gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Translucent soft robots driven by frameless fluid electrode dielectric elastomer actuators (2018)

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are a promising enabling technology for a wide range of emerging applications, including robotics, artificial muscles, and microfluidics. This is due to their large actuation strains, rapid response rate, low cost and low noise, high energy density, and high efficiency when compared with alternative actuators. These properties make DEAs ideal for the actuation of soft submersible devices, although their use has been limited because of three main challenges: (i) developing suitable, compliant electrode materials; (ii) the need to effectively insulate the actuator electrodes from the surrounding fluid; and (iii) the rigid frames typically required to prestrain the dielectric layers. We explored the use of a frameless, submersible DEA design that uses an internal chamber filled with liquid as one of the electrodes and the surrounding environmental liquid as the second electrode, thus simplifying the implementation of soft, actuated submersible devices. We demonstrated the feasibility of this approach with a prototype swimming robot composed of transparent bimorph actuator segments and inspired by transparent eel larvae, leptocephali. This design achieved undulatory swimming with a maximum forward swimming speed of 1.9 millimeters per second and a Froude efficiency of 52%. We also demonstrated the capability for camouflage and display through the body of the robot, which has an average transmittance of 94% across the visible spectrum, similar to a leptocephalus. These results suggest a potential for DEAs with fluid electrodes to serve as artificial muscles for quiet, translucent, swimming soft robots for applications including surveillance and the unobtrusive study of marine life.
Compressive wireless pulse sensing (2015)

Enabled by recent sensing and wireless chips, small wireless sensors can now be attached to various wearable devices such as finger rings and wrist bands. In this paper, we describe a compressive sensing based approach to such wireless devices that exploits sparsity of signal to reduce power consumption for both sensing and transmission. Using subsampling methods, we can lower sensor wake-up frequency and data transmission rate. We use a trained dictionary to recover the signal from the subsampled measurements. The same dictionary can also help recover from possible outliers in sensor measurements. In addition, to protect against burst packet loss over wireless channels, we rearrange packets and randomize their send orders. In order to demonstrate these concepts, we have built a prototype wearable system and report performance results from this experimental system.
Type II Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells (2004)

Recent results indicate that a novel second form of GnRH, GnRH-II, has an antiproliferative effect on ovarian and endometrial cancer cells and might be considered as a possible therapy for gynecological tumors. However, the mechanism of the GnRH-II-induced antiproliferative effect is not known. The p38 MAPK, one of the stress-activated protein kinases, is activated by diverse cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, the effect of GnRH-II on the activation of p38 MAPK was investigated, and its possible role in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis was further examined in the human ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3. Treatment with GnRH-II (100 nM) resulted in an activation of p38 MAPK in a time-dependent manner. A significant activation of p38 MAPK was observed at 2, 5, 10, and 15 min after GnRH-II treatment. The activation of p38 MAPK by GnRH-II was reversed in the presence of a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB203580 (1 microM). The transcription factor, activator protein-1, was activated (1.5-fold) by GnRH-II and attenuated in the presence of SB203580 (1 microM). Treatment with GnRH-II (1 nM, 100 nM, 10 microM) for 2, 4, and 6 d resulted in an inhibition of cell growth in OVCAR-3 cells as determined by thymidine incorporation assay. The effect of GnRH-II (100 nM) on cell proliferation was blocked by pretreatment with SB203580 (1 microM). Furthermore, a significant increase of apoptosis (1.6-fold) was observed after GnRH-II treatment, which was also reversed by pretreatment with SB203580 (1 microM). Taken together, these results indicate that p38 MAPK is involved in the GnRH-II-induced inhibition of cell growth through activator protein-1 activation, which may be related to induction of apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.
A new method of cardiac activation mapping: an experimental study (2002)

As a rash of developments of cardiac mapping systems continues to evolve, indications for invasive electrophysiologic interventions are expanding. However, currently available mapping and ablations techniques are often limited by the complex anatomic and surgical substrate and a high arrhythmia recurrence rate. Better understanding of the interdependencies between cardiac anatomy and electrophysiology may have clinical implications, e.g. for planning minimal invasive curative procedures. This feasibility study aimed to investigate a solution to visualize electro- anatomic properties of the myocardium in a free of nervous and hormonal interferences model.
Pentium™ Processor: Optimization Tools (1994)

