gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Speed and Acceleration Filters/Estimators for Powertrain and Vehicle Controls (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Many embedded powertrain and vehicle controls rely on speed and acceleration information. These measurements, however, are often noisy. Good filters are needed to reduce the noise. In some vehicles, acceleration sensors are not used due to cost. For those vehicles, estimators are needed to estimate acceleration. The paper introduces a new process to design speed filters, acceleration filters, and acceleration estimators.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A physics-based discrete state equation is used to describe the relationship between speed, acceleration, and jerk. Then, a Kalman filter is developed to get the optimal estimates for speed and acceleration from available measurements. Vehicle test data shows that these filters are effective in reducing noise without introducing significant time lag.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The filter design process requires little iteration because there is only one design parameter, which is the ratio of one-by-one covariance matrices of process and measurement noise. The design process is fast and straight forward. Filters with the right frequency response can be quickly generated. This result is achieved by a unique assumption about the derivative of jerk.</div>
Enhancement of BOLD-contrast sensitivity by single-shot multi-echo functional MR imaging (1999)

Improved data acquisition and processing strategies for blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which enhance the functional contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) by sampling multiple echo times in a single shot, are described. The dependence of the CNR on T2*, the image encoding time, and the number of sampled echo times are investigated for exponential fitting, echo summation, weighted echo summation, and averaging of correlation maps obtained at different echo times. The method is validated in vivo using visual stimulation and turbo proton echoplanar spectroscopic imaging (turbo-PEPSI), a new single-shot multi-slice MR spectroscopic imaging technique, which acquires up to 12 consecutive echoplanar images with echo times ranging from 12 to 213 msec. Quantitative T2*-mapping significantly increases the measured extent of activation and the mean correlation coefficient compared with conventional echoplanar imaging. The sensitivity gain with echo summation, which is computationally efficient provides similar sensitivity as fitting. For all data processing methods sensitivity is optimum when echo times up to 3.2 T2* are sampled. This methodology has implications for comparing functional sensitivity at different magnetic field strengths and between brain regions with different magnetic field inhomogeneities.
Image Processing Methods Based on Key Temperature Features for State Analysis and Process Monitoring of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (2018)

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a kind of additive manufacturing where parts are made directly from 3D CAD data layer-by-layer from powder material. Process monitoring is significantly important for quality control and assurance. A large number of studies have shown that the forming process temperature is closely related with the process state, and has influence on the final quality of the built part. On-line temperature measurement can generate a large number of real-time data of the dynamic temperature field, which facilitates the deployments of big data technologies for state analysis and process monitoring of the SLM process. In this paper, the concept of key temperature feature is proposed based on the characteristics of the dynamic temperature field, to guide the feature extracting from original image of the temperature field, as well as an automatic feature extracting method for image processing; then, the data structure of the key temperature features is constructed to store the pre-treated data, and provide database for subsequent data mining. Finally, the experiments of data collecting and image processing are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
Tuberculosis in the AIDS era (1995)

A resurgence of tuberculosis has occurred in recent years in the United States and abroad. Deteriorating public health services, increasing numbers of immigrants from countries of endemicity, and coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have contributed to the rise in the number of cases diagnosed in the United States. Outbreaks of resistant tuberculosis, which responds poorly to therapy, have occurred in hospitals and other settings, affecting patients and health care workers. This review covers the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. In addition, public health and hospital infection control strategies are detailed. Newer approaches to epidemiologic investigation, including use of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, are discussed. Detailed consideration of the interaction between HIV infection and tuberculosis is given. We also review the latest techniques in laboratory evaluation, including the radiometric culture system, DNA probes, and PCR. Current recommendations for therapy of tuberculosis, including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, are given. Finally, the special problem of prophylaxis of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is considered.
Simultaneous active/passive IR vehicle detection (1991)

