gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Thermal Boundary Conductance of a Series of Metal-Dielectric Interfaces by the Transient Thermoreflectance Technique (2005)

Measurement of the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) by use of a nondestructive optical technique, transient thermoreflectance (TTR), is presented. A simple thermal model for the TTR is presented with a discussion of its applicability and sensitivity. A specially prepared sample series of Cr, Al, Au, and Pt on four different substrates (Si, sapphire, GaN, and AlN) were tested at room temperature and the TTR signal fitted to the thermal model. The resulting TBC values vary by more than a factor of 3 0.71×108-2.3×108 W/m2 K. It is shown that the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) tended to overpredict the TBC of interfaces with materials having similar phonon spectra, while underpredicting the TBC for interfaces with dissimilar phonon spectra. The DMM only accounts for diffuse elastic scattering. Other scattering mechanisms are discussed which may explain the failure of the DMM at room temperature.
Clinical Manifestations and Arsenic Methylation after a Rare Subacute Arsenic Poisoning Accident (2008)

One hundred and four workers ingested excessive levels of arsenic in an accident caused by leakage of pipeline in a copper-smelting factory. Clinical examinations were performed by physicians in a local hospital. Excreted urinary arsenic species were determined by cold trap hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. In the initial toxic phase, gastrointestinal symptoms were predominant (83 people, 79.8%). Most patients showed leucopenia (72 people, 69.2%), and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (84 people, 80.8%) and aspartate aminotransferase (58 people, 55.8%). Thirty-five patients (33.6%) had elevated red blood cells in urine. After 17 days of admission, many subjects (45 people, 43.3%) developed peripheral neuropathy and 25 of these 45 patients (24.0%) showed a decrease in motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity. In the comparison of urinary arsenic metabolites among subacute arsenic-poisoned, chronic high arsenic-exposed and control subjects, we found that subacute arsenic-poisoned patients had significantly elevated proportions of urinary inorganic arsenic (iAs) and methylarsonic acid (MMA) but reduced proportion of urinary dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) compared with chronic high arsenic-exposed and control subjects. Chronic exposed subjects excreted higher proportions of iAs and MMA but lower proportions of DMA in urine compared with control subjects. These results suggest that gastrointestinal symptoms, leucopenia, and hepatic and urinary injury are predominant in the initial phase of subacute arsenic poisoning. Peripheral neuropathy is the most frequent manifestation after the initial phase. The biomethylation of arsenic decreases in a dose rate-dependent manner.
Flows in Networks (1963)

This book presents simple, elegant methods for dealing, both in theory and in application, with a variety of problems that have formulations in terms of flows in capacity-constrained networks. Since the theoretical considerations lead in all cases to computationally efficient solution procedures, the hook provides a common meeting ground for persons interested in operations research, industrial and communications engineering, or combinatorial mathematics. Originally published in 1962. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Data-line wiring delay reduction techniques for high-speed BiCMOS SRAM's (1991)

For scaled BiCMOS SRAM's distributed RC line delay, caused by long data-line wiring, seriously degrades speed merit of a BiCMOS sense-amplifier against a CMOS one. This paper describes and discusses circuit techniques of eliminating the data-line wiring delay, Performance for a 0.2ns 1Mb TTL SRAM test chip implementing one of those techniques is also presented.
Study of high-beta pressure-driven modes in PDX (1982)

A new pressure driven instability has been observed in PDX neutral beam heated discharges. It occurs for q greater than or equal to 0.045 and is associated with a significant loss of fast ions and a drop in neutron emission. As much as 20 to 40% of the beam heating power may be lost. The instability occurs in repetitive oscillatory bursts of < 1 msec duration at 1 to 6 msec intervals. It has been dubbed the fishbone instability from its characteristic signature on the Mirnov coils. From the soft x-ray detector array, it is identified as an m = 1 mode; the Mirnov coil signals are synchronous with it but indicate m greater than or equal to 2. The oscillation frequency within a fishbone burst is approx. 10 kHz, but precursors at 50 to 150 kHz are sometimes observed. Much higher frequency osciallations, up to approx. 500 MHz, have been observed as well.
Activating low-temperature diesel oxidation by single-atom Pt on TiO2 nanowire array (2020)

