gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coupled-mode theory for optical waveguides: an overview (1994)

The coupled-mode theory (CMT) for optical waveguides is reviewed, with emphasis on the analysis of coupled optical waveguides. A brief account of the recent development of the CMT for coupled optical waveguides is given. Issues raised in the debates of the 1980’s on the merits and shortcomings of the conventional as well as the improved coupled-mode formulations are discussed. The conventional coupled-mode formulations are set up in a simple, intuitive way. The rigorous CMT is established on the basis of a linear superposition of the modes for individual waveguides. The cross-power terms appear logically as a result of modal nonorthogonality. The cross power is necessary for the self-consistency of the CMT for dissimilar waveguides. The nonorthogonal CMT, though more complicated, yields more-accurate results than the conventional orthogonal CMT for most practical applications. It also leads to the prediction of cross talk in directional couplers. The conventional orthogonal CMT is, however, reliably accurate for describing the power coupling between two weakly coupled, nearly identical waveguides. For dissimilar waveguides, a self-consistent orthogonal CMT can be derived by a redefinition of the coupling coefficients, and it predicts the coupling length and therefore the power exchange between the waveguides accurately if the two waveguides are far apart. Three typical coupler configurations—the uniform, the grating-assisted, and the tapered—are examined in detail. The accuracy, scope of validity, limitations, and extensions of the coupled-mode formulations are discussed in conjunction with each configuration. To verify the arguments in the discussions, comparisons with the exact analytical solutions and the rigorous numerical simulations are made.
Preparation of new perfluoro ether fluids exhibiting excellent thermal-oxidative stabilities (1988)

A series of low molecular weight perfluoroalkylethers (PFAE) were synthesized by direct fluorination. Viscosity-temperature properties and oxidation stabilities were determined. Viscosity-temperature correlations indicated that increases in branching and increases in the size of the branching substituent caused a deterioration in viscometric properties (i.e., an increase in ASTM slope). In addition, increasing the ratio of carbon to oxygen in these compounds also increased the ASTM slope. Preliminary oxidation stability tests indicated that highly branched PFAE fluids. (i.e., those containing quaternary carbons) may be less stable than either those containing a single trifluoromethyl pendant group or those containing no branching at all.
12.5 An error-based controlled single-inductor 10-output DC-DC buck converter with high efficiency at light load using adaptive pulse modulation (2015)

Reducing the number of large external components, especially inductors, is a very important issue for Power-Management ICs (PMICs). Single-Inductor Multiple-Output (SIMO) converters are excellent candidates to meet this requirement [1-3]. However, there are several issues with SIMO converters, such as cross regulation, instability and inefficiency at light load. Under normal load conditions, comparator-based controlled SIMO converters [1,2] show good cross regulation performance due to the fast response of the comparator. However, the switching loss remains constant and degrades light load efficiency due to the fixed switching frequency of output switches. The low-efficiency characteristic when any output is under light load condition is a critical issue that must be solved because a SIMO converter is very suitable for light load applications. In addition, the cross regulation issue appears again when any output is under no load because the output receives energy from the inductor every cycle despite the load condition. To solve these issues, a SIMO converter was previously reported to support Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) mode [3]. However, the mode change control method increases the complexity of the control loop, which makes it unsuitable for a multi-output SIMO converter. In this paper, an Error Based Controlled (EBC) SIMO converter is presented to resolve the problems raised above using load-dependent Adaptive Pulse Modulation (APM). A hybrid topology composed of a switching converter and a linear regulator is also presented to minimize the cross regulation issue. To highlight the advantages, a 10-output SIMO converter is designed.
The performance of suppressed carrier tracking loops in the presence of frequency detuning (1970)

The extraction of a coherent reference for purposes of demodulating double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) signals can be accomplished using either a squaring loop or a Costas loop. By means of the Fokker-Planck equation, this paper establishes the tracking performance of these two circuits in the presence of frequency detuning, and then applies the results in evaluating the performance of coherent demodulators of digital (coded or uncoded) data. The results are sufficiently general to assess the effects of a broad class of prefiltering characteristics on tracking performance, as well as the effects due to various loop filter mechanizations. An expression for the moments of the time to first loss of synchronization is also given.
Ferrite films for microwave and millimeter-wave devices (1988)

For microwave and millimeter-wave applications, there is increasing interest in using films rather than bulk ferrites. In some cases, such as magnetostatic wave devices, films provide definite performance advantages. In other cases, films may provide lower cost, smaller size, and enhanced compatibility with planar circuit designs such as monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC). The author reviews some of the progress that has been made in development of single-crystal and polycrystalline ferrite films. He describes some of the ideas that are currently being considered for making these ferrites compatible with MMICs. The materials considered include garnets, spinels, and hexagonal ferrites.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Driving Forces for Oppositely Charged Polyion Association in Aqueous Solutions: Enthalpic, Entropic, but Not Electrostatic (2016)

