gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design Optimization of a Portable Thermophoretic Precipitator Nanoparticle Sampler (2012)

Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are developing methods for characterizing diesel particulate matter in mines. Introduction of novel engine and exhaust after treatment technologies in underground mines is changing the nature of diesel emissions, and metrics alternative to the traditional mass-based measurements are being investigated with respect to their ability to capture changes in the properties of diesel aerosols. The emphasis is given to metrics based on measurement of number and surface area concentrations, but analysis of collected particles using electron microscopy (EM) is also employed for detailed particle characterization. To collect samples for EM analysis at remote workplaces, including mining and manufacturing facilities, NIOSH is developing portable particle samplers capable of collecting airborne nano-scale particles. This paper describes the design, construction, and testing of a prototype thermophoretic precipitator (TP) particle sampler optimized for collection of particles in the size range of 1-300 nm. The device comprises heated and cooled metal plates separated by a 0.8 mm channel through which aerosol is drawn by a pump. It weighs about 2 kg, has a total footprint of 27 × 22 cm, and the collection plate size is approximately 4 × 8 cm. Low power consumption and enhanced portability were achieved by using moderate flow rates (50-150 cm<sup>3</sup>/min) and temperature gradients (10-50 K/mm with Δ<i>T</i> between 8 K and 40 K). The collection efficiency of the prototype, measured with a condensation particle counter using laboratory-generated polydisperse submicrometer NaCl aerosols, ranged from 14-99%, depending on temperature gradient and flow rate. Analysis of transmission electron microscopy images of samples collected with the TP confirmed that the size distributions of collected particles determined using EM are in good agreement with those determined using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer.
Model Based Diagnosis of Dynamic Systems (1997)

Automated fault diagnosis in complex systems quickly detects and isolates component failures. To this end, system models can be effectively and efficiently exploited by mapping deviating measurement values onto a functional description of the system. Functional relations between measurements are then used in a candidate generation stage to find all sets of possible deviating component parameters that explain the measurement values. Typically, this initial set of hypothesized faults contains a large number of candidates and to isolate the true fault, future system behavior is predicted from the system model for each of the possible faults. Continued monitoring of these predictions then prunes the initial set of fault hypotheses till the true fault is identified. This interaction of candidate generation, prediction, and monitoring is referred to as model based diagnosis. Given an underlying modeling formalism that is applicable across physical domains (e.g., electrical, mechanical), the generic diagnosis algorithms can be combined with a model of a specific system to quickly generate a diagnosis engine. If abrupt faults occur, fault detection and isolation (FDI) can be efficiently performed based on transients in system behavior. This requires a dynamic model of the system. To support compositionality, topological models are well suited for diagnosis. Furthermore, because diagnosis is basically a search process, to keep computational complexity low, it is important for diagnosis models to incorporate as many constraints as possible. All of these requirements are elegantly addressed by the bond graph modeling formalism which is based on energy exchange, power, between system components. Therefore, it captures phenomena in a number of physical domains, e.g., as in electro-mechanical systems. Moreover, bond graphs allow for algorithmic assignment of causality to derive a set of dependency relations of the system. This paper shows how the temporal aspects of these relations can be systematically captured by a temporal causal graph. The use of bond graphs inherently requires conservation of energy and continuity of power to be satisfied, and, therefore, the derived temporal causal graph provides a well constrained model. We show how this graph results in efficient diagnosis of a complex, nonlinear, model of a secondary cooling system in fast breeder reactors.
Hydraulic fracturing stress measurements at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, and relationship to the regional stress field (1985)

Hydraulic fracturing stress measurements and acoustic borehole televiewer logs were run in holes USW G‐1 and USW G‐2 at Yucca Mountain as part of the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations for the U.S. Department of Energy. Eight tests in the saturated zone, at depths from 646 to 1288 m, yielded values of the least horizontal stress S h that are considerably lower than the vertical principal stress S v . In tests for which the greatest horizontal principal stress S H could be determined, it was found to be less than S v , indicating a normal faulting stress regime. The borehole televiewer logs showed the presence of long (in excess of 10 m), vertical, drilling‐induced fractures in the first 300 m below the water table. These are believed to form by the propagation of small preexisting cracks under the excess downhole fluid pressures (up to 5.2 MPa) applied during drilling. The presence of these drilling‐induced hydrofractures provides further confirmation of the low value of the least horizontal stresses. A least horizontal principal stress direction of N60°W–N65°W is indicated by the orientation of the drilling‐induced hydrofractures (N25°E–N30°E), and the orientation of stress‐induced well bore breakouts in the lower part of USW G‐2 (N65°W). This direction is in good agreement with indicators of stress direction from elsewhere at the Nevada Test Site. The observed stress magnitudes and directions were examined for the possibility of slip on preexisting faults. Using these data, the Coulomb criterion for frictional sliding suggests that for coefficients of friction close to 0.6, movement on favorably oriented faults could be expected. For coefficients of friction of 1.0, preexisting faults of all orientations should be stable. Laboratory studies on the Yucca Mountain tuffs, reported elsewhere, yield coefficients of friction ranging from 0.6 to 0.9.
EFFICIENT BIOMOLECULE PRE-CONCENTRATION BY NANOFILTER-TRIGGERED ELECTROKINETIC TRAPPING (2005)

