gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A multi-path chopper-stabilized capacitively coupled operational amplifier with 20V-input-common-mode range and 3&#x00B5;V offset (2013)

Capacitively coupled chopper amplifiers are capable of handling common-mode voltages outside their supply rails, while also achieving high power efficiency and low offset [1-3]. However, a significant drawback of such amplifiers is a transfer-function notch around the chopping frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">chop</sub> ). This is because their input choppers demodulate signals near f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">chop</sub> to DC, where they are blocked by the input capacitors. This problem is exacerbated by the use of a ripple-reduction loop (RRL) to suppress chopper ripple, which also creates a notch at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">chop</sub> , and, moreover, can take up to 1ms to settle. The net result is an amplifier with a transfer-function notch and a step response that is accompanied by a slowly-decaying burst of chopper ripple [1]. To solve these problems, a multi-path capacitively-coupled chopper-stabilized operational amplifier (MCCOPA) is proposed. Implemented in a HV CMOS 0.7μm technology, it has a smooth transfer function and achieves a 20V common-mode voltage range (CMVR), 3μV offset and 148dB DC CMRR while drawing only 8μA from a 5V supply.
Biosimilar insulins (2012)

Until now most insulin used in developed countries is manufactured and distributed by a small number of multinational companies. Other pharmaceutical companies - many of these are located in countries such as India or China - are also able to manufacture insulin with modern biotechnological methods. Additionally, the patents for many insulin formulations have expired or are going to expire soon. This enables such companies to produce insulins and to apply for market approval of these as biosimilar insulins (BIs) in highly regulated markets such as the EU or the US. To understand the complexity of BIs' approval and usage, scientific and regulatory aspects have to be discussed. Differences in the manufacturing process (none of the insulin-manufacturing procedures are identical) result in the fact that all insulin that might become BIs differ from the originator insulin to some extent. The question is, have such differences in the structure of the insulin molecule and or the purity and so on clinically relevant consequences for the biological effects induced or not. The guidelines already in place in the EU for market approval require that the manufacturer demonstrates that his insulin has a safety and efficacy profile that is similar to that of the 'original' insulin formulation. Recently guidelines for biosimilars were issued in the US; however, these do not cover insulin. Although a challenging approval process for insulins to become BI might be regarded as a hurdle to keep companies out of certain markets, it is fair to say that the potential safety and efficacy issues surrounding BI are substantial and relevant, and do warrant a careful and evidence-driven approval process. Nevertheless, it is very likely that in the next years, BIs will come to the market also in highly regulated markets.
A silicogermanate with 20-ring channels directed by a simple quaternary ammonium cation (2012)

A silicogermanate, PKU-12, with the -CLO type of zeolite framework was hydrothermally synthesized under fluoride media using diisopropylethylmethylammonium as a structure directing agent. The formation of the silicogermanate zeolite with 20-ring channels has not only extended the -CLO family from phosphates into silicogermanates, but also demonstrated its structural diversity.
Plasma anodization of Hg1−<i>x</i>Cd<i>x</i>Te (1980)

A new plasma oxidation process for forming oxide films on Hg1−xCdxTe is described. Electrical measurements on metal-insulator-semiconductor devices employing the native oxide are presented. The oxide films have a relatively low fixed surface charge density of (1–3)×1011 e cm−2 and in this respect are superior to oxides growth by chemical anodization. For insulators which are a combination of 300-Å native oxide and 2000-Å ZnS the measured flat-band voltages are −0.5 and −2.5 V for n-t and p-type substrates, respectively. The measured work-function difference is −1.7 V for indium gate structures and the relative dielectric constant of the oxide is 13. The capacitance-voltage and current-voltage characteristics indicate an interface well suited for devices such as photoconductors, photovoltaic diodes, and charge-coupled devices.
Current measures for the evaluation of acne severity (2008)

