gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Use of IRIS image-enhancement facilities on digital images by radiologists during a clinical trial at the Ottawa Civic Hospital</title> (1990)

The Integrated Radiological Information System (IRIS) supports the capture and distribution of digitized x-ray images and voice reports in the form of electronic patient folders which can be accessed at physician workstations throughout the hospital. Each workstation has an image screen to display documents and x-ray images a control screen to access patient folders and a hands-free telephone to dictate and play back reports and enable consultation between radiologist and clinician workstations. A seven week clinical trial of IRIS was conducted at the Ottawa Civic Hospital during April and May 1989. The system operated to process cases from the Department of Emergency Medicine weekday afternoons. Observers recorded for each case how radiologists used the system. After the trial radiologists participated in an extensive debriefing interview during which they were asked to complete a number of rating scales addressing the following issues: 1) willingness to diagnose by tissue type and by type of pathology 2) seriousness of problems due to system limitations 3) the perceived usefulness of enhancement capabilities and measurement tools. Overall the system was found to be acceptable by the radiologists. There was some concern about diagnosis in soft tissue regions. Most of the system features were regarded as acceptable but there were areas which needed improvement. The suggested improvements are described where applicable. The enhancement facilities and the means of using the facilities were acceptable overall. 426 /© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF GEOLOGICAL-ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF THE LAND ALONG GUANGDONG COAST (2000)

The land along the Guangdong coast is not only a relatively developed economical region,but also a friable geoenvironmental region. In the past few decades earthquake, soil erosion,ground lollapses, landslides, karstic sink, ground fissure, land subsidence, soft soil foundation deformation, etc. have caused considerable property damage and casualties, which is greatly related to the evolution of geoenvironment in the region. In the case it is very necessary to assess geoenvironment quality of the region. The occurrence of geological hazards reflects the variation of structure and state of geoenvironment in the region, which is further controlled by the geoenvironmental factors. Based on the investigation and statistic analysis of formation conditions of geologic hazards and influencing factors, the geoenvironment quality of the region can be divided into tectonic stability, slope stability, and foundation stability, then an index system for three layer surfaces was set up for geoenvironmental quality assessment. It includes active faults, earthquake activities, relief height, slope gradient, gulch incision density, soil erosion intensity, densities of collapses and landslides, soil mass bearing capacity, and ground fissure density. The geoenvironment quality is classified into five classes: best, good, moderate, worse, and worst, with linear subjection function of the indices and the weightings of 9 factors given by experts. A fuzzy mathematic model for multifactor comprehensive assessment was developed. Based on the model190 elements for the region were calculated with Fortran program. The result isshown in a zonation map of the geoenvironment quality, from that the result can be compared with the essential situation of the geoenvironment in the region, and it further indicates that the Fuzzy mathematic model developed is feasible and rational, and 17 geoenvironment quality subzones were distinguished. The result of assessment and zonation provide a necessary and sufficient information to users for urban construction planning, land rational use, and construction of major engineering works in the region.
Effects of a new calcium sensitizer, levosimendan, on haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial substrate utilization early after coronary artery bypass grafting (1998)

Despite improved cardiac performance, levosimendan did not increase myocardial oxygen consumption or change myocardial substrate utilization. Thus levosimendan has the potential to treat low cardiac output states after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Dispersing Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solutions by a Starlike Block Copolymer (2008)

The ability of dispersing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in aqueous solutions by a starlike amphiphilic block copolymer with PPO−PEO segments (AP432) was investigated in detail. For comparison, two commercially available linear amphiphilic block copolymers, Pluronics L64 and F127, were also selected. It was found that AP432 and F127 can get good CNT dispersions, while L64 was proved to be unable to disperse CNTs. AP432 with five branches could disperse CNTs efficiently at much lower concentrations compared with the linear F127, although it has a smaller molecular weight and shorter terminal EO groups. This indicated clearly that, once branched, copolymers would get a much better ability to disperse CNTs. Increasing concentration of AP432 or F127 would disperse more CNTs, but at high copolymer concentrations the aggregation of dispersed CNTs was observed, which may be related to the free micelles formed by AP432 or F127 around CNTs. Other influencing factors such as the mass ratio of CNTs to copolymers and sonication time and strength were also discussed. From the molecular dynamics simulation results, it can be found that copolymers with five branches can gain better steric repulsions between adjacent CNTs, which is consistent with the experimental results.
Coherent Control of LO-Phonon Dynamics in Opaque Semiconductors by Femtosecond Laser Pulses (1993)