Supported metal single atom catalysts (SACs) present an emerging class of low-temperature catalysts with high reactivity and selectivity, which, however, face challenges on both durability and practicality. Herein, we report a single-atom Pt catalyst that is strongly anchored on a robust nanowire forest of mesoporous rutile titania grown on the channeled walls of full-size cordierite honeycombs. This Pt SAC exhibits remarkable activity for oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons with 90% conversion at temperatures as low as ~160 <sup>o</sup>C under simulated diesel exhaust conditions while using 5 times less Pt-group metals than a commercial oxidation catalyst. Such an excellent low-temperature performance is sustained over hydrothermal aging and sulfation as a result of highly dispersed and isolated active single Pt ions bonded at the Ti vacancy sites with 5 or 6 oxygen ions on titania nanowire surfaces.
Identification of<i>Yersinia pestis</i>as the causative organism of plague in India as determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and RAPD-based genomic fingerprinting (2000)

Eighteen isolates of bacteria obtained from the sputum of pneumonic plague patients and from the liver and spleen of rodents from the plague-affected areas of India during 1994-1995 when analyzed by 16S rDNA analysis clearly demonstrated that all 18 isolates exhibit an average similarity of 98.5% with the genus Yersinia and 99.1% with Yersinia pestis, thus identifying the isolates as Y. pestis. The isolates from the human plague patients were found to be genetically more homogeneous compared to the isolates from the rodents which were more heterogeneous. An epidemiological linkage among the rodents and human patients is also indicated by 16S rDNA analysis, which suggests that only a sub-population of the rodents was probably the source of the infectious pathogen to the humans initiating the outbreak of the epidemic. The results of the randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms (RAPD)-based DNA fingerprinting are in agreement with the above conclusions.
Targeting the A2AR in cancer; early lessons from the clinic (2020)

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a challenge that all immunotherapies must overcome to enable a robust and durable anti-tumor response. One of the dominant mechanisms of immunosuppression in the TME is hypoxia and the generation of extracellular adenosine [1]. Pioneering work from Drs Ohta and Sitkovsky demonstrating that adenosine signaling through the adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) inhibits T cells has led to the development of several agents designed to inhibit the production or downstream signaling of adenosine [2<sup>••</sup>,3<sup>••</sup>]. This review will focus on the safety, efficacy, and biomarkers associated with A2AR antagonists in clinical development.
Murine Macrophages Secrete Interferon γ upon Combined Stimulation with Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18: A Novel Pathway of Autocrine Macrophage Activation (1998)

Interferon (IFN)-gamma, a key immunoregulatory cytokine, has been thought to be produced solely by activated T cells and natural killer cells. In this study, we show that murine bone marrow- derived macrophages (BMMPhi) secrete large amounts of IFN-gamma upon appropriate stimulation. Although interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 alone induce low levels of IFN-gamma mRNA transcripts, the combined stimulation of BMMPhi with both cytokines leads to the efficient production of IFN-gamma protein. The macrophage-derived IFN-gamma is biologically active as shown by induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as upregulation of CD40 in macrophages. Our findings uncover a novel pathway of autocrine macrophage activation by demonstrating that the macrophage is not only a key cell type responding to IFN-gamma but also a potent IFN-gamma-producing cell.
Screening of bio-compatible metal–organic frameworks as potential drug carriers using Monte Carlo simulations (2013)

