gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the crystal structure of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme at low, medium, and high ionic strengths (1991)

Crystals of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme used for structural studies are routinely grown from concentrated phosphate solutions. It has been found that crystals in the same space group can also be grown from solutions containing 0.05 M imidazole chloride, 0.4 M sodium choride, and 30% polyethylene glycol 3500. These crystals, in addition, can also be equilibrated with a similar mother liquor in which the sodium chloride concentration is reduced to 0.025 M. The availability of these three crystal variants has permitted the structure of T4 lysozyme to be compared at low, medium, and high ionic strength. At the same time the X-ray structure of phage T4 lysozyme crystallized from phosphate solutions has been further refined against a new and improved X-ray diffraction data set. The structures of T4 lysozyme in the crystals grown with polyethylene glycol as a precipitant, regardless of the sodium chloride concentration, were very similar to the structure in crystals grown from concentrated phosphate solutions. The main differences are related to the formation of mixed disulfides between cysteine residues 54 and 97 and 2-mercaptoethanol, rather than to the differences in the salt concentration in the crystal mother liquor. Formation of the mixed disulfide at residue 54 resulted in the displacement of Arg-52 and the disruption of the salt bridge between this residue and Glu-62. Other than this change, no obvious alterations in existing salt bridges in T4 lysozyme were observed. Neither did the reduction in the ionic strength of the mother liquor result in the formation of new salt bridge interactions. These results are consistent with the ideas that a crystal structure determined at high salt concentrations is a good representation of the structure at lower ionic strengths, and that models of electrostatic interactions in proteins that are based on crystal structures determined at high salt concentrations are likely to be relevant at physiological ionic strengths.
Previously treated, locally recurrent breast cancer: treatment with superselective intraarterial chemotherapy. (1995)

IAC is an effective, well-tolerated therapy in patients with locally recurrent breast cancer.
A Method for the Desulfation of Chondroitin Sulfate<sup>1</sup> (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Method for the Desulfation of Chondroitin Sulfate1Thomas G. Kantor and Maxwell SchubertCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 1, 152–153Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01558a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01558a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views612Altmetric-Citations282LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analytical and Experimental Studies of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Strengthened Concrete Beams Under Impact Loading (2005)

First Name is required invalid characters Last Name is required invalid characters Email Address is required Invalid Email Address Invalid Email Address
Speech verification for computer assisted pronunciation training (2018)

Computer assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) is an approach that uses computer technology and computer-based resources in teaching and learning pronunciation. It is also part of computer assisted language learning (CALL) technology that has been widely applied to online learning platforms in the past years. This thesis deals with one of the central tasks in CAPT, i.e. speech veri- fication. The goal is to provide a framework that identifies pronunciation errors in speech data of second language (L2) learners and generates feedback with information and instruction for error correction. Furthermore, the framework is supposed to support the adaptation to new L1-L2 language pairs with minimal adjustment and modification. The central result is a novel approach to L2 speech verification, which combines both modern language technologies and linguistic expertise. For pronunciation verification, we select a set of L2 speech data, create alias phonemes from the errors annotated by linguists, then train an acoustic model with mixed L2 and gold standard data and perform HTK phoneme recognition to identify the error phonemes. For prosody verification, FD-PSOLA and Dynamic time warping are both applied to verify the differences in duration, pitch and stress. Feedback is generated for both verifications. Our feedback is presented to learners not only visually as with other existing CAPT systems, but also perceptually by synthesizing the learner’s own audio, e.g. for prosody verification, the gold standard prosody is transplanted onto the learner’s own voice. The framework is self-adaptable under semi-supervision, and requires only a certain amount of mixed gold standard and annotated L2 speech data for boot- strapping. Verified speech data is validated by linguists, annotated in case of wrong verification, and used in the next iteration of training. Mary Annotation Tool (MAT) is developed as an open-source component of MARYTTS for both annotating and validating. To deal with uncertain pauses and interruptions in L2 speech, the silence model in HTK is also adapted, and used in all components of the framework where forced alignment is required. Various evaluations are conducted that help us obtain insights into the applicability and potential of our CAPT system. The pronunciation verification shows high accuracy in both precision and recall, and encourages us to acquire more error-annotated L2 speech data to enhance the trained acoustic model. To test the effect of feedback, a progressive evaluation is carried out and it shows that our perceptual feedback helps learners realize their errors, which they could not otherwise observe from visual feedback and textual instructions. In order to im- prove the user interface, a questionnaire is also designed to collect the learners’ experiences and suggestions.
Modulation of a membrane-associated marker in progenitor cells of human pancreas carcinoma (1987)

