gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Performance Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Pressure Sensor with Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Diaphragm (1999)

The high-performance fiber optic Fabry-Perot pressure sensor with a Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 (N/O/N) diaphragm fabricated using micromachining technology in anisotropic etchant KOH solution was developed. The configuration of this sensor was a 2-cm-long fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer bonded to a 0.6-µm-thick diaphragm. When the area of the N/O/N diaphragm used in the experiments was 2×2 mm 2 , the pressure sensitivity was 0.11 radian/kPa, and when the area was 8×8 mm 2 , the pressure sensitivity was 1.57 radian/kPa. The relationship between the applied pressure and the phase change was linear.
Reduction of Interlayer Crosstalk in Dual-Layer Optical Disks Using Patterned Phase Plate (2008)

In dual-layer optical disks, light reflected from an adjacent layer overlaps and interferes with light reflected from the target layer on the photodetector. As a result, the signal obtained from outputs of the photodetector fluctuates. In this paper, we propose an optical head which employs a six-segment patterned phase plate in the return path to reduce interlayer crosstalk (fluctuation of a differential push–pull signal) without degrading the readout signal. The patterned phase plate weakens the intensity of the main beam from the adjacent layer which enters the sub-beam detecting sections of the photodetector and restricts the interference between sub-beams from the target layer and the main beam from the adjacent layer. Beam intensity distributions on the photodetector and push–pull signals have been investigated through numerical simulations and experiments. The results demonstrate that interlayer crosstalk can be sufficiently reduced using the patterned phase plate.
193 nm photodissociation of larger multiply-charged biomolecules (1996)

In contrast to most ion dissociation methods, 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation of electrosprayed melittin (2.8 kDa) and ubiquitin (8.6 kDa) molecular ions yields new c and z ions (backbone amine bond dissociation) that provide additional sequence information. Dissociation by collisions or infrared photons produce b and y ions; for cleavages between the same amino acids the c ion represents the addition of NH2 to the b ion, and z the loss of NH2 from the y ion, so that these ions can be differentiated by this ± 16.02 Da difference. However, 193 nm photodissociation of 12–29 kDa ions as yet does not give collectable product ions, and that of the very stable y182+ ion from ubiquitin only effects a side chain loss. 193 nm irradiation of negative ions of all-T 30-mer DNA appears to eject electrons; apparently this is the first observation of electron photodetachment from multiply-charged negative ions.
Flow dynamics and characterization of a cough (2009)

There is a clear need for the scientific community to accurately predict and control the transmission of airborne diseases. Transportation of airborne viruses is often predicted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. CFD simulations are inexpensive but need accurate source boundary conditions for the precise prediction of disease transmission. Cough is found to be the prime source for generating infectious viruses. The present study was designed to develop an accurate source model to define thermo-fluid boundary conditions for a cough. The model can aid in accurately predicting the disease transmission in various indoor environments, such as aircraft cabins, office spaces and hospitals.
Reliability of Comparative Molecular Field Analysis Models:  Effects of Data Scaling and Variable Selection Using a Set of Human Synovial Fluid Phospholipase A<sub>2</sub>Inhibitors (1997)

The effects of data pretreatment, data scaling, and variable selection on three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships derived by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) using the GRID energy function were studied in detail for a set of inhibitors of the human synovial fluid phospholipase A2 (HSF-PLA2). The quality of the models was evaluated for predictive power and ability to map the receptor binding site by (a) comparison of predicted and experimental activities using cross-validation and external validation sets and (b) comparison of the regions selected in space in the CoMFA models with a crystal structure of a HSF-PLA2-inhibitor complex, with optimized comparative binding energy analysis (COMBINE) models (Ortiz et al., 1995) and with structure-activity relationships derived previously for different sets of compounds. It is found that (1) data scaling and dielectric modeling strongly influence CoMFA results. Unscaled data and a uniform dielectric constant of 4 are well suited to GRID-CoMFA studies for the present compound set. (2) The GOLPE and Q2-GRS variable selection methods select variables in roughly the same regions in Cartesian space, but they produce different models in chemometric space and differ in their sensitivity to data scaling and pretreatment and their tendency to overfitting. (3) CoMFA models are consistent with COMBINE models in that they identify approximately the same intermolecular interactions as relevant for activity. Our study provides support for the qualitative receptor-mapping properties of CoMFA models and for the validity of variable selection when applied with care and also provides guidelines for how to evaluate the quality of CoMFA models.
Self-assembled molecular structures as ultrasonically-responsive barrier membranes for pulsatile drug delivery (2001)

