gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the breakaway oxidation of Fe9Cr1Mo steel in high pressure CO2 (2017)

Fundamental insights into the mechanism of breakaway oxidation in Fe9Cr1Mo steel are deduced, through advanced characterisation and modelling. Degradation at 600 °C/∼42 bar CO2 for ∼20,000 h is emphasised: conditions relevant to components such as the finned superheater tubes used for advanced gas-cooled nuclear reactors. It is shown that such conditions are sufficient to cause carbon saturation of the metallic substrate, as confirmed by direct observation of extensive carbide precipitation but also numerical analysis of the carbon transport. Thus the observation of graphite precipitation close to the scale/metal interface is rationalised. Nonetheless, the activity of carbon at the scale/metal interface does not reach unity – with respect to graphite – at time zero. A modelling method is proposed which accounts for this kinetic retardation of the attack; this can be used to interpolate across the regimes within which breakaway oxidation is prevalent. It is a plausible model for extrapolation to the lower temperatures relevant to service conditions and is suitable for lifetime estimation – so-called ‘remnant life analysis’ – of such safety-critical components when prone to this form of attack.
GaAs/AlGaAs rooftop reflector laser for optoelectronic integrated circuits (1987)

A GaAs/AlGaAs laser, consisting of a cleaved facet and a chemically etched total-internal-reflecting rooftop reflector, is fabricated and tested. The results show that the rooftop reflector with the reflectivity exceeding 0.9 can be readily obtained and the laser is suitable for optoelectronic integrated circuits.
The system controlling the composition of clastic sediments (1993)

The composition of clastic sediments and rocks is controlled by a complex suite of parameters operating during pedogenesis, erosion, transport, deposition, and burial. The principal first-order parameters include source rock composition, modification by chemical weathering, mechanical disaggregation and abrasion, authigenic inputs, hydrodynamic sorting, and diagenesis. Each of these first-order parameters is influenced to varying degrees by such factors as the tectonic settings of the source region, transportational system and depositional environment, climate, vegetation, relief, slope, and the nature and energy of transportational and depositional systems. These factors are not independent; rather a complicated web of interrelationships and feedback mechanisms causes many factors to be modulated by others. Accordingly, processes controlling the composition of clastic sediments are best viewed as constituting a system, and in evaluating compositional information the dynamics of the system must be considered as whole.
SLP-76 Couples Syk to the Osteoclast Cytoskeleton (2009)

The capacity of the osteoclast (OC) to resorb bone is dictated by cytoskeletal organization, which in turn emanates from signals derived from the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and c-Fms. Syk is key to these signals and, in other cells, this tyrosine kinase exerts its effects via intermediaries including the SLP adaptors, SLP-76 and BLNK (B cell linker). Thus, we asked whether these two SLP proteins regulate OC function. We find BLNK-deficient OCs are normal, whereas cytoskeletal organization of those lacking SLP-76 is delayed, thus modestly reducing bone resorption in vitro. Cytoskeletal organization and bone resorption are more profoundly arrested in cultured OCs deficient in BLNK and SLP-76 double knockout (DKO) phenotypes. In contrast, stimulated bone resorption in vivo is inhibited approximately 40% in either SLP-76(-/-) or DKO mice. This observation, taken with the fact that DKO OCs are rescued by retroviral transduction of only SLP-76, indicates that SLP-76 is the dominant SLP family member in the resorptive process. We also find SLP-76 is phosphorylated in a Syk-dependent manner. Furthermore, in the absence of the adaptor protein, integrin-mediated phosphorylation of Vav3, the OC cytoskeleton-organizing guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is abrogated. In keeping with a central role of SLP-76/Vav3 association in osteoclastic resorption, retroviral transduction of SLP-76, in which the Vav binding site is disrupted (3YF), fails to normalize the cytoskeleton of DKO OCs and the resorptive capacity of the cells. Finally, c-Fms-activated Syk also exerts its OC cytoskeleton-organizing effect in a SLP-76/Vav3-dependent manner.
Compact semigroups irreducibly connected between two idempotents (1955)

