gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Steroidal Sapogenins from Amber Fenugreek (<i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i>) by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Combined Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (1997)

Mixtures of steroidal sapogenins isolated from the seed and combined aerial parts (foliage) of fenugreek (cultivar Amber) have been examined by capillary column gas chromatography with mass spectral and flame ionization detectors. Diosgenin [(25R)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol] was the major component in seed and foliage extracts hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid. Yamogenin also appeared to be present. Tigogenin, neotigogenin, smilagenin, and sarsasapogenin were identified in the extracts. Dihydroxy steroidal sapogenins, tentatively identified as yuccagenin, gitogenin, and neogitogenin, were detected as minor components in hydrolyzed extracts from seed. A gas chromatographic method based on the use of an internal standard and a column of HP-5MS was developed to determine diosgenin in Amber fenugreek. Expressed on a dry weight basis, mean levels of diosgenin in seed were 0.54%. In field-grown foliage sampled during a season at 9, 15, and 19 weeks postseeding, diosgenin levels were 0.16, 0.07, and 0.07%, respectively. Keywords: Steroidal sapogenins; spirostanols; fenugreek; diosgenin; quantitation; seed; foliage
Cyclin D2 is essential for BCR-mediated proliferation and CD5 B cell development (2000)

Progression into G(1) in B lymphocytes is regulated by cyclins D2 and D3, components of the cell cycle machinery currently believed to have overlapping and potentially redundant roles in cell cycle control. To study the specific role of cyclin D2 in B lymphocyte proliferation, we examined B cells from cyclin D2(-/-) mice and demonstrate a specific requirement for cyclin D2 in BCR- but not CD40- or lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation. Furthermore, conventional B cell development proceeds normally in the mutant mice; however, the CD5 B cell compartment is dramatically reduced, suggesting that cyclin D2 is important in CD5 B cell development as well as antigen-dependent B cell clonal expansion.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with both subcutaneous and visceral adiposity (2019)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome because of the association with visceral obesity. However, the association between NAFLD and subcutaneous fat accumulation remains unclear.The study population included 3197 participants in regular health checkups, who were both hepatitis B virus surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody-negative, and consumed <20 g of alcohol per day. They were divided according to 4 quantiles of subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral fat area (VFA) on computed tomography. Fatty liver was diagnosed using ultrasonography (FL-US).The prevalence of FL-US increased across the SFA categories, even after adjusting for the VFA, in both men (P < .001) and women (P < .001). This significant association between FL-US and the SFA was already detected from the second SFA quantile. It is noteworthy that the mean body mass index (BMI) of the subjects in the second quantile was 23.7 kg/m in men and 22.6 kg/m in women. Independent positive associations were observed between alanine aminotransferase elevation, and both the SFA and VFA in men, while gamma glutamyl transpeptidase elevation was independently associated with the VFA, but not the SFA, in both men and women. Similarly, the components of metabolic syndrome were independently associated with the VFA, but were less strongly associated (or not associated at all) with the SFA.This cross-sectional study suggests that NAFLD is independently associated with both visceral and subcutaneous adiposity ab initio, which is a characteristic that distinguishes NAFLD from other components of metabolic syndrome.
Photosynthesis in Sewage Treatment (1957)

The stabilization of organic matter in sewage wastes requires oxygen, which in secondary treatment plants is normally obtained from the atmosphere. The primary source of atmospheric oxygen is photosynthesis, for which the sun supplies the energy and water supplies the oxygen. Sewage contains the necessary nutrients for photosynthetic organisms to produce oxygen and at the same time to fix these valuable nutrients as well as solar energy in reclaimable material. Laboratory and pilot-plant investigations of sewage treatment in open ponds by photosynthetically produced oxygen have been conducted during the years 1951-1955. These studies have provided some basic principles which can be utilized for the engineering design of the process as well as for the prediction of the operational performance of new or existing oxidation ponds. In this paper the authors have formulated design criteria based on these principles. The chemical, biological, operational, and economic factors that affect the use of engineered photosynthesis as a method for producing oxygen and reclaimable wastes are outlined.
The Spectral Main Sequence of Human Saccades (1999)