Noninvasive ultrasound has been shown to increase the release rate on demand from drug delivery systems; however, such systems generally suffer from background drug leaching. To address this issue, a drug-containing polymeric monolith coated with a novel ultrasound-responsive coating was developed. A self-assembled molecular structure coating based on relatively impermeable, ordered methylene chains forms an ultrasound-activated on-off switch in controlling drug release on demand, while keeping the drug inside the polymer carrier in the absence of ultrasound. The orderly structure and molecular orientation of these C12 n-alkyl methylene chains on polymeric surfaces resemble self-assembled monolayers on gold. Their preparation and characterization have been published recently (Kwok et al. [Biomacromolecules 2000;1(1):139-148]). Ultrasound release studies showed that a copolymer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MW 400) coated with such an ultrasound-responsive membrane maintained sufficient insulin for multiple insulin delivery, compared with a substantial burst release during the first 2 h from uncoated samples. With appropriate surface coating coverage, the background leach rate can be precisely controlled. The biological activity of the insulin releasate was tested by assessing its ability to regulate [C14]-deoxyglucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells in a controlled cell culture environment. Uptake triggered by released insulin was comparable to that of the positive insulin control. The data demonstrate that the released insulin remains active even after the insulin had been exposed to matrix synthesis and the methylene chain coating process.
Signaling pathways weigh in on decisions to make or break skeletal muscle (2004)

Recent cell culture and animal studies have provided insight on the mechanisms by which Akt, myostatin, and NF-kappaB signaling pathways regulate muscle size. Clinical intervention to boost Akt signaling or modulate myostatin and NF-kappaB activities may prove useful in diseases associated with chronic muscle wasting.
Is the tracer velocity of a fluid continuum equal to its mass velocity? (2004)

Owing to its size independence in the so-called near-continuum vanishingly small Knudsen number regime (Kn<<1) , thermophoretic particle motion occurring in an otherwise quiescent gas under the influence of a temperature gradient is here interpreted as representing the motion of a tracer, namely, an effectively point-size test particle monitoring the local velocity of the undisturbed, particle-free, compressible gas continuum through space. "Compressibility" refers here not to the usual effect of pressure on the gas's mass density rho but rather to the effect thereon of temperature. Our unorthodox continuum interpretation of thermophoresis differs from the usual one, which regards the existence of thermophoretic forces in gases as a strictly noncontinuum phenomenon, involving thermal stress-induced Maxwell slip ("thermal creep") of the gas's mass velocity vm at the surface of the particle, with vm denoting the velocity appearing in the continuity equation expressing the law of conservation of mass. Explicitly, instead of regarding the thermally animated particle as moving through the gas, we regard the particle (in its hypothesized role as a tracer of the undisturbed, particle-free, fluid motion) as moving with the gas, through space; that is, the particle is viewed as simply being entrained in the flowing gas, which, as a result of an externally applied temperature gradient, was already in motion prior to the tracer's introduction into the fluid--albeit not mass motion (which is, in fact, identically zero) but rather volume motion. This tracer-particle interpretation of experimental thermophoretic particle velocity measurements raises fundamental issues in regard to the universally accepted Newtonian rheological law constitutively specifying the viscous or deviatoric stress T as being proportional to the (symmetrized, traceless) fluid velocity gradient inverted Deltav , with v identified as being the fluid's mass velocity vm . Rather, it is argued in the case of compressible fluids, including liquids, that v should, instead, be chosen as the fluid's volume flux density or current density nv , the latter being formally equivalent to the fluid's volume velocity vv , which differs from vm except in the case of incompressible fluids. Apart from this strictly constitutive issue in regard to T , it is further argued that the fluid's tracer or Lagrangian velocity vl:=(deltax/deltat) (x0) along the fluid's spatiotemporal trajectory x=x (x0,t) is equal to vv, rather than to vm. This too is contrary to the heretofore unquestioned supposition that the conceptually distinct fluid velocities vl and vm are not only equal but are, in fact, synonymous. To the extent that vl not equal vm in the nonisothermal fluid case, an optical dye- or photochromic-type experiment (each of the latter two experiments presumably serving to measure vm) will record a different velocity than would a comparable tracer particle velocity measurement, one that measures vl .
Isl1Cre reveals a common Bmp pathway in heart and limb development (2006)