The simplest and most familiar compact connected space which can be provided with the structure of a (topological) group is the simple closed curve C (topological circle). Perhaps the most natural example of a compact connected (topological) semigroup is the closed unit interval I with the usual multiplication. The space C admits the unique structure of a group, whereas simple examples show (see Examples 1, 2, 3) that the space I admits many structures of a semigroup. Such multiplications need not be abelian, may admit both nilpotents and idempotents, and may not have a zero element. In this note we initiate the analysis of the semigroup structures with which the space I may be provided. While our theorems are much more general, the following corollary will give a fair picture of our results. Suppose that I admits such a multiplication that its end points play the natural roles of zero and unit. If there are no other idempotents and no nilpotent elements except zero, then the multiplication must be that of the real numbers. The major step in the proof is that of showing that unique qth roots exist for any positive dyadic rational q. It is with pleasure that we acknowledge the helpful suggestions and advice of A. D. Wallace in the preparation of this paper. We define a mob to be a Hausdorff space together with a continuous, associative multiplication. A clan is a compact connected mob with unit. If S is a mob, a set TCS is a left (right) ideal if T,F and STC T(TSC T). A two-sided ideal is both a left and right ideal. Using Clifford's terminology [1], we shall denote the minimal twosided ideal of a mob S by K and the set of idempotents of S by E. By a zero element, we mean an element 0, such that Ox =0 = xO for all xCS. We define an element s to be nilpotent if Sn=O, for some positive integer n. A connected space S is irreducibly connected between two points a and b if no proper connected subset of S contains both a and b. In such a space, every point different from a and b is a cut point, separating the space into exactly two components [6]. We can intro-
Design of an Absolute Shaft Encoder Using Optically Modulated Binary Code (2018)

In order to avoid the fabrication of coding pattern over a shaft coupled disk of the binary coded absolute encoder, a new design concept has been presented in this paper. The proposed prototype can encode the binary information by optical modulation principle. Instead of lithographic fabrication, here the pattern code bits are implemented optically through a plurality of infra-red (IR) light emitting diodes (LED). Each LED transmits a bit of information as modulated optical signal and modulation is served by the principle of serial infra red control protocol. During the rotation of an object, a window position of the shaft coupled disk determines which bits' information will be transmitted. Now, an IR detector of the receiver unit decodes this code by demodulating the transmitted signal. Finally, the absolute position of the object is evaluated from this code by searching a look-up table data. Thus, the receiver unit of the proposed encoder can sense the position of an object remotely without using any additional wireless device. Also, the sensing heads may not be damaged by the rotating disk vibration. The prototype has been tested by using De-Bruijn coding pattern and obtained promising results. Also, the proposed method is equally valid for any binary or gray pattern code.
Study on the synthesis of perfluorovinyl‐sulfonic functional monomer and its copolymerization with tetrafluoroethylene (1993)

Abstract Tetrafiuoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) were subjected to reactions with freshly distilled sulfur trioxide to obtain 1‐fluorosulfonyldifluoro‐acetylfluoride (FSDFAF, yield 65–70%) and pentafluoro‐2‐propenylfluorosulfate (PPFS, yield up to 50%). A subsequent reaction of FSDFAF with PPFS under anhydrous conditions led to a preparation of 2‐(1‐pentafluoro‐2‐propenyloxy)tetrafluoroethanesulfonyl fluoride (PPOTESF, yield 40–41%) whose structure was proved by both infrared (IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 19 F NMR). TFE was copolymerized with PPOTESF in bulk by using a free radical initiator of the hydrocarbon type at a temperature of 50°C. Various TFE/PPOTESF mole ratios were employed and the presence of sulfonyl fluoride (SO 2 F) functional groups in the copolymers was proven by IR spectroscopy. The copolymers were subjected to alkaline hydrolysis and the SO 2 F content was found not to exceed 0.70–0.80 mEq/g with polymer yields in the range of 11–31%. The reactivity ratios r 1 and r 2 related to TFE and PPOTESF, respectively, were determined by using the Fineman‐Ross method. A random distribution of PPOTESF units along the polymeric chain, consisting mainly of TFE fragments, was found to exist. The copolymers had melting temperatures 40–45°C lower than polytetrafluoroethylene and were thermally stable to 305–315°C. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Different sensitivities to agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes (1988)