The overall assessment of acne severity requires consideration of both clinical measures and patient-reported outcomes. This review is focused on recent developments in these interrelated spheres of severity determination. There are multiple current grading scales for active acne and scarring. Furthermore, a number of acne-specific quality-of-life (QoL) measures have been developed. Selection of the most appropriate measures for acne severity is dependent on the intended application. For therapeutic investigations projected for regulatory approval, lesion counting, negotiated and approved global acne scales and complete QoL instruments are advisable. In clinical practice, however, global assessments and indices of QoL instruments may be more practical.
Interferon-beta for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? (2002)

IFN-beta treatment is emerging as a potentially effective form of therapy in various immune-mediated conditions. The present review addresses the possible role of IFN-beta in immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Several placebo-controlled trials are discussed, as are the available immunological data that are relevant to this field. Review of these data provides evidence that IFN-beta has some beneficial therapeutic effect in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and might also have antirheumatic potential. This notion is supported by recent studies showing a critical role for IFN-beta in bone homeostasis.
The influence of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the lamina cribrosa tissue pressure gradient. (1995)

These results show that cerebrospinal fluid pressure largely determines retrolaminar tissue pressure; hence, along with intraocular pressure, it is of major importance in setting the translaminar tissue pressure gradient. Results also demonstrate hydrostatic continuity between the optic nerve subarachnoid space and the lateral ventricle. That the translaminar pressure gradient can vary independently of intraocular pressure may be of importance in understanding the pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Time-scale modification of speech signals using cross-correlation functions (1992)

A high-performance method of modifying the time scale of speech signals into an arbitrary time scale was developed. It requires substantially reduced arithmetic operations. This process is performed within a time domain where the time-scale expansion or compression is performed by inserting or substituting composite segments into or from an original input signal, and the length of the segment is optimized by an objective evaluation process. A monosyllable articulation test comparing this method with a conventional time-scale modification method performed by a simple modification of sampling frequency proved that there are definite advantages to using the new method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Growth of Magnetic Nanowires and Nanodumbbells in Liquid Polyol (2007)

Cobalt and cobalt−nickel nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing mixtures of cobalt and nickel acetates in sodium hydroxide solution in 1,2-propanediol. The particle shape depends strongly on the sodium hydroxide concentration and the Co/Ni composition of the particles. For cobalt-rich content, agglomerated rods, nanowires with a mean diameter of about 8 nm, and platelets were successively observed when [NaOH] was increased in the range 0−0.2 M. For the Co50Ni50 composition and [NaOH] in the range 0.1−0.18 M, nanodumbbells are formed that consist of a central column richer in cobalt capped with two terminal platelets richer in nickel. The shape of the dumbbells strongly depends on the basicity; long dumbbells are obtained for the lowest NaOH concentration, and short dumbbells and diabolos for the highest. To understand the role of the sodium hydroxide concentration and the different reactivities of cobalt and nickel, we analyzed the equilibrium between the Co2+ and Ni2+ ions in solution and the intermediate unreduced solid phase. For the Co80Ni20 composition, we show that increasing the sodium hydroxide amount lowers the Co2+ and Ni2+ ions in solution through the precipitation of the intermediate solid phase, suggesting that the nanowires are obtained with a higher growth rate than the platelets. The analysis of the solid intermediate phases revealed a Co(II) alkoxide and a Ni(II) hydroxy-acetate showing strong differences in the chemistry of the these two ions in basic solutions of 1,2-propanediol. These differences can explain the two well-separated growth steps originating the Co50Ni50 nanodumbbells.
Effect of Alfalfa Solubles on Urea Utilization by Beef Cattle (1974)

