gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The relations of sintering conditions and microstructures of [Bi<sub>0.5</sub>(Na<sub>1‐x‐y</sub>K<sub>x</sub>Li<sub>y</sub>)<sub>0.5</sub>]TiO<sub>3</sub> piezoelectric ceramics (2004)

Abstract Bismuth sodium titanate (abbreviated as BNT) based solid solution, [Bi 0.5 (Na 1‐x‐y K x Li y ) 0.5 ]TiO 3 (0 < x + y < 1) ceramics, was invented in our group. These ceramics, which are considered as new candidates for lead‐free piezoelectric materials, were prepared by conventional ceramic sintering technique. The results of X‐ray diffraction show that the ceramics possess a single perovskite phase. The relations of the sintering conditions and the microstructures of the ceramics were studied. It was found that the optimized sintering condition is at 1100‐1150 °C for 2‐3 h, the grains of the ceramics have very regular shape, and the grain size of the ceramics is in the range of 1.3‐2.2 μm. These ceramics with the compositions of high amount of K + and low amount of Li + have relatively large piezoelectric charge constant ( d 33 ), and can be put into practical applications. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In vitro and ex vivo expression of nucleolar proteins B23 and p120 in benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the prostate. (1995)

The expression of two specific nucleolar antigens, p120 and B23, has been investigated in the prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP as well as in 40 frozen and 40 formalin-fixed tissue samples of benign and malignant prostatic lesions (15 benign hyperplasias, 5 grade 1, 15 grade 2, and 5 grade 3 carcinomas). In vitro, immunoreactivity of p120 was confined to nucleoli of proliferating cells, with virtually no negative staining during S and G2/M phases. Unlike p120, B23 was expressed in the nucleoli of all LNCaP cells independently of growth and cell cycle phases. Hence, B23 was detectable in all stromal as well as in normal and malignant epithelial prostatic cells, both in fresh and in formalin-fixed tissue sections after microwave treatment. In contrast, the immunoreactivity of p120 was almost completely restricted to the nucleoli of prostate carcinoma cells: frozen sections of benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 15) were either totally negative for p120 (n = 13) or had a low percentage of positively stained cells (labeling index = 3.3% in 3 cases). In the carcinoma group 76% (19/25) of the specimens were p120 positive, and there was a significant rise of labeling index from 18.1% in grade 1 to 82.2% in grade 3 carcinomas (P < 0.001). In contrast to B23, p120 could not be reliably demonstrated in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. We therefore conclude that anti-B23 is a general marker of nucleoli, whereas expression of p120 appears to correlate with "hyperactivity" of the nucleolus and provides a new tool for flow cytometrical and immunohistochemical assessment of nucleolar activity in tumor pathology.
Automated EEG-Based Diagnosis of Neurological Disorders: Inventing the Future of Neurology (2010)

Time-frequency analysis : wavelet transforms -- Chaos theory -- Classifier designs -- Electroencephalograms and epilepsy -- Analysis of EEGs in an epileptic patient using wavelet transform -- Wavelet-chaos methodology for analysis of EEGs and EEG sub-bands -- Mixed-band wavelet-chaos neural network methodology -- Principal component analysis-enhanced cosine radial basis function neural network -- Alzheimer's disease and models of computation : imaging, classification, and neural models -- Alzheimer's disease : models of computation and analysis of EEGs -- A spatio-temporal wavelet-chaos methodology for EEG-based diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease -- Spiking neural networks : spiking neurons and learning algorithms -- Improved spiking neural networks with application to EEG classification and epilepsy and seizure detection -- A new supervised learning algorithm for multiple spiking neural networks -- Applications of multiple spiking neural networks : EEG classification and epilepsy and seizure detection.
MenACWY-TT vaccine for active immunization against invasive meningococcal disease (2012)

