gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vasodilator Effects of Fasudil, a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor, on Retinal Arterioles in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (2007)

These results suggest that fasudil has beneficial effects on retinal vascular complications associated with chronic hypertension.
Pharmacological Inhibition of Necroptosis Protects from Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell Death in Parkinson’s Disease Models (2018)

Dysfunctions in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism are common pathological processes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). It was recently shown that an inherited form of PD and dementia is caused by mutations in the OPA1 gene, which encodes for a key player in mitochondrial fusion and structure. iPSC-derived neural cells from these patients exhibited severe mitochondrial fragmentation, respiration impairment, ATP deficits, and heightened oxidative stress. Reconstitution of normal levels of OPA1 in PD-derived neural cells normalized mitochondria morphology and function. OPA1-mutated neuronal cultures showed reduced survival in vitro. Intriguingly, selective inhibition of necroptosis effectively rescued this survival deficit. Additionally, dampening necroptosis in MPTP-treated mice protected from DA neuronal cell loss. This human iPSC-based model captures both early pathological events in OPA1 mutant neural cells and the beneficial effects of blocking necroptosis, highlighting this cell death process as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
Modeling and simulation of spacecraft power systems (1988)

Modeling of a complete spacecraft power processing system is presented, using the Boeing EASYS software. Component models are developed, and several system models including a solar array switching system, a partially shunted solar system, and cosmic background explorer (COBE) system are simulated. The modes of operation of the power system, such as shunt mode, battery-charge mode, and battery-discharge mode, are simulated for a complete orbit cycle.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reduce thermal risk in industrial synthesis (2001)

The phylogenetic relationships of the G6, G7, G8, and G10 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus are well defined, but their taxonomic status is currently unresolved. We apply an evolutionary species concept to infer that the G6 and G7 genotypes represent a single species that is different to both the G8 and G10 genotypes, and that the G8 and G10 genotypes are also on different evolutionary trajectories and, therefore, should be regarded as separate species. The names Echinococcus intermedius, Echinococcus canadensis, and Echinococcus borealis have been previously proposed for these three taxa (G6/7, G10 and G8, respectively) and we argue that it may be appropriate to resurrect these names. The correct delimitation and formal recognition of species of Echinococcus may have important veterinary and public health consequences.
Recent Ideas on Upgrading the SLAC Accelerator (1971)

In June 1971, the SLAC accelerator will have completed its first five years of operation. The machine has recently achieved records of energy (22.1 GeV), peak beam current (82 mA at a 1.6 ..mu..s pulse length) and average beam power (880 kW). The demand for major accelerator innovations and improvements is becoming increasingly strong. Some of the recent ideas on this subject are summarized. There are a variety of options, and these can be divided into three categories: (a) improvements and upgrading of the existing linac; (b) energy and duty cycle increases by means of beam storage in a recirculation scheme, and (c) various colliding beam devices. The first category includes increasing beam energy by addition of rf power or increasing duty cycle by modifying the modulators; it also includes an rf monochromatizer which could sharpen energy spectrum by a factor of 30. The second category involves a scheme which would increase beam energy by ''storing'' the electrons in a recirculator until they can be re-injected and reaccelerated by the accelerator a second time. The third category comprises the possibility of colliding the linac beam with the beams stored in the SLAC storage ring (SPEAR) or of colliding the linacmore » beam with itself.« less
A Graphite Absorbed-Dose Calorimeter in the Quasi-Isothermal Mode of Operation (1984)

A quasi-isothermal method of operating an absorbed-dose graphite calorimeter is described in theory and practice. In contrast with the well-known quasi-adiabatic operation, which entails temperature increases during measurements, in the quasi-isothermal mode the temperatures of the different graphite bodies remain constant except for small temperature drifts throughout the measurement. This implies that the temperature dependence of the specific heat of the absorber and of the sensitivity of the temperature sensor influence the absorbed-dose determination significantly less. The method is characterized by a power-compensating measuring principle which is illustrated with a 3-body graphite calorimeter. Comparisons of the quasi-isothermal with the quasi-adiabatic method of operation showed good agreement.
Enhancing etch resistance of hydrogen silsesquioxane via postdevelop electron curing (2006)

