gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GeSn-on-Si normal incidence photodetectors with bandwidths more than 40 GHz (2014)

GeSn (Sn content up to 4.2%) photodiodes with vertical pin structures were grown on thin Ge virtual substrates on Si by a low temperature (160 °C) molecular beam epitaxy. Vertical detectors were fabricated by a double mesa process with mesa radii between 5 µm and 80 µm. The nominal intrinsic absorber contains carrier densities from below 1 · 10(16) cm(-3) to 1 · 10(17) cm(-3) for Ge reference detectors and GeSn detectors with 4.2% Sn, respectively. The photodetectors were investigated with electrical and optoelectrical methods from direct current up to high frequencies (40 GHz). For a laser wavelength of 1550 nm an increasing of the optical responsivities (84 mA/W -218 mA/W) for vertical incidence detectors with thin (300 nm) absorbers as function of the Sn content were found. Most important from an application perspective all detectors had bandwidth above 40 GHz at enough reverse voltage which increased from zero to -5 V within the given Sn range. Increasing carrier densities (up to 1 · 10(17) cm(-3)) with Sn contents caused the depletion of the nominal intrinsic absorber at increasing reverse voltages.
B10 Diffused Junctions in N-Type Silicon (1962)

Silicon diffused junction detectors were prepared by diffusion of boron-10 into n-type silicon of resistivity 1000-3800 ohm-cm at a temperature of 1000°C. Detector diameters ranged from 3 mm to 2 cm. With the junction edge exposed in air or in vacuum, these detectors were extremely unstable. The use of organic silanes and ordinary waxes as a coating on the exposed junction edge provided stability. For some detectors the treatment with silanes was followed by a decrease in leakage current during subsequent storage. For alpha particles a resolution width (FWHM) of 40-45 kev was obtained for 6 Mev alpha particles in a detector of diameter 3-4 mm. For 2-cm-diameter detectors the resolution width at this energy was 80-100 kev, but reduced to 40 kev for alpha particles at a higher energy of 9 Mev. The peak-to-valley ratio for fission fragments from Cf <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> was constant and equal to 1.40 at a detector reverse voltage of 15 volts or higher. The use of boron-10 allows identification of the energies of the products of fission reactions that occur within the detector, although similar detectors may be prepared using ordinary boron. For the present detectors the energies of the reaction products from the reaction n(B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> , Li <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> ) α (and their sum were resolved with a resolution width of approximately 250 kev, and with energy corresponding to the known energies to within 5%.
Real-time address trace compression for emulated and real system-on-chip processor core debugging (2011)

In the multicore era, capturing execution traces of processors is indispensable to debugging complex software. The inability to transfer vast amounts of trace data off-chip without significant slow-down has impeded the debugging of such software, in both pre-silicon emulation and in real designs. We consider on-chip trace compression performed in hardware to reduce data volume, using techniques that exploit inherent higher-order redundancy in address trace data. While hardware trace compression is often restricted to poor or moderate performance due to area and memory constraints, we present a parameterizable scheme that leverages the resources already found on existing platforms. Harnessing resources such as existing trace buffers on CPUs, and unused embedded memory on FPGA emulation platforms, our trace compression scheme requires only a small additional hardware area to achieve superior compression ratios.
Bilayer Source/Drain Electrodes Self-Aligned With Fluoropolymer Dielectrics for Stable High-Performance Organic TFTs (2011)

We propose a systematic fabrication method for stable high-performance organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) that are potentially compatible with high-density integrated circuits. Ag/PEDOT:PSS bilayers provide source/drain (S/D) electrodes with low sheet resistance and efficient hole injection capabilities, leading to high-performance bottom-contact pentacene TFTs with a saturation mobility of 0.19 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> / V·s. Patterned dielectric layers based on a fluoropolymer Cytop function as a hydrophobic bank structure to define S/D electrodes in a self-aligned manner from Ag ink and a PEDOT:PSS solution while simultaneously improving the electrical stability of pentacene TFTs.
Transitions to and from Nature in Hegel and Plato (1992)