Meningococcal disease remains a significant global cause of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. The implementation of monovalent meningococcal serogroup C vaccine in developed countries has significantly decreased the incidence of meningococcal disease, while the recent introduction of monovalent serogroup A conjugate vaccine in the African meningitis belt aims to reduce the incidence of high endemic disease in this area. Three quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines have already been licensed; a polysaccharide (MenACWY-PS) and two conjugated (MenACWY-DT and MenACWY-CRM) vaccines. An investigational MenACWY-TT vaccine is described in this article. Clinical trials in infants older than 9 months of age, toddlers, children, adolescents and adults have indicated that this vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic. The inclusion of a spacer molecule coupled with the polysaccharide (for serogroups A and C) and tetanus toxoid as the carrier protein aims to elicit robust immune responses. The tolerability of this vaccine is comparable to that of polysaccharide quadrivalent vaccines and monovalent meningococcal serogroup C vaccines. More importantly, the immunogenicity, antibody persistence and induction of immune memory aim to provide protection to a wide range of susceptible subjects.
SEROLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (1937)

Infectious mononucleosis has been known under different names since 1889, when it was described by E. Pfeiffer 1 as glandular fever. Thirty-four years later, Tidy and Daniel 2 and Downey and McKinlay 3 described the characteristic blood changes and inaugurated the hematologic diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. The blood changes are very helpful in the recognition of the disease, but they are not pathognomonic. Similar changes are found in several clinically unrelated diseases, particularly acute infections of the pharynx. Furthermore, in the early stages of infectious mononucleosis the characteristic elevation of the mononuclear cells may be absent and the blood picture may show merely a slight to moderate increase of the total number of white cells with a normal differential count. A second phase in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was initiated in 1932 by Paul and Bunnell, 4 when they found that the blood serum of the patients is able,
Probing Structure–Nanoaggregation Relations of Polyaromatic Surfactants: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Dynamic Light Scattering Study (2012)

Four synthetic perylene bisimide-based polyaromatic (PA) surfactants with a structural or functional group difference in their attached hydrophilic/hydrophobic substituent side chains were used to probe structure-nanoaggregation relations in organic media by molecular dynamics simulations and dynamic light scattering. The results from the simulated radial distribution functions and light scattering experiments indicate that variation in the structure of side chains and polarity of functional groups leads to significant variations in molecular association, dynamics of molecular nanoaggregation and structure of nanoaggregates. The aggregates of PA surfactant molecules grow to much larger sizes in heptane than in toluene. The aromatic solvent is shown to hinder molecular association by weakening π-π stacking, demonstrating the control of molecular aggregation by tuning solvent properties. In aliphatic solvent, the aggregates formed from PA surfactants of aliphatic alkyl groups and phenylalanine derivatives as a side chain usually have a higher solvent accessible surface area to accessible volume ratio (SASA:AV) than that of tryptophan derivatives in their side chains. PA surfactants with an aliphatic functional group in both side chains does not form polyaromatic π-π stacking (T-stacking) due to its strong steric hindrance in both solvents. Depending on the nature of the side chains attached, various stacking distributions, aggregation sizes, and SASA:AV ratios were obtained. In PA surfactant nanoaggregates, all of the solvent molecules were found to be excluded from the interstices of the stacked polyaromatic cores, regardless of whether the solvent molecules are aliphatic or aromatic. Although the change in the structure of side chain substituent in polyaromatic surfactants has a negligible impact on their self-diffusivity, it can strongly influence their intermolecular interactions, leading to different aggregate diffusion coefficients.
The dopamine transporter proteome (2006)

