gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Space Reflectors for Radar and Astronomy (1975)

A new concept to utilize large flat optical reflecting surfaces in space to increase by several orders of magnitude the sensitivity and resolution of earth laser radar and astronomy measurements is described. The physical principles on which simple structures can maintain the optical reflectance gratings in space are derived, and the data processing requirements of the measurements are discussed. Space and ground system designs are given for a high resolution earth resources laser radar sensor, a synchronous earth and planetary science laser radar system, and an astronomy observation system including a variable very long compound grating interferometer system.
Numerical Simulations of the Slingatron (2001)

The slingatron mass accelerator is described for several track configurations (shapes), and numerical simulations of this accelerating mass traversing a given track configuration are presented. The sled is modeled as a point mass that interacts with the slingatron track using both a conventional and a new empirical velocity dependent friction law. The closed loop circular slingatron was found to produce high maximum sled velocities provided the gyration angular speed is always increasing. In contrast several spiral shaped slingatron tracks reveal that high maximum sled velocities are obtainable with the gyration speed held constant. In fact a slingatron constructed out of semi-circles is shown capable of generating high velocity sleds in such a way that no initial sled injection is necessary. Choosing the proper initial gyration phase with an empirically determined friction model allows the mass sled to gain ever-increasing velocities when placed in a semi-circle slingatron. The sled bearing pressure and its total acceleration are examined and presented.
Predicting system performance variances using enhanced propagation of variance (2002)

In the computer aided design (CAD) area, design for quality (DFQ) is becoming more and more important in the industry. In designing integrated circuits (ICs), the major objective of DFQ is to design ICs characterized by small performance variability, high reliability and high manufacturing yield. A method of predicting a system performance variance called enhanced propagation of variance (EPOV) is proposed. This method combines the linear and quadratic POV with the potential of dealing with higher orders. The EPOV method adjusts the usage of different models depending upon the statistics computed. Using a specific IC circuit as a system example, significant reduction of error and more accuracy of variance estimation are reported.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of luminol for oxidase‐based fibre‐optic biosensors (2001)

The luminol electrochemiluminescence has been exploited for the development of several fibre-optic biosensors allowing the detection of hydrogen peroxide and of substrates of H(2)O(2)-producing oxidases. Electro-optical flow injection analysis of glucose, lactate, cholesterol and choline are thus described. To perform the experiments, a glassy carbon electrode was polarized at a fixed potential. Luminol was then electrochemically oxidized and could react in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to produce light. Several parameters had to be optimized to obtain reliable optical biosensors. An optimum applied potential of +425 mV between the glassy carbon electrode and the platinum pseudo-reference electrode was determined, allowing the best signal: noise ratio to be obtained. It was also necessary to optimize the experimental conditions for the immobilization of the different oxidases involved (preactivated membranes, chemically activated collagen membranes, photopolymerized matrix). For each biosensor developed, the optimum reaction conditions have been studied: buffer composition, pH, temperature, flow rate and luminol concentration. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits (S/N = 3) were 30 pmol, 60 pmol, 0.6 nmol and 10 pmol for lactate, glucose, cholesterol and choline, respectively. The miniaturization of electrochemiluminescence-based biosensors has been realized using screen-printed electrodes instead of a glassy carbon macroelectrode, with choline oxidase as a model H(2)O(2)-generating oxidase.
Intercomparison of Spatial Forecast Verification Methods: Identifying Skillful Spatial Scales Using the Fractions Skill Score (2009)

