gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
p21ras function is important for T cell antigen receptor and protein kinase C regulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (1993)

In T cells, signals initiated at the TCR, and in particular activation of protein kinase C (PKC), can activate the p21ras proteins. Triggering of the TCR and PKC is required for the efficient production of the T cell growth factor, IL-2. IL-2 gene transcription is controlled by a 275-bp enhancer that is known to contain binding sites for many transcription factors including the octamer family of proteins, NF kappa B, AP-1, and a T cell-specific factor, NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells). NFAT binds to a region of the IL-2 enhancer that has been defined as a TCR response element (ARRE-2), and is induced in response to increases in intracellular calcium, stimulation of PKC, or triggering of the TCR. To determine whether p21ras is involved in the signals that regulate NFAT, we examined the effect of expression of a constitutively active p21ras mutant, v-Ha-ras, and a dominant inhibitory mutant of p21ras, c-Ha-ras(asn)17, on the induction of a NFAT-driven reporter gene (NFAT CAT) during T cell activation. The constitutively active Ras mutant could synergize with the calcium ionophore ionomycin to induce NFAT. In addition, expression of p21v-Ha-ras could enhance NFAT CAT induction in response to TCR and PKC agonists. The dominant inhibitory mutant of p21ras could prevent NFAT CAT expression in response to PKC or TCR triggering. These data show that Ras regulates NFAT, and that p21ras function is important for the TCR- and PKC-regulated pathways that regulate NFAT.
Infection Control in Cystic Fibrosis (2004)

Over the past 20 years there has been a greater interest in infection control in cystic fibrosis (CF) as patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens has been increasingly demonstrated in this unique patient population. The CF Foundation sponsored a consensus conference to craft recommendations for infection control practices for CF care providers. This review provides a summary of the literature addressing infection control in CF. Burkholderia cepacia complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus have all been shown to spread between patients with CF. Standard precautions, transmission-based precautions including contact and droplet precautions, appropriate hand hygiene for health care workers, patients, and their families, and care of respiratory tract equipment to prevent the transmission of infectious agents serve as the foundations of infection control and prevent the acquisition of potential pathogens by patients with CF. The respiratory secretions of all CF patients potentially harbor clinically and epidemiologically important microorganisms, even if they have not yet been detected in cultures from the respiratory tract. CF patients should be educated to contain their secretions and maintain a distance of >3 ft from other CF patients to avoid the transmission of potential pathogens, even if culture results are unavailable or negative. To prevent the acquisition of pathogens from respiratory therapy equipment used in health care settings as well as in the home, such equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. It will be critical to measure the dissemination, implementation, and potential impact of these guidelines to monitor changes in practice and reduction in infections.
Fun Facts: Automatic Trivia Fact Extraction from Wikipedia (2016)

A significant portion of web search queries directly refers to named entities. Search engines explore various ways to improve the user experience for such queries. We suggest augmenting search results with {\em trivia facts} about the searched entity. Trivia is widely played throughout the world, and was shown to increase users' engagement and retention. Most random facts are not suitable for the trivia section. There is skill (and art) to curating good trivia. In this paper, we formalize a notion of \emph{trivia-worthiness} and propose an algorithm that automatically mines trivia facts from Wikipedia. We take advantage of Wikipedia's category structure, and rank an entity's categories by their trivia-quality. Our algorithm is capable of finding interesting facts, such as Obama's Grammy or Elvis' stint as a tank gunner. In user studies, our algorithm captures the intuitive notion of "good trivia" 45\% higher than prior work. Search-page tests show a 22\% decrease in bounce rates and a 12\% increase in dwell time, proving our facts hold users' attention.
Connectivity Maps: Measurements and Applications (2005)