Abstract Dopamine (DA) uptake through the neuronal plasma membrane DA transporter (DAT) is essential for the maintenance of normal DA homeostasis in the brain. The DAT‐mediated re‐uptake system limits not only the intensity but also the duration of DA actions at presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors. This protein is the primary target for cocaine and amphetamine, both highly addictive and major substances of abuse worldwide. DAT is also the molecular target for therapeutic agents used in the treatment of mental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression. Given the role played by the DAT in regulation of DA neurotransmission and its contribution to the abuse potential of psychostimulants, it becomes not only important but also necessary to understand the functional regulation of this protein. To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with DAT function and regulation, our laboratory and others have embarked on a systematic search for DAT protein–protein interactions. Recently, a growing number of proteins have been shown to interact with DAT. These novel interactions might be important in the assembly, targeting, trafficking and/or regulation of transporter function. In this review, I summarize the main findings obtained from the characterization of DAT‐interacting proteins and discuss the functional implications of these novel interactions. Based on these new data, I propose to use the term DAT proteome to explain how interacting proteins regulate DAT function. These novel interactions might help define new mechanisms associated with the function of the transporter.
Amino acid sequence of a novel Kunitz‐type chymotrypsin inhibitor from hemolymph of silkworm larvae, <i>Bombyx mori</i> (1984)

The primary structure of the chymotrypsin inhibitor (SCI‐III), from larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori , has been determined. This inhibitor seems to be a Kunitz‐type inhibitor judging from the sequence homology with the bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, but has one more amino acid in the half‐cystine frame nearest the N‐terminus. The amino acid at the deduced reactive site (P 1 ) is phenylalanine and this inhibitor is the first example of the Kunitz type that is assigned phenylalanine to its reactive site.
Quantum logic readout and cooling of a single dark electron spin (2013)

We study a single dark N2 electron spin defect in diamond, which is magnetically coupled to a nearby nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. We perform pulsed electron spin resonance on this single spin by mapping its state to the NV center spin and optically reading out the latter. Moreover, we show that the NV center's spin polarization can be transferred to the electron spin by combined two decoupling control-NOT gates. These two results allow us to extend the NV center's two key properties---optical spin polarization and detection---to any electron spin in its vicinity. This enables dark electron spins to be used as local quantum registers and engineerable memories.
Multiresolution spectral conversion for multichannel audio resynthesis (2003)

Multichannel audio is attracting rapidly increasing popularity in audio reproduction. In most cases, however, its transmission requirements are extremely demanding compared to the available bandwidth. One possible solution to this problem could be to transmit a reference channel and recreate the remaining channels at the receiving end. Such a method is proposed by taking advantage of spectral conversion techniques that have been successfully applied to speech processing. Applications of the proposed system include transmission of multichannel audio over the current Internet infrastructure and, as an extension of the methods proposed here, remastering of existing monophonic and stereophonic recordings for multichannel rendering.
Performance of a simple UV LED light source in the capillary electrophoresis of inorganic anions with indirect detection using a chromate background electrolyte (2002)

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are known to be excellent light sources for detectors in liquid chromatography and capillary electromigration separation techniques, but to date only LEDs emitting in the visible range have been used. In this work, a UV LED was investigated as a simple alternative light source to standard mercury or deuterium lamps for use in indirect photometric detection of inorganic anions using capillary electrophoresis with a chromate background electrolyte (BGE). The UV LED used had an emission maximum at 379.5 nm, a wavelength at which chromate absorbs strongly and exhibits a 47% higher molar absorptivity than at 254 nm when using a standard mercury light source. The noise, sensitivity and linearity of the LED detector were evaluated and all exhibited superior performance to the mercury light source (up to 70% decrease in noise, up to 26.2% increase in sensitivity, and over 100% increase in linear range). Using the LED detector with a simple chromate-diethanolamine background electrolyte, limits of detection for the common inorganic anions, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), F- and PO4(3-) ranged from 3 to 14 microg L(-1), using electrostatic injection at -5 kV for 5 s.
An objective method for edge detection in MRI morphometry (1994)

Summary We describe a simple method to objectively identify the threshold for edge detection in morphometric measurement of brain structures. This method correlates highly with the subjective operator-driven approach to edge detection. While the objective approach, using a histogram of pixel intensities, reduces rater bias and may reliably identify brain-CSF boundaries, its value in morphometric measurements of smaller cerebral structures may be somewhat limited.
Root hairs improve root penetration, root–soil contact, and phosphorus acquisition in soils of different strength (2013)

