gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Are black carbon and soot the same? (2012)

Abstract. The climate change and environmental literature, including that on aerosols, is replete with mention of black carbon (BC), but neither reliable samples nor standards exist. Thus, there is uncertainty about its exact nature. That confusion can be avoided if terms are defined and widely understood. Here we discuss an ambiguity between BC and soot and propose a more precise definition for soot as a specific material, which we call ns-soot, where "ns" refers to carbon nanospheres. We define ns-soot as particles that consist of nanospheres, typically with diameters < 100 nm, that possess distinct structures of concentrically wrapped, graphene-like layers of carbon and with grape-like (acinoform) morphologies. We additionally propose that, because of their importance for climate modeling and health issues, distinctions are made among bare, coated, and embedded ns-soot. BC, on the other hand, is not a well-defined material. We propose that the term should be restricted to light-absorbing refractory carbonaceous matter of uncertain character and that the uncertainty is stated explicitly.
Knowledge Management and the Leading IS Journals: An Analysis of Trends and Gaps in Published Research (2005)

Knowledge management (KM) is maturing as a research topic, although there is still debate among researchers over what constructs form its basis. Because the topic has received increasing attention in academic journals, it is important for researchers to be aware of the research streams associated with KM. Accordingly, this paper reviews the knowledge management literature published in top-tier journals from 2000 to 2003. These articles are then classified into five constructs from two knowledge management frameworks. The results indicate that the majority of knowledge management research has examined the construct of knowledge transfer and approximately one third of the research is empirical in nature. Trends of published KM research, gaps, and inconsistencies in the examined literature, and areas of potential research are presented.
Means of Eliminating Electrolytic Capacitor in AC/DC Power Supplies for LED Lightings (2009)

This paper proposes two methods of reducing the storage capacitance in the ac/dc power supplies for light emitting diode (LED) lighting. In doing so, film capacitors can be adopted instead of electrolytic capacitors to achieve a long power suppliespsila lifetime. The voltage ripple of the storage capacitor is intentionally increased to reduce the storage capacitance. The method of determining the storage capacitance for ensuring that the boost power factor correction converter operates normally in the whole input voltage range is also discussed. For the purpose of further reducing the storage capacitance, a method of injecting the third harmonic current into the input current flow is proposed. While ensuring that the input power factor is always higher than 0.9 to comply with regulation standards such as ENERGY STAR, the storage capacitance can be reduced to 65.6% of that with an input power factor of 1. A 60-W experimental prototype is built to verify the proposed methods.
Changes in the Occurrence of Mechanical Alternans After Long-Term β-Blocker Therapy in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (2001)

Mechanical alternans has been observed in patients with severe congestive heart failure, and the phenomenon is considered to be a terminal sign. Therapeutic strategies for chronic heart failure have significantly developed, but it is uncertain whether patients with mechanical alternans can be effectively treated or not. Seventeen consecutive patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were enrolled: 11 were treated with beta-blockers on conventional therapeutic regimens and 6 patients were not indicated for or were unable to continue beta-blockade. Mechanical alternans was detected during cardiac catheterization in the patients under physiologic tachycardia (110 beats/min) and stepwise dobutamine loading. In the initial study, mechanical alternans occurred in 70.6% of the patients: 8 of the 11 being treated with beta-blockers and 4 of the 6 without beta-blockade therapy. In the second study, none of the patients taking beta-blockers showed mechanical alternans under the same protocol; the occurrence of mechanical alternans did not change in the patients who were not being treated with beta-blockers. The left ventricular ejection fraction increased in patients whose mechanical alternans could not be induced during the follow up, but decreased in the patients in whom mechanical alternans was repeatedly inducible. It is concluded that mechanical alternans is associated with the failing myocardium and may be potentially correctable.
UNIFIEDQA: Crossing Format Boundaries with a Single QA System (2020)

Question answering (QA) tasks have been posed using a variety of formats, such as extractive span selection, multiple choice, etc. This has led to format-specialized models, and even to an implicit division in the QA community. We argue that such boundaries are artificial and perhaps unnecessary, given the reasoning abilities we seek to teach are not governed by the format. As evidence, we use the latest advances in language modeling to build a single pre-trained QA model, UNIFIEDQA, that performs well across 20 QA datasets spanning 4 diverse formats. UNIFIEDQA performs on par with 8 different models that were trained on individual datasets themselves. Even when faced with 12 unseen datasets of observed formats, UNIFIEDQA performs surprisingly well, showing strong generalization from its out-offormat training data. Finally, fine-tuning this pre-trained QA model into specialized models results in a new state of the art on 10 factoid and commonsense QA datasets, establishing UNIFIEDQA as a strong starting point for building QA systems. 1 1 https://github.com/allenai/unifiedqa Extractive [SQuAD] Question: At what speed did the turbine operate? Context: (Nikola_Tesla) On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. ...
Non‐classical MHC class I molecules on intestinal epithelial cells: mediators of mucosal crosstalk (2005)