Network connectivity is becoming an important factor for many transportation problems, yet in general we do not have available to us sufficiently detailed maps of expected connectivity that might guide our decision making. Here we detail an approach to creating such maps. Connectivity contour maps are introduced, and the relationship between signal strength and throughput discussed. This work may contribute toward more widespread efforts to create such maps, and the presence of such maps may in turn have implications for emergency response, transportation planning, policy, and individual decision making.
Modified TRUEX Process for the Treatment of High-Level Liquid Waste (1997)

The TRUEX process has been examined to recover Am and Cm from the high-level liquid waste of Purex reprocessing plant. Continuous counter current extraction and back-extraction experiments were carried out by a mixersettler using simulated waste solution for three process flowsheets, i.e. a process flowsheet developed by Argonne National Laboratory and other two process flowsheets which were modified in the scrub stage. The result indicates that the process flowsheet of Argonne National Laboratory cannot be applied for the high-level liquid waste containing high concentrations of lanthanide and actinide elements because of the formation of insoluble salts of these elements with oxalic acid, which is added to restrict the extraction of fission products such as Mo and Zr. A modified process flowsheet, which had only one scrub stage with high concentration of nitric acid, was found to be the best of three process flowsheets examined, where Nd as a simulated element of Am and Cm was sufficiently recovered and any precipitation of oxalate salt was not observed.
A Sensitive Reporter Cell Line for HIV-1 <i>tat</i> Activity, HIV-1 Inhibitors, and T Cell Activation Effects (1994)

The production and characterization of a cell line for quantitative HIV-1 Tat function and T cell activation assays is described. 1G5 is a clonal cell line derived from Jurkat T cells stably transfected with a luciferase gene driven by an HIV-1 long terminal repeat (HIV-LTR). The 1G5 clone was selected for low basal luciferase activity, susceptibility to HIV infection, and high responsiveness to Tat and T cell activation signals. A 10 to 1000-fold increase in luciferase activity after transfection or infection with tat-expressing vectors or HIV was observed. Equivalent levels of expression were detected after stimulation with T cell mitogens. The characteristics of 1G5 make it a valuable reagent for studies of HIV infection, HIV regulatory agents, and other T cell or HIV-activating factors, and for screening potential anti-HIV therapeutic agents.
<i>Pasticcino2</i> is a protein tyrosine phosphatase‐like involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2002)

The pasticcino2 (pas2) mutant shows impaired embryo and seedling development associated with cell de-differentiation and proliferation. This process is specifically enhanced in presence of cytokinins leading to callus-like structure of the apical part of the seedling. Cell proliferation concerns localized and stochastic nodules of dividing cells. In absence of cytokinins, cell proliferation leads to small calli on stems but, most often, cell proliferation is associated with post-genital organ fusion. The PAS2 gene was identified by positional cloning. PAS2 expression was found in every plant organ and was not regulated by PAS1 and PAS3 genes. PAS2 encodes the Arabidopsis member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like (Ptpl) family, a new PTP family originally described in mice and humans and characterized by a mutated PTP active site. This family of proteins has a yeast homolog that is essential for cell viability. The absence of yeast PAS2 homolog can be functionally replaced by the Arabidopsis PAS2 protein, demonstrating that PAS2 function is conserved between higher and lower eukaryotes.
Ras-dependent Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation by G Protein-coupled Receptors (1997)