The use of a range/passive-IR histogram as an approach to pixel-level fusion for cued target detection is discussed. Target detection algorithms for laser radar range imagery often use a number of computationally-intensive operations to locate targets in an image. These steps may include performing global geometric transforms, locating the ground plane, or applying size filters with associated rules. Each pixel in the image is processed multiple times, a time- consuming chore. An alternative to examining every pixel is to cue such detailed algorithms directly to an image location which is likely to contain a target. Cueing reduces the burden of searching or processing the entire image for regions of interest, greatly decreasing the number of computations needed for target detection. Cueing can be accomplished by combining registered laser radar range and passive-IR data. Since these data are taken simultaneously and are co-registered by Lincoln Laboratory's airborne laser radar, it is possible to combine them to form a powerful set of discriminants. There are two possible approaches to fusing the range and passive-IR data: (1) the domains can be processed for detections in two parallel streams and the resulting detection maps combined, or (2) the domains can be fused first and then processed as a single stream for detections. In the first method, sometimes called 'image-level' fusion, the processing algorithm for each domain can be optimized to obtain the best combination of detection and false alarm statistics. In the second method, the domains are combined at the pixel level, and the result is processed directly for target detection. The latter approach also reduces the number of computations since only data of interest to both domains is processed further. In this article, the multi-dimensional laser radar sensor and ongoing efforts to develop an automatic target recognition (ATR) system are described. The processing of pixel-registered laser radar range and passive-IR imagery for cued target detection using the range/passive-IR histogram is discussed. The authors present results for IR imagery with positive passive-IR target-to-background contrast to study the performance of the algorithm in real-world scenarios. These results are compared with a more typical detection method.
Fabrication of Mesoporous Silica/Alumina Hybrid Membrane Film Nanocomposites using Template Sol-Gel Synthesis of Amphiphilic Triphenylene (2017)

Herein we reported that by introducing a one-dimensional (1D) substrate with a porous structure such as anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane, mesoporous silica/alumina hybrid nanocomposites were successfully fabricated by using amphiphilic triphenylene (TPC10TEG) as a template in sol-gel synthesis (TPC10TEG/silicahex). For the optical study of the nanocomposites, TPC10TEG/silicahex showed absorption peak at 264 nm due to the ordered and long-range π-π stacking of the disc-like aromatic triphenylene core. Moreover, the hexagonal arrangement of TPC10TEG/silicahex was proven based on their diffraction peaks of d100 and d200 at 2θ = 2.52° and 5.04° and images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. For fabrication of mesoporous silica/alumina hybrid membrane, TPC10TEG/silicahex was drop-casted onto AAO membrane for penetration into the porous structure via gravity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on the resulted hybrid nanocomposites showed that the diffraction peaks of d100 and d200 of TPC10TEG/silicahex were still preserved, indicating that the hexagonal arrangements of mesoporous silica were maintained even on AAO substrate. The morphology study on the hybrid nanocomposites using TEM, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) showed the successful filling of most AAO channels with the TPC10TEG/silicahex nanocomposites.
Trends in mortality ratios among cattle in US feedlots (2001)

Results suggested that although overall yearly mortality ratio did not significantly increase during the study, the risk of death attributable to respiratory tract disorders was increased during most years, compared with risk of death during 1994. The increased rates of fatal respiratory tract disorders may also reflect increased rates of non-fatal respiratory tract disorders, which would be expected to have adverse production effects in surviving animals.
Federated Identity Management for Grids (2006)

Identity federation is a novel technology allowing end users’ identity information and preferences to be communicated between service providers. While in complete control over what personal information is interchanged, the users benefit from identity federation in several ways, e.g. the services can be tailored according to the users’ preferences and all the services can be accessed by logging in once to the community of collaborating service providers. Computing Grids have recently gained popularity in the research community because of the superior capacity of computation they offer. This characteristic is ideal for solving complex problems that consume exceptional amounts of computing resources. Using current Grid middleware requires, however, fairly proficient computing skills thus exluding out less experienced but nonetheless potential users. We explore the possibilities to combine identity federation and Grid services in order to simplify the usage of Grids and thus lower the barrier of entrance for Grid usage. Our prototype implementation leverages the identity federation standards and provides a simple and secure end user interface to Grid services.
A-GPS: Assisted GPS, GNSS, and SBAS (2009)

Assisted GPS (A-GPS) has been developed to provide greatly improved capabilities, helping GPS work better and faster in almost any location. Offering a detailed look at all the technical aspects and underpinnings of A-GPS, this unique book places emphasis on practical implementation. The book reviews standard GPS design, helping you understand why GPS requires assistance in the first place. You discover how A-GPS enables the computing of a position from navigation satellites in the absence of precise time - a topic not covered in any other book. Moreover, you learn how to design and analyze a high sensitivity GPS receiver and determine the achievable sensitivity. The book provides detailed worksheets that show how to compute, analyze, and improve the processing gain from the input signal at the antenna to the signal after the correlators. These worksheets are used in the book to generate families of curves that completely characterize receiver sensitivity, parameterized in terms of front end noise figure, coherent and noncoherent integration times. From this work a law of achievable sensitivity is derived and explained in the book. This cutting-edge volume discusses special forms of assistance data, industry standards for A-GPS, and government mandates for location of mobile phones. You also find coverage of future global navigation satellite systems and how they can be designed specifically for instant-fixes and high sensitivity. The book features numerous tables, worksheets, and graphs that illustrate key topics and provide the equivalent of a technical handbook for engineers who design or use A-GPS.
More than meets the eye (2010)

