gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Polymerization of Epoxides: A Highly Active and Selective Catalyst for the Preparation of Stereoregular Polyethers and Enantiopure Epoxides (2008)

A chiral, bimetallic cobalt catalyst was discovered that is highly active and enantioselective for epoxide polymerization. The enantiomerically pure catalyst system exhibits a stereoselectivity factor (s = k(fast)/k(slow)) of 370 for propylene oxide, allowing enantiomerically pure epoxide to be recovered in nearly the maximum theoretical yield. In addition, the racemic catalyst forms highly isotactic poly(propylene oxide) in quantitative yield. The catalyst is active and selective for other epoxides, such as 1-butene oxide, 1-hexene oxide, and styrene oxide.
Maintaining rapid growth in moderate‐density <i>Escherichia coli</i> fermentations (2005)

A novel feeding strategy that prolongs rapid growth rates for Escherichia coli fermentations to moderately high cell density is presented. High-density fermentations are a common and successful means of producing biological products. However, acetate accumulation can be a substantial problem in these procedures. To avoid this problem, many feeding strategies and host modifications have been developed, but all result in relatively low growth rates. If a faster growth rate could be maintained, the growth phase of the process would be shortened, leading to increased productivity. It is also possible that the subsequent specific production rate could be enhanced by growing the early culture at a faster rate. We have developed a procedure to enable rapid growth to a cell density of 20 g/L and have used cell-free protein synthesis to evaluate the relative potential of the resulting cells for producing recombinant proteins. The method uses glucose pulses and the duration of the dissolved oxygen response to calculate the appropriate glucose feed rate based on the glucose demand of the culture. Amino acids and vitamins were supplied in the medium to increase the growth rate. We were able to sustain a growth rate of 0.8/h up to 20 g/L dry cell weight without significant acetate accumulation. Analysis of amino acid consumption indicates that cell composition is an accurate predictor of amino acid demand for most amino acids. Cell-free protein synthesis was used to compare the protein production potential of the high-density cultures with that of cells grown in complex medium and harvested at low cell density and maximum growth rate. Protein production for the extract from the controlled, high-density fermentations was 950 mg/L compared with 860 mg/L for the low-density control. Therefore, the new control procedure has promising potential for developing rapid and productive industrial fermentations.
Calligraphy Tablets in the Forbidden City (2010)

The calligraphy tablets hung over each main gate and building in Beijing’s Forbidden City, although often neglected by visitors, actually are special embodiments of traditional Chinese concepts either well known or maybe unexpected by their readers. Besides explaining architectural functions, the tablets also can be read as means of decorating the architecture, conveying political ideals, advocating academic achievements, expressing good wishes and depicting charming sceneries.
Control design for image tracking with an inertially stabilized airborne camera platform (2010)

The paper reports on a few control engineering issues related to design and implementation of an image-based pointing and tracking system for an inertially stabilized airborne camera platform. A medium-sized platform has been developed by the authors and a few more team members within a joint governmental project coordinated by Czech Air Force Research Institute. The resulting experimental platform is based on a common double gimbal configuration with two direct drive motors and off-the-shelf MEMS gyros. Automatic vision-based tracking system is built on top of the inertial stabilization. Choice of a suitable control configuration is discussed first, because the decoupled structure for the inner inertial rate controllers does not extend easily to the outer imagebased pointing and tracking loop. It appears that the pointing and tracking controller can benefit much from availability of measurements of an inertial rate of the camera around its optical axis. The proposed pointing and tracking controller relies on feedback linearization well known in image-based visual servoing. Simple compensation of a one sample delay introduced into the (slow) visual pointing and tracking loop by the computer vision system is proposed. It relies on a simple modification of the well-known Smith predictor scheme where the prediction takes advantage of availability of the (fast and undelayed) inertial rate measurements.
Improvement of monacolin K, ?-aminobutyric acid and citrinin production ratio as a function of environmental conditions of Monascus purpureus NTU 601 (2003)

Monascus, a traditional Chinese fermentation fungus, is used as a natural dietary supplement. Its metabolic products monacolin K and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have each been proven to be a cholesterol-lowering drug and a hypotensive agent. Citrinin, another secondary metabolite, is toxic to humans, thus lowering the acceptability of red mold rice to the general public. In this study, the influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources, and fatty acid or oils, on the production of monacolin K, citrinin and GABA by Monascus purpureus NTU 601 was studied. When 0.5% ethanol was added to the culture medium, the production of citrinin decreased from 813 ppb to 561 ppb while monacolin K increased from 136 mg/kg to 383 mg/kg and GABA increased from 1,060 mg/kg to 7,453 mg/kg. In addition, response surface methodology was used to optimize culture conditions for monacolin K, citrinin and GABA production, and data were collected according to a three-factor (temperature, ethanol concentration and amount of water supplemented), three-level central composite design. When 500 g rice was used as a solid substrate with 120 ml water and 0.3% ethanol, the production of monacolin K at 30 degrees C increased from 136 mg/kg to 530 mg/kg, GABA production increased from 1,060 mg/kg to 5,004 mg/kg and citrinin decreased from 813 ppb to 460 ppb.
Oxidation and Ammoxidation of Aromatics (2004)