Many receptors that couple to heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) have been shown to mediate rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk1 and Erk2. In different cell types, the signaling pathways employed appear to be a function of the available repertoire of receptors, G proteins, and effectors. In HEK-293 cells, stimulation of either alpha1B- or alpha2A-adrenergic receptors (ARs) leads to rapid 5-10-fold increases in Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in response to stimulation of the alpha2A-AR is effectively attenuated by pretreatment with pertussis toxin or by coexpression of a Gbetagamma subunit complex sequestrant peptide (betaARK1ct) and dominant-negative mutants of Ras (N17-Ras), mSOS1 (SOS-Pro), and Raf (DeltaN-Raf). Erk1/2 phosphorylation in response to alpha1B-AR stimulation is also attenuated by coexpression of N17-Ras, SOS-Pro, or DeltaN-Raf, but not by coexpression of betaARK1ct or by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. The alpha1B- and alpha2A-AR signals are both blocked by phospholipase C inhibition, intracellular Ca2+ chelation, and inhibitors of protein-tyrosine kinases. Overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of c-Src or of the negative regulator of c-Src function, Csk, results in attenuation of the alpha1B-AR- and alpha2A-AR-mediated Erk1/2 signals. Chemical inhibitors of calmodulin, but not of PKC, and overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of the protein-tyrosine kinase Pyk2 also attenuate mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation after both alpha1B- and alpha2A-AR stimulation. Erk1/2 activation, then, proceeds via a common Ras-, calcium-, and tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway for both Gi- and Gq/11-coupled receptors. These results indicate that in HEK-293 cells, the Gbetagamma subunit-mediated alpha2A-AR- and the Galphaq/11-mediated alpha1B-AR-coupled Erk1/2 activation pathways converge at the level of phospholipase C. These data suggest that calcium-calmodulin plays a central role in the calcium-dependent regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptors in some systems.
IMPROVING INTERBUS TRANSFER WITH AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION, YEAR ONE REPORT (1993)

One of the most consistent public frustrations with bus systems is their perceived, and frequently actual, lack of schedule reliability. For travelers who must transfer between buses the potential for missing a connection becomes a major point of concern. While annoying to any passenger, a missed connection can be critical for a disabled passenger, especially in adverse weather conditions. When the required transfers are between different types of travel modes or different types of transportation services, a precise transfer becomes even more difficult. This, however, is required if a transit operation is to institute the type of feeder service envisioned in the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) legislation. The concept is for a paratransit vehicle (demand-responsive service) to pick up eligible passengers at a point of origin within three-quarters of a mile of a fixed bus route and transport them to the nearest accessible bus stop. One promising approach to facilitating the critical transfer is the use of Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems. The study reported here is intended to contribute to this investigation in two areas: first, focusing on the potential for using AVL to affect transfers between fixed route and paratransit vehicles and second, focusing on the application of AVL to a smaller transit operation. The test site is Des Moines, Iowa, where the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) operates a fleet of about one hundred vehicles along twelve fixed routes and a fleet of seventeen paratransit vehicles which offer complementary door-to-door demand-responsive service. The contents of the report are organized in the following sections: Introduction; AVL Technologies - The Signpost Approach, Loran-C, and GPS (Global Positioning System); The Des Moines MTA; Issues Involved in GPS Application; Frequency; System Components; Equipment Assessment; System Integrators; and Year Two Outlook.
The Next Generation Non-competitive Active Polyester Nanosystems for Transferrin Receptor-mediated Peroral Transport Utilizing Gambogic Acid as a Ligand (2016)

The current methods for targeted drug delivery utilize ligands that must out-compete endogenous ligands in order to bind to the active site facilitating the transport. To address this limitation, we present a non-competitive active transport strategy to overcome intestinal barriers in the form of tunable nanosystems (NS) for transferrin receptor (TfR) utilizing gambogic acid (GA), a xanthanoid, as its ligand. The NS made using GA conjugated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) have shown non-competitive affinity to TfR evaluated in cell/cell-free systems. The fluorescent PLGA-GA NS exhibited significant intestinal transport and altered distribution profile compared to PLGA NS in vivo. The PLGA-GA NS loaded with cyclosporine A (CsA), a model peptide, upon peroral dosing to rodents led to maximum plasma concentration of CsA at 6 h as opposed to 24 h with PLGA-NS with at least 2-fold higher levels in brain at 72 h. The proposed approach offers new prospects for peroral drug delivery and beyond.
Influence of laser spot size and shape on ablation efficiency using ultrashort pulse laser system (2018)