For the identification of early steps in the multiphasic process of human pancreas carcinogenesis we have developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies to normal and carcinogen-treated human pancreas cells. One of these, an IgG3 with strong affinity for a membrane-associated 46 kd protein (p-46) in progenitor cells of methylnitrosourea (MNU)-treated human pancreas, was purified by h.p.l.c. and used to study the modulation of this marker in human pancreas carcinogenesis. This protein was undetectable in adult human pancreas, appeared on the cell surface of a small subpopulation of human pancreas explants exposed to MNU, persisted in proliferating cells in hyperplastic foci, and was abundant in anaplastic cells in this model. This marker was associated with cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane of all cells in non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cell lines derived from these explants. It was present in primary carcinomas of human pancreas but absent in normal pancreas adjacent to tumors. This p-46 marker appears to be organ and species specific since it was undetectable in other normal tissues and their neoplastic counterparts.
Development of a Discussion Board System Designed for the Group Discussion that Includes Peer-Review Process (2006)

In an advanced programming course, teachers can set tasks that students write unique program codes and reports. We included a peer-review process in the group discussion, in which students grade their friends programs and reports. Students can improve their programs and reports because they can compare and discuss their work with each other in the group discussion. However, because students write the graded points in their message in the peer-review process it has been taking a lot of work for teachers to total the points written in the messages. In this paper, we report a development of the discussion board system with some functions designed specially for the group discussion and its application in an advanced programming course.
Topography Estimation With Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Using Fringe Detection (2005)

Methods are presented for using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry data to estimate surface topography. An expression is given to relate the elevation of a ground point to the phase difference of SAR images received from two spatially separated antennas. An iterative algorithm which solves for the position and elevation of each point in the image simultaneously is developed. One of the critical issues that determines the accuracy of the terrain mapping is the phase unwrapping. An approach to the problem by fringe line detection is proposed. The algorithms are tested with two Seasat SAR images of terrain near Yellowstone National Park. The resultant elevation map is compared with a USGS terrain elevation model. The error of the SAR elevation with respect to the digital terrain map is about 8.2 percent of the total terrain variation.
An Improved Texture Feature Extraction Method Based on Radon Transform (2014)

Criminal investigation image database retrieval is one of the key tasks in Forensic Science. Tire pattern is an important type of image data for crime scene investigation. It has been found that the rotation of tire pattern image has a great influence on retrieval precision. To relieve this problem, this paper proposes a new texture feature extraction method based on Radon transform, for more efficient tire pattern retrieval. More specifically, the proposed algorithm includes three steps. Firstly, in order to relieve the effects of image rotation on texture features, Radon transform is used to project the tire pattern image onto Radon domain. Then, Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) is applied to the coefficients in every direction of Radon domain. Finally, the mean value, variance and energy of every sub-band are extracted as the texture feature of the image. Compared with using Ridge let transform, the proposed method can better solve the problem of image rotation. Experimental results on a set of real-world tire patterns show that the proposed method is effective for tire pattern texture feature extraction and it outperforms other existing methods compared.
The history of the tetracyclines (2011)

The history of the tetracyclines involves the collective contributions of thousands of dedicated researchers, scientists, clinicians, and business executives over the course of more than 60 years. Discovered as natural products from actinomycetes soil bacteria, the tetracyclines were first reported in the scientific literature in 1948. They were noted for their broad spectrum antibacterial activity and were commercialized with clinical success beginning in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. The second-generation semisynthetic analogs and more recent third-generation compounds show the continued evolution of the tetracycline scaffold toward derivatives with increased potency as well as efficacy against tetracycline-resistant bacteria, with improved pharmacokinetic and chemical properties. Their biologic activity against a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens and their uses in mammalian models of inflammation, neurodegeneration, and other biological systems indicate that the tetracyclines will continue to be successful therapeutics in infectious diseases and as potential therapeutics against inflammation-based mammalian cell diseases.
Sensemaking and sojourner adjustment among Korean entrepreneurs in London (UK) (2010)