Abstract An overview of the state of the art in the direct oxygen or nitrogen insertion to aromatic rings and side‐chains by hydroxylation, acetoxylation, partial oxidation and ammoxidation is presented. The influence of a variety of catalysts and oxidants on the yields of hydroxylated products of aromatic species is discussed in more detail. The survey is also focussed on the usage of H 2 O 2 as an effective oxidising agent for hydroxylation reactions. Acetoxylation of methyl‐substituted aromatic compounds to their corresponding esters in a single step is indeed an interesting area from an industrial point of view. Hence, the topics covering benzylic acetoxylation, although they are under a developmental stage for commercial exploitation, are also reviewed. The present contribution also covers the main directions of selective oxidation/ammoxidation of aromatic compounds to useful products, surveys recent developments and provides an updated discussion of the state of the art in the field of oxidation and ammoxidation of aromatics. Additionally, a comparative study of the vapour phase oxidation and ammoxidation of different alkyl aromatics to their corresponding aldehydes and nitriles using various heterogeneous catalysts is presented. Besides, the achievements and limitations of the catalysts/processes are emphasised. Furthermore, the present article includes a discussion of common features and differences in mechanistic steps of oxidation and ammoxidation reactions investigated by in situ FITR spectroscopy. The influence of acid‐base properties of catalyst surfaces in connection with electronic effects of the substituents on the performance of the catalysts is also described.
Microfluidic Study of Foams Flow for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) (2014)

In this paper, we report an experimental study of foam flow in different channel geometries using microfluidic devices in the framework of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Two different processes of foam formation are studied. The first corresponds to co-injection of gas and water through a cross junction which gives rise to a monodisperse foam. The second one corresponds to the fragmentation of large bubbles by a porous media, a foam formation process simulating multiphase flows in rocks. The foam formation is completely controlled and characterized varying both the water and gas pressure applied. We also use a microdevice with two permeabilities that permits to highlight the diversion of the continuous phase in the low permeability channels. The observations are important for a better understanding of the implied phenomena in EOR as well as to determine pertinent data to feed flow simulators.
Hyponatremia: A Prospective Analysis of Its Epidemiology and the Pathogenetic Role of Vasopressin (1985)

We prospectively evaluated the frequency, cause, and outcome of hyponatremia (plasma sodium concentration, less than 130 meq/L), as well as the hormonal response to this condition, in hospitalized patients. Daily incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia averaged 0.97% and 2.48%, respectively. Two thirds of all hyponatremia was hospital acquired. Normovolemic states (so-called syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone) were the most commonly seen clinical setting of hyponatremia. The fatality rate for hyponatremic patients was 60-fold that for patients without documented hyponatremia. Nonosmotic secretion of vasopressin was present in 97% of hyponatremic patients in whom it was sought. In edematous and hypovolemic patients, plasma hormonal responses (increases in plasma renin activity and aldosterone and norepinephrine levels) were compatible with baroreceptor-mediated release of vasopressin. Hyponatremia is a common hospital-acquired electrolyte disturbance that is an indicator of poor prognosis. Nonosmotic secretion of arginine vasopressin is a major pathogenetic factor in this electrolyte disturbance.
Giant Magnetoresistance in Magnetic Layered and Granular Materials (1994)

Magnetoresistance (MR) is the change in electrical resistance of a material in response to a magnetic field. All metals have an inherent, albeit small, MR owing to the Lorentz force that a magnetic field exerts on moving electrons. Although earlier studies reported unusual magnetoresistive effects in layered structures, it was discovered that the application of magnetic fields to atomically engineered materials known as magnetic superlattices greatly reduced their electrical resistance, that is, superlattices had a giant magnetoresistance. Superlattices are a special form of multilayered structures, artificially grown under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions by alternately depositing on a substrate several atomic layers of one element, say, iron, followed by layers of another, such as chromium. The original observation of giant magnetoresistance was made on iron–chromium superlattices with nearly perfect crystallinity, which was grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Giant magnetoresistance observed in layered and granular structures arises from the dependence of the resistivity on their internal (local) magnetic configuration.
Tomographic image reconstruction from incomplete projection data by the method of convex projections (1989)

This paper proposes a method based on estimation principles for reconstructing images from their incomplete projection data. The problem of estimating missing line integrals is formulated. This method can treat general problems of reconstruction of images from incomplete projection data. It is possible to take into account a priori knowledge of an object which is represented by a nonlinear constraint. This method has lesser possibility of being affected by errors due to the digital processing and requires a lesser amount of computation since the calculation is simpler than conventional methods.