This paper describes a novel nanofluidic device that can pre-concentrate dilute protein and peptide solution by electrokinetic trapping mechanism—up to 107 fold in concentration. By applying an electrical field across a 40 nm deep nanofluidic filter, one can generate an induced space charge layer as an energy barrier for charged biomolecules in the bulk. Coupling with a tangential field along the microchannel, this device can be used as either a preconcentrator or an injector for various applications.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Rocaglaol Analogues. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Osteomyelitis in Adolescents (2007)

Osteomyelitis in adolescents is a serious disease with the potential for lifelong disability. Microbial invasion of the bone typically results from hematogenous seeding. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. The clinical presentation and management of osteomyelitis in children and adolescents is changing with the emergence of invasive community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus infections. Antibiotic treatment should target S aureus including community-acquired methicillin-resistant strains. In some cases, surgical debridement is indicated, especially in cases of chronic osteomyelitis or osteomyelitis associated with septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and subsequent appropriate medical and surgical intervention is critical for avoiding chronic bone destruction and, thus, preventing permanent disability. A multidisciplinary approach involving the pediatrician, infectious disease specialist, and orthopedic surgeon is essential for achieving the best outcome for the patient.
Interstitial cell seeding and dynamic conditioning of aortic heart valve scaffolds (2013)

In 2011, U.S. Markets for Heart Valve Repair and Replacement Products estimated that roughly four million people in the United States are diagnosed with a heart valve disorder annually. And in the following year, the American Heart Association reported that approximately 35,000 deaths in the US were either directly or indirectly attributed to heart valve disease. Diseases of the heart valve are degenerative in nature and therefore progressively worsen unbeknownst to the patient until symptoms become clinically relevant. By this time, the valve is in such poor condition that complete replacement is often the only effective treatment. Current solutions are mechanical and bioprosthetic replacements, but each is associated with its own inadequacies. As a result, science is now looking to the promising field of tissue engineering for solutions to the limitations of current valve replacement options. A patient-tailored, translational approach to heart valve replacement that is safe and effective will expectantly be the result of efforts put into this rapidly growing area of research. Present experiments hypothesize that the success of tissue engineered heart valves lies in the complete recellularization of a scaffold with autologous cells prior to implantation. While external cell seeding of the valve to avoid thrombogenicity seems to be the most obvious need, additional focus on interstitial recellularization is necessary to obtain a truly biocompatible replacement capable of valve remodeling and regeneration. Our short term goal is to obtain a fully recellularized, viable valve scaffold. Thus far, infiltration of externally seeded cells into the acellular tissue scaffold has been shown to some extent, but has led to many questions concerning the effectiveness of those seeding methods. More specifically, there are concerns about the characterization of the cell phenotypes found in the interstices of the cusp and their effect on the success of the entire valve construct in vivo. The following document proposes a novel method of cell injection into acellular aortic heart valve cusp scaffolds followed by mechanical conditioning as a prerequisite to complete valve recellularization that will yield proper valvular interstitial cell phenotype within the construct. Present studies have optimized the cellular injection technique, determined appropriate conditioning methods, and shown cell retention and differentiation within the interstices of the cusp.
Immunofluorescence Studies of T and Virus Capsid Antigens Induced by Chick Embryo Lethal Orphan Virus (1970)