In this work, the authors enhanced the etch resistance of the negative-tone electron resist, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) to CF4 reactive ion etching (RIE) by curing HSQ after development. They fabricated superconducting nanowires that were 15nm wide by pattern transfer into a 6-nm-thick layer of NbN using cured HSQ as the etch mask. HSQ was cured using a postdevelop electron-beam exposure step prior to RIE in CF4 chemistry. This curing step was shown not to impact the resolution of the HSQ structures while increasing their etch resistance. The results of the authors demonstrate that the etch resistance of HSQ can be tuned after development, which is a desirable resist property of HSQ in addition to its high resolution and low line-edge roughness.
Sigmatropische Umlagerungen von Aryl‐propargyläthern; Synthese von 1, 5‐Dimethyl‐6‐methylen‐tricyclo[3, 2, 1, 0<sup>2,7</sup>]‐oct‐3‐en‐8‐on‐Derivaten. Vorläufige Mitteilung (1968)

Abstract 2, 6‐Dimethylphenyl propargyl ether ( 10 ) and its derivatives 12–15 rearrange thermally to 1, 5‐dimethyl‐6‐methylene‐tricyclo [3.2.1.0 2,7 ]oct‐3‐en‐8‐one ( 9 ) and related compounds 16–19 . The ethers undergo first an aromatic [3, 3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement to ortho ‐allenyldienones 11 , which then undergo ring closure to the tricyclic products by an electrocyclic reaction. Only in the case of the γ‐methylpropargyl ether 13 , the ortho ‐dienone 11 is further rearranged in low yield to the para ‐butynylphenol 20 , but the tricyclic ketone 17 is again the main product. New data show that the known thermal cyclisation of aryl propargyl ethers to chromenes (e. g. 4 → 8 ) involves a preliminary [3, 3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement.
Microstructure of Cell Wall-Associated Melanin in the Human Pathogenic Fungus<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> (2005)

Melanin is a virulence factor for many pathogenic fungal species, including Cryptococcus neoformans. Melanin is deposited in the cell wall, and melanin isolated from this fungus retains the shape of the cells, resulting in hollow spheres called "ghosts". In this study, atomic force, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that melanin ghosts are covered with roughly spherical granular particles approximately 40-130 nm in diameter, and that the melanin is arranged in multiple concentric layers. Nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry indicated melanin ghosts contain pores with diameters between 1 and 4 nm, in addition to a small number of pores with diameters near 30 nm. Binding of the antibodies to melanin reduced the apparent measured volume of these pores, suggesting a mechanism for their antifungal effect. We propose a model of cryptococcal melanin structure whereby the melanin granules are held together in layers. This structural model has implications for cell division, cell wall remodeling, and antifungal drug discovery.
PIM Lite: On the Road Towards Relentless Multi-threading in Massively Parallel Systems (2003)

Processing In Memory (PIM) technology (mixing significant processing logic with dense memory on the same chip) has become a popular new emerging trend in recent years. In many cases, however, it has been used simply as a step towards a “system on a chip. ” This paper assumes that PIM systems will be inherently massively parallel, with many chips collaborating in a computation, perhaps in concert with more conventional microprocessors. While such systems could be designed to support “classical ” parallel models such as DSM or message passing, this paper discusses several different models born from the HTMT project. All of these models involved significant multi-threading, with large numbers of relatively light weight threads executing within the PIM nodes. To take advantage of these characteristics, we have designed a new ISA and matching microarchitecture that supports such multithreading in ways that leverage very efficiently the enhanced local bandwidth and access time capable from an on chip memory macro. A simplified version of this, termed PIM Lite, is about to go to fab as a memory part with multiple internal nodes, all of which support very light weight threads in a simple SMTmicroarchitecture. This paper will discuss PIM Lite, and then our outlook on what more advanced designs might look like. 1
The human anion transport protein, band 3, contains a CD36-like binding domain for<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>-infected erythrocytes (1996)