Number Systems. What Is Assembly? The 8086 Family History and Architecture. 8086 Architecture and Instruction Set. Beginning Programs. Assembly Tools. 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium. Superscalar Programming. Pipeline Operation. Pentium Optimizer. Timing with a Software Timer. String Operations Warm Ups. String Search and Translate. Checksums and Extended Precision Addition. FPU Math Example. Interfacing to C. Protected Mode Programming. Techniques and Style. Power PC. Appendces: Instruction Cycles. Optimization. Optimization Index. Simple Instructions. Pairing Rules. Glossary. Index.
Combustion Mechanism of Azide Polymer (1988)

Abstract The combustion wave structure and thermal decomposition process of azide polymer were studied to determine the parameters which control the burning rate. The azide polymer studied was glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) which contains energetic – N 3 groups. GAP was cured with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) and crosslinked with trimethylolpropane (TMP) to formulate GAP propellant. From the experiments, it was found that the burning rate of GAP propellant is significantly high even though the adiabatic flame temperature of GAP propellant is lower than that of conventional solid propellants. The energy released at the burning surface of GAP propellant is caused by the scission of NN 2 bond which produces gaseous N 2 . The heat flux transferred back from the gas phase to the burning surface is very small compared with the heat generated at the burning surface. The activation energy of the decomposition of the burning surface of GAP propellant, E s , is determined to be 87 kJ/mol. The burning rate is represented by r = 9.16 × 10 3 exp(–E s /RT s ) where r (m/s) is burning rate, T s (K) is the burning surface temperature, and R is the universal gas constant. The observed high temperature sensitivity of burning rate is correlated to the relationship of (∂T s /∂T 0 ) p = 0.481 at 5 MPa, where T 0 is the initial propellant temperature.
Comparative study of component erosion for electromagnetic and electrothermal launchers (1993)

The electrothermal launcher SIRENS has been used to study the erosion of critical components (rails and insulators) of plasma-driven launchers. SIRENS can produce high-density (>10/sup 25//m/sup 3/) low-temperature (1-3 eV) plasma, formed by the ablation of the insulator (Lexan), with currents up to 100 kA. The incident heat flux varies between 2 and 90 GW/m/sup 2/ over 100 mu s duration, for input energies of 1-10 kJ. Erosion studies have been performed on several insulators, pure and coated metals, alloys, and several graphite grades. The fraction of the total incident energy transmitted to the eroded surface varies from 12 to 30% for the materials tested and decreases to 5-7% as the incident energy fluence increases. Such reduction in erosion for a given incident fluence is due to the vapor shield effect. The scaling law for the energy transmission factor through the vapor shield layer was obtained for the exposed materials.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Manufacturable and reliable spin-on-glass planarization process for 1 mu m CMOS double layer metal technology (2003)

A spin-on-glass (SOG) etchback process has been used to planarize the intermetal dielectric film in small-geometry devices. The major aspects of SOG planarization including process integration, SOG material characteristics, and manufacturability and reliability issues are reviewed. Planarity of less than 45 degrees is obtained by SOG spin followed by etchback with a SOG/CVD selectivity of one to one. An organic-type SOG was shown to fill a 1- mu m minimum metal-1 space without cracking. Packaged parts have been tested under an accelerated temperature and humidity ambient, and the SOG was shown to be reliable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expanding the Scope of Human DNA Polymerase λ and β Inhibitors (2013)