The mucosal immune environment consists of a complex combination of lymphoid cells, non-lymphoid cells, and lumenal bacteria. Signals from lumenal bacteria are constantly transmitted to the underlying tissues across the intestinal epithelial barrier. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) can sense these signals, integrate them, and interpret them for lamina propria lymphoid populations. One mechanism by which these signals are communicated is by the expression of non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules by IECs. Epithelial cells can express a surprising variety of non-classical MHC class I molecules. In some cases, IECs can act as non-professional antigen-presenting cells utilizing the expression of such non-classical MHC class I molecules to directly present bacterial antigens. In other cases, the expression of non-classical MHC class I molecules may act as a co-stimulatory molecule or adhesion molecule that can modify the mucosal immune response. Finally, the expression of these molecules on IECs can lead to a broad array of responses ranging from tolerance to inflammation. Overall, the IEC, via the expression of non-classical MHC class I molecules, is a central mediator of the constant crosstalk between the intestinal lumen and the mucosal immune system.
Thèse de Marie-France Carnus: Analyse didactique du processus décisionnel de l'enseignant d'EPS en gynastique... (2002)

Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development, and it plays an essential role in response to environmental stresses. Plants suffer with combined stress of S deficiency and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in the rhizosphere. Little is known about the impact of S deficiency on leaf metabolism of canola (Brassica napus L.) under Cr(VI) stress. Therefore, this study is the first to examine the effects of Cr(VI) stress and S deficiency in canola at a molecular level. A comparative proteomic approach was used to investigate the differences in protein abundance between Cr-tolerant NK Petrol and Cr-sensitive Sary cultivars. The germinated seeds were grown hydroponically in S-sufficient (+S) nutrient solution for 7 days and then subjected to S-deficiency (-S) for 7 days. S-deficient and +S seedlings were then exposed to 100μM Cr(VI) for 3 days. Protein patterns analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) revealed that 58 protein spots were differentially regulated by Cr(VI) stress (+S/+Cr), S-deficiency (-S/-Cr) and combined stress (-S/+Cr). Of these, 39 protein spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Differentially regulated proteins predominantly had functions not only in photosynthesis, but also in energy metabolism, stress defense, protein folding and stabilization, signal transduction, redox regulation and sulfur metabolism. Six stress defense related proteins including 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1, glutathione S-transferase, ferritin-1, l-ascorbate peroxidase, thiazole biosynthetic enzyme and myrosinase-binding protein-like At3g16470 exhibited a greater increase in NK Petrol. The stress-related proteins play an important role in the detoxification of Cr(VI) and maintaining cellular homeostasis under variable S nutrition.
Fiber Separation from Ground Corn Flour Using an Electrostatic Method (2013)

ABSTRACT Corn kernels contain 9% fiber by weight, which is not digested well by nonruminants such as chicken and swine. Also, fiber is nonreactive in the dry‐grind process for ethanol production and is considered as feedstock for the production of second‐generation bioethanol. Fiber separation can enhance starch concentration in animal feed and increase starch loading in ethanol plants. Electrostatic separation is used to separate particles from granular mixtures under the influence of electrical forces. The Elusieve process, a combination of sieving and air classification, separates fiber by taking advantage of differences in size, shape, and density. Differences in dielectric properties could also be exploited for fiber separation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of electrostatic separation of fiber particles from corn. When the electrostatic method was used in conjunction with Elusieve processing, the fiber product had higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 52.9%) compared with Elusieve processing alone (NDF of 40.5%). Also, a higher quantity of enhanced flour (95.0% yield) was produced when the electrostatic method was used in conjunction with Elusieve processing compared with Elusieve processing alone (93.0% yield), without any change in quality of the enhanced flour (NDF of 6.6% in both cases). The electrostatic method improved fiber separation when used in conjunction with Elusieve processing.
New biosensor for non-invasive glucose concentration measurement (2004)

In this paper, a non-invasive method for measuring the concentration of glucose contained in a saline solution is presented. The principle and the method of an electromagnetic biosensor to determine the glucose concentration are described. The results show the reproducibility and the correlation between the signal characterizing the concentration and the concentration of glucose. The influence of temperature and it's compensation and, more generally, the feasibility of this approach are stated. The results demonstrating the possibility to detect a concentration down to 0.1 g/l are also presented with the intent of biological applications.
Extrinsic calibration of non-overlapping camera-laser system using structured environment (2014)

