gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>N</i>-Octyl-2,7-dithia-5-azacyclopenta[<i>a</i>]pentalene-4,6-dione-Based Low Band Gap Polymers for Efficient Solar Cells (2013)

We report the synthesis, characterization, and solar cell properties of new donor–acceptor-type low band gap polymers (POBDTPD and PEBDTPD) that incorporate dialkoxybenzodithiophene (BDT) as the donor and N-octyl-2,7-dithia-5-azacyclopenta[a]pentalene-4,6-dione (DTPD) as the acceptor. The newly developed DTPD moiety was carefully designed to lower a band gap via strong interaction between donor–acceptor moieties and keep polymer energy levels deep. Remarkably, the DTPD acceptor moiety effectively widens the light absorption range of the polymers up to ∼900 nm while positioning their HOMO and LUMO levels in the optimal range, i.e., −5.3 and −4.0 eV, respectively, for high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) as we intended. Solar cell devices were fabricated according to the structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/photoactive (polymer:PC70BM)/TiO2/Al. The POBDTPD devices exhibited a PCE of 4.7% with a Voc of 0.70 V, a Jsc of 10.6 mA/cm2, and a FF of 0.64. The PEBDTPD devices yielded a higher PCE of 5.3% with a Voc of 0.72 V, a Jsc of 13.5 mA/cm2, and a FF of 0.54. AFM, TEM, and PL quenching measurements revealed that the high Jscs are a result of the appropriate morphology and efficient charge separation. In comparing the performances of the two polymer devices, the higher Jsc for the PEBDTPD device was attributed to its better nanoscale phase separation, smoother surface, and higher carrier mobility in the polymer:PC70BM blend films. The higher FF for the POBDTPD device was ascribed to a good balance between the hole and electron mobilities. Overall, we demonstrate that the DTPD unit is a promising electron-accepting moiety to develop high performance low band gap polymers.
Design and characterization of a high-precision resistor ladder test structure (2003)

A new subsite stepped multiresistor test structure is introduced. This test structure is used for studying and improving small resistance mismatch patterns in resistor ladders for high-resolution analog-to-digital converter applications. By utilizing wafer prober subsite movements and contact pad cross connections in the test structures, in combination with a Kelvin measurement method and dedicated statistical data evaluation technique, this approach enables identification of very small (<0.05%) systematic resistance mismatch patterns in realistic high- precision resistor ladder implementation. The most disturbing mismatch pattern was found to be caused by mechanical stress from the resistor ladder head layout, while others are attributed to decananometer scale reticle writing artefacts.
Functionalization of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeting, Biocompatibility, Combined Cancer Therapies and Theragnosis (2013)

The advent of Nanotechnology has paved a way for improved disease treatment strategies, the most noteworthy being the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) which have gained much recent attention in the field of cancer therapy and its diagnosis. The flaws of the current-day strategies can be overcome by this superior technology through its targeting ability in delivering drugs and image able agents specifically to the tumor sites. MSNs have unique biocompatibility features, its high surface area which contributes in large amount of drug loading and its facility to monitor size and shape of the nanoparticles are few of the positives which makes this technology an enormous asset for the field of Nanotechnology. This review paper is structured in such a way wherein we initially have discussed about the synthesis methods and various functionalization approaches for MSN followed by the different methods used for targeting cancer cells and the latest advances in controlled drug release. Some of the highlights of this review are the biocompatibility of MSNs, in vivo results of MSNs on cancer therapy. This review paper also shortly discuss about combined cancer therapies to overcome the challenges in current-day cancer treatment. Finally, we converge briefly on the recent advancements in the use of hybrid MSNs for obtaining multiple functions.
The use of public key cryptography in communication system design (1978)

Since the time of Caesar, cryptography has been used in the design of secure communications systems. Recently, Diffie and Hellman [2] have introduced a new type of cryptographic method, based on "trapdoor" functions, which promises to be of great value in the design of such systems. We present a review of public key cryptosystems, followed by examples of communications systems which make particularly elegant use of their properties.
Edge Detection based on Kernel Density Estimation (2014)