Epitope mapping of a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb), 5H12, prepared against live Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells indicated that the epitope consisted of amino acid residues 474-487 of the human anion transport protein, band 3. mAb 5H12 enhanced cytoadherence, but inhibited the CD36-like mediated rosetting. A synthetic peptide based on the sequence of the epitope (FSFCETNGLE) blocked both rosetting and cytoadherence, suggesting that this amino acid sequence may form the CD36-like receptor. The CD36-like region of band 3 was antigenically distinct from platelet or endothelial CD36.
Determination of Water Content in Ethanol by Miniaturized Near-Infrared (NIR) System (2005)

The miniaturized NIR (Near-infrared) spectrometer has been utilized for the determination of water content (1-19% range) in ethanol that is the most popular organic solvent in pharmaceutical industries. It has many potential capabilities that can replace the conventional analyzers especially for the on-line measurement since it is compact, versatile and cost-effective. By using two dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy, it was preliminarily investigated to find any unforeseen spectral distortion among the spectra collected from the miniaturized spectrometer. The 2D study revealed that the spectral variation clearly followed the variation of water concentration without any spectral distortion or abnormality. PLS (Partial Least Squares) was employed to build the calibration model and the resulting prediction performance was acceptable and stable over several days. Even though the miniaturized NIR system was evaluated to fairly simple chemical matrix, the overall study demonstrates the sufficient feasibility for diverse practical and industrial applications.
Underutilization of Warfarin in Older Persons with Chronic Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation at High Risk for Developing Stroke (1998)

Warfarin is underutilized as a treatment to maintain an INR between 2.0 and 3.0 in older persons with chronic nonvalvular AF at high risk for developing TE stroke.
A self-recombining bacterial artificial chromosome and its application for analysis of herpesvirus pathogenesis (2000)

A self-recombining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the 142-kb pseudorabies virus genome was constructed such that the viral genome is rapidly excised from the BAC vector backbone on delivery into mammalian cells. The recombination is mediated by loxP sites in the plasmid and Cre recombinase encoded within the BAC vector. A synthetic intron inserted in the middle of the cre ORF completely inhibits recombination in Escherichia coli, but is spliced out after delivery of the plasmid into mammalian cells. Recombination is efficient, and pure virus lacking the BAC vector backbone is immediately isolated from transfected mammalian cells without the need of serial passage or plaque purification.
Mechanisms of angiogenesis (2008)

Tissue activity of angiogenesis depends on the balance of many stimulating or inhibiting factors. The key signaling system that regulates proliferation and migration of endothelial cells forming the basis of any vessel are vascular endothelium growth factors (VEGF) and their receptors. The VEGF-dependent signaling system is necessary for formation of the embryonic vascular system. Neoangiogenesis during tumor growth is also associated with activation of this signaling system. The biological significance of the effect of such system on the cells depends on the content in tissue of various factors of the VEGF family and their receptors, while in the case of VEGFA it is defined by the ratio of different isoforms of this growth factor. A number of other signaling systems are also involved in regulation of the main steps of vessel formation. The signaling system Dll4/Notch regulates selection of endothelial cells for beginning of angiogenic expansion by endowing particular properties to endothelial cells leading in this process. An important step in vessel stabilization and maturation is vascular wall formation. Signaling system PDGFB/PDGFRbeta as well as angiopoietins Ang1, Ang2, and their receptor Tie2 are involved in recruiting mural cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells). Identification of key molecules involved in the regulation of angiogenesis may provide new possibilities for development of drugs suitable for inhibition of angiogenesis or its stimulation in various pathologies.
Effect on Production of Replacing Dietary Starch with Sucrose in Lactating Dairy Cows (2008)

