gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low power voltage sensing through capacitance to digital conversion (2016)

Capacitance sensors are widely used for sensing physical parameters. Conventional capacitance to digital methods use complex analog ADC techniques which are power hungry. Recently a fully digital solution was proposed with improved power consumption. This paper describes a number of problems in that solution, analyzes these problems, and proposes a new design free of these problems. A voltage senor as an example was designed based on the proposed capacitance to digital conversion in this paper. The new method achieves the same accuracy with less than half the circuit size, and 25% and 33% savings on power and energy consumption.
Ink-Jet as a Manufacturing Method for Drug Delivery Applications (2008)

Recent drug delivery applications have stressed the need for precise dosage in the context of complex delivery vehicles. Ink-jet technology incorporates data-driven, non-contact techniques that enable precise, picoliter volumes of material to be deposited with high speed and accuracy at target sites (even onto non-planar surfaces) and thus has emerged as a front runner for drug delivery applications. Being data-driven, ink-jet dispensing is highly flexible and can be readily automated into manufacturing lines. Moreover, the ability to precisely target the delivery location reduces waste, an important factor when the active biological materials to be deposited are high value / high cost. Some of the applications that have made use of ink-jet methods for dosage and distribution of biologically active agents are: loading of active agents onto drug eluting stents (DES); generation of drug loaded microspheres; fabrication of polymeric nerve conduits loaded with nerve growth factor; and coating of the active components onto patches for transdermal delivery. This paper provides details on the manufacturing applications of ink-jet technology in drug delivery and discusses future potential uses and opportunities.
The use of graph theory in analysis of cells and cell nuclei in particular. (1983)

Application of graph theory to morphological analysis of cells described by n parameters is presented. The analysis takes advantage of the possibility of describing structures in a multi-dimensional space. The method may be useful in determining similarity or differences between studied structures.
Nondestructive Infrared Inspection of Hybrid Microcircuit Substrate-to-Package Thermal Adhesive Bonds (1981)

A method for nondestructive inspection of the thermal transfer effectiveness of adhesive bonds between the substrate and package (case) in the production of hybrid microcircuits is described. Because this bond is a series element in the thermal path for removal of the power dissipated by the microcircuit, its effectiveness is crucial to maintaining relatively low component-operating temperatures. As is well known, this can be directly equated to increasing reliability. Because the bonding material is between two opaque surfaces, it cannot be visually inspected. This situation motivated the work described here, which yielded the following results. 1) A nondestructive inspection technique employing infrared (IR) thermography was developed; the inspection can be performed in a production environment before the expensive step of completing wire bonding to the case has occurred. 2) The ability of the technique to distinguish between good and bad thermal bonds was demonstrated using two specially prepared test hybrids. 3) An analysis of the test method for use in planning inspection tests and interpretation of the test results was developed. The results show that this thermal imaging inspection technique affords a method to improve the quality of hybrid thermal bonding.
Development and Characterization of Lyophilized DNA Vaccine Formulations (2003)

The potential applications of using plasmid DNA for immunization and other gene therapy approaches have been discussed in an increasing number of publications in the past few years. Injection of mouse muscle with naked DNA (plasmid DNA in saline) resulted in significant episomal expression from a number of encoded reporter genes such as firefly luciferase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and β-galactosidase (1). DNA vaccination has been shown to induce neutralizing antibodies against the gene product, helper T-cell responses of the Th1 phenotype, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses (2). Vaccination with plasmid DNA stimulates immunogenicity and provides protection against various infectious diseases in pre-clinical animal models. Examples include hepatitis B in chimpanzees (3), bovine herpes virus in mice (4), influenza A virus in ferrets (5), human immunodeficiency virus in rhesus monkeys (6), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice (7,8), malaria in mice (9,10), and genital herpes simplex virus in guinea pigs (11). Recently, DNA vaccines for the protection against influenza (Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ), malaria (Vical Inc., San Diego, CA), and HIV (Apollon Inc., Philadelphia, PA), have entered phase I human clinical trials. Rapid progress has been made in the areas of adjuvants for DNA vaccines (12), route of immunization (13), industrial scale fermentation and pharmaceutical grade purification (14). One major interest in the commercial development of DNA vaccines, especially for developing countries, is to increase DNA vaccine stability at room temperature, to reduce the requirement for costly cold storage, and to extend product shelf-life.
PIKE: Enabling secure interaction with piggybacked key-exchange (2013)