A series of bio-compatible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been studied as potential carriers for drug delivery applications. Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations were performed to study the adsorption of the model drug ibuprofen. Simulations were first validated with available experimental data for ibuprofen adsorption and release in MIL-53, MIL-100 and MIL-101. In the second stage, the study was extended to three additional MOFs with interesting properties in terms of bio-compatibility and porosity: CDMOF-1, based on edible precursors; MOF-74 containing a highly biocompatible metal (Mg); and BioMOF-100, a mesoporous MOF with extremely high pore volume. By comparing with experimental data, we show how GCMC simulation is able to predict the macroscopic performance of new porous MOFs in drug delivery applications, providing useful molecular-level insights and giving thermodynamic and structural details of the process. Adsorption isotherms, snapshots, energy of adsorption and radial distribution functions were used to analyse the drug delivery process.
A Neural Network Prefetcher for Arbitrary Memory Access Patterns (2019)

Memory prefetchers are designed to identify and prefetch specific access patterns, including spatiotemporal locality (e.g., strides, streams), recurring patterns (e.g., varying strides, temporal correlation), and specific irregular patterns (e.g., pointer chasing, index dereferencing). However, existing prefetchers can only target premeditated patterns and relations they were designed to handle and are unable to capture access patterns in which they do not specialize. In this article, we propose a context-based neural network (NN) prefetcher that dynamically adapts to arbitrary memory access patterns. Leveraging recent advances in machine learning, the proposed NN prefetcher correlates program and machine contextual information with memory accesses patterns, using online-training to identify and dynamically adapt to unique access patterns exhibited by the code. By targeting semantic locality in this manner, the prefetcher can discern the useful context attributes and learn to predict previously undetected access patterns, even within noisy memory access streams. We further present an architectural implementation of our NN prefetcher, explore its power, energy, and area limitations, and propose several optimizations. We evaluate the neural network prefetcher over SPEC2006, Graph500, and several microbenchmarks and show that the prefetcher can deliver an average speedup of 21.3% for SPEC2006 (up to 2.3×) and up to 4.4× on kernels over a baseline of PC-based stride prefetcher and 30% for SPEC2006 over a baseline with no prefetching.
RENAL HYPERTENSION: WITH A DISCUSSION OF TWO POSSIBLE CASES1 (1960)

SUMMARY A classification of hypertension and a method of investigation of renal hypertension have been presented. Two possible cases of renal hypertension have been discussed and the results and prognosis noted.
Stabilization of Interchange Modes by Rotating Magnetic Fields (2005)

Interchange modes have been a key limiting instability for many magnetic confinement fusion configurations. In previous studies intended to deal with these ubiquitous instabilities, complex, transport enhancing, minimum-B producing coils were added to the otherwise simple linear mirror plasma. Possible solutions for returning to a simple symmetric mirror configuration, such as ponderomotive fields, are weak and difficult to apply. A new method is demonstrated here for the first time, utilizing rotating magnetic fields that are simple to apply and highly effective. A simple and easily comprehensible theory has also been developed to explain the remarkable stabilizing properties. Although this work has been performed on field reversed configurations, it should have a wide application to other confinement schemes, and could become a cornerstone for high-beta plasma stability.
Methanation of Milena product gas for the production of bio-SNG (2005)

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from biomass, also called “Green Gas”, is a very promising product, because it can be used for all applications that are already known for natural gas. Compared to other biomass conversion routes, the major advantage of SNG production is the potential to use the existing gas infrastructure. ECN is developing the Milena indirect gasifier, which is very suitable for SNG production, because it produces already high amounts of methane in the gasification. The methane content in the product gas accounts for already a large amount of the total energy content. This is beneficial to the overall process efficiency and is also good for the methanation process, where the conversion from syngas to methane is a strongly exothermic reaction and where it is difficult to control the process temperature. The methanation process has been studied in the past, but application has been scarce. In order to determine the optimal methanation conditions for the Milena product gas, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were done with AspenPlus. It was found that in the methanation process there is a risk of carbon formation, especially at lower temperatures and also at higher pressures. Adding additional steam to the product gas can reduce the risk of carbon formation. If carbon formation can be suppressed, the methane yield increases with lower temperatures and higher pressures. At lower temperatures (below 300 °C), the effect of the pressure on the methane yield is not as strong as at higher temperatures. The maximum energy efficiency of the methanation of the Milena product gas is 88%. This gives a maximum biomass to SNG yield of 70% with the Milena gasifier. This is a high efficiency, because the Milena gasifier produces already a large amount of methane. The overall yield could be increased if conditions can be found for the gasifier to produce even more methane.
Region‐specific plasticity in the epileptic rat brain: A hippocampal and extrahippocampal analysis (2008)