Three switch-back metabolism trials and three feedlot studies were conducted to test the effects of adding various levels of alfalfa solubles (AS) to complete mixed diets and liquid supplements for growing-finishing beef cattle in which supplemental protein was predominantly from urea. Nitrogen and energy utilization, dry matter digestibility, ruminal VFA's and rumen pH were the parameters compared for the metabolism studies and average daily gain and feed efficiency were the criteria for the feedlot trials. The feeding of a diet that contained 0.5% AS (Experiment I) resulted in increased digestibility of dry matter (P< .05) and energy (P< .10); a trend towards increased retention of dietary and absorbed nitrogen; and lowered levels (P< .05 and P< .10) of rumen ammonia and plasma urea. In Experiment II (1% AS) rumen pH was decreased (P< .10) by the AS addition. No other significant differences were observed in the remaining parameters. In Experiment III (2% AS) the digestibility of energy was increased (P< .10) by the AS addition.
The α1 subunit of the sodium pump could represent a novel target to combat non‐small cell lung cancers (2007)

With an overall 5 year survival rate as low as 15% for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), even with surgical intervention and the use of newer molecules in adjuvant chemotherapy, there is an urgent need for new biological targets and associated novel anti-cancer agents. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha1 subunit as a novel target in NSCLC and revealed that alpha1 expression is markedly higher in a significant proportion of NSCLC clinical samples compared to normal lung tissue. Furthermore, reduction in alpha1 expression in A549 NSCLC cells by anti-alpha1 siRNA resulted in markedly impaired proliferation and migration of these cancer cells. Finally, of three cardenolides investigated, UNBS1450, which is known to bind to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and displays potent anti-tumour activity in vivo in experimental models of human NSCLCs, is the most potent inhibitor of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isozymes (alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1 and alpha3beta1), most strikingly of alpha1beta1. This was reflected in the compound's more potent anti-proliferative activity in all NSCLC cell lines evaluated (A549, Cal-12T, NCI-H727 and A427); the first three of which over-express alpha1. The marked impairment in A549 NSCLC cell proliferation and migration, and resulting similar morphology following anti-alpha1 siRNA or UNBS1450 treatment, was associated with features of abnormal cytokinesis, mediated in the case of UNBS1450 by disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Collectively these data strongly suggest that targeting the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha1 using specific cardenolides could represent a novel means to combat certain NSCLCs.
<sup>1</sup>HNMR Assignments in Biflavonoid Spectra by Proton-Detected C-H Correlation (1993)

Abstract The 1 H and 13 CNMR spectra of some representative biflavonoids have been reinvestigated by proton-detected C-H correlation. Some assignments made in earlier publications are revised. Rules for the influence of one flavonoid moiety upon the chemical shift of the other’s protons are given.
Peptide T and glucose metabolism in AIDS dementia complex. (1996)

AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is the most common presenting neurologic manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. We report FDG-PET studies in a 39-year-old man who had ADC and completed a 12-wk treatment protocol with 1.2 mg/day of intranasal peptide T, one before and one after 12 wk of treatment with peptide T. Peptide T is an octapeptide under investigation for treatment of ADC patients. Values of rCMRglc were converted to Z scores using the mean and standard deviation of values of rCMRglc in three HIV-seronegative matched controls, each of which was studied twice, at the beginning and end of a 12-wk interval. Thirty-five of 60 regions assayed showed Z scores with absolute values > or = 3 (considered abnormal) in the baseline study. Regions with high absolute values of Z scores were located in subcortical areas and in the limbic system, and to a lesser degree in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Thirty-four of these 35 regions showed remission (decrease in the absolute values of Z scores) after treatment. Only one region showed no improvement in the second study. Three regions with absolute values of Z scores < 3 in the baseline study manifested Z scores with magnitudes > or = 3 in the second study. These preliminary observations suggest that functional neuroimaging techniques provide a useful tool in the evaluation of the response to treatment in ADC patients.
A Mechanistic Model for Paradoxical Platelet Activation by Ligand-Mimetic α<sub>IIb</sub>β<sub>3</sub>(GPIIb/IIIa) Antagonists (2006)

These findings can explain limitations of ligand-mimetic anti-alphaIIb beta3 therapy. They describe potential benefits of concomitant ADP receptor blockade and support a shift in drug development from ligand-mimetic toward allosteric or activation-specific integrin antagonists.
Decision Feedback Equalization for Multipath Induced Interference in Digital Microwave LOS Links (1984)