Driving forces for association between oppositely charged biological or synthetic polymers in aqueous solution have long been identified as electrostatic in origin. This attraction is broken down into an entropic component, due to loss of counterions, and an enthalpic component, stemming from Coulombic attraction between opposite charges. While the balance between entropic and enthalpic contributions shifts according to the conditions, the presence of exotherms or endotherms on mixing, though small, are viewed as signatures of Coulombic interactions which support theories of polyelectrolyte association rooted in continuum electrostatics. Here, a head-to-head comparison is made between mechanisms based on electrostatics and those based on specific ion pairing, or ion exchange. Using a Hofmeister series of counterions for a common polycation, poly(diallyldimethylammonium), enthalpy changes on association with poly(styrenesulfonate) are shown to derive from changes in water perturbation, revealed by Raman scattering studies of water O-H vibrations. The free energy for complexation is almost completely entropic over all salt concentrations.
Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis of Churg-Strauss. A case of high serum level of eosinophil cationic protein. (1992)

We report a case of allergic granulomatosis and angiitis of Churg-Strauss. The patient is a 40-year-old woman who satisfied the clinico-pathological triad of asthma, tissue and blood eosinophilia, and granulomatous vasculitis. We also measured serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in this patient. In the active stage, the serum ECP level was higher than in healthy controls, declining in the remission stage, a finding suggesting that ECP is involved in the pathogenesis and course of Churg-Strauss disease.
Propofol: A New Treatment Strategy for Refractory Migraine Headache (2002)

Migraine headache remains a treatment dilemma in headache clinics, pain clinics, and emergency departments throughout the country. In the late nineties, investigators reported that a standard hypnotic anesthetic, propofol (2,6 di-isopropylphenol), dramatically improved pain scores of patients suffering from refractory migraine headaches. Case reports over the last few years have appeared in the medical literature describing the use of propofol for migraine treatment. Dosing regimens are not clear, and mechanisms of action to terminate or markedly curtail ongoing intractable headaches are not described. This case report, of two hospitalized patients with refractory migraine, increases the existing literature on the use of propofol therapy in migraine headache. In the first case, three different scenarios and dosages are described in the same patient. In the second case, the use of different dosages of propofol is described. A self-reported scale was employed by the patients to determine the efficacy of propofol therapy. In the first case, the patient's self-reported migraine score was an average of 100/100 and decreased to 10/100. In the second case, the patient's self-reported migraine score improved from 92/100 to 40/100. We propose that the improvements in the self-reported migraine score in both patients after propofol therapy may be due to GABAA agonist effects and cerebral vasoconstriction.
Regulation of the G2–M cell cycle progression by the ERK5–NFκB signaling pathway (2007)

Elucidation of mechanisms regulating cell cycle progression is of fundamental importance for cell and cancer biology. Although several genes and signaling pathways are implicated in G1-S regulation, less is known regarding the mechanisms controlling cell cycle progression through G2 and M phases. We report that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, is activated at G2-M and required for timely mitotic entry. Stimulation of ERK5 activated nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) through ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2)-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB. Furthermore, selective inhibition of NFkappaB at G2-M phases substantially delayed mitotic entry and inhibited transcription of G2-M-specific genes, including cyclin B1, cyclin B2, Plk-1, and cdc25B. Moreover, inhibition of NFkappaB at G2-M diminished mitosis induced by constitutive activation of ERK5, providing a direct link between ERK5, NFkappaB, and regulation of G2-M progression. We conclude that a novel ERK5-NFkappaB signaling pathway plays a key role in regulation of the G2-M progression.
Evaluation of Parathyroid Hormone Bound to a Synthetic Matrix for Guided Bone Regeneration Around Dental Implants: A Histomorphometric Study in Dogs (2010)

The effect of binding PTH covalently to a synthetic, RGD-modified PEG hydrogel marginally significantly improved bone formation at 2 weeks of healing compared to the use of PEG alone. Bone regeneration within the defects increased in all groups at week 4 of healing without statistically significant differences.
Refractive switch for two-dimensional electrons (1990)

A refractive electrostatic prism is used to switch a beam of ballistic electrons between different collectors in the two-dimensional electron gas of an AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure. This represents a new concept in electronic switching which utilizes the electrostatically controlled refraction of ballistic electrons in high-mobility two-dimensional systems.
Allogene Blutstammzelltransplantation – ein Überblick (2015)