Abstract The fractions skill score (FSS) was one of the measures that formed part of the Intercomparison of Spatial Forecast Verification Methods project. The FSS was used to assess a common dataset that consisted of real and perturbed Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model precipitation forecasts, as well as geometric cases. These datasets are all based on the NCEP 240 grid, which translates to approximately 4-km resolution over the contiguous United States. The geometric cases showed that the FSS can provide a truthful assessment of displacement errors and forecast skill. In addition, the FSS can be used to determine the scale at which an acceptable level of skill is reached and this usage is perhaps more helpful than interpreting the actual FSS value. This spatial-scale approach is becoming more popular for monitoring operational forecast performance. The study also shows how the FSS responds to forecast bias. A more biased forecast always gives lower FSS values at large scales and usually at smaller scales. It is possible, however, for a more biased forecast to give a higher score at smaller scales, when additional rain overlaps the observed rain. However, given a sufficiently large sample of forecasts, a more biased forecast system will score lower. The use of percentile thresholds can remove the impacts of the bias. When the proportion of the domain that is “wet” (the wet-area ratio) is small, subtle differences introduced through near-threshold misses can lead to large changes in FSS magnitude in individual cases (primarily because the bias is changed). Reliable statistics for small wet-area ratios require a larger sample of forecasts. Care needs to be taken in the choice of verification domain. For high-resolution models, the domain should be large enough to encompass the length scale of the typical mesoscale forcing (e.g., upper-level troughs or squall lines). If the domain is too large, the wet-area ratios will always be small. If the domain is too small, fluctuations in the wet-area ratio can be large and larger spatial errors may be missed. The FSS is a good measure of the spatial accuracy of precipitation forecasts. Different methods are needed to determine other patterns of behavior.
JSON Web Token (JWT) Profile for OAuth 2.0 Client Authentication and Authorization Grants (2015)

This specification defines the use of a JSON Web Token (JWT) Bearer Token as a means for requesting an OAuth 2.0 access token as well as for client authentication.
Pannexin1 is expressed by neurons and glia but does not form functional gap junctions (2006)

Pannexins are a newly described family of proteins that may form gap junctions. We made antisera against mouse pannexin1 (Panx1). HeLa cells expressing Panx1 have cell surface labeling, but not gap junction plaques, and do not transfer small fluorescent dyes or neurobiotin in a scrape-loading assay. Neuro2a cells expressing Panx1 are not electrophysiologically coupled. Intracellular Panx1-immunoreactivity, but not gap junction plaques, is seen in cultured oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and hippocampal neurons. Thus, at least in these mammalian cells lines, Panx1 does not form morphological or functional gap junctions, and it remains to be demonstrated that Panx1 forms gap junction-forming protein in the CNS.
ASSOCIATIONS OF LEG LENGTH INEQUALITY WITH PREVALENT, INCIDENT, AND PROGRESSIVE KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: A COHORT STUDY (2010)

Background
Leg length inequality is common in the general population and may accelerate development of knee osteoarthritis.
Studies of the photonic and optical-frequency phonon properties of arrays of selectively grown GaN micropyramids (2008)

An array of GaN micropyramids containing a near-surface InxGa1−xN∕GaN single quantum well has been fabricated using selective area epitaxial overgrowth above a patterned silica mask. The pyramid array has been studied by means of angle-resolved reflection measurements using s- and p-polarized incident light in the near- and mid-infrared optical ranges. We have found that the periodic array of flat-topped pyramids shows marked resonances in the near-infrared optical range due to resonant Bloch modes within the extraction cone and that the angular dispersion of these modes exhibits strong photonic crystal characteristics. The experimental results are in good agreement with the photonic band structure calculated using a scattering matrix formalism. The mid-infrared optical anisotropy properties of the micropyramids were investigated to probe the infrared active phonons of the pyramid array. The A1(LO) phonon of the InxGa1−xN∕GaN single quantum well was identified and the InN mole fraction was estimated from the mode behavior.
Analysis of Passive Film Growth by Dynamic Imaging Microellipsometry (1992)