A number of human congenital disorders present with both heart and limb defects, consistent with common genetic pathways. We have recently shown that the LIM homeodomain transcription factor islet 1 (Isl1) marks a subset of cardiac progenitors. Here, we perform lineage studies with an Isl1Cre mouse line to demonstrate that Isl1 also marks a subset of limb progenitors. In both cardiac and limb progenitors, Isl1 expression is downregulated as progenitors migrate in to form either heart or limb. To investigate common heart-limb pathways in Isl1-expressing progenitors, we ablated the Type I Bmp receptor, Bmpr1a utilizing Isl1Cre/+. Analysis of consequent heart and limb phenotypes has revealed novel requirements for Bmp signaling. Additionally, we find that Bmp signaling in Isl1-expressing progenitors is required for expression of T-box transcription factors Tbx2 and Tbx3 in heart and limb. Tbx3 is required for heart and limb formation, and is mutated in ulnar-mammary syndrome. We provide evidence that the Tbx3 promoter is directly regulated by Bmp Smads in vivo.
Combining Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fibers with Multimode, Solid Core Fiber Couplers through Arc Fusion Splicing for the Miniaturization of Nonlinear Spectroscopy Sensing Devices (2018)

The presence of fiber optic devices, such as couplers or wavelength division multiplexers, based on hollow-core fibers (HCFs) is still rather uncommon, while such devices can be imagined to greatly increase the potential of HCFs for different applications, such as sensing, nonlinear optics, etc. In this paper, we present a combination of a standard, multimode fiber (MMF) optic coupler with a hollow core photonic bandgap fiber through arc fusion splicing and its application for the purpose of multiphoton spectroscopy. The presented splicing method is of high affordability due to the low cost of arc fusion splicers, and the measured splicing loss (SL) of the HCF-MMF splice is as low as (0.32 ± 0.1) dB, while the splice itself is durable enough to withstand a bending radius (rbend) of 1.8 cm. This resulted in a hybrid between the hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (HCPBF) and MMF coupler, delivering 20 mW of average power and 250-fs short laser pulses to the sample, which was good enough to test the proposed sensor setup in a simple, proof-of-concept multiphoton fluorescence excitation-detection experiment, allowing the successful measurement of the fluorescence emission spectrum of 10−5 M fluorescein solution. In our opinion, the presented results indicate the possibility of creating multi-purpose HCF setups, which would excel in various types of sensing applications.
Adjustable block size coherent caches (1992)

Several studies have shown that the performance of coherent caches depends on the relationship between the granularity of sharing and locality exhibited by the program and the cache block size. Large cache blocks exploit processor and spatial locality, but may cause unnecessary cache invalidations due to false sharing. Small cache blocks can reduce the number of cache invalidations, but increase the nuber of bus or network transactions required to load data into the cache. In this paper we describe a cache organization that dynamically adjusts the cache block size according to recently observed reference behavior. Cache blocks are split across cache lines when false sharing occurs, ad merged back into a single cache line to explit spatial locality. To evaluate this cache organization, we simulate a scalable multiprocessor with coherent caches, using a suite of memory reference traces to model program behavior. We show that for evry fixed block size, some program suffers a 33% increase in the average waiting time per reference, and a factor of 2 increase in the average number of words transferred per reference, when compared against the performance of an adjustable block size cache. In the few cases where adjusting the block size does not provide superior performance, it comes within 7% of the best fixed block size alternative. We conclude that an adjustable block size cache offers significantly better performance than every fixed block size cache, especially when there is variability in the granularity of sharing exhibited by applications.
Arbitrary Scale Image Enlargement with the Prediction of High Frequency Components (2005)