Coherent longitudinal optical phonons are generated via ultrafast screening of GaAs surface-space-charge fields by free carriers excited with femtosecond laser pulses. The coherent phonons are observed in a pump probe experiment through anisotropic changes in the refractive index. Since the electro-optic observation of phonons in the time domain allows the determination of both the amplitude and the phase of coherent lattice vibrations, we are able to superpose two coherently excited phonon modes in a dual excitation experiment. By carefully adjusting the relative phase, we are able to accurately control the amplitude of the coherent vibrations from resonant enhancement to total extinction. The experiment demonstrates the possibility of a coherent control of the lattice dynamics in solid-state materials at room temperature.
Identification of P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand‐1 as a useful marker in acute myeloid leukaemias (2001)

Immunophenotyping is considered to be less valuable in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) compared with acute lymphoid leukaemias. Here, we present data on the use of quantitative flow cytometry (QFC) of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1, CD162) and three-colour immunophenotyping including CD162 staining in the identification of myeloid precursors in AML. Analysis of normal peripheral blood (n = 20) and normal bone marrow (n = 5) samples and on 20 samples from de novo M1, M2, M4 and M5 AML patients demonstrated that PSGL-1 is differentially expressed on various mature and immature leucocyte subsets. It was found by QFC that neutrophils expressed 26500 +/- 4500 and monocytes 47200 +/- 9900 copies of PSGL-1 on their surface, whereas AML blasts from M1 and M2 AML patients expressed significantly less PSGL-1 (12 000 +/- 5300) than mature neutrophils (P < 0.001). In M4 and M5 leukaemias, however, the amount of PSGL-1 on monocytic precursors is displayed in a fairly broad range that is not significantly different from that of mature monocytes (P = 0.084). Using three-colour immunophenotyping PSGL-1-dim staining was co-expressed with CD7 and C34 positivity and PSGL-1 staining intensity on immature myeloid cells paralleled with CD45 expression. This would imply a differential expression of PSGL-1 during myeloid haematopoietic development and suggests that quantification of surface PSGL-1 may aid in differentiating myeloblasts from monoblasts by immunophenotyping in different AML subsets.
Hsp90 is required for the activity of a hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase. (1996)

The heat shock protein Hsp90 is known as an essential component of several signal transduction pathways and has now been identified as an essential host factor for hepatitis B virus replication. Hsp90 interacts with the viral reverse transcriptase to facilitate the formation of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex between the polymerase and an RNA ligand. This RNP complex is required early in replication for viral assembly and initiation of DNA synthesis through a protein-priming mechanism. These results thus invoke a role for the Hsp90 pathway in the formation of an RNP.
Differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: correlation between the synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins and the ultrastructure of the malignant cells (1983)

The capacity of synthesizing and secreting Ig molecules was studied in 11 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) whose cells expressed surface IgM, in 3 patients with surface IgG-bearing cells, and in 2 IgM prolymphocytic leukemias (IgM-PLL). Three types of mu chains were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the endogenously labeled molecules isolated by specific immunoprecipitation. Two of them were isolated from the cell lysates and were identified as the membrane mu chain and the precursor of the secreted molecules, respectively. The latter also possibly contained precursors of the membrane molecules. The third type of molecule was detected only in the culture medium and was identified as secretory mu chain. Not all of the malignant clones possessed the three types of mu chains. Only 7/13 of the IgM-bearing malignant cell clones were capable of secretion, whereas the remaining synthesized the secretory mu chains but degraded them intracellularly. Two types of molecules (membrane and secreted) were found in the IgG-bearing CLL cells from three patients. In all of them, secretion was detected. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that cells from the secreting clones had the features of more mature lymphocytes than the cells from nonsecreting clones. These features were represented by a developed Golgi apparatus, various types of vesicles (smooth and coated), and strands of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A certain heterogeneity of the degree of maturation of the cells was observed within these clones. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that CLL clones are heterogeneous and can be distinguished through the different degrees of maturation of their cell components.
Integrated optical micromachined pressure sensor with spectrally encoded output and temperature compensation (1998)