Abstract This paper takes a new look at the role of narrative construction in sojourner adjustment through a case study of two female Korean entrepreneurs (selected from interviews with 10 Korean sojourners) to best differentiate their cultural adjustment from 'culture shock' in the UK. We review the literature on culture shock, beginning with Oberg's classic modernist/foundational 'transformational' model. The limitations of this model are shown in terms of the restricted focus upon individualistic, universal cognitive stages of change experienced by the sojourner. Then the benefits afforded by applying Goffman's dramaturgy and Weick's sensemaking approach are discussed. These approaches, informed by relationalist metatheory and metamethods, focus upon persons and interaction. They provide more collective, particularistic, social constructivist lenses that incorporate emotional, symbolic, communicative and linguistic viewpoints to complement cognitive explanations. The narrative methodology employed is that of Barbara Czarniawska whose work is heavily influenced by Goffman and Weick. Keywords: identitynarrativedramaturgysensemakingKorean sojournersculture shock Notes 1. This translation is somewhat crude as no equivalent word to 'I' exists in Korean, the 'I' here is a translation of the emic description of self. The meaning is not 'I' as might be understood within more individualistic cultures but the 'humble self' or 'me' within a collective hierarchy characterized by ordered patriarchal social relations and requiring deference and honorifics to those older and of higher status.
Flavocoxid, a Nutraceutical Approach to Blunt Inflammatory Conditions (2014)

Flavonoids, from Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) and Acacia catechu (black catechu), have been shown to exert a variety of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Flavocoxid is a mixed extract containing baicalin and catechin and it acts as a dual balanced inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 peroxidase enzyme activities with a significant inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme activity in vitro. Flavocoxid downregulates gene or protein expression of several inflammatory markers and exerts also strong antioxidant activity in several experimental models. Controlled clinical trials and a postmarketing study have clearly shown that flavocoxid is as effective as naproxen in managing the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee and it has better upper gastrointestinal, renal, and respiratory safety profile than naproxen. Flavocoxid may therefore provide a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions.
Antioxidant activity of Magnolol, honokiol, and related phenolic compounds (1997)

Abstract The antioxidant activity of 10 Japanese and Chinese crude drugs (Kampo drugs) was determined in vitro . Extract of Magnolia cortex , which had the highest antioxidant activity, contained phenolic compounds magnolol and honokiol. However, inhibitory effects of these compounds on lipid oxidation were weaker than that of α‐tocopherol as measured by thiobarbituric acid assay. The structure‐activity relationship of phenolic compounds showed that antioxidant activities were in the order 4‐allyl‐2,6‐dimethoxyphenol ≥ p,p′ ‐biphenol > eugenol > 2‐allyl‐6‐methylphenol > honokiol > magnolol > caffeic acid > p ‐ethylphenol > guaiacol. As expected, these results showed that an electron donor and/or bulky groups at the ortho ‐ or para ‐position of the phenol were required for inhibition of lipid oxidation. Electron spin resonance spin trapping experiments showed that phenol compounds with an allyl substituent on their aromatic rings directly scavenged superoxide (O 2 − ), and that only eugenol trapped hydroxyl radicals. These findings suggest that phenolic compounds that contain allyl groups may be effective antioxidants because of the scavenging ability of O 2 − or hydroxyl radical, whereas other phenols, without an allyl moiety such as α‐tocopherol, may play a role in the termination of free radical chain reactions.
Syntheses and structures of zirconium(iv) complexes supported by 2,6-di-adamantylaryloxide ligands and formation of arene-bridged dizirconium complexes with an inverse sandwich structure (2009)

The reaction of 2,6-di-adamantyl-4-R-phenol (Ar(R)OH, R = Me, tBu) with nBuLi in THF gave good yields of the lithiated derivatives (Ar(R)O)Li(THF)2. Addition of 2 equiv. of (ArRO)Li(THF)2 to ZrCl4(THF)2 in THF afforded the base-free dichloride complexes (Ar(R)O)ZrCl2 (R = Me 1a, tBu 1b). The dibenzyl derivative (Ar(Me)O)2Zr(CH2Ph)2 2 was synthesized by addition of 2 equiv. of PhCH2MgCl to 1a in toluene. Reduction of the dichloride complexes 1a and 1b with KC8 in toluene led to the formation of the toluene-bridged dizirconium complexes [(Ar(R)O)2Zr]2(-6:6-C7H8) (R = Me 3a, tBu 3b). A similar reaction was carried out in benzene to produce the corresponding benzene-bridged analogue [(Ar(R)O)2Zr]2(mu-eta(6):eta(6)-C6H6) (R = Me 4a, tBu 4b). Treatment of 3a with 2 equiv. of 1-azidoadamantane (AdN3) in THF resulted in the release of toluene and N2, generating the monomeric imide complex (Ar(Me)O)2Zr(NAd)(thf) 5. When the analogous reaction was carried out in toluene, (Ar(Me)O)2Zr(AdNN=NNAd) 6 was obtained. Structures of (Ar(R)O)Li(THF)2, 1a, 2 and 5 were determined by X-ray crystallography.
Model for a novel CPW phase shifter (2002)