Summary Purpose: Recent evidence suggests that aberrant neuro/gliogenesis and/or inflammation play critical roles in epileptogenesis. Although the plastic and inflammatory changes have been described in the postseizure hippocampus, little data is available concerning extrahippocampal regions, notably in the piriform and entorhinal cortices, amygdala, and parts of the thalamus. In this study, we examined histological changes in whole epileptic rat brain, with respect to cell death, cell genesis, and inflammation. Methods and Results: Experimental status epilepticus (SE) was induced using a lithium‐pilocarpine injection. Neuronal death was evident in the amygdala, piriform, and entorhinal cortices, as well as the subfields of hippocampus. Microglial activation was observed in more extended limbic areas, such as, the hippocampus, entorhinal, perirhinal and piriform cortices, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus, and a robust increase of cell genesis was noted in these damaged areas. The majority of newly generated cells in extrahippocampal areas proliferated in situ, and differentiated mainly into astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. In addition, stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α was found to be induced in close temporal and anatomical association with seizure‐induced plasticity. Discussion: These findings indicate that neuronal death, inflammation, and cell genesis are substantially associated throughout the entire brain and that they may influence the epileptogenic process and clinical manifestations.
Snail and Slug Promote Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition through β-Catenin–T-Cell Factor-4-dependent Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β3 (2008)

Members of the Snail family of transcription factors have been shown to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fundamental mechanism of embryogenesis and progressive disease. Here, we show that Snail and Slug promote formation of beta-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF)-4 transcription complexes that bind to the promoter of the TGF-beta3 gene to increase its transcription. Subsequent transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta3 signaling increases LEF-1 gene expression causing formation of beta-catenin-lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)-1 complexes that initiate EMT. TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta2 stimulates this signaling mechanism by up-regulating synthesis of Snail and Slug. TGF-beta1- and TGF-beta2-induced EMT were found to be TGF-beta3 dependent, establishing essential roles for multiple TGF-beta isoforms. Finally, we determined that beta-catenin-LEF-1 complexes can promote EMT without upstream signaling pathways. These findings provide evidence for a unified signaling mechanism driven by convergence of multiple TGF-beta and TCF signaling molecules that confers loss of cell-cell adhesion and acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype.
Interaction features of different propellants under plasma impingement (2012)

The development of electrothermal chemical launch technology and the effective ignition of energetic thermoplastic elastomer (ETPE) propellants all call for a thorough understanding of the plasma propellant interaction mechanism. Therefore in this work, a numerical model is developed to study this process. In this model, special attention is paid to deal with the regression of propellant surface, which is caused by plasma ablation, and is assumed to have considerable influence on the interaction process. By this model, interaction features of four propellants, including two ETPE propellants are studied with the aid of experiments, which are carried out to obtain plasma parameters utilized in the model. Surface temperature, ablation rate, and surface regression rate are obtained for different propellants under plasma impingement. Finally, the influence of propellant composition and charging voltage are analyzed.
Utilization of Cross-Plane Rays for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction by Filtered Back-Projection (1979)