Online collaboration tools such as Google+, Face-book or Dropbox have become an important and ubiquitous mediator of many human interactions. In the virtual world, they enable secure interaction by controlling access to shared resources. Yet relying on them to support synchronous direct interactions, such as face-to-face meetings, might be suboptimal as they require reliable online connectivity and even then often introduce delays. A much more efficient way of co-located resource sharing is the use of local communications, such as ad-hoc WiFi. Yet setting up the necessary encryption and authentication mechanisms is often cumbersome. In this paper, we present PIKE, a key exchange protocol that minimizes this configuration effort. PIKE piggybacks the exchange of keys on top of an existing service infrastructure. To support encryption or authentication without Internet connection, PIKE relies on triggers for upcoming personal interactions and exchanges keys before they take place. To evaluate PIKE, we present two example applications and we perform an experimental as well as an analytical analysis of its characteristics. The evaluation indicates that PIKE is broadly applicable, scales well enough to support larger events and provides a level of security that is (at least) comparable to the one provided by the underlying service.
An overview on performance and possible applications of X- and gamma-ray semiconductor detectors irradiated at various impinging angles (2004)

The spectroscopic response of CdTe detectors has been investigated with an unusual irradiation geometry, i.e., with the beam impinging at various angles through the cathode surface. In fact, the classical planar parallel field (PPF) irradiation geometry, i.e., with photons impinging perpendicularly to the cathode, limits the spectroscopic performance at high energies (E>60 keV), if thick detectors are used, owing to the large spread in the paths of the charge carriers. These paths for the holes can be greatly reduced by using larger impinging angles, thus improving the energy resolution without losses in detection efficiency. Several sets of measurements have been carried out with a narrow photon beam, coming from collimated /sup 57/Co, /sup 109/Cd and /sup 241/Am sources; measurement angles ranged from 0/spl deg/ (orthogonal to the cathode) to 87/spl deg/ (beam grazing the cathode). The spectroscopic responses of the detectors for 14, 22, 60 and 122 keV photon energies have been analyzed. Detectors equipped with both full anodes and microstrip anodes were used. In this last case the rectangular collimated spot of the beam was used with the long side both parallel and orthogonal to the strip direction. The experimental results show that an actual improvement in the spectroscopic performance is obtained, mostly for the high-energy X-rays, by this tilting procedure. Further, this technique allows the evaluation of the detector dead layer thickness. The obtained performance and possible medical and space applications are discussed.
Stack-based access control and secure information flow (2005)

Access control mechanisms are often used with the intent of enforcing confidentiality and integrity policies, but few rigorous connections have been made between information flow and runtime access control. The Java virtual machine and the .NET runtime system provide a dynamic access control mechanism in which permissions are granted to program units and a runtime mechanism checks permissions of code in the calling chain. We investigate a design pattern by which this mechanism can be used to achieve confidentiality and integrity goals: a single interface serves callers of more than one security level and dynamic access control prevents release of high information to low callers. Programs fitting this pattern would be rejected by previous flow analyses. We give a static analysis that admits them, using permission-dependent security types. The analysis is given for a class-based object-oriented language with features including inheritance, dynamic binding, dynamically allocated mutable objects, type casts and recursive types. The analysis is shown to ensure a noninterference property formalizing confidentiality and integrity.
Ultrasensitive gas detection using diode lasers and resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy (2002)