Edges of an image are considered a crucial type of information. These can be extracted by applying edge detectors with different methodology. Edge detection is a vital step in computer vision tasks, because it is an essential issue for pattern recognition and visual interpretation. In this paper, we propose a new method for edge detection in images, based on the estimation by kernel of the probability density function. In our algorithm, pixels in the image with minimum value of density function are labeled as edges. The boundary between two homogeneous regions is defined in two domains: the spatial/lattice domain and the range/color domain. Extensive experimental evaluations proved that our edge detection method is significantly a competitive algorithm.
Activity and Stability of Linear Networks (1965)

The stability criterion of linear four-terminal networks is given in a compact form similar to the activity criterion. The reduction of the Llewellyn criterion [2] to this new form is presented. By means of the stability and activity criteria in their compact form, an activity-stability diagram is derived, which is shown to be useful in the analysis of nonreciprocal networks, indicating stability, activity and nonreciprocity, and in the field of synthesis of nonreciprocal, passive and active networks. The new insight that is gained, indicates a novel way of achieving nonreciprocal stable amplification, using reciprocal active elements such as tunnel diodes and varactor diodes
A new algorithm for real-time ellipse detection (2004)

We present a robust ellipse detector based on robust edge detection and Hough transform for real-time applications. The algorithm consists of three steps: we first perform edge detection, we than use a rule-based approach to compute edge convexity, and finally we decompose the parameter space of the Hough transform to achieve computational efficiency. We present our experiments, which show indeed that the proposed detector is able to detect elliptic features with an excellent accuracy under various image conditions and achieve a high speed at about 10 frames per second on a Pentium-III 500 MHz PC.
Phosphinite-Iminopyridine Iron Catalysts for Chemoselective Alkene Hydrosilylation (2013)

A series of new pincer iron complexes with electron-donating phosphinite-iminopyridine (PNN) ligands has been prepared and characterized. These iron compounds are efficient and selective catalysts for the anti-Markovnikov alkene hydrosilylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary silanes. More importantly, the system exhibits unprecedented functional group tolerance with reactive groups such as ketones, esters, and amides. Furthermore, the iron-catalyzed alkene hydrosilylation was successfully applied to the synthesis of a valuable insecticide, silafluofen. The electronic properties and structures of the iron complexes have been studied by spectroscopies and computational methods. Overall, the iron catalysts may provide a low-cost and environmentally benign alternative to currently employed precious metal systems for alkene hydrosilylation.
Probing Electrostatic Interactions along the Reaction Pathway of a Glycoside Hydrolase:  Histidine Characterization by NMR Spectroscopy (2007)

We have characterized by NMR spectroscopy the three active site (His80, His85, and His205) and two non-active site (His107 and His114) histidines in the 34 kDa catalytic domain of Cellulomonas fimi xylanase Cex in its apo, noncovalently aza-sugar-inhibited, and trapped glycosyl-enzyme intermediate states. Due to protection from hydrogen exchange, the level of which increased upon inhibition, the labile 1Hdelta1 and 1H epsilon1 atoms of four histidines (t1/2 approximately 0.1-300 s at 30 degrees C and pH approximately 7), as well as the nitrogen-bonded protons in the xylobio-imidazole and -isofagomine inhibitors, could be observed with chemical shifts between 10.2 and 17.6 ppm. The histidine pKa values and neutral tautomeric forms were determined from their pH-dependent 13C epsilon1-1H epsilon1 chemical shifts, combined with multiple-bond 1H delta2/epsilon1-15N delta1/epsilon2 scalar coupling patterns. Remarkably, these pKa values span more than 8 log units such that at the pH optimum of approximately 6 for Cex activity, His107 and His205 are positively charged (pKa > 10.4), His85 is neutral (pKa < 2.8), and both His80 (pKa = 7.9) and His114 (pKa = 8.1) are titrating between charged and neutral states. Furthermore, upon formation of the glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, the pKa value of His80 drops from 7.9 to <2.8, becoming neutral and accepting a hydrogen bond from an exocyclic oxygen of the bound sugar moiety. Changes in the pH-dependent activity of Cex due to mutation of His80 to an alanine confirm the importance of this interaction. The diverse ionization behaviors of the histidine residues are discussed in terms of their structural and functional roles in this model glycoside hydrolase.
Gesture Classification Using Hidden Markov Models and Viterbi Path Counting (2003)

