gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A subcutaneous delivery system for the extended release of leuprolide acetate for the treatment of prostate cancer (2004)

Following Huggins' original observation of the dependence of the prostate on androgens, testosterone suppression by either orchiectomy or oestrogen compounds (e.g., diethylstilbesterol [DES]) became the standard palliative treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Early studies showed testosterone suppression improved symptoms and patient survival by several months but was not curative. In addition, DES treatment resulted in significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality from increased thrombotic events. Thus, both orchiectomy and DES were indicated for palliation in late stage disease, but were considered too extreme for earlier stage disease. The discovery of the hypothalamic peptide, luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), and its stimulatory release of luteinising hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland led to the synthesis of LHRH analogues (i.e., hormone therapy). LHRH analogues (e.g., leuprolide acetate) desensitise and downregulate pituitary LHRH receptors, thus reducing LH synthesis and release. The reduced release, in turn, decreases testosterone levels to those observed in DES-treated and orchiectomised patients. In contrast, LHRH analogues do not increase cardiovascular events. Therefore, leuprolide acetate therapy has been adopted as a safer alternative to DES and is considered to be generally reversible. This increased safety has allowed LHRH therapy to be applied in earlier stage prostate cancer. Recent studies have shown decreased rates of biochemical failure and a potential for increased patient survival with hormone therapy in conjunction with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. This article will focus on the literature supporting early, adjuvant LHRH therapy and Eligard 7.5 mg, a new depot formulation of leuprolide acetate that uses the Atrigel drug delivery system, causing an increase in bioavailability and optimising testosterone suppression - two key features of depot hormone suppression.
Dip-coating of ultra-thin liquid lubricant and its control for thin-film magnetic hard disks (1995)

The conventional viscous-flow mechanism associated with the dip-coating technique for lubricant thickness control becomes ineffective for deposition of ultra-thin films (</spl sim/2 nm) required for hard magnetic disks. We have demonstrated that at least two important microscopic mechanisms dominate the control of lubricant thickness in this thickness range. They are surface adsorption and diffusion of lubricant molecules at the solid-liquid interface. Furthermore, it was also observed that too fast a pulling-up speed resulted in a more nonuniform lubricant film onto the disk surface. This is due to disturbance of the meniscus profile by viscous drag. The uniformity and/or the microstructure of lubricant layer deposited onto the disk surface will then affect tribological performance.
10 Gbit/s four-channel wavelength- and polarisation-divisionmultiplexing transmission over 340 kmwith 0.5 nm channel spacing (1995)

The authors propose a novel WDM transmission technique combined with polarisation-division multiplexing (PDM) which doubles the frequency utilisation efficiency. This technique is used to transmit a 10 Gbit/s four-channel WDM signal with 0.5 nm channel spacing over 340 km and the signal is demultiplexed using an optical filter having 0.5 nm FWHM and a polarisation beamsplitter.
Caching Relay for the World Wide Web (1994)

We describe the design and performance of a caching relay for the World Wide Web. We model the distribution of requests for pages from the web and see how this distribution affects the performance of a cache. We use the data gathered from the relay to make some general characterizations about the web. (A version of this paper is available at http://www.research.digital.com/- SRC/personal/Steve Glassman/- CachingTheWeb.html or .../CachingTheWeb.ps) 1 Overview In January 1994, we set up a caching World Wide Web [10] relay for Digital Equipment Corporation &apos;s facilities in Palo Alto, California. We use a relay to reach the Web because Digital has a security firewall that restricts direct interaction between Digital internal computers and machines outside of Digital. We added caching to the relay because we wanted to improve the relay&apos;s performance and reduce its external network traffic. Clients use the relay for accessing the Web outside of Digital; requests for internal Digital pages...
Automatic Fine-Grained Issue Report Reclassification (2014)