A promising type of optical pressure sensor combines an integrated optical interferometer with a micromachined diaphragm on a shared silicon substrate. We have demonstrated a sensor of this type that uses an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder waveguide interferometer together with a broadband source to produce a spectrally encoded measurement. This spectral encoding mechanism is advantageous as it is not readily degraded by transmission through optical fibers. We have also demonstrated a means to obtain a temperature-compensated pressure measurement by interrogating both polarization eigenmodes of the interferometer.
Increased cortical bone mineral content but unchanged trabecular bone mineral density in female ERβ–/– mice (1999)

Ovariectomy in young, growing rodents results in decreased trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) and increased radial growth of the cortical bone. Both of these effects are reversed by treatment with estrogen. The aim of the present study was to determine the physiological role of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) on bone structure and bone mineral content (BMC). The BMC was increased in adult (11 weeks old), but not prepubertal (4 weeks old), female ERbeta(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. This increase in BMC in females was not due to increased trabecular BMD, but to an increased cross-sectional cortical bone area associated with a radial bone growth. Male ERbeta(-/-) mice displayed no bone abnormalities compared with WT mice. Ovariectomy decreased the trabecular BMD to the same extent in adult female ERbeta(-/-) mice as in WT mice. The expression levels of osteoblast-associated genes - alpha1(I) collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin mRNAs - were elevated in bone from adult ERbeta(-/-) females compared with WT mice. These observations provide a possible explanation for the increased radial bone growth seen in female mutants, suggesting a repressive function for ERbeta in the regulation of bone growth during female adolescence. In summary, ERbeta is essential for the pubertal feminization of the cortical bone in female mice but is not required for the protective effect of estrogens on trabecular BMD.
The importance of neuritic plaques and tangles to the development and evolution of AD (2004)

Deterioration in Alzheimer disease appears to be driven by neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles at different stages of the disease. The significant increase in neuritic plaques, but not neurofibrillary tangles, in patients with even mild Alzheimer disease at death compared with normal control subjects suggests that only neuritic plaques are associated with the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease.
Influence of serum and hormones on bovine oocyte maturation and fertilization in vitro (1989)

Three approaches were investigated for improvement of in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and early embryonic development in cattle. These were: 1) Selection of oocytes, 2) medium supplementation with fetal calf serum (FCS) and cow sera (D0, D1, D10, and D20 to correspond with estrus, metestrus, diestrus, and proestrus, respectively), and 3) addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol-17 beta (E2) during maturation. Greater proportions (percentage) of oocytes initially selected for their compact cumulus cells completed IVM and IVF when compared to unselected oocytes (P less than .05). Proportions (percentage) of selected oocytes that matured and cleaved after in vitro insemination according to serum type used for IVM were: FCS: 110/175 (62.9%) and 37/110 (33.6%) and D0: 130/145 (89.7%) and 52/130 (40.0%); D1 127/130 (97.7%) and 41/127 (32.3%); D10 95/98 (96.9%) and 35/95 (36.8%); D20:113/116 (97.4%) and 49/113 (43.4%). A higher proportion (P less than .05) of embryos resulting from the D20 group reached four- and eight-cell stages. In FCS-supplemented maturation media with no hormones added during maturation (control), results of IVM and IVF were 157/265 (59.2%) and 39/157 (24.8%), respectively. With E2 (1 microgram/ml) and FSH (5 micrograms/ml), comparable results were 189/215 (87.9%) and 71/189 (37.6%); with E2 (1 microgram/ml) plus LH (10 micrograms/ml), 280/327 (85.6%) and 111/280 (39.6%). Added hormones improved IVM results (P less than .05) and, when FSH or LH was added with E2, in vitro development to four- and eight-cell stages was markedly enhanced (P less than .05). Selection of oocytes, D20 serum, and added E2 and FSH or LH for IVM improved in vitro development of bovine embryos after IVF.
Preparation and study of dinuclear zinc(II) complex for the efficient hydrolysis of the phosphodiester linkage in a diribonucleotide (1995)