Despite the many models of saccadic eye movements, little attention has been paid to the shape of saccade trajectories. Some investigators have argued that saccades are driven by a rectangular "bang-bang" neural control signal, whereas others have emphasized the similarity to fast arm movement trajectories, such as the "minimum jerk" profile. However, models have not been tested rigorously against empirical trajectories. We examined the Fourier transforms of saccades and compared them with theoretical models. Horizontal saccades were recorded from 10 healthy subjects. The Fourier transform of each saccade was accurately computed using a padded fast Fourier transform (FFT), and the frequencies of the first three minima (M1, M2, M3) in each energy spectrum were measured to a precision of 0.12 Hz. Each subject showed near-linear trends in the relationships among M1, M2, and M3 and the reciprocal of duration (1/T), which we call the "spectral main sequence." Extrapolation of plots did not pass through the origin, indicating a subtle departure from self-similarity. Bivariate confidence regions were established to allow for slope-intercept variability. The nonharmonic relationships seen cannot arise from a rectangular saccadic pulse driving a linear ocular plant. The relationships are also incompatible with minimum acceleration, minimum jerk, or higher-order minimum square derivative trajectories. The best fits were made by trajectories that minimize postmovement variance with signal-dependent noise (). It is concluded that the spectral main sequence is exquisitely sensitive to the saccade trajectory and should be used to test objectively all present and future models of saccades.
The Use of Cultured Autologous Keratinocytes with Integra in the Resurfacing of Acute Burns (1998)

Pandya, A. N. M.S., M.Ch.(Plast.), Dip.Nat.Board (Gen.)(Plast.), F.R.C.S.(Edin.), F.R.C.S.(Glas.); Woodward, B. Ph.D.; Parkhouse, N. D.M., M.Ch., F.R.C.S. Author Information
New perspectives on the impulsive roughness-perturbation of a turbulent boundary layer (2011)

The zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate was perturbed by a short strip of two-dimensional roughness elements, and the downstream response of the flow field was interrogated by hot-wire anemometry and particle image velocimetry. Two internal layers, marking the two transitions between rough and smooth boundary conditions, are shown to represent the edges of a ‘stress bore’ in the flow field. New scalings, based on the mean velocity gradient and the third moment of the streamwise fluctuating velocity component, are used to identify this ‘stress bore’ as the region of influence of the roughness impulse. Spectral composite maps reveal the redistribution of spectral energy by the impulsive perturbation – in particular, the region of the near-wall peak was reached by use of a single hot wire in order to identify the significant changes to the near-wall cycle. In addition, analysis of the distribution of vortex cores shows a distinct structural change in the flow associated with the perturbation. A short spatially impulsive patch of roughness is shown to provide a vehicle for modifying a large portion of the downstream flow field in a controlled and persistent way.
Synthesis, Absolute Configuration and Biological Activity of Both Enantiomers of 2-(5,6-Dichloro-3-indolyl)propionic Acid: New Dichloroindole Auxins (2001)

Racemic 2-(5,6-dichloro-3-indolyl)propionic acid (5,6-Cl2-2-IPA) was synthesized from 5,6-dichloroindole-3-acetic acid (5,6-Cl2-IAA) by successive esterification, methoxycarbonylation, methylation, and double hydrolysis. The racemate was converted to the diastereomeric esters of (S)-(-)-1-phenylethyl alcohol. These were separated by HPLC into two optically active diastereomers and then hydrolyzed with p-TsOH to the optically active enantiomers of 5,6-Cl2-2-IPA. The absolute configurations of both the 5,6-Cl2-2-IPA enantiomers were determined by comparing the 1H-NMR spectra of their diastereomeric (S)-(-)-1-phenylethyl esters with those of the diastereomeric (S)-(-)-1-phenylethyl esters of 2-(3-indolyl)propionic acid (2-IPA) whose absolute configurations are already known. There was no essential difference between (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-5,6-Cl2-2-IPA in hypocotyl growth-inhibiting activity toward Chinese cabbage, but their inhibitory activities were stronger than that of the potent mother auxin, 5,6-Cl2-IAA. No essential difference in the coleoptile elongating activity of Avena sativa was apparent for the enantiomers, this activity being about one-third that of 5,6-Cl2-IAA.
Remote Sensing-Based Biomass Estimation and Its Spatio-Temporal Variations in Temperate Grassland, Northern China (2014)