The philosophical understanding of nature is a key concern of both Plato and Hegel. Their elaborations of the identity and status of nature within their respective philosophies exhibit significant affinities to which Hegel himself draws attention in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Hegel and Plato, indeed, are fundamentally at one in theorizing nature as both displaying and obscuring the principles of reason which they take as providing the foundations of a coherent explanation of reality. In his lectures on the History of Philosophy Hegel takes great pains to emphasize the profundity of Plato's idealism as residing in its identification of the objectively real with the rational. Plato, according to Hegel, is to be revered, above all, for having “… grasped in all its truth Socrates' great principle that ultimate reality lies in consciousness, since according to him the absolute is in thought and all reality is thought.” The Timaeus , for Hegel, articulates how the world of nature is necessarily structured by reason, just as the Republic is seen by Hegel as providing a philosophical explanation of the rationality of the traditional, organic community of the Greek polis. Hegel's recognition of the Platonic foundations of his own version of “absolute” idealism in which the universality of thought assumes an explanatory priority over the material phenomena of nature as well as informing the spiritual activities of human beings has been noted, rightly, by a number of subsequent commentators. Michael Rosen, for instance, in his book, Hegel's Dialectic and Its Criticism , while carefully distinguishing between aspects of Hegel's and Plato's conceptions of nature, intimates the continuity of Hegel's idealism with Plato's by observing how Hegel's language in effecting a transition from the categories of pure thought in the Logic to the material world of nature constitutes an “… echo of Plato's Timaeus .” Certainly, Hegel's cryptic account of the transition from the Absolute Idea, the categorial terminus of the Logic's interrogation of the determinations of pure thought, to the externality and materiality of nature evokes Plato's construal of the construction of the world in the Timaeus , both by the indeterminate character of the God which is invoked, as well as by the clear subordination of material phenomena to a separately articulable order of reason. In the account of the construction of the world developed in the Timaeus , Plato deploys the image of the divine demiurge imparting order to the world by referring to a pre-existing pattern of ideas. Hegel conceives of the Absolute Idea which at the outset of the Philosophy of Nature he likens to God, as, “… freely releasing itself…” into the externality of space and time, in which movement the Idea is seen as suffering neither a transition within nor a deepening of its character such as the mediated categories of the Logic incur in the process of their integration within the Absolute Idea.
A foveated silicon retina for two-dimensional tracking (2000)

A silicon retina chip with a central foveal region for smooth-pursuit tracking and a peripheral region for saccadic target acquisition is presented. The foveal region contains a 9/spl times/9 dense array of large dynamic range photoreceptors and edge detectors. Two-dimensional direction of foveal motion is computed outside the imaging array. The peripheral region contains a sparse array of 19/spl times/17 similar, but larger, photoreceptors with in-pixel edge and temporal on-set detection. The coordinates of moving or flashing targets are computed with two one-dimensional centroid localization circuits located on the outskirts of the peripheral region. The chip is operational for ambient intensities ranging over six orders of magnitude, targets contrast as low as 10%, foveal speed ranging from 1.5 to 10 K pixels/s, and peripheral ON-set frequencies from <0.1 to 800 kHz. The chip is implemented in a 2 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS process and consumes 15 mW (Vdd=4 V) in normal indoor light (25 /spl mu/W/cm/sup 2/). It has been used as a person tracker in a smart surveillance system and a road follower in an autonomous navigation system.
Combination Therapy of Personalized Peptide Vaccination and Low-Dose Estramustine Phosphate for Metastatic Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer Patients: An Analysis of Prognostic Factors in the Treatment (2006)

The aim of this study was to investigate prognostic factors of patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) under combined administration of personalized peptide vaccination and low-dose estramustine phosphate (EMP). From February 2001 to July 2004, 58 men with metastatic HRPC received the combination therapy of personalized peptide vaccination and low-dose EMP. Conducted immune monitorings for those patients were peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursor analysis by interferon-gamma production and peptide-reactive immunoglobulin G (IgG) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical responses and survival times were also evaluated. The combination therapy was well tolerated with no major adverse effects. Increased levels of CTL precursors and IgG responses to the vaccinated peptides were observed in 29 of 37 (78%) patients and in 36 of 41 (88%) patients tested, respectively. A prostate-specific antigen decline of at least 50% occurred in 24% of patients. The median survival time was 17 months (95% confidence interval, 12-25 months). Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that a low number of lymphocytes (p = 0.0075, odds ratio 2.700), a negative immunological activity response after the vaccination (p = 0.0185, odds ratio 2.658), and poor performance status (p = 0.0347, odds ratio 2.569) were independent predictors of disease death. These encouraging results show the need for further evaluation of the combination of personalized peptide vaccination and low dose of EMP for metastatic HRPC patients.
Noninvasive Saliva-based <i>EGFR</i> Gene Mutation Detection in Patients with Lung Cancer (2014)