Dynamic imaging microellipsometry (DIM) is a full field, radiometric approach to ellipsometry that provides high spatial resolution and accuracy. This paper reports on the latest DIM system and demonstrates the usefulness of the DIM technique for in situ examination of passive film growth on materials with microstructural inhomogeneities. In particular DIM has been utilized to examine passive film growth on a polycrystalline iron sample and an aluminum tantalum alloy that contained intermetallic precipitates. Grain orientation has been observed to affect the growth rate and final thickness of the film on iron. Ellipsometric identification of intermetallic precipitates (approximately 20 μm in diameter) is reported. The precipitates are observed to form a thinner passive film than the matrix. The incompatibility between the film over the precipitate and that over the matrix may degrade the localized corrosion behavior of these alloys.
Computer‐Assisted Planning of Organic Syntheses: The Second Generation of Programs (1996)

Abstract The planning of syntheses in organic chemistry has continuously been given more solid foundations during the last decades. Widely applicable rules have been formulated. Nearly parallel with the systematization of this field the potential for the automation of synthesis planning by the use of computers has been promulgated. However, after more than two decades of continuing efforts by a number of groups, computer‐assisted synthesis planning, which relies on large libraries of synthons and transforms, has failed to establish itself firmly. This is in marked contrast to the acceptance of reaction databases. Their use has become routine with a surprisingly short time. Apparently the classical approaches to computer‐assisted synthesis planning do not satisfy the needs of the preparative chemist. However, this lack of success does not yet mean the complete demise of the whole field. The conceptual shortcomings and problems of the first generation of programs are both of technical and psychological nature and need to be critically analyzed. Meanwhile, work has begun on systems of the second generation, which try to support the chemist in the synthesis laboratory with new methods in novel ways. Care is taken to mimic and support the typical planning style of the human chemist, who often on the spur of the moment switches direction in planning as well as his (sub) goals and methods. New tools that correspond better to the thinking patterns and working habits of chemists empower the user to plan syntheses of organic molecules in an interactive and innovative fashion. We feel that this field is far from dead and continue our research activities. In this article we introduce a system with a number of novel concepts and demonstrate its capabilities with some practical examples.
Polymorphism of Human Mucin Genes in Chest Disease: Possible Significance of <i>MUC2</i> (2000)

Most of the genes that encode epithelial mucins are highly polymorphic due to variations in the length of domains of tandemly repeated (TR) coding sequence, the part of the apomucin that is heavily glycosylated. We report here for the first time a difference in the distribution of MUC TR length alleles in chest disease. We examined the distribution of the length alleles of those MUC genes whose expression we have confirmed in the bronchial tree in an age- and sex-matched series of 50 pairs of atopic patients with and without asthma. There was no significant difference in the distribution of alleles of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC5B. MUC2, however, showed a highly significant difference in distribution. The atopic, nonasthmatic individuals showed an allele distribution that was very different from all our other patient and control groups, this group showing a longer mean allele length. The observations suggest that longer MUC2 alleles may help protect atopic individuals from developing asthma, though the effect may be due to a linked gene. The biological significance of this variation with respect to susceptibility to asthma will merit further investigation, and it will also be important to substantiate this finding on an independent data set.
La filosofía del siglo XX a través de la hermenéutica (2003)

Cuando en 1989 Gianni Vattimo afirmo, en el prefacio a su libro Etica de la
		interpretacion, que la hermeneutica parecia constituir la koine de la cultura contemporanea,
		el lector podia tener la impresion de que estaba, una vez mas, frente a
		otra de las declaraciones de victoria por parte de una escuela. Tal como se ha repetido
		durante el siglo XX, desde la invocacion husserliana de volver a las cosas mismas
		para justificar el enfoque fenomenologico hasta el giro linguistico convertido
		en una nueva revolucion copernicana por Richard Rorty en 1967, el convencimiento
		de que se estaba en posesion de una nueva clave de la filosofia fue recurrente a
		todo lo largo del siglo. Dado que a la efervescencia del entusiasmo suele seguir la
		decepcion por lo que ya se ha vuelto familiar, esa declaracion de Vattimo podia sorprender
		como una subita desmesura por parte de alguien que habia hecho de la
		mesura una regla y el esceptico esperaria que en no mucho tiempo mas, los animos
		se apaciguaran nuevamente y se alejaran de los otrora vencedores en busca de otra
		novedad.
Discrete Raman Amplifiers with Pump Reflectors for Increased Gain and Efficiency (2002)

