gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The technique of controlled delivery as a weapon in dealing with illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. (1984)

The technique of controlled delivery is used when a consignment of illicit drugs is detected and allowed to go forward under the control and surveillance of law enforcement officers in order to secure evidence against the organizers of such illicit drug traffic. This technique has been proved effective in some countries in identifying and bringing to justice principals, organizers and financiers of the illicit drug traffic. The controlled delivery technique is compatible with the requirements of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, but its application depends on the particular legal and administrative provisions in the countries concerned. The technique merits wider use, and it does not involve any element of entrapment. It has been used most effectively when illicit drugs are discovered in unaccompanied freight consignments or in the post. Controlled deliveries involving a courier present special difficulties and should be treated with caution. In a controlled delivery, security of information is of paramount importance as is the appropriate knowledge and co-operation of the law enforcement authorities. Such co-operation is essential between the country in which the initial detection of drugs has occurred, transit countries and the country of final destination. A number of important detections have been made as a result of speedy international co-operation of this type between law enforcement authorities.
Semi-supervised Multi-label Learning by Solving a Sylvester Equation (2008)

Multi-label learning refers to the problems where an instance can be assigned to more than one category. In this paper, we present a novel Semi-supervised algorithm for Multi-label learning by solving a Sylvester Equation (SMSE). Two graphs are first constructed on instance level and category level respectively. For instance level, a graph is defined based on both labeled and unlabeled instances, where each node represents one instance and each edge weight reflects the similarity between corresponding pairwise instances. Similarly, for category level, a graph is also built based on all the categories, where each node represents one category and each edge weight reflects the similarity between corresponding pairwise categories. A regularization framework combining two regularization terms for the two graphs is suggested. The regularization term for instance graph measures the smoothness of the labels of instances, and the regularization term for category graph measures the smoothness of the labels of categories. We show that the labels of unlabeled data finally can be obtained by solving a Sylvester Equation. Experiments on RCV1 data set show that SMSE can make full use of the unlabeled data information as well as the correlations among categories and achieve good performance. In addition, we give a SMSE's extended application on collaborative filtering.
Synthesis and Biological Characterization of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Largazole and C7- Modified Analogues (2010)

Largazole 4a and analogues with modifications at the C7 position, as well as 2,4'-bithiazole 5a, have been synthesized using an acyclic cross-metathesis of the corresponding depsipeptide structures assembled by N-C6(O) or C15(O)-N lactam formation. Similar to the parent system 4a, the series of largazole depsipeptides 4b-d, but not 2,4'-bithiazole 5a, showed a marked inhibition of recombinant HDAC1 and selectivity over HDAC4, as well as strong pro-apoptotic effects on the NB4 leukemia cell line, but they failed to induce differentiation to mature granulocytes. Functional assays of the analogues correlated with the in vitro activities, as shown by increased H3 and alpha-tubulin acetylation levels and p21(WAF1/CIP1) up-regulation in NB4 cells. The activity of the natural product HDACi largazole 4a is not significantly altered by the presence of groups of different size (H, Et, Ph) at C7 on the dihydrothiazole ring.
The comparison of the properties of two lipases from Penicillium cyclopium westring. (1975)

Penicillium cyclopium Westring produced two kinds of lipases (EC 3. 1. 1. 3) (A and B). At the begining of the cultivation, activity of B-lipase was deteted more than that of A-lipase, though only A-lipase was accumulated at the last stage. The pH stability of B-lipase suggested that the eventual decrease of B-lipase activity was brought about by undesirable pH of culture fluid. Two lipase were isolated respectively in homogeneous states and characterized. The pI's of A- and B- lipases were 4.96 and 4.15 and their molecular weights were 27000 and 36000, respectively. In addition, the substrate specificities of two lipases were significantly different from each other.
Sternutators. (1935)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleSternutators.Kirby E. JacksonCite this: Chem. Rev. 1935, 17, 2, 251–292Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1935Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1935https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60057a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60057a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hemispherical coverage antenna for spacecraft (1988)

The letter describes a hemispherical coverage antenna for spacecraft. The antenna has excellent impedance, axial ratio and gain characteristics over a ±10% frequency bandwidth.
Expression and characterization of recombinant human and rat liver 6‐pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase (1994)