A multilayer CPW phase shifter combining high temperature superconductor and ferroelectric thin films produces 150 degrees of phase shift per cm at 10 GHz with a 30 Volt bias at 60 K. A quasistatic model for the effective dielectric constant and loss tangent is presented and compared with data and commercial software.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Marked improvement of the basophil activation test by detecting CD203c instead of CD63 (2003)

Due to superior gating of basophils and a higher range of activation in response to allergen, the basophil activation test is markedly improved by use of CD203c instead of CD63.
Eleven grand challenges in single-cell data science (2020)

The recent boom in microfluidics and combinatorial indexing strategies, combined with low sequencing costs, has empowered single-cell sequencing technology. Thousands-or even millions-of cells analyzed in a single experiment amount to a data revolution in single-cell biology and pose unique data science problems. Here, we outline eleven challenges that will be central to bringing this emerging field of single-cell data science forward. For each challenge, we highlight motivating research questions, review prior work, and formulate open problems. This compendium is for established researchers, newcomers, and students alike, highlighting interesting and rewarding problems for the coming years.
Intrinsic eNOS dysfunction causes vascular remodeling and abdominal aortic aneurysm (2006)

We recently showed that angiotensin II uncouples eNOS via NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide, resulting in accumulation of reactive oxygen species (PNAS, 2005). We sought to determine whether intrinsic eNOS dysfunction affects vascular function when challenged with angiotensin II. Mice deficient in GTP cyclohydrolase I (HPH-1) have reduced tetrahydrobiopterin levels and markedly increased aortic superoxide production. The latter was abolished by L-NAME, implicating uncoupling of eNOS. Aortic hydrogen peroxide production was also increased in HPH-1 mice. WT (n=15) and HPH-1 mice (n=12) were infused with angiotensin II (100 nmol/L) for 14 days. Mean blood pressure (MBP) was increased in both genotypes (WT: from 119±1 to 164±7; HPH-1: from 117±1 to 160±3 mmHg) till day 10. MBP however started to drop since day 11 in HPH-1 mice to 138±9 whereas in WT it continued to go up to 179±4 mmHg on day 14. 21% of HPH-1 mice, both males and females, started to die suddenly. Immediate dissection and H&E staining revealed severe abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). None of the WT mice had AAA or sudden death during the 14-day of angiotensin II infusion. Furthermore, zymography assay indicated that HPH-1 mice had much higher aortic metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activities in response to angiotensin II, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide-dependent pre-activation of MMPs may underlie accelerated matrix degradation. These data for the first time demonstrated that intrinsic eNOS dysfunction can cause vascular remodeling, resulting in lethal aneurysm. This work is supported by American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association Grants 0435189N and 7-04-RA-16, and NIH Grants HL077440 and HL081571 (all to H Cai).
Technical Note: A Rapid Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Method for Analysis of Bifidobacteria (2006)

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a widely used and highly discriminatory molecular typing method that has been applied to bifidobacteria. However, published PFGE protocols used with bifidobacteria require between 5 and 7 d to complete. A rapid PFGE method was developed that can be completed within 24 h.
Depigmenting Effects of Esculetin and Esculin Isolated from Fraxinus rhynchophyllaHance (2014)

물푸레나무 수피 추출물은 주요 생활성 물질로서 esculetin과 esculin을 포함하고 있다. 이 가운데, Esculetin은 B16F10 melanoma cells에서 <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> value <TEX>$2.8{\mu}M$</TEX>의 아주 좋은 melanogenesis 억제 활성을 나타내며, 이를 통해 Melan-A cell에서 melanin 합성을 감소시킨다. 더욱이, esculetin은 mushroom tyrosinase에서도 <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> value <TEX>$40{\mu}M$</TEX>의 억제 활성을 나타내어 melanin biosynthesis를 저해한다. 위의 결과들로서, 우리는 melanogenic enzyme 활성 조절에 의해 melanin 생성을 저해하는 효과적인 피부미백 물질로서 esculetin을 제안하고자 한다. Stem bark extracts of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance were found to contain two major bioactive components, esculetin and esculin. Esculetin substantially inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells, with an <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> value of <TEX>$2.8{\mu}M$</TEX>, and reduced melanin synthesis in Melan-A cells. Moreover, esculetin suppressed melanin biosynthesis by inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase activity, with an <TEX>$IC_{50}$</TEX> value of <TEX>$40{\mu}M$</TEX>. Taken together, these results suggest that esculetin could serve as an effective skin-lightening agent that inhibits melanin production by regulating the activity of melanogenic enzymes.