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an effective treatment option for chemotherapy-refractory or relapsed haematological malignancies such as leukaemias and lymphomas. After conditioning with chemotherapy with or without total body irradiation, donor cells are infused to reconstitute haematopoiesis. Donor-derived immune cells induce immune reactions to control or eradicate the underlying disease, thereby going beyond the effect of chemotherapy. This graft-versus-tumour effect (GvT) is often accompanied by detrimental graft-versus-host reactions (graft-versus-host disease, GvHD), which substantially influence the mortality and morbidity after transplantation. The balance between GvHD and GvT, implementing various parameters such as donor selection, stem cell source, conditioning, immune reconstitution and immunosuppressive regimens, represents the challenge in the field of allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Enhanced Chemical Strengthening of Feldspathic Dental Porcelain (1993)

Previous studies on ion exchange of dental ceramics have shown that the biaxial flexural strength can be improved by exchanging potassium for sodium ions at temperatures below the strain point. The rubidium ion is bigger than the potassium ion and can also be considered as a candidate for replacing smaller ions, i.e., sodium or potassium, although it has not been used for dental ceramics. The double-step method uses the exchange of a small ion for a large ion (Li for Na) above the strain point, and the further exchange of a large ion for a small ion (K for Li) below the strain point. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of rubidium-for-potassium ion exchange with that of potassium-for-sodium exchange (Tuf-Coat, G-C International Corp., Japan) on the flexural strength of a feldspathic dental porcelain and to test the hypothesis that a double-step ion exchange can lead to greater strengthening than potassium ion exchange alone. Weight measurements were performed before and after treatment. Qualitative chemical analyses allowed the rubidium, potassium, and sodium concentration profiles to be determined along cross-sections of the specimens. The maximum biaxial stresses were calculated after specimens were fractured in water on a ball-on-ring fixture at 0.5 mm/min. Relative to the untreated control group, the flexural strength of the potassium-exchanged groups was significantly increased, except for those treated at 400 or 500 degrees C. All the groups treated with RbNO3 exhibited a significant increase in flexural strength, with a maximum for the group treated at 450 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Conditional Autoencoders with Adversarial Information Factorization (2017)

Generative models, such as variational auto-encoders (VAE) and generative adversarial networks (GAN), have been immensely successful in approximating image statistics in computer vision. VAEs are useful for unsupervised feature learning, while GANs alleviate supervision by penalizing inaccurate samples using an adversarial game. In order to utilize benefits of these two approaches, we combine the VAE under an adversarial setup with auxiliary label information. We show that factorizing the latent space to separate the information needed for reconstruction (a continuous space) from the information needed for image attribute classification (a discrete space), enables the capability to edit specific attributes of an image.
Learning deep features for image emotion classification (2015)

Images can both express and affect people's emotions. It is intriguing and important to understand what emotions are conveyed and how they are implied by the visual content of images. Inspired by the recent success of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) in visual recognition, we explore two simple, yet effective deep learning-based methods for image emotion analysis. The first method uses off-the-shelf CNN features directly for classification. For the second method, we fine-tune a CNN that is pre-trained on a large dataset, i.e. ImageNet, on our target dataset first. Then we extract features using the fine-tuned CNN at different location at multiple levels to capture both the global and local information. The features at different location are aggregated using the Fisher Vector for each level and concatenated to form a compact representation. From our experimental results, both the deep learning-based methods outperforms traditional methods based on generic image descriptors and hand-crafted features.
Integrated insulin pump therapy with continuous glucose monitoring for improved adherence: technology update (2015)

Insulin pump therapy combined with real-time continuous glucose monitoring, known as sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy, has been shown to improve metabolic control and to reduce the rate of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes compared to multiple daily injections or standard continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Glycemic variability is also reduced in patients on SAP therapy. This approach allows patients to monitor their glucose levels being informed of glycemic concentration and trend. Trained diabetic patients, therefore, can appropriately modify insulin infusion and/or carbohydrate intake in order to prevent hypo- or hyperglycemia. For these reasons, SAP therapy is now considered the gold standard for type 1 diabetes treatment. To be clinically effective, however, devices and techniques using advanced technology should not only have the potential to theoretically ameliorate metabolic control, but also be well accepted by patients in terms of satisfaction and health-related quality of life, because these factors will improve treatment adherence and consequently overall outcome. SAP therapy is generally well tolerated by patients; however, many clinical trials have identified significant noncompliance in the use of this device, most notably in the pediatric and adolescent populations. In this review we aim to analyze the main reasons for good or poor adherence to SAP therapy and to provide useful tips in order to fully benefit from this kind of novel therapeutic approach.
Polyphasic Characterization of <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i> pv. <i>allii</i> Associated with Outbreaks of Bacterial Blight on Three <i>Allium</i> Species in the Mascarene Archipelago (2008)