Abstract. Human-Machine interfaces play a role of growing importance as computer technology continues to evolve. Motivated by the desire to provide users with an intuitive gesture input system, our work presented in this paper describes a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based framework for hand gesture detection and recognition. The gesture is modeled as a hidden Markov model. The observation sequence used to characterize the states of the HMM are obtained from the features extracted from the segmented hand image by Vector Quantization. In the recognition system, we try several different HMM models and training algorithms to find the algorithms with high recognition rate and low computational complexity. 1
Design and operation of a Quantum Flux Parametron bit-slice ALU (1995)

The design of Quantum Flux Parametron (QFP) majority logic circuits presents a number of unique constraints. For example, interconnects must be kept short and have a common small inductance. The former suggests that the bit-slice architecture is well suited to QFP circuits. In order to test this conjecture, a suitably complex logic circuit was designed and a small part of it was fabricated. A design for a 16-function bit-slice arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) was found that satisfied the constraints. It can compute on n-bit operands in 2n+4 QFP stages. A reduced version of the bit-slice ALU cell, containing 30 QFP's, was fabricated and successfully tested at low speed. The design experience showed that complex combinatorial QFP logic circuits are possible. Larger circuits will be feasible with computer-aided tools.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pt Complexes with High Molecular Weight Polyvinylmethyldimethylsiloxane Ligands Supported on Diatomite for Liquid-phase Hydrosilylation of 3, 3, 3-Trifluoropropene with Methyldichlorosilane (2006)

有 ligands 为 hydrosilylation of3,3,3-trifluoropropene 和 methyldichlorosilane.Results 作为催化剂在硅藻土上支持了的高分子量 polyvinylmethyldimethylsiloxane (HMPVMS ) 的磅建筑群证明这催化剂显示好热稳定性，高活动和优秀再循环能力，并且它能被简单进程乐意地制作。
Functional reorganization and stability of somatosensory-motor cortical topography in a tetraplegic subject with late recovery (2002)

The functional organization of somatosensory and motor cortex was investigated in an individual with a high cervical spinal cord injury, a 5-year absence of nearly all sensorymotor function at and below the shoulders, and rare recovery of some function in years 6-8 after intense and sustained rehabilitation therapies. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activity to vibratory stimulation and voluntary movements of body parts above and below the lesion. No response to vibratory stimulation of the hand was observed in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) hand area, which was conversely recruited during tongue movements that normally evoke responses only in the more lateral face area. This result suggests SI reorganization analogous to previously reported neuroplasticity changes after peripheral lesions in animals and humans. In striking contradistinction, vibratory stimulation of the foot evoked topographically appropriate responses in SI and second somatosensory cortex (SII). Motor cortex responses, tied to a visuomotor tracking task, displayed a near-typical topography, although they were more widespread in premotor regions. These findings suggest possible preservation of motor and some somatosensory cortical representations in the absence of overt movements or conscious sensations for several years after spinal cord injury and have implications for future rehabilitation and neural-repair therapies.
CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45RO+ T cells differ in their TCR-associated signaling responses (1999)