Replacing dietary starch with sugar has been reported to improve production in dairy cows. Two sets of 24 Holstein cows averaging 41 kg/d of milk were fed a covariate diet, blocked by days in milk, and randomly assigned in 2 phases to 4 groups of 6 cows each. Cows were fed experimental diets containing [dry matter (DM) basis]: 39% alfalfa silage, 21% corn silage, 21% rolled high-moisture shelled corn, 9% soybean meal, 2% fat, 1% vitamin-mineral supplement, 7.5% supplemental nonstructural carbohydrate, 16.7% crude protein, and 30% neutral detergent fiber. Nonstructural carbohydrates added to the 4 diets were 1) 7.5% corn starch, 0% sucrose; 2) 5.0% starch, 2.5% sucrose; 3) 2.5% starch, 5.0% sucrose; or 4) 0% starch, 7.5% sucrose. Cows were fed the experimental diets for 8 wk. There were linear increases in DM intake and milk fat content and yield, and linear decreases in ruminal concentrations of ammonia and branched-chain volatile fatty acids, and urinary excretion of urea-N and total N, and urinary urea-N as a proportion of total N, as sucrose replaced corn starch in the diet. Despite these changes, there was no effect of diet on microbial protein formation, estimated from total purine flow at the omasum or purine derivative excretion in the urine, and there were linear decreases in both milk/DM intake and milk N/N-intake when sucrose replaced dietary starch. However, expressing efficiency as fat-corrected milk/DM intake or solids-corrected milk/DM intake indicated that there was no effect of sucrose addition on nutrient utilization. Replacing dietary starch with sucrose increased fat secretion, apparently via increased energy supply because of greater intake. Positive responses normally correlated with improved ruminal N efficiency that were altered by sucrose feeding were not associated with increased protein secretion in this trial.
An Efficient Execution Model for Dynamically Reconfigurable Component Software (2002)

Traditional, statically composed software can be globally optimized for execution speed at compile-time. For dynamically composed component software, a different execution model has to be employed to achieve comparable performance. As components are developed and compiled separately, little is known at compile-time about the environment they will be used in later. The global information required to aggressively optimize the overall system is only available after the deployment phase. In this paper, we discuss how dynamic recompilation can be employed to provide an efficient execution model for dynamically composed software.
Hyaluronan‐mediated protective effect against cell damage caused by enzymatically produced hydroxyl (OH·) radicals is dependent on hyaluronan molecular mass (1994)

Hyaluronan (HA) protected tendon fibroblasts against cell damage mediated by hydroxyl radicals (OH.) as demonstrated by release of 51Cr from labelled cells. Protection afforded by high molecular mass (M(r)) HA (1218 kDa) was much more effective than that provided by lower (176 kDa and 668 kDa) M(r) HA. OH. was generated by coupling H2O2 produced by glucose oxidase:glucose to [Fe(2+)-EDTA] chelate in a Fenton-type system. The flux of OH. was measured by a spectrofluorimetric assay of salicylate produced by the reaction of benzoate with OH.. Cell damage caused by the OH. generating system was prevented in the presence of catalase, which destroyed H2O2. Damage caused in a standard incubation time increased with increased amounts of glucose oxidase. Protection against OH.-mediated cell damage increased with increasing concentration of HA. The presence of HA did not interfere with the enzyme-Fenton system, as monitored by production of gluconate. On the other hand, HA scavenged OH. produced by the enzyme-Fenton system, as shown by competition with benzoate, which produced less salicylate in the spectrofluorimetric assay in the presence of HA. The reaction of OH. with HA was measured directly by a pulse radiolysis technique in which a hydrated electron (eaq-) produced OH. by the reaction with nitrous oxide. Second order rate constants obtained in distilled H2O or in phosphate buffer showed no dependence on HA M(r). Similarly, fluorimetric assay of the flux of in the enzyme-Fenton system confirmed that HA competed with benzoate, thus lowering salicylate production, and the flux was also independent of the molecular mass of HA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Use of bis[2-(trialkylsilyl)ethyl]N,N-dialkylphosphoramidites for the synthesis of phosphate monoesters (1995)