6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of human tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for several hydroxylases involved in catecholamine and serotonin biosynthesis. The human and rat liver cDNAs encoding the 16-kDa subunit of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase were expressed as maltose-binding-6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin-synthase fusion proteins. After cleavage from the fusion protein, the human and rat enzymes were purified to homogeneity. Apparent Km for the substrate dihydroneopterin triphosphate (8.5 microM for the human and 8.0 microM for the rat enzyme), pI (4.6 and 4.8) and heat stability of the recombinant enzymes were similar to the native enzymes. The specific activity of the enzymes was enhanced up to fourfold in the presence of dithiothreitol during purification. The modification of the only cysteine residue in rat 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, which is conserved in the human enzyme, inhibited its activity up to 80%. Modification under non-reducing conditions of both cysteine residues of the human enzyme by N-ethylpyridine resulted in a 95% loss of enzyme activity. This demonstrates that the two cysteines are not linked by disulfide bridges but rather involved in catalysis. Cross-linking experiments and analysis by gel electrophoresis showed predominantly trimeric and hexameric forms of the recombinant enzymes from both species suggesting that the native form is a homohexamer of 98 kDa, for the human, and 95 kDa, for the rat enzyme, composed of two trimeric subunits.
Wide FSR silicon-on-insulator microring resonator with bent couplers (2015)

This work demonstrates a silicon-on-insulator microring resonator with a 2.75 μm radius, fabricated using 248 nm optical lithography, that employs bent couplers and achieves a 33.4 nm FSR and a 3-dB bandwidth of 25 GHz.
Mechanism of Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and a Potential Treatment Strategy (2018)

Treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) improves the overall survival of patients with <i>EGFR</i>-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First-generation EGFR-TKIs (e.g., gefitinib and erlotinib) or second-generation EGFR-TKIs (e.g., afatinib and dacomitinib) are effective for the treatment of <i>EGFR</i>-mutated NSCLC, especially in patients with <i>EGFR</i> exon 19 deletions or an exon 21 L858R mutation. However, almost all cases experience disease recurrence after 1 to 2 years due to acquired resistance. The <i>EGFR</i> T790M mutation in exon 20 is the most frequent alteration associated with the development of acquired resistance. Osimertinib-a third-generation EGFR-TKI-targets the T790M mutation and has demonstrated high efficacy against <i>EGFR</i>-mutated lung cancer. However, the development of acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR-TKI, involving the cysteine residue at codon 797 mutation, has been observed. Other mechanisms of acquired resistance include the activation of alternative pathways or downstream targets and histological transformation (i.e., epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition or conversion to small-cell lung cancer). Furthermore, the development of primary resistance through overexpression of the hepatocyte growth factor and suppression of Bcl-2-like protein 11 expression may lead to problems. In this report, we review these mechanisms and discuss therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
InGaAsP <i>p</i>-<i>i</i>-<i>n</i> photodiodes for optical communication at the 1.3-μm wavelength (1985)

The preparation and properties of Cd-diffused p-n homojunction InGaAsP photodiodes designed specifically for operation at the 1.3-μm wavelength are described. At a reverse bias of 10 V, the dark current of these diodes was as low as 15 pA. The peak responsivity at 1.3-μm wavelength was 0.7 A/W. An impulse response (full width at half maximum) of 60 ps and a 3-dB bandwidth of 5.5 GHz were achieved.
Screening for Antiviral Activities of Isolated Compounds from Essential Oils (2009)

Essential oil of star anise as well as phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes, for example, trans-anethole, eugenol, β-eudesmol, farnesol, β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide, which are present in many essential oils, were examined for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro. Antiviral activity was analyzed by plaque reduction assays and mode of antiviral action was determined by addition of the drugs to uninfected cells, to the virus prior to infection or to herpesvirus-infected cells. Star anise oil reduced viral infectivity by >99%, phenylpropanoids inhibited HSV infectivity by about 60-80% and sesquiterpenes suppressed herpes virus infection by 40-98%. Both, star anise essential oil and all isolated compounds exhibited anti-HSV-1 activity by direct inactivation of free virus particles in viral suspension assays. All tested drugs interacted in a dose-dependent manner with herpesvirus particles, thereby inactivating viral infectivity. Star anise oil, rich in trans-anethole, revealed a high selectivity index of 160 against HSV, whereas among the isolated compounds only β-caryophyllene displayed a high selectivity index of 140. The presence of β-caryophyllene in many essential oils might contribute strongly to their antiviral ability. These results indicate that phenylpropanoids and sesquiterpenes present in essential oils contribute to their antiviral activity against HSV.
A Facile Synthetic Route to 1,1-Disubstituted 2,3-Dihydro-1<i>H</i>-benz[<i>f</i>]indene-4,9-diones (1992)