A dinuclear zinc(II) complex with N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis[(2-pyridyl)methyl]-2-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane efficiently hydrolyses ApA [adenylyl(3′-5′)adenosine] at pH 7 and 50 °C; the complex can thus be regarded as a good artificial ribonuclease which effectively mimics enzyme active sites.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Mediated Phosphorylation and Protooncogene Induction in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells (1991)

We have characterized the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in protooncogene induction mediated by insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. These cells possess few, if any, insulin receptors, thus allowing determination of the effects of these growth factors in the absence of any secondary signal mediated through the insulin receptor. We found that IGF-I produced a specific stimulation of tyrosine kinase activity of the 97-kDa beta-subunit of the IGF-I receptor, resulting in autophosphorylation of the receptor and an increase in kinase activity toward a synthetic peptide substrate. This was associated with a gradual decrease in the level of phosphorylation of pp120, the major constitutive phosphotyrosine-containing protein of MDCK cells, and an increase in the ratio of serine to tyrosine phosphorylation. This was followed by a rapid, but transient, induction of c-fos gene expression, with no change in the levels of c-myc mRNA. Cycloheximide treatment resulted in a superinduction of both c-fos and c-myc and prevented any further stimulation by IGF-I. IGF-II did not stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of its own receptor, but was 25% as active as IGF-I in stimulating phosphorylation of the IGF-I receptor. Despite this, IGF-II did not significantly enhance the expression of either nuclear protooncogene. Insulin also produced a delayed stimulation of IGF-I receptor phosphorylation, but was unable to stimulate biological effects in these cells. Under these conditions neither of the IGFs nor insulin produced any significant stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA. These data indicate that the IGF-I receptor can be activated upon binding of IGF-I, and to a lesser extent IGF-II, in intact cells to mediate cellular events. The nature of the signal generated by the IGF-I receptor appears to vary depending on the ligand that occupies it.
Effects of 7,8-Benzoflavone on Skin Tumor-Initiating Activities of Various 7- and 12-Substituted Derivatives of 7,12-Dimenthylbenz[a]anthracene in Mice2 (1978)

The skin tumor-initiating activities of various 7- and 12-substituted derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) were investigated in female outbred Charles River CD-1 mice. 7-Formyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-CHO-12-MBA) at 740 nmoles/mouse was an effective tumor initiator, at a dose 74-fold greater than that of DMBA. 7,8-Benzoflavone (7,8-BF) inhibited the tumor-initiating activity of 7-CHO-12-MBA by 51%. 12-Formyl-7-methylbenztalanthracene and 7,12-diformylbenz[a]anthracene, applied at initiating doses of 740 nmoles and 704 nmoles/mouse, respectively, were much less active than 7-CHO-12-MBA. 7-Bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-BRME-12-MBA) and 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene (7-BRMEBA) were also investigated. 7-BRME-12-MBA was a more effective tumor initiator than 7-BRMEBA, but both were less active than DMBA. 7,8-BF inhibited the tumor-initiating activity of 7-BRME-12-MBA and 7-BRMEBA by 34 and 54%, respectively. 12-Bromomethyl-7-methylbenz[a]anthracene (12-BRME-7-MBA) was as active an initiator as 7-BRME-12-MBA. 7,8-BF inhibited tumor initiation with 12-BRME-7-MBA by 29%. Three naturally occurring flavones, quercetin, myricetin, and 4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavonone, and the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-benzylimidazole were investigated after topical application (100 μ9) for their effects on tumor initiation with DMBA. Quercetin inhibited tumor initiation with DMBA by 22%, whereas myricetin and 4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone enhanced tumor initiation with DMBA by 54 and 29%, respectively. 1-Benzylimidazole had no effect. The abilities of the flavones and 1-benzylimidazole to inhibit aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in vitro did not correlate with their effects on tumor initiation with DMBA.
The influence of reducing agent and 1, 10-phenanthroline concentration on DNA cleavage by phenanthroline + copper (1991)