The gain of discrete Raman amplifiers can be increased by retro-reflecting the counter-propagating pump exiting the signal side of the amplifier. The noise figure decreases and, with low RIN pumps, RIN transfer impairments are minimal.
Refinement of the crystal structure of the δ-modification of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(III), δ-Al(C9H6NO)3, the blue luminescent Alq3 (2003)

C27H18AIN3O3, triclinic, PI (No. 2), a = 6.181(1) , b = 13.268(3) , c = 14.430(3) , a = 66.06(3), = 88.56(3), y = 84.03(3), V= 1075.5 3 , Z= 2, R gt (F) = 0.108, wR lef (F 1 ) = 0.437, =293 K.
The use of Surgihoney to prevent or eradicate bacterial colonisation in dressing oncology long vascular lines (2014)

Surgihoney supplies were donated by Healing Honey International (HHI) who also provided some funding to Hampshire Hospitals Foundation Trust for microbiological investigation. MD and JC have provided clinical advice in an advisory capacity to HHI.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Retinal Apoptosis in Ischemic Proliferative Retinopathy (2002)

Ischemic proliferative retinopathy (e.g., diabetes mellitus, retinopathy of prematurity, or retinal vein occlusion) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Apart from neovascularization, ischemic proliferative retinopathy leads to retinal degeneration. Apoptosis has been ascribed to be the leading mechanism in ischemic retinal degeneration. We showed recently that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed in the avascular retina in proliferative retinopathy in vivo and that iNOS expression in retinal glial cells is responsible for retinal neuronal cell death in vitro. Here we show that retinal apoptosis and subsequent degeneration occur in the murine model of ischemic proliferative retinopathy. Furthermore, because NO can have beneficial or detrimental effects in the retina, we analyzed the role of iNOS on retinal apoptosis in ischemic proliferative retinopathy. Using iNOS knock-out mice and iNOS inhibitor 1400W, we demonstrate in vivo that iNOS expression induces apoptosis locally in the inner nuclear layer of the avascular retina and that protein nitration may be involved in this process. These findings are the first evidence for retinal apoptosis in an animal model of ischemic proliferative retinopathy, demonstrating that iNOS plays a crucial role not only in retinal neovascular disease but also in retinal degeneration. We show that it is an ideal target to protect the hypoxic retina from degeneration and to improve its vascularization.
S: Pages 582-768 (2009)

[…] point of time over the keyed instruments used for similar purposes; and its qualities and requirements so reacted upon the character of the music as to make it appear almost a distinct species from the Clavier Sonata. But in fact the two kinds represent no more than divergence from a similar source, owing to the dissimilar natures of the instruments. Thus the introductory slow movement was most appropriate to the broad and noble character of the violin, and would appeal at once by its means to an audience of any susceptibility; whereas to the weak character of the early keyed instruments, so deficient in sustaining power, it was in general inappropriate, and hence was dropped very early. For the same reason in a considerable proportion of the early clavier sonatas, the third or principal slow movement was also dropped, so that the average type of sonatas for clavier was for a time a group of two movements, both generally in a more or less quick time. In these the canzona movement was early supplanted by one more in accordance with the modern idea, such as is typified in the clavier sonata of Galuppi in four movements [see p. 563], and by occasional allemandes in the earlier sonatas. As keyed instruments improved in volume and sustaining power the central slow movement was resumed; but it was necessary for some time to make up for deficiencies in the latter respect by filling in the slow beats with elaborate graces and trills, and such ornaments as the example of opera-singers made rather too inviting.
The Janus Face of the Archaeal Cdc48/p97 Homologue VAT: Protein Folding versus Unfolding (1999)