Abstract Rationale Constitutive activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is prevalent in epithelial cancers, particularly in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Mutations identified in EGFR predict the sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapy. Detection of these mutations is mainly based on tissue biopsy, which is invasive, expensive, and time consuming. Objectives Noninvasive, real-time, inexpensive detection and monitoring of EGFR mutations in patients with NSCLC is highly desirable. Methods We developed a novel core technology, electric field–induced release and measurement (EFIRM), which relies on a multiplexible electrochemical sensor that can detect EGFR mutations directly in bodily fluids. Measurements and Main Results We established EFIRM for the detection of the EGFR mutations in vitro and correlated the results with tumor size from xenografted mice. In clinical application, we demonstrated that EFIRM could detect EGFR mutations in the saliva and plasma of 22 patients with NSCLC. Finally, a blinded test was performed on saliva samples from 40 patients with NSCLC. The receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that EFIRM detected the exon 19 deletion with an area under the curve of 0.94 and the L858R mutation with an area under the curve of 0.96. Conclusions Our data indicate that EFIRM is effective, accurate, rapid, user-friendly, and cost effective for the detection of EGFR mutations in the saliva of patients with NSCLC. We termed this saliva-based EGFR mutation detection (SABER).
Differential regulation of cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 by a combination of dioxin and pesticides in the breast tumor cell line MCF-7. (2001)

Dioxin and pesticides with xenoestrogenic activity are environmental contaminants that are suspected of promoting human diseases such as cancers. However, few studies have addressed the molecular consequences of a combination of these contaminants, a situation that is likely to occur in the environment. We investigated the effects of natural and xenoestrogens on basal and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1. The CYP1B1/1A1 ratio is a critical determinant of the metabolism and toxicity of estradiol in mammary cells. Here we show that in MCF-7 cells, 17beta-estradiol and alpha-endosulfan can repress whole cell ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, lowering CYP1A1 mRNA levels as well as promoter activity as assessed by transient transfection assays. These negative effects are observed at both the basal and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced levels. Under the same conditions, CYP1B1 mRNA levels and promoter activity are not affected. The effects on mRNA-induced levels are also observed in another mammary cell line, T47D, but not in mammary cell lines that do not express aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor (ER). Moreover, the use of ER antagonists shows that these effects are ER dependent in MCF-7 cells. In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, which lack functional ER, alpha-endosulfan, but not 17beta-estradiol, displays a repressive effect on CYP1A1 through a different mechanism. These results show that xenoestrogens, by altering the ratio of CYP1B1/CYP1A1, could redirect estradiol metabolism in a more toxic pathway in the breast cell line MCF-7.
Women in Honors Education: The Case of Western Washington University (2004)

This essay is concerned with women and their educational experience in an Honors Program, and with their educational choices. It deals briefly with the history of women in higher education in the Western world and in the light of this history compares WWU Honors women with historical trends, with men and women students in the institution, and with students nationally in terms of major choices and career aspirations. It is not an attempt to view Honors women’s education comprehensively nor to look at WWU women along side Honors women more generally. In fact, it is not possible to do so, as figures on major choices among women in Honors Programs nationally are not available. It does try to answer some specific questions—What majors do Honors women at Western Washington University chose, and why? Do women regard their general education in ways different from men? More generally, are there uniquely feminine issues as regards their educational choices?
Hydraulic Fracturing in the Ghawar Field Carbonate and Sandstone Reservoirs (2003)

This article, written by Assistant Technology Editor Karen Bybee, contains highlights of paper SPE 77677, "Hydraulic Fracturing Case Histories in the Carbonate and Sandstone Reservoirs of Khuff and PreKhuff Formations, Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia," by Zillur Rahim, Kirk Bartko, SPE, and Mohammed Y. Al-Qahtani, SPE, Saudi Aramco, originally presented at the 2002 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September-2 October.
Redundancy and its applications in wireless sensor networks: a survey (2009)

Abstract:- In this paper we presented and classified various approaches for redundancy in the area of wireless sensor networks, related to sensing, communication and information processing. Sometimes an ally, sometimes a foe, redundancy is an inherent feature of sensor networks that has to be very carefully examined in order to improve important aspects of their functioning. Moreover, this paper presents two methodologies: one that implies both components of spatial redundancy and one that implies the use of temporal redundancy for achieving the objective of fault-tolerant and safe operation. In the end, the fields in which the redundancy could be applied with significant results are highlighted. Key-Words:- wireless sensor networks, redundancy, sensing coverage, communication 1
Transgenic conversion of omega-6 into omega-3 fatty acids in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (2010)