SUMMARY Chick embryo lethal orphan virus induced both T and virus capsid antigens during cytolytic infection of chick kidney cells. The T antigen was produced relatively early, 8 or 9 hr after infection, while virus capsid antigen was first detected after 15 to 16 hr. The T antigen appeared as a fine granular fluorescence and also as small blobs confined to the cell nucleus. T antigen was detected in virus-infected hamster, mouse and human cells, but was present in very few cells compared with chick kidney monolayers, where almost all cells contained antigen. The virus capsid antigen had a more complex morphology, with fluorescing spots and blobs in the nucleus; it was also detected as a diffuse fluorescence in the cytoplasm later in infection. The production of virus capsid antigen in chick kidney cells was partially inhibited by cytosine arabinoside (100 µg./ml.) or 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (30 µg./ml.). These inhibitors of DNA viruses had no effect on the production of virus-induced T antigen in chick kidney cells. No antigenic relationship was detected by immunofluorescence or complement-fixation tests between chick embryo lethal orphan virus and T antigens of adenovirus type 12. In addition, the adenovirus group hexon antigen was not detected in preparations of chick embryo lethal orphan virus by complement-fixation or immunofluorescence tests.
Protease Inhibitors from Marine Venomous Animals and Their Counterparts in Terrestrial Venomous Animals (2013)

The Kunitz-type protease inhibitors are the best-characterized family of serine protease inhibitors, probably due to their abundance in several organisms. These inhibitors consist of a chain of ~60 amino acid residues stabilized by three disulfide bridges, and was first observed in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-like protease inhibitors, which strongly inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin. In this review we present the protease inhibitors (PIs) described to date from marine venomous animals, such as from sea anemone extracts and Conus venom, as well as their counterparts in terrestrial venomous animals, such as snakes, scorpions, spiders, Anurans, and Hymenopterans. More emphasis was given to the Kunitz-type inhibitors, once they are found in all these organisms. Their biological sources, specificity against different proteases, and other molecular blanks (being also K+ channel blockers) are presented, followed by their molecular diversity. Whereas sea anemone, snakes and other venomous animals present mainly Kunitz-type inhibitors, PIs from Anurans present the major variety in structure length and number of Cys residues, with at least six distinguishable classes. A representative alignment of PIs from these venomous animals shows that, despite eventual differences in Cys assignment, the key-residues for the protease inhibitory activity in all of them occupy similar positions in primary sequence. The key-residues for the K+ channel blocking activity was also compared.
A System Design Archetype for C4ISR Systems of the 21st Century (2002)

In this paper we discuss the difficult issue of how to reliably design and build systems that are fundamentally suited to interoperate with one another. Ideally, all these systems would be constructed using the proposed design principles, but the requirement to interoperate with legacy systems is also recognized. It is not a traditional systems engineering or technology based approach. Rather, a set of key design principles is enumerated. They are, (i) interoperability and system integration, (ii) decoupling of architecture layers, (iii) decoupling of system components. There is also an emphasis placed on a design methodology embodying these design principles, which allows a flexible system design that changes infrequently, and a system implementation that changes constantly. Together with other invariants, these principles are embodied in a highly abstract and widely applicable system design archetype. Populating this archetype further with application frameworks and specifications of components and their behaviors progressively produces more detailed designs. In particular, the archetype identifies core components for storing and conveying arbitrary information between application components, as well as components for managing the dissemination of information around the wide-area network. Using this approach, a system concept demonstrator has been developed that embodies a new approach to building C4ISR support systems, in particular with the aim of addressing the challenges of tactical land environment. This concept demonstrator is an aspect of a broader integrated programme in which advanced technology solutions are developed in conjunction with new tactics, training, procedures, and organizational structures, within particular environmental and operational contexts.
Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with a segmented detector (2003)

A segmented silicon detector has been developed for the Stony Brook soft x-ray scanning transmission x-ray microscope. The detector combines good detective quantum efficiency (90% at 520 e' and low noise (5 photons/ channel/ integration at 520 eV) with the ability of having up to 10 independent sensitive regions that are matched to the microscope geometry. In addition to the usual bright field images, differential phase contrast images and dark field images are recorded simultaneously in one scan. A Fourier filtering method has been employed to recover an estimate of the sample absorption and phase shift from the partially coherent images collected on the detector segments. 'A reconstruction of a Germanium test pattern exhibits good agreement between the predictions from the tabulated x-ray optical constants and the experiment.
Development of an Intravenous Desferrioxamine Mesylate Treatment Protocol for Swine: Monitoring of Desferrioxamine and Metabolites by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (1990)

Desferrioxamine (DFO) metabolism and its pharmacokinetics were studied in a swine model using high-performance liquid chromatography. DFO and three iron-binding metabolites occurred in plasma. Interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics and metabolism were observed. Urine analysis in 4 pigs showed three iron-binding metabolites. The mean percent dose excreted in urine in the form of the parent drug was 45 +/- 10% and 10 +/- 2% (means +/- SD) in the form of metabolites. Of the total amount of the parent drug infused, 3 h after initiation, 87% was in the form of DFO, whereas 13% was present as the DFO-iron III complex which represented 45 mg of urinary iron elimination. The described DFO infusion protocol provides for sufficient DFO to chelate significant amounts of ferric iron in excess of normal levels, thus allowing experimental studies of iron chelation in a variety of disease states.
A deep learning approach for action classification in American football video sequences (2017)