This paper also proposed the use of a priori knowledge of the external shape and internal structure of an object so that the performance of the method is improved. Simulation experiments were carried out taking some cases where the projection angle is limited and an object contains an opaque part within it. The results show that the proposed method is superior to conventional methods in the quality of reconstructed images and the amount of computation required.
Synthesis of Some Antimicrobial Purine Nucleoside Derivatives (1991)

Abstract Some N (6)‐substituted adenosine derivatives and adenosine attached to different amino‐acid residues and peptides at position 8 have been synthesized using improved methods. The biological activities of the prepared compounds towards gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria are described.
Properties of carboxymethylated cotton prepared in nonaqueous media (1973)

Abstract Mercerized cotton printcloth was converted to sodium cellulosates of various degrees of substitution by reaction with sodium methoxide in methanol. These sodium cellulosates were reacted with sodium monochloroacetate in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature. The sodium hydroxide pretreatment affected not only the yield of the sodium cellulosate but also the degree of conversion of cellulosate to carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose. The nonaqueously prepared CM cottons had fabric properties that differed from the properties of CM cottons prepared by conventional aqueous methods. By the nonaqueous method, CM cottons of increased capacity, or degree of substitution (D.S.), were obtained by a one‐treatment procedure. These CM cottons in the sodium salt or acid form were insoluble in water and in 23% NaOH. Those of D.S. of about 0.3, when in the acid form, possessed improved wrinkle recovery angles. The salt form of CM cotton acts as a built‐in catalyst for the reactions of cotton with methylolated ureas such as dimethylolurea (DMU) and dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU). However, only DMU was effective in imparting improved conditioned and wet wrinkle recovery to CM cotton. Initial replacement of Na + ions of CM cotton by H + was easily accomplished. After replacement of approximately half of the Na + ions, it was more difficult to replace the remaining half of Na + from CM cottons that had been prepared in nonaqueous media. Affinity of carboxylate ions in CM cottons prepared nonaqueously for cations did not decrease with size of cation even though affinity for H + ions was greatest.
Analysis of a decision-directed phase-locked loop for binary partial response continuous phase modulation with index 0.5 (2002)

For BPRCPM (binary partial-response continuous-phase modulation) with modulation index equal to 0.5, it is possible to construct a simple and near-optimum minimum-shift keying (MSK)-type coherent receiver. The S-curve of a decision-feedback phase-locked loop (PLL) is derived to provide a carrier reference for any BPRCPM of modulation index 0.5. The results obtained are illustrated by applying them to the Gaussian minimum-shift keying signal (GMSK) of parameter BT=0.5.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enhanced Superconductivity in Restacked TaS<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets (2017)

Since interface superconductivity was discovered at the interface between two insulating layers LaAlO<sub>3</sub> and SrTiO<sub>3</sub>, such interface-induced superconducting systems have been a research hotspot in superconductivity. Here, we report homogeneous interfaces formed by stacking chemically exfoliated monolayer TaS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets randomly. Enhanced superconductivity of T<sub>c</sub> = 3 K is observed, compared with 0.8 K of parent 2H-TaS<sub>2</sub>. The measurement of heat capacity shows the increase of electronic specific-heat coefficient γ of restacked TaS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets compared to parent 2H-TaS<sub>2</sub> crystals. Density functional theory calculations indicate that increase and delocalization of electron states near the Fermi surface due to the homogeneous interfaces effects could account for the enhanced superconductivity.
Preparation of deuterated naphthalenes, anilines, m‐toluidines, and anisoles by reductive dehalogenation of the corresponding halogenated derivatives with raney Cu‐Al alloy in an alkaline deuterium oxide solution (1990)

Abstract Four deuterated naphthalenes, ten deuterated anilines, three deuterated m‐toluidines, and five deuterated anisoles were prepared in high isotopic purities from the corresponding halo‐substituted derivatives by the reductive dehalogenation with Raney Cu‐Al alloy in an alkaline deuterium oxide solution.
Novel biomarkers in asthma: chemokines and chitinase-like proteins (2008)

Assessments of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 and YKL-40 may allow physicians to more accurately diagnose and predict the course of asthma and thereby allow therapy to be appropriately tailored for a given patient.
The embrace Device Significantly Decreases Scarring following Scar Revision Surgery in a Randomized Controlled Trial (2013)