We have recently identified a neuroprotective role for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in a toxin-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Combined with epidemiological data, these observations suggest that low n-3 PUFA intake is a modifiable environmental risk factor for PD. In order to strengthen these preclinical findings as prerequisite to clinical trials, we further investigated the neuroprotective role of n-3 PUFAs in Fat-1 mice, a transgenic model expressing an n-3 fatty acid desaturase converting n-6 PUFAs into n-3 PUFAs. Here, we report that the expression of the fat-1 transgene increased cortical n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio (+28%), but to a lesser extent than dietary supplementation (92%). Such a limited endogenous production of n-3 PUFAs in the Fat-1 mouse was insufficient to confer neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity as assessed by dopamine levels, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and fibers, as well as nigral Nurr1 and dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA expression. Nevertheless, higher cortical docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were positively correlated with markers of nigral dopaminergic neurons such as the number of TH-positive cells, in addition to Nurr1 and DAT mRNA levels. These associations are consistent with the protective role of DHA in a mouse model of PD. Taken together, these data suggest that dietary intake of a preformed DHA supplement is more effective in reaching the brain and achieving neuroprotection in an animal model of PD.
In Vivo Activation of<i>met</i>Tyrosine Kinase by Heterodimeric Hepatocyte Growth Factor Molecule Promotes Angiogenesis (1995)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a powerful motogen and mitogen for epithelial cells. The factor is a 90-kD heterodimer composed of an alpha chain containing four kringle motifs and a beta chain showing structural homologies with serine proteases. It is, however, devoid of enzymatic activity. Recently, it has been reported that HGF activates migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and is angiogenic. In this article we discuss (1) the molecular domains of HGF required to activate in vitro and in vivo endothelial cells, studied by use of molecular mutants, and (2) the characteristics of the angiogenic response to HGF in an experimental model system of implanted reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel). Two groups of mutants were made and used in vitro and in vivo: one with deletions of kringle domains and one with substitution at the cleavage site of the HGF precursor. In vitro, HGF variants containing only the first two (HGF-NK2) or the first three kringles (HGF-NK3) of the alpha chain did not induce proliferation of endothelial cells even if used at concentration 160-fold higher than that optimal for HGF (0.05 nmol/L). High concentrations of these mutants (4 to 8 nmol/L) activated a little endothelial cell motogenic response that was 60% lower than that elicited by HGF. Substitution of Arg 489 with Gln 489 in the HGF precursor generated an uncleavable single-chain factor, unable to induce either endothelial cell migration or proliferation. In vivo, HGF induced a dose-dependent angiogenic response, which was enhanced by heparin.
Adipose tissue in experimental nephrotic syndrome (1963)

Epididymal adipose tissue of aminonucleoside-treated rats, investigated 3 to 6 days after induction of the nephrotic syndrome, had low glycogen levels and showed impaired esterification of free fatty acids and assimilation of lipoprotein triglyceride and markedly reduced liberation of lipoprotein lipase. These results were found to be influenced by the inadequate food intake of the acutely nephrotic animals and comparable to the values of control rats fasted for 2 days. On return to adequate nutrition, which occurred 12–20 days after aminonucleoside treatment, adipose tissue glycogen and free fatty acid assimilation returned toward normal levels but lipoprotein-lipase liberation remained below normal. In rats rendered nephrotic by antikidney serum, the assimilation of free fatty acids and lipoprotein-triglyceride by adipose tissue was impaired in spite of only minor reduction in food consumption. The results indicate that the defective metabolism of adipose tissue in nephrotic animals may be contributory to the nephrotic hypertriglyceridemia.
Surface comparison of active and inactive protein kinases identifies a conserved activation mechanism (2006)

The surface comparison of different serine-threonine and tyrosine kinases reveals a set of 30 residues whose spatial positions are highly conserved. The comparison between active and inactive conformations identified the residues whose positions are the most sensitive to activation. Based on these results, we propose a model of protein kinase activation. This model explains how the presence of a phosphate group in the activation loop determines the position of the catalytically important aspartate in the Asp-Phe-Gly motif. According to the model, the most important feature of the activation is a "spine" formation that is dynamically assembled in all active kinases. The spine is comprised of four hydrophobic residues that we detected in a set of 23 eukaryotic and prokaryotic kinases. It spans the molecule and plays a coordinating role in activated kinases. The spine is disordered in the inactive kinases and can explain how stabilization of the whole molecule is achieved upon phosphorylation.
Pluribus (1975)

As computer technology has evolved, system architects have continually sought new ways to exploit the decreasing costs of system components. One approach has been to pull together collections of units into multiprocessor systems. Usually the objectives have been to gain increased operating power through parallelism and/or to gain increased system reliability through redundancy.