A novel trace-gas sensor system has been developed based on resonant photoacoustics, wavelength modulation spectroscopy, near-infrared diode lasers and optical fiber amplifiers that can achieve parts-per-billion sensitivity with a ten centimeter long sample cell and standard commercially-available optical components. An optical fiber amplifier with 500 mW output power is used to increase the photoacoustic signal by a factor of 25, and wavelength modulation spectroscopy is used to minimize the interfering background signal from window absorption in the sample cell, thereby improving the overall detection limit. This sensor is demonstrated with a diode laser operating near 1532 nm for detection of ammonia that achieves an ultimate sensitivity of less than 6 parts-per-billion. The minimum detectable fractional optical density, <i>α<sub>min</sub>l</i>, is 1.8x10<sup>-8</sup>, the minimum detectable absorption coefficient, <i>α<sub>min</sub></i>, is 9.5x10<sup>-10</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup>, and the minimum detectable absorption coefficient normalized by power and bandwidth is 1.5x10<sup>-9</sup> Wcm<sup>-1</sup>/&sqrt; Hz. These measurements represent the first use of fiber amplifiers to enhance photoacoustic spectroscopy, and this technique is applicable to all other species that fall within the gain curves of optical fiber amplifiers.
SPOTLIGHT REVIEW Classification and diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms: The 2008 World Health Organization criteria and point-of-care diagnostic algorithms (2008)

The 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) treatise on the classification of hematopoietic tumors lists chronic myelopro-liferative diseases (CMPDs) as a subdivision of myeloid neoplasms that includes the four classic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs)Fchronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythe-mia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF)Fas well as chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), chronic eosinophilic leukemia/hypereosinophilic syn-drome (CEL/HES) and ‘CMPD, unclassifiable’. In the upcoming 4th edition of the WHO document, due out in 2008, the term ‘CMPDs ’ is replaced by ‘myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)’, and the MPN category now includes mast cell disease (MCD), in addition to the other subcategories mentioned above. At the same time, however, myeloid neoplasms with molecularly characterized clonal eosinophilia, previously classified under CEL/HES, are now removed from the MPN section and assem-bled into a new category of their own. The WHO diagnostic criteria for both the classic BCR–ABL-negative MPDs (that is PV, ET and PMF) and CEL/HES have also been revised, in the 2008 edition, by incorporating new information on their molecular pathogenesis. The current review highlights these changes and also provides diagnostic algorithms that are tailored to routine clinical practice.
Protein and Peptide Hormones (1988)

The cyclical control of protein and peptide hormone synthesis and release and the existence of prohormones has been considered in Chapter 6, as has the existence of neuromodulators that sometimes are chemically identical to classical hormones, though subserving presumably different functions. These problems will not be dealt with in the present chapter, in which the old-fashioned definition of hormones (chemical messengers acting at a distance) will be accepted by default: It is true more often than not.
Non-linear polarization effects in guest-host liquid crystals (1999)

Abstract We report on an experimental investigation of the non-linear polarization effect in guest-host nematic liquid crystals (GH-NLCs) with uniaxial alignment. The degree of polarization of a laser beam transmitting the GH-NLCs and an aperture behind them is strongly dependent on the incident beam intensity. The mechanism is discussed on the basis of the laser-induced photothermal self-phase modulation. The origin of the effect is a strong anisotropy of the intensity-induced change or refractive indices.
n<sup>+</sup>-p-p<sup>+</sup>structure InP solar cells grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (1987)

The fabrication of n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p-p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> InP solar cells by OMVPE has been studied. A conversion efficiency (active area) as high as 20 percent under AM1.5 illumination has been obtained. It is experimentally verified that the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p-p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> InP solar cell has a higher resistance to radiation degradation than the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p InP solar cell. Diode characteristics and photovoltaic performances such as saturation current density, diode-ideality factor, and open-circuit voltage for the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p-p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> cells are found to drastically deteriorate when junction depth decreases to ≤ 0.15 µm. An electron concentration dependence of a hole diffusion length in n-InP is estimated from the measurement of photoluminescence spectra. For the improvement of photovoltaic performances, a series of systematic examinations has been made on the relationship between collection efficiency and hole diffusion length from photogenerated carrier distribution analysis.
Grain growth study of perovskite thin films prepared by flash evaporation and its effect on solar cell performance (2016)