Grassland biomass is essential for maintaining grassland ecosystems. Moreover, biomass is an important characteristic of grassland. In this study, we combined field sampling with remote sensing data and calculated five vegetation indices (VIs). Using this combined information, we quantified a remote sensing estimation model and estimated biomass in a temperate grassland of northern China. We also explored the dynamic spatio-temporal variation of biomass from 2006 to 2012. Our results indicated that all VIs investigated in the study were strongly correlated with biomass (α < 0.01). The precision of the model for estimating biomass based on ground data and remote sensing was greater than 73%. Additionally, the results of our analysis indicated that the annual average biomass was 11.86 million tons and that the average yield was 604.5 kg/ha. The distribution of biomass exhibited substantial spatial heterogeneity, and the biomass decreased from the eastern portion of the study area to the western portion. The interannual biomass exhibited strong fluctuations during 2006–2012, with a coefficient of variation of 26.95%. The coefficient of variation of biomass differed among the grassland types. The highest coefficient of variation was found for the desert steppe, followed by the typical steppe and the meadow steppe.
Tachykinin NK<sub>1</sub> and NK<sub>2</sub> receptors mediate inhibitory vs excitatory motor responses in human isolated corpus cavernosum and spongiosum (2002)

Motor effects produced by tachykinins were studied in human isolated corpus spongiosum and cavernosum. In quiescent preparations neurokinin A caused potent contractions (pD(2)=8.3 - 7.9 respectively) prevented by the NK(2) receptor-selective antagonist nepadutant, whereas [Sar(9)]SP sulfone and senktide (NK(1) and NK(3) receptor-selective agonists) produced no effect or spare contractions. In KCl-precontracted corpus spongiosum septide (pD(2)=7.1) and [Sar(9)]SP sulfone (pD(2)=7.7) produced tetrodotoxin-resistant relaxations, abolished by the tachykinin NK(1) receptor-selective antagonist SR 140333. [Sar(9)]SP sulfone (1 microM) produced similar relaxations in precontracted corpus cavernosum. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) elicited tetrodotoxin-sensitive relaxations, which were additive to those produced by [Sar(9)]SP sulfone. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) totally prevented both [Sar(9)]SP sulfone- and EFS-induced relaxations. These results show that tachykinin NK(1) and NK(2) receptors mediate opposite motor effects in human penile tissues, suggesting a possible modulatory role of tachykinins on smooth muscle tone in these organs.
Kinetics of Reactions of Acyl Chlorides. IV.<sup>1</sup> Solvolysis of Acyl Halides in Dimethylformamide (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of Reactions of Acyl Chlorides. IV.1 Solvolysis of Acyl Halides in DimethylformamideH. K. Hall Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 12, 2717–2719Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01593a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01593a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views512Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Infectious Ribonucleic Acid Derived from Enteroviruses. (1959)

Summary1) RNA-containing fractions have been prepared from crude tissue culture virus suspensions of 6 varieties of enterovirus by the method of Gierer and Schramm. Each RNA preparation has produced plaques on human cell monolayers. The plaque-forming agent is completely inactivated by RNAase but not by DNAase. RNA is, therefore, an essential component for the infectivity of the preparation. 2) The plaques formed by RNA fraction contain intact virus from which RNA is prepared. The RNA directs the cell to replicate not only the specific RNA but also a new highly specific protein needed for synthesis of intact original virus.
Adaptive Tracking Algorithm for Tracking Air Targets with Search Radars (1974)

Abstract : An adaptive alpha - beta filter used to track targets by search radars is described. The gains alpha and beta are adjusted so as to minimize the mean square error between the target's predicted and measured positions. Several examples are given. These show that the filter responds rather rapidly to changing environments for a time between samples of 4 s.
Development of a simple transient assay for <i>Ac/Ds</i> activity in cells of intact barley tissue (1997)

The development of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) transformation system made it possible to consider the use of maize Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposable elements for gene tagging in transgenic barley plants. However, barley transformation is time-consuming, and therefore a simple transient assay for Ac/Ds activity in intact barley tissues was developed to test the components of a proposed gene tagging system, prior to their stable introduction into plants. In this assay, barley scutellar tissue is co-transformed with constructs containing the maize Ac transposase gene and an Escherichia coli uidA reporter gene (Gus), the expression of which is interrupted by a maize Ds element. In transformed barley scutellar cells, Ac transposase-mediated excision of the Ds element generates a functional Gus gene, leading to histochemically detectable GUS activity. Characterization of the excision products showed that they had a pattern of nucleotide deletions and/or transversions similar to that found in maize and other heterologous plant systems. In addition, although contrary to the situation observed in heterologous dicot systems, efficient Ds excision in barley, a heterologous monocot system, appears to be inversely associated with Ac copy number, a finding similar to the Ac dosage effects observed in maize. The transient assay was used to demonstrate functional transposase activity in barley callus lines stably transformed with an Ac transposase gene.
Beamforming and positioning-assisted handover scheme for long-term evolution system in high-speed railway (2012)