The performance of a 49-QPRS, 90 Mbit/s digital radio receiver equipped with a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) to counter multipath fading is investigated via computer simulation. The simulation includes the transmitted data, multipath fade model, receiver model, and DFE. The results indicate that a DFE equipped with five forward and five feedback taps can adequately compensate a 40 dB minimum-phase fade anywhere in the receiver passband. The study is extended to other receiver configurations including the use of space diversity and/or slope equalizers and the use of a transversal equalizer (TE) with the same delay-span in place of the DFE. The results indicate that the DFE equipped receiver outperforms the TE receiver and that still better performance may be achieved using a combination of space diversity and DFE.
Evaluating Functional Joins Along Nested Reference Sets in Object-Relational and Object-Oriented Databases (1998)

Previous work on functional joins was constrained in two ways: (1) all approaches we know assume references being implemented as physical object identifiers (OIDs) and (2) most approaches are, in addition, limited to single-valued reference attributes. Both are severe limitations since most object-relational and all object-oriented database systems do support nested reference sets and many object systems do implement references as location-independent (logical) OIDs. In this work, we develop a new functional join algorithm that can be used for any realization form for OIDs (physical or logical) and is particularly geared towards supporting functional joins along nested reference sets. The algorithm can be applied to evaluate joins along arbitrarily long path expressions which may include one or more reference sets. The new algorithm generalizes previously proposed partition-based pointer joins by repeatedly applying partitioning with interleaved re-merging before evaluating the next fu...
Association of anti-Fab and anti-IgG antibodies with high kidney transplant survival. (1982)

Pretransplant sera from 371 first cadaver and 58 second cadaver kidney transplant patients were examined for the presence of anti-Fab and antiimmunoglobulin antibodies. The 1-year graft survival rate for 109 patients with anti-Fab antibodies was 59 +/- 5% as compared with 47 +/- 5% for 106 patients without anti-Fab antibodies (p less than 0.05). Among patients with more than five transfusions, those with anti-Fab antibodies had a survival rate of 81 +/- 8% as compared with 53 +/- 9% for patients with no anti-Fab antibodies (p less than 0.01). Among 74 patients with anti-IgG antibodies, the 1-year graft survival rate was 63 +/- 6% as compared with 56 +/- 3% for 270 patients without anti-IgG antibodies (p = N.S.). After more than five transfusions, the graft survival rate was 83 +/- 1% for those with anti-IgG and 68 +/- 6% for those without IgG (p = N.S.). There was no correlation between the presence of anti-Fab and anti-IgG antibody and the number of transfusions. We conclude that anti-Fab antibodies and possibly anti-IgG antibodies have an enhancing effect on graft survival.
Maximum likelihood sequence estimation and its VLSI implementation (2005)

In the reception of Generalized Tamed Frequency Modulation (GTFM) signals corrupted by noise, Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) technique has been successfully used to minimize the bit error rate. In this paper, we review the MLSE in the context of GTFM, and report its imple-menation in VLSI 2 micron CMOS technology. Testability issues in the IC design are discussed.
Specialized fibroblast differentiated states underlie scar formation in the infarcted mouse heart (2018)

Fibroblasts are a dynamic cell type that achieve selective differentiated states to mediate acute wound healing and long-term tissue remodeling with scarring. With myocardial infarction injury, cardiomyocytes are replaced by secreted extracellular matrix proteins produced by proliferating and differentiating fibroblasts. Here, we employed 3 different mouse lineage-tracing models and stage-specific gene profiling to phenotypically analyze and classify resident cardiac fibroblast dynamics during myocardial infarction injury and stable scar formation. Fibroblasts were activated and highly proliferative, reaching a maximum rate within 2 to 4 days after infarction injury, at which point they expanded 3.5-fold and were maintained long term. By 3 to 7 days, these cells differentiated into myofibroblasts that secreted abundant extracellular matrix proteins and expressed smooth muscle α-actin to structurally support the necrotic area. By 7 to 10 days, myofibroblasts lost proliferative ability and smooth muscle α-actin expression as the collagen-containing extracellular matrix and scar fully matured. However, these same lineage-traced initial fibroblasts persisted within the scar, achieving a new molecular and stable differentiated state referred to as a matrifibrocyte, which was also observed in the scars of human hearts. These cells express common and unique extracellular matrix and tendon genes that are more specialized to support the mature scar.
High-Glucose Stimulation Increases Reactive Oxygen Species Production Through the Calcium and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated Activation of Mitochondrial Fission (2010)