In this paper are presented simple and practical solutions to extrinsic calibration between a camera and a 2D laser sensor, without overlap. Previous methods utilized a plane or an intersecting line of two planes as a geometric constraint with enough common field-of-view. These required additional sensors to calibrate non-overlapping systems. In this paper, we present two methods for solving the problem - one utilizes a plane; the other utilizes an intersecting line of two planes. For each method, an initial solution of the relative positions of a non-overlapping camera and a laser sensor, was computed by adopting a reasonable assumption about geometric structures. Then we refined it via non-linear optimization, even if the assumption was not perfectly satisfied. Both simulation results and experiments using real data showed that the proposed methods provided reliable results compared to ground-truth, and similar or better results than those provided by a conventional method.
Timing-Aware Diagnosis for Small Delay Defects (2007)

As semiconductor technologies progress, testing of small delay defects are becoming more important for SoCs. However, fault diagnosis of small delay defects has not been developed. We propose a novel timing-aware method for diagnosing small delay defects with a small computation cost using gate delay fault simulation with the minimum detectable delay, as introduced in the statistical delay quality model. The experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of identifying fault locations for small delay defects with a small computation cost.
A multi-task learning formulation for predicting disease progression (2011)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a severe neurodegenerative disorder. Identifying markers that can track the progress of the disease has recently received increasing attentions in AD research. A definitive diagnosis of AD requires autopsy confirmation, thus many clinical/cognitive measures including Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) have been designed to evaluate the cognitive status of the patients and used as important criteria for clinical diagnosis of probable AD. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learning formulation for predicting the disease progression measured by the cognitive scores and selecting markers predictive of the progression. Specifically, we formulate the prediction problem as a multi-task regression problem by considering the prediction at each time point as a task. We capture the intrinsic relatedness among different tasks by a temporal group Lasso regularizer. The regularizer consists of two components including an L2,1-norm penalty on the regression weight vectors, which ensures that a small subset of features will be selected for the regression models at all time points, and a temporal smoothness term which ensures a small deviation between two regression models at successive time points. We have performed extensive evaluations using various types of data at the baseline from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database for predicting the future MMSE and ADAS-Cog scores. Our experimental studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for capturing the progression trend and the cross-sectional group differences of AD severity. Results also show that most markers selected by the proposed algorithm are consistent with findings from existing cross-sectional studies.
A General Unstructured Grid, Parallel, Thermal Simulator and its Application for Large Scale Thermal Models (2009)

Abstract We describe the contruction of a general unstructured grid, parallel, fully-implicit simulator for complex physics associated with heavy oil thermal recovery. The primary focus of the simulator is on the physics associated with steam injection and Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and to simulate such models efficiently using parallel processing. The simulator solves component material balance, energy balance and mass equilibrium equations for component mole fractions, saturation, temperature and pressure using the Newton-Raphson method. External heat sources and sinks are included in source terms to model the energy interaction with over-burden and under-burden rocks. The solution procedure and the treatment of phase transition to achieve stable non-linear iterations are discussed. The simulator is verified by comparing results from problem No. 3 of the Fourth SPE Comparative Solution Projects and a cyclic steam injection case with other commercial simulators. We also demonstrate the performance and parallel scalability of the simulator via testing a large scale SAGD model with 9 horizontal well-pairs.
Synthesis of some 4‐carboxy‐3‐ and 5‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)pyrazole lactone derivatives (1982)

Abstract The synthesis and biological activities of some 4‐oxo‐1‐or‐2‐substituted 1 H ‐or‐2 H ‐pyrano[4,3‐ c ]pyrazole derivatives are described.
Systemically Injectable Enzyme‐Loaded Polyion Complex Vesicles as In Vivo Nanoreactors Functioning in Tumors (2015)

The design and construction of nanoreactors are important for biomedical applications of enzymes, but lipid- and polymeric-vesicle-based nanoreactors have some practical limitations. We have succeeded in preparing enzyme-loaded polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes) through a facile protein-loading method. The preservation of enzyme activity was confirmed even after cross-linking of the PICsomes. The cross-linked β-galactosidase-loaded PICsomes (β-gal@PICsomes) selectively accumulated in the tumor tissue of mice. Moreover, a model prodrug, HMDER-βGal, was successfully converted into a highly fluorescent product, HMDER, at the tumor site, even 4 days after administration of the β-gal@PICsomes. Intravital confocal microscopy showed continuous production of HMDER and its distribution throughout the tumor tissues. Thus, enzyme-loaded PICsomes are useful for prodrug activation at the tumor site and could be a versatile platform for enzyme delivery in enzyme prodrug therapy.
[The effect of topical ascorbic acid application on the healing of rat tympanic membrane perforations]. (2003)

Our data suggest that topical application of ascorbic acid have no beneficial effect on the healing of rat tympanic membrane perforations.
Understanding Advanced Statistical Methods (2013)