The exact biological functions of individual DNA polymerases still await clarification, and therefore appropriate reagents to probe their respective functions are required. In the present study, we report the development of a highly potent series of human DNA polymerase λ and β (pol λ and β) inhibitors based on the rhodanine scaffold. Both enzymes are involved in DNA repair and are thus considered as future drug targets. We expanded the chemical diversity of the small-molecule inhibitors arising from a high content screening and designed and synthesized 30 novel analogues. By biochemical evaluation, we discovered 23 highly active compounds against pol λ. Importantly, 10 of these small-molecules selectively inhibited pol λ and not the homologous pol β. We discovered 14 small-molecules that target pol β and found out that they are more potent than known inhibitors. We also investigated whether the discovered compounds sensitize cancer cells toward DNA-damaging reagents. Thus, we cotreated human colorectal cancer cells (Caco-2) with the small-molecule inhibitors and hydrogen peroxide or the approved drug temozolomide. Interestingly, the tested compounds sensitized Caco-2 cells to both genotoxic agents in a DNA repair pathway-dependent manner.
MLS-2384, a new 6-bromoindirubin derivative with dual JAK/Src kinase inhibitory activity, suppresses growth of diverse cancer cells (2013)

Janus kinase (JAK) and Src kinase are the two major tyrosine kinase families upstream of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). Among the seven STAT family proteins, STAT3 is constitutively activated in many diverse cancers. Upon activation, JAK and Src kinases phosphorylate STAT3, and thereby promote cell growth and survival. MLS-2384 is a novel 6-bromoindirubin derivative with a bromo-group at the 6-position on one indole ring and a hydrophilic group at the 3'-position on the other indole ring. In this study, we investigated the kinase inhibitory activity and anticancer activity of MLS-2384. Our data from in vitro kinase assays, cell viability analyses, western blotting analyses, and animal model studies, demonstrate that MLS-2384 is a dual JAK/Src kinase inhibitor, and suppresses growth of various human cancer cells, such as prostate, breast, skin, ovarian, lung, and liver. Consistent with the inactivation of JAK and Src kinases, phosphorylation of STAT3 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in the cancer cells treated with MLS-2384. STAT3 downstream proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival, such as c-Myc and Mcl-1, are downregulated by MLS-2384 in prostate cancer cells, whereas survivin is downregulated in A2058 cells. In these two cancer cell lines, PARP is cleaved, indicating that MLS-2384 induces apoptosis in human melanoma and prostate cancer cells. Importantly, MLS-2384 suppresses tumor growth with low toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of human melanoma. Taken together, MLS-2384 demonstrates dual JAK/Src inhibitory activity and suppresses tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings support further development of MLS-2384 as a potential small-molecule therapeutic agent that targets JAK, Src, and STAT3 signaling in multiple human cancer cells.
Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using an Exciplex Forming Co‐host with the External Quantum Efficiency of Theoretical Limit (2014)

A high-efficiency blue-emitting organic light-emitting diode (OLED) approaching theoretical efficiency using an exciplex-forming co-host composed of N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) and bis-4,6-(3,5-di-3-pyridylphenyl)- 2-methylpyrimidine (B3PYMPM) is fabricated. Iridium(III)bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)- pyridinato-N,C2']picolinate (FIrpic) is used as the emitter, which turns out to have a preferred horizontal dipole orientation in the emitting layer. The OLED shows a maximum external quantum efficiency of 29.5% (a maximum current efficiency of 62.2 cd A(-1) ), which is in perfect agreement with the theoretical prediction.
Page segmentation and classification utilising a bottom-up approach (2002)

This paper presents the use of analysing the connected components extracted from the binary image of a document page. Such an analysis provides a lot of useful information, and will be used to perform skew correction, segmentation and classification of the document. We present a new algorithm for determining the skew angle of lines of text in an image of a document with the advantage that it only performs one iteration to determine the skew angle. Experiments on over 30 pages show that the method works well on a wide variety of layouts, including sparse textual regions, mixed fonts, multiple columns, and even for documents with a high graphical content.
Biological charge transfer via flickering resonance (2014)