In this paper, we propose an arbitrary scale enlargement method of digital images based on the Laplacian pyramid (LP) representation. Through the calculation of the arbitrary scale LP stages we obtain the ability of arbitrary scale enlargement, which solves the problem that the conventional LP enlargement methods are only capable of expanding an image up by a factor of two in size. Experimental results show that the proposed method can work effectively on arbitrary scale image enlargement.
Free-space micromachined optical-switching technologies and architectures (2003)

As wavelength-division multiplexing transmission matures and launches the need for optical networking, free-space micromachined optical switches are emerging as promising candidates for the crossconnects such networks will need. We describe the promise of this new technology and the open questions it raises.
The ITRS design technology and system drivers roadmap (2013)

The Design technology working group (TWG) is one of 16 working groups in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) effort. It is responsible for the ITRS' Design Chapter, which roadmaps design technology requirements and potential solutions for elements of the semiconductor supply chain that are produced by the electronic design automation (EDA) industry. The Design TWG is also responsible for the ITRS' System Drivers Chapter, which roadmaps the key product classes that drive the leading-edge requirements for process and design technologies. Through these activities, the Design TWG sets a number of fundamental parameters in the overall ITRS: layout density, die size, maximum on-chip clock frequency, total chip power, SOC and MPU architecture models, etc. This paper reviews the process by which the Design TWG evolves its roadmap content, and some of the key modeling and roadmapping questions that the semiconductor and EDA industries will face in the near term.
Isolation of Citreoviridin from <i>Penicillium charlesii</i> Cultures and Molded Pecan Fragments (1981)

The extraction and systematic fractionation of Penicillium charlesii Smith cultures and contaminated pecan fragments yielded the yellow mycotoxin citreoviridin. Citreoviridin proved acutely toxic to 1-day-old chickens, with an oral 50% lethal dose of 37.5 mg/kg, and showed plant growth inhibition in wheat coleoptiles even at concentrations as low as 10 M. It was toxic to corn seedlings but did not affect young tobacco seedlings.
Deciphering of <scp>ADP</scp>‐induced, phosphotyrosine‐dependent signaling networks in human platelets by Src‐homology 2 region (SH2)‐profiling (2013)

Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a central role in signal transduction controlling many important biological processes. In platelets, the activity of several signaling proteins is controlled by tyrosine phosphorylation ensuring proper platelet activation and aggregation essential for regulation of the delicate balance between bleeding and hemostasis. Here, we applied Src-homology 2 region (SH2)-profiling for deciphering of the phosphotyrosine state of human platelets activated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Applying a panel of 31 SH2-domains, rapid and complex regulation of the phosphotyrosine state of platelets was observed after ADP stimulation. Specific inhibition of platelet P2Y receptors by synthetic drugs revealed a major role for the P2Y1 receptor in tyrosine phosphorylation. Concomitant activation of protein kinase A (PKA) abolished ADP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Given the fact that PKA activity is negatively regulated by the P2Y12 receptor, our data provide evidence for a novel link of synergistic control of the state of tyrosine phosphorylation by both P2Y receptors. By SH2 domain pull down and MS/MS analysis, we identified distinct tyrosine phosphorylation sites in cell adhesion molecules, intracellular adapter proteins and phosphatases suggesting a major, functional role of tyrosine phosphorylation of theses candidate proteins in ADP-dependent signaling in human platelets.
Active transport of CO 2 and bicarbonate is induced in response to external CO 2 concentration in the green alga Chlorella kessleri (2000)