Providing a much-needed bridge between elementary statistics courses and advanced research methods courses, Understanding Advanced Statistical Methods helps students grasp the fundamental assumptions and machinery behind sophisticated statistical topics, such as logistic regression, maximum likelihood, bootstrapping, nonparametrics, and Bayesian me
A Comprehensive Study on Nanomechanical Properties of Various SiO2-Based Dielectric Films (2010)

This paper studies the nanomechanical properties, including hardness and Young's modulus (both in a dry condition and in deionized water), fracture toughness, cohesive strength and scratch resistance of eight commonly used SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based dielectric films, Boron Phosphosilicate Glass (BPSG), BPSG with Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP), Phosphosilicate Glass (PSG), Spin-On Dielectric (SOD), Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS), high aspect ratio oxide (O3-TEOS), High Density Plasma Oxide (HDP), and Silane Oxide. Significant differences were found among these films. The effects of the nanomechanical properties on dielectric film reliability and CMP process are discussed.
Enzymatic Production of <scp>l</scp> -Citrulline by <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> (1971)

To develop an efficient method for the production of l-citrulline, optimum conditions for the conversion of l-arginine to l-citrulline by microbial l-arginine deiminase and for production of the enzyme were studied. A number of micro-organisms were screened to test their ability to form and accumulate l-citrulline from l-arginine. Pseudomonas putida was selected as the best organism. With this organism, enzyme activity as high as 9.20 units per ml could be produced by a shaking culture at 30 C in a medium containing glucose, ammonium phosphate, l-arginine hydrochloride, yeast extract, peptone, and inorganic salts. Appropriate addition of a surface active agent to the reaction mixture was found to shorten the time required for the conversion. A large amount of l-arginine hydrochloride was converted stoichiometrically to l-citrulline in 62 hr at 37 C. Accumulated l-citrulline was readily isolated in pure form by ordinary procedures with ion-exchange resins. Yields of isolated l-citrulline of over 90.5% from l-arginine hydrochloride were easily attainable.
Activities of (-)-carbovir and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro (1990)

(-)-Carbovir, the minus optical isomer of carbocyclic-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine, has been shown to be the biologically active form for the inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. The concentration of (-)-carbovir required to reduce reverse transcriptase activity by 50% compared with the control was 0.8 microM in H9 cells infected with the HTLV-IIIb strain; the 50% inhibitory concentration for cytotoxicity was greater than 2 mM in these cells. The effect of the timing of drug addition, pre- and postinfection, and the effect of increasing amounts of virus on the antiviral activities of (-)-carbovir and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine were determined.
Molecular Weight Distribution of β‐Glucan in Oat‐Based Foods (2004)

ABSTRACT Oats, different oat fractions as well as experimental and commercial oat‐based foods, were extracted with hot water containing thermostable α‐amylase. Average molecular weight and molecular weight distributions of β‐glucan in extracts were analyzed with a calibrated high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography system with Calcofluor detection, specific for the β‐glucan. Oats, rolled oats, oat bran, and oat bran concentrates all had high Calcofluor average molecular weights (206 × 10 4 to 230 × 10 4 g/mol) and essentially monomodal distributions. Of the oat‐containing experimental foods, extruded flakes, macaroni, and muffins all had high average molecular weights. Pasteurized apple juice, fresh pasta, and teacake, on the other hand, contained degraded β‐glucan. Calcofluor average molecular weights varied from 24 × 10 4 to 167 × 10 4 g/mol in different types of oat bran‐based breads baked with almost the same ingredients. Large particle size of the bran and short fermentation time limited the β‐glucan degradation during baking. The polymodal distributions of β‐glucan in these breads indicated that this degradation was enzymatic in nature. Commercial oat foods also showed large variation in Calcofluor average molecular weight (from 19 × 10 4 g/mol for pancake batter to 201 × 10 4 g/mol for porridge). Boiling porridge or frying pancakes did not result in any β‐glucan degradation. These large differences in molecular weight distribution for β‐glucan in different oat products are very likely to be of nutritional importance.
A method‐level comparison of the Java Grande and SPEC JVM98 benchmark suites (2005)

Abstract In this paper we seek to provide a foundation for the study of the level of use of object‐oriented techniques in Java programs in general, and scientific applications in particular. Specifically, we investigate the profiles of Java programs from a number of perspectives, including the use of class library methods, the size of methods called, the mode of invoke instruction used and the polymorphicity of call sites. We also present a categorization of the nature of small methods used in Java programs. We compare the Java Grande and SPEC JVM98 benchmark suites, and note a significant difference in the nature and composition of these suites, with the programs from the Java Grande suite demonstrating a less object‐oriented approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.