Issue tracking systems are valuable resources during software maintenance activities. These systems contain different categories of issue reports such as bug, request for improvement (RFE), documentation, refactoring, task etc. While logging issue reports into a tracking system, reporters can indicate the category of the reports. Herzig et al. Recently reported that more than 40% of issue reports are given wrong categories in issue tracking systems. Among issue reports that are marked as bugs, more than 30% of them are not bug reports. The misclassification of issue reports can adversely affects developers as they then need to manually identify the categories of various issue reports. To address this problem, in this paper we propose an automated technique that reclassifies an issue report into an appropriate category. Our approach extracts various feature values from a bug report and predicts if a bug report needs to be reclassified and its reclassified category. We have evaluated our approach to reclassify more than 7,000 bug reports from HTTP Client, Jackrabbit, Lucene-Java, Rhino, and Tomcat 5 into 1 out of 13 categories. Our experiments show that we can achieve a weighted precision, recall, and F1 (F-measure) score in the ranges of 0.58-0.71, 0.61-0.72, and 0.57-0.71 respectively. In terms of F1, which is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, our approach can substantially outperform several baselines by 28.88%-416.66%.
The x-ray structure of <scp>d</scp> -amino acid oxidase at very high resolution identifies the chemical mechanism of flavin-dependent substrate dehydrogenation (2000)

Flavin is one of the most versatile redox cofactors in nature and is used by many enzymes to perform a multitude of chemical reactions. d-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO), a member of the flavoprotein oxidase family, is regarded as a key enzyme for the understanding of the mechanism underlying flavin catalysis. The very high-resolution structures of yeast DAAO complexed with d-alanine, d-trifluoroalanine, and l-lactate (1.20, 1.47, and 1.72 A) provide strong evidence for hydride transfer as the mechanism of dehydrogenation. This is inconsistent with the alternative carbanion mechanism originally favored for this type of enzymatic reaction. The step of hydride transfer can proceed without involvement of amino acid functional groups. These structures, together with results from site-directed mutagenesis, point to orbital orientation/steering as the major factor in catalysis. A diatomic species, proposed to be a peroxide, is found at the active center and on the Re-side of the flavin. These results are of general relevance for the mechanisms of flavoproteins and lead to the proposal of a common dehydrogenation mechanism for oxidases and dehydrogenases.
Reduction of volatile organic compounds in aqueous solutions through air stripping and gas‐phase carbon adsorption (1989)

Abstract Aqueous solution of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) is a waste stream of many chemical process industries. Conventionally, it is treated with a costly liquid‐phase activated carbon adsorption process. An alternative process is studied, which is the combination of air stripping and gas‐phase activated carbon adsorption. The removal of VOC's from waste‐water can be as high as 99.8%, using a packed column for air stripping at room temperature. These VOC's include vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene, 1,1‐dichloroethane, toluene, chloroform, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, benzene and xylene. These VOC's are separated from air and recovered through a carbon adsorption‐regeneration cycle. The cost of VOC removal and recovery is in the range from $0.457 to $0.899 per 1000 liters.
Hypercoagulability as a Cause of Stroke in Adults (2003)

Arterial hypercoagulability can lead to cerebrovascular disease. Common causes of venous thromboembolism, including factor V Leiden, the prothrombin 20210 mutation, deficiencies of proteins C and S, and antithrombin deficiency are not likely to be associated with stroke. Rather, polymorphisms in fibrinogen, the factor XIII gene, and platelet glycoproteins are congenital abnormalities that have been associated with stroke. Similarly, the acquired conditions, lupus anticoagulants, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia have a strong association with cerebrovascular disease. This article reviews arterial hypercoagulability as a cause of stroke in adults and identifies an appropriate hypercoagulability workup for patients with idiopathic stroke.
A new paradigm for the development of anticancer agents from natural products. (2006)