Flash-evaporated perovskite films with large grain sizes lead to high efficiency solar cell devices.
Optimization of the in Vitro Cardiac Safety of Hydroxamate-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (2011)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have shown promise in treating various forms of cancer. However, many HDAC inhibitors from diverse structural classes have been associated with QT prolongation in humans. Inhibition of the human ether a-go-go related gene (hERG) channel has been associated with QT prolongation and fatal arrhythmias. To determine if the observed cardiac effects of HDAC inhibitors in humans is due to hERG blockade, a highly potent HDAC inhibitor devoid of hERG activity was required. Starting with dacinostat (LAQ824), a highly potent HDAC inhibitor, we explored the SAR to determine the pharmacophores required for HDAC and hERG inhibition. We disclose here the results of these efforts where a high degree of pharmacophore homology between these two targets was discovered. This similarity prevented traditional strategies for mitigating hERG binding/modulation from being successful and novel approaches for reducing hERG inhibition were required. Using a hERG homology model, two compounds, 11r and 25i, were discovered to be highly efficacious with weak affinity for the hERG and other ion channels.
Concurrent Object Oriented 'C' (cooC) (1993)

Concurrent Object Oriented C (cooC) is a language based on the premise that an object not only provides an encapsulation boundary but should also form a process boundary; each object acts concurrently. Upon this basic model various control regimes can be applied to provide different execution and service policies. The cooC language model employs wait-when-necessary communication and affords shared resource protection (via exclusive method invocation). The cooC runtime provides for several execution paradigms for object and method invocation. Varying runtime parameters (number of threads and a mail queue size) allow for: sequential compatible evaluation; fine and coarse grain concurrency; and eager and lazy evaluation, cooC is an extension to C. The underlying syntax of cooC is the same as that of Objective-C; moreover, Objective-C objects are cooC objects which are to be evaluated with a sequential runtime and employ no special synchronisation. The CooC compiler converts cooC into C and also supports C++. Hence cooC is a superset of C, C++ and Objective-C. We present cooC's concurrency object model, runtime and support for various execution and service policies.
Lateral diffusion of antigen receptors artificially incorporated onto B lymphocytes. (1986)

In the companion paper, we have shown that palmitate conjugates of a monoclonal anti-DNP IgA (protein 315) incorporated onto B lymphocytes can bind DNP antigens and that this binding causes polyclonal B cell activation. In this study we use fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) techniques to examine the lateral diffusion and mobile fractions of antigen-receptor complexes on receptor-decorated B cells as functions of antigen concentration and epitope density. Antigens used in this study are DNP conjugates of polymerized flagellin (DNP-POL) and linear dextran of 2 X 10(6) m.w. (DNP-DEX). The diffusion coefficient observed for antigen bound to artificial receptors decreases monotonically with increased antigen dose and epitope density. When the artificial receptor-bearing cells are labeled with either relatively high concentrations of medium epitope density antigen or high epitope density antigen, a large fraction of antigen-receptor complexes become immobile in the time scale of the experiment. We attribute this behavior to extensive receptor cross-linking by antigen. In parallel with these FPR experiments, we examined the effects of antigen concentration and epitope density on the polyclonal humoral response of receptor-decorated B cells. We found that the response is a function of both antigen concentration and epitope density similar to that seen in natural B cells. The combined results of these experiments show that cell activation results when the diffusion coefficient of the antigen-receptor complex ranges between 10 X 10(-11) cm2 sec-1 and 5 X 10(-11) cm2 sec-1. These values represent threefold and sixfold decreases from the diffusion coefficient of antigen-free receptors, respectively. However, when either a high antigen concentration or epitope density causes a large fraction of antigen-receptor complexes to become immobile, B cells become unresponsive not only to the bound antigen, but also to LPS. Results obtained in this study are very similar to those obtained in a study performed with natural antigen-specific B cells. Therefore, for the responding population of receptor-decorated B cells, it is possible that antigens activate and paralyze these B cells by mechanisms similar to those by which antigens regulate normal B cell responses.
The <i>Bordetella bhu</i> Locus Is Required for Heme Iron Utilization (2001)

Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica are capable of obtaining iron from hemin and hemoglobin. Genes encoding a putative bacterial heme iron acquisition system (bhu, for Bordetella heme utilization) were identified in a B. pertussis genomic sequence database, and the corresponding DNA was isolated from a virulent strain of B. pertussis. A B. pertussis bhuR mutant, predicted to lack the heme outer membrane receptor, was generated by allelic exchange. In contrast to the wild-type strain, bhuR mutant PM5 was incapable of acquiring iron from hemin and hemoglobin; genetic complementation of PM5 with the cloned bhuRSTUV genes restored heme utilization to wild-type levels. In parallel studies, B. bronchiseptica bhu sequences were also identified and a B. bronchiseptica bhuR mutant was constructed and confirmed to be defective in heme iron acquisition. The wild-type B. bronchiseptica parent strain grown under low-iron conditions produced the presumptive BhuR protein, which was absent in the bhuR mutant. Furthermore, production of BhuR by iron-starved B. bronchiseptica was markedly enhanced by culture in hemin-supplemented medium, suggesting that these organisms sense and respond to heme in the environment. Analysis of the genetic region upstream of the bhu cluster identified open reading frames predicted to encode homologs of the Escherichia coli ferric citrate uptake regulators FecI and FecR. These putative Bordetella regulators may mediate heme-responsive positive transcriptional control of the bhu genes.
NF κB Activation in Embryonic Endothelial Progenitor Cells Enhances Neovascularization via PSGL-1 Mediated Recruitment: Novel Role for LL37 (2009)

Embryonal endothelial progenitor cells (eEPCs) are capable of inducing therapeutic angiogenesis in a chronic hind limb model. However, the proportion of eEPCs recruited to the ischemic tissue appears to be a limiting step for the induction of cell-based therapeutic neovascularization. In the present study, we primed eEPCs with the human cathelicidin LL37 (hCAP-18) ex vivo to selectively enhance the eEPC-dependent gain of perfusion in vivo and elucidated the mechanism of action of LL37 on eEPCs. Seven days after femoral artery excision, 5 x 10(6) eEPCs (wt, wild type; p65t, transiently p65 transient; p65s, stable p65-transfected; LL37-eEPCs, LL37 peptide preincubated) were retroinfused into the anterior tibial vein. Recruitment of diI-labeled eEPCs in the ischemic gastrocnemic muscle was investigated 2 days later, whereas collateral growth and perfusion score (obtained by fluorescent microspheres) were assessed at day 7 and day 35 and are given as percentage of day 7 level. Capillary/muscle fiber ratio in the ischemic lower limb was obtained at day 35. Embryonic EPC recruitment in vitro and in vivo was found elevated after LL37 and p65t pretreatment, but not in p65s-eEPCs displaying increased IkappaBalpha or after LL37 in IkappaB-DN overexpressing eEPCs. Using LL37- and p65t-eEPCs, collateral growth (181 +/- 10% and 165 +/- 8%, respectively) surpassed that of wt-eEPCs (135 +/- 7%), increasing perfusion ratio (208 +/- 20% and 210 +/- 17% vs. 142 +/- 12% in wt-eEPCs, respectively), whereas p65s-eEPCs exerted no additive effect (collateral growth 130 +/- 8%; perfusion ratio 155 +/- 15%). Moreover, p65t-eEPC-induced neovascularization was abrogated by blocking antibodies against E-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). We conclude that NF kappaB activation by LL37 or transient p65-transfection increases functionally relevant eEPC recruitment to ischemic muscle tissue via induction of PSGL-1 and E-selectin.