Browsing the Web with screen readers can be difficult and frustrating. Web pages often contain inaccessible content that is expressed only visually or that can be accessed only with the mouse. Screen-reader users must also contend with usability challenges encountered when the reading content is designed with built-in assumptions of how it will be accessed -- generally by a sighted person on a standard display. Far from passive consumers of content who simply accept web content as accessible or not, many screen-reader users are adept at developing, discovering, and employing browsing strategies that help them overcome the accessibility and usability problems they encounter. In this paper, we overview the browsing strategies that we have observed screen-reader users employ when faced with challenges, ranging from unfamiliar web sites and complex web pages to dynamic and automatically-refreshing content. A better understanding of existing browsing strategies can inform the design of accessible websites, development of new tools that make experienced users more effective, and help overcome the initial learning curve for users who have not yet acquired effective browsing strategies.
Stable transformation of mouse L cells for human membrane T-cell differentiation antigens, HLA and beta 2-microglobulin: selection by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. (1983)

We isolated stable transformants of mouse L cells expressing human cell surface differentiation antigens by using immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and selection with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Mouse L cells (TK-) were cotransformed with human cellular DNA and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene. TK+ transformants were first selected. The TK+ populations were stained with various fluorescent antibodies to membrane antigens, and positive cells were sorted and cloned by using a FACS. Transformants for HLA class I antigens, for beta 2-microglobulin, and for the T-cell differentiation antigens Leu-1 and Leu-2 were isolated. The frequency of antigen transformants among the TK+ transformants was about 0.5 X 10(-3). The sizes of the HLA, Leu-1, and Leu-2 molecules expressed by the transformants were the same as those of the proteins present on DNA-donor cells.
Model-based intelligent digital engine control (MoBIDEC) (1997)

A model-based control system for an advanced gas turbine engine is described, and some preliminary performance benefits are derived based on simulation testing. The approach to plant model development and a method for adapting a nominal engine model to reflect the performance of a deteriorated engine is given. A general process for model-based control law design and validation, with emphasis on linear and nonlinear analysis, is then presented. Performance and Operability modes that implement closed loop control of model-derived parameters are demonstrated via simulation testing. Future plans include testing of the model-based control described in this paper on an IHPTET Phase II advanced technology engine. NOMENCLATURE
Interactions of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D that Influence their Status in Domestic Meat Animals (1987)

Known and possible interactions between Ca, P, Mg, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), vitamin D and its metabolites, and interactions of each of these with other factors plus complexities and possible variations between and within domestic animal species, such as age, sex, physiologic state (i.e., pregnancy, lactation and growth) and diet, make Ca, P and Mg metabolism extremely dynamic and complex. Many advances have been made in understanding these interactions and how each of these factors is controlled, secreted or metabolized within the body. Some interactions among these factors are discussed in detail, mostly with a view to understanding mechanisms by which homeostasis of Ca, P and Mg is maintained. Also, three of the major diseases of mineral metabolism of cattle (milk fever, grass tetany and wheat pasture poisoning) provide excellent models to study the complex soil, plant and animal interrelationships among Ca, P, Mg and the factors that influence and control the ultimate utilization of these minerals in animals. These diseases are used to illustrate some of the interactions among many of the factors that influence Ca, Mg and P metabolism in domestic animals.
High Resolution NMR Studies of Nucleic Acids and Proteins (1985)

It has long been recognized that NMR can be used to investigate the solution structure and dynamics of biological polymers and to monitor many different parts of the molecule simultaneously. However, as recently as five years ago, even decapeptides presented a formidable challenge to the NMR spectroscopist. The major limitations have been three-fold: the great difficulty in assigning resonances to particular nuclei in the molecule, the lack of resolution in the spectrum due to the multitude of resonances from even a moderately small biopolymer, and the relatively low sensitivity of NMR. All of these limitations have been alleviated by the introduction of two-dimensional NMR (2DNMR) methods and the development of higher field strength spectrometers. 2DNMR spreads the spectral information into two frequency dimensions and allows simultaneous collection of infor­ mation about all resonances, thus improving the effective resolution and sensitivity. Methods for systematically obtaining reliable resonance assign­ ments using 2DNMR were first developed for proteins by Wuthrich and co­ workers, and later extended to other biopolymers. In the present review, we restrict ourselves to a discussion of the basic principles of the most important 2DNMR experiments and present some recent examples ; however, this article is not intended to be a comprehensive survey of all the recently published protein and nucleic acid NMR literature.
A new method to determine the VTI anisotropic resistivity and formation dip (2014)

