uptake of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide (2011)

Uptake of USPIO in abdominal aortic aneurysms identifies cellular inflammation and appears to distinguish those patients with more rapidly progressive abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion. This technique holds major promise as a new method of risk-stratifying patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms that extends beyond the simple anatomic measure of aneurysm diameter. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00794092.
Observer-based control of a managed pressure drilling system (2008)

During well drilling, the annular downhole pressure should be precisely controlled throughout the well bore continuously while drilling. A choke valve and a back pressure pump are used to control the annular pressure. This paper presents a nonlinear observer-based control scheme to stabilize the annular pressure profile. A simple mechanistic model is developed to capture the dominant phenomena of the drilling system and for the observer and model-based control design. A new nonlinear adaptive observer is developed for state estimations. The developed nonlinear controller is designed to stabilize the annular pressure and achieve asymptotic tracking.
Dengue-associated adult respiratory distress syndrome (1995)

In dengue shock syndrome, an acute increase in capillary permeability results in leakage of plasma into the interstitial space. Pleural effusion is commonly seen in dengue shock syndrome. We report three cases of dengue-associated adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children, in all of whom dengue haemorrhagic fever, presenting with grade 3 or grade 4 dengue shock syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, was confirmed. The criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS were based on the expanded definition of ARDS by Murray et al. Treatment consisted of fluid resuscitation, correction of coagulopathy and mechanical ventilation. All three children had multi-organ impairment, but it was more severe in the two who died. The one survivor was well at discharge.
Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma (2010)

Although most meningiomas are encapsulated and benign tumors with limited numbers of genetic aberrations, their intracranial location often leads to serious and potentially lethal consequences. They are the most frequently diagnosed primary brain tumor accounting for 33.8% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors reported in the United States between 2002 and 2006. Inherited susceptibility to meningioma is suggested both by family history and candidate gene studies in DNA repair genes. People with certain mutations in the neurofibromatosis gene (NF2) have a very substantial increased risk for meningioma. High dose ionizing radiation exposure is an established risk factor for meningioma, and lower doses may also increase risk, but which types and doses are controversial or understudied. Because women are twice as likely as men to develop meningiomas and these tumors harbor hormone receptors, an etiologic role for hormones (both endogenous and exogenous) has been hypothesized. The extent to which immunologic factors influence meningioma etiology has been largely unexplored. Growing emphasis on brain tumor research coupled with the advent of new genetic and molecular epidemiologic tools in genetic and molecular epidemiology promise hope for advancing knowledge about the causes of intra-cranial meningioma. In this review, we highlight current knowledge about meningioma epidemiology and etiology and suggest future research directions.
[Nested-polymerase chain reaction in detection of Helicobacter pylori in human dental plaque]. (1993)

A nested polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR) for the specific detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was developed with two primer pairs derived from the urease gene A of H. pylori. The N-PCR was used to detect all 21 H. pylori strains, including 20 clinical isolates and 1 reference strain (NCTC 14126), but failed to detect 12 other bacterial species. It was shown that the PCR assay is 100% specific. Tenfold serial dilution experiments revealed that N-PCR could detect as little as 0.1 fg DNA. Samples of dental plaque and stomach biopsies from 29 patients were collected. Gastric specimens were tested by N-PCR, and the results were compared with those of culture, urease test and histological examination (reference standard). H. pylori sequences were detected by PCR showing that 21 were positive. The dental plaque samples from 8 of the 21 patients who tasted positive of gastric biopsies were positive by N-PCR. However, none of 8 dental plaque samples from the patients whose gastric samples were negative showed amplification. Dual therapy was given to two patients who were H. pylori positive in gastric mucosa and dental plaque. One month after treatment, H. pylori was eradicated from the gastric mucosa, but persisted in dental plaque.
Differential effects of galeterone, abiraterone, orteronel, and ketoconazole on CYP17 and steroidogenesis. (2013)

184 Background: Because CYP17 has a central role in converting progestogens to androgens, inhibitors have been developed to treat CRPC. CYP17 has both hydroxylase and lyase catalytic functions. However, selective hydroxylase inhibition causes build-up of progestogens and mineralocorticoids, resulting in secondary mineralocorticoid excess (ME), edema, hypokalemia and hypertension (treated clinically with prednisone). We analyzed four inhibitors for their effects on CYP17 hydroxylase and lyase activities, and more globally on the steroidogenic pathway. Methods: Human CYP17 expressed in yeast microsomes was incubated with pregnenolone or 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and products quantitated using LC/MS/MS. Galeterone, abiraterone, orteronel or ketoconazole were added, and hydroxylase or lyase IC 50 values calculated. In a separate experiment, H295R adenocarcinoma cells were incubated with a range of drug concentrations between 0.316 nM and 10 μM for 24 hours and media was analyzed for steroid production by LC/MS/MS. Results: All drugs inhibited CYP17. However, potency and selectivity for hydroxylase and lyase varied significantly. Galeterone was the most potent and selective CYP17 lyase inhibitor. Abiraterone most selectively inhibited hydroxylase, while orteronel and ketoconazole were less potent lyase inhibitors than galeterone. In the cell-based assay, all drugs inhibited testosterone synthesis ≥94% at 1 μM. However, at this concentration, evidence of hydroxylase inhibition was supported by significant elevation of progesterone (abiraterone increased 293-fold), mineralocorticoids (orteronel increased DOC 74-fold), or reductions in cortisol (abiraterone, orteronel, ketoconazole reduced by 91%, 70% and 94%, respectively). In contrast, galeterone produced minimal changes in cortisol (decreased 14%) and other intermediate precursors. Conclusions: Galeterone is a selective and potent CYP17 lyase inhibitor that also antagonizes and degrades the AR, and exhibits minimal evidence of deleterious steroid changes associated with ME. These experimental data recapitulate phase I clinical experience where no ME was observed or prednisone required in CRPC patients.