A facile synthetic route is described for 1,1-dimethyl and 1-methoxy-carbonyl-1-methyl substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-benz[f]indene-4,9-diones 7a, 7c and 7d from the corresponding 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrofluorenes 2a, 2c, and 2d involving ruthenium-catalyzed periodate oxidation of the tetrasubstituted double bond to the respective 6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-5,10-dioxo-5H-benzocyclononenes 3a, 3c and 3d, cyclization-dehydration (aromatization) and methylation to 2,3-dihydro-4-methoxy-1H-benz[f]indenes 6a, 6c and 6d, followed by oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate/Celite. The only exception to this trend is 2b, which on ruthenium-catalyzed Periodate oxidation directly affords 7b
Structure of Polypeptide-Based Diblock Copolymers in Solution:  Stimuli-Responsive Vesicles and Micelles (2005)

Polypeptide-based diblock copolymers forming either well-defined self-assembled micelles or vesicles after direct dissolution in water or in dichloromethane have been studied combining light and neutron scattering with electron microscopy experiments. The size of these structures could be reversibly manipulated as a function of environmental changes such as pH and ionic strength in water. Compared to other pH-responsive self-assembled systems based on "classical" polyelectrolytes, these polypeptide-based nanostructures present the ability to give a response in highly salted media as the chain conformational ordering can be controlled. This makes these micelles and vesicles suitable for biological applications: they provide significant advantages in the control of the structure and function of supramolecular self-assemblies.
Hybrid 2D Material Nanophotonics: A Scalable Platform for Low-Power Nonlinear and Quantum Optics (2015)

Two-dimensional, atomically thin materials offer unique physical properties, such as a large second-order optical nonlinearity. Integrating these materials into a scalable and silicon-compatible platform could provide a pathway toward realizing low-power nonlinear optics. We have presented a formalism to calculate the effective nonlinear optical coefficient for a cavity integrated 2D material system as well as the cavity enhanced absorptive loss, which can be used to guide future experiments. We have also shown that the few-photon regime of cavity QED is within reach with a cavity quality factor of ∼105–106, provided the loss at the second harmonic mode is minimized. As test applications, we have simulated the performances of (a) an optically bistable device and (b) a nanostructured device exhibiting single-photon blockade.
The laser absorption spectrometer for carbon dioxide sink and source detection (2002)

We provide an overview of the laser absorption spectrometer development that has recently been funded under the Instrument Incubator Program.
Injectable microparticle–gel system for prolonged and localized lidocaine release. II. <i>in vivo</i> anesthetic effects (2004)

Current treatment protocols for postoperative pain are beset by either the short duration of the anesthetic effect or requirement of hospitalization of the patients. We reported herein a novel treatment by applying to the surgical site a biodegradable microparticle-gel system for prolonged and localized release of encapsulated anesthetic drugs. In a previous publication, lidocaine-loaded poly(D,L-lactic acid) microspheres were fabricated and their formulations were optimized. In vitro characterization of these lidocaine-loaded microspheres, however, revealed a shortcoming of this system; that is, microspheres tend to fuse physically. Fusion of the microspheres could hinder their clinical applications, as it would clog the needle. In this article, we demonstrated that fabricating microspheres with high molecular weight (approximately 60 KDa) poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) would increase the glass transition temperature of the microspheres after lidocaine loading, thereby increasing their mechanical stability and eliminating their fusion during storage. Such microspheres containing 31% (w/w) lidocaine in the presence or absence of 25% (w/v) poloxamer 407 gel were then evaluated in vivo by monitoring the sensory and motor functions of the rats after sciatic nerve block, using the previously established hot-plate and weight-bearing testing methods. Results showed that microspheres formulated with poloxamer 407 gel yielded the longest duration of sensory and motor block for a period of approximately 8.5 h, compared to 5 h by microspheres in saline, 5 h by lidocaine in poloxamer 407 gel, and 2 h by lidocaine in saline. This study suggests that the microsphere-gel system containing lidocaine could potentially be applied clinically to the treatment of postoperative pain.
Tuning of electron injections for n-type organic transistor based on charge-transfer compounds (2005)

A high mobility (∼1.0cm2∕Vs) n-type organic field-effect transistor is devised in terms of the combination of semiconducting and metallic charge-transfer (CT) compounds, namely, DBTTF-TCNQ crystals as channels and TTF-TCNQ thin films as electrodes for carrier injections on top of the crystals. Comparison of the field-effect properties for devices with conventional electrode materials indicates the successful demonstration of the interface band engineering with use of the CT materials.
Recovering reusable components from legacy systems by program segmentation (2002)

There are many reasons to retire a legacy system. But the system may contain critical business rules and other reusable assets that are not explicitly documented anywhere else. A software reengineering technique called program segmentation is described. It supports the recovery of these reusable assets from old code. This technique consists of a focusing step, which helps the analyst localize, understand, and combine functional pieces in large programs, and a factoring step, which extracts the focused functional pieces and packages them into independent reusable modules.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Odorants induce the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein in olfactory receptor neurons (1999)