Peripheral CD4+ T cells can be divided into two different functional populations based on the expression of distinct isoforms of the surface molecule CD45. We have investigated the differences in the proximal signaling induced by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in purified populations of “naive” CD45RA+ and “memory” CD45RO+ human CD4+ T cells. Expression of cell surface CD3, CD4 and CD28 was comparable between RA+ and RO+ cells. However, TCR-directed stimulation in the form of anti-CD3 produced markedly different patterns of intracellular signaling. Greater inositol triphosphate generation occurred in naive cells and the rise in intracellular free calcium was also substantially greater in naive than in memory cells. Cells with the naive phenotype were considerably more active in TCR-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, both at an overall level and specifically in terms of TCR-zeta and ZAP-70 phosphorylation. Despite these differences in phosphorylation, the amounts of TCR-zeta, ZAP-70 and lck were equivalent between the two subsets. These findings suggest that the TCR-dependent signaling is differentially regulated in naive and memory CD4+ T cells. This may be due to differences in the way that the two isoforms of the CD45 phosphatase regulate the activity of proximal kinases in the TCR signaling pathway, and could be an important means by which the unique functions of differentiated T cell populations are maintained.
Synchronized clocks for data transmission (1959)

Synopsis. Accurate timing waves for the transmission and decoding of a kilobit per second data signal are generated by the use of tuning fork resonators in a flywheel-type of synchronization circuit. Accuracy of the derived timing wave is good enough that the timing jitter makes a negligible increase in the error rate. Synchronization is established in about 20 milliseconds prior to sending data.
Smectic liquid-crystal flat display with light-pen and readout functions (1985)

A thermally addressed smectic liquid-crystal flat display is described, which is addressed by a laser-diode light pen as well as by the usual heating electrodes. Information can be written manually on the display panel using a laser diode or information generated by external equipment can be displayed by resistive heating in a line-at-a-time sequence. The manually written information can also be read out electrically by detecting the capacitance of each pixel. To detect the pixel's capacitances arranged in X-Y matrix form, we describe a scheme to prevent crosstalk and to avoid the influence of the electrodes' resistance. By using these techniques, we constructed an experimental display, It has a 30 × 40 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> display area and a resolution of 4 lines/mm.
Acute Coronary Syndrome (2004)

oronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in industrialized countries, in men as well as in women. Women have their first cardiac event 6 to 10 years later than men do. Whereas the cardiovascular death rates are declining in men, they remain constant in women. In cardiovascular studies with age limits, women are naturally the minority, amounting to 40%. It is well known that distinct gender differences exist in terms of presentation of symptoms, validity of diagnostic tests, drug side effects, and complications. With respect to cardiac risk factors, women have higher rates of diabetes and hypertension but are less frequently smokers.
Tracking and erosion of HTV silicone rubber and suppression mechanism of ATH (2001)

Tracking and erosion of high temperature vulcanizing (HTV)-silicone rubber (SIR) and the suppression mechanism of alumina trihydrate (ATH) filler were investigated in the present study. The tracking and erosion resistance of HTV-SIR filled with 0 to 60%wt ATH was evaluated by employing an IEC 587 inclined plane (IP) tracking and erosion test, during which leakage current pulses on HTV-SIR were counted. Surface temperature distributions and the occurrences of thermal spots >400/spl deg/C also were observed by means of an infrared thermovision study. We employed thermogravimetry (TG)-differential thermal analysis (DTA)-mass spectrometer (MS) to observe the thermal degradation of unfilled and filled HTV-SIR in both air and argon. The test results indicate that 40%wt is a critical ATH level and whether tracking and erosion is allowed in the IP tracking and erosion test. Highly filling ATH (>40%wt) reduces the number of low unit silicone oligomer precursors which promote dry-band arcing as well as the presence of residual carbon which leads to carbonization. Chemical modifications of water vapor liberated from heated ATH to methyl groups, which occurs at the thermal decomposition temperature of silicone rubber, were found to result in the above process. The protection mechanisms of ATH for the tracking and erosion of HTV-SIR are formulated herein.
The efficacy ofSilybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (2006)