Summary We examined the response of directional resistivity tools with tilted antennas to a VTI anisotropic formation. A new method is proposed to determine the VTI anisotropic resistivity (with the horizontal resistivity and the vertical resistivity) and the formation dip using the directional resistivity tool with single transmitter-receiver offset at one location.
Performance tests of thermal imaging systems to assess their suitability for quantitative temperature measurement (2014)

The number of thermal imagers being used for absolute temperature measurement in industry has increased dramatically in the past few years. Due to this it is vital that we have a greater understanding of the performance and limitations of thermal imagers for manufacturing, design and calibration purposes, in particular for applications where they are being used for quantitative temperature measurements. A metrological assessment of six thermal imagers was carried out over their full temperature range using the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) high performance standard blackbody reference sources to identify their accuracy and repeatability. The size-of-source effect, temperature drift due to warm up, image non-uniformity, effects of ambient temperature changes and distance effects were also investigated. Results show that temperature errors for five out of the six imagers fell outside of the manufacturers' stated uncertainty at a distance of 1.0 m from the blackbody reference source. Additionally, a number of the imagers showed poor performance with regard to image non-uniformity, drift, size of source and distance effects. This has implications when the imagers are used for in situations where accurate temperature measurements or temperature differences are required.
Cytotoxic T cells specific for influenza virus-infected target cells. (1977)

Conditions are described for the generation and detection of murine cytotoxic cells which lyse influenza virus-infected target cells. A number of criteria indicated that most and probably all of the activity was due to T cells. These criteria included the susceptibity of cytotoxic activity to treatment with anti-theta ascitic fluid plus complement and the enhancement of lysis when there was H2 compatibility between donors of effector and virus-infected target cells.
Einsatz eines 1,48 µm Lasers für die Immobilisation von ejakulierten, epididymalen und testikulären Spermatozoen in der intrazytoplasmatischen Spermieninjektion (2002)

In IVF-Labors hat sich die mechanische Immobilisation mittels Injektionspipette durchgesetzt. In dieser prospektiven selbst-kontrollierten Studie wurde das Potential eines 1,48 µm Diodenlasers hinsichtlich der Immobilisation von ejakulierten, epididymalen und testikulären Spermien untersucht. Da für die Studie nur Patienten mit einem Östradiolspiegel von mehr als 2000 pg/ml rekrutiert wurden, ergab sich eine relative hohe Anzahl an MII-Oozyten (9,9 ± 2,5). Für die Hälfte der Eizellen wurde Spermien zur Befruchtung verwendet, die mittels Lasers unbeweglich gemacht wurden, für die restlichen Oozyten wurden herkömmlich immobilisierte Spermatozoen herangezogen. Sowohl in der Gruppe mit spontaner Ejakulation, als auch in den beiden operativen Patientenkohorten konnte hinsichtlich Befruchtungsrate und Embryoqualität kein Unterschied zur herkömmlichen Methode festgestellt werden (p 0,05). Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß eine Immobilisation mittels eines 1,48 µm Diodenlasers eine potentielle Alternative zur mechanischen Methode darstellt. Trotzdem empfiehlt sich aus methodischen Gründen für testikuläre Spermatozoen nach wie vor die mechanische Immobilisation.
Impact of clinical factors, including a point‐of‐care nuclear matrix protein‐22 assay and cytology, on bladder cancer detection (2009)

The ability of the NMP22 test to predict bladder cancer in high-risk patients significantly exceeds that of urinary cytology. The NMP22-based nomogram can help to identify individuals at risk of bladder cancer.
Imaging Forster Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements of Transmembrane Helix Interactions in Lipid Bilayers on a Solid Support (2004)

We utilize supported lipid/protein bilayers to probe the dimerization of transmembrane (TM) helices in a membrane environment. The bilayers are formed by incubating substrates with liposomes containing the proteins, and are characterized using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and imaging Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We show that the FRET signal, as a measure of TM helix dimerization, is the same in suspended liposomes and in surface-supported bilayers. This work is the first step toward the development of a new tool for probing the association of TM helices in lipid bilayers.