Root hairs are a key trait for improving the acquisition of phosphorus (P) by plants. However, it is not known whether root hairs provide significant advantage for plant growth under combined soil stresses, particularly under conditions that are known to restrict root hair initiation or elongation (e.g. compacted or high-strength soils). To investigate this, the root growth and P uptake of root hair genotypes of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (i.e. genotypes with and without root hairs), were assessed under combinations of P deficiency and high soil strength. Genotypes with root hairs were found to have an advantage for root penetration into high-strength layers relative to root hairless genotypes. In P-deficient soils, despite a 20% reduction in root hair length under high-strength conditions, genotypes with root hairs were also found to have an advantage for P uptake. However, in fertilized soils, root hairs conferred an advantage for P uptake in low-strength soil but not in high-strength soil. Improved root-soil contact, coupled with an increased supply of P to the root, may decrease the value of root hairs for P acquisition in high-strength, high-P soils. Nevertheless, this work demonstrates that root hairs are a valuable trait for plant growth and nutrient acquisition under combined soil stresses. Selecting plants with superior root hair traits is important for improving P uptake efficiency and hence the sustainability of agricultural systems.
Efficient and Stable Gene Expression into Human Osteoclasts Using an HIV-1–Based Lentiviral Vector (2008)

Since osteoclasts are terminally differentiated cells without proliferating activity, efficient and stable gene expression into these cells remains a difficulty. In the current study, we investigate gene transduction into human preosteoclasts by a replication defective lentivirus-based vector containing a modified HIV-1 genome. Human preosteoclasts (differentiating osteoclasts) were transduced with lentiviruses bearing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EFGP) reporter gene. Transduction efficiencies were measured by flow cytometry for EGFP protein expression. Sorted human transduced preosteoclasts were replated and differentiated under human macrophage colony-stimulating factor and human receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand. Mature osteoclasts were then analyzed by the cell viability assay, TRACP assay, and pit formation assay. Efficient gene transduction was obtained at multiplicity of infection of 10, and gene expression lasted for over 4 weeks using our protocol. Lentiviral transduction did not affect osteoclast survival, formation, or function. These results establish an efficient method for gene transduction into human preosteoclasts using a lentiviral vector. Importantly, these transduced preosteoclasts could differentiate into mature osteoclasts without a negative impact from the lentiviruses. This protocol provides a new tool for studies of osteoclast biology. Further work in this area may open new avenues for the study of osteoclast gene signaling and gene therapy of disorders of osteoclast function.
Two-dimensional vector-coupled-mode theory for textured planar waveguides (2000)

We develop a model to treat coupling between guided modes in planar dielectric waveguides that have been textured in two dimensions with a thin surface grating. The formulation is based on a general Green's-function technique that self-consistently determines the field in the surface grating due to the polarization there. With simplifying approximations, this formalism is cast into a two-dimensional (2D) vector-coupled-mode theory that is more computationally efficient, and that gives considerable insight into the nature of mode coupling in 2D textured structures. These models are applied, by way of example, to illustrate some interesting properties of leaky and bound modes that are coupled together by 2D periodic texture. In particular we discuss the complex photonic band structure describing the dispersion, lifetimes, and polarization properties of the resonant states associated with the textured waveguide. In our analysis we emphasize the fundamental differences between coupling in 2D textured waveguides and infinite 2D photonic crystals. We also show that the vector-coupled-mode theory agrees well with the self-consistent formulation.
Release of hydrophobic molecules from polymer micelles into cell membranes revealed by Förster resonance energy transfer imaging (2008)