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) III expressed in Xenopus oocytes, like mAChR I, mediates activation of a Ca2+-dependent Cl- current, whereas mAChR IV, like mAChR II, principally induces activation of Na+ and K+ currents in a Ca2+-independent manner. mAChR III has a sensitivity to agonist of about one order of magnitude higher than that of mAChR I in mediating the Ca2+-dependent current response in Xenopus oocytes and in stimulating phosphoinositide hydrolysis in NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. The agonist-binding affinity of mAChR III is also about one order of magnitude higher than that of mAChR I.
Visual detection of LSB-encoded natural image steganography (2008)

Many steganographic systems embed hidden messages inside the least significant bit layers of colour natural images. The presence of these messages can be difficult to detect by using statistical steganalysis. However, visual steganalysis by humans may be more successful in natural image discrimination. This study examined whether humans could detect least-significant bit steganography in 15 color natural images from the VisTex database using a controlled same/different task ( N = 58) and a yes/no task ( N = 61). While d ′ > 1 was observed for color layers 4--8, layers 1--3 had d ′ < 1 in both experiments. Thus, layers 1--3 appear to be highly resistant to visual steganalysis.
Pyridine analogs of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine and related compounds. (1975)

3-Pyridylmethyl analogs of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourethan (MNUT) were synthesized by nitrosation of the corresponding N-acyl-N-(3-pyridyl)methylamines. 3-Alkyl(aryl)-3-nitroso-1-(3-pyridyl)methylureas were also synthesized by nitrosation of 3-alkyl(aryl)-1-(3-pyridyl)methylureas. The reaction of some of these N-nitroso compounds with alkali, was examined. Among hese N-nitroso compounds the mutagenic activity of 3-nitro-1-nitroso-1-(3-pyridyl)methylguanidine was as potent as the ethyl analog of MNNG in the mutation assay using streptomycin-dependent E. coli Sd-4.
Fabry disease: recent advances in enzyme replacement therapy (2002)

Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited disorder of metabolism due to mutations in the gene encoding alpha-galactosidase A, a lysosomal enzyme. The enzymatic defect leads to the systemic accumulation of incompletely metabolised glycosphingolipids, primarily globotriaosylceramide, in plasma and lysosomes within various tissues. Inability to prevent the progression of glycosphingolipid deposition causes significant morbidity, associated with significant impact on quality of life and diminished lifespan from early onset strokes, heart attack and progressive renal failure. The disease manifests primarily in hemizygous males; however, there is increasing recognition that heterozygous (carrier) females may also develop disease-related complications. Indeed, most heterozygotes present with cardiac, renal or neurological symptoms, although with later-onset and to a lesser extent than is observed in hemizygotes. Until recently, medical management was symptomatic, consisting of partial pain relief with analgesic drugs (carbamazepin, gabapentin), kidney and vascular protection with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins and folic acid, whereas renal transplantation or dialysis is available for patients experiencing end stage renal failure. The ability to produce high doses of alpha-galactosidase A has opened the way to preclinical studies, and enzyme replacement therapy has recently been validated as a therapeutic agent in clinical trials. Long-term safety and efficacy of replacement therapy are currently being investigated. Increasing knowledge of the natural history of Fabry disease and greater experience with enzyme therapy should enable optimal patient care. The complexity and relative rarity of Fabry disease necessitates a multi-disciplinary team approach that may be facilitated by a disease registry.
Optokinetic Nystagmus Suppression as an Index of the Allocation of Visual Attention (2010)

In this group of normal-sighted young subjects, OKN breakthrough was sensitive to a range of stimulus characteristics. This finding allows a single outcome measure to be used across a wide range of possible tasks and may be useful in assessing the effects of age and disease.
Towards full on-line deduplication of the Web (2010)