A novel pharmacology paradigm has been developed which quickly and efficiently moves prospective anticancer drugs from the discovery phase through pharmacology testing and into therapeutic trial assessment. Following discovery, the drug is first assessed in a clonogenic assay which determines the cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of the drug at 3 different exposure durations: 2h, 24h and continuous (168 h). Second, pharmacokinetic information is obtained in both plasma and tumor for the drug administered at the maximum tolerated dose given intravenously. The first study defines the time-concentration profile required to obtain a specific cell survival for the tumor cells; the second study determines the concentration-time profile that can be obtained in both plasma and tumor at the maximum tolerated dose of the drug. The integration of this information determines whether a successful therapeutic trial is possible. Only when a drug shows therapeutic efficacy is a proteomics-based mechanism of action study initiated. Two drugs have been assessed in this paradigm: salicortin and fascaplysin A.
Phage Display Derived Therapeutic Antibodies (2008)

This article gives an overview about the development of human therapeutic antibodies generated by phage display. After an introduction to the method, the focus is on approved antibodies and those currently in clinical trials, 14 of which are described in detail.
Internal entry of ribosomes and ribosomal scanning involved in hepatitis B virus P gene expression (1989)

The recent demonstration that the synthesis of duck hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase does not require translational frameshifting and the finding that poliovirus mRNA translation occurs in a cap-independent manner by internal binding of ribosomes in the 5' noncoding region led us to design experiments to test the hypothesis of internal entry of ribosomes on C gene mRNA for HBV P gene expression. We show that in human cells, translation can be initiated at the first AUG of the HBV P gene by entry of ribosomes in a region located upstream of the P gene. Moreover, the leaky scanning of ribosomes observed on the first AUG of the HBV P gene could be responsible for the synthesis of the two forms of reverse transcriptase described for HBV particles.
Effects of central stabilizing barriers on flutter performances of a suspension bridge with a truss-stiffened deck under skew winds (2018)

To improve the flutter performance of a suspension bridge with a 1088-m-span truss-stiffened deck, the aerodynamic measures of upper and lower central stabilizing barriers were investigated at first via wind tunnel tests of sectional model under the normal wind condition. The yaw wind effect on the flutter performance of the bridge with the above aerodynamic measures was then examined via a series of wind tunnel tests of oblique sectional models. The test results show that the effect of the lower central stabilizing barrier on the flutter critical wind speed is remarkably different from that of the upper central stabilizing barrier for both the normal and skew wind cases. The inclination angle +3° is the most unfavorable inclination angle to the flutter performance of the truss-stiffened suspension bridge no matter whether the aerodynamic control measures are adopted or not. Furthermore, for most cases, the lowest flutter critical wind speed occurs when the incident wind deviates from the normal direction of the bridge span by a small yaw angle between 5° and 10°.
A SPEC RG Cloud Group's Vision on the Performance Challenges of FaaS Cloud Architectures (2018)

As a key part of the serverless computing paradigm, Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms enable users to run arbitrary functions without being concerned about operational issues. However, there are several performance-related issues surrounding the state-of-the-art FaaS platforms that can deter widespread adoption of FaaS, including sizeable overheads, unreliable performance, and new forms of the cost-performance trade-off. In this work we, the SPEC RG Cloud Group, identify six performance-related challenges that arise specifically in this FaaS model, and present our roadmap to tackle these problems in the near future. This paper aims at motivating the community to solve these challenges together.
Ambient Nanoelectrospray Ionization with In-Line Microdialysis for Spatially Resolved Transient Biochemical Monitoring within Cell Culture Environments (2012)

We have developed a new mass spectrometry (MS) based approach for continuous, spatially resolved in vitro biochemical detection and demonstrated its utility in a 3-D cell culture system. Extracellular liquid is passively extracted at a low flow rate (~10 nL/s) through a small bore silica capillary (ID 50 μm); inline microdialysis (MD) removes ions that would interfere with mass spectrometric analysis, and the sample is ionized by nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI) and mass analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The system successfully detects low-volume, low-concentration releases of a small protein (8 μL of 5 μM cytochrome-c, molecular mass ~12 kDa) and exhibits ~1 min temporal resolution. The system also displays sensitivity to probe proximity to the sample release point. Due to the sensitivity of ESI-MS and its ability to simultaneously detect and identify multiple unanticipated biochemicals, this approach shows considerable potential as a biomarker discovery tool.
Liquid crystal matrix displays (1969)