Oxidative stresses are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications which may either cause direct pancreatic beta-cell damage or lead to metabolic abnormalities that can induce or aggravate diabetes. The valuable effect of antioxidant nutrients on the glycemic control of diabetic patients has been reported in experimental and clinical studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the herbal medicine, Silybum marianum seed extract (silymarin), which is known to have antioxidant properties on the glycemic profile in diabetic patients. A 4-month randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 51 type II diabetic patients in two well-matched groups. The first group (n = 25) received a silymarin (200 mg) tablet 3 times a day plus conventional therapy. The second group (n = 26) received the same therapy but a placebo tablet instead of silymarin. The patients were visited monthly and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1)c), fasting blood glucose (FBS), insulin, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, triglyceride, SGOT and SGPT levels were determined at the beginning and the end of the study. The results showed a significant decrease in HbA(1)c, FBS, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride SGOT and SGPT levels in silymarin treated patients compared with placebo as well as with values at the beginning of the study in each group. In conclusion, silymarin treatment in type II diabetic patients for 4 months has a beneficial effect on improving the glycemic profile.
Efflux Pump, the Masked Side of ß-Lactam Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates (2009)

This is the first study demonstrating that efflux mechanism plays a key role in the beta-lactam susceptibility of clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Such data clearly evidence that the involvement of efflux pumps in beta-lactam resistance is specially underestimated in clinical isolates.
Wide g/sub m/ adjustment range, highly linear OTA with linear programmable current mirrors (2003)

A highly linear OTA (operational transconductance amplifier) with very wide g/sub m/ (transconductance gain) adjustment range is presented. It uses linear electronically programmable current mirrors and is appropriate for its implementation in bipolar or CMOS technology. Its bandwidth and input range remain approximately constant with g/sub m/ adjustment and can be adjusted independently of g/sub m/. Experimental results using bipolar transistor arrays are presented which confirm the characteristics of the proposed structure. This structure is believed to overcome some of the practical limitations of the OTA, increasing its versatility as a building block in analog VLSI systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Student's Background and College Teaching (1953)

The foregoing is but one of a number of similar examples of an educational chain re action. It may have its counterpart at the col lege level where the faculty, department chairmen, deans, president, regents, parents (also generous donors and members of legislatures), and the students themselves frequently exhibit reactions equally notable even though not the same. It is a common understanding that colleges place the blame for poor student preparation upon the secondary schools from whence it passes to the primary schools where, in turn, it is transferred to the parents. It is perhaps too much to hope that such criticism as is included in what follows may escape the oblivion always associated with the buck passing technique. In the technical-professional college curricula, one person completes the requirements for a first degree out of every two who start. In engineer ing, for example, to insure a normal, yearly com plement of 30,000 graduates, 60,000 young men must start an engineering program. In this time of acute shortage of technical personnel, and keen competition among the professions for the better high school student, the most fruitful field for recruitment is among those who are included under the repugnant phrase normal attrition. Professional schools already have the young peo ple, most of whom are from the upper half of their secondary school classes. To keep these young people is both a professional responsibility and an educational objective. Efforts must go deeper than the college pattern, however, and therein the chain reaction starts. There appears to have been no comprehensive study of the of attrition since the 1937 bulletin College Student Mortality published by the U. S. Office of Education. Circumstances undoubtedly have changed since the foregoing date, but it is still quite probable that the same exist although in modified numbers. It is certain that the very factual of mor tality, such as illness, finances, scholastic failure, and lack of discipline, still hold, and it is believed that the group classified as causes unknown is probably as large, if not larger, than previously reported. The latter group plus those who ex perience scholastic difficulty form a pool of po tential candidates for graduation. It is the writer's opinion that students drop from the technical professional patterns or experience difficulty therein primarily for one reason. They lack background.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Regioselective Carbocyclization Reaction of o‐Iodophenyl Ketones and Aldehydes with Alkynes, Acrylates, and Acrylonitrile: A Facile Route to Indenols and Indenes. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.