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria is the main cause of hyperglycemic complications. We previously showed that hyperglycemic conditions induce mitochondrial fragmentation that is causal for ROS overproduction. This study was to identify signaling components that induce mitochondrial fragmentation in high-glucose stimulation. We found that exposing cells to the high-glucose concentration evokes increases in cytosolic Ca(2+). Chelating Ca(2+) in the high-glucose medium prevented not only the Ca(2+) transient but also mitochondrial fragmentation and the ROS increase, indicating that the Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane is an upstream event governing mitochondrial fission and the ROS generation in high-glucose stimulation. We found that the high-glucose-induced Ca(2+) increase activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The Ca(2+) chelation prevented the ERK1/2 activation, and inhibition of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation decreased mitochondrial fragmentation as well as ROS levels in high-glucose stimulation. In addition, the level of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-like protein 1 in mitochondria increased in high-glucose incubation in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. In vitro kinase assays showed that ERK1/2 is capable of phosphorylating dynamin-like protein 1. These results demonstrate that high-glucose stimulation induces the activation of mitochondrial fission via signals mediated by intracellular Ca(2+) and ERK1/2.
Evolución conceptual y cómputo del significado: Pensamiento y lenguaje en Vigotsky (1993)

El enfoque de Vygotski sobre la elaboración de conceptos contrasta con los modelos empleados en inteligencia artificial. Presentaremos las principales ideas de la obra de Vygotski acerca de las relaciones entre pensamientos y lenguaje, y los principales estadios de la construcción de conceptos en la mente infantil. Compararemos este enfoque con los de otros psicólogos del siglo veinte. Subrayaremos lo que hace a este enfoque tan moderno y una base potencial para los sistemas artificiales, de cara a una representación del significado vinculada al aprendizaje y la adaptación. Proponemos algunas alternativas estructurales y de arquitectura para un sistema con estas características. Confiamos en que este intento permita con estas características. Confiamos en que este intento permita la puesta a prueba de algunas hipótesis en el campo de la psicología cognitiva.
Identification of Key Gene Products Required for Acquisition of Plasmin‐like Enzymatic Activity by Group A Streptococci (1997)

Group A streptococci incubated in human plasma can acquire a plasmin-like enzymatic activity. This process involves at least two bacterial proteins and two human protein cofactors. In this study, the key bacterial proteins were identified by using a series of isogenic mutants of group A isolate, CS101. These studies confirm a key role for the secreted plasminogen activator, streptokinase, and identify the major surface fibrinogen-binding protein as the product of the mrp gene. The requirement for human fibrinogen and plasminogen as key cofactors was also confirmed.
Protective effect of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus strain on infection with pathogenic bacteria in chickens. (2009)

The probiotic potential of a Lactobacillus salivarius 3d strain isolated from chicken faeces was assessed in one day old chickens. Lactobacillus salivarius 3d was administered per os at a concentration of 10(8) cfu in 100 microl of PBS. The chickens were then challenged with pathogenic bacteria: Salmonella Enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens. Samples of caecal contents and livers were collected after 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days after infection. Lactobacilli and pathogenic bacterial cell counts were determined in the samples. This study showed that L. salivarius 3d reduced the number of Salmonella Enteritidis and Clostridium perfringens in the group of chickens treated with Lactobacillus. Therefore it may be concluded that L. salivarius 3d may be used as a potential probiotic for chickens.