The display related properties of liquid crystal cells and addressing techniques for liquid crystal matrix displays will be presented. A 36-element matrix producing moving half-tone images in real time will be described.
MV-FTL: An FTL That Provides Page-Level Multi-Version Management (2017)

In this paper, we propose MV-FTL, a multi-version flash transition layer (FTL) that provides page-level multi-version management. By extending a unique characteristic of solid-state drives (SSDs), the out-of-place (OoP) update to multi-version management, MV-FTL can both guarantee atomic page updates from each transaction and provide concurrency without requiring redundant log data writes as well. For evaluation, we first modified SQLite, a lightweight database management system (DBMS), to cooperate with MV-FTL. Owing to the architectural simplicity of SQLite, we clearly show that MV-FTL improves both the performance and the concurrency aspects of the system. In addition, to prove the effectiveness in a full-fledged enterprise-level DBMS, we modified MyRocks, a MySQL variant by Facebook, to use our new Patch Compaction algorithm, which deeply relies on MV-FTL. The TPC-C and LinkBench benchmark tests demonstrated that MV-FTL reduces the overall amount of writes, implying that MV-FTL can be effective in such DBMSs.
Highly Efficient White Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Quantum Dots and Polymer Interface (2012)

We proposed a novel white-light-emitting diode (LED) using the hybridization of quantum dots (QDs) blended with poly(9, 9-dioctylfluorenyl-2, 7-diyl) (PFO) as the white emissive layer and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) blended with poly(N, N' -bis (4-butylphenyl)-N, N'-bis(phenyl) benzidine (poly-TPD) as the hole transport layer (HTL). The red- and green-colored QDs with CdSe and ZnS core and shell structure were mixed with blue emissive PFO to form a hybrid emissive layer, and this layer generated pure white light. We analyzed the performance characteristics of the white-LED and the function of the HTL comprising poly-TPD doped with PVK; the use of this blend led to increased efficiency of the device via the creation of one more assisting energy step in the HTL. Consequently, our white-LED exhibited a luminance of 1,163 cd/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and an efficiency of 1.01 cd/A at a CIE 1931 chromaticity of (0.33, 0.36).
An Empirical Study of Exactly and Approximately Optimal Inventory Policies (1965)

The (s, S) inventory model (infinite horizon with stationary parameters) is explored with a view toward determining the dependency of the optimal policy on the model's parameters and toward evaluating the effectiveness of several numerical approximation methods for obtaining nearly optimal policies. The mode of attack is empirical: We compare the results for 828 cases, which encompass several values for each of the economic parameters, three delivery lags, and three distinct demand probability distributions with varying parameter values. We demonstrate for these cases that close to optimal results can be obtained by applying the Fibonacci search procedure, by using a particular asymptotic approximation, as well as by substituting a certain policy not of the (s, S) form.
Analysis of Events Leading to Heterofertilization in Maize (1971)

Journal Article Analysis of Events Leading to Heterofertilization in Maize Get access K. R. SARKAR, K. R. SARKAR University of Missouri, presently geneticist, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi-12, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. H. COE, JR. E. H. COE, JR. Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, and professor of biological science, University of MissouriColumbia, Missouri 65201 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 62, Issue 2, March 1971, Pages 118–120, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108136 Published: 01 March 1971
Erratum: Magnetoelectric effects in bilayers and multilayers of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric perovskite oxides [Phys. Rev. B<b>65</b>, 134402 (2002)] (2002)

The correct expression for the transverse magnetoelectric voltage coefficient is
Comparison of ultrasound attenuation tomography methods for breast imaging (2008)