It is generally assumed that polymeric micelles, upon administration into the blood stream, carry drug molecules until they are taken up into cells followed by intracellular release. The current work revisits this conventional wisdom. The study using dual-labeled micelles containing fluorescently labeled copolymers and hydrophobic fluorescent probes entrapped in the polymeric micelle core showed that cellular uptake of hydrophobic probes was much faster than that of labeled copolymers. This result implies that the hydrophobic probes in the core are released from micelles in the extracellular space. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging and spectroscopy were used to monitor this process in real time. A FRET pair, DiIC(18(3)) and DiOC(18(3)), was loaded into monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactic acid) micelles. By monitoring the FRET efficiency, release of the core-loaded probes to model membranes was demonstrated. During administration of polymeric micelles to tumor cells, a decrease of FRET was observed both on the cell membrane and inside of cells, indicating the release of core-loaded probes to the cell membrane before internalization. The decrease of FRET on the plasma membrane was also observed during administration of paclitaxel-loaded micelles. Taken together, our results suggest a membrane-mediated pathway for cellular uptake of hydrophobic molecules preloaded in polymeric micelles. The plasma membrane provides a temporal residence for micelle-released hydrophobic molecules before their delivery to target intracellular destinations. A putative role of the PEG shell in the molecular transport from micelle to membrane is discussed.
Halogenation Using <i>N</i>-Halogenocompounds. II. Acid Catalyzed Bromination of Aromatic Compounds with 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (1994)

Abstract Ring bromination of aromatic compounds using 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in dichloromethane is promoted by the addition of strong acids. Both organic and inorganic acids whose pKa values are lower than -2 showed the promoting effect. This acid-catalyzed bromination is both practical and effective, even for aromatics having electron-withdrawing substituents.
Restoring Polluted Waters with Public Values (2000)

Watershed management is one of the oldest and most widely accepted tools for protecting water quality.For centuries, it has been understood that enhancing water quality is best accomplished by restricting polluting activities within a drainage area.'Even individuals not well-versed in technical issues, such as U.S. congresspersons, have appreciated the importance of watershed management to water quality protection.Since the 1950s, federal clean water statutes and their amendments have promoted watershed management as a method for protecting water quality. 2Indeed, our legislative commitment to the tools of watershed management has only grown more emphatic over time. 3 Yet despite the continued prominence of watershed management in the laws governing water quality control, until very recently there has been little effort by federal or state agencies to actually implement watershed * Professor, University of Texas School of Law.I am most
Bildung eines „<i>meso</i>‐Helicats” durch Selbstorganisation von drei Bis(brenzkatechinat)‐Liganden und zwei Titan(<scp>IV</scp>)‐Ionen (1995)

Kein chirales Helicat, sondern ein achirales meso ‐Helicat entsteht aus sechs Brenzkatechinat‐Einheiten — paarweise durch (CH 2 ) 3 ‐Ketten verbunden — und zwei Ti 4+ ‐ sowie vier Na + ‐ oder K + ‐Ionen. Am Kaliumsalz läßt sich die Inversion der Konfiguration der chiralen Metallzentren direkt beobachten, und zwar durch NMR‐Untersuchungen bei mehreren Temperaturen. magnified image
Triterpene Saponins from<i>Cyclamen coum</i>var.<i>coum</i> (1997)

From the tubers of Cyclamen coum (Primulaceae) three new saponins, cyclaminorin (1), cyclacoumin (3) and mirabilin lactone (4) were isolated together with a known saponin, deglucocyclamin (2). The structures of the new compounds were established as 13 beta,28-epoxy-3 beta-(([beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl) oxy) 16 alpha-hydroxy-olean-30-al (1), 13 beta,28-epoxy-3 beta-((([beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2) -beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy)-16 alpha,23-dihydroxy-olean-30-al (3) and 16 alpha-hydroxy-3 beta-((([beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1-->6)]-beta D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4))- [beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)-oxy) olean-12-eno-30,28-lactone (4). Structure elucidattions were accomplished using both spectral (NMR, MS, IR) and chemical methods.