Present popular computed tomography (CT) algorithms reconstruct an object from the ray measurements lying on a set of parallel planes. This paper presents an algorithm that can also utilize "cross-plane" rays (i.e., rays that cross through many planes) to reconstruct the object. In this reconstruction algorithm, the ray measurements are grouped into two-dimensional projections, filtered, and stored. The filtered projections can then be back-projected onto a three-dimensional matrix or any plane through the three-dimensional volume. General theoretical aspects are presented and then applied to the special case in which ray measurements have been made in all directions. The algorithm is tested using computer-generated data. Expressions for the noise power spectrum and the variance in the reconstruction are derived. It is shown that the noise-to-signal ratio per detected photon for this reconstruction method is close to a theoretical limit, as it also is for normal CT. The ability to use ray measurements that cross many planes is especially useful in emission CT, where order-of-magnitude improvements in image quality per unit dose can be achieved.
ITO electrode-embedded double-cladding single-crystal LiNbO_3 optical fiber (2013)

In this Letter, we demonstrate a way to make single-crystal LiNbO(3) optical fibers with silica glass cladding and In(2)O(3)-SnO (ITO) electrodes embedded between core and cladding with a one-step drawing process with the CO(2) laser-heated pedestal growth technique. A half-wave voltage (Vπ) of 6.6 V, effective electro-optic coefficient of 23.6 pm/V, and transmission loss of 0.89 dB/cm was achieved in the single-crystal LiNbO(3) optical fiber with core diameter of 9 μm and electrode distance of 50 μm. Furthermore, the technique can be applicable to make other single-crystal core optical fibers with ITO-embedded electrodes, which could potentially enable many electrically tunable fiber devices along with the unique property of the single-crystal core.
The development of affinity capture devices—a nanoscale purification platform for biological in situ transmission electron microscopy (2012)

The use of in situtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study biological processes is a new frontier in high-resolution imaging. Here we report the development of affinity capture devices that are used to isolate biological entities for in situ studies. Affinity capture devices are silicon nitride microchips coated with functionalized lipid monolayers. We tested the isolation capacity of the devices by using protein synthesis machinery as a test specimen for single particle and in situTEM analysis. Overall, we demonstrate the feasibility of purifying biological assemblies in a liquid environment within a TEM column. This novel application may serve to bridge the gap between cellular and molecular imaging techniques.
The Art of Digital Audio (1990)

From the Publisher:
When the first edition of this book was published in 1988, digital audio was the up and coming new technology - now it is the norm. The Art of Digital Audio has justly become regarded as the classic in the field and no other books have yet appeared to compete with it. It has been translated into Chinese, Spanish and Norwegian, so has a truly international readership. Now completely updated to reflect the enormous recent advances in the subject, this 3rd edition is even more comprehensive.
Model Lipid Membranes on a Tunable Polymer Cushion (2009)

A hydrated, surface-tethered polymer network capable of fivefold change in thickness over a 25-37 degrees C temperature range has been demonstrated via neutron reflectivity and fluorescence microscopy to be a novel support for single lipid bilayers in a liquid environment. As the polymer swells from 170 to 900 A, it promotes both in- and out-of-plane fluctuations of the supported membrane. The cushioned bilayer proved to be very robust, remaining structurally intact for 16 days and many temperature cycles. The promotion of membrane fluctuations offers far-reaching applications for this system as a surrogate biomembrane.
Color Filter Arrays Based on Mutually Exclusive Blue Noise Patterns (1999)

The ordered color filter arrays (CFA) used in single-sensor, color digital still cameras introduce distracting color artifacts. These artifacts are due to the phase-shifted, aliased signals introduced by the sparse sampling by the CFAs. This work reports the results of an investigation on the possibility of using random patterns as a CFA for single-sensor, digital still cameras. From a single blue noise mask pattern, three mutually exclusive, random CFAs are constructed representing the red, green, and blue color filters. An edge adaptive method, consisting of missing-pixel edge detection and boundary-sensitive interpolation is employed to reconstruct the entire image. Experiments have shown that the random CFA alleviates the problem of the low-frequency color banding associated with ordered arrays. This method also has the advantage of better preserving color-free, sharp neutral edges and results in less deviation-from-neutral on high-frequency, monochrome information.