Based on the number of new reports during the last two decades, bacterial blight of onion (Allium cepa) is considered an emerging disease. The causal agent, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii, is pathogenic to several Allium species after inoculation, but outbreaks worldwide have been primarily reported on onion. We describe a unique epidemiological situation in Réunion Island, France, with concomitant outbreaks on three Allium species, onion, leek (A. porrum), and garlic (A. sativum). There was no host specialization within Allium spp. among strains associated with the three host species. Based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism, strains associated with these outbreaks in Réunion Island were highly related genetically to strains isolated from diseased plant samples and contaminated seed lots in the neighboring island of Mauritius, where the disease has occurred since 1984. All AFLP haplotypes were identified as X. axonopodis pv. allii based on polymerase chain reaction analysis using specific primers, biochemical tests, and/or pathogenicity tests. Two genetically related groups of strains (A and B) that can be distinguished by AFLP, differential utilization of three carbon sources, and xanthomonadin pigment production were detected initially after establishment of the pathogen. In less than 10 years after the establishment of the pathogen there was nearly an extinction of group A strains in Réunion Island, suggesting differences in fitness between strains in the two groups.
Interplay of Olefin Metathesis and Multiple Hydrogen Bonding Interactions: Covalently Cross-linked Zippers (2011)

Hydrogen-bonded zippers bearing terminal alkene groups were treated with Grubbs' catalyst, leading to covalently cross-linked zippers without violating H-bonding sequence specificity. The yield of a cross-linked zipper depended on the stability of its H-bonded precursor, with a weakly associating pair giving reasonable yields only at high concentrations while strongly associating pairs showed nearly quantitative yields. The integration of thermodynamic (H-bonding) and kinetic (irreversible C═C bond formation) processes suggests the possibility of developing many different covalent association units for constructing molecular structures based on a self-assembling way.
Development of a Multi-layer SU-8 Process for Terahertz Frequency Waveguide Blocks (2005)

This paper presents the development of a multilayer SU-8 process for use in fabricating terahertz frequency waveguide blocks. This process consists of anisotropic silicon etching to form an octagonal horn antenna, lithographic definition of SU-8 layers, and planarization of those layers through lapping. A 1.6 THz waveguide block is fabricated using this process and compared with blocks formed using computerized numerically controlled (CNC) milling and laser-hardened polymer techniques. The SU-8 process demonstrates better accuracy with the advantage of batch processing when compared with these other techniques.
Quantitative SPECT brain imaging: effects of attenuation and detector response (1993)

Two reconstruction methods that compensate for attenuation and detector response, a 3-D maximum-likelihood (ML) expectation-maximization (EM) method and a filtered backprojection (FB) method with Metz filter and Chang attenuation compensation, were implemented and compared in terms of quantitative accuracy and image noise. The methods were tested on simulated data for the 3D Hoffman brain phantom. The simulation incorporated attenuation and distance-dependent detector response. Bias and standard deviation of reconstructed voxel intensities were measured in the gray- and white-matter regions. The results for ML showed that, in both regions, as the number of iterations increased, bias decreased and standard deviation increased. Similar results were observed for FB as the Metz filter power increased. In both regions, ML had a smaller standard deviation than FB for a given bias. Reconstruction times for the ML method have been greatly reduced through efficient coding and limited source support, and by computing attenuation factors only along rays perpendicular to the detector.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nuclear dynamics in a fungal chimera (2013)

A fungal colony is a syncytium composed of a branched and interconnected network of cells. Chimerism endows colonies with increased virulence and ability to exploit nutritionally complex substrates. Moreover, chimera formation may be a driver for diversification at the species level by allowing lateral gene transfer between strains that are too distantly related to hybridize sexually. However, the processes by which genomic diversity develops and is maintained within a single colony are little understood. In particular, both theory and experiments show that genetically diverse colonies may be unstable and spontaneously segregate into genetically homogenous sectors. By directly measuring patterns of nuclear movement in the model ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa, we show that genetic diversity is maintained by complex mixing flows of nuclei at all length scales within the hyphal network. Mathematical modeling and experiments in a morphological mutant reveal some of the exquisite hydraulic engineering necessary to create the mixing flows. In addition to illuminating multinucleate and multigenomic lifestyles, the adaptation of a hyphal network for mixing nuclear material provides a previously unexamined organizing principle for understanding morphological diversity in the more-than-a-million species of filamentous fungi.