Biological electron-transfer (ET) reactions are typically described in the framework of coherent two-state electron tunneling or multistep hopping. However, these ET reactions may involve multiple redox cofactors in van der Waals contact with each other and with vibronic broadenings on the same scale as the energy gaps among the species. In this regime, fluctuations of the molecular structures and of the medium can produce transient energy level matching among multiple electronic states. This transient degeneracy, or flickering electronic resonance among states, is found to support coherent (ballistic) charge transfer. Importantly, ET rates arising from a flickering resonance (FR) mechanism will decay exponentially with distance because the probability of energy matching multiple states is multiplicative. The distance dependence of FR transport thus mimics the exponential decay that is usually associated with electron tunneling, although FR transport involves real carrier population on the bridge and is not a tunneling phenomenon. Likely candidates for FR transport are macromolecules with ET groups in van der Waals contact: DNA, bacterial nanowires, multiheme proteins, strongly coupled porphyrin arrays, and proteins with closely packed redox-active residues. The theory developed here is used to analyze DNA charge-transfer kinetics, and we find that charge-transfer distances up to three to four bases may be accounted for with this mechanism. Thus, the observed rapid (exponential) distance dependence of DNA ET rates over distances of ≲ 15 Å does not necessarily prove a tunneling mechanism.
Palladium‐ and platinum‐catalyzed coupling reactions of allyloxy aromatics with hydridosilanes and hydridosiloxanes: Novel liquid crystalline/organosilane materials (1994)

Abstract Pt‐and Pd‐catalyzed reactions of a set of allyloxyaromatic mono‐and diesters with selected silanes were examined to develop simple, mild methods of forming liquid crystal (LC)/ siloxane and LC/silsesquioxane polymers. Pt complexes catalyze hydrosilylation to give primarily (≤ 80% selectivity at 100% conversion) terminal silylation of the allyloxys. The catalyst, platinum‐1,3‐divinyltetramethyldisiloxane [Pt (dvs), gives the cleanest reactions, fewest side products, under the mildest conditions. Model studies of Pt(dvs) catalyzed hydrosilylation of 4‐allyloxy methylbenzoate gave relative reactivities (HSiO 1.5 ) 8 ≫ Et 3 SiH > HMe 2 SiOSiMe 2 H > Ph 2 SiH2. The cubic silsesquioxane, (HSiO 1.5 ) 8 , is so reactive hydrosilylation is over in 1–3 h at 0°C. All other reactions required > 40°C and longer reaction times. Initial efforts to form high polymers by Pt‐catalyzed reactions of bis‐allyloxy aromatics with Ph 2 SiH 2 provide polymers with bimodal MW distributions (polystyrene), M w s ≈ 30 kDa, and PDIs ≈ 5. Pd catalysis gives quite different products resulting from loss of propene with coincident formation of SiO bonds, “oxysilylation.” The same products appear (10–15%) in some Pt catalyzed reactions. Palladium dibenzylideneacetone/ Ph 3 P[Pd(dba) 2 /Ph 3 P], gives the cleanest oxysilylation reactions. Relative oxysilylation activities are: Ph 2 SiH 2 > HMe 2 SiOSiMe 2 H > Et 3 SiH. Polymerization with Pd catalysts provides polymers with M w s ≈ 11 kDa, and PDIs ≈ 2. Reaction of 1 equiv. of (HSiO 1.5 ) 8 with 4 equiv. of 4‐(4‐allyloxy‐benzoyloxy) biphenyl gives relatively pure tetrasubstituted LC/silsesquioxane [ M n ≈ 1860 Da, PDI ≈ 1.09 (styrene equiv.) vs. 1746 Da caled.] A detailed analysis of the products formed, the catalytic reactivity patterns of the his (allyloxy) aromatic diesters and their LC transitions is presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High-speed 2-D hardware convolution architecture based on VLSI systolic arrays (2003)

The design of a special-purpose systolic image convolution processor for use in a robot vision system is described. It presents a high-speed two-dimensional hardware convolution architecture based on VSLI systolic arrays for image processing applications. An architecture for the parallel processing of the generalized two-dimensional convolution is summarized. A VLSI convolution chip was designed to accommodate various convolution window sizes. The number of coefficients being handled is directly proportional to the number of systolic computing elements (processors) used. In the present design three such processors are configured on one VLSI chip. Signed coefficients and unsigned data of eight bits are supported. All processing and interprocessor communications are performed bit-serially. The chip design incorporates error detection during convolution, and overflow avoidance techniques are possible for maximum system autonomy. The chip is estimated to operate at a maximum frequency of 16 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells as an Immune Parameter in Patients with Concurrent Sunitinib and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (2015)