The Internet is widely used nowadays but still has important limitations. While average Web page size keeps increasing, the bandwidth available to each user is not growing at the same rate. Users want to do several things at the same time on the Web and they don't want to wait much time to do it. We notice that most Web pages have substantial redundancy with pre- vious versions of themselves and other pages. With this in mind, we developed a novel deduplication system for HTTP trac. Our proposed system works from end client to server and only for text resources transmitted through the HTTP protocol. Our system trans- fers less bytes than a plain HTTP transfer, achieving gains of 82% when downloading pages from popular sites such as cnn.com. It completes a transfer request 4% faster than plain HTTP. It is also not as time con- suming as delta-encoding between the requested resource and an older version of it. Our approach is the first to be implemented and analysed on a real Internet environment.
Design and Application of an Electromagnetic Vibrator Seismic Source (2006)

Abstract Vibrational seismic sources frequently provide a higher-frequency seismic wavelet (and therefore better resolution) than other sources, and can provide a superior signal-to-noise ratio in many settings. However, they are often prohibitively expensive for lower-budget shallow surveys. In order to address this problem, I designed and built a simple but effective vibrator source for about one thousand dollars. The “EMvibe” is an inexpensive electromagnetic vibrator that can be built with easy-to-machine parts and off-the-shelf electronics. It can repeatably produce pulse and frequency-sweep signals in the range of 5 to 650 Hz, and provides sufficient energy for recording at offsets up to 20 m. Analysis of frequency spectra show that the EMvibe provides a broader frequency range than the sledgehammer at offsets up to ~10 m in data collected at a site with soft sediments in the upper several meters. The EMvibe offers a high-resolution alternative to the sledgehammer for shallow surveys. It is well-suited to teaching applications, and to surveys requiring a precisely-repeatable source signature.
Multi-Institutional Phase II Study of High-Dose Hypofractionated Proton Beam Therapy in Patients With Localized, Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (2015)

High-dose hypofractionated proton therapy demonstrated high LC rates for HCC and ICC safely, supporting ongoing phase III trials of radiation in HCC and ICC.
Uniform Strict Convexity of a Cost Functional for Three-Dimensional Inverse Scattering Problem (1995)

An inverse problem of determination of the coefficient $a(x)$ in the equation $u_{tt} = \Delta u + a(x)u,x \in \mathbb{R}^3 ,t \in (0,T)$ is considered with initial conditions $u(x,0) = 0,u_t (x,0) = \delta (x)$, and some additional data that can be treated as backscattering information. The goal is to develop a finite-dimensional technique that would be a basis for future computations. We reduce our inverse scattering problem to an equivalent Cauchy problem for a nonlinear hyperbolic integrodifferential equation with the data on the lateral side of a time cylinder. It is assumed that the solution $v(x,t)$ of this equation has the form $v(x,t) = p(x,t) + w(x,t)$, where function $p(x,t)$ is given and function $w(x,t)$ is unknown and has a finite number of nonzero Fourier coefficients. In particular, function $p(x,t)$ can be considered as a first guess. A special cost-functional $J_\lambda (w)$ dependent on a large parameter $\lambda $ is introduced. The main result of this paper is Theorem 1.1. By this theorem, the functional $J_\lambda $ is uniformly strictly convex on any ball B with the center at the origin with a proper choice of the parameter$\lambda = \lambda (B)$. Therefore, by this theorem, a finite-dimensional perturbation of a true solution of the above-mentioned nonlinear Cauchy problem can be found by convex minimization techniques.
Synthesis of Furan Derivatives. XIV. Condensation of 2-(5-Nitro) furylacrolein and 2-(5-Nitro) furaldehyde with Hydrazides (1955)

Twenty-two new nitrofuran derivatives were prepared by the condensation of 2-(5-nitro) furfural and 1-(5-nitro) furylacrolein with hydrazides. Among these compounds, 1-[2-(5-nitro) furylacrylidene]-2-isonicotinoylhydrazine (XIII) showed an excellent bacteriostatic activity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mutations in Homologous Recombination Genes Rescue <i>top3</i> Slow Growth in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2002)