Therapeutic, II.
Synthesis of Amphiphilic Poly(β-amino ester) for Efficiently Minicircle DNA Delivery in Vivo (2016)

Minicircle DNA (mcDNA) is a kind of enhanced nonviral DNA vector with excellent profiles in biosafety and transgene expression. Herein, we reported a novel amphiphilic polymer comprising polyethylenimine(PEI) modified Poly(β-amino ester) PEI-PBAE(C16) for efficient mcDNA delivery in vivo. The synthesized polymer could condense mcDNA into nanoscaled structure and exhibited efficient gene transfection ability without detectable cytotoxicity. Importantly, when injected into mouse intraperitoneally, these PEI-PBAE(C16) nanocomplexes were able to result in high level of trangene expression which lasted at least 72 h. Overall, these results demonstrated the PEI-PBAE(C16) can mediate effective and safe gene delivery in vivo with clinical application potential.
Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity in enriched populations of Clara cells and alveolar type II cells from control and beta-naphthoflavone-pretreated rats. (1982)

We have developed a method for isolation and purification of specific types of lung cells from rats. Alveolar type II cells were purified from 18% in the initial cell digest to 30% after centrifugal elutriation and finally to over 80% following density gradient centrifugation. Clara cells were enriched from 0.8% in the cell digest to 40 to 60% by use of centrifugal elutriation. In control animals, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was found to increase in parallel with Clara cell purity but was almost undetectable in the type II cells. Following pretreatment of rats with beta-naphthoflavone, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity increased both in Clara cells and particularly, in alveolar type II cells. This methodology provides a means for investigation of the effects of toxic and carcinogenic compounds on different populations of lung cells.
Highly repetitive high energy/power beam combination laser: IFE laser driver using independent phase control of stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugate mirrors and pre-pulse technique (2005)

A beam combination laser with stimulated Brillouin scattering-phase conjugate mirrors (SBS-PCMs), which is expected to produce a high output energy and power with a repetition rate over 10 Hz, is a candidate for a practically useful laser fusion driver in the future. In order to develop the beam combination laser with SBS-PCMs, it is necessary to control the phase of each SBS wave whose phases are known as inherently random. We have proposed a new phase control technique and demonstrated experimentally that the relative phase difference between two SBS waves can be controlled to a certain value and locked to it with an accuracy less than λ/4. Additionally we have proposed and demonstrated a new technique to preserve the pulse shape of the SBS wave. Based on these experimental results, we have proposed two schemes of the new schemes for the high repetition and high energy/power beam combination laser system (laser fusion driver) using the SBS-PCMs of amplitude division and wave-front division techniques, which can operate with repetition rate over 10 Hz, in this paper.
Room-temperature Formation of Hollow Cu2O Nanoparticles (2011)

Monodisperse Cu and Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized using tetradecylphosphonic acid as a capping agent. Dispersing the NPs in chloroform and hexane at room temperature results in the formation of hollow Cu2O NPs and Cu@Cu2O core/shell NPs, respectively. The monodisperse Cu2O NPs are used to fabricate hybrid solar cells with efficiency of 0.14percent under AM 1.5 and 1 Sun illumination.
Comparison of Cultured Epidermal Autograft and Massive Excision with Serial Autografting Plus Homograft Overlay (1992)

The chief determinant of mortality in severe burn injuries has been the size and severity of the wound. Early massive excision of the wound has increased the median lethal dose to 98% of total body surface area burn but presents the problem of wound closure. Autograft substitutes must be used for a large burn. We report our experience with early massive excision in the treatment of 47 pediatric patients with burns who had greater than 80% total body surface area burn and greater than 80% full-thickness burn. Four patients died within hours of admission. Fifteen patients died of sepsis and multiorgan failure; the primary source of bacterial contamination was the open wound. The 28 survivors received approximately 2.0 m2 2:1 homograft until autograft became available. A case report of a 10-year-old boy illustrates the use of two types of cultured epidermal autograft, one "homegrown" and one commercially produced.
Application of self-focusing of ps laser pulses for three-dimensional microstructuring of transparent materials (1998)

Self-focusing of ps laser pulses (λ=790 nm) due to the nonlinear Kerr effect is shown to provide an easy and flexible method for producing bulk structures with dimensions on the order of 10 μm without damaging the entrance or exit surfaces of the material. The depth at which damage occurs can be controlled by adjusting either the pulse energy or pulse length. A study of the dependence of structure depth on the square root of the laser power for a given pulse length provides a straightforward method for determining the nonlinear index of refraction (Kerr coefficient), n2.