Although odorants are known to activate olfactory receptor neurons through cAMP, the long-term effects of odorant detection are not known. Our recent findings indicate that there is also a delayed and sustained cAMP response, with kinetics sufficient to mediate long-term cellular responses. This cAMP response is mediated by cGMP through activation of adenylyl cyclase by protein kinase G (PKG). Therefore, we investigated the ability of odorants to regulate gene expression in rat olfactory epithelium. The cAMP-responsive binding protein (CREB) is a well-characterized transcription factor regulated by cAMP. We examined CREB activity in rat olfactory epithelium and olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) after stimulation with odorants. Odorants increased levels of phosphorylated CREB in olfactory epithelium in vivo, and this increase was localized to ORNs in vitro. Incubation with 8-bromo-cGMP or sodium nitroprusside, a guanylyl cyclase activator, also increased phosphorylated CREB. In vitro, cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylated CREB. In contrast, PKG failed to phosphorylate CREB directly in vitro. Our results demonstrate that the delayed odorant-induced cAMP signal activates CREB, which in turn may modulate gene expression in ORNs. In addition, cGMP indirectly affects CREB activation. This effect of cGMP on CREB activity through cAMP provides another mechanism for the modulation of CREB.
Development of flexible fiber-type poly-Si solar cell (2006)

In order to obtain low-cost, high-performance and flexible silicon solar cell, a novel poly-Si solar cell using glass fiber substrate has been developed. Two ways for preparing poly-Si film on glass fiber for very high deposition rate were studied; one is atmospheric thermal CVD and the other is microwave PECVD. The film prepared by atmospheric thermal CVD showed good crystallinity and high hole mobility of 200cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs at a carrier concentration of 6e15cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , despite its high deposition rate. The solar cell was examined on SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> substrate, and cell efficiency by atmospheric thermal CVD was 1.35%. Novel microwave PECVD system specialized for glass fiber substrate was also developed, and poly-Si film could be deposited on the glass fiber substrate at a deposition rate of 1 mum/s
Furyl‐maleimide<i>in situ</i> generated ab‐monomers: Synthesis, characterization, and Diels‐Alder polymerization (1992)

Abstract 2‐Furoyl chloride reacted with the monomaleamic acids 1a‐1d derived from a aromatic diamine to yield a new series of maleamic acids 2a–2d . The latter were cyclodehydrated to afford maleimides 3a‐3d which behaved as AB‐monomers for a Diels‐Alder polymerization. In addition, the monomaleamic acid 4 derived from 4‐aminophenol reacted with 2‐furoyl chloride to yield maleamic acid 5 . It was cyclodehydrated to maleimide 6 which is a novel polymer precursor. The monomers were characterized by IR and 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy. Their thermal polymerization was investigated by DTA. Maleamic acids 2a–2d and 5 were cured at 280°C for 22 h to yield polymers which were characterized by TGA and isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA). They were stable up to 340–376°C and afforded anaerobic char yield of 55–64% at 800°C. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interspecies recombination, and phylogenetic distortions, within the glutamine synthetase and shikimate dehydrogenase genes of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> and commensal <i>Neisseria </i>species (1997)

Visual inspection showed clear evidence of a history of intraspecies recombinational exchanges within the neighbouring meningococcal shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE) and glutamine synthetase (glnA) genes, which was supported by the non-congruence of the trees constructed from the sequences of these genes from different meningococcal strains, and by statistical tests for mosaic structure. Many examples were also found of highly localized interspecies recombinational exchanges between the meningococcal aroE and glnA genes and those of commensal Neisseria species. These exchanges appear to have inflated the sequence variation at these loci, and have resulted in major distortions of the phylogenetic trees constructed from the sequences of the aroE and glnA genes of human pathogenic and commensal Neisseria species. Statistical tests for sequence mosaicism, and for anomalies within the Neisseria species trees, strongly supported the view that frequent interspecies recombination has occurred within aroE and glnA. The high levels of sequence variation, and intra- and interspecies recombination, within aroE and glnA did not appear to be due to a 'hitch-hiking' effect caused by positive selection for variation at a neighbouring gene. Our results suggest that interspecies recombinational exchanges with commensal Neisseria occur frequently in some meningococcal 'housekeeping' genes as they can be observed readily even when there appears to be no obvious selection for the recombinant phenotypes.
Emerging treatments for wet age-related macular degeneration (2014)

Limitations of current treatments include the need for repeated injections, the high financial costs and treatment burdens of repeated injections, the risk of adverse ocular and systemic adverse events, and the inability to completely reverse the disease process of wet AMD. There are many new therapies and approaches in the pipeline which hold promise for improving the treatment of wet AMD.