Members of the AAA family of ATPases have been implicated in chaperone-like activities. We used the archaeal Cdc48/p97 homologue VAT as a model system to investigate the effect of an AAA protein on the folding and unfolding of two well-studied, heterologous substrates, cyclophilin and penicillinase. We found that, depending on the Mg2+ concentration, VAT assumes two states with maximum rates of ATP hydrolysis that differ by an order of magnitude. In the low-activity state, VAT accelerated the refolding of penicillinase, whereas in the high-activity state, it accelerated its unfolding. Both reactions were ATP-dependent. In its interaction with cyclophilin, VAT was ATP-independent and only promoted refolding. The N-terminal domain of VAT, which lacks ATPase activity, also accelerated the refolding of cyclophilin but showed no effect on penicillinase. VAT appears to be structurally equivalent over its entire length to Sec18/NSF, suggesting that these results apply more broadly to group II AAA proteins.
Histamine neuronal system as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive disorders (2010)

Much has been learned over the past 20 years about the role of histamine as a\nneurotransmitter. This brief article attempts to evaluate the progress accomplished\nin this field, and discusses the therapeutic potential of the H3 receptor (H3R).
Characteristics of laser metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy in GaAs (1986)

Growth characteristics of a laser metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (laser MOVPE) and the electrical and optical properties of the epitaxial layer grown by the technique are examined. The growth rate under laser MOVPE decreases with increasing substrate temperature in contrast with conventional MOVPE. The growth rate also depends on the type of the substrate, total gas flow rate and the incident laser power. The mechanism of laser MOVPE seems not to be a photothermal effect but a surface photochemical effect. The intensity of the photoluminescence at room temperature for the epitaxial layer grown by the laser MOVPE is found to be stroger than that of the epitaxial layer grown without the laser irradiation under the same growth condition. The carrier concentration is also found to be modified by the laser irradiation. It is emphasized that the laser MOVPE is very useful as a new crystal growth technology.
A System-Level Approach to Fault Progression Analysis in Complex Engineering Systems (2009)

Complex engineering systems consist of many subsystems. Each of the subsystems is composed of a large number of components. While faults arise at component level, sensing capabilities are limited to subsystem level, and system operations and maintenance practices are scheduled based on system level paremeters. This paper presents a hierarchical architecture to analyze the effects of system level parameters on component level faults of dominant failure modes of a complex system. An aeropropulsion system of turbofan type has been used as the application domain. In most of the cases, engine life is limited due to cracks in high-pressure turbine blades. In this paper, it is assumed that creep is the only active failure mechanism. Based on a finite-element model of the turbine blades available in the open literature, design of experiments (DoE) methodology is used to build a subsystem-level model. A simulation package of a commercial aircraft engine is then used to obtain system-level results.
Resveratrol derivative-rich melinjo (<i>Gnetum gnemon</i> L.) seed extract improves obesity and survival of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (2015)

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extracts (MSEs) are rich in resveratrol dimers (gnemonoside A, C, D, gnetin C), trans-resveratrol, and other resveratrol derivatives. trans-Resveratrol is a widely studied caloric restriction mimetic. In mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), trans-resveratrol protects against obesity, type 2 diabetes, and premature death. Here, treatment of HFD-fed mice with 2.0% MSE significantly reduced body weight gain (p < 0.001), blood insulin (p < 0.01), and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) after 8 weeks compared with untreated HFD-fed mice. Additionally, 0.2% MSE treatment of HFD-fed mice significantly improved physiological activity (p < 0.05) at 18 months of age and reduced risk of death due to HFD by 25% (hazard ratio = 0.75, p = 0.036). These data show that MSE can improve several aspects of metabolic syndrome and survival in mice and may have health benefits as a dietary supplement.