The time‐course of induction of CO 2 and \(HCO_{3}^{{-}}\) transport has been investigated during the acclimation of high CO 2 ‐grown Chlorella kessleri cells to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)‐limited conditions. The rate of photosynthesis of the cells in excess of the uncatalysed supply rate of CO 2 from \(HCO_{3}^{{-}}\) was taken as an indicator of \(HCO_{3}^{{-}}\) transport, while a stimulation of photosynthesis on the addition of bovine carbonic anhydrase was used as an indicator of CO 2 transport. The maximum rate of photosynthesis ( Pmax ) was similar for high CO 2 ‐grown and low CO 2 ‐grown cells, but the apparent whole cell affinity for DIC and CO 2 of high CO 2 ‐grown cells was found to be about 30‐fold greater than in air‐grown cells, which indicates a lower affinity for DIC and CO 2 . It was found that \(HCO_{3}^{{-}}\) and CO 2 transport were induced in 5.5 h in cells acclimating to air in the light and in the presence and absence of 21% O 2 , which indicates that a change in the CO 2 /O 2 ratio in the acclimating medium does not trigger induction of DIC transport. No active DIC transport was detected in high CO 2 ‐grown cells maintained on high CO 2 for 5.5 h in the presence of 5 mM aminooxyacetate, an aminotransferase inhibitor. These results indicate no involvement of photorespiration in triggering induction. Active DIC transport induction was inhibited in cells treated with 5 μg ml −1 cycloheximide, but was unaffected by chloramphenicol treatment, indicating that the induction process requires de novo cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The total DIC concentration eliciting the induction and repression of CO 2 and \(HCO_{3}^{{-}}\) transport was higher at pH 7.5 than at pH 6.6. The concentrations of external CO 2 required for the induction and repression of DIC transport were 0 and 120 μM, respectively, and was independent of the pH of the acclimation medium. Prolonged exposure to a critical external CO 2 concentration elicits the induction of DIC transport in C. kessleri .
Structural basis for the kinetic differences between flavocytochromes <i>b</i>2 from the yeasts <i>Hansenula anomala</i> and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1989)

To understand the structural basis for the different catalytic behaviour of the flavocytochromes b2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula anomala we have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the latter. We have compared the amino acid sequences of the mature proteins in the context of the known crystal structure of S. cerevisiae flavocytochrome b2. Overall there is 60% sequence identity, but two surface loops in particular are strikingly different in primary structure and net charge.
Combined Shared and Dedicated Resource Allocation for D2D Communication (2018)

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an effective technology enhancing spectral efficiency and network throughput of contemporary cellular networks. Typically, the users exploiting D2D reuse the same radio resources as common cellular users (CUEs) that communicate through a base station. This mode is known as shared mode. Another option is to dedicate specific amount of resources exclusively for the D2D users in so- called a dedicated mode. In this paper, we propose novel combined share/dedicated resource allocation scheme enabling the D2D users to utilize the radio resources in both modes simultaneously. To that end, we propose a graph theory-based framework for efficient resource allocation. Within this framework, neighborhood relations between the cellular users and the D2D users and between the individual D2D users are derived to form graphs. Then, the graphs are decomposed into subgraphs to identify resources, which can be reused by other users so that capacity of the D2D users is maximized. The results show that the sum D2D capacity is increased from 1.67 and 2.5 times (depending on a density of D2D users) when compared to schemes selecting only between shared or dedicated modes.
Condenser performance test and back-pressure improvement: Final report (1988)

This document describes condenser performance test and analyses experiences. The testing was performed by Indianapolis Power and Light Company (IPL) on the Petersburg Unit 3 condenser. The initial testing revealed a performance deficiency. Modifications were made to the condenser, air in-leakage was reduced and the vacuum pumps were brought back to their original design capacity. Testing was reperformed after these activities and although a significant performance improvement was achieved deficiencies were still evident. Heat Exchanger Systems, Inc. (HES) was retained as consultants during this testing program. The Central Electricity Generating Board's (CEGB) Central Electricity Research Laboratory (CERL) acting as a subcontractor to HES were retained to perform an analysis of the Petersburg Unit 3 condenser using their EPOC computer code. The results of this analysis are also contained in this document. 3 refs., 48 figs., 3 tabs.