Ultrasound attenuation parameters of breast masses are closely related to their types and pathological states, therefore, it is essential to reliably estimate attenuation parameters for quantitative breast tissue characterization. We study the applicability of three different attenuation tomography methods for ultrasound breast imaging using a ring transducer array. The first method uses the amplitude decays of signals transmitted through the breast to reconstruct attenuation coefficients. The second method employs the spectral ratios between the pulse propagating through the breast and that through water to obtain attenuation parameters. The third method makes use of the complex energy ratios estimated using the amplitude envelopes of transmitted signals. We use in vitro and in vivo breast data acquired with a clinical ultrasound breast imaging system (CURE) to compare these tomography methods. Our results show that the amplitude decay method yields attenuation coefficients with more artifacts than the other two methods. There is bias and variability in the estimated attenuation using the spectral ratio due to its sensitivity to different temporal band-widths and signal-to-noise-ratios of the data. The method based on the complex signal energy ratio is more robust than the other two methods and yields images with fewer artifacts.
Electrochemical Reoxidation Enables Continuous Methane-to-Methanol Catalysis with Aqueous Pt Salts (2019)

The direct conversion of methane to methanol would enable better utilization of abundant natural gas resources. In the presence of stoichiometric Pt<sup>IV</sup> oxidants, Pt<sup>II</sup> ions are capable of catalyzing this reaction in aqueous solutions at modest temperatures. Practical implementation of this chemistry requires a viable strategy for replacing or regenerating the expensive Pt<sup>IV</sup> oxidant. Herein, we establish an electrochemical strategy for continuous regeneration of the Pt<sup>IV</sup> oxidant to furnish overall electrochemical methane oxidation. We show that Cl-adsorbed Pt electrodes catalyze facile oxidation of Pt<sup>II</sup> to Pt<sup>IV</sup> at low overpotential without concomitant methanol oxidation. Exploiting this facile electrochemistry, we maintain the Pt<sup>II/IV</sup> ratio during Pt<sup>II</sup>-catalyzed methane oxidation via in situ monitoring of the solution potential coupled with dynamic modulation of the electric current. This approach leads to sustained methane oxidation catalysis with 70% selectivity for methanol.
Tightly regulated, developmentally specific expression of the first open reading frame from LINE-1 during mouse embryogenesis. (1995)

LINE-1 (L1) has achieved its status as a middle repetitive DNA family in mammalian genomes by duplicative transposition. Although transposition may occur in any cell type, expression and transposition of a full-length functional element in the germ line are necessary for evolutionarily significant propagation of L1. An immunohistochemical analysis of adult mouse ovaries and mouse postimplantation embryos revealed expression of L1 open reading frame 1 in the germ line as well as in steroidogenic tissues. These results demonstrate that L1 expression is controlled by a tightly regulated temporal and spatial program of events during development and imply that multiple loci of L1 in the mouse genome are active for expression.
Vesicle Size Influences the Trafficking, Processing, and Presentation of Antigens in Lipid Vesicles (2004)

Although it is accepted that particulate Ags are more immunogenic than soluble Ags in vivo, it is unclear whether this effect can be explained solely through enhanced uptake by APCs. In this study we demonstrate that vesicle size modulated the efficiency of Ag presentation by murine macrophages and that this effect was accompanied by a profound change in trafficking of Ag. Ag prepared in large particles (560 nm) was delivered into early endosome-like, immature phagosomes, whereas smaller vesicles (155 nm) and soluble Ags localized rapidly to late endosomes/lysosomes. However, peptide/class II complexes could be detected in both compartments. Phagosomes formed on uptake of large vesicles recruit Ag-processing apparatus while retaining the characteristics of early endosomes. In contrast, smaller vesicles bypassed this compartment, appeared to go more rapidly to lysosomal compartments, and exhibited reduced Ag-presenting efficiency. We conclude that the ability of phagocytosed, particulate Ag to target early phagosomes results in more efficient Ag presentation.
An Evaluation Dataset for Intent Classification and Out-of-Scope Prediction (2019)

Stefan Larson, Anish Mahendran, Joseph J. Peper, Christopher Clarke, Andrew Lee, Parker Hill, Jonathan K. Kummerfeld, Kevin Leach, Michael A. Laurenzano, Lingjia Tang, Jason Mars. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.