As the railway industry expands and trains speed-up, the reliability and efficiency of wireless communication systems in high-speed railway have to face the severe challenges. The high-speed brings about more severe Doppler effect, the postponement of handover triggering location and more frequent handover. Therefore the influence caused by the high-speed decreases the reliability of wireless communication network. In this study, considering the decision of ‘global system for mobile communication for railway’ evolution to long-term evolution for railway (LTE-R) by International Union of Railways, a scheme based on the beamforming and positioning information is proposed to improve the system handover performance for the LTE system which is being applied to the high-speed railway. In the overlapping region, both the current serving eNodeB and the target eNodeB start to use beamforming with different gain factors to improve handover success probability. The results have shown that the proposed scheme increases the handover success probability effectively.
Gaze- vs. hand-based pointing in virtual environments (2003)

This paper contributes to the nascent body of literature on pointing performance in Virtual Environments (VEs), comparing gaze- and hand-based pointing. Contrary to previous findings, preliminary results indicate that gaze-based pointing is slower than hand-based pointing for distant objects.
Pliolite-Rubber Mixtures (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPliolite-Rubber MixturesH. R. ThiesCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1941, 33, 3, 389–393Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50375a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50375a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The Synthetic Triterpenoid, CDDO-Me, Modulates the Proinflammatory Response to <i>In Vivo</i> Lipopolysaccharide Challenge (2010)

The synthetic triterpenoid, CDDO-Me, has potent antiproliferative and antioxidant properties. However, its immunomodulatory effects in the context of LPS challenge are incompletely defined. Pretreatment with oral CDDO-Me significantly improved survival following lethal-dose LPS challenge in mice. To define this protection further, we measured effects of CDDO-Me pretreatment on splenocyte populations and cytokine production following LPS challenge, using low-level LPS pretreatment as an in vivo control for reducing cytokine production. Despite similar decreases in levels of LPS-inducible, circulating proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12p70, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23) and increases in heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression, low-dose LPS and CDDO-Me pretreatments markedly differed in their overall response profiles. Splenocytes from LPS-pretreated mice contained reduced numbers of dendritic cells, increased percentages of Th17 and T-regulatory cells, lower levels of TLR-inducible IL-6, and higher levels of TLR-inducible IL-10. In contrast, CDDO-Me protection against LPS challenge had no impact on absolute numbers or distribution of splenocyte subsets, despite attenuating in vivo induction of proinflammatory cytokines in an IL-10-independent manner. Together, these results suggest that CDDO-Me pretreatment uniquely confers protection against LPS challenge by modulating the in vivo immune response to LPS. Thus, CDDO-Me potentially represents a novel oral agent for use in LPS-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Identification of <i>Mycobacterium</i> spp. by Using a Commercial 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequencing Kit and Additional Sequencing Libraries (2002)

Current methods for identification of Mycobacterium spp. rely upon time-consuming phenotypic tests, mycolic acid analysis, and narrow-spectrum nucleic acid probes. Newer approaches include PCR and sequencing technologies. We evaluated the MicroSeq 500 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) bacterial sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) for its ability to identify Mycobacterium isolates. The kit is based on PCR and sequencing of the first 500 bp of the bacterial rRNA gene. One hundred nineteen mycobacterial isolates (94 clinical isolates and 25 reference strains) were identified using traditional phenotypic methods and the MicroSeq system in conjunction with separate databases. The sequencing system gave 87% (104 of 119) concordant results when compared with traditional phenotypic methods. An independent laboratory using a separate database analyzed the sequences of the 15 discordant samples and confirmed the results. The use of 16S rDNA sequencing technology for identification of Mycobacterium spp. provides more rapid and more accurate characterization than do phenotypic methods. The MicroSeq 500 system simplifies the sequencing process but, in its present form, requires use of additional databases such as the Ribosomal Differentiation of Medical Microorganisms (RIDOM) to precisely identify subtypes of type strains and species not currently in the MicroSeq library.