In budding yeast, loss of topoisomerase III, encoded by the TOP3 gene, leads to a genomic instability phenotype that includes slow growth, hyper-sensitivity to genotoxic agents, mitotic hyper-recombination, increased chromosome missegregation, and meiotic failure. Slow growth and other defects of top3 mutants are suppressed by mutation of SGS1, which encodes the only RecQ helicase in S. cerevisiae. sgs1 is epistatic to top3, suggesting that the two proteins act in the same pathway. To identify other factors that function in the Sgs1-Top3 pathway, we undertook a genetic screen for non-sgs1 suppressors of top3 defects. We found that slow growth and DNA damage sensitivity of top3 mutants are suppressed by mutations in RAD51, RAD54, RAD55, and RAD57. In contrast, top3 mutants show extreme synergistic growth defects with mutations in RAD50, MRE11, XRS2, RDH54, and RAD1. We also analyzed recombination at the SUP4-o region, showing that in a rad51, rad54, rad55, or rad57 background top3Delta does not increase recombination to the same degree as in a wild-type strain. These results suggest that the presence of the Rad51 homologous recombination complex in a top3 background facilitates creation of detrimental intermediates by Sgs1. We present a model wherein Rad51 helps recruit Sgs1-Top3 to sites of replicative damage.
Liquid-gel chromatography on lipophilic-hydrophobic Sephadex derivatives (1970)

Hydrophobic long-chain alkyl ethers of Sephadex have been synthesized and tested for use in liquid chromatography. With columns prepared in such polar solvents as methanol, reversed-phase systems are obtained where compounds separate in order of decreasing polarity. In such non-polar solvents as heptane, straight-phase systems are formed, and separations occur in order of increasing polarity. The retention volume of a compound is determined mainly by its polarity, the type and degree of substitution of Sephadex, and the nature of the solvent system. Examples are given of straight-and reversed-phase separations of waxes, fatty acids, glycerides, glycerol ethers, sterols, bile acids, and hormonal steroids. The Sephadex derivatives are simple to make, the columns are easy to prepare, and they can be used over long periods of time. Liquid-gel chromatography on alkyl ethers of Sephadex is a mild separation technique and should be a useful complement to other chromatographic methods.
Stem Cells and Engineered Scaffolds for Regenerative Wound Healing (2018)

The normal wound healing process involves a well-organized cascade of biological pathways and any failure in this process leads to wounds becoming chronic. Non-healing wounds are a burden on healthcare systems and set to increase with aging population and growing incidences of obesity and diabetes. Stem cell-based therapies have the potential to heal chronic wounds but have so far seen little success in the clinic. Current research has been focused on using polymeric biomaterial systems that can act as a niche for these stem cells to improve their survival and paracrine activity that would eventually promote wound healing. Furthermore, different modification strategies have been developed to improve stem cell survival and differentiation, ultimately promoting regenerative wound healing. This review focuses on advanced polymeric scaffolds that have been used to deliver stem cells and have been tested for their efficiency in preclinical animal models of wounds.
Hypothermia, but Not 100% Oxygen Breathing, Prolongs Survival Time during Lethal Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats (1998)

Moderate hypothermia, but not increased FiO2, prolonged survival time during untreated UHS in rats. The effect of hypothermia on survival after resuscitation from UHS needs to be determined.
7.5 A 65nm 0.39-to-140.3TOPS/W 1-to-12b Unified Neural Network Processor Using Block-Circulant-Enabled Transpose-Domain Acceleration with 8.1 × Higher TOPS/mm<sup>2</sup>and 6T HBST-TRAM-Based 2D Data-Reuse Architecture (2019)

Energy-efficient neural-network (NN) processors have been proposed for battery-powered deep-learning applications, where convolutional (CNN), fully-connected (FC) and recurrent NNs (RNN) are three major workloads. To support all of them, previous solutions [1-3] use either area-inefficient heterogeneous architectures, including CNN and RNN cores, or an energy-inefficient reconfigurable architecture. A block-circulant algorithm [4] can unify CNN/FC/RNN workloads with transpose-domain acceleration, as shown in Fig. 7.5.1. Once NN weights are trained using the block-circulant pattern, all workloads are transformed into consistent matrix-vector multiplications (MVM), which can potentially achieve 8 to-128× storage savings and a O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> )-to-O(nlog(n)) computation complexity reduction.