The artificial intelligence is a constant topic of conversation with a field of research that is pushed forward by some of the world's largest companies and universities. Deep learning is a branch of machine learning within artificial intelligence based on learning representation of data such as images and texts by processing the data through deep neural networks. Sports are competitive businesses that over the years have become more data driven. Statistics play a big role in the development of the practitioners and the tactics in order to win. Sport organizations have big statistic teams since statistics are manually obtained by these teams. To learn a machine to recognize patterns and actions with deep learning would save a lot of time. In this thesis a deep learning approach is used to examine how well it can perform to classify the actions pass and run in American footbal lgames. A deep learning architecture is first trained and developed on a public video dataset and then trained to classify run and pass plays on a new American football dataset called the All-22 dataset. Results and earlier research show that deep learning has potential to automatize sport statistic but is not yet ready to overtake the role statistic teams have. Further research, bigger and more task specific datasets and more complex architectures are required to enhance the performance of this specific type of deep learning based video recognition.
Molecular triangulation: Bridging linkage and molecular-network information for identifying candidate genes in Alzheimer's disease (2004)

A major challenge in human genetics is identifying the molecular basis of common heritable disorders. In contrast to rare single-gene diseases, multifactorial disorders are thought to arise from the combined effect of multiple gene variants, such that any single variant may have only a modest effect on disease susceptibility. We present a method to identify genes that may harbor a significant proportion of the genetic variation that predisposes individuals to a given multifactorial disorder. First, we perform an automated literature analysis that predicts physical interactions (edges) among candidate disease genes (seed nodes, selected on the basis of prior information) and other molecular entities. We derive models of molecular networks from this analysis and map the seed nodes to them. We then compute the graph-theoretic distance (the minimum number of edges that must be traversed) between the seed nodes and all other nodes in the network. We assume that nodes that are found in close proximity to multiple seed nodes are the best disease-related candidate genes. To evaluate this approach, we selected four seed genes, each with a proven role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The method performed well in predicting additional network nodes that match AD gene candidates identified manually by an expert. We also show that the method prioritizes among the seed nodes themselves, rejecting false-positive seeds that are derived from (noisy) whole-genome genetic-linkage scans. We propose that this strategy will provide a valuable means to bridge genetic and genomic knowledge in the search for genetic determinants of multifactorial disorders.
Ethylene and a Wound Signal Modulate Local and Systemic Transcription of <i>win2</i> Genes in Transgenic Potato Plants (1991)

The transcriptional regulation of a win2-beta-glucuronidase gene fusion in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants by wounding and ethylene has been analyzed. In common with other genes that are expressed in response to mechanical or chemical stress, win2 is transcribed at the site of injury and also in distant undamaged parts of the wounded plant. Similar kinetics of induction and patterns of transcription were observed in response to mechanical, wounding, elicitor, or arachidonic acid application. Experiments involving the use of chemicals that inhibited ethylene action, and those that increased ethylene production, showed that local induction of win2 transcription did not have an absolute requirement for ethylene, but ethylene was necessary for high levels of expression. In contrast, systemic expression of win2 required both a putative wound signal and ethylene. Ethylene alone had no direct effect on win2 gene expression in the absence of wounding.
Spotted Wing Drosophila,<i>Drosophila suzukii</i>(Diptera: Drosophilidae), Trapped with Combinations of Wines and Vinegars (2012)

Field trapping experiments evaluated wine and vinegar baits for spotted wing drosophila flies, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), and assessed variance in bait attractiveness with wine type, vinegar type, and bait age. A mixture of apple cider vinegar and a Merlot wine attracted more flies than a mixture of acetic acid and ethanol. The vinegar/wine mixture attracted numbers of flies that were similar to numbers of flies trapped with acetic acid with wine or ethanol with vinegar. These results indicate that chemicals in vinegar in addition to acetic acid, and chemicals in wine in addition to ethanol, are attractants for the spotted wing drosophila. Numbers of flies captured with wine/vinegar mixtures varied somewhat with wine type, with a Merlot wine yielding best captures among the wines tested. Numbers of flies captured with wine/vinegar mixes also varied somewhat with vinegar type, with a rice vinegar yielding best captures among vinegars tested. Numbers of flies captured varied little with bait age, from 0 to 7 days old. These results will assist efforts to improve baits used to trap spotted wing drosophila, and to provide guidance for the isolation and identification of chemical attractants from wines and vinegars.