The bis[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl]N,N-dialkylphosphoramidites 7a and b and bis[2-(methyldiphenylsilyl)ethyl]N,N-dialkylphosphoramidites 6a and b have been prepared by reaction of the N,N-dialkylphosphorochloridites 5a and b with the appropriate 2-(trialkylsilyl)ethanol. In the presence of 1H-tetrazole, the phosphoramidites 6a, b and 7a, b phosphorylated MeOH, PhCH2OH, PhCH2CH2OH, Me(PhCH2CH2)CHOH, 2,3,4,5,6-penta-o-benzyl-myo-inositol and ButOH, to give the phosphites 8a–h. Without isolation, these were oxidised to the corresponding phosphate triesters 9a–h with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Treatment of the triesters 9a–h with tetrabutylammonium fluoride removes only one 2-(trialkylsilyl)ethyl group to give the diesters 10a–h, whereas treatment with a solution of hydrofluoric acid in acetonitrile–water gives the phosphate monoesters 11a–e.
In Vitro Interactions of Artemisinin with Atovaquone, Quinine, and Mefloquine against<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2002)

The interactions of artemisinin with atovaquone, quinine, and mefloquine were investigated in three Plasmodium falciparum strains (strains F-32, FCR-3, and K-1) by an in vitro culture assay. The parasites were cultured for 48 h in the presence of different concentrations and proportions of two drugs at a time in a checkerboard design. The response parameters were determined, and the sums of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (sigmaFICs) of the drug combinations were calculated for different degrees of inhibition (50% effective concentration [EC50], EC90, and EC99). Within therapeutically relevant molar ratios (19 to 200), the combination of quinine and artemisinin showed mean sigmaFICs of 1.71 at the EC50, 0.36 at the EC90, and 0.13 at the EC99, indicating increasing synergism. Within the range of molar ratios of 4.3 to 50, the combination of mefloquine and artemisinin yielded mean sigmaFCIs of 0.93, 0.44, and 0.31 at the EC50, EC90, and EC99, respectively, indicating synergism. The atovaquone combination showed additive activity to synergism at atovaquone/artemisinin proportions considered relevant to the in vivo situation, i.e., between 4.3 and 200, with the mean sigmaFICs decreasing from 1.34 at the EC50 to 0.85 and 0.23 at the EC90 and EC99, respectively. Interstrain differences in the degree of drug interaction were seen with the three strains for all combinations. Synergism was most consistent with quinine.
Efficient surveillance for healthcare-associated infections spreading between hospitals (2014)

Early detection of new or novel variants of nosocomial pathogens is a public health priority. We show that, for healthcare-associated infections that spread between hospitals as a result of patient movements, it is possible to design an effective surveillance system based on a relatively small number of sentinel hospitals. We apply recently developed mathematical models to patient admission data from the national healthcare systems of England and The Netherlands. Relatively short detection times are achieved once 10-20% hospitals are recruited as sentinels and only modest reductions are seen as more hospitals are recruited thereafter. Using a heuristic optimization approach to sentinel selection, the same expected time to detection can be achieved by recruiting approximately half as many hospitals. Our study provides a robust evidence base to underpin the design of an efficient sentinel hospital surveillance system for novel nosocomial pathogens, delivering early detection times for reduced expenditure and effort.
PTPN11 is the first identified proto-oncogene that encodes a tyrosine phosphatase (2006)

Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis has benefited tremendously from the identification and characterization of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. One new advance in this field is the identification of PTPN11 as the first proto-oncogene that encodes a cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase with 2 Src-homology 2 (SH2) domains (Shp2). This tyrosine phosphatase was previously shown to play an essential role in normal hematopoiesis. More recently, somatic missense PTPN11 gain-of-function mutations have been detected in leukemias and rarely in solid tumors, and have been found to induce aberrant hyperactivation of the Ras-Erk pathway. This progress represents another milestone in the leukemia/cancer research field and provides a fresh view on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell transformation.