Copper in the presence of excess 1,10-phenanthroline, a reducing agent, and molecular oxygen causes cleavage of DNA with a preference for T-3',5'-A-steps, particularly in TAT triplets. The active molecular species is commonly thought to be the bis-(1,10-phenanthroline)Cu(I) complex, (Phen)2Cu(I), regardless of the reducing agent type. We have found that (Phen)2Cu(I) is not the predominant copper complex when 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) or 2-mercaptoethanol are used as the reducing agents, but (Phen)2Cu(I) predominates when ascorbate is used as the reducing agent. Substitution of ascorbate for thiol significantly enhances the rate of DNA cleavage by 1,10-phenanthroline + copper, without altering the sequence selectivity. We show that (Phen)2Cu(I) is the complex responsible for DNA cleavage, regardless of reducing agent, and that 1,10-phenanthroline and MPA compete for copper coordination sites. DNA cleavage in the presence of ascorbate also occurs under conditions where the mono-(1,10-phenanthroline)Cu(I) complex predominates (1:1 phenanthroline:copper ratio), but preferential cleavage was observed at a CCGG sequence and not at TAT sequences. The second phenanthroline ring of the (Phen)2Cu(I) complex appears essential for determining the T-3',5'-A sequence preferences of phenanthroline + copper when phenanthroline is in excess.
Photonic Approach to Making a Left-Handed Material (2002)

A new approach to producing a composite material with negative refraction index is demonstrated. It is shown that a photonic structure consisting of two dielectric materials, with positive and negative dielectric permittivities, can support electromagnetic surface waves which exhibit the unusual electromagnetic property of left-handedness (or negative refraction index). Depending on the dielectric materials, these surface waves localized at the dielectric interfaces can be either surface plasmons, or phonons. The detailed geometry of the structure determines whether this composite left-handed material is isotropic, or anisotropic.
Optimization of lentiviral vector production using polyethylenimine-mediated transfection (2014)

The aim of the present study was to optimize the polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated transfection method in order to simplify the efficient production of lentiviral vectors (LvVs), and to compare the CaPO<sub>4</sub>- and PEI-mediated transfection methods for producing LvVs. Different titration methods of LvV stocks, as well as different culture media, culture durations, cell densities and DNA quantities were compared to obtain an optimized procedure for the production of LvVs. Optimization of the production method for LvVs was achieved using PEI-mediated transient transfections. Serum-free Opti-MEM<sup>®</sup> was used to directly produce LvVs that could be harvested 48 h after transfection. Furthermore, a cell density of 15×10<sup>6</sup> cells/10-cm plate and a DNA concentration of 1X were selected for the optimum production of LvVs. The optimized LvV titration method was simple and direct; it involved LvVs carrying fluorescent reporters, which proved to be faster than the standard methods but equally as sensitive. In conclusion, a scalable process for production of LvVs by PEI-mediated transfection was established and optimized. The optimized PEI-mediated transfection method was easy to use, as well as providing greater reliability with a higher degree of reproducibility and consistency. Despite using less DNA, the PEI-mediated transfection method resulted in viral titers that were the same as those achieved using the CaPO<sub>4</sub>-mediated method.
Optimization by simulated annealing: a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence (1986)

A Monte Carlo optimization technique called "simulated annealing" is a descent algorithm modified by random ascent moves in order to escape local minima which are not global minima. The level of randomization is determined by a control parameter T, called temperature, which tends to zero according to a deterministic "cooling schedule"