Ultra-short pulsed laser systems provide high accuracy and high-quality materials processing for various kinds of applications. However, one of the highest industrial needs is to identify most efficient processes to achieve high throughput. In terms of ultra-short pulsed laser processing of metals, the specific removal rate (ablated volume per time and average power) shows a maximum value i.e. there exists an optimum fluence where the ablation process is most efficient. In this study the influence of spot size and shape (Gaussian and Top Hat) on the ablation efficiency on AISI 304 (1.4301) steel grade was examined using 10 ps and 350 fs laser pulses at wavelengths of 1064 nm and 1030 nm. The investigation revealed a significant drop of the specific removal rate with increasing Gaussian spot size for both pulse duration. While this behaviour is less pronounced for a Top Hat, showing just 8% decrease of specific removal rate for spot sizes bigger than 40 µm.
A New Tiny Computerized Radiation Dosimeter (1982)

In the continuing search for better ways to measure the real time exposures to radiation received by workers in the nuclear industry, we have developed a new instrument which combines the CdTe detector of the previous chirper with a low battery power computer to process the data. This has resulted in a tiny new instrument capable of sounding an alarm when a dangerous radiation field exists, measuring the radiation field either in a timer/scaler mode or as a ratemeter and alarming when the background increases suddenly. When not in use as a radiation instrument, it can function as a digital watch. The instrument will be small enough to be worn as a watch, which it resembles in form. This development will make it even easier than previously possible for workers in the nuclear industry to carry accurate and sophisticated, yet simple to operate, radiation measuring instruments at any time they are in a potentially hazardous location. This will provide less opportunity for serious exposures to occur by timely measurement and warning.
Melanotropin receptors of murine melanoma characterized in cultured cells and demonstrated in experimental tumors in situ. (1990)

Cultured melanoma cells are known targets for the pigment-inducing actions of melanotropins such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). The objectives of the present studies were to determine the binding properties and functional relevance of MSH binding sites in a mouse melanoma cell line and to determine whether MSH receptors are expressed in situ. The binding properties of MSH receptors in intact cells of a highly metastatic, highly MSH-responsive mouse melanoma cell subline (B16-F10C23) were determined using a radiolabeled, biologically active preparation of the superpotent alpha-MSH analogue, [Nle4,D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH (125I-NDP-MSH). A single high-affinity class of binding site was detected (Kd for NDP-MSH, 5.6 x 10(-11) M; Kd for alpha-MSH, 2.6 x 10(-9) M as determined by Scatchard analysis and heterologous inhibition assays, respectively). alpha-MSH showed nearly identical concentration-response relationships in the radioreceptor assay (inhibition of 125I-NDP-MSH binding) and a bioassay (stimulation of intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation). Furthermore, the respective potencies of three melanotropins, NDP-MSH, alpha-MSH, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, in binding and biological assays were highly correlated. These results indicate that the 125I-NDP-MSH binding site represents the functional MSH receptor. Tumors were induced by inoculation of C57BL/6 mice with B16-F10C23 cells, and the presence of 125I-NDP-MSH binding sites was determined by in situ radiolabeling of frozen tissue sections followed by autoradiography. Specific MSH binding sites were distributed throughout the tumor tissue, but not in associated fibrovascular elements or in neighboring nonmelanoma tissues. As in cultured B16-F10C23 cells, melanotropins inhibited 125I-NDP-MSH binding to tissue sections in a concentration-dependent manner. These results support the hypothesis that functional MSH receptors are expressed in melanoma in situ, suggesting that the activities of melanoma cells in vivo may be subject to modulation by endogenous melanotropins. The methods described will be applicable for studies of the expression and regulation of MSH receptors in human melanoma and other target tissues.
Light Regulation of Aptamer Activity:  An Anti-Thrombin Aptamer with Caged Thymidine Nucleobases (2004)

"Caged" derivatives of a 15 nucleotide ssDNA anti-thrombin aptamer have been synthesized in which thymidine nucleotides are modified with photolabile protecting groups. One caged thymidine in a key location is enough to completely mask the aptamer's function in respect to their affinity for thrombin and their inhibition of the blood clotting cascade. With light (366 nm) the caging group can be removed, yielding the unmodified active aptamer.
Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery (2008)