Sunitinib treatment increased the efficacy of SBRT in patients with oligometastases by reversing MDSC and Treg-mediated immune suppression and may enhance cancer immune therapy to prevent tumor recurrence post-SBRT.
Use of the polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent-antibody methods for detecting viable but nonculturable Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in laboratory microcosms (1993)

Epidemiological studies of shigellosis in Bangladesh have demonstrated that surface-water sources can act as foci of infection. Studies of laboratory microcosms have shown that shigellae become nonculturable but remain viable when exposed to environmental samples of water. The present study was carried out to detect viable but nonculturable Shigella dysenteriae 1 from laboratory microcosms by the polymerase chain reaction and the fluorescent-antibody techniques. S. dysenteriae 1 was inoculated into laboratory microcosms consisting of water samples collected from ponds, lakes, rivers, and drains in Bangladesh. The survival of S. dysenteriae in microcosms was assessed by viable counting on MacConkey agar. After 2 to 3 weeks, S. dysenteriae 1 became nonculturable but remained viable. After 6 weeks, this nonculturable but viable S. dysenteriae 1 was detected by both the polymerase chain reaction and the fluorescent-antibody methods. The viable but nonculturable state of S. dysenteriae 1 demonstrated in this study may be important for understanding the epidemiology of shigellosis.
A moving image processing system for personal vehicle system (2003)

The authors detail two moving-image processing algorithms, a visual information processing system developed to guide a vehicle through white line detection on a road, and the implementation results. The detection algorithm was developed for worst-case conditions. The visual direction decision algorithm enables the TV camera to obtain optimum white-line images even when the personal vehicle system (PVS) turned at an intersection or negotiated hairpin turns. The visual information processing system for the autonomous PVS detected white lines on a test track under a variety of worst-case conditions, including shadows, in the rain, and at night.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A quantitative characterization of the yeast heterotrimeric G protein cycle (2003)

The yeast mating response is one of the best understood heterotrimeric G protein signaling pathways. Yet, most descriptions of this system have been qualitative. We have quantitatively characterized the heterotrimeric G protein cycle in yeast based on direct in vivo measurements. We used fluorescence resonance energy transfer to monitor the association state of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-Gα and Gβγ-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and we found that receptor-mediated G protein activation produced a loss of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Quantitative time course and dose–response data were obtained for both wild-type and mutant cells possessing an altered pheromone response. These results paint a quantitative portrait of how regulators such as Sst2p and the C-terminal tail of α-factor receptor modulate the kinetics and sensitivity of G protein signaling. We have explored critical features of the dynamics including the rapid rise and subsequent decline of active G proteins during the early response, and the relationship between the G protein activation dose–response curve and the downstream dose–response curves for cell-cycle arrest and transcriptional induction. Fitting the data to a mathematical model produced estimates of the in vivo rates of heterotrimeric G protein activation and deactivation in yeast.
A Reassessment of Schumpeter on Fiscal Policy from a Dynamic Tax Incidence Perspective (1998)

With the approach of a new millenium there is a natural temptation to engage in speculation as to what the next century may hold. The choice of ‘Capitalism and Democracy in the 21st Century' as the theme of the 1998 conference of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society is clearly an invitation to reconsider the relevance of the ideas Schumpeter propounded in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Schumpeter, 1943) in the context of the approaching millenium. Does the fact that Schumpeter's great prediction that the very success of capitalism would lead to its collapse and the emergence of socialism has so far not been borne out by the experience of the liberal representative democracies suggest that Schumpeter's vision should now be relegated to the dustbin of history? The answer we wish to suggest in this paper is no, it should not.
Relation between microRNAs and Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2016)

Both microRNAs and apoptotic markers have roles in HCC pathogenesis. It seems that oncogenic microRNAs induce liver carcinogenesis in HCV patients irrespective of suppression of apoptosis.