A comprehensive study of the post-deployment health-related needs associated with post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, and traumatic brain injury among servicemembers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, the health care system in place to meet those needs, gaps in the care system, and the costs associated with these conditions and with providing quality health care to all those in need.
Pyrolysis chemistry of polysilazane precursors to silicon carbonitride (1997)

The cross-linking reactions and the decomposition processes of three different polysilazane precursors to silicon carbonitride have been investigated systematically in the course of pyrolysis to 1400 °C. The polymer to ceramic conversion chemistry was studied for the following precursors: (ViSiHNH) n (VS), (ViSiHNMe) n (VNMS), [(ViSiHNH) 0.5 –(MeSiHNH) 0.5 ] n (VS/MS), by means of thermogravimetry, mass spectrometry, solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction. The influence of the structure and the polymer backbone (the nature and distribution of the functional groups) on the conversion chemistry was investigated. The occurrence of the cross-linking reactions, the ceramic yields and the abundance of the free carbon phase are related to the polymeric precursor structures.
Acoustic mirage in two-dimensional gradient-index phononic crystals (2009)

We report the design of a two-dimensional gradient-index phononic crystal (GRIN PC) structure, which effectively demonstrates the “acoustic mirage” effect on the wavelength scale. Using the GRIN PC, the propagating direction of acoustic waves can be continuously bent along an arc-shaped trajectory by gradually tuning the filling ratio of PCs. We investigate the acoustic mirage effect through both plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods. By controlling the incident angle or operating frequency, the arc-shaped trajectory of acoustic wave propagation can be dynamically adjusted. The GRIN PC structure is composed of steel cylinders, positioned in a square lattice, and immersed in an epoxy. It can be fabricated through a simple process and seamlessly integrated with existing acoustic devices. In addition, we establish that such an acoustic effect can be used in the design of tunable acoustic waveguides, which could find applications in acoustic switching, filtering, and biosensing.
Parasitism and Predation of Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs in Georgia Corn Fields (2010)

Nezara viridula L. and Euschistus servus (Say) are the predominant species of phytophagous stink bugs on corn, Zea mays L., in Georgia. Oebalus pugnax pugnax (F.) occurs in relatively low numbers, and the predatory stink bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) is commonly found. Limited information is available on natural biological control of these four stink bug species in Georgia corn fields; therefore, a 6-yr study of parasitism and predation of their eggs was initiated in 2003. Naturally occurring stink bug eggs were parasitized by six scelionid species, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), T. thyantae Ashmead, T. brochymenae (Ashmead), T. euschisti (Ashmead), Telenomus podisi Ashmead, Telenomus calvus Johnson, and one encyrtid species, Ooencyrtus sp. T. basalis was the most prevalent parasitoid of N. viridula, parasitizing E. servus and P. maculiventris eggs at low levels. T. podisi, the predominant parasitoid species emerging from eggs of E. servus and P. maculiventris, also parasitized O. p. pugnax eggs exclusively and parasitized N. viridula eggs at low levels. T. euschisti and T. thyantae parasitized E. servus egg masses. T. brochymenae parasitized eggs of both E. servus and P. maculiventris. T. calvus parasitized only P. maculiventris eggs. The same species of egg parasitoids that parasitized naturally occurring eggs of N. viridula and E. servus parasitized sentinel eggs of these bugs, except that no T. calvus and Ooencyrtus sp. were obtained from sentinel eggs, and T. thyantae and T. brochymenae emerged from sentinel eggs of N. viridula. Generally, parasitization of an egg mass was either greater than or equal to predation of sentinel eggs of N. viridula and E. servus. However, on some dates in late June and July, predation of sentinel egg masses was numerically approximately twice as high as parasitism. Results indicate stink bug egg parasitoids and predators are significant factors in the natural biological control of stink bugs in corn fields.